bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Minerals provide tints and possible binder/extender in pigments in san rock paintings (South Africa)
Authors: Arocena Joselito M. , Hall Kevin , Meiklejohn Ian 
Published: February 2008

AbstractMinerals such as iron oxides and clays provide high tinting strength and improve the adhesive properties of pigments. In this study, we investigated the mineral composition of pigments from samples of San rock art. We used X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy to determine the mineral composition and micromorphology of pigments. Results showed that the major minerals in pigments in San rock art are whewellite, quartz, gypsum, hematite, and various alumino‐silicate minerals. The red hue in the pigment is due to hematite; gypsum and clays provide the white coloration, whereas black might be due to amorphous manganese compounds. We believe that whewellite with globular habit was extracted from plant sap (e.g., aloe vera) and added to the pigment, perhaps as binder, extender, or whitener. Whewellite with needle‐shaped morphology was present in cracks that developed in pigments and indicated an early stage of deterioration of the rock art. We propose that conservationists should seriously evaluate any change in the environmental conditions at the art site (e.g., removal of vegetation to improve touristic view) because such changes might significantly increase thermal fluctuations in pigments and promote crack formation and hence the decay of the San rock art. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rainfall‐discharge relationships for a monsoonal climate in the Ethiopian highlands
Authors: Liu Ben M. , Collick Amy S. , Zeleke Gete , Adgo Enyew , Easton Zachary M. , Steenhuis Tammo S. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThis study presents a simple rainfall‐discharge analysis for the Andit Tid, Anjeni, and Maybar watersheds of northern Ethiopia. The Soil Conservation Research Programme (SCRP) established monitoring stations in each of these sites during the 1980s, with climate and stream flow measurements being recorded up to the present. To show how these data could be used to provide insight into catchment‐level runoff mechanisms, simple linear relationships between effective precipitation and runoff are developed for each watershed, with the conclusion that all three watersheds exhibit consistent hydrologic behaviour after approximately 500 mm of cumulative effective seasonal rainfall has fallen since the beginning of season. After the 500 mm rainfall threshold is reached, approximately 50% of any further precipitation on these watersheds will directly contribute to catchment runoff. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metastasis is promoted by a bioenergetic switch: New targets for progressive renal cell cancer
Authors: Langbein Sigrun , Frederiks Wilma M. , zur Hausen Axel , Popa Juljane , Lehmann Jan , Weiss Christel , Alken Peter , Coy Johannes F. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractTargeted therapies have demonstrated clinical benefit with limited impact on long‐term disease specific survival in the treatment of renal cell cancer (RCC). New opportunities for the treatment of tumors that are resistant or have relapsed, are needed. Increased anaerobic glucose fermentation to lactate (aerobic glycolysis), leading to oxygen‐ and mitochondria‐independent ATP generation is a hallmark of aggressive cancer growth. This metabolic shift results in increased lactate production via cycling through the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), and plays an important role in tumor immune escape, progression and resistance to immune‐, radiation‐ and chemo‐therapy. This study explored the activity and impact of the oxidative and nonoxidative branches of the PPP on RCC to evaluate new therapeutic options. Activity was determined in the oxidative branch by glucose‐6‐phosphate‐dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity, and in the nonoxidative branch by the total transketolase activity and the specific expression of the transketolase‐like‐1 (TKTL1) protein. Transketolase and G6PD activity were intensely elevated in tumor tissues. Transketolase, but not G6PD activity, was more elevated in metastasizing tumors and TKTL1 protein was significantly overexpressed in progressing tumors (p = 0.03). Lethal tumors, where surrogate parameters such as grading and staging had failed to predict progression, showed intensive TKTL1 protein expression. RCC was found to have activated oxidative and nonoxidative glucose metabolism through the PPP, displaying a bioenergetic shift toward nonoxidative glucose fermentation in progressing tumors. The coexistence of cancer cells with differentially regulated energy supplies provides new insights in carcinogenesis and novel anticancer targets. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
DCC promoter hypermethylation in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Lui Park Hannah , Sook Kim Myoung , Yamashita Keishi , Westra William , Lopes Carvalho Andre , Lee Juna , Jiang Wei‐Wen , Hyen Baek Jin , Liu Junwei , Osada Motonobu , Moon Chul‐So , Califano Joseph A. , Mori Masaki , Sidransky David 
Published: February 2008

AbstractDeleted in Colorectal Cancer (DCC) is a putative tumor suppressor gene, whose loss has been implicated in colorectal tumorigenesis. Decreased or loss of DCC expression has been demonstrated in a number of human cancers, including esophageal cancer. In this study, we analyzed esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cell lines and primary ESCCs as well as normal esophageal tissues for DCC methylation by bisulfite sequencing, methylation‐specific PCR (MSP) and/or quantitative methylation‐specific PCR (qMSP). When a qMSP cut‐off value for positivity was set to 1.0, DCC methylation was detected in 10 of 12 ESCC cell lines tested, 74% of primary ESCCs (n = 70), 0% of corresponding normal esophageal tissues (n = 20) and 0% of normal esophagus from healthy individuals (n = 19). DCC expression was undetectable in the majority of ESCC cell lines, and treatment with the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5‐aza‐2′‐deoxycytidine reactivated gene expression. DCC overexpression suppressed colony formation in ESCC cell lines, suggesting that DCC may function as a tumor suppressor gene in the esophagus. However, DCC methylation was not associated with any clinical or pathologic parameters measured. We have demonstrated that DCC methylation is a frequent and cancer‐specific event in primary ESCCs, suggesting that DCC and associated pathways may represent a new diagnostical therapeutic target. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An immunochromatographic assay to detect reduced level of laminin‐5 γ2 in sulfur mustard‐exposed normal human epidermal keratinocytes
Authors: Jin Xiannu , Ray Radharaman , Ray Prabhati 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe need for reliable methods to detect the nature and extent of poisoning with chemical warfare agents is evident from the recent threat of use of these agents in warfare and terrorist attacks. Sulfur mustard (SM; 2,2′‐dichlorodiethyl sulfide) is an alkylating vesicant agent, which has been used as a chemical weapon in various conflicts during the 20th century. The injuries resulting from SM‐exposure are mainly characterized by epithelial damage of the tissues through which it is absorbed, i.e. skin, eye and the respiratory tract. Proteins in the skin mostly affected by SM‐exposure are laminin‐5 and integrin α6β4. Laminin‐5 constitutes the anchoring filaments and binds the transmembrane protein integrin α6β4. Recent studies have shown that SM alkylation causes a significant reduction of laminin‐5, disruption of α6β4 integrin and decreases the expression of integrin α6 and β4 subunits, therefore, leads to destabilization of dermal–epidermal attachments and potentiates vesication. This study established a unique immunochromatographic detection method (strip assay) to detect the degradation of laminin‐5 in SM‐exposed NHEK (normal human epidermal keratinocytes) extract. This method may serve as a rapid SM‐exposure diagnostic/screening procedure that could be applied directly to skin extracts of individuals who have supposedly been exposed to SM. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Posttraumatic growth in accident survivors: openness and optimism as predictors of its constructive or illusory sides
Authors: Zoellner Tanja , Rabe Sirko , Karl Anke , Maercker Andreas 
Published: February 2008

AbstractPosttraumatic growth (PTG), the phenomenon of self‐reported positive outcomes of trauma, is assumed to consist of two sides: a constructive and an illusory side. This study investigates the relationship between PTG and its possible illusory and constructive predictors, as well as the moderating role of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) severity. One‐hundred two motor vehicle accident (MVA) survivors with full, subsyndromal, and without PTSD were assessed by multiple psychometric measures targeting PTSD severity, posttraumatic growth, optimism, and openness to experience. Hierarchical regression analysis yielded differential interaction effects between PTSD severity and optimism, as well as openness facets pointing to the moderating role of PTSD severity in the prediction of an illusory and a constructive factor in PTG. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol. 64: 245–263, 2008.
Therapist effects on outcome and alliance in inpatient psychotherapy
Authors: Dinger Ulrike , Strack Micha , Leichsenring Falk , Wilmers Fabian , Schauenburg Henning 
Published: February 2008

AbstractAs an addition to the ongoing discussion concerning the magnitude of therapist effects on outcome in psychotherapy, we investigated therapist variability in a large inpatient psychotherapy sample. We included global symptomatic outcome (Global Severity Index of the Symptom Checklist‐90 Revised [SCL‐90‐R]; German version, Franke, 1995) and alliance (Helping Alliance Questionnaire; German version, Bassler, Potratz & Krauthauser, 1995) ratings of 2554 inpatients who were treated by 50 psychotherapists. Multilevel regression analyses (HLM; Raudenbush, Bryk, Cheong, & Congdon, 2004) were used for analyses. Overall, therapists accounted for a much greater variability on alliance (33%) than on outcome (3%). Therapists were differentially effective with regard to their patients' symptom severity at the beginning of treatment, and therapists differed in the degree that a positive alliance was associated with therapeutic outcome. The relatively small therapist effect on outcome is attributed to compensatory mechanisms in the specific context of inpatient therapy. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 64: 344–354, 2008.
Responsibility, thought‐action fusion, and thought suppression in Turkish patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder
Authors: Yorulmaz O. , Karanci A.N , Bastug B. , Kisa C. , Goka E. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractAlthough an inflated sense of responsibility, thought—action fusion, and thought suppression are influential factors in cognitive models of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), their impact on OCD has generally been demonstrated in samples from Western countries. The aim of the present study is to evaluate these cognitive factors in Turkish patients with OCD, other anxiety disorders, and community controls. Group comparisons showed that responsibility based on self‐dangerousness and thought suppression significantly distinguished OCD patients from patients with other anxiety disorders and controls. Moreover, correlation and discriminant function analyses indicated that thought–action fusion in morality and likelihood was also associated with OCD symptoms. The present findings provide support for the international validity and specificity of cognitive factors and model for OCD. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 64: 308–317, 2008.
Hepatitis B virus–cell interactions and pathogenesis
Authors: Nguyen David H. , Ludgate Laurie , Hu Jianming 
Published: February 2008

AbstractLike all viruses, hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication and pathogenesis depends on the critical interplay between viral and host factors. In this review, we will focus on the recent progress in understanding the virus–host interactions at the level of the infected cell. These interactions include the requirement of cellular chaperones for the initiation of HBV reverse transcription, the role of the HBV X protein (HBx) in modifying viral and cellular transcription and signaling, the formation of the HBV episomal DNA and its epigenetic regulation in viral persistence, and the cellular factors involved in viral entry, nucleocapsid maturation, and virion secretion. J. Cell. Physiol. 216: 289–294, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modulation of cellular proliferation and differentiation through GABAB receptors expressed by undifferentiated neural progenitor cells isolated from fetal mouse brain
Authors: Fukui Masaki , Nakamichi Noritaka , Yoneyama Masanori , Ozawa Shusuke , Fujimori Sayumi , Takahata Yoshifumi , Nakamura Nobuhiro , Taniura Hideo , Yoneda Yukio 
Published: February 2008

AbstractIn this study, we have attempted to evaluate the possible role of metabotropic GABAB receptors (GABABR) expressed by neural progenitor cells prepared from neocortex of embryonic Std‐ddY mice. Immunocytochemical analysis confirmed the validity of isolation procedures of neural progenitors, while round spheres were formed with clustered cells during culture with epidermal growth factor (EGF) for 10 days. A reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed constitutive expression of GABAAR, GABABR, and GABACR subtypes in undifferentiated progenitors and neurospheres formed within 10 days. Exposure to GABA led to concentration‐dependent increases in the total area and proliferation activity of neurospheres at 10–300 µM, while the GABABR agonist baclofen at 100 µM significantly increased the size of neurospheres expressing both GABABR1 and GABABR2 subunits in a manner sensitive to a GABABR antagonist. By contrast, a significant decrease was seen in the total areas of neurospheres prepared from mice deficient of the GABABR1 subunit. In neurospheres of GABABR1‐null mice, a significant increase was induced in the number of cells immunoreactive for a glial marker protein, with a concomitant decrease in that of a neuronal marker protein, upon spontaneous differentiation after the removal of EGF. These results suggest that GABABR may be functionally expressed by neural progenitor cells to preferentially promote the commitment toward a neuronal lineage after the activation of cellular proliferation toward self‐replication in the developing mouse brain. J. Cell. Physiol. 216: 507–519, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The hyomandibulae of rhizodontids (Sarcopterygii, stem‐tetrapoda)
Authors: Brazeau Martin D. , Jeffery Jonathan E. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractDespite its important role in the study of the evolution of tetrapods, the hyomandibular bone (the homologue of the stapes in crown‐group tetrapods) is known for only a few of the fish‐like members of the tetrapod stem‐group. The best‐known example, that of the tristichopterid Eusthenopteron, has been used as an exemplar of fish‐like stem‐tetrapod hyomandibula morphology, but in truth the conditions at the base of the tetrapod radiation remain obscure. We report, here, four hyomandibulae, from three separate localities, which are referable to the Rhizodontida, the most basal clade of stem‐tetrapods. These specimens share a number of characteristics, and are appreciably different from the small number of hyomandibulae reported for other fish‐like stem‐tetrapods. While it is unclear if these characteristics represent synapomorphies or symplesiomorphies, they highlight the morphological diversity of hyomandibulae within the early evolution of the tetrapod total‐group. Well‐preserved muscle scarring on some of these hyomandibulae permit more robust inferences of hyoid arch musculature in stem‐tetrapods. J. Morphol., 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ultrastructure and function of the mastax in Dicranophorus forcipatus (Rotifera: Monogononta)
Authors: Riemann Ole , Ahlrichs Wilko H. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractRotifers are characterized by a complex set of cuticularized jaw elements in the pharynx. The fine structure of the jaw elements has been the subject of SEM studies for some time, but only very limited information exists on the ultrastructure of the jaw elements and their function beyond taxonomic considerations. Drawing on SEM and TEM techniques, the present study presents a detailed analysis of the mastax in Dicranophorus forcipatus, a carnivorous monogonont rotifer species from freshwater habitats characterized by an extrusible, grasping jaw apparatus. Based on ultrathin serial sections, the jaw elements are reconstructed and, in total, nine paired and two unpaired muscles identified. Possibly homologous muscles in other rotifer species are discussed and functional considerations of the forcipate mastax are suggested. J. Morphol., 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Alzheimer's disease neuroimaging initiative (ADNI): MRI methods
Authors: Jack Clifford R. , Bernstein Matt A. , Fox Nick C. , Thompson Paul , Alexander Gene , Harvey Danielle , Borowski Bret , Britson Paula J. , L. Whitwell Jennifer , Ward Chadwick , Dale Anders M. , Felmlee Joel P. , Gunter Jeffrey L. , Hill Derek L.G. , Killiany Ron , Schuff Norbert , Fox‐Bosetti Sabrina , Lin Chen , Studholme Colin , DeCarli Charles S. , Gunnar Krueger  , Ward Heidi A. , Metzger Gregory J. , Scott Katherine T. , Mallozzi Richard , Blezek Daniel , Levy Joshua , Debbins Josef P. , Fleisher Adam S. , Albert Marilyn , Green Robert , Bartzokis George , Glover Gary , Mugler John , Weiner Michael W. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) is a longitudinal multisite observational study of healthy elders, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and Alzheimer's disease. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), (18F)‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET), urine serum, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers, as well as clinical/psychometric assessments are acquiredat multiple time points. All data will be cross‐linked and made available to the general scientific community. The purpose of this report is to describe the MRI methods employed in ADNI. The ADNI MRI core established specifications thatguided protocol development. A major effort was devoted toevaluating 3D T1‐weighted sequences for morphometric analyses. Several options for this sequence were optimized for the relevant manufacturer platforms and then compared in a reduced‐scale clinical trial. The protocol selected for the ADNI study includes: back‐to‐back 3D magnetization prepared rapid gradient echo (MP‐RAGE) scans; B1‐calibration scans when applicable; and an axial proton density‐T2 dual contrast (i.e., echo) fast spin echo/turbo spin echo (FSE/TSE) for pathology detection. ADNI MRI methods seek to maximize scientific utility while minimizing the burden placed on participants. The approach taken in ADNI to standardization across sites and platforms of the MRI protocol, postacquisition corrections, and phantom‐based monitoring of all scanners could be used as a model for other multisite trials. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular and cellular MR imaging: Potentials and challenges for neurological applications
Authors: Hoehn Mathias , Himmelreich Uwe , Kruttwig Klaus , Wiedermann Dirk 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThis review presents the state of the art of molecular MRI and its application to experimental neurology and neuroscience. We do not repeat a broad, comprehensive overview over the rapidly growing literature in the field of “molecular MRI,” which is achieved by several recent reviews. Instead, we focus here on the potential of this imaging technique and its challenges to achieve useful new information in various fields of application with the aim of visualizing cellular processes in the brain, in both the physiological and pathophysiological context. Particular attention will be given to the visualization of cells grafted into the brain. For this goal, the recent most exciting studies are selected as the best examples to elucidate the method's fast expanding potentials. Attention is also given to the aspects of producing synergies by combining molecular MRI with other molecular imaging modalities, thus generating the most complex pictures of cellular and molecular events in the brain under in vivo conditions. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nonlinear myocardial signal intensity correction improves quantification of contrast‐enhanced first‐pass MR perfusion in humans
Authors: Hsu Li‐Yueh , Kellman Peter , Arai Andrew E 
Published: February 2008

AbstractPurposeTo study the nonlinearity of myocardial signal intensity and gadolinium contrast concentration during first‐pass perfusion MRI, and to compare quantitative perfusion estimates using nonlinear myocardial signal intensity correction.Materials and MethodsThe nonlinearity of signal intensity and contrast concentration was simulated by magnetization modeling and evaluated in phantom measurements. A total of 10 healthy volunteers underwent rest and stress dual‐bolus perfusion studies using an echo‐planar imaging sequence at both short and long saturation‐recovery delay times (TD70 and TD150). Perfusion estimates were compared before and after the correction.ResultsThe phantom data showed a linear relationship (R2 = 1.00 and 0.99) of corrected signal intensity vs. contrast concentrations. Peak myocardial contrast concentration averaged 0.64 ± 0.10 mmol · L−1 at rest and 0.91 ± 0.21 mmol · L−1 during stress for TD70 and were similar for TD150 (P = not significant [NS]). The corrections were larger for stress than rest perfusion and larger for TD150 than TD70 studies (both P < 0.01). Perfusion estimates of TD70 and TD150 stress studies were significantly different before the correction (P < 0.01) but equivalent after the correction (P = NS).ConclusionThe nonlinearity between signal intensity and myocardial contrast concentration in perfusion MRI can be corrected through magnetization modeling. A nonlinear correction of myocardial signal intensity is feasible and improves quantitative perfusion analysis. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A comparison of EDI with solvent‐free MALDI and LDI for the analysis of organic pigments
Authors: Kudaka Ichiro , Asakawa Daiki , Mori Kunihiko , Hiraoka Kenzo 
Published: February 2008

AbstractTo evaluate the applicability of EDI to material analysis as a new ionization method, a comparison of EDI with solvent‐free matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) and laser desorption ionization (LDI) was made for the analysis of organic pigments, e.g. Pigment Yellow 93, Pigment Yellow 180, and Pigment Green 36, as test samples, which are poorly soluble in standard solvents. In EDI, the samples were prepared in two ways: deposition of suspended samples in appropriate solvents and dried on the substrate, and the direct deposition of the powder samples on the substrate. No matrices were used. Both sample preparation methods gave similar mass spectra. Equally strong signals of [M + H]+ and [M − H]− ions were observed with some fragment ions for azo pigments in the respective positive or negative mode of operation. For the powder sample of the phthalocyanine pigment PG36, M+• and [M + H]+ in the positive mode and M−• in the negative mode of operation were observed as major ions. Positive‐mode, solvent‐free MALDI gave M+, [M + H]+ and [M + Na]+ and negative mode gave [M − H]− depending on the sample preparation. As solvent‐free MALDI, EDI was also found to be an easy‐to‐operate, versatile method for the samples as received. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.