bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of carrion‐frequenting arthropods in the decay process
Authors: PUTMAN R. J. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. The various groups of arthropods associated with rodent carrion during decay in temperate woodland and grassland habitats are described in each of four seasons.2. A distinction is drawn between those occurring by chance and those positively associated with the carrion.3. The role of these last in actually assisting the decay of the carcasses with which they are found is discussed. Despite the abundance and diversity of carrion‐frequenting species, few are involved to any significant extent in the release of carrion materials during decomposition.
The relationship of body size to breadth of diet in some Lepidoptera
Authors: WASSERMAN STEVEN S. , MITTER CHARLES 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. We have explored the question of whether breadth of diet in moths is associated with adaptations other than host selection behaviour, with particular reference to body size.2. Generalist species in Britain and New York are larger than specialist species.3. This relationship is probably not due to latitudinal clines, nor to higher fecundity in generalist species.4. We suggest that the large bodies of generalists buffer them against environmentally‐induced physiological stress.
Characteristics of Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) breeding places near Salisbury, Rhodesia
Authors: BRAVERMAN Y. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. A survey of Culicoides breeding places was made around Salisbury. Out of forty species caught in light traps, only nineteen were reared from breeding places.2. The seven most abundant species with their characteristic sites were C.pycnostictw in mud around water bodies, especially dams; C.nivosus very prevalent around puddles rich in organic matter:C. distinctipennis along drainage canals intermediate in organic matter; C.gulbenkiani in cow dung especially on damp soil; Caccraensis gp. only in rot holes and tree forks; Cschultzei gp. along streams and drainage canals in mud rather poor in organic matter; C.tropi‐calis in drainage canals very low in organic matter; C.imicola possibly breeds widely dispersed mainly in a rich mixture of organic matter and damp soil, with cow pats and edges of water bodies being marginal.3. The prevalent species are believed to breed all year round. Preponderance of females in the breeding places was found in C.pycnostictus, C.nivosus and C.accraensis gp. while the reverse was true in C.distinctipennis and C.gulbenkiani. The preponderance of males as indication of proximity to breeding sites is thus probably questionable.
Heterogeneity of resource utilization in a population of the Australian reptile tick, Aponomma hydrosauri (Denny)
Authors: BULL C. MICHAEL 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. The distribution of adult males, nymphs and larvae of the reptile tick Aponoma hydrosauri on their host, Trachydosaurus rugosus, in a study area near Tickera, South Australia, did not follow the Poisson distribution predicted if hosts were infested at random.2. The non‐random distribution of males can be accounted for by geographical heterogeneity in distribution. Adult females also showed geographical heterogeneity in their distribution pattern, but infested their hosts at random over all.3. Larvae and nymphs show distribution patterns which change both with the time and the locality. However, when these biases are removed the distribution of larvae and nymphs on their hosts is still non‐random.4. Larger lizards tend to have larger numbers of ticks, but this cannot alone account for the clumped distribution.5. A model is proposed relating the tick distribution pattern to the particular problems of a resource which is hard to find, but plentiful once found.
Size‐related foraging differences of bumble bee workers
Authors: MORSE DOUGLASS H. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. Large Bombus vagans workers concentrated their foraging upon deeper florets of cow vetch (Vicia cracca) more than did smaller workers. Large and small workers did not differ significantly in their foraging rates, which were measured in several ways.2. The average depth of vetch florets varied between sites on the study area, but significant differences did not occur on a single inflorescence. The foraging differences of large and small bees probably result from a fine partitioning of the microhabitat.3. When the nectar‐robbing B.terricola was present, many B.vagans workers became secondary robbers at holes made in vetch corollas. Small B.vagans workers robbed significantly more frequently than did large workers.
Industrial melanism in Mesopsocus unipunctatus (Müll.) (Psocoptera) in northern England
Authors: POPESCU C. , BROADHEAD E. , SHORROCKS B. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. The light and melanic morphs of M.unipunctatus are described, their genetic inheritance considered, and their geographic distribution over a pollution gradient in Yorkshire is examined.2. There is an obvious colour dimorphism. The light forms are disruptively patterned while the melanic forms are uniformly dark.3. Genetic crosses indicate that the melanic character is inherited as a Mendelian dominant and that separate alleles, linked on the same chromosome, control the respective melanisms of the head‐thorax and of the abdomen.4. In Yorkshire, there is a decrease in the frequency of melanics from the industrial south to the rural north.
Aspects of the symbiosis of the leaf‐cutting ant Acromyrmex octospinosus (Reich) and its food fungus
Authors: QUINLAN R. J. , CHERRETT J. M. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. Laboratory ants preferred eating whole ant fungus staphylae to hyphae, and did not feed on other fungi. Homogenized ant fungus staphylae and hyphae were equally acceptable liquid food but other homogenized fungi were not drunk extensively.2. Various arthropod fungjvores preferred to feed on ant fungus rather than any other fungus tested. Some preferred hyphae to staphylae, some vice versa and others had no preference.3. The ants attacked animals on the nest and reduced the numbers of fungivores on the fungus garden.4. The ant fungus grew best at 24.5°C and hardly at all at 10°C or 37°C.5. The ants did not necessarily choose material which supported the best fungus growth in sterile culture and readily accepted substrates on which the fungus did not grow at all. No learning behaviour was noted.6. The ant X fungus symbiosis is discussed as an example of co‐evolution, a product of an evolutionary feedback. The ant is supplied with a highly nutritious, readily acceptable food source in return for complex fungus‐culture behaviour, providing protection from fungivores and competition from other saprophytic fungi.
The oviposition sites of five leafhopper species (Horn. Auchenorrhyncha) on Holcus mollis and H.lanatus
Authors: THOMPSON P. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. A study was made of the oviposition sites of five leafhopper species Diplocolenus abdominalis, Recilia coronifera, Errastunus ocellaris, Elymana sulphurella (Cicadellidae) and Dicranotropic hamata (Delphacidae) on the grasses Holcus mollis and H.lanatus.2. Experiments were made in the laboratory, each insect species being provided simultaneously with a complete plant of both Holcus species.3. Distribution of eggs within the leaf sheath and leaf blade, and their height above ground‐level, were recorded.4. The presence and size of egg groups were noted, as well as the angle of eggs to the longitudinal axis of the leaf.5. On the basis of comparison of the vertical distribution of the eggs with availability of plant tissues, the five species can be divided into three groups: (a) D.abdominalis and R.coronifera, (b) D.hamata and E.ocellaris, (c) E.sulphurella. Species within a group, i.e. with similar distributions of eggs, have other features separating their oviposition sites.
Population dynamics of the yew gall midge Taxomyia taxi (Inchbald) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)
Authors: REDFERN M. , CAMERON R. A. D. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. The causes and incidence of mortality in populations of the yew gall midge Taxomyia taxi at Kingley Vale, West Sussex, are described in relation to the various life cycles of the midge.2. Life table analysis of populations studied for 10 years indicates that the key factor in mortality is failure to achieve maximum fecundity, although in 1‐year life cycles parasitism by Mesopolobus diffinis is equally important. Densities and mortality vary considerably between different life cycles, and no regulation has been firmly established.3. Interactions between the host populations and their parasites are complex and as yet not fully analysable, but the pattern of parasitism seen may explain some of the complex life history pattern of the host. The existence of long‐term cycles of host and parasite densities are predicted.
Population dynamics of two hymenopteran parasites of the yew gall midge Taxomyia taxi (Inchbald)
Authors: CAMERON R. A. D. , REDFERN M. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. The densities of the hymenopteran parasites Torymus nigritarsus and Mesopolobus diffinis are determined mainly by the density of available hosts, Taxomyia taxi.2. Area of discovery of T.nigritarsus is negatively related both to density of available hosts and to the density of searching parasites. Implications for the foraging strategy of T.nigritarsus are discussed.3. Mesopolobus diffinis preferentially parasitizes hosts in the small 1‐year galls. This and other evidence suggests that not all galls are equally available for parasitism.
The distribution and movement of apterous Myzus persicae on rapidly growing turnip plants
Authors: HODGSON C. J. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. The spatial distribution of both adult apterous and nymphal M.persicae was related to the “age” of the leaf.2. This distribution was bimodal and was maintained even on rapidly “ageing” leaves by frequent emigration.3. The spatial distribution was also found to change between regions of a leaf, the densest populations occurring at the base of all leaves, but with the populations most evenly distributed on the young and old leaves.4. The spatial distribution also changed during the nymphal period, the youngest nymphs being found predominantly on the lamina, the fourth instar and adults on the largest available veins.5. On rapidly growing plants, individual M.persicae may move to a new feeding site as frequently as every 24–48 h.6. Some of the causes and consequences of this frequent dispersal are discussed.
Oppositional responses to host density in Aphytis holoxanthus (Hymenoptera: Aphefinidae), an efficient gregarious parasite
Authors: PODOLER HAGGAI , ROSEN DAVID , SHARONI MICHAL 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. Ovipositional responses of an efficient gregarious ectoparasite (Aphytis holoxanthus) to increasing densities of its host (the Florida red scale, Chrysomphalus aonidum, Homoptera: Diaspididae) were studied in a laboratory system.2. The female parasite may lay one to several eggs at each encounter with a host.3. As host density increased, the number of eggs laid by the female parasite during the experimental period increased at a decreasing rate. This type of functional response resulted in less parasitism at higher host densities.4. As host density increased, the number of eggs laid per encounter decreased. This behavioural response partially compensated for the decrease in parasitism.
Life cycle and population dynamics of Trochosa terricola Thorell (Araneae: Lycosidae) in a Norfolk grass heath
Authors: WORKMAN CHRISTOPHER 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. The population of the lycosid Trochosa terricola Thorell was sampled from April 1973 to August 1975 at Weeting Heath NNR, a Breckland grass heath.2. Four sampling methods were compared for efficiency. Hand searching gave density estimates between 38.3 and 70.1% of heat extraction.3. The temperature range in the sward at +1 cm was –5°C to 39°C with January and July means of 3.2°C and 17.4°C.4. Eight male and nine female instars were determined and the life cycle extended over 2 or 3 years.5. Adults were nocturnal but the juveniles diurnal. An annual diplochrone activity pattern was observed for adult males.6. The horizontal distribution within the sward was aggregated, the structure and microhabitat being important determining factors. The population density was greater in moist, young Festuca spp. tussocks. An equation relating population density to habitat characteristics was derived.7. The overall population density ranged from 14.0 m‐2 to 76.0 m‐2 and was maximal in autumn after breeding. The population biomass was greatest during autumn (291.2 mg d.wt m‐2).8. Mean number of juveniles emerging from an egg sac was 77.3 (first sac) and 38.0 (second sac). The natality in 1973 was 66.8 individuals m‐2.9. The survivorship curve until maturity varied between types I and III in different years.10. The population dynamics were compared and are discussed in the light of other data. The variable population characteristics suggested that Den Boer's “spreading of risk” theory applied to the T.terricola population.
Worker populations of Formica lugubris Zett. nests in Irish plantation woods
Authors: BREEN JOHN 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. Estimates of worker populations of Formica lugubris Zett. nests in Irish plantation woods were obtained using capture—mark—recapture methods. Forager numbers were estimated by paint‐marking individuals on the foraging routes and ‘recapturing’ by traffic counts. Colony‐size was estimated using Stradling's (1970) 32P‐radiolabelling technique. Worker brood was estimated by excavation and direct count.2. Forager numbers ranged from 6906 to 64 686 (eleven nests), colony‐size ranged from 9797 to 71 052 (five nests) and worker brood ranged from 9809 to 16 269 (four nests).3. Forager number was highly correlated with the average traffic on individual routes and the nest forager populations declined rapidly in >30‐year‐old nests.
A line transect density index for wolf spiders (Pardosa spp.), and a note on the applicability of catch per unit effort methods to entomological studies
Authors: GREENSTONE MATTHEW H. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. A line transect density index for small wolf spiders is described and shown by means of regression analysis to provide adequate accuracy and excellent reproducibility.2. A review of the literature discloses numerous regression and replication studies of other catch per unit effort methods possessing equal precision and reliability.3. Such methods, when used judiciously, can provide accuracy and reproducibility as good as those obtainable using the statistical methods now in wider use, and deserve serious consideration in many kinds of sampling situations.
Analysis of a host—parasite (Ceratitis‐Muscidifurax) relationship under laboratory conditions*
Authors: PODOLER H. , MENDEL Z. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. The relationship between the parasite Muscidifurax raptor and its host, puparia of the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata was studied. Emphasis was placed on quantitative descriptions of parasite responses and behaviour.2. Female parasites ‘paralyse’ the host prior to oviposition. This treatment is not essential for larval development but crucial when oviposition took place in fully developed pupae. When having the choice females preferred to parasitize older hosts.3. Parasite efficiency was affected by temperature, and reached its greatest value at 28°C. Increasing parasite density reduced the searching efficiency when it exceeded a certain level. A stronger effect of similar type was obtained by increasing the number of males per female. Apart from affecting efficiency of search, increasing parasite density caused an increasing proportion of males in the progeny.4. Parasites responded to host density by weak functional response followed by reduction in efficiency of search due to egg limitation.5. The parasites responded to host distribution by aggregating on high host densities. Such aggregation is antagonistic to the tendency to disperse due to mutual interference.
Population ecology and change in range of the white admiral butterfly Ladoga Camilla L. in England
Authors: POLLARD E. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. Ladoga Camilla L. underwent a striking expansion of range in the 1930s and early 1940s. The study was undertaken to investigate the reasons for this expansion.2. A life table study in Monks Wood, Cambridgeshire, analysed by the k factor method, showed the key factor to be late larval and pupal mortality. The mortality of these stages, believed to be due to bird predation, was dependent on the duration of the stages. At low temperatures the stages were prolonged and mortality high. Due to this relationship mean June temperature was closely correlated with adult numbers.3. Information from entomological journals from 1900 to 1977 was used to identify the timing of the expansion of range as precisely as possible. A good agreement was found between June temperatures over the period and the timing of the expansion.4. Although weather conditions determine year‐to‐year fluctuations it is likely that long‐term habitat changes also have an impact on L.camilla populations. The abandonment of traditional coppice management of woodland is considered to have increased the area of woodland suitable for the species and so played a role in its expansion.
The biology and host searching behaviour of a Cynipoid parasite of aphidophagous syrphid larvae
Authors: ROTHERAY GRAHAM E. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. Callaspidia defonscolombei was found to be a common, solitary, thelytokous parasitoid of aphidophagous syrphid larvae. In 1977 it was bivoltine with adults being most numerous in early August and late September. It is probably polyphagous.2. An analysis of host searching behaviour suggests that females respond to an aphid odour bringing them to the region of an aphid colony.3. Syrphid hosts are located within the aphid colony by response to a contact chemical. There is a host size preference, only larger second and third instar larvae being attacked.4. Females inject a venom, which temporarily paralyses host larvae, and place the egg inside a cerebral ganglion.
The life cycle and growth of Sialis lutaria L. (Megaloptera) in a drainage channel under different methods of plant management
Authors: BROOKER M. P. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. The life cycle of Sialis lutaria in two experimental reaches, one treated with the herbicides dalapon and 2,4‐D (Chemical) and the other subjected to a conventional method of plant control (Hand), of a drainage channel in Essex took about 2 years.2. A maximum density of 815 m‐2 was recorded and the density of each year class in both reaches generally decreased exponentially with age.3. At certain times of the year the mean individual weight of each year class increased exponentially with age. Annual production was estimated to be 985 (Hand) and 1171 (Chemical) mg dry weight m‐2, with ratios of annual production to mean standing crop (P: b̄) of 1.6 and 1.8 respectively.4. There was no evidence that the use of herbicides had any discernible effect on the mortality, growth or production of S.lutaria.
Diapause in twenty‐three populations of Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lep., Pyralidae) from different parts of the world
Authors: BELL C. H. , BOWLEY C. R. , COGAN P. M. , SHARMA S. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. The incidence of diapause in twenty‐three populations of Plodia interpunctella from fifteen countries representing all continents of the world was examined. The origins of populations varied from 52°N to 35°S and included two from equatorial regions.2. Diapause occurred in all population samples at 20°C in short photoperiods (LD 11:13) and in continuous light, although the proportion of larvae doing so was less than 25% in samples from the equatorial belt.3. The critical photoperiod was less than 13 h in five samples, all from the tropics, or southern hemisphere. The remaining samples, including three from the southern hemisphere, had critical photoperiods of 13 h or more.4. Diapause was completely avoided by a 15 h photoperiod at 20°C in thirteen of the twenty‐three samples, including all but one of those from the southern hemisphere.5. At 25°C larvae entered diapause in short photoperiods (LD 9:15) in about half of the samples tested in both hemispheres, but the proportion per sample was always less than a third.
Nest‐site selection in the great golden digger wasp, Sphex ichneumoneus L. (Sphecidae)
Authors: BROCKMANN H. JANE 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. Sphex ichneumoneus are solitary, ground‐nesting wasps with apparently broad nesting requirements.2. Nest‐site selecting behaviour involves four levels of decisions. First, the wasps are not active unless temperatures are high and they are less active during cloudy weather. Second, at the beginning of a nesting sequence they generally fly to the site from which they emerged, but occasionally they fly to other flat, vegetation‐free areas. Third, after landing, they engage in a predigging search of the area, walking around, looking into and briefly digging in the nests of other wasps. In this way they apparently compare and choose to begin digging in the warmest areas available which are not too close to other nests. Fourth, if the soil is too soft and collapses or if it is too hard‐packed, the wasp resumes the predigging search. The preference for digging within a range of compactness means that they generally choose sandy loam.3. Theory would suggest that the wasps may spend an optimal amount of time in the predigging search behaviour and that frequency‐dependent selection may be an important factor in the choice of nesting sites.4. By choosing nesting sites according to these rules, the wasps are ensuring that their offspring develop in the warmest and best‐drained soils available.
Colour‐pattern variation in relation to habitat in the grasshopper Chorthippus brunneus (Thunberg)
Authors: GILL PETER D. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. Chorthippus brunneus were collected from twenty‐two different sites in Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire and Essex.2. Discrete characters of the head, pronotum and forewings and hind femora were scored. The results were compared with the types of habitat from which the grasshoppers were collected.3. Associations between striped and mottle‐winged varieties were found.4. The relationships between colour and habitat were examined.
Sex ratio, pupal parasitism, and predation in two declining populations of the bagworm, Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis (Haworth) (Lepidoptera: Psychidae)
Authors: HORN DAVID J. , SHEPPARD ROGER F. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. Two populations of bagworms were censused in Ohio for 6 and 5 years respectively, to determine the influence of major pupal mortality factors. Bagworm densities declined from 2.3 bags per 30 cm of terminal branch to zero.2. No single key mortality factor was identified in population trends. Parasitic Hymenoptera were common but variable in effect. Avian predation may have been important in reducing one population, while the other was exterminated after a drastic change in sex ratio to favour males.