bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SUITABILITY ANALYSIS FOR SELECTION OF PIPELINE ROUTES1
Authors: Whitehurst C. A. , Kinney R. A. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A brief review of environmental assessment methods is presented as an introduction to a study of environmental management problems in a coastal area of southern Louisiana. The assessment method used in the study is called suitability analysis and involves the use of matrices. The matrix approach is simply a convenient method for organizing all factors representing environmental concerns in a region. The matrices proved to be very useful in defining the present state of an environmental regime and in maintaining an inventory of regional features and potential impacts.The method is described in detail and illustrated by evaluating the potential impacts of a major pipeline construction job in the area. Of major concern is the potential impact on the water resources of the region. Disruption to the natural drainage could be detremental, and affect the suitability of available water for a given use. Limitations of the method are discussed and potential areas for improvement and research are noted. Coupled with an economic assessment, the suitability analysis method should prove beneficial for selecting development sites for industries, residential areas, and other construction activities.
DYNAMICS OF ADDED NITRATE AND PHOSPHATE COMPARED IN A NORTHERN CALIFORNIA WOODLAND STREAM1
Authors: Sebetich Michael J. , Kennedy Vance C. , Zand S. Marc , Avanzino Ronald J. , Zellweger Gary W. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT:Injections of NO3 and PO4 were made during September 1975 into Little Lost Man Creek, a small pristine stream in Redwood National Park, California. Chloride, a conservative constituent, was added in a known ratio to the nutrients. Nutrient loss at a downstream point was calculated using concentration of added Cl as a reference. Nitrate nitrogen (NO3‐N), added for 4 h, reached 920 μg/1 (above 5 μg/1 background) just below the injection point, but increased only to 405 μg/1 at 310 m downstream. The concentration decrease was attributed to dispersion and to uptake by stream biota. Percent of NO3‐N lost decreased with increasing concentration of NO3‐N. Phosphate phosphorus (PO4‐P) was added a week after the NO3‐N for 3 h, causing a concentration increase of 296 μg/1 (above 13 μg/1 background) just below the injection point, of 161 μg/1 at 90 m downstream, and of 98 μg/1 at 310 m. Percent loss of PO4‐P at downstream sites increased with increasing PO4‐P concentration and also for a short period after peak concentration occurred, but then decreased as PO4‐P concentration continued decreasing. Differences in stream response to added NO3‐N and PO4‐P are attributed to differing rates of reaction with biota and differing degrees of interaction with abiotic stream solids.
RELATIONS BETWEEN COLOR AND SOME LIMNOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FLORIDA LAKES1
Authors: Canfield Daniel E. , Linda Stephen B. , Hodgson Lynn M. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT:Data obtained from a limnological survey of 165 Florida lakes were analyzed to determine regional differences in lake color (Pt‐Co units) and relations between color and various physical, chemical, and biological parameters. Average color measurements for the different lakes ranged from 0 to 416 Pt‐Co units with individual measurements being as high as 600 Pt‐Co units. With the exception of extreme south Florida, lake color concentrations were found to increase from north to south and from inland highlands to lowlands. Central Florida had the greatest heterogeneity in lake color because of an extremely diverse geology and physiography. Color was inversely related to Secchi disc transparency and positively related to total iron concentrations. Color was not strongly related to pH, total alkalinity, nutrients, chlorophyll a, and many other limnological parameters. Although lakes having color concentrations greater than 20 Pt‐Co units can often be visually identified as colored lakes, the limnological processes in these are not necessarily different from those of lakes having clear water.
SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF A DRAINAGE SIMULATION MODEL1
Authors: Kanwar R. S. , Johnson H. P. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT:A sensitivity analysis of a computer model, simulating major water and nitrogen processes of a soil‐water‐plant‐climatic system on an annual basis, was conducted to determine how the model reacts to the variations in selected hydrologic and nitrogen parameters. Two major output variables (namely, total subsurface drain volume and cumulative nitrate loss with subsurface drain water) were selected for the sensitivity analysis. Model sensitivity analysis shows that the model is most sensitive to hydrologic parameters. The model is very sensitive to variations in the initial water content in the soil profile.
HYDROLOGIC IMPACTS OF A LARGE‐SCALE MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE (DENDROCTONUS PONDEROSAE HOPKINS) EPIDEMIC1
Authors: Potts Donald F. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT:The Jack Creek watershed, a 133 km2 (51.5 mi2) drainage in southwestern Montana, was impacted by a mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) epidemic in 1975–1977 which killed an estimated 35 percent of its total timber. Analyses of USGS streamflow data for four years prior to and five years after mortality suggest a 15 percent post‐epidemic increase in annual water yield, a two‐to three‐week advance in the annual hydrograph, a 10 percent increase in low flows and little increase of peak runoff.
A QUARTER CENTURY OF INDUSTRIAL WATER USE AND A DECADE OF DISCHARGE CONTROLS1
Authors: David E. L. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT:This paper explores the trends in industrial water intake, discharge, recycling, and gross water use to see whether or not the 1972 Clean Water Act (CWA) has had an impact on industrial effluent discharge.Quinquennial Census data indicate that the levels of discharge, both generally and per unit of product, have been falling for as long as these data have been gathered. Trends in gross water use and recycling ratios suggest that during the 25 years of record production processes were gradually modified so that less total water was discharged and less was used per unit of output.Untreated discharge as a percent of all discharge fell fairly steadily across all industries until 1973 and continued to fall in 1978 in the major BOD‐discharging industries. By 1978, 75 percent of the pulp and paper effluent and 40 percent of the food processing effluent was treated. The consistent increase in treated discharge in the pulp and paper mills, with their large component of BOD‐related process discharge, was not matched by parallel trends in the steel, petroleum, and chemicals industries with their relatively smaller amounts (and percents) of process discharge. This suggests that the CWA may have been responsible in part for the change in the former.In the pulp and paper industry, there is further evidence that the CWA has influenced wastewater discharge. Although, for the century as a whole, pulp and paper mills discharged less water, and more discharge was treated, in 1978 than in 1973, these trends were especially dramatic among firms in the Northeast where controls were likely to have been most stringent. Finally, using the only direct evidence we have, it appears that the drop in discharge levels and the increasing amounts of treatment had a significant effect on the amount of BOD discharged to surface and ground water. In 1973 the pulp and paper mills in Wisconsin discharged an average of about 868,000 lbs/day; by 1982, despite increased levels of production, they discharged less than 10 percent of that.There is no doubt that industrial water use changed over the 25 years of record. Although the evidence is circumstantial, it appears that the CWA and the environmental ethic which spawned it played an important part in some aspects of the shifts.
IMPACTS ON GROUNDWATER DUE TO LAND APPLICATION OF SEWAGE SLUDGE1
Authors: Higgins Andrew J. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT:The project was designed to demonstrate the potential benefits of utilizing sewage sludge as a soil conditioner and fertilizer on Sassafras sandy loam soil. Aerobically digested, liquid sewage sludge was applied to the soil at rates of 0, 22.4, and 44.8 Mg of dry solids/ha for three consecutive years between 1978 and 1981. Groundwater, soil, and crop contamination levels were monitored to establish the maximum sewage solids loading rate that could be applied without causing environmental deterioration. The results indicate that application of 22.4 Mg of dry solids/ha of sludge is the upper limit to ensure protection of the groundwater quality on the site studied. Application rates at or slightly below 22.4 Mg of dry solids/ha are sufficient for providing plant nutrients for the dent corn and rye cropping system utilized in the study.
WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT: INTERNATIONAL CHALLENGE AND OPPORTUNITIES1
Authors: Wolman Abel 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe entire water resources field is not contemplated, although reference thereto will be registered. Water supply for potable and hygienic purposes will be presented as symbolic of the global issues confronting 4.8 billion people. Some two billion of these live in the so‐called developing or less favored countries. They are either underserved or not served at all by utility systems of whatever grade. Targets for meeting their needs were exemplified by the international agencies in the International Water and Sanitation Decade of 1980‐1990. Some successes are apparent, but, in general, hopes are not fulfilled. The pace of accomplishment is very slow. Constraints will be reviewed in some detail. Challenges for reducing these and increasing pace of installations are presented. The potential for a global public works program unprecedented in history is reviewed.Several issues will not be discussed in this paper. Their omission rests primarily upon the fact that their resolution is improbable for decades ahead, if ever.Economists have categorized water as any other economic commodity ‐ and should always be subject to benefit‐cost scrutiny. I do not share that view. People could well live without the telephone or the automobile, a destroyer. Without water, their survival is a matter of days. Cost‐benefit seems unreal and singularly inappropriate under such circumstances.Secondly, the search for quantifying the health impact of safe water goes on forever. My view is that the results speak for themselves ‐ while sturdy souls continue to seek out the exact correlation figure. Thirdly, the population explosion, although softened a bit, proceeds apace while I write. Lastly, the exposition herein is restricted to potable water and its associated sanitation aspects. Other major uses of water, obviously highly important, are not addressed.
STATE WATER CONSERVATION STRATEGIES AND ACTIVITIES1
Authors: Sawyer Stephen W. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTStates have the potential to play a major role in moving water conservation from conferences and reports that identify its advantages to actual practice. The research identifies four generic “strategies” that categorize the states' approaches toward conservation and reports on the states' current conservation activities. The four strategies are: reliance on agricultural advisors, leverage incentives, performance standards, and mandatory actions. Four levels of state conservation activity exist. California and Florida maintain the most extensive programs; Arizona, Massachusetts, New Jersey, North Carolina, and Oklahoma also have numerous programs but significantly lower staff commitments; eight additional states maintain moremodest conservation effotts. Elsewhere, state directed conservation actions remain minimal and limited to those provided as agricultural advice. The study found support for water conservation the norm among water supply planners.
IMPROVING WETLAND POLICY THROUGH AMELIORATION OF ADVERSE EFFECTS ON LOCAL ECONOMIES1
Authors: Leitch Jay A. , Scott Donald F. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTAn input‐output model was used to estimate changes in expenditure and income flows due to restoring drained wetlands in North Dakota. Results indicate a payment in addition to the amount paid to the landowner may be necessary to make local economies as well off after restoration as before.
DESIGN FOR A STABLE CHANNEL IN COARSE ALLUVIUM FOR RIPARIAN ZONE RESTORATION1
Authors: Jackson William L. , Haveren Bruce P. Van 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTGeomorphic, hydraulic and hydrologic principles are applied in the design of a stable stream channel for a badly disturbed portion of Badger Creek, Colorado, and its associated riparian and meadow complexes. The objective is to shorten the period of time required for a channel in coarse alluvium to recover from an impacted morphologic state to a regime condition representative of current watershed conditions. Channel geometry measurements describe the stream channel and the normal bankfull stage in relatively stable reaches. Critical shear stress equations were used to design a stable channel in noncohesive materials with dimensions which approximate those of less disturbed reaches. Gabion controls, spaced at approximately 300 m intervals, are recommended to help reduce the chance of lateral migration of the newly constructed channel. Controls are designed to allow for some vertical adjustment of the channel bed following increased bank stability due to revegetation. The flood plain is designed to dissipate flood flow energy and discourage multiple flood channels. The channel has approximately a 90 percent chance of remaining stable the first two years following construction, the time estimated for increased stability to occur due to revegetation.
METHODS OF FITTING A STRAIGHT LINE TO DATA: EXAMPLES IN WATER RESOURCES1
Authors: Hirsch Robert M. , Gilroy Edward J. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThree methods of fitting straight lines to data are described and their purposes are discussed and contrasted in terms of their applicability in various water resources contexts. The three methods are ordinary least squares (OLS), least normal squares (LNS), and the line of organic correlation (OC). In all three methods the parameters are based on moment statistics of the data. When estimation of an individual value is the objective, OLS is the most appropriate. When estimation of many values is the objective and one wants the set of estimates to have the appropriate variance, then OC is most appropriate. When one wishes to describe the relationship between two variables and measurement error is unimportant, then OC is most appropriate. Whee the error is important in descriptive problems or in calibration problems, then structural analysis techniques may be most appropriate. Finally, if the problem is one of describing some geographic trajectory, then LNS is most appropriate.
FORESTS AND OTHER FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH STREAMFLOWS IN EAST TEXAS1
Authors: Chang Mingteh , Watters Steven P. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTEffects of proportion of watersheds in forest and watershed physiographic factors on mean annual streamflow (1965‐76), median flow, and 12 flood flow characteristics were regionally analyzed for 19 unregulated streams in East Texas. Annual streamflow increased with decreasing proportion of forest area. Differences in annual streamflow between full forest cover and bare watersheds could be as much as 200 mm. Other things being equal, the minimum watershed area required to generate 0.142 cm (5 cfs), a criterion used by the U.S. Corps of Engineering in regulating dredge and fill activity for water pollution abatement in East Texas streams, is 70 km2 (27 mi2). Of the 31 physio‐climatic parameters analyzed, watershed area, percent forest area, shape index, spring precipitation, and annual temperature were the most significant in affecting streamflow characteristics in East Texas. Using 2‐3 of these five variables, all of the 14 streamflow characteristics can be estimated with accuracy ranging from acceptable to excellent levels.
A MULTICOMPONENT MODEL OF PHOSPHORUS DYNAMICS IN RESERVOIRS1
Authors: Griffin Thomas T. , Ferrara Raymond A. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe models available for simulating phosphorus dynamics and trophic state in impoundments vary widely. The simpler empirically derived phosphorus models tend to be appropriate for long‐term, steady or near steady state analyses. The more complex ecosystem models, because of computational expense and the importance of input parameter uncertainty, are impractical for very long‐term simulation and most applicable for time‐variable water quality simulations generally of short to intermediate time frames. An improved model for time variable, long‐term simulation of trophic state in reservoirs with fluctuating inflow and outflow rates and volume is needed. Such a model is developed in this paper representing the phosphorus cycle in two‐layer (i.e., epilimnion and hypolimnion) reservoirs. The model is designed to simulate seasonally varying reservoir water quality and eutrophication potential by using the phosphorus state variable as the water quality indicator. Long‐term simulations with fluctuating volumes and variable influent and effluent flow rates are feasible and practical. The model utility is demonstrated through application to a pumped storage reservoir characteristic of these conditions.
A NUMERICAL MODEL OF POLLUTION TRANSPORT IN ESTUARIES1
Authors: Henry F. S. , Ahlert R. C. , Peskin R. L. , Vichnevetsky R. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryA novel model of pollution transport in estuaries is proposed. The model provides some two‐dimensional features of pollution transport while using an essentially one‐dimensional approach. The model is tested against data taken from a dye study conducted in the Delaware Estuary by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. The model is able to predict both lateral and downstream concentration profiles, and is shown to match field data with reasonable accuracy.
SIMULATION OF HERBICIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN STORMFLOW FROM FORESTED WATERSHEDS1
Authors: Nutter W. L. , Tkacs T. , Bush P. B. , Neary D. G. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe breakpoint rainfall hydrology and pesticide options of the field scale model CREAMS (Chemicals, Runoff, and Erosion from Agricultural Management Systems) were used to predict average concentrations of hexazinone [3 cyclohexyl‐6‐(dimethyl‐amino)‐1‐methyl‐1,3,5‐triazine‐2,4(1H,3H)‐dione] in stormflow from four forested watersheds in the upper Piedmont region of Georgia. Predicted concentrations were compared with measured concentrations recorded over a 13‐month period. CREAMS accurately predicted hexazinone concetrations in the initial stormflow events which also contained the highest concentrations. The model underestimated the hexazinone concentrations in stormflow two months and greater following pesticide application. In a companion study, the daily rainfall option of the CREAMS model was used to evaluate the reltive risk associated with the maximum expected concentration of hexazinone, bromacil (5‐bromo‐3 sec‐butyl‐6 methyuracil), picloram (4‐amino‐3,5,6 trichloropicolinic acid), dicamba (3,6‐dichloro‐0‐anisic acid), and triclopyr {[(3,5,6‐trichloro‐2‐pyridinyl)oxy] acetic acid} in stormflow from small forested watersheds. The model predicted the following order of potential residue appearance in stormflow: bromacil>triclopyr>hexazinone>picloram>dicamba. Subsurface movement of residues via interflow and deep leaching losses are not simulated by the version of CREAMS used in these studies.
QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION OF SEDIMENT DELIVERY RATIOS1
Authors: Khanbilvardi R. M. , Rogowski A. S. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryAbility to adequately estimate sediment yield is an important step in dealing effectively with soil erosion problems. Predictions of sediment yield made using the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) with different forms of sediment delivery ratio (SDR) are compared with those made by Modified USLE (MUSLE) and a fundamentally derived Erosion‐Deposition Model (EDM). The USLE and USLE with SDR are poor predictors of sediment yield for individual storms compared to the MUSLE and EDM. Although MUSLE gave better results than USLE it showed somewhat more scatter of data points than the recently developed EDM.
NEW HAMPSHIRE WATER SYSTEMS: ENVIRONMENTAL AND OWNERSHIP CONSIDERATIONS1
Authors: Lindsay Bruce E. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryAn econometric model was developed to measure the influence of several environmentally oriented variables and an ownership variable upon the average total residential water costs for New Hampshire water systems. The implementation of leak detection programs, localized institutional rules and regulations, and hazardous waste inspection programs were statistically significant in influencing residential water costs. The existence of a water conservation program did not statistically influence these per unit costs.Water systems that were privately owned resulted in per unit costs that were higher relative to firms that were publicly owned.
SAGE: A NEW PARTICIPANT‐VALUE METHOD FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT1
Authors: Hyman Eric L. , Moreau David H. , Stiftel Bruce 
Published: June 2007

SummarySAGE, a proposed method for environmental assessment, focuses on eliciting and incorporating value weights in multiple‐objective decision making. In this method, the value weights are inferred from the tradeoffs that people make in choices about alternatives. These weights are applied to scaled scores for accounts based on measurable attributes of each objective. In order to indicate the political ramifications of decisions and to facilitate sensitivity analysis, the values held by various groups are presented in matrix from arrayed by group affiliation or by judgment types that share common values. Results of a trial application of SAGE to a land use/watershed management problem in a growing urban area are presented.
MEASURING THE SITE‐SPECIFIC RECREATION BENEFITS RESULTING FROM IMPROVED WATER QUALITY: AN UPPER BOUND APPROACH1
Authors: Ochs Jack , Thorn Richard S. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe estimation of the value of recreation benefits resulting from improved water quality is required for many purposes. In particular, the Water Pollution Control Act of 1980 requires the consideration of the reasonableness of costs of reducing water pollution in relation to benefits to be derived from establishing effluent standards (Clean Water Act of 1977). Recreation is often the most important benefit resulting from water quality improvement. Current methods used to calculate recreation benefits are either not site‐specific or are expensive and controversial. This paper presents a relatively simple, inexpensive, and less controversial method of calculating site‐specific recreation benefits resulting from improved water quality. It does this by producing an upper bound estimate which often is adequate for the relevant decision. The upper bound estimates is based on two assumptions: 1) there are alternative equivalent substitute sites for the newly augmented water quality site, and 2) the new augmented recreation opportunities at the site will be used to their maximum supply capacity. Clearly, if an upper bound benefit estimate in a cost‐benefit ratio does not produce a favorable ratio, no other benefit estimate will. In cases where this estimate produces an ambiguous result resort must be had to other more precise methods of estimation.