bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Replicated batch means for steady‐state simulations
Authors: Argon Nilay Tanık , Andradóttir Sigrún 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis paper studies a new steady‐state simulation output analysis method called replicated batch means in which a small number of replications are conducted and the observations in these replications are grouped into batches. This paper also introduces and compares methods for selecting the initial state of each replication.More specifically, we show that confidence intervals constructed by the replicated batch means method are valid for large batch sizes and derive expressions for the expected values and variances of the steady‐state mean and variance estimators for stationary processes and large sample sizes. We then use these expressions, analytical examples, and numerical experiments to compare the replicated batch means method with the standard batch means and multiple replications methods. The numerical results, which are obtained from an AR(1) process and a small, nearly‐decomposable Markov chain, show that the multiple replications method often gives confidence intervals with poorer coverage than the standard and replicated batch means methods and that the replicated batch means method, implemented with good choices of initialization method and number of replications, provides confidence interval coverages that range from being comparable with to being noticeably better than coverages obtained by the standard batch means method. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2006
National integrity systems in small Pacific Island states
Authors: Larmour Peter , Barcham Manuhuia 
Published: April 2006

AbstractStudies of ‘national integrity systems’ are part of the new international concern with corruption and its prevention. Alan Doig and Stephanie McIvor coordinated studies of 18 countries, and reflected on their method in Public Administration and Development (2003). This article compares their conclusions with an overview of a subsequent study of 12 small island states in the South Pacific using the same method. Though the sample was not chosen with scale in mind, smallness might explain some of the similarities between the Pacific Island cases, particularly the risks associated with offshore financial centres, trust funds and investments. Their relative size and weakness has also made them targets for direct intervention by Australian police and officials to rebuild anti‐corruption institutions. The article goes on to show how the evidence from the Pacific Island cases raises questions about some of the standard proposals for anti‐corruption reform: stronger parties, an ICAC, civil society coalitions and greater accountability and transparency. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Beyond ‘best practice’ and ‘basics first’ in adopting performance budgeting reform
Authors: Andrews Matthew 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPerformance‐based reforms pose a challenge for governments, especially in developing countries. In the 1990s a ‘best practice’ approach characterises such reform, as likely to fail and to introduce risk and instability into governance processes. An intuitive ‘basics first’ approach was suggested instead, whereby governments foster performance‐based reforms through first developing ‘budget basics’. The current article analyses experience in seven cases of performance‐based reform to examine whether evidence exists to validate this approach. It advises that reformers move beyond ‘best practice’ and ‘basics first’ and design models and reforms around ‘other factors’ influencing progress. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Perils of religion: need for spirituality in the public sphere
Authors: Collins Paul , Kakabadse Nada K. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractOn both sides of the Atlantic, there is increased professional concern over roles in international public sector management—whether those of the policy makers, administrators or consultants. Growing numbers across many sectors feel an unprecedented crisis of identity and integrity. In international development, institutions often find themselves subordinated to the military in ever increasing conflict situations (the ‘development‐security complex’). Locally, the global tendency is for public administration to be ‘re‐engineered’ on the basis of so‐called ‘market’ values (the ‘New Public Administration’). Private sector management models are, nevertheless, hardly exemplary. Corporate greed and scandals proliferate in a world featuring increasing poverty extremes, resurgence of old or advent in new diseases (e.g. HIV/Aids), environmental degradation and racism. This article takes, as its starting point, the fact that the workplace has become an insecure and alienating environment. In pursuing the relationship between spirituality and religion, the article next distinguishes between, the dogmatic, institutionalised and potentially dangerous characteristics of many religions and the more intuitively contemplative character of spirituality with its stress on awareness of self, impact on others and feeling of universal connectedness. Bearing in mind the often extremism as well as variety of religions (as distinct from spirituality), the second section examines the interrelationship between the two. A number of models are advanced concerning relationships between belief, belonging, salvation and ritual. It is argued that attention needs to be given to the inner side of religion, which requires individuals to embark on a spiritual journey through contemplation and reflection, rather than the more visible side of religion expressed in ritual. In sum, spiritual dialogue is offered as a way forward and as a mechanism for building spiritual community through engagement. The final part of the article focuses on a trans‐Atlantic spiritual engagement initiative. Faith‐based discussion groups have been formed amongst business executives and professionals in USA (the Woodstock Business Conference promoted out of Georgetown University) and more recently in the City of London at the St Paul's Cathedral Institute (the Paternoster Pilot Group). These aim to develop more meaningful work orientation: rediscovery of higher purpose and its relevance to restoration of ethical business and public service values, as well as better integration of personal and social domains. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Beyond the ivory tower: from business aims to policy making
Authors: Tudway Richard , Pascal Ana‐Maria 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis article explores the provenance of some of those deepest heart‐felt anxieties of modern times—and offers a practical response. There is a pervasive sense of angst in OECD countries about where we are headed. Somehow the values, public and private, we once thought we all stood for are compromised. The democratic process looks tired and shop‐soiled. This backdrop plays upon deeper existential fears. Do we have any real control over our individual or collective destinies? The effect is morally and spiritually debilitating. This is, in brief, the core of the Argument from the first section. It is followed in section two by a presentation of the Facts that support this rather uninviting scenario. After looking at how things are shaping up on the socio‐economic and political fronts, one provisional conclusion is that values and beliefs, along with policies and institutions, are in a state of poor repair. Section three on Findings adds to the sense of existential woe. It does so by exploring the real or imagined psychological disjunction which is common in the today's work‐place and everyday living. The alienation and the loss of direction that affects the wellbeing and even the balance of otherwise normal people is striking. We are left with unanswered questions at many different levels. Why are the prospects of progress in dealing positively and constructively with these problems so uncertain? Is there any all‐in‐one solution, or are we simply to address each symptom as it comes along, and disregard the wider context? Section four of the paper tries to provide a holistic Prognosis of the situation, seen from an all‐level encompassing perspective. It does so in the belief we cannot meaningfully begin to address specific symptoms outside the context of the wider whole. It concludes with a few simple, in some ways ageless aspirations of mankind, whose aim is to equate what we say with what we do. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The heart (and soul?) of international development: the role of faith in global poverty reduction
Authors: Orrnert Anna 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWith prognosis bleak in most countries for meeting the MDGs by 2015, development approaches are being scrutinised in an effort to identify gaps and opportunities in policy and practice. Can faith fill some of the current gaps or will it merely get in the way of the (mainly secular) development agenda? This article reviews four books on the subject and focuses on their underlying themes: the linkages between faith and development and how faith‐based communities can make a positive contribution to the reduction of global poverty. Despite growing acknowledgement by the secular development community that issues of faith may be more relevant than previously recognised, many of the tensions that have polarised the faith and development worlds for so long still abound. These books highlight that a just world should not merely be considered a singular aim of both the development and faith communities, but needs to be understood as a shared aim. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coping with diabetes project, Hackney Diabetes Centre
Authors: Jesson A‐M , Kara P , Sanal E , Cos L 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe City and Hackney Primary Care Trust area has one of the most diverse populations in the UK. It has a very diverse ethnic mix and many community languages. ‘Coping with Diabetes’ is a Neighbourhood Renewal Fund (NRF) funded project based at the Hackney Diabetes Centre which aims to empower and educate people with diabetes and at risk of diabetes from ethnic minority and vulnerable groups.The project has implemented many group education sessions, has been present at health fairs, and has produced an audio CD, patient held records, educational leaflets and a website to enable not just the project workers, but the whole Primary Care Trust to reach out to communities who are at risk of diabetes and to people with diabetes who do not have English as a first language. The project has so far been running for six months and over 1000 people have been screened for diabetes, over 30 educational groups have been run, an audio CD in Turkish has been produced and 800 copies have been distributed to GPs and patients. Patient held records for 7500 patients are being printed, a website has been produced and a script for a DVD is currently being designed.Hackney Diabetes Centre is making real in‐roads into meeting targets 1, 2, 3 and 4 of the Diabetes National Service Framework, in a diverse and hard to reach population. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SCTL-MUS: A Formal Methodology for Software Development of Distributed Systems. A Case Study
Authors: Pazos Arias José J. , Duque Jorge García 
Published: April 2006

Abstract.
This paper introduces an iterative model for the software development process of distributed systems. It is based on dealing with the system evolution and maintenance activities as similar stages of the system development. In order to formalise this model, a multi-valued causal temporal logic, referred to as Simple Causal Temporal Logic (SCTL), is defined for the acquisition and specification of the functional requirements. A Model of Unspecified States (MUS) is also defined with a double goal: firstly, to show the fundamental aspects of system behaviour, which has been specified through a set of SCTL requirements; and, secondly, to verify the consistency and completeness of the specified requirements.
The combination of SCTL and MUS allows obtaining the specification of the initial architecture of the system formally. Besides, the design decisions are stored with the goal of making the evolution and maintenance tasks easier. The translation between MUS and a constructive formal description technique (LOTOS) is automatic from the definition of architectural operators.
Editorial
Authors: Jones Cliff 
Published: April 2006

Formal Aspects of Computing
marks the end of the first year of our re-launched format. It has not been an easy year either for the editors or for the ever-patient staff at Springer-Verlag; but it has certainly been successful with first class papers being published soon after acceptance. As with most computing journals, refereeing poses a (potential) bottleneck to getting an author's ideas into print but even here our colleagues at Springer-Verlag have come up with an incentive scheme from which our future referees will benefit and hopefully speed the refereeing process to everyone's advantage.
Recently, most editions of the journal have been standard issues with a number of submitted papers. It has been our stated intention since the journal began to have special editions with whole editions on a single topic. We are currently planning such a special edition to mark Rod Burstall's retirement (in fact we have so many excellent papers that there will probably have to be a double edition).
This special issue collects a number of papers on X-machines edited by Mike Holcombe and myself. Mike has written a brief introduction and there follow five papers which have all been refereed by experts in the area (I took personal charge of having Mike's paper refereed).
The generalisation of the testing theory to non-deterministic stream X-machines is the focus of two articles. Non-determinism can be generalised in several ways. R. Hierons and M. Harman look at quasi-non-deterministic machines and describe an approach to dealing with the generation of test sets for such machines. F. Ipate and M. Holcombe look at another way to view non-determinism and also focus on test set generation, the issue of fairness becomes important if the strong claims about fault detection by the test sets are to be achieved. M. Gheorghe has investigated how a collection of formal grammars can be controlled by a type of generalised stream X-machine so that the languages generated by such a system of grammars can be determined. He has shown that relatively simple grammars can generate very complex languages using this approach.
T. Balanescu explores further generalisations of Stream X-machines and discusses how the design for test conditions can be adapted for a specific type of machine.
A. Cowling et al. look at communicating X-machine systems and consider how this approach can be used to model message passing using a simple communicating matrix metaphor. Models built this way can be used to generate, automatically, concurrent programs.
In a paper to appear in Volume 13, F. Ipate and M. Holcombe look at how the test theory can be adapted to apply to the communicating X-machines systems case.
Indeed, Volume 13 already looks to be an exciting mix of scientific contributions – we also expect to back on a more regular publication schedule by the end of 2001.
Perspective of practical biological control and population theories
Authors: Takagi Masami 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWe have not yet had sufficient theoretical explanation for successful biological control in which a key pest is controlled after an introduction of natural enemies. I compare here real features of successful biological control and theoretical host–parasitoid population models to reduce the gap between theory and practice. I first review the historical interaction between classical biological control projects and theoretical population models. Second, I consider the importance of host refuges in host–parasitoid population dynamics as concerns the mechanisms of low and stable host density. The importance of density–dependent parasitism through parasitoid reproduction in multivoltine host–parasitoid systems and supplemental generalist natural enemies are also discussed. Finally, I consider the difference in tactics for classical biological control and for augmentation of natural enemies in annual crop systems.
A genetic perspective on mating systems and sex ratios of parasitoid wasps
Authors: Antolin Michael F. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractParasitoid sex ratios are influenced by mating systems, whether complete inbreeding, partial inbreeding, complete inbreeding avoidance, or production of all‐male broods by unmated females. Population genetic theory demonstrates that inbreeding is possible in haplodiploids because the purging of deleterious and lethal mutations through haploid males reduces inbreeding depression. However, this purging does not act quickly for deleterious mutations or female‐limited traits (e.g., fecundity, host searching, sex ratio). The relationship between sex ratio, inbreeding, and inbreeding depression has not been explored in depth in parasitoids. The gregarious egg parasitoid, Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, collected from Riverside, CA (USA) produced a female‐biased sex ratio of 0.24 (proportion of males). Six generations of sibling mating in the laboratory uncovered considerable inbreeding depression (∼ 20%) in fecundity and sex ratio. A population genetic study (based upon allozymes) showed the population was inbred (Fit = 0.246), which corresponds to 56.6% sib‐mating. However, average relatedness among females emerging from the same host egg was only 0.646, which is less than expected (0.75) if ovipositing females mate randomly. This lower relatedness could arise from inbreeding avoidance, multiple mating by females, or superparasitism. A review of the literature in general shows relatively low inbreeding depression in haplodiploid species, but indicates that inbreeding depression can be as high as that found in Drosophila. Finally, mating systems and inbreeding depression are thought to evolve in concert (in plants), but similar dynamic models of the joint evolution of sex ratio, mating systems, and inbreeding depression have not been developed for parasitoid wasps.
Population fluctuations of the western tent caterpillar in southwestern British Columbia
Authors: Myers J. H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractCyclic populations of western tent caterpillars fluctuate with a periodicity of 6–11 years in southwestern British Columbia, Canada. Typically, larval survival is high in early stages of the population increase, begins to decline midway through the increase phase, and is low through several generations of the population decline. Fecundity is generally high in increasing and in peak populations but is also reduced during the population decline. Poor survival and low fecundity for several generations cause the lag in recovery of populations that is necessary for cyclic dynamics. The dynamics of tent caterpillar populations vary among sites, which suggests a metapopulation structure; island populations in the rainshadow of Vancouver Island have more consistent cyclic dynamics than mainland populations in British Columbia. Sudden outbreaks of populations that last a single year suggest that dispersal from source to sink populations may occur late in the phase of population increase. Wellington earlier discussed qualitative variation among tent caterpillar individuals as an aspect of population fluctuations. The variation in caterpillar activity he observed was largely statistically nonsignificant. Recent observations show that the frequency of elongate tents as described by Wellington to characterize active caterpillars varies among populations but does not change in a consistent pattern with population density. The level of infection from nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) was high in some populations at peak density but was not associated with all population declines. Sublethal infection can reduce the fecundity of surviving moths, and there is a weak association between viral infection and egg mass size in field populations. The impact of weather in synchronizing or desynchronizing populations is a factor to be investigated further.
A review of factors affecting the population dynamics of jack pine budworm (Choristoneura pinus pinus Freeman)
Authors: McCullough D. G. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractJack pine budworm (Choristoneura pinus pinus Free.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is a native insect that periodically defoliates areas of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) in the subboreal forests of North America east of the Rocky Mountains. Outbreaks of jack pine budworm generally occur at 6‐ to 12‐year intervals and collapse after 2–4 years. Periodicity of outbreaks varies and is associated with site‐related factors. Survival of early‐instar larvae during spring dispersal is tied to the abundance of pollen cones (microsporangiate strobili), which provide a refuge for larvae until current‐year needles expand. Jack pine trees that have been heavily defoliated produce few pollen cones in the following year, often resulting in high mortality of early‐stage larvae. A diverse guild of generalist parasitoids attack jack pine budworm, but only a few species account for most mortality in any area. Collapsing jack pine budworm populations are characterized by sharp declines in early instar survival, coupled with an increased rate of parasitism in the late larval and pupal stages. The reciprocal interaction between heavy defoliation and low pollen cone production, and increased parasitism of late‐stage larvae or pupae, are consistent with second‐order density dependence factors identified in analysis of a long‐term population data set. Since the 1950s, several jack pine budworm outbreaks have been roughly synchronous over a large geographic area, suggesting that Moran effect processes, as well as moth dispersal or other factors, may be involved in jack pine budworm dynamics. Although the short duration of outbreaks enables most trees to recover, over time dead trees and top‐killed trees accumulate in jack pine stands. Jack pine is well adapted to fire and when fires ignite, the accumulation of dead trees and woody debris often leads to intense wildfires followed by prolific regeneration. The three‐way interaction of jack pine, jack pine budworm, and fire ultimately serves to maintain vigorous stands and ensures continued hosts for jack pine budworm.
Egg weight variation in the butterfly Lycaena hippothoe: more small or fewer large eggs?
Authors: Fischer K. , Fiedler K. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractFecundity, egg weight, hatching success of eggs, and adult (offspring) weight were compared between three geographically separated populations (i.e., subspecies) of the butterfly Lycaena hippothoe. All these traits differed substantially between populations. Our data suggest that, on an interpopulational level, egg size is traded off against egg number, egg size varies independent of adult size, and there is (given equal egg size) a positive relationship between adult weight (body size) and fecundity. The significantly heavier eggs of the alpine population Lycaena hippothoe eurydame showed strikingly increased hatchability, especially at high temperatures, as compared to the other populations. However, the ultimate reasons favoring large egg size in the alpine population, whether as a result of direct selection on egg size, as a correlated response based on other selective pressures, or reflecting relaxed selection for maximized fecundity, remain to be discovered.