bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reactive Oxygen Species, Aging, and Antioxidative Nutraceuticals
Authors: Lee J. , Koo N. , Min D. B. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTThe important roles of reactive oxygen species in diseases related to aging and the necessity and benefits of antioxidative nutraceuticals in the prevention of diseases and promotion of healthy aging have been extensively reported in recent years. Oxygen is an essential component of living organisms. The generation of reactive oxygen species such as superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals, and singlet oxygen is inevitable in aerobic metabolism of the body. Reactive oxygen species cause lipid oxidation, protein oxidation, DNA strand break and base modification, and modulation of gene expression. In the past several years, unprecedented progress has been made in the recognition and understanding of roles of reactive oxygen species in many diseases. These include atherosclerosis, vasospasms, cancers, trauma, stroke, asthma, hyperoxia, arthritis, heart attack, age pigments, dermatitis, cataractogenesis, retinal damage, hepatitis, liver injury, and periodontis, which are age‐related. The body protects itself from the potential damages of reactive oxygen species. Its first line of defense is superoxide dismutases, glutathione peroxidases, and catalase. Scientists have indicated that antioxidant nutraceuticals supplied from daily diets quench the reactive oxygen species or are required as cofactors for antioxidant enzymes. Nutraceuticals play significant roles in the prevention of a number of age‐related diseases and are essential for healthy aging. Epidemiological studies also reported the relevance of antioxidative nutraceuticals to health issues and the prevention of age‐related diseases. Health‐conscious consumers have made antioxidative nutraceuticals the leading trend in the food industry worldwide in recent years.
Inflammatory Process and Molecular Targets for Antiinflammatory Nutraceuticals
Authors: Huang M.‐T. , Ghai G. , Ho C.‐T. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTIntense interest in nutraceuticals and their potential benefits has created the need to review the existing scientific information on their effect in preventing and managing inflammation that accompanies most chronic diseases. This article reviews the basic mechanisms of inflammation and the potential of 9 nutraceuticals to be effective as chronic disease preventive agents. Furthermore, the article emphasizes studies in which nutraceuticals are shown to be effective in preventing inflammation and mentions other molecular targets that can be of use in the future. The effects of the following nutraceuticals: α‐tocopherol, ascorbic acid, curcumin, resveratrol, (‐)‐epigallocatechin gallate, theaflavin, genistein, omega‐3 fatty acids, and lycopene on reactive oxygen species scavenging ability, as well as proinflammatory targets, such as tumor necrosis factor α interleukin‐1, interleukin‐1β, nuclear factor kappa B, cellular and adhesion molecules, cyclooxygenase‐2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, 5‐lipoxygenase (5‐LOX), phospholipase A2, reactive oxygen species generating enzymes are discussed.
A Perspective on Developing and Marketing Food Products to Meet Individual Needs of Population Segments
Authors: Mehrotra I. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTThe promise of evolving research in the area of genomics suggests a move toward an individualized or customized approach to the diet. However, these advances in research do not come without complexities and raise much tougher questions, such as how will the food industry view this as an opportunity? What challenges will it face? Will it play a pivotal role?
Individualization of Flavor Preferences: Toward a Consumer‐centric and Individualized Aroma Science
Authors: Yeretzian C. , Pollien P. , Lindinger C. , Ali S. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTPersonal dietary choices are largely based on flavor preferences. Thus understanding individual flavor perception and preference is vital to understanding the basis of human diet selection. We have developed novel tools to measure in real time and at an individual level volatile aroma compounds delivered breath‐by‐breath to the nose while eating and drinking. The same food may deliver different aromas to different people, due the specificities of their in‐mouth environment (inter‐individual differences). Moreover, a person may eat a given food in a different manner, leading to variations in the aroma profile reaching the nose (intra‐individual differences). Understanding the basis of these differences opens the door to an individualized aroma science and the road to delivering nutritional value and health through products consumers prefer. The challenge to the food industry is to align what the consumer wants with what the consumer needs, delivering nutritional value and health through products they prefer.
Low‐calorie Sweeteners and Other Sugar Substitutes: A Review of the Safety Issues
Authors: Kroger Manfred , Meister Kathleen , Kava Ruth 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTSugar‐free or reduced‐sugar foods and beverages are very popular in the United States and other countries, and the sweeteners that make them possible are among the most conspicuous ingredients in the food supply. Extensive scientific research has demonstrated the safety of the 5 low‐calorie sweeteners currently approved for use in foods in the United States–acesulfame K, aspartame, neotame, saccharin, and sucralose. A controversial animal cancer study of aspartame conducted using unusual methodology is currently being reviewed by regulatory authorities in several countries. No other issues about the safety of these 5 sweeteners remain unresolved at the present time. Three other low‐calorie sweeteners currently used in some other countries–alitame, cyclamate, and steviol glycosides–are not approved as food ingredients in the United States. Steviol glycosides may be sold as a dietary supplement, but marketing this product as a food ingredient in the United States is illegal. A variety of polyols (sugar alcohols) and other bulk sweeteners are also accepted for use in the United States. The only significant health issue pertaining to polyols, most of which are incompletely digested, is the potential for gastrointestinal discomfort with excessive use. The availability of a variety of safe sweeteners is of benefit to consumers because it enables food manufacturers to formulate a variety of good‐tasting sweet foods and beverages that are safe for the teeth and lower in calorie content than sugar‐sweetened foods.
Distribution of Genotypes of Porphyromonas gingivalis in Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Periodontitis in Mexico
Authors: Davila‐Perez Claudia , Amano Atsuo , Alpuche‐Solis Angel Gabriel , Patiño‐Marin Nuria , Pontigo‐Loyola America Patricia , Hamada Shigeyuki , Loyola‐Rodriguez Juan Pablo 
Published: November 2006

AbstractObjective: To determine and compare the distribution of Porphyromonas gingivalis fimA genotypes in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients affected by periodontitis, using non‐diabetic subjects with and without periodontitis as control groups.Material and Methods: This study involved 75 subjects divided into three groups of 25 subjects each: Group 1 (non‐T2DM without periodontitis), Group 2 (non‐T2DM with periodontitis) and Group 3 (T2DM with periodontitis). The outcome variable was periodontitis, and explanatory variables were age, sex, T2DM and specific P. gingivalis fimA genotypes.Results: In non‐T2DM subjects with healthy periodontal tissues, type I fimA was the most frequently detected individually (40%) or in combinations (40%). In non‐T2DM subjects with periodontitis, the most frequently detected type was Ib individually (20%) or in combinations (36%). In T2DM patients with periodontitis, the most frequently detected types were types I (20%) and III (20%), but there was no statistical difference (p>0.05) with non‐T2DM periodontitis subjects.Conclusions: Type I genotype was more frequently detected in periodontally healthy sites from non‐T2DM subjects than in periodontitis sites from either subjects with or without T2DM. However, in sites affected by periodontitis from T2DM subjects the predominating types were I and III, which are less virulent strains of P. gingivalis.
Meta‐analyses of studies of 0.2% delmopinol mouth rinse as an adjunct to gingival health and plaque control measures
Authors: Addy Martin , Moran John , Newcombe Robert G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBackground: Delmopinol is a third‐generation anti‐plaque agent used as a mouthwash to reduce plaque and alleviate gingivitis.Objective: To create an overview of the anti‐plaque efficacy of 0.2% delmopinol as an adjunct to normal oral hygiene measures by meta‐analysis of completed clinical trials.Materials and Methods: Eight double‐blind, parallel‐group studies were identified. Study durations ranged from 8 to 24 weeks. Five studies (n=913) involved supervised rinsing; three studies (n=467) involved unsupervised rinsing. These sets of trials were analysed separately and in combination. Efficacy outcomes comprised modified plaque index, modified gingival index (MGI) and gingival bleeding on probing (BOP).Results: Delmopinol 0.2% was superior to placebo for the reduction of plaque scores in both sets of studies. Effects on MGI and BOP were also better with delmopinol 0.2% than with placebo. In most instances, 95% confidence intervals were wholly in favour of delmopinol. Pooled analysis of all eight studies confirmed statistically significant effects of delmopinol 0.2% compared with placebo (p<0.00001). Delmopinol met the efficacy criteria of the American Dental Association in studies of extended duration.Conclusion: Delmopinol 0.2% mouthwash is effective as an adjunct measure for reducing plaque burden and indices of gingivitis, whether or not it is used under supervision.
Plasma levels of tumour necrosis factor‐α in patients with chronic periodontitis and type 2 diabetes
Authors: Engebretson S. , Chertog R. , Nichols A. , Hey‐Hadavi J. , Celenti R. , Grbic J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractObjectives: Studies suggest that elevated circulating tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) may contribute to insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes. The source of plasma TNF has been thought to be adipocytes associated with obesity, but inflammation and infection result in TNF‐α production as well.Methods: We studied 46 patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic periodontitis to determine the relationship between plasma TNF‐α levels and clinical measures of periodontitis, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), plasma endotoxin, serum glucose, and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c). TNF‐α levels were measured using a high sensitivity enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.Results: TNF‐α showed a significant positive correlation with attachment loss (r=0.40, p=0.009), plasma endotoxin (r=0.33, p=0.03), and GCF IL‐1β (r=0.33, p=0.035), but not probing depth (r=0.28, p=0.07), bleeding on probing (r=0.30, p=0.053), plaque index (r=0.22, p=0.17), serum glucose, HbA1c (r=0.10, p=0.50), or body mass index (r=0.077, p=0.62). A dose–response relationship was observed between periodontitis severity and TNF‐α (p=0.012).Conclusion: The finding that chronic periodontitis is associated with plasma TNF‐α levels in subjects with type 2 diabetes supports the hypothesis that periodontal infection and inflammation may contribute to insulin resistance.
Can Isopycnal Mixing Control the Stability of the Thermohaline Circulation in Ocean Climate Models?
Authors: Sijp Willem P. , Bates Michael , England Matthew H. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Convective overturning arising from static instability during winter is thought to play a crucial role in the formation of North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW). In ocean general circulation models (OGCMs), a strong reduction in convective penetration depth arises when horizontal diffusion (HD) is replaced by Gent and McWilliams (GM) mixing to model the effect of mesoscale eddies on tracer advection. In areas of sinking, the role of vertical tracer transport due to convection is largely replaced by the vertical component of isopycnal diffusion along sloping isopycnals. Here, the effect of this change in tracer transport physics on the stability of NADW formation under freshwater (FW) perturbations of the North Atlantic (NA) in a coupled model is examined. It is found that there is a significantly increased stability of NADW to FW input when GM is used in spite of GM experiments exhibiting consistently weaker NADW formation rates in unperturbed steady states. It is also found that there is a significant increase in NADW stability upon the introduction of isopycnal diffusion in the absence of GM. This indicates that isopycnal diffusion of tracer rather than isopycnal thickness diffusion is responsible for the increased NADW stability observed in the GM run. This result is robust with respect to the choice of isopycnal diffusion coefficient. Also, the NADW behavior in the isopycnal run, which includes a fixed background horizontal diffusivity, demonstrates that HD is not responsible in itself for reducing NADW stability when simple horizontal diffusion is used. Our results suggest that care should be taken when interpreting the results of coarse grid models with regard to NADW sensitivity to FW anomalies, regardless of the choice of mixing scheme.
Projection and Analysis of Extreme Wave Climate
Authors: Caires Sofia , Swail Val R. , Wang Xiaolan L. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
The nonhomogeneous Poisson process is used to model extreme values of the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) significant wave height. The parameters of the model are expressed as functions of the seasonal mean sea level pressure anomaly and seasonal squared sea level pressure gradient index. Using projections of the sea level pressure under three different forcing scenarios by the Canadian coupled climate model, projections of the parameters of the nonhomogeneous Poisson process are made, trends in these projections are determined, return-value estimates of significant wave height up to the end of the twenty-first century are projected, and their uncertainties are assessed. The uncertainty of estimates associated with the nonhomogeneous Poisson process estimates is studied and compared with the homologous estimates obtained using a nonstationary generalized extreme value model.
Transition between Suppressed and Active Phases of Intraseasonal Oscillations in the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool
Authors: Agudelo P. A. , Curry J. A. , Hoyos C. D. , Webster P. J. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Intraseasonal oscillations (ISOs) are important large-amplitude and large-scale elements of the tropical Indo-Pacific climate with time scales in the 20–60-day period range, during which time they modulate higher-frequency tropical weather. Despite their importance, the ISO is poorly simulated and predicted by numerical models. A joint diagnostic and modeling study of the ISO is conducted, concentrating on the period between the suppressed and active (referred to as the “transition”) period that is hypothesized to be the defining stage for the development of the intraseasonal mode and the component that is most poorly simulated.
The diagnostic study uses data from the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE). It is found that during the transition period, the ocean and the atmosphere undergo gradual but large-scale and high-amplitude changes, especially the moistening of the lower troposphere caused jointly by the anomalously warm sea surface temperature arising from minimal cloud and low winds during the suppressed phase and the large-scale subsidence that inhibits the formation of locally deep convection. Using a cloud classification scheme based on microwave and infrared satellite data, it is observed that midtop (cloud with a top in the middle troposphere) nonprecipitating clouds are a direct response of the low-level moisture buildup.
To investigate the sensitivity of ISO simulations to the transitional phase, the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) coupled ocean–atmosphere climate model is used. The ECMWF was run serially in predictive ensemble mode (five members) for 30-day periods starting from 1 December 1992 to 30 January 1993, encompassing the ISO occurring in late December. Predictability of the active convective period of the ISO is poor when initialized before the transitional phases of the ISO. However, when initialized with the correct lower-tropospheric moisture field, predictability increases substantially, although the model convective parameterization appears to trigger convection too quickly without allowing an adequate buildup of convective available potential energy during the transition period.
Cloud Properties and Their Seasonal and Diurnal Variability from TOVS Path-B
Authors: Stubenrauch C. J. , Chédin A. , Rädel G. , Scott N. A. , Serrar S. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Eight years of cloud properties retrieved from Television Infrared Observation Satellite-N (TIROS-N) Observational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) observations aboard the NOAA polar orbiting satellites are presented. The relatively high spectral resolution of these instruments in the infrared allows especially reliable cirrus identification day and night. This dataset therefore provides complementary information to the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP). According to this dataset, cirrus clouds cover about 27% of the earth and 45% of the Tropics, whereas ISCCP reports 19% and 25%, respectively. Both global datasets agree within 5% on the amount of single-layer low clouds, at 30%. From 1987 to 1995, global cloud amounts remained stable to within 2%. The seasonal cycle of cloud amount is in general stronger than its diurnal cycle and it is stronger than the one of effective cloud amount, the latter the relevant variable for radiative transfer. Maximum effective low cloud amount over ocean occurs in winter in SH subtropics in the early morning hours and in NH midlatitudes without diurnal cycle. Over land in winter the maximum is in the early afternoon, accompanied in the midlatitudes by thin cirrus. Over tropical land and in the other regions in summer, the maximum of mesoscale high opaque clouds occurs in the evening. Cirrus also increases during the afternoon and persists during night and early morning. The maximum of thin cirrus is in the early afternoon, then decreases slowly while cirrus and high opaque clouds increase. TOVS extends information of ISCCP during night, indicating that high cloudiness, increasing during the afternoon, persists longer during night in the Tropics and subtropics than in midlatitudes. A comparison of seasonal and diurnal cycle of high cloud amount between South America, Africa, and Indonesia during boreal winter has shown strong similarities between the two land regions, whereas the Indonesian islands show a seasonal and diurnal behavior strongly influenced by the surrounding ocean. Deeper precipitation systems over Africa than over South America do not seem to be directly reflected in the horizontal coverage and mesoscale effective emissivity of high clouds.
Diagnosis of Anomalous Winter Temperatures over the Eastern United States during the 2002/03 El Niño
Authors: Goddard Lisa , Kumar Arun , Hoerling Martin P. , Barnston Anthony G. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
The eastern United States experienced an unusually cold winter season during the 2002/03 El Niño event. The U.S. seasonal forecasts did not suggest an enhanced likelihood for below-normal temperatures over the eastern United States in that season. A postmortem analysis examining the observed temperatures and the associated forecast is motivated by two fundamental questions: what are these temperature anomalies attributable to, and to what extent were these temperature anomalies predictable? The results suggest that the extreme seasonal temperatures experienced in the eastern United States during December–February (DJF) 2002/03 can be attributed to a combination of several constructively interfering factors that include El Niño conditions in the tropical Pacific, a persistent positive Pacific–North American (PNA) mode, a persistent negative North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) mode, and persistent snow cover over the northeastern United States. According to the simulations and predictions from several dynamical atmospheric models, which were not rigorously included in the U.S. forecast, much of the observed temperature pattern was potentially predictable.
Emergent Behavior and Uncertainty in Multimodel Climate Projections of Precipitation Trends at Small Spatial Scales
Authors: Good P. , Lowe J. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Aspects of model emergent behavior and uncertainty in regional- and small-scale effects of increasing CO2 on seasonal (June–August) precipitation are explored. Nineteen different climate models are studied. New methods of comparing multiple climate models reveal a clearer and more impact-relevant view of precipitation projections for the current century. First, the importance of small spatial scales in multimodel projections is demonstrated. Local trends can be much larger than or even have an opposing sign to the large-scale regional averages used in previous studies. Small-scale effects of increasing CO2 and natural internal variability both play important roles here. These small-scale features make multimodel comparisons difficult for precipitation. New methods that allow information from small spatial scales to be usefully compared across an ensemble of multiple models are presented. The analysis philosophy of this study works with statistical distributions of small-scale variations within climatological regions. A major result of this work is a set of emergent relationships coupling the small- and regional-scale effects of CO2 on precipitation trends. Within each region, a single relationship fits the ensemble of 19 different climate models. Using these relationships, a surprisingly large part of the intermodel variance in small-scale effects of CO2 is explainable simply by the intermodel variance in the regional mean (a form of pattern scaling). Different regions show distinctly different relationships. These relationships imply that regional mean results are still useful, as long as the interregional variation in their relationship with impact-relevant extreme trends is recognized. These relationships are used to present a clear but rich picture of an aspect of model uncertainty, characterized by the intermodel spread in seasonal precipitation trends, including information from small spatial scales.