bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A perceptual representation in the frontal eye field during covert visual search that is more reliable than the behavioral report
Authors: Trageser Jason C. , Monosov Ilya E. , Zhou Yifeng , Thompson Kirk G. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractNeuronal activity in the frontal eye field (FEF) identifies locations of behaviorally important objects for guiding attention and eye movements. We recorded neural activity in the FEF of monkeys trained to manually turn a lever towards the location of a pop‐out target of a visual search array without shifting gaze. We examined whether the reliability of the neural representation of the salient target location predicted the monkeys’ accuracy of reporting target location. We found that FEF neurons reliably encoded the location of the target stimulus not only on correct trials but also on error trials. The representation of target location in FEF persisted until the manual behavioral report but did not increase in magnitude. This result suggests that, in the absence of an eye movement report, FEF encodes the perceptual information necessary to perform the task but does not accumulate this sensory evidence towards a perceptual decision threshold. These results provide physiological evidence that, under certain circumstances, accurate perceptual representations do not always lead to accurate behavioral reports and that variability in processes outside of perception must be considered to account for the variability in perceptual choice behavior.
AMPA and metabotropic glutamate receptors cooperatively generate inspiratory‐like depolarization in mouse respiratory neuronsin vitro
Authors: Pace Ryland W. , Del Negro Christopher A. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractExcitatory transmission mediated by AMPA receptors is critical for respiratory rhythm generation. However, the role of AMPA receptors has not been fully explored. Here we tested the functional role of AMPA receptors in inspiratory neurons of the neonatal mouse preBötzinger complex (preBötC) using anin vitroslice model that retains active respiratory function. Immediately before and during inspiration, preBötC neurons displayed envelopes of depolarization, dubbed inspiratory drive potentials, that required AMPA receptors but largely depended on the Ca2+‐activated non‐specific cation current (ICAN). We showed that AMPA receptor‐mediated depolarization opened voltage‐gated Ca2+channels to directly evokeICAN. Inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate receptor‐mediated intracellular Ca2+release also evokedICAN. Inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate receptors acted downstream of group I metabotropic glutamate receptor activity but, here too, AMPA receptor‐mediated Ca2+influx was essential to trigger the metabotropic glutamate receptor contribution to inspiratory drive potential generation. This study helps to elucidate the role of excitatory transmission in respiratory rhythm generationin vitro. AMPA receptors in preBötC neurons initiate convergent signaling pathways that evoke post‐synapticICAN, which underlies inspiratory drive potentials. The coupling of AMPA receptors withICANsuggests that latent burst‐generating intrinsic conductances are recruited by excitatory synaptic interactions among preBötC neurons in the context of respiratory network activityin vitro, exemplifying a rhythmogenic mechanism based on emergent properties of the network.
The characterization of Tasmanian devilSarcophilius harrisiipelage fibres and their associated lipids
Authors: Church J. S. , Evans D. J. , Woodhead A. L. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilius harrisii) is the largest living marsupial carnivore left on Earth. In this paper we report the results of the first thorough characterization of the keratin fibres comprising the Tasmanian devil pelage. The fibre's morphology, structure, composition and surface have been investigated. The results have been compared with those of a number of other mammalian species including carnivores and herbivores. The fibres structure was found to be consistent with that expected for a keratin fibre. From the results of the bound lipid analysis it can be concluded that the Tasmanian devil is a typical mammal in which the 21‐carbon atom anteiso branched fatty acid is the predominant bound fatty acid. This is consistent with the Tasmanian devil's position in the mammalian phylogenetic tree. The amino acid analysis places the devil in line with other carnivores. The high cystine and proline content may correlate with the Tasmanian devil's diet which is rich in muscle and collagen proteins.
COMPLICATIONS FOLLOWING URETERO‐ILEOSTOMY IN CHILDHOOD AND THE USE OF CUTANEOUS URETEROSTOMY IN ADVANCED LESIONS1
Authors: Johnston J. H. , Rickham P. P. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARYThe complications following uretero‐ileostomy in a series of thirty‐one children are described‐with special reference to the occurrence of post‐operative hyperchloræmic acidosis.The indications for cutaneous ureterostomy in patients with advanced obstructive lesions of the urinary tract are discussed and four cases treated by this method are described in some detail.
THE USE AND FUNCTION OF THE ARTIFICIAL KIDNEY1
Authors: Parsons F. M. , McCracken B. H. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARY1. The results obtained in 129 dialyses on eighty‐five patients are presented.2. Modifications to the Kolff‐Brigham artificial kidney to increase flow rate and dialysing surface area are described.3. Some details of the properties of cellophane as a dialysing membrane are given.4. The effect of flow rate, dialysing surface area, and diffusion gradient on clearance rates are presented.5. Preliminary dialysis of the citrated blood in the machine is suggested.
RETROPERITONEAL VASCULITIS WITH PERIVASCULAR FIBROSIS
Authors: Kay R. G. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARYA florid case of retroperitoneal fibrosis with severe vascular as well as urinary complications is described.The ætiology is discussed and from a study of the available literature it is concluded that the basic disorder is a vasculitis with similarities to polyarteritis nodosa or the necrotising arteritis of Wegener.Widespread general effects, notably obscure pain, anorexia, and weight loss may precede, by months or years, the more overt ureteric obstructive manifestations: joint symptoms, pericarditis, and respiratory infection may also occur.Obstruction of the inferior vena cava and arterial insufficiency may develop.A raised sedimentation rate is an index of activity. Serum protein changes are non‐specific. Anaemia may be an early manifestation.There is evidence that the connective tissue changes may be widespread and even involve the mediastinum.There is a tendency towards eventual self‐limitation of the disease.Ureterolysis is an efficient method for treatment of the functional obstruction of the ureters and steroid therapy may be of help.
Carcinoma of the Bladder complicating Cyclophosphamide Therapy
Authors: ANSELL I. D. , CASTRO J. E. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryTwo patients with cyclophosphamide induced cystitis and co‐existent bladder tumour are described. Possible mechanisms for these associated diseases are discussed and the difficulty of diagnosing bladder tumour in patients with haemorrhagic cystitis is stressed.
IgG Catabolism in Anephric Patients
Authors: SOUHAMI R. L. , BAKER L. R. I. , PLATT H. S. , FELDMAN T. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryThe catabolism of purified human 125I labelled IgG has been studied in patients with chronic renal failure, both nephrectomised and non‐nephrectomised, on intermittent haemodialysis.In all patients the T1/2 of IgG was the same as in normal controls, and using chromatographic separation on Sephadex G200, there was no evidence of alteration of molecular size as a result of dialysis.The results do not support the notion that the kidney is an important site of IgG catabolism in humans.
Ileal Urinary Diversion in Patients with Renal Transplants
Authors: CASTRO J. E. , MUSTAPHA N. , MEE A. D. , SHACKMAN R. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryIleal urinary diversion has been carried out on 8 occasions in 7/215 kidney transplant patients. In 6 instances the diversion was required either because the bladder had previously been removed or there was gross abnormality of the outflow tract: in 2 it was successfully employed to deal with difficult post‐transplantation urinary fistulae.4 patients died: 3 within 2 months and 1 at 9 months after the operation.Infection, with organisms indistinguishable from those cultured from the ileal loop, was a common complication and, although there were other significant factors which contributed to the mortality, retrospective consideration suggests that energetic prophylactic antibacterial therapy should be instituted when kidney transplantation with ileal urinary diversion is undertaken.
Urinary Tract Infection following Trans‐rectal Biopsy of the Prostate
Authors: FAWCETT D. P. , EYKYN SUSANNAH , BULTITUDE M. I. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryAn unacceptably high incidence of urinary tract infection was found in a retrospective survey of patients undergoing trans‐rectal biopsy of the prostate.The incidence was considerably greater than that found in a prospective survey of bladder endoscopy alone.It is suggested that preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis might be worthwhile in this situation.
Stone Screening and Follow‐up are Necessary?
Authors: WILLIAMS G. , CHISHOLM G. D. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryIn a series of 120 patients with renal stones 60% were found to have a treatable metabolic abnormality. Idiopathic hypercalciuria and the incomplete form of renal tubular acidosis were the two most common abnormalities. Both conditions in the untreated form were associated with an unacceptably high stone recurrence rate and incidence of change. In view of this, follow‐up is considered essential and if medical treatment is to be offered this should be in the form of a controlled clinical trial.
Hyperthermic Perfusion of the Distended Urinary Bladder in the Management of Recurrent Transitional Cell Carcinoma
Authors: LUDGATE C. M. , McLEAN N. , CARSWELL G. F. , NEWSAM J. E. , PETTIGREW R. T. , TULLOCH W. SELBY 
Published: November 2008

SummaryThe clinical and histological changes following hyperthermic perfusion of the distended urinary bladder have been studied in 13 patients with transitional cell carcinoma, persistent after radical radiotherapy. Continuous epidural anaesthesia was necessary to achieve a constant state of bladder relaxation during irrigation of the distended bladder.This form of hyperthermic perfusion of the bladder was effective in arresting uncontrollable haemorrhage from bladder tumours and may be of value in the treatment of this complication.Perfusion at an outflow temperature of 44°C for 4 hours caused tumour necrosis. It was, however, associated with damage to the vasculature of the bladder and frequency of micturition which persisted after mucosal recovery. Perfusion at 43 °C also caused tumour necrosis and the after effects were less severe.
200 Infertile Males: Correlation of Chromosome, Histological, Endocrine and Clinical Studies
Authors: HENDRY W. F. , POLANI P. E. , PUGH R. C. B. , SOMMERVILLE I. F. , WALLACE D. M. 
Published: November 2008

SummarySomatic and meiotic chromosomes have been studied prospectively in 200 subfertile males. The results have been correlated with clinical, seminal and endocrinological features, with histological findings in testicular biopsies and with response to conventional treatment.Somatic chromosome abnormalities were found in 3·5% of cases and variants of the Y chromosome were found in 10·5 %. Definite abnormalities in meiotic chromosomes were observed in 20% of these patients, including supernumerary chromosomes, low chiasma frequency and asynapsis, and translocations. Many of these abnormalities occurred as mosaics, presumably a result of meiotic mutation. In 4 cases, a previously unrecognised abnormality in pachynemas has been defined. Absence of meiosis was found in 12% of cases, which correlated well with the histological findings of germinal cell aplasia and elevated urinary FSH levels.It is concluded from this preliminary analysis that abnormalities in meiosis may account for the decreased spermatogenesis and poor response to treatment in at least 20% of subfertile men. However, these abnormalities do not constitute a contra‐indication to treatment as normal pregnancies can still be produced, in a few cases albeit, sometimes requiring monitoring.
In VitroStudies of Subcalyceal Upper Urinary Tract Muscle in Multicalyceal Kidneys
Authors: LONGRIGG N. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryIsolated preparations of porcine renal pelvis and ureter were investigated by an isometric technique.The majority of pelvis muscle preparations exhibited spontaneous activity as did those taken from the upper two‐thirds of the ureter, whilst lower‐third ureteral specimens remained inactive.By the use of some autonomic drug agonists and antagonists the presence of β‐adrenoceptors and muscarinic receptors was demonstrated at all sites. Evidence of β‐adrenoceptor activity was noted in pelvis muscle and also in preparations from the upper two‐thirds of the ureter.Results of electrical stimulation experiments with similar preparations were shown to be against the concept of any effective innervation of these receptor sites.These findings are compared with earlier studies on the calyx of the same animal, and are discussed in relation to the possibility of the calyx acting as a primary pacemaker site for the upper urinary tract in animals with multicalyceal kidneys.
Conservative Management of Renal Tuberculosis
Authors: HORNE N. W. , TULLOCH W. SELBY 
Published: November 2008

SummaryThe conservative management of 60 patients suffering from renal tuberculosis is reported. Following chemotherapy, bacteriological conversion to negative was obtained in all patients. 2 patients (3·3 %) relapsed due to failure to take adequate treatment.Evidence of ureteric obstruction was obtained in 30 patients (50%)—23 at the time of diagnosis, 6 during treatment and 1 at the time of relapse. Following corticosteroid treatment relief of obstruction was obtained in 72%.Nephrectomy was carried out in 4 patients (6·7 %) but in only 1 of these was the operation carried out for reasons which we now consider valid.
The Diagnosis of Renal Pseudotumours
Authors: CARTY A. T. , SHORT M. D. , O'CONNELL M. E. A. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryThe radiological features of 13 cases of renal pseudotumour due to infolding of the columns of Bertin are presented. 5 of these patients (38 %) had partial duplication of the renal pelvis. Pseudo—tumours show as space‐occupying lesions at urography. At angiography they show a clearly defined nephrogram but no abnormal vessels, no pooling of contrast medium and no early venous filling.Radio‐isotope scans on 4 cases of pseudotumour showed uptake at the site of the pseudotumour in contrast to cysts and carcinomas which are known to show diminished uptake.
The Structure and Innervation of Smooth Muscle in the Wall of the Bladder Neck and Proximal Urethra
Authors: GOSLING JOHN A. , DIXON JOHN S. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryNeurohistochemical and electron microscopic techniques have been employed to compare the structure and autonomic innervation of the bladder detrusor with that of the bladder neck and urethra in male and female cats, rats and guinea‐pigs. In all specimens the structure and arrangement of smooth muscle in the detrusor was different from that in the bladder neck and proximal urethra. In male specimens this circular smooth muscle extended into the proximal urethra as far as the entrance of the ejaculatory ducts. A similar muscle coat was less well developed in the female but could be identified along the length of the urethra.Differences in the distribution of autonomic nerves have also been demonstrated. Presumptive cholinergic nerves were frequently encountered amongst the smooth muscle cells of the detrusor whilst noradrenergic nerves were relatively sparse. In contrast, muscle in the bladder neck and urethra was richly innervated by both types of autonomic nerve. In the male these findings are considered to provide support for the concept of a sphincteric mechanism which prevents retrograde ejaculation. In both sexes the possible functional role of the autonomic innervation of the bladder neck and proximal urethra during micturition has also been discussed.
Asymptomatic Phaeochromocytoma of the Bladder Co‐existing with Carcinoma
Authors: LEONG C. H. , WONG K. K. , SAW D. 
Published: November 2008

Phaeochromocytomata characteristically occur in the adrenals. Extra‐adrenal sites have also been reported in 10% of cases (Fries and Chamberlin, 1968; Remine et al., 1974; Van Way et al., 1974).The urinary bladder is one of the possible extra‐adrenal sites. The first report of a phaeochromocytoma of the urinary bladder was made by Zimmerman et al. (1953). Since then 35 other cases have been reported in the literature (Sarma, 1969; Albores‐Saavedra et al., 1969; Cummins, Hill and Williams, 1969; Silver et al., 1971; Bogaert and Vermeulen, 1972; Doctor, Phadke and Sirsat, 1972; Remine et al.., 1974).We report one further case of phaeochromocytoma of the urinary bladder, with the exceptional features of:(a) Absence of symptoms connected with phaeochromocytoma;(b) Association with bladder carcinoma.
A.I.D.—A Review of 200 Cases
Authors: NEWILL ROBERT 
Published: November 2008

Very little has been written in British medical journals about the problems associated with artificial insemination from a donor (A.I.D.). This is probably because A.I.D. is a medical service which in the United Kingdom is almost confined to private medicine and is done only rarely in National Health Service hospital practice.This is a review of 200 childless couples referred for A.I.D. in the past 2 years by gynaecologists, urologists and general practitioners.
Urological Follow‐up of 99 Spinal Cord Injured Patients initially managed by Intermittent Catheterisation
Authors: PEARMAN JOHN W. 
Published: November 2008

Summary99 spinal cord injured patients who were initially managed by intermittent catheterisation have been followed up for an average of 36 months (6 to 81 months) since their discharge from hospital.The urological results in this group of patients have been compared with those of 2 series in which indwelling catheters were used in the initial period.It appears that initial bladder management by intermittent catheterisation allows a higher percentage of patients to become catheter‐free and gives a lower incidence of urological coniplications.The average incidence of re‐infection of the urinary tracts and the condition of the upper tracts compares favourably with those reported after management by indwelling catheterisation.The work of the Catheter Team: Sister L. P. Riley, Mr A. A. Fisher, Mr J. L. Trewhella and Mr M. V. Gent is highly appreciated—without their dedication these results would not have been achieved, I am indebted to Mrs P. J. Eloy for typing the manuscript.
Functional Obstruction of the Ureter and Renal Pelvis. A Histological and Electron Microscopic Study
Authors: GOSLING J. A. , DIXON J. S. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Histological, histochemical and electron microscopic techniques have been used to compare dilated and normal calibre segments of ureter and renal pelvis in cases of idiopathic hydronephrosis and primary obstructive megaureter. In both conditions a marked increase in collagen and elastic tissue occurs in the wall of the distended segment and this infiltration extends throughout the proximal dilated ureter and renal pelvis.Evidence is presented to show that in the dilated segment, smooth muscle cells are directly involved in the synthesis of connective tissue elements. These findings support the view that the primary anomaly in idiopathic hydronephrosis and primary obstructive megaureter can be attributed to a malfunction of smooth muscle cells in the ureter and renal pelvis. However, the possibility remains that the changes in smooth muscle are secondary and have been induced by obstruction and distension caused in these pathological conditions by unknown aetiological factors.
The Influence of Wound Drainage on the Infection Rate in Kidney Transplant Patients
Authors: WALTER STEEN , POULSEN LARS RYTTER , FRIEDBERG MICHAEL , VEJLSGAARD RENÉ 
Published: November 2008

Summary— The frequency of wound infection was studied in 92 patients who had received cadaver kidneys.Wound drainage was performed in 26 patients and not performed in 66 patients. Wound infection was found in 31% of the wounds with drainage and in 14% of wounds without primary drainage.The results were compared with the frequency of 34% infected wounds in a previous report where wound drainage was performed routinely.It is advised that, when possible, wound drainage should be avoided.
Diagnostic Catheterisation and Bacteriuria in Women with Urinary Incontinence
Authors: WALTER STEEN , VEJLSGAARD RENÉ 
Published: November 2008

Summary— The risk of single catheterisation in females with urinary incontinence and/or genital prolapse was studied in patients referred for urodynamic examination.Two hundred and eighty‐six single catheterisations were performed followed by a mid‐stream specimen 1 week later, and in 31 of these the initial specimen contained more than 105bacteria.Following catheterisation bacteriuria occurred in 5 (2%) of the patients with initially sterile urine.The phenomenon of “asymptomatic bacteriuria”, “transient significant bacteriuria” and “bladder defence mechanism” is discussed.The risk of introducing urinary tract infection in urodynamic studies is low.
Inosine: Clinical Results of lschaemic Renal Surgery
Authors: WICKHAM J. E. A. , FERNANDO A. R. , HENDRY W. F. , WATKINSON L. E. , WHITFIELD H. N. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Ten patients requiring ischaemic renal surgery for calculus or tumour were operated on with the kidney protected by perfusion with a room temperature solution of inosine. The warm ischaemic times ranged from 35 to 75 min (mean 57.1 min).Post‐operative recovery was uneventful in all patients. No adverse cardiodynamic effects due to inosine were noted. There was only moderate transient depression in renal function as assessed by gamma camera renography and serum creatinine estimations. Three of the 10 patients have now been followed for over a year. The results with inosine perfusion are comparable to those obtained with hypothermic protection.
Results of Caecocystoplasty for Tuberculous Bladder Contracture
Authors: ABEL B. J. , GOW J. G. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— The results of caecocystoplasty for tuberculous bladder contracture in 30 patients over a 15‐year period are presented. The operative mortality was 3.3%. Poor renal function was not a contraindication to surgery.The results indicate that caecocystoplasty provided relief of symptoms in over 90% of patients. Renal function was preserved and associated obstructive uropathy was usually relieved. Efficient cystoplasty emptying was observed in 80% of patients if detrusor resection was kept to the minimum consistent with a wide caecovesical anastomosis.
Bladder Rupture: An Acceptable Complication of Distension Therapy?
Authors: HIGSON R. H. , SMITH J. C. , WHELAN P. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Bladder rupture complicating prolonged bladder distension is reviewed. Rupture occurred in 7 of 128 distensions for detrusor instability, in 5 of 34 distensions for interstitial cystitis and in one of 4 distensions for reduced bladder capacity of unknown aetiology.Management of extraperitoneal ruptures should be conservative. lntraperitoneal ruptures should probably be explored.Rupture was more likely if the bladder wall was diseased, the distension pressure exceeded 145 cm H2O, and the patient was more than 50 years old.The eventual outcome of prolonged bladder distension was not adversely affected by bladder rupture.