bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cultivation of Mammalian Trypanosomes*
Authors: TOBIE ELEANOR JOHNSON 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Cultivation of the mammalian trypanosomes can be accomplished in the following artificial environments: monophasic and diphasic blood agar, dialysate, undefined, and partially defined liquid media, semisolid media, avian embryos, and tissue cultures. The experimental purpose for cultivating a species usually determines the type of medium used. The various media are considered with reference to problems concerned with diagnosis, serology and morphology as well as metabolic, biochemical studies, etc., for which the different types have been utilized. Nutritional and environmental requirements for in vitro growth are noted. Most mammalian trypanosomes, regardless of the medium, multiply in stages peculiar to the invertebrate host. In certain species these forms are infective, in others they are not. In only a few instances has there been development beyond the usual invertebrate forms to an infective form or of the adult trypanosome of the vertebrate. Considerable progress has been made toward attaining a defined medium, but the exact nutritional components as yet have not been determined.Development of chemically defined media and of media which will support the growth of trypanosome stages which thus far have not been cultivated in vitro are major problems for the future.
Giemsa Stain for the Diagnosis of Bovine Babesiosis. II. Changes in Erythrocytes Infected with Babesia bigemina and B. argentina
Authors: SAAL J. R. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Cytoplasmic stippling, intensification of the cell margin, and alterations in color, which have been reported in erythrocytes parasitized by Plasmodium falciparum in man, have been seen also in bovine erythrocytes parasitized by either Babesia bigemina or B. argentina. These changes appear to be identical in the human and bovine infections.Tests with each component of Giemsa stain in simple aqueous solutions alone and in various combinations with eosin, together with tests with Giemsa stains containing one azure component, showed that demonstration of the changes depends on the presence of azure A and eosin and on prolonged staining times at pH 7.2 to 7.4. Specific tests suggested that the changes represent catabolic by‐products of the parasites.
Morphological Comparison of Diophrys scutum (Dujardin, 1841) and Diophrys peloetes n. sp. (Hypotrichida, Ciliophora)
Authors: HORROR ARTHUR C. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Diophrys scutum, collected from four locations on the New Hampshire coast, ranged from 89–195 7mu; in length, 50–105 μ in width, and 68–88 μ in buccal cavity length. The end of the adoral zone of membranelles (AZM) extends 37–59 μ (average = 45.6 μ) posteriorly in a groove on the right side of the body. Dorsally are five rows of stiff cilia. The silverline system (Chatton‐Llvoff technique) appears as a fine meshwork, entirely different from that found in Euplotes or Uronychia. There are two elongate macronuclei (Feulgen reaction) and several micronuclei. Diophrys peloetes n. sp., collected from one location in Alligator Harbor. Florida, ranged from 95–134 μ in length, 62–84 μ in width. and 60–80 μ in buccal cavity length. The terminal portion of the AZM extends posteriorly in a groove 30–44 7mu; (average = 36.8 μ) on the right side of the body. Dorsally are eight rows of stiff cilia. The details of the silverline system are similar to those of D. scutum.There is insufficient difference in ranges of body length, width. and buccal cavity length to use these characters in separating the two species. However, a statistical analysis shows that the length of the portion of the AZM on the right side of the body in D. scutum is significantly different (longer) from that of D. peloetes. Furthermore, these two species differ not only in number of dorsal ciliary rows, but also in the number of cilia per row. The degree of difference in these two species is similar to that between closely related species in other hypotrich genera, and also to that between some varieties of Paramecium aurelia.
Further Observations on the Initial Development of Infections with Babesia bigemina*
Authors: HOYTE H. M. D. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Babesia bigemina was identified in the erythrocytes of calves as early as 9 days 21 hours after infected larval ticks (Boophilus microplus) had been placed on them. This confirms the circumstantial data [Hoyte, (1961): J. Protozool. 8, 462–61, which indicated that there is no pre‐erythrocytic schizogony in the life cycle of B. bigemina.The earliest time at which parasites were themselves found to be capable of infecting ticks was between 11 and 12 days, (i.e., about two days after parasites were first seen in the blood). It is suggested that this delay occurs because, until this time, parasites are present in the blood in such small numbers that none survive digestion within the tick.
A Proposed Organization of the Genus Blepharisma Perty and Description of Four New Species
Authors: HIRSHFIELD HENRY I. , ISQUITH IRWIN R. , BHANDARY A. VASANTHI 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The following four subgenera. I based chiefly on the form of the macronucleus, are proposed for thr genus Blepharisma Perty 1852: 1) Compactum, having a single compact interphase macronucleus. Type species B Compactum hyalinum Perty. 2) Filijormis, having a vermiform or tubular elongate interphase macronuclcus. occasionally doubled or even fragmented in individuals. Type spcies B. (Filiformis) intermedium Bhandary. 3) Blepharisma, having an interphase macronucleus with two or more nodes usually connected by a very thin strand between the nodes. Type species B. (Blepharisma) Perisicinum Perty. 4) Halteroides, having an interphase macronucleus in two nodes connected by a thick strand. Type species B. (Halteroides) tropicum Bhandary. Differences between the subgenera also can be found in the size, pigmentation, presence or absence of cysts and conjugaion 26 species are presented.While integradations between the subgenera and species exist, it is felt that separation of the four groups is warranted and may indicate possible evolutionary trends within the genus.
The Infraciliature and Argyrome of Opisthonecta henneguyi Faureé‐Fremiet
Authors: BRADBURY PHYLLIS CLARKE 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Silver stains of the free‐swimming sessiline peritrich Opisthonecta henneguyi reveal the adoral infraciliature as the bases of two membranes, a haplokinety and a polykinety, which diverge at the buccal overture and spiral down the infundibulum to end at the cytostome. A second polykinety parallels the adoral polykinety in the oral half of the infundibulum, and the two form a peniculus. The haplokinety appears as a single row of kinetosomes, the adoral polykinety as a series of transverse rows of three kinetosomes. The peniculus is six kinetosomes in width.The electron microscope shows that the haplokinety is a double row of staggered kinetosomes. Only the external row bears cilia. The polykinety is a complex ciliary membrane, three kinetosomes wide. The three kinetosomes are connected with one another by fibrous bundles passing beneath them. They are linked orally and apically into longitudinal rows of thick, zig‐zag, fibrous connections. The kinetosomes of the internal longitudinal row are attached by a dense fiber to a strand of fibrous material interrupted at regular intervals by dense nodes.A section of the wall of the infundibulum is thrown up into longitudinal folds with tubular fibrils running parallel to the folds. These structures, the crests, appear to continue into the cytopharynx. Beneath and around the adoral and infundibular infraciliature and the crests is a fibrous matrix with dense nodes, resembling the reticulated infundibular fiber described by Faureé‐Fremiet.The trochal band in silver stains appears as short diagonal rows of kinetosomes. The electron microscope shows 5 to 7 kinetosomes per diagonal row. The kinetosomes of the diagonal rows are linked to thick dense rods which originate just above the trochal band and continue antapically past the kinetosomes for a distance of 10 to 15 μ. The kinetosomes are joined to one another by fibrous strands and each is also connected by a dense fiber to the diagonal rod to its left. Running below the kinetosomes and at right angles to the rods is a system of striated fibers.At the aboral end of the body, a ring, 2 μ in diameter, of argentophilic granules is shown by the electron microscope to be a small circle of kinetosomes. Sessile stages have not been reported for Opisthonecta. The aboral ring is probably a vestigial or non‐functioning scopula.The argyrome is represented by circular striae around the body. Each stria bears argentophilic dots on either its apical or its antapical side. Electron microscopy reveals that these dots are pores in the cuticle. The striae themselves may be points of adhesion between the inner cuticle and the outer cuticle, or ridges of cytoplasm between flattened alveoli of the inner cuticle. A dense fiber runs below and parallel to each stria.Opisthonecta shows at least three different kinds of ciliary membranes. Some speculations are offered on the taxonomic affinities of peritrichs based on their infraciliature.
Free Amino Acid Analyses of 4 Strains of Entamoeba histolytica and of E. invadens in the CLG Medium*
Authors: ALBACH RICHARD A. , SHAFFER JAMES G. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The free amino acids of E. invadens and 4 strains of E. histolytica cultured in the CLG medium have been identified by thin layer chromatography. The chromatogram patterns of 3 strains grown for 72 hr at 37°C (103, K‐9 and 200) were nearly identical. Amino acids detected on chromatograms according to Rf values, relative positions on chromatogram plates, and identifying colors using a polychromatic ninhydrin spray were: leucine/isoleucine, tyrosine, valine, alanine, glycine, glutamic acid, lysine/ornithine, histidine, proline, plus very small amounts of arginine and possibly serine, aspartic acid and citrulline/glutamine. Cysteic acid may also be present. The same amino acids were detected on chromatograms using comparable extracts of strain Laredo and E. invadens grown for 6 days at room temperature. However, the patterns were different in that serine, glycine, threonine and especially alanine were present in greater abundance in these latter 2 cell types.These chromatogram patterns were compared with similar analyses of strains Laredo and 200 grown in the modified Shaffer‐Frye medium of Reeves.Similar analyses are reported on the basic ingredients of the CLG medium, including the cells and protoplasts of the Bacteroides, the non‐multiplying bacterial associate employed in the CLG medium. The chromatogram patterns of the Bacteroides, protoplasts and medium were decidedly different from those of the amebae, thus indicating that adequate separation of bacteria, amebae and medium was accomplished.Analyses of the culture filtrates of all cells analyzed revealed a possible difference between the Laredo strain and the other strains of E. histolytica (103, K‐9 and 200) in amino acid utilization. Similar differences were observed between the Laredo strain and E. invadens.
The Endocommensal Ciliates of Venezuelan Sea Urchins
Authors: URDANETA‐MORALES SERVIO , DE McLURE M. TENGLER 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Two hundred and fifty‐nine specimens of the sea urchins Echinometra lucunter (201), Diadema antillarum (52), Tripneustes ventricosus (5) and Eucidaris tribuloides (1), collected on the littoral of the Federal District of Venezuela, were examined for intestinal ciliates.Iron hematoxylin and silver‐impregnation staining technics permitted determination of eight of the nine ciliates found: Anophrys aglycus, A. elongata, Cohnilembus caeci, Biggaria bermudensis, B. echinometris, Cyclidium rhabdotectum, Metopus circumlabens and M. rotundus. An unidentified species of Euplotes was also found.
The Ultrastructure of Lankesterella hylae
Authors: STEHBENS W. E. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The ultrastructure of Lankesterella hylae was studied and numerous points of similarity to Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, Sarcocystis and Lankesterella garnhami were found. The protozoa were intracellular and lay within vacuoles containing vesicles, unusual membrane formations and dense granular material. The parasite was invested by a double membrane and had a micropyle, as well as membranous processes extending from the surface. At the anterior end were conoid and apical rings. The cell contained a nucleus, nucleolus, bipolar paranuclear vacuoles or bodies, a series of microtubules beneath the pellicle, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, toxonemes and a variety of vacuoles. In addition, dense particles, similar to those related to the endoplasmic reticulum, were scattered throughout the cytoplasm.The unusual membrane formations and vesicles in the periparasitic vacuoles were striking observations possibly related to the nutrition of the parasite.
Serological Comparison of Selected Parasitic and Free‐Living Amoebae in vitro, Using Diffusion‐Precipitation and Fluorescent‐Antibody Technics*
Authors: SIDDIQUI WASIM A. , BALAMUTH WILLIAM 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The present study has been directed to a serological comparison of three closely similar species of Entamoeba: E. histolytica, E. invadens and E. moshkovskii, and two free‐living soil amoebae: Hartmannella rhysodes and Mayorella palestinensis. Except for E. histolytica and E. moshkovskii, the other amoebae used here were grown axenically; this is the first report of the use of antigenic extracts from axenic cultures of parasitic amoebae.The method described here provides a potent antigen that elicits a good antibody titer and is generally applicable to both parasitic and free‐living amoebae. Amoebae pooled from well‐grown cultures were thoroughly washed, sonicated and mixed with Freund's Adjuvant; this antigenic preparation was injected into rabbits. Two subcutaneous injections were given at three‐week intervals, and 2‐3 weeks thereafter blood was withdrawn to obtain antiserum. Agar‐gel diffusion, cellulose acetate paper and fluorescent antibody technics were used to test the antigen‐antibody (Ag‐Ab) reactions.Results of the Ag‐Ab reactions can be summarized as follows: 1) The homologous Ag‐Ab reaction was obtained in all cases tested. 2) There was no serological reaction between the parasitic and free‐living amoebae tested. 3) There was a definite serological reaction between H. rhysodes and M. palestinensis. 4) Multiple antigens were found in E. invadens (PZ strain) and E. histolytica (DKB strain) when they were tested against anti‐PZ serum and anti‐DKB serum, respectively, and no reaction was found when the other test antigens were exposed to these two antisera in gel‐diffusion tests. 5) With the fluorescent antibody technic, E. histolytica (Laredo strain), E. moshkovskii (DSR strain) and E. histolytica (DKB strain) showed some degree of serological reaction in descending order when they were stained with conjugated anti‐E. invadens serum.
The Effect of Pentamidine on Ribosomes of the Parasitic Flagellate Crithidia (Strigomonas) oncopelti
Authors: WALLIS O. CARYL 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The effects of the trypanocidal drug, pentamidine, on the ribosomal fraction of Crithidia oncopelti have been investigated in vivo and in vitro. Addition of the drug to ribosomes isolated from the organisms led to release of magnesium and some protein from the particles. The ribosomes were aggregated when significant release of magnesium had occurred. Loss of magnesium was dependent on density of the ribosomal suspension but not on the magnesium concentration. Spermine, propamidine and stilbamidine had a similar effect in releasing magnesium from the particles. The majority of pentamidine (80%) or stilbamidine (70%) added to suspensions of ribosomes became bound to the particles and could not readily be removed by washing. Stilbamidine was not released in the presence of adenosine triphosphate. Slight stabilisation of 80S particles was observed in the presence of pentamidine and absence of magnesium.Incubation of organisms in the presence of growth‐inhibitory concentrations of pentamidine led to no significant change in the ribosomal content of the organisms, even when complete inhibition of the ability to incorporate C14‐glycine into nucleic acid and protein had occurred. There was no significant decrease in the magnesium content of ribosomes isolated from organisms incubated in the presence of pentamidine.
Sexual Differentiation in Volvox aureus*
Authors: DARDEN WILLIAM H. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The complete life history of a homothallic, dioecious strain of Volvox aureus was studied in axenic culture. Asexual reproduction occurs by repeated division of specialized reproductive cells (gonidia), inversion of the resultant mass of cells to form daughter colonies, and subsequent morphologic differentiation of new gonidia in these daughters. Male colonies lack gonidia; however, the posterior 2/3 of the cells in a colony function as male initials each of which enlarges, divides, and undergoes rudimentary inversion to form a packet of 32 biflagellate sperm. Evidence was presented for the homology of eggs and undivided gonidia. The penetration of young vegetative colonies by sperm and the subsequent formation of apparent zygotes in these colonies was described and figured. Zygote germination, including division and inversion of the germling, was described; the cytological nature of the zygote divisions was not determined.A substance, MIS, in filtrates of sexual cultures induced differentiation of male colonies; a bioassay for it was perfected. Bioassay colonies show a differential susceptibility to male induction by MIS which is a function of the particular stage of development; colonies 48 hr after release from parentals are optimally susceptible. MIS was reasonably stable to heat, non‐dialyzable, and Sephadex gel filtration indicated a molecular weight > 200,000. MIS activity is destroyed by trypsin and pronase but is unaffected by chymotrypsin. MIS was successfully concentrated ∼37‐fold by the Carbowax method. The patterns of differentiation in other species of Volvox are described and possibilities discussed for studies of cellular differentiation in the genus as a whole.
Development of Haemogregarina boueti in the toad Bufo regularis*
Authors: MOHAMMED A. H. HELMY , MANSOUR NOSHY S. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Haemogregarina boueti França, 1910, was found to be the commonest blood parasite in the common toad, Bufo regularis Reuss, in Egypt. The rate of infection was about 30% (of 689 toads examined).In properly fixed blood films, the parasites were almost exclusively intraerythrocytic. Most characteristic was the encapsulated “elongate” form averaging 22.3 by 6 μ with a more‐or‐less central nucleus and a pointed, slightly bent, posterior end. Infected red cells were conspicuously hypertrophied and their nuclei were markedly displaced and frequently broken into 2‐4 parts.Young and growing blood forms as well as two types of hepatic schizonts are described for the first time.Schizonts of the first type develop in hepatic cells, are 28–30 μ in diameter and produce numerous elongate oval merozoites about 8 × 2.2 μ radially arranged around a residual body about 10 μ in diameter.Schizonts of the second type start their growth in erythrocytes but later complete their development as free bodies in the liver sinusoids. When mature, they are 32–35 μ in diameter and produce a larger number of thin merozoites about 8 × 1.5 μ, surrounding a larger residual body about 19 μ in diameter.
Experimental Infection of Various Latex Plants of the Family Asclepiadaceae with Phytomonas elmassiani
Authors: HANSON WILLIAM L. , McGHEE R. BARCLAY , BLAKE J. D. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Trypanosomatid‐free plants of the family Asclepiadaceae identified as Asclepias syriaca, A. curassavica, A. incarnata, Stephanotis floribunda, Seutera maritima, Amphistelma scoparia and plants of the family Euphorbiaceae identified as Euphorbia tirucalli, E. trigona, and Pedilanthus tithymaloides were exposed to the bite of the bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus, infected with Phytomonas elmassiani, a flagellate which occurs naturally in A. syriaca and O. fasciatus. Two weeks subsequent to exposure to laboratory‐infected oncopeltids all the experimental Asclepiadaceae were infected. The mean length of the protozoa varied depending on the host plant. The flagellates in A. syriaca, A. curassavica, and A. incarnata were shorter than those in S. floribunda, S. maritima, and A. scoparia.None of the Euphorbiaceae became infected.
Autoradiographic Studies of H3‐Thymidine Uptake in Entamoeba histolytica in CLG Medium*
Authors: ALBACH RICHARD A. , SHAFFER JAMES G. , WATSON ROBERT H. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Entamoeba histolytica grown with H3‐thymidine in CLG medium took up tritium into DNase‐sensitive material in the nucleus and cytoplasm. The distribution of nuclear activity indicated that the entire nucleus, including the peripheral chromatin, may possess DNA; previous investigators reported DNA only in the endosome.The penicillin‐inhibited bacterial associate (Bacteroides sp.) used in the CLG medium incorporated tritium from H3‐thymidine into autoradiographically detectable DNase‐sensitive material. Autoradiographs of amebae fed bacteria prelabeled with H3‐thymidine also revealed some nuclear and cytoplasmic label. Thus, the amount of cytoplasmic label due to ingested, prelabeled bacterial DNA and/or actual biosynthesis of cytoplasmic DNA by the amebae themselves, is not known. Also, at least some of the nuclear DNA of amebae is synthesized from ingested bacteria, or, more likely, from bacterial degradation products.
The Fine Structure of the Mature Tomite of Hyalophysa chattoni
Authors: BRADBURY PHYLLIS CLARKE 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The fine structure of the tomite stage of Hyalophysa chattoni was examined with particular attention to its kinetal apparatus.The pellicle, thick and dense compared with that of other ciliates, is formed of three layers. The inner layer is composed of short fibrils oriented perpendicular to the surface.The cytoplasm around the oral passage and beneath falciform field 8 is crowded with dense inclusion bodies of unknown function. Dorsal to the oral passage is the rosette, a disc‐shaped organelle subdivided by septa in the form of incomplete radii about a central chamber containing a tuft of cilia. The septa are composed of 3 membranes enclosing a fine layer of cytoplasm. At their inner ends 20 mμ fibers run dorsally and ventrally. Dense clumps of fibrous material line the luminal surface of the septa.Rows of fusiform trichocysts parallel the kineties. The trichocysts are composed of a finely periodic, moderately electron‐dense material surrounded by 20 mμ fibrils oriented along the long axis of the trichocyst. Between and below the kinetosomes and the rows of trichocysts are electron‐dense vesicles 300 mμ in diameter and bounded by a loose membrane. The large “trichocysts,” the “gros trichocystes” of Chatton and Lwoff, whose appearance heralds the beginnings of trichocystogenesis, prove to be canaliculi opening to the surface.Four separate ciliary membrane systems—the oral ciliature (XYZ), falciform field 8, falciform field 9, and the ogival field—are located on the ventral surface of the tomite. Each differs from the others and from the somatic kineties in the fibrillar organization around its kinetosomes.In the somatic kineties the kinetodesmos is a dense, periodic fiber which is formed of stacks of up to 18 subfibers, each arising from the base of a kinetosome. The kinetosomes are short (300 mμ) and contain dense central granules. In some kineties, alternating between the kinetosomes, are elliptical kinetosome‐like structures which do not bear cilia and perhaps provide a reservoir of kinetosomes for future growth of the kinety.