bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The influence of demagnetisation and temperature on the performance of PM machines
Authors: Simkin John , Michaelides Alex , Riley Chris 
Published: July 2006

PurposeThe paper seeks to present finite element methods for modelling hard magnetic material magnetisation and degradation “in service”. It aims to describe methods of representing the hysteretic behaviour of permanent magnets, and allowing for variations in the material characteristics caused by temperature and demagnetising fields.Design/methodology/approachA permanent magnet DC motor example is used to demonstrate the complete modelling cycle. The magnetisation of the ring‐segments of the stator magnets was modelled using a transient, non‐linear, eddy‐current solver. The rings were transferred to the PMDC motor. The de‐magnetisation of the magnets “in service” was studied as a function of load, operating armature current and temperature.FindingsThe effect of hard magnetic material de‐magnetization was accurately quantified. Its dependence on the reverse‐field armature currents and operating temperature was demonstrated. The benefits of accurately representing the material characteristics in PMDC motors were clearly identified.Research limitations/implicationsThe model for hard magnetic materials under magnetizing and demagnetising fields can only be perfected by using measured data. The measurements are hard to perform, in particular the effect of demagnetising fields at an angle to the easy magnetization axis is very difficult to measure.Originality/valueThe paper enhances the understanding of the process of hard magnetic material magnetisation and demagnetisation, fully examining the mechanisms and their dependence on parameters such as magnetising and demagnetising fields and temperature. The paper demonstrates how FEA methods can help to design electrical machine by accurately representing magnetic material properties and processes.
Effects of coil current phase on eddy current loss of permanent magnets in IPM motors
Authors: Kawase Yoshihiro , Yamaguchi Tadashi , Hashimoto Kou , Nakamura Masanori 
Published: July 2006

PurposeAims to investigate the eddy current loss in permanent magnets of IPM motors.Design/methodology/approachUses the 3D finite element method (3D FEM).FindingsFinds that the effect of the current phase on the eddy current loss is very different according to the number of slots.Originality/valueInvestigates the eddy current loss in a permanent magnet of an IPM motor.
EasyMAG – magnetic field toolbox calculator for electrical installation project
Authors: Almeida Tony Richard O. , Paulo Coimbra António , Lemos Antunes Carlos F.R. 
Published: July 2006

PurposeThis paper aims to present a software application, called EasyMAG, for simulating and calculating the magnetic field during the design of domestic/industrial electrical installations.Design/methodology/approachFrom a CAD software 3D representation of the model, including the electric wiring and considering the current in the electrical circuits, the software evaluates the magnetic field intensity for power‐line frequencies at different heights.FindingsTwo application examples are presented consisting of a cabling layout in a lab room with three phase illumination and power socket circuits and a computer room above a power transformer room. The results were compared with measured values showing a good agreement between them.Originality/valueShows that with this software it is possible to anticipate areas where magnetic field values might reach abnormally high values and to analyze alternative wiring layouts in order to keep the magnetic field values as low as possible.
The cold war within a sociological systems perspective
Authors: Misheva Vessela 
Published: July 2006

PurposeTo provide a systems explanation of world wars as civilizational phenomena with a special focus on the cold war defined as an interaction war between two parties which cannot communicate with each other.Design/methodology/approachAs a theoretical framework for this analysis an elaborated version of Luhmann's systems theory is used which discusses the relationship between systems and media. The method is defined as a third‐order cybernetics which entails first‐order observations, second‐order observation of observers, and finally their mutual observations as being observed.FindingsIdentifies the east‐west ideological conflict as a conflict within the world system of society by which the system is at war with itself. This “self” is considered as comprising two parts: self and other. The one is identified as an autopoietic system and the other as an allopoietic system, each struggling for the status of system and for the transformation of the other into its medium. The traditional understanding of the history of the European civilization as having one single ancestor is challenged.Research limitations/implicationsIt is not an exhaustive analysis but rather an outline of a theory whose purpose is to define the source of international and intranational confrontations.Practical implicationsThe approach can be developed further and used for the analysis of the war on terrorism and the relationship between political system and social movements.Originality/valueThe paper offers an innovative systems perspective on world wars with a special focus on the cold war which promises to overcome the difficulties which their analysis with traditional sociological theories at present encounters.
Happiness and the pursuit of happiness
Authors: Hornung Bernd R. 
Published: July 2006

PurposeTo provide a coherent theoretical framework for interdisciplinary research on happiness, integrating the psychological, physiological/biological, and social/cultural levels, permitting integration of disparate approaches within and across disciplines.Design/methodology/approachPrinciples and findings of cybernetics are combined to shed light on difficulties encountered by research on happiness. Using a problem‐oriented approach, the reference system is defined as a psychological information‐processing and decision‐making system. This is an actor system in the social world needing orientation to act. Bossel's systems theory of orientation is applied to emotionality as a subsystem of the psychological system. Happiness, in terms of orientation theory, can be conceived as a meta‐orientor indicating wholeness, health, and the functioning of the overall‐system.FindingsEmotionality and rationality are complementary decision‐making systems. Conditions are identified for developing the capability for emotional orientation and happiness in individuals. These conditions are strongly dependent on the social/cultural environment. Among them are the need for diversity in real‐life experience and for psychological acceptance of both oneself and the (sociocultural) environment. They can permit (relative) stability of happiness defined as an emotional state.Practical implicationsFurther research can produce methods to improve happiness both by coaching individuals and by developing social conditions more conducive to happiness, e.g. in education. Happiness is a subjective indicator for physical, psychological, and social wellbeing taken together, which is the definition of health of WHO.Originality/valueThis sociocybernetic approach, combining systems concepts with orientation theory, can serve as an integrative theoretical framework for so far separate theoretical approaches.
Sociocybernetics and social entropy theory
Authors: Bailey Kenneth D. 
Published: July 2006

PurposeTo present the contributions of sociocybernetics, particularly as developed by Felix Geyer, and to compare sociocybernetics with social entropy theory (SET).Design/methodology/approachThis paper first outlines the problems with earlier approaches, and then briefly discusses the four approaches constituting the “new” social systems theory: sociocybernetics, social‐autopoiesis theory, living systems theory (LST), and SET. Next the six chief contributions of sociocybernetics are discussed. Then sociocybernetics is compared with SET. The paper ends with a brief comparison of Geyer's sociocybernetics with the other two new approaches, social autopoiesis and LST.FindingsSociocybernetics is found to be a context‐specific, observer‐dependent approach that relies heavily on second‐order cybernetics. The comparison of sociocybernetics with SET also finds that the latter complements the former in valuable ways. Geyer's approach to sociocybernetics is also found to be compatible with both social autopoiesis and LST.Practical implicationsA very useful source of information for scholars interested in the comparative analysis of the new social‐systems theory.Originality/valueThis paper provides the first comparison of sociocybernetics with the other new social‐systems theories – SET, social autopoiesis, and LST. It clearly shows the value of Geyer's approach to sociocybernetics. It is valuable to all scholars interested in modern social‐systems theory. Sociocybernetics will be recognized as one of the great theoretical contributions of twentieth century sociology. It will also be forever linked with the names of its principal founders, Geyer and van der Zouwen. The numerous contributions of sociocybernetics are all the more impressive when it is recognized that they were made against a backdrop of widespread misunderstanding, mistrust, and outright rejection of its precursor approaches in social systems theory.
A forgotten message? von Bertalanffy's puzzle
Authors: de Zeeuw Gerard 
Published: July 2006

PurposeThis paper aims to celebrate Felix Geyer's many contributions to the systems movement. He participated from the beginning, with the energy that has become his hallmark. The area of systems studies was introduced in The Netherlands in about 1970, mainly through the activities of the Systeemgroep Nederland or Dutch Systems Group, initiated by Ab Hanken. The paper aims to unearth the original message that made the field of systems attractive.Design/methodology/approachThe aim is achieved on the basis of a re‐analysis of von Bertalanffy's systems papers, which he published under the title of “General System Theory”.Findingsvon Bertalanffy's message was not what is usually thought – that many political leaders treat their problems incompetently and hence make them less solvable or even create messes. He answered a general question about knowledge acquisition, in an area where an answer was sorely needed.Practical implicationsvon Bertalanffy's answer inspired hope that one day one would be able to acquire the knowledge needed to solve the politicians' problems. He even identified a number of methods to do so.Originality/valueThe claim of the paper is that von Bertalanffy intended systems thinking to extend methods of knowing. This intention has been obscured by the limited methods he introduced. This claim is argued in an original way.
Studying alienation: toward a better society?
Authors: Kalekin‐Fishman Devorah 
Published: July 2006

PurposeTo show that, although it is not intuitively evident, it is clear that, for the researchers, studying alienation is one way of doing social science that contributes to making society better.Design/methodology/approachReference is made to early sociologists who developed theories that describe and explain the revolutionary effects of modernity, as evidenced in industrialization and in the enlightenment. The references include Durkheim who developed the concept of anomie to suggest disorders of the consciousness; Weber who described the effects of bureaucratization as an iron cage; and Marx who discussed alienation as a comprehensive structural concept.FindingsIn light of what they saw as the key concept for the frustrations, each of the fathers of sociology had a view of how the malaise of modernity could be overcome. Today, some sociologists can point to concrete paths to improvement. Critical sociologists show that, although alienation is still prevalent, the very structures that cause its persistence also indicate how it can be undermined so as to lead to a reconstruction of society. Systems analysts are also able to delve into the systemic potential for releasing energies of liberation through the dynamic interplay of macro‐arrangements, micro‐procedures, and emotions.Originality/valueGiven that it is important to researchers who study alienation to find ways for reconstructing social relations, it is gratifying to know that, in his work as the President of the Research Committee for the study of alienation, Felix Geyer applied the systems approach to a construction of de‐alienating modes of collaboration, even as he continued to develop his own research productively.
The biological metaphor of a second‐order observer and the sociological discourse
Authors: Leydesdorff Loet 
Published: July 2006

PurposeIn the tradition of Spencer Brown's Laws of Form, observation was defined in Luhmann's social systems theory as the designation of a distinction. In the sociological design, however, the designation specifies only a category for the observation. The distinction between observation and expectation enables the sociologist to appreciate the processing of meaning in social systems. Seeks to address this issue.Design/methodology/approachThe specification of “the observer” in the tradition of systems theory is analyzed in historical detail. Inconsistencies and differences in perspectives are explicated, and the specificity of human language is further specified. The processing of meaning in social systems adds another layer to the communication.FindingsReflexivity about the different perspectives of participant observers and an external observer is fundamental to the sociological discourse. The ranges of possible observations from different perspectives can be considered as second‐order observations or, equivalently, as the specification of an uncertainty in the observations. This specification of an uncertainty provides an expectation. The expectation can be provided with (one or more) values by observations. The significance of observations can be tested when the expectations are properly specified.Originality/valueThe expectations (second‐order observations) are structured and therefore systemic attributes to the discourse. However, the metaphor of a (meta‐)biological observer has disturbed the translation of social systems theory into sociological discourse. Different discourses specify other expectations about possible observations. By specifying second‐order observations as expectations, social systems theory and sociocybernetics can combine the constructivist with an empirical approach.
The two faces of American power
Authors: Deinema Michaël , Leydesdorff Loet 
Published: July 2006

PurposeAims to explains the mismatches between political discourse and military momentum in the US handling of the Cuban missile crisis by using the model of the potential autopoiesis of subsystems. Under wartime conditions, the codes of political and military communications can increasingly be differentiated.Design/methodology/approachThe model of a further differentiation between political and military power is developed on the basis of a detailed description of the Cuban missile crisis. The concept of a “semi‐dormant autopoiesis” is introduced for the difference in the dynamics between peacetime and wartime conditions.FindingsSeveral dangerous incidents during the crisis can be explained by a sociocybernetic model focusing on communication and control, but not by using an organization‐theoretical approach. The further differentiation of the military as a subsystem became possible in the course of the twentieth century because of ongoing learning processes about previous wars.Practical implicationsPoliticians should not underestimate autonomous military processes or the significance of standing orders. In order to continually produce communications within the military, communication partners are needed that stand outside the hierarchy, and this role can be fulfilled by an enemy. A reflexively imagined enemy can reinforce the autopoiesis of the military subsystem.Originality/valueThe paper shows that civilian control over military affairs has become structurally problematic and offers a sociocybernetic explanation of the missile crisis. The potential alternation in the dynamics under peacetime and wartime conditions brings historical specificity back on the agenda of social systems theory.
Cybernetics and systems on the web: Jerry Wiesner and MIT
Authors: Andrew Alex M. 
Published: July 2006

PurposeAims to review internet sources relevant to the life and achievements of Jerry Wiesner. He was Director of the Research Laboratory of Electronics of MIT during the birth of cybernetics, and later president of MIT and an international statesman. Also seeks to review another source referring to recent activities in MIT.Design/methodology/approachThe aim is to review developments on the internet, especially those of general cybernetic interest.FindingsLight is shed on the remarkable achievements of Wiesner, and on subsequent activities in MIT.Practical implicationsMuch can be learned from Wiesner's example, both from his humanitarian attitudes and from his profound analysis of society. It can also be seen that MIT continues to be innovative.Originality/valueIt is hoped this is a valuable periodic review.
The electrostatic force and the annihilation of particles and antiparticles
Authors: Fidelman Uri 
Published: July 2006

PurposeThis study seeks to explain how a cybernetic system, the human brain, creates the cognitive models that are applied by physics to explain particular phenomena of the physical world, namely, the electrostatic force and the annihilation of matter and antimatter.Design/methodology/approachThis study applies findings in cognitive psychology of vision, neuropsychology of the hemispheric mechanisms and quantum mechanics in order to explain how the electrostatic force operates at distance between two charged particles.FindingsIn addition to the quantum fields theory, which explains the electrostatic force by photons that carry this force between charged particles (and is related to the left‐hemispheric cognitive mechanism) a dual theory is suggested that explains this force by interchanging of features between particles (and is related to the right‐hemispheric cognitive mechanism).Originality/valueLike Fidelman's previous studies, this too demonstrates that cybernetic considerations which use cognitive psychological, neuropsychological and physical‐knowledge can obtain testable and applicable physical theories.
Weighted (h,φ)‐divergences in goodness‐of‐fit with composite null hypotheses
Authors: Landaburu E. , Pardo L. 
Published: July 2006

PurposeProposes a test of goodness‐of‐fit with composite null hypotheses and weights in the classes based on weighted (h,φ)‐divergences.Design/methodology/approachThe weighted (h,φ)‐divergence between an empirical distribution and the probability of the estimated model is here investigated for large simple random samples.FindingsThe unknown parameters of the model are estimated using minimum (h,φ)‐divergences estimators with weights as studied in previous works by the authors.Originality/valueResearch makes an important contribution to (h,φ)‐divergences and their applications in statistical and other areas.
On intuitionistic fuzzy topological spaces
Authors: Gallego Lupiáñez Francisco 
Published: July 2006

PurposeIn 2000, Wang and He published an important result on the theory of intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IFSs). Indeed, they showed that every IFS may be regarded as an L‐fuzzy set for some appropriate lattice L. This paper aims to show that, nevertheless, the results obtained by various authors on intuitionistic fuzzy topological spaces (IFTSs), are not redundant with others for the ordinary fuzzy sense.Design/methodology/approachThe most important definitions and results on intuitionistic fuzzy topology (IFT) one compared with the result obtained by Wang and He.FindingsThat these results are not redundant.Research limitations/implicationsClearly, this paper is devoted to IFTSs.Practical implicationsThe main applications are in the mathematical field.Originality/valueThe originality and value of IFT are here demonstrated.
New methods for solving of nonlinear weakly singular integral equations
Authors: Maleknejad K. , Mesgarani H. 
Published: July 2006

PurposeAims to present a boundary integral equation method for solving Laplace's equation Δu=0 with nonlinear boundary conditions.Design/methodology/approachThe nonlinear boundary value problem is reformulated as a nonlinear boundary integral equation, with u on the boundary as the solution being sought. The integral equation is solved numerically by using the collocation method on smooth or nonsmooth boundary; the singularities of solution degrade the rates of convergence.FindingsVariants of the methods for finding numerical solutions are suggested. So these methods have been compared with respect to number of iterations.Practical implicationsNumerical experiments show the efficiency of the proposed methods.Originality/valueProvides new methods to solve nonlinear weakly singular integral equations and discusses difficulties that arise in particular cases.
A holistic frame‐of‐reference for modelling social systems
Authors: Sice Petia , French Ian 
Published: July 2006

PurposeTo outline a philosophical system of inquiry that may be used as a frame‐of‐reference for modelling social systems.Design/methodology/approachThe paper draws on insights from cognitive science, autopoiesis, management cybernetics and non‐linear dynamics.FindingsThe outcome of this paper is an outline of a frame‐of‐reference to be used as a starting point (or a frame of orientation) for any problem solving/modelling intent or act. The framework highlights the importance of epistemological reflection and the need to avoid any separation of the process of knowing from that of modelling. It also emphasises the importance of inquiry into the assumptions that underpin the methods, tools and techniques that we employ, and into the tacit beliefs of the human actors who use them.Research limitations/implicationsThe presented frame‐of‐reference should be regarded as an evolving system of inquiry, one that seeks to incorporate contemporary human insight.Practical implicationsExactly, how the frame‐of‐reference presented in this paper should be exploited within an organisational or educational context, is a question to which there is no single “correct” answer. What is primarily important, however, is that it should be used to raise the profile of, and disseminate the benefits that accrue from, inquiry which goes beyond the simple application of tools and methods.Originality/valueThis paper proposes a new framework‐of‐reference for modelling social systems that draws on insights from cognitive science, autopoiesis, management cybernetics and non‐linear dynamics.