bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Technique for Teaching Craft Skills On Higher Education Courses
Authors: Davis Nigel 
Published: March 2007

A problem which has always confronted the development of higher level education courses in hotel management in the U.K. and Hong Kong has been the need for students to gain some basic competence in craft subjects, e.g. food production. This need exists partlybecause of the traditional expectations of employers, and because it is difficult to appreciate the managerial demands within the industry and therefore the taught theoretical aspects, without having some working knowledge of operational-level tasks and procedures. Traditionally, management students have been taught in a similar way to craft students, through many hours spent in practical situations, with the emphasis on practice or learning through repetition. I have addressed and partially solved this problem by developing anew approach to learning/teaching within the department. It was essential, initially, to recognize the students' needs. a) the need to develop craft (Manipulative skills) or b) the need to develop an appreciation and understanding of the skills and principles involved. Few students from managerial courses pursue a career in the "hands on "areas of food production. The approach consists of an interactive program which integrates the use of videos, a written text and a series of self-learning questions. Each section is divided into eight stages, the penultimate being arguably the most important, "The Practical Laboratory Class, " where the students display their comprehension of the system. This comprehensive approach allows the integration of closely related areas, e.g. commodities and applied technology, which are often divorced as separate subjects. The course covers: • principles of professional cookery • large and small scale equipment • Heat transference methods • temperature ranges • commodities • service presentations, etc. The approach is successfully applied to the teaching of professional food production skills on the Higher Diploma and B.A. degree courses. A major benefit is the saving on time—the syllabus is now covered more comprehensively, in approximately one third the time. The same techniques can be adapted to any higher level education course, which requires students to appreciate and experience craftskills withoutnecessarily becoming craftsmen.
Decommodification and the Transformation of Capitalism: welfare state development in seventeen OECD countries
Authors: Western Bruce 
Published: March 2007

Two distributional mechanisms can be identified in advanced capitalist systems: states and markets. State distribution of resources according to needs-based non-market criteria repre sents a departure from capitalist relations of distribution and accumulation and the 'decommodification' of labour power. Such a departure has been achieved with the development of particular sorts of welfare state institutional forms. These insti tutions are the outcome of a number of political and economic pressures. Politically, the way in which a labour movement is organised in parties and unions has been a crucial determinant of decommodification. Economically, conditions of prosperity and full employment seem important to welfare state develop ment. Regression analyses, and a brief historical survey of the ex periences of Australia, Sweden and the United States confirm the above propositions suggesting that decommodification as a departure from the logic of private capital accumulation is an important basis for the transformation of capitalism.
Interested Parties: a Discussion of Public Statements in the Alcohol Arena in New Zealand
Authors: Park Julie 
Published: March 2007

Whether research is used or not and how it is used is only partly in the control of researchers and is closely related to the politics of the research situation. I suggest that researchers may increase their ability to influence debate by making the politics of the situation part of their research. In this case study, public discourse on the issue of 'alcohol- in-society' is analysed in the context of the interest groups involved, the theoretical positions they held, and the use they made of research in relation to those positions. Although the interest groups showed some shifting alliances, depending on the issue being addressed, there was a demarcation between two main theoretical positions: the one locating alcohol problems with a minority of alcohol abusers; the other locating problems with the product itself, and hence, with its normal use. Research was used to support and to refute both positions. The debate took place in the context of folk wisdom about alcohol and its effects, and in an arena where the stakes are high.
Authority, Compliance and Rebellion in Second Generation Cultural Minorities
Authors: Pallotta-Chiarolli Maria , Skrbis Zlatko 
Published: March 2007

This paper investigates the intersections of ethnicity, gender and sexuality by exploring the issues of parental, communal and societal authority, and the degrees of compliance and acceptance or resistance by the second generation. Using the responses of Southern Italian, Croatian, Slovenian, and Yugoslav second generation individuals in Australia, two questions are addressed: to what extent do migrant parents use sexual and marital control of their children as a means of maintaining ethnic cohesion; and to what extent does gender influence the level of parental control and the types of responses made by their children. The respondents were both heterosexual and lesbian female and heterosexual males. The data indicates a considerable level of parental and ethnic community direction and authority in relation to sexuality and marriage. It also indicates considerable levels of acceptance and higher levels of resistance to these codes by the second generation individuals. Finally, it appears that although the discussion is ethno-specific, the issues that arise such as power, identity and the body are wider societal concerns.
The Selection, Utilization and Hygienic Operation of Equipment for Cleansing Utensils, Crockery, Etc., in Hotels, Restaurants and Canteens
Authors: Williams Ronald 
Published: March 2007

The size of the catering industry and the background to the problem of cleaning of crockery, etc., has been indicated. Current practices in the trade have been discussed. Manual and mechanical methods of dish-washing have been compared. An attempt has been made to present the factors affecting the choice, use and operation of equipment for cleaning tableware, etc., used in hotels, restaurants and canteens. Criteria for the selection of equipment have been suggested. The influence of personnel in hygienic operation of equipment has been discussed and the way in which instructions can be improved, suggested. A recommendation has been made for a subsidized co-ordinated investigation into the whole question of washing-up equipment and procedure.
Specialist practitioner within community learning disability nursing and the primary health care team
Authors: Bollard M. , Jukes M.J.D. 
Published: March 2007

Specialist nurses within learning disability services have been identified and promoted as a result of the National Health Service and Community Care reforms (I990), as well as through intensified debate within the learning disability nursing profession. The Department of Health has further supported the analysis of the role and the function within the context of the health and social care divide, promoting practitioners to concentrate on addressing health gain concerns through the Health of the Nation targets (DOH I995). It is suggested within this paper that specialist nurses within the community have not been allowed to develop their professional and philosophical base for practice, and instead have been manipulated by economics, policy formulation and through medical and managerial domination. The philosophy of primary health care is identified as providing these specialist nurses a framework so as to effectively realize true primary health care, as well as recognizing the impact that clinical governance will have on ensuring the need for practitioners to provide evidence-based practice (DOH I997). Two conceptual models are proposed; a segretative model and an integrative model, which offer the specialist community learning disability nurse a way in which the practitioner can work more effectively within the primary health care arena. Four domains of practice and a preventative crisis intervention approach give the specialist nurse a clinical foundation, to use within the primary health care setting. The perceived benefits and potential difficulties of making these models workable will also be highlighted. It is recognized that integrating these models locally will be dependent upon how specialist learning disability services are configured in each locality and how newly formed primary care groups may include community learning disability nurses, and how co-opted members are utilized to examine the health needs of people with learning disabilities.
Ecological Preconditions for the Emergence of Capitalist Action
Authors: Karp Herbert H. 
Published: March 2007

The present paper is concerned with isolating certain ecological conditions requisite for the development of capitalism defined as an activity pattern characterized by the acquisition of profit through exchange transactions. In particular it is hypothesized that the emergence of capitalist activity will vary directly with the extent of competition for sustenance. Verification of this hypothesis is attempted by demonstrating that the rise of capitalist activity in western Europe was associated with such competition, whereas in China- where capitalism did not develop-agricultural conditions did not call forth such competition. It is further hypothesized that a difference between western Europe and China in type of agricultural system accounts, in part, for variation between these two areas in the development of capitalist activity. The argument is developed that the practice of large scale irrigation agriculture is an inhibiting factor in the development of capitalist activity.
Patterns in Mass Media Use and Other Activities
Authors: Augedal Egil 
Published: March 2007

This report should be regarded as a contribution to the debate on "cumulative activities", i.e. it endeavours to throw light on the question whcther various kinds of leisure time activity are associated with each other. To examine these problems, survey data were collected in 1969 for a sample of 322 persons, representing the population of Oslo. The main conclusions reached are that the data support a hypothesis tor a so-called "partial cumulative pattern" for different activities. In addition it was found that the level of education played a major part in the development of the cumulative activity pattern.
Soviet Sociology and the Scientific-Technolo Gical Revolution
Authors: Nyström Kerstin 
Published: March 2007

An analysis is made of the Soviet Scientific view of the Scientific-Technological Revolution (STR) in the light of the Marxist-Leninist thesis of a qualitative difference between the socialist and capitalist systems. The argumentation concerns three theses. 1. Socialism alone can use STR for the welfare of humanity. 2. Only socialism can give man the possibility of creative work. 3. STR within capitalism shows more clearly the antagonistic contradictions inherent in capitalism. A comparison is also made of how the respective system is regarded as regards structural shortage of manpower/unemployment, the changing socio-economic structure of society, migration of labour between countries.
The Complex Web of Urban Governance
Authors: Rich Richard C. 
Published: March 2007

The logic inherent in the design of the American political system is based upon a presumption that overlapping jurisdictions will give citizens access to multiple sets of officials to tend their interests. That logic also presumes that authority must be divided or fragmented if those who exercise governmental prerogatives are to be held accountable for their actions. It may well be that the most critical problems of urban government have derived from excessive efforts to simplify political structures [Bish and Ostrom, 1973: 93-94]. [G]iven its present political organization and decision-making processes, the city is fundamentally ungovernable. By ungovernable I mean that the urban policy- making system is incapable of producing coherent decisions, developing effective policies, or implementing state or federal programs.... City government is an intractable jigsaw puzzle because of the inherent fragmentation of urban service delivery and the historical fragmentation of urban policy-making processes [Yates, 1977: 5,7]. Democracy in the United States is subverted at the local level by a unique development-the cordoning off of various subclasses into political units popu lated by their own kind wherein constituents equally escape the costs that might be imposed by participation of those worse off. Central city populations are left the privilege of voting to impose the costs of social-capital and class-containment expenses upon themselves.... Real class differences under capitalism are obscured by a subdifferentiation of class enhanced by segregating residence and by the particular consumption and class-reproduction activities that accompany that residence [Markusen, 1978: 109].
Non-Use of Force: A Strategy for Peace in the Nuclear Age
Authors: Apunen Osmo 
Published: March 2007

Apunen, O. Non-Use of Force: A Strategy for Peace in the Nuclear Age. Cooperation and Conflict, XII , 1977, 171-186. The author proceeds from the fact that the principle of non-use of force has a central position in the treaties concluded as a part of the present détente in Europe, as well as among the ten principles adopted by the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe. Furthermore, the principle is deeply rooted in the normative structure of peace in the UN Charter and related documents. By comparison and conceptual analysis the author concludes that the principle of non-use of force provides a political structure which unites the abstract principles of the UN Charter with the very concrete and practical recommendations of the CSCE Final Act. The framework thus analysed can be seen as an application of the concept of positive peace.
War and Politics: Clausewitz Today
Authors: Lider Julian 
Published: March 2007

Lider, J. War and Politics: Clausewitz Today. Cooperation and Conflict, XII, 1977, 187-206. The study reviews the dispute on the nature of war in the West and in the Soviet Union. After a brief description of the Clausewitzian philosophy and his concepts of absolute and real war, three Western schools of thought - the so-called militaristic school, political realism and pacifism - as well as the Soviet concept of war are discussed in relation to the Clausewitzian scheme. Differences between the Western and Soviet philosophies of war are then analyzed. They consist in different inter pretations of the politics of war (emphasis on foreign policy in the West vs. internal war in the Soviet approach), and of the notion of war (focus on interstate war in the West vs. Soviet primacy of civil war), as well as in different perspectives on the future of war (unclear future in the West vs. the Soviet assertion about the disappearance of war after the inevitable world-wide triumph of socialism). The author maintains that the debate over the interpretation of the Clausewitzian formulas on war is useful for revealing basic differences and similarities between the two antagonistic interpreta tions of socio-political reality and may therefore contribute to the prevention of war.
The Evolution of Official Finnish Development Policy
Authors: Antola Esko 
Published: March 2007

Antola, E. The Evolution of Official Finnish Development Policy. Cooperation and Conflict, XIII, 1978, 231-241. The author begins by noting that the problems connected with development policy did not become salient to Finnish foreign policy-makers until Finland joined the UN in 1955. In the 1960's diplomatic relations with the developing countries expanded signific antly, and an independent development policy began to be formulated. The author ana lyses three official committee reports on development policy from 1963,1968-69, and 1978, respectively, and concludes that official policy has contained three stable elements: a linkage to the UN system, a tie-up with Scandinavian cooperation, and a concentration on bilateral aid. In conclusion some major problems connected with these stable elements are discussed, among them the gap between promise and performance which poten tially threatens the credibility of Finland's development policy.
Danish Party Policies on European and Nordic Cooperation
Authors: Sørensen Carsten Lehmann 
Published: March 2007

Sørensen, C. L. Danish Party Policies on European and Nordic Cooperation. Cooperation and Conflict, XIV, 1979, 171-191. This article studies in detail the EC policies of eleven Danish parties with special emphasis on their implication for future Nordic cooperation. It is empirically based on election programmes and manifestoes used in the first direct elections to the European Parliament, where Danish parties were forced to state and explain their perceptions in a clear and explicit way on a number of issues related to European and Nordic cooperation. The EC election was an opportunity to discuss the future position of Denmark in international politics, but it largely developed into a repetition of the 1972 referendum on the costs and benefits of EC membership. The conclusion is that Danish political parties have been extremely status quo minded and immobile in their foreign policy perceptions throughout the seventies. If, therefore, Nordic cooperation is to be stimulated in the foreseeable future, initiatives in that direction will most certainly not come from Danish political parties, who seem to be locked in stereotyped perceptions of the foreign policy position of Denmark.
The Development of Cooperation Between the Soviet Union and Three Western Great Powers, 1950-75
Authors: Nygren Bertil 
Published: March 2007

Nygren, B. The Development of Cooperation Between the Soviet Union and Three Western Great Powers, 1950-75. Cooperation and Conflict, XV, 1980, 117-140. The main aim of this study, which has been inspired by some ideas flourishing in the détente literature, is 40 ascertain whether the development of détente during the period 1950-75 in three Great Power dyads - the Soviet-American, the Soviet-French, and the Soviet-West German - followed any pattern in terms of a reduction of conflict, on the one hand, and the growth of active cooperation, on the other. The indicator variables are two types of governmental interaction called 'conflict-solving' and 'cooperation-creating' in teraction. Conflict-solving interaction is found to have preceded cooperation-creating interaction most clearly in the Soviet-American and Soviet-West German dyads, whereas developments in the Soviet-French dyad are more difficult to characterize in these terms.
The Changing Nature of the Swedish Aid Relationship During the Social Democratic Period of Government
Authors: Barnes Ian R. 
Published: March 2007

Barnes, I. R. The Changing Nature of the Swedish Aid Relationship During the Social Democratic Period of Government. Cooperation and Conflict, XV, 1980, 141-150. This article analyses the changing nature of Sweden's aid relationship with Third World countries during the Social Democratic period of government. It is shown that, contrary to the reformist argument, Social Democratic ideology has been radicalized with an impact on policy-making and that ideological beliefs about equality actually found their way into aid policy. The article uses a case study which discusses this radicalization process between 1960 and 1972 by analysing Social Democratic party debates in party journals, daily newspapers and party conferences. It is demonstrated how an evolving ideology was manifest in the Swedish aid relationship with an increasingly politicized content to Swedish aid policy.
The Politics of Continental Shelves: The South China Sea in a Comparative Perspective
Authors: Østreng Willy 
Published: March 2007

Østreng, W. The Politics of Continental Shelves: The South China Sea in a Comparative Perspective. Cooperation and Conflict XX, 1985, 253-277. The author discusses three modes of reaction to international conflicts regarding the rights to exploit resources on the seabed to which there are overlapping claims of sovereignty: zero-sum reactions, freeze reactions, and positive-sum reactions. In doing so, the author draws on experience from joint-development arrangements in the North Atlantic, the Red Sea, the East China Sea, the South China Sea, and the boundary area between Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. The purpose is to discuss the relevance of some of the political factors that have previously produced these modes of reaction and to relate them to the resource and boundary problems in the South China Sea. The author concludes that parties that have an issue-specific conflict, a uniting ism, the least ambitious programme for conflict resolution, a large degree of interdependence, where the application of law is politicized and the parties utilize a conciliation commission, will be more likely to succeed in agreeing on a positive-sum solution. Correspondingly, it is concluded that parties facing a cumulative conflict, lacking a joint ism, striving for a comprehensive solution, with a small degree of interdependence and not availing themselves of a conciliation commission, have a greater chance of having a zero-sum reaction.
The Evolution of Cooperation: Some Notes on the Importance of Discrimination
Authors: Hovi Jon 
Published: March 2007

Hovi, J. The Evolution of Cooperation: Some Notes on the Importance of Dis crimination. Cooperation and Conflict, XXIV, 1989, 55-68. This paper compares the prospects for cooperation in compound Prisoner's Dilemma supergames under two different regimes — one where discriminating behaviour is allowed, and one where it is effectively banned. Three "stages" in the evolutionary process are being discussed. First, the author considers the conditions under which a process towards cooperation can be initiated. It is found that these conditions tend to be more strict when discrimination is banned than when it is allowed. Second, the prospects for expansion of cooperative strategies, once established, are investigated. It is concluded that when discrimination is effectively banned, a group of cooperators cannot expect others to join in on a voluntary basis. This is a very different situation from the one existing under a regime where discrimination is allowed. Finally, the paper considers the possible stability properties under each regime, of a situation characterized by universal cooperation. It is indicated that although a ban on dis crimination does not inhibit stability, it might at least make it more fragile.