bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physics of Sedimentology: Textbook and Reference
Authors: Paola Chris 
Published: October 2006

From its straightforward title, one would never guess what an idiosyncratic book this is. It includes selected topics in fluid dynamics, sediment transport, and physical chemistry; case studies in sedimentary geology, mostly from the author's own research; and anecdotes from the author's long career in industry and academia. Many of the latter are presented in conversational form.The book starts and ends well, with compelling, personal appeals for the importance of analytical thinking and creativity in geology. It is erratic in between.
NASA is big winner in Bush administration science budget
Authors: Showstack Randy , Bierly Eugene , Eden Frank , Keelor Bradley , Lifland Jonathan 
Published: October 2006

The Bush Administration's budget request for Fiscal Year 2006, announced on 7 February represents a mixed bag for federal science agencies. While NASA and the National Science Foundation would receive increases, funding for some other agencies, including the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, would decrease. This article looks at the budgets for NASA and the Department of Energy; other agencies will be examined in forthcoming issues.NASA's FY 2006 budget request of $16.5 billion is a 2.4% overall. Guided in part by the 2004 presidential directive for expanding space exploration, the administration plans to streamline NASA's structure to 12 themes condensed into four directorates in 2006. With that shift, space science and Earth science will be combined into a broader science category, and biological and physical research and exploration systems will merge to become exploration systems. Aeronautics and education are the other two directorates, while a space operations category continues as a separate entity
Renewal and revitalization of the scientific committee on Antarctic research
Authors: Summerhayes Colin 
Published: October 2006

The Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR), a body of the International Council for Science (ICSU), has recently completed a major reform. The reform process began with the formation in April 1999 of an ad hoc Group on SCAR Organisation and Strategy, chaired by Philip M. Smith, to review SCAR's mission, governance, and performance.The group recommended a number of changes to SCAR in April 2000. Most of these have now been adopted. SCAR has a new constitution; a new structure; a new executive office, headed for the first time by an executive director; a new strategy, mission, and objectives; and a new science plan (for details, see the SCAR Web site, http://www.scar.org)
To see ourselves as others see us
Authors: Spilhaus Fred 
Published: October 2006

Earth and space scientists and the 2004 AGU Fall Meeting were the subject of a recent column in The Washington Post Magazine (30 January 2005) by Post writer Joel Achenbach. Eos is taking the unusual step of reprinting the entire article to stimulate discussion of our role in society. Are we doing what we should to inform the public of what we know and don't know about looming natural hazards, resource shortages, and threats to the environment? If not, what more could and should we do within our purview and appropriate role as scientists?Achenbach is a long‐time observer of AGU. He is the recipient of the 1990 AGU Walter Sullivan Award for journalism, the second writer to be given this award for making geophysical information accessible and interesting to the general public. This Union award is named for the renowned New York Times science writer who was its first recipient in 1989. Achenbach won the award for an article titled “Second Thoughts,” which was reprinted in Eos (vol.71, no.25, 19 June 1990).
“An Earth‐shaking experience”
Authors: Achenbach Joel 
Published: October 2006

Last month's annual meeting of the American Geophysical Union in San Francisco drew an estimated 11,000 scientists, teachers, journalists and geophysics groupies. The schedule of talks could be found in a bound volume as thick as a phone book. You never see a geophysicist in ordinary life, but apparently the world is crawling with them.They came to talk about everything from the ozone layer to the big wad of iron at the center of the Earth. Also about other planets. And magnetic fields. Solar wind. Water on Mars. To be at this convention was to be immersed to the eyebrows in scientific knowledge. It is intellectually fashionable to fetishize the unknown, but at AGU, a person will get the opposite feeling—that science is a voracious, relentless and tireless enterprise, and that soon there may not remain on this Earth an unturned stone.
Discussion on the Forum Article, “What is the aurora?”
Authors: Bhardwaj Anil 
Published: October 2006

In a recent Forum article—“What is the Aurora?” (Eos Trans. AGU, 85(52), 567, 28 December 2004)—John Clarke has raised an important issue: how we define the aurora. I, too, was confronted by the same question when I was writing a review entitled “Auroral emissions of the giant planets” with Randy Gladstone [Bhardwaj and Gladstone, 2000]. I widely searched the literature then, to find how the aurora should be defined.Finally we defined the aurora as “electromagnetic radiation emanating from the high latitudes of a planet (also called auroral or polar latitudes).” We also defined auroras as “(generally) high‐latitude atmospheric emissions that result from the precipitation of energetic charged particles from a planet's magnetosphere.”
[Comment on “Meeting the challenges of natural hazards in the wake of the tsunami disaster” by Soroosh Sorooshian] More on the challenges of natural hazards
Authors: Pierson Thomaas C. 
Published: October 2006

In the 11 January 2005 issue of Eos, Soroosh Sorooshian offered cogent suggestions about how we, as professional scientists, might do more to make the world safer from natural hazards. Not explicitly mentioned was an additional important contribution we can make that requires no additional research. It is simply to more effectively apply what is already known by increasing public awareness of both the hazards themselves and the simple, life‐saving responses to hazards that people can take without outside warning, direction, or assistance from public officials.For example, school children in many seismic areas are taught to duck immediately under desks or tables during earthquakes (“drop, cover, and hold on”). Similarly, people living in coastal areas along subduction zones can be taught that earthquakes may cause tsunamis and to respond to a felt earthquake by moving as quickly as possible to high ground or to inland areas and remaining there for a few hours.
C‐band radar observes water level change in swamp forests
Authors: Lu Zhong , Crane Mike , Kwoun Oh‐Ig , Wells Chris , Swarzenski Chris , Rykhus Russ 
Published: October 2006

C‐band radar pulses backscatter from the upper canopy of swamp forests, and consequently interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) analysis of C‐band imagery has not been exploited to study water level changes in swamp forests. This article explores C‐band ERS‐1 (European Remote Sensing Satellite) and ERS‐2 InSAR data over swamp forests composed of moderately dense trees with a medium‐low canopy closure in southeastern Louisiana to measure water level changes beneath tree cover.Wetlands cover more than 4% of the Earth's land surface and interact with hydrologic, biogeochemical, and sediment transport processes that are fundamental in understanding ecological and climatic changes [Alsdorf et al, 2003; Prigent et al., 2001 ; Melack and Forsberg, 2000; Dunne et al., 1998]. Measurement of water level changes in wetlands, and consequently of changes in water storage capacity, provides a required input for hydrologic models, and is required to comprehensively assess flood hazards [e.g., Coe, 1998].
AGU plans Congressional Visits for 10–11 May
Authors: Sorooshian Soroosh 
Published: October 2006

A primary objective of the Committee on Public Affairs, which I chair, is to increase the number of AGU members who bring their knowledge to bear on matters of common concern at the national level. An excellent opportunity to do so is the upcoming Congressional Visits Day (CVD), slated to take place 10–11 May 2005 on Capitol Hill, in Washington, D.C.Over 200 scientists from all disciplines will gather together for a half day of briefings from congressional and Administration leaders on the topic of science in the federal government. The next day, the scientists spend the full day visiting their congressional delegations and other members of Congress who shape the federal budget for geophysical research.
Assembly focuses on volcanism and societal impacts
Authors: Grunder Anita , McNutt Steve 
Published: October 2006

With a theme of “Volcanism and Its Impact on Society,” the November 2004 meeting of the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior (IAVCEI) held in Pucón, Chile, brought together experts to discuss many aspects of volcanologyThe five‐day IAVCEI meeting was the association's largest, attracting 940 participants from 44 countries. U.S. participants constituted one third. The meeting consisted of over 1100 abstracts presented in 12 theme sessions, and reflected a diversity of disciplines and techniques encompassed by volcanic studies.
Objectives for a cabled observatory in Alaska's Beaufort Sea
Authors: Coakley Bernard , Chayes Dale , Proshutinsky Andrey , Weingartner Tom 
Published: October 2006

Study of the Arctic Ocean is limited by the sea ice and harsh weather that prevent access through much of the year. These constraints have restricted data acquisition in the past and obscured understanding of events, processes, and variability of the environment of the Arctic Ocean. Breaching this isolation can be achieved through the use of new technologies and the adaptation of existing instrumentation to monitor the shelf and basin independent of surface conditions.Through much of its history, Arctic oceanography has been dedicated to the study of large‐scale seafloor structure, ocean circulation, and hydrographic structure. Recently, expedition‐based observations have been augmented by moored or ice‐tethered instruments that provide year‐round observations during the span of their deployment. With increased knowledge collected over an extended period, variability has become apparent but is not well understood. Permanent seafloor instrumentation is the only way to understand this variability (seasonal and annual) in the context of what may be rapid climate change (annual to decadal).
Tackling strategies for thriving geoscience departments
Authors: Wuebbles Donald J. , Takle Eugene S. 
Published: October 2006

Special sessions on thriving geosciences departments and on cyberinfrastructure in the geosciences highlighted the recent 5th AGU Meeting of Heads and Chairs of Earth and Space Science Departments. The meeting was held in conjunction with the 14th meeting of the Heads and Chairs of Programs in Atmospheric, Oceanic, Hydrologic and Related Sciences, sponsored by the American Meteorological Society (AMS),and the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR).“From Surviving to Thriving: Strategies for Advancing University Geoscience Programs in Times of Change” was a topic that drew intense interest. This panel discussion, led by Don Wuebbles (University of Illinois), included panelists Eric Betterton (University of Arizona), Judy Curry (Georgia Institute of Technology), Heather MacDonald (College of William and Mary), and Jim Kirkpatrick (University of Illinois).
Earth system focus for Geosphere‐Biosphere Program
Authors: Brasseur Guy , Steffen Will , Noone Kevin 
Published: October 2006

Global change is perhaps the greatest environmental issue facing humanity. The Earth's atmosphere and biosphere are undergoing profound change, due not simply to terrestrial or extraterrestrial geophysical forces, but to the numbers and activities of people.Over the last 100 years the human population soared from little more than one billion to six billion, and over the last 50 years economic activity increased nearly tenfold. Half the Earth's land surface has been modified for direct human use, and nearly all is affected by humans in one way or another. Over two thirds of ocean fisheries are fully or overexploited, and scant pristine coastline exists outside of the high latitudes. The composition of the atmosphere—particularly greenhouse gases, reactive gases, and aerosol particles—is significantly different from a century ago.
The largest aftershock ever recorded?
Authors: Grasso J. R. , Voisin C. 
Published: October 2006

The largest aftershock recorded so far of the Mw 9.3 Sumatra earthquake of 26 December 2004 might be assumed to be the 28 March off‐Sumatra event (Mw 8.7), which occurred three months later, 160 km away, and with a 0.6 magnitude deficit. Because the 28 March event reproduces in size and location the Mw 8.5 main shock of 1861, it could be argued that it should rank as among Earth's top 10 largest main shocks since 1900. Whether the 28 March event was an aftershock or compound earthquake, what does it imply for the occurrence of the next Indonesian “Big One”?What is known about fault interactions and earthquake triggering primarily derives from shallow earthquakes in the brittle crust. This knowledge reduces to distribution laws in size and time: a power law for the frequency size distribution of earthquakes ‘Gutenberg and Richter, 1954’; a power law for the decay of seismicity rate after any earthquake [Omori, 1894; Utsu et al., 1995]; and the Båth law for the average size of the largest aftershock [Richter, 1958].
New tools for analyzing time series relationships and trends
Authors: Moore J. C. , Grinsted A. , Jevrejeva S. 
Published: October 2006

Geophysical studies are plagued by short and noisy time series. These time series are typically nonstationary contain various long‐period quasi‐periodic components, and have rather low signal‐to‐noise ratios and/or poor spatial sampling. Classic examples of these time series are tide gauge records, which are influenced by ocean and atmospheric circulation patterns, twentieth‐century warming, and other long‐term variability.Remarkable progress recently has been made in the statistical analysis of time series. Ghil et al. [2002] presented a general review of several advanced statistical methods with a solid theoretical foundation. This present article highlights several new approaches that are easy to use and that may be of general interest.
Hotspot ecosystem research on the margins of European Seas
Authors: Weaver Philip P. E. 
Published: October 2006

The European Union has recently funded an integrated project called Hotspot Ecosystem Research on the Margins of European Seas, or HERMES, which began on 1 April 2005 and will run for four years. HERMES is designed to gain new insights into the biodiversity, structure, function, and dynamics of ecosystems along Europe's deep‐ocean margin.It represents the first major attempt to understand European deepwater ecosystems and their environments in an integrated way, by bringing together expertise in biodiversity, geology, sedimentology physical oceanography, microbiology, and biogeochemistry so that the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning can be understood. The project extends beyond basic research, mapping, and habitat classification into ecosystem modeling and policy advice. The modeling is aimed at improving the ability to forecast the effect on ecosystems of natural and anthropogenic perturbations.
Does the core leak?
Authors: Walker Richard J. , Walker David 
Published: October 2006

Appreciable geophysical evidence has accumulated to suggest that some slabs subduct into the Earth's deep mantle and that certain mantle plumes originate in the lower mantle. Despite this progress in understanding geophysical geodynamics, debate continues on corroborating geochemical evidence. If some plumes rise from the core‐mantle boundary and there is chemical interaction between the core and mantle, it is possible that such plumes could contain a unique fingerprint that is characteristic of the core.Unequivocal identification of a core component in a plume‐derived rock could potentially settle major questions in geodynamics. This article reviews geochemical tools that would likely be sensitive to such interactions, and considers possible mechanistic causes for core‐mantle interaction.
Web site on marine connectivity around Australia
Authors: Condie Scott 
Published: October 2006

The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), with support from the Western Australian Government, has developed an online tool for marine scientists and managers to investigate the largescale patterns of spatial connectivity around Australia that are associated with ocean current transport (Figure l). This tool, referred to as the Australian Connectivity Interface, or Aus‐Connle, is expected to find applications in areas such as tracer dispersion studies (see example by Ridgway and Condie [2004]), larval dispersion and recruitment, and the development of scenarios and preliminary risk assessments for contaminant dispersion in the marine environment.After selecting a region of interest, users can investigate where material carried into that region comes from, or where material originating in that region goes to, over a range of timescales (weeks to months). These connectivity statistics are based on large numbers of particle trajectories (one million at any given time) estimated from satellite altimeter data, coastal tide‐gauge data, and winds from meteorological models ]Condie et al., 2005]. Users can save the results in a variety of formats (CSV, Excel, or XML) and, as an option, may save their sessions by first registering.
U.S. nitrogen science plan focuses collaborative efforts
Authors: Holland E. A. , Guenther A. , Lee‐Taylor J. , Bertman S. B. , Carroll M. A. , Shepson P. B. , Sparks J. P. 
Published: October 2006

Nitrogen is a major nutrient in terrestrial ecosystems and an important catalyst in tropospheric photochemistry. Over the last century human activities have dramatically increased inputs of reactive nitrogen (Nr, the combination of oxidized, reduced, and organically bound nitrogen) to the Earth system (Figure 1). Nitrogen cycle perturbations have compromised air quality and human health, acidified ecosystems, and degraded and eutrophied lakes and coastal estuaries [Vitousek et al., 1997a, 1997b; Rabalais, 2002; Howarth et al., 2003; Townsend et al., 2003; Galloway et al., 2004].Increased Nr affects global climate. Use of agricultural fertilizers such as ammonium nitrate leads to increased soil production of nitrous oxide (N2O), which has 320 times the global warming potential of carbon dioxide (CO2). Emission of nitrogen oxides (NOx = nitric oxide, NO + nitrogen dioxide, NO2) from fossil fuel burning leads to increases in tropospheric ozone, another greenhouse gas. Ozone is phytotoxic, and may reduce terrestrial CO2 sequestration. To predict the effects of nitrogen cycling changes under changing climatic conditions, there needs to be a better understanding of the global nitrogen budget.
The Langley‐Newcomb brouhaha over the flying machine
Authors: Carter W. E. , Carter M. S. 
Published: October 2006

One century after the Wright brothers proved it was possible to build a piloted heavier‐than‐air “flying machine,” several airlines will soon, perhaps as early as October 2005, begin to operate the largest passenger aircraft ever built, the Airbus A380. The A380 is nearly half again as large, in terms of passenger floor space, as the Boeing 747‐400. It can be configured to hold as many as 840 passengers, and it has a takeoff weight of 550,000 kg, a maximum range of 15,000 km, and a cruising speed of Mach 0.85.The remarkable advances in aeronautics realized during the past century make it difficult to understand how anyone, let alone Simon Newcomb, one of the most prominent U.S. scientists at the turn of the twentieth century, could have opposed efforts by Samuel Pierpont Langley to build a piloted winged aircraft for the military. Newcomb argued that Langley was doomed to failure because the technology required to build such an aircraft was not then available, and he bemoaned the “waste” of scarce government funds toward the effort.
Ethnic differences in geoscience attitudes of college students
Authors: Whitney David J. , Behl Richard J. , Ambos Elizabeth L. , Francis R. Daniel , Holk Gregory , Larson Daniel O. , Lee Christopher T. , Rodrique Christine M. , Wechsler Suzanne P. 
Published: October 2006

While a gender balance remains elusive in the geosciences [de Wet et al., 2002], the underrepresentation of ethnic minorities in these fields is at least as great a concern.A number of cultural and social factors have been proposed to explain the poor ethnic minority representation in the geosciences, including limited exposure to nature, deficient academic preparation, inadequate financial resources to pursue higher education, ignorance of career opportunities in the geosciences, insufficient family support, and misconceptions of the field.
Experiment to characterize tropical cloud systems
Authors: May Peter T. , Mather James H. , Jakob Chriatian 
Published: October 2006

A major experiment to study tropical convective cloud systems and their impacts will take place around Darwin, northern Australia, in January and February 2006. The Tropical Warm Pool International Cloud Experiment (TWP‐ICE) aims to study cloud systems and their radiative, chemical, and moisture budget impacts from the initial convection through to the decaying, convectively generated cirrus.This broad aim is being addressed by a dense observational network that includes two sites equipped with cloud radar and lidar, a polarimetric (dual‐polarization) weather radar and another operational Doppler radar in the area, wind profilers, infrared interferometers, flux stations, lightning interferometers, and oceanographic measurements. Also, an array of five radiosonde sites arranged in a ring with a diameter of about 250 km around Darwin will conduct soundings every three hours for a period of 24 days.
Water supply planning in the Lake Michigan region
Authors: Walker Doug , Wickenkamp Jeff 
Published: October 2006

Standing in Chicago, Illinois, and gazing across the vastness of Lake Michigan, it is hard to imagine that communities in the surrounding region could be concerned about running short of water. However, international treaties, U.S. Supreme Court decrees, and interstate agreements restrict diversions of water from the Great Lakes in an effort to maintain lake levels. This forces the region to use alternative sources of water to serve the rapidly growing population.Local governments in the southern Lake Michigan region, and likely elsewhere in the Lake Michigan region, need to acquire and integrate data and information regarding the region's water supply into planning processes.
[Comment on “Raising the ante on the climate debate”] Wasting public money?
Authors: Parrish Judith Totman 
Published: October 2006

The letters written by U.S. Rep. Joe Barton and his committee (Forum, Eos, 12 July 2005, p. 262) asking for data from Michael Mann and other scientists are certainly chilling because of the time it would take to meet the requests, but Rep. Barton has every right to make such requests.Thomas Crowley asked,“At some point, one must ask why should a member of the U.S. Congress get involved in this matter which may have been raised by a Canadian?” He opines that the reason was to intimidate and foment uncertainty. The real answer is, Barton is making the request because he can and is doing what, in his mind, is his job. That the issues were raised by a Canadian is immaterial; plenty of Americans are also skeptical of global change research. Moreover, the argument that “there is more agreement than disagreement” among the various paleoclimate reconstructions would not resonate with a layperson; even laypeople know that the history of science is fraught with examples of consensuses that proved wrong.