bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Innocent bystander: the loss of the indefinite pronounman
Authors: Los Bettelou 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter presents an account of an unexpected victim of both the rise of the to-infinitive and the loss of verb-second: the ‘ultra-indefinite’ pronoun man. Two factors almost completely destroyed the niche occupied by man in Old English. With to-infinitive clauses increasing at the expense of finite embedded clauses, the frequency of man, as the subject of those finite clauses also decreases, its function taken over by its non-overt counterpart, arbitrary PRO. The second factor is the loss of verb-second, which affected the information structure of the clause and promoted the use of various passive constructions over the use of an active construction with a man subject. Subjects came to play a far more prominent role in maintaining textual cohesion. This left little scope for the indefinite pronoun man, whose main role had been to provide a contentless subject, functionally equivalent to a passive.
Some Background on Greek Accentuation
Authors: Probert Philomen 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter surveys some of the salient characteristics of the ancient Greek accent system: its phonetic nature (traditionally described as a ‘pitch accent’); the contrast between acute and circumflex accentuations; the phonological limitations on the placement of the accent (law of limitation and sōtêra rule); accentual properties of word-final diphthongs; proclitics and enclitics; and accentuation of Greek dialects other than Koine. A concluding section explores the extent and consistency of the information on the accentuation of Hellenistic Koine.
1 Introduction: The Diversity and Change of Corporate Governance in Japan
Authors: Jackson Gregory , Miyajima Hideaki 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe introductory chapter gives a comprehensive overview of the crisis and transformation of corporate governance in Japan since the mid-1990s. Drawing on the main empirical findings of the book, these changes are examined in relation to three areas: corporate ownership and finance, patterns of corporate organization and employment, and changes in the legal and governance role of the board of directors. Based on data from a Japanese Ministry of Finance survey, a summary typology of corporate governance practices in Japanese firms is developed that identifies three major clusters or types: firms with traditional Japanese-style practices, firms with hybrid practices combining market-oriented finance and governance with relationship-oriented employment, and firms with ‘inverse’ hybrid practices that combine relationship-oriented finance and governance with market-oriented employment. The implications of this growing diversity in organizational practices are discussed in relation to institutional change and the viability of a new Japanese-style model of corporate governance in the future.
2 Relationship Banking in Post‐Bubble Japan: Coexistence of Soft‐ and Hard‐Budget Constraints
Authors: Arikawa Yasuhiro , Miyajima Hideaki 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines the changes in the Japanese main banking system. Despite the deregulation of bond markets in the mid-1990s, the overall dependence of firms on bank borrowing increased rather than decreased among listed firms during the 1990s. Large firms lessened their ties with banks and began financing through bonds, yet smaller listed firms continued borrowing from banks. In particular, firms with previously high levels of bank debt relied on their main bank for an increasing proportion of those loans. By estimating the employment adjustment function, the chapter shows that the main banks did not effectively discipline corporate restructuring, although banks encouraged the restructuring of firms with a relatively better performance. As Japan recovers from the banking crisis, main bank relationships are likely to survive among a segment of smaller and less internationalized Japanese firms.
3 Socrates' Speech: The Aim ofErōs
Authors: Sheffield Frisbee C. C. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines Socrates' account of the aim of eros. At different points in his speech, Socrates specifies three aims of eros: the good, reproduction in beauty, and immortality. This chapter argues that those three aims are, in fact, related under the more general desire for eudaimonia, the everlasting happiness characteristic of the divine. The desire for eudaimonia is the telos, the true end of all erotic striving. According to Socrates, we desire a good whose possession we believe to constitute that state, and one which can be had in an enduring way. The desire to reproduce in a beautiful environment is the characteristic activity of this desire for the good, because productive activity is the mortal approximation to the divine state. The reason why the desire for eudaimonia manifests itself in creative activity in the presence of beauty is because this is the distinctively mortal way in which it can achieve a share of divine happiness.
5 Socrates' Speech: Concern for Others?
Authors: Sheffield Frisbee C. C. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter addresses a controversial issue that arises from Socrates' speech. If the human good — the highest virtue — is contemplative activity, then is there room in this account for other persons and, if so, in what form? This question has become a central one for the Symposium. Gregory Vlastos argued that the ascent to the form of beauty instrumentalizes other persons as unworthy of love for their own sake, and nowhere indicates that the philosopher's creative activity will enrich the lives of others. This chapter argues that Socrates' account is still firmly anchored in an account of interpersonal relationships and their role in a flourishing human life.
3 Electoral Systems—Simple and Complex
Authors: Taagepera Rein 
Published: September 2007

AbstractTo allocate seats to candidates or parties, even a simple electoral system must specify at least the following: the total number of seats in the assembly (assembly size); the number of seats allocated in each electoral district (district magnitude); how these seats are allocated (seat allocation formula); and how a voter can express her/his preferences (ballot structure). The simplest seat allocation formulas are d'Hondt and Sainte-Laguë divisors, and Hare quota plus largest remainders. For single-seat districts, these proportional representation formulas are reduced to First-Past-The-Post, where the candidate with the most votes wins. Complex electoral systems may offer advantages, but the ability to predict the number of parties and the average proportionality of seats to votes is lost.
17 What Can We Expect from Electoral Laws?
Authors: Taagepera Rein 
Published: September 2007

AbstractWe now expect to be able to fine-tune simple electoral laws to effect party systems and government stability positively, but we still need to be cautious. We should not expect to be able to tailor complex electoral laws to desired goals. In institutional design, we need to consider marginal adjustments rather than flipping to completely different electoral laws. We should consider keeping the same electoral laws for at least three elections before changing them. Political science has been an intellectual field separate from politics, but the two may now start to connect, thanks to advances in the study of electoral systems and party systems.
1 On Explaining Sound Change
Authors: Smith Jeremy J. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter begins with the central question to be addressed in the book, viz. why do sound-changes happen when and where they do? It thus locates the subject of sound-change in relation to broader issues of historiography. The remainder of the chapter is concerned with exploring what is meant by the notion ‘sound-change’, and then proceeds to look at key works in the field. Certain pragmatic notions are discussed, as are some important insights for understanding sound-change which have arisen in recent work in phonetics.
First Report of Soft Rot Caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum on Pinellia ternata in China
Authors: Ying F. X. , Hu X. F. , Chen J. S. 
Published: September 2007

Pinellia ternata (Thumb.) Breit. (Araceae) is a traditional herb used as an antivomit, anticough, analgesic, and sedative in China for more than 1,000 years. From the summer through fall of 2003 to 2005, a high incidence (approximately 10 to 25%) of disease outbreaks characterized by water-soaked lesions and soft rot with a stinky odor were observed in the cultivated P. ternata in Shanxi Province. Water-soaked lesions were first observed on the stem base and then the plant collapsed, although the upper portion remained asymptomatic. Subsequently, the lesions expanded rapidly over the entire plant. The macerated tuber was usually reduced to a whitish, mushy, and foul-smelling pulp surrounded by undecayed periderm. A Pectobacterium species was consistently recovered from the diseased tubers on nutrient agar media. Koch's postulates were completed by stab inoculating 6-week-old peach- and willow-leaved P. ternata cultivars with the bacterial suspensions (1 × 108 CFU/ml) (1). Ten control plants for each cultivar were inoculated with sterile water. After inoculation, plants were maintained in a growth chamber at 25°C with relative humidity ranging from 80 to 90%. After 2 to 3 days, typical soft rot symptoms were observed on the inoculated plants. A Pectobacterium species was reisolated from the symptomatic tubers while control plants remained healthy. This experiment was repeated in May, July, and September. The pathogenic isolates were identified as typical Pectobacterium carotovorum on the basis of morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics (2). The Microlog system (version 3.5; Biolog, Hayward, CA) and Sherlock Microbial Identification System (version 4.5; MIDI Newark, DE) also identified them as Pectobacterium carotovorum on the basis of similarity indices more than 66.9 and 78.2%, respectively. Their identity was then confirmed by sequencing the gene encoding the 16S rRNA (GenBank Accession No DQ785511). To our knowledge, this is the first report of Pectobacterium carotovorum as the cause of soft rot of P. ternata. References: (1) H. R. Azad et al. Plant Dis.84:973, 2000. (2) L. Hauben et al. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 21:384, 1998.
The First Report of Tomato torrado virus in Poland
Authors: Pospieszny H. , Borodynko N. , Obrępalska-Stęplowska A. , Hasiów B. 
Published: September 2007

In 2003 and 2004, unusual disease symptoms, including severe stunting, malformation, and necrosis of the leaves on tomato cv. Grace, were observed in the Wielkopolska Region of Poland. The disease appeared to be associated with the presence of the greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorium. An electron microscopic examination of a negatively stained leaf-dip preparation from an infected plant showed the presence of spherical virus particles approximately 25 to 28 nm in diameter. The virus (designated Wal'03) was shown to be vectored efficiently (100%) by T. vaporariorium and poorly (50 to 70%) by mechanical transmission to tomato. Mechanical inoculation or whitefly transmission caused systemic infection on Nicotiana tabacum (cvs. Xanthi nc, Samsun, and White Burley), N. benthamiana, N. clevelandii, N. debneyi, N. affinis, N. glutinosa, Lycopersicon esculentum, Petunia hybrida, Capsicum annuum, Nicandra physaloides, Physalis floridana, and Solanum tuberosum. The virus did not infect Phaseolus vulgaris, Pisum sativum, Cucumis sativus, Chenopodium quinoa, or Beta vulgaris. Partially purified virus preparations from N. bethamiana or N. tabacum cv. Xanthi centrifuged in a sucrose density gradient sedimented as two separated zones. Viral RNA was extracted from the purified viral preparations with phenol-chloroform, and analysis by denaturing agarose gel electrophoresis revealed RNA 1 (approximately 7,800 bp) and RNA 2 (approximately 5,400 bp). The biological properties and the genomic RNA composition showed significant similarities to that of Tomato necrotic dwarf virus (ToNDV) described from California (1) and the newly identified Tomato torrado virus (ToTV) in Spain (2). Immuno-specific electron microscopy (ISEM) showed Wal'03 virus particles reacted with ToNDV antiserum (provided by W. Wintermantel, Salinas, CA). The genomic sequence of ToTV (GenBank Accession Nos. DQ388879 and DQ388880) was used to design specific primers for analysis by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR: TR1F (5′ CAATGTGCCAAAGATGAGCG 3′), TR1R (5′ ACTCCCGTGTCTATGTTTTC 3′), TR2F (5′ GAAGGACGAAGAGCGACTG 3′), and TR2R (5′ AAGGTAGGTATGCGTTTGC 3′), which amplified products of 573 and 892 bp for RNA 1 and RNA 2, respectively. These RT-PCR fragments from Wal'03 were sequenced (GenBank Accession Nos. EF635007 and EF635008) and comparisons with ToTV showed 99 and 98% nucleotide identity for RNA1 and RNA2, respectively. Immunocapture-RT-PCR with leaf tissue from N. benthamiana infected by Wal'03, antiserum against ToNDV, and ToTV-specific primers TR2F and TR2R produced a fragment of the expected size. Sequence of this product showed 100% identity with previously obtained RT-PCR fragments. The similarity of the symptoms on tomato plants, the morphology of virus particles, genome composition and nucleotide sequence identities suggest that Wal'03 and ToTV are the same. References: (1) R. C. Larsen et al. Phytopathology 74:795, 1984. (2) M. Verbeek et al. Arch. Virol. 152:881, 2007.
Maternal low‐protein diet affects bone mass and mineral metabolism in suckling rats
Authors: Fetoui H. , Mahjoubi‐Samet A. , Guermazi F. , Zeghal N. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryThis study was performed to analyse the effects of low‐protein diet (7%) on bone mass and mineral metabolism in rat pups whose mothers were submitted to protein‐restricted diet during late pregnancy and early post‐natal periods. For this purpose, 12 pregnant Wistar rats were divided into two groups of six animals each: a control group with free access to standard diet (20% protein) and protein‐restricted group (PR) fed with low‐protein diet (7% protein) from the 14th day of pregnancy until day 14 after delivery. Body weight, femur bone mass, plasma thyroid hormones (FT4 and FT3), biochemical bone marker levels [alkaline phosphatase (ALP), tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (ACP)] and bone DNA content were recorded. In undernourished pups, a decrease in body weight (−47%, p < 0.001) in skeletal growth (−11%, p < 0.001) and in bone DNA content (−48%, p < 0.001) were observed. Plasma protein and albumin levels and thyroid status were also decreased in undernourished rat pups compared with those of control group. The circulating amino acid levels were decreased in pups. While in their mothers, some of them were increased and the others were decreased. A positive correlation was observed between bone mass and plasma thyroid hormone levels and ALP activity and plasma protein levels, and a negative correlation with ACP activity. Plasma ALP levels were decreased by 19%, whereas plasma tartrate‐resistant ACP levels were increased by 33% indicating a hyperactivity of bone remodelling. These results showed that protein‐restricted diet given to mothers during late pregnancy and early post‐natal periods induced changes in body weight, skeletal growth and bone metabolism in their offspring.
Morphological and molecular examination of relationships and epitype establishment of Phacus pleuronectes, Phacus orbicularis, and Phacus hamelii1
Authors: Kosmala Sylwia , Bereza Magdalena , Milanowski Rafał , Kwiatowski Jan , Zakryś Bożena 
Published: September 2007

Verification of morphological diagnostic features and the establishment of three epitypes for three species of Phacus Dujardin—Phacus pleuronectes (O. F. Müll.) Dujardin, Phacus orbicularis Hübner, and Phacus hamelii Allorge et Lefèvre—was performed based on literature studies and analysis of morphological (cell shape, cell size, and periplast ornamentation) as well as molecular (18S rDNA) characters. Periplast ornamentation was recognized as a main diagnostic character, distinguishing P. orbicularis from P. pleuronectes and P. hamelii. Phacus orbicularis has struts running perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the strips, while P. pleuronectes and P. hamelii do not. On the SSU rDNA tree, obtained by the Bayesian method, P. orbicularis, P. pleuronectes, and P. hamelii belong to three distinct clades. Some of the phylogenetic relationships are not resolved, but there are at least three Phacus species (P. hamatus, P. platyaulax, P. longicauda; for taxonomic authors, see Introduction) that are more closely related to P. orbicularis than is P. pleuronectes. Phacus hamelii is more closely related to P. ranula and the assemblage of several species of Phacus, which have small cells, than to P. orbicularis or P. pleuronectes.
THE CRIMINOGENIC EFFECTS OF IMPRISONMENT: EVIDENCE FROM STATE PANEL DATA, 1974–2002
Authors: VIERAITIS LYNNE M. , KOVANDZIC TOMISLAV V. , MARVELL THOMAS B. 
Published: September 2007

Research Summary:The heavy reliance on the use of incarceration in an attempt to address the crime problem has resulted in a dramatic growth in the number of state prisoners over the past 30 years. In recent years, however, a growing concern has developed about the impact that large numbers of offenders released from prison will have on crime rates. Using a state panel data set for 46 states from 1974 to 2002, this study demonstrates that although prison population growth seems to be associated with statistically significant decreases in crime rates, increases in the number of prisoners released from prison seem to be significantly associated with increases in crime. Because we control for changes in prison population levels, we attribute the apparent positive influences on crime that seem to follow prison releases to the criminogenic effects of prison.Policy Implications:Policy makers should continue to serve the public interest by carefully considering policies that are designed to reduce incarceration rates and thus assuage the criminogenic effects of prison. These policies may include changes in sentencing, changes in probation and/or parole practices, or better funding of reentry services prerelease and postrelease.
Effect of Antimicrobial Compounds on
Balamuthia mandrillaris
Encystment and Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cell Cytopathogenicity
Authors: Siddiqui Ruqaiyyah , Matin Abdul , Warhurst David , Stins Monique , Khan Naveed Ahmed 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACT

Cycloheximide, ketoconazole, or preexposure of organisms to cytochalasin D prevented
Balamuthia mandrillaris
-associated cytopathogenicity in human brain microvascular endothelial cells, which constitute the blood-brain barrier. In an assay for inhibition of cyst production, these three agents prevented the production of cysts, suggesting that the biosynthesis of proteins and ergosterol and the polymerization of actin are important in cytopathogenicity and encystment.
Modular Scheme for Designing Special PurposeAssociative Memories and Beyond
Authors: Hurson A. R. , Pakzad S. 
Published: September 2007

The use of associative memories—storage devices that allow data retrieval based on contents—has often been
suggested to speed up the performance of many applications. Until recently, using such content‐addressable
memories (CAMs) was unfeasible due to their high hardware cost. However, the advent of VLSI has made the
class of fully‐parallel associative memory cost‐effective for implementation. This paper briefly overviews design
of several fully parallel associative memories proposed in the literature, concentrating on the design of fully‐parallel
θ‐search CAMs.Existing market realities require that product development be fast and predictable. As a result, design flexibility
and automation are becoming increasingly important design features. Using the various CAM designs reviewed,
the paper collects the features of these designs into a general, modular CAM organization and describes its major
components. The modular CAM organization can be used to design application specific CAMs of varying degrees
of functionality. Design and space complexity of a sample associative memory suitable for relational database
operations is studied. Finally, the application of genetic algorithms as a means to developing automated design
tools for fabrication of modular VLSI design chips is discussed.Given a library of CAM modules, the desired functionality and a set of speed and area constraints, this
optimization technique produces a suitable CAM design. The proposed technique has been implemented and its
performance measure is briefly addressed.
A New Theory for Testability‐Preserving Optimization ofCombinational Circuits
Authors: Zhu Jiabi , Abd-El-Barr Mostafa , McCrosky Carl 
Published: September 2007

Testability should be considered as early as possible in VLSI synthesis and optimization. In
most CAD tools, testability preservation is achieved as a by‐product of finding a less redundant
implementation. Unfortunately, this approach is not supported by theory. It is essential
to have an optimization scheme that systematically preserves testability. A complete theory
covering testability‐preserving optimization of combinational circuits is yet to be developed.In this paper, a new testability‐preserving theory is established. This theory covers most
optimization cases in the synthesis of irredundant circuits. Optimization of redundant circuits
is also considered. Algorithms based on this theory are proposed. Experiments to verify the
theory and algorithms are reported. The developed theory and algorithms are more general
than previous results.
A Hardware Accelerator for Fault Simulation Utilizing a Reconfigurable Array Architecture
Authors: Kang Sungho , Hur Youngmin , Szygenda Stephen A. 
Published: September 2007

In order to reduce cost and to achieve high speed a new hardware accelerator for fault simulation has been designed. The architecture of the new accelerator is based on a reconfigurabl mesh type processing element (PE) array. Circuit elements at the same topological level are simulated concurrently, as in a pipelined process. A new parallel simulation algorithm expands all of the gates to two input gates in order to limit the number of faults to two at each gate, so that the faults can be distributed uniformly throughout the PE array. The PE array reconfiguration operation provides a simulation speed advantage by maximizing the use of each PE cell.This new approach provides for a high performance, cost effective, gain over software simulation. Simulation results show that the hardware accelerator is orders of magnitude faster than the software simulation program.
Simulation of a Single Electron Tunnel Transistor with Inclusion of Inelastic Macroscopic QuantumTunneling of Charge
Authors: Wasshuber Christoph , Kosina Hans 
Published: September 2007

We simulated a Single Electron Tunnel (SET) Transistor with the full inclusion of inelastic
macroscopic quantum tunneling of charge (q‐MQT) or co‐tunneling. Numerical results of the
q‐MQT effect over a wide range of bias and gate voltage were achieved.Monte Carlo method was used to simulate electrons that tunnel back and forth through
the two tunnel junctions of the SET transistor and co‐tunnel back and forth through both junctions
simultaneously.Resonances in the I‐V characteristic were found. The resonant peaks decrease with
increasing temperature. The origin of this resonance is the q‐MQT or co‐tunnel effect in contrast
with the normal resonant tunneling in double barriers.