bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mosquito‐borne disease and climate change in Australia: time for a reality check
Authors: Russell Richard C 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWill warming climate increase the risk or prevalence of mosquito‐borne disease in Australia, as has been projected in a number of scientific publications and governmental reports? Unfortunately, most of these ‘predictions’ do not adequately consider the current and historical distribution of the vectors and diseases, their local ecology and epidemiology and the impact of societal features and the capacity for public health interventions in Australia. Overall, a strong case can be made that we are unlikely to see significant changes in the distribution of transmission of the exotic pathogens causing malaria and dengue, and while activity of endemic arboviruses such as Murray Valley encephalitis and Ross River viruses may possibly increase in some areas, it is likely to decrease in others. The ecologies of mosquito‐borne diseases can be complex and difficult to predict, and any evaluation of potential effects of changes in climate will need a detailed examination of site‐specific vector, host and other factors likely to influence the outcomes on human health. Of itself, climate change as currently projected, is not likely to provide great cause for public health concern with mosquito‐borne disease in Australia.
First record of the woodwasp family Xiphydriidae from Tasmania with a description of a new species and host record
Authors: Jennings John T , Austin Andrew D , Bashford Richard 
Published: February 2009

Abstract Rhysacephala warraensis Jennings & Austin, sp. nov., (Hymenoptera: Xiphydriidae), is described, being the first record of a xiphydriid woodwasp from Tasmania. Four females were reared from ‘horizontal’, Anodopetalum biglandulosum (Cunoniaceae), the first confirmed host record for an Australian xiphydriid.
The Australian endemic woodwasp genus Austrocyrta Riek (Hymenoptera: Xiphydriidae)
Authors: Jennings John T , Austin Andrew D , Schiff Nathan M 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe Australian xiphydriid woodwasp genus Austrocyrta, previously known only from a single species, A. australiensis Riek, is revised. A second distinctive species from Carnarvon National Park in south‐central Queensland, A. fasciculata Jennings & Austin, sp. nov., is described, and a key to separate the males of the two species is provided.
Evaluation of phloxine B as a photoinsecticide on immature stages of the horn fly, Haematobia irritans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae)
Authors: Filiberti Adrián , Rabossi Alejandro , Argaraña Carlos E , Quesada‐Allué Luis A 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe use of photoactive substances for controlling adult or immature stages of insect pests is an attractive alternative to chemical insecticides. Phloxine B is an environmentally friendly xanthene derivative that is safe for mammals but toxic for dipterans. In this study we tested the effect of phloxine B as a phototoxic larvicide against immature stages of the blood‐sucking horn fly, Haematobia irritans (L.). The mortality rate of phloxine B was very low in the dark during the larval stage (100 h) unless a 0.5‐mM dye concentration was used. However, a high mortality rate was attained when larvae III were transferred to containers exposed to 5000 lux during the last 2 h before pupariation. This was concentration‐dependent up to 0.1‐mM phloxine B. After a 2‐h larval exposure to light the phloxine B 50% lethal concentration was 0.043 mM. These results indicate that H. irritans larvae are very sensitive to this dye, which in turn seems a promising component for larvicide formulations to control horn flies.
Risk factors for lymph node metastasis in clinically node‐negative penile cancer patients
Authors: Ramkumar Aravind , Seshadri Ramakrishnan Ayloor , Narayanaswamy Kathiresan , Balasubramanian Satheesan 
Published: February 2009

Objectives:  To analyze the effects of pathological T stage, grade, extent of surgery for primary tumor, and age group on the risk of developing lymph node metastasis in clinically node‐negative penile cancer patients.Methods:  We performed a retrospective analysis of 200 clinically node‐negative penile cancer patients who were kept under surveillance, after treatment of the primary tumor in our institution. The primary outcome parameter was cytologically or histologically proven lymph node metastasis. Logistic regression analysis was used to compute odds ratios in univariate and multivariate settings.Results:  Lymph node metastasis occurred in 31 patients at a median time of three months. Histological grade 3 and grade 2 tumors had a statistically significant increased odds ratio for lymph node metastasis, (7.1[P < 0.001] and 2.7 [P = 0.04], respectively), compared with grade 1 tumors. Although increasing pT stage was associated with increasing odds ratios, the differences were not statistically significant. Nor did the extent of surgery of the primary tumor or the age group significantly influence the risk of developing lymph node metastasis.Conclusions:  Histological grade is the most significant parameter influencing the risk of lymph node metastasis in clinically node‐negative penile cancer patients on surveillance. Patients with grade 3 and grade 2 tumors may benefit from elective inguinal lymphadenectomy.
Widespread occurrence of an intranuclear bacterial parasite in vent and seep bathymodiolin mussels
Authors: Zielinski Frank U. , Pernthaler Annelie , Duperron Sébastien , Raggi Luciana , Giere Olav , Borowski Christian , Dubilier Nicole 
Published: February 2009

SummaryMany parasitic bacteria live in the cytoplasm of multicellular animals, but only a few are known to regularly invade their nuclei. In this study, we describe the novel bacterial parasite “Candidatus Endonucleobacter bathymodioli” that invades the nuclei of deep‐sea bathymodiolin mussels from hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. Bathymodiolin mussels are well known for their symbiotic associations with sulfur‐ and methane‐oxidizing bacteria. In contrast, the parasitic bacteria of vent and seep animals have received little attention despite their potential importance for deep‐sea ecosystems. We first discovered the intranuclear parasite “Ca. E. bathymodioli” in Bathymodiolus puteoserpentis from the Logatchev hydrothermal vent field on the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge. Using primers and probes specific to “Ca. E. bathymodioli” we found this intranuclear parasite in at least six other bathymodiolin species from vents and seeps around the world. Fluorescence in situ hybridization and transmission electron microscopy analyses of the developmental cycle of “Ca. E. bathymodioli” showed that the infection of a nucleus begins with a single rod‐shaped bacterium which grows to an unseptated filament of up to 20 μm length and then divides repeatedly until the nucleus is filled with up to 80 000 bacteria. The greatly swollen nucleus destroys its host cell and the bacteria are released after the nuclear membrane bursts. Intriguingly, the only nuclei that were never infected by “Ca. E. bathymodioli” were those of the gill bacteriocytes. These cells contain the symbiotic sulfur‐ and methane‐oxidizing bacteria, suggesting that the mussel symbionts can protect their host nuclei against the parasite. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the “Ca. E. bathymodioli” belongs to a monophyletic clade of Gammaproteobacteria associated with marine metazoans as diverse as sponges, corals, bivalves, gastropods, echinoderms, ascidians and fish. We hypothesize that many of the sequences from this clade originated from intranuclear bacteria, and that these are widespread in marine invertebrates.
Antibiotic‐resistance profile in environmental bacteria isolated from penicillin production wastewater treatment plant and the receiving river
Authors: Li Dong , Yang Min , Hu Jianying , Zhang Jing , Liu Ruyin , Gu Xin , Zhang Yu , Wang Zhenyu 
Published: February 2009

SummaryThe antibiotic‐resistance characteristics of bacterial strains in antibiotic production wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) that contain high concentrations of antibiotics are unknown, as are the environmental effects of the discharge of wastewater from such facilities. In this study, 417 strains were individually isolated from the effluent of a WWTP that treated penicillin G production wastewater, as well as from downstream and upstream areas of the receiving river. The minimum inhibition concentrations (MICs) of 18 antibiotics representing seven classes were then determined for each of these strains. Relatively high similarity in the bacterial composition existed between the wastewater and downstream river samples when compared with the upstream sample. High resistance ratios and MIC values were observed for almost all antibiotics in wastewater isolates, followed by strains from downstream river, of which the resistance ratios and levels were still significantly higher than those of upstream strains. The resistance ratios and levels also significantly differed among strains belonged to different species in the penicillin production wastewater effluent and downstream river. In both samples, the resistances to β‐lactam antibiotics were more frequent, with much higher levels, than the other class antibiotics. Then five clinically important resistant genes mainly coding for extended‐spectrum β‐lactamases (ESBLs) were determined for all strains, only blaTEM‐1 which did not belong to ESBL was detected in 17.3% and 11.0% of strains isolated from wastewater and downstream river respectively. Class I integrons were detected in 14% of wastewater isolates and 9.1% of downstream isolates, and primarily contained gene cassettes conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics. The unexpectedly high levels of multiple antibiotic resistance in strains from wastewater and downstream river were speculated to be mainly due to multidrug efflux systems.
Structural and ultrastructural studies of male reproductive tract and spermatozoa in Xylocopa frontalis (Hymenoptera, Apidae)
Authors: Fiorillo B. S. , Zama U. , Lino‐Neto J. , Báo S. N. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractFiorillo, B. S., Zama, U., Lino‐Neto, J. and Báo, S. N. 2010. Structural and ultrastructural studies of male reproductive tract and spermatozoa in Xylocopa frontalis (Hymenoptera, Apidae). —Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 91: 176–183.In Xylocopa frontalis the reproductive tract is composed of testes, deferent ducts, seminal vesicles, accessory glands and an ejaculatory duct. Each testis comprises four testicular tubules in which multiple cysts are present containing approximately 64 spermatozoa per cyst. The seminal vesicle consists of an epithelium, a thick basement lamina and a muscular external sheet. In the luminal region some vesicles can be observed; however, the epithelial cells of the seminal vesicle do not display morphological features associated with secretory functions. The spermatozoa, measuring approximately 260 µm long, are similar to the hymenopteran pattern. The head region consists of an acrosome with an inner perforatorium that penetrates an asymmetrical nuclear tip. The nucleus is linear, electron‐dense and its posterior tip projects into the beginning of the axoneme. The centriolar adjunct is asymmetric with many electron‐lucent lacunae interspersed throughout. The axoneme has the 9 + 9 + 2 pattern of microtubules and in the posterior region the central microtubules finish first, followed by the doublets and finally the accessory microtubules. The mitochondrial derivatives are asymmetric in both length and diameter with paracrystalline material present only in the larger one. These features may be useful characters for taxonomy and phylogenetic studies.
Ultrastructure of spermiogenesis and mature spermatozoon of Anonchotaenia globata (von Linstow, 1879) (Cestoda, Cyclophyllidea, Paruterinidae)
Authors: Yoneva Aneta , Georgieva Katia , Mizinska Yana , Nikolov Pavel N. , Georgiev Boyko B. , Stoitsova Stoyanka R. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractYoneva, A., Georgieva, K., Mizinska, Y., Nikolov, P. N., Georgiev, B. B. and Stoitsova, S. R. 2010. Ultrastructure of spermiogenesis and mature spermatozoon of Anonchotaenia globata (von Linstow, 1879) (Cestoda, Cyclophyllidea, Paruterinidae). — Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 91: 184–192The ultrastructure of spermiogenesis and of the spermatozoon of a species of the family Paruterinidae is described for the first time. The spermiogenesis of Anonchotaenia globata starts with the formation of a differentiation zone with two centrioles associated with thin striated roots. One of the centrioles gives rise to a free flagellum followed by a slight flagellar rotation and a proximodistal fusion of the flagellum with the cytoplasmic protrusion. This pattern corresponds to Type III spermiogenesis in cestodes. The spermatozoon consists of five distinct regions. The anterior extremity possesses an apical cone and a single helically coiled crested body. The cortical microtubules are spirally arranged. The axoneme is surrounded by a periaxonemal sheath and a thin layer of cytoplasm filled with electron‐dense granules in Regions I–V. The periaxonemal sheath is connected with the peripheral microtubules by transverse intracytoplasmic walls in Regions III and IV. The nucleus is spirally coiled around the axoneme. Anonchotaenia globata differs from Dilepididae (where paruterinids have previously been classified) in the type of spermiogenesis, the lack of glycogen inclusions and the presence of intracytoplasmic walls. The pattern of spermiogenesis is similar to that in Metadilepididae and Taeniidae, which are considered phylogenetically close to Paruterinidae.
Scientific uncertainty and the assessment of risks posed by non‐native freshwater fishes
Authors: Leprieur F , Brosse S , García‐Berthou E , Oberdorff T , Olden J D , Townsend C R 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe introduction of non‐indigenous plants, animals and pathogens is a pressing global environmental challenge. Although not all introduced species become established and the fraction of those that do often have little appreciable effect on their new ecosystems, many others exert significant ecological, evolutionary and economic impacts. Stimulating further debate, Gozlan [Fish and Fisheries (2008) Vol. 9, pp. 106–115] argued that the majority of intentional freshwater fish introductions associated with aquaculture (fish species providing societal benefits) have not been reported as having an ecological impact. We find little to argue with his suggestion that low risk of ecological impact coupled with high market value encourages further introductions. But do we have an adequate understanding of the ecological risks associated with fish introductions to support such decisions? Indeed, resource managers and decision makers require some scientific knowledge to support their management actions; without this information, a precautionary approach is the only sensible course of action. The precautionary approach implies that the lack of scientific certainty is reason enough for postponing intentional introduction of non‐native species to avoid potentially serious or irreversible harm to the environment. Here, we suggest that we actually know very little about ecological impacts associated with fish introductions and that it would be therefore wholly inappropriate to equate a lack of data with a conclusion of ‘no impact’. We discuss four major challenges for enhancing the assessment of risks posed by non‐native freshwater fishes in the face of scientific uncertainty and highlight research opportunities and some alternative approaches for confronting these challenges in the future.
Response by R Gozlan Biodiversity crisis and the introduction of non‐native fish: Solutions, not scapegoats
Authors: Gozlan R. E. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractDespite knowledge of potential adverse impacts arising from non‐native fish introduction, economic drivers are still pushing forward for further introductions. Gozlan's pragmatic approach to this neo‐paradox, allows using existing knowledge to characterise and discriminate ecological risks associated with fish species introduction. It confirms what many previously suspected, that the overall risk of adverse introduction is around ten percent. Considering all fish introductions to have the same level of risk is counter productive as it does not engage with the process of risk assessment.
Voracious invader or benign feline? A review of the environmental biology of European catfish Silurus glanis in its native and introduced ranges*
Authors: Copp Gordon H , Robert Britton J , Cucherousset Julien , García‐Berthou Emili , Kirk Ruth , Peeler Edmund , Stakėnas Saulius 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA popular species for food and sport, the European catfish (Silurus glanis) is well‐studied in its native range, but little studied in its introduced range. Silurus glanis is the largest‐bodied freshwater fish of Europe and is historically known to take a wide range of food items including human remains. As a result of its piscivorous diet, S. glanis is assumed to be an invasive fish species presenting a risk to native species and ecosystems. To assess the potential risks of S. glanis introductions, published and ‘grey’ literature on the species’ environmental biology (but not aquaculture) was extensively reviewed. Silurus glanis appears well adapted to, and sufficiently robust for, translocation and introduction outside its native range. A nest‐guarding species, S. glanis is long‐lived, rather sedentary and produces relatively fewer eggs per body mass than many fish species. It appears to establish relatively easily, although more so in warmer (i.e. Mediterranean) than in northern countries (e.g. Belgium, UK). Telemetry data suggest that dispersal is linked to flooding/spates and human translation of the species. Potential impacts in its introduced European range include disease transmission, hybridization (in Greece with native endemic Aristotle’s catfish [Silurus aristotelis]), predation on native species and possibly the modification of food web structure in some regions. However, S. glanis has also been reported (France, Spain, Turkmenistan) to prey intensively on other non‐native species and in its native Germany to be a poor biomanipulation tool for top‐down predation of zooplanktivorous fishes. As such, S. glanis is unlikely to exert trophic pressure on native fishes except in circumstances where other human impacts are already in force. In summary, virtually all aspects of the environmental biology of introduced S. glanis require further study to determine the potential risks of its introduction to novel environments.
Fishery‐induced demographic changes in the timing of spawning: consequences for reproductive success*
Authors: Wright Peter J. , Trippel Edward A. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractDemography can have a significant effect on reproductive timing and the magnitude of such an effect can be comparable to environmentally induced variability. This effect arises because the individuals of many fish species spawn progressively earlier within a season and may produce more egg batches over a longer period as they get older, thus extending their lifetime spawning duration. Inter‐annual variation in spawning time is a critical factor in reproductive success because it affects the early environmental conditions experienced by progeny and the period they have to complete phases of development. By reducing the average lifetime spawning duration within a fish stock, fishing pressure could be increasing the variability in reproductive success and reducing long‐term stock reproductive potential. Empirical estimates of selection on birth date, from experiments and using otolith microstructure, demonstrate that there is considerable variation in selection on birth date both within a spawning season and between years. The few multi‐year studies that have linked egg production with the survival of progeny to the juvenile stage further highlight the uncertainty that adults face in timing their spawning to optimize offspring survival. The production of many small batches of eggs over a long period of time within a season and over a lifetime is therefore likely to decrease variance and increase mean progeny survival. Quantifying this effect of demography on variability in survival requires a focus on lifetime reproductive success rather than year specific relationships between recruitment and stock reproductive potential. Modelling approaches are suggested that can better quantify the likely impact of changing spawning times on year‐class strength and lifetime reproductive potential. The evidence presented strengthens the need to avoid fishing severely age truncated fish stocks.
Has the Byrd Amendment Affected US Imports?
Authors: Gayle Philip G. , Puttitanun Thitima 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe Continued Dumping and Subsidy Offset Act (CDSOA), also known as the Byrd Amendment, allows the US government to distribute revenues from antidumping duties to domestic firms alleging harm. Prior to the amendment these revenues were not distributed to firms. In this article, we formally test the hypothesis that the Byrd Amendment effectively provides double protection to US firms to the extent that it further restricts US imports, as argued by the EU and 11 other US trading partners. Using a rich panel of 362 US manufacturing industries for the period 1998 to 2003, we find that whether or not the Byrd Amendment restricted US imports depends crucially on the level of competitiveness in the import‐competing industry. Specifically, we find that the Byrd Amendment served to restrict imports only in industries where competition is relatively weak, while the amendment is associated with an increase in imports in more competitive industries.
Cytochrome P450 2B6 516G→T is associated with plasma concentrations of nevirapine at both 200 mg twice daily and 400 mg once daily in an ethnically diverse population
Authors: Mahungu TW , Smith CJ , Turner F , Egan D , Youle M , Johnson MA , Khoo S , Back DJ , Owen A 
Published: February 2009

ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to characterize the impact of the cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6), CYP3A4, CYP3A5 and ATP‐binding cassette sub‐family B member 1 (ABCB1) polymorphisms on nevirapine plasma concentrations.MethodsA total of 104 patients (82% male; 26% non‐Caucasian) were genotyped for eight single nucleotide polymorphisms at four loci (CYP2B6, CYP3A4, CYP3A5 and MDR1). Nevirapine plasma concentrations were determined using high‐performance liquid chromatography.ResultsNon‐Caucasian ethnicity [5609 ng/mL (n=27) for non‐Caucasiansvs. 3771 ng/mL (n=77) for Caucasians;P<0.0001] and CYP2B6 516G→T [GG, 3574 ng/mL (n=50); GT, 4634 ng/mL (n=50); TT, 8170 ng/mL (n=4);Panalysis of variance (anova)=0.001] were significantly associated with a higher nevirapine trough concentration (Ctrough). The latter association was maintained with both 200 mg twice daily (bid) and 400 mg once daily (qd) dosing [GG, 3527 ng/mL (n=30); GT, 4525 ng/mL (n=32); TT, 7020 ng/mL (n=2);Panova=0.05 and GG, 3645 ng/mL (n=20); GT, 4861 ng/mL (n=17); TT, 9508 ng/mL (n=2);Panova=0.01, respectively]. In a multivariable analysis, CYP2B6 516G→T and non‐Caucasian ethnicity remained significant predictors of nevirapineCtroughbut CYP2B6 516G→T homozygosity had the greatest effect (108% higher, 46% higher). No associations were found between nevirapineCtroughand the remaining polymorphisms.ConclusionIn this population, both non‐Caucasian ethnicity and carriage of the variant allele of CYP2B6 516G→T were significant predictors of nevirapineCtrough. The association between CYP2B6 516G→T and higher plasma nevirapine exposure was maintained at both bid and qd dosing.