bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Growth, egg production, and population density of the spider, Nephila clavata in relation to food conditions in the field
Authors: Miyashita Tadashi 
Published: November 2006

SummaryField studies were carried out to clarify the growth pattern, egg production and changes in the population density of the spider, Nephila clavata, in relation to food conditions.
Larger individuals, which might have consumed more amount of food, became gravid earlier (early October), but even smaller ones also became gravid by early November. The difference of body size in mature females was greater than those reported in other species.
The rate of growth and the fecundity were greater in the plot where food was more abundant, and the number of individuals in the early part of the development period in the following year was also greater in that plot.
Although the population densities in the early part of the development period differed considerably between the two study plots, the difference became obscure after September when almost all spiders had matured. This suggests that the number of adult individuals had little relation to that of juveniles.
The total synthesis and metabolism of 4‐decenoate, dodeca‐3,6‐dienoate, tetradeca‐5,8‐dienoate and hexadeca‐7,10‐dienoate in the fat‐deficient rat
Authors: Sprecher Howard 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMethyl 4‐decenoate (10∶1ω6), methyl dodeca‐3,6‐dienoate (12∶2ω6), methyl tetradeca‐5,8‐dienoate (14∶2ω6) and methyl hexadeca‐7,10‐dienoate (16∶2ω6) were prepared by total synthesis. Rats raised on a fat‐deficient diet for 2 1/2 months received 100 mg per day of one of the experimental acids or methyl linoleate for a period of 16 days. The liver lipids were extracted, converted to methyl esters and analyzed by gas‐liquid chromatography. Neither 10∶1ω6 nor 12∶2ω6 served as biosynthetic precursors for linoleate. Small amounts of 14∶2ω6 were convered to linoleate while 16∶2ω6 served as an efficient precursor for linoleate and longer chain ω6 acids. None of the short chain ω6 acids were incorporated directly into liver lipids.
Positional distribution of fatty acids in depot triglycerides of aquatic animals
Authors: Brockerhoff H. , Hoyle R. J. , Hwang P. C. , Litchfield Carter 
Published: November 2006

AbstractStereospecific triglyceride analyses were performed on fats of the following animals: five aquatic invertebrates, five freshwater fish, six marine fish, three marine birds, two amphibia, two seals, a whale, and a marine turtle. The distribution of faty acids was asymmetrical in most cases. A formula is presented which describes the general tendencies of fatty acid distribution in many animal fats, and some special rules which modify this formula are stated.
The structure of rat liver triglycerides
Authors: Slakey Sister P. M. , Lands W. E. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe fatty acid compositions at the 1‐, 2‐, and 3‐positions3 of rat liver triglycerides were determined by using pancreatic lipase and diglyceride kinase. The distribution of acids between the 1‐ and 3‐positions is not random; rather each position has a characteristic composition. The relative abundance of species and positional isomers in the triglyceride mixture was predicted by using values from the stereospecific analysis and assuming that the composition of each position is independent of the other two. The total triglyceride was resolved into species by using TLC with silver nitrate and Silica Gel G, and the relative amounts corresponded closely with those predicted on the basis of this assumption.The major species were isolated, and the distribution of their fatty acids among the three glyceride positions was determined. From these data the relative amount of each positional isomer was calculated. The results indicate that the esterification of fatty acids at each position proceeds with a specificity that is not correlated with the composition of the other positions with the molecule.The relative abundance of the different liver triglyceride species is also found to be related in part to the composition of the 1,2‐diglyceride units found in the lecithins of this tissue.
Metabolism of alkyl glyceryl ethers in the rat
Authors: Oswald Edward O. , Anderson Carl E. , Piantadosi Claude , Lim James 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe metabolism of14C‐ and3H‐labeled alkyl glyceryl ethers after intraperitoneal injections was examined in the liver and intestine of the rat. Additionally, in vitro experiments were conducted with intestinal homogenates and intetinal contents.From these investigations it was concluded that the liver and the intestine metabolize the alkyl glyceryl ethers very differently. Intestinal contents can alter α‐batyl alcohol, as indicated by preliminary experiments, and intestinal cells contain enzyme systems which convert the alkyl glyceryl ethers to the mono‐ and di‐acyl derivatives. Very little esterified glyceryl ethers were found in the liver lipids. The intestine contains an enzyme system which, although it has a greater specificity for chain length and for isomeric position of the ether than that of the liver system, does cleave the glyceryl ethers.From in vivo studies, of intestinal tissue it was concluded that all of the injected glyceryl ethers were converted intact the ethanolamine, serine, and choline alkyl glyceryl ether phospholipids; with the use of α‐batyl alcohol, the phosphatidyl ethanolamine fraction, contained most of the labeled glyceryl ether phospholipid with β‐batyl alcohol, α‐chimyl, and β‐chimyl alcohols, the phosphatidyl, choline fraction contained most of the labeled alkyl glyceryl ether phospholipid. No significant amount (<1%) of labeled alkyl glyceryl ether phospholipids was found in any of the rat‐liver lipids.
Autoxidation of saturated fatty acids. I. The initial products of autoxidation of methyl palmitate
Authors: Brodnitz Michael H. , Nawar Wassef W. , Fagerson Irving S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA highly purified methyl palmitate free of all detectable impurities was oxidized by aeration at 150C. Monohydroperoxide was shown by thin‐layer chromatography (TLC), spot and spray test, and polarography to be the initial autoxidation product.
Autoxidation of saturated fatty acids. II. The determination of the site of hydroperoxide groups in autoxidizing methyl palmitate
Authors: Brodnitz Michael H. , Nawar Wassef W. , Fagerson Irving S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe monohydroperoxides of methyl palmitate oxidized at 150C were concentrated, purified, and reduced to yield a mixture of isomers of monohydroxy palmitate. No evidence of unsaturation in these molecules could be obtained, and no direct method for the resolution or identification of the individual isomers was found. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of the reduced esters suggested that the hydroxy groups were not located at either end of the chain of the fatty ester.To establish the location of the initial oxidative attack on saturated esters, the reduced esters of oxidized methyl palmitate were chemically cleaved at the location of the hydroxy group by means of chromium trioxide oxidation and by the Beckmann transformation. The resulting mono‐ and dibasic fatty acids were methylated and analyzed by gas chromatography. This analysis indicated that the oxidation of methyl palmitate did not occur selectively at one location along the ester. Although all carbon atoms can apparently be oxidized, preferential oxidation was observed toward the center of the molecule.
Composition of bile acids in ruminants
Authors: Sheriha Guima M. , Waller George R. , Chan Tak , Tillman Allen D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe bile acids found in sheep bile, beef bile, beef feces, sheep fetus bile, and beef fetus bile have been analyzed by using conventional techniques. Animals maintained on natural and purified diets were used. The bile acids are a complex mixture of isomeric hydroxy‐ and keto‐5β‐cholanoic acids which were substituted at one or several of the carbon atoms 3, 7, and 12. Cholic acid is the predominant bile acid found in these species. Deoxycholic acid was the major product formed from cholic acid when the animals were on a natural diet but the concentration of 3α, 12α‐dihydroxy‐7‐keto‐5β‐cholanoic acid was elevated in the animals that were maintained on a high concentrated purified diet (without roughage). The fetus bile was found to contain nearly all of the bile acids found in the bile of the mature animal but in different concentrations.
Effects of experimental endogenous hyperlipemia on circulating leukocytes and erythrocytes
Authors: Ehrhart L. Allen , Butkus Antanas , Robertson A. Lazzarini , Page Irvine H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEffects of hyperlipemia on circulating leukocytes and erythrocytes were studied in dogs which were given repeated, intravenous injections of a nonionic detergent, Triton WR‐1339.Erythrocyte lipid concentrations increased from 3.6±0.9 mg/1010 cells in control animals to 9.3±1.5 mg in the hyperlipemic group. This increase was accompanied by a shift in the distribution of total fatty acids toward a higher percentage of saturated and monounsaturated acids. In contrast to the changes observed in erythrocytes, the leukocyte lipid content remained unaltered in dogs with serum cholesterol levels ranging from 500 to more than 2,000 mg/100 ml. Leukocyte counts rose whereas hematocrit values, hemoglobin concentrations, and erythrocyte counts decreased. Oxygen utilization studies showed no significant metabolic differences between leukocytes which were isolated from hyperlipemic or control animals. Circulating leukocytes in dogs with an endogenously induced hyperlipemia were shown therefore to maintain normal lipid concentrations and did not participate in lipophage formation, as reported for certain diet‐induced lipemias.
Autoxidation of tissue lipids. II. Monocarbonyl compounds formed by the autoxidation of methyl eicosapentaenoate, methyl docosahexaenoate, and cod‐liver oil
Authors: Fisher Mary P. , Wishner Lawrence A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFatty acid analysis of autoxidized cod‐liver oil with a peroxide value of 192 showed significant degradation of only eicosapentaenoic, docosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acids of the linolenate family. Purified, mildly autoxidized cod‐liver oil with a peroxide value of 28, methyl eicosapentaenoate, and methyl docosahexaenoate produced carbonyl patterns in agreement with the accepted mechanism for olefinic autoxidation. In all cases the major products were propanal andn‐pent‐2‐enal as predicted, andn‐hex‐2‐enal andn‐hept‐2‐enal as reported in the literature for linolenate. In addition, the same cod‐liver oil, which had been heated to 188C in vacuum for 1 hr to decompose completely the hydroperoxides before carbonyl analysis, showed the presence ofn‐hepta‐2,4‐dienal as predicted.
Therans‐3‐enoic acids ofAster alpinus andArctium minus seed oils
Authors: Morris L. J. , Marshall M. O. , Hammond E. W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThetrans‐3‐enoic acids ofAster alpinus (dwarf aster, rock aster) andArctium minus (burdock) seed oils have been isolated and characterized.Arctium seed oil containstrans‐3,cis‐9,cis‐12‐octadecatrienoic acid (9.9%), andAster oil containstrans‐3‐hexadecenoic (7.1%),rans‐3‐octadecenoic (1.9%),trans‐3,cis‐9‐octadecadienoic (3.0%),a ndtrans‐3,cis‐9,cis‐12‐octadecatrienoic (13.7%) acids.Aster oil also has an epoxy acid as a minor constituent (ca. 2.0%), which has been identified ascis‐9,10‐epoxy‐cis‐12‐octadecenoic acid.
The distribution of phospholipids in some mammalian milks
Authors: Morrison W. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPhospholipids were isolated from cow, sheep, Indian buffalo, camel, ass, pig, and human milks. The distribution of phospholipids was determined by quantitative two‐dimensional thin‐layer chromatography. The distribution of phospholipids was found to be remarkably constant in the milks of all the species studied, and it is concluded that the phospholipids probably fulfil similar or identical functions in these milks.
The separation, structure and metabolism of monogalactosyl diglyceride species inChlorella vulgaris
Authors: Nichols B. W. , Moorhouse R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe monogalactosyl diglyceride fraction from heterotrophically cultured cells ofChlorella vulgaris has been fractionated into species of different fatty acid composition by argentation thin layer chromatography of the unmodified glycolipid. Five major subfractions were isolated, corresponding to groups of molecular species containing 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 double bonds per molecule, respectively. Incubation ofChlorella vulgaris with 2‐14C‐sodium acetate, followed by radiochemical analysis of the fatty acids of the individual monogalactosyl diglyceride species, demonstrated that at any time the specific activity of a single fatty acid can vary considerably among the various species in which it occurs. These results are consistent with previously reported evidence that significant changes in the fatty acid composition of the monogalactosyl diglyceride fraction ofChlorella vulgaris occur following its de novo synthesis.
The role of lipids in heme synthesis
Authors: Yoneyama Yoshimasa , Sawada Hideo , Takeshita Masazumi , Sugita Yoshiki 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of lipids on protoheme ferrolyase, which combines ferrous iron with protoporphyrin, was investigated. The enzyme extracted with 1% Na cholate from acetone‐dried powder of chicken erythrocyte stroma showed high enzymic activity, while that extracted with 0.4 M KCl showed little activity. The former contained lipids, the main components of which were lecithin and phosphatidylethanolamine, whereas the latter contained little lipid. Crude lipids of several sources restored the enzyme activity of 0.4 M KCl extracts. The activating effects of purified lipids, especially phospholipids which showed the strongest activation, were further examined. Phospholipids were divided into three groups: the choline‐containing group, lecithin and sphingomyelin, was inhibitory or slightly accelerative on heme synthesis; the acidic phospholipids, namely phosphatidylethanolamine, cardiolipin, phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylinositol, were strong activators and the intensity of activation was in the order of the acidity of the phospholipids; and the lysophospholipids, namely lysolecithin, lysophosphatidylethanolamine and sphingosylphosphorylcholine, activated the heme synthesis most effectively. In the presence of cholate, choline‐containing lipids were highly effective, while acidic phospholipids were inhibitory and lysophospholipids were neutral. Palmitic acid showed slight stimulative effect. Tripalmitin was neutral or inhibitory. Anionic, cationic and neutral synthetic detergents were slightly stimulative in low concentration and inhibitory in high concentration. An activation mechanism of phospholipids was proposed in which the hydrophilic anionic part of lipid in the lipoprotein enzyme molecule attracts ferrous iron. After being stripped of solvation water, the ferrous iron is transferred to the hydrophobic part of the enzyme molecule to be inserted into porphyrin.
The quantitative production of aldehydes from O‐alk‐1‐enyl glycerols
Authors: Anderson Robert E. , Garrett Ronald D. , Blank M. L. , Snyder Fred 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe quantitative recovery and structural alterations of aldehydes liberated from O‐alk‐1‐enyl glycerols on thin layer chromatographic layers have been evaluated by using14C‐labeled fatty aldehydes and chromatography. The results led to the development of a quantitative procedure for isolating the aldehydes produced from O‐alk‐1‐enyl glycerols by shaking an ethereal solution of the ether‐linked lipids with concentrated hydrochloric acid. The procedure is rapid and silicic acid does not interfere.
The effect of dietary copper on the structure and physical properties of adipose tissue triglycerides in pigs
Authors: Christie W. W. , Moore J. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe inner back fat of control pigs had a higher melting point and stearic acid‐oleic acid ratio than did the outer back fat of the control animals or the inner and outer back fats of pigs given the control diet supplemented with 250 ppm copper. By a combination of argentation thin layer chromatography and pancreatic lipase hydrolysis, it was shown that in the inner back fat of the control animals the proportions of two of the more saturated glyceride species were significantly greater and the proportions of two of the more unsaturated species were less than in the outer back fat of the control animals and in the inner and outer back fats of the copper‐fed animals. These findings probably account for the observed differences in melting point. Stereospecific analyses of the glycerides demonstrated that the increased content of stearic acid in the inner back fat of the control pigs was distributed between the 1 and 3 positions.
Studies on the lipids of sheep red blood cells: III. The fatty acid composition of phospholipids in HK and LK cells
Authors: Nelson Gary J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe fatty acid composition of the erythrocyte phospholipids was studied in samples from five high potassium (HK) and five low potassium (LK) sheep. The total fatty acid composition, including the composition from the individual phospholipids in the erythrocytes of these animals is reported. There were no significant differences between either the total fatty acid composition or that of the individual phospholipids in the HK or LK cells. Sheep red cells had very little polyunsaturated fatty acids in their phospholipids. Palmitic, stearic and oleic acids were the major components of glyceryl phospholipids, while nervonic acid accounted for 50% of the fatty acids in the sphingomyelin fraction. The similarity between the fatty acid composition of HK and LK red cells indicates that quantitative differences in the lipids of the membrane are not the primary reason for the observed differences in the cation levels in the two types of cells. This agrees with conclusions drawn from previous studies.
Steroids in bovine muscle and adipose tissue
Authors: Tu C. , Powrie W. D. , Fennema O. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThin layer and gas liquid chromatography, (GLC) were employed as complementary techniques to investigate naturally‐occurring steroids in the unsaponifiable matter of bovine muscle and adipose tissue. Three GLC liquid phases, differing in selective partition properties, were used to effectively identify unknown steroids. The results indicate that cholesterol and minor amounts of desmosterol, Δ7‐cholestenol, lanosterol, dihydrolanosterol, dehydromethostenol, Δ8‐methostenol, Δ7‐methostenol, cholestanol and possibly ergosterol were present in the bovine tissues. The minor steroids, with the exception of cholestanol and ergosterol, are steroid precursors in cholesterol biosynthesis. Common hormonal steroids were not found in the unsaponifiables of the tissues.
Cholesterol content of human parotid saliva
Authors: Jacobsohn Gert M. , Montiel Raf Ael J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFree and esterifed cholesterol were determined in parotid fluid collected from 19 individuals by encapsulation of Stenson's duct in the oral 16.7±7.1 (SD) μg/100 ml and cholesterol esters averaged 13.2±8.0 (SD) μg/100 ml. Two assays are described for the measurement of cholesterol in parotid saliva. Lipophilic material was extracted with ether‐ethanol (3∶1). In assay 1, the solid residue of the extract was separated into its components by thin layer chromatography. Substances on the chromatogram were made to fluoresce and the spots were photographed. Cholesterol was determined by densitometry of its black image on film. In assay 2, the ether‐ethanol residue was subjected to quantitative gas chromatography. Both methods yield similar data.
Comparative effects of temperature exposure on mass and oxidative enzyme activity of brown fat in insectivores, tupaiads and primates
Authors: Chaffee R. R. J. , Roberts J. C. , Conaway C. H. , Sorenson M. W. , Kaufman W. C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA study has been made to see if hyperplastic and biochemical responses similar to those which occur in temperature‐exposed rodents also occur in insectivores, protoprimates and primates. Representative insectivores included the shrewsSuncus murinus andCryptotis parva. The representative prottoprimate wasTupaia chinensis. The representative primate wasMacaca mulatta. Both shrews show a striking thermogenic response in the brown fat with respect to increased specific activity of α‐glycerophosphate oxidase and succinoxidase.Suncus also showed an increase in brown fat mass following cold exposure. In both shrews cold caused the brown fat to become darker in color.Cryptotis did not show a significant increase in brown fat mass, but this may be due to the fact that the cold exposure period was only four days. Thus the shrews appear to be rodent‐like with respect to effects of cold on brown fat. In the Tupaiads the ratio of brown fat to body weight is not nearly as high as in rodents nor is there a striking hyperplasia with cold exposure. Thus the brown fat would seem to be of less importance to the Tupaiads than to rodents and shrews and the Tupaiads appear to be intermediate in this respect between the insectivores and the true primates. AdultMacaca, in spite of eight months of cold exposure at about 4–6 C, showed no hyperplasia of the brown fat and no increase in oxidative enzyme levels. Thus in adult primates so far studied, the evidence indicates that brown fat does not play an important role in homeothermy as it does in rodents.
Bioenergenetics of brown adipose tissue
Authors: Horwitz Barbara A. , Herd Paul A. , Smith Robert Emrie 
Published: November 2006

AbstractExamination of the effect of 2,4‐dinitrophenol (DNP) in vivo on the brown adipose tissue of cold‐exposed rats as well as the effect of DNP and dicumarol in vitro, indicates that brown fat does possess a functional electron transport‐coupled phosphorylating system. Moreover, the fact that a norepinephrineinduced thermogenic response (in vivo) can be elicited from the brown fat after DNP administration implies that the effect of norepinephrine (NE) is not primarily due to stimulation of an adenosine triphosphatase system. Furthermore, since the magnitude of the NE‐stimulated temperature increase is not diminished by prior treatment with DNP, it appears that the effect of NE is not achieved through any significant degree of uncoupling by the released fatty acids. Alternatively, our data suggest that under basal conditions (i.e., when the animal is not stimulated by cold stress or NE) the heat production (oxygen consumption) of the brown fat is limited by the availability of substrate rather than ADP. Conversely, it is proposed that under states of cold stress or NE infusion the thermogenic effect is induced through stimulation of lipolysis and consequent enhancement of substrate accessible for mitochondrial oxidation.
Cuticular lipids of insects: I. Hydrocarbons ofLeucophae maderae andBlatta orientalis
Authors: Tartivita Kathleen , Jackson Larry L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe major hydrocarbons found in the surface lipids of the cockroachesLeucophaea maderae andBlatta orientalis have been identified asn‐heptacosane, 11‐methylheptacosane, 13‐methylheptacosane and 3‐methylheptacosane. The hydrocarbons from the two genera of cockroaches are qualitatively identical and quantitatively similar.
Oxidation products of α‐tocopherol formed in autoxidizing methyl linoleate
Authors: Csallany A. Saari , Chiu Mei , Draper H. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe oxidation products of14C‐α‐tocopherol formed by heating with methyl linoleate in an air atmosphere at 60 C or 100 C were investigated. The products included a dimer, trimer and dihydroxy dimer, α‐tocopherol quinone and unidentified degradation compounds. The dimer and trimer constituted the major products present after heating for 70 hr at 60 C. After 70 hr at 100 C most of the14C‐α‐tocopherol had been converted to degradation products; part of the14C originallt present in the 5‐methyl group was recovered as14CO2and14CH3OH.