bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantitative research for nonprofit management
Authors: Bielefeld Wolfgang 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAlthough the literature on organizational management has burgeoned recently, it has focused primarily on for‐profit organizations. Moreover, widely published management prescriptions are often faddish in nature. It is risky for nonprofit managers to uncritically adopt these prescriptions. Not only may they be inappropriate for the Nonprofit setting, they may also be based on inadequate research. The nonprofit sector needs to develop its own research agenda and distribute usable findings to nonprofit managers. This process is in its infancy. While research on the nonprofit sector has been vigorous over the last few decades, most of it has focused on philanthropy or the delineation of the sector's dimensions. It is vitally important that management practices in the Nonprofit sector be based on sound, useful research. Given the nature of social science research, much of this will be quantitative research. In this article, I lay out some basic parameters of quantitative research and discuss its relevance to and utility for nonprofit management.
Advice for a new generation
Authors: Til Jon Van 
Published: June 2006

AbstractChallenges for Nonprofits and Philanthropy: The Courage to Change, by Pablo Eisenberg, edited by Stacy Palmer. Medford, Mass.: Tufts University Press; Lebanon, N.H.: University Press of New England, 2005. 242 pp., $29.95 cloth.Fifty Years in Public Causes: Stories from a Road Less Traveled, by Brian O'Connell. Medford, Mass.: Tufts University Press; Lebanon, N.H.: University Press of New England, 2005. 228 pp., $24.95 cloth.
The bioactivity‐guided isolation and structural identification of toxic cucurbitacin steroidal glucosides from stemodia kingii
Authors: Allen Jeremy G. , Colegate Steven M. , Mitchell Andrew A. , Mulder Roger J. , Raisbeck Merl F. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA histologically validated murine model for the ovine intoxication by Stemodia kingii was used as a bioassay to guide the isolation of several groups of toxins from Stemodia kingii. Two of the toxins from one group were purified sufficiently to allow structural analysis and a determination of their median lethal doses (LD50) for oral administration to mice. A combination of acid hydrolysis, elemental analysis, HPLC‐MS, 1D‐NMR (1H, 13C) and 2D‐NMR (1H–1H COSY, 13C–1H HSQC and HMBC, and gNOESY) was used to define stemodiosides B3 and B4 as cucurbitacin steroidal glucosides. Thus stemodioside B3 is (24Z)‐3α‐(β‐glucopyranosyloxy)‐2β,20,27‐trihydroxy‐19‐(10→9β)‐abeo‐10α‐lanost‐5,24‐diene‐11‐one and stemodioside B4 is (23E)‐3α‐(β‐glucopyranosyloxy)‐2β,20,22,27‐tetrahydroxy‐19‐(10→9β)‐abeo‐10α‐lanost‐5,23‐diene‐11‐one. The approximate oral LD50s for stemodiosides B3 and B4 in mice were estimated to be 99 and 42 mg/kg body weight, respectively. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry following headspace solid‐phase microextraction for fast determination of asarones in plasma
Authors: Deng Chunhui , Lin Shuang , Huang Taoming , Duan Gengli , Zhang Xiangmin 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAsarones (α‐asarone and β‐asarone) are the active components in the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) of Acorus tatarinowii Schott, which has been used to treat epilepsy for several thousand years. To perform the pharmacokinetics (PK) study of α‐ and β‐asarone from the TCM essential oil, a simple, rapid and sensitive method was developed for the determination of asarones from the TCM in rabbit plasma, based on headspace solid‐phase microextraction (HS‐SPME) followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) with electron ionization (EI). The extraction parameters of headspace volume, fiber coating, sample temperature, extraction time, stirring rate and ion strength were systemically optimized. Furthermore, the method linearity, detection limit and precision were also investigated. It was shown that the proposed method provided a good linearity (0.02–20 µg/mL, R2 > 0.99), low detection limit (<2.0 ng/mL) and good precision (RSD < 7.0%). Finally, HS‐SPME followed by GC/MS was applied to fast determination of α‐ and β‐asarone in rabbit plasma at different time points after oral adminstration of the essential oil from A. tatarinowii. The experimental results suggest that the proposed method provides an alternative approach to the PK studies of volatile compounds in TCMs. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) treatment stimulates oxidative energy metabolism in the cerebral mitochondria from developing rats
Authors: Patel Minal A. , Katyare Surendra S. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractEffects of treatment with dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) (0.2 or 1.0 mg/kg body weight for 7 days) on oxidative energy metabolism in cerebral mitochondria from developing and young adult rats were examined. Treatment with DHEA did not change the body weight of developing rats but resulted in increase in the brain weight in 5 week group. In young adult rats the body weight increased following treatment with 1.0 mg DHEA. State 3 and state 4 respiration rates with all the substrates increased following DHEA treatment, the effect being more pronounced in the developing rats. State 4 respiration rates were stimulated to variable extents. Contents of cytochromes aa3 and b increased following DHEA treatment and once again the effect was more pronounced in the developing rats. DHEA treatment marginally changed the content of cytochromes c + c1. In the developing rats the ATPase activity and the levels of dehydrogenases increased significantly by DHEA treatment.Results of our studies have shown that treatment with exogenous DHEA accelerates the process of maturation of cerebral mitochondria thus emphasizing the role of DHEA in brain development in postnatal life.
Riverine fish and fisheries in Malaysia: An ignored resource
Authors: Abdul Salam Muhamad Nasir , Gopinath N. 
Published: June 2006

There is an urgent need to manage and conserve riverine fish resources in Malaysia. These resources have largely been ignored, but are an important source of both income and food. Having particularly diverse fish fauna in rivers provides the basis for a fishery, and it has been estimated that there are over 300 species of freshwater fish dwelling in the many riverine ecosystems of Malaysia.
The fishing industry has generated a substantial income in Malaysia, and although the number of anglers visiting riverine habitats is still vague, it has been estimated that most fishermen in Malaysia are freshwater anglers. Consumption of these freshwater fish in inland rural areas is widespread.
There is thus a need to protect the fishery resources and fishery-related habitats, and at the same time promote the enjoyment of fishing as a recreational activity. This paper aims to identify the riverine fish ecosystems in Malaysia, as well as to suggest achievable management and conservation plans in order to preserve this valuable resource.
Approximation and regularization of Lipschitz functions: Convergence of the gradients
Authors: Czarnecki Marc-Olivier , Rifford Ludovic 
Published: June 2006

We examine the possible extensions to the Lipschitzian setting of the classical result on

C
1

C^1

-convergence: first (approximation), if a sequence

(

f
n

)

(f_n)

of functions of class

C
1

C^1

from

R

N

\mathbb {R}^N

to

R

\mathbb {R}

converges uniformly to a function

f
f

of class

C
1

C^1

, then the gradient of

f
f

is a limit of gradients of

f
n

f_n

in the sense that

graph
⁡
(
∇
f
)
⊂

lim inf

n
→
+
∞

graph
⁡
(
∇

f
n

)

\operatorname {graph}(\nabla f)\subset \liminf _{n\to +\infty } \operatorname {graph}(\nabla f_n)

; second (regularization), the functions

(

f
n

)

(f_n)

can be chosen to be of class

C

∞

C^{\infty }

and

C
1

C^1

-converging to

f
f

in the sense that

lim

n
→
+
∞

‖

f
n

−
f

‖

∞

+
‖
∇

f
n

−
∇
f

‖

∞

=
0

\lim _{n\to +\infty } \|f_n-f\|_{\infty }+ \|\nabla f_n-\nabla f\|_{\infty }=0

. In other words, the space of

C

∞

C^{\infty }

functions is dense in the space of

C
1

C^1

functions endowed with the

C
1

C^1

pseudo-norm. We first deepen the properties of Warga’s counterexample (1981) for the extension of the approximation part to the Lipschitzian setting. This part cannot be extended, even if one restricts the approximation schemes to the classical convolution and the Lasry-Lions regularization. We thus make more precise various results in the literature on the convergence of subdifferentials. We then show that the regularization part can be extended to the Lipschitzian setting, namely if

f
:

R

N

→

R

f:\mathbb {R}^N \rightarrow {\mathbb R}

is a locally Lipschitz function, we build a sequence of smooth functions

(

f
n

)

n
∈

N

(f_n)_{n \in \mathbb {N}}

such that

a
m
p
;

a
m
p
;

lim

n
→
+
∞

‖

f
n

−
f

‖

∞

=
0
,

a
m
p
;

a
m
p
;

lim

n
→
+
∞

d

H
a
u
s

(
graph
⁡
(
∇

f
n

)
,
graph
⁡
(
∂
f
)
)
=
0.

\begin{eqnarray*} &&\lim _{n\to +\infty } \|f_n-f\|_{\infty }=0,\\ &&\lim _{n\to +\infty } d_{Haus}(\operatorname {graph}(\nabla f_n), \operatorname {graph}(\partial f))=0. \end{eqnarray*}

In other words, the space of

C

∞

C^{\infty }

functions is dense in the space of locally Lipschitz functions endowed with an appropriate Lipschitz pseudo-distance. Up to now, Rockafellar and Wets (1998) have shown that the convolution procedure permits us to have the equality

lim sup

n
→
+
∞

graph
⁡
(
∇

f
n

)
=
graph
⁡
(
∂
f
)

\limsup _{n\to +\infty } \operatorname {graph}(\nabla f_n) =\operatorname {graph}(\partial f)

, which cannot provide the exactness of our result. As a consequence, we obtain a similar result on the regularization of epi-Lipschitz sets. With both functional and set parts, we improve previous results in the literature on the regularization of functions and sets.
Triclads (Turbellaria: Tricladida) as predators of lake‐dwelling stonefly and mayfly nymphs
Authors: REYNOLDSON T. B. , BELLAMY PATRICIA 
Published: June 2006

SummaryIt has been demonstrated by using a serological technique that Polycelis nigra (Müller) and P. tennis (Tjima) feed on mayfly and stonefly nymphs in unproductive lakes. Such feeding is less in productive lakes where these insects form a smaller proportion of the invertebrate fauna of the stony littoral zone. These nymphs form a significantly larger part of the diet of P. nigra than of P. tenuis; both triclad species feed more on stoneflies than mayflies.
Interrelations of photosynthetic behaviour and buoyancy regulation in a natural population of a blue‐green alga
Authors: REYNOLDS C. S. 
Published: June 2006

SummaryThe photosynthetic activity of Anabaena cirdnalis and associated changes in buoyancy were determined from prepared suspensions exposed in the natural light field of Crose Mere. The observations are related to variations in subsurface irradiance and temperature. Parallel experiments, aimed at trapping algal colonies undertaking controlled vertical movements within the lake system, are also described. Buoyancy loss and downward migration are clearly associated with specific photosynthetic rates: rates as low as 1.8 mg O2 (mg chlorophyll a) h−1 are shown to be sufficient to effect buoyancy loss, while movements in the lake tend towards a depth where rates of 5–7 mg O2 (mg chlorophyll a)−1 h−1 are possible. These rates are significantly less than those possible at light saturation. The effect of increasing temperature is to depress the population in the light‐gradient. The significance of this response is discussed in relation to the growth of natural populations of blue‐green algae.
THE FREE ENERGY OF THE FORMATION OF DOLOMITE FROM ITS CARBONATE COMPONENTS
Authors: HALLA F. 
Published: June 2006

SummaryThree methods for the determination of the free energy A F, of the reaction,
image
are discussed: the method of two triple points, that of combining solubility products and that of combining dissociation pressure curves.The first method, although thermodynamically well founded, fails by irreversibility, and by the third method data of sufficient accuracy are unlikely.The solubility products (L) necessary for the second method may be derived either from solubility or from pH measurements, the results being in good agreement. For dolomite, L25D= (1.26 ± 0.24) · 10‐17 is the average of values from the experiments described in this paper and these of Kramer (1959). The mean value obtained from the solubility and the pH data is Δ F1°= 1720 ± 280 cal.; for LM25 the two values 3.43 · 1.3 · and 1.3 · 10‐7 have been found in both ways.
THERMODYNAMIC STUDIES ON DOLOMITE FORMATION AND THEIR GEOLOGIC IMPLICATIONS: AN INTERIM REPORT
Authors: HALLA FRANZ , CHILINGAR GEORGE V. , BISSELL HAROLD J. 
Published: June 2006

SUMMARYMany theories have been advanced for the origin of sedimentary dolomites. Yet some of these theories are chemically and thermodynamically unsound. The present paper is an interim report on the study of thermodynamics (and chemistry) of dolomite formation. It is hoped that this and other similar papers on chemistry and thermodynamics of dolomite formation will prevent the perpetuation of unsound and untenable theories in the geological literature.
SEDIMENTOLOGY OF GULLIVAN BAY AND VICINITY, FLORIDA1
Authors: HOLMES CHARLES W. , EVANS RICHARD G. 
Published: June 2006

On the southwest coast of Florida a shoreline reentrant t Cape Roma D forms Greater Gullivan Bay. Evidence is available which suggests that the reentrant may be structurally controlled. The bay lies between the Cape Romano shoals to the north and the irregular, low energy, mangrove ridge shorelinz of the Ten Thousand Islands to the southeast.Two main currents affect the area. One, the longshore current from the north, enters the bay through the shoals, whereas the other, a tidal current, enters from the south, proceeds through the mangrove island archipelago and sweeps down the bay and back out to the open Gulf.Regionally the sediment becomes coarser seaward, a reflection of the fine material of the mangrove island shoreline and of the coarse shell material on the shelf beyond the shoals. In specific parts of the area such as the bay, shoals, islands and shelf, size of the detritus is relatively constant. The mean grain size of the carbonate, however, is variable. Sorting of the bottom sediment is best over the shoals and in the bay indica‐ ting the location of the most effective currents.Per cent carbonate is lower in the bay sediments than in any other part of the region. A similar situation exists for the organic matter. The average per cent of organic matter in the sediments is about the same as that 011 the shelf.In the lee of the shoals, at the head of the bay and in the bays of the lagoonal chain current activity is low, and a mixed sediment of quartz sand, not whole shells, silt and clay appears to be accumulating. The lower bay, because of the turbulent ebbing of the tidal current, is, in general, receiving only quartz sand. Furthermore, the shoals appear to be moving shoreward.
ON THE ATECTONIC ORIGIN OF FOLDS IN LIMESTONE
Authors: GIDON PAUL , LINDSTRÖM MAURITS 
Published: June 2006

SUMMARYIn principle, sedimentary folding in Early Ordovician limestones in Sweden corres‐ ponds to the arching of a marble plaque on the wall of the “H6tel de Ville” of Cham‐ bery. This folding is due to dilatation within an unyielding frame by the swelling of a certain layer.
THE CLASSIFICATION OF CROSS‐STRATIFIED UNITS, FURTHER DISCUSSlON
Authors: ALLEN J. R. L. 
Published: June 2006

SUMMARYThe revision of terms under criterion 3 as proposed by CROOK (1965) is timely and should be accepted. Useful new terms are proposed to describe the three‐dimensional shape of cross‐strata, but there is as yet insufficient evidence for using cross‐stratal shape as a criterion for classification in a scheme in which morphological characters are selected for their known genetical significance. The proposed revision of criterion 5 is difficult to accept because it is not in accord with known cross‐stratification genesis.
ZEOLITES IN SEDIMENTARY ROCKS, WITH REFERENCE TO THE DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS AND ZONAL DISTRIBUTION
Authors: IIJIMA AZUMA , UTADA MINORU 
Published: June 2006

SUMMARYThe authors have studied alterations of Cenozoic and Mesozoic pyroclastic rocks of Japan, which contain several kinds of zeolites in abundance. This paper summarizes zeolites in sedimentary rocks, with reference to the depositional environments and zonal distribution, by a survey of the literature in addition to the authors’ data.The zonal distribution of zeolites is recognized in buried sedimentary rocks as follows:
image
The zeolites in syngenetic or early diagenetic origin depend strongly upon a specific sedimentary environment. Phillipsite occurs largely in pelagic sediments of the younger geologic age. Analcime is found in saline‐lake and terrestrial sediments in a warm, rather arid region, frequently associated with phillipsite, chabazite and natrolite. The zeolites are not influenced by the sedimentary environments but depend upon the depth of burial, i.e., increasing temperature and pressure. Most of clinop‐ tilolite, mordenite and erionite, forming at a relatively shallow depth, occur only as an alteration product of acidic to intermediate volcanic glass and cement of the post‐ Jurassic pyroclastic rocks. Laumontite, forming at a greater depth, on the other hand, is widely distributed in the pre‐Pliocene various sedimentary rocks.
SIZE DIFFERENTIATION IN A CROSS‐STRATIFIED UNIT
Authors: BASUMALLICK SUDHIR 
Published: June 2006

SUMMARYCareful sampling of the constituent laminae of cross‐stratified units and their subsequent mechanical analyses have revealed a rhythmic pattern of size differentiation. The cross‐strata have been analysed in terms of our existing knowledge of the mechanics of layering in granular sediments. The concept of “elementary rhythm‐unit” has been introduced and the genesis of a cross‐stratified unit has been reviewed in terms of the growth and interplay of the elementary rhythm‐unit.
THE BOOMING SAND OF KORIZO, SAHARA, AND THE SQUEAKING SAND OF GOWER, S. WALES: A COMPARISON OF THE FUNDAMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TWO MUSICAL SANDS
Authors: HUMPHRIES D. W. 
Published: June 2006

SUMMARYThe occurrence of the rare phenomena of a booming sand is recorded and an account given of its behaviour in the field. Its sedimentological properties are compared with those of a squeaking sand from the seashore. Both sands are moderately to wellsorted, and show similar roundness and sphericity. The desert sand is silent, whereas the seashore sand can be made to emit a noise in the laboratory. The marked distinction between the sands lies in the mechanical analyses based on the number frequency of grains, rather than on the weight frequency. A “body‐centred cubic” packing has been proposed for the desert sand and a “rhombic” packing for the seashore. Shear‐box tests on the disturbed sands appear to support the hypothesis of two different modes of packing. The source of the characteristic booming sound is discussed, but it is suggested that an explanation is more likely to be forthcoming from field investigation than from small‐scale laboratory studies.
FLUVIATILE RUN‐OFF AS A FACTOR IN THE PRIMARY DISPERSAL OF SUBMARINE GRAVELS IN FOVEAUX STRAIT, NEW ZEALAND
Authors: CULLEN DAVID J. 
Published: June 2006

SUMMARYDispersal patterns, based upon the frequency distribution of rock types in the submarine gravels of Foveaux Strait, indicate a connection between the gravels and the present terrestrial drainage systems to the north and south of the Strait. It is inferred that the submarine gravels were initially deposited as fluviatile sediments during a former period of low sea‐level. It is further suggested that the significant factor regulating the proportions of the various rock types was not distance from the periphery of the present marine environment or the proximity or relief of the source areas. More important were the actual sizes of the water catchment and source areas on opposite sides of the Strait.
NON‐GREYWACKE “TURBIDITE” SANDSTONES IN THE WELSH GEOSYNCLINE
Authors: OKADA HAKUYU 
Published: June 2006

SUMMARYIn contrast with the commonly accepted notion regarding ancient turbidites, non‐greywacke sandstones are not uncommon in the typically graded turbidite facies of the Cambrian and Silurian sediments in north Wales. The sandstones are the arkosic and lithic types of PETTIJOHN (1957) or the feldspathic and lithic arenites of GILBERT (1954) and occur at the bottom of graded beds when the grain size tends to be above medium grade. Petrological features suggest that debris forming the sandstones in north Wales was not significantly modified during transportation and original provenance characters are well preserved.The occurrence of such sandstones implies that: (1) the current concept of ancient graded greywackes in the turbidite facies should be revised; (2) non‐greywacke sandstones in ancient turbidites are comparable in petrological features to recent deep‐sea sands; (3) these sandstones are important in connection with the origin of the clay matrix in greywacke.
FORMULATION AND USE OF FLUORESCENT TRACER COATINGS IN SEDIMENT TRANSPORT STUDIES
Authors: YASSO WARREN E. 
Published: June 2006

SUMMARYCommercially available, daylight and near‐ultraviolet fluorescent, colored dyes can be used in long‐ or short‐lived surface coatings on coarse sediments. Such tracer coatings make possible day‐ or nighttime visual and quantitative determination of river or beach sediment transport. Testing of five commercial coatings led to formulation of two additional coatings. A wide selection of dye colors is available for use in four coating mixtures. All coatings are insoluble in fresh or saline water. Single‐application coating thicknesses range between 0.0003 and 0.0024 inches. Still air drying time at room temperature for separated particles varies from 40 seconds to 14 minutes depending on coating mixture used. Volume production of marked particles in the field is possible.Extensive sediment sampling in particle transport studies possibly may be eliminated by measuring visible light emission from coated particles under nearultraviolet excitation. A battery operated, portable photometer was assembled from a light cell, linear amplifier, and metering circuit. Laboratory calibration indicates that 5% differences in areal concentration of marked particles at given sampling locations can be determined.Color coded sizes of fluorescent sand and gravel were used in a test of foreshore sediment transport pattern over a single tidal cycle. Initial trajectory (minimum transport angle) of particles moved by beach drifting is approximately equal to deep water angle of wave approach relative to the shoreline. Angular magnitude of the dispersion zone for each group of particles seems to be a function of particle size and point of introduction on the foreshore. Minimum average transport velocity of particles was 0.42 ft./min under test conditions.
PROTOINTRACLASTS: TEXTURE OF SOME WERFENIAN (LOWER TRIASSIC) LIMESTONES OF THE DOLOMITES (NORTHEASTERN ITALY)
Authors: BOSELLINI A. 
Published: June 2006

SUMMARYPetrographic examination of some Werfenian limestones of the Dolomite region in northeastern Italy has revealed these iimestones to show an unusual granular texture. This texture seems to have originated during an early resedimentation attempt when the sediments in which they occur were still water impregnated. Because these “pseudo‐grains” never existed as free clastic entities but yet recall intraclastic grains they are defined as protointruclusts and the rock asprotointruclastic micrite.
A RAPID METHOD FOR THIN‐SECTIONING CLAYS
Authors: WEST IAN M. 
Published: June 2006

SUMMARYThin‐sections of clays can be produced very rapidly and without impregnating by smoothing a face on dry glass plates, mounting the chip on “Araldite” adhesive and finally washing off the clay. A thin film of clay is preserved with larger mineral grains held firmly in place. This is suitable for wet staining techniques or for covering with Canada balsam.