bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Resident Classification Scale: Is it a valid measure of functional dependence?
Authors: Stepien Jacqueline M , White Helen , Wundke Rachel , Giles Lynne C , Whitehead Craig H , Crotty Maria 
Published: January 2006

Objectives:  To determine the validity of the Resident Classification Scale (RCS) in measuring functional dependence. Methods:  Participants newly assessed in hospital as requiring residential care were randomised to receive either transitional care or traditional inpatient hospital care. At the 4 month follow‐up, the RCS and modified Barthel Index were administered. Inter‐ (n = 21) and intrarater (n = 10) reliability of the RCS was assessed.Results:  A total of 317 participants were recruited. Interrater reliability for the RCS was high (ICC = 0.93) as was the intrarater reliability (Spearman's r = 0.84). There was strong agreement between the RCS and the modified Barthel Index. Conclusions:  The RCS has been specifically designed to assess the needs of individuals requiring long‐term residential care. With minor modifications, the RCS has the potential to be a useful research tool.
The Comparison on Changes of the Body Heats in Electroacupuncture Analgesia and Anesthesia by Ketamine Hydrochloride in Dogs
Authors: Lee Sang-Eun , Seo Ji-Min , Liu Jianzhu , Hong Min-Sung , Lee Young-Won , Lee Jung-Yeon , Song Kun-Ho , Kim Duck-Hwan 
Published: January 2006

This study was performed to clarify the differences of the body heats between electroacupuncture analgesia (EA) and anesthesia by ketamine hydrochloride (ketamine anesthesia) in dogs. Nine clinically healthy dogs were divided into ketamine anesthesia (control: 5 heads) and EA (experimental: 4 heads) groups, respectively. The acupoints GV-5 and Bai-Hui were used. The infrared thermographic system was used to determine the body heats. The body heats was determined at areas such as the dorsocranial (DCr), dorsocaudal (DCd), ventrocranial (VCr) and ventrocaudal (VCd) regions, on pretreatment, 10, 20, 30, 50 and 90 minutes after treatments, respectively in control and experimental groups. The body heats showed decreasing tendency until 30 minutes after ketamine injection, and then showed increasing pattern until 90 minutes after at all areas investigated in the control group. However, no significant differences of the body heats in the DCr, DCd, VCr and VCd regions were found in the control group. On the other hand, the body heats showed increasing tendency until 30 minutes, and then showed decreasing pattern until 90 minutes after EA, in the experimental group. The significant difference was observed at 30 minutes in the DCr region, and also at 10, 20 and 30 minutes in the DCd regions in the experimental group ( p < 0.05). The significant differences of the body heats were detected at 20 minutes in the DCr region, at 30 minutes in the DCd region and at 30 minutes in the VCd region between the experimental and control groups ( p < 0.05).In conclusion, EA increases of the body heat in the contrary to that of ketamine anesthesia.
Relationship of bispectral index values, haemodynamic changes and recovery times during sevoflurane or propofol anaesthesia in rabbits
Authors: Martín-Cancho M F , Lima J R , Luis L , Crisóstomo V , Carrasco-Jiménez M S , Usón-Gargallo J 
Published: January 2006

The aim of this study was to determine and compare the degree of hypnosis achieved during propofol or sevoflurane anaesthesia in rabbits using bispectral index (BIS), and to evaluate its usefulness as a predictor of both haemodynamic changes during anaesthesia and recovery times. Twenty adult male New Zealand White rabbits, average weight 4.4 ± 0.4 kg, were used for this study. Animals were randomly allocated to one of two groups with 10 rabbits/group. An electroencephalographic recording was obtained from each conscious rabbit prior to drug administration. All animals received buprenorphine as a preanaesthetic medication (0.05 mg/kg, intravenous [i.v.]). Anaesthesia was induced with propofol (8 mg/kg, i.v.) in all animals; 10 rabbits were maintained with sevoflurane via inhalation (1 minimum alveolar concentration – end-tidal sevoflurane concentration of 3.7% – at a fresh gas flow rate of 3 L/min; group I), and 10 were maintained with i.v. propofol (0.6 mg/kg/min; group II). The rabbits were orotracheally intubated and spontaneous ventilation was maintained throughout the study (100% oxygen). After abdominal surgery through a ventral midline laparotomy, rabbits were allowed to recover from anaesthesia. Cardiovascular variables and BIS values were recorded at intervals throughout the procedure, as was the duration of recovery from anaesthesia. In both groups, mean BIS values were significantly decreased immediately after induction, compared with baseline values obtained during consciousness. Anaesthetic depth (evaluated by clinical observation) was similar in both groups; however, group II rabbits had significantly higher ( P<0.001) BIS values from 30 s before incision until anaesthesia was discontinued. There was no significant difference in BIS recorded 1 and 5 min after incision as compared with values obtained 30 s before incision in either group. During sevoflurane or propofol administration, correlations were found between BIS values and mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), and between BIS values and heart rate (HR). Mean BIS values at discontinuation of administration of the anaesthetic agent were greater in group II (69.1 ± 6.0) than in group I (49.3 ± 2.2). However, recovery from anaesthesia was significantly longer in group II (38.4 ± 7.2 min) than in group I (11.5 ± 2.5 min). In conclusion, BIS can be used to differentiate between conscious and unconscious states during anaesthesia in rabbits. BIS values derived from an electroencephalogram at the end of anaesthesia were not useful for predicting the speed of anaesthetic recovery in sevoflurane or propofol-anaesthetized rabbits undergoing abdominal surgery. Despite the correlation found between BIS and haemodynamic parameters, its usefulness as a predictor of clinically important changes in arterial blood pressure and HR in anaesthetized rabbits was limited.
The use of the Ilizarov method as a salvage procedure in infected nonunion of the distal femur with bone loss
Authors: Saridis A. , Panagiotopoulos E. , Tyllianakis M. , Matzaroglou C. , Vandoros N. , Lambiris E. 
Published: January 2006

We reviewed 13 patients with infected nonunion of the distal femur and bone loss, who had been treated by radical surgical debridement and the application of an Ilizarov external fixator. All had severely restricted movement of the knee and a mean of 3.1 previous operations. The mean length of the bony defect was 8.3 cm and no patient was able to bear weight. The mean external fixation time was 309.8 days. According to Paley’s grading system, eight patients had an excellent clinical and radiological result and seven excellent and good functional results. Bony union, the ability to bear weight fully, and resolution of the infection were achieved in all the patients. The external fixation time was increased when the definitive treatment started six months or more after the initial trauma, the patient had been subjected to more than four previous operations and the initial operation had been open reduction and internal fixation.
Evolutionary approaches for the discovery of functional synthetic small molecules
Authors: Gartner Zev J. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Directed evolution is a powerful method for the laboratory discovery of nucleic acids and proteins with desired functional properties. A hallmark of this approach is the iterative translation, selection, amplification, and diversification of genetic information. The potential of evolutionary methods to impact the discovery of synthetic small molecules has recently been explored by a variety of laboratories. Four methods encompassing some or all of the hallmarks of evolution are discussed, including dynamic combinatorial chemistry (DCC), genetic algorithms (GAs), DNA display, and DNA-templated synthesis (DTS).
A dozen years of N-confusion: From synthesis to supramolecular chemistry
Authors: Maeda Hiromitsu , Furuta Hiroyuki 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
The chemistry of N-confused porphyrin (NCP) and its analogs started in 1994. Since then, considerable progress has been made in understanding the unique properties of NCP and its analogs, which confer characteristic reactivity and metal complex formation. The evolved isomers, multiply NCPs, and expanded N-confused derivatives, have opened up new realms of NCP chemistry. Cis- and trans-doubly N-confused porphyrin (N2CP) stabilizes higher oxidation states such as CuIII in square-planar fashion in the core. Confused isomers with five or more pyrrole rings can coordinate several cations owing to their larger cavities compared to tetrapyrrolic system. The peripheral nitrogen(s) of NCP and its analogs can serve as hydrogen-bonding donor and acceptor, and metal coordination site as well. For example, NCP forms versatile dimers with the assistance of metal ions. The square-planar divalent metal complexes of C6F5-substituted NCP act as efficient anion-binding receptors. Furthermore, CuIII complexes of N2CP, possessing both N and NH at the periphery, form self-assembled one-dimensional (1D) hydrogen-bonding networks, whose orientations differ in cis (zigzag) and trans (straight) isomers.
“The Doctors’ Choice Is America’s Choice”
Authors: Gardner Martha N. , Brandt Allan M. 
Published: January 2006

In the 1930s and 1940s, smoking became the norm for both men and women in the United States, and a majority of physicians smoked. At the same time, there was rising public anxiety about the health risks of cigarette smoking. One strategic response of tobacco companies was to devise advertising referring directly to physicians. As ad campaigns featuring physicians developed through the early 1950s, tobacco executives used the doctor image to assure the consumer that their respective brands were safe. These advertisements also suggested that the individual physicians’ clinical judgment should continue to be the arbiter of the harms of cigarette smoking even as systematic health evidence accumulated. However, by 1954, industry strategists deemed physician images in advertisements no longer credible in the face of growing public concern about the health evidence implicating cigarettes.
Composite Silica Spheres with Magnetic and Luminescent Functionalities
Authors: Salgueiriño‐Maceira V. , Correa‐Duarte M. A. , Spasova M. , Liz‐Marzán L. M. , Farle M. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA new class of highly fluorescent, photostable, and magnetic core/shell nanoparticles in the submicrometer size range has been synthesized from a modified Stöber method combined with the layer‐by‐layer (LbL) assembly technique. Luminescent magnetic nanoparticles are prepared via two main steps. The first step involves controlled addition of tetraethoxysilane to a dispersion of Fe3O4/γ‐Fe2O3 nanoparticles, which are thereby homogeneously incorporated as cores into monodisperse silica spheres. The second step involves the LbL assembly of polyelectrolytes and luminescent CdTe quantum dots onto the surfaces of the silica‐coated magnetite/maghemite particles, which are finally covered with an outer shell of silica. These spherical particles have a typical diameter of 220 ± 10 nm and a saturation magnetization of 1.34 emu g–1 at room temperature, and exhibit strong excitonic photoluminescence. Nanoparticles with such a core/shell architecture have the added benefit of providing a robust platform (the outer silica shell) for incorporating diverse functionalities into a single nanoparticle.
CFD‐based compartmental modeling of single phase stirred‐tank reactors
Authors: Guha Debangshu , Dudukovic M. P. , Ramachandran P. A. , Mehta S. , Alvare J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractMechanically agitated reactors are widely used in variety of process industries. Traditional designs assume perfect mixing which often fails to predict the performance of large scale industrial reactors. The effect of mixing becomes pronounced when the time scales of some of the reactions are small compared to the time scale of mixing. The objective of this work is to predict the influence of mixing on the performance of stirred‐tank reactors by developing a compartmental model that incorporates the flow field simulated by CFD. This enables the coupling of the flow field, turbulent mixing and kinetics in an appropriate way, and bridges the existing gap between CFD and phenomenological models. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Narrow‐disperse or monodisperse crosslinked and functional core–shell polymer particles prepared by two‐stage precipitation polymerization
Authors: Bai Feng , Yang Xinlin , Huang Wenqiang 
Published: January 2006

AbstractNarrow‐disperse and monodisperse cross‐linked core–shell polymer particles containing different functional groups, such as esters, hydroxyls, chloromethyls, carboxylic acids, amides, cyanos, and glycidyls, in the shell layers in the micrometer size range were prepared by a two‐stage precipitation polymerization in the absence of any stabilizer. Commercial divinylbenzene (DVB), containing 80% DVB, was precipitation polymerized in acetonitrile without any stabilizer as the first‐stage polymerization and was used as the core. Several functional monomers, including methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate, glycidyl methacrylate, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, t‐butyl acrylate, i‐octyl acrylate, acrylic acid, acrylamide, acrylonitrile, styrene, and p‐chloromethyl styrene, were incorporated into the shells during the second‐stage polymerization. The resulting core–shell polymer particles were characterized with scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 1776–1784, 2006
Synthesis and property evaluations of photocrosslinkable chitosan derivative and its photocopolymerization with poly(ethylene glycol)
Authors: Tsai Bin‐Hong , Lin Chih‐Hsiu , Lin Jui‐Che 
Published: January 2006

AbstractPhotocrosslinkable polymers are clean and convenient materials for the biomedical uses. Chitosan, which owns excellent biocompatible and antimicrobial properties, is one of the choices while it is introduced with photosensitive functional groups. In this study, chitosan was N‐phthaloylated to react with acryloyl chloride in the organic solvent homogeneously and the result has been verified by the solubility test. Fourier transformed infrared spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer analysis indicated that the modification with the attachment of the photosensitive functional group, the acryloyl group, onto chitosan and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) was feasible. The differential scanning calorimetry analysis further indicated that the melting points of the N‐phathaloylated chitosan were decreased as compared with the untreated chitosan control. Then photocrosslinkable chitosan derivative (CH‐PAA) was photocopolymerized with PEG diacrylate (PEGA) under UV irradiation. The adhesion strength characterization and swelling capacity evaluation for this photocopolymer have shown obvious raises of the adhesiveness and water‐adsorption abilities as compared with the photopolymer of CH‐PAA. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 1794–1801, 2006
One‐pot synthesis of a few nanocomposites with poly(N‐vinylcarbazole) and CdS, Ag, Pd50–Ag50, and Pt50–Ru50 nanoparticles with γ irradiation
Authors: Kang Yun‐Ok , Choi Seong‐Ho , Gopalan A. , Lee Kwang‐Pill , Kang Hee‐Dong , Song Young Sang 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe one‐pot synthesis of nanocomposites of a conductive poly(N‐vinylcarbazole) (PVK) with CdS, Ag, Pd50–Ag50, and Pt50–Ru50 nanoparticles was performed with γ irradiation in a tetrahydrofuran–water mixture (3/1 vol %). For comparison, the CdS, Ag, Pd50–Ag50, and Pt50–Ru50 nanoparticles were also prepared with γ irradiation with polyvinylpyrrolidone as a stabilizer. Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction analysis, and photoluminescence spectroscopy were used for the characterization of CdS, Ag, Pd50–Ag50, and Pt50–Ru50 nanoparticles and nanocomposites of PVK with CdS, Ag, Pd50–Ag50, and Pt50–Ru50 nanoparticles. The absorption spectrum of the CdS‐nanoparticle‐based composite revealed a quantum confinement effect. The emission spectrum of the composite with CdS nanoparticles and PVK indicated the block effect of PVK for surface recombination. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 1809–1815, 2006
Deacetylation behavior of binary blend films of cellulose acetate and various polymers
Authors: Yamashita Yoichiro , Endo Takeshi 
Published: January 2006

AbstractFor binary blend films of cellulose acetate (CA) and various polymers, the elution behavior of the polymers from the CA films in different environments (i.e., soil, water) was examined. For the CA film containing poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), the PEG eluted to the periphery of the film completely. On the other hand, polyvinylpyrrolidone blended with CA remained in the CA film. A CA film containing acrylic acid was prepared, and this film was heated. The elution of acrylic acid was inhibited by its polymerization. These results suggested that the internal polymers were capable of remaining in the CA film by polymer entanglement. Second, we examined the deacetylation and biodegradation behavior of CA films containing polymers with a phosphoric acid moiety in the side chain, such as poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate phosphoric acid ester) [poly(HEMA‐P)]. Poly(HEMA‐P) had the ability to deacetylate the CA, and the biodegradation rate of the CA films containing poly(HEMA‐P) increased in comparison with that of the nonadditive CA films. The elution of internal 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate phosphoric acid ester was inhibited by the copolymerization with 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate or crosslinking. In the case of both 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate phenyl phosphoric acid ester and 10‐methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate, the acetone‐soluble polymers were obtained by radical polymerization in a mixture of acetone and water. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 1816–1823, 2006
An innovative approach to the theory and practice of organizational analysis: my journey with Elliott Jaques
Authors: Schlemenson Aldo 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis article highlights the author's experience working with Elliott Jaques and his theory for over 35 years in Argentina. It examines the development of Jaques' theoretical approach to organizational theory over two decades, transforming from a psychological to a social theoretical framework. Emphasis is put in the notions of the organizational structure, the hierarchical managerial system, stratification, and the managerial accountability in a manner that allows for a systematic analysis. The “time‐span of discretion” instrument is the means for evaluating jobs and for having access to extant organization. This approach allows a process of change combining effectiveness with a humanistic democratization of the workplace and ethics. This article provides examples of projects implemented in the public administration area, verifying the consistency of the theory and its practical applications, in particular concerning individual capabilities, the talent pool, and their evaluation. It contains a Foreword by Dr Carlos Silvani, International Monetary Fund, Washington, D.C. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In Situ Spectroelectrochemical Studies on Ladder‐Type Oligomers in Solution and the Solid State
Authors: Rapta Peter , Schulte Niels , Schlüter A. Dieter , Dunsch Lothar 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA series of thermally stable fluoranthenopyracylene oligomers with extended π conjugation were studied by in situ ESR‐UV/Vis/NIR spectroelectrochemistry with respect to their application in devices such as organic light‐emitting diodes and field‐effect transistors. The oligomers are both soluble in o‐dichlorobenzene and form thin films by evaporation in the temperature range of 300–500 °C in vacuum. Their electrochemical behavior was studied in reduction (n doping) and oxidation (p doping) under standard voltammetric and thin‐layer conditions. The HOMO and LUMO energies and the band gaps of all compounds under study were estimated from both electrochemical and UV/Vis/NIR spectroscopic data. The fluorene‐type oligomers A2–A6 and B2 bearing flexible alkyl chains exhibit both reversible multistep reductions and oxidations. The spectroelectrochemistry indicates substantial differences in delocalization of the positive and negative charges in these ladder‐type oligomers. The formation of doubly charged σ dimers was observed for the first time for both the radical anion and radical cation of the same molecule (B1). The redox behavior of the oligomers was studied in the solid state and in solution.
Development of vacuum‐ultraviolet circular dichroism measurement system using a polarizing undulator
Authors: Tanaka Masahito , Yagi‐Watanabe Kazutoshi , Yamada Toru , Kaneko Fusae , Nakagawa Kazumichi 
Published: January 2006

AbstractWe have developed an improved circular dichroism (CD) and linear dichroism (LD) simultaneous measurement system for the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) region by polarization modulation techniques using a four‐period Onuki‐type crossed undulator as a polarized light source. The system has been constructed at the VUV beamline BL‐5 in the electron storage ring TERAS, at AIST. Our improvements, in particular the adoption of an optical chopper as the detection method of incident light, have resulted in a flat baseline and a consequent simplification of the Mueller matrix calculation for our optical system. Based on the Mueller matrix calculation, we have successfully measured real VUV‐CD and LD spectra of leucine films for wavelengths down to 160 nm with absolute optical constants. The obtained spectra show good consistency with spectra measured by conventional methods. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.Chirality
Preferential enrichment: Significant influence of minor molecular modification on the mode of polymorphic transition during crystallization
Authors: Fujimoto Daisuke , Takahashi Hiroki , Ariga Tomomi , Tamura Rui 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe relationship between the molecular structure and the occurrence of Preferential Enrichment, an unusually symmetry‐breaking enantiomeric resolution phenomenon observed upon simple recrystallization of a certain kind of racemic crystals from organic solvents, has been investigated with respect to a new series of racemic ammonium sulfonate compounds. Racemic [2‐[4‐(3‐ethoxy‐2‐hydroxypropoxy)phenylcarbamoyl]ethyl]trimethylammonium p‐iodobenzenesulfonate [(±)‐1a] can show preferential enrichment by simple recrystallization from EtOH, whereas its terminal methoxy and propoxy derivatives [(±)‐1b and (±)‐1c] are unable to do so. The influence of such a minor molecular modification on Preferential Enrichment has been rationalized in terms of the change of the mode of polymorphic transition during crystallization, which has been confirmed by in situ ATR‐FTIR (ReactIR) spectroscopy in solution and in the solid state and by X‐ray crystallographic analysis of their single crystals. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Chirality