bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mammographic detection of breast cancer and preoperative needle localization
Authors: Dershaw D. David 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSince its early clinical use during the 1960s, mammography has become a widely accepted screening method for breast cancer. Its utilization may be capable of diminishing mortality by 40%. Screening programs have been instituted, and their cost effectiveness depends on the locale and age of the population screened. Mass screening has resulted in large numbers of nonpalpable lesions being biopsied. Needle localization techniques allow for these to be performed with a minimal chance of missing the lesion, while removing only a small volume of breast tissue. Although most lesions biopsied will be benign, 20–30% of those excised at any institution should be malignant. Consultation with experienced mammographers may be desirable when recommending mammography‐based biopsy. The rate of detection of malignancy is higher in women who have a prior history of ipsilateral or contralateral breast cancer.
Treatment of ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast
Authors: Moore Michael M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDuctal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is increasing in frequency, primarily because of the increasing use of routine screening mammography. The management of DCIS has become one of the more controversial aspects in the treatment of breast cancer. Although total mastectomy provides local control and long‐term survival approaching 100%, the move to breast conservation with early invasive breast cancer has forced a re‐evaluation of the treatment of in situ breast cancer. Recent advances in the evaluation and subclassification of DCIS according to histologic subgroupings and sizings have provided valuable insight into the biology of the disease. These biologic parameters may help to identify those lesions amenable to breast conservation. In properly selected patients, breast conservation affords a 1%/year local failure rate, with approximately one‐half of the recurrences being invasive.
Pregnancy‐associated breast cancer
Authors: Petrek Jeanne A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe incidence of pregnancy‐associated (PA) breast cancer is rising, as childbirth is being delayed to the women's 30s and early 40s, when breast cancer is more frequent. Most reports consider “PA breast cancer” as that being diagnosed during pregnancy, or within one year after. The delay of diagnosis often seen in PA breast cancer may be due to physician oversight or reluctance to perform a biopsy during pregnancy. Two‐stage procedures are favored in this setting, with biopsy under local anesthesia, then extent‐of‐disease work‐up and definitive treatment, usually mastectomy. The use of scans for staging, and irradiation for treatment, is avoided, where possible, due to fetal risk. Likewise, chemotherapy is carefully gauged to avoid fetal damage. With these precautions, the prognosis for women with PA breast cancer, stage for stage, is similar to that of women of the same age treated at the same time period at MSKCC.
Gastric cancer mass survey in Chile
Authors: Llorens Pedro 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA Chilean publication in 1969 reported the 5‐year survival rate of gastric cancer to be 12% of operated patients and only 3% of all patients diagnosed with gastric cancer. Encouraged by the excellent results obtained in Japan through a massive study of the population, Chile initiated in 1978 a program for massive detection of gastric cancer. From May 1978 to December 1986, 42,492 persons were screened under this system. Gastric cancer was detected in 0.43% in the massive group, and in 1.27% in the symptomatic group. The rate of early cancer detected per all gastric cancer was 14.69% in the former and 11.02% in the latter group. Gastric ulcer was found to be located more in the upper third of the stomach and less in the lower third, which may call attention in comparison with the foreign literature.
Endoscopic treatment of early gastric cancer
Authors: Okazaki Yukinori , Tada Masahiro 
Published: February 2007

AbstractLaser therapy and endoscopic strip biopsy for early gastric cancer are useful measures from our experience. It is considered that the larger lesion of early cancer should be treated by laser therapy and the smaller lesion by strip biopsy. However, endoscopic therapy as a curative treatment still presents problems. Clinical trials with laser therapy has to accumulate to ascertain the effectiveness of laser on the gastric wall. Also, endoscopic treatment methods are limited to patients who cannot be admitted to surgery. Furthermore, it is difficult to judge the metastasis to lymph nodes surrounding the stomach with present diagnostic capabilities. Wider application of these endoscopic treatment methods will follow when these difficulties are overcome.
Surgical treatment of gastric cancer: Retrospective survey of 1,704 operated cases with special reference to total gastrectomy as the operation of choice
Authors: Meyer H.‐J. , Jahne J. , Wilke H. , Pichlmayr R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTotal gastrectomy is discussed as the operation of choice among different surgical approaches for gastric carcinoma. We prefer the performance of an elective total gastrectomy with systematic lymph‐adenectomy (compartments I and II) and obligatory splenectomy. A retrospective study of 1,704 consecutive cases of gastric carcinomas showed a better outcome following total gastrectomy in relationship to distal subtotal gastrectomy, but these results cannot be used as evidence because of the lack of a prospective study. Nevertheless, a precise analysis of our cases in regard to tumor site and tumor type could show a frequency of only 6% to maximally 30%, in which elective total gastrectomy may represent a procedure too extensive to justify for an oncological course.
Coeliac axis‐oriented approach in surgery for advanced gastric cancer
Authors: Orita Kunzo , Sakagami Kenichi , Kamikawa Yasuaki , Gouchi Akira 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTo achieve the systemic curative lymph node dissection in gastrectomy for advanced gastric cancer, coeliac axis‐oriented approach was proposed. Mobilization of the spleen as well as the tail and body of the pancreas from the left retroperitoneum and Kocher's maneuver lifting up the hepatoduodenal ligament and head of pancreas from the right retroperitoneum permits the observation of the coeliac axis under direct vision and enables the para‐aortic node dissection with ease. This approach was applied to 131 cases with advanced gastric cancer with neither mortality nor notable complication.
Type‐oriented therapy for gastric cancer effective for lymph node metastasis: Management of lymph node metastasis using activated carbon particles adsorbing an anticancer agent
Authors: Takahashi Toshio , Sawai Kiyoshi , Hagiwara Akeo , Takahashi Shigeru , Seiki Kosuke , Tokuda Hajime 
Published: February 2007

AbstractActivated carbon particles are taken selectively up by lymphatics when injected into the tissues and visualize regional lymph nodes colored black. Furthermore, carbon particles adsorb a large amount of the anticancer agent mitomycin C (MMC) on their surface and release the drug reversibly. Using these properties of activated carbon particles, we have applied it for lymph node dissection and chemotherapy of lymph node metastasis. After injection of carbon particles, regional lymph nodes of the stomach were found to be black; blackened lymph nodes extending widely from perigastric to para‐aortic nodes were identified from other structuresFour hundred and twenty‐four patients with gastric cancer were treated with this method for lymph node metastasis during 1984–1988. Involved nodes were generally colored in high incidence, about 70% of involved ones except for highly positive nodes, which was the same as noninvolved nodes. In highly positive nodes, the colored incidence was decreased to about 48%. The cumulative 5‐year survival rate of the patients treated with this series was 74.6%, which was significantly higher than the figures without this method.
Staging patterns and early cancer detection
Authors: Smart Charles R. , Chu Kenneth C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThere is a great deal of indirect, nonexperimental evidence that a pattern of earlier‐stage disease at diagnosis has a better outcome. Increased early detection activities can change, these stage patterns while various biases and the question of generalizability need to be kept in mind in their interpretation. The indirect evidences of possible benefit from early detection activities includes an increase in the number of cases detected, a pattern of more early‐ and less advanced‐stage cases, an increase in the overall site‐specific survival rate, and a decrease in the case fatality rate. Unless these intermediate markers are favorable, it is unlikely that early detection will reduce mortality. In addition, one should also differentiate a reduced incidence or a change in treatment as a cause for reduced mortality. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role and extent of lymphadenectomy for early breast cancer
Authors: Robinson David S. , Senofsky Gregory M. , Ketcham Alfred S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA better understanding of the locoregional and systemic approaches to breast cancer over the past decade and one‐half has altered the perspective on surgical management of the axilla. An increased awareness of the importance of early diagnosis and appropriate staging has focused further attention on the extent of resection of axillary lymph nodes. Examined here are the anatomy and physiology of the axillary lymph nodes, their clinical evaluation, the significance of histologic evaluation, a discussion of the procudure's role in staging and therapy, and a presentation of the complications of axillary lymph node dissection. It is in this light that we discuss the extent of axillary lymphadenectomy in early diagnosis of breast cancer. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
How staging directs treatment for esophageal and lung cancer
Authors: McKenna Robert Joseph 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWhile staging systems may seem complicated and cumbersome at times, they are designed to stratify patients into groups by prognosis and treatment. This article reviews the staging of lung cancer and esophageal cancer, and it shows how this classification translates into different treatment plans based upon this staging. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tumor registrar's role in TNM staging
Authors: Creech Cynthia M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe role of the tumor registrar in TNM staging has not been clearly defined. This paper shows how this can be clarified in individual hospital cancer programs and how the tumor registrar serves as a key member of the cancer team in implementing physician TNM staging. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cancer staging: Future directions for the TNM classification
Authors: Sobin Leslie H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe major accomplishment of the 1987 edition of the TNM classification was the unification of criteria for all site classifications, namely, the elimination of all variations that had developed over the years. The main directions that TNM is taking for the future are 1) verification of published classifications, 2) classification of new sites and tumor types, 3) addressing the integration of nonanatomic factors with TNM to achieve prognostic grading, and 4) application of TNM beyond pure clinical‐pathological aspects to assess methods of early detection, quality of care, and population trends. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intraepithelial neoplasia of the lower female genital tract: Etiology, investigation, and management
Authors: Wright V. Cecil , Chapman William 
Published: February 2007

AbstractLower genital tract neoplasia appears associated with certain types of the human papilloma virus. Surgical approaches using lasers and electricity are available to treat the clinical diseases and in turn provide good cosmetic and functional anatomy. The surgical method employed depends upon the anatomical and histological distribution of disease regardless of its site. Of the three areas (cervix, vagina and vulva), cervical intraepithelial neoplasia is the least difficult to cure. Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia is the most difficult since recurrences can occur at any time and in some patients for many years.
Application of lasers in bladder cancer
Authors: Hofstetter Alfons G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe Nd:YAG laser enables endoscopic destruction of bladder tumors under excellent viewing conditions in a specific and calculable way for induction of homogeneous necroses with simultaneous occlusion of blood and lymphatic vessels. The low local relapse rate, in contrast to that with TUR, is remarkable. By Nd:YAG laser application in combination with or without pelvine lymphadenectomy we were able to reduce the cystectomy rate significantly in recent years.
Current status of lasers in neurosurgical oncology
Authors: Powers Stephen K. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDuring the past decade and a half, the photothermal and photochemical effects of several medical lasers have been studied for the clinical treatment of benign and malignant, primary and secondary central nervous system tumors. Increased precision and hemostasis during tumor excision while limiting manipulation and retraction of nervous tissues are possible with the microsurgical carbon dioxide, argon, and frequency doubled neodymium:YAG lasers. Computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging‐directed volumetric tumor removal by laser is feasible with computer‐generated visual displays referenced to the patient's anatomy using stereotactic instrumentation. Photodynamic therapy with hematoporphyrin derivative as the photosensitizer and neodymium:YAG laser hyperthermia are currently under evaluation for the treatment of residual and recurrent malignant tumors. Encouraging results have been reported for each of these nonablative forms of laser use.
Interstitial photoablative laser therapy guided by magnetic resonance imaging for the treatment of deep tumors
Authors: Castro Dan J. , Saxton Romaine E. , Lufkin Robert B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe failure rate of cancer treatment remains unacceptably high, still being a leading cause of mortality in adults and children despite major advances over the past 50 years in the fields of surgery, radiation therapy, and, more recently, chemo and immunotherapy. In the United States, the 5‐year survival rate for all cancers in the population has increaed by only approximately 10% since 1960.Surgical access to some deep tumors of the head and neck and other areas often require extensive dissections with residual functional and cosmetic deformities. Repeated treatment is not possible after maximum dose radiotherapy and chemotherapy is still limited by its systemic toxicity. An attractive solution to these problems would be the development of a new adjunctive method combining the best features of interstitial laser phototherapy for selective tumor destruction via minimally invasive techniques for access and 3D‐magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a monitoring system for laser‐tissue interactions. Our experience with this new technique is reviewed.
Interstitial laser hyperthermia
Authors: Masters Andrew , Bown Stephen G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractExperimental studies have shown that once the appropriate laser parameters are defined, interstitial laser hyperthermia (ILH) can produce well‐defined, predictable tissue necrosis in solid viscera which heal safely with little functional or structural sequelae. Preliminary clinical studies have illustrated that ILH is simple to perform, is well tolerated producing radiological and histological evidence of necrosis in liver, pancreatic, and breast cancer. Its future role in most cases will be palliative, controlling local tumour growth. Where the extent of necrosis can be matched accurately to tumour volume, the prospect for cure exists. Further research is necessary before ILH can be regarded as an established treatment and, in particular, its influence on patient survival is worthy of further evaluation.
Preactivation: A new concept for generation of photoproducts for potential therapeutic applications
Authors: Culliya Kirpal S. , Chanh Tran , Harriman Anthony , Aronoff Billie L. , Mathews James L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractControlled exposure of photoactive compounds to light prior to their use in biological targets results in the formation of heretofore unknown photoproducts. This process of photoproduct generation, termed preactivation, renders the photoactive compound capable of systemic use without further dependence on light. We have demonstrated that preactivated Merocyanine and preactivated Photofrin‐II possess significant antitumor and antiviral activity against certain tumor cells and viruses, while under identical conditions normal cells and tissues are minimally affected. Thus, the preactivation procedure may represent a promising therapeutic modality for controlling systemic malignancies and viral infections.
Genetics of transitional cell carcinoma
Authors: Klein Eric A. , Chaganti R. S. K. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSeveral models of genetic events which define the origin and progression of human tumors have been elucidated over the last several years. These models suggest that the study of tumors at the level of both the chromosome and the gene can be useful in elucidating molecular events in tumor progression and in determining the biologic behavior of individual tumors. The genetics of transitional cell carcinomas are reviewed with emphasis on potential mechanisms of tumorigenicity and the clinical utility of genetic markers.
Experimental models of histogenesis and tumor cell heterogeneity in bladder cancer
Authors: Raghavan Derek , Russell Pamela J. , Brown Joanne L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe histogenetic relationships between the subtypes of bladder cancer are not known. Each common pattern (transitional cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and squamous carcinoma) can exist independently, although they may coexist in primary or metastatic bladder cancers, and tumors that are predominantly composed of transitional cell carcinoma may have regions of squamous or glandular differentiation. Morphologically identical tumors exhibit marked variation in their natural history and response to treatment. To study these aspects of the biology of human bladder cancer, a series of cell lines have been established and characterized as xenografts and in tissue culture. These studies have shown a likely common origin for transitional cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and squamous carcinoma of the bladder. Morphologically similar xenografts and cell lines in vitro have shown a broad range of functional heterogeneity, including ultrastructure, tumor marker production, ploidy, cell surface characteristics, and response to chemotherapy. These are useful models of heterogeneity of response to treatment with established and new cytotoxic agents.
Growth factors and bladder cancer: Clinical implications of the interactions between growth factors and their urothelial receptors
Authors: Messing Edward M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractGrowth factors (GFs) are a class of proteins that bind to specific cell surface receptors (GF‐Rs), inducing a variety of responses including mitosis, in susceptible target cells. Abnormal production, expression, and/or function of GFs or GF‐Rs can result in unregulated growth, the hallmark of malignant transformation. This chapter reviews those GFs/GF‐Rs that have been linked to human bladder cancer. It focuses particularly on one [epidermal growth factor (EGF), which is excreted in urine in high concentrations] and its possible role in the development and growth of urothelial malignancy. Potential clinical applications in diagnosis, staging, prevention, and treatment are discussed.
Cell surface differentiation antigens of normal urothelium and bladder tumors
Authors: Dalbagni Guido , Reuter Victor E. , Sheinfeld Joel , Fradet Yves , Fair William R. , Cordon‐Cardo Carlos 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBladder cancer ranks as the third most common malignancy among men and tenth among women. Superficial transitional cell carcinomas (stage Ta, Tis, and T1) account for approximately 70–40% of these tumors, while the remaining 20–30% are invasive (T2, T3, and T4). Approximately 70% of superficial tumors will have one or more recurrences, with 25% of these expressing a higher histologic grade and 10–15% subsequently developing invasive and/or metastatic disease. The detection and prediction of tumor recurrence and/or tumor progression is crucially important if timely and appropriate therapy is to be instituted. Conventional histopathologic evaluation usually provides definitive diagnosis upon which therapeutic planning is based. However, at present there are no more reliable morphologic indicator to identify which individuals will have recurrent disease or who will progress to invasive and/or metastatic cancer. Recent advances in tumor biology have identified markers that are good candidates for clinical applications in early tumor detection, as well as for the stratification of patients with like‐appearing morphological lesions with different biological and clinical behavior. The ultimate goal is to develop predictive assays that would segregate patients with high probability of failures versus patients who would be cured by localized modes of therapy.
Flow cytometry for detection and evaluation of urinary bladder carcinoma
Authors: Melamed Myron R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFlow Cytometry (FCM) DNA assays of bladder irrigation specimens are now recognized as a clinically useful and reliable means of detecting and monitoring carcinoma of the bladder. This technique, which identifies carcinoma by the presence of an aneuploid population of cells, can be carried out on specimens obtained in an outpatient or hospital setting and is easily performed in any medium‐sized laboratory. It is most sensitive to superficial and high grade tumors. Overall, nearly 80% of superficial carcinomas of bladder will have positive flow cytometry, comparing very favorably with conventional cytology. Until now, the widest clinical application of FCM has been in monitoring the conservative treatment of stage 0–1 flat and papillary carcinomas, but newly developed dual parameter measurements are capable of quantifying proliferative activity, oncogene expression, growth factor receptors, and other cellular features that may better characterize the biologic potential of these tumors and can be expected to aid in the selection and timing of treatment.
Expression of blood group antigens in bladder cancer: Current concepts
Authors: Sheinfeld Joel , Reuter Victor E. , Fair William R. , Cordon‐Cardo Carlos 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBlood group antigens are a group of carbohydrate structures bound to membrane lipids or proteins of erythrocytes and certain epithelial tissues including urothelium. The Lewis antigens are structures that are genetically and biochemically related to the ABO blood group. The ABO and Lewis blood group systems are differentially expressed in the normal urothelium of “secretors” versus “nonsecretor” individuals. The normal urothelium of “secretors” is rich in ABH, Leb, and Ley antigens while the urothelium of “nonsecretors” does not express these antigens. Therefore, deletion of ABH antigens, commonly noted in TCC, can only be reliably ascertained in “secretor” individuals. Neo‐expression of the Lewis X antigen (which is absent in normal urothelium) is noted in over 85% of TCC regardless of tumor stage and grade. Immunocytological detection of the Lewis X antigen on exfoliated bladder epithelial cells enhances the detection of urothelial tumor cells, particularly from low grade and low stage neoplasms.