bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of morphine, butorphanol, buprenorphine, and U50488H on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in cats
Authors: Ilkiw Jan E. , Pascoe Peter J. , Tripp Linda D. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine whether opioids with varying interactions at receptors induce a reduction in minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane in cats.Animals—12 healthy, female, spayed cats.Procedure—Cats were anesthetized with isoflurane and instrumented to allow collection of arterial blood and measurement of arterial blood pressure. Each drug was studied separately, and for each drug cats were randomly allocated to receive 2 doses. The drugs studied were morphine (0.1 or 1.0 mg/kg), butorphanol (0.08 or 0.8 mg/kg), buprenorphine (0.005 and 0.05 mg/kg), and U50488H (0.02 and 0.2 mg/kg). All drugs were diluted in 5 ml of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution and infused IV for 5 minutes. The MAC of isoflurane was determined in triplicate, the drug administered, and the MAC of isoflurane redetermined for a period of 3 hours.Results—All drugs had a significant effect on MAC over time. With morphine only, the effect on MAC over time was different between doses. The greatest mean (± SD) reductions in MAC of isoflurane in response to morphine, butorphanol, buprenorphine, and U50488H administration were 28 ± 9, 19 ± 3, 14 ± 7, and 11 ± 7%, respectively.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Morphine (1.0 mg/kg) and butorphanol (0.08 and 0.8 mg/kg) induced significant reductions in MAC of isoflurane that were considered clinically important. Although significant, reductions in MAC of isoflurane induced by morphine (0.1 mg/kg), buprenorphine (0.005 and 0.05 mg/kg), and U50488H (0.02 and 0.2 mg/kg) were not considered clinically relevant because they fell within the error of the measurement technique. Administration of morphine or butorphanol decreases the need for potent inhalant anesthetics in cats and could potentially be beneficial in combination with inhalants. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:1198–1202)
Use of plasma clearance of technetium Tc 99m pentetate to estimate renal clearance during postnatal development in pigs
Authors: Eskild-Jensen Anni , Rehling Michael , Nielsen Asker S. , Nielsen Lene E. , Frøkiær Jørgen 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To compare renal clearance of technetium
Tc 99m pentetate with plasma clearance by
use of a glomerular filtration rate technique in pigs
from 3 to 24 weeks of age.

Animals—24 female pigs.

Procedure—At the time of investigation, 5 pigs were
3 weeks old, 6 pigs were 6 weeks old, 8 pigs were 12
weeks old, and 5 pigs were 24 weeks old. Plasma
clearance of technetium Tc 99m pentetate was measured
by the use of a single injection technique followed
by collection of multiple blood samples until 5
hours after the injection. Simultaneously, urine was
collected through a urinary catheter, and the renal
clearance of technetium Tc 99m pentetate was calculated.

Results—Plasma clearance of technetium Tc 99m
pentetate was correlated with the renal clearance
( r = 0.95). Plasma clearance was higher than renal
clearance at all ages (mean, 5.8%), indicating
extrarenal clearance of technetium Tc 99m pentetate
or methodologic errors. Volume of distribution
increased with increasing age but decreased as a
fraction of body weight.

Conclusions—Plasma clearance of technetium Tc
99m pentetate estimates renal clearance with acceptable
precision when using single injection technique
and multiple blood samples in pigs from 3 to 24
weeks of age. (Am J Vet Res 2002;63:1203–1206)
Effect of intrathecal and intravenous administration of oxytocin on amplitude of the reflex-evoked muscle action potential after electrical stimulation of the tooth pulp in anesthetized dogs
Authors: Brown Dorothy C. , Bernier Noemie , Shofer Frances , Steinberg Sheldon A. , Perkowski Sandra Z. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine whether intrathecal (IT) or IV administration of oxytocin will diminish amplitude of the reflex-evoked muscle action potential (REMP) in the digastricus muscle during electrical stimulation of the tooth pulp in anesthetized dogs, thus suggesting an analgesic effect for oxytocin.Animals—6 male Beagles that were 2 to 6 years old.Procedure—Dogs were used in a crossover design with at least a 5-day washout period between treatments. Each dog received morphine, saline (0.9% NaCl) solution, and oxytocin by both the IT and IV routes of administration. Noninvasive dental dolorimetry was used to assess changes in pain threshold following administration of treatments. Effectiveness of analgesia was determined on the basis of change in REMP amplitude in the digastricus muscle.Results—Morphine administered IV significantly inhibited REMP amplitude, compared with IV administration of saline solution or oxytocin. There was not a significant change in REMP amplitude between saline solution and oxytocin administered IV. Intrathecal administration of morphine significantly inhibited REMP amplitude, compared with IT administration of saline solution or oxytocin. Intrathecal administration of oxytocin significantly increased REMP amplitude, compared with IT administration of saline solution or morphine.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Although IV administration of oxytocin did not have an effect on REMP amplitude, compared with IV administration of saline solution, IT administration of oxytocin had the opposite effect of morphine and increased REMP amplitude of the digastricus muscle. These data do not support the use of oxytocin as an analgesic agent in dogs. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:1354–1358)
Characterization of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 in cerebrospinal fluid of clinically normal dogs
Authors: Bergman Robert L. , Inzana Karen D. , Inzana Thomas J. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To characterize matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9 in CSF of clinically normal dogs.Sample Population—Samples of CSF collected from 23 dogs.Procedure—Dogs were anesthetized, CSF samples were collected, and dogs were then euthanatized. Each CSF sample was evaluated immediately for RBC count, WBC count, and protein and glucose concentrations, and cytologic examination also was performed. Samples were considered normal when protein concentration was < 25 mg/dL and CSF contained < 6 WBCs/μL and < 25 RBCs/μL. Samples were stored at –70°C. Sections of brain tissue were collected and processed for histologic examination. The MMPs were evaluated by use of gelatin zymography and a polyclonal antibody-based sandwich ELISA.Results—Mean WBC count for CSF samples was < 1 WBC/μL (range, 0 to 3 WBCs/mL). Mean protein concentration was 12 mg/dL (range, 8 to 17 mg/dL). Mean RBC count was 3.65 RBCs/μL (range, 0 to 21 RBCs/μL). All CSF samples generated a clear band on zymography gels that corresponded to the human commercial standard of proenzyme MMP-2. Other major clear bands were not detected on zymography gels. Bands correlating to MMP-9 were not detected in any samples. The ELISA results revealed a mean ± SD proenzyme MMP-2 concentration of 5.61 ± 1.92 ng/mL (range, 3.36 to 10.83 ng/mL).Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The proenzyme form of MMP-2 is detectable in CSF of clinically normal dogs, whereas MMP-9 is not detectable. Additional investigation of MMPs in CSF from dogs with various diseases of the nervous system is indicated. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:1359–1362)
Effects of carprofen and dexamethasone on canine chondrocytes in a three-dimensional culture model of osteoarthritis
Authors: Dvorak Laura D. , Cook James L. , Kreeger John M. , Kuroki Keiichi , Tomlinson James L. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine effects of carprofen and dexamethasone on chondrocytes in a culture model of osteoarthritis (OA).Sample Population—Chondrocytes isolated from articular cartilage of the humeral head of 5 adult dogs.Procedure—Chondrocytes were harvested, cultured and subcultured in monolayer, and then cultured in a 3-dimensional (3-D) medium. Cells from each dog were distributed into 6 groups with differing content of liquid medium for each 3-D construct (agarose [AG], AG plus interleukin [IL]-1β, AG plus carprofen [4 μg/mL], AG plus dexamethasone [1 mg/mL], AG plus IL-1β [20 ng/mL] plus carprofen [4 μg/mL], and AG plus IL-1β (20 ng/mL) plus dexamethasone (1 mg/mL). On days 3, 6, 12, and 20 of culture, samples from all groups were collected. Liquid media were assayed for glycosaminoglycan, prostaglandin (PG)E2, matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-3, and MMP- 13 concentrations. All 3-D constructs were evaluated for viability, cell morphology, proteoglycan staining, and collagen type-II concentration. Total glycosaminoglycan content in each 3-D construct was quantitated by spectrophotometric assay.Results—Addition of IL-1β caused a significant loss of cell viability and matrix production. Addition of carprofen or dexamethasone caused significant decreases in PGE2 in the liquid media, and each was minimally effective in protecting chondrocytes against negative effects of IL-1β.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Human recombinant IL-1β resulted in loss of cell viability, alterations in extracellular matrix components, and production of PG and MMP. Carprofen and dexamethasone had little effect on cell and matrix variables but did decrease PGE2 concentrations and primarily affected the inflammatory pathway of osteoarthritis. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:1363–1369)
Effect of administration of a phospholipid emulsion on the initial response of horses administered endotoxin
Authors: Winchell Wyatt W. , Hardy Joanne , Levine Daniel M. , Parker Thomas S. , Gordon Bruce R. , Saal Stuart D. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To evaluate the effect of a phospholipid emulsion (PLE) on the initial response of horses to administration of endotoxin.Animals—12 healthy adult horses.Procedures—Horses were assigned to 2 treatment groups (6 horses/group). The control group was administered 1 L of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution, and the treated group was administered PLE (200 mg/kg, IV); treatments were administered during a period of 120 minutes. An infusion of endotoxin was initiated in both groups starting 1 hour after initiation of the saline or PLE solutions. Physical examination and hemodynamic variables were recorded, and blood samples were analyzed for concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin-6, thromboxane B2 (TxB2), 6 keto-prostaglandin F (PGF)1α, total leukocyte count, and PLE concentrations. An ANOVA was used to detect significant differences.Results—Administration of PLE resulted in significantly lower rectal temperature, heart rate, cardiac output, right atrial pressure, and pulmonary artery pressure and higher total leukocyte counts in treated horses, compared with values for control horses. The TNF-α concentration was significantly less in treated horses than in control horses. The TxB2 and 6 keto- PGF1α concentrations were significantly different between treated and control horses at 30 minutes (TxB2) and at 30 and 60 minutes (6 keto-PGF1α).Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Prior infusion of PLE in horses administered a low dose of endotoxin decreased rectal temperature, heart rate, pulmonary artery pressure, and TNF-α concentrations. Results of this study support further evaluation of PLE for use in the treatment of horses with endotoxemia. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:1370–1378)
Comparative virulence of isolates of bovine viral diarrhea virus type II in experimentally inoculated six- to nine-month-old calves
Authors: Kelling Clayton L. , Steffen David J. , Topliff Christina L. , Eskridge Kent M. , Donis Ruben O. , Higuchi Deborrah S. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine the comparative virulence of 5 isolates of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) type II by inoculating 6- to 9-month-old beef calves with isolates originating from the tissues of cattle affected with naturally occurring, transient, acute, nonfatal infections or naturally occurring, peracute, fatal infections.Animals—22 calves that were 6 to 9 months old.Procedure—The study used BVDV isolates 17011, 713, and 5521 that originated from fetuses aborted from cows with transient, nonfatal, acute BVDV infections and isolates 23025 and 17583 that originated from the tissues of cattle with peracute, fatal BVDV infections. Calves were allotted to 6 groups (1, mockinfected control calves [n = 2]; 2, inoculated with BVDV 17011 [4]; 3, inoculated with BVDV 713 [4]; 4, inoculated with BVDV 5521 [4]; 5, inoculated with BVDV 23025 [4]; and 6, inoculated with BVDV 17583 [4]). Rectal temperatures and clinical signs of disease were recorded daily. Total and differential WBC and platelet counts were performed. Histologic examination and immunohistochemical analysis were conducted to detect lesions and distribution of viral antigens, respectively.Results—Calves inoculated with BVDV 23025 or 17583 developed more severe clinical signs of disease (fever and diarrhea), more severe lymphopenia, and more severe lesions (alimentary epithelial necrosis, lymphoid depletion, and BVDV antigen deposition in lymphatic tissues), compared with calves inoculated with BVDV 713, 5521, or 17011.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Relative severity of experimentally induced infections corresponded to severity of clinical signs of naturally occurring infections with respective BVDV isolates. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:1379–1384)
Plasma concentrations of adrenocorticotrophic hormone and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) with hyperadrenocorticism
Authors: Schoemaker Nico J. , Mol Jan A. , Lumeij J. T. , Rijnberk Ad 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine plasma concentrations of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and α-melanocyte stimulating-hormone (α-MSH) in healthyferrets and ferrets with hyperadrenocorticism.Animals—16 healthy, neutered, privately owned ferrets, 28 healthy laboratory ferrets (21 sexually intact and 7 neutered), and 28 ferrets with hyperadrenocorticism.Procedures—Healthy ferrets were used for determination of reference plasma concentrations of ACTH and α-MSH. Diagnosis of hyperadrenocorticism was made on the basis of history, clinical signs, urinary corticoid-to-creatinine ratios, ultrasonography of the adrenal glands, and macroscopic or microscopic evaluation of the adrenal glands. Blood samples were collected during isoflurane anesthesia. Plasma concentrations of ACTH and α-MSH were measured by radioimmunoassay.Results—Plasma concentrations of ACTH in 23 healthy neutered ferrets during the breeding season ranged from 4 to 145 ng/L (median, 50 ng/L). Plasma concentrations of α-MSH in 44 healthy neutered or sexually intact ferrets during the breeding season ranged from < 5 to 617 ng/L (median, 37 ng/L). Reference values (the central 95% of the values) for ACTH and α-MSH were 13 to 100 ng/L and 8 to 180 ng/L, respectively. Plasma concentrations of ACTH and α-MSH in ferrets with hyperadrenocorticism ranged from 1 to 265 ng/L (median, 45 ng/L) and 10 to 148 ng/L (median, 46 ng/L), respectively. These values were not significantly different from those of healthy ferrets. Plasma ACTH concentrations of sexually intact female ferrets in estrus were significantly higher than those of neutered females.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Ferrets with hyperadrenocorticism did not have detectable abnormalities in plasma concentrations of ACTH or α-MSH. The findings suggest that hyperadrenocorticism in ferrets is an ACTH and α-MSH-independent condition.—(Am J Vet Res2002;63:1395–1399)
Computed tomography of the elbow joint in clinically normal dogs
Authors: Rycke Lieve M. De , Gielen Ingrid M. , Bree Henri van , Simoens Paul J. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To use computed tomography (CT) to provide a detailed description of elbow joint structures in clinically normal dogs.Animals—6 clinically normal adult mixed-breed dogs weighing 24 to 37 kg and one 12-month-old Labrador Retriever weighing 27 kg.Procedure—To perform CT of both elbow regions, dogs were anesthetized and placed in lateral recumbency. One- and 2-mm contiguous slices were obtained by use of a third generation computed tomographic scanner. Good resolution and anatomic detail were acquired from the computed tomographic images by use of a bone (window width, 3,500 Hounsfield units; window level, 500 Hounsfield units) and soft-tissue setting (window width, 400 Hounsfield units; window level, 66 Hounsfield units). After euthanasia, the forelimbs from the Labrador Retriever were removed and frozen in water at –18oC. Elbow joints were sectioned into approximately 1- mm-thick slab sections by use of an electric planer. Anatomic sections were photographed and compared with the corresponding computed tomographic images. Computed tomographic reconstructions of the elbow joint were created in sagittal and dorsal planes.Results—Structures on the computed tomographic images were matched with structures in the corresponding anatomic sections. The entire humeroradioulnar joint surface could be evaluated on the reconstructed images in the sagittal and dorsal plane.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Computed tomographic images provide full anatomic detail of the bony structures of the elbow joint in dogs. Muscles, large blood vessels, and nerves can also be evaluated. These results could be used as a basis for evaluation of computed tomographic images of the forelimbs of dogs with elbow joint injuries. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:1400–1407)
Effect of growth and training on muscle adaptation in Thoroughbred horses
Authors: Yamano Seiko , Eto Daisuke , Sugiura Takao , Kai Makoto , Hiraga Atsushi , Tokuriki Mikihiko , Miyata Hirofumi 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine the effect of growth and training on metabolic properties in muscle fibers of the gluteus medius muscle in adolescent Thoroughbred horses.Animals—Twenty 2-year-old Thoroughbreds.Procedure—Horses were randomly assigned to 2 groups. Horses in the training group were trained for 16 weeks, and control horses were kept on pasture without training. Samples were obtained by use of a needle-biopsy technique from the middle gluteus muscle of each horse before and after the training period. Composition and oxidative enzyme (succinic dehydrogenase [SDH]) activity of each fiber type were determined by use of quantitative histochemical staining procedures. Whole-muscle activity of SDH and glycolytic enzyme (phosphofructokinase) as well as myosin heavy-chain isoforms were analyzed biochemically and electrophoretically, respectively.Results—The SDH activity of type-I and -IIA fibers increased during growth, whereas whole-muscle activity was unchanged. Percentage of type-IIX/B muscle fibers decreased during training, whereas that of myosin heavy-chain IIa increased. The SDH activity of each fiber type as well as whole-muscle SDH activity increased during training. An especially noticeable increase in SDH activity was found in type-IIX/B fibers.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Changes in muscle fibers of adolescent Thoroughbreds are caused by training and not by growth. The most noticeable change was for the SDH activity of type-IIX/B fibers. These changes in the gluteus medius muscle of adolescent Thoroughbreds were considered to be appropriate adaptations to running middle distances at high speeds. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:1408–1412)
Changes in concentrations of neuroendocrine hormones and catecholamines in dogs with myocardial failure induced by rapid ventricular pacing
Authors: Roche Brian M. , Schwartz Denise , Lehnhard Robert A. , McKeever Kenneth H. , Nakayama Tomohiro , Kirby Timothy E. , Robitaille Pierre-Marie L. , Hamlin Robert L. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To describe neuroendocrine responses
that develop in dogs subjected to prolonged periods
of ventricular pacing.

Animals—14 adult male hound-type dogs.

Procedure—Samples were obtained and neuroendocrine
responses measured before (baseline) and
after 3 periods of ventricular pacing. A pacemaker
was used to induce heart rates of 180, 200, and 220
beats/min (BPM). Each heart rate was maintained for
3 weeks before increasing to the next rate. Atrial
natriuretic peptide, antidiuretic hormone, aldosterone,
norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine
concentrations and plasma renin activity were measured.
Severity of left ventricular compromise was
estimated.

Results—Shortening fraction decreased significantly
with increasing heart rates (mean ± SE, 35.5 ± 1.4,
25.0 ± 1.4, 19.5 ± 1.9, and 12.2 ± 2.3 for baseline, 180
BPM, 200 BPM, and 220 BPM, respectively). Atrial
natriuretic peptide concentrations increased significantly
at 180 BPM (44.1 ± 3.0 pg/mL) and 200 BPM
(54.8 ± 5.5 pg/mL), compared with baseline concentration
(36.8 ± 2.6 pg/mL). Dopamine concentration
increased significantly at 200 BPM (70.4 ± 10.4
pg/mL), compared with baseline concentration (44.2
± 7.3 pg/mL). Norepinephrine concentrations
increased significantly from baseline concentration
(451 ± 46.2 pg/mL) to 678 ± 69.8, 856 ± 99.6, and
1,003 ± 267.6 pg/mL at 180, 200, and 220 BPM,
respectively.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Dogs subjected
to ventricular pacing for 9 weeks developed neuroendocrine
responses similar to those that develop
in humans with more chronic heart failure and, except
for epinephrine concentrations, similar to those for
dogs subjected to ventricular pacing for < 6 weeks.
(Am J Vet Res 2002;63:1413–1417)
Cutaneous analgesia, hemodynamic and respiratory effects, and β-endorphin concentration in spinal fluid and plasma of horses after acupuncture and electroacupuncture
Authors: Skarda Roman T. , Tejwani Gopi A. , Muir III William W. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine cutaneous analgesia, hemodynamic and respiratory effects, and β-endorphin concentration in spinal fluid and plasma of horses after acupuncture and electroacupuncture (EA).Animals—8 healthy 10- to 20-year-old mares that weighed between 470 and 600 kg.Procedure—Each horse received 2 hours of acupuncture and 2 hours of PAES at acupoints Bladder 18, 23, 25, and 28 on both sides of the vertebral column as well as sham needle placement (control treatment). Each treatment was administered in a random order. At least 7 days elapsed between treatments. Nociceptive cutaneous pain threshold was measured by use of skin twitch reflex latency (STRL) and avoidance to radiant heat (≤ 50°C) in the lumbar area. Skin temperature, cardiovascular and respiratory variables, and β-endorphin concentration in spinal fluid (CSF-EN) and plasma (plasma-EN) were measured.Results—Acupuncture and EA significantly increased STRL and skin temperature. The CSF-EN was significantly increased from baseline values 30 to 120 minutes after onset of EA, but it did not change after acupuncture and control treatments. Heart and respiratory rates, rectal temperature, arterial blood pressure, Hct, total solids and bicarbonate concentrations, base excess, plasma-EN, and results of blood gas analyses were not significantly different from baseline values after acupuncture, EA, and control treatments.Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Administration of EA was more effective than acupuncture for activating the spinal cord to release β-endorphins into the CSF of horses. Acupuncture and PAES provided cutaneous analgesia in horses without adverse cardiovascular and respiratory effects. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:1435–1442)