bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Laboratory and Field Assessment of Fluorence—Part I: Effects of Fluorence on the Survival, Growth, Reproduction, and Behavior of Aquatic Organisms in Laboratory Tests
Authors: Finger SE , Little EF , Henry MG , Fairchild JF , Boyle TP 
Published: December 2008

Static toxicity tests were conducted with the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon fluorene on daphnids (Daphnia magna), larval midges (Chironomus riparius), amphipods (Gammarus pseudolimnaeus), snails (Mudalia potosensis), mayflies (Hexagenia bilineata), bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas), aquatic macrophytes (Chara sp.), and green algae (Selanastrum capricornutum). Daphnia magna was the most sensitive organism tested with a 48-h median effective concentration (EC50) of 0.43 mg/L. Fathead minnows were the least sensitive species, with no mortality at fluorene concentrations as high as 100 mg/L. In a 14-day test, fluorene exposure inhibited algal production at a threshold level of approximately 3.0 mg/L.Complete life cycle chronic toxicity tests were conducted with fluorene on daphnids and larval midges. Daphnid reproduction was significantly reduced at fluorene levels of 0.125 mg/L after 14 days. Emergence of larval midges was delayed at a concentration of 0.6 mg/L.In a 30-day partial life cycle study that was conducted to determine the impact of fluorene on growth, survival, and behavior of fingerling bluegill, survival was reduced at exposures of 0.5 and 1.0 mg/L and growth was inhibited at exposures of 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/L. Measurements of several behavioral characteristics indicated impairment of swimming and feeding activities at fluorene concentrations as low as 0.12 mg/L. Vulnerability of bluegill to predation was also increased by fluorene exposure. Results of these behavioral tests indicated that fish were adversely affected at fluorene levels below those predicted by the standard chronic toxicity measurements of growth and survival.
Standard Room Fire Test Development at the National Bureau of Standards
Authors: Lee BT 
Published: December 2008

Research results with the proposed ASTM standard room fire test for interior finish materials are presented. The materials selected for the study were two untreated plywoods, a fire-retarded plywood, polystyrene, polyisocyanurate, and gypsum board. Three 900-s duration test scenarios were considered. Scenario A is a constant nominal 160-kW ignition source exposure. Scenario B achieves the same maximum exposure after three intervals of 30 s each in which the heat release rate is increased in equal steps of 40 kW. Scenario C evaluates a material over a 300-s exposure at a nominal 40 kW, with another 300-s exposure at a nominal 160 kW, followed by 300 s at zero exposure. This zero exposure allows the material to be screened for self-burning properties afterwards. The study demonstrated that all three scenarios could adequately differentiate material fire behavior, in terms of the maximum degree of fire buildup attained and the time to reach the maximum, for the materials selected. However, Scenario C would allow a more comprehensive evaluation of materials.
Thermal radiation incident on the floor and doorway air temperature were found to be the most consistent parameters for determining room fire buildup including room flashover. Surface flame spread and rate of heat release are discussed for the room fires.
Effect of Diet on the Sensitivity of Daphnia magna to Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate
Authors: Taylor MJ 
Published: December 2008

Laboratory cultures of Daphnia magna were maintained in hard well water and fed one of five different diets. Algal diets, trout chow diets, and diets combining algae and trout chow were evaluated.
The acute toxicity (48-h LC50) of C11.8 LAS (linear alkylbenzene sulfonate) to D. magna reared on the five different diets ranged between 3.6 and 4.7 mg/L. For daphnids that were fed during the acute test, the LC50s ranged between 4.4 and 8.1 mg/LLAS. The addition of food to the acute test generally increased the LC50.
Diet had a statistically significant effect on the sensitivity of D. magna to the chronic toxicity of LAS. Chronic no-observed effect concentrations (NOECs) varied about three-fold (1.2 to 3.2 mg/L) and 21-day LC50s about two-fold (2.2 to 4.7 mg/L) for daphnids fed the five diets. Survival was generally the most sensitive indicator of chronic effects. Food concentration also had a significant effect on the response of D. magna to the chronic effects of LAS. Daphnia cultures receiving lower concentrations of food were less sensitive to LAS than Daphnia cultures receiving higher food concentrations.
Diet had at most a three-fold effect on the results of Daphnia toxicity tests. A three-fold variability can be expected in Daphnia toxicity tests themselves. Therefore use of any of the diets in this study should not affect the utility of the test results in assessing the environmental effects of detergent chemicals such as LAS.
Effect of Physicochemical Form on Copper Availability to Aquatic Organisms
Authors: Harrison FL 
Published: December 2008

Copper concentration and speciation were determined in influent and effluent waters collected from eight power stations that used copper alloys in their cooling systems. Quantities of copper associated with particles, colloids, and organic and inorganic ligands differed with the site, season, and mode of operation of the station. Under normal operating conditions, the differences between influent and effluent waters were generally small, and most of the copper was in bound (complexed) species. However, copper was high in concentration and present in labile species during start-up of water circulation through some cooling systems and during changeover from an open- to a closed-cycle operation.Copper sensitivity of selected ecologically and economically important aquatic organisms was also evaluated. Our primary emphasis was on acute effects and most of the testing was performed under controlled laboratory conditions. However, sublethal effects of copper on a population of bluegills living in a power station cooling lake containing water of low pH were also assessed. The toxic response to copper differed with the species and life stage of the animal and with the chemical form of copper in the water.
Monitoring Fatigue Damage in CFRP Using Acoustic Emission and Radiographic Techniques
Authors: C-G Gustafson , RB Seldén 
Published: December 2008

Tension-tension fatigue tests (R = 0.05) have been performed on quasiisotropic (0/±45/90)s graphite/epoxy specimens. Results from the nondestructive monitoring of damage initiation and growth using both acoustic emission (AE) and X-ray radiography are presented. Damage development in the form of transverse cracking in the 90° plies and delamination at the −45/90 interfaces could be detected using both techniques. This shows that AE could be used as a nondestructive test method for detecting the onset and growth of transverse cracking and delamination in graphite/epoxy specimens.
Scanning electron microscopy was used for fractographic investigation of the delaminated surfaces.
Semiconductor Processing
Authors: Gupta DC 
Published: December 2008

Description
This volume addresses the problems in semiconductor technology that arise from rapid increase in device complexity and performance, the emergence of integrated systems-on-a-chip, automated factories, and silicon foundries. The book's theme is that the realization of acceptable yields and reliability will require greater manufacturing discipline from starting materials to finished devices. 51 papers cover crystal growth and epitaxial depositing, control of contaminants, material characterization defects, interconnection technology, ion implantation, and special processing techniques.
Chevron-Notched Specimens: Testing and Stress Analysis
Authors: Underwood JH , Freiman SW , Baratta FI 
Published: December 2008

Description
Twenty papers in this volume are presented in three sections, including stress analysis, test method development, and fracture toughness measurements. One purpose of this volume, given the precracking and other differences in chevron-notched testing compared with existing tests, is to identify conditions that will yield reproducible results.
High Modulus Fiber Composites in Ground Transportation and High Volume Applications
Authors: Wilson DW 
Published: December 2008

Description
Focuses on the relationship between processing, materials microstructure, and the properties of the resulting high volume composite materials. Includes studies of the microstructural variability of sheet molding compounds, fiber orientation, thermoplastics, fatigue damage, graphite-epoxy composites, vicoelastic behavior, and thermosetting resins.
Corrosion Effect of Stray Currents and the Techniques for Evaluating Corrosion of Rebars in Concrete
Authors: Chaker V 
Published: December 2008

Description
The symposium on the Corrosion Effect of Stray Currents and the Techniques for Evaluating Corrosion of Rebars in Concrete was presented at Williamsburg, VA, 28 Nov. 1984. The symposium was sponsored by ASTM Committee G01 on Corrosion of Metals. Victor Chaker, Gilbert Associates, Inc., presided as chairman of the symposium and is editor of this publication.
A Comparison of Seining and Electrofishing for Fish Community Bioassessment in a Mexican Atlantic Slope Montane River
Authors: Mercado-Silva Norman , Escandón-Sandoval David S. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Tropical freshwater fish monitoring and conservation strategies depend on data from surveys made with a variety of sampling methodologies. These methodologies have inherent biases that can lead to different data interpretations. We compared two commonly used sampling techniques—seining and electrofishing—in the calculation of community parameters and ecosystem bioassessment in a montane river in the Gulf of Mexico drainage in the state of Veracruz, Mexico. We specifically evaluated whether seining was sufficient for fish community assessment. Electrofishing produced higher estimates of species richness (45%), diversity (∼30%), and biomass (∼80%) than seining. It also produced higher biotic integrity scores. Species' relative abundance was generally similar for species captured with both techniques, but seines failed at capturing fast-swimming and benthic species. Thus, seining alone offered an incomplete perspective on the fish community and may not be adequate for bioassessment. Our results and methodology can help in the design of future survey efforts and the creation of correction factors that can aid managers to better sample biological communities and apply adequate conservation strategies.
A Life History Model for Peppered Chub, a Broadcast‐Spawning Cyprinid
Authors: Wilde Gene R. , Durham Bart W. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractWe estimated age‐specific fecundity and survival rates for peppered chub Macrhybopsis tetranema from the Canadian River, New Mexico and Texas. We used these estimates to construct a life history matrix model that assumed age‐0 survival was related to river discharge. Model predictions agreed well with the observed abundance of peppered chub for the 6‐year period from 1996 to 2001. Based on the Akaike information criterion, this model received greater support from observed catches of peppered chub than did two alternative null models (one null model assumed a static or fixed population and the other assumed a population with a constant growth rate over the 6‐year study period). Elasticity analysis showed that the peppered chub population growth rate was most sensitive to changes in age‐0 survival (elasticity = 0.48) and age‐1 fecundity (elasticity = 0.44). We performed sensitivity simulations to determine the effect of parameter uncertainty on the observed elasticities. Based on 1,000 simulations, we found that the peppered chub population growth rate was most sensitive to age‐0 survival and age‐1 fecundity and was robust with respect to uncertainty in our estimates of these parameters. Our model accurately predicts changes in peppered chub abundance based on river discharge and provides a mechanistic explanation for previous anecdotal observations indicating that the reproductive success of peppered chub is related to river discharge.
A Bioenergetics Model for Zander: Construction, Validation, and Evaluation of Uncertainty Caused by Multiple Input Parameters
Authors: Keskinen Tapio , Jääskeläinen Juha , Marjomäki Timo J. , Matilainen Tero , Karjalainen Juha 
Published: December 2008

AbstractA bioenergetics model for zander Sander lucioperca was constructed using data from respirometer and feeding experiments to estimate temperature and mass‐specific functions of metabolic and food consumption (C) rates. Other parameters were taken from the literature. The model, together with a previously published model for walleyes S. vitreus (Kitchell et al. 1977) and its modification for zander (Salonen et al. 1996), was validated with independent feeding experiments in the laboratory and was field evaluated in two lakes by using mercury (Hg) as a marker. Both validation procedures gave high modeling efficiency, indicating that the model was able to predict zander C under field conditions. The effect of uncertainty in 29 input parameters on Hg concentration and C was estimated using the Latin hybercube sampling technique (a modified Monte Carlo approach that uses a form of stratified sampling). The simulation results showed that our model was rather insensitive to given uncertainties in input parameters. Parameters in respiration function were responsible for producing the highest uncertainty for C. Parameters in Hg balance model produced the highest uncertainty for Hg concentration. Furthermore, both output variables were sensitive to the activity multiplier, which supported earlier results on the central role of activity in bioenergetics models. The field test of our model with different growth rates and Hg concentrations indicated that in the long term, our experimentally measured routine metabolic rate satisfactorily described the activity of fish in the field. The original walleye model and its revision for zander underestimated zander C relative to the bioenergetics model developed here. Our new model offers a validated tool for estimating C and trophic impact of the zander population.
Relationship between Frequency of Skin Ulceration and Total Plasma Immunoglobulin Levels in Atlantic Menhaden from Delaware and Maryland Inland Bays
Authors: Evans Joyce J. , Klesius Phillip H. , Shelby Richard A. , Xu De‐Hai 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn the summer and fall of 2000, a high prevalence of ulcerative skin lesions in Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus from inland bays of Delaware and Maryland caused public and governmental concern. The relationship between the frequency of skin ulceration and total plasma immunoglobulin (Ig) levels was investigated for Atlantic menhaden from these inland bays in 2000 and 2001. Total plasma Ig levels were determined using goat anti‐menhaden Ig in an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Total plasma Ig levels were higher in nonulcerated fish (7.4 ± 0.02 mg/mL [mean ± SE]; n = 543) than in skin‐ulcerated ones (4.2 ± 0.42; n = 120). Skin ulcers were less frequent among small fish (67‐80 mm fork length; 6%) than in medium (81‐105 mm; 21%) or large fish (106‐190 mm; 27%). Nonulcerated large fish had higher total plasma Ig levels (8.5 ± 0.44 mg/mL) than nonulcerated small fish (6.1 ± 0.28) but not medium fish (7.9 ± 0.42). The total plasma Ig levels were higher in all sizes of fish in 2001 (8.9 ± 0.26) than in 2000 (3.6 ± 0.18). Conversely, the frequency of ulceration in fish sampled for Ig was lower in 2001 (8%) than in 2000 (33%). Although these findings suggest a possible association between lower mean total plasma Ig levels and higher frequency of skin ulceration, a cause‐and‐effect relationship was not established.
Implant Failure Predictors in the Posterior Maxilla: A Retrospective Study of 273 Consecutive Implants
Authors: Huynh‐Ba Guy , Friedberg J.R. , Vogiatzi D. , Ioannidou Effie 
Published: December 2008

Background: The goal of this study was to retrospectively analyze a cohort of 136 patients who underwent dental implant placement in the posterior maxilla at the University of Connecticut Health Center to assess and identify predictors for implant failure in the posterior maxilla.Methods: Data were retrieved from patient charts to identify subjects older than 21 years of age who received dental implant(s) in the posterior maxilla. Patients without a postoperative baseline radiograph were excluded. A recall radiograph was taken 3 to 6 months after implant placement. If there was no recall radiograph, the subject was contacted for a recall visit that included a clinical evaluation and radiographs to determine the implant status. Based on a univariate screening, variables considered potential implant failure predictors included gender, diabetes, smoking, implant length, implant diameter, membrane use, sinus‐elevation technique, and surgical complications. These parameters were further assessed, and a multivariable logistic regression was performed with implant failure as a dependant variable. All tests of significance were evaluated at the 0.05 error level.Results: Two hundred seventy‐three implants were placed in the posterior maxilla. Fourteen implants failed (early and late failures combined), resulting in a 94.9% overall survival rate. The survival rates for the sinus‐elevation group and native bone group were 92.2% and 96.7%, respectively (P = 0.090). Based on the multivariable analysis, sinus floor–elevation procedures were not associated with increased risk for implant failure (P = 0.702). In contrast, smoking and surgical complications had a statistically significant effect on implant failure; the odds ratios for implant failure were 6.4 (P = 0.025) and 8.2 (P = 0.004), respectively.Conclusion: Sinus‐elevation procedures with simultaneous or staged implant placement do not increase the risk for implant failure, whereas smoking and surgical complications markedly increase the risk for implant failure.
Clinical Dimensions of the Supraosseous Gingivae in Healthy Periodontium
Authors: Perez Jose R. , Smukler Hyman , Nunn Martha E. 
Published: December 2008

Background: To estimate the amount of supraosseous gingivae (SOG), the soft tissue height from the bone crest to the free gingival margin, that will reform after crown‐lengthening surgery, dental professionals have relied on a histologic mean dimension of 3 mm. This figure was derived from an autopsy study, and it represents the average of a significant range of values, from 0.0 to 6.5 mm. Other studies provided information on SOG dimensions; however, it seems that no clinical study in individuals without a history of periodontitis or attachment loss has been made that included all tooth types in the maxillary and mandibular arches. The main purpose of this investigation was to determine the clinical SOG dimensions around molar, premolar, canine, and incisor teeth in upper and lower jaws.Methods: In 23 patients without a history of periodontal disease, incisor and canine (zone 1), premolar (zone 2), and molar (zone 3) SOG dimensions were measured by transsulcular probing (TSP) after injecting local anesthetic. The reliability of TSP to determine the SOG dimensions was established before any measurements were taken.Results: Clinical overall (facial and palatal) maxillary SOG dimensions for zones 1, 2, and 3 were 3.66, 3.82, and 4.19 mm, respectively. Overall SOG measures for maxillary teeth varied by tooth type (P <0.001). Similarly, site‐level SOG measures varied by tooth type (P <0.02), except for mesial‐facial SOG measures of maxillary teeth (P = 0.051), which only approached significance. Clinical overall (facial and lingual) mandibular SOG dimensions for zones 1, 2, and 3 were 3.31, 3.62, and 3.89 mm, respectively. Overall SOG measures for mandibular teeth varied by tooth type (P <0.001). Similarly, site‐level SOG measures varied by tooth type (P <0.03), except for mesial‐facial and mid‐facial SOG measures of mandibular teeth (P = 0.074 and P = 0.144, respectively).Conclusion: Clinical variation in SOG dimensions exists within patients for similar and different tooth types, arches, and surfaces.
Treatment of Intrabony Defects Using Guided Tissue Regeneration or Enamel Matrix Derivative: A 3‐Year Prospective Randomized Clinical Study
Authors: Crea Alessandro , Dassatti Leonardo , Hoffmann Oliver , Zafiropoulos Gregory‐George , Deli Giorgio 
Published: December 2008

Background: The aim of this randomized, controlled, prospective clinical study was to compare guided tissue regeneration (GTR) to enamel matrix derivative (EMD) for the treatment of intrabony defects in patients with chronic advanced periodontitis.Methods: Forty (39 evaluable) 3‐wall intrabony defects, each with a depth ≥4 mm measured from the crest of the bony defect, were treated in 40 subjects with advanced chronic periodontitis. Regeneration of angular bone defects was induced using non‐resorbable membranes (GTR group; n = 20) or EMD (EMD group; evaluable n = 19). Clinical parameters, including probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), gingival recession, radiographic measurement of the defect depth, plaque index, and bleeding on probing, were measured at baseline and at 12 and 36 months following surgery.Results: Twelve months after surgery, sites treated with GTR demonstrated a mean CAL gain of 2.5 ± 1.2 mm and a mean reduction in PD of 3.5 ± 1.2 mm compared to baseline. The corresponding outcomes at 36 months were 2.0 ± 1.1 mm (CAL) and 3.2 ± 1.1 mm (PD). Sites treated with EMD demonstrated a mean CAL gain of 2.9 ± 1.4 mm and a mean reduction in PD of 3.5 ± 1.4 mm at 12 months, with a mean CAL gain of 2.4 ± 1.2 mm and a mean PD reduction of 3.1 ± 1.4 mm at 36 months. The differences in PD reduction and CAL gain were statistically significant between the groups and for each time point compared to baseline. Attachment loss was seen in both groups between the 12‐ and 36‐month observations. Measured radiographic bone fill was 57.0% ± 21% at 12 months and 53.7% ± 14.3% at 36 months in the GTR group compared to 50.5% ± 19% at 12 months and 58.8% ± 14.9% at 36 months in the EMD group.Conclusions: The treatment of intrabony defects in patients with chronic advanced periodontitis using GTR or EMD led to significantly improved clinical parameters. Tests of statistical significance demonstrated better results with EMD, although the absolute differences between treatment modalities was small. Further studies with a larger number of treated defects are necessary to verify these findings.