bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heterogeneous Catalysis of Alkene Epoxidation
Authors: Linic Suljo , Barteau Mark A. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Epoxidation of Ethylene with Silver Catalysts

Process Overview

Historical Perspectives on the Reaction Network and Mechanism

Selectivity Control by a “Common Intermediate”

Why Silver is a Unique Catalyst: Activity and Selectivity

Improvement of Catalyst Selectivity

Extensions of Silver‐Catalyzed Direct Epoxidation to Other Olefins

Epoxidation of Larger Alkenes with Titanium‐Based Catalysts

Conceptual Differences Compared to Direct Epoxidation

Titania–Silica Catalysts and Insights into Mechanism and Active Sites

Epoxidation with H
2
O
2
in the Presence of Water:
TS
‐1 and Related Materials

Strategies for
In‐Situ
Generation of Peroxides

Perspective
Amination Reactions
Authors: Mallat Tamas , Baiker Alfons , Kleist Wolfgang , Köhler Klaus 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Amination of Alcohols

Aliphatic Alcohols

Amination over Metal Catalysts (Dehydrogenation Route)

Amination over Solid Acid Catalysts (Dehydration Route)

Amino Alcohols, Polyalcohols

Amination of Phenols

Amination of Carbonyl Compounds (Reductive Alkylation)

Reaction Mechanism

Catalysts, Reaction Conditions

Selective Synthesis of Primary, Secondary, or Tertiary Amines

Amination with Bifunctional Amines or Carbonyl Compounds

Heterocyclic Ring Formation

Stereoselectivity

Amination of Carboxylic Acids and Esters

Amination of Alkenes and Alkynes (Hydroamination)

Amination of Ethers

Amination of Halogen Compounds

Amination of Haloalkanes

Amination of Haloaryls

Amination of Hydrocarbons

Amination of Carbon Monoxide and Carbon Dioxide
Elimination and Addition Reactions
Authors: Kraus Milos , Knözinger Helmut 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Scope and Thermodynamics

Common Features

Mechanism

Influence of Reactant Structure on Rate

Direction of Elimination and Addition Reactions

Elimination

Addition

Catalysts

Surface Chemistry and Reaction Mechanisms

Stop Effect

Catalyst Poisoning and Deactivation

Kinetics

Practical Applications of Elimination and Addition Reactions

Dehydrochlorination

Vinyl Chloride Production

Trichloroethene and Tetrachloroethene Production

Production of Linear Alkenes

Dehydration

Hydrochlorination

Hydration and Amination

Formation of Ethanol

Formation of 2‐Propanol

Addition of Alcohols and Organic Acids to Alkenes

Isopropyl Acetate

Methyl
tert
‐Butyl Ether

Alkylation and Dealkylation
Enantioselective Reactions on Anchored Chiral Complexes
Authors: Blaser Hans‐Ulrich , Pugin Benoît 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Industrial Requirements

Characteristics of the Manufacture of Enantiomerically Pure Products

Process Development: Critical Factors for the Application of (Solid) Enantioselective Catalysts

Requirements for Practically Useful Immobilized Catalysts

A
Preparation Methods

B
Supports

C
Catalysts

D
Catalytic Properties and Handling

Anchoring Strategies and Support Materials

Survey of Anchored Complexes

Heterogenization via Covalently Bound Ligands

Heterogenization via Adsorption and Ion Pair Formation

Heterogenization via Entrapment

Assessment and Conclusions
Hydroformylation on Solid Catalysts
Authors: Likholobov Vladimir A. , Moroz Boris L. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe sections in this article areFundamental Principles of HydroformylationGeneral Features and ScopeHomogeneous Oxo Catalysts and Process ParametersACobalt CatalystsBRhodium CatalystsCCatalysts other than Cobalt and Rhodium CompoundsReaction MechanismTypes of Solid Oxo CatalystHydroformylation with Immobilized Metal Complex CatalystsSupported Metal Complex CatalystsSupported Metal Complex CatalystsACatalysts Anchored onto Ion‐Exchange ResinsBCatalysts Prepared by Covalent GraftingCCatalysts Prepared by Coordinative AnchoringDEncapsulated Metal Complex CatalystsHydroformylation over Supported Metal Catalysts
Craftsteak, New York
Authors: Merkel Jayne 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe most chic and beloved restaurants in New York are designed, not by black‐garbed hipsters in a downtown loft, but by a family firm of suburban intellectuals on the North Shore of Long Island, over an hour from Manhattan. Craftsteak is the latest in their portfolio which includes Gramercy Tavern, Tabla, Eleven Madison Park, Bluesmoke, Craft, Craftbar, 'Wichcraft, Medi, and the restaurants at the Museum of Modern Art. Jayne Merkel discusses the challenges of restaurant design with architects at Bentel & Bentel, whose once largely local practice is now taking them all over the world, even to Heathrow's new Terminal 5 where they are designing a restaurant for Gordon Ramsay. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Order of Magnitude Effects of Thiazole Regioisomerism on the Near‐IR Two‐Photon Cross‐Sections of Dipolar Chromophores
Authors: Schmidt Karin , Leclercq Amalia , Zojer Egbert , Lawson PaDreyia V. , Jang Sei‐Hum , Barlow Stephen , Jen Alex K.‐Y. , Marder Seth R. , Brédas Jean‐Luc 
Published: March 2008

AbstractWe have investigated computationally the two‐photon absorption (2PA) properties of donor‐acceptor dipolar chromophores, the conjugated backbones of which contain two five‐membered heterocyclic groups which may be electron‐rich (thiophene‐2,5‐diyl) and/or electron‐deficient (thiazole‐2,5‐diyl). Quantum‐chemical calculations (INDO/MRDCI/S‐tensor and Sum‐Over‐States calculations based on DFT‐optimized geometries) indicate that the two‐photon cross‐sections into the lowest two excited states S1 and S2 can be tuned by more than an order of magnitude by varying the nature, order, and, in the case of thiazole, orientation of the heterocycles. Going from one thiazole regioisomer to the other has the strongest impact on the 2PA spectra and can even invert the ratio between the 2PA cross‐sections of S1 and S2. An essential‐state analysis reveals that different channels dominate 2PA into S1 and S2. The sensitivity of 2PA into S1 towards the orientation of the thiazole ring stems from a local modulation on the thiazole ring of the change in state dipole moment upon excitation to S1, Δµ01, whereas the dominant essential parameter through which the thiazole orientation affects 2PA into S2 is the transition dipole moment between S1 and S2, µ12.
Exposures in painting related occupations and risk of selected cancers: Results from a case–control study in montreal
Authors: Ramanakumar Agnihotram V. , Nadon Louise , Siemiatycki Jack 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBackgroundPainters are considered to be at increased risk of lung cancer. The objective was to evaluate risk of several cancers, apart from lung, in painting‐related professions. Most previous studies have focused on the job title rather than on exposures incurred.MethodsA large population based case–control study was carried out during 1979–1986 in Montreal including several types of cancer and focusing on occupational exposures. Interviews elicited detailed lifetime job histories; those were evaluated by a team of industrial hygienists to assign exposure. The exposure checklist included three paint‐related substances: metal coatings, wood varnishes and stains, and wood and gypsum paints. Seven types of cancer were analyzed (numbers interviewed): esophagus (97), stomach (248), colorectal (754), prostate (438), bladder (478), kidney (174) and non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (215). For each cancer type, a pooled control group was constituted from 533 population controls and 533 cancer patients selected from other types of cancer. Odds ratios (ORs) were estimated between each of the paint‐related agents and each of the seven cancer types, adjusting for several potential confounders, including smoking.ResultsThe job title of “painters” was not associated with risk of any of the cancers under study. Most of the ORs between the three agents and the seven cancers were close to null. However, there was a tendency for ORs to be above 1.0 for subjects who had substantial exposure to metal coatings, with noteworthy associations for cancers of the esophagus (OR = 4.2; 95% CI: 1.1–17.0; n = 4), prostate (OR = 2.7; 95% CI: 1.0–7.7; n = 13), and bladder (OR = 1.7; 95% CI: 0.7–4.4; n = 13).ConclusionThese results are compatible with an absence of risk among painting‐related professions; they are also compatible with excess risk of certain cancers, especially among those exposed to metal coatings. Am. J. Ind. Med. 51:419–427, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Review of 64 cases of death in children with Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS)
Authors: Tauber M. , Diene G. , Molinas C. , Hébert M. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractSeveral deaths have been reported in children with Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) following treatment with growth hormone (GH). We collected all of the reports of deaths in PWS children, both in treatment and non‐treatment groups, analyzed the causes of the death and compared the two groups. We conducted an exhaustive search for reports using bibliographic databases, toxicology pharmacovigilance databases, and personal communications. Sixty‐four PWS children (42M/22F) aged from a few days to 19 years were identified, 28 received GH treatment. Our results show that respiratory disorders were the most common cause of death (respiratory insufficiency or infections) which were reported in 61% of the children (68% in GH‐treated and 55.5% in ‐untreated patients). We found no significant differences in gender, prevalence of obesity or prevalence of sleep apnea, between the patients treated with GH and the untreated patients. Nevertheless, most of the deaths in GH‐treated children (75%) occurred during the first 9 months after the initiation of GH treatment. Our analysis shows the high frequency of respiratory infections in both GH‐treated and ‐untreated PWS children. The first 9 months of GH treatment seems to be a high‐risk period emphasizing the need for comprehensive care before and during GH treatment. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic traces of east‐to‐west human expansion waves in Eurasia
Authors: Chaix Raphaëlle , Austerlitz Frédéric , Hegay Tatyana , Quintana‐Murci Lluís , Heyer Evelyne 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIn this study, we describe the landscape of human demographic expansions in Eurasia using a large continental Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA dataset. Variation at these two uniparentally‐inherited genetic systems retraces expansions that occurred in the past 60 ky, and shows a clear decrease of expansion ages from east to west Eurasia. To investigate the demographic events at the origin of this westward decrease of expansion ages, the estimated divergence ages between Eurasian populations are compared with the estimated expansion ages within each population. Both markers suggest that the demographic expansion diffused from east to west in Eurasia in a demic way, i.e., through migrations of individuals (and not just through diffusion of new technologies), highlighting the prominent role of eastern regions within Eurasia during Palaeolithic times. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rh‐ and Pt‐catalyzed cycloisomerization of enynes derived from terpenes
Authors: Costes Philippe , Weckesser Jochen , Dechy‐Cabaret Odile , Urrutigoïty Martine , Kalck Philippe 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe Rh‐catalyzed cycloisomerization of new terpenoid derivatives featuring an O‐tethered enyne unexpectedly leads to polycyclic derivatives containing an inner cyclopropane ring or a diene moiety, depending on the structure of the enyne, as observed in the PtCl2‐catalyzed processes. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and properties of SMA‐g‐PA6 and PPO blends via in situ active anionic polymerization of ε‐caprolactam, comparing with MCPA6/PPO blends
Authors: Du Libo , Yang Guisheng 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIn this work, blends of monomer casting polyamide 6 (MCPA6) and poly(phenylene oxide) (PPO) were prepared by in situ polymerization via the application of ε‐caprolactam as a reactive solvent. Styrene‐maleic anhydride (SMA) was used as both compatibilizer and macromolecular activator. With the in situ formed graft copolymers of SMA‐g‐PA6, the dispersion of PPO was much smaller, and better mechanical properties and higher heat distortion temperature were obtained. The morphologies of the blends were characterized by scanning electron microscope, and the crystallization behaviors of these blends were also studied by differential scanning calorimeter, wide angle X‐ray diffraction, and polarize optical micrograph. The results showed that the main differences in crystallization behaviors and crystallographic form of PA6 between the two series blends (MCPA6/PPO and SMA‐g‐PA6/PPO) lie in the number and size of dispersed PA6 within the PPO rich region. Besides, the rheological properties of two series blends were also studied. SMA‐g‐PA6/PPO blends present higher viscosity and more elastic behavior than MCPA6/PPO blends. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
A novel and green method for polycondensation reaction of 4‐substituted phenylurazoles with different diisocyanates under solvent‐free conditions
Authors: Mallakpour Shadpour , Dinari Mohammad 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIn this investigation, a new method for step‐growth polymerization reactions of 4‐phenylurazole (PHU) and 4‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)urazole (MPU) with various diisocyanates were developed under solvent‐free conditions. The reaction of these monomers with hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDI), isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), and tolulyene‐2,4‐diisocyanate (TDI) were performed in the presence or absence of dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTDL) as a catalyst. The results of polymerization revealed that DBTDL did not have considerable effect on the polymerization process. The resulting polyureas showed good yields and moderate inherent viscosities ranging of 0.17–0.30 dL/g in N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) at 25°C. They are soluble in most polar organic solvents. All of the above polymers were characterized by 1H‐NMR, FTIR spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). This method was compared with the polymerization reaction in N,N‐dimethylacetamide as a solvent via solution polymerization. Under solvent‐free conditions, higher yields and inherent viscosities were obtained. In addition, in this method we do not need to use any solvents and the polymerization reaction can be classified as a green and environmentally friendly method. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
High recovery system in seawater reverse osmosis plants
Authors: Fujiwara Nobuya , Matsuyama Hideto 
Published: March 2008

AbstractSeawater desalination by the reverse osmosis (RO) method is an energy‐saving system compared with the evaporating method, and can perform seawater desalination efficiently. Seawater RO desalination technology has been established and become a reliable system. Seawater desalination plants using RO technology have spread and the scale of the plants has increased significantly. More economical and efficient RO method seawater desalination systems have come to be required. A high recovery system, which offers reduction of plant construction cost and running cost was devised. Towards realization of this high recovery system, simulation and the field tests were done to confirm the practicality. Furthermore, a high recovery system was adopted for the biggest desalination plant in Japan, and it is performing favorably. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Thermal properties of proton‐conducting radiation‐grafted membranes
Authors: Gürsel Selmiye Alkan , Schneider Julian , Ben Youcef Hicham , Wokaun Alexander , Scherer Günther G. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractProton‐exchange membranes are required to exhibit chemical, mechanical, and thermal stability for fuel cell applications. The present investigation has been carried out to explore the thermal behavior of poly(ethylene‐alt‐tetrafluoroethylene) (ETFE)‐based proton‐conducting membranes, both uncrosslinked and crosslinked, prepared by radiation grafting and subsequent sulfonation. The influence of preparation steps (irradiation, grafting, sulfonation, crosslinking) on the thermal degradation, crystallinity, and melting behavior of membranes with varying degree of grafting was examined. ETFE base film and grafted films were studied as the reference materials. Furthermore, poly(tetrafluoroethylene‐co‐hexafluoropropylene)‐based grafted films and membranes were investigated as well for comparison. Membrane preparation steps, degree of grafting, crosslinking, type of base polymer have considerable influence on the thermal properties of membranes. The crystallinity of the films decreases slightly by grafting, while a significant decrease was observed after sulfonation. For instance, crystallinity decreased from 37% (pristine ETFE) to 36% (uncrosslinked grafted film) and 23% (uncrosslinked ETFE‐based membrane). On the other hand, the melting temperature of the base polymer was almost unaffected by irradiation and grafting. The crosslinked ETFE‐based membranes exhibit a slightly higher melting temperature (262.5°C) than their corresponding grafted films (261.3°C) and the base film (260.6°C). © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Interfacial polycondensation of diphenolic acid and isophthaloyl chloride
Authors: Zhang Ping , Wu Linbo , Bu Zhiyang , Li Bo‐Geng 
Published: March 2008

AbstractInterfacial polycondensation of diphenolic acid (DPA) and isophthaloyl chloride (IPC) in various solvent/water systems was investigated with tetrabutyl ammonium chloride as a phase transfer catalyst. It was found that a large mass of capsules were formed at the beginning of the reaction for all solvents examined but the capsule morphology and reaction results depended on the solvents. It is believed that the capsule shells make up of the reaction zone and a mechanism of the interfacial polycondensation is proposed accordingly. The effect of the solvents on the reaction was interpreted from the interaction between the polymer and the solvent according to the mechanism. The reaction conditions were optimized, and poly(DPA‐IPC) with high intrinsic viscosity was prepared in high yield under the optimal condition. It is an amorphous polymer with glass transition temperature of about 160°C. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Thermal decomposition of polystyrene in supercritical methanol
Authors: Shin Hee‐Yong , Bae Seong‐Youl 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe degradation of polystyrene (PS) in supercritical methanol was carried out under reaction temperatures ranging from 340 to 420°C and pressures of 10–30 MPa. The selectivity of liquid products was investigated at various reaction conditions. As the reaction proceeded, the selectivity of styrene monomer, dimer, 1,3‐diphenyl propane, and 1,3‐diphenyl butane had a declining tendency, whereas that of the rest (i.e., toluene, ethyl benzene, isopropyl benzene, and 3‐phenyl propanol, etc.) had an inclining tendency. The sequences of decomposition reaction could be reasoned by analyzing the variation of selectivity of liquid products. The kinetic behavior of PS in supercritical methanol had been investigated. The degradation processes of PS in such supercritical fluids could be formulated by the first‐order kinetic law at the initial stage of reaction. The activation energy for the degradation in supercritical methanol was evaluated to be 117.2 kJ/mol and it was also compared with the activation energies for depolymerization in other supercritical fluids and that for thermal pyrolysis. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Preparation of ultra‐thin PAN‐based activated carbon fibers with physical activation
Authors: Su Yen‐Ju , Ko Tes‐Hao , Lin Jui‐Hsiang 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis study elucidates the stabilization and activation in forming activated carbon fibers (ACFs) from ultra‐thin polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers. The effect of stabilization time on the properties and structure of resultant stabilized fibers was investigated by thermal analysis, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), elemental analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Stabilization was optimized by the pyrolysis of ultra‐thin PAN fibers in air atmosphere at 280°C for 15 min, and subsequent activation in steam at 1000°C for 0.75 to 15 min. Resultant ACFs were characterized by N2 adsorption at 77 K to evaluate pore parameters, XRD to evaluate structure parameters, and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) to elucidate surface morphology. The produced ACFs had surface areas of 668–1408 m2/g and a micropore volume to total pore volume ratio from 78 to 88%. Experimental results demonstrate the surface area and micropore volume of 1408 m2/g and 0.687 cm3/g, respectively, following activation at 1000°C for 10 min. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Thermally stable aliphatic polycarbonate containing bulky carbazole pendants
Authors: Gao L. J. , Du F. G. , Xiao M. , Wang S. J. , Meng Y. Z. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractTo improve the thermal and mechanical properties of poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC), the terpolymers were synthesized by the terpolymerization of CO2 with PO and a third monomer, N‐(2,3‐epoxylpropyl)carbazole (NEC) using supported zinc glutarate as catalyst. The catalytic activity, molecular weight, carbonate unit content, as well as the thermal and mechanical properties were investigated extensively. The experimental results showed that the catalytic activity, molecular weight, and carbonate unit content decreased with the incorporation of NEC. The introduction of NEC increased the glass transition temperature from 38.0 to 44.1°C. Moreover, the thermal decomposition temperature (Tg‐5%) of the terpolymer (278°C) was much higher than that of pure PPC (238°C). Accordingly, the mechanical properties proved to be enhanced greatly as evidenced by tensile tests due to the incorporation of bulky carbazole moieties. These improvements in thermal and mechanical properties are of very importance for the process of PPC. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Effect of inert fillers on diffusion and controlled release of penetrant in polymer matrices
Authors: Rajendran Sharad , Gilbert Robert G. , Cribb Bronwen , Truss Rowan , Noller Barry , Stewart Aaron , Zalucki Myron 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis study investigates the characteristics of leaching into a solvent of an active used as termiticide, Bifenthrin® (a synthetic pyrethroid) entrapped in polymer, and the effect of layered silicates on this diffusion. Two contrasting solvents, water and acetone, were used to understand this phenomenon; the active is soluble in acetone but has very low solubility in water. The data are used to understand the migration characteristics of Bifenthrin when encapsulated in polyurethane to form a termite barrier. The absorption characteristics of Bifenthrin in polyethylene were also studied for comparison. Bifenthrin‐polyurethaneblends containing 0, 0.5, and 5% of layered silicates were prepared and monitored for the release of Bifenthrin. Using the time‐concentration dependence of the active in polymer, diffusion coefficients of Bifenthrin from the polymer were inferred assuming Fickian diffusion. The presence of silicates had no significant effect on the diffusion behavior. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008