bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tire Wet-Pavement Traction Measurement: A State-of-the-Art Review
Authors: Henry JJ 
Published: December 2008

In this paper, methods currently in use to measure tire-pavement friction are reviewed. The emphasis is on full-scale measurement systems operated at highway speeds, including systems that measure brake force coefficients (under slip or lockedwheel conditions or both) and side-force coefficients. A comparison is made of the data and information produced by each of these measurement methods. Attempts to relate the data produced by each of these methods are reviewed, and the reasons for their lack of agreement are discussed. In addition to direct traction measurement methods, texture measurements are discussed, and the reliability of texture-friction relationships is reviewed. The influence of texture on each of the full-scale measurement methods is investigated as a means of explaining the lack of agreement of the data produced by these methods.
Tire-pavement traction measurements are used for evaluating pavement safety and for predicting vehicle performance. The procedures for characterizing tire-pavement friction for these two applications usually differ. In the United States, pavements are monitored in annual inventories by a single measurement of skid resistance at a single speed with a standard ribbed test tire. Additional tests at multiple speeds or tests with a blank test tire or both may be conducted at accident sites. In some European countries, side-force coefficients or slip tests, both of which have the advantage of providing continuous measurements, are used to monitor pavement networks. These measurements are generally used in conjunction with a minimum texture depth requirement. A comparison of these approaches with U.S. practice is discussed. In conclusion, the status of consensus standards within ASTM and the International Standards Organization (ISO) is summarized, and recommendations are made for future standards development.
Use of the Inertial Profilometer in the Ohio DOT Pavement Management System
Authors: McQuirt JE , Spangler EB , Kelly WJ 
Published: December 2008

Pavement roughness and ride quality information, for the Ohio Department of Transportation (DOT) Pavement Management System, can be accurately computed directly from highway pavement profiles measured with the Ohio DOT inertial profilometer. The pavement ride quality information includes the present serviceability index (PSI) and PSI trigger values for nonroutine maintenance.
Pavement profiles measured with the Ohio DOT inertial profilometer have also been used to calibrate the Ohio DOT Mays ride meter system, to analyze the Mays Ride meter system performance, and to provide a link between that system and pavement roughness and ride quality information obtained from the Ohio DOT inertial profilometer.
Performance Tests for Graffiti Removers
Authors: Clifton JR , Godette M 
Published: December 2008

The defacing of the surfaces of masonry buildings with graffiti has increased substantially during the past decade, with removal cost exceeding several hundred million dollars annually. An assortment of materials have been used to remove graffiti with varying success. This report discusses performance tests developed to form a technical basis for selecting effective graffiti removers. Important considerations in developing the tests and criteria for graffiti removers were effectiveness in removing marks and effects on the appearance of masonry substrates.
In developing performance criteria, “standard graffiti” were produced by applying aerosol paints, crayons, lipstick, and felt-tip pens and markers to the surfaces of brick, sandstone, limestone, and aluminum specimens. The effectiveness of removers and their compatibility with masonry substrates was determined by comparing the color changes of unmarked, marked, and remover-treated masonry surfaces. Test methods were also developed to determine the ability of removers to migrate into masonry.
Designing and Building with Rehabilitation in Mind
Authors: Farbstein JD , Archea J , Kantrowitz M , Shibley RG , Wineman J , Zimring CM 
Published: December 2008

Rehabilitation is viewed as a series of modifications that enhance a building. In this sense, rehabilitation can occur at any point in the building's life, even during construction. These modifications will inevitably occur as total building performance is better understood and as the performance objectives for a building change over its useful life. Design and construction should, therefore, provide for this inevitable rehabilitation. However, it is rare that a client requests a study of total building performance before the building is built.
The state of Florida has recently commissioned a diverse team to investigate its building delivery process. The study is focused upon Florida A & M University's new school of architecture, with less detailed examinations of five other new buildings of varied functions.
The key features of our study include a number of tasks: first, tracking the construction process of the six buildings (analysis of program and design decisions, modeling of the state's building delivery process, assessing change orders); second, monitoring the movein process and premove adaptations; third, carrying out postoccupancy evaluations of the six buildings. These will be comprehensive evaluations, looking at user response to the designed environment as well as technical performance in terms of energy, maintenance, and repairs. This paper describes in more detail the methods used for each task.
The significance of the study lies in its comprehensive, integrative approach, where information from each task will be weighed in light of the concerns and findings from the other tasks. We will try to answer questions about the appropriateness of the programming, design, construction, and management processes used. Technical and functional performance also will be compared. Overall performance will be judged in the light of the multifaceted points of view of the various interested parties. It is hoped that, as a result of this study, rehabilitative modifications during initial construction will be reduced on future projects.
Potential Hazards Resulting from the Misapplication of Energy Conservation Measures in Existing Religious Buildings
Authors: Chick WS 
Published: December 2008

The development of a practical information data base covering a wide cross section of religious buildings is essential to determine the most effective approach in reducing their demand for energy without creating negative side effects.
Very little information is available on religious building profiles which is of use in determining the potential hazards resulting from the misapplication of various measures.
Applying energy conservation measures to religious buildings presents unique problems. For instance, attempting to apply cost-saving energy conservation measures with an unqualified committee working in its spare time with limited funds often results in structural damage, safety problems, and fire hazards to existing structures; examination of several hundred religious buildings in the province of Ontario has confirmed the existence of many problems.
The most common problem is the improper application of thermal insulation to the roof and walls of buildings. This has resulted in the loss of structural integrity due to dry rot caused by inadequate moisture control. The accelerated deterioration of a building can result in prohibitive maintenance and repair costs to many heritage edifices.
The various effects of insulation on fire safety are also a major concern. For instance, when insulation is applied around heat-producing devices such as lighting fixtures, lack of adequate ventilation can result in dangerous levels of heat accumulation to adjacent combustible materials. Insulation applied to linings under 5 mm (for example, plywood) can accelerate ignition when exposed to an ignition source.
The presence of plastic foam insulating materials is also a major concern due to the potential for vertical spread of fire in cavity walls. Materials such as urea-formaldehyde foam insulation can cause eye and nose irritations in some people and is linked to other health risks.
In geographic areas experiencing heavy snowfalls, the snow loads on roofs can cause failure due to heavy accumulations resulting from the improper use of insulation. Serious wetting occurs inside buildings from infiltration of blowing snow where gaps in insulation exist and where moisture barriers are installed in a faulty manner.
Most of these potential hazards can be significantly reduced or entirely eliminated by obtaining competent technical advice and by the adoption of proper installation and construction practices.
Hundreds of questionnaires, in addition to visits to examine a wide variety of religious buildings, have revealed the existence of many of the anticipated problems.
Documentation of these problems should provide a useful resource base of information for those involved in the operation, maintenance, and retrofitting of these important community buildings.
Technology of Preserving Wood Structures
Authors: Sherwood GE 
Published: December 2008

For the past 75 years, the Forest Products Laboratory has conducted research on topics ranging from wood anatomy to performance of entire buildings to development of construction guidelines. This paper presents research results applicable to extending the service life of wood structures. It includes information on fundamental properties of wood and on factors that influence serviceability, such as loading, temperature, moisture, chemicals, and weathering. The author summarizes state-of-the-art methods and practices for extending the life of wood structures and includes an extensive list of references.This overview of technology for preservation and rehabilitation of wood structures should be useful to designers, builders, and regulatory bodies involved in building preservation and rehabilitation.
Lessons Learned from Investigations of Over 500 Distressed Masonry and Stone Facades
Authors: Kellermeyer KB , Chin IR 
Published: December 2008

The authors and their colleagues have investigated over 500 buildings with distressed masonry and stone facades in the last five years. This work has included investigations of distressed conditions in building facades made of brick, concrete block, terracotta, granite, limestone, and marble.
Masonry and stone facades are frequently chosen by designers and building owners for their inherent durability to resist weathering and for their inherent low maintenance costs. When properly designed in accordance with available standards, their performance is normally excellent. However, their performance can be affected by insufficient care in the design of joints and by insufficient care in the design of attachment and flashing systems.
Based upon architectural design principles, knowledge of masonry and stone materials, and experience gained from investigating numerous masonry and stone facade failures, the authors discuss design factors and details that could help designers avoid failures in new masonry and stone facades. The authors also present information that can assist architects, engineers, and building owners rehabilitate and preserve existing facades on buildings.
Surveillance Programs and Irradiation Embrittlement Research of the Loviisa Nuclear Power Plant
Authors: Ahlstrand R , Törrönen K , Valo M , Bärs B 
Published: December 2008

The surveillance programs of Loviisa 1 and 2 nuclear power plants consist of irradiations of Charpy V-notch, Charpy-size three-point bend, and tensile specimens. The specimens are located outside the core barrel. The program consists of six sets of irradiation capsules that are taken out according to a special schedule.
The results from the first surveillance tests from Loviisa 1 showed that the shift in transition temperature (both Charpy-V and crack-opening displacement) was higher than expected. These results introduced a modification to the original withdrawal schedule of the surveillance capsules. The subsequent test results confirmed the shift in transition temperature.
In addition to the normal surveillance program, new surveillance capsules have been placed into both reactors before and after the core modification including round compact tension (CT) specimens. Parallel programs to validate the reliable use of small specimens for fracture toughness measurements and a special instrumented impact tester have been conducted.
The accuracy of the fluence measurements has been improved by the implementation of some novel procedures.
To study the amelioration of radiation embrittlement, an annealing study was carried out using the broken halves of the Charpy bars from surveillance testing.
Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) Pressure Vessel Surveillance Program
Authors: Sivaramakrishnan KS , Chatterjee S , Anantharaman S , Balakrishnan KS , Viswanathan UK , Roy PR 
Published: December 2008

A302 B steel cladded with stainless steel is used as the pressure vessel material for the two 210 MW(e) boiling water reactors commissioned during 1968. Fabricated surveillance specimens, representative of the pressure vessel steel, were kept in the reactor at wall, shroud, core, and steam dryer locations of the reactor. Charpy V-notch impact and tension specimens from base, weld, and heat affected zone (HAZ) from these locations, except at the core, were tested in the hot cell.
It has been found that maximum shift corresponding to Charpy 41-J index temperature was observed for the base material at the shroud location and the estimated value was 38°C. The corresponding index temperature was 18°C. The irradiation capsules had iron, copper, and nickel flux monitors. These were analyzed for estimating the fluences (&gt; 1 MeV), which were found to be (2.2 ± 0.4) × 1018 n/cm2 for wall and (1.5 ± 0.3) × 1019 n/cm2 for the shroud locations.
The shift in index temperatures was compared with the trend curves of Regulatory Guide 1.99.1.
The Sea Urchin: Bioassay for the Assessment of Damage from Environmental Contaminants
Authors: Pagano G , Cipollaro M , Corsale G , Esposito A , Ragucci E , Giordano GG , Trieff NM 
Published: December 2008

The sea urchin test system has been determined in our laboratory to be an extremely informative bioassay for pollutants, occurring as individual or as mixtures of xenobiotics. Harmful agents may be identified and characterized biologically to give an integrated set of data dealing with several key events, such as fertilization, mitotic activity, and embryogenesis. Therefore this bioassay may contribute to the assessment of the environmental impact of pollutants, by focusing on several important toxicological aspects.
This study was carried out on some inorganic pollutants [Cd(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), and Se(IV)] and their mixtures. Sublethal pH changes were taken into account as an additional stressor, capable of influencing the toxicities of tested agents. The experiments were performed on Paracentrotus lividus sperm and embryos, and on Echinus esculentus sperm. The results showed distinct patterns of embryotoxicity for the agents tested, which resulted in developmental defects as relatively high levels (&gt;10−5 kmol/m3) for Cd(II) and Se(IV), whereas the embryotoxic effects of Cu(II) and Zn(II) were exerted at lower concentrations (5 × 10−7 kmol/m3) close to their natural seawater levels. Cytogenetic analysis of exposed embryos failed to reveal any morphological or quantitative changes in mitotic activity, at embryotoxic levels of all tested contaminants. The fertilization success of exposed sperm showed peculiar dose-response changes, as a result of the specific contaminant levels and of the simultaneous presence of other contaminants. Specifically, slight increases in Cd(II) or Cu(II) levels enhanced fertilization success, up to critical levels (10−7 to 10−6 kmol/m3); however, further increases in these metal ion concentrations led to a drop in fertilization success. The simultaneous presence of Zn(II) or Se(IV) dramatically changed the dose-response patterns, depending on the different mixtures and the test species.
The results may represent an example of the need to account for the simultaneous presence of several pollutants, whose combined impacts may be substantially different from those of the individual toxins. Moreover, the results attest to the high sensitivity of the sea urchin bioassay, which responds to very slight increases in microelements or contaminant levels above their natural concentrations.
Impact of Drilling Fluids on Seagrasses: An Experimental Community Approach
Authors: Morton RD , Duke TW , Macauley JM , Clark JR , Price WA , Hendricks SJ , Owsley-Montgomery SL , Plaia GR 
Published: December 2008

Effects of a used drilling fluid on an experimental seagrass community (Thalassia testudinum Konig et Sims) were measured by exposing the community to the suspended particulate phase (SPP) in laboratory microcosms. Structure of the macroinvertebrate assemblage, growth and chlorophyll content of grass and associated epiphytes, and rates of decomposition as indicated by weight loss of grass leaves in treated and untreated microcosms were compared. Health of the plants and structure of the macroinvertebrate assemblage maintained in the laboratory were compared periodically with the seagrass community from which the plants and attendant sediment were taken.
Treated microcosms were exposed to either 190 parts per million (ppm), volume to volume, of SPP or an equivalent amount of montmorillonite clay. Untreated microcosms received only flowing water from Santa Rosa Sound. Sixteen replicates were provided for each treated and untreated set.
There were statistically significant differences in community structure and function among untreated microcosms and those receiving the clay and drilling fluid. For example, drilling fluid and clay caused a significant decrease in the numbers of the ten most numerically abundant (dominant) macroinvertebrates, and drilling fluid decreased the rate at which Thalassia leaves decomposed.
Use of Limnocorrals in Evaluating the Effects of Pesticides on Zooplankton Communities
Authors: Kaushik NK , Solomon KR , Stephenson GL , Day KE 
Published: December 2008

Enclosures of three sizes (large, 1000 m3; medium, 125 m3; small, 20 m3) designed and constructed specifically to facilitate the evaluation of the impact of pesticides in freshwater ecosystems are described. Uniform mixing of permethrin in a corral was possible within an hour using a pump system that had no adverse effects on entrapped organisms. Methoxychlor applied to surface waters with a back-pack spray system penetrated the column of water within 24 h. Both application methods produced replicable concentrations close to the desired nominal concentration. As a result of the impact of permethrin (0.5 and 5.0 μg L−1) and methoxychlor (5 and 50 μg L−1), densities of macrozooplankton populations decreased and rotifer populations increased in numbers. As the macrozooplankton populations recovered, rotifer numbers decreased.
The large corrals possessed a distinctive edge zone that extended 1.0 m from the corral wall and was usually characterized by greater densities of macrozooplankton than the center zone. No such edge zone existed in the small or medium corrals. We recommend that the spatial distribution of zooplankton in each size of corral be defined before establishing a sampling regime; thus more precise population estimates may be attained.
The impact of methoxychlor on enclosed zooplankton populations differed in the three sizes of limnocorrals. The toxicity of 20 μg methoxychlor L−1 to zooplankton increased with increasing size of corral, primarily because of the decreasing ratio of surface area of limnocorral walls to water volume. Methoxychlor adsorbs readily to polyvinyl chloride; thus the concentration in the water of the larger enclosures was higher for a longer period of time than that in the smaller corrals.
An Approach for Evaluating Long-Term Leachability from Measurement of Intrinsic Waste Properties
Authors: Côté P , Bridle TR , Benedek A 
Published: December 2008

This paper presents a radically new approach for evaluating hazardous waste leachability. In the past, leachability has been measured through conductance of laboratory leaching tests, either batch or column, using experimental conditions that attempt to simulate field conditions. An approach is proposed in which measured intrinsic properties of a waste are used in mathematical models to infer the long-term leachability.
To provide background information, laboratory leaching tests are reviewed with emphasis on interpretation of the results. It is argued that results of bench-scale tests are difficult to scale up to field disposal conditions and that they do not lend themselves to extrapolation over time.
Leaching from wastes takes place via solubilization of contaminants inside the matrix and transport through the matrix pore system to the surrounding aqueous solution. Intrinsic properties that determine leaching rates can be categorized as chemical or transport phenomenon. Chemical properties include those factors that determine a contaminant's solubility, for example, chemical speciation, precipitation, adsorption, kinetics of reaction, buffering capacity, and so forth. Transport properties include structure of the pore system, factors affecting diffusion of ions in the pores, and hydraulic conductivity. Laboratory methods to measure these properties are briefly described.
A mathematical model, developed to predict leaching of toxic metals from solidified wastes under acidic conditions, is described. The model uses measured properties of wastes to predict leaching rates under a variety of conditions. Verification experiments are presented and the merits and limitations of the model for long-term predictions are discussed.
The Complex Matrix in Environmental Chemistry for the Petrochemical Industry
Authors: Rohlik AR 
Published: December 2008

This paper presents specific examples of problem solving involving the complex matrix. The purpose is to encourage development and comparison of methods with the goal of creating systematic analytical protocols for many waste types.
Complex matrix chemistry is becoming more important in environmental analysis. Many waste matrices are unique to an industrial process and common worldwide. Only recently has analysis of many complex wastes been attempted, primarily because of environmental concerns and regulations. The complex matrix can be multiphase, chemically unstable, and contain analytical interferences. Complicating factors include waste aging and total versus releasable constituents.
Multiphase wastes can contain organic compounds, water, and solids. Examples of centrifugation and extraction of sludges are shown to simplify analysis. The extracts are more uniform and can be analyzed separately with more reproducible results. However, careful attention must be paid to mass, volume, and specific gravity of the separated fractions to be able to reconstruct the original samples. Anaerobic bacteria in petroleum refinery sludges can rapidly generate sulfide in a sample and lead to misleading conclusions about the real hazard of the waste.
Analysis for sulfide immediately after sampling is recommended. Other changes in chemically active wastes, including oxidation, often occur naturally in the disposal environment. These changes caused by aging are shown to confound analytical results and make interpretation of environmental impact difficult.
Matrix interferences in sulfur analyses can be overcome with appropriate analytical techniques. Matrix effects are explained, and comparisons of X-ray fluorescence and combustion are made. The sulfur result is also shown to present a problem in heat content calculation. The success of total assay of metals is dependent on specimen preparation. A comparison of three methods is given and a recommendation made. New test methods under development by ASTM for environmental modeling are presented as future options. The use of background information is recommended to optimize analytical techniques and provide the most useful data.