bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Lin'an montmorillonite and its application in the removal of Ni2+ from aqueous solutions
Authors: Tan X. L. , Hu J. , Zhou X. , Yu S. M. , Wang X. K. 
Published: July 2008

Summary
Clay minerals have been studied extensively because of their strong sorption and complexation ability. In this work, Na-montmorillonite was characterized by using acid-base titration, XRD and FTIR in detail. Sorption of Ni(II) on Na-montmorillonite was investigated under ambient conditions as a function of pH, ionic strength, and temperature. The results indicate that sorption of Ni2+ on montmorillonite are strongly dependent on pH and ionic strength. The sorption of Ni2+ is mainly dominated by ion exchange at low pH values and by inner-sphere surface complexation at high pH values. The relationships of pH–C
eq, Q–C
eq and pH–Q are compared and shown clearly in a 3-D plot, and all Q–C
eq data lie in a straight line with slope (−V/m) and intercept (C
0
V/m). The thermodynamic parameters (ΔH°, ΔS°, and ΔG°) are calculated from the temperature dependent sorption isotherms, and the results suggest that the sorption reaction of Ni(II) from solution to montmorillonite is endothermic and spontaneous.
Kinetics and thermodynamics of adsorption of trace amount of uranium on activated carbon
Authors: El-Sayed A. A. 
Published: July 2008

Summary
Theoretical calculation of both the kinetics and thermodynamic parameters for the adsorption of ultrace amount of uranium ion in uranyl nitrate salt (UO2
2+) on activated carbon showed the applicability of Langmuir isothermal model. Equilibrium isotherm studies gave the maximum calculated sorption capacity as 30.95 μg/g for 100 μg/L at 0.8 g activated carbon (AC), compared to the experimental result 24.9 μg/g, with correlation coefficient of 0.999 compared to 0.985 and 0.901 for Freundlich and/or D–R Dubinin–Raduschkevich, respectively. It was found that the adsorption process is mainly exothermic, where the thermodynamic parameters are as follows: ΔH
ads −90.5 (kJ/mol), ΔS°ads 0.224 (kJ/mol/K) and ΔG
ads −23.75 (kJ/mol) (T=298 K). Kinetically the process was assured the first order rate of reaction with the rate constant equal to 0.304 min−1 (100 μg/L) and 0.387 min−1 (50 μg/L) respectively, compared to 3.3×10−4 and 4.4×10−4 min−1 for the second order kinetics mechanism.
Computer-aided design of new metal binders
Authors: Varnek A. , Fourches D. , Kireeva N. , Klimchuk O. , Marcou G. , Tsivadze A. , Solov'ev V. 
Published: July 2008

Summary
Chemoinformatics approaches open new opportunities for computer-aided design of new efficient metal binders. Here, we demonstrate performances of ISIDA and COMET software tools to predict stability constants (log K) of the metal ion/organic ligand complexes in solution and to design in silico new molecules possessing desirable properties. The predictive models for log K of lanthanides complexation in water have been developed. Some new uranyl binders based on monoamides and on phosphoryl-containing podands were suggested theoretically, then synthesized and tested experimentally. Reasonable agreement between experimental uranyl distribution coefficients and theoretically predicted values has been observed.
„Ekomobil není ekologický telefon” – Neue tschechische Komposita als Gegenstand von Bewertungen1
Authors: Richter Claudia 
Published: July 2008

Summary
During the last decades an ever growing number of a certain type of compounds can be distinguished within the Czech word-formation process. Compounds based on international constituents (as bio-, eko-, agro-, video- …) are meanwhile so numerous, that they cannot be considered any more as a secondary way of word-formation. Assuming a relationship between language use and language evaluation, the present paper discusses the evaluation of the above mentioned compounds and how they are valued both by linguists and laymen. Based on texts that reflect certain linguistic values or linguistics schools, can be delineated different value types and evaluating instruments. Linguists typically prefer implicit evaluation based on utility-oriented values whereas laymen favor explicit language items to express absolute (puristic) values.
Zur Alltagskommunikation mit Anderssprachigen in der frühen Neuzeit. Ein polnisch-deutsches Gesprächsbüchlein aus dem frühen 16. Jahrhundert
Authors: Budziak Renata 
Published: July 2008

Summary
Instructing of German language as foreign has long tradition in Poland. This language was perceived in starts alredy XVI century by not only middle class and also gentry as in trade contacts essential, diplomatic and on royal court. It take attempt of analysis Polish-German conversations in article of language and didactic respects from start of XVI century.
The pathology of the ulnar nerve in acromegaly
Authors: Tagliafico Alberto , Resmini Eugenia , Nizzo Raffaella , Derchi Lorenzo E , Minuto Francesco , Giusti Massimo , Martinoli Carlo , Ferone Diego 
Published: July 2008

ContextAcromegalic patients may complain of sensory disturbances in their hands. Cubital tunnel syndrome, the ulnar nerve neuropathy at the cubital tunnel (UCT), in acromegalic patients has never been reported.ObjectiveTo describe and assess the prevalence of UCT in acromegalic patients and the effects of 1 year of therapy on UCT.PatientsWe examined prospectively 37 acromegalic patients with no history of polyneuropathy, acute trauma at the elbow, no diabetes or hypothyroidism with clinical examination, nerve conduction studies (NCS), and high-resolution ultrasound (US). A control group was made by 50 volunteers. The local ethics committee approved the study and written informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.InterventionClinical history, physical examination, NCS, and US were used to diagnose UCT at the beginning of the study and after 1 year.ResultsIn 8 of 37 patients, a diagnosis of UCT was made at the beginning of the study reflecting a prevalence of 21%. After 1 year, 5 of 8 (62.5%) patients reported clinical and NCS improvements and evident US reduction of nerve cross-sectional area (CSA; 16.7±2.9 mm2 vs 12.2±3.1 mm2; P<0.001). In 3 of 8 (37.5%) patients, the UCT was unchanged. Ulnar nerve CSA was significantly increased in acromegalic patients with UCT (16.7±2.9 mm2 vs 11.1±2.3 mm2; P<0.047).ConclusionUlnar neuropathy could occur in acromegalic patients and can improve in 62% of cases with disease control. Due to the different management and therapeutic approach, it would be important to make differential diagnosis between cubital and carpal tunnel syndrome in acromegaly.
Developing RCOG patient information: group B streptococcus infection in babies
Authors: Cockell Anna , Arnold Lucy , Overton Caroline 
Published: July 2008

The RCOG publishes patient information based on its Green‐top Guidelines.
Discussion of the prevention of group B streptococcus infection in newborn babies evokes strong feelings in women and healthcare professionals.

Learning objectives:

To be aware of the importance of patient information and its use in clinical practice.
To show how women's views contribute to the production of patient information.

Ethical issues:

Does the RCOG have a duty to ensure patient information is available in all UK maternity units?
Do clinicians have a duty to inform women, and do women have a right to be informed, about private testing when the National Health Service does not recommend national screening?

Please cite this article as: Cockell A, Arnold L, Overton C. Developing RCOG patient information: group B streptococcus infection in babies. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 2008;10:171–176.
Continence care pathways: a motorway for urogynaecology
Authors: Sinha Deepali , Blackwell Alexandra , Adams Elizabeth J , Moran Paul A 
Published: July 2008

Urinary incontinence is common in women and results in medical and psychological morbidity.
It is associated with a clinically significant decrease in quality of life, comparable with chronic medical conditions.
Continence is low on the list of priority given to healthcare services.
NICE guidance aims to overcome variation in referral and treatment.

Learning objectives:

To understand the challenges of developing and implementing continence care pathways.
To appreciate the importance of consistent care without geographical variation that adheres to national guidelines.
To learn the value of prompt, appropriate identification of women requiring primary or secondary care.
To identify evidence‐based treatments.

Ethical issues:

Can the future development of continence services be balanced with meeting the needs of an ageing population?

Please cite this article as: Sinha D, Blackwell A, Adams EJ, Moran PA. Continence care pathways: a motorway for urogynaecology. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 2008;10:184–193.
Core Academic Competencies for Master of Public Health Students: One Health Department Practitioner’s Perspective
Authors: Moser J. Michael 
Published: July 2008

The Association of Schools of Public Health (ASPH) has developed a comprehensive set of core academic competencies for master of public health (MPH) graduates. The ASPH core MPH competencies delineate fundamental knowledge, attitudes, and skills that every MPH student, regardless of their major field, should possess upon graduation. From a public health agency perspective, this is a promising development. The ASPH MPH core competencies are complementary to the Core Competencies for Public Health Practice developed by the Council on Linkages Between Academia and Public Health Practice. Although a useful development, the academic MPH core competencies should not be confused with a conclusive definition of what constitutes a public health professional.
Improving Health Behaviors in an African American Community: The Charlotte Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health Project
Authors: Plescia Marcus , Herrick Harry , Chavis LaTonya 
Published: July 2008

Objectives. We examined the effect on 3 behavioral risk factors for heart disease and diabetes (low fruit and vegetable consumption, low physical activity, and cigarette smoking) of an intervention in an African American community in North Carolina. Methods. A community coalition, a lay health advisor program, and policy and community environment change strategies were implemented in a community of 20000 African Americans in 2001 to 2005. Health behavior questions from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey were administered to a cross-section of the community annually. The results were compared with African Americans’ responses from a statewide survey. Results. All 3 health behaviors improved in the study population. Improvements were statistically significant for physical activity (P= .02) and smoking (P= .03) among women and for physical activity among middle-aged adults (P=.01). Lower baseline physical activity rates improved to levels comparable to those of African Americans statewide (2001, P<.001; 2005, P=.38), and comparable fruit and vegetable consumption rates became significantly higher (2001, P=.68; 2005, P<.001). Conclusions. Our findings support the emerging role of policy and community environment change strategies and community participation as promising practices to improve health behaviors in African American communities and to reduce health disparities.
Poverty in America: How Public Health Practice Can Make a Difference
Authors: Erwin Paul Campbell 
Published: July 2008

Health inequities linked to poverty remain entrenched in certain subgroups in the United States, despite public health efforts to the contrary. My experiences in working with the poor in Nepal and Pakistan informed my later approach to addressing health and poverty in the Appalachians of eastern Tennessee. Three aspects of this approach include enhancing community power through participation in local decisionmaking about health, educating students within the actual context of poverty, and increasing local opportunity by employing people from the communities of concern to serve as a means to reach those communities. Empowerment, education, and opportunity can serve as ways to ameliorate poverty and may serve to modulate the persistent underlying conditions that create and sustain poverty.
Assessing the Legal and Ethical Preparedness of Master of Public Health Graduates
Authors: Agee Brian , Gimbel Ronald W. 
Published: July 2008

Objectives. We explored the relationship between the preparedness of master of public health (MPH) graduates in public health law and ethics and their completion of courses in these areas. Methods. We reviewed accredited public health schools and programs to assess the supply of required and elective courses in law and ethics. In addition, we conducted an Internet-based scenario survey of MPH graduates. Survey results were analyzed, and relationships between scenario responses and completion of law and ethics courses were assessed. Results. Of the 93 programs and schools reviewed, 14% required a course in ethics and 16% required a course in law. The majority (range = 55%–76%) of the survey respondents indicated being “prepared” or “very prepared” for each of the 9 public health scenarios. There were no significant relationships between scenario responses and completion of an ethics course. Responses to 2 scenarios (one involving food code violations and one involving a prison population) were significantly related to participants' completion of a course in law. Conclusions. Few public health schools and programs require graduate courses in ethics and law. Most MPH graduates report being prepared to address public health challenges. Additional research is necessary to improve techniques for measuring preparedness.
Case Study: Modeling of a Large-Scale Tight-Gas-Gathering System
Authors: Stevenson B. K. , O’Shea C. D. 
Published: July 2008

Summary
This case study outlines the techniques used to model the Williams Production Rocky Mountain Co. Grand Valley gas-gathering system in the Piceance basin. The results of the modeling exemplify how a nodal-analysis model can become an invaluable tool for optimizing the performance of gas-gathering systems and planning future system expansion.
Field production in the Grand Valley gathering system varies minute by minute, creating a dynamic system that is difficult to model with standard practice. By use of an innovative statistical method to handle the scale and complexity of the system, the model has simulated the true flowing conditions of the system over the last 5 years consistently and accurately. The model has been used to successfully locate and quantify substantial static and frictional pressure losses. As the field develops, proposed drilling programs are added to forecast the impact of the new wells on the system. Various pipeline and compressor-expansion scenarios are tested to determine the most effective locations and cost-viable options.
Recommendations from the model have been implemented successfully and have played an integral role in the expansion of the gathering system. The model has been used to identify exact locations of pressure losses, help plan for incremental drilling volumes, and quantify the additional costs incurred from third-party gas entering the system.
This paper explains how a model can assist in the successful development of a large-scale, high-volume, and dynamic gas-gathering system. Details of the modeling procedure and highlights of the innovations implemented to meet the challenging operating conditions and aggressive development of this field are presented.
Technologies for Arctic Offshore Exploration and Development
Authors: Matskevitch Dmitri G. 
Published: July 2008

Summary
Exploration and development of hydrocarbon reserves in the arctic seas are challenged by a harsh environment including the presence of ice and icebergs, permafrost, low temperatures, and extended periods of darkness. Remoteness and ecological considerations make activities in the arctic even more difficult. Advanced technologies, nontraditional technical solutions, and flawless execution are required to make any major project in the arctic a success.
Understanding the difficulties associated with implementing an offshore project in the arctic comes with experience. In ExxonMobil's case, this is a result of 40 years of arctic field operations and associated research. This paper discusses the arctic technologies developed to support ExxonMobil exploration and development activities in the Arctic seas.
ExxonMobil's Arctic offshore activity started in 1966 with the installation of the ice-resistant Granite Point offshore platform, which is still producing oil in Cook Inlet, Alaska. Since then, ExxonMobil has constructed and drilled from artificial islands in shallow-arctic waters; drilled in iceberg-prone regions off Greenland, Canada, and Norway; designed and installed the first icebergresistant gravity-based platform on the Grand Banks; installed an ice-resistant production platform and the first in-ice Single Point Mooring (SPM) offshore loading facility offshore Sakhalin Island; and continued to develop methodology to provide rational design criteria for ice-resistant production platforms. Development of design criteria and the selection of the most reliable and costeffective technical solutions for arctic offshore projects required data from numerous field expeditions, model test programs, field measurements, and observations from existing offshore structures. These studies were carried out under the supervision of ExxonMobil research staff.
Arctic marine transportation systems are also an important element for many offshore and near-shore projects in remote areas where the construction of export pipelines is prohibitively expensive. The 1969–1970 Manhattan tanker trials in the US and Canadian arctic and the 2002 Primorye trials in the Tatar Strait have helped ExxonMobil develop safe and reliable technologies for hydrocarbon transportation in ice-infested waters.
Risk Management / Functional Safety: A Practical Approach For End Users and System Integrators
Authors: Capelle Tino Vande , Houtermans Michel 
Published: July 2008

Summary
The objective of this paper is to demonstrate, through a practical example, how an end user should deal with functional safety while designing a safety-instrumented function and implementing it in a safety-instrumented system. The paper starts with explaining the problems that exist inherently in safety systems. After understanding these problems, the paper takes the reader from the verbal description of a safety function through the design of the architecture, the process for the selection of safety components, and the role of reliability analysis. After reading this paper, the end user understands the practical process for implementing the design of safety-instrumented systems without going into detail of the requirements of the standard.
Water Separation From Wellstream in Inclined Separation Tube With Distributed Tapping
Authors: Rivera Rocio M. , Golan Michael , Friedemann John D. , Bourgeois Benjamin 
Published: July 2008

Summary
This paper describes observations on water separation from well-stream in an inline separator using the concept of distributed water withdrawal from an inclined tube section. The physical observations were conducted in a laboratory using a 7-in. observation section applying flow rates compatible to North Sea single-well rates. The distributed water withdrawal is achieved by placing a set of evenly spaced tapping points at the bottom of the tube section with facilities to control tapping rates. The observations were made in connection with a joint-industry project to validate and commercialize a new concept for downhole and seabed separations. The driver for the study is to verify possible water separation by distributed tapping from the bottom of the tube in high flow rates with a high degree of agitation, turbulence, and phase dispersion. Observations demonstrated that for a wide range of flow, comparable to the flow conditions in high-rate oil wells, the high turbulence and phase dispersion do not erode and disperse completely a continuous layer of water on the bottom of the tube. This layer, flowing upward or downward depending on the flow conditions, facilitates a reasonable water separation when it is tapped properly. The scope of the test intended to capture the effect of flow and system variables on the separation efficiency. The experiments and the analysis validated the distributed separation concept. They demonstrated good separation at a wide range of flow stream conditions. They explained the reasons for good separation even with a high degree of turbulence and phase dispersion. The mechanistic understanding of the separation allows a degree of predictability and guidance for separator design.
A New Class of "Green" Corrosion Inhibitors: Development and Application
Authors: Craddock H. A. , Caird S. , Wilkinson H. , Guzmann M. 
Published: July 2008

Summary
The chemical application of corrosion inhibitors is a widely adopted practice in production and processing operations in the oil and gas industry. Particularly challenging is the development of new chemistries, which maintain good protection of materials under a variety of conditions while being environmentally acceptable.
This paper illustrates patented work in the chemistry of alkyl polyglucosides (APGs) and their synergistic effect with polyaspartates (Wei).
The paper outlines the development of this inhibitor class, which demonstrates good general inhibitor performance in a number of oilfield brines, shows good filming characteristics under conditions of shear, and also has an excellent environmental profile. The paper examines the base chemistry of alkyl polyglucosides.
The paper illustrates the effect of inhibitors in a number of sweet and sour conditions as well as under various temperature conditions in a variety of oilfield waters. The results of laboratory tests under these conditions, such as linear polarization resistivity (LPR) the so-called "bubble test," and the rotating cylinder electrode (RCE), are presented and discussed.
Environmental data on formulated products will also be given. To date, all formulations of this chemistry have been classified for use in the UK sector as Gold, with no substitution or other product warnings.
Flow-Assurance Modeling: Reality Check and Aspects of Transient Operations of Gas/Condensate Pipelines
Authors: Hagesæther L. , Lunde K. , Nygård F. , Eidsmoen H. 
Published: July 2008

Summary
Statoil operates a number of gas/condensate pipelines in the North Sea. This paper focuses on experience gained from operation and simulation, up to and including the tail end, of the 150-km-long, 22-in. Huldra-to-Heimdal pipeline.
During initial production at Huldra, the liquid accumulation was higher than predicted by modeling. Additionally, liquid surge waves not found in simulations were observed at the receiving facility. These findings were challenging, resulting from very low-liquid surge capacity in the receiving facility, and the minimum flow rate was increased. Investigations were carried out to explain the observations, and it was determined that condensate carryover in the Huldra scrubber significantly influenced the condensate content in the pipeline. The pipeline has now entered the tail-end production phase. Because of the high liquid content at low production rates, water/monoethylene glycol (MEG) no longer reaches the receiving facility on a regular basis, causing local hydrate problems at Heimdal and a lack of MEG for reinjection. Simulations show that cyclic operation of the receiving facility will transport water/MEG out of the pipeline on a more regular basis. This change in operating philosophy was an available option that Statoil did not have to implement.