bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The normal vibrations of a rigid spherical punch on the surface of an elastic half-space
Authors: Crozier R. J. M. , Hunter S. C. 
Published: January 2009

SummaryA rigid spherical punch vibrates normally on the surface of a semi-infinite isotropic elastic half-space. The essential novelty of this problem, which is treated within the context of classical elasticity, is that of a changing boundary; the radius of the circle of contact on the free surface varies with time. The geometrical co-ordinates are modified to yield a boundary value problem with fixed boundaries. However the governing differential equations become more complicated. These equations are solved by a perturbation procedure for the case where the contact radius a(t) is of the formwhere a0 is constant and |ŋ(t)≪1. Finally the normal stress and the total load under the punch are evaluated in the form of series which are valid for sufficiently slowly varying ŋ(t).
On distributively generated near-rings
Authors: Lich Steve 
Published: January 2009

The following theorems in ring theory are well-known:1. Let R be a ring. If e is a unique left identity, then e is also a right identity.2. If R is a ring with more than one element such that aR = R for every nonzero element a ε R, then R is a division ring.3. A ring R with identity e ≠ 0 is a division ring if and only if it has no proper right ideals.
The Simple Pendulum with Uniformly Changing String Length
Authors: Brearley M. N. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAn analysis is made of the motion of a simple undamped pendulum which performs small oscillations in one plane while its string is raised or lowered through the point of support at a constant rate. The behaviour of the system and the variation of its angular and linear amplitudes are expressible in terms of Bessel functions of orders 0, 1 and 2.
A boundary value problem on an infinite interval
Authors: Kartsatos Athanassios G. 
Published: January 2009

We are interested here in proving the existence of solutions to the (generalised) boundary value problemwhere A is a continuous n×n matrix on R+ = [0, ∞), F is a continuous n vector on R+ × S (S = a suitable subset of Rn), T is a bounded linear operator defined on (or on a subspace of) C[R+, Rn], the space of all bounded and continuous Rn-valued functions on R+, and r is a fixed vector in Rn. There is an abundance of papers dealing with the problem ((I), (II)) on finite intervals, either in its full generality (cf., for example, (1), (2), (3), (4), (6)), or for special cases of the operator T. The reader is especially referred to the work of Shreve (7), (8) for such problems on infinite intervals for scalar equations. A series representation of the solutions is given by Kravchenko and Yablonskii (5). Most of our methods are extensions of the corresponding ones on finite intervals with some variations concerning the application of fixed-point theorems. Examples of interesting operators T arewhere V(t), M, N are n×n matrices with V(t) integrable.
On Realising Mod-2 Homology Classes of Manifolds by Submanifolds
Authors: Papastavridis Stavros 
Published: January 2009

In his fundamental paper (3), Thorn proved, among other things, that a mod-2 homology class of an n-dimensional, closed, compact, C∞ manifold, which has dimension n/2, can be realised by a submanifold, (see (3), Théorème II. 1 and Corollaire 11.13).In this note we examine the question of realisability of mod-2 homology classes of the next higher dimension.
On the divisibility of the class number of by 16
Authors: Leonard Philip A. , Williams Kenneth S. 
Published: January 2009

Let d(<0) denote a squarefree integer. The ideal class group of the imaginary quadratic field has a cyclic 2-Sylow subgroup of order ≦8 in precisely the following cases (see for example [5] and [6]):where p and q denote primes and g, h, u and v are positive integers. The class number of is denoted by h(d) and in the above cases h(d) = 0(mod 8). For cases (i), (ii) and (iii) the authors [6] have given necessary and sufficient conditions for h(d) to be divisible by 16. In this paper we do the same for case (iv) extending the results of Brown [4].
Integral Equations Satisfied by Lamé-Wangerin Functions
Authors: Lambe C. G. 
Published: January 2009

SummaryIntegral equations are obtained with nuclei (l — zt/a)2n and (z–t)2n which are satisfied by characteristic solutions of the transformed Lamé-Wangerin equation of order n, and each of the two characteristic solutions is expressed in terms of the other by a contour integral.
A Note about Functions in Lip α
Authors: Plessis N. Du 
Published: January 2009

This note gives a proof of the result:A necessary and sufficient condition that a trigonometrical series T (x) be the Fourier series of a function is that σn – σm = O(n-n) uniformly in [0, 2π] for all m≤n, where σn is the nth (C, l) mean of T (x).
Elliptic multiparameter eigenvalue problems
Authors: Binding P. A. , Seddighi K. 
Published: January 2009

We study the eigenproblemwhereand Tm, Vmn are self-adjoint operators on separable Hilbert spaces Hm. We assume the Tm to be bounded below with compact resolvents, and the Vmn to be bounded and to satisfy an “ellipticity” condition. If k = 1 then ellipticity is automatic, and if each Tm is positive definite then the problem is “left definite”.
A Version of Hagen's Proof of the “Law of Error.”
Authors: Muirhead R. F. 
Published: January 2009

Hagen's proof (1837), as described in the 8th edition of Mansfield Merriman's “Method of Least Squares,” is based on the assumption that the error may be supposed to consist of the algebraic sum of an infinite number of infinitesimal errors of equal amount ε, each one of which is equally likely to be positive or negative. Thus if 2m is the number of the infinitesimal errors, the probability of the error x ≡ 2p ε occurring isand the maximum value of P occurs when p = 0, and is.
On the form in Polar co-ordinates of certain expressions occurring in Elastic Solids and in Hydrodynamics
Authors: Chree Charles 
Published: January 2009

In this paper is considered the form taken in Polar co-ordinates by the equivalents of certain well known expressions in Cartesian co-ordinates which occur in Elastic Solids and in Hydrodynamics.The accompanying figure (fig. 29) will enable us to transform from Cartesians to Polars by simple geometry.
Greenhouse gas emissions from rice farming inputs: a cross-country assessment
Authors: MARASENI T. N. , MUSHTAQ S. , MAROULIS J. 
Published: January 2009

SUMMARYRegardless of the irrigation system deployed, rice production requires a variety of farm energy inputs. The present study estimated and compared greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from rice farming practices, resulting from various farm inputs and irrigation systems in Pakistan, the Philippines, China, Indonesia, Myanmar, Nepal, Australia and the USA. Results indicate that, on aggregate, emissions related to farm machinery, fuels, agrochemicals and animal labour accounted for 0·018, 0·307, 0·666 and 0·008, respectively. Emissions from tubewell irrigation systems were the highest, followed by canal and rainfed irrigation systems. Average emissions from all selected countries with tubewell irrigation systems were 1·64 times greater than canal irrigation systems and 2·64 times greater than rainfed irrigation systems. When considering GHG emission efficiencies (emissions/kg of rice yield), developing countries were found to be less efficient than developed countries in both canal and tubewell irrigation systems. The relationship between GHG emissions and rice yield was statistically significant (P<0·01), with results indicating that a yield increase of 100 kg would increase GHG emissions by 16·51 kg CO2e (kg carbon dioxide equivalent).
How I Invented America
Authors: Bradbury Malcolm 
Published: January 2009

There exists a handy term, “Americanist,” that serves to describe what it is I am, and what it is I do. I teach in, indeed I started, a busy American Studies programme; I specialize in American literature. The term is handy, and yet it doesn't entirely satisfy me, explaining a good deal about the object of my academic attention, but nothing about why the attention grew up, or what part it plays in my life. I have many basic preoccupations, and many roles deriving from them: I am a university teacher, a literary critic, a writer. But if, as I think, they link fruitfully with each other, this is because they are tied by a presiding and demanding preoccupation with literature — with its stylistic nature and its social and cultural origins and existence, with its historical pastness and its insistent presentness. In such matters I spend most of my life and invest most of my imagination. And in such matters there is no doubt that the United States plays a central and a fascinating part. Yet I was interested in literature before I was interested in America, I was interested in America before I became an Americanist, and my Americanist interest is itself part of something else, an obsessive concern with the inter-nationality of writing, with the influences that shape and command it, with the world in which it works, or does not, as the case may be. So I want to go behind my Americanist function – and what better opportunity could I have than in response to the present invitation, which calls for reminiscence, and even a little confession?In many ways, of course, my American interests are inevitable enough and obvious enough: anyone drawing the map of contemporary intellectual geography would need to put the United States in some radiating and central position, and anyone considering the nature of writing today would need to agree that in its conduct and its stylistic advancement the United States plays a role of enormous power.
Jonathan Edwards: The First Two Hundred Years
Authors: Shea Daniel B. 
Published: January 2009

Occasionally, even the student of American culture grown accustomed to its odd couples — Thomas Morton and lasses in beaver coats, Emily Dickinson and Thomas Wentworth Higginson, Mark Twain and the Reverend Joseph Twichell — is brought up short. One does not, after all, expect to encounter the language and cadences of Jonathan Edwards' Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God in a Walt Disney production of Pollyanna, a film in which the heroine's gladness has come to fulfill roughly the function of divine grace. And it is only slighdy less improbable to encounter in the New Yorker for 31 July 1978 the disembodied, dialectical voices of Donald Barthelme's The Leap, agreeing to postpone the leap of faitli to another day, setting aside their awareness that “We hang by a slender thread. — The fire boils below us — the pit. Crawling with roaches and other tilings. — Torture unimaginable.”The use and misuse of Jonathan Edwards, or less moralistically, the observable process of advocacy, condemnation, adaptation, and creative redefinition focussed on his life and work, has a long and instructive history. In October of 1903 an important stage in that process had been reached when bicentennial celebrations of Edwards' birth resulted in a flourishing of tributes to die Edwards legacy and assessments of the permanent and the passing in his diought, as one writer put it. We may now, three quarters of a century later, have reached a stage of comparable significance, with a potential both for summing up and for speculating on what lies ahead.
Call Me Nigger!: Race and Speech in Faulkner's Light in August
Authors: Godden Richard 
Published: January 2009

Much has been written about community in Yoknapatawpha; a great deal of it reads like an apology for Arcadia. Cleanth Brooks is a persistent offender:The little town is old-fashioned and backward looking. It is suspicious of any outsiders who would disturb its life, and when it cannot expel the alien, it tries to wall him off in a kind of cultural cyst as bees enclose with waxen walls a beetle or wasp that has got inside the hive.The activities of Jefferson, Miss., in Light in August strike me as being less benevolent than the activities of bees. However, my point is more general: even in “old fashioned” communities people do not “Know who they are and where they belong” (xviii) as of a timeless right. They know because they engage in social exchanges which substantiate or qualify their belonging.Recently Myra Jehlen has undertaken a class-based analysis of such exchanges. In Class and Character in Faulkner's South she discovers “the living pulse” of Yoknapatawpha in its “tangled social context.” As a result, she pleads with some justification for a shift of interest towards class in Faulkner scholarship:William Faulkner was obsessed by history … [and] he drew characters whose inner lives are essentially linings for selves tailored to unalterable social patterns.… His people's tragedy is that their interior world has been co-opted by an external world they never made and apparently no one can ever unmake, (p. 1)
The Political Economy of John Taylor of Caroline
Authors: Macleod Duncan 
Published: January 2009

After years of comparative neglect John Taylor of Caroline has recently begun to receive again a degree of attention more in keeping with his true importance. That his impact upon both his own generation and upon subsequent generations of historians has always been less than it might have been is due largely to his tortured style of writing and the tortuous thought processes it reflected. John Randolph of Roanoke once commented that Taylor needed only a translator to make an impact, and Thomas Jefferson, replying to a communication from John Adams in 1814, wrote that a book received by Adams must have been Taylor's An Inquiry into the Principles and Policy of the Government of the United States: “neither the style nor the stuff of the author of Arator can ever be mistaken. [I]n the latter work, as you observe, there are some good things, but so involved in quaint, in far-fetched, affected, mystical conceipts [sic], and flimsy theories, that who can take the trouble of getting at them?” Taylor himself appeared to hold a fluent style in contempt, commenting that “A talent for fine writing is often a great misfortune to politicians.”Although Taylor's style renders study of his writings far from congenial, the consistency of his purpose and thought make it relatively easy to extract the main thrusts of his arguments. Far from a rigorous theorist he provides a running commentary upon the politics of his times. In that capacity, however, he never felt compelled to define clearly, even to himself perhaps, some of the central premises from which his arguments derived.
The Public Eye of Raymond Chandler
Authors: Smith David 
Published: January 2009

When the “hard-boiled” private eye of American detective fiction hit the streets in the late 1920s it was not altogether surprising that he should take his complicated path down Californian streets. Not because they were notably meaner than those of big-city crime in New York or Chicago but rather because his essentially private quest for the unravelling of an individual's tortuous truth would find more quarry in the Southern Californian mixingbowl. Each fresh start or re-made life came trailing the spoor of the past. The private eye became expert at detecting the tarnished metal beneath the glittering paint, at offering a wry sympathy to those cheated at the edge of the last frontier. However this “new” society was no more detached from a past that shaped its public form than were its denizens free to make themselves anew. In the hands of one or two writers the mystery was then deepened in ways that replaced the discovery of facts by the probing of relationships between the fixed individual and his forming society. The private eye then required a writer with a public gaze to give him vision.In 1888 an Irish-American boy of Quaker parentage was born in Chicago. After boyhood summers in sleepy Plattsmouth, Nebraska, and the tortured adolescence of a public-school education in Edwardian England the twentyfour-year-old Raymond Chandler, trekking slowly through the Mid-West, arrived in Los Angeles.
“The plots of God are perfect”: Poe'sEurekaand American Creative Nihilism
Authors: Manning Susan 
Published: January 2009

Your diddler is ingenious. He has constructiveness large. He understands plot. He invents and circumvents.The attempt to bridge the chasm between multiplicity and unity is the oldest problem of philosophy, religion and science, but the flimsiest bridge of all is the human Concept, unless somewhere, within or beyond it, an energy not individual is hidden; and in that case the old question instantly reappears: – What is that Energy?
John Dos Passos and the Visual Arts
Authors: Spindler Michael 
Published: January 2009

The remarkable originality of Dos Passos's Manhattan Transfer (1925) has been long recognized. From Sinclair Lewis's early appreciative essay onwards, the novel's significant advance over Dos Passos's three previous novels, its break with constricting convention, and its technical boldness have been repeatedly noted. Dos Passos's broad concern remains that of the traditional realist–the heavily itemized portraiture of urban social life–but in Manhattan Transfer that portraiture is energized and given fresh impact by new modes of description and new principles of narrative structure. These innovations have customarily been traced to the influence of modernist experimentation in the novel, and Dos Passos's debts to James Joyce, Gertrude Stein and Marcel Proust have been established. Yet an explanation of Dos Passos's conception of form which confines itself to literary modernism alone must be regarded as incomplete. Dos Passos's heightened visual sense and the marked painterly and cinematic qualities of his work indicate that it is to the twentieth-century pioneers in the visual arts, as well as to the pioneers in fiction, that we must look for formative influences.Dos Passos enjoyed a lifelong interest in the visual arts. After Harvard he went to Spain to study architecture, and at one time as a young man he was unsure whether to choose fine art or literature as his main avenue of creative expression.
The Inter-tribal Balance of Power on the Great Plains, 1760–1850
Authors: Calloway Colin G. 
Published: January 2009

The culture of the equestrian nomads of the Great Plains was relatively short-lived. The more sedentary inhabitants of the plains — the Mandan, Arikara, Hidatsa, Pawnee, Wichita — had cultures stretching back hundreds of years. By contrast, that of the mounted hunting tribes — the Kiowa, Comanche, Crow, Blackfoot, Arapaho, Cheyenne and Sioux — developed rapidly with the acquisition of the horse, flourished for perhaps a century, then began its death throes under the pressure of white settlement and the catastrophic effects of European disease. The destruction of the buffalo herds removed the plains nomads' economic base, and their whole civilization finally collapsed in military defeat at the hands of the United States Army. Older, white-oriented studies of Indian history tended to concentrate on the years when this culture was in decline and to neglect earlier periods and developments. Such an approach is understandable, and to some extent inevitable, given the historical sources available, but it conveys an inaccurate impression of the situation on the Great Plains prior to white settlement. This paper considers the Plains Indians in their heyday and examines intertribal trade and warfare at a time when the spread of horses and guns was causing great upheavals in native power structures.Non-Indian powers on the peripheries of the Great Plains tentatively penetrated the region and largely determined the flow of horses, trade, and guns, while their conflicts caused shifts in location, allegiance, and power among the tribes.
Avery Brundage and American Participation in the 1936 Olympic Games
Authors: Marvin Carolyn 
Published: January 2009

Avery Brundage liked to say that revolutionaries were not bred on the playing field. That theme neatly expressed Brundage's distrust of any challenge to the established political and social order he cherished and garnished his speeches to countless audiences during the forty years in which he was the single most powerful figure in both the American and international Olympic movements, first as president of the American Olympic Committee (1929–1953), and then as president of the International Olympic Committee (1952–1972). Although the Iron Chancellor of amateur sport regarded himself as the last true defender of the strict separation of sport and politics, he also frequently insisted that more than the future of amateur sport was at stake in shielding sport from political manipulation. Upon sport for sport's sake depended the healthy psychological valuation of individual effort and excellence that was at the very heart of a democratic way of life. Moreover, fit bodies and competitive spirits were in Brundage's view essential for the continued success of American capitalism at home and abroad. Though he never acknowledged the political coloring of his vision of the Olympics, he regarded them as a kind of international mission for spreading democratic values in the continuing ideological battle between Communism and the American way of life.Because it dramatizes victory, defeat, struggle against nature and other competitors, sport is a potent symbol constantly under pressure to lend its emotional power to other causes.
Malcolm Cowley's Path to William Faulkner
Authors: Schwartz Lawrence 
Published: January 2009

In October 1938, Edmund Wilson advised Malcolm Cowley to get out of politics, both “revolutionary and literary alike… because what you're really practicing is not politics but literature…. ” Within two years, in the wake of the Hitler—Stalin pact and war, Cowley had withdrawn from radical politics. In early 1940, politically confused and dispirited, he wrote to Wilson:I am left standing pretty much alone, in the air, unsupported, a situation that is much more uncomfortable for me than it would be for you. Since my normal instinct is toward cooperation. For the moment I want to get out of every God damned thing.Cowley publicly announced his resignation from the League of American Writers in August 1940. He had helped to create the League in 1935 and had once been one of its officers. Deciding to avoid all further public political debates, he retreated to his Connecticut farmhouse. “Anyone who was as close to the radical movement as I was is going to be deeply shaken by breaking connection with it,” he explained to his close friend Kenneth Burke. “At that point the religious metaphor is absolutely accurate. You leave a church, and like a defrocked priest you can't think about anything else for a while.”
John Barth's Chimera and the Strictures of Reality
Authors: Mackenzie Ursula 
Published: January 2009

Although many contemporary American novelists have rejected the straightforward representation of social reality in fiction, this rejection may occur for a number of reasons. In Thomas Pynchon and William Burroughs it stems from a fear that the inanimate world is somehow superseding the animate, the sovereignty of the individual is being threatened. John Hawkes refers to the novelists ‘ who hope for more in the novel than trying to build brick walls of brick ’, and suggests that ‘ the true purpose of the novel is to assume a significant shape and to objectify the terrifying similarity between the unconscious desires of the solitary man and the disruptive needs of the visible world ’. Norman Mailer also remarks on this relationship in his essay ‘ The White Negro ’:The second world war presented a mirror to the human condition which blinded anyone who looked into it. For if tens of millions were killed in concentration camps out of the inexorable agonies and contractions of superstates founded upon the always insoluble contradictions of injustice, one was then obliged also to see that no matter how crippled and perverted an image of man was the society he had created, it was nonetheless his creation, his collective creation (at least his collective creation from the past) and if society was so murderous, then who could ignore the most hideous of questions about his own nature?