bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What Makes an Entrepreneur and Does it Pay? Native Men, Turks, and Other Migrants in Germany
Authors: Constant Amelie , Shachmurove Yochanan , Zimmermann Klaus F. 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper focuses on the entrepreneurial endeavours of immigrants' and natives in Germany, concentrating on Turks, Germany's largest immigrant group and one under‐studied in the literature. Self‐employed Turks in Germany represent about 70 per cent of all Turkish entrepreneurs in the European Union. We use data from the German Socio‐economic Panel to study patterns of self‐employment. First, we identify the characteristics of the self‐employed individuals and understand their underlying drive into self‐employment. Next we investigate how immigrant entrepreneurs fare in the labour market and compare their earnings to those of the natives. It is important for decision makers to understand entrepreneurial patterns so that they can shape policy that better fosters entrepreneurial activities.This paper presents several findings that can inform better policymaking. First, our investigation indicates that education is not decisive in determining whether one will choose self‐employment over salaried work nor in explaining earnings. The estimated age‐earnings profiles are the same for natives and immigrants, while the proclivity to become self‐employed is concave with respect to age for both groups. Immigrants' start with a higher probability to work than natives but have a slower increase in the self‐employment probabilities thereafter. The earnings of self‐employed immigrants' are higher initially, but their earnings path crosses eventually that of the natives. Second, we find some suggestion of ethnic entrepreneurial spirit. Turks are 70 per cent more likely to be self‐employed than any other immigrant group, although they do not necessarily earn more. These patterns should be further explored.
In vitro stability of triclosan in dentifrice under simulated use condition
Authors: Hao Z. , Parker B. , Knapp M. 
Published: September 2007

SynopsisTriclosan has been formulated into a dentifrice at a 0.3% level to enhance the antibacterial function of the dentifrice, to improve oral health and to decrease the daily malodor inside the mouth cavity. The hypothesis that chloroform may be generated from triclosan when contacted with chlorinated drinking water has challenged our guarantee of safe use of triclosan in oral care products, especially in Colgate Total® toothpaste. Currently, there was no available analytical method to detect chloroform levels under the use conditions expected during daily tooth brushing. To fill this gap and to continue guaranteeing that our customers can safely use Colgate Total® toothpaste products, a gas chromatography–single ion monitoring–mass spectrometry method for detecting chloroform in artificial saliva media has been developed. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation are about 41 and 130 ppb, respectively. This LOD level is lower than the current Environmental Protection Agency trihalomethanes contamination limit, which is required for our daily drink water. Our in vitro study indicated that Colgate Total® does not form detectable chloroform levels (41 ppb) over the range of expected consumer‐brushing times while using normal chlorinated drinking water.
In vitro skin permeation and retention of parabens from cosmetic formulations
Authors: Pedersen S. , Marra F. , Nicoli S. , Santi P. 
Published: September 2007

SynopsisParabens are antimicrobial agents widely used in foods, cosmetics and pharmaceutical products. Although non‐mutagenic, non‐teratogenic and non‐carcinogenic, parabens can induce allergic contact dermatitis and posses estrogenic activity. The aim of this work was to assess the skin permeation and retention of methyl‐ (MP), ethyl‐ (EP) and propyl‐ (PP) paraben from three commercial cosmetic creams. The results obtained indicate that parabens are capable of permeating through and accumulating in the skin. The extent of penetration depends more on paraben characteristics (solubility, lipophilicity) than on the composition of the formulation. In particular, the percentage permeated across the skin was independent of the composition of the cream used and decreased in the order MP, EP and PP, in accordance with decreasing solubility. After 8 h of contact with the skin, 60% of MP, 40% of EP and 20% of PP were found across the skin. Concerning skin retention, the percentage remaining in the skin after 8 h depends on both paraben characteristics and on the composition of the formulation used. In conclusion, it appears that only the type of paraben, in particular its water solubility, affects skin penetration whereas the composition of the emulsion, which influences skin retention, plays a secondary role. Finally, excised rabbit ear skin can be considered as a good model for human skin for in vitro experiments.
Fragrance raw materials and essential oils can reduce prostaglandin E2 formation in keratinocytes and reconstituted human epidermis
Authors: Natsch Andreas , Wasescha Michael 
Published: September 2007

SynopsisEssential oils and certain perfumery raw materials exhibit a wide range of beneficial biological activities. Besides the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity, the anti‐inflammatory and anti‐irritant effects are most often cited. One specific mode of action is the reduction of the formation of the key mediator prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). To study this activity in detail and to create cosmetically useful fragrances with the potential to reduce a key marker of skin irritancy in keratinocytes, an initial screening with pig blood platelets was conducted on 900 perfumery raw materials. Active compounds were then validated in a human keratinocyte cell line. Compounds which successfully reduced PGE2 formation in this assay were used for the creation of active fragrances. These final fragrances reduced PGE2 formation by >80% when dosed at 0.8 μg mL−1 to keratinocytes. Application of such a fragrance in a hydrogel allowed reduction of UVB‐induced PGE2 formation in reconstituted epidermis (MatTec EpiDermTM). Similarly, antiperspirant‐induced formation of PGE2 in reconstituted epidermis was reduced to background levels if these novel fragrances were used in the antiperspirant formulation. In conclusion, fragrances with this added cosmetic benefit can be created based on a database from a comprehensive screening. These fragrances may find use as a part of a formulation strategy optimizing each part of a cosmetic formulation for optimal product mildness.
Perfluoropolyether phosphate: skin exfoliation after a topical pre‐treatment, TEWL and skin elasticity, by in‐vivo non‐invasive methods
Authors: Ostacolo C. , Sacchi A. , Bernardi A. , Laneri S. , Brunetta A. , Pantini G. 
Published: September 2007

SynopsisGlycolic acid (GA) and other alpha‐hydroxyacids (AHAs) are common ingredients of products designed to accelerate exfoliation of the skin. It is known that acidic pHs are essential in order to increase the efficacy of AHA‐based products. The formulator is, therefore, obliged to achieve a difficult balance between performance (skin exfoliation) and risks (skin irritation). In order to overcome this problem, many common organic acids, and combinations of them, have been proposed, with marginal improvements. The need for a new chemistry, in order to achieve better results, was evident, particularly from the point of view of safety. We decided, therefore, to investigate the efficacy of perfluoropolyether (PFPE) phosphate, a new acidic material, already proposed for lowering the pH without increasing skin irritation. Two gels containing PFPE phosphate at different pH values (3 and 7), an acidic gel containing GA at pH 3, and a neutral gel, without an active compound, were applied on 20 healthy volunteers and evaluated with regard to effects on the skin:

Exfoliation after a topical pre‐treatment with these gels
Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and elasticity

The main conclusion of the investigation was that PFPE phosphate has effects, particularly skin exfoliation rate, quite independent of the pH, and comparable to the gel containing GA at pH 3, apparently without the typical drawbacks of AHAs.
Trade‐off between resource seasonality and predation risk explains reproductive chronology in impala
Authors: Moe S. R. , Rutina L. P. , Du Toit J. T. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractWe investigated the variation in birth synchrony displayed by impalaAepyceros melampuspopulations across their distribution from southern to eastern Africa. Our analysis was based on field data from Chobe National Park in Botswana and Mala Mala Private Game Reserve in South Africa (4 and 13 years of monitoring, respectively). We compared our results with those from other studies conducted across the impala species range. Impala lambing was highly synchronized in Chobe with 90% of lambs born within 2 weeks in mid‐November. Variation in rainfall in the preceding wet season explained 74% of variation in the dates of the first lamb observation in Mala Mala. In Chobe, the earliest birth peak occurred after the highest rainfall and the body condition of lambs in that cohort was also best for both males and females. No association was found between the lunar cycle and the estimated onset of the conception period, despite previous studies having found an association between the lunar cycle and the rutting behaviour in males. On a regional scale, impalas in areas with a marked dry season (several months with no rain) tend to synchronize births with the onset of the rains, when grass quality is highest. Number of months with rain explained 78% of the regional variation in birth synchrony. Neither latitude nor total rainfall contributed significantly to a stepwise multiple regression model. These data support the theory that impalas synchronize births in areas with a highly seasonal food supply, and temporally space births in less seasonal (equatorial) areas to reduce predation risks.
Ontogenetic differences in the spatial ecology of immature Komodo dragons
Authors: Imansyah M. J. , Jessop T. S. , Ciofi C. , Akbar Z. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe early life‐history stages of reptiles are extremely important to an individual's fitness, but in an ecological sense, among the most difficult to observe. Here, we used radio‐tracking techniques to describe the differences in movement patterns, habitat use and home range between hatchling and juvenile Komodo dragons Varanus komodoensis on Komodo Island, Indonesia. The movement of hatchlings from their nests was largely linear and suggested a natal dispersal event. The movement patterns of juvenile Komodo dragons exhibited a greater spatial overlap than hatchlings, indicating greater site fidelity and thus use of a more defined activity area. The rates of daily movement were significantly less for hatchlings compared with juvenile dragons. The activity areas of hatchlings were significantly smaller than juvenile dragons. Both age classes preferred utilizing dry monsoon forest compared with other habitat types. Hatchlings were predominantly arboreal compared with juveniles and the degree of arboreal activity was strongly correlated with an individual's size. These distinct differences in spatial ecology between immature life‐history stages suggest that different selection pressures may affect different size classes of Komodo dragons.
SIRT1 transgenic mice show phenotypes resembling calorie restriction
Authors: Bordone Laura , Cohen Dena , Robinson Ashley , Motta Maria Carla , Van Veen Ed , Czopik Agnieszka , Steele Andrew D. , Crowe Hayley , Marmor Stephen , Luo Jianyuan , Gu Wei , Guarente Leonard 
Published: September 2007

SummaryWe generated mice that overexpress the sirtuin, SIRT1. Transgenic mice have been generated by knocking in SIRT1 cDNA into the β‐actin locus. Mice that are hemizygous for this transgene express normal levels of β‐actin and higher levels of SIRT1 protein in several tissues. Transgenic mice display some phenotypes similar to mice on a calorie‐restricted diet: they are leaner than littermate controls; are more metabolically active; display reductions in blood cholesterol, adipokines, insulin and fasted glucose; and are more glucose tolerant. Furthermore, transgenic mice perform better on a rotarod challenge and also show a delay in reproduction. Our findings suggest that increased expression of SIRT1 in mice elicits beneficial phenotypes that may be relevant to human health and longevity.
Electoral System Reviews in New Zealand, Britain and Canada: A Critical Comparison
Authors: Lundberg Thomas Carl 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis article compares the use of people outside government to consider electoral reform in three countries using the single-member plurality electoral system. The composition of electoral reform bodies, ranging from commissions of experts (New Zealand) and ex-politicians (Britain) to assemblies of randomly selected citizens (British Columbia), appears to have influenced how well their recommendations were received by the public. Governments should be careful not to assume that they can retain control of the electoral reform process once they let it out of their hands, as the cases of New Zealand and British Columbia show, where majorities of the voters chose reform.
The New Social Contract and the Struggle for Sovereignty in the Netherlands
Authors: Ossewaarde Marinus R. R. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractOne of the recurring topics in the history of sovereign nation-states is the way in which national identity, and social and cultural differences are dealt with politically. In the Netherlands, that has always had a strong tradition of social citizenship, the government has recently responded to plural nationhood and its problems by turning to new concepts of citizenship. In this article, it is argued that notions of citizenship are, in the end, used to reinforce Dutch sovereignty by creating and maintaining national cohesion. The underlying assumption in public policy is that a strong sense of national citizenship that replaces the old model of social citizenship is the only way to reconcile differences and safeguard peace in contemporary post-industrial society. Three Dutch policy sectors – integration, welfare and child protection – are examined to see how these concepts have taken shape in public policy.
The Labor Legacy: Looking Back with the Australian Labor Party
Authors: Pierson Chris 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe Australian Labor Party (ALP) is sometimes taken to have been the real pioneer of many of the policies introduced by New Labour since 1997 under the general rubric of the ‘new social democracy’. This article considers the heritage of the ALP's 13 years in power (and its subsequent 10 years in opposition). The conclusion considers the lessons that may be learnt about the past (and the future) of Labour in the UK.
The Dark Side of Indigeneity?: Indigenous People, Rights and Development in India
Authors: Shah Alpa 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIn the last two decades transnational concerns over indigenous people, indigenous rights and indigenous development has reignited a history of heated debate shrouding indigeneity. This article analyses these debates in the context of the anthropology and historiography of indigeneity in India. From the production of ‘tribes of mind’ to the policies that have encouraged people to identify themselves as ‘Scheduled Tribes’, or ‘adivasis’, the article reviews the context that gave rise to the tensions between claims for protection and assimilation of India's indigenous peoples. Today these debates are shown to persist through the arguments of those that seek to build a support base from an adivasi constituency and are most acute with on the one hand, the work of the Marxists and indigenous activists, and on the other hand, the Hindu right‐wing. Inviting serious scholarly examination of the unintended effects of well meaning indigenous protection and development measures, the article seeks to move the debate beyond both the arguments that consider the concept of indigenous people anthropologically and historically problematic and those that consider indigeneity a useful political tool. In so doing, the article warns against a ‘dark side of indigeneity’ which might reveal how local appropriation and experiences of global discourses can maintain a class system that further marginalises the poorest.
Africa and World History: From Antipathy to Synergy
Authors: Reynolds Jonathan T. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIn recent years, the relationship between African and World History has shifted rapidly from one of antipathy to one of engagement and synthesis. This article provides a survey of the changing relationship between African and world histories, with an emphasis on the tension between the Area Studies paradigm and the growing world history emphasis on connections and exchange across regional boundaries. A closer examination of recent exchanges and debates over the merits of this exchange is also featured. The article concludes with an examination of the relationship between African and world history as a measure of the changing nature of historical inquiry over the past century.
Meta‐Analysis Examining the Efficacy and Safety of Almotriptan in the Acute Treatment of Migraine
Authors: Chen Li‐Chia , Ashcroft Darren M. 
Published: September 2007

Objective.—To evaluate the comparative efficacy and safety of oral almotriptan in treating acute migraine attacks.Background.—Almotriptan is an oral selective sertonin1B/1D receptor agonist (triptan) with a high bioavailability and short half‐life, developed for the treatment of migraine. In recent years, a number of randomized controlled trials have been published examining the efficacy and safety of almotriptan in the acute treatment of migraine.Methods.—Systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) using a random‐effects model to estimate the pooled rate ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) for the proportions of patients achieving headache relief and pain‐free responses at 1 or 2 hours post‐dose, sustained pain‐free response at 2–24 hours post‐dose, and safety outcomes (proportions of patients experiencing any adverse events, dizziness, somnolence, asthenia, and chest tightness) comparing almotriptan against placebo, other triptans, and different dosages of almotriptan. Absolute rate differences (ARDs) for 2‐hour headache relief, pain free, and sustained pain free responses between almotriptan and placebo were also calculated.Results.—Eight RCTs involving 4995 patients were included in the analysis. Almotriptan 12.5 mg was significantly more effective than placebo for all efficacy outcomes (RRs ranged from 1.47 to 2.15; ARDs ranged from 0.01 to 0.28) and there were no significant differences in any of the safety outcomes. There were also no significant differences in efficacy outcomes comparing almotriptan 12.5 mg against sumatriptan 100 mg and zolmitriptan 2.5 mg, but almotriptan 12.5 mg was associated with significantly fewer adverse events than sumatriptan 100 mg (RR: 0.39, 95%CI: 0.23, 0.67). However, there was no significant difference between almotriptan and sumatriptan in terms of clinically important adverse effects, such as dizziness, somnolence, asthenia, and chest tightness. Almotriptan 12.5 mg was significantly less effective than almotriptan 25 mg for 1‐hour pain‐free response (RR: 0.45, 95%CI: 0.21, 0.95), but associated with significantly fewer patients experiencing adverse events (RR: 0.61, 95%CI: 0.41, 0.91) than almotriptan 25 mg.Conclusions.—Almotriptan 12.5 mg is an effective treatment for acute attacks of migraine, in particular, it has been found to be as effective as sumatriptan 100 mg and zolmitriptan 2.5 mg. The risk of adverse events associated with almotriptan 12.5 mg was similar to placebo and significantly lower than sumatriptan 100 mg. Further research is required to assess the comparative efficacy of almotriptan against other triptans.
Efficacy of Duloxetine as a Migraine Preventive Medication: Possible Predictors of Response in a Retrospective Chart Review
Authors: Taylor Anne P. , Adelman James U. , Freeman Marshall C. 
Published: September 2007

Objective.—This case series is a retrospective chart analysis conducted to evaluate the efficacy of duloxetine as a migraine preventive medication and to suggest possible predictors of response.Background.— Duloxetine, a relatively new selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, is FDA‐approved for treatment of depression and diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain. The efficacy of duloxetine as a headache preventive medication is currently unknown.Method.—A retrospective chart review was performed using the electronic medical records of Headache Wellness Center, a headache specialty practice in Greensboro, North Carolina. From January 2004 to December 2006, 65 patients were identified who were prescribed duloxetine for migraine prevention for at least 2 months. Doses ranged from 30 mg qd to 90 mg qd. Frequency, severity, and impact of migraine disability were measured at baseline and compared to values obtained after 2 months of treatment.Results.—The total patient sample demonstrated a reduction in mean monthly headache frequency from 19.40 (SD=7.1) to 15.70 (SD=8.2) (P= .01). The 50% responder rate was 22%. In subset analysis, individuals with abnormal baseline Zung anxiety scores demonstrated a greater reduction in mean monthly headache frequency (4.28, P= .03) and a greater responder rate (25%) than those in the total patient sample. Non‐statistically significant trends were observed in those patients with abnormal baseline Zung Depression scores exhibiting a less robust mean monthly migraine reduction (2.75, P= .18) than those with normal baseline depression scores (3.42, P= .07).Conclusions.—Duloxetine demonstrates minimal effectiveness as a headache preventive medication. An interesting trend suggests that the presence of anxiety may be a positive predictor in treatment with duloxetine.
PROPELLER MRI visualizes detailed pathology of hippocampal sclerosis
Authors: Eriksson Sofia H , Thom Maria , Bartlett Philippa A , Symms Mark R , McEvoy Andrew W , Sisodiya Sanjay M , Duncan John S 
Published: September 2007

Summary
Purpose:Hippocampal sclerosis (HS) is the most common cause of refractory temporal lobe epilepsy. Histopathologically, HS is characterized by neuron loss and gliosis. HS can be identified on MRI by signal increase on T2‐weighted images and volume loss on T1‐weighted volume images. The Periodically Rotated Overlapping Parallel Lines with Enhanced Reconstruction (“PROPELLER”) sequence has excellent contrast between grey and white matter and compensates for subjects moving during the scan. The aim of the current report was to explore PROPELLER image quality of the hippocampus compared to routine sequences.
Methods: Routine sequences (T1 volume, T2‐weighted, PD and FLAIR images) and PROPELLER images were acquired in four presurgical patients with HS using a GE 3T Excite HD scanner (General Electric). Resected tissue was stained with LFB, and for GFAP, NeuN and dynorphin immunohistochemistry. Hippocampal sections were compared with PROPELLER images.
Results: PROPELLER images were T2‐weighted and had superior tissue contrast compared to routine sequences. PROPELLER images showed the internal hippocampal structures and tissue changes associated with HS. This corresponded to changes seen on histopathological sections confirming that the sequence could distinguish between different strata and subfields of the hippocampus.
Discussion: The PROPELLER sequence shows promise for detailed in vivo imaging of the hippocampus in patients who did not move overtly, negating the inevitable subtle movements during scans. More detailed in vivo studies of the hippocampal formation, investigating subtle abnormalities such as end folium sclerosis, and the neocortex are now possible and may increase the diagnostic yield of MRI.