bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Osteoactivin Promotes Breast Cancer Metastasis to Bone
Authors: Rose April A.N. , Pepin François , Russo Caterina , Abou Khalil Jad E. , Hallett Michael , Siegel Peter M. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe skeleton is a preferred site of metastasis in patients with disseminated breast cancer. We have used 4T1 mouse mammary carcinoma cells, which metastasize to bone from the mammary fat pads of immunocompetent mice, to identify novel genes involved in this process. In vivo selection of parental cells resulted in the isolation of independent, aggressively bone metastatic breast cancer populations with reduced metastasis to the lung. Gene expression profiling identified osteoactivin as a candidate that is highly and selectively expressed in aggressively bone metastatic breast cancer cells. These cells displayed enhanced migratory and invasive characteristics in vitro, the latter requiring sustained osteoactivin expression. Osteoactivin depletion in these cells, by small interfering RNA, also lead to a loss of matrix metalloproteinase-3 expression, whereas forced osteoactivin expression in parental 4T1 cells was sufficient to elevate matrix metalloproteinase-3 levels, suggesting that this matrix metalloproteinase may be an important mediator of osteoactivin function. Overexpression of osteoactivin in an independent, weakly bone metastatic breast cancer cell model significantly enhanced the formation of osteolytic bone metastases in vivo. Finally, high levels of osteoactivin expression in primary human breast cancers correlate with estrogen receptor–negative status and increasing tumor grade. Thus, we have identified osteoactivin as a protein that is expressed in aggressive human breast cancers and is capable of promoting breast cancer metastasis to bone. (Mol Cancer Res 2007;5(10):1001–14)
Reprogramming Leukemia Cells to Terminal Differentiation and Growth Arrest by RNA Interference of PU.1
Authors: Papetti Michael , Skoultchi Arthur I. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Malignant transformation often leads to both loss of normal proliferation control and inhibition of cell differentiation. Some tumor cells can be stimulated to reenter their differentiation program and to undergo terminal growth arrest. The in vitro differentiation of mouse erythroleukemia (MEL) cells is an important example of tumor cell reprogramming. MEL cells are malignant erythroblasts that are blocked from differentiating into mature RBC due to dysregulated expression of the transcription factor PU.1, which binds to and represses GATA-1, the major transcriptional regulator of erythropoiesis. We used RNA interference to ask whether inhibiting PU.1 synthesis was sufficient to cause MEL cells to lose their malignant properties. We report here that transfection of MEL cells with a PU.1-specific short interfering RNA oligonucleotide causes the cells to resume erythroid differentiation, accumulate hemoglobin, and undergo terminal growth arrest. RNA interference directed at specific, aberrantly expressed transcription factors may hold promise for the development of potent antitumor therapies in other hematologic malignancies. (Mol Cancer Res 2007;5(10):1053–62)
Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors: Overview and Perspectives
Authors: Dokmanovic Milos , Clarke Cathy , Marks Paul A. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) comprise structurally diverse compounds that are a group of targeted anticancer agents. The first of these new HDACi, vorinostat (suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid), has received Food and Drug Administration approval for treating patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. This review focuses on the activities of the 11 zinc-containing HDACs, their histone and nonhistone protein substrates, and the different pathways by which HDACi induce transformed cell death. A hypothesis is presented to explain the relative resistance of normal cells to HDACi-induced cell death. (Mol Cancer Res 2007;5(10):981–9)
Rethinking the “Third World”
Authors: Colburn Forrest D. 
Published: October 2007

Algerian diplomat Lakhdar Brahimi has a distinguished history in the politics of what has long been known as the “Third World,” most of which were once beleaguered colonies of Europe. After the Asian-African Conference in Bandung, Indonesia, in 1955—the first coming together of the non-aligned movement—Lakhdar was sent to Indonesia by the National Liberation Front of Algeria to open its first office in Asia.
Over the years, Lakhdar met and chatted with everyone: from Che to Nyerere to Nasser to Nehru to Sukarno. He served Algeria as ambassador and foreign minister. He was under-secretary-general of the League of Arab States. Most recently, at the United Nations, he undertook special missions on behalf of the secretary-general in Congo, Yemen, Liberia, Nigeria, and Sudan.
His last post for the United Nations was in Afghanistan, where he led the United Nations Peace Conference on Afghanistan in Bonn at the end of 2001, and then served in Kabul as the special representative of the secretary-general until 2004. Lakhdar is presently at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton as a guest of the director. We talked at the Institute about past and present trends in the poorer countries of the world.
Abraham Visits Ishmael: A Revisit
Authors: Bakhos Carol 
Published: October 2007

AbstractPrevious studies of the story of Abraham's visit to Ishmael in Pirqe de Rabbi Eliezer (PRE) focus on its relationship to Islamic versions and read it either as polemical or apologetic. It is also assumed that either the author of PRE reworked an Islamic version of the story, or that the story is of Jewish origin. Such readings, however, are based largely on notions of Ishmael's character in the story that overlook other references to Ishmael and the Ishmaelites in PRE. This article thus examines the story in light of all references to Ishmael and the Ishmaelites in PRE.
Jews, Judaeans, Judaizing, Judaism: Problems of Categorization in Ancient History
Authors: Mason Steve 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe very title of this journal reflects a commonplace in scholarly discourse. We want to understand "Judaism" in the Persian and Graeco-Roman periods: the lives and religion of ancient Jews. Some scholars in recent years have asked whether Ioudaioi and its counterparts in other ancient languages are better rendered "Jews" or "Judaeans" in English. This essay puts that question in a larger frame, by considering first Ioudaismos and then the larger problem of ancient religion. It argues that there was no category of "Judaism" in the Graeco-Roman world, no "religion" too, and that the Ioudaioi were understood until late antiquity as an ethnic group comparable to other ethnic groups, with their distinctive laws, traditions, customs, and God. They were indeed Judaeans.
Kinship and Religious Practices as Institutionalization of Trade Networks: Manangi Trade Communities in South and Southeast Asia
Authors: Ratanapruck Prista 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis paper examines social and religious institutions that create and sustain a trade network among Nepali traders in South and Southeast Asia. It looks at how kinship and religious practices sanction a system of social and economic cooperation in their community. By pooling labor, information, material and financial resources, ensured by trust and mutual obligation, they can lower their operating costs. By extending kinship relations to societies abroad, such as through marriages with local women, they can have access to both local and translocal trade networks, as well as reduce protection costs. Because the trade network is embedded in institutionalized social practices, it is resilient and keeps a geographically dispersed community connected and competitive throughout their trading history. The paper is based on field research in Nepal, India, Burma, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore. Dans cet article l'auteur mène une analyse des institutions sociales et religieuses qui créent et maintiennent un réseau de commerçants népalais dans l'Asie du Sud et du Sud-est. L'article s'adresse aux moyens par lesquelles les liens de parenté et des pratiques religieuses soutiennent un système de coöpération sociale et économique dans cette communauté diasporique. En partageant du travail, des renseignements et de certaines ressources matérielles et financières, c'est-à-dire en suivant un processus dont la bonne foi et le sens d'obligation réciproque garantissent le bon fonctionnement, ils savent réduire les dépenses d'opération. En élargissant les réseaux de parenté vers l'étranger, par exemple par des rapports matrimoniaux, ils réussissent en même temps à gagner l'accès aux économies locales et trans-locales en réduisant également les frais de la sauvegarde contre l'extorsion et les razzias. C'est grâce à l'enracinement du réseau de commerce dans des pratiques sociales institutionelles que celuici reste toujours flexible et de longue durée, ce qui lui permet de survivre dans une communauté géographiquement dispersé et de maintenir un haut niveau de concurrence à travers une longue histoire d'activités commerciales. Les enquêtes sur lesquelles s'appuie cet article furent menées à Kathmandu et à plusieurs comptoirs en d'autres pays.
The Circulation of Men and Credit: The Role of the Commenda and the Family Firm in Julfan Society
Authors: Aslanian Sebouh 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis essay explores the role of a partnership arrangement known as the commenda in Julfan trade during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries by situating it within the context of the "family firm," the basic organizational unit of Julfan commerce. It studies the legal and commercial role of the commenda in Julfan trade and argues that, in the Julfan context as in the context of medieval European and Near Eastern trade, the commenda provided the ideal means for the circulation of merchants, goods, and credit across vast distances. Cette contribution examine le rôle du contrat dit commenda dans les activités menées par les négociants arméniens de Joulfa au cours des dix-septième et dix-huitième siècles en le replaçant dans le cadre de la 'firme familiale' qui fut à la base de l'unité organisationnelle de ce commerce. Le rôle légal et commercial du commenda dans ces activités sera étudié, en soutenant que dans le contexte de Joulfa, tout comme dans celui de l'Europe médiévale et du Proche-Orient, le commenda représentait le moyen idéal facilitant la circulation des commerçants, des biens et du crédit sur de vastes distances.
Indian Muslim Merchants in Mozambique and South Africa: Intra-regional Networks In Strategic Association with State Institutions, 1870s-1930s
Authors: Oishi Takashi 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis paper puts focus on Indian Muslim merchants who extended their intra-regional networks over to Mozambique and South Africa from the late-nineteenth century. Through the analysis of market niches secured by these merchants in various consumer products and services in rivalry with larger European capitalists and indigenous players, I emphasize the importance of their strategic association with the colonial state, its institutions and sociopolitical structure as de fined by the state; more specifically, with the trading license, officially induced racial divisions, nationality, customs duties. Their business based on appropriation of as well as complicity with the states was different from that of Indian traders and bankers until the early modern times which had been largely steered along with privileges and acknowledgements in official monopoly regime. Cette contribution traite des marchands musulmans indiens qui, à partir de la fin du XIXième siècle, ont étendu leurs réseaux intra régionaux jusqu'au Mozambique et à l'Afrique du Sud. En analysant les niches de marché qu'ils se constituent, variété des produits de consommation et de services, en concurrence avec de grands capitalistes européens et desautochtones en présence, il sera mis l'accent sur l'importance de leur association stratégique avec l'Etat colonial, ses institutions et sa structure socio-politique telles que l'Etat les dé finit; et plus particulièrement avec l'obtention de la licence commerciale qui induit officiellement des divisions raciales, de nationalité et de droits de douane. Leurs activités fondées sur l'appropriation et la connivence avec les états, sont différentes de celles menées par les commerçants et banquiers indiens jusqu'à l'aube des temps modernes qui ont connu privilèges et reconnaissance dans le régime officiel de monopole.
English Private Trade in the Western Indian Ocean, 1720-1740
Authors: Prakash Om 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe paper first situates the trade carried on by private European traders in the overall framework of the Indian Ocean trade in the early-modern period. It then discusses in some detail the trading network of private English merchants in the Western Indian Ocean with special reference to the Surat-Mocha link in the 1720s and the 1730s. The evidence base is provided mainly by the private papers of Sir Robert Cowan, governor of Bombay between 1729 and 1734 and a major English private trader, operating in collaboration with Henry Lowther, chief of the English factory at Surat. Cette contribution replace tout d'abord les activités commerciales menées par les négociants européens dans le cadre général du commerce de l'Océan indien au cours de la période moderne. Elle examine ensuite avec quelque détail le réseau commercial établi par des négociants anglais privés dans le secteur occidentalde l'Océan indien, plus particulièrement les relations instituées entre Surat et Moka dans les années 1720-1730. Les données présentées ont été tirées principalement de la correspondance privée de Sir Robert Cowan, gouverneur de Bombay (1729-1734) et grand négociant privé, associé à Henry Lowther, responsable du comptoir de Surat.
Aristophanes and Tragic Lamentation: The Case of Acharnians 1069-142 and 1174-234
Authors:   Kornarou
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe influence exerted by tragedy on the comedies of Aristophanes has attracted much attention and this article examines one of its manifestations—his preoccupation with tragic lamentation. Focusing, in particular, on Acharnians 1069-142 and 1174-234, I attempt to examine how he exploits some of the basic features of tragic laments in the context of the comic plot and to discuss how this parodic juxtaposition of the polar worlds of tragedy and comedy functions within the play. A detailed consideration of parallels from tragedy suggests that Aristophanes had in mind specific tragic patterns, in the exaggeration and/or distortion of which the audience would no doubt have recognized some of the most striking characteristics of tragic lamentation.
Aristotle's De spiritu as a Critique of the Doctrine of pneuma in Plato and His Predecessors
Authors:   Bos,   Ferwerda
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe treatise De spiritu of the Corpus Aristotelicum deserves better treatment than it has received since W. Jaeger in his 1913 article rejected its authenticity and dated it one hundred years after Aristotle. In this paper the authors argue that De spiritu defends purely Aristotelian viewpoints against persons like Plato and Empedocles, who held respiration to be the most important vital process. Most of the De spiritu is directed against the pneuma doctrine of Plato's Timaeus. The 'Aristogenes' mentioned in De spiritu 2 is either Plato 'the son of Ariston' or a contemporary pupil of Plato and Aristotle.
Juvenal's scripta matrona: Elegiac Resonances in Satire 6
Authors: Watson Patricia 
Published: October 2007

AbstractScholarly work on Juvenal has focused on the poet's self-fashioning as an 'angry man'. This paper, on Satire 6, shifts the emphasis to the object of the invective, in this case the Roman matrona. In creating a character who allegedly represents the typical Roman married woman of his day, the poet constructs an anti-matrona who resembles to a large extent her polar opposite in Roman thinking—the meretrix. A major way in which this effect is achieved is via intertextual connections with Latin love elegy, and the paper offers a detailed discussion of several passages in which the wife is constructed as elegiac puella and her husband as elegiac lover.
Nature and Culture: An Analysis of Individual Focal Color Choices in World Color Survey Languages
Authors: Kuehni Rolf 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe data from the World Color Survey of 110 un-written languages have been analyzed in regard to individual focal choices. A total of 46 major color terms (used by at least 60% of speakers in a given language) have been identified. Of these 24 can be defined in terms of English color terms, while 22 cannot. The most important color term in terms of usage is red, followed by white and black. In the 110 languages, 73 different arrangements of major color terms have been found. The six Hering fundamental colors, presumably closely related to the workings of the color vision system, occur preferentially but not consistently in languages with 6 or more major terms. They represent the top six categories in terms of major usage. WCS indicates usage of major color terms to be complex and clearly also influenced by cultural choices.
A Cognitive Typology of Religious Actions
Authors: Barrett Justin , Malley Brian 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The rapid but disproportionate growth of the cognitive science of religion in some areas, coupled with the desire to meaningfully connect with more traditional, function-inspired classifications, has left the field with an incomplete and sometimes inconsistent typology of religious and related actions. We address this shortcoming by proposing a systematic typology of counterintuitive actions based on their cognitive representational structures. This typology may serve as the framework of a research program that seeks to establish (1) psychologically, whether each class of events receives different cognitive treatment within a given context and similar representation across contexts; and (2) anthropologically, whether the different classes are characterized by different performance frequencies, social functions, and kinds of interpretations, making them useful explanatory and predictive distinctions.
Counting in Tongan: The Traditional Number Systems and Their Cognitive Implications
Authors: Bender Andrea , Beller Sieghard 
Published: October 2007

AbstractIs the application of more than one number system in a particular culture necessarily an indication of not having abstracted a general concept of number? Does this mean that specific number systems for certain objects are cognitively deficient? The opposite is the case with the traditional number systems in Tongan, where a consistent decimal system is supplemented by diverging systems for certain objects, in which 20 seems to play a special role. Based on an analysis of their linguistic, historical and cultural context, we will show that the supplementary systems did not precede the general system, but were rather derived from it. Especially when notation is lacking, having such supplementary systems can even yield cognitive advantages. In using larger counting units, they both abbreviate counting and expand the limits of the general system, thus facilitating the cognitive task of mental arithmetic.
Essentialism and Folksociology: Ethnicity Again
Authors: Kanovsky Martin 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe aim of this article is to show that empirical evidence suggests that no particular causal process of essence acquisition is constitutive for essentialism in folksociology. Innate potential and biological inheritance, however powerful they may be for the human cognitive mind in the domain of folkbiology, are far from necessary in essentialist folksociological classifications. Essentialism in folksociology is not defined by any particular causal process of essence acquisition. Even when we are able to detect the innateness in a particular folksociology, we should always look for other features of essentialism (inherence, sharp boundaries, immutability of identity, etc.). The article reviews some influential cognitive proposals concerning folksociology (Astuti, Gil-White, Hirschfeld), and provides arguments and empirical evidence collected in Western Ukraine in favour of the claim that the innateness is not the constitutive part of sociology, let alone of psychological essentialism.
Culture, Class and Cognition: Evidence from Italy
Authors: Knight Nicola , Nisbett Richard 
Published: October 2007

AbstractEast Asians have been found to reason in relatively holistic fashion and Americans in relatively analytic fashion. It has been proposed that these cognitive differences are the result of social practices that encourage interdependence for Asians and independence for Americans. If so, cognitive differences might be found even across regions that are geographically close. We compared performance on a categorization task of relatively interdependent southern Italians and relatively independent northern Italians and found the former to reason in a more holistic fashion than the latter. Furthermore, as it has been argued that working class social practices encourage interdependence and middle class practices encourage independence, we anticipated that working class participants might reason in a more holistic fashion than middle class participants. This is what we found – at least for southern Italy.
Spandrels, Gazelles and Flying Buttresses: Religion as Adaptation or as a By-Product
Authors: Sjöblom Tom 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis article discusses recent naturalistic theories of religion from the viewpoint of how the deal with the issue of the origins of religion. It will be argued that the theories can be divided according to if they view religion as being an adaptation or not, on the other hand, and if they consider it to be mostly natural or cultural on the other. On the basis of this discussion, it is suggested that a cognitive mechanism referred to here as the narrative drive seem to have a fundamental role to play in the formation of religious beliefs and, thus, in the origins of religion.
Zu Flavius Josephus: Plädoyer für eine neue Editio maior critica des griechischen Textes
Authors: Schreckenberg Heinz 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe author discusses the confusing fact of numerous differing Josephus editions being available at present. Thus it is no longer clear which edition to use for correct citation. The relatively best edition (Niese's Editio maior critica, 1885-1895) is obsolete in various respects but can not really be replaced by the Editiones minores published since. A completely new major critical edition is required though impossible to make at present. However, as a realistic alternative, "Niese" could be revised, an update to be managed in a fairly short time. As a result, we would get a reliable Textus receptus serving itself as a temporary basis for future translations and Editiones minores.
The Meanings of tôrâ in 4 Ezra
Authors: Hogan Karina Martin 
Published: October 2007

AbstractTôrâ, rendered as "the law" in the extant versions, is a central theme of 4 Ezra. The author of 4 Ezra had a much broader concept of tôrâ than simply the Mosaic law. While for Ezra it is bound up with the covenant, in Uriel's speeches, tôrâ is a highly abstract concept associated with wisdom, the natural order, and "the way of the Most High." Understanding the term tôrâ broadly as divine "instruction," the author of 4 Ezra extends it to all of Scripture and by implication to the seventy additional books revealed to Ezra in the epilogue.