bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prominent expression and activity‐dependent nuclear translocation of Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase Iδ in hippocampal neurons
Authors: Sakagami Hiroyuki , Kamata Akifumi , Nishimura Hideki , Kasahara Jiro , Owada Yuji , Takeuchi Yusuke , Watanabe Makoto , Fukunaga Kohji , Kondo Hisatake 
Published: November 2005

AbstractMultifunctional Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinases (CaMKs) including CaMKI, II and IV, are thought to regulate a variety of neuronal functions. Unlike CaMKII, which is regulated by autophosphorylation, CaMKI as well as CaMKIV are activated by CaMKK. In this study, we examined the cellular and subcellular localization of CaMKIδ, a recently identified fourth isoform of CaMKI, in the mature brain.In situhybridization analysis demonstrated wide expression of CaMKIδ mRNA in the adult mouse brain with prominent expression in the hippocampal pyramidal cells. FLAG‐tagged CaMKIδ was localized at the cytoplasm and neurites without nuclear immunoreactivity in approximately 80% of the transfected primary hippocampal neurons. The stimulation with either KCl depolarization or glutamate triggered the nuclear localization of FLAG‐tagged CaMKIδ by two‐fold with a peak at 1 min. In contrast, the catalytically inactive mutants of CaMKIδ remained cytoplasmic without nuclear translocation during KCl depolarization, indicating the requirement of its activation for the nuclear translocation. Furthermore, we showed that immunoprecipitated CaMKIδ could phosphorylate cAMP response element binding protein (CREB)αin vitroand that the over‐expression of CaMKIδ enhanced GAL4‐CREB‐luciferase activity in PC12 cells stimulated by KCl depolarization. Our present study provides the first evidence for the possible involvement of CaMKIδ in nuclear functions through its nuclear translocation in response to stimuli that trigger intracellular Ca2+influx.
Shift from depolarizing to hyperpolarizing glycine action occurs at different perinatal ages in superior olivary complex nuclei
Authors: Löhrke Stefan , Srinivasan Geetha , Oberhofer Martin , Doncheva Ekaterina , Friauf Eckhard 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe inhibitory transmitters glycine and GABA undergo a developmental shift from depolarizing to hyperpolarizing action (D/H‐shift). To analyse this shift in functionally related nuclei of the rat superior olivary complex (SOC), we employed voltage‐sensitive dye recordings in auditory brainstem slices. Complementarily, we analysed single neurons in gramicidin perforated‐patch recordings. Our results show a differential timing of the D/H‐shift in the four SOC nuclei analysed. In the medial superior olive (MSO), the shift occurred at postnatal day (P) 5–9. In the superior paraolivary nucleus (SPN), it occurred between embryonic day (E) 18 and P1. No D/H‐shift was observed in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) until P10. This is in line with the finding that most of the patched MNTB neurons displayed glycine‐induced depolarizations between P0–9. While no regional differences regarding the D/H‐shift were found within the MSO, SPN, and MNTB, we observed such differences in the lateral superior olive (LSO). All LSO regions showed a D/H‐shift at P4–5. However, in the high‐frequency regions, hyperpolarizations were large already at P6, yet amplitudes of this size were not present until P8 in the low‐frequency regions, suggesting a delayed development in the latter regions. Our physiological results demonstrate that D/H‐shifts in SOC nuclei are staggered in time and occur over a period of almost two weeks. Membrane‐associated immunoreactivity of the Cl– outward transporter KCC2 was found in every SOC nucleus already at times when glycine was still depolarizing. This implies that the mere presence of KCC2 does not correlate with functional Cl– outward transport.
Fibre‐type composition of rabbit jaw muscles is related to their daily activity
Authors: van Wessel T. , Langenbach G. E. J. , Korfage J. A. M. , Brugman P. , Kawai N. , Tanaka E. , van Eijden T. M. G. J. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractSkeletal muscles contain a mixture of fibres with different contractile properties, such as maximum force, contraction velocity and fatigability. Muscles adapt to altered functional demands, for example, by changing their fibre‐type composition. This fibre‐type composition can be changed by the frequency, duration and presumably the intensity of activation. The aim of this study was to analyse the relationship between the spontaneous daily muscle activation and fibre‐type composition in rabbit jaw muscles. Using radio‐telemetry combined with electromyography, the daily activity of five jaw muscles was characterized in terms of the total duration of muscle activity (duty time) and the number of activity bursts. Fibre‐type composition of the muscles was classified by analysing the myosin heavy chain content of the fibres. The amount of slow‐type fibres was positively correlated to the duty time and the number of bursts only for activations exceeding 20–30% of the maximum activity per day. Furthermore, cross‐sectional areas of the slow‐type fibres were positively correlated to the duty time for activations exceeding 30% of the maximum activity. The present data indicate that the amount of activation above a threshold (> 30% peak activity) is important for determining the fibre‐type composition and cross‐sectional area of slow‐type fibres of a muscle. Activation above this threshold occurred only around 2% of the time in the jaw muscles, suggesting that contractile properties of muscle fibres are maintained by a relatively small number of powerful contractions per day.
Gene transfer of GLT‐1, a glutamate transporter, into the nucleus accumbens shell attenuates methamphetamine‐ and morphine‐induced conditioned place preference in rats
Authors: Fujio Mayumi , Nakagawa Takayuki , Sekiya Yumiko , Ozawa Tohru , Suzuki Yuichi , Minami Masabumi , Satoh Masamichi , Kaneko Shuji 
Published: November 2005

AbstractSeveral lines of evidence have suggested that the glutamatergic system in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) plays an important role in the conditioned rewarding effect of drugs of abuse. In addition, it is recognized that extracellular glutamate is rapidly removed from the synaptic cleft by Na+‐dependent glutamate transporters in neurons and glial cells, thereby maintaining physiological levels of glutamate. We previously reported that activation of glutamate uptake by a glutamate transporter activator attenuated the acquisition of conditioned place preference induced by methamphetamine and morphine in mice. In the present study, we examined the effects of gene transfer of a glial glutamate transporter, GLT‐1, into the NAc shell by recombinant adenoviruses on methamphetamine‐ and morphine‐induced conditioned place preference in rats. Bilateral infusion of the recombinant adenoviruses into the NAc shell efficiently increased GLT‐1 expression surrounding the infusion site, at least during the period 2–8 days after the infusion. In the conditioned place preference paradigm, animals were conditioned with repeated subcutaneous injections of methamphetamine (2 mg/kg) or morphine (3 mg/kg). Intra‐NAc shell overexpression of GLT‐1 before the conditioning significantly attenuated the conditioned place preference induced by methamphetamine or morphine, when compared with control. However, it had no effect on the somatic signs of naloxone‐precipitated morphine withdrawal. These results suggest that GLT‐1 within the NAc shell plays an inhibitory role in the conditioned rewarding effects of methamphetamine and morphine but not the physical dependence on morphine.
An initial investigation of spinal mechanisms underlying pain enhancement induced by fractalkine, a neuronally released chemokine
Authors: Milligan E. , Zapata V. , Schoeniger D. , Chacur M. , Green P. , Poole S. , Martin D. , Maier S. F. , Watkins L. R. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractFractalkine is a chemokine that is tethered to the extracellular surface of neurons. Fractalkine can be released, forming a diffusible signal. Spinal fractalkine (CX3CL1) is expressed by sensory afferents and intrinsic neurons, whereas its receptor (CX3CR1) is predominantly expressed by microglia. Pain enhancement occurs in response both to intrathecally administered fractalkine and to spinal fractalkine endogenously released by peripheral neuropathy. The present experiments examine whether fractalkine‐induced pain enhancement is altered by a microglial inhibitor (minocycline) and/or by antagonists/inhibitors of three putative glial products implicated in pain enhancement: interleukin‐1 (IL1), interleukin‐6 (IL6) and nitric oxide (NO). In addition, it extends a prior study that demonstrated that intrathecal fractalkine‐induced mechanical allodynia is blocked by a neutralizing antibody to the rat fractalkine receptor, CX3CR1. Here, intrathecal anti‐CX3CR1 also blocked fractalkine‐induced thermal hyperalgesia. Furthermore, blockade of microglial activation with minocycline prevented both fractalkine‐induced mechanical allodynia (von Frey test) and thermal hyperalgesia (Hargreaves test). Microglial activation appears to lead to the release of IL1, given that pretreatment with IL1 receptor antagonist blocked both fractalkine‐induced mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. IL1 is not the only proinflammatory cytokine implicated, as a neutralizing antibody to rat IL6 also blocked fractalkine‐induced pain facilitation. Lastly, NO appears to be importantly involved, as l‐NAME, a broad‐spectrum NO synthase inhibitor, also blocked fractalkine‐induced effects. Taken together, these data support that neuronally released fractalkine enhances pain via activation of spinal cord glia. Thus, fractalkine may be a neuron‐to‐glia signal triggering pain facilitation.
Novelty detector neurons in the mammalian auditory midbrain
Authors: Pérez‐González David , Malmierca Manuel S. , Covey Ellen 
Published: November 2005

AbstractNovel stimuli in all sensory modalities are highly effective in attracting and focusing attention. Stimulus‐specific adaptation (SSA) and brain activity evoked by novel stimuli have been studied using population measures such as imaging and event‐related potentials, but there have been few studies at the single‐neuron level. In this study we compare SSA across different populations of neurons in the inferior colliculus (IC) of the rat and show that a subclass of neurons with rapid and pronounced SSA respond selectively to novel sounds. These neurons, located in the dorsal and external cortex of the IC, fail to respond to multiple repetitions of a sound but briefly recover their excitability when some stimulus parameter is changed. The finding of neurons that respond selectively to novel stimuli in the mammalian auditory midbrain suggests that they may contribute to a rapid subcortical pathway for directing attention and/or orienting responses to novel sounds.
Corticostriatal functional interactions in Parkinson's disease: a rTMS/[11C]raclopride PET study
Authors: Strafella Antonio P. , Ko Ji Hyun , Grant Joshua , Fraraccio Maria , Monchi Oury 
Published: November 2005

AbstractSeveral animal studies have shown that striatal dopamine can be released under direct control of glutamatergic corticostriatal efferents. In Parkinson's disease (PD), abnormalities in corticostriatal interactions are believed to play an important role in the pathophysiology of the disease. Previously, we have reported that, in healthy subjects, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of motor cortex (MC) induces focal dopamine release in the ipsilateral putamen. In the present study, using [11C]raclopride PET, we sought to investigate early PD patients with evidence of unilateral motor symptoms. We measured in the putamen changes in extracellular dopamine concentration following rTMS (intensity, 90% of the resting motor threshold; frequency, 10 Hz) of the left and right MC. The main objective was to identify potential differences in corticostriatal dopamine release between the hemisphere associated with clear contralateral motor symptoms (symptomatic hemisphere) and the presymptomatic stage of the other hemisphere (asymptomatic hemisphere). Repetitive TMS of MC caused a binding reduction in the ipsilateral putamen of both hemispheres. In the symptomatic hemisphere, while the amount of TMS‐induced dopamine release was, as expected, smaller, the size of the significant cluster of change in [11C]raclopride binding was, instead, 61.4% greater than in the asymptomatic hemisphere. This finding of a spatially enlarged area of dopamine release, following cortical stimulation, may represent a possible in vivo expression of a loss of functional segregation of cortical information to the striatum and an indirect evidence of abnormal corticostriatal transmission in early PD. This has potential implications for models of basal ganglia function in PD.
Enhanced expression of brain interferon‐α and serotonin transporter in immunologically induced fatigue in rats
Authors: Katafuchi Toshihiko , Kondo Tetsuya , Take Sachiko , Yoshimura Megumu 
Published: November 2005

AbstractImmunologically induced fatigue was induced in rats by intraperitoneal injection of a synthetic double‐stranded RNA, polyriboinosinic : polyribocytidylic acid (poly I:C). An injection of poly I:C (3 mg/kg) decreased the daily amounts of spontaneous running wheel activity to ≈ 60% of the preinjection level until day 8. Quantitative analysis of mRNA levels demonstrated that interferon‐α (IFN‐α) and p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase mRNAs increased in the medial preoptic, paraventricular and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei and in cortex on both days 1 and 8, while interleukin‐1β and an inhibitor of nuclear factor κB (IκB)‐β mRNAs increased on day 1, but recovered within a week. Serotonin transporter (5‐HTT) mRNA also increased on days 1 and 8 after poly I:C injection in the same brain regions where IFN‐α mRNA increased. The increased 5‐HTT had a functional significance, becausein vivobrain microdialysis revealed that an i.p. injection of poly I:C induced a decrease in the extracellular concentration of 5‐HT in the prefrontal cortex; the decrease was blocked by local perfusion with a nonselective 5‐HT reuptake inhibitor, imipramine. Finally, the poly I:C‐induced fatigue was attenuated by a 5‐HT1Areceptor agonist but not by 5‐HT2, 5‐HT3or dopamine D3agonists. These findings, taken together, suggest that disorders in brain IFN‐α and 5‐HTT expression may be involved in the neuronal mechanisms of the poly I:C‐induced fatigue.
Impaired fear memory and decreased hippocampal neurogenesis following olfactory bulbectomy in rats
Authors: Jaako‐Movits Külli , Zharkovsky Alexander 
Published: November 2005

AbstractIt has been proposed that a decrease in adult hippocampal neurogenesis provides a biological and cellular basis for major depression. The olfactory bulbectomy (OB) in rats is widely accepted as an animal model of depression. In the present study, we investigated the effect of OB on memory formation in the memory tasks related to the hippocampal function and adult hippocampal neurogenesis. OB induced a behavioural syndrome, which was characterized by an increased activity in the open‐field test and impairment in passive avoidance behaviour and contextual fear conditioning. The behavioural changes, following OB, were accompanied by a decrease in the number of proliferating cells in the dentate gyrus. Furthermore, the differentiation of the newly born cells, into mature calbindin‐positive neurons, was also retarded. Stereological analysis revealed a decrease in the total granule neuron numbers within the granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus, without a significant decrease in volume of the dentate gyrus. Although a relationship between altered neurogenesis and behavioural syndrome, induced by OB, is not established yet, our results suggest that decreased neurogenesis might at least partly contribute for behavioural deficits following OB.
Short‐term survival of newborn neurons in the adult olfactory bulb after exposure to a complex odor environment
Authors: Rochefort Christelle , Lledo Pierre‐Marie 
Published: November 2005

AbstractIn the olfactory bulb of adult mice, new neurons are continually integrated into existing neuronal networks. Previous studies have demonstrated that exposure to a complex odor environment increases the incorporation of newborn bulbar neurons without modifying the proliferation rate. Whether this incorporation is transient or leads to the long‐lasting presence of new neurons has not yet been answered. Because a transient increase of new neurons impacts olfactory information processing differently than a long‐lasting increase, we conducted experiments to investigate the time course of survival and cell death of newly generated bulbar neurons following exposure to an enriched olfactory environment. Dividing cells were labeled with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and were counted at several survival time points thereafter. Interestingly, whereas the number of surviving BrdU‐labeled cells was elevated at the time when animals were withdrawn from their enriched housing, this number returned to control level 1 month later. Similarly, when olfactory memory was investigated, we found that the improvement of short‐term memory, induced by enriched odor exposure, lasted less than 1 month. These findings indicate not only that the recruitment of newborn neurons closely followed the degree of environment complexity, but also that olfactory memory is tightly associated with the level of ongoing neurogenesis in the adult olfactory bulb.
Evolution of body size in food webs: does the energetic equivalence rule hold?
Authors: Loeuille Nicolas , Loreau Michel 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe energetic equivalence rule (EER), which is derived from empirical observations linking population density and body size and from the allometric law linking metabolism and body size, predicts that the amount of energy used by the various species should be independent of body size. Here, we examine this hypothesis using a model that allows entire food webs to emerge from coevolution of interacting species. Body size influences both individual metabolism and interactions among species in the model. Overall, population density does decrease with body size roughly following a power law whose exponent is variable. We discuss this variability in the light of empirical data sets. The emerging relationship between the flux of resources exploited by the various species and their body size follows a decreasing power law, thus contradicting the EER. Our model emphasizes the importance of considering the influence of body size on species interactions in attempting to explain large‐scale patterns related to body size.
In situ probing of Xylella fastidiosa in honeydew of a xylem sap‐feeding insect using 16S rRNA‐targeted fluorescent oligonucleotides
Authors: Rodrigues Jorge L. M. , Silva‐Stenico Maria E. , De Souza Adriane N. , Lopes João R. S. , Tsai Siu M. 
Published: November 2005

Summary Xylella fastidiosa is a plant pathogen that threatens a US$ 4.6 billion worldwide wine and citrus industry. Monitoring its presence and distribution in plants and vectors is crucial for designing control strategies, as well as for understanding its ecological role and fate. We developed two fluorescent oligonucleotide probes complementary to different regions of the 16S rRNA gene of X. fastidiosa. The specificity of the newly designed probes S‐S‐X.fas‐0067‐a‐A‐18 and S‐S‐X.fas‐1439‐a‐A‐18 was demonstrated using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for 12 Xylella isolates, 15 closely related microorganisms and three plant endophytes. These probes were used to detect and quantify X. fastidiosa in plant sap (average value of 2.9 ± 0.3 × 106 cells ml−1) from three different citrus orchards. In a second experiment, cells were quantified in honeydew (2.2 ± 0.2 × 104 cells ml−1) collected from the insect vector Bucephalogonia xanthophis during the acquisition access period on an infected plant. The number of pathogen cells retained or digested by the insect is 10 000 times greater than the estimated minimum value to ensure an efficient transmission. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification using specific primers with plant sap and honeydew samples, followed by sequencing, confirmed the presence of the plant pathogen. This is the first demonstration of FISH being used for environmental samples, such as plant sap and insect honeydew, to estimate the abundance of a plant pathogen during infection.
Comparison of microbiological results of needle puncture vs. superficial swab in infected diabetic foot ulcer with osteomyelitis
Authors: Kessler L. , Piemont Y. , Ortega F. , Lesens O. , Boeri C. , Averous C. , Meyer R. , Hansmann Y. , Christmann D. , Gaudias J. , Pinget M. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractAim  To study prospectively two methods for the bacteriological diagnosis of osteomyelitis related to diabetic foot ulcer: needle puncture performed across normal skin surrounding the foot ulcer and superficial swabbing of the ulcer.Patients and methods  Diabetic patients with a foot ulcer complicated by bone or joint infection, as detected by X‐ray imaging, were included in the study. Ulcer swabbing and needle puncture were performed in each patient. To reach the tissue nearest the bone surface, needle puncture was guided by X‐ray imaging and the drop of fluid obtained by aspiration was used for both aerobic and anaerobic bacterial culture.Results  Twenty‐one diabetic patients were included. The mean number of microorganisms isolated by needle puncture was significantly lower compared with that obtained by superficial swabbing: 1.09 vs. 2.04 (P < 0.02). Three bacterial species were isolated by needle puncture only in one patient while three or more bacterial isolates were obtained by superficial swabbing in six patients. No bacterial isolate was detected in five patients by needle puncture and in two patients by superficial swabbing. Staphylococcus aureus accounted for 70% of cases (seven patients) when a single bacterial species was obtained by needle puncture. After needle puncture, no wound complication or infection was observed.Conclusion  Culture of samples obtained by needle puncture revealed one or two bacterial isolates in two‐thirds of diabetic patients with osteomyelitis following foot ulcer. Given the lack of complications, this invasive diagnostic technique should be considered for deep direct sampling in diabetic patients with osteomyelitis related to foot ulcer when surgical debridement is contraindicated or delayed.
ANOMALIES, PROBINGS, INSIGHTS: KEN FOREMAN'S ROLE IN THE SAMPLING INFERENCE CONTROVERSY OF THE LATE 20TH CENTURY
Authors: Brewer Ken 
Published: November 2005

SummaryThis paper is based on the author's recollections of work done for and with E.K. Foreman, and later developments of that work. It describes most particularly the author's early intimations of the potential for using prediction models in survey sampling, the reasons why the use of such models, especially for inferential purposes, was so strongly resisted in the second half of the 20th century, the manner in which randomization and prediction inferences can be combined, and some advantages flowing from that combination.