bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Canopy Ants in Removing Ficus perforate Seeds from Howler Monkey (Alouatta palliata mexicana) Feces at Los Tuxtlas, México
Authors: Martinez‐Mota Rodolfo , Serio‐Silva Juan Carlos , Rico‐Gray Victor 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTWe analyzed Ficus perforate seed removal by canopy ants under four treatments: syconia seeds; howler monkey‐defecated washed seeds; syconia seeds with howler dung; and defecated seeds with howler dung. Ants removed more defecated washed seeds in the wet season, while during the dry season, removal was greater for syconia seeds and defecated washed seeds. Our results suggest that ants tended to remove more seeds when they were not embedded in feces; however, even seeds set on howler dung were still attractive to ants.RESUMENDeterminamos la preferencia de hormigas para remover semillas de Ficus perforata bajo cuatro tratamientos: semillas provenientes de siconos y semillas defecadas por monos aulladores; y dentro de cada uno de estos tipos se colocaron semillas sobre heces frescas. Las hormigas removieron más semillas defecadas en la estación húmeda, mientras que en la estación seca la mayor remoción fue para las semillas de siconos y semillas defecadas. Los resultados sugieren que las hormigas remueven más semillas cuando no están embebidas en excretas, sin embargo también las semillas colocadas en excretas fueron atractivas para las hormigas.
Spatial Distribution Patterns of Jumping Spiders Associated with Terrestrial Bromeliads
Authors: Romero Gustavo Q. , Vasconcellos‐Neto Joäo 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTThe jumping spiders Eustiromastix native, Psecas sumptuosus, and Uspachus sp. n. (Salticidae) live on terrestrial bro‐meliads in areas with different phytophysiognomies in southeastern and northeastern Brazil. To understand these spider–plant interactions, we investigated if (1) these spiders were associated specifically with bromeliads, (2) the spiders utilized particular bromeliad species, and (3) plant size and density of bromeliads affected spider distribution. The jumping spiders were not found outside bromeliads, indicating a strict spider–plant association. Eustiromastix and Uspachus occupied bromeliads in open areas, whereas Psecas was found on forest bromeliads. Eustiromastix occurred at a higher frequency on larger bromeliads and in patches with higher bromeliad density. This is one of the few studies to demonstrate specific relationships between jumping spiders and a particular plant type.RESUMOAs aranhas saltadoras Eustiromastix native, Psecas sumptuosus e Uspachus sp. n. (Salticidae) vivem sobre bromélias terrestres em áreas com diferentes fitofisionomias no sudeste e nordeste do Brasil. Para compreender estas interaçóes aranha‐planta, nós investigamos se (1) estas aranhas estavam associadas especificamente a bromélias, (2) as aranhas utilizam espécies particulares de bromélias e (3) tamanho e densidade das bromélias afetam a distribuiçáo das aranhas. As aranhas saltadoras não foram encontradas fora das bromélias, indicando uma associaçáo estrita entre aranha e planta. Eustiromastix e Uspachus ocuparam bromelias em areas abertas enquanto Psecas foi encontrada em bromélias de floresta. Eustiromastix ocorreu em maior freqüéncia sobre bromélias maiores e em manchas com maior densidade de bromélias. Este estudo é um dos poucos a demonstrar relaç&#x006f;̧es especificas entre aranhas saltadoras e um tipo particular de planta.
Forest Modification Affects Diversity (But Not Dynamics) of Speciose Tropical Pyraloid Moth Communities
Authors: Fiedler Konrad , Schulze Christian H. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTWe studied temporal and spatial dynamics of extremely diverse moth ensembles (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea) along a gradient of forest disturbance ranging from undisturbed primary tropical rain forest to different kinds of modified forest and open cultivated land at the margin of Mount Kinabalu National Park (Sabah, East Malaysia). We sampled moths by light trapping during two periods (March‐May and August‐September 1997). We collected a total of 7724 individuals representing 680 species during 78 light‐trapping nights at six study sites. Species diversity (Fisher's α) of ensembles in undisturbed primary forest was distinctly higher than in disturbed or secondary forest. More pyraloid moths were attracted in undisturbed primary forest. Samples from disturbed primary or old‐growth secondary forest were statistically indistinguishable from the undisturbed primary forest ensemble in regard to species composition. Thus, pyraloid ensembles from disturbed forest with tall trees remaining appeared to represent impoverished subsets of the undisturbed primary forest community. The more heavily disturbed sites had a distinct fauna and showed a stronger faunal differentiation among each other. Four species of the genus Eoophyla, in which aquatic larvae feed on algae in fast‐running streams benefited prominently from forest disturbance. Temporal variation of ensembles was remarkably concordant across the disturbance gradient. Relative abundance variation of the commonest species was identical at all sites. Overall, pyraloid moths responded more sensitively to anthropogenic habitat alteration than most other moth taxa studied thus far in tropical regions and allowed for an analysis of diversity patterns at a high temporal resolution.
Do Species Dominance Indices Indicate Rain Forest Disturbance by Logging?
Authors: Nurnrnelin Matti , Kaitala Seppo 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTSpecies distributions of several insect groups in unlogged and adjacent logged forest were analyzed from several published data sets. The slope of the geometric series model and dominance indices proved to be unsuitable indicators of rain forest disturbance.RESUMENDe un conjunto de datos publicados, se analizó la distribución de varias especies de grupos de insectos en un bosque sin deforestar y adjacente a un bosque deforestado. La pendiente del modelo de serie geom.étrico y los indices de dominación probaron ser indicadores no adecuados de perturbaciones del bosque lluvioso.
The Azteca‐Cecropia Association: Are Ants Always Necessary for Their Host Plants?
Authors: Fáveri Sarita B. , Vasconcelos Heraldo L. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTWe assessed the effects of Azteca alfari presence on herbivory and growth of saplings for two Amazonian Cecropia species. For both species, rates of herbivory were low and did not differ between ant‐removed and ant‐maintained plants. Plant growth, measured over six months, was also similar among treatments. This is the first experiment to show that in its native mainland habitat, Cecropia may suffer low incidence of attack by insect herbivores in the absence of associated ants.RESUMENNós testamos os efeitos da presença de Azteca alfari sobre a herbivoria e crescimento em arvoretas de duas espécies de Cecropia, na Amaz&#x006f;̧nia. Para ambas espécies, as taxas de herbivoria foram baixas e não diferiram entre plantas que tiveram as formigas removidas ou mantidas. O crescimento das plantas, medido após seis meses, também foi similar entre os tratamentos. Este é o primeiro experimento que mostra que em seu hábitat natural, Cecropia pode sofrer baixa incidȩncia de ataque por herbivoros na ausȩncia das formigas associadas.
Multiscale Thermodynamic Significance of the Scale Invariance Approach in Continuum Inelasticity
Authors: Yang Q. , Chen X. , Zhou W. Y. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIn this paper, the scale invariance approach from micro- to macro-plasticity by Aifantis (1995, “From Micro- to Macro-plasticity: The Scale Invariance Approach,” ASME J. Eng. Mater., 117, pp. 352–355) and Ning and Aifantis (1996, “Anisotropic Yield and Plastic Flow of Polycristalline Solids,” Int. J. Plasticity, 12, pp. 1221–1240) is investigated within Rice’s normality structure (1971, “Inelastic Constitutive Relations for Solids: An Integral Variable Theory and its Application to Metal Plasticity,” J. Mech. Phys. Solids, 19, pp. 433–455; 1975, “Continuum Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Plasticity in Relation to Microscale Deformation Mechanisms,” Constitutive Equations in Plasticity, A. S. Argon, ed., MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 23–79). The normality structure provides a minimal framework of multiscale thermodynamics, and the dissipation equivalence between the microscale and macroscale is ensured by a variational equation which can be further formulated into principle of maximum equivalent dissipation. It is revealed in this paper that within the framework of normality structure, the so-called hypothesis of generalized scale invariance holds for the kinetic rate laws, flow rules, and orthogonality conditions in the sense of Aifantis (1995, “From Micro- to Macro-plasticity: The Scale Invariance Approach”). Stemming from Rice’s kinetic rate laws, the generalized scale invariance reflects the inherent self-consistent character of the normality structure. If the plastic work rate is assumed to be equal to the intrinsic dissipation rate, the kinematic hardening plasticity as a demonstration of the scale invariance approach by Aifantis (1995, “From Micro- to Macro-plasticity: The Scale Invariance Approach”), can be well accommodated within the framework of normality structure. Therefore, the scale invariance approach is justified from a multiscale thermodynamic viewpoint. It is further shown that the maximization procedure in this approach just corresponds to the principle of maximum equivalent dissipation.
Identification of Small-Sized Cracks on Cross-Stiffened Plate Structures for Ships
Authors: Budipriyanto A. , Swamidas A. S. J. , Haddara M. R. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
In this paper we discuss the results of experimental and numerical studies carried out for monitoring the integrity of a 1∕20th model of the side shell of a ship’s structure, using its vibration responses. The model was tested for different crack development scenarios under random exciting force having a dominant spectral frequency much lower (≈2Hz) than the first natural frequency of the structure (≈580Hz). Sensor locations were justified based on modal responses under intact and damaged conditions. A damage detection procedure using the root mean square response modal amplitudes is also presented.
Capsaicin, a Component of Red Peppers, Inhibits the Growth of Androgen-Independent, p53 Mutant Prostate Cancer Cells
Authors: Mori Akio , Lehmann Sören , O'Kelly James , Kumagai Takashi , Desmond Julian C. , Pervan Milena , McBride William H. , Kizaki Masahiro , Koeffler H. Phillip 
Published: March 2006

AbstractCapsaicin is the major pungent ingredient in red peppers. Here, we report that it has a profound antiproliferative effect on prostate cancer cells, inducing the apoptosis of both androgen receptor (AR)-positive (LNCaP) and -negative (PC-3, DU-145) prostate cancer cell lines associated with an increase of p53, p21, and Bax. Capsaicin down-regulated the expression of not only prostate-specific antigen (PSA) but also AR. Promoter assays showed that capsaicin inhibited the ability of dihydrotestosterone to activate the PSA promoter/enhancer even in the presence of exogenous AR in LNCaP cells, suggesting that capsaicin inhibited the transcription of PSA not only via down-regulation of expression of AR, but also by a direct inhibitory effect on PSA transcription. Capsaicin inhibited NF-κ activation by preventing its nuclear migration. In further studies, capsaicin inhibited tumor necrosis factor-α–stimulated degradation of IκBα in PC-3 cells, which was associated with the inhibition of proteasome activity. Taken together, capsaicin inhibits proteasome activity which suppressed the degradation of IκBα, preventing the activation of NF-κB. Capsaicin, when given orally, significantly slowed the growth of PC-3 prostate cancer xenografts as measured by size [75 ± 35 versus 336 ± 123 mm3 (±SD); P = 0.017] and weight [203 ± 41 versus 373 ± 52 mg (±SD); P = 0.0006; capsaicin-treated versus vehicle-treated mice, respectively]. In summary, our data suggests that capsaicin, or a related analogue, may have a role in the management of prostate cancer. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(6): 3222-9)
Akt-Mediated Cisplatin Resistance in Ovarian Cancer: Modulation of p53 Action on Caspase-Dependent Mitochondrial Death Pathway
Authors: Yang Xiaokui , Fraser Michael , Moll Ute M. , Basak Ajoy , Tsang Benjamin K. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Akt is a determinant of cisplatin [cis-diammine-dichloroplatinum (CDDP)] resistance in ovarian cancer cells, and this may be related to the regulation of p53. Precisely how Akt facilitates CDDP resistance and interacts with p53 is unclear. Apoptotic stimuli induce second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase (Smac) release from mitochondria into the cytosol, where it attenuates inhibitor of apoptosis protein–mediated caspase inhibition. Whereas Smac release is regulated by p53 via the transactivation of proapoptotic Bcl-2 family members, it is unclear whether p53 also facilitates Smac release via its direct mitochondrial activity. Here we show that CDDP induces mitochondrial p53 accumulation, the mitochondrial release of Smac, cytochrome c, and HTR/Omi, and apoptosis in chemosensitive but not in resistant ovarian cancer cells. Smac release was p53 dependent and was required for CDDP-induced apoptosis. Mitochondrial p53 directly induced Smac release. Akt attenuated mitochondrial p53 accumulation and Smac/cytochrome c/Omi release and conferred resistance. Inhibition of Akt facilitated Smac release and sensitized chemoresistant cells to CDDP in a p53-dependent manner. These results suggest that Akt confers resistance, in part, by modulating the direction action of p53 on the caspase-dependent mitochondrial death pathway. Understanding the precise etiology of chemoresistance may improve treatment for ovarian cancer. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(6): 3126-36)
Elongation Factor-2 Kinase Regulates Autophagy in Human Glioblastoma Cells
Authors: Wu Hao , Yang Jin-Ming , Jin Shengkan , Zhang Haiyan , Hait William N. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Elongation factor-2 kinase (eEF-2 kinase), also known as Ca2+/calmodulin–dependent kinase III, regulates protein synthesis by controlling the rate of peptide chain elongation. The activity of eEF-2 kinase is increased in glioblastoma and other malignancies, yet its role in neoplasia is uncertain. Recent evidence suggests that autophagy plays an important role in oncogenesis and that this can be regulated by mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Because eEF-2 kinase lies downstream of mTOR, we studied the role of eEF-2 kinase in autophagy using human glioblastoma cell lines. Knockdown of eEF-2 kinase by RNA interference inhibited autophagy in glioblastoma cell lines, as measured by light chain 3 (LC3)-II formation, acidic vesicular organelle staining, and electron microscopy. In contrast, overexpression of eEF-2 kinase increased autophagy. Furthermore, inhibition of autophagy markedly decreased the viability of glioblastoma cells grown under conditions of nutrient depletion. Nutrient deprivation increased eEF-2 kinase activity and decreased the activity of S6 kinase, suggesting an involvement of mTOR pathway in the eEF-2 kinase regulation of autophagy. These results suggest that eEF-2 kinase plays a regulatory role in the autophagic process in tumor cells; and eEF-2 kinase is a downstream member of the mTOR signaling; eEF-2 kinase may promote cancer cell survival under conditions of nutrient deprivation through regulating autophagy. Therefore, eEF-2 kinase may be a part of a survival mechanism in glioblastoma and targeting this kinase may represent a novel approach to cancer treatment. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(6): 3015-23)
Human Leukocyte Antigen-A2–Restricted CTL Responses to Mutated BRAF Peptides in Melanoma Patients
Authors: Somasundaram Rajasekharan , Swoboda Rolf , Caputo Laura , Otvos Laszlo , Weber Barbara , Volpe Patricia , van Belle Patricia , Hotz Susan , Elder David E. , Marincola Francesco M. , Schuchter Lynn , Guerry DuPont , Czerniecki Brian J. , Herlyn Dorothee 
Published: March 2006

AbstractMutated BRAF (BRAFV600E) is a potential immunotherapeutic target for melanoma because of its tumor specificity and expression in the majority of these lesions derived from different patients. BRAFV600E is expressed intracellularly and not on the cell surface, therefore providing a target for T cells but not B cells. Demonstration of patients' T cell responses to BRAFV600E would suggest the feasibility of active specific immunotherapy targeting the mutation in these patients. In the present study, BRAFV600E peptides with putative binding sites for human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A2 were used to stimulate T lymphocytes of HLA-A2–positive melanoma patients. Four of five patients with BRAFV600E-positive lesions showed lymphoproliferative responses to BRAFV600E peptide stimulation. These responses were specific for the mutated epitope and HLA-A2 was restricted in three patients. Lymphocytes from these three patients were cytotoxic against HLA-A2–matched BRAFV600E-positive melanoma cells. None of the four patients with BRAFV600E-negative lesions and none of five healthy donors had lymphoproliferative responses specific for the mutated epitope. The high prevalence (∼50%) of HLA-A2 among melanoma patients renders HLA-A2–restricted BRAFV600E peptides attractive candidate vaccines for these patients. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(6): 3287-93)
Inhibition of Lymphotoxin-β Receptor–Mediated Cell Death by Survivin-ΔEx3
Authors: You Ren-In , Chen Mei-Chieh , Wang Hsei-Wei , Chou Yang-Chieh , Lin Chi-Hung , Hsieh Shie-Liang 
Published: March 2006

AbstractTNFSF14/LIGHT is a member of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily that binds to lymphotoxin-β receptor (LTβR) to induce cell death via caspase-dependent and caspase-independent pathways. It has been shown that cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein-1 inhibits cell death by binding to LTβR-TRAF2/TRAF3 complexes and caspases. In this study, we found that both Kaposi's sarcoma–associated herpesvirus K7 (KSHV-K7), a viral inhibitor of apoptosis protein, and the structurally related protein survivin-ΔEx3 could inhibit LTβR-mediated caspase-3 activation. However, only survivin-ΔEx3 could protect cells from LTβR-mediated cell death. The differential protective effects of survivin-ΔEx3 and KSHV-K7 can be attributed to the fact that survivin-ΔEx3, but not KSHV-K7, is able to maintain mitochondrial membrane potential and inhibit second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase/DIABLO release. Moreover, survivin-ΔEx3 is able to inhibit production of reactive oxygen species and can translocate from nucleus to cytosol to associate with apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 after activation of LTβR. Furthermore, survivin-ΔEx3 protects LTβR-mediated cell death in caspase-3-deficient MCF-7 cells. Thus, survivin-ΔEx3 is able to regulate both caspase-dependent and caspase-independent pathways, whereas inhibition of caspase-independent pathway is both sufficient and necessary for its protective effect on LTβR-mediated cell death. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(6): 3051-61)
Hypoxic Culture Induces Expression of Sialin, a Sialic Acid Transporter, and Cancer-Associated Gangliosides Containing Non–Human Sialic Acid on Human Cancer Cells
Authors: Yin Jun , Hashimoto Ayako , Izawa Mineko , Miyazaki Keiko , Chen Guo-Yun , Takematsu Hiromu , Kozutsumi Yasunori , Suzuki Akemi , Furuhata Kimio , Cheng Feng-Leng , Lin Chun-Hung , Sato Chihiro , Kitajima Ken , Kannagi Reiji 
Published: March 2006

AbstractTumor hypoxia figures heavily in malignant progression by altering the intracellular glucose metabolism and inducing angiogenic factor production, thus, selecting and expanding more aggressive cancer cell clones. Little is known, however, regarding hypoxia-induced antigenic changes in cancers. We investigated the expression of N-glycolyl sialic acid (NeuGc)-GM2, a cancer-associated ganglioside containing non–human sialic acid, NeuGc, in human cancers. Cancer tissues prepared from patients with colon cancers frequently expressed NeuGc-GM2, whereas it was virtually absent in nonmalignant colonic epithelia. Studies on cultured cancer cells indicated that the non–human sialic acid was incorporated from culture medium. Hypoxic culture markedly induced mRNA for a sialic acid transporter, sialin, and this accompanied enhanced incorporation of NeuGc as well as N-acetyl sialic acid. Transfection of cells with sialin gene conferred accelerated sialic acid transport and induced cell surface expression of NeuGc-GM2. We propose that the preferential expression of NeuGc-GM2 in cancers is closely associated with tumor hypoxia. Hypoxic culture of tumor cells induces expression of the sialic acid transporter, and enhances the incorporation of non–human sialic acid from the external milieu. A consequence of this is the acquisition of cancer-associated cell surface gangliosides, typically GM2, containing non–human sialic acid (NeuGc), which is not endogenously synthesized through CMP-N-acetyl sialic acid hydroxylase because humans lack the gene for the synthetic enzyme. As hypoxia is associated with diminished response to radiotherapy and chemotherapy, NeuGc-GM2 is a potential therapeutic target for hypoxic cancer cells. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(6): 2937-45)
HMGA1 Inhibits the Function of p53 Family Members in Thyroid Cancer Cells
Authors: Frasca Francesco , Rustighi Alessandra , Malaguarnera Roberta , Altamura Sandro , Vigneri Paolo , Del Sal Giannino , Giancotti Vincenzo , Pezzino Vincenzo , Vigneri Riccardo , Manfioletti Guidalberto 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
HMGA1 is an architectural transcription factor expressed at high levels in transformed cells and tumors. Several lines of evidence indicate that HMGA1 up-regulation is involved in the malignant transformation of thyroid epithelial cells. However, the mechanisms underlying the effect of HMGA1 on thyroid cancer cell phenotype are not fully understood. We now show that in thyroid cancer cells, HMGA1 down-regulation by small interfering RNA and antisense techniques results in enhanced transcriptional activity of p53, TAp63α, TAp73α, and, consequently, increased apoptosis. Coimmunoprecipitation and pull-down experiments with deletion mutants showed that the COOH-terminal oligomerization domain of p53 family members is required for direct interaction with HMGA1. Moreover, inhibition of HMGA1 expression in thyroid cancer cells resulted in increased p53 oligomerization in response to the DNA-damaging agent doxorubicin. Finally, electrophoretic mobility shift assay experiments showed that the p53-HMGA1 interaction results in reduced DNA-binding activity. These results indicate a new function of HMGA1 in the regulation of p53 family members, thus providing new mechanistic insights in tumor progression. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(6): 2980-89)