bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Overview of the Essential Trauma Care Project
Authors: Mock Charles , Joshipura Manjul , Goosen Jacques , Maier Ronald 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe Essential Trauma Care (EsTC) Project represents an effort to set reasonable, affordable, minimum standards for trauma services worldwide and to define the resources necessary to actually provide these services to every injured person, even in the lowest‐income countries. An emphasis is improved organization and planning, at minimal cost. The EsTC Project is a collaborative effort of the World Health Organization and the International Association for Trauma Surgery and Intensive Care, an integrated society within the International Society of Surgery‐Société Internationale de Chirurgie. A milestone of the project has been the release of Guidelines for Essential Trauma Care. This establishes 11 core Essential Trauma Care services that can be considered “The Rights of the Injured.” To assure these services, Guidelines delineates 260 items of human and physical resources that should be in place at the spectrum of health facilities globally. These are delineated in a series of flexible resource tables, to be adjusted based on an individual country’s circumstances. Guidelines is intended to serve as both a planning guide and an advocacy statement. It has been used to catalyze improvements in trauma care in several countries. It has stimulated five national‐level consultation meetings on trauma care, which constituted the highest governmental attention yet devoted to trauma care in those countries. At these meetings, the EsTC resource templates were adjusted to local circumstances and implementation strategies developed. Future efforts need to emphasize more on‐the‐ground implementation in individual countries, greater linkages with prehospital care, and wider political endorsement, such as by passage of a World Health Assembly resolution.
Advancing Essential Trauma Care through the Partner Organizations: IATSIC, ISS‐SIC, and WHO
Authors: Goosen Jacques , Morris Peter , Kobusingye Olive , Mock Charles 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe publication Guidelines for Essential Trauma Care offers an opportunity to improve trauma care services in an affordable and sustainable fashion, primarily through improved organization and planning. The publication will be useful, however, only if it actually catalyzes improvements in trauma care in health care facilities in individual countries, especially those low‐ and middle‐income countries with the greatest needs. There is much that can be done to make this happen on the part of the partners that created these recommendations, including IATSIC (International Association for Trauma Surgery and Intensive Care); ISS‐SIC (International Society of Surgery–Société Internationale de Chirurgie); and WHO (World Health Organization). This includes such activities as organizing multi‐sectoral stakeholders’ meetings to adapt the Essential Trauma Care (EsTC) criteria to local needs; conducting trauma care needs assessments to identify priorities for low‐cost improvements; having surgical colleges and societies throughout the world endorse the Guidelines; lobbying ministries of health to incorporate the EsTC recommendations into health policy; and seeking to integrate the EsTC recommendations into the 2‐year action plans of WHO country offices. In all of these activities, surgeons and others who care for the injured can play a pivotal role, especially working collaboratively with their own ministries of health and WHO country offices.
Deleterious Effects of Supplementation with Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulphate or Dexamethasone on Rat Insulin-Secreting Cells Under In Vitro Culture Condition
Authors: Liu Hui-Kang , Green Brian D. , McClenaghan Neville H. , McCluskey Jannie T. , Flatt Peter R. 
Published: May 2006

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and glucocorticoids are steroid hormones synthesised in the adrenal cortex. Administration of DHEA, its sulphate derivative, DHEAS, and more controversially dexamethasone (DEX), a synthetic glucocorticoid, have beneficial effects in diabetic animals. Cultivating BRIN-BD11 cells for 3 days with either DHEAS (30 μM) or DEX (100 nM), reduced total cell number and reduced cell viability and cellular insulin content. DHEAS-treated cells had poor glucose responsiveness and regulated insulin release, coupled with reduced basal insulin release. In contrast, DEX-treated cells lacked responsiveness to glucose and membrane depolarisation, and both protein kinase A (PKA) and protein kinase C (PKC) secretory pathways were desensitised. Therefore, we conclude that this steroid hormone and synthetic glucocorticoid are not beneficial to pancreatic β-cells in vitro.
Mannose-6-phosphate/Insulin-like Growth Factor II Receptor Expression and Tumor Development
Authors: Hébert Eric 
Published: May 2006

The mannose-6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor II receptor (M6P/IGF-IIR) is a multi-functional transmembrane glycoprotein whose major function is to bind and transport M6P-bearing glycoproteins from the trans-Golgi network or the cell surface to lysosomes. The cell surface M6P/IGF-IIR also bind and internalizes the insulin-like growth factor II. The receptor gene is considered a « candidate » tumor suppressor gene. The phenotypic consequences of loss of M6P/IGF-IIR through somatic mutation are potentially very complex since M6P/IGF-IIR has a number of roles in cellular physiology. Loss of function mutations in M6P/IGF-IIR gene could contribute to multi-step carcinogenesis. In the light of the multi-functional cellular potential roles of the M6P/IGF-IIR the purpose of this review is to highlight some recent data concerning its normal functions and the potential role of its loss in tumor pathophysiology with the aim to try to clarify the possible underlying mechanisms of its involvement in tumor development.
Phenomenon of Activation of Cytochrome P450 by Nonionic Detergents
Authors: Myasoedova Ksenia N. , Arutyunyan Alexandr M. , Magretova Natalya N. 
Published: May 2006

Mechanism of substitution of nonionic detergent Emulgen 913 for phospholipid as an activator of N-demethylase activity of cytochrome P450 form 2B4 (LM2) has been studied. It is shown that such an activation takes place at the detergent concentrations below values critical for micelle formation. Under these conditions, Emulgen does not affect the hexameric state of the cytochrome. The stimulating effect proved to be similar in reconstituted monooxygenase systems containing (a) cytochrome P450 2B4 and NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase and (b) cytochrome 2B4 and organic hydroperoxides. These results indicate that the activation is due to an effect of the detergent upon P450 2B4 per se rather than upon P450/flavoprotein complex formation. The above conclusion is supported by the sedimentation data and measurement of the CD spectra of cytochrome P450 2B4 at 380–450 nm.
Cloning and Characterization of a Flavanone 3-Hydroxylase Gene from Ginkgo biloba
Authors: Shen Guoan , Pang Yongzhen , Wu Weisheng , Deng Zhongxiang , Zhao Lingxia , Cao Youfang , Sun Xiaofen , Tang Kexuan 
Published: May 2006

Flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H) activity is necessary for the biosynthesis of flavonoids, the main ingredients of Gingko biloba extract. The full-length cDNA and genomic DNA sequences of F3H gene were isolated from G. biloba for the first time. The full-length cDNA of G. biloba F3H gene (designated as GbF3H) contained a 1071 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a 357-amino-acid protein with a calculated molecular weight of about 40 kDa and isoelectric point (pI) of 5.57. The genomic DNA analysis showed that GbF3H gene had three exons and two introns. The deduced GbF3H protein showed high identities to other plant F3Hs. The conserved amino acids ligating ferrous iron and residues participating in 2-oxoglutarate binding (R-X-S) were found in GbF3H at the similar positions like other F3Hs. Three-dimensional structure modeling showed that GbF3H had a jerry roll in the enzyme core consisted of β-sheet, a typical structure shared by all 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases including F3Hs. Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that GbF3H shared the same ancestor in evolution with other F3Hs and had a further relationship with other angiosperms species. Southern blot analysis indicated that GbF3H belonged to a multi-gene family. Transcription analysis revealed that GbF3H expressed in stem and leaf with the highest transcription level in leaf. The isolation and characterization of GbF3H gene will be helpful to further study the role of GbF3H gene in the biosynthesis of flavonoids in G. biloba.
A New Definition of Genetic Counseling: National Society of Genetic Counselors’ Task Force Report
Authors: Resta Robert , Biesecker Barbara Bowles , Bennett Robin L. , Blum Sandra , Estabrooks Hahn Susan , Strecker Michelle N. , Williams Janet L. 
Published: May 2006

The Genetic Counseling Definition Task Force of the National Society of Genetic Counselors (NSGC) developed the following definition of genetic counseling that was approved by the NSGC Board of Directors:Genetic counseling is the process of helping people understand and adapt to the medical, psychological and familial implications of genetic contributions to disease. This process integrates the following:•Interpretation of family and medical histories to assess the chance of disease occurrence or recurrence.•Education about inheritance, testing, management, prevention, resources and research.•Counseling to promote informed choices and adaptation to the risk or condition.The definition was approved after a peer review process with input from the NSGC membership, genetic professional organizations, the NSGC legal counsel, and leaders of several national genetic advocacy groups.
The peg view made easy – an adjunct to a current clinical protocol
Authors: Hamilton S. E. , Yielder P. , Yielder J. 
Published: May 2006

Purpose: In 2001 an evaluative study was conducted involving an oral positioning aid (the E-Z-Em Mouthpiece). Manufacturer opinion suggested that the device may enhance safe and demonstrative practice in the radiographic and radiological components of case examinations involving acute trauma to the upper cervical spine. The study was conducted at Auckland Public and Starship Children's Hospitals, New Zealand with prior approval from Auckland Health Research Human Subjects Ethics Committee.Literature review confirms that the atlanto-axial compartment of the cervical spine is most commonly involved in acute cervical spine injury. Consequently difficulty experienced in achieving adequate and optimal radiographic demonstration of the osseous and articular structures of this complex region is well reported.Methods: The study adopted applied programme evaluation – methodology. The evaluation was conducted within a time frame stipulated by the ethics approval. All participating subjects presented with a case history of trauma to the cervical spine referred for initial radiological assessment from either accident and emergency or admission departments. Radiographers who performed the examinations were requested to use the positioning device. When the examination was concluded, questionnaire participation was requested to provide reports from each examination. These reports were then subjected to analysis.Results: Seventy-five patients participated in the study. Thirty-three questionnaires were completed (a respondent rate of 44%). Responses tended to endorse provision of the device for optional use within current examination practice. Factors influencing optional use of the device were difficulties associated with subject type, the position of external immobilising collars, peripheral injuries sustained by the patient and difficulty experienced with those subjects who had suffered multiple injuries with associated head injury.Conclusions: This study supports provision for the availability and optional use of this product in certain cases, supporting the manufacturer's assessment of its capability to enhance aspects of image quality and assist subject immobilisation.
X-ray crystallographic structures of enamine and amine Schiff bases of pyridoxal and its 1:1 hydrogen-bonded complexes with benzoic acid derivatives: evidence for coupled inter- and intramolecular proton transfer
Authors: Sharif Shasad , Powell Douglas R. , Schagen David , Steiner Thomas , Toney Michael D. , Fogle Emily , Limbach Hans-Heinrich 
Published: May 2006

Crystal structures of Schiff bases containing pyridoxal (PL), N-(pyridoxylidene)-tolylamine, C15H16N2O2 (I), N-(pyridoxylidene)-methylamine, C9H12N2O2 (III), and their 1:1 adduct with 2-nitrobenzoic acid, (I)+ C7H4NO_4^- (II), and 4-nitrobenzoic acid, (III)+ C7H4NO_4^- (IV), serve as models for the coenzyme pyridoxal-5′-phosphate (PLP) in its PLP-dependent enzymes. These models allow the study of the intramolecular OHN hydrogen bond of PL/PLP Schiff bases and the H-acceptor properties of their pyridine rings. The free base (I) forms hydrogen-bonded chains involving the hydroxyl side groups and the rings of adjacent molecules, whereas (III) forms related hydrogen-bonded cyclic dimers. The adducts (II)/(IV) consist of 1:1 hydrogen-bonded complexes, exhibiting strong intermolecular bonds between the carboxylic groups of the acids and the pyridine rings of (I)/(III). In conclusion, the proton in the intramolecular O—H...N hydrogen bond of (I)/(III) is located close to oxygen (enolamine form). The added acids protonate the pyridine ring in (II)/(IV), but only in the latter case does this protonation lead to a shift of the intramolecular proton towards the nitrogen (ketoimine form). All crystallographic structures were observed in the open form. In contrast, the formation of the pyridinium salt by dissolving (IV) leads to the cyclic aminal form.
Adrenomedullin regulates expressions of transforming growth factor‐β1 and β1‐induced matrix metalloproteinase‐2 in hepatic stellate cells
Authors: Wang Yi , Zhang Jin‐Sheng , Qian Jin , Huang Guang‐Cun , Chen Qi 
Published: May 2006

SummaryAdrenomedullin (AM), a peptide isolated from human pheochromocytoma, can be produced and secreted by various types of cells including hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), and its possible role in HSCs is not clear now. In the present study, the interactive regulation between transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1 and AM and the effect of AM on TGF‐β1‐induced matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐2 expression in HSCs were investigated. TGF‐β1 and AM inhibited gene transcript level mutually (real‐time reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction). AM suppressed the protein expression level of TGF‐β1 (Western blot), but TGF‐β1 might have no effect on AM secretion level. MMP‐2 protein expression in HSCs was increased in response to TGF‐β1, and upregulation of MMP‐2 expression stimulated with TGF‐β1 was suppressed by AM in dose‐dependent manner (Western blot). AM decreased the phosphorylation level of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) in HSCs treated with TGF‐β1, and TGF‐β1‐induced MMP‐2 expression was suppressed by adding Mitogen‐activated protein Kinase/ERK (MEK) inhibitor U0126 (Western blot). Our results suggest that AM may intervene the activation of HSCs by inhibiting TGF‐β1 production and TGF‐β1‐induced MMP‐2 expression; AM may suppress the upregulation of MMP‐2 expression induced by TGF‐β1 partially through ERK pathway.
Effects of transforming growth factor‐β in the development of inflammatory pseudotumour‐like lesions in a murine model
Authors: Guariniello Luciana Doria , Correa Mariangela , Jasiulionis Miriam Galvonas , Machado Joel , Silva José Antônio , Pesquero João Bosco , Carneiro Célia Regina Whitaker 
Published: May 2006

SummaryAlterations in transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β signalling have been frequently implicated in human cancer, and an important mechanism underlying its pro‐oncogenic nature is suppression of the host antitumour immune response. Considering the immunosuppressive effect of TGF‐β, we asked whether human tumour cells, known to secrete TGF‐β in culture, would survive and grow when implanted into the peritoneal cavity of immunocompetent mice. Therefore, we developed a xenogeneic model where mice were intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected with a TGF‐β‐secreting human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line, LISP‐A10. Although animals did not develop macroscopic tumours, the recovery and isolation of human tumour cells was achieved when an inflammatory environment was locally induced by the administration of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). This procedure significantly increased TGF‐β concentrations in the peritoneal fluid and was accompanied by impaired activation of the host‐specific immune response against LISP‐A10 cells. Furthermore, inflammatory lesions resembling human inflammatory pseudotumours (IPTs) were observed on the surface of i.p. organs. These lesions could be induced by either injection of LISP‐A10 cells, cells‐conditioned medium or recombinant TGF‐β but only after administration of CFA. In addition, host cyclooxygenase‐2 and kinin receptors played an important role in the induction of TGF‐β‐mediated IPT‐like lesions in our experimental model.
Heart failure alters MyoD and MRF4 expressions in rat skeletal muscle
Authors: Carvalho Robson Francisco , Cicogna Antonio Carlos , Campos Gerson Eduardo Rocha , Lopes Francis da Silva , Sugizaki Mário Mateus , Nogueira Célia Regina , Pai‐Silva Maeli Dal 
Published: May 2006

SummaryHeart failure (HF) is characterized by a skeletal muscle myopathy with increased expression of fast myosin heavy chains (MHCs). The skeletal muscle‐specific molecular regulatory mechanisms controlling MHC expression during HF have not been described. Myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs), a family of transcriptional factors that control the expression of several skeletal muscle‐specific genes, may be related to these alterations. This investigation was undertaken in order to examine potential relationships between MRF mRNA expression and MHC protein isoforms in Wistar rat skeletal muscle with monocrotaline‐induced HF. We studied soleus (Sol) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles from both HF and control Wistar rats. MyoD, myogenin and MRF4 contents were determined using reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction while MHC isoforms were separated using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Despite no change in MHC composition of Wistar rat skeletal muscles with HF, the mRNA relative expression of MyoD in Sol and EDL muscles and that of MRF4 in Sol muscle were significantly reduced, whereas myogenin was not changed in both muscles. This down‐regulation in the mRNA relative expression of MRF4 in Sol was associated with atrophy in response to HF while these alterations were not present in EDL muscle. Taken together, our results show a potential role for MRFs in skeletal muscle myopathy during HF.
Trypanosoma cruzi: clones isolated from the Colombian strain, reproduce the parental strain characteristics, with ubiquitous histotropism
Authors: Camandaroba Edson , Thé Torriceli S. , Pessina Daniel Huber , Andrade Sonia G. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryClonal histotropism and biological characters of five clones isolated during the early acute phase of the infection of Swiss mice with the Colombian strain of Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi I), Biodeme Type III, were investigated. Clones were isolated from mice at the 10th and the 30th day of infection with the Colombian strain. Isolation was performed by micromanipulation and injection of one trypomatigote blood form into newborn mice, followed by passages into suckling mice for obtaining the inocula for the experimental groups. Mice infected with parental strain were also studied. All the clones have shown the basic characteristics of Biodeme Type III, with the same patterns of parasitemia, tissue tropism, morphological characters and isoenzymic profiles, such as the parental strain. Histotropism was most intense to myocardium and skeletal muscles, with intense lesions found in the advanced phase (20th to 30th day of infection). Both parental strain and the clones were seen to parasitize several organs and tissues; amastigote nests were identified in the cytoplasm of macrophages, adipose cells, smooth muscle of intestinal wall and Auerbach's neuronal plexus. The findings of the present study confirm the homology of the clones isolated from the Colombian strain, with predominance of a ‘principal clone’ and an ubiquitous distribution of parasites belonging to a same clone.
Developmental abnormalities in multiple proliferative tissues of ApcMin/+ mice
Authors: You Shaojin , Ohmori Masami , Peña Maria Marjorette O. , Nassri Basel , Quiton Jovelyn , Al‐Assad Ziad A. , Liu Lucy , Wood Patricia A. , Berger Sondra H. , Liu ZhiJian , Wyatt Michael D. , Price Robert L. , Berger Franklin G. , Hrushesky William J. M. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryGerm‐line mutation of the Apc gene has been linked to familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) that predisposes to colon cancer. ApcMin/+ mice, heterozygous for the Apc gene mutation, progressively develop small intestinal tumours in a manner that is analogous to that observed in the colon of patients with FAP (Su et al. 1992; Fodde et al. 1994; Moser et al. 1995). We have studied the effects of Apc gene mutation on murine intestinal and extra‐intestinal, proliferatively active tissues. We have contrasted the histology to that of the age‐ and sex‐matched wild‐type C57BL/6 mice. Histological assessment of the normal appearing intestinal mucosa demonstrates minimal change in size of crypts. In contrast, villi are longer in the ileum of ApcMin/+ mice relative to C57BL/6 mice at 12 and 15 weeks of age. Vigorous splenic haematopoiesis in ApcMin/+ mice was seen at 12 and 15 weeks of age, as reflected by marked splenomegaly, increased splenic haematopoietic cells and megakaryocytes. Peripheral blood counts, however, did not differ between C57BL/6 and ApcMin/+ mice at 15 weeks of age. Lymphoid depletion in ApcMin/+ mice was characterized by diminished numbers of splenic lymphoid follicles and small intestinal Peyer's patches. The ovaries of 12‐ and 15‐week‐old ApcMin/+ mice exhibited increased numbers of atretic follicles, and estrous cycling by serial vaginal smears showed tendency of elongation in the mutant mice during these age ranges. The testicles of 10‐week‐old ApcMin/+ mice showed increased numbers of underdeveloped seminiferous tubules. Collectively, these data suggest that, in addition to its obvious effects upon intestinal adenoma formation, Apc gene mutation causes impairment of developmental and apparent differentiation blockade in proliferative tissues, including those of the haematopoietic system, lymphoid and reproductive tract.