bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Note on the Interface Between a Residential Alcoholism Rehabilitation Centre and Detoxication Centres
Authors: Ogborne Alan C. , Clare Gail 
Published: January 2006

SummaryDetails of admissions to Southern Ontario Detoxication Centres were obtained for a sample of 50 skid‐row alcoholics admitted to a rural residential rehabilitation programme (Bon Accord Farm). In the year prior to admission to Bon Accord the men averaged 3.7 detox admissions, while in the year after leaving this average increased to 7.2 admissions. Rates of detox admission after leaving and changes in these rates from the previous year were unrelated to length of stay. It is suggested that Bon Accord should be seen as one of a range of social agencies that made up the social world of public inebriates and that such agencies should be principally valued for their humanitarian and care giving functions. An improved co‐ordination of skid‐row agencies is suggested as is a more careful assessment of candidates for rehabilitation programmes.
Participant Observation: A Methodological Approach to the Study of Halfway Houses for Alcoholics
Authors: Wilmot Richard 
Published: January 2006

Summary Participant observation has played an ‘under dog’ role as the methodology of choice in the social sciences in general and social policy evaluation in particular. Part of this reluctance by social science researchers to use participant observation has stemmed from what they see as a lack of clarity and precision practitioners of participant observation have had in defining exactly what it is participant observation does and how it may practically be applied in the field. Thus the value of participant observation has been questioned due to its lack of definitive structure. This paper is an account of how participant observation works, what can be expected from it, and how it is different from other more orthodox methodologies. Participant observation is now being used by the Evaluation Studies Department of the Addiction Research Foundation as one of the methods of inquiry into the nature and structure of recovery homes for alcoholics. The account presented here, uses the application of participant observation in the evaluation of halfway houses as a means of illustrating how participant observation operates in the field.
The Effects of Ethnicity, Age and Sex Upon Processing through an Emergency Alcohol Health Care Delivery System
Authors: Westie Katharine S. , McBride Duane C. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis study provides a basic demographic profile of an emergency room alcohol patient population, and examines the relationships of age, ethnicity and sex to type of complaint at admission, likelihood of referral for further aid, type of psychiatric diagnosis given, and ultimate disposition of the case. One thousand, one hundred and eleven consecutive alcohol related admissions were included from the emergency room of a large, inner‐city county hospital of a city in which a substantial proportion of the population is Spanish and Negro. Alcohol admissions were predominantly Caucasian and male, with a modal age of 35 to 49 years. The most common medical diagnoses were, respectively, acute intoxication and chronic alcoholism, followed by organic brain syndromes and psychoses attributed to alcohol use, seizure disorders and alcohol‐related somatic complaints, and suicide attempts and bizarre behaviour under the influence of alcohol. 16.8% of these patients received psychiatric evaluation and only 21.8% were referred for further help with their alcohol related problems. Further breakdowns and relationships of these variables are discussed, and possible reasons for the observations are suggested.
The 16 per cent Solution and other Mysteries concerning the Accuracy of Alcohol Consumption Estimates based on Sales Data *
Authors: Single Eric , Giesbrecht Norman 
Published: January 2006

SummaryWhether based on production, tax or sales statistics, estimates of alcohol consumption are subject to bias arising from record keeping procedures and from unrecorded consumption. Based on an analysis of the accuracy of consumption estimates derived from sales statistics in Ontario, two significant biases are identified. The first problem concerns the use of 16 per cent as the conversion factor for wine. As the consumption of 12 per cent table wines has increased, this figure is no longer appropriate and results in an over estimation of total alcohol consumption by about 2 per cent. The second major problem is the unrecorded home production of wine and wine brandy, which results in an underestimation of consumption by about 6 to 7 per cent. The available evidence concerning other types of unrecorded production indicates that they are not significant. It is concluded that sales data underestimate ‘true’ alcohol consumption in Ontario by about 4 to 6 per cent at this time.
Screening Tests for Alcoholism – Findings from a Community Study
Authors: Saunders W. M , Kershaw P. W. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryAs an attempt to gauge the sensitivity of questionnaires designed to detect alcoholism two parallel studies were conducted. In the first all persons who had been interviewed during a community survey investigation of alcoholism were screened against the hospital records of the psychiatric services which covered the survey area. It was found that less than 50 per cent of known active ‘alcoholics’ and known active ‘problem drinkers’ were detected by the survey questionnaire.On the second study all persons identified as either ‘problem drinkers’ or ‘alcoholics’ in the original community study were re‐interviewed using the same questionnaire (the CBQ) plus two established alcoholism screening tests (the SMAST and CAGE). It was found that whereas the CAGE and CBQ showed good agreement in detecting the same people as being ‘alcoholic’, the SMAST appeared to screen out only the more severe cases. The implications of both studies are considered and the utility of screening tests for alcoholism considered.
Drugtaking and Prevention: The Implications of Research for Social Policy
Authors: Plant Martin A. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryAetiological theories of drug use are briefly reviewed. It is concluded that many complex factors appear to give rise to drug use in general and to drug dependence in particular. Illegal drug use is sometimes attributable to profound social conditions, ideologies, deprivation of psychological disposition. Such factors may, by their nature, be resistant to traditional methods of health education. It is suggested that future policy might be more successful if aimed at ‘high risk’ groups and based upon a more realistic assessment of the causes of drug use.
Alcoholism in the Army: A Demographic Survey of an Inpatient Population
Authors: Wood P. J. W. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryOne hundred male admissions to the British Army's Alcohol Treatment Unit were interviewed, demographic data being compared with information on the whole army. Findings included a mean age of 29.2 years, arid high rates of marital breakdown, drunkenness offences, drinking and driving offences, poor work performance and abnormal liver Junction tests. The sample tended lo be older than their rank‐peers, were more likely to have enlisted after the age of twenty‐one years, had achieved less in terms of promotion, and were more likely to be serving in duty free areas. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Readdiction Liability Testing: A Proposal
Authors: Sideroff Stephen I. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIt is proposed that an objective procedure be developed to gauge an addict's ‘readdiction liability’. This instrument could be used to evaluate an addict's susceptibility to his drug environment and probability of readdiction. It could also be used to estimate degree of rehabilitation as a result of a particular treatment, thus providing a framework within which various treatment programs can be compared and contrasted. The proposed ‘Readdiction Liability Test’ could also serve as a basis for desensitization and deconditioning procedures. This paper also presents recent data in support of a conditioning theory of readdiction, which is the rationale behind this proposal.
Alcohol Dependence: Methodological Issues in its Measurement; Reliability of the Criteria
Authors: Chick Jonathan 
Published: January 2006

SummaryInstruments measuring alcohol dependence have seldom been presented with evidence of their reliability. There are a number of difficulties in designing such instruments which contribute to unreliability. The items in a standard interview, The Edinburgh Alcohol Dependence Schedule, are shown in this paper to have acceptable inter‐rater reliability, although difficulties in operationalizing ‘impaired control’ remain.
The Origins of the Drug‐Free Therapeutic Community
Authors: Glaser Frederick B. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIn this paper an attempt is made to trace the origins of the drug‐free therapeutic community. Virtually all such programmes in North America may be traced to Synanon, which in turn may readily be traced back through Alcoholics Anonymous to the so‐called Oxford Group. At this point the line of evolution becomes less evident. But an examination of various aspects of the background and career of Dr. Frank Buchman, founder of the Oxford Group, suggests a strong link with the Protestant Reformation and, through it, with the forms and practices of primitive Christianity as embodied in the Dead Sea Scrolls. It is suggested that the present‐day therapeutic community is only the most recent reincarnation of a particular type of religious organization which dates from at least the Intertestamentary Period.
Marital Stability among Wives of Alcoholics: An Evaluation of Three Explanations
Authors: O'Farrell Timothy J. , Harrison Robert H. , Cutter Henry S. G. 
Published: January 2006

SummarySixty women currently or formerly married to alcoholics were interviewed in order to assess the stressfulness of their marriage, stressfulness of their childhoods, and their closeness to divorce. In support of sociological predictions, the more stressful the marriage the closer the wife was to divorce. Contrary to psychoanalytic predictions, personality disturbance, indexed by stressfulness of childhood, did not correlate with closeness to divorce. Factor analytically derived subscales of marital and childhood stressors showed a significant psychosocial interaction; wives shy as children were more likely than their more outgoing counterparts to endure their husbands' verbal abuse of them and their children. In addition, influence by others to separate, positive attitudes toward divorce, fear of violence, and little or no good period early in marriage all correlated positively with closeness to divorce. Possible alternative explanations for the present results and needed future research are discussed.
Trihexyphenidyl Abuse
Authors: Mohan D. , Mohandas E. , Dube S. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryTrihexyphenidyl, commonly used in neurological and psychiatric practice may be used by certain patients for its euphoriant and hallucinogenic effects. Apart from producing symptoms suggestive of a toxic psychosis due to overdosage, its chronic use may produce dependence. Two cases of Trihexyphenidyl abuse are described.
Long‐Term Switching to Low‐Tar Low‐Nicotine Cigarettes
Authors: Russell M. A. H. , Sutton S. R. , Iyer R. , Feyerabend C. , Vesey C. J. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryPuffing patterns and blood measures of smoke intake were studied in 12 subjects before and after switching to low‐tar (10.9 mg) low‐nicotine (0.7 mg) cigarettes for 12 weeks. Puff rate, puff volume, total volume puffed per cigarette and the number of cigarettes smoked were not changed significantly after switching lo the lower yield cigarettes. The reduction in mouth‐level nicotine intake (calculated from butt content) was identical to the 47 per cent reduction in the machine‐smoked nicotine yields. This is in keeping with the measures of puffing in showing the absence of any tendency to compensate for the reduced yields by increasing the intensity of puffing. In contrast, plasma nicotine and cotinine levels were reduced proportionally less than the nominal yields indicating that the subjects compensated to some extent by increasing inhalation. The average reductions in plasma nicotine and cotinine were identical (30per cent). Plasma thiocyanate and COHb levels were not significantly different after switching to the lower yield cigarettes but the estimated tar intake to the lungs was reduced by about 15per cent. Although the low‐yield cigarettes were rated as slightly too weak, there was no significant loss of satisfaction. The fact that subjects tolerated a 30 per cent reduction in plasma nicotine without loss of satisfaction and without puffing more intensively suggests that the increase in inhalation was not determined by a need to maintain nicotine intake. This and the, discrepancies between natural and experimental switching studies are discussed.
Drugs and Social Policy: The Establishment of Drug Control in Britain 1900–30
Authors: Berridge Virginia 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe formation of drug control policy in Britain in the first three decades of the twentieth century is reviewed. Pharmaceutical controls over sales, based on professional self‐regulation gave way to controls on possession and use during the First World War, These war‐time restrictions were the basis of the 1920 Dangerous Drugs Act which fulfilled Britain's international treaty obligations. During the 1920s, the Home Office attempted to establish a penal policy on the American model; the Rolleston Report of 1926 established the ‘British system’ of drug control. The ‘political’ significance of British drug control in this period, in particular its polemical use in the struggles to liberalise American drug policies in the 1960s, has inhibited a more developed analysis of policy. The tensions over policy and the 1926 Report were not simply battles between rival conceptions of control or a ‘victory’ for the ‘medical model’. This approach ignores the control aspects of both penal and medical views and the complexity of the interactions between them. The 1926 Report was not a ‘medical victory’ but the result of an accommodation and collaboration between medical and bureaucratic elites with similar interests at stake.
‘Curses of Civilization’ : Insanity and Drunkenness in Victorian Britain
Authors: McCandless Peter 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis paper investigates the sources of the common Victorian belief that drunkenness was the most significant cause of insanity. While acknowledging the role of the Temperance Movement in promoting this belief, the paper argues that its development was rooted in the social conditions and prejudices of the time, as well as in the experience and reasoning of Victorian medical men. The asylums which reported the highest proportions of drink‐induced insanity generally lay in urban, industrial areas where drinking was perceived to be a serious problem and catered to a predominately working‐class clientele. The superintendents of the asylums were inclined to conclude from their experience that drink was the most common cause of insanity. Their tendency to do so was increased by medical uncertainty about the exact relationship between drunkenness and insanity, the habit of many doctors of reasoning in circular fashion, and their proneness to link theories of causation to traditional moral imperatives. These tendencies were evident in speculation about the causes of conditions such as paresis and ‘hereditary’ mental disorders.
‘The Cry of the Children’ : The Edwardian Medical Campaign Against Maternal Drinking
Authors: Gutzke David W. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIn the years 1899–1907 new critique of alcohol evolved which pointed to increasing female insobriety as factor in infant mortality. Exploiting the opportunity of governmental committee appointed to investigate physical deterioration, 14 leading medical doctors, well known for their antipathy to drink, submitted evidence which subsequently formed the basis for the Report's conclusion associating alcoholic abuse with racial deterioration. Between 1905 and 1907 six of these doctors, together with Sir Thomas Brunton and Professor Sims Woodhead, orchestrated concern over drink's deleterious impact on pregnant women and babies. By condemning alcohol as one important source of infant deaths and national inefficiency, these anti‐drink doctors, all except one members of the Society for the Study of Inebriety, encouraged the medical profession to adopt more critical public posture towards drink and compelled the Government to permit hygiene and temperance instruction in elementary schools. They further provided the rationale early in 1907 for George Sims’ newspaper articles, which emphasized the imperial consequences of Britain's high infant mortality. He alone publicized the prevalence of babies and small children taken into public houses, where they were given alcohol or contracted fatal respiratory diseases. Breast milk contaminated with alcohol also endangered their lives. Following these revelations, sympathizers formed the Tribune Committee, and, with the support of the eight anti‐drink doctors and others, helped translate Sims’ proposal to prohibit children under 14 from licensed premises into legislation.
Alcohol and Brain Damage
Authors: Tuck R. R. , Brew B. J. , Britton A. M. , Loewy J. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIn this review, two forms of alcohol‐related brain damage and their possible pathogenesis are discussed. These are the Wernicke‐Korsakoff syndrome and alcoholic dementia.There is little doubt that thiamine deficiency is the factor responsible for Wernicke's encephalopathy. However, additional factors might play a role in the development of Korsakoffs psychosis. Many cases of Wernicke's encephalopathy are undiagnosed by clinicians whose awareness of the various manifestations of this disease needs to be increased. Thiamine deficiency may lead to brain damage by blocking the oxidative metabolism of glucose, amino acids and fatty acids. There is no definite evidence that marginal thiamine deficiency causes disease. Certain individuals may be especially prone to the effects of thiamine deficiency for genetic reasons.There is clearly a spectrum of mental impairment in alcoholics which cannot be attributed to thiamine deficiency. Some of these abnormalities correlate with the neuroradiological and pathological signs of cerebral atrophy. Mental impairment and atrophy in alcoholics are partly reversible with abstinence. Alcohol itself might be neurotoxic which would explain some of these phenomena.
Lifetime Abstainers, Current Abstainers and Imbibers: A Methodological Note
Authors: Goldman Eli , Najman Jackob M. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryPrevious population studies of patterns of alcohol consumption have tended to assume that abstainers are a homogeneous group. As part of a Boston‐area probability sample of 5,320 adults, those persons categorized as abstainers were examined on a variety of dimensions.The findings suggest that the abstaining population comprises three groups: lifetime abstainers (58 per cent), current abstainers who have not had a previous drinking problem. (34 per cent) and current abstainers who have had a previous drinking problem (9 per cent). This latter group appears, on a number of social and demographic characteristics, to be similar to persons who are frequent drinkers. The assumption of the homogeneity of the abstaining population is refuted and the results are discussed in terms of their theoretical and methodological implications.
Social Policy and Drug Addiction: A Critical Study of Policy Development
Authors: Smart Carol 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe drug addict or ‘problem drug taker’ is the focus of a number of overlapping systems of regulation from moral to medical and penal. It is consequently difficult to analyse the development of policy in this area without lapsing into oversimplifications which imply either a process of medicalization or the unity of a totalitarian system of social control. It is argued here that we cannot adequately understand the development of policy in the field of drug addiction by reference to the medicalization of social problems and that a more fruitful course is opened up by analyzing developments of ‘rational knowledge’ which underpin policy shifts. In the light of this argument the apparent shifts in policy in the 1960s following the Second Brain Report are re‐evaluated.
Research into the History of Alcohol Use and Control in England and Wales: The Available Sources in the Public Record Office
Authors: Higgs E. J. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe relationship between the state and the use and abuse of alcohol has been a long and complicated one. Alcohol has been seen, at one and the same time, as a product to be taxed, a threat to social order, a danger to public health and an economic activity to be fostered. Differing government departments, with their differing responsibilities, have implemented contradictory policies, and this has been complicated by the interaction of parliament, pressure groups and local government.Records relating to alcohol production and consumption are widely scattered amongst the archives of parliament, local authorities, private companies and individuals. The records of the central departments of state and courts of law on this subject, however, are held together at the Public Record Office, and are an invaluable source for research.The state has taxed the importation, production and retailing of alcohol for many centuries. A record of this activity can be found in the documents produced by the accounting sections of the Exchequer and by the revenue boards. On the other hand, the threat to public order presented by drunkenness and the congregation of the lower orders in inns is amply documented in Elizabethan wine licenses and in the State Papers. This threat was met by licensing retail outlets, an activity supervised by the Home Office from the mid‐19th century, and by the suppression of disorder, as revealed in the records of the Metropolitan Police. More subtle forms of ‘control’ can be seen in the activities of the Central Control Board, established in 1915 in an attempt virtually to nationalize the alcohol industry in areas where munition workers were active. The CCB came under the authority of the Home Secretary and as such its records have been preserved with those of the Home Office. These records also contain information on the Home Secretary's responsibilities for the supervision of retreats for habitual drunkards under the various Inebriates Acts of the late 19th century. At the same time, however, the records of the Board of Trade, and of the Colonial and Dominions Offices, show the state actively fostering the export of alcohol as a valuable component of British trade. Information relating to the commercial production of alcohol can be found in the records of the Companies Registration Office and of the companies liquidation and winding up proceedings in Chancery and the Supreme Court.An overview of policy in these matters can be found in the records of the Cabinet Office and of the Treasury, the latter being responsible for the financial sanction of civil service expenditure. The Treasury appears to have been more interested in the quiet manipulation of price and alcohol content than in outright intervention.The records of many of these bodies are complex and voluminous and the PRO provides readers with explanatory guides and advice.