bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sparse universal graphs for bounded‐degree graphs
Authors: Alon Noga , Capalbo Michael 
Published: October 2006

AbstractLet ℋ︁ be a family of graphs. A graphTis ℋ︁‐universal if it contains a copy of eachH∈ℋ︁ as a subgraph. Let ℋ︁(k,n) denote the family of graphs onnvertices with maximum degree at mostk. For all positive integerskandn, we construct an ℋ︁(k,n)‐universal graphTwith$O_k(n^{2-{2 \over k}} \log ^{4 \over k} n)$edges and exactlynvertices. The number of edges is almost as small as possible, as Ω(n2‐2/k) is a lower bound for the number of edges in any such graph. The construction ofTis explicit, whereas the proof of universality is probabilistic and is based on a novel graph decomposition result and on the properties of random walks on expanders. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2007
Summary of ISO/TC 201 Standard: XXVIII, ISO 18115:2001/Amd. 1:2006—surface chemical analysis—vocabulary—amendment 1
Authors: Seah M. P. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis International Standard adds 5 abbreviations and 71 terms, many for glow discharge spectrometry, to the 340 defined terms for surface chemical analysis in ISO 18115:2001. The terms cover words or phrases used in describing the samples, instruments and theoretical concepts involved in surface chemical analysis. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Zur Kristallstruktur von Pyrochloren: Mössbauer‐Spektrum von orthorhombischem CsFe2F6 und röntgenographische Einkristall‐Untersuchungen an den kubischen Verbindungen CsMgGaF6, CsMIIVIIIF6 (MII = Mn, Zn), CsMIIFeIIIF6 (MII = Mn, Cu, Zn) und Cs4Cu5V3O2F19
Authors: Baum Elke , Dahlke Patrik , Kaiser Volker , Molinier Michel , Schmidt Roland E. , Pebler Jürgen , Massa Werner , Babel Dietrich 
Published: October 2006

AbstractOn the Crystal Structure of Pyrochlores: Mössbauer Spectra of Orthorhombic CsFe2F6 and X‐Ray Single Crystal Studies of the Cubic Compounds CsMgGaF6, CsMIIVIIIF6 (MII = Mn, Zn), CsMIIFeIIIF6 (MII = Mn, Cu, Zn), and Cs4Cu5V3O2F19Orthorhombic CsFe2F6 (a = 749.1(3), b = 723.8(3), c = 1043.1(6) pm; V = 565.6(9) Å3, Z = 4, Imma ?) was prepared with strongly 57Fe doped FeF3 and its Mössbauer spectra measured. It is in accordance with the spectra of a natural 57Fe abundance sample, also with respect to the intensity ratio FeII:FeIII = 1:1. For the formation of an ordered pyrochlore structure in spite of quenching thus an electronically induced phase transition should be responsible, explaining the MII/MIII order observed in all mixed valence pyrochlores AIMIIMIIIF6. By contrast, single crystals of CsMgGaF6 (a = 1021.6(1) pm), CsMnVF6 (a = 1058.9(1) pm), CsMnFeF6 (a = 1054.6(1) pm), CsZnVF6 (a = 1041.5(1) pm, CsZnFeF6 (a = 1042.1(1) pm) and CsCuFeF6 (a = 1037.7(2) pm), obtained by solid state reaction and slow cooling, all exhibit the cubic pyrochlore structure of the RbNiCrF6 type (Z = 8, ${\rm Fd}{\bar 3}\rm m$), in which the cations MII/MIII are disordered in position (16c). An oxidfluoride of approximate composition Cs4Cu5V3O2F19 (a = 1022.2(1) pm) has the same structure, but in addition it shows a disordered occupation of the position (48f) by lack of about 1/8 of anions. Structural relations and distances for the cubic crystal structures refined (R between 0.02 and 0.06) are discussed.
Nd5(AsO3)4Cl3: The First Oxo‐Arsenate(III)‐Chloride of the Lanthanides
Authors: Hamida Makram Ben , Wickleder Mathias S. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSingle crystals of Nd5(AsO3)4Cl3 (monoclinic, P2/n, Z = 2, a = 1026.0(1), b = 543.35(3), c = 1400.2(1) pm, β = 93.48(1)°) were obtained from the reaction of Nd2O3, As2O3 and NaCl in a sealed silica ampoule. In the crystal structure the Nd3+ ions are linked by AsO33− groups into layers that alternate with layers of Cl− ions. Two of the three crystallographically different Nd3+ ions are coordinated by eight oxygen atoms, the third one has four oxygen and four chlorine atoms as neighbours.
Johnston, Bresnick, Eastman, Gann
Authors: Lister Rodney 
Published: October 2006

BEN JOHNSTON: String Quartets Nos. 2, 3, 4, and 9. The Kepler Quartet. New World Records 80637–2.MARTIN BRESNICK: My Twentieth Century. Robert Van Slice, Kunihiko Komori, Izumi Sinfonietta Osaka c. Norichika Iimori; Taimur Sullivan, Maya Beiser, Steven Schick, Povera Players. New World 80635–2.JULIUS EASTMAN: Unjust Malaise. The Creative Associates at SUNY Buffalo, New Music America, Julius Eastman, Frank Ferko, Janet Kattas, Patricia Martin. New World 80638-2 (3-CD set).KYLE GANN: Long Night. Sarah Cahill (pnos). Cold Blue CB0019.
Further reviews
Authors: MacDonald Calum 
Published: October 2006

CYRIL SCOTT: Piano Concerto No.1; Symphony No.4; Early One Morning. Howard Shelley (pno), BBC Philharmonic c. Martyn Brabbins. Chandos CHAN 10376.SCOTT: Complete Piano Music Volume One – Suites and Miniatures. Leslie De'Ath, Cyril Scott (pnos). Dutton Epoch CDLX 7150 (2-CD set).SCOTT: Complete Piano Music Volume Two – Complete Piano Sonatas. Leslie De'Ath (pno). Dutton Epoch CDLX 7155.SCOTT: Complete Piano Music Volume Three – Concert Pieces, Ballet Scores, Unpublished Works, Two-piano Works. Leslie De'Ath, Anya Alexeyev (pnos). Dutton Epoch CDLX 7166 (2-CD set).SCOTT: Sonata op.66; Second Sonata; Sonata III; Sphinx op.63; Rainbow Trout; Rondeau de Concert; Ballad; Victorian Waltz. Michael Schäfer (pno). Genuin GEN 85049.
Free-energy profiles for catalysis by dual-specificity phosphatases
Authors: Arantes Guilherme M. 
Published: October 2006

PTPs (protein tyrosine phosphatases) are fundamental enzymes for cell signalling and have been linked to the pathogenesis of several diseases, including cancer. Hence, PTPs are potential drug targets and inhibitors have been designed as possible therapeutic agents for Type II diabetes and obesity. However, a complete understanding of the detailed catalytic mechanism in PTPs is still lacking. Free-energy profiles, obtained by computer simulations of catalysis by a dual-specificity PTP, are shown in the present study and are used to shed light on the catalytic mechanism. A highly accurate hybrid potential of quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics calibrated specifically for PTP reactions was used. Reactions of alkyl and aryl substrates, with different protonation states and PTP active-site mutations, were simulated. Calculated reaction barriers agree well with experimental rate measurements. Results show the PTP substrate reacts as a bi-anion, with an ionized nucleophile. This protonation state has been a matter of debate in the literature. The inactivity of Cys→Ser active-site mutants is also not fully understood. It is shown that mutants are inactive because the serine nucleophile is protonated. Results also clarify the interpretation of experimental data, particularly kinetic isotope effects. The simulated mechanisms presented here are better examples of the catalysis carried out by PTPs.
Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging after percutaneous vertebroplasty does not improve the short-term prediction of new compression fractures
Authors: Maehara M. , Tanigawa N. , Ikeda K. , Ohmura N. , Komemushi A. , Kojima H. , Kariya S. , Sawada S. 
Published: October 2006

Purpose: To investigate the relationships between contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings and new compression fractures occurring after percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) in order to determine the necessity of contrast-enhanced MRI. Material and Methods: The material comprised 13 consecutive patients (27 vertebrae) with compression fractures who underwent vertebroplasty. Twenty-nine adjacent vertebrae were monitored for new compression fractures. We performed contrast-enhanced MRI within the 5 days following PVP. Results: The 29 adjacent vertebrae displayed 10 enhanced lesions and 19 vertebral bodies without enhancement–unenhanced lesions on MRI within the 5 days after PVP. In 4 out of 10 vertebrae, enhanced lesions were seen within the 5 days after PVP, but no abnormalities were seen on preoperative MRI. In these 4 vertebrae, new compression fractures were seen within the 1 month following PVP. In the other 6 vertebrae, enhanced lesions were seen within the 5 days after PVP, and these signal changes were detected by preoperative MRI in the same area. In 3 of these 6 vertebrae, new compression fractures occurred at 4, 8, and 9 months after PVP, respectively. However, all of the enhanced lesions were detectable on unenhanced MRI, which was conducted at the same time as enhanced MRI. Conclusion: New compression fractures after PVP may be predicted with early postoperative MRI. Contrast-enhanced MRI does not improve detection of the new lesions.
Maintained pain reduction in five patients with multiple myeloma 12 months after treatment of the involved cervical vertebrae with vertebroplasty
Authors: Pflugmacher R. , Schleicher P. , Schröder R. J. , Melcher I. , Klostermann C. K. 
Published: October 2006

Purpose: To evaluate in a prospective study the clinical and radiographic outcome of vertebroplasty in patients with osteolytic lesions of the cervical spine caused by multiple myeloma. Material and Methods: Pathological vertebral fractures associated with multiple myeloma were treated in five patients. Vertebroplasty was performed in 12 vertebral bodies. Symptomatic levels were identified by correlating the clinical presentation with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), conventional radiographs, and computed tomography (CT). During the 12-month follow-up, pain symptoms were measured on a self-reported visual analog scale (VAS), neck pain disability index (NPDI, range 0–100%), and cervical spine functional score (CSFS, range 0–100). Medical imaging was performed pre- and postoperatively and after 3, 6, and 12 months. The vertebral height was measured to assess the restoration of the sagittal alignment. Results: The median pain scores (VAS) as well as the NPDI and CSFS decreased significantly after vertebroplasty ( P<0.05). Cement leakage occurred in two of 12 vertebral bodies (16.6%), without clinical relevance. The vertebral body height was stabilized during follow-up. Conclusion: Vertebroplasty in the cervical spine is an effective open surgical procedure for the stabilization of pathological vertebral fractures caused by multiple myeloma leading to a statistically significant reduction of pain status. Vertebral body height is stabilized and further deformities are avoided.
Contrast-enhanced dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of finger joints in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: an analysis based on pharmacokinetic modeling
Authors: Kirkhus E. , Bjørnerud A. , Thoen J. , Johnston V. , Dale K. , Smith H. -J. 
Published: October 2006

Purpose: To investigate a two-compartment kinetic model applied to the dynamic time course of contrast enhancement as a method to differentiate between finger-joint synovitis in established osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Material and Methods: Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) of one hand in 19 patients and six healthy volunteers was undertaken. Eight patients had OA of the hand and eleven patients had RA. From the signal intensity curves, the three parameters Kps (endothelial transfer constant), Kep (elimination rate constant from extracellular space back to plasma) and Kel (elimination rate constant from plasma by renal excretion) were calculated. Results: The rate constant Kps showed the best separation between the groups with significantly higher values in the RA group compared to the OA group ( P<0.005) and in the OA group compared to the control group ( P<0.005). Significantly higher values of Kep were also found in the RA group compared with the OA group ( P<0.005). Conclusion: DCE-MRI may provide useful information that can help differentiate synovitis in OA from synovitis in RA.
Diagnostic difficulties in the management of H-type tracheoesophageal fistula
Authors: Ng J. , Antao B. , Bartram J. , Raghavan A. , Shawis R. 
Published: October 2006

Purpose: To evaluate the diagnostic difficulties and pitfalls in establishing the diagnosis of congenital H-type tracheoesophageal fistula. Material and Methods: A retrospective review of all cases of H-type tracheoesophageal fistula that were diagnosed in a single unit over a 6-year period. The variables assessed were age at presentation, presenting symptoms, time to diagnosis, investigations, and time to surgical repair of H-type fistula. The investigations leading to a definitive diagnosis are assessed and discussed. Results: Between 1998 and 2004, five cases of H-type tracheoesophageal fistula presented to our unit. All cases had an upper gastrointestinal contrast study/tube esophagogram. In addition, four cases had a chest radiograph, three cases had a bronchoscopy, and one case an esophagoscopy. The median delay from the time of first presentation to diagnosis of H-type tracheoesophageal fistula was 14 days (7–58 days). Median age at surgery was 15 days (8–60 days). Conclusion: Although symptoms are usually present from birth, the diagnosis of H-type fistula is difficult and often delayed. The various diagnostic techniques are not entirely reliable and fistula identification can be elusive. The authors present recommendations for the diagnostic work-up, which may increase the diagnostic potential and avoid unnecessary delays in the diagnosis and management of H fistula.
Incidence of adjacent vertebral fractures in patients treated with balloon kyphoplasty: two years’ prospective follow-up
Authors: Pflugmacher R. , Schroeder R.-J. , Klostermann C. K. 
Published: October 2006

Purpose: To evaluate the long-term outcomes of 37 patients with 60 osteoporotic vertebral fractures, located in the thoracic and lumbar spine, treated with balloon kyphoplasty. Material and Methods: Fourty-two patients (15 males and 27 females) with 67 osteoporotic vertebral fractures were treated with balloon kyphoplasty. We were able to have 2-year follow-up of 37 patients with 60 treated vertebrae. Baseline fracture rate in these 37 patients was 1.9 (60 fresh fractures and 11 old fractures already healed). Symptomatic levels were identified by correlating the clinical presentation with conventional radiographs, computed tomography (CT), and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). During the 2-year follow-up, reduction in pain was determined. The effects on pain symptoms were measured on a self-reported visual analog scale (VAS) and the Oswestry score was documented to assess disability. Radiographic scans were performed pre- and postoperatively, and after 3, 6, 12, and 24 months. The vertebral height and endplate angles were measured to assess the restoration of the sagittal alignment. Results: The median pain scores (VAS) decreased significantly from pre- to post-treatment as did the Oswestry Disability Score ( P<0.05). This improvement was maintained at 2-year follow-up. In eight patients (21.6%) (five female, three male), an adjacent fracture occurred in 11 vertebrae (18.3%) within 3 weeks to 22 months of follow-up (after 22 months no adjacent fracture occurred). This makes an annualized refracture rate of 10% (18.3/22×12). In three patients the adjacent fractures were asymptomatic. Five patients with symptomatic adjacent fractures (eight vertebrae) wanted to be treated again with balloon kyphoplasty. Clinically asymptomatic cement leakage occurred in nine of 67 vertebral bodies (13.4%). During 2-year follow-up, this surgical technique demonstrated restoration and stabilization of the height of the vertebral body. Conclusion: Balloon kyphoplasty is an effective, minimally invasive procedure for the stabilization of osteoporotic vertebral fractures, leading to a statistically significant reduction of pain status.
Retropharyngeal tendinitis: radiographic and magnetic resonance imaging findings
Authors: Gelineck J. , Salomonsen M. , Hviid C. 
Published: October 2006

Purpose: To describe the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in retropharyngeal tendinitis. Material and methods: Within 1 year, four patients presenting with symptoms of retropharyngeal tendinitis were examined by radiography and MRI. Results: On MRI and radiographs, all patients had characteristic soft-tissue swellings and calcifications related to the tendon of the longus colli muscle situated inferior to the anterior arc of C1. MRI showed well-defined edema, with high signal in the retropharyngeal tissue anterior to C1–C5 on short T1 inversion recovery (STIR) sequences, low signal on T1-weighted sequences, and low signal in the calcification on both sequences. In addition, three patients had high signal intensity changes on STIR sequences in the atlantoaxial joint situated posterior to the anterior arc of C1. Conclusion: MRI is a sensitive and accurate method in the diagnosis of retropharyngeal tendinitis. A new finding in this condition is an effusion or synovitis in the anterior atlantoaxial joint. MRI is a valuable tool in differentiating retropharyngeal tendinitis from other diagnoses such as retropharyngeal abscess, pyogenic spondylitis, and spondyloarthropathy.
Staining Membrane-Bound Proteins with Coomassie Blue R250
Authors: Stochaj Wayne R. , Berkelman Tom , Laird Nancy 
Published: October 2006

INTRODUCTIONCoomassie Blue R250 permanently stains membrane-bound proteins and is compatible with PVDF and nitrocellulose membranes, but it is incompatible with nylon membranes. This technique is relatively insensitive, with a detection limit of ~1.5 μg of protein. One drawback of Coomassie Blue staining is that it produces a high background that can make interpretation of results difficult.
Purification of Large “Troublesome” Polypeptides by RP-HPLC
Authors: Keah Hooi Hong , Hearn Milton T.W. 
Published: October 2006

INTRODUCTIONThis protocol addresses the group of large polypeptides that have proved to be troublesome to handle because of their low solubility or the presence of secondary structural elements that favor supramolecular self-self assembly. Included in this group are polypeptides with amphipathic α-helical or β-sheet structures with extensive runs of nonpolar (hydrophobic) amino acid side chains or proline-rich sequences. RP-HPLC provides one avenue to purify such troublesome examples provided certain steps and precautions are taken. (Related procedures are equally germane to polypeptides that have been lipidated or subjected to chemical modifications with nonpolar moieties, as well as to some core cyanogen bromide fragments of large proteins.) RP-HPLC methods not only enable concomitant desalting, removal of additives that aid dissolution of the polypeptide or protein, but also permit resolution and maintenance of a reasonably high concentration of the solutes, due to the presence of the (often) low-pH, aquo-organic solvent conditions.
Modification of Lysyl Side Chains Using Succinic Anhydride: Figure 1.
Authors: Simpson Richard J. 
Published: October 2006

INTRODUCTIONThe sites of trypsin cleavage can be restricted when the ϵ-amino group of lysine is blocked, for example, by succinic anhydride. This can be useful for obtaining overlapping peptides during classical protein sequencing strategies. For example, in selective peptide cleavage with trypsin, it may be desirable to block the ϵ-amino groups of lysine so that the enzyme attacks only at arginine peptide bonds. Another advantage of succinylation is that the reagent places substantial negative charge on the protein because the positively charged lysine side chain is replaced by a negatively charged carboxyl group of the succinate half-amide. Hence, succinylation may be used to solubilize a protein while blocking its lysine groups (in general, succinylated proteins are soluble at pH >7). The attached succinyl moiety forms a stable linkage to most protein treatments, but may be cleaved off with 6 N HCl at 100ºC.
Preparative 2D Gel Electrophoresis with Immobilized pH Gradients: Isoelectric Focusing of Proteins in a Multipurpose Flatbed Electrophoresis Unit
Authors: Stochaj Wayne R. , Berkelman Tom , Laird Nancy 
Published: October 2006

INTRODUCTIONThis protocol describes a method for separating proteins based on their net charge using the technique of isoelectric focusing (IEF) on immobilized pH gradient (IPG) gels. This method serves as the first dimension of the 2D separation. The method described in this protocol utilizes a flatbed unit; however, self-contained instruments for IEF are also available.
Preparative 2D Gel Electrophoresis with Immobilized pH Gradients: IEF of Proteins in an IEF-Dedicated Electrophoresis Unit
Authors: Stochaj Wayne R. , Berkelman Tom , Laird Nancy 
Published: October 2006

INTRODUCTIONThis protocol describes a method for separating proteins based on their net charge using the technique of isoelectric focusing (IEF) on immobilized pH gradient (IPG) gels, providing the first dimension of the 2D separation. In this protocol, the IPG gels are focused using self-contained instruments for IEF. These high-voltage systems allow fewer manipulations of the IPG gels, resulting in less error, strip mix-up, contamination, air contact, or urea crystallization. Because rehydration and IEF can be performed consecutively within a single unit, these two steps can be performed unattended overnight. Finally, faster separations and sharper focusing are possible due to the higher voltage available in these instruments.
Concentrating Acrylamide Gel Spots: Figure 1.
Authors: Simpson Richard J. 
Published: October 2006

INTRODUCTIONThis protocol describes a method for concentrating gel bands or spots excised from 1D or 2D acrylamide gels. Several replicate protein bands (or spots) are often required to provide sufficient material for sequencing. In these situations, it is necessary to excise several stained protein bands or spots from the gels and pre-concentrate them prior to electroblotting for amino-terminal sequencing or internal sequence analysis following in-gel proteolytic (or chemical) fragmentation. In the method described below, concentration is done by re-electrophoresis of the gel pieces in a simple SDS-PAGE gel poured in a single conventional glass Pasteur pipette.
Screening DNA Pools for T-DNA Insertions in Arabidopsis Genes
Authors: Weigel Detlef , Glazebrook Jane 
Published: October 2006

INTRODUCTIONMany investigators are interested in studying the functions of genes whose sequences or expression patterns suggest roles in particular biological processes. A powerful way to identify a mutation in the gene of interest and to test mutant plants for phenotypes that are predicted to result from loss of function of that gene is by PCR screening. Pools of insertion lines are screened using one primer corresponding to the gene of interest and one primer corresponding to the end of the insertion element. The synthesis of a product indicates the presence of an insertion in the gene of interest. The pool is then repeatedly subdivided until a single plant carrying the desired insertion is identified.
Setting Up Arabidopsis Crosses
Authors: Weigel Detlef , Glazebrook Jane 
Published: October 2006

INTRODUCTIONThe inheritance of mutant phenotypes is most often analyzed in the progeny resulting from crosses between different parents. Because Arabidopsis naturally self-pollinates, the generation of cross-progeny requires some intervention by the investigator. This protocol describes the generation and collection of seeds by crossing suitable Arabidopsis parent plants.