bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MODIFICATIONS OF THE LOCAL IMMUNE RESPONSE TO VIBRIO CHOLERAE ATTRIBUTED TO THE INTESTINAL MICROBIAL FLORA OF THE MOUSE
Authors: Horsfall DJ , Rowley D 
Published: November 2007

SummaryOral immunisation studies in germfree, specific pathogen‐free (SPF) and conventionalised mice illustrated that the autochthonous gut flora can have a suppressive effect on the induction of a local intestinal immune response to Vibrio cholerae. Temporary colonisation of the small bowel by viable vibrios occurred only in the germfree animal. The lack of colonisation in SPF and conventionalised mice was presumably a cause of their lower coproantibody responses. Prevention of colonisation was probably due to bacterial antagonism rather than to cross‐reacting antibodies. This conclusion was reinforced by studies involving oral immunisation of SPF mice maintained on streptomycin, and of conventionalised ex germfree mice. In addition to the increased protective coproantibody response of animals with reduced gut flora, there were increased levels of non‐complement‐fixing protective antibodies in their serum, which were probably derived from the gut lamina propria.
TUMOUR IMMUNITY TO MURINE PLASMA CELL TUMOURS
Authors: Burton Robert C , Warner Noel L 
Published: November 2007

SummaryA tumour‐associated antigen has been identified which is expressed on both BALB/c plasmacytomas and T lymphomas, hut which does not induce a detectable cell‐mediated immune response in the strain of origin of the tumours. The (BALB/c × C57BL) F1 hybrid, however, makes a readily detectable response both in vivo and in vitro. In vitro experiments with various BALB/c H‐2 F1 congenic mice indicated that the genetic control of the response was not H‐2 linked, and was associated with other C57BL genes.
FACTORS INFLUENCING LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE ACTIVITY IN CHOLINE DEFICIENCY
Authors: Waller AR , Kratzing CC 
Published: November 2007

SummarySubcutaneous injections of the lipotropic agent, ethyl trichloracetate, to rats with established choline deficiency raised their plasma triglycerides by 60% and completely removed the hyperglyceridaemic response of Triton WR 1339. The plasma triglyceride levels of choline‐supplemented rats were depressed slightly by ethyl trichloracetate administration, which was effective in abolishing response to Triton WR 1339.Lipoprotein lipase activity of epididymal fat pad was stimulated 60% while plasma lipoprotein lipase was not stimulated by ethyl trichloracetate. The increased peripheral removal of low‐density lipoprotein‐triglyceride complex, allowing greater use to be made of existing apo‐proteins, may explain the lipotropic character of the ester.
HEREDITARY C2 DEFICIENCY ASSOCIATED WITH IMMUNE COMPLEX DISEASE
Authors: McPherson AJ , McKenzie I , Castaldi PA , Stewart GJ 
Published: November 2007

SummaryA patient presenting with a syndrome probably due to immune complex deposition wits investigated and found to possess an inherited C2 complement deficiency. Family studies indicated that the deficiency was transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait. HLA typing for the HLA‐A and HLA‐B specificities and HLA‐D specificities indicated a close linkage between the HLA and C2 genes, as has been described elsewhere. The HLA‐A and B locus specificities HLA‐AW25 and HLA‐B18 were coded for by each of the two chromosomes carrying the C2°gene. However, the two chromosomes differed at the HLA‐D locus, as one coded for HLA‐DW2 whilst the other did not. This case, therefore, provides a unique haplotype and may be of importance in mapping the C2° locus, as it suggests that the gene order on chromosome 6 is HLA‐D, C2°, HLA‐B, HLA‐A. Extensive complement component assays indicated that utilization of complement in the patient was occurring via the alternate complement pathway. It is suggested that, as a result of the C2 deficiency, infections with viruses and other agents could lead to an immune complex disease due to an impaired capacity to effectively eliminate circulating complexes.
OXALATE EXCRETION IN RATS INJECTED WITH XYLITOL OR GLYCOLLATE: STIMULATION BY PHENOBARBITONE PRE‐TREATMENT
Authors: Rofe AM , Conyers RAJ , Bais R , Edwards JB 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe hypothesis that the prior intake of barbiturates may predispose patients to form increased amounts of oxalate following the intravenous infusion of xylitol was investigated in the rat. Phenobarbitone pre‐treatment resulted in a 2–3 fold increase in urinary |14C| oxalate concentration following the intra‐peritoneal injection of |U‐14C| xylitol or |1‐14C| glycollate. The absence of any marked changes in urine volumes and creatinine excretion implied that this increase in urinary oxalate excretion was due to the enhanced synthesis of oxalate. The activities of key enzymes in hepatic oxalate synthesis, glycollate oxidase, lactate dehydrogenase, catalase and alanine aminotransferase were not altered by phenobarbitone pre‐treatment. It is suggested that the increased activity of the microsomal mixed function oxidases, following phenobarbitone treatment, may facilitate the oxidation of glycollate and possibly xylitol. This communication lends experimental support to the concept that the prior intake of drugs, such as barbiturates, may predispose patients to form increased amounts of oxalate.
ALTERATION IN CELL DIVISION, MORPHOLOGY AND MOTILITY INDUCED BY THE TOXIC PRINCIPLE OF LUPINOSIS
Authors: Petterson DS , Howlett RM , Robertson TA , Papadimitriou JM 
Published: November 2007

SummaryA number of experiments are described in which the effect of the toxins causing lupinosis on cell morphology and motility is examined. The toxins arrested cells in metaphase leading to abnormal profiles, and inhibited leucocyte migration. Similar results were obtained with colchicine on cell division and, from the evidence obtained, it is suggested that the mechanism of action of the two agents is similar and that the same binding sites are probably involved.
EXPERIMENTAL INFECTIONS OF BRUSH‐TAILED POSSUMS, COMMON WOMBATS AND WATER RATS WITH LEPTOSPIRA INTERROGANS SEROVARS BALCANICA AND HARDJO
Authors: Durfee Philip T , Presidente Paul JA 
Published: November 2007

SummaryOf 12 brush‐tailed possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) inoculated with Leptospira interrogans serovar balcanica 11 developed migroagglutination (MA) antibody to hardjo antigen by 14 days postinoculation (PI). Leptospiruria was observed in 2 possums 117 to 145 days PI. Of 6 possums inoculated with serovar hardjo 4 developed low short‐lived titres by day 18 PI. Two of 3 wombats (Vombatus ursinus) inoculated with balcanica had high MA titres (≥ 1:128) by day 16 PI and leptospiruria occurred by day 16. One wombat inoculated with hardjo developed a low MA titre. Low transitory MA titres to hardjo were found in 1 of 3 water rats (Hydromys chrysogaster) after inoculation with balcanica and 1 of 2 given hardjo. Histopathological examination of kidneys revealed mild to moderately severe focal interstitial nephritis in 4 of 8 possums, in 2 wombats and in 2 water rats following experimental infection with balcanica. Similar lesions were observed in 2 of 4 possums, 1 wombat and 2 water rats following experimental infection with hardjo.
HYBRIDOMA ANTIBODY IMMUNOASSAYS FOR THE DETECTION OF PARASITIC INFECTION: DEVELOPMENT OF A MODEL SYSTEM USING A LARVAL CESTODE INFECTION IN MICE
Authors: Mitchell Graham F , Cruise Kathy M , Chapman Colin B , Anders Robin F , Howard Maureen C 
Published: November 2007

SummaryA prototype immunodiagnostic assay has been developed using chronic infection with the larval cestode, Mesocestoides corti, as a model system in mice. The assay is highly sensitive, it appears to be absolutely specific for M. corti infection, and is based on the inhibition of binding (by sera from infected mice) of a radiolabelled anti‐M. corti hybridoma antibody to a crude M. corti antigen extract. The hybridoma antibody binds to living M. corti larvae and is an IgG1 protein. In large scale experiments no false positives were detected and the only M. corti‐infected mice not detected by the assay where hypothymic nude (nu/nu) mice. Only limited success has been achieved in attempts to convert the assay to one not requiring parasite antigen and based on the inhibition of binding of radiolabelled anti‐parasite hybridoma antibody and a large pool of anti‐idiotype antiserum. Monoclonal antibodies derived from anti‐parasite antibody‐secreting hybridoma cell lines will be of particular use in the development of new, highly specific, immnunodiagnostic reagents for the detection of parasite infection, exposure and disease.
LOCAL IMMUNE RESPONSE IN MICE TO VIBRIO CHOLERAE
Authors: Bloom LD , Rowley D 
Published: November 2007

SummaryCholera immunization schedules were investigated in mice, with emphasis placed on obtaining an immune response in the intestine. The most effective schedule for producing a good local response was found to be several orally‐given priming doses of the organism followed after 14 days by an intravenous boosting dose. Major differences between the immune responses in the spleen and the intestine were noted.
OPTIMAL CONDITIONS FOR LACTOPEROXIDASE CATALYZED RADIOIODINATION OF EXTERNAL PROTEINS ON MOUSE ERYTHROCYTES
Authors: Howard RJ , Smith PM , Mitchell GF 
Published: November 2007

SummaryOptimal conditions were established for specific labelling of the surface proteins of mouse erythrocytes using lactoperoxidase‐catalyzed radioiodination. The levels of H2O2 and I‐, and cell concentrations required for restriction of haemoglobin labelling to less than 5% of the total 125I‐protein, were different for radioiodination employing direct H2O2 addition or generation of H2O2 with glucose oxidase plus glucose. Preparation of mouse erythrocyte ghosts by hypotonic lysis caused loss of some minor labelled proteins present on intact cells and shifts to lower molecular weights of others. It is therefore important to solubilize labelled cells directly in electrophoresis buffer to avoid artifactual degradation of labelled proteins. The extent of labelling internal cell proteins was measured by a procedure suitable for the comparison of a large number of samples: solubilized radioiodinated erythrocytes were electrophoresed on 14% acrylamide gels and the radioactivity determined in the haemoglobin band which migrates separately from other proteins. The major labelled protein on the mouse erythrocytes bad an apparent molecular weight of 92,000, and may be analogous to Band 3 of the human erythrocyte.
THE EFFECTS OF MAJOR AND MINOR TRAUMA ON LYMPHOCYTE KINETICS IN MICE
Authors: Bolton Paul M , Kirov Sylvia M , Donald KJ 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe effects of major and minor trauma on the circulating white blood cell populations of C57BL mice were followed. The results showed that not only major trauma (nephrectomy) but minor injury and stress (e.g. injection, bleeding) triggered a highly significant fall (50–70%) in the number of lymphocytes circulating in the blood. The fall was a gradual one, with the maximal drop 2 h after the operation or handling procedure. Major trauma resulted in a fall in both B and T Lymphocytes. Minor trauma produced a fall in B lymphocytes only. A 3–4 fold increase in circulating polymorph numbers also accompanied major trauma, but no increase was observed after minor trauma. The blood picture returned to normal generally within 24 h of both minor and major trauma. Repetition of the trauma stimulus after recovery led to a renewed trauma response.Bilateral adrenalectomy abolished the lymphocyte response to major and minor trauma and decreased the polymorph response to major trauma by more than 50%, indicating that stress hormones played a role in these changes.Studies with 51chromium‐labelled lymphocytes, transferred into traumatized and adrenalectomized animals, suggested that decreased entry of lymphocytes into the blood (rather than increased exit from the blood into the tissues, or cell death) was the most likely mechanism of the lymphopenia following trauma.
A COMPARISON OF FOUR METHODS FOR THE SEROTYPING OF GROUP B STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Triscott Mark X , Davis GHG 
Published: November 2007

SummaryGroup B streptococci are implicated in a wide range of clinical conditions in human adults and neonates. The Group is subdivided into five serotypes Ia, Ib, Ic, II and III, which are differentiated on the basis of capsular polysaccharides. In the interests of epidemiology and efficiency a cheap, rapid method which is easily interpreted would be advantageous. In this study four methods of serotyping, namely, counter‐immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP), microimmunodiffusion (MID), coagglutination (COA), and the Lancefield capillary precipitin (CP) test were compared in terms of ease of operation and interpretation, accuracy and rapidity. Todd Hewitt Broth (THB) cultures and acid extracts of the group B streptococcal strains were used as antigens for these methods. It was concluded that COA using THB cultures allows cheap and rapid screening for presumptive serotyping, having a 93–96% correlation with the CP test. MID gives an accurate (100% correlation with the CP test) and unambiguous confirmatory diagnosis of serotype.
CHOLECYSTOKININ‐LIKE PEPTIDES IN BRAIN AND INTESTINE OF OBESE‐HYPERGLYCAEMIC MICE
Authors: Hansky Jack , Ho Patricia 
Published: November 2007

SummaryCholecystokinin‐(CCK) like peptides have been measured in the brain and small intestine of ob/ob hyperglycaemic mice and lean littermates. CCK‐like peptides were measured by radioimmunoassay employing an antiserum to CCK octapeptide (CCK 8) and gastrin 17 I125 label. Although this antiserum detects gastrin with equal affinity to CCK, concomitant assay of tissue extracts with a gastrin specific antibody failed to reveal any detectable gastrin. Extracts of brain and small intestine showed levels of CCK of 96 ± 12·6 pmolg−1 and 45 ± 6·1 pmol g−1 in the obese mice; 101 + 8·7 pmol g−1 and 36 ± 2·5 pmol g−1 in the lean mice. These were not significantly different. It has been suggested that CCK may be a satiety factor and it has been reported that there is less CCK in brain of obese mice compared with lean mice. This study has failed to confirm the previous finding and indicates that, in this animal model, tissue levels of CCK probably do not modulate appetite.
THE PRODUCTION OF |14C| OXALATE DURING THE METABOLISM OF |14C| CARBOHYDRATES IN ISOLATED RAT HEPATOCYTES
Authors: Rofe Allan M , James Heather M , Bais Renze , Edwards John B , Conyers Robert AJ 
Published: November 2007

SummaryOxalate |14C| was produced during the metabolism of |U‐14C| carbohydrates in hepatocytes isolated from normal rats. At 10 mM, the order of oxalate production was fructose > glycerol > xylitol > sorbitol ⩾ glucose in the ratio 10: 4: 3: 1: 1. This difference between oxalate production from fructose and glucose was reflected in their rates of utilisation, glucose being poorly metabolised in hepatocytes from fasted rats. Fructose was rapidly metabolised, producing glucose, lactate and pyruvate as the major metabolites. Glycerol, xylitol and sorbitol were metabolised at half the rate of fructose, the major metabolites being glucose, lactate and glycerophosphate. The marked similarity in the pattern of intermediary metabolites produced by these polyols was not, however, reflected in the rates of oxalate production.Hepatic polyol metabolism resulted in high levels of cytosolic NADH, as indicated by elevated lactate: pyruvate and glycerophosphate: dihydroxyacetone phosphate ratios. The artificial electron acceptor, phenazine methosulphate (PMS) stimulated oxalate production from the polyols, particularly xylitol. In the presence of PMS, the order of oxalate production was fructose ⩾ xylitol > glycerol > sorbitol in the ratio 10: 10: 6: 2. The production of glucose, lactate and pyruvate from the polyols was also stimulated by PMS, whereas the general metabolism of fructose, including oxalate production, was little affected.Oxalate |14C| was produced from |1‐14C|, |2‐14C| and |6‐14C| but not |3,4‐14C| glucose in hepatocytes isolated from non‐fasted, pyridoxine‐deficient rats. Whilst this labelling pattern is consistent with oxalate being produced by a number of pathways, it is suggested that metabolism via hydroxypyruvate is a major route for oxalate production from various carbohydrates, with perhaps the exception of xylitol, which appears to have an alternative mechanism for oxalate production.The observation that carbohydrates, particularly fructose, contribute to endogenous oxalate production lends support to the hypothesis that a high sucrose consumption contributes to the formation of renal oxalate stones in man.
A METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF NORADRENALINE AT NORMAL PLASMA LEVELS
Authors: Ambler PK , Spicer J 
Published: November 2007

SummaryA detailed method for the determination of plasma levels of noradrenaline, involving adsorption on to an alumina column, elution and formation of the noradrenolutine, is described. Particulars are also given of the preparation of the alumina, the columns and the samples.
INVOLVEMENT OF DONOR LYMPHORETICULAR CELLS IN THE REJECTION OF B16 MELANOMA BY ALLOGENEIC MICE
Authors: Ashman LK , Goh DHB , Kotlarski I 
Published: November 2007

SummaryB16 melanoma maintained by in vivo passage in syngeneic (C57B1/6) mice was rejected when transplanted into H‐2 incompatible BALB/c mice. However, after passage in tissue culture the tumour grew in BALB/c mice and, in the case of intraperitoneal (i.p.) inoculation, was fatal. Administration of lymphoreticular cells (resident peritoneal cells. PC) bearing C57B1/6 alloantigens at the same time as the cultured tumour prevented or greatly diminished tumour growth in BALB/c mice. This occurred when the PC were given either at the same site as the tumour or at a remote site, implying that tumour rejection involved specific sensitization of the BALB/c mice to C57B1/6 alloantigens presented on the PC. Conversely, administration of PC from a strain (C3H) with a H‐2 haplotype unrelated to either the tumour or the allogeneic recipient mice diminished tumour growth when given at the same site, but had no effect when given at a remote site. This result is consistent with the involvement in sensitization of a soluble factor produced by or in response to the allogeneic PC, which is not antigen‐specific, and which operates over a short range.These results indicate that, as for mouse thyroid allograft rejection (Lafferty and Woolnough, 1977), rejection of a B16 melanoma allograft was dependent on the presence of donor stimulator cells of lymphoreticular origin. The implications for the generation of immunity in syngeneic and autochthonous tumour systems arc discussed.
INTESTINAL LYMPH AND THE LOCAL ANTIBODY AND IMMUNOGLOBULIN RESPONSE TO INFECTION BY TRICHOSTRONGYLUS COLUBRIFORMIS IN SHEEP
Authors: Adams DB , Merritt GC , Cripps AW 
Published: November 2007

SummaryA local antibody response occurred in the small intestine when immune sheep were challenged with the enteric nematode parasite, Trichostrongylus colubriformis. Incoming infective larvae stimulated the appearance of increased numbers of IgA‐containing lymphocytes in intestinal lymph. There were increases in the populations of IgA‐ and IgG1‐containing plasma cells in the lamina propria. This did not occur in regions of the small intestine distant to the habitat of T. colubriformis. Challenge infection in immune animals increased the titre of anti‐T. colubriformis haemagglutinating antibody in serum, intestinal lymph, intestinal fluid and extracts of intestinal mucosa. Although immune intestinal lymph contains anti‐T. colubriformis antibody of IgA isotype, which is presumably produced in intestinal lamina propria, it failed to transfer passive immunity against the parasite. This result, however, does not exclude the possibility that IgA‐antibody responses are important in protective immunity against T. colubriformis.
THE USE OF ENZYME‐LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY TO DETERMINE THE APPEARANCE, SPECIFICITY AND IMMUNOGLOBULIN CLASS OF ANTIBODIES TO THE STRUCTURAL PROTEINS OF INFLUENZA A VIRUS IN MICE
Authors: Watanabe H , Pollett MA , Mackenzie JS 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe immune response of mice to sublethal infection with influenza A virus was investigated by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, haemagglutination‐inhibition and neutralization tests. The specificity and immunoglobulin class of antibodies were determined by competition enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. A rise in geometric mean antibody levels was observed between 4 and 16 days after infection by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, between 8 and 16 days by haemagglutination‐inhibition, and between 8 and 32 days by neutralization. A positive correlation was found between the geometric mean antibody responses measured by the three assay systems, but there was no consistent relationship between the titres of individual sera by each assay method. More antibodies to the strain‐specific determinants of haemagglutinin were observed 8 days after infection than antibodies to the common determinants, but by day 16 there were equal amounts of antibody to strain‐specific and common determinants of haemagglutinin and to neuraminidase. Antibodies to matrix and nucleoprotein antigens were not detected until 64 days after infection. The antibody response 8 days after infection was composed of IgM and IgA immunoglobulin classes, but IgG predominated from 16 days after infection.
SUPPRESSION OF IMMUNE RESPONSE BY ISOLATION OF THE BURSA OF FABRICIUS FROM ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULI
Authors: Ekino S , Nawa Y , Tanaka K , Matsuno K , Fujii H , Kotani M 
Published: November 2007

SummaryWhen the bursa of Fabricius was isolated from environmental stimuli across the bursal epielium by clipping the bursal duct on the 19th day of incubation, marked retardation was observed both in the bursal development and in the maturation of the immune reactivity. Neither necrotic changes nor involution in the bursa was, however, observed at any stage examined after clipping the bursal duct. Lymphopoiesis in the bursa and the immune reactivity of these chickens gradually increased with age, although they were constantly lower than those of controls. These results suggest that environmental stimuli across the bursal epithelium play an important role in the amplification mechanisms for B‐cell differentiation in the bursa.
HYBRIDOMA ANTIBODY IMMUNOASSAYS FOR THE DETECTION OF PARASITIC INFECTION: ATTEMPTS TO PRODUCE AN IMMUNODIAGNOSTIC REAGENT FOR A LARVAL TAENIID CESTODE INFECTION
Authors: Craig Philip S , Mitchell Graham F , Cruise Kathy M , Rickard Michael D 
Published: November 2007

SummaryAttempts have been made to produce discriminatory immunodiagnostic reagents for infections of sheep with the larval stages of Taenia hydatigena. Taenia ovis and Echinoccus granulosus. Using cells from mice hyperimmunized with T. hydatigena antigenic preparations for fusion, a hybridoma antibody which bound to T hydatigena larval antigens, but not to T. ovis or E. granulosus larval antigens, was selected. A competitive radioimmunoassay using the labelled hybridoma antibody and a crude parasite antigen mixture was devised as an immunodiagnostic test for experimental T hydatigena infection. Sera from sheep exposed to 1000 or more T. hydatigena eggs were unequivocally positive but sera from 2 sheep with a monospecific infection with T. ovis were also positive. Sera from E. granulosus‐infected sheep were negative and, although the numbers of sera involved were small, such discrimination has not been achieved by previous serologic methods. The discussion emphasizes various difficulties which have been encountered in the development of highly sensitive as well as specific hybridoma‐based immunodiagnostic reagents for the detection of larval cestode infections in sheep.