bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
University Students' Attitudes Towards Mental Patients and Psychiatric Treatment
Authors: Chung K.F. , Chen Eric Y.H. , Liu Catherine S.M. 
Published: March 2007

Background: Public attitudes towards mental patients and psychiatric treatment are mostly unfavorable, Mental patients tend to conceal their illness or selectively disclose their treatment histories to someone they trust. Aims: To examine the university students' attitudes towards different information regarding a person labeled as mentally ill. Methods: We designed seven descriptions of a mentally ill person of varying past and current treatment histories and randomly assigned 308 university under graduates to read one of the descriptions. Subjects rated their willingness to interact with the hypothetical case using a 19-item social distance scale. Results: Greater social distance was associated with non-medical field of study, no previous contact with the mentally ill and female gender. Subjects without previous contact with mentally ill individuals kept greater distance from a discharged mental patient receiving psychiatric care than a mental patient who did not require medications nor psychiatric follow-up. In contrast, respondents who had previous contact with the mentally ill were more willing to interact with a discharged mental patient receiving psychiatric care comparing with a person labeled as mentally ill alone and a mental patient who had never been admitted to hospital. Conclusions: Implications of our findings in clinical management and designing stigma-reducing programme are discussed.
A Comparative Study of Opinions of U.S.a. and European Professionals On the Etiology of Infantile Autism
Authors: Sanua Victor D. 
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the paper is to present the results of a cross-national research on the opinions of various professionals in the U.S.A and Europe as to the causation of infantile autism. Respondents were given 12 causatative factors to choose from. The major finding is that a much larger percentage of psychiatrists, psychologists and other professionals, primarily social workers in the United States believe in the organic etiology of infantile autism. A larger percentage of professionals in Europe were more likely to attribute the disease to environmental factors, primarily familial. It seems that irrespective of discipline, the belief in the organic etiology of infantile autism is stronger in the U.S.A. than in Europe.
Psychiatric Hospitalisations Evaluated by Patients
Authors: Boller Svend , Valbak Kristian , Lindhardt Anne , Tybjerg Jørgen 
Published: March 2007

For a number of years consumer satisfaction evaluation has been used as documen tary evidence of the effect of treatment in psychiatric service systems. Especially in the USA consumer evaluations have been used in connection with the closure of the large central mental hospitals and the changeover to a community based psychiatric service system. The present investigation was conducted in a large psychiatric hospital and con firmed other such investigations that the patients are satisfied with the psychiatric treatment system. This result is in sharp contrast with society's general attitude to the same treatment system. In the present study we found a significant positive correlation between a positive assessment of hospitalisation and the relatives' contact with the staff on the ward. This is an important result in a period when spending cuts and reductions in staff might reduce time for contacts with relatives. Consumer evaluations such as the present one are necessary as a basis of future adjustments in the psychiatric treatment system.
Effect of Fillers and Voids on Compressive Yield of Epoxy Composites
Authors: Ishai Ori , Coheno Leslie J. 
Published: March 2007

Two series of epoxy composites, filled and porous, were loaded in compression up to yield under several constant strain rates. Results indicate a linear relationship between yield stress and log strain rate, characterized by a constant slope for the different com positions, and almost linear dependence of yield stress on filler content. A simplified empirical formula was derived for the yield stress of filled composites as function of filler content and strain rate. Similar dependence was found for porous composites. The strain-rate dependence indicates non-Newtonian visco plastic behaviour obeying the corresponding Eyring equation. The filler content was found to have almost no effect on the activation volume terms, and its main effect is apparently with regard to the activation energy characteristics of the yielding process.
Dynamic Moduli and Damping Ratios in Fiber-Reinforced Composites
Authors: Schultz Albert B. , Tsai Stephen W. 
Published: March 2007

Measurements of elastic moduli and damping ratios are reported for glass fiber reinforced, unidirectional composite beams when they are vibrated over a frequency range of 5.0-10,000 Hz. The elastic moduli show little tendency to change within this frequency range, except when the fibers make an angle of 45° with the beam axis, in which case the modulus is raised about 15 percent above its low frequency value. The low frequency values are 7-27 percent higher than the static values. The damping ratios are typically of magnitude 10-2 but exhibit both frequency and amplitude dependence. At high frequencies, the damping ratio for a 0° beam is almost five times that of an aluminum beam, while for a 22.5° or 45° beam it is over thirty times as large. The increase in ratio magnitude with change in fiber orientation angle usually occurs in the order 0°, 22.5°, 90°, 45°. The damping ratios transform as the imaginary parts of complex moduli. If the damping ratios are known for three fiber orientation angles, they may be predicted for any other angle. In this respect, the composite exhibits anisotropic, linear viscoelastic behavior when undergoing small oscillations.
Shear Buckling of Unsymmetrical Cross-Ply Plates
Authors: Whitney J.M. 
Published: March 2007

Recently solutions have been obtained [1, 2, 3] for the bending, vibrations, and buckling of laminated plates in which coupling between bending and stretch ing is important. However, buckling results were limited to unsymmetric angle- ply laminates under biaxial compression. Thus, there are no solutions available for the buckling of coupled laminates subjected to shear loading. This paper is concerned with the stability of unsymmetric cross-ply rectangular plates under uniform shear. These composites consist of an even number of layers all of the same thickness and elastic properties with the orthotropic axes of symmetry in each ply alternately oriented at 0° and 90° to the plate axes. Hinge- support boundary conditions are considered. The effect of coupling is ascertained by comparing coupled solutions to those obtained by neglecting the coupling coefficients in the governing equations. Applicability of the reduced bending stiffness approximation to shear buckling of cross-ply composites is also in vestigated.
Playing the Team Game: Unions in Australian Professional Team sports
Authors: Dabscheck Braham 
Published: March 2007

League and club officials in different Australian professional team sports have initiated a variety of labour market controls that have restricted the economic freedom and income-earning potential of players. Since before the First World War, different generations of players in a variety of sports have attempted to use collective action to respond to these and other employment problems. Most of these attempts were abortive or shortlived. It is only in the 1990s that Australian player associations have experienced the successes usually afforded to unionism. This paper examines the historical and contemporary record of player associa tions in Australian team sports. It begins with an examination of the various labour market rules that have governed the employment of players. This is followed by an analysis of problems of organizational effectiveness that have traditionally dogged the operation of player associations. The next section focuses on developments in the 1990s. With the exception of rugby league and baseballers, player associations have solved organizational problems of the past, and have possessed leaders able to develop a bargaining relationship with their respective leagues and clubs.1
The European Tradition of Asylum and the Development of Refugee Law
Authors: Grahl-Madsen Atle 
Published: March 2007

The modem law relating to refugees has evolved from the habit of princes, free cities, and the church to grant asylum to people who have fled their native land for fear of persecution. On the repeal of the Edict of Nantes, laws were enacted in Prussia and the United Kingdom authorizing the establishment and naturalization of French Huguenots. Subsequently America was opened for religious persecutees from Europe. The establishment of republican government led to formalization of the acquisition and loss of the quality of citizen, and this, in turn, constituted refugees as a separate category: persons without any effective nationality. A French law relating to foreign refugees was promulgated as early as 1832. In the second half of the nineteenth century international lawyers tended to restrict extradition and expulsion. True refugee law emerged in the wake of the First World War with the creation of a High Commissioner's Office for Refugees and the conclusion of international arrangements and conventions for the benefit of refugees. By the pro hibition of forcible return to the country of origin the 'right of suppliants' got a footing in international law. In the period following the Second World War, constitutional or statutory provisions guaranteeing asylum have been adopted in a number of countries. It has been realized that refugees should not suffer because of their formal possession of the nationality of a country with which they have broken all ties, and the catalog of rights and benefits due to refugees has been greatly extended. The Refugee Convention of 1951 is partic ularly noteworthy in this respect. The law of refugees is in constant development. To a great extent this development reflects the changing legal environment. The right of asylum and the status of refugees are presently under consideration in the United Nations, the Council of Europe, the Organization of African Unity, and other august assemblies.
The Vietnam War as a Richardson Process
Authors: Alcock N.Z. , Lowe Keith 
Published: March 2007

The general hypothesis of this empirical research is that an escalating limited war follows an action-and-reaction process which is less calculated and more irrational than an 'old- fashioned' declared war. The specific hypothesis is that the Vietnam war can be described by the Richardson arms race equations, with total casualties replacing total arms expenditures. Irregularities in the resulting curves were tested against qualitative events over the time period studied. The general hypothesis was not confirmed; the specific hypothesis was confirmed - the Vietnam escalation appears to be very similar to the arms race preceding World War II with a single sharp change in slope interrupting an otherwise consistant straight line plot. Two events may account for the apparent discontinuity: the Tonkin Bay incident of August 1964 and the Pleiku base incident of February 1965 followed immediately by the U.S. bombing of North Vietnam. It is noted that the events cited correspond to a change of office in the American presidency, and it is speculated therefore that another change of office in January 1969 may lead to a further discontinuity. On the basis of the calculations, it is suggested that peace negotiations and a de-escalation of the fighting are more likely to occur after there is a significant with drawal of American combat troops from Vietnam.
Stratification in the System of International Organizations
Authors: Väyrynen Raimo 
Published: March 2007

This article explores some characteristics of international governmental organizations (IGOs) and their development. The most central findings are (1) very rapid increase in the number of economic and subregional organizations as compared with other types of IGOs, and (2) increasing stratification within transregional and global organizations and decreasing stratifi cation within regional and subregional ones. Furthermore, stratification has increased most notably within economic and military IGOs, while the opposite is case among socio-cultural and coordinative organizations. These trends might indicate the increasing significance of the 'bargaining model' of interna tional relations, especially in economic matters between developed and developing countries. Thus far, the realization of this structural model has not been possible for one simple reason: there is no collective organization strong enough in the Third World, so Great Powers have been able to apply a 'one-at-time' - policy in organizational interaction with developing coun tries. A typology of international organizations based on the ranks of member states is presented. This typology, for example, indicates that low total and high average rank of member states leads to a higher probability of organizational agreement upon great sectoral scope and high range in decision making.
Europe: Bipolar, Bicentric or Cooperative?
Authors: Galtung Johan 
Published: March 2007

The theory of peace developed in the book Co operation in Europe is used to evaluate the present state of affairs in East-West relations in Europe as well as future prospects. The major argument is that peace has a struc ture, and that structure has not yet been built be tween East and West in Europe. The Warsaw and Moscow treaties as well as the Berlin and intra German negotiations are important in clearing up after World War II and in affirming the terri torial status quo in Europe, but they do not by themselves contribute to a peace structure. Nego tiations about arms control only help perfect the balance of power, and disarmament negotiations have so far been a failure and will continue to be so unless the present structure of non-peace is trans formed. Although the trade between East and West is increasing, it still has the traditional inequitable structure of raw materials and foodstuffs from East to West and processed goods in the other direction. Moreover, with the rapid integration and expansion of the European Communities an integra tion race has set in, with CMEA also solidifying. There is the danger that this race will make all- European co-operation too weak to have sufficient peace-building effect. There are still many possibilities to be explored for increased and more meaningful East-West co operation, some of which are discussed in the ar ticle. More particularly, East and West should try to come together in efforts to discuss the future of European societies and the future of active peaceful co-existence.
Divided Nations and Reunification Strategies
Authors: Jo Yung-Hwan , Walker Stephen 
Published: March 2007

Contemporary international trends and recent research based upon international integration theo ry suggest a tacit reunification strategy for divided nations. This theory emphasizes the creation of international and domestic background conditions conducive to collaboration and does not recom mend explicit reunification terms. International con ditions favorable to collaboration are ones which reduce ties to cold war patrons and permit more flexible foreign policies. The proliferation of nu clear weapons, polycentric tendencies within alli ance blocs, detente relationships across blocs, and the low profile direction of US foreign policy are international trends that may permit such flexi bility for the divided nations of Germany and Korea. Integration theory postulates that pairs of na tions with similar levels of social, economic, and administrative development are more likely to collaborate, despite different political and cultural values. If one half of a divided nation tacitly matches the development patterns of the other half, then this symmetrical growth strategy cre ates favorable domestic conditions for international collaboration without the explicit cooperation of both halves. One fragment's elite can then readily exploit either international trends or changes in the elite attitudes of the other half, which may provide opportunities for transaction increases or intergovernmental collaboration. A commitment within the divided nations to total reunification has previously led to free- election and coalition-government diplomatic for mulae and to military strategies of national liber ation and negotiations from strength. From a theoretical perspective, a more realistic strategy for the foreseeable future is symmetrical growth aimed at partial reunification, where the fragments retain separate political identities while their citi zens communicate, visit, and trade together.
Three Approaches to Exploitation: Markets Products, and Communities
Authors: Höivik Tord 
Published: March 2007

Exploitation is a normative concept applied to economic processes and, by extension, to other spheres of human interaction. That it has to do with losses suffered by economic actors, such as persons, regions, classes, and nations, is generally accepted; beyond that, its meaning and relevance are strongly disputed. We distinguish three principally different ways of regarding economic justice, each leading to a different interpretation of the exploitation con cept : Market reasoning uses the market as an implicit standard for evaluating all economic activities, and dominates economic theory in all capitalist countries. Exploitation occurs only as a deviation from the ideal market situation and can be corrected for by restituting the balance. The market ideal has, however, built into it skewnesses stemming from the division of labor: products have effects far beyond their sales value. Product reasoning starts with the creation of values. In its marxist form, only labor can truly be said to produce and have rights to the product, while the shares going to land and capital are— by definition—exploitative of the workers. The problem of unequal wages, however, cannot easily be solved by arguments concerning 'contributions to production'. The community approach has a factual as well as a normative component. Most economic systems are so complex that the individual actors do not benefit (or lose) from their own actions only: economic outcomes are caused by actors everywhere in the system. This factual inter dependence should then be a basis for extending solidarity throughout the system, i.e. taking as a goal that the interrelated actors be treated as a community. The concrete manifestations of solidarity would depend on community norms, but should at least lead to decreasing economic distance between the actors. If the opposite is occurring, exploitation is present, even though the mechanism by which it works may be obscure.
The Dynamics of Colonial violence : The Inductive System in Uganda
Authors: Kabwegyere Tarsis B. 
Published: March 2007

This article examines the nature and effects of colonial rule implantation at the local level, with specific reference to the case of Colonial Uganda. The general hypothesis is that any agent of change alien to those people whose way of life this agent is to change radically, will use violence as a main means to bring about the change. Linking Galtung's basic distinction between physical, psychological, and structural violence to the three stages in the colonial process of conquest, rule establishment, and maintenance of colonial domination, the author presents concrete examples from the history of Colonial Uganda. It is concluded that a 'successful' change agent would then be one whose aspirations and objec tives merged with those of the people he aspires to change - which is impossible in a colonial set ting, given the very nature of colonialism.
War and Peace in Indochina
Authors: Thee Marek 
Published: March 2007

Drawing largely on the Pentagon Study and other documentary evidence, the paper tries to trace the evolution in the post World War II period of the US imperial drive to the shores of Asia, and especially the historical record of the US Indo china involvement. Stress is laid on motivation and the driving forces behind the US engagement, particularly the political, strategical and economic interests. The paper analyzes the political strategy of the Nixon Administration and points to the continuity of US Pacific policies during the last five Admini strations. There has been only discontinuity in strategies, various Administrations trying to tackle the difficulties encountered from different angles and with different political and military instru ments. Doubt is expressed if the Nixon strategy- which in fact means a return to traditional great power diplomacy in the spirit of the XIX century - could produce a lasting peace. A lasting resolu tion of the Indochina conflict would require the fulfilment of two basic conditions: (1) to relieve tension in the inner circle of conflict by satis fying the social and national aspirations of the Indochinese peoples, i.e. stopping outside inter vention and allowing the national movements freely to shape the fate of the Indochinese nations; and (2) to eliminate conflict in the outer circle by making the area free of great power rivalry, especially in the military field, i.e. neutralization of the region. Some concluding remarks are offered con cerning the nature and dynamics of the US Indo china involvement. Pure profit motives could hardly account for this ruinous undertaking. Among the determinants for this drive are new elements of a world power balance, new attributes usurped by the executive bureaucracy, and new domestic and world domination patterns. Atten tion is drawn to the realively autonomous role of the superstructure. There is a need for further studies of the fabric, structure, and dynamics of these new phenomena in order effectively to con front them.
Centres and Peripheries: An Empirical test of Galtung's Theory of Imperialism
Authors: Gidengil Elisabeth L. 
Published: March 2007

Johan Galtung's structural theory of economic imperialism is tested empirically by using cluster analysis to determine whether the nations of the world do, in fact, form groups in terms of the dimensions that Galtung identifies as defining his centre-periphery distinction. Since this division of the world into Centre and Periphery nations is fundamental to Galtung's model, it is contended that this approach to testing is more appropriate than simply examining the correlations between various dependence and development variables. Seven operational measures of the centre-periphery distinction are employed, using data for sixty-eight developed and less developed countries. The cluster analysis confirms that certain countries can indeed be identified with Galtung's ideal-types of Centre and Periphery. Thus, there is one Centre group comprising twenty countries, which are high on development dimensions, centrally located in the interaction structure, on top of the vertical interaction relation, and having relatively low disharmony of interest domestically. Then, there is a group of thirteen, predominantly Latin America, Periphery countries which exhibit precisely the opposite pattern. Examination of the other groupings obtained, comprising countries which are in the Centre relative to one dimension and in the Periphery relative to another, supports Galtung's contention that vertical interaction is the major source of inequality among nations. This ability to identify typical and atypical cases is a particular strength of the cluster analysis approach. Repeating this type of analysis at regular intervals would make it possible to identify countries that are changing their position in the centre-periphery network and should thus provide a fruitful source for theories about the dynamics of economic imperi alism.