bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hepatic and gastric amebiasis in black and white colobus monkeys
Authors: Loomis Michael R. , Britt James O. , Gendron Annette P. , Holshuh H. J. , Howard Edwin B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Three cases of hepatic amebiasis and one case of gastric amebiasis were diagnosed in black and white colobus monkeys during a 9-month period. The diagnosis was difficult because of the absence of trophozoites and cysts in the feces and because of few trophozoites found in many of the hepatic lesions. Indirect hemagglutination titers were diagnostic in 2 monkeys.
Eosinophils in equine uterine cytology and histology specimens
Authors: Slusher Steven H. , Freeman Kathy P. , Roszel Jeffie F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In a review of specimens from 80 mares with concurrently collected endometrial biopsy and cytology preparations, eosinophils were found in 33 specimens from 27 mares. In 22 of 27 mares, there were conditions predisposing to pneumovagina, which presumably led to pneumouterus. Thirty-two of the 80 mares also had conditions predisposing to pneumovagina but no eosinophils in the uterine specimens. Experimental introduction of air into the uterus of 3 mares resulted in eosinophils in their uterine specimens.
Epidemiologic approach to the control of sheep nematodes
Authors: Herd R. P. , Parker C. F. , McClure K. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Epidemiologic approaches to parasite control, with reduced reliance on the use of anthelmintics, were studied in 6 groups of weaned lambs and 4 groups of suckling lambs grazing fertilized pastures. Strategies tested included prophylactic treatments in the spring, provision of safe pastures, treat-and-move strategies, and winter (prelambing) treatment of ewes. Suppressive treatment with a non-benzimidazole drug was used as a production yardstick against which the epidemiologic approaches were judged. Suppressive treatment with a benzimidazole drug was used to determine the drug resistance status of the flock. The success of each strategy was evaluated by measurements of body weight, wool growth, fecal egg counts, pasture larval counts, and total worm burdens.
Prophylactic treatments in the spring were just as effective as suppressive treatments throughout the entire grazing season and resulted in significant (P < 0.001) increases in weight gain. Effective parasite control also was obtained by moving ewes and lambs to safe pastures (low infectivity) in May, and resulted in significant (P < 0.001) increases in weight gain. A treat-and-move strategy led to significant (P < 0.001) increases in weight gain until September, but then a loss of weight in October, suggesting the need for a double treat-and-move strategy in the case of late-marketed lambs. The value of winter (prelambing) treatments for ewes also was demonstrated. Suppressive treatments with a benzimidazole drug confirmed the presence of benzimidazole-resistant nematodes.
Cancellous bone screws for repair of proximal growth plate fractures of the tibia in foals
Authors: Wagner Pamela C. , DeBowes Richard M. , Grant Barrie D. , Kaneps Andris J. , Watrous Barbara J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Proximal growth plate fractures of the tibia in 4 foals were treated surgically. A medial approach was utilized in 3 cases and a lateral approach in the fourth. Bone screw fixation was achieved with cancellous screws and washers. In 3 cases, the screw shaft crossed the proximal tibial growth plate with no adverse effects. In all animals, there was rapid and cosmetic healing. At 8 to 18 months after surgery, all horses were sound at a walk, trot, and canter.
Control of hypobiotic and benzimidazole-resistant nematodes of sheep
Authors: Herd R. P. , Streitel R. H. , McClure K. E. , Parker C. F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In studies comprising a total of 117 naturally infected crossbred lambs, it was found that lambs turned out to spring pasture were exposed to immediate infection with overwintered Ostertagia, Nematodirus, and Trichostrongylus spp, but did not acquire Haemonchus contortus infection until July. With all species, there appeared to be only one major disease-producing generation of worms per year; it was responsible for serious worm burdens and clinical disease from July onward. High frequencies of hypobiosis (arrested development) were demonstrated in H contortus (98% to 100%), Ostertagia circumcincta (89% to 96%), and Nematodirus filicollis (77% to 90%) by late November; Trichostrongylus spp comprised most of the adult (egg-laying) worm population at that time. The onset of hypobiosis appeared to be induced by seasonal stimuli rather than by host-immune responses.
The results of these studies showed benzimidazole resistance to be a major problem. In the first year, fenbendazole (5 mg/kg) reduced worm burdens by 46% and 20% in September and December, respectively. In December of the second year, levamisole (8 mg/kg) reduced worm burdens by 99%, thiabendazole (44 mg/kg) by 55%, fenbendazole (5 mg/kg) by 47%, and fenbendazole (15 mg/kg) by 11%. Levamisole was highly efficient (99%) against adult worms, hypobiotic worms, and benzimidazole-resistant worms. Ostertagia circumcincta was strongly resistant to the benzimidazole drugs at all dosages tested, while H contortus and Trichostrongylus spp were partially resistant. There was no evidence of reversion of resistant worms to susceptibility on this farm, even though benzimidazole drugs had not been used for 9 years.
Clinical study of mastitis-metritis-agalactia in sows in Illinois
Authors: Bäckström L. , Morkoç A. C. , Connor J. , Larson R. , Price W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Mastitis-metritis-agalactia (mma) occurred in 6.9% of 16,405 farrowings recorded over 1 year (1981) in 31 Illinois swine herds. Prevalence of mma among herds ranged from 1.1% to 37.2% and was not correlated to herd size. There was a significant positive correlation between the prevalence of mma and the housing system wherein sows were moved from pasture gestation to crates immediately before farrowing. A significant seasonal peak of mma was found for the third quarter of the year (10.3%).
Mean prevalence of mma was 13% in pluriparous sows and 4.2% in primiparous sows. The difference was not significant. Sows with mma gave birth to more live pigs per litter compared with healthy sows (+ 0.7 pigs per litter). The number of stillbirths and pigs found dead after birth also was higher in sows with mma (+ 4.6%). Total pig mortality until 1 week of age was 56% in litters of pluriparous sows with mma and 17% in litters of healthy pluriparous sows and, respectively, 41% and 15% in litters of primiparous sows. The mean number of pigs per litter surviving at 1 week of age was 5.6 in pluriparous sows with mma and 9.3 in healthy sows and, respectively, 6.2 and 8.3 in primiparous sows.
For all herds investigated, mean litter size at birth (including stillbirths) was 11.0. Total pig mortality until 1 week of age was 31%. Pig losses attributable to mma, at 6.9% prevalence of the disease, were 4% of all pigs born and 12.9% of the pig mortality until 1 week of age.
Considerations of copper metabolism in osteochondrosis of suckling foals
Authors: Bridges Charles H. , Womack James E. , Harris Edward D. , Scrutchfield Wilbur L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Of 8 Thoroughbred foals in which osteochondrosis developed before weaning, 7 had serum copper and ceruloplasmin concentrations below normal. Three foals on one farm had serum zinc content high enough to suggest zinc toxicosis, and the liver of each foal contained abnormally high content of zinc. Four foals from the second farm had extremely low serum copper content, but normal serum zinc content. Evidence of environmental exposure to excess zinc was not found on either farm. The lesions in the zones of endochondral ossification of the afflicted foals were similar in many respects to those found in other species of animals with molybdenum-induced copper deficiency and with inhibition of the function of copper-dependent lysyl oxidase by β-aminopropionitrile, a toxic component of Lathyrus odoratus known to cause osteolathyrism.
Agar gel immunodiffusion test for diagnosis of clinical paratuberculosis in cattle
Authors: Sherman D. M. , Markham R. J. F. , Bates F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
During a 19-month period, the agar gel immunodiffusion (agid) test was used as an aid in differential diagnosis of paratuberculosis in 51 cattle with a history of chronic weight loss and/or chronic diarrhea. Thirty-three cattle were agid test-positive for paratuberculosis. Twenty-eight cattle (87.5%) yielded Mycobacterium paratuberculosis from bacterial culture of feces. Four cattle were confirmed as having paratuberculosis on necropsy. One had a negative fecal culture but was lost to follow-up. Thus, 32 of the 33 agid test-positive cattle (96.9%) were confirmed as paratuberculous by culture or necropsy. Of the 18 cattle that were agid test-negative, 17 (94%) also were culture-negative after 12 to 20 weeks’ incubation of the culture tubes.
Direct fecal smears from 29 confirmed paratuberculous cattle were examined. Twenty-three (79.3%) had smears positive for M paratuberculosis. Fifteen culture-negative cattle were examined by direct smear; the results were negative for all.
Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in Thoroughbred horses: Response to furosemide or hesperidin-citrus bioflavinoids
Authors: Sweeney Corinne Raphel , Soma Lawrence R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Of 61 horses with a history of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage and treated with furosemide 4 hours prior to racing, 34 (55.7%) continued to bleed. Of 24 horses with exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage that were not treated with furosemide prior to racing, 17 (70.8%) still bled. There was no statistically significant difference between the treated and the nontreated groups.
Of 45 horses given hesperidin-citrus bioflavinoids, 38 (84.4%) bled when exercised 90 days later. There was no statistically significant difference between the results for hesperidin-citrus bioflavinoid-treated horses and those for horses known to stop bleeding without any treatment.
Use of monoclonal antibodies to confirm vaccine-induced rabies in ten dogs, two cats, and one fox
Authors: Whetstone C. A. , Bunn T. O. , Emmons R. W. , Wiktor T. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A panel of 8 monoclonal antibodies to rabies glycoprotein antigen was used to characterize the modified-live virus vaccines marketed in the United States during the last 10 years. Thirteen of 14 rabies virus isolates from 11 dogs, 2 cats, and 1 fox suspected of developing vaccine-induced rabies were shown to have reactivity patterns that were identical to the vaccine administered. Reactivity patterns for 20 rabies isolates from human beings, wild animals, or domestic animals with no history of recent vaccination with modified-live virus rabies vaccine were different from those obtained for vaccines.
Prevalence of oocysts of Isospora suis and Eimeria spp from sows on farms with and without a history of neonatal coccidiosis
Authors: Lindsay David S. , Ernst John V. , Current William L. , Stuart Barry P. , Stewart T. Bonner 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Oocysts of Isospora suis were not found in any of 77 fecal samples from sows on farms with a history of neonatal coccidiosis. Oocysts of Isospora suis were found in 1 of 172 fecal samples from farms without a history of neonatal coccidiosis. Oocysts of Eimeria spp were found in 81.8% of the sows from farms with a history of neonatal coccidiosis and in 94.8% of the sows from farms without a history of neonatal coccidiosis. Oocysts of Isospora spp from birds were encountered as a pseudoparasite in several fecal samples.
Nature of early reproductive failure caused by bovine viral aiarrhea virus
Authors: Grahn T. C. , Fahning M. L. , Zemjanis R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A 2-part study was undertaken to determine the effect of bovine viral diarrhea (bvd) virus on fertilization and early development of embryos. In experiment 1, 10 seronegative cows were superovulated and artificially inseminated twice during estrus. After the second insemination, 5 of the cows received intrauterine infusion of bvd virus suspension. The other 5 cows received suspending medium only and served as controls. All 10 cows were slaughtered on day 3, and ova and embryos were collected for morphologic evaluation. A total of 49 and 52 ova and embryos were collected from the control and virus-treated cows, respectively. Among the ova and embryos collected from control cows, 81.6% were fertilized, whereas only 52% were fertilized in the virus-treated group. The statistically significant difference (P<0.01) indicated that the virus interferes with fertilization.
In experiment 2, the protocol was identical except for slaughter on day 13. Seventy-nine ova and embryos were collected from the 6 control cows, and the 6 virus-treated cows yielded 59 ova and embryos. Of the total ova and embryos recovered on day 13, 88.6% and 50.8% were hatched and developing normally in the control and virus-treated groups, respectively. The difference was highly significant (P<0.001). Unfertilized ova and degenerating embryos could not be differentiated on the basis of morphologic appearance. The nearly identical percentages of unfertilized ova in experiment 1 and unhatched ova and embryos in experiment 2 strongly suggested that fertilization failure is the principal manifestation of the observed adverse effect of bvd virus infection.
Isolation of toxigenic strains of Pasteurella multocida from lungs of pneumonic swine
Authors: Pijoan C. , Lastra A. , Ramirez C. , Leman A. D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Lungs from 113 pneumonic pigs were examined for Pasteurella multocida. The lungs were smeared directly onto blood agar and homogenized in brain-heart infusion broth and then inoculated intraperitoneally in mice. Pasteurella multocida isolates were typed for serotypes A (by hyaluronidase inhibition of capsule) and D (by acriflavine autoagglutination). Strains were tested for toxin production by intradermal injection of 0.2 ml of filtered 24-hour culture supernatants into guinea pigs. Most lungs (70.8%) yielded isolations. Most isolants (87.5%) were type A and 12.5% were type D. Of the type D strains, 80% were toxigenic. Of the type A isolants, 18.2% were toxigenic.
Medical management of esophageal stricture in seven horses
Authors: Todhunten Rory J. , Stick John A. , Trotter Gayle W. , Boles Charles 
Published: February 2025

Summary
Esophageal strictures developed in 7 horses that were treated for esophageal obstruction. A soft diet was fed to all horses, with intermittent nasogastric tube feeding in one, and medication included nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Maximal reduction in esophageal lumen diameter was evident by 30 days following circumferential esophageal ulceration, after which lumen diameter increased rapidly. Five horses were clinically normal by 60 days after the esophageal injury. Two horses were euthanatized at the owner's request, 16 and 17 days after the original insult.
Pathogenesis of canine aural hematomas
Authors: Dubielzig R. R. , Wilson J. W. , Seireg A. A. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
Morphologic examination of 3 ears from 2 dogs with aural hematomas revealed that the hematomas had developed within the pinnal cartilage. The cartilage had fractured from perichondrium to perichondrium and in some areas clefts had formed within the cartilage. Cartilage fracture could have resulted from wave motions set up in the pinna during head shaking. An explosive burst of head shaking exceeding a critical head velocity or a more gentle but sustained head shaking establishing a sinusoidal wave motion within the ear could have caused cartilage fracture.
Effect of epididymitis on semen quality of rams
Authors: Bagley C. V. , Burrell W. C. , Esplin G. M. , Walters J. L. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
To better document the detrimental effect of ram epididymitis (re) in large range flocks, a study was conducted to determine the correlation of palpable re lesions and semen quality. Presence of leukocytes in the semen of rams affected with re also was evaluated and found to correlate positively with re lesions and inversely with semen quality Rams with palpable re lesions usually produced semen of reduced quality; however, some affected rams did produce good quality semen. The mean scrotal circumference varied significantly when rams were analyzed by breed, but not when grouped by re status or classified by semen quality.
Use of protein-to-creatinine ratio in a single urine specimen for quantitative estimation of canine proteinuria
Authors: White J. V. , Olivier N. Bari , Reimann Keith , Johnson Cheri 
Published: February 2025

Summary
The daily excretion of urinary protein was evaluated in 8 conditioned research dogs and in 10 hospitalized, proteinuric dogs, using 24-hour urine collections. Concurrent with each 24-hour urine collection, a 5- to 10-ml urine specimen was obtained during midday. The ratio of urine protein to urine creatinine concentration was determined from the single urine specimen for each dog. Linear regression analysis was used to calculate the correlation between that ratio and the 24-hour urinary protein loss (mg/kg of body weight). The coefficient of determination was significant (r2 = 0.95, P<0.0001). Determination of the protein-to-creatinine ratio in a single urine specimen was found to be a sensitive, rapid, and dependable diagnostic technique for detection and quantitative estimation of proteinuria.
Effect of yohimbine on xylazine-ketamine anesthesia in cats
Authors: Hsu Walter H. , Lu Zheng-Xing 
Published: February 2025

Summary
Xylazine and ketamine are an anesthetic combination used in feline practice for routine surgical procedures. In a controlled study, we evaluated the effects of yohimbine, an antagonist of xylazine, on the anesthesia induced by this anesthetic combination in cats. Two intramuscular doses of xylazine and ketamine (2.2 mg of xylazine/kg plus 6.6 mg of ketamine/kg and 4.4 mg of xylazine/kg plus 6.6 mg of ketamine/kg) caused approximately 60 and 100 minutes of anesthesia, respectively, in control cats. When yohimbine (0.1 mg/kg) was given intravenously 45 minutes after ketamine administration, the cats regained consciousness within 3 minutes. They were ambulatory 1 to 2 minutes after regaining consciousness. Yohimbine also reversed the bradycardia and respiratory depression elicited by xylazine-ketamine.
The results indicated that yohimbine may be useful for controlling the duration of xylazine-ketamine anesthesia in cats.
Concurrent use of corticosteroids and antimicrobial drugs in the treatment of infectious diseases in large animals
Authors: Jenkins William L. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
A selection of the potential risks and benefits to be gained from the concurrent use of anti-inflammatory corticosteroids and antimicrobial agents in the treatment of infectious disease processes in large animals is reviewed. Although this form of combination therapy appears to be rational, there is cause for serious concern. Precautions and guidelines are presented for the therapeutic management of those cases in which the use of corticosteroids in conjunction with antibacterial agents is unavoidable.
Efficacy of ivermectin against gastrointestinal nematodes in dromedary camels
Authors: Boyce Walter , Kollias George , Courtney Charles H. , Allen Jack , Chalmers Eleanor 
Published: February 2025

Summary
The anthelmintic activity of ivermectin when administered orally and subcutaneously at a dosage of 0.2 mg/kg of body weight was evaluated in 4 trials involving 20 dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius). Fecal egg counts were made on the day of treatment and at 2, 4, and 10 weeks after treatment. Trichostrongylid egg counts were reduced by a maximum of 100% when ivermectin was administered orally and by > 88% when given subcutaneously. Egg counts of Trichuris spp were reduced by > 85% with oral administration, but increased following subcutaneous treatment. No adverse local or systemic reactions were observed following treatment with ivermectin by either route.
Epornitic of papova-like virus-associated disease in a psittacine nursery
Authors: Jacobson Elliott R. , Hines Stephen A. , Quesenberry Katherine , Mladinich Christopher , Davis Richard B. , Kollias George V. , Olsen John 
Published: February 2025

Summary
Of 45 fledgling psittacine birds being raised in an avian nursery, 14 died over a 6-week period. At necropsy, several birds were found to have a moderate amount of subcutaneous hemorrhage over the crop and across the dorsum. Histologically, all birds had hepatic necrosis. Large pale to lightly basophilic intranuclear inclusions were seen in the spleen of 6 birds and in the liver of 5 birds examined. Ultrastructural evaluation demonstrated intranuclear virus particles resembling the papovavirus incriminated as the agent responsible for budgerigar fledgling disease.
Surgical management of umbilical masses with associated umbilical cord remnant infections in calves
Authors: Trent A. M. , Smith D. F. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
Intra-abdominal umbilical cord remnant infections were diagnosed in 21 calves during a 5-year period. The urachal remnant alone was involved in 15 calves, umbilical artery remnant alone in 1 calf, and the umbilical vein remnant alone in 4 calves. Both urachus and umbilical vein were involved in 1 calf. All cases were managed surgically by ventral celiotomy. Infected urachal remnants not extending to the bladder, infected umbilical artery remnant, and infected umbilical vein remnants not extending to the liver were dissected free of surrounding adhered structures, ligated proximal to the infected segment, transected, and removed. Infected urachal remnants extending to the bladder were similarly isolated and removed after resection of the attached bladder apex. Infected umbilical vein remnants extending to the liver were marsupialized. Of 19 calves available for follow-up from 1 to 32 months after surgery, 15 recovered without any postoperative complications, 3 had short-term complications, and 1 calf developed an incisional hernia.
Fiberoptic gastroduodenoscopy in the horse
Authors: Brown C. M. , Slocombe R. F. , Derksen F. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A method of fiberoptic gastroduodenoscopy and biopsy was developed for use in large horses. A 275 cm × 13.5 mm fiberendoscope was used to examine the stomach and proximal portion of the duodenum. Food was withheld for 24 to 48 hours before examination. In more than 50 horses, gastric and duodenal structures were easily visualized. A variety of lesions was detected, including parasitic lesions, gastric ulcers, gastric neoplasia, and pyloric stenosis. Mucosal biopsy specimens were obtained in selected cases.
Enigmatic psittacine chlamydiosis: Results of serotesting and isolation attempts, 1978 through 1983, and considerations for the future
Authors: Grimes James E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
From 1978 through 1983, chlamydiosis was diagnosed by isolation of Chlamydia psittaci from various types of psittacine birds. The organism was isolated from 126 (30.4%) of 414 tissue specimens, with the percentages ranging from 12.5% (budgerigars) to 42.8% (cockatiels), excluding 2 parakeets with 1 isolation (50%). From 1,035 cloacal swab/feces specimens, 51 (4.9%) isolations were made, ranging from 1.4% from African grays (1 of 70) to 27.8% from lovebirds (5 of 18).
Positive direct microscopic examination of stained (Gimenez method) tissue impressions correlated with positive isolation at a rate of 79.2% and those found negative by direct examination had a correlation of 87.5%. Direct complement-fixation testing was done on 3,485 sera. Forty-six were unsatisfactory for testing due to their being anticomplementary or reacting with control antigen. The distribution of titers ranged from 2,008 (57.6%) at 8 to 76 (2.2%) at ≥256.
In serotests and isolation attempts from the same bird, there was 42.8% agreement between titers ≥32 and positive isolation. One cockatiel with a complement-fixation titer of 16 yielded a positive isolation, whereas other types of birds with a ≤ 16 titer were negative.