bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Population and Family Planning Programmes: Human Needs and Human Numbers
Authors: Potts Malcolm , Guillebaud John 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Given a couple(woman)‐centred perspective, world population stabilization is possible without coercion. Meeting human needs is an endeavour that must include providing the means for women to control their fertility and realise the potential to bring human numbers down: so permitting sustainable development on a planet with finite resources.
Anaemia: Overview
Authors: Erslev Allan J 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAnaemias are haematological disorders caused either by a decreased production of red cells, a bone marrow failure, or by an increased destruction of red cells, congenital or acquired. They impair the transport of oxygen from lungs to tissues and their symptoms are caused by tissue hypoxia and by compensatory efforts to correct this hypoxia. The design of an optimal treatment depends on understanding the dynamics of normal haematopoiesis and pinpointing their pathogenesis.
Immunodeficiency Disorders due to Antibody Deficiency (B‐lymphocyte Disorders)
Authors: Roberts Robert L 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The majority of patients with primary immunodeficiency have a defect in their ability to make sufficient quantities of specific antibodies. This lack of specific antibodies is due to lack of B lymphocytes, defects in B‐lymphocyte function, or inability of B lymphocytes to interact with T lymphocytes.
Systemic Mast Cell Disease
Authors: Duffy Thomas P 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Systemic mastocytosis represents an abnormal accumulation of mast cells in various sites throughout the body. The manifestations of this chronic multifaceted disorder have their origin in mast cell infiltration of organs and the systemic and local effects of the numerous pharmacologic mediators derived from mast cells. The rareness of the disorder and its multiplicity of presentations make it an often overlooked consideration in a differential diagnosis that may include asthma, diarrhoea, urticaria, syncope, peptic ulceration and angina.
Monoclonal Antibodies: Diagnostic Uses
Authors: Zola Heddy , Thomson Peter Roberts 
Published: September 2006

AbstractDiagnosis of disease depends frequently on the identification, quantitation or localization of particular molecules, cells or organisms in tissue or body fluids. Antibodies, because of their exquisite specificity, are particularly useful reagents in this context, and monoclonal antibodies are often superior to polyclonal mixtures of antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies are used widely in the diagnostic laboratory.
Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia
Authors: Mughal Tariq I , Goldman John M 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) is a malignant disorder that originates in a single abnormal haematopoietic stem cell. CML patients were once regarded as incurable, but more recent understanding of the molecular anatomy and pathophysiology of the disease provides important insights into the targeting of treatment to a specific molecular abnormality.
Imaging: An Overview
Authors: Isherwood Ian 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The available phenomena that can now be detected or propagated through living tissue for diagnostic imaging purposes include electromagnetic and particulate radiations, electric and magnetic fields and ultrasound each with advantages, disadvantages and fundamental limits. Diagnostic imaging of the future, influenced by increasing computing speeds, advances in computing software and digital transmission will provide improved facilities for the demonstration of disordered function, molecular diagnosis, minimally invasive therapy and improved control of cancer treatment.
Glycogen Storage Diseases
Authors: Cox TM 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Glycogen is used as an almost universal energy store in animal tissues; its complex molecular structure requires the interaction of many biosynthetic and degradative enzymes, whose action is finely coordinated and subject to rigorous metabolic regulation. Numerous diseases, each with a particular clinical phenotype, result from inherited defects in the metabolism of glycogen; many of these lead to the storage of abnormal glycogen molecules.
Fructose Metabolism Disorders
Authors: Cox TM 
Published: September 2006

AbstractFructose is an important macronutrient and fructose esters participate critically in intermediary metabolism; thus, inherited defects of enzymes involved in handling of dietary fructose may have profound metabolic effects. Examples are essential fructosuria, hereditary fructose intolerance and fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphatase deficiency.
Lipoproteins: Genetic Disorders
Authors: Soutar Anne K 
Published: September 2006

AbstractPlasma lipoproteins transport water‐insoluble lipids in the blood circulation from sites of synthesis or absorption to sites of utilization or storage. Genetic disorders of lipoprotein metabolism can either increase or decrease the levels of normal lipoproteins in plasma or cause accumulation of abnormal lipoproteins. Many of the known gene defects result in a greatly increased risk of coronary heart disease or cause neurological symptoms, highlighting the importance of lipid transport and metabolism in these processes.
Organic Acid Metabolism: Genetic Disorders
Authors: Barshop Bruce A 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Disorders of organic acid metabolism result from deficiencies in enzymes involved in terminal steps of amino acid, fatty acid, and carbohydrate metabolism, causing a number of serious multi‐system symptoms. Management of these conditions may be life‐saving, and their study has yielded invaluable information about metabolic processes in man.
Osteoarthritis
Authors: Chu Constance R , Thornhill Thomas S 
Published: September 2006

AbstractOsteoarthritis is a pathological condition of articular cartilage and its underlying bone associated with biomechanical abnormalities and secondary inflammation. These changes result in cartilage loss, subchondral sclerosis, cyst and osteophyte formation, and the clinical sequelae of pain, swelling, deformity and loss of motion in affected joints.
Gout
Authors: Snaith Michael L 
Published: September 2006

Abstract

The term ‘gout’ means inflammation of a joint, or arthritis, due to crystals of uric acid (monosodium urate monohydrate). Etymologically, it probably derives from
gutta
, meaning ‘a drop’ in Latin. This is thought to reflect a belief that the symptoms resulted in drops of toxins into the joint.
Globin Synthesis
Authors: Fiering Steven , Martin David IK , Bouhassira Eric E 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Globin synthesis refers to the expression of the α‐like and β‐like globin genes in red blood cells. Mutations of these genes cause the ‘haemoglobinopathies’, the most common genetic disorders in humans. The regulation of the globin genes is not only an important model system for understanding gene expression in mammals, but a fuller understanding of this problem will lead to novel clinical approaches to the haemoglobinopathies.
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins and their Receptors
Authors: ten Dijke Peter , Piek Ester , Heldin Carl‐Henrik 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are important cell–cell signalling molecules that were first identified by their ability to induce cartilage and bone, and subsequently were shown to be multifunctional proteins. BMPs transmit their signals from membrane to nucleus through distinct combinations of type I and type II serine/threonine kinase receptors and their intracellular effectors known as Smad proteins.
Digital Processing and Information Technology in Imaging
Authors: Mehta Amit , Boland Giles , Dreyer Keith , Thrall James 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Imaging has moved from a film‐based (hardcopy) to a digital‐based (softcopy) process. The acquisition, transmission, and interpretation of medical images can now be performed free of physical means and via electronic data shuttled from scanning devices to display devices. This has proven to be more efficient and effective – ultimately improving patient care.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Worthington Brian S 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Modern radiological methods such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are powerful tools in assisting the clinician to identify specific diseases as an essential prerequisite to appropriate treatment that can secure the best prognosis. They have advanced the goal of obtaining more diagnostic information whilst reducing risk and discomfort for the patient, and provide vital information on the extent and spread of disease, which guide the application of surgery and radiotherapy.
Pauling, Linus Carl
Authors: Watson Katherine D 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
1901–1994 American chemist who made fundamental contributions to many areas of science, including inorganic, organic and theoretical chemistry, biology and medicine. He was politically active, and spoke out loudly in support of world peace. In later years he attracted controversy with his advocacy of massive doses of vitamin C as a palliative for everything from the common cold to old age and cancer.
Cell Culture: Basic Procedures
Authors: Mericko Patricia , Helmirch Angela , Chen LuPeng , Kusamoto Kenichi , Toumadje Araz , Chapline Christine , Sato Denry , Barnes David W 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Cell culture has provided a valuable research tool for over 100 years. Cell culture is a broad term applied to the wide range of techniques to culture cells on an artificial nutrient medium in a controlled culture environment.
Cryopreservation of Cells
Authors: Harrison Maureen Anne 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Cryopreservation of cells is the storage of cells at liquid
nitrogen temperature (−196°C) in a viable state but in suspended
animation. The cells can be thawed and resuscitated when required. Freezing
aliquots of cells will guard against genetic drift in continuous cell lines
and against senescence in noncontinuous cell lines.
Apoptosis: Morphological Criteria and Other Assays
Authors: Gobé Glenda , Harmon Brian 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Apoptosis is a morphologically and biochemically distinct mode of cell death that uses the cell's own genetic controls for death to occur. It is central to many normal physiological processes such as morphogenesis, homeostasis and differentiation and, in disease, apoptosis is responsible for loss of functioning tissue as well as the control of proliferation in disorders such as neoplasias and cancers.
Caenorhabditis elegans
Culture
Authors: Shakes Diane Carol 
Published: September 2006

Abstract

The nematode worm,
Caenorhabditis elegans
, has rapidly become one of the premier model organisms for biomedical research. A number of the worm's attributes – including its small size, rapid life cycle and tolerance for cryogenic freezing – enable researchers to maintain and study literally millions of worms and hundreds of mutant strains within a small research laboratory.
Tetrahymena
Cell Culture
Authors: Nozawa Yoshinori , Umeki Shigenobu 
Published: September 2006

Abstract

Tetrahymena
, a free‐living unicellular eukaryote, is a ciliate considered to be the most highly developed protozoan, because it possesses specialized organelles which perform each of the cell functions. This pear‐shaped microorganism (30 × 50 μm) can be found in almost all freshwater environments, including even natural hot springs in which a thermotolerant strain can live.
Acanthamoeba castellanii
Cell Culture
Authors: Khan Naveed A 
Published: September 2006

Abstract

Acanthamoeba castellanii
is an opportunistic human parasite that is found in a wide variety of environmental niches. This unicellular amoeba has been used extensively to study the capture of prey by phagocytosis, for its ability to harbour pathogenic bacteria as endosymbionts, to understand the molecular biology of motility, and because of its ability to cause serious human diseases.
Dictyostelium
: Cell Culture and Molecular Tools
Authors: Nellen Wolfgang , Maniak Markus 
Published: September 2006

Abstract

Dictyostelium
provides an easy‐to‐grow model system for the study of the cellular functions of a unicellular eukaryote. A variety of conditions initiate a differentiation process resulting in a multicellular structure of low complexity. A plethora of molecular tools allow for easy genetic manipulation.
Golgi: Methods for Preparation
Authors: Barr Francis A 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The Golgi apparatus can be purified from cells and tissues using a number of different methods, depending on the purpose for which it is to be used. Purified Golgi membranes have been used in a variety of cell‐free assays investigating vesicle transport, and to a lesser extent in assays looking at the structure of the Golgi apparatus and the interaction of the Golgi with microtubules.
Clathrin‐coated Vesicles: Methods for Preparation
Authors: Ungewickell Ernst 
Published: September 2006

Abstract

Clathrin‐coated vesicles carry proteins and lipids between compartments of eukaryotic cells. Best‐studied is their role in receptor‐mediated endocytosis and in the transport of lysosomal proteins from the
trans
‐Golgi network to the endosomal system.
Phagosomes: Methods for Preparation
Authors: Desjardins Michel 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Phagosomes are dynamic cellular compartments in which cells kill and degrade intracellular pathogens. Although phagosomes normally mature into phagolysosomes to perform their tasks, several pathogens have developed ways to alter this maturation process in order to survive and replicate within their host cells. Isolation of pure phagosomes will allow the analysis of their composition and function in health and their modifications during infectious diseases.
Secretory Granules: Methods for Preparation
Authors: Moore Hsiao‐Ping H , Chan Charles KF , Eaton Benjamin A 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Secretory granules – small membrane‐bound compartments for transport of secretory proteins to the extracellular environment – regulate the secretion of peptide hormones such as insulin by mammalian cells. The granules need to be isolated and purified for studies of their formation and maturation. They can be purified by high‐speed gradient centrifugation or by immunoadsorption. Although immunoadsorption is faster and gives higher purity, it requires the identity of the surface antigens to be known.
Membrane Targeting: Methods
Authors: Buss Janice E 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Receptor proteins in the outer cell membrane transmit environmental signals into the cell by the recruitment and assembly of internal proteins in an organized complex around the receptor on the inner surface of the cell membrane. Lipids (fats) that are physically attached to some proteins in these complexes help to tether key components to the lipid bilayer of the membrane to increase signalling efficiency. Scientists have learned how to introduce these membrane‐targeting lipids into many proteins to produce and study how this may alter cell behaviour.
Immunoglobulin Purification
Authors: Page Mark 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Immunoglobulins are widely used as research and diagnostic tools and for passive immunization and treatment of immunocompromised disease states. Most applications require purification of the immunoglobulins; for example, clinical‐grade material must be of very high purity. The purification method of choice is dictated by the level of purity required and the intended use.
Epitope Mapping
Authors: Morris GE 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Immunoglobulin molecules are folded to present a surface feature complementary to a surface structure on the antigen – the epitope is this feature of the antigen. Epitope mapping is the process of locating the antibody‐binding site on the antigen; the term is also applied more broadly to T‐cell epitopes and even to receptor–ligand interactions unrelated to the immune system.
Enzyme‐Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Authors: Perlmann Peter , Perlmann Hedvig 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
ELISA (enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay) is an immunoassay utilizing enzyme‐conjugated antibodies, with antigen or antibodies bound to a solid support. The assay measures changes in enzyme activities proportional to the antigen or antibody concentrations involved in the underlying immune reactions.
Immunofluorescence: Conjugation of Dyes to Antibodies
Authors: Härtig Wolfgang , Fritschy Jean‐Marc 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Conjugation is the covalent attachment of a reporter molecule to a probe used to investigate specific tissue constituents. Biotin, digoxigenin, fluorescent molecules (fluorochromes) and other haptens are widely used for conjugation to antibodies to allow sensitive detection of a large variety of probes in cells and tissues, using bioanalytical techniques such as immunofluorescence and flow cytometry.
Indirect Immunofluorescence of Tissues
Authors: Härtig Wolfgang , Fritschy Jean‐Marc 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Indirect immunofluorescence is a two‐step procedure whereby unlabelled antibodies are first bound to their target antigen and subsequently detected with fluorochrome‐conjugated secondary antibodies (indirect immunofluorescence). This technique is widely used for histological analysis of tissues in basic and clinical research.
Cell Staining: Fluorescence imaging of mitochondrial structure and function
Authors: Pierce Robert H , Kavanagh Terrance J , Poot Martin 
Published: September 2006

AbstractStaining of mitochondria with fluorescent dyes, antibodies or mitochondria‐targeted naturally fluorescent molecules contributes to the study of mitochondrial structure and function in normal physiological and pathophysiological states. Using these techniques, the mitochondrial permeability transition and redox state can be probed.
Interference Reflection Microscopy
Authors: Albrecht Richard , Weber Igor 
Published: September 2006

AbstractInterference reflection microscopy (IRM) utilizes interference of light reflected from closely apposed surfaces to provide an image containing information about the separation of those surfaces. In cell biology, IRM is used to image structures at the base of adherent cells and to measure cell–substratum distances, as well as to investigate mechanisms of cell–substratum adhesion.
Confocal Microscopy
Authors: Stelzer Ernst HK 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
By using apertures reduced to the physical limit imposed by the numerical aperture and magnification of the objective lens as well as the wavelength of the light, confocal fluorescence microscopy effectively achieves point illumination and point detection. This permits ‘optical sectioning’; a stack of sections can be used to derive a three‐dimensional intensity distribution and to calculate projections along arbitrary axes.
Cytogenetic Techniques
Authors: Hsieh Chih‐Lin 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Cytogenetics is the study of the genetic material in cells at the microscopic level, with the goal of achieving optimal resolution for chromosomes or regions of chromosomes. Cytogenetic techniques are gaining in power and usefulness with the development of new detection methods linked to computer technology. The conventional techniques already available have applications in clinical diagnosis as well as study of genetics.
Pore‐forming Toxins
Authors: Menestrina Gianfranco , Serra Mauro Dalla 
Published: September 2006

AbstractToxins have developed as weapons to attack foreign cells. Membrane‐damaging toxins generally increase membrane permeability rather nonspecifically to overwhelm the cell's homeostasis. Pore‐forming toxins produce well‐structured holes in the cell membrane. These toxins are widespread in venoms, fluids and secretions of many organisms.
Green Fluorescent Protein
Authors: Hebshi Leila D , Angres Brigitte M , Li Xianqiang L , Kain Steven R 
Published: September 2006

Abstract

Green fluorescent protein, a fluorescent molecule found in the jellyfish
Aequorea victoria
, is a useful reporter molecule for
in vitro
and whole organism gene expression studies. Several modifications have produced an important class of reporter molecules with superior monitoring capabilities.
Transgenic Zebrafish Production
Authors: Allende Miguel L 
Published: September 2006

AbstractGene transfer can be readily achieved in zebrafish by microinjection of plasmid DNA or retroviral infection in early embryos. Stable integration of plasmid DNA allows efficient expression of foreign genes either ubiquitously or tissue‐specifically, depending on the type of promoter used. Most zebrafish transgenics generated to date have been used in basic embryological research.
Nuclear Pores: Methods for Preparation
Authors: Fradin Cécile 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Nuclear pore complexes are large protein assemblies that span the nuclear envelope and are involved in the regulation of molecular transport between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. There are three different methods that allow preparation of intact functional nuclear pore complexes: cell permeabilization, preparation of isolated nuclei, and cell‐free nuclear reconstitution.
Nuclear Matrix: Methods of Preparation
Authors: Swarup Ghanshyam , Radha Vegesna 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The nuclear matrix is the non‐chromatin component of the nucleus, which consists of the nuclear envelope and the inner fibrous web forming a scaffold for attachment of DNA. Sequential extraction of isolated nuclei with DNAase and high‐salt buffers yields a residual structure – the nuclear matrix.
Protein Motifs: the Helix‐Loop‐Helix Motif
Authors: Sablitzky Fred 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The helix‐loop‐helix (HLH) domain is characterized by two sets of amino acid sequences that fold into amphipathic α helices separated by a flexible linker or ‘loop’ of variable amino acid sequence and length. The HLH domain is a dimerization domain that allows proteins to form homo‐ and/or heterodimers.
Crystallization of Protein–
DNA
Complexes
Authors: Batchelor Adrian H , Piper Derek E , Wolberger Cynthia 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
A well‐ordered crystal of the complex in question is a prerequisite for the determination of the three‐dimensional structure of a protein–nucleic acid complex by X‐ray crystallography. Techniques of crystallizing macromolecules remain essentially empirical and a trial‐and‐error approach is typically used. Protein–DNA complexes pose even more problems than pure proteins, but accumulated experience from many investigations makes it possible to offer basic guidelines for procedure.
Phase Problem in
X
‐ray Crystallography, and Its Solution
Authors: Cowtan Kevin 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
X‐ray crystallography can provide detailed information about the structure of biological molecules if the ‘phase problem’ can be solved for the molecule under study. The phase problem arises because it is only possible to measure the amplitude of diffraction spots: information on the phase of the diffracted radiation is missing. Techniques are available to reconstruct this information.
Oculomotor System
Authors: Delgado‐García José M 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The oculomotor system is composed of six extraocular muscles attached to the orbit and to the eyeball, of extraocular motor neurons located in three different brainstem motor nuclei, and of premotor centres and circuits involved in the generation and control of the different types of eye movement. Its precise functional design and robust biomechanics have allowed this motor system to survive almost unchanged across the different trends in vertebrate evolution.