bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Treatment of arteriovenous malformations with stereotactic radiosurgery: A review
Authors: Wilder Richard B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractArteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are vascular anomalies in which blood is shunted from the arterial to the venous system. In general, the annual risk of hemorrhage from an intracranial AVM is 2–3%. The morbidity and mortality rates associated with an initial hemorrhage are 30% and 10%, respectively. Based on these risks, intervention for unruptured AVMs is commonly recommended. Microneurosurgery is regarded by most physicians to be the treatment of choice for small cortical AVMs in noneloquent areas since resection can result in immediate cure. Stereotactic “radiosurgery” (radiation therapy) is commonly recommended for patients with deep AVMs ≤ 15 cm3 (approximately 3 cm in maximum dimension), where the risks of surgery are excessive. AVMs larger than approximately 15 cm3 may be treated with embolization followed by either microneurosurgery or stereotactic radiosurgery. When AVMs have been managed with stereotactic radiosurgery and the size of the lesion is taken into consideration, gamma knives, linear accelerators, and cyclotrons have produced similar angiographic complete obliteration rates. Gamma knives are expensive to purchase and install but are easy to operate. Linear accelerators are the most economical and versatile machines for stereotactic radiosurgery. Although cyclotrons are very expensive to build and operate, they afford maximal sparing of normal tissue when large lesions are irradiated. The complete obliteration rates 1,2, and 3 years following the management of AVMs ≤ 10 cm3 with stereotactic radiosurgery are 40–50%, 70–90%, and 75–95%, respectively. Following the administration of radiosurgery, 2‐year angiographic complete obliteration rates are 88% for AVMs <4 cm3, 75% for AVMs 4–10 cm3, 67% for AVMs 11–25 cm3, and 39% for AVMs 26–70 cm3. Much lower (0‐45%) long‐term complete obliteration rates have been obtained with fractionated photon and neutron beam radiation therapy, apparently due to the administration of inadequate total doses. The crude incidence of complications following the treatment of AVMs with stereotactic radiosurgery is approximately 3%, with no treatment‐related mortality. Patients with AVMs in the brain stem, thalamus, or basal ganglia are at higher risk for complications. In the future, authors should consider reporting the number of patients who undergo follow‐up MRI or CT scans but not angiography and consider presenting complication rates as a function of time in order to allow one to more accurately assess results. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Definition and manipulation of tumor oxygenation
Authors: Teicher Beverly A. , Dupuis Norman P. , Holden Sylvia A. , Schwartz Gary N. , Lester Susan , Frei Emil 
Published: February 2007

AbstractUsing a computer‐controlled polarographic oxygen electrode system, the oxygen tension profiles of two rat tumors, the 13762 mammary carcinoma and the 9L gliosarcoma, and one murine tumor, the FSall fibrosarcoma, were determined under eight different conditions. The oxygen profiles were characterized by four parameters related to tumor oxygenation and by three parameters related to tumor hypoxia. In the rat 13762 mammary carcinoma tumor median pO2 and the percent of pO2 were correlated with tumor volume under three different conditions. With these tumors the decrease in percent of pO2 readings in the tumor <5 mmHg appeared to correlate with the enhancement in therapeutic response of the rat tumors to single dose radiation therapy and of the mouse tumor to single doses of melphalan or cyclophosphamide. Both the perfluorochemical emulsion (Oxygent(tm) CA) with carbogen breathing and the polymerized bovine hemoglobin with air or carbogen breathing were effective in increasing the oxygenation of these three tumors. Pentoxifylline administration especially along with carbogen breathing increased the oxygenation of the tumors. These studies indicate that the decrease in the percent of the tumor which is most severely hypoxic may be predictive of improved therapeutic response in tumors treated with oxygen‐dependent or oxygen‐responsive therapies and oxygen delivery agents. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fractionated brain stereotactic irradiation using a non‐invasive frame: Technique and preliminary results
Authors: Delannes Martine , Daly‐Schveitzer Nicolas , Sabatier Jean , Bonnet Jacques 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn this study we report on the use of two non‐invasive head frames in fractionated stereotactic irradiation for small benign or low grade brain tumors. Sixty‐one patients were treated from April 1988 to December 1992 with external stereotactic irradiation: 12 presented with arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), 32 with benign tumors, and 17 with malignant tumors. Sire of the lesions ranged from 15 to 45 mm in diameter. Two immobilization devices were used: the Laitinen stereoadapter, until December 1992, and then the Beverly frame, specifically designed for radiotherapy. Treatment was given daily, 5 days/week, using 1 or 2 non‐coplanar arcs, the dose per fraction ranging from 2 to 3 Gy. The study of the accuracy of the two frames showed an average discrepancy <1 mm for 25 setups, irrespective of the spatial plane. All the patients tolerated well the immobilization devices. Forty‐one of the 61 patients were followed at least 2 years after the treatment (7 with AVMs, 20 with benign tumors, 14 with malignant tumors). For AVMs, 1 regressed completely, 1 partially decreased in size, and the other 5 remained unchanged. For benign tumors, 14 patients are alive without disease progression, 5 showed a marked tumor decrease, and 1 died of intercurrent disease. For malignant tumors, 3 patients died of their disease, 2 are alive with disease progression, 8 are alive without disease progression, and 1 has a complete tumor regression. From these results we conclude that the Beverly frame is perfectly suited to fractionated stereotactic irradiation. For AVMs, the obliteration rate with fractionated irradiation at low dose is disappointing. These lesions probably require larger single dose treatments to induce vascular sclerosis. For other benign or low grade tumors, the observed results are satisfactory and the progression‐free rate may be as high as that obtained with single fractions with presumably less adverse effects. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preparations for phase I clinical trials of boron neutron capture therapy at the mit reactor and the New England Medical Center
Authors: Harling Otto K. , Zamenhof Robert G. , Solares Guido R. , Yanch Jacquelyn C. , Wazer David E. , Rogus Ronald D. , Chabeuf Jean‐Michel , Yam Sam C. , Bernard John A. , Cano Guillermo , Dipetrillo Thomas , Madoc‐Jones Hywel 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA team of scientists, engineers and medical researchers from the New England Medical Center (NEMC) and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's (MIT) Nuclear Reactor Laboratory have been developing Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT), a binary radiation therapy, for the treatment of refractory tumors such as glioblastoma multiforme and melanoma. After 6 years of effort on several fronts, the interdisciplinary and inter‐institutional research group is planning Phase I clinical trials in the near future. This paper briefly reviews the preparations at NEMC/MIT, including the various technologies and research tasks which are important or necessary for the initiation of clinical trials. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of p53 and ras genes in radiation‐induced transformation of immortalized human epidermal keratinocytes
Authors: Varghese S. , Jung M. , Prasad S. , Rhim J. S. , Dritschilo A. , Thraves P. J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe biological effects of exposure to ionizing radiation have particular relevance to radiation protection and risk assessment. Since most cancers are of epithelial origin, it is important to obtain a better understanding of radiation‐induced oncogenic transformation in this cell type. Our previous studies have demonstrated the potential of ionizing radiations to transform human epidermal keratinocytes (RHEK‐1) [Thraves et al.: Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:1174–1177, 1990; Thraves et al.: Carcinogenesis (in press)] and have described the cellular characteristics, saturation density, anchorage‐independent growth, and tumorigenicity of these transformed cells, together with a preliminary determination of the role of cellular ras genes. The present study has expanded these molecular studies to conclude a molecular analysis of all the ras genes and the tumor suppressor gene p53. Single‐strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analysis and DNA sequencing demonstrated the absence of point mutations, deletions, and rearrangements in codons 12/13 and 61 in the Ha‐ras or N‐ras genes and exons 4–9 of the p53 tumor suppressor gene. These studies demonstrate that mutations in either the cellular p53 or ras genes do not occur in these immortalized human epithelial cells (RHEK‐1) transformed to a malignant phenotype with ionizing radiation. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Influence of the extent of nodal involvement on the outcome in stage D1 prostate cancer
Authors: Wiegel T. , Bressel M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFrom 1975 to 1991, 82 patients with pathological stage D1 prostate cancer underwent radiation therapy. Twelve patients were excluded from analysis because treatment started when local tumor progression was determined. Of the 70 remaining patients, 30 initially had a radical prostatectomy with orchiectomy and 40 patients had only a biopsy with orchiectomy. All patients had an additional androgen blocking. Sixty‐seven of 70 patients were treated with photons up to a total dose of 4,000–5,000 cGy to the small pelvis and 55 of 67 received an additional boost to the prostatic region to deliver 6,000–7,000 cGy. In 12 cases, 14 MeV fast neutrons were used for the boost. Three patients underwent only irradiation of the prostate. With a median follow up of 58 months (range: 3–183 months), the overall survival rate (OS) for 5 and 10 years was 78% and 45%, respectively. The cause‐specific survival rate was 86% and 69% for 5 and 10 years, respectively. Thirteen patients with one microscopically positive node (group I) had an OS of 90% and 68% (5 and 10 years, respectively) compared to 57 patients with one or more microscopically positive nodes (group II), who had an OS of 75% and 40%, respectively (P > 0.05). A significant advantage for patients with microscopically involved nodes was seen in disease‐free survival: 84% vs. 62% for 5 years and 63% vs. 27% for 10 years (P < 0.05) and in cause specific survival: 100% vs. 82% for 5 years and 100% vs. 59% for 10 years (P < 0.05). Major complications occurred in four patients (6%); all of these were treated following prostatectomy. Prospective randomized clinical trials should compare the results of radiotherapy and hormonal treatment with radical prostatectomy and hormonal treatment and hormonal treatment alone in stage D1 prostate cancer. The treatment of choice remains unclear. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Overexpression of the radiation‐inducible gene, GADD153, in drug‐resistant burkitt lymphoma cells
Authors: Hollander M. Christine , Tan K. B. , Fornace Albert J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA frequent problem in cancer therapy is the emergence of resistant cells. The nitrogen mustard‐resistant cell line Raji‐HN2 was used to investigate the relationship between drug resistance and expression of a variety of genes which are inducible by various types of DNA damage including radiation. It ws found that only GADD153, a member of the CCAAT enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) family of transcription factors, showed increased expression in these drug‐resistant cells. Increased GADD153 expression is intriguing since this gene is induced in non‐resistant cells by HN2, as well as other drugs, certain types of radiation, and growth arrest. Since GADD153 is a transcription factor, its overexpression in resistant cells may modulate the expression of other genes as well. It was also found that a short G‐tract‐containing transcript was also increased in the Raji‐HN2 cells. The nature of this transcript and its relevance to drug resistance in Raji‐HN2 are unknown. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of etanidazole on absolute sensitivity and increased radioresistance in hypoxic cells at low doses
Authors: Skov Kirsten A. , Koch Cameron J. , Marples Brian 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIt has been known for some time that oxygen and certain electron affinic radiosensitizers exhibit less effective enhancement of cell kill at low clinically relevant X‐ray doses, a behavior which has still not been adequately explained. This is further complicated by more recent findings that at low concentrations of nitroimidazoles there are anomalous results on hypoxic low dose radiosensitization. In the low dose range below 1 Gy, where survival is high, we have reexamined radiosensitization of hypoxic hamster cells by etanidazole at various concentrations (200–2,000 μM) using automated microscopic localization of cells to obtain more precise measurements of survival. As previously observed, etanidazole at low concentrations (200 μM) was found to be more effective at low (∼1 Gy, survival ∼80%) rather than high (survival ∼2%) X‐ray doses. When plotted as absolute sensitivity, data for high concentrations of etanidazole (> 1,000 μM) fall in one area of the D80−1 vs. D2−1 plot, whereas concentrations below 1,000 μM might be suggested to behave “differently,” and several explanations are suggested. One of these involves a structure of the survival curve which has been suggested to reflect induced repair. This structure is modified at the higher concentration of etanidazole, but there is little effect at 200 μM. An alternate proposal considers accessibility of DNA to drug, or type of lesions affected as possible explanations for the apparent differential sensitization by etanidazole at high and low X‐ray doses. In summary, a clinically relevant concentration of etanidazole provides relatively good radiosensitization at low, clinically relevant radiation doses; thus hypoxic sensitizers may affect survival in those cell lines which have a large survival curve shoulder since the extent of the shoulder is purported to reflect the degree of induced radioresistance. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of misonidazole and low‐oxygen treatment on mouse tumors
Authors: Hendrikse A. , Blekkenhorst G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe tumor cytotoxic activity of a bioreductive agent is dependent on the extent of tumor hypoxia. It is to be expected, therefore, that the tumor cytotoxicity of misonidazole will vary depending on whether it was administered to mice exposed only to an air‐breathing environment or whether it was administered either before mice were treated with 8% oxygen for 48 hr (maximal tumor levels of the drug will then coincide with an increase in tumor hypoxia) or after mice completed a 48‐hr 8% oxygen treatment (maximal tumor levels of the drug will now coincide with a reduction in the tumor hypoxic fraction). This was investigated using the 3‐methylcholanthrene‐induced rhabdomyosarcoma in BALB/c mice, the Fib/T tumor in WHT mice, and the CaNT tumor in CBA mice. The response of all three tumor types to the various treatments was determined by assessing post‐treatment tumor growth. An excision and in vitro colony‐forming assay was also used to assess Fib/T tumor response. Results indicated that only the 3‐methylcholanthrene‐induced rhabdomyosarcoma responded to misonidazole and only when the 48‐hr 8% oxygen exposure preceded drug administation. In explaining this result, it is proposed that misonidazole increases reperfusion damage that occurs when animals are returned to an air‐breathing environment following a low‐oxygen exposure. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intrinsic radiosensitivity of head and neck carcinomas as predictive test for clinical tumor control: Comparative analysis and critical assessment of technical reliability
Authors: Kocagöncü K. O. , Marangoni G. , Cozzi‐Fogliata A. , Griffin S. , Garavaglia G. , Thum P. , Bernier J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractUsing a cell adhesion matrix monolayer culture system, we assayed the intrinsic radiosensitivity of 108 biopsies or surgical specimens of head and neck, colo‐rectum, or cervix uteri carcinomas. After irradiating single cell suspensions with increasing doses (0–4 Gy), surviving fractions at 2 Gy (SF‐2), initial slope α were estimated after a linear quadratic fitting of the curves. For cultures from biopsies or surgical specimens of head and neck carcinomas, the overall success rate was 65%. The pattern of the causes of failure for mass cultures was similar in other institutions investigating intrinsic radiosensitivity of squamous cell carcinomas. Within the same anatomic site and histological type, rumors were characterized by a wide range of in vitro radiosensitivity. In a series of 28 patients with head and neck cancers, the mean and standard deviation values of SF‐2 were 0.30 ± 0.34. Likewise, α coefficients had an average of 0.61 ± 0.96 Gy−1. Cultures from colo‐rectal cancers seem to have a higher mean level of intrinsic radioresistance (mean SF‐2 = 0.49) than that of cells from head and neck tumors. Papanicolaou (PAP) staining and immuno‐chemistry studies using monoclonal antibodies showed that stromal expression was a major problem for techniques using pre‐coated plates. Nevertheless, the pattern of cumulative distribution of SF‐2 values is not significantly different for cultures characterized by fibroblast overgrowth. In conclusion, notwithstanding variations in fibroblast growth, the comparative analysis of data published so far on intrinsic radiosensitivity shows that similar distributions of individual survival parameter values are yielded in the laboratories involved in this research field. Nevertheless, further studies on culture characterization, using monoclonal antibodies and flow cytometry, should be carried out to quantify better the impact of fibroblast contamination on culture response to irradiation. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cervical metastases from unknown primaries treated with different radiation techniques
Authors: Schnabel Th. , Wustlich S. , Bier H. , Zamboglou N. , Kolotas C. , Hartmann A. , Schmitt G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCancer of unknown primary (CUP) syndrome presenting as metastatic lymph nodes of unknown primaries in the head and neck is a difficult clinical problem. The optimal treatment policy is not yet defined. A retrospective analysis of the clinical outcome and side effects of 41 patients with CUP syndrome treated with different irradiation techniques is given in this report. Tweny‐eight patients received “involved field” irradiation confined to the involved neck and all the other patients were treated with “extended fields” including the contralateral neck and oro‐ and hypopharynx. The relative risk of recurrence was 30% and 56% after 1 and 3 years for patients irradiated with “involved fields” and 56% for both periods for patients treated with “extended fields.” During follow‐up the primary tumor was detected in 11 patients. In conclusion, after thorough diagnostic workup and surgery, limited radiotherapy to the involved neck is justified. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Simple numerical system for scoring the cosmetic effects of radiation and surgery post‐conservation therapy for breast cancer
Authors: Steeves Richard A. , Stitt Judith A. , Chappell Richard , Wolberg William H. , Kinsella Timothy J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTo improve the documentation of cosmetic outcome in women with breast cancer treated by conservative surgery and radiation, we developed a simple numerical scoring system. Cosmetic scores are based on the effects of surgery and radiation and also include a comparison of breast symmetry. The scoring system ranges from a minimum score of 2 to a maximum of 10. Between June 1978 and June 1992, 226 patients were treated at the University of Wisconsin by tumorectomy and breast irradiation. Of these, 209 patients were evaluable after a minimum period of 2 years. Blind tests of interobserver agreement gave a correlation coefficient of 0.74 between faculty and resident scores. Scores tended to be slightly lower for larger or node‐positive cancer, but they were not adversely affected by tumor location or by the type of prior chemotherapy. At 2, 5, and 10 years post‐treatment, mean cosmetic scores were 8.1, 7.3, and 6.2, while local recurrence rates were 2, 8, and 16%, respectively. This numerical system for assessing breast cosmesis is easy to use and is more amenable to statistical analysis than qualitative descriptors such as “excellent, good, fair, or poor.” © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Feasibility study of radioimmunoguided iodine‐125 brachytherapy for metastatic colorectal cancer
Authors: Nag Subir , Ellis Rod J. , Martin Edward W. , Stacy Karen , Brown Cheryl , Young Donn 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe radioimmunoguided brachytherapy (RIGBY) approach was developed to identify and treat occult residual disease after resection. Between September 1989 and March 1992, 30 patients with metastatic recurrent colorectal cancer were implanted with iodine‐125 (125I) seeds using the RIGBY technique. These patients would otherwise have died of disease progression. Patients were injected with 125I radiolabeled antibody. A hand‐held gamma‐detecting probe (GDP) was used to detect and resect areas of high radioactivity representing tumor. Areas which had persistent high probe counts after resection represented areas of occult residual disease which were then implanted with a median dose of 160 Gy 125I. The GDP was used to demarcate the occult tumor volume in 20 of 30 patients (67%). Patients were followed for 7–36 months (median 17 months); local control was 73% by clinical assessment; the median survival was 17.5 months, with 1‐year survival of 73% and 2‐year survival of 27%. There were no intraoperative deaths. Major surgical morbidity was seen in 9 patients (30%), comparable to the high morbidity seen in recurrent colorectal cancer patients undergoing major surgery. The RIGBY procedure did not significantly increase the morbidity. Further close follow‐up and additional accural of patients is warranted to evaluate the efficacy and morbidity of the RIGBY procedure, as well as evaluation of its other possible uses. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.