bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The near pressure field of co-axial subsonic jets
Authors: TINNEY C. E. , JORDAN P. 
Published: August 2008

Results are presented from pressure measurements performed in the irrotational near field of unbounded co-axial jets. Measurements were made for a variety of velocity and temperature ratios, and configurations both with and without serrations on the secondary nozzle lip. The principal objective of the study is to better understand the near pressure field of the jet, what it can tell us regarding the underlying turbulence structure, and in particular how it can be related to the source mechanisms of the flow.A preliminary analysis of the axial, temporal and azimuthal structure of the pressure field shows it to be highly organized, with axial spatial modes (obtained by proper orthogonal decomposition) which resemble Fourier modes. The effects of serrations on the pressure fluctuations comprise a global reduction in level, a change in the axial energy distribution, and a modification of the evolution of the characteristic time scales.A further analysis in frequency–wavenumber space is then performed, and a filtering operation is used to separate the convective and propagative footprints of the pressure field. This operation reveals two distinct signatures in the propagating component of the field: a low-frequency component which radiates at small angles to the flow axis and is characterized by extensive axial coherence, and a less-coherent high-frequency component which primarily radiates in sideline directions. The serrations are found to reduce the energy of the axially coherent propagating component, but its structure remains fundamentally unchanged; the high-frequency component is found to be enhanced. A further effect of the serrations involves a relative increase of the mean-square pressure level of the acoustic component – integrated over the measurement domain – with respect to the hydrodynamic component. The effect of increasing the velocity and temperature of the primary jet involves a relative increase in the acoustic component of the near field, while the hydrodynamic component remains relatively unchanged: this shows that the additional acoustic energy is generated by the mixing region which is produced by the interaction of the inner and the outer shear layers, whereas the hydrodynamic component of the near field is primarily driven by the outer shear layer.
Long-term changes of epiphytic lichen species composition over landscape gradients: an 18 year time series
Authors: LIŠKA Jiří , HERBEN Tomáš 
Published: August 2008

Abstract:The study aimed to determine how the response of the epiphytic lichen vegetation to sulphur air pollution is affected by interaction with other factors (distance from pollution sources, habitat, altitude, initial eutrophication of the tree bark). It was based on a series of four successive recordings taken over a period of 18 years with increasing pollution levels and on the same set of 139 solitary trees. Relationships between habitat variables and lichen community composition are assessed using canonical correspondence analysis. The data set comprised 69 lichen species. Ordination of initial species composition on trees revealed two major gradients: eutrophication and acidity.The species composition significantly changed with time, with a general decrease of the total number of lichen species per tree. In general, species sensitive to air pollution decreased, while tolerant species increased in number. Change over time differed depending on the position of the tree within the landscape (relative to one major source of pollution, the town of Tábor, whereas the distance to the other source, Sezimovo Ústí, was not significant) and on the initial species composition found on the tree. Trees under the effect of eutrophication changed their species composition less, indicating that the effect of eutrophication (mainly increased bark pH) may ameliorate the effects of air pollution; a local effect of eutrophication also seems to play an important role. Distance to pollution sources had only a small impact on the rate of change and perhaps other local conditions (sheltered or humid position, altitude) play a role in this interaction. There was a decrease of the overall heterogeneity of the data set over time. This means that the gradients in species composition attributable to these variables became less important over time. Therefore, one of the effects of air pollution is also a general homogenization of the lichen vegetation of the solitary trees.
New species and additional records of foliicolous lichenized fungi from Bolivia
Authors: FLAKUS Adam , LÜCKING Robert 
Published: August 2008

Abstract:Six new species of foliicolous lichenized fungi are described as new to science from Bolivian lowland Amazon forest: Asterothyrium vezdae Flakus &amp; Lücking (Asterothyriaceae), Keratosphaera multiseptata Flakus &amp; Lücking (Pseudoperisporiaceae), Phylloblastia bielczykiae Flakus &amp; Lücking (Verrucariaceae), Porina boliviana Flakus &amp; Lücking (Porinaceae), Tapellaria intermedia Flakus &amp; Lücking (Pilocarpaceae) and Trichothelium subargenteum Flakus &amp; Lücking (Porinaceae). In addition, new records of 70 lichen species in Bolivia are listed. Of these, 52 are new to Bolivia.
Sticta alpinotropica, a new saxicolous lichen species from the alpine zone of Mt Wilhelm, Papua New Guinea
Authors: APTROOT André 
Published: August 2008

Abstract:The lichen species Sticta alpinotropica is described new to science from Papua New Guinea. It grows on rock between 3900 and 4200 m elevation in an alpine environment virtually on the equator. Although it is locally abundant, it is known only from one small mountain top.
Caloplaca subalpina and C. thracopontica, two new saxicolous species from the Caloplaca cerina group ( Teloschistales)
Authors: VONDRÁK Jan , ŠOUN Jaroslav , HROUZEK Pavel , ŘÍHA Pavel , KUBÁSEK Jiří , PALICE Zdeněk , SØCHTING Ulrik 
Published: August 2008

Abstract:Caloplaca subalpina Vondrák, Šoun &amp; Palice and C. thracopontica Vondrák &amp; Šoun are described here as new to science. The former is a sorediate, often sterile, saxicolous species inhabiting subalpine base-rich overhanging rocks in European mountains; the latter grows on maritime cliffs of the Black Sea and is conspicuous by the lobules and pustules which are usually present on its thallus and by its apothecia which are typically large and abundant. The placing of the two species in the C. cerina group was confirmed by molecular studies using nrDNA ITS sequences. The chemosyndromes of both new species correspond to chemosyndrome A, which is in accordance with their position in the C. cerina group. A key to the saxicolous species of the C. cerina group is provided.
Ameliella, a new genus of lichen-forming fungi from north-west Europe and western Canada
Authors: FRYDAY Alan M. , COPPINS Brian J. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract:Ameliella Fryday &amp; Coppins gen. nov. is proposed to accommodate two inconspicuous, undescribed species, A. andreaeicola and A. grisea, collected from high altitude in the Scottish Highlands. Outside the Scottish Highlands, Ameliella andreaeicola is known from single collections from Norway and Canada, and A. grisea from a single collection from Norway. The new genus appears to have some affinity with Miriquidica.
Novel haem co-ordination variants of flavocytochrome P450 BM3
Authors: Girvan Hazel M. , Toogood Helen S. , Littleford Rachael E. , Seward Harriet E. , Smith W. Ewen , Ekanem Idorenyin S. , Leys David , Cheesman Myles R. , Munro Andrew W. 
Published: August 2008

Bacillus megaterium flavocytochrome P450 BM3 is a catalytically self-sufficient fatty acid hydroxylase formed by fusion of soluble NADPH–cytochrome P450 reductase and P450 domains. Selected mutations at residue 264 in the haem (P450) domain of the enzyme lead to novel amino acid sixth (distal) co-ordination ligands to the haem iron. The catalytic, spectroscopic and thermodynamic properties of the A264M, A264Q and A264C variants were determined in both the intact flavocytochromes and haem domains of P450 BM3. Crystal structures of the mutant haem domains demonstrate axial ligation of P450 haem iron by methionine and glutamine ligands trans to the cysteine thiolate, creating novel haem iron ligand sets in the A264M/Q variants. In contrast, the crystal structure of the A264C variant reveals no direct interaction between the introduced cysteine side chain and the haem, although EPR data indicate Cys264 interactions with haem iron in solution. The A264M haem potential is elevated by comparison with wild-type haem domain, and substrate binding to the A264Q haem domain results in a ∼360 mV increase in potential. All mutant haem domains occupy the conformation adopted by the substrate-bound form of wild-type BM3, despite the absence of added substrate. The A264M mutant (which has higher dodecanoate affinity than wild-type BM3) co-purifies with a structurally resolved lipid. These data demonstrate that a single mutation at Ala264 is enough to perturb the conformational equilibrium between substrate-free and substrate-bound P450 BM3, and provide firm structural and spectroscopic data for novel haem iron ligand sets unprecedented in Nature.
Considerations for Persons With Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Myers Paula J. , Henry James A. , Zaugg Tara L. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
The intensified use of explosive devices and mines in warfare and excessive noise of weapons has created an extraordinary amount of auditory dysfunction, traumatic brain injury (TBI), and mental health complaints among soldiers from the global war on terrorism. Mild TBI, particularly for those with closed head injuries, may not be immediately obvious. Audiologists must be prepared to identify those at risk for mild TBI or mental health problems, justify the need for screening and/or clinical referral for further evaluation of TBI and/or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and adapt audiologic clinical assessment and management practices to this population. An interdisciplinary comprehensive evaluation of peripheral, central, and vestibular components of the auditory system should be employed in patients with mild TBI to ensure that auditory dysfunction is accurately diagnosed so appropriate rehabilitation can be provided.
Expand Your Practice: Add (Central) Auditory Processing Services
Authors: Brannen Susan J. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Two documents of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) can assist the audiologist in expanding his or her practice to include services for (Central) Auditory Processing Disorder, (C)APD. The purpose of this article is to acquaint the reader with the critical aspects of (C)APD services and how to utilize the documents identified. Issues that continue to prevail within the audiology community are acknowledged. There are necessary tenets to (C)APD services that must be addressed, if these services are to be efficacious as well as ethical. The pertinent documents are reviewed in a step-by-step method. As a result, the practitioner could presumably expand his or her practice in an effective manner. Including these services may appear formidable, but the benefit to the client could suggest greater communication competence and social well-being.
Detection of pregnancies with high risk of fetal macrosomia among women with gestational diabetes mellitus
Authors: SUHONEN LAURI , HIILESMAA VILHO , KAAJA RISTO , TERAMO KARI 
Published: August 2008

AbstractObjective. To compare the frequency of fetal macrosomia and Erb's palsy in two groups of women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and in healthy controls. Design. Retrospective clinical study of women with GDM. Setting. Pregnant women in Greater Helsinki area. Population. Nine hundred and five pregnancies and newborn infants of women with GDM and 805 non‐diabetic controls. Methods. GDM was diagnosed by a 2‐hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) among women with risk factors for GDM. The treatment of GDM was resolved by a 24‐hour glucose profile obtained after 2 or 3 abnormal glucose values in the OGTT. Patients with a history of insulin‐treated GDM in a previous pregnancy and those with a fasting glucose over 6 mmol/l underwent a 24‐h glucose profile directly without a preceding OGTT. Main outcome measures. Fetal macrosomia, defined as a birth weight (adjusted for sex and gestational age) of >2.0 SD above the mean of a Finnish standard population. Erb's palsy. Results. 385 women (42.5%) were treated with insulin and diet and 520 (57.5%) with diet only. Macrosomia occurred more often in the insulin‐treated group (18.2%, p<0.001) compared with the diet‐treated group (4.4%) and the controls (2.2%). The rate of Erb's palsy was 2.7% in the insulin‐treated group, 2.4% in the diet‐treated group, compared with 0.3% in the controls (p <0.001). Conclusion. The 24‐hour glucose profile performed after the diagnosis of GDM clearly distinguishes between low‐risk (diet‐treated) and high‐risk (insulin‐treated) for fetal macrosomia in GDM pregnancies.
Dual-frequency ultrasound technique minimizes errors induced by soft tissue in ultrasound bone densitometry
Authors: Karjalainen J. , Töyräs J. , Rikkonen T. , Jurvelin J.S. , Riekkinen O. 
Published: August 2008

Background: Most bone ultrasound devices are designed for through-transmission measurements of the calcaneus. In principle, ultrasound backscattering measurements are possible at more typical fracture sites of the central skeleton. Unfortunately, soft tissue overlying the bones diminishes reliability of these measurements. Purpose: To apply the single-transducer dual-frequency ultrasound (DFUS) technique to eliminate the errors induced by soft tissue on the measurements of integrated reflection coefficient (IRC) in human distal femur in vivo. Material and Methods: Ultrasound and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) examinations were conducted on a bodybuilder during a 21-week training and dieting period. Results: Significant changes in quantity and composition of soft tissue took place during the diet. However, DXA measurements showed no significant effects on bone density measurements. The single transducer DFUS technique enabled the determination of local soft-tissue composition, as verified by comparison with the DXA ( r=0.91, n=8, p<0.01). Further, the technique eliminated the soft-tissue-induced error from IRC measured for the bone. The uncorrected IRC associated significantly with the change in local soft-tissue composition ( r=−0.83, n=8, p<0.05), whereas the corrected IRC values showed no significant dependence ( r=−0.30, n=8, p=0.46) on local soft-tissue composition. Conclusion: The DFUS technique may significantly enhance the accuracy of clinical ultrasound measurements of bone.
Interferon and Interferon-Induced Chemokine Expression Is Associated with Control of Acute Viremia in West Nile Virus-Infected Blood Donors
Authors: Tobler Leslie H. , Cameron Mark J. , Lanteri Marion C. , Prince Harry E. , Danesh Ali , Persad Desmond , Lanciotti Robert S. , Norris Philip J. , Kelvin David J. , Busch Michael P. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
To understand early host responses controlling West Nile virus (WNV) infection, acutely viremic blood donors, identified by nucleic acid amplification testing, were enrolled and monitored for RNA-clearance and WNV-specific IgM and IgG antibodies. Viral load and chemokine and cytokine assays were performed on serial samples from donors whose index and first follow-up samples tested negative for IgM. A total of 84% of the specimens obtained from viremic donors before IgM/IgG seroconversion demonstrated a decreasing viral load. Levels of interferon (IFN)-α ere significantly increased before IgM seroconversion, relative to those in control specimens. CXCL10 and CCL2 were significantly elevated in donor specimens obtained before IgM seroconversion, compared with those obtained after IgM seroconversion. These findings suggest that IFN-mediated innate immunity plays a key role in initial control of WNV replication.
High‐resolution structure of the stable plasminogen activator inhibitor type‐1 variant 14‐1B in its proteinase‐cleaved form: A new tool for detailed interaction studies and modeling
Authors: Jensen Jan K. , Gettins Peter G.W. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractWild‐type plasminogen activator inhibitor type‐1 (PAI‐1) rapidly converts to the inactive latent state under conditions of physiological pH and temperature. For in vivo studies of active PAI‐1 in cell culture and in vivo model systems, the 14‐1B PAI‐1 mutant (N150H‐K154T‐Q319L‐M354I), with its stabilized active conformation, has thus become the PAI‐1 of choice. As a consequence of the increased stability, the only two forms likely to be encountered are the active or the cleaved form, the latter either free or complexed with target proteinase. We hereby report the first structure of the stable 14‐1B PAI‐1 variant in its reactive center cleaved form, to a resolution of 2.0 Å. The >99% complete structure represents the highest resolved structure of free cleaved PAI‐1. This high‐resolution structure should be of great use for drug target development and for modeling protein–protein interactions such as those of PAI‐1 with vitronectin.
Polymorphisms in the kappa casein (CSN3) gene in horse and comparative analysis of its promoter and coding region
Authors: Hobor S. , Kunej T. , Dovc P. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe major parts of the coding region and promoter of the equine kappa casein (CSN3) gene were sequenced and compared among several species. Four SNPs were identified in the CSN3 gene: two in exon 1 and two in exon 4. The SNPs were genotyped in six Slovenian horse breeds using RFLP and two different PCR‐based methods. The highest variation in genotype frequencies was found in the Slovenian cold‐blood breed. The SNPs in exon 4 may cause a change in the amino acid sequence and may alter chemical/functional properties of the protein. Using horse‐specific primers, we obtained 400 bp of exon 4 sequence from zebra and donkey. Two SNPs within the zebra exon 4 sequence were discovered; both presumably caused amino acid substitutions. Within the equine promoter sequence, 15 SNPs were found and 12 of them could be involved in the gain/loss of potential transcription factor (TF) binding sites. Using a comparative genomics approach, we obtained 1482 bp of the promoter sequence from zebra and donkey. Sequence alignment revealed highly conserved blocks of promoter sequence among nine species (sheep, goat, cow, zebra, donkey, horse, chimp, macaque and human) and clustered these species in three distinct groups. Consensus binding sites for TFs STAT5, C/EBP, NF1 and STAT6, previously demonstrated to be associated with expression, were located within conserved regions. Four promoter regions were tested for specific binding of TFs using electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Predicted binding sites for C/EBP and NF1 were confirmed and one conserved region was specifically detected by a yet‐uncharacterized TF.
Combined bendamustine, prednisolone and thalidomide for refractory or relapsed multiple myeloma after autologous stem‐cell transplantation or conventional chemotherapy: results of a Phase I clinical trial
Authors: Pönisch Wolfram , Rozanski Marta , Goldschmidt Hartmut , Hoffmann Franz Albert , Boldt Thomas , Schwarzer Andreas , Ritter Ute , Rohrberg Robert , Schwalbe Elke , Uhlig Jens , Zehrfeld Thomas , Schirmer Veronika , Haas Antje , Kreibich Ute , Niederwieser Dietger ,   for the East German Study Group of Haematology and Oncology (OSHO)
Published: August 2008

SummaryThalidomide is an effective agent for advanced refractory or relapsed multiple myeloma (MM), although dose‐limiting toxicity (DLT) may limit its use. This Phase I study found that a combination of low‐dose thalidomide with bendamustine and prednisolone (BPT) maintained or increased efficacy, whilst avoiding DLT in 28 patients with MM that was refractory or that had relapsed after conventional chemotherapy or high‐dose therapy with stem‐cell support. BPT comprised fixed doses of bendamustine (60 mg/m2) and prednisolone (100 mg), and escalating doses of thalidomide (50, 100, 200 mg). Treatment cycles were repeated every 28 d until the occurrence of maximum response, DLT, or disease progression. Twenty‐four patients responded after at least two cycles (four complete remission, six very good partial remission, 14 partial remission). Median progression‐free and overall survival for all patients was 11 and 19 months respectively. Only mild/moderate non‐haematological side effects were observed and no patient developed dose‐limiting haematotoxicity. Transient grade 3–4 neutropenia was reported in 12 patients, and grade 3–4 thrombocytopenia occurred in two patients. We conclude that BPT therapy was well tolerated in patients with relapsed or refractory MM, with a response rate higher than 80%. The maximum tolerated dose of thalidomide was not reached in this study.
Rapid and sensitive screening for CEBPA mutations in acute myeloid leukaemia
Authors: Benthaus Tobias , Schneider Friederike , Mellert Gudrun , Zellmeier Evelyn , Schneider Stephanie , Kakadia Purvi M. , Hiddemann Wolfgang , Bohlander Stefan K. , Feuring‐Buske Michaela , Braess Jan , Spiekermann Karsten , Dufour Annika 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe presence of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (CEBPA) gene mutations in patients with cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukaemia (CN‐AML) confers a favourable prognosis. Routine screening of all CN‐AML patients for CEBPA mutations is therefore important for individual risk‐adapted post‐remission therapy and requires a fast and easy screening method. CEBPA mutations are distributed over the entire CEBPA gene and the functional and clinical consequences of the different mutations are still largely unknown. Therefore, we developed a multiplex polymerase chain reaction‐based fragment length analysis mutation screening method for the entire CEBPA coding region. We initially evaluated our method by analysing 120 CN‐AML samples both by fragment analysis and nucleotide sequencing and reached a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 90%. 349 CN‐AML samples were subsequently screened for CEBPA mutations by fragment length analysis. Among a total of 469 CN‐AML patient samples, 58 CEBPA mutations were detected in 38 CN‐AML patients (8·1%). In conclusion, we established a fast and sensitive CEBPA mutation screening method suitable for inclusion in routine AML diagnostics.
Genome‐wide DNA analysis identifies recurrent imbalances predicting outcome in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia with 17p deletion
Authors: Forconi Francesco , Rinaldi Andrea , Kwee Ivo , Sozzi Elisa , Raspadori Donatella , Rancoita Paola M. V. , Scandurra Marta , Rossi Davide , Deambrogi Clara , Capello Daniela , Zucca Emanuele , Marconi Daniela , Bomben Riccardo , Gattei Valter , Lauria Francesco , Gaidano Gianluca , Bertoni Francesco 
Published: August 2008

SummaryDeletion of 17p (TP53) identifies a rare subset of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (17p‐ CLL) with aggressive behaviour. Genome‐wide DNA‐profiling was performed to investigate 18 patients with 17p‐ CLL. All cases had multiple copy‐number (CN) changes. Among the several recurrent CN changes identified, 8q24.13‐q24.1‐gain (MYC), 8p‐loss (TNFRSF10A/B, also known as TRAIL1/2) and 2p16.1‐p14‐gain (REL/BCL11A) appeared frequently represented. 8p‐loss and 2p16.1‐p14‐gain also appeared clinically relevant and predicted significant shorter time from diagnosis to treatment (8p‐loss) and overall survival (8p‐loss and 2p16.1‐p14‐gain, P < 0·05). These observations document a highly unstable genome in 17p‐ CLL and suggest that additional genes outside the TP53 locus may be important for tumour behaviour.