bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An assessment and quantification of the rates, costs, and risk factors of occupational amputations: analysis of Kentucky workers' compensation claims, 1994–2003
Authors: McCall Brian P. , Horwitz Irwin B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBackgroundAssessments of the impact of occupational amputations with outcomes of pain, disfigurement, and often an inability to return to the same job, are limited. The present study examines and quantifies the rates, risk factors, and costs of occupational amputations in the workplace in the State of Kentucky.MethodsWorker's compensation data from 1994 through 2003 from Kentucky was used to investigate job‐related amputations (n = 2,297). The US Department of Labor's Current Population Survey (CPS) was used to estimate injury rates.ResultsThe average amputation claim rate for all Kentucky workers was 1.37 per 10,000, with an average per‐claim indemnity cost of $8,822. A declining trend was found in the rate over the last 7 years studied. Accidents resulting in amputations occurred at twice the rate on weekends than on weekdays. Amputations affecting the hand constituted 94.6% of all injuries. Workers in the mining industry had the highest estimated claim rate of 5.92 (95% CI 5.23–6.66), and machine operators and assemblers had the highest rate of all occupations with 3.35 (95% CI 3.23–3.47).ConclusionsWorkplace amputations remain a significant workplace concern and represent a particular hazard for those in the mining and manufacturing industries. Future research should examine causes of the weekend effect to develop human resource and safety interventions for risk reduction. Am. J. Ind. Med. 49:1031–1038, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pulmonary fibrosis in a patient with exposure to glass wool fibers
Authors: Guber Alexander , Lerman Shimshon , Lerman Yehuda , Ganor Eli , Trajber Israel , Edelstein Evgeny , Fireman Elizabeth 
Published: November 2006

AbstractGlass wool or vitreous fibers are non‐crystalline, fibrous inorganic substances (silicates) made primarily from rock, slag, glass, or other processed minerals. They belong to the man‐made mineral fibers (MMMFs) group and their respiratory effects are well described by De Vuyst et al. [1995]. The authors pointed out the absence of firm evidence that exposure to these fibers is associated with lung fibrosis, pleural lesions, or non‐specific respiratory disease in humans. Because of this observation, we find it of importance to present a case of interstitial fibrosis, which implies a direct association between long‐term exposure to glass wool and the clinical outcome. Am. J. Ind. Med. 49:1066–1069, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The serotonin 5‐HT1D receptor gene and attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder in Chinese Han subjects
Authors: Li Jun , Zhang Xia , Wang Yufeng , Zhou Rulun , Zhang Haobo , Yang Li , Wang Bing , Faraone Stephen V. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAttention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a heritable disease. Serotonin is one of the neurotransmitters involved in the etiology of ADHD. Serotonin‐1D receptors are autoreceptors which can regulate the release of serotonin in brain, so the HTR1D gene may be predisposing. The current study genotyped two variants of HTR1D gene in 272 ADHD trios of Chinese ethnicity, that is 1350T > C in the coding region and 1236A > G in 3′‐UTR by the use of transmission disequilibrium test (TDT). The A allele of the 1236A > G polymorphism exhibited both a trend toward preferential transmission to ADHD probands (χ2 = 3.815, P = 0.051) and a significant preferential transmission to probands of ADHDC (χ2 = 4.198, P = 0.040). Additional polymorphisms in this gene need to be studied further. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Addiction molecular genetics: 639,401 SNP whole genome association identifies many “cell adhesion” genes
Authors: Liu Qing‐Rong , Drgon Tomas , Johnson Catherine , Walther Donna , Hess Judith , Uhl George R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAddictions are substantially heritable complex disorders. We now report whole genome association studies that identify 89 genes likely to contain variants that contribute to addiction vulnerability, using previously‐ and newly‐validated microarray based pooling assays. Each gene contains clustered single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that display significant allele frequency differences between abusers and controls in each of the two samples studied with 639,401 SNP arrays and confirmatory SNPs from each of two other abuser/control samples. These genes are implicated in interesting functions, including “cell adhesion” processes that help to establish and maintain neuronal connections of special relevance to addiction's memory‐like features. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and characterization of polyurethane/poly(vinylidene chloride) interpenetrating polymer networks
Authors: Begum Muneera , Siddaramaiah  , Somashekar R. , Somashekarappa H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA series of polyurethane (PU)/poly(vinylidene chloride) (PVDC) interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) were synthesized through variations in the amounts of the prepolyurethane and vinylidene chloride monomer via sequential polymerization (80/20, 60/40, 50/50, 40/60, 30/70, and 20/80 PU/PVDC). The physicomechanical and optical properties of the IPNs were investigated. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) studies of the IPNs were performed to establish their thermal stability. TGA thermograms showed that the thermal degradation of the IPNs proceeded in three steps. Microcrystalline parameters, such as the crystal size and lattice disorder, of the PU/PVDC IPNs were estimated with wide‐angle X‐ray scattering. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 1375–1381, 2007
Induction of DNA synthesis in Anopheles albimanus tissue cultures in response to a Saccharomyces cerevisiae challenge
Authors: Hernández‐Martínez S. , Román‐Martínez U. , Martínez‐Barnetche J. , Garrido E. , Rodríguez M.H. , Lanz‐Mendoza H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDNA synthesis was detected by the incorporation of 5‐bromo‐2′ deoxy‐uridine (BrdU) in adult Anopheles albimanus organs in culture in response to a challenge with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Abdomens of mosquitoes inoculated with Roswell Park Memorial Institute medium (RPMI, control) or yeast were cultivated in RPMI plus ConA and BrdU for 5 days. DNA was obtained by phenolic extraction and the incorporated BrdU was quantified by ELISA using anti‐BrdU peroxidase‐labeled antibodies. Abdomen tissues of mosquitoes inoculated with yeast showed higher DNA synthesis than controls. Organs from untreated mosquitoes cultured in the presence of zymosan also synthesized DNA but at a lower level than tissues from yeast‐inoculated mosquitoes. In similar experiments, DNA synthesis was inhibited by the addition of colchicine. DNA synthesis, evidenced by epifluorescence using an anti‐BrdU fluorescein‐labeled antibody, occurred in fat body, epithelial cells in pleural membranes, and the dorsal vessel. Pleural membranes showed the highest number of labeled cells. These tissues were also labeled with anti‐PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen) antibodies, two of which were able to produce polytene chromosomes under yeast stimulation. These results demonstrate that different An. albimanus tissues undergo DNA synthesis in response to foreign particles. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 63:147–158, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Use of the glucosidase inhibitor 1,4‐dideoxy‐1,4‐imino‐D‐arabinitol as a probe to investigate hypertrehalosemic hormone‐mediated change in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in the cockroach, Periplaneta americana
Authors: Oguri E. , Steele J.E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe glucosidase inhibitor 1,4‐dideoxy‐1,4‐imino‐D‐arabinitol (DIA) was used to investigate the action of hypertrehalosemic hormone (HTH) on carbohydrate, neutral lipid, and phospholipid metabolism in the hemolymph and fat body of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana. DIA blocked the hypertrehalosemic and hyperglycemic effects of HTH, as well as the decrease in hemolymph neutral lipid and phospholipid normally induced by HTH. DIA diminished the accumulation of neutral lipid in the fat body formed under the influence of HTH and partly blocked the decrease in fat body phospholipid evoked by HTH. The increased incorporation of 14C‐glucose into fat body triacylglycerol in the presence of HTH was decreased by more than two‐thirds when DIA was coinjected with the hormone. The results suggest that glucose derived from hemolymph trehalose is an important contributor to the formation of the glycerol backbone of newly formed triacylglycerol in the fat body. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 63:169–176, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tepe Ghabristan: a Chalcolithic tell buried in alluvium
Authors: Schmidt Armin , Fazeli Hassan 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe Chalcolithic tell of Ghabristan in northwest Iran is now buried by alluvium and a magnetometer survey of the tell and its surroundings was undertaken to reveal any features under this cover. After the abandonment of the tell in the late third millennium BC it was used as an Iron Age cemetery by inhabitants of the neighbouring tell of Sagzabad. The magnetometer data show a related irregularly shaped channel that is also considered to be of Iron Age date. Its shallow burial depth, compared with the thick sedimentary layers underneath, indicates a considerable slowdown of alluviation rates in the second millennium BC, possibly related to environmental changes. The survey also found evidence for undisturbed buried building remains, most likely associated with copper workshops. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Institutional journal costs in an open access environment
Authors: Walters William H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis study investigates the potential impact of open access pricing on institutional journal expenditures in four subject fields at nine American colleges and universities. Three pricing models are evaluated: the conventional model (the current subscription model), the PLoS open access model (based on the fees currently charged by the Public Library of Science), and the equal‐revenue open access model (which maintains current levels of total aggregate spending within each subject field). Because institutional disparities in publishing productivity are far greater than institutional disparities in library holdings, the shift from a subscription‐based model to either open access model would bring dramatic cost savings for most colleges and universities. At the same time, a small number of institutions—the top research universities—would pay a far higher proportion of the total aggregate cost.
Information technology support for communities of practice: How public defenders learn about winning and losing in court
Authors: Hara Noriko 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe aim of this article is to examine the role of information technologies (IT) in supporting practice and professional identity formation, both major axes for communities of practice. The article uses an ethnographic case study to understand how public defenders learn to improve their court performance. The concept of “communities of practice” helps to illuminate how the attorneys in a public defender's office share knowledge in order to practice effectively in court. This article presents findings that a community of practice serves as effective scaffolding to support professional development; this is especially true for the practice component. Further, this case study indicates that information technologies, such as listservs, are not very effective social integrators for professionals who work at different sites. In particular, today's IT forums are most effective when used for sharing technical information about work, and least effective for sharing important cultural meanings about how professionals should approach their work and develop professional identities. This research advances our understanding of the complexity of organizing communities of practice to support professional groups of colleagues and of organizing IT‐enabled support for various activities of the community.
Effect of Lithia and Substrate on the Electrochemical Performance of a Lithia/Cobalt Oxide Composite Thin‐Film Anode
Authors: Yu Yan , Shi Yi , Chen Chun‐Hua 
Published: November 2006

AbstractHighly porous reticular Li2O/CoO composite thin films fabricated by electrostatic spray deposition were investigated by using X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, galvanostatic cell‐cycling measurements, and AC impedance spectroscopy measurements. The results of the electrochemical tests indicate that the initial coulombic efficiency and capacity retention are dependent on Li2O content and the specific surface area of the deposited layer. Irrespective of the type of substrate, the electrode gave the best electrochemical performance when the molar ratio of Li to Co was controlled at 1:1. At the optimal composition, at 0.2 C the initial coulombic efficiency was as high as 81.9 % and 83.6 % for the film on Cu foil and on porous Ni, respectively. The Li2O/CoO (Li/Co=1:1) films on Ni foam and Cu foil had sustained capacities of up to 790 and 715 mAh g−1, respectively, at a rate of 1 C over 100 cycles at 25 °C. Similar cycling experiments carried out at 70 °C showed that the capacity is temperature‐sensitive, and it exhibited reversible capacities as high as 1018 (Cu foil) and 1269 mAh g−1 (Ni foam) for up to 100 cycles. The thin‐film electrodes on Ni foam always performed better than those on Cu foil. Cycling at elevated temperature (70 °C) also resulted in a significant increase in capacity.
Biological consequences of tightly bent DNA: The other life of a macromolecular celebrity
Authors: Garcia Hernan G. , Grayson Paul , Han Lin , Inamdar Mandar , Kondev Jané , Nelson Philip C. , Phillips Rob , Widom Jonathan , Wiggins Paul A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe mechanical properties of DNA play a critical role in many biological functions. For example, DNA packing in viruses involves confining the viral genome in a volume (the viral capsid) with dimensions that are comparable to the DNA persistence length. Similarly, eukaryotic DNA is packed in DNA–protein complexes (nucleosomes), in which DNA is tightly bent around protein spools. DNA is also tightly bent by many proteins that regulate transcription, resulting in a variation in gene expression that is amenable to quantitative analysis. In these cases, DNA loops are formed with lengths that are comparable to or smaller than the DNA persistence length. The aim of this review is to describe the physical forces associated with tightly bent DNA in all of these settings and to explore the biological consequences of such bending, as increasingly accessible by single‐molecule techniques. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 85:115–130, 2007.This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Nanofluidic structures for single biomolecule fluorescent detection
Authors: Mannion J. T. , Craighead H. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFluid‐filled nanofabricated cavities can be used to increase the spatial resolution of single molecule confocal microscopy based techniques by creating smaller and more uniformly illuminated probe volumes. Such structures may also be used to temporarily stretch single macromolecules, permitting the resolution of molecular details that would otherwise be beyond the capabilities of a diffraction limited system. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 85:131–143, 2007.This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Vibrational spectroscopy studies of formalin‐fixed cervix tissues
Authors: Krishna C. M. , Sockalingum G. D. , Vadhiraja B. M. , Maheedhar K. , Rao A. C. K. , Rao L. , Venteo L. , Pluot M. , Fernandes D. J. , Vidyasagar M. S. , Kartha V. B. , Manfait M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractOptical histopathology is fast emerging as a potential tool in cancer diagnosis. Fresh tissues in saline are ideal samples for optical histopathology. However, evaluation of suitability of ex vivo handled tissues is necessitated because of severe constraints in sample procurement, handling, and other associated problems with fresh tissues. Among these methods, formalin‐fixed samples are shown to be suitable for optical histopathology. However, it is necessary to further evaluate this method from the point of view discriminating tissues with minute biochemical variations. A pilot Raman and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopic studies of formalin‐fixed tissues normal, malignant, and after‐2‐fractions of radiotherapy from the same malignant cervix subjects were carried out, with an aim to explore the feasibility of discriminating these tissues, especially the tissues after‐2‐fractions of radiotherapy from other two groups. Raman and FTIR spectra exhibit large differences for normal and malignant tissues and subtle differences are seen between malignant and after‐2‐fractions of radiotherapy tissues. Spectral data were analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA) and it provided good discrimination of normal and malignant tissues. PCA of data of three tissues, normal, malignant, and 2‐fractions after radiotherapy, gave two clusters corresponding to normal and malignant + after‐2‐fractions of radiotherapy tissues. A second step of PCA was required to achieve discrimination between malignant and after‐2‐fractions of radiotherapy tissues. Hence, this study not only further supports the use of formalin‐fixed tissues in optical histopathology, especially from Raman spectroscopy point of view, it also indicates feasibility of discriminating tissues with minute biochemical differences such as malignant and after‐2‐fractions of radiotherapy. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 85: 214–221, 2007.This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Enhanced cell culture performance using inducible anti‐apoptotic genes E1B‐19K and Aven in the production of a monoclonal antibody with Chinese hamster ovary cells
Authors: Figueroa Bruno , Ailor Eric , Osborne Douglas , Hardwick J. Marie , Reff Mitchell , Betenbaugh Michael J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMammalian cells are used for the production of numerous biologics including monoclonal antibodies. Unfortunately, mammalian cells can lose viability at later stages in the cell culture process. In this study, the effects of expressing the anti‐apoptosis genes, E1B‐19K and Aven, separately and in combination on cell growth, survival, and monoclonal antibody (MAb) production were investigated for a commercial Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) mammalian cell line. CHO cells were observed to undergo apoptosis following a model insult, glucose deprivation, and at later stages of batch cell culture. The CHO cell line was then genetically modified to express the anti‐apoptotic proteins E1B‐19K and/or Aven using an ecdysone‐inducible expression system. Stable transfected pools induced to express Aven or E1B‐19K alone were found to survive 1–2 days longer than the parent cell line following glucose deprivation while the expression of both genes in concert increased cell survival by 3 days. In spinner flask batch studies, a clonal isolate engineered to express both anti‐apoptosis genes exhibited a longer operating lifetime and higher final MAb titer as a result of higher viable cell densities and viabilities. Interestingly, survival was increased in the absence of an inducer, most likely as a result of leaky expression of the anti‐apoptosis genes confirmed in subsequent PCR studies. In fed‐batch bioreactors, the expression of both anti‐apoptosis genes resulted in higher growth rates and cell densities in the exponential phase and significantly higher viable cell densities, viabilities, and extended survival during the post‐exponential phase. As a result, the integral of viable cells (IVC) was between 40 and 100% higher for cell lines engineered to express both Aven and E1B‐19K in concert, and the operational lifetime of the fed‐batch bioreactors was increased from 2 to 5 days. The maximum titers of MAb were also increased by 40–55% for bioreactors containing cells expressing Aven and E1B‐19K. These increases in volumetric productivity arose primarily from enhancements in viable cell density over the course of the fed‐batch culture period since the specific productivities for the cells expressing anti‐apoptosis genes were comparable or slightly lower than the parental hosts. These results demonstrate that expression of anti‐apoptosis genes can enhance culture performance and increase MAb titers for mammalian CHO cell cultures especially under conditions such as extended fed‐batch bioreactor operation. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;97: 877–892. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Solubilization and stabilization of bacteriophage MS2 in organic solvents
Authors: Johnson Harvey R. , Hooker Jacob M. , Francis Matthew B. , Clark Douglas S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSeveral techniques were examined for the solubilization of bacteriophage MS2 in organic solvents. Direct extraction of the MS2 from an aqueous phase into isooctane containing 2 mM AOT, a proven approach for the organic solubilization of many proteins, was not successful. However, predried samples of MS2 were solubilized through the direct addition of organic solvents containing 500 mM AOT. As an alternative procedure, reverse micelles containing aqueous solutions of MS2 were prepared in isooctane using AOT, dehydrated through solvent evaporation and azeotropic drying, and resolubilized in a solvent of choice. The structure and microenvironment of organic‐solubilized MS2 were investigated by UV absorbance, the fluorescence emission of an attached solvatochromatic dye, tryptophan fluorescence, and atomic force microscopy, all of which contributed evidence for a fully assembled capsid in the organic solvent. The solubilized MS2 was derivatized with stearic acid in chloroform, illustrating that bioconjugation reactions can be performed on organic‐solubilized capsids using reagents that are completely insoluble in water. Furthermore, the organic‐solubilized phage remained infectious after heating at 90°C for 20 min, whereas phage in aqueous buffer or dried with nitrogen were nonviable following the heat treatment protocol. The extended range of available chemical modifications and the enhanced thermal stability of the organic‐solubilized capsids bodes well for the formulation of storage‐stable vaccines predicated on reactions in or exposure to organic media. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;97: 224–234. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.