bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Activation of the glutathione peroxidase 2 (GPx2) promoter by β-catenin
Authors: Kipp Anna , Banning Antje , Brigelius-Flohé Regina 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
GPx2, formerly named gastrointestinal glutathione peroxidase, is highly expressed in the proliferative area of the intestinal crypt-to-villus axis and in Paneth cells. Additionally, GPx2 is transiently up-regulated during development of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas. Because both normal proliferation and differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells as well as carcinogenesis are regulated by the Wnt pathway, it was tested whether GPx2 may be a target of the β-catenin/TCF complex which transfers Wnt signals. The GPx2 promoter contains five putative β-catenin/TCF binding sites. Accordingly, the promoter was active in two cell lines with a constitutively active Wnt pathway, HepG2 and SW480, but not in BHK-21 cells in which the pathway is silent. Overexpression of β-catenin/TCF activated the GPx2 promoter in all three cell lines. Overexpression of wild-type adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) in SW480 cells which harbor a mutated APC gene decreased basal GPx2 promoter activity. Truncation of the promoter identified one β-catenin/TCF binding site that was sufficient for activation. Mutation of this site reduced the response to β-catenin/TCF by more than 50%. These findings suggest a function of GPx2 in the maintenance of normal renewal of the intestinal epithelium. Whether up-regulation of GPx2 during carcinogenesis supports tumor growth or can rather be considered as a counteracting effect remains to be investigated.
Selenium in chemistry and biochemistry in comparison to sulfur
Authors: Wessjohann Ludger A. , Schneider Alex , Abbas Muhammad , Brandt Wolfgang 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
What makes selenoenzymes – seen from a chemist's view – so special that they cannot be substituted by just more analogous or adapted sulfur proteins? This review compiles and compares physicochemical properties of selenium and sulfur, synthetic routes to selenocysteine (Sec) and its peptides, and comparative studies of relevant thiols and selenols and their (mixed) dichalcogens, required to understand the special role of selenium in selenoproteins on the atomic molecular level. The biochemically most relevant differences are the higher polarizability of Se- and the lower pK
a of SeH. The latter has a strikingly different pH-dependence than thiols, with selenols being active at much lower pH. Finally, selected typical enzymatic mechanisms which involve selenocysteine are critically discussed, also in view of the authors' own results.
Plasma protein homocysteinylation in uremia
Authors: Perna Alessandra F. , Acanfora Filomena , Luciano Maria Grazia , Pulzella Paola , Capasso Rosanna , Satta Ersilia , Cinzia Lombardi , Pollastro Rosa Maria , Iannelli Simona , Ingrosso Diego , De Santo Natale G. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractProtein homocysteinylation is proposed as one of the mechanisms of homocysteine toxicity. It occurs through various means, such as the post-biosynthetic acylation of free amino groups (protein-N-homocysteinylation, mediated by homocysteine thiolactone) and the formation of a covalent -S-S- bond found primarily with cysteine residues (protein-S-homocysteinylation). Both protein modifications are a cause of protein functional derangements. Hemodialysis patients in the majority of cases are hyperhomocysteinemic, if not malnourished. Protein-N-homocysteinylation and protein-S-homocysteinylation are significantly increased in hemodialysis patients compared to controls. Oral folate treatment normalizes protein-N-homocysteinylation levels, while protein-S-homocysteinylation is significantly reduced. Albumin binding experiments after in vitro homocysteinylation show that homocysteinylated albumin is significantly altered at the diazepam, but not at the warfarin and salicilic acid binding sites.Clin Chem Lab Med 2007;45:1678–82.
The molecular basis of homocysteine thiolactone-mediated vascular disease
Authors: Jakubowski Hieronim 
Published: October 2007

AbstractAccumulating evidence suggests that a metabolite of homocysteine (Hcy), the thioester Hcy-thiolactone, plays an important role in atherogenesis and thrombosis. Hcy-thiolactone levels are elevated in hyperhomocysteinemic humans and mice. The thioester chemistry of Hcy-thiolactone underlies its ability to form isopeptide bonds with protein lysine residues, which impairs or alters the protein's function. Protein targets for the modification by Hcy-thiolactone in human blood include fibrinogen, low-density lipoprotein, and high-density lipoprotein. Protein N-homocysteinylation leads to pathophysiological responses, including increased susceptibility to thrombogenesis caused by N-Hcy-fibrinogen, and an autoimmune response elicited by N-Hcy-proteins. Chronic activation of these responses in hyperhomocysteinemia over many years could lead to vascular disease. This article reviews recent evidence supporting the hypothesis that Hcy-thiolactone contributes to pathophysiological effects of Hcy on the vascular system.Clin Chem Lab Med 2007;45:1704–16.
Distributed knowledge, distributed power: A sociolinguistics of structuration
Authors: Heller Monica 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis paper examines ways in which Cicourel's approach to understanding the construction of socially distributed knowledge in workplaces and institutions opens up possibilities for examining basic processes of social structuration. I focus on one particular dimension of that problem: how what gets to count as knowledge (of different kinds) is directly implicated in the dimensions of structuration that involve the construction and definition of categories and relations of social difference and social inequality. I draw on the notions of
Filling the emotion gap in linguistic theory: Commentary on Potts' expressive dimension
Authors: Jay Timothy , Janschewitz Kristin 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
We begin with Potts' concluding remarks: “… this paper is by no means the final word on the expressive dimension.” Certainly more work on expressives is necessary if linguistic theory is to address the role of word emotionality in language. No theory will be complete until we do so, and Potts' efforts to move the field in this direction are commendable. A more comprehensive understanding of why and how people use emotional and offensive language will make Potts' theory more complete. Scholars who study offensive expressives need to be familiar with research about why people curse and why they choose the particular words they do. We first address how and why, then we review Potts' work in the context of psycholinguistic research on taboo words.
Expressive presuppositions
Authors: Schlenker Philippe 
Published: October 2007

Abstract

1. Two directions

When new phenomena are discovered, the semanticist may account for them by enriching his formal framework, or by reducing them to the complex interaction of some of its existing components. The first option may be more exciting; but the second may be more explanatory. Potts provided some welcome excitement with his groundbreaking study of expressives (Potts, to appear). Can a more conservative account be adopted? In this note, we explore a presuppositional analysis of expressives, along the lines of Macià (2002, 2006), Sauerland (2007), and Schlenker (2003). As we will see, most of the action is in the complex interaction of existing components of the semantics and of the pragmatics.
Retrofitting Barrier Exterior Insulation and Finish System: Methodology and Performance Assessment
Authors: Olson Eric K. , Taylor Judson A. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Barrier-EIFS (exterior insulation and finish system) refers to EIFS with no internal drainage plane or through-wall flashings to collect and drain water that bypasses the EIFS’s surface barrier. EIFS’s surface barrier consists of a thin lamina and exposed joint sealants at transitions to elements such as windows, projecting decks, and intersecting parapets to prevent water infiltration through the surface barrier. Breaches in the surface barrier, however, can cause water leakage into the wall and building interior. In some cases reasonable reduction of leakage and preservation of the exterior walls may be accomplished by reducing barrier-EIFS’s over-reliance on sealants, and by introducing watertight through-wall flashings at leakage-prone transitions and penetrations. The authors refer to this approach—providing flashings and localized drainage immediately around transitions and penetrations of wall elements while maintaining or improving the existing barrier-EIFS system away from such details—as “hybrid repairs.” A case study of repairs on an existing high-rise barrier-EIFS-clad building shows the in-service performance of the hybrid repair methodology. The subject building had experienced water leakage at intersections of the EIFS and other building envelope elements, including windows, doors, balcony deck-to-wall transitions, and intersecting parapets. Repairs to correct water leakage focused on creating reliable concealed flashings at these details, along with more common barrier-enhancement repairs over the original EIFS, which was generally left in place. To help evaluate the hybrid repairs’ effectiveness, the authors surveyed typical exterior repairs in place for 2–1/2 to 5–1/2 years and interior finishes in the areas of the repairs. The Authors interviewed residents in some units that had experienced chronic water intrusion prior to the repairs; residents commented that they have seen no water intrusion since the repairs. The survey and interviews with residents revealed no evidence or reports of reoccurring water intrusion, supporting the general effectiveness of the hybrid repairs on the subject building.
The Identification of Corrosion-Related Damage from Cramp Anchors in a Limestone-Clad Building Façade Using NDE Techniques
Authors: VanOcker David A. , Johnson Erin M. , Marcotte Tracy D. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
A recent restoration project on a 100-year-old, limestone-clad building provided an opportunity to evaluate the efficacy of certain non-destructive evaluation (NDE) techniques in identifying corrosion-related distress of embedded cramp anchors. After decades of service, progressive corrosion of the anchors had caused limestone delaminations and spalls, and presented a life-safety risk when fragments of limestone became dislodged and fell from the façade. Adding to this risk, it became clear early in the investigation that for certain areas of corrosion damage, stone cracking was not apparent on the surface or was otherwise difficult to detect. In an attempt to identify these pre-emergent cracks and delaminations, a range of NDE methods was considered to supplement the traditional techniques of visual identification and sounding. Of the NDE techniques implemented (i.e., ultrasonic pulse velocity surveys, infrared thermographic scans), infrared thermographic scans proved to be the more effective diagnostic tool to locate pre-emergent cracking and delamination sites, and showed promise as an early detection technique for similar buildings.
Modell-basierte Erkennung von Mangelernährung mittels Bioimpedanzspektroskopie (Model-based Identification of Malnutrition via Bioimpedance Spectroscopy)
Authors: Wieskotten Sebastian , Heinke Stefanie , Wabel Peter , Moissl Ulrich , Becker Jürgen , Pirlich Matthias , Keymling Michael , Isermann Rolf 
Published: October 2007

Protein-Energie-Mangelernährung bei Patienten reduziert die Lebensqualität, verlängert die Krankenhausverweildauer und erhöht drastisch die Mortalität. Aktuell existiert kein einfaches und objektives Verfahren zur Bestimmung des Ernährungsstatus und damit zur Erkennung von Mangelernährung. Mithilfe einer Bioimpedanzmessung kann mit einem neu entwickelten Expertensystem Mangelernährung bei Patienten erkannt werden. Die Funktionsweise des Expertensystems orientiert sich an der technischen Fehlerdiagnose.
Protein-energy-malnutrition reduces the quality of life, lengthens the time in hospital and increases the mortality dramatically. Currently there is no simple and objective method available for assessing the nutritional status and thus identifying malnutrition. A newly developed expert system detects patients with malnutrition via a bioimpedance measurement. The system is based on the technical fault diagnosis.
A Mixed-Model Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) Analysis for Multiple-Environment Trial Data Using Environmental Covariables for QTL-by-Environment Interactions, With an Example in Maize
Authors: Boer Martin P , Wright Deanne , Feng Lizhi , Podlich Dean W , Luo Lang , Cooper Mark , van Eeuwijk Fred A 
Published: October 2007

AbstractComplex quantitative traits of plants as measured on collections of genotypes across multiple environments are the outcome of processes that depend in intricate ways on genotype and environment simultaneously. For a better understanding of the genetic architecture of such traits as observed across environments, genotype-by-environment interaction should be modeled with statistical models that use explicit information on genotypes and environments. The modeling approach we propose explains genotype-by-environment interaction by differential quantitative trait locus (QTL) expression in relation to environmental variables. We analyzed grain yield and grain moisture for an experimental data set composed of 976 F5 maize testcross progenies evaluated across 12 environments in the U.S. corn belt during 1994 and 1995. The strategy we used was based on mixed models and started with a phenotypic analysis of multi-environment data, modeling genotype-by-environment interactions and associated genetic correlations between environments, while taking into account intraenvironmental error structures. The phenotypic mixed models were then extended to QTL models via the incorporation of marker information as genotypic covariables. A majority of the detected QTL showed significant QTL-by-environment interactions (QEI). The QEI were further analyzed by including environmental covariates into the mixed model. Most QEI could be understood as differential QTL expression conditional on longitude or year, both consequences of temperature differences during critical stages of the growth.
Differential Effect of Allorecognition Loci on Phenotype in Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa)
Authors: Powell Anahid E , Nicotra Matthew L , Moreno Maria A , Lakkis Fadi G , Dellaporta Stephen L , Buss Leo W 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The allorecognition complex of Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus is a chromosomal interval containing two loci, alr1 and alr2, that controls fusion between genetically distinct colonies. Recombination between these two loci has been associated with a heterogeneous class of phenotypes called transitory fusion. A large-scale backcross was performed to generate a population of colonies (N = 106) with recombination breakpoints within the allorecognition complex. Two distinct forms of transitory fusion were correlated with reciprocal recombination products, suggesting that alr1 and alr2 contributed differentially to the allorecognition response. Specifically, type I transitory fusion is associated with rapid and persistent separation of allogeneic tissues, whereas type II transitory fusion generates a patchwork of continuously fusing and separating tissues.
Extensive Additivity of Gene Expression Differentiates Subspecies of the House Mouse
Authors: Rottscheidt Ruth , Harr Bettina 
Published: October 2007

AbstractWe have studied different subspecies of the house mouse and their reciprocal F1 hybrids to estimate the within-locus mode of inheritance for subspecies differences in gene expression in three tissues (brain, liver, and testis) of male mice. This study investigates the mode of inheritance in crosses at a larger taxonomic distance than has been previously systematically investigated. We found the vast majority of transcripts to be additively expressed with only a few transcripts showing dominance or overdominance in expression, except for one direction of one cross, which showed large mis-expression in the testis. We suggest that, as time passes, more genes come to influence expression, and if there is no directional dominance, additivity becomes increasingly more likely, up to a threshold beyond which there is F1 hybrid breakdown. Some previous studies on different organisms have found a large degree of dominance, commonly at shorter taxonomic differences. We surveyed these findings and show that the most consistent association exists between the amount of additivity detected in a study and the expression analysis method (in particular microarray platform), suggesting that at least some of the differences among studies might be methodological. Most studies agree with ours in that within-locus additivity seems to be general mode of inheritance for transcript expression. Differentially expressed transcripts identified in our screen among subspecies of house mice are candidate genes that could be involved in reproductive isolation between these subspecies.
Expression of 10 S-Class SLF-like Genes in Nicotiana alata Pollen and Its Implications for Understanding the Pollen Factor of the S Locus
Authors: Wheeler David , Newbigin Ed 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The S locus of Nicotiana alata encodes a polymorphic series of ribonucleases (S-RNases) that determine the self-incompatibility (SI) phenotype of the style. The pollen product of the S locus (pollen S) in N. alata is unknown, but in species from the related genus Petunia and in self-incompatible members of the Plantaginaceae and Rosaceae, this function has been assigned to an F-box protein known as SLF or SFB. Here we describe the identification of 10 genes (designated DD1–10) encoding SLF-related proteins that are expressed in N. alata pollen. Because our approach to cloning the DD genes was based on sequences of SLFs from other species, we presume that one of the DD genes encodes the N. alata SLF ortholog. Seven of the DD genes were exclusively expressed in pollen and a low level of sequence variation was found in alleles of each DD gene. Mapping studies confirmed that all 10 DD genes were linked to the S locus and that at least three were located in the same chromosomal segment as pollen S. Finally, the different topologies of the phylogenetic trees produced using available SLF-related sequences and those produced using S-RNase sequences suggests that pollen S and the S-RNase have different evolutionary histories.
A Mosaic Genetic Screen for Drosophila Neoplastic Tumor Suppressor Genes Based on Defective Pupation
Authors: Menut Laurent , Vaccari Thomas , Dionne Heather , Hill Joseph , Wu Geena , Bilder David 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe Drosophila neoplastic tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) coordinately control cell polarity and proliferation in epithelial and neuronal tissues. While a small group of neoplastic TSG mutations have been isolated and their corresponding genes cloned, the regulatory pathways that normally prevent inappropriate growth remain unclear. Identification of additional neoplastic TSGs may provide insight into this question. We report here the design of an efficient screen for isolating neoplastic TSG mutations utilizing genetically mosaic larvae. This screen is based on a defective pupation phenotype seen when a single pair of imaginal discs is homozygous for a neoplastic TSG mutation, which suggests that continuously proliferating cells can interfere with metamorphosis. Execution of this screen on two chromosome arms led to the identification of mutations in at least seven new neoplastic TSGs. The isolation of additional loci that affect hyperplastic as well as neoplastic growth indicates the utility of this screening strategy for studying epithelial growth control.
SPD-3 Is Required for Spindle Alignment in Caenorhabditis elegans Embryos and Localizes to Mitochondria
Authors: Dinkelmann Maria V , Zhang Haining , Skop Ahna R , White John G 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
During the development of multicellular organisms, cellular diversity is often achieved through asymmetric cell divisions that produce two daughter cells having different developmental potentials. Prior to an asymmetric cell division, cellular components segregate to opposite ends of the cell defining an axis of polarity. The mitotic spindle rotationally aligns along this axis of polarity, thereby ensuring that the cleavage plane is positioned such that segregated components end up in individual daughter cells. Here we report our characterization of a novel gene required for spindle alignment in Caenorhabditis elegans. During the first mitosis in spd-3(oj35) embryos the spindle failed to align along the anterior/posterior axis, leading to abnormal cleavage configurations. spd-3(oj35) embryos had additional defects reminiscent of dynein/dynactin loss-of-function possibly caused by the mislocalization of dynactin. Surprisingly, we found that SPD-3∷GFP localized to mitochondria. Consistent with this localization, spd-3(oj35) worms exhibited slow growth and increased ATP concentrations, which are phenotypes similar to those described for other mitochondrial mutants in C. elegans. To our knowledge, SPD-3 is the first example of a link between mitochondria and spindle alignment in C. elegans.
Genetic Analyses of a Hybrid Cross Between Serotypes A and D Strains of the Human Pathogenic Fungus Cryptococcus neoformans
Authors: Sun Sheng , Xu Jianping 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans has two varieties, var. grubii and var. neoformans, that correspond to serotypes A and D, respectively. Molecular phylogenetic analyses suggest that these two varieties have diverged from each other for ∼18 million years. The discovery of pathogenic serotype AD hybrid strains in nature indicates that intervariety mating in C. neoformans occurs in the natural environment. However, little is known about the genetic consequences of hybridization in C. neoformans. Here, we analyzed a hybrid population of 163 progeny from a cross between strains of serotypes A (CDC15) and D (JEC20), using 114 codominant nuclear PCR–RFLP markers and 1 direct PCR marker. These markers were distributed on all 14 chromosomes of the sequenced strain JEC21 that was isogenic to one of the parents (JEC20) in our cross. Our analyses identified that of the 163 progeny, 5 were heterozygous at all 115 loci, 1 was completely homozygous and identical to one of the parents (CDC15), and the remaining 157 each contained at least 1 heterozygous locus. Because all 163 progeny inherited mitochondria from the MATa parent JEC20, none of the progeny had a genotype identical to either of the two parents or to a composite of the two parents. All 115 nuclear loci showed three different genotypes in the progeny population, consistent with Mendelian segregation during meiosis. While the linkage analysis showed independent reassortment among loci on different linkage groups, there were significant differences in recombination frequencies among chromosomes and among regions within certain chromosomes. Overall, the linkage-map length from this hybrid cross was much shorter and the recombination frequency much lower than those constructed using serotype D strains, consistent with suppressed recombination in the intervariety cross between strains of serotypes A and D. We discuss the implications of our results in our understanding of the speciation and evolution of the C. neoformans species complex.
The Hermes Transposon ofMusca domesticaIs an Efficient Tool for the Mutagenesis ofSchizosaccharomyces pombe
Authors: Evertts Adam G , Plymire Christopher , Craig Nancy L , Levin Henry L 
Published: October 2007

AbstractCurrently, no transposon-based method for the mutagenesis of Schizosaccharomyces pombe exists. We have developed such a system based on the introduction of the hermes transposon from the housefly into S. pombe. This system efficiently disrupts open reading frames and allows the insertion sites to be readily identified.