bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kinematic consequences of an angular unconformity in simple shear: an example from the southern border of the Lower Palaeozoic Rocroi inlier (Naux, France)
Authors: Van Baelen Hervé , Sintubin Manuel 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe presence of an angular unconformity in combination with complex structures in the basement, lacking in the cover, is commonly seen as an indication for an orogenic event pre-dating the unconformity. The recognition of such an older orogenic event becomes, however, less evident in areas where both cover and basement were deformed together during an orogen post-dating the angular unconformity.The validity of this common interpretation has been evaluated at the southern border of the Lower Palaeozoic Rocroi basement inlier (Naux, northern France), where the basement-cover interface is very well exposed. This basement-cover interface, showing an angular unconformity, has classically been interpreted as evidence for an early Palaeozoic tectonometamorphic event, called the Ardennian orogeny, though only one penetrative cleavage, co-genetic with the structures present in both cover and basement, can be observed.A detailed geometrical study shows, however, that the presence of a tilted basement, involving the angular unconformity, provokes a rheological heterogeneity that causes a contrasting response of basement and cover with respect to the Variscan shortening. While Variscan progressive deformation gave rise to a rather regular cleavage refraction pattern in the subhorizontal multilayer cover sequence, a complex deformation, expressed by non-cylindrical folds, boudinage and shearing developed in the basement. The basement-cover interface itself played no rheological role, but has been passively sheared and folded as a consequence of the deformation of the basement. This study proves that the deformed basement-cover interface, allowing to link deformation in basement and cover, is a necessary tool to properly interpret complex deformation in the basement. With respect to the regional geodynamic evolution of the northern parts of the Central European Variscides, our kinematic model indeed demonstrates that this classical outcrop area bears no evidence for an early Palaeozoic orogenic event, and that the angular unconformity reflects the late Silurian – early Devonian onset of the Ardenne-Eifel basin development, rather than a middle Ordovician Ardennian orogeny.
Extracellular High-Mobility Group Box 1 Acts as an Innate Immune Mediator to Enhance Autoimmune Progression and Diabetes Onset in NOD Mice
Authors: Han Junyan , Zhong Jinxin , Wei Wenzhong , Wang Ying , Huang Yafei , Yang Ping , Purohit Sharad , Dong Zheng , Wang Mong-Heng , She Jin-Xiong , Gong Feili , Stern David M. , Wang Cong-Yi 
Published: May 2008

OBJECTIVE—The implication of innate immunity in type 1 diabetes development has long been proposed. High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), an evolutionarily conserved chromosomal protein, was recently recognized to be a potent innate inflammatory mediator when released extracellularly. We sought to test the hypothesis that HMGB1 acts as an innate immune mediator implicated in type 1 diabetes pathogenesis.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Eight- and 12-week-old NOD mice were treated with an HMGB1 neutralizing antibody once a week until 25 weeks of age and monitored for insulitis progression and diabetes onset. The underlying mechanisms of HMGB1 regulation of autoimmune response were further explored.RESULTS—During autoimmunity, HMGB1 can be passively released from damaged pancreatic β-cells and actively secreted by islet infiltrated immune cells. Extracellular HMGB1 is potent in inducing NOD dendritic cell maturation and stimulating macrophage activation. Blockade of HMGB1 significantly inhibited insulitis progression and diabetes development in both 8- and 12-week-old NOD mice. HMGB1 antibody treatment decreased the number and maturation of pancreatic lymph node (PLN) CD11c++CD11b+ dendritic cells, a subset of dendritic cells probably associated with autoantigen presentation to naïve T-cells, but increased the number for PLN CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T-cells. Blockade of HMGB1 also decreased splenic dendritic cell allo-stimulatory capability associated with increased tolergenic CD11c+CD8a+ dendritic cells. Interestingly, the number of CD8+interferon-γ+ (Tc1) T-cells was increased in the PLNs and spleen after blockade of HMGB1, which could be associated with retarded migration of activated autoreactive T-cells into the pancreatic islets.CONCLUSIONS—Extracellular HMGB1 functions as a potent innate immune mediator contributing to insulitis progression and diabetes onset.
Cannabinoid Type 1 Receptor Blockade Promotes Mitochondrial Biogenesis Through Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression in White Adipocytes
Authors: Tedesco Laura , Valerio Alessandra , Cervino Cristina , Cardile Annalisa , Pagano Claudio , Vettor Roberto , Pasquali Renato , Carruba Michele O. , Marsicano Giovanni , Lutz Beat , Pagotto Uberto , Nisoli Enzo 
Published: May 2008

OBJECTIVE—Cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptor blockade decreases body weight and adiposity in obese subjects; however, the underlying mechanism is not yet fully understood. Nitric oxide (NO) produced by endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) induces mitochondrial biogenesis and function in adipocytes. This study was undertaken to test whether CB1 receptor blockade increases the espression of eNOS and mitochondrial biogenesis in white adipocytes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We examined the effects on eNOS and mitochondrial biogenesis of selective pharmacological blockade of CB1 receptors by SR141716 (rimonabant) in mouse primary white adipocytes. We also examined eNOS expression and mitochondrial biogenesis in white adipose tissue (WAT) and isolated mature white adipocytes of CB1 receptor–deficient (CB1−/−) and chronically SR141716-treated mice on either a standard or high-fat diet.
RESULTS—SR141716 treatment increased eNOS expression in cultured white adipocytes. Moreover, SR141716 increased mitochondrial DNA amount, mRNA levels of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, and mitochondrial mass and function through eNOS induction, as demonstrated by reversal of SR141716 effects by small interfering RNA–mediated decrease in eNOS. While high-fat diet–fed wild-type mice showed reduced eNOS expression and mitochondrial biogenesis in WAT and isolated mature white adipocytes, genetic CB1 receptor deletion or chronic treatment with SR141716 restored these parameters to the levels observed in wild-type mice on the standard diet, an effect linked to the prevention of adiposity and body weight increase.
CONCLUSIONS—CB1 receptor blockade increases mitochondrial biogenesis in white adipocytes by inducing the expression of eNOS. This is linked to the prevention of high-fat diet–induced fat accumulation, without concomitant changes in food intake.
The decomposition reaction of lithium amide studied by anelastic spectroscopy and thermogravimetry
Authors: Palumbo Oriele , Paolone Annalisa , Rispoli Pasquale , D'Orazio Annalisa , Cantelli Rosario , Chandra Danesh 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The high temperature decomposition transformation of lithium amide into imide has been studied by anelastic spectroscopy and thermogravimetry. At the amide-to-imide phase transformation a huge elastic modulus increase takes place, whose change increases with the evolution of the decomposition. The modulus variation has been used to monitor the time and temperature progression of the reaction, and indications have been obtained that the reaction rates are faster than those usually reported. Moreover, formation of different phases is also detected at extremely low concentrations.
Properties of hydrogen absorption by nano-structured FeTi alloys
Authors: Haraki Takeshi , Oishi Keigo , Uchida Hirohisa , Miyamoto Yasuo , Abe Masatake , Kokaji Takayuki , Uchida Satoshi 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
In this study, two different nano-structured samples of the FeTi compound were prepared by mechanical alloying and mechanical grinding. For these samples, kinetics of the initial rate of hydrogen absorption, and the equilibrium hydrogen pressure as a function of hydrogen concentration were measured. Mechanical alloying of Fe and Ti atoms produced the FeTi compound powder samples with microstructures of a mixture of nano-structured FeTi grains and amorphous phases. This sample exhibited a high initial rate of hydrogen absorption even at 298 K, however, a strongly reduced hydrogen storage capacity. Mechanical grinding of the FeTi produced samples of particles with a particular microstructure: surface layers with a mixture of nano-structured FeTi grains and amorphous phases, and a single crystalline phase of FeTi below the surface layers for each particle. This sample exhibited a high initial rate of hydrogen absorption without a significant reduction of the hydrogen storage capacity compared with that of the standard FeTi sample. This mechanical grinding treatment was found to be an effective method of surface modification to improve the initial activation of the FeTi hydrogen storage alloy.
Laser-assisted atom probe tomography and nanosciences
Authors: Blavette Didier , Al Kassab Talaat , Cadel Emanuel , Mackel Alexander , Vurpillot François , Gilbert Mathieu , Cojocaru Oana , Deconihout Bernard 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
A laser assisted tomographic atom probe has recently been designed. The use of femtosecond laser evaporation pulses rather than of high-voltage pulses has opened the field of application of the technique to new materials such as semi-conductors and oxides. These classes of materials are of utmost importance in microelectronics for the design of nano-chips and nano-transistors in integrated devices. This type of instrument is the only 3D analytical microscope capable of mapping out the distribution of elements in a small volume (50 × 50 × 100 nm3) on a nearly atomic scale. In addition, the tomographic atom probe enables us to get quantitative composition measurements. This review illustrates the potential of this new instrument (laser assisted wide angle tomographic atom probe LaWaTAP) when applied to study scientific topics in nano-sciences. As an example, both the distribution of addition elements (Pt) during inter-diffusive reaction in NiSi contacts of nano-transistors and the investigation of interfaces in MgO/Fe tunnel junctions are presented and discussed.
Plant traits and regeneration of urban plant communities after disturbance: Does the bud bank play any role?
Authors: Latzel Vít , Mihulka Stanislav , Klimešová Jitka 
Published: May 2008

Abstract.Questions: What is the relative role of the bud bank, seed and various species traits in the regeneration of urban plant communities after severe disturbances? Do invasive and exotic species, highly abundant in disturbed communities, regenerate better than native species after disturbance?Methods: Hand tilling was applied to three urban plant communities with and without additional herbicide treatment to exclude regeneration from the bud bank. Plant traits were determined from the literature and databases. Species responses to the treatments were evaluated with RDA analyses in CANOCO. Linear models were applied to identify traits that could predict the responses of species to disturbance.Results: The bud bank played a key role in regeneration in the plots without herbicide. In the plots with herbicide treatment, the seed bank was important in re‐establishing vegetation after disturbance. Exclusion of the bud bank by using herbicide allowed the establishment of small annuals, whereas biennials and perennials were successful in plots where the bud bank was not inhibited by herbicide. Exotic species with a long residence time in the local flora were successful in plots where regeneration from the bud bank was excluded, whereas species with short residence times or that were invasive were suppressed by both types of disturbance.Conclusion: In response to various types of disturbance, species with different regeneration strategies (either seeds or bud bank) were promoted. Exotic species were suppressed primarily by disturbance, which suggests that factors other than just regenerative capability contributed to the high abundance of exotics in urban communities.
Recovery of subglacial water extent from Greenland radar survey data
Authors: Oswald G.K.A. , Gogineni S.P. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractSubglacial water threatens the stability of a deep ice sheet. The Greenland ice sheet has been the subject of extensive radar surveys under NASA’s PARCA program and others, yet the extent of basal water has not previously been explored in detail. This paper provides a method for recovering basal radar reflection characteristics that yield robust discrimination of subglacial water, using PARCA data, by narrowing the spread of measured echo intensities. Sources of validation are provided, and they support the procedure and its results. The method can be extended to the entire Greenland radar dataset. It is not dependent on details of radar characteristics but relies on sufficient penetration performance, high-fidelity data acquisition and appropriate treatment of signals and interface statistics.
Greenland ice sheet surface temperature, melt and mass loss: 2000–06
Authors: Hall Dorothy K. , Williams Richard S. , Luthcke Scott B. , Digirolamo Nicolo E. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA daily time series of ‘clear-sky’ surface temperature has been compiled of the Greenland ice sheet (GIS) using 1 km resolution moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) land-surface temperature (LST) maps from 2000 to 2006. We also used mass-concentration data from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) to study mass change in relationship to surface melt from 2003 to 2006. The mean LST of the GIS increased during the study period by ∼0.27°C a−1. The increase was especially notable in the northern half of the ice sheet during the winter months. Melt-season length and timing were also studied in each of the six major drainage basins. Rapid (<15 days) and sustained mass loss below 2000 m elevation was triggered in 2004 and 2005 as recorded by GRACE when surface melt begins. Initiation of large-scale surface melt was followed rapidly by mass loss. This indicates that surface meltwater is flowing rapidly to the base of the ice sheet, causing acceleration of outlet glaciers, thus highlighting the metastability of parts of the GIS and the vulnerability of the ice sheet to air-temperature increases. If air temperatures continue to rise over Greenland, increased surface melt will play a large role in ice-sheet mass loss.
Adolescent perceptions of indirect forms of relational aggression: sex of perpetrator effects
Authors: Coyne Sarah M. , Archer John , Eslea Mike , Liechty Toni 
Published: May 2008

AbstractDifferent types of aggressive behavior (both physical and relational) by boys and girls have been shown to be perceived differently by observers. However, most research has focused on adult perceptions of very young children, with little research examining other ages. The aim of this study is to establish any sex differences in adolescent perceptions of indirect forms of relational aggression enacted by boys and girls. One hundred and sixty adolescents were shown one of the two videos involving relational aggression and completed a questionnaire that assessed their perceptions of the aggression. The videos were identical except for the sex of the aggressor and the victim; one condition portrayed boy‐to‐boy aggression, the other showed girl‐to‐girl aggression. Results indicated that participants viewed boy‐to‐boy relational aggression as more justified. This study revealed that stereotypes about aggressive boys are perpetuated even when the aggression is a type that is not commonly associated with boys. Aggr. Behav. 34:577–583, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nanotechnology and its Impact on the German Energy Sector
Authors: Lambauer J. , Kolb S. , Kessler A. , Fahl U. , Voß A. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIn regard to finite resources and in view of the global climate change sustainable development in energy supply gains importance. In addition to the improvement of conventional technologies and the use of renewable energies in this context new technologies and innovations get more important. The described work analyses innovative products and processes based on nanotechnology, with respect to the German energy industry.
Cover Picture: Microstructural Design of Advanced Architectures in Titanium/Platinum Thin Films by Laser Interference Metallurgy (Adv. Eng. Mater. 5/2008)
Authors: Catrin R. , Lasagni A. F. , Gachot C. , Schmid U. , Mücklich F. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractDesigned Microstructures in Platinum thin films, displayed by Electron Back Scatter Diffraction (EBSD). More details can be found in the article of R. Catrin et al. on page 466.
Shape Anisotropy and Magnetization Modulation in Hexagonal Cobalt Nanowires
Authors: Liu Zuwei , Chang Pai‐Chun , Chang Chia‐Chi , Galaktionov Evgeniy , Bergmann Gerd , Lu Jia G. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractFerromagnetic cobalt nanowires with high‐crystalline quality are synthesized using a low‐voltage electrodeposition method. High‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) results show that the nanowires are uniform in size, and consist of predominantly hexagonal close‐packed (hcp) structure with the magnetocrystalline easy axis (c‐axis) perpendicular to the wire axis. Superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) measurements illustrate the dominance of shape anisotropy, manifested by the weak temperature dependence of the enhanced coercive field along the wire axis. Furthermore, the magnetic structures of individual, segmented, or intersected nanowires are studied using magnetic force microscopy. This reveals a strong dipole at the two ends of the wire, together with a spatial magnetization modulation along the wire. Based on theoretical modeling, such intrinsic modulation is attributed to magnetization frustration due to the competition between the magnetocrystalline polarization along the easy axis and the shape anisotropy along the wire axis.
Optical Nanoscale Pool‐on‐Surface Design for Control Sensing Recognition of Multiple Cations
Authors: El‐Safty Sherif A. , Ismail Adel A. , Matsunaga Hideyuki , Hanaoka Takaaki , Mizukami Fujio 
Published: May 2008

AbstractGeneral design of optical chemical nanosensors is needed to develop efficient sensing systems with high flexibility, and low capital cost for control recognition of toxic analytes. Here, we designed optical chemical nanosensors for simple, high‐speed detection of multiple toxic metal ions. The systematic design of the nanosensors was based on densely patterned chromophores with intrinsic mobility, namely, “building‐blocks” onto three‐dimensional (3D) nanoscale structures. The ability to precisely modify the nanoscale pore surfaces by using a broad range of chromophores that have different molecular sizes and characteristics enables detection of multiple toxic ions. A key feature of this building‐blocks design strategy is that the surface functionality and good adsorption characteristics of the fabricated nanosensor arrays enabled the development of “pool‐on‐surface” sensing systems in which high flux of the metal analytes across the probe molecules was achieved without significant kinetic hindrance. Such a sensing design enabled sensitive recognition of metal ions up to sub‐picomolar detection limits (∼10−11 mol dm−3), for first time, with rapid response time within few seconds. Moreover, because these sensing pools exhibited long‐term stability, reversibility and selectivity in detecting most pollutant cations, for example, Cr(VI), Pb(II), Co(II), and Pd(II) ions, they are practical and inexpensive. The key result in our study is that the pool‐on‐surface design for optical nanosensors exhibited significant ion‐selective ability of these target ions from environmental samples and waste disposals.
Design of Multilayered Nanostructures and Donor–Acceptor Interfaces in Solution‐Processed Thin‐Film Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Benten Hiroaki , Ogawa Michihiro , Ohkita Hideo , Ito Shinzaburo 
Published: May 2008

AbstractMultilayered polymer thin‐film solar cells have been fabricated by wet processes such as spin‐coating and layer‐by‐layer deposition. Hole‐ and electron‐transporting layers were prepared by spin‐coating with poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) oxidized with poly(4‐styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) and fullerene (C60), respectively. The light‐harvesting layer of poly‐(p‐phenylenevinylene) (PPV) was fabricated by layer‐by‐layer deposition of the PPV precursor cation and poly(sodium 4‐styrenesulfonate) (PSS). The layer‐by‐layer technique enables us to control the layer thickness with nanometer precision and select the interfacial material at the donor–acceptor heterojunction. Optimizing the layered nanostructures, we obtained the best‐performance device with a triple‐layered structure of PEDOT:PSS|PPV|C60, where the thickness of the PPV layer was 11 nm, comparable to the diffusion length of the PPV singlet exciton. The external quantum efficiency spectrum was maximum (ca. 20%) around the absorption peak of PPV and the internal quantum efficiency was estimated to be as high as ca. 50% from a saturated photocurrent at a reverse bias of −3 V. The power conversion efficiency of the triple‐layer solar cell was 0.26% under AM1.5G simulated solar illumination with 100 mW cm−2 in air.
The limits of validity of the Frequency Ratio Method: The particular case of γ Doradus stars
Authors: Suárez J.C. , Martín‐Ruiz S. , Moya A. , Amado P.J. , Rodríguez‐López C. , Rodríguez E. , Garrido R. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis work provides a general vision of the limits of validity of the Frequency Ratio Method applied to the g‐mode pulsators in asymptotic regime, the γ Doradus stars. In particular, the work is mainly focused on the role of rotation which is found one of the most important source of uncertainty of the method. The particular case of the moderately rotating γ Doradus star HD48501 is discussed. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
AsteroFLAG: First results from hare‐and‐hounds Exercise #1
Authors: Chaplin W.J. , Appourchaux T. , Arentoft T. , Ballot J. , Christensen‐Dalsgaard J. , Creevey O.L. , Elsworth Y. , Fletcher S.T. , García R.A. , Houdek G. , Jiménez‐Reyes S.J. , Kjeldsen H. , New R. , Régulo C. , Salabert D. , Sekii T. , Sousa S.G. , Toutain T. , the rest of the asteroFLAG group  
Published: May 2008

AbstractWe report on initial results from the first phase of Exercise #1 of the asteroFLAG hare and hounds. The asteroFLAG group is helping to prepare for the asteroseismology component of NASA's Kepler mission, and the first phase of Exercise #1 is concerned with testing extraction of estimates of the large and small frequency spacings of the low‐degree p modes from Kepler‐like artificial data. These seismic frequency spacings will provide key input for complementing the exoplanet search data. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)