bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Rotary Speed and Bit Weight on Penetration Rate of a Diamond Microbit
Authors: Dolph Jim R. , Brown Kermit E. 
Published: December 2007

Presented are results of experiments on the penetration of a 1.25-in. OD diamond microbit into Georgia granite and Beekmantown dolomite. A study of the effect of bit weight and rotary speed on the penetration rate was carried out, at simulated borehole conditions, while following the effect of wear on the performance of the diamond bit.
A microbit drilling appartus was used, which enabled the control of rotary speed, weight on bit, circulation rate, hydrostatic pressure and overburden and formation fluid pressures. A 500 psi hydrostatic pressure and an atmospheric formation pressure were held constant since the only pressure that substantially affects drilling rate is the differential between the hydrostatic and formation pressures. Since it has been found that "confining pressure has no systematic influence on drilling rate" it was controlled at 500 psi in order to decrease equipment problems.
Quarried samples of Georgia granite and Beekmantown dolomite with respective grain densities of 2.64 and 2.72 gm/cc and compressive strengths of 17,000 and 24,200 Ib/ sq in. were drilled. The very low permeabilities of the samples enabled the use of water as a drilling fluid. A circulation rate of 7.3 gal/min was maintained throughout the tests.
A 1.25-in., surface-set, spiral-type diamond drill bit was used. The bit consists of 14.75 carats of 219 diamonds, giving an average diamond size of 15 diamonds per carat.
Application of Higher-Order Methods in Compositional Simulation
Authors: Saad Naji , Pope Gary A. , Sepehrnoori Kamy 
Published: December 2007

Summary
A third-order differencing scheme is described and compared with several alternative methods commonly used to discretize the convection term of the component conservation equations of compositional simulators. This new method can be used at higher cell Peclet numbers than those used with other common convective differencing schemes, resulting in a substantial saving in computation time for the same accuracy. Comparisons are made with analytical solutions and with 2D and 3D simulation results for single-point upstream weighting, two-point upstream weighting, and Chaudhari's method.
An Analysis of Gravity-Segregated Piston-Like Displacement in Stratified Reservoirs
Authors: Ekrann Steinar 
Published: December 2007

Summary
This paper develops the conditions for gravity-stable displacement in stratified reservoirs. Results are given for the shape of a gravity-stabilized displacement front and for the asymptotic behavior of nonstable segregated fronts. Partial stability may prevail in the latter case. The analysis assumes piston-like displacement and incompressible fluids and is based on the vertical-equilibrium (VE) approximation.
Estimation of Solution GOR of Black Oils
Authors: Rollins John B. , McCain William D. , Creeger Todd J. 
Published: December 2007

Summary.
An empirical equation was developed to estimate stock-tank GOR from field data for black oils. Solution GOR at or above bubblepoint pressure can be obtained as the sum of the estimated stock-tank GOR and the measured separator GOR. The equation was derived with data from two-stage separations of 301 black-oil samples.

Introduction
Volumetric and material-balance calculations of oil in place require estimates of oil FVF and bubblepoint pressure. Several correlations, the most applicable of which was proposed by Standing, I are available for determining bubblepoint pressure and oil FVF when an estimate of solution GOR is available. Frequently solution GOR, Rsb, is estimated for pressures at or above the bubblepoint by setting its value equal to the initial producing GOR.
However, the initial producing GOR often does not include gas vented from the stock tank. This omission can cause the estimate of Rsb to be low by 20 % or more. 2 The inaccurate estimate of Rsb then introduces error into estimates of bubblepoint pressure and FVF, and hence into oil-in-place calculations. This paper presents a method of using readily available field data to obtain an accurate estimate of Rsb. Total producing GOR, R, is equal to the sum of stocktank GOR, Rst, and separator GOR, Rsp.
The Changing Scene in Labor Relations
Authors: Sartain A.Q. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A fundamental labor relations problem is understanding and motivating the "new model" of American worker with his increased information and insistence upon equality and dignity. Unionization shows little promise of meeting this problem, but unfortunately neither do management thinking and actions. Apparently, best prospects for unionization are professional workers.

Introduction
It would seem that, in an age of many and tremendous changes, almost everyone would be aware of those changes and of their nature and extent. Such however is far from the actual situation.
For one thing, many changes, while very large in the aggregate, may be the result of small daily or weekly variations and hence difficult to see, especially for the nearby viewer. For another, we have prejudices and preconceptions that block our appraisal. This is true in the technological field, but even more so in human relationships.
A single illustration will have to suffice. There are a host of beliefs about human beings, widely accepted and seldom questioned, that have no evidence to support them but that at the same time provide the explicit or implicit basis for much decision and action. Examples are "Human nature never changes," "Everyone is out for himself to get as much as he can for as little as he can put out," "People (and especially people in the lower classes) have an inherent resistance to change," "The only way to a worker's heart is through his pocketbook," and literally dozens more (including much of what passes for "principles of management"). All of these statements are false if not positively and seriously misleading; and they greatly distort and guarantee the inaccuracy of our conclusions.
Adaptive-Implicit Method in Thermal Simulation
Authors: Oballa Viera , Coombe Dennis A. , Buchanan W. Lloyd 
Published: December 2007

Summary
An adaptive-implicit method (AIM) for thermal simulation that provides different degrees of implicitness in various gridblocks is discussed. A special treatment of flow terms during appearance or disappearance of any particular phase is critical. This treatment creates a more stable Jacobian matrix, especially in cases where an implicit block is downstream of an explicit neighbor. The maximum eigenvalue of a local amplification matrix, which is related to a dimensionless front velocity, determines the switching between implicit and explicit treatment. The switching, which is automatic and problem-independent, is superior to classical threshold switching based on the magnitude of changes of key reservoir variables. Results from the simulation of several thermal recovery processes are presented. The saving in computer time over a fully implicit method ranges from 34 to 62%. The maximum savings can be achieved in the simulation of large field-scale problems in which the fronts are moving fairly slowly.
Compositional Reservoir Simulation on Microcomputers
Authors: Young L. C. , Hemanth-Kumar K. 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe practicality of solving compositional reservoir simulation problems with microcomputers is investigated. The results show that, when coupled with efficient simulation software, microcomputers are effective in the solution of moderate-sized problems. For example, a problem with 4,000 gridpoints, 7 components, and 200 timesteps can be solved in less than 2½ hours.
Utilization of Mainframe Network To Distribute PC Software
Authors: Glynn G. J. , Ottinger M. B. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
The corporate network of mainframe computers is being used to distribute PC software to engineering staffs company-wide. This method provides a single, easy-to-use source for PC software and requires significantly less manpower both to distribute and to receive software vs. the traditional means of using diskettes.
Radio Alarm Monitoring System
Authors: Meek J.W. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A radio alarm monitoring system, serving eight widely separated leases, has been operated since Jan., 1966, by Pan American Petroleum Corp. in the vicinity of Hobbs, N. M. Twelve oil wells and four gas wells are being served by single-channel transmitters at each lease, with receivers located at the pumper's base station and in his truck. The pumper's work area includes the alarmed leaves and four non-alarm leases. These leases encompass approximately 580 sq mile, with the nearest lease located some 30 miles from the pumper's base station.
As a result of satisfactory operation of this system, labor requirements to pump the leases have been reduced by 40 percent with no loss in production. A radio alarm monitoring system of this type is considered to be a reliable method of reducing operating costs where conditions warrant. This paper discusses the radio equipment in use and the type of alarms installed at different leases to make remote monitoring possible. Also discussed is the field fabrication of a minimum production alarm that has proved reliable.

Introduction
In early 1964, Pan American Petroleum Corp. considered using alarms on some isolated properties to develop more economic operation. From knowledge of these properties and information on alarm functions and capabilities, it was decided that an alarm system would be designed around the basic idea of the pumper's concentrating his time at the Greenwood unit battery. Alarms would be transmitted from outlying marginal leases to notify him that some operating problem required his attention. By transmitting alarms to a base station, 24-hour surveillance could be maintained, permitting the pumper to schedule his time to visit alarmed points during his regular work day.
One significant location was the northern Delaware Basin area where scattered properties ranged in productivity from high capacity to marginal and where there was a greater potential for reducing labor costs by eliminating contract pumping jobs. Since the properties under study involved various types of production over a large area, careful consideration was given to the number of wells that with proper monitoring, could be handled by one man. Because of the distance from existing telephone lines, radio transmission was considered the best available means of furnishing alarms. This paper discusses the system that was installed.
Integral Equations for the Problem of a 3D Crack in an Infinite, Fluid-Filled, Poroelastic Solid
Authors: Kurashige Michlo , Clifton R. J. 
Published: December 2007

SummaryTwo integral equations are derived for the 3D problem of a pressurized plane crack in an infinite, fluid-saturated, poroelastic solid. These equations relate normal tractions and fluid pressures on the crack faces to crack openings and fluid injection rate per unit fracture area. An important application of these equations is the prediction of hydraulic fractures induced during waterflooding of reservoirs to enhance gas and oil recovery.
Rock/Fluid Interactions of Carbonated Brines in a Sandstone Reservoir: Pembina Cardium, Alberta, Canada
Authors: Sayegh S. G. , Krause F. F. , Girard Marcel , DeBree Cornelius 
Published: December 2007

Summary
When CO2 is injected into petroleum reservoirs it forms carbonic acid in the brine phase and interacts with reservoir rock. Row tests were performed by continuously circulating CO2-saturated brines through Cardium formation cores. All the cores initially showed a large drop in permeability, after which permeability rose steadily but did not regain its initial value. Microscopic examination of the cores indicated that fines had been released and had migrated toward pore throats, reducing permeability. In addition, mineral alterations occurred, including the dissolution of calcite and siderite, which may account for the gradual rise in permeabilities noted in the experiments.
An Analysis of Changing Backpressure Test Curves From Some Gulf Coast Area Gas Wells
Authors: Graham J.R. , Boyd W.E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Estimates of gas well deliverability based on initial testing may be in error due to liquid saturation increases around the wellbore created by invasion of drilling and/or workover fluids. Flow coefficient C and exponent n of the backpressure test equation may change after a well has been placed on production. This change will depend on the degree and nature of saturation, and on properties of the reservoir being investigated. This article discusses examples of field test data obtained during the producing life of many Gulf Coast area gas wells. The data indicate a shifting of the backpressure curve, and show that deliverability may significantly improve after a well has been placed on production. This improvement is due mainly to an increase in the relative permeability to gas. Also discussed are time requirements for cleaning up a gas completion.

Introduction
Accurately predicting gas well deliverability is a common problem in the natural gas industry. These predictions are essential to any attempt at optimum operation of a gas-producing complex. The large investments required for additional deliverability demand that both current and future capabilities be known as accurately as possible for each well in a gas sales system so that a minimum of standby or backup deliverability is required. Future deliverability predictions become especially important since in many cases major additions of deliverability require at least 1 year of lead time for installing the required field equipment.
A large amount of data obtained during the past 10 years indicates that deliverability characteristics of a gas well may improve from an initial value after the well is placed on production. The noted improvements have been great enough to merit a thorough analysis of these data. This article presents results of this investigation in hopes that the conclusions will help provide the industry better answers to two basic questions concerning gas well test data:
- How reliable is initial backpressure test data for predicting future deliverability?
- Recognizing that liquid saturation increases around the wellbore caused by drilling and/or workover fluids will adversely affect backpressure test data, how long must a well be cleaned before this area of increased saturation is removed or reduced to a point where reasonably accurate test data can be obtained?
Application of Material and Energy Balances to Geothermal Steam Production
Authors: Whiting Robert L. , Ramey Henry J. 
Published: December 2007

The material-energy balance developed in this study has been used successfully to match performance and to forecast production for the Wairakei geothermal field of New Zealand. The equations should be applicable to other geothermal fluid reservoirs, provided the assumptions used are realistic.

Introduction
The basic study from which this paper was prepared was started as the result of the growing need throughout the world for increasing quantities of energy in all forms. Quite obviously, natural forms of energy that are readily available at low development cost are those in greatest demand. The underdeveloped countries - and particularly those having little or no petroleum resources - are the countries in which the most interest is being shown in the newer energy sources. One of the least expensive energy sources is natural geothermal steam. Although this form of energy has been recognized for centuries, it has been only during the past 20 years that serious efforts have been made to harness it. Natural geothermal steam energy in Italy, New Zealand, Mexico, Japan, and California is now being produced through wells to drive turbines and generate electricity. Further, active exploration for natural geothermal steam is being conducted in Hawaii, Fiji, Taiwan, Chile, Russia, Greece, and Katanga.
It is surprising to find that most geothermal steam exploration is in the "steam seep" stage. That is, surface studies are made and exploratory wells are drilled in the general area of steam seeps. However, in the larger geothermal steam areas, there have been efforts to apply the most modern geological and reservoir engineering principles in order to define the reservoir parameters, particularly those relating to estimates of reserves and future productivity. This paper is concerned with the development of appropriate equations and techniques to facilitate these estimates.
Production of natural steam or hot water presents problems different from those experienced in the production of oil and gas. For example, steam or hot water systems may be essentially single-component systems, while hydrocarbon systems are most frequently multicomponent fluid systems. Heat effects are much larger for water than for hydrocarbon systems; and the natural steam production may or may not be isothermal, while production of petroleum reservoirs is considered normally to be isothermal. Petroleum reservoir engineering principles may be applied to natural steam or hot water reservoirs if the inherent differences in the systems are considered. The basic considerations involved in geothermal steam reservoir engineering are: thermodynamics, physical and thermal properties of water, materials and energy balances, fluid influx, and performance matching and predicting.

Thermodynamics
Fig. 1 is a pressure-temperature diagram for the liquid-vapor region for pure water, showing the critical point and five other points representing possible initial conditions for a geothermal steam reservoir.
JPT
P. 893ˆ
Measurements and Theoretical Models on Rig Suspension and the Effect on Drillstring Vibrations
Authors: Aarrestad T.V. , Kyllingstad A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract.
The top suspension system comprises the kelly, the swivel the drilling hook, the travelling block, the drill lines and the derrick. This paper includes measured high-rate data of accelerations and forces and a discussion on simple and more complex models for the top suspension system. The simple model of lumped mass and spring is shown to be insufficient for describing the boundary conditions for longitudinal drillstring vibrations. The two models for explaining the observed dynamics included in this paper are i) resonant derrick vibrations and ii) non-linear coupling to transversal drill lines vibrations.

Introduction.
Drillstring vibrations have been discussed in many publications during the last decades. There are several reasons for studying such vibrations, fatigue problems, improving rate of penetration, directional control and data transmission can be mentioned as examples. Drillstring vibrations do mainly occur due to bit-formation infractions or drillstring-borehole interactions.
In the present work a discussion on the boundary conditions for longitudinal vibrations are given. With a few exceptions publications on drillstring vibrations do not seem to be very much concerned about boundary conditions. An early paper on longitudinal and angular vibrations modelled the downhole boundary condition as a sinusoidal excitation of the displacement with a constant amplitude and the top boundary condition as a spring from the elasticity of the cables and a lumped mass of the travelling equipment. For most situations these two boundary conditions are relevant to get an overall idea of the problem. This paper has also contributed considerably in the understanding of drillstring vibrations and several later publications have used the same type of boundary conditions when modelling longitudinal drillstring vibrations.
In a recent paper a thorough discussion on some phenomena concerning the boundary condition at the bit was given. The authors conclude that a non-linear coupling between longitudinal and torsional vibrations may exist at the bit. In this paper a discussion of the boundary condition at the rig-floor for longitudinal vibrations is given. It is shown that real drillstring vibration data cannot be explained by the commonly used boundary condition. Two different possible explanations to the phenomena seen are discussed, i) the effect of internal rig vibrations and ii) a coupling between longitudinal drillstring vibrations and transversal vibrations in the drill lines.
The theory presented will be supported by measurements from Ullrigg. Ullrigg is a full-scale research drilling rig with dimensions similar to the rigs on off-shore installations.
P. 331^
Maximum Entropy Inversion of Induction-Log Data
Authors: Freedman Robert , Minerbo Gerald N. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
This paper describes the development and application of some new algorithms based on the maximum entropy method (MEM) for inverting (i.e., deconvolving) induction-log data. The MEM has earned a reputation in many physical science fields as a technique that provides robust and accurate reconstructions of instrumentally blurred data. Dyos recently applied a MEM algorithm to the inversion of synthetic deep-induction-log data. This paper develops some new MEM algorithms that are applied to inversion of model data and to field data from the PhasorSM induction tool. The new algorithms overcome some of the limitations of previous inversion methods and inverse-deconvolution-filter techniques.
This paper examines two different MEM algorithms. The first algorithm is based on a functional used to study MEM inversions of synthetic data with a Doll approximation forward model. A second, more efficient MEM algorithm, based on a new Lagrangian functional, is used with an exact forward model to study the inversion of a field log and some model formations. Use of an exact forward model is essential in obtaining accurate and high-resolution MEM inversions in the presence of skin and shoulder effects. The MEM inversions of model data and field logs exhibit vertical resolution, accuracy, and stability that exceed those obtainable with state-of-the-art linear inverse filters.
An example of the MEM inversion of a field log in a formation with numerous high-contrast thin beds is discussed and compared with the spherically focused log (SFLSM) and the deep enhanced-resolution Phasor- (IDERSM-) processed log. The MEM inversion exhibits resolution comparable to that of the SFL. It is shown that, as a byproduct, the MEM provides synthetic logs that serve as a self-consistency check on both the quality of entered data and the validity of the Rt profile obtained from inversion.
Automatic Facility Safe Chart Generation Through the Use of a Computer-Aided Drafting System
Authors: Persky S. W. , Sargent G. L. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
This paper describes the development, use, and purpose of a computer program designed to create safety analysis function evaluation (SAFE) charts. The SAFE chart generation program is designed to work in conjunction with advanced computer-aided drafting design (CADD)1, 2 software. This paper also describes many common problems that occur during manual creation of SAFE charts and explains how the program can reduce or, in some cases, eliminate these problems.
Field Evaluation of Acid-Fracturing Treatments Using Geometry Simulation, Buildup, and Production Data
Authors: Elbel J. L. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
This paper presents evaluations of acid-fracturing treatments. When fracture penetration and conductivity obtained from the analysis of both pressure-buildup and production data agree, then the combinations of fluid loss and retardation factor, which are required for geometry simulation to agree with the penetration, are determined. These parameters and other engineering assumptions can be used in the design of future treatments.