bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The allogeneic effect: Bystander effect in the primary immune response in vitro
Authors: Kettman J. , Skarvall H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThere is a strong stimulation of the primary immune response when spleen cells of the CBA/H and CBA/J strains of mice are cocultured in the Mishell‐Dutton system and stimulated with foreign erythrocytes or hapten‐erythrocyte conjugates. This stimulation occurs regardless of carrier (sheep red blood cells) priming of one donor of the spleen cells. The enhancement of the primary immune response is most evident early in the course of the immune response.During mixed spleen cell culture, cells of the CBA/H strain can recognize and proliferate in response to CBA/J spleen cells, but not vice versa. When CBA/H spleen cells are cultured with irradiated CBA/J spleen cells, there is a strong stimulation of the immune response of the B cells of the CBA/H strain even though they are bystanders to the ensuing allogeneic response.Supernatants of 20‐hour cultures of mixtures of CBA/H and CBA/J spleen cells restored the immune responsiveness of spleen cells from nu/nu mice. The generation of this B cell stimulatory activity is dependent on the presence of Θ‐bearing cells of CBA/H origin during the 20‐hour culture. These findings are consistent with the release of a B cell stimulatory activity from mixtures of spleen cells of mice which differ at a locus associated with a mixed lymphocyte response which is not linked to the H‐2 gene complex (M locus).
The suppressive effect of carrier priming on the response to a hapten‐carrier conjugate
Authors: Elson C. J. , Taylor R. B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCarrier‐primed cells, having some of the properties of T lymphocytes, have been found to inhibit the primary anti‐hapten response of spleen cells to challenge with a hapten carrier conjugate. The antibody response of CBA/Igb spleen cells in irradiated CBA (Iga) recipients was measured by means of a radioimmunoassay using 125I‐labeled anti‐Igb antibody. It was found that the primary anti‐2,4,6‐trinitrophenyl(TNP) response to TNP‐KLH (keyhole limpet hemocyanin) was suppressed in recipient mice primed with KLH as compared with similarly treated unprimed or bovine serum albumin‐primed recipients. This suppression was transferred by injection of 108 spleen cells from CBA mice primed with KLH seven days beforehand, but not by injection of serum from such mice. The suppressive effect was abolished by treating the carrier‐primed spleen cells with anti‐T cell sera and complement before transfer. Priming with KLH seven days beforehand had only a small suppressive effect on the response to an unrelated antigen, DNP‐ovalbumin, but there was marked suppression if KLH was again administered with the unrelated antigen. It is considered that the suppressive effect is specific in induction, but nonspecific in expression and that it is a manifestation of a homeostatic mechanism limiting the extent of the immune response.
Localization and structural features of an antigenic determinant in sea anemone collagen
Authors: Nowack H. , Timpl R. , Nordwig A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA major antigenic site of sea anemone collagen was localized in the CNBr peptide, CB6, which is derived from a central, helical portion of the molecule. Further tryptic digestion of CB6 yielded a serologically active peptide containing 58 amino acid residues and including the only two tyrosine residues of the α‐chain. The localization of antigenic determinants in terminal, nonhelical sequences previously found for several mammalian collagen antigens is apparently less important for invertebrate collagen.
Interference of oral immunization with the intestinal absorption of heterologous albumin
Authors: André C. , Lambert R. , Bazin H. , Heremans J. F. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRats were immunized with human serum albumin (HSA) by a single intragastric administration of 200 mg of HSA. Two weeks later their capacity to absorb a similar intragastric test dose of HSA was found to be greatly impaired, the concentrations of HSA in mesenteric venous serum having been reduced to 33 %, 25 % and 60 % of those in similarly tested but unprimed animals, respectively 1, 2 and 3 hours after the intragastric test dose.Rats given antigen (HSA) together with intestinal secretions from intragastric immunized rats also showed a striking decrease in intestinal absorption of a test dose, compared to controls given the antigen together with nonimmune intestinal secretions.From these data it is concluded that local immunization of the gut impairs its capacity to absorb the corresponding antigen, and that this effect is largely due to the failure to absorb antigen bound to secretory antibodies.
In vivo and in vitro responses to tumor‐associated antigens: Apparent absence of T cell participation
Authors: Tyan M. L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe tumor‐associated antigens of the murine tumors B16, SAD2 and C3HBA readily induced antibody production in vivo, but produced little transplantation immunity. These tumors grew better in normal syngeneic hosts than they did in lethally irradiated or thymectomized lethally irradiated, marrow reconstituted hosts, where they grew equally well. When blood or spleen cells were reacted with anti‐H‐2 sera directed against the responder cells or with anti‐Θ C3H sera and complement and then cultured with irradiated syngeneic tumor cells or extracts of these tumors, the responses to the tumor‐associated antigens and to two thymus‐independent antigens were not impaired; however, the same treatment greatly reduced the responses to allogeneic tumor or spleen cells and to two thymus‐dependent antigens. The observations suggested that the tumor‐associated antigens under study primarily stimulated B rather than T cells.
T cell‐mediated cytotoxicity: Discrimination between antigen recognition, lethal hit and cytolysis phase
Authors: Wagner H. , Röllinghoff M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractUsing a 51Cr release cytotoxicity assay, the cytotoxic effector phase of in vitro activated mouse T lymphocytes (killer cells) against 51Cr‐labeled target cells has been investigated. It is shown that within 5–10 minutes of contact between killer cells and target cells, the target cells are already committed to lysis, therefore, antigen recognition and “lethal hit” must have taken place within this period of time. In contrast, target cell lysis (cytolysis phase) requires up to 3–4 h in order to be completed; it occurs independently of killer cells and it is highly temperature dependent.The killer cell‐dependent phase (antigen‐recognition and “lethal hit”) is dissociated into two consecutive steps. The first step represents a specific and reversible event which takes place both at 4 °C and 37 °C. In contrast, the second step is found to be temperature dependent, but irreversible, and commits the target cells to lysis. It is concluded that the antigen recognition phase takes place during the first step and that the second step represents the “lethal hit” phase.
Low affinity antibody production in mice – a form of immunological tolerance?
Authors: Steward M. W. , Gaze Susan E. , Petty R. E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractInbred mice differ in the relative affinity (KR) of specific antibody produced following four once‐weekly injections of human serum albumin (HSA) in saline. However, KR is high in all strains if the HSA is injected in Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA). Experiments were carried out to determine whether the low KR antibody responses of some mouse strains following immunization with HSA in saline were due to a form of immunological tolerance. Mice of strains which produce low KR antibody to HSA in saline (B 10.D2new and SWR/J) and strains which produce high KR antibody (Ajax and Simpson) were immunized by four once‐weekly injections of 1 mg HSA in saline and challenged with HSA in FCA.Preimmunized “low KR” mice produced low KR antibody on challenge, whereas non‐preimmunized low KR mice produced high KR antibody on challenge. “High KR” mice produced high KR antibody on challenge even when preimmunized. The low KR response to challenge in preimmunized low KR mice was shown to be a result of delayed maturation of affinity and that the inability to produce high KR antibody in response to challenge persists for at least 9 weeks. These results suggested that the preimmunization of low KR strains had resulted in some form of immunological tolerance in which high affinity cells were unable to respond to the challenge of antigen in FCA.Furthermore, following multiple injections (three injections a week for four weeks) of 10 μg or 5 mg of HSA in saline, antibody levels are significantly reduced in both high KR and low KR strains: KR is markedly reduced in the low KR strain and enhanced in the high KR strain.These data are interpreted as providing evidence that interstrain differences in KR are due to greater susceptibility of high affinity cells in low KR strains to tolerance induction than the corresponding cells in high KR strains.
The generation of antibody diversity. III. Variation in the specificity of antibody produced within single clones of antibody‐forming cells in vitro
Authors: Pilarski Linda M. , Cunningham A. J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWithin single clones of antibody‐forming cells cultured in vitro, variant cells making different antibody specificities are generated at a high rate. This has been demonstrated in 2 ways. First, at limiting dilutions, mixtures of plaqueforming cells (PFC) of different specificities occur significantly more often than is expected from chance overlap of 2 clones. Second, PFC releasing uncommon, highly cross‐reactive antibody grow into clones which are much smaller than average, in mitogen‐stimulated cultures. This suggests that PFC of such rare types arise within clones initially producing other antibody specificities.
Selective triggering of B cell subpopulations by mitogens
Authors: Gronowicz Eva , Coutinho A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe studied the pattern of responsiveness of normal spleen cells to three different B cell mitogens: dextran sulfate (DS), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD). Activation by DS results in extensive proliferation of cells, most of which are not high‐rate antibody‐secreting cells and can be reactivated. PPD activates high‐rate antibody synthesis in cells which are more restricted in mitotic capacity. LPS seems to activate both of these subsets of B cells.LPS exhibits strong mitogenicity in vivo and a large fraction of LPS‐activated cells are high‐rate antibody‐secreting end cells.It is suggested that these distinct subsets of B cells include cells at different stages of differentiation.
Studies on high and low dose paralysis. Different effect on antibody avidity and on immunocompetent subpopulations of lymphocytes in the mouse
Authors: Andersson B. , Celada F. , Åsjö Birgitta 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAdult mice were immunologically paralyzed by repeated injections of bovine serum albumin. Partial paralysis was achieved both with a high dose regimen of 10–100 mg and with a low dose regimen of 1–10 μg. The avidity of the antibody produced in response to an immunizing dose of antigen in Freund's complete adjuvant was determined both at the serum level using an antigen‐binding test and at the level of single antibody‐forming cells using inhibition of antibody plaque‐forming cells by free antigens as a test system. The antibody was of relatively low avidity in high dose paralyzed animals, whereas low dose paralysis did not result in a change in the avidity. These data indicate that the B lymphocytes are target cells in high dose paralysis, since a cellular selection was shown to occur. In the low dose paralysis the B lymphocytes seem not to be the immediate target cells, since no cellular selection was demonstrated. Instead, it was shown that the main cellular defect in low dose paralysis was in the T lymphocytes, since carrier‐specific helper cells in an anti‐hapten response were shown to be depleted. Further, studying column purified B and T lymphocytes, it was shown that the cellular site of unresponsiveness in high dose paralysis was both at the B cell and at the T cell level. Low dose paralyzed animals had B cells of normal reactivity, whereas their T cells were paralyzed.
Antibodies of restricted heterogeneity obtained in rabbits immunized with tetraglycine peptide conjugated to an autologous carrier
Authors: Escribano M. J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAntibodies specific for the tetrapeptide Gly‐Gly‐Gly‐Gly have been obtained in rabbits immunized with the peptide linked to an autologous carrier. Conjugation was performed using glutaraldehyde. Peptide‐carrier conjugates contained only one or two molecules of peptide per carrier molecule.After secondary immunization, some of the rabbits produced anti‐tetrapeptide antibodies which were isolated from individual sera using tetrapeptide‐Sepharose immunoadsorbent. The amount obtained varied from 20 to 200 μg/ml of serum. Isolated specific anti‐tetrapeptide antibodies were found to belong to both IgG and IgM classes. The IgG antibodies as analyzed by isoelectric focusing showed a very restricted pI spectrum. Both IgG and IgM antibodies showed a restricted allotypic specificity.
T cell suppression of contact sensitivity in the mouse. II. The role of soluble suppressor factor and its interaction with macrophages
Authors: Zembala M. , Asherson G. L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractContact sensitivity in the mouse is assessed by the increase of ear thickness 24 hours after challenge with antigen and can be passively transferred by T cells in the lymph nodes and spleen of immunized mice. The lymph node cells of mice pretreated with picrylsulfonic acid specifically depress the passive transfer of contact sensitivity to picryl chloride by immune cells.“Suppressor” lymph node cells from mice injected with picrylsulfonic acid (−6 days) and painted with picryl chloride (‐1 day) were incubated in vitro for 48 hours. Immune lymph node cells incubated in these supernatants have reduced ability to transfer contact sensitivity. This suppression is specific and passive transfer of contact sensitivity to 4‐ethoxymethylene‐2‐phenyloxazolone is unaffected by incubation of immune cells in supernatant. Control supernatants from the cells of mice which did not receive picrylsulfonic acid or were not painted shortly before harvesting were inactive.The suppressor activity is absorbed by peritoneal exudate cells and these then acquire the ability to suppress passive transfer‐“arming for suppression”. Normal and immune lymph node cells, and spleen cells do not become inhibitory under similar conditions.The suppressor activity of suppressor supernatants (which contain 10 % fetal calf serum) withstands freeze drying, heating at 56 °C and trypsin. Its production is T dependent and is abolished by treatment with anti‐Θ serum and complement. The hypothesis is put forward that the active factor in suppressor supernatants is a specific T cell product either free or combined with antigen.
Characterization of virus‐specific cytotoxic T cell clones from allogeneic bone marrow chimeras
Authors: Pircher Hanspeter , Baenziger Jürg , Schilham Marco , Sado Toshi , Kamisaku Hitoko , Hengartner Hans , Zinkernagel Rolf M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe established several H‐2‐restricted lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)‐specific cytotoxic T cell clones from spleens of virus‐primed C57BL/6 or C57BL/10 (H‐2b) and B10.BR (H‐2k) mice and from allogeneic C57BL/10→B10.BR and B10.BR→C57BL/10 bone marrow chimeras. Two T cell clones of H‐2b origin and restricted to H‐2b, 3 of H‐2k origin and restricted to H‐2k were compared with two clones each derived from the two types of chimeras. Their surface phenotype was found to be Lyt‐2+, L3/T4− and KJ16‐133+ (2 of 9). Clones from chimeras expressed bone marrow donor H‐2 and are restricted to the recipient H‐2.H‐2k‐restricted clones were all specific for Kk whereas all H‐2b‐restricted clones were specific for Db. These restriction specificities could be further defined by the blocking activity of various monoclonal anti‐H‐2 antibodies. Interestingly the anti‐H‐2Db antibodies blocked the restricted virus‐specific killing activity of the clones derived B10.BR→C57BL/10 chimeras much more effectively than the activity of the clones derived from conventional H‐2b mice.The various clones differed with respect to their fine specificity for LCMV strains. The 3 clones of conventional B10.BR origin only recognized LCMV‐WE but not LCMV‐Armstrong, Aggressive or Docile; H‐2b‐restricted conventional clones recognized target cells infected with all LCMV strains except LCMV‐UBC‐Docile; the T cell clones from the bone marrow chimeras recognized with one exception all LCMV strains tested.
T cell activation by anti‐idiotypic antibody: mechanism of interaction with antigen‐reactive T cells
Authors: Rees Ann D. M. , Scoging Anne , Dobson Nicola , Praputpittaya Kriangsak , Young Douglas , Ivanyi Juraij , Lamb Jonathan R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIt has been shown that the activation of T cells by an anti‐idiotypic antibody (anti‐Id) TB71 containing an internal image of the corresponding mycobacterial antigen (38 kDa) was achieved by the interaction of anti‐Id TB71 with the T cell receptor complex (CD3/Ti). The accessory cell requirement in this response could not be replaced by anti‐Id TB71 coupled to Sepharose beads and was not inhibited by Fc receptor blockade. When taken together with the finding that anti‐Id TB71‐induced proliferation of a T cell clone was restricted by determinants encoded by the major histocompatibility complex, these findings suggested that anti‐Id TB71 was presented to 38‐kDa antigen‐reactive T cells by the same mechanisms as conventional antigenic determinants. That is, both stimulated T cells through the CD3/Ti complex and had to be presented in the context of class II molecules on accessory cells. The finding that the disruption of the integrity of the anti‐Id TB71 combining site did not affect T cell responsiveness although antibody binding was ablated implied that anti‐Id TB71 may be partially degraded and re‐expressed with MHC class II determinants.
Induction of interferon‐γ production and Ia expression by interleukin 1 in bone marrow culture cells
Authors: Puri Joseph , Eglash Barbara , Lonai Peter 
Published: March 2007

AbstractColony‐stimulating factor‐induced bone marrow (BM) cultures are a good source of antigen‐presenting macrophages. However, they failed to present antigen to T cell clones when antigen was introduced as a short pulse only. Adding interleukin 1 (IL1) to BM culture cells before antigen pulse restored their antigen‐presenting activity concomitant to a 2–10‐fold increase in Ia antigenicity. We performed a series of experiments to test the mechanism of this IL 1‐induced activation. Our findings suggest that IL1 influences Ia expression and antigen‐specific T cell proliferation by inducing interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) production. IFN‐γ is produced in this system probably by residual Thy‐1‐positive cells in the BM cell culture.
Mitotic rate maturation in the Peyer's patches of fetal sheep and in the bursa of Fabricius of the chick embryo
Authors: Reynolds John D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe metaphase arrest technique was used to quantitate the mitotic rate in sheep Peyer's patches (PP) and in the chicken bursa of Fabricius. It was shown that the mitotic rate in these tissues was the same whether or not the animal had been exposed to extrinsic antigen. The mitotic rate was calculated from the rate of accumulation of metaphase cells in tissue sections taken up to 4 h after i.v. vincristine. The follicular B cells in PP of fetal sheep at 3–5 days before birth, and in the bursas of chick embryos 2–3 days before hatching, none of which had experienced extrinsic antigen, entered mitosis at a rate of 5.2%/h and 7.5%/h, respectively. A similar analysis was done on animals at approximately 6 weeks of age, at which stage the PP and bursa had received chronic exposure to antigen from the gut. The mitotic rates were not significantly different from those in fetuses, i.e., 5.4%/h for PP and 6.0%/h for the bursa. In the follicles of both young lambs and juvenile chickens, the mitotic rate was 2–3 times greater in the outer, or cortical zone, than in the inner, or medullary zone. In a similar study of the thymus, no significant differences were found between the mitotic rates in fetal sheep and young lambs. The mitotic rate for the thymus was 15–20‐fold less than for the PP. It is proposed that sheep PP, the chicken bursa and the thymus have in common the important characteristic of establishing a maximal rate of lymphocyte division prior to being exposed to antigen.
Expansion and functional activity of Ly‐1+ B cells upon transfer of peritoneal cells into allotype‐congenic, newborn mice
Authors: Förster Irmgard , Rajewsky Klaus 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTransfer of peritoneal cells from adult donors into newborn, allotype‐congenic mice led to colonization of the recipient mice by donor‐derived B lymphocytes expressing the Ly‐1 surface marker (Ly‐1 B cells). These cells not only persisted in the recipient mice for at least 5 months, but also increased in number. In contrast, bone marrow‐derived stem cells did not or scarcely give rise to B cells after intraperitoneal injection into congenic newborn recipients under the same experimental conditions.Approximately half of the IgM in the serum of peritoneal cell‐recipients was produced by donor‐derived Ly‐1 B cells, suggesting that high levels of serum IgM in a normal mouse are produced by this B cell subpopulation. The transferred Ly‐1 B cells were able to respond in a normal fashion to α(1 → 3)dextran, but they did not participate in thymus‐dependent and ‐independent (TI II) immune responses to the hapten (4‐hydroxy‐3‐nitrophenyl)acetyl (NP). In neither the immune response to α(1 → 3)dextran nor that to NP were we able to detect an influence of the transferred Ly‐1 B cells on the selection of the idiotypic repertoire in the recipient mice.
The response of selected human B cell lines to B cell growth and differentiation factors
Authors: Shields John G. , Smith Susan H. , Levinsky Roland J. , Defrance Thierry , De Vries Jan E. , Banchereau Jacques , Callard Robin E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractFifteen human B cell lines were tested for their ability to respond to B cell growth and differentiation factors present in phytohemagglutinin‐conditioned medium. Five lines responded significantly: CESS showed an increase in IgG production only, HFB1 and BALM1 showed an increase in proliferation only and L4 and BALM4 showed an increase in both IgG production and proliferation. When four of the responding lines (CESS, HFB1, L4 and BALM4) were cultured with human recombinant‐derived interleukin 1, interleukin 2, interleukin 4 or interferon‐γ no significant response was seen. CESS, L4 and BALM4 all increased IgG production in response to partially purified B cell growth factor (Cellular Products, Inc., Sera‐Lab., Crawley Down, GB) and B cell differentiation factor‐containing supernatant from the T24 bladder carcinoma cell line. HFB1, L4 and BALM4 all showed increased tritiated thymidine incorporation in response to purified B cell growth factor but not in response to B cell differentiation factor‐containing supernatant. These lines may prove useful in the study of B cell growth and differentiation factors and their receptors.