bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The potential of lentil (Lens culinaris) as a grain legume crop in the UK: an assessment based on a crop growth model
Authors: ANDREWS M , McKENZIE B A , JOYCE A , ANDREWS M E 
Published: July 2006

SummaryA crop growth model developed in Canterbury, New Zealand was used to assess the potential of lentil (Lens culinaris) as a grain legume crop in the UK. The model was validated using five sowing dates at Durham (54.77°N, 1.58°W) in 1999. Predicted time to flowering was within 7 days of actual time to flowering and predicted seed yields were within 9% of actual yields. Actual yields ranged from 1.40 to 1.65 t ha‐1. Seed was of high quality.The model was used to predict rate of development and yields of spring and autumn sown lentils at eight sites along a transect from NW Scotland (Stornoway, 58.22°N, 6.32°W) to SE England (East Mailing, 51.28°N, 0.45°E) chosen to encompass important environmental gradients in the UK. In general, for a 1 May sowing with 150 or 250 mm plant available water (PAW) and a 1 October sowing with 150 mm PAW, predicted mean values over the period 1987–95 for maximum crop growth rate, maximum leaf area index, radiation intercepted, total dry matter produced and seed yield were closely positively related to monthly mean values for mean daily air temperature and increased along the transect from NW to SE UK. Time to flowering generally decreased along the transect from NW to SE UK ranging from 28 June to 9 July and from 20 May to 14 June with the May and October sowings respectively.For the 1 May sowing with 250 mm PAW, predicted mean seed yield ranged from 1.00 to 1.90 t ha‐1. For all sites, yield was very stable over the 9 yr period. For the 1 May sowing with 150 mm PAW, predicted mean seed yield ranged from 0.97–1.23 t ha‐1. Yields for the four more southerly sites were more variable at the lower PAW and, in exceptionally dry years, were substantially lower than average. For these sites, autumn sowing increased seed yields in exceptionally dry years and gave similar or greater mean seed yields to spring sowing with 250 mm PAW. For East Mailing, predicted yields for autumn sowing were on average 2.78 t ha‐1. Also, for Stornoway, because of its relatively high overwinter temperatures, the model predicted substantial increases in yield with autumn sowing. It is concluded that lentil has considerable potential as a grain legume crop in the UK.
Earthworm populations in conventional and integrated farming systems in the LIFE Project (SW England) in 1990–2000
Authors: HUTCHEON A , ILES D R , KENDALL D A 
Published: July 2006

SummaryDilute formalin was used to sample earthworm populations in a field experiment comparing conventional (CFS) and integrated (IFS) farming systems, at Long Ashton in SW England during 1990–2000. Crops in the CFS were established by ploughing. Those in the IFS treatments were established by non‐inversion tillage: in the first 5 yrs using a Dutzi cultivator or by direct drilling (IFS‐1); from 1994 onwards using either a Vaderstad cultivator (IFS‐2) or a Dutzi cultivator (IFS‐3). These treatments had little or no effect on earthworm populations over the first 3 yrs of the experiment, but after this time total earthworm numbers and biomass were generally greater in the IFS treatments than in the CFS.Individual earthworm species (determined from 1995 onwards) differed in their response to the different farming systems. Numbers ofAllolobophora chlorotica, Lumbricus festivus, L. rubellus and L. terrestrisaveraged over all years were significantly greater in IFS‐3 than in CFS, with densities in IFS‐2 nearly always intermediate and not significantly different from either extreme. Average treatment differences for other species were not significant, although in most years numbers ofAporrectodea longa, Lumbricus castaneus and Octolasionspp. were greatest in IFS‐3, with IFS‐2 similar to or less than CFS. There were no consistent differences between treatments forAporrectodea caliginosa and A. rosea. Tillage method and the number of crop establishment passes were probably the main factors affecting earthworm populations, although the abundance and distribution of some species may also have been influenced by the amount of soil organic matter. During the period 1995–2000,13 species of earthworms were recorded from the site withA. caliginosaandAl. chloroticathe dominant species. These and other species which normally live in temporary burrows close to the soil surface formed about 80% of the total earthworms extracted, with the larger deep burrowing species, such asA. longaandL. terrestris, representing <20% of the total catch. Species diversity was consistently greater in the Dutzi‐based integrated system (IFS‐3) than in either the Vaderstad‐based integrated system (IFS‐2) or the conventional system (CFS). It is suggested that knowledge of the species composition of earthworm communities is essential in order to properly anticipate the likely impact of modified farming practices on earthworm populations. Careful consideration of the specific machine(s) used for tillage operations may also be required.
Factors affecting the development of Botrytis cinerea (grey mould) on linseed (Linum usitatissimum) buds, flowers and capsules
Authors: FERRYMAN S A M , FITT B D L , HAROLD J F S 
Published: July 2006

SummaryA key was produced to describe 10 stages of development of linseed buds, flowers and capsules. Botrytis cinerea conidia germinated more rapidly and germ tubes grew longer on linseed stigmas, petals and mature senescing capsules than on green leaves, sepals and immature capsules. The proportion of conidia which germinated increased and the germ tubes continued growing for longer in the presence of linseed pollen and flower petal extracts. In controlled environment and field experiments, the response of buds, flowers and capsules to inoculation with B. cinerea changed with stage of development; few pre‐flowering buds developed symptoms (brown lesions, then grey mould), but high proportions of flowering and post‐flowering buds did so. Few immature green capsules developed symptoms and the proportion of capsules which developed symptoms increased as they matured. The presence of linseed pollen decreased the incubation period from inoculation with spore suspensions to appearance of B. cinerea symptoms on buds. A disease cycle was produced to suggest the changes in susceptibility of linseed to infection by B. cinerea conidia during bud, flower and capsule development.
Genetic Manipulation of Rubisco: Chromatium vinosum rbcL is expressed in Nicotiana tabacum but does not form a functional protein
Authors: MADGWICK P J , COLLIVER S P , BANKS F M , HABASH D Z , DULIEU H , PARRY M A J , PAUL M J 
Published: July 2006

Summary N. tabacum lines that lacked functional Rubisco were transformed with plasmids encoding a chloroplast transit peptide in frame with C. vinosum rbcL and stable transformants generated. However, the transgene was transcribed at a low level and no Rubisco activity or C. vinosum large subunits were detectable in any line.
Identification and potential use of RAPD markers linked to Yam mosaic virus resistance in white yam (Dioscorea rotundatd)
Authors: MIGNOUNA H D , ABANG M M , ONASANYA A , AGINDOTAN B , ASIEDU R 
Published: July 2006

SummaryResistance to Yam mosaic virus (YMV) in tetraploid white yam (Dioscorea rotundatd) is inherited differentially as a dominant and recessive character. Elite D. rotundata breeding lines with durable resistance to YMV can be developed by pyramiding major dominant and recessive genes using marker‐assisted selection (MAS). The tetraploid breeding line, TDr 89/01444, is a source of dominant genetic resistance to yam mosaic disease. Bulked segregant analysis was used to search for random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers linked to YMV resistance in F1 progeny derived from a cross between TDr 89/01444 and the susceptible female parent, TDr 87/00571. The F1 progeny segregated 1:1 (resistantsusceptible) when inoculated with a Nigerian isolate of YMV, confirming that resistance to YMV in TDr 89/01444 was dominantly inherited. A single locus that contributes to YMV resistance in TDr 89/01444 was identified and tentatively named Ymv‐1. Two RAPD markers closely linked in coupling phase with Ymv‐1 were identified, both of which were mapped on the same linkage group: OPW18850 (3.0 centiMorgans [cM]) and OPX15850 (2.0 cM). Both markers successfully identified Ymv‐1 in resistant genotypes among 12 D. rotundata varieties and in resistant F1 individuals from the cross TDr 93–1 × TDr 877 00211, indicating their potential for use in marker‐assisted selection. OPW18850 and OPX15850 are the first DNA markers for YMV resistance and represent a starting point in the use of molecular markers to assist breeding for resistance to YMV.
Effects of Zygorrhynchus moelleri on the growth of potato and reproduction of potato cyst nematodes
Authors: KISSOCK By G , FLEMING C C , TURNER S J , BROWN A E 
Published: July 2006

SummaryLaboratory, pot and field experiments investigated the effects of the fungus Zygorrhynchus moelleri on the growth of potato and on the reproduction of the potato cyst nematodes (PCN), Globodera pallida and G rostochiensis. Preliminary laboratory tests showed that Z. moelleri growth was favoured by temperatures and pH ranges commonly present in field soils. The fungus colonised potato roots in vitro and in compost or field soil. It also stimulated in vitro root growth of three potato cultivars. In pot experiments Z. moelleri stimulated potato growth, particularly in the presence of PCN attack. In field plots infested with a mixture of G pallida and G. rostochiensis, tuber yields were not increased after application of the fungus but, in G pallida‐infested plots, yields were significantly increased after drills were inoculated with Z. moelleri.The application of Z. moelleri had no apparent effects on nematode reproduction. Factors influencing the interactions between Z. moelleri, potato and potato cyst nematodes are discussed and the potential role of the fungus as a plant growth promoter in organic potato production considered.
Effect of different manuring and defoliation patterns on broad‐leaved dock (Rumex obtusifolius) in grassland
Authors: HOPKINS A , JOHNSON R H 
Published: July 2006

SummaryThe effects of cutting frequency and cutting height on broad‐leaved dock (Rumex obtusifolius) in Lolium perenne‐based agricultural grassland at two levels of fertiliser input were investigated at North Wyke, Devon, UK. Two micro‐plot field experiments, containing immature dock plants at uniform densities, with a factorial design, were used to compare: (a) ‘organic’ and ‘low‐input’ fertilisation, i.e. cattle slurry only vs slurry plus mineral fertiliser (NPK at 100‐0‐64 kg ha−1 yr−1), (b) cutting heights of 5–6 cm vs 10–12 cm, and (c) four harvesting frequencies representative of different grassland management practices (regular 4‐weekly cutting, a ‘hay‐stage’ cutting, and two treatments with ‘silage‐stage’ cutting). Expt 1 was established in 1995 with 13 dock plants m−2 (from excised dock‐root sections) and Expt 2 established in 1996 with 25 plants m−2 (as seed‐grown plug plants). Treatments were assessed over the 2 subsequent years to determine treatment effects on total herbage dry matter (DM) yield and dock DM yield, and on in‐situ measures of dock ramets. In both experiments, total DM yield was increased by 1.0–2.01 ha−1 yr−1 for treatments receiving NK fertiliser; the proportion of dock was also higher than from slurry‐only treatments. In Expt 1, the dock ramet density, mean dock ramet height, mean leaf length and numbers of dock leaves per m2 were also greater on NK fertilised treatments in autumn of yr 1. Height of cut had no consistent effect on dock yield, but dock ramet density and leaf density in autumn were greater on the 5–6 cm than the 10–12 cm cutting treatment, Expt 2 only. In yr 2 of both experiments cutting at 4‐weekly intervals resulted in less dock in the herbage than hay‐stage cutting and, particularly in Expt 1, there were associated differences in leaf density and ramet height in autumn; silage‐stage treatments were intermediate. Results are discussed in relation to requirements for management options where there is a need to avoid or reduce herbicides.
Feeding deterrent effect of carvone, a compound from caraway seeds, on the slug Arion lusitanicus
Authors: FRANK T , BIERT K , SPEISER B 
Published: July 2006

SummaryThe feeding deterrent effect of carvone on the slug Arion lusitanicus was investigated. Carvone, a natural compound from caraway seeds, was incorporated into mulch to reduce its inherent volatility. In a laboratory choice experiment, boxes were filled on one side with carvone‐treated mulch and on the other side with untreated mulch. At carvone concentrations ranging from 0.03–0.75 ml litre−1 mulch, slugs ate significantly more lettuce on the untreated side. In a laboratory based no‐choice experiment, carvone concentrations of 0.25 and 0.75 ml litre−1 mulch significantly reduced slug feeding in comparison with the untreated control. Moreover at the highest concentration of carvone (0.75 ml litre−1 mulch) 50% mortality was recorded over a period of 5 days, indicating a clear molluscicidal effect. Due to its volatility carvone did not decrease plant defoliation by A. lusitanicus when applied directly onto lettuce. Subsequent field evaluation showed 0.75 ml litre−1 mulch to partially reduce slug feeding damage. However, this effect was not sufficient to significantly increase lettuce yield. The incorporation of a higher carvone concentration into mulch is still to be tested to confirm whether carvone‐treated mulch can be recommended as an effective alternative approach to chemical slug control.
16S rRNA interoperon sequence heterogeneity distinguishes strain populations of palm lethal yellowing phytoplasma in the Caribbean region
Authors: HARRISON N A , MYRIE W , JONES P , CARPIO M L , CASTILLO M , DOYLE M M , OROPEZA C 
Published: July 2006

SummaryDNA of phytoplasmas in lethal yellowing (LY)‐diseased palms was detected by a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay employing rRNA primer pair P1/P7 followed by primer pair LY16Sf/ LY16‐23Sr. Polymorphisms revealed by Hinfl endonuclease digestion of rDNA products differentiated coconut‐infecting phytoplasmas in Jamaica from those detected in palms in Florida, Honduras and Mexico. A three fragment profile was generated for rDNA from phytoplasmas infecting all 21 Jamaican palms whereas a five fragment profile was evident for phytoplasmas infecting the majority of Florida (20 of 21), Honduran (13 of 14) and Mexican (5 of 5) palms. The RFLP profile indicative of Florida LY phytoplasma was resolved by cloning into two patterns, one of three bands and the other of four bands, that together constituted the five fragment profile. The two patterns were attributed to presence of two sequence heterogeneous rRNA operons, rrnA and rrnB, in most phytoplasmas composing Florida, Honduran and Mexican LY strain populations. Unique three and four fragment RFLP profiles indicative of LY phytoplasmas infecting Howea forsteriana and coconut palm in Florida and Honduras, respectively, were also observed. By comparison, the Jamaican LY phytoplasma population uniformly contained one or possibly two identical rRNA operons. No correlation between rRNA interoperon heterogeneity and strain variation in virulence of the LY agent was evident from this study.
Genotype to phenotype: a technological challenge
Authors: WILSON IAN D , BARKER GARY L , EDWARDS KEITH J 
Published: July 2006

SummaryOur ability to ascribe protein function from primary DNA sequence or to predict the wide‐ranging effects of up or down regulating a single gene is still almost non‐existent. While the acquisition of raw genomic data proceeds apace, our capacity for converting this information into useful knowledge is limited. Within the next few years this “gap” will no doubt become an issue with both company and government fund providers as the drive to maximise profit and justify public expenditure becomes harder to resist. What follows is a whistle stop tour of some of the technologies that may help researchers to bridge this genotype‐phenotype gap!
Caffeine as a novel toxicant for slugs and snails
Authors: HOLLINGSWORTH ROBERT G , ARMSTRONG JOHN W , CAMPBELL EARL 
Published: July 2006

SummaryIn this study, caffeine is shown to act as both a repellent and toxicant against slugs and snails. This research is the first to document the potential of caffeine as a molluscicide. A drench treatment using a 1% or 2% solution of caffeine caused 100% of slugs (Veronicella cubensis) to exit treated soil, and the majority of these slugs subsequently died from caffeine poisoning. A 2% solution of caffeine applied to the growing medium of orchids killed 95% of orchid snails, (Zonitoides arboreus), and gave better control than a liquid metaldehyde product representing the standard commercial control for this pest. Using leaf‐dip bioassays, we discovered that slugs tended to avoid feeding on plant material treated with caffeine solutions 0.1%, and caffeine solutions as low as 0.01% significantly reduced overall feeding by slugs. Due to concerns about chemical residues, available molluscicides generally cannot be applied directly to food crops for control of slug and snail pests. Caffeine is a natural product which is approved as a food additive. Therefore, caffeine may prove useful for protecting food crops from slugs and snails.
Water relations and leaf gas exchange properties in some elite canola (Brassica napus) lines under salt stress
Authors: QASIM M , ASHRAF M , JAMIL M AMIR , ASHRAF M Y , SHAFIQ‐UR‐REHMAN  , RHA EUI SHIK 
Published: July 2006

SummaryIn order to examine whether growth of eight genetically diverse canola (Brassica napus) lines under salt stress is positively associated with their rate of photosynthesis and other gas exchange related attributes, 20‐day old plants of all eight lines were subjected to salinised soil containing 2.4 dS m−1 NaCl (control), 4 dS m−1 NaCl, 8 dS m−1 NaCl or 12 dS m‐1 NaCl. The lines DGL (non canola) and Dunkeld were found to be salt tolerant and Rainbow and Cyclon salt sensitive with regard to shoot dry matter production and seed yield under saline conditions. In most of the lines there was a negative relationship between growth and net CO2 assimilation rate. For example, the salt sensitive line Cyclon was the lowest and Con‐III the highest, and the salt tolerant line Dunkeld intermediate in net CO2 assimilation rate under salt stress. Stomatal conductance was found to be lower in the salt sensitive line Cyclon, followed by the salt tolerant line Dunkeld along with Oscar. Water use efficiency estimated as Pn/E was moderate in the salt sensitive line Cyclon and the salt tolerant line Dunkeld. In conclusion, high salt tolerance of Dunkeld and DGL (non‐canola) was not positively associated with net CO2 assimilation rate or Pn/E.
The host range of Tobacco streak virus in India and transmission by thrips
Authors: PRASADA RAO R D V J , REDDY A S , REDDY S V , THIRUMALA‐DEVI K , RAO S CHANDER , MANOJ KUMAR V , SUBRAMANIAM K , YELLAMANDA REDDY T , NIGAM S N , REDDY D V R 
Published: July 2006

Summary Tobacco streak virus (TSV) recently caused an epidemic in peanut (= groundnut, Arachis hypogaea) crops in Andhra Pradesh, India. In the epidemic area TSV occurred in many widely distributed weeds of which Parthenium hysterophorus probably plays a major role in its spread by thrips. Three thrips species, Megalurothrips usitatus, Frankliniella schultzei and Scirtothrips dorsalis were vectors in the presence of infected pollen. Of crop species, Helianthus annuus (sunflower) and Tagetes patula (marigold) could act as sources of inoculum. In limited tests, the virus was not seed‐transmitted in the peanut cultivar JL‐24 or in the sunflower hybrids KBSH‐41, ‐42, ‐44, and ‐50, MSFH‐17 and ZSH‐976. Strategies adopted to reduce the incidence of TSV are discussed.
Serological and biological variations of African cassava mosaic virus, in Nigeria
Authors: OGBE F O , ATIRI G I , DIXON A G O , THOTTAPPILLY G 
Published: July 2006

SummaryTo determine the occurrence of variants of African cassava mosaic virus, 316 cassava leaf samples were collected from mosaic‐affected cassava plants in 254 farmers. fields in 1997 and 1998, covering the humid forest, coastal/derived, southern Guinea and northern Guinea savannas and arid and semi‐arid agroecologies of Nigeria. The samples were tested in triple antibody sandwich enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay using a panel of 10 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against the virus in which 29 reaction patterns were observed. In cluster analysis, nine serotypes were obtained at 0.80 Jaccard similarity coefficient index in which at least 50% of isolates of each serotype reacted alike. The serotypes ranged between two extremes: serotype 1 with 90% isolates reacting with the 10 MAbs and serotype 8 in which 90% of its isolates failed to react with the antibodies. Isolates of serotypes 1, 2, 4 and 8 were widely distributed while those of the other serotypes were estricted to certain agroecologies. Four representative isolates 227 (serotype 1), 231 (serotype 2), 235 and 283 (serotype 8) elicited different responses in Nicotiana, benthamiana, with isolate 283 not able to infect this and other test plants used. The serological variations did not necessarily reflect the biological variations. In polymerase chain reaction tests, one out of the five pairs of ACMV primers tested distinguished only isolate 283. The humid forest, derived/coastal and southern Guinea savannas where most of the crop is grown in Nigeria had a high number of variants, which makes the agroecologies suitable for the selection of resistant cassava clones against ACMV.
Development of the magnetic capture system for recovery of Xiphinema americanum
Authors: CHEN Q , BROWN D J F , CURTIS R H C , JONES J T 
Published: July 2006

Summary Xiphinema americanum is listed as a quarantine nematode by The European Plant Protection Organisation because of its ability to transmit quarantine viruses. Detection of this nematode in soil samples, or in mixed nematode samples extracted from soil, is therefore of paramount importance. We recently described the use of magnetic beads (Dynabeads) in combination with probes such as lectins or antibodies for recovery of small endoparasitic nematodes including Meloidogyne spp. and Globodera rostochiensis from mixed nematode samples. Here we show that magnetic capture can be used with much larger nematodes such as X. americanum. We describe lectins and antisera that bind to the surface of this nematode and show that the antisera can be used in the Dynabeads system to recover and enrich X. americanum from mixed nematode samples.
Selection index for identifying high‐yielding groundnut genotypes in irrigated and rainfed environments
Authors: CHANDRA S , NIGAM S N , CRUICKSHANK A W , BANDYOPADHYAYA A , HARDCRISHNA S 
Published: July 2006

SummarySelection of high yielding genotypes to be carried over to subsequent selection cycles in a breeding programme can sometimes be accomplished using a suitable index of secondary traits that may be relatively less sensitive to genotype‐by‐environment interactions than yield. We used the concept of correlated response to selection to measure the relative efficiency of nine selection indices. The results showed that the selection index, based on median and semi inter‐quartile range, which was actually used in identifying high yielding genotypes, had an efficiency that is comparable to the best index, the latter being a modification of the Elston index.