bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Automated Procedure for Determining Asymptotic Elastic Stress Fields at Singular Points
Authors: Lee Donghee , Barber J. R 
Published: May 2006

The paper describes an analytical tool in MATLAB for determining the nature of the stress and displacement fields near a fairly general singular point in linear elasticity. The user is prompted to input the local geometry of the system, the material properties, and the boundary conditions (and interface conditions in the case of composite bodies or problems involving contact between two or more bodies). The tool then computes the dominant eigenvalue and provides as output the equations defining the singular stress and displacement fields and contour plots of these fields. No knowledge of the asymptotic analysis procedure is required of the user. The tool is tested against previously published results where available and proves to be robust and accurate. It is potentially useful for the development of special finite elements for singular points or for characterizing failure at such points. It can be downloaded from the website http://www-personal.umich.edu/∼jbarber/asymptotics/intro.html
Axial and Diametral Cyclic Stress—Strain Response in Plain and Circumferentially Notched Cylindrical Bars at 550 °C
Authors: Skelton R. P , Webster G. A 
Published: May 2006

Cyclic stress-strain tests were undertaken at 550 °C on plain specimens and notched specimens of different notch acuities in several low- and high-alloy ferritic steels (1Cr-Mo-V, NF616, TB12M, and HCM12A). Integrated axial strains were measured between the minimum sections of the notches using a longitudinal extensometer, while surface hoop strains were measured by means of a diametral extensometer with probes located across the notch root. The same extensometry was employed in plain specimens. Over a period of 100 cycles, softening occurred in all plain specimens. These effects were also demonstrated in notched specimens in both axial and diametral directions, although to a lesser degree. From hysteresis loops determined in the notch tests, the cyclic deformation response of the notched regions was expressed in terms of an ‘equivalent gauge length’. Deviations from elastic-plastic behaviour in plain specimens were noted in that the commonly used ‘effective Poisson's ratiO' was greater than calculated. The effect was investigated further by exploring the characteristics of a very shallow notch, induced by straining a plain specimen to the onset of necking and beyond. The implications of observed behaviour in strain-control low-cycle fatigue tests is discussed.
Patellar resurfacing in total knee replacement
Authors: Campbell D. G. , Duncan W. W. , Ashworth M. , Mintz A. , Stirling J. , Wakefield L. , Stevenson T. M. 
Published: May 2006

A series of 100 consecutive osteoarthritic patients was randomised to undergo total knee replacement using a Miller-Galante II prosthesis, with or without a cemented polyethylene patellar component. Knee function was evaluated using the American Knee Society score, Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis index, specific patellofemoral-related questions and radiographic evaluation until the fourth post-operative year, then via questionnaire until ten years post-operatively. A ten-point difference in the American Knee Society score between the two groups was considered a significant change in knee performance, with α and β levels of 0.05. The mean age of the patients in the resurfaced group was 71 years (53 to 88) and in the non-resurfaced group was 73 years (54 to 86). After ten years 22 patients had died, seven were suffering from dementia, three declined further participation and ten were lost to follow-up. Two patients in the non-resurfaced group subsequently had their patellae resurfaced. In the resurfaced group one patient had an arthroscopic lateral release. There was no significant difference between the two treatment groups: both had a similar deterioration of scores with time, and no further patellofemoral complications were observed in either group. We are unable to recommend routine patellar resurfacing in osteoarthritic patients undergoing total knee replacement on the basis of our findings.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an Irish orthopaedic centre
Authors: Roche S. J. , Fitzgerald D. , O’Rourke A. , McCabe J. P. 
Published: May 2006

This prospective five-year study analyses the impact of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) on an Irish orthopaedic unit. We identified 318 cases of MRSA, representing 0.76% of all admissions (41 971). A total of 240 (76%) cases were colonised with MRSA, while 120 (37.7%) were infected. Patients were admitted from home (218; 68.6%), nursing homes (72; 22.6%) and other hospitals (28; 8.8%). A total of 115 cases (36.6%) were colonised or infected on admission. Many patients were both colonised and infected at some stage. The length of hospital stay was almost trebled because of the presence of MRSA infection. Encouragingly, overall infection rates have not risen significantly over the five years of the study despite increased prevalence of MRSA. However, the financial burden of MRSA is increasing, highlighting the need for progress in understanding how to control this resistant pathogen more effectively.
Factors affecting the cohesion of impaction bone graft
Authors: Oakley J. , Kuiper J. H. 
Published: May 2006

The role of bone-graft extenders in impaction revision surgery is becoming increasingly important. Tricalcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite have been shown to be both biocompatible and osteoconductive, yet many surgeons remain reluctant to use them. The difficulty in handling bone-graft extenders can be partly alleviated by using porous particles and adding clotted blood. In an in vitro model we measured the cohesive properties of various impaction graft mixes. Several factors were evaluated including the use of pure bone graft compared with mixes with extender, washing the bone and the addition of clotted blood. Our findings showed that pure allograft bone particles had significantly higher cohesion than when mixed with extender (p < 0.001). Washing had no effect on cohesion. The addition of clotted blood significantly increased the cohesion of both pure bone (p < 0.019) and mixes with pure bone and with porous graft extender (p < 0.044).
Determinants of functional outcome after simple and complex acetabular fractures involving the posterior wall
Authors: Kreder H. J. , Rozen N. , Borkhoff C. M. , Laflamme Y. G. , McKee M. D. , Schemitsch E. H. , Stephen D. J. G. 
Published: May 2006

We have evaluated the functional, clinical and radiological outcome of patients with simple and complex acetabular fractures involving the posterior wall, and identified factors associated with an adverse outcome. We reviewed 128 patients treated operatively for a fracture involving the posterior wall of the acetabulum between 1982 and 1999. The Musculoskeletal Functional Assessment and Short-Form 36 scores, the presence of radiological arthritis and complications were assessed as a function of injury, treatment and clinical variables. The patients had profound functional deficits compared with the normal population. Anatomical reduction alone was not sufficient to restore function. The fracture pattern, marginal impaction and residual displacement of > 2 mm were associated with the development of arthritis, which related to poor function and the need for hip replacement. It may be appropriate to consider immediate total hip replacement for patients aged > 50 years with marginal impaction and comminution of the wall, since 7 of 13 (54%) of these required early hip replacement.
The early response to major trauma and intramedullary nailing
Authors: White T. O. , Clutton R. E. , Salter D. , Swann D. , Christie J. , Robinson C. M. 
Published: May 2006

The stress response to trauma is the summation of the physiological response to the injury (the ‘first hit’) and by the response to any on-going physiological disturbance or subsequent trauma surgery (the ‘second hit’). Our animal model was developed in order to allow the study of each of these components of the stress response to major trauma. High-energy, comminuted fracture of the long bones and severe soft-tissue injuries in this model resulted in a significant tropotropic (depressor) cardiovascular response, transcardiac embolism of medullary contents and activation of the coagulation system. Subsequent stabilisation of the fractures using intramedullary nails did not significantly exacerbate any of these responses.
Biomechanical reconstruction of the hip
Authors: Girard J. , Lavigne M. , Vendittoli P.-A. , Roy A. G. 
Published: May 2006

We have compared the biomechanical nature of the reconstruction of the hip in conventional total hip arthroplasty (THA) and surface replacement arthroplasty (SRA) in a randomised study involving 120 patients undergoing unilateral primary hip replacement. The contralateral hip was used as a control. Post-operatively, the femoral offset was significantly increased with THA (mean 5.1 mm; −2.8 to 11.6) and decreased with SRA (mean −3.3 mm; −8.9 to 8.2). Femoral offset was restored within sd 4 mm in 14 (25%) of those with THA and in 28 (57%) of the patients receiving SRA (p < 0.001). In the THA group, the leg was lengthened by a mean of 2.6 mm (−6.04 to +12.9), whereas it was shortened by a mean of 1.9 mm (−7.1 to +2.05) in the SRA group, compared with the contralateral side. Leg-length inequality was restored within sd 4 mm in 42 (86%) of the SRA and 33 (60%) of the THA patients. The radiological parameters of acetabular reconstruction were similar in both groups. Restoration of the normal proximal femoral anatomy was more precise with SRA. The enhanced stability afforded by the use of a large-diameter femoral head avoided over-lengthening of the limb or increased offset to improve soft-tissue tension as occurs sometimes in THA. In a subgroup of patients with significant pre-operative deformity, restoration of the normal hip anatomy with lower pre-operative femoral offset or significant shortening of the leg was still possible with SRA.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus on orthopaedic wards
Authors: Nixon M. , Jackson B. , Varghese P. , Jenkins D. , Taylor G. 
Published: May 2006

We examined the rates of infection and colonisation by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) between January 2003 and May 2004 in order to assess the impact of the introduction of an MRSA policy in October 2003, which required all admissions to be screened. Emergency admissions were treated prophylactically and elective beds ring-fenced. A total of 5594 admissions were cross-referenced with 22 810 microbiology results. The morbidity, mortality and cost of managing MRSA-carrying patients, with a proximal fracture of the femur were compared, in relation to age, gender, American Society of Anaesthesiologists grade and residential status, with a group of matched controls who were MRSA-negative. In 2004, we screened 1795 of 1796 elective admissions and MRSA was found in 23 (1.3%). We also screened 1122 of 1447 trauma admissions and 43 (3.8%) were carrying MRSA. All ten ward transfers were screened and four (40%) were carriers (all p < 0.001). The incidence of MRSA in trauma patients increased by 2.6% per week of inpatient stay (r = 0.97, p < 0.001). MRSA developed in 2.9% of trauma and 0.2% of elective patients during that admission (p < 0.001). The implementation of the MRSA policy reduced the incidence of MRSA infection by 56% in trauma patients (1.57% in 2003 (17 of 1084) to 0.69% in 2004 (10 of 1447), p = 0.035). Infection with MRSA in elective patients was reduced by 70% (0.56% in 2003 (7 of 1257) to 0.17% in 2004 (3 of 1806), p = 0.06). The cost of preventing one MRSA infection was £3200. Although colonisation by MRSA did not affect the mortality rate, infection by MRSA more than doubled it. Patients with proximal fractures of the femur infected with MRSA remained in hospital for 50 extra days, had 19 more days of vancomycin treatment and 26 more days of vacuum-assisted closure therapy than the matched controls. These additional costs equated to £13 972 per patient. From this experience we have been able to describe the epidemiology of MRSA, assess the impact of infection-control measures on MRSA infection rates and determine the morbidity, mortality and economic cost of MRSA carriage on trauma and elective orthopaedic wards.
Trampoline injuries in children
Authors: McDermott C. , Quinlan J. F. , Kelly I. P. 
Published: May 2006

We reviewed the records of children referred to our hospital between April and September 2005 who had been injured whilst trampolining.Of 88 such children there were 33 boys and 55 girls with a mean age of 8 years 6 months (2 years 4 months to 15 years 9 months). Most of the injuries (53; 60%) occurred when bouncing and 34 (39%) were secondary to falls from the trampoline. The cause of injury was unknown in one child. The injured child was supervised in only 35 cases (40%). In 31 (35%) cases, the injury was related to the presence of others on the trampoline. A total of 36 (40%) children required surgery. Fractures of the upper limbs occurred in 62 cases (70%).Injuries related to the recreational use of trampolines are a significant cause of childhood injury. Our results suggest strongly that there is a need for clear guidelines on safe and responsible use of domestic trampolines.
Oblique pelvic osteotomy in the exstrophy/epispadias complex
Authors: Jones D. , Parkinson S. , Hosalkar H. S. 
Published: May 2006

We reviewed retrospectively 45 patients (46 procedures) with bladder exstrophy treated by bilateral oblique pelvic osteotomy in conjunction with genitourinary repair. The operative technique and post-operative management with or without external fixation are described. A total of 21 patients attended a special follow-up clinic and 24 were interviewed by telephone. The mean follow-up time was 57 months (24 to 108). Of the 45 patients, 42 reported no pain or functional disability, although six had a waddling gait and two had marked external rotation of the hip. Complications included three cases of infection and loosening of the external fixator requiring early removal with no deleterious effect. Mid-line closure failed in one neonate managed in plaster. This patient underwent a successful revision procedure several months later using repeat osteotomies and external fixation. The percentage pubic approximation was measured on anteroposterior radiographs pre-operatively, post-operatively and at final follow-up. The mean approximation was 37% (12% to 76%). It varied markedly with age and was better when external fixation was used. The wide range reflects the inability of the anterior segment to develop naturally in spite of close approximation at operation. We conclude that bilateral oblique pelvic osteotomy with or without external fixation is useful in the management of difficult primary closure in bladder exstrophy, failed primary closure and secondary reconstruction.
Faceless-Oriented Policing: Traditional Policing Theories are Not Adequate in a Cyber World
Authors: Walker Darin , Brock Deon , Stuart T. Ramon 
Published: May 2006

This article examines traditional policing theories in a cyber world and defines ‘Faceless-Oriented Policing’ (FOP). FOP policing theory is centred on cyber-world crimes. Many traditional policing theories do not apply when crimes are committed online. FOP has multiple tenets outlining the explanation of policing utilising the internet as a faceless venue to commit crimes and how to investigate these crimes. Problem-Oriented Policing (POP) and Community-Oriented Policing (COP) are two of the most popular policing theories utilised today in the United States. These strategies, while successful in response to conventional crime, are not easily applied to cyber crimes. Getting close to the community is really not the solution. The visible aspects of much of these offences are absent or drastically altered. In the event that detection is possible, one must contend with the escalation of certain activities online due to the overall perception that they are not detectable. The internet has not created new vices. It has made many traditional vices more accessible to the general public. If the public can remain anonymous while committing crimes, some people will become more willing to pursue these vices. The internet has also allowed a person to practise these vices around the world rather than in just their own small segment of the world.
Salmonella enterica Serotype Choleraesuis Infections in Pediatric Patients
Authors: Chiu Cheng-Hsun , Chuang Chih-Hsien , Chiu Shun , Su Lin-Hui , Lin Tzou-Yien 
Published: May 2006

OBJECTIVE. Among &gt;2500 nontyphoid Salmonella serotypes, Salmonella enterica serotype Choleraesuis shows a high predilection to cause systemic infections in humans. The objective of this study was to delineate the clinical and microbiologic features of pediatric patients with Salmonella Choleraesuis infections.
METHODS. Between May 1999 and February 2003, a total of 33 patients who were &lt;18 years of age had culture-confirmed S Choleraesuis infections. Clinical features, laboratory values, treatment, outcome, and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the bacterial isolates were analyzed.
RESULTS. There were 24 males and 9 females with a mean age of 3 years. Fever (rectal temperature ≥38°C; 94%) was the most common clinical presentation. Sixteen (52%) had fever lasting &gt;5 days before admission. Only 18 (54%) patients had diarrhea. The most common mode of infection is occult bacteremia without focal infection. Compared with data obtained from adult patients, the gastrointestinal manifestations appeared more frequently seen in pediatric patients. However, among the 18 who presented with diarrhea, 14 had concomitant bloodstream infection. Only 1 patient, who was a case of acute leukemia, died of S Choleraesuis sepsis. Resistance to ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and chloramphenicol was found in 6%, 28%, 88%, 76%, and 83% of the isolates, respectively.
CONCLUSION. Children with S Choleraesuis infections usually presented with occult bacteremia with mild gastrointestinal involvement. The mortality of S Choleraesuis infections in previously healthy children is low. Ciprofloxacin resistance among S Choleraesuis isolates from pediatric patients was lower than that of isolates from adult patients. In view of the high rate of multidrug resistance, third-generation cephalosporins seem to be the drug of choice for treatment of invasive S Choleraesuis infections.
Cardiac Involvement in Fukuyama-type Congenital Muscular Dystrophy
Authors: Nakanishi Toshio , Sakauchi Masako , Kaneda Yoshio , Tomimatsu Hirofumi , Saito Kayoko , Nakazawa Makoto , Osawa Makiko 
Published: May 2006

BACKGROUND. Fukuyama-type congenital muscular dystrophy is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by generalized skeletal muscle weakness and hypotonia from early infancy and by mental retardation. Little is known about cardiac involvement in patients with Fukuyama-type congenital muscular dystrophy. This study evaluated whether cardiac involvement exists in patients with Fukuyama-type congenital muscular dystrophy.
METHODS AND RESULTS. We evaluated left ventricular function using M-mode and Doppler echocardiography in 34 patients with Fukuyama-type congenital muscular dystrophy. The age ranged from 6 months to 30 years (median: 6 years). A total of 64 recordings were analyzed. Left ventricular dimensions and parameters of systolic function measured included left ventricular end-diastolic dimension, left ventricular fractional shortening, left ventricular wall thickness, and the mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening and end-systolic wall stress relationship. Left ventricular end-diastolic dimension z score &gt;2 was observed in 2 patients (6%). Left ventricular fractional shortening &lt;0.28 and/or reduced mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening in the mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening-end-systolic wall stress relationship were observed in 16 patients (47%). A significant correlation between age and left ventricular fractional shortening was observed, and left ventricular fractional shortening decreased with age. Of 12 patients &gt;15 years of age, 10 (83%) showed decreased left ventricular systolic function. Left ventricular fractional shortening was normal in most patients &lt;10 years of age, and it was reduced in most patients &gt;15 years of age. Five patients died of heart failure or respiratory problems, and a histologic examination confirmed the presence of myocardial fibrosis. No patients showed increased left ventricular wall thickness or a conduction abnormality on electrocardiograms.
CONCLUSION. Cardiac involvement exists in patients with Fukuyama-type congenital muscular dystrophy and becomes evident in older children in the second decade. A cardiac evaluation, including echocardiograms and subsequent follow-up, is important, especially in patients &gt;10 years of age.
Mechanisms of Photoisomerization of Polyenes in Confined Media: From Organic Glasses to Protein Binding Cavities†
Authors: Liu Robert S. H. , Yang Lan‐Ying , Liu Jin 
Published: May 2006

AbstractPhotochemical reactivities of model organic systems (stilbene and diphenylbutadiene) in organic glasses were first examined and compared with those in solution and in organized media. These observations were in turn compared with reactivities of polyene chromophores in protein binding cavities (specifically PYP, rhodopsin and bacteriorhodopsin). The obvious conclusion is that the preference for the most volume‐conserving Hula‐twist mechanism isomerization in organic glasses is because of the close interaction between the guest and the host molecules. In organized media (zeolites, crystals and protein binding cavities), the residual empty space coupled with any specific guest–host interactions that are characteristic of a given system, could lead to involvement of the more volume‐demanding one‐bond‐flip (i.e.torsional relaxation) or bicycle‐pedal or an extended HT process in photoisomerization.
NF‐κB in Photodynamic Therapy: Discrepancies of a Master Regulator
Authors: Matroule Jean‐Yves , Volanti Cedric , Piette Jacques 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTTumor eradication by photodynamic therapy (PDT) results from the onset of distinct killing processes. In addition to the well‐known necrotic and apoptotic mechanisms, PDT initiates an inflammatory response that will indirectly contribute to tumor clearance. The NF‐κB transcription factor is a major regulator of inflammation modulating the expression of cyto‐kines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules in various cell types in response to a large number of stimuli. Besides, NF‐κB regulates the expression of antiapoptotic genes, cyclooxygenases (COXs) and metalloproteinases (MMPs) as well, thereby favoring tumor cell proliferation and dissemination. In the present review, we aim to summarize the current knowledge on NF‐κB status following photosensitization of cancer cells and endothelial cells. In order to unravel the NF‐κB impact in PDT tumorigenicity and recurrences, we will stress the discrepancies of this major transcription factor relative to the signaling cascades underlying its activation and the cellular effects triggered by its translocation into the nucleus and its binding to its target genes.