bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chorda tympani injury: Operative findings and postoperative symptoms
Authors: Michael Philip , Raut Vivek 
Published: June 2007

ObjectivesThis study aims to assess whether operative findings of chorda tympani nerve (CTN) trauma correlate with postoperative symptoms.Study Design and SettingA prospective study was conducted over 2 years on 140 middle ear operations analyzing taste disturbances. The operations were subdivided into myringo‐plasty/tympanoplasty (56 cases), mastoidectomy (64 cases), and tympanotomy (20 cases).ResultsTwenty‐one (15%) patients reported taste disturbance. Altered taste was most reported (n = 15, 71%) with loss of taste reported by 29% (n = 6). Symptoms were most observed in the tympanotomy group (45%). Stretching of the CTN was associated with more symptoms than nerve transection. Recovery was complete in 76% (n = 16) of the symptomatic cases by 12 months.ConclusionPatients who undergo middle ear surgery should be thoroughly counseled with respect to CTN injury and symptoms regardless of the type of damage to the nerve.SignificanceThis study highlights the high incidence of postoperative alterations in taste after middle ear surgery, especially in non‐diseased ears, and that CTN transection results in fewer symptoms than CTN stretching.
Role of free tissue transfer in skull base reconstruction
Authors: Weber Stephen M. , Kim Jason H. , Wax Mark K. 
Published: June 2007

ObjectiveFree tissue transfer to the skull base provides a watertight seal to prevent CSF leakage and donor tissue tailored to the individual defect.Study Design and SettingRetrospective chart review of 38 patients who underwent free tissue transfer to the skull base between November 1995 and October 2005 at an academic, tertiary referral center.ResultsThere were 23 male and 15 female patients (average age, 58.1 years) with skull base defects resulting from oncologic resection or head trauma most frequently. Donor sites included the radial forearm (25), rectus abdominis (12), latissimus dorsi (4), anterolateral thigh, scapula, serratus anterior, and ulna (1 each). Seven patients required a second free tissue transfer indicated for flap death (3), partial flap necrosis (2), pneumocephalus (1), or tumor recurrence (1). Two patients died in the immediate postoperative period.ConclusionsFree tissue transfer is a robust option in the repair of post‐surgical and post‐traumatic skull base defects. © 2007 American Academy of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. All rights reserved.
Phonatory function of the elderly determined by intensity‐loading test: A comparison with the young
Authors: Makiyama Kiyoshi , Yoshihashi Hidetaka , Hirai Ryoji , Kodama Hitomi , Asano Yukimi 
Published: June 2007

ObjectiveThe goal was to test the hypothesis that the elderly have diminished laryngeal regulation capability, so we investigated phonatory function in the elderly and young using a sound pressure‐loading test.Study Design and SettingIn 36 healthy men (17 in their 20s, 19 in their 70s) and 45 healthy women (22 in their 20s, 23 in their 70s), fundamental frequency, sound pressure level, mean flow rate (MFR), and expiratory lung pressure (EP) were determined from phonatory function testing. Subjects phonated at a comfortable level and at high intensity, without changing vocal pitch.ResultsMFR, EP, and airway resistance increased with high‐intensity phonation in the young; however, only MFR and EP increased in the elderly.ConclusionsThe findings supported our hypothesis: with high‐intensity phonation, the elderly undergo unchanged laryngeal regulation but a greater degree of expiratory regulation.SignificanceThe elderly are likely to become tired due to the effort required for phonation.
Aminolevulinic acid 585 nm pulsed dye laser photodynamic treatment of laryngeal keratosis with atypia
Authors: Franco Ramon A. 
Published: June 2007

ObjectiveTo evaluate the safety and efficacy of aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy (ALA‐PDT) with the 585 nmpulsed dye laser.MethodsA 5‐year prospective study was performed with 12 male patients with keratosis. Twenty percent ALA was sprayed into the larynx and activated with the 585 nm pulsed dye laser (PDL). Of the 12 patients, four were not included (one lost to follow‐up, two developed cancer, one papillomatosis), which reduced the number to eight. Twenty‐eight procedures were performed in these eight patients; 18 (64%) procedures were performed in the clinic setting.ResultsThere was a 78% reduction (range, 10% to 100%) in the keratosis. No major side effects were noted. Mean follow‐up was 34.5 months (range, 12 to 50 months). There were no statistical differences between the outpatient and operating room treatments.ConclusionsALA‐PDL PDT is effective and safe in treating laryngeal keratosis in the awake clinic setting and reduces morbidity without sacrificing treatment efficacy.
Relationship of botulinum dosage to duration of side effects and normal voice in adductor spasmodic dysphonia
Authors: Chang Christopher Y. , Chabot Peter , Thomas James P. 
Published: June 2007

ObjectiveObjective evaluation of botulinum toxin A (BTX‐A) dosing by determination of the statistical relationship between injection amount and duration of side effects and normal voice in adductor spasmodic dysphonia (SD) patients. From this information, to provide a rational guide to determine the initial and follow‐up BTX‐A amounts for injection.Study Design and SettingPrivate laryngology clinic. Statistical analysis was performed on data obtained from 101 patients with SD.ResultsSignificant and predictable positive correlations were found between duration of side effects and duration of normal voice after BTX‐A injection in patients with SD. Dose of BTX‐A injected also appeared to have a significant positive correlation with duration of side effects, but a negative correlation with duration of normal voice. A trend toward more severe side effects was seen with larger doses of BTX‐A injections.Conclusions and SignificanceIncreased understanding of the response of the human voice over time after BTX‐A injection at various doses suggests new ideas to further increase clinical efficacy with the use of lower BTX‐A doses. © 2007 American Academy of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. All rights reserved.
The voice and laryngeal dysfunction in stroke: A report from the Neurolaryngology Subcommittee of the American Academy of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery
Authors: Altman Kenneth W. , Schaefer Steven D. , Yu Gou‐Pei , Hertegard Stellan , Lundy Donna S. , Blumin Joel H. , Maronian Nicole C. , Heman‐Ackah Yolanda D. , Abitbol Jean , Casiano Roy R. 
Published: June 2007

ObjectiveStroke is the third leading cause of death in the United States, behind heart disease and cancer. It affects as many as 5% of the population over 65 years old, and this number is growing annually due to the aging population. A significant portion of stroke patients that initially survive are faced with the risk of aspiration, as well as quality‐of‐life issues relating to impaired communication. The goal of this paper is to define the scope of practice in otolaryngology for these patients, and to review pertinent background literature.Study DesignConsensus report and retrospective literature review.ResultsOtolaryngology involvement in these patients is critical to their rehabilitation, which often requires an interdisciplinary team of specialists. This committee presentation explores epidemiological data regarding the impact of stroke and its complications on hospitalizations. A pertinent review of neuroanatomy as it relates to laryngeal function is also discussed. State‐of‐the‐art diagnostic and therapeutic procedures are presented.ConclusionThere is a well‐defined set of diagnostic and therapeutic options for laryngeal dysfunction in the stroke patient.SignificanceOtolaryngologists play a critical role in the interdisciplinary rehabilitation team.
The implications of regulatory guidelines on allergen vial mixing for the practicing otolaryngologist
Authors: Lin Sandra Y. , Houser Steven M. , Rodriguez Hector P. 
Published: June 2007

ObjectivesTo introduce otolaryngologists to proposed standards regarding allergen vial mixing, to identify clinical implications, and to recommend efforts to address the issue of vial mixing standards.Study Design and MethodsA policy review.ResultsThe Institute of Medicine report on medical errors increased awareness of medication errors, spurring efforts to improve patient safety. One example is the United States Pharmacopoeia's (USP) Chapter 797, a standard for sterile medication compounding. This standard requires the use of a dedicated clean room, ventilation hood, air sampling, surface sampling, and formal testing of mixing personnel. Regulatory agencies may include allergy vial mixing under USP 797. Formal allergy vial mixing guidelines are presented as a standard created by the American Academy of Otolaryngic Allergy taskforce on allergen vial mixing.Conclusion/SignificanceOtolaryngologists must be involved the discussion regarding vial mixing standards to ensure that the standards developed are reasonable, safe, preserve patient access, and are based on evidence based medicine.
Parasites as biological tags for stock discrimination in marine fish from South American Atlantic waters
Authors: Timi Juan T. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe use of parasites as biological tags in population studies of marine fish in the south-western Atlantic has proved to be a successful tool for discriminating stocks for all species to which it has been applied, namely: Scomber japonicus, Engraulis anchoita, Merluccius hubbsi and Cynoscion guatucupa, the latter studied on a broader geographic scale, including samples from Uruguayan and Brazilian waters. The distribution patterns of marine parasites are determined mainly by temperature–salinity profiles and by their association with specific masses of water. Analyses of distribution patterns of some parasite species in relation to gradients in environmental (oceanographic) conditions showed that latitudinal gradients in parasite distribution are common in the study area, and are probably directly related to water temperature. Indeed, temperature, which is a good predictor of latitudinal gradients of richness and diversity of species, shows a latitudinal pattern in south-western Atlantic coasts, decreasing southwards, due to the influence of subtropical and subantarctic marine currents flowing along the edge of the continental slope. This pattern also determines the distribution of zooplankton, with a characteristic specific composition in different water masses. The gradient in the distribution of parasites determines differential compositions of their communities at different latitudes, which makes possible the identification of different stocks of their fish hosts. Other features of the host–parasite systems contributing to the success of the parasitological method are: (1) parasites identified as good biological tags (i.e. anisakids) are widely distributed in the local fauna; (2) many of these species show low specificity and use paratenic hosts; and (3) the structure of parasite communities are, to a certain degree, predictable in time and space.
Spatial and temporal variations in parasite prevalence and infracommunity structure in herring (Clupea harengusL.) caught to the west of the British Isles and in the North and Baltic Seas: implications for fisheries science
Authors: Campbell Neil , Cross Marcus A. , Chubb James C. , Cunningham Carey O. , Hatfield Emma M. C. , MacKenzie Ken 
Published: June 2007

AbstractHerringClupea harengusL. viscera were examined for endoparasitic infections as part of a multidisciplinary stock identification project (WESTHER, EU Contract no. Q5RS-2002-01 056) which applied a range of stock discrimination techniques to the same individual fishes to obtain comparable results for multivariate analysis. Spawning and non-spawning adults, and juvenile herring were caught, over 3 years, by commercial and research vessels from numerous locations to the west of the UK and Ireland, along with control samples of spawning fish from the eastern Baltic Sea, and juveniles from sites in the eastern and western North Sea, and the north of Norway. The metacercariae of two renicolid digeneans (Cercaria pythionikeandCercaria doricha), one larval nematode (Anisakis simplex s.s.) and one larval cestode (Lacistorhynchus tenuis) were selected as tag species. Results were compared with those from herring collected between 1973 and 1982, which suggested remarkable stability in the parasite fauna of herring in the study area. These species were used to compare the parasite infracommunities of spawning herring. A significant variation in infracommunity structure was observed between different spawning grounds. These results suggest that the parasite fauna of herring are spatially variable but remain temporally stable in both the short and long term. Significant differences in prevalence and abundance of infections and comparisons of parasite infracommunity enabled the separation of putative herring stocks west of the British Isles. Distinctive patterns of parasite infection in two different spawning groups off the north coast of Scotland suggest that this area is occupied by two spawning populations, one recruiting from the west of Scotland, the other from outside this area, and most likely from the eastern North Sea. The distribution patterns ofL. tenuis,C. dorichaandC. pythionikesuggest the potential for fish that spawn in three distinct International Council for the Exploration of the Seas (ICES) management units to be present in mixed aggregations found over the Malin Shelf, with significant implications for management in this area.
Pollution-induced heat shock protein expression in the amphipod Gammarus roeseli is affected by larvae of Polymorphus minutus (Acanthocephala)
Authors: Sures B. , Radszuweit H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe relationship between the exposure of organisms to chemicals and subsequent alterations in various biochemical processes (commonly referred to as biomarkers) is of growing importance in environmental and ecotoxicological research. However, parasites which also affect the physiological homeostasis of their hosts, and thus may alter biomarker reactions, are usually ignored in environmental research. To address this deficit, we have used the host–parasite system Gammarus roeseli naturally infected with cystacanths of the acanthocephalan Polymorphus minutus to investigate whether infection of gammarids with parasites alters their heat shock protein response following exposure to palladium (Pd). After 24 days of metal exposure relative levels of heat shock protein hsp70 were analysed in the tissues of parasites and intermediate hosts. Simultaneously, the metal accumulation in gammarids and parasites was determined. As none of the infected gammarids showed hsp70 levels at the end of the Pd exposure (either exposed or not), infected and unparasitized G. roeseli were exposed to heat. Again, only uninfected gammarids showed a temperature-dependent increase in hsp70 levels. Interestingly, although the intermediate hosts showed no hsp70 response, exposure to Pd and heat results in increasing hsp70 in the parasites within in the haemocoel of G. roeseli. Heat experiments with isolated cystacanths also showed increasing hsp70 levels in P. minutus with temperature. Concerning uninfected G. roeseli, exposure to Pd and heat causes a hsp70 response. Pd concentrations were found to be higher in the larval parasites than in the gammarids. This result clearly contradicts previous results, as high metal accumulation was so far only described from adult acanthocephalans. Our findings provide experimental evidence that parasites alter the biomarker responses of their host and that the infection status of test animals is extremely important for ecotoxicological studies.
Stock identification of the sciaenid fishMicropogonias undulatusin the western North Atlantic Ocean using parasites as biological tags
Authors: Baker Tiffany G. , Morand Serge , Wenner Charles A. , Roumillat William A. , Buron Isaure de 
Published: June 2007

AbstractProper fisheries management of the Atlantic croakerMicropogonias undulatusis necessary in the United States due to the commercial and recreational importance of this fish species. Croaker stock structure in the western North Atlantic has been investigated in the past by various authors, with inconclusive results. In this study, macroparasites were used as biological tags to identify putative croaker stocks in the area between New Jersey and Florida, which encompasses the Mid Atlantic Bight and the South Atlantic Bight separated at Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. The macroparasite community of the fish was identified, showing the presence of 30 species in four phyla, of which several were new host records, and one species, a monogenean, was new to science. A canonical correspondence analysis was applied to determine the variables responsible for parasite species composition, to resolve the question of croaker stock structure in the western North Atlantic Ocean. This analysis showed that latitude was the deciding variable delineating the parasite community composition of the Atlantic croaker. Among the 30 parasites, 15 were identified as putative tags according to qualitative criteria, and then 10 out of those 15 were selected as being appropriate tags using quantitative criteria. These parasite tags support the presence of two stocks roughly separated at the known biogeographical barrier at Cape Hatteras.
Distribution of Anisakis larvae, identified by genetic markers, and their use for stock characterization of demersal and pelagic fish from European waters: an update
Authors: Mattiucci S. , Abaunza P. , Damiano S. , Garcia A. , Santos M.N. , Nascetti G. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn the present paper, recent results obtained on the use of different distributions observed in larval species of Anisakis, genetically identified by means of allozyme markers, for stock characterization of demersal (Merluccius merluccius), small (Trachurus trachurus) and large pelagic (Xiphias gladius) finfish species in European waters, are reviewed and discussed. Several species of Anisakis were identified in the three fish hosts: A. simplex (s.s.), A. physeteris, A. typica, A. ziphidarum,A. pegreffii, A. brevispiculata and A. paggiae. Canonical discriminant analysis performed on all the samples of the three fish species collected in areas comprising their geographical range, according to the different species of Anisakis identified, showed distinct fish populations in European waters. In all the three fish hosts, the pattern of distribution of Anisakis larvae allowed discrimination of Mediterranean stocks from Atlantic stocks. In the case of swordfish, the possible existence of a southern Atlantic stock separated from a northern one is also suggested. Congruence and discordance with the population genetic data inferred from allozyme markers on the same samples of the three fish species are also discussed.
Physical activity and prevalence and incidence of mental disorders in adolescents and young adults
Authors: STRÖHLE ANDREAS , HÖFLER MICHAEL , PFISTER HILDEGARD , MÜLLER ANNE-GRIT , HOYER JÜRGEN , WITTCHEN HANS-ULRICH , LIEB ROSELIND 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTBackgroundAlthough positive effects of physical activity on mental health indicators have been reported, the relationship between physical activity and the development of specific mental disorders is unclear.MethodA cross-sectional (12-month) and prospective-longitudinal epidemiological study over 4 years in a community cohort of 2548 individuals, aged 14–24 years at outset of the study. Physical activity and mental disorders were assessed by the DSM-IV Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) with an embedded physical activity module. Multiple logistic regression analyses controlling for age, gender and educational status were used to determine the cross-sectional and prospective associations of mental disorders and physical activity.ResultsCross-sectionally, regular physical activity was associated with a decreased prevalence of any and co-morbid mental disorder, due to lower rates of substance use disorders, anxiety disorders and dysthymia. Prospectively, subjects with regular physical activity had a substantially lower overall incidence of any and co-morbid mental disorder, and also a lower incidence of anxiety, somatoform and dysthymic disorder. By contrast, the incidence of bipolar disorder was increased among those with regular physical activity at baseline. In terms of the population attributable fraction (PAF), the potential for preventive effects of physical activity was considerably higher for men than for women.ConclusionsRegular physical activity is associated with a substantially reduced risk for some, but not all, mental disorders and also seems to reduce the degree of co-morbidity. Further examination of the evidently complex mechanisms and pathways underlying these associations might reveal promising new research targets and procedures for targeted prevention.
Emerging resistance to newer antimicrobial agents amongShigellaisolated from Finnish foreign travellers
Authors: HAUKKA K. , SIITONEN A. 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARYIn Finland, most cases of shigellosis are related to travel abroad. Antimicrobial drug resistance of 1814Shigellastrains isolated from Finnish patients during 1990–2005 was studied using discs of 12 antimicrobial agents. Since 2000, the E-test has been performed to determine ciprofloxacin minimum inhibitory concentrations of nalidixic acid-resistant isolates. The proportion of multi-resistant strains (resistant to ⩾4 antimicrobials) was highest among isolates from China and India, but is increasing significantly in other parts of Asia. Resistance to nalidixic acid has become common among the strains from the Far East, and the first isolates also resistant to ciprofloxacin were detected during 2004–2005. All the ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates belonged to theS. flexneri2a serotype. All the nalidixic acid-resistantS. flexneristrains had reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin, whereas 23% of the nalidixic acid-resistantS. sonneistrains were still completely susceptible to ciprofloxacin.
Isolation ofMycobacterium aviumsubspeciesparatuberculosisfrom non-ruminant wildlife living in the sheds and on the pastures of Greek sheep and goats
Authors: FLOROU M. , LEONTIDES L. , KOSTOULAS P. , BILLINIS C. , SOFIA M. , KYRIAZAKIS I. , LYKOTRAFITIS F. 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARYThis study aimed to: (1) investigate whether non-ruminant wildlife interfacing with dairy sheep and goats of four Greek flocks endemically infected withMycobacterium aviumsubspeciesparatuberculosis(MAP) harboured MAP and (2) genetically compare the strains isolated from the wildlife to those isolated from the small ruminants of these flocks. We cultured and screened, by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), pooled-tissue samples from 327 wild animals of 11 species for the MAP-specific IS900insertion sequence. We also cultured faecal samples from 100 sheep or goats from each of the four flocks. MAP was detected in samples from 11 sheep, 12 goats, two mice, two rats, a hare and a fox. Only one rat had histopathological findings. Genetic typing categorized 21 isolates as cattle-type strains and two, from a house mouse and a goat respectively, as sheep-type strains; this is the first report of a rodent harbouring a sheep-type strain. The MAP types that were most frequently isolated amongst the sheep and goats of each flock were also the ones isolated from sympatric rodents; those isolated from the fox and hare also belonged to the predominant ruminant strains.