bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of some amino acids on the oxidation of linoleic acid and its methyl ester
Authors: Marcuse R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractManometric studies of the effect of certain amino acids on oxidation (measured as oxygen consumption) of linoleic acid, as well as the methyl esters of linoleic acid and linolenic acid dispersed in water or phosphate buffers at pH 7 to pH 5 have shown that

The amino acids tested (except cysteine) have a potential antioxidative effect.
The antioxidative capacity of different amino acids may be rather different (it is especially pronounced in the case of histidine and tryptophane).
Under suitable conditions extremely low amino acid concentrations may have rather strong effect.
The antioxidative efficiency is less pronounced than in earlier experiments with linoleate at pH>7, and decreases with decreasing pH.
There may be a tendency towards a prooxidative inversion with relatively high amino acid concentrations, or at low pH.
The antioxidative effect is enhanced and a prooxidative effect may be lowered or inverted into an antioxidative one by an addition of phosphate, or an emulsifier like Tween.
A strong inhibitory effect is obtained by combined addition of phosphate and emulsifier like Tween, together with the amino acid.
The antioxidative tendency was stronger in the case of methyl linoleate than with linoleic acid, and was also stronger with methyl linoleate than with methyl linolenate.
Interesterification of lard
Authors: Lutton E. S. , Mallery M. F. , Burgers J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe graininess, which develops at 27C (80F) in lard shortening which has not undergone interesterification, is due to large crystal aggregates of disaturated 2‐palmitoyloleoylstearin (OPS) of intermediate melting level and existing in a ॆ′‐type form of triple‐chain‐length structure. This ॆ′‐3 phase exists in ordinary lard accompanied by the commonly reported ॆ phase which is largely due to trisaturated glycerides. Random interesterification eliminates graininess, not by reducing the disaturated content which remains about the same, but by reducing OPS to its 舠random舡 proportion and producing a mixture of disaturated glycerides, which is substantially lower melting than the original OPS. The resulting product crystallizes typically in a ॆ′‐2 form, characteristic of hydrogenated vegetable oil shortenings. (Directed interesterification actually reduces disaturated content as well as graininess, while simultaneously creating trisaturated 舠hardstock.舡)
Reactions of unsaturated fatty alcohols. XIV. Preparation and properties of styrenated fatty vinyl ether polymers
Authors: Schneider Wilma J. , Gast L. E. , Schwab A. W. , Teeter H. M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractNew polymeric products have been prepared from conjugated linseed vinyl ether polymers and styrene. Up to 64% by weight of styrene can be incorporated by heating the preformed fatty vinyl ether polymer and monomeric styrene in an aromatic solvent. Primary factors influencing the course of the reaction were molecular weight and peroxide content of the starting vinyl ether polymer, reaction temperature, and type of solvent used. Formation of heterogeneous reaction products and gelation were encountered unless styrene was consumed in the reaction or removed.Films of these styrenated vinyl ether polymers show improved properties over the homopolymers previously studied. Baked films exhibit better gloss, color, and hardness; are more throughly cured; and show good flexibility and adhesion. Their resistance to 5% aqueous alkali is outstanding. The films also exhibit air‐drying properties.Fatty vinyl ether polymers and copolymers have shown only limited compatibility with commericial resins. However, styrenated polymers are compatible with long oil alkyd, urea, epoxy, hydrogenated rosin, and polyurethane resins.
Semiquantitative structural analysis of fats by thin‐layer chromatography of the allyl esters of the products of von rudolff oxidation
Authors: Vander Wal R. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractEach unsaturated acyl group in a fat molecule retards its migration on a silica‐silver nitrate TLC plate to a degree dependent on its number of double bonds. Thus S2U in which U is linoleic would migrate with SU2 in which U is oleic. Therefore the molecular families S3, S2U, SU2 and U3 cannot be separated, as such, by this variety of TLC.Oxidation of fats by the von Rudloff technique converts the glyceryl esters of the original unsaturated acids into the glyceryl half esters of dicarboxylic saturated acids, such as azelaic. Subsequent formation of allyl esters at the free carboxyls, in effect replaces each mono‐ or polyunsaturated acyl group with another group containing only a single double bond.Fats so altered can be separated, at least semiquantitatively, into the famlies S3, S2U, SU2, and U3 where U is monounsaturated and represents, but is not identical with, the original acyl group. These results can be translated directly into the percentages of the original molecular families. Results of determinations are given.Procedures for assigning spots to specific molecular families are (1) comparison of Rf ȕ 100 values with given experimental ranges, (2) comparison of the percent of S theoretically present after tentative assignment of spots, with the percent of S found by GLC analysis of the sample, (3) use of internal standards, and (4) miscellaneous.
Color index for cottonseed oils
Authors: Pons Walter A. , Kuck James C. , Frampton Vernon L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe color index determined by the area under the absorption curve in the region of 400–500 millimicrons is preferred over the A.O.C.S. photometric method in research on cottonseed oil color because the color index gives the more accurate measure of the relative chromogen concentration in cottonseed oils. The evidence that the color index method is more retiable includes: (a) a demonstration that the area under the absorption curve may be used in place of absorbance in the Beer‐Lambert equation; b) a panel score for cottonseed oil color intensity that agrees with the color index better than it does with the photometric color; and c) sources of error in the photometric method that do not occur in the color index method, including those contributed by the high emphasis on absorption at 550 and 670 millimicrons.
Analysis of volatile compounds in almond and plum kernel oils
Authors: Pićurić‐Jovanović K. , Milovanović M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAlmond and plum kernel oils were analyzed for volatile flavor components by headspace sampling, gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The most important volatiles at 37°C, from both fruit oils, are derivatives of benzene,n‐alkanes, cycloalkanes, aromatics and furan compounds. The structures were established mainly by interpretation of mass spectral data in comparison with literature data.
Regressional models that describe oil absolute viscosity
Authors: Toro‐Vazquez J. F. , Infante‐Guerrero R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractEquations that describe the temperature dependence (298–338°K) of absolute viscosity (μ) of 21 oils and oil‐liquid fat mixtures were obtained based on two different approaches. Fitting each particular viscosity profile to a quadratic extension of the Andrade equation provided the best predictive models (R2>0.96). However, the coefficients associated with temperature effect did not have a physical‐chemical meaning. In contrast, the multiple variable regressional approach fitted, in just one equation, the μ of all 21 oil systems (R2≈0.93). This equation included terms associated with structural parameters of acylglycerides, namely the degree of unsaturation (i.e., iodine value) and chainlength (i.e., saponification value) of the fatty acids. The models described effects of thecis double bonds and fatty acid chainlength on the acylglycerides’ interactions that determine both the μ of the system and its capability to crystallize. Therefore, multiple variable regressional analysis might be an excellent tool to better understand the quantitative structure‐functional property relationships in lipids systems.
Dilution polymerization of linseed oil
Authors: Sims R. P. A. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryAn inert diluent, molecularly distilled mineral oil, when present in 90% concentration, permitted, in linseed oil, the polymerization of acyl groups in the absence of inter‐glyceride reaction. Comparison of the data for the polymerization of linseed oil in 10, 20, and 100% concentrations showed a marked concentration dependence for the following: polymerization of acyl groups and glyceride molecules; change in specific refraction and the ratio of percentages by weight polymeric acyl groups to polymeric glyceride molecules.
Some observations on the microscopy of lard and rearranged lard
Authors: Herb S. F. , Audsley M. C. , Riemenschneider R. W. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryPhase contrast and polarized light microscopy were employed to observe the crystalline nature of lard and rearranged lard. Special attention was given to the technique of specimen preparation, controlled conditions of tempering the sample, and photographic reproduction of crystal appearance. Photomicrographs are reproduced to show the difference in appearance of the crystals from lard and rearranged lard when both polarized light and phase contrast are employed. The peculiar long, thread‐like crystals characteristic of lard are more clearly shown with phase contrast.
Molecular distillation of some Indian vegetable oils
Authors: Bhat S. G. , Kane J. G. , Sreenivasan A. 
Published: May 2007

Summary
Karanja, malkanguni, undi, and sesame oils were molecularly distilled, and the fractions obtained were characterized for their physical and chemical constants.
Generally, the first few fractions were found to be rich in odor, free fatty acids, and unsaponifiable matter.
Sesamin could be isolated from the first fraction of molecularly distilled sesame oil by crystallization.
Karanjin and pongamol were similarly separated from the first fraction of molecularly distilled karanja oil.
With malkanguni oil there was some fractionation of the glycerides.
Elimination curves of karanja, malkanguni, undi, and sesame oils are given.
Properties of aqueous solutions of several salts of α,ω‐alkanediol disulfates
Authors: Ueno Minoru , Yamamoto Satoshi , Meguro Kenjiro 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSeveral salts of α,ω‐sulfates, MO3SO(CH2)n OSO3M(n=12, 14, 16, 18, and M=Li, Na, and K) were prepared from the corresponding α,ω‐alkane diols. The Krafft points of these α,ω‐sulfates with common counterion as estimated by electroconductivity measurements increased with the increase of the hydrocarbon chain length, and the effect of the counterions on the Krafft points of the α,ω‐sulfates with the same hydrocarbon chain length was in the order : Li<Na<K. Solutions of the α,ω‐sulfates, except disodium dodecanediol disulfate, showed two break points corresponding to the first and second critical micelle concentration in each plot of the electroconductivity as a function of the concentration. The existence of the second break point suggested that another aggregation of rearrangement of the existing aggregates occurs in α,ω‐sulfate solutions in addition to the usual micelle formation. The first and second break points of α,ω‐sulfates with sodium counterion decreased logarithmically with increasing total number of methylene groups. The relationships were given as follows: log(first break point)=−0.138Nc−0.095; log(second break point)=−0.104Nc−0.251. The effect of the counterions upon the break points of α,ω‐sulfates with the same hydrocarbon chain length was in accordance with their positions in the lyotropic series.
Gas chromatographic resolution of butteroil and synthetic triglycerides beyond their carbon numbers
Authors: Kuksis A. , Breckenridge W. C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPreparative gas chromatography was used to isolate the C26 to C38 triglycerides of butteroil in groups of uniform molecular weight. Determination of fatty acids allowed a preliminary assignment of triglyceride structure and an estimation of the relative proportions of the various glyceride types. A basis for a further gas chromatographic resolution of saturated triglycerides of identical molecular weight but differing in composition and positional distribution of fatty acids was recognized in the easy separation of various derivatives of 1‐ and 2‐monoglycerides. The study indicated that it might be practical to separate positional isomers of those triglycerides which contain fatty acids of both short and long chain lengths. Other promising routes to increased glyceride resolution were suggested by experiments using chromatographic conditions approaching gas‐solid systems.
Free radical addition of hydrogen sulfide to conjugated and nonconjugated methyl esters and to vegetable oils
Authors: Schwab A. W. , Gast L. E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe rate of addition of hydrogen sulfide to high purity methyl oleate, methyl linoleate, methyl linolenate, methyl 9,11‐trans,trans‐octade‐cadienoate and methyl β‐eleostearate was investigated at 25 C with UV irradiation. A similar study was carried out with soybean, linseed and tung oils in the absence and presence of 2,2′‐azo‐bis(isobutyronitrile) with UV photolysis. Initially the reaction of hydrogen sulfide with methyl esters appears to follow pseudo‐zero‐order kinetics although as the reaction proceeds the kinetics of the polyunsaturated ester reactions become more complex. For nonconjugated systems the overall rate is determined by the initiation step, whereas the overall rate of addition to conjugated systems is a function of the stability of the resonance‐stabilized addition radical in the chain transfer step. For methyl esters the following order of reactivity appears to hold:Methyl oleate ≅ methyl linoleate ≅ methyl linolenate >> methyl 9,11‐trans,trans‐octadecadienoate > methyl β‐eleostearate. Using 2,2′‐azo‐bis(isobutyronitrile) with UV photolysis markedly increases the rate of addition of hydrogen sulfide to nonconjugated vegetable oils.
Isomerization during hydrogenation of soap: II. Potassium elaidate and potassium linoleate
Authors: Raju D. S. , Subbaram M. R. , Achaya K. T. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPotassium elaidate in slightly alkaline solution was hydrogenated for up to 7 hr with 1.5% of Rufert nickel catalyst at 150 C and 20 kg/sq cm pressure. Potassium linoleate was similarly hydrogenated with 1.0% catalyst for 7 hr, and the hydrogenation continued for another 7 hr after addition of 0.5% fresh catalyst. Periodic samples from each were analyzed for component acids. The positional isomers in thecis andtrans monoenes, isolated by preparative argentation thin layer (TLC) or column chromatography, were estimated after oxidation to dicarboxylic acids. Some diene fractions were isolated for further examination. In potassium elaidate hydrogenation,cis monoenes were initially produced in considerable amounts, but to a lesser extent thereafter. Positional isomers were similarly distributed in bothcis andtrans monoenes after prolonged hydrogenation. In the hydrogenation of potassium linoleate, a drop in iodine value (IV) of 60 units occurred in the first hour, and 38% oftrans monoenes (in which the 10‐ and 11‐monoenes constitute 32% each) were formed. The IV then fell only slowly, and up to 38% ofcis monoene (mostly 9‐ and 12‐isomers) was formed. Addition of fresh catalyst caused a major shift ofcis monoenes totrans forms. The diene fraction was mostly nonconjugated material with the first double bond at the 9, 8 and 10‐positions. Minor amounts of conjugated dienes were present as well as a dimeric product.
Preparation of epiminostearates. Comparison of methods
Authors: Foglia T. A. , Maerker G. , Smith G. R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe addition of N,N‐dichlorourethan (DCU) to internal olefins has been found to be an acceptable reaction leading to the preparation of internal fatty acid aziridines. The yields of isolated epimino derivatives are in the 50–60% range, only slightly lower than those obtained by the iodine isocyanate (INCO) method. In order to compare the stereochemistry of the two methods, an IR spectroscopic procedure was developed which permits an estimation of the relative amounts ofcis‐ andtrans‐aziridines in mixtures of the two. In agreement with literature reports, the INCO method is stereospecific, thecis‐olefins giving rise tocis‐aziridines and thetrans‐olefins formingtrans‐aziridines. On the other hand, DCU addition to olefins results in mixtures ofcis‐ andtrans‐aziridines in which the latter isomers predominate. This finding is compatible with the reported free‐radical nature of the DCU reaction.
Lipid and fatty acid composition of turkey liver, skin and depot tissue
Authors: Marion W. W. , Maxon S. T. , Wangen R. M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTotal lipid and phospholipid contents of liver, skin and depot fat from yearling hen turkeys have been studied. Liver lipid averaged 88.5 mg/g wet tissue; skin, 385.0 and depot fat, 753.5. Phospholipids comprised 32.05% of total lipid of liver, but only 0.81% of skin and 0.46% of depot fat. Fatty acids of liver differed from those of skin or depot fat by larger amounts of 16∶0, 18∶0, 20∶4, 22∶0 and 24∶0, and smaller amounts of 16∶1, 18∶1, 18∶2, 18∶3 and 20∶0. Similarity existed between skin and depot fat.
Nutritive values of oilssed proteins
Authors: Rice Eldon E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA protein seldom serves independently as a source of dietary amino acids—it works in concert with other proteins. Hence, the most important characteristic of each protein in the diet is its ability to fill gaps between the quantities of essential amino acids needed and those supplied by other foods. When examined from this viewpoint, oilseed proteins differ somewhat, but they all appear to be more valuable as supplementary proteins than their individual protein qualities imply. In general, feeding tests substantiate the theoretical supplementary values. Properly processed oilseed flakes, flour or concentrates of proteins prepared from them have great potential value as human food.
The composition of beeswax alkyl esters
Authors: Holloway P. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe alkyl esters of beeswax, after isolation from the unhydrolyzed wax by preparative layer chromatography (PLC), have been analyzed directly by high temperature GLC using 1.5% OV1 as liquid phase. In two commercial wax samples examined the ester homologues are predominantly even carbon numbered ranging from C36to C54. The principal alkyl esters are C40, C42, C44, C46and C48. The GLC analysis of the ester hydrolysis products revealed that the variations in ester chain length are produced by variations in the esterified primary alcohol chain lengths. The esterified fatty acid is chiefly hexadecanoic acid. The esterified fatty acids differ in composition from the free fatty acids which are also present in the wax.
Cis, trans isomerization of conjugated linoleates by lodine and light
Authors: Tolberg W. E. , Wheeler D. H. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryInfrared and ultraviolet studies have shown that the three geometrically isomeric types of conjugated linoleates (cis, cis; cis, trans; andtrans, trans) are readily equilibrated by dilute iodine and light. Infrared shows that the equilibrium is at 32%cis, trans and 64%trans, trans isomer. Probably no more than 5–10%, if any,cis, cis isomer exists at equilibrium. The equilibrated mixture can be used to determine total conjugation in mixtures of conjugated geometric isomers by either infrared or ultraviolet absorption.
Antioxidative activity of derivatives of vitamin B6 and structurally related compounds
Authors: Sakuragi Taketami , Kummerow Fred A. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryFat‐soluble derivatives of vitamin B6 including ethylN‐pyridoxyl‐p‐aminobenzoate, pyridoxal isonicotinoylhydrazone, and pyridoxine 5‐monopalmitate showed little or no antioxidative activity for lard as well as for vitamin A at 37°C. The structurally related compounds, ethylN‐vanillyl‐p‐aminobenzoate, vanillin isonicotinoylhydrazone, and the nicotinoylhydrazone were found to be antioxidants although free vanillin was inactive. The removal of the electron‐withdrawing nature at the formyl group in a vanillin molecule might be functional in the development of antioxygenic properties.Evidence was obtained to show that an isonicotinoylhydrazonomethyl group not only activated a phenolic compound as an antioxidant but also removed pro‐oxidative metallic ions from lard through chelation. For example, 3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐hydroxybenzaldehyde isonicotinoylhydrazone (BHB‐INH), a structural analogue of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), stabilized lard more efficiently than BHT on a molar basis in the presence as well as in the absence of Cu++.
Quantitative separations of higher fatty acid methyl esters by adsorption chromatography on silica impregnated with silver nitrate
Authors: De Vries B. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA chromatographic adsorbent has been developed for the separation of geometric isomers of fatty acid methyl esters. The adsorbent consists of silicic acid impregnated with silver nitrate.Quantitative separations of saturated,cis‐, andtrans‐monoenoic and polyenoic methyl esters in 30 to 100 mg quantities are reported.
Preparation of highly purified fatty acids via liquid‐liquid partition chromatography
Authors: Privett O. S. , Nickell E. Christense 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe application of reversed‐phase, liquid‐liquid partition chromatography to the preparation of highly purified methyl esters of fatty acids is described. The parameters of fractionation of methyl esters by this method are demonstrated with model mixtures of these compounds. Model mixtures are also used to demonstrate the use of adsorption chromatography on columns of silicic acid, impregnated with silver nitrate, in conjunction with liquid‐liquid partition chromatography to eliminate fractional distillation in the preparation of polyunsaturated methyl esters.The formation of artefacts of 4, 5 and 6 double bond methyl esters during fractional distillation and their fractionation is described.The use of liquid‐liquid partition chromatography for preparative purposes on a large laboratory scale is demonstrated by the preparation of pure methyl linolenate from linseed oil esters. Methyl arachidonate, eicosapentaenoate, docosapentaenoate and docosahexaenoate are also prepared in high purity.
Raw materials for soap. Saturated and unsaturated fats
Authors: Stirton A. J. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryFour classes of glycerides have been discussed as raw materials for soap. They are the animal fats, for example tallow and grease; the lauric acid oils, for example coconut oil and babassu oil; the oleiclinoleic acid oils, for example cottonseed oil foots and palm oil; and the marine oils, for example hydrogenated whale oil. Soybean oil foots is still another class, representing the linolenic acid oils. No single fat has a fatty acid composition which would make it generally useful in soap making, and it is the usual practice to blend the raw materials.
Epoxy resins from fatty esters derived from cyclohexane and epoxycyclohexane
Authors: Scholnick Frank , Ault W. C. , Port W. S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe magnitude of the physical properties of resins obtained by the phthalic anhydride cure of non‐terminal epoxy monomers, prepared from fatty derivatives, was shown to be dependent on the distribution of the epoxy groups in the monomer.The monomers were prepared by epoxidizing a series of unsaturated esters, selected to test the effect of the addition of a single symmetrically disposed epoxide group. Oleoyl and linoleoyl esters of tetrahydrophthalyl alcohol, as well as dioleyl and dilinoleyl tetrahydrophthalate, were epoxidized and cured with phthalic anhydride (Group A). For comparison, epoxy monomers were prepared from oleoyl and linoleoyl esters of hexahydrophthalyl alcohol, as well as dioleyl and dilinoleyl hexahydrophthalate (Group B). When these epoxides were cured with phthalic anhydride, it was found that the resins derived from Group A had heat distortion temperatures which were approximately 55舑65C higher than those from Group B.