bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of milk fat in chocolates by gas‐liquid chromatography of triglycerides and fatty acids
Authors: Pontillon Jean 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe combination of two routine methods is proposed to determine the content of milk fat (MF) in chocolates, which is applicable even in the presence of lauric fats or others. The content of MF is obtained from the sum of C40, C42, and C44 medium‐chain triglycerides, determined by capillary gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC). A new method, based on methyl esters of lauric acid and on minor acids situated between myristic and palmitic, is proposed. It enables detection and estimation of potential lauric fats, as well as the determination of the actual content of MF. The influence of other vegetable and animal fats is discussed. We analyzed 45 MF samples extracted from industrial milk powders and from pure or fractionated MF for chocolate manufacturing or pastry by GLC of triglycerides. We also analyzed by capillary GLC the methyl esters from 22 of those fats. Mixtures of these 22 MF samples with a cocoa butter also were used for chromatographic analyses of methyl esters and triglyceride. Results from the various analytical methods have been presented.
Hexane and heptane as extraction solvents for cottonseed: A laboratory‐scale study
Authors: Conkerton E. J. , Wan P. J. , Richard O. A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractFor many years, commercial‐grade hexane has been the preferred solvent for extracting oil from cottonseed. Recent environmental and health concerns about hexane may limit the use of this solvent; therefore, the need for a replacement solvent has become an important issue. Heptane is similar to hexane, but does not have the environmental and health concerns associated with the latter. On a laboratory scale, delinted, dehulled, ground cottonseed was extracted with hexane and heptane. The solvent‐to‐meal ratio was 10:1 (vol/wt). The yield and quality of the oil and meal extracted by heptane were similar to that extracted by hexane. Extraction temperature was higher for heptane than for hexane. A higher temperature and a longer time were required to desolventize miscella from the heptane extraction than from the hexane extraction. Based on these studies, heptane offers a potential alternative to hexane for extracting oil from cottonseed.
The occurrence of ricinoleic acid inLinum seed oils
Authors: Green A. G. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThirty‐oneLinum species, representing each of the 5 taxonomic sections of the genus, were analyzed for fatty acid composition of the seed oils. Linolenic acid was the major component of the seed oil of species from the sectionsLinum andDasylinum, whereas linoleic acid predominated in those from the sectionsSyllinum, Linastrum andCatbartolinum. All 5 species tested from the sectionSyllinum contained ricinoleic acid as a minor component, ranging between 3% and 8% of total fatty acids. Ricinoleic acid was not present in any other species analyzed. An unidentified fatty acid was present as a minor component in species from the sectionsLinum andDasylinum but absent in species from other sections of the genus.
Thermal stability of phthalic esters
Authors: Saido Katsuhiko , Kuroki Takeshi , Ikemura Tadashi , Kirisawa Makoto 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPhthalic esters, as typical plasticizers for vinyl plastics, were thermally decomposed by a flow reactor system and their decomposition products were analyzed in detail. The thermal decomposition products were olefin, alcohol, hydrogen phthalate, benzoates with alkyl groups corresponding to these of the original phthalate esters and phthalic anhydride. We found from the main thermal decomposotion products‐olefin, alcohol and hydrogen phthalate‐that phthalic esters were thermally decomposed throughcis‐elimination in the same way as in the general case for esters. In the presence of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), hydrochlorinated products were identified in the decomposition products. A good relationship was found between the amount of chloroalkanes produced and the reaction temperature. Thecis‐elimination reaction of phthalic esters was found to be promoted by PVC.
Iodoazide addition to olefinic esters and their reaction with methanolic KOH
Authors: Ali M. L. , Ahmad M. S. , Ahmad F. , Rauf A. , Osman S. M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAddition of iodine azide to methyl 10‐undecenoate (1), methyl oleate/elaidate (III,IV) and methyltrans‐2‐hexadecenoate (VII) yielded methyl 10‐azido‐11‐iodoundecanoate (II, ∼ 100%), methylerythro/threo‐9(10)‐azido‐10(9)‐iodooctadecanoate (V,VI) and methylerythro‐3‐azido‐2‐iodohexadecanoate (VIII), respectively. The reaction of iodoazide adduct (II) with methanolic KOH yielded 10‐azidoundec‐10‐enic acid (IX) and 10‐oxoundecanic acid (X), while V and VI gave a mixture of 9(10)‐oxooctadecanoic acid (XI). Adduct VIII, under the identical condition after esterification, gave 3 products, methyl 4‐methoxy‐trans‐2‐hexadecenoate (XII), 2‐oxopentadecane (XIII) and methyl 3‐methoxyhexadecanoate (XIV). The unusual behavior of VIII can be tentatively attributed to the role of adjacent carbonyl on the expected elimination of HI by methanolic alkali.
Enhanced oil recovery using carboxylate surfactant systems
Authors: Shaw James E. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractOil displacement tests in water wet Berea sandstone cores containing residual crude oil flooded with water have shown that high tertiary oil recoveries can be obtained using the sodium salts of readily available carboxylic acids. Using a 10% pore volume surfactant slug containing 3.0% sodium isostearate and 3.0% isopentyl alcohol followed by a polyacrylamide mobility buffer resulted in a 92% tertiary oil recovery, which compares well with recoveries using petroleum solfonates. Oil recoveries were highly dependent on pH and added base. Aliphatic C18 carboxylates gave higher recoveries at lower pH using sodium bicarbonate as the added base (pH 8.5) rather than sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate or sodium orthosilicate (pH 11–13). In contrast, aromatic carboxylates e.g., sodium p‐(1‐pentylnonyl)benzoate, gave higher recoveries at higher pH using sodium carbonate rather than sodium bicarbonate. Carboxylates with branched alkyl groups, e.g., isostearate, gave higher tertiary oil recoveries than unbranched carboxylates, e.g., oleate or stearate. Low cost tall oils and tall‐oil fatty acids, when neutralized with base, gave oil recoveries of 60–80%. Carboxylates were found to give good oil recoveries even when significant amounts of calcium ion were present.
The determination of peroxide value by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
Authors: van de Voort F. R. , Ismail A. A. , Sedman J. , Dubois J. , Nicodemo T. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA rapid method for the quantitative determination of peroxide value (PV) of vegetable oils by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) transmission spectroscopy is described. Calibration standards were prepared by the addition oft‐butyl hydroperoxide to a series of vegetable oils, along with random amounts of oleic acid and water. Additional standards were derived through the addition of mono‐ and diglyceride spectral contributions, as well as zero PV spectra obtained from deuterated oils. A partial least squares (PLS) calibration model for the prediction of PV was developed based on the spectral range 3750–3150 cm−1. Validation of the method was carried out by comparing the PV of a series of vegetable oils predicted by the PLS model to the values obtained by the American Oil Chemists Society iodometric method. The reproducibility of the FTIR method [coefficient of variation (CV)=5%)] was found to be better than that of the chemical method (CV =9%), although its accuracy was limited by the reproducibility of the chemical method. The method, as structured, makes use of a 1‐mm CaF2 flow cell to allow rapid sample handling by aspiration. The spectrometer was preprogrammed in Visual Basic to guide the operator in performing the analysis so that no knowledge of FTIR spectroscopy is required to implement the method. The method would be suitable for PV determinations in the edible oil industry and takes an average of three minutes per sample.
The production of Chinese rapeseed protein isolates by membrane processing
Authors: Xu L. , Diosady L. L. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA membrane‐based process was developed for the production of Chinese rapeseed protein isolates, which consisted of alkaline extraction of protein at pH 12.0 from CH2OH/NH3/H2O‐hexane‐extracted Chinese rapeseed meal, isoelectric precipitation at pH 6.5, ultrafiltration followed by diafiltration to concentrate the remaining soluble protein, and freeze‐drying. No chemical treatment was required for the removal of phytates from the protein. Three products were obtained with high protein recovery: precipitated and soluble protein isolates, each containing 90 to 100% protein, suitable for animal feed. The two protein isolates were low in phytates, light in color and bland in taste. Chinese rapeseed protein was easier and more economical to treat than canola protein due to the shift of pH for isoelectric precipitation and the elimination of the need for further phytate reduction.
Sunflower oil diesel fuel: Lubrication system contamination
Authors: Rewolinski C. , Shaffer D. L. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractDiesel lubrication oil contaminated with sunflower oil fuel was exposed to conditions simulating an engine crankcase environment to quantify and elucidate the mechanisms of loss of alkalinity and oil mixture thickening. Oxygen was found to be a dominant factor in both phenomena as was the presence of metallic copper catalyst. Triglyceride polymerization causing oil thickening does not appear causally related to alkalinity loss, but rather seems governed by a separate free radical mechanism.
The composition of seed and seed oils of taramira(Eruca sativa)
Authors: Flanders A. , Abdulkarim S. M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe seeds ofEruca sativa, commonly known as taramira, were found to contain 4.1% moisture, 27.8% oil, 27.4% protein and 6.6% ash. Atomic absorption spectrophotometric analysis indicated calcium and potassium levels of 1186 and 1116 mg/100 g of whole seed, respectively. Other mineral contents also are reported. The seed oil had a specific gravity of 0.910, refractive index of 1.4680 (at 40 C), iodine value of 137.0, saponification value of 168.1 and a free fatty acid content of 2.3% (as oleic acid). Gas chromatographic analysis of the oil revealed high levels of linolenic acid (36.2%) and relatively low levels of erucic acid (10.3%).
Mutagenic potential of ammonia‐related aflatoxin reaction products in cottonseed meal
Authors: Lawlor Timothy E. , Haworth Steve R. , Zeiger Errol , Park Douglas L. , Lee Louise S. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIn a joint research effort, the Food and Drug Administration, the National Toxicology Program and the US Department of Agriculture studied the mutagenic potential of aflatoxin reaction products following ammoniation of contaminated cottonseed meal under conditions approximating those approved for commercial ammoniation of nonaflatoxin‐contaminated meal. Uniformly ring‐labeled14C‐aflatoxin B1 was added to cottonseed meal that contained ca. 4000 µg naturally incurred aflatoxin B1/kg. Distribution of the radiolabeled compound was used to trace the modification of aflatoxin B1 after treatment with ammonia. The radioactivity‐to‐weight ratio of the fractions isolated by solvent extractions and chemical and enzymic treatments was used to measure the relative concentration of an aflatoxin decontamination product. All extract fractions having a radioactivity‐to‐weight ratio ≥1 were tested for mutagenic activity using theSalmonella/microsome mutagenicity test (Ames test). Purified aflatoxin B1 was mutagenic at a concentration of ca. 0.005 µg/plate. The methylene chloride extract of the ammoniated meal after Pronase digestion exhibited a similar response when 180 µg of this fraction was applied to each plate. This fraction represented 0.16% of the original added radioactivity. The other fractions produced no detectable mutagenic response at the concentrations tested (10–1000 µg/plate) onSalmonella tester strain TA100. Ammonia treatment of aflatoxin‐contaminated cottonseed meal significantly decreased aflatoxin levels, and the aflatoxin decontamination products formed by the treatment had little or no mutagenic potential.
Synthesis of azelaic acid and suberic acid fromVernonia galamensis oil
Authors: Ayorinde Folahan O. , Osman Gamal , Shepard Robert L. , Powers Fiona T. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractWe have demonstrated the potential ofVernonia galamensis seed oil as a source of dibasic acids. Reaction of nitric acid withV. galamensis oil afforded a homologous series of dibasic acids that include butanedioic acid, pentanedioic acid, hexanedioic acid (adipic), heptanedioic acid (pimelic), octanedioic acid (suberic), nonanedioic acid (azelaic), decanedioic acid (sebacic), and undecanedioic acid. Using a combination of chloroform extraction and subsequent water crystallizations, we have isolated suberic acid (∼95% purity by GC) and azelaic acid (∼95% purity by GC). The isolated yield of suberic acid is 15% and of azelaic acid is 11%. Reported reaction of nitric acid with ricinoleic acid (from castor oil) gave 8.8% suberic acid and 7.2% of a mixture of suberic and azelaic acids.
n‐Heptanoic acid by the caustic oxidation of 2‐octanol
Authors: Lawson N. E. , Farina T. E. 
Published: January 2007

Abstractn‐Heptanoic acid (97% pure) was prepared in 86% selectivity by the reaction of 2‐octanol with molten 50:50 NaOH‐KOH at 320 C using a meshing blade agitator and product heptanoic acid as an initiator.
Automated free fatty acid determination using flow injection analysis solvent extractions
Authors: Canham John S. , Pacey Gilbert E. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA simplified, automated, colorimetric method is described for the determination of free fatty acids (FFA) in solution using solvent extraction flow injection analysis (SEFIA). A membrane separator utilizing a microporous Teflon membrane is used for a clean phase separation. A newly designed segmentor is used for segmenting the reagent and solvent streams. A linear relationship exists between normality and absorbance from 6×10−5 to greater than 3×10−2 N for oleic acid and from 4.4×10−5 to 6×10−3 N for stearic acid. The correlation between concentration and absorbance in this method is better than in previously advanced copper soap colorimetric methods. The sample throughput is 130 injections/hr.
Functional properties of chemically modified egg white proteins
Authors: Bail Hershell R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractFunctional properties of egg white proteins can be altered through selected chemical reactions. Acylations with acid anhydrides have received the greatest amount of attention. Oleic acid and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) have also been used to affect function of egg white proteins. The charge characteristics of acylated proteins are altered through modification of the N‐terminal and epsilon‐amino groups. The acid anhydride used and the extent of modification have a major effect on the ionic properties of the protein. The altered ionic properties have been shown to affect the optical properties of protein sols, heat stability, foaming, performance in angel cakes, initiation of gelation, ultimate strength and freeze‐thaw stability of heat‐set gels. Although exact explanations of the mechanisms for the interactions of oleic acid and SDS with egg white protein are not available, increases in charge occur and result in gels with physical properties very similar to gels made from succinylated egg protein.
Estimation of supercritical fluid‐liquid solubility parameter differences for vegetable oils and other liquids from data taken with a stirred autoclave
Authors: Elssier R. L. , Friedrich J. P. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractFujishiro and Hildebrand developed a procedure for determining the solubility parameter difference between the components of a partially miscible binary mixture, knowing the molar volumes of the components and the composition of each phase. Using this procedure, the solubility parameter differences between supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) and each of three vegetable oils and four hydrogen bonding liquids have been determined. For the vegetable oils the solubility parameter differences at 72 C over the pressure range 5,000–10,000 psi were low, of the order of 2.0, and decreased only slightly with increasing pressure. For the hydrogen‐bonding liquids at 52 C, over the same pressure range, the solubility parameter differences were much larger, of the order of 4 to 7 units, and independent of pressure except for ethylene glycol for which the difference increased from 5.7 to 6.7 from 5,000 to 10,000 psi.
Oxymercuration‐jones oxidation of β‐ and γ‐hydroxyolefinic acids
Authors: Ahmed S. M. , Ahmad Fasih , Siddiqui S. F. , Osman S. M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA treatment of 12‐hydroxyoctadec‐cis‐9‐enoic acid (I) and 9‐hydroxyoctadec‐cis‐12‐enoic acid (II) in the presence of a catalytic amount of mercuric acetate reacts with Jones reagent to afford 9,12‐dioxooctadecanoic acid in high yield, involving two different mechanistic routes.
Modeling the solvent extraction of oilseeds
Authors: Abraham G. , Hron R. J. , Koltun S. P. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA computer model and an experimental procedure for generating data needed in the model have been developed for the oilseed extraction process. The experiments are relatively simple and are performed with a bench‐top extractor. Experimental results and modeling calculations are presented for the extraction of cottonseed using hexane, isopropanol and ethanol. The calculations show that in an alcohol extraction using a chill separation, isopropanol's greater oil miscibility allows for a lower solvent‐to‐feed ratio than does ethanol. Using the latter solvent, however, achieves lower residual lipids in the extracted meal because recycled ethanol contains less oil than recycled isopropanol.
Quantitative high‐resolution13C and1H nuclear magnetic resonance of ω3 fatty acids from white muscle of atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)
Authors: Aursand M. , Rainuzzo J. R. , Grasdalen H. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractHigh‐resolution13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra have been obtained and used to define the ω3 (n‐3) fatty acid distribution in lipid extract and white muscle from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). The13C spectrum of lipid extracted from muscle gives quantitative information about the individual n‐3 fatty acids, 18:2n‐6, 20:1/22:1 and groups of fatty acids. The quantitative data compare favorably with those obtained by gas‐liquid chromatography. The1H NMR spectrum of the lipid extract gives information about the amount of 22:6n‐3 and the total content of n‐3 fatty acids. The13C NMR technique also revealed the positional distribution (1,3‐ and 2‐acyl) of the important 20:5n‐3 and 22:6n‐3 acids in the triacylglycerol molecules. In the quantitative13C NMR spectrum of white muscle, the methyl region of the acyl chains of triacylglycerols gave rise to sufficiently resolved signals to permit estimation of the total concentration of lipids and the n‐3 fatty acid content. The NMR data are in good agreement with corresponding data obtained by traditional methods.
A study on cashew nut oil composition
Authors: Toschi T. Gallina , Caboni M. F. , Penazzi G. , Lercker G. , Capella P. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractEight samples of cashew nut oil were assayed, and the component triacylglycerols, fatty acids and several unsaponifiable compounds were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Total lipid amount, unsaponifiable percentage, fatty acids, sterols, triterpene alcohols and tocopherols are reported here. The combination of GC and HPLC enhanced the resolution of compound classes.
Fast quantitative analysis of soybean oil in olive oil by high‐temperature capillary gas chromatography
Authors: Antoniosi Filho N. R. , Carrilho E. , Lanças F. M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAnalysis of glycerides has always been of great interest, especially to the food industry. Several methods have been developed, and attempts to improve analytical conditions are prevalent. Among these methods, high‐temperature capillary gas chromatography has received particular consideration because it rapidly provides a glyceride profile. In this paper, we discuss a method to identify and quantitate mixtures of olive and soybean oils with the intention of verifying the latter as an adulterant of olive oils. The contamination of olive oil with soybean oil was detected by the presence of the triglyceride trilinolein, which does not exist in pure olive oil, although it is abundant in soybean oil. A calibration curve was constructed with several levels of contamination, and the lowest amount of detectable soybean oil was determined to be 4%.
Soybean oil: Update on number one
Authors: Erickson D. R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe growth and present stature of soybeans and soybean oil production and utilization in the world and in the USA is presented. Compositions of soybeans and soybean oil are compared with other common vegetable oils. The current and optimal processing practices of extraction, degumming, neutralization (caustic and physical), hydrogenation, and deodorization are discussed. Where appropriate, new and innovative approaches are introduced. Utilization of soybean oil is covered, followed by a historical and present view on the subject of soybean oil flavor and present and future nutritional considerations of soybean oil.
Peanut oil
Authors: Ayres J. L. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractConventional expeller and expeller/solvent extraction processes for peanuts are compared to the nonconventional processes of direct solvent extraction, cold pressing and nonhexane solvent processes. Peanut composition, cleaning and specific extraction procedures have a major impact on finished crude oil composition, refining characteristics, final oil and meal quality and utility. Special care in raw material and process selection must be taken when using crude peanut oil for direct edible or biofuel applications. Changes in world oil prices and protein market, US peanut quota and price support program and plant breeding will have a major impact on peanut oil availability and prices in the future.
Effect of essential fatty acid deficiency on lipid composition of basolateral plasma membrane of pig intestinal mucosal cells
Authors: Duranthon Véronique , Frémont Lucie , Léger Claude L. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe effect of essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency on the lipid composition of basolateral plasma membranes (BPM) from intestinal mucosal cells was investigated in weaning pigs fed control or EFA‐deficient diets for 12 weeks. The phospholipid and cholesterol contents relative to protein were similar in both groups, showing a cholesterol/phospholipid molar ratio of 0.6. The distribution of phospholipid classes was also unaffected by the diet. In contrast, fatty acid profiles of the two phospholipid main classes, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine were altered by EFA deficiency. Linoleic acid (18∶2n−6) was largely reduced, whereas arachidonic acid (20∶4n−6) only slightly decreased in EFA‐deficient pigs. The unsaturation index was essentially maintained by high levels of oleic acid (18∶1n−9) and by conversion of oleic acid to 5,8,11‐eicosatrienoic acid (20∶3n−9). Finally, during the period of EFA deficiency, the lipid composition of BPM of the intestinal mucosal cells was little affected, suggesting a preferential uptake of 20∶4n−6 and (or) precursor mobilized from other tissues. However, an effect of dietary treatment on the function of membrane‐associated proteins cannot be ruled out.