bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The detergents and water quality standards
Authors: Weinberger L. W. , Powers T. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe residual surfactants in watercourses as a result of detergent use have made the public more aware of water pollution. This awareness has accelerated the Federal water pollution control program especially in the research area.Research at two new Public Health Service laboratories will define the effects of specific materials on specific water uses. All of the detergents in common use will be studied. These research findings coupled with the comprehensive drainage basin studies will permit management decisions on the limiting concn of materials in water. p]Another phase of research which concerns the PHS is the development of new methods to remove more materials from waste waters. The active participation and cooperation of industry is needed in this endeavor in order to arrive at water quality standards which are readily attainable. The detergents could well be an indicator of efficiency in removing organic materials from waste waters.
Environmental effects of terpenoid chemicals: a review
Authors: Rogers I. H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractEntry of terpenes into the atmosphere occurs by volatilization of hydrocarbons from foliage, especially over forest lands. These compounds react photochemically with ozone, causing a blue haze. The total volume of reactive hydrocarbons released naturally appears several times greater than that from man's activities. Diterpenes also enter the environment through surface water runoff. Recently dehydroabietic acid and other terpenoidal compounds were found in ocean sediments, deposited by rivers. Few cases of air pollution can be related to industrial operations or processing of terpenes. Veneer dryer stack gas emissions cause an aesthetic problem, controllable by better modes of operation. Workers in soldering operations require protection from fumes caused by use of rosin cores. Rosin and rosin derivatives are virtually nontoxic to mammals and find use in food packaging applications. Sulfate turpentine is the source of pinenes for manufacture of synthetic flavors and perfumes. Resin acids and related diterpenes are, however, acutely toxic to aquatic organisms and can cause severe problems to fisheries if released in pulp mill wastes. Both monoterpenes and diterpenes are biodegradable. The future widespread use of toxaphene as an insecticide is uncertain because of its toxicity to aquatic fauna and relatively long persistence in soils and sediments. Recent results have demonstrated microbiological uptake of toxaphene components leading to problems of bioaccumulation through the food chain.
Relation of days after flowering to chemical composition and physiological maturity of sunflower seed
Authors: Robertson J. A. , Chapman G. W. , Wilson R. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractHybrid sunflower seed (achene) were collected from plants at 7‐day intervals after the initiation of flowering which occurred 58 days after planting. The seed were analyzed for moisture, total oil, free fatty acids, lipid classes, and fatty acid composition. Seed dry weight, oil and triglyceride contents were maximum 35 days after the initiation of flowering (DAF) when the seed moisture content was about 36%. This point was defined as “physiological maturity” for sunflowers. The fatty acid composition of the oil extracted from the seed was determined at each stage of maturity. Total saturated fatty acids were 27% at 7 DAF and then decreased to a constant 9% by 35 DAF. At 7 DAF, linolenic acid content was 10.7% then decreased to less than 0.1% by 28 DAF. Oleic acid was about 12% at 7 DAF, increased to 59.6% at 14 DAF, and then gradually decreased to 31.4% by 56 DAF. On the other hand, linoleic acid was about 48% at 7 DAF, decreased to 23% by 14 DAF, but then gradually increased to 59.2% by 56 DAF. An analysis of variance of linoleic and oleic acid contents from 21 DAF to 70 DAF showed a highly significant change in composition with maturation time. The changes in the composition of these fatty acids from 21 DAF to 70 DAF appeared to be related to the environmental temperature which gradually decreased until 56 DAF. Increase in free fatty acids after physiological maturity indicated that deterioration of seed oil was beginning to occur.
The effect of homolog distribution on sodium alcohol sulfate solution viscosity
Authors: McGuire S. E. , Chambless W. H. , Owens R. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSeveral compositional factors influence the viscosity of fatty alcohol sulfate solutions. The effects of free oil and inorganic salts on viscosity are known by most sulfators. Each builds viscosity as its level is increased. The relation between viscosity and alkyl sulfate homolog distribution is more subtle and often overlooked. Some synthetic alcohol manufacturers have the flexibility within the coconut alcohol range to vary the lauryl, myristyl, and cetyl alcohol composition. Mixtures containing high lauryl and cetyl alcohol content yielded alkyl sulfates having low viscosities. Mixtures of lauryl and myristyl alcohol gave high viscosity alkyl sulfates. When restricted to compositions containing all three alcohols, the viscosity of the sodium alkyl sulfate derivative was shown to be dependent on the myristyl sulfate content. Solutions having high myristyl sulfate levels had high viscosities. A. limited solubility study of different sodium lauryl, myristyl, and cetyl alcohol sulfate solutions was made.
A study of dilatation and acoustic propagation in solidifying fats and oils: I. Theoretical
Authors: Povey M. J. W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA theoretical relationship is presented relating acoustic velocity to dilatation in two‐phase systems. The theory is based on studies of seismic propagation by Kuster and Toksöz, who include acoustic propagation in a fluid matrix containing spherical or spheroidal solid inclusions as a special case of their theory. The relationship presented in this paper applies in the long wavelength limit and predicts a linear relationship between acoustic dilatation and volume dilatation in crystallizing liquids, when the acoustic dilatation is much less than unity. I anticipate that this theory may lead to the application of acoustics in the assessment of a wide range of crystallizing systems such as oils.
A fluorometric rapid screen method for aflatoxin in peanuts
Authors: Davis N. D. , Guy M. L. , Diener U. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPeanuts were screened for aflatoxin using a rapid, inexpensive fluorometric method. Peanuts were ground and extracted with methanol, and the extract was treated with acidified zinc‐acetate‐sodium chloride solution, filtered, and diluted with water. Fluorescence of the extracts was compared with that from aflatoxin‐free control peanuts. Test samples (160) of several varieties and grades of sources and were screened for the presence of aflatoxin. One hundred thirty‐five samples (84%) were identified by this method as aflatoxin positive (15 ppb+) or aflatoxin negative (<15 ppb). Although 22 samples (13.6%) were incorrectly labeled as aflatoxin positive, most of these showed evidence of the presence of mold metabolites other than aflatoxin. Three samples (1.8%) were incorrectly labeled as aflatoxin negative when they actually contained 20, 33, and 34 ppb aflatoxin.
A modified method for the determination of anionic surface active compounds
Authors: Weatherburn A. S. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryIn the determination of anionic surface active agents of the sodium alkyl sulphate type, the method of Epton (2) has been modified by the calculation of a blank to be added to the observed titration. Data obtained by this modified method indicate a mean error of 0.85%, based on the theoretical molecular weights of four purified sodium alkyl sulphates, as compared to mean errors of 3.8 and 4.3% for two other commonly used methods. Data obtained by the unmodified Epton method are shown to be dependent on the weight of sample taken for analysis whereas the modified method gave consistent results over a wide range of sample weights.
Mice vaccinated against Nematospiroides dubius with antigens isolated by affinity chromatography from adult worms
Authors: Monroy Fernando G , Dobson Colin 
Published: July 2007

SummaryA crude soluble extract (AWH) obtained from homogenized adult Nematospiraides dubius worms was fractionated into normal (NMIgAg) and immune (IMIgAg) antigens by sequential passage through Sepharose 4B, and CNBr‐activaled Sepharose 4B to which immunoglobulins from normal (NMIg) and N. dubius‐infected mouse serum (IMIg) had been coupled. Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGF) under reducing conditions showed that MNIgAg and IMIgAg contained several proteins with molecular weights (MW) between 20,000 and 200,000. IMIgAg contained 2 polypeptides, MW 24,000 and 55,000, which reacted strongly in western blot analysis against IMIg; the larger molecule related lo a cuticular component of the worm. Protective high MW AWH G‐200 filtrates shared 5 polypeptides with IMIgAg (MW 85,000–200,000) together with several smaller molecules (MW 30,000‐<10,000). The MW 55,000 and 24,000 components concentrated in IMIgAg were restricted to non‐protective low MW AWH gel filtrates. BCFI mice vaccinated with IMIgAg were protected against N. dubius. Worm numbers, size and fecundity were reduced to an extent commensurate with that obtained in mice vaccinated with AWH. Mice vaccinated with NMIgAg showed partial resistance. The role of surface and dominant parasite immunogens in immunity is discussed.
The immunogenicity of tumour cells
Authors: Ashman Leonie K 
Published: July 2007

SummaryImmunological mechanisms are demonstrably of central importance in preventing the development of certain virus‐associated cancers in animals and man; however, they do not appear to fulfil this role in the majority of ‘spontaneous’ tumours. This does not, however, necessarily indicate that spontaneous tumours lack potential target antigens for immunologically mediated destruction. Work in the field of transplantation immunology has clearly shown that certain cell types fail to elicit rejection reactions despite their possession of alloantigens. Similarly, some tumour cell types are poorly immunogenic to the point that they can grow in and kill animals despite a major histocompatability barrier. These tumours are, however, susceptible to destruction in vivo in appropriately allo‐sensitized animals. Thus, some tumours may be able to grow in autologous or syngeneic hosts because of their poor immunogenicity, despite the fact that they express potential (tumour‐associated) rejection antigens. It may be possible to manipulate this situation for therapeutic purposes.
The effect of protein deficiency on systemic release of rat mucosal mast cell protease II during Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection and following systemic anaphylaxis
Authors: Cummins Adrian G , Kenny Anna L , Duncombe Victor M , Bolin Terry D , Davis Alan E 
Published: July 2007

SummarySerum rat mucosal mast cell protease II (RMCPII) was measured in protein‐deficient rats to assess mucosal mast cell (MMC) activation during primary infection with the nematode, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, and during systemic anaphylaxis produced by Nippostrongylus antigen in immune animals. In the first study, serum RMCPII increased 4‐fold by day 15 after infection. By day 20, serum RMCPII continued to rise in protein‐deficient animals, but decreased in nutritionally normal animals. This was associated with impaired worm rejection in protein‐deficient rats. During systemic anaphylaxis, serum RMCPII was elevated in three groups of protein‐deficient rats on 6%, 8% and 10% low protein diets and in nutritionally normal rats. All protein‐deficient rats exhibited 3 to 7‐fold less mucosal permeability of the small intestine to Evan's blue dye injected intravenously compared to nutritionally normal animals following anaphylactic stimulation. These results demonstrated that MMC are activated during infection in protein deficiency, and suggest that reduced MMC function does not explain delay in worm expulsion. Impaired mucosal anaphylaxis in protein deficiency could not be attributed to a failure of MMC response.
Automated leucocyte adherence inhibition testing in patients with colorectal cancer
Authors: McLeod DK , Isbister William H 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThis Paper details our initial experiences with a semi‐automated leucocyte adherence inhibition (SALAI) assay in patients with colorectal disease. Two assay systems were used. Leucocytes from blood donors and patients with different colorectal diagnoses were tested for sensitization to colorectal tumour extracts, and leucocytes from healthy blood donors were assayed with serum from blood donors or patients to determine whether the serum itself contained factors which would react with the non‐sensitized leucocytes in the test system.The sensitivity of the SALAI assay using patients; leucocytes was 64% and the specificity was 68% Discriminant analysis did not affect the sensitivity of the assay for colorectal cancer (64%), although the specificity was increased for all patients except those with malignant disease other than colorectal cancer. The sensitivity of the SALAI assay using patients serum was 50% but specificity was 74% Discriminant analysis increased the sensitivity of this assay to 80% but specificity was reduced to 61%. Thus, the SALAI assay with patients serum, although potentially more advantageous than the assay using patients; leucocytes in the clinical setting, was less specific. Further more, samples from patients with early colorectal cancers were less reactive making the serum assay unsuitable for screening asymptomatic patients. The SALAI assay using patients' leucocytes, however, has a higher sensitivity than most reported variations of the assay but a slighty lower specificity. It is suggested that the SALAI assay is preferable to other methods for leucocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) testing.
Festschrift Inhibition of cell‐mediated immunity by tumour cell products: Depression of interleukin‐2 production and responses to interleukin‐2 by mouse spleen cells
Authors: Nelson M , Nelson DS 
Published: July 2007

SummarySupernatants from cultures of mouse and human tumour cells inhibited the production of interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) by stimulated mouse spleen cells. The tumour cells tested, all of which were active, included a mouse and a human melanoma, three methylcholanthrene‐induced fibrosarcomas of mice, and human HeLa cells. Supernatants from normal mouse and human fibroblasts were inactive. Inhibition was dose‐dependent. Spleen cells from aged mice were more susceptible to inhibition than spleen cells from young mice. When tumour cell culture supernatants were fractionated on Sephacryl S‐300, two peaks of activity were found, with apparent molecular weights of approximately 50 and 18 kD. Supernatants from tumour cell and fibroblast cultures caused variable, but generally weak, inhibition of responses of lymphoblasts to IL‐2. It is suggested that inhibition of IL‐2 production may be an important mode of action of tumour cell products that inhibit cell‐mediated immunity.
Immunoradiometric assay for the rapid detection of HLA‐B27
Authors: Trapani Joseph A , Vaughan Hilary A , Tait Brian D , McKenzie Ian FC 
Published: July 2007

SummaryA new method for the rapid detection of the HLA‐B27 antigen is discussed which consists of a direct immunoradiometric assay (IRA) utilizing a 125I‐labelled, HLA‐B27 specific monoclonal antibody to detect HLA‐B27 in whole citrated blood. Thus far, the assay has been used to assign HLA‐B27 status in a population study involving 142 individuals; 36 subjects were HLA‐B27+ by conventional microcytotoxicity and all 36 were detected by the new IRA and all 106 B27‐ individuals were also accurately assigned by IRA. The problem of detection of the cross‐reactive HLA antigen HLA‐B7 was overcome by blocking the reactive sites on HLA‐B7 molecules with the HLA‐B7 specific antibody, BB71. This new assay enables accurate detection of HLA‐B27 within 30 min of venepuncture and should facilitate the assessment of HLA‐B27 status in tissue typing laboratories.
The surface phenotype of activated T lymphocytes
Authors: Kelly Katherine , Shortman Ken , Scollay Roland 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe surface phenotype of T cells reflects both their relative maturity and their activation slate. To determine the pattern of surface markers characteristic of activated T cells, purified mature T cells were stimulated in vitro for periods of 0·5–5 days with Concanavalin‐A (Con‐A) or phorbol myristic acetate (PMA) and ionomycin, fluorescein‐labelled with monoclonal antibodies, then analysed by flow cytometry. The level of expression of the function‐associated antigens CD4 (L3T4) and CD8 (Ly‐2) decreased transiently early after activation with PMA/ionomycin, but not after stimulation with Con‐A. Both stimuli caused a small drop in the level of CD3 and the T cell antigen receptor (TCR). At no time was CD3, CD4 or CD8 completely lost from the surface. Following activation Pgp‐1, the interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) receptor (as detected by the monoclonal antibody 7D4) and the peanut agglutinin (PNA) receptor were gained by a proportion of cells, MEL‐14 was lost by a proportion of cells, and no change was observed in the expression of heat stable antigen. Thy‐1 or Ly‐1. From the present data no evidence has been found for the generation of the ‘immature’, CD4− CD8− phenotype found in the thymus by activation of mature T cells. During T cell development, however, changes in expression of Pgp‐1, MEL‐14, the IL‐2 receptor and the PNA receptor may be associated with activation, rather than differentiation per se.
Cellular changes in the spleens of mice infected with Sarcocystis muris
Authors: Gill HS , Charleston WAG , Moriarty KM 
Published: July 2007

SummaryCellular changes in the spleens of mice infected with Sarcocystis muris have been studied. Immunofluorescent staining for B and T cells and α‐naphthyl acetate csterase (ANAE) staining for macrophages combined with histological studies revealed marked changes in the populations and distributions of all three cell types. Infection was accompanied by a marked splenomegaly, attributable mainly to widespread hyperplasia of the white pulp. Following infection there was an increase in the relative proportions of B cells (i.e. surface immunoglobulin +) and ANAE+ cells and a decrease in the proportion of T cells (i.e. Thy 1·2+). There was also a progressive accumulation of immunoglobulin containing cells in the periarteriolar lymphocytic sheaths. Splenomegaly was most pronounced 20 days after infection. At this time there were 9·3 times as many B cells, 3·7 times as many T cells and 16·6 times as many ANAE+ cells as in uninfected mice.
Effect of Santoquin on humoral immune function in mice: lack of interference with selenium utilization
Authors: Travis JC , Thornton S , Daignault L 
Published: July 2007

SummarySantoquin (0·25% by weight) in the diets of mice receiving adequate dietary selenium (1·0 parts/106) reduced the humoral immune response, as monitored by the plaque‐forming cell assay, to levels exhibited by mice maintained on selenium‐deficient diets (0·005 parts/106). Mice exhibiting this suppression of immunity had levels of blood glutathione peroxidase, serum selenium, and liver DNA, RNA and protein similar to mice receiving selenium only. Therefore, it was concluded that Santoquin is not immunosuppressive by interfering with selenium metabolism or general tissue function, but by other unknown mechanisms.
Lymphocyte subpopulations in sheep during the early stage of experimental infection with bovine leukaemia virus
Authors: Dimmock Corinne K , Ward Wendy H , Trueman K Fraser 
Published: July 2007

SummarySheep were experimentally infected with bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) by the inoculation of PBL from leukaemic sheep. Antibodies to viral structural proteins were detected at from 2 to 6 weeks after inoculation. At seroconversion, all sheep had a marked increase in the number of circulating lymphocytes, due essentially to an increase in the number of B cells. The number of circulating B cells then decreased but remained higher than pre‐infection levels. A second increase in this population preceded the development of a B cell lymphoblastic leukaemia. Generalized lymphosarcoma was diagnosed at necropsy of all sheep. Variation between individual sheep in the time from infection to the development of tumours allowed two clearly delineated groups of nine sheep to be compared. A study of changes in the B cell and T cell populations during the first 16 weeks of infection suggested that the initial response to infection influences the subsequent rate of leukaemogenesis. At seroconversion the number of circulating B cells was significantly higher in group 1 (10.16 ± 1.51 ± 109/1) than in group 2 (6.47 ± 2.76 ± 109/1). Group 1 sheep became leukaemic at 20–50 weeks after infection, whereas group 2 sheep did not do so until 70–95 weeks after infection.
Adjuvant activity of respirable iron ore dust
Authors: Keast D , Sheppard N , Nguyen DT 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe influence of the respirable fraction of an iron ore dust on immunity has been studied. The iron ore dust enhanced the specific immune responses to both sheep erythrocytes and a bacterial lipopolysaccharide. The IgG class of antibody was enhanced significantly and its pattern of enhancement suggested that the iron ore dust was functioning as an adjuvant. In studies to test this possibility further, the pattern of antibody development over both the primary and the secondary immune response to sheep erythrocytes closely matched that of Freund's incomplete adjuvant and low levels of silica. The splenocytes, from animals that had received iron ore dust for various lengths of time, exhibited enhanced polyclonal mitogenic activity for phytohaemagglutinin, in vitro. These properties were seen when the dust had been inhaled or injected into the pleural cavity and persisted for over 1 year following the injection or inhalation of the dust. Attempts to show the induction of interleukin‐1 by the macrophages from mice implanted intraperitoneally with the iron ore dust were unsuccessful.
Triggering of neutrophil cytotoxicity against an antibody‐coated tumour target by TPA
Authors: Spisani S , Gavioli R , Giuliani AL , Traniello S 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe human erythroid myeloid leukaemia cell line K562 was used as target for human neutrophil cytotoxicity. Neutrophils demonstrated cytotoxicity against KS62only in the presence of a second stimulus, tetradecanoil phorbol acetate (TPA), a result consistent with previous observations. We now demonstrate that antibody‐coated K562 (using OKT9 and 345 monoclonal antibodies) are similarly only sensitive to neutrophils when TPA is added. The presence of both antibody and TPA in the cytotoxic assay resulted in significantly higher levels of cytotoxicity than in the absence of antibody; the result being consistent with a synergistic action between protein kinase C activation and Fc receptor perturbation in the neutrophil. The cytotoxicity against non‐coated and antibody‐coated targets was markedly inhibited, particularly against the former, by the protein kinase C inhibitor, 1‐(5‐isoquinoline‐sulfonyl)‐2‐methyl piperazine (H‐7). There were marked differences in the extracellular calcium dependency of the two types of cytotoxicity reactions. TPA‐activated respiratory burst was unaffected by the presence of non‐coated and OKT9‐coated targets, whereas TPA‐induced lysosomal enzyme release was significantly increased by non‐coated targets and a further increase occurred in the presence of OKT9‐coated K562.