bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The efficiency of different search strategies in estimating parsimony jackknife, bootstrap, and Bremer support
Authors: Müller Kai F 
Published: November 2005

AbstractBackgroundFor parsimony analyses, the most common way to estimate confidence is by resampling plans (nonparametric bootstrap, jackknife), and Bremer support (Decay indices). The recent literature reveals that parameter settings that are quite commonly employed are not those that are recommended by theoretical considerations and by previous empirical studies. The optimal search strategy to be applied during resampling was previously addressed solely via standard search strategies available in PAUP*. The question of a compromise between search extensiveness and improved support accuracy for Bremer support received even less attention. A set of experiments was conducted on different datasets to find an empirical cut-off point at which increased search extensiveness does not significantly change Bremer support and jackknife or bootstrap proportions any more.ResultsFor the number of replicates needed for accurate estimates of support in resampling plans, a diagram is provided that helps to address the question whether apparently different support values really differ significantly. It is shown that the use of random addition cycles and parsimony ratchet iterations during bootstrapping does not translate into higher support, nor does any extension of the search extensiveness beyond the rather moderate effort of TBR (tree bisection and reconnection branch swapping) plus saving one tree per replicate. Instead, in case of very large matrices, saving more than one shortest tree per iteration and using a strict consensus tree of these yields decreased support compared to saving only one tree. This can be interpreted as a small risk of overestimating support but should be more than compensated by other factors that counteract an enhanced type I error. With regard to Bremer support, a rule of thumb can be derived stating that not much is gained relative to the surplus computational effort when searches are extended beyond 20 ratchet iterations per constrained node, at least not for datasets that fall within the size range found in the current literature.ConclusionIn view of these results, calculating bootstrap or jackknife proportions with narrow confidence intervals even for very large datasets can be achieved with less expense than often thought. In particular, iterated bootstrap methods that aim at reducing statistical bias inherent to these proportions are more feasible when the individual bootstrap searches require less time.
Aging syndrome genes and premature coronary artery disease
Authors: Low Adrian F , O'Donnell Christopher J , Kathiresan Sekar , Everett Brendan , Chae Claudia U , Shaw Stanley Y , Ellinor Patrick T , MacRae Calum A 
Published: November 2005

Abstract

Background
Vascular disease is a feature of aging, and coronary vascular events are a major source of morbidity and mortality in rare premature aging syndromes. One such syndrome is caused by mutations in the lamin A/C (LMNA) gene, which also has been implicated in familial insulin resistance. A second gene related to premature aging in man and in murine models is the KLOTHO gene, a hypomorphic variant of which (KL-VS) is significantly more common in the first-degree relatives of patients with premature coronary artery disease (CAD). We evaluated whether common variants at the LMNA or KLOTHO genes are associated with rigorously defined premature CAD.

Methods
We identified 295 patients presenting with premature acute coronary syndromes confirmed by angiography. A control group of 145 patients with no evidence of CAD was recruited from outpatient referral clinics. Comprehensive haplotyping of the entire LMNA gene, including the promoter and untranslated regions, was performed using a combination of TaqMan® probes and direct sequencing of 14 haplotype-tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The KL-VS variant of the KLOTHO gene was typed using restriction digest of a PCR amplicon.

Results
Two SNPs that were not in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium were excluded from analysis. We observed no significant differences in allele, genotype or haplotype frequencies at the LMNA or KLOTHO loci between the two groups. In addition, there was no evidence of excess homozygosity at the LMNA locus.

Conclusion
Our data do not support the hypothesis that premature CAD is associated with common variants in the progeroid syndrome genes LMNA and KLOTHO.
Evaluation of the profile of alopecia areata and the prevalence of thyroid function test abnormalities and serum autoantibodies in Iranian patients
Authors: Seyrafi Hassan , Akhiani Maryam , Abbasi Hamed , Mirpour Sahar , Gholamrezanezhad Ali 
Published: November 2005

AbstractBackgroundThe study aimed at evaluating the prevalence of thyroid function abnormalities in patients with alopecia areata (AA) and its association with other autoimmune diseases and various autoimmune antibodies.MethodWe retrospectively analyzed medical records of 123 patients with AA. The main site of involvement, pattern, and extent of alopecia as well as presence of the similar disease in first-degree family members and serologic status of patients were recorded.ResultsParticipating in the study were 57 males and 66 females (6 to 59 years old). In the majority of patients (69.9%) the disease was manifested in the first two decades of life. Patients with family members having alopecia were recorded in 24.4%. Thyroid function abnormalities were found in 8.9% of patients. Positive autoimmune antibodies were associated with AA in 51.4% of patients with no significant association between the severity and duration of disease and presence of these antibodies.ConclusionThe incidence of positive auto-immune antibodies in Iranian patients is higher than previous reports. Concerning the female:male ratio, thyroid function tests and the prevalence of alopecia in first-degree relatives, our results are compatible with previous data obtained from different ethnic populations. Previous reports documented that a greater severity and longer duration of AA were seen in the early onset forms; however our result are relatively different which could be explained by differences in genetic factors.
Is it worth offering a routine laparoscopic cholecystectomy in developing countries? A Thailand case study
Authors: Teerawattananon Yot , Mugford Miranda 
Published: November 2005

AbstractObjectiveThe study aims to investigate whether laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is a cost-effective strategy for managing gallbladder-stone disease compared to the conventional open cholecystectomy(OC) in a Thai setting.Design and SettingUsing a societal perspective a cost-utility analysis was employed to measure programme cost and effectiveness of each management strategy. The costs borne by the hospital and patients were collected from Chiang Rai regional hospital while the clinical outcomes were summarised from a published systematic review of international and national literature. Incremental cost per Quality Adjusted Life Year (QALY) derived from a decision tree model.ResultsThe results reveal that at base-case scenario the incremental cost per QALY of moving from OC to LC is 134,000 Baht under government perspective and 89,000 Baht under a societal perspective. However, the probabilities that LC outweighed OC are not greater than 95% until the ceiling ratio reaches 190,000 and 270,000 Baht per QALY using societal and government perspective respectively.ConclusionThe economic evaluation results of management options for gallstone disease in Thailand differ from comparable previous studies conducted in developed countries which indicated that LC was a cost-saving strategy. Differences were due mainly to hospital costs of post operative inpatient care and value of lost working time. The LC option would be considered a cost-effective option for Thailand at a threshold of three times per capita gross domestic product recommended by the committee on the Millennium Development Goals.
Porcine Circovirus type 2 (PCV2) causes apoptosis in experimentally inoculated BALB/c mice
Authors: Kiupel Matti , Stevenson Gregory W , Galbreath Elizabeth J , North Adam , HogenEsch Harm , Mittal Suresh K 
Published: November 2005

Abstract

Background
We have previously described microscopic and electron microscopic alterations in lymphoid organs of PCV2 inoculated mice as apoptosis. In this study we wanted to investigate the molecular pathogenetic mechanism of PCV2-induced apoptosis. Eight-week old BALB/c mice were either sham inoculated (control mice) or inoculated intraperitoneally (ip) and intranasally (in) with a single (sPCV mice) or multiple (mPCV mice) doses of PCV2. Four control mice and 4 sPCV mice were sacrificed 7, 14, 28 and 42 days post inoculation (PI). All 4 mPCV mice were sacrificed 42 days PI. Following necropsy, immunohistochemistry for caspase 3 and in-situ TUNEL assay were performed on sections of spleen, lymph nodes, thymus and ileum from control, sPCV and mPCV mice. In addition, total RNA was extracted from spleens of control, sPCV and mPCV mice for simultaneous detection and semiquantitation of bcl-2 homologues and various caspase mRNAs using a multiprobe RNase protection assay system.

Results
PCV2 replicated and was associated with apoptosis in spleens, lymph nodes and Peyer's patches of infected BALB/c mice. Upregulation of caspase 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 11 and 12 and upregulation for the transcripts of apoptosis inhibitors bcl-2, bcl-w and bcl-X and apoptosis promoters' bax, bak and bad was detected in spleens of sPCV and mPCV mice, but not control mice. Apoptosis was further confirmed by light and electron microscopic morphology as well as by positive TUNEL assay and detection of activated caspase 3. PCV2 nucleic acid was detected by in-situ hybridization in the nuclei and cytoplasm of such apoptotic cells.

Conclusion
The data presented here support the hypothesis that PCV2 induces apoptosis mediated through the activation of caspases 8 and 3 in the spleens of infected mice.
Transcriptome analysis of antigenic variation in Plasmodium falciparum - var silencing is not dependent on antisense RNA
Authors: Ralph Stuart A , Bischoff Emmanuel , Mattei Denise , Sismeiro Odile , Dillies Marie-Agnès , Guigon Ghislaine , Coppee Jean-Yves , David Peter H , Scherf Artur 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
Background
Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent of the most severe form of malaria, undergoes antigenic variation through successive presentation of a family of antigens on the surface of parasitized erythrocytes. These antigens, known as Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) proteins, are subject to a mutually exclusive expression system, and are encoded by the multigene var family. The mechanism whereby inactive var genes are silenced is poorly understood. To investigate transcriptional features of this mechanism, we conducted a microarray analysis of parasites that were selected to express different var genes by adhesion to chondroitin sulfate A (CSA) or CD36.

Results
In addition to oligonucleotides for all predicted protein-coding genes, oligonucleotide probes specific to each known var gene of the FCR3 background were designed and added to the microarray, as well as tiled sense and antisense probes for a subset of var genes. In parasites selected for adhesion to CSA, one full-length var gene (var2csa) was strongly upregulated, as were sense RNA molecules emanating from the 3' end of a limited subset of other var genes. No global relationship between sense and antisense production of var genes was observed, but notably, some var genes had coincident high levels of both antisense and sense transcript.

Conclusion
Mutually exclusive expression of PfEMP1 proteins results from transcriptional silencing of non-expressed var genes. The distribution of steady-state sense and antisense RNA at var loci are not consistent with a silencing mechanism based on antisense silencing of inactive var genes. Silencing of var loci is also associated with altered regulation of genes distal to var loci.
Cost of Intravenous Immunoglobulin Therapy Versus Conventional Immunosuppressive Therapy in Patients with Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Daoud Yassine , Amin Ketan G , Mohan Krishn , Ahmed A Razzaque 
Published: November 2005

BACKGROUND Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is an expensive biologic agent used to treat patients with mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP) nonresponsive to conventional immunosuppressive therapy (CIST). The high cost of IVIG is of concern to healthcare providers and insurance companies. OBJECTIVE To compare the cost of IVIG with that of CIST in treating a cohort of 15 patients with severe and extensive MMP. METHODS Fifteen patients with biopsy-proven MMP nonresponsive to CIST were subsequently treated with IVIG and demonstrated a positive clinical response. This was a comparative, retrospective study; the mean total duration of the observation period was 8.4 years. A comparison of the cost of IVIG with that of CIST during the study period and the annual cost was performed. The cost of CIST was defined as the actual cost of the drug plus the cost of management of the multiple adverse effects, including hospitalizations, produced by CIST. In the same patient cohort, no significant adverse effects to IVIG were observed and no hospitalizations were required. Hence, the cost of IVIG therapy is simply the actual cost of the IVIG. RESULTS In this cohort of patients, CIST had significant adverse effects, many of which were hazardous and required prolonged and frequent hospitalizations. The mean total cost using IVIG therapy was significantly less than that of CIST during the entire course of the disease (p < 0.001) and on an annual basis (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS IVIG therapy is a safe, clinically beneficial, and less-expensive alternative treatment in patients with progressive MMP that is nonresponsive to CIST.
Optic Neuritis with Concurrent Etanercept and Isoniazid Therapy
Authors: Noguera-Pons Raul , Borrás-Blasco Joaquín , Romero-Crespo Isabel , Antón-Torres Rosa , Navarro-Ruiz Andrés , González-Ferrandez Jose Antonio 
Published: November 2005

OBJECTIVE To report a case of optic neuritis associated with concurrent etanercept and isoniazid therapy. CASE SUMMARY A 55-year-old man diagnosed as having rheumatoid arthritis had received treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, sulfasalazine, oral methotrexate, leflunomide, and deflazacort. Four months prior to admission, he had a Disease Activity Score of 6.06; treatment with etanercept was considered. Three months prior to admission, because of evidence of latent tuberculosis, isoniazid 300 mg once daily and pyridoxine 50 mg once daily were prescribed. Treatment with subcutaneous etanercept 25 mg twice weekly was started 5 days after isoniazid was initiated. Two weeks prior to admission, the patient developed blurred vision in his left eye. Ten days later, his vision worsened and he was hospitalized. The visual acuity in both eyes was 0.7, and a campimetric examination was compatible with optic neuritis. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain revealed lesions suggesting demyelinating lesions. The clinical course was consistent with bilateral optic neuritis. Etanercept was stopped, and isoniazid was replaced with rifampin 600 mg once daily. The patient was treated with intravenous methylprednisolone hemisuccinate 1 g/day for 5 days followed by oral prednisolone, resulting in a minor subjective improvement in left eye visual acuity. He then received oral prednisone for 3 weeks, slowly tapering to discontinuation. DISCUSSION No physiologic factors could have predisposed this patient to develop optic neuritis. He was not diagnosed with a demyelinating disease or underlying systemic condition. The optic neuritis was unlikely to be an early manifestation of multiple sclerosis based on the clinical course and the negative results of the imaging tests. Furthermore, there was a close temporal correlation between the drug exposure and the onset of symptoms. After discontinuation of etanercept and isoniazid therapy, the patient's general condition improved. Use of the Naranjo probability scale indicated a possible relationship between optic neuritis and combined etanercept–isoniazid therapy. CONCLUSIONS Patients initiated on etanercept and isoniazid should be closely monitored for the development of adverse neurologic signs and effects. If optic neuritis is determined, etanercept and isoniazid should be discontinued immediately.
Modernization Increases Accuracy and Utility of Spectrographic Computer
Authors: Adams M. M. 
Published: November 2005

This report is a brief description of the component changes and product engineering made in the Phillips 66 Spectro Computer since the earlier models were described in a paper by Morgan and Crawford. The improvements described add greatly to the versatility of the Spectro Computer, as well as make possible approximately a tenfold increase in accuracy. At the same time, the instrument is unitized so as to minimize maintenance problems.
Determination of Small Amounts of an Element in a Powder without the AID of Standard Samples
Authors: Gillis J. , Eeckhout J. 
Published: November 2005

A new method of calibration for estimating an element in a powder sample without synthetic standard samples is described. Allowance is made for the possible effect of the state of combination of the element on relative line intensities, which might interfere with extrapolation from simple addition standards. The method has been tried on a sample of graphite from nodular cast iron, to estimate the Mg content, and has led to the construction of a working curve for the estimation of Mg in graphite in the range 0.1 to 1%. Resume A new spectrochemical method is described for the determination of an unknown element in a powder sample without the aid of standard samples. The method described compensates for possible influence of the form of chemical combination on the relative intensities of the lines measured. The method has been applied to the determination of the Mg content of a graphite sample from a cast iron treated with Mg. The analytical curve for Mg in graphite allowing the determination of Mg from 0.05% to 1.0% can be set up by means of the results obtained.
Ethylbenzene
Authors: Welch Vincent A. , Fallon Kevin J. , Gelbke Heinz‐Peter 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical Properties3.Chemical Properties4.Production4.1.Alkylation with Non‐Zeolite Lewis Acid Catalysts4.2.Vapor‐Phase Alkylation over Zeolites4.3.Liquid‐Phase Alkylation over Zeolites4.4.Mixed‐Phase Zeolite‐Based Process4.5.Separation from Mixed C8Streams5.Environmental Protection6.Quality Specifications7.Handling, Storage, and Transportation8.Uses9.Economic Aspects10.Toxicology
Membranes: Gas‐Separation Applications
Authors: Stookey Donald J. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Commercial Membrane Gas‐Separation Applications2.1.Hydrogen Separation2.2.Helium Separation2.3.Nitrogen Generation2.4.Acid‐Gas Separation2.5.Gas Dehydration3.Developing Membrane Applications3.1.Oxygen and Oxygen‐Enriched Air3.2.Nitrogen‐Enriched Air (NEA)3.3.Nitrogen Rejection from Natural Gas3.4.Carbon Dioxide Removal from Liquid Hydrocarbons3.5.Removal of Condensable and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC)
Mathematical improvements to maximum likelihood parallel factor analysis: experimental studies
Authors: Vega‐Montoto Lorenzo , Wentzell Peter D. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractIn this paper, the application of a number of simplified algorithms for maximum likelihood parallel factor analysis (MLPARAFAC) to experimental data is explored. The algorithms, described in a companion paper, allow the incorporation of a variety of correlated error structures into the three‐way analysis. In this work, three experimental data sets involving fluorescence excitation‐emission spectra of synthetic three‐component mixtures of aromatic compounds are used to test these algorithms. Different experimental designs were employed for the acquisition of these data sets, resulting in measurement errors that were correlated in either two or three modes. A number of data‐analysis methods were applied to characterize the error structures of these data sets. In all cases, the introduction of statistically meaningful information translated to estimates of better quality than the conventional PARAFAC estimates of concentrations and spectra. The use of the algorithms that employ the error structure suggested by the analysis of the error covariance matrix yielded the best results for each data set. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In situ Infrared Spectroscopic Studies on the Mechanism of the Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO by C3H8 over Ga2O3/Al2O3: High Efficiency of the Reducing Agent.
Authors: He Chuanhua , Paulus Martin , Find Josef , Nickl Julius A. , Eberle Hans‐Juergen , Spengler Joerg , Chu Wei , Koehler Klaus 
Published: November 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Crystal Chemistry and Thermal Behavior of Anhydrous Phosphates. Part 36. Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Spectroscopical Characterization of Palladium(II)‐Diphosphate Pd2P2O7.
Authors: Panagiotidis K. , Glaum R. , Schmedt auf der Guenne J. , Hoffbauer W. , Goerzel H. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Chiral Phosphine—Olefin Bidentate Ligands in Asymmetric Catalysis: Rhodium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric 1,4‐Addition of Aryl Boronic Acids to Maleimides.
Authors: Shintani Ryo , Duan Wei‐Liang , Nagano Takashi , Okada Atsushi , Hayashi Tamio 
Published: November 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Solid State S‐Methylation of Thiols and O‐Methylation of Phenols and Naphthols with Dimethyl Sulfate under Microwave Irradiation.
Authors: Heravi Majid M. , Ahari Neda Zamani , Oskooie Hossein A. , Ghassemzadeh Mitra 
Published: November 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Bromination of Aromatic Compounds with Potassium Bromide in the Presence of Poly(4‐vinylpyridine)‐Supported Bromate in Nonaqueous Solution.
Authors: Tajik Hassan , Shirini Farhad , Hassan‐zadeh Parwin , Rashtabadi Hassan Rafiee 
Published: November 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Pd‐Catalyzed Stereospecific Azide Substitution of α,β‐Unsaturated γ,δ‐Epoxy Esters with Double Inversion of Configuration.
Authors: Miyashita Masaaki , Mizutani Taiku , Tadano Genta , Iwata Yasuhiro , Miyazawa Masahiro , Tanino Keiji 
Published: November 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Nickel‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reaction of Aryl Halides with Allylic Zirconium Reagents Generated in situ from Zirconocene(alkene) Complexes.
Authors: Hirano Koji , Fujita Kazuya , Yorimitsu Hideki , Oshima Koichiro 
Published: November 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Proline‐Based N‐Oxides as Readily Available and Modular Chiral Catalysts. Enantioselective Reactions of Allyltrichlorosilane with Aldehydes.
Authors: Traverse John F. , Zhao Yu , Hoveyda Amir H. , Snapper Marc L. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Organic Reactions in Ionic Liquids: Ionic Liquids Ethylammonium Nitrate Promoted Knoevenagel Condensation of Aromatic Aldehydes with Active Methylene Compounds.
Authors: Hu Yi , Chen Jue , Le Zhang‐Gao , Zheng Qin‐Guo 
Published: November 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of a New Chiral N,N,N‐Tridentate Pyridinebisimidazole Ligand Library and Its Application in Ru‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Epoxidation.
Authors: Bhor Santosh , Anilkumar Gopinathan , Tse Man Kin , Klawonn Markus , Doebler Christian , Bitterlich Bianca , Grotevendt Anne , Beller Matthias 
Published: November 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.