bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self‐Determination, Wellbeing, and Threats of Harm
Authors: LAMB ANTONY 
Published: April 2008

abstract David Rodin argues that the right of national‐defence as conceived in international law cannot be grounded in the end of defending the lives of individuals. Firstly, having this end is not necessary because there is a right of defence against an invasion that threatens no lives. However, in this context we are to understand that ‘defending lives’ includes defending against certain non‐lethal threats. I will argue that threats to national‐self determination and self‐government are significant non‐lethal threats to the wellbeing of individuals that can justify lethal defensive force. Therefore the end of defending individuals can ground a right of national‐defence against a ‘bloodless invasion’. Secondly, Rodin argues that defending lives is not a sufficient condition for military action to be national self‐defence, because humanitarian intervention is military action to defend individuals, and such action is in deep tension with national self‐defence. I will argue that a reductive account, grounded in claims of need and threats of harm, can justify principles of both intervention and non‐intervention on the same grounds; that is, protecting the wellbeing of individuals.
The Linguistic Territoriality Principle — A Critique
Authors: DE SCHUTTER HELDER 
Published: April 2008

abstract In this essay, I develop a critique of the linguistic territoriality principle, which states that, for reasons related to the value of language identity, language groups should be territorially accommodated. While I acknowledge the desirability of implementing a linguistic territoriality principle in some specific cases, I claim that this principle is in general inappropriate for the ‘post‐Westphalian’ linguistic world in which we live. I identify, analyze and reject two distinct justifications for the linguistic territoriality principle: the Linguistic Context justification and the Language Survival justification. Finally, I argue for different means of giving political recognition to the fact that most people value their language as an importance source of identity. This alternative theory sets out to officially recognize multiple languages in a given territory.
Remote Weaponry: The Ethical Implications
Authors: KILLMISTER SUZY 
Published: April 2008

abstract The nature of warfare is changing. Increasingly, developments in military technology are removing soldiers from the battlefield, enabling war to be waged from afar. Bombs can be dropped from unmanned drones flying above the range of retaliation. Missiles can be launched, at minimal cost, from ships 200 miles to sea. Micro Air Vehicles, or ‘WASPS’, will soon be able to lethally attack enemy soldiers. Though still in the developmental stage, progress is rapidly being made towards autonomous weaponry capable of selecting, pursuing, and destroying targets without the necessity for human instruction. These developments have a profound — and as yet under‐analysed — impact on just war theory. I argue that a state under attack from remote weaponry is unable to respond in the traditional, just war sanctioned, method of targeting combatants on the battlefield. This restriction of options potentially creates a situation whereby a state is either coerced into surrender, or it must transgress civilian immunity. Just war theory in conditions of remote warfare therefore either serves the interests of the technologically advanced by demanding the surrender of targeted states, or else it becomes redundant.
Does size matter for hypoxia tolerance in fish?
Authors: Nilsson Göran E. , Östlund‐Nilsson Sara 
Published: April 2008

AbstractFish cover a large size range, from milligrams to tonnes, and many of them are regularly exposed to large variations in ambient oxygen levels. For more than half a century, there have been various, often divergent, claims regarding the effect of body size on hypoxia tolerance in fish. Here, we attempt to link old and new empirical data with the current understanding of the physiological mechanisms behind hypoxia tolerance. Three main conclusions are drawn: (1) body sizeper sehas little or no impact on the ability to take up oxygen during hypoxic conditions, primarily because the respiratory surface area matches metabolic rate over a wide size range. If size‐related differences are seen in the ability for oxygen uptake in a species, these are likely to reflect adaptation to different life‐styles or habitat choice. (2) During severe hypoxia and anoxia, where fish have to rely on anaerobic ATP production (glycolysis) for survival, large individuals have a clear advantage over smaller ones, because small fish will run out of glycogen or reach lethal levels of anaerobic end‐products (lactate and H+) much faster due to their higher mass‐specific metabolic rate. (3) Those fish species that have evolved extreme adaptations to hypoxia, including haemoglobins with exceptionally high oxygen affinities and an alternative anaerobic end‐product (ethanol), reveal that natural selection can be a much more powerful determinant of hypoxia tolerance than scaling of physiological functions.
An immunohistochemical study of the extracellular matrix of entheses associated with the human pisiform bone
Authors: Adamczyk C. , Milz S. , Tischer T. , Putz R. , Benjamin M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe immunohistochemical labelling patterns of the extracellular matrix at the insertion of the flexor carpi ulnaris tendon and the entheses at both ends of the pisometacarpal and pisohamate ligaments were compared in order to relate the molecular composition of the attachment sites to their mechanical environment. Tissue was obtained from elderly dissecting room cadavers and labelled with a panel of monoclonal antibodies directed against collagens, glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans and matrix proteins. All entheses were fibrocartilaginous and labelled positively for molecules typically associated with articular cartilage (type II collagen, chondroitin 6 sulphate, aggrecan and link protein). Labelling for type II collagen was most conspicuous at the attachment of the flexor carpi ulnaris tendon. In the ligaments, type II collagen labelling was always greater at the pisiform end. Matrilin 1 was universally present at all five entheses examined and fibromodulin labelling was most intense around the tidemark. Fibromodulin may thus be involved in anchorage and/or the control of mineralization at the hard–soft tissue interface of entheses. The greater prominence of fibrocartilage at the pisiform enthesis of the flexor carpi ulnaris tendon than at any ligament attachment may relate to the marked change in the tendon insertional angle that occurs with wrist movements. We also suggest that the more fibrocartilaginous character of the proximal compared with the distal ends of the ligaments relates to the fact that the pisiform is anchored in position and is thus at the centre of rotation of any movement of ligaments attached to it.
Electron microscopic detection of statherin in secretory granules of human major salivary glands
Authors: Isola M. , Cabras T. , Inzitari R. , Lantini M. S. , Proto E. , Cossu M. , Riva A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn order to increase current knowledge regarding statherin secretion into the oral cavity, ultrastructural localization of this peptide was investigated in human salivary glands by using a post‐embedding immunogold staining technique. Statherin reactivity was found inside the granules of serous cells of parotid and submandibular glands. In parotid granules immunostaining was preferentially present in the less electron‐dense region, whereas in submandibular serous granules the reactivity was uniform and the dense core always stained. By contrast, none or weak reactivity was observed in serous cells of major sublingual glands. These findings reveal for the first time the subcellular localization of statherin by electron transmission microscopy and confirm that of the three major types of salivary glands, the parotid and submandibular glands are the greatest source of salivary statherin. Moreover, they suggest that more than one packaging mechanism may be involved in the storage of statherin within serous granules of salivary glands.
The psychophysiology of generalized anxiety disorder: 1. Pretreatment characteristics
Authors: Conrad Ansgar , Isaac Linda , Roth Walton T. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractGeneralized anxiety disorder (GAD) patients have been reported to have more muscle tension than controls, which has provided a rationale for treating them with muscle relaxation therapies (MRT). We tested this rationale by comparing 49 GAD patients with 21 controls. Participants underwent 5‐min relaxation tests, during which they either just sat quietly (QS) or sat quietly and tried to relax (R). GAD patients reported themselves to be more worried during the assessment than the controls, had higher heart rates and lower end‐tidal pCO2, but not higher muscle tension as measured by multiple EMGs. QS and R did not differ on most psychological and physiological measures, indicating that intention to relax did not affect speed of relaxation. In the GAD group, self‐reported anxiety was not associated with electromyographic or autonomic measures. We conclude that GAD is not necessarily characterized by chronic muscle tension, and that this rationale for MRT should be reconsidered.
Brain activation for alertness measured with functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)
Authors: Herrmann Martin J. , Woidich Eva , Schreppel Theresa , Pauli Paul , Fallgatter Andreas J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAlertness is a basic psychological function within the construct of attention. The neural basis of alertness has been found in the right frontotemporal cortex and the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. The aim of the present study was to establish the measurement of functional brain activity during alertness with functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Therefore we measured the changes in brain oxygenation in two independent samples during an alertness condition and control conditions with 52 NIRS channels placed over the frontotemporal area. Based on a region of interest defined in the first sample (and on the literature) we showed in the second sample significantly higher activation during the alertness condition compared to the control conditions. This study proves the possibility of investigating the neural correlates of alertness using fNIRS.
Fearful faces selectively increase corticospinal motor tract excitability: A transcranial magnetic stimulation study
Authors: Schutter Dennis J. L. G. , Hofman Dennis , Van Honk Jack 
Published: April 2008

AbstractFearful facial expressions are danger signals that rapidly trigger a cascade of neurobiological processes defensibly associated with action preparation. However, direct evidence for the activating effects of fearful facial expressions on the motor system is absent. The current transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) study investigated whether fearful facial expressions selectively increase corticospinal motor tract (CST) excitability. Focal TMS was applied over the left primary motor cortex during the exposure of fearful, happy, and neutral facial expressions in 12 healthy right‐handed volunteers. Changes in CST excitability using the motor evoked potential (MEP) were recorded. Results showed significant selective increases in MEP to fearful facial expressions. These findings provide the first direct evidence for selective increases in CST excitability to threat and contribute to evolutionary views on emotion and action preparedness.
Event related potentials to emotional adjectives during reading
Authors: Herbert Cornelia , Junghofer Markus , Kissler Johanna 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWe investigated to what extent emotional connotation influences cortical potentials during reading. To this end, event‐related potentials (ERPs) were recorded during reading of high arousal pleasant and unpleasant and low arousal neutral adjectives that were presented at rates of 1 Hz and 3 Hz. Enhanced processing of both pleasant and unpleasant emotional compared to neutral adjectives was first reflected in an amplified early posterior negativity (EPN) starting from 200 ms after word onset. Later potentials (>300 ms), as analyzed in the slower 1 Hz condition, revealed facilitated processing selectively for pleasant adjectives that were associated with a reduced N400 and an enhanced late positive potential (LPP). Pleasant adjectives were also better remembered in an incidental memory test. Thus, emotionally relevant adjectives are processed spontaneously and selectively. Initially, emotional arousal drives attention capture (EPN). Healthy subjects may have a natural bias toward pleasant information facilitating late ERPs (N400, LPP) to pleasant adjectives as well as their superior recall.
Event‐related potentials differentiates the processes involved in the effects of sleep on recognition memory
Authors: Mograss Melodee A. , Guillem Francois , Godbout Roger 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis study examined the role of sleep on event‐related potential (ERP) indicators of memory following sleep and wake. We expected a larger ERP effect due to a facilitory effect of sleep on memory. During the study session, subjects memorized a series of stimuli (faces). At test, after a retention interval characterized by either sleep or by normal waking activities, subjects were asked to recognize old items intermixed with new. Results revealed differences in the old/new effect whereby the amplitude between old/new items was larger after sleep versus wake, suggesting a role of sleep in consolidation. Retention over sleep versus wake was associated with modified early and late frontal and posterior components possibly manifesting reduced interference inhibition, increased contextual processing, and facilitation of episodic memory. These findings suggest that ERP indices are differentially affected by sleep, reflecting differences in memory processing.
Isolation and cross‐amplification of microsatellites in pink abalone (Haliotis corrugata)
Authors: DÍAZ‐VILORIA N. , PÉREZ‐ENRÍQUEZ R. , FIORE‐AMARAL G. , BURTON R. S. , CRUZ P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTen novel microsatellite loci were isolated in pink abalone, Haliotis corrugata, using (GT)15 and (CT)15 enriched genomic libraries. Two previously reported Haliotis kamtschatkana microsatellites cross‐amplified in H. corrugata. A set of 12 polymorphic microsatellites were evaluated in a wild population sample (N = 49). The number of alleles ranged from two to 55, and the observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.104 to 0.939 and from 0.213 to 0.982, respectively. Significant deviations from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium at three loci and no linkage disequilibrium were observed. Haliotis corrugata microsatellites cross‐amplified in other abalone species, two in H. fulgens, and seven in H. rufescens.
Polymorphic microsatellite loci from northern and Mexican corn rootworms (Insecta: Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and cross‐amplification with other Diabrotica spp.
Authors: WAITS ERIC R. , STOLZ UWE 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe northern corn rootworm (Diabrotica barberi) and Mexican corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera zeae) are significant agricultural pests. For the northern corn rootworm, and to a lesser extent, the Mexican corn rootworm, high resolution molecular markers are needed. Here we present 14 polymorphic microsatellite loci isolated from libraries constructed using pooled northern and Mexican corn rootworm genomic DNA. Polymorphism in other Diabrotica, including the banded cucumber beetle, southern corn rootworm and western corn rootworm, is described.
Memantine in the Preventive Treatment of Refractory Migraine
Authors: Bigal Marcelo , Rapoport Alan , Sheftell Fred , Tepper Deborah , Tepper Stewart 
Published: April 2008

Objectives.— To assess the efficacy and tolerability of memantine (MEM) in the preventive treatment of refractory migraine.Background.— Glutamate is of importance in migraine pathophysiology and may be related to progression from episodic to chronic mirgraine. Furthermore, individuals with chronic pain often report cognitive problems. MEM has the potential to address both issues, justifying this pilot study.Methods.— We included subjects with refractory migraine (episodic migraine with 8‐14 days of headache per month or transformed migraine, who had previously failed at least 2 trials of adequate preventive therapy). Other preventive drugs were allowed if the patient had been on a stable dose for more than 30 days. MEM dose ranged from 10 mg to 20 mg per day. The treatment phase lasted 3 months. The primary endpoint was number of days with headache at month 3. Cognitive performance was assessed with the trail making tests A and B (TMT‐A and B). Statistical analyses were performed on the intent‐to‐treat (ITT) population, using data subjected to the last observation carried forward algorithm. We also conducted per protocol analyses.Results.— In the ITT population (n = 28), monthly headache frequency was reduced from 21.8 days at baseline to 16.1 (P < .01) at 3 months. The mean number of days with severe pain was reduced from 7.8 to 3.2 at 3 months (P < .01). The mean disability scores were significantly reduced at 3 months, compared with baseline (36.6 vs 54.9, P < .01). There was a significant reduction in the time to complete TMT‐A at termination vs baseline (28.4 vs 23.2, P = .02) and also TMT‐B (70.1 vs 50.4, P = .04). Side effects were present in 37.5% of the patients; 5.5% dropped out the study because of poor tolerability. Most adverse events were mild.Conclusion.— This study offers preliminary evidence for the use of MEM in the prevention of refractory migraine. Double‐blind studies are now required.
The significance of histopathologic patterns in positive tuberculin skin test site
Authors: Haholu Aptullah , Ciftci Faruk , Karabudak Ozlem , Kutlu Ali , Bozkurt Bülent , Baloglu Huseyin 
Published: April 2008

Backgrounds:  The histologic features of tuberculin skin test site is not uniform. It may be related to status of tuberculosis.Methods:  Forty‐eight purified protein derivative (PPD) positive‐cases were chosen for the study. Thirty of the subjects had active tuberculosis. As previously reported, the histologic pattern of inflammatory reaction seen in the test site classified into three type: (a) Perivascular (PV)‐type, (b) Basal spongiotic dermatitis (BSD)‐type and (c) Erythema multiforme (EM)‐type. The frequencies of histological patterns in active tuberculosis and latent tuberculosis were statistically analyzed.Results:  In active tuberculosis group including 30 patient, 17 (56.7%) EM‐type, 9 (30%) BSD‐type and 4(13.3%) PV‐type inflammation were seen. Among 18 latent tuberculosis, there were 2 (11.1%) EM‐type, 7 (38 8%) BSD‐type and 9 (50%) PV‐type inflammatory reactions. The EM‐type inflammation was more common in active tuberculosis group. Bulla formation was seen in seven subjects with active tuberculosis.Conclusion:  The histological pattern of PPD reaction site may be an important sign reflecting the nature of the tuberculosis, which may be either latent or active. The bulla formation is an important sign for active pulmonary tuberculosis. Further, detailed immunohistopathologic studies of PPD reaction with large number of cases may give important clues about tuberculosis immunology.
Immunohistochemical features of cutaneous granulomas in primary immunodeficiency disorders: a comparison with cutaneous sarcoidosis
Authors: De Jager Michelle , Blokx Willeke , Warris Adilia , Bergers Mieke , Link Monique , Weemaes Corry , Seyger Marieke 
Published: April 2008

Background:  Cutaneous granulomas can occur in patients with a primary immunodeficiency disorder. In some cases, an infectious cause cannot be revealed. The pathogenesis of these granulomas still remains to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to study differences or overlap between these rare granulomas and sarcoidosis‐related granulomas.Methods:  Markers for T‐cell subsets (CD3, CD4, CD8 and CD45RO), Langerhans’ cells (CD1a), macrophages (CD68), B cells (CD20) and NK cells (CD56) were stained immunohistochemically. The amount of CD4+ and CD8+ cells in the granulomas was counted. Results were compared with the CD4+/CD8+ ratio in peripheral blood.Results:  In the granulomas of two of three patients with a primary immunodeficiency disorder, the cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) outnumbered the T‐helper cells (CD4+) with a counted CD4+/CD8+ ratio <<1. In contrast, the granulomas in the cutaneous sarcoidosis patients showed a predominance of CD4+ cells, with CD4+/CD8+ ratios >2.Conclusions:  A lower CD4+/CD8+ ratio was found in the cutaneous granulomas of patients with a primary immunodeficiency disorder (unclassified combined immunodeficiency, autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome and ataxia teleangiectasia) as compared with the patients with cutaneous sarcoidosis. The possible implications of these findings are discussed in this paper.
Interleukin‐10 promoter polymorphisms in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus from the Canary Islands
Authors: Rosado S. , Rua‐Figueroa I. , Vargas J. A. , Garcia‐Laorden M. I. , Losada‐Fernandez I. , Martin‐Donaire T. , Perez‐Chacon G. , Rodriguez‐Gallego C. , Naranjo‐Hernandez A. , Ojeda‐Bruno S. , Citores M. J. , Perez‐Aciego P. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to examine whether several allelic variants in the polymorphic interleukin (IL)‐10 promoter region were related with an increased risk of developing systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in Spanish patients from Canary Islands. Microsatellites (MS) at positions –4000 and –1200 (IL10R and IL10G, respectively) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (MS) at positions –1082G/A, –819C/T and –592C/A of the IL‐10 promoter were analysed in patients with SLE and healthy controls from Canary Islands (Spain). We found that SNPs but not MS were associated with SLE. The GCC haplotype frequency was significantly higher in SLE patients (0.43) than in healthy donors (0.33) [P = 0.02; OR = 1.50 (95% CI = 1.06–2.14)], whereas the ACC haplotype was less represented in patients (0.28 vs. 0.37) [P = 0.02; OR = 0.64 (95% CI = 0.44–0.92)]. To assess the functional role of genotypes, serum IL‐10 levels from patients and controls were quantified by ELISA. Also, the lipopolysaccharide‐induced IL‐10 secretion by monocytes from healthy controls was evaluated in vitro. Serum IL‐10 levels were higher in patients [median (interquartile range) = 2.8 pg/mL (1.8–4.2)] than in controls [0.9 pg/mL (0–3.5)] (P = 0.02), but no association was observed between serum IL‐10 levels or lipopolysaccharide‐induced IL‐10 secretion and the IL‐10 promoter haplotypes. These data suggest that the IL‐10 promoter haplotype that produces higher levels of cytokine is associated with SLE in patients from Canary Islands.
Conditional mass functions and merger rates of dark matter haloes in the ellipsoidal collapse model
Authors: Zhang Jun , Ma Chung-Pei , Fakhouri Onsi 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Analytic models based on spherical and ellipsoidal gravitational collapse have been used to derive the mass functions of dark matter haloes and their progenitors (the conditional mass function). The ellipsoidal model generally provides a better match to simulation results, but there has been no simple analytic expression in this model for the conditional mass function that is accurate for small time-steps, a limit that is important for generating halo merger trees and computing halo merger rates. We remedy the situation by deriving accurate analytic formulae for the first-crossing distribution, the conditional mass function and the halo merger rate in the ellipsoidal collapse model in the limit of small look-back times. We show that our formulae provide a closer match to the Millennium simulation results than those in the spherical collapse model and the ellipsoidal model of Sheth and Tormen.