bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protein soil defoaming in machine dishwashers
Authors: Schmolka Irving R. , Kaneko Thomas M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe machine washing of dishes that are heavily loaded with proteinaceous soil has been a problem facing consumers and the surfactant industry alike for many years. The rapid growth in the machine dishwasher market and the trend toward the use of lower water temperatures have tended to aggravate the resulting foaming problem for both the household and the industrial consumer of machine dishwashing detergents. Although many surfactants have been recommended for use in defoaming protein soils, no one product which satisfactorily defoams protein soils over a temperature range of 100−160F has been available. A systematic study undertaken with the primary objective of defoaming egg and milk soils in machine dishwashers over wide temperature ranges has now led to the development of an effective protein soil defoaming system. This consists of monostearyl ester of phosphoric acid blended with special nonionic surfactants, in a mixture of alkaline builders, and provides excellent control of protein foam from 100−160F. Studies have been undertaken to show the effects of variations in monoalkyl ester concentration, types of surfactant, soil load, water temperature, water hardness and builder systems.
The plasticizing characteristics of some fatty acid morpholides and morpholide‐hydrocarbon extender blends
Authors: Magne Frank C. , Mod Robert R. , Skau Evald L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe preparation and plasticizing characteristics in poly (vinyl chloride‐vinyl acetate) copolymer resin of 14 morpholides of unsubstituted and substituted C18 fatty acids are reported, as well as the plasticizing performance of blends of the morpliolide of hydrogenated cottonseed acids with such hydrocarbon extenders as Conoco H‐35, Amoco BN‐1, and Monsanto HB‐20 and 40. Up to 50% of some of these extenders can be blended with the morpholide of hydrogenated cottonseed acids without loss of compatibility. Economics excepted, such blends are of questionable merit with respect to performance. Although substituent groups such as oxirane, benzyl, and carbonyl improve the compatibility, volatility, and soapy water extractability characteristics of the fatty acid morpholide plasticizers, they are almost invariably detrimental to low‐temperature performance and efficiency. The dimorpholides of the dimer acids exhibit no measurable volatility loss in plasticized stock and mixtures with a monomeric morpholide exhibit unusually low volatility losses. Ternary composition‐compatibility diagrams are described for two systems involving the morpholides of linoleic, epoxyoctadecenoic, and palmitic acid in one instance and oleic, dimer, and palmitic acid in the other. These diagrams delineate the fatty acyl compositional limitations consonant with compatibility of these two sys‐tems in poly (vinyl chloride‐vinyl acetate) copolymer.
Reactions of fatty acid chlorides: II. Synthesis of monohydrazides or dihydrazides by acylation of hydrazine hydrate with saturated fatty acid chlorides
Authors: Sonntag Norman O. V. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe acylation of hydrazine hydrate with a series of saturated fatty acid chlorides containing from eight to 18 carbon atoms was studied under a variety of conditions in order to obtain the desirable fatty acid monohydrazides. Optimum yields were obtained (ranging from 31.5% to 75% as the series ascended from C‐8 to C‐18) for the even‐numbered monohydrazide members through the use of a large excess of hydrazine hydrate in several organic solvents. Diethyl ether was found to be suitable if the acid chloride is dissolved in it and added slowly to a cold mixture of hydrazine hydrate in ether. The Schotten‐Baumann technique was found suitable for the preparation of the symmetrically substituted fatty acid dihydrazides in better than 82% yields when one mole of hydrazine hydrate was acylated with two of acid chlorides. Physical and chemical properties of both series of fatty nitrogen derivatives are briefly treated. Stearic monohydrazide was condensed with acetonylacetone to give a substituted pyrrole. An unsymmetrical dihydrazide was prepared by the acylation of myristic monohydrazide with lauroyl chloride. Stearic dimethylhydrazide was prepared by the acylation of dimethylhydrazine with stearoyl chloride. Two quaternizations of this product were carried out.
Aflatoxins in hull and meats of cottonseed
Authors: McMeans J. L. , Ashworth L. J. , Pons W. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWe have found that when aflatoxins are a contaminant of cottonseed, they may be distributed both in the hulls and in the meats. The concentrations in hulls and meats do not appear to be correlated. Aflatoxins were found in hulls and not in meats of some seed samples, and the reverse situation also was observed. The amounts of toxins were generally much greater in meats, which contained up to 10,200 ppb, than in hulls, which contained up to 390 ppb aflatoxins. Hulls as well as meats fromAspergillus flavus‐damaged seed represent a potential source of aflatoxin contamination, and both should be analyzed in order to accurately assess the total aflatoxins in seeds.
Hydrogenation of fatty acids
Authors: Hastert R. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCatalytic hydrogenation is a vital process for both the edible fats and oil and the industrial fatty chemical industries. The similarities and differences between the fat and oil and fatty acid hydrogenations in equipment, processing conditions, and catalysts employed are of some importance since both are used in the various operations. Generally, the catalytic hydrogenation of fatty acids is carried out in corrosion‐resistant equipment (316SS), whereas for fats and oils while 316SS is desirable, 304SS or even black iron surffice. The speed of hydrogenation varies radically with the content of impurities in both fat and oil and fatty acid feedstocks. Especially detrimental for both hydrogenations are soap and sulfur contaminants, proteinaceous materials left in the oils from poor refining, etc. Fatty acids from vegetable oil soapstocks are especially difficult to hydrogenate. Soybean‐acidulated soapstock must usually be double‐distilled for good results; cottonseed soapstocks frequently triple‐distilled in order that they can be hydrogenated below iodine values of 1. Fatty acid hydrogenation effectiveness is measured by achieveing a low iodine value as fast and as economically as possible. Variables that influence hydrogenation effectiveness are reactor design, hydrogen purity, feedstock quality, catalyst activity and operating conditions.
Materials of construction in the fatty acid industry
Authors: Rice E. E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe basic material of construction for the tankage and reactors that are used in the fatty chemical industry is one or another variant of the 300 series stainless steels. The use of these alloys essentially eliminates the possibility of iron and other metal contaminations which may either degrade the product or catalyze undesirable oxidation and other side reactions. With certain exceptions, it has been found that Type 304 stainless steel may be used in fatty chemical processing at temperatures up to 150 C and Type 316 stainless steel for tanks and vessels designed for use above that temperature. Where welding is involved in the fabrication of equipment designed for high temperature usage, it has been found necessary to use either a special low carbon stainless steel or an alloy which contains an extra ingredient that will inhibit carbide precipitation in the weld area since such precipitation usually results in a point of corrosion and ultimate failure. in the fabrication of pressure vessels, it is normal practice to use carbon steel plates of suitable thickness that have a minimal amount of the desired alloy bonded to the surface rather than fabricate of solid alloy. This not only reduces the cost of the vessel but adds greatly to the strength of the sheet since most high alloys lose tensile strength rapidly as temperatures are increased while carbon steel retains strength until very high temperatures are reached. In addition to the 300 series stainless steels, certain highly specialized alloys such as Inconel 825, Carpenter 20 Cb, or Monel are frequently used for extreme acid conditions. The lower cost of aluminum as compared to a high alloy makes it attractive for storage tanks but it can be used only when materials contain no moisture, since even traces of water accelerate the rate of corrosion and rapidly render the tank unusable. New materials on the scene are fiberglass‐polyester tankage and applied linings of the phenolic or the epon‐epoxy type. These materials do not have a wide application, but where their use is possible, it is a lower cost answer to the problem of iron contamination.
Synthetic fatty acids
Authors: Fineberg H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractManufacture of fatty acids from petroleum and natural gas is a large industry worldwide and has important implications in the U.S. Eastern Europe produces an estimated 1.2 billion pounds by air oxidation of hydrocarbons compared to an estimated 956 million pounds of natural fatty acids from the U.S., in 1978 (exclusive of tall oil fatty acids). The enormous production of SFA's in Eastern European countries and in Russia is done by continuous air oxidation of fresh and recycled mixed aliphatic hydrocarbons. Since the products contain proportions of odd‐numbered straight chain acids, they have not been used edibly, but have been applied to the manufacture of industrial products such as soap, lubricants, plasticizers and the like. Another European approach (Liquichimica, Italy) for SFA is the caustic fusion (and oxidation) of branched chain alcohols produced by carbonylation and reduction of olefins. American potential technology is diversified but has not yet been translated to production scale, presumably because of the plentiful supply of natural fats and oils that is available.
Fat‐based dibasic acids
Authors: Kadesch R. G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAside from “dimer acids” (E.C. Leonard's paper), the best known fat‐based dibasic acids consist of eight product types of which only four are commercially important. These are described in detail in this paper: (a.) Azelaic acid produced from oleic acid by either chrome oxidation or ozonolysis of oleic acid also, “brassylic” acid from mixed 55% erucic‐containing crambe oil fatty acids. (b). Sebacic acid from castor oil or possibly dodecanedioic acid from lesquerolic acid by caustic fusion. (c) C‐21 Dibasic acid by Diels Alder reaction between isomerized TOFA and acrylic acid. (d.) C‐19 Dibasic acids (carboxystearic acids) from oleic acid by carboxylation. (e.) Mixed C‐11/C‐12 Dibasic acids by several routes. Both the alkali cleavage and gentle nitric acid oxidations of certain hydroxy fatty acids (e.g., 12‐hydroxystearic acid from hydrogenation of ricinoleic acid, etc.) can be used to afford mixed C‐11/C‐12 dibasic acids. (f.) Dibasic acid mixtures by nitric acid oxidations. Depending upon conditions, both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids are oxidized to a heterogeneous mixture of mono‐ and dibasic acids by oxidation with nitric acid.
Effect of experimental factors on the prooxidant behavior of α‐tocopherol
Authors: Cillard J. , Cillard P. , Cormier M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWe have investigated the effect of experimental factors on the prooxidant effect of α‐tocopherol during the autoxidation of linoleic acid. The prooxidant effect depended on two factors: the concentration of α‐tocopherol (≥ 5 x 10−3 mol α‐tocopherol/1 mol linoleic acid) and the solvent, an aqueous system in which the prooxidant effect occurred more easily. On the other hand, the prooxidant behavior of α‐tocopherol was unaffected by the type of surfactant used in water as well as by the presence of different salts. The initial content of hydroperoxides affected the intensity of the prooxidant effect which varied in an inverse ratio to the initial hydroperoxide level.
Detergentless water/oil microemulsions: IV. the ternary pseudo‐phase diagram for and properties of the system toluene/2‐propanol/water
Authors: Lund G. , Holt S. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe ternary‐pseudo phase diagram for toluene, water and 2‐propanol has been constructed from conductivity measurements. Several structured regions have been identified and region boundaries confirmed by carbon‐13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Prominent among the structured pseudo‐phases is a region of water dispersed microemulsions. Preliminary light scattering data suggest a droplet diameter of 50–300 Å.
A determination of the apparent molar absorption coefficients of the cobalt thiocyanate complexes of nonylphenol ethylene oxide adducts
Authors: Crabb Norman T. , Persinger Harry E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCobalt thiocyanate is used as a colorimetric reagent to determine traces of polyoxyethylene nonionic surfactants. It has been established that when there is an insufficient number of oxide units per hydrophobe the color intensity is markedly diminished, and with smaller numbers of oxide units the color fails to form altogether. the exact number of oxide units at which the colorimetric procedure fails has not been established previously, due to the unavailability of the pure individual ethylene oxide adducts.The individual ethylene oxide adducts of high purity were obtained by liquid chromatography on silica gel. The mixed solvent used was originally developed for thin‐layer chromatography and was applied without change to column chromatography. The composition of the separated isomers has been determined by infrared, ultraviolet, nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectroscopy.The apparent molar absorption coefficients have been obtained for the individual cobalt thiocyanate complexes both in benzene and chlorform. For the low molecular weight adducts studied, the efficiency of color development and extraction into the organic phase has been found to be dependent on the concentration of the cobalt thiocyanate reagent. A saturated aqueous solution of cobalt thiocyanate was found to be preferable and benzene was found to be a more reliable extractant than chloroform.The apparent molar absorption coefficients do not vary linearly with chain length at low molecular weights and the minimum number of ethylene oxide units that will form an extractable color with the saturated reagent was found to be 3.
Cyclic fatty acids: Separation from straight‐chain fatty acids by urea adducting
Authors: Eisenhauer R. A. , Beal R. E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA mixture containing 37% cyclic and 63% straight‐chain fatty acids, made by high‐temperature treatment of linseed oil fatty acids with alkali, was separated by the urea adduct method to give unsaturated cyclic fatty acids (nonadduct) in 95% purity and 90–95% yeild. Previous reports from this Laboratory describe a process for separating cyclic fatty acids from stearic acid by hydrogenation followed by crystallization at −40C. The urea adduct method avoids hydrogenation and low‐temperature crystallization, and furthermore, unsaturated cyclic and unsaturated straight‐chain products can be recovered as individual fractions. Then, by readducting the unsaturated straight‐chain fatty acid fraction, the small amounts of palmitic and stearic acids are removed leaving an unsaturated fraction containing oleic, nonconjugated and conjugated linoleic and some unsaturated cyclic fatty acids.
Chemical reactions involved in the deep fat frying of foods: V. Identification of nonacidic volatile decomposition products of hydrogenated cottonseed oil
Authors: Reddy B. R. , Yasuda Kosaku , Krishnamurthy R. G. , Chang S. S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe nonacidic volatile decomposition products (VDP) produced by a deodorized hydrogenated cottonseed oil maintained at 185C with periodic frying of moist cotton balls and with periodic addition of fresh fat to replenish the fat lost due to evaporation, decomposition, and adsorption by the cotton balls were collected, fractionated and characterized. A total, of 61 compounds were identified. They consisted of 17 hydrocarbons, eight alcohols, two esters, three lactones, 22 aldehydes, seven ketones, and two aromatic compounds.
Process control concepts
Authors: Lynn Ralston Edward 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMany technical phrases are used rather loosely today when the interplay between computers and processes is discussed. These phrases are defined and their intended meaning is made clear by examples. Described are the philosophy behind the use of computer control over a generalized process, the levels of sophistication in applying computer control, and the characteristics which make a process suitable for computer control. Several examples are given in detail to show the various ways in which justification for computer control has been established.
Transfer hydrogenation and transfer hydrogenolysis: XII. Selective hydrogenation of fatty acid methyl esters by various hydrogen donors
Authors: Tagawa T. , Nishiguchi T. , Fukuzumi K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe selective hydrogenation of methyl linoleate was studied using various organic compounds as hydrogen sources in the presence of homogeneous and metallic palladium catalysts. Complete selectivity to monoenes and relatively little formation of isolatedtrans double bonds were realized by the hydrogen transfer from L‐ascorbic acid at 47% conversion of starting material to hydrogenation products. The hydrogenation bytrans‐1,2‐cyclohexanediol catalyzed by RuH2(PPh3)4 also showed rather high selectivity tocis‐monoenes. In the reaction catalyzed by RuH2(PPh3)4, also showed rather high selectivity tocis‐monoenes. In the reaction catalyzed by RuH2(PPh3)4, the presence of these hydroxy compounds increased the isomerization of methyl elaidate tocis‐monoenes.
Flavor and oxidative stability of hydrogenated and unhydrogenated soybean oils: Effects of antioxidants
Authors: Mounts T. L. , Warner K. A. , List G. R. , Fredrich J. P. , Koritala S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFlavor and oxidative stabilities were studied by organoleptic evaluation and chemical analysis of three different samples of soybean oil: unhydrogented (I); hydrogenated with nickel catalyst (II); and hydrogenated with copper‐chromium catalyst (III). Analyses for these oils were: I II III iodine Value 138 109 113 Linolenate, % 8.3 3.3 0.4 Each oil was deodorized with the addition of either citric acid alone or citric acid plus BHA and BHT antioxidants. Addition of antioxidants did not improve the flavor stabilities of the oils in accelerated storage tests but did improve the flavor stabilities of II and III in light exposure tests. All three oils that received the same additive treatment had equivalent flavor stability in both accelerated storage and light exposure tests. However, both hydrogenation and antioxidant treatment improved oxidative stability as measured by the Active Oxygen Method. There was good correlation between flavor score and the logarithm of the peroxide value determined at the time of tasting.
Tocopherols of oil palm leaf1
Authors: Kato A. , Yamaoka M. , Gapor Ab. , Berger K. G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTocopherols of oil palm leaves were determined by high perfor‐mance liquid chomatography. Each tocopherol was identified by a combination of gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry and thin layer chromatography. The extracts of the leaves contained α‐ tocopherol (11,229‐14,805 μg/g) and β‐tocopherol (30‐44 μg/g). Tocopherol composition and content of the leaves was compared to those of oil palm fruits.
Two new stable polybrominated salicylanilides for antibacterial use in soap and detergent products
Authors: Molnar N. M. , Baron Seymour 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe versatility of two brominated salicylanilides as antiseptic agents and germicides in soap and detergent products for use on skin, hair, hard sur‐faces and in fabrics is discussed. Both preparations show stability at elevated temp and pressure and compatibility with many surfactant vehicles. They are free of primary irritation and sensitization, including sunlight‐induced irritation. A mixture of di‐ and tribromosalicylanilide is currently being used in toilet bars, shampoos, laundry products, disinfectant sprays and multi‐purpose disinfectant products. The substantivity to fabrics is further characterized by stability to heat and hydrolysis by alkalinity. Essentially pure 3,4艂,5 tribromosalicylanilide is resistant to discoloration, making it particularly suitable for use in white and pastel colored toilet bars. It has excellent substantivity to skin and provides long‐lasting action against odor‐causing and pathogenic bacteria.
Lipid‐protein interactions
Authors: Therriault D. G. , Taylor J. F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractInteraction of human serum albumin with phosphatidylserine was studied by turbidimetric methods. It was found that human serum albu‐min will bind phosphatidylserine. Analysis by the law of mass action for multiple equilibria has led to the conclusion that human serum albumin possesses a heterogeneity of binding sites for phos‐phatidylserine. The max number of sites and the respective affinity constants were calculated to be : K1 = 2.0 × 105, n1 = 2; K2 = 1.3 × 103, n2 = 30
Fatty acid components of fried foods and fats used for frying
Authors: Kilgore Lois T. , Luker W. D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractOxidation of fat is accelerated at temp as high as those used for frying. The extent of this oxida‐tion has been studied by frying two kinds of foods (chicken or potatoes) in cottonseed oil and in lard. Fat samples, taken prior to use and follow‐ing 5 and 10 hr of frying (both for chicken and potatoes) were esterified. Subsequent quantita‐tive assays of methyl esters by gas chromatogra‐phy showed that the linoleic acid content had decreased from 57‐49% after cottonseed oil had been used 10 hr for frying. This decrease was present regardless of whether chicken or potatoes were fried. There was no change in the linoleic acid content of lard after chicken was fried, but a decrease from 11.3‐5.8% was noted when pota‐toes were fried for 10 hr.The fatty acid content of the fat extracted from the potatoes and the fat used to fry them, was the same when sampled at 5 hr. However, at the end of the 10‐hr frying period, fat ex‐tracted from the potatoes had a lower linoleic acid content than fat used to fry them. Results were the same for both cottonseed oil and lard. Fatty acid components of the fat extracted from the chicken seemed to be affected as much by the fatty acid composition of the chicken itself as by fat used for frying. Whether the chicken was cooked in fat used 5 or 10 hr made little differ‐ence.
Physical properties of fatty acid methyl esters. III dispersion
Authors: Gouw T. H. , Vlugter J. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe dispersion and the molar dispersions, ac‐cording to Lorentz‐Lorenz and to Gladstone‐Dale, are presented at 20C and at 40C for the saturated fatty acid methyl esters from acetate to nonadeca‐noate and for methyl oleate, linoleate, linolenate, and erucate. Regression equations for these two additive properties have been computed for the saturated series. The limiting dispersion is com‐puted for the Gladstone‐Dale specific dispersion.
5,11,14舒Eicosatrienoic acid in podocarpus nagi seed oil
Authors: Takagi Toru 
Published: July 2007

AbstractEicosatrienoic acid, the unique constituent acid ofPodocarpus nagi seed oil is characterized as all‐cis‐5,ll,14‐eicosatrienoic acid. Bicosadienoic acid found in the same oil is shown to becis,cis‐11,14‐eicosadienoic acid.