bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emprise et pouvoir de la transparence dans les institutions spécialisées
Authors: Pinel Jean-Pierre 
Published: March 2009

Résumé En appui sur une pratique d’interventions cliniques conduites dans différents sites institutionnels – psychiatriques, médico-sociaux et sociaux – ce texte se donne pour objet de mieux comprendre les souffrances psychiques mobilisées dans les équipes institutionnelles confrontées aux transformations contemporaines de leur métacadre. Ces transformations, issues des mutations culturelles hypermodernes, procèdent de la mise en œuvre de dispositifs d’emprise qui visent à produire des institutions entièrement transparentes. Ce mouvement profond advient comme une idéologie sans butée qui élargit continûment son empire. Cette poussée à la standardisation s’associe, dans de nombreuses institutions, à une perte engendrée par le départ d’une génération de fondateurs. Il en résulte un télescopage traumatique qui affecte insensiblement les organisateurs psychiques et les conteneurs symboliques des institutions spécialisées. L’article tente de dégager les conditions dans lesquelles les dispositifs cliniques groupaux permettent de soutenir une élaboration collective des bouleversements mobilisés par la rencontre de ces pertes et des mutations du métacadre institutionnel.
Figures actuelles du pouvoir dans les structures de soins
Authors: Bass Henri-Pierre 
Published: March 2009

Résumé Les institutions de soins, et plus particulièrement celles qui ont à prendre en charge le quotidien de la souffrance somatique, sont confrontés à des enjeux processuels de vie et de mort qui mobilisent de manière massive les connaissances des soignants mais aussi toute la dimension affective des identifications aux personnes en souffrance avec ses deux pôles de rejet ou d’adhésivité. Peut-on ici faire abstraction du contexte groupal institutionnel dans lequel ses prises en charge s’effectuent ? Le groupe familial comme le groupe soignant est en premier « effracté » par le débordement de l’angoisse qui a pour conséquence les gels de pensée et leurs effets au long cours.
Pouvoir, emprise et générations dans les institutions
Authors: Gaillard Georges 
Published: March 2009

Résumé La tentation de l’emprise se loge au cœur des dynamiques de pouvoir et de transmission dans les institutions. Dans ce texte nous examinons la question du « pouvoir », la place qu’il occupe au sein de la psyché pour tout sujet, et ses résonances groupales et institutionnelles (sa fonction de méta-organisateur œdipien). À partir de là nous interrogerons les mouvements institutionnels relatifs aux passages généalogiques, et aux restructurations actuelles du champ du soin et du travail social, à la prédation, et aux violences meurtrières dont ils sont le lieu.
Subjectivation adolescente dans les groupes thérapeutiques, pouvoir social et pouvoir sur soi
Authors: Dubois Alain 
Published: March 2009

Résumé La subjectivation adolescente emporte la question du moi : « Qui suis-je ? » comme celle du désir : « Que veux-je ? Que dois-je ? », les mêle et les confond irrésistiblement dans l’urgence quelque fois paniquante du changement. Nous en interrogerons la notion et la mesurerons à celle de filialité que nous tenterons d’expliciter.
The Challenges Associated With the Installation of Long-Distance Tiebacks
Authors: Forbord Per Kristian , Myklebost Lars , Skeie Arne , Bakken Bård Owe , Lund Gisle Morisbak , Grønvik Thore 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The use of subsea production technology as a development solution for deep water fields is now becoming a reality. As a result there are an increasing number of fields, which are developed with a long distance flowline tie-back, which can be in excess of 200 km, either to a host facility or directly to the beach. Consequently the marine operations associated with the installation of these long distance tie-backs must be able to deal efficiently with a range of conditions from the very deep water at the subsea facilities to the shallow water at the landfall area. This paper will address the issues and challenges involved with the installation of long distance tie-backs which include deep and shallow water pipelay from the one ship, extreme seabed bathymetry, tension control for free span mitigation, and operational as well as the challenges from extreme weather conditions.

Introduction
The Ormen Lange gas field (Figure 1) is located 120km westnorthwest of Kristiansund on the Norwegian West Coast. The field is located within a prehistoric slide area, the Storegga Slide, with varying water depths from 250m to 1200m in the planned development area. The seabed in the Storegga Slide is very irregular with soil conditions varying from very stiff clay with boulders to soft clay.
Figure 1 : 3D Visualisation of Ormen Lange Field (available in full paper)
As Figure 1 shows the selected concept for Ormen Lange was a subsea tie-back, approximately 120km, to the Nyhamna shore terminal. The Ormen Lange development is the largest single investment in Norway ever, and the Ormen Lange development will be Norway's second largest gas field in production when gas export from Nyhamna to the UK starts in October 2007. The field is developed by Norsk Hydro. Acergy was awarded the contract for the Ormen Lange MEG Pipelines Installation in May 2004. The contract scope of work was laying and commissioning of two 120km long 6" pipelines from the gas processing plant at Nyhamna to the Ormen Lange manifold in water depths ranging from 0 - 850m. In addition, a 3.6km long 6" infield pipeline between the two production manifolds was to be installed.

Installation Vessel
The pipelines were installed with pipeline installation vessel Acergy Falcon (Figure 2). She is a dynamically positioned vessel, which can install rigid pipelines up to 14" diameter by a "J" lay method in water depths up to 1500 m. The vessel welds the pipe joints in a firing line onboard and can carry up to 2000 tonne of pipe joints. The pipe joints can also be resupplied at sea. Acergy Falcon is also equipped with a Flexible Lay System (FLS) enabling laying of flexible flowlines. Flexible flowlines can be stored below decks in a 1600 tonne capacity powered carousel or on reels on deck. She is also equipped with two work-class ROV's which during pipelay are used for Touch Down Monitoring and survey. Figure 2 : Acergy Falcon (available in full paper)
Gas Seepage and Pressure Buildup at a North Sea Platform Location: Gas Origin, Transport Mechanisms, and Potential Hazards
Authors: Tjelta T.I. , Svanø G. , Strout J.M. , Forsberg C.F. , Planke S. , Johansen H. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Gas migration into well annuli with resultant high pressures is a common problem in oil and gas production wells. On a North Sea major gas producer high pressure has been observed in the outermost annulus of several wells and anomalous pressures were observed below the gravity platform base. Gas may migrate along the well-path and into the well annulus to create pressure problems and was further suspected to continue to the surface.
The source of such gas is often linked to shallow gas pockets or small reservoirs and the mechanism whereby the gas migrates into the annulus and creates excess pressure problems has often been associated with poor cementing or micro-cracking in the cement. The pressure and associated gas volumes are routinely dealt with by bleeding off the gas and/or water, but this action does not necessarily solve the problem.
A detailed study was initiated to investigate if the gas migration was a hazard to well integrity and foundation stability. Work to identify the source of the gas and mechanisms involved on this North Sea platform has provided a new insight into the understanding of gas migration in sediments and overburden. A gas source exists even if no gas pockets are present, and the migration into annuli is independent of the presence and quality of cement. The gas migration as a potential hazard for the platform foundation and a possible link with a natural gas flux in the seabed and the formation of pockmarks has been checked. The time scale for gas migration is important to judge the hazard. A model is presented in which water insoluble H2 gas plays an important role.
This paper gives a brief overview of the problems associated with gas migration, pressure build up in the wells and the foundation, and its relation to the formation of pockmarks in the soft clayey seabed of the Norwegian Trench.

BACKGROUND AND DESCRIPTION OF PROBLEM
The Troll A Platform is a huge concrete gravity base structure located in the Norwegian trench at a water depth of 305m, see Figure 1. The platform was installed in 1995 and in the following two years 40 wells were installed, 39 gas production wells and 1 monitoring well. A typical well design is shown in Figure 2. The platform is the North Sea largest gas producer with an average yearly production in the order of 26 GSm3 (923 billion cu.ft).
After a few years of production it was realized that pressure bleed-off activity from outer annuli was high, for some wells 10-20 bleed-offs every month. It is standard practice to set safe threshold values for pressure in well annuli and if this value is reached, pressures are reduced by bleeding off gas. The threshold for outer annulus was 6 bar, and this was raised to 15 bar after an evaluation of wellhead seals in 2001. This action reduced the problem of very high bleed-off activity to more normal conditions, typically once a month for an average well.
Epilysin (MMP-28) Restrains Early Macrophage Recruitment in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pneumonia
Authors: Manicone Anne M. , Birkland Timothy P. , Lin Michelle , Betsuyaku Tomoko , van Rooijen Nico , Lohi Jouko , Keski-Oja Jorma , Wang Ying , Skerrett Shawn J. , Parks William C. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Several members of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family function in various processes of innate immunity, particularly in controlling leukocyte influx. Epilysin (MMP-28) is expressed in numerous tissues and, in adult mice, it has the highest expression in lung, where it is detected in bronchial epithelial cells (Clara cells). Epilysin is also expressed by bone marrow-derived macrophages, but not by alveolar macrophages, suggesting that its expression by macrophages is dependent on localization and differentiation. To assess the role of this MMP, we generated epilysin-null (Mmp28−/−) mice. Although epilysin is constitutively expressed in normal tissues, Mmp28−/− mice have no overt phenotype. However, using a murine model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia, we found that Mmp28−/− mice had an early increase in macrophage recruitment into the lungs, as well as enhanced bacterial clearance and reduced pulmonary neutrophilia, which we predicted were due to accelerated macrophage influx. Macrophage depletion in WT and Mmp28−/− mice confirmed a role for macrophages in clearing P. aeruginosa and regulating neutrophil recruitment. Furthermore, we observed that macrophages derived from Mmp28−/− mice migrated faster than did wild-type cells to bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from P. aeruginosa-treated mice of either genotype. These observations indicate that epilysin functions as an intrinsic negative regulator of macrophage recruitment by retarding the chemotaxis of these cells.
Fas Signal Promotes Lung Cancer Growth by Recruiting Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells via Cancer Cell-Derived PGE2
Authors: Zhang Yongliang , Liu Qiuyan , Zhang Minggang , Yu Yizhi , Liu Xia , Cao Xuetao 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Fas/FasL system has been extensively investigated with respect to its capacity to induce cellular apoptosis. However, accumulated evidences show that Fas signaling also exhibits nonapoptotic functions, such as induction of cell proliferation and differentiation. Lung cancer is one of cancer’s refractory to the immunotherapy, however, the underlying mechanisms remain to be fully understood. In this study, we show that Fas overexpression does not affect in vitro growth of 3LL cells, but promotes lung cancer growth in vivo. However, such tumor-promoting effect is not observed in FasL-deficient (gld) mice, and also not observed in the immune competent mice once inoculation with domain-negative Fas-overexpressing 3LL cells, suggesting the critical role of Fas signal in the promotion of lung cancer growth in vivo. More accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) and Foxp3+ regulatory T cells is found in tumors formed by inoculation with Fas-overexpressing 3LL cells, but not domain-negative Fas-overexpressing 3LL cells. Accordingly, Fas-ligated 3LL lung cancer cells can chemoattract more MDSC but not regulatory T cells in vitro. Furthermore, Fas ligation induces 3LL lung cancer cells to produce proinflammatory factor PGE2 by activating p38 pathway, and in turn, 3LL cells-derived PGE2 contribute to the Fas ligation-induced MDSC chemoattraction. Furthermore, in vivo administration of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor can significantly reduce MDSC accumulation in the Fas-overexpressing tumor. Therefore, our results demonstrate that Fas signal can promote lung cancer growth by recruiting MDSC via cancer cell-derived PGE2, thus providing new mechanistic explanation for the role of inflammation in cancer progression and immune escape.
Genetic and Functional Characterization of the Mouse Trl3 Locus in Defense against Tuberculosis
Authors: Marquis Jean-François , LaCourse Ronald , Ryan Lynn , North Robert J. , Gros Philippe 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The genetic control of susceptibility to tuberculosis in DBA/2J and C57BL/6J mice is complex and influenced by at least four tuberculosis resistance loci (Trl1-Trl4). To further study the Trl3 and Trl4 loci, we have created congenic mouse lines D2.B6-Chr7 and D2.B6-Chr19, in which resistant B6-derived portions of chromosome 7 (Chr.7) and chromosome 19 (Chr.19) overlapping Trl3 and Trl4, respectively, were independently introgressed onto susceptible D2 background. Transfer of B6-derived Trl3 chromosome 7 segment significantly increased resistance of D2 mice, as measured by reduced pulmonary microbial replication at day 70, and increased host survival following aerosol infection. However, transfer of B6-derived chromosome 19 (Trl4) onto D2 mice did not increase resistance by itself and does not improve on the protective effect of chromosome 7. Further study of the protective effect of Trl3 in D2.B6-Chr7 mice indicates that it does not involve modulation of timing or magnitude of Th1 response in the lung, as investigated by measuring the number of Ag-specific, IFN-γ-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Rather, Trl3 appears to affect the intrinsic ability of activated macrophages to restrict intracellular mycobacterial replication in an NO synthase 2-independent fashion. Microarray experiments involving parental and congenic mouse lines identified a number of genes in the Trl3 interval on chromosome 7 the level of expression of which before infection or in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is differentially regulated in a parental haplotype-dependent fashion. This gene list represents a valuable entry point for the identification and prioritization of positional candidate genes for the Trl3 effect on chromosome 7.
Aire-Deficient C57BL/6 Mice Mimicking the Common Human 13-Base Pair Deletion Mutation Present with Only a Mild Autoimmune Phenotype
Authors: Hubert François-Xavier , Kinkel Sarah A. , Crewther Pauline E. , Cannon Ping Z. F. , Webster Kylie E. , Link Maire , Uibo Raivo , O'Bryan Moira K. , Meager Anthony , Forehan Simon P. , Smyth Gordon K. , Mittaz Lauréane , Antonarakis Stylianos E. , Peterson Pärt , Heath William R. , Scott Hamish S. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Autoimmune regulator (AIRE) is an important transcription regulator that mediates a role in central tolerance via promoting the “promiscuous” expression of tissue-specific Ags in the thymus. Although several mouse models of Aire deficiency have been described, none has analyzed the phenotype induced by a mutation that emulates the common 13-bp deletion in human APECED (autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy) by disrupting the first plant homeodomain in exon 8. Aire-deficient mice with a corresponding mutation showed some disturbance of the medullary epithelial compartment, but at the phenotypic level their T cell compartment appeared relatively normal in the thymus and periphery. An increase in the number of activated T cells was evident, and autoantibodies against several organs were detected. At the histological level, lymphocytic infiltration of several organs indicated the development of autoimmunity, although symptoms were mild and the quality of life for Aire-deficient mice appeared equivalent to wild-type littermates, with the exception of male infertility. Vβ and CDR3 length analysis suggested that each Aire-deficient mouse developed its own polyclonal autoimmune repertoire. Finally, given the prevalence of candidiasis in APECED patients, we examined the control of infection with Candida albicans in Aire-deficient mice. No increase in disease susceptibility was found for either oral or systemic infection. These observations support the view that additional genetic and/or environmental factors contribute substantially to the overt nature of autoimmunity associated with Aire mutations, even for mutations identical to those found in humans with APECED.
Contribution of Bronchial Fibroblasts to the Antiviral Response in Asthma
Authors: Bedke Nicole , Haitchi Hans Michael , Xatzipsalti Mara , Holgate Stephen T. , Davies Donna E. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Human rhinoviruses (HRV) are a major cause of asthma exacerbations and hospitalization. Studies using primary cultures suggest that this may be due to impaired production of type I and type III IFNs by asthmatic bronchial epithelial cells. Although epithelial cells are the main target for HRV infection, HRV can be detected in the subepithelial layer of bronchial mucosa from infected subjects by in situ hybridization. Therefore, we postulated that submucosal fibroblasts are also involved in the innate antiviral response to HRV infection in asthma. We found that regardless of subject group, bronchial fibroblasts were highly susceptible to RV1b infection. IL-8 and IL-6 were rapidly induced by either HRV or UV-irradiated virus, suggesting that these responses did not require viral replication. In contrast, RANTES expression was dependent on viral replication. Regardless of disease status, fibroblasts did not respond to HRV infection with significant induction of IFN-β, even though both groups responded to synthetic dsRNA with similar levels of IFN-β expression. Exogenous IFN-β was highly protective against viral replication. Our data suggest that fibroblasts respond to HRV with a vigorous proinflammatory response but minimal IFN-β expression. Their susceptibility to infection may cause them to be a reservoir for HRV replication in the lower airways, especially in asthmatic subjects where there is reduced protection offered by epithelial-derived IFNs. Their ability to support viral replication coupled with their vigorous proinflammatory response following infection may contribute to asthma exacerbations.
IL-21-Mediated Potentiation of Antitumor Cytolytic and Proinflammatory Responses of Human Vγ9Vδ2 T Cells for Adoptive Immunotherapy
Authors: Thedrez Aurélie , Harly Christelle , Morice Alexis , Salot Samuel , Bonneville Marc , Scotet Emmanuel 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Vγ9Vδ2 T lymphocytes are a major human γδ T cell subset that react against a wide array of tumor cells, through recognition of phosphorylated isoprenoid pathway metabolites called phosphoantigens. Immunotherapeutic protocols targeting Vγ9Vδ2 T cells have yielded promising, yet limited, signs of antitumor efficacy. To improve these approaches, we analyzed the effects on γδ T cells of IL-21, a cytokine known to enhance proliferation and effector functions of CD8+ T cells and NK cells. IL-21 induced limited division of phosphoantigen-stimulated Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, but did not modulate their sustained expansion induced by exogenous IL-2. Vγ9Vδ2 T cells expanded in the presence of IL-21 and IL-2 showed enhanced antitumor cytolytic responses, associated with increased expression of CD56 and several lytic molecules, and increased tumor-induced degranulation capacity. IL-21 plus IL-2-expanded Vγ9Vδ2 T cells expressed higher levels of inhibitory receptors (e.g., ILT2 and NKG2A) and lower levels of the costimulatory molecule NKG2D. Importantly, these changes were rapidly and reversibly induced after short-term culture with IL-21. Finally, IL-21 irreversibly enhanced the proinflammatory Th1 polarization of expanded Vγ9Vδ2 T cells when added at the beginning of the culture. These data suggest a new role played by IL-21 in the cytotoxic and Th1 programming of precommitted Ag-stimulated γδ T cells. On a more applied standpoint, IL-21 could be combined to IL-2 to enhance γδ T cell-mediated antitumor responses, and thus represents a promising way to optimize immunotherapies targeting this cell subset.
Chimpanzees Use More Varied Receptors and Ligands Than Humans for Inhibitory Killer Cell Ig-Like Receptor Recognition of the MHC-C1 and MHC-C2 Epitopes
Authors: Moesta Achim K. , Abi-Rached Laurent , Norman Paul J. , Parham Peter 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Humans and chimpanzees have orthologous MHC class I, but few orthologous killer cell Ig-like receptors (KIR). Most divergent are lineage III KIR, which in humans include the inhibitory KIR2DL1 and 2DL2/3 specific for HLA-C. Six lineage III chimpanzee KIR were identified as candidate inhibitory MHC-C receptors and studied using cytolytic assays, to assess the capacity of a defined KIR to function with a defined MHC class I allotype, and direct binding assays with KIR-Fc fusion proteins. Pt-KIR2DL6 and 2DL8 were demonstrated to be inhibitory C1 receptors with a specificity and specificity-determining residue (lysine 44) like KIR2DL3. Analogously, Pt-KIR2DL7 is like KIR2DL1, an inhibitory C2 receptor having methionine 44. Pt-KIR3DL4 and 3DL5 are unusual lineage III KIR with D0 domains, which are also inhibitory C2 receptors with methionine 44. Removal of D0 from KIR3DL, or its addition to KIR2DL, had no effect on KIR function. Pt-KIR2DL9, a fourth inhibitory C2 receptor, has glutamate 44, a previously uncharacterized specificity-determining residue that is absent from human KIR. Reconstruction of the ancestral hominoid KIR sequence shows it encoded lysine 44, indicating that KIR having methionine 44 and glutamate 44 subsequently evolved by independent point substitutions. Thus, MHC-C2-specific KIR have evolved independently on at least two occasions. None of the six chimpanzee KIR studied resembles KIR2DL2, which interacts strongly with C1 and cross-reacts with C2. Whereas human HLA-B allotypes that have functional C1 epitopes are either rare (HLA-B*73) or geographically localized (HLA-B*46), some 25% of Patr-B allotypes have the C1 epitope and are functional KIR ligands.
Autophagy and Its Role in MHC-Mediated Antigen Presentation
Authors: Crotzer Victoria L. , Blum Janice S. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Intracellular degradation by autophagy plays a role in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis under normal conditions and during periods of cellular stress. Autophagy has also been implicated in several other cellular processes including immune recognition and responsiveness. More specifically, autophagy has been identified as a route by which cytoplasmic and nuclear Ag are delivered to MHC class II molecules for presentation to CD4+ T cells. Autophagy has also recently been implicated in MHC class I cross-presentation of tumor Ag and the activation of CD8+ T cells. This review discusses the role of autophagy in modulating MHC class I and class II Ag presentation as well as its implication in regulating autoimmunity and tolerance, tumor immunity, and host defense against intracellular pathogens.