bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Activities of the leeds castle polyposis group
Authors: Northover John M. A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn June 1985 an international meeting took place at Leeds Castle, England, to discuss some of the problems facing those caring for polyposis patients and conducting research in the field. From this grew the Leeds Castle Polyposis Group, comprising workers from 19 centers around the world; they agreed to cooperate initially in the collation of retrospective data with the hope that this would lead to prospective studies including comparative therapy trials. So far four retrospective pro formas have circulated. The data from these and plans for further projects will be discussed at the next meeting of the group in Washington in April 1987.
Role of chemotherapy in the treatment of colorectal carcinoma
Authors: Kemeny Nancy 
Published: February 2007

AbstractLarge bowel cancer afflicts more patients in the United States than any other malignancy excluding skin cancer. Fifty percent of patients who undergo resection of colorectal carcinoma have positive lymph nodes, and approximately 18% have liver metastases at initial presentation. To improve survival, more effective treatment than surgical resection of the primary must be developed. The most active single agent in the treatment of colorectal carcinoma is 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU). To increase the response rate obtained with this agent, work has been done on the modulation of 5‐FU by other agents, using drugs that are synergistic with 5‐FU and manipulating the method of 5‐FU administration. Combination chemotherapy has improved response rates in some situations, though generally it has not been shown to improve survival. Studies using direct hepatic infusion clearly demonstrate an increase in response rates, but again, it is too early to say whether this type of treatment increases survival. Early adjuvant chemotherapy trials used inadequate doses of chemotherapy for short periods of time and demonstrated no added efficacy to surgery alone. Later studies with more aggressive therapy suggested some benefit to treating patients with rectal carcinoma; however, there is still little evidence that adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival in patients with colon carcinoma. To compare and understand the various chemotherapy trials, more stringent reporting of baseline laboratory values, performance status, and estimation of tumor involvement are needed.
Recombinant alpha‐lnterferon and vinblastine in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: Efficacy of low doses
Authors: Getto Gian Luigi , Franceschi Tiziano , Turrina Gianni , Chiarion‐Sileni Vanna , Capelli Maria Carla , Bellini Anna , Paccagnella Adriano , Bassetto Maria Antonietta , Molino Anna Maria , De Sandre Giorgio 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTwenty‐six patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) were treated in a phase I‐II trial with recombinant interferon alpha‐2b (α‐IFN) and vinblastine (VBL) in combination. Patients received IFN at a starting dose of 3 × 106 IU/m2 subcutaneously three times a week and VBL 0.1 mg/kg intravenously every 3 weeks, with dose modification for toxicity. All patients were evaluable for toxicity; 18 patients were evaluable for efficacy. An objective response rate of 44% was observed (eight of 18 patients, with one complete response and seven partial responses). The median duration of response was 5 months. The actuarial survival of responding patients was significantly longer than that of nonresponding patients. In general, the toxicity was tolerable; the subjective toxicity and fever were similar to that reported for the same doses of IFN alone. Only a mild neurotoxicity, usually mixed polyneuropathy, occurred with increased frequency. Alpha‐IFN and VBL administered at low doses in combination demonstrated the highest response rate so far reported in RCC without significant toxicity.
Alpha and gamma interferon in the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Geboers A. D. H. , De Mulder P. H. M. , Debruyne F. M. J. , Strijk S. P. , Damsma O. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThirty‐two patients with proven progressive metastatic renal cell carcinoma were treated with the combination of 0.1 mg/m2 (2 × 106 IU/m2) r‐interferon (r‐IFN)‐gamma and 6 μg/m2 (2 × 106 IU/m2) r‐IFN‐alpha. In case of progressive disease (PD) or stable disease (SD), after 8 weeks, the dose of r‐IFN‐alpha was escalated by 6 μg/m2 every 2 weeks until the maximum tolerable dose was reached, while r‐IFN‐gamma was maintained at the low dose. The rationale for this study is provided by the dose‐related efficacy of IFN‐alpha as a monotherapy, the potent immuno‐stimulatory activity of IFN‐gamma, and the alleged synergistic effect of the combination. Fourteen patients are evaluable for 8 weeks of low‐dose combination treatment (7×SD, 5×PD, 2× early progression), while so far 6 of 24 patients (25%) who started dose escalation of IFN‐alpha have reached a partial response. These data indicate better efficacy with higher doses of IFN‐alpha. Because of the infrequent administration and the relative low doses, compared to other trials, the treatment regimen was well tolerated. Although preliminary results are promising, definite efficacy remains to be proven.
Prognostic factors in breast cancer
Authors: Saez Ruben A. , McGuire William L. , Clark Gary M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThere are several independent but interrelated prognostic factors predictive of recurrence and survival in breast cancer. These include axillary nodal status, histopathology, steroid receptors, proliferative rate, ploidy, and oncogene amplification. Axillary nodal status has been the traditional mainstay predictor for recurrence and survival in primary breast cancer. In addition, the presence of the estrogen and progesterone receptors has correlated with longer disease‐free interval and overall survival in stage I and II breast cancer. Thymidine‐labeling index and percent S‐phase as measured by flow cytometry are indices of cell proliferation that correlate with relapse rate in pre‐ and postmenopausal women with breast cancer. Estrogen and progesterone receptor‐negative tumors are more commonly aneuploid, and have higher percent S‐phase, factors that predict for recurrence in Stage I breast cancer.
Clinical management of minimal breast cancer
Authors: Veronesi Umberto 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMinimal breast cancer includes three different entities: lobular carcinoma in situ, noninfiltrating intraductal carcinoma, and invasive carcinoma less than 0.5 cm. The common feature is their small dimensions and the fact that they are often clinically occult. For lobular carcinoma in situ the risk of developing an invasive carcinoma varies from seven to nine times compared with the general population and a careful follow‐up of the patients with frequent mammograms is therefore suggested. Intraductal noninfiltrating carcinoma should be locally treated as an invasive carcinoma of small size, and therefore an extensive mammary resection like the quadrantectomy, plus radiotherapy is the recommended form of treatment, while the axillary dissection may be avoided. Finally, small invasive carcinomas should be treated with conservative procedures, including a total axillary dissection.
Routine breast screening for cancer
Authors: Letton A. Hamblin , Mason Edward M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBreast screening for cancer has increased the survival for women over age 50 as well as those younger than 50 years old. The 13‐year average follow‐up period disproves the claim that the survival gain is due to lead‐time bias. The information brought forth in this presentation proves that higher‐risk women must be screened in order to reduce the constant death rate from breast cancer.
Screening for lung cancer
Authors: McGee J. Michael C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractLung cancer incidence is increasing. Survivability has increased over the last few years particularly in certain subsets and has also been shown to increase with early detection. Chest X‐ray and sputum cytology have been the mainstays of screening programs. Although survival is increased, overall mortality rates seem unchanged except in certain subsets. Whether the addition of serum markers or use of monoclonal antibodies, automated cytological, and computer‐aided techniques will show decrease in mortality remains to be documented. We recommend yearly chest X‐rays, sputum cytology in high‐risk patients, i.e., age greater than 65, greater than 20 year history smoking, other significant carcinogenic exposure. Serum markers, monoclonal antibodies, and advanced, automated cytology methods are yet to be tested and therefore should be considered in clinical trials only.
New concepts in the treatment of genitourinary cancer in childhood
Authors: Walker R. Dixon 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe treatment of Wilms' tumor is based on initial surgical removal followed by clinical and histologic staging. Chemotherapy provides the major adjunctive therapy in virtually all Wilms' tumors, radiotherapy being used in some situations. Exceptions to this are the treatment of bilateral Wilms' tumors and large intracaval extension. Bilateral Wilms' tumor is treated with initial biopsy and staging, adjunctive chemotherapy, and/or radiation therapy and bilateral partial nephrectomy after there is maximum resolution of tumor. Similarly, extensive caval extension of tumor may be treated preoperatively with chemotherapy and radiotherapy followed by resection. Nephroblastomatosis, a precursor of Wilms' tumor, is a common associated finding at exploration. It requires alteration in management and may change the prognosis. Sarcomas of the kidney and congenital mesoblastic nephroma represent the spectrum of severity of solid renal masses in children. Neuroblastoma is the most common solid tumor in children, and its prognosis is largely dependent on the age of the patient and the stage of disease. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy as adjunctive treatments have been disappointing. Immunotherapy holds some promise for the future. Testicular tumors are unusual in children. Those that occur in infancy are most often benign teratomas that require orchiectomy alone. Malignant germ cell tumors in children are most often yolk sac tumors and respond to surgery and chemotherapy. Lymph node dissection is indicated only in paratesticular rhabdomyasarcoma. Other genitourinary rhabdo‐myasarcomas occur in the bladder, prostate, vagina, and uterus. After maximum decrease in tumor volume with chemotherapy and radiotherapy, surgical exploration and resection of remaining tumor probably represent the best form of treatment. Organ‐sparing procedures should be carefully selected in that they may worsen the prognosis.
Role of planned preoperative irradiation in the management of clinical stage B2‐C (T3) bladder carcinoma in the 1980s
Authors: Parsons James T. , Million Rodney R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn recent years the role of planned preoperative irradiation in the management of clinical stage B2‐C (T3) bladder cancer has been questioned by a number of investigators. Much of the confusion regarding the efficacy of combined therapy results from studies that compare the results of treatment of pathological stage B2‐C patients treated by cystectomy alone versus clinical stage B2‐C patients treated by preoperative irradiation plus cystectomy. Such comparisons are biased because of 1) the exclusion of a large number of pathological stage D patients from cystectomy‐alone series and their inclusion in preoperative irradiation plus cystectomy series and 2) the inclusion in the cystectomy‐alone series of patients whose clinical stages were ≦T2. The purpose of this paper is to compare the results of treatment in patients with clinical stage B2‐C bladder carcinoma following radical cystectomy alone versus preoperative irradiation plus cystectomy. This article reviews the rationale for administering preoperative irradiation, the effect of preoperative irradiation on the pathological specimen (including down‐staging, the effect on regional lymph nodes, and radioresponsiveness according to tumor configuration, i.e., papillary vs. solid), the impact of preoperative irradiation on pelvic recurrence and 5‐year survival, and the effect of preoperative irradiation on operative and postoperative complications.This paper cites all known literature on the subject in the English language. Data comparing 5‐year survival results of radical cystectomy alone versus preoperative irradiation plus cystectomy are analyzed in three different ways: a) retrospective comparisons of historical results, b) comparison of contemporaneous “modern‐day” (1960–1980) series comprising 1185 patients who received either radical cystectomy alone or preoperative irradiation plus cystectomy, and c) review of the results of six randomized trials. Preoperative results are also analyzed according to dose level (2,000 cGy versus 4,000 cGy vs. 4,500–5,000 cGy).The data presented indicate that the addition of preoperative irradiation to cystectomy for clinical stage B2‐C (T3) bladder cancer adds approximately 15–20 percentage points to the 5‐year survival, leading to a survival figure that is approximately half again that achieved by cystectomy alone.
Role of computerized tomography imaging in staging oesophageal carcinoma
Authors: Sharma O. P. , Subnani S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractOne hundred eight patients with oesophageal malignancy proven on oesophagography and oesophagoscopy underwent computed tomography (CT). In 48 patients the CT findings were correlated with findings at surgery. Results indicated that CT findings correlated closely with surgical findings in local extension, regional adenopathy, size of tumour mass, and distant metastasis. Blurring and distortion of the tissue interfaces is a reliable indicator of disease only if the patient has not received any prior radiotherapy. CT is a fairly accurate method for assessing the spread of oesophageal carcinoma. Its use can prevent unnecessary surgery in patients with inoperable tumours.
Preoperative hyperthermochemoradiotherapy for patients with esophageal carcinoma or rectal carcinoma
Authors: Ueo Hiroaki , Sugimachi Keizo 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHyperthermia is effective for the treatment of carcinoma when applied concomitantly with chemotherapy and irradiation. However, it is difficult to heat deep portions of the body, such as the esophagus and the rectum. We therefore devised an electrode for radio frequency, and we have been successfully using this electrode in the treatment of both esophageal and rectal carcinomaThe 5 yr survival rates of patients with esophageal carcinoma, given either preoperative hyperthermochemoradiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy, were 43.2 and 14.7%, respectively. On the other hand, 11 patients with rectal carcinoma underwent radical surgery after preoperative hyperthermochemoradiotherapy. In the histologic studies of in the resected specimens, patients classified as marked, moderate, mild, and no effectiveness were seen in six, three, two, and zero cases, respectively. Since there were no severe side effects in patients given hyperthermia, this treatment deserves serious consideration when treating patients with malignant lesions in the esophagus or rectum.
Estrogen enhances cytotoxicity of hyperthermia on cultured transformed cells
Authors: Ueo Hiroaki , Matsuoka Hideo , Sugimachi Keizo 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe synergistic cytotoxicity of the combined treatment of hyperthermia and estradiol was demonstrated. This effect was measured for both clonogenic efficiency and membrane function, whose function was expressed as the initial rate of thymidine (dThd) incorporation. V‐79 cells in a suspension culture were simultaneously treated with 10−9‐10−4 mg/ml estradiol at temperatures of 41–43°C in a water bath. The survival rate of the V‐79 cells decreased as the temperature increased. However, there was little decrease from treatment by estradiol alone. The survival rate for combined treatment by both heat and estradiol was lower than that of the separate treatment by either hyperthermia or estradiol alone, and the results were statistically significant. The values for Vmax (maximum reaction velocity) of hyperthermia decreased as the temperature increased, although the Vmax value of estradiol treatment alone changed little. The I/Vmax value for the combined treatment of heat and estradiol increased in comparison with that of heat treatment alone. However, the Km (Michaelis constant) value showed little correlation with the survival rate. Based on these results, we propose that estradiol enhances cell membrane damage by hyperthermia.
Growth of cells superinoculated onto irradiated and nonirradiated confluent monolayers
Authors: Matsuoka Hideo , Ueo Hiroaki , Sugimachi Keizo 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe prepared confluent monolayers of normal BALB/c 3T3 cells and compared differences in the growth of four types of cells superinoculated onto these nonirradiated and irradiated monolayers. The test cells were normal BALB/c 3T3 A31 cells, a squamous cell carcinoma from a human esophageal cancer (KSE‐1), human fetal fibroblasts, and V‐79 cells from Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts. Cell growth was checked by counting the cell number, determining [3H]thymidine incorporation and assessing colony formation. We found that on nonirradiated monolayers, colony formation of human fetal fibroblasts and normal BALB/c 3T3 cells was completely inhibited. On irradiated cells, test cells did exhibit some growth. KSE‐1 cells, which had a low clonogenic efficiency on plastic surfaces, formed colonies on both irradiated and nonirradiated cells. On these monolayers, the clonogenic efficiency of V‐79 cells was also higher than that on plastic surfaces. We conclude that the nonirradiated monolayer of BALB/c 3T3 cells completely inhibits the growth of superinoculated normal BALB/c 3T3 and human fetal fibroblasts, while on the other hand, they facilitate the growth of neoplastic KSE‐1 and V‐79 cells by providing a surface for cell adherence and growth, without affecting the presence of normal cells in co‐cultures.
Endocrine neoplasms (non‐gastrin) of the pancreas
Authors: Gower William R. , Fabri Peter J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAlthough neoplasms that produce gut regulatory peptides and amines can be found throughout the gastroenteropancreatic axis (excluding carci‐noids), the vast majority of these lesions are found within the pancreas. Recognition of the various clinical syndromes produced by the secretions of these tumors, the development of sensitive and specific radioimmu‐noassays for the elaborated peptides, and development of more effective localization techniques have contributed to earlier diagnosis and marked improvement in patient care. Treatment is directed toward medical management to correct the metabolic disturbances produced by the excessive amounts of gut regulatory peptides, followed by localization and extirpation of tumor. In the presence of unresectable tumor or metastases, palliative treatment directed at reducing peptide secretion or preventing its effects by surgery, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, and hepatic‐artery embolization can produce long‐term remission of symptoms. Because the majority of these tumors are malignant, the ultimate goal in successful patient management is the early detection and surgical excision of the islet cell tumor before metastases occur.
Anesthetic management of laser airway surgery
Authors: Spiess Bruce D. , Ivankovich Anthony D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis brief review of the anesthesiologist's role in the team effort necessary for the safe treatment of airway tumors by laser beam is provided to acquaint the referring physician or medical oncologist with some of the anesthesiologist's operating room concerns and how they are met. The necessity of bringing the patient to a level of maximum physiologic reserve prior to treatment becomes obvious with information gained by scanning this review. The referring physician or medical oncologist aids the patient and the anesthesiologist and surgeon by performing a thorough preoperative cardiopulmonary evaluation and therapeutic intervention, as indicated by patient need. The review includes a description of the actions of the carbon dioxide (CO2) and neodynium‐yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) lasers, “laser safety” for patients and personnel, monitoring, guarding the airway, ignition dangers, and comments on the use of jet and high frequency jet ventilation (HFJV).
Treatment of breast cancer by radical surgery: A personal experience of 653 patients with minimal follow‐up of 10 years
Authors: Caceres Eduardo , Gamboa Mabel 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFrom June 1952 through December 1976, 695 radical operations were performed on 653 women suffering from invasive cancer of the breast. All operations were performed by a single surgeon (E.G.); the same principles in the selection of the patient techniques of surgery and overall treatment were practiced. Postoperative radiation therapy was used only in the beginning of the study, and 56 (15.9%) of the group with axillary metastases received such therapy. No patient with negative axillary lymph node received radiation therapy. No postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy or immunotherapy was administered. Complete follow‐up data were obtained in 94.7% of all patients.In accord with the UICC clinical classification, 96 were classified as stage I (14.7%), 445 as stage II (68.1%), and 111 as stage III (17.%); 1 (0.1%) was not classified.From the 653 patients, 651 (two postoperative deaths) were observed for an average of 141.9 months. The longest period of follow‐up evaluation for any patient was more than 35 years and the minimum, 10 years. Survival was calculated for the entire study group and for patients classified by nodal status and stage of disease. The 10‐year overall survival rate for 651 patients is 60.4%; for those with positive nodes 46.4%, and for those with negative nodes, 76.7%.The overall survival, according to clinical stage, was as follows: the 5‐year survival for patients in stage I was 89.5%, and the 10‐year survival was 83.1%. In the stage II group, the 5‐year survival was 76.1% and the 10‐year survival, 58.5%. The patients in stage III had only a 62.1% 5‐year survival and a 47.7% 10‐year survival.