bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Amelioration of antigen‐induced arthritis in rabbits treated with monoclonal antibodies to leukocyte adhesion molecules
Authors: Jasin Hugo E. , Lightfoot Ellis , Davis Laurie S. , Rothlein Robert , Faanes Ronald B. , Lipsky Peter E. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractObjective. To examine the effects of treatment of antigen‐induced arthritis in rabbits with a monoclonal antibody against CD18, the common β chain of the leukocyte adhesion molecules. Intraarticular injection of antigen into primed rabbits elicits an acute inflammatory response followed by chronic arthritis in this model.Methods. Anti‐CD18 was given at the time of intraarticular antigen administration, and effects on the acute and chronic arthritis were investigated. Twentyfour rabbits were examined (11 controls, 3 receiving normal mouse IgG, and 10 receiving anti‐CD18).Results. Flow cytometry of blood leukocytes at anti‐CD18 administration showed saturating amounts of mouse Ig coating all the circulating cells. Treatment effects on the acute arthritis (measured by quantitating the synovial cell exudate 24 hours after arthritis induction) were a profound reduction in the number of inflammatory cells and a striking decrease in the proportion of polymorphonuclear leukocytes recovered from the synovial cavity, indicating a decrease in acute inflammation. Treatment effects on the chronic synovitis (2 and 4 weeks later) compared with controls showed a significant decrease in synovial fluid cell counts at 2 weeks (1.7 versus 21.0 x 1066/joint, P < 0.03) and at 4 weeks (7.4 versus 22.6 x 106/joint, P < 0.05). Histologic evaluation of the synovium (0–3+ scale, scored ‘blindly’) of anti‐CD18–treated rabbits and controls showed marked decreases in subsynovial cell infiltration and lymphoid follicle formation both at 2 weeks (1.0 versus 2.25, P < 0.005; and 0 versus 1.75, P < 0.001) and at 4 weeks (1.48 versus 2.17, P < 0.01; and 0.75 versus 2.08, P < 0.02). Quantitation of cartilage‐bound immune complexes, and of synovial synthesis of Ig and specific antibody showed no differences between groups.Conclusion. These findings indicate that treatment with monoclonal antibody to CD18 not only modifies the initial acute arthritis, but also results in significant amelioration of the subsequent chronic inflammation in this animal model of rheumatoid arthritis.
Synthesis of Oligo(thienylfuran)s with Thiophene Rings at Both Ends and Their Structural, Electronic, and Field‐Effect Properties
Authors: Miyata Yasuo , Terayama Miki , Minari Takeo , Nishinaga Tohru , Nemoto Takashi , Isoda Seiji , Komatsu Koichi 
Published: October 2007

AbstractOligo(thienylfuran)s with thiophene rings at both ends (SOSOSOS, DE‐SOSOS, DH‐SOSOS, DE‐SOSOSOS, and DH‐SOSOSOS; S and O denote thiophene and furan rings, respectively, DE and DH denote diethyl‐ and dihexyl‐substituted, respectively) were newly synthesized by repetitive Stille coupling reactions. The UV/Vis maximum absorptions of the oligomers, SO, SOSO, SOSOS, SOSOSO, and SOSOSOS, exhibited a clear bathochromic shift with increasing number of heterocycles. The value of the oxidation peak potential (Epa1) determined by cyclic voltammetry decreased with an increase in the number of heterocycles by 0.06–0.08 V per heterocycle. The crystal‐packing structures of DE‐SOSOS and DH‐SOSOS determined by X‐ray crystallography have a herringbone motif and are denser than the reported structures of pentacene and α‐sexithiophene. The morphologies of thin films prepared by vacuum deposition and spin coating were investigated by atomic force microscopy and X‐ray diffraction. Among these films, those of DE‐SOSOS and DH‐SOSOS exhibited highly ordered arrangements. The devices based on vacuum‐deposited and spin‐coated films of DE‐SOSOS and DH‐SOSOS displayed the highest FET mobilities of 10−2–10−3 cm2 V−1 s−1 among the oligomers reported in this study.
Ecology of scale versus economy of scale for bioethanol production
Authors: Gwehenberger Gernot , Narodoslawsky Michael , Liebmann Bettina , Friedl Anton 
Published: October 2007

AbstractSustainability is an essential requirement of biofuel production. The reduction of ecological impact by using renewable resources instead of fossil raw materials is a major driving force for biofuel implementation. The investigation of ethanol production systems on different scales utilizing corn as well as wheat as raw material reveals, however, a strong influence of the size of the plant on the environmental pressure exerted by biofuel production. Comparing different technological options at different levels of production capacity gives insights into the major factors governing ecological as well as economical performance.The trend with regard to economic performance is straightforward and well known: the higher the production capacity of a plant, the lower the costs. The picture is less clear with regard to ecological performance. Increased efficiency of larger plants usually reduces not only the costs but also the ecological impacts. Logistical factors, however, become increasingly important, leading to situations where economy of scale and ecology of scale are in contradiction. © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Paper‐PEG‐based membranes for hydrophobic interaction chromatography: Purification of monoclonal antibody
Authors: Yu Deqiang , Chen Xiaonong , Pelton Robert , Ghosh Raja 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis article discusses the preparation of novel Paper‐PEG interpenetrating polymer network‐based membranes as inexpensive alternative to currently available adsorptive membranes. The Paper‐PEG membranes were developed for carrying out hydrophobic interaction membrane chromatography (HIMC). PEG is normally very hydrophilic but can undergo phase separation and become hydrophobic in the presence of high antichaotropic salt concentrations. Two variants of the Paper‐PEG membranes, Paper‐PEG 1 and Paper‐PEG 2 were prepared by grafting different amounts of the polymer on filter paper and these were tested for their hydraulic properties and antibody binding capacity. The better of the two membranes (Paper‐PEG 1) was then used for purifying the monoclonal antibody hIgG1‐CD4 from simulated mammalian cell culture supernatant. The processing conditions required for purification were systematically optimized. The dynamic antibody binding capacity of the Paper‐PEG 1 membrane was about 9 mg/mL of bed volume. A single step membrane chromatographic process using Paper‐PEG 1 membrane gave high monoclonal antibody purity and recovery. The hydraulic permeability of the paper‐based membrane was high and was maintained even after many runs, indicating that membrane fouling was negligible and the membrane was largely incompressible. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;99: 1434–1442. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Analysis of ammonia loss mechanisms in microbial fuel cells treating animal wastewater
Authors: Kim Jung Rae , Zuo Yi , Regan John M. , Logan Bruce E. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractAmmonia losses during swine wastewater treatment were examined using single‐ and two‐chambered microbial fuel cells (MFCs). Ammonia removal was 60% over 5 days for a single‐chamber MFC with the cathode exposed to air (air–cathode), versus 69% over 13 days from the anode chamber in a two‐chamber MFC with a ferricyanide catholyte. In both types of systems, ammonia losses were accelerated with electricity generation. For the air–cathode system, our results suggest that nitrogen losses during electricity generation were increased due to ammonia volatilization with conversion of ammonium ion to the more volatile ammonia species as a result of an elevated pH near the cathode (where protons are consumed). This loss mechanism was supported by abiotic tests (applied voltage of 1.1 V). In a two‐chamber MFC, nitrogen losses were primarily due to ammonium ion diffusion through the membrane connecting the anode and cathode chambers. This loss was higher with electricity generation as the rate of ammonium transport was increased by charge transfer across the membrane. Ammonia was not found to be used as a substrate for electricity generation, as intermittent ammonia injections did not produce power. The ammonia‐oxidizing bacterium Nitrosomonas europaea was found on the cathode electrode of the single‐chamber system, supporting evidence of biological nitrification, but anaerobic ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria were not detected by molecular analyses. It is concluded that ammonia losses from the anode chamber were driven primarily by physical–chemical factors that are increased with electricity generation, although some losses may occur through biological nitrification and denitrification. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;99: 1120–1127. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Combining metabolic engineering and metabolic evolution to develop nonrecombinant strains of Escherichia coli C that produce succinate and malate
Authors: Jantama Kaemwich , Haupt M.J. , Svoronos Spyros A. , Zhang Xueli , Moore J.C. , Shanmugam K.T. , Ingram L.O. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractDerivatives of Escherichia coli C were engineered to produce primarily succinate or malate in mineral salts media using simple fermentations (anaerobic stirred batch with pH control) without the addition of plasmids or foreign genes. This was done by a combination of gene deletions (genetic engineering) and metabolic evolution with over 2,000 generations of growth‐based selection. After deletion of the central anaerobic fermentation genes (ldhA, adhE, ackA), the pathway for malate and succinate production remained as the primary route for the regeneration of NAD+. Under anaerobic conditions, ATP production for growth was obligately coupled to malate dehydrogenase and fumarate reductase by the requirement for NADH oxidation. Selecting strains for improved growth co‐selected increased production of these dicarboxylic acids. Additional deletions were introduced as further improvements (focA, pflB, poxB, mgsA). The best succinate biocatalysts, strains KJ060(ldhA, adhE, ackA, focA, pflB) and KJ073(ldhA, adhE, ackA, focA, pflB, mgsA, poxB), produce 622–733 mM of succinate with molar yields of 1.2–1.6 per mole of metabolized glucose. The best malate biocatalyst, strain KJ071(ldhA, adhE, ackA, focA, pflB, mgsA), produced 516 mM malate with molar yields of 1.4 per mole of glucose metabolized. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;99: 1140–1153. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Model‐based comparative performance analysis of membrane aerated biofilm reactor configurations
Authors: Syron Eoin , Casey Eoin 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe potential of the membrane aerated biofilm reactor (MABR) for high‐rate bio‐oxidation was investigated. A reaction‐diffusion model was combined with a preliminary hollow‐fiber MABR process model to investigate reaction rate‐limiting regime and to perform comparative analysis on prospective designs and operational parameters. High oxidation fluxes can be attained in the MABR if the intra‐membrane oxygen pressure is sufficiently high, however the volumetric oxidation rate is highly dependent on the membrane specific surface area and therefore the maximum performance, in volumetric terms, was achieved in MABRs with relatively thin fibers. The results show that unless the carbon substrate concentration is particularly high, there does not appear to be an advantage to be gained by designing MABRs on the basis of thick biofilms even if oxygen limitations can be overcome. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;99: 1361–1373. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Metabolic uncoupling of Shewanella oneidensis MR‐1, under the influence of excess substrate and 3, 3′, 4′, 5‐tetrachlorosalicylanilide (TCS)
Authors: Saini Gaurav , Wood Brian D. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe dissociation between catabolism and anabolism is generally termed as metabolic uncoupling. Experimentally, metabolic uncoupling is characterized by a reduction in the observed biomass yield. This condition can be brought about by: (a) excess‐substrate (as measured by S0/X0), and (b) addition of chemical uncouplers such as 3, 3′, 4′, 5‐Tetrachlorosalicylanilide (TCS). An empirical model is proposed to quantify the uncoupling effects of both excess‐substrate and uncoupler addition on the microbial cultures. Metabolic uncoupling of Shewanella oneidensis MR‐1, under the influence of excess pyruvate and TCS, has been modeled using the proposed expression. The degree of uncoupling was measured as a fractional reduction in theoretical maximum observed yield. Excess‐substrate was observed to successively reduce biomass yield as substrate concentration was increased. In the presence of TCS, conflicting trends were obtained for number yield and protein yield. This could, in part, be attributed to the observed increase in cellular protein content upon addition of TCS. Excess‐substrate conditions dominated uncoupling, as compared to uncoupler addition. However, these two approaches were found to have additive effects and could, in conjunction, be employed to control biomass growth during microbial processes such as subsurface bioremediation and activated sludge treatment. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;99: 1352–1360. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Choosing strategic responses to address emerging environmental regulations: size, perceived influence and uncertainty
Authors: Clemens Bruce , Bamford Charles E. , Douglas Thomas J. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractHow companies respond to impending regulations is a significant aspect of corporate strategy. Regulations, especially environmental regulations, are expanding quickly and increasingly important to firm success. The threat of impending environmental regulation forces companies to choose levels of strategic responses on a continuum from passive to active. Using practitioner oriented research and existing theoretical models of corporate response, this study finds that the type of strategic response is negatively related to size, positively related to state uncertainty and negatively related to effect/response uncertainty. Based on existing literature and the results of this study, the paper suggests that simplifying the uncertainty construct could lead to more definitive findings in future research. The study results also suggest that a curvilinear relationship may exist between managerial perception of influence and level of strategic response.Most importantly, the findings could have a significant impact on firm decision making regarding environmental investments. For example, it is hoped that firms will be able to use the findings of this study to further understand and anticipate their competitors' decisions. Practitioners may also benefit from the conclusions on uncertainty in that they may be able to more cleanly parse the types of uncertainty immersed in impending environmental regulations. Finally, firms may be better able to understand decisions by their own managers and their competitors' managers in terms of their perceived influence over the regulatory process. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
The natural environment as a primary stakeholder: the case of climate change
Authors: Haigh Nardia , Griffiths Andrew 
Published: October 2007

AbstractIn this paper, we review the debate surrounding whether or not the natural environment should be considered an organizational stakeholder. We argue for a broad definition of stakeholders, and present a case for the natural environment being an easily identifiable primary stakeholder when climate change is brought into the debate. We develop a conceptual stakeholder identification framework by combining and extending the work of Mitchell, Agle and Wood, and Driscoll and Starik. We approach the stakeholder issue from a strategic rather than moral or ethical perspective. In particular, we contend that power, legitimacy, urgency and proximity are combined when climatic changes, such as increasingly frequent anomalous extreme weather, can damage business infrastructure, resources, products and market, overshadowing moral and ethical aspects of the debate. We also identify key implications for business and policymakers, and highlight opportunities for future research. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
An assessment and ranking of barriers to doing environmental business with China
Authors: Guerin Turlough F. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe transfer of environmental goods and services to China will increasingly be of importance to developed nations as the demand for environmental management services increases in China. A review of the literature on technology transfer to China revealed a range of well recognized and commonly known constraints to transferring technologies to China. There were gaps in the literature in relation to the concerns that environmental professionals have regarding technology transfer to China, as there is limited information on the transfer in environmental goods and services to China. A survey of the non‐trade barriers and their practical impact on the transfer of environmental technologies and goods and services to China, focusing on Australian suppliers, was undertaken to address these gaps. The survey, which was developed from barriers to technology transfer already described in the extensive research addressing the wider issues of technology transfer to China, targeted environmental professionals but also included other professionals with interests in transferring environmental goods and services to China. From the survey, the highest priority barriers to transferring environmental goods and service to China were identified, and those that are most likely to limit Australian vendors of environmental goods and services in their technology transfers to China were protection of intellectual property (IP), limitations of the rule of law, fragmentation and bureaucracy of the Chinese government and establishing appropriate level of ownership (of environmental goods and services providers in China). Examples of Australian experience were also examined, which confirmed these barriers to providing the needed technology and innovation to manage China's increasing environmental impacts. The research also shows that the barriers identified do not appear to be unique to transfer of environmental goods and services but rather generic to the transfer and adoption of Australian technology into China. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Solution‐State 15N NMR Spectroscopic Study of α‐C‐Phycocyanin: Implications for the Structure of the Chromophore‐Binding Pocket of the Cyanobacterial Phytochrome Cph1
Authors: Hahn Janina , Kühne Ronald , Schmieder Peter 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe detailed structure of the chromophore‐binding pocket in phytochrome proteins and the structural changes associated with its photocycle are still matters of debate. Insight into the structure and dynamics of the binding pocket has been gained through the comparison of a 15N NMR spectrum of α‐C‐phycocyanin, which is often used as a model system for the study of phytochromes, with the previously described 15N NMR spectrum of the cyanobacterial phytochrome Cph1. The former spectrum supports the hypothesis that all four nitrogen atoms of the α‐C‐phycocyanin chromophore are protonated, in analogy with the proposed protonation state for the Pr and Pfr forms of Cph1. The spectra show that the chromophores in both proteins exhibit a distinct dynamic behavior, as also indicated by a NOESY spectrum of Cph1. Finally, stereochemical arguments and a Cph1 homology model support the hypothesis that the chromophore in Cph1 is most likely in the ZZZssa conformation in the Pr form of the protein.
Characterization of a Putative Phosphorylation Switch: Adaptation of SPOT Synthesis to Analyze PDZ Domain Regulation Mechanisms
Authors: Boisguerin Prisca , Ay Bernhard , Radziwill Gerald , Fritz Rafael D. , Moelling Karin , Volkmer Rudolf 
Published: October 2007

AbstractTransient macromolecular complexes are often formed by protein–protein interaction domains (e.g., PDZ, SH2, SH3, WW), which are often regulated (positively or negatively) by phosphorylation. To address the in vitro analysis of PDZ domain regulation by such phosphorylation, we improved the inverted peptide method. This method is based on standard SPOT synthesis, followed by inversion of the peptide under acidic conditions to generate the free C termini necessary for PDZ domain ligand recognition. The benefit of the newly introduced acidic conditions is the preservation of the incorporated phosphate group during peptide synthesis. Furthermore, the improved method is more robust and shows an increased signal‐to‐noise ratio. As representative examples, we used the AF6, ERBIN, and SNA1 (α‐1‐syntrophin) PDZ domains to analyze the influence of ligand‐position‐dependent phosphorylation. We could clearly demonstrate severe down‐regulation by phosphorylation of the PDZ ligand position −2 (<50 %) and slightly less at position −1 (∼50 %). These results are specific and reproducible for all three PDZ domains. Finally, we confirmed the influence of negative regulation by using the protein kinase BCR as the AF6 PDZ domain ligand. For the first time, this approach allows the SPOT synthesis technique to be used to screen large libraries of phosphorylated peptides in vitro. This should ultimately help in the identification of phosphorylation‐dependent regulation mechanisms in vivo.
Energetics and Mechanism of Ammonia Synthesis through the Chatt Cycle: Conditions for a Catalytic Mode and Comparison with the Schrock Cycle
Authors: Stephan Gerald C. , Sivasankar Chinnappan , Studt Felix , Tuczek Felix 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThrough a series of DFT calculations the energy profile of the Chatt cycle is evaluated. This is the counterpiece of our earlier investigations of the Schrock cycle (Angew. Chem. 2005, 117, 5783; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2005, 44, 5639), applying the same quantumchemical methodology and approximations. As for the Schrock cycle, decamethylchromocene acts as reductant. The protonation reactions are considered to be mediated by HBF4/diethyl ether or lutidinium. For all protonation and reduction steps the corresponding free reaction enthalpy changes are calculated. The derived energy profile and corresponding reaction mechanism bear strong similarities to the Schrock cycle. In particular, the most endergonic reaction is the first protonation of the N2 complex and the most exergonic reaction is the cleavage of the NN bond. If lutidinium is employed as acid and ${{\rm Cp}{{{\ast}\hfill \atop 2\hfill}}}$Cr as reductant, the reaction course involves steps that are not thermally allowed. For HBF4/diethyl ether as the acid and ${{\rm Cp}{{{\ast}\hfill \atop 2\hfill}}}$Cr as reducant, however, a catalytic cycle consisting of thermally allowed reactions is principally feasible. This cycle involves a MoI–fluoro complex as dinitrogen intermediate. It is shown that regeneration to the Mo0–bis(dinitrogen) complex is thermally not accessible in this system. Moreover, the MoI fluoro‐dinitrogen complex is labile towards disproportionation. The implications of these results with respect to the realization of a catalytic system on the basis of Mo and W phosphine complexes are discussed.
Total Syntheses of Carbohydrates: Organocatalyzed Aldol Additions of Dihydroxyacetone
Authors: Markert Morris , Mahrwald Rainer 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe selective total synthesis of carbohydrates with defined configuration has been of great interest for a long time. This field has been the domain of enzymatic methods so far. But now the recent development of several organocatalyzed aldol methodologies has made a selective synthetic approach to configuratively defined carbohydrates possible. This development and different strategies will be discussed in this concept article.
Charge‐Transfer Complexes Between the Sulfur Molecules SO2, S2O, S3, SONH, and SOCl2 and the Amine Donors NH3 and NMe3 — A theoretical Study
Authors: Steudel Ralf , Steudel Yana 
Published: October 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.