bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
12 Size and Politics
Authors: Taagepera Rein 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The cube root law of assembly sizes applies to first or only chambers. It says that assembly size is approximately the cube root of the country's population, because this size minimizes the workload of a representative. This quantitatively predictive logical model agrees with the world averages. Smaller countries have fewer registered parties but more party members per 1,000 population.
Biological Internalism
Authors: Hinzen Wolfram 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter introduces the tradition of biological internalism — starting in the 19th century and consistent with and complementary to Darwin's revolution — as something that current biolinguistic inquiry in the Minimalist Program is an example of. Chomsky's much discussed stance on evolution is presented as an essentially non-controversial quest for greater depth in biological explanation — a project depends on the maximization of the explanatory power of factors in the genesis of language which are both non-genetic and not language-specific (‘third-factor’ conditions).
1 Introduction
Authors: Richardson Kylie 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter introduces some of the definitions of the terms ‘case’ and ‘aspect’, namely that there are up to five different types of case (structural, lexical, semantic, inherent, and default) posited in the literature and two different types of aspect (lexical and grammatical). This chapter also briefly outlines the main claims presented in Chapters 3, 4, and 5 of the book.
4 Case and Grammatical Aspect in East Slavic Depictives
Authors: Richardson Kylie 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter illustrates that the instrumental versus case agreement opposition in depictive constructions in the East Slavic languages is directly linked to a grammatical aspectual contrast, namely an instrumental case marked predicate signals that the eventuality described by the predicate is bounded in time, whereas a predicate with case agreement signals that the eventuality is unbounded.
5 Extensions of the Link between Case and Grammatical Aspect
Authors: Richardson Kylie 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter extends the link between grammatical aspect and the instrumental versus case agreement dichotomy on a predicate in the East Slavic languages to certain participle constructions in Russian and to copular constructions in the East Slavic languages in general. It also compares the syntax of copular constructions in Ukrainian with those in Belarusian, Russian, and Polish.
7 The Genesis of Homeric Poetry (a Brief Synthesis): The ‘Intemporizing’ Cataloguer
Authors: David A. P. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter offers a natural history or ‘just so’ story of how Homeric poetry came about in place of the fantasy of generations of extemporizing bards, and the crudity of metrical building blocks. A key is the notion of the ‘intemporizing’ cataloguer, a storyteller who expands a given catalogue of people or events by inserting chiastic, ring-shaped narrative digressions between the catalogue elements, as though expanding an accordion. Both epic and lyric exhibit a ‘choral unfolding of linear myth’. The relation of artists to folk traditions is speculated on, and inferences are drawn for Homer in relation to ancient epic.
Milton and the European Contexts of Toleration
Authors: Smith Nigel 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter provides a framework for the other chapters in this volume by locating Milton in a broad tradition of intellectual freedom of belief associated with elite groups in Europe. From this tradition, Milton derived his understanding of religious toleration and persecution, of free will, Socinianism, and antitrinitarian theology. While challenging Whig accounts of Milton, this study orients the poet-polemicist's views on toleration in terms of cutting-edge thinkers on the Continent, particularly in Spain, the Netherlands, Poland, and France, as well as England. Fusing classical republicanism and advanced Protestantism, Milton's writing is dedicated towards inculcating freedom and belief as anti-idolatrous, anti-popish, and hence anti-enslaved activities; a perpetual source of renewal for a free state. At the same time, the message that liberty means some things are not to be tolerated is also everywhere evident in Milton's poetry and prose.
Milton, Marvell and Toleration
Authors: Maltzahn Nicholas von 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
John Milton and Andrew Marvell have been celebrated as apostles of religious toleration, long seen as a defining value of liberalism. In their own lifetimes, they won some praise for what they wrote on behalf of toleration, praise that was renewed after the Revolution of 1688/9 and often since. The applause for Milton has been longer and louder. Yet it is Marvell's take on toleration that proved more normal in liberal tradition, where contending faiths might agree to disagree, with religion increasingly construed as a private practice tolerable within a secular state. Milton, by contrast, sees toleration as committing us to some collective discovery of Christian saving truth, as he insists on engagement with competing views, in a positive liberty requiring dialogue between believers. Both represent a strain of Puritan free-thinking, however, that might lead as far as Socinianism.
Milton and Antitrinitarianism
Authors: Dzelzainis Martin 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to retrace as far as possible Milton's engagement with antitrinitarianism, working backwards from the end of his life — the period when we can be relatively certain about his Arianism. Under investigation as well is the matter of how wide a range of religious views Milton would come to embrace within reformed Christianity. An exploration of the author's intellectual engagements with reformist works reveals that Milton questioned orthodox belief in the Trinity in the mid-1640s rather than in the early 1650s. The chapter explores the outer limit of religious tolerance Milton embraces within reformed Christianity, and the political conditions that expose the dimensions of his intellectual engagement with antitrinitarianism. An earlier date for Milton's heretical, antitrinitarianism is posited on the basis of Milton's knowledge of religious controversies in Geneva and Poland.
Toleration in Milton's Epics: A Chimera?
Authors: Achinstein Sharon 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The chapter explores how Milton's epic poems express a vision of tolerance that is critical of secularism. Though committed to a procedural principle of toleration, the imaginative visions of tolerance in Paradise Lost and Paradise Regained are limited in scope when compared with English and Continental contemporaries. Through literary and linguistic analysis, the chapter looks to Milton's various representations of topics relevant to toleration thinkers (e.g., community, the natural world, Satan, debate, freedom of conscience, the Divine), and judges Milton's epics to be interested in freedom of thought or tolerance not as goals in themselves, but as means to an ultimate end: belief and the triumph of the invisible church.
3 Placing Good Samaritan: Formation Practices
Authors: McClintock Fulkerson Mary 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter looks at the events that brought the community of Good Samaritan into being. Of particular interest are the formation practices, of which the opening story in this chapter is a significant example. Who did the community understand itself to be? What did it understand itself to be called to do? As activities of self-definition, formation practices create signs that can coalesce into a claimed identity. And since identity always undergoes renegotiation, there are no absolute boundaries between formation practices and those practices that sustain the community between the origin and dispersal of an identity.
Derived Categories of Coherent Sheaves
Authors: Huybrechts D. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe discussion of the previous chapter is applied to the derived category of the abelian category of coherent sheaves. The Serre functor is introduced, and particular spanning classes are constructed. The usual geometric functors, direct and inverse image, tensor product, and global sections, are derived and extended to functors between derived categories. The compatibilities between them are reviewed. The final section focuses on the Grothendieck-Verdier duality.
K3 Surfaces
Authors: Huybrechts D. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractAfter abelian varieties, K3 surfaces are the second most interesting special class of varieties. These have a rich internal geometry and a highly interesting moduli theory. Paralleling the famous Torelli theorem, results from Mukai and Orlov show that two K3 surfaces have equivalent derived categories precisely when their cohomologies are isomorphic weighing two Hodge structures. Their techniques also give an almost complete description of the cohomological action of the group of autoequivalences of the derived category of a K3 surface. The basic definitions and fundamental facts from K3 surface theory are recalled. As moduli spaces of stable sheaves on K3 surfaces are crucial for the argument, a brief outline of their theory is presented.
Localist Case Grammar
Authors: Anderson John M. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractA localist case grammar — based on the relations locative, source, and absolutive (neutral, which is neither of these), and derivatively goal — is fleshed out in this chapter. Agentive is a non-locative source, and an absolutive is, in addition, a goal if it is dependent on the same predicator as such a source. This framework, in which the role of an argument may involve more than one relation, is applied to the description of grammatical (or logical) cases and bifunctional cases. The accusative in Latin, for example, may be a locative or a non-locative goal. Various notions of ‘patienthood’ are shown to involve such combinations. Genitives and partitives are given a localist interpretation using the same relations, with partitives, for instance, interpreted as an adnominal source. This is illustrated from Finnish, and the subject-selection hierarchy is defined in terms of these relations.
Global value chains in the pharmaceutical industry
Authors: Probert Jocelyn 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter looks at value chains in the Japanese pharmaceutical industry, which was, until recently, relatively isolated from global consolidation, value chain modularization, and indeed global markets. One reason was the institutional and regulatory environment — including governmental emphasis on safety over effectiveness — but corporate strategies also played a part, including a strong preference for organic growth and employment security. It is further noted that there was a limited contribution from university-based research activity, especially in biotechnology. But this industry is now in the throes of rapid change. The prospect is offered that leading pharmaceutical companies may well respond to their challenges while retaining cherished traditions through the pursuit of global niche strategies.
Software's hidden challenges1
Authors: Cole Robert E. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines another key ICT industry — packaged software — of which Japan is a huge net importer. In what goes to the heart of the modularization issue, it is shown that the large electronics firms were reluctant to unbundle hardware and software, and insisted on maintaining proprietary systems; indeed, free software was (is) frequently used to boost hardware sales. Spinning out software divisions into group companies led to the maintenance of this orientation, rather than the creation of independent software firms focused on innovation. In a so-called ‘curse of genba shugi’, it is argued that the shopfloor focus of Japanese manufacturing firms, despite its many positive contributions to productivity and quality, creates enormous pressures for customization, which adds heavy costs and forecloses benefits of standardization and corporate wide optimization that would come from the use of packaged software.
Rethinking innovation1
Authors: Yamaguchi Eiichi 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter amplifies a number of the preceding themes and provides new insights in his case study of the blue LED invention. Distinguishing between ‘paradigm-disruptive’ innovation and ‘performance-disruptive’ innovation, it is argued that large firms face difficult problems with both, but especially the former (because of their ‘competency-enhancing’ innovation bias as well as growing bureaucracy, and more recently, restructuring). Using the blue LED case, it is argued that there is a greater chance of top managers following a hunch or creating a ‘field of resonance’ with their scientists in smaller companies. The implication of this study is a call for hastening the shift to a more open innovation system in Japan, with a greater role for startups and networks of innovative small firms.
Hitachi's nascent ‘new production(ist)’ system
Authors: Whittaker D. H. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter provides a case study of Hitachi's response to its first postwar loss in 1998, in the face of growing competitive challenges, and ‘large firm malaise’. It began with HRM reforms and an attempt to reshape employment relations, as well as organization and governance reforms. From 2001, MOT concepts were progressively introduced, through exploratory, strategic, and systemic stages. These attempted to combine technologies with new business models to develop areas of technology focus and develop management systems to mobilize more effectively and integrate group and external resources. The resulting blend of continuity and change is called a ‘new production(ist) system’.
First Report of Phytophthora ramorum on Ornamental Plants in France
Authors: Husson C. , Delatour C. , Frey P. , Marçais B. , Saurat C. , Schenck N. 
Published: September 2007

In April 2002, Phytophthora ramorum was associated with twig blight and brown spots on Rhododendron spp. leaves from a nursery in France. The isolate was identified by its morphological characters on V8 agar: slow growth, deciduous and semipapillate sporangia, and abundant production of large chlamydospores (3). The identification was confirmed by ITS rDNA sequencing. During 2002, P. ramorum was also isolated from diseased Viburnum tinus and V. × bodnantense plants exhibiting symptoms of wilting and stem base discoloration. Subsequently, repeated surveys for P. ramorum were carried out in nurseries and areas surrounding nurseries throughout France. Since 2004, a large range of known hosts were investigated in approximately 2,000 nurseries and 200 other sites each year. P. ramorum was detected exclusively in nurseries at 29 locations in 2002, 9 in 2003, 23 in 2004, 17 in 2005, and 19 in 2006. Rhododendron spp. and occasionally V. tinus were the major hosts. In addition, the pathogen was detected for the first time on Pieris japonica in two nurseries in 2005 and on Camellia sp. in one nursery in 2006 from plants exhibiting leaf and twig blight. In both cases, P. ramorum had already been detected on Rhododendron spp. in the same nurseries. Most of the infected plants were found in northwestern France (Bretagne and Pays-de-la-Loire), or came from this region, which is the main rhododendron-growing area in France. In some cases, plants were imported from Belgium or the Netherlands. P. ramorum was also detected in a nursery in soil close to diseased Rhododendron spp. plants and pond water used for irrigation by using a combination of baiting with Rhododendron spp. leaves and PCR assay with species-specific primers (1). Overall, approximately 1% of the investigated nurseries were found positive each year, and this ratio was quite stable from 2004 to 2006. To date, P. ramorum has not been detected outside of nurseries, although many surveys were conducted on the west coast of France where the risk is considered to be high because of a favorable mild and humid climate and the presence of suitable hosts. In addition, 78 isolates of P. ramorum collected between 2002 and 2004 on Rhododendron spp. and V. tinus were found to be of A1 mating type based on pairings with P. cryptogea A1 and A2 mating types (2). References: (1) K. J. Hayden et al. Phytopathology 94:1075, 2004. (2) S. Werres and B. Zielke J. Plant Dis. Prot. 110:129, 2003. (3) S. Werres et al. Mycol. Res. 105:1155, 2001.
First Report of Race 3 of Bipolaris zeicola on Corn in China
Authors: Zhang R. , Wang Q. , Sun G. Y. , Mao Q. , Gleason M. L. 
Published: September 2007

In Meixian County of Shaanxi Province, China, during the summer of 2002, mature corn plants in a field plot showed severe leaf spot symptoms. The lesions were narrow (3.5 to 18 mm long and 0.4 to 1.5 mm wide), grayish tan, and surrounded by a light- to dark-pigmented border. Leaves wilted when lesions coalesced. From 2002 to 2005, the disease was observed in other Shaanxi Province counties, including Yangling, Wugong, Qianxian, Longxian, and Qianyang, although in most cases, symptom development was less severe than it was in Meixian. Seven isolates from four counties were obtained by isolation from host tissue on potato dextrose agar (PDA), followed by single-spore culturing and incubation on PDA at 25°C in the dark for 7 days. Conidial suspensions were prepared from a single-spored culture on PDA plates. Pathogenicity tests were performed by spraying five corn seedlings (cv. Yuyu 22) at the three- to four-leaf stage in separate 10-cm-diameter pots with 10 ml of a conidial suspension (106 spores per ml) per plant. Each of three isolates was used in separate inoculations that were performed in different weeks. Controls were sprayed with sterile distilled water only. Plants were covered with plastic bags for 48 h and incubated at 23 to 25°C in a chamber. One week after inoculation, leaves on all inoculated plants developed characteristic lesions, whereas untreated controls had no symptoms. The pathogen was reisolated from diseased leaves on PDA after surface sterilization with 2% NaOCl. On PDA, proliferation of conidia usually occurred on all sides of the conidiophore. Conidiophores were cylindrical, simple, smooth, septate, and straight to flexuous. Conidia were 49 to 89 μm long and 11 to 17 μm wide, with 3 to 10 distosepta, straight or moderately curved, dark or olivaceous brown, and the cells on the ends sometimes appeared paler than those in the middle. These characteristics match those of Bipolaris zeicola (Stout) Shoemaker. On the basis of the arbitrary primers selected by Jones et al. (1), random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was used for species and physiological race determination. A single DNA fragment approximately 1.2 kb, which is characteristic of B. zeicola, was amplified from all seven isolates with arbitrary primer A20 (5′CTTGGATTC3′). Analysis of PCR products obtained with arbitrary primer A03 (5′AGTCAGCCAC3′) showed that all seven isolates lacked 2,700- and 2,300-base bands, and therefore, sorted into B. zeicola race 3. On the basis of pathogenicity, morphology, and RAPD band patterns of primer A20, the fungus was confirmed as B. zeicola. The shape of leaf lesions and RAPD band patterns using primer A03 showed further that the pathogen was race 3 of B. zeicola. Bai et al. (2) reported race 1 and race 2 of B. zeicola in China, but to our knowledge, this is the first report of race 3 in China. References: (1) M. J. Jones and L. D. Dunkle. Phytopathology 83:366, 1993. (2) J. K. Bai et al. Acta Phytopathol. Sin. 12:61, 1982.
First Report of Streptocarpus flower break virus in Streptocarpus in the United States
Authors: Pappu H. R. , Druffel K. B. 
Published: September 2007

Streptocarpus flower break virus (SFBV) belongs to the genus Tobamovirus and was described from naturally infected streptocarpus plants in 1995 (2). The complete genomic sequence was recently reported (1). Prominent symptoms include flower breaking while foliar symptoms are often lacking. In March 2007, four streptocarpus plants (cv. Indigo Dream) from San Diego County, CA were tested for the presence of SFBV by ELISA and reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. Symptoms suggestive of a virus infection were not present on these mother plants at the time of sampling. ELISA with SFBV-specific antiserum showed that all samples were infected with SFBV. The ELISA results were verified by RT-PCR followed by cloning and sequencing. Two sets of primer pairs were used in separate RT-PCR tests. One was a degenerate tobamovirus group-specific primer pair and the second primer pair was specific to SFBV (1). The tobamovirus group-specific primer pair consisted of Tob Uni1, 5′-ATT TAA GTG GAG GGA AAA CCA CT-3′ and Tob Uni2, 5′-GTY GTT GAT GAG TTC GTG GA-3′. The SFBV-specific primers were SFBVcpF: 5′-AAA ATG TCG TAC GTG GTG GT and SFBVcpR: 5′-ACC CAC AGA ACT TCC TTC AA-3′ (1). PCR amplicons of the expected size (686 bp for the tobamovirus group-specific primer pair and 562 bp for the SFBV-specific primer pair) were obtained for each primer pair. The positive PCR test using the SFBV-specific primer pair confirmed the presence of SFBV. To further verify the identity of the virus, the amplicons obtained with each primer pair were separately cloned and sequenced. At least two clones for each amplicon were sequenced in both directions. Sequence comparisons with those available in GenBank showed 98% sequence identity with the corresponding genomic region (GenBank Accession No. NC_008365) of SFBV (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of SFBV in the United States and it highlights the need for testing for this virus to ensure propagation and distribution of virus-free material. References: (1) C. Heinze et al. Arch. Virol. 151:763, 2006. (2) J. Th. J. Verhoeven et al. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 101:311, 1995.
Effect of Norgestomet Treatment on Plasminogen Activator Activity in the Cervical Mucus and the Endometrium in Dairy Cows
Authors: Bargouli G. G. , Tsantarliotou M. P. , Brozos C. N. , Kokolis N. A. , Boscos C. M. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryThe aim of this study was to determine the effect of norgestomet treatment, in the absence or the presence of a functional corpus luteum (CL), on plasminogen activators activity (PAA) in the cervical mucus and the endometrium in dairy cows. Eleven days after oestrus (Day 0 = oestrus), 38 cows were randomly assigned to one untreated control group (n = 9) and three treatment groups (S1, S2and S3). Animals of S1group (n = 9) received an implantation of norgestomet on the outer surface of the ear for 8 days, simultaneous injection of oestradiol valerate 5 mg and norgestomet 3 mg, i.m., and on Day 19 an injection of ECG 500 IU, i.m. Animals of S2group (n = 11) received the treatment of S1group, plus an administration of PGF2α on Day 10 for the regression of CL. Animals of S3group received the treatment of S2group, plus two additional norgestomet implants inserted on Day 16 for 36 h. Both types of plasminogen activators [the tissue‐type (t‐PA) and the urokinase‐type (u‐PA)] were detected in the cervical mucus and the endometrium of the cows. Plasminogen activators activity in the cervical mucus was higher in control group than in S1, S2and S3groups (P < 0.001). In contrast, endometrial PAA did not differ among groups (P > 0.05). Oestradiol‐17β concentrations on Day 21 were higher in S2group than in control group (P < 0.01) and S3group (P < 0.05). Progesterone concentrations did not differ among groups (P > 0.05). Oestradiol‐17β concentrations could positively affect cervical mucus PAA in control group (P < 0.1), but not in other groups (P > 0.05). These findings suggest that control of estrous cycle by norgestomet administration, in dairy cows, exerts a suppressive effect on plasminogen activators synthesis and/or secretion in the cervical mucus, regardless of the absence or the presence of the CL. On the contrary, endometrial PAA is not affected by norgestomet treatment.