bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Higher education, policy schools, and development studies: what should masters degree students be taught?
Authors: Woolcock Michael 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWhat are the distinctive skills and attributes that should be expected of Masters (as opposed to undergraduate and doctoral) graduates of international development programmes? Given the diversity of their academic and cultural backgrounds, the inherent uncertainty of their career trajectories, the variety of country contexts and organizational environments in which they will be working, and the range of constituent groups with which they are likely to interact on a regular basis, I argue that Masters degree programmes in development studies should focus on helping students acquire three core competencies—the skills of ‘detectives’ (data collection, analysis and interpretation), ‘translators’ (reframing given ideas for diverse groups), and ‘diplomats’ (negotiation, conflict mediation, deal making). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Review of the development of methodology for evaluating the human allergenic potential of novel proteins
Authors: Taylor Steve L. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractSafety assessment of novel proteins in genetic‐engineered foods is a key component of the overall safety evaluation for these products. Since allergens are typically proteins, assessment of the potential allergenicity of the novel proteins in genetically engineered foods is critical. This article reviews methods available to assess the potential allergenicity of novel proteins, as well as problems and deficiencies in the existing methods. The role of bioinformatics and knowledge of allergenic epitopes in developing new approaches to this problem is discussed.
Effect of curing order on the curing kinetics and morphology of bisGMA/DGEBA interpenetrating polymer networks
Authors: Cook Wayne D , Chen Fei , Ooi Soo K , Moorhoff Cornelis , Knott Robert 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe curing kinetics and morphology of an interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) formed from an epoxy resin (DGEBA) cured by an imidazole (1‐MeI) and a dimethacrylate resin (bisGMA), cured by low‐ and high‐temperature peroxide initiators (TBPEH and DHPB, respectively) have been studied by temperature‐ramping DSC, isothermal near‐infrared (NIR), DMTA and small‐angle neutron scattering (SANS). bisGMA and DGEBA are polar and chemically similar thermosetting resins which should enhance the miscibility of their IPNs. The phase structure was controlled by varying the curing procedure: the order of gelation of the components is dependent on the choice of low‐ and high‐temperature initiators for bisGMA and this affects the morphology formation. In the cure of the bisGMA/TBPEH:DGEBA/1‐MeI system, the dimethacrylate cures first. For isothermal cure studies at 80 °C, the final conversion of the epoxy is reduced by high crosslinking of the methacrylate groups in the IPN causing vitrification before full cure. The dimethacrylate conversion is enhanced due to plasticisation with unreacted DGEBA, and its cure rate is increased due to accelerated decomposition of TBPEH initiator by 1‐MeI. SANS revealed that phase separation occurs in these IPNs with domains on the scale of 6–7 nm. In the cure of the bisGMA/DHBP:DGEBA/1‐MeI system, the epoxy cures at a similar rate to that of the methacrylate groups. For isothermal cure studies at 80 °C, similar final conversions of the epoxy have been observed except for the 75:25 IPN. The cure rate of the methacrylate groups in the IPN is increased also due to accelerated decomposition of DHBP initiator by 1‐MeI, and the extent of accelerated decomposition for DHBP is stronger than that in the TBPEH‐based systems. SANS studies revealed that this system is more homogeneous due to the rapid formation of the dimethacrylate gel in the presence of the preformed epoxy network which interlocks the networks at low degrees of methacrylate conversion. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis and properties of novel phenolic resins modified with nanosized copper particles
Authors: Lin Ronghui , Fang Liang , Li Xinping , Xi Yingxin , Zhang Sufeng 
Published: May 2006

AbstractPhenol–formaldehyde (PF) resins modified with nanosized copper particles were synthesized by an in situ polymerization process. X‐ray diffraction analysis and transmission electron microscopy revealed that the copper particles in the resulting PF resins had a spherical geometry with a size of 30–60 nm in diameter, and there were about 5% of the particles which were agglomerated. The thermal properties of the resulting PF resins were investigated using TGA. It was found that the copper nanoparticles markedly improved the thermal stability of the PF resins at lower temperatures. The initial decomposition temperature of the modified PF resins could be increased by 47 °C compared to unmodified resins. However, the copper nanoparticles increased the rate of degradation of the PF resins at elevated temperatures. The effects of copper nanoparticles on the thermal properties of the PF resins when used as binders for friction materials are beneficial. The toughness of the resulting PF resins was also studied. The results revealed that copper nanoparticles obviously improved the brittleness of the PF resins. The impact strength of the modified PF resins was increased by 66.6% compared to unmodified resins. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Declarative generation of synthetic XML data
Authors: Barbosa Denilson , Mendelzon Alberto O. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractSynthetic data can be extremely useful in testing and evaluating algorithms, tools and systems. Most synthetic data generators available today are the result of individual benchmarking efforts. Typically, these are complex programs in which the specifications of both the structure and the contents of the data are hard‐coded. As a result, it is often difficult to customize these tools for producing synthetic data tailored for specific needs. In this article, we describe the ToXgene synthetic data generator, which is a declarative tool for generating realistic XML data for benchmarking as well as testing purposes. We present our template specification language, which consists of augmenting XML Schema with probabilistic models that guide the data‐generation process. We discuss the architecture of our current implementation and we argue about ToXgene's usefulness by discussing experimental results as well as describing two projects that use our tool. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Compressing heap data for improved memory performance
Authors: Zhang Youtao , Gupta Rajiv 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWe introduce a class of transformations that modify the representation of dynamic data structures used in programs with the objective of compressing their sizes. Based upon a profiling study of data value characteristics, we have developed the common‐prefix and narrow‐data transformations that respectively compress a 32 bit address pointer and a 32 bit integer field into 15 bit entities. A pair of fields that have been compressed by the above compression transformations are packed together into a single 32 bit word. The above transformations are designed to apply to data structures that are partially compressible, that is, they compress portions of data structures to which transformations apply and provide a mechanism to handle the data that is not compressible. The accesses to compressed data are efficiently implemented by designing data compression extensions (DCX) to the processor's instruction set. We have observed average reductions in heap allocated storage of 25% and average reductions in execution time and power consumption of 30%. If DCX support is not provided the reductions in execution times fall from 30% to 18%. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Berechnungstafeln für den Konstruktiven Glasbau
Authors: Weller Bernhard , Reich Stefan , Wünsch Jan 
Published: May 2006

AbstractIm Konstruktiven Glasbau werden für Verglasungen zu einem Großteil rechteckige, allseits linienförmig gelagerte Gläser eingebaut. Aufgrund der begrenzten Anzahl von Lastfällen ist es für diese Verglasungen nicht immer erforderlich, numerische Modelle für die Berechnung zu nutzen. Mit Hilfe der linearen Plattentheorie werden Berechnungstafeln für den Konstruk‐tiven Glasbau erstellt, die häufig auftretende Situationen behandeln. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Interaction of Alfvén front with the plasma anomalous resistance layer
Authors: MAZUR N. , FEDOROV E. , PILIPENKO V. , LEONOVICH A. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract.The efficiency of the Alfvén impulse excitation in the auroral zone of the terrestrial magnetosphere upon the onset of the anomalous field-aligned resistance has been estimated. The impulsive disturbance excited during the onset of anomalous field-aligned resistance and electric field may signify the transition of a global magnetospheric instability into the explosive phase with positive feedback. We consider the self-consistent problem on excitation of anomalous resistance at the front of field-aligned current and reverse influence upon it from the induced currents. The analytical solution of the self-consistent problem has shown that during the entrance of field-aligned current front into the anomalous resistivity layer (ARL) an Alfvénic impulse is generated. The interaction of the external current with ARL results in the delay of the current growth. The impulse duration and delay time depend on the ratio between the Alfvén damping scale and external current width. The solution obtained indicates the possibility of using the Alfvénic impulse as an indicator of distant occurrence of anomalous resistance.
ASK-1 (apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1) is a direct E2F target gene
Authors: Kherrouche Zoulika , Blais Alexandre , Ferreira Elisabeth , De Launoit Yvan , Monté Didier 
Published: May 2006

In the present study, we show that E2Fs (E2 promoter-binding factors) regulate the expression of ASK-1 (apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1), which encodes a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase, also known as MAP3K5. Its mRNA expression is cell-cycle-regulated in human T98G cells released from serum starvation. Moreover, overexpression and RNA interference experiments support the requirement of endogenous E2F/DP (E2F dimerization partner) activity for ASK-1 expression. Characterization of the human ASK-1 promoter demonstrates that the −95/+11 region is critical for E2F-mediated up-regulation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays show that E2F1–E2F4 are bound in vivo to the ASK-1 promoter in cycling cells, probably through a non-consensus E2F-binding site located 12 bp upstream of the transcription start site. Mutation of this site completely abolishes the ASK-1 promoter response to E2Fs as well as the E2F1 binding in electrophoretic mobility-shift experiments. Our results indicate that E2Fs modulate the expression of ASK-1 and suggest that some of the cellular functions of ASK-1 may be under the control of E2F transcription factors. Moreover, the up-regulation of ASK-1 may also favour the p53-independent E2F1 apoptotic activity.
Evaluation of the membrane-spanning domain of ClC-2
Authors: Ramjeesingh Mohabir , Li Canhui , She Yi-Min , Bear Christine E. 
Published: May 2006

The ClC family of chloride channels and transporters includes several members in which mutations have been associated with human disease. An understanding of the structure–function relationships of these proteins is essential for defining the molecular mechanisms underlying pathogenesis. To date, the X-ray crystal structures of prokaryotic ClC transporter proteins have been used to model the membrane domains of eukaryotic ClC channel-forming proteins. Clearly, the fidelity of these models must be evaluated empirically. In the present study, biochemical tools were used to define the membrane domain boundaries of the eukaryotic protein, ClC-2, a chloride channel mutated in cases of idiopathic epilepsy. The membrane domain boundaries of purified ClC-2 and accessible cysteine residues were determined after its functional reconstitution into proteoliposomes, labelling using a thiol reagent and proteolytic digestion. Subsequently, the lipid-embedded and soluble fragments generated by trypsin-mediated proteolysis were studied by MS and coverage of approx. 71% of the full-length protein was determined. Analysis of these results revealed that the membrane-delimited boundaries of the N- and C-termini of ClC-2 and the position of several extramembrane loops determined by these methods are largely similar to those predicted on the basis of the prokaryotic protein [ecClC (Escherichia coli ClC)] structures. These studies provide direct biochemical evidence supporting the relevance of the prokaryotic ClC protein structures towards understanding the structure of mammalian ClC channel-forming proteins.
Molecular cloning, expression and characterization of pyridoxamine–pyruvate aminotransferase
Authors: Yoshikane Yu , Yokochi Nana , Ohnishi Kouhei , Hayashi Hideyuki , Yagi Toshiharu 
Published: May 2006

Pyridoxamine–pyruvate aminotransferase is a PLP (pyridoxal 5′-phosphate) (a coenzyme form of vitamin B6)-independent aminotransferase which catalyses a reversible transamination reaction between pyridoxamine and pyruvate to form pyridoxal and L-alanine. The gene encoding the enzyme has been identified, cloned and overexpressed for the first time. The mlr6806 gene on the chromosome of a symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacterium, Mesorhizobium loti, encoded the enzyme, which consists of 393 amino acid residues. The primary sequence was identical with those of archaeal aspartate aminotransferase and rat serine–pyruvate aminotransferase, which are PLP-dependent aminotransferases. The results of fold-type analysis and the consensus amino acid residues found around the active-site lysine residue identified in the present study showed that the enzyme could be classified into class V aminotransferases of fold type I or the AT IV subfamily of the α family of the PLP-dependent enzymes. Analyses of the absorption and CD spectra of the wild-type and point-mutated enzymes showed that Lys197 was essential for the enzyme activity, and was the active-site lysine residue that corresponded to that found in the PLP-dependent aminotransferases, as had been suggested previously [Hodsdon, Kolb, Snell and Cole (1978) Biochem. J. 169, 429–432]. The Kd value for pyridoxal determined by means of CD was 100-fold lower than the Km value for it, suggesting that Schiff base formation between pyridoxal and the active-site lysine residue is partially rate determining in the catalysis of pyridoxal. The active-site structure and evolutionary aspects of the enzyme are discussed.
Expression of barley BAX Inhibitor‐1 in carrots confers resistance to Botrytis cinerea
Authors: IMANI JAFARGHOLI , BALTRUSCHAT HELMUT , STEIN ELKE , JIA GENGXIANG , VOGELSBERG JÖRG , KOGEL KARL‐HEINZ , HÜCKELHOVEN RALPH 
Published: May 2006

SUMMARYBAX Inhibitor‐1 (BI‐1) is a protein that controls heterologous BAX‐induced cell death, the hypersensitive reaction and abiotic stress‐induced cell death in plants. When over‐expressed in epidermal cells of barley, barley BI‐1 induces susceptibility to the biotrophic fungal pathogen Blumeria graminis. When we expressed barley BI‐1 in carrot susceptible to the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea, we obtained BI‐1‐mediated resistance to fungus‐induced leaf cell death and less fungal spreading on the leaves. Barley BI‐1 also mediated resistance to Chalara elegans in carrot roots. The results support the idea that cell death inhibition is an applicable approach to control cell‐death‐inducing pathogens in crop plants.
The potential impacts of the arrival of the harlequin ladybird, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), in Britain
Authors: Majerus Michael , Strawson Vicky , Roy Helen 
Published: May 2006

Abstract.  1. The harlequin ladybird, Harmonia axyridis, has recently arrived in Britain.2. This species has been introduced from Asia into many parts of the world for biological control purposes.3. In many parts of North America it has become the predominant aphidophagous coccinellid in less than 20 years, and in north‐western Europe it is spreading and increasing in number rapidly.4. Since establishment in North America and continental Europe, reports of its effectiveness as a biological control agent of aphids and coccids have been accompanied by accounts of negative effects on other aphidophagous species and humans.5. Here the potential impacts of the arrival of the harlequin ladybird in Britain are assessed.
Trade‐off in oviposition strategy: choosing poor quality host plants reduces mortality from natural enemies for a salt marsh planthopper
Authors: MOON DANIEL C. , STILING PETER 
Published: May 2006

Abstract 1. Both host plant nutrition and mortality from natural enemies have been predicted to significantly impact host plant selection and oviposition behaviour of phytophagous insects. It is unclear, however, if oviposition decisions maximise fitness.2. This study examined whether the salt marsh planthopper Pissonotus quadripustulatus prefers higher quality host plants for oviposition, and if oviposition decisions are made so as to minimise mortality at the egg stage.3. A controlled laboratory experiment and 4 years of field data were used to assess the rates of planthopper oviposition on higher quality ‘green’ and lower quality ‘woody’ stems of the host plant Borrichia frutescens. The numbers and percentages of healthy eggs and eggs that were killed by parasitoids or the host plant were recorded.4. In all years, including the laboratory experiment, Pissonotus planthoppers laid more eggs on lower quality woody stems than on higher quality green stems. While host plant related egg mortality was higher in woody stems, the percentage of eggs parasitised was much greater in green stems. This resulted in a lower total mortality of eggs on woody stems.5. The results of this study demonstrate that, although Pissonotus prefers lower quality host plants for oviposition, this actually increases fitness. These data seem to support the enemy free space hypothesis, and suggest that for phytophagous insects that experience the majority of mortality in the egg stage, oviposition choices may be made such that mortality is minimised.
Helminth parasite populations in newts and their tadpoles
Authors: AVERY R. A. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryFive species of helminth parasites were found in adults and tadpoles of the newts Triturus helveticus, T. vulgaris, and T. cristatus, caught at eight different localities in Somerset. These parasites were Acanthocephalus anthuris, A. ranae, Megalobatra‐chonema terdentatum, Thominx filiformis and Oswaldocruzia molgeta. Mean worm burdens did not change through the year, and egg‐producing females of Acantho‐cephalus anthuris and Megalobatrachonema terdentatum were found throughout. There was no difference in the level of infection of male and female newts.
The autecology of the chub, Squalius cephalus (L.), of the River Lugg and the Afon Llynfi
Authors: HELLAWELL J. M. 
Published: May 2006

Summary(1) The pattern of absolute atid relative gonad growth during the life‐span and the seasonal gotiad cycle were determined from monthly samples of chub taken from two tributaries of the Herefordshire Wye.(2) A marked change in the pattern of absolute gonad growth was thought to indicate the attainment of sexual maturity. This was found to occur synchronously with corresponding changes in the pattern of body growth described previously and was in agreement with the age at which a seasonal gonad cycle was detectable.(3) Sexual maturity was attained during the eighth year of life (7+) in female chub and in males from the Afon Llynfi, but most males from the River Lugg matured a year earlier.(4) The chub gonads continued to increase in relative size after the attainment of sexual maturity. This was more evident in female chub.(5) Seasonal changes in the gonad condition and weight were followed. Gonad maturation occurred during spring and the gonad mass increased rapidly just prior to spawning.(6) Spawning occurred during June.
Primary production and respiration of the phytoplankton of the Rivers Thames and Kennet at Reading
Authors: KOWALCZEWSKI A. , LACK T. J. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryDuring the period April 1967‐ApriI 1968 the phytoplankton production and respiration of the River Thames and its tributary, the River Kennet, were measured at approxi‐mately 2‐week intervals using the light and dark bottle technique. Concentrations of chlorophyll and pheopigment were determined weekly. On fourteen occasions sets of light and dark bottles were rotated in a specially designed apparatus, and production and respiration values obtained were found to be 1·38 ± 0·31 times higher than in stationary bottles at identical depths over the same period. There was little horizontal, vertical or diurnal variation in chlorophyll concentration showing that the water was well mixed. Peaks of chlorophyll were found in spring, summer and autumn in the Thames (max. 219 mg/m3) but there was very little variation in the Kennet (max. 38·2 mg/m3). In both rivers lowest concentrations were found during winter. Pheo‐pigment concentration was low in both rivers for most of the period although in the Kennet this represented on average 50% of the pigments present. In the Thames a peak of pheopigments(1·33–5 mg/m3) was associated with the autumnal bloom and repre‐sented 61 % of the total pigments. No pheopigments were detected during the spring bloom. The average concentration of suspended organic matter was identical in both rivers but in the Thames over 25 % was due to phytoplankton and in the Kennet almost 95 % was non‐algal.In the Thames, net oxygen production reached a peak in May (10·81 gO2/m2/day) and was negative from November to February (min. −0·45 gO2/m2/day). In the Kennet, maximum production also occurred in May (0·85 gO2/m2) but was negative from the middle of May until the following March. The average annual net production was 1250 and −78 g O2/m2 in the Thames and Kennet respectively.Respiration rates showed similar fluctuations being 4·59 g O2/m2/day in spring in the Thames to 0·09 g O2/m2/day in November. The Kennet was almost always lower (1·05–0·34 g O2/m2/day. The average annual respiration was almost three times higher in the Thames than in the Kennet (641–228 g O2/m2).Various factors which might influence production are discussed. The average net efficiency ofthe Thames phytoplankton fell within ranges described from other rivers. Net efficiencies ofthe Kennet were almost always negative.In the Thames it appeared that net production could be explained as a function of solar radiation, chlorophyll concentration and euphotic depth.