bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Obsessive‐compulsive beliefs and magical ideation in eating disorders
Authors: Lavender Anna , Shubert Iljana , de Silva Padmal , Treasure Janet 
Published: August 2006

Objectives. Similarities in patterns of cognition and behaviour between patients with eating disorders and those with obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD) have long been recognized, and comorbidity between these disorders has been shown to be high. However, there has been little investigation of the cognitive content shared between eating disorders and OCD. It has been suggested that a cognitive analysis of the overlap between the disorders may help to increase understanding of each, and have potentially useful clinical implications. The present study aimed to investigate the presence of obsessive‐compulsive beliefs and magical ideation (MI) in a group of eating‐disordered participants.Method. One hundred seventy‐seven volunteers with a history of or current eating disorder completed the Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire (OBQ), the Interpretation of Intrusions Inventory (III) and the Magical ideation scale (MIS).Results. Eating‐disordered participants demonstrated levels of the beliefs measured comparable to or higher than those with OCD.Conclusions. The results supported the hypothesis that the belief domains investigated are relevant to eating‐disordered individuals. This has interesting theoretical and clinical implications. Further research will be required to elucidate the role of these types of cognitions in the relationship between eating disorders and OCD, and to clarify their role in the psychopathology of eating disorders.
Regression equations for predicting scores of persons over 65 on the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, the mini‐mental state examination, the trail making test and semantic fluency measures
Authors: Knight Robert G. , McMahon Jennifer , Green Timothy J. , Skeaff C. Murray 
Published: August 2006

Objectives.Scores on neuropsychological tests are often used to detect abnormal changes in cognition in older persons. Accordingly, it is important to have normative data that allow the abnormality of a test score to be determined precisely and accurately. Regression equations that estimate an expected score based on demographic or premorbid factors can be an efficient method of making normative comparisons. Our aim was to compute regression equations with age, gender and estimated premorbid IQ as predictors of scores on the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT), the Trail Making Test (TMT), Mini‐mental State Examination (MMSE) and measures of semantic fluency.Design.All measures were administered to a group of 272 healthy older persons aged between 65 and 90 during the pre‐treatment phase of a study evaluating the effect of nutritional supplements on cognition. Premorbid IQ was estimated using the National Ault Reading Test (NART). Stepwise multiple regression procedures were used to determine the weights to be applied to the predictor variables.Results.Age and premorbid IQ were found to be significantly correlated with all test variables; gender correlated significantly with most scores. Regression equations based on the 3 predictor variables explained between 10% and 30% of the variance of the range of test scores. The use of these equations in clinical practice was illustrated.Conclusion.The significant correlations between the predictor variables and test scores justified computing a set of equations for use in interpreting data from older persons. The abnormality of the difference between predicted and obtained scores provides a convenient index of an individual's current level of neuropsychological functioning.
Functional responses of bone cells to thrombin
Authors: Pagel Charles N. , Sivagurunathan Sutharshani , Loh Lay Hoon , Tudor Elizabeth M. , Pike Robert N. , Mackie Eleanor J. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractCells responsible for the formation and maintenance of bone express thrombin-responsive members of the protease-activated receptor family of G protein-coupled receptors. Thrombin has been shown to elicit a number of functional responses in these cells, including proliferation and cytokine production in osteoblasts. Many, but not all, of the effects of thrombin on bone cells are initiated by activation of protease-activated receptor-1. A combination ofin vitroobservations and results ofin vivostudies in protease-activated receptor-1-null mice suggest that thrombin plays multiple roles in the early stages of bone healing.
Production and processing of a recombinant Fasciola hepatica cathepsin B-like enzyme (FhcatB1) reveals potential processing mechanisms in the parasite
Authors: Beckham Simone A. , Law Ruby H.-P. , Smooker Peter M. , Quinsey Noelene S. , Caffrey Conor R. , McKerrow James H. , Pike Robert N. , Spithill Terry W. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe liver fluke,Fasciola hepatica, apparently uses a number of cysteine proteases during its life cycle, most likely for feeding, immune evasion and invasion of tissues. A cathepsin B-like enzyme (herein referred to as FhcatB1) appears to be a major enzyme secreted by the invasive, newly excysted juvenile flukes of this parasite. To examine the processing mechanisms for this enzyme, a recombinant form was expressed inPichia pastorisand purified to yield a homogenous pool of the enzyme. The purified enzyme could be autoactivated at low pH via a bi-molecular mechanism, a process that was greatly accelerated by the presence of large, negatively charged molecules such as dextran sulfate. The enzyme could also apparently be processed to the correct size by an asparaginyl endopeptidase via cleavage in an unusual insertion N-terminal to the normal cleavage site used to yield the active form of the enzyme. Thus, there appear to be a number of ways in which this enzyme can be processed to its optimally active form prior to secretion byF. hepatica.
Tripeptidyl-peptidase I in health and disease
Authors: Golabek Adam A. , Kida Elizabeth 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe lysosomal lumen contains numerous acidic hydrolases involved in the degradation of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, which are basic cell components that turn over continuously within the cell and/or are ingested from outside of the cell. Deficiency in almost any of these hydrolases causes accumulation of the undigested material in secondary lysosomes, which manifests itself as a form of lysosomal storage disorder (LSD). Mutations in tripeptidyl-peptidase I (TPP I) underlie the classic late-infantile form of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (CLN2), the most common neurodegenerative disorders of childhood. TPP I is an aminopeptidase with minor endopeptidase activity and Ser475 serving as an active-site nucleophile. The enzyme is synthesized as a highly glycosylated precursor transported by mannose-6-phosphate receptors to lysosomes, where it undergoes proteolytic maturation. This review summarizes recent progress in understanding of TPP I biology and molecular pathology of the CLN2 disease process, including distribution of the enzyme, its biosynthesis, glycosylation, transport and activation, as well as catalytic mechanisms and their potential implications for pathogenesis and treatment of the underlying disease. Promising data from gene and stem cell therapy in laboratory animals raise hope that CLN2 will be the first neurodegenerative LSD for which causative treatment will become available for humans.
Considering human–primate transmission of measles virus through the prism of risk analysis
Authors: Jones‐Engel Lisa , Engel Gregory A. , Schillaci Michael A. , Lee Benjamin , Heidrich John , Chalise Mukesh , Kyes Randall C. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractMeasles is a respiratory virus that is endemic to humans. Human–nonhuman primate (NHP) transmission of the measles virus has been shown to cause significant morbidity and mortality in NHP populations. We investigated serological evidence of exposure to measles virus in two free‐ranging populations of macaques at the Bukit Timah (BTNR) and Central Catchment Nature (CCNR) reserves in Singapore and the Swoyambhu Temple in Katmandu, Nepal. At BTNR/CCNR none of the 38 macaques (Macaca fascicularis) sampled were seropositive for antibodies to measles virus. In contrast, at Swoyambhu 100% (n=39) of the macaques (M. mulatta) sampled were seropositive for antibodies to the measles virus. Here the contrasting seroprevalences of the two sites are analyzed using risk analysis. These case studies show how risk analysis can be used to approach the phenomenon of cross‐species pathogen transmission. Am. J. Primatol. 68:868–879, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ecological and eco‐social models for the introduction of the abalone Haliotis discus hannai into benthic systems of north‐central Chile: sustainability assessment
Authors: Ortiz Marco , Stotz Wolfgang 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Loop models of ecological and socio‐economic systems were developed to analyse and predict the impact of a possible accidental introduction (escapes) of the abalone Haliotis discus hannai into a benthic community of north‐central Chile.
Although the ‘new’ ecological system resulting from a successful invasion of abalone would be locally stable, the establishment of a self‐enhanced dynamic of recruits would transform this into an unstable system.
The harvest of the kelp, Lessonia trabeculata and other macroalgae is not recommended because this destabilizes the system. The harvest of abalone adults is only sustainable if they do not exert a negative effect upon other native invertebrates.
The eco‐social model showed three important results: (1) if the variables ‘Price’ and ‘Farming’ are in expansion and stationary dynamics, then the models were found unstable; (2) a self‐enhanced dynamic of abalone recruits tends toward instability; and (3) the harvest of the kelp L. trabeculata and other macroalgae would be non‐sustainable.
Based on our results, the sustainable development of extensive farming of H. discus hannai in the sea would be not reached. If it is done, an intensive monitoring of the community after introduction into the system is strongly recommended. Likewise, the farming of macroalgal species (source of food for abalone) should be promoted in order to avoid harvesting of macroalgae from natural systems.
Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
fKWIC: Frequency‐based keyword‐in‐context index for filtering Web search results
Authors: Käki Mika 
Published: August 2006

AbstractEnormous Web search engine databases combined with short search queries result in large result sets that are often difficult to access. Result ranking works fairly well, but users need help when it fails. For these situations, we propose a filtering interface that is inspired by keyword‐in‐context (KWIC) indices. The user interface lists the most frequent keyword contexts (fKWIC). When a context is selected, the corresponding results are displayed in the result list, allowing users to concentrate on the specific context. We compared the keyword context index user interface to the rank order result listing in an experiment with 36 participants. The results show that the proposed user interface was 29% faster in finding relevant results, and the precision of the selected results was 19% higher. In addition, participants showed positive attitudes toward the system.
Metagenomics: An inexhaustible access to nature's diversity
Authors: Langer Martin , Gabor Esther M. , Liebeton Klaus , Meurer Guido , Niehaus Frank , Schulze Renate , Eck Jürgen , Lorenz Patrick 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe chemical industry has an enormous need for innovation. To save resources, energy and time, currently more and more established chemical processes are being switched to biotechnological routes. This requires white biotechnology to discover and develop novel enzymes, biocatalysts and applications. Due to a limitation in the cultivability of microbes living in certain habitats, technologies have to be established which give access to the enormous resource of uncultivated microbial diversity. Metagenomics promises to provide new and diverse enzymes and biocatalysts as well as bioactive molecules and has the potential to make industrial biotechnology an economic, sustainable success.
Effect of non‐feeding period length on the intermittent operation of UASB reactors treating dairy effluents
Authors: Coelho N.M. , Rodrigues A.A. , Arroja L.M. , Capela I.F. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractRecent environmental concerns have prompted a re‐evaluation of conventional management strategies and refueled the search of innovative waste management practices. In this sense, the anaerobic digestion of both fat and the remaining complex organic matter present in dairy wastewaters is attractive, although the continuous operation of high rate anaerobic processes treating this type of wastewaters causes the failure of the process. This work accesses the influence of non‐feeding period length on the intermittent operation of mesophilic UASB reactors treating dairy wastewater, in order to allow the biological degradation to catch up with adsorption phenomenon. During the experiments, two UASB reactors were subject to three organic loading rates, ranging from 6 to 12 gCOD · L−1 · d−1, with the same daily load applied to both reactors, each one with a different non‐feeding period. Both reactors showed good COD removal efficiencies (87–92%). A material balance for COD in the reactors during the feeding and non‐feeding periods showed the importance of the feedless period, which allowed the biomass to degrade substrate that was accumulated during the feeding period. The reactor with the longest non‐feeding period had a better performance, which resulted in a higher methane production and adsorption capacity for the same organic load applied with a consequent less accumulation of substrate into the biomass. In addition, both reactors had a stable operation for the organic load of 12 gCOD · L−1 · d−1, which is higher than the maximum applicable load reported in literature for continuous systems (3–6 gCOD · L−1 · d−1). Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;96: 244–249. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Halogenated Veneers: Protein Cross‐Linking and Halogenation in the Jaws ofNereis, a Marine Polychaete Worm
Authors: Birkedal Henrik , Khan Rashda K. , Slack Nelle , Broomell Chris , Lichtenegger Helga C. , Zok Frank , Stucky Galen D. , Waite J. Herbert 
Published: August 2006

AbstractMineralized tissues are produced by most living organisms for load and impact functions. In contrast, the jaws of the clam worm,Nereis, are hard without mineralization. However, they are peculiarly rich in halogens, which are associated with a variety of post‐translationally modified amino acids, many of which are multiply halogenated by chlorine, bromine, and/or iodine. Several of these modified amino acids, namely dibromohistidine, bromoiodohistidine, chloroiodotyrosine, bromoiodotyrosine, chlorodityrosine, chlorotrityrosine, chlorobromotrityrosine, and bromoiodotrityrosine, have not been previously reported. We have found that the distributions of Cl, Br, and I differ: Cl is widespread whereas Br and I, although not colocalized, are concentrated in proximity to the external jaw surfaces. By using nanoindentation, we show that Br and I are unlikely to play a purely mechanical role, but that the local Zn and Cl concentrations and jaw microstructure are the prime determinants of local jaw hardness. Several of the post‐translationally modified amino acids are akin to those found in various sclerotized structures of invertebrates, and we propose that they are part of a cross‐linked protein casing.
Cardiac computed tomography compared to transthoracic echocardiography in the management of congenital heart disease
Authors: Beier Ulf H. , Jelnin Vladimir , Jain Supriya , Ruiz Carlos E. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractObjectives: To compare cardiac CT and transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) as diagnostic utilities in congenital heart disease (CHD) and to determine their advantages and limitations. Background:TTE is widely used in the evaluation of CHD. Recent reports suggested an increasing role of CT. However, there are few quantitative data on its diagnostic accuracy. Methods:We investigated a total of 162 patients (51.24% male; mean age: 16.06 ±± 17.92) with congenital heart defects, who underwent electron beam CT (EBCT) and TTE between March 2002 and June 2005. We retrospectively analyzed a total of 667 findings, stratified for age and anatomic categories. Results: EBCT and TTE findings are concordant in patients below 1 year of age (85.43% agreement). EBCT had poor sensitivity and specificity in detecting anomalies of cardiac chambers (0.68, 0.58), but was useful for great arteries (0.91, 0.85). Furthermore, sensitivity and specificity were remarkably different in systemic venous return (0.93, 0.3) and coronary vessels (0.8, 0.33) because of “false positive” findings, which were later found to be most likely real findings not detectable by reference standard. The opposite was true for cardiac valves (0.66, 0.89) and septa (0.76, 0.91). Conclusions: EBCT delineates findings related to systemic venous return and coronary vessels well due to simultaneous visualization of complex anatomy. This advantage does not seem to apply in patients below 1 year of age with better acoustic windows. TTE was found more suitable for cardiac valves and septal defects because of the availability of flow imaging. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Environmentally Friendly One‐Pot Synthesis of α‐Alkylated Nitriles Using Hydrotalcite‐Supported Metal Species as Multifunctional Solid Catalysts
Authors: Motokura Ken , Fujita Noriaki , Mori Kohsuke , Mizugaki Tomoo , Ebitani Kohki , Jitsukawa Koichiro , Kaneda Kiyotomi 
Published: August 2006

AbstractA ruthenium‐grafted hydrotalcite (Ru/HT) and hydrotalcite‐supported palladium nanoparticles (Pdnano/HT) are easily prepared by treating basic layered double hydroxide, hydrotalcite (HT, Mg6Al2(OH)16CO3) with aqueous RuCl3⋅n H2O and K2[PdCl4] solutions, respectively, using surface impregnation methods. Analysis by means of X‐ray diffraction, and energy‐dispersive X‐ray, electron paramagnetic resonance, and X‐ray absorption fine structure spectroscopies proves that a monomeric RuIV species is grafted onto the surface of the HT. Meanwhile, after reduction of a surface‐isolated PdII species, highly dispersed Pd nanoclusters with a mean diameter of about 70 Å is observed on the Pdnano/HT surface by transmission electron microscopy analysis. These hydrotalcite‐supported metal catalysts can effectively promote α‐alkylation reactions of various nitriles with primary alcohols or carbonyl compounds through tandem reactions consisting of metal‐catalyzed oxidation and reduction, and an aldol reaction promoted by the base sites of the HT. In these catalytic α‐alkylations, homogeneous bases are unnecessary and the only by‐product is water. Additionally, these catalyst systems are applicable to one‐pot syntheses of glutaronitrile derivatives.
Regularity of the obstacle problem for a fractional power of the laplace operator
Authors: Silvestre Luis 
Published: August 2006

AbstractGiven a function φ and s ∈ (0, 1), we will study the solutions of the following obstacle problem:

u ≥ φ in ℝn,
(−▵)su ≥ 0 in ℝn,
(−▵)su(x) = 0 for those x such that u(x) > φ(x),
lim|x| → + ∞ u(x) = 0.

We show that when φ is C1, s or smoother, the solution u is in the space C1, α for
every α < s. In the case where the contact set {u = φ} is convex, we prove the
optimal regularity result u ∈ C1, s. When φ is only C1, β for a β < s, we prove
that our solution u is C1, α for every α < β. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Linear matrix inequality representation of sets
Authors: Helton J. William , Vinnikov Victor 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis article concerns the question, Which subsets of ℝm can be represented with linear matrix inequalities (LMIs)? This gives some perspective on the scope and limitations of one of the most powerful techniques commonly used in control theory. Also, before having much hope of representing engineering problems as LMIs by automatic methods, one needs a good idea of which problems can and cannot be represented by LMIs. Little is currently known about such problems. In this article we give a necessary condition that we call “rigid convexity,” which must hold for a set 𝒞 ⊆ ℝm in order for 𝒞 to have an LMI representation. Rigid convexity is proved to be necessary and sufficient when m = 2. This settles a question formally stated by Pablo Parrilo and Berndt Sturmfels in [15]. As shown by Lewis, Parillo, and Ramana [11], our main result also establishes (in the case of three variables) a 1958 conjecture by Peter Lax on hyperbolic polynomials. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Petri net model of protocol conversion for CTF service: its universal coupling criteria and property analysis
Authors: Zhu Xiaomin , Liao Jianxin , Chen Junliang 
Published: August 2006

AbstractProtocol conversion is a critical issue requiring much research attention. In this paper, the protocol conversion methodology proposed originally by Green is extended with the Petri nets theory to study application layer protocol conversion among more than two interfaces. The click‐to‐fax (CTF) service based on the Internet intelligent network (IIN) model is taken as an example to illustrate the extended part. A two‐step Petri net modelling method is proposed, which is easier compared to constructing the overall model directly in just one step. Universal coupling criteria of Petri net model of protocol conversion (PNPC) are abstracted. The PNPC of CTF service is analysed using analytical techniques of Petri nets, which are proved to be effective in finding and eliminating potential bugs. The necessity of the concept of service layer is also emphasized. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fine‐needle aspiration of soft tissue leiomyosarcoma: An analysis of the most common cytologic findings and the value of ancillary techniques
Authors: Domanski Henryk A. , Åkerman Måns , Rissler Pehr , Gustafson Pelle 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis study aims to determine the diagnostic accuracy of fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of primary leiomyosarcoma (LMS) of soft tissue and to review diagnostic criteria and adjunctive methods, which can contribute to a confident diagnosis.We evaluated the preoperative FNAC in 89 patients with primary LMS for the following: cytomorphology and correspondence of FNA to histological features of excised tumors and clinical data. In addition, the utility of adjunctive techniques was analyzed and other spindle‐cell lesions in the differential diagnoses were discussed.An unequivocal, malignant diagnosis was rendered by FNAC in 78 cases; 74 tumors were diagnosed as sarcoma, of which 31 as LMS or suspicion of LMS. In addition, three smears were labeled as malignant tumor, one as carcinoma metastasis, and three as neurilemmoma. Seven aspirates were inconclusive and one insufficient. On reevaluation, the diagnostic smears in most cases contained tumor cell fascicles with an admixture of dispersed cells or stripped nuclei. The most common cells were spindle cells with elongated, blunt‐ended, segmented or fusiform nuclei, and round/polygonal cells, often with rounded or indented nuclei. In addition, 51 cases showed pleomorphic, often multinucleated cells. Osteoclasts, intranuclear vacuoles, and mitoses occurred in 14, 47, and 27 cases, respectively. Thus, most high‐grade LMSs have cytologic features that allow diagnosis of sarcoma. Ancillary studies can confirm the diagnosis of LMS and help in the correct interpretation of predominant spindle‐cell or epitheloid‐cell smears resembling neurilemoma or carcinoma, respectively. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2006;34:597–604. © 2006 Wiley–Liss, Inc.