bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Survey and analysis of microsatellites from transcript sequences in Phytophthora species: frequency, distribution, and potential as markers for the genus
Authors: Garnica Diana P , Pinzón Andrés M , Quesada-Ocampo Lina M , Bernal Adriana J , Barreto Emiliano , Grünwald Niklaus J , Restrepo Silvia 
Published: September 2006

Abstract

Background
Members of the genus Phytophthora are notorious pathogens with world-wide distribution. The most devastating species include P. infestans, P. ramorum and P. sojae. In order to develop molecular methods for routinely characterizing their populations and to gain a better insight into the organization and evolution of their genomes, we used an in silico approach to survey and compare simple sequence repeats (SSRs) in transcript sequences from these three species. We compared the occurrence, relative abundance, relative density and cross-species transferability of the SSRs in these oomycetes.

Results
The number of SSRs in oomycetes transcribed sequences is low and long SSRs are rare. The in silico transferability of SSRs among the Phytophthora species was analyzed for all sets generated, and primers were selected on the basis of similarity as possible candidates for transferability to other Phytophthora species. Sequences encoding putative pathogenicity factors from all three Phytophthora species were also surveyed for presence of SSRs. However, no correlation between gene function and SSR abundance was observed. The SSR survey results, and the primer pairs designed for all SSRs from the three species, were deposited in a public database.

Conclusion
In all cases the most common SSRs were trinucleotide repeat units with low repeat numbers. A proportion (7.5%) of primers could be transferred with 90% similarity between at least two species of Phytophthora. This information represents a valuable source of molecular markers for use in population genetics, genetic mapping and strain fingerprinting studies of oomycetes, and illustrates how genomic databases can be exploited to generate data-mining filters for SSRs before experimental validation.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Captures the Biology of Ductal Carcinoma In Situ
Authors: Esserman Laura J. , Kumar Anjali S. , Herrera Alex F. , Leung Jessica , Au Alfred , Chen Yunn-Yi , Moore Dan H. , Chen Daniel F. , Hellawell Jennifer , Wolverton Dulcy , Hwang E. Shelley , Hylton Nola M. 
Published: September 2006

Purpose Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an important tool for characterizing invasive breast cancer but has proven to be more challenging in the setting of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). We investigated whether MRI features of DCIS reflect differences in biology and pathology. Patients and Methods Forty five of 100 patients with biopsy-proven DCIS who underwent MRI and had sufficient tissue to be characterized by pathologic (nuclear grade, presence of comedo necrosis, size, and density of disease) and immunohistochemical (IHC) findings (proliferation, Ki67; angiogenesis, CD34; and inflammation, CD68). Pathology and MRI features (enhancement patterns, distribution, size, and density) were analyzed using pairwise and canonical correlations. Results Histopathologic and IHC variables correlated with MRI features (r = 0.73). The correlation was largely due to size, density (by either MRI or pathology), and inflammation (P < .05). Most small focal masses were estrogen receptor-positive. MRI enhancement patterns that were clumped were more likely than heterogeneous patterns to be high-grade lesions. Homogenous lesions were large, high grade, and rich in macrophages. Presence of comedo necrosis and size could be distinguished on MRI (P < .05). MRI was most likely to over-represent the size of less dense, diffuse DCIS lesions. Conclusion The heterogeneous presentation of DCIS on MRI reflects underlying histopathologic differences.
Do Patients With Localized Prostate Cancer Treatment Really Want More Aggressive Treatment?
Authors: van Tol-Geerdink Julia J. , Stalmeier Peep F.M. , van Lin Emile N.J.T. , Schimmel Eric C. , Huizenga Henk , van Daal Wim A.J. , Leer Jan-Willem 
Published: September 2006

Purpose Examine whether patients with prostate cancer choose the more aggressive of two radiotherapeutic options, whether this choice is reasoned, and what the determinants of the choice are. Patients and Methods One hundred fifty patients with primary prostate cancer (T1-3N0M0) were informed by means of a decision aid of two treatment options: radiotherapy with 70 Gy versus 74 Gy. The latter treatment is associated with more cure and more toxicity. The patients were asked whether they wanted to choose, and if so which treatment they preferred. They also assigned importance weights to the probability of various outcomes, such as survival, cure and adverse effects. Patients who wanted to choose their own treatment (n = 119) are described here. Results The majority of these patients (75%) chose the lower radiation dose. Their choice was highly consistent (P ≤ .001), with the importance weights assigned to the probability of survival, cure (odds ratio [OR] = 6.7 and 6.9) and late GI and genitourinary adverse effects (OR = 0.1 and 0.2). The lower dose was chosen more often by the older patients, low-risk patients, patients without hormone treatment, and patients with a low anxiety or depression score. Conclusion Most patients with localized prostate cancer prefer the lower radiation dose. Our findings indicate that many patients attach more weight to specific quality-of-life aspects (eg, GI toxicity) than to improving survival. Treatment preferences of patients with localized prostate cancer can and should be involved in radiotherapy decision making.
Prognostic Significance of Nuclear Receptor Coactivator-3 Overexpression in Primary Cutaneous Melanoma
Authors: Rangel Javier , Torabian Sima , Shaikh Ladan , Nosrati Mehdi , Baehner Frederick L. , Haqq Chris , Leong Stanley P.L. , Miller James R. , Sagebiel Richard W. , Kashani-Sabet Mohammed 
Published: September 2006

Purpose To assess the prognostic significance of nuclear receptor coactivator-3 (NCOA3) overexpression in primary cutaneous melanoma. Patients and Methods NCOA3 expression was assessed using immunohistochemical analysis of a melanoma tissue microarray (TMA) containing primary melanomas from 343 patients with defined histology and follow-up. The impact of the presence or absence of various prognostic factors on relapse-free survival (RFS) and disease-specific survival (DSS) of melanoma patients was assessed using Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier analysis. The impact of presence or absence of various factors on sentinel lymph node (SLN) metastasis was assessed using logistic regression analysis. Results Increasing degree of NCOA3 expression was significantly predictive of SLN metastasis (P = .013) and the mean number of SLN metastases (P = .031). Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated a significant association between NCOA3 overexpression and reduced RFS (P = .021) and DSS (P = .030). Logistic regression analysis revealed increasing degree of NCOA3 expression to be an independent predictor of SLN status (P = .017). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed the independent impact of NCOA3 expression on RFS (P = .0095) and DSS (P = .021). NCOA3 was the most powerful factor predicting DSS, outperforming tumor thickness and ulceration. Conclusion These results identify NCOA3 as a novel, independent marker of melanoma outcome, with a significant impact on SLN metastasis, RFS, and DSS.
Characterization of the Porous Structure of HPLC Packings Based on Di(p-Acrylic Phenyl)Sulphone and DVB
Authors: Gawdzik B. , Majewski W. , Jabłońska-Pikus T. , Osypiuk J. , Charmas W. , Podkościelna B. 
Published: September 2006

Studies of the porous structure of the polymeric microspheres synthesized from di( p-acrylic phenyl)sulphone (DAS), ( p-hydroxyphenyl- p-acrylic phenyl)sulphone (HAS) and divinylbenzene (DVB) are presented. The porous structure was characterized by the nitrogen adsorption method, inverse exclusion chromatography and atomic force microscopy. To describe the tendency of the microspheres to swell, the swelling propensities and the swellability coefficient were also determined. The results show that both polymers studied can be used as packing materials in chromatography. Their porous structures are relatively stable since they are characterized by a high degree of crosslinking. In addition, the polymer ASP–OH containing reactive hydroxyl functional groups provides a convenient starting material for chemical modifications.
Protein Adsorption by Basal Plane Graphite Surfaces: Molecular Images and Nano-Structured Films
Authors: Orasanu-Gourlay A. , Bradley R.H. 
Published: September 2006

The adsorp0tion of human serum albumin (HSA) and human plasma fibronectin (Fn) from solutions in the respective concentration ranges 1–20 μg/ml and 0.1–10 μg/ml by highly orientated pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surfaces was investigated using atomic force microscopy. Adsorption from solutions of relatively low concentrations (HSA, 1 μg/ml; Fn, 0.1 μg/ml) allowed individual adsorbed protein molecules to be imaged. HSA appeared to take one of two forms (N or F) depending upon the adsorption energy and site, whilst Fn appeared to be adsorbed in the coiled, bent form. AFM analysis of films obtained by adsorption from solutions of higher protein concentrations, which were dried slowly over a, period of 24 h, indicated the formation of network structures with the surface coverage increasing with solution concentration. The precise structure, which was very similar for both proteins, appeared to result from dewetting of the hydrophobic HOPG by the protein solution. A grainy structure resulted when films were dried rapidly. In this case, evaporation occurred before dewetting and protein molecules became isolated in even clusters. The XPS nitrogen 1s signal from adsorbed protein was found to increase as the level of adsorbed protein increased, i.e. as a function of the concentration of the protein solution. Water contact angles decreased from 90° for HOPG to 60° after protein adsorption and then increased slightly to 70° as the level of adsorbed protein increased. Plots of the surface nitrogen concentration (atom %) versus the protein solution concentration were type I in the Brunauer, Deming, Deming and Teller isotherm classification. A linear fit was obtained when these data were plotted in the form of the Langmuir equation which resulted in a monolayer equivalent value of Nm = 3.3 atom % protein nitrogen. The main mechanism of adsorption appeared to be dispersion- or hydrophobic-dominated, although electrostatic repulsions between polar surface oxygen groups and the negatively charged HSA may also occur.
The ear in osteogenesis imperfecta
Authors: Stoller Fredric M. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractA review of the pertinent historical, clinical, pathological and otologic features of osteogenesis imperfecta is presented. A study of the genetic aspects of the Van der Hoeve Syndrome supports the view that the disease results from one gene or gene complex with wide variations in expressivity. A case history and family pedigree as well as the treatment for the deafness are discussed.
Vital staining of the cochlea in guinea pigs: A preliminary report
Authors: Duvall A. J. , Tonndorf A. J. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis method of investigation enables one to visualize the cochlea more easily as a three‐dimensional structure, which is difficult to do from conventional cross sections.The use of living animals and vital stains minimizes experimental artifacts resulting in structural distortions for which histological preparations are noted.In the course of these experiments, one structural peculiarity was found which, to our knowledge, has not been noted before: the inner hair cells (at least within the region of the fourth and fifth turn of the guinea pig), are slightly slanted toward the cochlear apex; furthermore, in the region of the Hensen's cells, Methylene blue produced intensely stained and irregularly shaped “blobs” with medially extending feather‐like appendages. These are located at some distance from each other. If these bodies are selected Hensen's cells (as they appear to be), it is not understood at this time why some take Methylene blue intensely, while their neighbors do not.
Laryngeal problems in singers
Authors: Baker Daniel C. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIt is important for the laryngologist to be familiar with all of the vocal cord disturbances that may develop in the singer.It is possible to recognize danger signals in the larynx of the person who is misusing his voice. Proper advice may save the patient many heartaches, as well as useless expense.Particular attention should be directed to the singer who suffers from recurrent submucosal hemorrhage of the same vocal cord. Careful observation for a prominent blood vessel on the surface or the edge of the involved cord should be made, and if present, it should be removed.
Finite Element Simulation of Dynamic Crack Propagation for Complex Geometries Without Remeshing
Authors: Biglari FR , Rezaeinasab A , Nikbin K , Sattarifar I 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Simulation of the crack growth for complex geometries is presented in this paper. Determination of the crack propagation direction under mixed mode conditions is one of the most important parameters in fracture mechanics. There are several criteria that have been developed to predict crack growth and its direction using linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM), many of which have recently been incorporated into finite element codes. These criteria are commonly adopted in the prediction of crack propagation in simple geometries and in straight crack paths. In more complex geometries, a more accurate determination of the crack propagation path, using remeshing methods can be employed. However, the remeshing technique usually suffers from the loss of strain energy density that can occur at the tip of the crack during the interpolation of field solutions. In this research work, the crack growth simulation is presented which allows for crack path deviation without the use of remeshing of the model. This method deals with a nonstraight crack growth path, is based on a node releasing technique and appropriate fracture criteria. The maximum principal stress and maximum strain energy release rate criteria is used in this paper exclusively. The results of simulation have been compared with experimental results as well as with numerical works of others that have been found in the recently published literature.
Latin Revived: Source‐Based Vocabulary Lessons Courtesy of Harry Potter
Authors: Nilsen Alleen Pace , Nilsen Don L.F. 
Published: September 2006

Teachers can build on students' familiarity with and respect for the Harry Potter books to create source‐based vocabulary lessons. The idea is to work with the Latin roots that J.K. Rowling uses to create original names for places, people, and magical charms and then to extend students' knowledge through exploration of additional English words based on the same roots.Besides being an efficient way to teach vocabulary words in a meaningful context, the approach helps students see that when new words are needed, they are often based on old, familiar words. It also trains students to look for metaphorical and other associations while developing confidence in their ability to make “intelligent guesses” about words they do not know. Various Latin roots are discussed, along with many words derived from them. Teachers can focus in a day's lesson on one root and several derivatives whose meanings will reinforce one another.
Resistance, Struggle, and the Adolescent Reader
Authors: Lenters Kimberly 
Published: September 2006

An important research paradigm applied to the study of adolescent resistance to reading—listening to student voice—has yielded rich information regarding adolescent literacy practices, adolescent agency, and adolescent identity as components of resistance to reading. Instructional perspectives of teachers and researchers also serve to shed light on the phenomenon and provide insight on better understanding the interplay between adolescent resistance to reading and struggle with literacy acquisition.For some teachers, the “problem” with adolescent readers and resistance to reading lies outside their sphere of responsibility or influence; however, adolescent and researcher voices provide a somewhat different perspective. Understanding and addressing the disjuncture becomes particularly important when addressing the instructional needs of struggling adolescent readers: Readers who resist reading risk becoming readers who struggle, and those who already struggle with reading miss important opportunities for improvement through interaction with text. Instructional implications aimed at addressing resistance to in‐school reading are also presented.
Relative Efficacy of a Multisession Sexual Risk–Reduction Intervention for Young Men Released From Prisons in 4 States
Authors: Wolitski Richard J. ,   and the Project START Writing Group
Published: September 2006

Objectives. We compared the effects of an enhanced multisession intervention with a single-session intervention on the sexual risk behavior of young men released from prison. Methods. Young men, aged 18 to 29 years, were recruited from US prisons in 4 states and systematically assigned to the prerelease single-session intervention or the pre- and postrelease enhanced intervention. Both interventions addressed HIV, hepatitis, and other sexually transmitted infections; the enhanced intervention also addressed community reentry needs (e.g., housing, employment). Assessment data were collected before intervention, and 1, 12, and 24 weeks after release. Results. A total of 522 men were included in intent-to-treat analyses. Follow-up rates ranged from 76% to 87%. Unprotected vaginal or anal sex during the 90 days before incarceration was reported by 86% of men in the enhanced intervention and 89% in the single-session intervention (OR=0.78; 95% CI=0.46, 1.32). At 24 weeks, 68% of men assigned to the enhanced intervention reported unprotected vaginal or anal sex compared with 78% of those assigned to the single-session intervention (OR=0.40; 95% CI=0.18, 0.88). Conclusion. Project START demonstrated the efficacy of a sexual risk–reduction intervention that bridges incarceration and community reentry.
Mild Cognitive Impairment in Early Life and Mental Health Problems in Adulthood
Authors: Chen Chuan-Yu , Lawlor John P. , Duggan Anne K. , Hardy Janet B. , Eaton William W. 
Published: September 2006

Objectives. We assessed the extent to which borderline mental retardation and mental retardation at preschool ages are related to emotional and behavioral problems in young adulthood. We also explored early risk factors for having mental health problems as a young adult that might be related to preschool differences in cognitive ability. Methods. We used data from a cohort of births studied in the Johns Hopkins Collaborative Perinatal Study and followed up in the Pathways to Adulthood Study. Preschool cognitive functioning was assessed at 4 years of age. Individual characteristics, psychosocial factors, and mental problems were prospectively evaluated from birth through young adulthood. Results. Children with subaverage cognitive abilities were more likely to develop mental health problems than their counterparts with IQs above 80. Inadequate family interactions were shown to increase 2- to 4-fold the risk of emotional or behavioral problems among children with borderline mental retardation. Conclusions. Subaverage cognitive functioning in early life increases later risk of mental health problems. Future research may help to delineate possible impediments faced at different developmental stages and guide changes in supportive services to better address the needs of children with borderline mental retardation.
Public Conceptions of Serious Mental Illness and Substance Abuse, Their Causes and Treatments: Findings from the 1996 General Social Survey
Authors: Kuppin Sara , Carpiano Richard M. 
Published: September 2006

Objectives. We examined the degree to which lay beliefs about the causes of disorders may predict beliefs about what constitutes appropriate treatment. Methods. We analyzed randomized vignette data from the MacArthur Mental Health Module of the 1996 General Social Survey (n=1010). Results. Beliefs in biological causes (i.e., chemical imbalance, genes) were significantly associated with the endorsement of professional, biologically focused treatments (e.g., prescription medication, psychiatrists, and mental hospital admissions). Belief that the way a person was raised was the cause of a condition was the only nonbiologically based causal belief associated with any treatment recommendations (talking to a clergy member). Conclusions. Lay beliefs about the biological versus nonbiological causes of mental and substance abuse disorders are related to beliefs regarding appropriate treatment. We suggest areas for further research with regard to better understanding this relationship in an effort to construct effective messages promoting treatment for mental health and substance abuse disorders.
Characteristics of Black and White Suicide Decedents in Fulton County, Georgia, 1988–2002
Authors: Abe Karon , Mertz Kristen J. , Powell Kenneth E. , Hanzlick Randy L. 
Published: September 2006

Objectives. We compared the prevalence of risk factors for Black and White suicide decedents in Fulton County, Georgia, from 1988–2002.Methods. We used data from the Fulton County Medical Examiner’s Office to compile information on suicides that occurred in Fulton County between 1988 and 2002. We used the χ2test and logistic regression to identify associations between suicide risk factors and race.Results. Black suicide decedents were more likely than White suicide decedents to be male (odds ratio [OR]=2.06; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.38, 3.09), to be younger, (≤24 y [OR = 4.74; 95% CI = 2.88, 7.81]; 25–34 y [OR = 2.79; 95% CI = 1.74, 4.47]; 35–44 y [OR = 1.86; 95% CI = 1.13, 3.07]), and to hurt others in a suicide (OR = 4.22; 95% CI = 1.60, 11.15) but less likely to report depression (OR=0.63; 95% CI=0.48, 0.83), to have a family history of suicide (OR=0.08; 95% CI=0.01, 0.61), or to leave a suicide note (OR=0.37; 95% CI=0.26, 0.52).Conclusions. Future research should consider that Black suicide decedents are less likely to report depression than White suicide decedents. This suicide risk difference is important when developing effective suicide prevention programs.
Membrane Technology
Authors: Baker Richard W. ,   Updated by Staff
Published: September 2006

AbstractMembranes have gained an important place in chemical technology and are being used increasingly in a broad range of applications. The key property that is exploited in every application is the ability of a membrane to control the permeation of a chemical species in contact with it. This article provides a general overview of the entire membrane area. After a review of the historical development of membranes, the principal types of membrane are described briefly. The manufacture of the more important types of membrane and the packaging of membranes in modules to exploit their properties are discussed. The principal membrane applications, including microfiltration, ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, pervaporation, gas separation, and controlled drug delivery are described. The particular focus is on the use of membranes to solve separation problems. A detailed section on membrane reactors is included. More complete descriptions of some of the important specific applications of membranes are given elsewhere.