bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diversity of insecticide resistance mechanisms and spectrum in European populations of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella
Authors: Reyes Maritza , Franck Pierre , Charmillot Pierre‐Joseph , Ioriatti Claudio , Olivares Jérôme , Pasqualini Edison , Sauphanor Benoît 
Published: July 2007

AbstractOnly a few of the registered insecticides against Cydia pomonella L. are still effective in areas where insecticide resistance has emerged in this pest. Resistance mechanisms are multiple, and their lone or cumulative effects in a single population are not completely understood. A detailed estimation of resistance spectrum is still required to define the suitable insecticides to use against a given population. The efficacy of ten insecticides was therefore investigated together with the resistance mechanisms expressed in four laboratory strains and 47 field populations of C. pomonella from five countries. Bioassays were performed using topical applications of diagnostic concentrations on diapausing larvae, and resistance mechanisms were analysed on adults emerging from control insects. All populations exhibited a reduced susceptibility to at least one insecticide when compared with the susceptible laboratory strain. Cross‐resistances were observed between azinphos‐methyl or phosalone and more recent compounds such as spinosad and thiacloprid. Resistances to azinphos‐methyl, diflubenzuron, spinosad, tebufenozide and thiacloprid were significantly correlated with mixed‐function oxidase activity, while increased glutathione‐S‐transferase and reduced non‐specific esterase activities were correlated with resistance to azinphos‐methyl and emamectin, respectively. Conversely, resistances to azinphos‐methyl, tebufenozide and thiacloprid were negatively correlated with increased esterase activity. None of the observed mechanisms explained the loss of susceptibility of populations to chlorpyrifos‐ethyl, and no significant correlation was detected between resistance to deltamethrin and the presence of the kdr mutation. The suitability of such non‐target instars to monitor insecticide resistance in field populations is discussed. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Aryl chain analogues of the biotin vitamers as potential herbicides. Part 3
Authors: Ashkenazi Tali , Pinkert Dalia , Nudelman Ayelet , Widberg Ayala , Wexler Barry , Wittenbach Vernon , Flint Dennis , Nudelman Abraham 
Published: July 2007

AbstractNovel aryl chain isosters and analogues of 7‐keto‐8‐aminopelargonic acid (KAPA) and 7,8‐diaminopelargonic acid (DAPA), the vitamer intermediates involved in the biosynthetic pathway of biotin, possessing chain lengths of eight carbon atoms, were prepared and evaluated as potential herbicides. In the greenhouse test the most active compounds were the fluorinated derivative 9d and the selenophenyl/furan mixture 17m/17p, which were most active against Foxtail millet. In the more sensitive Arabidopsis test the most active substances were 9a and 17m, which displayed GR50 (concentration of active compound causing 50% growth inhibition) values of 0.2 and 0.5 mg kg−1 respectively (values of < 50 mg kg−1 are considered herbicidal). Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Herbicide risk assessment during the Wheat Self‐sufficiency Project in Iran
Authors: Deihimfard Reza , Zand Eskandar , Damghani Abdolmajid Mahdavi , Soufizadeh Saeid 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND: The present study describes the quantitative changes in herbicide use during the specific observation periods in the Wheat Self‐sufficiency Project in Iran from 1994 to 2004 and the associated changes in herbicide risk, area and yield in this context. A risk index, the environmental impact quotient (EIQ), was used to estimate the environmental impacts (EIs) of herbicides applied to wheat agroecosystems.RESULTS: The results suggest that, during this period, the overall risk posed by the herbicides applied to wheat agroecosystems increased substantially, as evidenced by a 71% increase in herbicide usage (weight of pesticide applied) and a 62.2% increase in EI rating, in spite of an 8.2% decrease in overall EIQ rating and an 89.2% decrease in mean application rate. Furthermore, a 0.57% increase in the area and a 23.6% and 22.7% increase in irrigated and rainfed yields, respectively, were observed. The results also indicate that the EIQFUR of two herbicides, dichlorprop‐P/mecoprop‐P/MCPA and difenzoquat, is much higher than that of other herbicides, and they could be qualified as high‐risk herbicides.CONCLUSION: As a whole, an increase in herbicide usage (weight of pesticide applied) was an important factor on herbicide environmental impact boost. However, this increase has not led to a similar increase in wheat yield, which could be attributed in part to the negative impact of high herbicide consumption in wheat fields and subsequent threat to the long‐term sustainability of these agroecosystems. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
White X‐ray beam topography and radiography of Si1–xGex crystals bonded to silicon
Authors: Argunova T. S. , Yi J. M. , Jung J. W. , Je J. H. , Sorokin L. M. , Gutkin M. Yu. , Belyakova E. I. , Kostina L. S. , Zabrodskii A. G. , Abrosimov N. V. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe defect structure of Si1–x Gex wafers with 4% of germanium and their interfaces with Si wafers were studied using white radiation topography and phase‐sensitive radiography. The heterostructures were manufactured by direct bonding of Si1–x Gex and Si crystalline wafers made of bulk crystals that were grown by the Czochralski technique. In Si1–x Gex crystals, the segregations of Ge act as dislocation nucleation sites. In Si1–x Gex /Si bonded structures, the segregation of Ge as well as the accumulation of dislocations induce elastic strain and plastic deformation during high‐temperature bonding annealing. With the topography–radiography combination, we are able not only to detect microcracks, indicating nonbonded areas, by radiography, but also to reveal dislocations and long‐range strain fields by topography at the same time. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Spatial resolution in Bragg‐magnified X‐ray images as determined by Fourier analysis
Authors: Modregger Peter , Lübbert Daniel , Schäfer Peter , Köhler Rolf 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe spatial resolution of an imaging system is most often experimentally determined by using model objects and idealized imaging conditions. This traditional approach does not properly take into account the influence of noise and the dependence of contrast on the object. The latter influence is essential especially in the case of magnified X‐ray images acquired by two fold asymmetric Bragg diffraction. For this phase sensitive technique the application of a criterion for spatial resolution based upon Fourier analysis is shown to provide reliable resolution values in a simple way, overcoming the limitations mentioned above. For the case of Bragg‐magnified imaging of an ant leg with 166 fold magnification (effective pixel size 0.094 µm), the physical resolution achieved in the image is found to be 0.4 µm. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Grazing incidence X‐ray scattering from epitaxial Fe/Au multilayers
Authors: Rozatian A. S. H. , Hase T. P. A. , Tanner B. K. , Ryan P. A. , Dekadjevi D. T. , Hickey B. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe layer structure of a series of Fe/Au multilayers has been studied by grazing incidence specular and diffuse X‐ray scattering. In particular, the evolution of the layer and interface characteristics has been followed as a function of the number of bilayers grown. Torque magnetometry measurements showed that the easy axis of magnetization of all samples lay in the film plane, the effective anisotropy constant per unit volume remaining constant as the bilayer number increased. These data contrast with previous studies showing that Fe/Au multilayers exhibited perpendicular anisotropy when the Fe layer is thinner than 10 Å. Fitting of model structures to the grazing incidence specular and diffuse X‐ray scattering data showed that the r.m.s. roughness was high, being between 10 and 20 Å for different samples within the series. There was no systematic trend in the amplitude as a function of bilayer repeat number but the in‐plane length scale of the roughness increased with layer thickness. The fractal parameter h fell linearly with bilayer repeat number. We suggest that the high level of roughness results in the in‐plane anisotropy in these layers. A superlattice sample with 100 bilayers displayed a significantly lower roughness of 8 (±0.3) Å and perpendicular anisotropy. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
In situ X‐ray diffraction during MOCVD of III‐nitrides
Authors: Simbrunner C. , Navarro‐Quezada A. , Schmidegg K. , Bonanni A. , Kharchenko A. , Bethke J. , Lischka K. , Sitter H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractNowadays Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD) is the most frequently used fabrication process for growing III–V‐nitrides. The missing ultra high vacuum (UHV) conditions narrow the window of possible in situ characterization techniques to only optical methods like spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) and X‐ray diffraction. We are able to observe the growing surface simultaneously with a multi wavelength ellipsometer and a X‐ray diffraction (XRD) system mounted on an AIXTRON 200 RF‐S reactor. Properties like crystal quality, composition, superlattice periodicity and strain relaxation of hexagonal GaN/AlGaN heterostructures are determined in situ using XRD. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Structural changes in arsenic ion‐implanted Hg1–xCdxTe epitaxial layers
Authors: Fodchuk I. , Zaplitnyy R. , Kazemirskiy T. , Swiatek Z. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractResults of X‐ray investigations of Hg1–x Cdx Te (x = 0.25) epitaxial layers after single and two‐stage arsenic ion implantation with the energy E = 100 keV are represented. It has been established that for doses D1 = 2 × 1014 ions/cm2 and D2 = (2 × 1014 + 1015) ions/cm2 the Frenkel pair (anion vacancy + interstitial mercury atom) generation is the most probable process. The model of a possible system of structural defects in the near‐surface layers of ion‐implanted structures Hg1–x Cdx Te is proposed. The model allows for the presence of certain dimensions and concentrations of both growth and new defects – the Frenkel pairs, cluster formations and dislocation loops formed under ion radiation. The calculated deformation profiles are complex in shape with characteristic peaks at the depth of maximum nuclear power ion loss. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Unit cell expansion in Laves phase‐type compounds caused by interstitial hydrogen
Authors: Figiel H. , Osuchowski S. , Paja A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe Laves phase‐type compounds of yttrium and rare earths with manganese (RMn2) easily absorb hydrogen which locates at the interstitial sites. It is well known that the lattice expands with increasing hydrogen concentration and the volume increases up to about 30%. The increase of the unit volume is nonlinear as a function of hydrogen content. To explain this behaviour a model in which the volume changes were correlated with the changes of the bulk modulus with hydrogen concentration was proposed by Hirata and co‐workers. This model describes properly the initial volume increase, but does not reflect the changes at higher concentrations. For the hydrides with R = Y, Gd, Er, Dy, Tb, Ho at x ≈ 3 the volume of AB3 interstitials becomes large enough for hydrogen to enter. According to this observation we extended this model. We show that the calculated volume expansion fits very well to the experimental data for RMn2 (R = Y, Gd, Dy, Tb, Ho). (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Nanomechanical analyses of nanocrystalline Ni using accelerated molecular timesteps
Authors: Tomar V. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA majority of nanomechanical deformation simulations of nanostructured components such as nanowires or nanocrystalline materials are regularly carried out using the classical molecular dynamics (MD). Due to the fundamental reason that the MD simulations must resolve atomic level vibrations, the microsecond scale nanomechanical deformation cannot be analyzed using MD with resulting disparity in experimental and nanomechanical simulation results. In this investigation a modified Hybrid Monte Carlo (HMC) method that can be used to analyze time‐dependent atomistic mechanical deformation at higher timescales than currently possible using MD is established. For the purpose of comparison HMC analyses of a nanocrystalline Ni sample at a strain rate of 109 s–1 with three different timesteps, viz. 2 fs, 4 fs, and 8 fs, are compared with the analyses based on MD simulations at the same strain rate and with a MD timestep of 2 fs. It is found that the HMC simulation with a timestep of 8 fs correctly reproduces defect formation and the stress‐strain response observed during MD simulations with an approximate speedup of 4 times in the simulation time. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Structural and optical properties of Cu3SnS4 sprayed thin films
Authors: Bouaziz M. , Ouerfelli J. , Amlouk M. , Belgacem S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper reports the successful deposition of Cu3SnS4 thin films using a spray pyrolysis technique. These films were deposited on glass substrates using a solution containing CuCl2 · 2H2O, SnCl2 · 2H2O and SC(NH2)2 as precursors with appropriate chemical compositions of elements ([Sn] = 10–2 M and [Cu]/[Sn] = 2 × 2.2) at a substrate temperature of 360 °C. X‐ray diffraction analysis show that unannealed and annealed Cu3SnS4 thin films under sulphur atmosphere crystallise in the tetragonal structure and the crystallites exhibit preferential (112) orientation of the grains. Optical measurements show that Cu3SnS4 sprayed thin film annealed at 500 °C has a direct band gap of about 1.22 eV. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
AlN/GaN heterostructure prepared using a low‐temperature helicon sputtering system
Authors: Wu J. D. , Chien W. C. , Kao H. L. , Chyi J.‐I. , Hsu C.‐H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSingle‐crystalline AlN thin films were epitaxially deposited on GaN/sapphire at a low temperature of 300 °C using a helicon sputtering system. The crystallinity of the AlN films and the in‐plane axes relation between the films and substrates were characterized by X‐ray rocking curve and phi‐scan measurements. The two‐dimensional electron gases induced at the AlN/GaN heterojunction were investigated and a sheet carrier concentration up to 1.24 × 1013 cm–2 was observed by Hall effect measurement. The results justify the attraction of this low temperature grown AlN/GaN heterostructure for use in high‐power, high‐speed and high‐temperature electronics. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Loading and release of a model protein from porous silicon powders
Authors: Prestidge C. A. , Barnes T. J. , Mierczynska‐Vasilev A. , Skinner W. , Peddie F. , Barnett C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPorous silicon (p‐Si) has been investigated as a novel delivery system for protein therapeutics. The loading of a model hydrophilic protein, Papain into anodised and stain etched p‐Si powders has been investigated using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and correlations made with the release kinetics. Variation in specific Papain (Amide I/II) and p‐Si (Si–Hx ) functional group absorbances with Papain loading level was characterised using FTIR, while the surface chemical distribution was assessed using XPS. A combination of burst release and sustained release of Papain was observed from p‐Si powders; this was dependent on p‐Si type and the Papain loading level. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Orientation control and ferroelectric properties of (Pb0.90La0.10)Ti0.975O3 thin films prepared by rf magnetron sputtering with a LaNiO3 buffer layer
Authors: Wu Jiagang , Xiao Dingquan , Tan Junzhe , Zhu Jumu , Jin Yong , Zhu Jianguo , Zhu Jiliang , Tian Yunfei 
Published: July 2007

AbstractHighly (110)‐ and (100)‐oriented (Pb0.90La0.10)Ti0.975O3 (PLT) thin films were deposited on Pt(111)/Ti/SiO2/Si(100) and SiO2/Si(100) substrates by rf magnetron sputtering with a LaNiO3 (LNO) buffer layer. The LNO buffer layer plays an important role in the orientation and ferroelectric properties of the PLT thin films. Highly (100)‐oriented PLT thin films deposited on the LNO/SiO2/Si(100) substrates are obtained at a low processing temperature of 500 °C. The ferroelectric properties of the PLT thin films with different orientations are discussed. Highly (100)‐oriented PLT thin films possess better ferroelec‐ tric properties, with higher remnant polarization (2Pr = 40.4 μC/cm2) and lower coercive field (2Ec = 201 kV/cm) than that of (110)‐oriented PLT thin films (2Pr = 22.4 μC/cm2, 2Ec = 246 kV/cm). The enhanced ferroelectric property is attributed to the different orientations of the PLT thin films. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Structural and optical characterization of indium and gallium indium sulfide films prepared by modulated flux deposition
Authors: Sanz C. , Guillén C. , Gutiérrez M. T. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIndium and gallium indium sulfide thin films were deposited on soda‐lime glass substrates at 350 °C, in a wide range of sulfur delivery conditions, by Modulated Flux Deposition (MFD). Indium sulfide films were highly crystalline β‐In2S3 (tetragonal) with Eg = 2.68 eV. Depending on the availability of sulfur, gallium indium‐poor sulfide films consisted on metal‐rich hexagonal β‐GaS layers or stoichiometric amorphous films with Eg = 3.0–3.3 eV. Finally, gallium indium‐rich sulfide films formed a mixture of β‐In2S3 and β‐GaS that became near amorphous as more sulfur was supplied; a bandgap energy of Eg = 2.44 eV was found. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electrical properties of transparent carbon nanotube networks prepared through different techniques
Authors: Jung de Andrade Mônica , Dias Lima Márcio , Skákalová Viera , Pérez Bergmann Carlos , Roth Siegmar 
Published: July 2007

AbstractUltra‐thin, optically transparent and electrically conducting films of pure carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are widely studied thanks to their promise for broad applications. In the present work, we study and compare different deposition techniques for the production of these networks: dip‐coating, spray‐coating, vacuum filtration and electrophoretic deposition on a quartz glass using single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) produced by the HiPCo method. In order to optimize the networks, besides the various deposition techniques we also investigate how the optical and electrical properties vary if the networks are fabricated from different CNTs, all synthesized by the CVD method: SWCNTs, DWCNTs and MWCNTs. As the main criteria for evaluating the quality of these CNT networks we measure the electrical surface resistance at a certain optical transmittance and correlate it to the morphology (homogeneity and roughness) of the networks. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Analysis and forecast impact of the main humidity observing systems
Authors: Andersson E. , Hólm E. , Bauer P. , Beljaars A. , Kelly G. A. , McNally A. P. , Simmons A. J. , Thépaut J.‐N. , Tompkins A. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe global analysis and forecast impact of observed humidity has been assessed by means of observing system experiments with the ECMWF 4D‐Var data assimilation system. It is found that humidity data have a significant impact extending into the medium range (5–6 day forecasts), with a marked impact also on the wind and temperature fields. This contradicts some previous studies that have shown insignificant impact of humidity observations in general. The current, greater benefit of the humidity analysis may be due to improved model and data assimilation methods, and vastly increased availability of atmospheric moisture observations. The results show that each tested data type provides benefit to the analysis and forecast performance, which indicates that the humidity analysis is effective in extracting information from a wide variety of humidity observations. Data from the microwave sounding instruments (SSMI and AMSU‐B) dominate the humidity analysis over the sea, whereas radiosondes, surface stations (SYNOP) and AMSU‐B dominate over land. The infrared sounders (GOES, HIRS and AIRS) dominate in the upper troposphere, at 200–300 hPa.The lack of absolutely calibrated humidity data makes dealing with biases in observations and model one of the main issues for determining the global moisture distribution and a balanced hydrological cycle. In these experiments, SSMI adds water in the subtropical subsidence areas due to a bias with respect to the model. In several locations over land, radiosondes and SYNOP have opposite bias impacts in the boundary layer, resulting in local influence on precipitation when either dataset is withheld. The SYNOP data are biased wet and the radiosondes are biased dry with respect to the model. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Modeling intercalation through the sandwich‐type interactions between benzene and 14 polyaromatic molecules: DFT and ab initio results
Authors: Hofto Laura R. , Van Sickle Karina , Cafiero Mauricio 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWe use second order Moller Plesset perturbation theory and several density functional theory methods to calculate the counterpoise corrected electronic interaction energies between benzene and a series of polyaromatic molecules. These systems serve as a simple model for DNA intercalation. We show that addition of nitrogen atoms to the polyaromatic molecules always increases sandwich‐type interactions, and that, of the density functional theory methods studied, only SVWN can mimic the interaction energies and optimal separations obtained with perturbation theory. SVWN reproduces the optimal molecular distances obtained with perturbation theory very well, and often comes within less than 10% of the interaction energy. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008
An accurate total energy density functional
Authors: Zhou Baojing , Wang Yan Alexander 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWe propose a new density functional for the evaluation of the total electronic energy by subtracting the Roothaan energy, i.e. the Hartree energy of the density residual, from the Hohenberg–Kohn–Sham (HKS) functional, which is normally used in self‐consistent Kohn–Sham (KS) density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Because of the positive semi‐definite nature of the Roothaan energy, the resulting Wang–Zhou (WZ) functional always produces a total energy lower than that from the HKS functional and usually converges to the exact total energy from below. Following the same spirit of the Zhou–Wang‐λ (ZWλ) functional in the recently proposed orbital‐corrected orbital‐free (OO) DFT method (Zhou and Wang, J Chem Phys 2006, 124, 081107), we linearly mix the WZ functional with the HKS functional to allow further systematic error cancellations. The resulting Wang–Zhou‐α (WZα) functional is compared with the ZWλ functional in OO‐DFT calculations for systems within different chemical environment. We find that the optimal value of α for the WZα functional is more stable than that of λ for the ZWλ functional. This is because the WZ functional remedies the oscillatory convergence behavior of the Harris functional and renders the direct evaluation of α for the WZα functional more plausible in the application of the linear‐scaling OO‐DFT method for large systems. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007