bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Initial association of NR2E1 with bipolar disorder and identification of candidate mutations in bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and aggression through resequencing
Authors: Kumar Ravinesh A. , McGhee Kevin A. , Leach Stephen , Bonaguro Russell , Maclean Alan , Aguirre‐Hernandez Rosalia , Abrahams Brett S. , Coccaro Emil F. , Hodgins Sheilagh , Turecki Gustavo , Condon Anne , Muir Walter J. , Brooks‐Wilson Angela R. , Blackwood Douglas H. , Simpson Elizabeth M. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractNuclear receptor 2E1 gene (NR2E1) resides within a 6q21‐22 locus for bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Mice deleted for Nr2e1 show altered neurogenesis, cortical and limbic abnormalities, aggression, hyperexcitability, and cognitive impairment. NR2E1 is therefore a positional and functional candidate for involvement in mental illness. We performed association analyses in 394 patients with bipolar disorder, 396 with schizophrenia, and 479 controls using six common markers and haplotypes. We also performed a comprehensive mutation screen of NR2E1, resequencing its entire coding region, complete 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions, consensus splice‐sites, and evolutionarily conserved regions in 126 humans with bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, or aggressive disorders. NR2E1 was associated with bipolar disorder I and II [odds ratio (OR = 0.77, P = 0.013), bipolar disorder I (OR = 0.77, P = 0.015), bipolar disorder in females (OR = 0.72, P = 0.009), and with age at onset ≤25 years (OR = 0.67, P = 0.006)], all of which remained significant after correcting for multiple comparisons. We identified eight novel candidate mutations that were absent in 325 controls; four of these were predicted to alter known neural transcription factor binding sites. Analyses of NR2E1 mRNA in human brain revealed forebrain‐specific transcription. The data presented support the hypothesis that genetic variation at NR2E1 may be associated with susceptibility to brain‐behavior disorders. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nanoclay plating of cellulosic fiber surfaces
Authors: Lindström Tom , Banke Karl , Larsson Tomas , Glad‐Nordmark Gunborg , Boldizar Antal 
Published: January 2008

AbstractA basic problem in making cellulose‐reinforced composites is achieving a dispersion of cellulosic fibers in an often olephinic polymer matrix. Drying cellulosic fibers results in the formation of fiber flocs/nodules because of their strong interfiber bonding, and this makes the hydrophilic cellulosic fibers difficult to disperse in a hydrophobic matrix material. One common approach to alleviate floc formation is to adsorb cationic surfactant onto anionically charged cellulose, which reduces the interfiber bonding, decreases floc formation and gives better compatibility with the matrix. In this report, a different approach is taken, namely to adsorb nanoclays onto the cellulosic fibers, and thereby reduce the natural hydrogen‐bonding affinity between fibers. In a second report, the same technology will be shown to be advantageous to decrease floc formation in oleophinic composites reinforced with cellulosic fibers. This article summarizes experiments aimed at optimizing the chemistry of deposition of montmorillonite clay onto fiber surfaces. The aim was to optimize the chemical conditions for the heterodeposition of the anionic clay onto cationically charged fluff pulp. The experiments were designed to provide a theoretical framework for the deposition of the nanoclay onto the pulp fibers. High Mw p‐DADMAC and an exfoliated clay (achieved by passing the clay through a homogenizer) were used. As expected, a certain degree of charge overcompensation by adding an electrolyte was necessary to bring about deposition. The adsorbed amount of clay could be calculated from the charge balance between the overcompensated charge and the net clay charge, constituting the theoretical framework for nanoclay heterodeposition. As expected, montmorillonite clay greatly destroyed the joint strength between fibers (determined by evaluating the strength of paper made from treated fibers). The surface coverage (determined by ESCA) was shown to be a linear function of the attached amount of clay, and ∼3% clay was required to fully cover the fiber surfaces. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Isothermal crystallization behavior of hybrid biocomposite consisting of regenerated cellulose fiber, clay, and poly(lactic acid)
Authors: Lee Seung‐Hwan , Wang Siqun , Teramoto Yoshikuni 
Published: January 2008

AbstractQuantitative analysis of isothermal crystallization kinetics of PLA/clay nanocomposite and PLA/clay/regenerated cellulose fiber (RCF) hybrid composite has been conducted. The crystallization rate constant (k) according to Avrami equation was higher in PLA/clay nanocomposite than in PLA/clay/RCF hybrid composite at the same crystallization temperature. The equilibrium melting temperature obtained by Hoffman–Weeks equation was almost same in both composites, whereas stability parameter was greater in hybrid composite than in nanocomposite. Activation energy of hybrid composite for crystallization was larger than that of nanocomposite. The value of nucleation parameter (Kg) and surface free energy (se) of hybrid composite were larger than nanocomposite, indicating that hybrid composite has a less folding regularity than nanocomposite. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Analysis of the cure of epoxy based layered silicate nanocomposites: Reaction kinetics and nanostructure development
Authors: Montserrat S. , Román F. , Hutchinson J. M. , Campos L. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe cure reaction kinetics of epoxy resin, with organically modified montmorillonite loadings of up to 20 wt % and with stoichiometric conditions, has been studied by differential scanning calorimetry with a view to understanding further the fabrication of epoxy‐based polymer layered silicate nanocomposites. The kinetic analysis of isothermal and nonisothermal cure shows that the autocatalytic model is the more appropriate to describe the kinetics of these reactions, and it is observed that a dominant effect of the montmorillonite is to catalyze the curing reaction. However, it was not possible to model the reactions over the whole range of degrees of conversion, in particular for nonisothermal cure. This attributed to the complexity of the reactions, and especially to the occurrence of etherification by cationic homopolymerization catalyzed by the onium ion of the organically modified montmorillonite. The homopolymerization reaction results in an excess of diamine in the system, and hence in practice the reaction is off stoichiometric, which leads to a reduction in both the heat of cure and the glass transition temperature as the montmorillonite content increases. Small angle X‐ray scattering of the cured nanocomposites shows that an exfoliated nanostructure is obtained in nonisothermal cure at slow heating rates, whereas for nonisothermal cure at faster heating rates, as well as for isothermal cure at 70°C and 100°C, a certain amount of exfoliation is accompanied by the growth of d‐spacings of 1.4 nm and 1.8 nm for dynamic and isothermal cure, respectively, smaller than the d‐spacings of the modified clay before intercalation of the resin. A similar nanostructure, consisting of extensive exfoliation accompanied by a strong scattering at distances less than the d‐spacing of the modified clay, is also found for resin/clay mixtures, before the addition of any crosslinking agent, which have been preconditioned by storage for long times at room temperature. The development of these nanostructures is attributed to the presence of clay agglomerations in the original resin/clay mixtures and highlights the importance of the quality of the dispersion of the clay in the resin in respect of achieving a homogeneous exfoliated nanostructure in the cured nanocomposite. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Stress‐relaxation behavior of natural rubber/polystyrene and natural rubber/polystyrene/natural rubber‐graft‐polystyrene blends
Authors: Asaletha R. , Bindu P. , Aravind Indose , Meera A. P. , Valsaraj S. V. , Yang Weimin , Thomas Sabu 
Published: January 2008

AbstractWe studied the stress‐relaxation behavior of natural rubber (NR)/polystyrene (PS) blends in tension. The effects of strain level, composition, compatibilizer loading, and aging on the stress‐relaxation behavior were investigated in detail. The dispersed/matrix phase morphology always showed a two‐stage mechanism. On the other hand, the cocontinuos morphology showed a single‐stage mechanism. The addition of a compatibilizer (NR‐g‐PS) into 50/50 blends changed the blend morphology to a matrix/dispersed phase structure. As a result, a two‐step relaxation mechanism was found in the compatibilized blends. A three‐stage mechanism was observed at very high loadings of the compatibilizer (above the critical micelle concentration), where the compatibilizer formed micelles in the continuous phase. The aged samples showed a two‐stage relaxation mechanism. The rate of relaxation increased with strain levels. The aging produced interesting effects on the relaxation pattern. The rate of relaxation increased with temperature due to the degradation of the samples. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Influence of attapulgites on cure‐reaction‐induced phase separation in epoxy/poly(ether sulfone) blends
Authors: Zhao Lin , Zhan Guozhu , Yu Yingfeng , Tang Xiaolin , Li Shanjun 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe influence of attapulgites (ATTs) on cure‐reaction‐induced phase separation in diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A/poly(ether sulfone) (PES) blends has been studied with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), optical microscopy, time‐resolved light scattering, and dynamic mechanical analysis at different ATT and PES concentrations. The SEM results show that the incorporation of a small amount of ATT into the blends can change the final phase morphology markedly and affect the secondary phase separation. The TEM results show that ATT particles are pinned down by the interfacial tension at the phase interfaces, and this slows the interfacial motion. In addition, the incorporation of a small amount of ATT particles can improve the modulus because of the increased interfacial interaction of the PES‐rich and epoxy‐rich phases. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Shape‐memory behaviors of biodegradable poly(L‐lactide‐co‐ϵ‐caprolactone) copolymers
Authors: Lu X. L. , Cai W. , Gao Z. Y. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractA series of biodegradable poly(L‐lactide‐co‐ϵ‐caprolactone) (PCLA) copolymers with different chemical compositions are synthesized and characterized. The mechanical properties and shape‐memory behaviors of PCLA copolymers are studied. The mechanical properties are significantly affected by the copolymer compositions. With the ϵ‐caprolactone (ϵ‐CL) content increasing, the tensile strength of copolymers decreases linearly and the elongation at break increases gradually. By means of adjusting the compositions, the copolymers exhibit excellent shape‐memory effects with shape‐recovery and shape‐retention rate exceeding 95%. The effects of composition, deformation strain, and the stretching conditions on the recovery stress are also investigated systematically. A maximum recovery stress around 6.2 MPa can be obtained at stretching at Tg − 15°C to 200% deformation strain for the PCLA70 copolymer. The degradation results show that the copolymers with higher ϵ‐CL content have faster degradation rates and shape‐recovery rates, meanwhile, the recovery stress can maintain a relative high value after 30 days in vitro degradation. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Exploring the relationship between feature and perceptual visual spaces
Authors: Rorissa Abebe , Clough Paul , Deselaers Thomas 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe number and size of digital repositories containing visual information (images or videos) is increasing and thereby demanding appropriate ways to represent and search these information spaces. Their visualization often relies on reducing the dimensions of the information space to create a lower‐dimensional feature space which, from the point‐of‐view of the end user, will be viewed and interpreted as a perceptual space. Critically for information visualization, the degree to which the feature and perceptual spaces correspond is still an open research question. In this paper we report the results of three studies which indicate that distance (or dissimilarity) matrices based on low‐level visual features, in conjunction with various similarity measures commonly used in current CBIR systems, correlate with human similarity judgments.
A New Class of Substrates for Nucleophilic 5‐endo‐trig Cyclization, 2‐Trifluoromethyl‐1‐alkenes: Synthesis of Five‐Membered Hetero‐ and Carbocycles That Bear Fluorinated One‐Carbon Units
Authors: Ichikawa Junji , Iwai Yu , Nadano Ryo , Mori Takashi , Ikeda Masahiro 
Published: January 2008

AbstractDisfavored 5‐endo‐trig cyclizations were achieved in 2‐trifluoromethyl‐1‐alkenes with a nucleophilic nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, or carbon atom through 1) intramolecular SN2′ reaction with loss of a fluoride ion or 2) intramolecular nucleophilic addition to the vinylic group. This reaction manifold provides a versatile method for the synthesis of indolines, indoles, pyrrolidines, tetrahydrofurans, 2,3‐dihydrobenzo[b]thiophenes, tetrahydrothiophenes, and cyclopentanes that bear a fluorinated one‐carbon unit such as a difluoromethylene, difluoromethyl, or trifluoromethyl group.
Stereochemistry and Mechanistic Study of Intramolecular PdII‐Catalyzed Oxypalladation and 1,3‐Chirality‐Transfer Reactions
Authors: Uenishi Jun'ichi , Vikhe Yogesh Shankar , Kawai Nobuyuki 
Published: January 2008

AbstractPdII‐catalyzed cyclizations of chiral ε‐, ζ‐, and η‐hydroxy‐α,β‐unsaturated alcohols are described. The reactions took place stereospecifically to give chiral 2,5‐disubstituted tetrahydrofurans, 2,6‐disubstituted tetrahydropyrans, and 2,7‐disubstituted oxepanes, respectively. The chirality of the carbon center of the chiral allylic alcohol is transferred stereospecifically to the carbon center of the newly generated oxacyclic ring. A plausible reaction mechanism involves 1) chiral‐allylic‐alcohol‐induced syn facioselective formation of a Pd π‐complex, 2) syn oxypalladation, and 3) syn elimination of PdCl(OH), which provide a rational account for the stereochemical results.
Determination of lipoprotein lipase activity in post heparin plasma of streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats by high‐performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection
Authors: Chou Yu‐Ching , Tsai Yih‐Chiao , Chen Chien‐Ming , Chen Shih‐Ming , Lee Jen‐Ai 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe activity of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), an enzyme responsible for lipoprotein metabolism, would vary in diseases and metabolic disorders. For determination of LPL activity, a highly sensitive high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method using a fluorescent reagent, 4‐nitro‐7‐piperazino‐2,1,3‐benzoxadiazole (NBD‐PZ) was applied to determinate the oleic acid (OA) generated from triolein by LPL activity without multiple solvents extraction step. We studied the optimal conditons of the reaction including the effect of emulsifiers, deproteinizing solvents, and the concentration of bovine serum albumin (BSA). Ten millimolar concentrations of triolein, 5% of BSA, 1% of Gum arabic (GA), and acetonitrile showed the optimum conditions for measuring the LPL activity. The accuracy values for the determination of LPL activity in 10 µL of rat post heparin plasma were 108.73 ∼ 114.36%, and the intra‐ and inter‐day precision values were within 1.28% and 2.91%, respectively. The limit of detection was about 4.53 nM (signal‐to‐noise ratio 3). The proposed method was applied to determination of LPL activity in post heparin plasma of normal and streptozotocininduced diabetic rats associated with 52.3% reduction. The established assay system could be used for determining LPL activity in different physiological and pathological conditions to clarify the relationship between LPL activity and diabetes mellitus. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous determination of tanshinone I, dihydrotanshinone I, tanshinone IIA and cryptotanshinone in rat plasma by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry: application to a pharmacokinetic study of a standardized fraction of Salvia miltiorrhiza, PF2401‐SF
Authors: Park Eun Jeong , Ji Hye Young , Kim Nam Jin , Song Won Young , Kim Young Hoon , Kim Youn‐Chul , Sohn Dong Hwan , Lee Hye Suk 
Published: January 2008

AbstractA rapid, sensitive and selective liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometric (LC‐MS/MS) method for the simultaneous determination of tanshinone I, dihydrotanshinone I, tanshinone IIA and cryptotanshinone, the active components of Salvia miltiorrhiza in rat plasma, was developed. After liquid–liquid extraction with tariquidar as an internal standard, tanshinone I, dihydrotanshinone I, tanshinone IIA and cryptotanshinone were eluted from an Atlantis dC18 column within 5 min with a mixture of methanol and ammonium formate (10 mm, pH 6.5; 85:15, v/v). The analytes were detected by an electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry in the selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode. The standard curves were linear (r = 0.999) over the concentration range of 0.25–80 ng/mL for tanshinone I, dihydrotanshinone I, tanshinone IIA and cryptotanshinone in rat plasma. The coefficients of variation and the relative errors of tanshinone I, dihydrotanshinone I, tanshinone IIA and cryptotanshinone for intra‐ and inter‐assay at four quality control (QC) concentrations were 1.1–5.1% and −4.0–6.0%, respectively. The lower limit of quantification for tanshinone I, dihydrotanshinone I, tanshinone IIA and cryptotanshinone was 0.25 ng/mL from 100 µL of plasma. This method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of tanshinone I, dihydrotanshinone I, tanshinone IIA and cryptotanshinone after oral administration of PF2401‐SF, the standardized fraction of Salvia miltiorrhiza enriched with tanshinone I, dihydrotanshinone I, tanshinone IIA and cryptotanshinone to male Sprague–Dawley rats. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of volatile organic compounds generated from fresh, white and red Panax ginseng (C. A. Meyer) using a direct sample injection technique
Authors: Abd El‐Aty A. M. , Kim In‐Kyung , Kim Mi‐Ra , Lee ChiHo , Shim Jae‐Han 
Published: January 2008

AbstractGinsenosides are regarded as the main active, non‐volatile components of Panax ginseng (C. A. Meyer). However, throughout the long history of ginseng research, there has been virtually no report describing its volatile flavor compounds. A solvent‐free procedure for the determination of volatile flavor compounds generated from fresh, white and red Panax ginseng (C. A. Meyer) using solvent‐free solid injection (SFSI) coupled with gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) detection is described here. At no point in the SFSI technique were the extraction conditions optimized. Rather, the experimental variables including various sample preparations (fresh, oven‐dried and freeze‐dried), injector temperatures (100, 150, 200, 250 and 300°C), and preheating times (3, 5, 7, 10 and 15 min), were predicated on the experience of the authors. A total of 47 compounds were identified in various forms of ginseng. Among the compounds identified in the sample, fresh ginseng was characterized by a high proportion of 3‐acetyl‐1‐(3,4‐dimethoxyphenyl)‐5‐ethyl‐4,5‐dihydro‐7,8‐dimethoxy‐4‐methylene‐3H‐2,3‐benzodiazepine (64.24%) and 23,24‐dinor‐3‐oxolean‐4,12‐dien‐28‐oic acid (21.42%); 2‐furanmethanol (20.26%) and 3‐hydroxy‐2‐methyl‐4H‐pyran‐4‐one (17.95%) were detected as the major components in white ginseng while the main components of the red ginseng were found to be 1,2‐benzenedicarboxylic acid dibutyl ester (16.27%) and 2‐furanmethanol (13.82%). SFSI is a solvent‐free, rapid and simple sample preparation technique based on direct vaporization. There is no dilution or contamination with solvent or its impurities and no loss of quickly eluted components was observed in the solvent peak. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Stability in Biological Media of 1H‐Imidazole‐1‐carboxylates of ROS203, an Antagonist of the Histamine H3Receptor
Authors: Rivara Mirko , Vacondio Federica , Silva Claudia , Zuliani Valentina , Fantini Marco , Bordi Fabrizio , Plazzi Pier Vincenzo , Bertoni Simona , Ballabeni Vigilio , Flammini Lisa , Barocelli Elisabetta , Mor Marco 
Published: January 2008

AbstractA series of carbamate derivatives of the H3antagonist ROS203 (1) were prepared, and their lipophilicity and steric hindrance were modulated by introducing linear or branched alkyl chains of various lengths.In vitrostability studies were conducted to evaluate how structural modulations affect the intrinsic reactivity of the carbamoyl moiety and its recognition by metabolic enzymes. Linear alkyl carbamates were the most susceptible to enzymatic hydrolysis, with bioconversion rates being higher in rat liver and plasma. Chain ramification significantly enhanced the enzymatic stability of the set, with two derivatives (1gand1h) being more stable by a factor of 8–40 than the ethyl carbamate1a. Incubation with bovine serum albumin (BSA) showed a protective role of proteins on chemical and porcine‐liver esterase (PLE)‐catalyzed hydrolysis.Ex vivobinding data afteri.v.administration of1hrevealed prolonged displacement of the labeled ligand [3H]‐(R)‐α‐methylhistamine ([3H]RAMHA) from rat‐brain cortical membranes, when compared to1. However, the high rates of bioconversion in liver, as well as the chemical instability of1h, suggest that further work is needed to optimize the enzymatic and chemical stability of these compounds.
Non‐Nucleoside HIV‐1 Reverse‐Transcriptase Inhibitors. Part 10
Authors: Wang Yueping , Chen Fen‐Er , Balzarini Jan , De Clercq Erik , Pannecouque Christophe 
Published: January 2008

AbstractA series of structurally related 2,5‐disubstituted 6‐(1‐naphthylmethyl)‐pyrimidin‐4(3H)‐ones, compounds 6a–6r, were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro anti‐HIV activities in MT‐4 cells. Most of the new compounds investigated showed moderate‐to‐good activities against wild‐type HIV‐1, with IC50 values in the range 5.64–0.21 μM. Compound 6d was the most potent congener (IC50=0.21 μM, SI=724) in inhibiting HIV‐1 replication, which is ca. 25 times more effective than the reference compound 2′,3′‐dideoxyinosine (DDI). Preliminary structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies revealed that both modulation of the amino function at C(2) and of the alkyl group at C(5) of the pyrimidine ring are crucial for high anti‐HIV‐1 activity.
A New Cytotoxic, Apoptosis‐Inducing Triterpenoid from the Rhizomes of Astilbe chinensis
Authors: Zhang Yi‐Bin , Peng Xiao‐Ying , Sun Hong‐Xiang 
Published: January 2008

AbstractA new ursane‐based compound, astilbotriterpenic acid (1), was isolated from the rhizomes of Astilbe chinensis. Its structure was determined on the basis of chemical evidence and extensive spectroscopic methods, including 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR. The pentacyclic triterpenoid 1 was assayed for its in vitro cytotoxicity against Bcap37, HeLa, HepG2, HO‐8910, K562, PAA, SGC7901, and P388 cancer cells, as well as for its apoptosis‐inducing activity in HeLa cells. Compound 1 was found to strongly inhibit tumor‐cell growth through induction of apoptosis and may, thus, be further evaluated as a novel chemotherapeutic agent.