bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mother‐child dialogues: Considerations of cognitive complexity for young language learning children
Authors: Conti‐Ramsden Gina , Friel‐Patti Sandy 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTThe application of the Blank and Franklin (1980) cognitively based dialogue coding system to conversations between mothers and their young normal language learning children (age range 12 to 24 months) was explored. The original coding system was adapted to accommodate the children's use of actions as well as language to partake in dialogue. Videotaped, naturally occurring mother‐child interactions for ten dyads provided the data base for the present study. Results demonstrate that mothers address their utterances at, or one level above, the level of complexity to which the children responded most effectively. There was a correspondence between the level of the utterances initiated most often by the children and the level to which they responded best. The use of the adapted coding system with language impaired mother‐child dyads is discussed.
Towards a classification scheme for aphasic syntax
Authors: Penn Claire , Behrmann Marlene 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe expressive syntax of 38 aphasics was elicited and analysed according to the Language Assessment, Remediation and Screening Procedure. The results were subjected to hierarchical cluster analysis, from which six discrete subgroups were derived ranging from least to most syntactically competent. Syntactic characteristics of these groups are described and possible explanations for group differences are suggested based on neurological and biographical data. A dynamic explanation taking into account the aphasic's adaptation to his communicative deficit is explored and the implications of a syntactic classification scheme are discussed.
Treatment of agrammatism in long‐term Broca's aphasia
Authors: Helm‐Estabrooks Nancy , Ramsberger Gail 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis study describes the response of six, long‐term (mean = 7.9 years) aphasic patients to a treatment programme (HELPSS) for agrammatism. Comparison of dependent test scores obtained before and after treatment showed that significant improvement occurred in verbal expression as measured by the Northwestern Syntax Screening Test (Lee, 1968) and the Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination (Goodglass & Kaplan, 1972). These results indicate that differential aphasia therapies designed for specific aphasia syndromes can be effective even when administered many years after onset of aphasia.
Sentence comprehension strategies in specifically language impaired children*
Authors: van der Lely Heather , Dewart Hazel 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTThis study investigated sentence comprehension and the use of sentence comprehension strategies by specifically language impaired children. Eleven specifically language impaired (SLI) children (aged 4;0 to 6;0), chosen according to strict criteria, were compared with eleven children matched on chronological age and eleven language controls matched on the receptive scores from the Reynell Developmental Language Scale and the British Picture Vocabulary Scale. Subjects acted out active and passive voice sentences that had either a positive or negative semantic bias or were unbiased semantically. The SLI children performed at a signficantly lower level than both the age and language control subjects. They relied more heavily on semantic cues than the language control children and all eleven consistently applied a ‘probable event strategy’. Word order responses that took the first noun to be the actor were used with equal frequency by SLI children and language controls. However, these responses were used less discriminately by the SLI children than the language controls who applied them more frequently to active voice sentences than to passives. The results suggest that the SLI children primarily based their interpretation on semantic expectations or the sequence of content words and relied little on syntactic information.
Can one recover from spasmodic dysphonia?
Authors: Chevrie‐Muller Claude , Arabia‐Guidet Catherine , Pfauwadel Marie‐Claude 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTA follow‐up study of 22 patients with audible symptoms of adductor spasmodic dysphonia (SD) is reported. The analysis included acoustic and electroglottographic recording of continuous speech and of sustained phonation. Using this method different patterns were described from the different possible associations of four features: voice stoppage, laryngealisation, tremor, breathy phonation. The evolution of the SD clinical and physical symptoms is reported in relation to the patterns observed at the onset of the study. The complete recovery of three patients was physically attested to over a lapse of several months. These patients exhibited an identical pattern with isolated voice stoppages and laryngealisation and were the youngest subjects of the sample. A completely similar pattern was observed only in one of the 19 other patients who did not improve. The aetiology of SD is discussed from the information obtained in the study.
Use of the Monterey Programmed Stuttering Therapy in Great Britain
Authors: Rustin Lena , Ryan Bruce P. , Ryan Barbara V. 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTData were collected on the use of the Monterey Fluency Program by 102 British trained clinicians over a five‐year period with 107 clients who stuttered. Analysis of the data revealed that the clinicians had responded well to the training and used the programme efficiently and effectively. The 107 stutterers improved from 11.3 to .2 per cent stuttering after an average 7.2 hours of therapy. Additional information about programme operation and the types of stutterers in Great Britain was generated.
Computer‐generated phonemic cues: an effective aid for naming in aphasia
Authors: Bruce Carolyn , Howard David 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTThis study investigates whether computer‐generated phonemic cues can be used in improving naming in Broca's aphasics, either in treatment or as a prosthesis. Five patients who were able to indicate the initial letters of words which they could not produce, and who responded to phonemic cues given by a therapist, were taught to use a microcomputer as an aid to generate phonemic cues over five sessions. All the patients benefited; four of the subjects were significantly better in naming with the aid, and improvement generalised to names which had not been involved in treatment. Four of the subjects were better at indicating the first letters of names of items in the treatment set than untreated control pictures; it appears that treatment teaches patients about the initial letters in the words. We conclude that microcomputer‐generated phonemic cues are a promising approach to treatment of word retrieval difficulties in aphasia.
Language deficits and specific reading retardation: cause or effect?
Authors: Share David L. , Silva Phil A. 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTThe nature of the relationship between general language skills and reading disability was investigated in a large sample of children for whom language data were available at ages 3 and 11. A significant decline in the language skills of the reading‐disabled group between ages 3 and 11 was consistent with the view that general language deficits in this group may be partly the consequence of their reading difficulties.
Counselling and care of laryngectomees: a preliminary study
Authors: Craven Alison , West Robert 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTEighteen laryngectomees were interviewed about aspects of the counselling and care they had received. Seven had undergone primary voice restoration (PVR) surgery. All had been visited by the ENT surgeon pre‐operatively and ten by a speech therapist. Nine patients had been counselled on psychological adjustment by the ENT surgeon, and six by the speech therapist. Five patients had been visited pre‐operatively by a laryngectomee visitor; in only one case was the issue of psychological adjustment raised. Thirteen out of fourteen smokers continued to smoke after diagnosis, of whom seven could recall having been advised to stop. Only two patients in the PVR group belonged to a laryngectomee club compared with eight in the non‐PVR group. The patients were generally satisfied with the care they although four indicated that changes could be made. One patient who was not given an opportunity to see a laryngectomee visitor would have liked to do so and two patients would have liked to see a speech therapist prior to the operation but were not given the opportunity.
Communication disorders in Legionnaires' disease
Authors: Mackenzie Catherine 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTAlthough dysarthria has often been noted in Legionnaires' disease sufferers, description of its components has been scarce. Speech production ability was assessed in four long‐standing cases using the Frenchay Dysarthria Assessment and some supplementary measures. Present in all subjects were deterioration in intelligibility, slow speaking rate, articulatory errors with the tongue the most involved of the articulators, and disruption of respiratory, laryngeal and swallow mechanisms. Cerebellar signs were evident in all subjects but the overall dysarthria pattern did not correspond closely with ataxic dysarthric features. Reference to aphasia is also made in the Legionnaires' disease literature, but the Token Test, Graded Naming Test and the reading and writing tests of the Western Aphasia Battery did not reveal language deficiency in any of the subjects.
The effects of reduced non‐verbal communication in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Pentland Brian , Gray John M. , Riddle William J. R. , Pitcairn Thomas K. 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTThe first impressions formed by 19 senior speech therapy students shown silent video recordings of four patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) and four with ischaemic heart disease were measured using visual analogue scales directed at aspects of mood, personality and intellect. Although both patient groups showed no abnormalities in terms of affect, personality and intelligence by standardised psychological tests, the PD patients appeared more anxious, hostile, suspicious, depressed, bored and tense than the controls; they seemd less intelligent, more introverted and passive and looked as if they enjoyed and maintained their part of the conversation less well. They appeared to relate less well to the interviewer although there was no apparent difference in the interviewer's behaviour to the two different disease groups. Overall they were rated as less likeable. The speech therapists' responses did not differ significantly from a previous study of other health professionals. The findings are related to the known effects of speech impairment on impression formation in Parkinson's disease and are discussed in relation to possible effects on therapeutic relationships and management of patients with impaired expressive behaviour.
A double‐blind study of verapamil in the treatment of stuttering
Authors: Brumfitt S. M. , Peake M. D. 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper investigates the statement by Zachariah (The Antiseptic, 1980, Vol. 77, pp. 87–88) that low dose verapamil was effective in controlling stuttering in a majority of patients when compared to placebo. Fourteen subjects were studied over 6 weeks through a double‐blind trial which looked at the speech symptoms, physiological changes and individual subjective ratings of speech. No significant differences were found between the periods of verapamil treatment and placebo.
Professional and family understanding of impaired communication
Authors: Davies Philip , Mehan Hugh 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the contrast between professional and family understanding of impaired communication as well as relatives' claims to comprehend minimal or unintelligible language. The performance of a young head injury victim on the expression section of the Frenchay Aphasia Screening Test (FAST) was video‐recorded and played back to a group of rehabilitation specialists and researchers and to the patient's parents. Neither the professionals nor the parents were shown the stimulus card, although one of the professionals had prior knowledge of it. Whereas none of the professionals was able to understand any of the patient's utterances the parents were able to comprehend most of what she said with just one playback of the video‐recording. The formal assessment by the patient's speech therapist and her ratings of the patient on a series of Likert scales were compared with the assessment and ratings by the patient's parents. While there was agreement concerning the patient's abilities at word finding, understanding of others and reading, there was disagreement about the patient's expressive abilities, prosody and writing abilities. It was concluded that relatives' claims to understand minimal or unintelligible language were not without foundation and that their contrasting views about the patient's abilities should not be dismissed. The implications of this for the rehabilitation of impaired communication and for sociolinguistic models of language acquisition are briefly discussed.
In search of qualities: Invited comment on Eastwood's ‘Qualitative research’
Authors: Aylwin Susan 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTEastwood advocates the use of ‘qualitative research’ as a methodology which may help speech pathology find a research paradigm. This paper supports the utility of qualitative methods in general, outlines some of the safeguards required to rebut the charge that such methods may be subjective and therefore unscientific, indicates some of the kinds of uses to which qualitative research may be put, and suggests further reading for those interested in using qualitative methods.
THE 1988 JANSSON MEMORIAL LECTURE: The performance of the idiot‐savant‘: Implicit and explicit*
Authors: O'Connor N. 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACT‘Idiots‐savants' are people of low intelligence who have one or two outstanding talents such as calendrical calculation, drawing or musical performance. Such people are mostly male and occur with high frequency among the autistic population. Do they perform their amazing feats because of an outstanding memory or do they draw on some faculty of reasoning to help them? Although they cannot easily make clear how they carry out their tasks by using speech, experiments reveal that they follow simple rules which they use to aid them in recalling correct dates and sequences in classical music. It has been said that they cannot abstract but this turns out not to be true: all can abstract to some degree and some are more at home with abstract than with concrete material. Whatever else is true of these handicapped but gifted people their gift becomes apparent at an early age and is apparently not improved by practice. Perhaps the most important conclusion from work with these groups is that their gifts force us to think again about the concept of general intelligence. How far is it possible to have low intelligence and yet be an outstanding musician or artist? Speculation on this idea may force us to revise our concepts of intelligence, neuropsychology and handicap.
An investigation of maternal interaction with phonologically disordered children as compared to two groups of normally developing children
Authors: Gardner Hilary 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTThis study looked at the verbal interaction between mothers and their offspring with phonological disorders (age 3;6‐5;1 years) who otherwise had language development within normal limits. This interaction was compared to two groups of mothers with children who were developing all aspects of language normally. There were eight subjects in each of the three groups: the phonologically disordered children (PDC), a group matched for age and language ability (AMG) and a group of children under 3 years (YCG) with age appropriate phonological development. Audio tapes were transcribed and percentage frequencies of certain verbal behaviours in both adult and child were calculated. The mother‐child interaction of the phonologically disordered group was found to differ significantly from that of the peer group and more closely to resemble that of the younger normally developing children and their mothers.
Changing approaches to communication training with autistic children
Authors: Howlin Patricia 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTThe characteristic language deficit of autism affects many aspects of the child's functioning. Because of its pervasive nature and the implications for outcome, numerous attempts have been made to remediate problems in this area. However, the results of communication training with this group of children have not always been particularly encouraging. This review traces changes in approaches to language training over the last 25 years and recommends ways in which procedures might be improved to bring about more generalised benefits to autistic children.
An experimental comparison of the understanding and use of speaker‐addressee personal pronouns in autistic children
Authors: Jordan Rita R. 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTEleven autistic children were compared to normally developing children and mentally handicapped children, matched by receptive vocabulary age, on their understanding and use of the personal pronouns ‘you’ and ‘me’. There were no significant differences between the groups in their comprehension of these terms, where the terms could be understood simply as referential labels. There was, however, a marked difference in the production of ‘me’ and ‘you’. Only two autistic children showed the same pattern of responses that was shown by all but 4 of the 22 control children. The autistic children showed almost no ‘pronoun reversal’. Instead, they used incorrect case pronouns or proper names for self or other reference. The results are interpreted in the light of significant difficulties in the acquisition of person deixis in autistic children.
Autism: The paediatric neurologist's tale
Authors: McKinlay Ian 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTNeurologists use the term ‘autistic’ to describe a quality of social behaviour and communication rather than ‘autism’ as a diagnosis. It has an organic basis and is commonly, and increasingly, found to be associated with specific medical diagnoses. Epilepsy is as common as in severely mentally handicapped children but whereas in the latter it is often evident in the early years it commonly emerges in adolescence in autistic children. There is a genetic component to autism and in the absence of a specific diagnosis an empirical recurrence risk of 1–2% is given. Fragile‐X chromosome disorder is a relatively common explanation but the investigation is expensive and subject to restriction in spite of the enormous implications for affected families. The male preponderance and the neurological explanation for autism have not yet been explained.
Conversational characteristics of children with semantic‐pragmatic disorder. II: What features lead to a judgement of inappropriacy?
Authors: Bishop D. V. M. , Adams C. 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTIndependent raters scanned transcribed conversations from 57 language‐impaired children and 67 control children aged from 4 to 12 years and identified instances where the normal flow of conversation appeared to be disrupted because the child's utterance was in some way inappropriate. It was found that adequate inter‐rater reliability could be obtained using this procedure. Furthermore, test‐retest correlations for inappropriacy were significant, indicating that this is a stable conversational characteristic. The measure of inappropriacy decreased with age in control children, and it distinguished language‐impaired from control children. Those identified as having ‘semantic‐pragmatic disorder’ obtained particularly high scores. In a subsidiary analysis, inappropriate responses were subcategorised. A wide range of semantic, syntactic and pragmatic peculiarities was identified as leading to a sense of inappropriacy. Some instances of inappropriacy appeared to indicate cognitive rather than linguistic difficulties. Children with semantic‐pragmatic disorder resembled younger normal children in that they frequently misunderstood the literal or implicit meaning of adult utterances and they violated normal rules of exchange structure. In other respects, however, the semantic‐pragmatic group did not resemble normally developing children of any age. In particular, they tended to provide the listener with too much or too little information.
Category‐specific treatment of a lexical‐semantic deficit: A single case study of global aphasia
Authors: Behrmann Marlene , Lieberthal Terry 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to improve the comprehension of single items in a subject with global aphasia. Existing models of semantic organisation were used to inform and guide the treatment programme. Detailed pre‐therapy testing suggested a severe comprehension deficit with an inability to obtain a precise semantic specification of the items, irrespective of modality of input. A category‐specific hierarchical treatment programme including generic and specific details about items was implemented through various exercises and drills. Post‐therapy testing revealed a significant improvement on treated and untreated items of treated categories but limited generalisation to items in untreated categories. Improvement in the subject's general semantic abilities was also documented following treatment. The results, which are shown to be a direct consequence of the intervention programme, lend support to the categorical and hierarchical view of the organisation of semantics and provide a basis for future rehabilitation studies in this area.
Phonological disorders in children: Changes in phonological process use during treatment
Authors: Dodd Barbara , Lacano Teresa 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTUnintelligible speech in childhood is often characterised by the use of unusual or deviant (i.e. non‐developmental) phonological processes, e.g. initial consonant deletion. These processes are reported to appear at speech onset and to undergo little spontaneous change during the preschool years. The study reported here documents the changes that occurred in the phonological systems of seven phonologically disordered children during remediation that targeted unusual phonological processes. Qualitative changes in phonological process use were observed for all children. Six of the children made quantitative improvement in terms of the percentage consonants produced correctly in spontaneous speech. Individual differences in phonological learning strategy use are described.
Voice‐onset time and electroglottographic dynamics in stutterers' speech: Implications for a differential diagnosis
Authors: Ward David 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTThree stuttering subjects were used to test findings that voice‐onset time (VOT) in the fluent utterances of stuttered speech are slower than those of their normal‐speaking peers. Acoustic analysis revealed the stutterers' VOTs to be slower, but when analysed by a t test the difference was found not to be significant at the P = 0.05 level. Electroglottographic (EGG) dynamics were also studied to provide comparative data for recent research which notes specific EGG activity amongst stutterers following severe blocks. Analysis revealed that both experimental and control subjects exhibited this pattern randomly. It is concluded that, at present, EGG methodology is not sufficiently advanced to be able to characterise reliably the range of laryngeal behaviours that are associated with stuttering. The technique therefore is not presently viable as a diagnostic tool.