bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Application of Radiochemical Techniques to the Study of the Interaction of Hair Fibers with Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Stam Paul B. , White Howard J. 
Published: March 2008

Radioactive tracer techniques have proved to be uniquely adaptable to the study of the inter action of hair fibers with various aqueous solutions including dye baths. NaBr solutions, NaBr- HBr solutions, NaCl solutions, and an acid dye bath containing a sulfur-labelled acid dye for wool were used. It was found that appreciable amounts of NaBr were absorbed by hair from solution with a linear relationship existing between the equilibrium amount absorbed and the molarity of the treating solution. If acidic or basic solutions were used, additional absorption resulting from the well-known amphoteric properties of keratin was observed. In a preliminary experiment, the absorption of each of three componen's of an acid dye bath was followed by taking advantage of differences in radioactive behavior of the three species. Certain rate processes have also been followed.
The Interaction of Hair Fibers with Alkali Bromide Solutions
Authors: Barnard W.S. , Palm A. , Stam P.B. , Underwood D.L. , White H.J. 
Published: March 2008

The interaction of hair with alkali bromide solutions has been studied by measuring the amount of salt taken up from a given solution, using a radioactive-tracer technique, and the amount of water taken up from the solution, using a gravimetric technique. It has been found that: ( 1) alkali bromides are taken up in a manner primarily dependent on the activity of the salt in the solution; ( 2) the amount of water absorbed is increased over the normal regain by the presence of the salt in the hair; ( 3) the ratio of salt to water is greater in the hair than in the external solution; ( 4) the rate of absorption of the salt is slower than the rate of diffusion of the same salt in water; ( 5) both rates and equilibrium are temperature- sensitive. The interpretation of these results in terms of various simple models of the absorption process is discussed.
The Influence of Chemical Treatment on the Properties of Wool
Authors: Dusenbury J.H. , Mercer E.H. , Wakelin J.H. 
Published: March 2008

The view that the cortex of the wool fiber consists of a resistant fraction, the paracortex, and a less resistant fraction, the orthocortex, which extend in the form of two twisted hemi cylinders from one end of the fiber to the other, is used to explain the mechanism of the alkali- solubility test on acid-damaged wool. The effects of acid damage on several single-fiber prop erties and on the resistance of fabrics to flex abrasion have been measured for correlation with alkali-solubility data. During the initial exposure of the wool to acid damage, alkali solubility is observed to in crease rapidly, corresponding to damage chiefly to the orthocortex; during the later stages, as the damage proceeds into the paracortex, the alkali solubility increases at a much slower rate with time of exposure. The decreases observed in the values for physical properties of the wool with increasing exposure to acid correspond generally with the changes in alkali solubility. Wool treated with formaldehyde, either preceding or following a series of progressive expo sures to acid, exhibits greatly decreased alkali solubility, but fails to show a corresponding im provement in physical properties. It is suggested that the acid acts to degrade the wool fiber by hydrolyzing peptide bonds, and that the formaldehyde treatments decrease alkali solubility by a cross-linking mechanism that does little to improve the physical properties of the wool. A good correlation was found between the flex-abrasion resistance of the variously treated fabrics and the energy to break of the corresponding single fibers. The product of breaking stress and breaking extension, a fiber property related to energy to break, was also found to correlate well with the fabric flex-abrasion resistance.
Cotton Quality and Fiber Properties
Authors: Wakeham Helmut , Stickley Hester , Spicer Nancy 
Published: March 2008

Several years ago Hall and Elting pointed out that certain raw cottons which had been subjected to the action of fungi in the field or immediately after harvesting suffered a deteriora tion in cotton quality characteristics upon storage in bale form. Such cotton was termed by them to be "cavitomic." This deterioration was most manifest in a reduction of processing efficiency and a lowering of yarn quality. Certain chemical tests (pH and reducible sugars) were established as methods to detect cavitomic cotton. Because there seemed to be consider able lack of information regarding the nature and primary causes of quality deterioration at tributable to cavitomic cotton, the study presented in this paper was undertaken to determine what changes in fiber properties resulting from the "cavitoma" might be responsible for the effects noted previously. The opportunity for this study was presented when it was found that 3 of 12 bales of a homogeneous lot of Deltapine 15 cotton obtained for another investigation gave positive evidence of being cavitomic. These 3 bales were set aside, stored for a year, and then made into fabric. A similar fabric was simultaneously made from a blend of the remaining 9 bales in a processing comparison. Samples at all stages of processing were taken from both cottons and carefully compared in an extensive laboratory testing program. It was found that the cavitomic cotton did, in fact, produce more processing waste; less even slivers, rovings, and yarns; 45 % more end breakage in spinning; and yarns as much as 10% weaker than the normal cotton. In the laboratory study it was found that the cavitomic sample exhibited lower flat-bundle strength at a 5-mm. clamp spacing, a lower fiber crimp, and a shorter fiber length than the normal sample. Although the length difference was barely detectable by conventional methods it was clearly established from number-length distributions based on single-fiber length measurements. It is concluded from this study that some of the fibers are subjected to a localized weakening as a result of the microbial action, either directly or as a result of enzymatic action during storage. These fibers break more easily in processing than fibers in the normal cotton, giving rise to a length distribution biased in the direction of short fibers. This difference in fiber- length distribution is believed to be responsible for the reduction in cotton quality characteristics observed in this and the previous work by Hall and Elting. These results emphasize the importance of fiber-length uniformity as a factor in raw-cotton quality and the need for more sensitive methods of evaluating this factor than are presently available.
Practical Loom Experience on Weavability Limits
Authors: Dickson John B. 
Published: March 2008

Any one making a design for a woven fabric naturally wants to be sure in advance that the loom will weave the design. Thus, a practical designer, when first considering the use of Love's weavability graphs, is likely to ask himself: "The geometry may be all right, but how about loom performance? How closely can I expect the loom results to agree with the graph?" If the designer with these questions in mind wants a quick answer he can get it by looking down the columns in the data tables given in this paper. The last column in each table shows the difference between loom performance and graph prediction, a plus differ ence indicating that the loom outperforms the graph, and a minus that the loom does not come up to the graph. Then he can read the brief summary at the end. The general answer is that data comparing loom performance with graph limits of weav ability show Love's graphs to be useful practical guides to weavability.
A Progress Report on Cyanoethylated Cotton
Authors: Grant James N. , Greathouse Lucien H. , Reid J. David , Weaver J.W. 
Published: March 2008

The mechanism of cyanoethylation of cotton is discussed, and it is shown that for best effi ciency the pick-up of sodium hydroxide must not exceed 15% of the weight of the cotton. Measurements of physical properties show that any increases in the breaking strength or elon gation of yarns are results of changes in frictional forces. The physical properties of cyano ethylated fabrics reflect the properties of the yarn and are also dependent on fabric construction. Extremely high resistance to flat abrasion is obtained with high cyanoethyl substitution. The density of cyanoethylated cotton is shown to be linearly related to the nitrogen content, and the spread of values obtained has been found to give an estimate of the uniformity of treatment. Cyanoethylated cotton can be dyed by methods developed for polyacrylonitrile fibers such as those employing acid dyes in the presence of cuprous ion, and the dyed samples so produced are suitable for cross sectioning for microscopic examination. The intensity of dye color can be used as a measure of the amount of cyanoethylation.
Static Electrification of Filaments
Authors: Hersh S.P. , Montgomery D.J. 
Published: March 2008

In order to study the generation of charge on fibrous materials, an apparatus was constructed in which a fiber is held fixed while a second is rubbed across it under con trolled mechanical and ambient conditions. It was found that the reproducibility was usually within ± 5% when the same two fibers were rubbed repeatedly; that the charge generated was dependent on the manner in which the materials were rubbed; and that the magnitude of the charge generated was directly proportional to the length of material rubbed and to the normal force between the fibers (although in some cases a limiting maximum value was reached), but was independent of the apparent area of contact between the fibers and of the tension on the fibers. The effects produced by changes in velocity are more complicated to describe. Charge transfer was found to be independent of velocity when insulators (except Teflon) were rubbed together. For metals on insulators other than Teflon, the charge generated was found to increase linearly with velocity until a limiting value was reached, and then to remain constant. When Teflon and metals were rubbed together, the charge increased linearly with velocity without reaching a maximum. When Teflon was rubbed with insulators, the charge increased linearly with velocity in some cases but remained constant in others. A study of the dependence of the sign and amount of charge transferred on the nature of the materials rubbed was undertaken, and a triboelectric series was established. For metals on insulators, the amount of charge generated was found to be related to the work function of the metal and the position of the insulator in the triboelectric series. For insulators rubbed on insulators, the amount of charge transferred appeared to be independent of the positions of the insulators in the series.
The Measurement of the Drag of Cotton Fibers
Authors: Mereness H.A. 
Published: March 2008

The drag of cotton fibers has been determined in card-sliver form, using the card- sliver stress-envelope method, and as a sliver made by hand carding using the hand- sliver IP method. In general, for the 12 cottons studied, there was a significant correlation between fiber drag data obtained using both methods and skein-strength data obtained from yarns made from these cottons. There were, however, a few notable exceptions. Fiber drag data was found to correlate poorly with interfiber friction data obtained using the Hood Tester, a dynamic method. The procedures used for evaluating the various cotton fiber drag methods are de scribed in detail.
Interaction of Acid -Treated Wool and Silk with Water Vapor and Water
Authors: Cacella Arthur F. , White Howard J. 
Published: March 2008

Extensive results are given on the effects of HCI and picric acid on the capacity of wool to absorb water. Both the effect of changing the relative humidity and the effect of changing the acid content of the fibers were studied. Less extensive results were obtained using H2SO4, oxalic acid, and Orange II acid and salt on wool, and HC1 on silk. Collateral measurements were also made on the swelling of human hair in picric acid solution and on the electrical resistance of wool fibers containing acid at various relative humidities. The absorption of acid decreases the capacity of wool to absorb water at low and moderate relative humidities. The efficiency with which the absorption of water is reduced depends on the identity of the acid. At the highest relative humidities the acids divide into two groups. In the case of the first group, of which picric acid is an example, the effect of acid on the absorption of water is the same as at lower humidities. In the case of the second group, of which HCI is an example, there is a second mechanism of interaction, which tends to increase the absorption of water and competes with the mechanism causing the decrease at lower relative humidities. The second mechanism may become dominant, causing a net in crease. This has been shown by direct measurement and by analysis of swelling measurement. The mechanism of interaction decreasing the absorption is identified as competitive absorption of acid on primary bonding sites for water. The mechanism of the interaction increasing absorption has been tentatively identified as osmotic absorption of water resulting from mobility of absorbed anions at the highest relative humidities. It is also possible that anion hydration is important in some cases.
Effect of Kiering on the Crystallinity of Cotton Cellulose
Authors: Nelson Mary L. , Segal Leon , Ziifle Hilda M. 
Published: March 2008

Although kier boiling is a common commercial treatment applied to cotton, its effect on the crystallinity of cotton cellulose apparently has not been investigated. In the present work, the effect on the crystalline-amorphous ratio of a laboratory kiering and of alcohol extraction and boiling in water under pressure has been studied. Acid-hydrolysis crystallinity determinations and moisture-sorption measurements on three varieties of cotton have indicated (1) that standard purification treatments can increase the crystallinity of raw cotton; (2) that the extent of crystallization varies with the in dividual sample; and (3) that the crystallinity values reported in the literature for puri fied cottons are probably higher than those for native cottons because of the changes induced by the purification treatments.
Digestibility of Chemically-Modified Wools in Papain-Bisulfite Urea
Authors: Lennox F.G. 
Published: March 2008

The digestibility of wool in papain-bisulfite urea is increased by prior treatment with cold concentrated sulfuric acid, nitrous acid, or iodine but is diminished by 1- fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, formaldehyde, chromium compounds, epichlorhydrin, propylene oxide, methyl iodide at pH's above 6, thiocyanate with acetic anhydride at pH's below 6, and, if applied to the reduced fiber, by 1,3-dibromopropane, acrolein, and methyl iodide at pH's above 7. Treatment with acid solutions of various aliphatic alcohols to esterify the carboxyl groups in wool likewise reduces the digestibility, maximum protection being obtained with methanol. The rapid method of measuring enzyme resistance used in these studies may be generally suitable for detecting wool damage and for selecting chemical methods of modifying wool for assessment by moth-resistance and soil-burial methods.
The Tensile Properties of Man-Made and Synthetic Staple Yarns
Authors: Susich G. , Vadala E. Th. 
Published: March 2008

The stress-strain properties, the tensile-recovery behavior, and the response to re peated tensioning (cycling) of sixteen staple yarns were investigated. Three man-made (Fiberglas, viscose, acetate) and seven synthetic (nylon, Orlon,2 Dacron,3 Dynel, Saran, polyvinyl chloride, Kuralon) textile materials were tested at standard conditions using the Instron Tensile Tester. The tensile recovery was obtained by measuring the three elongation and work com ponents. The total work of rupture was divided into the immediately recoverable work, creeping work, and unrecoverable work absorption. Dynamic tests were carried out by extending the yarns in 50 cycles to 80% of their elongation at break and measuring their response during and after this procedure. A comparison was made between tensile properties of staple yarns and corresponding multifilaments of the same material. Cycling tests were found useful in evaluating those tensile characteristics which are significant for the performance of yarns in service. It was attempted to interpret the behavior of yarns in repeated tensioning and flex abrasion from their known tensile properties.
Influence of the Fiber Structure on the Nitration of Native Cellulose
Authors: Miller Bernard , Timell T.E. 
Published: March 2008

The nitration of native cotton cellulose has been investigated under both rate- and equilibrium-controlled conditions and in a manner that caused the least possible changes in the original fine structure of the fiber. By successive extractions the nitrates were subdivided into a number of fractions, which were examined for chemical composition and molecular weight, the fractionation being continued until swelling became noticeable. The results indicated that the specimens studied were chemically nonuniform and more so the lower the average degree of substitution. Products formed in an equi librium-controlled reaction or regenerated from solution were more homogeneous than similar ones obtained under rate-controlled conditions or with the original fiber structure left intact. The nitration involved an initial, rapid but only partial conversion of the surface and outer regions of the microfibrils of the cellulose, followed by a slower but more complete esterification of the interior, more crystalline portions, the easily ac cessible, short-chain parts being less substituted than the remainder of the material. In this respect nitrates were accordingly found to be different from most other cellulose derivatives.
Trouble Shooting in Textile Processing by Use of the Brush Uniformity Analyzer
Authors: Bernet E.J. , Dunn George Z. , Harris William C. 
Published: March 2008

There are many mechanical faults in cotton processing which may cause periodic variations in the resulting yarn, roving, or sliver. Each of these defects causes a particular pattern of thick and thin places in the resulting material. An eccentric part (roll or gear) on a drawing, roving, or spinning frame results in a wavy pattern of thick and thin places in the material. The pattern formed in the material by a flat spot in the top roll is dependent upon the position (front, second, third, or back) on the particular frame. A flat spot in the back roll position has very little effect on the resulting material. In the third roll position (four roll frame) it yields a thin place directly followed by a thick spot, while a defective front roll causes periodic thick places in the material. Defective bottom rolls on the drawing frame affect the sliver differently, depending upon the position on the frame. Defective drafting rolls used primarily as delivery rolls have a greater effect on the resulting material than defective rolls used primarily as feed rolls. Most of these mechanical faults have a particular pattern which can be distinguished by proper use of the Uniformity Analyzer. There are certain settings (pen average, pen sensitivity, chart speed, and material speed) which can be used on the Brush Uniformity Analyzer to assist in the search for periodic variations. The particular setting to use when searching for periodicities is generally dependent upon the distance between the expected periodic variation. For closely spaced periods (3 to 10 in.) in the material, a fast chart speed (25 mm./sec. or 125 mm./sec.) and the pen average at position 0 or 1 is generally used. A slow chart speed (5 mm./sec.) and the pen average at position 2 or 3 will illustrate longer periodic variations. The pen sensitivity control is generally used to increase the amplitude of the variations on the chart after the pen average and chart speed have been selected.
Effect of Alkaline Hydrolysis on the Properties of Cyanoethylated Cotton
Authors: Mazzeno Laurence W. , Reinhardt Robert M. , Reid J. David , Dickson John B. 
Published: March 2008

Cyanoethylated cotton has been subjected to treatment with excess 1% aqueous sodium hydroxide at temperatures of 22°, 60°, and 97° C. Rates of cleavage of cyanoethyl groups at these temperatures have been determined. Resistance to rotting is destroyed by re moval of part of the cyanoethyl groups. Heat resistance is decreased by the alkaline treatment, but only to the extent that nitrogen is removed. It appears that heat resistance is directly proportional to the nitrogen content regardless of the previous history of the sample. Dyeing characteristics, measured by a differential staining technique, show reversion to the color of untreated cotton even though only half the nitrogen is removed. Physical properties are not adversely affected by alkaline hydrolysis. Tenacity in creases as groups are cleaved but does not return to the original value of the gray yarn. This is the usual case with other cellulose derivatives. The knot strength data do not indicate brittleness. Hydrolysis has little effect on elongation.
The Reaction of Formaldehyde with Cellulosic Fibers
Authors: Woo H.K. , Dillon J.H. , Dusenbury J.H. 
Published: March 2008

The effects of an acid-catalyzed formaldehyde treatment on such mechanical proper ties as breaking strength and crease recovery have been determined for three cellulosic fabrics: cotton, Fortisan, and viscose rayon. Samples of these materials, treated under a selected set of conditions, were compared with three "controls": untreated fabric, fabric treated with distilled water under the conditions of the formaldehyde treatment, and fabric treated with the acid solution used in the formaldehyde treatment under the same conditions. The two-dimensional load-elongation behavior of the fabrics was investi gated, and comparisons were made with the results of corresponding one-dimensional tests. The mechanical properties of single fibers and yarns taken from the variously treated fabrics were also measured. In general, cotton fabrics showed a deterioration in mechanical properties due to formaldehyde cross-linking with respect to the acid-treated control, while correspond ingly, Fortisan and viscose rayon were improved by such treatment. In the case of cotton fibers and fabrics, it was found that the formaldehyde treatment had reduced the fiber and fabric elastic moduli with respect to the acid-treated control, although the formaldehyde treatment had also reduced correspondingly the fiber and fabric breaking strains. The deterioration in mechanical properties caused by hydrochloric acid was most marked in the case of Fortisan. It was found that generally the properties of single fibers, yarns, and fabrics are closely related. The improvement in crease recovery caused by the formaldehyde treatment was great est for cotton, less for Fortisan, and least for viscose rayon. These different responses to the cross-linking reaction appear to be related to the different states of internal order of the three cellulosic fibers. Crease-recovery tests carried out on all the variously treated fabrics showed that marked improvements in crease recovery were usually ob tained only with those treated at an initial pad-bath pH of 2.0, which indicates that a high degree of cross-linking of the hydroxyl groups in the amorphous regions of the fibers is necessary to achieve high degrees of crease recovery.