bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The recent rise in malay fertility: A new trend or a temporary lull in a fertility transition?
Authors: Hirschman Charles 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Period fertility rates show a recent rise in the fertility of the Malay population of Peninsular Malaysia that became evident in the late 1970s, after more than fifteen years of slow but steady declines. Detailed analysis of age-parity-specific fertility rates suggests that the recent rise is largely due to a “making up” of lower order births (first, second, and third) that had been postponed by a rapid increase in age at marriage. The period trend in higher order births and cohort trends of cumulative fertility from census data point to a continued reduction in completed Malay fertility. Regional analysis shows several states on the east coast with persistent high fertility, although the revolution in marital postponement is national in scope.
Child support awards: Differentials and trends by race and marital status
Authors: Beller Andrea H. , Graham John W. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
This paper examines differentials in the award of child support by race and marital status and evaluates the impact of the child support enforcement program, begun in 1975, on child support awards. According to data from the 1979 and 1982 March/ April Match Files of the Current Population Survey, never-married mothers are significantly less likely than ever-married mothers to have a child support award; which do, however, cannot readily be explained by our model. Ever-disrupted black marriages resulted in awards considerably less frequently than nonblack marriages, although the enforcement program has had a positive effect.
A generalization of life expectancy which incorporates the age distribution of the population and its use in the measurement of the impact of mortality reduction
Authors: Newman Stephen C. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Two new families of indices measuring the gain in life expectancy resulting from reduction in mortality are introduced: the first looks at the impact of cause of death reduction from the perspective of the entire population; the second, at that segment of the population due to die of the cause. Special cases include both well-established measures and extensions that incorporate the age distribution of the population. A further generalization is introduced with the consideration of life expectancies that only give weight to years of life up to age 70. A number of inequalities are derived that relate cause-deleted life expectancies to their cause-reduced counterparts.
A comment on glenn Firebaugh’s “population density and fertility”
Authors: Jensen Eric 
Published: March 2007

Conclusion
Firebaugh has attempted to test an interesting, if counterintuitive, theory. I have argued that his empirical model is incompletely specified, and that one should reserve judgement on his hypothesis until a better means of testing it can be developed. In particular, the use of ratio variables and pooled data create substantial statistical problems.f The simultaneous responses of the CBR and village population size to outside-of-model variation yield an inflated estimate of the effect of population density on fertility.
Catholicism and marriage in the united states
Authors: Sander William 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis study examines the effects of a Catholic background on age at first marriage, the odds of never marrying, and the odds of ever divorcing. Estimates using Catholic upbringing are compared with estimates using Catholic at the time of the survey. A case is made that if the latter measure of Catholicism is used, serious selection bias problems occur in some cases because this measure excludes defectors and includes converts. Further, it is shown that a Catholic upbringing generally has no effect on men’s age at first marriage and has a positive effect on the age when women marry. It is also shown that older Baptist men are substantially more likely than Catholic men to experience a divorce. Older Catholic women are somewhat less likely to experience a divorce than non-Baptist Protestant women. There is no Catholic effect on the odds that younger men and women will divorce.
Religion as a determinant of marital stability
Authors: Lehrer Evelyn L. , Chiswick Carmel U. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractUsing data from the 1987–1988 National Survey of Families and Households, this paper studies the role of the religious composition of unions as a determinant of marital stability. With the exceptions of Mormons and individuals with no religious identification, stability is found to be remarkably similar across the various types of homogamous unions. Consistent with the notion that religion is a complementary marital trait, interfaith unions have generally higher rates of dissolution than intrafaith unions. The destabilizing effect of out-marriage varies inversely with the similarity in beliefs and practices of the two religions as well as with the mutual tolerance embodied in their respective doctrines. The results also suggest that religious compatibility between spouses at the time of marriage has a large influence on marital stability, rivaling in magnitude that of age at marriage and, at least for Protestants and Catholics, dominating any adverse effects of differences in religious background.
Siblings’ neonatal mortality risks and birth spacing in Bangladesh
Authors: Zenger Elizabeth 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
This paper studies the familial association of neonatal mortality in Matlab, Bangladesh and its relationship to birth-spacing effects on mortality. Findings show that familial association is strongest for siblings of adjacent birth orders. Moreover, birth-spacing effects on neonatal mortality are stronger when the preceding child has survived the neonatal period than when it has died. Transitional (Markov), random-effects, and marginal models for correlated data are introduced, and are contrasted in interpretation and technique. Familial association of neonatal mortality can be approximated well by a first-order Markov model using generalized estimating equations (GEE) to allow for higher-order correlation.
Retirement against the demographic trend: More older people living longer, working less, and saving less
Authors: Wise David A. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
The American population is aging rapidly and individuals are living longer. Yet Americans are saving less and older workers are leaving the labor force at younger and younger ages. The accelerated drop in labor force participation corresponds roughly to the introduction of Social Security and the adaption of employer-provided pension plans. I have illustrated that Social Security and employer-provided pension plans provide substantial incentive to leave the labor force early. The quantitative effect of this inducement is illustrated by simulating the effects of changes in pension plan and Social Security provisions on the retirement decisions of employees in a large firm, who are covered by a typical defined benefit pension plan. Scheduled Social Security changes would have little effect on the retirement decisions of employees with a typical defined benefit pension plan like the one considered here. But if the pension plan provisions were changed to correspond to the Social Security changes, the effect would be very large. And, although not contemplated by current legislation, it is clear that an increase in the Social Security early retirement age would have a substantial effect on the early retirement rates of the large number of employees not covered by a pension plan.
The effects of economic and population growth on national saving and inequality
Authors: Deaton Angus S. , Paxson Christina H. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
This is a progress report on ongoing research into the effects of economic and population growth on national saving rates and inequality. The theoretical basis for the investigation is the life cycle model of saving and inequality. We report evidence that is conditional on the validity of the model, as well as evidence that casts doubt on it. Using time series of cross-sectional household surveys from Taiwan, Thailand, Britain, and the United States, we show that it is possible to force a life cycle interpretation on the data on consumption, income, and saving, but that the evidence is not consistent with large rate-of-growth effects, whereby economic and population growth enhances rates of national saving. The well-established cross-country link between economic growth and saving cannot be attributed to life cycle saving, nor will changes in economic or population growth exert large effects on saving within individual countries. There is evidence in favor of the life cycle model’s prediction that within-cohort inequality of consumption and of total income—though not necessarily inequality of earnings—should increase with the age of the cohort. Decreases in the population growth rate redistribute population toward older, more unequal, cohorts, and can increase national inequality. We provide calculations on the magnitude of these effects.
Changes in the age dependence of mortality and disability: Cohort and other determinants
Authors: Manton Kenneth G. , Stallard Eric , Corder Larry 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Though the general trend in the United States has been toward increasing life expectancy both at birth and at age 65, the temporal rate of change in life expectancy since 1900 has been variable and often restricted to specific population groups. There have been periods during which the age- and gender-specific risks of particular causes of death have either increased or decreased. These periods partly reflect the persistent effects of population health factors on specific birth cohorts. It is important to understand the ebbs and flows of cause-specific mortality rates because general life expectancy trends are the product of interactions of multiple dynamic period and cohort factors. Consequently, we first review factors potentially affecting cohort health back to 1880 and explore how that history might affect the current and future cohort mortality risks of major chronic diseases. We then examine how those factors affect the age-specific linkage of disability and mortality in three sets of birth cohorts assessed using the 1982, 1984, and 1989 National Long Term Care Surveys and Medicare mortality data collected from 1982 to 1991. We find large changes in both mortality and disability in those cohorts. providing insights into what changes might have occurred and into what future changes might be expected.
Job, Family, and Gender: Determinants of Nonstandard Work Schedules Among Employed Americans in 1991
Authors: Presser Harriet B. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
This study provides the most recent national estimates of the prevalence of employment during nonstandard hours (evenings, nights, or rotating hours) and on weekends. It also examines in a multivariate context the relevance of job and family characteristics as determinants of such employment, separately for men and for women. The findings support the contention that the demand for employment during nonstandard hours and weekends is pervasive throughout the occupational hierarchy, but particularly in service occupations and in personal service industries and for both men and .women. Gender differences exist, however, in the relevance of family factors. Being married reduces women’s but not men’s likelihood of employment during nonstandard hours, and the presence of children affects women’s but not men’s hours and days of employment. (The direction of the effect for women depends on the children’s age.) Implications of these findings are discussed.
The Elderly Who Live Alone in the United States: Historical Perspectives on Household Change
Authors: Kramarow Ellen A. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
One of the most dramatic changes in the life of the elderly in the United States in the twentieth century is the rise in the proportion of elderly widows living alone. This paper examines this transformation by comparing the determinants of elderly widows’ living alone at four points in time, in 1910, 1940, 1960, and 1990. Logistic regression models of the probability of living alone are estimated. The results of these models are used to calculate the expected proportion of elderly widows living alone in various hypothetical scenarios of social change. This analysis suggests that no single factor is responsible for the rise in living alone among the elderly. Value changes, as represented by a variable for time, are shown to have strong and direct effects on the increased probability of living alone in old age in the late twentieth century, independent of the effect of rising income levels. These results are discussed in light of previous research on living arrangements of the elderly, which articulates demographic, economic, and cultural explanations for change.
Demographic Change, Rising Earnings Inequality, and the Distribution of Personal Well-Being, 1959–1989
Authors: Karoly Lynn A. , Burtless Gary 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
This paper uses new methods to determine the sources of the sharp fall and then the steep rise in personal income inequality between 1959 and 1989. The increase in the proportion of single-head families tended to boost inequality over the entire period. Forty percent of the reduction in income inequality in the 1960s occurred because of the decline in earnings inequality among male heads of families; more than one-third of the increase in inequality after 1969 occurred because inequality in male earnings soared. Since 1979 females’ gains in earnings have increased inequality because these gains have been concentrated increasingly in families with high incomes
Premarital Cohabitation and Subsequent Marital Dissolution: A Matter of Self-Selection?
Authors: Lillard Lee A. , Brien Michael J. , Waite Linda J. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Married couples who began their relationship by cohabiting appear to face an increased risk of marital dissolution, which may be due to self-selection of more dissolution-prone individuals into cohabitation before marriage. This paper uses newly developed econometric methods to explicitly address the endogeneity of cohabitation before marriage in the hazard of marital disruption by allowing the unobserved heterogeneity components to be correlated across the decisions to cohabit and to end a marriage. These methods are applied to data from the National Longitudinal Study of the High School Class of 1972. We find significant heterogeneity in both cohabitation and marriage disruption, and discover evidence of self-selection into cohabitation.
Geographic information systems, spatial network analysis, and contraceptive choice
Authors: Entwisle Barbara , Rindfuss Ronald R. , Walsh Stephen J. , Evans Tom P. , Curran Sara R. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
How does family planning accessibility affect contraceptive choice? In this paper we use techniques of spatial analysis to develop measures of family planning accessibility, and evaluate the effects of these geographically derived measures in a multilevel statistical model of temporary method choice in Nang Rong, Thailand. In our analyses we combine spatial data obtained from maps and Global Positioning System (GPS) readings with sociodemographic data from surveys and administrative records. The new measures reveal (1) important travel time effects even when family planning outlets are close by; (2) independent effects of road composition; (3) the relevance of alternative sources of family planning supply; and (4) the importance of the local history of program placement.
The mobility experience and neighborhood attachment
Authors: Bolan Marc 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
In this study, I consider variables associated with an individual’s most recent move into his or her current residence as predictors of neighborhood attachment. Using the 1978–1979 Seattle Community Attachment Survey, I find that elements of the mobility experience such as an individual’s past history of migration, the motivations for moving, the amount of time involved in the move, and the distance traveled during the move have an effect on shortand long-term neighborhood attachment patterns independent of residential stability and investment predictors. The findings imply that psychosocial factors such as familiarity with the environment, increased premove exposure to the new environment, and perceived control during instances of transition have some impact on individuals’ postmove attitudes and behaviors, and suggest that researchers should look beyond traditional “types of people” explanations of urban neighborhood attachment.
Breaking the racial barriers: Variations in interracial marriage between 1980 and 1990
Authors: Qian Zhenchao 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Using PUMS data from the 1980 and the 1990 U.S. Census, I apply log-linear models to examine interracial marriage among whites, African Americans, Hispanics, and Asian Americans. Rarely, but increasingly between 1980 and 1990, interracial marriage of whites occurs most frequently with Asian Americans, followed by Hispanics, and then by African Americans. Interracial marriage tends to be educationally homogamous and the odds of interracial marriage increase with couples’ educational attainment. Among interracially married couples with different educational attainments, both men and women from lower status racial groups but with high education levels tend to marry spouses from a higher status racial group with low education levels
Household structure and childhood immunization in Niger and Nigeria
Authors: Gage Anastasia J. , Sommerfelt A. Elisabeth , Piani Andrea L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn this study, we use data from the Demographic and Health Surveys to examine the relationship between household structure and childhood immunization in Niger and Nigeria. We show that household structure is an important determinant of childhood immunization in Nigeria: Children from nuclear, elementary polygynous, and three-generational households are worse-off than those from laterally extended households. However, the lower odds of full immunization among children from three-generational and elementary polygynous households are attributable to low economic status and low maternal education levels, respectively. In Niger, household structure does not have a significant effect on children’s likelihood of being fully immunized.
Community and contraceptive choice in rural Thailand: A case study of Nang Rong
Authors: Entwisle Barbara , Rindfuss Ronald R. , Guilkey David K. , Chamratrithirong Aphichat , Curran Sara R. , Sawangdee Yothin 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
This paper blends quantitative with qualitative data in an investigation of community and contraceptive choice in Nang Rong, Thailand. Specifically, it develops an explanation of 1) method dominance within villages, coupled with 2) marked differences between villages in the popularity of particular methods. The quantitative analysis demonstrates the importance of village location and placement of family planning services for patterns of contraceptive choice. The qualitative data provide a complementary perspective, emphasizing the importance of social as well as physical space and giving particular attention to the structure of conversational networks.
The impact of postpartum redundant use of contraception on contraceptive failure rates
Authors: Curtis Siân L. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Redundant use of contraception occurs when periods of contraceptive use overlap with periods of reduced fecundity, and will downwardly bias estimates of contraceptive failure rates. This paper investigates this bias using calendar data from the Demographic and Health Surveys. The paper presents unadjusted and adjusted 12-month failure rates for each of nine countries. The impact of redundant use on failure rates is generally modest. It tends to be greater in Indonesia, however, where both the incidence and the duration of overlap are relatively large.
Estimating seasonality effects on child mortality in Matlab, Bangladesh
Authors: Muhuri Pradip K. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
This paper estimates the net effect of seasonality on child mortality in Matlab. Results suggest that childhood mortality was well above the average monthly level in the hot, dry month of April and in November, the first harvest month of the aman crop. It was found to be remarkably low in the post harvest months of February and March. and also in August. During the hungry months of September and October, children were at a considerably increased risk of mortality. particularly from diarrheal diseases, if mothers had no schooling. but this was not the case if mothers had schooling. The protective effect of the Matlab interventions on childhood death from diarrheal diseases was also greater during the hungry months than during other months of the year.
Racial differences in occupational status and income in South Africa, 1880 and 1881
Authors: Treiman Donald J. , Mckeever Matthew , Fodor Eva 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Using data on employed men from the 1980 and 1991 South African Censuses, we analyze the determinants of occupational status and income. Whites are found to have much higher occupational status, and especially income, than members of other racial groups. Most of the racial differentials in occupational status can be explained by racial differences in the personal assets that determine occupational attainment (especially education), but only a much smaller fraction of the White/non-White income differential can be so explained. Despite a modest reduction between 1980 and 1991 in the role of race in socioeconomic attainment, the overall picture shows more stability than change.
Stemming the tide? Assessing the deterrent effects of the immigration reform and control act
Authors: Donato Katharine M. , Durand Jorge , Massey Douglas S. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
This study uses a new source of data to assess the degree to which the Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) deterred undocumented migration from Mexico to the United States. Data were collected from migrants interviewed in seven Mexican communities during the winters of 1987 through 1989, as well as from out-migrants from those communities who subsequently located in the United States. We conduct time-series experiments that examine changes in migrants’ behavior before and after passage of the IRCA in 1986. We estimate trends in the probability of taking a first illegal trip, the probability of repeat migration, the probability of apprehension by the Border Patrol, the probability of using a border smuggler, and the costs of illegal border crossing. In none of these analyses could we detect any evidence that IRCA has significantly deterred undocumented migration from Mexico.
Playing Cat and Mouse at the U.S.-Mexican Border
Authors: Kossoudji Sherrie A. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Border control and apprehension activity represents a major element of the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986. Does apprehending an undocumented migrant deter remigration? If it does not, does it change future migration behavior? I explore these questions by testing hypotheses about the effects of apprehension on the actual and desired length of stay in the United States and on the frequency of migration for undocumented Mexican male migrants. Results suggest that INS policy may well be backfiring. Migrants stay in the United States longer on non-apprehended trips and stay in Mexico for shorter spells between trips to compensate for the cost of a past apprehension.