bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CONCEPTIONS OF VALUE‐RELEVANCE AND THE THEORY OF ACTION
Authors: Lidz Victor 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTThe inquiries of Weber and Parsons into the relationships between value freedom and value‐relevance as elements in the methodology of the social sciences are renewed in the present essay. A major foundation of the discussion is provided by the Weber‐Parsons distinction between judgments pertaining to values, value‐commitments, and the value‐relevance of knowledge, on the one hand, and judgments of fact or logic, schemas of proof, and the value‐freedom of intellectual disciplines, on the other hand. However, questions are raised about the methodological claims that value‐relevance necessarily represents a relativistic element in a body of knowledge while any universality of its significance can be grounded only in pertinent schemas of proof. The factor of value‐relevance is examined in a more differentiated fashion by two applications of the Parsonian four‐function paradigm. In the first paradigm, four fundamental elements of the value‐relevance of social scientific knowledge are identified. In the second paradigm, four levels in the cultural generalization of the value‐relevance specifically of theoretical knowledge are distinguished. At the highest level of generalization, here called philosophical, value‐relevance may be framed in transcendental terms that can impart a universality to the substantive significance of knowledge. This proposal is then bolstered by an examination of the ways in which Dilthey and then, with greater generality and precision, Simmel secured value‐relevance for their theoretical schemes.
Multiple Jobs and Inequality in Earnings
Authors: Danziger Nira 
Published: January 2007

This paper shows that individual and structural factors which determine professors' salaries also influence, in various degrees, the accumulation of earnings from additional sources. As a result, those who receive greater rewards from their main work role are likely to have proportionately higher supplementary incomes. Thus, expanding occupational role‐sets increase the inequality in economic rewards in the academic system. It is proposed that the relative effect of each of the salary determinants on extra earnings depends on their ability to generate, directly or indirectly, extra earning opportunities.The examined factors are professorial rank, research productivity, departmental prestige and the length of academic experience. Professorial rank has been shown as the main determinant of institutional salary level, whereas research productivity is the most crucial factor in generating extra earning opportunities. It is likely that the importance of the latter, in our case, is mainly indirect in that it generates critical intervening resources such as professional reputation, visibility in the academic system and communication network.
Factors Affecting Juvenile Court Decisions in Israel: A Multivariate Approach*
Authors: Fishman Gideon , Kraus Vered , Lever Henry 
Published: January 2007

This paper investigates the factors influencing the disposition of cases in juvenile courts. The factors considered are the prior record of the offender, the nature of the offense, the recommendation of the probation officer, and the age of the offender. These four factors are essential components of the juvenile justice system and as such are perceived to be crucial for the understanding of the court's decision.A multivariate analysis of the data is undertaken using the method of log‐linear analysis for hierarchical models. In contrast to other studies that have utilized the same method but with fewer variables, the model arrived at in the paper seems to be more accurate and suggests that while the offense and the prior criminal record are quite important factors, their influence on the disposition of cases is greatly bound by the age of the offender and the recommendation of the probation officer.
The Institutionalization of COSSA: An Innovative Response to Crises by American Social Science
Authors: Dynes Russell R. 
Published: January 2007

Over the past seventy‐five years, separate disciplinary associations have been created for each of the social sciences in the United States. As a consequence, cooperation among the associations has only been periodic and delimited. These associations have been primarily focused on member services and have been less concerned than the biological and physical science associations with issues of governmental science policy.The first Reagan budget was constructed to reduce the already sparse research support by the federal government for the social sciences. That intent mobilized the national social science community to develop collective and coordinated action. Building on a latent structure that had emerged from the common Washington location of the disciplinary associations, the Consortium of Social Science Associations was institutionalized to make a response. COSSA's initial success minimized some of the potential negative consequences. That success suggested the value of such cooperative efforts and also confirmed the necessity of the continuation of COSSA in the future.
Relative Deprivation and Collective Protest: An Impoverished Theory?*
Authors: Sayles Marnie L. 
Published: January 2007

Recently, social psychological theories of social movements such as relative deprivation (RD) have come under heavy censure. An examination of the theoretical literature on RD indicates that many of the critics’remarks seem to be predicated on an inadequate and superficial interpretation of RD. A detailed examination of many of the studies purporting to operationalize RD reveals, however, that many of the criticisms retain their pertinence when evaluating the empirical work. At this point it seems premature to declare RD moribund. Instead, directions for future studies that may lead to a more accurate appraisal of RD are recommended, since both social psychological and mobilization theories are necessary for a comprehensive understanding of collective behavior.Ghetto dwellers have much to resent about the way the outside world treats them: poor jobs, unemployment, unfair practices on the part of many employers, high rents for unsatisfactory housing, inadequate schools and health and sometimes brutal police work, the poor performance and sharp practices of many businesses aiming at ghetto customers, as well as a host of major and minor expressions of prejudice and discrimination which may confront a member of the black minority as he goes about his everyday social traffic in American society. Although such circumstances do not hit every member of the community with equal force, they provide each ghetto dweller with some basis for discontent, and probably they all play some role in the accumulation of grievances which may finally result in a rising. (Hannerz, 1971:324)
Social Theory and Feminist Theory: The Need for Dialogue
Authors: Farganis Sondra 
Published: January 2007

Two developments in social theory, one somewhat older than the other, are raising a similar set of concerns. One, the older, is the critique of positivism as a model for social understanding, and in its most exemplary form provides the underpinnings for the trenchant criticism that has come out of the Frankfurt School. The second, the mole recent, comes out of Women's Studies and, like the critical theory of Jurgen Habermas and his predecessors, speaks to the need to understand human beings based on methods other than empiricism.I should like to propose the joining in dialogue of the two, for while I see them as having much in common, I recognize a carefully considered set of arguments coming out of the Frankfurt School, arguments which could enhance the very understanding of the world of women that feminist scholarship has as its objective.After explicating some key arguments out of Alfred Schutz, the paper indicates where the Frankfurt School parts ways with the phenomenological tradition. Of particular import is Habermas' “emancipatory interest.” Certain recent writings in feminist theory are looked at for the kind of attack they make on scientism and for the rationale behind their call for a turn to the phenomenological or hermeneutic method. The paper then raises concerns about (1) the importance of understanding the historical debates on positivism; (2) the danger of conflating intuition and hermeneutics; and (3) the suggestions that women may occupy a privileged standpoint from which to interpret the social world.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Folse Kimberly A. 
Published: January 2007

Book reviewed in this article: Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life, by Robert N. Bellah, Richard Madsen, William M. Sullivan, Ann Swidler, and Steven M. Tipton. New York: Harper & Row, 1985, 355 pages, $8.95 softcover. The Good Society, by Robert N. Bellah, Richard Madsen, William M. Sullivan, Ann Swidler, and Steven M. Tipton. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1991, 347 pages, $25.00 hardcover. Acts of Compassion: Caring for Others and Helping Ourselves, by Robert Wuthnow, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991, $25.00 hardcover The Consequences of Modernity, by Anthony Giddens. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1990, 186 pages, $9.95 softcover, $29.50 hardcover. A Future for the American Economy: The Social Market, by Severyn T. Bruyn. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1991, 362 pages, $60.00 hardback. Work in the Fast Lane: Flexibility, Division of Labor, and Inequality in High‐Tech Industries, by Glenna Colclough and Charles M. Tolbert II. Ithaca, NY: State University of New York Press, 1992, 157 pages, $16.95, paper. Rethinking Social Policy: Race, Poverty and the Underclass, by Christopher Jencks. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992,280 pages, $27.95 hardback. They Call Her Pastor: A New Role for Catholic Women, by Ruth A. Wallace. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1992, 204 pages, $44.50 (est.) hardback, $14.95 (est.) paper.
Global Catholicism and the Politics of Civil Society
Authors: Casanova José 
Published: January 2007

A transformation of the politics of Catholicism worldwide has taken place. The final recognition of the modern principle of religious freedom at Vatican II, together with the assumption by the church of the modern doctrine of human rights, has altered the traditional dynamic of church state relations and the role of the church both nationally and transnationally.National churches no longer aspire to become state compulsory institutions. It is this voluntary “disestablishment” that has permitted the church to play a key role in recent transitions to democracy throughout the Catholic world. Simultaneously, the papacy has assumed the vacant role of spokesperson for humanity, for the sacred dignity of the human person, for world peace, and for a more fair division of labor and power in the world system.As the Catholic Church abandons the private sphere assigned to religion and enters the undifferentiated public sphere of civil society to take part in ongoing processes of normative contestation, a tension between catholic universality and Roman Catholic particularity becomes evident.
Adolescent Perceptions of Interparental Conflict, Stressors, and Coping as Predictors of Adolescent Family Life Satisfaction
Authors: Plunkett Scott W. , Henry Carolyn S. 
Published: January 2007

Using family stress theory, this study examined the relationship between adolescent reports of selected demographic variables (gender, age, family form), interparental conflict (style, content, intensity, resolution), stress due to the pileup of stressors, coping strategies (social support, detrimental coping), and adolescent family life satisfaction. The sample was comprised of 155 adolescents ranging from 14 to 18 years of age who completed self‐report questionnaires at one of three rural Oklahoma high schools. Four dimensions of interparental conflict (overt conflict style, conflict about childrearing, conflict about family roles/finances, conflict resolution), stress due to pileup, social support coping, and detrimental coping were significantly related to family life satisfaction. Adolescent age was positively related to family life satisfaction.Within the scope of family stress theory, scholars have addressed how the combination of stressors and coping strategies relates to the adaptation of individuals within family systems (McCubbin and Patterson 1983). Further, investigations of the relationship of parental divorce to well‐being in children and adolescents suggest that interaction patterns within various family forms may be more fruitful in explaining the adaptation of youth than parental marital status (Demo 1992). The perception by youth of conflict between their parents (i.e., interparental conflict) has emerged as a key family stressor that has the potential to explain variation in adolescent adaptation in a variety of family forms (Buehler, Krishnakumar, Anthony, Tittsworth, and Stone 1994).Stressor events for adolescents such as interparental conflict generally do not occur in isolation. Rather, they exist within the context of other stressors such as economic stress, difficulties at school, or normative developmental tasks for families with adolescents (e.g., changing family roles to allow greater adolescent autonomy; McCubbin and Patterson 1986). Further, considerable variation exists in the coping strategies (e.g., social support, avoidance) that adolescents use in response to stress (McCubbin and Patterson 1986). Finally, previous research shows variation between certain demographic variables and adolescent adaptation. Thus, the current study was developed to examine how selected demographic variables (gender, age, family form), adolescent perceptions of interparental conflict (style, content, intensity, degree of resolution), stress based on the pileup of stressor events, and coping strategies relate to adolescent satisfaction with family life (one indicator of adaptation).
Perceptions of Equal Opportunity among Women and Minority Army Personnel
Authors: Moore Brenda L. , Webb Schuyler C. 
Published: January 2007

Equal opportunity (EO) is recognized by the Department of Defense (DoD) as being crucial to maintaining a high state of military readiness. In the last two and a half decades, a number of EO initiatives have been employed by the DoD and each of the military services in an effort to promote fair treatment of minorities and women. Social science literature suggests that the integration of racial minorities, particularly African American males, is a military success story. Some social scientists argue convincingly that the military has far surpassed civilian organizations in integrating African Americans.While the U.S. military has had a long history of addressing racial issues, problems concerning gender have only recently been addressed on a large scale. Some scholars assert that the military is the last male bastion in the United States. It lags behind the civilian sector in integrating women.This study examines the perceptions of active‐duty men and women in the U.S. Army to determine whether minority men are more satisfied with the equal opportunity climate than women and whether minority women are less satisfied with the equal opportunity climate than non‐minority (White) women. The purpose of this study is twofold: One objective is to examine differences within the gender category, i.e., African American, Hispanic, and White women. The other objective is to explore differences across gender. Degree of satisfaction is measured by responses to items on the Military Equal Opportunity Climate Survey (MEOCS). The data were stratified by rank level, officer and enlisted, and a General Linear Model (GLM) was performed with race, gender, and the interaction of race and gender as independent variables. In the final analysis, the data were stratified by paygrade, and a GLM was performed on each part separately. Among the findings, race is a more powerful predictor of the attitudes of active‐duty men and women toward the EO climate in their units than either gender or the interaction of race and gender. While gender is significant in most of the statistical models, and the interaction of gender and race is sometimes significant, these variables explain less than one percent of the variance. Although African American men are generally more satisfied with the EO climate than African American women, they are less satisfied than White and, in some cases, Hispanic men and women.
A Comparison of the Gatehouse Bullying Scale and the Peer Relations Questionnaire for Students in Secondary School
Authors: Bond Lyndal , Wolfe Sarah , Tollit Michelle , Butler Helen , Patton George 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTBackground:  Bullying occurs in all schools. Measuring bullying in schools is complicated because both definitions of bullying and methods for measuring bullying vary. This study compared a brief 12‐item Gatehouse Bullying Scale (GBS) with items drawn from the Peer Relations Questionnaire (PRQ), a well‐established bullying questionnaire to measure the concurrent validity of the GBS.Methods:  Year 8 secondary school students (14 years of age) in metropolitan and regional Victoria, Australia, completed questionnaires assessing being teased, being deliberately left out, had rumors spread about oneself, and/or being physically threatened or hurt.Results:  The prevalence of bullying using GBS and PRQ was 57% and 61%, respectively. Percent agreement between the 2 measures was high. Agreement adjusted for chance was moderate (kappa 0.5). The GBS had good to moderate test‐retest reliability (rho 0.65).Conclusions:  The GBS is a short, reliable tool measuring the occurrence of bullying in schools. As well as a global estimate of bullying, the GBS provides estimates of 2 covert and 2 overt types of bullying which can be useful for schools to better plan interventions dealing with school bullying.
Chinese Yuan after Chinese Exchange Rate System Reform
Authors: Ogawa Eiji , Sakane Michiru 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIn this paper, the actual exchange rate policy conducted by the Chinese government after the Chinese exchange rate system reform on 21 July 2005 is investigated. Also, the long‐run effect is investigated, including the Balassa‐Samuelson effect on the Chinese yuan. It was found that the Chinese government generated a statistically significant but small change in exchange rate policy during the sample period until 25 January 2006. It was not identified that the Chinese monetary authority is adopting the currency basket system because the change is too small in the economic sense. It is indicated that the Chinese government should take account of the productivity growth of countries composing the currency basket in order to operate a currency basket regime.(Edited by Xiaoming Feng)
Appropriateness of Antimicrobial Therapy Measured by Repeated Prevalence Surveys
Authors: Willemsen Ina , Groenhuijzen Anneke , Bogaers Diana , Stuurman Arie , van Keulen Peter , Kluytmans Jan 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACT
Prudent use of antibiotics is mandatory to control antibiotic resistance. The objective of this study was to determine if prevalence surveys are useful tools to determine the appropriateness of antimicrobial therapy (AMT) and determinants of inappropriate AMT. The study was performed in a 1,350-bed teaching hospital including all medical specialities. Six consecutive 1-day prevalence surveys of in-patients were performed twice yearly from 2001 to 2004. Data on the demographics, infections, and AMT were gathered. The appropriateness of AMT was assessed according to a standardized algorithm based on the local AMT prescription guidelines. On average, 684 patients were included in each survey (total, 4,105). The use of AMT as determined in the prevalence survey corresponded to the annual data from the pharmacy department. Nine hundred thirty-eight (22.9%) of the patients received AMT, and in 351 (37.4%) of these patients AMT was inappropriate. Only 25 (0.6%) patients did not receive AMT, although it was indicated. After multivariate analysis, the use of quinolones was the only statistically significant variable associated with inappropriate use. Prevalence surveys proved to be useful tools to judge the appropriateness of AMT and to identify determinants of inappropriate use. This study shows that in a setting with a low use of AMT, there are few patients who inadvertently do not receive AMT. On the other hand, a substantial number of the patients are treated inappropriate.
Antibiotic Resistance of
Campylobacter jejuni
and
Campylobacter coli
Clinical Isolates from Poland
Authors: Wardak Sebastian , Szych Jolanta , Zasada Aleksandra Anna , Gierczyński Rafał 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACT

We tested 102
Campylobacter jejuni
and 6
Campylobacter coli
clinical isolates from Poland. All were susceptible to erythromycin. Among the tested
C. jejuni
isolates 55.9% and 13.7% were resistant to ciprofloxacin and tetracycline, respectively. Replacement of Thr86 with Ile in GyrA and a plasmid-borne
tet
(O) gene were the main resistance mechanisms for fluoroquinolones and tetracycline, respectively.
Clonal Diversity and Resistance Mechanisms in Tetracycline-Nonsusceptible
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Isolates in Poland
Authors: Izdebski Radosław , Sadowy Ewa , Fiett Janusz , Grzesiowski Paweł , Gniadkowski Marek , Hryniewicz Waleria 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACT

The frequency of tetracycline resistance in
Streptococcus pneumoniae
isolates in Poland is one of the highest in Europe. The aim of this study was to analyze the clonal diversity and resistance determinants of tetracycline-nonsusceptible
S. pneumoniae
isolates identified in Poland and to investigate the effect of tetracycline resistance on their susceptibilities to tigecycline, doxycycline, and minocycline. We have analyzed 866 pneumococcal isolates collected from 1998 to 2003 from patients with respiratory tract diseases, and 242 of these (27.9%) were found to be resistant to tetracycline. All of the resistant isolates were characterized by testing of their susceptibilities to other antimicrobials, serotyping, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and identification of tetracycline resistance genes and transposons. Selected isolates representing the main PFGE types were analyzed by multilocus sequence typing. Among the isolates investigated, 27 serotypes and 146 various PFGE patterns, grouped into 90 types, were discerned. The most common PFGE type, corresponding to serotype 19F and sequence type 423, was represented by 22.3% of all of the tetracycline-resistant isolates. The
tet
(M) gene was the sole resistance gene in the group of isolates studied, and in over 96% of the isolates, the Tn
916
family of
tet
(M)-containing conjugative transposons was detected. Several isolates contained specific variants of the transposons, the Tn
1545
-like, Tn
3872
-like, or Tn
2009
-like element. The correlation between the MICs of tetracycline, doxycycline, and minocycline was revealed, whereas no cross-resistance to tetracycline and tigecycline was observed.