bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE ECONOMICS OF DECOMPOSITION: RESOURCE ALLOCATION VS TRANSFER PRICING
Authors: Burton R. M. , Damon W. W. , Loughridge D. W. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTTwo distinctively different decomposition algorithms have been developed. Both are analagous to decentralized decision making in the firm. One essentially deals with the allocation of corporate resources by the use of transfer prices charged to the divisions, while the other deals with the direct allocation of fixed quantities of the corporate resources to each division. The analogy of a price coordinated, or transfer pricing, technique to decentralization was developed by Baumol and Fabian [1] and later by Kim [4]. The second approach to decomposition was developed by Kornai and Liptak [5] [6] in an attempt to formulate the planning problem in a Socialist economy. It is the purpose of this paper to develop the analogy of the resource allocation decomposition to decentralized decision making.
HOTEL OVERBOOKING AS A MARKOVIAN SEQUENTIAL DECISION PROCESS*
Authors: Rothstein Marvin 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper deals with the problems of hotel overbooking and the scientific determination of hotel booking policies. The general hotel reservations system is described, and a Markovian sequential decision model is proposed for it. An application of the model is presented, based on an actual sample of hotel data. Because of the significance of the cancellation phenomena in the sample, the model prescribes a substantial amount of overbooking. The paper concludes with comments regarding the necessity for and course of future research in this area.
A SECTIONING SEARCH APPROACH TO AGGREGATE PLANNING OF PRODUCTION AND WORK FORCE
Authors: Goodman David A. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe use of search and heuristic methods as a means of solving nonlinear aggregate planning models has been given considerable attention in recent years. A few of these methods have shown promising results. In this paper a sectioning search procedure is explored as an alternative means of solving nonlinear aggregate planning models. Application is made to two test cases, and the results are compared with those of other solution methods.
EVALUATING MULTIPLE CRITERIA—MODELS FOR TWO‐CRITERIA SITUATIONS
Authors: Smith Lee H. , Lawless Robert W. , Shenoy Bhamy 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTA general procedure is given for evaluating various alternatives (e.g., investments, projects, systems, etc.) involving two criteria of evaluation. The method involves the detailed questioning of decision makers as to preferences between various combinations of pre‐selected sets of alternatives under various conditions. From the responses to such questions, a mathematical function which can be applied repeatedly for implementing choices between other alternatives is established. An example of the application of the procedure is given, along with discussion of certain ramifications of the example. In addition to the specific application, potential extensions of the technique are discussed briefly.
AN EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP OF UNCERTAINTY IN THE ENVIRONMENT TO INFORMATION USED BY DECISION MAKERS*
Authors: Schroeder Roger G. , Benbasat Izak 
Published: June 2007

This paper discusses the relationship between uncertainty in a decision making environment and the desired characteristics of information used for decision making. The work is aimed at providing a better understanding of the variables that affect the design of Management Information Systems. An experiment was conducted using an inventory simulator. The subjects could decide on inventory control variables and the amount and type of information to be used in monitoring system performance. The demand for inventory was an external random variable under the control of the experimenter. The experiment investigated how different demand variances affected the decision information used, the decisions made, and the resulting decision effectiveness (cost.)It was found that decision review frequency was not affected by demand variability. However, age and degree of summary of information used were greatly affected. Subjects exposed to high variability used data with a shorter history and a higher level of detail than those exposed to low variability. It was also found that the number of reports used increased from the low to middle variance group, then decreased at very high variance. Subjects tended to “give‐up” on their information system at high variance, and they relied on additional safety stock to prevent frequent stockouts. Finally, the correlation between the information used and decision effectiveness as measured by cost was low. This result was contrary to the subjects' beliefs that more and better information produced “better” decisions. It indicates that although variability may strongly affect preferences for different types of information, the information used may not in turn affect decision performance.
AN EMPIRICAL EXAMINATION OF SOCIAL POWER IN TERMS OF DECISION THEORY1
Authors: Pollard William E. , Mitchell Terence R. , Beach Lee Roy 
Published: June 2007

The paper presents an extension of decision theory to the analysis of social power. The power of a person, A, over another person, B, is viewed in terms of the effect A has on B's decision. The analysis is based on the idea that B's decision regarding the performance of alternative behaviors is a function of 1) B's utility for the consequences of the behaviors and 2) B's subjective probabilities that the behaviors will lead to these consequences. In these terms, A's power over B lies in A's ability to mediate various consequences for B, contingent upon B's compliance or noncompliance.Subjects were asked to consider eight situations in which hypothetical individuals had to make a choice between two courses of action. In each situation another person (A) was attempting to induce the hypothetical individual (B) to choose one of the alternatives, while various situational factors were influencing B to choose the other alternative. The subjects were asked to consider B's utilities and subjective probabilities in each situation and to indicate whether or not B should comply with A and to make ratings of A's power. The decision theory analysis did well in predicting whether or not subjects would indicate that B should comply with A. Also, subjects generally were able to correctly specify whether A or the situational factors had more influence over B's decision. Finally, the subjects' ratings of A's power in the eight situations were highly related to the decision theoretic measure of power.
CONFIDENCE INTERVALS FOR ABSORBING MARKOV CHAIN PROBABILITIES APPLIED TO LOAN PORTFOLIOS
Authors: Karson Marvin J. , Wrobleski William J. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe problem of estimating steady state absorption probabilities for first order stationary Markov chains having a finite state space is examined. As model parameters, these probabilities are analytic functions of transition probabilities Q and R, and they can be represented as P= (I‐Q)‐1R. Estimators P&#x030c; may be obtained by replacing the transition probabilities by their maximum likelihood estimators Q and Ř under multinomial theory. Using large sample multivariate normal theory, one can derive the asymptotic distribution of these estimators and can obtain large sample confidence intervals. Finally, an application related to estimating loss reserves for an installment loan portfolio assumed to satisfy a Markov chain is discussed.
LEARNING WITH DETERMINISTIC DECISION RULES
Authors: Hadar Josef 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTWhile many problems of uncertainty are commonly analyzed by means of stochastic models, under certain circumstances this may not be an appropriate approach. The latter situation arises when the decision maker knows that the uncertain variables are not generated by a stochastic process, or when he is unwilling, or unable, to compute subjective probabilities. One of the nonstochastic approaches to uncertainty is the expectational approach in which the decision maker forms deterministic expectations about the uncertain aspects of his environment.This paper is concerned with some criteria for selecting among available expectations, or anticipations functions, and the possibility of ordering them according to these criteria. This study focuses especially on the learning criterion. The discussion brings out conceptual problems in connection with the definition of learning, as well as some technical difficulties that one encounters when attempting to compare different anticipations functions from the point of view of the learning criterion. As an illustration of the issues discussed, the paper reports on the results of some simulated decision rules. These show that decision rules in which no learning takes place, and in which some information is ignored, may perform better than more sophisticated rules.
AN ANALYSIS OF PORTFOLIO REVISION STRATEGIES UTILIZING VARIABLE REVISION INTERVALS*
Authors: Nast Donald A. , Philippatos George C. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper investigates portfolio revision with an emphasis on the decision of when to revise. A statistical technique based on the sequential analysis of the time series of portfolio return relatives determines when revision is to occur. The technique detects changes in the time series which are an indication that the underlying generating process of the time series has changed and that the portfolio should be, if necessary, revised. Thus, the length of the revision interval is variable and a function of the data. The statistical technique is utilized in conjunction with three portfolio revision strategies. These three revision strategies are compared to a buy and hold policy over three nonoverlapping, 12‐year investment horizons. The basis of comparison is the net terminal values which include adjustments for transaction costs and taxes. The sensitivity of the statistical technique to its parameters is also analyzed.
THE EFFECTS OF INTERDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL FORMATS ON CONCEPT RETENTION AND PROBLEM–SOLVING ABILITY*
Authors: Ault David , Rutman Gilbert 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to examine the effects of different interdisciplinary problem‐oriented formats on a student's knowledge of and retention of disciplinary concepts and principles, his application of these concepts and principles to disciplinary problems, and his use of a discipline in his analysis of a complex problem. Performances of students enrolled in the experimental sections were compared to those of students enrolled in standard lecture‐discussion sections. Regression analysis was used to analyze students' performance in order to control the effects of differences in student backgrounds.It was found that altering the pedagogical format and reward system within the experimental sections had no significant effect upon student performances in the experimental, problem‐oriented program. In general, this study indicates that students taught in the standard lecture‐discussion format in which grades are determined by examination over course material retain concepts and principles, apply these concepts and principles to disciplinary problems, and integrate disciplinary concepts into their analysis of complex problems as well as, if not better than, students taught in an interdisciplinary, problem‐solving format.
EXPLORING MARKET PRICING STRATEGIES VIA DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING
Authors: Davis K. Roscoe , Simmons L. F. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTPrice determinants as well as strategies can be studies by use of simulation, particularly if cost and price relationships can be related to market activity [1] [9] [11]. But, through the use of dynamic programming, given the market conditions, one can extend the analysis to include an optimal strategy.This paper describes a dynamic programming approach to studying price strategy. A model is developed to show that in a market characterized by cost/volume and price/volume relationships, profitability can be extended beyond that resulting from a dominant market strategy to an optimal maximizing strategy. Extension of the model is suggested for studying (a) sensitivity of a strategy (solution) to price level and cost changes, (b) optimal timing of withdrawal, and (c) present value analysis.
THE NEW BREAK‐POINT METHOD OF IDENTIFYING A COST ORIENTED MARKET BOUNDARY
Authors: Kuo Kung‐Mo , Constantin James A. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTTraditional methods of identifying cost‐oriented market boundaries have three fundamental deficiencies. They assume transportation charges are proportional to distance. Second, where non‐proportional cost‐distance relationships are considered, a high degree of abstraction, generally stopping at the purely theoretical level, is present. Third, because of the time consuming and tedious work required, they appear to be operationally unfeasible.The method presented in this paper accommodates certain non‐linear transportation cost‐distance relationships and is operationally feasible in cost‐oriented market area analyses.
MANAGERIAL DECISION MAKING UNDER INTRANSITIVE CONDITIONS: AN INTERNATIONAL STUDY OF THE VOTER'S PARADOX
Authors: Cummings Larry L. , Harnett Donald L. , Hamner W. Clay 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTResearchers and scholars have been concerned for many years with the normative aspects of amalgamating individual preferences to form a group decision. The present paper studies how managers actually make decisions involving intransitive preference functions by examining how the Voter's Paradox Conflict (VPC) is actually resolved by homogeneous groups of subjects from five different populations (Denmark, England, Switzerland, U.S. Private, and U.S. Military). The results showed that level of cooperation, the reward structure (real versus imaginary money), and experience with the VPC are the major factors relating to the solution obtained. Nationality differences explained little of the variance in decision outcomes. Intrasitivity in preferences seems to be handled similarly by executives in the countries studied. Interpretations are drawn in the context of cooperative and competitive decision theory and for cross‐cultural decision research.
THE MANAGEMENT OF WILDERNESS AREAS: A SIMULATION MODEL
Authors: Smith V. Kerry , Webster David B. , Heck Norman A. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper describes a travel simulation model developed to analyze the effects of alternative management practices on the quality of low‐density recreation experiences. The model represents the first attempt to represent the travel behavior of wilderness recreationists in a format consistent with the analysis of management policy. The model can accommodate large scale areas and has been applied to the Spanish Peaks Area in Montana and the Desolation Wilderness in California. It is illustrated with a simple example. Experience with the framework suggests that it can function as an instrument for managerial policy with wilderness areas.
MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS PLANNING UNDER UNCERTAINTY
Authors: Whybark D. Clay , Williams J. Gregg 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper presents a framework for characterizing and studying the uncertainty which can affect inventory investment and service level performance in a material requirements planning (MRP) system. It also presents the results of a simulation experiment which compared two techniques (safety stock and safety lead time) for building inventory to protect against uncertainty. The simulation results disclose consistent differences between the techniques in protecting a representative part against timing and quantity uncertainty in both demand and supply for the part. The paper not only provides some initial insights into the behavior of MRP systems under uncertainty, but also establishes some guidelines for choosing between safety stock and safety lead time.
THE SYNTHESIS OF HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURES: TECHNIQUE AND APPLICATIONS
Authors: Waller Robert J. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTHierarchical structures are an important property of all complex systems and play an important role in the decision and policy sciences. The methodology described in this paper provides a systematic and efficient approach to the synthesis of hierarchies, regardless of their size or intricacy. Two applications are briefly discussed, and other applications are suggested.
START UP OR LEARNING CURVES–SOME NEW APPROACHES
Authors: Pegels C. Carl 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe traditional start up or learning curve is presented in a somewhat different way to encourage increased application of the start up curve as a useful tool for management planning, control, and decision purposes. It is shown that the parameter estimation problem can be avoided in those situations in which the percent start up or learning is known or can be estimated.Several interesting approaches allowing simplified computations are presented for those common situations in which (a) the point at which the marginal cost per unit stabilizes is known, (b) the cost of the first unit is known, and (c) the percent start up for both (a) and (b) is known.The relationship between breakeven analysis and start up curves is shown, as well as the relationship between marginal cost‐revenue analysis and start up curves.
DYNAMIC OPERATING RULES FOR MOTEL RESERVATIONS
Authors: Ladany Shaul P. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTWhen customers call a motel or a hotel to reserve a particular room (large, small, suites, single‐bed, double‐bed, etc.) decisions have to be made concerning the allocation of the available rooms. This paper presents a model for determining the maximum number of specific bookings that should be made for each type of room. The objective is to maximize the expected contribution to profit per rental day. The model considers the distribution of requests for reservations over time as well as cancellations. Also included are the effects of late (unbooked) arrivals and overbookings.
THE EFFECTS OF TWO NORMATIVE STRUCTURAL INTERVENTIONS ON ESTABLISHED AND AD HOC GROUPS: IMPLICATIONS FOR IMPROVING DECISION MAKING EFFECTIVENESS1
Authors: Nemiroff Paul M. , Pasmore William A. , Ford David L. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper focuses on a direct comparison of consensual, nominal, and conventional decision making techniques in established and ad hoc groups. The impact of the structural interventions on group decision quality and group attitudes is examined, and the appropriateness of the techniques in various situations is discussed.
THE IMPACT OF POLLUTION CONTROL ON CONSUMER INCOME A METHODOLOGICAL STUDY
Authors: Yan Chiou‐Shuang , Chung An‐Min 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper develops a methodology for assessing the impact of a comprehensive pollution control program on income distribution. A regional input‐output table is employed to determine the overall effect of pollution control costs on prices. These price changes, are then translated into changes in consumption expenditures by income groups, which serve as a measure of the impact on consumers.The validity of this methodology is tested on the metropolitan Philadelphia region. It was found that the EPA air quality standards would raise the spending of middle income groups by about 3 percent as compared to about 2 percent increase for the highest and the lowest income groups.The paper concludes with an examination of the advantages and limitations of the proposed methodology.
USING SPECTRAL ANALYSIS FOR FORECAST MODEL SELECTION
Authors: Reinmuth James E. , Geurts Michael D. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTSpectral analysis can be used to determine the general class of forecasting models which should be considered for purposes of generating forecasts of a marketing time series. Power spectral estimates and cross‐spectral estimates can aid in selecting the most appropriate model when several variations of the predetermined class are under consideration.
SOME INSTRUMENTALITY‐VALENCE MODELS OF UNDERGRADUATE COLLEGE CHOICE
Authors: Connolly Terry , Vines Carol V. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper reports an extension of valence‐instrumentality‐expectancy (VIE) type models of organizational choice to the decision process of high school students selecting undergraduate colleges. Using questionnaire data from 714 respondents, interactive vatence‐instrumentality models correctly predicted 68% of actual choices. A number of alternative models are evaluated, and several areas for refinement and extension of this study are identified.
QUALITATIVE VARIABLE DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS AND ITS USE IN PRODUCT VERSION SELECTION
Authors: Reinmuth James E. , Hawkins Del I. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this article is to illustrate the use of multiple discriminant analysis in those cases in which all discriminating variables are qualitative. The authors will show that an appropriate qualitative variable discriminant analysis model is a reformulation of the Bayesian decision theoretic model. Rules for the use of multiple discriminant analysis also are suggested for the cases in which some variables are qualitative and some are measurable on at least an interval scale. The qualitative variable discriminant analysis model is illustrated as an appropriate device for selecting a product version that will minimize a manufacturer's risk of product introduction.
DECISION RULES IN PRODUCTION PLANNING UNDER CHANGE‐CONSTRAINED SALES*
Authors: Gupta S. K. , Sengupta J. K. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTAlternative decision rules for aggregate production scheduling are specified here under chance‐constrained sales and compared with the HMMS model. These rules are evaluated for their performance on the basis of simulated data on sales and it is found that the linear decision rules of the HMMS model can be considerably improved.
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF THE EFFECTS OF MULTICOLLINEARITY
Authors: Weber Jean E. , Monarchi David E. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper considers the effects of multicollinearity on the multiple coefficient of determination and on the standard errors of the estimated regression coefficients. Limiting results are well known for these problems, and some particular cases have been investigated. However, the limiting cases do not explain the nonmonotonic relationships that have been observed in practice. This paper explores these relationships and attempts to provide a unifying graphical explanation that includes the previous results as special cases. Implications for stepwise regression and for the interpretation of any multiple regression involving multicollinear independent variables are discussed.
COMPLIANCE WITH THE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ACT: A MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMMING FRAMEWORK
Authors: Taylor Bernard W. , Davis K. Roscoe , Ryan Lanny J. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTAs a result of the passage of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, many employers are confronted with a multiple decision situation. The employer would like to comply with federally imposed standards as quickly as possible, but the employer must consider the budgetary limits under which he can profitably operate while achieving compliance. A goal programming model can be formulated to solve the problem. In this paper a review of the OSHA requirements is made, and a case example is presented to demonstrate the applicability of goal programming to resolving the budgetary pressure of OSHA compliance.