bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lower-Extremity Strength Differences Predict Activity Limitations in People With Chronic Stroke
Authors: Kluding Patricia , Gajewski Byron 
Published: November 2008

BackgroundBody system impairments following stroke have a complex relationship with functional activities. Although gait and balance deficits are well-documented in people after stroke, the overlapping influence of body impairments makes it difficult to prioritize interventions.ObjectiveThis study examined the relationship between prospectively selected measures of body function and structure (body mass index, muscle strength, sensation, and cognition) and activity (gait speed, gait endurance, and functional balance) in people with chronic stroke.DesignThis was a cross-sectional, observational study.MethodsTwenty-six individuals with mean (SD) age of 57.6 (11) years and time after stroke of 45.4 (43) months participated. Four variables (body mass index, muscle strength difference between the lower extremities, sensation difference between the lower extremities, and Mini-Mental Status Exam score) were entered into linear regression models for gait speed, Six-Minute Walk Test distance, and Berg Balance Scale score.ResultsLower-extremity strength difference was a significant individual predictor for gait speed, gait endurance, and functional balance. Cognition significantly predicted only gait speed.LimitationsThe authors did not include all possible factors in the model that may have influenced gait and balance in these individuals.ConclusionsStrength deficits in the hemiparetic lower extremity should be an important target for clinical interventions to improve function in people with chronic stroke.
Crisis Intervention: Theoretical and Methodological Considerations
Authors: Raphael Beverley 
Published: November 2008

This paper is a theoretical and methodological dissertation on the concept of crisis intervention as an instrument of primary prevention; appropriate current literature is reviewed. The concepts of crisis are discussed briefly, and a concept emphasizing the intrapsychic state of the individual is proposed. The relevance of crisis with its period of disturbed functioning and its potential immediate and long-term sequelae for mental and physical health and social adaptation is reviewed. The concepts of crisis intervention are explored and dealt with. Each is looked at from the aspects of epidemiologically established basis, forms of intervention, both actual and hypothesized, and methodology of evaluation of effectiveness.
Glycogen synthase kinase‐3β and tau genes interact in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Kwok John B. J. , Loy Clement T. , Hamilton Gillian , Lau Edmond , Hallupp Marianne , Williams Julie , Owen Michael J. , Broe G. Anthony , Tang Nelson , Lam Linda , Powell John F. , Lovestone Simon , Schofield Peter R. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractObjectiveWe examined the epistatic effect between haplotypes of glycogen synthase kinase‐3β (GSK3B) gene and microtubule‐associated protein Tau (MAPT) gene in Alzheimer's disease (AD).MethodsA genetic association study of three AD cohorts was made. Linear regression analyses were used to examine effects of MAPT polymorphisms on gene expression and alternative splicing. β‐Catenin levels and signaling were determined using Western blot and luciferase reporter assays in cells transfected with a combination of GSK3B and MAPT complementary DNA.ResultsConsistent interaction between GSK3B and MAPT genes in three late‐onset AD cohorts was observed, with the GSK3B haplotype (T‐T) significantly increasing the risk for AD in individuals with at least one H2 haplotype (odds ratio, 1.68–2.33; p = 0.005–0.036). The GSK3B haplotype was significantly protective in the Chinese cohort (odds ratio, 0.33; p = 0.016), after adjusting for the effect of age and sex. There are significant differences in in vivo transcriptional efficiency between the two MAPT haplotypes (H1 and H2) as determined by measurement of cerebellar transcripts (p < 0.001). Overexpression of either MAPT or GSK3B resulted in decreased β‐catenin levels compared with a control vector (p < 0.001). Conversely, cotransfection of both of these molecules increased β‐catenin signaling.InterpretationOur genetic and biochemical analyses have identified a novel interaction between Tau and GSK‐3β in late‐onset AD causative factors. Our data are consistent with an epistatic model of interaction where discordant levels of GSK3B and MAPT gene expression can lead to altered β‐catenin levels and pathogenicity. Ann Neurol 2008
Claudin 1 overexpression increases invasion and is associated with aggressive histological features in oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: dos Reis Patricia Pintor , Bharadwaj Rikki R. , Machado Jerry , MacMillan Christina , Pintilie Melania , Sukhai Mahadeo A. , Perez‐Ordonez Bayardo , Gullane Patrick , Irish Jonathan , Kamel‐Reid Suzanne 
Published: November 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND.The authors have previously shown that overexpression of claudin 1 (CLDN1) is associated with advanced disease stage in oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs). Their goal was to examine CLDN1 expression in a large series of primary OSCCs and to further investigate whether CLDN1 overexpression plays a role in invasion in OSCC.METHODS.CLDN1 gene expression levels were determined by quantitative real‐time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (QRT‐PCR) in 100 primary OSCCs. CLDN1 protein expression was examined by immunohistochemistry in 70 of 100 OSCCs. E‐Cadherin protein levels were also assessed in 58 OSCCs. The authors performed a transwell Matrigel invasion assay for assessment of the invasive potential of CLDN1 overexpressing oral carcinoma cells. Western blotting and QRT‐PCR were used to assess CLDN1 expression in transfected cells and controls.RESULTS.CLDN1 mRNA was increased (median = 18.5) in 79 of 100 OSCCs, compared with normal oral mucosa (expression = 1.0). CLDN1 overexpression was associated with angiolymphatic (P = .037) and perineural invasion (P = .051). CLDN1 was highly expressed in 48 of 70 (68%) OSCCs. E‐Cadherin was lost or underexpressed in 49 of 58 (84%) OSCCs. The invasion assay showed that cells overexpressing CLDN1 have increased invasive potential, whereas small interfering RNA–mediated depletion of CLDN1 decreased the invasive potential of cells.CONCLUSIONS.CLDN1 overexpression is associated with angiolymphatic and perineural invasion, consistent with aggressive tumor behavior. Overexpression of CLDN1 protein is associated with increased invasiveness of oral carcinoma cells. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Excessive CpG 1668 stimulation triggers IL‐10 production by cDC that inhibits IFN‐α responses by pDC
Authors: Waibler Zoe , Anzaghe Martina , Konur Abdo , Akira Shizuo , Müller Werner , Kalinke Ulrich 
Published: November 2008

AbstractUpon stimulation with a wide range of concentrations of CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 2216 (CpG 2216), plasmacytoid DC are induced to produce type I IFN (IFN‐α/β). In contrast, CpG 1668 shows a bell‐shaped dose–response correlation, i.e. only intermediate but not high doses of CpG 1668 induce IFN‐α/β. Interestingly, high‐dose CpG 1668 completely inhibited IFN‐α responses induced by CpG 2216. Experiments using supernatant of high‐dose CpG‐1668‐treated cells indicated that secreted inhibitor(s) mediated the IFN‐α shut‐off. Among modulating cytokines, IL‐10 turned out to be one important negative regulator. In line with this, supernatants of IL‐10‐deficient DC cultures stimulated with high‐dose CpG 1668 did not inhibit IFN‐α production. Interestingly, high‐dose CpG 1668 also inhibited IFN‐α responses induced by the DNA‐encoded mouse cytomegalovirus, whereas IFN‐α responses induced by negative‐strand RNA‐encoded vesicular stomatitis virus were only marginally affected. Experiments with DC cultures devoid of TLR9 indicated that TLR9 was critically required to mediate stimulatory and modulatory signals by low and high concentrations of CpG 1668, respectively. Analysis of purified DC subsets showed that conventional DC were the main IL‐10 producers, whereas plasmacytoid DC hardly produced any IL‐10.
Fruit and vegetable consumption and pancreatic cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition
Authors: Vrieling Alina , Verhage Bas A.J. , van Duijnhoven Fränzel J.B. , Jenab Mazda , Overvad Kim , Tjønneland Anne , Olsen Anja , Clavel‐Chapelon Françoise , Boutron‐Ruault Marie‐Christine , Kaaks Rudolf , Rohrmann Sabine , Boeing Heiner , Nöthlings Ute , Trichopoulou Antonia , John Tountas , Dimosthenes Zilis , Palli Domenico , Sieri Sabina , Mattiello Amalia , Tumino Rosario , Vineis Paolo , van Gils Carla H. , Peeters Petra H.M. , Engeset Dagrun , Lund Eiliv , Rodríguez Suárez Laudina , Jakszyn Paula , Larrañaga Nerea , Sánchez María‐José , Chirlaque María‐Dolores , Ardanaz Eva , Manjer Jonas , Lindkvist Björn , Hallmans Göran , Ye Weimin , Bingham Sheila , Khaw Kay‐Tee , Roddam Andrew , Key Tim , Boffetta Paolo , Duell Eric J. , Michaud Dominique S. , Riboli Elio , Bueno‐de‐Mesquita H. Bas 
Published: November 2008

AbstractMany case‐control studies have suggested that higher consumption of fruit and vegetables is associated with a lower risk of pancreatic cancer, whereas cohort studies do not support such an association. We examined the associations of the consumption of fruits and vegetables and their main subgroups with pancreatic cancer risk within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). EPIC is comprised of over 520,000 subjects recruited from 10 European countries. The present study included 555 exocrine pancreatic cancer cases after an average follow‐up of 8.9 years. Estimates of risk were obtained by Cox proportional hazard models, stratified by age at recruitment, gender, and study center, and adjusted for total energy intake, weight, height, history of diabetes mellitus, and smoking status. Total consumption of fruit and vegetables, combined or separately, as well as subgroups of vegetables and fruits were unrelated to risk of pancreatic cancer. Hazard ratios (95% CI) for the highest versus the lowest quartile were 0.92 (0.68–1.25) for total fruit and vegetables combined, 0.99 (0.73–1.33) for total vegetables, and 1.02 (0.77–1.36) for total fruits. Stratification by gender or smoking status, restriction to microscopically verified cases, and exclusion of the first 2 years of follow‐up did not materially change the results. These results from a large European prospective cohort suggest that higher consumption of fruit and vegetables is not associated with decreased risk of pancreatic cancer. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Econometrics of auctions by least squares
Authors: Rezende Leonardo 
Published: November 2008

AbstractI investigate using the method of ordinary least squares (OLS) on auction data. I find that for parameterizations of the valuation distribution that are common in empirical practice, an adaptation of OLS provides unbiased estimators of structural parameters. Under symmetric independent private values, adapted OLS is a specialization of the method of moments strategy of Laffont, Ossard and Vuong (1995). In contrast to their estimator, here simulation is not required, leading to a computationally simpler procedure. The paper also discusses using estimation results for inference on the shape of the valuation distribution, and applicability outside the symmetric independent private values framework. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Does the loss of regularity really appear?
Authors: Lu Xiaojun , Reissig Michael 
Published: November 2008

AbstractIn the theory of weakly hyperbolic equations we have the effect of loss of regularity. The present paper devotes to the study of two problems. On the one hand we describe families of weakly hyperbolic Cauchy problems for which we have no loss of regularity. On the other hand we discuss the question if the loss of derivatives really appears. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Existence of solutions to a phase transition model with microscopic movements
Authors: Feireisl Eduard , Petzeltová Hana , Rocca Elisabetta 
Published: November 2008

AbstractWe prove the existence ofweak solutionsfor a 3D phase change model introduced by Michel Frémond in (Non‐smooth Thermomechanics. Springer: Berlin, 2002) showing, viaa prioriestimates, the weak sequential stability property in the sense already used by the first author in (Comput. Math. Appl.2007;53:461–490). The result follows by passing to the limit in an approximate problem obtained adding a superlinear part (in terms of the gradient of the temperature) in the heat flux law. We first prove well posedness for this last problem and then—using propera prioriestimates—we pass to the limit showing that the total energy is conserved during the evolution process and proving the non‐negativity of theentropy production ratein a suitable sense. Finally, these weak solutions turn out to be theclassicalsolution to the original Frémond's model provided all quantities in question are smooth enough. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chocolate at heart: The anti‐inflammatory impact of cocoa flavanols
Authors: Selmi Carlo , Cocchi Claudio A. , Lanfredini Mario , Keen Carl L. , Gershwin M. Eric 
Published: November 2008

AbstractChronic and acute inflammation underlies the molecular basis of atherosclerosis. Cocoa‐based products are among the richest functional foods based upon flavanols and their influence on the inflammatory pathway, as demonstrated by severalin vitroorex vivostudies. Indeed, flavanols modify the production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines, the synthesis of eicosanoids, the activation of platelets, and nitric oxide‐mediated mechanisms. A relative paucity of data still characterizes thein vivoimplications of these findings albeit there have been studies suggesting that the regular or occasional consumption of cocoa‐rich compounds exerts beneficial effects on blood pressure, insulin resistance, vascular damage, and oxidative stress. Accordingly, rigorous controlled human studies with adequate follow‐up and with the use of critical dietary questionnaires are needed to determine the effects of flavanols on the major endpoints of cardiovascular health.
Case–control analysis with a continuous outcome variable
Authors: Jiang Yannan , Scott Alastair , Wild Chris J. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractIt is not uncommon for a continuous outcome variableYto be dichotomized and analysed using logistic regression. Moser and Coombs (Statist. Med.2004;23:1843–1860) provide a method for converting the output from a standard linear regression analysis using the original continuous outcomeYto give much more efficient inferences about the same odds‐ratio parameters being estimated by the logistic regression. However, these results apply only to prospective studies. This paper follows up Moser and Coombs by providing an efficient linear‐model‐based solution for data collected using case–control studies. Gains in statistical efficiency of up to 240 per cent are obtained even with small to moderate odds ratios. Differences in design efficiency between case–control and prospective sampling designs are found to be much smaller, however, when linear‐model‐based analyses are being used than they are when logistic regression analyses are being used. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sicherheitsverglasungen als Hybridbauteil
Authors: Weller Bernhard , Weimar Thorsten 
Published: November 2008

AbstractHybride Bauteile spielen im Bauwesen eine immer größere Rolle. Durch die gezielte Kombination von unterschiedlichen Werkstoffen zu einem Verbundwerkstoff lassen sich gewünschte Gebrauchseigenschaften erweitern oder optimieren, die einer allein nicht leisten kann. Im Konstruktiven Glasbau trägt die Verbindung des spröden Baustoffes Glas mit duktilen Materialien entscheidend dazu bei, das Anwendungsspektrum über die Werkstoffgrenzen hinaus zu erweitern. Im Bereich der Sicherheitssonderverglasungen besteht die Möglichkeit, die allgemeinen und angriffhemmenden Gebrauchseigenschaften durch ein Hybridbauteil aus Glas und Polycarbonat zu optimieren. Diese Verbundtafeln sind im Vergleich zu konventionellen Verbund‐Sicherheitsgläsern schlanker und leichter. Dazu wurde das Tragverhalten und Resttragverhalten der Glas‐Polycarbonat‐Verbundtafeln experimentell untersucht. Die Ergebnisse bilden die Grundlage für Berechnungsmethoden und die ingenieurmäßige Erfassung von Glas‐Polycarbonat‐Verbundtafeln. Am Institut für Baukonstruktion der Technischen Universität Dresden bilden hybride Bauteile aus Glas einen Schwerpunkt der aktuellen Forschungsarbeit.
Experimental study of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with a GFRP channel and CFRP sheets
Authors: Hong Won‐Kee , Park Seon‐Chee , Kim Hee‐Cheul , Kim Jin‐Min , Kim Seung‐Il , Lee Seung‐Geun 
Published: November 2008

AbstractGlass–fibre‐reinforced polymer (GFRP) jackets were used in several different ways to improve the flexural and shear performance of reinforced concrete (RC) beams. The GFRP jacket increased both the ductility and the strength of the concrete beam. An experimental and analytical study was conducted to investigate the use of the GFRP channel in improving the flexural capacity of a RC wide beam. The parameters investigated in this study were stiffness, ductility and failure mode. The test results showed that using the GFRP channel significantly improved the flexural capacity of the RC wide beams. The tensile stresses due to the inclined cracks in the concrete can be transferred to the concrete on each side of the crack when interfacial bond activities are maintained. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal ultrasonographic diagnosis of polymicrogyria
Authors: Dhombres F. , Nahama‐Allouche C. , Gelot A. , Jouannic J.‐M. , Billette de Villemeur T. , Saint‐Frison M.‐H. , Ducou le Pointe H. , Garel C. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractWe report a rare case of polymicrogyria diagnosed at 27 weeks' gestation on ultrasound examination and associated with cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. The ultrasound finding suggesting this diagnosis was the direct visibility of the overfolded cortical ribbon. The cerebral surface was clearly visible because of a markedly enlarged pericerebral space associated with micrencephaly secondary to CMV infection. Bilateral opercular dysplasia was also present. Very few sonographic markers of infectious fetopathy were observed other than periventricular cysts located behind both ventricular horns. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the fetal brain confirmed the ultrasound findings and also showed the presence of marked micrencephaly, whereas cephalic measurements acquired on ultrasound examination (biparietal diameter and head circumference) were within the normal range. This case emphasizes the complementary roles of sonography and MRI in the prenatal diagnosis of cerebral abnormalities. Moreover, it illustrates the fact that polymicrogyria is easier to diagnose on ultrasound examination during the second trimester, before the development of secondary sulci. Copyright © 2008 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The thyme is nigh
Authors: Tulloch Alexander 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTSome religious etymologies in English.Whatever religious beliefs we hold or do not hold, there is no denying the fact that all cultures are affected to a greater or lesser degree by religion. Whether or not we attend church on a Sunday, the mosque on a Friday or the synagogue on the Sabbath the language we use during the rest of the week will be peppered with words and phrases which can be traced back to religious rites and practices of one sort or another. In the case of English, which has absorbed some of the vocabulary of most of the main religions in the world, the dominant influence has to be Christianity. And because the early church texts and documents were frequently written in, and heavily dependant upon, Latin and ancient Greek their influence is still detected in many of the religious and cultural references we make in everyday speech.
Stem mortality of Acacia nigrescens induced by the synergistic effects of elephants and fire in Kruger National Park, South Africa
Authors: Moncrieff Glenn R. , Kruger Laurence M. , Midgley Jeremy J. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract:One manner in which elephants utilize trees is by removing their bark. This type of utilization is concentrated on the largest trees in the landscape. The role of bark removal in increasing the vulnerability of large trees to fire and the mechanism through which fire damage is mediated were investigated in Kruger National Park, South Africa, by experimentally removing bark and burning Acacia nigrescens stems with diameters ranging between 30 and 68 mm. Also, field surveys were conducted subsequent to natural fires in order to investigate mortality patterns of large trees with dbh greater than 15 cm with bark removed by elephants. An increasing probability of mortality was associated with increasing amounts of bark removal but only if trees were burned. When trees had bark removed but were not burnt, simulating damage only to cambium and phloem, none of the 12 treated stems died in the 4-mo period over which the experiment ran. Moreover, low levels of cambium damage were detected in large burned stems. This suggests that bark removal increases fire-induced xylem damage and that this damage contributes towards stem mortality. In a survey of 437 large trees, bark removal by elephants was frequent on large stems (44%) and larger trees have greater amounts of bark removed. Post-fire mortality of large trees was significantly associated with increasing bark removal and stem diameter. These results indicate that bark removal by elephants increases the vulnerability of stems to fire, resulting in mortality of large stems otherwise protected from fire.
Relationships Between Use of the Strategy of Monitoring and the Cognitive Style
Authors: Abraham Roberta G. 
Published: November 2008

This study addresses the question of whether observed differences in the use of the strategy of monitoring (as defined by Krashen) is related to four rather stable cognitive styles. Subjects were 40 Spanish-speaking adults in a university ESL program. Each subject's use of monitoring was assessed by comparing the degree of correctness s/he demonstrated with respect to one morpheme, third-person-singular s, in elicited speech, taken to represent his/her acquired knowledge of the morpheme, and on three writing tasks—fill-in-the-blank, proofreading, and composition—taken to represent acquired knowledge modified by conscious application of the third-person-singular rule. It was hypothesized that the most monitoring would occur on the fill-in-the-blank test, and the least on the composition. The cognitive styles hypothesized to be related to monitor use were field independence, reflection, flexible control, and preference for processing information by written word.No significant differences in the amount of monitoring on the three written tasks were noted. Field independence was positively related to the amount of monitoring on all written tasks, and reflection weakly but positively related to the amount of monitoring on the proofreading task. Implications for further research are discussed.