bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gas Research Institute Program in Natural Gas Processing
Authors: Leppin D. , Meyer H. S. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The Gas Research Institute (GRI) has begun an R&D Program directed towards natural gas processing issues. Of particular interest is research on problems connected with small-scale subquality natural gas processing. Both fundamental, knowledge-building and applied research are carried out.
Studies of the resource base were undertaken in order to focus the program on those areas of greatest importance. The size of the total resource was estimated at 600 TCF (17 Tm3), of which approximately 40% had significant H, S, COy or K2 contamination. The size of the present and estimates of the future Lower-48 gas processing industry was then developed based on the resource estimates and other factors. An engineering and construction firm, M.W. Kellogg Company, was contracted with to provide a suite of designs/cost estimates for representative industry standard small-scale plants to serve as a baseline with which to evaluate new technology against These results are expected to be available early in 1991. Major findings of the - studies so far are an unexpectedly large regime of economic viability for hybrid systems of amines with membranes for CO2 removal. Two major field activities were started - testing of cellulose acetate membranes for CO2 removal with simultaneous dehydration, and testing of the Su£Ferox liquid redox process for sulfur recovery.
The Low-Volume Flowmeter: Gas Flow Measurement to the 10th of an MCF From Low-Volume Entries
Authors: Walbe K. A. , Collart D. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Locating and measuring low volume gas entries is a critical problem in many Devonian Shale wells in the Appalachian Basin, since many of the small gas entries are below the resolution of conventional geophysical logging tools.
The Low Volume / High Resolution Flowmeter (HRFM) is an extremely sensitive flow measurement tool consisting of three basic parts. The lowest part of the tool contains the sensor section which is comprised of a pressure transducer and a tracer gas reservoir positioned below a tracer gas detector; the central section contains the gamma ray detector for lithology correlation in both open and cased holes; and the upper part of the tool contains the casing collar locator for cased hole referencing.
Flowrate is determined by injecting a tracer gas into the gas flow. The dilution of the tracer gas is then measured at a downstream detector. The mass flow is therefore determined by this method ratherthan the velocity of the gas in the wellbore as measured by conventional production logging spinner surveys. Therefore, the HRFM can measure a full spectrum of flow rates independent of variables which may affect other conventional production logging equipment including gas composition, inclination of the wellbore, temperature, size of tool, irregular borehole diameters and large variations in gas flow rates from different pay zones in the well.
The HRFM is capable of being stacked with other geophysical tools for both open and cased hole operations in vertical and horizontal wells.
Comparative Study of Microcomputer-Based Gas Flow Computers
Authors: Seghier M. , Podio A. L. , Dunn W. W. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A laboratory investigation was undertaken to evaluate and compare the performance of various microprocessor-based gas flow meters. A total of 45 tests were performed with both steady- and unsteady-state flow regimes to simulate field conditions.
In general, the differences in cumulative volume obtained with the seven types of metering systems studied were in the range of 2 to 7%, with the mode being between 3 and 4%. In particular, the study revealed that under unsteady-state conditions the turbine meters agreed reasonably well, i.e., less than 3% percent deviation in cumulative volume, with the orifice plate devices.
Data sampling rates were examined and found to have a pronounced effect on unsteady-state flow measurements, also, bearing in mind the generally high cost of pressure sensing elements, instantaneous values of flowing and differential pressure across the orifice were affected with randomly generated errors in order to investigate the effect on cumulative flow, and thus quantify the degree of transducer accuracy necessary to measure flow under a given set of conditions.
The Material Balance Equation for a Gas Condensate Reservoir With Significant Water Vaporization
Authors: Humphreys N. V. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
In hot, high pressure gas condensate reservoirs significant vaporization of connate water can occur during depletion. As the reservoir pressure decreases, the equilibrium water vapor content of the reservoir gas increases, causing connate water within the gas-bearing portion of the reservoir to vaporize. This both increases the vapor phase pore volume of the reservoir, and decreases the hydrocarbon content of the reservoir gas. Also, condensation of liquid hydrocarbons below the dewpoint will decrease the vapor phase pore volume of the reservoir, invalidating assumptions made in a simple material balance calculation.
A modified form of the material balance equation has been developed to account for these effects. Failure to account for them- can result in erroneous predictions of gas-initially-in-place, and hence reserves. It may also lead to incorrect identification of reservoir drive mechanisms.
Field examples are presented for a gas condensate reservoir below the dewpoint, and for a gas reservoir where water vaporization effects are significant.
As targets for gas reservoirs become progressively deeper, and hotter, the significance of the effects noted in this paper increases.
Performance Analysis of In-Situ Combustion Pilot Project
Authors: Mehra R. K. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
During the 1980's, BP Canada Resources Limited conducted field trials of the Pressure Up Blow Down (FUBD) wet combustion process in the oil sands deposits of Cold Lake, Alberta. The reservoir was first preheated by cyclic steam stimulation. The follow up FUBD process then took advantage of the narrow heated channels left behind to promote flooding towards the producing wells in an otherwise immobile reservoir.
This paper reviews the performance of the process. It embarks on the theoretical analysis of the process with the aim of identifying the monitoring parameters. The field performance is then analyzed and discussed. The evaluation shows that the process is capable of mobilizing significant quantities of oil but requires a much greater degree of control, without which it exhibits sharp declines in oil recoveries.
Dynamic Gas Pulse Loading Stimulations of Thermal Producers at South Belridge Field, Kern County, California
Authors: Fram J. H. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper details the theory, procedures and results of using Dynamic Gas Pulse Loading (DGPL)1 to stimulate over one hundred open hole, gravel packed, slotted liner completed thermal producers in the South Belridge Field located in Kern County, California. This paper will also highlight the potential uses of this technique for stimulating impaired wells completed in consolidated sandstone and carbonate formations.
Pressure Transient Field Data Showing Fractal Reservoir Structure
Authors: Beier Richard A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Conventional pressure transient models strictly apply to areally homogeneous reservoirs. Yet, core and log data indicate this assumption is often not justified. This paper describes a model for heterogeneous reservoirs and supporting field data from the Grayburg/ San Andres formations in southeastern New Mexico. Conventional models fail to match these field data. Instead, a model for a heterogeneous reservoir with a fractal structure provides a quantitative analysis. The fractal reservoir model reduces to the conventional solution in the case of a homogeneous reservoir.
A Compositional Two-Phase Flow Model for Analyzing and Designing Complex Pipeline Network Systems
Authors: Mucharam Leksono , Adewumi Michael A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A two-phase flow model has been developed for analyzing and designing gas/condensate distribution pipeline network system. The model is developed based on looped-system approach with some modifications. In this model, a phase behavior model is implemented for predicting the fluid properties required for the governing equations for the network system. By utilizing the Linear Theory Method, the Beggs-Brill's two-phase flow model is implemented in this model to predict the hydrodynamic variables in each leg of the network using the iterative technique which is developed in this study. A generalization of the two-phase network model is provided thereby making it possible for the two-phase flow model used to be replaced with any other mat may be more applicable for the particular situation. Using the iterative procedure developed, pressure at all nodes, gas flow rate and liquid holdup at each leg can be predicted. The test results demonstrate that the model can serve as a predictive and design tool for solving a two-phase flow problem in a pipeline network.
Oxygen Fireflooding: Determination of Maximum Water/Oxygen Ratio for Normal Wet Combustion
Authors: Venkatesan V. N. , Sampath K. , Otto J. B. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The results of a series of combustion tube tests conducted with a medium gravity crude oil from the Esperson Dome Field, Texas, are described in this paper. The effects of water/oxygen ratios (WO2R), ranging from 0 to 10 bbl/Mcf, on residual oil saturation in the burned zone, fuel and oxygen requirements, and rates of combustion/steam fronts advance were determined.
The results show that up to 7% residual oil saturation (based on pore volume) remains in the burned zone at the highest WO2R studied. Thus, one of the main benefits of wet combustion, viz., reduced fuel/O2 consumption, must be balanced against the reduction in displaced oil.
Normal wet combustion occurs at WO2R's up to 2.5 bbl/Mcf, and the steam zone ahead of the combustion front continues to grow with increasing WO2R. Oil production is accelerated and the oxygen/produced oil ratio decreases. A transition zone of constant fuel and oxygen requirements is observed as the combustion process changes from normal wet to superwet. This is the first time such data are reported for fireflooding of a medium gravity oil with oxygen. At high WO2R's, superwet combustion occurs, characterized by combustion at steam temperature.
An analytical heat transfer model successfully matches the experimental results. It predicts the minimum and maximum WO2R's for normal wet combustion. Below the minimum WO2R, the model suggests no significant growth of the steam zone. The model should be useful for estimating WO2R's in field projects.
Effect of Gelled Fracturing Fluids on the Conductivity of Propped Fractures
Authors: Parker Mark A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Successful stimulation of an oil or gas well by a hydraulic fracturing treatment is largely dependent on obtaining a propped fracture with adequate fracture conductivity. The fracture conductivity is influenced by the reservoir environment following a hydraulic fracturing treatment. Many years of field experience have shown that it is usually necessary to use a gelled fluid to create fracture width and suspend the proppants. However, until only recently, laboratory testing methods did not realistically measure the damaging effects of these fluid systems on the conductivity of propped fractures.
As reported in recent publications, a few laboratories have constructed large scale models to simulate the pumping operation as well as the postfrac reservoir environment of a propped fracture. During pumping, treatment conditions are simulated by using a high shear flow loop to model wellbore tubular conditions, and a low shear, heated flow loop to simulate flow down the fracture. The fluid then enters a heated test cell where dynamic fluid loss in the fracture is modeled with core wafers set apart to allow fluid to flow between them and create gel filter cakes. A proppant-laden slurry is then Injected Into the gap between the core wafers and closure stress is applied.
This completes the simulation of the fracturing treatment and the propped fracture. While holding the cell at the temperature of the reservoir being modeled, the fracture conductivity is monitored for long time periods at stress progressively increasing levels of stress.
This paper describes the equipment and procedures used to accurately simulate stimulation treatment and downhole reservoir conditions. Resultant conductivity data of both sand and manufactured proppants are presented incorporating many of the commonly used fracturing fluid systems at different reservoir conditions of temperature and stress. Data comparisons are also presented whereby fracture conductivity data was obtained with both aqueous and hydrocarbon fluids as the flowing media.
Use of a Computerized Model in the Optimization of Continuous Gas-Lift Operations
Authors: Ferrer A. A. , Maggiolo R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Corpoven, S.A. a subsidiary of Petroleos de Venezuela, S.A. has operational responsibilities in the States of Anzoategui, Monagas, Guarico, Barinas, and Apure (Figure 1). Each of these areas present specifics characteristics that dictate the use of certain producing techniques over others.
In the areas comprising the states of Anzoategui, Monagas, and Guarico, an extended degree of crude quality exists that ranges from the southern Orinoco field extra-heavy oil to gas condensate accumulations to the north. The depths of these reservoirs range from 600 ft. (183 m) to 15000 ft (4570 M). Mechanical artificial lift accounts for some 98000 BPD (15600 M3/D) from 870 active wells. Production associated with gas lift installations amounts to some 92000 BPD (14600 M3/D) from 747 active wells. Natural flow from 790 wells remains the main production mechanism, accounting for some 220000 BPD (35000 M3/D). At least 50% of this high producing rate is associated with the production from the newly discovered oil provinces in the northern sector of the state of Monagas. A large number of these high capacity wells are completed in gas, light crude or condensate reservoirs, that produce high formation gas oil ratios.
In Barinas and Apure crudes have gravities that vary between 20 and 35 deg. API. The reservoirs are characterized by relatively high productivity Indices, associated aquifers, and insignificant producing gas-oil ratios. Artificial lift methods include mechanical beam pumping units as well as electro-submersible fluid pumps. The first accounts for some 22000 B/D (3500 M3/D) from 177 wells, while the second produces some 40000 B/D (6360 M3/D) from 35 wells. Natural flow accounts for 35000 B/D (5560 M3/D) from 14 active wells that are located exclusively in the newly developed Guafita and La Victoria fields. In summary, Corpoven S.A. employs artificial lift to produce a total of 253000 B/D (40200 M3/D) of oil representing 50% of the company.s potential. A total of 1831 wells, 70% of all active completions, are employed for this production.
Corpoven operates 54 independent gas lift systems associated with 50 compressor stations and 92000 B/D (14600 M3/D/ from 747 wells. Some 574 reservoirs provide production potential for this overall system. The vast majority of these reservoirs are relatively small with NOS value ranging 5 to 200 ft. (1.5 to 6.1 M). Most are lenticular in depositional profile, with some interspersed shaliness, as well as apparent high clay content.
Effect of Storage Conditions and Time of Storage on Performance of Perforating Charges
Authors: King G. E. , Buckley P. D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
An extensive study of the weather conditions affecting the performance of a tightly controlled set of perforating charges has shown that a large amount of the variance of performance of charges is caused by the storage conditions of both the charges and the detonating cord. The tests were run on a single lot of commercially available perforating charges that were made under extremely rigid quality control methods especially for the test. After initial testing of 15 of the charges to establish a level of variance, the charges were separated into lots and stored at conditions simulating desert, sea coast, mountains, and arctic environments. Charges were stored in both unsealed and moisture resistant, packaging. Charges were removed and fired at regular intervals to establish performance.
Sections of detonating cord were also stored at the weather conditions in unsealed and moisture resistant packaging. The detonating cord was tested after one year in storage. X-ray inspection was evaluated to determine if it could be used to Bpot potential problems in perforator performance.
Long-term exposure to humidity and high temperature storage were proven to be detrimental to charge performance. Cyclic temperature storage was a factor in the degradation of detonating cord.
An Improved Perforating Technique for Rod-Pumped Wells
Authors: Gohar A. , Huber K. B. , Miszewski A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
It is now widely recognized that to maximize productivity from certain formations, the well should be perforated underbalanced and control fluids should not be allowed to enter the reservoir during subsequent production operations. During the last few years, tubing-conveyed perforating techniques have been developed for rod pumped wells which allow them to be perforated in an underbalanced condition and then be immediately produced. Thus, completion fluids cannot interact with the formation. The technique described in this paper is an improvement over existing technology. It takes advantage of the fact that insert type sucker rod pumps are easier to run than the tubing string.
This new technique combines the firing head and a bypass assembly with the pump, rather than the tubing and gun string, which allows them to be run and retrieved independently. This improves the safety and operational flexibility of the system since the firing head is not connected to the gun until the moment of firing and the tubing string does not have to be significantly modified for the operation. A light pulling unit or crane is all that is required to retrieve the firing head or to run a subsequent Through Tubing operation.
This paper describes the new equipment and its operation and shows how the unique features of the design have been used to enhance the effectiveness of this type of rod pumped completion. Safety, reliability and cost-effectiveness are discussed. A review of the operational results for a group of wells in the Meleiha Field in Egypt which were completed using this technique is included and mention is made of other potential completion strategies.
A Mechanistic Model for Predicting Annulus Bottomhole Pressures in Pumping Wells
Authors: Papadimitriou D. A. , Shoham O. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A mechanistic model has been developed for the prediction of pressure gradients in pumping wells. The proposed model takes into consideration recent developments in two-phase flow through an annulus configuration, is based on the concept of zero net liquid flow, and rigorously incorporates the important flow and system parameters.
A detailed sensitivity analysis was carried out for a typical pumping well case. The effect of the system and flow parameters on the bottomhole pressure is demonstrated. More accurate results can be obtained by this model, as compared to previously published methods, due to the rigorous analysis used in the model development.
Transient Considerations for Flow Measurement at Gas Production Facilities
Authors: McKee R. J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Flow conditions at gas production facilities are usually not the steady and undisturbed conditions which have been used during research to derive orifice coefficients or during meter calibrations. Wellhead pressures and flows are often transient in nature and can vary over a wide range in relatively short periods of time. Flow measurements at typical production installations are subject to more difficult transient conditions than in many other measurement situations. If these dynamic conditions are not taken into account and controlled in the meter installation design and instrumentation implementation, then the transients can lead to significant errors in measured flows.
A research program for transient effects on electronic flow measurement (EFM) has been planned as a part of the Gas Research Institute's (GRI) metering research effort at SwRI. The objectives of the research program include the development of design and installation guidelines for minimizing EFM susceptibility to transient-induced errors. The successful metering system will result from specific recommendations for piping arrangements, gage lines, transducers, and signal processing specified for given transient conditions. This paper describes the transient-induced errors affecting both the primary and secondary orifice metering elements, and discusses the requirements to account for and minimize these errors. Past research work has defined the errors caused by pulsations and some transients, and has addressed the question of what is required to eliminate such errors. Combining this information with additional data to be developed during the planned research will lead to a description of an EFM system to minimize errors in transient flow measurement situations.
Displacements in Eccentric Annuli During Primary Cementing in Deviated Wells
Authors: Jakobson J. , Sterri N. , Saasen A. , Aas B. , Kjøsnes I. , Vigen A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper presents an experimental study of the displacement process in a 60° deviated laboratory well with a 55 % eccentric annulus. The inner pipe was lying near the bottom of the simulated wellbore. In this geometry the displacing fluid have a tendency to flow in the upper, wide part of the annulus, and to bypass mud in the narrow part of the annulus. The results from the tests were applied to practical field operations.
The data presented show how fluid viscosities, degree of turbulence and buoyancy forces particularly affects the displacement process in the lower, narrow part of the annulus. When a displacing fluid with higher density than the displaced fluid was used, the simulated mud in the narrow part of the annulus floated up into the wide part and was transported away. This reduced the tendency of the simulated cement to bypass the fluid in the narrow part of the annulus. Significant improvements in the displacement efficiency were observed.
Artificial Lift Methods for Marginal Fields
Authors: Kahali K. , Rai R. , Mukerjie R. K. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Production from offshore fields has been dominating in the past and will continue to dominate in the future. It is expected that more than 50% of the production will come from the deeper, waters. Most of the new discoveries in the Indian offshore have been marginal in nature, where economics dictate selection and application of production systems. As a part of the development, many wells are being completed subsea. Due to the marginal nature of the fields, the self flow tram these wells has been minimal, necessitatinq application of artificial lift at the earliest and in many cases right from the begining. In the present study, an attempt has been made to evaluate the suitability of the available lift systems with special reference to its application in marginal fields of Indian Offshore. Also, some case histories of applications of different artificial lift modes have been reviewed which provide important parameters to evaluate their suitability and the field proven technology.