bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antithrombotic and Antiplatelet Activities of Korean Red Ginseng Extract
Authors: Jin Yong‐Ri , Yu Ji Yeon , Lee Jung‐Jin , You Soon‐Hyang , Chung Jin‐Ho , Noh Ji‐Yoon , Im Ji‐Hyun , Han Xiang‐Hua , Kim Tack‐Joong , Shin Kyeong‐Soeb , Wee Jae Joon , Yun Yeo‐Pyo 
Published: January 2007

Abstract:  The antithrombotic and antiplatelet activities of Korean red ginseng extract (KRGE) were examined on rat carotid artery thrombosis in vivo and platelet aggregation in vitro and ex vivo. The KRGE significantly prevented rat carotid arterial thrombosis in vivo in a dose‐dependent manner. Administration of the KRGE to rats significantly inhibited adenosine diphosphate (ADP)‐ and collagen‐induced platelet aggregation ex vivo, although it failed to prolong coagulation times such as activated partial thromboplastin and prothrombin time indicating that the antithrombotic effect of the red ginseng may be due to its antiplatelet aggregation rather than anticoagulation effect. In line with the above observations, the red ginseng inhibited the U46619‐, arachidonic acid‐, collagen‐ and thrombin‐induced rabbit platelet aggregations in vitro in a concentration‐dependent manner, with IC50 values of 390 ± 15, 485 ± 19, 387 ± 11 and 335 ± 15 µg/ml, respectively. Consistently, serotonin secretion was also inhibited by ginseng in the same pattern. These results suggest that the red ginseng has a potent antithrombotic effect in vivo, which may be due to the antiplatelet rather than the anticoagulation activity, and the red ginseng intake may be beneficial for individuals with high risks of thrombotic and cardiovascular diseases.
Drug Distribution in Spinal Cord during Administration with Spinal Loop Dialysis Probes in Anaesthetized Rats
Authors: Uustalu Maria , Abelson Klas S. P. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract:  The present investigation aimed to study two methodological concerns of an experimental model, where a spinal loop dialysis probe is used for administration of substances to the spinal cord and sampling of neurotransmitters by microdialysis from the same area of anaesthetized rats. [3H]Epibatidine in concentrations of 1, 10 and 100 nM was dissolved in Ringer's solution and administered through the dialysis membrane into the dorsal region of the cervical spinal cord. First, the outflow of [3H]epibatidine from the probe into the spinal cord was examined with respect to different concentrations and changes over time. Then, the distribution of the different [3H]epibatidine concentrations along the spinal cord was studied. It was found that the percentage of [3H]epibatidine entering the spinal cord did not differ between different administered concentrations after a stabilization period of 60 min. The administered [3H]epibatidine was found to be distributed to the area closest to the dialysis probe and not dispersed along the spinal cord, and the distribution was equal for all concentrations. The data presented in this investigation provide information, which is important for interpretation of data from intraspinal administration of substances through the spinal loop dialysis probe.
Intermediate Syndrome Following Acute Organophosphate Poisoning: Correlation with Initial Serum Levels of Muscle Enzymes*
Authors: Aygun Dursun , Erenler Ali Kemal , Karatas Aydin Deniz , Baydin Ahmet 
Published: January 2007

Abstract:  Following acute organophosphate poisoning, intermediate syndrome essentially relates to the impairment of neuromuscular transmission due to prolonged inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity at the muscle end‐plate. However, the role of muscle injury in the development of intermedicate syndrome is not clear. The aim of this study was to determine whether the initial serum levels of the muscle enzymes can predict the subsequent development of intermediate syndrome. We reviewed the files of 47 adult patients with organophosphate poisoning between April 2003 and February 2006. The muscle enzymes were obtained within first 24 hr from each patient. Among the patients, 17% (n = 8) had severe poisoning and 83% (n = 39) mild poisoning. In 10 patients (21%), intermediate syndrome was observed. Of the patients with severe poisoning, 63% (n = 5) developed subsequent intermediate syndrome; among those with mild poisoning, 13% (n = 5) developed intermediate syndrome. There was no significant difference in initial serum levels of creatine kinase and aspartate aminotransferase between the patients with severe poisoning and mild poisoning, and there was no difference in initial serum levels of creatine kinase and aspartate aminotransferase between the patients with and without intermediate syndrome. The serum levels of the muscle enzymes measured within the first 24 hr may not predict the subsequent development of intermediate syndrome.
Advancement on techniques for the separation and maintenance of the red imported fire ant colonies
Authors: CHEN JIAN 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAdvancement has recently been made on the techniques for separating and maintaining colonies of red imported fire ants, Solenopsis invicta Buren. A new brood rescue method significantly improved the efficiency in separating colony from mound soil. Furthermore, a new method was developed to separate brood from the colony using fire ant repellants. Finally, a cost‐effective method was developed to coat containers with diluted Fluon® (AGC Chemicals America, Inc, Moorestown, NJ, USA), an aqueous polytetrafluoroethylene, to prevent housed ants from escaping a container. Usually the original Fluon® solution is directly applied to the wall of the containers. Reduced concentrations of Fluon® were found to be equally effective in preventing ant escape. The use of diluted Fluon® solutions to coat the containers was recommended because of environmental and cost‐saving benefits. Application of these new techniques can significantly reduce labor, cost and environmental contamination. This review paper collates all the new techniques in one reference which readers can use as a manual.
Detection of food source by PCR analysis of the gut contents of Aldrichina grahami (Aldrich) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) during post‐feeding period
Authors: LI KAI , YE GONG‐YIN , ZHU JIA‐YING , HU CUI 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe last meal of sarcophagous maggots may be useful in identifying the species on whose flesh they have fed (the “host” species). The DNA profile of the host species may indeed be detectable in the “last meal”. In this paper, mitochondrial DNA analysis of gut contents was used to identify the prior host of post‐feeding larvae of Aldrichina grahami (Aldrich) (Diptera: Calliphoridae). A modified logistic equation was fitted to estimate the probability of identifying the host under five different constant temperatures (16, 20, 24, 28 and 32° C). Our results shows that the detected time ranged from a maximum of 24 h at 32°C to 42 h at 16°C and a minimum of 12 h at 32°C to 30 h at 16°C. Furthermore, the host detection time was also calculated to give the maximal time after larval hatching from the egg. These results indicate that, in criminal cases where the maggots stray from the corpse, the last meal of the larvae should not be overlooked as potentially critical evidence.
Role of terpenes from aphid‐infested potato on searching and oviposition behavior of Episyrphus balteatus
Authors: HARMEL NICOLAS , ALMOHAMAD RAKI , FAUCONNIER MARIE‐LAURE , DU JARDIN PATRICK , VERHEGGEN FRANÇOIS , MARLIER MICHEL , HAUBRUGE ERIC , FRANCIS FRÉDÉRIC 
Published: January 2007

AbstractTo cope with pathogen and insect attacks, plants develop different mechanisms of defence, in both direct (physical and chemical) and indirect ways (attractive volatiles to entomophagous beneficials). Plants are then able to express traits that facilitate “top‐down” control of pests by attracting herbivore predators. Here we investigate the indirect defence mechanism of potato plants by analyzing the volatile patterns of both healthy and aphid‐infested plants. Important changes in the emitted terpene pattern by the Myzus persicae infested host plant were observed. Using Solid Phase Micro Extraction (SPME) and GC‐MS, the (E)‐β‐farnesene (EBF) appeared to be emitted by aphid‐infested potato and not by healthy plants. To assess the infochemical role of these volatile releases after aphid damage on the aphidophagous predators Episyrphus balteatus, the hoverfly foraging behavior was assessed using the Observer 5.0 software (Noldus, Wageningen, The Netherlands). Aphid‐free potato plants were also used as a control volatile source in the predator behavioral study. While aphid‐infested plants induced efficient searching and acceptation behaviors leading to egg‐laying, no kairomonal effect of healthy potato plants was observed, leading to longer immobility durations and shorter searching periods in the net cage. High oviposition rate of E. balteatus was observed when aphid‐infested potato was used (mean of 48.9 eggs per laying and per female). On the other hand, no egg was produced by the hoverfly on healthy aphid‐free plants. The E. balteatus foraging and reproductive behaviors according to the volatile emission from aphid‐infested plants are discussed in relation to the potential use of active infochemical molecules in integrated aphid pest management.
Facultative social parasitism in the allodapine bee Macrogalea berentyensis
Authors: SMITH JACLYN A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPrevious research on social parasitism has largely ignored allodapine social parasites, which is surprising given the huge potential of these bees to provide a better understanding of social parasitism. Macrogalea berentyensis, a species that was previously suggested to be a social parasite, was collected in nests of M. ellioti, and also in nests consisting of only M. berentyensis. These findings, along with morphological and phylogenetic evidence, show that this species is a facultative social parasite. In the independently living M. berentyensis nests, brood were present that had been reared to an advanced stage, suggesting that: (i) these parasites may be effective at foraging and caring for their brood; or (ii) these nests may be colonies where all the hosts had died, and these parasites had yet to disperse. Macrogalea berentyensis is the closest relative of the facultative social parasite, M. antanosy, and both these species represent the most recent evolutionary origin of social parasitism within the allodapines. Further behavioral research on both these parasitic species would therefore have important implications for the understanding of the evolution of social parasitism.
Distribution of gamasid mites on small mammals in Yunnan Province, China
Authors: LUO LI‐PU , GUO XIAN‐GUO , QIAN TI‐JUN , WU DIAN , MEN XING‐YUAN , DONG WEN‐GE 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAn investigation of gamasid mites on the body surface of small mammals was carried out in Yunnan Province of China from 1990 to 2004. The small mammal hosts were captured from 25 counties which represent five geographical subregions, namely Middle Subregion of Hengduan Mountains, Southern Subregion of Hengduan Mountains, Eastern Plateau Subregion of Yunnan, Western Plateau Subregion of Yunnan and Southern Mountainous Subregion of Yunnan. The captured 10 803 small mammal hosts belong to nine families, 29 genera and 52 species in four orders (Rodentia, Insectivora, Scandentia and Lagomorpha). A total of 68 571 gamasid mites were collected from the body surface of the captured small mammal hosts and all the gamasid mites were identified to 10 families, 33 genera and 112 species. This paper lists all the mite species, together with their taxonomic position (genera and families) and their corresponding hosts. Much more mite species were found in the Middle Subregion of Hengduan Mountains than in other geographical subregions. The total individuals of mites and small mammals in the Middle Subregion of Hengduan Mountains are also the most plentiful in the five geographical subregions. Three dominant mite species and three dominant small mammal hosts were determined as the dominant species in the investigated areas of Yunnan Province. The dominant hosts are Rattus flavipectus (which accounts for 34.85% of the total individuals), Apodemus chevrieri (13.43%) and Rattus norvegicus (10.40%) while the dominant gamasid mite species are Laelaps nuttalli (Hirst, 1915) (27.84%), Laelaps echidninus (Berlese, 1887) (18.38%) and Laelaps guizhouensis (Gu et Wang, 1981) (14.79%). The results showed the high species diversity of gamasid mites in Yunnan Province and the uneven distribution feature in different subregions.
Gastrocnemius muscle–tendon behaviour during walking in young and older adults
Authors: Mian O. S. , Thom J. M. , Ardigò L. P. , Minetti A. E. , Narici M. V. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAim:  Age‐related differences in muscle architectural and tendon mechanical properties have been observed in vivo under static conditions and during single joint contractions. The aim of this study was to determine if there are age‐related differences in gastrocnemius fascicle–tendon interactions during a fundamental locomotor task – walking.Methods:  Eight young adults (YA; 27 ± 4 years) and eight older adults (OA; 77 ± 4 years) walked on a treadmill at 1.11 m s−1 whilst length changes in the gastrocnemius lateralis muscle tendon complex (MTC), fascicles and tendinous tissue (TT) were determined from joint angles, ultrasonography and a geometric MTC model (combining MTC and fascicle measurements) respectively.Results:  There was no age‐related difference in lengthening of the MTC during stance. However, the fascicle and TT contribution to MTC lengthening was altered; TT lengthening was larger in OA than in YA (P = 0.05) and fascicle lengthening was less in OA than YA (P < 0.05). There were no differences between groups in MTC, fascicle or TT shortening amplitude during push‐off.Conclusion:  The observations are consistent with previous reports of increased compliance of TT in older adults.
Expression of oestrogen receptors α and β during the period of uterine receptivity in rat: effect of ormeloxifene, a selective oestrogen receptor modulator
Authors: Awasthi S. , Blesson C. S. , Dwivedi A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAims:  In the present study, we investigated expression, distribution and regulation of oestrogen receptors (ERs) α and β and their modulation by ormeloxifene (Orm) during the period of uterine receptivity in rat uterus in order to determine their role in endometrial sensitization.Methods:  Uterine tissues of control and Orm‐treated (1.25 mg kg−1, orally) rats were collected on days 3, 4, 5 morning and day 5 evening post‐coitum referring to non‐receptive, pre‐receptive and receptive phases respectively. mRNA and protein expression levels were determined by RT‐PCR and Western blot respectively. Immunohistochemical technique was used to localize the receptors.Results:  RT‐PCR analysis revealed that ERα mRNA reached a peak level on day 5 morning whereas ERβ mRNA expression was found to be very low. In Orm‐treated rats, the ERα mRNA was suppressed at day 5. The protein expression of ERα increased after day 3 and that of ERβ remained very low throughout the pre‐implantation period; Orm caused a decrease in ERα on day 5 morning. In endometrium, ERα expression was regulated differentially in luminal epithelium, glandular epithelium and stroma. Orm caused a decrease in the percentage of ERα‐positive nuclei in all the three endometrial compartments on days 4 and 5, and the magnitude of reduction varied spatio‐temporally. In case of ERβ, immunostaining was not detectable in Orm‐treated and control groups.Conclusion:  It appears that the complex uterine response to implantation is governed by differential cell‐specific ERα expression. The study suggested the inhibitory activity of Orm on ERα during the period of uterine receptivity.
Arrhythmogenic mechanisms in the isolated perfused hypokalaemic murine heart
Authors: Killeen M. J. , Thomas G. , Gurung I. S. , Goddard C. A. , Fraser J. A. , Mahaut‐Smith M. P. , Colledge W. H. , Grace A. A. , Huang C. L.‐H. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAim:  Hypokalaemia is associated with a lethal form of ventricular tachycardia (VT), torsade de pointes, through pathophysiological mechanisms requiring clarification.Methods:  Left ventricular endocardial and epicardial monophasic action potentials were compared in isolated mouse hearts paced from the right ventricular epicardium perfused with hypokalaemic (3 and 4 mm [K+]o) solutions. Corresponding K+ currents were compared in whole‐cell patch‐clamped epicardial and endocardial myocytes.Results:  Hypokalaemia prolonged epicardial action potential durations (APD) from mean APD90s of 37.2 ± 1.7 ms (n = 7) to 58.4 ± 4.1 ms (n =7) and 66.7 ± 2.1 ms (n = 11) at 5.2, 4 and 3 mm [K+]o respectively. Endocardial APD90s correspondingly increased from 51.6 ± 1.9 ms (n = 7) to 62.8 ± 2.8 ms (n = 7) and 62.9 ± 5.9 ms (n = 11) giving reductions in endocardial–epicardial differences, ΔAPD90, from 14.4 ± 2.6 to 4.4 ± 5.0 and −3.4 ± 6.0 ms respectively. Early afterdepolarizations (EADs) occurred in epicardia in three of seven spontaneously beating hearts at 4 mm [K+]o with triggered beats followed by episodes of non‐sustained VT in nine of 11 preparations at 3 mm. Programmed electrical stimulation never induced arrhythmic events in preparations perfused with normokalemic solutions yet induced VT in two of seven and nine of 11 preparations at 4 and 3 mm [K+]o respectively. Early outward K+ current correspondingly fell from 73.46 ± 8.45 to 61.16±6.14 pA/pF in isolated epicardial but not endocardial myocytes (n = 9) (3 mm [K+]o).Conclusions:  Hypokalaemic mouse hearts recapitulate the clinical arrhythmogenic phenotype, demonstrating EADs and triggered beats that might initiate VT on the one hand and reduced transmural dispersion of repolarization reflected in ΔAPD90 suggesting arrhythmogenic substrate on the other.
The effect of cryotherapy on nerve conduction velocity, pain threshold and pain tolerance
Authors: Algafly Amin A , George Keith P 
Published: January 2007

Objectives:To determine the impact of the application of cryotherapy on nerve conduction velocity (NCV), pain threshold (PTH) and pain tolerance (PTO).Design:A within-subject experimental design; treatment ankle (cryotherapy) and control ankle (no cryotherapy).Setting:Hospital-based physiotherapy laboratory.Participants:A convenience sample of adult male sports players (n = 23).Main outcome measures:NCV of the tibial nerve via electromyogram as well as PTH and PTO via pressure algometer. All outcome measures were assessed at two sites served by the tibial nerve: one receiving cryotherapy and one not receiving cryotherapy.Results:In the control ankle, NCV, PTH and PTO did not alter when reassessed. In the ankle receiving cryotherapy, NCV was significantly and progressively reduced as ankle skin temperature was reduced to 10°C by a cumulative total of 32.8% (p<0.05). Cryotherapy led to an increased PTH and PTO at both assessment sites (p<0.05). The changes in PTH (89% and 71%) and PTO (76% and 56%) were not different between the iced and non-iced sites.Conclusions:The data suggest that cryotherapy can increase PTH and PTO at the ankle and this was associated with a significant decrease in NCV. Reduced NCV at the ankle may be a mechanism by which cryotherapy achieves its clinical goals.
Characteristics of youth soccer players aged 13–15 years classified by skill level
Authors: Malina Robert M , Ribeiro Basil , Aroso João , Cumming Sean P 
Published: January 2007

Objective:To evaluate the growth, maturity status and functional capacity of youth soccer players grouped by level of skill.Subjects:The sample included 69 male players aged 13.2–15.1 years from clubs that competed in the highest division for their age group.Methods:Height and body mass of players were measured and stage of pubic hair (PH) was assessed at clinical examination. Years of experience in football were obtained at interview. Three tests of functional capacity were administered: dash, vertical jump and endurance shuttle run. Performances on six soccer-specific tests were converted to a composite score which was used to classify players into quintiles of skill. Multiple analysis of covariance, controlling for age, was used to test differences among skill groups in experience, growth status and functional capacity, whereas multiple linear regression analysis was used to estimate the relative contributions of age, years of training in soccer, stage of PH, height, body mass, the height×weight interaction and functional capacities to the composite skill score.Results:The skill groups differed significantly in the intermittent endurance run (p<0.05) but not in the other variables. Only the difference between the highest and lowest skill groups in the endurance shuttle run was significant. Most players in the highest (12 of 14) and high (11 of 14) skill groups were in stages PH 4 and PH 5. Pubertal status and height accounted for 21% of the variance in the skill score; adding aerobic resistance to the regression increased the variance in skill accounted for to 29%. In both regressions, the coefficient for height was negative.Conclusion:Adolescent soccer players aged 13–15 years classified by skill do not differ in age, experience, body size, speed and power, but differ in aerobic endurance, specifically at the extremes of skill. Stage of puberty and aerobic resistance (positive coefficients) and height (negative coefficient) are significant predictors of soccer skill (29% of the total explained variance), highlighting the inter-relationship of growth, maturity and functional characteristics of youth soccer players.
Injuries in Swedish skydiving
Authors: Westman Anton , Björnstig Ulf 
Published: January 2007

Objective:To create a basis for prevention of modern skydiving injuries.Design:Descriptive epidemiological study.Setting:National total material.Patients:Data on all reported injury events (n = 257) in Swedish skydiving 1999–2003 (total 539 885 jumps) were retrieved from the Swedish Parachute Association. Non-fatally injured skydivers were sent a questionnaire asking for event and injury details (response rate 89%), and supplementary hospital records were retrieved for the most serious injuries (n = 85). Human, equipment and environmental factors were assessed for risk.Main Outcome Measurements:Frequency and severity of injuries.Results:Incidence of non-fatal injury events was 48 per 100 000 jumps. The lower extremities, spine and shoulders were important regions of injury. The most serious injuries were experienced by licensed skydivers, but students in training had a higher injury rate and more often left the sport because of the injury. Of two student-training systems, one had an incidence less than half that of the other.Conclusions:A basis for prevention was created, showing a potential for reduction of frequency and severity of injuries with training and technical interventions.