bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gold/chitosan/pluronic composite nanoparticles for drug delivery
Authors: Oh Keun Sang , Kim Ree Sun , Lee Jinho , Kim Dongmin , Cho Sun Hang , Yuk Soon Hong 
Published: March 2008

AbstractComposite nanoparticles were prepared and characterized as a sustained delivery system for paclitaxel, an anticancer drug. Gold nanoparticles were used as building blocks for constructing the composite nanoparticles. An ionic interaction between the anionic gold nanoparticles and cationic chitosan was induced to form the composite nanoparticles. Particle size analysis, field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmittance electron microscopy, and ultraviolet–visible were used to observe the formation of the composite nanoparticles. For the application of the composite nanoparticles as a drug carrier, paclitaxel was loaded into the composite nanoparticles, and the drug‐release pattern was observed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Third‐order nonlinear optical properties and two‐photon absorption in polymers doped with p‐phenyl sydnone
Authors: Shettigar Seetharam , Umesh G. , Chandrasekharan K. , Rai Ganesh , Kalluraya B. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractWe report the measurements of the third‐order susceptibilities and two‐photon absorption in three different polymers doped with p‐phenyl sydnone moiety viz., 2‐benzylhydrazono‐5‐(3‐p‐tolylsydnone‐4‐yl)1,3,4,‐thiadiazine, which is recently synthesized and characterized, with the prospective of reaching a good compromise between processability and high nonlinear optical properties. The measurements were done using nano second Z‐scan at 532nm. The Z‐scan spectra reveal a large negative nonlinear refraction coefficient n2 of the order 10−14 cm2/W and a two‐photon absorption β, which is determined to be the order of cm/GW. The absorption cross section is 10−46 cm4 s/photon. The molecular second‐order hyperpolarizability in PMMA matrix was calculated to be 1.47 × 10−31 esu, comparable with stilbazolieum derivatives, a well‐known class of optical materials for photonics and biophotonics applications. The chromophore shows its optical power limiting behavior in all the three polymer matrices. All these results suggest that this moiety has potential for the application of all‐optical limiting and switching devices. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Nonwoven as heat barrier: Modeling of the efficiency of Carbtex fibers
Authors: Bourbigot Serge , Duquesne Sophie , Vannier Aurore , Delobel Rene 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIn this work, we examine the use of nonwoven (NW) as heat barrier to protect a metallic substrate. Carbtex fibers consisting in a thermoplastic core inside an oxidized outer shell (polyacrylonitrile or PAN fibers) are selected to make the NW. Measuring temperature profiles in a heat radiator test; it is revealed that Carbtex NW is an efficient heat barrier. A macroscopic model is then developed to simulate heat transfer in NW (considered as a porous medium) used as a protective heat barrier on aluminum plate. The model is validated comparing experimental results obtained by the heat radiator test and predicted values. The efficiency of NW layer is simulated varying different parameters characteristic of the NW (porosity and heat conductivity) and of the design (thickness of the layer). It is revealed to get good efficiency of the NW heat barrier that heat conductivity of the fibers is crucial to get superior performance as well as high porosity (higher than 0.5) associated with a reasonable thickness of NW (5–7 mm). © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Comparison of specific interactions in P4VP/PSCA and PS4VP/PSCA blends and complexes
Authors: Bouslah Naima , Haddadine Nabila , Amrani Farouk , Hammachin Rabah 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe compatibilization of an immiscible polymer system polystyrene/poly(4‐vinylpyridine) has been induced by the introduction of carboxylic acid groups within the polystyrene chains. Poly(styrene‐co‐cinnamic acid), PSCA, copolymers were used to prepare blends and complexes with poly(4‐vinylpyridine), P4VP, and in a second time with poly(styrene‐co‐4‐vinylpyridine), PS4VP, copolymer in order to reduce the density of the interacting groups. The miscibility of the systems has been ascertained by DSC, which revealed that both blends and complexes exhibit a single glass transition temperature indicating their single phase nature. The Tgs of the complexes of PS4VP with PSCA15, containing 15 mol % of cinnamic acid content, were higher than those of the corresponding blends indicating that stronger interpolymer interactions were developed in the complexes. Furthermore, the application of the Kwei equation suggested that P4VP interacts more strongly with PSCA15 than does PS4VP. FTIR spectra revealed the development of hydrogen bonding within the PS4VP/PSCA system and both hydrogen bonding and ionic interaction in the P4VP/PSCA blends whereas the same interactions were expected in both systems. This observation confirmed the stronger ability of P4VP to interact with PSCA copolymer. The viscosimetric study showed both positive and negative deviations of the reduced viscosity of the blends from the additivity law confirming the presence of specific interactions within the blend solutions. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
TAROT: Robotic observatories for gamma‐ray bursts and other sources
Authors: Klotz A. , Vachier F. , Böer M. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractTAROT (Télescopes à Action Rapide pour les Objets Transitoires) are two robotic observatories designed to observe the early optical counterpart of gamma‐ray bursts (GRBs) sources. As GRBs do not occur often, we use TAROT to observe other celestial targets: variable stars, minor‐planets, supernovae, etc. In this paper we present the software tools presently used to manage the observations and to process and archive the data. We present also CADOR (Coordination et Analyse des Données des Observatoires Robotiques) which will centralize virtual observatory services associated to both TAROT telescopes. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Grid integration of robotic telescopes
Authors: Breitling F. , Granzer T. , Enke H. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractRobotic telescopes and grid technology have made significant progress in recent years. Both innovations offer important advantages over conventional technologies, particularly in combination with one another. Here, we introduce robotic telescopes used by the Astrophysical Institute Potsdam as ideal instruments for building a robotic telescope network. We also discuss the grid architecture and protocols facilitating the network integration that is being developed by the German AstroGrid‐D project. Finally, we present three user interfaces employed for this purpose. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Palomar‐Quest digital synoptic sky survey
Authors: Djorgovski S.G. , Baltay C. , Mahabal A.A. , Drake A.J. , Williams R. , Rabinowitz D. , Graham M.J. , Donalek C. , Glikman E. , Bauer A. , Scalzo R. , Ellman N. , Jerke J. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractWe describe briefly the Palomar‐Quest (PQ) digital synoptic sky survey, including its parameters, data processing, status, and plans. Exploration of the time domain is now the central scientific and technological focus of the survey. To this end, we have developed a real‐time pipeline for detection of transient sources.We describe some of the early results, and lessons learned which may be useful for other, similar projects, and time‐domain astronomy in general. Finally, we discuss some issues and challenges posed by the real‐time analysis and scientific exploitation of massive data streams from modern synoptic sky surveys. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Integrating VOEvent into the ground‐based O/IR system: A case study at NOAO
Authors: Smith R.C. , Seaman R. , Warner P. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIn this article we describe a case study of how NOAO is considering improving its management of Target‐of‐Opportunity (ToO) observations by integrating VOEvent into the flow of activities. We believe that using VOEvent to help document and track the use of ToO time will improve the user experience of ToOs at NOAO. It will also greatly aid in the management of the process and of the resulting data, allowing us to better track the ownership and provenance of the data and any resulting data products. Finally, it will provide an important method of archival access to the data and data “collections,” which might include not only processed data from a single VOEvent triggered observation but could also include multiple observations traceable to a single (or set of related) VOEvents. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Thread safe astronomy
Authors: Seaman R. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractObservational astronomy is the beneficiary of an ancient chain of apprenticeship. Kepler's laws required Tycho's data. As the pace of discoveries has increased over the centuries, so has the cadence of tutelage (literally, “watching over”). Naked eye astronomy is thousands of years old, the telescope hundreds, digital imaging a few decades, but today's undergraduates will use instrumentation yet unbuilt – and thus, unfamiliar to their professors – to complete their doctoral dissertations. Not only has the quickening cadence of astronomical data‐taking overrun the apprehension of the science within, but the contingent pace of experimental design threatens our capacity to learn new techniques and apply them productively. Virtual technologies are necessary to accelerate our human processes of perception and comprehension to keep up with astronomical instrumentation and pipelined dataflows. Necessary, but not sufficient. Computers can confuse us as efficiently as they illuminate. Rather, as with neural pathways evolved to meet competitive ecological challenges, astronomical software and data must become organized into ever more coherent ‘threads’ of execution. These are the same threaded constructs as understood by computer science. No datum is an island. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Mining marine shellfish wastes for bioactive molecules: Chitin and chitosan ndash; Part A: extraction methods
Authors: Hayes Maria , Carney Brian , Slater John , Brück Wolfram 
Published: March 2008

AbstractLegal restrictions, high costs and environmental problems regarding the disposal of marine processing wastes have led to amplified interest in biotechnology research concerning the identification and extraction of additional high grade, low‐volume by‐products produced from shellfish waste treatments. Shellfish waste consisting of crustacean exoskeletons is currently the main source of biomass for chitin production. Chitin is a polysaccharide composed of N‐acetyl‐D‐glucosamine units and the multidimensional utilization of chitin derivatives including chitosan, a deacetylated derivative of chitin, is due to a number of characteristics including: their polyelectrolyte and cationic nature, the presence of reactive groups, high adsorption capacities, bacteriostatic and fungistatic influences, making them very versatile biomolecules. Part A of this review aims to consolidate useful information concerning the methods used to extract and characterize chitin, chitosan and glucosamine obtained through industrial, microbial and enzymatic hydrolysis of shellfish waste.
Application of proteomics in biotechnology – Microbial proteomics
Authors: Josic Djuro , Kovač Spomenka 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe genomes of most economically important microbial cells are already sequenced and proteomic technologies can be applied during various process development steps, starting with the selection and optimization of the functions of the industrial strains, application of the knowledge of cell function in response to the changes of production parameters, validation of the downstream processing, and thorough characterization of the final product. Unfortunately, there are only a few direct examples in the literature that present the optimization of the production process based on proteomics. In this review, we discuss the potential of this technology for the design of future bioprocesses and for optimization of existing ones.
Glycoengineering of the methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha for the production of glycoproteins with trimannosyl core N‐glycan by blocking core oligosaccharide assembly
Authors: Oh Doo‐Byoung , Park Jeong‐Seok , Kim Moo Woong , Cheon Seon Ah , Kim Eun Jung , Moon Hye Yun , Kwon Ohsuk , Rhee Sang Ki , Kang Hyun Ah 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe initial lipid‐linked oligosaccharide Glc3Man9GlcNAc2‐dolichyl pyrophosphate (Dol‐PP) for N‐glycan is synthesized and assembled at the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and subsequently transferred to a nascent polypeptide by the oligosaccharide transferase complex. We have identified an ALG3 homolog (HpALG3) coding for a dolichyl‐phosphate‐mannose dependent α‐1,3‐mannosyltransferase in the methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha. The detailed analysis of glycan structure by linkage‐specific mannosidase digestion showed that HpALG3 is responsible for the conversion of Man5GlcNAc2‐Dol‐PP to Man6GlcNAc2‐Dol‐PP, the first step to attach a mannose to the lipid‐linked oligosaccharide in the ER. The N‐glycosylation pathway of H. polymorpha has been remodeled by deleting the HpALG3 gene in the Hpoch1 null mutant strain blocked in the yeast‐specific outer mannose chain synthesis and by introducing an ER‐targeted Aspergillus saitoi α‐1,2‐mannosidase gene. This glycoengineered H. polymorpha strain produced glycoproteins mainly containing trimannosyl core N‐glycan (Man3GlcNAc2), which is the common core backbone of various human‐type N‐glycans. The results demonstrate the high potential of H. polymorpha to be developed as an efficient expression system for the production of glycoproteins with humanized glycans.
A PCR‐based strategy to generate yeast strains expressing endogenous levels of amino‐terminal epitope‐tagged proteins
Authors: Booher Keith R. , Kaiser Peter 
Published: March 2008

AbstractAn epitope tag introduced to a gene of interest (GOI) greatly increases the ease of studying cellular proteins. Rapid PCR‐based strategies for epitope tagging a protein's C‐terminus at its native gene locus are widely used in yeast. C‐terminal epitope tagging is not suitable for all proteins, however. Epitope tags fused to the C‐terminus can interfere with function of some proteins or can even be removed by C‐terminal protein processing. To overcome such problems, proteins can be tagged with epitopes at their amino‐termini, but generating yeast strains expressing N‐terminal epitope tagged genes under control of the endogenous promoter at the native locus is comparatively more difficult. Strategies to introduce N‐terminal epitope tags have been reported previously but often introduce additional sequences other than the epitope tag into the genome. Furthermore, N‐terminal tagging of essential genes by current methods requires formation of diploid strains followed by tetrad dissection or expression of an additional copy of the GOI from a plasmid. The strategies described here provide a quick, facile means of epitope tagging the N‐terminus of both essential and nonessential genes in a two‐step PCR‐based procedure. The procedure has the significant advantage of leaving tagged genes under the control of their endogenous promoters, and no additional sequences other than the epitope tag encoding nucleotides are inserted into the genome.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of portal triad clamping on outcome after hepatic resection
Authors: Rahbari N N , Wente M N , Schemmer P , Diener M K , Hoffmann K , Motschall E , Schmidt J , Weitz J , Büchler M W 
Published: March 2008

Abstract

Background
The effect of portal triad clamping (PTC) on outcome after hepatic resection is uncertain.

Methods
A systematic literature search was conducted to detect randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the effectiveness and safety of PTC alone and of PTC with ischaemic preconditioning (IPC) of the liver. Studies on clamping of the inferior vena cava or hepatic veins were excluded. Endpoints included postoperative overall morbidity and mortality, cardiopulmonary and hepatic morbidity, blood loss, transfusion rates and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels. Meta-analyses were performed using a random-effects model.

Results
Eight RCTs published between 1997 and 2006 containing a total of 558 patients were eligible for final analysis. The design of the identified studies varied considerably. Analyses of endpoints revealed no difference between intermittent PTC and no PTC. Meta-analyses of PTC with and without previous IPC revealed no differences, but postoperative ALT levels were significantly lower with IPC.

Conclusion
On currently available evidence, the routine use of PTC does not offer any benefit in perioperative outcome after liver resection. It cannot be recommended as a standard procedure.
Iron Chelates of 2,2′‐Bidipyrrin: Stable Analogues of the Labile Iron Bilins
Authors: Bröring Martin , Köhler Silke , Link Stephan , Burghaus Olaf , Pietzonka Clemens , Kelm Harald , Krüger Hans‐Jörg 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA unique series of halogenidoiron(III) complexes of the open‐chain tetrapyrrolic ligand 2,2′‐bidipyrrin (bpd) ([FeX(bdp)] X=F, Cl, Br, I) was prepared from simple pyrrolic and bipyrrolic precursors and iron chloride by a one‐pot condensation/metalation strategy, followed by salt metathesis with CsF, LiBr, or NaI. Crystallographic analysis revealed that in all cases the 2,2′‐bidipyrrin ligand is forced to reside in a helical conformation when bound to the iron atom. Whereas the extremely sensitive fluorido derivative was isolated as a CsF adduct and forms 1D polymeric chains in the solid state, the more stable chlorido, bromido, and iodido derivatives crystallize as discrete monomeric molecules with a distorted pentacoordinate iron(III) ion in an intermediate spin ground state. Magnetic susceptibility measurements and Mössbauer data of the compounds are in agreement with this interpretation. In solution, however, all the compounds are pentacoordinate with the iron atom in the high‐spin (S=5/2) state and dynamic with respect to helix inversion. In the presence of air, the iron chelates react stepwise with the nucleophiles methanol and imidazolate at the tetrapyrrole terminal α,ω‐positions, presumably through the hexacoordinate species [Fe(bdp)(MeOH)2]+ and [Fe(im)2(bdp)]−, respectively. The successive increase of strain at these positions results in increasingly labile intermediates that spontaneously release the iron ion from the mono‐ or disubstituted tetrapyrrole ligands.
Determination of ternary solutions concentration in liquid–liquid extraction by the use of attenuated total reflectance‐Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and multivariate data analysis
Authors: Gallardo‐Velázquez T. , Osorio‐Revilla G. , Cárdenas‐Bailón F. , Beltrán‐Orozco M. C. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA simple and rapid Fourier transform infrared‐attenuated total reflectance (FTIR‐ATR) spectroscopic chemometric method was developed to determine the concentration of solute and solvent in the raffinate layer in a liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) process using partial least squares (PLS) regression. Five type I extraction systems were used with different solute–solvent affinity. The developed model (correlation coefficient from 0.91 to 0.99) was validated with known concentration samples, and in all cases the difference was not larger than 0.5%w. The LLE for the five extraction systems was carried out in a three‐stage crosscurrent extraction process, quantifying the solute and solvent with the chemometric model developed. The results were used to calculate the stage and overall stage efficiencies for the five systems. This method showed to be fast and precise for the quantification of ternary systems in LLE.
Solid phase extraction of chromium (VI) from aqueous solutions by adsorption of its diphenylcarbazide complex on an alumina column
Authors: Rajesh N. , Agarwal Vikas , Aarthy S. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract A simple method has been developed for the solid phase extraction of chromium (VI) based on the adsorption of its diphenylcarbazide (DPC) complex on an alumina column. The effect of various parameters such as acidity, stability of the column, sample volume, and interfering ions have been studied in detail. The adsorbed complex could be easily desorbed using sulphuric acid and the concentration of chromium has been established using atomic absorption spectrophotometry and visible spectrophotometry. The calibration graph was linear in the range of 0–1 µg/mL chromium (VI) with a detection limit of 4 µg/L. A highest preconcentration factor of 125 could be obtained for 5000 mL sample volume using glass wool as support for alumina. Chromium (VI) could be effectively separated from other ions such as zinc, nickel, copper, chloride, sulphate, and nitrate and the method has been successfully applied to study the recovery of chromium in spiked well water and tap water samples.
Prediction of equilibrium solubility of CO2 in aqueous alkanolamines using differential evolution algorithm
Authors: Kundu M. , Chitturi A. , Bandyopadhyay S. S. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe design of sour‐gas treating processes with alkanolamine solvents requires knowledge of the vapour–liquid equilibrium (VLE) of the aqueous acid gas–alkanolamine systems. Representation of the experimental data with a thermodynamically rigorous model is required, so that one can systematically correlate and predict the VLEs of these systems. The modified Clegg–Pitzer equations have been used to correlate and predict the VLE of CO2 in the aqueous N‐methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) and 2‐amino‐2‐methyl‐1‐propanol (AMP) systems. Differential evolution (DE), an evolutionary computational technique, has been used for parameter estimation of the developed VLE model in an effort to predict the VLE of CO2 in aqueous MDEA and AMP solutions with a comparable accuracy to that by using the non‐traditional simulated annealing (SA) and deterministic technique like Levenberg–Marquardt (LM), if not better. In this work, the DE/rand‐best/1/bin strategy has been used for finding near global minimum solutions to the multivariable optimization problem as a part of the numerical solution of the developed model.