bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observations on the Epidemiology and Effect on Grain Yield of Brown Rust in Spring Barley
Authors: KING J. E. , POLLEY R. W. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYIn observations made over four seasons, counts of brown rust spores trapped above barley crops and infections of healthy plants placed within crops, indicated that there was a high risk of infection on days when at least 5 far of dew were recorded following a day on which the maximum temperature was greater than 15°C. In spray‐timing trials, the fungicidal sprays applied between the first appearance of brown rust in the crop and the beginning of the exponential phase of the epidemic usually were associated with the highest yields. The relationships between levels of brown rust and yields in these trials is discussed in connection with their relevance to the estimation of losses caused by the disease.
Routine Spraying of Potatoes to Control Aphids and Potato Blight daring 1969–73
Authors: SOUTHALL D. R. , SLY J. M. A. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYOrganophosphorus sprays applied to crops of potatoes in eastern England in 1969–73 inclusive controlled aphid numbers and increased yield by at least 10 per cent when populations of aphids reached 500 or more per 100 leaves on untreated plants. They also tended to reduce the severity of potato blight at sites heavily infected before mid‐September.Fungicide sprays (mostly mancozeb or maneb) were extremely successful in controlling blight on the foliage and increased yield of ware tubers by 12–24 per cent at sites where blight became severe, the larger increase occurring when blight became severe by the end of August. Blight sprays also appeared to increase the number of aphids present in mid and late July on plots receiving aphicides.
Methods Used in Western Europe and the U.S.A. for Testing Brssica Seedling Resistance to Club Root (Plasmodiophora brassicae)
Authors: DIXON G. R. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYDetails of the techniques used by 12 workers in western Europe and the U.S.A. to test Brassica seedlings for resistance to Plasmodiophora brassicae are compared. Some of the details are common to all workers and would therefore need particular attention by anyone beginning such tests for the first time. In some other respects the techniques differed widely.
An Isolate of Cucumber Mosaic Virus from Rubus phoenicolasius Maxim.
Authors: JONES A. T. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYCucumber mosaic virus (CMV) was obtained from five stunted American wineberry (Rubus phoenicolasius Maxim.) plants with leaves showing yellow blotching and line pattern symptoms but not from seven symptomless plants. The virus was readily transmitted to other wineberry plants by grafting, but not to several cultivars of R. idaeus L. either by grafting, mechanical inoculation with, purified preparations, or by aphids (Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thos.)). The isolate was indistinguishable serologically and in its behaviour in vitro from strain W, originally obtained from lettuce in England.
Surrey of Diseases of Glasshouse Tomato Crops in Yorkshire and Lancashire in 1974 and 1975
Authors: FLETCHER J. T. , HARRIS PATRICIA A. , BANT J. H. , COLLINS B. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYEighty‐one tomato crops were assessed for diseases in 1974 and 50 in 1975. The commonest fungus disease was Botrytis cinerea, which caused stem lesions in 90 and 66 per cent of the crops, leaf lesions in 84 and 98 per cent and fruit ghost spot in 94 and 94 per cent in the two years respectively. Benomyl tolerance was widespread in isolates of this pathogen, showing little decline in the two years in spite of the reduced use of benomyl and other similar fungicides in 1975. Fulvia fulva was severe in one crop in 1974 and in three in 1975; Didymella lycopersici was found in only one crop in 1974 and three in 1975. Tomato mosaic symptoms were seen in 73 and 66 per cent of crops in each year respectively. The use of an avirulent strain of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) for the purpose of cross‐protection decreased from 53 per cent in 1974 to 34 per cent in 1975. Nurseries with at least some TMV‐resistant cultivars increased from 51 per cent in 1974 to 64 per cent in 1975. TMV tomato Strain 1 was the most commonly identified strain. No new strains or tobacco forms were recorded.Root rots were extremely common and their severity was closely connected with pre‐planting soil treatment. Steam treatment gave the best control followed by methyl bromide and dazomet. The use of methyl bromide increased and the use of steam decreased in 1975. Verticillium wilt was found in 16 and 15 crops and fusarium wilt in two and three crops respectively in 1974 and 1975.Fungicides were used on 74 and 56 per cent of crops in 1974 and 1975 respectively, the decrease in 1975 being largely attributable to the decline in the use of benomyl.
Peach‐potato Aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulz.), Resistant to Organophosphorus and Carbamate Insecticides on Potatoes in Scotland
Authors: DEVONSHIRE A. L. , FOSTER G. N. , SAWICKI R. M. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYPeach‐potato apbids, Myzus persicae (Sulz.), collected from six potato fields in western and central Scotland in 1976 were tested for aphicide resistance biochemically and by bioassay. Most aphids were resistant to organophosphorus insecticides. At five of the sites, some aphids were both highly resistant to organophosphorus compounds and moderately resistant to pirimicarb.
Vertical Distribution of Potato, Beet and Pea Cyst Nematodes in some Heavily Infested Soils
Authors: WHITEHEAD A. G. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYIn a study of heavily infested soils in England from 1972 to 1975, potato cyst nematodes (Globodera rostochiensis (Woll.) Mulvey & Stone and G. pallida (Stone) Mulvey & Stone) were often as numerous in soil 20–40 cm deep as in soil 0–20 cm deep. Below 40 cm the nematodes were uncommon. Beet cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii Schm.) was also as numerous or more numerous 20–40 or 40–60 cm deep as 0–20 cm deep. Pea cyst nematode (H. goettingiana Liebs.) was uncommon below a depth of about 20 cm.
Resistance in the Peach‐potato Aphid (Myzus persicae (Sulz.)) to Organophosphorus Insecticides in Yorkshire and Lancashire
Authors: SYKES G. B. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYField populations of Myzus persicae (Sulz.) collected from 30 sites in Yorkshire and Lancashire were tested by total esterase or bioassay techniques for resistance to Organophosphorus insecticides. All the populations examined included some resistant aphids and some populations contained individuals with esterase activity characteristic of very resistant aphids.
The Susceptibility of Eighteen Chrysanthemum Cultivars to the Chrysanthemum Leaf Miner, Phytomyza syngenesiae (Hardy)
Authors: IBRAHIM A. G. , MADGE D. S. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYEighteen cultivars of indoor chrysanthemums were tested in the laboratory for susceptibility to adult female Phytomyza syngenesiae (Hardy). Host susceptibility was assessed by the density of feeding punctures, the density of eggs laid, and the amount of leaf damaged by the mining larvae. Eight of the cultivars were also tested in the field for their susceptibility to leaf damage. Cv. Mary Poppins, a ‘Mini‐mum’, was the most susceptible, for it had most feeding punctures and most eggs per unit area, the largest percentage of mined leaves and a large percentage of damaged leaf area. Cv. Thumbelina, also a ‘Mini‐mum’, was the least susceptible to leaf damage, for it had the smallest percentage of damaged leaf area, although a large number of the leaves were mined. Feeding puncture/egg ratios were not found to be a consistently reliable indicator of susceptibility.
Effect of Paraquat on the Number of Spores of Rhynchosporium secalis on Barley Stubble and Volunteers
Authors: STEDMAN O. J. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe number of spores of Rhynchosporium secalis on barley stubble and on volunteers sprayed with paraquat was compared with that on stubble and volunteers left unsprayed in experiments during 1975–76 in Hertfordshire. Paraquat had no significant effect on the number of spores on stubble. The number of spores on sprayed volunteers was greater than on unsprayed volunteers for up to three weeks after spraying but then declined. Spores were present on dead plants 10 weeks after spraying. Approximately one per cent of spores washed from plants during December had germinated but numbers did not differ significantly between treatments. Spores from volunteers from three treatments were tested by inoculation to barley plants in early January, but very few were apparently viable. Spores from treated plants were as viable as from untreated plants five weeks after spraying but less viable eight weeks after spraying.
Field Trials with Attractant Traps for Timing Sprays to Control Pea Moth
Authors: MACAULAY E. D. M. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYTraps containing a sex attractant of the pea moth (Cydia nigricana (F.)) and placed in pea fields at 16 sites in south‐eastern and eastern England provided records of male moths caught every two or three days from the end of May to the beginning of July, 1976. These traps indicated the arrival of pea moths in the crop considerably earlier than did the traditional egg counts. No advantage was gained by siting traps at emergence sites. The number of moths caught was correlated (P= 0·05) with final damage on unsprayed areas of the crop. Single sprays of azinphos‐methyl with demeton‐S‐methyl sulphone had little effect on damage, irrespective of spray date, so it was not possible from the 1976 data to derive an optimum spray date based on trap catches.
Effect of Timed Fungicide Sprays on Yield of Winter Wheat in Relation to Septoria Infection Periods
Authors: COOK R. J. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYIn field experiments in south‐east England during 1973–75, single sprays of benomyl, or benomyl with maneb, applied between flag leaf emergence and ear emergence increased yield by 0·36 t/ha when the spray followed a postulated Septoria infection period but by only 0·14 t/ha when no infection period was recorded between these growth stages. The full programme of two or more sprays resulted in a mean yield increase of 0·38 t/ha.
Effect of Non‐mercurial Fungicidal Seed Treatments on the Emergence of Sugar Beet Seedlings
Authors: BYFORD W. J. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYIn field trials in England from 1972 to 1975, sugar beet seed sprayed with maneb, captafol or 2‐(thiocyanomethylthio) benzothiazole produced fewer seedlings in the field than seed steeped in ethyl mercuric phosphate. The number of seedlings that emerged from 100 seeds varied greatly between fields, but differences in fungal attack are unlikely to have been an important cause.
Control of Take‐all Disease of Wheat by Grasses and Legumes
Authors: SPEAKMAN J. B. , LEWIS B. G. , COWAN M. C. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYIn pots containing sand or sand‐soil mixtures the commonly used ley grasses Dactylis glomerata, Festuca pratensis, Lolium multiflorum, L. perenne and Phleum pratense were equally effective in decreasing infections of wheat seedlings by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici on wheat seedlings sown after the ley species had been grown. This effect could be attributed only partly to their ability to increase the incidence of the antagonist Phialophora radicicola var. graminicola which was either a natural inhabitant of the soil used, or added as an artificial culture. Other, unidentified, soil factors were equally important. Trifolium repens, and to a lesser degree Medicago sativa, also decreased infections by G. graminis var. tritici but without involvement of P. radicicola var. graminicola.
Distribution of Eggs of the Black Bean Aphid, Aphis fabae Scop., on the Spindle Bush, Euonymus europaeus L., with Reference to Forecasting Infestations of the Aphid on Field Beans
Authors: CAMMELL M. E. , WAY M. J. , HEATHCOTE G. D. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYEggs of Aphis fabae were laid on the spindle bush, Euonymus europaeus, in the bud and twig axils, on leaf or twig scars and in cracks on the rough bark which formed after about three years. The numbers of eggs laid on individual first‐year twigs on a particular bush increased with the numbers of buds that it bore, which were directly related to twig length. Very few eggs were laid on weak first‐year twigs. On cut bushes in a hedgerow, the length of first‐year twigs was inversely related to the age of the bush since cutting. Eggs laid in bud and twig axils on first‐year twigs provided an effective measure of numbers on the whole bush for, although some were laid elsewhere, the proportion on first‐year twigs was not significantly affected by the changes in the overall egg density except on very poorly growing bushes. The estimate of egg numbers was improved by excluding poorly growing bushes and by not sampling individual twigs shorter than 5 cm or those with only a single bud. Variability, particularly between sampled bushes of differing vigour, was also decreased if numbers were expressed as ‘eggs/bud’ instead of ‘eggs/twig’.
Virus‐like Symptoms in Red Raspberry Leaves caused by Fenitrothion
Authors: WOODFORD J. A. T. , GORDON S. C. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYIn 1977 in eastern Scotland primocane leaves of the raspberry cultivars Mailing Admiral and Mailing Delight developed numerous yellow blotches after they had been sprayed in June with fenitrothion to control raspberry cane midge (Resseliella theobaldi (Barnes)). The symptoms resembled those caused by the raspberry leaf and bud mite (Phyllocoptes gracilis (Nal.)) and by some viruses. In glasshouse‐pot trials fenitrothion produced similar, virus‐like, symptoms on cvs Mailing Admiral and Mailing Delight and slight symptoms on cv. Glen Clova, but no symptoms developed on cv. Mailing Jewel. Such spray damage could be mistaken for, or mask, genuine virus‐induced symptoms in spawn beds of susceptible cultivars.
Survey of Pests of Glasshouse Tomato Crops in Lanarkshire, 1974–77, with Special Reference to the Biological Control of Glasshouse Whitefly
Authors: FOSTER G. N. , KELLY AILEEN 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYTomato crops in Lanarkshire, Scotland, were surveyed in 1974–77 to assess the incidence of glasshouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westw.)), glasshouse red spider mite (Tetranychus urticae (Koch)) and tomato moth (Lacanobia oleracea (L.)). Glasshouse red spider mite infested 65–76 per cent of the cropped area but glasshouse white‐fly, which affected 62–65 per cent of the cropped area, was the most damaging pest. The survey indicated the success of biological control of whitefly by its parasite, Encarsia formosa Gahan, in 1977 and demonstrated the potential for biological control by contract operators. The percentage of holdings with fruit damaged by tomato moth increased from 4 in 1974 to 23 in 1977.
Tolerance of Tomatoes to Pyrenochaeta lycopersici: Comparison of a Tolerant Line with a Susceptible Cultivar in Infested Soils
Authors: EBBEN MARION H. , SMITH J. W. MAXON , TURNER ENID A. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYRoot rot symptoms and yields of an advanced breeding line of tomato (J513) tolerant to brown root rot (BRR) were compared with those of the susceptible cultivar Ailsa Craig when both were grown in glasshouse soils having different amounts of inoculum of Pyrenochaeta lycopersici Schneider & Gerlach. Less BRR was found on J513 than on Ailsa Craig in both 1972 and 1973 and the decline in yield with increasing soil inoculum was less on J513 than on Ailsa Craig. However, the yield of J513 on freshly sterilised soils was less than that of Ailsa Craig, so that overall the yields of J513 were no heavier than Ailsa Craig on the soils used. Thus, whilst the BRR tolerance was demonstrably effective, further improvements in the agronomic potential of tolerant lines are necessary to exploit this tolerance where BRR is not severe.
Pathogenicity of Fusarium spp. Associated with Foot‐rots of Peas and Beans
Authors: CLARKSON J. D. S. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYIsolates of Fusarium solani, F. solani var, coeruleum, F. oxysporum, F. oxysporum var. redolens, F. avenaceum, F. graminearum, F. sambucinum var. coeruleum and F. equiseti were obtained from field samples of Pisum sativum, Phaseolus vulgar is, P. coccineus and Vicia faba with foot‐rot symptoms. Their pathogenicity was tested in the glasshouse using artificially infested soiJ. All isolates originally identified as F. solani var. coeruleum and F. oxysporum var. redolens were later regarded as strains of F. solani on the evidence of their pathogenicity.Virulent isolates of F. solani from Pisum sativwn were also pathogenic to Phaseolus vulgar is but usually not to V. faba, although an isolate from V. faba was strongly pathogenic to Pisum sativum. Less virulent isolates from P. sativum, Phaseolus vulgar is and P. coccineus were generally equally pathogenic to both Pisum sativum and Phaseolus vulgar is. Isolates from Pisum sativum infected other legumes, particularly Trifolium pratense and Medicago sativa and an isolate from Trifolium sp. caused severe foot‐rot of P. sativum.Isolates of F. avenaceum, F. graminearum and F. sambucinum var. coeruleum showed non‐specific pathogenicity to P. sativum, Phaseolus vulgar is and V. faba, generally causing seedling death. F. avenaceum and F. sambucinum var. coeruleum were also pathogenic to other legumes, particularly M. sativa.
Prediction of Yield Loss due to Eyespot in Winter Wheat
Authors: SCOTT P. R. , HOLLINS T. W. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYField plots inoculated and uninoculated with Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides (Fron) Deighton were compared in trials over a period of nine years. Regression analysis showed that percentage yield loss due to inoculation was related to the incidence of severe eyespot lesions, but was more closely related to the amount of lodging due to eyespot. Disease incidence in spring was not a reliable indicator of the subsequent rate of disease development, or of its effect on yield, but loss in yield sufficient to justify fungicide application was not observed when less than 10 per cent of shoots showed eyespot symptoms in spring.
Biological Control of Tetranychus urticae (Koch) on Protected Strawberries Using Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias‐Henriot
Authors: GOULD H. J. , VERNON J. D. R. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYA series of trials in 1972–74 in the strawberry‐growing area of Cheddar in SW. England showed that introductions of the predaceous mite Phytoseiulus persimilis in March at a rate of 5–10 adults/plant gave a good control of Tetranychus urticae on protected strawberries where average populations of 0·8–15 ex‐diapause female mites per lower leaf were present at the time of introduction. The cost of the technique was not economically acceptable at the price currently charged by commercial producers of the predator for use on glasshouse crops.
Control of Didymella lycopersici on Tomato Stems with Fungicidal Paints
Authors: FLETCHER J. T. , SHARPE KAY 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYSlurries made from mixtures of wettable powder formulations of fungicides in water or the mineral oil Actipron were applied to Didymella lycopersici Kleb. stem lesions on glasshouse tomatoes. Benomyl/Actipron completely arrested lesion development, but the other treatments, thiram/Actipron, Actipron, and water with captan, captofol, benomyl, benomyl and maneb, an iodophor, maneb, or thiram did not prevent lesion development. Benomyl/Actipron in the ratio of 1:1·5 of commercial products (wt/vol) gave the most satisfactory control of D. lycopersici stem lesions while minimising phytotoxicity.A fungitoxicant was recovered from tomato stems following application of the benomyl/Actipron mixture. With Actipron/benomyl the uptake of the fungitoxicant by the plants was greater than with the benomyl/water mixture, which was not as effective: it dried to a hard shell and lack of moisture may have impeded uptake of the fungitoxicant.
Control of stem nematode (Ditylenchus dipsaci) in strawberry by granular nematicides
Authors: LEWIS SERFIAH 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYIn an attempt to find a control for stem nematode (Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kühn) Filipjev) on strawberry crops in south‐west England, aldicarb, ethoprophos, oxamyl, terbufos, thionazin and Tirpate were tested on severely damaged plants in pots. All treatments, except terbufos, decreased the number of infested plants; aldicarb and thionazin gave the best control. Fewer infested runner plants were found when the mother plant was grown in soil treated with aldicarb or thionazin. Soil treatment with ethoprophos, oxamyl or Tirpate was less effective or inconsistent in reducing spread of nematodes to the runners. Leaf treatment of the mother plants with ethoprophos or oxamyl reduced the number of infested runners.In a field trial in 1973/74, aldicarb, oxamyl and thionazin were compared with soil fumigation with dichloropropane‐dichloropropene mixture (D‐D). Aldicarb applied at planting decreased the number of plants damaged by stem nematode and increased the number and yield of fruits. Oxamyl granules at planting followed by a spray in February also increased the number and weight of fruits harvested compared with D‐D treated plots. A single application of oxamyl at planting, with or without previous D‐D soil fumigation, or a thionazin drench in February did not reduce damage.In three subsequent field trials in 1974–76, amounts and methods of application of aldicarb were compared with D‐D treatment. Spot applications of aldicarb to plants in heavily infested soil 15 weeks after planting reduced the rate of spread of stem nematode damage but treatment at 30 weeks had little effect. In a less severely infested plot, spot and band treatments of aldicarb, applied 10 and 21 days, respectively after planting, gave good control. Treatment with aldicarb 21 days after planting decreased the number of plants with severe symptoms, whereas serious damage was not prevented by treatment with D‐D in October or May.
Carnation rust and its control by systemic fungicides
Authors: SPENCER D. M. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYUrediniospores of carnation rust remained viable for up to six months depending on the conditions of storage. Carnation plants became infected when urediniospores were kept in free water on the leaf for 24 h and uredinia appeared about two weeks after inoculation. Sprays of the fungicides benodanil, oxycarboxin, pyracarbolid or triadimefon did not eradicate established infection but root drenches of benodanil or oxycarboxin decreased rust symptoms when applied before or after inoculation of potted plants.Oxycarboxin, applied as a drench to carnation plants growing under commercial conditions, effectively halted the progress of rust infection whereas the disease became severe in plants which did not receive the fungicide.
Observations on Pythium root rot of wheat and barley
Authors: WALLER J. M. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARY Pythium arrhenomanes Drechsler and P. graminicola Subramanian cause a pale brown soft rot of the young roots of wheat and barley but other fungi, including other Pythium species, can cause similar lesions. In surveys in 1967, 1970 and 1971, Pythium root rot was prevalent on wheat and barley at Rothamsted, Hertfordshire, Woburn, Bedfordshire, and Saxmundham, Suffolk. Incidence was greatest on barley, particularly on light soils, soils deficient in phosphate and in cool wet conditions. The greater susceptibility of barley to both P. arrhenomanes and P. graminicola was confirmed by inoculation experiments in the laboratory and glasshouse in which the disease severely restricted root growth.
Frost damage to winter barley
Authors: COX A. E. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYWidespread damage attributed to frost lift was seen in winter barley crops in Devon and Cornwall during late spring 1978. A break in the crown root system of plants had occurred. An affected crop of cv. Astrix in Devon yielded 3.5 t/ha; this was 1.8 t/ha less than an adjacent unaffected crop of the same cultivar.