bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of circulating antigens of Toxoplasma gondii in the serum of cats
Authors: Lappin Michael R. , Greene Craig E. , Prestwood A. K. , Dawe Donald L. , Tarleton Rick L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An elisa was developed to detect circulating antigens of Toxoplasma gondii in the serum of cats. For the experiment, toxoplasmosis was induced in a group of cats by oral administration of bradyzoites. An elisa that detects anti-Toxoplasma IgG, an elisa to detect circulating antigens, and fecal examinations were performed on samples from each cat for 1 year after inoculation. When coupled with IgG-class antibody measurement, antigen detection can aid in the diagnosis of some cases of subclinical feline toxoplasmosis.
Modulation of the cellular immune responses to T-cell-dependent and T cell-independent antigens in lambs with induced bovine viral diarrhea virus infection
Authors: Lamontagne Lucie , Lafortune Pierre , Fournel Marielle 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Functional interaction between lymphoid cells and lymphotropic viruses is particularly evident for bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) in cattle and its closely related virus, the border disease virus (bvdv) in sheep. The most important aspect of acute or chronic phases of bvdv or bdv infection was the host's increased susceptibility to secondary bacterial or viral infection. To study the ability of bvdv to alter the development of the cellular immune responses to concomitant inoculation with T cell-dependent and T cell-independent antigens, lambs were inoculated twice with rabbit rbc and Escherichia coli lipopolysacharide (lps) and then were infected with a cytopathic strain of bvdv at postinoculation day 3. Leukopenia characterized by lymphopenia developed after bvdv infection. Increased [3H]thymidine incorporation was observed in resting or lectin-stimulated blood mononuclear cells in the first weeks after inoculation in bvdv-infected lambs, but was followed by decreased [3H]thymidine incorporation after the second inoculation for up to 8 weeks after initial inoculation. In contrast, transient decrease of blastogenic responses, associated with toxic effect of lps, was detected in inoculated noninfected lambs, but was followed by stimulation of cellular immune responses. Inoculated noninfected lambs had good in vitro cellular immune response to rabbit rbc and lps antigens, whereas lymphocytes from bvdv-infected lambs could not mount lasting cellular immune responses to antigens or bvdv. Results suggest that bvdv infection in lambs modulates the ability of lymphocytes to respond to lectins or antigenic stimuli according to the time after infection. This mechanism of bvdv-induced immunodepression may contribute to susceptibility of infected animals to secondary bacterial or viral infection.
Serum amylase and lipase activities after exploratory laparotomy in dogs
Authors: Bellah Jamie R. , Bell Grahame 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Serum amylase and lipase activities and creatinine concentration were determined before surgery, and at 1 and 2 days after exploratory laparotomy in 24 dogs. Examination of all viscera was done during each laparotomy, but a surgical procedure was not performed. The mean serum activities for lipase were: before surgery, 0.71 (0.0 to 2.0) Cherry Crandall units (ccu)/L; 1 day after surgery, 2.1 (0.0 to 4.5) ccu/L; and 2 days after surgery, 1.19 (0.0 to 3.9) ccu/L. The mean serum activities for amylase were: before surgery, 1,958 (1,027 to 3,426) IU/ L; 1 day after surgery, 1,538 (937 to 2,659) IU/L; and 2 days after surgery, 1,663 (1,066 to 2,274) IU/L. Serum creatinine concentrations before surgery, 1 day after surgery, and 2 days after surgery were 0.88 (0.2 to 1.7) mg/dl, 0.78 (0.4 to 1.3) mg/dl, and 0.78 (0.3 to 1.3) mg/dl, respectively. Mean preoperative, day-1, and day-2 serum amylase activities and serum creatinine concentrations did not differ significantly from each other. Mean preoperative and day-2 serum lipase activities did not differ significantly; however, mean serum lipase activity was significantly greater when day 1 activities were compared with preoperative activities (P = 0.0002). Postmortem examinations revealed no gross or histologic evidence of pancreatitis in any dog. The results of this study show that a 3 or more fold increase in serum lipase activity may occur after routine exploratory laparotomy in dogs without clinical signs or gross evidence of pancreatitis. Histologic evidence of pancreatitis was not found in the right pancreatic lobes in any dog.
Experimental prevention of bitterweed (Hymenoxys odorata) poisoning of sheep
Authors: Calhoun M. C. , Baldwin B. C. , Kuhlmann S. W. , Kim H. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
To examine the effects on bitterweed toxicity of dietary factors known to increase thiol concentrations in the body, 36 lambs were fed one of the following diets (12 lambs/diet) for a minimum of 9 days prior to bitterweed administration: diet 1, 10% crude protein; diet 2, 20% crude protein, 0.5% methionine, 0.5% sodium sulfate, and 1,102 IU of vitamin E/kg; and diet 3, diet 2 with 0.5% ethoxyquin hydrochloride added. Four lambs fed each diet were euthanatized prior to bitterweed administration (initial euthanasia group). Four lambs fed each diet were administered bitterweed (0.68% hymenoxon, air-dried basis) at a rate of 0.25% of live weight for 5 consecutive days. The remaining four lambs on each diet served as unchallenged controls. In the initial euthanasia group, diet 2 increased extracellular blood thiol concentrations (1.12 vs 0.94 mg of sh/dl, P < 0.10), rumen fluid thiol concentrations (4.46 vs 1.88 mg of sh/dl, P < 0.05), and liver thiol concentrations (263.6 vs 109.3 μg sh/g of wet wt, P < 0.05), compared with diet 1. Ethoxyquin hydrochloride (diet 3) reduced blood thiol concentrations (0.94 vs 1.12 mg of sh/dl, P < 0.10) and liver thiol concentrations (151.6 vs 263.6 μg of sh/g of wet wt, P < 0.05), compared with diet 2. Kidney thiols were unaffected by treatments. In lambs fed diet 1, bitterweed increased serum creatinine (P < 0.05) and urea nitrogen (P < 0.10) concentrations and γ-glutamyltransferase (P < 0.05) and aspartate transaminase (P < 0.05) activities; whereas, only serum creatinine (P < 0.05) and urea nitrogen (P < 0.05) concentrations were increased by bitterweed in lambs fed diet 2 and none of these serum constituents were increased by bitterweed in lambs fed diet 3. These results demonstrate that dietary components that increase thiol concentrations protect against bitterweed poisoning. However, this does not appear to explain the additional benefit from including ethoxyquin hydrochloride in the diet.
Latent infection and subsequent reactivation of pseudorabies virus in swine exposed to pseudorabies virus while nursing immune dams
Authors: Mengeling W. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The ability of pseudorabies virus (prv) to infect and establish latency in pigs with passively acquired (maternal) antibody for prv was tested by exposing such pigs to the virus and subsequently attempting to reactivate latent virus by administering large doses of dexamethasone. Pigs of each of 4 litters that had nursed gilts with relatively high (512, gilts 1 and 2), moderate (32, gilt 3), and no (< 2, gilt 4) serum titers of virus-neutralizing (vn) antibodies for prv were allotted to 3 treatment groups (A, B, C) when they were 2 weeks old. Group-A pigs were separated from littermates and dam and thereafter kept in isolation; group-B pigs were experimentally exposed oronasally to prv and 1 hour later returned to their dam; group-C pigs were kept with their dam and potentially exposed to prv by contact with littermates of group B. Sera obtained from pigs at selected intervals until they were 17 weeks old were tested for vn activity and for precipitating activity for radiolabeled viral proteins.All group-A pigs remained clinically normal throughout the experiment. Depending on the initial amount of passively acquired antibody, little or no serum vn or precipitating activity remained by the time these pigs were 17 weeks old. Group-B and -C pigs, with relatively high amounts of passively acquired antibody when exposed to prv, also remained clinically normal. However, most became latently infected as subsequently evidenced by either dexamethasone-induced or noninduced virus reactivation. Noninduced reactivation may have been initiated by weaning the pigs when they were about 8 weeks old. Group-B and -C pigs, with no or moderate amounts of passively acquired antibody when exposed to prv, had severe clinical signs. These pigs either died or recovered but remained stunted in growth. Virus was reactivated in all of the recovered pigs by treatment with dexamethasone. Quantitative and qualitative changes in serum precipitating activity, especially for viral proteins of relatively low molecular weight (< 46,000), were a more consistent indication of virus reactivation than were either increased vn titers or virus isolation. Results with litters 1 and 2 clearly indicate that latent infection of young pigs with highly virulent prv can develop in the absence of clinical signs.
Technique for transrectal ultrasonography of the cranial mesenteric artery of the horse
Authors: Wallace K. D. , Selcer B. A. , Becht J. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Transrectal ultrasonography was successfully used to image the cranial mesenteric artery and its branches in 23 adult horses. The artery could be imaged from its origin at the aorta distally to identify several bifurcations. The method for transrectal imaging of the cranial mesenteric artery and its major branches required 3 distinct transducer positions. One position was used to locate the cranial mesenteric artery by imaging the caudal portion of the aorta from the aortic bifurcation cranially to the level of the cranial mesenteric artery. The second position was used to image the origin of the cranial mesenteric artery. The third position was used to image the major branches of the cranial mesenteric artery.
Transrectal ultrasonography of the cranial mesenteric artery of the horse
Authors: Wallace K. D. , Selcer B. A. , Tyler D. E. , Brown J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Transrectal ultrasonography was performed on the cranial mesenteric artery and its major branches in 23 conscious adult horses. Ultrasonographically, 25 arterial segments were classified as either normal or abnormal. These ultrasonographic classifications were later compared with the gross and histologic evaluations of each artery following necropsy of each horse. In this study, transrectal ultrasonography as a diagnostic test for verminous arteritis had a 90% sensitivity for detecting normal arteries and an 86% specificity for detecting abnormal arteries, suggesting that ultrasonography may be useful in the antemortem diagnosis of verminous arteritis.
Epithelium- and mucosa-dependent relaxation and contraction of normal equine trachealis muscle in vitro
Authors: Olson L. E. , Perkowski S. Z. , Mason D. E. , Muir W. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Strips of trachealis muscle were dissected from the midcervical portion of the trachea from horses that were free of respiratory tract disease. The epithelium and mucosa were removed from one group of tissues and were left intact in a second group of tissues. Each tissue was suspended in a bath filled with Krebs-bicarbonate solution that was aerated with 5% CO2 in oxygen and maintained at 37 C. Isometric tension was continuously recorded. The contractile response to square-wave electrical stimulations increased as frequency (3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 Hz), voltage (10, 15, 18, and 25 V), and pulse duration (0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 ms) increased in tissues with the epithelium and mucosa intact. A stimulus of 18 V, 20 Hz, and 0.5 ms induced maximal contraction. Atropine (10−6M) abolished the response to 18 V and 0.5 ms at all frequencies. The increase in active isometric tension was concentration dependent when acetylcholine (10−9 to 10−4M) was added to the baths in 0.5-logarithmic increments. Tissues that were contracted in response to acetylcholine (10−5M) had a concentration-dependent decrease in active isometric tension when isoproterenol was added to the baths in 0.5-logarithmic increments (10−9 to 10−4M). The contraction and relaxation curves were qualitatively similar, but quantitatively different in tissues with and without the epithelium and mucosa. Removing the epithelium and mucosa increased the contractile response to acetylcholine at bath concentrations of 3.1 × 10−7M and 10−6M. The presence of epithelium and mucosa enhanced the magnitude of isoproterenol-induced relaxations. We concluded that electrical stimulation released acetylcholine from isolated equine trachealis muscle, that isoproterenol induced relaxation of the trachealis muscle, and that the magnitude of the responses to exogenous agonists depended on the presence of epithelium and mucosa.
Bioavailability of gentamicin in dogs after intramuscular or subcutaneous injections
Authors: Wilson Robert C. , Duran Sue H. , Horton Charles R. , Wright Lila C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Healthy adult mixed-breed dogs, assigned to 2 groups of 6 dogs each, were given 3 mg of gentamicin sulfate/kg of body weight on 3 injection days 7 days apart. Group 1 was given gentamicin by rapid iv injection, by injection into the belly of the longissimus muscle at the first lumbar vertebrae (im site 1), and by injection in the belly of the biceps femoris muscle (im site 2). Group 2 was given gentamicin by rapid iv injection, by sc injection into the space over the cranial angle of the scapula on the midline (sc site 1), and by sc injection just caudal to the crest of the ilium (sc site 2).
Pharmacokinetic values (mean ± sd) from 12 dogs given gentamicin iv were 54.4 ± 15.4 minutes for the effective half life, 2.29 ± 0.48 ml/kg/min for clearance, and 172 ± 25.4 ml/kg for volume of distribution at steady state. Bioavailability (93.92 to 96.65%) and peak plasma gentamicin concentration (9.43 to 10.89 μg/ml) were independent of injection site, but time to peak concentration when gentamicin was given at sc site 2 (43.33 minutes) was significantly (P < 0.05) longer than that when gentamicin was given at im site 1 (27.50 minutes). Absorption half-life was shorter after injections were given at both im sites (8.9 and 9.8 minutes) than after injection was given at sc site 2 (18 minutes).
Breed, age, and gender differences in plasma antithrombin-III activity in clinically normal young horses
Authors: Johnstone I. B. , Physick-Sheard P. , Crane S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Plasma antithrombin-III activity was quantitated in plasma samples obtained from 165 clinically normal horses 3 years old or younger. In the horses as a group, antithrombin-III activity ranged from 63 to 131% of a species-specific reference plasma. Thoroughbred horses had significantly higher antithrombin-III activity (103.3 ± 18.3; mean ± sd) than did Standardbred horses (92.3 ± 14.2). The plasma antithrombin-III activities were significantly lower in horses younger than 16 months old when compared with those in more mature horses (3 years old). There was no statistically significant gender-related effect on plasma antithrombin-III activity. Breed and age factors should therefore be taken into consideration when interpreting plasma antithrombin-III activity in horses.
Transmission of bovine leukemia virus by Tabanus Fuscicostatus
Authors: Foil L. D. , French D. D. , Hoyt P. G. , Issel C. J. , Leprince D. J. , McManus J. M. , Seger C. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Bovine leukemia virus (blv) was transmitted by horse flies, Tabanus fuscicostatus, from a cow with a lymphocyte count of 31,500/mm3 to goats and dairy calves. As few as 10 and 20 flies transmitted blv to goats and calves respectively, but the minimal number of flies required to transmit the infection was not established. Groups of 150 and 100 T fuscicostatus transmitted blv to beef calves from a cow with a lymphocyte count of 14,600/mm3. These results support a role for horse flies in the horizontal transmission of blv.
Methods of clinical electrophysiologic study in pigs
Authors: Wheeler S. J. , Wells G. A. H. , Hawkins S. A. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Methods of estimating motor nerve conduction, sensory nerve conduction, and f-wave latency in pigs were determined. The sciatic-tibial nerves were used for motor nerve conduction and f-wave response and the superficial peroneal nerve was used for sensory nerve conduction.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for measurement of allergen-specific IgE antibodies in canine serum
Authors: Kleinbeck Michael L. , Hites Mark J. , Loker Jeffrey L. , Halliwell Richard E. , Lee Kenneth W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A micro-elisa, using horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-canine IgE and polystyrene microtitration wells for detection of allergen-specific IgE in canine serum, was developed. Specificity of anti-canine IgE was confirmed by reversed cutaneous anaphylaxis evaluations, gel-precipitation reactions, immunoelectrophoresis, immunoaffinity chromatography, and heat inactivation. Individual allergen blanks were used to account for variable nonspecific binding among various allergens, and results were normalized using 4 reference sera. Coefficients of variation for intra-assay and interassay variability ranged from 0.77 to 5.66% and 3.15 to 9.83%, respectively. Results observed with wells coated with mixtures of various allergen extracts yielded results approximately equal to results (average) of wells containing individual components. Agreement between elisa and skin test results ranged from 43 to 64%, depending on allergen used.
Effects of single intravenously administered doses of dexamethasone on response to the adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation test in dogs
Authors: Kemppainen R. J. , Sartin J. L. , Peterson M. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effects of single iv administered doses of dexamethasone on response to the adrenocorticotropic hormone (acth) stimulation test (baseline plasma acth, pre- acth cortisol, and post-acth cortisol concentrations) performed 1, 2, and 3 days (experiment 1) or 3, 7, 10, and 14 days (experiment 2) after dexamethasone treatment were evaluated in healthy Beagles. In experiment 1, acth stimulation tests were carried out after administration of 0, 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 5 mg of dexamethasone/kg of body weight. Dosages ≥ 0.1 mg of dexamethasone/kg decreased pre-acth plasma cortisol concentration on subsequent days, whereas dosages ≥ 1 mg/kg also decreased plasma acth concentration. Treatment with 1 or 5 mg of dexamethasone/kg suppressed (P < 0.05) post-acth plasma cortisol concentration (on day 3 after 1 mg of dexamethasone/kg; on days 1, 2, and 3 after 5 mg of dexamethasone/kg). In experiment 2, iv administration of 1 mg of dexamethasone/kg was associated only with low (P < 0.05) post- acth plasma cortisol concentration in dogs on day 3. In experiment 2, pre-acth plasma cortisol and acth concentrations in dogs on days 3, 7, 10, and 14 and post-acth plasma cortisol concentration on days 7, 10, and 14 were not affected by dexamethasone administration.
The results suggest that, in dogs, a single iv administered dosage of ≥ 0.1 mg of dexamethasone/kg can alter the results of the acth stimulation test for at least 3 days. The suppressive effect of dexamethasone is dose dependent and is not apparent 7 days after treatment with 1 mg of dexamethasone/kg. The magnitude of the decrease in post-acth plasma cortisol concentration did not exceed 35% (compared with control values), regardless of the dose of dexamethasone used.
Cell proliferation kinetics of epidermis, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands of Cocker Spaniels with idiopathic seborrhea
Authors: Kwochka Kenneth W. , Rademakers Adriana M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Cell proliferation kinetic values were established for the epidermis, hair follicle epithelium, and sebaceous glands of 8 Cocker Spaniels with primary idiopathic seborrhea. Values were established by intradermal pulse labeling injections of tritiated thymidine followed by cutaneous biopsy and autoradiography. The epidermal basal cell-labeling index was 4.96 ± 0.97%, and the epidermal nucleated cell-labeling index was 3.33 ± 0.71%. Calculated epidermal cell renewal time for the viable layers of the epidermis was 7.85 ± 1.80 days. The hair follicle infundibulum basal cell-labeling index was 5.48 ± 2.01%, and the sebaceous gland basal cell-labeling index was 5.94 ± 4.15%. When compared with previously reported cell kinetic values for Cocker Spaniels and Beagles with healthy skin, these data indicate accelerated cellular proliferation in all 3 cutaneous structures in seborrheic Cocker Spaniels.
Further phenotypic characterization of target cells for bovine leukemia virus experimental infection in sheep
Authors: Aida Y. , Miyasaka M. , Okada K. , Onuma M. , Kogure S. , Suzuki M. , Minoprio P. , Levy D. , Ikawa Y. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
To determine the phenotype of target cells for bovine leukemia virus (blv) infection in sheep, we analyzed blood lymphocytes from blv-infected clinically healthy and leukemic sheep by use of monoclonal antibodies. In clinically healthy and leukemic sheep that were blv-infected, the blood concentration of T lymphocytes was within normal values, but the number of B lymphocytes was increased in several cases. In addition, the number of blood lymphocytes expressing the blv antigen correlated well with that of B lymphocytes. Double immunofluorescence staining demonstrated that lymphocytes expressing blv antigens bore B-cell but not T-cell surface markers. Moreover, neoplastic cells in the lymph nodes of leukemic sheep were stained immunohistochemically with an anti-B monoclonal antibody but not with any of anti-T monoclonal antibody tested, indicating that tumor cells are of B-lym-phocyte origin. Collectively, these results show that blv antigen-positive cells obtained from blv-infected sheep that have no clinical signs and blv-induced lymphosarcoma cells belong to the B-lymphocyte lineage.
Rotavirus replication in colostrum-fed and colostrum-deprived pigs
Authors: Shaw Daniel P. , Morehouse Lawrence G. , Solorzano Robert F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A porcine rotavirus isolate was titrated in neonatal colostrum-fed and colostrum-deprived pigs. The stock rotavirus suspension had a titer of 10−6.5/ml and was in its fifteenth cell culture passage in MA-104 cells. Fourteen colostrum-fed pigs were orally inoculated with dilutions of the stock virus suspension ranging from undiluted to 10−5. These pigs did not develop notable clinical signs during the 7-day experimental trial and no pathologic changes were found in intestine, liver, lung, kidney, spleen, or brain. However, rotavirus was detected in feces of the colostrum-fed pigs, using virus isolation and electron microscopic techniques. Rotavirus was also isolated from lung, brain, or spleen of 4 of 12 of these pigs. Sixteen colostrum- deprived pigs were orally inoculated with dilutions of the stock virus suspension ranging from 10−1 to 10−8. Diarrhea developed in 10 of 12 pigs that were given up to the 10−6 dilution. Seven of these 12 pigs died because of the severity of diarrhea. Pigs that died of rotavirus-induced diarrhea had severe villus loss in the jejunum and ileum. Villi of the small intestine of colostrum-deprived pigs that survived the severe diarrhea were within normal limits at the end of the 7-day trial. The colostrum-deprived pigs that were inoculated with a dilution < 10−6 and survived past 96 hours underwent seroconversion. Rotavirus was detected by virus isolation and electron microscopy in the feces of all colostrum-deprived pigs that survived beyond 18.5 hours after inoculation. Virus was isolated from lungs, brain, or spleen of 12 of 16 colostrum-deprived pigs.