bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chemosensitization of gemcitabine‐resistant human bladder cancer cell line both in vitro and in vivo using antisense oligonucleotide targeting the anti‐apoptotic gene, clusterin
Authors: Muramaki Mototsugu , So Alan , Hayashi Norihiro , Sowery Richard , Miyake Hideaki , Fujisawa Masato , Gleave Martin E. 
Published: January 2009

OBJECTIVETo characterize changes in clusterin (sCLU‐2) expression in bladder cancer cells after continuous treatment with gemcitabine and to determine whether knockdown of sCLU‐2 can re‐introduce sensitivity of gemcitabine‐resistant cells to treatment with gemcitabine.MATERIALS AND METHODSA human bladder cancer cell line, UM‐UC‐3, was continuously exposed to increasing doses of gemcitabine in vitro, and a gemcitabine‐resistant cell line UM‐UC‐3R was developed. The role of sCLU‐2 in chemoresistant phenotype acquired in both in vitro and in vivo was then analysed using antisense oligonucleotide targeting the sCLU‐2 gene (OGX‐011).RESULTSTreatment of parental UM‐UC‐3 cells (UM‐UC‐3P) with gemcitabine induced transient up‐regulation of sCLU‐2 protein. There was a sustained increase in sCLU‐2 expression levels in UM‐UC‐3R compared with UM‐UC‐3P cells (6.4‐fold). Treatment of UM‐UC‐3R cells with OGX‐011 resulted in a dose‐dependent and sequence‐ specific inhibition in sCLU‐2 expression. Furthermore, OGX‐011 chemo‐sensitized UM‐UC‐3R cells to gemcitabine in vitro with a reduction in the concentration that reduces the effect by 50% (IC50) from 100 nm to 10 nm. Tumour volume and the incidence of metastasis in nude mice injected with UM‐UC‐3R cells was significantly greater than those of nude mice injected with UM‐UC‐3P cells; however, systemic administration of OGX‐011 plus a low dose of gemcitabine significantly suppressed tumour volume and the incidence of metastasis in both groups.CONCLUSIONThese findings suggest that sCLU‐2 plays a significant role in the acquisition of chemoresistant phenotype in bladder cancer cells and the knockdown of sCLU‐2 using OGX‐011 combined with a chemotherapeutic agent could be an attractive approach for advanced bladder cancer through the enhancement of chemosensitivity.
Introduction of non‐native freshwater fish can certainly be bad
Authors: Vitule Jean Ricardo Simões , Freire Carolina Arruda , Simberloff Daniel 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIn this paper, we respond to Gozlan’s views of the introduction of freshwater fish, as we strongly disagree with his view and approach. We demonstrate that many real‐world examples of freshwater fish introductions have catastrophic ecological consequences. We detail a few noteworthy examples, such as those of the Nile perch, carp, tilapias, catfishes, and the zebra mussel. We discuss within‐nation introductions, and we explore several related problems, such as hybridization and spread of pathogens and parasites. We propose that Gozlan’s analysis is biased, as more reliable data on impacts that are already widespread are urgently needed, mainly in the biologically richest areas of the world. Thus, we continue to advocate the precautionary principle, because species introductions, once established, are largely irreversible.
Preserved visual representations despite change blindness in infants
Authors: Wang Su‐hua , Mitroff Stephen R. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract Combining theoretical hypotheses of infant cognition and adult perception, we present evidence that infants can maintain visual representations despite their failure to detect a change. Infants under 12 months typically fail to notice a change to an object's height in a covering event. The present experiments demonstrated that 11‐month‐old infants can nevertheless maintain a viable representation of both the pre‐ and post‐change heights despite their ‘change blindness’. These results suggest that infants, like adults, can simultaneously maintain multiple representations, even if they do not optimally use them.
Why Some Countries Trade More Than Others: The Effect of the Governance Environment on Trade Flows
Authors: Li Shaomin , Samsell Darryl P. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTManuscript Type: EmpiricalResearch Question/Issue: We study why some countries trade more than others by examining the effect of governance environment on trade flows between countries. We argue that countries with highly rule‐based governance environments are relatively easy to trade with their transparent regulations and fair rules. In contrast, countries with highly relation‐based governance environments are more difficult and/or more costly to trade with and therefore tend to have smaller trade flows.Research Findings/Results: Examining trade patterns among 44 countries representing 89 per cent of world trade, we find that overall, rule‐based countries trade more than relation‐based countries. Countries with a large gap in governance environments tend to trade less. A positive effect on trade flows exist between two highly rule‐based countries, but not between two highly relation‐based countries. Any trade relationship involving a relation‐based country negatively affects trade flows.Theoretical Implications: This study refines and extends institutional theory and contributes to both governance and trade literatures by distinguishing two governance environments and how they affect trade flows between countries.Practical Implications: In addition to trade policies, governments must pay attention to the governance environment to evaluate their own and their trading partners' trading environment. When selecting trading partners, a firm needs to consider the prospective trading partner's characteristics (such as reputation, resources, and so forth), the trade policies of the partner's country, and the governance environment of that country.
Dynamic Voluntary Provision of Public Goods: A Generalization
Authors: FUJIWARA KENJI , MATSUEDA NORIMICHI 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIn this note we examine if the proposition offered by Fershtman and Nitzan (1991) and Wirl (1996) in the context of a dynamic voluntary provision model with a linear production function can be generalized to a more general CES formulation. By comparing the steady‐state stocks of a public good in open‐loop and feedback Nash equilibria with that under the cooperative solution, we demonstrate that their ranking among the steady‐state stocks is indeed preserved under the CES framework.
THE REVOLUTIONARY VISION OF WILLIAM BLAKE
Authors: Altizer Thomas J. J. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTIt was William Blake's insight that the Christian churches, by inverting the Incarnation and the dialectical vision of Paul, have repressed the body, divided God from creation, substituted judgment for grace, and repudiated imagination, compassion, and the original apocalyptic faith of early Christianity. Blake's prophetic poetry thus contributes to the renewal of Christian ethics by a process of subversion and negation of Christian moral, ecclesiastical, and theological traditions, which are recognized precisely as inversions of Jesus, and therefore as instances of the forms of evil that God‐in‐Christ overcomes through Incarnation, reversing the Fall. Blake's great epic poems, particularly Milton (1804–08) and Jerusalem (1804–20), embody his heterodox representation of the final coincidence of Christ and Satan through which, at last, all things are made new.
Femoral nerve involvement in diabetics
Authors: Kurt S. , Kaplan Y. , Karaer H. , Erkorkmaz U. 
Published: January 2009

Background and purpose:  In this study, the conduction of the femoral nerve has been evaluated in diabetic patients without clinical signs of femoral nerve involvement and in a group of healthy subjects.Methods:  Forty‐eight patients have been included in the study. Patients have been examined in terms of neuropathy and their neuropathy scores have been calculated. In addition to the nerve conduction studies have been performed. The findings of the diabetic patients have been compared with those of the 26 healthy volunteers.Results:  There has been a statistically significant difference between diabetics and the healthy volunteers in the control group in terms of both femoral nerve motor latency and amplitude. The femoral latencies of patients have significantly been related to the total neuropathy score. A significant difference between diabetic patients without polyneuropathy and the controls was observed with respect to their femoral latencies.Conclusion:  In our study, femoral nerve conduction abnormalities have been determined in diabetics who clinically did not have femoral nerve involvement. It has been observed that these abnormalities become more evident as the polyneuropathy of the patients becomes more serious. Our study has shown that femoral nerve conductions may increase the sensitivity of the diagnosis of polyneuropathy.
Translating Research into Practice Intervention Improves Management of Acute Pain in Older Hip Fracture Patients
Authors: Titler Marita G. , Herr Keela , Brooks John M. , Xie Xian‐Jin , Ardery Gail , Schilling Margo L. , Marsh J. Lawrence , Everett Linda Q. , Clarke William R. 
Published: January 2009

Objective.To test an interdisciplinary, multifaceted, translating research into practice (TRIP) intervention to (a) promote adoption, by physicians and nurses, of evidence‐based (EB) acute pain management practices in hospitalized older adults, (b) decrease barriers to use of EB acute pain management practices, and (c) decrease pain intensity of older hospitalized adults.Study Design.Experimental design with the hospital as the unit of randomization.Study Setting.Twelve acute care hospitals in the Midwest.Data Sources.(a) Medical records (MRs) of patients ≥65 years or older with a hip fracture admitted before and following implementation of the TRIP intervention and (b) physicians and nurses who care for those patients.Data Collection.Data were abstracted from MRs and questions distributed to nurses and physicians.Principal Findings.The Summative Index for Quality of Acute Pain Care (0–18 scale) was significantly higher for the experimental (10.1) than comparison group (8.4) at the end of the TRIP implementation phase. At the end of the TRIP implementation phase, patients in the experimental group had a lower mean pain intensity rating than those in the comparison group ( p<.0001).Conclusion.The TRIP intervention improved quality of acute pain management of older adults hospitalized with a hip fracture.
Identification of Nonadaptive MBA Writers Through the Use of Linguistic Analysis
Authors: Divoky James J. , Rothermel Mary Anne 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTSamples of formal business reports and business memos were obtained from MBA students in multiple disciplines. The samples were analyzed in terms of their relative cohesion, concreteness of wording, causal relationships, intentional referencing, and readability. A classification function based on these measures was then used to identify entering MBA students as using either a memo or report style of writing, based on their personal statements and GMAT analytical writing essays. Documents for these students from the beginning and end of their academic programs were similarly analyzed. We found that students who are initially classified as report writers consistently produce documents of that quality throughout their programs. Moreover, we also found that, if memo writers do not quickly adapt their style of writing, they tend to produce documents using a memo style without regard to the type of document being requested.
Acute Effect of Circumferential Pulmonary Vein Isolation on Left Atrial Substrate
Authors: UDYAVAR AMEYA R. , HUANG SUNG‐HAO , CHANG SHIH‐LIN , LIN YENN‐JIANG , TAI CHING‐TAI , LO LI‐WEI , TUAN TA‐CHUAN , HU YU‐FENG , WONGCHAROEN WANWARANG , TSAO HSUAN‐MING , HIGA SATOSHI , CHEN SHIH‐ANN 
Published: January 2009

Introduction:
The left atrial (LA) substrate plays an important role in the maintenance of atrial fibrillation (AF). However, little is known about the acute effect of circumferential pulmonary vein isolation (CPVI). This study was to investigate the acute change of LA activation, voltage and P wave in surface electrocardiogram (ECG) after CPVI.
Methods and Results:
Electroanatomic mapping (NavX) was performed in 50 patients with AF (mean age = 54 ± 10 years, 36 males) who underwent only CPVI. The mean peak‐to‐peak bipolar voltage and total activation time of LA were obtained during sinus rhythm before and immediately after CPVI. The average duration and amplitude of P waves in 12‐lead ECG were also analyzed before and after CPVI. Change in the earliest LA breakthrough sites could cause decreased LA total activation time. Downward shift in the breakthrough site was inversely proportional to the proximity of the breakthrough site to the radiofrequency lesions. A shortening of P‐wave duration and decrease in voltage after CPVI were observed after CPVI. Patients with recurrent AF had less voltage reduction in the atrial wall 1 cm from the circumferential PV lesions compared with those without recurrent AF (60.1 ± 11.7% vs 74.1 ± 6.6%, P = 0.002). Reduction of voltage ≤64.4% in this area after CPVI is related with recurrent AF.
Conclusion:
CPVI could result in acute change of LA substrate, involving LA activation and voltage. Less reduction of voltage in the atrial wall adjacent to the circumferential PV lesions after CPVI may be associated to the recurrence of AF.
Z‐Score for Benchmarking Reader Competence in a Central ECG Laboratory
Authors: Panicker Gopi Krishna , Karnad Dilip R. , Joshi Rajesh , Shetty Sheetal , Vyas Niraj , Kothari Snehal , Narula Dhiraj 
Published: January 2009

Background: ECGs from thorough QT studies must be read in a central laboratory by trained experts. Standards of expertise are not presently defined. We, therefore, studied the use of Z‐scores to define reader competence. Methods: Two hundred ECGs were read by 24 experts and the mean and standard deviation (SD) of QT measurements calculated for each ECG. Z‐scores ([QTreader– mean QTexperts]/ SDexperts) for each ECG and mean of absolute Z‐scores of all ECGs read by a reader were calculated. The highest mean absolute Z‐score of experts was considered the cutoff to define competence. Hundred of these standardized ECGs were used to assess performance of readers from the central laboratory. Results: All experts had mean absolute Z‐scores ≤ 1.5. Using this cutoff, one of 28 experienced readers and 7 of 15 trainees had unacceptable Z‐scores. After re‐training, all achieved Z‐scores <1.5. Comparing histograms of actual Z‐scores of the 100 ECGs of readers with unacceptable scores with that of the reader with the best Z‐score showed two patterns. Readers with histograms having a peak and tails similar to that of the best reader, but with leftward or rightward shift, consistently made shorter or longer QT measurements, respectively. A histogram with a flatter peak and wider tails, suggested that measurements were long in some ECGs and short in others. Conclusion: Mean absolute Z‐score is useful to assess competence for measuring the QT interval on ECGs. Analysis of histograms can pinpoint problems in QT measurements.
Interpretive Filters: Social Cognition and the Impact of Turning Points in Negotiation
Authors: Druckman Daniel , Olekalns Mara , Smith Philip L. 
Published: January 2009

A number of studies have shown that certain events that occur during a negotiation can alter its course. Referred to as “turning points,” these events are precipitated by actions taken either outside or inside the talks that have consequences for outcomes. In this article, we report the results of two experiments designed to examine the impacts of two types of precipitating actions, external and internal. In the first experiment, which focused on external actions, we found that crises — as opposed to breakthroughs — produced more movement in negotiations in which parties viewed the social climate positively (high trust, low power). We found that parties achieved less movement in negative social climates (low trust, high power).In the second experiment, which focused on internal actions, we found that cooperative precipitants (factors inducing change) were more likely to occur when parties negotiated in the context of positive social climates. Negotiation outcomes were also influenced by the climate: we found better individual outcomes for negotiations that occurred in positive climates (high trust, cooperative orientations). Inboth experiments, the social climate of the negotiation moderated the effects of precipitating factors on negotiation outcomes. Perceptions of trust and power filter the way negotiators interpret actions that occur outside or are taken inside a negotiation, which can lead to agreements or impasses.
Attachment Styles, Conflict Perception, and Adolescents' Strategies of Coping with Interpersonal Conflict
Authors: Ben‐Ari Rachel , Hirshberg Itzhak 
Published: January 2009

In this study, we examined the relationships between and among adolescents' attachment styles, conflict perceptions, and strategies for coping with conflicts with their peers. The study participants were 146 pupils at a junior high school who completed self‐report questionnaires about their attachment styles (secure, anxious, or avoidant), conflict coping styles (avoiding, dominating, obliging, compromising, and integrating), and conflict perceptions (positive or negative), as well as social and academic status and the frequency with which they and their friends were involved in conflicts.We found strong, statistically significant correlations between attachment style, coping strategy, and conflict perception. Generally, participants whose secure attachment scores were higher reported that they held more positive attitudes toward conflict, used more cooperative strategies to cope with conflicts, and were involved in conflicts less often; they also seemed to be less obliging and more dominating in their coping strategies. Avoidant attachment adolescents in our study displayed more negative conflict perceptions and made greater use of dominating strategies.We also found that participants' conflict perceptions mediated the relationship between their attachment styles and coping styles. Because it is generally easier to change attitudes than it is to change attachment styles, which are more fixed, our findings suggest that changing adolescents' conflict perceptions, through school curricula, for example, may be an effective way to improve their ability to cope with conflict.
Cow‐calf profitability and leptin genotyping
Authors: Mitchell Jay , DeVuyst Eric A. , Bauer Marc L. , Larson Daniel L. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractProfitability of cow‐calf production is determined largely by market prices, calf weaning weights, and cow productive life. While producers individually have no effect on prices, weaning weights and productive life have genetic influences and hence can be altered by selection programs implemented by producers. We investigate the impact of a mutation in the leptin gene (exon 2; single nucleotide polymorphism [SNP] 305) on cow‐calf profitability. Prior research shows that this mutation has effects on performance and traits of fed cattle and milk production in dairy cows. Using data from a teaching‐research herd, we find that it is also associated with calf weaning weights and cow productive life. A bio‐economic stochastic simulation demonstrates that the mutation has statistically positive impacts on profits, suggesting that producers can profitably make use of this information.
An introduction to concept mapping in dental education: the case of partial denture design
Authors: Kinchin I. M. , Cabot L. B. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to present concept mapping as a tool for enhancing clinical dental education and develops the authors’ argument for the use of concept mapping presented previously in the pages of this journal. Materials presented are based on data gathered from extensive observation of learning and teaching in a UK dental school, and upon a case study of student learning of removable partial denture design. Using examples developed with students and teachers, critical elements of the approach are illustrated which can be used to support dialogue between the two parties. This approach can be used to develop active teaching strategies and engaged learning approaches that support the development of clinical expertise.
Tenoxicam controls pain without altering orthodontic movement of maxillary canines
Authors: Arantes GM , Arantes VMN , Ashmawi HA , Posso IP 
Published: January 2009

Structured AbstractAuthors –  Arantes GM, Arantes VMN, Ashmawi HA, Posso IPObjectives –  To study the efficacy of tenoxicam for pain control, its potential for preemptive analgesia, and its influence on the orthodontic movement of upper canine teeth.Design –  This was a randomized controlled double‐blind cross‐over study. The patients were divided into three groups. Two groups received tenoxicam in daily doses of 20 mg orally for 3 days. Group A received the first dose of the drug before orthodontic activation and group B, just afterwards. Group C (control) received a placebo for 3 days. All groups had access to 750 mg of paracetamol up to four times a day. Three orthodontic activations were performed at 30‐day intervals. Each patient belonged to two different groups. Pain intensity was assessed using a descriptive Pain Scale and a Visual Analog Scale.Setting and Sample Population –  Private clinic; 36 patients undergoing bilateral canine tooth retraction.Results –  The statistical analysis did not show any difference in movement between the active groups and the control at any time. There was no statistical difference between the groups that received tenoxicam. Pain intensity in these groups was lower than in the placebo group. The difference in pain intensity between the active groups and the control was greatest at the assessment made 12 h after activation and it tended to zero, 72 h after activation.Conclusions –  Tenoxicam did not influence orthodontic movement of the upper canines. It was effective for pain control and did not present any preemptive analgesic effect.
Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite loci from Areca catechu (Arecaceae) using PCR‐based isolation of microsatellite arrays
Authors: HU CHENG‐HENG , HUANG CHI‐CHUN , HUNG KUO‐HSIANG , HSU TSAI‐WEN , CHIANG TZEN‐YUH 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBetel nut (Areca nut, Areca catechu L.) is a conspicuous and important cultivated plant of tropical and subtropical habitats throughout Southeast Asia and Oceania. As a significant cultural and social offering, the migration of betel nut associated with human dispersal is an important issue in ethnobotany and anthropology. In this study, we described the development of nine microsatellite loci from A. catechu. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 5 to 15. The expected and observed heterozygosities ranged from 0.71to 0.94 and from 0 to 0.88, respectively. All microsatellite loci, except for AC30, significantly deviated from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium possibly due to artificially selected cultivation or the existence of excessive null alleles. No linkage disequilibrium was observed from pairwise comparisons of loci, except for AC06 and AC08.
Efficacy of a Genetically EngineeredCandida albicans tet-NRG1Strain as an Experimental Live Attenuated Vaccine against Hematogenously Disseminated Candidiasis
Authors: Saville Stephen P. , Lazzell Anna L. , Chaturvedi Ashok K. , Monteagudo Carlos , Lopez-Ribot Jose L. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTWe report on the efficacy of the genetically engineeredCandida albicans tet-NRG1strain as an experimental live, attenuated vaccine against disseminated candidiasis in both immunocompetent and immunodeficient mice mostly dependent on T-cell immunity. This experimental vaccination model may represent an important tool to unravel the mechanisms of protective immunity during candidiasis.