bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultrasound findings before amniocentesis in selecting the method of analysing the sample
Authors: Kagan Karl O. , Chitty Lyn S. , Cicero Simona , Eleftheriades Makarios , Nicolaides Kypros H. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo determine if the primary method of cytogenetic analysis in pregnant women undergoing amniocentesis should be quantitative fluorescent polymerase chain reaction (qf‐PCR), with karyotyping being performed only on those with abnormal ultrasound findings.MethodsAmniocentesis was performed in 3854 cases. The median maternal age was 36 years and median gestational age was 18 weeks. The indication for karyotyping was an increased risk for aneuploidy in the absence or presence of sonographic abnormalities detected at the scan before amniocentesis. All samples were analysed by qf‐PCR and full karyotyping. For each detectable fetal defect, the positive or negative likelihood ratio for aneuploidy was determined.Outcome MeasureDetection rate of clinically significant chromosomal abnormalities.ResultsThe karyotype was normal in 3617 (93.9%) cases. In 237 (6.1%) cases, the karyotype was abnormal and the detection rate by qf‐PCR was 92.4%. A policy of performing qf‐PCR in all cases and karyotyping in only those with combined likelihood ratios of > 1, > 3, and > 5 would detect 98.3, 96.6, and 95.4% of all chromosomal abnormalities and would require karyotyping in 16.1, 8.0, and 5.4% of the cases, respectively.ConclusionsMore than 95% of the aneuploidies can be detected if karyotyping is performed in addition to qf‐PCR in about 15% of the cases selected on the basis of ultrasound findings before amniocentesis. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fetus‐in‐fetu: confirmation of prenatal diagnosis with MRI
Authors: Coolen Jillian , Bradshaw Barbra , Bhargava Ravi , Lees Gordon , Demianczuk Nestor 
Published: December 2006

AbstractFetus‐in‐fetu is a rare form of monozygotic diamniotic twin pregnancy in which one fetus is enclosed within its twin (Khadarooet al., 2000). This case report highlights the use of prenatal MRI to confirm prenatal diagnosis of an intra‐abdominal FIF to aid obstetricians, neonatologists, and pediatric general surgeons in perinatal and surgical management. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Organic base‐catalyzed sol–gel route to prepare PMMA–silica hybrid materials
Authors: Yeh Jui‐Ming , Hsieh Chi‐Fa , Yeh Chia‐Wen , Wu Mei‐Jyun , Yang Hsing‐Chung 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA series of sol–gel‐derived organic–inorganic hybrid materials that comprise organic poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and inorganic silica (SiO2) was successfully prepared using aniline as an organic base catalyst to catalyze the sol–gel reactions of tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS). Aniline was adopted not only as a catalyst but also as a dispersing agent during the preparation of the hybrid materials. The as‐prepared hybrid materials were then characterized using transmission electron microscopy, SEM/energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The characteristic temperatures (including Td and Tg) of the hybrid materials slightly exceeded those of neat PMMA, as revealed from thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry evaluations. Studies of the protection against corrosion demonstrated that the hybrid coatings all improved the protection performance on cold‐rolled steel coupons relative to that of neat PMMA coatings, according to measurements of electrochemical corrosion parameters. Additionally, incorporating silica particles into the polymer may effectively reduce the gas permeability of the polymer membrane. Reducing the size of silica particles (at the same silica feeding) further improved the gas barrier property. Optical clarity studies indicated that introducing silica particles into the PMMA matrix may slightly reduce the optical clarity of the films/membranes, as determined by UV‐visible transmission spectroscopy. The contact angle of H2O of the hybrid films increased with the amount of aniline. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry Society of Chemical Industry
Proteomic analysis of human very low‐density lipoprotein by two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis and MALDI‐TOF/TOF
Authors: Mancone Carmine , Amicone Laura , Fimia Gian Maria , Bravo Elena , Piacentini Mauro , Tripodi Marco , Alonzi Tonino 
Published: December 2006

AbstractBiochemical studies of lipoproteins have shed light on their composition, highly contributing to the comprehension of their function. Due to the complexity of their structure, however, an in‐depth structural analysis, in terms of components and PTMs, may still unravel important players in physiological and pathological processes of lipid metabolism. In this study, we performed a protein map of very low‐density lipoprotein (VLDL) using a 2‐DE MALDI‐TOF/TOF proteomic approach. Several VLDL‐associated apolipoproteins were identified, including five isoforms of apoE, three isoforms of apoC‐IV, and one isoform each of apoC‐III, apoM, apoA‐I, and apoA‐IV. Notably, we also identified seven isoforms of apoL‐I and two isoforms of prenylcysteine lyase as new VLDL‐associated proteins. Furthermore, we were able to identify PTM of apoE, which was found to be differently O‐glycosylated at Thr212 residue, and PTM of apoL‐I which we described, for the first time, to be phosphorylated at Ser296. While the physiological relevance of our finding remains to be assessed, we believe that our results will be useful as reference for future studies of VLDL structure in specific physiopathological conditions.
AFM fishing nanotechnology is the way to reverse the Avogadro number in proteomics
Authors: Archakov Alexander Ivanovich , Ivanov Yurii Dmitrievich , Lisitsa Andrey Valerevich , Zgoda Victor Gavrilovich 
Published: December 2006

AbstractFuture development of proteomics may be hindered by limitations in the concentration sensitivity of widespread technological approaches. The concentration sensitivity limit (CSL) of currently used approaches, like 2‐DE/LC separation coupled with MS detection, etc., varies from 10−9 to 10−12 M. Therefore, proteomic technologies enable detection of up to 20% of the protein species present in the plasma. New technologies, like atomic force microscopy (AFM molecular detector), enable the counting of single molecules, whereas biospecific fishing can be used to capture these molecules from the biomaterial. At the same time, fishing also has thermodynamic limitations due to the reversibility of the binding. In cases where the fishing becomes irreversible, its combination with an AFM detector enables the registration of single protein molecules, and that opens up a way to lower the CSL down to the reverse Avogadro number.
Synthesis and characterization of a main‐chain‐type conjugated copolymer containing rare earth with photocrosslinkable group
Authors: Wen Gui‐An , Zhu Xing‐Rong , Wang Lian‐Hui , Feng Jia‐Chun , Zhu Rui , Wei Wei , PEng Bo , Pei Qi‐Bing , Huang Wei 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIn this article, we report the design, synthesis, and characterization of a new main‐chain‐type rare earth‐containing conjugated polymer with photocrosslinkable group. The polymer is crosslinked photochemically by the addition of a photoinitiator to yield an absolute insoluble network. The optical properties of the resulting conjugated polymer were characterized in solution, film state, and after photocrosslinking. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 388–394, 2007.
Synthesis and characterization of diphenylaminodiphenyl stryl based alternating copolymers
Authors: Zhao Qinghua , Kim Yun‐Hi , Dang Thi Tuyet Mai , Shin Dong‐Cheol , You Hong , Kwon Soon‐Ki 
Published: December 2006

AbstractDiphenylaminobiphenylated stryl based alternating copolymers with phenyl or fluorene, which were expected to have a terphenylene vinylene backbone containing an (N,N‐diphenylamino)biphenyl pendant and a phenyl/fluorene/phenylene vinylene backbone containing an (N,N‐diphenylamino)biphenyl pendant, were synthesized by a Suzuki coupling reaction. The obtained copolymers were confirmed with various types of spectroscopy. The alternating copolymers showed good hole‐injection properties because of their low oxidation potential and good solubility and high thermal stability with a high glass‐transition temperature. The alternating copolymers showed blue emissions because of the adjusted conjugation lengths; the maximum wavelength was 460 nm for poly{4,4′‐biphenylene‐α‐[4″‐(N,N′‐diphenylamino)diphenyl]vinylene‐alt‐5‐(2′‐ethylhexyloxy)‐2‐methoxybenzene} and 487 nm for poly{4,4′‐biphenylene‐α‐[4″‐(N,N′‐diphenylamino)diphenyl] vinylene‐alt‐9,9‐dihexylfluorene}. The maximum brightness of indium tin oxide/poly(3,4‐ethylene dioxythiophene)/polymer/LiF/Al devices with poly{4,4′‐biphenylene‐α‐[4″‐(N,N′‐diphenylamino)diphenyl]vinylene‐alt‐5‐(2′‐ethylhexyloxy)‐2‐methoxybenzene} or poly{4,4′‐biphenylene‐α‐[4″‐(N,N′‐diphenylamino)diphenyl]vinylene‐alt‐9,9‐dihexylfluorene} as the emitting layer was 250 or 1000 cd/m2, respectively. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 341–347, 2007
Comparison of wind tunnel and field experiments to measure potential deposition of fenpropimorph following volatilisation from treated crops
Authors: Hassink Jan , Platz Klaus , Stadler Reinhold , Zangmeister Werner , Fent Gunnar , Möndel Martin , Kubiak Roland 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe potential for short‐range transport via air, i.e. volatilisation from the area of application and subsequent deposition on adjacent non‐target areas, was investigated for the fungicide fenpropimorph in a wind tunnel system and under outdoor conditions in a higher‐tier field study. Fenpropimorph 750 g L−1 EC was applied post‐emergence to cereal along with a reference standard lindane EC. Stainless steel containers of water were placed at different distances downwind of the application area to trap volatile residues during a study period of 24 h following application. Meteorological conditions in the wind tunnel as well as on the field were constantly monitored during the study period. The wind tunnel system was a partly standardised system on a semi‐field scale, i.e. wind direction and wind speed (2 m s−1) were constant, but temperature and humidity varied according to the conditions outside. In the field experiment, the average wind speed over the 24 h study period was 3 m s−1 and no rainfall occurred. Three different measuring lines were installed on the non‐target area beside the treated field to cover potential variations in the wind direction. However, no significant differences were observed since the wind direction was generally constant. Fenpropimorph was detected in minor amounts of 0.01–0.05% of the applied material in the wind tunnel experiment. Even at a distance of 1 m beside the treated field, no significant deposition occurred (0.04% of applied material after 24 h). In the field, less than 0.1% of the applied fenpropimorph was detected at 0 m directly beside the treated field. At 5 m distance the deposition values were below 0.04%, and at 20 m distance about 0.01%. In general, the amounts of deposited fenpropimorph detected in the partly standardised wind tunnel system and the higher‐tier field study were in good agreement. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Symmetry of trion states in modulation‐doped CdTe/CdMgTe nanostructures under a high magnetic field
Authors: Tronc P. , Andronikov D. , Kochereshko V. , Crooker S. A. , Karczewski G. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractPhotoluminescence (PL) spectra of modulation‐doped CdTe/CdMgTe quantum‐well structures containing two dimensional electron gases with electron concentrations around 1010 cm–2 have been recorded under a high magnetic field up to 45 T. Radiative recombination lines of dark and bright triplet trion states were found in the spectra at magnetic field strengths larger than 20 T. A model that takes into account the full symmetry of the structure under the magnetic field fits all the experimental results. Recording reflectivity spectra confirms the proposed model and the results from PL experiments. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Antiinflammatory and antiulcer properties of tannins from Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão (Anacardiaceae) in Rodents
Authors: Souza S. M. C. , Aquino L. C. M. , Jr A. C. Milach , Bandeira M. A. M. , Nobre M. E. P. , Viana G. S. B. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractMyracrodruon urundeuva Allemão is a plant utilized in Northeast Brazil as an antiinflammatory, wound healing and in gynecological illnesses. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the antiinflammatory and antiulcer properties of the tannin‐enriched fraction (TEF) isolated from the stem bark of M. urundeuva, in the formalin test, in mice, and in carrageenan‐induced paw edema and gastric ulcer models, in rats. The results showed that TEF dose‐dependently inhibited both phases of the formalin test. However, the effect was predominant in the 2nd phase of the response where inhibitions of 47%, 76% and 85% were observed, with doses of 5, 10 and 50 mg/kg, i.p. In the carrageenan‐induced paw edema, significant inhibitions were observed at 3 h (44%) and 4 h (28%), with a dose of 10 mg/kg, i.p. TEF also significantly decreased by 37%, 43% and 57% gastric ulceration induced by indomethacin, at doses of 10, 20 and 50 mg/kg p.o. In the ethanol‐induced gastric ulcer model, TEF was less effective, and significant inhibitions (42% to 46%) were observed only with doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o., respectively. In conclusion, it was shown that TEF presents antiinflammatory and antiulcer effects, partly due to its antioxidant action, known to be present in polyphenols, including tannins. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ginkgo biloba extract protects against alcohol‐induced liver injury in rats
Authors: Yuan Guangjin , Gong Zuojiong , Li Junhua , Li Xi 
Published: December 2006

AbstractGinkgo biloba extract has been shown to be hepatoprotective. However, its benefits when used in alcoholic liver injury have not been demonstrated. This study investigated the effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on alcohol‐induced liver injury in a chronic alcohol plus fish oil gavage model in rats.Liver injury was evaluated histologically and by serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Liver tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐alpha) protein levels, malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) contents were determined. TNF‐alpha mRNA expression in the liver was analysed by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR).Rats given fish oil plus alcohol developed macrovesicular and microvesicular steatosis, spotty necrosis and mild inflammation in the liver and elevated serum ALT levels, which were accompanied by increased MDA contents, reduced GSH contents and elevated TNF‐alpha protein and mRNA expressions in the liver. Supplementation with Ginkgo biloba extract (200 mg/kg, orally) improved the liver injury, blunted the rises of MDA contents and TNF‐alpha expression, and restored the GSH content in the liver.Ginkgo biloba extract protects against alcohol‐induced liver injury, and the mechanism may involve a reduction of lipid peroxidation, prevention of GSH depletion and inhibition of TNF‐alpha expression in the liver. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A simulation study of odds ratio estimation for binary outcomes from cluster randomized trials
Authors: Ukoumunne Obioha C. , Carlin John B. , Gulliford Martin C. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractWe used simulation to compare accuracy of estimation and confidence interval coverage of several methods for analysing binary outcomes from cluster randomized trials. The following methods were used to estimate the population‐averaged intervention effect on the log‐odds scale: marginal logistic regression models using generalized estimating equations with information sandwich estimates of standard error (GEE); unweighted cluster‐level mean difference (CL/U); weighted cluster‐level mean difference (CL/W) and cluster‐level random effects linear regression (CL/RE). Methods were compared across trials simulated with different numbers of clusters per trial arm, numbers of subjects per cluster, intraclass correlation coefficients (ρ), and intervention versus control arm proportions. Two thousand data sets were generated for each combination of design parameter values. The results showed that the GEE method has generally acceptable properties, including close to nominal levels of confidence interval coverage, when a simple adjustment is made for data with relatively few clusters. CL/U and CL/W have good properties for trials where the number of subjects per cluster is sufficiently large and ρ is sufficiently small. CL/RE also has good properties in this situation provided a t‐distribution multiplier is used for confidence interval calculation in studies with small numbers of clusters. For studies where the number of subjects per cluster is small and ρ is large all cluster‐level methods may perform poorly for studies with between 10 and 50 clusters per trial arm. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The impact of technology on the enactment of “inquiry” in a technology enthusiast's sixth grade science classroom
Authors: Waight Noemi , Abd‐El‐Khalick Fouad 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThis study investigated the impact of the use of computer technology on the enactment of “inquiry” in a sixth grade science classroom. Participants were 42 students (38% female) enrolled in two sections of the classroom and taught by a technology‐enthusiast instructor. Data were collected over the course of 4 months during which several “inquiry” activities were completed, some of which were supported with the use of technology. Non‐participant observation, classroom videotaping, and semi‐structured and critical‐incident interviews were used to collect data. The results indicated that the technology in use worked to restrict rather than promote “inquiry” in the participant classroom. In the presence of computers, group activities became more structured with a focus on sharing tasks and accounting for individual responsibility, and less time was dedicated to group discourse with a marked decrease in critical, meaning‐making discourse. The views and beliefs of teachers and students in relation to their specific contexts moderate the potential of technology in supporting inquiry teaching and learning and should be factored both in teacher training and attempts to integrate technology in science teaching. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach
Exploring teachers' informal formative assessment practices and students' understanding in the context of scientific inquiry
Authors: Ruiz‐Primo Maria Araceli , Furtak Erin Marie 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThis study explores teachers' informal formative assessment practices in three middle school science classrooms. We present a model for examining these practices based on three components of formative assessment (eliciting,recognizing, andusing information) and the three domains linked to scientific inquiry (epistemic frameworks, conceptual structures, and social processes). We describe the informal assessment practices as ESRU cycles—the teacherElicits a question; theStudent responds; the teacherRecognizes the student's response; and thenUses the information collected to support student learning. By tracking the strategies teachers used in terms of ESRU cycles, we were able to capture differences in assessment practices across the three teachers during the implementation of four investigations of a physical science unit on buoyancy. Furthermore, based on information collected in a three‐question embedded assessment administered to assess students' learning, we linked students' level of performance to the teachers' informal assessment practices. We found that the teacher who more frequently used complete ESRU cycles had students with higher performance on the embedded assessment as compared with the other two teachers. We conclude that the ESRU model is a useful way of capturing differences in teachers' informal assessment practices. Furthermore, the study suggests that effective informal formative assessment practices may be associated with student learning in scientific inquiry classrooms. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach
The effects of a history‐based instructional material on the students' understanding of field lines
Authors: Pocoví M. Cecilia 
Published: December 2006

AbstractMany students in physics courses fail to achieve a desired conceptual change because they assign an incorrect ontology to the to‐be‐learned concept. This situation has been detected in previous research for the case of field lines: many college students assign material properties to the lines and describe them, for example, as tubes that contain or transport charges. The historical evolution of this concept shows that early scientists like Faraday assigned material properties to these lines in some occasions. In the present work a history‐based instructional material was designed to foster the analysis of the ontology of field lines to help students at an Argentinean university achieve conceptual change. The predicates used by the students to describe physical situations were used as evidence of the assigned ontological status. Conceptual change was measured by the change in the proportion of geometrical predicates that students used when referring to the lines in a written questionnaire. This change was significantly higher for the students learning with the history‐based material compared to those that learned in the regular class. Some characteristics of the material and geometrical ideas that students hold about the field lines were determined through an oral interview. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach
Criterion for surface contact deformation of metals
Authors: Jamari J. , Schipper D.J. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIn most engineering applications, bulk plastic deformation of the surface is avoided. There is, however, no criterion for determining whether or not bulk plastic deformation occurs during the contact between rough surfaces. This paper presents a criterion for predicting the deformation behaviour of the contact between a real rough surface against a curved body. In order to verify the proposed criterion, experimental investigations were carried out for three different materials. It was found that the experimental results confirmed the proposed criterion very well. For a given operational contact condition, a contact system where bulk deformation does not occur can be designed using this criterion. If the criterion value Cm is less than 0.52 plastic deformation occurs on asperity level only and there is no bulk deformation, but if Cm is greater than 0.52 there are two possible deformation modes, i.e. plastic deformation of the bulk and plastic deformation in both the asperity and the bulk. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.