bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy Study of the Photogeneration of Surface Charges in All‐Thiophene Photovoltaic Blends
Authors: Palermo V. , Ridolfi G. , Talarico A. M. , Favaretto L. , Barbarella G. , Camaioni N. , Samorì P. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractLight‐induced generation of charges into an electron acceptor–donor phase‐segregated blend is studied. The blend is made of highly ordered nanoscopic crystals of 3″‐methyl‐4″‐hexyl‐2,2′:5′,2″:5″,2‴:5‴,2″″‐quinquethiophene‐1″,1″‐dioxide embedded into a regioregular poly(3‐hexylthiophene) matrix, acting as acceptor and donor materials, respectively. Kelvin probe force microscopy investigations reveal a tendency for the acceptor nanocrystals to capture the generated electrons whereas the donor matrix becomes more positively charged. The presence of particular positively charged defects, i.e., nanocrystals, is also observed within the film. The charging and discharging of both materials is studied in real time, as well as the effect of different acceptor–donor ratios. Upon prolonged thermal annealing at high temperatures the chemical structure of the blend is altered, leading to the disappearance of charge separation upon light irradiation. The obtained results allow a better understanding of the correlation between the nanoscopic structure of the photoactive material and solar‐cell performance.
1,3‐Dipolar Cycloadditions of Azides and Alkynes: A Universal Ligation Tool in Polymer and Materials Science
Authors: Lutz Jean‐François 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIn 2001, Sharpless and co‐workers introduced “click” chemistry, a new approach in organic synthesis that involves a handful of almost perfect chemical reactions. Among these carefully selected reactions, Huisgen 1,3‐dipolar cycloadditions were shown to be the most effective and versatile and thus became the prime example of click chemistry. Hence, these long‐neglected reactions were suddenly re‐established in organic synthesis and, in particular, have gained popularity in materials science. The number of publications dealing with click chemistry has grown exponentially over the last two years. The Minireview discusses whether click chemistry is a miracle tool or an ephemeral trend.
Semi‐implicit methods, nonlinear balance, and regularized equations
Authors: Reich Sebastian , Wood Nigel , Staniforth Andrew 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA regularized time‐staggered discretization of the shallow‐water equations has recently been proposed. The form of the regularization operator is chosen such that linear equivalence with the semi‐implicit method can be achieved. Here, we present a further generalization of the regularization that also takes into account nonlinear balance. The performance of the improved regularization procedure is demonstrated for a simple nonlinear test problem. © Crown Copyright 2007. Reproduced with the permission of the Controller of HMSO. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Implementation of mixed precision in solving systems of linear equations on the Cell processor
Authors: Kurzak Jakub , Dongarra Jack 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis paper describes the design concepts behind implementations of mixed‐precision linear algebra routines targeted for the Cell processor. It describes in detail the implementation of code to solve linear system of equations using Gaussian elimination in single precision with iterative refinement of the solution to the full double‐precision accuracy. By utilizing this approach the algorithm achieves close to an order of magnitude higher performance on the Cell processor than the performance offered by the standard double‐precision algorithm. The code is effectively an implementation of the high‐performance LINPACK benchmark, as it meets all of the requirements concerning the problem being solved and the numerical properties of the solution. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new error backpropagation learning algorithm for a layered neural network with nondifferentiable units
Authors: Naganuma Hidenori , Oohori Takahumi , Watanabe Kazuhisa 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis paper proposes a new error backpropagation method (DBP) for a three‐layered neural network containing a nondifferentiable binary output unit. In contrast to the conventional simple perceptron, in which the teacher signal is given only to the output layer, in the DBP method the teacher signal is also given to the middle layer so that the output error is decreased. Consequently, it is possible in the DBP method to correct the coupling weights in both the lower layer and the upper layer. This makes it easy to construct a network composed only of binary output units, which results in high‐speed operation and is suitable for hardware implementation. When the DBP method is applied to linearly inseparable tasks such as XORing, the learning performance is greatly improved compared to learning by the simple perceptron, and almost the same learning performance as the conventional BP is obtained. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 90(5): 40– 49, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20318
Design and evaluation of UDLR satellite network model
Authors: Izumiyama Hidetaka , Watanabe Haruhito , Murai Jun 
Published: January 2007

AbstractFor satellite communication links to be used comprehensively and in a manner consistent with their features as a basis for Internet communications, it has become necessary to add a framework based on the features of satellite communications to the protocol architecture of the Internet. For this purpose, the authors' group has been engaged in the development of the new UDLR (unidirectional link routing) protocol mechanism. This paper discusses UDLR from the following viewpoints. (1) The method of actual network construction should be established effectively so as to make use of the features and advantages of satellite communications. (2) Conditions other than protocol definitions should be stated clearly for the purpose. (3) A feasibility network should be constructed to explore the optimal application area. The principles in their current form are summarized for each of the above points. UDLR has been implemented on the feasibility testbed over the whole Asian area. The transparent coexistence of a multicast video distribution system utilizing the concurrency feature of satellite communications and other Internet application systems has been achieved. It is demonstrated that UDLR functions effectively in the use of satellite communications in the Internet. The possibility of using satellite communications to support new modes of Internet application, such as broadcast stream distribution, is shown. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 90(5): 60– 69, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20319
Construction of Lyapunov function for power system based on solving linear matrix inequality
Authors: Ishigame Atsushi , Sakaguchi Hiromu , Takashima Jun , Suzaki Shirou 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis paper presents construction of Lyapunov functions for power systems based on solving the Linear Matrix Inequality (LMI) derived from the Lyapunov stability theorem considering the dynamics of load characteristic and AVR control system. The proposed Lyapunov function is constructed as a quadratic form of state variables and an integral term which satisfies the curl equation and the sector condition. An induction machine and a synchronous machine are considered as load characteristics. One‐machine one‐load infinite bus system is considered taking into account the flux decay effects and AVR with one time constant of the generator. To verify the proposed Lyapunov function, the transient stability assessment is shown. The critical clearing times given by the proposed Lyapunov function are compared with those obtained by the numerical integration method, and they are shown to be practical. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 158(4): 42– 50, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience. wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20328
Output power leveling of wind turbine generators using pitch angle control for all operating regions in wind farm
Authors: Senjyu Tomonobu , Sakamoto Ryosei , Urasaki Naomitsu , Funabashi Toshihisa , Fujita Hideki , Sekine Hideomi 
Published: January 2007

AbstractEffective utilization of renewable energies such as wind energy instead of fossil fuels is desirable. Wind energy is not constant and windmill output is proportional to the cube of the wind speed, which causes the generated power of wind turbine generators (WTGs) to fluctuate. In order to reduce the output power fluctuation of wind farms, this paper presents an output power leveling control strategy for a wind farm based on both the average wind farm output power and the standard deviation of the wind farm output power, a cooperative control strategy for WTGs, and pitch angle control using a generalized predictive controller (GPC) in all WTG operating regions. Simulation results using an actual detailed model for wind farm systems show the effectiveness of the proposed method. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 158(4): 31– 41, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience. wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20448
Characteristic measurement of discharge current injected by the air discharge of an ESD gun onto a ground
Authors: Mori Ikuko , Fujiwara Osamu , Ishigami Shinobu , Yamanaka Yukio 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAn immunity testing method for electrostatic discharge (ESD) is being specified in IEC 61000‐4‐2, in which the contact discharge of an ESD gun is being normally specified. Air discharge testing is known to be a severe immunity test compared to contact discharge testing, while the discharge current injected is not well reproduced. Grasping the behavior of the current injected by the air discharge would be helpful in establishing the worst‐case ESD immunity testing. We previously measured the discharge currents for air discharge testing onto the IEC‐recommended current transducer with a commercially available ESD gun, and showed that there exists a specific relationship ofIp·trξ/Vc=constant (ξ=0.75), between rise timetr and current peakIp. The current transducer, however, has a frequency‐dependent transfer impedance which should affect the measured current waveform. In this study, we investigated whether the above‐mentioned specific relationship can be obtained for air discharge of an ESD gun onto a ground that assumes a metal enclosure of electronic equipment under test. A method was presented for estimating the discharge current from simultaneously measured magnetic fields with two magnetic field probes regardless of the distance between the gun discharge‐point and the probe position. This method was validated for contact discharge of an ESD gun to an SMA connector. With this method, we estimated the discharge currents injected onto a ground for air discharge testing of an ESD gun with intentionally fast and slow approaches. As a result, we could confirm a specific relationship between rise timetr and current peakIp ofIp·trξ/Vc=constant with ξ=0.57 independent of charge voltages and gun approaches. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 158(4): 51– 59, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20454
A Water Pipe Held Up by a Polyoxometalate Supported Transition Metal Complex: Synthesis and Characterization of [Cu2(phen)2(CH3COO)(CH3COOH)(H2O)2][Al(OH)6Mo6O18]·28H2O (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2/2007)
Authors: Shivaiah Vaddypally , Chatterjee Tanmay , Srinivasu Khandregula , Das Samar K. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe cover picture shows a water pipe (wire‐frame representation in blue), constructed solely from solvent water molecules that are present in the crytal lattice of an organic–inorganic hybrid compound [Cu2(phen)2(CH3COO)(CH3COOH)(H2O)2][Al(OH)6Mo6O18]·28H2O. The supramolecular interactions of the water pipe with its surrounding (that includes a heteropolyanion, [Al(OH)6Mo6O18]–3, shown as red polyhedra and a copper dimeric complex, shown as magenta ball‐and‐stick models) stabilise the compound so that it can be observed crystallographically. The background depicts the unit‐cell packing of the water pipes in the relevant crystal. Details are described in the Short Communication by S. K. Das et al. on p. 231 ff. The artwork was designed by Ms. Sabbani Supriya.
Ultramicrobiosensor for the Selective Detection of Glutamate
Authors: Schuvailo Oleg M. , Gáspár Szilveszter , Soldatkin Alexey P. , Csöregi Elisabeth 
Published: January 2007

AbstractCarbon fiber microelectrodes, able to detect catecholamine release from single cells, have significantly contributed to our present understanding of the mechanism of secretory neurotransmission. In spite of their obvious advantages, there are only a few amperometric sensors (characterized by appropriate size, sensitivity, and selectivity) able to measure the release of other (not easily oxidizable) neurotransmitters at cellular level. The present work describes the fabrication and characterization of an ultramicrobiosensor for the selective detection of glutamate. The developed sensor has a size of 2.5–15 μm in diameter, a sensitivity of 0.62 mA mM−1 cm−2, and a detection limit of 5 μM. The excellent selectivity of the sensor (achieved using electrodeposition of Ru, Rh, and poly(m‐phenylenediamine)) makes it a promising candidate for monitoring glutamate release at single cell level.
Voltammetric Detection of Free Sulfhydryl Compounds in Food Flours
Authors: Scampicchio Matteo , Lawrence Nathan S. , Arecchi Alessandra , Cosio Stella , Mannino Saverio 
Published: January 2007

AbstractCyclic voltammetry has been applied to the rapid measurement of free SH‐compounds in food flours samples. The protocol is based on the electrochemical adaptation of the Ellman's test, where the DTNB reacts with SH‐compounds present in food flour extracts, resulting in the equimolar production of the electroactive compound TNBA which, in turns, reacts with phenylendiamine. The reaction is found to provide an analytical signal from which to quantify indirectly free sulfhydryl compounds in flours extracts.
Determination of Sodium Diethyldithiocarbamate in Water by Anodic Voltammetry Using a Boron‐Doped Diamond Electrode
Authors: Radovan Ciprian , Manea Florica 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAn electrochemical study was made of the anodic behavior of sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DEDTC) using a boron‐doped diamond electrode (BDDE) in sodium sulfate supporting electrolyte. This paper presents a new alternative for the electroanalytical determination of DEDTC in protic media, using cyclic voltammetry or chronoamperometry. Linear plots of current vs. concentration correlated with anodic stepwise oxidation were obtained in delimited potential ranges with very good correlation coefficients.
PQQ‐Dependent Glucose Dehydrogenase as Potential Enzymatic Label in Amperometric Avidin‐Biotin Systems
Authors: Razumiene J. , Vilkanauskyte A. , Gureviciene V. , Bachmatova I. , Marcinkeviciene L. , Laurinavicius V. , Meskys R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIn the current work, PQQ‐dependent glucose dehydrogenase (s‐PQQ‐GDH) has been investigated as a potential biotin labeling agent. The conjugation of s‐PQQ‐GDH with biotin was achieved according to newly proposed technique using a commercially available biotin pentafluorophenyl ester. The residual activity of conjugate was about 90% against 100% of the native activity. The suitability of the conjugate for amperometric immunoanalysis was tested using carbon (CE) and gold (Au) electrodes. An efficient electron transfer from the active centre of s‐PQQ‐GDH to the CE or Au electrode surface mediated by phenazine methasulfate (PMS) allowed application of the s‐PQQ‐GDH as a biotin label in amperometric analysis based on interaction with neutravidin. The optimization of the amperometric analysis steps such as coating, blocking and binding were performed.
Rutin Determination at an Amperometric Biosensor
Authors: Mousty Christine , Cosnier Serge , Sanchez‐Paniagua Lopez Marta , Lopez‐Cabarcos Enrique , Lopez‐Ruiz Beatriz 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe feasibility of amperometric detection of rutin at a biosensor using polyphenol oxidase (PPO) as bioelement was investigated. The biosensor was fabricated by entrapment of PPO within a laponite clay film coated on an electrode surface. The amperometric detection of rutin was carried out at −0.1 V via the direct electrochemical reduction of the product of the enzymatic reaction or its mediated reduction by a phenothiazine redox mediator (Azure B) intercalated within the clay matrix. The biosensor response was optimized with regard to pH, temperature, applied potential (Eapp), and clay film thickness. The biosensor performance was discussed depending on the detection principle.
Triple Component Carbon Epoxy pH Probe
Authors: Lawrence Nathan S. , Pagels Markus , Hackett Simon F. J. , McCormack Sean , Meredith Andrew , Jones Timothy G. J. , Wildgoose Gregory G. , Compton Richard G. , Jiang Li 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA pH probe based on a carbon‐epoxy electrode design is discussed. The electrode consists of three redox active components within a carbon epoxy matrix. These are the pH sensitive species anthraquinone and phenanthrenequinone, along with the pH insensitive ferrocene reference compound. The values of the peak potentials when combined are shown to shift by 120 mV/pH unit at 25 °C with respect to the ferrocene reference potential.
Electrochemical Designing of Au/Pt Core Shell Nanoparticles as Nanostructured Catalyst with Tunable Activity for Oxygen Reduction
Authors: Zhai Junfeng , Huang Minghua , Dong Shaojun 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAu/Pt core shell nanoparticles (NPs) have been prepared via a layer‐by‐layer growth of Pt layers on Au NPs using underpotential deposition (UPD) redox replacement technique. A single UPD Cu monolayer replacement with Pt(II) yielded a uniform Pt film on Au NPs, and the shell thickness can be tuned by controlling the number of UPD redox replacement cycles. Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in air‐saturated 0.1 M H2SO4 was used to investigate the electrocatalytic behavior of the as‐prepared core shell NPs. Cyclic voltammograms of ORR show that the peak potentials shift positively from 0.32 V to 0.48 V with the number of Pt layers increasing from one to five, suggesting the electrocatalytic activity increases with increasing the thickness of Pt shell. The increase in electrocatalytic activity may originate mostly from the large decrease of electronic influence of Au cores on surface Pt atoms. Rotating ring‐disk electrode voltammetry and rotating disk electrode voltammetry demonstrate that ORR is mainly a four‐electron reduction on the as‐prepared modified electrode with 5 Pt layers and first charge transfer is the rate‐determining step.
Electrochemical Sensing of Explosives
Authors: Wang Joseph 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis article reviews recent advances in electrochemical sensing and detection of explosive substances. Escalating threats of terrorist activities and growing environmental concerns have generated major demands for innovative field‐deployable tools for detecting explosives in a fast, sensitive, reliable and simple manner. Field detection of explosive substances requires that a powerful analytical performance be coupled to miniaturized low‐cost instrumentation. Electrochemical devices offer attractive opportunities for addressing the growing explosive sensing needs. The advantages of electrochemical systems include high sensitivity and selectivity, speed, a wide linear range, compatibility with modern microfabrication techniques, minimal space and power requirements, and low‐cost instrumentation. The inherent electroactivity of nitroaromatic, nitramine and nitroester compounds makes them ideal candidates for electrochemical detection. Recent activity in various laboratories has led to the development of disposable sensor strips, novel electrode materials, submersible remote sensors, and electrochemical detectors for microchip (‘Lab‐on‐Chip’) devices for on‐site electrochemical detection of explosive substances. The attractive behavior of these electrochemical monitoring systems makes them very promising for addressing major security and environmental problems.
A proposed adaptation of DC: 0‐3R for primary care, developmental research, and prevention of mental disorders
Authors: Sturner Raymond , Albus Kathleen , Thomas Jean , Howard Barbara 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe development of the Diagnostic Classification of Mental Health and Developmental Disorders of Infancy and Early Childhood (DC: 0‐3; Zero to Three: National Center for Clinical Infant Programs, 1994) has been an important step in the field of infant mental health. In this paper, we propose some additions to the existing classification system. These additions include the development of criteria for infant, toddler, and family strengths, and the development of criteria for symptomatology that represents risk for disorder, but not fully manifest disorder. These additions will give DC: 0‐3R greater potential for use in the primary health care of children, thereby increasing the system's utility in diagnosing and preventing infant mental health problems.
A case study of traumatic stress disorder in a 5‐month‐old infant following surgery
Authors: Solter Aletha 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis case study of a 5‐month‐old infant describes the symptoms of trauma following a surgical procedure (cranial remodeling) with short‐term hospital stay. The infant showed a symptomatology similar to that found in other studies of hospitalization during the preverbal period, and fit the diagnosis of traumatic stress disorder according to the DC:0‐3. The therapy was implemented by the parents in consultation with the author. The approach was based on an exposure therapy model (flooding) using a somatic trauma trigger that occurred spontaneously in the context of a normal caretaking routine. The infant was allowed to have a full‐blown emotional response during several treatment sessions. The outcome was positive, with the disappearance of some symptoms of traumatic stress disorder after the first week, and no remaining symptoms after two months. Periodic follow‐up evaluations for one year revealed normal development with no return of symptoms. The symptoms, treatment, and outcomes are discussed in the context of behavioral learning theory and emotional processing theory. The role of crying during flooding therapy is discussed, and an emotional release theory emphasizing the therapeutic value of crying is proposed. Six cautionary guidelines are offered for the use of intense exposure therapy with infants.