bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal Study of Phenobarbital in Serum, Cerebrospinal Fluid, and Saliva in the Dog
Authors: Skinner Steven F. , Robertson Lee T. , Artero Mary , Gerding Robert K. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Serial assays for phenobarbital were done on the blood serum, cerebrospinal fluid (csf), and saliva from three epileptic and two clinically normal dogs that were given various oral doses of the drug. In all dogs, the three fluids showed considerable daily fluctuations of phenobarbital concentrations, even after several weeks at the same dosage. The average ratio for csf/serum was 0.53 and 0.39 for saliva/serum. A highly significant (P < 0.001) correlation coefficient occurred between csf and serum (0.95) and between csf and saliva (0.93); although in some dogs at particular dosages, the csf and saliva were poorly correlated. Dose-related curves demonstrated a gradually increased phenobarbital concentration in the three fluids up to dosages of 9.0 mg/kg of body weight. The present study suggests that multiple serum or saliva samples should be assayed to account for daily fluctuations; saliva can be a good indicator of unbound phenobarbital concentration in csf.
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Evaluation of Antibody to Canine Distemper Virus
Authors: Noon Kerry F. , Rogul M. , Binn L. N. , Keefe T. J. , Marchwicki Ruth H. , Appel M. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for canine immunoglobulin (Ig) G antibodies to canine distemper virus (cdv) was developed and its test results were compared with those of the serum-neutralization (sn) test. The sera of 273 random-source adult dogs were examined. The two tests had a high degree of correlation. Very few discrepancies occurred and most of these were at the lower limits of each test. When the sera were tested at 1:100 dilution, there was a 98% agreement between the elisa and sn test. Titrated sn and IgG elisa tests also were performed on sera from 77 dogs whose lifetime medical histories were known. The results showed excellent agreement between the tests. Only five of the 77 sera showed any discrepancies and these were at detection-threshold levels.
To follow antibody development in two dogs experimentally infected with cdv, it was necessary to use an elisa which detected both canine IgM and IgG. The elisa detected CDV-specific IgM a week before the sn test results became positive. The IgM titers rose for 3 weeks and descended to lower levels about the 4th and the 5th weeks. The sn titers closely followed the IgM titers. The elisa detected IgG antibody about the 5th and the 6th weeks of infection. Results of both the sn test and the IgG elisa remained elevated through the 70th day of testing.
End-Tidal Partial Pressure of CO2 as an Estimate of Arterial Partial Pressure of CO2 During Various Ventilatory Regimens in Halothane-Anesthetized Dogs
Authors: Hightower C. E. , Kiorpes A. L. , Butler H. C. , Fedde M. R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The correlation between end-tidal partial pressure of CO2 (Petco2) and arterial Pco2 (Paco2) was studied in six halothane-anesthetized dogs maintained under four different ventilatory regimens: (A) spontaneous breathing; (B) assisted positive-pressure ventilation; (C) intermittent manual inflation; and (D) ventilator-controlled breathing. For procedures A, B, and D together, there was a strong correlation between PetCo2 and PaCo2 (r = 0.8) that was highly significant at P < 0.0001 for Petco2 values between 31.3 and 61 mm of Hg. In spontaneous and controlled breathing, Petco2 is representative of PaCo2 and provides a useful noninvasive tool for monitoring the patient maintained under general anesthesia. Furthermore, data suggest that any ventilatory support of the anesthetized patient markedly improves blood gas and acid-base status compared with that of the unsupported, spontaneously breathing animal.
Vascular Responses in Equine Thoracic Limb During and After Pneumatic Tourniquet Application
Authors: Sandler G. A. , Scott E. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Vascular responses occurring with pneumatic tourniquet application were evaluated in the equine thoracic limb. Recordings of pressure (arterial and venous) and flow (arterial) distal to the tourniquet were made for 60 minutes. Reactive hyperemia was observed; however the increased flow was neither of a sufficient duration nor of a great enough volume for total repayment of flow loss.
Characterization of Immunoglobulin A Antibody in Serum of Swine Inoculated with Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus
Authors: Kodama Y. , Ogata Μ. , Simizu Y. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Sera and contents of the small intestine from swine inoculated with transmissible gastroenteritis (tge) virus were examined for immunoglobulin (Ig) A antibody responses by the radioimmunoprecipitation test with antiporcine IgA serum. When swine were orally inoculated with virulent virus, IgA antibody activity was detected in the contents of the small intestine and in serum from postinoculation days 7 to 56. However, IgA antibody activity was not detected in the contents of the small intestine or serum in swine inoculated im with attenuated virus.
The Ig class of serum of swine inoculated with tge virus was examined by gel filtration chromatography. When swine were orally inoculated with virulent virus, neutralizing antibody was always detected from both fractions of IgA and IgG. Neutralizing antibody was detected only from the IgG fraction in the serum of swine inoculated im with attenuated virus.
The molecular size of serum IgA antibody was determined by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The titer of this antibody was the highest at a position between 10.9S- and 7S-marker protein. The antibody consisted almost exclusively of dimers.
It appeared that serum IgA antibody always originated from the lymphoid tissue of the intestinal tract. This antibody was regarded as an indicator of active immunity to tge virus.
Biochemical Effects of Succinylcholine Chloride in Mechanically Ventilated Horses Anesthetized with Halothane in Oxygen
Authors: Benson G. J. , Hartsfield S. Μ. , Manning J. P. , Thurmon J. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Succinylcholine chloride administered to horses anesthetized with halothane in oxygen and mechanically ventilated, caused slight but statistically insignificant (P < 0.01) increases in creatine phosphokinase, lactic dehydrogenase, and aspartate aminotransferase activity. The increases in these enzymes have been explained on the basis of muscle damage resulting from succinylcholine chloride induced muscle fasciculations and by hypoperfusion of tissues due to depression of the cardiovascular system caused by general anesthesia. These changes were not clinically apparent based upon the absence of myoglobinuria and ease of recovery. There was no significant effect of treatment observed on other biochemical variables. The findings in the present study agree with previous observations on serum creatine phosphokinase, lactic dehydrogenase, and aspartate aminotransferase activity.
Chemically Defined Growth Medium for Corynebacterium pyogenes
Authors: Reddy C. Adinarayana , Cornell C. P. , Fraga A. Μ. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A chemically defined medium and a relatively simple semidefined medium (sdm) which allow good growth of Corynebacterium pyogenes, a nutritionally fastidious animal pathogen, were described. The sdm contained glucose, trypticase, yeast extract, hemin, minerals, cysteine · HCl, and NaHCO3. To obtain a chemically defined medium, yeast extract in sdm was replaced with a defined mixture of nucleic acid bases, vitamins, amino acids, and trace minerals, and trypticase was replaced by myo-inositol (1 μg/ml of medium).
Effect of Prednisone on Gastric Blood Flow in Swine
Authors: Zamora C. S. , Reddy V. K. , Frandle K. A. , Samson M. D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effect of long-term prednisone treatment on gastric blood flow, as it relates to the development of gastric lesions, was studied. Young pigs were given (im) saline solution or prednisone (10 mg/kg) each day for various periods. Blood flow was measured, using the radioactive microsphere entrapment technique, at the end of 7, 14, and 21 days of treatment. Pigs treated with prednisone had hemorrhages in the proper gastric (fundic) gland area of the stomach. Blood flow to the mucosa and total wall of the nonglandular, cardiac gland, fundic gland, and pyloric gland regions of the stomach was higher in prednisone-treated pigs. Gastric lesions were not observed in the saline-treated pigs. Regional blood flow to the gastric mucosa increased during the formation of prednisone-induced gastric lesions in swine.
Effect of Multiple Excretory Urograms on Glomerular Filtration of Normal Dogs: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Feeney D. A. , Osborne C. A. , Jessen C. R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Study was made of the effect of a triiodinated radiopaque contrast agent, sodium iothalamate on glomerular filtration of ten normal dogs given the dosages commonly recommended for diagnostic studies—200, 400, and 800 mg of iodine/0.45 kg of body weight administered at 2- to 6-day intervals. Renal function was evaluated by determination of serum urea nitrogen and serum creatinine concentrations and endogenous creatinine clearance immediately before each urogram and at 2 to 5 days after the last urogram. Although no significant changes in serum urea nitrogen or creatinine concentrations were identified, a statistically significant reduction in endogenous creatinine clearance following urography was identified when the data from all the dogs were evaluated as a group. However, only 3 of the 10 dogs had successively decreasing values on serial evaluations of endogenous creatinine clearances and an additional 2 animals had final endogenous creatinine clearances further than 1 sd below the preinjection (base line) mean for that animal.
Serial renal function studies will be required in dogs given a single dose of the radiopaque contrast to determine the reversibility of the decreased endogenous creatinine clearance and the significance of the decreased creatinine clearances when compared with those values in control dogs (not given radiopaque contrast medium). In addition, these studies may reveal whether the incidence, degree, and duration of reduced glomerular filtration are related to the dose rate of radiopaque contrast agent and are statistically significant were greater numbers of dogs given single and multiple doses of radiopaque contrast agent under laboratory conditions.
Activation of Antibacterial Silver Coatings on Surgical Implants by Direct Current: Preliminary Studies in Rabbits
Authors: Colmano G. , Edwards S. S. , Barranco S. D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Staphylococcus aureus contamination on intramedullary silver pins in the femurs of rabbits was decreased 69% by the application of 9 μA for 1 hour of positive direct current/cm2 (9μAH+DC/cm2). Injection of a solution of silver chloride or silver nitrate into the bone marrow before insertion of the contaminated pins and subsequent application of 12 μAH+DC/cm2 to the stainless steel pins reduced the colony counts 25% and 64%, respectively, and indicated a need for the Ag+ and Cl− ionic state on the pins’ surfaces. Stainless steel pins electroplated with silver and charged with 12 μAH+DC/cm2 decreased the bacterial counts by 85%. A 91% inhibition with stainless steel pins electroplated with silver and chlorided indicated that bacteriostasis was possibly due to the Ag+/AgCl/Cl− surface effect. Total bacterial inhibition was achieved by 12 μAH+DC/cm2 on stainless steel pins coated with 100 monomolecular layers of silver stearate. The electrical activation of this coating eliminated up to ~3,000 S aureus contaminating the intramedullary pins.
Occurrence and Properties of Haemophilus avium Hemagglutinin
Authors: Iritani Y. , Yamaguchi T. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Hemagglutination studies on Haemophilus avium were done, using chicken rbc. Direct hemagglutinin was found in H avium cultured in solid medium. Hemagglutination ability was inactivated by heating and with formalin, but was not affected by sonication and by freezing and thawing. Serologic differences between H avium and H paragallinarum were verified by the hemagglutination-inhibition test.
Electrocardiograms of Nine Species of Nonhuman Primates Sedated with Ketamine
Authors: Gonder Janet C. , Gard Elizabeth A. , Lott Nathaniel E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Electrocardiograms were studied in nine species of nonhuman primates sedated with ketamine hydrochloride. Electrocardiographic values were similar in all species although heart rate and other rate-related values (QT and PR intervals) were species-dependent. Arrhythmias were infrequent. Ketamine hydrochloride did not appear to induce marked alterations in the ecg of primates.
Abnormalities and Virus-Like Particles in Spermatozoa from Bulls Latently Infected with Bluetongue Virus
Authors: Foster N. M. , Alders M. A. , Luedke A. J. , Walton T. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Abnormalities were commonly observed in spermatozoa, and bluetongue virus (btv) was isolated from semen of 2 known btv carrier bulls and 2 of 4 btv seropositive field bulls. The spermatozoal abnormalities ranged from a small cavity between the acrosome and nucleus with some involvement of the nucleus, to an enlargement of the cavity accompanied by vesiculation that could affect the entire acrosome. Virus-like particles were occasionally observed in the affected spermatozoa, but were present in all samples. A positive relationship was found between infectivity of semen samples from btv latently infected bulls and the observation of abnormalities and virus-like particles in the heads of affected spermatozoa.
Pathologic Features of Iodide Toxicosis in Calves
Authors: Mangkoewidjojo Soesanto , Sleight Stuart D. , Convey Edward M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Forty Holstein-Friesian heifer calves were divided into four groups of ten each and dosed orally with ethylenediamine dihydriodide to provide 0, 50, 250, or 1,250 mg of iodide/animal each day. Five calves in each group were given thyrotropin-releasing hormone at 4-week intervals. Two calves given 1,250 mg of iodide (active ingredient)/day died by 70 days and had severe bronchopneumonia. At 6 months, the remaining 38 calves were killed. Pneumonia was evident in calves given iodide, with the severity apparently dose-related. Squamous metaplasia of tracheal epithelium occurred in all calves given 1,250 mg of iodide. Similar changes were seen in the interlobular duct of the parotid gland of two calves given 1,250 mg of iodide and in one calf given 250 mg, Scanning electron microscopy revealed changes in the tracheal mucosa, the severity of which were related to the dose of iodide fed. Changes in the thyroid glands of calves given 1,250 mg of iodide included large follicles, flat epithelium, and large amounts of colloid. In calves given 1,250 mg of iodide plus thyrotropin-releasing hormone, the histologic features of the thyroid glands were similar to controls. Serum vitamin A concentrations were less in calves given 1,250 mg of iodide relative to that of control calves. In general, calves were able to compensate for excessive dietary iodide after an initial period of an apparent increased susceptibility to respiratory tract infection.
Comparison of Three Methods of Immunization Against Bovine Anaplasmosis: An Examination of Postvaccinal Effects
Authors: Corrier D. E. , Vizcaino O. , Carson C. A. , Ristic M. , Kuttler Κ. L. , Treviño G. S. , Lee A. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Normandy calves ranging in age from 7 to 11 months were immunized against bovine anaplasmosis, using a diluted virulent Anaplasma marginale stabilate of Colombian origin, diluted bovine blood containing an apparently mild strain of A marginale isolated in Colombia, or an attenuated A marginale vaccine of ovine origin from the United States. Calves given the stabilate generally showed a moderate degree of parasitemia and reduction in packed cell volume (pcv). Calves given the apparently mild Colombian isolate of A marginale developed a moderate parasitemia, a reduction in pcv, and in some instances, required treatment to moderate the premunization procedure. Calves given the attenuated vaccine showed minimal evidence of parasitemia and pcv reduction. Most of the immunized calves became seropositive in the complement-fixation test for anaplasmosis and all calves sampled showed evidence of a cell-mediated response, using the leukocyte migration-inhibition test.
Histochemical Observations on Muscle from Normal and Malignant Hyperthermia-Susceptible Swine
Authors: Gallant Esther M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A comparison was made of muscle from two locations in both the longissimus and the semitendinous muscles of normal and malignant hyperthermia-susceptible swine. Serial frozen sections were stained for alkali-stable adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), phosphorylase, and the oxidative enzymes succinate dehydrogenase and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)-diaphorase. Myofiber types were identified on the basis of these staining reactions. There was no consistent statistically significant difference between muscle from normal and muscle from susceptible swine with any system of fiber classification. This is contrary to several published reports but consistent with physiologic studies which indicate that both oxidative and glycolytic pathways are abnormally active during the onset of malignant hyperthermia.
Pulmonary Vascular Response During Phases of Canine Heartworm Disease: Scanning Electron Microscopic Study
Authors: Schaub Robert G. , Rawlings Clarence A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Pulmonary arteries and veins of 14 dogs in phases of heartworm disease (Dirofilaria immitis infection) were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Two dogs were infected with D immitis microfilaria only, whereas 12 dogs were infected with adult D immitis. Seven of the dogs infected with adult worms were untreated. Two of these 7 dogs had natural infections of unknown duration introduced by mosquito bite, whereas 5 were experimentally infected for 30 days. The remaining five dogs were experimentally infected for 1 year and had worms removed by drug therapy. These five dogs were maintained 12 months after treatment.
Arteries and veins from dogs infected with microfilaria had a continuous sheet of endothelial cells. Arterial endothelium from the seven nontreated dogs infected with adult heartworms exhibited swirling patterns, pore formation, and separation of intercellular junctions. Arteries from all dogs had numerous endothelialized villus protrusions; veins had similar, less extensive changes. Arteries and veins from experimentally infected dogs were similar to naturally infected dogs, indicating the infection procedure produced lesions similar to that normally seen in heartworm disease. The extent of vascular lesions was reduced in four of the five treated dogs that had been infected with adult worms. Adult worms, not microfilaria, may produce the vascular lesions seen in heartworm disease. Lesions will regress if worms are removed from the circulation. Lesions may be caused by generation of humoral factors initiated by the presence of adult worms.
Acrosome Reaction of Sperm Incubated in the Uterus of Gilts
Authors: Esbenshade K. L. , Clegg E. D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A procedure is described for incubation and recovery of sperm from the female reproductive tract. Ova which were placed in Teflon capsules and surgically inserted into ligated uterine segments of gilts, were incubated with sperm and examined to determine whether the acrosome reaction was induced. Ova were recovered at 30-minute intervals for 2 hours and examined by electron microscopy. When 6 to 12 × 109 sperm were placed into the ligated uterine segments, 80% to 85% of the sperm were recovered. The acrosome reaction, with the characteristic vesiculation of the plasma membrane and outer acrosomal membrane, was detected in sperm at the surface of the ova after incubation for 60 or 90 minutes. Approximately 5% of the sperm outside the capsules showed similar membrane vesiculation after those time intervals.
Continuous In Vitro Cultivation of Babesia bovis
Authors: Erp Elton E. , Smith Ronald D. , Ristic Miodrag , Osorno B. Miguel 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Babesia bovis was isolated from an experimentally infected calf (No. 1) and was maintained in vitro for 32 days by subculturing 14 times, using a total dilution of 192,000. A splenectomized calf was inoculated with subculture Babesia (isolate B). The agent (isolate C) was isolated and maintained in vitro for 17 days prior to inoculation of a third splenectomized calf. Babesia organisms (isolate D) were isolated and retained in vitro for 270 days. After 85 days in vitro, organisms from this third isolation (isolate D) were injected into a fourth splenectomized calf to test for infectivity. Responses of the three calves to cultural inoculation were similar to those responses that occurred from inoculation of infected bovine blood (calf 1). There was no observed change in the microscopic appearance of the Babesia in vitro with time.
Vaccination of Pregnant Ponies Against Equine Rhinopneumonitis
Authors: Crandell Robert A. , Mock Richard E. , Lock Theodore F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Bovine herpesvirus 1247 (one dose) was given subcutaneously to five pregnant pony mares between 227 and 319 days of their gestations. There were no adverse clinical reactions, and the virus was not recovered from nasal swabs collected during a 2-week period after vaccination. Four ponies foaled full-term, live, healthy foals. The foal of the fifth mare (No. 1) was found dead, but on the basis of the pathologic and virologic examinations, the virus was not considered to be the cause of the death. At 3 weeks after vaccination, the pregnant pony mares had a 13- to 250-fold increase in serum antibody titer to equine herpesvirus-1.
A virulent-virus challenge exposure of all pony mares at 208 days after vaccination resulted in antibody titers greater than those just before this exposure. Virus was recovered from nasal swabs from vaccinated mares only on postexposure day 1, whereas the one control (nonvaccinated) pony shed virus for at least 3 days after challenge exposure.
The immunogenic and the nonabortifacient characteristics of the herpesvirus 1247 in pregnant pony mares indicate that it may be useful to vaccinate horses against equine herpesvirus-1.