bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Project has Brought About a Confluence of Two Industries with Very Different Approaches to Management of Some HSE Risks
Authors: Ros A. J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Variability In Health And Safety Standards
Standards of health and safety around the world vary greatly. The standards vary not only across different industries, such as exploration, drilling, production, shipping or construction, but also by geographic region, as is clearly evident from statistics published by industry bodies such as OGP. The standards of health and safety can even vary across different aspects of businesses of an international company dealing with industry in various regions of the world. Putting the above together creates a challenging issue to manage.
Cultural issues and general standards of living play a large role in setting the scene for the health and safety standards that are present in the industry and country in question. Many issues form the basis of this cultural heritage, but this paper proposes that one can simply correlate the health and safety awareness of a workforce or organisation with the cost of that labour force. In other words, "you get what you pay for".
Although legislation can play a key role in this, one has to differentiate legislation with enforced legislation. Again, cultural issues play a leading role here and again the end result is reflected in the cost of labour.
Waste Management in the Norwegian E&P Industry - Improved Cost and Control in a New Era
Authors: Roebuck Keith 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Norwegian E&P operators have joined forces under the common umbrella of their branch organization, The Norwegian Oil & Gas Operators Association (OLF), to combat raising costs and to improve quality of waste management.
After establishing a task force, a work process and product was defined which had a primary function to identify current best practices and improvement potential. Results from this work were documented as national industry guidelines and supported by all operators, service industries and authorities.
Initial work aimed to define the E&P industry's improvement potential through close cooperation with specialist consultancies, suppliers of waste management services, and authorities. This cooperation with companies and stakeholders both inside and outside the E&P industry proved particularly fruitful in gaining a common understanding and harmonization of operator, contractor and regulatory goals and expectations, as well as interpretation of Norway's functional regulations. The task force's open style of cooperation proved to generate wide interest in gaining ownership to the industry's challenges related to reducing cost and improving efficiency and quality.
Since completion, publication and implementation of the Norwegian industry guidelines, other branch organizations have found this work useful in establishing or updating their own guidelines.
OLF's strategy to gain common understanding, support and ownership of the guidelines proved successful. Two years after the task force initiated its work, results indicate improved waste segregation (&gt;20%) and recycle (&gt;25%), reduced nonconformances from authorities (&gt;80%), and integration of non-conformance reporting in company management systems. These improvements translate in Norway to cost savings of approximately five million USD annually, compared to a status quo situation (1997).
Water Reinjection for Disposal in Erawan Field
Authors: Sirilumpen Mala , Meyer John C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Unocal is the largest producer of natural gas in the Gulf of Thailand. Unocal is faced with finding the most cost-effective way to handle produced water from its oil and gas operations to minimize its impact on the environment. Two options were considered for handling the water: water treatment and water re-injection. This paper looks at the re-injection option and its history and future considerations as it pertains to the Erawan Field.
The promising results from early injectivity tests and long term availability of depleted wells have led to full-scale implementation of water re-injection at the Erawan Field. Water re-injection performance begain at 80% of total Erawan produced water and has improved to 92% due to improvement in facility design and overall operating efficiency. Action items have been developed for the immediate, medium and long-terms and incorporated into Unocal Thailand's business unit plan.
Typical water injection wells are described as well as good injection well candidates. Erawan Field has 5 major water injection facilities located at each processing platform with bridge connected wellhead platforms. In addition, water is reinjected at 7 remote wellhead platforms utilizing separator pressure vs. aid of an injection pump. Presently, Erawan is reinjecting approximately 20,000 BWPD in 30 wells located on the 12 platforms. Water disposal capacity from the depleted gas wells is estimated at 100+ MMBW. This is equivalent to 15 years of water disposal.
Topics to be covered in this paper will be lessons learned, anticipated well characteristics, water management history and future considerations for water re-injection at the Erawan Field.
International Regulations – Meeting the Challenge
Authors: Fronks Roger C 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
SPE Paper 46740 "International Co-operation in the North Sea Oil and Gas Industry", presented at the 1998 SPE HS&E conference in Caracas, described a system of collaboration between North West European Offshore Regulatory Authorities.
Four years on, this paper describes the successful outcome of two multi-national safety management system audits undertaken by the combined forces of the UK Health and Safety Executive, Norwegian Petroleum Directorate, Danish Energy Agency, Dutch State Supervision of Mines and the German Higher Mining Authority.
The direct objective was to examine how effectively selected aspects of corporate safety management systems were applied by local managements across different regulatory regimes. The strategic objective was to improve practical cooperation between the regulators and to justify further initiatives in the common quest for improved health and safety performance.
This paper, prepared by the leader of the audit teams, discusses how the audits were successfully undertaken across diverse cultural and legal frameworks. The strengths and weaknesses will be reviewed in practical, operational and strategic terms.
The paper summarizes the audit conclusions, which include evidence that remote corporate managements may not have an accurate view of how their management systems are operating across international boundaries. They may not be sufficiently proactive in monitoring and reviewing locally applied policies and procedures.
Strategically, the audits were successful in improving practical regulator cooperation. The influence of the companies audited in setting the future harmonisation agenda will be shown to demonstrate the advantage of company/regulator cooperation. New North Sea initiatives will be described.
The paper suggests that similar practical cooperation between regulatory authorities on the wider world stage could contribute to a more global improvement in health, safety and environmental standards in the offshore oil and gas industry.
GEOS: An Innovative System for the Management of Oil Spill Emergency
Authors: Puletti M. , Filippi G. De , Mazzucchelli L. , Meneguzzo F. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Environmental Risk Management has become a main issue in general and in particular as far as is concerned the activities involving crude oil at sea. ENI AGIP has developed GEOS, an innovative integrated system for managing oil-spill emergency and for risk assessment evaluation in the planning of offshore platforms.
The following key items are integrated in the system: OSCAR, a model of transport and weathering of crude in case of spill at sea;RAMS, a wind model for weather prediction;AGIP IDRO, a two dimensional barotropic model of the Adriatic sea;MARTE, a system for real-time data acquisition from offshore platforms in the Adriatic Sea. Several monitoring stations are installed on the platforms. The incoming data are validated and loaded in a data base for statistical processing;a huge database of environmental information about the Adriatic Sea.
The idea is the following: gathering all the information and output data from the listed key items using a GIS (Geographic Information System) for visualization and the risk analysis purposes. In case of an oil-spill emergency, real time data are involved in the calculation: wind and currents speed and direction are interpolated to define wind and current field at the spill site.
The OSCAR model is then applied for a short time forecast of the spill evolution and after the arrival of a new set of data, the forecast is updated.
As far as is concerned the risk assessment evaluation, the historical data are used and the interaction with sensible areas are calculated.
At the moment, GEOS is applied to the Adriatic Sea, but it is also sufficiently flexible to be implemented also for other areas if sufficient data are available. The system is implemented on a Windows NT environment using the GIS ArcView 3.2 and the ORACLE DBMS.
The Norwegian Guideline for Probabilistic Explosion Risk Simulations
Authors: Pappas Jan A. , Holen Jens Kristian 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Many approaches to the problem of selecting explosion loads based on advanced CFD simulation models on scenarios have been suggested during the past 3–5 years. In order to accelerate and harmonize the development of probabilistic explosion simulation methods, Norsk Hydro and Statoil took an initiative in 1998 to develop a guideline that recently was issued as a NORSOK standard.
The guideline treats the complete calculation of explosion risk from the gas leak to the structural response. The result is a probability distribution of the explosion loads or the structural response. Based on company specific acceptance criteria the dimensioning explosion load can then be selected with a lot of input data and judgements that has to be made.
A test study of the guideline with identical studies performed by five consultants has demonstrated the importance of focusing on input data and judgements that has to be made. There were some discrepancies between the results from the five consultants. Some of this discrepancy is judged to be due to different interpretation of input data and some due to the implementation of the procedure itself. For four of the five consultants the most interesting results are in the same range and would lead to the same conclusions. The main conclusion from the test study is that with right focus on input data it is possible to get consistent results by following the procedure.
Radiation Sources in Drilling Tools: Comprehensive Risk Analysis in the Design, Development and Operation of LWD Tools
Authors: Aitken J. D. , Adolph R. , Evans M. , Wijeyesekera N. , McGowan R. , Mackay D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Nuclear logging while drilling (LWD) methods containing chemical sources of ionizing radiation have become commonplace in the past 15 years. However, introducing radioactive sources into a drillstring's bottomhole assembly (BHA) involves a level of risk greater than similar tools deployed on wireline. Such tools must meet acceptable standards not only in terms of performance, but environmental and personnel safety. In addition, stringent regulatory requirements are imposed on the transport, storage, handling, abandonment and eventual disposal of chemical radioactive sources.
Comprehensive risk analysis has driven the development of two generations of nuclear LWD tools at one oilfield service company. We discuss these tools, their Health, Safety and Environmental (HSE) performance and the process of continuous improvement, both incrementally and in fundamental design changes, as risks were better quantified.
Substituting a pulsed neutron generator (PNG) in place of chemical sources can eliminate many of the risks, while increasing the measurements available for petrophysical analysis.
PNGs have been used successfully in wireline-deployed tools but, until recently, have not been sufficiently robust for LWD application. Prototype LWD tools are successfully proving the viability of a new generation of PNG. These PNG-based LWD tools open the door to an enhanced suite of LWD measurements without the HSE risks of chemical source-based tools.
Development and Implementation of HSE Management System (HSE-MS) in a Deepwater Company – Shell Nigeria Exploration & Production Company (SNEPCO) Experience
Authors: Onianwa Amechi T. , Onwuzurike-azu Cosmos , Fowler Alan , Pagett Richard , Ogunnaike Babatunde 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Shell Nigeria Exploration and Production Company (SNEPCO) recognises its responsibilities for safeguarding the health and safety of its employees and contractors, and for protecting the environment. The company therefore launched a programme in 1999 to develop an integrated health, safety and environmental management system (HSE-MS) which complies with Shell Group Standards and with ISO 14001. System design and implementation were challenging due to the rapid evolution of our activities. The environmental component of the management system was certified to ISO14001 in August 2001 and the company is now focusing on reaping the HSE and business rewards and further enhancing our HSE performance via a range of post-certification initiatives. This paper describes our experience in developing and maintaining the HSE-MS and our plans for the journey ahead of us.
Health and Safety Assessment in E & P Laboratories: Results of Two-year Monitoring
Authors: Biancifiori Carlo , Flospergher Walter , Castagnoli Antonio , Fabri Giovanni , Guaschi Elena 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The protection of workers' health and safety is realized in the right of each individual worker to physical safeguard, as well as in his right to work in a healthy environment.
Our Health and Safety Division conducted, in San Donato Milanese Central Laboratories, two years of chemical, physical and biological survey, both in analysis and research facilities and laboratories, and on workers exposed to hazardous manufacturing processes using carcinogenic substances, such as for example, crude oil.
Purpose of the survey was to check the presence of carcinogenic substances in the air, and their eventual absorption in the human body.
Noise and microclimatic environmental conditions were also monitored, with particular respect to humidity, temperature, particulate and air conditioning, as well as the microbiological impact of air-conditioners, with a close survey for legionella, staphylococcus, coliforms, yeasts and moulds in the air introduced in the premises.
This paper shows the instrumentations and the methods used in the sampling and in the analyses, and the results obtained as well as their conformity with the Italian legislation and with the main international standards on this subject, and the future areas of improvement.
Managing Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and the Medical Care of Victims of Kidnapping and Gun Shot Wounds in the Niger Delta.
Authors: Vaughan J. M. M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
More than 100 employees and contractors working for the Shell Petroleum Development Company (SPDC), Nigeria, were kidnapped at work in the Niger Delta in 1999 and 2000. Shell Hospitals in the Niger Delta also dealt with 55 cases of gun shot wounds in the same period although most were third parties.
The company has a duty of care to ensure that the health aspects of kidnapping are appropriately managed and that a best practice is developed. There is no doubt that any insinuation of negligence in this area could become a significant liability issue particularly if it is perceived that there has been a failure to give the highest priority to the Health, Safety, and Security of employees and contractors.
The paper will discuss Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): its definition, diagnostic features and management. In developing a best practice the Medical Department of SPDC, Nigeria, has defined its role in the company emergency response plan and effective liaison with duty managers so that the victims of kidnapping come to the hospital immediately on release. Depending on the duration of the kidnapping and the conditions in which the victims were held appropriate medical screening and counselling takes place. Arrangements are made for follow up. The effectiveness of this procedure was tested by a questionnaire sent out to 50 victims. A brief description of some of the pitfalls of managing high velocity bullet wounds will also be given.
During the years 1999 and 2000 over 100 employees and contractors working for the company were kidnapped at work by those whose prime motive was apparently financial extortion. Many were released the same day but there were some who were held for up to three weeks, often at gun point and in very basic conditions. 83 were seen on release in the company hospitals in either Warri or Port Harcourt. Fortunately, there were no fatalities
Monitoring and Measuring Stress to Guide Targeted Intervention
Authors: Donnelly R P 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Many employers and organizations throughout the world report high levels of stress in the workforce. Concerns about the human costs as well as organizational performance have resulted in many employers introducing stress management programs. Often however little is known about the actual scale of the problem, possible causes and the effectiveness of the proposed interventions.
Over a two year period over 2,500 employees underwent a simple psychological screening process using previously validated questionnaires (GHQ12 and HADS). This process resulted in a psychological map of the organization showing the areas where levels of anxiety and stress within the company were high and required intervention. The data collected proved valuable in targeting hot spots, monitoring the effectiveness of interventions and has provided a basis for future work on stress management.
Demand-Resource Analysis, a Method for Assessment of the Working Environment at the Planning Stage
Authors: Kjellén Urban , Gillberg Mats , Jeding Kerstin 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Demand-resource (DR) analysis is a tool primarily developed for use during the design of offshore installations. The aim is to make an integrated assessment of the physical and psychosocial working-environment for job positions on the installation when in operation.
DR-analysis was originally developed in the early 1990ies and was based on Karasek and Theorell's demand-control-support model. In 1998 the method went through a major revision to improve its theoretical validity and reliability. The paper presents the revised methods and results from its use in the assessment of four job positions on a new offshore platform.
Results show that the method is suited for the identification of critical working environment aspects during the design of new workplaces. For instance, it highlighted an unsatisfactory high task demand in the driller's position that was not adequately balanced by control of own work and social support.
It is concluded that DR-analysis represents a valuable complement to existing tools for the evaluation of new workplace designs in order to avoid solutions with potentially detrimental effects on the health of the operator and platform safety.
Total Energy Consumption: A Comparative Case Study of Two Alternative North Sea Cuttings Handling Processes Associated with the Use of Oil Based Drilling Fluids.
Authors: James R. W. , Rørvik B. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Phillips Petroleum Company Norway has North Sea experience with two alternative cuttings handling processes associated with the use of oil based drilling fluids. The Operator has used this unique opportunity to perform a comparative study of the total energy consumption of the two alternative handling processes.
The resultant formation cuttings coated with oil based drilling fluid must be correctly handled for environmental reasons with all discharges being avoided. The use of mineral oil based drilling fluids is preferred for drilling operations as it ensures improved hole stability in clay formations.
In addition to the total energy consumed, safety issues and cost impacts of the two alternative handling methods are briefly described for interest.
Getting serious about safety: Accountability and leadership – the forgotten elements
Authors: Bryden Robin 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The paper sets out a model specifying the four elements required to deliver breakthrough safety performance, focusing on accountability for safety and strong leadership, although this needs to be applied in conjunction with workforce involvement and management commitment.
Drawing on the experience of Shell U.K. Exploration and Production, this paper highlights the role accountability and leadership have played in improving the company's safety performance.
The motivation to change behaviour was achieved by making explicit the link between actions and their consequence, in terms of linking safety to reward and career progression. This paper illustrates the controlled manner in which this was done based on Kotter's (1996) model of organisational change[1].
The provision of skills for people to make a behavioural change was done through training all staff on Shell Expro locations in how to intervene if someone is acting in an unsafe way and how to respond to an intervention. The other key skill identified as essential to delivering this message in a constructive non-threatening way is leadership style. The paper demonstrates – in Bass's classification scheme – that a transformational leadership style is the most effective way for senior managers to communicate their commitment in a believable form[2].
New Method for Prioritizing Between Emissions and Discharges from the Offshore Industry
Authors: Hjelsvold M. , Furuholt E. , Johnsen S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Norwegian oil industry association and the Norwegian government have established a set of emission reduction targets for Green House Gases (GHG), Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC), Produced water and drilling chemicals. The offshore oil and gas industry is frequently faced with conflicting situations regarding these targets. A measure that reduces one type of emission or discharge may cause other emissions/discharges to increase. Competing technical concepts or solutions may also have different impacts on the various emissions and discharges.
A method is proposed to compare the different emissions and discharges based on the "distance to target" concept. The main assumption for this method is that all targets are equally important. This means that it is equally beneficial for the environment to reach the targets for GHG, NOx, VOC, produced water and drilling discharges.
Based on the distances to their respective targets, a Reduced Emission and Discharge (RED) value is derived for each emission/discharge. The RED units give the user a numerical method to assess a total emission and discharge load. Each tonne of emissions and each reduction in discharges can thereby be given a dimensionless number.
Three different cases where the RED method has been applied will be presented. The Tampen area consisting of several platforms in the North Sea has used the RED method to identify the most effective discharge/emission reducing measures from an environmental point of view. The RED method has been tested on three different levels of decision; the platform level, the field level and the regional level.