bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reliability and validity of an app-assisted tissue compliance meter in measuring tissue stiffness on a phantom model
Authors: Brandl Andreas , Acikalin Eda , Bartsch Katja , Wilke Jan , Schleip Robert 
Published: March 2024

Background
Most methods for soft tissue stiffness assessment require high financial resources, significant technical effort, or extensive therapist training. The PACT Sense device was developed to be used in a wide range of applications and user groups. However, to date, there are no data on its validity and reliability. The aim of this study was to investigate the validity and reliability of the PACT device.

Methods
A polyurethane phantom tissue model (PTM) mimicking the mechanical properties of the fascia profunda and the erector spinae muscle was used. Stiffness measurements with PACT were conducted by two independent investigators. For construct validity, correlations were calculated between the known stiffness of the PTM and values obtained with PACT. For concurrent validity, we determined the association between the PACT values and additional measurements with the established MyotonPRO device. To estimate interrater and intrarater (two measurements with an interval of 7 days) reliability, we used the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC).

Results
Correlation analysis (PTM/PACT) revealed very high concurrent validity (r = 0.99; p < 0.001), construct validity (PACT/MyotonPRO) was 0.87, p < 0.001. Both, interrater reliability (ICC = 0.85; p = 0.036) and intrarater reliability were good (ICC = 0.89; p < 0.001).

Conclusions
The PACT provides valid and reliable stiffness measurements in tissue phantoms. Further studies in humans are needed to confirm its physiometric properties under in vivo conditions.
γ‐Radiation‐induced graft copolymerization of acrylic acid onto poly(ethylene terephthalate) films: A study by thermal analysis
Authors: Kattan M. , El‐Nesr E. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe grafting of acrylic acid onto poly(ethylene terephthalate) films with γ radiation was carried out. The effects of different parameters, such as the monomer concentration, inhibitor concentration, and irradiation dose, on the grafting yield were investigated. The grafting yield depended on these parameters, and its maximum value was obtained at a 1.5% inhibitor concentration and a 40% monomer concentration. The obtained grafting films were characterized with water swelling measurements, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. The results of differential scanning calorimetry showed decreases in the heat capacity step and the glass‐transition temperature with increasing grafting yield. The ability of poly(ethylene terephthalate) to crystallize and the size of the crystalline domains were affected by the grafting. The grafted poly(ethylene terephthalate) that was obtained was tested as an ion exchanger for copper, nickel, cobalt, and lead. The capacity of the grafted films for ion recovery was dependent on the grafting yield. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 198–203, 2006
Precision branching in ethylene copolymers: Synthesis and thermal behavior
Authors: Berda Erik B. , Baughman Travis W. , Wagener Kenneth B. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAcyclic diene metathesis polymerization allows the synthesis of sequenced polyethylene copolymers via step‐growth propagation, thereby avoiding the inherent side reactions associated with chain polymerization. Here we review the synthesis and thermal behavior of ADMET polyethylene (PE) as well as ethylene/propylene (EP), ethylene/butene (EB), ethylene/octane (EO), and ethylene/vinyl ether (EVE) copolymers prepared by ADMET. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 4981–4989, 2006
Well‐defined polymers with acetal side chains as reactive scaffolds synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization
Authors: Li Ronald C. , Broyer Rebecca M. , Maynard Heather D. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe synthesis of a polymer with acetal functionalized side chains, deprotection to aldehydes, and conjugation of aminooxy‐modified molecules is reported. Poly(3,3′‐diethoxypropyl methacrylate) (PDEPMA) was prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Kinetic investigation of the ATRP of DEPMA from ethyl 2‐bromoisobutyrate in methanol with copper (I) bromide and 2,2′‐bipyridine (BIPY) at ambient temperature revealed a controlled polymerization. Altering the initial monomer to initiator ratios resulted in 75–93% conversion to polymers with different molecular weights and narrow molecular weight distributions (PDIs < 1.3). Reactive aldehyde groups were produced by hydrolysis of the acetals in dilute acid. Aminooxy‐functionalized oligo(ethylene glycol) and O‐(carboxymethyl)hydroxylamine were conjugated to the side chains via oxime linkages. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 5004–5013, 2006
A Standardized Method for Analysis ofMedicago truncatulaPhenotypic Development
Authors: Bucciarelli Bruna , Hanan Jim , Palmquist Debra , Vance Carroll P. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractMedicago truncatula has become a model system to study legume biology. It is imperative that detailed growth characteristics of the most commonly used cultivar, line A17 cv Jemalong, be documented. Such analysis creates a basis to analyze phenotypic alterations due to genetic lesions or environmental stress and is essential to characterize gene function and its relationship to morphological development. We have documented morphological development of M. truncatula to characterize its temporal developmental growth pattern; developed a numerical nomenclature coding system that identifies stages in morphological development; tested the coding system to identify phenotypic differences under phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) deprivation; and created visual models using the L-system formalism. The numerical nomenclature coding system, based on a series of defined growth units, represents incremental steps in morphological development. Included is a decimal component dividing growth units into nine substages. A measurement component helps distinguish alterations that may be missed by the coding system. Growth under N and P deprivation produced morphological alterations that were distinguishable using the coding system and its measurement component. N and P deprivation resulted in delayed leaf development and expansion, delayed axillary shoot emergence and elongation, decreased leaf and shoot size, and altered root growth. Timing and frequency of flower emergence in P-deprived plants was affected. This numerical coding system may be used as a standardized method to analyze phenotypic variation in M. truncatula due to nutrient stress, genetic lesions, or other factors and should allow valid growth comparisons across geographically distant laboratories.
The Plant-Like C2 Glycolate Cycle and the Bacterial-Like Glycerate Pathway Cooperate in Phosphoglycolate Metabolism in Cyanobacteria
Authors: Eisenhut Marion , Kahlon Shira , Hasse Dirk , Ewald Ralph , Lieman-Hurwitz Judy , Ogawa Teruo , Ruth Wolfgang , Bauwe Hermann , Kaplan Aaron , Hagemann Martin 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The occurrence of a photorespiratory 2-phosphoglycolate metabolism in cyanobacteria is not clear. In the genome of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803, we have identified open reading frames encoding enzymes homologous to those forming the plant-like C2 cycle and the bacterial-type glycerate pathway. To study the route and importance of 2-phosphoglycolate metabolism, the identified genes were systematically inactivated by mutagenesis. With a few exceptions, most of these genes could be inactivated without leading to a high-CO2-requiring phenotype. Biochemical characterization of recombinant proteins verified that Synechocystis harbors an active serine hydroxymethyltransferase, and, contrary to higher plants, expresses a glycolate dehydrogenase instead of an oxidase to convert glycolate to glyoxylate. The mutation of this enzymatic step, located prior to the branching of phosphoglycolate metabolism into the plant-like C2 cycle and the bacterial-like glycerate pathway, resulted in glycolate accumulation and a growth depression already at high CO2. Similar growth inhibitions were found for a single mutant in the plant-type C2 cycle and more pronounced for a double mutant affected in both the C2 cycle and the glycerate pathway after cultivation at low CO2. These results suggested that cyanobacteria metabolize phosphoglycolate by the cooperative action of the C2 cycle and the glycerate pathway. When exposed to low CO2, glycine decarboxylase knockout mutants accumulated far more glycine and lysine than wild-type cells or mutants with inactivated glycerate pathway. This finding and the growth data imply a dominant, although not exclusive, role of the C2 route in cyanobacterial phosphoglycolate metabolism.
A Gain-of-Function Mutation in the Arabidopsis Pleiotropic Drug Resistance Transporter PDR9 Confers Resistance to Auxinic Herbicides
Authors: Ito Hironori , Gray William M. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) contains 15 genes encoding members of the pleiotropic drug resistance (PDR) family of ATP-binding cassette transporters. These proteins have been speculated to be involved in the detoxification of xenobiotics, however, little experimental support of this hypothesis has been obtained to date. Here we report our characterization of the Arabidopsis PDR9 gene. We isolated a semidominant, gain-of-function mutant, designated pdr9-1, that exhibits increased tolerance to the auxinic herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Reciprocally, loss-of-function mutations in PDR9 confer 2,4-D hypersensitivity. This altered auxin sensitivity defect of pdr9 mutants is specific for 2,4-D and closely related compounds as these mutants respond normally to the endogenous auxins indole-3-acetic acid and indole-butyric acid. We demonstrate that 2,4-D, but not indole-3-acetic acid transport is affected by mutations in pdr9, suggesting that the PDR9 transporter specifically effluxes 2,4-D out of plant cells without affecting endogenous auxin transport. The semidominant pdr9-1 mutation affects an extremely highly conserved domain present in all known plant PDR transporters. The single amino acid change results in increased PDR9 abundance and provides a novel approach for elucidating the function of plant PDR proteins.
SOME MOVING SOILS IN SPITSBERGEN
Authors: SMITH J. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryA reconnaissance soil survey of an area of 160 sq. km. (60 sq. miles) was made in central Vestspitsbergen and the distribution of soils interpreted as a catena in which denudation has a more prominent role than in temperate regions; the more important soil characters were related to slope. The paper includes some observations on solifluction, polygonal soils, and perennially frozen ground. Finally the soils described are tentatively named according to the classifications of Kellogg & Nygard, and Kubiena.
ALPINE SOILS OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS1
Authors: RETZER J. L. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryA field and laboratory study was made of soils developed in the alpine region of the Rocky Mountains. The region is a grassland above the general elevations of 10,500 ft. in Wyoming, 11,500 ft. in southern Colorado. Cold inhibits soil development.Three groups of soils occur. Their gross characteristics are determined by drainage and variations in parent rocks from which the soils developed. The groups are described and given the names of Alpine Turf, Alpine Meadow, and Alpine Bog soils.Only the Alpine Turf soils were studied in the laboratory. They are characterized by an organic‐carbon content of 5–20 per cent. in the surface 5–7 in. and coarse, gravelly, or sandy textures throughout. The largest amounts of sift and clay occur in the surface. The range in pH is from 4.5 to 8.4, depending on the kind of parent rock, but no marked variations occur in any horizon of any soil. Preliminary studies revealed the presence of some of the common clay minerals in the fine soil fractions. This was taken as evidence that these soils are starting on the nonnal course of soil development. The morphology is simple, consisting of an A‐B‐C profile. Horizons are more distinct in the turf soil than in either the meadow or bog soils.
NUMBERS OF BACTERIA AND ACTINOMYCETES IN A KENYA SOIL
Authors: MEIKLEJOHN JANE 
Published: July 2006

SummaryThe estimates of numbers of bacteria and actinomycetes derived from plate counts made from soil samples taken at Muguga, Kenya, varied with the extent to which the soil was diluted. Low dilutions gave small, and high dilutions large, estimates.The ratio between direct counts and plate counts on the same sample was wide at first, but became narrow as the drought of early 1953 was prolonged.The percentage of actinomycete colonies on plates was less than 30 at first but rose to over 90 when the drought was well established.It is concluded that the drought‐resistant part of the microflora in this surface soil is almost entirely composed of actinomycete spores.
STUDIES ON SOIL MANGANESE
Authors: HEINTZE SIGNE G. 
Published: July 2006

Summary1. While results of extractions, performed in the presence of reducing agents, of mineral soils low in organic‐matter content suggested that manganese higher oxides approaching the manganese‐dioxide type are present or formed by oxidation of added manganese, results obtained with other extractants lend support to the suggestion by Dion and Mann that hydrated manganese oxides may occur in such soils.2. From the distribution of manganese in various extracts of alkaline organic soils with or without added manganese materials, it was concluded that no difficultly reducible higher oxides of manganese are present or formed. Some evidence was presented for the view that manganese of a higher valency form may remain in combination with the organic matter or may be retained in this manner after oxidation of added manganese.3. Divalent manganese present as a complex of the organic matter of alkaline organic soils could be estimated by extraction with a monocalcium disodium versenate solution. It constituted 10–20 per cent. of the total manganese content. Manganese added to such soils and not present as readily soluble manganese was recovered by this extractant shortly after application; manganese did not, however, remain in this form after some weeks contact with soils.4. The organic matter of various soluble organic‐matter fractions migrated anionically over a wide pH range; that of lignin solutions remained at the iso‐electric point. Manganese already present in soluble organic‐matter fractions migrated anionically in contrast to manganese added and retained by such fractions that moved predominantly as a cation.5. The oxidizable carbon or total nitrogen content of soluble organic‐matter fractions was not closely related to the amounts of manganese retained by such fractions in a form that was non‐dialysable against potassium chloride. Some evidence was obtained that different types of complexing groups may be present in water extracts subsequent to extraction by sodium chloride of an alkaline fen and of an acid raw‐humus peat.
THE CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS
Authors: Kubiëna W. L. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryThere are two possible ways of ordering natural formations: (1) by simplification in order to save time and to make possible an easy grouping by forgoing detailed specification (ordering by one or by a limited number of definite properties); (2) by forgoing simplification and by giving full weight to detailed specification in the establishment of the systematic units, in order to make possible the application of the system in every branch of general and applied science that deals in some way or other with the natural formation to be defined and ordered (ordering by differential diagnosis with no restriction to number or kind of properties).Both the above systems of ordering are possible with soils. Both are justified, their respective application depending on aims, purposes, and necessities. They could neither fight nor help each other; they are divided from the very beginning by their different principles and goals which lead necessarily to two independent branches of soil systematics.
THE SOILS OF KERMAN, SOUTH PERSIA
Authors: BECKETT P. H. T. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryNo mature soils were observed in the area round Kerman, much of which was occupied by lithosols and regosols. The profiles of immature soils on the fine outwash alluvium occupying some of the broad valleys suggested that the zonal Great Soil Group would be a Reddish Desert Soil. Phosphate and potassium levels of cultivated soils on the fine alluvium are adequate or good; the total nitrogen content is low, though higher on cultivated than on uncultivated soils.
SOME CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ‘TERMITE SOILS’ IN KENYA COFFEE FIELDS
Authors: ROBINSON J. B. D. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryChemical data are presented for a number of related topsoil, subsoil, and termite‐soil samples collected in mulched coffee established on a laterized red loam coffee soil.The comparisons of mean values for soil organic carbon, total base‐exchange capacity, total exchangeable bases, exchangeable calcium, and exchangeable magnesium show that there is no statistically significant mean difference between the topsoil and termite‐soil sample results. The subsoil sample results, however, are significantly lower than either the topsoil or termite‐soil samples in all these results.Similar comparisons of the mean values for soil pH and exchangeable calcium plus magnesium, when expressed as a percentage of the total exchangeable bases, show that the soil has been altered by Odontotermes badius(Hav.) in constructing the ‘runs; it is left with a higher pH value and with an increased proportion of the total exchangeable bases present as calcium plus magnesium.It is not possible from these results to say conclusively whether the termite soil samples are derived from the adjacent topsoil or subsoil.It is concluded that the presence of the termite soil which eventually becomes intimately mixed with the topsoil during cultivation and weed‐control operations is not a point to be considered against Odontotermes badius(Hav.) when assessing the ‘pros and cons’ of its presence in mulched coffee.
STUDIES ON THE BASALTIC SOILS OF NORTHERN IRELAND IV. MINERALOGICAL STUDY OF THE CLAY SEPARATES (<2μ)
Authors: McALEESE D. M. , MITCHELL W. A. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryThe clay separates (<2μ) isolated from the horizons of ten basaltic soil profiles are shown by X‐ray analysis to have a mixedmineralogical composition; the type and amount of each mineral present being dependent on the drainage conditions within the profile.Kaolin, the end product of weathering, generally predominates in surface horizons. Vermiculite is formed in well‐drained profiles, but where gleying symptoms are evident vermiculite is replaced by montmorillonite, the amount of which increases with increased degree of waterlogging. Illite occurs in only two profiles to any appreciable extent.It is inferred that soil separates other than clay are contributing to the cationexchange capacity of these soils.
NOTES ON WEATHERING ZONES AND SOILS ON GRANITIC ROCKS IN TWO TROPICAL REGIONS
Authors: BERRY LEONARD , RUXTON BRYAN P. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryIn both Hong Kong and the Sudan weathered granitic rock between the soil and the fresh bedrock can be differentiated into distinct weathering zones which often form a characteristic weathering profile.Weathering profile formation and erosion are most active on concave faceted hillslopes. On footslopes, valley‐side strips, pediments, and plains active soilprofile formation occurs above complete or truncated weathering profiles.A clear distinction between soils and weathering profiles is a pre‐requisite to an understanding of landform development and soil patterns in tropical regions.
THE ADSORPTION OF HUMIC AND FULVIC ACIDS BY CLAYS
Authors: EVANS L. T. , RUSSELL E. W. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryThe adsorption from suspension of the humic‐ and fulvic‐acid components of a soil organic‐matter extract by bentonite was extremely rapid, and was unaffected by temperature. For the humic fraction the extent of adsorption was: Ca and Mg systems > acid systems > K and Na systems; for the fulvic fraction: acid > Ca > Mg > K and Na systems. Only in the K systems was there an approach to the saturation of adsorption, although cation‐exchange‐capacity reductions ceased at a low level of adsorption. In the absence of exchangeable calcium there was a sharp fall in the extent of adsorption with rise in pH, particularly above pH 3.5.Only a small proportion of the organic carbon in both the fulvic and humic fractions was usually adsorbed by the bentonite. The remainder of both fractions was found to be relatively unadsorbable, while the re‐extracted adsorbed proportion remained highly adsorbable.Adsorption by kaolin in K systems was as extensive as that by bentonite, but in the acid and Ca systems it was much less. For adsorption of humic carbon the order of effectiveness was Ca > acid > K, and for fulvic carbon, acid > Ca > K, as in the bentonite systems. Lepidocrocite, goethite, β‐Fe2O3.H2O, and gibbsite also removed much fulvic and humic carbon from suspension, particularly at lower pH values.Mechanisms for the adsorption of organic colloids by clays are considered in the light of these results.
A STUDY OF AN EAST AFRICAN CATENA
Authors: RADWANSKI S. A. , OLLIER C. D. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryThe Buwekula catena occupies a tor landscape which was formed in two stages, as in Linton's two‐cycle theory. Weathering under present conditions has been traced from the proportions of minerals. Feldspar and magnetite show weathering trends and among non‐opaque heavy minerals there is an order of weatherability in the series biotite, muscovite, and epidote.The soil sequence from summit to valley is as follows. Buwekula Shallow occurs on the upper slopes and is a comparatively youthful soil. Buwekula Red occurs on the upper and middle sections of pediments and is a deeply and thoroughly weathered soil the parent material of which has sustained more than one cycle of weathering. Buwekula Brown is a topohydric variant of Buwekula Red and occurs in the lower sections of the pediments. Two alluvial series (Buwekula Yellow‐Brown and Buwekula Grey) are derived from weathering and erosion products of the deeply weathered upland associates.Mineralogical and geomorphic evidence indicates that much weathering took place before the present land surface evolved and that the upland soils are being formed to a large extent on pre‐weathered material. Since the formation of the present land surface further weathering has given rise to the present soil profiles which appear to be in equilibrium with their environment, so that the development of soil horizons is keeping pace with all the processes responsible for their removal.The distribution of individual soil series of this catena has a considerable influence on the land‐use pattern of the area. Despite the ample and favourably distributed rainfall the Buwekula soils are not as productive agriculturally as some other soils in Uganda under similar climate. The main reasons for this are their high acidity associated with extremely low percentages of base saturation and their liability to accelerated erosion.