bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Safety Factors in the Modern Ice Hockey Skate Blade
Authors: Couture G 
Published: December 2008

Concern for injuries associated with modern hockey skate blades occurred during the 1950s and was related to the rear open-end design of the all-steel tubular blade. Sharpening procedures produced a sharp point at the end of the blade, which was associated with saber-like injuries to opponents. As a result, the plastic (or metal) safety tip was invented and its use was made mandatory in hockey rules.
The advent of the modern plastic-metal blade with its closed end appeared to eliminate the problem, but the high breakage rate produced new types of potential hazards, as well as the inconvenience of broken blades and associated extra costs.
This report describes the evolution of today's hockey blades and their relationship to the ASTM Performance Specification for Ice Hockey Skate Blades (F 737-86).
Use of Thin Asphalt Surfaces over Aggregate Base Course for Heavy-Axle Truck Loads
Authors: Dukatz EL 
Published: December 2008

Crushed-stone base on roadways provides structural integrity, facilitates drainage, and minimizes construction costs. At this time, however, it is not being used to its full potential in pavement construction: recent laboratory tests show that a properly designed and constructed crushed-stone base is much stronger than widely believed.
A test pavement project in North Carolina involving the Vulcan Materials Company (VMC), the North Carolina Aggregates Association (NCAA), and the North Carolina Department of Transportation has been undertaken to provide data on the effectiveness of pavements constructed with thin asphalt surfaces over thick aggregate base courses. State Route 1508 in North Carolina, constructed in early 1985 and designed to have a five-year life, is one of the test roads used in the project. The road has been subjected to 60% of its design traffic in 18 months and shows minimal amount of distress. Because it is trafficked by all incoming and outgoing aggregate haulers from a VMC quarry (for which it was constructed), SR 1508 is of interest to engineers concerned about the deformation of pavements (rutting) due to the loadings of heavy truck traffic.
Hot-Mix Asphalt Moisture Susceptibility Problems: The Need to Test and Specify via a Common Procedure
Authors: Dukatz EL , Phillips RS 
Published: December 2008

One of many problems facing the hot-mix asphalt designer, specifier, and producer is how to properly predict the behavior of the asphalt concrete when exposed to moisture. At present, a broad spectrum of accelerated test procedures are available to the engineer that to some degree “predict” the moisture susceptibility of the mix. These procedures include the Lottman, the modified Lottman, and the boiling water stripping test. With the number of procedures available, and with different procedures being specified in different parts of the country, the engineer must answer the question of which procedure best suits the prediction of future performance.
Once a procedure is chosen, then the method by which the data are interpreted becomes important. For the Lottman procedures, splitting tension specimens are often prepared at 7 ± 1% air voids. Grossly different and misleading results will be obtained if conditioned specimens having 8% air voids (7 + 1%) are tested and compared to control specimens having 6% air voids (7 - 1%). While the preceding combination would suggest less than actual performance, the opposite is possible if the extremes are reversed. Either case is undesirable and can prove costly if a local aggregate is excluded for a false low value or if a poor material is accepted for a false passing value.
The authors suggest that a better procedure is to prepare specimens representing the low (4 to 6%), midpoint (6 to 8%), and high (8 to 10%) end of the air void range allowed for the test. This should be done for both the conditioned and the control specimens. After determination of the splitting tensile strength for each specimen, the results should be plotted as tensile strength (St) versus percent air voids for each condition. The strength at 7% voids for each test condition can be determined by using graphical interpolation and a valid comparison can be made for all conditions.
Another suggestion of the authors is that a minimum conditioned tensile strength at 7% air voids be specified in conjunction with a minimum retained tensile strength ratio (TSR). The TSR requirement may be waived for treated asphalt mixes in which the conditioned tensile strength exceeds the minimum specified tensile strength and is also higher than the tensile strength of the unconditioned untreated mix.
Temper Embrittlement Susceptibility and Toughness of A 508 Class 3 Steel
Authors: Tavassoli A-A , Soulat P , Pineau A 
Published: December 2008

A correlation has been established between the scatter in Charpy and fracture toughness results of an ASTM Specification for Quenched and Tempered Vacuum-Treated Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure Vessels (A 508-84a) Class 3 (UNS K12042) pressure vessel forging steel and the appearance of intergranular facets on the rupture surfaces of specimens tested at low temperatures. Extent of the intergranular rupture has been found to increase with prolonged aging at 500 to 550°C or following an embrittling treatment known as step cooling. Both intergranular rupture and the resultant increase in ductile to brittle transition temperature were reduced or eliminated by a de-embrittling treatment at temperatures ranging from 630 to 660°C, with optimum results obtained at 640°C. Auger analyses carried out on specimens exhibiting cleavage and intergranular rupture have shown segregation of carbon, molybdenum, sulfur, and, in particular, phosphorus at the grain boundaries.
A statistical analysis based on a local rupture criterion is used to describe the probability of intergranular and cleavage failures. Based on the observations made, the main cause of scatter in low temperature results is concluded to be heterogeneous segregation of impurities in thick sections with a corresponding shift in ductile to brittle transition temperature. A slight increase in austenitization and de-embrittling temperatures is suggested in order to reduce segregation and improve toughness.
The Effects of Phosphorus and Boron on the Behavior of a Titanium Stabilized Austenitic Stainless Steel Developed for Fast Reactor Service
Authors: Hamilton ML , Johnson GD , Puigh RJ , Garner FA , Maziasz PJ , Yang WJS , Abraham N 
Published: December 2008

Austenitic stainless steels are used for core component materials in liquid metal cooled reactors (LMRs). To extend the lifetime of LMR fuel assemblies, considerable effort was expended by the U.S. breeder materials program to find ways to minimize radiation induced dimensional changes (swelling and creep) and to maximize the creep rupture strength. After various elements were shown to affect strongly swelling and creep behavior, compositional modifications to a commercial grade austenitic stainless steel (American Iron and Steel Institute 316 UNS S31600) produced an alloy with significant improvement in swelling resistance over the standard 300 series alloys. Changes were primarily in the concentrations of chromium, nickel, silicon, and titanium. ASTM Specification for Austenitic Stainless Steel Tubing for Breeder Reactor Core Components (A 771-83) was approved in 1983 for the new alloy, designated UNS S38660.
Substantial improvement can be produced in the creep rupture behavior of this alloy. Elements such as phosphorus and boron, typically present in trace quantities, have a significant influence on the creep strength of austenitic stainless steels. Several heats of alloy S38660 were made that systematically varied the phosphorus and boron contents. Uniaxial creep tests were conducted at 704°C (1300°F) to evaluate the effects of these elements on the creep rate and the rupture life. The results of these tests were used to guide the production of reactor grade fuel pin cladding for further evaluations. Pressurized tube specimens were tested in the laboratory and also in a fast reactor. Results of these investigations have shown that the elements phosphorus and boron, present in minute but controlled amounts, increase both the in-reactor and ex-reactor rupture life and reduce both in-reactor swelling and creep rate. Microstructural evaluations were also conducted to help ascertain the mechanisms by which the improved properties were obtained.
The Influence of Current Supply Type on the Composition, Microstructure, and Mechanical Properties of C-Mn and C-Mn-Ni Shielded Metal Arc Welds
Authors: Abson DJ 
Published: December 2008

An American Welding Society (AWS) E7016 type C-Mn electrode and an AWS E7018 type C-Mn-Ni electrode were each used to produce a series of butt welds in 25-mm (1-in.) thick British Standard (BS) 4360 50E (C-Mn-Nb) steel plate in the flat (1G) position. For each consumable, direct current (DC) reverse polarity (electrode positive), DC straight polarity (electrode negative), and AC power supplies were each used for a complete panel. In addition, DC straight polarity was employed for vertical-up (3G) welding with the C-Mn-Ni electrode. The chemical composition, strength, microstructure, and toughness of the deposits were studied in the as-welded condition.For the C-Mn-Ni 1G welds (and to a lesser extent for the C-Mn welds), manganese and silicon decreased in the order DC reverse polarity, AC and DC straight polarity. For both consumables, there was a concomitant increase in nitrogen content. There were no associated changes in strength or microstructure, but there was generally a progressive decrease in crack tip opening displacement (CTOD), measured at - 10°C, and in Charpy toughness. As a consequence of strain aging, Charpy toughness was lower in the root than in the fill region.The 3G DC straight polarity C-Mn-Ni deposit had higher strength in the root and higher Charpy toughness than the corresponding 1G deposit. The CTOD of the former was lower and showed much more scatter, to which locally low toughness regions (revealed by fractographic examination) contributed.
The Influence of Current Supply Type and Arc Length on C-Mn, C-Mn-Ni, and C-Mn-Ti-B Shielded Metal Arc Deposit Nitrogen and Oxygen Contents
Authors: Abson DJ 
Published: December 2008

Nitrogen and oxygen contents have been determined for welds simulating root and hot passes, and deposited with progressively longer arc lengths to give arc voltages in the range 18 to 28 V. Commercial basic-coated C-Mn, C-Mn-Ni, and C-Mn-Ti-B shielded metal arc electrodes were employed in the flat (1G) position with DC straight polarity (electrode negative), DC reverse polarity (electrode positive), and alternating current (AC) supplies.
In all deposits, nitrogen content increased with increasing arc length, with the C-Mn-Ti-B deposits showing the most rapid rise. The highest low voltage nitrogen levels and the most rapid increases always occurred for DC straight polarity welding, which gave &gt;0.06% nitrogen at the highest arc voltage for each of the consumables. Deposit nitrogen content always exceeded the level in the core wire, but approached it at the lowest voltage for DC reverse polarity welds, with two of the C-Mn-Ti-B deposits showing the lowest nitrogen contents.
Deposit oxygen contents were not related to core wire levels. For DC straight polarity deposits, oxygen increased progressively over the voltage range studied. For DC reverse polarity deposits, oxygen decreased progressively for AWS E7016 type electrodes, and showed an initial decrease and a subsequent increase for AWS E7018 type electrodes. The AC deposits showed either a small increase or decrease at low arc voltages and an increase at higher arc voltages.
The findings reflect the incomplete shielding provided by the gas shield and slag layer at high arc voltages, particularly for DC straight polarity welding. They suggest that reactions involving the molten droplets emanating from the electrode tip are important in influencing deposit nitrogen content, and that those occurring in the slag layer at the surface of the weld pool are important in influencing deposit oxygen content.
The Effect of Phosphorus on the Mechanical Properties of X-70 Line Pipe Steel
Authors: Kapadia BM 
Published: December 2008

The effect of phosphorus content on the base plate properties and coarse-grained heat affected zone (HAZ) toughness of X-70 Cb-V line pipe steel has been studied. Three laboratory heats were melted with phosphorus contents of 0.001, 0.009, and 0.027%. The ingot sections were control rolled to 13-mm (0.512-in.) thick plates employing a single delay 4T rolling practice. The HAZ toughness was evaluated on specimens subjected to a weld simulation thermal cycle corresponding to 1315°C (2400°F) peak temperature in the HAZ of a submerged arc weld deposited with a heat input of 3 kJ/mm (76 kJ/in.).
The as-rolled plates showed no significant effect of phosphorus variation on their microstructure, strength, or impact properties over the range investigated. The steels exhibited similar coarse-grained HAZ microstructures and hardnesses. Although the transition temperatures of the steels were significantly raised in the simulated HAZ condition, as expected, the variation in phosphorus content appeared to have little or no significant effect on toughness. Fractographic examination of the simulated HAZ impact specimens showed similar fracture appearances with no evidence of intergranular fracture.
The conclusion is that a specification limit of 0.010% maximum on the phosphorus content in Arctic grade line pipe steels may be unduly restrictive for ensuring superior base plate and HAZ toughness properties, as well as adequate resistance to hydrogen induced cracking (HIC).
Response of Notched AS4/PEEK Laminates to Tension/Compression Loading
Authors: Simonds RA , Stinchcomb WW 
Published: December 2008

The response of notched AS4/PEEK specimens to fully reversed, tension/compression loading has been investigated by examining their fatigue lives, damage initiation and propagation, and their residual strength. AS4/PEEK specimens were subjected to R = -1 tension/compression cyclic loading at 52.4 and 64.3% of their monotonic compression strength. The results indicate a significant difference in the response of the material at the two cyclic stress levels. At the lower fatigue stresses, the predominant damage, as determined by X-ray radiography and by deplying, is characterized by matrix cracking and delamination that initiate at the notch and grow both perpendicular and parallel to the load direction. Stiffness measurements taken during the low-level fatigue history show that compression stiffness and tension stiffness degrade throughout the fatigue lifetime. Further, specimens fatigued at the lower fatigue stresses lost compressive strength as the damage developed while they gained tensile strength. Fatigue life was defined by reduction of compression strength.
Damage to specimens fatigued at higher cyclic stresses developed much more predominantly in the direction perpendicular to the loading and much less in the direction parallel to the loading. Stiffness measurements made on these specimens showed a more rapid degradation of tension stiffness than of compression stiffness throughout the fatigue life. As with specimens fatigued at the lower stress levels, residual compressive strength decreased with damage development. However, the residual tensile strength of specimens fatigued at higher stresses decreased with damage development and the fatigue failure modes were tensile.
The difference in the response of the graphite-PEEK laminates at the two cyclic stress levels suggests that damage initiation and damage propagation play different roles in defining fatigue response.
Modeling and Data Evaluation of the WSTF Frictional Heating Test Facility
Authors: Yuen WW 
Published: December 2008

A data reduction program and ignition model developed for the analysis of data generated by the frictional heating test facility at WSTF is presented. Based on transient temperature data measured from the stationary cylinder, the model can be used to generate an effective friction coefficient, activation energy and reactive flux constant for different metals/alloys at various test conditions. Data of 15 tests conducted for carbon steel are analyzed to illustrate the capability of the present model.
The effective friction coefficient is observed to decrease with increasing oxygen pressure, suggesting that the formation of oxide layer and the oxide's lubrication property have important effects on the ignition process for carbon steel. The activation energy is estimated to be 46600 cal/gmole. The reactive flux constant is observed to increase with oxygen pressure, suggesting that either the diffusion of ions through an oxide layer or the adsorption of oxygen at the oxide-gas interface is the primary physical process controlling the ignition. The Pv product (which is the mechanical energy input into the system) required for ignition is shown to first decrease and then increase with oxygen pressure, suggesting that at low oxygen pressure, the reactive flux constant is the important parameter controlling the energy input required for ignition while at high oxygen pressure, the reduction in friction coefficient due to the formation of oxide is the dominant physical process.
The Ignition Behaviour of Silicone Greases in Oxygen Atmospheres
Authors: Currie JL , Irani RS , Sanders J 
Published: December 2008

Silicone greases are used extensively in oxygen systems at low pressures (0-0.4MPa) on account of their excellent lubricating and sealing properties. However, ignitions have occurred with silicone greases when they have been used in high pressure oxygen systems (&gt;10MPa). The data presented in this paper critically examines the oxygen pressure regimes under which silicone greases can be used safely.
The BS3N100 high pressure oxygen ignition test has been used to evaluate the spontaneous ignition temperature (SIT) in oxygen of a variety of silicone greases. The results of these tests and data on the pressure dependence of the SIT are given.
Promoted Ignition - Combustion Behavior of Selected Engineering Alloys In Oxygen Gas Mixtures
Authors: Zawierucha R , Mc Ilroy K 
Published: December 2008

Promoted ignition and more recently promoted combustion are terms which have been used to describe a situation where a substance with low oxygen compatibility ignites and supports the combustion of a more ignition resistant material. A companion paper described the investigation of this phenomenon as it related to carbon steel and 316L stainless steel. In this paper, additional data will be presented on the promoted ignition-combustion behavior of other engineering alloys which may be encountered in or considered for gaseous oxygen applications.
Although a number of papers in recent years have dealt with metal ignition-combustion studies in gaseous oxygen, a standard ASTM test to cover this phenomenon does not currently exist. Due to the range in pressure and purity requirements in oxygen applications, answers to the following issues are needed: (1) applicability of flowing vs. static (fixed) volume approaches, (2) significance of the test volume in static tests, (3) promoter selection, (4) oxygen purity, and (5) test methods for reduced pressures.
In this investigation, alloys have been evaluated via both flowing and static (fixed Volume) approaches using the rod configuration used in the joint ASTM-CGA-NASA program. Static tests have been conducted in a vessel of the same volume as the apparatus used by NASA in the joint ASTM-CGA-NASA test program conducted at WSTF and also in a larger 6.0 liter vessel. Oxygen-nitrogen gas mixtures with purities ranging from approximately 40% to 99.7% at pressures of 0.79 MPa to 34.6 MPa were used in the comparative studies of five alloys from the austenitic stainless steel, aluminum-bronze, cobalt and nickel families.
Oxygen Compatibility of Pressure Regulators for Gas Cylinders
Authors: Barthélémy H , Delode G , Vagnard G 
Published: December 2008

Accidents are occasionally reported to occur due to violent ignition of oxygen pressure regulators on opening the gas cylinder valve.
These ignitions can be attributed either to oil contamination, to particle impact or to “adiabatic compression” i.e. rapid pressurization of oxygen when opening the cylinder valve.
Since oxygen regulators, like any oxygen equipment, are normally specially cleaned to remove traces of oil, greasy products and combustible materials, prevention of “oil contamination ignition” mainly consists in advising customers to avoid contamination in service. Particle impact ignitions can be avoided by using dust caps over the cylinder valve outlets during transport, in-line filters and by advising users to momentarily “crack” the cylinder valve before connecting the regulator.
In this paper we concentrate mainly on investigating the conditions which could lead to ignition by “adiabatic compression”. Numerous tests have been carried out in L'AIR LIQUIDE's Laboratory to try to explain how such ignitions occur and how to avoid them. The influence of the materials used in the construction of regulators has been studied, i.e. non-metallic and metallic materials (including aluminum). This influence although very important, has been found to be closely related to and affected by the regulator internal design.
Examples of solutions to prevent such ignition are reported in this paper.
Another important aspect discussed is the influence of the testing equipment and procedure used to establish the ability of a regulator to resist adiabatic compression. There are already some national Standards in Europe (Germany, France, etc) or international Standard (ISO) which specify ignition test methods, however, it has recently been determined that they are not adequately precise or reliable. In fact, some tests carried out according to these Standards have produced different results (regulator acceptable or non-acceptable) depending on which laboratory performed the test. In this paper, we identify the important parameters which must be taken into account when performing the tests.
Anodic Polarization of Porous-Coated Vitallium Alloy—Effect of Passivation
Authors: Edwards BJ , Higham P 
Published: December 2008

Passivation has the same effect on porous-coated Vitallium as it has on the smooth alloy. It decreased the current during anodic polarization by as much as two orders of magnitude. A potential scan reversal at + 700 mV for all specimens resulted in a hysteresis for passivated specimens (both smooth and porous) but not for nonpassivated specimens. The protection potential was + 296 ± 68 and + 345 ± 69 mV versus the saturated calomel electrode (SCE) for porous and smooth passivated specimens, respectively.
There were two objectives of this work. The first was to see if a simple anodic polarization test could detect any basic difference in corrosion behavior between porous and smooth Vitallium. The second was to see if a standard passivation treatment affected these two geometries differently, again as detected by anodic polarization. The authors found that this porous configuration responds to polarization in a manner similar to the smooth surface in either the passivated or nonpassivated condition. There is an increase in current associated with the increased surface area. However, the increase in current appeared to be less than one would predict, assuming a linear proportionality between the current and surface area.
All tests were performed on Vitallium in the form of modified patella buttons. The specimens were manufactured by Howmedica, Inc. The porous surface was identical to the P.C.A. configuration. All specimens, both smooth and porous-coated, underwent the same production heat cycle.