bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hepatitis B and C virus coinfection in The TREAT Asia HIV Observational Database
Authors: Zhou Jialun , Dore Gregory J , Zhang Fujie , Lim Poh Lian , Chen Yi‐Ming A ,   The TREAT Asia HIV Observational Database
Published: July 2007

AbstractBackground and Aim:  Most studies of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection with HIV have been conducted among Western patient populations. This study aims to assess rates of HBV and HCV coinfection, and their impact on response to antiretroviral therapy and mortality, using data from The TREAT Asia HIV Observational Database (TAHOD), a multi‐center cohort of patients with HIV in the Asia–Pacific region.Methods:  Patients who had been tested either HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) or HCV antibody were included. Patients who ever tested positive for HBV or HCV were regarded as coinfected for the duration of the study.Results:  Results of hepatitis tests were available for 55% (HBV) and 49% (HCV) of 2979 TAHOD patients, with prevalence of HBV and HCV coinfection both at approximately 10%. Mean CD4 change at 180 days after antiretroviral treatment initiation was 118.8 cells/μL and patients with either HBV or HCV had a lower but non‐significant CD4 increase compared with patients with HIV only. Median time to reach undetectable viral load (<400 copies/mL) was 148 days and was not independently associated with HBV or HCV. In univariate analysis, patients with HCV had increased mortality (unadjusted hazard ratio, HR 2.80, P = 0.007). However, neither HBV (adjusted HR 0.80, 95% confidence interval CI 0.24–2.64, P = 0.710) nor HCV (adjusted HR 1.06, 95% CI 0.40–2.79, P = 0.905) was associated with increased mortality after adjustment for other covariates. Both HBV and HCV remained independently associated with elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in the multivariate model (HBV, adjusted HR 1.94, 95% CI 1.04–3.62, P = 0.037; HCV, adjusted HR 2.74, 95% CI 1.47–5.12, P = 0.002).Conclusion:  The impact of hepatitis coinfection on immunological and virological responses to antiretroviral therapy and HIV disease progression among this Asian cohort are similar to that seen in Western countries. The longer‐term impact of hepatitis coinfection on both HIV disease and liver disease morbidity and mortality needs to be monitored.
Hepatic hydrothorax: Pathophysiology diagnosis and management
Authors: Roussos Anastasios , Philippou Nikiphoros , Mantzaris Gerassimos J , Gourgouliannis Konstantinos I 
Published: July 2007

AbstractHepatic hydrothorax is defined as a significant pleural effusion (usually greater than 500 ml) in a cirrhotic patient, without an underlying pulmonary or cardiac disease. The diagnosis of hepatic hydrothorax should be suspected in a patient with established cirrhosis and portal hypertension, presenting with a unilateral pleural effusion, most commonly right‐sided. In the vast majority of cases, patients with hepatic hydrothorax have end‐stage liver disease. Therefore, they should be considered potential candidates for orthotopic liver transplantation. Until the performance of transplantation, other therapeutic modalities should be applied in order to relieve symptoms and prevent pulmonary complications.
Ezetimibe is effective when added to maximally tolerated lipid lowering therapy in patients with HIV
Authors: Bennett Matthew T. , Johns Kevin W. , Bondy Gregory P. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
To determine the efficacy and safety of adding ezetimibe to maximally tolerated lipid lowering therapy in patients with HIV dyslipidemia.
Retrospective analysis of lipid parameters was conducted for 33 patients with HIV who had been prescribed ezetimibe 10 mg per day.
Mean total cholesterol was reduced 21% (p < 0.001). Mean LDL was reduced 35% (p < 0.001). Mean HDL increased 8% (p = 0.038). Mean triglyceride was reduced 34% (p = 0.006). Mean Apolipoprotein B100 was reduced 33% (p = 0.043). No adverse events occurred.
Ezetimibe appears safe and effective in patients with HIV when added to maximally tolerated doses of lipid lowering therapy.
Differential heating and cooling rates in bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus Lowe): a model of non-steady state heat exchange
Authors: Malte Hans , Larsen Christina , Musyl Michael , Brill Richard 
Published: July 2007

SUMMARY
We analyzed water temperature, visceral cavity temperature and depth data from archival tags retrieved from bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) at liberty in the central Pacific for up to 57 days using a mathematical model of heat exchange. Our model took into account the transfer of heat between the portions of the myotomes comprising red muscle fibers adjacent to the spinal column and served by vascular counter current heat exchanges (henceforth referred to as `red muscle') and the water, as well as between the red muscle and the temperature sensor of the archival tags in the visceral cavity. Our model successfully predicted the recorded visceral cavity temperatures during vertical excursions provided that the rate constants for heat transfer between the ambient water and the red muscle during cooling (klow)and those during heating (khigh) were very dissimilar. Least-squares fitting of klow and khigh for the entire period that the fish were at liberty yielded values generally in the ranges 0.02–0.04 min–1and 0.2–0.6 min–1 (respectively), with an average ratio khigh/klow of ≈12. Our results confirmed those from previous studies showing that bigeye tuna have extensive physiological thermoregulatory abilities probably exerted through changes of blood flow patterns that controlled the efficiency of vascular countercurrent heat exchanges. There was a small but significant negative correlation between klow and size, whereas there was no correlation between khigh and size. The maximum swimming speeds during vertical excursions (calculated from the pressure data) occurred midway during ascents and averaged ≈2 FL s–1 (where FL=fork length), although speeds as high ≈4–7 FLs–1 were also noted.
Disruptive coloration elicited on controlled natural substrates in cuttlefish,Sepia officinalis
Authors: Mäthger Lydia M. , Chiao Chuan-Chin , Barbosa Alexandra , Buresch Kendra C. , Kaye Sarrah , Hanlon Roger T. 
Published: July 2007

SUMMARYCephalopods are known for their ability to change camouflage body patterns in response to changes in the visual background. Recent research has used artificial substrates such as checkerboards to investigate some specific visual cues that elicit the various camouflaged patterns in cuttlefish. In this study, we took information from experiments on artificial substrates and assembled a natural rock substrate (fixed with glue) with those features that are thought to elicit disruptive coloration in cuttlefish. The central hypothesis is that light rocks of appropriate size, substrate contrast and edge characteristics will elicit disruptive camouflage patterns in cuttlefish. By adding graded light sand in successively greater quantities to this glued rock substrate, we predicted that disruptive camouflage patterns would be replaced by progressively more uniform patterns as the visual features of rock size, contrast and edges were altered by the addition of sand. By grading the degree of disruptiveness in the animals' body patterns, we found that the results support this prediction, and that there is a strong correlation between fine details of the visual background properties and the resultant body pattern shown by the cuttlefish. Specifically, disruptive coloration was elicited (1) when one or a few light rocks of approximately the size of the animal's White square skin component were in the surrounding substrate (dark rocks alone did not elicit disruptive coloration), (2) there was moderate-to-high contrast between the light rocks and their immediate surrounds, and (3) the rock edges were well defined. Taken together, the present study provides direct evidence of several key visual features that evoke disruptive skin coloration on natural backgrounds.
Analbuminemia Produced by a Novel Splicing Mutation
Authors: Dolcini Lorenzo , Caridi Gianluca , Dagnino Monica , Sala Alberto , Gökçe Selim , Sökücü Semra , Campagnoli Monica , Galliano Monica , Minchiotti Lorenzo 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAnalbuminemia is a rare autosomal recessive disorder manifested by the absence or severe reduction of circulating human serum albumin in homozygous or compound heterozygous individuals. It is an allelic heterogeneous defect, caused by a variety of mutations within the albumin gene. The analbuminemic condition was diagnosed in a Turkish female infant on the basis of low albumin concentration (∼9.0 g/L). The albumin gene was screened by single-strand conformation polymorphism and heteroduplex analysis and submitted to direct sequencing. The proband was found to be homozygous for a T→C transition at nucleotide 13381, the 2nd base of intron 11. The effect of this previously unreported mutation, which inactivates the strongly conserved GT dinucleotide at the 5′ splice site consensus sequence of intron 11, was evaluated by examining the cDNA obtained by reverse transcription-PCR from the albumin mRNA extracted from the proband leukocytes. This analysis revealed that the mutation, named Bartin for the geographical origin of the patient’s family, results in the skipping of exon 11. The subsequent frameshift within exon 12 originates a premature stop codon located 5 codons downstream at position 411. The predicted translation product would consist of 410 amino acids. This novel extensive cDNA alteration is responsible for the analbuminemic trait.
The influence of social factors and implicit racial bias on a generalized own‐race effect
Authors: Walker Pamela M. , Hewstone Miles 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe current study sought to determine whether the experimentally reported ‘own‐race effect’ is other‐race specific, or whether it is a generalized effect. The perceptual processing of own‐ versus two groups of other‐race faces was therefore explored in White and South Asian individuals. Participants completed a computer‐based discrimination task of White, South Asian and Black face‐morphs. Results showed a generalized own‐race effect for White and South Asian participants discriminating own‐ versus other‐race (White/South Asian and Black) faces, such that individuals demonstrated a perceptual discrimination advantage for own‐ versus other‐race faces in general. These findings were linked to implicit racial bias and other‐race individuating experience, demonstrating that social variables play an important role in the magnitude of the own‐race effect. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Katalytische Flüssigphasenumwandlung oxygenierter Kohlenwasserstoffe aus Biomasse zu Treibstoffen und Rohstoffen für die Chemiewirtschaft
Authors: Chheda Juben N. , Huber George W. , Dumesic James A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFür die moderne Industriegesellschaft hat Biomasse ein enormes Potenzial als nachhaltiger Energieträger und Quelle organischen Kohlenstoffs. Ziel dieses Aufsatzes ist es, eine Übersicht über katalytische Reaktionen in der flüssigen Phase zu geben, in denen Sauerstoff‐haltige Rohstoffe aus Biomasse (vor allem Zucker und Zuckeralkohole) in wertvollere Chemikalien und Treibstoffe umgewandelt werden, wobei ein besonderer Schwerpunkt auf solchen katalytischen Transformationen liegt, die aus einem Verständnis der fundamentalen Reaktionsmechanismen abgeleitet wurden. Die Schlüsselreaktionen bei der chemischen Umwandlung von Biomasse sind Hydrolyse, Dehydratisierung, Isomerisierung, Aldolkondensation, Reformierung, Hydrierung und Oxidation. Ferner wird diskutiert, wie aus grundlegenden chemischen und katalytischen Konzepten Strategien für die Steuerung von Reaktionsverläufen und Prozessbedingungen erarbeitet werden können. Als Beispiele dienen dabei die Herstellung von H2/CO2‐ oder H2/CO‐Gasmischungen durch Reformierung in der wässrigen Phase, die Produktion von Furanen durch selektive Dehydratisierung von Kohlenhydraten und die Erzeugung flüssiger Alkane durch Kombination der Aldolkondensation mit Dehydratisierungs‐ und Hydrierungsprozessen.
Liquid‐Phase Catalytic Processing of Biomass‐Derived Oxygenated Hydrocarbons to Fuels and Chemicals
Authors: Chheda Juben N. , Huber George W. , Dumesic James A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBiomass has the potential to serve as a sustainable source of energy and organic carbon for our industrialized society. The focus of this Review is to present an overview of chemical catalytic transformations of biomass‐derived oxygenated feedstocks (primarily sugars and sugar‐alcohols) in the liquid phase to value‐added chemicals and fuels, with specific examples emphasizing the development of catalytic processes based on an understanding of the fundamental reaction chemistry. The key reactions involved in the processing of biomass are hydrolysis, dehydration, isomerization, aldol condensation, reforming, hydrogenation, and oxidation. Further, it is discussed how ideas based on fundamental chemical and catalytic concepts lead to strategies for the control of reaction pathways and process conditions to produce H2/CO2 or H2/CO gas mixtures by aqueous‐phase reforming, to produce furan compounds by selective dehydration of carbohydrates, and to produce liquid alkanes by the combination of aldol condensation and dehydration/hydrogenation processes.
Influence of the γ‐ray dose on the electrical properties of toluene diisocyanate mixed with naturally dehydrated caster oil fatty acids
Authors: Akraiam F. A. , Elaydy A. B. , Abed El‐Latif A. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMeasurements of the alternating‐current conductivity and direct‐current conductivity before and after irradiation were studied for matrices composed of toluene diisocyanate mixed in four different ratios with dehydrated caster oil fatty acids. Different irradiation doses were investigated for all the samples. The alternating‐current conductivity in the frequency range of 500–10000 Hz was found to obey the very well‐known law σac(ω,T) = AωS, where σac(ω,T) is the alternating‐current conductivity at angular frequency ω and temperature T and S is an exponent. The exponent decreased with increasing temperature for all compositions. A strong temperature dependence of the alternating‐current conductivity and the exponent in the entire ranges of the temperatures and frequencies was reasonably interpreted with the correlated barrier‐hopping model. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Preparation and characterization of calcium carbonate/low‐density‐polyethylene nanocomposites
Authors: Wang Wen‐Yi , Zeng Xiao‐Fei , Wang Guo‐Quan , Chen Jian‐Feng 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCalcium carbonate/low‐density‐polyethylene (LDPE) nanocomposites have been prepared by melting blend with twin‐screw extruder. The mechanical properties of composites and the dispersion of the nanoparticles were studied. The reinforcement mechanism was discussed. The results show that not only the tensile property but also the flexural modulus of the system have been evidently increased by the addition of calcium carbonate. The calcium carbonate particles have been dispersed in the matrix in the nanometer scale. The reinforcement mechanism of the calcium carbonate lies on that the calcium carbonate particles, acting as hetero‐nuclei, can induce higher crystallinity at the matrix‐particle interface compared to regions away from the interface. Consequently, in the process of the tensile test, the nanocomposites have better tensile yield strength. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Miscibility and intermolecular hydrogen‐bonding interactions in poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyhexanoate)/poly(4‐vinyl phenol) binary blends
Authors: Alata Hexig , Zhu Bo , Inoue Yoshio 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe miscibility and hydrogen bonding interaction in the poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyhexanoate)/poly(4‐vinyl phenol) [P(3HB‐co‐3HH)/PVPh] binary blends were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The DSC results indicate that P(3HB‐co‐3HH) with 20 mol % 3HH unit content is fully miscible with PVPh, and FTIR studies reveal the existence of hydrogen bonding interaction between the carbonyl groups of P(3HB‐co‐3HH) and the hydroxyl groups of PVPh. The effect of blending of PVPh on the mechanical properties of P(3HB‐co‐3HH) were studied by tensile testing. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Poly(1,3‐propylene glycol‐hexanedioic acid) grafted hydroxyl multiwall carbon nanotubes
Authors: Meng Qing‐Jie , Zhang Xing‐Xiang , Bai Shi‐He 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPoly(1,3‐propylene glycol‐hexanedioic acid) grafted hydroxyl multiwall carbon nanotube (PHHCNT) was fabricated in the presence of butyl titanate using 1,3‐propylene glycol, hexanedioic acid, and hydroxyl multiwall carbon nanotubes as reactants. The hydroxyl groups at carbon nanotubes reacted with hexanedioic acid and a small amount of carboxyl groups reacted with 1,3‐propylene glycol, resulting in the PGHA grafted on the carbon nanotubes. The carbon nanotubes surrounded by the PGHA chains with an average thickness of ∼ 2 nm. The polycondensation reactions can be controlled by the feed contents of HCNTs and the catalyst concentration in the reactants. The content of HCNTs in PHHCNT rises with an increase of the feed contents of HCNTs. In addition, the content of HCNTs in PHHCNT is higher than the feed contents of HCNTs in the reactants. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Swelling and antibacterial properties for the superabsorbent hydrogels containing silver nanoparticles
Authors: Lee Wen‐Fu , Huang Yu‐Chen 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA series of antibacterial superabsorbents containing silver nanoparticles based on sodium acrylate (SA), 1‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone‐silver ion complex (VP‐Ag+) and N, N′‐ methylene‐bisacrylamide (NMBA) were prepared by inverse suspension polymerization. The ascorbic acid (vitamin C) was used as reductant to reduce silver ion complex in the gels through in situ reduction method. The influence of the concentration of VP‐Ag+ complex in the superabsorbents on the water absorbency, swelling behavior, and antibacterial effect of Candida albicans was investigated. Results showed that the water absorbency for sodium acrylate and VP copolymeric gel (SV gel) in deionized water was 1016 g H2O/g gel, but the water absorbency for SV‐Ag series gel decreased when the silver nanoparticle was added. Results also showed that the antibacterial effect of the superabsorbents increased with an increase of the silver concentration (1 ∼ 10 ppm). © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Estimation of Ultrafilter Performance Based on Characterization Data
Authors: Peterson Reid A. , Geeting John G. H. , Daniel Richard C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBecause of limited availability of test data with actual Hanford tank waste samples, a method was developed to estimate expected filtration performance based on physical characterization data for the Hanford Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant in Richland, Washington. A test with simulated waste was analyzed to demonstrate that filtration of this class of waste is consistent with a concentration polarization model. Subsequently, filtration data from actual waste samples were analyzed to demonstrate that centrifuged solids concentrations provide a reasonable estimate of the limiting concentration for filtration.
Calcium‐Ion Removal from Peat by a Mechanical Filter Cake Washing Process
Authors: Ruslim F. , Nirschl H. , Mezhibor A. , Rikhvanov L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis contribution aims to bridge two different fields of science, viz., geoecology and mechanical process engineering. The study reports on the application of mechanical washing processes especially filter cake washing, on calcium‐ion removal from peat, which is a natural material that is used in different fields of application such as agriculture, medicine, cosmetics, etc. The interesting properties of peat such as its porous structure and the sorption behavior influence the distribution of liquid inside the bulk and the liquid flow behavior through the porous structure. Experimental results are obtained from filtration tests using differential gas pressure in a filter nutsche. The washing efficiency is determined for different pressures and specific amounts of applied wash liquor. It is found that the water repellent phenomena that occurs when peat has been dried, affects the washing efficiency in a very negative way. The results obtained are compared to the conventional filter cake washing process.
Catenated Cyclodextrins
Authors: Armspach Dominique , Ashton Peter R. , Ballardini Roberto , Balzani Vincenzo , Godi Anna , Moore Christopher P. , Prodi Luca , Spencer Neil , Stoddart J. Fraser , Tolley Malcolm S. , Wear Trevor J. , Williams David J. , Stoddart J. F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA novel synthetic approach is described for the construction of catenanes in aqueous solution from a partially methylated cyclodextrin (CD)‐namely, heptakis(2,6‐di‐O‐methyl‐β‐cyclodextrin) (DM‐β‐CD)‐and a range of substrate molecules that contain a hydrophobic central core in the form of a 4,4′‐disubstituted biphenyl unit (usually bitolyl) carrying two hydrophilic polyether side chains terminated by primary amine functions. In water, the amphiphilic catenane precursors form 1:1 complexes with β‐CD and DM‐β‐CD and 2:1 (guest: host) complexes with the larger γ‐CD. Macrocyclizations of the biphenyl‐containing substrates with aromatic diacid chlorides in aqueous solution and in the presence of DM‐β‐CD under Schotten‐Baumann conditions afforded‐in low yields‐a range of [2]‐ and [3]catenanes. When a consitutionally asymmetrical diamine was employed as the substrate, orientational isomers of a [2]catenane were obtained. A [3]catenene incorporating a macrocyclic tetralactam was found to exist as a mixture of head‐to‐head and head‐to‐tail isomers, which could be separated by high pressure liquid chromatography and identified unambiguously by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. One of the [2]catenanes afforded good single crystals from which the solid state structure was determined by X‐ray crystallography. Other techniques which aided the characterization of these novel compounds included ultraviolet/visible and luminescence spectroscopy, dynamic nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. Generally speaking, the catenated cyclodextrins are soluble in halogenated and aromatic hydrocarbons as well as in hydroxylic solvents. The existence of these new compounds gives us a unique insight into the nature of the noncovalent bonding interactions that cyclodextrins employ in binding substrate molecules.
Completely Spirocyclopropanated Macrocyclic Oligodiacetylenes: The Family of “Exploding” [n]Rotanes
Authors: de Meijere Armin , Kozhushkov Sergei , Haumann Thomas , Boese Roland , Puls Carsten , Cooney Mark J. , Scott Lawrence T. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA general approach to the family of completely spirocyclopropanated macrocyclic polydiacetylenes, that is, cyclic dehydrooligomers of 1,1‐diethynylcyclopropane 4, is reported. The characterized examples of these “exploding” [n]rotanes are for n = 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 12. X‐ray crystal structure analyses for the hydrocarbons with n = 5, 6, 7, and 8 disclose a strong electronic interaction between the cyclopropane and the acetylene units leading to a significant shortening of the distal and lengthening of the proximal cyclopropane bonds. While the five‐sided compound 18 can occur as a planar or envelope‐shaped molecule, depending on the solvent from which crystals are grown, the six‐ (19), seven‐ (20), and eight‐sided (21) molecules all have chair conformations. While the butadiyne units in 18 and 19 are bent slightly outwards, those in the seven‐ and eight‐sided molecules 20 and 21, respectively, are bent distinctly inward. All these compounds are extremely high‐energy molecules: when struck with a spatula or a pestle, they go off with a puff to yield black soot.