bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
APPLIED ISSUES Species‐ and population‐specific responses of translocated hydropsychid larvae (Trichoptera, Hydropsychidae) to runoff from acid sulphate soils in tin River Kyrönjoki, western Finland
Authors: VUORI KARI‐MATTl 
Published: May 2006

SUMMARY1. The effects of runoff from acid sulphate soils on Hydropsyche angustipennis, H. siltatai and Ceratopsyche nevae larvae were studied. H. angustipennis occurs in both contaminated and uncontaminated rivers, whereas H. siltalai and C. nevae occur only in uncontaminated rivers. Larvae were translocated in PVC‐tubes to contaminated sites. Larvae returned to an uncontaminated river were used as a control.2. Heavy larval mortality and a high incidence of morphological abnormalities were observed in larvae translocated to the contaminated, acid dyers. In the control river pH remained near 6 and no larval mortality or morphological abnormalities were observed. In the most contaminated river nutrient concentrations, amount of organic matter and pH increased substantially after the flood.3. Mortality and incidence of abnormalities were significantly higher in H. siltalai and C. nevae than in H. angustipennis. As metal concentrations decreased and pH increased, the larvae of all species developed normally, except in the most contaminated river, where only H. angustipennis appeared to tolerate the increasing load of nutrients and organic matter.4. Reciprocal translocation of H. angustipennis larvae between contaminated and uncontaminated rivers revealed significant differences in larval development and the occurrence of abnormalities among sites and populations. At both sites, larvae originating from the contaminated site grew more slowly than did larvae from the uncontaminated site. Morphological abnormalities were detected only in H. angustipennis larvae translocated from the uncontaminated to the contaminated site.5. The results suggest that species‐specific differences in sensitivity to acidification, metal contamination and eutrophication are the major determinants of hydropsychid guild structure in the River Kyrönjoki. Further, population‐specific differences in growth and occurrence of morphological abnormalities in the H. angustipennis larvae may reveal either phenotypic adaptation or evolution of resistance to runoff from acid sulphate soils.
Parry–Romberg syndrome: a report of the dental findings in a child followed up for 9 years
Authors: O’FLYNN S. , KINIRONS M. 
Published: May 2006

Summary.  Introduction.  The incidence of Parry–Romberg syndrome (PRS) is very rare.Case Report.  A case report is presented highlighting the main dental aspects that include delayed eruption, root resorption, dilacerations, and a reduction in the height and width of the ramus and body of the mandible on the affected side.
Dental treatment of children referred to general anaesthesia – association with country of origin and medical status
Authors: HAUBEK D. , FUGLSANG M. , POULSEN S. , RØLLING I. 
Published: May 2006

Summary.  Background.  A small proportion of children and adolescents need dental treatment with general anaesthesia (DGA). The aim of this retrospective cross‐sectional study was to analyse how country of origin and medical status were related to age at treatment, waiting times in the system, and dental treatment provided in general anaesthesia.Methods.  A total of 786 patients received DGA at the University Hospital of Aarhus, Denmark in the period from 1990 to 2001. Information on the date of referral, the date of examination, the date of treatment, country of origin (Danish or non‐Danish), medical status (non‐special needs or special needs), and dental treatment performed was collected from patient records.Results.  Patients with special needs were older when treated than non‐special needs patients, whereas patients with a non‐Danish origin were younger than those with a Danish origin when treated. There were no differences between non‐special needs and special needs patients in waiting times from referral to examination and from examination to dental treatment. In contrast, patients from a non‐Danish origin waited longer from examination to treatment than patients of Danish origin, whereas no difference was found in waiting time from referral to examination. Patients with special needs had fewer teeth treated than non‐special needs patients, whereas patients with non‐Danish origin had more teeth treated than those of a Danish origin.Conclusion.  Age at treatment, waiting times in the system, and dental treatment received under general anaesthesia vary according to medical status and country of origin of the patients in Denmark. These findings should be considered in the organization and the funding of this type of service.
Concomitant developmental dental anomalies in Chinese children with dens evaginatus
Authors: CHO S. Y. , KI Y. , CHU V. , CHAN J. 
Published: May 2006

Summary.  Aim.  To determine the prevalence of concomitant developmental dental anomalies in a group of Chinese children with dens evaginatus.Methods.  The dental records and orthopantomograms of 10–15 year old children and adolescents who had been diagnosed with dens evaginatus in a school dental clinic were reviewed retrospectively.Results.  Four hundred and forty‐eight of 7102 (6·3%) children were found to have dens evaginatus. Concomitant developmental dental anomalies were found in 77 children (17·2%). The most commonly seen dental anomalies in the study population were hypodontia, hyperdontia, microdontic maxillary lateral incisor, and dental impaction. The prevalence of these anomalies did not differ significantly to that found in the general Chinese population. When analysed separately, however, the prevalence of supernumerary premolars was found to be higher in children with dens evaginatus than in the general population, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0·01).Conclusion.  Supernumerary premolars appeared to be more prevalent in Chinese children with dens evaginatus than in the general population. There may be an association of supernumerary premolars with dens evaginatus in this study population.
Physical activity and physical self‐concept: comparison between children with and without asthma
Authors: Chiang Li‐Chi , Huang Jing‐Long , Fu Lin‐Shien 
Published: May 2006

Aim.  This paper reports a study comparing levels of physical activity and physical self‐concepts between children with and without asthma.Background.  Childhood asthma has become one of the world's most prevalent chronic illnesses. Its symptoms are thought to prevent children from participating in some forms of physical activity. However, asthma treatment guidelines are increasingly suggesting that children with asthma can participate in the same physical activities as healthy children for the same reasons – to promote normal growth, physical development and psychological health.Method.  Between October 2001 and May 2002, 120 children between the ages of 9 and 11 with mild and moderate asthma were recruited from three paediatric asthma clinics in Taiwan, and 309 non‐asthmatic children in the same age group were selected from four elementary schools in Taiwan's three largest cities. Participants were asked to record physical activity levels for 3 days out of the past 7 days and to fill out a 29‐item Physical Self‐Concept Inventory. Physical activities were classified as moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity or vigorous physical activity. Physical self‐concept was measured in terms of perceived flexibility, endurance, appearance, agility, obesity and strength.Results.  Asthma was the primary factor determining vigorous physical activity levels, but gender was the primary factor determining physical self‐concept, especially in terms of endurance, obesity and strength. No statistically significant relationships were noted between asthma and gender in terms of effects on physical activity and physical self‐concept.Conclusions.  Asthma interferes with children's ability to participate in vigorous physical activity but not in moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity. Gender determines primary differences in physical self‐concept. Appropriate exercise recommendations are necessary to encourage children with asthma to engage in vigorous physical activity for normal growth.
Evaluating STORM skills training for managing people at risk of suicide
Authors: Gask Linda , Dixon Clare , Morriss Richard , Appleby Louis , Green Gillian 
Published: May 2006

Aim.  This paper reports a study evaluating the Skills Training On Risk Management (STORM) training initiative in three mental health services in the North‐West of England, UK.Background.  Training for health workers has been widely advocated as a key route to suicide prevention. However, reports of evaluations are scarce in the literature. In previous research, we have demonstrated that the STORM intervention results in acquisition of new skills and can be disseminated in a community setting.Method.  The training was delivered during a 6‐month period in 2002 by three mental health nurses who were seconded part‐time to the project. The quantitative evaluation, which assessed change in attitudes, confidence, acquisition of skills and satisfaction, used a pretest/post‐test design, with participants acting as their own controls. Qualitative interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of 16 participants to explore the impact on clinical practice, and with the three trainers at the end of the study.Findings.  Data from 458 staff members were collected during a 6‐month period. Positive changes in attitudes and confidence were shown, but previous evidence of skill acquisition was not replicated. Qualitative interviews revealed important insights into changes in clinical practice, particularly for less experienced or unqualified nursing staff, but also concerns about the lack of an educational culture to foster and support such interventions in practice within the organizations.Conclusion.  STORM training for the assessment and management of suicide risk is both feasible and acceptable in mental health trusts. However, we remain uncertain of its longer‐term impact, given the lack of engagement of senior staff in the enterprise and the absence of linked supervision and support from the organizational management to reinforce skill acquisition and development. We consider that regular supervision that links STORM training to actual clinical experience would be the ideal.
Does pond quality limit frogs Rana arvalis and Rana temporaria in agricultural landscapes? A field experiment
Authors: LOMAN JON , LARDNER BJÖRN 
Published: May 2006

Summary

When assessing the cause of population absence or decline, it is important to understand the relative effect of local, regional and global factors. In this study we evaluated the first of these factors for two frog populations.
Amphibians are often absent from intensively farmed areas. There could be several reasons for this, one of them being the quality of the aquatic habitat available for reproduction.
In order to test why common frogs Rana temporaria and moor frogs Rana arvalis are absent from most ponds in the intensively agricultural areas of southern Sweden, we performed a field experiment. Spawn of both species were introduced into 18 ponds surrounded by intensively cropped fields.
Tadpole performance generally did not differ from that in a set of reference ponds in various other habitat types where one or both of these frog species occurs naturally.
In the same experimental ponds and in a number of reference ponds, we also introduced tadpoles of the two species into enclosures that protected them from predation and thus increased recapture rate. This experiment revealed that the water quality of farmland ponds is rarely unsuitable for successful frog reproduction.
Having measured abiotic and biotic variables in the experimental and reference ponds, we assessed the importance of different parameters to tadpole performance. While farmland ponds generally had higher pH, higher conductivity and higher nitrate and nitrite concentrations than our reference ponds, these factors had no discernible effects on tadpole performance under the ranges found across all pond types. None of the other parameters differed between the two groups of ponds, nor did they have any strong or obvious effects on tadpole performance or survival.
Synthesis and applications. The results indicate that water quality alone is not responsible for the scarcity of amphibians in farmland areas of southern Sweden. To understand better the cause of their rarity, future studies should also focus on the quality of the terrestrial habitat surrounding the ponds and the metapopulation structure.
Host invasion during rice‐blast disease requires carnitine‐dependent transport of peroxisomal acetyl‐CoA
Authors: Ramos‐Pamplona Marilou , Naqvi Naweed I. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryIn lower eukaryotes, beta‐oxidation of fatty acids is restricted primarily to the peroxisomes and the resultant acetyl‐CoA molecules (and the chain‐shortened fatty acids) are transported via the cytosol into the mitochondria for further breakdown and usage. Using a loss‐of‐function mutation in the Magnaporthe grisea PEROXIN6 orthologue, we define an essential role for peroxisomal acetyl‐CoA during the host invasion step of the rice‐blast disease. We show that an Mgpex6Δ strain lacks functional peroxisomes and is incapable of β‐oxidation of long‐chain fatty acids. The Mgpex6Δ mutant lacked appressorial melanin and host penetration, and was completely non‐pathogenic. We further show that a peroxisome‐associated carnitine acetyl‐transferase (Crat1) activity is essential for such appressorial function in Magnaporthe. CRAT1‐minus appressoria showed reduced melanization, but were surprisingly incapable of elaborating penetration pegs or infection hyphae. Exogenous addition of excess glucose during infection stage caused partial remediation of the pathogenicity defects in the crat1Δ strain. Moreover, Mgpex6Δ and crat1Δ mycelia showed increased sensitivity to Calcofluor white, suggesting that weakened cell wall biosynthesis in a glucose‐deficient environment leads to appressorial dysfunction in these mutants. Interestingly, CRAT1 was itself essential for growth on acetate and long‐chain fatty acids. Thus, carnitine‐dependent metabolic activities associated with the peroxisomes, cooperatively facilitate the appressorial function of host invasion during rice‐blast infections.
Peroxisomal carnitine acetyl transferase is required for elaboration of penetration hyphae during plant infection by Magnaporthe grisea
Authors: Bhambra Gurpreet K. , Wang Zheng‐Yi , Soanes Darren M. , Wakley Gavin E. , Talbot Nicholas J. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryMagnaporthe grisea, the causal agent of rice blast disease, invades plant tissue due to the action of specialized infection structures called appressoria, which are used to breach the leaf cuticle and allow development of intracellular, infectious hyphae. In this report we demonstrate that peroxisomal carnitine acetyl transferase (CAT) activity is necessary for appressorium function, and in particular, for the elaboration of primary penetration hyphae. The major CAT activity in M. grisea is encoded by the PTH2 gene, which shows elevated expression in response to acetate and lipid, and is regulated by the cyclic AMP response pathway. Furthermore, a Pth2–GFP fusion protein colocalizes with a peroxisomal marker protein. Targeted deletion of PTH2, generated mutants that were completely non‐pathogenic, lacked CAT activity and were unable to utilize a range of lipid substrates. The impairment of appressorium function in Δpth2 was associated with a delay in lipid reserve mobilization from germ tubes into developing infection cells, and abnormal chitin distribution in infection structures. Addition of glucose to Δpth2 mutants partially restored the ability to cause rice blast disease and lipid reserve mobilization. Taken together, our findings provide evidence that Pth2 plays a role in the generation of acetyl CoA pools necessary for appressorium function and rapid elaboration of penetration hyphae during host infection.
IscR acts as an activator in response to oxidative stress for the suf operon encoding Fe‐S assembly proteins
Authors: Yeo Won‐Sik , Lee Joon‐Hee , Lee Kyung‐Chang , Roe Jung‐Hye 
Published: May 2006

SummaryIn Escherichia coli, Fe‐S clusters are assembled by gene products encoded from the isc and suf operons. Both the iscRSUA and sufABCDSE operons are induced highly by oxidants, reflecting an increased need for providing and maintaining Fe‐S clusters under oxidative stress conditions. Three cis‐acting oxidant‐responsive elements (ORE‐I, II, III) in the upstream of the sufA promoter serve as the binding sites for OxyR, IHF and an uncharacterized factor respectively. Using DNA affinity fractionation, we isolated an ORE‐III‐binding factor that positively regulates the suf operon in response to various oxidants. MALDI‐TOF mass analysis identified it with IscR, known to serve as a repressor of the iscRSUA gene expression under anaerobic condition as a [2Fe‐2S]‐bound form. The iscR null mutation abolished ORE‐III‐binding activity in cell extracts, and caused a significant decrease in the oxidant induction of sufA in vivo. OxyR and IscR contributed almost equally to activate the sufA operon in response to oxidants. Purified IscR that lacked Fe‐S cluster bound to the ORE‐III site and activated transcription from the sufA promoter in vitro. Mutations in Fe‐S‐binding sites of IscR enabled sufA activation in vivo and in vitro. These results support a model that IscR in its demetallated form directly activates sufA transcription, while it de‐represses isc operon, under oxidative stress condition.
Identification of potyviruses infecting vanilla by direct sequencing of a short RT‐PCR amplicon
Authors: Grisoni M. , Moles M. , Farreyrol K. , Rassaby L. , Davis R. , Pearson M. 
Published: May 2006

A simple one‐tube one‐step RT‐PCR assay with degenerate primers followed by direct sequencing of a 327 bp coat protein gene fragment was used to identify the potyviruses infecting vanilla. With this technique, unambiguous species allocation was achieved for 34 potyvirus‐infected vanilla samples collected in the Indian Ocean and the Pacific areas between 1997 and 2005. Virus identification relied on blast homology and nucleotide identities of 162 to 327 nt fragments with known potyvirus sequences. Species allocation was confirmed by neighbour‐joining of the 149 nt common to 32 vanilla sequences and 51 known potyviruses. Subject to further identification, these data revealed four additional Potyvirus species that may infect vanilla: Bean yellow mosaic virus, Cowpea aphid‐borne mosaic virus, Ornithogalum mosaic virus and Wisteria vein mosaic virus. The procedure was rapid, cost‐effective, easy to use and showed a good taxonomic discriminating value. It also enabled the identification of potyviruses in adjacent weeds and should thus aid the understanding of outbreaks of potyviruses occurring in varied epidemiological circumstances.
Smallpox vaccination site reactions: two cases of exaggerated scarring and a brief review
Authors: Waibel Kirk H. , Walsh Douglas S. 
Published: May 2006

Case 1A 26‐year‐old, healthy white woman received her first smallpox vaccination (Dryvax®, Wyeth Laboratories, Inc., PA, USA) 9 months prior to presentation. By history, the vaccine site progressed through typical postvaccinia changes, but eventually developed a nodule that was cosmetically bothersome. There was no history of atypical scar formation. On physical examination, there was an 8 mm × 8 mm, firm, nontender, flesh‐colored nodule on the left upper arm (Fig. 1a). The patient elected to receive an intralesional triamcinolone acetonide injection (Kenalog®, Bristol‐Myers Squibb Co., Princeton, NJ, USA) (0.1–0.2 mL of 5 mg/mL). After 2 weeks, the nodule had softened, was about 50% smaller, and the treatment was repeated.Case 1 (a) and Case 2 (b)imageCase 2A 19‐year‐old, healthy African‐American man received his first smallpox vaccination (Dryvax®, Wyeth Laboratories, Inc., PA, USA) 8 months prior to presentation and described typical lesion progression, with a residual, mildly hyperpigmented macule. Within 3 months, the macule had developed plaque‐like features that persisted until presentation; the lesion was cosmetically bothersome. There was no history of spontaneous or post‐traumatic hypertrophic scarring or keloid formation. On physical examination, there was a firm, nontender, 10 mm × 10 mm hyperpigmented plaque (Fig. 1b). The patient elected to receive the same treatment as Case 1 and showed marked improvement within 2 weeks.
Association of penile lichen sclerosus and oncogenic human papillomavirus infection
Authors: Nasca Maria Rita , Innocenzi Daniele , Micali Giuseppe 
Published: May 2006

AbstractBackground  Data on the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in patients with penile lichen sclerosus (LS) are scant and controversial.Aim  To investigate the prevalence of HPV infections in patients with penile LS.Methods  HPV infection was assessed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in paraffin‐embedded penile biopsies obtained from the glans or inner foreskin of 46 adult patients with penile LS, and in brush cytology smears of penile healthy mucosa from an equal number of randomly selected control males matched for age. Statistical evaluation was performed using conditional logistic regression analysis.Results  PCR disclosed the presence of HPV infection in 17.4% of LS patients (HPV 16, six cases; HPV 18, one case; HPV 45, one case). Amongst the controls, HPV infection occurred in 8.7% of patients (HPV 16, two cases; HPV 53, one case; HPV 70, one case). Statistical regression analysis confirmed that the rate of HPV infection was higher amongst patients with genital LS than amongst healthy controls [odds ratio (OR), 2.55; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.73–8.89].Conclusions  Infection with oncogenic “high‐risk” HPV types in patients with genital LS may enhance the risk of penile cancer arising on LS.
Predictors of chronic allograft nephropathy from protocol biopsies using histological and immunohistochemical techniques
Authors: YEHIA MAHA , MATHESON PHILIP J , MERRILEES MERVYN J , BEAUMONT BRENT W , PILMORE HELEN L 
Published: May 2006

SUMMARY:Aim:  Chronic allograft nephropathy is a predictor of poor allograft survival. Protocol and diagnostic biopsies were used to identify markers contributing to its pathogenesis.Methods:  Diagnostic, 3‐ and 12‐month protocol biopsies in renal transplant recipients were examined. Immunohistochemical staining with monoclonal antibodies for memory T cells (CD45RO), macrophages (CD68) and alpha smooth muscle actin was undertaken on protocol biopsies.Results:  Protocol biopsies revealed the incidence of chronic allograft nephropathy to be 10.7% (3/28) at 3 and 57.6% (19/33) at 12 months. There was a trend towards a higher serum creatinine in patients with chronic allograft nephropathy compared with those without (0.15 ± 0.04 vs 0.12 ± 0.04 mmol/L, P = 0.047). The strongest predictor of chronic allograft nephropathy at 12 months was the presence of arteriolar hyaline change (P = 0.035; odds ratio 1.22, 95% CI 0.036–0.887) whereas a higher CD45RO and CD68 count at 12 months was associated with chronic allograft nephropathy (74.7 ± 56.9 cells/mm2 and 22.4 ± 23.5 cells/mm2) compared with patients without it (29.2 ± 29.2 cells/mm2 and 8.3 ± 9.9 cells/mm2, P = 0.006 and P = 0.03, respectively). The number of smooth muscle actin positive cells correlated significantly with chronic allograft nephropathy at 12 month (107.6 ± 44 vs 73.9 ± 20.8 cells/mm2, P = 0.009).Conclusion:  The high prevalence of chronic allograft nephropathy in renal transplant recipients is associated with renal dysfunction. Arteriolar hyalinosis was the most significant predictor at 12 months. There was a significantly higher macrophage and T cell infiltrate in stable grafts undergoing chronic allograft nephropathy at 12 months post transplant.