bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Consensus recommendations on diagnostic testing for the detection of paratuberculosis in cattle in the United States
Authors: Collins Michael T. , Gardner Ian A. , Garry Franklyn B. , Roussel Allen J. , Wells Scott J. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
The report provided here contains a simplified set of diagnostic testing recommendations. These recommendations were developed on the basis of research funded by the USDA–Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service–Veterinary Services through a cooperative agreement. The report is intended to provide simple, practical, cost-effective consensus testing recommendations for cattle herds that are not enrolled in the US Test-Negative Program.1 The information has been reviewed by paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) experts at the USDA and academic centers as well as stakeholders in various segments of the cattle industry. The recommendations were accepted by the National Johne's Working Group and Johne's Disease Committee of the US Animal Health Association during their annual meetings in October 2006.
The report is intended to aid veterinarians who work with cattle producers in the United States. The recommendations are based on information available up to October 2006. There is a paucity of large-scale, high-quality studies of multiple tests conducted on samples obtained from the same cattle. It is understood that there may be special circumstances that require deviation from these recommendations. Furthermore, as new information becomes available and assays are improved and their accuracy is critically evaluated, changes to these recommendations may be necessary.
Survey of environmental enhancement programs for laboratory primates
Authors: Baker Kate C. , Weed James L. , Crockett Carolyn M. , Bloomsmith Mollie A. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractAnimal welfare regulations in the United States require that nonhuman primate environmental enhancement plans be made in accordance with currently accepted professional standards; however, little information is available for quantifying common practice. Here we report the results of a 2003 survey that was sent to individuals overseeing enrichment programs at a variety of primate research institutions. The surveys requested information on program administration and management, implementation standards, procedures, and constraints pertaining to major categories of environmental enrichment, as well as intervention plans for animals exhibiting behavioral pathologies. Data were obtained on the management of 35,863 primates in 22 facilities. Behavioral scientists performed program oversight at the majority of facilities. Most programs reported recent changes, most commonly due to external site visits, and least commonly resulting from internal review. Most facilities' institutional animal care and use committees (IACUCs) included of individuals with behavioral expertise, and about two‐thirds reported that enrichment issues could influence research protocol design. While most primates were reported to be housed socially (73%), social housing for indoor‐housed primates appears to have changed little over the past 10 years. Research protocol issues and social incompatibility were commonly cited constraints. Implementation of feeding, manipulanda, and structural enrichment was relatively unconstrained, and contributions to these aspects of behavioral management generally included individuals in a wide variety of positions within a facility. In contrast, enrichment devices were used on a less widespread basis within facilities, and positive reinforcement programs that involved dedicated trainers were rare. We suggest that altering the role of the IACUC would be a productive avenue for increasing the implementation of social housing, and that an emphasis on prevention rather than intervention against behavioral pathology is warranted. The data from this survey may be useful for anticipating future program evaluations, establishing more effective internal evaluations, and assessing program progress and resource allocation. Am. J. Primatol. 69:1–18, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optimization of heterologous production of the polyketide 6‐MSA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Wattanachaisaereekul Songsak , Lantz Anna Eliasson , Nielsen Michael Lynge , Andrésson Ólafur S. , Nielsen Jens 
Published: December 2006

AbstractPolyketides are a group of natural products that have gained much interest due to their use as antibiotics, cholesterol lowering agents, immunosuppressors, and as other drugs. Many organisms that naturally produce polyketides are difficult to cultivate and only produce these metabolites in small amounts. It is therefore of general interest to transfer polyketide synthase (PKS) genes from their natural sources into heterologous hosts that can over‐produce the corresponding polyketides. In this study we demonstrate the heterologous expression of 6‐methylsalicylic acid synthase (6‐MSAS), naturally produced by Penicillium patulum, in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In order to activate the PKS a 4′‐phosphopantetheinyl transferase (PPTase) is required. We therefore co‐expressed PPTases encoded by either sfp from Bacillus subtilis or by npgA from Aspergillus nidulans. The different strains were grown in batch cultures. Growth and product concentration were measured and kinetic parameters were calculated. It was shown that both PPTases could be efficiently used for activation of PKS's in yeast as good yields of 6‐MSA were obtained with both enzymes. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;97: 893–900. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Direct solubilization of enzyme aggregates with enhanced activity in nonaqueous media
Authors: Akbar Umar , Aschenbrenner Carl D. , Harper Michael R. , Johnson Harvey R. , Dordick Jonathan S. , Clark Douglas S. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA protein solubilization method has been developed to directly solubilize protein clusters into organic solvents containing small quantities of surfactant and trace amounts of water. Termed “direct solubilization,” this technique was shown to solubilize three distinct proteins—subtilisin Carlsberg, lipase B from Candida antarctica, and soybean peroxidase—with much greater efficiencies than extraction of the protein from aqueous solution into surfactant‐containing organic solvents (referred to as extraction). More significant, however, was the dramatic increase in directly solubilized enzyme activity relative to extracted enzyme activity, particularly for subtilisin and lipase in polar organic solvents. For example, in THF the initial rate towards bergenin transesterification was ca. 70 times higher for directly solubilized subtilisin than for the extracted enzyme. Furthermore, unlike their extracted counterparts, the directly solubilized enzymes yielded high product conversions across a spectrum of non‐polar and polar solvents. Structural characterization of the solubilized enzymes via light scattering and atomic force microscopy revealed soluble proteins consisting of active enzyme aggregates containing approximately 60 and 100 protein molecules, respectively, for subtilisin and lipase. Formation of such clusters appears to provide a microenvironment conducive to catalysis and, in polar organic solvents at least, may protect the enzyme from solvent‐induced inactivation. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;96:1030–1039. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fermentation of biomass‐generated synthesis gas: Effects of nitric oxide
Authors: Ahmed Asma , Lewis Randy S. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe production of renewable fuels, such as ethanol, has been steadily increasing owing to the need for a reduced dependency on fossil fuels. It was demonstrated previously that biomass‐generated synthesis gas (biomass‐syngas) can be converted to ethanol and acetic acid using a microbial catalyst. The biomass‐syngas (primarily CO, CO2, H2, and N2) was generated in a fluidized‐bed gasifier and used as a substrate for Clostridium carboxidivorans P7T. Results showed that the cells stopped consuming H2 when exposed to biomass‐syngas, thus indicating that there was an inhibition of the hydrogenase enzyme due to some biomass‐syngas contaminant. It was hypothesized that nitric oxide (NO) detected in the biomass‐syngas could be the possible cause of this inhibition. The specific activity of hydrogenase was monitored with time under varying concentrations of H2 and NO. Results indicated that NO (at gas concentrations above 40 ppm) was a non‐competitive inhibitor of hydrogenase activity, although the loss of hydrogenase activity was reversible. In addition, NO also affected the cell growth and increased the amount of ethanol produced. A kinetic model of hydrogenase activity with inhibition by NO was demonstrated with results suggesting there are multiple binding sites of NO on the hydrogenase enzyme. Since other syngas‐fermenting organisms utilize the same metabolic pathways, this study estimates that NO < 40 ppm can be tolerated by cells in a syngas‐fermentation system without compromising the hydrogenase activity, cell growth, and product distribution. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007; 97: 1080–1086. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The classification of violence risk
Authors: Monahan John , Steadman Henry J. , Appelbaum Paul S. , Grisso Thomas , Mulvey Edward P. , Roth Loren H. , Robbins Pamela Clark , Banks Stephen , Silver Eric 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe Classification of Violence Risk (COVR®) is an interactive software program designed to estimate the risk that a person hospitalized for mental disorder will be violent to others. The software leads the evaluator through a chart review and a brief interview with the patient. At the end of this interview, the software generates a report that contains a statistically valid estimate of the patient's violence risk—ranging from a 1% to a 76% likelihood of violence—including the confidence interval for that estimate, and a list of the risk factors that the program took into account to produce the estimate. In this article, the development of the COVR software is described and several issues that arise in its administration are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Public attitudes about the culpability and punishment of young offenders
Authors: Scott Elizabeth S. , Reppucci N. Dickon , Antonishak Jill , DeGennaro Jennifer T. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractOpinions of 789 community adults were individually assessed, using a video‐clip of an actual armed robbery and other measures, to determine whether attitudes toward the culpability and appropriate punishment of young offenders were linked to offenders' age, race, and physical appearance. Three major findings emerged: (1) community adults endorse the view that criminal choices of young offenders are influenced by their developmental immaturity and attribute more responsibility for the criminal act as the actor gets older; (2) the public has a relatively strong preference for differential treatment of juvenile and adult offenders; and (3) attitudes about culpability and punishment are not influenced by the culprit's race, physical maturity, or appearance of “toughness.” Indications that punitive public opinion toward youth crime may be changing and implications for juvenile justice policy of the study's findings are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Short‐Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability (START): the case for a new structured professional judgment scheme
Authors: Webster Christopher D. , Nicholls Tonia L. , Martin Mary‐Lou , Desmarais Sarah L. , Brink Johann 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe Short‐Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability (START) is a new structured professional judgment scheme intended to inform multiple risk domains relevant to everyday psychiatric clinical practice (e.g. risk to others, suicide, self‐harm, self‐neglect, substance abuse, unauthorized leave, and victimization). The article describes the processes involved in establishing an interdisciplinary approach to risk assessment and management. The authors present a review of the rationale for START, including the value of dynamic variables, the importance of strengths, and the extent to which clinicians must be attentive to multiple risk domains, reflecting theoretical and scientific evidence of the overlap among risks. Using the development, validation, and implementation of START as an example, the authors describe the processes by which other researchers, clinicians, and administrators could adapt existing assessment schemes or create new ones to bridge some remaining gaps in the risk assessment and management continuum. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pre‐arrest diversion of people with mental illness: literature review and international survey
Authors: Hartford Kathleen , Carey Robert , Mendonca James 
Published: December 2006

AbstractMental health diversion is a process where alternatives to criminal sanctions are made available to persons with mental illness (PMI) who have come into contact with the law. One form of mental health diversion is pre‐arrest, in which the police use their discretion in laying charges. Concomitant with the growth of pre‐arrest diversion programs is a growing body of research devoted to the phenomenon. The purpose of this paper is to review the existing literature of pre‐arrest diversion, and to report the results of an international survey of pre‐arrest diversion programs we conducted to identify evidence‐based practices. On the basis of our review and survey, we note that successful pre‐trial programs appear to integrate relevant mental health, substance abuse and criminal justice agencies by having regular meetings between key personnel from the various agencies. Often, a liaison person with a mandate to effect strong leadership plays a key role in the coordination of various agencies. Streamlining services through the creation of an emergency drop‐off center with a no‐refusal policy for police cases is seen as crucial. While there is some indication that mentally ill offenders benefit from their participation in this form of diversion, the evaluative literature has not yet achieved the “critical mass” necessary to create generalizable, evidence‐based knowledge. The absence of generally agreed‐upon outcomes could lead to the inequitable application of basic principles of diversion. We suggest that indicators, benchmarks, and outcomes must be agreed upon if a comprehensive understanding of pre‐arrest programs is to emerge. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The dynamic appraisal of situational aggression: an instrument to assess risk for imminent aggression in psychiatric inpatients
Authors: Ogloff James R. P. , Daffern Michael 
Published: December 2006

AbstractConsiderable research has attempted to delineate the demographic and clinical characteristics of high‐risk psychiatric patients and identify salient modifiable aspects of aggression prone environments. Recently, there has also been increased interest in the development and testing of structured schemes for the assessment of risk for aggression within inpatient psychiatric settings. Although some of these methods show acceptable predictive validity, their ability to inform day‐to‐day treatment and management decisions is limited. The current research was designed to identify existing and novel risk factors that would assist staff to identify and manage the risk for aggression in psychiatric inpatient populations. Results showed that assessments supported by structured risk measures were more accurate than unaided clinical judgements based only on nurses' clinical experience and knowledge of the patient alone. Seven test items emerged that were maximally effective at identifying acute psychiatric patients at risk for engaging in inpatient violence within 24 hours; these items have been combined in the development of the Dynamic Appraisal of Situational Aggression. Empirical analyses and clinical experience support the efficacy of the instrument in assisting clinical staff in the identification and management of inpatient aggression. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Iridium(I) Pyridyl Azolate Complexes with Saturated Red Metal‐to‐Ligand Charge Transfer Phosphorescence; Fundamental and Potential Applications in Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Fang Chung‐Hong , Chen Yao‐Lun , Yang Cheng‐Han , Chi Yun , Yeh Yu‐Shan , Li Elisa Y. , Cheng Yi‐Ming , Hsu Chia‐Jung , Chou Pi‐Tai , Chen Chin‐Ti 
Published: December 2006

AbstractPreparation of a new series of neutral metal complexes [(cod)Ir(fppz)] (1), [(cod)Ir(bppz)] (2), [(cod)Ir(fptz)] (3) and [(cod)Ir(bptz)] (4), bearing one cod ligand and a pyridyl azolate chelate are reported. A single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction study of 3 reveals the expected distorted square‐planar geometry. The lowest absorption band consists of IrI atom increased triplet dπ→π* transitions (3MLCT), the assignment of which is firmly supported by the theoretical approaches. Complexes 1–4 exhibit weak phosphorescence in degassed solution at room temperature, whereas much more intense, solid‐state phosphorescence appears in the range 622–649 nm. The pure MLCT emission was used as a prototypical model to address its remarkable spectral differences from the IrIII isoquinoline pyrrolide complex (5), which has mainly 3ππ phosphorescence. Complex 3 was used as a dopant to fabricate red‐emitting phosphorescent organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). For the 7 % doped device, a maximum brightness of 3010 cd m−2 was achieved at an applied voltage of 15 V and with CIE coordinates of (0.56, 0.33), demonstrating for the first time the potential of neutral IrI complexes in OLED applications.
A comparison of the Outcome Questionnaire‐45 and Outcome Questionnaire‐30 in classification and prediction of treatment outcome
Authors: Ellsworth Jennifer R. , Lambert Michael J. , Johnson Jennifer 
Published: December 2006

AbstractRecent research has found that measuring, monitoring and providing therapists with feedback about their clients' treatment progress improves treatment outcome. This study assessed the level of agreement between two outcome measures used to measure and monitor treatment progress. The Outcome Questionnaire (OQ‐45) was compared with a shorter, derivative measure, the OQ‐30. Each measure has an associated feedback system, which provides therapists with feedback about their clients' treatment progress. The OQ‐45 and the OQ‐30 demonstrated high levels of agreement in measurement of client outcome. The OQ‐45 feedback system emerged as the most accurate and clinically useful method for providing therapists with feedback about their clients' predicted treatment outcomes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of endoscopic ultrasound and endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration in distinguishing pancreatic cystic lesions
Authors: Moparty Bhavani , Logroño Roberto , Nealon William H. , Waxman Irving , Raju G. S. , Pasricha Pankaj J. , Bhutani Manoop S. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractDistinguishing mucinous from nonmucinous cystic lesions of the pancreas often constitutes a diagnostic dilemma. The clinical management differs between such lesions; therefore it is important to make an accurate preoperative diagnosis. Various centers have reported conflicting results regarding their ability to detect mucin‐producing neoplastic cells and appropriately reach a diagnosis based on endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) guided FNA. The aim of this study is to assess the ability of EUS‐FNA cytology to diagnose and differentiate mucinous from nonmucinous pancreatic cystic lesions.We reviewed records of patients who underwent EUS of pancreatic cystic lesions. If FNA was performed and mucinous neoplasm was suspected, aspirate was evaluated for cytomorphology and presence of mucin. FNA results were compared to final histologic diagnosis if surgery was performed.Cytologic diagnosis was provided for 28/30 (93%). By comparing EUS‐FNA diagnoses with final surgical pathology, FNA accurately diagnosed in 10/11 cases with sensitivity and specificity for detection of malignancy of 100 and 89, respectively, while the accuracy for identification of mucinous cystic neoplasms was 100%.Our results indicate that in the appropriate clinical and imaging setting, EUS‐FNA cytology with analysis for mucin production by tumor cells is an important test in distinguishing pancreatic cystic lesions and guiding further management. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2007;35:18–25. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative analysis of various cytohistological techniques in diagnosis of lung diseases
Authors: Garg Sukant , Handa Uma , Mohan Harsh , Janmeja Ashok K. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA prospective study was conducted on 100 patients divided in two groups who underwent fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB). Group I consisted of 60 cases of suspected lung malignancy on clinical and radiological examination, while group II consisted of 40 cases of nonneoplastic lung diseases. Pre‐FOB sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and bronchial brushing (BB) were done in all the cases, while forceps biopsy (FB), transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA), and transthoracic needle aspiration were done in 56, 25, and 15 patients, respectively.BB and FB showed a sensitivity of 70.83 and 70% respectively in the diagnosis of malignancy. BAL was found to be positive in 37.5% patients. TBNA had the highest sensitivity of 83.33% whereas pre‐FOB sputum and post‐FOB sputum were positive only in 27.58 and 29.06% cases.In nonneoplastic group, BAL showed sensitivity of 80 and 83.33% in diagnosing tuberculosis and fungal diseases whereas BB was positive in 60 and 66.66% patients, respectively. Thus a combination of various cytohistological techniques results in a statistically significant increase in the diagnostic yield of various neoplastic and nonneoplastic lung diseases. BB, FB, and TBNA are complimentary in diagnosis of various lung malignancies whereas BAL is a useful procedure in detection of infectious diseases. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2007;35:26–31. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Terminal complement complex C5b‐9‐treated human monocyte‐derived dendritic cells undergo maturation and induce Th1 polarization
Authors: Chen Yongwen , Yang Chengying , Jin Naishi , Xie Zhunyi , Tang Yuyu , Fei Lei , Jia Zhengcai , Wu Yuzhang 
Published: December 2006

AbstractSublytic C5b‐9 has been described as a pro‐inflammatory mediator that triggers cell activation rather than inducing cell death. Dendritic cells (DC) play a critical role in controlling antigen‐specific immune responses. Although DC maturation induced by various stimuli has been well characterized, the role of C5b‐9 in DC function has not been described. In this report, we use in vitro assembled functional C5b‐9 based on purified distal complement protein to show that DC maturation is promoted by sublytic C5b‐9. This was demonstrated by up‐regulation of CD83, HLA‐antigens and costimulatory molecules, including CD80, D86, B7‐H1, B7‐H3, B7‐H4 and BTLA. In addition, secretion of cytokines such as interleukin (IL)‐12 and tumor necrosis factor‐α was increased while the capacity for antigen uptake (FITC‐Dextran and Lucifer Yellow) was reduced in C5b‐9‐treated DC. Mixed lymphocyte reactions indicated that C5b‐9‐activated DC acted as stimulators that significantly promoted CD4+ T cell activation and elicited production of cytokines, including interferon‐γ and IL‐2. Interestingly, C5b‐9‐treated DC also orient CD4+CD45RA+ naïve T cells toward Th1 polarization. Our results are the first to report that DC are potential immunoregulatory targets of C5b‐9, suggesting that C5b‐9 bridges innate and acquired immunity by inducing DC maturation.
One‐Pot Synthesis of Tetraalkyl Benzene‐1,2,3,5‐tetracarboxylates from a Four‐Component Reaction of Alkyl Propiolates and Alkyl 2‐Nitroethanoates Promoted by Ph3P
Authors: Yavari Issa , Moradi Loghman , Mirzaei Anvar 
Published: December 2006

AbstractAlkyl 2‐nitroethanoates react with alkyl propiolates in the presence of triphenylphosphine (Ph3P) in a mechanistically unprecedented reaction to afford tetraalkyl benzene‐1,2,3,5‐tetracarboxylates in moderate yields (36–42%).