bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interaction of dichlorvos-crotoxyphos insecticide with phenothiazine anthelmintic in sheep with or without Haemonchus and Trichostrongylus infections
Authors: Mohammad Fouad K. , St. Omer Vincent E. V. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The temporal interaction of an emulsifiable mixture of 2.3% dichlorvos and 10% crotoxyphos with phenothiazine anthelmintic was studied in 8 groups of 5 lambs each, free from or parasitized with Haemonchus and Trichostrongylus spp. Each lamb in 1 of 3 parasitized groups and 1 of 3 nonparasitized groups was treated with phenothiazine orally (12.5 g initially and 4 days later with 6.25 g every 3 days for 9 treatments) and/or the mixture of dichlorvos and crotoxyphos dermally (1,550 ml of 0.25% emulsion sprayed every 2 weeks for 3 applications). Two groups served as controls.
Onset of clinical signs of toxicosis, lethality, and erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (eace) activity were monitored. After each dichlorvos-crotoxyphos mixture spray, clinical signs of toxicosis were seen within 40 minutes in parasitized and nonparasitized lambs regardless of concurrent phenothiazine treatment. Phenothiazine alone was not toxic and did not inhibit eace activity. The eace activities of dichlorvos-crotoxyphos mixture-sprayed lambs were significantly (P < 0.05) depressed regardless of parasitism or concurrent phenothiazine treatments. The severity of inhibition increased with each dichlorvos-crotoxyphos mixture spray, but eace activity recovered within 48 hours after each spray although base-line values were never attained. There was no apparent potentiation of the toxic effects of the dichlorvos-crotoxyphos mixture by phenothiazine.
Leptospirosis in rodents from an arid environment
Authors: Songer J. Glenn , Chilelli C. J. , Reed R. E. , Trautman R. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Rodents (n = 358) were trapped from 6 locations in Arizona, including 2 dairies, 2 swine raising operations, and 2 areas where domestic animal access was limited. Isolates of Leptospira interrogans serovar ballum were obtained from 3 house mice (Mus musculus) trapped in dairies. Leptospira were seen in silver-stained kidney sections of 10.4% of the rodents. The usefulness of serologic data in detecting leptospiral infection in these rodents was uncertain because so few animals yielded isolates that valid comparisons of culture positives to serologic positives were not possible. Titers ≥ 1:160 were obtained to serovars autumnalis, ballum, bratislava, canicola, grippotyphosa, hardjo, icterohaemorrhagiae, and pomona. Nearly 60% of the rodents had microscopic lesions in kidneys, including 20 of 34 (59%) of those in which leptospira were seen.
Mice and rabbit models for oral and percutaneous absorption and disposition of amphoteric surfactant C31G
Authors: Michaels E. B. , Hahn E. C. , Kenyon A. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A topical antimicrobial agent (C31G), composed of amphoteric surfactants (alkyl betaines and alkyl amine oxides), had a significant (P < 0.001) and concentration dependent rate of percutaneous absorption in mice and rabbits. Percutaneous absorption studies (3 concentrations for 3 exposure periods) in mice indicated that dermal interaction resulted in nonlinear changes for rate of penetration and transport as a function of exposure and concentration.
Kinetic studies of absorption and disposition after oral dosing in mice with [3H]C31G were used to determine the body burden (0.21 g/kg of body weight) at a no effect level. Dermal penetration (P) and transport (T) resulting from percutaneous exposure at variations of time and dosage concentrations were shown to fit the equation T = a + k ln t. The regression coefficient k represents the characteristic change of T with exposure time (t). For low concentrations k equaled 1.89 and at the high concentration k equaled 2.68. This increase of T indicated the interaction of the agent with the dermal barrier at high concentrations. Dermal transport in the rabbit was less than one-fourth of that in the mouse.
Excretion of C31G after oral or dermal dosing was predominantly renal at higher dosage levels, whereas fecal excretion dominated at the lowest dosage levels. The half-life of [3H]C31G in the mouse was 68 hours and 86 hours in the rabbit. Data and statistical methods allowed prediction of the effects of daily exposures.
Acepromazine-xylazine combination in dogs: Antagonism with 4-aminopyridine and yohimbine
Authors: Cronin Michael F. , Booth Nicholas H. , Hatch Roger C. , Brown John 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Groups of fasted atropinized crossbred dogs of both sexes were injected im with a standard dosage of a xylazine-acepromazine combination (2.2 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/ kg, respectively). Righting reflex was uniformly lost and considered to be the point of maximum sedation. After maximal sedation, dogs were injected iv with 4-aminopyridine (4-ap, 0.5 mg/kg), yohimbine (0.25 mg/kg), or a combination of 4-ap and yohimbine. Controls were given (iv) 1 ml of saline solution.
The 4-ap, yohimbine, and 4-ap + yohimbine significantly reduced walk times (time to arousal and ability to walk on a leash) from a control value of 43.1 minutes to 7.6, 4.4, and 1.9 minutes, respectively (P < 0.05). Relapse to unconsciousness did not occur with any antagonist regimen and recovery was uneventful.
In 3 dogs sedated with the xylazine-acepromazine combination supplemented with halothane having surgically placed cannulas and electrodes for measurement of electroencephalo-, electrocardio-, and electromyographic (eeg, ecg, and emg) responses, arterial blood pressure, and respiratory rates and depth, iv injection of 4-ap + yohimbine caused transient femoral arterial hypotension with tachycardia, increases in respiratory rate, depth, and minute volume, increased emg and eeg activities preceding and accompanying gross movements, slight speeding of ecg, and behavioral arousal within 3 minutes. Increased heart rate also was observed in intact dogs given yohimbine. Increased rate and depth of respiration also was seen in all intact dogs given antagonists.
Curiously, the xylazine-acepromazine combination did not induce arterial hypotension as expected from the product literature. To what extent pretreatment with atropine sulfate may have counteracted this effect is unknown.
The results indicate that the xylazine-acepromazine combination produced a state of relaxation, immobility, deep sedation, and moderate analgesia that could be useful in restraint, preanesthetic medication, and minor surgical procedures in veterinary medicine. A major advantage of this sedative combination is that it can be safely antagonized with 4-ap and yohimbine.
Serum γ-glutamyl transpeptidase activity in healthy cats and cats with induced hepatic disease
Authors: Spano Joseph S. , August John R. , Henderson Ralph A. , Dumas Martha B. , Groth A. H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Activities of serum γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (ggt), alkaline phosphatase (alp), and alanine aminotransferase (alt) were determined in healthy cats and in cats before and after treatment: common bile duct ligation, carbon tetrachloride administration, sham surgery, or anesthesia only. Significant (P < 0.01) increases in serum ggt, alp, and alt occurred in cats with ligated bile ducts. Significant (P < 0.01) increases in serum alt occurred in carbon tetrachloride-treated cats. Increases of serum ggt, alp, or alt were not observed in cats subjected to sham surgery or anesthesia only compared with these cats’ baseline values and values in healthy cats.
Tissue ggt activity was measured in liver, renal cortex, jejunal mucosa, and bile ducts. There was a 1.5-fold increase in ggt activity in livers of cats with ligated bile ducts, compared with that in livers of healthy cats.
Augmented T lymphocyte responses and abnormal B lymphocyte numbers in goats chronically infected with the retrovirus causing caprine arthritis-encephalitis
Authors: DeMartini J. C. , Banks K. L. , Greenlee A. , Adams D. S. , McGuire T. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Caprine arthritis-encephalitis is a retrovirus-induced disease resulting in lymphoproliferative lesions of the cns and joints. Peripheral blood leukocytes of chronically infected goats were analyzed for the types of cells present and for their reactivity to viral antigen and polyclonal stimulants. Two of 9 infected goats had abnormal numbers of B lymphocytes—one elevated and the other deficient. Lymphocyte reactivity to viral antigens was transiently detectable by a lymphoblastogenic assay in 5 of the 9 goats. The reactive cells were peanut agglutinin-negative T lymphocytes. Concanavalin A induced more division in T lymphocytes of infected goats than in lymphocytes of noninfected goats, whereas the reactions to phytohemagglutinin, pokeweed mitogen, and bacterial lipopolysaccharide were no different in the 2 goat groups. It is concluded that goats infected by the caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus have antigen-reactive T lymphocytes and that infection promotes the response to a nonspecific T-cell stimulant.
Growth of ovine granulocyte-macrophage precursors in vitro without exogenous colony-stimulating activity
Authors: Chandra P. , Joel D. D. , Chanana A. D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Ovine granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming units (cfu-gm) from peripheral blood and bone marrow were cultured in vitro. The colony-stimulating activity (csa) was provided by various conditioned-media previously reported to contain csa and by homologous sheep serum (ss). The maximum number of cfu-gm was observed in the cultures containing ss without the addition of exogenous csa. The cfu-gm appeared earlier in the cultures containing bone marrow cells when compared to the peripheral blood cfu-gm. Replacement of ss by bovine fetal serum resulted in suboptimal growth of ovine cfu-gm.
Identification of porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus in house flies (Musca domestica Linneaus)
Authors: Gough P. M. , Jorgenson R. D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Transmissible gastroenteritis (tge) virus was detected in house flies (Musca domestica Linneaus) by staining with specific fluorescent antibody. The flies were collected within a swine confinement facility in which tge was enzootic.
Laboratory-reared flies were infected experimentally with tge virus and the virus was recovered from the insects for 72 hours after infection. The tge virus was identified both by the fluorescent antibody technique and by isolation in cell culture. The nature of plaque formation in cell monolayers inoculated with the virus passaged through flies changed from a large plaque (4 mm or greater in diameter) to a small plaque (1 mm in diameter) over the period. Large plaques were observed early after infection and were attributed to tge virus mechanically carried by the flies. Small plaques occurred 8 to 12 hours after infection and were considered to be produced by virus replicated in the dipterous cell.
Phenylbutazone kinetics and metabolite concentrations in the horse after five days of administration
Authors: Soma L. R. , Gallis D. E. , Davis W. L. , Cochran T. A. , Woodward C. B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Phenylbutazone (pbz) was administered (8.8 mg/kg of body weight) every 24 hours for 5 consecutive days, orally for the first 4 days and iv on day 5. The half-life (t½) after this daily administration was 6.2 hours and the volume of distribution was 0.152 ± 0.014 L/kg; the bioavailability after oral administration was 91.8 ± 2.5%. The plasma concentration of pbz at experimental hour (eh) 24 (24 hours after the 1st oral dose) was 1.7 ± 0.39 µg/ml and increased to 4.2 ± 0.29 µg/ml at eh 48 (24 hours after the 2nd oral dose). Values at eh 72, 96, and 120 (24 hours after administration of oral doses 3 and 4, and dose 5, respectively) were 4.8 ± 0.62 µg/ml, 5.3 ± 0.84 µg/ml, and 4.3 ± 1.1 µg/ml, respectively. Significant increases (P < 0.05) were measured between eh 24 and 48 with no changes during the subsequent 3 days. Changes in the urinary concentrations of pbz were not seen over the 5-day dosing period. There were increases in the metabolites oxyphenbutazone and the α-alcohol during the 5-day dosing period. There was a delay in the appearance of α-alcohol in urine after oral and iv administration.
Acute experimentally induced aflatoxicosis in the weanling pony
Authors: Bortell R. , Asquith R. L. , Edds G. T. , Simpson C. F. , Aller W. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Nineteen weanling ponies and 1 adult pony were given a single oral dose of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Dosages were: 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, and 7.4 mg of AFB1/kg of body weight. Vital signs were monitored, and whole blood and serum collected for analysis of serum enzymes, prothrombin time, blood cell counts, and serum urea nitrogen. Ponies that died were examined for gross lesions, and tissues were collected for histopathologic examination and analysis of AFB1 and AFM1 residues.
Two of the 4 ponies given the 2 mg/kg dose and all ponies given the larger dosages died within 76 hours. Clinical signs included increased rectal temperature, faster heart and respiratory rates, abdominal straining, bloody feces, and tetanic convulsions. At necropsy, ponies that died of acute aflatoxicosis showed visceral petechiae and hepatic focal lesions. Histopathologic changes included severe hepatic necrosis, vacuolation, and bile duct hyperplasia. Aflatoxins B1 and M1 were recovered from liver, kidney, skeletal muscle, and gastrointestinal contents. One other pony given the 2 mg/kg dose died 32 days after dosing, and 1 control pony died after 70 days.
Continuous elevations in prothrombin time and serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase levels were observed in ponies dosed at 4 mg/kg or more. Significant (P < 0.05) elevations in these values, which peaked 2 to 3 days after dosing, were seen in ponies given the 2 mg/kg dose. This group also had significant increases over controls in pcv and hemoglobin concentration 5 days after dosing.
Clinical, clinicopathologic, and pathologic alterations in acute monensin toxicosis in cattle
Authors: Van Vleet John F. , Amstutz Harold E. , Weirich Walter E. , Rebar Alan H. , Ferrans Victor J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Twenty beef calves weighing approximately 180 kg were allotted to 3 groups. In group A, 6 calves were given 25 mg of mycelial monensin/kg of body weight orally and were evaluated at 1, 2, and 4 days for clinical, ecg, clinicopathologic, and pathologic alterations. In group B, 7 calves were given a single dose of monensin (40 mg/kg) and 5 were given a 2nd 40 mg/kg dose on day 7; calves were evaluated at days 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 9, and 11. In group C, 2 calves served as controls.
Monensin-treated calves developed anorexia, diarrhea, and lethargy after day 1. One group B calf died on day 7 with lesions of congestive heart failure. Electrocardiographic abnormalities were not observed in group A calves; in group B, prolongation of Q-T and QRS intervals occurred from days 2 to 11 and first degree heart block was seen from days 7 to 11. Clinicopathologic alterations included: increased serum activities of aspartate aminotransferase and creatine kinase in group B calves after day 2; decreased serum K+, Na+, and Ca2+ concentrations in both groups, and postdosing occurrence of leukocytosis.
Calves were euthanatized sequentially and the lesions of monensin toxicosis were present in the heart, skeletal muscles, and rumen in groups A and B. Disseminated pale yellowish-brown areas of necrosis were present in the ventricular myocardium of 6 of 12 group B calves. Gross lesions were not present in the skeletal muscles or rumen. Microscopically, the myocardial and skeletal muscular lesions were characterized by sarcoplasmic vacuolation from mitochondrial swelling and lipid accumulation in calves killed after day 1 in groups A and B, and by myocardial necrosis with contraction bands, but without calcification, in group B calves killed by day 4. Acute rumenitis was present in groups A and B calves.
Myotoxic effects of monensin may be related to its action as an ionophore producing altered intracellular ion concentrations and initiating degeneration and necrosis in striated muscle fibers.
Histamine-induced suppressor macrophage inhibits fibroblast growth and wound healing
Authors: Kenyon Alan J. , Ramos L. , Michaels E. B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
To determine whether there is histamine-induced suppressor activity in macrophage-related functions other than in immunity, extracts and media from a macrophage cell line, RAW 264, were tested for suppressor effect on fibroplasia. The procedure consisted of priming confluent RAW 264 cells in culture with media or cellular extracts of washed mastocytes (P-815). The inoculum was removed from the RAW 264 cells by rinsing with fresh medium 24 hours later, and then with medium replacement and 3 more days of culture. The culture media or extracts of washed RAW 264 cells were tested for suppressor activity. The primed RAW 264 cells were lysed by 4 freezethaw cycles and cleared by centrifugation, and the resulting supernatant was tested on fibroblast (3T3) cell growth and wound healing in mice and for suppressor activity on T cells.
Replication of 3T3 cells, as quantitated by uptake of [3H]thymidine, was reduced 75% when “suppressor” material from RAW 264 cells was added to 3T3 cultures and not when media or extracts of unprimed RAW 264 cells were added. Tensiometric measurements of wound breaking strength (full-thickness incised wounds) were reduced 31% by day 4 and 47% by postsurgical day 7 when “suppressor” RAW 264 extracts were instilled into wounds. Leukocyte cultures stimulated with phytohemagglutinin had a reduced uptake of [3H]thymidine (suppressed 90% to 95%) when exposed to primed RAW 264 extracts, whereas kidney cell culture lines were unaffected. The data obtained indicated that mastocyte (histamine)-induced suppressor factors are present for fibroblast activity as well as T-cell function.
Pathogenicity of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli strains in the pregnant guinea pig model
Authors: SultanDosa A. B. , Bryner J. H. , Foley J. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Pathogenicity of 17 Campylobacter isolates for pregnant guinea pigs was investigated. Of 14 isolates, 12 (86%) produced rates of abortion ranging from 13% to 87%. Two isolates did not produce abortion. Reference strains of C fetus subsp venerealis produced abortion in 60% to 87% and C fetus subsp fetus produced abortion in 60% of the guinea pigs. Inoculated organisms were recovered from uterus, blood, liver, kidney, spleen, and gallbladder of the guinea pigs at rates as high as 83% for 2 ovine isolates and as low as 13% for 2 bovine and 1 human isolates. Most isolations were from the uterus. Two avian isolates were not recovered. Within the C jejuni and C coli group, the ovine and the human isolates appear to be more pathogenic. Swine, bovine, and avian isolates were less pathogenic. Seemingly, the pregnant guinea pig was a suitable and practical model for evaluating the pathogenicity of Campylobacter organisms, regardless of their host of origin.
Horse red blood cells frozen with 20% (w/v) glycerol and stored at −150 C for five years
Authors: Valeri C. R. , Valeri D. A. , Gray A. , Contreras T. J. , Lindberg J. R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
When equine rbc were frozen with 20% (w/v) glycerol and stored at −150 C for as long as 5 years, there were no adverse effects on freeze-thaw or freeze-thaw-wash recovery or oxygen transport function. The manner in which the glycerol was added to, and removed from, the equine rbc was shown to be an important consideration in ensuring optimal freeze-thaw-wash recovery values.
Experimental infection of sheep by caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus and goats by progressive pneumonia virus
Authors: Banks Keith L. , Adams D. S. , McGuire T. C. , Carlson Jan 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The lentiviruses, caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) and progressive pneumonia virus (ppv) of sheep, cause major diseases in their respective hosts; however, the infectivity of these viruses for closely related species has not been determined. Experiments were conducted to determine whether caev would infect sheep and whether ppv would infect goats.
Upon inoculation with caev, lambs developed a nonsuppurative arthritis and antibody to caev, and the virus was isolated up to 4 months later. Exposure of 3 lambs to caev-infected adult goats did not lead to demonstrable infection after 18 months. Young goats inoculated with ppv replicated the virus and developed arthritis and antiviral antibody. These results demonstrate that these distinctly different lentiviruses may infect and cause diseases in species other than their accustomed host. Presently used techniques may not be effective in differentiating which lentivirus is responsible for infection of sheep and goats. Our results also indicate that mixing sheep and goats may adversely influence attempts to eradicate lentiviruses from these species.
Indocyanine green clearance and ammonia tolerance in partially hepatectomized and hepatic devascularized, anesthetized dogs
Authors: Prasse Keith W. , Bjorling Dale E. , Holmes Robert A. , Cornelius Larry M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Indocyanine green clearance and ammonia tolerance were measured in anesthetized dogs with 60% hepatectomy, 40% hepatectomy, portacaval shunt, and hepatic artery ligation. With a dose of 0.5 mg of indocyanine green/kg of body weight, plasma clearance of the dye was significantly (P < 0.001) delayed only in dogs with 60% hepatectomy. Ammonia tolerance was abnormal in dogs in this group, because after they were given a gastric challenge load of an ammonium salt, they had a 5-fold increase in plasma ammonia concentration, compared with a 2.5-fold increase in the control group. Before challenge loading, base-line plasma ammonia concentration was significantly (P < 0.05) increased within 5 minutes after surgical preparation of the portacaval shunt. After challenge loading the stomach with an ammonium salt, dogs with portacaval shunt had increased plasma ammonia concentration, but the amount was not significantly different from postchallenge-loading values in control dogs. Dogs with 40% hepatectomy and with hepatic artery ligation could not be differentiated from control dogs by indocyanine green clearance or by ammonia tolerance testing.
Abnormal tolerance to a challenge gastric load of an ammonium salt or delayed clearance of indocyanine green may indicate marked loss of functional hepatic mass, but normal tolerance or normal dye clearance may not exclude liver disease or dysfunction. Seemingly, base-line plasma ammonia concentration was a sensitive indicator of abnormal portal circulation. In dogs with clinical portasystemic shunt, the magnitude of increase in plasma ammonia concentration after challenge oral loading with an ammonium salt may not be greater than that of controls, until secondary hepatic atrophy reaches some critical level. At a dosage level of 0.5 mg of indocyanine green/kg, dye clearance in clinical portasystemic shunt dogs would not be expected to be abnormal until some critical degree of atrophy had occurred.
Hyaloid artery patency in neonatal Beagles
Authors: Duddy James A. , Powzaniuk Wolodymyr C. , Rubin Lionel F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The patency of the hyaloid artery in neonatal Beagles was evaluated after liquid latex perfusion. As early as postpartum day 5, some pups had closure of the most distal branches of the vessels of the posterior lens tunica, but in these, many larger branches were open. Other pups at postpartum days 5 and 6 had substantially all of the blood vessels of the posterior tunica vasculosa lentis open. Few tunica vessels were patent in any pups beyond day 13, and none was patent after day 17. Persistent hyaloid remnants at the optic disk were evident in 3 of 16 pups 17 to 28 days old, but absent in the others.