bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disparities in Rates of Unintended Pregnancy In the United States, 1994 and 2001
Authors: Finer Lawrence B. , Henshaw Stanley K. 
Published: June 2006

CONTEXT: Many pregnancies are unintended, particularly in certain population groups. Determining whether unintended pregnancy rates and disparities in rates between subgroups are changing may help policymakers target reproductive health services to those women most in need.METHODS: To calculate rates of unintended pregnancy and related outcomes, data on pregnancy intendedness from the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth were combined with birth, abortion and population data from federal, state and nongovernmental sources.RESULTS: In 2001, 49% of pregnancies in the United States were unintended. The unintended pregnancy rate was 51 per 1,000 women aged 15–44, meaning that 5% of this group had an unintended pregnancy. This level was unchanged from 1994. The rate of unintended pregnancy in 2001 was substantially above average among women aged 18–24, unmarried (particularly cohabiting) women, low‐income women, women who had not completed high school and minority women. Between 1994 and 2001, the rate of unintended pregnancy declined among adolescents, college graduates and the wealthiest women, but increased among poor and less educated women. The abortion rate and the proportion of unintended pregnancies ending in abortion among all women declined, while the unintended birth rate increased. Forty‐eight percent of unintended conceptions in 2001 occurred during a month when contraceptives were used, compared with 51% in 1994.CONCLUSIONS: More research is needed to determine the factors underlying the disparities in unintended pregnancy rates by income and other characteristics. The findings may reflect a need for increased and more effective contraceptive use, particularly among high‐risk groups.
The United States Database Debate – Proteins as virtual property
Authors: Rosellini Will , McEachern Frank 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA database is defined as “any organized collection of information” and can include any number of different categories, from clients list, to phonebooks to nucleotide sequence data for E. Coli. As the speed and storage capacity of next generation computers continue to Moore's law, doubling every 12–18 months, databases are becoming vital tools to extract information that to date has gone unnoticed. Nowhere is this more applicable or more evident than in the burgeoning field of bioinformatics, the science of applying computers to biological problems. Bioinformaticians are a loose consort of biologists, physicists, chemists, mathematicians who also understand principles of computer science. These Bioinformaticians invest substantial resources in the form of money, time, and personnel in gathering information, verifying the accuracy of that information, and bringing it together in one location. Until very recently, scientists who fit this definition have largely been academic researchers, but with the mapping of the Human Genome completed, these scientists have now begun to become more and more prevalent in commercial settings. To date, these academic scientists have participated in open source data sharing to speed scientific progress, but as the cost of development increases and commercial entities continue to exploit bioinformatics tools for the production of new drug candidates this compiled information has become the topic of hot debate. The difficulty associated with a discussion of such a highly technical subject both intellectual property and genomics, coupled with a paradigm shift in the science makes for a very difficult and perhaps insurmountable barrier. In spite of these difficulties, one should not be discouraged, as the innovation at this level is the beginning of the end of death and disease in human beings.
The Use of Human Bodily Substances and Personal Data for Research: The German National Ethics Council's Opinion
Authors: Taupitz Jochen 
Published: June 2006

AbstractHuman bodily substances are an important resource for establishing the causes and mechanisms of a large number of disorders, in particular those widely disseminated among the population. The more thoroughly the human genome is understood, the more it is becoming possible to identify the role not only of external factors such as environmental agencies or lifestyle but also of hereditary predispositions (genes) in their causation. Scientific interest here as a rule centres not on individuals but mostly on very large population groups. For this reason, collections of human bodily substances and the associated medical data have taken on enormous significance in modern medicine. Lately these collections have even acquired a specific name: “biobanks”.
Extraction of actinides using N, N, N′, N′-tetraoctyl diglycolamide (TODGA): a thermodynamic study
Authors: Ansari S. A. , Pathak P. N. , Husain M. , Prasad A. K. , Parmar V. S. , Manchanda V. K. 
Published: June 2006

Summary
The effect of temperature on the extraction behaviour of Am(III), Pu(IV) and U(VI) from nitric acid medium was studied employing N,N,N′,N′-tetraoctyl diglycolamide (TODGA) in n-dodecane. The two-phase equilibrium constants (log K′ex) were calculated and compared with those of other extractants proposed for actinide partitioning, viz. octyl-(phenyl)-N,N-diisobutylcarbamoylmethyl phosphine oxide (CMPO) and N,N,N′,N′-dimethyl dibutyl tetradecyl malonamide (DMDBTDMA). Thermodynamic parameters, viz. ΔG, ΔH and ΔS for the extraction of actinides by TODGA were also compared with those of CMPO and DMDBTDMA. These studies indicate that the extraction processes of Am(III) and U(VI) are enthalpy driven whereas entropy factor counteracts the extraction. However, in the case of Pu(IV), the extraction process is enthalpy as well as entropy favoured. Role of diluent on the loading of Nd(III) in 0.1 M TODGA has also been investigated.
Extraction of neptunium(IV) by a mixture of 3-phenyl-4-acetyl-5-isoxazolone and tri-n-octyl phosphine oxide
Authors: Banerjee S. , Mohapatra P. K. , Bhattacharyya A. , Basu S. , Manchanda V. K. 
Published: June 2006

Summary
The extraction behaviour of Np(IV) by 3-phenyl-4-acetyl-5-isoxazolone (HPAI) was investigated from nitric acid medium in the presence of tri-n-octyl phosphine oxide (TOPO). Speciation studies, carried out by the slope analysis method, yielded binary species of the type Np(PAI)4 when only HPAI was used as the extractant and ternary and quaternary species of the type Np(PAI)4·TOPO and Np(PAI)3·(NO3)·TOPO, respectively when both HPAI and TOPO were used together as the extractants. The two-phase extraction constant for the binary species (log k
ex) was calculated to be 8.44±0.05 while those for the ternary and quaternary species were found to be 12.84±0.22 and 11.26±0.07, respectively.
Third phase formation in the extraction of Th(NO3)4 by tri-2-methyl butyl phosphate from nitric acid media
Authors: Suresh A. , Deivanayaki R. , Srinivasan T. G. , Rao P. R. Vasudeva 
Published: June 2006

Summary
Third phase formation in the extraction of Th(IV) by tri-2-methyl butyl phosphate (T2MBP) in various diluents such as n-dodecane, n-tetradecane and n-hexadecane from nitric acid media has been investigated for the first time. The limiting organic concentration (LOC) and maximum organic concentration (MOC) as well as critical aqueous concentration (CAC) and saturated aqueous concentration (SAC) were measured as a function of equilibrium aqueous acidity. Data on LOC and MOC values have been generated with various concentrations of T2MBP (1.1 M, 1.38 M and 1.65 M) in n-dodecane at 303 K. LOC and CAC values have been measured for the extraction of Th(IV) by 1.1 M T2MBP/n-hexadecane at various temperatures (298 K, 303 K and 313 K) as a function of equilibrium aqueous acidity. Effect of temperature on third phase formation has been studied in the extraction of Th(IV) from its solution with near zero free acidity by 1.1 M T2MBP in n-tetradecane and n-hexadecane as diluents. Data on extraction of nitric acid in the absence and presence of Th(IV) by T2MBP/n-dodecane is also reported in this paper.
Studies on diffusional mobility and selectivity of I− ion in plasticized anion-exchange membrane using radiotracer
Authors: Sodaye Suparna , Suresh G. , Pandey A. K. , Goswami A. 
Published: June 2006

Summary
Plasticized anion-exchange polymer inclusion membranes (PIM) were prepared by physical immobilization of a liquid anion-exchanger trioctylmethylammonium chloride (Aliquat-336) into the polymer matrix of cellulose triacetate (CTA) plasticized with 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether (NPOE). The self-diffusion coefficients (D
m) of I− ion in these PIMs were obtained by analysing the experimental 131I radiotracer exchange rates with an analytical solution of Fick's second law. The D
m was found to increase exponentially as a function of volume fraction of liquid (plasticizer) in the membrane, which can be attributed to reduction of physical obstruction in diffusion path of the ions in CTA polymer matrix. The selectivity of PIMs towards different anions, with respect to I− ion, was obtained from a determination of mole fraction of I− ion (ratio of moles of I− ion to total ion-exchange sites) in the membrane as a function of mole fraction of I− ion in the equilibrating aqueous solution containing a competing X− ion (X− = F−/Cl−/Br−/NO3
−/ClO4
−). This study indicated that the PIM has preference for I− ion in the presence of Cl−, Br− and NO3
− ions in equilibrating solution, while ClO4
− ion are preferred over I− ion. The selectivity trend (ClO4
−>I−>NO3
−>Br−>Cl−>F−) in PIM was found to correspond with Hofmeister series.
Effect of humic acid on cesium sorption on silica colloids
Authors: Kumar Sumit , Tomar B. S. , Ramanathan S. , Manchanda V. K. 
Published: June 2006

SummaryEffect of humic acid (HA) on the sorption behaviour of137Cs on silica colloids has been studied by batch procedure over a pH range of 3-10 and at ionic strength of 0.05 M (NaClO4). The sorption of137Cs on bare silica colloids was found to be negligible up to pH 7 above which it was found to increase sharply with pH. In the presence of HA significant enhancement in the sorption of137Cs on silica colloids was observed at lower pH values with no effect at pH > 7. Zeta potential of the colloidal suspension of HA, silica and their binary mixture were also measured. Binary interaction between137Cs and HA, and that between HA and silica were investigated in order to explain the observations in terms of linear additive model. The data obtained in the present work confirmed the role of non-additive factors in the ternary sorption system.
Polychromatic Light Similar to the Terrestrial Solar Spectrum Without its UV Component Stimulates DNA Synthesis in Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes In Vivo and In Vitro
Authors: Zhevago Natalya A. , Samoilova Kira A. , Calderhead R. Glen 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTImmunosuppressive effects of the minor component of the terrestrial solar spectrum, UV radiation, have been substantiated over the past several years. This raises the question of what influence the dominant part of the solar spectrum—visible and IR light—would have on the human immune system. In the present randomized, placebo‐controlled double‐blind study a small area of the body surface of volunteers was irradiated with polychromatic light (480–3400 nm), simulating the significant part of the terrestial sunlight irradiance spectrum and its power density. An average 2.5‐fold to three‐fold increase in spontaneous and phytohemagglutinin‐induced DNA synthesis in peripheral blood lymphocytes (Lym) was revealed at 0.5–24 h after irradiation at a therapeutic dose (12 J/cm2) in subjects with low preirradiation levels of both processes. The in vivo findings were echoed in parallel in vitro experiments, when blood drawn from the same subjects was directly irradiated (2.4 J/cm2), or when the irradiated blood was mixed 1:10 with nonirradiated autolo‐gous blood to model events in the circulation following transcutaneous blood photomodification. Our data suggest that exposure of the human body to polychromatic visible + IR light may photomodify blood in the dermal vasculature of the irradiated area to lead to an immediate transfer of the light‐induced effects to Lym of the entire circulating blood, which can result in modulation of Lym functional state at the systemic level.
Protoporphyrin IX Level Correlates with Number of Mitochondria, But Increase in Production Correlates with Tumor Cell Size
Authors: Gibbs Summer L. , Chen Bin , O'Hara Julia A. , Hoopes P. Jack , Hasan Tayyaba , Pogue Brian W. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTProtoporphyrin IX (PpIX) is produced in cells via the heme synthesis pathway, from the substrate aminolevulinic acid (ALA), and can be used for tumor detection, monitoring or photodynamic therapy. PpIX production varies considerably between tumor cell types, and determining the cell types and methods to optimize production is a central issue in properly utilizing this drug. A panel of eight cancer cell types was examined for PpIX production capacity, including breast, prostate, and brain cancer tumors, and the production varied up to 10‐fold among cell types. A positive correlation was seen between mitochondrial content and naturally occurring PpIX prior to ALA administration, but mitochondrial content did not correlate to the yield of PpIX resulting from the addition of ALA. Interestingly, total cell size was positively correlated to the yield of PpIX from ALA administration. Addition of an iron chelator, 1,2‐dimethyl‐3‐hydroxy‐4‐pyridone (L1) in combination with ALA allows the final step in the heme synthesis pathway, conversion of PpIX to heme, to be delayed, thereby further increasing the yield of PpIX. Those cell types that had the lowest ALA to PpIX production without L1 showed the largest percentage increase in production with L1. The study indicates that use of L1 in tumors with a lower innate production of PpIX with ALA alone may be the most productive approach to this combined delivery.
Temperature-Dependent Formaldehyde Degradation in Trickling Filters
Authors: Pedersen Lars-Flemming , Pedersen Per Bovbjerg 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
We investigated formaldehyde (HCHO) degradation in a trickling filter at three different temperatures. Formalin, equivalent to an initial concentration of 40 mg of formaldehyde per liter of water, was applied to a closed experimental setup that included an active trickling filter. Water samples were taken regularly over a 96-h period and analyzed for formaldehyde. Decomposition of HCHO was significantly related to water temperature; estimated half-lives were 5.0, 9.5, and 16.5 h at 14.5, 10.0, and 5.5°C, respectively. Evidence of microbial decomposition indicated that formaldehyde reduction was correlated to the available trickling-filter surface area at a removal rate of 8.3–21.3 mg formaldehyde·m−2·h−1. These findings permit the calculation of formaldehyde decomposition rates during treatments in recirculating systems and make it possible to design trickling filters with a specific decomposition capacity.
The Effect of Temperature Changes and Transport on Cutthroat Trout Eggs Soon after Fertilization
Authors: Wagner Eric J , Arndt Ronney E , Roubidoux Ron 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the effects of temperature changes during the first few hours after fertilization (AF) on egg survival of cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii and to determine the relationship between water hardening, egg transport, and temperature effects. Eggs from cutthroat trout of the Bear Lake-Bonneville strain O. clarkii utah were subjected to changes in temperature from the ambient hatchery water temperature (8.5°C) at either 5 or 60 min AF and were then transported for 6 h. There were seven test treatments: (1) 4.5°C at 5 min AF, (2) 4.5°C at 60 min AF, (3) 0.5°C at 5 min AF, (4) 0.5°C at 60 min AF, (5) 13°C at 60 min AF, (6) hatchery control (no transport, no temperature change), and (7) transport control (no temperature change). After transport, eggs were all returned to 8.5°C until the end of the study. Survival to eye-up ranged from 63.7% in the 13°C-60-min treatment to 80.1% in the 4.5°C-60-min treatment. Warm temperatures (13°C) resulted in significantly higher egg mortality than that of controls. There was no significant difference between transported controls and untransported eggs in eye-up, hatch, or deformity rates, indicating that transport, at least on paved roads, did not affect survival. Comparison of temperature shocks occurring immediately AF (5 min) and after water hardening (60 min) indicated that thermal shocks administered before water hardening were more detrimental than those occurring afterward. Declines in temperature to 4.5°C or 0.5°C did not significantly affect survival relative to at least one of the controls. The results indicated that (1) temperature increases were detrimental but decreases were not and (2) it is preferable to transport eggs after water hardening rather than before.
Experimental Characterization of Mechanical Behavior of Cord-Rubber Composites
Authors: Kumar M. , Bert C. W. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Unidirectional cord-rubber specimens in the form of tensile coupons and sandwich beams were used. Using specimens with the cords oriented at 0°, 45°, and 90° to the loading direction and appropriate data reduction, we were able to obtain complete characterization for the in-plane stress-strain response of single-ply, unidirectional cord-rubber composites. All strains were measured by means of liquid mercury strain gages, for which the nonlinear strain response characteristic was obtained by calibration. Stress-strain data were obtained for the cases of both cord tension and cord compression. Materials investigated were aramid-rubber, polyester-rubber, and steel-rubber.
Anisotropy in Green Strength Induced During Elastomer Processing
Authors: Hamed G. R. , Song J. H. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The tensile anisotropy induced while milling both gum and filled natural rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, and natural rubber/styrene-butadiene rubber blends is investigated. The effects of annealing and the extent of milling on this phenomenon are presented. Molecular level explanations for this phenomenon are offered.
Ply and Rubber Stresses and Contact Forces for a Loaded Radial Tire
Authors: Trinko M. J. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
A P215/75R15, steel-belted radial tire subjected to inflation pressure and footprint loading is modeled using laminated, geometrically nonlinear finite elements. The resulting stresses in both the rubber and the plies are presented. Assumptions made include fixed boundary conditions at the bead-flange interface, linear material property representation, and symmetry with respect to the meridional and tread centerline planes. The footprint loading is simulated by enforcing vertical displacements at selected nodes of the model to yield a contact patch force distribution. In-plane patch forces are not included. Experimental results are given showing comparisons with analytical predictions. Advantages of this approach over models presented earlier are the capability to extract information from each layer and to apply displacements directly to the contact patch rather than using a Fourier approach. The model is exercised using the MSC/NASTRAN program. The straightforward restart capability along with the ability to include or exclude nodal points in the contact patch set during the iteration process make the MSC/NASTRAN program convenient to use for this class of problems.
Simulation Model of Tire Vibration
Authors: Takayama M. , Yamagishi K. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
A mass-spring tire model having five degrees of freedom is used to analyze the tangential and radial axial forces that result from a tire hitting a cleat. The belt and tread region is modeled by a rigid ring. Deflections from the cleat are absorbed by a line spring and those from the smooth portion of the test wheel (the ground) are absorbed by a plane spring; both are attached to the rigid ring. Calculated results agreed well with experimental results.
Buckling Behavior of Tire Breaker Structure
Authors: Akasaka T. , Yamazaki S. , Asano K. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The buckled wave length and the critical in-plane bending moment of laminated long composite strips of cord-reinforced rubber sheets on an elastic foundation is analyzed by Galerkin's method, with consideration of interlaminar shear deformation. An approximate formula for the wave length is given in terms of cord angle, elastic moduli of the constituent rubber and steel cord, and several structural dimensions. The calculated wave length for a 165SR13 automobile tire with steel breakers (belts) was very close to experimental results. An additional study was then conducted on the post-buckling behavior of a laminated biased composite beam on an elastic foundation. This beam is subjected to axial compression. The calculated relationship between the buckled wave rise and the compressive membrane force also agreed well with experimental results.
A Finite Element Tire Model
Authors: Tielking J. T. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
A finite element tire model, based on nonlinear shell of revolution elements, has been developed to investigate tire-pavement interaction. The basic characteristics of this relatively comprehensive model are reviewed here, with attention focused on its ability to calculate the effect of tire design variables on tire performance data. A four-ply bias tire is used to show the ability of the model to predict the different effects that nylon and polyester cords have on tire deformation, contact pressure distribution, and traction.
An Experimental-Analytical Method to Determine Interaction Forces on Tire Rims
Authors: Koeller R. C. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
A method is developed for approximating the three components of the net surface traction vector acting between a tire and its rim. The vector is determined as a function of angular position relative to the footprint, using measured strains in the rim and the analytical solution of the membrane theory of circular cylindrical shells applicable to the rim. Non-dimensional interaction forces are determined for the case of static loading for both radial and bias ply tires used on large earth-moving equipment. Load transfer from radial tires is primarily by large shearing tractions occurring 15 to 60 degrees from the footprint. Bias ply tires, however, transfer load primarily by normal forces occurring 0 to 30 degrees from the footprint and tangential forces occurring 40 to 90 degrees from the footprint.
Formation of Standing Waves in Radial Tires
Authors: Kwon Y. D. , Prevorsek D. C. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Radial tires for automobiles were subjected to high speed rolling under load on a testing wheel to determine the critical speeds at which standing waves started to form. Tires of different makes had significantly different critical speeds.
The damping coefficient and mass per unit length of the tire wall were measured and a correlation between these properties and the observed critical speed of standing wave formation was sought through use of a circular membrane model. As expected from the model, desirably high critical speed calls for a high damping coefficient and a low mass per unit length of the tire wall. The damping coefficient is particularly important.
Surprisingly, those tire walls that were reinforced with steel cord had higher damping coefficients than did those reinforced with polymeric cord. Although the individual steel filaments are elastic, the interfilament friction is higher in the steel cords than in the polymeric cords. A steel-reinforced tire wall also has a higher density per unit length.
The damping coefficient is directly related to the mechanical loss in cyclic deformation and, hence, to the rolling resistance of a tire. The study shows that, in principle, it is more difficult to design a tire that is both fuel-efficient and free from standing waves when steel cord is used than when polymeric cords are used.