bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF HALOPERIDOL ON CELL PROLIFERATION IN THE EARLY POSTNATAL RAT BRAIN
Authors: BACKHOUSE B. , BAROCHOVSKY O. , MALIK C. , PATEL A. J. , LEWIS P. D. 
Published: May 2008

Backhouse B., Barochovsky C, Malik C, Patel A.J. & Lewis P.D. (1982) Neuropathology and Applied Neurology 8, 109–116Effects of haloperidol on cell proliferation in the early postnatal rat brainHaloperidol, a widely used neuroleptic, produced a significant depression of the rate of [3H]thymidine incorporation into the DNA of 11‐day‐old rat brain. The reduction of in‐vivo DNA synthesis rate was detectable by 4 h after subcutaneous injection of a single dose of haloperidol (20 mg/kg) and through the period 10–24 h after drug treatment the rate was less than 50% of that of controls in the forebrain. [3H]Thymidine incorporation returned to control values by 32 h. The effect on the cerebellum was similar but less pronounced. The depression was dose‐dependent and a half‐maximal effect was produced with haloperidol doses of 5–10 mg/kg. Parallel histological studies on treated rats suggested prolongation of the DNA synthesis phase of the cell cycle in the forebrain subependymal layer, associated with an increase in turnover time of about 15%.
COMPLETE CEREBRAL ISCHAEMIA IN THE RAT: AN ULTRASTRUCTURAL AND STEREOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE DISTAL STRATUM RADIATUM IN THE HIPPOCAMPAL CA‐1 REGION
Authors: LUBITZ D. K. J. EKSTRÖM VON , DIEMER N. H. 
Published: May 2008

Ekström von Lubitz D.K.J. & Diemer N.H. (1982) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 8, 197–215Complete cerebral ischaemia in the rat: an ultrastructural and stereological analysis of the distal stratum radiatum in the hippocampal CA‐1 regionAn ultrastructural study and a stereological analysis of the distal stratum radiatum in the hippocampal CA‐1 region of the rat were performed after 10 min of complete cerebral ischaemia followed by 10, 20 and 60 min of blood reflow periods. Post‐ischaemic changes were mainly limited to the region of synaptic terminals which showed either clumping or dispersion of the synaptic vesicle pools and damage to synaptic membranes. Presynaptic terminals and astrocytes were swollen after 10 and 20 min of reflow, but this abated after 60 min. Mitochondria in neurons showed varying degrees of swelling, but in astrocytes their structure was normal. There were no changes in capillaries. After 20 and 60 min of blood reflow, disruption of cell membranes was observed, mainly in the vicinity of the synaptic terminals. The size of the extracellular space diminished by approximately 30% in all three ischaemic groups. The data show that synaptic terminals are a primary and early target in the development of postischaemic nerve cell damage.
ANTISERA AGAINST GANGLIOSIDE GM2: IMMUNOCHEMICAL AND IMMUNOHISTOLOGICAL STUDIES
Authors: SCHWERER BEATRIX , LASSMANN H. , BERNHEIMER H. 
Published: May 2008

Schwerer B., Lassman H. & Bernheimer H. (1982) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 8, 217–226Antisera against ganglioside GM2: immunochemical and immunohistological studiesAntisera against ganglioside GM2 were raised in rabbits and tested by immunodiffusion, complement fixation and immunohistology. The presence of precipitating antibodies was demonstrated by immunodiffusion techniques (Ouchterlony and reversed Mancini). GM2‐antibody titres were determined by a quantitative microcomplement fixation assay. The GM2‐antibodies were shown to be specifically directed against GM2 and did not cross‐react with the major brain gangliosides. Application of GM2‐antiserum to brain sections from a case of GM2‐gangliosidosis (Sandhoff s disease) in an immunofluorescence study produced a specific fluorescence of the granular GM2‐storage material within the cytoplasm of cortical neurons. With immunoperoxidase staining by electron microscopy, labelling of the surface of the membraneous cytoplasmic bodies was obtained.
THE EFFECT OF X‐RADIATION GIVEN AFTER NEONATAL ADMINISTRATION OF ETHYL NITROSOUREA ON INCIDENCE OF INDUCED NERVOUS SYSTEM TUMOURS
Authors: KNOWLES J. F. 
Published: May 2008

Knowles J.F. 1982 Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 7, 265–276The effect of X‐radiation given after neonatal administration of ethyl nitrosourea on incidence of induced nervous system tumoursNeonatal rats were injected with neurocarcinogenic amounts of ethyl nitrosourea (ENU) and whole‐body X‐irradiated 24 h later. An absorbed radiation dose of 1–25 Gy caused a statistically significant decrease in the incidence of nervous system tumours induced by ENU (10 mg/kg). Absorbed doses of 0–2 Gy or 1–25 Gy given after ENU (4 mg/kg) also reduced their incidence, but not significantly so. The X‐irradiation did not affect the range of histological appearances amongst the tumours but malignant schwannomas, particularly those of the trigeminal nerve, were significantly reduced by 1–25 Gy given after ENU (10 mg/kg). The mean latency for clinical signs of tumour appearance was not affected by radiation. A small number of nervous system tumours occurred in rats given neonatal X‐radiation only and it seems highly likely that these were radiation‐induced.
GLIAL CELL RESPONSES IN THE ADULT RABBIT DORSAL MOTOR VAGAL NUCLEUS DURING AXON REACTION
Authors: ALDSKOGIUS HÅKAN 
Published: May 2008

Aldskogius H.1982 Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 8, 341–349Glial cell responses in the adult rabbit dorsal motor vagal nucleus during axon reactionFollowing transection of the vagal nerve on the neck, a dramatic loss of neurons occurs in the dorsal motor vagal nucleus (DMV) of the adult rabbit. The present study describes the light and electron microscopical characteristics of the accompanying glial cell response. The number of microglial cells was considerably increased a few days after nerve injury and remained at a higher than normal level throughout almost the whole period examined. Astrocytes increased to some extent at a later postoperative stage. Ultrastructurally, microglial cells hypertrophied, surrounded degenerating neurons, and contained a variety of inclusion bodies, some of which appeared to be derived from degenerating neuroplasm. Astrocytes also hypertrophied, displayed numerous filaments and glycogen granules in their cytoplasm as well as a substantial number of heterogenous dense bodies. The findings indicate that the principal features of the glial cell response in the rabbit DMV is similar to previously described glial cell changes in other systems. However, the intensity in the response of astroglial cells in the DMV appears to be greater than usually observed, possibly reflecting the degenerative nature of the nerve cell body response.
EARLY CHANGES IN THE RAT HIPPOCAMPUS FOLLOWING SEIZURES INDUCED BY BICUCULLINE OR L‐ALLYLGLYCINE: A LIGHT AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDY
Authors: EVANS MARY , GRIFFITHS T. , MELDRUM B. 
Published: May 2008

Evans M, Griffiths T & Meldrum B (1983) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 9, 39–52Early changes in the rat hippocampus following seizures induced by bicuculline or L‐allylglycine: a light and electron microscope studyStatus epilepticus was induced in thirteen paralysed and ventilated rats by the injection of either bicuculline or L‐allylglycine. After 1–2 h of seizure activity the animals were intracardially perfused with a 2% glutaralde‐hyde/3% paraformaldehyde solution. Hippocampal blocks from each rat were processed for light and electron microscopy. The effects of L‐allylglycine were more severe than those of bicuculline. Changes include perivascular and perineuronal swelling of astrocytic processes, and neuronal alterations which were graded as follows: Grade I (least severe), neuronal cytoplasm appears slightly darker than usual; Grade II, condensed or dark neurons, usually with microvacuoles; and Grade III classical ‘ischaemic cell change’—the cytoplasm and karyoplasm is dark and shrunken, with or without microvacuoles. Many of the microvacuoles originate from mitochondria. In a few cases swollen and disrupted mitochondria are also seen is distended basal dendrites of the CA3 and CA1 pyramidal neurons. Dentate granule cells appear unaffected. The hippocampal neuronal alterations induced by seizure activity include those of ‘ischaemic cell change’. The pathogenetic factors common to hypoxia/ischaemia and status epilepticus remain to be identified.
A MODEL OF CHRONIC SPINAL CORD COMPRESSION IN THE CAT
Authors: FISH C. J. , BLAKEMORE W. F. 
Published: May 2008

Fish C.J. & Blakemore W.F. (1983) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology9, 109–120A model of chronic spinal cord compression in the catAn experimental method of producing chronic compression of the cat spinal cord is described. A ligature placed around the lumbar spinal cord of 3‐month‐old kittens restricts the growth of the spinal cord to produce compression with a slow onset and an insidious progression. The methods of following the clinical progress of affected animals and of sampling the spinal cord after perfusion fixation are presented. The sampling method used allowed analysis of the three dimensional distribution of the pathological changes caused by the compression. These changes were not symmetrically distributed: the spinal cord caudal to the ligature became swollen and extensive partial demyelination occurred under the ligature and caudal to it, in the swollen region of the cord, whereas cranial to the ligature there was only minimal damage. It is concluded that the method produces a useful model of chronic compression of the spinal cord, which will be of value in studying partial demyelination.
DENERVATION CAUSED BY TULLIDORA(Karwinskia humboldtiana)
Authors: MUNOZ‐MARTINEZ E. J. , CUEVA J. , JOSEPH‐NATHAN P. 
Published: May 2008

Munoz‐Martinez, E. J., Cueva J. & Joseph‐Nathan P. (1983) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 9, 121–134Denervation caused by tullidora (Karwinskia humboldtiana)Crude homogenate of the seed of the tullidora (Coyotillo, buckthorn; Karwinskia humboldtiana) fruit or a purified neurotoxin extracted from it was administered orally to male Wistar rats. Three to 5 weeks later, gait disturbances and progressive flaccid paralysis of the hindlimbs appeared in these animals which were then submitted to acute experiments. Single twitch and tetanic contractions of the soleus muscle were studied in the tullidora treated rats. The twitch tension elicited by direct stimulation of the muscle was greater than that produced by nerve stimulation. In addition, the tension of nerve‐elicited twitches diminished as the stimulating electrode was moved towards the spinal cord, suggesting failure of nerve conduction. When the muscle was directly stimulated, contraction and relaxation were slower than normal and the tetanus/twitch tension ratio was subnormal. These data suggest partial denervation of the soleus muscle under the action of the toxin. Electron microscopy revealed abnormal motor‐nerve endings with few synaptic vesicles and denervated end‐plates. Degenerative changes of axons and myelin disturbances were frequently seen in the intramuscular branches of the soleus nerve. However, alterations of this type were less severe in the nerve sections closer to the spinal cord and no significant changes were detected at the upper portion of the sciatic nerve. It is concluded that the paralysis produced by the tullidora toxin is the result of both conduction block of the nerve impulses and muscle denervation.
CARCINOID TUMOUR ARISING IN A RECURRENT INTRADURAL SPINAL TERATOMA
Authors: IRONSIDE J. W. , JEFFERSON A. A. , ROYDS J. A. , TAYLOR C. B. , TIMPERLEY W. R. 
Published: May 2008

Carcinoid tumour arising in a recurrent intradural spinal teratomaWe report the case of a recurrent intradural spinal teratoma in a 44‐year‐old woman. Histological examination showed the lesion to be composed entirely of mature elements including an argyrophil carcinoid tumour. Electron microscopy showed the neoplastic cells to possess the ultrastructural features of a foregut type APUDoma. Gamma enolase, a marker of APUD cells, was demonstrated in the neoplasm by the peroxidase‐antiperoxidase technique. This method was also used to demonstrate the presence of cytokeratins in the neoplastic cells and the squamous and columnar epithelia within the teratoma. These results are consistent with the suggestion that APUD cells of foregut type may be of endodermal rather than neuroectodermal origin.
IMMUNOCYTOCHEMICAL LOCALIZATION OF ENKEPHALIN‐LIKE IMMUNOREACTIVITY IN NEURONS OF HUMAN HIPPOCAMPAL FORMATION: EFFECTS OF AGEING AND ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE
Authors: KULMALA H. K. 
Published: May 2008

Immunocytochemical localization of enkephalin‐like immunoreactivity in neurons of human hippocampal formation: effects of ageing and Alzheimer's diseaseThe localization of neurons containing enkephalin‐like immunoreactivity was studied within the human hippocampal formation. It was present in numerous dentate granule cells and a few larger neurons within the dentate molecular layer. In hippocampus proper, numerous pyramidal cells also demonstrated it, especially in field H1 of Rose (1926) and subiculum. No difference attributable to ageing or to dementia of the Alzheimer type was seen in this distribution. Post‐mortem delay was the major factor affecting the intensity of its immunocytochemical localization to hippocampal cells and nonspecific background staining, due to binding of the secondary antiserum, increased directly with this. Some dendrites of dentate granule cells with immunoreactivity were found entering senile (neuritic) plaques in tissue from cases of Alzheimer's disease. These dendrites appeared morphologically normal.
TRANSIENT UNCROSSED CORTICOSPINAL FIBRES IN THE NEWBORN RAT
Authors: KATO T. , HIRANO A. , KATAGIRI T. , SASAKI H. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractKato T., Hirano A., Katagiri T. & Sasaki H. (1985) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 11, 171–178Transient uncrossed corticospinal fibres in the newborn ratA small number of uncrossed corticospinal fibres were demonstrated in a 1‐day‐old rat by injection of horseradish peroxidase into one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex. These fibres were not demonstrable after the age of 7 days.
CAN THE BB‐RAT HELP TO UNRAVEL DIABETIC NEUROPATHY?
Authors: SIMA A. A. F. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA. A. F. Sima (1985) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 11, 253–264Can the BB‐rat help to unravel diabetic neuropathy?Diabetic neuropathy is probably the most common and one of the most disabling complications of diabetes mellitus. Although several possible pathogenetic mechanisms for this complication have been suggested, they cannot easily be tested in man. Therefore animal models with induced or spontaneous onset of diabetes mellitus have been used. The spontaneously diabetic BB‐rat may provide a valuable model, since it displays both metabolic, functional and structural abnormalities of peripheral nerve similar to those present in humans. Based on systematic studies of these abnormalities in peripheral nerve in this model, inter‐relationships between diabetic dysmetabolism, dysfunction and structural changes are starting to emerge. These findings are reviewed and a scheme of proven and proposed correlations which now can be tested in this animal model is presented.
ADENOID CYSTIC CARCINOMA PRESENTING AS INTRACRANIAL TUMOUR
Authors: McLELLAN D. R. , ADAMS J. H. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractMcLellan D. R. & Adams J. H. (1985) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 11, 309–315.Adenoid cystic carcinoma presenting as intracranial tumourTwo women are described in whom adenoid cystic carcinoma of upper respiratory tract origin presented as a large intracranial tumour with involvement of cranial nerves. Smears of the neurosurgical biopsies were distinguished by abundant metachromatic mucin.
SIMULTANEOUS EXPRESSION OF GLIAL FIBRILLARY ACIDIC (GFA) PROTEIN AND NEURON‐SPECIFIC ENOLASE (NSE) BY THE SAME REACTIVE OR NEOPLASTIC ASTROCYTES
Authors: VINORES S. A. , RUBINSTEIN L. J. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractVinores S. A. & Rubinstein L. J. (1985) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 11, 349–359Simultaneous expression of glial fibrillary acidic (GFA) protein and neuron‐specific enolase (NSE) by the same reactive or neoplastic astrocytesIn normal cells of the central nervous system (CNS), glial fibrillary acidic (GFA) protein is demonstrable by immunohistochemistry in fibrillated astrocytes, and neuron‐specific enolase (NSE) in neurons and their processes. However, it has been shown that NSE may also be expressed in reactive astrocytes and in various neoplastic cells of non‐neuronal origin, including those of astrocytomas and glioblastomas. In the present study, a double‐labelling technique using immunoperoxidase (PAP) and immunofluorescence (FITC) was employed to determine whether GFA protein and NSE could be expressed simultaneously by the same cell. This was found to be the case in some, but not in all reactive astrocytes in the human brain. In glial tumours, many of the neoplastic cells in the glioblastomas and astrocytomas examined demonstrated either GFA protein or NSE, but usually not both. However, occasional neoplastic cells in those gliomas were found to show both proteins. Because of the relatively low sensitivity of the FITC technique, the percentage of cells expressing both proteins could not be determined, but it is clearly possible for a single reactive or neoplastic astrocyte to demonstrate both GFA protein and NSE.
CONGENITAL AMAUROTIC IDIOCY ‐A PATHOLOGICAL, HISTOCHEMICAL, BIOCHEMICAL AND ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDY
Authors: HUMPHREYS S. , LAKE B. D. , SCHOLTZ C. L. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractHumphreys S., Lake B. D. & Scholtz C. L. (1985) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 11, 475–484Congenital amaurotic idiocy‐a pathological, histochemical biochemical and ultrastructural studyA case of congenital amaurotic idiocy, a subgroup of the neurovisceral lipidoses, is described. This is a rare condition of which only five cases have been reported previously. The brain was small and firm with marked neuronal loss and gliosis. Granular material with histochemical properties of the ceroid‐lipofuscin group of lipopigments was found deposited within astrocytes, macrophages and residual brain stem neurons. Cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system within the liver, spleen, thymus and lungs contained similar material. Ultrastructurally this substance appeared as intracytoplasmic membranous and granular deposits within limiting membranes, and biochemical analysis of formalin‐fixed tissue did not identify a specific material. Comparison is made with the Batten group of disorders.
LEPTOMENINGEAL AND ADVENTITIAL GLIOSIS AS A CONSEQUENCE OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION
Authors: MOORE G. R. WAYNE , RAINE CEDRIC S. 
Published: May 2008

Leptomeningeal and adventitial gliosis as a consequence of chronic inflammationAstroglial cell bodies and processes identified ultrastructurally and immunocytochemically are described within the subarachnoid and Virchow‐Robin spaces of white matter throughout the CNS of Strain 13 guinea‐pigs with chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. These heterotopic astroglial elements, invariably in close proximity to subpial chronically‐demyelinated lesions, were derived from subpial astrocytes and extended for great distances perpendicular and circumferential to the underlying white matter. Subpial astrocytes overlying adjacent grey matter regions appeared unaffected. This phenomenon is probably a subpial astrocyte response to inflammation and demyelination and may be related to the protection of damaged white matter against subsequent inflammatory events.
CONGO RED BIREFRINGENT STRUCTURES IN THE HYPOTHALAMUS IN SENILE DEMENTIA OF THE ALZHEIMER TYPE
Authors: SIMPSON J. , YATES C. M. , WATTS A. G. , FINK G. 
Published: May 2008

Congo red birefringent structures in the hypothalamus in senile dementia of the Alzheimer typeSerial cryostat sections of hypothalamus from four cases of Alzheimer‐type dementia and four controls were stained with Congo red and examined for birefringence. Green birefringence and dichroism was associated with (a) neurofibrillary tangles, which were most numerous at the level of the tuberomammillary nucleus where they were found in large acetylcho‐linesterase‐positive neurons; (b) neuropil processes within tangle fields; (c) a few plaque cores in the mammillary body; (d) spicules at the ependyma of the third ventricle, and (e) blood vessels. Birefringence (e) had different properties from (a) to (d) and was considered to be due to collagen. The ependymal spicules did not react with an antibody which recognized the tangles and neuropil processes. Each Alzheimer case had many more tangles than the control cases. Birefringence in (b)‐(d) tended to be greater in the Alzheimer than in the control cases. This study confirms previous reports of large numbers of tangles in circumscribed areas of caudal hypothalamus in Alzheimer‐type dementia and demonstrates that Congo red staining reveals abnormalities in hypothalamic structures (neuropil processes and ependyma) not demonstrated by other staining techniques.
SEQUENTIAL STUDIES OF A CHILDHOOD MYOPATHY: A CLINICAL, HISTOCHEMICAL AND MORPHOMETRIC INVESTIGATION
Authors: MAHON M. , KRISTMUNDSDOTTIR F. , CUMMING W. J. K. , NORONHA M. J. 
Published: May 2008

Sequential studies of a childhood myopathy: a clinical, histochemical and morphometric investigationAn unusual inherited progressive distal myopathy of early childhood onset is described in two sisters from a consanguineous Asian family. Motor milestones were normal but gait deteriorated slowly thereafter with development of generalized hypotonia and muscle weakness particularly in the wrist extensors and hand muscles.Muscle biopsies obtained at the ages of 6 and 10 years respectively (Case 1) showed significant differences. At 6 years muscle morphology and histochemical appearance were normal although type I fibres predominated (79%) and a substantial pool of ‘undifferentiated’ fibres (12%) was present. By 10 years there was a significant reduction in type I fibres (‐13%) and in ‘undifferentiated’ fibres (‐10%) with a concomitant increase in type II fibres (+ 23%). Fibre size and shape were normal at the age of 6 years but no further fibre growth was evident 4 years later. The older sister (Case 2, age 13 years) was similarly affected.The possibility of this progressive myopathy being caused by loss of neural control at two separate stages of development is discussed. The importance of performing sequential morphometric studies of muscle biopsies from patients with unusual childhood myopathies is emphasized.
PROGRESSIVE AXONOPATHY: AN INHERITED NEUROPATHY OF BOXER DOGS. AN IMMUNOCYTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF THE AXONAL CYTOSKELETON
Authors: GRIFFITHS I. R. , KYRIAKIDES E. , BARRIE J. 
Published: May 2008

Progressive axonopathy: an inherited neuropathy of Boxer dogs. An immunocytochemical study of the axonal cytoskeletonThe distribution of the major axonal cytoskeletal proteins has been determined in lumbar ventral roots and spinal cord of dogs with progressive axonopathy, an inherited neuropathy of boxer dogs. The three neurofilament proteins, and β‐tubulin, actin and fodrin were localized using immunocytochemistry. The majority of swollen axons in the nerve roots contained excessive, disorientated neurofilaments. In about 5% of such fibres the peripheral filaments in the axoplasm were orientated circumferentially and such zones were deficient in tubulin. Many, but not all, spheroids contained increased amounts of actin, often with internal areas of more intense staining. Similar findings were present in axonal swellings in the CNS, although their contents were more variable. The distribution of axonal fodrin in CNS and PNS appeared unaltered. The perikarya of many motor neurons in the spinal cord and brain stem contained phosphorylated neurofilaments. The results support previous suggestions that defects in slow axonal transport are involved in the pathogenesis of this disease.