bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Civil Rights Vs. Civil Liberties: The Case of Discriminatory Verbal Harassment
Authors: Grey Thomas C. 
Published: January 2009

American liberals believe that both civil liberties and civil rights are harmonious aspects of a basic commitment to human rights. But recently these two clusters of values have seemed increasingly to conflict – as, for example, with the feminist claim that the legal toleration of pornography, long a goal sought by civil libertarians, actually violates civil rights as a form of sex discrimination.Here I propose an interpretation of the conflict of civil rights and civil liberties in its latest manifestation: the controversy over how to treat discriminatory verbal harassment on American campuses. I was involved with the controversy in a practical way at Stanford, where I helped draft a harassment regulation that was recently adopted by the university.Like the pornography issue, the harassment problem illustrates the element of paradox in the conflict of civil-liberties and civil-rights perspectives or mentalities. This problem does not simply trigger familiar disagreements between liberals of a classical or libertarian orientation as against those of a welfare state or social democratic one – though it does sometimes do that. In my experience, the issue also has the power to appear to a single person in different shapes and suggest different solutions as it oscillates between being framed in civil-liberties and in civil-rights terms. At the same time, however, it remains recognizably the same problem. It is thus a very practical and political example of the kind of tension noted by Wittgenstein in the aphorism that heads this essay – a puzzle of interpretive framing, of “seeing-as.”
Black and White Together: A Reconsideration
Authors: Allen W. B. 
Published: January 2009

Principled discussions of civil rights became inherently less likely as a direct result of the observation by Earl Warren, in Brown v. Board of Education, that, respecting freedmen, “Education of Negroes was almost non-existent, and practically all of the race were illiterate,” and in proportion as that observation increasingly became the foundation of common opinion on the subject. Warren's observation was not true in any meaningful or non-trivial sense. Nevertheless, it served to perpetuate the myth of a backward people needing help to catch up instead of the truth of a people being held back. That is the perspective – the disadvantaged group perspective – that ultimately infected all discussion of civil rights, even after the designation of so-called “disadvantaged groups” had been extended beyond American blacks.To define civil rights, we may well begin with what all mankind would likely recognize. Thus the dictionary definition of “civil rights” stands: “the rights that belong to all individuals in a nation or community touching property, marriage, and the like.” In that definition the term “rights” may be further expanded to mean “legitimate claims,” following the definition of right as law – as “a claim or title or interest in anything whatever that is enforceable by law.” This definition applies with minimal distinction of regimes intruding and, therefore, without the host of recent complications in the United States that create the impression that civil rights have something to do with pluralism. Previously, the generic definition was thought to exhaust the meaning of the term in the United States.
On There Being Some Limits to Morality
Authors: Kekes John 
Published: January 2009

It is doubtful that our age can lay claim to having formulated a significant moral ideal, but perhaps the most promising candidate is the ideal of pluralism. It involves rejection of the destructive quest for a summum bonum, and the growing recognition that the legitimate ends of life are many, that there is a wide variety of good and admirable lives, and that there is no blueprint drawn in heaven which would provide those who gained access to it with the knowledge of how to live well.The implications of pluralism are many, and some of them are subversive of widely accepted values. The aim of this essay is to discuss one unsettling consequence of pluralism. Pluralism is a thesis about values, and it is part of this thesis that many values are incommensurable and conflicting. It is usual to interpret the plurality of incommensurable values, and the conflicts thereby produced, as obtaining within morality. Incommensurability is taken to hold between moral values, and the resulting conflicts are regarded as moral. Much has been written about this, and I do not propose to add to it. My interest is in discussing pluralism as it affects a particular type of conflict between moral and nonmoral values.Since it will be central to the discussion, I must now indicate what I mean by “moral” and “nonmoral” values. All values derive from benefits and harms to sentient beings, but I shall ignore other sentient beings here and concentrate on benefits and harms for human beings.
The Feminist Revelation
Authors: Sommers Christina 
Published: January 2009

In the Proceedings of the American Philosophical Association for the fall of 1988, we find the view that “the power of philosophy lies in its radicalness.” The author, Tom Foster Digby, tells us that in our own day “the radical potency of philosophy is particularly well-illustrated by contemporary feminist philosophy” in ways that “could eventually reorder human life.” The claim that philosophy is essentially radical has deep historical roots.Aristotle and Plato each created a distinctive style of social philosophy. Following Ernest Barker, I shall call Aristotle's way of doing social philosophy “whiggish,” having in mind that the O.E.D. characterizes ‘whig’ as “a word that says in one syllable what ‘conservative liberal’ says in seven.” Later whigs shared with Aristotle the conviction that traditional arrangements have great moral weight, and that common opinion is a primary source of moral truth. The paradigm example of a whig moral philosopher is Henry Sidgwick, with his constant appeal to Common Sense and to “established morality.” On the more liberal side, we have philosophers like David Hume who cautions us to “adjust [political] innovations as much as possible to the ancient fabric,” and William James who insists that the liberal philosopher must reject radicalism.In modern times, many social philosophers have followed the more radical example of Plato, who was convinced that common opinion was benighted and in need of much consciousness-raising. Looking on society as a Cave that distorted real values, Plato showed a great readiness to discount traditional arrangements. He was perhaps the first philosopher to construct an ideal of a society that reflected principles of justice, inspiring generations of utopian social philosophers.
Neuronal plasticity: cell-based strategy for target identification and validation
Authors: Mingorance-Le Meur Ana , O'Connor Timothy 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWhile growing neurites are relatively plastic during development, their plasticity levels drop rapidly as neurons mature and become integrated into neuronal networks. As a consequence, the central nervous system ability to reorganize itself in response to injury or disease is insufficient. One of the main limitations for the design of therapeutic strategies to enhance neurite sprouting following neurological diseases is our poor understanding of the mechanisms underlying neurite structural plasticity. To overcome this limitation, we have implemented a strategy to identify, characterize and validate the most therapeutically relevant drug targets to modulate neuronal plasticity. This strategy is based on the hypothesis that the molecular regulation of the neurite shaft (controlling its ability to sprout) shares similarities with other cell systems. In an initial selection step (1), candidate targets are identified from the literature based on predetermined criteria (e.g. involvement in cell migration and growth cone collapse). (2) Compounds acting on those targets are tested in a neuronal cell-based assay for their effects on neurite sprouting as well as for early detection of undesired effects. (3) The selected targets are further analyzed during a verification step where their subcellular expression and activity is assessed. The regulation of the activity of the potential targets by branching factors is also determined at this point. (4) Once the biological relevance has been established, the signalling pathway in which the potential targets operates within neurons is mapped using activity reporters to uncover additional potential targets. This candidate approach, combined with the use of primary neurons, is designed to increase the probability of identifying suitable targets at the same time that it minimizes costs and time to validation. By using this strategy, we have been able to identify a set of proteins controlling neuronal sprouting together with an unsuspected mechanism of regulation of structural plasticity in neurons.
Elucidation of Fermentation Effect on Rice Noodles Using Combined Dynamic Viscoelasticity and Thermal Analyses
Authors: Lu Zhan‐Hui , Sasaki Tomoko , Kobayashi Naoki , Li Li‐Te , Kohyama Kaoru 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTNatural fermentation of whole polished rice grains (indica) is a traditional processing method widely applied in China and South Asia to improve the texture of rice noodles. To elucidate the effects of fermentation on noodle texture, thermal analysis of rice flour and rheological measurement were performed on a gel made from the rice flour with the same solids concentration as practical noodles. The test method proved useful for monitoring starch granule swelling, gel forming, and retrogradation of rice gels during rice noodle production. Dynamic viscoelasticity in a temperature ramp sweep test showed that starch granules of the fermented sample swelled more and were more resistant to breakdown than those of the nonfermented sample. Differential scanning calorimetry revealed that the gelatinization temperature of fermented rice flour shifted to a lower temperature. The decreased protein content after fermentation also played a role in the modified rheological and thermal properties of fermented rice flour. Both fermented and nonfermented rice flour formed an elastic gel just after heating to the conclusion temperature of gelatinization (Tc). The fermented rice flour gel formed earlier with a well‐formed structure; however, it had slower retrogradation during aging. The result also indicated that the retrogradation of amylopectin impaired the desired texture of rice noodles.
Rheological Properties of Dispersions of Spherulites from Jet‐Cooked High‐Amylose Corn Starch and Fatty Acids
Authors: Byars Jeffrey A. , Fanta George F. , Felker Frederick C. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTHigh‐amylose corn starch was cooked in an excess‐steam jet cooker in the presence of 5% oleic or palmitic acid, based on amylose. The cooked product was rapidly cooled in an ice bath and then freeze‐dried or drum‐dried. Amylose was removed from solution by forming helical inclusion complexes with the fatty acid, and the inclusion complexes formed submicron spherical particles upon cooling. The dried material was reconstituted to form a paste that exhibited gel‐like properties upon standing, but that flowed readily when shear was applied. The rheological properties of these pastes were measured to determine the effects on the flow properties of 1) the solids concentration in the reconstituted paste, 2) the method of sample drying and reconstitution, and 3) the fatty acid used. The materials were very spreadable, and at the highest concentrations their flow properties were similar to a commercial shortening. The pasting properties of the dried solids were also examined.
Genotype and Environment Variation for Arabinoxylans in Hard Winter and Spring Wheats of the U.S. Pacific Northwest
Authors: Li Shuobi , Morris Craig F. , Bettge Arthur D. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTThe development of high‐quality wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars depends on a thorough understanding of the constituents of grain and their variation due to genetics and environment. Arabinoxylans (pentosans) are key constituents of wheat grain and have broad and far‐reaching influences on milling and baking quality. However, variation in arabinoxylans due to genotype and environment are not fully understood. In this study, 25 hard winter and 25 hard spring wheat commercial cultivars and advanced breeding lines developed from eight public and private breeding programs in the U.S. Pacific Northwest were analyzed for water‐extractable and total arabinoxylan contents (WE‐AX and total AX), and the proportion of total AX that was water‐extractable. Winter and spring genotypes were grown in three environments each. The results indicated that there were significant differences among both sets of hard wheat genotypes for WE‐AX, total AX, and proportion of total AX that was WE‐AX. The WE‐AX and total AX mean content ranges for the winter cultivars were 0.390–0.808 and 3.09–4.04%, respectively; and for the spring cultivars 0.476–0.919 and 3.94–4.70%, respectively. WE‐AX as a percentage of total AX was similar between the two genotype sets, 11.7–23.0%. Arabinoxylan fractions were generally not correlated with grain protein, test weight, and kernel hardness. The two highest correlations for winter wheats were between protein and total AX (r = –0.40) and test weight and percentage of total AX that were water‐extractable (r = 0.37) for winter wheats. Among spring wheats, single‐kernel characterization system hardness was negatively correlated with WE‐AX and proportion of total AX that was WE‐AX (r = –0.46 and –0.51, respectively). Although often significant, arabinoxylan fractions were usually not highly intercorrelated, indicating some independence of traits. Notable genotypes, being especially high or low for one or more arabinoxylan fraction and, thus, candidates for further genetic study and cross‐breeding, included Juniper, Eddy, and ORN980995 winter wheats, and Hollis, Alta Blanca, and WQL9HDALP spring wheats. Although the results indicate that arabinoxylan fractions of wheat grain can be highly influenced by environment, there is clear support for the existence of genetic differences, especially for WE‐AX and the proportion of total AX that is water‐extractable. As such, the manipulation of arabinoxylan content of wheat grain seems to be a reasonable breeding objective.
Effect of Presoaking on Textural, Thermal, and Digestive Properties of Cooked Brown Rice
Authors: Han Jung‐Ah , Lim Seung‐Taik 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTBrown rice kernels (japonica type) were soaked in water at different temperatures (25 or 50°C) before cooking to a moisture content of 20 or 30%. Soaked brown rice was cooked in either the soaking water (SW) or in distilled water (DW) (rice solids to water ratio 1:1.4). Color, texture, and in vitro digestive properties of the cooked rice were examined. When the soaking temperature was higher (50°C vs. 25°C), water absorption and starch leaching were greater. To reach 20% moisture, the rice required 1 hr of soaking at 50°C but 2 hr of soaking at 25°C. Both the moisture content of the soaked rice and the soaking temperature affected the texture of the cooked brown rice. Rice that attained 20% moisture content during soaking was harder and less adhesive when cooked compared with rice that attained 30% moisture content. The rice soaked at 50°C was slightly softer but more adhesive when cooked than rice soaked at 25°C. The soaking temperature and moisture content of the rice kernels also affected the digestive properties of the cooked rice. The cooked brown rice that had attained 30% moisture before cooking was digested to a greater extent than rice that had attained 20% moisture. Even at equal moisture content, the rice soaked at the higher temperature (50°C) was digested more readily. It was assumed that the amount of soluble material leached during soaking differed according to the soaking temperature and moisture content, which subsequently affected the texture and digestive properties of the cooked brown rice. The rice cooked in its own soaking water was harder and more adhesive, had higher levels of resistant starch (RS), and exhibited smaller glycemic index (GI) values than its counterpart cooked with distilled water. This result indicated that the soluble material leached during soaking made the cooked rice harder and less digestible, perhaps due to interactions between these molecules and the gelatinized rice during cooking.
Evaluation of Resistance to Chinch Bug in Pearl Millet in Temperate and Subtropical Environments
Authors: Rajewski John A. , Ni Xinzhi , Wilson Jeffrey P. , Dweikat Ismail , Buntin G. David 
Published: January 2009

Pearl millet inbreds and hybrids were evaluated for resistance to chinch bug at Lincoln, NE, and Tifton, GA, in 2003 and 2004. Insect feeding damage expressed as plant mortality, stunting, leaf sheath necrosis, and tiller mortality was observed over time. Resistance was expressed by a slower rate of plant damage to resistant genotypes compared to susceptible ones. Across experiments, inbreds 59464B and 59668M-1 were most frequently identified as resistant. Inbred Tift 99B was susceptible in every experiment and by every assessment criterion. The experiments revealed information on the genetic expression of resistance. When insect damage among hybrids made with Tift 454 was compared, resistance tended to be dominant or overdominant in expression. Evidence for location-specific resistance caused by environmental conditions or genetic differences in the insect populations between the two locations was observed. Inbreds 03GH707 and Tift 454, developed at Tifton, were resistant only in some assessments at Tifton, but not at Lincoln. 16RmR1, developed at Lincoln, was susceptible in both Lincoln experiments, but not at Tifton. 03GH706 was susceptible in some Tifton assessments, but was not among the most susceptible inbreds in the Lincoln experiments. Evaluations are needed at multiple locations to effectively identify resistance to damage caused by chinch bug feeding in pearl millet. Accepted for publication 14 October 2008. Published 12 January 2009.
Meta‐analysis: the efficacy and safety of certolizumab pegol in Crohn’s disease
Authors: SHAO L.‐M. , CHEN M.‐Y. , CHEN Q.‐Y. , CAI J.‐T. 
Published: January 2009

SummaryBackground  Certolizumab pegol is the third anti‐TNF‐α agent approved by the Food and Drug Administration of the United States.Aim  To provide a comprehensive up‐to‐date review of the efficacy and safety of certolizumab in Crohn’s disease (CD).Methods  Electronic databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane library and the Science Citation Index, were searched to retrieve relevant trials. In addition, meeting abstracts and the reference lists of retrieved articles were reviewed for further relevant studies.Results  Three trials, enrolling a total of 1040 patients, are included in the meta‐analysis to evaluate the short‐term efficacy of certolizumab, which is effective for rapid induction and long‐term maintenance of clinical response or remission and can improve quality of life in patients with Crohn's disease. Certolizumab is also effective for patients who have lost response to infliximab. However, its efficacy in infliximab‐exposed patients is probably less than in infliximab‐naive patients. Re‐induction with certolizumab in patients who have flared on maintenance therapy can rescue a significant proportion of patients. There is no significant association between the efficacy of certolizumab and the baseline C‐reactive protein level. In comparison with placebo, certolizumab does not increase the risk of serious adverse events.Conclusions  Certolizumab is effective and safe in treating Crohn's disease. Further studies are still required to assess its full safety profile.
A linkage map of the porcine genome from a large‐scale White Duroc × Erhualian resource population and evaluation of factors affecting recombination rates
Authors: Guo Y. , Mao H. , Ren J. , Yan X. , Duan Y. , Yang G. , Ren D. , Zhang Z. , Yang B. , Ouyang J. , Brenig B. , Haley C. , Huang L. 
Published: January 2009

SummaryA porcine genome linkage map composed of 194 microsatellite markers was constructed with a large‐scale White Duroc × Erhualian resource population. The marker order on this linkage map was consistent with the USDA‐MARC reference map except for two markers on SSC3, two markers on SSC13 and two markers on SSCX. The length of the sex‐averaged map (2344.9 cM) was nearly the same as that of the USDA‐MARC and NIAI map. Highly significant heterogeneity in recombination rates between sexes was observed. Except for SSC1 and SSC13, the female autosomes had higher average recombination rates than the male autosomes. Moreover, recombination rates in the pseudoautosomal region were greater in males than in females. These observations are consistent with those of previous reports. The recombination rates on each paternal and maternal chromosome of F2 animals were calculated. Recombination rates were not significantly affected by the age (in days) or parity of the F1 animals. However, recombination rates on paternal chromosomes were affected by the mating season of the F1 animals. This could represent an effect of environmental temperature on spermatogenesis.
The nature of social pedagogy: an excursion in Norwegian territory
Authors: Stephens Paul 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTIn this paper, I examine the nature of social pedagogy, a discipline with deep roots in Continental Europe but not in the UK. Things are changing, however. The politicians in Westminster are listening to the people at the Thomas Coram Research Unit in London. The message is unequivocal. It is time to learn from social pedagogical approaches to working with looked‐after children in other European countries. Why is this? The government wants to prepare an early years professional who can combine the skills of a social worker with those of an educator. Based on case studies of successful approaches to improving the well‐being of looked‐after children in Denmark, France and Germany, the Thomas Coram researchers have found a child care professional who can pull this off: the social pedagogue. As a professor of social pedagogy in a Norwegian university that educates social pedagogues, I want to shed light on a discipline that might help British stakeholders in child care settings to draw selective lessons from a promising Nordic model.
Clinical complications following thyroid fine‐needle biopsy: a systematic review
Authors: Polyzos Stergios A. , Anastasilakis Athanasios D. 
Published: January 2009

SummaryThyroid fine‐needle biopsy (FNB) is a simple, reliable, inexpensive and generally safe diagnostic procedure in the management of thyroid nodules. Post‐FNB local pain and minor haematomas are the most common complications, while serious complications seem to be rare. Given that use of FNB minimizes unnecessary surgery and subsequent operative morbidity and mortality as well as the fact that the majority of FNB complications resolve spontaneously, the overall safety of FNB is not questioned. However, awareness of the potential complications and careful estimation of the risk‐benefit ratio in an individual basis may further decrease the low morbidity of FNB. In this systematic review we tried to collect and summarize all reported clinical complications following diagnostic thyroid FNB, aiming to make physicians aware of possible complications and to provide preventive measures to avoid them.