bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modulation of mandibular loading and bite force in mammals during mastication
Authors: Ross Callum F. , Dharia Ruchi , Herring Susan W. , Hylander William L. , Liu Zi-Jun , Rafferty Katherine L. , Ravosa Matthew J. , Williams Susan H. 
Published: March 2007

SUMMARY
Modulation of force during mammalian mastication provides insight into force modulation in rhythmic, cyclic behaviors. This study uses in vivo bone strain data from the mandibular corpus to test two hypotheses regarding bite force modulation during rhythmic mastication in mammals: (1)that bite force is modulated by varying the duration of force production, or(2) that bite force is modulated by varying the rate at which force is produced. The data sample consists of rosette strain data from 40 experiments on 11 species of mammals, including six primate genera and four nonprimate species: goats, pigs, horses and alpacas. Bivariate correlation and multiple regression methods are used to assess relationships between maximum(ϵ1) and minimum (ϵ2) principal strain magnitudes and the following variables: loading time and mean loading rate from 5% of peak to peak strain, unloading time and mean unloading rate from peak to 5% of peak strain, chew cycle duration, and chew duty factor. Bivariate correlations reveal that in the majority of experiments strain magnitudes are significantly (P&lt;0.001) correlated with strain loading and unloading rates and not with strain loading and unloading times. In those cases when strain magnitudes are also correlated with loading times,strain magnitudes are more highly correlated with loading rate than loading time. Multiple regression analyses reveal that variation in strain magnitude is best explained by variation in loading rate. Loading time and related temporal variables (such as overall chew cycle time and chew duty factor) do not explain significant amounts of additional variance. Few and only weak correlations were found between strain magnitude and chew cycle time and chew duty factor. These data suggest that bite force modulation during rhythmic mastication in mammals is mainly achieved by modulating the rate at which force is generated within a chew cycle, and less so by varying temporal parameters. Rate modulation rather than time modulation may allow rhythmic mastication to proceed at a relatively constant frequency, simplifying motor control computation.)
Cultural Barriers to Care: Inverting the Problem
Authors: Tripp-Reimer Toni , Choi Eunice , Kelley Lisa Skemp , Enslein Janet C. 
Published: March 2007

In BriefIn working with diverse populations, health practitioners often view patients’ culture as a barrier to care. Inverting this problem by viewing the barriers as arising from the culture of biomedicine provides greater direction for practice. Integral to the delivery of culturally appropriate diabetes care are practitioner competencies in specific areas of cultural knowledge, as well as specific skills in intercultural communication, tripartite cultural assessment, selecting among levels of intensity of cultural interventions (neutral, sensitive, innovative, or transformative), adapting patient education, and developing community partnerships.
Psychosocial Barriers to Diabetes Self-Management and Quality of Life
Authors: Glasgow Russell E. , Toobert Deborah J. , Gillette Cynthia D. 
Published: March 2007

In Brief
Diabetes self-management can be difficult and frustrating for both patients and practitioners. Information is needed about which barriers present the greatest obstacles for which types of patients, and from this, practical, cost-effective interventions need to be developed. This article reviews existing research on psychosocial and interpersonal barriers to diabetes self-management and quality of life. It also presents new data on a self-efficacy-based barriers instrument and makes recommendations for future research.
Select Vitamins and Minerals in the Management of Diabetes
Authors: O’Connell Belinda S. 
Published: March 2007

In BriefThe use of vitamin, mineral, and other complementary nutrition-based therapies has increased dramatically in the United States. Many health care providers are also beginning to explore the use of these therapies in their practices. For those of us who work in conventional health care settings, this is a new venture. But for many of our patients who have been self-medicating with supplements, it is not. This article reviews how micronutrient requirements are determined and summarizes current recommendations for supplementation and the most pertinent research on the use of key vitamins and minerals in diabetes management.
Is Massage Useful in the Management of Diabetes? A Systematic Review
Authors: Ezzo Jeanette , Donner Thomas , Nickols Diane , Cox Mary 
Published: March 2007

In Brief
Massage is among the fastest growing complementary therapies used in the United States. This article systematically reviews the available evidence on potential benefits and adverse effects of massage for people with diabetes. Massage at injection sites may increase insulin absorption. In addition, uncontrolled studies suggest that massage may have a positive effect on blood glucose levels and symptoms of diabetic neuropathy. However, randomized, placebo-controlled studies are needed to confirm any short- and long-term benefits of massage as a complementary treatment for diabetes and to further define an optimal massage treatment.
Group Medical Appointments in Diabetes Care: Is There a Future?
Authors: Weinger Katie 
Published: March 2007

In BriefNew models are emerging for using patient groups in the medical care of diabetes. Most include a diabetes education component. Several of these models have demonstrated improved glycemic outcomes during randomized trials. However, determining which component of these care delivery systems is responsible for any realized clinical improvement is difficult. Thus, more well-designed, randomized, controlled studies and more details on applying group techniques to medical appointments are necessary to understand the health and cost-effectiveness outcomes of group medical appointments.
The Impact of Bariatric Surgery on Severely Obese Patients With Diabetes
Authors: Eisenberg Daniel , Bell Robert L. 
Published: March 2007

In Brief
Obesity and diabetes are two often interrelated and escalating health problems. For patients with clinically severe obesity and diabetes, surgery provides the best option for the cure of both disease processes. The resolution of diabetes may not result from weight loss alone, but instead may be caused by (surgical) alateration of the enteroinsular axis.
Family Conflict and Diabetes Management in Youth: Clinical Lessons From Child Development and Diabetes Research
Authors: Anderson Barbara J. 
Published: March 2007

In Brief
This articles focuses on family conflict and parenting behavior and their link to self-esteem, treatment adherence, and glycemic control in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. From the diabetes literature and normal child development research, the concept of “authoritative parenting” seems especially applicable to the coping tasks facing parents and youth around the management of type 1 diabetes. Research on general family conflict, diabetes-specific family conflict, and child development are discussed with respect to the translation of findings to assist health care providers and parents.
A National Study of the Certified Diabetes Educator: Report on a Job Analysis Conducted by the National Certification Board for Diabetes Educators
Authors: Zrebiec John 
Published: March 2007

Purpose. The job analysis described in this report was conducted by the National Certification Board for Diabetes Educators (NCBDE) in order to 1) provide a basis for documenting the continuing validity of the Certification Examination for Diabetes Educators, 2) define new areas that should be assessed in future certification examinations, and 3)ensure that the content of certification examinations is job related.
Methods. The study involved developing a diabetes educator job task list and survey, distributing 1,100 surveys, and analyzing survey responses from a multidisciplinary and geographically representative sample of certified diabetes educators.
Results. Three hundred and thirty-nine surveys were suitable for analysis, with relevant demographic subgroups adequately represented. Based on survey data, an examination matrix and detailed content outline was constructed that will be used by NCBDE to assemble future test forms.
Conclusions. Certification examination specifications were developed directly related to the important activities that diabetes educators perform. Future forms of the certification examination will continue to be matched to job-related, criterion-referenced test specifications and will have strong evidence of content validity. Future forms of the exam will contain 200 items at specified cognitive levels, with a representative sampling of tasks within three core areas from the detailed content outline.
The Impact of Smoking and Quitting Smoking on Patients With Diabetes
Authors: Sherman Justin J. 
Published: March 2007

Although cigarette smoking is the leading avoidable cause of death in the United States, its specific effects on people with diabetes are even more intricate and profound. Macrovascular and microvascular complications ensue more quickly in smokers with diabetes, and risk of mortality increases. The increased blood pressure and altered lipid profiles in smokers with diabetes could encourage development of the insulin resistance syndrome, setting patients up for further cardiovascular problems. Therefore, smoking cessation programs should be offered to the diabetic population. Such group programs can benefit from using behavioral change methods to devise specific strategies for smoking cessation and to prevent unique problems, such as postcessation weight gain and depression.
A variety of medications are available to clinicians advising smoking cessation for patients with diabetes. Studies have not proven any one smoking cessation medication to be more effective than another, so the choice for pharmacotherapy depends on the unique needs of the individual. Bupropion may be a reasonable choice because of its use for depression and its ability to delay weight gain. However, many patients prefer the ease of use of certain nicotine replacement strategies. Clinicians may find combination strategies to be particularly useful.
Although further studies are needed for this special population regarding the impact on outcomes, providers should give cessation interventions high priority for diabetes control. This challenging population will need creative interventions to overcome their unique problems during smoking cessation, but the potential benefits may be considerable.
Association of zoonotic Ljungan virus with intrauterine fetal deaths
Authors: Niklasson Bo , Samsioe Annika , Papadogiannakis Nikos , Kawecki Anne , Hörnfeldt Birger , Saade George R. , Klitz William 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND:It has recently been shown that Ljungan virus (LV) is associated with disease in its wild rodent reservoir. In addition, it has been demonstrated that LV causes malformations and perinatal death in a mouse model. The question was therefore raised whether LV is a zoonotic agent in humans.METHODS:Population fluctuations of native rodents in Sweden were compared to the incidence of intrauterine fetal deaths (IUFDs) using the Swedish national hospitalization database. Formalin‐fixed tissues from cases of IUFD were investigated using LV‐specific immunohistochemistry.RESULTS:Variation in the incidence of IUFDs closely tracked the fluctuations in native rodent populations. LV was detected in the brain tissue in 4 of 10 cases of IUFDs investigated by immunochemistry. LV was also detected in the placenta in 5 of the 10 IUFD cases, but in none of 20 placentas from normal pregnancies.CONCLUSIONS:LV may play an important role in IUFDs. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Health care expenditures of children and adults with spina bifida in a privately insured U.S. population
Authors: Ouyang Lijing , Grosse Scott D. , Armour Brian S. , Waitzman Norman J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND:We provide new estimates of medical care utilization and expenditures over the lifespan for persons living with spina bifida in the United States. Updated estimates are essential for calculations of lifetime costs and for economic evaluations of prevention and management strategies for spina bifida.METHODS:We analyzed data from the 2001–2003 MarketScan database on paid medical and prescription drug claims of persons covered by employer‐sponsored health insurance in the United States. Medical care utilization and expenditures during 2003 were analyzed for persons with a diagnosis of spina bifida recorded during 2001–2003 who had 12 months of coverage in a fee‐for‐service health plan. To calculate expenditures during infancy, a separate analysis was performed for those born during 2002 with claims and expenditures data during the first 12 months of life. We compared medical expenditures for persons with and without spina bifida by age groups.RESULTS:Average incremental medical expenditures comparing patients with spina bifida and those without were $41,460 per year at age 0, $14,070 at ages 1–17, $13,339 at ages 18–44, and $10,134 at ages 45–64. Children ages 1–17 years with spina bifida had average medical expenditures 13 times greater than children without spina bifida. Adults with spina bifida had average medical expenditures three to six times greater than adults without spina bifida in this privately insured population.CONCLUSIONS:Although per capita medical care utilization and expenditures are highest among children, adults constitute an important and growing share of the population living with spina bifida. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Energy and protein requirements of general surgical patients requiring intravenous nutrition
Authors: Hill G L , Church J 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
General surgical patients require intravenous nutrition either because their gastrointestinal tract is blocked, too short or inflamed or because it cannot cope. Such patients can be grouped into four nutritional/metabolic categories: normal and unstressed; normal and stressed; depleted and unstressed; depleted and stressed. The energy requirements of patients in each of these groups vary according to their energy expenditure. Normally nourished and stressed patients have the highest energy expenditure and therefore require the highest energy input (45–55 kcal.kg−1day−1). Other groups of patients rarely require more than 40 kcal.kg−1day−1. Energy can be given mainly as dextrose although calories needed above 40 kcal kg−1day−1 should be given as fat (unless lipogenesis is desirable). In very stressed patients high rates of glucose infusion can themselves constitute a metabolic stress and fat may play a bigger role as a calorie source. For long term feeding, 1 litre of 10 per cent fat emulsion should be given weekly to avoid essential fatty acid deficiency.
The level of nitrogen intake required to maintain a positive nitrogen balance is a lot higher in surgical patients than the suggested recommended dietary allowances for normal subjects. It is dependent not only on the nutritional and clinical state of the patient but also on the levels of energy and nitrogen intake given. When energy intake is below energy needs, normally nourished patients cannot retain nitrogen, although depleted patients can. When energy intake exceeds energy needs, both normally nourished and depleted patients retain nitrogen at levels of nitrogen intake ranging from 250 mg kg−1day−1 (depleted and unstressed) to over 400 mg kg−1day−1 (stressed). Depleted patients can maintain a positive nitrogen balance at lower levels of calorie and nitrogen intake than normally nourished patients and in this respect are analogous to a growing child. In all surgical patients, energy and nitrogen intakes can be manipulated to provide for a controlled maintenance or restoration of either wet lean tissue and/or fat. There is little place for protein sparing therapy or the use of insulin and anabolic steroids to promote nitrogen retention in surgical patients requiring intravenous feeding.
Local recurrence following ‘curative’ surgery for large bowel cancer: I. The overall picture
Authors: Phillips R K S , Hittinger Rosemary , Blesovsky Lynda , Fry J S , Fielding L P 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe Large Bowel Cancer Project is a collaborative prospective study of 4228 patients with a histologically proven adenocarcinoma, of whom 2336 (55 per cent) survived a ‘curative’ resection. Follow-up information is available on 2220 patients (95 per cent). Subsequently, 309 (14 per cent) have developed a local recurrence confirmed by: biopsy (127; 41 per cent), clinical examination (77; 25 per cent), X-ray (15; 5 per cent), a raised CEA (2; 1 per cent), or some other method — e.g. CT scan or a confident unbiopsied laparotomy finding (88; 29 per cent).Statistically significant factors (χ2 test, P&lt;0·05) associated with local recurrence are:Dukes' classification: A 4 per cent; B 13 per cent; C 18 per centTumour differentiation: Well 11 per cent; Moderate 14 per cent; Poor 21 per centObstruction: Absent 13 per cent; Present 21 per centPerforation: Absent 13 per cent; Present 28 per centTumour mobility: Freely mobile 11 per cent; Others 21 per cent Operation performed (rectal and rectosigmoid tumours):Abdomino-perineal 12 per cent; Anterior resection 18 per cent; Surgeon (Consultant only): Range &lt; 5 per cent to &gt; 20 per cent. Stratification of the above variables altered only the statistical significance pertaining to tumour differentiation (P &lt; 0·1, d.f. = 2). In particular, the differences between Consultant surgeons remained.
Local recurrence following ‘curative’ surgery for large bowel cancer: II. The rectum and rectosigmoid
Authors: Phillips R K S , Hittinger Rosemary , Blesovsky Lynda , Fry J S , Fielding L P 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
1988 patients with an adenocarcinoma of the rectum (1292; 65 per cent) or rectosigmoid (696; 35 per cent) have been studied. A resection (1700 patients) or polypectomy (124 patients) was performed in 1824 (92 per cent) and, of the former, 1376 patients either underwent abdominoperineal (AP) excision of the rectum (788 patients) or an anterior resection (598 patients). The in-hospital mortality was 63 patients (8 per cent) for AP and 44 (7 per cent) for anterior resection, and a curative resection had been performed in 504 (71 per cent) of those undergoing an AP, and 393 (71 per cent) of those undergoing an anterior resection. Follow-up information is available for 478 patients (95 per cent) who underwent an AP and 370 (94 per cent) who underwent an anterior resection.
More patients have developed a local recurrence after an anterior resection (67; 18 per cent) than after AP (57; 12 per cent) (Logrank χ2 = 6·6, d.f.=1, P&lt;0·02) (stratified for sex and Dukes' stage). This difference is not accounted for by a lesser margin of distal clearance after an anterior resection; firstly because the margin of clearance was not different in those who did and those who did not develop a local recurrence (AP: whole group = 4·4 cm, local recurrence = 4·5 cm; anterior resection: whole group = 3·0 cm, local recurrence = 3·1 cm) and secondly because for each centimetre of distal clearance there was a consistently greater probability of recurrence for anterior resection (Logrank χ2 = 9·1, d.f. = 1, P&lt;0·01) (stratified for sex, Dukes' stage and distal clearance margin).
The balloon proctogram
Authors: Preston D M , Lennard-Jones J E , Thomas B M 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
A balloon filled with barium has been used to simulate a soft stool for the radiological study of disorders of defaecation. Lateral radiographs demonstrate the level of the pelvic floor in relation to the pubococcygeal line, the change in the anorectal angle and the behaviour of the anal sphincters.
In 12 patients with faecal incontinence, successfully treated surgically by postanal sphincter repair, the anorectal angle was reduced from 135°±4·4° (s.e.m.) to 103°±4·1° and the anorectal junction rose by 1·5±0·4 cm.
In 10 patients with slow-transit constipation there was no pelvic descent and no change in the anorectal angle on straining. These patients were unable to expel the balloon and the results suggest that the pelvic floor does not relax normally.
An investigation into how the geometry of an end-to-side arterial anastomosis affects its function
Authors: Klimach O , Chapman B L W , Underwood C J , Charlesworth D 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
The effects of altering the geometry of an end-to-side junction were investigated in a hydraulic model. The dimensions of the tubes, pressures and flow rate and the frequency of pulsation were calculated by dimensional analysis, to produce a model which simulated pulsatile flow in small arteries. The ratio between the impedance of the ‘bypass’ and the impedance downstream from the junction was greater than unity when the two tubes forming the junction were of unequal diameter. No increase in downstream impedance was measured when the angle of junction was increased from 45° to 135°. Cine photographs of streamlines at the junction showed that flow passed smoothly through the junction irrespective of angle and that perturbations occurred only during that part of the cycle when flow was reversed. The results indicate that the angle at which a junction is made affects flow. The effect is small and is only seen when the ratio of diameters of the tubes is unity. The ratio of the diameters of the two tubes which make up the junction has the greatest effect on flow through the junction.
Carotid endarterectomy and the Javid shunt: The early results of 215 consecutive operations for transient ischaemic attacks
Authors: Browse N L , Ross-Russell R 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
This paper describes a consecutive series of 215 carotid bifurcation endarterectomies performed by one surgeon for transient ischaemic attacks. One patient died from a pulmonary embolism (0·47 per cent). One patient developed a permanent stroke related to the contralateral hemisphere 3 days after operation (0·47 per cent). Five patients developed a weakness of one arm or hand which had clinically recovered 2 months after operation (2·35 per cent); four patients had a transient weakness of one arm or hand which had recovered in less than 24 h of the operation. There were no serious ocular complications. The incidence of serious permanent complications was therefore 0·94 per cent. The Javid shunt could not be used in only 4 of the 193 operations in which its insertion was attempted. It caused arterial damage in only one patient. The results suggest that the routine use of the shunt was of value and that carotid endarterectomy can be a safe, relatively complication-free, procedure.
On thrombo-embolism after total hip replacement in epidural analgesia: A controlled study of dextran 70 and low-dose heparin combined with dihydroergotamine
Authors: Fredin H O , Rosberg B , Arborelius M , Nylander G 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
A prospective study of thrombo-embolism after total hip replacement in epidural analgesia was carried out in 116 patients, randomly allocated to dextran 70 or low-dose heparin combined with dihydroergotamine (HDHE).
Amounts of blood loss and transfused bank blood did not differ significantly between dextran 70 and HDHE prophylaxis.
There was a lower incidence of femoral deep vein thromboses in patients given dextran prophylaxis as compared with those on HDHE (P&lt;0·05). However, the total frequency of DVT and the frequency of pulmonary embolism did not differ between the two groups. There was no case of fatal pulmonary embolism. The side effects were major bleeding complications in 7 per cent of the HDHE group as compared to none in the dextran group. No anaphylactic reaction was noted from dextran 70 using hapten-dextran prophylaxis.