bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
One‐stage full‐mouth disinfection versus quadrant and full‐mouth root planing
Authors: Swierkot Katrin , Nonnenmacher Claudia Ivana , Mutters Reinier , Flores‐de‐Jacoby Lavin , Mengel Reiner 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjective: The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the one‐stage full‐mouth disinfection (FMD) provides greater clinical and microbiological improvement compared with full‐mouth scaling and root planing (FM‐SRP) within 24 h and quadrant scaling and root planing (Q‐SRP) in patients with generalized chronic periodontitis.Material & Methods: Twenty‐eight patients were randomized into three groups. 25 patients completed the study and were the basis for analysis. The Q‐SRP group was scaled quadrant‐wise at 1‐week intervals. The other groups received a one‐stage full‐mouth scaling with (FMD) and without (FM‐SRP) chlorhexidine. At baseline, after 1, 2, 4 and 8 months clinical parameters were recorded and microbiological analysis was performed.Results: All three treatment modalities resulted in significant clinical improvement at any time. There were only group differences after 1 and 2 months: in the FM‐SRP group was a significantly higher reduction of probing depth and bleeding on probing compared with the other two groups. The bacteria could be reduced in every group although this reduction was only significant for Prevotella intermedia in the FMD group 8 months after treatment.Conclusion: All three treatment modalities lead to an improvement of the clinical and microbiological parameters, however, without significant group differences after 8 months.
Spontaneous squamous cell carcinomas in 13 baboons, a first report in a spider monkey, and a review of the non‐human primate literature
Authors: Haddad Jamie L. , Dick, Jr Edward J. , Guardado‐Mendoza Rodolfo , Hubbard Gene B. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract Background  Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a neoplastic proliferation of epithelial cells undergoing squamous differentiation and represents a diagnostic challenge in non‐human primates (NHP), especially in baboons with perineal SCC.Methods  Fourteen SCC (13 baboons, 1 spider monkey) were identified over a 20‐year period. A literature search identified 86 additional published cases of spontaneous NHP SCC.Results  Squamous cell carcinoma was most commonly reported in macaques, baboons, marmosets, and squirrel monkeys. Metastasis occurred in 23%, of NHP. The most frequently reported primary locations were the oral cavity, integument, esophagus, and cervix‐uterus. Perineal SCC occurred mainly in baboons. All reported SCC in marmosets occurred in the head. Nasal cavity SCC was only reported in male marmosets. All reported pulmonary SCC occurred in males, mostly in tree shrews.Conclusions  Squamous cell carcinoma is a common neoplasm in NHP and exhibits species differences. NHPs may provide a useful SCC animal model.
Systematic Reviews as a Tool for Planning and Interpreting Trials
Authors: Bath Philip M. W. , Gray Laura J. 
Published: February 2009

Background Systematic reviews followed by a meta-analysis are carried out in medical research to combine the results of two or more related studies. Stroke trials have struggled to show beneficial effects and meta-analysis should be used more widely throughout the research process to either speed up the development of useful interventions, or halt more quickly research with hazardous or ineffective interventions. Summary of review This review summarises the clinical research process and illustrates how and when systematic reviews may be used throughout the development programme. Meta-analyses should be performed after observational studies, preclinical studies in experimental stroke, and after phase I, II, and III clinical trials and phase IV clinical surveillance studies. Although meta-analyses most commonly work with summary data, they may be performed to assess relationships between variables (meta-regression) and, ideally, should utilise individual patient data. Meta-analysis techniques may also work with ordered categorical outcome data (ordinal meta-analysis) and be used to perform indirect comparisons where original trial data do not exist. Conclusion Systematic review/meta-analyses are powerful tools in medical research and should be used throughout the development of all stroke and other interventions.
Safety and Dose-Escalation Study Design of Transcranial Ultrasound in Clinical Sonolysis for Acute Ischemic Stroke: The TUCSON Trial
Authors: Barreto Andrew D. , Sharma Vijay K. , Lao Annabelle Y. , Schellinger Peter D. , Amarenco Pierre , Sierzenski Paul , Alexandrov Andrei V. , Molina Carlos A. 
Published: February 2009

Rationale Transcranial Doppler (TCD) monitoring during intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (i.v.-tPA) infusion increases recanalization rates in acute ischemic stroke. Addition of perflutren-lipid microspheres MRX-801 (μS) may further enhance the process of recanalization. This article describes the design of the Transcranial Ultrasound in Clinical SONolysis (TUCSON) trial. Aims and Design TUCSON is a phase I-II, randomized, placebo-controlled, open-label, safety, dose-escalation clinical trial of μS+TCD ultrasound (sonolysis). Patients with acute ischemic stroke and arterial intracranial occlusions are enrolled within 3 h of symptom onset. All patients receive standard i.v.-tPA and will be randomized to 90 min of continuous 2-MHz TCD+μS or 90 min of saline+brief TCD vessel assessments. The safety profile of four escalating dose tiers will be assessed. Arterial occlusions and recanalization are defined with the Thrombolysis in Brain Ischemia flow grades. Study Outcomes Safety is determined by the rates of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage within 36 h. Neurological deficits and outcomes are measured with the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale and modified Rankin Scale (mRS). The signal-of-efficacy is determined by rates of recanalization, dramatic or early clinical recovery within 2 h, clinical recovery at 24–36 h and independent outcome (mRS 0–2) at 90 days.
Estimating fisheries‐induced selection: traditional gear selectivity research meets fisheries‐induced evolution
Authors: Kuparinen Anna , Kuikka Sakari , Merilä Juha 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe study of fisheries‐induced evolution is a research field which is becoming recognized both as an important and interesting problem in applied evolution, as well as a practical management problem in fisheries. Much of the research in fisheries‐induced evolution has focussed on quantifying and proving that an evolutionary response has taken place, but less effort has been invested on the actual processes and traits underlying capture of a fish by a fishing gear. This knowledge is not only needed to understand possible phenotypic selection associated to fishing but also to help to device sustainable fisheries and management strategies. Here, we draw attention to the existing knowledge about selectivity of fishing gears and outline the ways in which this information could be utilized in the context of fisheries‐induced evolution. To these ends, we will introduce a mathematical framework commonly applied to quantify fishing gear selectivity, illustrate the link between gear selectivity and the change in the distribution of phenotypes induced by fishing, review what is known about selectivity of commonly used fishing gears, and discuss how this knowledge could be applied to improve attempts to predict evolutionary impacts of fishing.
Motivating Juvenile Offenders Toward Making Responsible Choices in Daily Life
Authors: Ramm Douglas R. , Driscoll Judge John J. , Beighley Adeline , Ramm Jessica K. 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTBased on the premise that the best deterrent to delinquent behavior is the offender's motivation to engage in moral reasoning and action, this article describes the value of teaching scientifically formulated principles of morality in the juvenile justice system. The authors review The Facts of Life Seminar, a program for teaching scientifically formulated principles of morality to delinquent youth. Outcome statistics demonstrate this approach is effective in providing incentives for adjudicated adolescents to refrain from theft and violence, to keep their promises, and to tell the truth.
Paleopathological analysis on bronchial washing fluid from a mummy: The “General Hak‐Bong” mummy, Korea
Authors: Lee Sangyeub , Lee Eunju , In Kwangho , Yoo Sehwa , Woo Okhee , Rhee Yumi , Cho Hanhee , Kim Kijung , Shin Bongkyung , Kim Hankyeom 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT Background and aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the lungs of a mummified individual. We attempted to use minimally invasive tools for examining the mummy, given the desire for the preservation of the mummy. Methods: We studied the “General Hak‐Bong” mummy, dated from the early ‘Chosun’ dynasty era, a dynasty that flourished in the beginning of the 15th century (1392–1910). Bronchoscopic biopsy and washing were performed, and chest multidetector CT (MDCT) was also done. The bronchial washing fluid and biopsy specimens were examined by light and scanning electron microscopy. Results: Pollen grains were found in the bronchial washing fluid. This pollen proved to be Typha angustifolia or Typha orientalis by scanning electron microscopic analysis, and this was used as a hemostatics in ancient oriental medicine. MDCT showed the loss of volume and suspicious cystic lesions in the left lung. Conclusions: We successfully investigated the lungs of the mummy by using bronchoscopy, MDCT and microscopic analysis. The pollen grains found in the bronchi of the mummy, which was previously used as an hemostatics in ancient oriental medicine, could guide us in determining more about General Hak‐Bong's death.
Ongoing debates in the assessment of the HER2 status in breast cancer: A comparative analysis by immunohistochemistry and FISH using original FDA and ASCO/CAP guidelines
Authors: Ko Hyoungsuk , Seol Hyesil , Kim Wook Youn , Im Seock‐Ah , Han Wonshik , Noh Dong‐Young , Jeon Yoon Kyung , Park In Ae 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT Background and aims: HER2 status should be precisely evaluated in breast cancer to ensure appropriate patient management. Method: We evaluated HER2 status in 755 breast cancers including 92 consecutively resected cases by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Results: For the 92 consecutive cases, the positive rate of HER2 IHC (2+ and 3+) was 25.0%, and HER2 amplification (HER2/CEP17 ratio ≥ 2.0) was observed in 21.7%. Of the 755 cases, 88% of IHC 3+ cases; 57% of IHC 2+ cases; 15% of IHC 1+ cases; and 1% of IHC 0 cases showed HER2 amplification. Notably, 20 (2.6%) of the 755 cases exhibited a HER2/CEP17 ratio between 1.8 and 2.2, which was recently classified equivocal by the ASCO/CAP. Most of them revealed HER2 high polysomy with an average copy number per cell between 3.29 and 7.24. Immunohistochemically, 4 of the 20 cases were luminal A, 12 were luminal B, and 3 were HER2 subtype. Conclusions: The relatively high rate of HER2 amplification among IHC 1+ or 2+ cases at our institute emphasizes the importance of validating HER2 testing in different laboratories and the need for complementary HER2 FISH in IHC 1+ patients. Most patients equivocal for HER2 amplification had HER2 high polysomy and expressed hormone receptor.
Lipreading: Remembering Saartjie Baartman
Authors: Wiss Rosemary 
Published: February 2009

This paper moves towards a retracing of an imagined ‘metanarrative’ on race and gender in emergent sciences of human difference. It is a specific bid to locate a series of ideas on transcendent notions of objectivity in one of their sites of practice and gestures to contemporary practices of defining difference.In 1810 Saartjie Baartman, a !Kung woman from South Africa, was taken to England for public display as the ‘Hottentot Venus’. Amidst contention on the colonization of the Cape and the moral and social capacities of Africans to progress to civility, Saartjie Baartman's differences were evaluated in relation to European senses of self. This paper examines a court case on the issue of Saartjie Baartman's consent to such an exhibition, and upon her death, an autopsy report by the comparative anatomist Cuvier on her capacity to reason according to emergent racial criteria. As these legal, bio‐medical and anthropological discourses on non‐European difference gained strength in the nineteenth century new categories of difference were constructed and reified as race. As the moral core of the person became increasingly bound to biology the compelling difference of Saartjie Baartman fixated on her sexual self. Signified in her genitalia, her sexuality was devalued as excessive and abhorrent to normative and masculine European self representations. By such a process the sexual difference of ‘Hottentot’ women came to signify a form of racialized difference so extreme as to create a new, and devalued racial type.
Journeying Between Desire and Anthropology: A Story in Suspense
Authors: Lundberg Anita 
Published: February 2009

Anthropology is a discipline based on the motif of the journey and ‘the myth of the eternal return’. This is the journey out to the ‘other’in order to return to constitute ‘self, and this movement is a movement of desire. The desire is for wholeness, for self‐presence, for a unified self. It is a desire for origins. And this desire is evident in anthropological practices as it is in myths and fairytales—all tell stories that speak of the desire for a separate, an original, self. Yet ‘the myth of the eternal return’reveals that the enactment of the story is itself originating. The origin is not a thing to be hunted down and appropriated—it is no thing. Like the archetypes which flow through stories, it is alive in the telling.The story I tell in this paper is about my own desires. It speaks of the desire to undergo the rite of passage of anthropology, and of how this journey was interrupted by the anthropologist who always journeys before me. And yet. it is through the inextricable relations with the writings of the “other‘ anthropologist that alluring moments of different desiring are fleetingly revealed. In the end. my relations with anthropology tell of a paradox: of the desire for a transcendental journey in order to constitute self and the seductive desire for immersion—to lose self, the story remains in suspense.
Fijian Business—a Bone of Contention. Was it One of the Factors Leading to the Political Crisis of 2000?
Authors: Williksen‐Bakker Solrun 
Published: February 2009

In this paper I seek to cast light on a particular aspect of the background for the political crisis in Fiji in 2000. Before and during this crisis politicians and media kept hammering on the theme of Fijians' inferior position in the economic life of the country. The public argument in Fiji further emphasised the success of the Indians and that this in turn further marginalised the Fijians. It was frequently asserted that the Fijians needed affirmative action in order to get on in the modern business world and that the new Prime Minister Mahendra Chaudhry was favouring the Indians.The theme of this article is that the rhetoric used prior to and during the crisis was a reiteration of a longstanding discourse in Fiji. Similar arguments were used in the 1970s and 1980s, particularly as a means of legitimating the coup in 1987, and during the regime of Rabuka in the 1990s. My primary concern here is not to document the success or failure of Fijians in modern business enterprises, but rather to make clear how the dichotomy of business‐vanua comprises a variety of concerns and doubts related to modernisation, urbanisation, ethnicity, belonging, values and choices. By constantly discussing and exposing the interface between business and vanua, money and land, people seek to make sense of complex urban situations. The ongoing debate may be looked upon as a ‘work of coherence’ in Hannerz’ terms, and as such is a debate on modernity.
Maori Sport and Cultural Identity in Australia
Authors: Bergin Paul 
Published: February 2009

Sport is an important aspect of cultural identity for New Zealand Maori migrants living in Australia. Maori sporting endeavours, especially at festivals such as the Taki Toa Tournament in New South Wales, often reveal distinctive Maori features of cultural performance, in the rituals prior to a game, in the spirited manner with which a game is played, and in the whânau (large/extended family) spirit of belonging and celebration that is encouraged after a game.However, notwithstanding the occasional Maori tournament or festival, Maori sporting participation in Australia is not restricted to an ‘ethnic ghetto’. Widespread Maori involvement in sport has provided an important avenue for Maori migrants to mix socially with Aboriginal and other Australians in their local communities, and to gain acceptance, respect and, in some cases, economic advancement.Many first‐generation Maori migrants display a keen sense of a New Zealand rather than an Australian identity when it comes to trans‐Tasman international sport. Transnational links are also important for Australian Maori who visit New Zealand with sporting teams and stay on various marae (tribal meeting places). The experience of ‘Maori culture’ and hospitality offered by their New Zealand kinsfolk may have a significant influence upon the sporting visitors' subsequent development of Maori cultural identity.
Malignant Hyperthermia Associated with Ryanodine Receptor 1 (C7360G) Mutation in Quarter Horses
Authors: Aleman M. , Nieto J.E. , Magdesian K.G. 
Published: February 2009

Background:Anesthetic‐induced malignant hyperthermia (MH) has been documented in Quarter Horses with a single point mutation in the ryanodine receptor 1 gene (RyR1) at nucleotide C7360G, generating a R2454G amino acid substitution. However, there have been no reports of nonanesthetic manifestations of MH in horses with the C7360G mutation.Objective:To describe clinical manifestations of Quarter Horses with the C7360G mutation.Animals:Eleven Quarter Horses with theRyR1C7360G mutation.Methods:This prospective study included horses with suspected MH, undetermined etiology of sudden death, death within hours of onset of rhabdomyolysis, muscle rigidity, stiffness, intermittent sweating, and persistent increases in serum muscle enzyme activities. Whole blood in EDTA and skeletal muscle were processed for genetic and histochemical analysis. Medical records and pedigrees were collected when available.Results:Both anesthetic‐ and non–anesthetic‐associated myopathic manifestations of MH occurred in halter Quarter Horses with mutation ofRyR1. The disease is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Clinical and laboratory abnormalities were similar in both forms. Rhabdomyolysis was a common finding in both groups of horses. Skeletal muscle histochemical findings were nonspecific and compatible with a noninflammatory myopathic process.Conclusions and Clinical Importance:MH is a potentially fatal disease of Quarter Horses that could be triggered by halogenated anesthetics and other nonanesthetic factors that may include exercise, stress, breeding, illnesses, and concurrent myopathies.
Tumor and Vascular Targeting of a Novel Oncolytic Measles Virus Retargeted against the Urokinase Receptor
Authors: Jing Yuqi , Tong Caili , Zhang Jin , Nakamura Takafumi , Iankov Ianko , Russell Stephen J. , Merchan Jaime R. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Oncolytic measles virus (MV) induces cell fusion and cytotoxicity in a CD46-dependent manner. Development of fully retargeted oncolytic MVs would improve tumor selectivity. The urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) is a tumor and stromal target overexpressed in multiple malignancies. MV-H glycoproteins fully retargeted to either human or murine uPAR were engineered and their fusogenic activity was determined. Recombinant human (MV-h-uPA) and murine (MV-m-uPA) uPAR–retargeted MVs expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) were rescued and characterized. Viral expression of chimeric MV-H was shown by reverse transcription-PCR and Western blot. In vitro viral replication was comparable to MV-GFP control. The receptor and species specificity of MV-uPAs was shown in human and murine cells with different levels of uPAR expression. Removal of the NH2-terminal fragment ligand from MV-uPA by factor X(a) treatment ablated the MV-uPA functional activity. Cytotoxicity was shown in uPAR-expressing human and murine cells. MV-h-uPA efficiently infected human endothelial cells and capillary tubes in vitro. I.v. administration of MV-h-uPA delayed tumor growth and prolonged survival in the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer xenograft model. Viral tumor targeting was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. MV-m-uPA transduced murine mammary tumors (4T1) in vivo after intratumor administration. MV-m-uPA targeted murine tumor vasculature after systemic administration, as shown by dual (CD31 and MV-N) staining of tumor capillaries in the MDA-MB-231 model. In conclusion, MV-uPA is a novel oncolytic MV associated with potent and specific antitumor effects and tumor vascular targeting. This is the first retargeted oncolytic MV able to replicate in murine cells and target tumor vasculature in a uPAR-dependent manner. [Cancer Res 2009;69(4):1459–68]
RECK Negatively Regulates Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Transcription
Authors: Takagi Satoshi , Simizu Siro , Osada Hiroyuki 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
RECK, a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored glycoprotein, inhibits the enzymatic activities of some matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), thereby suppressing tumor cell metastasis; however, the detailed mechanism is still obscure. In this study, we compared the gene expression profiles between mock- and RECK-transfected HT1080 cells and showed that RECK decreases MMP-9 mRNA levels but not other MMP mRNA levels. Moreover, treatment with RECK-specific siRNA increased MMP-9 mRNA in RECK-expressing cells. The promoter assay showed that MMP-9 promoter activity was suppressed by RECK and that RECK-mediated suppression of MMP-9 promoter activity requires 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate–responsive element (TRE) and κB sites. Moreover, the binding ability of Fra-1 and c-Jun to TRE within the MMP-9 promoter region was suppressed by RECK. Thus, these results show that RECK is a negative regulator of MMP-9 transcription. [Cancer Res 2009;69(4):1502–8]