bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in vesicular transporters for γ‐aminobutyric acid and glutamate reveal vulnerability and reorganization of hippocampal neurons following pilocarpine‐induced seizures
Authors: Boulland Jean‐Luc , Ferhat Lotfi , Tallak Solbu Tom , Ferrand Nadine , Chaudhry Farrukh Abbas , Storm‐Mathisen Jon , Esclapez Monique 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe reorganizations of the overall intrinsic glutamatergic and γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)‐ergic hippocampal networks as well as the time course of these reorganizations during development of pilocarpine‐induced temporal lobe epilepsy were studied with in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry experiments for the vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGLUT1) and the vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT). These transporters are particularly interesting as specific markers for glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons, respectively, whose expression levels could reflect the demand for synaptic transmission and their average activity. We report that 1) concomitantly with the loss of some subpopulations of VGAT‐containing neurons, there was an up‐regulation of VGAT synthesis in all remaining GABA neurons as early as 1 week after pilocarpine injection. This enhanced synthesis is characterized by marked increases in the relative amount of VGAT mRNAs in interneurons associated with increased intensity of axon terminal labeling for VGAT in all hippocampal layers. 2) There was a striking loss of mossy cells during the latent period, demonstrated by a long‐term decrease of VGLUT1 mRNA‐containing hilar neurons and associated loss of VGLUT1‐containing terminals in the dentate gyrus inner molecular layer. 3) There were aberrant VGLUT1‐containing terminals at the chronic stage resulting from axonal sprouting of granule and pyramidal cells. This is illustrated by a recovery of VGLUT1 immunoreactivity in the inner molecular layer and an increased VGLUT1 immunolabeling in the CA1–CA3 dendritic layers. These data indicate that an increased activity of remaining GABAergic interneurons occurs during the latent period, in parallel with the loss of vulnerable glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons preceding the reorganization of glutamatergic networks. J. Comp. Neurol. 503:466–485, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Defects in reciprocal projections between the thalamus and cerebral cortex in the early development of Fezl‐deficient mice
Authors: Komuta Yukari , Hibi Masahiko , Arai Takao , Nakamura Shun , Kawano Hitoshi 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFez‐like (Fezl), the forebrain embryonic zinc finger‐like protein, is a transcriptional repressor selectively expressed in the deep layers of the developing cortex. We examined the thalamocortical and corticofugal pathways in Fezl‐deficient fetal mice by using immunohistochemistry and by axonal labeling with the lipophilic dyes DiI and DiA, with special attention to the spatiotemporal relation between thalamocortical and corticofugal axons. In normal mice, thalamic and cortical axons meet in the internal capsule between embryonic day (E) 13.5 and E14.5 and fasciculate with each other as they extend to their targets, the cortex and thalamus, respectively. In Fezl‐deficient mice, most of the thalamic and cortical axons stop in the internal capsule and at the pallial‐subpallial boundary at E14.5, respectively. This abnormality is transient, and the thalamic and cortical axons reach their targets at E15.5, although the number of thalamic axons is remarkably reduced in the cortical anlage. Double labeling with DiI and DiA demonstrated close apposition of the thalamic and cortical axons in the subpallium and pallium as well as in the external capsule of this mutant after E15.5. Because the expression of genes that define the pallial‐subpallial boundary and guidance molecules of thalamocortical axons did not show remarkable changes in Fezl‐deficient mice, abnormal formation of thalamocortical pathway in this mutant may be caused by the defect of axons of cortical efferent neurons that express Fezl. J. Comp. Neurol. 503:454–465, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Laminins in the developing and adult human small intestine: Relation with the functional absorptive unit
Authors: Teller Inga C. , Auclair Joëlle , Herring Elizabeth , Gauthier Rémy , Ménard Daniel , Beaulieu Jean‐François 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe expression of the five laminin α‐chains was analyzed in the developing and mature human small intestine at the protein and transcript levels in order to further delineate specific involvement of individual laminins in relation to the epithelial cell state as defined along the functional crypt‐villus axis. The results show that all of the α‐laminin transcripts are expressed in significant amounts in the small intestine relative to a panel of other tissues and organs. Further analysis of their expression by indirect immunofluorescence and semi‐quantitative and quantitative RT‐PCR demonstrates a close correlation between transcript and protein expression, distinct epithelial and mesenchymal origins, as well as differential occurrence in intestinal basement membranes according to developmental stage, along the crypt‐villus axis and in compartment‐related experimental intestinal cell models. Taken together, the data point out the prime importance of α2‐, α3‐, and α5‐containing laminins for the development and maintenance of the functional human intestinal epithelium. Developmental Dynamics 236:1980–1990, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Attractiveness and cost as mediating variables in the performer‐judge relation: An extension of the reward‐cost model
Authors: Lefebvre Luc M. , McNeel Steven P. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAn attempt was made to extend social exchange theory to a situation in which the outcomes available for exchanges were of qualitatively different sorts. Male Ss judged the creativity of sentences constructed by female accomplices under conditions of high versus low ‘attractiveness’ (presence or absence of smiling and eye contact) of the accomplice and high versus low cost of judgemental accuracy to the S. An interaction between Attractiveness × Cost was predicted and found in experiment 1. Experiment 2 replicated that finding and added two control conditions. The results indicated that for the high attractiveness manipulation the positive reciprocity tendency which occurred under low cost was not found under higher cost. In addition, both studies showed a non‐significant negative reciprocity tendency under high attractiveness and high cost. Jones' theory of ingratiation was examined for its relevancy, but it does not appear to be more appropriate in this situation than the reward‐cost model.
Intergroup competition and its effect on intragroup and intergroup relations
Authors: Rabbie Jacob M. , Wilkens Gerard 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSeventy‐two male subjects from lower technical schools were divided into groups of three and assigned to three conditions in which they expected to work together in competition with another group, to work together but independently of the other group, or did not anticipate to work together at all.Subjects who anticipated working together showed a more favorable attitude toward their group and its members than subjects who did not. Moreover, actual social interaction increased in‐group attractiveness.Intergroup competition led to a more differentiated leadership structure and a greater consensus about the distribution of influence in the group.Contrary to our predictions, intergroup competition produced no greater in‐group solidarity, nor any over‐evaluation of the group's product.Low influence persons felt comparatively more positive about their group even before they actually had the opportunity to work together. An attempt was made to relate this finding to the ordinal position of the low status figure, his affiliative tendencies under stress, and his greater social dependence.
Adolescent and adult authoritarianism reexamined: Its organisation and stability over time
Authors: Himmelweit Hilde T. , Swift Betty 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper, which draws on follow‐up data collected from English subjects first tested as adolescents and then, 1I years later, as young inen of 24–25, falls into three parts.Part I examines the structuring of responses to authoritarian statements. No general authoritarian factor could be isolated in either adolescence or in adult life. Instead, four separate authoritarian response tendencies, each with its own antecedents, significance and predictive value, were obtained. Only the adolescent measures correlated significantly with ability level. This, together with the greater stability across time of the responses of the more able 13–14 year olds, led us to hypothesize that some of the variance in adolescent scores was cognitively, not motivationally, determined.Part II reports a series of experimental studies (using additional data from the follow‐up investigation) testing the cognitive and developmental hypothesis, which received support.Part III proposes a general model for the consideration of attitudes, in which any given attitudinal response is located in a three‐dimensional space of cognitive complexity, personality needs and social structure.
The communication of friendly and hostile attitudes by verbal and non‐verbal signals
Authors: Argyle Michael , Alkema Florisse , Gilmour Robin 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTwo experiments are reported here in which Ss were asked to rate videotapes of a performer reading friendly, neutral and hostile messages in a friendly, neutral or hostile non‐verbal style. These messages and non‐verbal styles had previously been presented independently to a separate group of Ss jor rating, in order to obtain an estimate of their individual strengths in terms of six rating scales, and thus permit a matching of verbal (messages) and non‐verbal (styles) cues in the experiment where both types of cues were presented in combination. The results of both experiments indicate that non‐verbal cues had a greater effect on ratings made on 7‐point scales, such as hostile‐friendly, than verbal cues. The magnitude of this greater effect of non‐verbal cues, however, was dependent on the relative strength of non‐verbal as opposed to verbal cues. In the first experiment, both types of cues were approximately equal in strength when ruted alone; here non‐verbal cues accounted for 12.5 times us much variance us verbal cues, and produced 5.7 times as much shift on the ratitig scales. In the second experiment the verbal cues were much stronger than the non‐verbal cues when rated alone. Here the relative effect of non‐verbal cues in the second experiment was diminished; the ratio of non‐verbal : verbal variance was now 1.67:1. When verbal and non‐verbal signals were inconsistent, the performance was rated as insincere, unstable and confusing ‐ which was not found in earlier experiments on the superior‐inferior dimension.
Categorization, cognitive consistency and the concept of dimensional salience
Authors: Eiser J. Richard 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCognitive consistency theories predict changes in evaluation within an existing frame of reference. This frame of reference must be defined in terms of those dimensions or aspects of the situation that appear most salient to the individual concerned.The same siuation may appear balanced or unbalanced, depending on which dimensions are seen as salient. The tendency to maintain balance may therefore reveal itself in a tendency to see as salient those dimensions in terms of which a given situation will appear most balanced. This is consistent with evidence from the judgment of attitude statements, which suggests that individuals will regard as most salient those dimensions along which their own evaluations of a set of statements will be most congruent with the value connotations of the terms by which the judgment scale is labelled.
The role of a positive model, a frustrating situation and aggressive context on imitation
Authors: Leyens Jacques‐Philippe 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThirty‐two groups of four naive Ss and one accomplice participated in this 2 × 2 × 2 experiment designed to test conditions facilitating imitation of a competent model played by the accomplice. It was assumed that the psychological distance between the competent model and the Ss would be lessened so that imitation would increase: 1. if the model was friendly rather than hostile, 2. if the situation was non‐frustrating rather than frustrating, and 3. if aggression was permitted rather than forbidden. Imitation was measured by the Ss' reproduction of the model's two mannerisms, and was found to be significantly influenced in the predicted way by the three variables. However, the freedom to aggress did not lessen psychological distance. Alternative explanations are provided for these results.
Processes of learning in the recognition of eye‐signals
Authors: Ellgring J. H. , Cranach M. Von 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn a learning experiment 10 Ss as receivers judged looking signals of a sender. Providing feedback about the real direction of gaze produced learning in the direction of an improvement of discrimination performance; the improvement was independent of visual acuity of receivers and was not correlated to extraversion and neuroticism. Performance at the beginning was poorer and learning progress better for fixation points which were further away from the face. Results are discussed with reference to improving accuracy of observers on the variable ‘looking behavior’, important in studies on nonverbal communication. A pre‐training of observers which allows explicit feedback about the real direction of gaze is proposed.
Some conditions to produce a dissonance and an incentive effect in a ‘forced‐compliance’ situationx
Authors: Frey Dieter , Irle Martin 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDissonance theory and incentive theory call for different predictions concerning the relation of reward and attitude change after a person has performed some counter‐attitudinal behavior. According to dissonance theory a negative, and according to incentive theory a positive relationship is expected. An experiment was conducted in West Germany testing the interactions of choice versus no choice and public versus anonymus (private) essay‐writing. A dissonance effect was predicted for the choice/public condition and an incentive effect for the no choice/anonymus condition. The results support these predictions.
The effects of representations and behavior in experimental games
Authors: Abric J. C. , Kahan J. P. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis research shows that in an experimental game it is the perception of an actual relationship, of an interaction with the other person more than the nature of the game which creates a climate in which cooperative responses can be established. Cooperative sets can be induced through the Representation of the partner: a reactive partner promoting cooperation, and a rigid one promoting competition. In addition it is noted that in order to understand the reactions induced by the partner's behavior, the behavior in itself it not sufficient. Indeed it is interpreted and understood in terms of the initial representation. The analysis of a person's behavior when in relation with another, should be based on a joint study of the existing representations and of the actual behavior observed.
Mediating interpersonal expectancies via vocal cues: Differential speech intensity as a means of social influence
Authors: Scherer Klaus R. , Rosenthal Robert , Koivumaki Judy 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDifferential vocal emphasis in the tape‐recorded instruction reading for a standard person perception task was manipulated by mechanically raising or lowering the volume of the key words describing the success or failure response alternatives on the rating scale. In a series of three experiments, Ss exposed to success emphasis in the instructions rated the stimulus persons as more successful than did Ss exposed to failure emphasis. This trend was reversed for Ss who listened twice to the instructions. None of the Ss reported awareness of the influence attempt.
Overpayment: Perceived qualifications and financial compensation
Authors: Wilke Henk , Steur Theo 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn this study expectancy and equity theory were compared.An experiment was carried out on the effect of overpayment. Overpayment was manipulated by varying perceived input (perceived qualifications) and received outcome (financial compensation). The experiment consisted of a 2 × 3 design: two levels of payment (4 guilders p.h. and 8 guilders p.h.) and three levels of perceived qualifications (high, medium, low). Sixty‐six subjects were hired through the students placement service to decode personality questionnaires.Overpayment by manipulation of monetary rewards did not lead to greater production, as was hypothesized by Adams' equity theory (1965). As far m overpayment has been manipulated by perceived qualifications for the job the data confirmed equity theory. Several other theories (e.g. expectancy theory: Lawler, 1968b) can explain both results.
Bargaining strength and group polarization in intergroup negotiations
Authors: Rabbie Jacob M. , Visser Lieuwe 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn the context of a labour‐management simulation study, three‐man union teams were made to believe that they had either a very strong or a very weak bargaining position vis‐à‐vis the other party. In half of each of these conditions, a cooperative and a competitive orientation toward the other group was induced. In preparation for the intergroup negotiations, the subjects were first asked to indicate their individual aspirations for three negotiation issues. After a group discussion, their collective aspirations were obtained.Regardless of the experimental conditions. groups set significantly higher aspiration levels than individuals on the most important issue but were more conservative and cautious on less important issues. In general, for all three topics, significant or near‐significant interactions were found between bargaining strength and the direction of the group‐induced shift. In the strong bargaining condition, groups set higher aspiration levels than the average of prior individual judgments; in the weak bargaining condition the opposite trend occurred. An effort was made to relate these findings to the various theories developed in the ‘risky‐shift’ literature.
Extremity shifts, risk shifts and attitude shifts after group discussion
Authors: McCauley Clark R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMoscovici and Zavalloni (1969) suggest that both risk shifts and attitude shifts after group discussion are examples of a general group tendency to polarize opinions. In the present experiment, using both attitude and risk items, group discussion did not make individual opinions more extreme; only the group average became more extreme. This group extremity increase was not simply a more general way of conceptualizing the directional shifts in attitude and risk; group extremity increase appeared to be an effect of discussion that was independent of the risk and attitude shifts.Also, subjects in the co‐working pretest of the standard risk‐shift paradigm were found to be less extreme and more ‘agreeing’ than pretest subjects who were truly alone. This co‐working/alone difference persisted after discussion and was not related to group extremity increase. On both attitude and risk items, group extremity increase was strongly correlated with group opinion convergence. It is argued from this correlation that group extremity increase may be an effect of some aspect of conformity influence.
Favouritism as a function of assumed similarity and anticipated interaction
Authors: Eiser J. Richard , Taylor Sarah J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDiscussions of intergroup behavior (e.g., Rabbie and Wilkens, 1971; Tajfel, Flament, Billig and Bundy, 1971) have drawn attention to the influence of both assumed similarity and anticipated future interaction between an individual and other members of his group on his tendency to assign more favourable outcomes to members of his own group than to members of another group. This note examines whether similar processes may also affect an individual's tendency to make intragroup discriminations between different members of a group to which he himself does not belong, in a situation where the variables of similarity and anticipated interaction may be treated as independent factors.
Social categorization and similarity in intergroup behaviour
Authors: Billig Michael , Tajfel Henri 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe present study is one of a series exploring the role of social categorization in intergroup behaviour. It has been found in our previous studies that in ‚minimal' situations, in which the subjects were categorized into groups on the basis of visual judgments they had made or of their esthetic preferences, they clearly discriminated against members of an outgroup although this gave them no personal advantage. However, in these previous studies division into groups was still made on the basis of certain criteria of ‚real' similarity between subjects who were assigned to the same category. Therefore, the present study established social categories on an explicitly random basis without any reference to any such real similarity.It was found that, as soon as the notion of ‚group' was introduced into the situation, the subjects still discriminated against those assigned to another random category. This discrimination was considerably more marked than the one based on a division of subjects in terms of interindividual similarities in which the notion of ‚group' was never explicitly introduced. In addition, it was found that fairness was also a determinant of the subjects' decisions.The results are discussed from the point of view of their relevance to a social‐cognitive theory of intergroup behaviour.
Relative competence, reinforcement and conformity
Authors: Endler Norman S. , Hartley Susan 
Published: May 2007

AbstractForty male inmates from an adult correctional training centre participated in a 2 × 2 factorial design with subject correctness‐incorrectness and group agreement‐disagreement constituting the classification factors. A modified Asch procedure was used to manipulate a S's prior experience of correctness and agreement (Part 1) and to assess subsequent conformity to 3 male confederates (Part 2). The female experimenter served as the source of reinforcement and group correctness. Ss responded to a (two part) 26 verbal and perceptual item scale, including 11 conformity items.Subject correctness and group agreement interacted, for perceptual items only, so that subjects who were more competent than the group or equally incompetent to the group conformed less than those who were less competent than the group, who in turn conformed less than those who were equally competent to the group, where both the subjects and the group were correct. Subjects conformed more to difficult verbal items than to perceptual items, and unsuspicious subjects conformed more than suspicious subjects. Both relative competence, mediating the effects of prior experience, and the situational factor of reinforcement affect conformity to perceptual tasks.
Communication accuracy as a function of information about the communicator
Authors: Eiser J. Richard , Bhavnani Reena 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe accuracy with which Ss could identify the national governments referred to by a set of semantic‐differential profiles was found to be significantly related to whether they were given true, false, or unspecific information concerning the source of the profiles. Contrary to hypothesis, attitude similarity between the Ss who constructed the profiles and those who interpreted them failed to enhance communication accuracy.