bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of age on anion gap in clinically normal Quarter Horses
Authors: Gossett Kent A. , French Dennis D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Anion gap [ag = (Na + K) - (Cl + HCO3)] was determined in Quarter Horses: 10 clinically normal foals 0.5 to 3 days, 2 to 3 weeks, and 5 to 7 weeks of age; 10 yearlings; and ten 2-year-olds. Mean ag (± 1 sd) were 12.8 ± 3.3, 15.2 ± 2.9, 14.0 ± 1.6, 12.3 ± 1.8, and 10.4 ± 1.2 mEq/L, respectively.
The 4 to 5 mEq/L higher ag in 2- to 7-week-old foals, when compared with that in 2-year-old horses, can be explained in part by hyperphosphatemia (2 mEq/L) and lower calcium values (0.4 mEq/L). Decreased globulin concentrations may also contribute to the higher ag.
The ag can be useful in the diagnosis and prognosis of metabolic imbalances in the horse. The age of the animal was important in the interpretation of ag. Age adjustment of reference intervals will increase the usefulness of ag in foals.
Fate of aflatoxins in tissues, fluids, and excrements from cows dosed orally with aflatoxin B1
Authors: Stubblefield R. D. , Pier A. C. , Richard J. L. , Shotwell O. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A study was conducted to determine aflatoxins in tissues and nontissues of 2 Holstein cows given oral doses of 0.35 mg of purified aflatoxin B1/kg of body weight/day for 3 consecutive days. Cow 1 was slaughtered 24 hours after the 3rd dose, and cow 2, after day 3, was fed aflatoxin-free rations for 7 additional days before slaughter. Tissue samples of brain, gallbladder and bile, heart, intestine, kidney, liver, lung, mammary gland, skeletal muscle, spleen, supramammary lymph nodes, thymus, and tongue, and nontissue samples of blood, feces, milk, rumen content, and urine were examined.
Aflatoxins B1 and M1 were found in all samples of cow 1, except the thymus. Kidney, liver, and mammary gland had the highest concentrations of total aflatoxins (57.9, 13.2, and 25.1 ng/g, respectively), with the aflatoxin M1 concentration 40 times more than the aflatoxin B1 level in kidney. Aflatoxin residues were present (0.02 to 0.11 ng/g) only in kidney, liver, and intestine of the tissues from cow 2 (fed aflatoxin-free feed for 7 additional days). Aflatoxin B1 was not present in nontissue samples, but aflatoxin M1 (0.10 and 1.5 ng/ml) was found in the last milk and urine samples from the same cow. Urine assays are a possible way to monitor the presence of aflatoxin residues in meat tissues.
Bluetongue virus serotype 20 infections in cattle of breeding age
Authors: Groocock C. M. , Parsonson I. M. , Campbell C. H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Ten cattle (6 heifers and 4 bulls) were inoculated with bluetongue virus (btv) type 20. Clinical signs, antibody responses, and capabilities of these animals to replicate and maintain virus were assessed. The cattle showed no clinical signs of disease, although they did develop antibodies to btv which showed long-term increasing titers. Virus was intermittently isolated from samples of blood, but not beyond day 21. Virus was not detected in the semen of the bulls, nor isolated from the tissues of the cattle at necropsy except from the genital tract of the 2 bulls which had been killed within 30 days after their inoculation. Gross and microscopic pathologic changes were not seen in any tissues that were attributable to btv infection. There was no evidence of damage to the reproductive organs or of the development of a latent carrier state in either the heifers or the bulls.
Genetic relatedness of Haemophilus somnus to select genera of bacteria
Authors: Gonzales Herbert F. , Bingham Douglas P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The degree of DNA homology from Haemophilus somnus and DNA from select members of the genera Haemophilus, Actinobacillus, Pasteurella, Escherichia, and Micrococcus was determined. Hybridization tests indicated that H somnus DNA has a 46%, 58%, and 43% homology with the DNA from H influenzae, H parainfluenzae, and A lignieresii, respectively. These percentages of homology values indicate that H somnus was moderately related to 2 members of the genus Haemophilus and 1 member of the genus Actinobacillus. Haemophilus somnus DNA did not show any hybridization with DNA from the genera of Escherichia, Micrococcus, or Pasteurella.
Research needs and priorities for ruminant internal parasites in the United States
Authors: _ _ 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The management-chemotherapy approach is currently the most applicable means of effectively and practically controlling parasites of ruminants. Knowledge of regional patterns for major ruminant parasites, especially seasonal transmission dynamics, promises to lead to major improvements in management-chemotherapy systems. This knowledge also provides the fundamental context for design of new integrated control strategies that include other approaches such as immunization, chemical and biological control, and the interaction of environmental, physiologic, and nutritional factors. Greatly needed is a change in the protracted government regulatory process that obviates the availability of new, more effective drugs until years after they are available in other developed nations and that creates a dearth of “minor species, minor use” antiparasitic compounds. It is necessary to recognize both the need for product safety and the realities of investment limitations in the pharmaceutical industry. Also needed are new formulations and better methods of mass treatment for inaccessible herds of ruminants that will allow flexibility in strategic treatment programs based on seasonal transmission and other factors. More reliable cost-benefit assessments, more sensitive diagnostic indicators, and better knowledge of pathophysiologic mechanisms of damage by parasites will assist greatly in identifying the economically important effects against which economical control programs can be targeted.
The opportunities for development and evaluation of novel prophylactic, diagnostic, and management approaches for animal parasitism are close at hand if the spectacular advances in molecular biology, immunology, computer science, and ecologic methodologies are assimilated in present research efforts. Although the emphasis of this report is on applied research and identification of approaches for the immediate future, the importance of more basic research on animal parasites and discoveries in other areas of modern biology and medicine are recognized as the essential pacesetters of the future. There is increasing concern by agricultural research workers that renewal of this base of fundamental knowledge is greatly needed. In this context, studies on the physiology, behavior, antigenicity, and genetic makeup of parasites, protective host responses, and mechanisms of tissue destruction and invasion by veterinary parasites are essential. Veterinary parasitologists must study host-parasite interactions directly with minimal reliance on rodent model systems; although this has disadvantages it offers special opportunities for research that is concurrently applied and fundamental. While the livestock industry can expect continuous progress on current problems, a long-term investment in basic research must be made for the future.
Use of immunofluorescence, Gram's staining, histologic examination, and seroagglutination in the diagnosis of porcine colibacillosis
Authors: Francis David H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) test of ileal impression smears for K88, K99, and 987P pilus antigens was compared with histologic examination and seroagglutination of Escherichia coli isolates for efficacy in determining colibacillosis in pigs. Histologic examination appeared to be more effective than the ifa test in revealing colonization of the ileum by bacteria. However, histologic examination revealed little about the nature of the colonizing bacteria. Correlation between bacterial adherence, as observed in histologic sections of ileum, and the presence of bacteria with adherence pili, as determined by ifa testing, was 91%. Results of seroagglutination for pilus antigens correlated with results of histologic examination in only 84% of the cases. Pilus antigens were not identified by ifa testing or seroagglutination in 5% of the cases in which adherent bacteria were observed in histologic sections of the small intestine.
Because little preparation time was required for the ifa test, results were available within 2 hours of necropsy. In contrast to histologic examination, the ifa test made possible identification of the colonizing organism as E coli and revealed the type of pilus antigen present. Adherence pili were identified more frequently by ifa testing than by seroagglutination.
Examination of Gram's-stained ileal impression smears was useful in screening for colibacillosis in pigs. Bacterial adherence was found in positive correlation with the number of gram-negative bacilli observed. Bacterial adherence rarely was observed in histologic sections of ileum when smears contained ≤ 10 gram-negative bacilli/1,000 × microscopic field.
Each diagnostic test compared offered advantages and disadvantages over the other tests. Seemingly, concurrent use of several of these tests, rather than one, should be used in the diagnosis of porcine colibacillosis.
Prevalence of antibodies to Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in Iowa swine
Authors: Young T. F. , Ross R. F. , Drisko Jennifer 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The prevalence of complement-fixing antibodies to Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae was determined in 7,321 sera collected from breeding swine of various ages. Samples were selected randomly in approximate proportion to the number of hogs marketed annually from each of 9 crop-reporting areas in Iowa. Testing was accomplished by means of a Microtiter complement-fixation test. Of the 7,321 sera, 22% had antibody titers of 1:4 or greater to M hyopneumoniae. Of the 597 herds sampled, 60% or 357 had at least 1 animal with a titer of 1:4 or greater. Use of the chi-square association test indicated that animals which were M hyopneumoniae-positive were more often Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae-positive than those that were M hyopneumoniae-negative.
Blood volume, heart rate, and left ventricular ejection fraction changes in dogs before and after exercise during endurance training
Authors: Mackintosh I. C. , Dormehl Irene C. , van Gelder A. L. , du Plessis Marijke 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In Beagles (n = 5) after 7 weeks' endurance training, resting blood volume increased by an average of 13.1%. Resting heart rates were not significantly affected, but heart rates measured 2 minutes after exercise were significantly lower after the endurance training than before. Left ventricular ejection fractions determined by radionuclide angiography from 2 minutes after exercise showed no significant changes in response to a single exercise period or over the 50 days' training.
Comparison of pyrimidine 5′nucleotidase activity in erythrocytes of sheep, dogs, cats, horses, calves, and Mongolian gerbils
Authors: George Jeanne Wright , Duncan J. Robert , Mahaffey Edward A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Pyrimidine 5′nucleotidase (P5N) activities of erythrocytes for Mongolian gerbils, cats, dogs, sheep, horses, and calves were measured, using a radiometric technique with [14C]cytidine monophosphate as the substrate. Erythrocytes of gerbils had the highest activity [1,177.1 ± 133.6 mU/g of hemoglobin (Hb)]. Feline erythrocytes had 327.4 ± 204.4 mU/g of Hb. Canine erythrocytes had 148.0 ± 19.8 mU/g of Hb. Ovine erythrocytes (44.3 ± 20.9 mU/g of Hb), equine erythrocytes (30.0 ± 15.9 mU/g of Hb), and bovine erythrocytes (14.1 ± 6.9) had relatively low P5N activity.
The P5N activity was approximately proportional to the reticulocyte percentage of and inversely proportional to the mean erythrocyte life span in these species.
Effects of dexamethasone and surgical hypotension on hepatic morphologic features and enzymes of dogs
Authors: Dillon A. R. , Sorjonen D. C. , Powers R. D. , Spano S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Effects of corticosteroids and surgical stress on hepatic morphologic features and enzymes were studied in 18 mature dogs of mixed breeding: group 1, control (n = 3); group 2, dexamethasone (n = 5); group 3, dexamethasone and surgery (n = 5); and group 4, surgery (n = 5). Dexamethasone (2.2 mg/kg of body weight twice a day subcutaneously) was administered for 8 days in groups 2 and 3 dogs. All dogs were anesthetized with thiopental for 10 minutes on days 0, 2, and 4. On day 2, dogs in groups 3 and 4 were intubated and maintained on methoxyflurane and oxygen, and a liver biopsy, hemilaminectomy (T13-L1), and 15 minutes of hypotension (75/45 mm of Hg) induced by methoxyflurane were done. Serum alkaline phosphatase (alp) activity, alp isoenzymes, and alanine aminotransferase (alt) activity were determined on days 0, 2, 3, 5, and 8. All dogs were euthanatized and necropsied on day 8.
Serum hepatic enzyme activity and hepatic morphologic characteristics were normal for group 1 control dogs. The mean alp and alt were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in dogs in groups 2, 3, and 4. In group 2, the mean alp (days 5 to 8) and alt (day 8) were significantly (P < 0.05) increased. In group 3, the mean alp and alt activities were significantly increased on days 2 to 8. In group 4, the mean alp was significantly increased on days 2 to 8 and the mean alt was significantly increased on days 3 and 5. All other values were normal. A single isoenzyme band (Rf = 0.399 ± 0.023, mean ± sd) was identified in all dogs.
Hepatic morphologic changes attributed to dexamethasone were mild-to-moderate vacuolation in a diffuse distribution on day 2 (group 3) and aggregates of moderate-to-severe vacuolation in mainly a periportal distribution on day 8 (groups 2 and 3). Based on differential staining techniques, dogs in groups 2, 3, and 4 had similar glycogen and neutral fat content as did group 1 control dogs.
Thiopental did not induce hepatic enzyme or hepatic cell morphologic changes. The hepatopathy induced by dexamethasone alone microscopically preceded the increase in alp (5 days); however, the increase in alt was not consistent (2 of 4 dogs). The increase in alp and alt in group 4 after surgery was consistent with a single hepatic insult (alt peaked on day 3 and decreased to base line on day 8, alp peaked on day 5). The persistent increase in alt and alp after surgery indicated that dexamethasone did not protect the liver from the insult and may have impaired the repair process.
Disseminated intravascular coagulation in experimental intestinal strangulation obstruction in ponies
Authors: Pablo Luisito S. , Purohit Ram C. , Teer Pat A. , Newton Joe C. , Hammond Linda S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Total strangulation obstruction of the caudal part of the jejunum was induced in 3 groups (each of 3 ponies) for 2, 4, and 6 hours. Coagulation tests which included blood platelet counts, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, activated coagulation time, plasma fibrinogen level, and fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products assay were performed at specified time intervals for 1 week or until death of the experimental ponies. Another 3 ponies (sham-operated) were similarly treated, except that intestinal strangulation obstruction (iso) was not induced. Necropsy was done on ponies that were euthanatized 9 days after the sampling period and on 2 ponies that died.
Six hours of iso resulted in severe ischemic damage to the intestines, characterized by hemorrhagic infarction, with or without perforation, in ponies that died, and total loss of mucosa with moderate to severe fibrosis of the intestinal wall in the surviving pony of this group. This damage was associated with significant coagulopathies, notably prolonged prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time, decreased blood platelets count, and the presence of high levels of fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products (40 µg/ml). These laboratory findings are indicative of disseminated intravascular coagulation. In contrast, the jejunal segments of the ponies subjected to 2 and 4 hours of iso were viable as revealed by histopathologic examination. There were no significant changes found in their coagulation profiles. In this experimental model it was possible to detect disseminated intravascular coagulation due to intestinal ischemia through the use of selected coagulation tests only if severe damage associated with prolonged obstruction of the intestines occurred.
In vitro effect of combinations of antimicrobial agents and EDTA-tromethamine on certain gram-positive bacteria
Authors: Wooley R. E. , Jones M. S. , Gilbert J. P. , Shotts E. B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Combinations of EDTA-tromethamine and 7 antimicrobial agents (chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid, oxytetracycline, penicillin, polymyxin-B, streptomycin, and a triple sulfonamide preparation) were tested for synergistic activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Corynebacterium renal, Listeria monocytogenes, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, and a β-hemolytic streptococci. Two in vitro tests were used—minimal inhibitory concentrations of the drugs and a 2-dimensional Microtiter checkerboard technique. A slight synergistic action was seen when L monocytogenes was exposed to combinations of penicillin-EDTA or streptomycin-EDTA.
Clinical responses of dogs to experimentally induced Dipetalonema reconditum infection
Authors: Lindemann Bruce A. , Evans Teri L. , McCall John W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Six male and 6 female Beagles, 6 to 7 months old, were allotted to 2 groups: group I—inoculated subcutaneously with 30 Dipetalonema reconditum infective larvae/dog, and group II—noninoculated controls. Group comparisons were made in regard to hematologic values, Knott test results, body weights, blood urea nitrogen, total serum protein, serum albumin and alanine aminotransferase and creatine kinase activities. Routine urinalysis data were compared at 1 week before and at 28 weeks after the inoculations.
Mean total leukocyte counts were significantly (P < 0.05) greater in group I dogs than in group II dogs at postinoculation weeks (piw) 4,5, and 7 to 12, and mean eosinophil counts were significantly greater in group I dogs at piw 3 to 11, 13 to 15, 20, and 23 to 24. Microfilariae were detected as early as the 10th week and sporadically thereafter. Only 1 D reconditum adult worm was recovered from all of the inoculated dogs.
Five other dogs (group III) with chronic, patent experimentally induced dipetalonemiasis, were evaluated with the same tests at piw 70 to 89. Eosinophilia (> 750 cells/µl) was present in 4 of 5 dogs; lymphocytosis (> 4,800 cells/µl) was evident in 1 dog. Proteinuria (≥ 30 mg/dl) was detected in 3 of 4 dogs with chronic dipetalonemiasis.
Canine immunoreactive insulin quantitation using, five commercial radioimmunoassay kits
Authors: Stockham Steven L. , Nachreiner Raymond F. , Krehbiel Janver D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Five commercial radioimmunoassay (ria) kits developed for quantitation of human immunoreactive insulin (iri) were evaluated for their capability to quantitate canine iri. Evaluation criteria included precision, dilutional parallelism, sensitivity, and comparison of iri concentration in 4 control sera.
One ria kit had good dilutional parallelism, consistently good precision, and adequate sensitivity. Other ria kits had poorer performance in dilutional parallelism or precision. No ria kit quantitated the same iri concentrations in all 4 control sera as did another. The results indicated that quantitation of canine iri by some commercial ria kits (for human use) may not be reliable. Variations in iri concentrations quantitated indicated that reference intervals for healthy dogs should be established for each insulin ria
Antiparasitic efficacy of ivermectin in naturally parasitized sheep
Authors: Yazwinski T. A. , Greenway T. , Presson B. L. , Pote L. M. , Featherstone H. , Williams M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Sixteen sheep harboring naturally acquired parasitisms were allocated to 1 of 2 treatment groups: (i) sheep given ivermectin in an oral solution at the dosage rate of 200 µg/ kg of body weight, and (ii) those given the vehicle at a dosage rate of 0.25 ml/kg. All animals were necropsied at 2 weeks after treatment. Parasites and percentages of parasitic reductions, as demonstrated in this trial, were: Dictyocaulus filaria (99.4%), Oestrus ovis first stage instars (100%), Trichuris ovis (98.9%), Strongyloides papillosus (99.8%), Nematodirus spathiger (100%), arrested 4th stage Nematodirus spp (96.2%), Trichostrongylus colubriformis (100%), Taxei (100%), Oster tagia circumcincta (100%), Haemonchus contortus (100%), and arrested Haemonchus spp 4th stage larvae (99.9%). The sheep showed no adverse effects due to ivermectin or vehicle administration.
Plasma coagulation factor abnormalities in dogs with naturally occurring hepatic disease
Authors: Badylak Stephen F. , Dodds W. Jean , Van Vleet John F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The plasma values for factors (F)VII, FVIII:C, FVIIIR:Ag, FIX, FX, and FXI and the thrombin clotting time (tct) were determined for 28 dogs with naturally occurring hepatic disease. The major morphologic type of hepatic disease present in a given dog, as determined by hepatic biopsy and histopathologic examination, was degeneration (12 dogs), inflammation (9 dogs), cirrhosis (3 dogs), or neoplasia (4 dogs). A specific morphologic diagnosis also was made for each dog in the study. Plasma coagulation factor values and screening tests were consistently abnormal in > 50% of the dogs with each type of hepatic disease as follows: degeneration—decreased FXI; inflammation—increased FVIIIR:Ag; cirrhosis—shortened tct, decreased FIX, FX, and FXI, and increased FVIIIR:Ag; and neoplasia—shortened tct, decreased FVIII:C, and increased FVIIIR:Ag. The plasma coagulation factor values were compared with serum alanine aminotransferase (alt) and alkaline phosphatase (alp) activities, fibrinogen-fibrin degradation product (fdp) concentration, and the prothrombin time (pt) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aptt) to determine the sensitivity and specificity of each test in detection of hepatic disease. Of all dogs with hepatic disease, 93% had at least 1 abnormal coagulation test value. The pt and aptt were abnormal in 50% and 75%, respectively, of these same dogs. Increased serum alt and alp activities were present in 61% and 50%, respectively, and fdp concentrations were increased in 14% of dogs with hepatic disease. The results showed that certain individual coagulation test values were more sensitive and specific for detection of the different major types of hepatic disease than either serum alt or alp activities, pt or aptt values, or fdp concentrations.
Experimental Toxocara canis infection in cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis)
Authors: Glickman Lawrence T. , Summers Brian A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Visceral larva migrans was produced in 16 cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) experimentally inoculated with 45,000 embryonated eggs of Toxocara canis as a single bolus or in 3 divided doses. The hematologic and serologic changes were similar to those observed in children with visceral Toxocara infection. Neurologic signs developed in 3 animals and were characterized by ataxia and nystagmus. Growth rates were diminished in inoculated animals when compared with the rates in noninoculated controls. Diagnostic antibody titers as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were noted in all inoculated macaques by the 4th week, and these titers persisted during the 7-month period of observation. Antibody to Toxocara was not detected in the aqueous or vitreous humors. Lesions comprised severe granulomatous hepatitis and encephalomyelitis. Intraocular lesions associated with larval migration were not observed.