bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discontent grows over restrictions on GPS data
Authors: Simarski Lynn Teo 
Published: October 2006

A current trade magazine ad, headlined “Selective Availability,” features the Mona Lisa with pieces missing from her face. To those in the global positioning trade, including many geophysicists, the ad aims a graphic jab at the Air Force's controversial policy of selective availability (SA), which denies the public the full benefits of its Global Positioning System in the interest of national security.Civilian users of the Department of Defense's Navstar Global Positioning System are at odds with the military over who should have access to a technology that can be used to navigate ships and planes, monitor the rate of strain along a fault, and even guide a satellite. Since SA was switched on again at the beginning of July, after being cut off during the Persian Gulf war, the debate has heated up anew.
AGU Fellow Roger Revelle Dies
Authors: DeVito M. Catherine 
Published: October 2006

AGU Fellow Roger R.D. Revelle, past Oceanography section president and recipient of the William Bowie Medal, died July 15. Revelle was a pioneer in global warming research and plate tectonics, and a major contributor to oceanography, education, and public policy.Appointed an AGU Fellow in 1936, Revelle was president of the Oceanography section from 1953–1956. In 1968 he was awarded the Bowie Medal, AGU's highest honor. Revelle extended his activities beyond the limits of his specialty to actively work with scientists in other fields for the betterment of science. In presenting the award, George E. Backus described Revelle's career as one of bold and selfless service to science and his fellow man. “If scientific progress is built on the shoulders of giants, Roger Revelle is certainly to be counted among the giants.”
GOES‐I delay urged by House Committee
Authors: Bush Susan 
Published: October 2006

A near‐crisis situation with the GOES‐Next (next generation of Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites) program seems to be nearing a resolution. Howard Wolpe (D‐Mich.), chairman, and Sherwood Boehlert (R‐N.Y.), ranking Republican of the House Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight recently recommended that Commerce Secretary Robert Mosbacher delay the GOES‐I launch, which is scheduled for December 1992.Although officials from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration have recently stated that NASA would be able to meet the December 1992 launch of GOES‐I within a budget, Wolpe and Boehlert urge Mosbacher “to accept NASA's plans and assurances with caution.” It is possible, they said, that “NASA's judgment has become clouded by the rush to launch.” NASA is responsible for implementing the satellite's design, which is provided by NOAA.
Recognizing outstanding achievements
Authors: Speiss Fred 
Published: October 2006

One function of any professional society is to provide an objective, informed means for recognizing outstanding achievements in its field. In AGU's Ocean Sciences section we have a variety of means for carrying out this duty. They include recognition of outstanding student presentations at our meetings, dedication of special sessions, nomination of individuals to be fellows of the Union, invitations to present Sverdrup lectures, and recommendations for Macelwane Medals, the Ocean Sciences Award, and the Ewing Medal.Since the decision to bestow these awards requires initiative and judgement by members of our section in addition to a deserving individual, it seems appropriate to review the selection process for each and to urge you to identify those deserving of recognition.
Scientists grapple with EOS redesign
Authors: Simarski Lynn Teo 
Published: October 2006

Scientists are gearing up to plot a revised course for NASA's Earth Observing System in light of budget cuts the Senate has proposed for the project.In July the Senate chopped $50 million out of the $336 million NASA requested for EOS in FY 1992. It also took about $5 billion from the program's baseline of more than $16 billion—the amount that NASA wants to spend on EOS through the end of the century—declaring that full funding will not be possible in the present budget climate.
Report looks at megaprojects
Authors: Leath Audrey 
Published: October 2006

“Are large nondefense R&D projects being funded at the expense of other science and technology programs?” This question is examined by a Congressional Budget Office report, “ Large Nondefense R&D Projects in the Budget: 1980–1996,” which was issued in July. Congress is wrestling with this question as it determines how to fund such “megaprojects” as NASA's Space Station and Earth Observing System, and the Department of Energy's Superconducting Super Collider, while providing enough support for other research.The study avoids making policy recommendations on the best balance between large and small science, but states bluntly that “if cost overruns or budget constraints require choosing between large and small projects, it would be against the national interest to support large projects at the expense of small ones for nonscientific and nontechnical reasons.”
NAPAP Acid Rain Conference improves scientific consensus, discounts extremes
Authors: Irving Patricia M. 
Published: October 2006

While there is still debate concerning the causes and effects of acid rain, most scientists agree that extreme interpretations of the issue can now be eliminated. This is one conclusion drawn from a major international conference convened in February in Hilton Head, S.C., to examine and critique the findings of the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP), a 10‐year federally sponsored research and assessment effort.When NAPAP was initiated in 1981, scientific opinion on acid rain was divided. The issue was viewed by some as a rapidly intensifying disaster requiring immediate remediation, and by others as a speculative hypothesis without sufficient substantiation. The NAPAP International Conference confirmed that most scientific opinion now lies well inside both of these two positions. The NAPAP work indicates that acid rain has damaged certain lakes and streams in the eastern United States and Canada, and that it contributes to decline of high‐evaluation spruce‐fir forests, materials degradation, and visibility impairment.
Arid lands hydraulic engineering awards
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The Surface Water Hydrology Committee of the Hydraulics Division of the American Society of Civil Engineering is seeking nominations for the Arid Lands Hydraulic Engineering Award.The award is given on the basis of original contribution in hydraulics, hydrology, climatology, planning, irrigation and drainage, hydroelectric power development, or navigation especially applicable to arid or semi‐arid climates. Contributions may include published works, outstanding performance, or noteworthy actions. Theoretical research should include recommended applications to planning, design, construction, or operation and maintenance of water resource projects or programs.
Forum: The challenge of global change
Authors: Roederer Juan G. 
Published: October 2006

How can we sustain a public sense of the common danger of global change while remaining honest in view of the realities of scientific uncertainty? How can we nurture this sense of common danger without making statements based on half‐baked ideas, statistically unreliable results, or oversimplified models? How can we strike a balance between the need to overstate a case to attract the attention of the media and the obligation to adhere strictly to the ethos of science?The task of achieving a scientific understanding of the inner workings of the terrestrial environment is one of the most difficult and ambitious endeavors of humankind. It is full of traps, temptations and deceptions for the participating scientists. We are dealing with a horrendously complex, strongly interactive, highly non‐linear system. Lessons learned from disciplines such as plasma physics and solid state physics which have been dealing with complex non‐linear systems for decades, are not very encouraging. The first thing one learns is that there are intrinsic, physical limits to the quantitative predictability of a complex system that have nothing to do with the particular techniques employed to model it.
New EOS payload proposed
Authors: Simarski Lynn Teo 
Published: October 2006

Scientists working on NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS) are now considering a new set of instruments for the global monitoring program and debating the order in which these should fly.“In this time of uncertain budgets, what we have to do as a scientific community is to prioritize our measurements,” said Jeff Dozier, EOS project scientist, at a NASA press workshop September 12. “This allows us to give to the Congress and the administration a program they can buy by the yard.”
NASA begins to “Think Small”
Authors: Simarski Lynn Teo 
Published: October 2006

NASA has begun to show clear signs of scaling down its science missions as it bows to reigning budget realities. The mammoth Earth Observing System (EOS) is already well on the way to being split into smaller components (see Eos, Sept. 24, 1991). Concurrently, a committee of scientists has advised NASA's Office of Space Science and Applications (OSSA) to rank smaller missions before large ones.“Small innovative missions” that “provide frequent access to space for each discipline” should be placed ahead of intermediate and large missions, said Berrien Moore III, chair of OSSA's scientific advisory committee, in a letter to Lennard Fisk, the office's associate administrator. The letter conveyed the recommendations from the committee's meeting at Woods Hole this summer.
Congress sets NASA, NSF budgets for 1992
Authors: Simarski Lynn Teo 
Published: October 2006

Space Station Freedom emerged a clear winner from the House and Senate conference on September 26, which was Congress's final action of the year on the NASA budget. Selected members from the appropriations committees of both houses ironed out a compromise between the Senate and House budget bills that cover NASA and the National Science Foundation.The conference report, as the compromise is called, followed the general approach of the Senate rather than that of the House in funding NASA for FY 1992. NASA will receive $1.4 billion less than the $15.7 billion requested by the president.
IUGG 1991: Geophysics as a global endeavor
Authors: Brett Robin 
Published: October 2006

The 20th General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) met in Vienna in August for the first time since the 1987 meeting in Vancouver. About 5,000 geophysicists from at least 39 countries attended, including an estimated 800–1,000 from the United States.The IUGG is comprised of seven associations covering different disciplines, rather like the sections of AGU. These associations resemble feudal baronies bound loosely in a federation. Attendance varied greatly from one association to another; this was reflected in the strength of their scientific programs at the meeting.
Musings about the word “absolute” in Earth science literature
Authors: Duffield Wendell A. 
Published: October 2006

Rather than face the prospect of old age and retirement sometimes disturbed by the niggling feeling that I should have said something earlier, here is a public statement about a pet peeve concerning the use, if not the abuse and misuse, of the word absolute as it appears in a variety of Earth science literature. The triggering event for taking action, after a couple of decades of inaction, was seeing yet another title of the sort “The Absolute Age of the… Volcanic Rock”, combined with a little too much spare time during evenings in a lonely, isolated field camp.Because my interests are principally in magmatic systems and secondarily in global plate tectonics, I see absolute used mostly with reference to the ages of igneous rocks and to the motions of lithospheric plates. People in other fields of Earth science surely will think of their own examples.
Congress orders Space Station overhaul
Authors: Mulhall Marguerite 
Published: October 2006

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is in the process of reassessing its plans for the space station. It has been directed by Congress to come up with $6 billion in savings in the program over 5 years and must include plans to keep yearly expenditures within specific ceilings. The agency is expected to have the plan completed by January 22.NASA has already stopped work on several station‐related science projects and an underwater training facility. The science experiments were being managed by the Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md., and were to be attached to the exterior of the space station. Cuts in the science projects alone will eliminate 240 jobs, most of them with contractors. About 2000 jobs will be affected by the cuts in the program's operating budget.
Deep convection and deepwater formation: Progress and new directions
Authors: Gascard Jean‐Claude 
Published: October 2006

Focused interest in deep convection and deepwater formation was evidenced as early as 1972, when an international colloquium entirely dedicated to oceanic deepwater formation was convened by the Laboratoire d'Oceanographie du Museum in Paris. Discussions concentrated heavily, but not exclusively, on observations taken in the northwest Mediterranean Sea by the Medoc Group [1970], who proposed that processes leading to deepwater formation could be divided into three phases: preconditioning, violent mixing, and sinking and spreading. A new feature—the chimney—was identified, which tends to define the horizontal extent of an area where deep convection occurs to great depths and leads to deepwater formation.In terms of mechanisms for destroying stratification, double diffusion was the prevalent choice at that time among most participants. However, the effect of advection was also considered. Stommel [1972] claimed that the deep convection observed in the Mediterranean Sea was of a nonpenetrative type, since the density of the mixed layer increased steadily with thickness and time instead of decreasing as for penetrative convection. Most of these conclusions were based on the fact that the problem was believed to be truly one dimensional. Stommel recognized that the small size of the sinking area was not related to a hydrodynamical phenomenon such as the one he described in 1962 [Stommel, 1962] nor even directly forced by the atmosphere, which acts at a much larger scale. Rather, he indicated that the small size of a deep convective area was preconditioned by the general circulation in the basin. The major discovery during the following 10‐year period (1973–1983) was realization of the important role played by baroclinic instability, active during ALL phases including the initial preconditioning.
Report explores Congress' science policy
Authors: Jones Richard 
Published: October 2006

Scientists interested in understanding how Congress develops science policy would find it useful to read a recent report by the Carnegie Commission on Science, Technology, and Government. “Science, Technology and Congress: Analysis and Advice from the Congressional Support Agencies” contains revealing insights about the often hard‐pressed system that Congress uses to analyze science and technology issues.“Congress is on the front line of many battles over the directions of science and technology,” says the 70‐page report. “The quality of congressional decisions on these issues often depends on the quality and usefulness of information and analysis made available to Congress.” The report describes the overwhelming amount of information received by members of Congress, few of whom have “substantial training or experience” in science and technology. Making this information understandable and useful is the role of the Office of Technology Assessment, the Congressional Research Service, the General Accounting Office, and the Congressional Budget Office.
Joseph F. Poland (1908–1991)
Authors: Johnson A. Ivan 
Published: October 2006

On June 4, 1991, AGU Fellow Joseph Fairfield Poland died in a Sacramento, Calif., hospital at the age of 83 after a long fight with Parkinson's Disease. A recognized expert on land subsidence and a retiree from the U.S. Geological Survey's Water Resources Division, his death occurred only 2 weeks after the end of the 4th International Symposium on Land Subsidence, held in Houston, Tex. Frequently known as “Mr. Land Subsidence,” it was appropriate that the proceedings of that symposium had been dedicated to him.Born in Boston, Poland earned a bachelor's degree in geology from Harvard University in 1929. He was resident geologist for Tropical Oil Company in Colombia from 1929 to 1931. After returning to the United States, Poland earned his master's degree in geology from Stanford University in 1935, taught groundwater hydrology, and consulted on groundwater and geophysical problems in the West and Southwest.
Landsat moves to NASA, DOD
Authors: Bush Susan 
Published: October 2006

As the first session of the 101st Congress draws to a close, chairman of the House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology George Brown is looking for a decision on the management, funding, and policy concerning the Landsat program. “The development of a new policy framework for Landsat cannot be postponed any longer,” he said at a November 26 hearing.His concern seems to have been recognized, as on November 25, the National Space Council, under the leadership of Vice President Dan Quayle, announced that the Department of Defense and NASA will take over the Landsat program. In their endorsement of the remote‐sensing program, the council said that “global change research and other U.S. government needs beyond Landsat 6 will be provided through the achydroquisition and operation of a Landsat 7. NASA and DOD will undertake the development and operation of this system.” Technical and administrative details of the program are still to be worked out, and funding for Landsat 7 and related activities will be included in the president's FY 1993 budget.
Wayne V. Burt (1917–1991)
Authors: Smith Bob 
Published: October 2006

Wayne V. Burt, 74, professor emeritus and founder of the Oceanography Department at Oregon State University, died of a heart attack while fishing near Newport, Oreg., on August 24.Burt was born in 1917 in South Shore, S.Dak., and moved to Oregon in 1924. He earned a B.S. degree in mathematics from Pacific College in 1939 and taught mathematics and physical science in rural Oregon high schools until 1943 when he was commissioned in the U.S. Navy and trained as a meteorologist. He received a Certificate of Meteorology from the Naval Postgraduate School in 1944 and served as a meteorologist in the South Pacific. He was sent to Scripps Institution of Oceanography to study wave forecasting in anticipation of an amphibious invasion of Japan. When the war ended, Burt returned to Oregon to study mathematics at the University of Oregon but, fortunately for many of us, he returned to Scripps to enter its first organized class of oceanographers in fall 1946. Burt received M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of California at Los Angeles for his studies at Scripps. The Ph.D. was awarded in 1952 for his work in underwater light transmission. Burt was a faculty member of the Johns Hopkins University and Chesapeake Bay Institute until 1953 and a research oceanographer at the University of Washington from 1953 to 1954.
NASA overhauls grant process
Authors: Simarski Lynn Teo 
Published: October 2006

A university recently received a NASA grant so quickly that the recipients, used to a long wait for money even after a grant had been approved, assumed a mistake had been made. Such a story has been making the rounds since NASA began to refurbish the procedure by which it issues grants, speeding up and streamlining the process in response to suggestions from space scientists.One way NASA has measured success so far is how quickly it has cleared the decks of pending grants. The agency reduced the backlog from 572 grants on September 11 to zero by the end of the month, according to Don Bush, NASA's deputy assistant administrator for procurement. But that's just the beginning of changes Bush expects to be completed by March or April next year. The new procedures are first being tested out at headquarters, which issues over half of the agency's space science grants. NASA centers will also adopt the procedures after full approval.
Update on Congress and new budget
Authors: Jones Richard 
Published: October 2006

Thanks to some all‐night sessions, Congress has adjourned until next year, having completed work on all but one of 13 appropriations bills. Hearings are being held by the House Ways and Means Committee and the Senate Finance Committee on economic growth packages, with little else scheduled. Congress is due to reconvene briefly on January 3, but will recess again until January 21.The action on the budget for fiscal year 1993, which begins on October 1, 1992, is now at the other end of Pennsylvania Avenue. Departments, agencies, and the Office of Management and Budget are in the midst of assembling the budget request for FY 1993. The executive branch maintains an almost total blackout on any official or unofficial news about what is being requested, much less what will be in the new budget.
Impacts in nature and in the laboratory workshop
Authors: Gratz A J. , Nellis W. J. 
Published: October 2006

Impact is probably the most widespread geologic process in our solar system. All of the planets, moons, and asteroids have extensively cratered surfaces; on many, impact is the dominant process acting on the crust, and on others it is the primary mode of resurfacing. As we look to detailed mapping and exploration of the planets, an understanding of shock metamorphism is essential for both geological understanding and construction of impact‐resistant structures. At the same time, the discovery of shocked minerals at the K/T boundary has highlighted the role of impacts in the evolution of life on Earth and led to an intensified search for terrestrial impact effects.The most striking aspect of shock deformation is the extreme rapidity of the process. Whereas geologists are used to tectonic events requiring millions of years or more, an impact process can accomplish the same strain in a billionth of a second. Thus, over 20 orders of magnitude separate tectonic strain rates from those seen in shock; the gap is more than 10 orders of magnitude even for “fast” deformation (10−4/s) in conventional uniaxial presses. Typically, impactites are intensely deformed—and often chemically reactive—with densely‐packed fractures, twins, or dislocations, and melting is common. Despite their obvious importance, impact processes and products are much less well studied and understood than slow‐strain‐rate processes.
International geodesy discussed in Vienna
Authors: Rapp Richard H. , Schutz Bob , Dickey Jean 
Published: October 2006

The International Association of Geodesy (IAG) met for 2 weeks in August 1991 during the 20th General Assembly of the IUGG in Vienna. Numerous plans were made for future scientific projects and meetings and a large number of scientific and administrative activities were completed.IAG is an organization whose objectives are to promote the study of scientific problems of geodesy;; to promote and coordinate international cooperation in geodesy;; and to provide, on an international basis, an opportunity for the discussion and publication of geodetic research. To implement these objectives, the IAG is organized into five sections and several groups that fall outside the section definition. The five sections are Positioning (I), Advanced Space Technology (II), Determination of the Gravity Field (III), General Theory and Methodology (IV), and Geodynamics (V). Each section has a structure that is organized through the president of the section.