bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A COMPARISON OF THE POPULATION OF OOCYTES IN NULLIPAROUS AND MULTIPAROUS SENILE LABORATORY RATS
Authors: SHELTON MARGARET 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
An estimate was made of the population of oocytes in the ovaries of nulliparous and multiparous rats aged 403–1156 days. No consistent difference was found to exist between the two groups of animals. The proportion of oocytes diagnosed as 'atretic' declines with age in both groups of animals.
MAMMOGENESIS AND LACTOGENESIS IN HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED, OVARIECTOMIZED, ADRENALECTOMIZED RATS
Authors: COWIE A. T. , LYONS W. R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
In the hypophysectomized-ovariectomized-adrenalectomized hooded Norway rat, growth of the mammary ducts can be induced with oestrone + somatotrophin + corticoids; lobule-alveolar development ensues if in addition to the above combination progesterone + prolactin is also administered. On withdrawing these hormones the local injection of prolactin then causes secretion in the underlying mammary gland, but only when corticoids are administered systemically.
ASSAY OF INSULIN-LIKE ACTIVITY IN THE PLASMA OF NORMAL AND DIABETIC HUMAN SUBJECTS
Authors: BAIRD C. W. , BORNSTEIN J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
An assay of insulin using adrenalectomized diabetic mice has been applied to the study of the insulin-like activity of plasma extracts.
It has been found that the insulin activity increases in normal subjects in response to the ingestion of carbohydrate, and that two groups of diabetics exist, those without and those with circulating insulin in plasma.
The significance of these findings in the aetiology of diabetes mellitus is discussed.
The limitations of the technique in the study of diabetes are emphasized.
CESSATION OF OVARIAN FUNCTION IN THE IMMATURE MOUSE AFTER HYPOPHYSECTOMY
Authors: LAMOND D. R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The rate of involution of the uterus of immature mice was compared after hypophysectomy, ovariectomy, hypophysectomy with ovariectomy and sham operations. There was no evidence over a 12-day period that the ovaries of hypophysectomized mice influenced uterine weights. There was a significantly poorer survival-rate among mice from which both the ovaries and pituitary gland had been removed.
THE WEIGHT OF LYMPHOID ORGANS AND THEIR RESPONSE TO ACTH FOLLOWING THYMECTOMY IN THE RAT
Authors: MANNING MARGARET J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Thymectomized rats and their control-operated litter-mates received adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH; 4 i.u./day for 10 days) or control injections. Thymectomy had no effect upon body weight under either treatment.
In rats injected with ACTH, the weight of lymph nodes was lower in thymectomized than in control-operated animals (P < 0·001 for the nodes of certain regions). A reduction in weight of lymph nodes following thymectomy also occurred in rats receiving control injections but, in this case, the difference was of doubtful significance. Under treatment with ACTH, the adrenals of thymectomized male rats weighed more than those of control-operated animals; this difference was significant only at the 2% level of probability. In female rats receiving ACTH, and in control-injected rats of both sexes, thymectomy had no effect upon adrenal weight.
The possibility that the results were due to non-specific stress following thymectomy is discussed, and evidence against this explanation is presented.
COLLABORATIVE ASSAY OF TWO GONADOTROPHIN PREPARATIONS FROM HUMAN POSTMENOPAUSAL URINE
Authors: BENZ F. , BORTH R. , BROWN P. S. , CROOKE A. C. , DEKANSKI J. B. , DICZFALUSY E. , LORAINE J. A. , LUNENFELD B. , SCHULER W. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. The gonadotrophic activity of two preparations from human postmenopausal urine (HMG-20A and HMG-J) has been compared. Various bioassay methods were used and the experiments were conducted in six different laboratories.
2. The mean relative potency of HMG-J in terms of HMG-20A varied according to the assay method used. Possible reasons for the differing potency ratios are discussed.
3. It is concluded that for the assay of pituitary gonadotrophins in urine the method of preparation of extracts should be similar to that of the standard.
SERUM PROTEINS IN RATS TREATED WITH LARGE DOSES OF STILBOESTROL
Authors: BENAŠ A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effect of stilboestrol (250 μg on alternate days) on the serum proteins of rats was investigated during a period of 56 days. The total protein content showed no significant change until the 56th day, but there was a fall in the albumin fraction after the 36th day. The α1- and γ-globulins were significantly increased from the 16th day onwards, while the α2 and β fractions were reduced on the 16th and 26th day but rose again towards the end of the experimental period.
THE EFFECT OF OESTRADIOL ON THE RESPONSE OF HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED GUINEA-PIGS TO ADRENOCORTICOTROPHIN
Authors: BROOKS R. V. , CLAYTON BARBARA E. , WORDEN JANET M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. A method is described for the preparation and maintenance of hypophysectomized guinea-pigs.
2. Following hypophysectomy the response of female guinea-pigs to adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) as measured by the urinary excretion of 17-ketosteroids (KS) and 17-ketogenic steroids (KGS) was reduced by 53% for KS and 59% for KGS. The decreased response was seen as early as 1 week after operation.
3. In the absence of the pituitary gland, oestradiol benzoate did not modify the response to administered ACTH as measured by the urinary excretion of KS and KGS.
AN INSULIN ASSAY BASED ON THE INCORPORATION OF LABELLED GLYCINE INTO PROTEIN OF ISOLATED RAT DIAPHRAGM
Authors: MANCHESTER K. L. , RANDLE P. J. , YOUNG F. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Insulin increases the incorporation of [14C]glycine into the protein of isolated rat diaphragm in vitro. This effect of the hormone can be used as the basis of a straight-line assay for insulin. The advantages and disadvantages of such a method of assay are discussed.
Normal human plasma also stimulates incorporation of glycine into diaphragm protein, and the activities of two plasma samples were equivalent to 2 and 10 mu. insulin/ml. plasma, respectively.
ACTION OF CERTAIN HORMONES ON THE THYMUS OF THE DOMESTIC HEN
Authors: HÖHN E. O. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Thyroxine, deoxycorticosterone acetate (DCA), progesterone, testosterone, oestradiol, cortisone and bovine growth hormone (GH) were injected daily for 4 weeks into laying hens. Thymus weight was increased by thyroxine, decreased by cortisone and unaffected by testosterone and oestradiol. Results with DCA and progesterone were inconclusive but suggested a thymus weightreducing action. GH increased thymus weight but not to a significant degree. Testosterone injected daily for 6 weeks into adult male mallards did not affect thymus weight.
Thyroxine and GH increased thickness of the cortex and vascularity of both cortex and medulla of the thymus. Cortisone, DCA and progesterone caused cortical atrophy. Weight of the bursa fabricii was not affected by any of the hormones used. Egg-laying was somewhat reduced by all the hormones used, but this effect was marked only with thyroxine (in one out of two experiments), oestradiol and GH.
A moult was induced by thyroxine, testosterone and GH, but the effects obtained with the latter may have been due to contamination with thyrotrophic hormone. It is suggested that the spontaneous late-summer enlargement of the thymus of adult wild birds is due to increased thyroid activity at this time.
PROGESTERONE IN BLOOD
Authors: SHORT R. V. , MOORE N. W. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Progesterone has been identified in the placenta of intact and ovariectomized ewes in concentrations of 4–9 μg/kg tissue. In addition to progesterone, a closely related metabolite, 20-αhydroxypregn-4-en-3-one, has also been found, in concentrations of 9–12 μg/kg tissue. The concentrations of both these steroids were highest in the placenta from ovariectomized animals, suggesting that the placenta might be able to compensate for the removal of the ovaries.
Progesterone and 20α-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one levels were also measured in the peripheral blood of pregnant, non-pregnant and post-partum ewes; the mean concentrations of both hormones during pregnancy were 0·41 and 0·37 μg/100 ml. plasma respectively. These levels were not significantly higher than those found in non-pregnant animals, and there was no significant difference (progesterone: P > 0·02; 20α-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one: P > 0·05) between the concentrations in ewes with single and multiple pregnancies. The ratio of the two hormones did not appear to change during the course of pregnancy, and there was no sign of a fall in the blood levels prior to parturition. After birth, however, the levels seemed to fall rapidly.
It is concluded that the sheep placenta is capable of producing small amounts of progesterone, and that some homeostatic mechanism exists for the maintenance of a relatively constant blood progesterone level throughout pregnancy. However, it is still not possible to assess the relative importance of the adrenals and the placenta as extra-ovarian sources of progesterone in the ewe.
THE SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF PANCREATIC TISSUE IN THE ANTERIOR CHAMBER OF THE EYE OF THE ALBINO RAT
Authors: COUPLAND R. E. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Pieces of foetal rat pancreas obtained from specimens of 18–40 mm c.r. length were implanted into the anterior chamber of the mother's eye. The subsequent changes were followed using histological methods.
Acinar tissue degenerates and completely disappears during the first 2 weeks after implantation. Duct epithelium proliferates and large numbers of islets of Langerhans are produced which contain both α and β cells. In grafts of 1 year's duration islets form the main bulk of the graft. Methods of staining the islet tissue of the rat are discussed.
A BREED DIFFERENCE IN THE LACTOGENIC RESPONSE OF THE RABBIT TO RESERPINE
Authors: TINDAL J. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A single intravenous injection of reserpine (1 mg/kg), given either on day 15 of pseudopregnancy or after priming with 0·2 mg oestradiol-17β daily for 10 days, resulted in lactogenesis in virgin female rabbits of the New Zealand White breed. This finding is in contrast to earlier negative results with Dutch rabbits in this laboratory. Thymus weight dropped significantly after reserpine in the pseudopregnant animals, but reserpine did not lower the thymus weight in oestradiol-primed rabbits to an extent greater than could be accounted for by the effect of the oestrogen alone.
From these results, it is concluded that there is a breed difference in the lactogenic response of New Zealand White and Dutch rabbits to reserpine.
EFFECTS OF SYNTHETIC OXYTOCIN AND VALYL OXYTOCIN ON MAMMARY INVOLUTION IN THE RAT
Authors: BENSON G. K. , FOLLEY S. J. , TINDAL J. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Synthetic oxytocin ('Syntocinon') and valyl oxytocin have been assayed for oxytocic and milk-ejection activities. In agreement with the previous results of others, valyl oxytocin exhibited about five times as much milk-ejection activity, per unit of oxytocic activity, as that shown by oxytocin. However, valyl oxytocin was no more active than synthetic oxytocin in retarding mammary involution in rats whose young were removed on the 4th day of lactation. This experiment, therefore, provided no evidence that the involution-retarding action of oxytocin is mediated by a direct effect on the myoepithelium of the mammary gland.
THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT STIMULI ON MILK EJECTION AND DIURESIS IN THE LACTATING COW
Authors: PEETERS G. , STORMORKEN H. , VANSCHOUBROEK F. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The relation between milk ejection and antidiuretic response was studied on lactating cows using different stimuli.
The stimuli, utilized to induce milk ejection, could be classified according to increasing effectiveness as follows: (1) showing the calf to the mother (visual stimulation); (2) washing the udder with water at 40° C in trained animals; (3) washing combined with visual stimulation; (4) suckling. Experimental conditions (hydration, bladder catheter) exerted a marked inhibiting effect in most animals on the milk-ejecting reflex induced by stimuli 1, 2 and 3. The reactions of domesticated cows under these circumstances are analogous to those of primitive breeds under normal conditions.
Generally, the antidiuretic response seemed to be quantitatively correlated with the release of oxytocin. However, exceptions to this rule were observed.
An antidiuretic response was obtained in cows after milk ejection unaccompanied by withdrawal of milk.
The effect of known amounts of oxytocin on milk ejection was studied, and the dose-response curve was nearly a straight line when log dose was plotted against the volume of milk ejected. The slope of the curves, however, varied in different cows.
OESTROGEN INHIBITION BY STEROIDS AND OTHER SUBSTANCES
Authors: EMMENS C. W. , COX R. I. , MARTIN L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
In intravaginal tests of cornification in the spayed mouse vagina, dimethylstilboestrol, ethylstilboestrol, n-propylstilboestrol, meso- and racemic-butoestrol inhibit oestradiol. None do so when given subcutaneously. MER 25 shows very weak inhibition, but acts subcutaneously. The steroids, 19-nortestosterone, 17-ethyl-19-nortestosterone and 17-ethinyl-19-nortestosterone, inhibit oestradiol when given both intravaginally and subcutaneously.
In intravaginal tests of mitosis, increase in epithelial thickness or triphenyltetrazolium reduction (a measure of metabolic activity), the stilboestrols and butoestrols inhibit oestrone. Massive doses of MER 25 partially inhibited in such tests, but actually stimulated mitosis at low levels of oestrogen administration. None of the nor-steroids showed any inhibitory potency in dose ratios of up to 1000:1, while both 19-nortestosterone and 17-ethinyl-19-nortestosterone showed oestrogenic activity at levels of only 50:1.
It is concluded that both the synthetic and steroid compounds inhibit directly, not by virtue of metabolites, but that only the synthetic compounds compete with oestrogens at an early stage. Failure to show parenteral activity in these compounds may be due to their weak pro-oestrogenic potencies. It is suggested that the very weak activity found with MER 25 may reflect a species difference between mouse and rat.
A STUDY OF THE ACTION OF MIROESTROL AND OTHER OESTROGENS ON THE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT OF THE IMMATURE FEMALE MOUSE
Authors: JONES H. E. H. , POPE G. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Assay of the potency of the recently isolated plant oestrogen, miroestrol, shows that when given subcutaneously in multiple doses it is as potent as oestradiol-17β, and orally more than three times as potent as stilboestrol in producing an increase in uterine weight in the immature female mouse.
2. In the immature female mouse given a single injection of oestrogens, the route of administration influences the magnitude, the latent period, and the duration of the responses in the reproductive tract. In general, the oestrogens act most efficiently on the uterus and vagina when they are given intraperitoneally instead of subcutaneously. It is suggested that this is because there is less chance of absorption rates and metabolism in the animal influencing the oestrogen introduced intraperitoneally.
3. The activity of miroestrol by single injection is described and compared with that of oestriol, oestradiol-17β and stilboestrol. It is at least as effective as oestradiol-17β and stilboestrol in promoting uterine and vaginal growth, and in increasing the amount of fluid which can be expressed from the uterine lumen by gentle pressing.
A MODIFICATION OF A METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF URINARY PREGNANETRIOL
Authors: LEON Y. ANDRÉE , BULBROOK R. D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The specificity of the method of Stern [1957] for the determination of urinary pregnanetriol has been examined using chromatography on alumina columns and paper. The pregnanetriol fractions were found to contain chromogenic impurities, most of which could be removed by the addition of a pre-wash of 3% ethanol/benzene to the system described by Stern for the elution of pregnanetriol from alumina. The reliability of the modified method has been assessed with special reference to specificity.
THE BURSA OF FABRICIUS AND ADRENAL ASCORBIC ACID DEPLETION FOLLOWING ACTH INJECTIONS IN CHICKS
Authors: PEREK M. , EILAT A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Injections of both fast- and long-acting adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) were followed by depletion of adrenal ascorbic acid (AA) in 3-week- and 6-week-old chicks when the bursa of Fabricius had been removed. The speed of depletion was similar to that known in mammals. Intact birds did not respond in this respect to ACTH treatment.
A marked involution of the bursa of Fabricius occurred in chicks treated with prolonged-acting ACTH. A depletion of the total AA content of the bursa was noted, without any significant change in its concentration in the tissue of the gland.
The results of the experiments indicate that the bursa of Fabricius is involved in preventing the release of adrenal AA after ACTH treatment.
THE PATHOGENESIS OF EXPERIMENTAL BRUCELLOSIS IN VIRGIN HEIFERS WITH AND WITHOUT CONTINUOUS PROGESTERONE TREATMENT
Authors: PAYNE J. M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Daily injections of progesterone were given to six adult heifers. These, and six untreated but otherwise similar animals, were infected by a standard method with the virulent strain 544 of Brucella abortus.
The pathogenesis of the disease, as measured by B. abortus counts in various tissues and organs, and associated histopathology, was found to be less progressive and milder than in the pregnant cow. In the non-gravid animals the counts of B. abortus in the various tissues were very low and the infection did not disseminate very widely in the body. The uteri remained free from infection. In addition, the lesions in the lymphoid tissue were milder than those found previously in similarly infected pregnant animals.
Progesterone administration exerted a profound effect on the genital tract. Oestrous cycles ceased and follicles in the ovaries became atretic; the endometrial glands secreted a material which accumulated in the uterine lumen and a firm mucus seal developed in the cervix. Progesterone, however, exerted no effect on the pathogenesis of brucellosis.
It is concluded that progesterone is unlikely to be responsible for the susceptibility of the pregnant cow to brucellosis.
PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON THE RELEASE OF OXYTOCIN AND VASOPRESSIN IN HUMAN SUBJECTS
Authors: CHAUDHURY R. R. , JOPLIN G. F. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Oxytocic and vasopressor activity were found in human peripheral venous blood following overnight dehydration and an intravenous injection of nicotine.
2. The quantities are adequate for investigation of hypothalamic damage of moderate severity.
3. The blood levels of oxytocic activity exceed vasopressor activity.
ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE AND CORTICOTROPHIN RELEASE IN MAN
Authors: SHUSTER S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Plasma cortisol concentrations increased after injections of nicotine. This increase was variable and was no greater than that seen after substitution of normal saline for nicotine. Plasma cortisol concentrations did not increase after nicotine in patients with hypopituitarism and after inhibition of corticotrophin release with triamcinolone. It is concluded that the increased plasma cortisol concentration after injection of nicotine was due to non-specific pituitary stimulation associated with the experimental procedure and not due to any direct effect of the nicotine. Nicotine resulted in a similar increase in plasma cortisol in four patients with diabetes insipidus. Neither rapid infusion of hypertonic mannitol nor ingestion of ethanol had a consistent effect on the plasma cortisol concentration. It is therefore concluded that the antidiuretic hormone is not the 'corticotrophin release factor' in man.
ENDOCRINE ACTIVITY OF THE EARLY PLACENTA OF THE GUINEA-PIG
Authors: DEANESLY RUTH 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Mucification of the vaginal epithelium in rodents requires the presence of both oestrogens and progesterone.
The effect of different doses of hormones on the vaginal epithelium of spayed animals is briefly described.
In spayed pregnant guinea-pigs maintained by progesterone, mucification of the vagina similar to that of pregnant controls develops by about days 18–20 post coitum, indicating a secretion of oestrogen by the developing placenta adequate to transform the vaginal epithelium, but probably of < 1 μg daily.
THE METABOLISM OF 17α-HYDROXYPROGESTERONE IN CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA
Authors: BROOKS R. V. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. The administration of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone to a patient with congenital adrenal hyperplasia resulted in 12% of the dose being excreted as pregnanetriol, 6% as 17α-hydroxypregnanolone and < 0·2% as androsterone plus aetiocholanolone.
2. It is concluded that in order to account for the large amounts of androsterone and aetiocholanolone excreted by the untreated patient it is necessary to postulate the secretion by the adrenal of large amounts of a C19 precursor of these two steroids.
3. The possible routes for the biosynthesis of this adrenal androgen are discussed.
THE ACTION OF INSULIN ON THE METABOLISM OF CELL CULTURES
Authors: PAUL J. , PEARSON ENID S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism, nucleic acid synthesis and the incorporation of inorganic phosphate into cultured mammalian cells was investigated.
2. Insulin was always found to stimulate glycolysis. It also accelerated the utilization of pyruvic acid from the medium.
3. Enhanced turnover of phosphate in the acid-soluble and lipid fractions of the cells was found. Only rarely was there increased turnover of RNA phosphorus or DNA phosphorus, even in the presence of other phenomena.
4. Increased 32P incorporation into acid-soluble compounds was observed in many experiments, it was not confined to energy-rich compounds.
5. Increased cell membrane activity was noted and this was often accompanied by increased visible pinocytosis.
6. It is concluded that most of the phenomena observed on treating cultured cells with insulin can be explained as being secondary to increased glycolysis. Increased pinocytosis may be a primary or secondary phenomenon in the chain of events.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CONTENT OF ANDROGENIC STEROIDS IN THE TESTES AND THE SECRETORY ACTIVITY OF THE SEMINAL VESICLES IN THE BULL
Authors: LINDNER H. R. , MANN T. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Testosterone and androstenedione were determined chemically in testes of bulls ranging in age from 28 days to 17½ years. The earliest age at which it was possible to detect both steroids was 39 days. Their combined contents in the testes varied from 4·7 to 61 μg at 39–90 days, from 31 to 475 μg at 3½–5½ months, and from 155 to 3450 μg at 10½ months-17½ years of age.
The ratio androstenedione/testosterone decreased with age. In immature bull calves, less than 4 months old, it exceeded 1:1, in animals above 9 months of age it was less than 1:10.
The appearance of chemically demonstrable amounts of testosterone and androstenedione in the testes of young bull calves coincided with the onset of an active process of fructose and citric-acid production by the seminal vesicles. Between the 2nd and 6th month of life, the weight, fructose level and citric-acid level of the seminal vesicles increased at an exponential rate, and this sharp increase in the activity of the seminal vesicles was accompanied by a similarly sharp increase in the testosterone content of the testes. In adult bulls, differing widely in age and breed, the testicular content of testosterone was significantly correlated with the weight, fructose content and citric-acid content of the seminal vesicles.