bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE COMPARATIVE VALIDITY OF SELECTED LEADERSHIP SCALES RELATIVE TO SUCCESS IN PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT
Authors: TENOPYR MARY L. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryFor 113 managerial personnel, a new supervisory judgment test, the Leadership Evaluation and Development Scale (LEADS) was found to be the best (r = .36) of four predictors of salary corrected for age and length of service. Other predictors were a verbal comprehension measure and the two Leadership Opinion Questionnaire scores. The R involving all four predictors was .39. LEADS was also found to be the best predictor of personnel department ratings on performance in the employee relations area. None of the predictors was significantly related to supervisors' ratings. Meaningful dimensions of supervisory performance not indicated by the other predictors appear to be measured by LEADS.
SOME COMMENTS ON CULTURE FAIR TESTS1
Authors: ARVEY RICHARD D. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryAn attempt has been made in this paper to show that culture fair tests have some problems associated with them. These tests should be examined and reviewed closely before being used and should not be regarded as the answer to testing the culturally disadvantaged.The following points were made in this paper: Culture fair tests measure different psychological functions. Culture fair tests today measure such functions as spatial visualization, abstract reasoning, perceptual speed, etc. Culture fair tests vary considerably in format. Some are pencil and paper tests, some are performance tests. Some use verbal instructions, others do not. There are many test parameters along which culture fair tests now vary. Some evidence suggests that culture fair tests possibly increase the differential between the culturally disadvantaged and the more advantaged population. Use of these tests may not be in the best interests of minority groups. It is not yet definite about the kind of items on which culturally disadvantaged people perform poorer. Some evidence suggests that they do better on verbal items and worst on perceptual items, which is in contrast to the assumption of most proponents of culture‐fair tests. The validity of culture fair tests has not been shown to be better than more traditional tests. In contrast, some research even indicates that they do not show relationships as high.What is to be done, if anything, about the test differentials between the culturally disadvantaged and the majority population? Some individuals (Lorge, 1964; Coffman, 1964) agree that the elimination of group differences on tests is futile and argue that the real task at hand is a realistic attempt to study the behavioral significance of test differences. In essence, this is an all out attempt to collect validation information. Does a particular score for a black have the same behavioral implications of a higher (or lower) test score for a white? Are there criterion differences that are related to test differences? Do differential validities exist for various subgroups? Are the standard errors of estimates different for different groups? This approach is essentially what has been pursued by individuals investigating the “moderating” effects of subgrouping by race and/or socio‐economic factors. The investigation of test differences within and between subgroups is called for.In my opinion, attempting to mask test differentials by using culture fair tests may in actuality have a reverse effect than what was intended. Test differentials may actually increase, making it more difficult for culturally disadvantaged individuals to be selected into schools, jobs, etc.Clearly, the construction of culture fair tests is not the only answer to testing the disadvantaged.
MULTIPLE PREDICTORS OF POST‐TRANSFER SATISFACTION: THE ROLE OF URBAN FACTORS
Authors: PINDER CRAIG C. 
Published: December 2006

Multiple correlation analysis and means tests were used to test the effectiveness of fifteen psychological, economic and other variables in explaining the variance in post job transfer satisfaction among a sample of managers.Of the variables to emerge as significant predictors of satisfaction in both of two subsamples, preference for location of residence predominated. Multiple Classification Analysis (MCA) was then employed to explore which of sixteen urban factors was most important in determining location preference among the managers and their spouses. The MCA analysis showed that size of the city ranked as the major predictor of location preference among both the managers and their spouses.
EMPIRICALLY DERIVED JOB FAMILIES AS A FOUNDATION FOR THE STUDY OF VALIDITY GENERALIZATION
Authors: TAYLOR L. R. 
Published: December 2006

The purpose and background of a series of three studies dealing with validity generalization are discussed, an overview of the series is provided, and the initial study is described.In the initial study a total of 76 insurance company jobs was analyzed by 203 raters in an effort to assess the potential usefulness of the Position Analysis Questionnaire (PAQ) as a job analysis device to be employed in a more extensive, companywide research program. Examination of rate‐rerate and interrater reliability suggested that rate‐rerate reliability was quite good, while interrater reliability estimates were somewhat lower. Cluster analysis techniques were applied to the five Overall and 17 Component dimensions of the PAQ yielding six job families in both analyses. The job families were described in terms of the various PAQ dimensions and were judged to be organizationally meaningful. Although the job clustering results were generally acceptable, it was conjectured that job families formed on the basis of company specific dimensions might prove even more meaningful.
RESEARCH IN THE “REAL WORLD”—A CONCEPTUAL MODEL1
Authors: BOEHM VIRGINIA R. 
Published: December 2006

Research in Industrial/Organizational Psychology has been primarily based on a traditional model of scientific inquiry developed as an outgrowth of research in the physical sciences.The premise of this paper is that this traditional model of research frequently does not fit the realities of applied I/O research in “real world” settings and, when pursued exclusively, operates to limit progress in the field.An alternative research model, based on the realities of “what is,” rather than on the ideal of “what should be” is proposed, and examples of lines of inquiry where this alternative model might have utility are provided.The traditional and alternative models are viewed as mutually supportive and jointly capable of producing advances in I/O psychology which cannot be achieved by either method in isolation.
SELF‐ASSESSMENTS OF FIVE TYPES OF TYPING ABILITY1
Authors: ASH RONALD A. 
Published: December 2006

The potential usefulness of self‐assessments of typing ability were examined from a personnel selection perspective. A sample of 156 “business ready”, Phoenix area high school students estimated their abilities to type each of the following types of materials in units of net words per minute: 1. straight copy 2. letters 3. revised manuscript 4. numbers 5. tables. The students then took the analogous portions of the Typing Test for Business, Self‐assessment of straight copy typing ability emerged as the best predictor of tested typing ability of all types.Because of the substantial number of minority students in the sample (N= 69, 44.2%), differential prediction was studied. Self‐assessments of revised manuscript, numbers, and tables typing abilities were significantly higher for the majority group than for the minority group. Typing test performance was significantly higher for the majority group across straight copy, letters, revised manuscript, and tables subtests. Minority group members were generally less accurate in self‐assessment of their typing ability. Subgroup regression lines were compared by means of Potthoff's analysis, and subgroup differences in prediction of tested typing ability from self‐assessments of typing ability were found.
ANCHORS AWAY–THE STABILITY OF MEANING OF ANCHORS WHEN THEIR LOCATION IS CHANGED
Authors: IRONSON GAIL H. , SMITH PATRICIA C. 
Published: December 2006

This study addresses three questions. (1) Does the meaning of the neutral anchor shift when its position is moved away from the middle of the series? The location of (psychological) zero in rating scales is crucial if they are to be used as multipliers (e.g., as weights or in functional equations). (2) Does moving the neutral anchor from a central position increase sensitivity (variance) of ratings? Such displacement has been used frequently without investigation of its effects. (3) Are any of the above effects general across types of anchors?Displacement had significant effects (N= 210) on meaning of the neutral anchor and on sensitivity. Stability of meaning of anchors, however, was greater when anchors were words rather than faces. Therefore verbal anchors should be used, with the neutral anchor located centrally, to establish zero; but displaced to increase sensitivity at one end of the scale.
INTERVIEWER DECISIONS AS A FUNCTION OF APPLICANT RACE, APPLICANT QUALITY AND INTERVIEWER PREJUDICE
Authors: MULLINS TERRY W. 
Published: December 2006

This study investigated the impact of the racial attitudes of interviewers, applicant race, and applicant quality on the ratings given applicants. This study used a posttest‐only control group approach which was analyzed by a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial ANOVA design. Subjects were 176 white business administration students from a large urban university.Videotapes of simulated job interviews were produced to control applicant quality and applicant race. A black male and a white male each role‐played both a high and a low quality applicant. The main effect for applicant quality was significant, accounting for 50% of the variance in applicant ratings. The main effect for race was significant but not in the predicted direction. Black applicants were rated higher than white applicants. While high quality applicants were rated highly regardless of race, the low quality black applicant was rated higher than the comparably performing white applicant. The interaction of race and interviewers' level of prejudice was significant but not in the predicted direction. Highly prejudiced subjects rated black applicants higher than white applicants. The implications of these results for further research were discussed.
THE INTERFACE PROJECT: BEHAVIOR MODELING AS SOCIAL TECHNOLOGY IN SOUTH AFRICA1
Authors: SORCHER MELVIN , SPENCE ROD 
Published: December 2006

The Inter Face Project was a pilot study to improve race relationships between supervisors and employees in South African industry. The ultimate intent of this project was to find a path for more extensive research aimed at improving inter‐racial attitudes and behavior in South Africa, especially in work situations. Nevertheless, this project is only a small step in the direction of improved inter‐race relationships in that country. Behavior modeling training was the vehicle for attempting to change the behaviors.Several measures were used because it was uncertain how change would be found. However, performance records were incomplete and therefore not useful. A questionnaire and expectation scale did not reveal significant change, possibly because of the small sample size and the reluctance on the part of supervisors to be candid. Structured interviews, however, indicated dramatic improvements in inter‐race attitudes and observations for both supervisors and employees. Second post‐test improvements (20 weeks after training) were, in fact, even greater than improvements noted at the first post‐test (six weeks after training). Before and after training comments by employees and supervisors provided strong evidence of the extent of change that occurred. Several suggestions for follow‐up research were outlined.
ASSESSMENT CENTERS AND SUBORDINATE APPRAISALS OF MANAGERS: A SEVEN‐YEAR EXAMINATION OF PREDICTIVE VALIDITY
Authors: McEVOY GLENN M. , BEATTY RICHARD W. 
Published: December 2006

Assessment center ratings of 52 state law enforcement agency managers predicted both a contaminated promotions criterion and two uncontaminated ratings criteria, but they did significantly better in predicting the former. Criteria data were gathered two, four, and seven years after the assessment center, and a modest upward trend in validity coefficients was observed. Ratings by subordinates demonstrated promise as a near term predictor, outperforming the assessment center on uncontaminated criteria in the two‐ and four‐year time frames. Last, regression analyses using Year 7 criteria revealed unique predictive power for both ratings by subordinates and assessment centers above and beyond that provided by supervisor ratings.An earlier version of this paper was presented at the Academy of Management meeting, Anaheim, California, August 7‐10, 1988.
Enterprise Risk Management: Theory and Practice
Authors: Nocco Brian W. , Stulz René M. 
Published: December 2006

The Chief Risk Officer of Nationwide Insurance teams up with a distinguished academic to discuss the benefits and challenges associated with the design and implementation of an enterprise risk management program. The authors begin by arguing that a carefully designed ERM program—one in which all material corporate risks are viewed and managed within a single framework—can be a source of long‐run competitive advantage and value through its effects at both a “macro” or company‐wide level and a “micro” or business‐unit level.At the macro level, ERM enables senior management to identify, measure, and limit to acceptable levels the net exposures faced by the firm. By managing such exposures mainly with the idea of cushioning downside outcomes and protecting the firm's credit rating, ERM helps maintain the firm's access to capital and other resources necessary to implement its strategy and business plan.At the micro level, ERM adds value by ensuring that all material risks are “owned,” and risk‐return tradeoffs carefully evaluated, by operating managers and employees throughout the firm. To this end, business unit managers at Nationwide are required to provide information about major risks associated with all new capital projects—information that can then used by senior management to evaluate the marginal impact of the projects on the firm's total risk. And to encourage operating managers to focus on the risk‐return tradeoffs in their own businesses, Nationwide's periodic performance evaluations of its business units attempt to refl ect their contributions to total risk by assigning risk‐adjusted levels of “imputed” capital on which project managers are expected to earn adequate returns.The second, and by far the larger, part of the article provides an extensive guide to the process and major challenges that arise when implementing ERM, along with an account of Nationwide's approach to dealing with them. Among other issues, the authors discuss how a company should assess its risk “appetite,” measure how much risk it is bearing, and decide which risks to retain and which to transfer to others. Consistent with the principle of comparative advantage it uses to guide such decisions, Nationwide attempts to limit “non‐core” exposures, such as interest rate and equity risk, thereby enlarging the firm's capacity to bear the “information‐intensive, insurance‐ specific” risks at the core of its business and competencies.
How Does the Corporate World Cope with Mega‐Terrorism? Puzzling Evidence from Terrorism Insurance Markets
Authors: Michel‐Kerjan Erwann , Pedell Burkhard 
Published: December 2006

Terrorist attacks that have succeeded abroad since 2001, as well as others that were prevented, indicate that the threat of a large‐scale attack is real and will be with us for a long time. Focusing on the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany, this article analyzes the role that insurance can play in providing commercial enterprises with financial protection against the economic consequences of major terrorist attacks.The article begins by explaining the design and key features of terrorism insurance programs operating today in each of the three countries (TRIA in the U.S., Pool Re in the U.K., and Extremus in Germany). The authors then provide a detailed comparative analysis of the evolution of prices and take‐up rates (based on as yet unpublished data), with particular attention to financial institutions. For those who think the U.S. is the most likely target for mega‐terrorism, the findings are somewhat puzzling. On average, for example, companies in the U.S. do not pay even half as much for comparable coverage under TRIA as companies pay in Germany under Extremus, which raises the questions: Is terrorism coverage under the U.S. insurance program now drastically underpriced? If so, what would be the likely consequences of another large‐scale attack in the U.S.? On the demand side, the authors observe a dramatic increase in take‐up rates in the U.S. since 2003, revealing increased corporate concern. By contrast, the market penetration in Germany remains remarkably low.A better understanding of these programs and of the recent evolution of terrorism insurance markets in the U.S. and Europe should help corporate and government decision makers develop more effective protection against the economic consequences of mega‐terrorism.
Consequences of Telomere Shortening at an Active
VSG
Expression Site in Telomerase-Deficient
Trypanosoma brucei
Authors: Dreesen Oliver , Cross George A. M. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT

Trypanosoma brucei
evades the host immune response by sequential expression of a large family of variant surface glycoproteins (VSG) from one of ∼20 subtelomeric expression sites (ES).
VSG
transcription is monoallelic, and little is known about the regulation of antigenic switching. To explore whether telomere length could affect antigenic switching, we created a telomerase-deficient cell line, in which telomeres shortened at a rate of 3 to 6 bp at each cell division. Upon reaching a critical length, short silent ES telomeres were stabilized by a telomerase-independent mechanism. The active ES telomere progressively shortened and frequently broke. Upon reaching a critical length, the short active ES telomere stabilized, but the transcribed
VSG
was gradually lost from the population and replaced by a new
VSG
through duplicative gene conversion. We propose a model in which subtelomeric-break-induced replication-mediated repair at a short ES telomere leads to duplicative gene conversion and expression of a new
VSG
.
Candida albicans
Transcription Factor Ace2 Regulates Metabolism and Is Required for Filamentation in Hypoxic Conditions
Authors: Mulhern Siobhan M. , Logue Mary E. , Butler Geraldine 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT

Ace2 transcription factor family genes are found in many fungal genomes and are required for regulation of expression of genes involved in cell separation. We used transcriptional profiling to identify the targets of Ace2 in
Candida albicans
, and we show that these include several cell wall components, such as glucanases and glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins. Expression is downregulated in
ace2
deletion mutants in both yeast and hyphal cells. In addition, deleting
ace2
results in dramatic changes in expression of metabolic pathways. Expression of glycolytic enzymes is reduced, while expression of respiratory genes (including those involved in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and ATP synthesis) is increased. Similar changes occur in both yeast and hyphal cells. In contrast, genes required for acetyl-coenzyme A and lipid metabolism are upregulated in an
ace2
deletion mutant grown predominantly as yeast cells but are downregulated in hyphae. These results suggest that in wild-type strains, Ace2 acts to increase glycolysis and reduce respiration. This is supported by the observation that deleting
ace2
results in increased resistance to antimycin A, a drug that inhibits respiration. We also show that Ace2 is required for filamentation in response to low oxygen concentrations (hypoxia). We suggest that filamentation is induced in wild-type cells by reducing respiration (using low oxygen or respiratory drugs) and that mutants with increased respiratory activity fail to undergo filamentation under these conditions.
The
Tetrahymena thermophila
Phagosome Proteome
Authors: Jacobs Mary Ellen , DeSouza Leroi V. , Samaranayake Haresha , Pearlman Ronald E. , Siu K. W. Michael , Klobutcher Lawrence A. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT

In vertebrates, phagocytosis occurs mainly in specialized cells of the immune system and serves as a primary defense against invading pathogens, but it also plays a role in clearing apoptotic cells and in tissue remodeling during development. In contrast, unicellular eukaryotes, such as the ciliate
Tetrahymena thermophila
, employ phagocytosis to ingest and degrade other microorganisms to meet their nutritional needs. To learn more about the protein components of the multistep process of phagocytosis, we carried out an analysis of the
Tetrahymena
phagosome proteome.
Tetrahymena
cells were fed polystyrene beads, which allowed for the efficient purification of phagosomes. The protein composition of purified phagosomes was then analyzed by multidimensional separation coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 453 peptides were identified that resulted in the identification of 73 putative phagosome proteins. Twenty-eight of the proteins have been implicated in phagocytosis in other organisms, indicating that key aspects of phagocytosis were conserved during evolution. Other identified proteins have not previously been associated with phagocytosis, including some of unknown function. Live-cell confocal fluorescence imaging of
Tetrahymena
strains expressing green fluorescent protein-tagged versions of four of the identified phagosome proteins provided evidence that at least three of the proteins (including two with unknown functions) are associated with phagosomes, indicating that the bulk of the proteins identified in the analyses are indeed phagosome associated.
Proteins of the Glycine Decarboxylase Complex in the Hydrogenosome ofTrichomonas vaginalis
Authors: Mukherjee Mandira , Brown Mark T. , McArthur Andrew G. , Johnson Patricia J. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTTrichomonas vaginalisis a unicellular eukaryote that lacks mitochondria and contains a specialized organelle, the hydrogenosome, involved in carbohydrate metabolism and iron-sulfur cluster assembly. We report the identification of two glycine cleavage H proteins and a dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (L protein) of the glycine decarboxylase complex inT. vaginaliswith predicted N-terminal hydrogenosomal presequences. Immunofluorescence analyses reveal that both H and L proteins are localized in hydrogenosomes, providing the first evidence for amino acid metabolism in this organelle. All three proteins were expressed inEscherichia coliand purified to homogeneity. The experimentalKmof L protein for the two H proteins were 2.6 μM and 3.7 μM, consistent with both H proteins serving as substrates of L protein. Analyses using purified hydrogenosomes showed that endogenous H proteins exist as monomers and endogenous L protein as a homodimer in their native states. Phylogenetic analyses of L proteins revealed that theT. vaginalishomologue shares a common ancestry with dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenases from the firmicute bacteria, indicating its acquisition via a horizontal gene transfer event independent of the origins of mitochondria and hydrogenosomes.