bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Future of Sentencing and Parole: A Delphi Reassessment of Sentencing and Parole Reforms
Authors: Travis Lawrence F. , O'Leary Vincent , Castelluccio Vicki 
Published: March 2007

The past decade has seen the rise and, more recently, the slowing of a national movement to reform criminal sentencing in the United States. In the early 1970s several states were in the process of enacting legislation or administrative changes in the imposition of criminal sanctions. Although the celeritous growth and spread of sentencing reform has abated in more recent years, there is still considerable activity in the area of sentencing reform. This work reports a comparison of expectations for reform held over time by both academics and agency practitioners. The objective of the research reported here was to determine how, if at all, perspectives on sentencing reform had changed, given an opportunity to review early reform efforts. To measure this change in expectations, a replication of our earlier Delphi with agency and academic experts (Travis & O'Leary, 1979) was conducted during 1983. Thus, we are able to compare estimates given five years earlier (1978) with these more recent estimates. This research has three purposes. First, it seeks to determine how, if at all, expert predictions of the occurrence of specific reforms in criminal justice have changed over a five-year period. Second, it allows a comparison of estimates given by practitioners with those provided by academics. Such a comparison allows an opportunity to investigate how academic and practitioner views of criminal justice differ, if at all. Finally, it provides estimates of the likely nature of many criminal justice practices in the future, and thereby allows an identification of the types of things which can be expected to change as well as those which will be resistant to reform.
Delinquency Prevention: Toward Comprehensive Models and a Conceptual Map
Authors: Van Voorhis Patricia 
Published: March 2007

The conceptual uncertainty which currently plagues the field of delinquency prevention poses a crucial barrier to understanding, planning, and evaluating delinquency prevention programs. "Preventive services," in the broadest sense, describes a myriad of activities, ranging from intensive casework, to group recreational programs, to the installation of street lights. In addition, programs failing under the prevention rubric deal with diverse target populations. Some programs are targeted to youths who have evidenced delinquent behavior; others are focused upon youths who show few signs of future delinquent activity. Most youths approach prevention programs with more than their visible delinquent tendencies or behaviors; in truth, they may bring with them a multitude of problems which may not be so evident, including drug abuse, alcoholism, broken families, and school failure. Unfortunately, the prevention literature often fails to consider the multiple influences on a youth's behavior and the important need for linkages with other service delivery systems. This article discusses several conceptual frameworks for organizing the larger prevention picture, including: (a) the public health model; (b) classification by treatment strategy; (c) conceptualization by theories or crime correlates; and (d) classification by intervention level. Consideration of each model raises several additional issues that are as important as questions pertaining to program policy impact. The final section identifies and discusses sevral strategies for improving the methodology in conducting integrative reviews of program evaluations.
Sources of Educational Funds as Motivators for Participating in Adult Secondary Education
Authors: Londoner Carroll A. 
Published: March 2007

The purposes of this study were two-fold. First, to determine which, if any, attribute variables differentiated significantly be tween adult students who paid their own educational expenses and students whose expenses were paid by a public agency. Sec ond, to determine which educational goals, when controlled by significant test variables, differentiated between the two groups of adult students as motivational reasons for participating in adult secondary education. Employing the tabular multivariate analysis procedure it was found that agency-paid adult students were more likely to rate the educational goals higher in importance than self-paid students. This finding is contradictory to the popularly held belief of adult secondary school staff that agency-paid students do not hold these educational goals high in importance. It was concluded that the Needs-Social System-Satisfaction model of adult participation may be inappropriate for explaining the high rating responses of agency-paid students on the educa tional goals when compared to the expressed belief of public school administrators that these students are unmotivated to study and learn.
The Power-Load-Margin Formula of Howard Y. McClusky as the Basis for a Model of Teaching
Authors: Main Keith 
Published: March 2007

This paper examines relevant writings of Howard McClusky and his power-load-margin (PLM) formula as the nucleus for a teaching-learning model. A teaching model is defined as a pattern or plan which can be used to shape a curriculum or course, to select instructional materials, and to guide a teacher's action. The seven concepts utilized by Joyce and Weil in Models of Teaching serve as the framework for the PLM model. The PLM teaching model fosters mutual respect, shared responsibility, and a spirit of mutual inquiry in small groups or individualized learning experiences. Four phases form the syntax of the PLM model: exploration of the PLM formula, clarification of value set, determination of a sense of direction, and implementation of the educational objectives. Instructional values claimed as direct outcomes of the PLM model include: introduction to the PLM formula, content areas as defined by the learner, and self-enhancement and goal achievement. Nurturant values claimed as indirect outcomes from "living" in the PLM learning environment include: ability to cope with change, respect for the dignity of the person, and interpersonal warmth and affiliation.
Insect Photoperiodism: Diversity of Results in Night-Break Experiments, Including Nonresponsiveness to Light
Authors: Skopik Steven D. , Takeda Makio , Cain William J. , Patel N.G. 
Published: March 2007

Three night-break experiment protocols were utilized in an attempt to help clarify the role of the circadian system in photoperiodic time measurement in the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis. Larvae raised in a light-dark (LD) cycle consisting of 12 hr of light alternating with 12 hr of darkness (LD 12:12), at a constant temperature of 30°C, enter a state of arrested growth and development known as diapause (Takeda and Skopik, 1985). In the present research (Experiment 1), the induction of diapause was prevented by 1-hr light pulses that systematically scanned the dark phase of LD 12:12. Thus, the importance of 12 hr of uninterrupted darkness for maximal induction of diapause is stressed. The same experimental protocol applied to larvae already in diapause (Experiment 2), however, resulted in a bimodal curve of diapause termination. Although this result is consistent with the proposition that a nonperiodic hourglass timer underlies this event (Skopik and Takeda, 1986), it does not rule out the circadian system. Like LD 12:12, a thermoperiod in constant darkness (12 hr at 4°C alternating with 12 hr at 25°C) also induces diapause. Scanning such a thermoperiod with 1-hr light pulses, however, resulted in only a small effect (reduction of diapause) when light fell in the early to middle part of the warm phase (Experiment 3). Thus, the time-measuring system, under these exper imental conditions, showed only a weak response to light. This unexpected result is discussed with respect to Experiment 1 and two general models that have been proposed to account for photoperiodic time measurement in insects.
The Mammalian Circadian System: Models and Physiology
Authors: Rusak Benjamin 
Published: March 2007

Mammalian circadian rhythms have been studied in great detail using primarily two different methods. One method is usually referred to as the formal analysis of rhythms. Its goal is to describe the properties of both rhythms and their underlying mechanisms, and it aims at the development of adequate mathematical models of the circadian system. The other method is the physiological analysis of the mechanisms that generate and entrain rhythms. Its goal is the identification of the anatomical components of the circadian system and the elu cidation at a cellular and molecular level of how these components work. This paper reviews how the formal analysis of circadian systems, primarily in rodents, set the agenda for physiological studies, and the degree to which this agenda has been fulfilled. It then discusses how physiological analyses of the system have helped to redefine issues such as the nature and identity of the pacemaker, the nature of the entrainment process, the roles of photic and nonphotic cues, and the role of feedback in the circadian system. The continued commerce between these two approaches has led to a sophisticated appreciation of the com plexities and subtleties of circadian organization in mammals. The further integration of for mal and physiological analyses remains a challenging goal for the future.
Photoperiodic Time Measurement and a Graded Response in a Cockroach
Authors: Wassmer Gary T. , Page Terry L. 
Published: March 2007

Almost exclusively, photoperiodic insects respond to a given photoperiod in one of two ways: a "long-day" response or a "short-day" response. Intermediate responses occur only at a very restricted range of photoperiods (often less than 30 min) and are generally population phenomena rather than intermediate responses of individuals. In contrast, individuals of the wood roach, Parcoblatta pennsylvanica, show intermediate responses over a broad range of photoperiods. We examined the effect of constant light, constant darkness, and photoperiods ranging from 10 to 18 hr of light per 24 hr on growth rate as measured by weight gain, and found a robust photoperiodic response. Nymphs raised in photoperiods with light periods (photophases) from 0 to 12 hr gained little weight, whereas those in LD 18:6 were almost 15 times heavier. This is the first report of a photoperiodic response curve for a cockroach. Interestingly, there was a linear relationship between the duration of the photophase and weight gain over a broad range of photoperiods (LD 12:12 to LD 18:6; r2 = 0.99). Statistical analysis showed that the intermediate responses were attributable to individuals' growing at an intermediate rate. Another interesting observation was that all larval stages appeared to be capable of perceiving and responding to photoperiodic signals. The results of further experiments using non-24-hr photoperiods were consistent with the existence of a circadian component in the photoperiodic time measurement in this species.
The Effect of Weld-Lines on the Fatigue Resistance of Short Glass Fiber Reinforced Polycarbonate
Authors: Boukhili R. , Gauvin R. , Gosselin M. 
Published: March 2007

The static and fatigue behaviour of injection molded short glass fiber rein forced polycarbonate and non-reinforced polycarbonate were determined for specimens containing weld-lines generated by double-gating Similar experiments were also per formed on specimens without weld-lines for comparative purposes Many aspects of the fatigue behaviour of the materials investigated are reported In the case of non-reinforced polycarbonate, the effect of the weld-line acts principally via the V- notch. However, in the case of glass fiber reinforced polycarbonate the weld-line effect was principally due to the fiber orientation at the weld-line interface On the other hand, while the effect of the weld-line on the fatigue behaviour of polycarbonate was very complex and unpredictable, it seems that for the glass fiber reinforced polycarbonate, this effect can be related to the tensile strength reduction
Politics and epistemology: Rorty, MacIntyre, and the ends of philosophy
Authors: Roth Paul A. 
Published: March 2007

In this paper, I examine how a manifest disagreement between Richard Rorty and Alasdair MacIntyre concerning the history of philosophy is but one of a series of deep and interrelated disagreements concerning, in addition, the history of science, the good life for human beings, and, ultimately, the character of and prospects for humankind as well. I shall argue that at the heart of this series of disagreements rests a dispute with regard to the nature of rationality. And this disagreement concerning the norms of rationality, despite its theoretical and practical importance, is one which is, or so I argue, irresolvable. Moreover, the series of disagreements which I examine in the context of the debate between Rorty and MacIntyre is not peculiar or idiosyncratic to them. Their dispute reflects presumptions common to contemporary analytical philosophy. And while analytical philosophers have not made discussions of human nature one of their characteristic concerns, I indicate that such concerns do play a central role in the controversy which I examine. Differences of opinion concerning the political and social nature of human beings are reflected up and down the philosophical line. My argument is in no way concerned with issues of psychological priority or causality (e.g. whether having certain views disposes one psychologically to accepting other views). What I establish are the logical relations, and the points of philosophical contention, among certain epistemo logical and political theses. In Part I, I rehearse Rorty's epistemological views and examine how these views are connected to his views on morality and human nature. In Part II, I begin with MacIntyre's position concerning the virtues and modern moral philosophy and then reconstruct, ex pede Herculem, his views on rationality. Part III examines the prospects of reconciling the perspectives discussed in the first two sections.
Chronic pain in nineteenth-century British medical writings
Authors: Hodgkiss A.D. 
Published: March 2007

Chronic pain without lesion was recognized throughout the century, initially by surgeons and physicians and later by psychiatrists. The syndrome displayed remarkable phenomenological stability over time. Terminology and taxonomy were complex, including Hysteria, Hypochondria, Spinal Irritation and Neuralgia. Pain without lesion provided a focus for extension of Bichat's concept of lesion, reappraisal of the spatial and temporal relationship between symptom and lesion, consideration of some psychological determinants of pain and discussion of mechanisms by which the mind might act upon the body. A brief exposition of Freud and Breuer's account of Hysterical Pain concludes the paper. Primary sources include Travers, Tate, Teale, Swan, Brodie, Anstie, Tuke, Wilks, Freud and Breuer.
Regional Similarities and Differences in People's Beliefs, Practices and Preferences
Authors: Sinha Jai B.P. , Daftuar C.N. , Gupta Rajen K. , Mishra Ramesh C. , Jayseetha R. , Jha S.S. , Verma Jyoti , Vijayakumar V.S.R. 
Published: March 2007

Seven hundred fifty-three students from seven cities of India reported: (a) their perception of what people in general believe, practise and prefer (i.e., operative values); (b) their own allocentric and idiocentric orientations; (c) the extent to which they attached importance to other's (over their own) opinions, desires and interests; and (d) their age, gender, caste, class and urban exposure. The significant mean differences between the seven sub-samples led to identify three clusters of cities, namely the North, the South and the Central. The North and the South presented a contrast—the former manifesting strong orientations to meet unjustifiable and inconvenient social obligations and to cultivate personalised relationships. The Central cluster showed a differentpattern. The items on which the sub-samples did not differ formed a general factor of collectivism consisting of the themes of familialism, hierarchy and relationship orientation. Collectivism was found to be unrelated to the respondents' rating of the importance attached to other's (over one's own) opinions, desires and interests. Femalestudents, and those who were low on caste, class and urban exposure attached greater importance to others' than to one's own desires, opinions and interests. The self-ratings of allocentrism and idiocentrism proved to be unreliable.
Mahila Sanghas as Feminist Groups
Authors: Everingham Jo-Anne 
Published: March 2007

With increasing focus on the place of women in development by multilateral agencies, donor countries and non-governmental organisations, various strategies of intervention are employed. One such intervention results in poor illiterate women in Orissa, redefining their position in contrast to the dominant discourses and gender ideology of state, religion and economy, to over come culturally enshrined powerlessness. From the observation of the work of the People's Rural Education Movement (PREM), and the women's organisations and credit unions they support and foster it is clear that such women's groups are appropriately understood as feminist in that they have claimed the right to speak for themselves (and those with whom they are attempting to change the social order); conceptualised an alternative social order and defined for themselves alternative social, political and economic activities within it; are challenging the mass of constructed ideas, values and myths around their gender; and are also challenging the social construction of male-female dualism and the ways in which it is reinforced. Their activities are considered in terms of Kristeva's three tiers of feminist thought: liberal feminism, radical feminism and symbolic-order post-structural feminism.
Pregnancy and Childbirth Beliefs and Practices of American Hare Krishna Devotees within Transcultural Nursing
Authors: Morgan Marjorie G. 
Published: March 2007

The followers of Krishna Consciousness are primarily young men and women of child-bearing age who desire healthy pregnancies within the beliefs and practices of their particular culture. The researcher spent a year and a half with American Hare Krishna devotees in a large Southeastern city and on a farm in a neighboring state. The researcher used Leininger's Cultural Care Theory and the ethnographic qualitative research method to focus on the ethnohistory, social structures, and care and caring beliefs and practices of the group related to pregnancy and child-birth. Transcultural nursing implications were derived from the study. While the research was done in 1981 and 1982, the researcher has been back to visit the Krishna devotees several times. Contact with other Krishna followers in different places has also been accomplished since the study. The researcher has found that the same cultural beliefs, practices, and values have prevailed within the group over the years.
Symposium on "The savings and loan industry: crisis or opportunity?"
Authors: Kester George W. , McGoun Elton G. 
Published: March 2007

This paper presents the summary of a symposium on the crisis facing the savings and loan industry in the United States. It includes the thoughtful and thought-provoking opinions of four very active and renowned industry partic ipants and observers. The symposium examines the causes of the crisis and identifies key issues facing policy makers. The symposium was sponsored by the Management Department, Bucknell University. We thank Professors George Kester and Elton McGoun for editing the presentations of the panelists and providing an insightful introduction and concluding note. We believe this symposium format is a valuable tool for discussing different perspectives on crises that are currently in progress. From time to time we will publish symposium discussions about ongoing crises. We hope that these sym posium papers will act as catalysts for debate and research on emerging crises.
Thermohygrometrical Behaviour of Residential Buildings in Unsteady State Conditions: Influence of Orientation
Authors: Isetti C. , Laurenti L. , Ponticiello A. 
Published: March 2007

A theoretical method is descnbed to evaluate the rate of vapour generation inside a residential building in which surface condensation may occur on the interior sur face of external walls. The analytical model refers to an ambient surrounded by multilayered internal and external walls; the latter subjected to variable outside boundary conditions. Results show that the amount of vapour generation permissible inside without condensation depends on the orientation of the ambient and on the thermal storage capacity of its external and internal walls.
The Thermal Performance of Several Australian Fibrous Insulating Materials
Authors: Symons J.G. , Clarke R.E. , Peirce J.V. 
Published: March 2007

The thermal conductivity of fibrous insulation materials most com monly used in Australian buildings has been measured over a range of typical densi ties and thicknesses. Correlating equations for thermal conductivity as a function of density have been derived for each material. The materials studied have included batt or blanket form (low-density fibreglass, sheep's wool, and polyester fibre) and loose-fill form (cellulose fibre, two types of sheep's wool, and rockwool). Despite their widespread use, thermal properties data for some of these materials have not been widely available. This paper is concerned primarily with the effect of density on a material's thermal conductivity. However, sheep's wool has been found to be a highly variable material where knowledge of density, although important, is insufficient to allow performance prediction with confidence. Data which demonstrates this variability in performance over many in dividual samples of loose-fill sheep's wool is presented. For all test materials, charts are presented which relate thermal performance to thickness, density, and material quantity. These are intended as a guide to developers, manufacturers and installers in assessing the relative merits of alternative insulation types.
Toward Distinguishing Empowerment Evaluation and Placing It In A Larger Context
Authors: Patton Michael Quinn 
Published: March 2007

Fostering self-determination is the defining focus of empowerment evaluation and the heart of its explicit political and social change agenda. However, empowerment evaluation overlaps participatory, collaborative, stakeholder-involving, and utilization-focused approaches to evaluation in its concern for such issues as ownership, relevance, understandability, access, involvement, improvement, and capacity-building. A critical question becomes how to distinguish empowerment evaluation from these other approaches. Making such distinctions has become critical as the field debates the Michael Quinn Patton boundaries and implications of empowerment evaluation. Review essay about Empowerment Evaluation: Knowledge and Tools for Self-Assess ment & Accountability, edited by David M. Fetterman, Shakeh J. Kaftarian, and Abraham Wandersman. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1996.