bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pituitary–adrenocortical response following repeated adrenocorticotropin secretagogue administration in the rat
Authors: Scaccianoce Sergio , Cigliana Giovanni , Nicolai Raffaella , Navarra Domitilla , Muscolo Luisa A. A. , Angelucci Luciano 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn the adult male Wistar rat with a pharmacological block of endogenous CRF release, exogenous CRH (0.3 μg/kg iv), administered 15 or 30 min after a first equal dose, was unable to further stimulate adrenocortical activity above the level attained with the first peptide injection. This pituitary–adrenocortial refractoriness towards CRH was not evident when the second CRH injection was performed 60 min after the first. In the same experimental conditions, exogenous vasopressin (AVP) (0.3 μg/kg iv) did not produce any adrenocortical activation. However, AVP (0.3 μg/kg iv), injected 15 min after a first similar dose, induced a small increase in plasma corticosterone concentrations. CRH pretreatment was found to greatly potentiate the adrenocortical effect of AVP injected 15–105 min later. These results, while confirming the refractoriness of the pituitary to responce to CRH after a prior stimulation with the same secretagoue, indicate that the adrenocortical response to CRH is regained 60 min after the first stimulation. Moreover, CRH activates a mechanism that greatly potentiates the secretagogue effect of AVP for a considerable time.
Portuguese version of the OSI: A study of reliability and validity
Authors: Cunha Rita C. , Cooper Cary L. , Moura M. Isabel , Reis M. Emilia , Fernandes Paula 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis research note investigates the reliability of the Occupational Stress Inventory (OSI) in its Portuguese version as well as the validity of four of its scales — job satisfaction, mental ill health, physical ill health and Type A behaviour. Estimates of reliability obtained by the average item–total correlation coefficients are all statistically significant. Acceptable convergent validity was also found for the job satisfaction, mental ill health and physical ill health scales.
Clinical and experimental effects of informational stress
Authors: Cristea A. , Restian A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractUnder certain conditions, information may become stressful. In the initial stages of our research we found that informational stress can result in fatigue, anxiety, sleeplessness, and excitability. Later we found further symptoms, such as tachycardia, palpitations, chest pain, abdominal pain, increase or decrease of appetite, diarrhoea or constipation, muscle cramps, back pain, headache, tremor, dizziness, diaphoresis, tics, and so on. Some of these symptoms might be the result of cathecholamine increased secretion, others of a decrease of endogenous opioids. Because in the initial stage of stress analgesia may occur, we studied the clinical and experimental evolution of the pain threshold and its clinical manifestations. We found that after the initial analgesia, there follows a stage of hyperalgesia; the symptoms of this stage very much resemble those of the opioid abstinence syndrome. The evolution of this syndrome is enhanced by naloxone, an opioid antagonist, and it is attenuated by clonidine and propranolol, used in the treatment of opioid abstinence syndrome. Thus we demonstrated that in the latter stage of stress, there is diminished secretion of endogenous opioids and an acute tolerance to them.
Diet, cholesterol and heart disease: Epidemiological illusion or delusion?
Authors: Stehbens William E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCurrently the lipid hypothesis dominates research in atherogenesis and fundamental defects in the epidemiological approach lie at the crux of the cholesterol controversy. Causal knowledge is indispensable in science and logically cause should be used as the sole prerequisite without which the disease cannot occur rather than synonymously with risk factors, which are non‐specific, non‐causal factors related to coronary heart disease (CHD) rather than atherosclerosis. The incidence of CHD (a surrogate of end‐stage atherosclerosis) is not a specific disease, nor a suitable monitor for the severity of atherosclerosis. Nor is it the correct parameter or end‐point in epidemiological studies of the cause of atherosclerosis commencing in infancy, if not in utero. Other epidemiological defects include the use of fallacious monocausal mortality rates, assumed causal role of risk factors, fallacious dietary data, non‐specificity of statistical correlations and selection bias for familial hypercholesterolaemia, failure to take note of inconsistencies in evidence and the lack of corroborative pathological and experimental evidence, since the vascular lesion of familial hypercholesterolaemia and the cholesterol‐fed rabbit are lipid storage phenomena and not atherosclerotic. These deficiencies in CHD epidemiological methodology provide defective and fallacious data requiring vigorous scientific reappraisal of the lipid hypothesis and open debate.
Personality variables as moderators between hassles and objective indications of distress (S‐IgA)
Authors: Farnè Mario A. , Boni Paola , Corallo Anna , Gnugnoli Denis , Sacco Franca L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe moderation exerted by two personality variables on objective signs of distress, represented by S‐IgA concentrations, was investigated; the stressors analysed were daily hassles and the personality variables were ‘barrier’ (B, as studied and defined by S. Fisher) and ‘repression’ (R, the defence mechanism as measured by the Welsh's MMPI‐R scale). The results show: (1) that the effect of daily hassles on S‐IgA concentrations was very clear and significant; and (2) that this stress response was substantially moderated by the R mechanism, while the B variable exercised no moderation. In a previous research on the relationship between daily hassles and subjective indications of distress, both somatic and emotional, the reverse action by the two personality factors was observed (Stress Med. 1992, 8, 161–165). Some data are presented in order to achieve an interpretation of these opposite results.
Irritable bowel syndrome: The role of psychosocial factors
Authors: Drossman Douglas A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a very common disorder of intestinal function characterized by variable symptoms of abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation and bloating. The spectrum of severity ranges from mild symptoms, not worthy of clinical attention, to intense and continuous symptoms associated with impaired health‐related quality of life and high health care use. Psychosocial disturbance is commonly found among patients with irritable bowel, but until recently, its precise role in the disorder was uncertain. The data now suggest that irritable bowel is not a psychiatric disorder per se, but psychosocial factors including life stress, psychiatric comorbidity and abnormal illness behavior, among others, influence how the illness is experienced and acted upon. Patients with mild symptoms usually respond to education, reassurance, dietary modification and, when needed, antimotility agents. However, patients with more severe symptoms, who usually have greater psychosocial disturbance, will also require behavioral interventions, and possibly psychopharmacological agents. In sum, a graduated, multicomponent plan of care that includes dietary, behavioral and pharmacological treatments is recommended.
Psychological aspects of the treatment of duodenal ulcer
Authors: Fisher Shirley 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPrevious published research1 established that psychoneurotic symptoms were raised in gastrointestinal patients but that those patients with treated duodenal ulcers were found to have lower levels of psychological disturbance and better quality of life than treated oesophagitis patients. One explanation of the difference associated with treatment is that the patients with duodenal ulcer perceived that they had better control over their symptoms as compared with the oesophagitis group. This in turn would suggest that the perceived efficacy of drug treatment is a critical factor in the lives of patients. It would follow that the form of drug treatment regimen should be an important factor in level or perceived control and hence in psychological state and quality of life. This study is specifically addressed to drug treatment regimes in duodenal ulcer patients. Results showed that treatment regimes have an important effect. Those patients on intermittent drug therapy were more likely to suffer psychological disturbance and had reduced self‐assessed quality of life compared with those on continuous or maintenance therapy. Patients who complied with their therapy benefited further in terms of psychological symptoms and quality of life.
Financial dealers on Wall street and in the city of London — is the stress different?
Authors: Kahn Howard , Cooper Cary L. , Elsey Sharon P. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis article describes a pilot study of financial dealers working on Wall Street, New York which would allow a comparison to be made between them and dealers working in the City of London on the sources of stress, personalities, type A behaviour, coping techniques and alcohol consumption. Other than for demographic data, few differences were found between dealers on Wall Street and either dealers in the City of London in general or dealers working for US‐owned financial institutions in the City of London.
Functional dyspepsia: Physiology, diagnosis and treatment
Authors: Dotevall Gerhard 
Published: May 2007

AbstractOld classical studies and new investigations support the theory that functional dyspepsia (FUD) is a psychosomatic disorder with multifactorial genesis, where psychological, social and cultural factors interact with biological variables. In FUD there is a high frequency of symptoms from other organs, as well as mental symptoms. Drugs are not found to be effective in FUD except as placebo treatment. However, if depression is associated with FUD, an antidepressant agent may be useful. The treatment of FUD as well as other functional gastrointestinal disorders should be focused on psychological intervention and stress management. There is evidence of beneficial effects from short‐term psychotherapy in patients with symptoms of FUD in combination with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
The demand‐control‐support model: Methodological challenges for future research
Authors: Kristensen Tage. S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe demand‐control‐support model was developed by R. Karasek and his colleagues during the 1980s. The model operates with three main dimensions: job demands, job decision latitude and job social support. According to the model, workers with jobs characterized by high demands, low decision latitude and low social support (so‐called iso‐strain) have a higher risk of poor psychological well‐being and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The model has been tested in relation to CVD in 16 epidemiological studies of which only two have been negative. Moreover, the model has been used in studies with a large number of other endpoints. Recently the model and the methods used in connection with the model have been criticized by several research workers. In this article the studies on iso‐strain and CVD are reviewed and a number of methodological problems are discussed. It is recommended that future studies are prospective and use non‐representative population samples of well‐chosen occupations. Each of the key variables ‐job stressors, stress and sickness ‐ should be measured in three independent ways in order to increase the methodological and theoretical strength of the research performed.
Changes in urinary cortisol associated with hypthalamically elicited restlessness
Authors: Kojima Kyojl , Hguchi Shun , Tashiro Nobutada 
Published: May 2007

AbstractUsing unanaesthetized and free‐moving mature female cats, we examined changes of cortisol levels in 24‐hr urine accompanying emotional behaviour such as restlessness elicited by electrical stimulation of the anteromedial hypothalamus(AMH). Urine was collected every 24 hr for 9 consecutive days and stimulation was applied for only the middle 3 days with chronically implanted electrodes placed in the AMH. Cat urine was hydrolysed with β‐glucuronidase and sulphatase; the levels of free cortisol, glucuronide and sulphate were determined by fluorescence polarization immunoassay. The mean (fSD) of the total cortisol level calculated in terms of the creatinine level in the 3 days before stimulation was 13.04 ± 4.89 ng/mg creatinine; the mean for the 3 days during stimulation was 19.06 ± 7.56 ng/mg creatinine; and the mean for the 3 days after stimulation was 13.97 ± 4.10 ng/mg creatinine. The cortisol level during stimulation showed a significant increase compared with that before stimulation (p < 0.05) and almost recovered to the prestimulation level 3 days after stimulation. These results indicate that the emotional behaviour such as restlessness induced by AMH stimulation in cats may have some relation to emotional stress.
Inventorying stressing life events as related to health change in the elderly
Authors: Bieliauskas Linas A. , Counte Michael A. , Glandon Gerald L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA 54‐item inventory of stressing life events (SLE) was developed for assessing their prevalence in elderly populations. The SLE was sensitive to numerous life changes in this population, although only 11 of the items were reported as occurring in the previous 6 months by 10 per cent or more of the study participants. Scores on the SLE were shown to be significantly related to seeking of physician services in managed care settings and to seeking of emergency medical services regardless of setting. Stressing life events may thus have significantly greater impact on health change in the elderly than they do in younger populations.
Psychophysiological study of hypertension in black, Indian and white African students
Authors: Somova L. I. , Diarra K. , Jacobs T. Q. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe objective of the study was to test the hypothesis that behavioural stress is associated with hypertension in developing countries. It forms part (students only) of a large study on the population of South Africa. The cross‐sectional study involved 2902 black, white and Indian African students, stratified by year of study, gender and ethnicity. Harburg's anger‐coping scale and James' active coping scale (JHACS) were used. For assessment of socioeconomic status a coefficient of family instability (CFIS) was used. Traditional risk factors of hypertension (family history, alcohol consumption, smoking, urbanization) and biological parameters (systolic and diastolic blood pressure, pulse rate, body mass and skinfold, glucose tolerance) were taken. Hypertension was defined as blood pressure higher than 160/95 mmHg. A significant association between suppressed anger, high CFIS and blood pressure level in all three ethnic groups was found, most strongly expressed in male black students. The risk for hypertension was increased if this construct was combined with high JHACS score and/or poor performance at the university. After controlling for biological variables, this psychological construct still had strong association with blood pressure level/hypertension incidence in black males only. The person‐environment interaction (gender, ethnicity, years of study, urbanization) might thus represent a behavioural stress that promotes development of hypertension in African developing countries.
Occupational stress in Australian business and professional women
Authors: Langan‐Fox Janice , Poole Millicent E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractOccupational stress was measured in 163 Australian managerial and professional women through the use of the self‐report measure the Occupational Stress Indicator. Normative data were obtained reporting scale reliabilities, and differences between women according to marital and parental status and most stressful roles. The wife role had the highest mean score for the ‘most stressful role’. Women with three or more children reported poorer physical health, and having parental status was associated with headaches, exhaustion, overating, smoking and drinking. Nonetheless, this group also had significantly high scores for job satisfaction. Having children under 18 years of age was associated with the experience of a decrease in sexual interst, as was having full‐time work status. Single women suffered poorer reported mental health than married women and scored highest for Type A behaviour.
Psychophysiological reactivity, depression, neuroticism and type a behaviour: An interactive effect?
Authors: Bertolotti Giorgio , Sanavio Ezio , Angelino Elisabetta , Seghizzi Paolo , Vidotto Giulio , Bettinardi Ornella , Zotti Anna Maria 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe greater reactivity in Type A subjects is a controversial issue. It is possible that anxiety, neuroticism and depression interact with Type A behaviour pattern, giving rise to different psychophysiological reactivity. To evaluate this hypothesis we studied 70 Italian healthy male volunteers. All were blue‐collar workers. Cardiac health was confirmed by a detailed family and medical history. Individual assessment included the Structured Interview, the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ), the State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and the Depression Questionnaire (QD). To assess cardiac (rate‐pressure product) and electrodermic (skin conductance level) psychophysiological reactivity we used the following tasks: (1) Interactive Concentration Test (ICT); (2) Mental Arithmetic (MAT); (3) Workside Noises (WN). In Type A (A1 + A2) subjects a higher neuroticism score was associated with greater reactivity whereas in non A (X + B) subjects a lower neuroticism score was associated with greater reactivity. Subjects classified as Type A with lower depression scores had greater cardiovascular responses, whereas in non A subjects higher depression scores were associated with greater reactivity.
Anger and blame in three technological disasters
Authors: Solomon Michael J. , Thompson James 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis article describes an investigation into the long‐term reactions of disaster survivors, including the extent of their psychological distress and the ways in which they apportion blame for what happened to them. Three technological disasters were chosen to cover a range of traumatic experiences and degrees of possible blame. The main results were the identification of continuing high levels of distreess, intermingled with high levels of specifically targeted anger, and blame which was relatively sharply focused on those named publicly as having caused the accidents. There were also strong fears of other disasters happening again and a widespread perception that justice was not done.
Determinants of attitudes toward multinational firms: Host arab society elites
Authors: Ajami Riad A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIndigenous elites provide the crucial linkages between their domestic societies and the international economic order. The study attempts a measurement of the weight or salience of five personal variables to the process of attitude formation toward multinational firms among host Arab society elites. These variables are: (1) nationalism, (2) internationalism, (3) economic ideology, (4) confidence, and (5) satisfaction in direct personal contact.It is hypothesized that these variables will have influence upon an elite's attitude toward multinational firms.The result of the empirical study points out that an elite internationalism orientation, economic ideology preference, and satisfaction in direct personal contact with multinational firms will positively influence attitudes towards multinational firms (MNFs).
A perspective on planning and crises in the public sector
Authors: Bryson John M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFive diagrams indicate how crises open up five different kinds of ‘opportunity space’. Expanded opportunity spaces involve, in effect, a relaxation of the ‘normal’ constraints around decision‐making in governmental systems. This perspective may allow for better prediction of crises, better choices during crises, and greater stability in solutions to crises.
Strategic awareness within top management teams
Authors: Hambrick Donald C. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract‘Strategic awareness’ is viewed in two ways: the extent to which an executive's perception of the organization's strategy aligns (a) with the organization's ‘realized’ strategy and (b) with the chief executive's perception. Strategic awareness is positively related to hierarchical level, but differs across the three industries studied. Awareness is greater in organizations that have recently changed their strategies than in those that have not.
Strategies of effective low share businesses
Authors: Woo Carolyny. Y. , Cooper Arnold C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPrevious research has suggested that low share market businesses have dismal prospects. This study examines low share businesses which are effective. In particular, it examines the product‐market choices and competitive strategies of effective low share businesses, comparing them with two control groups: effective high share and ineffective low share businesses. Data are drawn from PIMS data bases and hypotheses are tested using cluster analysis and discriminant analysis. Effective low share businesses are found to locate in stable rather than protected environments. Their competitive strategies are strongly characterized by selective focus on specific strengths.
Performance differences in related and unrelated diversified firms
Authors: Bettis Richard A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper investigates performance differences (in terms of ROA) between related and unrelated diversified firms. Two regression models of performance are estimated using a sample of 80 firms. Performance differences are associated with advertising expenditures, accounting determined risk, research and development expenditures and capital intensity. The models suggest that research and development expenditures are an important determinant in the performance advantage enjoyed by related diversified firms.
Planning executive succession: The effect of recruitment source and organizational problems on anticipated tenure
Authors: Brady Gene F. , Fulmer Robert M. , Helmich Donald L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis study examines the anticipated tenure of the chief executive officer (CEO) from the incumbent's point of view. An analysis of approximately 1500 questionnaires returned by corporate presidents reveals that anticipated tenure is generally little affected by whether the CEO is recruited from within or from outside the organization. However, under conditions of formalized succession planning and when confronted with specific problems, such as modernizing operations, mandates to increase sales and merger operations, there exist differences in anticipated tenure between inside and outside recruited CEOs. These differences are discussed in terms of their implications to corporate level succession planning.
Diversification in British industry in the 1970s
Authors: Luffman G. A. , Reed R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis work is original research which is based on data gathered from annual reports and accounts. It covers some 267 businesses which had the largest annual turnovers for manufacturing companies, within Britain, in 1971 and were still in existence in 1979. The data have been subjected to analysis to reveal preferred product‐market postures, movements in posture, effects of annual turnover size on strategies, and the effects of being located within specific industries.In comparison with the work of D. F. Channon for the preceding twenty years it can be seen that, on the whole, the trend towards diversification has continued throughout the broad spectrum of British Industry.