bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Behavior and Productivity Implications of Institutional and Project Funding of Research
Authors: Bredahl Maury E. , Bryant W. Keith , Ruttan Vernon W. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA behavioral model of a research scientist is utilized to develop the characteristics of the demand for institutional (lR) and project research (PR) funds. The demand analysis implies a trade‐off between the allocative and productive efficiency of IR funding and the research output mix of PR funding. The model is used to evaluate the formula and competitive grant funding of U.S. agricultural research. We conclude that national research policy should be cast in terms of the relative mix of the two systems of support, not in the absolute merits of either system.
Farm Size and Economic Efficiency: The Case of California
Authors: Hall Bruce F. , LeVeen E. Phillip 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe relationship between farm size and production costs is examined using current data. The analysis indicates that relatively modest sized farms can achieve a major portion of the possible cost savings associated with size. The sources of efficiency are examined, and it is shown that factors other than labor‐saving technology may be important contributors to economic efficiency. The implications of this analysis are developed for the current debate over acreage restrictions in reclamation policy. Strict enforcement of the 160‐acre limit could cause a modest overall efficiency loss, but this would be borne by landowners rather than consumers.
Food Delivery Programs and Other Factors Affecting Nutrient Intake of Children
Authors: Price David W. , West Donald A. , Scheier Genevieve E. , Price Dorothy Z. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn a study of Washington state school children, regression models showed full participants in the school lunch program to have significantly higher intakes for five of ten nutrients than non‐ or partial participants. Nonparticipants had significantly higher intakes of iron. Nutrient intakes of food stamp recipients were not significantly higher than other school children. Liquid assets and total assets each increased intakes of two nutrients, while the value of food consumed had no significant effect on any of the nutrients. Biochemical data showed few problems of malnutrition to exist among this sample of school children.
Agricultural Policy in Austerity: The Making of the 1981 Farm Bill
Authors: Infanger Craig L. , Bailey William C. , Dyer David R. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe influence of the congressional budget process on the formulation of agricultural and food program legislation has been generally ignored by policy researchers. In 1981, that budget process imposed spending limitations on agricultural programs to be reauthorized and thereby directly affected the structure of farm policy embodied in the Agriculture and Food Act of 1981. This article examines the legislative actions leading to creation of that act and analyzes the influence of the budget process on those legislative actions.
Recreation Evaluation Using a Characteristics Theory of Consumer Behavior
Authors: Greig Peter J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAn operational model is presented which can estimate ex ante the demand curve for a new recreation site or a site whose characteristics have been altered. The computer‐based model is developed from Lancaster's theory of consumer behavior and is applied to data from a group of Australian ski areas to illustrate the procedural practicalities. The estimated shifts in the demand curve for one ski area following specified but hypothetical changes in its characteristics are used to estimate changes in the site's consumers' surplus as a basis for cost‐benefit analysis of these changes in characteristics.
Fishing Allocations and Optimal Fees: A Single‐ and Multilevel Programming Analysis
Authors: Meuriot Eric , Gates John M. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractMathematical programming methods were used, in conjunction with multilevel planning concepts, to estimate the value of foreign access to U.S. fisheries. The results indicate that the United States could raise the fees it charges substantially above 1981 levels without reducing the demand for access. However, treasury revenues are bounded from above by the incentive for joint ventures. This bound is estimated to be approximately two‐thirds of the revenue potentially available under centralized planning.
Evaluating the Food and Agriculture Act of 1977 with Firm Quadratic Risk Programming
Authors: Musser Wesley N. , Stamoulis Kostas G. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractFederal agricultural commodity programs generally have been assumed to reduce the income risk for farm firms, but limited empirical research exists on this proposition. This paper presents a study of the impact of the Food and Agriculture Act of 1977on income risk for a representative farm in Georgia. The model is used to derive an E‐V frontier for a firm not participating in the program and for the same firm that is participating in the program. Results indicate that participation dominates nonparticipation except for higher level of expected net income.
Welfare Implications of Oligopoly in U.S. Food Manufacturing
Authors: Gisser Micha 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA statistical procedure is used to show that increased concentration in U.S. food‐manufacturing industries is associated with increased total input productivity. A price leadership model is employed in order to estimate total welfare loss. If an elasticity of −1 is assumed, deadweight loss to society is estimated at 0.5% of food value. If an elasticity of −0.5 is assumed, total loss to consumers amounts to 6.11% of food value, which is $‐10 billion in 1975. The increase in total factor productivity which is linked to concentration is roughly sufficient to offset the entire loss to consumers.
The Intercountry Agricultural Production Function: Another View
Authors: Mundlak Yair , Hellinghausen René 
Published: July 2006

AbstractFactor productivity in agriculture is estimated from repeated observations on a sample of fifty‐eight countries under the assumption that all countries have access to the same technology. Technology is viewed as a collection of techniques; each technique is represented by a production function. The choice of the implemented techniques is determined by the state variables, which represent the physical and economic environment within which the firms operate. The statistical model is that of varying coefficients, and it is estimated by a method which utilizes principal components and multiple comparisons.
An Analysis of the Farmer‐Owned Reserve Program, 1977–82
Authors: Salathe Larry , Price J. Michael , Banker David E. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAn econometric model of the U.S. agricultural sector is utilized to examine the effects of the Farmer‐Owned Reserve Program on crop and livestock production and prices, farm income, crop carry‐over levels, and government outlays. The program has had a positive impact on commodity prices and farm income but has not significantly reduced the annual variation in commodity prices. It also increased government outlays for agricultural commodity programs, but all of the increase is potentially recoverable. The continued use of the FORP to enhance commodity prices likely will lead to excessive government outlays in the long run.
Allocatable Fixed Inputs and Jointness in Agricultural Production: Implications for Economic Modeling
Authors: Shumway C. Richard , Pope Rulon D. , Nash Elizabeth K. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAllocatable fixed inputs, such as land, are a potentially important source of jointness in agriculture. As with other causes of jointness, they necessitate multiple‐product systems for modeling product supply and input demand. In other important ways, however, their analytical implications are very different from other causes of jointness. Model specification differs. Demand functions for the quantities of each input used in the production of individual commodities can be derived if a primal approach is used, but such allocation equations cannot in general be identified from a dual specification. Available allocation data are not even useful in such dual estimations.
Reliability of Linear Programming Software: An Experience with the IBM Mathematical Programming System Series
Authors: Tice Thomas F. , Kletke Marilyn G. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractResults of this study raise serious questions concerning the reliability of a widely used commercial linear programming package. Three versions of IBM linear programming software were considered in the study: MPSX, MPS/360,and MPSX/370. Repeated solution of a large linear programming problem using MPSX yielded different objective function values. All solutions were found to be nonoptimal when compared to the dual solution. When the same problem was solved repeatedly using MPS/360or MPSX/370, the optimal solution was obtained each time. Users of the IBM MPSX linear programming package should consider alternative linear programming software.
Food Prices, Expectations, and Inflation
Authors: Van Duyne Carl 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper explores a hypothesis about the formation of inflation expectations, popular among policy makers, which states that economic agents place a greater weight on the recent behavior of food prices when forming expectations than expenditure shares would indicate. This hypothesis is termed the biased expectations hypothesis (BEH). Using a stochastic fixprice‐flexprice model of the U.S. economy, I derive the implications of the BEH for the overall rate of inflation and demonstrate that a bias in the formation of expectations may be Muth‐rational. The empirical results suggest that there is no bias in the formation of expectations of any consequence for policy.
Analysis of a Small Open Economy: The Case of Energy Prices in Canada
Authors: Lopez Ramon E. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe analysis suggests that land rental price decrease in the long run as a consequence of higher energy prices. Energy demand from agriculture decreases if land and energy are substitute inputs. The necessary and sufficient conditions for expecting increasing average farm size, decreasing agricultural output, and number of farms also have been provided. The analysis considers a competitive equilibrium environment with specific proviso that land prices adjust in response to higher domestic energy prices. Simple expressions for calculating long‐run agricultural responses to higher domestic energy prices were derived and used in estimating such responses for Canadian agriculture.
Estimating Supply Response in the Presence of Farm Programs
Authors: Lee David R. , Helmberger Peter G. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractPrevious empirical research on crop supply response has given insufficient attention to the fundamentally different nature of supply response under farm programs versus competitive markets. A simple theoretical model is presented which highlights the program participation option in the farmer's acreage allocation decision. The model also provides the basis for different expected supply elasticities under “free market” and “farm program” regimes for corn and soybeans. Econometric supply estimation for Corn Belt states for 1948–80 using a temporally disaggregated approach confirms a greater supply elasticity for corn and a lower supply elasticity for soybeans under acreage‐restricting feed grain programs.
The Choices of Irrigation Technologies in California
Authors: Caswell Margriet , Zilberman David 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper introduces an econometric technique to analyze the factors affecting the land shares of alternative irrigation technologies in agriculture. It estimates the likelihood of use of drip, sprinkler, and surface irrigation by fruit growers in the Central Valley of California. Higher water costs, the use of groundwater, the production of nuts, and location are found to increase the likelihood of using drip and sprinkler irrigation. The results are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of water price increases in inducing water conservation.
Grain Storage in Developing Areas: Location and Size of Facilities
Authors: Monterosso Cesar D. B. , Wright Charles L. , Lacerda Maria Ceclília S. , Ofugi Noboru 
Published: July 2006

AbstractStorage planners in developing countries often exploit scale economies in grain facilities by building large units far from producers without accounting for the effect on transport costs. Capacitated networks with an approximate master program solve this plant size‐location problem, offering computational efficiency, ease of use, and productive interaction with planners unfamiliar with programming techniques. Tests with transport costs in three Brazilian production areas recommend decentralization of storage—more smaller units closer to farmers, a conclusion supported by sensitivity analysis and recent experience of farmers, planners, and cooperative officials.
The Effect of Acidification Damages on the Economic Value of the Adirondack Fishery to New York Anglers
Authors: Mullen John K. , Menz Fredric C. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA travel cost model is used to estimate losses in the net economic value of the Adirondack recreational fishery resulting from damages caused by acidic deposition. Annual losses to New York resident anglers are estimated to be approximately $@@‐@@1 million per year in 1976 dollars. Although there are many reasons why these damages understate the full extent of losses to both current users and others, this research represents one of the initial attempts to quantify one type of cost associated with the acidic deposition problem.
Mechanical Harvesting and the California Tomato Industry: A Simulation Analysis
Authors: Brandt Jon A. , French Ben C. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSimulation analysis based on an econometric model was used to compare processing‐tomato industry performance with and without the development of mechanical harvesting and under differing wage scales. Expanded production under mechanical harvesting increased requirements for preharvest, seasonal and off‐season cannery, and assembly labor relative to continued hand harvest. This offset much, but not all, of the reduction in seasonal harvest labor. Employment shifted more toward jobs of higher skill and pay. Product prices were lower. Economic surplus measures suggest consumers have been the primary long‐run benefactors of mechanical harvest adoption.
Brazilian Soybean Policy: The International Effects of Intervention
Authors: Williams Gary W. , Thompson Robert L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper examines the effects of the complex set of Brazilian soybean sector policies on the world soybean and products market. Brazilian policy makers have intended to encourage domestic crushing of soybeans and exports of processed rather than raw soybeans. Removal of the Brazilian policy set for the period 1960–78 is simulated with an econometric model of the world soybean market. The results indicate that the intervention objectives were not achieved. Moreover, the U.S. soybean industry has benefited from the policies.
Estimating the Market for Tomatoes
Authors: Melnick Rafi , Shalit Haim 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAn econometric model of the market for tomatoes in Israel is developed to take into account the distortions brought about by the marketing board and intermediaries. The existence of monopoly and monopsony power is hypothesized by analyzing the middlemen's optimal behavior. Being compelled by the marketing board to purchase all produce, wholesalers exert monopsony power by reducing quantities marketed to consumers by selling surpluses to the marketing board at the minimum price. The empirical results confirm the existence of strong monopsony power together with weak monopoly power in that market.
Coupon Redemption and the Demand for Frozen Concentrated Orange Juice: A Switching Regression Analysis
Authors: Lee Jonq‐Ying , Brown Mark G. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA switching regression model was estimated and used to study the impact of Florida Department of Citrus coupon promotional programs on the demand for frozen concentrated orange juice. The empirical results show that discounts and information provided by coupons were effective in increasing the demand for FCOJ, and that the FDOC's coupon programs had positive impacts on the probability of using coupons for purchasing FCOJ. Moreover, different types of coupon promotions had different impacts, and coupon users and nonusers demonstrated different degrees of response to price changes.
Inventory Adjustment and Dynamic Winery Behavior
Authors: Wohlgenant Michael K. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper develops a dynamic model of processor behavior which is applied to the California wine industry. Price, production, and input demand functions are derived from an optimal control model which takes into account inventory growth from aging and the linkage between product inventories and input purchases. An important feature of the model is that expected future market conditions and beginning inventories influence current behavior through changes in the inventory shadow price. The empirical results generally conform to the theoretical specification and emphasize the role of demand expectations on winery behavior.
Distribution of Research Gains in Multistage Production Systems
Authors: Freebairn J. W. , Davis J. S. , Edwards G. W. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn a multistage production system, research that reduces production costs at one stage provides benefits to producers at all stages and to consumers. Agricultural production is assumed to involve three stages: nonfarm input, farm, and marketing. Research causes a parallel drop of the supply curve. Benefits are measured as changes in economic surplus. With a competitive model, the distribution of research benefits is the same for research directed at each production stage. Implications for the distribution of research benefits of some forms of imperfect competition are investigated.
The Demand for Calories in Developing Countries
Authors: Knudsen Odin K. , Scandizzo Pasquale L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper employs characteristic demand theory to estimate demand functions for calories for a set of developing countries and to investigate the potential impact of income growth, redistribution, and price changes on alleviating underconsumption of calories. The analysis finds that, although calorie elasticities with respect to income are substantial for the poorer consumers, income growth above historical rates is required for the food needs of the entire population to be satisfied within the next fifteen years, even if calorie prices remain constant and income distribution does not become more unequal.
Evaluating Returns to Agricultural Research: A Review
Authors: Norton George W. , Davis Jeffrey S. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper reviews and compares the most common approaches used to evaluate public agricultural research investment. Ex post studies fall into two major groups: (a) consumer and producer surplus analyses, estimating average rates of return to research, and (b) production function analyses, estimating marginal rates of return to research. Ex ante studies fall into four groups: (a) those using scoring models to rank research activities, (b) those employing benefit‐cost analysis to establish rates of return to research, (c) those using simulation models, and (d) those using mathematical programming to select an optimal mix of research activities.
Rent Seeking in International Trade: The Great Tomato War
Authors: Bredahl Maury , Schmitz Andrew , Hillman Jimmye S. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper presents a model of international rent‐seeking activities by producers in both exporting and importing nations. The model is applied to the winter vegetable trade between the United States and Mexico. An analysis is made of the attempts to form export/import coalitions. Reasons for these failures are given. Due to past failures to impede trade, essentially free trade in winter vegetables between the two countries exists.
Income Effects of Donated Commodities in Rural Panama
Authors: Franklin David L. , Harrell Marielouise W. , Leonard Jerry B. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAnalyses of food expenditure data from rural households in Panama showed that the marginal propensity to consume food out of additional income in the form of donated food is not different than the marginal propensity to consume food out of money income for households participating in the Veraguas supplemental feeding program. These results suggest that take‐home food programs can have significant income‐mediated impacts on the acquisition of food, and, accordingly, food supplementation programs should be designed to maximize the income value of the donated commodities in terms of prices prevailing in the local markets.
Cost‐Sharing Arrangements under Sharecropping: Moral Hazard, Incentive Flexibility, and Risk
Authors: Braverman Avishay , Stiglitz Joseph E. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper explains the rationale and describes the characteristics of cost sharing arrangements in rural developing economies, focusing on the risk and incentive properties of alternative cost contracts and on their flexibility—their ability to adapt to environmental changes. It is shown that where labor inputs are difficult to monitor, the rule that cost shares and output shares be equalized will not hold and is not “constrained pareto efficient,” and that cost‐sharing contracts have a decided advantage over contracts which specify the level of inputs whenever there are asymmetries of information regarding production technology between the landlord and the tenant.
Demand for Farm Output in a Complete System of Demand Functions
Authors: Wohlgenant Michael K. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractDemand interrelationships for farm outputs that are theoretically consistent with consumer demand and marketing group behavior provide important linkages between retail and farm prices. A conceptual model, based on reduced‐form specifications for retail and farm prices, is formulated and applied empirically to a set of eight disaggregated food commodities. This approach circumvents the need for retail quantities, which are frequently unavailable for disaggregated food commodities. The results are consistent with theory and generally indicate significant substitution between farm and marketing inputs. Except for poultry, derived demand elasticities are at least 40% larger compared to those derived assuming fixed proportions.
Four Approaches to Commodity Market Stabilization: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Glauber Joseph , Helmberger Peter , Miranda Mario 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe effects of four alternative price stabilization programs for soybeans are compared using a rational expectations model and simulation. For a given government expenditure, subsidized private storage is the most efficient way to stabilize market price. For a given deadweight loss, a program of direct payments is the most efficient stabilizer of the effective farm price; this program does not stabilize market price. All four programs, including a buffer stock program and one involving both direct payments and buffer stocks, tend to destabilize quasi‐rent. Programs that involve an initial build‐up of stocks increase producer benefits and hurt consumers.
Evaluating the Returns to Postharvest Research in the Florida Citrus‐Processing Subsector
Authors: Stranahan H. A. , Shonkwiler J. S. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWidely used econometric techniques for evaluation of returns to research are often limited to macrolevel analysis because the data required are either unavailable or difficult to measure at the micro, or subsector, level. A translog cost function and corresponding share equations are estimated in order to measure the returns to postharvest Florida citrus‐processing research. Estimation of this system also allows computation of input substitution elasticities and evaluation of the effects of research and development on an input's share in total cost. It is shown that expenditures allocated to citrus‐processing research have a high rate of return.