bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Titles and Subtitles of the Policraticus A Proposal
Authors: Van Laarhoven Jan 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIntroduction and Prologue 489 lines Part I. Officials and their ado. total: 6.214 lines Bk. 1. Curial occupations: 1.309 lines a) starting-point 3 ch.: 70 l. b) games 5 ch.: 820 l. c) varieties of magic 5 ch.: 419 l. Bk. 2. The truth of signs: prol.: 14 1. 3.116 lines a) true and false signs 3 ch.: 142 1. b) exc.: Jerusalem A.D. 70 6 ch.: 385 1. c) sequel: signs 5 ch.: 127 l. d) dreams 3 ch.: 386 l. e) a problem 9 ch.: 1.272 l. f) prognostications 3 ch.: 790 l. Bk. 3. The falsehood of flattery: prol.: 26 l. 1.789 lines a) introduction 3 ch.: 194 1. b) flattery 4 ch.: 373 1. c) the theatre of life 2 ch.: 266 1. d) applications 6 ch.: 930 1. Part II. Public functions. total: 6.099 lines Bk. 4. The true sovereign: prol.: 21 1. 1.296 lines a) royal ethics 3 ch.: 258 l. b) a royal mirror from the O.T. 8 ch.: 926 l. c) conclusion I ch.: 91 1. Bk. 5. The body according to Plutarch (1): prol.: 20 l. 2.448 lines a) the comparison with the body 2 ch.: 74 1. b) the soul of the body 3 ch.: 389 1. c) the head of the body 3 ch.: 584 l. d) heart and bowels 1 ch.: 126 l. e) the flanks of the body 1 ch.: 218 l. f) eyes, ears and tongue 7 ch.: 1.037 l. Bk. 6. The body according to Plutarch (2): prol.: 34 1. 2.355 lines a) the hands of the body 19 ch.: 1.482 l. b) the feet of the body 1 ch.: 36 1. c) the commonwealth 4 ch.: 356 1. d) about lese-majesty 4 ch.: 372 1. e) general conclusion 2 ch.: 75 1. Part III. Philosophical reflections. total: 9.319 lines Bk. 7. Philosophy and ethics: prol.: 104 l. 3.716 lines a) which philosophy? 8 ch.: 786 1. b) how to attain a good philosophy? 7 ch.: 979 1. c) money and craving for power 5 ch.: 893 l. d) hypocrisy 3 ch.: 510 l. e) jealousy 2 ch.: 444 1. Bk. 8. Ethics, tyranny, and felicity: prol.: 45 1. 5.603 lines a) thirst for glory 5 ch.: 619 l. b) the five sense-organs 8 ch.: 2.225 l. c) true glory 3 ch.: 468 l. d) tyrannology 7 ch.: 1.858 l. e) conclusion 2 ch.: 388 1. Total: 166 chapters 22.121 lines
Peter Singer's Interpretation of Christian Biblical Environmental Ethics
Authors: Beed Cara , Beed Clive 
Published: April 2008

AbstractPeter Singer's (1990 and 1993) interpretations of Biblical texts dealing with the natural world are evaluated in the light of recent Biblical scholarship. The texts in question are among those in the Bible relating to Christian ethical teaching about the natural world. The specific texts Singer examined concern the meaning of dominion and the flood of the earth in the book of Genesis in the Old Testament, particular teaching by the apostle Paul in the book 1 Corinthians in the New Testament, and certain actions by Jesus in the New Testament book of Mark. Singer's interpretations have a lengthy pedigree commonly used to hold Biblical teaching partly responsible for adverse Western attitudes to nature. This article argues that such interpretations contradict a deal of recent Biblical scholarship on the texts at issue.
The Cultural Importance of Floristic Diversity: A Case Study from Nokopo village, Madang and Morobe Provinces, Papua New Guinea
Authors: Kocher-Schmid Christin 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBiodiversity is not exclusively a product of pristine natural processes but is also, to a considerable degree, caused by human activities. This is demonstrated by a detailed inspection of the use and classification of plants by the people of Nokopo village in the Finisterre Range of Papua New Guinea. Nokopo people recognise and value biodiversity on all its levels - genetic diversity, species diversity and diversity of ecosystems - and their activities enhance overall biodiversity. This can be partly explained by the usefulness biodiversity has to them, in terms of resource access and other utilitarian considerations. On the other hand, aesthetic concepts and values make a significant contribution. Both these intrinsically interwoven components - the utilitarian and the aesthetic component respectively - form the base for understanding the major role humans play in creating and maintaining biodiversity, the role of keystone species enhancing overall biodiversity in a given ecosystem.
The National Park Management Regime in Bhutan: Historical Background and Current Problems
Authors: Seeland Klaus 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis paper gives an account of the recent history and the international and national policy background with respect to the planning and administration of Bhutan's nine national parks, nature reserves and sanctuaries, and sheds light on their current problems. Although more than 25 per cent of Bhutanese territory has been declared protected area over the last three decades, little data is available on the local population's perception of the aims, present status and the benefits of national parks, and their future role in the regional political setting and national resource use policy. Local communities are exposed to the legal limitations of resource use. A national park regime faces the problems of integrating issues of local management with the international community's demands on biodiversity preservation and conservation, and with the objectives of a national resource use concept.
An Introduction to Places
Authors: Rehmann-Sutter Christoph 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis paper draws attention to the significance of the concepts used in ecological ethics to describe nature and its parts. One of those concepts is 'place'. Place is often used to appreciate the distinct dignity of a natural situation. The meaning of that concept is explained and analysed. Four elements are proposed: (i) Places have to be seen with a special subjective inclination; (ii) places are perceived as meaningful and the relation towards them is of the hermeneutic type; (iii) places appear as open textures of relationships that cannot be demarcated; (iv) places are described from within and have centres. The perception of observers lets them participate. For observers involved in the perception of places (in this sense), responsibility for the place and its inhabitants is a direct relationship of care.
Modern Homesteading in America: Negotiating Religion, Nature, and Modernity
Authors: Gould Rebecca Kneale 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis article explores the spiritual dimensions of modern back-to-the-land (or homesteading) practices in contemporary American culture. Drawing on historical and ethnographic research, it examines the ways in which nature is sacralised and everyday life is ritualised by those who have chosen to lead lives of partial self-sufficiency in rural locales. Through an examination of oral and literary source material, and several case studies, this study demonstrates the ways in which nature is constructed as a source of meaning and authority for those who are disaffected from traditional religious institutions. This article also seeks to unfold the complexities involved in living `close to nature', such as the dangers in seeing 'natural living' as the only standard for the moral life and the tendency for 'back to the land' practices to be advocated by those whose class location is a privileged one. The analysis offered here is intended as a point of access into broader tensions in American culture: between traditional and alternative forms of religious practice, between the idealisation of rural life and the realities of rural living, and between the desire for freedom and the desire for self-imposed constraint in the face of modernity.
The Mind of the Redactor: 2 Cor. 6:14-7:1 in Its Secondary Context
Authors: Duff Paul Brooks 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDo not be mismated with unbelievers. For what partnership have righteousness and iniquity? Or what fellowship has light with darkness? What accord has Christ with Beliar? Or what has a believer in common with an unbeliever? What agreement has the temple of God with idols? For we are the temple of the living God; as God said, "I will live with them and move among them, and I will be their God, and they shall be my people. Therefore come out from them, and be separate from them, says the Lord, and touch nothing unclean; then I will welcome you, and I will be a father to you, and you shall be my sons and daughters, says the Lord Almighty." Since we have these promises, beloved, let us cleanse ourselves from every defilement of flesh and spirit, and let us make holiness perfect in the fear of God.
The Filter Apparatus of Larval Pelodytes punctatus (Amphibia: Anura)
Authors: Sokol Otto M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractParts of the larval filter apparatus (ventral velum, branchial food traps, filter plates) were studied, using scanning electron microscopy. The primary species studied was Pelodytes punctatus, but Alytes obstetricans, Pelobates cultripes, Scaphiopus holbrooki, Telmatobius culeus, Hyla cinerea and Rana sphenocephala were also examined. Other data were taken from literature. Previous authors, in similar studies, maintained that variations in larval filter apparatus morphology supported the anuran suborders Archeo- and Neobatrachia. The present study concludes that the larval filter apparatus cannot be used to support any subordinal arrangement, but affirms its potential value at lower systematic levels. Pelobatoids tend to have modified filter apparatuses. Four types are recognizeable: 1) Pelodytes; 2) Scaphiopus; 3) Megophrys; 4)Pelobates, Leptobrachium, Oreolalax. Although other beaked Asian genera remain unstudied, these groups are enough to indicate that current pelobatoid systematics is erroneous. Pelodytes has the most primitive pelobatoid filter apparatus. This, the moderately derived larval chondrocranium and the peculiar mixture of certain primitive and derived character states in the adult frog (none shared with other pelobatoids), indicate a long independent phylogeny for Pelodytes. This in turn, supports recognition of a separate monogeneric family Pelodytidae.
The ecology of the island-lizard Podarcis sicula salfii
Authors: Ouboter P.E. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn the summers of 1974 till 1979 microdistribution of Podarcis sicula saffti was examined. Areas without much vegetation and areas with dense vegetation have low densities. Horizontal space, predators, parasites, interspecific competition, shelter and dew appear to be non important factors in the microdistribution of P. s. safii. From 9 a. m. until 6 p. m. temperature in the sun is above PBT (preferred-body-temperature) in all zones. Shade temperature is different from one zone to another. In the most rocky zone without much vegetation, shade is provided by crevices. Shade temperature is under PBT. Food is mainly available outside crevices, in vegetation of Statice sinuatum. Food-size is small, so excursion-time will be long. Lizards are able to collect sufficient food if Statice-plants are close to crevices. The zone with vegetation of Erica arborea, on top of the island, is shaded all day. Shade temperature is under PBT. Only clearings are inhabited by lizards. All other zones have bushes and open areas. During the hot hours bushes provide shade, with shade temperature close to PBT. Food is mainly available in these bushes.
The normal development of the newt, Triturus alpestris (DAUDIN)
Authors: Epperlein Hans H. , Junginger Martin 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe normal development of the newt, Triturus alpestris, is described and illustrated in photos of living embryos. The embryonic development is divided into 37 stages, up to 300 hours. These stages are compared to those of several other urodelean species.
On spacing patterns and diversity of escape tactics in diurnal geckos (Lygodactylus) in Kafue Flats, Zambia
Authors: Simbotwe Malumo P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractLygodactylus chobiensis and L. capensis were studied during their time of normal activity. Observations were made of spacing patterns and diversity of escape behaviours. Canopy size as opposed to tree trunk size restricted the number of individuals that occupied a structural habitat. The sex ratio did not differ significantly from a 1:1 on any substrate and neither sex predominated the other (contrary to previous reports on the other species in the family). Young were tolerated indefinitely and formed part of the social structure. Both species were found to use a variety of escape tactics with equal frequency. Lizards that had lost tails were not necessarily more wary than unharmed lizards. Microhabitat preference and body orientation was found not to be restrictive to the escape tactic used.
Summer Activity Patterns of Testudo hermanni GMELIN in Greece and France
Authors: Hailey Adrian , Pulford Elizabeth A. , Stubbs David 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Daily activity patterns of Testudo hermanni in summer are described for two sites, Alyki, a coastal heathland in Greece, and the Massif des Maures, a woodland in France. Activity was bimodal in the former and unimodal in the latter. Habitat type was thought to be more important than latitude and climate in accounting for this pattern. AtAlyki there was a sex ratio of encounters of2. 7 ♂: 1 ♀ in summer, but no differences between the sexes in daily activity pattern. In the Massif des Maures, the ratio varied through the season, from 0.5 ♂: 1 9 in June, to 2.6 ♂: 1 9 in September, suggesting seasonal differences in activity of the sexes. Population density at Alyki was 5 times greater than in the Massif des Maures, yet sighting frequency was similar. This was accounted for by the increased ease offinding active animals in the woodland from the noise they made in the leaf litter.
Sexual differentiation as a function of the incubation temperature of eggs in the sea-turtle Dermochelys coriacea (Vandelli, 1761)
Authors: Rimblot Frédérique , Fretey Jacques , Mrosovsky Nicholas , Lescure Jean , Pieau Claude 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Eggs of Dermochelys coriacea were incubated in the laboratory at different constant temperatures between 27 and 32°C up to hatching. The genital system of 72 neonates and 11 embryos was dissected and processed for histological study. All the individuals from the 27, 28 and 28.75°C incubations were phenotypic males. In the testes, the medulla was voluminous and very dense, composed of many epithelial cords, some enclosing germ cells, whereas the surface was covered by a thin layer of epithelial cells between which germ cells were still visible. The Müllerian ducts were in the process of regression. In all the individuals from eggs incubated at 29.75, 30.5 and 32°C, the gonads were somewhat longer than testes but were considerably reduced in width and thickness. The medulla was strongly inhibited, showing similar epithelial cords but much less numerous than in testes. The epithelium of the gonadal surface was pseudo-stratified and enclosed germ cells which had not enter meiotic prophase as in typical ovarian cortex. The Müllerian ducts were complete. These individuals were classified as potential females. These results show that temperature influences sexual differentiation of the gonads of Dermochelys coriacea and indicate that the threshold temperature (or pivotal temperature) lies between 28.75 and 29.75°C. They also reinforce fears about masculinising turtle populations by incubating eggs at cool temperatures in artificial hatcheries.
The Diet of the Common Toad (Bufo bufo) around a Pond in Mid-Wales
Authors: Gittins S.P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThere was no significant difference between the number of food items obtained by stomach-flushing toads caught in pitfall traps and from the dissection of corpses found on nearby roads. The frequencies of the different food categories were similar using the two methods. 97 % of the toads entering the pond in the spring had not recently fed, whereas 25% of toads leaving the pond had started to feed. Sloughed skin was found in 7% of stomachs. Vegetable matter was found in 15% of stomachs and inorganic matter in 6% of stomachs. The diet of the toad was found to be very varied, and the main food items were beetles, collembolans, millipedes, harvestmen and spiders. The diets of males, females and young toads were very similar, and only slight changes in diet were observed throughout the year. The size of food items ranged from 1 mm to 40 mm with most around 7 mm. There was no significant relationship between the size of the food item and the size of the toad for adult males and females, but there was for juveniles.
Origin and evolution of the frontoparietal complex in anurans
Authors: Rocek Zbynek 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe frontoparietal is a unique feature of anurans, not only if this group is compared with other amphibians, but also with other vertebrates as well. It is often used as an important character in anuran systematics. However, little is still known about its evolutionary origin and significance. This is the reason why its state in Triadobatrachus and fossil anurans was examined, and compared with the condition in osteolepiforms and labyrinthodonts. Besides that also an information from the larval development was taken into consideration. It follows from all these data that the frontoparietal in adult anurans is a compound bone; the originally independent elements forming it (frontals, parietals, and some other ones) either coalesced with each other, or have disappeared during the course of evolution, often in convergent fashion. As the original state is better reflected in early developmental stages, one may suppose that larval condition also better reflects phylogenetic relations than the definitive bone complex of adults.
Orientation of giant tortoises, Geochelone gigantea (Schweigger) while grazing on Aldabra Atoll
Authors: Frazier J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe Aldabran giant tortoise is one of the few testudines that feeds in dense herds, and in so doing the animals frequently exhibit a conspicuous orientation away from the sun. This orientation is most marked when ambient temperature is high, and it breaks down when the tortoises are shielded from direct sunlight. It was previously hypothesized that negative heliotaxis is related to thermoregulation-to reduce heat inflow to the exposed anterior appendages and instead expose the protected posterior of the shell. There has been no test of the thermoregulatory function, and pilot experiments indicate that orientation away form the sun occurs to reduce direct glare into the tortoise's eyes. The glare of the sun seems to interfere with accurately oriented biting movements and reduce feeding efficiency. Speed and intensity of reaction to solar glare is inversely related to the animal's body size. The possibility of a thermoregulatory component to the away-from-the-sun orientation cannot be discounted, but it must be investigated directly.
Observations on the natural history of Lacerta lepida in Cádiz Province, Spain
Authors: Busack Stephen D. , Visnaw Jeanne A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Cádiz Province, Spain, is the southernmost extent of the range of L. lepida. Within this area, L. lepida demonstrates no distinct preference for any habitat and inhabits man-made and natural shelters with equal frequency. L. lepida is diurnal and active at the surface at ambient temperatures between 15.6°C and 42°C from February through November. Males are 4% to 8% heavier than females of equivalent body length. The rate of parasitism from nematodes is low (6%). The Cádiz Province population has the most diverse diet of any population studied to date. The taxonomic composition of the diet of males and females is identical, and consists mostly of invertebrate prey. Mean prey size and prey diversity are not correlated with lizard body size. Lacerta lepida is cannibalistic. Spermatogenesis and follicular development occur from April through July, egg laying occurs between early June and early July, and clutch size may vary from 4 to 18. Lacerta lepida reproduces only once annually.
Bidder's organs: Bufonid by-products of the evolutionary loss of hyperfecundity
Authors: Roessler Martha K. P. , Smith Hobart M. , Chiszar David 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBidder's organs in both male and female bufonids are hypothesized to represent a transitory state in an evolutionary transformation from extensive, hyperfecund ovaries to smaller, less fecund ones-a transformation that other families of anurans experienced in forms now long extinct. Some members of the genus Bufo retain considerable hyperfecundity, but in derived species of Bufo and genera of Bufonidae a spectrum of ovarian reduction exists. In those groups, Bidder's organs normally persist, always in males and often in females, as an undifferentiated ovaroid or ovary in a non-functional transition between the ancestral state and modification as part of the fat body. The organs are gynomorphs in males and highly variable as vestigial structures, but may well have endocrinogenic functions in both sexes although gametogenic functions in nature have been lost in males. Presence of Bidder's organs is a derived condition in the context of anurans as a whole, but primitive within the family Bufonidae.
A natural hybrid between Hyla arborea and Hyla meridionalis detected by mating calls
Authors: Oliveira M.E. , Paillette M. , Rosa H.D. , Crespo E.G. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
A tree-frog with unusual mating calls was found in an area of sympatry between H. arborea and H. meridionalis. This individual was studied by analysis of mating call structure and allozyme variation. The structure of the testes was also examined. The intermediate characteristics of the mating calls, the heterozygosity of all discriminative loci examined, and the apparent sterility, as shown by testis histology, all corroborate the identification of this hybrid.
Ecología trófica de Lacerta lepida en la provincia de León, noroeste de España
Authors: Hernández Angel , Alegre Joaquín , Salgado José María 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The diet of Lacerta lepida in the province of León (NW Spain) was studied through the analysis of 286 faecal pellets collected during May-August. Insecta were the numerically most important prey group, and always represented more than 85 % of prey numbers. Coleoptera and Hymenoptera were the dominant orders. Other important prey groups were Heteroptera and Arachnida. The number of Orthoptera consumed increased gradually from May to August. With respect to the occurrence frequency of prey in the faecal pellets, Coleoptera and Hymenoptera occurred in more than 75% at all times. The lowest trophic diversity was detected in june-july. Seasonal changes in the diet were noteworthy within short-terms and augmented in the long-term. The average length of the invertebrate prey was within the interval 9-14 mm. In terms of energy content, Vertebrata (43.82%), Coleoptera (15.77%), Orthoptera (14.40%) and Hymenoptera (13.95%) were the principal groups. L. lepida is considered to be an opportunistic feeder, although some prey groups are apparently selected.
An evaluation of methods for studying natterjack toads (Bufo calamita) outside the breeding season
Authors: Denton Jonathan S. , Beebee Trevor J.C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWe have investigated methods for finding natterjack toads (Bufo calamita) outside the breeding season at a range of sites in England. Success in locating toads in burrows or in other natural refugia was very variable between sites, depending on the nature of the substrate and availability of accessible alternative hiding places. Provision of artificial refugia (flat tiles) was also variable in success rate depending on local conditions, and even at the best site, tile use was highly seasonal with maxima in spring and autumn. Night searching was the most successful method for finding toads, readily applicable to all sites and facilitating contact with around 10% of the population in a single night, especially when weather conditions were optimal (i.e. after rain and with air temperatures above 9° C).