bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Body Composition and Fatness Patterns in Prader‐Willi Syndrome: Comparison with Simple Obesity
Authors: Theodoro Mariana F. , Talebizadeh Zohreh , Butler Merlin G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To characterize the body composition of Prader‐Willi syndrome (PWS) subjects and compare with simple obesity.Research Methods and Procedures: Seventy‐two individuals (27 PWS deletion, 21 PWS uniparental disomy, and 24 obese controls) 10 to 49 years old were studied with the use of DXA. Body composition measures were obtained, and regional fat and lean mass patterns were characterized. Significant differences were assessed with Student's t test and ANOVA adjusting for age, gender, and BMI.Results: Significant differences between the PWS and obese groups were found for lean measures of the arms, legs, and trunk. Total lean mass was significantly lower in PWS than in obese subjects for arms, trunk, and especially legs. Furthermore, two body regions (legs and trunk) showed significant differences for fat and lean measures between PWS and obese males. However, significant differences between PWS and obese females for these measures were found only for the legs. No significant differences were identified between PWS deletion and uniparental disomy subjects.Discussion: Our results demonstrate that PWS individuals do, in fact, have an unusual body composition and fatness patterns, characterized by reduced lean tissue and increased adiposity, with PWS males contributing most with fat patterns more similar to females.
Rise of Plasma Ghrelin With Weight Loss is Not Sustained During Weight Maintenance
Authors: Garcia Jose M. , Iyer Dinakar , Poston Walker S. C. , Marcelli Marco , Reeves Rebecca , Foreyt John , Balasubramanyam Ashok 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Ghrelin is postulated to be an orexigenic signal that promotes weight regain after weight loss (WL). However, it is not known whether this putative effect of ghrelin is sustained after weight stabilization. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship of plasma ghrelin concentrations to active WL and weight maintenance in obese subjects.Research Methods and Procedures: This study was a randomized clinical trial, with a 12‐month follow‐up period. Obese Mexican‐American women matched for age and BMI were randomized to a 12‐month WL program (n = 25) or no intervention (controls, n = 23). Interventions included diet, exercise, and orlistat. Body weight and fasting ghrelin, leptin, insulin, and glucose concentrations were measured at baseline and 6 and 12 months.Results: The WL group lost 8.5% of body weight after 6 months and maintained the new weight for the next 6 months. Ghrelin concentrations increased significantly at 6 months but returned to baseline at 12 months. Baseline ghrelin concentrations were directly related to the degree of WL achieved after 12 months. Controls experienced no change in BMI or ghrelin levels. There were no associations between plasma ghrelin and leptin or insulin concentrations.Discussion: Consistent with previous results, ghrelin rises in response to WL, perhaps as a counterregulatory mechanism. However, the present results indicate that ghrelin concentrations return to baseline with sustained weight maintenance, suggesting that its effects are unlikely to regulate long‐term energy balance. Baseline ghrelin concentrations are related to the degree of WL that can be achieved by active weight reduction.
Iron Deficiency in Obese Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Lecube Albert , Carrera Alicia , Losada Eladio , Hernández Cristina , Simó Rafael , Mesa Jordi 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: This study evaluates whether the iron deficiency suggested in children and adolescents with overweight is also present with increasing age.Research Methods and Procedures: We examined 50 consecutive postmenopausal nondiabetic white women with a BMI ≥30 kg/m2 and 50 non‐obese seemingly healthy women as a control group. In addition to the traditional indices of iron status, we measured the soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) levels, a sensitive and highly quantitative indicator of early iron deficiency not influenced by the acute phase response.Results: Obese women have higher serum sTfR levels than control subjects [1.38 (range, 0.89 to 2.39) vs. 1.16 mg/dL (range, 0.69 to 2.03 mg/dL); p < 0.001]. However, no difference in ferritin concentration was observed between the groups [70.50 (range, 18 to 219) vs. 69.50 ng/mL (range, 24 to 270 ng/mL); p = not significant]. A positive correlation between BMI and sTfR concentration was detected. On multiple regression analyses, BMI (positively) and ferritin (inversely) were independent predictors accounting for sTfR.Discussion: These results suggest that a moderate degree of iron deficiency is also present among adult women with obesity. The determination of sTfR is useful in the evaluation of iron status in this condition. Further studies with a greater number of patients are required to investigate the relationship between tissue iron concentrations and obesity.
Transition from Overweight to Obesity Worsens Pregnancy Outcome in a BMI‐dependent Manner
Authors: Raatikainen Kaisa , Heiskanen Nonna , Heinonen Seppo 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To assess pregnancy outcomes in different BMI groups.Research Methods and Procedures: We analyzed 25, 601 singleton pregnancies from January 1989 to December 2001. Overweight women (prepregnancy BMI = 26 to 29 kg/m2) represented 13.2% (3388) of the cases, and 7.3% (1880) were obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2). The data were obtained from self‐administered questionnaires at 20 weeks of pregnancy, complemented by nurse interviews and clinical records. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to control for confounding factors.Results: Overweight and obese women had more previous deliveries, pregnancy terminations, miscarriages, and stillbirths, to have more diabetes and hypertension, and to smoke more often than normal weight women. The pregnancies were more often complicated by preeclampsia or chorioamnionitis (p < 0.001). Pregnancy outcomes were impaired in overweight and obese pregnant women, with respective odds ratios (95% confidence index) as follows: low Apgar score at 5 minutes, 1.54 (1.20 to 1.98) and 1.64 (1.22 to 2.28); newborn admission to a neonatal unit, 1.20 (1.06 to 1.37) and 1.38 (1.17 to 1.61); cesarean delivery, 1.22 (1.10 to 1.35) and 1.68 (1.48 to 1.91); fetal death, 1.54 (0.88 to 2.68) and 2.35 (1.28 to 4.32); perinatal death, 1.54 (0.98 to 2.42) and 2.19 (1.33 to 3.62).Discussion: Obesity, in particular during pregnancy, should be considered as an abnormal situation. An overweight condition increases obstetric risks in a BMI‐dependent manner. The risk of perinatal death more than doubles in the transition from an overweight to an obese condition. Modest weight loss could bring substantial advantages to obstetric outcome.
MedGem Hand‐Held Indirect Calorimeter Is Valid for Resting Energy Expenditure Measurement in Healthy Children
Authors: Fields David A. , Kearney Jay T. , Copeland Kenneth C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To assess the validity of a new hand‐held indirect calorimeter [MedGem (MG)] in the determination of resting energy expenditure (REE; kilocalories per day) in children.Research Methods and Procedures: One hundred male (n = 54) and female (n = 46) children (10.6 ± 3.2 years, 43.9 ± 19.0 kg, 146.1 ± 18.8 cm, 19.6 ± 4.9 kg/m2) participated. Children arrived at the University of Oklahoma body composition laboratory between 5:30 am and 6:15 am after an overnight fast. On arrival, subjects voided and remained quietly in the supine position for 15 minutes before testing. REE was measured by indirect calorimetry (in random order), with both the MG (sitting upright) and the criterion Delta Trac II (DT) (supine). Data are reported as the mean ± standard deviation.Results: The mean MG REE (1452 ± 355 kcal/d) was significantly higher than DT REE (1349 ± 296 kcal/d, p < 0.001). Bland‐Altman analysis revealed a mean bias (MG − DT) of 104 kcal/d, with limits of agreement of −241 to +449 kcal/d. To examine the difference in subject positioning, an independent sample of 38 subjects performed the MG in its normal position (sitting) and holding the MG in a supine position. REE by the MG in the sitting position (1475 ± 350 kcal/d) was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than the MG in the supine position (1419 ± 286 kcal/d).Discussion: The mean difference in REE between MG and DT was relatively small (103 kcal/d) but significant; however, a portion of this difference may have been related to differences in subject positioning. These preliminary data indicate that the MG shows promise as a valid tool in the assessment of REE in children.
The PPET Study: People and Pets Exercising Together
Authors: Kushner Robert F. , Blatner Dawn Jackson , Jewell Dennis E. , Rudloff Kimberly 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Obesity is a significant public health problem that is affecting people and their pets. The human‐companion animal bond and the role of pets in providing social support provides a rationale framework for studying the effectiveness of a combined people and pets (PP) exercising together (PPET) weight loss program.Research Methods and Procedures: Thirty‐six pairs of overweight or obese people with an obese pet (PP) and 56 overweight or obese people only (PO) participated in a 1‐year prospective controlled weight loss study. In a group format, people received dietary and physical activity counseling, and dogs were fed a calorie‐controlled prescription diet. Physical activity was recorded using the physical activity recall questionnaire.Results: Completion rates at 1 year were 61% for the PP group and 58% for the PO group. Mean weight losses at 12 months using last observation carried forward were 4.7% (PP) and 5.2% (PO). Mean weight loss among the dogs was 15%. Time spent in physical activity increased in both groups to 3.9 (PP) and 3.5 (PO) h/wk. Two‐thirds of total physical activity in the PP group was spent with the dogs.Discussion: The PPET study is the first program to demonstrate the effectiveness of a combined PP weight loss program. This fresh approach to the dual obesity epidemic builds on the human‐companion animal bond. Consideration of social support for weight loss of family members, friends, and coworkers should be extended to include pets.
Locomotor Strategies in Obese and Non‐obese Children
Authors: Nantel Julie , Brochu Martin , Prince François 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The constant strain in obese children may increase the risks of articular problems in adulthood. In the short term, obesity in children could lead to modifications of the gait pattern. The purpose of this study was to compare biomechanical parameters between obese and non‐obese children during self‐paced walking.Research Methods and Procedures: Gait analysis was performed on 10 non‐obese and 10 obese (body weight > 95th percentile) children between 8 and 13 years of age. Subjects were asked to walk at their own pace on a 10‐m walkway with two embedded AMTI force plates (Advanced Mechanical Technology, Watertown, MA) sampling at 960 Hz. Kinematics were captured with eight VICON optoelectronic cameras (Oxford Metrics Limited, Oxford, United Kingdom) recording at 60 Hz.Results: Obese children modified their hip motor pattern by shifting from extensor to flexor moment earlier in the gait cycle. This led obese children to significantly decrease the mechanical work done by the hip extensors during weight acceptance and significantly increase the mechanical work done by the hip flexors compared with non‐obese children. The ratio of power‐absorption‐by‐hip‐flexors to power‐generation‐by‐hip‐flexors was also significantly increased in the obese group compared with non‐obese children. Finally, there was a significant decrease in the single support duration in the obese group compared with non‐obese.Discussion: The kinetics analyzed showed that obese children could take advantage of a passive hip strategy to achieve forward progression during walking. However, considering that they are mechanically less efficient to transfer energy, walking at a natural cadence should be an appropriate exercise to reduce weight in obese children.
Weight Maintenance 2 Years after Participation in a Weight Loss Program Promoting Low‐Energy Density Foods
Authors: Greene Lori F. , Malpede Christie Z. , Henson C. Suzanne , Hubbert Kathy A. , Heimburger Douglas C. , Ard Jamy D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Observational study designed to determine weight outcomes and associated dietary intake patterns for a sample of participants ≥1 year after completing the University of Alabama at Birmingham EatRight Weight Management Program.Research Methods and Procedures: Seventy‐four former participants (64% women) completed follow‐up visits ≥1 year after participating in EatRight, which promotes low‐energy density, high‐complex carbohydrate foods. Weight maintenance was defined as gaining <5% of body weight since completion of the EatRight program and staying below their program entry weight. Those who gained ≥5% of their body weight since completion were classified as gainers.Results: During EatRight, participants of the follow‐up study lost an average of 4.0 kg. After a mean follow‐up time of 2.2 years, the average weight change was +0.59 kg (mean BMI, 32.5 kg/m2). Seventy‐eight percent of participants gained <5% of their body weight; 46% had no weight regain or continued weight loss. Unadjusted mean intake for maintainers was 1608 kcal, whereas calorie intake for gainers was 1989 kcal. Despite eating slightly fewer calories (adjusted difference, 244; p = 0.058), maintainers ate a similar amount of food, resulting in a lower energy‐density pattern (p = 0.016) compared with those who regained ≥5% of body weight. Gainers also reported consuming larger portions of several food groups.Discussion: Our results indicate that low‐energy‐density eating habits are associated with long‐term weight maintenance. Those who maintain weight after the EatRight program consume a low‐energy‐density dietary pattern and smaller portions of food groups potentially high in energy density than those who regain weight.
Central Obesity as a Risk Factor for Prostatic Hyperplasia
Authors: Lee Sangyeoup , Min Hong Gi , Choi Sang Han , Kim Yun Jin , Oh Sang Woo , Kim Young Joo , Park Yongsoon , Kim Sung Soo 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Obesity‐related metabolic diseases may influence prostatic hyperplasia. This study examined the impact of obesity on prostate volume in men without overt obesity‐related metabolic diseases.Research Methods and Procedures: We recruited 146 men over the age of 40 years who did not have overt obesity‐related diseases, such as diabetes, impaired fasting glucose, hypertension, or dyslipidemia. Transrectal ultrasonography was performed on all subjects. The subjects were divided into three groups according to their BMI: normal (18.5 to 22.9 kg/m2), overweight (23 to 24.9 kg/m2), and obese (≥25 kg/m2), and two groups according to their waist circumference: normal waist (≤90 cm) and central obesity (>90 cm). The classification of the subgroups was based on the Asia‐Pacific criteria of obesity. We compared the prostate volume among subgroups and assessed factors related to prostatic hyperplasia.Results: Mean prostate volume was 18.8 ± 5.0, 21.8 ± 7.2, and 21.8 ± 5.6 mL in the normal, overweight, and obese groups, respectively, and was 20.0 ± 5.9 and 23.7 ± 5.3 mL in the normal waist and central obesity group, respectively. Prostate volume was significantly greater in the obese group than in the normal group (P = 0.03) and in the central obesity group compared with the normal waist group (P = 0.002). Prostate volume was positively correlated with BMI and waist circumference after adjustment for age. After adjusting for confounding factors, central obesity was an independent factor affecting prostatic hyperplasia, which was defined as a prostate volume >20 mL (odds ratio = 3.37, p = 0.037). Relative to men with both low BMI (18.5 to 22.9 kg/m2) and normal waist circumference, those with high BMI (≥25 kg/m2) and central obesity were at significantly increased risk of prostatic hyperplasia (odds ratio = 4.88, p = 0.008). However, those with high BMI (≥25 kg/m2) and normal waist circumference were not at significantly increased risk.Discussion: Prostate volume was greater in the obese and central obesity groups than in the normal group after patients with overt obesity‐related metabolic diseases were excluded. Although both BMI and waist circumference were positively correlated with prostate volume, central obesity was the only independent factor affecting prostate hyperplasia. We suggest that central obesity is an important risk factor for prostatic hyperplasia.
Regulation of Secreted Protein Acidic and Rich in Cysteine during Adipose Conversion and Adipose Tissue Hyperplasia
Authors: Chavey Carine , Boucher Jérémie , Monthouël‐Kartmann Marie‐Noëlle , Sage E. Helene , Castan‐Laurell Isabelle , Valet Philippe , Tartare‐Deckert Sophie , Van Obberghen Emmanuel 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To explore the regulation of secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) expression and its role in adipose tissue.Research Methods and Procedures: We studied the regulation of SPARC expression in transgenic mice expressing the human β3 and α2 adrenergic receptors on a murine β3 adrenergic receptor null background that became obese under a high‐fat diet mainly as a result of adipose tissue hyperplasia. Furthermore, we analyzed its expression in human adipose tissue and its regulation during adipocyte differentiation.Results: SPARC protein in adipose tissue was increased in obese transgenic mice compared with control mice, indicating that SPARC expression was associated with adipose tissue hyperplasia. Both SPARC mRNA and protein were detected in human adipose tissue. Comparing adipocytes and vascular stroma, we found that SPARC expression was mainly associated with the adipocyte fraction. Consistent with this, SPARC transcript increased during differentiation of human primary preadipocytes. 3T3‐L1 preadipocytes showed an increase in SPARC expression in differentiated cells but with biphasic expression during the process. After induction in committed cells, SPARC mRNA and protein levels declined as differentiation began and returned to elevated levels in fully differentiated adipocytes.Discussion: SPARC expression correlated with adipose tissue hyperplasia and adipogenesis. Therefore, SPARC seems to play a role in adipose tissue physiology as it is involved in growth and differentiation.
Validation and Calibration of an Accelerometer in Preschool Children
Authors: Pate Russell R. , Almeida Maria J. , McIver Kerry L. , Pfeiffer Karin A. , Dowda Marsha 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Obesity rates in young children are increasing, and decreased physical activity is likely to be a major contributor to this trend. Studies of physical activity in young children are limited by the lack of valid and acceptable measures. The purpose of this study was to calibrate and validate the ActiGraph accelerometer for use with 3‐ to 5‐year‐old children.Research Methods and Procedures: Thirty preschool children wore an ActiGraph accelerometer (ActiGraph, Fort Walton Beach, FL) and a Cosmed portable metabolic system (Cosmed, Rome, Italy) during a period of rest and while performing three structured physical activities in a laboratory setting. Expired respiratory gases were collected, and oxygen consumption was measured on a breath‐by‐breath basis. Accelerometer data were collected at 15‐second intervals. For cross‐validation, the same children wore the same instruments while participating in unstructured indoor and outdoor activities for 20 minutes each at their preschool.Results: In calibrating the accelerometer, the correlation between V̇o2 (ml/kg per min) and counts was r = 0.82 across all activities. The only significant variable in the prediction equation was accelerometer counts (R2 = 0.90, standard error of the estimate = 4.70). In the cross‐validation, the intraclass correlation coefficient between measured and predicted V̇o2 was R = 0.57 and the Spearman correlation coefficient was R = 0.66 (p < 0.001). Cut‐off points for moderate‐ and vigorous‐intensity physical activity were identified at 420 counts/15 s (V̇o2 = 20 mL/kg per min) and 842 counts/15 s (V̇o2 = 30 mL/kg per min), respectively. When these cutpoints were applied to the cross‐validation data, percentage agreement, kappa, and modified kappa for moderate activity were 0.69, 0.36, and 0.38, respectively. For vigorous activity, the same measures were 0.81, 0.13, and 0.62.Discussion: Accelerometer counts were highly correlated with V̇o2 in young children. Accelerometers can be appropriately used as a measure of physical activity in this population.
Correcting Biases in Estimates of Mortality Attributable to Obesity
Authors: Greenberg James A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective:To assess whether a recent study that found a relatively small number of excess deaths attributable to obesity may have underestimated by not correcting for statistical biases.Research Methods and Procedures:This prospective cohort study used data from the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Epidemiologic Follow‐Up Study. Survival analyses were conducted using 9690 individuals 32 to 87 years of age and 1886 all‐cause deaths during a 9.1‐year follow‐up. Corrections were made for the reputed regression‐dilution bias by using the average BMI during the decade before follow‐up as predictor. Corrections for the reputed reverse‐causation bias were made by excluding participants with a history of serious illness. Attributable fractions were calculated and used to estimate excess deaths.Results:The uncorrected estimate of excess deaths attributable to obesity (BMI ≥30) was 41.9, using 18.5 to 25 kg/m2as ideal‐weight category. Using average BMI as predictor increased the estimate to 93.3. Correcting for reverse‐causation effects increased the estimate further to 131.1 (range, 93.3 to 169.0). The uncorrected hazard ratio, 1.25, was increased to 1.41 by using average BMI as predictor, and then to 2.40 by correcting for reverse causation. Using BMI 21 to 25 kg/m2and 23 to 25 kg/m2as ideal‐weight categories increased the corrected estimates to 144.6 (range, 80.5 to 177.2) and 164.1 (range, 103.8 to 194.9), respectively. Larger increases were found for overweight and Grade 2 to 4 obesity (BMI ≥35 kg/m2). For overweight, the uncorrected estimate using 18.5 to 25 kg/m2as ideal‐weight category was −88.3 and the corrected estimate using 23 to 25 kg/m2as ideal‐weight category was 205.4 (range, 114.5 to 296.3).Discussion:Correcting for statistical biases and using higher ideal‐weight categories increased the estimate of excess deaths attributable to obesity by ∼400% and changed the negative estimate for overweight to a large positive estimate.