bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adaptation of Aromatic Burley Tobacco Varieties to Northern Italian Environments
Authors: Castelli F. , Carotenuto R. , Contillo R. , Galiotto L. , Miceli F. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractFrom 1985 to 1987, eight varieties of domestic and foreign Burley tobacco were studied in some Northern Italy locations (Veneto Region), as an alternative to the air‐cured light and dark tobacco presently grown in that area.An average 3‐year yield equal to or higher than 3 t ha of cured leaf was obtained for all the tested varieties, which indicates a general adaptation to the environment. Early‐flowering types were more productive than late‐flowering ones; the qualitative leaf traits (alkaloid content, combustibility and specific leaf weight) were mainly related to the growing seasons. The yield stability test and the mean leaf yields highlighted the CAS 83–1A and CAS 83‐lE cultivars as high‐yielding and stable genotypes, and Virginia 528 as a medium to high yielding genotype adapted to less favourable conditions.
Bio‐mass Production in Potato in Relation to Evapotranspiration and Energy Summation Indices in Northern Hills of India
Authors: Nagarajan S. , Sukumaran N. P. , Sastry P. S. N. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn field experiments conducted for 2 consecutive years at Shimla (31°06′N, 77°10′E at 2202 m above mean sea level with potato (Solarium tuberosum L.), weekly means of rainfall (P), potential evapotranspiration (PET), pan evaporation (PAN) and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) were estimated during the crop season. It was evident that from April to end of June, the evaporative demand was more than the precipitation and that the crop suffered from water deficit from emergence to tuber initiation. Four different energy summation indices accumulated over important phenological stages of growth and energy‐use efficiency in terms of biomass production at these stages were estimated for two seasons. Weekly cumulative biomass production showed a significant correlation with accumulated PET, PAN and PAR in the four genotypes tested in year 2.
Evaluation of Rhizobium mdiloti Strains Isolated from Indigenous Populations in Northern Greece
Authors: Embalomatis A. , Papaxosta D. K. , Katinakis P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractEight different Rhizobium meliloti strains (designated as strains 3, 6, 8, 15, 17, 18, 19 and 22) were isolated from fields cultivated with alfalfa. The growth characteristics of the isolated strains under different NaCl concentrations were investigated. Strains 15 and 22 showed marked tolerance to high NaCl concentration.Symbiosis of one alfalfa variety (Medicago sativa cv. Ipati) inoculated with these strains showed marked differences in nitrogen fixing characteristics (nodule number, dry weight and total nitrogen content). Strains 8, 15 and 22 demonstrated the best performance with respect to all characteristics examined.The supply of low levels of nitrate to inoculated alfalfa plants affected all the nitrogen fixing characteristics. Nodule number per plant decreased and the ranking of the different strains with respect to nodule number was altered. Dry weight was significantly increased by the supply of the nitrate, even in the case of symbioses with the highly effective strains 8, 15 and 22. Total nitrogen content was increased by the supply of nitrate. This increase was higher in plants inoculated with the less effective strains.
Morphologische und agronomische Merkmale autochthoner annueller Medicago‐Arten in Marokko
Authors: Cremer‐Bach M. , Bach M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMorphological and agronomic characteristics of autochthonous annual Medkago species in MoroccoAutochthonous annual Medicago species were collected on non‐alkaline soils and evaluated as to their potential agricultural use. 411 Medicago ecotypes were found at 108 sites. With increasing rainfall and altitude of collecting sites, a decrease was recorded in the length of sprouts, in sward height, in leaf size, and in dry matter yield. High rainfall regions were found to select late flowering ecotypes. All Medicago ecotypes tested showed broad intraspecific variation in seed yield, leaf size and seed weight. Coumestrol content of leaves at flowering was generally low; on average 115 ppm of dry matter. No relationship was found between collection sites and coumestrol content. In a field trial comparing 112 ecotypes with nine introduced cultivars at two contrasting sites, thirty ecotypes proved to be better adapted to local conditions than the cultivars.
Response of Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) to Different Planting Times
Authors: Sangakkara U. R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAgricultural seasons of the tropics are associated with rainfall, which provides the principal limiting resource for crop production. However, as tuber crops are sensitive to temperatures and moisture, the time of planting could have a profound influence on yields. Thus a study was carried out over a period of 12 months to determine the effect of different planting times on establishment, tuber initiation and yields of sweet potato. The trial was planted on similar soils in two agroecological zones as this species is a popular home garden crop in most regions of the tropics and subtropics.Planting sweet potato with the onset of rains in October produced the highest yields. This is attributed to the receipt of adequate rainfall over the growth cycle, along with the higher diurnal variation in temperatures. Planting in the dry season or later in the wet season, which receives a lower quantity of rainfall with low diurnal variations in temperatures delayed tuber initiation and reduced yields. The study highlights differences in growth patterns of sweet potato when planed at different times. The importance of planting sweet potato in agricultural systems at appropriate times to produce higher yields is presented.
Soybean Yield and Yield Components in Two Planting Patterns
Authors: Ikeda T. , Saito H. , Matsuda R. , Sato S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSoybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] plant density for maximum yield in Japan is usually from 16 to 25 plants m−2. The objective of this study was to compare yield and yield components, especially node number between square‐ and zigzag‐ (an equilateral triangle‐planting pattern or plants in the row offset from each other) planting patterns within a range of plant populations (16, 20 and 25 plants m−2).Field experiments with cultivar Enrei (Maturity Group VII) were conducted in the field at Niigata University on a loamy sand soil in 1991, 1992 and 1993.Yield increased as density decreased in 1991 and as density increased in 1992 and 1993. This result seemed to be due to adverse weather conditions during seed filling in 1991. Yield tended to be higher in zigzag‐ than in square‐planting patterns except at 20 plants m−2. Seed number m−2 due to increased yield was highly correlated with branch node number. The yield increase was caused by an increase in total node number, especially branch node number m−2 (about 60 % contribution at 16 plants m−2 and about 40 % contribution at 25 plants m−2).
Infiltration of Simulated Rainfall: Dry Aggregate Size Effects
Authors: Unger Paul W. , Jones Ordie R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWater conservation often is limited by soil conditions that cause runoff, even from small rainstorms. This study evaluated the influence of tillage‐induced aggregates on infiltration into Pullman soil (Torrertic Paleustoll). Tillage methods were PLOW (plowing and disking), ROTO (rotary), SWEEP (sweep), or NOTILL (no‐tillage). Aggregate sizes were <0.42, 0.42—0.84, 0.84—2.0, 2.0—6.4, and 6.4—18.3mm. Rainwater was applied until runoff and percolation became constant. Final infiltration (If) rates differed due to tillage, aggregate size, and interaction effects, but maximum difference was only 8.1 mm h−1, suggesting that If rate differences have little significance from a water conservation viewpoint during intense, short‐duration rainstorms that occur in semiarid regions. Cumulative infiltration (Ic) apparently is of greater significance; it was greatest for large aggregates. The PLOW treatment resulted in most large aggregates and presumably would result in greatest Ic. However, under field conditions, Ic was similar for PLOW and SWEEP treatments. For the SWEEP treatment, tillage undercut the surface and retained more residues, thus negating the advantage of larger, but apparently less stable, aggregates with the PLOW treatment with respect to Ic.
Vorfruchtwirkurigen unterschiedlicher Rotationsbrachen auf Winterweizen
Authors: Von Boberfeld W. Opitz , Jasper J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractEffects of rotational fallows (‘set‐aside land’) on subsequent winter wheat. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of different fallow treatment on subsequent winter wheat. The field trials included rotational fallows planted with Trifolium repens, Festuca rubra and Lolium perenne sown under winter barley compared to complete fallow and natural fallow without seed application and fallows planted with Trifolium pratense, Festuca rubra and Dactylis glomerata sown under winter wheat. After ploughing up the fallow vegetation, winter wheat was planted for 2 succeeding years at two levels of N‐fertilization. Herbicides and fungicides were not applied. The following criteria were investigated: biomass‐production, N‐uptake, yield, weed infestation, nitrate and water content of the soil. In autumn, after ploughing up the fallow vegetation, the nitrate content of the soil (0—150 cm) increased by up to 210 kg NO3‐N/ha after complete fallow, by up to 60 kg NO3‐N/ha after natural fallow and by up to 75 and 130 kg NO3‐N/ha after fallows cropped with Trifolium repens and Trifolium pratense, respectively. Low nitrate levels of 20—27 kg NO3‐N/ha were observed after fallows planted with grass. N‐immobilization caused by ploughing up grass fallows continued until the first harvest of the subsequent winter wheat. In the second year of winter‐wheat, no differences of N‐mineralization dependent on the previous fallow crop occurred, except in the case complete fallow which showed lower N‐mineralization. It can be concluded that fallows cropped with grass lead to a higher nitrogen fertilizer requirement m the succeeding crops. Festuca rubra was able to form dense swards in strong competition with weeds and to decrease the abundance of Alopecurus myosuroides and Apera spíca‐venti in subsequent winter wheat, while natural fallow and fallow planted with Trifolium repens and Lolium perenne caused epidemical increases in grass‐weed density. Preceding crop effects on grain yield of the winter wheat showed a close relation to N‐supply and were compensated by mineral N‐fertilization. After natural fallow and fallow covered with Trifolinm repens, yield reductions due to grass‐weed competition occurred. Undersown Festuca rubra seems to possess a special suitabihty for cultivation in routional fallows. It establishes itself strongly under different cover crops and is able to form dense swards in strong competition with weeds. Grass‐weed density in the succeeding crops will be reduced and nitrate leaching will still be prevented after ploughing up the fallow vegetation. N‐fertilization of the subsequent crops must be carried out under considerations of higher N‐requirements which is probably not entirely due to a stronger N‐immobilization.
Competitive Interactions between First‐year Seedlings of Timothy (Phleum pratense L.) and Meadow Fescue (Festuca pratensis Huds.)
Authors: Jørgensen M. , Nösberger J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractShoot‐ and full‐competition between first‐year seedlings of meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis Huds.) and timothy (Phleum pratense L.) was studied m two separate experiments in a greenhouse. Timothy had a higher competitive ability than meadow fescue and produced more tillers, had a higher shoot weight and a larger leaf area in all strata of the canopy.Competition for light was important up to the first harvest. The upright growth form of timothy plants during the reproductive phase enabled them to shade the unvernalized and prostrately‐growing meadow fescue. Root competition may have been important afterwards. After the first harvest, tiller formation in timothy plants was high, and significantly enhanced when grown with meadow fescue. Meadow fescue produced few new tillers, and its tiller formation was depressed when competing with timothy.
The Interaction of Sowing Date and Water Availability in Determining Plant Architecture, Fruiting Pattern and Yield Components of Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.)
Authors: Ceccon P. , Costa L. Dalla , Giovanardi R. , Rogger C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA 2‐year trial has been carried out in northern Italy on soybean (cv. Hodgson) grown in lysimeters, comparing three soil water regimes (well‐watered conditions and water stress during vegetative and reproductive stages) at two sowing dates. Plant evapotranspiration and water uptake depth were calculated from volumes of water independently supplied to eight lysimeter layers; at harvest, plant architecture, yield components and fruit distribution along the main stem and lateral branches were evaluated.Although water stress intensity was not severe, crop evapotranspiration and water uptake depth were severely restricted by water shortage. Both low water‐availability and late sowing significantly modified the architecture of plants, decreasing total height, number and length of internodes and lateral branches. Seed allocation along the stem was shifted downwards both by delaying the sowing date and by reducing the water supply; the component most responsible for yield decrease was the number of pods per plant, while unit seed weight was only slightly affected by water stress. Grain yield reduction was higher when water availability was inadequate during the reproductive phase in the early‐sown crop and during the vegetative stage in the late‐sown crop. This suggests that the intensity of the water shortage, plant phenological stage of stress application, as well as the date of stress application within the growing season determine the yield response of soybean.
Intra‐specific Variation for Salt Tolerance in Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.)
Authors: Ashraf M. , Fatima H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThirty‐six accessions of linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) were screened for salt tolerance at the seedling stage after 2 weeks growth in solution culture salinized with 150mol m−3 NaCL Considerable variation in salt tolerance was observed in this set of germplasm. Two salt‐tolerant accessions, T‐5(69‐S9)B and LS‐2 and two salt‐sensitive accessions P‐70 and Aver‐Rer‐Seic, selected at the seedling stage, were grown to maturity in sand culture salinized with 0 (control), 70, 140, and 210 mol m−3 NaCl. Both the salt‐tolerant accessions exceeded the two salt‐sensitive accessions in biomass production, seed yield, and yield components, but the accessions did not differ significantly in seed oil content in the salt treatments. The tolerant accessions accumulated greater amounts of Na+ in the shoots and less in the roots compared with the salt‐sensitive accessions. The shoot K+, K: Na ratios, and K+ versus Na+ selectivity were lower in the salt‐tolerant accessions compared with the salt‐sensitive accessions; the reverse was true for their roots. Contributions of Na+ and Ca2+ to osmotic adjustment were much higher in the two salt‐tolerant accessions than in the salt‐sensitive ones.It has been established that there is a great deal of variation for salt tolerance in linseed. The degree of salt tolerance of this crop does not vary during ontogeny. The physiological basis of salt tolerance of this species appears to be associated with the inclusion of Na+ in the shoots.
Growth Responses of Twelve Wheat Cultivars and their Phosphorus Utilization from Rock Phosphate
Authors: Gill Maqsood A. , Rahmatullah  , Salim M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractGrowth responses of 12 wheat cultivars and their phosphorus utilization were studied in a greenhouse. They were grown for 18 days in a solution containing rock phosphate as the phosphorus (p) source. Biomass of 26 day old plants of all the cultivars varied significantly whereas their shoot to root ratio stayed constant. The dry matter yield of all the 12 cultivars was significantly correlated with the p uptake (r = 0.74). Whereas the higher p uptake by all the cultivars was significantly (P < 0.01) related to the drop in the root medium pH, which was presumably owing to the H+ efflux from their roots. The wheat cultivar Blue Silver proved to be the most efficient p user and therefore seems to have the highest potential of making best growth in soils with poor p availability among the 12 wheat cultivars under investigation.
Estimation of Lipid Concentration in Aerial Maize Tissues at Different Growth Stages by Near Infrared Reflectance
Authors: Zhang Feng , Smith D. L. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractNear infrared reflectance (NIR) spectroscopy is a rapid, inexpensive, and simple technique used to make quantitative analyses of the concentration of nutrients in plant tissue. In this field experiment, the potential usefulness of NIR analysis for the study of lipid concentrations in the aerial plant tissues of maize (Zea mays L.) was evaluated using a fairly simple and inexpensive NIR unit (Inframatic 8100, Per Con Prügeräte GmbH, Germany). Lipid concentration values were measured by standard Soxhlet techniques, which were used to calibrate the instrument for plant samples taken at tasselhng, 3 weeks after pollmation, and plant maturity. Reflectance readings, obtained using seven filters, were fitted to Soxhlet values using multiple linear regression, and regression constants were obtained. The results showed that correlation coefficients between Soxhlet lipid concentration and NIR value obtained were 0.999 and 0.995 for grain lipid and stover lipid, respectively. Standard errors of the estimated values were 0.5929and 0.5562for maize grain and maize stover when the six wavelengths were used, indicating a level of accuracy sufficient for analytical purposes.
Photosynthesis and Dry Matter Production in T. monococcum and T. aestivum Wheat in Response to Ear Removal
Authors: Sharma‐Natu Poonam , Ghildiyal M. C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe photosynthesis, shoot formation, leaf area development and dry matter production were examined in control and de‐eared plants of T. monococcum var. G 1372and T. aestivum var. Sonalika. The removal of ears decreased the diurnal maintenance of photosynthesis and consequently, the dry matter production in Sonalika but not in G 1372. There was a considerable growth of alternative sinks such as shoots and roots when ear sinks were removed. This alternative sink capacity of de‐eared plants seemed to have compensated for limited sink demand of ears in G 1372but could not entirely compensate for the more efficient grain sink in Sonalika. The diploid wheat produced more dry matter than the hexaploid wheat in the pre‐ear emergence period and less in the post‐ear emergence period. In the preear emergence period, the difference in dry matter appeared to be mostly because of the difference in duration to ear emergence. During the post‐ear emergence period, the lower dry matter in G 1372seemed to be owing to a rapid decrease in photosynthesis rate after anthesis because of the lower sink capacity of its grains.
Cultivar Maturity and Reproductive Growth Duration in Soybean
Authors: Egli D. B. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTwenty‐seven soybean (Glycine max L. (Merrill)) cultivars from maturity groups (MG) 00 through V were grown in a field at Lexington, Kentucky (38° N latitude), for 2 years, to evaluate the relationship between the duration of reproductive growth and total growth duration. Reproductive growth stages were measured at weekly intervals and dates of R1 (initial bloom) and R5 (beginning seed fill) were estimated by linear interpolation. The date of physiological maturity (growth stage R7) was based on measurements made at two day intervals. The total growth duration increased from 84 days (averaged across years) for MG 00 to 134 days for MG V. Vegetative growth (planting to R5) increased in direct proportion to the total growth cycle. The flowering and pod set period (Rl to R5) was similar for MG 00 and 0, but increased from MG I to IV. The seed filling period, estimated from R5 to R7 and by the effective filling period, increased from MG 00 to I, but there was no change from MG I through V. These data indicate that the duration of seed fill does not always increase as the total growth cycle increases.
Irrigation Method and Water Quantity Effects on Sweet corn1
Authors: ABU‐Awwad A. M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSoil evaporation, water use, yield of sweet corn (Zea mays L.) and water use efficiency as affected by two irrigation methods (trickle and sprinkler) and four values of irrigation water were studied in field plot experiments during 1991 and 1992 in the Jordan Valley. Irrigation regimes were imposed on a clay soil via line source sprinkler irrigation and trickle irrigation in three replicates. Four increasing amounts of water (W1, W2, W3, and W4) were applied twice a week with W3 adjusted to compensate for evaporation measured by class A pan on the site. Soil water content was measured just before each irrigation event at 150 mm increments starting at a depth of 75 mm using a neutron meter.With deficit irrigation and during incomplete canopy cover, the trickle irrigation method resulted in a substantial water saving owing to the small area of wetted ground surface compared with complete wetting of the ground surface with sprinkler irrigation method. Soil evaporation (E) under sprinkler Irrigation was significantly higher than Es under trickle irrigation method, whilst water use (WU) with sprinkler irrigation was slightly higher than WU with trickle irrigation at the same water level. With the lower irrigation water amounts (less than W3), trickle irrigated sweet corn yielded better than sprinkle irrigated sweet corn. However, sweet corn yields became comparable at excess irrigation for both trickle and sprinkler irrigation methods, because excess water compensated for the adverse effect of soil evaporation. Also, water use efficiency (WUE) with trickle irrigation was higher than WUE with sprinkler irrigation, and the maximum WUE occurred at 366 and 410 mm water use for both trickle and sprinkler irrigation, respectively.
A Comparison of the Ecovalence and the Variance of Relative Yield as Measures of Stability
Authors: Piepho H. P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractYield stability is an important trait of crop cultivars. There are different concepts and measures of stability, and new ones are constantly being proposed, leaving the practitioner with an ever growing collection of measures to chose from.In order to facilitate the choice it is useful to study the relationship between stability measures. This paper compares the well known ecovalence to a new measure, the variance of relative yields. It is argued that under rather restrictive conditions the new measure is essentially equivalent to the ecovalence, while in most cases it displays an undesirable dependence on genotypic mean yield. It is concluded that the ecovalence is generally preferable.