bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Schizophrenia as social discourse: How do people use their diagnosis for social action?
Authors: Haghighat Rahman 
Published: September 2008

Abstract‘Schizophrenia’ can do things other than diagnose or stigmatize those so defined in that it can serve various forms of social action. Two hundred and fifty-eight randomly selected patients with an experience of schizophrenia and their relatives participated in the study of schizophrenia as social discourse. They used the diagnosis for political struggle and social leverage in such diverse forms as demonstration of the meaning of ‘a schizophrenic’, discursive intervention for ideological invitation, reclaiming personal worth (revalorization), solidarity with fellow patients and economic compensation. Despite the inherent value of the diagnosis in helping them get the right treatment, participants saw devaluing meaning in various designations for schizophrenia and, given choice, preferred certain formulations of the diagnosis over others in relation to their social discourse. To be effective, treatment models, service delivery and communication with patients must allow, interpret and incorporate their first person accounts (discourse) as a feature of their individuality and uniqueness in the therapeutic process. This is likely to increase their sense of wellbeing, empowerment and cooperation with the treatment.
The Importance of Having a Different Opinion Europeans and GM foods
Authors: Loner Enzo 
Published: September 2008

AbstractObjectives. The article examines the opinions of Europeans concerning genetically modified (GM) foods. It first deals with the socio-cultural variables that favour acceptance of such products. It then analyses the minority of respondents who exhibit greater openness towards GM foods. Methods. Mokken Scale Analysis (MSA) is applied to 2002 Eurobarometer 58.0 data to construct an index of acceptance of GM foods. Results. The acceptance of GM foods is associated positively with trust in biotechnologies and negatively with concerns about the environment. The minority consisting of respondents in favour of GM foods possesses specific characteristics. Unlike the rest of the respondents, these principally consider the opportunity to spend less, the absence of fats, and the taste of foods. Conclusions. The analysis confirms that high education level does not favour acceptance of GM foods.
UNIFORM APPROXIMATION BY POLYNOMIAL, RATIONAL AND ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS
Authors: HONARY T. G. , MORADI S. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractLet K and X be compact plane sets such that $K\subseteq X$. Let P(K) be the uniform closure of polynomials on K, let R(K) be the uniform closure of rational functions on K with no poles in K and let A(K) be the space of continuous functions on K which are analytic on int(K). Define P(X,K),R(X,K) and A(X,K) to be the set of functions in C(X) whose restriction to K belongs to P(K),R(K) and A(K), respectively. Let S0(A) denote the set of peak points for the Banach function algebra A on X. Let S and T be compact subsets of X. We extend the Hartogs–Rosenthal theorem by showing that if the symmetric difference SΔT has planar measure zero, then R(X,S)=R(X,T) . Then we show that the following properties are equivalent: (i)R(X,S)=R(X,T) ;(ii)$S\setminus T\subseteq S_0(R(X,S))$ and $T\setminus S\subseteq S_0(R(X,T))$;(iii)R(K)=C(K) for every compact set $K \subseteq S\Delta T$;(iv)$R(X,S \cap \overline {U})=R(X,T \cap \overline {U})$ for every open set U in ℂ ;(v)for every p∈X there exists an open disk Dp with centre p such that We prove an extension of Vitushkin’s theorem by showing that the following properties are equivalent: (i)A(X,S)=R(X,T) ;(ii)$A(X,S \cap \overline {D})=R(X,T \cap \overline {D})$ for every closed disk $\overline {D}$ in ℂ ;(iii)for every p∈X there exists an open disk Dp with centre p such that
Drought tolerance assessment of African cowpea accessions based on stomatal behaviour and cell membrane stability
Authors: LABUSCHAGNE M. T. , VERHOEVEN R. , NKOUANESSI M. 
Published: September 2008

SUMMARYIn Sub-Saharan Africa, cowpea is well known for its ability to survive under conditions of water stress and it plays an important role in regions where drought is the factor most limiting to crop yield. In the present study, the drought tolerance levels of 20 African cowpea accessions from three countries were evaluated. A number of the genotypes showed drought tolerance, the merits of stomatal behaviour and cell membrane stability to assess drought tolerance was demonstrated. Damage to the cell membranes caused by drought was less in tolerant accessions. Stomatal opening was also better regulated; the opening was smaller under drought conditions, thus reducing transpiration (T). The wide range of drought tolerance observed among the accessions suggests the possibility of breeding drought-tolerant cultivars in cowpea. Drought-tolerant accessions included Bafoussam 1, M.66, Bafoussam 3, Hluhluwa, Bafoussam 4, Balen, Makueni, Bafoussam 2 and Okhalweni and these could be recommended to breeders as valuable material for drought tolerance improvement in cowpea.
Incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease in the Czech Republic and serotype coverage by vaccines, 1997–2006
Authors: MOTLOVA J. , BENES C. , KRIZ P. 
Published: September 2008

SUMMARYWe studied the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in the Czech Republic by analysing two sources of data. The incidence of pneumococcal meningitis based on routine notification data varied between 0·4 and 0·6/100 000 population between 1997 and 2006. The incidence of IPD based on laboratory surveillance varied between 2·3 and 4·3/100 000 population between 2000 and 2006. The annual IPD incidence remained stable during the study period. Estimates of absolute IPD case-load in the entire country varied from 235 to 437 per year. The age-specific incidence was highest in the <1 year age group, reaching 4·3/100 000 for pneumococcal meningitis in routine notification and 15·7/100 000 for IPD in laboratory-based surveillance data, respectively. A total of 1236 Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from cerebrospinal fluid and sterile body sites were investigated. The most frequent serotypes causing IPD in all ages were 3, 4, 14, 8 and 19F, accounting for 41·5% of all isolates. The most frequent serotypes by age group were: <1 year (6B and 19F); 1–4 years (14, 6B and 23F); 40–64 years (3, 8 and 4), and ⩾65 years (3, 4, 9N and 14). The coverage of serotypes in all age groups by pneumococcal vaccines ranged from 41·5% for 7-valent conjugate vaccine to 67·9% for 13-valent conjugate vaccine. The coverage of serotypes causing IPD is significantly different between infants/children and adults/elderly. PCV-7 coverage by age group was: <1 year (66·0%), 1–4 years (65·1%), 40–64 years (34·4%) and ⩾65 years (39·3%). Similar age differences between infants/children and adults/elderly were found in coverage by PCV-9, PCV-11 and PCV-13. The distribution of serotypes in the total population and individual age groups was stable during the period 2000–2006.
Golgi-mediated Transport of Seed Storage Proteins
Authors: Robinson David G. , Hinz Giselbert 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe great majority of seed proteins that are stored in the vacuole prior to desiccation are transported via the Golgi apparatus. In this organelle they are separated from other products of the secretory pathway. Evidence is accumulating that the mechanism for segregation of storage proteins is different from that of soluble proteins destined for lytic vacuoles: it rarely seems to require short targeting propeptides at the N- or C-terminus. Instead, the three-dimensional conformation of the protein appears to be a critical factor, leading to self-assembly into osmiophilic aggregates. Also unusual is that this process starts immediately after entry into the Golgi apparatus, i.e. at thecis-cisternae, rather than at thetrans-pole where acid hydrolases are packaged into clathrin-coated vesicles. Storage protein aggregates accumulate into so-called “dense” vesicles at the periphery of the cisternae and are transported towards thetrans-pole of the Golgi apparatus by cisternal progression. Before the dense vesicles are released, clathrin-coated vesicles form at their surface; however, the function of the latter remains the object of speculation. In other eukaryotes, delivery of Golgi-derived lumenal products to the vacuole does not occur directly, but via a pre-vacuolar compartment. There is evidence that this is also the case for plants, and in developing pea cotyledons the pre-vacuolar compartment takes the form of a large multivesicular body. Ultimately this appears to fusein totowith the protein storage vacuole.
Vicia faba germination: Synchronized cell growth and localization of nucleolin and α-tubulin.
Authors: Fujikura Yuzo , Doležel Jaroslav , Cíhalíková Jarmira , Bögre Laszlo , Heberle-Bors Erwin , Hirt Heribert , Binarová Pavla 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe first cell cycle ofVicia fabaL. seeds, which begins upon imbibition of dry seeds and is completed at the first mitosis after radicle protrusion, was characterised by the flow cytometry and immunodetection of nucleolin and tubulins in root tip meristems. Flow cytometry revealed highly synchronised profiles from the quiescent G1phase to the late G2phase, indicating uniform cell cycle progression within a root tip until the first mitosis. Using immunoblotting, nucleolin was detected in two distinct bands with the apparent molecular masses of 89 and 99 kD; the former was detected only in seeds imbibed at 4°C for 1 day whereas the latter was found at all stages examined, suggesting that the 89 kD nucleolin may be seed-specific. Unusual localization of nucleolin in cold-imbibed seeds, undetectable in half of the cells and present in nucleoplasm, was revealed by immunofluorescence microscopy. While α- and β-tubulin were detected at all stages and no significant changes in accumulation of the proteins were observed, few microtubules were detected at the beginning of germination when cells were still in the G1phase, suggesting that microtubules may be depolymerized in the dry seeds.
The discovery of compositional variation for the raffinose family of oligosaccharides in pea seeds
Authors: Jones D. A. , DuPont M. S. , Ambrose M. J. , Frias J. , Hedley C. L. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe raffinose family of oligosaccharides (RFO) is present in relatively high levels in grain legume seeds. They are considered to be antinutritional compounds because they are, at least in part, believed to be responsible for causing flatulence in humans, which is the single most important factor in deterring people from including more legume seeds in their diet. The RFO also have important functions within the plant. They serve as transport metabolites in many legumes and have been proposed to play a positive role in cold acclimatisation and in conferring desiccation tolerance during seed maturation. These responses to environmental stresses are believed to result from the RFO acting as protecting agents for membrane bound-proteins. We have screened 70 pea lines from the test array of the John Innes Pisum germplasm collection, and lines were selected which had unusual RFO composition. The soluble sugars within these lines were quantified using High Performance Anion Exchange Chromatography with Pulsed Amperometric Detection (HPAEC-PAD), and variants were identified which were deficient in verbascose and one with a reduced level of raffinose. These selected lines are being used in a crossing programme designed to study the genetics of the RFO pathway and to produce new material to test the effect of specific RFO on the plant’s responses to the environment and on the diets of humans and animals.
Methanol, pectin and pectinesterase changes during soybean seed maturation
Authors: Koch James L. , Horbowicz Marcin , Obendorf Ralph L. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractMethanol accumulates in maturing seeds, correlating with preharvest deterioration. Since the source of methanol may be from pectin de-methylation, methanol, cell wall uronic acid, pectin methyl esterification, pectinesterase (PE; EC 3.1.1.11) activity, and neutral sugar composition and partitioning of cell wall polysaccharides were determined during soybean (Glycine max[L.] Merrill) seed development, maturation, and desiccationin planta. Axis cell wall polysaccharides were more easily solubilized, richer in uronic acid, rhamnose, and xylose, and less rich in galactose than cotyledon cell wall polysaccharides. Methanol accumulated to 9.7 μg per two cotyledons and 0.5 μg per axis; total methanol decreased to 3 μg per two cotyledons during loss of green color. Total uronic acid increased from 0.12 to 0.27 mg per axis and 0.9 to 4 mg per cotyledon between 24 and 50 days after flowering (DAF). After loss of green color, pectin methyl esterification in axes increased from 7 to 24 mole% between 50 and 60 DAF but decreased to 14 mole%by 62 DAF in latter stages of seed desiccation. In cotyledons, methyl esterification ranged from 25 to 40 mole% and was 31 mole% after desiccation. PE activity increased 100 fold in axes, including a 30-fold increase in activity after loss of green color at 46 DAF. Cotyledon PE activity was 40-fold higher than in axes at 24 DAF, declined 75% by 56 DAF, and then increased 5 fold during desiccation. Pectin methyl de-esterification by PE is sufficient to be the sole source for methanol accumulation in seed tissues during development and maturation.
Use of Monte Carlo Modeling to Aid Interpretation and Quantification of the Low Energy-Loss Electron Yield at Low Primary Energies
Authors: Bonet Christopher , Pratt Andrew , El-Gomati Mohamed M. , Matthew Jim A.D. , Tear Steven P. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractExperimental low-loss electron (LLE) yields were measured as a function of loss energy for a range of elemental standards using a high-vacuum scanning electron microscope operating at 5 keV primary beam energy with losses from 0 to 1 keV. The resulting LLE yield curves were compared with Monte Carlo simulations of the LLE yield in the particular beam/sample/detector geometry employed in the experiment to investigate the possibility of modeling the LLE yield for a series of elements. Monte Carlo simulations were performed using both the Joy and Luo [Joy, D.C. & Luo, S.,Scanning11(4), 176–180 (1989)] expression for the electron stopping power and recent tabulated values of Tanuma et al. [Tanuma, S. et al.,Surf Interf Anal37(11), 978–988 (2005)] to assess the influence of the more recent stopping power data on the simulation results. Further simulations have been conducted to explore the influence of sample/detector geometry on the LLE signal in the case of layered samples consisting of a thin C overlayer on an elemental substrate. Experimental LLE data were collected from a range of elemental samples coated with a thin C overlayer, and comparisons with Monte Carlo simulations were used to establish the overlayer thickness.
Levels of angiogenic factors in pregnancy and post‐partum bleeding
Authors: ESKILD ANNE , JEANSSON STIG , JENUM PÅL A. , STAFF ANNE C. , THADHANI RAVI , KARUMANCHI ANANTH , VATTEN LARS J. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractWe have studied if serum levels of soluble fms‐like tyrosine kinase‐1 (sFlt‐1) and placenta growth factor (PlGF) in pregnancy could predict excess post‐partum bleeding. In 392 normotensive singleton pregnancies, concentrations of sFlt‐1 and PlGF in the first, second, and third trimester were compared between women with and without excess post‐partum bleeding, defined as blood loss volume of at least 500 mL. Mean concentrations of sFlt‐1 were consistently higher in all three trimesters among women who had excess post‐partum bleeding compared to women without this, but significantly higher only in the second trimester. For PlGF, there were no significant differences between the groups. High concentrations of the anti‐angiogenic factor sFlt‐1 in maternal circulation during pregnancy may be associated with an increased risk of excess post‐partum bleeding.
Lophius in the world: a synthesis on the common features and life strategies
Authors: Fariña A. C. , Azevedo M. , Landa J. , Duarte R. , Sampedro P. , Costas G. , Torres M. A. , Cañás L. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Fariña, A. C., Azevedo, M., Landa, J., Duarte, R., Sampedro, P., Costas, G., Torres, M. A., and Cañás, L. 2008. Lophius in the world: a synthesis on the common features and life strategies. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 1272–1280. Seven species of Lophius are known worldwide, six in the Atlantic Ocean and just one in the Northwest Pacific. The genus supports valuable fisheries (except for Lophius vaillanti), most for a long time, though the exploitation of Lophiusgastrophysus along the coast of Brazil is relatively recent. The manuscript reviews the current knowledge of phylogeographic and biological traits of Lophius species, pointing out common aspects in the life histories. Within the Lophiidae, the genus Lophius is phylogenetically the most derived, vicariance and dispersal having played a significant role in driving speciation. Life histories seem to have followed similar adaptive processes from a common ancestor along with similar environmental characteristics. The genetic structure of populations is poorly known, and usually, genetic differentiation is limited. Life-history aspects (age, growth, reproductive cycle, early stages, and feeding ecology) are addressed, and fisheries are reviewed. However, knowledge of many aspects of the biology and ecology (e.g. validation of the growth pattern, maturation processes, spawning areas and periodicity, recruitment processes, mortality, stock identification, and habitat needs) remains limited.
Systematic conservation planning in the Mediterranean: a flexible tool for the identification of no-take marine protected areas
Authors: Maiorano Luigi , Bartolino Valerio , Colloca Francesco , Abella Alvaro , Belluscio Andrea , Carpentieri Paolo , Criscoli Alessandro , Jona Lasinio Giovanna , Mannini Alessandro , Pranovi Fabio , Reale Bruno , Relini Giulio , Viva Claudio , Ardizzone Gian Domenico 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Maiorano, L., Bartolino, V., Colloca, F., Abella, A., Belluscio, A., Carpentieri, P., Criscoli, A., Jona Lasinio, G., Mannini, A., Pranovi, F., Reale, B., Relini, G., Viva, C., and Ardizzone, G. D. 2009. Systematic conservation planning in the Mediterranean: a flexible tool for the identification of no-take marine protected areas. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 137–146. We propose the use of systematic conservation planning in the Mediterranean context for the identification of no-take marine protected areas (NTMPAs). We suggest a logical framework that should be used for the identification of areas to be targeted for multispecies, spatially explicit conservation actions. Specifically, we propose seven steps: (i) definition of the study area; (ii) selection of the species or habitats to be considered; (iii) definition of the planning units; (iv) measurement of the fishing effort; (v) definition of the conservation targets; (vi) review of the existing conservation areas; (vii) selection of additional NTMPAs. Moreover, we consider the potential impact of different conservation plans on existing fishing vessels. A working example is presented, focusing on a limited number of species and on a limited study area. This framework can be easily expanded to include datasets of different origin and to accommodate larger spatial scales. Such a process involves major data-collection and capacity-building elements, and conservation of productive commercial fisheries must be a priority.
Monkfish/anglerfish across the world; common problems and common solutions: an introduction to papers presented at the ICES Theme Session in September 2007
Authors: Maguire Jean-Jacques , Pereda Pilar , Duarte Rafael , Dobby Helen , Azevedo Manuela 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Maguire, J-J., Pereda, P., Duarte R., Dobby, H., and Azevedo, M. 2008. Monkfish/anglerfish across the world; common problems and common solutions: An introduction to papers presented at the ICES Theme Session in September 2007. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 1270–1271.
Proline 54 trans‐cis isomerization is responsible for the kinetic partitioning at the last‐step photocycle of photoactive yellow protein
Authors: Lee Byoung‐Chul , Hoff Wouter D. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractPhotoactive yellow protein (PYP), a blue‐light photoreceptor for Ectothiorhodospira halophila, has provided a unique system for studying protein folding that is coupled with a photocycle. Upon receptor activation by blue light, PYP proceeds through a photocycle that includes a partially folded signaling state. The last‐step photocycle is a thermal recovery reaction from the signaling state to the native state. Bi‐exponential kinetics had been observed for the last‐step photocycle; however, the slow phase of the bi‐exponential kinetics has not been extensively studied. Here we analyzed both fast and slow phases of the last‐step photocycle in PYP. From the analysis of the denaturant dependence of the fast and slow phases, we found that the last‐step photocycle proceeds through parallel channels of the folding pathway. The burial of the solvent‐accessible area was responsible for the transition state of the fast phase, while structural rearrangement from the compact state to the native state was responsible for the transition state of the slow phase. The photocycle of PYP was linked to the thermodynamic cycle that includes both unfolding and refolding of the fast‐ and slow‐phase intermediates. In order to test the hypothesis of proline‐limited folding for the slow phase, we constructed two proline mutants: P54A and P68A. We found that only a single phase of the last‐step photocycle was observed in P54A. This suggests that there is a low energy barrier between trans to cis conformation in P54 in the light‐induced state of PYP, and the resulting cis conformation of P54 generates a slow‐phase kinetic trap during the photocycle‐coupled folding pathway of PYP.
Effects of classical insect hormones on the expression profiles of a lipase gene from the cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera)
Authors: Sui Yi‐Peng , Wang Jin‐Xing , Zhao Xiao‐Fan 
Published: September 2008

AbstractA 967‐bp cDNA, encoding a 31 kDa lipase with an isoelectric point of 8.8, was cloned from Helicoverpa armigera. The gene was named Ha‐lipase. The Ha‐lipase transcript was present in the head‐thorax, midgut and fat body but not in integument and haemocytes from 5th instar larvae, with higher expression levels in feeding larvae than that in molting larvae. In the midgut, transcription of the gene during the 5th instar larval period was lower than during the 6th instar period. While in the fat body, lipase was not found at the 6th instar stage but only at the 5th instar stage. The expression of Ha‐lipase could be up‐regulated by methoprene and down‐regulated by methoxyfenozide (RH‐2485) and 20‐hydroxyecdysone (20E).
Gene structure and expression of nanos (nos) and oskar (osk) orthologues of the vector mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus
Authors: Juhn J. , Marinotti O. , Calvo E. , James A. A. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe products of the maternal‐effect genes, nanos (nos) and oskar (osk), are important for the development of germ cells in insects. Furthermore, these genes have been proposed as candidates for donating functional DNA regulatory sequences for use in gene drive systems to control transmission of mosquito‐borne pathogens. The nos and osk genes of the cosmopolitan vector mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus, encode proteins with domains common to orthologues found in other mosquitoes. Expression analyses support the conclusion that the role of these genes is conserved generally among members of the nematocera. Hybridization in situ analyses reveal differences in mRNA distribution in early embryos in comparison with the cyclorraphan, Drosophila melanogaster, highlighting a possible feature in the divergence of the clades each insect represents.