bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temperature profile and heat transfer model for a chemical wastewater treatment plant
Authors: Brown Eric V. , Enzminger Jeffrey D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper presents a heat transfer model for equalization, activated sludge, and trickling filter unit processes that can be used to assess the effect of operating temperature on unit process selection, materials of construction selection, and heat retention and cooling requirements. In developing this model, the individual variables that affect the operating temperature of biological systems were first identified. Mathematical relationships were then developed to described system behavior, based on conservation laws and rate equations. The heat transfer models were then used to develop a temperature profile of the two alternative WWTP configurations.
Advanced non‐catalytic post combustion NOx control
Authors: Chen S. L. , Lyon R. K. , Seeker W. R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe effectiveness of combustion modifications, including staged combustion and reburning, for the control of nitrogen oxide emissions from coal or oil fired combustors is most often limited by problems due to carbon burnout or flame impingement. This paper presents new data on the use of selective reducing agents, such as ammonium sulfate, suggesting that a hybrid control scheme is possible which uses combustion modification to provide those conditions which optimize the selective reduction process. Very low emission levels appear possible that can presently only be achieved by catalytic reduction.
The direct sulfur recovery process
Authors: Gangwal Santosh K. , McMichael William J. , Dorchak Thomas P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe Research Triangle Institute under contract to the U.S. Department of Energy, Morgantown Energy Technology Center, is developing the Direct Sulfur Recovery Process (DSRP) for converting either reduced or oxidized sulfur gases directly to elemental sulfur. Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the effects of stoichiometry, pressure, temperature, space velocity and steam content. Pressure was found to be the most important variable. Increasing pressure from 1.5 atm to 20 atm quadrupled the sulfur recovery at equivalent space velocity. Sulfur recoveries from dilute SO2 streams were greater than 96% in tests simulating the first stage of reaction. In the first stage of reaction, SO2 is directly reduced to elemental sulfur by coal gas or other reducing gases at high temperature and high pressure. Under second‐stage reaction conditions, recoveries ranged from 80 to 98% depending on operating conditions. Combined with a first‐stage conversion of 96%, this translates into overall conversions of 99.2 to 99.9%. Preliminary economic comparisons with conventional processes that could be used for treating dilute SO2 tail gases showed a decisive cost advantage for the new catalytic process. The effectiveness of the high‐pressure, high‐temperature DSRP on H2S containing gases has also been demonstrated. Direct conversions of H2S to elemental sulfur ranged to 98% in a single stage of reaction using near stoichiometric amounts of air or oxygen. Bench‐scale development is ongoing to investigate a variety of reactor types and configurations.
Full‐scale remediation of a grey iron foundry waste surface impoundment
Authors: Krueger Richard C. , Chowdhury Ajit K. , Warner Michael A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA large grey iron foundry was facing remediation of a surface impoundment containing approximately 300,000 cubic yards of EP‐Toxic sludge. The sludge was generated by the settling of wastewater solids from air emission control systems connected with cupola melting operations. Bench‐scale treatability testing was used to evaluate various chemical treatment possibilities for rendering the sludge non‐EP‐Toxic. Several phosphate sources and different engineering options were evaluated for cost‐effectiveness of full‐scale remediation. The most economical option was to dredge the solids continuously as a slurry (while the impoundment remained in operation) with injection of phosphoric acid into the slurry pipeline. The treatment process was controlled by monitoring residual phosphate in the treated slurry. The remediation process was tested in a month‐long field trial using full‐scale equipment, and was followed by successful remediation during a 6‐month period. A technical overview and performance data on the remediation process are presented.
Selection of treatment process to meet OCPSF limitations
Authors: Friday Thomas L. , Gupta Rakesh 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAllied‐Signal manufactures phenol, a precursor for nylon 6, at its plant in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. During this process wastewater is generated which is discharged to a POTW (Publicly Owned Treatment Works). The wastewater discharged has to meet the Organic Chemicals, Plastics, and Synthetic Fibers (OCPSF) pretreatment standard as defined as defined in the U.S. EPA regulation 40 CFR 414.In order to reduce concentrations of the various waste products, several technologies were evaluated including biological treatment, UV oxidation, and air stripping. Air stripping (or desorption) was initially rejected because it could not remove phenol to the desired level. Phenol has a low volatility which makes it difficult to strip. During the regulatory process, phenol was remanded from the list of OCPSF regulated chemicals. Therefore, air stripping was reevaluated as a treatment alternative. Additional studies showed that air stripping was the most cost effective method for removal of the regulated chemicals as well as a large percentage of the other volatile constituents. A thermal oxidizer was selected to destroy the organic compounds in the vapor stream from the air stripper column.Pilot studies were conducted to confirm literature values for the mass transfer coefficient of the components. The pilot data were then used to size the full scale stripper.The thermal oxidizer was designed using previous experinece with handling similar compounds. Because of the high flow rates, heat recovery was added to minimize fuel cost. The equipment selection was based on cost effectiveness.The paper will discuss the various issues encountered during the selection of the treatment process.
Computerized batch process for treating electroplating wastes
Authors: Reisser Arye , Lewin Daniel R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe application of batch processing to the treatment of electroplating wastes is described. The previously used continuous process proved to be unsatisfactory because of difficult and varying operating conditions over the treatment cycle and varying electroplating formulations. Consequently, a batch process was selected because of it is inherent advantageous in such cases. This study presents the reasoning behind this decision and describes the process and design factors that led to the particular facility.
Treatment of contaminated water, air and soil with UV flashlamps
Authors: Wekhof Alex 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA new and effective method has been developed for the treatment of VOC's, PCB's and other toxic organics. Direct UV photolysis of organics is achieved with this new method with the use of high intensity ultraviolet light of a broad UV spectrum. Standard and novel UV flashlamps can be used for generation of this broad UV spectrum. The pulsing nature of such spectrum helps to increase the efficiency of destruction of toxics. The final products of this destruction process are non‐toxic simple compounds. The energy efficiency of this new process exceeds that of traditional UV aided processes with medium pressure mercury lamps. This article reviews the Direct UV Photolysis Process, gives experimental results, and provides recommendations for applications in the treatment of groundwater, wastewater, contaminated air and soil.
A research institute wastewater treatment program
Authors: Nyuk‐Min Chong , Duen‐Gang Mou 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA research institute, due to its routine use of chemicals, equipment, and energy in research activities, is without exception a waste generator. The Development Center for Biotechnology in Taiwan, the Republic of China, has therfore taken the initiative in constructing an up‐to‐date plant for the treatment of liquid wastes in consideration of the public concerns and environmental impact. From the start operation of the wastewater treatment plant in July, 1989, the effuent quality has been maintained, at one hundred percent of the time, lower than the effluent discharge limits. The gained operation experiences as well as qualitative and quantitative aspects of liquid waste outputs from the biotechnology research institute are presented.
Influence of different additives on the reaction between hydrated lime and sulfur dioxide
Authors: Cunill Fidel , Izquierdo José F. , Martínez Juan C. , Tejero Javier , Querol Javier 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFive commercial calcium hydroxides were tested in a fixed‐bed reactor for SO2 removal at bag‐filter conditions. Small amounts of different additives (fly ash, NaOH, NaCl and CaCl2) were added to the commercial Ca(OH)2 which showed the greatest reactivity respect to SO2 (by a drying process). Fly ash performance was negative whereas the rest of additives enhanced the desulfurization power of the Ca(OH)2, specially NaOH (due to its basic and deliquescent character) and CaCl2 (by its delilquescence). CaCl2 has been the best additive tested at the used experimental conditions.
Recovery of gallium and arsenic from GaAs wafer manufacturing slurries
Authors: Jadvar Reza , McCoy Benjamin J. , Ford Bill , Galt Jerry 
Published: February 2007

AbstractLapping and polishing slurries from the gallium arsenide (GaAs) wafer manufacturing process were used to develop simple and inexpensive methods for separation and recovery of valuable gallium and toxic arsenic. The lapping slurry, containing GaAs, glycerol, alumina, iron oxide, and water, is treated by a process involving water addition, dissolution of GaAs, mixing, sedimentation, decantation, and evaporation. The polishing slurry, containing GaAs, silica, sodium bicarbonate, sodium hypochlorite and water, is treated simply by a repetitive cycle of adding water, mixing, settling, decanting, and evaporating. After treatment, the slurries contain less than 5 ppm of dissolved arsenic and are considered non‐hazardous.
Potential problems using the TCLP to determine BDAT compliance
Authors: Reynolds Caroline C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA major result of the Land Disposal Restrictions (LDR) is that all listed hazardous wastes must be treated prior to land disposal. When evaluating treatment options, generators will want to know whether the treated waste meets the Best Demonstrated Achievable Technology (BDAT) criteria for land disposal. To avoid enforcement action and penalties, analytical data must confirm that the treated waste meets BDAT criteria.Many BDAT criteria are based on the constituent concentration in the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) extract of the waste. Since the TCLP uses an acidic solution to leach the waste constituents, reported results may be influenced by hydrolysis, interfering compounds or laboratory contamination. Sufficient quality assurance samples must be analyzed for the data to be court defensible.This paper proposes methods for minimizing analytical problems and obtaining representative data. A case history illustrates several of the problems and related solutions.
Continuous flow thermal desorption of VOC's from activated carbon
Authors: Klobucar Joseph M. , Pilat Michael J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA countercurrent thermal VOC desorber apparatus with 0.43 to 0.67 lb/hr (0.195 to 0.304 kg/hr) activated carbon flow and 0.43 to 0.49 scfm (0.88 to 1.00 kg/hr) purge air flow provided 26.6 to 77.7% VOC desorption efficiency over the 62 to 199°F (16 to 92°C) operating range. The VOC concentration of the carbon was measured at the carbon inlet, outlet, and two intermediate points in the desorber by thermogravimetric analysis. Inlet adsorbent carbon VOC concentrations ranged from 0.23 to 0.44 grams VOC/gram carbon. The VOC concentration of the purge air was measured at the purge air outlet and two points within the desorber by GC‐FID. The VOC concentration of the outlet purge air ranged from 14,627 to 44,209 ppm (0.023 to 0.070 grams VOC/gram air). The VOC concentrations measured in the activated carbon and in the purge air provided the oprating line data for plotting on an X‐Y diagram and together with the equilibrium isotherms resulted in mass transfer coefficients Kga in the 472 to 864 lb/ft3 hr (7,561 to 13,840 kg/m3 hr) range.
On‐site evaluation of treatment system requirements to satisfy direct and indirect discharge limits for a complex industrial wastewater: A case study
Authors: Cooper Abigail M. , Torrens Kevin D. , Musterman Jack L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe promulgation of increasingly stringent effluent guidelines and penalities for permit violations has dictated the need for reliable and cost‐effective industrial wastewater treatment systems. This paper presents a case study that compares industrial wastewater treatment system requirements for indirect and direct discharge options. The results are based on a five‐month bench‐scale study that compared biological treatment and activated carbon treatment for removal of priority pollutants from a complex organic chemicals wastewater. Alternative discharge limits were defined by the OCPSF categorical limits, local POTW requirements and state water quality standards.The results of this study indicated that suspended solids removal followed by granular activated carbon (GAC) columns was the most cost‐effective pretreatment system.
Water purification and recycling using the CDI process
Authors: Ganzi Gary C. , Wood Jonathan H. , Griffin Christopher S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractContinuous Deionization (CDI)—also known as electrodeionization—is a hybrid separation process combining ion‐exchange resins and ion‐exchange membranes. A voltage gradient is used as the driving force for separations. The process is capable of acieving high levels of purification and concentration of dissolved ionic solutes without the use of chemical regenerants. Early research in the field focussed on the removal and concentration of trace metals from effluent streams. In CDI equipment, the electrical conductivity of only the diluting compartments is enhanced by the ion‐exchange packing. For this reason, purification levels often improve as the water recovery increases. Examples of improved performance are provided as measured by water conductivity, and levels of dissolved carbon dioxide.In high purity water production, concentration ratios of 1,000 to over 10,000 are achieved at high electrical efficiency. The process is therefore well‐suited for liquid purification applications requiring a high extent of deionization coupled with a high concentration, low volume concentrate stream with no net chemical additives. Using a municipal water source, purification levels, as measured by electrical conductivity, of 10 to 0.1 microsiemens/cm are achievable at 75–80% water recovery. Recovery is limited primarily by the precipitation of solids in the concentrating stream. In specialized applications, e.g., for production of less than 0.1 microsiemens/cm ultra‐pure water downstream of reverse osmosis (RO), CDI product water recoveries of 95% are achievable. Typical flow diagrams are provided and described.
Integrated anaerobic‐aerobic process for the biodegradation of chlorinated aromatic compounds
Authors: Armenante Piero M. , Kafkewitz David , Lewandowski Gordon , Kung Cheng‐Ming 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAn integrated anaerobic‐aerobic process for the complete mineralization of 2,4,6‐trichlorophenol (used in this work as the model toxic halogenated aromatic compound to degrade) was successfully tested and operated. The sludge obtained from the anaerobic digester of a commercial treatment plant was used to obtain an anaerobic consortium capable of partially dechlorinating 2,4,6‐trichlorophenol (2,4,6‐TCP). The clarified and sterilized effluent from the same anaerobic digester was used as the medium for the anaerobic consortium. During the anaerobic process 2,4,6‐TCP was first dechlorinated to 2,4‐dichlorophenol and then to 4‐chlorophenol (4‐CP). Stoichiometric amounts of 4‐CP were recovered. Similar results were obtained when the anaerobic microorganisms were immobilized on Manville R‐635 silica beads. After immobilization, the consortium was able to dechlorinate 150 μM of 2,4,6‐TCP in four days. Pseudomonas Glathei and an indigenous culture obtained from same sludge used to produce the anaerobic enrichment culture were shown to be able to degrade the 4‐CP produced from the anaerobic dechlorination of 2,4,6‐TCP. However, for the aerobic 4‐CP mineralization to occur the medium had to be buffered with phosphate, since high pH would inhibit the aerobic bacterial activity. It is expected that the proposed approach will be used to treat recalcitrant halogenated compounds that are not amenable to conventional biological treatment.
Sorbent/urea slurry injection for simultaneous SO2/NOx removal
Authors: Gullett Brian K. , Bruce Kevin R. , Hansen Walter F. , Hofmann John E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe combination of sorbent injection and selective noncatalytic reduction (SNCR) technologies has been investigated for simultaneous SO2/NOx removal. A slurry composed of a urea‐based solution and various Ca‐based sorbents was injected at a range of temperatures and reactant/pollutant stoichiometries. Testing on a natural gas pilot‐scale reactor with doped pollutants achieved up to 80% reduction of SO2 and NOx at reactant/pollutant stoichiometric ratios of 2 and 1, respectively. SO2 emission reductions from slurry injection were enhanced compared with dry Ca(OH)2 sorbent injection methods possibly due to sorbent fracturing to smaller, more reactive particles. Emissions from NH3 slip and N2O formation were reduced in comparison with others' published results while similar NOx reductions were obtained. The injection of the urea‐based solution enhanced the SO2 removal, likely due to the formation of a (NH4)2Ca(SO4)2•H2O compound. The results of this pilot scale study have shown high reduction of both SO2 and NOx, suggesting the need for full scale studies to further assess this combined sorbent/urea‐based slurry injection technology.
Evolution of the superfund remedy selection process, including an assessment of implementation of permanent and alternative remedial technologies
Authors: Dienemann Erik , Goldfarb William , Ahlert Robert C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe history of the Superfund program has been controversial, especially with respect to the development of the remedy selection process. During the early 1980's, USEPA rarely selected permanent remedies or alternative treatment technologies, relying on disposal and/or containment remedies. Dissatisifaction with the pace and extent of cleanup of the Nation's hazarous waste sites resulted in public and political pressure to address this situation. In response, USEPA's selection of alternative remedial technologies accelerated somewhat during the mid 1980's. At the same time, the original Superfund law and key regulations were being overhauled, culuminating in enactment of the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) in late 1986. SARA emphasized selection of permanent remedies and alternative remedial technologies that treat a site's contaminated source materials. SARA also established the Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) program to evaluate alternative remedial technologies. Since SARA, USEPA claims continued acceleration in the selection of permanent remedies and alternative technologies, while critics question the permanence of many of EPA's selected remedies.
Critical evaluation of PCB remediation technologies
Authors: Amend Laura J. , Lederman Peter B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPolychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a family of aromatic compounds consisting of a biphenyl molecule which has been chlorinated to form a large number of possible congeners. The number of chlorine atoms they can contain (from 1 to 10) varies, as does the placement of the chlorine atoms on the biphenyl molecule. Thus, a polychlorinated biphenyl is one of 209 compounds having the formula: C12H10–nCln. Due to their excellent heat stability, fire retardance and electrical insulating properties, they gained widespread use as dielectric fluid incorporated in electrical transformers and capacitors. They were also incorporated in products as various as plastics, hydraulic fluids, surface coatings, inks, paints, pesticides, lubricants, and carbonless copy paper.
Evaluation of a hydraulically‐installed suction lysimeter to obtain representative soil water samples
Authors: Chaimberg Mark , Carty Ronald H. , Scroppo Joseph A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe existing technology for obtaining liquid from the vadose zone involves drilling a bore hole, introducing a silica slurry packing, inserting a sampling device, and backfilling the hole. The high cost of drilling and backfilling contribute to the considerable expense of this procedure. Moreover, drilling through potentially contaminated soil increases the possibility of expanding the area of contamination. In this study, a novel small diameter suction lysimeter with a porous ceramic section was designed and tested. The stainless steel ram‐tipped lysimeter was designed to be installed into the ground using a hydraulic ram without the need of drilling a bore hole, thereby reducing the expense and potential for cross‐contamination. Simulated field testing was employed to evaluate the performance of the hydraulically‐installed lysimeter as compared to a lysimeter installed using the standard silica slurry packing technique. The decrease in sample volume uptake due to plugging in the pores of the ceramic section was investigated for the lysimeters installed both hydraulically and with the silica slurry packing, in three types of soil: medium sand, silty clay, and a clayey topsoil‐medium sand blend. The soil moisture operating range for the lysimeters was ascertained in a test chamber filled with a blend of clayey topsoil and medium sand. An investigation of the effect of sampling on the concentration of solutes was performed with aqueous solutions of ethanol and phenol.
Soil decontamination via microwave and radio frequency co‐volatilization
Authors: George Clifford E. , Lightsey George R. , Jun Inchul , Fan Jiayi 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMicrowave and radio frequency heating techniques have proven to be suitable on the laboratory scale and for small scale field studies as energy sources for thermal processing of solvent contaminated hazardous waste and contaminated soils. The process described here is a technique that could be used to remove contaminates from soils or sludges on‐site, collect the contaminate in an activated carbon absorption tower, and move the activated carbon off site for regeneration. The data presented show that destruction and removal efficiencies (DRE) of near 100% can be achieved for phenanthrene in simulated API separator sludge and 60% for pentachlorophenol in contaminated soil. A technique to enhance microwave absorption by the addition of carbon particles to the soil or sludge sample to be treated is discussed.
Supercritical extraction of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons from soil
Authors: Kothandaraman S. , Ahlert R. C. , Venkataramani E. S. , Andrews A. T. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAdsorption and desorption of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons from soil in the presence of Supercritical CO2 is studied. The soil adsorption isotherms are described by the Freundlich and BET models. Polar modifiers like methanol and water are found to exhibit a strong desorptive influence. A simple, single‐parameter model using linear desorption kinetics is used to fit the desorption data.