bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The New Science of Policing: Crime and the Birmingham Police Force, 1839–1842
Authors: Weaver Michael 
Published: November 2007

After years of tinkering with the notion of police reform, Parliament in 1829 passed the Metropolis Police Improvement Act, which established the famous Metropolitan Police Force, England's first body of uniformed, fulltime “professional” police. Bodies of the “new police” were allowed to spread outside of London by the Municipal Corporations Act of 1835. These provincial forces answered to local authorities, a pattern disrupted in 1839 when Parliament passed three bills establishing centrally-controlled police forces for Birmingham, Bolton, and Manchester. These Acts were emergency measures, with a three-year duration, designed to hurriedly provide forces of new police in towns that seemed threatened by Chartist unrest. In the case of Birmingham a combination of aggressive Chartist activity—which produced two major riots in the summer of 1839—and fierce political in-fighting between the town's elite factions convinced Parliament that the new force, to be commanded by ex-army officer Francis Burgess, should answer to the Home Office in London rather than to Birmingham's radical/liberal (and therefore perhaps untrustworthy) Town Council.All of the forces of new police that appeared from 1829 to 1839 faced common problems, ranging from recruitment and retention difficulties to disciplinary troubles, but perhaps the most serious challenge confronting these new forces was the hostility of many of the citizens the forces were intended to protect. Opponents of the new police forces voiced their concerns that the forces amounted to a second standing army, that the new police could be used for domestic spying, and that they were too expensive to justify any benefits they might possibly provide. While all of the new forces experienced this type of opposition, the environment in Birmingham was particularly hostile for the force created by Act of Parliament in 1839.
Influence of Family History of Diabetes on Incidence and Prevalence of Latent Autoimmune Diabetes of the Adult
Authors: Carlsson Sofia , Midthjell Kristian , Grill Valdemar 
Published: November 2007

OBJECTIVE—The aim of this study was to investigate the association between family history of diabetes (FHD) and prevalence and incidence of latent autoimmune diabetes of the adult (LADA), type 1 diabetes, and type 2 diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—The results were based on cross-sectional data from 64,498 men and women (aged ≥20 years) who were in the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study, which included 128 cases of LADA, 1,134 cases of type 2 diabetes, and 123 cases of type 1 diabetes. In addition, prospective data on 46,210 subjects, which included 80 incident cases of LADA, observed between 1984 and 1986 and 1995 and 1997 were available. Patients with LADA had antibodies against GAD and were insulin independent at diagnosis.
RESULTS—FHD was associated with a four times (odds ratio [OR] 3.92 [95% CI 2.76–5.58]) increased prevalence of LADA. Corresponding estimates for type 2 and type 1 diabetes were 4.2 (3.72–4.75) and 2.78 (1.89–4.10), respectively. Patients with LADA who had FHD had lower levels of C-peptide (541 vs. 715 pmol/l) and were more often treated with insulin (47 vs. 31%) than patients without FHD. Prospective data indicated that subjects with siblings who had diabetes had a 2.5 (1.39–4.51) times increased risk of developing LADA during the 11-year follow-up compared with those without.
CONCLUSIONS—This study indicates that FHD is a strong risk factor for LADA and that the influence of family history may be mediated through a heritable reduction of insulin secretion.
Incidences, Treatments, Outcomes, and Sex Effect on Survival in Patients With End-Stage Renal Disease by Diabetes Status in Australia and New Zealand (1991–2005)
Authors: Villar Emmanuel , Chang Sean Haw , McDonald Stephen Peter 
Published: November 2007

OBJECTIVE—We aimed to update the epidemiology of type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients among the incident end-stage renal disease (ESRD) population in Australia and New Zealand (ANZ) and to determine whether outcome is worse for diabetic women, as described in the general population.
RESEARCH DESIGNS AND METHODS—All resident adults of ANZ who began renal replacement therapy (RRT) from 1 April 1991 to 31 December 2005 were included using data from the ANZ Dialysis and Transplant Registry. Incidence rates, RRT, and survival were analyzed. Risk factors for death were assessed using Cox regression.
RESULTS—The study included 1,284 type 1 diabetic (4.5%), 8,560 type 2 diabetic (30.0%), and 18,704 nondiabetic (65.5%) patients. The incidence rate of ESRD with type 2 diabetes increased markedly over time (+10.2% annually, P &lt; 0.0001). In patients aged &lt;70 years, rates of renal transplantation in type 1 diabetic, type 2 diabetic, and nondiabetic patients were 41.8, 6.5 (P &lt; 0.0001 vs. other patients), and 40.9% (P = 0.56 vs. type 1 diabetic patients), respectively. Compared with nondiabetic patients, the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for death was 1.64 (P &lt; 0.0001) in type 1 diabetes and 1.13 (P &lt; 0.0001) in type 2 diabetes. Survival rates per 5-year period improved by 6% in type 1 diabetic patients (P = 0.36), by 9% in type 2 diabetic patients (P &lt; 0.0001), and by 5% in nondiabetic patients (P = 0.001). In type 2 diabetic patients aged ≥60 years, the adjusted HR for death in women versus men was 1.19 (P = 0.0003).
CONCLUSIONS—The incidence of ESRD with type 2 diabetes increased markedly. Despite high access to renal transplants, type 1 diabetic patients had a poor prognosis after starting RRT. Survival improved significantly in type 2 diabetic patients during the study period. Older type 2 diabetic women had a worse prognosis than older type 2 diabetic men.
Influence of Feedback Schedule in Motor Performance and Learning of a Lumbar Multifidus Muscle Task Using Rehabilitative Ultrasound Imaging: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Herbert Wendy J , Heiss Deborah Givens , Basso D Michele 
Published: November 2007

Background and Purpose
Low back pain (LBP) may be associated with inadequate multifidus muscle function. Varying the frequency and timing of feedback may enhance acquisition and retention of multifidus muscle recruitment during exercise.

Subjects
Subjects without LBP (n=30) were randomly assigned to a constant (CON) or variable (VAR) feedback group. Twenty-eight subjects (mean age=28 years, SD=8.0; mean body mass index=24 kg/m2, SD=0.70) completed training, and 23 completed retention testing.

Methods
Eight training sessions over 4 weeks included multifidus muscle exercise with rehabilitative ultrasound imaging (RUSI) feedback. Retention was assessed at 1 week and ≥1 month.

Results
At the start, both groups had similar performances of multifidus muscle recruitment (Fisher exact test, P=.26). Early in training, the CON group had good success (mean=80%) that was maintained at session 8 (mean=84%), with no difference between sessions 1 and 8 (Wilcoxon signed rank test, P=.19, 95% confidence interval [CI]=−9%, 42%). The VAR group gradually increased success (Wilcoxon signed rank test, P=.002, 95% CI=17%, 59%) between sessions 1 and 8. Both groups sustained their session 8 success when tested for short-term retention at 1 week (CON group: Wilcoxon signed rank test, P=.79; VAR group: Wilcoxon signed rank test, P=.36). At the long-term retention test, the VAR group outperformed the CON group (Wilcoxon score test, P=.04), indicating superior motor learning.

Discussion and Conclusion
Variable feedback provided by RUSI resulted in greater success in lumbar multifidus muscle recruitment up to 3 to 4 months after training.
Les dérivés français à référence collective
Authors: Aliquot-Suengas Sophie 
Published: November 2007

Our analysis of french nouns with collective reference which are constructed on the basis of a noun with the suffixes -ade, -aie, -aille and -uге such as colonnade, chênaie, chevelure and grenaille or prêtraille has a double end: (i) to account of the exact part of the suffixation in the fact that a noun may have a collective reference; (ii) to progress in the analysis of collective throughout the part-whole relations, and, in a very specific manner, throughout two of these relations, the portion- mass relation (which connects grain to grenaille, for instance), and a relation which has never been studied for itself but has only been evocated in a constrastive way connected with other meronymic relations, the member-collection relation (which connects colonne with colonnade and cheveu with chevelure for instance).
It appears that one can predict the type of whole named by a derived noun according to the suffix which has been used to construct it. So it will be proved that the lexical units do have a lexical specific meaning which is independent of the context; so it will be shown how to express plurality in the inflexional and derivational fields.
Efficient and General One‐Pot Synthesis of Diaryliodonium Triflates: Optimization, Scope and Limitations
Authors: Bielawski Marcin , Zhu Mingzhao , Olofsson Berit 
Published: November 2007

AbstractSymmetrical and unsymmetrical diaryliodonium triflates have been synthesized from both electron‐deficient and electron‐rich arenes and aryl iodides with mCPBA and triflic acid. A thorough investigation of the optimization, scope and limitations has resulted in an improved one‐pot protocol that is fast, high‐yielding, and operationally simple. The reaction has been extended to the direct synthesis of symmetrical iodonium salts from iodine and arenes, conveniently circumventing the need for aryl iodides.
The heterozygous LMNA mutation p.R471G causes a variable phenotype with features of two types of familial partial lipodystrophy
Authors: Muschke Petra , Kölsch Uwe , Jakubiczka Sibylle , Wieland Ilse , Brune Thomas , Wieacker Peter 
Published: November 2007

AbstractWe report on a novel LMNA mutation (p.R471G) in a proband affected by a syndrome comprising partial lipodystrophy, insulin‐resistant diabetes, acanthosis nigricans, liver steatosis, muscle weakness, and contractures. This phenotype has features of both types 1 and 2 familial partial lipodystrophy. The sister and father of the proband had the same mutation. The sister was more mildly affected and the father was apparently unaffected, demonstrating variable expressivity and reduced penetrance for this mutation. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pharmacokinetic interaction between efavirenz and dual protease inhibitors in healthy volunteers
Authors: Ma Qing , Forrest Alan , Rosenkranz Susan L. , Para Michael F. , Yarasheski Kevin E. , Reichman Richard C. , Morse Gene D. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe combination of efavirenz with HIV‐1 protease inhibitors (PI) results in complex interactions secondary to mixed induction and inhibition of oxidative metabolism. ACTG A5043 was a prospective, open‐label, controlled, two‐period, multiple‐dose study with 55 healthy volunteers. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the potential pharmacokinetic interaction between efavirenz and dual PIs. The subjects received a daily dose of 600 mg efavirenz for 10 days with amprenavir 600 mg twice daily added at day 11 and were randomized to receive nelfinavir, indinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir, or no second PI on days 15–21. Intensive pharmacokinetic studies were conducted on day 14 and 21. Efavirenz plasma concentrations were fit to candidate models using weighted non‐linear regression. The disposition of efavirenz was described by a linear two‐compartment model with first order absorption following a fitted lag time. Apparent clearance (CLt/F), volume of distribution at steady state (Vss/F), inter‐compartmental clearance, and the central and peripheral volume of distribution were estimated. The meanCLt/FandVss/Fof efavirenz were 0.126 l/h/kg and 4.412 l/kg, respectively. BothAUCandCLt/Fof efavirenz remained unchanged after 7 days of dual PI dosing. The meanVss/Fof efavirenz increased an average of 89% across arms, ranging from 52% (nelfinavir) to 115% (indinavir) relative to efavirenz with amprenavir alone. Increases were also observed inVp/Fafter the addition of nelfinavir, indinavir, ritonavir and saquinavir by 85%, 170%, 162% and 111%, respectively. In conclusion, concomitant administration of dual PIs is unlikely to have any clinically significant effect on the pharmacokinetics of CYP2B6 substrates in general or oral efavirenz specifically. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of rapid molecular screening for meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in surgical wards
Authors: Keshtgar M R S , Khalili A , Coen P G , Carder C , Macrae B , Jeanes A , Folan P , Baker D , Wren M , Wilson A P R 
Published: November 2007

Abstract

Background
This study aimed to establish the feasibility and cost-effectiveness of rapid molecular screening for hospital-acquired meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in surgical patients within a teaching hospital.

Methods
In 2006, nasal swabs were obtained before surgery from all patients undergoing elective and emergency procedures, and screened for MRSA using a rapid molecular technique. MRSA-positive patients were started on suppression therapy of mupirocin nasal ointment (2 per cent) and undiluted chlorhexidine gluconate bodywash.

Results
A total of 18 810 samples were processed, of which 850 (4·5 per cent) were MRSA positive. In comparison to the annual mean for the preceding 6 years, MRSA bacteraemia fell by 38·5 per cent (P &lt; 0·001), and MRSA wound isolates fell by 12·7 per cent (P = 0·031). The reduction in MRSA bacteraemia and wound infection was equivalent to a saving of 3·78 beds per year (£276 220), compared with the annual mean for the preceding 6 years. The cost of screening was £302 500, making a net loss of £26 280. Compared with 2005, however, there was a net saving of £545 486.

Conclusion
Rapid MRSA screening of all surgical admissions resulted in a significant reduction in staphylococcal bacteraemia during the screening period, although a causal link cannot be established.
A scalable interest management scheme for distributed virtual environments
Authors: Han Seunghyun , Lim Mingyu , Lee Dongman , Hyun Soon J. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractWith the expansion of the internet and its bandwidth, distributed virtual environment (DVE) applications have become more prevalent. In DVE applications, users frequently crowd in a specific place, and a key aspect to consider is how to provide interactive performance for users. However, existing approaches using multicast require users to receive uninteresting messages. Even though recent works have addressed fine‐grained filtering, they still incur other drawbacks in terms of assigning lots of multicast addresses or handling overhead of multicast groups. This makes the system less scalable as the number of users increases. In this paper, we propose a new scalable filtering scheme that reduces not only the number of messages during interaction in a region and among neighboring regions, but also the number of multicast addresses without significant computational overhead. Interest management in a region dynamically creates groups of users with the same interests. While members communicate with each other with high fidelity, a representative sends information to non‐members with low frequency. For interaction among neighboring regions, we propose a sub‐region concept to select only a subset of users from the neighboring regions based on proximity, the distribution of the users' locations, and the viewing direction of a user. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Cartesian grid technique based on one‐dimensional integrated radial basis function networks for natural convection in concentric annuli
Authors: Mai‐Duy N. , Le‐Cao K. , Tran‐Cong T. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis paper reports a radial basis function (RBF)‐based Cartesian grid technique for the simulation of two‐dimensional buoyancy‐driven flow in concentric annuli. The continuity and momentum equations are represented in the equivalent stream function formulation that reduces the number of equations from three to one, but involves higher‐order derivatives. The present technique uses a Cartesian grid to discretize the problem domain. Along a grid line, one‐dimensional integrated RBF networks (1D‐IRBFNs) are employed to represent the field variables. The capability of 1D‐IRBFNs to handle unstructured points with accuracy is exploited to describe non‐rectangular boundaries in a Cartesian grid, while the method's ability to avoid the reduction of convergence rate caused by differentiation is instrumental in improving the quality of the approximation of higher‐order derivatives. The method is applied to simulate thermally driven flows in annuli between two circular cylinders and between an outer square cylinder and an inner circular cylinder. High Rayleigh number solutions are achieved and they are in good agreement with previously published numerical data. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interactions Between Non‐Stoichiometric Stresses and Defect Transport in a Tubular Electrolyte
Authors: Swaminathan N. , Qu J. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIt is well known that gadolinium doped ceria (10 GDC) undergoes significant compositional expansion when exposed to low oxygen partial pressures. When constrained, such expansion results in mechanical stresses in the ionic solid. Although significant work has been done in evaluating the magnitudes of this expansion, interactions between stresses induced as a result of chemical expansion and transport of point defects in a solid electrolyte have not received much attention. In this work, the formulation developed by Swaminathan et al. in ref. [1] for coupling transport and mechanical stresses in an ionic solid is used to numerically study the effects of transport–stress interaction in a tubular solid electrolyte made of 10 GDC. The results obtained in this study indicate a strong interaction between transport and stresses, showing a significant variation in the electrochemical performance of the electrolyte under varying conditions of stress–transport interaction. The solutions obtained in this study reduce to the well‐known results in the literature when chemical expansion is not considered, thereby partially validating our results.
Chronic pain and depression among geriatric psychiatry inpatients
Authors: Meeks Thomas W. , Dunn Laura B. , Kim Daniel S. , Golshan Shahrokh , Sewell Daniel D. , Atkinson J. H. , Lebowitz Barry D. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractObjectivesWe examined whether chronic pain among depressed geriatric inpatients was associated with several clinical variables—comorbid psychiatric and medical diagnoses, length of hospitalization, suicidal ideation, and sleep duration.MethodsMedical charts of inpatients admitted to a geriatric psychiatry unit over 2 years were examined retrospectively; 148 patients with a depressive disorder were identified. Admission pain assessments were used to classify whether patients had chronic pain. Other variables of interest were collected from charts.Results62% of patients reported chronic pain. In multivariate regression analysis, depressed older adults with chronic pain were more likely to report suicidal ideation, be diagnosed with personality disorder, have higher medical burden, and experience decreased total sleep time compared to depressed older adults without chronic pain.ConclusionsChronic pain—common in depressed older adults—may influence clinical features of depression and should be assessed as a possible suicide risk factor. Prospective studies should examine causal relationships and determine the effects of adequate pain treatment on depression course and suicide risk in older adults. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural and functional MRI correlates of Stroop control in benign MS
Authors: Rocca Maria A. , Valsasina Paola , Ceccarelli Antonia , Absinta Martina , Ghezzi Angelo , Riccitelli Gianna , Pagani Elisabetta , Falini Andrea , Comi Giancarlo , Scotti Giuseppe , Filippi Massimo 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe objective of this study was to assess the functional and structural substrates of cognitive network changes in patients with benign multiple sclerosis (BMS), using an analysis of effective connectivity and MR tractography. Using a 3‐Tesla scanner, we acquired dual‐echo, diffusion tensor (DT) and functional MRI during the performance of the Stroop task from 15 BMS patients and 19 healthy controls. DT MRI tractography was used to calculate DT derived metrics from several white matter (WM) fiber bundles, thought to be involved in cognitive performance. DT MRI metrics from WM fiber bundles not directly related with cognitive performance were also derived. Effective connectivity analysis was performed using statistical parametric mapping. MS patients had significantly abnormal DT MRI metrics in all the structures analyzed. Compared with controls, MS patients had more significant activations of several areas of the cognitive network involved in Stroop performance, bilaterally. Compared with controls, BMS patients also had increased connectivity strengths between several cortical areas of the sensorimotor network and the right (R) inferior frontal gyrus and the R cerebellum, as well as decreased connectivity strengths with the anterior cingulate cortex. Coefficients of altered connectivity were moderately correlated with structural MRI metrics of tissue damage within intra‐ and inter‐hemispheric cognitive‐related WM fiber bundles, while no correlations were found with the remaining fiber bundles studied, suggesting that functional cortical changes in patients with BMS might represent an adaptive response driven by damage of specific WM structures. Hum Brain Mapp, 2009. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Model‐free group analysis shows altered BOLD FMRI networks in dementia
Authors: Rombouts Serge A.R.B. , Damoiseaux Jessica S. , Goekoop Rutger , Barkhof Frederik , Scheltens Philip , Smith Stephen M. , Beckmann Christian F. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractFMRI research in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) typically is aimed at determining regional changes in brain function, most commonly by creating a model of the expected BOLD‐response and estimating its magnitude using a general linear model (GLM) analysis. This crucially depends on the suitability of the temporal assumptions of the model and on assumptions about normality of group distributions. Exploratory data analysis techniques such as independent component analysis (ICA) do not depend on these assumptions and are able to detect unknown, yet structured spatiotemporal processes in neuroimaging data. Tensorial probabilistic ICA (T‐PICA) is a model free technique that can be used for analyzing multiple subjects and groups, extracting signals of interest (components) in the spatial, temporal, and also subject domain of FMRI data. We applied T‐PICA and model‐based GLM to study FMRI signal during face encoding in 18 AD, 28 MCI patients, and 41 healthy elderly controls. T‐PICA showed activation in regions associated with motor, visual, and cognitive processing, and deactivation in the default mode network. Six networks showed a significantly decreased response in patients. For two networks the T‐PICA technique was significantly more sensitive to detect group differences than the standard model‐based technique. We conclude that T‐PICA is a promising tool to identify and detect differences in (de)activated brain networks in elderly controls and dementia patients. The technique is more sensitive than the commonly applied model‐based method. Consistent with other research, we show that networks of activation and deactivation show decreased reactivity in dementia. Hum Brain Mapp 2009. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.