bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modifying the Proppant Surface to Enhance Fracture Conductivity
Authors: Dewprashad Brahmadeo T. , Weaver Jim D. , Nguyen Philip D. , Parker Mark , Blauch Matthew 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper describes laboratory studies and field testing that demonstrate how surface modification of proppant with polymeric "tackifiers" can improve the fluid conductivity of propped hydraulic fractures. It also identifies and describes several conductivity enhancement mechanisms that result from proppant-surface modification. Molecular simulations identified optimal intermolecular friction factors of the polymeric "tackifiers" that increases the proppant's intergranular friction. Once coated with a tacky surface-modification material, the proppant grain interacts instantaneously with the surrounding particulates resulting in a stabilized proppant bed.
Experiments show that coating the proppant with these tacky polymeric materials hinders proppant settling in aqueous-based fracturing fluid; this characteristic results in better vertical distribution of proppant within the fracture and an increase in pack porosity. Conductivity measurements of proppant packs [in accordance with American Petroleum Institute (API) standards] support this observation and reveal the influence that closure stress plays in the final proppant-pack conductivity.
Testing with a complete fracturing fluid system indicates that improved fluid removal is possible under certain conditions. Extensive field testing supports this conclusion by providing evidence of increased and sustained fracture productivity with faster and more effective well cleanup after water-based fracturing treatments. Because the proppant surface is modified on the fly and requires no additional time for curing, aggressive gel-break schedules and well flowback rates are used. The use of tacky, polymeric surface-modification materials stabilized proppant packs resulting in little or no backproduction of proppant or fines. This paper includes treatment results from formations that were hydraulically fractured with one of these surface-modification agents.
Rock Mechanics Evaluation of Resin-Coated Proppants for Screenless Completions
Authors: Dewprashad Brahmadeo T. , Kuhlman Robert D. , Nguyen Philip D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In screenless completions, the goal is long-lasting, high-strength consolidations that are resistant to production conditions of bottomhole temperature, fluid flow, and stress cycling. This paper presents results from rock mechanics tests that the authors developed to evaluate precoated and "on-the-fly" resin-coated proppants (RCPs) under simulated downhole conditions. Testing procedures are described, and the principles underlying their development are discussed. The paper also compares the performance of different RCPs and relates test results to the chemical and physical changes occurring at the resin coat's molecular level.
Consolidated RCPs were found to have similar Young's modulus values and maintained these values up to about 325°F, above which they dramatically decreased. Each RCP's resistance to creep and stress cycling varied widely. Some RCPs withstood 20 cycles of stress at 200°F without any change in properties. Failure envelopes were created for different magnitudes of confining stress, and the envelopes of individual RCPs also varied widely.
This paper illustrates how rock mechanics tests can be used to evaluate RCPs for suitability for screenless completions and frac-pack stimulations. It also provides guidelines that practitioners can use to evaluate and select RCPs for screenless completions.
Stimulation of Water Disposal Wells Using Acid-In-Diesel Emulsion: Case Histories
Authors: Nasr-El-Din H. A. , Al-Anazi H. A. , Mohamed S. K. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Two wastewater disposal wells in a carbonate field in Saudi Arabia suffered loss of injectivity due to severe formation damage. Lab tests conducted on reservoir cores indicated that regular 15 wt% HCl did not form deep wormholes and caused surface wash-out only. A thorough experimental study was conducted to evaluate using acid-in-diesel emulsions to stimulate these wells which had several tight zones. The emulsified acid consisted of 70 vol% of 15 wt% HCl, 30 vol% diesel and an emulsifier (a cationic surfactant). This is the first time emulsified acid has been used to stimulate disposal wells.
Experimental results indicated that the acid-in-diesel emulsion behaved as shear-thinning fluid. The stability of the acid was found to be a function of emulsifier concentration. The reaction rate of the emulsified acid with reservoir rocks depended also on emulsifier concentration at the reservoir temperature (55 °C). Very low reaction rates were obtained at emulsifier concentrations greater than 20 gals/1000 gals were of acid. These results indicated that longer soaking times would be needed to stimulate disposal wells. This is to ensure complete acid spending.
Coreflood results showed that the emulsified acid formed deep wormholes in tight carbonate cores (&lt; 100 md), where the core permeability increased after the treatment. Permeability ratio (final/initial) of reservoir cores exponentially increased with the acid injection rate. The size and number of the wormholes depended on the acid volume, injection rate and initial core permeability.
The acid-in-diesel emulsion (280 cp at 2 s−1 and room temperature) was applied in two wastewater disposal wells. The designed treatment included a gelled acid stage for acid diversion, and an emulsified acid stage to create deep wormholes in the reservoir. The treatment was very successful and the injectivity of both wells has significantly increased.
Dynamic Rheology as a Method for Quantify Gel Strength of Water Shutoff Systems
Authors: Kakadjian S. , Rauseo O. , Mejias F. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In this paper the development of a method for rheological characterization to evaluate quantitatively the gel strength of polymeric system used for water shut off of oil wells is shown. Such method was used to determine the viscous and elastic characteristics of three gel systems using the dynamic rheology as a tool. The method allowed to study the general consistency of the gel (G*), the elastic behavior of the consistency (G’) the viscous component of the consistency (G") and the relationship between the two modulus (Tan δ). Three systems were studied, two Polyacrilamide/Chrome III gels and one Polyacrilamide/Organic Crosslinker gel. In one of the two Polyacrilamide/Chrome III gel systems the change of the elastic and viscous modulus with different gelling time was studied. In this system was observed that G’ changed from 0.07 Pa for 0 hours of gelling time up to 289 Pa for 4 hours of gelling time. On the other hand, the same system showed that the change of the viscous component of the gel strength (G") only increased from 5 Pa for 0 hours to 76 Pa for 4 hours gelling. For the other two systems the influence of the level of crosslinking in the viscoelastic characteristics was studied and it was found that Tan δ increased as the crosslinking level decreased. This method would replace the qualitative letter code generally used to classify the gel strength, which will be considered as a more rigorous and exact tool of characterization and would provide better understanding of the behavior of the gels for water shut off.
Controlling In-Situ Gelation of Polyacrylamides by Zirconium for Water Shutoff
Authors: Chauveteau G. , Tabary R. , Renard M. , Omari A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In water shut-off operations, the polymer solution and the crosslinker are currently mixed into surface facilities just before to be injected through the production or injection well and then inside the reservoir. Therefore, the crosslinking system is always subjected to shear stresses while « gelling » and the main question for the operator is the depth of penetration inside the reservoir of the « gelling » system. This paper reports a theoretical and experimental investigation of the process of crosslinking under shear. The model derived from our theoretical analysis predicts that the characteristics which governs penetration in porous media, i.e. viscosity and microgel size, can be easilly calculated from simple shear viscosity measurements. The proposed theory describes the crosslinking under shear as a four successive steps process. By taking into account the break-up of microgels by shear forces as soon as their size reaches a given value, this theory predicts that, under a constant shear rate flow, a solution of monodispersed microgels is obtained at the end of the final step. Using a scaling law approach, we derived a very simple equation linking final viscosity and microgel size to initial polymer characteristics as well as applied shear rate. The final shear stress is expected to be independent of shear rate but proportional to crosslink energy, thus providing a simple way to compare various available crosslinkers. New experimental data, obtained by using a low toxicity crosslinking system, i.e. a weakly hydrolyzed and sulfonated polyacrylamide together with zirconium lactate are reported. All the predictions of our model are in agreement with our own data, as well as with others found in the literature. In addition, new information on the physicochemistry of the acrylate-lactate-zirconium system is obtained. While increasing pH results only in a retardation of the crosslinking process without changing crosslink energy, both a retardation and a weakening of crosslinks is obtained by adding sodium lactate. Injectability experiments in porous media involving the injection of both the polymer and the crosslinker, mixed just at the entrance of the porous medium results in a strong plugging after a given time. On the contrary, the injection of preformed microgel solutions, does not show any plugging tendency, although giving higher mobility reduction in agreement with the proposed theory.
A New Method To Investigate Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitors
Authors: Cingotti B. , Sinquin A. , Pic J. S. , Herri J. M. , Cournil M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
An inherent problem with natural gas, condensate and crude oil production or transportation is the formation of gas hydrates. The usual practice for avoiding the plugging of production facilities by hydrates is to add thermodynamic inhibitors such as methanol or glycol. For a few years, a lot of works have been done for the development of a new class of low dosage additives: Kinetic Inhibitors. These compounds are designed to delay nucleation and/or prevent crystal growth. The performance level of Kinetic Inhibitors can be investigated by different methods such as hydrate formation rate, subcooling, total volume of hydrates formed, plugging of a flow loop or stirred cell… but the main technique remains the determination of the induction time. Unfortunately, in rather clean conditions (without adding any impurities), the induction time is a stochastic quantity. Therefore, to obtain a significant result, experiments must be repeated until the calculated average induction time becomes constant. This procedure is consequently time consuming and rather difficult toperformed.
We have developed a semi-batch stirred reactor in which temperature and pressure are maintained at constant values. This reactor is equipped with a turbidimetric sensor which is used to characterize in-situ the methane/water system (particle size distribution of the hydrate suspension or state of dissociation of the undersaturated solution).
Using this device, a new procedure has been found which allows us to have a constant and reproducible induction time without adding any impurities. This new and very simple method enables to determine quantitatively and qualitatively the efficiency of kinetic inhibitors both from the induction time (nucleation stage) and from the quantity of hydrates formed (growth stage) in a very short time. In this paper we will describe the apparatus and the procedure applied to obtain reproducible results. This operating procedure has been successfully applied to the characterization of kinetic inhibitors.
Corrosion Inhibitor Considerations for Deepwater Systems
Authors: Ramachandran S. , Ward M. B. , Bartrip K. A. , Ahn Y. S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Multiphase flow modeling has been used to calculate pressure and temperature profiles, gas/fluid compositions, and production rates for a specific deepwater production system. These predicted values, along with proper considerations on application and handling of corrosion inhibitors, have led to development of a laboratory test protocol. Several commercial corrosion inhibitors have been evaluated using this protocol, which is designed to limit the number of products that will pass all of the relevant tests.
Mechanisms of Anthraquinone Inhibition of Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria
Authors: Burger E. D. , Odom J. M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper presents evidence that anthraquinone derivatives can be generally useful for preventing sulfide production from sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). We believe there is unique value for these compounds in oilfield and industrial applications where cost-effectiveness and human and environmental safety are of paramount importance.
It has been previously shown that anthraquinones inhibit sulfate respiration, but not aerobic respirations. This aspect permits safe use in wastewater treatment applications where aerobic microbial activity is required. We propose that this specificity is due to the ability of anthraquinones to randomly equilibrate electron flow in the membranes of bacteria of the genus Desulfovibrio. A consequence of this equilibration is that ATP synthesis is uncoupled from respiration. Since sulfate activation has a unique requirement for ATP, sulfate reduction halts with the depletion of ATP level. In this report a positive correlation is shown between inhibition of sulfate respiration by anthraquinones and their reactivity with cytochrome c3, which is a protein considered to be diagnostic of SRB. A model is discussed for involving anthraquinone mediated electron transfer around energy-conserving sites, resulting in a loss of ATP synthesis. This scenario is consistent with the specific inhibition of sulfate respiration in contrast to other respiration processes which do not require ATP.
Inhibition of SRB within a biofilm is dependent upon the species of the anthraquinone and the system hydraulics surrounding the biofilm. Bioavailability of anthraquinone is discussed in terms of soluble and insoluble species of anthraquinone and their mobility within the biofilm. Due to low toxicity, we believe that certain anthraquinones provide an environmentally acceptable alternative to highly toxic biocides for the control of SRB in oilfield water systems.
Application, Efficiency, and Optimisation of Chemical for Injection Water Treatment
Authors: Sevic S. , Solesa M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Chemical injection is used in conjunction with the coalescer and filtration units to achieve the required water quality. The purpose of proper selection of water treatment chemicals in Turija sever waterflooding project is discussed. Field trials were carried out to optimize the use of chemicals. It was proved that with the help of chemicals the injection water quality could be improved significantly.
Improvement of Environmental Properties of Corrosion Inhibitors
Authors: Martin R. L. , Alink B. A. , McMahon J. A. , Weare R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The environmental fate of specialty chemicals is now being addressed. Water soluble corrosion inhibitors which might find their way into the ocean, navigable waters, or sensitive land areas should have acceptable environmental properties. This paper outlines laboratory investigation and field evaluation methodology for assessment and improvement of these properties.
Since nearly all corrosion inhibitors used in petroleum recovery operations are blends, this investigation focused on solvents as well as active components. The following protocol was typically used in this investigation.
Potential components were first corrosion tested in simple kettle tests using weight loss and linear polarization for evaluation. Interesting candidates were then subjected to Microtox evaluation; this is the least time consuming of environmental evaluations and gives general prediction of toxicity. Candidates which still showed promise were often blended and tested in kettle corrosion tests. Surviving candidates and blends were then subjected to EC50 tests using Skeletonema Costatum.
Candidates which still showed promise were next subjected to biodegradability testing. Solvents of interest and commercially available inhibitors were also tested by EC50 and biodegradability methods. At this point many of the blends were evaluated as corrosion inhibitors in a laboratory flow loop.
Potential components were first chosen from commercially available compounds, then from synthesized compounds with varying degrees of oxyalklation. These were often combined with other environmentally acceptable components known to act synergistically to inhibit corrosion.
The final series of laboratory tests involved vapor pressure, environmental acceptability of vapors, and octanol/water partitioning of blends. The surviving blends were field tested first in oil wells using simple batch methods, then in continuous injection situations. This paper summarized the results of these tests plus some information for recent commercial applications.
Laboratory Studies on Polymer Gels for CO2 Mobility Control at Bat Raman Heavy Oilfield, Turkey
Authors: Topgüder Nazan N. Senol 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper is based on the laboratory studies that are performed to establish the applicability of crosslinked polymer gels for mobility control in CO2 injection project that is going on at Bat Raman field. Two different approaches are suggested for CO2 mobility control in this field: either a small volume, strong gel treatment for near-wellbore profile modification or a large volume, weak gel treatment for in-depth reduction of CO2 permeability is considered. Regarding the 2 approaches, 2 different kinds of polyacrylamide, being Alcoflood 254 S for a strong gel and Alcoflood 935 for a weak gel; were used. Both of these polymers were crosslinked with Cr +3 acetate. The laboratory studies consist of the bottle tests to determine the gelation times and core flooding tests to evaluate the gel performance under CO2 injection conditions. The strong Alcoflood 254 S gel prohibited the gas flow under 2000 psi pressure drop and there was no breakthrough. At the other test with Alcoflood 935, there was gas breakthrough but still the CO2 permeability was reduced significantly as shown by the 1800 psi pressure drop. Consequently, both of these polymer gels behaved as expected under Bat Raman reservoir conditions. Therefore; when the economic analysis is finalized, these gel compositions may be applied in the field either for in-depth treatment or CO2 profile modification purposes.
Drilling and Completion Technology of the Deep Horizontal Well in Shixi Oilfield
Authors: Lu Xinzhong , Zhao Ziren , Chen Ping 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The reservoir in the Shixi oilfield is deeply buried volcanics with multiple fracture systems and high pore pressure. It is very difficult to drill the horizontal well due to the specialty and complexity of its geological configuration, hole construction and operational requirement. Now 5 horizontal wells with 5000m MD have been drilled successfully. This paper analyzed the operational difficulties encountered during the engineering design and operations in the field. It has the positive effect on the further application of horizontal drilling in the Shixi oilfield in the future.
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New Casing Inspection Log
Authors: Cuthbert J.F. , Johnson W.M. 
Published: December 2007

American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc.
This paper was prepared for the 49th Annual Fall Meeting of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, to be held in Houston, Texas, Oct. 6–9, 1974. Permission to copy is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words. illustrations may not be copied. The abstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgment of where and by whom the paper is presented. Publication elsewhere after publication in the JOURNAL paper is presented. Publication elsewhere after publication in the JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY or the SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL is usually granted upon request to the Editor of the appropriate journal provided agreement to give proper credit is made. provided agreement to give proper credit is made. Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the Society of Petroleum Engineers office. Such discussions may be presented at the above meeting and, with the paper, may be considered for publication in one of the two SPE magazines.

Abstract
A new casing-inspection log, in combination with other logs, provides for detailed evaluation of in-place well casing. The new Pipe Analysis Log employs separate tests o the total casing wall and of the inner surface. Together, these two measurements permit detection, with a high degree of resolution, of small defects and corroded areas in the pipe, and also provide the ability to discriminate between defects on provide the ability to discriminate between defects on the inner and outer walls of a single string of casing. This was not possible with just the wall-thickness information provided by the older low-frequency Electromagnetic Thickness Tool. Using the data from the new log along with the older wall-thickness measurement it is also possible to detect and locate severe corrosion or defects in the outer casing of a double string,
The following information bearing on the condition of the casing is now available from cased-hole well logs:
location of small defects or corroded areas, and discrimination between inner- and outer-walldefects (from the Pipe Analysis Log);determination of casing-wall thickness (from the Electromagnetic Thickness Tool); detection of gas accumulation behind casing in gas-storage wells(from Gamma Raj? and Neutron logs); detection of gas flow (from the High Resolution Thermometer); determination of top of cement (from Cement Top Locator); and evaluation of casingbonding (from Cement Bond Log-Variable Density Log.).
Example logs of the -new casing-inspection tool, selected from an extensive test program and nine months of commercial application, are presented. Comparisons are made of the results from the new tool with defects observed in the pipe when out of the well.
Modern Well Testing Analysis Theory and Methods of Remaining Oil Distribution in Waterflooding Reservoir
Authors: Cheng Suimin , Su Yanchun , Lin Jiaen , Mei Qiliang 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper presents two new methods to analyze remaining oil distribution in high-water-cut reservoir by modern well test interpretations of water injection wells and water breakthrough producers. For water injected wells, after the pressure transient behavior of two phase simultaneous flow in a water injection area is investigated the pseudo skin factor resulted from the two phase flow is determined. Oil/water relative permeability curve can be determined from the factor, combined with mobility from falloff test analysis, then remaining oil distribution can be determined. For waterbrteakthrough producers, mathematical models of flooding reservoir and their resolution are presented by approximated method of composite reservoir with multiple movable fluid interfaces. An artificial neural network was also build up to get relative permeability curve from well-test data. The two methods are examined by software to get oil distribution in large scale of whole oil field.
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