bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Three‐dimensional cranial surface reconstructions using high‐resolution computed tomography
Authors: Vannier Michael W. , Conroy Glenn C. , Marsh Jeffrey L. , Knapp Robert H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractUntil recently, there has been no satisfactory way for anthropologists to visualize intracranial morphology in more than two dimensions without actually “invading” the skull in some manner. Images provided by conventional x‐ray and computed tomography (CT) scans are often abstract, flat, two‐dimensional representations that fail to reveal three‐dimensional relationships. We describe new computer‐imaging techniques that reconstruct three‐dimensional images from sequential series of narrowly collimated (1–2 mm), high‐resolution CT scans of the skull. These computed images represent three‐dimensional surface data and can be viewed from any direction. Depth information is encoded in gray scale. In addition, selected portions of the anatomy can be “removed,” i.e., made transparent, to allow visualization of previously hidden intracranial morphology. Since the geometric data obtained with the CT scanner are precise, parameters such as linear distances, angles, areas, and volumes can be accurately (and instantaneously) generated. The power and versatility of these computer‐imaging techniques are demonstrated by examining (1) living subjects with major craniofacial dysmorphology (Treacher‐Collins syndrome and unilateral coronal synostosis); (2) an anthropoid osteological specimen (Gorilla); and (3) a fossil mammal skull.
Stresses on the limbs of quadrupedal primates
Authors: Reynolds Thomas R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractData is presented from eight primates on the ground reaction forces on the limbs during locomotion. These subjects supported from 30 to 45% of their body weight on their forelimbs. Other quadrupedal mammals support 55–60% of their body weight on their forelimbs. The increase of peak vertical force with speed varies greatly between the subjects. The variation in weight supported by the forelimbs and the peak forces on the forelimbs is proposed to correlate with variation in locomotor adaptations. It is suggested that the occurrence of bipedalism in primates represents the extreme expression of the tendency in primates to reduce the compressive forces on their forelimbs.
Effects of age and sex on the amount and distribution of mineral in Eskimo tibiae
Authors: Martin R. B. , Burr D. B. , Schaffler M. B. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe bone mineral content (BMC), bone width, and cross‐sectional moment of inertia (CSMI) of 141 Alaskan Eskimo tibias were measured using photon absorptiometry. The effects of age and sex on the bones' structural properties were studied. It was found that in women, BMC decreased by 50% between the third and sixth decades, but that of the males did not decline significantly with age. This was true of the CSMI as well, for bending in both the anteroposterior (AP) and mediolateral (ML) planes. This result is different than that in some other prehistoric native American populations, where tibia CSMI increases with age in both sexes. The CSMI values were significantly higher in men than in women. Also, in men the AP CSMI was 55% larger than the ML CSMI; in women this difference was only 25%, and declined with age. Since the tibia is preferentially loaded in the AP plane by locomotor activities, the platycnemic differences between the sexes may reflect sex‐related differences in activity which become more pronounced with age. The non‐destructive method for obtaining data on the cross‐sectional geometry of dry bones which is described here may be useful in studying other archaeological collections.
A simple univariate technique for determining sex from fragmentary femora: Its application to a Scottish short cist population
Authors: MacLaughlin Susan M. , Bruce Margaret F. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA simple univariate technique for sexing individuals represented by fragmentary skeletal remains is described. The results obtained were highly consistent (about 90%) with those obtained by conventional analysis of pelvic and cranial morphology. It is suggested that using maximum anteroposterior diameter of the femoral shaft as a sex discriminator has advantages over midshaft circumference even when intact femora are available.
Multifactorial determination of skeletal age at death: A method and blind tests of its accuracy
Authors: Lovejoy C. Owen , Meindl Richard S. , Mensforth Robert P. , Barton Thomas J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTraditional methods of estimating skeletal age at death have relied solely on the pubic symphyseal face or on this indicator combined with others in nonsystematic ways. A multifactorial method is presented that uses a principal components weighting of five indicators (pubic symphyseal face, auricular surface, radiographs of proximal femur, dental wear, and suture closure). This method has been tested by completely blind assessment of age in two samples from the Todd collection carefully screened for accuracy of stated age at death. Results show a marked superiority of the multifactorial method over any single indicator with respect to both bias and accuracy. This represents the first truly blind test of an age‐at‐death indicator or system, as the test populations were independent of the system(s) being tested, and the age, sex, and ethnogeographic origin of the individuals being assessed (as well as the compositions of the test samples with respect to these variables) were completely unknown until the tests were completed. Implications for paleodemography are discussed.
Chronological metamorphosis of the auricular surface of the ilium: A new method for the determination of adult skeletal age at death
Authors: Lovejoy C. Owen , Meindl Richard S. , Pryzbeck Thomas R. , Mensforth Robert P. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA new method for the determination of adult skeletal age at death based upon chronological changes in the auricular surface of the ilium is presented. Formal stages have been constructed following extensive tests and refinements in observations made of such changes. Two completely “blind” tests were conducted to assess the accuracy and bias of the new method. Results show that the system is equally accurate to pubic symphyseal aging (although somewhat more difficult to apply), and also carries the advantages of a higher preservation rate for the auricular surface in archaeological populations and continued age‐related change beyond the fifth decade.
Sex determination from chest plate roentgenograms
Authors: McCormick William F. , Stewart John Harlan , Langford Lauren A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPrecise sexing–97% to 99% accuracy–of adult chest plates is possible when highly predictive costal cartilage ossification patterns are combined with four simple metric determinations. More than 1100 chest plate roentgenograms were evaluated for ossification pattern, fourth rib width, corpus width, sternal length and sternal area in an adult decedent population. An elementary, empirically obtained algorithm using the patternings and measurements, along with simple derivations (sternal length and area indices) was developed and then applied in chest plate sexing. This technique is not only easy, rapid and inexpensive, but it also results in a permanent and easily stored record.
Cemental annulation enhancement: A technique for age determination in man
Authors: Naylor Jay W. , Miller W. George , Stokes Gary N. , Stott George G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractCemental annulations are easily countable in teeth from animals that have an exaggerated regular change of food intake from season to season. Although present in human teeth, cemental annulations are not always easy to count. A method for preparing human teeth for evaluation involving collection, identification, measuring, sectioning, cleaning, acid etching, staining, and mounting is reported. Sections 100‐μm thick were stained with cresyl fast violet as a stain of choice and were photographed using standard light microscopic techniques as well as Nomarsky interference microscopy. Countability of annulations from photographic enlargements was evaluated.
Individual variation in enamel structure of human mandibular first premolars
Authors: Stern Doris , Skobe Ziedonis 
Published: February 2006

AbstractNine human mandibular first premolars were examined to assess variation in external morphology and enamel structural organization within a tooth type. The relationship of enamel ultrastructure to gross dental morphology was also studied. The teeth were cut in the mesiodistal direction just lingual to the buccal cusp, and etched. Montages were constructed of the cut enamel surface photographed in the scanning electron microscope at 100 × magnification. Parameters were measured and correlation coefficients were calculated for the comparison of various odontometric features.The mesiodistal and buccolingual dimensions were highly correlated and the occlusal thickness of enamel was signficantly correlated to crown height but not crown width. Hunter‐Schreger bands were less pronounced in fossa areas than at lateral aspects, cusps, or ridges; these bands were directly related to the geometry of the tooth.It was concluded that within this tooth type, there is a large amount of individual variation not only in gross morphology but also in enamel ultra‐structure. This result underscores the fact that interspecific comparisons must be made with care.
Growth status of disadvantaged urban Guatemalan children of a resettled community
Authors: Johnston Francis E. , Low Setha M. , de Baessa Yetilu , MacVean Robert B. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis paper reports the physical growth and body composition from the first year of a longitudinal study of 519 Guatemalan children, and their families, from a disadvantaged urban community consisting largely of refugees of the 1976 earthquake. Four cohorts are described, composed of children of 1,3,5, and 7 years at examination. The children are smaller, weigh less, and have reduced fat stores compared either to NCHS reference data or to upper SES Guatemalan children. Stature (or length) and head circumference deviate more from reference data than do triceps or upper arm muscle circumference. Greater deviations are found in the linear dimensions of males than of females. These children are the smallest yet described from Guatemala City, though they are slightly larger than available rural samples. This suggests a continuum of environmental effects acting upon the growth of children of differing socioeconomic levels.
Effects of the Y chromosome on quantitative growth: An anthropometric study of 47,XYY males
Authors: Varrela Juha , Alvesalo Lassi 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe aim of the study was to investigate the effects of the Y chromosome on different body and head dimensions of 47,XYY males, and especially its effect on their body proportions. From seven adult 47,XYY males 25 anthropometric measurements were recorded and compared with four male relatives and 42 control males. In most dimensions 47,XYY males were larger than the normal males, the difference being mainly between 0.5 and 1.5 S.D. units. The body proportions of 47,XYY males were found to be similar to those of the normal males when the effect of size was allowed for. It is concluded that the extra Y chromosome in 47,XYY males causes an increase in their growth without affecting the body proportions. This finding suggests that the Y chromosome contains gene(s) which affects growth by increasing its quantitative outcome. This effect may be mediated by a direct action of the Y chromosome on the cells. It also may seem that the Y chromosomal gene(s) influence the development of the sex difference in height and body size.
Relative tibia long bone growth in the Libben and Bt‐5 prehistoric skeletal populations
Authors: Mensforth Robert P. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPatterns of tibia long bone growth were examined for the Libben Late Woodland and Bt‐5 Late Archaic hunter‐gatherer skeletal groups. Subadults included in the analyses ranged in age from birth to 10 years. The primary goals were to (1) identify potential differences in relative tibia growth and (2) evaluate the extent to which such differences were concordant with demographic and epidemiological characteristics of the two groups. Methods used were designed to minimize the shortcomings of unknown age and sex of the skeleton, small sample sizes, and population differences in adult size attained. Results showed that Bt‐5 preadolescent growth performance and health status in general were superior to those of the Libben group. Modifications in the rate and timing of Libben tibia growth occurred early and were primarily restricted to the weaning period. It is suggested that high levels of lmeciious disease experienced in the first years of life at Libben played a substantial role in the etiology of (1) early long bone growth retardation, (2) a greater prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in the childhood years, and (3) elevated levels of subadult morbidity and mortality compared to Bt‐5. Paleo‐demographic, paleoepidemiological, and modern comparative population data that support these inferences are discussed. No evidence of chronic malnutrition owing to dietary inadequacy was observed for either group. Alternatively, higher population density and greater degree of sedentism alone may have been responsible for elevated disease loads at Libben compared to low levels that were observed for the seasonally mobile semisedentary Bt‐5 hunter‐gatherers.
Expression count: A method for calculating morphological dental trait frequencies by using adjustable weighting coefficients with standard ranked scales
Authors: Turner Christy G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractExpression count is the term used for a new method of calculating the frequency of a morphological dental trait in a population sample. This method incorporates into a single value the total trait variation expressed in the sample. It has been designed to increase the information content of small samples of dental remains common with archeological recovery.
Analysis of a microcephalic child from the late period (ca. 1100–1700 A.D.) of Central California
Authors: Richards Gary D. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMicrocephaly is a severe developmental abnormality which is induced either genetically or environmentally. The archaeological evidence for the occurrence of this abnormality is minimal. Out of six possible cases, only three have been published; all are adult and represented solely by cranial remains. The focus of the current study is the nearly complete skeleton of a 3‐year‐old child recovered during archaeological excavations in San Jose, California. The individual is compared to a sample of 184 California Indians, ranging from 0.5 to 5 years, which were also recovered from archaeological excavations. In order to determine if microcephaly was the only disorder represented, metrical comparisons of the skull and postcrania and gross mor‐phological comparisons of endocranial casts were made. Based on these comparisons the individual was determined to have a cranial vault size comparable to 6‐month‐old infants (630 cc), a facial skeleton equivalent to the 9‐month‐old to 2‐year‐old age groups, and a reduced stature. Due to the mosaic nature of the skull, the observed morphology was interpreted in terms of functional cranial components. Severe malformation of the orbital aspect of the frontal lobes was found in conjunction with a significant reduction in size of the cerebral cortex and left temporal lobe. On the basis of this analysis, the individual was found to exhibit the total morphological pattern associated with microcephaly: A differential diagnosis of other possible genetic disorders is also presented.
Socioeconomic variation in the growth status of children in a subsistence agricultural community
Authors: Malina Robert M. , Little Bertis B. , Buschang Peter H. , DeMoss John , Selby Henry A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSocioeconomic variation in the growth status of 293 children, 6 through 13 years of age, from a rural subsistence agricultural community in southern Mexico was considered. Socioeconomic status was based on an index developed from landholdings, household goods, and occupation, and households were classified as high and low status. Growth measurements included weight, stature, sitting height, estimated leg length, arm and estimated arm muscle circumferences, triceps skinfold, and right gripping strength. The growth status of boys showed a clear socioeconomic differential, while that of girls did not. The results are consistent with the generalization that males are more influenced by environmental stresses than females, including, of course, the favorable stress of improved socioeconomic circumstances, even within seemingly single‐class rural communities.
A family study of dermatoglyphic traits in India: A search for major gene effects on palmar pattern ridge counts
Authors: Gilligan S. B. , Borecki I. B. , Mathew S. , Malhotra K. C. , Rao D. C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPalmar pattern ridge counts were subjected to segregation analysis in an attempt to identify possible major gene effects on these dermatoglyphic traits. The phenotypes considered were total palmar pattern ridge count, and ridge counts for the right interdigital III and IV and left interdigital IV individual palmar areas (sample sizes were too small for the other palmar areas). Evidence of familial resemblance was found for all of the phenotypes studied, and initial evidence for a major effect was found for all but the right palm interdigital III ridge count. However, this initial evidence could be attributed to nongenetic effects in each case, indluding skewness in the trait distribution. Tests for agreement with Mendelian transmission frequencies were found to be very useful in discriminating between a non‐Mendelian major effect and a major gene. We concluded against a major gene effect for any of these traits, and multifactorial inheritance remains a plausible alternative explanation for the familial resemblance.
Gait characteristics of two squirrel monkeys, with emphasis on relationships with speed and neural control
Authors: Vilensky Joel A. , Patrick M. Charlene 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTwo adult squirrel monkeys (one of each sex) were trained to locomote on a motor‐driven treadmill at seven fixed speeds within 0.89–2.58 m/second. Subsequently, the animals were filmed while locomoting at these speeds, with the films then being used to determine gait parameters. The female monkey exhibited lateral‐sequence symmetrical gaits at slow speeds, and transverse and rotatory gallops at fast speeds. The male used lateral‐sequence symmetrical gaits at all speeds. The squirrel monkeys exhibited typical relationships between temporal gait parameters and increased speed, with these relationships continuing across the run‐gallop transition. An analysis‐of footfall intervals (delays) and support patterns indicated that during symmetrical gaits these monkeys emphasized lateral support. During galloping, one delay, the trailing hindlimb to trailing forelimb, was found to be very stable, both across speeds and for both types of galloping. Also during galloping, swing duration was found to be more variable than stance duration.These findings are interpreted with regard to understanding the neural control of locomotion in tetrapods, and more specifically, in primates. The latter part of this discussion revolves around three basic differences between primate and non primate gaits: (1) utilization of diagonal‐sequence gaits by primates (although the squirrel monkeys were atypical in this regard); (2) absence of a running trot in primates; and (3) absence of stepping following spinal cord transection in primates. These three differences reflect greater supraspinal control of locomotion in primates, and possibly intrinsic differences in the coupling of spinal locomotor generators.
Factors affecting the distribution of enamel hypoplasias within the human permanent dentition
Authors: Goodman Alan H. , Armelagos George J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFrequencies and morphological and chronological distributions of enamel hypoplasias are presented by tooth type (permanent I1 to M2s), based on a sample of 30 prehistoric Amerindians with complete and unworn dentitions. There is nearly a tenfold variation in frequency of defects by tooth, ranging from 0.13 per mandibular second molar to 1.27 per maxillary central incisor. The six anterior teeth average between 0.70 and 1.27 defects/tooth, whereas the eight posterior teeth average between 0.43 and 0.13 defects/tooth. Earlier developing teeth, such as incisors, have earlier peak frequencies of defects (2.0–2.5 years), while later developing teeth, such as second molars, have subsequent peak frequencies (5.0–6.0 years). These variations are relevant when comparing hypoplasia data based on different teeth.Differences in hypoplasia frequencies among teeth are not solely due to variation in time of crown development, as is usually reported. Rather, there is evidence for biological gradients in susceptibility to ameloblastic disruption. Anterior teeth are more hypoplastic than posterior teeth. More developmentally stable “polar” teeth are more hypoplastic than surrounding teeth. Polar teeth may be more susceptible to hypoplasias because their developmental timing is less easily disrupted.In all teeth, hypoplasias are most common in the middle and cervical thirds. Crown development and morphological factors, such as enamel prism length anddirection, may influence the development and expression of enamel surface defects.
Proximal femur articulation in Pliocene hominids
Authors: Asfaw Berhane 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe supposed “nonhuman anthropoid”‐type femur head articular surface described for the Pliocene hominid specimen A.L.288‐1 (“Lucy”) by Stern and Susman in 1983 is present in significant numbers of modern human femora. This nonmetric skeletal trait was also found to be sex‐related in modern human samples examined.
Population structure in the Connecticut Valley: II. A comparison of multidimensional scaling solutions of migration matrices and isonymy
Authors: Swedlund A. C. , Anderson A. B. , Boyce A. J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn a previous paper (Swedlund et al., 1984) we have described the population structure of the historical Connecticut River Valley of Massa chusetts in terms of matrimonial migration matrices. Using procedures described by Morton (1973), Harpending and Jenkins (1974), Jorde (1980), and others the exchanges between subdivisions which make up the matrices are made column stochastic and analyzed to predict genetic kinship. Subsequently the kinship estimates within and between subdivisions can be interpreted as genetic covariance and compared to the actual geographic distances between the respective subdivisions using a principal components analysis. In the present paper we extend these results by applying nonmetric multidimensional scaling to the migration matrices, and to isonymy matrices based on the same communities. We demonstrate that the multidimensional scaling configurations of marital migration represent the actual geographic relationships between the communities quite effectively for this particular case study from historical Massachusetts. Moreover, we argue that while these migration data may provide good estimates of social and genetic exchange between the subdivisions, surname analysis may also be informative of processes not revealed in the migration matrices alone.