bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stimulation of humoral antibody formation by polyanions. II. The influence of sulfate esters of polymers on the immune response in mice
Authors: Diamantstein T. , Wagner B. , Beyse Inge , Odenwald Maria V. , Schulz Gisela 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDextran sulfate enhanced immune response in mice immunized with sheep red blood cells. This stimulation took place only when dextran sulfate was given close to the time of antigen injection. Dextran sulfate injected one day prior or one hour after antigen inoculation was ineffective. The degree of stimulation of immune response by dextran sulfate depends on the polyanion doses and on antigen doses used. Maximum stimulation of immune response could be noticed when 500 μg dextran sulfate was injected one hour prior to inoculation of a suboptimal antigen dose, both dextran sulfate and 2 × 106 sheep red blood cells given via the same route intraperitoneally. However, significant stimulation of immune response also took place when dextran sulfate and antigen were given by different routes. Dextran has no effect on immune response, whereas DEAE‐dextran inhibits immune response in mice immunized with suboptimal antigen doses. Results obtained by these experiments clearly demonstrate that the polyanionic structure of polymers is a requirement for their adjuvant activity.
Activation of immunological memory cells in vitro
Authors: Bösing‐Schneider Rita , Weiler Ivan Jeanne 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPeritoneal cell populations from NMRI mice injected three times intraperitoneally with sheep red blood cells do not contain a significant number of plaque‐forming cells to sheep red blood cells. However, plaque‐forming cells do arise in such populations 3–5 days after transfer into tissue culture. The in vitro activation of these cells into antibody‐producing cells occurs without further exposure to the antigen. The culture system contained, in addition to the peritoneal cells, irradiated spleen cells from non‐immunized animals which were shown not to respond when cultured alone. The peritoneal cells as well as non‐producing spleen cells could be activated in vitro at varying times after the last stimulation of the donor animal up to a period of several weeks. These observations suggest that there is a compartment of resting memory cells whose activation is not dependent on the addition of antigen.
Antibodies against polyalanyl determinants attached to negatively or positively charged carriers
Authors: Licht A. , Schechter Bilha , Sela M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPolyalanyl determinants, when attached to acidic or basic carriers, provoke a specific anti‐polyalanyl antibody population, the majority of which possesses an electrical charge which is inversely related to that of the carrier. The alanine chains in the immunogens form complete determinants and the contribution of the carrier to the specificity of the antibodies is minimal. The anti‐polyalanyl antibodies, when fractionated into a more acidic and a more basic fraction, possess similar properties of their combining sites, as judged from hapten inhibition and equilibrium dialysis studies. Thus, the specificity of the antibodies and the combining site features are determined by the hapten determinants, whereas the net charge of the antibodies is determined by the net charge of the immunogen. The difference in the net electrical charge of the antibodies may reflect differences in areas of the molecule other than the combining site. A comparison of anti‐polyalanyl antibodies obtained with different carriers has shown that the specificity and size of the combining sites are similar regardless of the nature of the carrier molecule, whereas different affinities of the antibodies are obtained with different immunogens.
Studies on the induction of immunological tolerance. The inhibition of toleranceinduction by antiserum: split tolerance and the time‐course of tolerance induction
Authors: Taussig M. J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe induction of immunological unresponsiveness to rabbit IgG has been studied in BALB/c mice. Single injections of 100 μg or more of centrifuged IgG produced unresponsiveness to the whole molecule. However, with 10 μg rabbit IgG, animals were rendered unresponsive to the Fab antigens, but remained responsive to the Fc antigens on challenge. Such a state is termed “split tolerance”.Tolerance induction could be prevented by anti ‐IgG serum administered either one day before or up to 4 days after injection of tolerogen. Therefore the induction of tolerance requires the presence of antigen for approximately 4 days.Using an antiserum directed against part of the IgG molecule only (anti‐Fab), a determinant‐specific inhibition of tolerance induction could be obtained when the antiserum was given 1 – 4 days after the tolerogen. Thus split tolerance was again obtained, this time with the animals tolerant only to Fc and responsive to Fab.A possible interpretation of split tolerance is that it involves tolerance of bone marrow‐derived cells.
Antibody isoelectric spectra. Analysis of the heterogeneity of antibody molecules in serum by isoelectric focusing in gel and specific detection with hapten
Authors: Williamson A. R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAnalytical isoelectric focusing in thin layers of polyacrylamide gel was shown by Awdeh, Williamson & Askonas (Nature 1968. 219: 66) to be capable of resolving a specifically purified antibody into a pattern of discrete bands; this has been called the antibody isoelectric spectrum. The usefulness of this method has been extended by employing radioactive hapten to visualize the isoelectric spectrum of anti‐hapten antibodies present in sera. Samples of immune serum are focused, usually using pH 5–8 range Ampholine. Labeled hapten is applied to the surface of the thin layer gel and allowed to combine with focused antibodies; after fixation of the antibody‐hapten complexes, and washing to remove excess hapten, the gel is air dried and a radioautograph taken on X‐ray film. This visualization technique has been shown to be highly specific for antibody against the developing hapten. The sensitivity of detection of antibody is primarily limited only by the specific activity of the radioactive hapten. The visualization of anti‐DNP spectra is described and the extension of the method to other antibodies is discussed. An interpretation of the isoelectric spectrum of antibody present in serum in terms of the number of different antibodies originally synthesized by the animal is presented.
A method for quantitative determination of cellular immunoglobulins by enzyme‐labeled antibodies
Authors: Avrameas S. , Guilbert Brigitte 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA method is described which uses peroxidase‐labeled antibody for the measurement of rat IgG antigenic determinants present on the surface of rat lymphoid cells. With this method it was possible to calculate that each lymphoid cell carrying IgG possesses approximately 224 000 IgG antigenic determinants on its surface. The method gave reproducible results with different preparations of peroxidase‐labeled antibody.
Inhibition of macrophage spreading by upernatants of antigen‐stimulated sensitized lymphocytes
Authors: Dekaris D. , Smerdel S. , Veselić Blanka 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe supernatant of sensitized lymphocytes stimulated with antigen inhibits the spreading of allogeneic peritoneal macrophages in guinea pig. The inhibition is most pronounced after 2–6 h of incubation of the macrophages with the supernatant. The results suggest that, upon contact with antigen, sensitized lymphocytes release a soluble factor(s) inhibiting spreading of macrophages in delayed hypersensitivity.
Anti‐hapten response in vitro. Affinity differences in precursors of anti‐hapten antibody‐producing cells
Authors: Pasanen V. J. , Virolainen M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTo study affinity differences in precursors of anti‐hapten antibody‐forming cells, an anti‐hapten response was induced in mouse spleen cell cultures. The response was measured as specific high and low affinity plaque‐forming cells. Selective inhibition of high affinity response was achieved both by free hapten, and by removal of high affinity precursor cells as rosette‐forming cells.The data suggest a clonal predetermination of specific precursor cells to different affinity classes.
Cytophilic antibody and the regulation of the immune response
Authors: Ptak W. , Pryjma J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIt has been demonstrated that the immunogenicity of the macrophage‐associated antigen (sheep red blood cells) in mice, as evaluated in hemolytic plaque test, can be effectively suppressed by means of the coating of peritoneal macrophages by specific cytophilic antibody. Further it has been shown that only spleen cells of mice given antigen i. v. at day –1 before transfer, and not on day –4 or –10, can induce the immune response in syngeneic recipients. On the contrary, spleen cells of –1, –4 or –10 day donors trypsinized before transfer were able to elicit in recipients immune response. This effect was due to transferred immunogen and not due to the different distribution of trypsinized cells or the transfer of committed lymphocytes. The possibility that the cessation of the immune response in vivo despite persisting immunogen is in consequence of the cytophilic antibody on the surface of antigen‐storing cells is discussed.
Cross‐reacting anti‐pepsin and anti‐pepsinogen antisera
Authors: Bustin M. , Conway‐Jacobs A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractImmunization by multiple intradermal injections of rabbits with pepsin and pepsinogen elicited a large amount of antibodies against these proteins. The antibodies were highly cross‐reactive even at pH 7.4 as measured by precipitin and direct binding techniques. The degree of cross‐reactivity was reduced after passage of the antisera through Sepharose columns containing covalently bound heterologous antigen.The cross‐reactivity between pepsin and pepsinogen was quantitated by several methods: (a) by precipitin reaction, (b) by measuring the amount of antibodies obtained after passing sera on Sepharose columns to which the heterologous antigen was covalently bound, (c) by measuring the inhibition of the binding of 125I‐labeled antigen to antisera by unlabeled antigens and (d) by measuring the amount of heterologous 125I‐labeled antigen which could be added to an antiserum already saturated with the homologous 125I‐labeled antigen.The results indicated that anti‐pepsinogen antisera contained a class of antibodies which could only bind pepsin and not the homologous antigen, pepsinogen. These results suggest that in rabbits immunized with pepsinogen, antibodies were produced against determinants which are not present in native pepsinogen.
Stimulation of humoral antibody formation by polyanions. IV. The effects of dextran sulfate on the kinetics of secondary immune response in mice
Authors: Diamantstein T. , Wagner B. , Odenwald Maria V. , Schulz Gisela 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDextran sulfate enhances secondary immune response as well as primary immune response in mice primed and challenged with suboptimal doses of sheep red blood cells. Enhancement of primary response by dextran sulfate did not diminish secondary responses towards suboptimal antigen dose. However, in mice primed and challenged with an optimal antigen dose and injected at the time of priming with dextran sulfate, immunological memory seems to be increased. In primary as well as in secondary response the number of both 19 S and 7 S PFC were increased.
Stimulation of humoral antibody formation by polyanions. V. Relationship between enhancement of sheep red blood cell uptake by the spleen and adjuvant action of dextran sulfate
Authors: Diamantstein T. , Meinhold H. , Wagner B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe effect of a polyanion, dextran sulfate, on the uptake of 51Cr‐labeled sheep red blood cells (51Cr‐SRBC) by the spleen of mice was investigated. Enhancement of 51Cr‐SRBC uptake by the spleen could only be detected under the conditions which had previously been detected as requirement for the adjuvant action of dextran sulfate. Plaque‐forming cell (PFC) values assayed in the spleen of mice injected with dextran sulfate and graded amounts of SRBC were compared with PFC values of controls and PFC values calculated from effective antigen amounts, i. e. total radioactivity measured in the spleen of dextran sulfate‐treated animals. PFC values assayed were found to correlate with the PFC values calculated. The possible significance of increased antigen uptake by the spleen for the mechanism of adjuvant action of polyanions has been discussed.
Quantitative studies on antigenic recognition. III. Nonspecific inhibition of the recognition process
Authors: Ramseier H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAttempts were undertaken to evaluate the inhibitory effect of various agents on the process of recognition of transplantation antigens by lymphoid cells from normal mice, rats and Syrian hamsters. These effects were measured by estimating quantitatively a product of antigenic recognition (PAR) present in supernatants of mixed spleen cell cultures in which either the recognizing (parental strain aggressor) cell partner or the recognized ( F1 hybrid target) cell partner was treated prior to cocultivation. The inhibitory agents used were heat, trypsin, ALS and rabbit anti‐PAR antisera. Heat inactivation of cells resulted in inhibition of the process and affected both partners of cell mixtures. All other agents failed t o harm antigens on F1 target cells but neutralized the recognizing potential of aggressor cells. In this respect, trypsin inhibited both mouse and rat aggressor cells to about equal extents. Anti‐lymphocyte serum failed to show strain and even species specificity. Sera prepared against PAR also displayed no strain specificity but revealed species specificity.
Quantitative studies on antigenic recognition. IV. Specific inhibition of the recognition process by alloantisera
Authors: Ramseier H. , Lindenmann J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn mixed spleen cell cultures in which one partner was of parental strain origin and capable of recognizing transplantation antigens of the other partner, which was of a corresponding F1 hybrid origin, recognition of antigens was revealed by the elaboration of a product of antigenic recognition (PAR) in culture super‐natants. Recognition of antigens could be blocked by neutralizing them with alloantisera obtained from animals that had rejected allogeneic skin grafts. Inhibition was highly specific in that serum treatment of F1 hybrid cells blocked only one or the other of the two antigenic specificities present. In none of the situations tested did these alloantisera interfere with recognition when used to treat parental strain cells. It could also be shown that putative neutralization of antigens on parental strain aggressor cells did not affect their ability to recognize.As revealed by inhibitory titers, alloantisera were of different strengths. Activity could be demonstrated in sera of highly incompatible strain combinations of rats and mice, but also in those of Syrian hamsters. Furthermore, alloantibody activities were shown to be present in sera of mice following rejection of non‐H‐2 different skin grafts and even in an antiserum resulting from the weak H‐Y determined incompatibility.
Functional maturation of mouse thymic lymphocytes
Authors: Mosier D. , Cantor H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe ability of CBA lymphoid cells to react to CB A × C57BL/6 cells was assessed in a one‐way mixed lymphocyte response. Reactive cells in CBA spleen were sensitive to anti‐Θ in vitro and anti‐lymphocyte serum in vivo. Although thymus cells were not reactive, the hydrocortisone‐resistant fraction contained substantial reactivity, similar to that found in the periphery. However, when either hydrocortisone‐resistant or normal thymocytes were adoptively transferred to irradiated syngeneic hosts, no mixed lymphocyte reaction activity appeared for the first 4–5 days in contrast to the immediate appearance of activity in the lymph node‐restored hosts. One interpretation of these findings is that the thymus contains two corticosteroid‐resistant subpopulations, one a non‐reactive precursor that matures in the periphery in transfer experiments, and one a reactive T cell which has already matured in the thymus.
Differential migration of helper and precursor spleen cells following immunization
Authors: Cantor H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractImmunization with bovine serum albumin (BSA) results in a population of “helper” cells, as well as antibody‐forming cell precursors (AFCP). Helper cells may assist AFCP to make antibody directed at some determinant on the protein molecule, including artifically added haptens. When spleen cells containing both these cell populations were passaged into irradiated recipients, the lymph node‐seeking cells were found to be enriched in “helper” activity and depleted of AFCP activity. This difference in the migratory properties of “helper” cells and AFCP may be exploited t o achieve relatively pure populations of “helper” cells.
Formation of lymphoid cells from local precursors in irradiated mouse omenta
Authors: Holub M. , Hajdu I. , Trebichavský I. , Jaroišková Lydie 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHeteroplastic formation of lymphoid cells (lymphocytes and plasma cells) is described in the omenta of supralethally irradiated mice. Such local lymphocytopoiesis also occurs in omenta in diffusion chambers, under conditions in which immigration of mobile precursors is excluded. By autoradiography the direct descendants of the primitive mesenchymal cells (transitional cells) are found to start the wave of proliferation of the lymphocytopoiesis. In electron microscopy transitional stages between the tissue‐bound mesenchymal cells and lymphoid cells are observed.It is concluded that the undifferentiated, dormant, relatively radioresistant mesenchymal cells (found mainly in perivascular locations) must be included into the stem cell pool.
A new differentiation antigen of plasma cells
Authors: Takahashi T. , Old L. J. , Hsu C.‐J. , Boyse E. A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA cell‐surface differentiation antigen of mouse Ig‐secreting cells, MSPCA (Mouse‐specific plasma cell antigen), is identified by rabbit antiserum to mouse myeloma MOPC‐104E (which secretes λμ) or myeloma MPC‐67 (which secretes Kα); these two antisera contained little or no anti‐Ig antibody.Although a11 5 mouse myelomas tested were MSPCA+, rabbit antisera to one of them, myeloma MOPC‐7OA, contained anti‐Ig antibody and little or no anti‐MSPCA. This myeloma differs from myelomas MOPC‐104E and MPC‐67 in that the Ig components it makes, Kγ1, are readily demonstrable on the cell surface.These results suggest that rabbits immunized with myeloma cells may respond by producing preferentially either anti‐MSPCA or anti‐Ig antibody, depending on the surface Ig‐phenotype of the myeIoma used for immunization.
Bone marrow origin of complement‐receptor lymphocytes
Authors: Dukor P. , Bianco C. , Nussenzweig V. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSubstantial regeneration of complement‐receptor lymphocytes (CRL) took place in lymph nodes of adult thymectomized whole‐body X‐irradiated mice reconstituted with semi‐allogeneic (F1) bone marrow. In the presence of complement, alloantisera directed against the transplanted bone marrow killed more than 95% of the lymphoid cells of such chimeras. Moreover, lymph node cell suspensions and lymphoid tissue sections of neonatally thymectomized or adult thymectomized, irradiated and marrow‐grafted mice contained an increased proportion of CRL. The results concur to establish proof that CRL are of extrathymic, bone marrow origin.
Correlation between the immune response to an enzyme and histocompatibility type in rats
Authors: Würzburg U. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractImmune responsiveness to porcine lactic dehydrogenase in rats is linked to the H‐1 histocompatibility locus. Within 15 strains, 4 low‐responding strains were found, which were all homozygous for H‐1a. All other strains, including heterozygous animals carrying the H‐1a allele, were high responders. One of the high‐responding strains possesses the same known H‐1 specificities as the low‐responding strains except three, which the low responders carry in addition.
Cell‐mediated immune response in vitro: Independent differentiation of thymocytes into cytotoxic lymphocytes
Authors: Wagner H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDifferentiation of dispersed mouse thymus cells into cytotoxic lymphocytes has been shown for the first time to occur in an in vitro allograft system. It is concluded that the generation of cell‐mediated cytotoxicity is a T cell phenomenon with no thymus‐bone marrow synergism being required.
T and B rosette‐forming cells
Authors: Wilson J. D. , Miller A. P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThree separate techniques were used to demonstrate B and T cells forming rosettes in unimmunized and immunized mice:
anti‐Θ serum and brain‐absorbed anti‐Θ serum as control,
anti‐H‐2 serum in neonatally thymectomized mice reconstituted with semiallogeneic thymus cells,
radioiodinated anti‐immunoglobulin serum to demonstrate surface immuno‐globulins on rosette‐forming cells (RFC).
The three methods gave very consistent results. More than 80% of background RFC were B cells; after priming with sheep red blood cells the proportion of T RFC rose to 40 – 50% by days 6 – 10, and then declined.
Allotypic suppression of adult mouse spleen cells: Cell differentiation, class restriction and allotypic exclusion
Authors: Anderson H. R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAllotypic suppression of adult mouse spleen cells has been investigated by treating the cells with anti‐allotype serum directed against the Ig‐1 specificities of the γG2a immunoglobulin class. Suppression of precursor, memory and primed cells in the anti‐sheep red blood cell response, assayed in terms of the number of plaque‐forming cells producing γM, γG1 and γG2b immunoglobulins has been investigated. The results are discussed in terms of the stage of differentiation of cells when class restriction and allotypic exclusion occurs. It is concluded that γM or γG commitment occurs at an early precursor stage, and that γG class and allotype restriction occurs sometime after contact of precursor cells with antigen.
Solubilization and partial purification of lymphocyte specific antigens in the chicken
Authors: Malchow D. , Droege W. , Strominger J. L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFour different lymphocyte antigens were solubilized from chickens homozygous at the B locus. The antigens were identified by immunoelectrophoresis with rabbit anti‐lymphocyte sera.1. A bursa‐specific cell surface antigen was extracted with 3 M potassium chloride and partially purified. The antigen was excluded from Sephadex G‐200 gels, was heat labile and was a potent immunogen. The antigen could be detected on all bursa cells by immunofluorescence but not on thymus, spleen or blood lymphocytes. The findings do not exclude, however, the possibility that a small number of lymphocytes (e.g. plasma cells) possess the antigen.2. A thymus‐specific antigen was obtained by papain treatment of thymus cells. It migrated cathodically in immunoelectrophoresis.3. A surface antigen which was specific for lymphocytes from both central lymphoid organs (thymus and bursa) was solubilized by pestle homogenization.4. A fourth lymphocyte surface antigen was present on lymphocytes from blood, spleen, bursa and thymus. It was best solubilized by 3 M potassium chloride extraction and did not migrate under the conditions of immunoelectrophoresis.Studies did not reveal a stable antigenic marker with specificity for thymus or bursa cells and their progeny in the peripheral lymphocyte pool.