bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF THE TIME OF OESTROGEN INJECTION ON IMPLANTATION IN OVARIECTOMIZED PREGNANT MICE
Authors: SMITH DIANNE MOORE 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Results have been obtained which indicate that the time of oestrogen administration during the pre-implantation period in the ovariectomized mouse may be critical for obtaining a maximum implantation response. In one series of experiments mated mice were ovariectomized on Day 3 of pregnancy and injected with oestradiol on each of Days 3, 4, 5 and 6. In other experiments ovariectomy was performed on Day 2 and oestradiol administered on each of Days 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. Animals in both series of experiments received progesterone continuously after ovariectomy and implantation sites were scored on Day 10. The responses were the same in both series of experiments in that the number of mice with implantation sites and the number of sites per mouse increased as oestrogen was injected on each successive day during Days 2–5. A maximum response was obtained when oestrogen was injected on Days 5–6. Several possible explanations for these findings are discussed.
THE EFFECT ON IMPLANTATION OF TREATING CULTURED MOUSE BLASTOCYSTS WITH OESTROGEN IN VITRO AND THE UPTAKE OF [3H]OESTRADIOL BY BLASTOCYSTS
Authors: SMITH DIANNE MOORE 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The present experiments were undertaken in an attempt to determine whether oestrogen can directly affect implantation in the mouse embryo. To test this, mouse ova were cultured from the two-cell stage to blastocysts and transferred to ovariectomized foster mothers treated with progesterone from the time of ovariectomy. The implantation response was scored 4 days after transfer. Doses of 0·2, 0·4 and 0·8 mg. progesterone/day were tested and the effect of exogenous oestrogen at each dose level determined. The threshold dose of progesterone appears to be between 0·4 and 0·8 mg./day. Above threshold, significantly more foster mothers had implantation sites when oestrogen was injected than when it was not.
Mouse blastocysts cultured in vitro were treated with varying concentrations of oestradiol, washed, and then transferred to foster mothers receiving only progesterone. The implantation response was significantly higher when blastocysts treated with 10−8 m-oestradiol were transferred to foster mothers than when untreated control blastocysts were transferred. This finding implies that there is a direct relationship between the action of oestradiol on the blastocyst and implantation.
Additional information was obtained to show that [3H]oestradiol was taken up and bound by blastocysts cultured in vitro.
SERUM TRI-IODOTHYRONINE UPTAKE USING COATED CHARCOAL IN THE ASSESSMENT OF THYROID FUNCTION
Authors: IRVINE W. J. , STANDEVEN RUTH M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A modification of the tri-iodothyronine T3 uptake test using coated charcoal has been developed. When the method was compared with the resin sponge test, the charcoal method was found to be more rapid, accurate and economical.
For patients who were not pregnant or receiving drugs known to affect the degree of saturation of thyroxine-binding globulin, the T3 charcoal uptake method made a good distinction between the hyperthyroid and euthyroid patients but the distinction between the hypothyroid and euthyroid patients was less satisfactory. Separation between the three groups of patients was improved by using the product of the T3 uptake and protein-bound iodine measurement (the free thyroxine index).
The [125I]T3 charcoal results are reported for 199 blood donors as normal controls. A sex difference was apparent but there was no significant variation in the age groups studied (18–60 yr.).
Thirty-seven pregnant women were studied. Calculation of the free thyroxine index did not give results within the non-pregnant euthyroid range.
A LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF THE URINARY EXCRETION OF INDIVIDUAL STEROIDS IN CHILDREN FROM 8 TO 12 YEARS OLD
Authors: TANNER J. M. , GUPTA D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A longitudinal study was made of the urinary excretion of a number of C19 and C21 steroids in 11 healthy boys and 9 healthy girls aged 8–12 yr. Urine collections were made every 6 months, over periods ranging from 1 to 2½ yr. in different children. The excretions of most substances showed surprisingly regular increments in individual children. Differences between individual children were marked and often consistent; some children excreted high amounts of one substance and low amounts of another, and other childen the reverse. The variation between individuals in the excretion of substances such as androsterone and aetiocholanolone was reduced when the results were plotted against skeletal rather than chronological age. DHA was excreted by all subjects, but at a very low level before the skeletal age of 10 yr. The glucuronide: sulphate ratio of the 11-deoxy-17-oxosteroids fell consistently from 8 to 12 yr. whereas the ratio of 5α-: 5β-11-deoxy-17-oxosteroids increased. Boys excreted more C19 steroids than girls with the same skeletal maturity score. This comparison is physiologically more meaningful than comparing boys and girls of the same chronological age.
A SIMPLE METHOD FOR THE SEPARATE ESTIMATION OF 11-DEOXY AND 11-OXYGENATED 17-HYDROXYCORTICOSTEROIDS IN HUMAN URINE
Authors: FEW J. D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Differential solvent extraction was substituted for chromatography in the separation of the 17-oxosteroids formed by the treatment of urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroids with sodium borohydride and with sodium periodate. Aetiocholanolone was extracted with iso-pentane which does not extract 11-hydroxyaetiocholanolone; 11-hydroxyaetiocholanolone can then be extracted with ether. The 17-oxosteroid content of each extract was determined using the Zimmermann reaction.
Evidence for the effectiveness of the separation of the two fractions is presented. The method is discussed in terms of its reliability and clinical usefulness particularly with respect to the metyrapone test.
DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS ON BEHAVIOUR OF THE SUBCUTANEOUS AND INTRAVAGINAL ADMINISTRATION OF OESTROGEN IN THE RHESUS MONKEY (MACACA MULATTA)
Authors: MICHAEL R. P. , SAAYMAN G. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The behavioural interactions between pairs of oppositely sexed, adult rhesus monkeys were studied during 1307 mating tests, each of 1 hr. duration. Females were ovariectomized and the effects of administering oestrogen subcutaneously, intravaginally, and directly to the sexual skin at different daily dose rates were compared. The subcutaneous route resulted in a greater enhancement of the overall sexual activity of the pair, and in a greater stimulation of the females' sexual invitations. In contrast, the intravaginal route of administration resulted in a greater stimulation of the males' sexual interest and of the males' mounting attempts: this occurred without a corresponding increase in female sexual receptivity and, in two pairs, resulted in increased aggression. It is concluded that communication between these primates was influenced by oestrogen-dependent changes in the vagina, and the findings point to the existence of a substance with a pheromone-like action.
STIMULATION BY HORMONES OF RNA AND PROTEIN FORMATION IN ORGAN CULTURES OF THE MAMMARY GLANDS OF PREGNANT MICE
Authors: MAYNE R. , FORSYTH ISABEL A. , BARRY J. M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Explants of the mammary glands of 11–13 day pregnant C3H mice have been cultured in a synthetic medium with hormone additions. In cultures with insulin and corticosterone the lumina of mammary alveoli became enlarged by 48 hr. but contained little or no visible secretion; alveolar cells were not vacuolated. The rate of incorporation of [14C]adenine into RNA, and the RNA content of these explants, had fallen by 48 hr. In cultures with insulin, corticosterone and prolactin, secretion was already present in the enlarged alveolar lumina by 24 hr. and had increased in amount by 48 hr. Many alveolar cells contained secretory vacuoles. The rate of incorporation of [14C]adenine into RNA had nearly doubled by 24 hr., and the RNA content of the explants had also increased. These increases were still evident at 48 hr. The rate of incorporation of [14C]adenine into RNA was also measured at 3-hr. intervals up to 12 hr. With insulin alone, the rate remained roughly constant over the 12 hr. With insulin, corticosterone and prolactin it began to rise after 6 hr. and was finally about twice the initial value. The rate also rose to a lesser extent after 6 hr. with insulin and corticosterone. After 12 hr. with insulin, corticosterone and prolactin the rate of incorporation of [14C]lysine into proteins was also higher than with insulin alone.
METABOLISM OF [4-14C]NORETHISTERONE IN WOMEN
Authors: KAMYAB SORAYA , FOTHERBY K. , KLOPPER A. I. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
After the administration of norethisterone to seven human subjects 37·4% to 80·6% of the dose was excreted in the urine within 5 days. About half of the urinary radioactivity was extractable after acid or enzymatic hydrolysis and about 80% was extracted by using a serial hydrolytic and extraction procedure. About 15% of the urinary radioactivity was present as sulphate conjugates. About 5% of the urinary radioactivity was present in acidic or phenolic compounds. No metabolism of the ethynyl group seemed to occur and the Girard reaction showed that about half of the urinary metabolites were ketonic. The metabolites in the glucuronide fraction of urine were predominantly more polar on paper chromatography than tetrahydronorethisterone, whereas in the sulphate fraction most of the metabolites had a polarity similar to the simple reduction products of norethisterone. Two days after injection the plasma still contained about 5% of the administered dose.
SPONTANEOUS HYPERADRENOCORTICISM IN THE DOG
Authors: RIJNBERK A. , der KINDEREN P. J. , THIJSSEN J. H. H. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Twenty-one dogs with spontaneous hyperadrenocorticism presented a clinical picture characterized by an insidious onset of abdominal enlargement, muscular weakness, obesity and alopecia. Slight diabetes mellitus was present in some. In the bitches usually there was absence of oestrus for a long time. In addition to polydipsia and polyphagia, features indicative of heat intolerance were observed frequently. The signs and symptoms found are compared to those of human Cushing's syndrome.
Determinations of the excretion of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids in 24-hr. urines were of great diagnostic significance. There was a considerable overlap of levels of plasma 11β-hydroxycorticosteroids in normal dogs and those with hyperadrenocorticism. Results of dexamethasone suppression tests are given.
In the sera of four exophthalmic animals and in one pituitary obtained by necropsy, elevated levels of exophthalmos-producing substance were found. Pathological findings have become available in a number of cases.
Preliminary results with hypophysectomy in four dogs are encouraging.
THE EFFECT OF FOLIC ACID ON SUPEROVULATION IN THE IMMATURE RAT
Authors: WILLMOTT MARY , BARTOSIK DELPHINE B. , ROMANOFF E. B. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effects of the folic acid antagonist, 4-amino-N10-methylpteroylglutamic acid (methotrexate), and varying doses of folic acid were studied on superovulated immature rats. Methotrexate and folic acid were used alone and in combination with oestrone.
The parameters selected for study were organ weights and ovum counts. The administration of methotrexate (200 μg./rat), folic acid (400 μg.) or oestrone (500 μg.) partially inhibited ovulation. When given in combination with oestrone, both methotrexate and folic acid (50 μg.) reversed the fall in ovum counts produced by oestrone.
Because either a deficiency or an excess of folic acid partially inhibited ovulation, it is concluded that folic acid plays a significant role in induced ovulation in the immature rat. These effects are probably interrelated with the action of oestrogen.
In hypophysectomized immature rats, gonadotrophins increased ovarian and uterine weights when compared with those in untreated hypophysectomized animals, but the simultaneous administration of either methotrexate alone or combined with oestrone prevented these effects. Similar treatment of intact animals showed no differences in ovarian and uterine weights.
A TOPOGRAPHICAL STUDY OF AN HYPOTHALAMIC REGION WITH A 'THYROTROPHIC' ACTION
Authors: FLAMENT-DURAND J. , DESCLIN L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
In order to study the site of elaboration of the hypothalamic mediator which specifically influences the secretion of thyrotrophic hormone, pituitaries of 10-day-old donors were implanted into the hypothalamus of adult female rats. Some of the hosts were hypophysectomized, others were spayed 3 months before the administration of propylthiouracil (PTU) alone or in association with thyroxine. Thyroidectomy cells appeared in grafts placed in a zone which is distinct from the 'gonadotrophic' region we have previously described. The 'thyrotrophic' zone is more anterior and more dorsal and includes the suprachiasmatic region, the anterior hypothalamic region and the anterior part of the tuberal region. It extends dorsally including the paraventricular nuclei and a zone 1 mm. lateral of either side of these nuclei. The goitrogenic action of PTU occurs in hypophysectomized hosts even if the graft has no contact with the portal vessels. Simultaneous administration of thyroxine produces regression of the thyroid and of the thyroidectomy cells.
CHANGES IN THE VOLUME OF THE LOBES OF THE PITUITARY GLAND AND IN THE WEIGHT AND WATER CONTENT OF ORGANS OF RATS GIVEN HYPERTONIC SALINE
Authors: DUCHEN L. W. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The volume of the various lobes of the pituitary gland were measured in rats which were given 2% sodium chloride to drink instead of water. The volume of the posterior lobe was increased by 60% after 11 days on saline. The volume of the anterior lobe was slightly decreased but the volume of the pars intermedia was not changed. There was a marked loss of body weight in animals which were given saline and a marked reduction in the weight of the whole pituitary, liver and thyroid.
EFFECT OF CORTICOTROPHIN AND CORTICOSTEROIDS ON PLASMA INTERSTITIAL CELL-STIMULATING HORMONE AND URINARY STEROIDS IN THE BOAR
Authors: LIPTRAP R. M. , RAESIDE J. I. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Levels of interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH) activity in plasma estimated by the rat ovarian cholesterol depletion method and urinary gonadal steroid excretion were studied in boars under various experimental conditions. Injections of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), hydrocortisone and prednisolone trimethylacetate were found to lower the level of plasma ICSH and urinary dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) and oestrogens. This action of ACTH is thought to be mediated through the adrenal cortex since ACTH did not reduce urinary DHA or plasma ICSH activity in the adrenalectomized boar. Hydrocortisone reduced ICSH activity in the castrated boar. When hydrocortisone was administered at the same time as testicular steroidogenesis was stimulated by chorionic gonadotrophin in young hypophysectomized or intact boars, no pronounced influence was found on their elevated DHA excretion. It is concluded that in the boar some adrenal corticosteroids are capable of depressing plasma ICSH activity which results in reduced testicular steroidogenesis.
EFFECT OF STEROID HORMONES ON OESTROGEN-INDUCED UTERINE GLYCOGEN SYNTHESIS
Authors: CECIL HELENE C. , BITMAN J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Uterine weight, water, glycogen and glucose responses were analysed for 96 hr. after a single dose or daily doses of oestradiol given to ovariectomized adult rats. Six hr. after a single dose of oestradiol the uterine glycogen concentration doubled, reached a maximum of 4 times the control value at 12 hr. and then declined during the 16–48 hr. period.
The ability of cortisol, deoxycorticosterone, progesterone, 17-ethyl-19-nortestosterone (Nilevar) or testosterone propionate to inhibit these responses was determined at 6 hr. (the initial period of maximum oestrogen action) and at 24 hr. (period of uterine glycogenolysis). A single injection of the antagonist given at the same time as oestrogen had no effect on the 6 hr. glycogen response. Pretreatment with cortisol, progesterone or testosterone propionate for 3 days caused a 30–50% inhibition of the oestrogen-induced increase. Multiple doses of testosterone propionate by itself were glycogenic. Single doses of the compounds appeared to be more effective at 24 hr. Multiple doses of cortisol, deoxycorticosterone, progesterone and testosterone propionate inhibited the 24 hr. glycogen response to oestradiol by 30–50%.
URINARY FREE CORTISOL MEASURED BY COMPETITIVE PROTEIN BINDING
Authors: BEARDWELL C. G. , BURKE C. W. , COPE C. L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The technique of cortisol estimation by competitive protein binding analysis has been applied to the measurement of urinary free cortisol excretion. It has been found to be very sensitive and highly reproducible. There is good agreement with estimates of free cortisol excretion obtained by a chromatographic technique.
The mean normal excretion by a group of 24 convalescent patients without endocrine disease was 41·9 μg./24 hr. The range was 0 to 145·5 μg./24 hr. Eight obese patients showed values well within the normal range. The values found in eight cases of Cushing's syndrome ranged from 98·6 to 6100 μg./24 hr. There was very little overlap with the normal range.
Urinary free cortisol excretion was found to be a sensitive index of adrenal function during corticotrophin stimulation or dexamethasone suppression.
ATTEMPTED INDUCTION OF DECIDUOMATA IN MICE WITH MAST-CELL, CAPILLARY PERMEABILITY AND TISSUE INFLAMMATORY FACTORS
Authors: HUMPHREY K. W. , MARTIN L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A variety of mast cell factors and other agents were injected into the uteri of pseudopregnant and progesterone-treated, ovariectomized mice. Oils, compound 48/80 (a histamine releaser) and one of three samples of bradykinin were the only stimuli that induced massive deciduomata in a high proportion of mice. The mast-cell factors, histamine, heparin and 5-hydroxytryptamine; carrageenin, several capillary permeability factors; oestradiol, polymyxin B, inflammatory extracts prepared from the subcutaneous tissue of mice, rats and rabbits, mouse uterine extracts, glass beads or electrical stimulation were of very low activity or were inactive. Air and dimethylsulphoxide induced large deciduomata in some mice. Intraperitoneal pyrathiazine was of low activity. Prior depletion of tissue histamine did not prevent the induction of deciduomata by local compound 48/80. It is concluded that the induction of deciduomata in mice is not dependent on histamine or other mast-cell factors or on capillary permeability or inflammatory factors.
A NEUROPHYSIN FROM COD (GADUS MORRHUA) PITUITARY GLANDS: ISOLATION AND PROPERTIES
Authors: PICKERING B. T. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A protein capable of binding neurohypophysial hormones has been isolated from cod pituitary glands using gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. The cod protein which was acidic and rich in cystine had an amino acid composition closely related to those of the mammalian neurophysins. It had a maximum binding capacity of 2·2 μmole/14mg. for oxytocin, 2·1 μmole/14 mg. for [8-arginine]-oxytocin and 1·1 μmole/14 mg. for [8-arginine]-vasopressin. Thus the cod protein had a greater capacity for the endogenous pressor-antidiuretic peptide than for the analogous mammalian hormone.
PROLACTIN ACTIVITY AND HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE IN PHARYNGEAL HYPOPHYSES FROM EMBALMED CADAVERS
Authors: McGRATH PHILOMENA 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
One hundred and forty-six human pharyngeal hypophyses from embalmed cadavers were fractionated in eight batches. A human prolactin-growth hormone extract was obtained from each batch. The prolactin activity of each extract was tested by the pigeon crop micromethod and the growth hormone content of the same extract was determined by radioimmunoassay. The results indicate that the human prolactin-growth hormone extract of pharyngeal hypophyses from embalmed cadavers retained prolactin activity and growth hormone to a significant degree despite adverse conditions post mortem. It is concluded that the human pharyngeal hypophysis is a tissue of functional significance. The apparent isolation of the pharyngeal hypophysis is of interest with regard to the role of the hypothalamus in the control of the sellar adenohypophysis. The functional significance of the pharyngeal hypophysis may be of importance in subjects for whom the total destruction of adenohypophysial tissue is considered to be of therapeutic value.
SECRETION OF C19-STEROIDS AND OESTROGENS IN THE POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME. OVARIAN STUDIES IN VIVO AND IN VITRO (INCLUDING STUDIES IN VITRO ON A COINCIDENTAL GRANULOSA CELL TUMOUR)
Authors: JEFFCOATE S. L. , BROOKS R. V. , LONDON D. R. , PRUNTY F. T. G. , RHODES P. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Ovarian metabolism of C19-steroids and oestrogens has been assessed at ovarian wedge resection in 22 patients with polycystic ovaries. There were marked variations between different patients.
High concentrations of androstenedione were found in ovarian vein plasma in some patients, and always after stimulation with human pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone (HP-FSH) in vivo. Its contribution to the daily production of testosterone has been considered. No measurable amounts of testosterone or dehydroepiandrosterone were found. Oestradiol concentration was sometimes normal or above.
Large amounts of androstenedione were generally isolated from cyst fluid. Occasionally testosterone was found and also epitestosterone after FSH. That concentrations of oestrogens in cyst fluid are low was confirmed, but sometimes higher levels were found after FSH.
Slices of ovarian tissue generally converted progesterone or pregnenolone to androstenedione in high yield but conversion to oestrogen appeared to be low. However, the difficulty of making quantitative comparisons by this method, in the absence of knowledge of the sizes of the pools of endogenous steroids in the tissue, has been recognized.
No evidence was found in any of the 18 cases examined for a lack of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase.
In vitro synthesis of epitestosterone by both normal and polycystic ovaries has been observed.
A coincidental granulosa cell tumour in one patient synthesized testosterone in high yield.
METYRAPONE AND PYROGEN TESTS IN HYPERADRENOCORTICISM: EVALUATION OF BLOOD CORTICOTROPHIN LEVELS
Authors: LITTA-MODIGNANI R. , BADONI M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Corticotrophin in blood was measured in four normal subjects and four patients suffering from Cushing's syndrome. The basal values of both groups were not statistically different. A standard Piromen test produced a statistically significant increase in normal patients; inconsistent results were obtained in hyperadrenocorticism. A metyrapone test showed significantly increased blood levels of ACTH in the normal subjects and a lower response in the patients with Cushing's syndrome. The Piromen test was also performed after 2 days of metyrapone administration (metyrapone-Piromen test). This test in normal patients induced an ACTH release that may be considered maximal (up to 17 m-u./100 ml.) presumably by relaxing the cortisol 'brake' on the hypothalamus; the response in the patients with hyperadrenocorticism was negative.