bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Toxoplasmosis Associated with Abortion in Goats and Sheep in Connecticut
Authors: Dubey J. P. , Sundberg J. P. , Matiuck S. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Toxoplasmosis was diagnosed in a caprine fetus from a farm in Stonington, Conn. Placenta had multiple areas of focal necrosis and calcification. Toxoplasma was found in the placenta and in the fetal liver and heart. The doe had an indirect hemagglutination (iha) titer of 1:2,048 to T gondii 2 days after abortion. There was no other abortifacient agent isolated.
Serologic survey on the farm showed that the remaining 4 adult goats, the 8 sheep, the 4 cats, and the 4 persons on the farm had antibody to T gondii. One of the goats had an iha titer of 1:2,048 at about 3 months after abortion, and 1 of the ewes had an iha titer of 1:2,048 at about 5 months after abortion.
Antigenicity of Bacillary Hemoglobinuria Toxoids in Cattle
Authors: Lozano E. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Antihemolytic titers were obtained from cattle given experimental Clostridium haemolyticum toxoids. Fifty-six yearlings of mixed breed were used for the experiments. Sixteen of these animals were used for preliminary studies, 10 were used as negative controls, and 30 were used for verification and other studies.
The 16 yearlings used in the preliminary studies were allotted to 4 groups of 4 animals each—1 group being used to determine the reactions of a commercial bacterin (positive control), and the other groups being given 3 different doses of experimental toxoid. The animals given the experimental toxoid also were used to determine the safety of the product. It was observed that toxoids prepared from fluids containing 6,670, 33,330, and 66,700 hemolytic units induced averages of 4.0, 65.0 and > 30.0 antihemolytic units, respectively. Only one of the yearlings given the commercial bacterin produced measurable antihemolysin. Strong anamnestic responses were observed in animals given toxoids containing 33,330 and 66,700 hemolytic units. Weaker responses were seen in the animals given the commercial bacterin and toxoid containing 6,670 hemolytic units.
The antihemolytic reactions induced by inoculations of experimental toxoids prepared with fluids containing 33,370 hemolytic units were studied further, using 30 animals. An additional 10 yearlings were given a placebo. Twenty of the 30 animals were given toxoids prepared with added glycine (immunogens similar to those used in the preliminary experiment) and the animals responded with an average of 54.7 antihemolytic units. A toxoid prepared without the added glycine was given to the remaining 10 yearlings which responded with an average of 8.0 antihemolytic units. Rapid losses of antihemolytic titers were observed in all animals that developed this antibody.
Clinical Toxicosis and Erythrocyte Cholinesterase Inhibition of Trichlorfon Combined with Mebendazole in Horses
Authors: Gingerich Daniel A. , Mia A. Salam 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Thirty adult horses were used to compare the toxicity and cholinesterase (ChE) inhibition of various dosages of a combination anthelmintic, trichlorfon + mebendazole. Single oral doses of up to 5 times the effective dosage (39.7 mg of trichlorfon and 8.8 mg of mebendazole/kg of body weight) did not result in deaths. Horses given a placebo and horses treated at the recommended dosage rate showed few or no side effects, whereas horses given higher dosages showed dosage-related increases in the severity of clinical signs of organophosphate toxicosis. Dosage-related inhibition of erythrocyte ChE activity was also detected.
A 2nd treatment of some of the horses at the recommended dosage 35 days after the initial treatment resulted in minimal or no side effects, despite the fact that erythrocyte ChE activity was still depressed before the repeat treatment. Changes indicating organ toxicosis were not detected in any of the clinical pathologic determinations in any of the dosage groups.
Resistance of Porcine Preimplantation Embryos to Pseudorabies Virus
Authors: Bolin S. R. , Runnels L. J. , Sawyer C. A. , Atcheson K. J. , Gustafson D. P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Intact and zona pellucida-free 2- to 16-cell stage porcine embryos were exposed to a field strain of pseudorabies virus in vitro. Coculture of the exposed embryos with a virus-permissive porcine kidney cell line and direct fluorescent antibody procedures were used to test for interaction between virus and embryo. Pseudorabies virus was not detected either within the cells of the embryo or on the zona pellucida by these methods.
Effects of Bitterweed (Hymenoxys odorata) on Voluntary Feed Intake and Serum Constituents of Sheep
Authors: Calhoun M. C. , Ueckert D. N. , Livingston C. W. , Baldwin B. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Effects of daily dosing with bitterweed (Hymenoxys odorata) on voluntary feed consumption and concentrations of serum constituents were determined in 2 experiments, using 12 lambs each. Feed intake decreased linearly as the bitterweed dose increased. Serum total protein and albumin decreased and urea nitrogen, creatinine, and total bilirubin increased with the increasing bitterweed dose. Serum lactic dehydrogenase, aspartate transaminase, and creatine kinase activities increased at the highest bitterweed dose (0.264% of live body weight/day, air-dry basis). Depression in voluntary feed intake was more sensitive to the bitterweed dose than were serum constituents. This dose-related decrease in ad libitum feed intake provides a useful and less expensive short-term assay for assessing treatments for reducing bitterweed toxicosis, compared with the customary ld50 tests.
Effects of Segmental Subarachnoid Analgesia on Arterial Blood Pressure, Gas Tensions, and pH in Adult Conscious Cows
Authors: Skarda R. T. , Muir W. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Arterial blood pressure, blood gas tensions (Paco2, Pao2), and pH (pHa) were determined in 16 adult, nonpregnant Holstein cows (620 ± 54 kg) given subarachnoid injection of a 5% procaine hydrochloride solution at the T13-L1 intervertebral space. Analgesia, as determined by response to superficial and deep muscular pinpricks at the L1 dermatome, was delayed (onset) 7 to 15 minutes, and it lasted (duration) 28 to 83 minutes. Thoracolumbar analgesia extending between spinal cord segments T9 and L4 on 1 or both sides of the spine produced significant (P < 0.05) increases in heart rate and decreases in respiratory rate, but otherwise had no effect (P > 0.05) on systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressures, Paco2, Pao2, and pHa. Similarly, no significant changes (P < 0.05) of physiologic variables were observed in a control group of 5 cows given a subarachnoidal injection of 0.9% sodium chloride solution at 1 hour before procaine hydrochloride was injected. It was concluded that the unsedated, healthy cow tolerates segmental subarachnoid analgesia between spinal segments T9 and L4 well and that this analgesia is not adversely affected by hypoxemia, respiratory acidosis, or hypotension.
Blood Concentrations of Oxytocin Equivalents After Single Injections of Deamino-1-monocarba-[2-O-Methyltyrosine]-Oxytocin in Lactating Sows
Authors: Cort N. , Einarsson S. , Schams D. , Vilhardt H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Four healthy lactating sows were given (iv or im) single 0.6-mg doses of the long-acting oxytocin analogue deamino-l-monocarba-[2-O-methyl-tyrosine]-oxytocin (d COMOT). Samples of blood were collected through 8 hours, and plasma concentrations of d(COMOT), expressed in oxytocin equivalents, were measured by radioimmunoassay. The disappearance rate of d(COMOT) from plasma was biphasic, with an initial rapid clearance (T½ = 7.5 to 10 minutes) followed by a more gradual decrease (T½ = 85 to 100 minutes). There were no apparent differences in the plasma kinetics of the analogue whether given iv or im. The dose of d(COMOT) used caused milk letdown in the sows for approximately 5 hours.
Intraocular Tension of the Horse: Effects of Succinylcholine and Halothane Anesthesia
Authors: Benson G. J. , Manning J. P. , Hartsfield S. M. , Thurmon J. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Succinylcholine chloride administered to horses anesthetized with halothane in oxygen and mechanically ventilated induced slight but insignificant (P 0.01) increases in intraocular pressure. Peak intraocular pressures were within reference limits reported for the horse.
Sterilization of the Male Dog and Cat by Laparoscopic Occlusion of the Ductus Deferens
Authors: Wildt David E. , Seager Stephen W. J. , Bridges Charles H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A laparoscopic technique was developed to sterilize adult and prepubertal male dogs and adult male cats. The animals were anesthetized, and each ductus deferens was identified intra-abdominally, using a laparoscope. Adult and prepubertal (16 weeks of age) dogs were sterilized by occluding 1 to 2 cm of the ductus deferens bilaterally, using an ancillary bipolar forceps and electrocoagulation. Adult cats were treated similarly or the ductus deferens was severed, using an accessory scissors device.
Sperm counts in adult dogs decreased to zero within 48 hours of ductus deferens occlusion. Azoospermia also occurred in cats; however, live spermatozoa were detected in the ejaculates of some cats for as long as 120 hours after surgery. These observations indicated that, unlike in the dog, viable spermatozoa may ordinarily reside in the proximal abdominal portions of the reproductive tract of the cat. After sterilization, there was a nonsignificant (P > 0.05) tendency for testicular volume to decrease in dogs. Average and individual testicular volumes in cats were significantly increased (P < 0.05) after sterilization, which could have been related to increased epididymal fluid retention. Sterilization of prepubertal male dogs resulted in chronic azoospermia without influencing body weight or testis development.
Laparoscopic sterilization had no effect on libido or copulatory ability in adult dogs or cats. Prepubertal dogs with bilaterally occluded ductus deferens developed penile erections and produced azoospermic ejaculates at ages comparable with sham-sterilized control dogs. Histologic examination demonstrated that spermatogenesis was normally active in all dogs and cats. Spermatocelic lesions were observed on the ductus deferens or epididymis in 33% of the test animals. Granuloma formation was confirmed in the ductus deferens by biopsy in at least half of the animals in each group, but these findings had no apparent compromising effect on general animal health. Ductus deferens epididymal fluid of all sterilized animals contained large proportions of morphologically deformed spermatozoa, the latter primarily characterized as sperm heads with detached flagella or severe cellular torsions.
The laparoscopic sterilization technique resulted in rapid azoospermia in male dogs and cats without adversely affecting libido or testicular integrity. Such a procedure could have valuable application as a simple, practical means of sterilizing these species on a mass basis.
Hemagglutination-Inhibition Tests with Different Strains of Equine Infectious Anemia Virus
Authors: Sentsui Hiroshi , Kono Yuji 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The serologic relationships between 6 strains of equine infectious anemia (eia) viruses were investigated by hemagglutination-inhibition (hi) tests. Cross hi tests, using sera from horses in the early stage of infection, revealed that all strains were inhibited only by homologous strain antisera and that hi antibody was always detectable before virus-neutralizing antibody. In the later stages of infection, both homologous and heterologous hi antibodies were detected in the sera of most of the horses, and the order of appearance of heterologous hi antibodies was random in 2 horses inoculated with the same virus strain. The viruses sequentially isolated from 1 horse had serologically the same hemagglutinating antigenicity to their parent virus. These results indicate that hemagglutinating antigens of eia virus were type specific, but different from the antigens detectable by neutralization. The possible role of eia virus hemagglutinin and hi antibody in causing periodic anemia is discussed.
Occurrence and Range of Dicumarol Concentrations in Sweet Clover
Authors: Benson M. E. , Casper H. H. , Johnson L. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The dicumarol concentration in 272 cured sweet clover samples from 4 counties in North Dakota was determined. Dicumarol concentrations ranged from 0 to 164.7 mg/kg of sweet clover, with 64.6% of the 272 samples containing < 10 mg/kg. Round bales were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in dicumarol concentration (mean of 22.9 ± 3.10 mg/kg) than were stacks or silage (means of 1.8 ± 6.3 mg/kg and 0.6 ± 2.1 mg/kg, respectively). The outer section of core samples taken from round bales contained significantly (P < 0.0021) higher concentrations of dicumarol than did the inner section of the core, with means of 30.8 mg/kg and 16.6 mg/kg, respectively. A significant (P < 0.0001) correlation existed between crude protein and dicumarol values (r = 0.44).
Adrenocortical Suppression in Cats Given Megestrol Acetate
Authors: Chastain C. B. , Graham C. L. , Nichols C. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Megestrol acetate was given orally to 8 cats at a dose of 2.5 mg every other day for 2 weeks and to 8 cats at a dose of 5.0 mg every day for 2 weeks. Four cats were designated nontreated controls. Pre-ACTH-stimulated plasma concentrations of cortisol (hydrocortisone) and ACTH-stimulated cortisol and tolerance to large-dose glucose infusion (iv) were determined on each of the 20 cats given megestrol acetate. Cats were restrained with acepromazine maleate and ketamine hydrochloride during blood sample collection and large-dose glucose infusion.
Adrenocortical function and tolerance to large-dose glucose infusion were reevaluated for 4 weeks—after 1st and 2nd weeks of megestrol acetate treatment of the treated groups, and after 1st and 2nd weeks when treatment was stopped (ie, experiment weeks 3 and 4). Each week a cat from the control group and 2 cats from the 2 treated groups were selected to determine the changes occurring during the experiment for that week; after collection of plasma samples, each week's 5 selected cats were euthanatized and necropsied.
Significant impairment of adrenocortical function and alteration of adrenocortical morphology occurred with both treated groups. The most severe adrenocortical alterations occurred in the cats 1 week after megestrol acetate was no longer given (ie, experiment week 3). Megestrol acetate-induced adrenocortical suppression contributed to the death of 1 cat. It was concluded that if stress occurs to cats on treatment or soon after treatment with megestrol acetate, glucocorticoids should be supplemented.
The effects of megestrol acetate on glucose tolerance were overshadowed by the unforeseen intolerance caused by chemical restraint with acepromazine maleate and ketamine hydrochloride.
Concentrations of Corticosteroids, Leukocytes, and Immunoglobulins in Blood and Milk After Administration of ACTH to Lactating Dairy Cattle: Effects on Phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus by Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes
Authors: Paape M. J. , Gwazdauskas F. C. , Guidry A. J. , Weinland B. T. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A study was conducted to determine relationships among plasma and milk corticosteroids, milk immunoglobulins, and phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmn) isolated from milk of cows given injections of 0 (saline solution only), 100, and 200 IU of ACTH. Also determined were the effects of ACTH on mobilization of pmn into milk from the mammary gland irritated by infusion of 100 ml of saline solution containing 0.1% oyster glycogen. Cows (n = 10) were injected 6 times within a 48-hour period with 0, 100, or 200 IU of ACTH. Immediately before cows were given the 5th injection, 2 mammary quarters were infused with the saline-glycogen solution. Five hours after the 6th injection, milk from infused quarters was collected, and pmn were isolated, washed, and resuspended in autologous skimmed milk collected 5 hours after the 4th injection and before the udder was infused. Isolated pmn were incubated with S aureus and percentage of phagocytosis was determined. Concentrations of total corticosteroids in plasma and milk increased after cows were given injections of 100 and 200 IU of ACTH. The concentrations of IgA, IgGl, IgG2, IgM, and bovine serum albumin in milk after 4 injections of 0, 100, and 200 IU of ACTH were similar to preinjection (base line) concentrations. Injections of 100 and 200 IU of ACTH significantly increased the concentrations of total circulating leukocytes. Concentrations of leukocytes in milk tended to increase with increasing doses of ACTH, but the differences were not significant. Injection of 100 and 200 IU of ACTH reduced phagocytosis of S aureus by pmn. After 60 minutes of incubation, phagocytosis averaged 57% and 54%, respectively, for the ACTH treatments and 70% for controls (saline only). Results indicate that injections of ACTH that result in physiologic and pharmacologic plasma concentrations of corticosteroids inhibit phagocytosis. Impairment of phagocytosis appeared to be a direct effect of corticosteroid concentration on pmn and was not due to reduced concentrations of immunoglobulins. These data indicate that reduced phagocytosis by pmn could be important in increased susceptibility to disease during stress in lactating dairy cows.
Sequential Mitogen Stimulation of Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes from Chickens Inoculated with Infectious Bursal Disease Virus
Authors: Confer Anthony W. , Springer Wilfred T. , Shane Simon M. , Donovan Judith F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Chickens were inoculated with the pathogenic Edgar strain of infectious bursal disease virus at 1 week, 2 weeks, or 1 day of age. In the 3 experiments, phytohemagglutinin stimulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes was significantly decreased on day 3 or 4 after inoculation. Subsequently, on days 7 through 21, stimulations were similar between lymphocytes from inoculated birds and those from control birds. Pokeweed mitogen stimulation was affected minimally in virus-inoculated chickens. In each experiment, on day 7, the spontaneous [3H]thymidine uptake was greater in nonstimulated lymphocyte cultures from inoculated chickens than in such cultures from control chickens.
In an additional experiment, chickens 1 week of age were exposed to a pathogenic vaccinal virus given in their water. The vaccinal virus exposure resulted in significant decrease of phytohemagglutinin stimulation of lymphocytes on days 3 and 7 of the experiment. A significant decrease in pokeweed mitogen stimulation was observed on day 10 after inoculation.
Gentamicin Tissue Concentration in Various Avian Species Following Recommended Dosage Therapy
Authors: Bush Mitchell , Locke Diana , Neal Lawrence A. , Carpenter James W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Plasma and tissue drug concentrations were compared in eastern bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus virginianus) and pigeons (Columba livia) given gentamicin by im administration at the dosage of 10 mg/kg, and in greater sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis tabida) and hybrid rosybill ducks (Netta sp) given the same antibiotic at a dosage of 5 mg/kg.
Quail and cranes had significantly higher liver concentrations of gentamicin at 6 hours after injection than did pigeons and ducks. Cranes had significantly higher plasma concentrations than did ducks at 6 hours after injection. Compared with plasma values, gentamicin concentrations were significantly higher in the liver of cranes at 12 hours after injection, and in the kidneys at 18 hours.
Prevention of Abortion and Neonatal Death Due to Toxoplasmosis by Vaccination of Goats with the Nonpathogenic Coccidium Hammondia hammondi
Authors: Dubey J. P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Six does serologically negative to Toxoplasma gondii were vaccinated with 1 million oocysts of the nonpathogenic coccidium Hammondia hammondi 17 to 73 days before breeding. Two does were not inoculated with H hammondi. All does were mated with a T gondii-free buck. Between the 51st and 119th days of their pregnancies, 5 of the 6 Hammondia-vaccinated does and the 2 controls were each inoculated orally with 1,000 infective oocysts of the GT-1 strain of T gondii.
Four of the 5 Toxoplasma-inoculated vaccinated does gave birth to 8 apparently healthy kids at the expected gestation period. The 5th vaccinated doe gave birth to 3 kids that died during delivery or were born dead. Toxoplasma gondii was isolated in mice inoculated with tissues of all kids born to vaccinated does. The vaccinated doe which was not inoculated with T gondii gave birth to 2 healthy noninfected kids. Of the 2 control pregnant does (not vaccinated, but inoculated with T gondii), 1 aborted due to toxoplasmosis 17 days after inoculation. The other control doe had 2 dead fetuses and retained fetal membranes in uterus when necropsied at the expected parturition time. The results indicate that it might be possible to develop a vaccine against toxoplasmic abortions in animals.
Postnatal Morphogenesis of the Anconeal Process of the Ulna of Swine
Authors: Kincaid S. A. , Lidvall E. R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The proximal ulnae of 79 swine ranging in age from 1 day to 2 years were radiographed and those of 46 of the swine were studied histologically. The anconeal process was a hyaline cartilaginous model at birth, but ossified by 6 months of age. Endochondral ossification began at the base of the anconeal process and progressed in a pyramidal manner toward its apex. Secondary center of ossification was not observed in the porcine anconeal processes examined. A lesion in the anconeal process of a 2-year-old animal was interpreted as a fracture of the anconeal process, and not a fracture of an anconeal physis. Implications of the development of the anconeal process as related to osteochondrosis in swine were discussed.
Clinical use of odds ratios in selecting antimicrobial therapy for bovine pasteurella pneumonia
Authors: Davidson J. N. , Babish J. G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Resistance to 11 antimicrobials was determined for Pasteurella multocida (n = 229) and P haemolytiea (n = 245) from cases of bovine pneumonia. The degree of association of resistance for 2-way combinations of antimicrobials was calculated for each organism. Significantly high associations were reported. An association > 1 indicated an increased probability of resistance to the 2nd antimicrobial of a 2-way combination. Tables are presented which allow the determination of alternate antimicrobial therapy when the antimicrobial initially used fails to produce a clinical response.
Effect of postural changes on certain circulatory and respiratory values in the horse
Authors: Schatzmann U. , Koehli M. , Dudan F , Rohr W. , Jones R. S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Certain circulatory and respiratory values were measured in horses in the standing, lateral, and supine positions. Twelve adult horses were kept in the standing position under the influence of glycerol guiacolate. Alterations in position to lateral and dorsal recumbencies were achieved without any further drug administration. The change from the standing to the lateral position decreased the arterial oxygen tension, but left the arterial carbon dioxide tension unchanged. There was no statistically significant effect of body position on respiratory flow rates or volumes. The shift from the lateral position to the supine position had no statistically significant effect on any of the measured values. It is assumed that the change from the standing to the lateral position results in an increase in ventilation of the uppermost parts of the lung. The perfusion inequalities are due mainly to the effect of gravity of the pulmonary circulation which may result in a decrease in arterial oxygen tension.