bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic polymorphisms in isolated Sherpa populations of Nepal
Authors: Bangham Charles R.M. , Howarth S. E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractData are reported on the incidence of variants in the ABO blood group system, four red cell enzyme polymorphisms, and the PTU taster/non‐taster polymorphism in 155 Sherpas and Tamangs living in two villages in the isolated Rolwaling valley in east Nepal.The incidence of phenotype AB was unexpectedly high in one village, as has been reproted insome other high‐altitude populations: possible causes are discussed. Each of the other polymorphisms has a different pattern of distribution between the populations studied; the Sherpas' allele distribution in the phosphoglucomutase (PGM) system seems to be distinct from the surrounding populations'.ABO gene frequencies suggest affinities between Sherpas in the study villages and old‐ and new‐clan Sherpa populations, respectively, in Solu and Khumbu.
Height and sexual dimorphism of stature among human societies
Authors: Gray J. Patrick , Wolfe Linda D. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn this study, which is concerned with the varying degrees of sexual dimorphism of stature between human societies, adult male and female height measurements and male‐female height ratios – the measure of sexual dimorphism – from 216 societies are statistically compared with several variables: marriage practices, protein availability, the presence of milking herds, settlement size, and climate. Our results indicate that while greater mean male height is associated with polygynous marriage, marriage practices did not exert an influence on the degree of sexual dimorphism of stature. On the other hand, the results suggest that while sexual dimorphism in height has a strong genetic component, dietary factors can influence the degree of dimorphism.
Postnatal growth allometry of the extremities in Cebus albifrons and Cebus apella: A longitudinal and comparative study
Authors: Jungers William L. , Fleagle John G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractCebus albifrons and Cebus apella, partially sympatric capuchin monkeys from South America, are known to differ substantially in adult body mass and bodily proportions. C. apella possesses a robust, stocky build in contrast to the more gracile, relatively longer limbed body design of C. albifrons. Average birth weights and adult body lengths of these two congeners, however, are remarkably similar and do not serve to distinguish them. This study examines longitudinal growth rates and patterns of ontogenetic scaling in the extremities (humerus, radius, hand, femur, tibia, foot) in order to document the nature and magnitude of skeletal changes associated with increasing age and body mass.Our data indicate that the growth rates of the six skeletal components of the limbs differ only slightly and somewhat inconsistently between the two species. Body mass, however, increases at a consistently faster rate in C. apella. Relative to body mass, therefore, the extremities of C. albifrons scale much faster than those of C. apella. This implies that at any given postnatal body mass, C. albifrons is longer limbed than C. apella. Conversely, C. apella is heavier than C. albifrons at any given limb length or age. We suggest that such differences in body mass distribution are causally related to differences in locomotor behavior and foraging strategies. Specifically, the relatively long‐limbed C. albifrons is probably more cursorial and tends to travel longer distances each day than C. apella. C. apella is a much more deliberate quadruped and is also characterized by especially vigorous and powerful foraging and feeding behaviors. We also compare our results to other (mostly cross‐sectional) studies of skeletal growth allometry in nonhuman primates.
Mandibular torus morphology
Authors: Sellevold Berit J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe morphology of the mandibular torus was examined, and comparisons were made between a Medieval Norse skeletal population from Greenland and a 14th to 17th century Greenland Eskimo skeletal series. Three parameters were analyzed: degree of development (on a 4‐point scale), position and length, and surface morphology according to the number of knobs, or lobuli. It was found that the Eskimos have a high frequency of weakly developed tori and no cases of the extreme development, while over 20% of the Norsemen had tori in the “extreme” category. The Norse torus was generally found to be longer than that of the Eskimos, and both groups exhibited a slight asymmetry between the sides, the torus on the left side tending to be longer and more forward in position than the right. A great difference was found in surface morphology. The Norse torus is in general very irregular, while the Eskimo torus is rather smooth. These differences are believed to be genetically determined.
Generalized joint hypermobility and black admixture in school children of Bahia, Brazil
Authors: Santos Maria Concepción Novoa , Azevêdo Eliane S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractJoint hypermobility was investigated in a sample of 3,000 school children, ages 6–17 years, in Bahia, Brazil. A sampling method was designed to assure an equal number of 50 children in the smallest size classes, when age, race, and sex were held constant. Race was classified in five subgroups to assess the proportion of black admixture. The overall frequency of generalized joint hypermobility was 2.3%. The darker the children the lower the frequency of affected children. However, this racial effect was also associated with age: The highest frequency of generalized joint hypermobility was among the youngest and less black mixed children, whereas among the oldest and darker children there was no case of joint hypermobility.
Reindeer Chukchi and Siberian Eskimos: Studies on blood groups, serum proteins, and red cell enzymes with regard to genetic heterogeneity
Authors: Sukernik Rem I. , Lemza Sergey V. , Karaphet Tatyana M. , Osipova Ludmila P. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPhenotype and allelic frequencies for ABO, MNSs, P, Rh, Kell, Duffy, and Diego blood groups, as well as for transferrins (Tf), haptoglobins (Hp), phosphoglucomutase 1 (PGM1), adenylate kinase (AK), 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD), and acid phosphatase (AcP) are described in 9–10 adjoining populations of Reindeer Chukchi. Additionally, one of three presently existing territorial subgroups of Siberian Eskimos was studied. The total sample size ranges from 931 to 1,066 in Chukchi, and from 99 to 102 in Eskimos, depending on the genetic system studied. Substantially reduced samples for Kidd and ABO secretion were investigated solely in the Reindeer Chukchi. Significant heterogeneity of allelic frequencies has been observed among Chukchi populations (χ = 378.47, P < 0.001). Summed genetic heterogeneity between Reindeer Chukchi and Siberian Eskimos was also found to be highly significant (χ = 186.54, P < 0.001). Both groups can be readily discriminated with only four outliers: NS, P1, R1, and Pa. Random genetic drift is suggested to be responsible for a large proportion of heterogeneity of allelic frequencies at the MNSs, P, and Rh blood‐group system sites both among the Chukchi and Eskimos. Conversely, stabilizing selection is assumed as the principal agent maintaining homogeneous allelic frequencies at the AcP locus within the Chukchi subdivisions, whereas disruptive selection may be considered as a major factor leading to different pa frequencies between Chukchi and Eskimos.
Population structure of Alaskan and Siberian indigenous communities
Authors: Crawford M. H. , Mielke J. H. , Devor E. J. , Dykes D. D. , Polesky H. F. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractGenetic data consisting of 14 red cell antigen groups and 11 serum and erythrocytic protein marker systems from four Eskimo populations of the Norton Sound area of Alaska are reported. The population structure of these four groups is analyzed both separately and within the larger context by comparison to 15 other circumpolar groups. These analyses reveal a good fit between genetic structure, geographic distribution, linguistic affiliation, and the ethnohistory of the region.
Cranial asymmetry in Ceboid primates: The emissary foramina
Authors: Conroy Glenn C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractUntil the last decade or so, relatively little was known of cranial asymmetries in nonhuman primates. Data are slowly, but surely, accumulating for such features as transverse sinus flow, sylvian point angle differences, external brain morphology, etc. Cranial asymmetries are being analyzed and related to such diverse problems as “handedness” and phylogenetic systematics. It has been known for over 200 years that cranial asymmetry exists in some of the cerebral blood flow patterns in man, particularly the internal jugular pathway. Although earlier anatomists assumed this was only characteristic of “higher primates” (meaning man and the great apes), little quantitative data have been available to either support or deny this belief. There is a particular dearth of information for New World primates. The aim of this study is to contribute to the growing literature on cerebral asymmetries by partially filling in this gap in our knowledge of New World primate biology.
Heritability and components of phenotypic expression in skin reflectance of Mestizos from the Peruvian Lowlands
Authors: Frisancho A. Roberto , Wainwright Robert , Way Antony 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSkin reflectance was measured on the inner upper arm and forehead of a sample of 209 Mestizos ranging in age from 2 to 64 years living in the town of Lamas in the Eastern Peruvian Lowlands. The sample consisted of 43 father‐son, 42 father‐daughter, 62 mother‐son, and 70 mother‐daughter pairs. The sample also consisted of 57 brother‐brother, 60 sister‐sister and 139 brother‐sister pairs. The reflectance measurements were made with a Photovolt Reflection Meter, model 670. Stepwise polynomial regression techniques were used to derive standardized residual values. Then using these residual values parent‐offspring, sibling intraclass correlations and components of the phenotypic expression of skin reflectance were calculated. The study indicates that 1) the parent‐offspring and sibling correlation coefficients conformed with the theoretical correlations expected assuming polygenic inheritance; 2) the husband‐wife correlations indicate a high degree of assortative mating for skin color, but despite this effect the parent‐offspring and sibling correlation coefficients are lower than the values expected under the influence of autosomal genes; 3) estimates of heritability and components of phenotypic expression indicate that about 55% of the total variability in skin reflectance could be attributed to the influence of additive genetic factors; and 4) there is no evidence of X‐linkage in the inheritance of skin color.
The St. Lawrence Island Eskimos: Genetic variation and genetic distance
Authors: Ferrell Robert E. , Chakraborty Ranajit , Gershowitz Henry , Laughlin W. S. , Schull W. J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe Eskimos of St. Lawrence Island have been typed for genetic variation at 44 discrete genetic loci. Three private polymorphisms, at the 2,3‐diphosphoglycerate mutase, peptidase B, and purine nucleoside phosphorylase loci, have been observed, which may be useful in future studies of genetic relationships between Eskimos and other circumpolar populations. Genetic distance analysis reveals a close relationship between the St. Lawrence Island Eskimos and other Eskimo populations and that the Eskimo populations form a distinct cluster from Amerindian populations. The St. Lawrence Island Eskimos appear to be more similar to Asiatic Eskimos than to other groups. Caucasian admixture in this population is estimated to be between 2 and 7%.
Deciduous tooth dimensions in fetal rhesus monkeys from mothers with induced diabetes
Authors: Bennett Kenneth A. , Cheverud James M. , Booth Sandra N. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThirty‐four measurements of the deciduous dentition in 21 fetal rhesus monkeys from diabetic mothers (FDM) and 36 nondiabetic fetuses were compared in order to assess the effects of induced maternal diabetes on the teeth of third‐trimester fetuses. After exclusion of 14 variates due to significant age‐related variation, univariate statistical analysis suggested a trend toward smaller teeth in the FDMs. Multivariate discriminant function analysis indicated not only a clear separation between the two groups, with molar breadths and some incisor lengths and breadths serving as the best discriminators, but also that the deciduous dental dimensions in FDMs are smaller than in nondiabetic fetuses.
Sexual dimorphism in two subspecies of Ethiopian baboons (Papio hamadryas) and their hybrids
Authors: Phillips‐Conroy Jane E. , Jolly Clifford J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSexual dimorphism in mammals has been related to such variables as absolute body size, ecology, and various aspects of social behaviour. Attempts to relate dimorphism to any of these variables have necessarily used small heterogeneous samples to represent the relevant species. We are concerned by the inevitable exclusion of any measure of variability in dimorphism and the consequent impossiblity of assessing the significance of observed interspecific differences. In this paper we describe aspects of sexual dimorphism in anubis,hamadryas, and hybrid baboons from Ethiopia. Samples are large enough to permit a measure of intrapopulation variability. Hamadryas baboons are more dimorphic than anubis in epigamic features, but not in postcanine dentition, nor, contrary to previous reports, in body weight or canine tooth size. Hybrid males are more hamadryas‐like and hybrid females more anubis‐like, as would be predicted by the proposed mechanism for the establishment of the hybrid zone, namely the capture of anubis females by hamadryas males.
Relative growth of the limbs and trunk in the African apes
Authors: Shea Brian T. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractExamination of relative growth and allometry is important for our understanding of the African apes, as they represent a closely related group of species of increasing body size. This study presents a comparison of ontogenetic relative growth patterns of some postcranial dimensions in Pan paniscus, Pantroglodytes, and Gorilla gorilla. Interspecific proportion differences among the three species are also analyzed. It is stressed that reliable ontogenetic information can only be obtained if subadults are examined‐growth data cannot be inferred from static adult scaling. Results indicate that some postcranial relative growth patterns are very similar in the three species, suggesting differential extrapolation of a common growth pattern, whereas for other proportion comparisons the growth trends differ markedly among the species, producing distinct shape differences in the adultsInterspecific shape changes among the three species are characterized by positive allometry of chest girth and negative allometry of body height and leg length. It is suggested that relative decrease of leg length with increasing body size among the African pongids might be expected on biomechanical grounds, in order to maintain similar locomotor abilities of climbing arborealism and quadrupedal terrestrialism. Relative to body weight or trunk length, the limbs of the bonobo (Pan paniscus) are longer than in the common chimpanzee or the gorilla, with a lower intermembral index. This may most closely resemble the primitive condition for the African apes.
Admixture and skin color in the transplanted Tlaxcaltecan population of Saltillo, Mexico
Authors: Relethford John H. , Lees Francis C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractEthnohistoric accounts and serological analyses have documented the genetic effects of transplantation and admixture of several subpopulations of Tlaxcaltecans in Saltillo, Mexico. Interpopulational affinities are assessed using skin reflectance readings taken at the upper inner arm site with a Photovolt Model 670 reflectance spectrophotometer for these groups, focusing on the barrios of La Minita and Chamizal. Genetic distance analyses based on blood groups and skin reflectance data are in close agreement and reflect differential rates of admixture for these groups. Admixture estimates for a dihybrid model (Indian‐Spanish) were derived from skin reflectances and show a slight tendency for underestimation of Spanish admixture when compared to blood group estimates. Application of a trihybrid model incorporating West African admixture shows similar estimates based on blood groups, immunoglobulins, and skin color.
Humeral outlines in some hominoid primates and in Plio‐Pleistocene hominids
Authors: Senut Brigitte 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA method of drawing outlines of the distal end of the humerus is presented and carried out on some pongids (Pan troglodytes, Pan paniscus, Pongo pygmaeus), on modern man, and on some casts of Plio‐Pleistocene hominids. It appears that these outlines are good indicators of the overall morphology and permit the distinguishing of the different hominoids. For example, the morphology of the pillars surrounding the fossa olecrani is useful for this purpose. In modern man, the lateral pillar is quadrangular, contrasting with the triangular medial one. In pongids, both of them are triangular; however, it is possible to note differences between Pongo and Pan. In the South Asian ape, there is a stronger anteroposterior flattening of the pillars as well as the diaphysis. The similarity of the shape of the pillars might be considered as a result of an adaptation to suspension. The differences might be due to different weights of the animals. Plio‐Pleistocene hominids are variable with regard to the morphology of this region. For example, Gombore IB 7594 is similar to Homo. KNM ER 739 exhibits features intermediate between hominids and pongids. Finally, AL 288.1M is closer to pongids. These results confirm a previous anatomical work.
The HLA loci of the Hopi and Navajo
Authors: Williams Robert C. , Morse Harold G. , Bonnell Mark D. , Rate Robert G. , Kuberski Timothy T. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to present the genetic distribution at the HLA‐A,B,C, and DR loci in the Hopi and the Navajo. A sample of 100 outpatients from each tribe was selected at the Public Health Service Indian Hospital in Keam's Canyon, Arizona, and was typed for the antigens at the four loci. The distributions of the alleles and the haplotypes are similar in each tribe. A distance measure, f, confirms the genetic similarity of the two populations. It is concluded that the great cultural diversity of the Hopi and the Navajo is the result of a cultural evolution and diversification that has greatly outstripped the genetic evolution at the major histocompatibility loci over the past 20,000 years.
Cranial capacity estimates for Olduvai Hominid 7
Authors: Wolpoff Milford H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractEstimation of cranial capacity for Olduvai Hominid (OH) 7 is determined from external parietal dimensions using multiple regressions calculated from an australopithecine grade sample. Capacity estimates for OH 7 (580–600 cc) are much lower than usually claimed. While differences in reconstruction may account for the varying estimates, a regression based only on undistorted and unreconstructed values, as well as a direct comparison of dimensions with other Homo habilis specimens, supports the smaller capacity determination.
Interlineage genetic differentiation among rhesus macaques on Cayo Santiago
Authors: McMillan Carol , Duggleby Christine 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAn analysis was done of the patterning of genetic distances between female lineages of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) on Cayo Santiago. The distances (Nei, 1972) were calculated pairwise between all lineages using data from the G, H, I, J, K, L, P and Q blood group systems. Distances between lineages were found to be greater in 1972 than in 1976. Partial correlation coefficients were computed between genetic distances and troop boundaries, controlling for the combined size of the lineages being paired. None of the variance in genetic distances was explained by whether paired lineages were in the same or in different troops. A hypothesis of lineage‐specific mating is offered as one explanation of the continued genetic differentiation between lineages within each troop.
Human nasal protrusion, latitude, and climate
Authors: Carey James W. , Steegmann A. T. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractRelationships between morphological features of human skeletal nasal protrusion, latitude, and climate were investigated. Craniofacial dimensions and indices determined by Woo and Morant (1934) on a world sample of 55 skeletal populations were used as dependent variables. Sample sizes were as low as 39 in some calculations because either skeletal or geographic data were missing. Thirteen climatically related averaged variables, for each population's provenience, were the independent variables. Multivariate techniques of bivariate correlation, multiple regression, and partial correlation were applied. A strong, statistically significant cline of increasing nose protrusion, with decreasing absolute humidity and with increasing latitude, was found. Cold climatic variables appeared to be of greater importance than warm measures. Similarly, absolute humidity was found to be a much better predictor of nose protrusion than was relative humidity.
The rise of academic physical anthropology in the United States (1880–1980): A historical overview
Authors: Spencer Frank 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis paper surveys the development of physical anthropology in the period from 1880 to 1980, beginning with the founding of the U.S. Bureau of American Ethnology and the advent of professionalism in anthropology. The growth of physical anthropology within academic anthropology and the effect of the bias toward ethnology and archaeology is considered. Three historical phases are suggested: pre‐1900, the pre‐academic period of physical anthropology; 1900–1930, the initial development of academic physical anthropology, which witnessed the founding of the American Journal of Physical Anthropology and the American Association of Physical Anthropologists by Hrdlička, and of Hooton's program at Harvard University; 1930‐present, which has seen the full development of physical anthropology in an academic context.
Tales of the phylogenetic woods: The evolution and significance of evolutionary trees
Authors: Loring Brace C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe styles of continuing intellectual traditions can have a major effect on the way in which scientific findings are expressed. Darwin and Huxley, for all their intellectual daring followed the skeptical tactics of the Scottish Enlightenment and avoided the construction of human phylogenetic trees, even though they were aware of the evidence on which such could have been constructed. The romantic evolutionism of Haeckel, Keith, and many subsequent writers in English produced suggested phylogenies on the basis of largely hypothetical forms including Homo “alalus,” “stupidus,” and “Eoanthropus.” The structural aspects of phylogenetic schemes that derive from the French intellectual ethos, from catastrophism to cladistics and punctuated equilibria, have stressed discrete categorical entities in the tradition of Platonic essentialism and have tended to avoid a consideration of evolutionary dynamics.
The development of genetics and population studies
Authors: Pollitzer William S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe contribution of genetics and population studies to physical anthropology as reflected in the pages of our Journal is traced since its establishment in 1918. Major trends include the use of more genetic polymorphisms, the search for natural selection and genetic drift, the unraveling of population structure in a wide variety of ecological niches, and the recognition of the role of culture in human biology. Nonhuman primates have also been explored from the viewpoint of population genetic. Emphasis has been increasingly on process rather than classification.