bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Amperometric Glucose Biosensor Based on Glucose Oxidase Encapsulated in Carbon Nanotube–Titania–Nafion Composite Film on Platinized Glassy Carbon Electrode
Authors: Choi Han Nim , Han Jee Hoon , Park Ji Ae , Lee Joong Min , Lee Won‐Yong 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA highly sensitive and selective glucose biosensor has been developed based on immobilization of glucose oxidase within mesoporous carbon nanotube–titania–Nafion composite film coated on a platinized glassy carbon electrode. Synergistic electrocatalytic activity of carbon nanotubes and electrodeposited platinum nanoparticles on electrode surface resulted in an efficient reduction of hydrogen peroxide, allowing the sensitive and selective quantitation of glucose by the direct reduction of enzymatically‐liberated hydrogen peroxide at −0.1 V versus Ag/AgCl (3 M NaCl) without a mediator. The present biosensor responded linearly to glucose in the wide concentration range from 5.0×10−5 to 5.0×10−3 M with a good sensitivity of 154 mA M−1cm−2. Due to the mesoporous nature of CNT–titania–Nafion composite film, the present biosensor exhibited very fast response time within 2 s. In addition, the present biosensor did not show any interference from large excess of ascorbic acid and uric acid.
Symptom severity and treatment course of bulimic patients with and without a borderline personality disorder
Authors: Zeeck A. , Birindelli E. , Sandholz A. , Joos A. , Herzog T. , Hartmann A. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThere are contradictory results concerning the frequency of borderline personality disorder (BPD) in bulimic patients and its impact on eating pathology and treatment outcome. We evaluated 240 patients with bulimia nervosa using EDI‐2, SIAB and SCL‐90‐R. Only a minority of patients had a BPD (13.8%). There were no differences in binging or purging behaviour between patients with and without BPD, but borderline patients had significantly more feelings of ineffectiveness and more disturbances in interoceptive awareness. Bulimic patients with BPD showed significantly more general psychopathology. Although, BPD patients started with higher levels of pathology, there were similar reductions of symptoms over the course of treatment in both groups. Psychotherapy in bulimic patients with a BPD has to focus not only on eating pathology but also on aspects that are caused by the severe personality disturbance. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Gorilla society: What we know and don't know
Authors: Harcourt A. H. , Stewart K. J. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractScience is fairly certain that the gorilla lineage separated from the remainder of the hominoid clade about eight million years ago,2, 4 and that the chimpanzee lineage and hominin clade did so about a million years after that.1, 2 However, just this year, 2007, it was discovered that although the human head louse separated from the congeneric chimpanzee body louse (Pediculus) around the same time as the chimpanzee and hominin lineages split,3 the human pubic louse apparently split from its sister species, the congeneric gorilla louse, Pthirus, 4.5 million years after their host lineages split.3 No tested explanations exist for the discrepancy. Much is known about hominin evolution, but much remains to be discovered. The same is true of primate socioecology in general and gorilla socioecology in particular.
Genetic changes in the evolution of multidrug resistance for cultured human ovarian cancer cells
Authors: Buys Timon P. H. , Chari Raj , Lee Eric H. L. , Zhang May , MacAulay Calum , Lam Stephen , Lam Wan L. , Ling Victor 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe multidrug resistant (MDR) phenotype is often attributed to the activity of ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) transporters such as P‐glycoprotein (ABCB1). Previous work has suggested that modulation of MDR may not necessarily be a single gene trait. To identify factors that contribute to the emergence of MDR, we undertook integrative genomics analysis of the ovarian carcinoma cell line SKOV3 and a series of MDR derivatives of this line (SKVCRs). As resistance increased, comparative analysis of gene expression showed conspicuous activation of a network of genes in addition to ABCB1. Functional annotation and pathway analysis revealed that many of these genes were associated with the extracellular matrix and had previously been implicated in tumor invasion and cell proliferation. Further investigation by whole genome tiling‐path array CGH suggested that changes in gene dosage were key to the activation of several of these overexpressed genes. Remarkably, alignment of whole genome profiles for SKVCR lines revealed the emergence and decline of specific segmental DNA alterations. The most prominent alteration was a novel amplicon residing at 16p13 that encompassed the ABC transporter genes ABCC1 and ABCC6. Loss of this amplicon in highly resistant SKVCR lines coincided with the emergence of a different amplicon at 7q21.12, which harbors ABCB1. Integrative analysis suggests that multiple genes are activated during escalation of drug resistance, including a succession of ABC transporter genes and genes that may act synergistically with ABCB1. These results suggest that evolution of the MDR phenotype is a dynamic, multi‐genic process in the genomes of cancer cells. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The putative tumor suppressor AIM2 is frequently affected by different genetic alterations in microsatellite unstable colon cancers
Authors: Woerner Stefan M. , Kloor Matthias , Schwitalle Yvette , Youmans Hanni , Doeberitz Magnus von Knebel , Gebert Johannes , Dihlmann Susanne 
Published: August 2007

AbstractMismatch repair (MMR) deficiency is a major mechanism of colorectal tumorigenesis that is observed in 10–15% of sporadic colorectal cancers and those associated with the hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) syndrome. MMR deficiency leads to the accumulation of mutations mainly at short repetitive sequences termed microsatellites, constituting the high level microsatellite instability (MSI‐H) phenotype. In recent years, several genes have been described that harbor microsatellites in their coding region (coding microsatellites, cMS) and are frequently affected by mutations in MMR‐deficient cancers. However, evidence for a functional role of most of the known cMS‐containing genes is missing, and further analyses are needed for a better understanding of MSI tumorigenesis. Here, we examined in detail alterations of the absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) gene that shows a high frequency of cMS frameshift mutations in MSI‐H colorectal, gastric, and endometrial tumors. AIM2 belongs to the HIN‐200 family of interferon (IFN)‐inducible proteins, its role in colon carcinogenesis, however, is unknown. Sequencing of the entire coding region of AIM2 revealed a high frequency of frameshift and missense mutations in primary MSI‐H colon cancers (9/20) and cell lines (9/15). Biallelic AIM2 alterations were detected in 8 MSI‐H colon tumors and cell lines. In addition, AIM2 promoter hypermethylation conferred insensitivity to IFN‐γ‐induced AIM2 expression of three MSI‐H colon cancer cell lines. These results demonstrate that inactivation of AIM2 by genetic and epigenetic mechanisms is frequent in MMR‐deficient colorectal cancers, thus suggesting that AIM2 is a mutational target relevant for the progression of MSI‐H colorectal cancers. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Simple procedure to simulate karstic aquifers
Authors: Padilla Alberto , Pulido‐Bosch Antonio 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA procedure to simulate karstic aquifers is presented. It is based on a simulation of spring discharge using precipitation and, where necessary, temperature as input data. The karstic aquifer system is considered to be divided into three zones: the surface zone, the unsaturated zone (UZ) and the saturated zone (SZ). Each of these is described by a transfer function that determines the water supplied from the overlying zone. Water loss through evapotranspiration is calculated empirically and subtracted from the total precipitation in order to obtain the effective infiltration into the UZ. The transfer function characterizing the UZ can be expressed as a convolution function. The UZ acts as a buffer, delaying effective infiltration into the SZ. Water discharge from the SZ is described by the recession function of the spring, and this becomes the transfer function that characterizes the emergence of water from the SZ. The model permits the simulation of the influence of pumped abstractions from the system by a simple modification of the transfer functions involved. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Understanding hydrological processes with scarce data in a mountain environment
Authors: Chaponnière A. , Boulet G. , Chehbouni A. , Aresmouk M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractPerformance of process‐based hydrological models is usually assessed through comparison between simulated and measured streamflow. Although necessary, this analysis is not sufficient to estimate the quality and realism of the modelling since streamflow integrates all processes of the water cycle, including intermediate production or redistribution processes such as snowmelt or groundwater flow. Assessing the performance of hydrological models in simulating accurately intermediate processes is often difficult and requires heavy experimental investments. In this study, conceptual hydrological modelling (using SWAT) of a semi‐arid mountainous watershed in the High Atlas in Morocco is attempted. Our objective is to analyse whether good intermediate processes simulation is reached when global‐satisfying streamflow simulation is possible. First, parameters presenting intercorrelation issues are identified: from the soil, the groundwater and, to a lesser extent, from the snow. Second, methodologies are developed to retrieve information from accessible intermediate hydrological processes. A geochemical method is used to quantify the contribution of a superficial and a deep reservoir to streamflow. It is shown that, for this specific process, the model formalism is not adapted to our study area and thus leads to poor simulation results. A remote‐sensing methodology is proposed to retrieve the snow surfaces. Comparison with the simulation shows that this process can be satisfyingly simulated by the model. The multidisciplinary approach adopted in this study, although supported by the hydrological community, is still uncommon. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling canopy interception loss from a Madrean pine‐oak stand, northeastern Mexico
Authors: Carlyle‐Moses D. E. , Price A. G. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThroughfall associated with 34 rainfall events was measured from Year Day 1, 1999 to Year Day 184, 2001 within a pine‐oak stand of the central Sierra Madre Oriental mountain range of northeastern Mexico. Throughfall and canopy interception loss accounted for 83·6 ± 2·1% and 15·8 ± 1·8% (significance level, α, = 0·05) of the 691·8 mm cumulative rainfall input, respectively. A reformulated Gash analytical interception loss model and the Liu analytical model run with predetermined model parameters derived from the literature underestimated cumulative interception loss by 34·4%, and 37·1%, respectively. When the models were run with study period derived parameters the reformulated Gash model overestimated the observed interception by 3·0%, while the Liu model underestimated observed cumulative interception by 0·8%. Although good agreement between observed and estimated cumulative canopy interception loss was found using the analytical models with study period derived parameters, relatively poor agreement was found at the rainfall event scale. Although the analytical versions of the reformulated Gash and Liu models provided similar results, the Liu model is recommended for further application in the study area since it requires less data input and follows an exponential wetting of the canopy approach, something that the data collected during the study supports. Future work regarding the Liu model is discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of waves in ice‐jam flooding of the Peace‐Athabasca Delta
Authors: Beltaos Spyros 
Published: August 2007

AbstractSince the late 1960s, a paucity of ice‐jam flooding in the lower Peace River has resulted in prolonged dry periods and considerable reduction in the area covered by lakes and ponds that provide habitat for aquatic life in the Peace‐Athabasca Delta (PAD) region. To identify the causes of this trend, and to develop mitigation or adaptation strategies under present and future climatic conditions, it is necessary to understand the mechanisms that lead to breakup of the ice cover and jamming within the delta reach of Peace River. Because the lower Peace is extremely flat, the long‐period waves caused by spring snowmelt are not generally capable of dislodging the winter ice cover, even under conditions of very high flow. The ice cover decays in place and rubble generation, an essential condition for ice jamming, does not occur. However, major jams do, on occasion, form in the middle section of the river and make their way to the delta via repeated releases and stalls. Each release generates a steep wave which can greatly amplify the hydrodynamic forces that are applied on the ice cover and bring about its dislodgment. This is quantified for the lower Peace River by applying recently developed methodology to local hydrometric data. Detailed in situ observations in the spring of 2003, and additional data from 1997 and 2002, fully corroborate this conclusion. Implications to other flat rivers of northern Canada are discussed. Copyright © 2007 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimating sub‐canopy shortwave irradiance to melting snow on forested slopes
Authors: Ellis Chad R. , Pomeroy John W. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractEstimates of shortwave irradiance energy beneath needle‐leaf forests over complex terrain are needed to drive energy balance snowmelt models and to evaluate the potential hydrological impacts of forest‐cover change in mountain regions. This paper outlines and evaluates a physically‐based model designed to estimate sub‐canopy shortwave irradiance to snowcover under needle‐leaf forest‐cover with respect to surface slope and azimuth. Transmission of above‐canopy irradiance was estimated using forest‐surveys and hemispherical photographs to determine the fractions of forest‐cover occupied by non‐transmitting trunks, partially‐transmitting crowns and fully‐transmitting gaps with respect to above‐canopy diffuse and direct beam shortwave irradiance. Simulations were conducted for continuous, uniform lodgepole pine forests on level site and a north facing slope and a discontinuous, non‐uniform forest on a southeast facing slope during snowmelt at the Marmot Creek Research Basin, Alberta, Canada. Mean observed daily transmissivity values of irradiance were 0·09 at the north‐facing forest, 0·21 at the level forest and 0·36 at the southeast‐facing forest. Modelled and observed results indicate that potential snowmelt energy from sub‐canopy shortwave irradiance is likely to exhibit the greatest variation with change in cloudiness and forest‐cover density under south‐facing forests and the least variation under north‐facing forests. Comparisons of simulations to observations indicate that the model can explain much of the difference in daily shortwave transmission amongst sites, performing relatively poorest at the north‐facing forest where fluxes were small and relatively best at the south‐east facing forest where fluxes were large. However, simulation errors in terms of absolute irradiance were greatest at the southeast‐facing forest, having a root mean square error (RMSE) 0·64 MJ m−2d−1 compared to 0·44 MJ m−2d−1 at the level forest and 0·27 MJ m−2d−1 at the north‐facing forest. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Snowmelt runoff sensitivity analysis to drought on the Canadian prairies
Authors: Fang Xing , Pomeroy John W. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe Canadian prairies are subject to severe extended droughts that are characterized by warmer temperatures, lower precipitation, lower soil moisture and sparser vegetation than normal conditions. The physically based cold regions hydrological modelling platform (CRHM) provides a possible means to analyse the sensitivity of prairie snowmelt processes to drought. The model was tested against detailed observations from Creighton Tributary of the Bad Lake Research Basin, Saskatchewan for the 1974–1975 and 1981–1982 hydrological years and found to perform satisfactorily in reproducing snow accumulation and streamflow without parameter calibration. By lowering winter precipitation and raising winter air temperature from actual meteorological observations and by lowering fall soil moisture and vegetation height parameters, the resulting drought condition sensitivity of snow accumulation, snow cover duration, sublimation of blowing snow, evaporation, infiltration into frozen soils, soil moisture storage change, snowmelt runoff and streamflow discharge was estimated. Snow accumulation and snow cover duration were relatively insensitive to meteorological changes associated with drought because the suppression of blowing snow sublimation moderated reduced snowfall. Infiltration, soil moisture storage change and evaporation were also relatively insensitive to drought conditions. However, lower precipitation, higher air temperature and lower initial soil moisture caused a marked reduction in snowmelt runoff. Similarly, large reductions in streamflow discharge were caused by diminished winter precipitation, increased winter air temperature and decreased fall soil moisture content. A scenario showed that a combination of these factors could cause complete cessation of spring streamflow even under moderate drought of 15% reduction in winter precipitation and 2·5 °C increase in winter mean air temperature. Results show that spring runoff and streamflow discharge are inherently unstable in the Canadian prairie environment, and so, magnify the impacts of drought, and through multi‐season storage and vegetation change can cause the impacts of hydrological drought to persist for several seasons after meteorological drought has ended. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical pollution, respiratory allergy and asthma: a perspective
Authors: Evans Gareth S. , Cadogan David , Flueckiger Andreas , Hennes Christa , Kimber Ian 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals (ECETOC) convened a workshop in June 2005 to address the speculation that exposure to specific chemicals, and/or chemical pollutants in general, may play an important role in the increased prevalence of allergy and asthma in ‘westernised’ societies. This paper summarises one perspective arrived at during this workshop. It was acknowledged that certain chemicals and certain types of pollution might trigger or exacerbate asthmatic reactions in sensitised subjects. However, overall levels of pollution appear not to have had a major impact upon the prevalence of atopic allergy. Epidemiological studies suggest that pollution may in some circumstances protect from acquisition of sensitisation. Increasing exposure to household chemicals may enhance pre‐existing allergies, but evidence for their causation of allergy is lacking. Other risk factors considered included societal dietary changes and exposure to endotoxins. Future research needs were identified which included epidemiological studies employing exposure and biomonitoring data, studies on domestic exposure to chemicals and their association with the incidence of allergy and asthma, and prospective birth cohort studies employing well‐defined aspects of lifestyle, diet, chemical and endotoxin exposure as factors that may drive susceptibility to allergy and asthma. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanoscale surface electrical properties of zinc oxide films investigated by conducting atomic force microscopy
Authors: Yu Chang‐Feng , Chen Sy‐Hann , Xie Wen‐Jia , Lin Yung‐Shao , Shen Cheng‐Yu , Tsai Sheng‐Jhong , Sung Che‐Wei , Ay Chyung 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIn this study, conducting atomic force microscopy was employed to investigate the nanoscale surface electrical properties of zinc oxide (ZnO) films prepared by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) at different substrate temperatures for use as anode materials in polymer light‐emitting diodes. The results show that the surface conductivity distribution of ZnO is related to its surface structure. At substrate temperatures of 150–200°C, the conducting regions may cover over 90% of the ZnO thin‐film surface, thus providing the best local conductivity. Moreover, heating at substrate temperatures of above 250°C can effectively make the conductivity on the ZnO surface uniform. In particular, at substrate temperatures of around 300°C, the conducting regions where currents are between 1 and 2 μA may cover as much as 83% of the surface, and furthermore, the transmission ratio in the visible range is higher than 80%. This is a rather ideal production temperature for the PLD for ZnO films. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
What is the biological relevance of the specific bond properties revealed by single‐molecule studies?
Authors: Robert Philippe , Benoliel Anne‐Marie , Pierres Anne , Bongrand Pierre 
Published: August 2007

AbstractDuring the last decade, many authors took advantage of new methodologies based on atomic force microscopy (AFM), biomembrane force probes (BFPs), laminar flow chambers or optical traps to study at the single‐molecule level the formation and dissociation of bonds between receptors and ligands attached to surfaces. Experiments provided a wealth of data revealing the complexity of bond response to mechanical forces and the dependence of bond rupture on bond history. These results supported the existence of multiple binding states and/or reaction pathways. Also, single bond studies allowed us to monitor attachments mediated by a few bonds. The aim of this review is to discuss the impact of this new information on our understanding of biological molecules and phenomena. The following points are discussed: (i) which parameters do we need to know in order to predict the behaviour of an encounter between receptors and ligands, (ii) which information is actually yielded by single‐molecule studies and (iii) is it possible to relate this information to molecular structure? Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cooking activities during the Middle Ages: organic residues in ceramic vessels from the Sant'Antimo Church (Piombino–Central Italy)
Authors: Salvini Laura , Pecci Alessandra , Giorgi Gianluca 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA combined gas chromatography‐electron ionization (GC‐EI), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) mass spectrometry (MS) and MS/MS approach has been used for characterizing organic residues of ceramic vessels of different forms and dimensions recovered from a vault of the apse of the 13th century church of Sant'Antimo in Piombino (Central Italy). The artifacts studied in this investigation are pots, jugs, colanders and pans probably used for cooking meals or as food containers. GC‐MS has shown the presence of different fatty acids and other nonpolar markers, while APCI ionization proved to be particularly useful in the detection of diterpenoids and diacylglycerols. The data show that some organic markers may be of animal origin, while others are typical constituents or biodegradation products of vegetables. This allows one to propose the main use of these articles as vessels for cooking meat and maybe vegetable broths and soups. As there is no strict correlation between organic markers and shape, form and dimension of the ceramic vessel, it appears that the different objects probably served the same function. Chemical characterization of the organic residues of ceramic vessels, together with all the other archaeological data, contributes to a better understanding of their uses and the customs of people in the Middle Ages in Central Italy. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.