bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of calcimimetics in the treatment of hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Wüthrich R. P. , Martin D. , Bilezikian J. P. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractCalcimimetics reduce serum levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcium, with a leftward shift in the set‐point for calcium‐regulated PTH secretion. The aim of this publication is to review the data available for calcimimetics in primary, secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism (HPT).Parathyroidectomy (PTX) is currently the only curative treatment for primary HPT, and recommended for patients with moderate‐to‐severe disease, as defined by a 2002 National Institute's of Health summary statement. In general, patients with primary HPT not meeting these surgical criteria, as well as those with contraindication or refusal for surgery, are monitored for signs and symptoms of primary HPT. There are currently no non‐surgical therapies approved for use in primary HPT, although bisphosphonates are used in some patients, in an effort to control serum calcium levels. Calcimimetics decrease PTH and calcium levels and are a potential alternative for patients contraindicated for PTX, or who have failed previous PTX and have recurrent primary HPT.Secondary HPT develops early in chronic kidney disease and is present virtually in all patients with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD). Secondary HPT is a progressive disease and is associated with several systemic complications, including renal osteodystrophy, soft tissue and vascular calcifications, and adverse cardiovascular outcomes. In ESRD patients, calcimimetics were shown to simultaneously reduce PTH, calcium, phosphate and calcium × phosphate product. In addition, observational analyses of use of calcimimetics in the ESRD population have shown a reduction of important clinical outcomes.In renal allograft recipients with tertiary HPT and hypercalcaemia, calcimimetics are a promising treatment option to control the parameters of calcium phosphate metabolism and may be a valid alternative to PTX.Based on its unique mechanism of action, the calcimimetic cinacalcet may play a role in the medical treatment of primary and tertiary forms of HPT, in addition to the registered indication for the treatment of secondary HPT.
Flow‐related patterns in abundance and composition of the fish fauna of a degraded Australian lowland river
Authors: HUMPHRIES PAUL , BROWN PAUL , DOUGLAS JOHN , PICKWORTH ANDREW , STRONGMAN RUSSEL , HALL KYLIE , SERAFINI LUCIANO 
Published: November 2007

Summary1. A 7‐year study was conducted in three hydrologically distinct sections within the highly regulated, lowland Campaspe River to investigate the influence of hydrology on temporal and spatial patterns in fish composition, abundance and recruitment. One section had 6 months, one section 2 months and one section no months of increased flow due to storage releases. The fish fauna of the less regulated, nearby Broken River served as a reference to which that of the Campaspe River was compared for the last 3 years of the study to allow insight into the relative effects of hydrology, barriers to movement and other environmental characteristics. The study included one high‐flow year, a moderate‐flow year and five low‐flow years.2. A total of 16 fish species – 10 native and six alien – were caught in the Campaspe River, although of the native species, only three are considered to have self‐sustaining populations. The remaining species are either itinerants or a result of stocking. Alien species comprised approximately 64% of the total biomass of all fish caught.3. Overall composition of the fish fauna did not differ significantly by year, but did by section of river. Species richness and the abundance of most of the dominant species also differed significantly by river section, but there was little inter‐annual variation in the abundance of any species, except for European perch and for common carp; the latter showing an increase in abundance following a high‐flow event during the spring of 2000 as a result of recruitment.4. Overall faunal composition was not influenced by hydrology. However, multiple regression indicated that species richness, abundance of the dominant species and abundance of young‐of‐year (YOY) of golden perch, European perch and common carp all were influenced significantly by hydrological variables. The nature of the relationships was dependent on river section and hydrological season (‘winter’ or ‘spring/summer’). Of note was the result that the total abundance of fish and that of YOY common carp were significantly positively related to the number of spells above the threshold for movement upstream through the lower two weirs in the Campaspe River. Only one significant relationship between hydrological and fish‐related variables was found for the upper river section, whereas seven and five were found for the lower and middle sections respectively.5. Comparisons with fish collected in the Broken River over 3 years suggest that the fauna of the Broken River is in a more natural state than that of the Campaspe River. Since the two rivers do not differ substantially in water quality, and since both contain significant weirs, which act as barriers to movement of fish, flow regulation is most likely to be the major reason for the poor state of the fauna in the Campaspe River.
Regeneration patterns and persistence of the fog‐dependent Fray Jorge forest in semiarid Chile during the past two centuries
Authors: GUTIÉRREZ ALVARO G. , BARBOSA OLGA , CHRISTIE DUNCAN A. , DEL‐VAL EK , EWING HOLLY A. , JONES CLIVE G. , MARQUET PABLO A. , WEATHERS KATHLEEN C. , ARMESTO JUAN J. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe persistence of rainforest patches at Fray Jorge National Park (FJNP) in semiarid Chile (30°40′S), a region receiving approximately 147 mm of annual rainfall, has been a source of concern among forest managers. These forests are likely dependent on water inputs from oceanic fog and their persistence seems uncertain in the face of climate change. Here, we assessed tree radial growth and establishment during the last two centuries and their relation to trends in climate and canopy disturbance. Such evaluation is critical to understanding the dynamics of these semiarid ecosystems in response to climate change. We analyzed forest structure of six forest patches (0.2–22 ha) in FJNP based on sampling within 0.1 ha permanent plots. For the main canopy species, the endemic Aextoxicon punctatum (Aextoxicaceae), we used tree‐ring analysis to assess establishment periods, tree ages, growing trends and their relation to El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), rainfall, and disturbance. The population dynamics of A. punctatum can be described by a continuous regeneration mode. Regeneration of A. punctatum was sensitive to different canopy structures. Growth release patterns suggest the absence of large scale human impact. Radial growth and establishment of A. punctatum were weakly correlated with rainfall and ENSO. If water limits forests patch persistence, patches are likely dependent on the combination of fog and rain water inputs. Forest patches have regenerated continuously for at least 250 years, despite large fluctuations in rainfall driven by ENSO and a regional decline in rainfall during the last century. Because of the positive influence on fog interception, forest structure should be preserved under any future climate scenario. Future research in FJNP should prioritize quantifying the long‐term trends of fog water deposition on forests patches. Fog modeling is crucial for understanding the interplay among physical drivers of water inputs under climate change.
Dendritic cell subsets in lymph nodes are characterized by the specific draining area and influence the phenotype and fate of primed T cells
Authors: Bode Ulrike , Lörchner Marc , Ahrendt Manuela , Blessenohl Maike , Kalies Kathrin , Claus Anja , Overbeck Silke , Rink Lothar , Pabst Reinhard 
Published: November 2007

SummaryDendritic cells (DC) are important in differential T‐cell priming. Little is known about the local priming by DC in the microenvironment of different lymph nodes and about the fate of the imprinted T cells. Therefore, freshly isolated rat DC from mesenteric lymph nodes (mLN) and axillary lymph nodes (axLN) were phenotyped and cultured with blood T cells in the presence of the superantigen Mycoplasma arthritidis mitogen (MAM). The phenotype, proliferation and apoptosis of the primed T cells were analysed. Our data show that a common DC population exists in both mLN and axLN. In addition, region‐specific DC with an organotypical marker expression imprinted by the drained area were found. Coculture of T cells with DC from mLN or axLN resulted in a distinct shift in the CD4 and CD8 expression of T cells and their phenotype. Furthermore, when these differentially primed mLN and axLN T cells were injected into recipients, mLN‐primed T cells survived longer in other lymphoid organs. The results show that the region‐specific DC have a unique phenotype and an impact on the ratio of CD4 : CD8 T cells during an immune response in vivo.
Redox factor‐1 mediates NF‐κB nuclear translocation for LPS‐induced iNOS expression in murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7
Authors: Song Ju Dong , Lee Sang Kwon , Kim Kang Mi , Kim Jong Won , Kim Jong Min , Yoo Young Hyun , Park Young Chul 
Published: November 2007

SummaryRedox‐sensitive transcriptional regulator redox factor‐1 (Ref‐1) is induced by oxidative stress and protects cells against it. However, the function of Ref‐1 in regulating nitric oxide (NO) synthesis in macrophages has not been defined. We investigated the role of Ref‐1 related to the regulation of NO synthesis in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐stimulated macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. LPS stimulates the up‐regulation and nuclear translocation of Ref‐1 in macrophages. Importantly, Ref‐1‐deficient macrophages using a small interfering RNA did not stimulate inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression as well as nuclear factor‐κB nuclear translocation by stimulation with LPS. When the cells were pretreated with diphenyleneiodonium or p47phox small interfering RNA for inhibition of NADPH oxidase activity, LPS did not stimulate the nuclear translocation of Ref‐1. We next asked whether reactive oxygen species are sufficient for the nuclear translocation of Ref‐1 in macrophages. The direct use of H2O2 stimulated the translocation to the nucleus of nuclear factor‐κB, but not Ref‐1 and antioxidant N‐acetyl cysteine did not inhibit the LPS‐stimulated nuclear translocation of Ref‐1. These data suggest that Ref‐1 nuclear translocation in LPS‐stimulated macrophages requires the activation of other signalling molecules aside from reactive oxygen species followed by the activation of NADPH oxidase.
HIV/AIDS—knowledge, attitudes and education of nurses: a review of the research
Authors: TIERNEY ALISON J. 
Published: November 2007

Summary

This paper provides a review of research relating to knowledge, attitudes and education of nurses in relation to HIV/AIDS.
Early studies portrayed nurses (and other health‐care workers) as fearful of AIDS, ill‐informed, and negative and discriminatory in their attitudes towards people with HIV/AIDS. Several major surveys in the UK in the late 1980s produced broadly similar findings and, in the absence of more recent countering evidence, it cannot be assumed that there has been significant improvement.
Research surveys of HIV/AIDS education provision for nurses are also reviewed. A recent survey of UK nursing colleges revealed weaknesses in provision, and a lack of training and confidence among nurse teachers. Although evaluation research has been scarce, some studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of various forms of education on nurses' HIV/AIDS‐related knowledge and attitudes, and these are also reviewed.
Although early predictions of a rapidly escalating AIDS epidemic have proved to be exaggerated, at least in developed countries, it is vital that nurses do not become complacent. This review should encourage nurses, irrespective of clinical specialty, to reconsider their own knowledge and attitudes and to press for further HIV/AIDS education if they consider that it is still lacking.
Caring: fitting the concept to nursing practice
Authors: CLIFFORD COLLETTE 
Published: November 2007

Summary

This paper explores the concept of caring when used to define the nature of nursing.
It is suggested that explorations of caring in nursing fail to acknowledge the real world of work in nursing, which is influenced by personal career choice and the organization of the health‐care systems in which nurses work.
In some situations nurses delegate the caring role to others thus giving ‘care by proxy’, a factor that is not clearly acknowledged in the literature on caring.
It is suggested that if caring in nursing practice was denned as ‘formalized caring’ it would offer a framework for the analysis of caring more conducive to the reality of nursing practice today.
What are nurses doing to patients? A review of theories of nursing past and present
Authors: BRADSHAW ANN 
Published: November 2007

Summary

This paper looks critically at the nature of nursing theory from three perspectives.
Firstly, it examines the current state of nursing theory with a particular focus on Patricia Benner's work. This examination concludes that nursing theory is currently beset by the problems of scientific and moral relativism and philosophical incoherence because it has abandoned a traditional realist approach to the care of patients.
Secondly, the roots of this contemporary nursing position are analysed and the conclusion is reached that nursing theorists are implicitly presuming this traditional ‘common sense’ view of nursing, although their own philosophical assumptions do not support it and indeed are removing the ground from beneath it.
The traditional theory underpinning the quality of the nurse's care, and hence the ethos of nursing, is rearticulated.
In conclusion it is suggested that nursing needs to debate the modernist views that are now holding sway in nursing and rediscover a theory for the care of patients that holds together the personal, the pastoral, the scientific and the technological aspects of patient care.
An action research project to develop and evaluate the role of an advanced nurse practitioner in dementia
Authors: ROLFE GARY , PHILLIPS LISA‐MARIE 
Published: November 2007

Summary

This paper outlines the first phase of a project to generate and evaluate the role of an advanced nurse practitioner inductively from first principles.
The role was developed by interviewing a wide range of health‐care professionals, carers and patients.
The resulting role is responsive to perceived need at grassroots level rather than to the needs of managers with no clinical experience.
Although the role might not be generalizable to other settings, the method can be applied to any role in any clinical area.
Advanced clinical roles: investigating dilemmas and changing practice through action research
Authors: STREET ANNETTE , ROBINSON ANDREW 
Published: November 2007

Summary

A new career structure for clinical nurses was implemented in 1987 in Victoria with the intention of providing clinical advancement and material rewards for nurses in clinical settings.
This paper explains how participatory action research was used to explore some of the issues inherent in the role of the associate charge nurse.
The clinical/management tension and the role expectations formed within the taken‐for‐granted rituals and routines of the ward and the hospital managerial structure are examined.
The gentle touch
Authors: VAUGHAN SIÂN 
Published: November 2007

Summary

This research study, which, because of its small numbers should be regarded as more of a pilot study, investigated the effect that therapeutic touch may have on measurable physical signs of the subjects involved.
It also looked at any change this complementary therapy may have made in health perception immediately following the experiment and 1 week later.
The design is modelled on that of Quinn (1984), eminent researcher in the field of energy exchange.
Therapeutic touch is a misnomer because physical touch is not necessary — it is the energy field that is touched.
An exploratory study of web‐enhanced learning in undergraduate nurse education
Authors: Mitchell Elizabeth A , Ryan Assumpta , Carson Oonagh , McCann Siobhain 
Published: November 2007

Aim. The aim of the study was to explore undergraduate nursing students’ views of web‐enhanced learning and to examine issues relating to their pattern of access to a rehabilitation nursing module website. Background. As information technology is an integral component of western health care, all nurses are expected to have the necessary knowledge, skills and attitudes to be competent in its use. Methods. In phase 1, a focus group interview was conducted with students (n = 6) who had not logged onto a similar module website. In phase 2, a questionnaire was administered to students undertaking the web‐enhanced module. In phase 3, each student's (n = 231) pattern of access to the module was identified and compared with the student's performance as evidenced by their module assignment mark. Results. Students held favourable attitudes towards web‐enhanced learning but some students experienced difficulties. There was a significant positive association between the students’ assignment mark and the number of times logged onto the module website. Significant negative correlations were found between mark and week of first log on, and week of first log on and number of hits onto the module site. This suggests that students who logged onto the module in the first few weeks were more likely to achieve higher marks. Conclusions. This study's findings suggest that students who accessed the module website early and often were more likely to produce more comprehensive nursing assessments and consequently achieve higher assignment marks than their colleagues. Relevance to clinical practice. The findings have relevance to all nurses as lifelong learning is a mandatory requirement for maintaining clinical competence and electronic learning can provide students (regardless of registration status) with the flexibility to gain access to course content at a time and place convenient to them. The role of electronic learning in promoting a more holistic nursing assessment is also discussed.
Contexts, motives and experiences of Nigerian overseas nurses: understanding links to globalization
Authors: Aboderin Isabella 
Published: November 2007

Aims. Current understanding of the perspectives and experience of overseas trained nurses working in the UK and how these relate to conditions of globalization, is limited. This article (i) presents evidence on the contexts, circumstances and perspectives of Nigerian trained nurses working in the UK and (ii) examines their relationships to globalization by building on prior analyses that use Bauman's concepts of ‘global’ and ‘local’ perspectives.Methods. The evidence derives from an exploratory qualitative investigation in the UK and Nigeria among a small sample of Nigerian trained registered nurses working in the independent nursing home sector in England (n = 25) and registered nurses, nursing tutors and returnee migrants in Nigeria (n = 7).Findings. Nurses’ migration motives arise from a deterioration in their economic, work and status situation over the past two decades in the context of a macro‐economic decline in Nigeria. Their decisive motivation is to gain financially with a view to achieving certain material standards and prospects for self and children in Nigeria. Contrary to their expectations, they experience a loss in professional and social status in the UK.Conclusion. In theirde facto‘global’ migration, principally for economic reasons, Nigerian nurses hold a decidedly ‘local’ normative perspective. This is reinforced by their experiences of work tensions, which reflect the globalization of biographies.Relevance to clinical practice. Further evidence such as that provided, on the contexts and perspectives of overseas nurses, as also of UK staff, will enable the appropriate management of developing world‐UK nursing migration and its host system implications
Spinal deformation in commercially cultured Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.: a clinical and radiological study
Authors: Sullivan M , Hammond G , Roberts R J , Manchester N J 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA clinical and radiographic study was carried out on 2016 randomly selected Atlantic salmon parr from six farms, which weighed between 55 and 100 g. In addition, 86 fish from six marine farms were similarly studied. Radiographically detectable vertebral lesions were found in 3.8–8.8% of the parr. The changes ranged from a single vertebra showing features, such as demineralization, increased density and slight loss of structure, to fish with multiple vertebrae affected by collapse, fusion and change in intervertebral space that could give rise to lordosis or kyphosis or abnormal vertebrae at several locations. The predominant location was the vertebral region V21–27, and rarely V44 caudad. The radiographic changes in seawater salmon mirrored those found in parr, but vertebrae V35 caudad were more frequently involved. Very few parr were found to have abnormal vertebrae in the peduncle area which suggests that the development of lesions at this location occurs de novo in the seawater phase, given that ‘stumpy’ fish are most frequent reported deformity at slaughter. It was concluded that minor vertebral change could be detected radiographically in many parr with no observable effect on external morphology. Whether such minor radiographic alteration would proceed to observable morphological change at slaughter weight is open to question.
Cyanotic breath‐holding spells in children respond to adenotonsillectomy for sleep‐disordered breathing
Authors: GUILLEMINAULT CHRISTIAN , HUANG YU‐SHU , CHAN ALLISON , HAGEN CHAD C. 
Published: November 2007

SummaryChildren with breath‐holding (BH) spells may demonstrate sleep‐disordered breathing (SDB) during polysomnography. We studied five young children with cyanotic spells retrospectively and found both SDB and a response to adenotonsillectomy. We therefore proceeded with a prospective investigation of treatment for SDB in children with comorbid cyanotic spells. Nineteen children with cyanotic BH spells were identified and enrolled in the prospective study. Parents chose either treatment or observation. Fourteen children underwent complete SDB evaluation and treatment trials while five selected observation only (control group). Sleep and sleep‐surgery specialist evaluation and polysomnography revealed the presence of a narrow upper‐airway and an abnormal respiratory disturbance index in all 14 children. Nasal CPAP was not successful, but adenotonsillectomy performed near 14 months of age eliminated SDB. BH spells were eliminated 1 month after surgery, while they persisted to the end of the study (24 months of age) in the control group. In conclusion, the presence of cyanotic BH should prompt investigation and polysomnography for possible SDB. Independent treatment of SDB may hasten resolution of BH spells in these cases.