bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MANY RESOURCES, MANY USES: A SYSTEM ANALYSIS APPROACH TO RENEWABLE RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT1
Authors: Ashton Peter G. , Pickens James B. , Ohlander Coryell , Benninghoff Bruce 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Decisionmaking associated with the Nation's 1.7 billion acres of forest and range land has become increasingly complicated because of the rise in competition for resource use and in the awareness of environmental and social effects. This system analysis approach uses four models to synthesize pertinent masses of information into measures of economic, environmental, and social impacts. The system results can be used to help evaluate alternative national programs. The models are:

• The National Interregional Multiresource Use Model uses linear programming to allocate national and regional demands for renewable resource uses on the land base. This model minimizes operational costs of alternative programs while achieving environmental restraints, range production, sustained wood yield, and wilderness.
• The second model evaluates regional employment and earnings triggered by a national program.
• The third model, Futures Foregone, keeps count of future options lost in terms of the amount affecting citizens groups, rate of impact, and length of impact.
• The last model, Social Conflict, operates on the postulate that there will be proponents and opponents for any resource use and that some degree of conflict is inevitable. The model uses impact information including that generated from previous models and serves to quantify the amount and pattern of conflict.

The system serves to unify the four models in the context of evaluating cost effective alternatives against criteria of demands, environmental restraints, employment and income maintenance, minimizing loss of future options, and minimizing conflict patterns that damage community stability.
IMPACT OF THERMAL STANDARDS ON POWER PLANT WATER CONSUMPTION1
Authors: Giaquinta Arthur R. , II Thomas E. Croley 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTPower plant water consumption (evaporative water loss) for various river temperature standards is presented for existing and proposed power plants located along the Missouri and Upper Mississippi Rivers in the MAPP geographical area. Thermodynamic and economic models are combined to evaluate the cooling related water consumption at various river thermal standards. The existing thermal standards and a number of other hypothetical thermal regulations including the extreme cases of no thermal standards and no allowable heated discharges are examined to show the dependence on thermal standards of power production related water consumption. A critical appraisal of the cost of thermal standards in terms of water consumption is thereby possible so that subjective assessments of the standards can proceed with full knowledge of the tradeoffs involved between the “water costs” of power production and environmental enhancement.
WATER MULTIPLIERS ‐ REGIONAL IMPACT ANALYSIS1
Authors: Ching C. T. K. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTA significant research problem is the assessment of impacts associated with growth and/or decline in a regional economy. A relevant method for analyzing such problems is the Leontief input/output model. Associated with these models are economic multipliers measuring total changes in sales, income, and employment. In this paper, the author contends resource multipliers are equally relevant. The specific form of these multipliers are defined. Water multipliers for a two‐county region in central Nevada are presented and their uses described.
EMPHASIS ON DISTRIBUTION: STRATEGIES FOR SMALL SCALE WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT IN THAILAND1
Authors: Arbhabhirama Anat , Angel Shlomo , Brewster Marcia R. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper discusses strategies for the development of water resources, emphasizing the delivery of reliable water supplies, for both domestic and production purposes, to every village and to every farmer. This necessitates a shift of emphasis from the construction of large storage reservoirs to the construction, operation, and maintenance of water distribution systems capable of reaching the largest number of farms, and a shift from projects that benefit the few, to projects that benefit the many. Water distribution in this context takes on three interrelated meanings: a geographical meaning, a technical meaning, and an economic meaning. The geographical meaning focuses on the spatial distribution of the recipient population as a key to identifying the proper distribution of water projects in physical space. The technical meaning relates to the physical distribution of water through canal systems to the farmers' fields. The economic meaning refers to the equitable distribution of benefits from water projects. The paper provides an illustration of the need for an emphasis on distribution, using the state of development of water resources in northeast Thailand as an example, with a proposed program for the further development of these resources. The northeast, the poorest region in the country, has been recognized by the Government of Thailand as a priority area for accelerated regional development efforts.
TEMPERATURE BEHAVIOR OF THE BLUESPOTTED SUNFISH ENNEACANTHUS GLORIOSUS (HOLBROOK), WITH AN EVALUATION OF THE INTERPRETATION OF THERMAL BEHAVIOR DATA1
Authors: Stauffer Jay R. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe bluespotted sunfish, Enneacanthus gloriosus (Holbrook), had a final temperature preferendum of 31.5 C. Fish acclimated to 30 C avoided 36 C. The analysis of acute temperature preference data and the relationship between final temperature preferendum and upper avoidance temperatures are discussed.
CONTINUOUS SIMULATION OF RECEIVING WATER QUALITY TRANSIENTS1
Authors: Medina Miguel A. , Buzun Jennifer 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This paper presents solutions to the one‐dimensional, transient conservation of mass equations for the coupled biochemical oxygen demand‐dissolved oxygen (BOD‐DO) reactions, based on the principle of superposition, for continuously discharging plane sources. The solutions are applied within the framework of a continuous simulation model to allow the derivation of water quality frequency curves and frequency histograms of consecutive hourly dissolved oxygen violations, for any desired standard. Receiving water response is determined for waste inputs from urban wet weather, dry weather, and upstream sources. An application to Des Moines, Iowa, and Des Moines River indicated that urban storm water impacts on the stream can be masked in the cumulative frequency curve representation, but the benefits of storm water control are clearly shown in frequency histograms of the duration of consecutive stream standard violations.
LOCAL FLOW ACCELERATIONS IN RIVERS1
Authors: van't Woudt Bessel D. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe geometry and formation of and the energy dissipation in flow accelerations in short steep reaches have been assessed, the latter as to its contribution to the energy expenditure in a long channel reach. An analysis of river gradients, aerial photos and additional field surveys has shown that flow accelerations can (1) originate naturally and sequentially from bars across a channel and nonsequentially from channel abandonment and channelside deposits and (2) be induced by a bankside groyne.
INCREASES IN SODIUM AND CHLORIDE IN THE MOHAWK RIVER, NEW YORK, FROM THE 1950'S TO THE 1970'S ATTRIBUTED TO ROAD SALT1
Authors: Peters Norman E. , Turk John T. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTRegression analyses of major ion concentration in relation to specific conductance of water from the Mohawk River during two separate periods, 1951–53 and 1970–74, indicate statistically insignificant changes in the linear relationship of all constituents studied except chloride. Mean values and changes in the slopes of these relationships indicate that sodium and chloride have had consistently higher yields, in kilograms per square kilometer per year, than the other ions, although all ions show a general 20 percent increase in yields during the two decades. This general increase in ion yields is attributed to an accelerated transport rate of ions out of the basin as a result of a 19 percent increase in mean stream discharge. Transport rates of sodium and chloride have increased by 72 and 145 percent, respectively, in the Mohawk River since the early 1950's. Analysis of the sodium and chloride sources indicates rock salt used as a road deicei to be the primary source. This salt use accounts for 96 percent of the sodium transport increase and 69 percent of the chloride transport increase within the basin during the last two decades.
FLOOD EVENT MODELING ‐ A STUDY OF TWO METHODS1
Authors: Lowing M. J. , Mein R. G. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Despite the advances in catchment modeling in recent years, engineers still face major problems in estimating flood flows. Application of unit hydrograph and runoff routing models to five United Kingdom catchments shows that either can be tuned to predict, on a test event, the routing effects of a catchment with equal accuracy. The larger remaining problem is the prediction of losses from rainfall and this study shows how alternative ways of describing the within event distribution of these losses can be an important factor controlling the success of the overall model. Other problems include the risks of extrapolation to larger events, baseflow separation methods, rainfall patterns, and inevitable errors in the data.
STREAM PHOSPHORUS EXPORTS FROM WATERSHEDS WITH CONTRASTING LAND USES IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO1
Authors: Hill Alan R. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The export of dissolved molybdate reactive phosphorus (DMRP) from 22 watersheds in the Duffin Creek drainage basin near Toronto Ontario was measured over a 25‐month period. The annual average loss varied from 0.027 to 2.11 kg P/ha. Phosphorus levels in a number of watersheds were strongly influenced by effluent from a sewage treatment plant which contributed about 68 percent of the annual DMRP input to Duffin Creek. An analysis of 12 watersheds which did not contain major point pollution sources revealed that DMRP concentration and losses had a significant positive correlation with crop area and a strong negative association with forest, abandoned farm land, and area of sand + sandy loam soils. The causal relationships underlying these simple correlations are difficult to evaluate because of considerable multicollinearity between land use, soil, and topographic variables. Analysis of a mass balance for the downstream reaches of Duffin Creek indicated that there was considerable retention of phosphorus in the river channel particularly during summer low flows.
SEDIMENT TRANSPORT DURING A CONTROLLED RESERVOIR RELEASE1
Authors: Beschta Robert L. , Jackson William L. , Knoop Karla D. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe transport of bedload and suspended sediments and particulate organic matter was evaluated in Huntington Creek, Utah, during a controlled release of water from Electric Lake Reservoir from August 7–10, 1979. Effects of the release on channel geometry and riffle composition also were assessed. Bedload transport rates increased from zero to 1,650 and 1,500 kg/hr at two cross sections as discharge was increased from 0.4 to 4.9 m3/s; transport rates then decreased erratically as discharge was held constant. Cross section measurements and sediment size analysis indicate that flows were insufficient to transport riffle sediments. Rapid increases in the transport rates of suspended sediments and particulate organic matter also occurred during rising discharge and again decayed when discharge became constant. Suspended sediment concentrations for samples obtained with an automatic pumping sampler were generally less than those found for samples obtained with a DH‐48 sampler. Biological measurements still are needed to determine if such a release can improve fisheries habitat by removing fine sediments.
DESK TOP METHODOLOGY FOR MODELING BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND IN STREAMS1
Authors: Whipple William , Hunter Joseph V. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The modeling of dissolved oxygen in streams is a widely used technique, upon which a great deal of money has been spent. This paper concludes that the standard methods of DO modeling by computer are unnecessarily complex, and that for some purposes, they can be replaced without loss of accuracy by desk top BOD models. Taking as an example, a set of data used in DO modeling, it is shown (a) that the data are grossly inconsistent, (b) that simultaneous gathering of data introduces errors in streams of long travel time, (c) that much more data as to pollutant concentrations should have been obtained, and (d) that 24‐hour DO data could have been dispensed with.
THE USE OF FLOOD POTENTIAL INDICES FOR FLOOD PEAK ESTIMATION ON UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1
Authors: Aron G. , Kibler D. F. , Tagliati C. J. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The construction of a flood peak index map was attempted for use by hydrologists in the simple format of rainfall maps. Since flood peaks are highly dependent on watershed area, the effect of area was removed. By regression analysis flood peaks of 2.33 and 100‐year return periods were found to be proportional to watershed area to the 0.8 and 0.7 powers, respectively. Therefore, indices C2 33= Q2 33/A0.7 were completed at each gage and plotted on a Pennsylvania map. It was attempted to further remove some of the scatter by regression of C with several other watershed parameters like slope, percent forest cover, and watershed shape, but no significant correlation could be found. The index maps, drawn without attenuation of the scatter, can be used by hydrologists to compute flood peaks as Q = CAn (with n = 0.8 and 0.7 for the 2.33 and 100‐year flood peaks, respectively). Flood peak safety factors can be based on visual observation of the index variation in the vicinity of the location for which the flood peak estimate is needed.
A CARLSON‐TYPE TROPHIC STATE INDEX FOR NITROGEN IN FLORIDA LAKES1
Authors: Kratzer Charles R. , Brezonik Patrick L. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A data base consisting of predominantly nitrogen limited Florida lakes from the National Eutrophication Survey (NES) was used to develop a trophic state index based on total nitrogen concentration. This index was compared with Carlson's (1977) index based on total phosphorus concentration, and the lesser of the two values for each lake was averaged with indices based on Secchi disk transparency and chlorophyll a concentration to assess the trophic state of the 40 Florida NES lakes.
EXTRA URBAN AND INTRA URBAN RAINFALL ENHANCEMENT BY A MEDIUM SIZED CITY1
Authors: Nkemdirim Lawrence C. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTAn experiment on urban effects of warm season rainfall of a moderately sized city and its downwind towns found no evidence of global enhancement. However, there are grounds for believing that the intra urban distribution of precipitation is influenced by urban variables among which air pollution and urban roughness are considered primary. The presence of an urban heat island did not appear to improve rainfall. On the contrary, it appears to be a factor in the relative aridity of the downtown sector of the city.
ECONOMIC APPRAISAL OF A GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT PROJECT1
Authors: Tang John C. S. , Tanthimakabut Suchart 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTA ground water development project in the northern part of Thailand was appraised by means of benefit‐cost analysis. This is the first project in Thailand to develop ground water for irrigation purposes and it is also the first project which made use of an underground PVC pipe water distribution system. Results indicate that the project is economically feasible. In comparing different water distribution systems, it is also found that distribution by means of underground PVC pipes is more economical compared to an open ditch system if the life of the latter is relatively short and the rates of inflation are high.
GROUND WATER SEEPAGE IN LAKE WASHINGTON AND THE UPPER ST. JOHNS RIVER BASIN, FLORIDA1
Authors: Connor Jody N. , Belanger Thomas V. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTDirect ground water seepage measurements were made in Lake Washington, Florida, to determine the importance of seepage as a water and chloride source to the lake and upper St. Johns River. Over 200 seepage measurements were made in the lake and adjoining canals from July through December 1978. Results indicated that seepage into the shore areas of Lake Washington was an insignificant water source to the lake, representing 0.6 percent of the inputs, and was nearly balanced by ground water recharge in the midlake region. Drainage canals entering Lake Washington, however, exhibited high average seepage rates (17.7 L/m2‐day), over eight times the lake average (2.01 L/M2‐day). Discharge from the St. Johns River was the dominant factor in the water budget of Lake Washington and represented approximately 88 percent of the inputs during the study year. Although inputs from the drainage canals represented only 6.6 percent of the St. Johns River annual discharge, these canals represented 20.4 percent of the annual St. Johns River chloride loading and 62.1 percent of the river chloride loading during the five driest months of 1978. Evidence from this study indicates that rising levels of chloride in the river in recent years are largely attributable to ground water seepage in channelized areas, particularly in the headwaters. These chloride inputs assume greater importance during low water/low flow periods.
POTENTIAL IMPACT OF IRRIGATION ON WATER RESOURCES IN THE LITTLE WABASH BASIN OF ILLINOIS1
Authors: Eheart J. Way land , Libby Angela E. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe level of water demand for supplemental irrigation and the impact of such demand on water supplies were estimated, as a function of the price of corn (Zea Mays L.). The method of estimation was based on an economic analysis of irrigation practice which assumed constant irrigation costs, profit maximizing behavior on the part of irrigators, and which was deliberately structured to underestimate the level of irrigation water use. The analysis was applied to and used data from the Little Wabash basin in Illinois. No irrigation was predicted at a corn price below $3.50 per bushel. Between $3.50 and about $6.50 per bushel, irrigation was estimated to be profitable for a small region of the basin where acceptable groundwater was available. Above about $6.50 to $7.50, irrigation was found to be profitable in the remainder of the basin, where impoundment storage was required. The potential impact on the water resources of the basin is significant. For a corn price between $3.50 and about $6.50, the probability of a shortfall, defined as the event where the potential demand exceeds the supply, was estimated to be between 2 percent and 20 percent during the growing season. Above about $7.50, this probability was found to be about one‐third. The development of policies to control withdrawals for irrigation and other uses is endorsed.
SCS URBAN CURVE NUMBERS FROM A LANDSAT DATA BASE1
Authors: Jackson Thomas J. , Rawls Walter J. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTEstimating the Curve Numbers used in the Soil Conservation Service hydrologic models is a tedious and costly task. Recent advances in remote sensing and data processing have led to the development of readily available land cover data bases for many areas of the United States. This study evaluated the potential of using a Landsat data base to make the Curve Number estimation process more cost‐effective and less tedious. Ten watersheds in the Washington, D.C., area were evaluated using a Landsat land cover data base developed by the U.S. Geological Survey. Results showed that these data can be useful. Predictions can be improved if ancillary data on residential lot size are included. It was concluded that this type of data base must be examined carefully before implementation.
A NOVEL CHLORAMINE COMPOUND FOR WATER DISINFECTION1
Authors: Burkett H. D. , Faison J. H. , Kohl H. H. , Wheatley W. B. , Worley S. D. , Bodor N. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTA new chloramine agent, 3‐chloio‐4, 4‐dimethyl‐2‐oxazolidinone, has been tested in a laboratory scale water treatment plant as to its efficacy in water disinfection. The agent seems to be equally effective as compared to chlorine gas in this application. The results of preliminary toxicity studies on the agent are very encouraging. The agent has a long shelf life both in water solution and in the solid state. Being a solid, the agent is clearly less hazardous to handle than chlorine gas. The agent appears to inhibit oxidative corrosion of metals as well. The agent is less likely to produce toxic halocarbons (e.g., chloroform) in water than is chlorine gas. Possibly most important from the standpoint of water disinfection, the agent is a “slow release” one for its positive chlorine, which provides prolonged bactericidal activity.
EROSIONAL POTENTIAL OF STREAMS IN URBANIZING AREAS1
Authors: Whipple William , DiLouie James M. , Pytlar Theodore 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: In urbanizing areas, the usual increase in flood flows also increases erosional capability of streams. In order to evaluate such tendencies quantitatively, 25 stream reaches were studied, and were classified as to whether erosion of the channel and banks was light, medium, or heavy. Analysis of characteristics indicated that (1) densely developed areas are correlated with greater erosion, (2) wide stream buffers of natural vegetation are correlated with lesser erosion, and (3) there is no definite correlation of erosion to slope or characteristics of soil.Erosional stream instability can be avoided by retention of storm water runoff, creating additional channel roughness or reducing channel slope during floods by drop structures, such as culverts, which restrict flow. Channel straightening and general bank protection should be minimized in such streams. Design of culverts should take such effects into consideration.
THE POTENTIAL FOR WATER YIELD AUGMENTATION FROM FOREST MANAGEMENT IN THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN REGION1
Authors: Troendle C. A. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTWith the exception of the Sierra‐Cascade mountain ranges, the Rocky Mountain chain is the only portion of the western United States that consistently yields more than 3 cm of flow annually. Ten to 15 percent of the land mass in the region produces the majority of the total flow.This paper addresses the opportunities for increasing flow through forest manipulation, and summarizes the research base that has yielded the current “state of the art” understanding of how snow pack and vegetation management can influence water yield. The optimal harvest design appears to consist of small openings, irregularly shaped, and about 3 to 8 tree heights in width parallel to the wind.
WATER YIELD AUGMENTATION THROUGH FOREST AND RANGE MANAGEMENT ‐ ISSUES FOR THE FUTURE1
Authors: Ponce Stanley L. , Meiman James R. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe demand for more water is increasing throughout the country. Research on upland watersheds clearly demonstrates that water yield can be increased using forest and range management practices. Based on the experience of the past several decades and a review of six papers in a recent AWRA series on water yield augmentation through vegetation management, the following issues and concerns are discussed: predicting increased yields from large basins; economic evaluation of additional flows; court acceptance and need for system models; the legal question of ownership and transferability of increased yields; and management emphasis on private and federal lands. The immediate potential for water yield augmentation is on carefully selected watersheds that have the bio‐physical potential to produce high value water under environmentally acceptable multiple use management. We predict water yield management on a broader scale will result from increased pressures to solve the legal and economic issues involved.