bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparation of rare earth chlorides by chlorination of monazite
Authors: Hahtley F. R. , Wylie A. W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAn investigation has been made of the reaction between monazite, chlorine and either carbon or carbon monoxide. Conditions have been established for obtaining yields up to 90% of relatively pure rare earth chlorides at chlorine efficiencies in excess of 50% The thorium content of monazite is shown to react with chlorine much more slowly than the rare earth elements. The nature of the volatile products of the reaction has been investigated and the mechanism of the reaction discussed.
Gender‐aware analysis and development economics
Authors: Elson Diane 
Published: July 2007

AbstractEconomic analysis that is gender‐aware, in the sense of recognizing that all economic activity works through and within gendered relationships, has the potential to generate both a better understanding of the development process and a better understanding of the policies required to diminish gender inequality. This paper investigates the extent to which neoclassical and structuralist approaches to the economics of development are gender‐aware, and finds both paradigms seriously deficient. Two recent examples of gender‐aware development economics are discussed, and suggestions are made about how to improve gender‐awareness in development economics. The potential contribution of a critical institutionalist approach is highlighted.
Development policy and the African demographic transition: Issues and questions
Authors: Lockwood Matthew 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper gives an overview of the recent demographic history of countries in sub‐Saharan Africa, especially the start of a fertility decline. After discussing the evidence for a decline, and the nature of changes in fertility behaviour, the paper moves on to look at possible causes, in relation to development policy. Mortality, cultural structure, the status of women, education and economic crisis are all considered as candidates. The conclusion is reached that available evidence raises as many questions about the causes of fertility decline as it resolves, particularly in our understanding of the process of change. Finally, the potential consequences of falls in fertility and population growth slowdown in sub‐Saharan Africa are considered.
Alternative vision or Utopian fantasy?: Cooperation, empowerment and women's cooperative development in India
Authors: Mayoux Linda 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper discusses research by the author on women and cooperatives in India. The findings are supplemented by information from preliminary research by the author on a number of other cooperatives in which women were involved and from secondary sources. The research indicates that producer cooperatives for women can be successful if there are even a few women with the necessary skills and time required. Many cooperatives studied failed in part because of lack of enthusiasm of the women involved, indicating the problems the promotion of producer cooperatives involves. The paper argues that a far more wide‐ranging debate is needed about the ways in which the ideals of cooperation and empowerment can be preserved, while at the same time responding to the context in which cooperatives have to operate. There is no ‘ideal cooperative’ but a range of possible options. The varying needs of women require a participatory transformation of both state and NGO cooperative development agencies. Much greater commitment is needed to assist women in relevant ways.
Financial beneficiary analysis for economic development
Authors: Yaffey Michael 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe author describes fresh ways in which financial analysis can serve in the appraisal of development projects. The first of these introduces a new form of cash flow statement exposing the distribution of the financial benefits. The second proposes that public expenditure on infrastructure and other costs in support of projects be analysed using techniques from cost accountancy to generate overhead absorption rates issued as national parameters. The combination of these would enable improved appraisal of the impact on the Government's income and expenditure, which the author argues is very important when liberalized policies are in force.
Approaches to measuring technical efficiency on Philippine rice farms
Authors: Dawson P. J. , Lingard J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper reviews three approaches to measuring technical efficiency and presents empirical results using various data sets on Philippine rice farms over the period 1970‐84. First, a production function is estimated using covariance analysis for panel data; second, cross‐section data are used to estimate a stochastic production frontier; and third, a stochastic production frontier is estimated again using panel data. Large ranges of efficiency from the first two methods and a much narrower range from the third are observed. Thus, efficiency measurement is sensitive to methodology, the data period and sample.
Adjustment with growth: Nigerian experience with structural adjustment policy reform
Authors: Oyejide T. Ademola 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe paper presents an account of the origin, contents and apparent impact of the Nigerian structural adjustment programme of 1986–90. The programme arose from pressure by Nigeria's external creditors to reach an accommodation with the Bank and the Fund, but once the decision to undertake such a programme had been taken it became largely ‘home‐grown’ and contains a number of heterodox elements, including a ban on imported foodstuffs. Other major elements are a shift to a market‐determined exchange rate, the winding‐up of the six government commodity marketing boards and the gradual elimination of administrative controls on overseas trade. The design of the programme takes note of a number of recent theoretical findings, including the significance of the intermediate import constraint and the presence of crowding‐in effects of public expenditure on private investment in a number of African countries, any assessment of the programme's impact is of necessity preliminary; but, at the least, it has made possible a reduction in the burden of debt service, and the growth rate of GDP and exports, in particular export crops such as cocoa and rubber, have been much higher in the post‐than in the pre‐structural adjustment period; but inflation has worsened, real wages have fallen, and diversification of exports has not occurred. The tentative verdict is that the programme tried to achieve too much too soon, underestimated the resultant social costs, and placed too much reliance and changes in price incentives as a means of bringing about the necessary restructuring.
Intolerance of ambiguity as a moderator of the occupational role stress—strain relationship: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Frone Michael R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractOccupational role stress has received increased attention in recent years. However, there have been few systematic efforts to review potential moderators of the role stress–strain relationship. The few narrative reviews that do exist conclude that the evidence for individual difference moderators is mixed and inconclusive. The purpose of this review was to utilize meta‐analysis to determine whether intolerance of ambiguity represents a significant vulnerability factor in the role stress–strain relationship. Results indicated that intolerance of ambiguity does moderate the impact of role ambiguity. The implications of this finding for future job stress research and stress management programs are discussed.
Belief‐bias and labor unions: The effect of strong attitudes on reasoning
Authors: Lynn Monty L. , Williams Richard N. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis study compared three types of reasoning bias associated with strong belief: Judgement of plausibility, contrast effects, and social attribution. Respectively, these relate to bias in the perceived validity and extremity of statements and bias in causal interpretations of actions. Technical college students (N = 153) in two highly unionized communities completed one scale for each form of bias and a section of the IRC Union Attitude Scale which measured their attitude toward unions. Belief–bias was indicated across all three measures although there were differences in their salience. Social attribution was the strongest type of bias manifested (r = 0.58, p ⩽ 0.001) and contrast effects (r = 0.33, p ⩽ 0.001) were a second and third. The implications of these results are explored and future research directions in this new line of study are suggested.
On the relationship between objective increases in pay and employees' subjective reactions
Authors: Worley Christopher G. , Bowen David E. , Lawler Edward E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis study explored whether two principles describe the relationship between the size of a pay increase (a bonus expressed as a percentage of current salary) and the attractiveness of that increase. Based on a sample of sales personnel (N = 639) and consistent with the constant proportion principle of the psychophysical law, pay increase attractiveness was unrelated to current salary level after controlling for the size of the percentage increase. In addition, at any given salary level, the relationship between the size of the increase and its attractiveness was curvilinear. The attractiveness of larger and larger bonus percentages continues to increase, but at a decreasing rate supporting the principle of diminishing returns.
Covariance structure modeling in organizational research: Problems with the method versus applications of the method
Authors: Williams Larry J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBrannick (1995) offers several criticisms of how covariance structure analysis techniques (CSA—also known as causal modeling methods) are being used by organizational researchers, as well as some suggestions for improving organizational research. This article responds to some of the issues raised by Brannick (1995), points out areas of agreement and disagreement, and offers some reactions to his suggestions for how future use of CSA methods can be improved.
Effects of application blanks and employment equity on applicant reactions and job pursuit intentions
Authors: Saks Alan M. , Leck Joanne D. , Saunders David M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn the present study, 136 undergraduate commerce students participated in a simulation of the job application process by completing one of two application blanks (discriminatory versus non‐discriminatory), that did or did not include a statement about the organization's commitment to employment equity. The results indicated that subjects who completed the application blank without the discriminatory questions had significantly more positive reactions of organization attractiveness, job application success, motivation to pursue employment with the organization, job acceptance intention, fairness of the organization's treatment of its employees, and likelihood of recommending the organization to friends in comparison to subjects who completed the application blank with discriminatory questions. In addition, subjects who believed the organization had an employment equity program were more positive about their motivation to pursue employment with the organization, job acceptance intention, the fairness of the organization's treatment of its employees, and the likelihood of recommending the organization to friends. The research and practical implications of these findings for recruitment and selection are discussed.
CAD‐oriented formulas for the quasi‐tem parameters of shielded and semi‐enclosed (coupled) coplanar waveguides
Authors: Wan Changhua , Lin Weigan 
Published: July 2007

AbstractOn the magnetic‐wall approximation for their slots, shielded coplanar waveguides (SCPWs) and semienclosed CPWs (SECPWs) are analyzed through an intensive use of elliptic function transformation. CAD‐oriented formulas for the quasi‐TEM parameters of SCPWs and SECPWs, including their coupled versions, are derived. The comparison of the results calculated here with previous ones show 2% accuracy for formulas in the practical situation where the slots are not too wide, e.g., s / (s + 2w) ≥ 0.2 for an SCPW. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Resonant frequencies of shielded rectangular and circular microstrip resonators
Authors: Verma Anand K. , Rostamy Zargham 
Published: July 2007

AbstractResonant frequencies of shielded rectangular and circular microstrip patches have been determined using the modified Wolff model (MWM). The model determines effect of top‐shield, side‐walls, and end‐walls on the resonant frequency. Results of the MWM have been compared to those of SDA and FEM. The MWM has an accuracy of 0.2% compared with experimental results. Numerically, the MWM is fast even on a desktop computer. The model is suitable for CAD applications. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Inhibitory activities of dietary phenolic compounds on heterocyclic amine formation in both chemical model system and beef patties
Authors: Cheng Ka‐Wing , Chen Feng , Wang Mingfu 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe correlation between radical scavenging capacity and inhibitory activity in PhIP formation of 12 food‐derived antioxidative phenolic compounds was investigated. Very poor correlation was found between their radical scavenging activity assessed by Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity assay and PhIP formation inhibition in a model system. The effects of several of these polyphenols were further evaluated using beef patties. Remarkably, theaflavin 3,3′‐digallate, epicatechin gallate, rosmarinic acid, and naringenin were capable of simultaneously reducing the levels of PhIP, MeIQx, and 4,8‐DiMeIQx. Moreover, the inhibition of the formation of one of these HAs was not compromised by the inhibition of the formation of another HA. Naringenin, a flavonoid found in many citrus fruits, was found to be the most promising inhibitor in both chemical model system and beef patties, suggesting its great potential for practical application in daily cuisine.
Managing Dial‐up with the OSI 821
Authors: Endyke Debra 
Published: July 2007

AbstractComplex data management systems are causing many managers to consolidate equipment and facilities without radically altering the look and feel of their networks. Often, both leased line and dial services exist within the same network, so a network management system must be able to integrate monitoring, control and maintenance functions in a cohesive, user‐friendly environment.
Considering Equipment and Transmission Availability Levels
Authors: Held Gilbert 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn considering methods to reduce the probability of equipment and transmission facility outages, the reader may want to examine the effect of different equipment configurations upon the ability of network users to access data if one or more devices should fail. Thus, what you need is a mechanism to denote the effect of different equipment configurations upon the ability to access network resources. That mechanism is known as availability and is the general topic to be covered in this article.
Emitter design for high‐efficiency silicon solar cells. Part I: Terrestrial cells
Authors: Zhao Jianhua , Wang Aihua , Green M. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractEmitter diffusions for conventional high‐efficiency silicon solar cells have commonly been designed to be very shallow to improve the short‐wavelength response of the cells. This first part of a two‐part paper has a substantial tutorial content and analyses the effect of the emitter design on cell performance with different cell surface passivation conditions. the analysis shows that shallow emitters are only necessary for cells with poor surface passivation. In contrast, high‐efficiency cells with good surface passivation do not necessarily need shallow emitters. the application of these design insights into recent generations of high‐efficiency passivated emitter solar cells is also discussed.
A novel type of solar cell holder for performance measurement
Authors: Larue J. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA conventional cell holder comprises a temperature‐controlled plate, the cell being held by vacuum suction. Pairs of probes are put in contact with the front grid. Different plates are required for various cell sizes. Holding thin and/or bent cells is critical. Probes may cause damage.The proposed holder has a simple vacuum groove and is divided into two conductive areas. the cell is covered with a transparent plastic foil and a vacuum is applied to the groove. the plastic foil presses the cell and the interconnector on their respective areas, providing uniform pressure, realistic electrical configuration and reduced risk of breakage. One holder plate is sufficient for all cell sizes.As the measurement is made by comparison to a ‘primary standard cell’, the foil's optical effect is taken into account by using it also on top of the standard.
Short communication: Effects of heat treatments and CdCl2, pretreatments on the stoichiometries of solution‐grown CdS thin films
Authors: Niles David W. , Hasoon Falah S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSolution grorwth of CdS on SnO2‐coated glass with subsequent heat treatments is known to produce stoichiometric CdS thin films with characteristic thicknesses of about 1000 Å. We show that heating solution‐grown CdS thin films in a nitrogen atmosphere to ⩾ 450° C results in sulphur loss. Heating to 550°C leads to a 50% loss of sulphur, leaving the entire 1000‐A CdS thin film with a concentration of about 75 at.% Cd and 25 at.% S. However, dipping the CdS thin films in a CdCl2 solution prior to heating coats the CdS, leaving a CdCl2 layer that acts as a protective coating and prohibits the loss of sulphur. Cadmium sulphide thin films dipped in a CdCl2 solution and then heated to 550°C are stoichiometric.
Optimization of the rear contact pattern of high‐efficiency silicon solar cells with and without local back surface field
Authors: Sterk S. , Knobloch J. , Wettling W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe influence of the point spacing and size on the cell efficiency is studied for different silicon solar cell structures with local rear contacts: the PERC (passivated emitter and rear cell) with its high recombination at the rear contacts and the LBSF (local back surface field) or PERL (passivated emitter and rear locally diffused) cell with reduced combination at the rear contacts due to a diffused high‐low junction (or LBSF) beneath the contacts. Float zone materials of different resistivities have been investigated.The experimental results are explained by three‐dimensional finite difference simulations for the open‐circuit voltage, the short‐circuit current and the fill factor.
Renaissance of Czochralski silicon photovoltaics
Authors: Mitchell K. W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe message of this paper is simple. Many of the concepts developed in the 1970s and 1980s that defined the limitations of Czochralski (Cz) silicon photovoltaic technology need to be re‐examined in light of new developments in all areas of the technology, from silicon feedstock costs, to Czochralski crystal growth, to the introduction of wire saw technology, to novel cell designs and processing. Present studies indicate that Czochralski silicon is capable of achieving module costs in the $2 W−−1 range.Programs to reduce manufacturing costs by reducing the direct and indirect material costs and improving process throughput and yields are showing success.
Defining terms for crystalline silicon solar cells
Authors: Basore Paul A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSandia National Laboratories manages the US Department of Energy's program supporting photovoltaic technology based on crystalline silicon. In this role, Sandia has favored terminology for use in this program. Terms defined and presented here are for the description of different types of crystalline silicon based on grain size, the description of cell area and the description of module area. While these terms have not been formally established as an international standard, it is hoped that the majority of the photovoltaic community will adopt these terms voluntarily.
‘Wild Ideas’: Radiation‐resistant silicon solar cells
Authors: Wenham S. R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractInnovative cell structures for thin‐film crystalline silicon solar cells should facilitate the achievement of relatively high performance from poor material quality. In particular, a design strategy based on heavily doped, multiple interleaved n‐ and p‐type layers, in conjunction with the buried‐contact solar cell approach, is presented. an example design is modelled to demonstrate the corresponding effective ‘radiation hardness’ and the ability to achieve high performance, even with poor minority carrier diffusion lengths expected at end‐of‐life (EOL) for a space cell. Results of modelling indicate that degradation in performance, sustained through typical space radiation damage, can be limited to approximately 5%. Using the same approach for terrestrial thin‐film crystalline silicon cells fabricated from low‐quality, low‐cost material, eficiencies well above 16% should be feasible.
Three‐dimensional numerical analysis of contact geometry in back‐contact solar cells
Authors: Ohtsuka Hiroyuki , Ohkura Yasuyuki , Uematsu Tsuyoshi , Warabisako Terunori 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe device characteristics of back‐contact solar cells, in which both p‐ and n‐type contacts are integrated on the rear surface, are analyzed using a newly developed three‐dimensional solar cell computing program. Comparing the characteristics of line‐ and point‐contact models having the same contact area shows that, contrary to general expectation, the conversion efficiency of line‐contact cells is higher than that of point‐contact cells. Finally, the design criteria for achieving a conversion effciency higher than 24% are discussed.
An alternation of the equilibrium structure symmetry of Li[Cn]1 (n = 7–12) for different n and the correlation with boundary MO features of isolated hydrocarbons [Cn]1
Authors: Balashov Alexander , Yu Ermilov Alexandr 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe equilibrium geometries of the cylinder‐like lithium hydrocarbon complexes Li[Cn]1 (n = 7–12) are calculated within density functional theory with PBE0 exchange‐correlation potential. The 6‐31 G* basis was set on carbon and lithium atoms while STO‐3G one was chosen for hydrogens. The complexes with odd n possess Cs symmetry for equilibrium structures, and lithium is located near the border of π‐electron system of the hydrocarbons. For complexes Li[Cn]1 with even n (n = 8, 10, 12), the lithium position at the center of benzene ring is stable, and the equilibrium geometry has C2v point symmetry. We have observed correlation between the alternation of the equilibrium structure of the complex and degeneracy of boundary MO of isolated hydrocarbons. By using Cnh symmetry, the π‐MO of the [Cn]1 are found analytically within Huckel model. The nonbonding orbitals with energy α take place only for hydrocarbons with even n. These MO's are characterized by the density distributions among the terminal carbon atoms with sign alternation of AO's contributions. The solution with energy α with analogous distributions is present for larger hydrocarbons [Cn]q with any finite q and even n. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007