bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and cardiac index in multiple injured patients: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Kirchhoff Chlodwig , Leidel Bernd A , Kirchhoff Sonja , Braunstein Volker , Bogner Viktoria , Kreimeier Uwe , Mutschler Wolf , Biberthaler Peter 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Introduction
Increased serum B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) has been identified for diagnosis and prognosis of impaired cardiac function in patients suffering from congestive heart failure, ischemic heart disease, and sepsis. However, the prognostic value of BNP in multiple injured patients developing multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) remains undetermined. Therefore, the aims of this study were to assess N-terminal pro-BNP (NT-proBNP) in multiple injured patients and to correlate the results with invasively assessed cardiac output and clinical signs of MODS.

Methods
Twenty-six multiple injured patients presenting a New Injury Severity Score of greater than 16 points were included. The MODS score was calculated on admission as well as 24, 48, and 72 hours after injury. Patients were subdivided into groups: group A showed minor signs of organ dysfunction (MODS score less than or equal to 4 points) and group B suffered from major organ dysfunction (MODS score of greater than 4 points). Venous blood (5 mL) was collected after admission and 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after injury. NT-proBNP was determined using the Elecsys proBNP® assay. The hemodynamic monitoring of cardiac index (CI) was performed using transpulmonary thermodilution.

Results
Serum NT-proBNP levels were elevated in all 26 patients. At admission, the serum NT-proBNP values were 116 ± 21 pg/mL in group A versus 209 ± 93 pg/mL in group B. NT-proBNP was significantly lower at all subsequent time points in group A in comparison with group B (P < 0.001). In contrast, the CI in group A was significantly higher than in group B at all time points (P < 0.001). Concerning MODS score and CI at 24, 48, and 72 hours after injury, an inverse correlation was found (r = -0.664, P < 0.001). Furthermore, a correlation was found comparing MODS score and serum NT-proBNP levels (r = 0.75, P < 0.0001).

Conclusions
Serum NT-proBNP levels significantly correlate with clinical signs of MODS 24 hours after multiple injury. Furthermore, a distinct correlation of serum NT-proBNP and decreased CI was found. The data of this pilot study may indicate a potential value of NT-proBNP in the diagnosis of post-traumatic cardiac impairment. However, further studies are needed to elucidate this issue.
Update in Endocrine Autoimmunity
Authors: Anderson Mark S. 
Published: October 2008

Context: The endocrine system is a common target in pathogenic autoimmune responses, and there has been recent progress in our understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of autoimmune endocrine diseases.
Synthesis: Rapid progress has recently been made in our understanding of the genetic factors involved in endocrine autoimmune diseases. Studies on monogenic autoimmune diseases that include endocrine phenotypes like autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1 and immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked have helped reveal the role of key regulators in the maintenance of immune tolerance. Highly powered genetic studies have found and confirmed many new genes outside of the established role of the human leukocyte antigen locus with these diseases, and indicate an essential role of immune response pathways in these diseases. Progress has also been made in identifying new autoantigens and the development of new animal models for the study of endocrine autoimmunity. Finally, although hormone replacement therapy is still likely to be a mainstay of treatment in these disorders, there are new agents being tested for potentially treating and reversing the underlying autoimmune process.
Conclusion: Although autoimmune endocrine disorders are complex in etiology, these recent advances should help contribute to improved outcomes for patients with, or at risk for, these disorders.
MicroRNAs Differentially Expressed in ACTH-Secreting Pituitary Tumors
Authors: Amaral Fernando Colbari , Torres Natalia , Saggioro Fabiano , Neder Luciano , Machado Hélio Rubens , Silva Wilson Araújo , Moreira Ayrton Custódio , Castro Margaret 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Context: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs, functioning as antisense regulators of gene expression by targeting mRNA and contributing to cancer development and progression. More than 50% of miRNA genes are located in cancer-associated genomic regions or in fragile sites of the genome.
Objective: The aim of the study was to analyze the differential expression of let-7a, miR-15a, miR-16, miR-21, miR-141, miR-143, miR-145, and miR-150 in corticotropinomas and normal pituitary tissue and verify whether their profile of expression correlates with tumor size or remission after treatment.
Material and Methods: ACTH-secreting pituitary tumor samples were obtained during transphenoidal surgery from patients with Cushing disease and normal pituitary tissues from autopsies. The relative expression of miRNAs was measured by real-time PCR using RNU44 and RNU49 as endogenous controls. Relative quantification of miRNA expression was calculated using the 2−ΔΔCt method.
Results: We found underexpression of miR-145 (2.0-fold; P = 0.04), miR-21 (2.4-fold; P = 0.004), miR-141 (2.6-fold; P = 0.02), let-7a (3.3-fold; P = 0.003), miR-150 (3.8-fold; P = 0.04), miR-15a (4.5-fold; P = 0.03), miR-16 (5.0-fold; P = 0.004), and miR-143 (6.4-fold; P = 0.004) in ACTH-secreting pituitary tumors when compared to normal pituitary tissues. There were no differences between miRNA expression and tumor size as well as miRNA expression and ratio of remission after surgery, except in patients presenting lower miR-141 expression who showed a better chance of remission.
Conclusion: Our results support the possibility that altered miRNA expression profile might be involved in corticotrophic tumorigenesis. However, the lack of knowledge about miRNA target genes postpones full understanding of the biological functions of down-regulated or up-regulated miRNAs in corticotropinomas.
Expression of 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 in Human Fetal Lung and Regulation of Its Expression by Interleukin-1β and Cortisol
Authors: Yang Zhen , Zhu Ping , Guo Chunming , Zhu Xiaoou , Sun Kang 
Published: October 2008

AbstractContext: Glucocorticoids are crucial in fetal lung function. The amount of cortisol available to its receptors is increased by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1). Glucocorticoids and IL-1β are known to induce 11β-HSD1 expression in a number of tissues, but controversial results were obtained with regard to 11β-HSD1 expression in human fetal lung.Objective: We examined the expression of 11β-HSD1 and its regulation by cortisol and IL-1β in human fetal lung.Results: Immunohistochemistry revealed 11β-HSD1 expression in the epithelium and mesenchymal layer of the small bronchus and bronchiole of human fetal lung at 8 months but not at 4 months gestation, which was confirmed by PCR revealing 11β-HSD1 mRNA expression in the fetal lung tissue. By using a cell line derived from human fetal lung fibroblasts, we demonstrated that cortisol (10−5 to 10−3 mmol/liter) or IL-1β (0.1 to 10 ng/ml) induced 11β-HSD1 mRNA expression in a concentration-dependent manner. The induction of 11β-HSD1 by IL-1β was further increased by cortisol, whereas the induction of cyclooxygenase 2 by IL-1β was inhibited by cortisol. Nuclear factor κB activation inhibitor could only block the induction of cyclooxygenase 2 but not 11β-HSD1 by IL-1β, suggesting that different mechanisms were utilized by IL-1β in the regulation of 11β-HSD1 versus proinflammatory mediators. Global inhibition of CCAAT-enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBPs) with transfection of C/EBP-specific dominant-negative expression plasmid could attenuate the induction of 11β-HSD1 by IL-1β, suggesting that C/EBPs may mediate the induction of 11β-HSD1 by IL-1β.Conclusions: 11β-HSD1 is expressed in human fetal lung; cortisol and IL-1β could synergistically induce its expression.
El Pueblo Mestizo: Modernity, Tradition, and Statecraft in Yucatán, 1870-1907
Authors: Eiss Paul K. 
Published: October 2008

This article concerns the concept and rhetoric of “el pueblo” in Yucatán during the regime of Mexican president Porfirio Díaz, from the 1870s forward. In Yucatán, this era was one of radical change, bringing the transformation and expansion of the region's henequen hacienda economy, the rise of the institution of debt servitude, affecting both indigenous Yucatec Mayan and working-class mestizo populations, and the rise of encompassing political rhetorics of order, progress, and nation building among Porfirian government officials and pueblo-level landowning gentry.
El pueblo both mediated these transformations and was reshaped by them. Local gentry worked as cultural and political brokers, joining forces with state officials in remaking Yucatán as a “modern” and “civilized” state through infrastructural improvements and education aimed at transforming largely indigenous, rural pueblos into staging areas of a modern Mexico. At the same time, the gentry, many of them also of mestizo background, avidly boosted mestizo pueblo “traditions” as forms of statecraft, appropriating pueblo cultural styles as a repertoire through which state and nation might be constructed and the social hierarchies of henequen society might be legitimated. More than just a place, el pueblo became a strategy through which modernity and tradition were collaboratively produced by state officials and local elites. Such performative renderings of el pueblo became paradigmatic signifiers of both mestizo culture and regional Yucatecan identity, occupying pride of place in the cultural repertoire of rule embraced by Yucatán's regional elites from the Porfiriato forward.
Mexico's National Indigenist Institute and the Negotiation of Applied Anthropology in Highland Chiapas, 1951-1954
Authors: Lewis Stephen E. 
Published: October 2008

Based on documents housed in Mexico City and Chiapas, this essay describes how Mexico's National Indigenist Institute (INI) managed to establish its pilot Coordinating Center in highland Chiapas in 1951. Facing opposition from the state government, the state alcohol monopoly, and many Tzeltal and Tzotzil indigenous communities, the INI employed bilingual indigenous “cultural promoters” to negotiate its programs in education, road construction, and public health. As it turns out, the INI's most innovative negotiating tool was a bilingual hand-puppet troupe, the Teatro Petul, which promoted the INI's unpopular public health campaigns. By 1954, the INI and its cultural promoters had built dozens of bilingual schools and a road network in the highlands and were challenging the abuses of local non-Indians, especially those associated with the alcohol monopoly.
Paradoxically, the INI's initial success in Chiapas also contained the seeds for its eventual failure. In its bids to overcome opposition to its programs, the INI relied heavily on its indigenous brokers. Many of these men later used their relatively privileged positions to control access to government resources and secure political positions within their communities. The INI's negotiations with the state government and the alcohol monopoly taught indigenistas that it was easier to induce change on Indians than it was to challenge the overarching political and economic systems that exploited them. Mexican indigenistas crafted a development model that focused inward, on the indigenous themselves, and avoided clashes with powerful interests. This strategy allowed the INI to perpetuate itself and survive politically for five decades in Chiapas and the rest of Mexico, but it greatly limited the extent to which Mexican indigenismo could effect real change.
Phenotypic response of the diatomPhaeodactylum tricornutumBohlin to experimental changes in the inorganic carbon system
Authors: Bartual Ana , Gálvez J. Angel , Ojeda Fernando 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe physiology and biochemistry ofPhaeodactylum tricornutumhave been extensively studied, and some aspects of its biology are well known. Phenotypic plasticity is probably one of its most remarkable features. Two basic morphotypes, fusiform and triradiate, can be found in natural liquid environments. Although the transformation from one morphotype to the other has been previously reported, ecological causes and consequences of such transformation remain unknown. Here, we report changes in the relative abundance of the two morphotypes ofPhaeodactylumassociated with changes in the inorganic carbon system. The relative abundance of the triradiate morphotype increased in cultures grown at either high pH or high dissolved inorganic carbon, and markedly so under subsaturating illumination for growth. At high pH, this increase was strongly correlated with a decrease in the overall culture growth rate. At the individual (cell) level, there was a larger increase in the surface area of the triradiate morphotype (resulting in a higher surface-to-volume ratio) than in the fusiform morph under subsaturating illumination for growth. These results provide new insights into the biology of this diatom, mainly related to the performance (fitness) of the two basic morphotypes under contrasting illumination for growth and different inorganic carbon conditions.
Deep-water gelatinous rhodophytes from southern Espírito Santo State, Brazil
Authors: Guimarães Silvia Maria P.B. , Amado-Filho Gilberto Menezes 
Published: October 2008

AbstractEspírito Santo State lies in a region of transition between tropical and subtropical benthic-algal floras; the region is considered to have the richest algal assemblage in the whole of Brazil. Extensive rhodolith beds cover much of the subtidal substratum in this area and host a diverse assemblage of frondose macrophytes. A detailed exploration at several localities has revealed many little-known and previously unreported taxa that are new to the southwestern Atlantic Ocean. In November 2004, the gelatinous rhodophytesAcrosymphyton caribaeum,Dudresnaya crassa,Naccaria corymbosa,Platomasp. andPredaea feldmanniiwere discovered on rhodoliths at a depth of 18 m. Morphological and reproductive features of the species are provided here, with emphasis on post-fertilization events. The holotype ofPlatoma tenuis, originally described from Brazil, was examined and shown to be a species ofPredaea.Acrosymphyton caribaeumhosted the epiphyte/endophyteColaconema ophioglossum, and this also represents a new report from Brazil. This diverse community probably represents an ephemeral spring-summer element of the wider macroalgal flora.
Champia harveyana sp. nov. (Champiaceae, Rhodophyta) from Puerto Rico, Caribbean Sea
Authors: Ballantine David L. , Lozada-Troche Chad 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Examination of specimens referable to Champia
salicornioides from offshore algal plains in southwest Puerto Rico (Caribbean Sea) resulted in recognition of algae with different branching origins. Plants with branching from the septal regions are referred to a new species, Champia harveyana. Segregation of the new species is supported by 18S and rbcL sequence analyses as well as differences in internal morphologies. In the new species, walls of older portions are reinforced by a proliferation of longitudinal medullary filaments that line the interior of the cortical layer and nodal septa. Additionally, nodal regions in older parts become thickened by a proliferation of cells outside the original cortical layer. A lectotype of Champia salicornioides is designated.
RuBisCO cistron sequence variation and phylogeography of Ceramium kondoi (Ceramiaceae, Rhodophyta)
Authors: Yang Eun Chan , Cho Ga Youn , Kogame Kazuhiro , Carlile Amy Lynn , Min Boo Sung 
Published: October 2008

Abstract

Ceramium kondoi is a morphologically variable ceramiaceous red alga that occurs commonly in the northwest Pacific Ocean region and has recently been reported in the United States. Forty-five specimens of C. kondoi from 29 locations in Korea, Japan, Russia, and the USA were examined for DNA sequence variation along the whole plastid-encoded RuBisCO cistron: 1406 bp for rbcL, 103 bp for the spacer, and 387 bp for rbcS. C. kondoi specimens were variable, having up to nine haplotypes, with six found in Korea, southern Japan, far-eastern Russia, and the USA, and three found in northern Japan and far-eastern Russia. The occurrence of the same haplotype on both sides of the North Pacific Ocean provides evidence of recent introduction of the species from the west to the east. Phylogenetic reconstructions revealed the monophyly of C. kondoi and two well-supported lineages: a ‘southern lineage’ that contained specimens from Korea, southern Japan, far-eastern Russia and the USA, and a ‘northern lineage’ that included specimens from northern Japan and far-eastern Russia. The two genetic lineages are morphologically indistinguishable and referred to as cryptic species. The boundary between the two cryptic species is at the Tsugaru Strait, Japan.
Distribution, abundance and diversity of modern dinoflagellate cyst assemblages from southern Chile (43–54° S)
Authors: Alves-de-Souza Catharina , Varela Daniel , Navarrete Florencia , Fernández Pamela , Leal Pablo 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The distribution, abundance and diversity of modern dinoflagellate cyst assemblages were investigated in sediments from the inshore seas of southern Chile (43°08′–54°55′ S) at eight sites from April 2004 to January 2005. A total of 24 cyst types were recorded, of which 12 and five were identified at the species and genus levels, respectively. Dinoflagellate cysts were recorded from all sampling sites, but they differed in total abundance (15–270 cysts ml-1) and diversity index (H′ 0.88–2.40). Heterotrophic dinoflagellate cysts assigned to heterotrophic species were the most abundant trophic form, with 418 cysts ml-1, representing 55% of the total cyst abundance. Cluster analysis based on the abundance of dinoflagellate cyst species indicated that sampling sites were segregated into three groups likely to be related to the proportion of autotrophic vs. heterotrophic species cysts and the total abundance of cysts at each site. Distinctive cyst species composition differences among sampling sites may allow inferences about local nutrient and feeding dynamics within the water column.
Charisma
Authors: Resch Mária , Bella Tamás 
Published: October 2008

Kezdetben karizmatikusnak vélték az emberfeletti képességgel rendelkező, varázslatos erővel felruházott mágusokat, bölcs bírákat és háborús hősöket. A tudomány mai állása szerint a karizma részben veleszületett adottság, a személyiséghez tartozó alkotó, de nem személyiségtípus. Több komponensből (expresszivitás, dominancia, érzelmi intelligencia, puritanizmus ...) tevődik össze. A karizmatikus ember belső pozitív tartalmai, értékrendje modell az őt követőknek. Ez az interakció kölcsönös, folyamatos dinamizmust mutat: végpontokon a személyiségtényezők, illetve a környezet kölcsönös kapcsolatai, amelyek az egyes elméletekben különböző hangsúllyal szerepelhetnek. A karizma mint ilyen összességében nem örökölhető és nem tanulható. A hatalom és a vagyon pedig szekunder módon kapcsolódhat hozzá, semmiképpen sem ez a fő indíték. A jelen tanulmányt a szerzők hiánypótlásnak szánták az adott témában, miáltal a karizma esszenciájához kerülhetünk közelebb.
Hemoglobin variability in chronic renal failure patients
Authors: Kiss Zoltán , Kulcsár Imre , Kiss István 
Published: October 2008

A krónikus veseelégtelenségben szenvedő betegeknél a hemoglobinstabilitás kérdése az utóbbi években a szakmai érdeklődés előterébe került. Ennek egyik legfontosabb oka, hogy a megváltozott szűkebb terápiás célértéket nehéz biztosítani a klinikai gyakorlatban. Ezen túlmenően az inter-patient hemoglobinstabilitás elvesztése az eddig rendelkezésre álló megfigyeléses vizsgálatok eredményei alapján összefüggésbe hozható a morbiditás és a mortalitás növekedésével. A felmerülő kérdések és válaszok megismerése érdekében egy naprakész összefoglaló készítésének céljából irodalomkutatást végeztünk. A PubMed segítségével a témakörben elérhető orvosi irodalom alapján foglaltuk össze a hemoglobinvariabilitás előfordulását, jelentőségét és kiváltó okait. A hemoglobinvariabilitás mögött multifaktoriális okokat lehet találni, amelyek kapcsolatosak a beteg általános állapotával és az orvosi beavatkozásokkal, kezelésekkel. Ugyanakkor a hemoglobin-szérumszint ingadozása fiziológiásnak tekinthető abban az értelemben, hogy az ép emberi test alkalmazkodóképességének egyik egészséges jele. Ennek karakterisztikája és mértéke a krónikus veseelégtelenségben szenvedőknél eltérő, és további kutatás tárgyát kell hogy képezze. Ugyancsak pontosabb vizsgálatokra van szükség az egyes kezelési módok okozta variabilitásváltozás és az esetleges hemoglobinstabilitásban mérhető különbségek feltárására. Végezetül, a már meglévő adatok, valamint a jövőben várható és kívánatos kutatási eredmények birtokában széles körű konszenzus alapján lehetne újragondolni a renalis anaemiával kapcsolatos kezelési stratégiát, figyelembe véve a hemoglobinstabilitással és -variabilitással kapcsolatos kérdéseket is.
Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Reverses Hepatic Steatosis, Increases Energy Expenditure, and Improves Insulin Sensitivity in Diet-Induced Obese Mice
Authors: Xu Jing , Lloyd David J. , Hale Clarence , Stanislaus Shanaka , Chen Michelle , Sivits Glenn , Vonderfecht Steven , Hecht Randy , Li Yue-Sheng , Lindberg Richard A. , Chen Jin-Long , Young Jung Dae , Zhang Zhiyou , Ko Hwi-Jin , Kim Jason K. , Véniant Murielle M. 
Published: October 2008

OBJECTIVE—Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has emerged as an important metabolic regulator of glucose and lipid metabolism. The aims of the current study are to evaluate the role of FGF21 in energy metabolism and to provide mechanistic insights into its glucose and lipid-lowering effects in a high-fat diet–induced obesity (DIO) model.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—DIO or normal lean mice were treated with vehicle or recombinant murine FGF21. Metabolic parameters including body weight, glucose, and lipid levels were monitored, and hepatic gene expression was analyzed. Energy metabolism and insulin sensitivity were assessed using indirect calorimetry and hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp techniques.
RESULTS—FGF21 dose dependently reduced body weight and whole-body fat mass in DIO mice due to marked increases in total energy expenditure and physical activity levels. FGF21 also reduced blood glucose, insulin, and lipid levels and reversed hepatic steatosis. The profound reduction of hepatic triglyceride levels was associated with FGF21 inhibition of nuclear sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 and the expression of a wide array of genes involved in fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis. FGF21 also dramatically improved hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity in both lean and DIO mice independently of reduction in body weight and adiposity.
CONCLUSIONS—FGF21 corrects multiple metabolic disorders in DIO mice and has the potential to become a powerful therapeutic to treat hepatic steatosis, obesity, and type 2 diabetes.