bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The varietal identification of single seeds of wheat by sodium dodecyl‐sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of gliadin
Authors: Shewry Peter R. , Faulks Audrey J. , Pratt Helen M. , Miflin Benjamin J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSodium dodecyl‐sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of gliadin is used to distinguish between wheat varieties which cannot be differentiated by starch gel electrophoresis. The technique identifies differences in high molecular weight gliadin polypeptides between the bread wheat varieties Sappo and Sicco, Flanders and Chalk, Cappelle Desprez and West Desprez and the three Durum varieties Durtal, Rikita and Lakota.
The determination of erucic and cetoleic acids in oils, fats and fatty foods
Authors: Kirk Ronald S. , Mortlock Roger E. , Pocklington W. Dennis , Roper Peter 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA method for separating the methyl esters of erucic and cetoleic acids is described. Separation was achieved on silica gel plates impregnated with silver nitrate, utilising multiple development with a toluene: hexane mixture at a temperature of −23°C. Mixtures of rapeseed and herring oil fatty acid methyl esters have been separated by the method described and quantified by gas chromatography.
Sialic acid in plant tissues: A history of incorrect identification due to the use of non‐specific colorimetric reactions
Authors: Jennings Allen C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFinely ground seeds of wheat, sunflower, coffee and french bean were either hydrolysed in acid directly, or after extraction with ethanol and/or after treatment in alkali to hydrolyse any O‐acetyl sialic acids present. The acid hydrolysates were fractionated by ion‐exchange chromatography. Sialic acid was not detected in any of the materials examined but quinic acid was found in all of them. It is concluded that some previous reports of sialic acid in plant seeds and tissues may have been due to the presence of quinic acid and of other compounds, which show rather similar properties to sialic acid in chromatographic and colorimetric methods of analysis.
Determination of hypoxanthine, xanthine and uric acid in ruminant's urine
Authors: Razzaque Mohammed A. , Topps John H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe procedure, which has been devised for the measurement of three excretory products in ruminant's urine, is based on a two‐stage ion‐exchange chromatographic separation of purines using the resins Dowex 50W × 4 (200‐400 mesh) in the hydrogen form and Dowex 1‐chloride 1 × 10 (50‐100 mesh) converted into the acetate form; followed by enzymatic conversion of hypoxanthine and xanthine to uric acid and of uric acid to allantoin. The recoveries of hypoxanthine plus xanthine and of uric acid were 90‐99% and 95‐98% respectively.
The oil content of avocado mesocarp
Authors: Lewis Charles E. , Morris Ronald , O'Brien Kenneth 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFour methods of analysing for oil content of avocados are compared (three with gravimetric measurements): (a) Soxhlet extraction with petroleum ether, (b) homogenisation with petroleum ether, (c) homogenisation with a 2:1 (by volume) choroform/methanol solution, and one with refractmetric measurement, i.e. (d) ball milling with 1‐chloronaphthalene. Conditions for Soxhlet extraction were optimised. Methods (a) and (b) gave similar results which were 6‐9 % lower than those of methods (c) and (d) which were similar to each other. Saponification of the residues from methods (a)‐(c) confirmed that method (c) removed more oil than methods (a) and (b) but also showed that even method (c) left some residual oil in the fruit tissues. Results are interpreted in terms of glycolipids and phospholipids remaining after extraction of triglyceride storage fractions by petroleum ether. All methods used were applicable to hard (unripe) and soft (ripe) fruits.
Effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on amino acid composition and on relationships between nitrogen and amino acids in wheat and oat grain
Authors: Eppendorfer Wilfried H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDuring two seasons, pot experiments in which increasing applications of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were given to wheat and oats produced grain with widely varying N contents. The total amino acid composition of the grain was mainly dependent on N content of grain. Phosphorus and potassium affected the amino acid composition of wheat and oat grain only indirectly through their effects on nitrogen concentration. In wheat increasing grain N% was accompanied by a decrease in the amount (as g per 16 g N) of lysine, threonine, methionine, cystine and an increase in glutamic acid, proline, phenylalanine, and serine contents. Lysine, methionine, and cystine in oats decreased with increasing grain N content, but arginine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid and phenylalanine increased. Changes were less pronounced with oats than with wheat, and concentrations of most essential amino acids were higher in oats. When expressed as % dry matter all amino acids increased with increasing N concentration. Linear regression equations were calculated and significant correlations were found in both crops between concentrations of most amino acids and N content in grain. Some correlations between amino acids in the grain are also given. Correlations between amino acids and nitrogen within a variety were similar despite widely differing yields.
Identification and quantitative determination of the lipids of Alocasia macrorrhiza tubers
Authors: Opute Frederick I. , Osagie Anthony U. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe identity, composition and concentration of each of the major lipids found in Alocasia tubers were investigated using a combination of chromatographic procedures. On a weight to weight basis, the neutral lipids, glycolipids and phospholipids comprised 60.5, 19.0 and 20.5% respectively while the total extractable lipids accounted for 0.6% of the dry weight. In addition to the conventional lipid classes of tubers, the presence of tri‐ and tetragalactosyl diglycerides was confirmed. The predominant fatty acid in each lipid class was linoleic acid with palmitic, oleic and linolenic acids being the other ones. In general, a high degree of unsaturation (66%), similar for most tuber lipids, was established for the component fatty acids of Alocasia.
Observations on the use of porous polymers for collecting volatiles from synthetic mixtures reminiscent of fermented ciders
Authors: Williams Anthony A. , May Helan V. , Tucknott Owen G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractConditions for collecting volatile components on Porapak Q and desorbing them for gas chromatographic examination have been investigated using a synthetic mixture representing the aroma components of cider. Optimum recoveries and least errors were obtained using a piston displacement procedure, 32 mg of Porapak, a temperature of 150°C for 20 min for desorption and ratios of vapour to liquid not exceeding 5:1. Tenax GC gave more consistent results than Porapak Q for non‐polar compounds with boiling points greater than that of hexyl acetate.
Light‐induced Flavour Deterioration. Exposure of Potato Crisps to Light and its Effect on Subsequent Storage in the Dark
Authors: Chan Henry W.‐S. , Levett Gordon , Griffiths Nerys M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe flavour changes and extent of oxidation in crisps that had been exposed to light were studied by flavour difference assessment and peroxide value. When the crisps were examined immediately after illumination, both mean flavour difference ratings and peroxide values increased with the duration of exposure. When the crisps were stored for different periods after a fixed duration of exposure, an increase of flavour difference was observed without concomitant increase in peroxide value. The observation that the storage in the dark after illumination is different to exposure to light alone is significant because actual conditions of storage of food products usually involve both light and dark periods.
The content of the soils of the wigtownshire area of Scotland
Authors: Reaves Geoffrey A. , Berrow Michael L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe distribution of lead in 41 soil profiles from a rural area in south‐west Scotland, remote from industrial activity, has been determined and the frequency distribution of both total (mean 30 mg kg−1, median 15 mg kg−1) and extractable lead in the 208 samples plotted diagrammatically. Highly significant correlations were found between total lead and soil depth (r= −0.43), loss‐on‐ignition (r=0.59) and acetic acid‐extractable lead (r=0.76). Surface enrichment is general and almost always most intense where the surface horizons are rich in organic matter. The high correlations obtained between total and EDTA extractable lead (r=0.86) and (r=0.89) confirm the close association between total lead and organic matter in soil profiles and suggest that biological cycling is a major factor which contributes to the surface enrichment of lead.
Sorption of sulphate and distribution of total, sulphate and mineralisable sulphur in some tropical soil profiles in tanzania
Authors: Singh Budh R. , Uriyo Andrew P. , Kilasara Method 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe forest soils from Arusha generally contained more total S (129–439, average 277 μg S g−1) throughout the profile than the cultivated ones from Mbeya (32–408, average 143 μg S g−1). Total S in the surface horizons was in the range of 120–439, average 292 μg S g−1. The contents of total and organic S in the profiles were significantly (P <0.001) correlated with the contents of organic C and total N. Although both extractants—0.5M‐NH4OAC and 0.01M‐CaCl2—yielded nearly similar results, the latter tended to extract a little more sulphate than the former from organic matter rich soils. Sulphate distribution in a profile was related to sorption capacities of the soils from various horizons. Its content in the profiles was in the range of 1–34, average 15 μg S g−1, and was significantly (P <0.05) but negatively correlated with the ratios of C:N and C:S. Maximum S mineralisation occurred in the surface soil of most of the profiles. Less mineralisation or marked immobilisation took place in the subsurface soil. Mineralisation‐immobilisation relationship was mainly affected by C: S ratio of the soil. A soil C: S ratio of 200:1 was found to be critical below which net mineralisation and above which immobilisation took place.
The sulphate status of soils from north scotland
Authors: Scott Norman M. , Munro John 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn a survey of soils from 125 farms in northern Scotland, calcium phosphate extractable sulphate values ranged from 4 to 55 mg S kg soil−1. In 46% of the samples the values were below 14 mg S kg−1, a limit which in countries such as Australia and USA is regarded as representing marginal soils likely to respond to added sulphur. Low values occurred throughout the area examined. Five soils representative of the group and varying in extractable sulphate from 5 to 18 mg S kg soil−1 were studied in a pot experiment to assess the sulphur supplying power. The first cuts of ryegrass contained <0.2% S in the dry matter and had N:S ratios upwards of 15:1, both indicative of inadequate sulphur. Addition of sulphur improved the nutrition of the plants and increased yields, but in some cases N:S values in excess of 15:1 were still obtained. A similar result was found in the second cut, indicating that under these conditions the five soils were unable to provide an adequate supply of sulphur to the crop.
Acceptability and nitrogen utilisation of tower and erglu rapeseed meals by the growing pig
Authors: Singam Ananda D. R. , Lawrence Tony L. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAcceptability and nitrogen utilisation studies were made with diets containing barley and either extracted soy bean meal (SBM) or one of the two low glucosinolate extracted rapeseed meals Tower (TRSM) and Erglu (ERSM). In acceptability studies SBM, TRSM and ERSM were substituted isometrically at 20% in diets which were offered ad libitum for 8 weeks to pigs of 23 kg initial liveweight. There were four groups of four castrate male pigs, and four groups of four gilt pigs, per group, per diet. For the first 2 weeks intake per unit metabolic weight (W0.75) was greatest, but thereafter was least, for the SBM diet. In metabolism studies three diets were computed and fed so that 54.5 % of the daily intake of 170 g of crude protein was derived from SBM, TRSM or ERSM. Twelve caged castrate male pigs of 25 kg liveweight were fed on each diet. Apparent digestibility of crude protein was higher for the SBM diet compared with the TRSM (P<0.05) and ERSM (P>0.05) diets. Nitrogen retention decreased significantly from the SBM to the ERSM to the TRSM diets. In an individual feeding growth experiment, using 12 castrate male and 12 gilt pigs per diet, isonitrogenous diets based on SBM, TRSM and ERSM were fed, on a liveweight related basis, between 23 and 67 kg liveweight. The SBM fed pigs grew significantly faster and required significantly less crude protein per unit of gain than those fed TRSM and ERSM, between which there were no significant differences.
Retention of nitrogen from lucerne juice in rats
Authors: Hanczakowski Piotr 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe influence of heating and partial proteolysis on the nutritive value of lucerne juice protein in barley diets has been examined. It was found that the nutritive value may be improved by separating the heat coagulated protein from brown juice. The addition of condensed brown juice decreased biological value and true digestibility of casein protein. Partial proteolysis improved nitrogen retention from juice.
Extraction and fractionation of wheat flour proteins
Authors: Graveland Aris , Bongers Piet , Bosveld Pieter 
Published: November 2006

AbstractExtraction of wheat flour with 1.5% sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) solution dissolved 65–67% of the total flour nitrogen. The SDS‐insoluble proteinaceous material was separated into glycoproteins‐I, II and III by ultracentrifugation. Part of the SDS‐soluble proteinaceous material was precipitated by addition of ethanol and separated into glycoproteins‐IV, glutenins and globulins. The rest of the dissolved proteinaceous material was separated into glycoproteins‐V, gliadins, glycoproteins‐VI, and albumins by (NH4)2SO4‐precipitation and gel filtration chromatography.
Choline content of fish meals from various origins
Authors: Barlow Stuart M. , Pike Ian H. , Nixon Frederick 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe choline content of 45 samples of fish meal from nine different origins has been determined. The overall average was 4396 with a standard error of a single sample of ± 995 mg kg−1. No significant differences were found between meals of different origins, different species of fish, or different processing conditions.
The assay of the coccidiostat clopidol in animal feeds by high‐pressure liquid chromatography
Authors: Söderhjelm Petter , Andersson Bernt 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA simple method for the assay of the coccidiostat clopidol by high performance liquid chromatography (h.p.l.c.) is described. After extraction the solution is neutralised and filtered and injected on the h.p.l.c.‐column. It is quantified by u.v.‐detection. The method has been tested on commercial feed samples. The agreement with a standard reference method is good. The precision of the proposed method has a standard deviation of 2%. The recovery of added clopidol is 101% with a standard deviation of 2.4%. No interferences to the method have been found.
The influence of hydrochloric acid on the effect of caproic acid in preventing aerobic deterioration of silages
Authors: Ohyama Yoshinobu , Hara Shin‐Ichiro , Masaki Shigehiko 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn five experiments of the same design using silages made from wilted Italian ryegrass (dry matter 22.7–40.9%), the effects of caproic acid (C6) (10 mmol kg−1) with and without 6N‐HCl (20 ml kg−1), applied at ensiling or at opening, in preventing aerobic deterioration of silages after opening silos were investigated. Application of C6 either at ensiling or at opening was partially effective in preventing temperature increase, pH rise and breakdown of organic acids during the 7‐day aerobic exposure period after opening the silos. Addition of HCl reduced the pH of silages irrespective of the time of application. However, no improvement of the effect of C6 due to HCl supplementation was observed as far as the prevention of the aerobic deterioration was concerned. Treatment with C6+ HCl at ensiling inhibited silage fermentation more extensively than C6 alone. Viable counts of yeasts and moulds in the silages treated with C6 or C6+ HCl at ensiling tended to be lower than those in the control silages. Considerable increases in the counts of moulds were found in the control silages during the aerobic exposure period.
Rapid injury to peas by soil waterlogging
Authors: Jackson Michael B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractShort‐term responses of pea plants (Pisum sativum L. cv. ‘Sprite’) to waterlogging of the soil have been examined under glasshouse conditions. The symptoms of injury arising from one to four days of waterlogging included extensive desiccation and chlorosis of the foliage and lower rates of transpiration, stem extension, and growth of shoots and fruits. Premature quiescence of the apical bud of waterlogged plants reduced the number of fruiting nodes and extending internodes. Flowering plants at the 9‐ to 10‐leaf stage were found to be damaged more severely than young veetative plants bearing only 2 or 3 leaves. Waterlogging inhibited the uptake of nitrogen from the soil sufficiently to reduce its concentration in vegetative and fruit tissues. The uptake of potassium and phosphorus was less severely affected and the overall concentration in shoot tissues was slightly higher in waterlogged plants than in controls. The concentrations of manganese and calcium were not changed greatly by waterlogging. The equilibrium concentration of oxygen in the soil water fell to below 1% after 24 h of waterlogging while the amounts of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and ethylene increased considerably. The injury to plants grown in nutrient solution supplied with oxygen and carbon dioxide, at concentrations present in waterlogged soil, was much less than that sustained by plants growing in the waterlogged soil itself.
Phosphate solubility tests—interference of some accessory minerals
Authors: Axelrod Shimshon , Greidinger Dahlia 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSolubilities of apatites isolated from random samples of Israeli phosphates were determined in citric acid, formic acid and neutral ammonium citrate. Minerals normally associated with the apatites in rock phosphates were then added and the solubility tests repeated. Calcite markedly reduced the apparent solubility in the three solvents but gypsum interfered only in the case of neutral ammonium citrate. The accepted solubility tests therefore favour phosphates containing inert accessory minerals such as quartz and do not reflect the solubility of apatite when it is associated with calcite. A method based on determining the solubility of apatite instead of rock phosphate is suggested.
Influence of variety and planting density on starch accumulation in cassava roots
Authors: Wholey Douglas W. , Booth Robert H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractRoot starch content was consistently higher in the variety Black Twig than in the variety C5 and was always higher at 1 × 1 m than at 3 × 3 m plant spacing in both varieties throughout the sampling period; 36 to 68 weeks of age. C5 produced greater fresh root yields than Black Twig at both planting densities. Starch yields per hectare were greater from C5 in the ninth month after planting, but after this they were similar for both varieties. No marked peak or consistent decline in root starch content associated with increasing age was observed. It is suggested that variations in root starch content could be influenced by climatic factors, particularly rainfall, and soil moisture. Long‐term research in this area is required.
Preparation of white leaf protein concentrate using a polyanionic flocculant
Authors: Bray Walter J. , Humphries Catherine 
Published: November 2006

AbstractJuice was extracted from lucerne (Medicago sativa L.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea L. var. Alta) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. var. Melle). The removal of pigmented material from the juice, by the destabilisation of the colloidally suspended chloroplastic particles, using a number of flocculants in combination with pH adjustment, was studied. Although the addition of calcium and magnesium ions partially precipitated pigmented material, Superfloc A150, a polyanionic polyacrylamide flocculant, was more effective. pH adjustments, both before and after the addition of this flocculant, led to two possible methods for precipitating completely pigmented material, a one‐stage process where one pH adjustment and centrifugation was used, and a two‐stage process where two pH adjustments and centrifugations were made. These processes allowed the recovery of a ‘white ’protein suitable for use in human food formulations.
Studies on the aerobic stability of commercial silages
Authors: Henderson Annie R. , Matthew Ewart J. , Robertson Gilbert M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEighteen commercial silages from ten different farms located in south‐east Scotland were exposed to air in polystyrene containers over a 9‐day period. The silages were subjected to detailed biochemical and microbiological analyses prior to aeration. All the parameters used to measure aerobic deterioration, pH rise, maximum temperature above ambient and sum of temperature rise showed a good correlation with dry matter loss. In a comparison of silage parameters with deterioration measurements, only ammonia nitrogen contents were correlated with all the measurements. The results of microbial counts are inconclusive. Yeast counts increased during the 9‐day aeration period whether dry matter losses were high or not.
The effect of decanoic, dodecanoic and tetradecanoic acids on silage fermentation
Authors: Wilson Robert F. , Woolford Michael K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe ability of decanoic (C10), dodecanoic (C12) and tetradecanoic (C14) acids to restrict the fermentation of ryegrass and lucerne was investigated with laboratory silos. With ryegrass, addition of the C12 acid alone at 1 kg t−1 of fresh crop had no effect on extent or pattern of fermentation compared to that of the untreated crop, though at 2 kg t−1 the acid appeared to reduce the content of butyric acid but not ammonia‐N in the silage. Formic acid, added alone or with C10, C12 and C14 acids restricted extent of fermentation and butyric acid production, but in this experiment addition of these acids had relatively little effect on the content of ammonia‐N in the silages. With lucerne, extent of fermentation was similar for all treatments, though the untreated silage and those which received C12 or formic acid alone at 1 kg t−1 or 1 kg t−1 of C14 acid with 1 kg t−1 of formic acid contained butyric acid in excess of 3% of the dry matter (DM). It is concluded that acids in the range C12‐C14 are not effective in restricting silage fermentation and that their effectiveness is not increased by reduction in pH produced by the addition of formic acid. Microbiological assessments largely confirmed these findings.
The effect of various processing treatments on the content and composition of the long‐chain fatty acids of red clover
Authors: Outen George E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractRed clover cut, dried, and either chopped and wafered or ground and pelleted showed mainly small changes in long‐chain fatty acid content after 6 and 12 weeks storage at ambient temperature. The same material blast‐frozen and stored at ‐ 15°C showed greater losses in the polyunsaturated acids after storage for 6 and 12 weeks and these losses generally increased when the material was allowed to thaw for various periods of time up to 24 h.