bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychiatrists' versus Patients' Concepts of Unpleasant Emotions
Authors: Leff J. P. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA semantic differential technique was used to elicit concepts of anxiety, depression and irritability from twenty patients suffering from neurosis and ten experienced psychiatrists. It was found that psychiatrists hold concepts of these unpleasant affects that are much more differentiated than those held by patients. In particular, the psychiatrists' concepts of anxiety and depression showed a correlation of zero, whereas the patients' concepts of these affects overlapped to a considerable degree.Patients were unable to discriminate between anxiety and depression on the basis of 11 somatic symptoms, but were able to use these symptoms to distinguish anxiety and depression from irritability. The psychiatrists were in close accord with the patients over the somatic symptoms that distinguished anxiety from irritability.
Agoraphobia: a Critical Review of the Concept
Authors: Hallam R. S. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryPhobic avoidance has been widely accepted as the central feature of the agoraphobic syndrome, and the presence of agoraphobia has been used to define groups of subjects for clinical research. A review of the evidence suggests that agoraphobia should not be classified with the phobias; several lines of inquiry point to the conclusion that it is a variable feature of patients suffering from anxiety neurosis. Implications for research and problems with the present classification of neurotic affective disorders are noted.
Men Remanded into Custody for Medical Reports: the Selection for Treatment
Authors: Bowden Paul 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn a sample of men remanded into custody for medical reports during a three-month period, it was found that those who received recommendations for treatment had a diagnosis of acute mental illness, had in the past been admitted more frequently to mental hospitals and had spent a longer period as in-patients. They were also assessed as being difficult to manage, i.e. they were considered to be nuisances, were threatening and potentially violent. The men who were not recommended for treatment had a history of excessive drinking and drink-related offences; they also had more extensive criminal histories and a diagnosis of psychopathic disorder.
Men Remanded into Custody for Medical Reports: The Outcome of the Treatment Recommendation
Authors: Bowden Paul 
Published: August 2008

SummaryOver a three-month period, 634 men were remanded into custody at Brixton Prison for medical reports; 87 received recommendations for psychiatric treatment and 82 individuals were actually referred to hospitals for treatment. Fourteen months later nearly three-quarters of the men who went to hospital had been discharged. They fell into three groups by outcome: men with acute psychoses for whom treatment was definitely beneficial; men who remained behaviourally disturbed after receiving treatment although their mental states improved; a group with chronic disorders for whom admission was not beneficial. The two groups with improved mental states represented only 5 per cent of the initial receptions to Brixton Prison.
Combination of Hormonal and Psychological Treatment for Female Sexual Unresponsiveness: a Comparative Study
Authors: Carney Anthony , Bancroft John , Mathews Andrew 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThirty-two couples with the presenting problem of female sexual unresponsiveness were treated in a controlled study using a balanced factorial design. Treatment involved a combination of drug therapy and counselling. Half the subjects received testosterone and half diazepam, half received weekly and half monthly counselling. They were assessed before treatment, at the end of treatment and at six months follow-up.Those receiving testosterone did significantly better on a number of behavioural and attitudinal measures than the diazepam group. There were no notable differences in outcome between the two counselling regimes. There were no undesirable side-effects with the testosterone.Further work is needed to establish the indications for testosterone therapy for unresponsive women.
A Controlled Study to Evaluate Directed Masturbation in the Management of Primary Orgasmic Failure in Women
Authors: Riley Alan J. , Riley Elizabeth J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThis paper presents the results of a prospective controlled study evaluating a programme of directed masturbation against a combined sensate focus and supportive psychotherapeutic approach in the management of female primary orgasmic failure. Of the 20 patients who followed the masturbation programme 90 per cent gained orgasmic capacity compared with 53 per cent of 15 patients who were treated conventionally. Eighty-five per cent of the patients treated by the masturbation programme and 47 per cent of the control group of patients became coitally orgasmic on at least 75 per cent of coital occasions. The difference is statistically significant at the 5 per cent level. The results suggest that directed masturbation is an effective adjunct in the management of primary female orgasmic failure.
The Two-Year Predictive Validity of the Clifton Assessment Schedule and the Shortened Stockton Geriatric Rating Scale
Authors: Pattie A. H. , Gilleard C. J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryAssessment of cognitive and behavioural disability on 100 elderly psychiatric admissions was carried out by means of the Clifton Assessment Schedule and the Shortened Stockton Geriatric Rating Scale. The results provided useful predictive indices, confirming the relationship between cognitive impairment and unfavourable outcome at two-year follow up.
Size of Cerebral Ventricles in 66 Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Van Boxel P. , Bridges P. K. , Bartlett J. R. , Trauer T. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe routine air ventriculograms of 66 psychiatric patients, aged from 22 to 73 years, taken during the psychosurgical operation of stereotactic subcaudate tractotomy, were studied. Ventricular size was unrelated to progressive ageing, but a minority of patients over 60 years had abnormally large ventricles, not invariably associated with cognitive impairment on testing. Enlargement was associated with a clinical diagnosis of schizoaffective illness but not with past ECT.
Stresses upon the Relatives of Head-Injured Patients
Authors: Oddy Michael , Humphrey Michael , Uttley David 
Published: August 2008

SummaryAs part of a prospective study of closed head injury, 54 relatives were interviewed within a month of the patient's accident and again six and twelve months later.The degree of stress on the relatives was measured by means of the Wakefield Depression Scale and by interview questions.The worst period of stress for the majority of relatives appeared to be during the first month after the accident. However, the degree of stress appeared to level off by the sixth month and no further diminution was found at twelve months.Stress was apparently mediated by the relatives' perception of personality changes and subjective defects. It was not affected by the severity of the head injury or associated disabilities, nor by whether the patient had resumed work and leisure activities.The nature of the stress is analysed and methods of alleviating it discussed.
Actual Practice of ECT in a Health Region of Britain
Authors: Lambourn J. , Murrills A. J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA field study of 14 treatment centres found broad agreement between clinical practice and the Royal College of Psychiatrists' Memorandum on the use of ECT. Differences in electrode placement and anaesthetic agents and a poor standard of safety and reliability in the electrical equipment was noted.
Humans and Pets and Attachment
Authors: Rynearson E. K. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe bond between human and pet depends on their commonality as animals and their mutual need for attachment. Under abnormal circumstances of developmental frustration a human may displace an overdetermined need for attachment to the pet. The attachment relationship is pathological because of its defensive purpose, and its interruption can create enduring psychiatric reactions. The paper details the developmental determinants for this interaction.
Delinquency by Opiate Addicts Treated at Two London Clinics
Authors: Wiepert G. D. , D'Orbán P. T. , Bewley Thomas H. 
Published: August 2008

Summary455 male and 120 female opiate addicts were treated at two London drug dependence clinics between 1968 and 1975. The delinquency pattern of 117 female addicts and of a systematic sample of 119 male addicts was analysed in relation to stages of their addiction career and outcome. Treatment had no effect on overall crime rate but there was a significant increase in the proportion of drug offences during the treatment stage. Comparisons between the sexes showed that the outcome of treatment was worse in women. In male addicts a history of delinquency had no prognostic significance, but in females convictions for non-drug offences before entering treatment might predict poor response to treatment of drug dependence.
Schizophrenia: Diagnostic Criteria and Outcome
Authors: Bland Roger C. , Orn Helene 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe files of a cohort of schizophrenic patients who were admitted to hospital for the first time in their lives in 1963, and who were representative of cases in a large unselected population, were examined, first by exclusion criteria, and then by the diagnostic criteria of Schneider's first-rank symptoms, Feighner et al's criteria, and the New Haven Schizophrenia Index (NHSI). Forty-three such cases were found who were schizophrenic on at least two sets of criteria, and who were followed up in 1977. Examination of the outcome showed no relationship with FRS presence or absence or number of first-rank symptoms, nor with the NHSI score, but did show a relationship to the Feighner et al criteria and an even stronger relationship to a simple score derived from these criteria.
The Sensory Filter in Schizophrenia: A Study of Habituation, Arousal, and the Dopamine Hypothesis
Authors: Horvath Thomas , Meares Russell 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe possible failure of a notional sensory filter in schizophrenia was studied by means of habituation of the orienting response. Non-paranoid schizophrenics failed to habituate, but paranoids habituated normally. Paranoids, however, showed a different impairment: they responded to a dishabituating tone as if the novel stimulus were somewhat familiar.The failure of habituation in non-paranoids could not be explained in terms of arousal when the index was the rate of skin conductance fluctuation. Neurotic controls showed considerably higher levels than either group of schizophrenics.Non-paranoid schizophrenics had lost the normal inverse relationship between habituation and level of arousal as manifested in the rate of spontaneous skin conductance fluctuation.
Disturbances in Body Image Estimation as Related to Other Characteristics and Outcome in Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Casper Regina C. , Halmi Katherine A. , Goldberg Solomon C. , Eckert Elke D. , Davis John M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryBody image distortion in 79 female anorexia nervosa patients were examined on a visual-size estimation apparatus during the emaciated stage of illness. Both they and an age-matched female control group overestimated their body widths, so this overestimation cannot be considered unique to anorexia nervosa. Among anorexia patients the degree of overestimation was associated with less weight gain during treatment, greater denial of illness, and several other pretreatment characteristics indicative of poor outcome.
Comparisons of Weight Concepts in Groups of Neurotic, Normal and Anorexic Females
Authors: Fransella Fay , Crisp A. H. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA group of normal women and a group of women in hospital for treatment of a neurosis but without a disorder of eating were compared with a group of anorexic patients in terms of their attitudes to weight. All subjects completed a rank order form of repertory grid. Differences in construct patterning between the anorexic patients and the other female groups could not be accounted for by social class, age or neurotic disorder. The most psychologically significant finding was a positive correlation between the constructs self at normal weight and ideal weight instead of a negative correlation which clinical experience would lead one to expect. Four explanations are proposed to account for this finding.
Offspring of Patients with Affective Disorders
Authors: McKnew Donald H. , Cytryn Leon , Efron Alina M. , Gershon Elliot S. , Bunney William E. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryAll the children (ages 5–15) of 14 consecutive patients admitted to hospital at the National Institute of Mental Health with a diagnosis of bipolar or unipolar affective disorder were studied. The children were seen twice, four months apart, and assessed by an interview and rating scales. The parents were also assessed. Of 14 boys, five were depressed on both interviews and three were depressed on one interview. Four of the 16 girls were depressed on both interviews and 11 were depressed on one interview. The clinical picture and the ratings showed the boys, but not the girls, to have a significant correlation for depression on both interviews. The children diagnosed as suffering from depression showed the symptoms of a primary unipolar affective disorder without other significant pathology.
Mixed Affective States and the Natural History of Manic-Depressive Psychosis
Authors: Nunn C. M. H. 
Published: August 2008

SummarySince neither the unipolar nor the bipolar theories of manic-depressive psychosis explain all its features, an alternative model was tested. The hypotheses are that mixed affective psychoses represent a superimposition on hypomania of a second type of depression which can sometimes develop from the depressive phase of manic-depressive psychosis, and that schizophrenia occurring in the course of a manic-depressive illness is an alternative to mixed affective psychosis.From an examination of the clinical histories of a random sample of people with bipolar manic-depressive psychosis, evidence was found to support both ideas.
Consciousness, Information Processing and Schizophrenia
Authors: Frith C. D. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe symptoms of schizophrenia can be interpreted as the result of a defect in the mechanism that controls and limits the contents of consciousness. This defect can be understood as excessive self-awareness. Normally most of the complex information processing which is continuously required by even simple acts of perception, language and thought goes on below the level of awareness; whereas in schizophrenic patients some of this processing, or the results of this processing, not in themselves abnormal, become conscious. This excessive awareness can account for the typical symptoms of schizophrenia and explains many of the specific cognitive abnormalities found in schizophrenic patients.
Self-Poisoning — A Complication of Epilepsy
Authors: Mackay A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryFrom 1972 to 1976 130 epileptics presented 171 times to the Western Infirmary, Glasgow, as medical emergencies with self-poisoning. They constituted 3.5 per cent of 3,733 patients poisoning themselves on 4,121 occasions. Repetition of self-poisoning was commoner in epileptics (18.5 per cent) than in non-epileptics (7.0 per cent). The 130 epileptics have been compared with a non-epileptic group of self-poisoners matched for age, sex, and number of repetitions and have been found to have less alcohol excess but significantly more psychopathy. Possible explanations and prophylactic measures are discussed. In view of the relative incidence of epilepsy and self-poisoning in the community, and of epilepsy among self-poisoners in this and other studies, it is concluded that self-poisoning is a common complication of epilepsy.
Sexual Disturbances in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: A Controlled Study
Authors: Shukla G. D. , Srivastava O. N. , Katiyar B. C. 
Published: August 2008

SummarySeventy cases each of temporal lobe epilepsy and grand mal epilepsy were studied for their sexual functioning. The two groups were similar as regards age, sex, duration of illness, frequency of seizures and menstrual and marital history.A significantly greater number of temporal lobe epileptics were found to be hyposexual. They had a global loss of performance and interest in the sexual sphere and showed no concern over it.One case in the group of temporal lobe epilepsy, as against none in the other group, was hypersexual. There were no cases of sexual deviations in either of the groups.The findings of the study are discussed in the light of the relevant literature.
Morbid Jealousy Featuring as Obsessive-Compulsive Neurosis: Treatment by Behavioural Psychotherapy
Authors: Cobb J. P. , Marks I. M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryMorbid jealousy can occasionally be indistinguishable from obsessive-compulsive neurosis and then be partially amenable to broad-spectrum behavioural treatment. This can involve the partner and includes (a) methods to reduce jealousy and (b) other methods where appropriate, such as social skills training, and sex and marital therapy. This pilot study describes such treatment of four jealous out-patients. Rituals improved in three patients but ruminations in only one. Of three patients who were depressed at the start of treatment, two improved in rituals and in mood. The patient who failed was poorly motivated and did not comply with treatment.
Torticollis caused by an Infratentorial Tumour: Three Cases
Authors: Boisen Erik 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThree cases with torticollis caused by an infratentorial tumour are presented. A father and his son both had a Lindau tumour, and another patient had an ependymoma.It is stressed that torticollis may be the predominant or only sign of an infratentorial tumour, and that torticollis should always be suspected to have an organic origin.
Electroconvulsive Therapy in Sweden
Authors: Frederiksen Svend-Otto , D'Elia Giacomo 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn spite of a decrease in the number of electroconvulsive treatments (ECT) administered during the decade 1966–1975, ECT is still commonly used in Sweden. About 4 per cent of all patients admitted for psychiatric treatment during 1975 received ECT. Affective disorders and confusional states appear to be the main indications. Treatment is usually unilateral, with general anaesthesia and muscle relaxants, generally using the same type of ECT machine.
The Nature and Origin of Common Phobic Fears
Authors: Torgersen Svenn 
Published: August 2008

SummaryBy means of a twin study an attempt was made to throw light upon the aetiology and nosology of phobic fears. Factor analyses revealed five factors, namely separation fears, animal fears, mutilation fears, social fears and nature fears. The study demonstrated that, apart from separation fears, genetic factors play a part in the strength as well as content of phobic fears. Environmental factors, affecting the development of dependence, reserve and neurotic traits generally, seemed also to be of some importance. It was further demonstrated that phobic fears were related to emotional and social adjustment and this was true to an even greater extent for separation fears.
Agoraphobia: a Follow-up Study Four Years After Treatment
Authors: Emmelkamp Paul M. G. , Kuipers Antoinette C. M. 
Published: August 2008

SummarySeventy agoraphobic out-patients were followed up prospectively for four years after treatment; the improvements manifested during treatment were found to be maintained and partly augmented. At the end of follow-up, 75 per cent of the patients had improved on the main phobia. No clear relationship was found between external control, social anxiety, depression and duration of the complaint at the beginning of treatment on the one hand and the results at follow-up on the other. The disorders remained phobic, no other neurotic symptoms having developed during the follow-up period.
Motivation, Responsibility and Sickness in the Psychiatric Treatment of Alcoholism
Authors: Davies Phil 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTwo dominant themes of alcohological thinking and practice are considered in this paper; the disease concept and the concept of motivation. Both are examined in terms of (a) the rights, obligations and responsibilities associated with different types of illness and degrees of severity, and (b) the routine care and treatment of alcoholism in two out-patient alcoholism clinics. The allocation of responsibility and attribution of motivation in psychiatric alcoholism consultations are examined. Finally, the relationship between responsibility allocation, motivation attribution and judgements of a potentially moral nature is considered. It is concluded that a Mutual Participation model of sickness behaviour and doctor-patient relationship is operative in the psychiatric treatment of alcoholism, based upon patients' self-responsibility and strength of character (willpower). In this respect, the psychiatric treatment of alcoholism contrasts with other (particularly non-psychiatric) conditions and treatments.
Finger Tremor and Extrapyramidal Side Effects of Neuroleptic Drugs
Authors: Collins Paul , Lee Ian , Tyrer Peter 
Published: August 2008

SummaryFinger tremor and extrapyramidal side-effects (EPSEs) were measured in seven patients before and during neuroleptic drug treatment to assess the relationship between the onset of EPSEs and changes in finger tremor spectra. Tremor and EPSEs were also measured in twelve patients stabilized on neuroleptic drugs to determine whether tremor could provide a reliable index of the presence and severity of extrapyramidal system disturbance. A downward shift in peak tremor frequency was noted within 48 hours of starting neuroleptic drug therapy, usually before the onset of EPSEs, and a significant negative relationship between the severity of EPSEs and tremor frequency (but not tremor amplitude). The peak frequency of finger tremor is thus a sensitive index of extrapyramidal disturbance and might be of value in predicting which patients taking neuroleptic drugs need anti-parkinsonian therapy.
Averaged Evoked Responses in Relation to Cognitive and Affective State of Elderly Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Hendrickson Elaine , Levy Raymond , Post Felix 
Published: August 2008

SummaryAveraged cortical evoked responses to auditory and somatosensory stimuli were recorded in elderly depressives, dements, patients with a combination of depression and dementia and normal elderly controls. The subjects were also given a battery of cognitive tests and clinical ratings at stated intervals.The latency of the auditory response was significantly longer in dements than in controls. Depressives had intermediate latencies which did not return to normal after recovery. Although somatosensory stimuli produced the results that pointed in the same direction, the mean response latencies were not statistically significant. Mixed cases were too few for separate statistical analysis but their latencies fell between those of the dements and those of the depressives.Significant correlations emerged between latencies of auditory responses and some cognitive tests, but not with measures of depressive symptomatology.The delay in response to auditory stimuli may be a useful adjunct to diagnosis: in depressives it may reflect organic cerebral change playing a part in the emergence of depressive symptoms in old age.