bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The similia principle
Authors: Lussignoli Sabrina , Semizzi Marlia Lucia , Ortolani Riccardo , Signorini Andrea , Bellavite Paulo 
Published: September 2006

AbstractWe have developed two models of the similarity principle, essentially based on the regulatory mechanisms of biological homeostasis. A first model (gating theory) is designed to explain a series of experimental findings obtained in our laboratory, pointing to the occurrence of inverse effects of various agents on human neutrophils in vitro. A second, more general, model (regulation of stressed homeostatic networks) is designed to integrate modern concepts of priming, desensitization and signal transduction into the classical homeopathic theory of inversion of effect at the clinical level, i.e. the symptom-based similia principle.
Effect of high dilutions of Arsenicum album on wheat seedlings from seed poisoned with the same substance
Authors: Brizzi M. , Nani D. , Peruzzi M. , Betti L. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractA blind laboratory experiment was carried out to show the effect of a 45x potency of Arsenicum album (As2O3) on wheat seedlings whose seeds had been previously poisoned with a material dose of the same substance. The effect of the homoeopathic treatment on stem growth was statistically significant. The experimental results were matched with a previous study concerning homoeopathic treatment in the same species.
Attitudes to complementary therapies and referral for homoeopathic treatment
Authors: Hannaford Pat , Wyllie Margaret 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe main objective of this survey was to assess the attitude of General Practitioners (GPs) in Lothian, Scotland, to homoeopathy, with a view to deciding if there was sufficient support to justify the continuation and expansion of the NHS homoeopathic clinic in the area. The 540 GPs currently in practice were surveyed by means of a simple questionnaire which required them to tick selected boxes; many chose to add further comments. A total of 304 GPs (56%) responded. The questions were designed to elicit attitudes to homoeopathy and other complementary therapies and to assess the referral pattern for this. 92% of the respondents were willing to refer patients for homoeopathic treatment and 74% would welcome a specialist facility in Lothian. This level of support indicates that provision of an NHS specialist homoeopathic service in Lothian would be well-used.
The Kosovo Trap
Authors: BEREND IVAN T. 
Published: September 2006

In February 2006, talks began in Vienna to decide the status of Kosovo. The solution was forecast in several statements: instead of officially remaining a province of Serbia, considering that 90% of the population of the area is Albanian, mostly Muslim, and want independence, independent statehood might be granted to Kosovo. Kosovo enjoyed an autonomous status under Tito (abolished by Milošević) and thus has the legal right to decide on independence.Serbia wants to keep its authority over the province, which is considered to be the ‘cradle of Serbia,’ a sacrosanct place in Serbian history. However, the Serb population has gradually decreased and become a small minority. This happened due to a huge Serb emigration after the Ottoman conquest of the region, a spontaneous, sometimes forced emigration, which gained special impetus during the Second World War, when the region became part of ‘Great Albania,’ and Serbs were killed and chased out of the province. The tension and violence of the post-war decades made emigration advisable for Serbs. Milošević's Kosovo war-and-rape campaign made the Kosovars victims of exalted Serb nationalism in the late 1990s. The NATO bombing stopped this but the Serb minority declined into an unbearable situation. The Kosovo Liberation Army's violent actions, killing Serbs, burning their houses, shooting at school buses, continued until recently and led to the flight of half of the remaining Serb population, and ‘cleansed’ Kosovo of 80% of the Roma population.
A Contemporary Approach to Geriatric Neuropsychology
Authors: Barr William B. 
Published: September 2006

Geriatric Neuropsychology: Assessment and Intervention.
Deborah K. Attix and Kathleen Welsh-Bohmer (Eds.). 2006. New York: The
Guilford Press, 467 pp., $65.00 HB.Most neuropsychologists specializing in assessment and treatment of
adults will receive a fair share of referrals for assessment of memory and
cognitive functions in older patients. The past 15 to 20 years have been
marked by an impressive increase in the amount known about the
neurobiological basis of aging and dementia. Keeping up with this field
has been like monitoring a “moving target,” as a result of
increasing refinements in diagnostic categories, technological
developments in neuroimaging, and continuing discoveries in the fields of
genetics and molecular biology. The field has needed an accessible
reference that reviews all of these important areas while also providing
an integration of the literature from a uniquely neuropsychological
perspective. I am pleased to report that the book, Geriatric
Neuropsychology: Assessment and Intervention, meets this important
need.
G1Synchronization of CHO Cells by Isoleucine Deprivation
Authors: Galgano Paul J. , Schildkraut Carl L. 
Published: September 2006

INTRODUCTIONThis protocol provides a method for the synchronization of a monolayer culture of CHO cells in G1using isoleucine deprivation. Since CHO cells can also be adapted to grow in suspension culture, this procedure can be used to obtain larger quantities of cells. When isoleucine is replaced, the cells resume growth and begin to enter S phase ~4 hours later. This method arrests almost 100% of the CHO cells in G1, and upon reversal, leads to rapid recovery of cell growth and very high cell viability. This method has been used with other hamster cell lines, some transformed mouse cells, and some transformed human cell lines have also been used, but with varying effectiveness.
G1/S Phase Synchronization Using Mimosine Arrest
Authors: Galgano Paul J. , Schildkraut Carl L. 
Published: September 2006

INTRODUCTIONThis protocol uses the plant amino acid mimosine as a G1/S synchronizing agent. Cells are first treated with excess thymidine to accumulate the majority of them at G1/S; however, some cells will have stopped growth within the S phase. Thymidine is then removed to allow all the cells to proceed completely through the S phase. Mimosine is then added to arrest the cells at the G1/S border. When mimosine is removed, cells will begin to enter S phase within about 1 hour.
Production of dsRNA for RNAi in Avian Embryos
Authors: Stoeckli Esther T. 
Published: September 2006

INTRODUCTIONThis protocol describes the production of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) from fragments of cDNAs of candidate genes. The cDNA fragments must be cloned in plasmids with a flanking SP6 and T7 promoter (e.g., pSP72 or pCRII). The plasmid is linearized and sense and antisense RNAs are produced separately by in vitro transcription. After purification, the RNA strands are annealed to yield a dsRNA molecule suitable for RNAi in avian embryos.
Dissection of Spinal Cords for Analysis of Axonal Pathfinding in dsRNA-Treated Avian Embryos
Authors: Stoeckli Esther T. 
Published: September 2006

INTRODUCTIONThis protocol describes how to dissect spinal cords of dsRNA-treated avian embryos for analysis of commissural axon guidance. After fixation of the spinal cord with paraformaldehyde, commissural axons are stained with Fast-DiI.
Whole-Mount Preparations for Analysis of Axonal Pathfinding in dsRNA-Treated Avian Embryos
Authors: Stoeckli Esther T. 
Published: September 2006

INTRODUCTIONThis protocol describes a method for staining nerve fibers in whole-mount preparations of avian embryos using an antibody against the 160-kD subunit of neurofilaments. This allows the comparison of the branching pattern of motor and sensory neurons between control and experimental embryos. This protocol has been successfully applied for embryos at different stages up to about stage 33 (7 days of incubation).
Fixing Caenorhabditis elegans in Paraformaldehyde
Authors: Harlow Ed , Lane David 
Published: September 2006

INTRODUCTIONAnother common method for fixing worms is to use paraformaldehyde. This method provides a gentler fixation than the Bouin’s method, but often requires the use of collagenase. This method is particularly good for examining adult worms.
Preparing Early Whole-Mount Drosophila Embryos for Immunostaining
Authors: Harlow Ed , Lane David 
Published: September 2006

INTRODUCTIONThe choice of fixation and permeabilization methods for examining flies depends on their stage of development. Early embryos (0-17 hours or until cuticle formation) are treated with a mixture of organic solvents, formaldehyde, and alcohols, as described here. The cuticles of late-stage embryos are usually opened by sonication. Tissues from more advanced stages of development are normally dissected by hand and then fixed and stained in a standard paraformaldehyde/detergent combination
Antibody Addition to Drosophila Specimens and Detection Using Fluorochrome-Linked Reagents
Authors: Harlow Ed , Lane David 
Published: September 2006

INTRODUCTIONFluorochrome-linked reagents should be used when high resolution is needed or if two antigens need to be localized simultaneously. Because of the thickness of fly specimens, detection requires access to a confocal microscope.
Unmasking Hidden Epitopes with Proteases
Authors: Harlow Ed , Lane David 
Published: September 2006

INTRODUCTIONFixation can mask epitopes. However, it is often possible to re-expose them using a gentle incubation with proteases, which removes obstructing structures and allows antibody access, as described here. Many proteases can be used for this procedure, including very crude preparations of proteases, such as pronase. However, using a better-characterized protease, such as trypsin, allows a more controlled reaction and better comparison between experiments. Be aware that any of the antigen retrieval methods should be avoided wherever possible, because they may introduce artifactual false-positive staining. Methods for antigen retrieval are specific for each antibody/antigen combination. No attempts to establish quantitative data following these methods should be considered.
Unmasking Hidden Epitopes Using the Pressure Cooker
Authors: Harlow Ed , Lane David 
Published: September 2006

INTRODUCTIONSeveral methods have been developed to “retrieve” antigens that have been masked by fixation. The principle behind the pressure cooker method described here is to use extended periods of heat to break some of the subcellular structures that block antibody access. This approach is appropriate for handling specimens on glass slides. The major advantages of the pressure cooker method are the ability to handle a large number of slides simultaneously, the convenience of using metal racks, and the avoidance of any hot spots that are found in the microwave. Be aware that any of the antigen retrieval methods should be avoided wherever possible, because they may introduce artifactual false-positive staining. Methods for antigen retrieval are specific for each antibody/antigen combination. No attempts to establish quantitative data following these methods should be considered.
Immunoprecipitation: Lysing Bacteria by Sonication
Authors: Harlow Ed , Lane David 
Published: September 2006

INTRODUCTIONIn this protocol, bacterial cells are lysed by being subjected to short, intense treatments with ultrasound, which breaks the cell walls and shears the DNA into sizes that will not affect the viscosity of the samples. Note that this method causes some denaturation of the samples. The resulting lysate is ready for preclearing.
Fragmentation of DNA by Sonication: Figure 1.
Authors: Sambrook Joseph , Russell David W. 
Published: September 2006

INTRODUCTIONDNA fragmentation is often necessary prior to library construction or subcloning for DNA sequencing. This protocol describes a method for DNA fragmentation by sonication. During sonication, DNA samples are subjected to hydrodynamic shearing by exposure to brief periods of sonication. DNA that has been sonicated for excessive periods of time is extremely difficult to clone. Most sonicators will not shear DNA to a size of less than 300-500 bp, and it is tempting to continue sonication until the entire DNA population has been reduced in size. However, the yield of subclones is usually greater if sonication is stopped when the fragments of the target DNA first reach a size of ~700 bp.
Staining SDS-Polyacrylamide Gels with Silver Salts
Authors: Sambrook Joseph , Russell David W. 
Published: September 2006

INTRODUCTIONA number of methods have been developed to stain polypeptides with silver salts after separation by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It is somewhat more difficult to perform than staining with Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250, but it is ~100-1000-fold more sensitive and is capable of detecting as little as 0.1-1.0 ng of polypeptide in a single band.
Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) of Protein Complexes: Mapping of Genomic Targets of Nuclear Proteins in Cultured Cells
Authors: Breiling Achim , Orlando Valerio 
Published: September 2006

INTRODUCTIONThis protocol describes the use of chromatin immunoprecipitation technology (ChIP) to analyze interactions of proteins or protein complexes with DNA in vivo. In this approach, the material is fixed with formaldehyde to preserve DNA-protein and protein-protein associations, the cells are lysed, and the chromatin is cut and solubilized. The chromatin suspension is immunoprecipitated with an antibody against the protein(s) of interest, and the coimmunoprecipitated DNA fragments are analyzed. The following protocol has been established for the cultured cell line Schneider 2 (S2) from Drosophila melanogaster. If other tissue is used, certain steps of the protocol may need to be optimized; the main variation is likely to be in the cross-linking step.
Analysis of Protein Interactions with Immobilized Peptide Arrays Synthesized on Membrane Supports
Authors: Frank Ronald , Dübel Stefan 
Published: September 2006

INTRODUCTIONThe following protocol describes the synthesis of short linear peptides, or peptide pools, on modified cellulose membranes, and the detection of their protein-binding partners. Peptides are synthesized from their carboxyl termini using Fmoc-amino acid derivatives. After completion of the synthesis and cleavage of all side-chain-protecting groups, the peptide array on the membrane is incubated with the potential interaction partners to identify their target sequences.
Global tests of haemostasis in critically ill patients with severe sepsis syndrome compared to controls
Authors: Collins Peter W. , Macchiavello Luis I. , Lewis Sarah J. , Macartney Nichola J. , Saayman Anton G. , Luddington Roger , Baglin Trevor , Findlay George P. 
Published: September 2006

SummaryHaemostatic changes in septic patients are complex, with both procoagulant and anticoagulant changes. Thirty‐eight patients with severe sepsis and 32 controls were investigated by coagulation screens, individual factor assays, calibrated automated thrombography (CAT), whole blood low‐dose‐tissue factor activated (LD‐TFA) Rotem and LD‐TFA waveform analysis. Thirty‐six of 38 patients had an abnormal coagulation screen. The mean levels of factors II, V (P < 0·05), VII, X, XI and XII, antithrombin and protein C (P < 0·01) was decreased in sepsis compared with controls. The mean factor VIII and fibrinogen level (P < 0·001) was increased. CAT in platelet rich and poor plasma showed a prolonged lag time (P < 0·02), decreased peak thrombin (P < 0·02) and delayed time to peak thrombin (P < 0·001) in sepsis patients, however, the endogenous thrombin potential was equivalent in sepsis and controls. In LD‐TFA Rotem, septic patients had delayed clot times (P = 0·04) but an increased maximum velocity of clot formation (P < 0·01) and area under the clot elasticity curve (P < 0·01). LD‐TFA waveform analysis showed a delayed onset time but an increased rate of clot formation (P < 0·005). In conclusion, global tests of haemostasis suggest that in this patient group, activation of haemostasis is delayed but once initiated thrombin generation and clot formation are normal or enhanced.
Positron emission tomography/computed tomography: diagnostic accuracy in lymphoma
Authors: Hernandez‐Maraver Dolores , Hernandez‐Navarro Fernando , Gomez‐Leon Nieves , Coya Juan , Rodriguez‐Vigil Beatriz , Madero Rosario , Pinilla Immaculada , Martin‐Curto Luis M. 
Published: September 2006

SummaryAn accurate initial staging of patients with non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is critical for the selection of an appropriate treatment. Computed tomography (CT) remains the standard imaging technique, although it is based on anatomic criteria. Positron emission tomography (PET) with 2‐deoxy‐2‐[fluorine‐18]fluoro‐d‐glucose (FDG) provides useful functional information but requires anatomical correlation to localise lesions accurately. We have prospectively compared the accuracy of combined PET/CT with that of CT and PET alone at initial staging in lymphoma patients. Forty‐seven newly diagnosed patients were evaluated. PET/CT was superior compared with CT and PET in nodal evaluation and detection of extranodal disease. Using a staging algorithm with PET/CT resulted in the disease stage being increased in 11 of 47 patients (10 NHL and 1 HL) (McNemar test P = 0·012). Therefore, a different treatment strategy based on PET/CT findings was suggested for seven patients (14·8%). PET/CT markedly improves accuracy in the diagnostic work‐up of patients with lymphoma.
Pure red cell aplasia associated with thymoma: clinical insights from a 50‐year single‐institution experience*
Authors: Thompson Carrie A. , Steensma David P. 
Published: September 2006

SummaryAcquired pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) is a rare disorder of erythropoiesis that can develop in association with a thymoma. Optimal management of this subgroup is unclear, and there have been few series reporting long‐term clinical outcomes. Here, we report features of 13 patients treated for PRCA associated with thymoma over 50 years at our institution. Surgical resection of the thymoma was insufficient for normalisation of erythropoiesis in all cases. T‐cell gene rearrangement studies did not routinely demonstrate a clonal process, and ciclosporin and anti‐thymocyte globulin were effective adjuvant treatments. However, treatment‐related morbidity was high, with frequent infectious complications.
The membrane attack pathway of complement drives pathology in passively induced experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis in mice
Authors: Morgan B P , Chamberlain-Banoub J , Neal J W , Song W , Mizuno M , Harris C L 
Published: September 2006

SummaryThe human neuromuscular disease myasthenia gravis (MG) is characterized by the generation of autoantibodies reactive with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChR) that cause loss of AChR from the neuromuscular end-plate with resultant failure of neuromuscular transmission. A role for complement (C) in AChR loss has been suggested based upon morphological identification of C at the end-plate in MG and from the effects of C inhibition in murine models. Here we provide further evidence implicating C, and specifically the membrane attack complex (MAC), in a mouse model of MG. Mice deficient in the C regulators Daf1 and/or Cd59a were tested in the model. Wild-type mice were resistant to disease while mice deficient in Daf1 had mild disease symptoms with evidence of C activation and AChR loss at end-plates. Cd59a-deficient mice had very mild disease with some muscle inflammation and essentially undamaged end-plates. In contrast, mice deficient in both C regulators developed a severe paralytic disease with marked muscle inflammation and loss of end-plates. Inhibition of MAC assembly abrogated clinical disease in these double-deficient mice, demonstrating conclusively that MAC formation was driving pathology in the model. These findings provoke us to suggest that current anti-C therapeutics targeting MAC assembly will be beneficial in MG patients resistant to conventional therapies.
Adult survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia with GH deficiency have normal self‐rated quality of life but impaired neuropsychological performance 20 years after cranial irradiation
Authors: Link Katarina , Moëll Christian , Österberg Kai , Persson Roger , Ørbaek Palle , Garwicz Stanislaw , Cavallin‐Ståhl Eva , Erfurth Eva Marie 
Published: September 2006

SummaryObjective  Cranial radiotherapy (CRT) was, until recently, important for achieving long‐term survival in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). Because survival rates have improved markedly, the long‐term complications, such as GH deficiency (GHD) and neuropsychological impairment, have become increasingly important.Design and patients  The level of self‐reported quality of life and neuropsychological functioning was investigated in 44 adults (21 women) with a median age of 25 years who had been treated for childhood onset (CO) ALL with CRT (median 24 Gy). Comparison was made with matched population controls. A subset of patients with GHD was evaluated for neuropsychological functioning after 1 year of GH treatment.Results  Compared to controls, the patients had significantly lower performance in neuropsychological tests. Early age at treatment had a significant negative impact on neuropsychological performance in adulthood. No relationship was found between dose of CRT, time since treatment of ALL or gender and neuropsychological performance. Compared to controls, the patients did not show a poor quality of life or a lowered availability of social interactions or social networks; however, significantly more patients were living alone or with their parents. After GH testing, the patients were all considered GH deficient or insufficient, but no relationship was observed between stimulated peak GH secretion and neuropsychological performance. Treatment with GH for 1 year in a subgroup of the patients did not improve their neuropsychological performance.Conclusions  This study showed that adults treated with CRT for CO ALL had GHD and significantly impaired neuropsychological performance, although self‐reported quality of life was not affected. The effect of GH treatment in this patient group has to be further elucidated.