bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Doppler-Free Two-Photon Excitation Spectroscopy and the Zeeman Effect in the “Channel Three” Region of C6H6
Authors: Baek Dae Youl , Chen JinHai , Wang Jinguo , Doi Atsushi , Kasahara Shunji , Baba Masaaki , Katô Hajime 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Doppler-free two-photon excitation spectra and the Zeeman effects for the 1021401 and 1011401 bands, whose vibrational excess energies are 3412 and 2492 cm−1, respectively, of the S11B2u ← S01A1g transition in gaseous benzene-h6 have been measured. Rotationally resolved lines up to a rotational excess energy of 945 cm−1 in the 1011401 band, whose excess energy is isoenergetic with the one of the 1021401 band at low J, have been observed. The density of perturbation is observed to increase around the K = 0 and K = J levels in the 1011401 band as the rotational energy increases, but line broadening is not observed. It was reported that only the K = 0 lines at low J and the K = J lines at high J were observed as a sharp line and the rest was washed out by broadening in the 1021401 band. The assignments are confirmed by the Zeeman spectra. The character and magnitude of Zeeman splittings in both bands could be understood as originating from the electronic orbital angular momentum arising from a mixing of the S11B2u and S21B1u states via J–L coupling. The levels of the S11B2u state are found not to be mixed with a triplet state by the Zeeman effect.
Kinetic Study of Synthesizing Bisphenol A Diallyl Ether in a Phase-Transfer Catalytic Reaction
Authors: Wang Maw-Ling , Lee Ze-Fa 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
In the synthesis of bisphenol A diallyl ether from bisphenol A and allyl bromide, the liquid–liquid mode of operation catalyzed by quaternary ammonium salts was carried out in an alkaline solution/organic solvent two-phase medium. The mono-substituted product was not detected during or after the reaction. In this work, a rational reaction mechanism is proposed and a kinetic model then established. The apparent rate constant of the organic-phase reaction was obtained from experimental data. The effects of the reaction conditions, including agitation speed, organic solvents, quaternary ammonium salts, inorganic salts, temperature, alkali compounds, amount of potassium hydroxide, and water on the conversion of allyl bromide, were investigated in detail. The presence of a small amount of tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) in the chlorobenzene/water system produced a rate over several folds larger than that of the reaction system in the absence of phase-transfer catalyst. The presence of alkali compounds promoted the formation of alkoxide and enhanced the extractive efficiency due to the salting out effect. The present etherification via phase-transfer catalyst could operate at lower temperatures to avoid Claisen rearrangement, which usually occurs at higher temperatures. Rational reasons to account for the absence of mono-substituted product are explained satisfactorily. Peculiar phenomena in investigating the effects of the volume of organic solvent, amount of KOH, and the volume of water and alkali compounds on the apparent rate constants are also explained.
Thermodynamics of Ion-Exchange of Alkali Metal Ions on Crystalline Niobium(V) Phosphate
Authors: Ahmad Anees , Rafatullah Mohd , Danish Md 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Exchange isotherms for hydrogen ion/alkali metal ions (H+/Li+, H+/Na+, H+/K+, H+/Rb+, and H+/Cs+) have been studied at 20, 40, and 60 °C at a constant ionic strength of 0.1 on the crystalline phase of niobium(V) phosphate. The isotherms show an irregular (S-shaped) behavior without a phase transition. A selectivity reversal has been observed over the entire system of solid compositions. Plots of the selectivity coefficient (loge scale) versus equivalent ionic fraction of metal ion in the exchanger phase are linear for all of the systems and at all temperatures studied. The ion-exchange capacities and the maximum uptake at equilibrium is on the order of Li+ &lt; Cs+ &lt; Rb+ &lt; Na+ &lt; K+. The higher selectivity of potassium ion compared to other alkali ions has been explained in terms of steric hindrance and the stiff three-dimensional structure of the exchanger having a fixed pore size. The thermodynamic parameters for the overall and for zero loading have been worked out using the Gaines–Thomas equation.
Thermo-Responsive Polymer-Mediated Extraction Followed by Flotation for the Removal of Poly(aromatic hydrocarbons) from Gases
Authors: Saitoh Tohru , Mizutani Koji , Hiraide Masataka 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
A simple and efficient gas decontamination system has been developed. The method is based on the aeration of an aqueous solution of a thermo-responsive polymer and polymer-mediated extraction followed by flotation. Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in gas phase were dissolved by aeration through the aqueous solution of a water-soluble polymer, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) [PNIPAAm], containing 0.1 mol dm−3 sodium nitrate and 1% (v/v) ethanol. The efficiency of the dissolution increased with increasing PNIPAAm concentration. PAHs consisting of more than 3 aromatic rings were quantitatively collected in the polymer solution, while the collection of volatile naphthalene was insufficient. Subsequently, on heating the polymer solution to 50 °C, the polymer media incorporating PAHs formed precipitates. The precipitates were floated to the surface of water by bubbling. Hydrophobic PAHs, such as pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene, were highly concentrated into the polymer phase having a very small volume.
Serum Tumor Markers in Breast Cancer: Are They of Clinical Value?
Authors: Duffy Michael J 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Background: Although multiple serum-based tumor markers have been described for breast cancer, such as CA 15-3, BR 27.29 (CA27.29), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), tissue polypeptide antigen, tissue polypeptide specific antigen, and HER-2 (the extracellular domain), the most widely used are CA 15-3 and CEA.
Methods: The literature relevant to serum tumor markers in breast cancer was reviewed. Particular attention was given to systematic reviews, prospective randomized trials, and guidelines issued by expert panels.
Results: Because of a lack of sensitivity for early disease and lack of specificity, none of the available markers is of value for the detection of early breast cancer. High preoperative concentrations of CA 15-3 are, however, associated with adverse patient outcome. Although serial determinations of tumor markers after primary treatment for breast cancer can preclinically detect recurrent/metastatic disease with lead times of ∼2–9 months, the clinical value of this lead time remains to be determined. Serum markers, however, are the only validated approach for monitoring treatment in patients with advanced disease that cannot be evaluated by use of conventional criteria.
Conclusions: CA 15-3 is one of the first circulating prognostic factors for breast cancer. Preoperative concentrations thus might be combined with existing prognostic factors for predicting outcome in patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer. At present, the most important clinical application of CA 15-3 is in monitoring therapy in patients with advanced breast cancer that is not assessable by existing clinical or radiologic procedures.
Minimal Disease Detection and Confirmation in Hematologic Malignancies: Combining Cell Sorting with Clonality Profiling
Authors: Zehentner Barbara K , Fritschle Wayne , Stelzer Tess , Ghirardelli Keely M , Hunter Kimberly , Wentzel Collette , Bennington Richard , Hansen Christian L , Myerson David , Kalnoski Michael , Wells Denise A , Loken Michael R 
Published: January 2006

AbstractBackground: In this study we demonstrate the technical application of flow cytometry and cell sorting combined with gene-rearrangement clonality profiling to detect and confirm minimal disease in 2 leukemia and 2 lymphoma cases.Methods: Specimens with low percentages (0.05%–5%) of abnormal lymphoid populations were identified by flow cytometry. The abnormal lymphoid populations were sorted by flow cytometry, and the purified tumor populations along with unsorted fractions were subsequently analyzed for the presence of clonal gene rearrangements by PCR and fluorescence-based capillary electrophoresis fragment analysis.Results: In 3 cases, distinct clonality profiles could be detected in the purified tumor cell fraction, and suspicious amplicons of identical sizes were detected among the polyclonal backgrounds in the unsorted specimens. For 1 patient, a monoclonal signal was detected in the sorted tumor cell fraction but not in the unseparated bone marrow specimen containing 0.05% abnormal lymphoblasts. A subsequent bone marrow specimen containing 4.8% recurring leukemia cells tested positive with a clonality profile that matched the previous profile in the sorted cell population.Conclusions: The described method integrating 2 technologies allows genotypic confirmation of an aberrant population detected by immunophenotype to increase diagnostic certainty. This strategy provides a sensitive tool for disease monitoring without the need for patient-specific primer design and assay optimization required for quantitative PCR analysis.
Cardiac Troponin T Circulates in the Free, Intact Form in Patients with Kidney Failure
Authors: Fahie-Wilson Michael N , Carmichael David J , Delaney Michael P , Stevens Paul E , Hall Elizabeth M , Lamb Edmund J 
Published: January 2006

AbstractBackground: The clinical significance of the increased concentrations of cardiac troponins observed in patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) in the absence of an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is controversial. One proposed explanation is that immunoreactive fragments of cardiac troponin T (cTnT) accumulate in ESRD. We used gel-filtration chromatography (GFC) to ascertain whether fragments of cTnT, which could cross-react in the commercial diagnostic immunoassay (Roche Diagnostics), were the cause of the increased cTnT in the serum of patients with ESRD.Methods: We subjected sera from ESRD patients (n = 21) receiving dialysis and having increased cTnT concentrations to size-separation GFC. We detected cTnT in the chromatography fractions by use of the same antibodies used in the commercial assay for serum cTnT.Results: In all patients, cTnT immunoreactivity eluted as a major, homogeneous peak in an identical position between the peaks of serum prolactin [relative molecular mass (Mr) 23 000] and albumin (Mr 67 000): the elution pattern of cTnT in samples obtained from ACS patients was identical to that of the ESRD patients. There was no evidence that low–molecular-mass (Mr &lt;23 000) cTnT fragments were the cause of the increased cTnT in the patients studied.Conclusions: The form of cTnT observed in the serum of patients with kidney failure and immunoreactive in the diagnostic assay is predominantly the free intact form, as in patients with ACS. Our data are consistent with the view that circulating cTnT in renal failure reflects cardiac pathology.
Renal gene expression profiling using kinin B1 and B2 receptor knockout mice reveals comparable modulation of functionally related genes
Authors: Bachvarov Dimcho , Bachvarova Magdalena , Koumangaye Rainelli , Klein Julie , Pesquero João Bosco , Neau Eric , Bader Michael , Schanstra Joost P. , Bascands Jean Loup 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe kinin B2 receptor, which is constitutively expressed in a large number of tissues, mediates most of the known effects of bradykinin (BK). Normally undetectable in healthy tissues, the B1 receptor is strongly over-expressed under pathological conditions. BK is an important mediator in renal homeostasis and is mainly known for its natriuretic and vasodilatory effects. Recent data evidenced a role for BK in many other biological processes, such as apoptosis, development, extracellular matrix regulation and angiogenesis. In a first step to better understand how BK and its receptors could be involved in such a large variety of biological effects, we used microarray analysis to identify, under physiological conditions, the global renal gene expression profile in mice lacking either the kinin B1 or B2 receptor. Microarray experiments were performed using Agilent Mouse Oligonucleotide Microarrays (21 000 genes/microarray). Interestingly, there was a considerable number of mostly downregulated genes in both BK null mouse models compared with wild-type mice. Furthermore, a number of genes that are known to be implicated in renal physiology and/or pathology were differentially expressed in the BK null mice, which is indicative of the important role of both BK receptors in renal function.
Dual signal transduction mediated by a single type of olfactory receptor expressed in a heterologous system
Authors: Ko Hwi Jin , Hyun Park Tai 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Controversy exists over the relationship between the cAMP and IP3 pathways in vertebrate olfactory signal transduction, as this process is known to occur by either of the two pathways. Recent studies have shown that a single olfactory neuron responds to both cAMP- and IP3-producing odorants, suggesting the existence of an olfactory receptor protein that can recognize both ligands. In this study we found that the rat olfactory receptor I7, stably expressed in HEK-293 cells, triggers the cAMP pathway upon stimulation by a specific odorant (octanal) at concentrations lower than 10-4 M; however, the receptor triggers both pathways at higher concentrations. This indicates that a single olfactory receptor, stimulated by a single pathway-inducing odorant, can evoke both pathways at high odorant concentrations. Using this heterologous system, both the dose-dependent response and receptor I7 specificity were analyzed. The dose-dependent Ca2+ response curve, which also includes the release of Ca2+ ions from internal stores at high odorant concentrations, was not monotonous, but had a local maximum and minimum with 10-10 and 10-7 M octanal, respectively, and reached a plateau at 10-2 M octanal. The specificity of the I7 receptor was lower when exposed to higher concentrations of odorants.
Aflatoxin B1-induced toxicity in HepG2 cells inhibited by carotenoids: morphology, apoptosis and DNA damage
Authors: Reddy Lalini , Odhav Bharti , Bhoola Kanti 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAflatoxin B1(AFB1) is a fungal toxin that has been associated with primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in humans. This study was undertaken to determine the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which the antioxidants β-carotene and lycopene inhibit AFB1-induced toxic changes in human hepatocytes (HepG2 cells). Anin vitrosystem was optimized to test the chemoprotective effects of lycopene and β-carotene on HepG2 cells exposed to different concentrations of AFB1. Ultrastructurally, HepG2 cells cultured in the presence of AFB1showed mitochondrial damage, nuclear condensation and a loss of cell-to-cell contact; the latter was reflected in the observation of dysfunctional gap junctions, resulting in a loss of cell-to-cell communication. At the genomic level, AFB1formed AFB1-N7-guanine adducts, caused apoptotic cell death and suppressed p53 protein expression. In the presence of the carotenoids, survival of cells exposed to AFB1was increased, and there was also a significant increase in cellular mitochondrial activity. Our results demonstrate that HepG2 cells pretreated with lycopene and β-carotene are protected from the toxic effects of AFB1at both the cellular and molecular levels.
The Effect of Joint Condition on Mechanical Properties of Irradiated Hot Isostatic Pressed Joints
Authors: Yamada H , Sato S , Kawamura H , Mohri K , Nagao Y , Takada F 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
For fabrication of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor blanket, a study was made on the effect of surface roughness (Ry) at the joint boundary on tensite properties of copper alloy/stainless steel hot isostatic pressed (HIP) joints after neutron irradiation. Three different types of joints (type-A: Ry = 1 µm, type-B; Ry = 10 µm, and type-C: Ry = 30 µm) were prepared and irradiated up to 1.5 displacements per atom at 200–250°C. It was clarified that the tensile properties of unirradiated joints and tensile strength of irradiated joints were not changed by the surface roughness condition. However, total elongation of the high surface roughness (type-C) joints was smaller than that of the other joints after neutron irradiation, because diffusion of Cr and Fe into the copper alloy was not uniform compared with that of the other HIP joints. This study shows that a more uniform diffusion region is necessary for HIP joints to be used under neutron irradiation than for unirradiated Cu/stainless steel HIP joints.
Impact Fracture Behavior of Hollow Glass Bead-Filled ABS Composites
Authors: Liang J-Z 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
The Izod and Charpy impact properties, including V notched and unnotched, of acrylnitrilebutadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS) filled with hollow glass beads (HGB) were measured at room temperature in the present paper, to identify the effect of the HGB contents on the impact fracture behavior of the composites. The mean diameter of the HGB was 70 μm, and the surface of the beads was pretreated with a silane coupling agent. The results showed that both Izod and Charpy (including notched and unnotched) impact strength (σ1) of the composites decreased quickly when the volume fraction (φf) of the HGB was less than 5 %, and then decreased gently with increasing φf. Both V-notched Izod and Charpy impact strength are close to each other, especially at low filler concentration. Furthermore, the impact fracture surfaces of the V-notched Izod impact specimens were observed by means of a scanning electron microscope. It was found that there was debonding phenomenon between the beads and the matrix, and the HGB in the ABS matrix was undamaged. In addition, obvious agglomeration phenomenon of the particles in the matrix was not observed.
Smoke Toxicity Data for Fire Hazard and Risk Assessment of Cable Products
Authors: Gann RG , Peacock RD , Averill JD , Nyden MR 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
This paper presents the methodology for and results from a series of room-scale fire tests to produce data on the yields of toxic products in both preflashover and postflashover fires. Trays of common household electric cable burned in a room with a long adjacent corridor. The yields of CO2, CO, HCl, HCN, and carbonaceous soot were determined. Other toxicants (e.g., NO2, formaldehyde and acrolein) were not found; concentrations below the detection limits were shown to be of limited toxicological importance relative to the detected toxicants. The uncertainties in the post-flashover data are smaller due to the higher species concentrations and the more fully established upper layer from which the fire effluent was sampled. The uncertainty values are comparable to those estimated for the fractional effective dose calculations used to determine the time available for escape from a fire. The uncertainty in the yield data is sufficiently small to determine whether a bench-scale apparatus is producing results that are similar to or different from the real-scale results here. The use of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was shown to be a useful tool for obtaining concentration data of toxicants. However, its operation and interpretation is far from routine. The CO yield was slightly lower than the expected value of 0.2, which should be used in hazard and risk analyses. The accuracy of the results is verified, and a hypothesis is offered for the lower CO yield values.
International Comparison of Impact Reference Materials (2004)
Authors: McCowan C , Roebben G , Yamaguchi Y , Lefrançois S , Splett J , Takagi S , Lamberty A 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA three-year horizontal comparison has been completed between national laboratories that certify specimens for the indirect verification of Charpy impact test machines. The participants in this study were the Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements of the European Commission, the National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), the National Institute of Standards and Technology in the United States, and the Laboratoire National d'Essais in France. The comparison was conducted to evaluate the impact of reference specimens over a three-year period. Sets of certified reference specimens, at low (15 J), medium (30 J), and high energy (100 J) levels were produced and distributed at the start of the study. Specimens were tested approximately every six months on each of the machines in the study. The results of the testing are presented and the stability of the various impact machines and specimens are discussed.
ASTM Activities for Assessing Cleanliness of Medical Devices
Authors: Spiegelberg S 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Recent product recalls relating to device cleanliness have helped to spur activities within the American Standards of Testing and Materials (ASTM). Researchers and engineers from medical device manufacturers, analytical laboratories, NIST, the FDA, and medical device consultants have formed an ASTM task force to address issues of cleanliness in biomedical components, including orthopedics, cardiovascular, dental, and opthamalogical materials. Work is being conducted to develop standards for assessing levels of cleanliness in metallic, ceramic, composite, and plastic components. The task force is also attempting to determine acceptable levels of cleanliness in the various biomedical devices. This paper discusses the current activities within ASTM. Draft testing standards are presented, along with plans for round robin testing.
Cleanliness Testing and Identification of Residues on Polymer Medical Devices
Authors: Zurbrügg D 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Machining and cleaning are key processes in the manufacturing of metal, ceramic, and polymer medical devices. During these processes, the components and final devices are exposed to processing aids, handling equipment, cleaning agents, and packaging materials. Methods for the cleanliness testing of such potential residues are discussed in this paper. To assess the effectiveness of the total organic carbon (TOC) analysis for cleanliness testing, the recovery of organic residues was studied. Spiking tests showed that nonpolar hydrocarbons are not well extracted, neither by 1 h ultrasonication nor by 24 h refluxing in boiling water. This results in a very poor TOC recovery for mineral oil-like residues. Good recovery and a high sensitivity for such residues are obtained by solvent extraction following Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. Furthermore, extracted organic residues from machined polymer devices were identified by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results indicate that nonpolar polymers like ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) absorb hydrocarbons from mineral oil-based processing aids during machining.
Reducing Modulus of Sealants to Improve Durability
Authors: Klosowski JM , Plott JE 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
The premise is that if one reduces sealant fatigue by lowering modulus while leaving other characteristics of a sealant unchanged, its durability will improve. Reducing sealant fatigue is seen as a positive consequence of lowering the modulus of elasticity of a sealant. The data shows the effect of incorporating a modulus modifier in one- and two-part (standard curing) urethane sealants and a one-part silane curing polyether sealant. This approach lowers modulus with no or minimum reformulation.
The Neutron Spectrum of NBS-1
Authors: Heimbach CR 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
A proposed set of photonuclear cross sections was used to calculate the neutron spectrum of a RaBe photoneutron source. The calculation used the gamma rays from 226Ra in equilibrium as a driver, transported the gamma rays through the materials of the source, calculated neutron production, and subsequent neutron scattering. The calculation produced 27 % more neutrons than measured, and predicted relatively more low-energy neutrons.