bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plasma Retinol and Prognosis of Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Patients
Authors: Formelli Franca , Meneghini Elisabetta , Cavadini Elena , Camerini Tiziana , Di Mauro Maria G. , De Palo Giuseppe , Veronesi Umberto , Berrino Franco , Micheli Andrea 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Background: The role of retinol (vitamin A) in breast cancer prognosis has never been investigated in postmenopausal women. We prospectively assessed the long-term prognostic role of retinol plasma levels in a cohort of postmenopausal breast cancer patients.
Patients and Methods: We investigated 208 women self-reported as postmenopausal operated on for T1-2N0M0 breast cancer who participated in a chemoprevention trial as controls and never received chemotherapy or hormone therapy. Plasma samples were collected 3 months (median) after surgery and assayed within 3 weeks for retinol. Minimum and median potential follow-up were 12 and 15 years, respectively. The main analyses were on all women and on a subgroup ages ≥55 years, assumed too old to be in perimenopause. The main end point was breast cancer death. Breast cancer survival was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. The hazard ratios of breast cancer death by retinol level were estimated by Cox models stratified for age, where relevant, and recruitment period, and adjusted for tumor size and histology.
Results: At 12 years, patients with low retinol (&lt;2.08 μmol/L, median of distribution) had lower breast cancer survival than those with high retinol (log-rank P = 0.052); the difference was significant for women ≥55 years (log-rank P = 0.006). The adjusted hazard ratios for low versus high retinol were 2.11 (95% confidence interval, 1.08-4.14) for all women and 3.58 (95% confidence interval, 1.50-8.57) for those ≥55 years.
Conclusions: Low plasma retinol strongly predicts poorer prognosis in postmenopausal breast cancer patients. Retinol levels should be determined as part of the prognostic workup. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(1):42–8)
Association and Interactions between DNA Repair Gene Polymorphisms and Adult Glioma
Authors: Liu Yanhong , Scheurer Michael E. , El-Zein Randa , Cao Yumei , Do Kim-Anh , Gilbert Mark , Aldape Kenneth D. , Wei Qingyi , Etzel Carol , Bondy Melissa L. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
It is generally accepted that glioma develops through accumulation of genetic alterations. We hypothesized that polymorphisms of candidate genes involved in the DNA repair pathways may contribute to susceptibility to glioma. To address this possibility, we conducted a study on 373 Caucasian glioma cases and 365 cancer-free Caucasian controls to assess associations between glioma risk and 18 functional single-nucleotide polymorphisms in DNA repair genes. We evaluated potential gene-gene and gene-environment interactions using a multianalytic strategy combining logistic regression, multifactor dimensionality reduction and classification and regression tree approaches. In the single-locus analysis, six single-nucleotide polymorphisms [ERCC1 3′ untranslated region (UTR), XRCC1 R399Q, APEX1 E148D, PARP1 A762V, MGMT F84L, and LIG1 5′UTR] showed a significant association with glioma risk. In the analysis of cumulative genetic risk of multiple single-nucleotide polymorphisms, a significant gene-dosage effect was found for increased glioma risk with increasing numbers of adverse genotypes involving the aforementioned six single-nucleotide polymorphisms (Ptrend = 0.0004). Furthermore, the multifactor dimensionality reduction and classification and regression tree analyses identified MGMT F84L as the predominant risk factor for glioma and revealed strong interactions among ionizing radiation exposure, PARP1 A762V, MGMT F84L, and APEX1 E148D. Interestingly, the risk for glioma was dramatically increased in ionizing radiation exposure individuals who had the wild-type genotypes of MGMT F84L and PARP1 A762V (adjusted odds ratios, 5.95; 95% confidence intervals, 2.21-16.65). Taken together, these results suggest that polymorphisms in DNA repair genes may act individually or together to contribute to glioma risk. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(1):204–14)
Sampling Strategies for Tissue Microarrays to Evaluate Biomarkers in Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Permuth-Wey Jenny , Boulware David , Valkov Nikola , Livingston Sandra , Nicosia Santo , Lee Ji-Hyun , Sutphen Rebecca , Schildkraut Joellen , Narod Steven , Parker Alex , Coppola Domenico , Sellers Thomas , Pal Tuya 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Introduction: Tissue microarrays (TMA) enable rapid analysis of biomarkers in large-scale studies involving archival tumor specimens, however, their utility in heterogeneous tumors such as ovarian cancer is limited.
Methods: In this study, immunohistochemical analysis was done on TMAs comprised of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) to estimate the prevalence of loss of expression of three mismatch repair proteins. TMAs were initially created using cores sampled from the center of donor tissue blocks from 59 EOC cases. Full sections were subsequently created and levels of expression were compared between tissues sampled from the central portion versus the periphery. Follow-up analyses were done by obtaining cores from the periphery of up to five additional donor blocks per case. A linear mixed model for each protein was used to investigate differences between results from the initial and follow-up blocks.
Results: In the original TMAs created using centrally sampled cores, loss of mismatch repair expression was noted in 17 (29%) of the 59 cases. By comparison, analyses from peripherally sampled cores revealed loss of expression in only 6 of these 17 cases. For each protein, significant differences (P &lt; 0.05) were detected between results from the initial donor block and the majority of the follow-up blocks.
Conclusions: Our investigations, based on EOC, suggest that sampling variability in protein expression may result when TMAs are used. Thus, at least for EOC, it is important to preferentially sample from the periphery of tumor blocks where exposure to tissue fixatives is optimal. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(1):28–34)
TGF-α Expression as a Potential Biomarker of Risk Within the Normal-appearing Colorectal Mucosa of Patients with and without Incident Sporadic Adenoma
Authors: Daniel Carrie R. , Bostick Roberd M. , Flanders William Dana , Long Qi , Fedirko Veronika , Sidelnikov Eduard , Seabrook March E. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBackground: Transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α), a stimulatory growth factor and member of the epidermal growth factor family, is a mediator of oncogenesis and malignant progression in colorectal carcinogenesis. Limited evidence suggests its utility as a growth-related biomarker of risk for colorectal cancer.Methods: We measured expression of TGF-α in biopsies of normal-appearing colorectal mucosa using automated immunohistochemistry and quantitative image analysis in a subsample of 29 cases and 31 controls from a colonoscopy-based case-control study (n = 203) of biomarkers of risk for incident sporadic colorectal adenoma. Diet, lifestyle, and medical history were assessed with validated questionnaires.Results: TGF-α expression in the rectum was 51% higher in cases compared with controls (P = 0.05) and statistically significantly associated with accepted risk factors for colorectal neoplasms (36% lower among nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug users, 49% lower among women using hormone replacement therapy, 79% higher among persons with a family history of colorectal cancer).Conclusions: TGF-α expression in the normal-appearing rectal mucosa shows promise as an early, potentially modifiable biomarker of risk for colorectal cancer. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(1):65–73)
Effects of Menthol on Tobacco Smoke Exposure, Nicotine Dependence, and NNAL Glucuronidation
Authors: Muscat Joshua E. , Chen Gang , Knipe Ashley , Stellman Steven D. , Lazarus Philip , Richie John P. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractMenthol is a controversial cigarette additive because its physiologic or pharmacologic effects may possibly increase the risk for cancer and its targeted market is the Black community. In a community-based cross-sectional study on 525 Black and White volunteers, we compared levels of urinary and plasma cotinine, plasma thiocyanate, urinary 4-(N-nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), and its detoxified form (NNAL-Gluc) between menthol and nonmenthol smokers. In regression models that adjusted for daily cigarette intake, no significant differences were observed in the concentration of these biomarkers by menthol status in both races. There was no significant association between high Fagerstrom nicotine dependence scores and the use of menthol cigarettes (odds ratio, 1.1; 95% confidence interval, 0.6-2.0), but an increased risk was observed with smoking a cigarette soon (≤30 minutes) after waking (odds ratio, 2.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.0-3.8). The ratio of NNAL-Gluc to NNAL, a possible indicator of lung cancer risk, was significantly lower in menthol versus nonmenthol smokers. The NNAL-Gluc/NNAL ratio was 34% lower in Whites (P &lt; 0.01) and 22% lower in Blacks. In subsequent human liver microsome studies, menthol inhibited the rate of NNAL-O-glucuronidation and NNAL-N-glucuronidation. Collectively, these results show that menthol does not affect biological exposure to tobacco smoke constituents but indicates that menthol might inhibit the detoxification of the potent lung carcinogen NNAL. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(1):35–41)
Physical Activity and Postmenopausal Breast Cancer: Proposed Biologic Mechanisms and Areas for Future Research
Authors: Neilson Heather K. , Friedenreich Christine M. , Brockton Nigel T. , Millikan Robert C. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Convincing evidence now supports a probable preventive role for physical activity in postmenopausal breast cancer. The mechanisms by which long-term physical activity affect risk, however, remain unclear. The aims of this review were to propose a biological model whereby long-term physical activity lowers postmenopausal breast cancer risk and to highlight gaps in the epidemiologic literature. To address the second aim, we summarized epidemiologic literature on 10 proposed biomarkers, namely, body mass index (BMI), estrogens, androgens, sex hormone binding globulin, leptin, adiponectin, markers of insulin resistance, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and C-reactive protein, in relation to postmenopausal breast cancer risk and physical activity, respectively. Associations were deemed “convincing,” “probable,” “possible,” or “hypothesized” using set criteria. Our proposed biological model illustrated the co-occurrence of overweight/obesity, insulin resistance, and chronic inflammation influencing cancer risk through interrelated mechanisms. The most convincing epidemiologic evidence supported associations between postmenopausal breast cancer risk and BMI, estrogens, and androgens, respectively. In relation to physical activity, associations were most convincing for BMI, estrone, insulin resistance, and C-reactive protein. Only BMI and estrone were convincingly (or probably) associated with both postmenopausal breast cancer risk and physical activity. There is a need for prospective cohort studies relating the proposed biomarkers to cancer risk and for long-term exercise randomized controlled trials comparing biomarker changes over time, specifically in postmenopausal women. Future etiologic studies should consider interactions among biomarkers, whereas exercise trials should explore exercise effects independently of weight loss, different exercise prescriptions, and effects on central adiposity. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(1):11–27)
Postmenopausal Levels of Endogenous Sex Hormones and Risk of Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Clendenen Tess V. , Koenig Karen L. , Shore Roy E. , Levitz Mortimer , Arslan Alan A. , Zeleniuch-Jacquotte Anne 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Observational epidemiologic studies and randomized trials have reported a protective effect of oral hormonal replacement therapy on risk of colorectal cancer. Only one previous prospective study, the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study, has reported on the relationship between endogenous hormones and incident colorectal cancer. Contrary to expectation, the investigators found that women with higher circulating estradiol levels were at increased risk of developing colorectal cancer. We conducted a case-control study nested within the New York University Women's Health Study prospective cohort to evaluate the association between endogenous levels of estrone, estradiol, and sex hormone–binding globulin (SHBG) with risk of colorectal cancer. We measured hormones and SHBG in serum samples collected at enrollment from a total of 148 women who subsequently developed colorectal cancer and 293 matched controls. Circulating estrone levels were positively associated with risk of colorectal cancer: The odds ratio for the highest versus lowest quartile of estrone was 1.8 (95% confidence interval, 1.0-3.3). We found a nonsignificant inverse association between SHBG and colorectal cancer, which disappeared after adjusting for body mass index. We did not find an association between estradiol and colorectal cancer risk, but we cannot rule out a potential association because of substantial laboratory error in the measurement. Our results suggest that endogenous estrone is associated with increased risk of colorectal cancer in postmenopausal women. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(1):275–81)
Insulin-like Growth Factor-1- and Interleukin-6-related Gene Variation and Risk of Multiple Myeloma
Authors: Birmann Brenda M. , Tamimi Rulla M. , Giovannucci Edward , Rosner Bernard , Hunter David J. , Kraft Peter , Mitsiades Constantine , Anderson Kenneth C. , Colditz Graham A. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 and interleukin (IL)-6 promote the proliferation and survival of multiple myeloma cells. Variation in genes related to IGF-1 and IL-6 signaling may influence susceptibility to multiple myeloma. To assess their etiologic role, we examined the association of 70 tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in seven IGF-1 and three IL-6 pathway genes with multiple myeloma risk in two prospective cohorts, the Nurses' Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Among the participants who provided DNA specimens, we identified 58 women and 24 men with multiple myeloma and matched two controls per case. We used multivariable logistic regression models to assess the association of the SNPs or tagged haplotypes with multiple myeloma risk. Several SNPs had suggestive associations with multiple myeloma based on large odds ratios (OR), although the corresponding omnibus P values were not more than nominally significant (i.e., at P &lt; 0.05). These SNPs included rs1801278 in the gene encoding insulin receptor substrate-1 [IRS1; C/T versus C/C genotypes; OR, 4.3; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.5-12.1] and three IL-6 receptor SNPs: rs6684439 (T/T versus C/C; OR, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.2-7.0), rs7529229 (C/C versus T/T; OR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.1-6.0), and rs8192284 (C/C versus A/A; OR, 2.5, 95% CI, 1.1-6.0). Additional SNPs in genes encoding IGF-1, IGF binding protein-2, IRS2, and gp130 also showed suggestive associations with multiple myeloma risk. We conducted a large number of statistical tests, and the findings may be due to chance. Nonetheless, the data are consistent with the hypothesis that IGF-1- and IL-6-related gene variation influences susceptibility to multiple myeloma and warrant confirmation in larger populations. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(1):282–8)
Induced-current-generated System Using the Chemomechanical Transduction at a Nitrobenzene/Water Interface
Authors: Matsushita Sachiko , Yoshida Kaori , Sato Tetsuya , Suga Yoshihiro 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
An induced-current-generated system using the nonequilibrium phenomena of water, nitrobenzene, and trimethylstearylammonium chloride is proposed. A nitrobenzene droplet spontaneously carried a small magnet around a coil, resulting in the induced current. Incidentally, we observed that the spontaneous rotation occurred without any contact with a glass substrate.
The First Organic Radical Compounds Exhibiting n-Type FET Properties
Authors: Aoki Kazunori , Akutsu Hiroki , Yamada Jun-ichi , Nakatsuji Shin’ichi , Kojima Takahiro , Yamashita Yoshiro 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
A couple of naphthalenediimide derivatives carrying TEMPO radicals were found to exhibit n-type FET with mobilities up to 2.6×10−5 cm2/V·s as the first examples of spin-carrying acceptor systems while no FET property could be discerned in the corresponding naphthaleneimide derivative.
EPR Study of Rotational Diffusion in Viscous Ionic Liquids: Analysis by a Fractional Stokes–Einstein–Debye Law
Authors: Miyake Yusuke , Hidemori Takehiro , Akai Nobuyuki , Kawai Akio , Shibuya Kazuhiko , Koguchi Shinichi , Kitazume Tomoya 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Rotational correlation time (τc) of nitroxide radical solute was determined in ionic liquids by utilizing CW EPR spectroscopy. The experimental values of τc determined in viscous ionic liquids disagree with the values calculated according to Stokes–Einstein–Debye (SED) equation. A fractional SED law was examined for these solute–solvent combinations.
Fabrication of Multifunctional Magnetic Nanogold Microspheres as Immunosensing Probe for the Detection of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B in Food
Authors: Tang Dianping , Li Hang , Liao Jiayao 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This research describes the fabrication process of multifunctional magnetic nanogold microspheres as immunosensing probe for the detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B, as a model, in food.
The Date & Cause of the First Schism
Authors: Sujato Bhikkhu 
Published: January 2009

1. The texts and inscriptions dating from the early period – roughly the first 500 years after the Buddha’s passing away – do not support the conclusion that fully-fledged sects existed at that time. Rather, we should think in terms of ‘sectarian tendencies’ that emerged as actual sects towards the end of the early period. The available sources that speak of the First Schism are best read as sectarian accounts depicting the situation in the Buddhism of their own time – roughly 100-500 CE – rather than as historical records of the pre-A?okan era.
2. All of the Sthavira sources mention the so-called ‘five theses’ of the Mah?sa?ghika (later ascribed to a certain ‘Mah?deva’) as either the cause of the First Schism or as important doctrinal issues. And a review of relevant Vinaya sources demonstrates that the ‘five theses’ were probably accepted within the Mah?sa?ghika, which confirms that this was likely the principal cause of the First Schism.
Comparison of In Vitro Antimicrobial Susceptibility in Flavobacterium psychrophilum Isolated from Rainbow Trout Fry
Authors: Kum Cavit , Kirkan Sukru , Sekkin Selim , Akar Ferda , Boyacioglu Murat 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
The aim of this study was to demonstrate the presence of Flavobacterium psychrophilum in the west Aegean region of Turkey and to evaluate the in vitro susceptibility of F. psychrophilum (isolated from the fry of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss) to seven antimicrobial agents, as determined by the disk diffusion and agar dilution methods. A total of 250 rainbow trout fry (weight = 2–5 g; total length = 3–6 cm) were examined, and 20 bacterial isolates were phenotypically identified. Antimicrobial agents included in this investigation were amoxicillin–clavulanic acid (AMC), erythromycin (E), enrofloxacin (ENR), florfenicol (FFC), gentamicin (CN), oxytetracycline (OT), and sulfamethoxazole–trimethoprim (SXT). Disk diffusion and agar dilution methods were performed according to published standards. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranges were determined using the agar dilution method for F. psychrophilum isolates. Resistance of F. psychrophilum to CN (disk diffusion method: 70%; agar dilution method: 95%), E (65%; 100%), and SXT (75%; 100%) was high using both methods. Resistance to ENR (10%; 15%) and FFC (25%; 25%) was low with both methods; MIC90 (minimum concentration required to inhibit bacterial growth by 90%) was 4 μg/mL for ENR and 16 μg/mL for FFC. Ninety percent of the F. psychrophilum isolates were resistant to AMC based on the disk diffusion method, while only 15% of isolates showed resistance based on the agar dilution method. For OT, 20% of isolates were resistant based on disk diffusion, while 75% exhibited resistance based on agar dilution. The importance of susceptibility testing when facing an outbreak of F. psychrophilum at a fish farm is obvious; however, the discrepancies between testing methods for AMC and OT require further studies.
Comparison of Tank Treatments with Copper Sulfate and Potassium Permanganate for Sunshine Bass with Ichthyobodosis
Authors: Mitchell Andrew J. , Darwish Ahmed , Fuller Adam 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
The biflagellated, single celled parasite Ichthyobodo necator can cause significant losses among fish populations, particularly those cultured in tanks. Treatments of KMnO4 and CuSO4 were evaluated against a naturally occurring I. necator infestation on sunshine bass (female white bass Morone chrysops × male striped bass M. saxatilis) raised in tanks. Four hour static treatments with 3 mg of KMnO4/L of water (2.5 mg/L above the determined KMnO4 demand) or 2 mg of CuSO4/L of water (total alkalinity = 207 mg/L; total hardness = 95 mg/L) were randomly applied to 4 tanks/treatment (23 fish/tank); the same treatments were reapplied 2 d later. Four tanks were used as positive controls. By 2 d posttreatment (after the second treatment), only 17.4% of the untreated control fish survived, and a sample of the remaining fish was heavily infested with I. necator. All remaining control fish were dead by 5 d posttreatment. The KMnO4 treatment significantly curtailed the initial mortality (survival = 92.4%) and slightly reduced the high parasite loads at 2 d posttreatment. However, fish mortalities increased dramatically over the next 3 d (survival at 5 d posttreatment = 37.5%), and parasite loads from sampled fish remained high. The CuSO4 treatment was effective in significantly lowering the parasite load (almost eliminating I. necator) and maintaining a high fish survival (87.5%) by 5 d posttreatment. The findings in this study clearly demonstrate that CuSO4 is a viable treatment for ichthyobodosis in tanks.