bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Systemic Changes and Unemployment Growth in Yugoslavia, 1965–1984
Authors: Primorac Emil , Babić Mate 
Published: April 2006

The Yugoslavs are infected by what calls the disease of “historical optimism.” Shocks, emanating from the international economy over the last decade or so, were seen as a developmental problem or, at worst, a transitory difficulty. This argument seems to follow these lines: Contemporary capitalism, of course, is doomed to collapse sooner or later; contemporary etatism is also in a state of crisis and will evolve toward Yugoslav self-management socialism. The socialism of self-management, however, could not itself be in crisis, because, if it is in crisis, what is left?In fact the word crisis was not used to describe the state of the Yugoslav economy until September 1982 when it was discovered that foreign debt could not be serviced and required rescheduling. By then the Yugoslav foreign debt was $20 billion, the unemployment rate stood at 10 percent to 16 percent (depending how you measure it), and inflation was at 40 percent. Only then did the policymakers realize that these problems were a consequence of prolonged economic mismanagement, excessive borrowing abroad, arbitrary decision making, and an autarchic economic policy in general.
The Cooling of Pechorin: The Skull Beneath the Skin
Authors: Gregg Richard 
Published: April 2006

Since Viktor Shklovskii first made the distinction, critics of fictional forms who invoke the concepts of siuzhet and fabula have been prone to exalt the former at the expense of the latter. The preference is hardly surprising. The fabula is after all an abstraction. It designates the narrative in its raw or pre-aesthetic form from which the finished artistic product (siuzhet) is ultimately shaped. And it is a simple matter of definition that the literary critic must be primarily concerned with the literary artifact rather than its ingredients.If the priority is legitimate, its implications should not be misunderstood. For fabula and siuzhet are not, after all, inimical or competing concepts. Our apprehension of the one stems directly from our experience of the other. True, a triumphantly ingenious manipulator of the stuff of fiction (a Sterne, a Joyce, a Nabokov) may create a nonlinear siuzhet of such kaleidescopic and multilayered complexity that our perception of the events as they are supposed “actually” to have occurred may become blurred.
Pushkin's Novelistic Prose: A Dead End?
Authors: Gregg Richard 
Published: April 2006

You praise the firm restraint with which they write–I'm with you there of course:They use the snaffle and curb all right,But where's the bloody horse?–Roy CampbellMon defaut a moi a toujours été la sécheresse, je faisais des squelettes.–Prospère MeriméeAleksandr Pushkin's cult for simple, unadorned prose is a critical commonplace that needs no further documentation. Weaned on those masters of French classicism (Jean de La Bruyère, Montesquieu, and, above all, Voltaire) for whom brevity was the soul of wit and concision no crime, he practiced from the beginning, “Naden'ka,” to the end, “Kirdzhali“ and The Captain's Daughter, a narrative style conspicuous for its uncommon bareness. That the virtues which he valued most highly in prose, namely, tochnost', kratkost', and nagaia prostata are, with rare exceptions, at one with his practice has been noted many times.
Can a Christian Be a Nationalist? Vladimir Solov'ev's Critique of Nationalism
Authors: Gaut Greg 
Published: April 2006

If my entire argument could fit under this rubric: Russia is a Christian nation andthereforeshould always act in a Christian way, my opponents’ argument can be expressed in the following formula: The Russian nation…is the only truly Christian nation, butnevertheless,it should act in a pagan way in all of its affairs.—Vladimir Solov'ev, Preface toThe National Question in Russia, Part II(1891)In the 1880s and 1890s, Vladimir Solov'ev worked out a Christian approach to nations and nationality, and a moral critique of nationalism, while waging a polemical battle against the Russian conservative nationalists of his day. His ideas emerged primarily from his own social gospel theology, but they were marked by both the Slavophile romanticism of his early career and the western liberalism of his later years. Solov'ev is most often treated as a philosopher, a mystic, or a literary figure, and as a result, his journalistic writings on nationalism and other topics have often been overlooked by scholars, even though they constitute at least a third of his published output.
Increasing Reference Access to Post-1991 Russian Archives
Authors: Grimsted Patricia Kennedy 
Published: April 2006

If only archival restrictions were the most glaring insufficiency of our archival service. Here we have a whole complex of problems, for which it is insufficient to decide from on high merely to declassify archives. We still need to fell the whole world exactly what is held in them, to publish inventories and catalogues of previously secret documents.Academician Dimitrii S. Likhachev September 1989Crucially important for expanding access to archives is what western archivists often call “intellectual access”–reference facilities that effectively and efficiently assist researchers in preparing for work in the archives, lead them to appropriate documents, and help them understand their archival context. The dramatic opening of Russian archives in the past decade has revolutionized research opportunities and scholarship in many fields. Today, not only are archives being declassified, but the finding aids for previously classified files are available to researchers and new reference facilities are being developed to an extent Likhachev and others never dreamed possible.
Courts and Democracy in Postconflict Transitions: A Social Scientist’s Perspective on the African Case
Authors: Widner Jennifer 
Published: April 2006

A “second liberation” swept the African continent beginning in 1989. In many places, multiparty elections and a measured optimism gained ground. Yet during the 1990s, the spirit of moderation and tolerance typical of the early independence movements began to fray. The recent armed conflicts of Central and West Africa and the columns of refugees crossing borders have served as a blunt reminder of the fragility of many of the continent’s democratic experiments.In this new era, law plays a central, visible, yet delicate role in many peace settlements and democratic transitions, from South Africa to Ghana. Africa’s courts have been challenged to provide the kinds of basic dispute resolution that lie at the core of what it means to be a “government.” At the same time, Africanjudges are mindful of Learned Hand’s caution in The Spirit of Liberty, taped above a secretary’s desk in Uganda. “Liberty lies in the hearts of men and women,” Hand wrote. “[W]hen it dies there, no constitution, no law, no court can save it; no constitution, no law, no court can even do much to help it.” The success of a postconflict transition will depend, in part, on the role of courts in sustaining a spirit of liberty and tolerance in their societies.
Adding to the "Guest" List: Hugo's Hernani and Pushkin's Don Juan
Authors: Shengold David 
Published: April 2006

Leporello: Milady, this is the list of the beauties that my master has loved: it's a list that I have made; look at it, read it with me. In Italy, six hundred and forty; in Germany, two hundred and thirty-one; a hundred in France; in Turkey, ninety-one; but in Spain there are already a thousand and three.(Madamina, il catalogo e questo delle belle die amb ilpadron mio: un catalogo egli e che hofatt'io; osservate, leggete con me. In Italia seicentoquaranta, in Almagna duecentotrentuna, cento inFrancia, in Turchia novantuna, ma in Ispagna son gid mille e trLorenzo da Ponte, Il dissoluto punito ossia UDon Giovanni:
Dramma giocoso in due atti, 1.5
Pushkin's The Bronze Horseman and Irving's "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow": A Curious Case of Cultural Cross-Fertilization?
Authors: Theimer Nepomnyashchy Catharine 
Published: April 2006

Yankee [. . .] A nickname given to Americans; its meaning is unknown to us–A. S. Pushkin, "Dzhon Tenner"As is well known, "influence" studies have fallen into disrepute in recent decades in western literary criticism. Linda Hutcheon rightly points out that this development constitutes an inevitable corollary to Roland Barthes's announcement of the "death of the author" in 1968,' shifting the site of meaning away from the flesh-and-blood author onto the interaction between text and reader, placing at issue "the locus of textual appropriation.
Al Qaeda, Terrorism, and Military Commissions
Authors: Wedgwood Ruth 
Published: April 2006

It is now more than an academic question whether one should regard terrorism as crime or as war. The attacks mounted by the Al Qaeda organization on September 11, 2001, were of unprecedented scale, heretofore seen only in wartime, killing three thousand people in a few hours’ time. Most victims were civilians, and most were Americans, yet the dead included people from eighty-seven countries. Had the emergency evacuation of the World Trade Center towers not run efficiently, as many as twenty-five thousand more might have died.The psychological sense that this was an act of war is founded on the extraordinary destructiveness of the act. In the past, even terrorism has evinced an implicit set of expectations—using violence to intimidate or gain publicity, targeting civilians so as to undermine the confidence placed in organized authority, but generally stopping short of this irrational magnitude of destruction. Only nihilism might seem to explain a scale of wreckage that serves no programmatic demands or political ambition.
Lyrical Ethics: The Poetry of Adam Zagajewski
Authors: Cavanagh Clare 
Published: April 2006

Art is not life and cannot beA midwife to society.—W. H. Auden, "New Year Letter," 1940What is poetry which does not saveNations or people?—Czeslaw Milosz, "Dedication," 1945If dictators still wishedto read our wrathful, rabid,well-wrought rhymes, then poetrywould surely change the world.—Adam Zagajewski, "Thorns," 1983
Instruction and Delight In Medieval and Renaissance Criticism
Authors: Salman Phillips 
Published: April 2006

The Horatian formula holding that a poem should instruct and delight raises two obvious questions: what is ‘instruction’ and what is ‘delight’? These are difficult questions, since they seem too broad to be answerable and too central to be dismissed. They are difficult, also, because they refer to paired terms. Are we to see instruction and delight related in some kind of sequence? And what of the cases where only one term appears and the other not at all?These are the basic questions generated by a consideration of the Horatian formula as it occurs in medieval and Renaissance critical texts and it is the purpose of this paper to show that the formula in these texts can be coherently interpreted through the use of the then dominant faculty psychology.
Renaissance Latin Aristotle Commentaries: Authors So—Z
Authors: Lohr Charles H. 
Published: April 2006

These pages conclude the inventory of Renaissance Latin Aristotle Commentaries published in Studies in the Renaissance, XXI (1974), 228-289; Renaissance Quarterly, XXVIII (1975), 689-741; XXIX (1976), 714-745; XXX (1977), 681-741; XXXI (1978), 532-603; XXXII (1979), 529-580; XXXIII (1980), 623-734. The commentaries have been arranged alphabetically according to the author's family name, with a brief biobibliographical note and indication of the manuscripts and printed editions.On the completion of this inventory I should like to express my gratitude for the tireless cooperation of Gerlinde Danzeisen and Marlen Wronka.
Tuscan Names, 1200-1530
Authors: Herlihy David 
Published: April 2006

“A name,” Bernardine of Siena declares, “is a famosa notitia,“ a public statement.’ In this paper I review the stock of personal names, and, implicitly, the public statements, associated with the men of women of Florence and of Tuscany, between the thirteenth and sixteenth centuries. The justifications for this enterprise are two. The surviving sources give overwhelming attention to the rich and powerful; they pay little heed to the poor and lowly. Inevitably, they yield an unbalanced view of Tuscan society. But if in most respects the humble are voiceless, they do bear personal names; they do make, in Bernardine's phrase, public statements.Moreover, as Bernardine implies, a name is far more than a bland identifier. It is rather a pointer, that directs our gaze in three directions. Its principal and unvarying function is to identify a particular man or woman. It bestows individuality; it ensouls. But names may also recall the past; often, they convert living persons into memorials to the dead.
The Historical Demography of Renaissance Europe: Recent Research and Current Issues
Authors: Poos L. R. 
Published: April 2006

Without the union of man and woman there can be no multiplication of the human species, but the number of these unions alone is not the only prerequisite of this multiplication: it is necessary in addition to bring [children] up with care, and to have the means of supporting them, otherwise they will either die before the natural time or they will be useless and of little value to their country… . How does Constantinople benefit from its populousness if every third year the contagion almost deprives the city of its inhabitants? Plague and disease arise in fact from the closeness and discomfort of the dwellings, the filth and dirt of living conditions and lack of care on the part of the government to keep the cities clean and the air purified, and other similar causes. All these things make it difficult to rear children, and although great numbers are born, comparatively few survive or grow to be men of any value… . Thus of the two conditions conducive to the propagation of the species, generation and upbringing, a high proportion of marriages may help the one but will certainly hinder the other… . It is not sufficient, therefore, for a prince to encourage marriages and fertility if he does not also assist the rearing and upkeep of the young, by charity towards the poor and by helping the needy and those who have not the means to marry their daughters or instruct their sons or to support themselves and their families.Giovanni Botero, Delia ragione di stato (1589)A product of the later Renaissance, a writer on behalf of the Counter Reformation but still “an inhabitant of Machiavelli's moral universe” (Skinner, 1; 249), Botero was remarkably precocious in observing and thinking about population issues and their relationship with economic conditions.
Pierre de Ronsard's Odes and the Law of Poetic Space
Authors: Ahmed Ehsan 
Published: April 2006

Et faictes que toujours j'espieD'oeil veillant les secretz des cieulx.(Ode à Michel de I'Hospital)The Odes of 1550 and 1552 reveal Pierre de Ronsard's ambition to gain entry into the court of Henri II. In the 1550 preface to the Odes, Ronsard does not make the slightest effort to veil his literary and political objectives. He presents his Odes as a poetic challenge to Clément Marot's psalm translations of 1541 and 1543 with the discovery of an equally ancient lyric source, pagan rather than Hebraic, and he mounts an ad hominem attack on the court poet Mellin de Saint-Gelais in order to win Henri's favor. The poetry, however, places in evidence other preoccupations. The Odes describe and problematize the endless wanderings of a poetic subject who seeks to uncover the secrets not only of the ancient world but of the modern one as well.
Maddalena Nerli and Cosimo Tornabuoni: A Couple's Narrative of Family History in Early Modern Florence
Authors: Calvi Giulia 
Published: April 2006

Trying to trace seventeenth-century Florentine family memoirs, I came upon a manuscript journal entirely written by a woman. Its frontispiece bore a date, 1623, and a heading: “In the name of God, the glorious Virgin Mary and all the saints of the Heavenly Court of Paradise, this book is the journal of signora Maddalena Nerli Tornabuoni, and in it she will keep a record of all her daily accounts starting from this very day in March 1623.“As the title specified, it was mainly an account book that covered twenty years of Maddalena's widowed life up to her death in 1641. Going carefully through its pages made me begin to perceive the boundaries of a domestic world organized and governed by a middle-aged urban patrician woman. It shed light on the social world she lived in, one of children, servants, close relatives, and sharecroppers; on the concrete material objects she was surrounded by—linens, foodstuffs, furniture, clothes, devotional items; and on the physical space she occupied—city and country homes, the district of S. Maria Novella and S. Giovanni in Florence.
Cyriacus of Ancona and the Revival of Two Forgotten Ancient Personifications in the Rector's Palace of Dubrovnik*
Authors: Kokole Stanko 
Published: April 2006

Despite the growing interest of modern scholars in early-Renaissance civic architecture as the bearer of meaning, the public buildings of Dubrovnik (It.Ragusa;Lat.Ragusium)have received less attention than their due. This is all the more regrettable because when some of the city's monuments are seen in their appropriate historical perspective, they turn out to be more important than many scholars would have expected.My case in point is Dubrovnik's principal government building, the so-called Rector's Palace(Palatium regiminis, Knežev dvor, or thePalazzo de'Rettori)When the fortress-like structure, which had been built in the fourteenth century, was severely damaged in 1435 by a gunpowder explosion in the armory, the authorities immediately decided to erect a new palace. Its construction was entrusted to the state engineer Onofrio di Giordano della Cava of Naples, under whose direction it was virtually completed by 1452 — only to be severely damaged by another explosion of ammunition in 1463.
Dimensions of Individuality: Recent French Works on the Renaissance
Authors: Schiffman Zachary Sayre 
Published: April 2006

In his famous “essay” of almost 150 years ago, Jacob Burckhardt articulated the single most fruitful idea about the Renaissance — that it was epitomized by “the discovery of the individual.” This discovery was double-sided: Man became a geistiges Individuum and recognized himself as such; and, as a consequence of this recognition, he also came to perceive die Fülle des Individuellen in the world around him. In other words, with the self-conscious perception of one's own uniqueness came the perception of the world as being full of unique entities.This discovery was for Burckhardt not an unalloyed blessing. His auf sich selbst gestellten Persönlichkeit (so liberally translated as “free personality“) is the individual stripped bare of all traditional defenses, standing naked before the world, with only his own wits to rely on — hardly a comforting prospect.
Circular Definitions: Configuring Gender in Italian Renaissance Festival*
Authors: Shemek Deanna 
Published: April 2006

The enigma is chat my body simultaneously sees and is seen. That which looks at all things can also look at itself and recognize, in what it sees, the “other side” of its power of looking.Maurice Merleau-PontyIn a Memorable Passage on the philosophy of art, phenomenologist Maurice Merleau-Ponty observes that the human subject's power to act and to perceive as a separate being arises from a body at once discrete unto itself, yet continuous with the world around it. “This initial paradox cannot but produce others,” he continues. “Visible and mobile, my body is a thing among things; it is caught in the fabric of the world, and its cohesion is that of a thing. But because it moves itself and sees, it holds things in a circle around itself“.
Public Report Of Review Of Nao Submission No. 9703
Authors: Oxman Bernard H. , Aceves William J. 
Published: April 2006

Public Report of Review of NAO Submission No. 9703.U.S. National Administrative Office, U.S. Department of Labor, July 31, 1998.On July 31,1998, the U.S. National Administrative Office (NAO) issued its Public Report of Review (Report) on a petition filed by several U.S. and Canadian labor unions alleging labor law violations in Mexico. The Report found credible allegations that Mexican workers were threatened and attacked as they sought to pursue legitimate union activities at an export-processing plant in Ciudad de los Reyes, Mexico. In addition, the Report determined that Mexican officials had failed to protect the labor interests of Mexican workers seeking to exercise their freedom of association. The Report called for ministerial consultations between the U.S. Secretary of Labor and the Secretary of Labor and Social Welfare of Mexico to address these issues.
Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria), Preliminary Objections, Judgment
Authors: Oxman Bernard H. , Bekker Peter H. F. 
Published: April 2006

Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria) , Preliminary Objections, Judgment.International Court of Justice, June 11, 1998.On March 29, 1994, Cameroon filed an Application requesting that the Court determine the question of sovereignty over the Bakassi Peninsula and a disputed parcel of land in the area of Lake Chad (principally Darak and its region) and to specify the course of the land and maritime boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria. It also asked the Court to order an immediate and unconditional withdrawal of Nigerian troops from alleged Cameroonian territory in the disputed areas. As the basis of the Court's jurisdiction, Cameroon relied on the declarations made by the parties under Article 36, paragraph 2 of the ICJ Statute.
Nitrile hydrolysis activity of Rhodococcus erythropolis NCIMB 11540 whole cells
Authors: Vink Mandy K. S , Wijtmans Roel , Reisinger Christoph , van den Berg Rutger J. F. , Schortinghuis Christien A. , Schwab Helmut , Schoemaker Hans E. , Rutjes Floris P. J. T. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe nitrile hydrolyzing properties of the bacterium strain Rhodococcus erythropolis NCIMB 11540 have been investigated. Using whole cells of the microorganism, a wide variety of aromatic and aliphatic cyanide‐containing substrates was successfully hydrolyzed to the corresponding amide or acid. In the case of dicyanides, selective monohydrolysis took place, which was further explored in the desymmetrization of malononitriles resulting in the corresponding cyano amides in enantiomeric excesses of up to 98%.
Structure‐guided consensus approach to create a more thermostable penicillin G acylase
Authors: Polizzi Karen M. , Chaparro‐Riggers Javier F. , Vazquez‐Figueroa Eduardo , Bommarius Andreas S. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe thermostabilization of penicillin G acylase (PGA) is a difficult problem due to the large size of the protein and its complex maturation process. We developed a data‐driven protein design method that requires fewer homologous sequences than the traditional consensus approach and utilizes structural information to limit the number of variants created. Approximately 50% of our 21 single‐point mutants were found experimentally to be more thermostable than the wild‐type PGA, two had almost threefold longer half‐life at 50°C, with very little effect on activity. An analysis of four programs that predict the thermostability conferred by point mutations shows little agreement between the programs and with the experimental data, emphasizing that the chosen stabilizing mutations are very difficult to predict, but that our data‐driven design method should prove useful.