bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF THE THYROID STATE, SEASON AND CASTRATION ON THE ADRENAL GLANDS IN MALE RABBITS
Authors: MAQSOOD M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The influence of the thyroid state, season and castration on the weight of the adrenals of the young male rabbit at different ages has been studied. Administration of thyroxine in doses about 30–50% above the estimated rate of secretion of thyroxine for a period of 4 weeks resulted in a significant increase in the weight of the adrenals, while treatment with thiouracil caused a significant decrease in adrenal weight. Thyroxine, when injected in doses below or about equal to the estimated rate of thyroxine secretion, did not affect the weight of the adrenals. On the other hand, prolonged mild hyperthyroidism resulted in an insignificant decrease in the weight of the adrenals.
The weights of the adrenals in experimental and control animals during the summer months were significantly lower than those obtained in the winter. This was probably due to a decrease in the rate of secretion of thyroxine which occurred presumably as a result of high environmental temperature during the summer. Castration did not affect the weight of the adrenals of 8-week-old male rabbits after a period of 4 weeks, but resulted in a significant increase in the weight of the adrenals after a period of 24 weeks.
The possible existence of an interrelationship between the thyroid, adrenals and gonads is discussed.
SUPPRESSION BY ADRENALINE OF THE EOSINOPENIA PRODUCED BY DOG'S ARTERIAL PLASMA IN ADRENALECTOMIZED MICE
Authors: VOGT MARTHE 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Adrenalectomized mice of the strain used by Bibile [1953] were primed with 20 μg adrenaline in an attempt to inhibit the eosinopenia caused by an injection of dog's arterial plasma. This dose of adrenaline is insufficient to abolish completely the eosinopenia due to plasma, and is toxic to the test animals. Thus the only satisfactory way of using the mouse eosinophil test for the assay of cortical steroids in dog plasma is to precede the assay by a chemical extraction of the hormone.
THE RATE OF ABSORPTION OF STEROIDS AND SYNTHETIC OESTROGENS FROM SUBCUTANEOUSLY IMPLANTED TABLETS
Authors: COWIE A. T. , FLUX D. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The rates of absorption of a number of steroid compounds and synthetic oestrogens from subcutaneously implanted tablets in mice, rats and cows are presented and compared with those observed by other workers.
THE EFFECT OF pH ON THE DIABETOGENIC ACTION OF ALLOXAN
Authors: KLEBANOFF S. J. , GREENBAUM A. L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. The effect of pH on the diabetogenic action of alloxan has been studied. Dissolving alloxan in buffer of pH 4·0 prior to injection potentiates the diabetogenic action. Conversely, dissolving alloxan in buffer of pH 8·0 decreases the diabetogenic effect.
2. A routine method for the production of diabetes is proposed. The incidence of diabetes was increased from 5 to 93% by the subcutaneous injection of 200 mg alloxan monohydrate/kilo body weight dissolved in citrate phosphate buffer, pH 4·0, instead of in water.
3. Systemic acidosis (either by CaCl2 or NH4Cl ingestion, or the respiration of gas mixtures rich in CO2) increased the susceptibility of rats to alloxan.
4. Measurements have been made of reduced glutathione in blood and liver, and the level of ascorbic acid. No correlation has been found between the changes in the level of these substances and the incidence of diabetes.
5. It is suggested that a relative acidity in the β-cells could be a contributory factor which regulates the susceptibility of these cells to alloxan.
RESISTANCE OF RATS WITH ENUCLEATED ADRENALS TO INTRAPERITONEAL INJECTION OF A HYPERTONIC GLUCOSE SOLUTION
Authors: BROGI M. P. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The resistance of rats to intraperitoneal injection of hypertonic glucose solution, as measured by the animals' survival, has been studied in rats with enucleated adrenals at various intervals after operation.
As is the case with adrenalectomized animals, there was no resistance 4 days after the operation. Resistance had partially returned after 8 days and was restored to normal after 13 days.
The restoration of resistance coincided with the disappearance of disturbances in the metabolism of fat, protein and carbohydrate caused by adrenal enucleation, but those involving sodium, potassium and water metabolism persisted.
Recovery of normal resistance to the stressing stimulus used seemed to depend on the quantity of cortical tissue regenerated rather than on its differentiation into typical cortical zones.
THE HYPOTHALAMUS AND THE MECHANISM OF SYMPATHETICO-ADRENAL INHIBITION OF MILK EJECTION
Authors: CROSS B. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Electrical stimulation of the supraoptico-hypophysial system gave rise to milk ejection from cannulated teats in anaesthetized lactating rabbits. Stimuli applied in the vicinity of the paraventricular nucleus produced signs of sympathetic activity and no milk-ejection responses in the intact animal, but after acute adrenalectomy milk-ejection responses could be elicited from this region.
2. Stimulation of the dorsal, lateral and posterior areas of the hypothalamus, but not of the ventral tuberal regions, caused pupillary dilatation, exophthalmos and hyperpnoea, and inhibited the milk-ejection response to oxytocin injected intravenously 10–15 sec after the end of the stimulus. The inhibitory effect could be simulated by injection of 1–5 μg adrenaline. It was abolished by bilateral adrenalectomy.
3. Inhibition of the milk-ejection response to oxytocin was also produced by stimulation of the splanchnic nerve supply to the adrenal glands, and of the sympathetic nerve supply to the mammary glands. After bilateral adrenalectomy some inhibitory effect on milk-ejection was apparent when oxytocin was injected during prolonged stimulation of the sympathetic centres of the hypothalamus.
4. Adrenaline was 1½ to 4 times more active in blocking the milk-ejection response to intravenous oxytocin than noradrenaline.
5. Stimulation of the hypothalamus or mammary sympathetic nerves, and injection of adrenaline or noradrenaline did not inhibit the milk-ejection response to mechanical stimuli applied direct to the mammary glands.
6. The inhibition of the milk-ejection response to oxytocin produced by stimulation of the hypothalamus was associated with inability of the young to remove milk from the mammary glands during suckling.
NEUROHORMONAL MECHANISMS IN EMOTIONAL INHIBITION OF MILK EJECTION
Authors: CROSS B. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Fifteen lactating rabbits were maintained on a regime of one daily nursing in which litter weights, milk yields and duration of nursing were recorded.
2. Sodium pentobarbitone anaesthesia blocked the milk-ejection reflex and prevented the removal of more than 15% of the full milk yield by the young. Intravenous injection of 50 mU oxytocin regularly restored normal milk removal; 10 and 20 mU did not.
3. In thirty-five out of forty-two experiments in which the does were suckled while under forcible restraint the amount of milk removed was reduced by 20–100%. In twenty-nine cases injection of 50 mU oxytocin restored normal milk removal. In the remaining six experiments this replacement therapy was fully effective only after the does had been anaesthetized.
4. Kymograph records of milk-ejection responses showed that normal milk removal was associated with a reflex milk-ejection response similar to that produced by 50 mU oxytocin, and incomplete milk removal with a reduced (=5 mU oxytocin) or absent milk-ejection response. Where injection of 50 mU oxytocin failed to restore normal milk removal in the conscious animal, the resulting milk-ejection response was reduced by an amount similar to that produced by injection of 1μg adrenaline.
5. The results indicate that, while activation of the sympathetico-adrenal system does occur, the main factor in emotional disturbance of the milk-ejection reflex is a partial or complete inhibition of oxytocin release from the posterior pituitary gland.
ENDOCRINE FACTORS AFFECTING CELL REPLACEMENT AND CELL LOSS IN THE EPIDERMIS AND SEBACEOUS GLANDS OF THE FEMALE ALBINO RAT
Authors: EBLING F. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Hypophysectomy and adrenalectomy in female albino rats aged 9 months were followed by an enlargement of the sebaceous glands and a thickening of the stratum germinativum plus stratum granulosum in the skin of the back. In similar rats aged 5 months hypophysectomy produced a very significant increase in epidermal thickness, but the increase in the mean volume of the sebaceous glands was not statistically significant.
2. In rats aged 5 months hypophysectomy appeared to increase the incidence of mitoses in both tissues, as measured 5 hr after the injection of colchicine. In rats aged 9 months these increases were less marked in the sebaceous glands and insignificant in the stratum germinativum.
3. Implantation of oestradiol/cholesterol for 3–4 weeks caused a marked reduction in size of the sebaceous glands in intact, in hypophysectomized, and in adrenalectomized rats. Epidermal thickness remained unaffected in intact adult rats, but was reduced in hypophysectomized or adrenalectomized rats.
4. The incidence of mitoses in the sebaceous glands and stratum germinativum was not affected 3–4 weeks after the implantation of oestradiol in intact, in hypophysectomized, and in adrenalectomized rats.
5. Spaying had no significant effect on sebaceous gland size, epidermal thickness, or incidence of mitoses.
6. The following main conclusions are suggested by the results:
(a) The normal breakdown of sebaceous cells, epidermal keratinization and subsequent cell loss in the skin of the back of the rat are delayed by interference with the pituitary-adrenal system.
(b) Oestradiol accelerates the breakdown processes even in the absence of the pituitary and adrenal glands.
(c) In the adult female rat mitosis in the epidermis and sebaceous glands neither requires nor is greatly affected by the presence of oestradiol.
(d) In the absence of the pituitary the incidence of mitoses in the epidermis and sebaceous glands may be increased; it is possible therefore that a pituitary or adrenal hormone may inhibit mitosis.
PITUITARY GROWTH HORMONE AND THE GLUCOSE UTILIZATION OF RAT DIAPHRAGM
Authors: OTTAWAY J. H. , BULBROOK R. D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Growth hormone has been reported to cause either a depression or a stimulation of the glucose uptake of isolated rat diaphragm. The present paper describes further work on the two effects.
1. Anaerobic conditions during the preparation of the diaphragm for incubation affect the glucose uptake and alter the response of the muscle to growth hormone. By controlling the oxygen tension in the diaphragm immediately after excision, variation of the glucose uptake and the effect of the hormone is reduced.
2. Solutions of growth hormone were found to be extremely labile, but, by rigidly standardizing the method of preparing solutions, consistent results were obtained.
3. The relationship between the concentration of growth hormone and its effect on the glucose uptake of isolated diaphragm was investigated separately for muscle saturated with oxygen and with nitrogen. With oxygenated muscle at high concentrations the hormone stimulates, and at low concentrations depresses, the rate of glucose uptake.
4. The mode of action of growth hormone in vitro and in vivo is discussed.
STUDIES OF CEREBROSPINAL FLUID FOLLOWING ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF CORTISONE ACETATE OR HYDROCORTISONE
Authors: ABELSON DENIS , BARON D. N. , TOAKLEY J. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), obtained in the course of routine air encephalography, was examined for the presence of adrenocortical steroids by the method of extraction followed by paper chromatography. Compounds provisionally identified as cortisone and hydrocortisone were found in approximate concentrations of 0·1–0·2 and 0·2–0·40·4μg/100 ml. respectively. Other uncharacterized compounds were also found.
2. After oral administration of either cortisone acetate or hydrocortisone the concentration in the CSF of the compound considered to be hydrocortisone was increased. This increase was greater after administration of hydrocortisone than after cortisone acetate and was maximal 4–4½ hr after the dose. No increase was detected in the concentration of cortisone.
3. The physiological and therapeutic implications of these results are discussed with special reference to the conversion in vivo of cortisone to hydrocortisone.
THE ASSAY OF ADRENOCORTICOTROPHIC ACTIVITY IN PLASMA EXTRACTS
Authors: PARROTT DELPHINE M. V. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Quantities of 1 μg ACTH added to normal plasma were recovered after extraction by an acid-acetone technique, and after adsorption of the resultant extracts on to, and subsequent elution from, oxycellulose columns.
2. Adrenocorticotrophic activity has been demonstrated in acid-acetone extracts of plasma from patients with Addison's disease both with and without DCA or cortisone therapy, from a female pseudohermaphrodite, in two patients with post-operative stress, and in a patient in in diabetic coma.
3. All extracts were assayed in more than one dose, and the difficulties in obtaining valid assays against standard preparations are discussed.
THE DEVELOPMENT AND SUPPRESSION OF POLYPLOIDY IN THE DEVELOPING AND SUPPRESSED DECIDUOMA IN THE RAT
Authors: SACHS LEO , SHELESNYAK M. C. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Pseudopregnant rats were used to study cytological changes in the endometrium following mechanical or chemical (histamine) stimulation of the mucosa. Normal deciduomata, and decidual growths suppressed by topical intra-lumen application of the anti-histamine drug Benadryl, were examined at intervals from 1 to 216 hr after mucosal stimulation. Results showed no mitotic activity in either the normal or suppressed horn for the first 18 hr followed by diploid activity from 18½ to 27 hr. After 27 hr, the suppressed horn showed no more mitoses, and no development of polyploidy; the normal deciduoma showed diploid mitoses for a longer period, and then the development of polyploidy. In the developing deciduoma polyploidy appeared 36 hr after stimulation. There was an increase in the amount of polyploid cells with the continued development of the deciduoma. It is concluded that (a) the suppression of deciduomata by anti-histamine is effected by the suppression of development of the deciduoma and not by a gross destruction of tissue; (b) polyploidy develops in the deciduoma, possibly involving all the decidual cells; (c) the extensive existence of polyploid cells which cannot reproduce normally or persist is a possible basis for the limited life of the deciduoma.
THE EFFECT OF ACTH AND CORTISONE ON THE SURVIVAL OF SKIN HOMOGRAFTS AND ON THE ADRENAL GLANDS IN MONKEYS (MACACA MULATTA)
Authors: KROHN P. L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Daily treatment of monkeys (Macaca mulatta) with 25 or 30 mg ACTH in beeswax/arachis oil almost doubles the size and alters the histological appearance of the adrenal glands. The life-span of skin homografts is, however, only prolonged by a trivial amount.
2. Since 15 mg cortisone daily has an equally trivial effect it may be that the ineffectiveness of treatment with ACTH depends as much on relative insensitivity of the reactive tissues to cortisone as on the character of the hormones produced by the adrenal gland.
CARBONIC ANHYDRASE IN THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT. OCCURRENCE, DISTRIBUTION AND HORMONAL DEPENDENCE
Authors: LUTWAK-MANN CECILIA 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Carbonic anhydrase was shown to occur in the female reproductive tract of a variety of mammalian species. The uterine endometrium, placental tissue and the Fallopian tubes were established as the main loci of carbonic anhydrase activity.
The enzyme was present in the endometrium of the non-pregnant rabbit in a low concentration. Following mating no perceptible increase in enzyme content occurred before the 4th day; from then onwards the activity continued to rise, reaching a maximum by about the 8th day; with advancing foetal development the endometrial activity declined, but at the same time the enzyme could be demonstrated in the placenta, chiefly in the maternal, but to a small extent also in the foetal, part.
The behaviour of carbonic anhydrase in the pseudopregnant uterus or in response to ovulating doses of gonadotrophin or copper salts, presented essentially the same picture as in the early phase of pregnancy; excessive doses of gonadotrophin were capable of increasing the enzyme content within 2 days of administration; moreover, their effect persisted for 20–24 days.
Progesterone, and to a smaller extent ethisterone and methyltestosterone, injected into oestrous adult or into oestrogen-primed immature rabbits, produced marked increases in the content of uterine carbonic anhydrase, the extent of which depended upon the dose.
Whereas the endometrium of rats, hamsters and guinea-pigs was completely devoid of carbonic anhydrase, both in pregnant and non-pregnant females, the placenta of these animals contained the enzyme, again mainly in the maternal portion.
The uterine mucosa of the non-pregnant sheep was conspicuously rich in carbonic anhydrase, the activity being largely restricted to the intercotyledonary areas; the uterine portion of the Fallopian tubes was also remarkably active. In this species the uterine carbonic anhydrase was found to be independent of ovarian function: the enzyme was present in the uteri of prepubertal lambs, and it was fully preserved in ovariectomized animals. Considerable enzymic activity was found in the sheep placenta.
No carbonic anhydrase was found in the uterus or Fallopian tubes of the non-pregnant pig; the pig placenta, however, was very active, the enzyme being located in the chorion in late pregnancy.
In the non-pregnant cow only the fimbrial portion of the Fallopian tubes showed enzymic activity, especially marked in the immediate post-ovulatory phase. No carbonic anhydrase was present in the non-pregnant uteri or Fallopian tubes of mares, cats or dogs.
By introducing parenterally large amounts of a sulphonamide inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase it was possible to inhibit the enzyme in vivo, both in the rat placenta and in the progestational rabbit endometrium.
THYROID FUNCTION AFTER ADRENALECTOMY
Authors: FLÜCKIGER E. , VERZÁR F. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. 131I was injected into rats and its concentration in the thyroid of intact and adrenalectomized animals measured.
2. If 131I is injected on the 6th day after adrenalectomy, it is concentrated more slowly in the thyroid and reaches much higher radiation values than in normal animals. The high values generally persist until the death of the animal.
3. If the animals are injected with 131I on the 1st-3rd day after adrenalectomy, before they have developed cortical insufficiency, only the release of 131I is retarded. This explains why, in animals which are in a state of insufficiency at the time of the injection, 131I accumulates in high concentrations in the thyroid.
4. If adrenalectomized animals receive 1 % NaCl as drinking water, they survive longer but release less 131I from their thyroids than normal rats.
The thyroids of such animals when measured directly, even 15 and 22 days after the injection of 131I, have a much higher 131I content than those of normal controls.
5. The main change of function of the thyroid after adrenalectomy is that iodine, and hence thyroid hormone, is released more slowly.
6. As a hypothetical explanation it is suggested that metabolism is decreased after adrenalectomy, and consequently less thyroid hormone is needed for oxidation processes.
THE EFFECT OF METHYLANDROSTENEDIOL ON THE WEIGHT AND PROTEIN CONTENT OF MUSCLES AND ORGANS OF THE RAT
Authors: KORNER A. , YOUNG F. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Some tissues of intact, adrenalectomized, or hypophysectomized male and female rats treated with methylandrostenediol (MAD) grow isometrically with the body as a whole. Others gain weight and protein at a faster rate and yet others lose weight, although the animal as a whole grows.
2. The response of each tissue varies with the dose of MAD and the age of the rat. Some tissues lose weight with low doses of MAD but gain weight with high doses.
THE EFFECT OF OESTROGEN ON THE RESPONSE OF THE ADRENAL GLAND TO ACTH IN RATS
Authors: CARTER SHEILA B. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Experiments were carried out to discover whether oestrogen modifies the effect of ACTH on the adrenal glands of the female rat.
It was found that oestradiol dipropionate (ODP) did not alter the response to exogenous ACTH in either spayed or control-operated animals.
Compensatory hypertrophy of the remaining gland after unilateral adrenalectomy was increased by treatment with ODP in ovariectomized rats, but was unaffected in control-operated animals.
In hypophysectomized rats the adrenal glands were significantly heavier after treatment with ACTH and ODP then they were when ACTH was given alone. The oestrogen alone had no effect in hypophysectomized animals.
URINARY 17-KETOSTEROID EXCRETION IN LEUCODERMA
Authors: AGARWALA S. C. , MUKERJI B. , SHARMA RADHA 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Twenty-eight cases of leucoderma and twenty-five normal cases were studied for their total output of 17-ketosteroids. Significant differences were obtained in four out of six age groups, in which the daily excretion of these steroids in cases of leucoderma was greater than in the normal. The results were essentially the same when calculated on the basis of their concentration per 100 ml. urine.
THE INFLUENCE OF LITTER SIZE AND LITTER ORDER ON LENGTH OF GESTATION AND EARLY POSTNATAL GROWTH IN THE GUINEA-PIG
Authors: McKEOWN THOMAS , MACMAHON BRIAN 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The influence of litter size and litter order on length of gestation and early postnatal growth of offspring has been examined on records of sixty-six female guinea-pigs which delivered 440 litters. It is shown that:
(a) The association between foetal weight and length of gestation is not the same for different litter sizes: in small litters weight increases with length of gestation; in large litters weight decreases. It is suggested that weight influences time of parturition in large litters, but not in small ones.
(b) Length of gestation increases with litter order. This result is shown to be independent of litter size and weight.
(c) As litter size increases, weight of young at 28 days after birth decreases, but rate of postnatal growth (weight at 28 days expressed as a percentage of birth weight) increases.
(d) Rate of postnatal growth (to 28 days) is lowest for first-born young, increases after the first birth, and falls again after the fourth.
THE EFFECT OF SCROTAL INSULATION AND THE INFLUENCE OF THE BREEDING SEASON UPON FRUCTOSE CONCENTRATION IN THE SEMEN OF THE RAM
Authors: GLOVER T. D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Six rams have been subjected to insulation of the scrotum as a means of increasing the temperature of the testes, and the levels of fructose in semen estimated before, during and after such treatment. It was shown that during the period of scrotal insulation a fairly rapid increase in seminal fructose occurs, which only gradually returns to its normal level after termination of the treatment.
No pronounced effect of scrotal insulation on libido has been established.
Observations on ram semen collected towards the end of the breeding season show that a decrease in seminal fructose occurs immediately before the decline in libido becomes apparent, and at a time when the normal density range of spermatozoa is still maintained.