bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Responsive Polymerschichten. Schaltbare Oberfläche
Authors: Papaefthimiou Vasiliki , Steitz Roland , Findenegg Gerhard 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDünne Polymerfilme auf festen Oberflächen können auf einen äußeren Stimulus, speziell auf Änderungen von Temperatur, pH‐Wert oder Ionenstärke des Mediums, mit einer Änderung der Kettenanordnung und damit der Filmdicke reagieren. Von responsiven Polymerschichten spricht man, wenn diese Änderungen stark ausgeprägt und reversibel sind und wenn der entsprechende Schaltvorgang oftmals wiederholbar ist. Polymerbürsten von PNIPAM und dünne Filme von PNIPAM‐Mikrogelen zeigen im Kontakt mit wässrigen Medien ein ausgeprägtes Temperatur‐responsives Verhalten, welches direkt auf das Lösungsverhalten dieses Temperatur‐sensitiven Polymeren in Wasser zurückzuführen ist. Polymerbürsten von kationischen oder anionischen Polyelektrolyten reagieren dagegen auf Änderungen der Ionenstärke, wodurch die Reichweite der elektrostatischen Wechselwirkung zwischen den geladenen Gruppen beeinflusst wird. Auch hier können große und reversible Änderungen der Filmdicke beobachtet werden. Solche Polymerfilme können als Nanocontainer für die gezielte Aufnahme und Abgabe von Wirkstoffen genutzt werden.
Von der Sauce Vinaigrette zur Mayonnaise. Delikate Grenzflächen Teil 1
Authors: Roth Klaus 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn der Drei‐Sterne‐Küche werden kulinarische Kreationen mit einer von über 3000 erprobten Saucen gekrönt. Die unübersehbare Vielfalt lässt sich auf wenige Grundsaucen zurückführen, wobei die mit Eigelb aufgeschlagenen Saucen eine besonders große Rolle spielen. Tatsächlich grenzt die emulgierende Wirkung eines einzigen Eigelbs schon an ein Wunder. Die physikalisch‐chemischen Grundlagen der instabilen und stabilen aufgeschlagenen Saucen werden analysiert und die chemische Rolle des Eigelbs bei der Saucenbildung untersucht. Rezepte aus Standardkochbüchern und von Paul Bocuse sollen Lust auf eigenes experimentelles Erproben machen.
Fluide in der Nähe fester Oberflächen. Komplexität versus Universalität
Authors: Brovchenko Ivan , Oleinikova Alla 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDer Dichteverlauf von Fluiden in der Nähe einer Oberfläche wird durch den gegenläufigen Effekt fehlender Nachbarn an der Oberfläche und der Stärke der Fluid‐Oberflächen‐Wechselwirkung bestimmt und kann in manchen Fällen noch durch Oberflächenphasenübergänge kompliziert werden. Trotz der großen Mannigfaltigkeit an möglichen Fluid‐Grenzflächen kann dieser Verlauf in einem weiten thermodynamischen Bereich auf universelle Weise mit Hilfe der Theorie kritischer Phänomene von Fluiden an Oberflächen sowie der Theorie der Oberflächenphasenübergänge beschrieben werden. Dies eröffnet die Möglichkeit, unterschiedliche Fluideigenschaften nahe Oberflächen auf der Nanometerskala beschreiben zu können.
Geschwindigkeitsbegrenzung für nucleophile Substitution
Authors: Feil Sylvia 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDie Energie bei der Kollision von Iodmethan mit Chlorid‐Ionen hat einen Einfluss auf das Ergebnis der nucleophilen Substitution. Diese Umsetzung klingt zunächst einfach, ist aber ein spannendes Modellsystem für komplexe Reaktionsdynamik und quantenphysikalische Effekte.
Fernhandel im prähistorischen Polynesien
Authors: Jacoby Petra 
Published: April 2008

AbstractPolynesier durchsegelten bereits um 1000 n. Chr. den offenen Pazifik, um Waren zu tauschen. Dies belegen Spurenelement‐ und Isotopenanalysen von Steinbeilen, die auf dem Südseearchipel Tuamotu gefunden wurden.
Diagnostic Approach and Treatment Strategy in Tachycardia‐induced Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Jeong Young‐Hoon , Choi Kee‐Joon , Song Jong‐Min , Hwang Eui‐Seock , Park Kyoung‐Min , Nam Gi‐Byoung , Kim Jae‐Joong , Kim You‐Ho 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBackgroundDue to the absence of differential guidelines for heart failure with tachyarrhythmia, it is difficult to diagnose tachycardia‐induced cardiomyopathy (TIC) at the initial visit. Furthermore, clinical outcomes of rate versus rhythm control in TIC are unclear.HypothesisBecause the etiology of TIC is different from dynamic cardiomyoplasty (DCMP), differential parameters may be present.MethodsWe assessed 21 patients with TIC (15 men; mean age, 50 ± 14 years) and 21 control patients with idiopathic DCMP. We assessed clinical courses, echocardiographic parameters, as well as outcomes by treatment.ResultsIn the TIC group, the related tachyarrhythmias were atrial fibrillation (n = 12), atrial flutter (n = 5), atrial tachycardia (n = 3) and paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (n = 1). After treatment, all patients became asymptomatic and the ejection fraction (EF) improvement (ΔEF ≥15%) was observed in all patients (left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF], 30 ± 11%initial versus 58 ± 6%last). In the idiopathic DCMP group, no patient showed EF improvement (EF increase ≤ 5%), and 4 patients (19%) underwent heart transplantation. Left ventricle (LV) mass indices, volumes adjusted by BSA, and dimensions were smaller in the TIC group than in the idiopathic DCMP group. Of those, LV end‐diastolic dimension was the only independent predictor of TIC in multiple regression analysis (odds ratio [OR] 0.742 per 1 mm, 95% confidence ratio [CI] 0.618 to 0.891, p = 0.001). The Association of University Cardiologists (AUC) was 0.908 on receiver‐operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis and LV end‐diastolic dimension ≤ 61% mm could predict TIC with a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 71.4%. After restoration of sinus rhythm (n = 8), one experienced recurrent TIC after discontinuation of amiodarone. After control of heart rate (n = 13), one experienced recurrent TIC due to poor control of heart rate (log‐rank test, p = 0.808). There were no differences in the echocardiographic parameters between the 2 groups before and after treatment except for the larger initial LV volumes in the rhythm control.ConclusionsIn patients presented as heart failure with tachyarrhythmia, initial echocardiographic parameters, especially LV end‐diastolic dimension, help to differentiate TIC from idiopathic DCMP. Rate control was as effective as rhythm control for EF improvement and prognosis. Copyright © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Immobilization using dental material casts facilitates accurate serial and multimodality small animal imaging
Authors: Haney Chad R. , Fan Xiaobing , Parasca Adrian D. , Karczmar Gregory S. , Halpern Howard J. , Pelizzari Charles A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractCustom disposable patient immobilization systems that conform to the patient's body contours are commonly used to facilitate accurate repeated patient setup for imaging and treatment in radiation therapy. However, in small‐animal imaging, immobilization is often overlooked or done in a way that is not conducive to reproducible positioning. This has a negative impact on the potential for accurate analysis of serial or multimodality imaging. We present the use of vinyl polysiloxane dental impression material for immobilization of mice for imaging. Four different materials were examined to identify any potential artifacts using magnetic resonance techniques. A water phantom placed inside the cast was used at 4.7 T with magnetic resonance imaging and showed no effect at the center of the image when compared with images without the cast. A negligible effect was seen near the ends of the coil. Each material had no detectable signal using electron paramagnetic resonance imaging at 9 mT. The use of dental material also greatly enhances the use of fiducial markers that can be embedded in the mold. Therefore, image registration is simplified as the immobilization of the animal and fiducials together helps in translating from one image coordinate system to another. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 33B: 138–144, 2008
A microstrip helmet coil for human brain imaging at high magnetic fields
Authors: Driesel Wolfgang , Mildner Toralf , Möller Harald E. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA novel helmet coil for magnetic‐resonance (MR) investigations of the human brain is described. It is based on a pure microstrip transmission‐line (MTL) design. The coil consists of thin strip conductors (Cu) on a curved, low‐loss dielectric material (polypropylene) generating an overall domelike structure. The design concept exploits the combination of the field profile generated by the current distribution along each MTL that is modified by termination and the geometric profile due to the curved MTL shape. Because of the semiopen transmission‐line structure, most of the electromagnetic energy is stored in the dielectric material. Standing, quasi‐transverse electromagnetic (TEM) waves are created in a plane nearly perpendicular to the axis of the MTL leading to a reduced radiofrequency (RF) stray field outside the volume circumscribed by the helmet. Because of the symmetry of the assembly, a high degree of circularly polarized RF is obtained within the brain. A quadrature transmit/receive (T/R) coil and a four‐channel T/R array were built as initial prototypes for operation at 3 T. Computer simulations and imaging experiments verified that the MTL helmet coil permits imaging of the entire human brain including parallel‐imaging capabilities. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 33B: 94–108, 2008
Design of a ceramic dielectric resonator for NMR microimaging at 14.1 tesla
Authors: Neuberger T. , Tyagi V. , Semouchkina E. , Lanagan M. , Baker A. , Haines K. , Webb A.G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractRadiofrequency coil design for magnetic resonance becomes increasingly challenging at high magnetic field strengths due to resonator dimensions being a significant fraction of the electromagnetic wavelength, as well as the increased radiative and component losses intrinsic to higher frequencies. In this article an inductively fed dual‐disk ceramic dielectric resonator was constructed from barium strontium titanate, which has a high relative permittivity of 323, for operation at 600 MHz (14.1 tesla). The design is very simple, avoids wavelength issues, uses high Q‐materials, and has the additional advantage of being able to change the resonator's effective diameter. Preliminary images show a significantly higher signal‐to‐noise than obtained using a similarly‐sized conventional saddle coil. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 33B: 109–114, 2008
Endoscopic ultrasound and computed tomography in restaging and predicting prognosis after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with locally advanced gastric cancer
Authors: Park Sook Ryun , Lee Jong Seok , Kim Chan Gyoo , Kim Hark Kyun , Kook Myeong‐Cherl , Kim Young‐Woo , Ryu Keun Won , Lee Jun Ho , Bae Jae‐Moon , Choi Il Ju 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND.The objective of the current study was to assess the staging accuracy and prognostic role of preoperative endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and computed tomography (CT) in patients with locally advanced gastric cancer (LAGC) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy.METHODS.Presurgical LAGC patients underwent EUS and CT before and after 3 cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Chemotherapy was comprised of docetaxel (at a dose of 36 mg/m2) and cisplatin (at a dose of 40 mg/m2) on Days 1 and 8 of a 3‐week cycle.RESULTS.Forty patients were enrolled in the study. After chemotherapy, the accuracy of EUS and CT was found to be 47% and 57%, respectively for T classification (P = .22) and 39% and 37%, respectively for N classification (P > .99). The 3‐year overall survival (OS) rate for patients downstaged with EUS for T and/or N classification was greater than that for nondownstaged patients (69% vs 41%; P = .05). The 2‐year recurrence‐free survival (RFS) rate was also better for the EUS‐downstaged patients than for the nondownstaged patients (77% vs 47%; P = .04). On multivariate analysis, EUS downstaging was found to be correlated with OS (hazards ratio [HR] of 0.12; P = .04), and was correlated with RFS with borderline statistical significance (HR of 0.27; P = .07). The differences in OS and RFS between the patients downstaged with CT and those not downstaged were not found to be statistically significant.CONCLUSIONS.Restaging by EUS and CT after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with LAGC was found to be inaccurate. However, T and/or N downstaging by EUS was found to be correlated with better OS and RFS. Thus, downstaging by EUS may be a useful clinical parameter with which to predict a better outcome for LAGC patients. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
A novel basal ganglia pathway forms a loop linking a vocal learning circuit with its dopaminergic input
Authors: Gale Samuel D. , Person Abigail L. , Perkel David J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDopamine has been implicated in mediating contextual modulation of motor behaviors and learning in many species. In songbirds, dopamine may act on the basal ganglia nucleus Area X to influence the neural activity that contributes to vocal learning and contextual changes in song variability. Neurons in midbrain dopamine centers, the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and ventral tegmental area (VTA), densely innervate Area X and show singing‐related changes in firing rate. In addition, dopamine levels in Area X change during singing. It is unknown, however, how song‐related information could reach dopaminergic neurons. Here we report an anatomical pathway that could provide song‐related information to the SNc and VTA. By using injections of bidirectionally transported fluorescent tracers in adult male zebra finches, we show that Area X and other song control nuclei do not project directly to the SNc or VTA. Instead, we describe an indirect pathway from Area X to midbrain dopaminergic neurons via a connection in the ventral pallidum (VP). Specifically, Area X projects to the VP via axon collaterals of Area X output neurons that also project to the thalamus. Dual injections revealed that the area of VP receiving input from Area X projects to the SNc and VTA. Furthermore, VP terminals in the SNc and VTA overlap with cells that project back to Area X. A portion of the arcopallium also projects to the SNc and VTA and could carry auditory information. These data demonstrate an anatomical loop through which Area X activity could influence its dopaminergic input. J. Comp. Neurol. 508:824–839, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Environmental conflict resolution practice and performance: An evaluation framework
Authors: Orr Patricia J. , Emerson Kirk , Keyes Dale L. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractChallenges to successful environmental management, such as costly litigation, planning delays, and contentious stakeholder relations, suggest a need for improved environmental governance. The need for improvement does not, however, in and of itself make a case for alternatives that engage diverse interests collaboratively in environmental decision making, commonly referred to as environmental conflict resolution (ECR). To better make the case for ECR and to understand what contributes to ECR success, a group of federal and state agencies developed an ECR evaluation framework. This article describes the evolution, structure, associated instrumentation, and current applications of this ECR evaluation framework.
What sticks: How medical residents and academic health care faculty transfer conflict resolution training from the workshop to the workplace
Authors: Zweibel Ellen B. , Goldstein Rose , Manwaring John A. , Marks Meridith B. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWorkshops in conflict resolution were given to enhance the ability of residents and academic health care faculty to collaborate in multidisciplinary teams, patient care, hospital committees, public health issues, teaching, and research. A qualitative research study on the transfer of learning from the workshops to the workplace reports on the attitude, knowledge, and skills consistently reported both immediately after the workshops and twelve months later. Learners' descriptions of workplace conflict confirmed they gained a positive outlook on conflict and their own ability to solve problems and apply conflict resolution skills, such as interest analysis and communication techniques, to gain perspective, reduce tension, increase mutual understanding, and build relationships in patient care, teaching, research, and administration.
Is FOXP3 a bona fide marker for human regulatory T cells?
Authors: Roncarolo Maria‐Grazia , Gregori Silvia 
Published: April 2008

AbstractFOXP3 is a specific marker for naturally occurring regulatory T cells (nTreg). FOXP3 expression is correlated with development and function of nTreg. Recent evidence suggests that, upon activation, human effector T (Teff) cells and type 1 regulatory T (Tr1) cells can express FOXP3, albeit transiently. While the role of transient FOXP3 expression in Teff cells is poorly understood, it is becoming clear that it does not correlate with suppressor function. Furthermore, FOXP3‐independent mechanisms, mediated by IL‐10, contribute to the induction and suppressor functions of Tr1 cells.See accompanying commentary: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.200838147
Cover Picture: How many mechanisms do regulatory T cells need? – Eur. J. Immunol. 4/2008
Authors: Vignali Dario 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe cover picture has been specifically designed to introduce the first viewpoint series to be published in the European Journal of Immunology. The image combines a picture of a set of scales with a schematic picture of the Treg arsenal, depicting the different cell types influenced by Treg and underlining the crucial role that Treg play in immune regulation. The image is based on a figure in the article by Dario Vignali (pp. 908–911) in which the author discusses the effector functions of Treg and the potential mechanisms involved; this is also the theme of the related article by Cohen et al. (pp.903–907).
Low‐Potential Sensitive Hydrogen Peroxide Detection Based on Nanotubular TiO2 and Platinum Composite Electrode
Authors: Cui Xiaoli , Li Zhizhou , Yang Yanchao , Zhang Wei , Wang Qingfei 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn this work, a novel sensor for detecting hydrogen peroxide was constructed on the base of nanotubular TiO2 and platinum nanoparticles. The morphology, structural, and electrochemical properties of the Pt/TiO2 nanocomposite electrodes were characterized by SEM, XRD and electrochemical methods. With an operating potential of +0.3 V versus Ag/AgCl, the sensor produces catalytic oxidation currents at the nanocomposite electrode, which can be exploited for quantitative determinations. The amperometric signals are linearly proportional to hydrogen peroxide concentration in the range 4×10−6 to 1.25×10−3 M. The regression equation is I (μA)=0.85 c (mM)+0.16 with a correction coefficient of 0.997. At a signal‐to‐noise ratio of 3, a detection limit of 4.0 μM H2O2 can be observed for the nanocomposite electrode. In addition, the sensor has a good stability and reproducibility. The construction process is simple and inexpensive. The results demonstrated that nanotubular TiO2 exhibits great prospect for developing a class of ideal and novel bioreactors and biosensors.
Renewable New Copper Complex Bulk‐Modified Carbon Paste Electrode: Preparation, Electrochemistry, and Electrocatalysis
Authors: Wang Xiuli , Zhao Haiyan , Lin Hongyan , Liu Guocheng , Fang Jiani , Chen Baokuan 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA conductive carbon paste electrode (CPE) comprised of a new copper‐complex of [Cu2(Dpq)2(Ac)2(H2O)2](ClO4)2⋅H2O (Dpq=dipyrido[3,2‐d : 2′,3′‐f]quinoxaline, Ac=acetate) and carbon powder, was fabricated by the direct mixing method. The electrochemical behavior and electrocatalysis of the new copper‐complex modified CPE (Cu‐CPE) have been studied in detail. Cyclic voltammograms showed that the Cu‐CPE had a favorable electrochemical response of a reversible redox couple of Cu(II)/Cu(I). The Cu‐CPE showed good electrocatalytic activity toward the reduction of the bromate, nitrite and hydrogen peroxide. The electrocatalytic reduction peak current of KBrO3, KNO2 and H2O2 showed a linear dependent on their concentrations. All of the results revealed that the Cu‐CPE had a good reproducibility, remarkable long term stability and especially good surface renewability by simple mechanical polishing in the event of surface fouling, which is important for practical application.
Paste Electrode Based on Short Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Room Temperature Ionic Liquid: Preparation, Characterization and Application in DNA Detection
Authors: Zhang Xuzhi , Jiao Kui , Wang Xueliang 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA paste electrode (SWNT&RTIL PE) has been prepared using carboxylic group‐functionalized short single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) mixed with 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BMIMPF6, one kind of room temperature ionic liquid, RTIL). Its electrochemical behavior was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in comparison with the paste electrode using mineral oil as a binder. Results highlighted the advantages of the paste electrode: not only higher conductivity, but also lower potential separation (ΔEp), higher peak current (ip) and better reversibility towards dopamine (DA), methylene blue (MB) and K3[Fe(CN)6]. The SWNT&RTIL PE could be used to detect the number of guanine bases and adenine bases contents in per mol oligonucleotides according to the current response in the range of 0.05–2.0 nM. Based on the current response of guanine bases, oligonucleotides could be detected sensitively in the B–R buffer solution with a detection limit of 9.9 pM. The heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant (ks) of guanine bases contents in the oligonucleotides was investigated and its value was 0.90 s−1. In essence the SWNT&RTIL PE showed high sensitivity, reliability, stability and reproducibility for the detection of DNA.