bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gingival sulcular leukocytes in periodontitis and in experimental gingivitis in humans
Authors: Thurre Carlos , Robert Marc , Cimasoni Giorgio , Baehni Pierre 
Published: July 2006

Leukocytes may play an important defensive role against plaque microorganisms in the periodontium. The aim of the present study was to characterize some functional and morphological aspects of sulcular leukocytes in periodontitis and in experimental gingivitis in humans. In a cross‐sectional study, cells were collected from periodontal pockets or from gingivitis (control) sites of patients with periodontitis. In a longitudinal study, cells were obtained from experimental or from control sites during a split‐mouth experimental gingivitis. Leukocytes were examined for cell numbers, viability, phagocytic function, and morphology.The cell numbers in periodontal pockets were higher than in control sites but the cell viability had a tendency to decrease. A significant decrease was also observed in the percent of leukocytes capable of phagocytizing Candida albicans in vitro in periodontitis sites compared to gingivitis sites. In the experimental gingivitis, the cell numbers showed a significant increase from day 0 to day 21 of the non‐brushing period in the experimental sites when compared to the control sites. However, the cell viability did not vary significantly between the experimental and the control sites during the experimental period. No significant variations were observed in the leukocyte in vitro phagocytic function during the same period. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes collected from the sulcus presenting different clinical situations showed various degrees of phagocytosis, loss of lysosomes, and cell lysis, but no correlation could be established between these observations and the clinical status.
The effect of topically applied fluorides on the surface free energy of human dentin
Authors: de Jong H. P. , de Boer P. , van Pelt A. W. J. , Busscher H. J. , Arends J. 
Published: July 2006

The surface free energy γs of human dentin treated with sodium fluoride, acidulated phosphate fluoride, and aminfluoride solutions has been determined by means of contact angle measurements. Application of an aminfluoride solution slightly increased the total surface free energy from 75 to 80 erg. cm−2. The γs values of dentin after a neutral sodium fluoride application decreased to 62 erg. cm−2. APF solutions hardly influenced the surface free energy γs. This study showed that fluoride applications change the surface free energy of human dentin.Extrapolation of the results of this study and the in vitro results on cell spreading indicated that aminfluoride applications might be favorable for the reattachment of periodontal tissues.
The pH of human crevicular fluid measured by a new microanalytical technique
Authors: Bickel Matthias , Cimasoni Giorgio 
Published: July 2006

In physiological and pathological conditions, the pH of the crevicular fluid may play a significant role on the structure and function of the gingival crevice. In the present investigation the pH of human crevicular fluid was determined by a new microanalytical technique. The fluid was collected in 32 sites (19 patients) with capillary tubes. The tip of a double barreled, neutral carrier based microelectrode, highly selective for H+ ions was introduced directly into the capillary tubes containing either the samples or the reference solutions. In each sampling site, the GI and the crevicular fluid volume were recorded and correlated with the pH. As the inflammation increased, an elevation of pH from 6.90 to as much as 8.66 was observed. These values have been measured at 20°C in absence of CO2.Whether this increase is due to the bacterial flora or to any metabolic activity in the crevice area is not clear at the moment.
Labelling of gingival and dermal mast cells with and without degranulation by 48/80
Authors: Farnoush Ali , Nuki Klaus 
Published: July 2006

To investigate the mode of proliferation of mast cells in non‐inflamed gingiva and skin of Swiss Webster mice, single and multiple pulses of 3H‐thymidine and autoradiographic procedures to detect DNA synthesis were used in conjunction with selective staining techniques. A labelling index was found indicating a rate of turnover so low that kinetic studies on normal tissue would be impractical. It was found that the histamine releaser compound 48/80 could alter mast cell populations and thus provide a suitable model in which to further examine the kinetics of mast cells.Studies of experimentally altered gingival and skin mast cells produced a pattern of mast cell labelling which suggested derivation of new mast cells by local setfreplication. Evidence was obtained that labelled mast cells observed one hour after labelling had divided to produce two daughter cells and that the rate of increase in the number of labelled mast cells following repeated pulse labelling for up to 20 days was linear and did not suggest major recruitment of mast cells from a distant source during this period.
Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical similarities in the attachment of human oral epithelium to the tooth in vivo and to an inert substrate in an explant culture
Authors: Salonen Jukka , Santti Risto 
Published: July 2006

Laminin and type IV collagen were localized in the mucosal and vascular basement membranes in sections of human deciduous and permanent teeth with the junctional epithelium still in situ. These essential basement membrane constituents were also demonstrable at the epitheliumconnective tissue interface under the stationary and migrating epithelium (epibolus) of cultured palatal mucosa. The contact of the epithelium with the cementum or enamel in vivo and with a Millipore® filter in vitro, instead of connective tissue, influenced the chemical composition of the epithelial attachment apparatus. Laminin was found both in the epithelial attachment on the tooth and within the Millipore® filter under the migrating epithelium. Type IV collagen was not, however, localized in the attachment apparatus on the tooth nor in the epithelium‐filter interface despite the presence of a unit attachment apparatus with basal lamina, hemidesmosomes, and anchoring filaments along the filter.These findings support the idea of the tooth as an inert substrate for epithelial cells and provide further grounds for the application of the described in vitro model to the study of the chemical constituents of the epithelial attachment.
Simultaneous assessment of complement components C3, C4, and B and their cleavage products in human gingival fluid
Authors: Niekrash Christine E. , Patters Mark R. 
Published: July 2006

The activation of the complement system is an important host‐mediated mechanism in the initiation and progression of inflammation. Complement cleavage products have been reported in gingival fluid obtained from periodontitis lesions suggesting a potential role for the activation of the alternative and/or classical complement pathways in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Using the multi‐layer crossed immunoelectrophoresis technique, the effect of periodontal therapy on complement conversion of C3, C4, and B was assessed in 37 sites in 9 patients. Patients selected for study had moderate‐severe periodontitis as confirmed by clinical measurements of plaque, gingival inflammation, bleeding on probing, suppuration, pocket depth, and loss of attachment. Gingival fluid and clinical indices were obtained from representative sites prior to treatment and again 2–4 weeks following extensive periodontal scaling and root planing.Periodontal therapy resulted in a statistically significant decrease in all clinical parameters of inflammation. The percentage of C3 conversion decreased significantly from 70.0% to 37.5% with therapy (p=0.0001) while the reference protein, transferrin, did not significantly change. C4 conversion to C4c was never observed and total C4 was not significantly altered by therapy. Changes in B conversion to Bb could not be evaluated because the Bb precipitate was too small to measure reproducibly. These results suggested that complement activation, as measured by C3 conversion to C3c, decreased in gingival fluid following periodontal therapy and suggested a role for complement activation in the pathogenesis of inflammatory periodontal disease.
On the physicochemistry of plaque calcification and the phase composition of dental calculus
Authors: Driessens F. C. M. , Borggreven J. M. P. M. , Verbeeck R. M. H. , van Dijk J. W. E. , Feagin F. F. 
Published: July 2006

The main constituents of human dental calculus are a carbonate containing apatite and a Mg and Zn containing Whitlockite. A third important component is octocalcium phosphate. If the salivary pH is low enough, human dental calculus can also contain dicalcium phosphate dehydrate. According to the physicochemical model of calculus formation, dental calculus must contain calcite as the main component in animals having a high salivary pH.This hypothesis appeared to be valid for a salivary pH of 8 or higher (dogs, miniature pigs, domestic pigs). The physicochemical model implies that resting plaque has certain periods in which it has a higher pH than the saliva and the crevicular fluid in which it is bathed. Literature data provide evidence of such a higher pH, probably caused by proteolysis resulting in the formation of urea, ammonia, and amines by the plaque bacteria. The importance of this mechanism is supported by the fact that protease activity in saliva and dental calculus index are correlated positively (Watanabe et al. 1982). Finally, the importance of saliva as a source of urea and the application of urea rinses in dentistry are discussed.
Characterization of hydrogen sulphide reaction with rat‐tail tendon Type I collagen in vitro
Authors: Johnson P. W. , Tonzetich J. , Pearce R. H. 
Published: July 2006

Type I acid‐soluble rat‐tail tendon collagen was reacted up to four days with hydrogen sulphide (H2S) concentration equivalent to that produced by putrefying saliva in in vitro systems. After reaction, the head‐space was assayed for H2S by gas chromatography (GC), and the reaction mixture was separated into salt‐soluble supernatant fraction and sediment which was solubilized in 0.5 M acetic acid. Both fractions were analyzed by SDS‐polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) and assayed for free aldehyde, free thiol, total available thiol, and hydroxyproline content. The GC analysis of head‐space samples showed that more than 85% of the added H2S was absorbed within the initial 24 h by the reaction medium and totally removed from the head‐space in four days. Although no discernible qualitative or quantitative changes were visually detected in H2S‐treated systems by SDS‐PAGE, increased levels of hydroxyproline in the supernatant fraction indicated production of a neutral salt‐soluble product. Chemical analysis showed that the reaction resulted in the incorporation of H2S in free thiol and disulphide forms in both fractions. [35S]‐H2S/paper chromatography methods confirmed that H2S was incorporated into collagen. An increase in free aldehyde groups of both fractions inferred exposure of aldehyde groups presumably through cleavage of intramolecular cross‐linkages.The reversion of acid‐soluble collagen to a more soluble product, which is considered more susceptible to enzymatic degradation, suggests one mechanism how the volatile thiol compounds may contribute to the etiology of periodontal disease.
The effect of daily treatments with an octenidine dentifrice formulation on gingival health in Cynomolgus monkeys
Authors: Slee A. M. , Cimijotti E. , Rothstein S. 
Published: July 2006

Octenidine, a bispyridine antimicrobial compound, has evidenced significant antiplaque activity when used in solution in both animal and human model systems. The present study was designed to evaluate concurrently the antiplaque and antigingivitis potential of a dentifrice formulation containing octenidine. In addition to an antimicrobial agent, the product was formulated to exhibit abrasive and foaming chracteristics similar to those of current commercial dentifrices.Adult female cynomolgus monkeys, five per group, received once daily oral treatments with either the octenidine dentifrice formulation or a placebo formulation. Both formulations were delivered as a suspension which was gently dispersed by manipulation of the cheeks. Direct delivery using a toothbrush was purposely avoided in order to permit the assessment of antimicrobial and antiplaque efficacy in the absence of direct mechanical action. The development of plaque and gingivitis was observed to be suppressed in the presence of the octenidine dentifrice formulation over the 21‐day experimental period. By contrast, animals receiving the placebo formulation evidenced a signficant increase in dental plaque levels and extensive gingival inflammation.
Analysis of lymphocyte populations extracted from chronically inflamed human periodontal tissues
Authors: Seymour G. J. , Cole K. L. , Powell R. N. 
Published: July 2006

The current study was undertaken to analyze in vitro the functional activity of cells extracted from diseased periodontal tissues. Tissue was removed from 33 patients undergoing periodontal surgery. All patients had received repeated oral hygiene instruction and root planing prior to the surgery. The excised tissue was cut finely, digested in collagenase for 90 min, and then forced through a stainless steel grid to obtain a single cell suspension. The responses to various doses of PHA, Con A, and PWM were assessed in 2, 3, and 4‐day cultures using peripheral blood lymphocytes as controls. Blastogenesis was measured by the uptake of 3H‐thymidine.The extraction procedure resulted in a mean of 3.29 ± 0.29 × 105 lymphocytes per 100 mg of tissue. These cells had a mean viability of 76.8 ± 2.2%. Peripheral blood lymphocytes gave typical dose response curves for each of the three mitogens with a peak response occurring at 3 days. However, the lymphocytes extracted from the periodontal tissues failed to respond to any mitogen at any time. The failure to respond was not due to the effect of local anesthetic nor to the effect of collagenase pretreatment. These results may therefore indicate that the cells are maximally stimulated in vivo prior to extraction and/or there is production of suppressor factors in vitro.
Induction of periodontal bone loss in athymic (nude) rats monoinfected with streptococcus mutans
Authors: Klalisen Biarne , Hougen Hans Petter , Erikstn Willy Hjort , Fiehn Nes‐Erik 
Published: July 2006

In order to investigate the rule of the thymus‐dependent immune system in the development of marginal periodontitis, an experiment was performed on athymic (nude) and normal rats. Seven homozygous nude (mutual) Lewis rats and six heterozygous (rnu+) littermates with normal thymus function were monoinfected with Streptococcus mutans 6715. Six germfree nudes and six germfree heterozygoles at same age served as controls. The animals were killed after 90 days.Periodontal bone support on lower molars was registered blindly from magnified radiographs of rat heads. Serum antibody against S. mutans was detected indirect Immunofluorescence. Splentc T‐lymphocyte subpopulations were quantified in a fluorescence activated cell‐setter. Periodontal bone support was significantly diminished in both types of monoinfected rats irrespective of thymus function. Scrum antibody titer to S. mutans was increased equally in both monoinfected groups. Nude rats had significantly less mature T‐lymphocytes than rats with normal thymus and this parameter was not changed by monoinfection.The induction of periodontal destruction m an immune system is not necessary for development of periodontal discase in this model. The high titers of specific annbody to S. mutans seen in affected animals suggest that T‐independent immune reactions could be involved.
Effects of octenidine mouthrinse on plaque formation and gingivitis in humans
Authors: Patters M. R. , Nalbandian J. , Nichols F. C. , Niekrash C. E. , Kennedy J. E. , Kiel R. A. , Trummel C. L. 
Published: July 2006

Octenidine, a new bispyridine mouthrinse, has been shown to prevent plaque formation in humans over a seven‐day period. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of octenidine on plaque and gingivitis development in humans using a 21‐day experimental gingivitis model. Eighty‐eight subjects with a Plaque Index (PII) and Gingival Index (GI) ≤ 0.4 were randomly assigned to 4 coded formulations: 1) 0.1% octenidine in mouthwash vehicle used 3 times a day (TID), 2) 0.1% octenidine in mouthwash vehicle used twice a day (BID), placebo rinse once a day, 3) 0.1% octenidine in water used 3 times a day, and 4) mouthwash vehicle alone used 3 times a day (VEH). Each subject refrained from all mechanical plaque control and rinsed morning, noon, and evening under supervision with 15 ml of assigned formulation for 60 s. At 0, 7, 14, and 21 days, Pit, GI, and mucosal tolerance were assessed. Tooth stain was measured at day 0 and twice at day 21 (prior to and immediately following a single toothbrushing).By day seven of the rinse phase, significant mucosal irritation had occurred in several subjects in the octenidine in water group. Therefore, that group was discontinued from the study and the remaining 66 subjects continued. The mean PII increased in the VEH group from a mean of 0.13 at day 0 to 1.08, 1.39, and 1.69 at days 7, 14, and 21, respectively. In contrast, the mean PII of the TID and BID groups did not increase over the 21 day period (0.14 and 0.10, 0.18 and 0.22, 0.15 and 0.16, 0.12 and 0.16 at day 0, 7, 14, and 21 for TID and BID, respectively). Although the TID and BID groups did not statistically differ at any point, both groups demonstrated significantly less plaque accumulation than the VEH group at days 7, 14, and 21 (p < 0.000001). Gingivitis, as measured by GI, increased significantly in the VEH group from a mean of 0.14 at day 0, to 0.58, 0.84 and 0.98 at day 7, 14, and 21. Both the TID and BID groups demonstrated a small increase in mean GI, rising from 0.12 and 0.16 at day 0 to 0.21 and 0.24, 0.29 and 0.27, and 0.32 and 0.31 at days 7, 14, and 21 for TID and BID, respectively. Again, the TID and BID groups were not different while both had significantly less gingivitis than the VEH group at days 7, 14, and 21 (p 0.000002). Stain, observed in 26 subjects in the TID and BID groups at day 21, was removed by a single toothbrushing in all but 5 subjects. No significant adverse reactions were observed in the remaining subjects. These results demonstrate that octenidine, when used as the only means of oral hygiene for 21 days, will significantly inhibit the development of plaque and gingivitis.
Intraclass correlations of periodontal measurements in beagle dogs*
Authors: Ralls Stephen A. , Cohen Mark E. , Hey Ernest G. A. 
Published: July 2006

The intraclass correlations of Gingival Index, probing depth, and attachment level scores were estimated in a sample of beagle dogs. These estimates were made over a ten‐week period at the time of ligature placement, eight weeks later at ligature removal, and two weeks postremoval. Estimates of the intraclass correlation were computed for the actual scores and for differences in scores between the first and second, and second and third observation points.All intraclass correlations were of sufficient magnitude to preclude statistical analyses which do not consider the subject as the sampling unit. For all conditions. intraclass correlations decreased upon experimental intervention and were generally larger than those reported in human studies. Intraclass correlations of Gingival Index scores were larger than those of probing depth and attachment level measurements. The results were discussed in terms of sources of variation within and between subjects.
Long‐term effect of surgical and non‐surgical periodontal treatment. A 5‐year clinical study
Authors: Isidor Flemming , Karring Thorkild 
Published: July 2006

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the long‐term (5 yr.) effect of surgical and non‐surgical periodontal treatment. 16 patients with advanced periodontal disease participated in the study‐ All patients were subjected to initial treatment comprising supra‐ and subgingival scaling and instruction in performing proper oral hygiene. Modified Widman flap surgery was always employed in a quadrant in both the maxilla and mandible. Reverse bevel flap surgery or root planing under local anesthesia were used in the contralteral quadrants. During the 1st 2 wk after surgery or root planing the patients rinsed twice daily with 0.2% chlorhexidine digluconate They were then recalled for professional tooth cleaning once every 2nd wk for the 1st yr. every 3rd month during the 2nd yr, and every 6th month during the last 3 yr. Subgingival scaling was performed at each recall appointment during the last 4 yr.Surgical as well as non‐surgical treatment resulted in a considerable reduction in probing pocket depth which was maintained during the 5‐yr observation period. A small gain of probing attachment (0.0‐0.4 mm) was assessed 3 months after treatment for all procedures, but after 5 yr a small loss of attachment (0.0‐0.2 mm) bad occurred in surgically treated areas, whereas a gain of 0.3 mm was maintained in the areas treated with root planing.The changes in bone level were minute following both surgical and non‐surgical treatment. Less than 5% of the tooth surfaces exhibited a loss of probing attachment of more than 2 mm or a loss of alveolar bone of 15% or more of the “normal” bone height alter 5 yr. The number of deteriorating sites in each individual did not correlate with the level of self‐performed oral hygiene.
Six‐month study of the effects of a chlorhexidine mouthrinse on gingivitis in adults
Authors: Grossman E. , Reiter G. , Sturzenberger O. P. , De La Rosa M. , Dickinson T. D. , Flrretti G. A. , Ludlam G. E. , Meckel A. H. 
Published: July 2006

The effects of a chlorhexidine gluconate mouthrinse on plaque and gingivitis were studied among 430 adults in a six‐month clinical trial. Subjects were divided in two comparable treatment groups matched for age, sex, and initial gingivitis severity. Following a thorough oral prophylaxis, they were instructed to rinse twice a day for 30 seconds with 15 ml of a 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthrinse or a placebo mouthrinse. After three and six months of mouthrinse use, the chlorhexidine group had significantly less gingivitis, gingival bleeding, and plaque accumulation compared to the placebo group. As expected, accumulation of dental calculus and extrinsic dental stain increased in the chlorbexidine group. No significant differences in adverse oral soft tissue effects were observed between the two groups.Since use of oral antimicrobial agents has been reported to produce tooth and tongue stain, gingivitis examinations were done with and without tooth covers to eliminate the potential for examiner bias. Comparable reductions in the Gingival Index scores and gingival bleeding were obtained when the evaluations were conducted with or without the tooth covers.It was concluded that a 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthrinse can provide an important adjunct to the prevention and control of gingivitis when used with regular personal oral hygiene procedures and professional care.