bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The chrysanthemumcarboxylic acids I.—Preparation of the chrysanthemic acids
Authors: Harper S. H. , Reed H. W. B. , Thompson R. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe large‐scale laboratory preparation of (±)‐cis‐ and (±)‐trans‐chrysanthemic [2: 2‐dimethyl‐3‐isobutenylcyclopropane‐I‐carboxylic] acids is improved, in view of their importance as components of synthetic pyrethrins, e.g. allethrin.A short series of esters from (±)‐cis‐ and (±)‐trans‐chrysanthemic acids containing either —[CH2]n.C6H4CI‐p, where n = o, 1, and 2, or —CH2.CO.C6H4C1‐p, or —CH2.CC13 groups as the alcoholic components is prepared, representing DDT‐pyrethrin hybrids. Insecticidal testing shows these esters to be substantially non‐toxic to houseflies.
Amino‐acids in the proteins of herbage
Authors: Armstrong R. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe tryptophan, tyrosine, methionine, cystine and lysine contents of the proteins of 15 herbage species, together with some histidine values, have been determined by microbiological assay, and the difficulties associated with the hydrolysis of protein in the presence of carbohydrate and lipoid materials are discussed.The values found for tryptophan, tyrosine, methionine and lysine are slightly lower than those obtained by other workers for the analysis of leaf‐protein preparations. The low figures obtained for cystine are almost certainly due to its destruction during the preparation of the hydrolysates. It is suggested that there may be a wider variation in the amino‐acid make‐up of herbage species than has been previously observed.
Some biochemical aspects of bracken ‘POISONING’ in the ruminant animal. I.—Vitamin factors
Authors: Moon F. E. , Raafat M. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn examination has been made of the significance of several vitamin factors in the production of bracken ‘poisoning’ in ruminants. Bracken feeding led to a rapid cessation of urinary vitamin‐B1 excretion but this was not associated with any consistent increase in pyruvic acid excretion or in blood pyruvic acid concentration. Injections of vitamin B1 given to ruminants showing symptoms of bracken ‘poisoning’ did not produce any recovery. Although bracken‐fed ruminants probably have a subnormal vitamin‐B1 status, no evidence was obtained of any acute deficiency.Measurements of blood prothrombin time suggested that no deficiency of vitamin K is involved in the production of this disease, but low body‐reserves of vitamins A and C were found in experimental sheep which had died with bracken ‘poisoning’.
The fatty acids and glycerides of an indian sesame oil
Authors: Chakrabarty M. M. , Hilditch T. P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe component acids and glycerides in sesame oil (iodine value 114.1) extracted from seed grown in Eastern India have been investigated. The acids included palmitic 9.4, stearic 5.7, arachidic 1.2, oleic 35.0 and linoleic 48.4% (wt.). The glycerides follow the usual seed‐fat distribution: the chief members present are oleodilinoleins (40%), saturated‐oleo‐linoleins (37%) and dioleolinoleins (15%). 43% of the glycerides contain two linoleic groups and 53% contain one linoleic group per triglyceride molecule.The glyceride structure of groundnut, cottonseed, sesame, sunflower seed and soya‐bean oils are compared, with special reference to their respective dilinoleo‐ and monolinoleo‐glycerides.
The availability of soil phosphate. III.—The phosphate‐fixing capacity of soil
Authors: Yuen S. H. , Pollard A. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA method for measuring the phosphate fixation of soil is described, in which the soil‐phosphate mixture is evaporated to dryness and the unfixed phosphate subsequently extracted, using the Morgan reagent.In long‐term fertilizer experiments, ammonium sulphate decidedly increased the phosphate‐fixing capacity of soil. The effect of different forms of nitrogen on fixation was observed in laboratory experiments, those decreasing the pH causing increase in the fixing capacity of soil. Superphosphate reduced the fixing capacity of soil, probably through its partial saturation of the positive residual valencies of the clay complex. Potassium sulphate did not alter the phosphate‐fixing capacity of soil. Lime precipitated the added phosphate in less soluble forms and thus reduced the fixing capacity of the soil.Dung caused a marked reduction in phosphate‐fixing capacity, this effect being enhanced by application of lime. The existence of an H2PO4−‐Ca‐humic acid‐micelle linkage would explain the phenomena.Addition of iron oxide (hydrated) greatly increased the phosphate‐fixing capacity of soil. Addition of acid increased it and that of alkali reduced it, both in the absence and presence of added iron oxide. By removing free iron oxide, the fixing capacity of soil was not reduced and in some cases was further increased, suggesting that free iron oxide in soil was not the main constituent responsible for the fixation.The relative effects of exchangeable bases on the fixation of phosphate were, in decreasing order, H, K, Na, Mg, Ca. The present work supported the theory of an H2PO4−‐Ca‐micelle in soil.
Soil sterilization. I.—Ammonia and nitrate production in some glasshouse soils following steam sterilization
Authors: Davies J. N. , Owen O. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAmmonia production and subsequent nitrate formation have been followed in several types of glasshouse soils after partial sterilization by steam. If soil is steamed in situ and left undisturbed ammonia production continues for a considerable time and nitrate formation is negligible, despite the fact that the soil is open to any aerial and other fortuitous infections. If the same soil is incubated in bulk after steaming and disturbed periodically by sampling, ammonia concentration falls comparatively quickly and nitrification proceeds rapidly. This method of sampling apparently stimulates nitrification and has the same effect as deliberate contamination of the steamed soil by unsteamed soil. Results are adduced to show that a second or subsequent steaming is not so effective as the first one in stimulating ammonia production. There is some evidence that increase in ammonia production is accompanied by a reduction in the nitrate concentration at the same time.
Oxidation in apple juice. II.—Some observations on deaeration
Authors: Marshall C. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractRemoval of dissolved oxygen from apple juice in a laboratory deaeration‐apparatus has been studied. The efficiency of the deaerator for removing dissolved oxygen from cold water was found to vary with the initial oxygen content and history of the sample, and did not exceed 76%. The efficiency was raised to well over 80% by multiple‐stage deaeration, and to over 96% by single‐stage deaeration at temperatures of 120° F. or over.Oxygen removed from apple juice in the same apparatus was poor. Three‐stage deaeration at temperatures of 180° F. was required to attain 89% efficiency on fresh juice, whereas tank‐stored juice under similar conditions lost less than 40% of its oxygen. Oxygen dissolved in apple juice is believed to exist in both ‘free’ and ‘bound’ states, the proportion of ‘bound’ to ‘free’ increasing with length of storage. Only the ‘free’ oxygen is removed completely by deaeration.
Some biochemical aspects of bracken ‘poisoning’ in the ruminant animal. II.—The significance of the cyanogenetic principle of bracken
Authors: Moon F. E. , Raafat M. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDeterminations have been made of the amounts of HCN in bracken at various stages of maturity and of the apparent retention of cyanide by animals fed on fresh bracken, dried bracken and hay plus sodium cyanide.Newly emerging bracken shoots contained up to 50 mg. HCN per 100 g. dry matter but the mean value for early‐summer bracken (18 June to 16 July) was only 3·35 mg. per 100 g. dry matter and that for early‐autumn plants (18 Aug. to 27 Sept.) only 1·81 mg. per 100 g. A young second‐growth in October contained an average of 7·35 mg. per 100 g. There were considerable day‐to‐day fluctuations in the HCN content of bracken.As it was difficult to arrive at valid figures for normal urinary cyanide and thiocyanate no attempt was made to correct the urinary excretion values obtained for bracken‐fed animals but the apparent retention of HCN was nevertheless high in nearly all cases. HCN destroyed in the digestive tract or excreted through the lungs could not be measured, these fractions being included in the figures for apparent retention; the high apparent retention of HCN by bracken‐fed animals is therefore not regarded as sufficient evidence to indicate the cyanogenetic principle as a causative factor in ruminant bracken ‘poisoning.’ The relatively low HCN content of bracken during most of the season, the insignificant amounts of cyanide found in the liver and rumen contents of bracken ‘poisoned’ animals and the failure of thiosulphate injections to promote recovery suggest that danger arising from the cyanogenetic principle of bracken is likely to be slight. The administration of sodium cyanide did not lead to any increase in the combined urinary excretion of cyanide and thiocyanate, indicating a difference from the metabolism of the cyanogenetic principle of bracken.
The saponification of α‐monostearin in a monolayer
Authors: Jellinek H. H. G. , Roberts M. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe saponification of α‐monostearin in a monolayer over a range of surface pressures and temperatures has been studied on a substrate of o‐IN‐sodium hydroxide. Pseudo‐unimolecular constants have been found for the range 13.5–21°C., but above 22°C. the reaction is retarded in its later stages. The results at the lower temperatures indicate that the soap remains in the monolayer and that the molecular areas of soap and monoglyceride are additive. The energy of activation of the monolayer reaction has been compared with that of saponification in bulk.
Birefringence iodine reactions and fine‐structure of waxy starches
Authors: Baker Frank , Whelan W. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMicroscopic examination of iodine‐stained waxy starches has shown the presence of linear (blue‐staining) components in the centres of the granules, corresponding with the points of intersection of the polarization crosses. This, and other evidence, is used in postulating a structure for the starch grain in which the proportion of linear to branched component decreases from the centre to the periphery; two ways in which this transition might occur are suggested.
The chemical composition of some english market apples and their juices
Authors: Ayres Audrey , Fallows Pat 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAnalyses of freshly expressed apple juices for a number of chemical constituents are presented. The analyses extended over a period of five consecutive seasons and the effect of source of the fruit, variety, etc., is indicated. The wide range of figures for any one constituent is so large that the use of chemical analyses to check the juice content of various liquid apple products is shown to be impracticable. An extensive list of the ascorbic acid contents of whole apples from the best‐known market varieties in this country is given.
The amino‐acids of several grassland species, cereals and bracken
Authors: Smith A. M. , Agiza A. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractVarious species of plants have been sampled at different stages of first and second growth from field crops and from special plots; the proteins have been extracted and hydrolysed and the amino‐acids separated by two‐dimensional chromatography on paper. Fourteen amino‐acids have been determined colorimetrically and the proportions of the acids have been found to be affected by such factors as stage of growth, season, nitrogenous fertilizers and species. Several consistent changes, particularly in arginine, lysine and glutamic acid, have been recorded and attention has been directed to the difficulty of comparing plant proteins without a knowledge of the conditions in which the plants have been grown and sampled.
The component fatty acids and glycerides of tung oil
Authors: Hilditch T. P. , Mendelowitz A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe component acids and glycerides of several specimens of tung oils have been investigated. Oils of both Aleurites Fordii and A. montana species were included and one oil from authentic A. montana nuts contained as high (78%) a proportion of elaeostearic acid as that usually associated with A. Fordii oils, although a Nyasaland oil of the A. montana type contained only 72% of elaeostearic acid in its total acids. The proportion of elaeostearic acid in the mixed acids of the oils examined varied between 72% and 82%, but it is considered that these differences are more likely to be due to environmental than to genetic influences.The oil of lowest (72%) elaeostearic acid content contained 23% of trielaeostearin, 67% of dielaeostearic and 10% of monoelaeostearic glycerides, whereas that of the highest (82%) elaeostearic acid content contained 56% of trielaeostearin, 40% of dielaeostearic and 4% of monoelaeostearic glycerides: the difference in constituent glycerides is especially pronounced at this particular range of elaeostearic acid content, owing to the normal effect of the ‘rule of even distribution’.The validity of heat‐gelation tests for adulteration of tung oils is critically discussed.
The determination of fat peroxide in small samples of the lean and fatty tissues of meat by the ferric thiocyanate method
Authors: Smith G. Howard 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe photometric ferric thiocyanate procedure of Loftus Hills and Thiel for the estimation of fat peroxide has been adapted for the examination of the fat in small samples of the lean and fatty tissues of meat. A modification in the mode of addition of the reagents has been made which improves the reproducibility of the results and the effect of certain water‐soluble antioxidants on the determination has been investigated.
The movement of a radio‐phosphorus‐labelled insecticide in groundnut plants
Authors: Stein L. H. , Alper Tikvah , Anderssen E. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAs part of an investigation into the efficacy of the systemic insecticide Pestox III (octamethylpyrophosphoramide, Schradan) as a. protective agent against aphis‐borne virus rosette in groundnuts, the movement of 32P‐labelled Pestox was followed. Plants were sampled at random in groups of ten at intervals up to 25 days after spraying. The parts above ground were treated so that Pestox‐contained radioactivity and other radioactivity could be assayed separately. Roots, nuts and soil samples were tested for total radioactivity only. It was found that decrease in radioactivity in the parts above ground was due to loss of Pestox as a whole. The largest loss was due to evaporation immediately after spraying and a further loss took place by movement into the roots, nuts and soil. There was no decomposition of Pestox until more than 18 days after spraying. The radioactivity in the roots and soil samples increased steadily with time.
Acacia mollissima willd. II—extractives from the wood
Authors: Stephen A. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe total acetone extract from the timber of Acacia mollissima Willd (black wattle) contains phlobatannin, ‘phlobaphene,’ pinitol, fructose and an isohexane‐soluble fraction consisting mainly of a monohydric alcohol which shows sterol reactions. The tannin and phlobaphene differ from wattle‐bark tannin and from one another in their degree of hydroxylation, but yield oxidation products of similar type and methylated derivatives of high molecular weight (1300 to 4800). Chromatographic separation of the products of alkali fusion reveals a number of benzenoid hydroxy‐acids. A preliminary survey shows that there are wide variations in the yield of extractives from different trees grown in a single plantation.
The extraction of cacao pigments
Authors: Forsyth W. G. C. , Rombouts J. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe belief that the anthocyanins of the cacao bean are rendered alcohol‐soluble during sun‐drying by a photochemical process is shown to be without foundation. The extract‐ability by ethanol depends on the extent to which the beans are dehydrated before the tissues are killed. When not sufficiently dehydrated at the time of killing, the vacuole contents can migrate and, when dried, are retained by adsorption. However, when quickly dehydrated, the coloured anthocyanins remain in situ in an alcohol‐extractable form. In fresh cacao beans the anthocyanins are present as free colour‐bases, free colourless pseudo‐bases, and as ethanol‐insoluble colourless complexes with other polyphenols.
Trimethylamine‐producing bacteria in whalemeat
Authors: Robinson R. H. M. , Ingram G. C. , Eddy B. P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe ability of organisms isolated from the flora of whalemeat to produce trimethylamine from trimethylamine oxide, choline and lecithin has been investigated with reference to the production of ‘fishy’ flavours. More than half produced it from trimethylamine oxide, one‐eighth from choline and none from lecithin. It is not decided how far this may be significant in commercial practice.
Effects of soil cultivation on the growth and yield of winter wheat. I.—soil cultivation and winter survivals
Authors: Singh Khazan 
Published: November 2006

Abstract1. The effects of three types of soil preparation—ploughing to 8 in., use of a cultivator 3 to 4 in. deep or more, shallow cultivation to 1 1/2‐2 in.—on the winter survivals of wheat were examined on six farms and during three seasons.2. The effects varied with the type of soil and with the season; open‐textured and light soils were the chief types in which winter survivals were affected by cultivation. In ploughed and 4‐in.‐cultivated soils winter survival was superior to that in shallow‐cultivated soils in mild seasons; the reverse was true in the severe winter of 1946–47.3. In the moderate seasons of 1945–46 and 1947–48, early frost caused higher mortality after shallow cultivation as a result of the shallower placement of seed. In the severe winter, with deeper ground‐frost, of 1946–47, the relative depth of penetration of frost into the soil in the arable layer was the factor primarily concerned in producing greater frostinjury to the plants in the ploughed and deep‐cultivated plots, as compared with the shallow‐cultivated. The seed‐bed left after shallow cultivation was more compact than that after ploughing or deep cultivation and seemed to be associated with the effects of different types of cultivation on winter survivals in 1946–47.4. It is suggested that early sowing of the crop with shallow cultivation to about 2 in. would reduce the risk of frost injury in the open‐textured and light soils during moderate as well as severe winters. Sowing must be early enough to ensure good establishment of the plants before the frosty periods.5. Varietal differences in susceptibility to winter killing were of the same order under the three types of cultivation treatments and in all soils. Neither cultivation nor varietal selection alone could give a normal stand in a severely affected soil such as Burdiehouse. In such soil, shallow cultivation (2 in.) and use of a frost‐resistant variety would probably give a stand of plants equal to that in a soil in which no frost injury occurred.
Physico‐chemical studies on the application of insecticides to sheep fleece. II—the action of dilute solutions of cationic wetting agents on fleece
Authors: Addison C. C. , Furmidge C. G. L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe reaction of natural fleece with wetting agents changes sharply at a critical concentration near that for micelle formation in solution. This paper describes the behaviour of cationic wetting agents at concentrations below this critical value. Measurements of the apparent removal from aqueous solution (termed the ‘inactivation’) of cetylpyridinium chloride by samples of Scotch Blackface fleece over periods of time show that such inactivation is considerable, even after one minute. The inactivation has been determined from decrease in the interfacial activity of the solution after contact with the fleece.The high inactivation observed is due to grease and suint on the wool; inactivation by the cleaned fibres is relatively slight. Suint influences the interfacial activity of the solution by co‐precipitation between the long‐chain suint anions and the cetyl cations, and also by the introduction of inorganic salts. High adsorption, with some absorption, occurs at the grease surface. Consideration is given to the mutual interference between these two effects.The inactivation is directly proportional to concentration up to 0.0025M. and the isotherm is almost independent of grease and suint content of the fleece; reasons for this, and possible implications, are discussed.
The relative toxicity of 2 : 4‐dichlorophenoxy‐acetic acid and 2‐methyl‐4‐chlorophenoxyacetic acid to wheat, oats and barley
Authors: Allen H. P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe herbicides 2‐methyl‐4‐chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) and 2:4‐dichlorophenoxy‐acetic acid (2,4‐D) are compared, as regards their relative toxicity to the cereals wheat, oats and barley. Reference is made to the main factors governing toxicity, in particular nature of derivative, which affects not only toxicity of each chemical but the relative toxicity of one as compared with the other. The influence of concentration on toxicity is dealt with, it is shown that the so‐called concentration effect is bound up with derivative, crop and even variety of crop to a certain extent. Again, stage of development of crop at time of application of chemical appears to have a profound effect on the relative toxicity of the two growth substances.The cereals are dealt with in turn; and the general impression arising from evidence both from this country and abroad is that the wheat crop is fairly resistant to both MCPA and 2,4‐D, provided that dosage rate of chemical and stage of crop are correct for the circumstances prevailing. Oats is the most susceptible of the three cereal crops to a lowering of yield and grain quality as a result of hormone treatment; experimental results suggest that, with spring oats at least, 2,4‐D is more toxic than MCPA. Finally, barley seems more liable to abnormalities than either oats or wheat, and more abnormalities on this crop are caused by 2,4‐D than by MCPA. Though not necessarily related to loss of yield, abnormalities are definite manifestations of toxicity and on this basis 2,4‐D is the more toxic to barley of the two growth substances under discussion.
The lignin fraction of animal feeding‐stuffs. II—Investigation of lignin determination procedures and development of a method for ‘acid‐insoluble lignin’
Authors: Moon F. E. , Abou‐Raya A. K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractExamination of humin residues obtained at various stages during lignin determination and of the alcohol‐soluble fraction of pre‐treated food materials has indicated the necessity for modifying the procedures used in lignin determination. Factors affecting the dispersion and hydrolysis of cellulose are reported, and it is shown that in order to determine as lignin only material insoluble in concentrated acid it is necessary to filter without dilution after the main treatment. A method for determining ‘acid‐insoluble lignin’ is proposed and shown to give satisfactory agreement between replicates.