bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nicholas Hunter Heck, Geophysicist
Authors: Fleming J. A. 
Published: February 2008

Captain Nicholas Hunter Heck, retired on April 30, 1945, from the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey after nearly 4.1 years of geophysical service and internationally recognized attainment. With relief from the many demands of his scientific and administrative responsibilities thus afforded, it is the hope of his colleagues everywhere that he may have many more years to give his constructive thought to the further development of geophysics and to the rehabilitation of those international relations of the International Union .of Geodesy and Geophysics in the success of which his collaboration has had so much to do.Captain Heck is a graduate of Lehigh University, with degrees of Bachelor of Arts (1903), Civil Engineer (1904), and Doctor of Science (1929). He was further honored in 1941 by Fordham University with the degree of Doctor of Science.
Harry Marcus Weston Edmonds, 1862–1945
Authors: Harradon H. D. 
Published: February 2008

On April 4, 1945, Dr. Harry Marcus Western Edmonds,* passed away at his home in Berkeley, California, at the age of 82 years.He was born at Oshkosh, Wisconsin, June 25, 1862, his parents being both members of old New England families of English descent. He received the degree of A.B. from the University of California in 1882 after which he took up the study of medicine receiving the degree of M.D. from Hahnemann Medical College in 1892. He also studied at the New York Medical College and did postgraduate work at the universities of Göttingen, Bonn, and Leipzig during 1882 to 1885.
Magnetic Observatory Buildings Destroyed in U.S.S.R.
Authors: Scott W. E. 
Published: February 2008

Russia has more than borne her share of the problems and the crushng burdens of this war. Now with the fast‐approaching defeat of the Axis nations, the U.S.S.R. is preparing, energetically to meet a new crisis in the rebuilding of her destroyed cities.A recent communication received from Dr. N. V. Pushkov, Director of the Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism in the U.S.S.R., disclosed that all magnetic buildings in Slutsk (near Leningrad), Novgorod (about 100 miles south of Leningrad), and Odessa (the great Russian port on the Black Sea) were completely demolished by the Germans at the time of their withdrawal. Continuing, Dr. Pushkov stated that plans are being made this year to construct an institute in a new place near Moscow, the present great capital and center of all activities. Inasmuch as in the future, geophysical investigations in all branches will be prosecuted, he requested the benefit of the experience gained by the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, and by other similar organizations in the United States, in the construction of its new buildings and observatories. During 1945, the U.S.S.R. also plans to start the reconstruction of the demolished Observatories near Leningrad and at Odessa.
Final relative sunspot‐numbers for 1944
Authors: Brunner W. 
Published: February 2008

Table 1 contains the final sunspot‐numbers for 1944, for the whole disk of the Sun, based on observations made at the Zürich Observatory, supplemented by series furnished by other cooperating observatories for days (indicated by asterisks) on which no observations were possible at Zürich.Table 2 gives the yearly means of the relative numbers, R, since the last minimum 1933 and the number of days without spots.
The Danish Meteorological Institute and its observatories during the war
Authors: Olsen Johannes , Egedal J. 
Published: February 2008

With great pleasure we—thanks to the liberation of our country by the Allied Forces—are able to send you this letter containing certain information which may be of interest for you and possibly to some extent to the readers of the Journal. In these years of war several magnetic observatories have been disturbed or destroyed, but our Rude Skov and Godhavn observatories are safe.The Rude Skov Observatory has been undisturbed during the whole war and magnetic registrations of all kinds have been continued. Magnetic character‐numbers have been determined and mailed to January 1, 1945. Part I of the Magnetic Yearbook for 1943 was published in December, 1944. The examination and improvement of the la Cour variometers have also been continued; A. Groot Hansen, former assistant of the Observatory, and J. Egedal have constructed a new la Cour Z‐balance able to keep a fairly constant zero‐point value during daily variations of the temperature.
Sitka Magnetic Observatory April to June, 1945
Authors: Campbell Joel B. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 57° 03′.0 N., longitude 135° 20′.1 or 9h 01m.3 W. of Gr.)April 1–2—A short but rather severe storm began abruptly at about 06h GMT, April 1. Violent disturbances were recorded for the following nine hours. Small, irregular oscillations began at about 15h and continued until the storm gradually died out at 08h, April 2. K‐indices of 8, 9, 7, and 6 were recorded during the period.
Cheltenham Magnetic Observatory July to September, 1945
Authors: Hershberger John 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 38° 44′.0 N., longitude 76° 50′.5 or 5h 07m.4 W. of Gr.)July 1–2—A storm of moderate severity which began in the closing hours of June 30, continued until about 02h GMT, July 2. A K‐index of 6, and three indices of 5, were recorded.
Hermanus Magnetic Observatory October to December, 1945
Authors: Gotsman B. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 34° 25′.2 S., longitude 19° 13′.5 or 1h 16m.9 E. of Gr.)October 12—A small, sudden‐commencement storm occurred at 10h 10m GMT, October 12, and continued for about 13 hours. The range for H was 130 gammas, and the maximum K‐index was 6 during the period 09h–12h.
Cheltenham Magnetic Observatory January to March, 1946
Authors: Hershberger John 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 38° 44′.0 N., longitude 76° 50′.5 or 5h 07m.4 W. of Gr.)January 3–4—A moderately severe storm seemed to have its real beginning sharply at 08h 10m GMT, January 3, although this was preceded by a much smaller beginning, also sharp, at 07h 0lm. Short‐period activity predominated at first, and later was superimposed on slower changes of relatively large range. K‐indices of 7 were recorded for the fourth and fifth three‐hour periods of January 3. There was no important activity after 10h, January 4.
Alibag Magnetic Observatory July to September, 1946
Authors: Rao M. P. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 18° 38′.3 N., longitude 72° 52′.3 or 4h 51m5 E. of Gr.)July 26–27—A strong magnetic storm commenced suddenly at 18h 45m GMT, July 26, with a 147‐gamma rise in H, 29‐gamma fall in Z, and increase in westerly declination by 3′.1, all in about a minute of time, followed by rapid fluctuations in all the elements. H attained its maximum at 18h 58m, and thereafter began to fall with frequent rise and fall which resulted in a number of peaks. All the three elements recorded rapid oscillations throughout the storm which ended at about 12h 30m, July 27. Two K‐indices of 8 were attained for the intervals between 18h to 21h, July 26, and 00h to 03h, July 27, and also two of 7 and one of 6 during the storm. Ranges: H, 499 gammas; Z, 103 gammas; D, 12′.5.
Solar and magnetic data, October to December, 1946, Mount Wilson Observatory
Authors: Nicholson Seth B. , Sternberg Mulders Elizabeth E. 
Published: February 2008

When the magnetic storm of October 26–27 began, thirteen sunspot‐groups were on the visible hemisphere; all were inactive. The largest was an exceptionally long bipolar group, Mount Wilson No. 8251, 18° east, 8° south. The group nearest the center of the disk, No. 8249, was bipolar, 6° west, 9° north.When the storm of November 24–26 began, the large complex bipolar group, No. 8288, was on the central meridian 12° north of the center of the disk.
Microwave sky noise
Authors: Covington A. E. 
Published: February 2008

A sensitive microwave receiver capable of measuring small differences of radiant energy in the 3000‐Mc band has been constructed after the manner of Dicke [see 1 of “References” at end of paper], and is used to measure the radio noise from the sky at Ottawa, Canada. A continuous record is obtained by means of a recording milliammeter. The receiver is calibrated by measuring the temperature of a resistance which has been substituted for the antenna; thus the equivalent temperature of the sky is used as a measure of the sky noise.The records taken during the period April 30 to July 23, 1946, were interrupted to make improvements in the receiver, and by occasional failure of the set. During this period, an antenna with a cone of acceptance of 30° to the half‐power points was used. After July 27, a continuous record was taken using an antenna with an acceptance cone of 6°. In each case the antenna was pointed toward the zenith with the electric vector in the magnetic east‐west direction. The narrow‐beam antenna is astronomically mounted so that solar noise observations can be taken; when this antenna points more than 15° away from the Sun, no solar noise can be received, and the background noise is measured independently.
Differential penetration and magnetic storms
Authors: Eckersley T. L. 
Published: February 2008

(1) IntroductionIn a letter to Nature [see 1 of “References” at end of paper], the writer has already put forward the suggestion that magnetic storms accompanied by a large reduction in the density of the F‐layer are caused by neutral streams of charged particles that enter the Earth's atmosphere and are separated out in the ionosphere owing to deeper penetration by the positive particles. According to this idea, the electrons are stopped high up in the F‐layer, while the positive ions penetrate to the E‐layer, with the result that a strong vertical electric field is set up in the main body of the F‐layer between these two systems of negative and positive charges.
Witteveen Magnetic Observatory April to September, 1947
Authors: van Lohuizen H. P. Th. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 52° 48′.8 N., longitude 6° 40′. 1 or 0h 26m.7 E. of Gr.)April 2—A small disturbance (probably a solar‐flare effect) was recorded from 10h 15m to about 10h 28m GMT.
Solar and magnetic data October to December, 1947, Mount Wilson Observatory
Authors: Nicholson Seth B. 
Published: February 2008

The mean number of sunspot‐groups observed daily in December, 10.1, was the lowest since January, 1947, with a mean of 9.9.The storm October 9–16 was the fourth member of a 28‐day sequence which began on July 17, 1947, Although the interval from October 9 to November 8 is 30 days, the activity beginning on November 8 and on December 5 is probably a continuation of that series.
K‐indices and sudden commencements, October to December, 1947, at Abinger
Authors: Jones H. Spencer 
Published: February 2008

I enclose the list of K‐indices of geomagnetic activity at Abinger for October to December, 1947, in Table 1.The only occurrence of a “sudden commencement” recorded at Abinger during the same period was on November 24, at 17h 55m.9 GMT.
Magnetic effects observed at Vassouras, Brazil, during the solar eclipse of May 20, 1947
Authors: Gama Lelio I. 
Published: February 2008

Scope and plan of work—When I was appointed Director of the Magnetic Service of the National Observatory, Rio de Janeiro, in December, 1946, the prospect of work naturally included a tentative search for the possible disturbance in the Earth's magnetism during the solar eclipse of May 20, 1947. This plan was supported by a request of Professor Gleb Wataghin, of São Paulo University, Brazil, who emphasized to me the convenience of such a magnetic program being undertaken in connection with some investigations which Professor Wataghin himself and his co‐workers were carrying on in S˜o Paulo.As the Observatory equipment comprised two Toepfer unifilar magnetographs, one of which has been the standard instrument at Vassouras since 1913, an extended comparison of the two sets of variometers was also contemplated, both for the intrinsic interest of the comparison itself and for the purpose of improving the accuracy of fundamental results for the investigation of eclipse‐effects. Accordingly, the operating plan was drafted as follows: (a) Daily absolute measurements of H, D, and Z, made simultaneously with two magnetometers, over a 30‐day period centered on May 20; (b) continuous photographic registration of the three elements by the two magnetographs during the same period; and (c) daily scale‐value determination for the six variometers.
Report of the Oslo Assembly, International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics: Association of Terrestrial Magnetism and Electricity
Authors: Joyce J. W. 
Published: February 2008

After an interval of nine years, the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (UGGI) held its Eighth General Assembly at Oslo, Norway August 19–28, 1948.The Norwegian National Committee of the UGGI, as host, under the direction of Dr. Halvor Solberg, and the Norwegian Organizing Committee under the chairmanship of Major P. A. Grinaker, completed excellent arrangements for the assembly. All meetings were held at the University of Oslo.
Alibag Magnetic Observatory July to September, 1948
Authors: Rao M. P. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 18° 38′.3 N., longitude 72° 52′.3 or 4h 51m.5 E. of Gr.)August 7–11—A magnetic storm of moderate intensity commenced suddenly at 22h 59m GMT, August 7, with a sharp rise of 25 gammas in H, an insignificant rise followed by a fall of 7 gammas in Z, and an increase of 0′.7 in westerly D, all in about two minutes. After a period of slight intensity lasting for about four hours, H decreased rapidly till about 10h, August 8, and thereafter recorded some rapid fluctuations for about five hours. This was followed by a laboured rise which was interrupted by frequent rise and fall. Throughout August 9 the intensity of the storm was slight but at about 05h, August 10, it became more intense and rapid fluctuations were recorded till about 09h 30m; after about 12h, large‐amplitude fluctuations were recorded till about 20h.
On methods of making magnets independent of changes of temperature; and some experiments upon abnormal or negative temperature coefficients in magnets
Authors: Ashworth J. Reginald 
Published: February 2008

The present investigation, which has been carried out in the Physical Laboratory of the Owens College, Manchester, was undertaken at Professor Schuster's suggestion, with the object of ascertaining what kinds of iron and steel are least liable to a change of magnetic intensity under moderate fluctuations of temperature.Specimens of steels containing severally tungsten, manganese, cobalt, and nickel, also cast irons, of different blends of pig irons, and of different percentages of carbon, were procured from a number of different English and Scotch firms. The size of these specimens was in general about 1.5 cm. long and 1 or 2 thick; but as it was not uniform, the dimensions and weight in grams of each are given in the accompanying table, columns I, II, and III.
Antrag auf Massnahmen zur systematischen Erforschung der saecular‐Variationen der erdmagnetischen Elemente
Authors: Schmidt Ad. 
Published: February 2008

Bei dem lebhaften Interesse, das man in den letzten Jahren wieder begonnen hat der erdmagnetischen Forschung zuzuwenden, ist zu hoffen, dass die grossen Lücken unsrer Kenntniss von der räumlichen Verteilung der magnetischen Kraft in nicht zu ferner Zeit wenigstens einigermassen ausgefüllt sein werden. Soll es indessen möglich sein, die zu erwartenden Messungen in vollem Masse auszunützen, so muss vor allen Dingen für eine hinreichende Feststellung der saecularen Aenderungen gesorgt werden, ohne die (von ihrem selbständigen Werte ganz abgesehen) die Reduction der natürlich über viele Jahre zerstreuten Beobachtungen auf eine bestimmte Epoche unmöglich ist.Die Bestimmung der saecularen Variationen hat auch schon bisher stets die grösste Schwierigkeit und die Hauptquelle der Unsicherheit bei allen Darstellungen der erdmagnetischen Kraftverteilung gebildet, und dies wird, wenn nicht genügende Vorkehrungen zur Beseitigung des bestehenden Uebelstandes getroffen werden, in Zukunft immer mehr der Fall sein. Gegenüber den gesteigerten Anforderungen an Genauigkeit, die wir heute stellen müssen und bei den verfeinerten jetzigen Messungen auch stellen können, genügt es nicht mehr, eine oft sehr ungleichartige Reihe von Messungen, die zufällig im Laufe der Jahre ungefähr an demselben Orte gemacht worden sind, zusammenzufassen und daraus—nicht selten durch Extrapolation‐Werte der saecularen Schwankung abzuleiten. Und es macht sich immer empfindlicher merklich, wenn auf weiten Gebieten nicht einmal solche unvollkommene Messungsreihen vorhanden sind.
Economic basis for effluent charges and subsidies
Authors: Whipple William 
Published: February 2008

If it is accepted that the disposal of wastes uses given quantities of water at a cost or, alternatively, uses reduced amounts of water but also creates economic damages, the question immediately arises whether a charge should be made for the disposal of waste by water, just as a charge is made for public supply of water for other purposes. The American tradition is inclined toward placing upon private industry the cost of processing industrial effluents to reduce the quantity of wastes, but it relies upon streamflow standards and specific orders rather than the economic pressure of prices to control the process.Allen V. Kneese has given us an excellent picture of German practice with respect to the Ruhr Hiver [Kneese, 1964, chapter 7], where a system of effluent charges has been used with striking success to control a waste disposal problem proportionately worse than that of any major area in the United States. He makes a convincing case for a system of effluent charges as the preferable method of controlling pollution, in view of the flexibility it affords to industry and the relative ease of administration. Generally speaking, the charges to upstream installations would be equal to the economic loss caused by such pollution to all parties downstream. It is noteworthy that systems of effluent charges to industry based upon total wastes carried by effluents have recently been advocated in the northwest.
The effects of thermal pollution on river ice conditions
Authors: Dingman S. L. , Weeks W. F. , Yen Y. C. 
Published: February 2008

An attempt is made to calculate the length of the ice‐free reach that develops during the winter below a thermal pollution site on a river. A differential equation for the steady‐state heat balance of a volume element of a river is developed, which leads to the expression

urn:x-wiley:00431397:media:wrcr305:wrcr305-math-0001
where x is distance downstream from the pollution site to the cross section where the water temperature equals Twx, Two is water temperature at x equals zero, Q* is rate of heat loss from the water surface, and Cx is a constant that includes flow velocity and depth. The value of x at Twx equals 0°C is taken as the length of the ice‐free reach. Q* is the sum of heat losses due to evaporation, convection, long‐ and short‐wave radiation, and other processes, each of which is evaluated by an empirical or theoretical expression. The two principal limitations in accurately calculating downstream temperature changes are related to difficulties in evaluating the degree of lateral mixing in natural rivers and the convective and evaporative heat losses under unstable atmospheric conditions. Observations of lengths of ice‐free reaches on the Mississippi River are in good agreement with the calculated values. Significant portions of the St, Lawrence Seaway can be kept ice‐free by the installation of nuclear reactors at appropriate locations.
Optimal Control of Linked Reservoirs
Authors: Schweig Z. , Cole J. A. 
Published: February 2008

Control rules for linked reservoirs meeting a common demand are evaluated for a two storage case. Draw‐off can be made from either of the reservoirs directly to supply, and transfers are permitted from the smaller to the larger reservoirs. Dynamic programming is effective in selecting the optimal control rules, for any stage of reservoir contents, given a defined objective of operation. The objective is expressed in monetary terms, relating to transmission, purification, or shortage costs, which are to be minimized in the long term. The case considered allows monthly inflows to the reservoirs to be treated as random variates; first order serial correlation of inflows is expressed by using ‘high’ or ‘low’ inflow distributions, according to whether the previous month's inflow was above or below its mean. Present worth factors, switch‐on costs, and costs of shortage that vary nonlinearly with total deficit can all be brought into the reckoning.The paper includes a numerical example of the dynamic programming calculation for a system of a finite surface reservoir and a full aquifer, the latter having limited pumpage. Also, the flow diagram for a computer program is given, which incorporates inflow, draw‐off, storage volumes, and operating costs as general parameters. Using this program, the convergence to optimal control rules has been obtained, for the most part within 5 years of iteration. Given the optimal control rules for an assumed reservoir system, it becomes possible to form transition matrices of contents, by an adaptation of Gould's method. The steady‐state solutions of the matrices show probabilities of each reservoir's contents in the long term. These lead to a long‐term operating cost for consideration at the design stage of the system.
Computer Experiments with Fractional Gaussian Noises: Part 3, Mathematical Appendix
Authors: Mandelbrot Benoit B. , Wallis James R. 
Published: February 2008

The present ‘Appendix’ is devoted to mathematical considerations designed to fill in the innumerable logical gaps left in the preceding paper. Even though most proofs will be merely sketched or omitted, the notation remains heavy, and some readers may wish to skip to formulas 1 and 2, which define ‘Type 1 functions.’Most of what follows is closely patterned after Mandelbrot and Van Ness [1968], which contains additional mathematical details and references to the few earlier articles, where fractional Gaussian noises were fleetingly considered as purely mathematical entities.
Multistage Marginal Cost Model of Investment‐Pricing Decisions: Application to Urban Water Supply Treatment Facilities
Authors: Riordan Courtney 
Published: February 2008

An attempt is made to apply a previously developed general model of investment‐pricing decisions to the particular problem of choosing the timing and sizes of additions to capacity in urban water supply systems. On the basis of empirical data, typical but hypothetical cost and demand curves for water supply are defined and incorporated into the model. The model is then solved under varying assumptions with regard to rate of growth in demand, the level of the discount rate, and the length of the planning horizon. The results are compared in terms of their efficiency with results that could be expected from conventional approaches to the problem by employing certain arbitrarily assumed schemes of average cost pricing combined with rules of thumb criteria for choosing the size and timing of capacity investment.The major conclusions reached are that at present we do not have the empirical data necessary to effectively implement the general model in the water supply area and that the results do suggest that the multistage marginal cost approach toward planning and operating urban water supply systems might be 10–20% more efficient than traditional average cost approaches.