bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enlightenment in Dispute
Authors: Wu Jiang 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This book studies the revival of Chan Buddhism in seventeenth‐century China. Focusing on a series of controversies, this book argues that the Chan revival was a systematic reinvention of Chan ideals of the past. The revival not only reshaped Chinese Buddhism but also greatly influenced Buddhism throughout East Asia. The first controversy is the debate between Miyun Yuanwu and his dharma heir, Hanyue Fazang, in the late Ming (1550–1644) and the Yongzheng emperor's intervention in 1733. The second controversy concerns Miyun Yuanwu's dharma heir Feiyin Tongrong's Chan genealogy that rearranged conventional accepted dharma transmission lines based on dubious inscriptions and thus provoked a notorious lawsuit in 1654. At the end of this book, this book offers an explanation about the rise and fall of Chan Buddhism by examining the role of textual practice and the implications of dharma transmission in rebuilding Chan institutions. By tracing the legacies of 17th‐century Chan Buddhism in modern Chinese Buddhism and placing Chan in larger historical context, this book explores a general pattern of Buddhist revival in the history of Chinese Buddhism.
Ritual and Its Consequences
Authors: Seligman Adam B. , Weller Robert P. , Puett Michael , Simon Bennett 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis book shows how rituals allow us to live in a perennially imperfect world. The book, building on anthropological theories, draws examples of ritual attitudes from a variety of cultural settings, including original comparisons of Chinese and Jewish discussions of ritual and its importance. The book utilizes psychoanalytic and anthropological perspectives on how ritual, like play, creates “as if” worlds, drawing upon the imaginative capacity of the human mind to create a subjunctive universe. This ability to cross between imagined worlds is central to the human capacity for empathy. The limits of this capacity mark the boundaries of empathy. The chapters juxtapose this ritual orientation to a “sincere” search for unity and wholeness. The sincere world sees fragmentation and incoherence as signs of inauthenticity that must be overcome. Our modern world has accepted the sincere viewpoint, at the expense of ritual, to a degree rarely seen in other times. It has often dismissed ritual as mere convention. The chapters point to the modern disavowal of ritual in the creation of fundamentalist movements as well as other extremist positions. Portions of the book take up questions of music, architecture, and literature, which also show the tensions between ritual and sincerity. The book shows that ritual, at least in its relationship to the rest of experience, is never totally coherent and never complete. Ritual is work, endless work. But it is among the most important things that we humans do.
Introduction
Authors: Seligman Adam B. , Weller Robert P. , Puett Michael J. , Simon Bennett 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis introductory chapter situates the analysis within existing anthropological studies of ritual, and argues that ritual is not solely an aspect of religious life. Rather, it presents ritual as a crucial mode for framing human activity. It contrasts this with another mode of living and acting in the world, which the authors of this book call sincerity. It suggests that contemporary thought, which rests on the idea of autonomous individuals interacting on the basis of their sincerity, has left little ideological room for ritual and its creation of bounded groups. Yet ritual has not disappeared and in fact appears to be increasing. This sets the stage for the book's general reconsideration of how ritual works.
Ritual, Play, and Boundaries
Authors: Seligman Adam B. , Weller Robert P. , Puett Michael J. , Simon Bennett 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter takes up the “as if” worlds of play. The first half discusses how the literature on play helps reveal important variations in the world of ritual by clarifying how ritual relates to notions of self and a social role. Special attention is paid to the work of Roger Caillois and Johan Huizinga on play. The analysis helps focus the idea of “ritual” more clearly by asking how it differs from play. The second half of the chapter continues the discussion of boundaries by turning to issues of framing in play and ritual, both of which invariably have boundaries around them but also have mechanisms for crossing those boundaries. It is argued that this ability to both establish and cross boundaries is crucial to the human capacity for empathy.
Ritual and Sincerity
Authors: Seligman Adam B. , Weller Robert P. , Puett Michael J. , Simon Bennett 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter turns directly to the tension between sincerity and ritual. Sincerity often appears as a reaction against the perceived hypocrisy of ritual; these reactions in turn tend to ritualize over time. Sincerity offers the world “as is” instead of ritual's “as if”, a world of discursive meanings and unique selves instead of repeated acts and fragmented worlds. Modernity has brought an especially powerful turn toward sincerity. One crucial implication has been a utopian search for wholeness as part of a general dissolution of social boundaries in principle, even as people constantly reassert them in fact. It is suggested that phenomena like “fundamentalism” are more usefully understood in relation to this dynamic than the more usual claim that they are returns to tradition.
Musical Symbolism in the Operas of Debussy and Bartok
Authors: Antokoletz Elliot 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis book explores the means by which two early 20th-century operas — Debussy's Pelléas et Mélisande (1902) and Bartók's Duke Bluebeard's Castle (1911) — transform the harmonic structures of the traditional major/minor scale system into a new musical language, and how this language reflects the psycho-dramatic symbolism of the Franco-Belgian poet, Maurice Maeterlinck and his Hungarian disciple, Béla Balázs. In reaction to the realism of 19th-century theater, many authors began to develop a new interest in psychological motivation and a level of consciousness manifested in metaphor, ambiguity, and symbol. In his plays, Maeterlinck was to transform the internal concept of subconscious motivation into an external one, in which human emotions and actions are entirely controlled by fate. The two operas of this study represent the first significant attempts to establish more profound correspondences between the symbolist dramatic conception and the new musical language. The new musical language is based almost exclusively on interactions between pentatonic-diatonic folk modalities and their more abstract symmetrical transformations (dominant ninth, whole-tone, octatonic). The opposition of these two harmonic extremes serving as the basis for dramatic polarity between the characters as real-life beings and as symbols of fate. This book also explores the new musico-dramatic relations within their larger historical, social, and aesthetic contexts.
1 with juana canabal antokoletz Backgrounds and Development
Authors: Antokoletz Elliott 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter explores the historical sources of dramatic symbolism and its philosophical and psychological foundations, based on new tendencies in literature, psychology, and music. It discusses psychiatric reconceptualization of trauma in the late 19th century, its relevance to symbolic meaning of the new musical language, and the language of trauma. The chapter also addresses cross-sensory analogies, metaphors, and synesthesia, all of which contribute to symbolist opera as a modern phenomenon.
5 Pelléas et Mélisande
Authors: Antokoletz Elliott 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter first looks at End of Act, the anticipation of meeting of Pelléas and Médlisande. Act II, Scene 1 is then examined based on the “Pelléas” and “Well” Motifs. The chapter explores the transformational function of the dominant-ninth chord, instrumental timbre as signifier, the power of the unconscious, and music as message encoder of the unconscious. Next Act II, Scenes I and 2 are considered in terms of the consequences of the lost ring. The chapter explores the varied repetition and development of motifs in transformation from pentatonic to whole-tone spheres. After that Act II, Scene 2, a room in the castle, is examined. The chapter discusses Golaud, Mélisande, the ring, and transformation of the “Pelléas” motif, and points to the “circle of light” as a symbol of fate. Next Act II, Scene 2, which deals with events leading to Golaud's anger and his demand that Mélisande search for the ring is considered. The chapter then goes on to Act II, Scene 3 — before a dark grotto — and discusses a feigned search for the ring. The principle of “expressive doubling” is studied as a means of signifying dualistic human modes of world perception.
9 Duke Bluebeard's Castle
Authors: Antokoletz Elliott 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter explores the psycho-dramatic and musical bases of the opera, the structural framework as basis for development of psycho-dramatic polarity, power inequality, symbolic musical expression, gender, and power in the modernist conception. Prologue through Door I (Torture Chamber) discusses rhythmic structure and the Hungarian language, characterization, and the intrusion of fate, autobiographical significance and fate, and the emerging symbol of blood. Door I reveals the torture chamber.
11 Duke Bluebeard's Castle
Authors: Antokoletz Elliott 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter looks at Door V, Bluebeard's Domain, which represents the culminating point for the polarity of darkness and light, based on large-scale and local use of geometrically expanding proportional structure. An aphorism of Nietzsche on independence is also presented, which pertains to Bluebeard's strength and loneliness. The chapter discusses isometric text-verse of ancient Hungarian folk music as structural framework for the final phase of character development and transformation. It also includes an aphorism of Nietzsche on women and its reflection in the dual illusion of Balázs's Judith.
13 Symbolism and Expressionism in Other Early Twentieth‐Century Operas
Authors: Antokoletz Elliott 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIn the Vienna of Sigmund Freud, Strauss's Elektra represented a move toward expressionism and the transformation of late 19th-century chromatic tonality. This trend was continued in Schoenberg's Erwartung, based on free-atonality, expressionism, and symbolic meaning. Berg's Wozzeck is then discussed as a symbol of the oppressed and the peak of expressionism.
14 Epilogue
Authors: Antokoletz Elliott 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe new musical language that emerged in the early 20th century seems to have been motivated, at least in part, by the need to reflect — even express — the new literary, psychological, and philosophical principles that surfaced in the new art-form of these symbolist operas. The transformation of the more linear, defined quality of the traditional major/minor scales into the more diffuse, static effects created by the use of modality, polymodality, and symmetrical pitch-set interactions resonated with the modernistic conception of the human being, who is perennially divided and threatened by the split between the conscious and the unconscious mind. The symbolic connotation of symmetrical pitch relations has similarities with Matte Blanco's concept of “the unconscious as infinite sets”. Also discussed is the creative process and social context, in which the text narratives are impacted by the ideological trends of the time, not only in what they say, but also in what they omit. Both operas have meanings that must be decoded. Analysis of these works stems from the point of view of dynamic psychology. The chapter touches on various psychological and social (gender) issues as addressed by György Lukacs and Béla Balázs.
The Subtle Mathematics of Music
Authors: van der Merwe Peter 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
What distinguishes music from other sounds is symmetry. Only in music are sounds related to one another by precise, quasi-mathematical ratios, and even there only in melodic pitch and rhythmic duration. The mind groups these ratios into subjective patterns (as opposed to objective shapes). These are hierarchically grouped, often according to the principle of self-similarity, i.e., the similarity of the whole to the part, or of the larger part to the smaller part. Over time, these patterns grow more and more complex in an almost organic way, but there is always a tendency to revert to their simple original forms.
The Discovery of Tonality
Authors: van der Merwe Peter 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Classical tonality was a product of the Italian Renaissance, beginning in the 15th century. There were three principal origins: first, late-medieval harmony, where the cadences more and more resembled embryonic modulations; secondly, the double tonic, discussed in the previous chapter; and finally, the double drone on a bare fifth, (i.e., the tonic and dominant notes), which was first changed from a solid chord to an alternating drone (e.g. c–g–c–g, etc.), then assimilated to the double tonic in the upper parts, thereby producing a rudimentary tonic-and-dominant harmony. All this can be studied in the lute dances of Joan Ambrosio Dalza (published in 1508), to which much of this chapter is devoted. The final stage, which took centuries to work out, was to combine tonic-and-dominant harmony with the primitive medieval key system.
Rivals to Tonality
Authors: van der Merwe Peter 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Classical tonality, with its basis in the tonic-and-dominant polarity, did not have the field all to itself. ‘Modal’ progressions never completely died out. This chapter looks at some of them. One of these is double tonic, which was particularly important in the English virginalists. Basses (and hence harmonic schemes) on the pentatonic seventh a–c–e–g also remained in use. Even the minor mode can be regarded as a pre-tonal survival, remodelled on the fully tonal major mode. Another such survival was the relative major–minor polarity.
The Popular Style
Authors: van der Merwe Peter 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter, which takes the story up to about 1914, deals first with the late 19th-century vernacular (and its early twentieth-century successor), demonstrating what this ‘light’ music had in common with the ‘serious’ music of the same period. It then proceeds to the blues and early jazz, pointing out its links to the same vernacular.
4 Rights over Fisheries and Fish
Authors: Scott Anthony 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter follows fishing rights from primitive monopolies to rights granted over medieval sea-fisheries to fishery regulation to property-like licensing. Most medieval rights were for fresh-water fisheries in the ‘common of fishery’ a manorial sharing arrangement similar to those for the common fields. However salt-water private rights, mostly for tidal stretches of rivers or for shellfish, were abolished in the Magna Carta, to be succeeded by the English ‘public right of fishing’ in tidal waters. The chapter argues that there was neither a demand nor a supply of the exclusivity characteristic for creating a private sea-fishing property right. In the nineteenth century when powerful vessels began depleting ocean stocks, the ‘over-fishing problem’ was recognized and attracted government fishing rules and laws internationally. Such regulation began to include requirements for licenses, which were later limited in number, season, species, gear-types, and area. Thus they were given some enforced exclusivity. Their duration and transferability were also adjusted. The chapter recounts how governments transformed these limited licenses into individual catch quotas (ITQs), first in Iceland and New Zealand then worldwide. It examines fishermen-run fishing co-operatives and ‘TURFS’ for many-vessel and many-species fisheries. It notes their similarity to condominium-type shared rights.
6 Free Mining from Medieval Europe to the Gold Rushes
Authors: Scott Anthony 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe chapter begins by describing ‘free mining’ in Europe from the Dark Ages to the nineteenth century. The free miner was ‘free’ from most feudal obligations, ‘free’ to explore by roaming his lord's estates, and ‘free’ to form communities making rules governing exploring and mining. Many free mining communities, such as Cornwall's, worked their territory for generations. The chapter stresses that free-mining communities provided noble landlords with mineralization information. The chapter then describes the rise of miner-controlled institutions after the California Gold Rush of 1849-50. The miners tried partnerships but soon joined in rule-making camps. Like their free-miner predecessors they issued claim-like rights to individual discoverers, weaving in the characteristics of property: exclusivity, quality of title, transferability, and duration. Such camps, having many similarities to the European free-mining communities, spread beyond California. Their rules were applied by governments for all mining on public lands (and, in Australia, on private lands).
7 After the Gold Rush: Alluvial and Hard Rock Mining on Public Land in the New World
Authors: Scott Anthony 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAs placer mining waned, rights appropriate to technologies of deep alluvial and hard-rock operations were demanded in the US, Canada, Australia, and South Africa, and supplied by both local and federal governments. The enduring US Mining Law of 1870 followed, and created miners' claims. The chapter then devotes many pages to the public lands — the development of the conditions to be satisfied by prospectors and companies in obtaining claims, such as the definition of the required ‘discovery’ and of the ‘apex’ right. For a while a two-stage system prevailed: whereby an exploration permit could be obtained to make a discovery, followed by a mining right leading to a claim or a patent. This procedure was revised from time to time, and from country to country. Its differences and revisions help explain differences in subsequent miner property-ownership-rights.
12 Forestry on Private Lands from the Medieval to the Modern Era
Authors: Scott Anthony 
Published: May 2008

AbstractSome Norman forests were directly controlled by the landlord, and some were a part of the shared manorial common lands. The latter were held and used for timber or pasture by the tenants and freeholders and eventually cleared completely. Modern rights to forested land were formed in the landlord's own woods, for hunting and recreation, fuel supply, and leasing to a timber contractor. The rights of many lords were restricted, tied up in settlements requiring that the timber be left intact. In law the timber stand was attached to and so part of the land. By dealing with a contractor, did an owner thereby also sell his interest in the land, lease the land with a right to remove its timber; license the contractor to enter and remove the timber, or sell the trees only? All disputed cases showed that the answer somehow depended on duration of the right. A leading case in 1957 found that if the trees were still growing, they were part of the land but if they were mature they were chattels merely warehoused on the land, to be dealt in separately. Turning to the exclusivity characteristic, it is shown how nuisance law and government intervention were adapted for forest fires. The chapter turns to two neglected property-right opportunities. One concerns multiple-owner, multiple-use forests: the adaptation of specialized forest rights for price-mechanism selection among competing land uses and products. The second is to broaden the existence of ‘tree tenures’ so that forest landowners can lease out the right for a holder to bring on successive stands of timber.
1 Basics
Authors: Osiander Andreas 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis introductory chapter criticizes the amateurish way in which history is used to corroborate International Relations theory, in particular Realism. Conversely, it criticizes conventional historiography for its neglect of political theory. A case in point is the constructivist insight that political structures are created through political discourse. The political discourse underlying present-day political structures is so ubiquitous as to render those structures largely immune to manipulation. But since to most people the everyday political discourse of past eras is now unfamiliar, historians feel free, indeed obliged, to describe past political structures using the political concepts and assumptions of our own day. What they fail to realize is that unlike present-day political structures the political structures of past ages do change when anachronistic terminology is used to describe them: they come to look more like our own than they were.
3 The universal community of christendom
Authors: Osiander Andreas 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter analyses why the Roman empire — from the 3rd century onwards, decayed and contracted — as well as why the east Roman empire of Constantinople survived until the 15th century. It discusses the foundations of the ideology of the Roman empire, valid until the end of the pre-Reformation period (as reflected in authors like Eusébios (Eusebius) of Kaisáreia, Augustine, or Paulus Orosius), and examines the circumstances and meaning of the repeated revival of a western Roman empire (800, 962, 1312). The final section is dedicated to the theory of empire of three important political thinkers of the ‘age of the scholastics’: Engelbert of Admont, Dante Alighieri, and Pierre Dubois. The chapter emphasizes that supralocal political structures in pre-Reformation Latin always remained weak and were based on voluntary adhesion, the perception of a common identity, rather than on forcible submission.
The Founding of the Dutch Republic
Authors: Tracy James 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
In 1572, towns in the province of Holland, led by William of Orange, rebelled against the government of the Habsburg Netherlands. The story of the Dutch Revolt is usually told in terms of fractious provinces that frustrated Orange's efforts to formulate a coherent programme. In this book James D. Tracy argues that there was a coherent strategy for the war, but that it was set by the towns of Holland. Although the States of Holland was in theory subject to the States General, Holland provided over 60% of the taxes and an even larger share of war loans. Accordingly, funds were directed to securing Holland's borders, and subsequently to extending this protected frontier to neighboring provinces that, like Holland, lay north of the great rivers running east to west. Shielded from the war by its cordon sanitaire, Holland experienced an extraordinary economic boom, allowing taxes and loans to keep flowing. The goal—in sight if not achieved by 1588—was a United Provinces of the north, free and separate from provinces in the southern Netherlands that remained under Spanish rule. With Europe increasingly under the sway of strong hereditary princes, the new Dutch Republic was a beacon of promise for those who still believed that citizens ought to rule themselves.
VISUALIZATION, PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS OF TOMOGRAPHIC DATA
Authors: Ohser Joachim , Schladitz Katja 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter discusses methods for image segmentation and image processing particularly useful for 3D images of materials and structures, and analysis methods developed for extracting the spatial structural information from tomographic data. The intrinsic volumes and their densities are introduced as basic and versatile geometric characteristics of image objects and image components or segments, respectively. An efficient algorithm for their measurement is described. Covariances and correlations are investigated using spectral methods. The chapter concludes with a survey of visualization techniques and an introduction to the simulation of materials behaviour based on CT data and computing of macroscopic properties.