bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Host suitability of vetiver grass to Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica
Authors: Fourie Hendrika , Leswifi Caroline , McDonald Alex H. , De Waele Dirk 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are economically important pathogens
of many agricultural crops, and the frequency of occurrence, abundance and
importance of these nematodes in resource-poor agricultural production
systems make control necessary. The host suitability of vetiver grass to
Meloidogyne javanica and M. incognita race 2 was investigated and compared
with the host status of the six crops included in the North Carolina
Differential Host Range Test, i.e., tomato (cv. Rutgers), groundnut (cv.
Florunner), watermelon (cv. Charleston Gray), green pepper (cv. California
Wonder), cotton (cv. Deltapine) and tobacco (line NC 95). Each plant was
inoculated with 10 000±500 eggs and second-stage juveniles (J2) of either M.
javanica or M. incognita race 2, 3 weeks after emergence. Nematode
reproduction assessments were done 56 days after inoculation. Significant
differences in egg-laying female (ELF) indices, number of egg-masses and
eggs and J2 per root system and reproduction factor (RF) values were
recorded among the crops for both nematode species. Vetiver grass exhibited
RF-values lower than 1 for both M. javanica and M. incognita race 2,
indicating resistance to these root-knot nematode species.
Improving the use of rye (Secale cereale) for nematode management: potential to select cultivars based on Meloidogyne incognita host status and benzoxazinoid content
Authors: Zasada Inga A. , Rice Cliff P. , Meyer Susan L.F. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Six geographically diverse cultivars of rye (Secale cereale), a wheat
(Triticum aestivum) cultivar and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) cultivar
unstated were screened for Meloidogyne incognita host suitability. Chemical
constituents of rye can suppress M. incognita, so the rye cultivars and
wheat were also tested for benzoxazinoid content to determine if rye
cultivar selection could be based upon plant chemistry. There was variation
in M. incognita host status among the rye cultivars. Cultivars Aroostook,
Elbon, Oklon and Wrens Abruzzi were the most resistant rye cultivars, with
low numbers of M. incognita eggs/g dry root. Cultivar Wheeler had somewhat
more eggs/g root than these cultivars, while cv. Merced supported nearly
three times more eggs/g root than cv. Wheeler. Most of the rye cultivars
were similar to each other in total benzoxazinoid content, although cv.
Aroostook had the lowest amount of total benzoxazinoids. When data from
roots and shoots were combined, more than 79% of the total benzoxazinoids in
all six of the rye cultivars were comprised of the non-methoxy-substituted
forms: i)
(2R)-2-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy-4-hydroxy-(2H)-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one
(DIBOA-glucoside); ii) 2,4-dihydroxy-(2H)-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one (DIBOA);
and iii) benzoxazolin-2(3H)-one (BOA). In the rye cultivar roots there was
little difference among cultivars in amounts of the methoxy-substituted
benzoxazinoids: i)
(2R)-2-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy-4-hydroxy-7-methoxy-(2H)-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one
(DIMBOA-glucoside); ii) 2,4-hydroxy-7-methoxy-(2H)-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one
(DIMBOA); iii) 6-methoxy-benzoxazolin-2(3H)-one (MBOA); and iv)
2-hydroxy-7-methoxy-(2H)-1,4,-benzoxazzin-3(4H)-one (HMBOA). However, cv.
Aroostook roots had the lowest concentration of non-methoxy-substituted
benzoxazinoids. Rye cultivars were generally similar to each other in
amounts of benzoxazinoids in shoots. The shoots had much lower
concentrations of methoxy-substituted benzoxazinoinds than the roots but
much higher concentrations of non-methoxy-substituted forms. Cultivars with
the lowest numbers of eggs/g root and the highest amounts of benzoxazinoids
(with potential for action against nematodes in soil after incorporation as
a green manure) are possible candidates for optimal nematode management.
Pratylenchus hippeastri n. sp. (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae) from amaryllis in Florida with notes on P. scribneri and P. hexincisus
Authors: Inserra Renato N. , Troccoli Alberto , Gozel Ugur , Bernard Ernest C. , Dunn Denise , Duncan Larry W. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
A new root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus hippeastri n. sp. is described from
amaryllis (Hippeastrum spp.) in Florida. The new species is characterised by
a combination of the following morphological features of females: slender
body, flat, plain and smooth face, head with two lip annuli, an incomplete
third annulus, and with second lip annulus thicker than first, ellipsoidal
stylet knobs, rectangular empty spermatheca with large round cavity, and
conoid tail with bluntly pointed terminus usually showing a ventral
constriction, or subhemispherical and smooth. The ranges of morphometric
characters of P. hippeastri n. sp. overlap with those of P. scribneri and P.
hexincisus. These three species also share some morphological and biological
features such as two lip annuli, an empty spermatheca and similar lateral
fields, but differ in the morphology of head patterns (smooth face in P.
hippeastri n. sp. vs divided face in the others) and tail termini
(hemispherical and subhemispherical in P. scribneri and subdigitate in P.
hexincisus vs bluntly pointed in P. hippeastri n. sp.). A reference
population of P. scribneri from Ohio and one of P. hexincisus from Tennessee
were obtained during the course of unsuccessful attempts to recover P.
scribneri at the type locale in Tennessee. The D3 rDNA sequences of the
reference populations matched GenBank sequences for these two species. Small
morphological differences between the P. scribneri population from Ohio and
the P. scribneri lectotype occurred in the shape of stylet knobs
(ellipsoidal vs round) and spermatheca (round with a central cavity vs
oblong) and also in the length of the pharyngeal overlap (longer in the
reference population). These morphological differences cast doubt about the
identity of the lectotype, which may be P. hexincisus. New morphological
details were obtained for P. hexincisus from Tennessee, which included a
divided face, an almost rectangular empty spermatheca with a central cavity
and subdigitate tail termini. Based on our phylogenetic inferences from DNA
sequences P. hippeastri n. sp. is more closely related to P. zeae and a
Florida population of P. loosi than to P. scribneri or P. hexincisus.
Searching for Pathways in a Landscape of Death: Religion and AIDS in East Africa
Authors: Becker Felicitas , Geissler P. Wenzel 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe commonalities of eastern Africa's history from colonial occupation to the formation of nation states and their post-postcolonial decay, the region's shared experiences with the religions of the book—fist Islam and later Christianity—and its shared struggle with the physical, social, political and epistemological predicament of HIV/AIDS, make East Africa, with its cultural and historical diversity, a suitably coherent field to study the relationship between religion and the experience of AIDS-related suffering. The papers in this issue explore how AIDS is understood and confronted through religious ideas and practices, and how these, in turn, are reinterpreted and changed by the experience of AIDS. They reveal the creativity and innovations that continuously emerge in the everyday life of East Africans, between bodily and spiritual experiences, and between religious, medical, political and economic discourses. Countering simplified notions of causal effects of AIDS on religion (or vice versa), the diversity of interpretations and practices inserts the epidemic into wider, and more open, frames of reference. It reveals East Africans' will and resourcefulness in their struggle to move ahead in spite of adversity, and goes against the generalised vision of doom widely associated with the African AIDS epidemic. Finally, it shows that East Africans understand AIDS not as a singular event in their history, but as the culmination of a century-long process of changing spiritual imaginaries, bodily well-being and livelihoods. Intimately connected to political history and economic fortunes, it presents itself at present as an experience of loss and decay, yet it remains open-ended.
The Virus and the Scriptures: Muslims and AIDS in Tanzania
Authors: Becker Felicitas 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper examines Tanzanian Muslims' practical and discursive stances on AIDS in relation to the context in which they are produced. The AIDS problematic is interacting with lively debates, as for the last two decades Muslim reformists have been demanding revisions to ritual practice and a more restrictive application of Muslim social norms. The state-sponsored central organisation for Tanzanian Muslims is viewed with distrust not only by reformist, but also many 'mainstream' Muslims, and there is no organisation to provide an inclusive forum for debate. Official AIDS education programmes reached provincial Muslims before the epidemic had become acute, and were initially greeted with the same formulaic, passive acceptance as many other state initiatives. Since AIDS deaths have become more frequent, recommendations for prevention have become the subject of intense debate. Understanding of the epidemic draws on local religious notions as well as Muslim teachings, and invariably focuses on ways of life rather than questions of health narrowly conceived. It indicates increasing scepticism regarding the ability of either local society or the state to achieve 'development' and wariness of the perceived closeness of science to authority. On the other hand, Muslim observers have found ways to relate scientific descriptions of the epidemic to the Qur'an and to accept the epidemic as God's will, without thereby abdicating responsibility for trying to contain it. Ultimately, individuals are on their own in formulating their understanding of the epidemic. There is no clear correlation between reformist sympathies and the acceptance or otherwise of official recommendations, as many other factors, including age, education and personal experience, influence individual stances.
The Rise of Occult Powers, AIDS and the Roman Catholic Church in Western Uganda
Authors: Behrend Heike 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTaking as my example a lay organisation of the Roman Catholic Church, the Uganda Martyrs Guild, which entered the public domain in western Uganda in the 1990s and started to organise witch and cannibal hunts, I offer two arguments to the ongoing debate on the rise of occult forces in Africa. First, against the tendency to find the origin of the rise of occult forces in the invisible hand of capital, I relate the dramatic activation and rise of occult forces in Africa to the large increase in death rates caused by the AIDS epidemic (and to a lesser extent local wars). Although various scholars have shown in detail that in Africa contemporary Christianity has not put an end to witchcraft and the occult, but instead provided a new context in which they make perfect sense, they missed the point that precisely the fight against the occult reproduces and strengthens the 'enemy'. As I try to show, Christian anti-witchcraft movements are instrumental in reinstating the occult powers they fight against.
Healing the Wounds of Modernity: Salvation, Community and Care in a Neo-Pentecostal Church in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
Authors: Dilger Hansjörg 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe responses of Christian religions to HIV/AIDS in Africa have been described either with regard to the stigmatising attitudes of churches, or with reference to the charitable acts of Christian organisations in the context of the epidemic. Drawing on fieldwork in a Neo-Pentecostal church in urban Tanzania, this article shows that the Full Gospel Bible Fellowship Church in Dar es Salaam is becoming highly attractive to its followers because of the social, spiritual and economic perspectives that it offers, and particularly because of the networks of healing and support that it has established under the circumstances of urbanisation, structural reform programmes and the AIDS epidemic. The author argues for a stronger focus on practices of healing and community building in studies on Pentecostalism, which may shed light on the continuities as well as the ruptures that are produced by the rise of Neo-Pentecostalism in the context of globalisation, modernity and HIV/AIDS.
Salvation and Tradition: Conﬁgurations of Faith in a Time of Death
Authors: Prince Ruth 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper explores the relationship between faith and AIDS in western Kenya by looking at two sets of beliefs and practices: Christian salvation and Luo traditionalism. Many of the debates and conflicts about AIDS and its meanings among Luo people are shaped by people's commitment to these very different faiths. While AIDS is exacerbating tensions between these ways of being and doing, the need to regenerate life and growth after death is also leading to negotiations between saved and traditional pathways. I approach these issues through the controversial subject of widow guardianship or 'inheritance'.
'Keeping Up Appearances': Sex and Religion amongst University Students in Uganda
Authors: Sadgrove Jo 
Published: February 2007

AbstractStudents of Uganda's Makerere University currently find themselves in the middle of an emerging clash of sexual ideologies, perpetuated by different peer groups. Transactional sex is one of the most evident social dynamics around the campus. For most women, particularly those from poorer backgrounds, having sex with often older, wealthier men is the quickest and easiest way to secure the material goods and lifestyles exemplified by their wealthier peers. This dynamic, known as 'detoothing', whereby a woman will analogously extract a man's teeth one by one until he is left with nothing, appears the most salient determinant of sexual behaviour amongst university students. This paper aims to examine how the increasingly popular theologies and social structures of Pentecostalism are creating new 'born-again' peer groups with their own standards for social and sexual behaviour. The promotion of sexual abstinence and an anti-materialist rhetoric challenge the central tenets of the prevailing sexual patterns amongst students. However the impact of the born-again discourse on actual sexual behaviour is complicated by broader socio-economic dynamics that influence the ways in which theologies are received and acted upon by church members.
Performance of a New Generation of Acoustic Current Meters
Authors: Hogg Nelson G. , Frye Daniel E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAs part of a program aimed at developing a long-duration, subsurface mooring, known as Ultramoor, several modern acoustic current meters were tested. The instruments with which the authors have the most experience are the Aanderaa RCM11 and the Nortek Aquadopp, which measure currents using the Doppler shift of backscattered acoustic signals, and the Falmouth Scientific ACM, which measures changes in travel time of acoustic signals between pairs of transducers. Some results from the Doppler-based Sontek Argonaut and the travel-time-based Nobska MAVS are also reported. This paper concentrates on the fidelity of the speed measurement but also presents some results related to the accuracy of the direction measurement. Two procedures were used to compare the instruments. In one, different instruments were placed close to one another on three different deep-ocean moorings. These tests showed that the RCM11 measures consistently lower speeds than either a vector averaging current meter or a vector measuring current meter, both more traditional instruments with mechanical velocity sensors. The Aquadopp in use at the time, but since updated to address accuracy problems in low scattering environments, was biased high. A second means of testing involved comparing the appropriate velocity component of each instrument with the rate of change of pressure when they were lowered from a ship. Results from this procedure revealed no depth dependence or measurable bias in the RCM11 data, but did show biases in both the Aquadopp and Argonaut Doppler-based instruments that resulted from low signal-to-noise ratios in the clear, low scattering conditions beneath the thermocline. Improvements in the design of the latest Aquadopp have reduced this bias to a level that is not significant.
Interannual to Decadal Changes in the ECCO Global Synthesis
Authors: Köhl A. , Stammer D. , Cornuelle B. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
An estimate of the time-varying global ocean circulation for the period 1992–2002 was obtained by combining most of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) ocean datasets with a general circulation model on a 1° horizontal grid. The estimate exactly satisfies the model equations without artificial sources or sinks of momentum, heat, and freshwater. To bring the model into agreement with observations, its initial temperature and salinity conditions were permitted to change, as were the time-dependent surface fluxes of momentum, heat, and freshwater. The estimation of these “control variables” is largely consistent with accepted uncertainties in the hydrographic climatology and meteorological analyses. The estimated time-mean horizontal transports of volume, heat, and freshwater, which were largely underestimated in the previous 2° optimization performed by Stammer et al., have converged with time-independent estimates from box inversions over most parts of the World Ocean. Trends in the model’s heat content are 7% larger than those reported by Levitus and correspond to a global net heat uptake of about 1.1 W m−2 over the model domain. The associated model trend in sea surface height over the estimation period resembles the observations from Ocean Topography Experiment (TOPEX)/Poseidon over most of the global ocean. Sea surface height changes in the model are primarily steric but show contributions from mass redistributions from the subpolar North Atlantic Ocean and the Southern Ocean to the subtropical Pacific Ocean gyres. Steric contributions are primarily temperature based but are partly compensated by salt variation. However, the North Atlantic and the Southern Ocean reveal a clear contribution of salt to large-scale sea level variations.
Atlantic to Mediterranean Sea Level Difference Driven by Winds near Gibraltar Strait
Authors: Menemenlis Dimitris , Fukumori Ichiro , Lee Tong 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Observations and numerical simulations show that winds near Gibraltar Strait cause an Atlantic Ocean to Mediterranean Sea sea level difference of 20 cm peak to peak with a 3-cm standard deviation for periods of days to years. Theoretical arguments and numerical experiments establish that this wind-driven sea level difference is caused in part by storm surges due to alongshore winds near the North African coastline on the Atlantic side of Gibraltar. The fraction of the Moroccan coastal current offshore of the 284-m isobath is deflected across Gibraltar Strait, west of Camarinal Sill, resulting in a geostrophic surface pressure gradient that contributes to a sea level difference at the stationary limit. The sea level difference is also caused in part by the along-strait wind setup, with a contribution proportional to the along-strait wind stress and to the length of Gibraltar Strait and adjoining regions and inversely proportional to its depth. In the 20–360-day band, average transfer coefficients between the Atlantic–Alboran sea level difference and surface wind stress at 36°N, 6.5°W, estimated from barometrically corrected Ocean Topography Experiment (TOPEX)/Poseidon data and NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data, are 0.10 ± 0.04 m Pa−1 with 1 ± 5-day lag and 0.19 ± 0.08 m Pa−1 with 5 ± 4-day lag for the zonal and meridional wind stresses, respectively. This transfer function is consistent with equivalent estimates derived from a 1992–2003 high-resolution barotropic simulation forced by the NCEP–NCAR wind stress. The barotropic simulation explains 29% of the observed Atlantic–Alboran sea level difference in the 20–360-day band. In turn, the Alboran and Mediterranean mean sea level time series are highly correlated, ρ = 0.7 in the observations and ρ = 0.8 in the barotropic simulation, hence providing a pathway for winds near Gibraltar Strait to affect the mean sea level of the entire Mediterranean.
Reliability of maximal static strength measurements of the arms in subjects with hemiparesis
Authors: Bertrand Anne Martine , Mercier Catherine , Bourbonnais Daniel , Desrosiers Johanne , Gravel Denis 
Published: February 2007

Objective: To evaluate the reliability of maximal static strength measurements of five arm muscle groups and of strength ratios (paretic/non-paretic) in subjects with poststroke hemiparesis. Design: The generalizability theory was used to estimate the reliability coefficients and standard errors of measurement of maximal strength for various combinations of trials and sessions and of the strength ratios for one and two sessions. Grip maximal voluntary force and/or maximal voluntary torques exerted by flexor and extensor muscles at both the elbow and shoulder joints were measured in 17 subjects with poststroke hemiparesis. Multiple trials were performed by subjects during two sessions. Setting: Rehabilitation centre. Subjects: A convenience sample of 17 subjects with poststroke hemiparesis. Results: The reliability coefficients for the strength measurements were in the range of 0.81-0.97 with standard errors of measurement accounting for 4% to 20% of the group means. For the strength ratios, the coefficients of generalizability ranged from 0.76 to 0.95 with standard errors of measurement equal to 6% to 19% of the group means. Conclusions: The maximal strength measurements of the arms in subjects with hemiparesis are reliable. The strength ratios are also reliable and can be used to quantify strength impairment.
Comparison of the 40-item Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Assessment Questionnaire (ALSAQ-40) with a short-form five-item version (ALSAQ-5) in a longitudinal survey
Authors: Jenkinson C , Fitzpatrick R , Swash M , Jones G 
Published: February 2007

Objectives: To compare results on the 40-item Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Assessment Questionnaire (ALSAQ-40) with those gained on the short-form five-item Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Assessment Questionnaire (ALSAQ-5) in a longitudinal study. Design: Postal survey. Copies of the ALSAQ-40 which incorporates the five items of the ALSAQ-5, were completed on two occasions. Respondents were also asked to indicate how much change they had experienced since baseline on each of the five domains of the questionnaire. Setting: The database of all patient members of the Motor Neurone Disease Association for England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Subjects: Nine hundred and twenty-seven patient members returned questionnaires at baseline, and 764 completed questionnaires at both baseline and follow-up. Results: Results on the five dimensions of the ALSAQ-40 and ALSAQ-5 were found to be highly correlated, and 95% confidence intervals on mean scores were found to overlap for each dimension. The instruments both provide a similar picture of change in terms of their responsiveness. For example, effect sizes were calculated for patients who claimed their health had deteriorated a little since baseline, and gave almost identical results (e.g. for the Physical functioning domain effect sizes of 0.12 and 0.11 were found on the long and short measures respectively). Conclusions: Results suggests that the ALSAQ-5 provides similar results to the ALSAQ-40 yet with considerable economy. In instances where a very brief health status measure is required then the ALSAQ-5 may be the instrument of choice.