bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Location of a positive biopsy as a predictor of surgical margin status and extraprostatic disease in radical prostatectomy
Authors: TOUMA NAJI J. , CHIN JOSEPH L. , BELLA TONY , SENER ALP , IZAWA JONATHAN I. 
Published: January 2006

OBJECTIVETo investigate whether the location of preoperative biopsy positive cores can identify patients at higher risk of a positive surgical margin (SM) and extraprostatic extension (EPE) at radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP).PATIENTS AND METHODSWe retrospectively reviewed the clinical and pathological data of 371 patients who had a RRP for biopsy confirmed prostate cancer between January 2000 and October 2003.RESULTSA positive biopsy at the apex was not predictive of a positive apical SM or EPE. However, a positive biopsy at the base was predictive of a positive basal SM and EPE. A positive SM, in turn, correlated with EPE on final pathology. Positive basal SM correlated with EPE in 75% of cases whereas positive apical SM showed EPE in only 33% (P < 0.02).CONCLUSIONA positive biopsy core at the base appears to correlate with a positive basal SM and EPE. A positive basal SM correlates with EPE at a higher rate than apical SMs.
A prospective analysis of the diagnostic yield resulting from the attendance of 4020 patients at a protocol‐driven haematuria clinic
Authors: EDWARDS TOM J. , DICKINSON ANDREW J. , NATALE SALVATORE , GOSLING JANE , MCGRATH JOHN S. 
Published: January 2006

OBJECTIVETo clarify the prevalence of disease as determined by age, sex and the degree of haematuria at presentation, and to ascertain the merits of using ultrasonography (US), i.v. urography (IVU) or both when imaging the upper urinary tract, in a prospective cohort of patients attending a protocol‐based haematuria clinic.PATIENTS AND METHODSIn a two‐tier protocol, as a part of first‐line investigation, all 4020 patients attending the clinic between October 1998 and August 2003 had US and flexible cystoscopy. Subsequently, IVU was used where indicated following abnormal first‐line tests and in patients with persistent haematuria where no abnormality had been detected.RESULTSIn all, 2627 men and 1393 women presented with microscopic (53.2%) or macroscopic haematuria (46.8%). The overall prevalence of malignant disease was 12.1%, but for macroscopic haematuria it was 18.9% and for microscopic haematuria 4.8%. Age and sex also influenced the observed rates of disease. Of the upper tract tumours, 70 were identified after abnormal US, with three cases of transitional cell carcinoma identified on IVU after a normal US.CONCLUSIONSThe study provides a rationale for the appropriate investigation of all patients, moderated by the age, sex and degree of haematuria, and the ubiquitous use of US with selective IVU based on age, sex and degree of (and persistence of) haematuria.
Photosynthesis of Eucalyptus globulus with Mycosphaerella leaf disease
Authors: Pinkard E. A. , Mohammed C. L. 
Published: January 2006

Summary

Mycosphaerella leaf disease (MLD) is a major cause of foliage damage in Eucalyptus globulus plantations. Our study is the first to describe the physiological effects of MLD on E. globulus leaves. It involved measurements on both field and potted plants.
Changes in photosynthetic parameters in response to MLD were quantified in a study using gas exchange techniques.
There was a negative linear relationship between light‐saturated photosynthesis (Amax) and leaf‐level damage from MLD. Reductions in Amax were proportionally greater than might be expected from the reduction in green leaf area as a result of the disease, indicating that asymptomatic tissue also was affected by MLD. The reductions in Amax were not related to increases in stomatal resistance, but were a result of reduced activity of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) and changes in the capacity for ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) regeneration. Changes in mesophyll resistance to CO2 were also implicated.
The effect of MLD was similar at different sites and irrespective of tree‐level infection, suggesting a general leaf‐level response of E. globulus to MLD.
Does soil CO2efflux acclimatize to elevated temperature and CO2during long‐term treatment of Douglas‐fir seedlings?
Authors: Tingey D. T. , Lee E. H. , Waschmann R. , Johnson M. G. , Rygiewicz P. T. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryWe investigated the effects of elevated soil temperature and atmospheric CO2on soil CO2efflux (SCE) during the third and fourth years of study. We hypothesized that elevated temperature would stimulate SCE, and elevated CO2would also stimulate SCE with the stimulation being greater at higher temperatures.The study was conducted in sun‐lit controlled‐environment chambers using Douglas‐fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings grown in reconstructed litter‐soil systems. We used a randomized design with two soil temperature and two atmospheric CO2treatments. The SCE was measured every 4 wk for 18 months.Neither elevated temperature nor CO2stimulated SCE. Elevated CO2increased the temperature sensitivity of SCE. During the winter, the relationship between SCE and soil moisture was negative but it was positive during the summer. The seasonal patterns in SCE were associated with seasonal changes in photosynthesis and above‐ground plant growth.SCE acclimatized in the high‐temperature treatment, probably because of a loss of labile soil carbon. Elevated CO2treatment increased the temperature sensitivity of SCE, probably through an increase in substrate availability.
Activation of JAK/STAT signalling in neurons following spinal cord injury in mice
Authors: Yamauchi Katsuaki , Osuka Koji , Takayasu Masakazu , Usuda Nobuteru , Nakazawa Ayami , Nakahara Norimoto , Yoshida Mitsuhiro , Aoshima Chihiro , Hara Masahito , Yoshida Jun 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signalling pathway is one of the most important in transducing signals from the cell surface to the nucleus in response to cytokines. In the present study, we investigated chronological alteration and cellular location of JAK1, STAT3, phosphorylated (p)‐Tyr1022/1023‐JAK1, p‐Tyr705‐STAT3, and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) following spinal cord injury (SCI) in mice. Western blot analysis showed JAK1 to be significantly phosphorylated at Tyr1022/1023 from 6 h after SCI, peaking at 12 h and gradually decreasing thereafter, accompanied by phosphorylation of STAT3 at Tyr705 with a similar time course. ELISA analysis showed the concentration of IL‐6 in injured spinal cord to also significantly increase from 3 h after SCI, peaking at 12 h, then gradually decreasing. Immunohistochemistry revealed p‐Tyr1022/1023‐JAK1, p‐Tyr705‐STAT3, and IL‐6 to be mainly expressed in neurons of the anterior horns at 12 h after SCI. Pretreatment with a JAK inhibitor, AG‐490, suppressed phosphorylation of JAK1 and STAT3 at 12 h after SCI, reducing recovery of motor functions. These findings suggest that SCI at the acute stage produces IL‐6 mainly in neurons of the injured spinal cord, which activates the JAK/STAT pathway, and that this pathway may be involved with neuronal response to SCI.
Norepinephrine transporter knockout‐induced up‐regulation of brain alpha2A/C‐adrenergic receptors
Authors: Gilsbach R. , Faron‐Górecka A. , Rogóz Z. , Brüss M. , Caron M. G. , Dziedzicka‐Wasylewska M. , Bönisch H. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe norepinephrine transporter (NET) is responsible for the rapid removal of norepinephrine released from sympathetic neurons; this release is controlled by inhibitory α2‐adrenergic receptors (α2ARs). Long‐term inhibition of the NET by antidepressants has been reported to change the density and function of pre‐ and postsynaptic ARs, which may contribute to the antidepressant effects of NET inhibitors such as desipramine. NET‐deficient (NET‐KO) mice have been described to behave like antidepressant‐treated mice. By means of quantitative real‐time PCR we show that mRNAs encoding the α2A‐adrenergic receptor (α2AAR) and the α2C‐adrenergic receptor (α2CAR) are up‐regulated in the brainstem, and that α2CAR mRNA is also elevated in the hippocampus and striatum of NET‐KO mice. These results were confirmed at the protein level by quantitative autoradiography. The NET‐KO mice showed enhanced binding of the selective α2AR antagonist [3H]RX821002 in several brain regions. Most robust increases (20–25%) in α2AR expression were observed in the hippocampus and in the striatum. Significant increases (16%) were also seen in the extended amygdala and thalamic structures. In an ‘in vivo’ test, the α2AR agonist clonidine (0.1 mg/kg) caused a significantly greater reduction of locomotor activity in NET‐KO mice than in wild‐type mice, showing the relevance of our findings at the functional level.
Alternative splicing of human metabotropic glutamate receptor 3
Authors: Sartorius Leah J. , Nagappan Guhan , Lipska Barbara K. , Lu Bai , Sei Yoshitatsu , Ren‐Patterson Renee , Li Zhen , Weinberger Daniel R. , Harrison Paul J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 (GRM3, mGluR3) is important in regulating synaptic glutamate. Here, we report the existence of three splice variants of GRM3 in human brain arising from exon skipping events. The transcripts are expressed in prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum, and in B lymphoblasts. We found no evidence for alternative splicing of GRM2. The most abundant GRM3 variant lacks exon 4 (GRM3Δ4). In silico translation analysis of GRM3Δ4 predicts a truncated protein with a conserved extracellular ligand binding domain, absence of a seven‐transmembrane domain, and a unique 96‐amino acid C‐terminus. When expressed in rat hippocampal neurons, GRM3Δ4 is translated into a 60 kDa protein. Immunostaining and cell fractionation data indicate that the truncated protein is primarily membrane‐associated. An antibody developed against the GRM3Δ4 C‐terminus detects a protein of approximately 60 kDa in human brain lysates and in B lymphoblasts, suggesting translation of GRM3Δ4 in vivo. The existence of the GRM3Δ4 isoform is relevant in the light of the reported association of non‐coding single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in GRM3 with schizophrenia, and with the potential of GRM3 as a therapeutic target for several neuropsychiatric disorders.
Hydrogen ion concentration differentiates effects of methamphetamine and dopamine on transporter‐mediated efflux
Authors: Wilhelm Clare J. , Johnson Robert A. , Eshleman Amy J. , Janowsky Aaron 
Published: January 2006

AbstractMethamphetamine (METH) causes release of stored intracellular dopamine (DA). We explored the interactions of METH with the recombinant human vesicular monoamine (hVMAT2) and/or human DA transporters (hDAT) in transfected mammalian (HEK293) cells and compared the findings with those for DA. In ‘static’ release assays at 37°C, less than 20% of pre‐loaded [3H]DA was lost after 60 min, while nearly 80% of pre‐loaded [3H]METH was lost at 37°C under non‐stimulated conditions. Results obtained by measuring substrate release using a superfusion apparatus revealed an even greater difference in substrate efflux. At pH 7.4, nearly all of the pre‐loaded [3H]METH was lost after just 6 min, compared with the loss of 70–80% of pre‐loaded [3H]DA (depending on cell type) after superfusion for 32 min. Increasing the extracellular pH from 7.4 to 8.6 had opposite effects on [3H]DA and [3H]METH retention. At pH 8.6, [3H]METH was retained more effectively by both hDAT and hDAT‐hVMAT2 cells, compared with results obtained at extracellular pH 7.4. [3H]DA, however, was more effectively retained at pH 7.4 than at pH 8.6. These data suggest that DA and METH interact differently with the DAT and VMAT2, and require different H+concentrations to exert their effects.
Galanin attenuates cyclic AMP regulatory element‐binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation induced by chronic morphine and naloxone challenge in Cath.a cells and primary striatal cultures
Authors: Hawes Jessica J. , Narasimhaiah Roopashree , Picciotto Marina R. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractRepeated morphine administration leads to molecular alterations of the neural circuitry in the locus coeruleus and nucleus accumbens. These changes include increased activity of several components of the cAMP signaling pathway that are thought to be associated with psychological and somatic signs of opiate withdrawal. The neuropeptide galanin has been shown to attenuate cAMP signaling in multiple cell types. The current study demonstrates that acute galanin treatment blocks the consequences of increased cAMP signaling following chronic opiate administration and withdrawal in Cath.a cells and primary cultures of striatal neurons as measured by phosphorylation of the transcription factor cAMP regulatory element‐binding protein (CREB). In addition, galanin‐mediated attenuation of CREB phosphorylation is independent of galanin‐induced extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 phosphorylation in Cath.a cells. These data suggest that galanin receptors may serve as an additional potential therapeutic target for the treatment of opiate withdrawal.
Altered neuropeptide processing in prefrontal cortex of Cpefat/fat mice: implications for neuropeptide discovery
Authors: Lim Jihyeon , Berezniuk Iryna , Che Fa‐Yun , Parikh Rishi , Biswas Reeta , Pan Hui , Fricker Lloyd D. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe biosynthesis of most neuropeptides and peptide hormones requires a carboxypeptidase such as carboxypeptidase E, which is inactive in Cpefat/fat mice due to a naturally occurring point mutation. To assess the role of carboxypeptidase E in the processing of peptides in the prefrontal cortex, we used a quantitative peptidomics approach to examine the relative levels of peptides in Cpefat/fat versus wild‐type mice. Peptides representing internal fragments of prohormones and other secretory pathway proteins were decreased two‐ to 10‐fold in the Cpefat/fat mouse prefrontal cortex compared with wild‐type tissue. Degradation fragments of cytosolic proteins showed no major differences between Cpefat/fat and wild‐type mice. Based on this observation, a search strategy for neuropeptides was performed by screening for peptides that decreased in the Cpefat/fat mouse. Altogether, 32 peptides were identified, of which seven have not been previously reported. The novel peptides include fragments of VGF, procholecystokinin and prohormone convertase 2. Interestingly, several of the peptides do not fit with the consensus sites for prohormone convertase 1 and 2, raising the possibility that another endopeptidase is involved with their biosynthesis. Taken together, these findings support the proposal that carboxypeptidase E is the major, but not the only, peptide‐processing carboxypeptidase and also demonstrate the feasibility of searching for novel peptides based on their decrease in Cpefat/fat mice.
The cytoplasmic sequence of E‐cadherin promotes non‐amyloidogenic degradation of Aβ precursors
Authors: Agiostratidou Georgia , Muros Rosa Miñana , Shioi Junichi , Marambaud Philippe , Robakis Nikolaos K. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe presenilin (PS)/γ‐secretase system promotes production of the Abeta (Aβ) peptides by mediating cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) at the γ‐sites. This system is also involved in the processing of type‐I transmembrane proteins, including APP, cadherins and Notch1 receptors, at the ɛ‐cleavage site, resulting in the production of peptides containing the intracellular domains (ICDs) of the cleaved proteins. Emerging evidence shows that these peptides have important biological functions, raising the possibility that their inhibition by γ‐secretase inhibitors may be detrimental to the cell. Here, we show that peptide E‐Cad/CTF2, produced by the PS1/γ‐secretase processing of E‐cadherin, promotes the lysosomal/endosomal degradation of the transmembrane APP derivatives, C99 and C83, and inhibits production of the APP ICD (AICD). In addition, E‐Cad/CTF2 decreases accumulation of total secreted Aβ. These data suggest a novel method to promote the non‐amyloidogenic degradation of Aβ precursors and to inhibit Aβ production.
Transcriptional response to the neuroleptic‐like compound Ampullosporin A in the rat ketamine model
Authors: Krügel Hans , Becker Axel , Polten Andreas , Grecksch Gisela , Singh Ram , Berg Albrecht , Seidenbecher Constanze , Saluz Hans‐Peter 
Published: January 2006

AbstractPsychotic disorders affecting up to 1% of the human population represent pathological changes to the metabolic homeostasis of the brain. Increasing evidence in the literature suggests complex biochemical and/or transcriptional alterations accompanying schizophrenia‐like phenomena. Sub‐chronic treatment with sub‐anaesthetic doses of ketamine induces schizophrenia‐related psychotic alterations that can be used as an animal model in the study of this disorder. Ampullosporin A belongs to a specific group of pore‐forming fungal peptides, peptaibols. We focused on the analysis of molecular events occurring in the brain of ketamine‐pre‐treated rats after administration of Ampullosporin A with neuroleptic‐like activity. The complex experimental approach allowed us to correlate the use of low molecular weight substances with a transcriptome fingerprint in the prefrontal cortex. We found 63 genes to be up‐regulated and 22 genes suppressed, with transthyretin, syndecan‐1 and NeuroD1 showing the highest degree of up‐regulation. Our results suggest the possibility that Ampullosporin A belongs to the group of neuroleptic‐like compounds, inducing massive changes in neurotransmitter receptor composition, calcium signalling cascades and second messenger systems, and leading to the plastic reorganization of brain tissue, metabolic pathways and synapses.
Editorials: Recombinant Human Erythropoietin: Has Treatment Reached its Full Potential?
Authors: Fishbane Steven 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACTFor more than 15 years recombinant human erythropoietin (r‐HuEPO) has been used for the treatment of renal anemiabenefiting patients with improved quality of life and reduced need for blood transfusions. It is still early in the history of r‐HuEPO treatment; therapy has changed little and there have been few investigations into whether current treatment strategies are optimal. Of notecurrent therapy makes little attempt to mimic normal erythropoietin biology. Large doses of drug are administered episodicallyresulting in great fluxes in serum erythropoietin levels. It is unlikely that this approach is very efficient from the erythropoietic standpoint. Furthermorethe effects of these nonbiologic kinetics on extraerythroid organs that express erythropoietin receptors are unknown. In this reviewthe current state of r‐HuEPO treatment is compared to the normal biology of erythropoietin and potential pitfalls caused by divergences are explored.
From Sermon to Play: Literary Representations of ‘Turks’ in Renaissance England 1550–1625
Authors: Schmuck Stephan 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis article explores the figure of ‘Turks’ in a number of texts ranging from sermon to play. More specifically, it addresses a variety of available representations of ‘Turks’ and considers the ways in which literary critics and cultural historians have assessed their role and significance in early modern English writings. Whether as ambassadors, partners in trade, demonised infidels, potential military allies or as characters on the commercial stage, English writers invested ‘Turks’ with controversial and frequently contradictory meanings that were both real and imagined. As a result, this cultural ‘other’ emerges as a complex construct, an idea through which Englishmen and women could reflect on their own culture and which defies easy critical categorisation.
British Romanticism in the Museum Age: A Review of Recent Scholarship
Authors: Gidal Eric 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis essay surveys recent scholarship in British Romantic literature and culture that emphasizes the interrelations between collections, exhibitions, and museums and the poetry, novels, and aesthetic philosophy of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. It summarizes the scope and argument of important works of literary and cultural criticism and lists many related studies from other disciplines while providing a general overview of the historical and theoretical issues governing current discussions of Romantic‐era exhibitionary culture.
A Brief History of the Edited Shakespearean Text
Authors: Paul Gavin 
Published: January 2006

Abstract This essay won the 2005 Literature Compass Graduate Essay Prize, Shakespeare Section. This essay will involve a historical survey of the underlying theories and principles that have been instrumental in determining the formative scholarly editions of Shakespeare since the early eighteenth century. By examining representations of editorial practice – specifically representations as expressed in prefatory material as well as other editorial apparatuses such as notes and commentary in influential editions from Nicholas Rowe's (1709) through to those of the late twentieth century – this paper is aimed at providing a clear sense of the fundamental principles shaping the edited Shakespearean text.
COMPARISON OF A REAL‐TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION ASSAY WITH A CULTURE METHOD FOR THE DETECTION OF SALMONELLA IN RETAIL MEAT SAMPLES
Authors: CATARAME T.M.G. , O'HANLON K.A. , MCDOWELL D.A. , BLAIR I.S. , DUFFY G. 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACT A real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method developed in this study was compared with a conventional International Organization for Standardization culture method for the detection of Salmonella in Irish beef, chicken, pork and turkey. This also provided a snapshot of the incidence of Salmonella in such products. After selective enrichment, all meat samples (n = 100) were: (1) subjected to DNA extraction and real‐time PCR analysis using primers against Salmonella spp. specific gene (16S rRNA) or the invA virulence gene; and (2) plated on differential media and identified as Salmonella using immunological and sub‐typing methods. Retail samples (5/100) were shown to contain Salmonella using the 16S rRNA gene‐based real‐time PCR assay and the standard culture method. However, only two (of five) samples were shown to contain Salmonella using the invA gene‐based real‐time PCR assay. For the sample set examined, the developed 16S rRNA gene‐based real‐time PCR assay demonstrated comparable specificity and sensitivity to the currently used standard culture method but was considerably more rapid.
EFFECTS OF SODIUM LACTATE, SODIUM ACETATE AND SODIUM DIACETATE ON MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF VACUUM‐PACKED BEEF DURING REFRIGERATED STORAGE
Authors: SERDENGECTI NEJLA , YILDIRIM IBRAHIM , GOKOGLU NALAN 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACT Beef samples were cut into the pieces and treated with solutions of 1.8 and 2.5% sodium lactate (SL), 0.1% sodium acetate (SA), 0.1 and 0.2% sodium diacetate (SDA) and their combinations, packed under vacuum and stored in a refrigerator at 4C. Microbiological quality of the samples was investigated during their storage for 21 days. Sodium salts and their combinations significantly (P < 0.05) affected the aerobic plate count (APC). Although growth of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), psychrotrophs and coliforms was delayed in treated samples, they were not completely inhibited. The most effective treatment to delay the growth of microorganisms was the combination of 2.5% SL + 0.2% SDA. The count of bacteria of the samples reached and exceeded the spoilage limit (107−108log cfu/g) after 14 days at 4C.