bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial concentrations and communities of immigrants in the Netherlands, 1800–1900
Authors: SCHROVER MARLOU , VAN LOTTUM JELLE 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTSpatial concentrations of immigrants are commonly regarded as a measure for integration of migrants into the host society. The underlying assumption is that concentrations can be equated with communities. By looking at concentrations in Utrecht both over a long period of time (a century) and at the level of individual immigrants we show that the concentrations remained in the same locality but showed a high turnover amongst their inhabitants, and thus little time for any form of coherent group to develop. Concentrations can therefore not be equated with communities, and integration cannot be measured by looking at concentrations alone.
Waterworks and commemoration: purity, rurality, and civic identity in Britain, 1880–1921
Authors: ROBERTS OWEN G. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThis article studies the commemoration and ceremonial culture surrounding the inauguration of new waterworks in British municipalities during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It analyses how new waterworks could be seen as a symbol of a progressive civic government, and how the commemoration of their opening could be used to enhance a city's image. The article also studies the ways in which ideas concerning the purity of new water supplies were constructed. An examination is made of how ceremonial culture and publications reflected the particular politics of waterworks in individual localities, and how such commemoration could serve as a vehicle for the promotion of civic unity.
Up to new tricks – A review of cross-species transmission of influenza A viruses
Authors: Landolt Gabriele A. , Olsen Christopher W. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractInfluenza is a highly contagious disease that has burdened both humans and animals since ancient times. In humans, the most dramatic consequences of influenza are associated with periodically occurring pandemics. Pandemics require the emergence of an antigenically novel virus to which the majority of the population lacks protective immunity. Historically, influenza A viruses from animals have contributed to the generation of human pandemic viruses and they may do so again in the future. It is, therefore, critical to understand the epidemiological and molecular mechanisms that allow influenza A viruses to cross species barriers. This review summarizes the current knowledge of influenza ecology, and the viral factors that are thought to determine influenza A virus species specificity.
Agrosecurity for concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs): commentary on recent planning activities
Authors: DeOtte Robert E. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractAgrosecurity has become a major concern for livestock operations. This paper reviews post 11 September 2001, American planning activities and offers commentary on issues related to these plans. A critical issue is the need for as many people as possible to be aware of plans and preparations already completed and actions still necessary. There is a sizeable disparity within the animal agriculture sector about information known and understood at different levels. Several readiness exercises have highlighted the need for better broad-spectrum communication: communication within disciplines, within agencies, across disciplines, across agencies, and most importantly everyone involved must talk with industry at all levels. The best preparation involves close coordination between law enforcement, industry, governmental agencies at all levels, academia, risk managers and communicators, veterinarians, engineers, economists, game theorists, and others. This paper features issues related to concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs), highlights some of the lessons learned through these exercises, and discusses a plan of action patterned after the activities of a regional agricultural jurisdictional working group.
LYSIS OF VITAMIN E‐DEFICIENT RAT ERYTHROCYTES BY RAT LIVER MICROSOMES IN AN NADPH‐DEPENDENT PROCESS IN THE PRESENCE OF INHIBITORS OF LIPID PEROXIDATION
Authors: Willis Roger J 
Published: August 2007

SummaryHaemolytic substances are generated by rat liver microsomes undergoing NADPH‐dependent lipid peroxidation. In the present experiments, vitamin E‐deficient red cells were found to be haemolysed in an NADPH‐dependent process by rat liver microsomes in the presence of EDTA, an inhibitor of microsomal lipid peroxidation. This is in contrast to the behaviour of normal, vitamin E‐adequate red cells which are resistant to lysis under similar conditions. Aminopyrine (AP), a substrate for the microsomal mixed function oxidase system, was found to prevent lysis of vitamin E‐deficient red cells in NADPH‐microsome‐EDTA mixtures. Experiments designed to detect only the more stable haemolysins forMed. in such mixtures involved sampling and assaying for haemolytic activity in the presence of AP. The results support the conclusion that haemolysis was due to a short‐lived species. If EDTA is omitted from the NADPH‐microsome mixture other more stable haemolysins are produced.
IMMUNOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF INTESTINAL HELMINTH INFECTIONS IN C57BL MICE. THE EFFECTS ON LYMPHOID TISSUE AND RETICULOENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION
Authors: Price Patricia , Turner KJ 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe characteristics of primary Nematospiroides dubius, mouse‐adapted Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and Trichuris muris infections in C57BL mice and their broad effects on lymphoid tissue and reticuloendothelial function have been compared in an attempt to identify correlations between the effects of the parasites and common features of their life cycles.All three parasites increased the size of the spleen and mesenteric node, roughly in proportion to the intestinal worm burden. N. brasiliensis and T. muris caused thymic atrophy, which was not evident with N. dubius even when it was administered intravenously (i.v.) to establish a tissue migration phase. N. brasiliensis accelerated the clearance of I125‐labelled polyvinyl pyrrolidone (I125‐PVP) from the circulation by increasing uptake by the liver and lungs. N. dubius caused similar increases when given i.v., suggesting that macrophages in these organs are activated by migrating larvae, but did not affect the levels of I125‐PVP in circulation. An established intestinal N. dubius infection increased the levels in circulation and in peritoneal cells.
IMMUNOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF INTESTINAL HELMINTH INFECTIONS IN C57BL MICE. NATURAL AND INDUCED RESPONSES TO SHEEP ERYTHROCYTES
Authors: Price Patricia , Turner KJ 
Published: August 2007

SummaryNematospiroides dubius, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and Trichuris muris infections in C57BL mice increased background IgM titres to SRC but not to erythrocytes from other species. However, no cross‐reaction between parasite extracts and SRC could be demonstrated and the enhancement was not evident in other strains of mice. There were no comparable rises in total IgM levels, but declining IgM responses to ovalbumin were boosted by N. dubius, so the rise was probably caused by selective expansion of activated clones of cells. N. dubius also increased responses to low doses of SRC given intraperitoneally (i.p.) a few days after infection, whilst optimal SRC doses induced normal responses. In contrast, N. brasiliensis and T. muris often depressed responses to SRC though the effect was variable and the timing of challenge was critical. Thus, whereas the enhancement of natural titres occurs in C57BL mice infected with any of the parasites tested here or in previous studies, the effects on responses to injected SRC depend on the species of parasite.
ATTEMPTS TO MODIFY LUNG GRANULOMATOUS RESPONSES TO SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM EGGS IN LOW AND HIGH RESPONDER MOUSE STRAINS
Authors: Mitchell Graham F , Cruise Kathy M , Garcia Edito G , Vadas Mathew A , Munoz John J 
Published: August 2007

SummaryA radioisotopic assay for acute granulomatous hypersensitivity (AGH) to lyophilized eggs of Schistosoma japonicum has been used to further examine responses to egg antigens in various inbred strains of mice. The ranking of responsiveness in mice from high (C57BL/6), intermediate (BALB/c) to low (CBA/H) was not influenced by high or low egg‐sensitization regimes. However, the low responsiveness of responder mice sensitized with eggs by the intraperitoneal compared with the subcutaneous route of injection appears to be an egg dose‐related phenomenon. The high AGH responsiveness of C57BL/6 mice can be increased further by sensitization with eggs in the presence of purified pertussigen from Bordetella pertussis but CBA/H mice treated identically remain low responders.The monoclonal anti‐egg antibody, P.41, which produces a prominent blebtype circumoval precipitate with eggs, has been shown to be directed against major ‘immunopathologic antigen(s)’of S. japonicum eggs. Thus, C57BL/6 mice were sensitized for AGH by injection of soluble extracted egg antigen (SEA) bound to an immunoabsorbent of P.41 antibody on Sepharose. No success has been achieved in modulating AGH in C57BL/6 mice by injection of hyperimmune antisera raised against lyophilized eggs in either high or low responder mouse strains. This failure is in line with previous results using antisera as well as monoclonal anti‐egg antibodies. The consistent failure to demonstrate a modulating effect of antibodies in this compared with other laboratories may be related to the use of lyophilized rather than viable eggs. The data suggest that activities of antisera in granuloma modulation in murine schistosomiasis japonica result from egg destruction or inhibition of production of immunopathologic antigens by eggs rather than through effects on immunopathologic immune responses.
VACCINATION OF GENETICALLY SUSCEPTIBLE MICE AGAINST CHRONIC INFECTION WITH NEMATOSPIROIDES DUBIUS USING PERTUSSIGEN AS ADJUVANT
Authors: Mitchell Graham F , Munoz John J 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe intestinal nematode Nematospiroides dubius persists for prolonged periods in mice after a single oral administration of infective larvae. After multiple administrations of larvae, some inbred mouse strains (termed ‘resistant’) develop the capacity to expel the majority of adult worms from the intestines. Other mouse strains such as CBA/H and C57BL/6 (and, in particular, males) are far more susceptible in that they expel few, if any, adult worms after repeated doses of larvae and may die with high worm burdens. One means to accelerate rejection of adult worms in a primary infection is to presensitize mice with a small number of living adult worms injected intraperitoneally. However, an impressive vaccination effect of ectopically implanted worms has only been demonstrated to date in resistant mouse strains. In this paper, success has been achieved in vaccinating genetically susceptible mice against chronic primary infection with N. dubius. Young male specific pathogen‐free (SPF)‐derived C57BL/6 mice demonstrate >90% resistance after injection of adult worms but only when further injected with pertussigen from Bordetella pertussis as adjuvant. Accelerated rejection of adult worms appears to be the principal manifestation of resistance in vaccinated mice. A high degree of protection has also been obtained in recipients of pertussigen plus the supernatant of a crude worm extract equivalent to <10 adult worms per mouse. Although no information is available on the effector mechanisms responsible for worm rejection in vaccinated mice, pertussigen is known to increase both immediate and delayed type hypersensitivity responses and to increase tissue sensitivity to histamine. A strategy which sensitizes recipients such that a subsequent challenge infection is not sustained, and which is effective in highly susceptible hosts, opens the way to vaccination against chronic intestinal infections in those hosts most in need of protection.
INHIBITION BY COLOSTRUM OF THE RESPONSES OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS TO MITOGENS
Authors: Drew PA , Petrucco OM , Shearman DJC 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThis study investigated the inhibition by colostrum of the uptake of tritiated thymidine by both autologous and heterologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) stimulated with the mitogens phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), pokeweed mitogen (PWM) or Concanavalin A (Con A). This inhibition was not the result of an alteration in the dose response or kinetics of mitogenesis by the colostrum. The inhibitory factor in the colostrum was neither dialysable nor lymphocytotoxic. Lymphocytes which were briefly pre‐treated with colostrum, then washed and cultured, also incorporated much less labelled thymidine than control cells. The inhibitory factor was not adsorbed from colostrum by mononuclear cells. We conclude that colostrum contains a cytostatic factor which inhibits mitogenesis in PBMC.
STIMULATORY ABILITY OF HUMAN LEUKAEMIC CELLS IN THE ALLOGENEIC MIXED LEUCOCYTE REACTION
Authors: Ashman Leonie K 
Published: August 2007

SummaryCryopreserved mononuclear cells from 34 patients with a high proportion of blasts in the peripheral blood were tested for their ability to stimulate normal allogeneic lymphocytes in the one‐way mixed leucocyte reaction (MLR). Of these, more than half failed to stimulate allogeneic responders, despite the fact that many of them carried la‐like antigens. In general, acute myeloid leukaemia cells were non‐stimulatory whereas acute myelomonocytic leukaemia cells were effective stimulators. Thus, MLR stimulatory ability appears to be a differentiation marker in acute non‐lymphocytic leukaemias. Acute lymphocytic leukaemia cells were divided between the two categories, although this division did not parallel conventional classification. As reported by other workers, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells were non‐stimulatory. The implications of these results for host‐leukaemia relationships are discussed.
IMMUNOLOGICAL STABILITY OF AN ELAPID VENOM, TROPIDECHIS CARINATUS, AND ITS RELEVANCE TO THE CLINICAL DETECTION OF SNAKE VENOM
Authors: Morrison JJ , Pearn JH , Coulter AR , Halliday WJ 
Published: August 2007

SummaryUsing immunological techniques, cases of human snake‐bite can be proven and individual snake species identified, A series of experiments is described, to test the antigenic stability and physical properties of an Elapid venom, venom properties which will have implications in field use. transport, or the laboratory procedures relating to the immunological characterization of Australian snake venoms. Using venom from the Elapid, Tropidechis carinatus, we have demonstrated significant immunological stability at a temperature of 37° for 48 h at least, and for 24 h at least when incubated continuously with skin, muscle, and fat homogenates; the venom is stable at 56° for 2 h at least. No loss of venom occurs over the pH range 7‐10; at ph ranges <4 and at ranges >10 only 30% of venom is detected after 30 min incubation. Sonication (10 min at 100 watts) does not destroy immunological properties of the venom; 10 freeze‐thaw cycles result in some 9% loss of immunologically detectable activity. Venom is adsorbed significantly on to dacron swabs, only 13% of the applied dose being detected after 48 h incubation at 28°. Sixty‐seven percent of applied venom can be recovered from the skin of human volunteers 6 h after a simulated bite. The venom of this Elapid is antigenically robust. With the currently available sensitive assays, venom from human skin should still be detected in material kept without special preparation under field conditions for up to 2 days at least.
A COMPARISON OF EPSTEIN‐BARR VIRUS‐SPECIFIC T‐CELL IMMUNITY IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS AND OSTEOARTHRITIS PATIENTS
Authors: Moss DJ , Klestov A , Burrows S , Kane RG 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe level of Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV)‐specific T‐cell‐mediated immunity in 20 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients was compared with 16 age‐and sex‐matched osteoarthritis (OA) patients using the regression of EBV‐transformation assay. The results show that the level of EBV‐specific T‐cell immunity in RA patients is significantly depressed compared with OA patients (P<.001) or healthy laboratory controls (P<.001). In contrast, lymphocytes from RA and OA patients showed a similar ability to act as a responder population in the mixed leucocyte reaction. It is unlikely that the difference in EBV‐specific immunity is due to a general T‐cell defect in RA patients since there was no correlation between EBV‐specific T‐cell immunity and mixed leucocyte reactivity. There was no correlation between EBV‐specific T‐cell immunity and any of the indicators of disease activity nor was there any difference in the anti‐EBV antibody titre between both groups of patients. These results indicate that RA patients are deficient in the EBV‐specific cytotoxic T‐cell precursor population and may explain some of the reported observations of the involvement of EBV in this disease.
CELL‐MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSE TO ROSS RIVER VIRUS IN MICE: EVIDENCE FOR A DEFECTIVE EFFECTOR CELL RESPONSE
Authors: Aaskov JG , Dalglish DA , Davies CEA , Tucker M , Donaldson MD 
Published: August 2007

SummarySpleen cells recovered from mice during a primary infection with Ross River virus showed a virus‐specific proliferative response when challenged in vitro. The majority of the proliferating cells were T‐lymphocytes. In contrast, there was liltle detectable migration inhibition factor produclion by these spleen cells and little or no virus‐specific cytotoxic activity. Sub‐cutaneous challenge with virus elicited a weak delayed type hypersensitivity reaction.
THE EFFECT OF CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA ON THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE HYPOTHALAMO‐NEURO‐HYPOPHYSIAL SYSTEM OF THE MONGOLIAN GERBIL. THE NEUROHYPOPHYSIAL AXONS AND PITUICYTES
Authors: Loesch Andrzej 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe results of ultrastructural studies of the neurohypophysial axons atid pituicytes of male mongolian gerbils subjected to experimental cerebral ischemia induced by 10 min bilateral occlusion of the common carotids are reported. In gerbils with cerebral ischemia some neurohypophysial axons were well preserved and, as regards ultrastructural organization, did not differ from the control animals. Some axons showed ultrastructural changes. They were characterized by depletion of dense cored neurosecretory granules and the appearance of optically empty vesicles. These suggest the increased secretion of neurohypophysial hormones. Moreover, the findings of intra‐axonal large multilamellar bodies and externally lying tightly arranged lamellar whorls (similar to myelin sheath) were linked with simultaneous obliteration of the primary structure of certain axons. The neurohypophysis of the animals subjected to cerebral ischemia revealed the presence of ‘light’ (‘fibrillar’) and ‘dark’ pituicytes. The ‘light’ cells were characterized by large Golgi complex and the presence of fine fibrilles or fibrillar bundles which occupied a large cytoplasmic area of the cell body or of the processes. The finding of accumulated fibrilles suggests the ischemia damage of the cells. The ‘dark’ cells revealed the presence of dense cytoplasmic ground and the lobulated nucleus. In these cells ribosomes were predominant. The mitochondria were swollen in both varieties of pituicytes, arbitrarily designated here as ‘light’ (‘fibrillar’) and ‘dark’. The results of the present study, therefore, indicate a functional susceptibility of neurosecretory axons and pituicytes to haemodynamic disturbances associated with bilateral cerebral ischemia.
ADHERENCE OF MURINE PERIPHERAL BLOOD EOSINOPHILS AND NEUTROPHILS TO THE DIFFERENT PARASITIC STAGES OF NEMATOSPIROIDES DUBIUS
Authors: Penttila IA , Ey PL , Jenkin CR 
Published: August 2007

SummaryEosinophils and neutrophils, purified by density gradient centrifugation from the blood of infected mice resistant to reinfection, were tested for their ability to adhere to the different parasitic larval stages of the murine nematode parasite Nematospiroides dubius. Cells were tested for adherence to larvae which had been sensitised with immune mouse serum (IMS) or normal mouse serum (NMS) in the presence of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions, EDTA, or EGTA. Differences were observed in the degree of cell adherence to the different stages of the parasite. However, the adherence of the two cell types to any given stage of the parasite was similar. Adherence to the sheathed infective third‐stage (L3) larvae, 96 h post‐infective larvae and to adult worms depended to a large degree on conditions suitable for complement activation (viz. fresh serum and the presence of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions). Complement was activated both via the alternative pathway by the parasite itself and via the classical pathway by parasite‐bound antibodies. In these conditions, cell adherence probably occurred predominantly through the interaction of leucocyte third component of complement (C3) receptors with parasite‐bound C3. In contrast, adherence of cells to exsheathed L3 and to the 48 h and 72 h post‐infective larval stages appeared to involve antibody/Fc receptor as well as C3/C3 receptor interaction. The data indicate that N. dubius may undergo a series of antigenic changes during its life cycle and that antibodies capable of mediating granulocyte attachment are elicited predominantly against the early tissue developmental forms of the parasite.
COMPARISONS BY PEPTIDE MAPPING OF PROTEINS SPECIFIED BY KUNJIN, WEST NILE AND MURRAY VALLEY ENCEPHALITIS VIRUSES
Authors: Wright Peter J , Warr Heather M , Westaway EG 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe relationships among virus‐specified proteins of Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE), Kunjin (KUN) and West Nile (WN) viruses were investigated by peptide mapping of exhaustive proteolytic digests of radioactively labelled polypeptides. Maps of the three structural proteins (E, C and M) derived from purified virions and of two non‐structural proteins (NV5 and NV4) obtained from infected cells were compared. For each polypeptide considered, the peptide maps of the KUN and WN virus‐specified proteins were more similar to each other than either was to the map of the corresponding MVE virus‐specified protein. Since the polypeptides considered together account for approximately 60% of the coding capacity of the flavivirus genome, our results suggested that, for the three viruses examined, the genomes of KUN and WN viruses are the most closely related.
ENZYME‐LINKED IMMUNOASSAYS FOR ANTIBODIES AGAINST VIBRIO CHOLERAE
Authors: Cooper GN , McNab Christine E , Jackson GDF , Walker Patricia 
Published: August 2007

SummaryGlutaraldehyde‐treated V. choleras organisms bind firmly to the surfaces of plastic microELISA plates, thus providing a stable immobilized antigen for use in enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Serum absorption and ELISA‐inhibition experiments indicate that, in addition to detecting natural antibodies in normal rat serum, the immobilized antigen may be used to quantitate specific anti‐V. cholerae antibodies induced in rats by injection of live organisms. Apart from serotypically specific anti‐lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antibodies, the reaction with immobilized organisms seems to involve antibodies common to Inaba and Ogawa serotypes; it is suggested that these antibodies are primarily directed against antigens of the outer membrane protein complex of V. cholerae cells. These findings have led to the development of an indirect ELISA method which quantitates levels of antibodies that react with heat‐sensitive surface antigens of V. cholerae without involvement of anti‐LPS antibodies. When used in conjunction with the indirect LPS‐ELISA, the test has been found to provide a more detailed description of the serum antibody responses of rats to parenteral injections of live V. cholerae than has been reported previously.