bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
4 The Nazirite Vow
Authors: Niditch Susan 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The focus of this chapter is Numbers 6, a ritual text that describes a vow undertaken by an individual to become a Nazirite for a specified period of time. A close reading, with help from methodological perspectives introduced earlier, reveals a different version of Nazirism than that described for Samson. The vow in Numbers 6 has been shaped by a particular priestly worldview that is highly concerned with issues of purity even while democratizing holy status, evidencing the worldview of postexilic priestly writers of the Persian period. A man or a woman may take the vow voluntarily. This form of Nazirism allows women of means an opportunity for some kind of sacred status, but it is temporary and no threat to the male Levitical priesthood. An interesting thread in this chapter concerns economic status and the Nazirite vow.
1 An Invitation to an Event
Authors: Shipley Thomas F. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter begins with a discussion of the significance of events. It then focuses on four traditional object-perception issues and considers potential analogies to event perception. These are segmentation and grouping; what makes two events similar; representation; and feature binding. An event taxonomy is then presented. It is argued that events, like objects, have boundaries. These boundaries may reflect the statistical structure of events as we have experienced them, either individually or as a species.
5 Pragmatics of Human Action
Authors: Baldwin Dare , Loucks Jeffery , Sabbagh Mark 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter presents novel ideas about one set of possible constraining forces that guide inferences about others' intentions and goals. In particular, it proposes that action processing is guided in part by rationality assumptions akin to Grice's pragmatic principles. It begins by laying the conceptual groundwork for the proposal, which involves considering, in general terms, why such a proposal is warranted, and then reviewing the core elements of Grice's account of the pragmatics of communication. It suggests ways in which a novel twist on the Gricean account makes it possible to extend the analysis in meaningful ways to a so-called “simple action” — that is, action that is directed toward achieving concrete causal effects in the world. Although communicative action and simple action differ along a variety of dimensions, it is argued that analogous pragmatic phenomena can be identified in each. Specific ways in which the Grice-inspired proposal can account for inferences about others' simple actions are outlined, and evidence supporting the proposal's plausibility is considered.
19 Shining Spotlights, Zooming Lenses, Grabbing Hands, and Pecking Chickens: The Ebb and Flow of Attention During Events
Authors: Levin Daniel T. , Saylor Megan M. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter proposes a new metaphor to guide research on visual attention: instead of a spotlight, hand, or zoom lens, attention is sometimes better likened to a pecking chicken. This metaphor may capture visual attention in situations where it only sometimes samples the visual world and does not track all objects over space and time. A set of metaphors for visual attention is reviewed and some of the ways in which these metaphors arise from the tasks used to study visual attention are discussed. Research documenting a range of failures of visual awareness that has questioned this understanding is described. Some implications for a model of attention that is less continuous than previous models but which produces a close link between knowledge and perceptual information during the specific moments when perceivers need to understand a visual scene are discussed.
21 The Boundaries of Episodic Memories
Authors: Williams Helen L. , Conway Martin A. , Baddeley Alan D. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Episodic memories must have beginnings and endings, but these remain unknown. This chapter presents two initial exploratory studies that attempt to identify the beginnings and endings of various recent and remote episodic memories. It also considers the nature of episodic and autobiographical memory, as well as what is known about the perception of event boundaries, which must surely play a role in the formation of memories of experienced events.
5 An Entirely New War
Authors: Casey Steven 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The massive Chinese intervention in the Korean War in late November 1950 created a new sense of crisis in Washington. Attempting to learn from the mistakes they had made in June, senior officials tried to provide a more forceful lead, reaching out to figures from across the political spectrum in order to foster a new sense of unity. But, initially at least, the administration's public efforts were little short of disastrous. The military situation was partly to blame. With events in Korea so murky, officials were unable to provide a clear sense of the scale of the defeat. In Tokyo, MacArthur soon stepped into the vacuum, issuing a string of statements that suggested a major catastrophe was in the cards. In Washington, Truman compounded matters when he told reporters that the A‐bomb was “under active consideration,” a phrase that suggested Korea was about to escalate in a truly terrifying fashion.
9 The Macarthur Controversy
Authors: Casey Steven 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Truman's decision to fire MacArthur in April 1951 initially threatened to make the domestic situation even worse. Indeed, Republicans hoped to exploit the opportunity to challenge the administration's whole Asian policy, and perhaps even impeach one or two senior officials. Within weeks, however, the MacArthur controversy worked to the administration's benefit. For the first time in months, senior officials engaged in a sustained and coordinated effort to make the case for war. MacArthur was thus outgunned. He was also placed on the defensive, having to rebut the official claim that his vision would result in a disastrous world war. More broadly, crucial figures in Congress, both southern Democrats and internationalist Republicans, rallied behind Truman's position, ending the disastrous prospect that had loomed so large in the winter—the prospect that the broad bipartisan Cold War coalition would soon collapse.
Reenchanting Confucius
Authors: Furlong John J. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractWhen teaching the Analects to Western students, it is imperative first to “defamiliarize” or “disenchant” students from their fetishized Confucian and ancient Chinese schemata by using materials from the Warring States project instrumentally, reading the Analects in that “positivist” cultural‐historical context. One then may “reenchant” or “refamiliarize” the Analects —make it “mean” and connect to students' own conceptual schemes and culturally shaped religious and philosophical yearnings, while refusing to reduce the text to those cultural shapes. The project of reenchanting Confucius should not resolve the question of whether the Analects is a religious or philosophical or uniquely historico‐cultural product of some other nature but rather constantly to defer it, refuse to foreclose it, continue to address and appreciate its complexities and conundra.
Taking Religion Seriously in Public Universities
Authors: Nord Warren A. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Nord argues that the study of religion is necessary if students are to understand either the religious or the secular dimensions of the world in which they live and concludes that taking religion seriously will require a significant curricular commitment on the part of public colleges and universities. Furthermore, teaching in the area of religious studies should focus on living religious traditions and should not treat religion in a merely historical or reductionistic fashion. Nord makes his case based on the ideals of liberal learning and academic freedom, on Supreme Court decisions, and on moral and civic concerns.
Religious Pluralism, the Study of Religion, and “Postsecular” Culture
Authors: Porterfield Amanda 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Porterfield warns that “religious pluralism” often serves as a code word in higher education for an approach to the study of religion that idealizes the positive aspects of religion and understates the negative. She argues, instead, that the academic study of religion needs to be rigorously objective and appropriately critical. Worrying that talk about a postsecular turn in American culture may also encourage an advocatory and non‐critical approach to religion, she champions a genuinely “secular” pedagogy (but not secularist) which neither promotes nor denigrates religion.
The Social Sciences and the Professional Discipline of Black Religion
Authors: Evans Curtis J. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Social sciences pathologized the religious experience of black southerners at the turn of the 20th century. The new psychology of G. Stanley Hall and his disciples was a major northern cultural authority that provided an ideology for the oppression of blacks in the South. New psychologists, building on the popular theories of white Protestant missionaries and educators (in the South and abroad) severed the connection between black religion and the moral sense (that is, ethics or morality) by arguing that black religion had no effect on blacks' moral life and was simply depraved emotionalism. By thus pathologizing black religion, the social scientists supported widespread claims of black degeneracy and argued that a naturally criminal and immoral African character was the culprit for the oppression that blacks endured at the hands of the lynch mobs and the state in the Jim Crow South. The new psychology theorized black religion as the emotional effluvium of primitive childlike minds and thus rendered blacks as archaic outsiders in an industrial modern nation.
6 Sanctifying Biodiversity
Authors: Jenkins Willis 
Published: May 2008

AbstractTheologians such as Rasmussen, Northcott, and Moltmann ground normative respect for creation in the experience of God's love. Each in his own way suggests that as humans are conformed to God's love for creation, they perceive and can respond to creation's integrity. As it brings them into friendship with God, grace brings humans to their creaturely senses, opening them to a world of normative value. But those theologians left unexplained why conforming ourselves to creation could be part of becoming friends with God, or why life with God might make us more at home on earth. This chapter turns to Thomas Aquinas to look for an explanation, seeking the soteriological conditions for ecojustice.
The Literary Tradition of Beit El
Authors: Giller Pinchas 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The Beit El kabbalists root their practice in Sharʾabi's theoretical writings, which are uneven and call for much interpretation. Sharʾabi produced a number of mystical prayers and also formalized penitential rituals of self‐mortification. Much of the literary activity of the Beit El kabbalists is devoted to resolving the desiderata and discrepancies remaining in Sharʾabi's writings, The most widely known evidence of Sharʾabi's activity is “his” prayer book, the Siddur ha‐RaShaSh, which was compiled posthumously by many hands. As a result of these factors, there are many versions and editions of the prayer book. In order to reinforce Sharʾabi's authority and spiritual hegemony, the Beit El kabbalists continued the Lurianic limitations of the kabbalistic canon.
Conditions of a Key Employee Agreement
Authors: Shuy Roger W. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractKey employee agreements, sometimes required of high-level employees, often restrict employees from establishing relationships with competing companies for specified periods of time after they leave the company. This is called a noncompetition agreement. In this case, the agreement specified what was meant by competition: “ownership interest amounting to at least 1% in the competing enterprise, an officership, directorship, or other policy-making position in the competing enterprise.” Semantics and syntax analysis, including grammatical scope, the semantic meaning of “other,” and intonation were used to help resolve the ambiguity found in this agreement.
Brain Damage from a Cleaning Product
Authors: Shuy Roger W. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis product liability case brought against a company that produced a ship cleaning product centered on the warning label for the cleaning product, which had caused a worker's brain damage. Comparison was made between the industry safety standards for the precautionary labeling of industrial chemicals and the text on the cleaning product's container. The wording of the warning section on the container was not prominent to the potential danger of the product. The communication of the dangers that users might encounter were unclear, and the advice about what to do if users got into trouble using it were not conveyed explicitly. The discourse sequencing within the warnings placed the least crucial information before the most crucial and provided no information about what to do to avoid the hazards that the product contained. The plaintiff also rewrote the text of the container to show how it could have been user-friendly and to communicate useful information and prevent further harm.
Racial Steering in Real Estate
Authors: Shuy Roger W. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA nonprofit organization created to eliminate unlawful, discriminatory housing routinely investigates complaints by black citizens who complain about being steered to all-black areas of housing. This organization routinely uses “testers” of both races to determine the adequacy of the complaints in telephone inquiries about available apartments and houses. One instance of this procedure led to a discrimination suit against a real estate firm. The plaintiffs lost the case because the statute of limitations had run out relating to the specific incident. The appeals court then reversed the decision, noting that the realtors' practice was a pervasive, ongoing event rather than a single instance. The linguistic issue then became whether the race of Vernacular Black English speakers could be identified in telephone conversations. Nine sample phone calls made by both black and white speakers were used in a study made by the nonprofit group. The linguist was asked to identify the phonological, grammatical, and lexical features that were characteristic of the racially mixed speakers on tapes of these conversations. The linguist also called on the literature on this subject regarding both the linguistic feature of VBE and the subjective reaction research in Detroit that showed how both black and white listeners were able to identify race approximately 80 percent of the time.
Falun Gong and the Future of China
Authors: Ownby David 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis book treats Falun Gong as an example of one form of Chinese popular religion, and the core of the volume, based on a close reading of founder Li Hongzhi's writings and on fieldwork among Falun Gong practitioners in the Chinese diaspora in North America, offers a detailed description of the doctrine, practices, and appeal of Falun Dafa (the term practitioners use to describe their “cultivation practice”). It is argued that Falun Gong, and the larger qigong movement out of which Falun Gong emerged, should be understood as part of reform era China's religious revival and that the historical roots of Falun Gong may be traced through qigong to the redemptive societies of the Republican period and even to the White Lotus sectarian tradition of late imperial times. The nature and historical importance of these groups has often been obscured by a state discourse of orthodoxy and heterodoxy, which the study of Falun Gong allows us to problematize. The ongoing campaign of suppression waged by the Chinese state against Falun Gong suggests that this discourse is alive and well and illustrates the state's role in the politicization of popular religious organizations. The volume concludes that religions like Falun Gong have played a more important role in China's modern history than has been recognized and are likely to continue to play such roles in China's future.
The Foundations of Covert Empire
Authors: Satia Priya 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter describes the prewar and wartime formation of the British intelligence community in the Middle East, tracing its informality to the particular circumstances in which it was formed, and describes its various diplomatic, military, and civilian participants. It explains how this community was inducted into the formal intelligence and military establishments of the war, and how they and the institutions they developed, including the Arab Bureau, continued to defy bureaucratic discipline. Finally, it explains how their task expanded to include spying on their Arab allies, in anticipation of peacetime arrangements. As their brief as intelligence agents widened, they laid the foundation for a postwar covert empire in which intelligence agents would wield executive power.
8 Covert Empire
Authors: Satia Priya 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter describes the postwar consolidation of a new style of covert empire, in which real executive power in the Middle Eastern colonies was held by intelligence agents operating in hidden reaches of the bureaucracy. The scheme evolved informally after the failure of proposals for a more formal intelligence network, which were deemed impolitic. The covert style allowed colonial control in the increasingly anti-imperial postwar world, in places where more overt control would be strenuously resisted but where paranoia dictated some kind of control. The discreet air control scheme was the centerpiece of this system. The covert mode enabled the British to remain in Iraq well after the declaration of Iraqi independence in 1932, through the fifties. The chapter closes with a description of the growing paranoia of Iraqis and other powers in the region about the British presence and British incredulity in response.
Saul: Three Anointings, Two Wrongdoings, One Good Son Between
Authors: Borgman Paul 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIsrael's second king, David, will commit what looks like far greater wrong than anything done by God's first choice, King Saul. But David proves much the superior leader. Why might God have given up so quickly on Saul, and what does this intimate about God's reversal of choices, for David? Possible answers begin to emerge with the narrator's presentation of Saul's three anointings and paralleled wrongdoing, the latter sandwiching a picture of Jonathan, of everything good that Saul isn't. With Saul we find an anatomy of failure that goes beyond mere wrongdoing. Something within Saul is tragically lacking, a flaw that will prove definitive as a contrast with David. Brought into a unifying vision by this and other patterns are “blocks” of material considered quite disparate by many biblical scholars.
David Spares an Enemy, Three Times in a Row
Authors: Borgman Paul 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIn the middle of flight from Saul, which was explored in the prior chapter, David twice has the opportunity to take the king's life but does not do so. Between these paralleled scenes, David spares the life of another enemy, a fool, but not before he is spared from his own worst instincts through the agency of Abigail, a wise and beautiful woman. In these three linked accounts we are offered a display of what appears to be David's capacity for combining political savvy with a surprising morality and genuine devotion to God. First, David spares a foolish King Saul (1, 24); next, he spares a boorish fool—and is spared from his own worst instincts (1, 25); then, once more, he spares foolish King Saul, displaying both political savvy and genuine devotion (1, 26).
3 Issues in the Semantics and Pragmatics of Definite Descriptions in English
Authors: Abbott Barbara 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter defends an analysis of definite descriptions according to which they express a presupposition of existence and a conventional implicature of uniqueness. It replies to analyses offered by Szabó (2000) and Ludlow & Segal (2004), according to which definite descriptions semantically encode familiarity and give rise to a conversational implicature of uniqueness. Evidence is provided that the familiarity implicature is cancelable and calculable, unlike the (conventional) implicature of uniqueness, and is thus conversational. Descriptions with stressed the either contrast uniqueness with non-uniqueness or express a hyperbolic extension of uniqueness such as importance or prominence. Two counterarguments of Szabó and Ludlow and Segal, involving kinds of determiner meanings in languages of the world and the definiteness effect in existential sentences, are briefly replied to.
4 Equatives and Deferred Reference
Authors: Ward Gregory 
Published: May 2008

AbstractPrevious accounts of deferred reference (e.g. Nunberg 1995) have argued that all (non-ostensive) deferred reference is the result of meaning transfer, a shift in the sense of a nominal or predicate expression. An analysis of deferred equatives (I'm the Pad Thai) suggests an alternative account based on the notion of pragmatic mapping: a contextually licensed mapping operation between (sets of) discourse entities, neither of which undergoes a transfer of meaning. Moreover, the use of a deferred equative requires the presence of a contextually licensed open proposition (Prince 1986) whose instantiation encodes the particular mapping between entities, both of which remain accessible to varying degrees within the discourse context. Finally, it is shown how a complete account of deferred reference must provide for transfers of reference as well as sense.
3 Construal
Authors: Langacker Ronald W. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAn expression's meaning depends not only on the conceptual content it evokes but also on the construal it imposes on that content. Broad classes of construal phenomena include specificity, focusing, prominence, and perspective. Specificity (or its inverse, schematicity) is the degree of precision and detail at which a situation is characterized. One kind of focusing involves various kinds of organization into foreground vs. background, such as given vs. new in a discourse, or the asymmetry in complex expressions between component elements and the composite whole (the expression's compositional path). Another dimension of focusing is organization in terms of maximal scope (the full range of content an expression evokes), immediate scope (the general locus of attention), and profile (the specific focus of attention). Focusing is a kind of prominence, of which there are many sorts. Two are especially revelevant for grammar: profiling, a matter of what an expression designates (refers to); and trajector vs. landmark, the first and second most prominent participants in a profiled relationship. Subsumed under perspective are the overall viewing arrangement, vantage point, the viewing asymmetry between the subject and object of conception, and the time course of conception (sequence of mental access). Descriptive notions are supported by converging evidence from three sources: what is known independently about cognition; what is needed for viable semantic description; and utility in an optimal account of grammar. Varied evidence can be brought to bear on particular semantic descriptions, including paths of grammaticization and predictions concerning distribution and judgments of well-formedness.