bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anti‐Erythrocyte Antibodies and Disease Associations in Anemic and Nonanemic Dogs
Authors: Morley P. , Mathes M. , Guth A. , Dow S. 
Published: January 2009

Background: Flow cytometry has been used to detect anti‐red blood cell (RBC) antibodies in dogs with immune‐mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA), but the prevalence of anti‐RBC antibodies in anemic and nonanemic dogs with a variety of different diseases has not been assessed previously.Hypothesis: We hypothesized that anti‐RBC antibodies would be more common in anemic dogs and in dogs with immune‐mediated disorders and cancer.Animals: Blood samples from 292 dogs were analyzed prospectively by flow cytometry for anti‐RBC antibodies.Methods: Blood samples from 147 anemic and 145 nonanemic dogs were evaluated by flow cytometry to detect surface‐bound immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgM antibodies on RBC. Disease associations with RBC antibodies were determined, as was the correlation between disease status and the percentage of Ig+ RBC. The specificity and sensitivity of flow cytometry and clinical variables for the diagnosis of IMHA were compared by Bayesian analysis.Results: Anemic dogs were significantly more likely to be positive for anti‐RBC antibodies (IgG, IgM, or both) than nonanemic dogs. Anemic dogs also had significantly higher percentages of Ig+ RBC than nonanemic dogs, whereas dogs with IMHA had significantly higher percentages of Ig+ RBC than dogs with all other diseases. Dogs with IMHA, infectious diseases, and immune‐mediated thrombocytopenia were significantly more likely to have anti‐RBC antibodies than dogs with other medical or surgical diseases.Conclusions: Anemic dogs with immune‐mediated diseases and infectious diseases were at the highest risk for the development of anti‐RBC antibodies, and flow cytometry for the detection of IgG on RBC was highly sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of IMHA.
Comparison of Postprandial and Ceruletide Serum Bile Acid Stimulation in Dogs
Authors: Bridger N. , Glanemann B. , Neiger R. 
Published: January 2009

Background:Postprandial (PP) serum bile acid (SBA) stimulation is an important test for detecting hepatic dysfunction in dogs. However, this test is influenced by numerous variables, and a standardized approach using an injectable cholecystokinin analog (ceruletide) may be advantageous.Hypothesis:Ceruletide SBA stimulation test is more sensitive than PP SBA stimulation in dogs.Animals:Animals with portosystemic shunt (PSS) (n = 11) and dogs with upper respiratory disease (URD) (n = 9) were investigated. Healthy dogs (n = 13) and dogs with other diseases (n = 17) served as controls.Methods:All dogs underwent SBA stimulation with food and ceruletide. Stimulation blood samples were drawn at 60/120 minutes and 20/30/40 minutes, respectively. Results were compared statistically, and the sensitivity and specificity were determined with receiver‐operating characteristic curves.Results:Stimulated SBA were significantly higher in both study groups than in controls. For dogs with PSS, the sensitivity and specificity (>35 μmol/L) were 100% postprandially (120 minutes) and 91 and 100%, respectively, postceruletide (30 minutes). The difference between these values was not statistically significant. For dogs with URD, the sensitivity and specificity (>22 μmol/L) were 44 and 88% postprandially (120 minutes) and 100 and 88% postceruletide (30 minutes).Conclusions and Clinical Importance:Ceruletide SBA stimulation circumvents exogenous and endogenous influences associated with PP SBA stimulation. The results indicate that ceruletide SBA stimulation performs as well as PP SBA stimulation in dogs with PSS and is more sensitive for the detection of hepatic dysfunction in dogs with URD.
Factors Associated with the Occurrence of Epistaxis in Natural Canine Leishmaniasis (Leishmania infantum)
Authors: Petanides T.A. , Koutinas A.F. , Mylonakis M.E. , Day M.J. , Saridomichelakis M.N. , Leontides L.S. , Mischke R. , Diniz P. , Breitschwerdt E.B. , Kritsepi M. , Garipidou V.A. , Koutinas C.K. , Lekkas S. 
Published: January 2009

Background: Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is a common cause of epistaxis in dogs residing in endemic areas. The pathogenesis of CanL‐associated epistaxis has not been fully explored because of the limited number of cases reported so far.Hypothesis: Epistaxis in CanL could be attributed to more than 1 pathomechanism such as hemostatic dysfunction, biochemical abnormalities, chronic rhinitis, and coinfections occurring in various combinations.Animals: Fifty‐one dogs with natural CanL.Methods: The allocation of 51 dogs in this cross‐sectional study was based on the presence (n = 24) or absence (n = 27) of epistaxis. The potential associations among epistaxis and concurrent infections (Ehrlichia canis, Bartonella spp., and Aspergillus spp.), biochemical and hemostatic abnormalities, and nasal histopathology were investigated.Results: Hypergammaglobulinemia (P= .044), increased serum viscosity (P= .038), decreased platelet aggregation response to collagen (P= .042), and nasal mucosa ulceration (P= .039) were more common in the dogs with epistaxis than in those without epistaxis. The other significant differences between the 2 groups involved total serum protein (P= .029) and γ‐globulin (P= .013) concentrations, which were higher, and the percentage platelet aggregation to collagen, which was lower (P= .012) in the epistaxis dogs.Clinical Importance: CanL‐associated epistaxis appears to be the result of multiple and variable pathogenetic factors such as thrombocytopathy, hyperglobulinemia‐induced serum hyperviscosity, and nasal mucosa ulceration.
Search forBorrelia burgdorferiin Kidneys of Dogs with Suspected “Lyme Nephritis”
Authors: Hutton T.A. , Goldstein R.E. , Njaa B.L. , Atwater D.Z. , Chang Y.‐F. , Simpson K.W. 
Published: January 2009

Background:“Lyme nephritis” is a poorly characterized condition associated with proteinuria and often fatal renal failure in dogs with serological evidence of infection withBorrelia burgdorferi.Objective:The aim of this study was to determine if intactB. burgdorferiorganisms were present in the kidneys of serologically Lyme‐positive dogs with histopathologic features of Lyme nephritis.Animals:Twenty‐six affected and 10 control dogs were identified over an 8‐year period (1996–2004) in databases at Cornell University's College of Veterinary Medicine. Case inclusion required serologic evidence of natural exposure toB. burgdorferiand availability of renal tissue (frozen or paraffin embedded) exhibiting pathology consistent with Lyme nephritis.Methods:Renal tissue samples were assessed using modified Steiner (silver) (MS) staining, immunohistochemistry (IHC), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using 4 primer sets (eubacterial,B. burgdorferi,Bartonella, and canine genomic DNA), and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using a 5′‐cy3‐eubacterial probe for 16S rRNA.Results:MS stain was positive in 1 case; IHC was negative in all cases. None of theB. burgdorferiorBartonellaPCR reactions was positive. Two of theB. burgdorferiFISH analyses were positive.Conclusions and Clinical Importance:Minimal evidence of the presence of intactB. burgdorferior any other bacterial organism was found in the renal tissue of dogs with suspected Lyme nephritis. Direct renal invasion byB. burgdorferiorganisms does not appear to be responsible for this syndrome.
Epidemiology of Necrotizing Meningoencephalitis in Pug Dogs
Authors: Levine J.M. , Fosgate G.T. , Porter B. , Schatzberg S.J. , Greer K. 
Published: January 2009

Background: Although the histopathologic features of necrotizing meningoencephalitis (NME) have been described previously, little information is available concerning the signalment, geographic distribution, seasonal onset, treatment, and survival of affected dogs.Animals: Sixty Pugs with NME and 14 contemporaneous control Pugs with other intracranial diseases (non‐NME group).Methods: Pugs that were euthanized or died because of intracranial disease were prospectively obtained. All dogs had necropsy, histopathology, and testing for various infectious diseases and were subsequently divided into NME and non‐NME groups. Signalment, geographic distribution, seasonal onset, treatment, and survival were compared between groups.Results: In Pugs with NME, median age at onset of clinical signs was 18 months (range, 4–113 months). A greater proportion of female dogs were present in the NME group (40/60) compared with the control group (6/14). Pugs with NME had a significantly lower mean weight (7.81 kg) than control Pugs (9.79 kg) (P= .012). Mean survival in Pugs with NME was 93 days (range, 1–680 days), with dogs receiving any form of treatment living significantly longer than those that were not treated (P= .003). Anticonvulsive drugs were the only treatment significantly associated with longer survival (P= .003).Conclusions and Clinical Importance: NME appears to be a common cause of intracranial signs in Pugs, based on the high proportion of NME dogs reported in this population. Pugs with NME are most commonly young adult female dogs. Although further investigation is needed to determine the optimal treatment of NME, anticonvulsive drugs appear to beneficially affect duration of survival.
Comparative Analysis of Survivin Expression in Untreated and Relapsed Canine Lymphoma
Authors: Rebhun R.B. , Lana S.E. , Ehrhart E.J. , Charles J.B. , Thamm D.H. 
Published: January 2009

Background:Survivin, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein family, has a dual role in tumor cell proliferative and antiapoptotic pathways. Survivin expression has been shown to be a negative prognostic factor in several cancers of humans, including B‐cell non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma.Hypotheses:High survivin expression will be a negative prognostic factor in dogs with lymphoma (LSA) treated with chemotherapy. In addition, survivin expression will be upregulated in relapsed canine LSA when compared with patient‐matched, pretreatment biopsies.Animals:Thirty‐one client‐owned dogs with stage IIIa or IVa LSA.Methods:Retrospective evaluation of survivin immunoreactivity was performed on pretreatment lymph node biopsies and patient‐matched samples obtained from dogs at relapse after being treated with an abbreviated CHOP‐based protocol.Results:In this population of dogs presenting with stage IIIa or IVa B‐cell LSA, those dogs that had high survivin immunoreactivity scores had a significantly (P< .01, hazard ratio = 0.30) shorter median disease‐free interval than did dogs with low survivin immunoreactivity scores (171 days versus 321 days, respectively). Survivin immunoreactivity was not significantly different in relapsed canine LSA when compared with patient‐matched, pretreatment biopsies.Conclusions and Clinical Importance:Survivin expression is a negative prognostic factor that can predict early treatment failure of dogs that present with stage IIIa or IVa, B‐cell LSA when treated with a CHOP‐based protocol.
Correlation between the Histopathological Diagnosis by AgNOR Count and AgNOR Area in Canine Mammary Tumors
Authors: Bundgaard‐Andersen K. , Flagstad A. , Jensen A.L. , Hellmén E. , Trerè D. 
Published: January 2009

Background:Mammary tumors are the most common type of tumor in female dogs. The histopathological diagnosis is usually made by a hematoxylin‐eosin (HE) staining of the tumor, which then requires a pathologist's judgment for assessment of malignancy. The purpose of this study was to investigate an alternative silver staining of some argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions (AgNOR) for improving the diagnostic accuracy with mammary tumors.Hypothesis:There is a correlation between the histopathological diagnosis by AgNOR count and AgNOR area in canine mammary tumors.Animals:Seventy‐three canine mammary tumors from 33 female dogs.Materials and Methods:The AgNOR staining was evaluated retrospectively in 73 canine mammary tumors with a parallel HE staining as a “Gold Standard.” Both a quantitative manual counting method and a qualitative computerized morphometric method were tested.Result:The result from both methods indicated a clinically relevant difference in the mean values of the AgNOR in the following 4 categories: malignant, benign, hyperplastic, and normal mammary tissue. The counting method was superior, with 89% of the cases given a correct diagnosis of a malignant or a nonmalignant canine mammary tumor. The 2 methods were then compared to test their ability to classify the tumors correctly. Again, the counting method was the most reliable method, with a sensitivity of 80% and a specificity of 76% when the upper 50% of the AgNOR counts were presumed malignant.Conclusion and Clinical Importance:The results indicated that an AgNOR test could be an aid to pathologists as a prognostic indicator or to assist them in deciding between a benign or a malignant diagnosis in questionable cases.
Comparison of the Accu‐Chek Aviva Point‐of‐Care Glucometer with Blood Gas and Laboratory Methods of Analysis of Glucose Measurement in Equine Emergency Patients
Authors: Hollis A.R. , Dallap Schaer B.L. , Boston R.C. , Wilkins P.A. 
Published: January 2009

Background: More information is needed regarding accuracy of commonly used methods of glucose measurement in the critically ill horse.Hypothesis: Glucometry will have good agreement with a laboratory standard. Glucometry with plasma will have better agreement than when performed with whole blood.Animals: Fifty sequentially admitted equine emergency patients, aged >1year.Methods: Venous blood was collected at admission and immediately analyzed by point‐of‐care glucometry on both whole blood (POC/WB) and plasma (POC/PL), a multielectrode blood gas analyzer with whole blood (BLG), and a standard laboratory method with plasma (CHEM). Paired data were compared using Lin's concordance correlation, Pearson's correlation, and robust regression. Bias and limits of agreement were tested by the Bland‐Altman technique. Bivariate regression analysis was used to explore confounding factors.Results: Concordance was significant for all comparisons, and was strongest for CHEM‐POC/PL (0.977) and weakest for POC/WB‐POC/PL (0.668). Pearson's correlation was excellent for all comparisons except those with POC/WB. All comparisons had excellent robust regression coefficients except those with POC/WB.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: POC glucometry with plasma had excellent agreement with a laboratory standard, as did blood gas analysis. POC glucometry with whole blood correlated poorly with a laboratory standard. These differences may be clinically important, and could affect decisions based on glucose concentrations.
Effect of Sample Quality on the Sensitivity of Endoscopic Biopsy for Detecting Gastric and Duodenal Lesions in Dogs and Cats
Authors: Willard M.D. , Mansell J. , Fosgate G.T. , Gualtieri M. , Olivero D. , Lecoindre P. , Twedt D.C. , Collett M.G. , Day M.J. , Hall E.J. , Jergens A.E. , Simpson J.W. , Else R.W. , Washabau R.J. 
Published: January 2009

Background: The quality of histopathology slides of endoscopic biopsies from different laboratories varies, but the effect of biopsy quality on outcome is unknown.Hypothesis: The ability to demonstrate a histologic lesion in the stomach or duodenum of a dog or cat is affected by the quality of endoscopic biopsy samples submitted. More endoscopic samples are needed to find a lesion in poor‐quality tissue specimens.Animals: Tissues from 99 dogs and 51 cats were examined as clinical cases at 8 veterinary institutions or practices in 5 countries.Methods: Histopathology slides from sequential cases that underwent endoscopic biopsy were submitted by participating institutions. Quality of the histologic section of tissue (inadequate, marginal, adequate), type of lesion (lymphangiectasia, crypt lesion, villus blunting, cellular infiltrate), and severity of lesion (normal, mild, moderate, severe) were determined. Sensitivity of different quality tissue samples for finding different lesions was determined.Results: Fewer samples were required from dogs for diagnosis as the quality of the sample improved from inadequate to marginal to adequate. Duodenal lesions in cats displayed the same trend except for moderate duodenal infiltrates for which quality of tissue sample made no difference. Gastric lesions in dogs and mild gastric lesions in cats had the same trend, whereas the number of tissue samples needed to diagnose moderately severe gastric lesions in cats was not affected by the quality of tissue sample.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: The quality of endoscopically obtained tissue samples has a profound effect on their sensitivity for identifying certain lesions, and there are differences between biopsies of canine and feline tissues.
Choroid Plexus Tumors in 56 Dogs (1985–2007)
Authors: Westworth D.R. , Dickinson P.J. , Vernau W. , Johnson E.G. , Bollen A.W. , Kass P.H. , Sturges B.K. , Vernau K.M. , LeCouteur R.A. , Higgins R.J. 
Published: January 2009

Background:Choroid plexus tumors (CPTs) comprise approximately 10% of all primary brain tumors in dogs. The clinical utility of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, or both in the presumptive diagnosis of CPTs has not been determined.Objectives:To report MRI and CSF findings in dogs with CPT and determine if there are distinguishing features that allow clinical discrimination between the tumor grades.Animals:Fifty‐six client‐owned dogs with naturally occurring CPT.Methods:Retrospective case series. The inclusion criterion was histologically confirmed CPT. Blinded review of cranial MRI and cisternal CSF analysis was performed.Results:Thirty‐six of 56 dogs had a choroid plexus carcinoma (CPC) and 20 had a choroid plexus papilloma (CPP). Golden Retrievers were overrepresented compared with the hospital population (frequency 3.7 times that expected, confidence interval 95%= 2.0–6.7,P< .0002). Median CSF protein concentration in CPCs (108 mg/dL, range 27–380 mg/dL) was significantly higher than in CPPs (34 mg/dL, range 32–80 mg/dL) (P= .002). Only dogs with CPCs had a CSF protein concentration >80 mg/dL. Cytological evidence of malignancy in CSF was seen in 7 of 15 CPCs. Only CPCs had evidence of intraventricular or subarachnoid metastases on MRI.Conclusions and Clinical Importance:MRI, CSF analysis or both can help to differentiate between CPPs and CPCs, and may provide valuable prognostic and pretreatment information.
Detection of Equine Herpesvirus‐1 in Nasal Swabs of Horses by Quantitative Real‐Time PCR
Authors: Perkins G.A. , Goodman L.B. , Dubovi E.J. , Kim S.G. , Osterrieder N. 
Published: January 2009

Background: Early identification of inhalation‐transmitted equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV‐1) infections has been facilitated by the availability of a number of real‐time quantitative PCR (qPCR) tests. A direct comparison between nasal swab qPCR and traditional virus isolation (VI) requires a method for normalizing the qPCR samples and controlling for PCR inhibitors present in some clinical samples.Objectives: To quantify EHV‐1 shedding in viral swabs using an internal control and to compare fast qPCR to VI for the detection of EHV‐1 in nasal swabs from horses.Animals: Fifteen horses experimentally infected with EHV‐1.Methods: Experimental study: Nasal swab samples were collected daily after experimental infection for up to 21 days. VI was performed by conventional methods. The DNA was prepared for qPCR with the addition of a known quantity DNA of Marek's disease virus as an internal control. qPCR was performed.Results: The qPCR method detected virus up to day 21 after challenge, whereas VI detected virus only to day 5. The median Kaplan‐Meier estimates for EHV‐1 detection were 12 days for qPCR and 2 days for VI (P < .0001). When compared with VI, the sensitivity and specificity of qPCR were 97 (95% CI: 86–100) and 27% (95% CI: 20–35).Conclusions and Clinical Importance: We conclude that fast qPCR of nasal swab samples should be chosen for diagnosis and monitoring of herpesvirus‐induced disease in horses. Recommended reference ranges of CT values are provided as well as justification of a minimum 10‐day quarantine period.
Metronomic Therapy with Cyclophosphamide and Piroxicam Effectively Delays Tumor Recurrence in Dogs with Incompletely Resected Soft Tissue Sarcomas
Authors: Elmslie R.E. , Glawe P. , Dow S.W. 
Published: January 2009

Background:Continuous administration of low doses of cyclophosphamide and standard doses of cyclooxygenase‐inhibiting drugs has been shown to suppress tumor angiogenesis, reverse immunosuppression, and deplete regulatory T cells in cancer models.Hypothesis:We hypothesized that continuous treatment with low‐dose cyclophosphamide and full‐dose piroxicam would delay tumor recurrence in dogs with soft tissue sarcomas (STS).Animals:Eighty‐five dogs with incompletely resected STS, 30 treated dogs, and 55 contemporary control dogs.Methods:Treatment outcomes in 85 dogs with incompletely resected STS were evaluated in a retrospective study. Dogs in the treatment group received continuously administered low‐dose cyclophosphamide (10 mg/m2) and standard dose piroxicam (0.3 mg/kg) therapy. Time to local tumor recurrence (disease‐free interval; DFI) was compared between the 30 treated dogs and 55 untreated control dogs matched for age and tumor site and grade.Results:DFI was significantly (P< .0001) prolonged for STS of all sites (trunk and extremity) in treated dogs compared with untreated control dogs. The DFI also was significantly longer in treated dogs when tumor site (trunk and extremity) was compared. Twelve treated dogs (40%) experienced mild toxicity (grade 1 and 2) at some point during treatment and 1 dog developed grade 4 cystitis. Every other day dosing was tolerated better than daily dosing.Conclusions:Metronomic therapy with cyclophosphamide and piroxicam was very effective in preventing tumor recurrence in dogs with incompletely resected STS. These findings suggest that further evaluation of this approach is warranted as adjuvant therapy in dogs with highly metastatic tumors such as osteosarcoma and melanoma.
Photodynamic Therapy of Superficial Nasal Planum Squamous Cell Carcinomas in Cats: 55 Cases
Authors: Bexfield N.H. , Stell A.J. , Gear R.N. , Dobson J.M. 
Published: January 2009

Background:Squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) are common skin tumors in cats. We investigated photodynamic therapy (PDT) using the photosensitizing agent 5‐aminolaevulinic acid (5‐ALA) topically and a high‐intensity red light source.Hypothesis:PDT is a safe and effective treatment for feline SCCs.Animals:Fifty‐five client‐owned cats with superficial nasal planum SCCs.Methods:Prospective, uncontrolled clinical trial. PDT was performed using topical 5‐ALA and light of peak wavelength 635 nm. Adverse effects, response, and tumor control were evaluated.Results:53/55 (96%) cats responded to therapy, and there was a complete response in 47/55 (85%). Six cats (11%) had a partial response. Of the 47 cats with complete response to a single treatment, 24 recurred (51%), with a median time to recurrence of 157 days (95% confidence interval, 109–205 days). Repeat PDT was performed in 22 cats, and at a median follow‐up of 1,146 days, 23 (45%) cats were alive and disease free, 17 (33%) had to be euthanized due to tumor recurrence, and 11 (22%) were euthanized for other reasons.Only transient mild local adverse effects were observed after treatment.Conclusions and Clinical Importance:PDT using 5‐ALA and a red light source was safe, well tolerated, and effective in the treatment of superficial nasal planum SCCs of cats and offers an alternative to conventional therapy. Although initial response rates were high, this treatment did not lead to a durable remission or cure in all cases.