bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antioxidant activity of lipid‐soluble phenolic diterpenes from rosemary
Authors: Richheimer Steven L. , Bernart Matthew W. , King Greg A. , Kent Michael C. , Beiley David T. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA high‐performance liquid chromatography method for analyzing the phenolic diterpenes present in rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) and commercial rosemary extracts is reported. Carnosic acid was the major phenolic diterpene present in rosemary leaves, with lesser amounts of 12‐methoxycarnosic acid and carnosol. Several commercial rosemary extracts also were analyzed by this method, and in addition to these three compounds other phenolic diterpenes, such as 7‐methoxyrosmanol, 7‐methoxy‐epirosmanol, and rosmanol, were found in some samples. These latter three compounds seem to be artifacts, produced from carnosic acid by oxidation and cyclization. The major phenolic diterpenes were isolated, and their relative antioxidatn activities in soybean oil were measured by the Rancimat. The potency of carnosic acid was more than twice that of any other compound. The antioxidant activity of pure carnosic acid was compared to butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), and tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) and was several times greater than BHT and BHA but less than TBHQ. Nuclear magnetic resonance data for several of the compounds that were incompletely characterized in previous literature are reported.
In vivo visualization of actin dynamics and actin interactions by BiFC
Authors: Anderie Ines , Schmid Andreas 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe method of bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) enables selective visualization of protein interactions. While BiFC complex formation under in vitro conditions is considered to be essentially irreversible, there are hints that under in vivo conditions BiFC complex formation can be reversible. In the present study we used the BiFC method to visualize in vivo actin cytoskeleton dynamics. We demonstrate that in living cells formation of actin/actin BiFC complexes is reversible. Furthermore, we show heterologous binding between actin and protein kinase C delta (PKCδ). Treatment with phorbol esters caused translocation of actin/PKCδ complexes from the cytosol to the plasma membrane independent of an intact actin cytoskeleton. Our experiments demonstrate that the BiFC method might be a useful tool to investigate participation of the actin cytoskeleton in regulation of cell function.
Phyto-oestrogens and risk of prostate cancer in Scottish men
Authors: Heald C. L. , Ritchie M. R. , Bolton-Smith C. , Morton M. S. , Alexander F. E. 
Published: April 2007

A population-based case–control study of diet, inherited susceptibility and prostate cancer was undertaken in the lowlands and central belt of Scotland to investigate the effect of phyto-oestrogen intake and serum concentrations on prostate cancer risk. A total of 433 cases and 483 controls aged 50–74 years were asked to complete a validated FFQ and provide a non-fasting blood sample. Multivariate logistic regression analysis found significant inverse associations with increased serum concentrations of enterolactone (adjusted OR 0·40, 95 % CI 0·22, 0·71] and with the consumption of soy foods (adjusted OR 0·52, 95 % CI 0·30, 0·91). However, no significant associations were observed for isoflavone intake or serum genistein, daidzein and equol. This study supports the hypotheses that soy foods and enterolactone metabolised from dietary lignans protect against prostate cancer in older Scottish men.
Dietary patterns, food groups and myocardial infarction: a case–control study
Authors: Lockheart Michael S. K. , Steffen Lyn M. , Rebnord Hege Møklebust , Fimreite Ragnhild Lekven , Ringstad Jetmund , Thelle Dag S. , Pedersen Jan I. , Jacobs David R. 
Published: March 2007

Certain dietary patterns may be related to the risk of CVD. We hypothesised that a plant-centred dietary pattern would be associated with a reduced risk of first myocardial infarction (MI). A case–control study of Norwegian men and postmenopausal women (age 45–75 years) was performed. A FFQ was administered, generally within 3 d after incident MI (n106 cases). Controls (n105) were frequency matched on sex, age and geographic location. On the FFQ, 190 items were categorised into thirty-five food groups and ana priorihealthy diet pattern score was created. We estimated OR using logistic regression with adjustment for energy intake, family history of heart disease, marital status, current smoking, education and age. Among food groups, the risk of MI was significantly higher persdof butter and margarine (OR 1·66 (95 % CI 1·12, 2·46)), and lower persdof tomatoes (OR 0·53 (95 % CI 0·35, 0·79)), high-fat fish (OR 0·57 (95 % CI 0·38, 0·86)), wine (OR 0·58 (95 % CI 0·41, 0·83)), salad (OR 0·59 (95 % CI 0·40, 0·87)), wholegrain breakfast cereals (OR 0·64 (95 % CI 0·45, 0·90)), cruciferous vegetables (OR 0·66 (95 % CI 0·47, 0·93)) and non-hydrogenated vegetable oil (OR 0·68 (95 % CI 0·49, 0·95)). An abundance of cases were found to have a lowa priorihealthy diet pattern score. A dietary pattern emphasising nutrient-rich plant foods and high-fat fish and low intransfatty acids was associated with decreased risk of MI among Norwegians.
Insight into the functional versatility of RNA through model-making with applications to data fitting
Authors: Bevilacqua Philip C. , Cerrone-Szakal Andrea L. , Siegfried Nathan A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe RNA World hypothesis posits that life emerged from self-replicating RNA molecules. For any single biopolymer to be the basis for life, it must both store information and perform diverse functions. It is well known that RNA can store information. Advances in recent years have revealed that RNA can exhibit remarkable functional versatility as well. In an effort to judge the functional versatility of RNA and thereby the plausibility that RNA was at one point the basis for life, a statistical chemical approach is adopted. Essential biological functions are reduced to simple molecular models in a minimalist, biopolymer-independent fashion. The models dictate requisite states, populations of states, and physical and chemical changes occurring between the states. Next, equations are derived from the models, which lead to complex phenomenological constants such as observed and functional constants that are defined in terms of familiar elementary chemical descriptors: intrinsic rate constants, microscopic ligand equilibrium constants, secondary structure stability, and ligand concentration. Using these equations, simulations of functional behavior are performed. These functional models provide practical frameworks for fitting and organizing real data on functional RNAs such as ribozymes and riboswitches. At the same time, the models allow the suitability of RNA as a basis for life to be judged. We conclude that RNA, while inferior to extant proteins in most, but not all, functional respects, may be more versatile than proteins, performing a wider range of elementary biological functions at a tolerable level. Inspection of the functional models and various RNA structures uncovers several surprising ways in which the nucleobases can conspire to afford chemical catalysis and evolvability. These models support the plausibility that RNA, or a closely related informational biopolymer, could serve as the basis for a fairly simple form of life.
Seismic Rays and Ray Intensities in Inhomogeneous Anisotropic Media
Authors: Červený V. 
Published: April 2007

Summary
A ray series expansion for seismic body waves propagating in inhomogeneous anisotropic media is studied. Methods for calculation of rays and amplitude coefficients of the ray series are suggested. A seismic ray is described by a system of ordinary differential equations of first order which can be solved by standard numerical techniques. Another system of ordinary differential equations can be used to compute amplitude coefficients. The method may be applied to general anisotropic media in which the elastic parameters are arbitrary continuous functions of all three co-ordinates.
Linear and non-linear appraisal using extremal models of bounded variation
Authors: Dosso S. E. , Oldenburg D. W. 
Published: April 2007

Summary
Model features may be appraised by computing upper and lower bounds for the average value of the model over a specified region. The bounds are computed by constructing extremal models which maximize and minimize this average. In order to compute the most meaningful bounds, it is important that the allowed models are geophysically realistic. In this paper, the appraisal analysis of Oldenburg (1983) is extended to incorporate a bound on the total variation of the extremal models. Restricting the variation discriminates against highly oscillatory models and, as a consequence, the difference between upper and lower bounds is often considerably reduced. The original presentation of the funnel function bound curves is extended to include the variation of the model as another dimension. The interpreter may make use of any knowledge or insight regarding the variation of the model to generate realistic extremal models and meaningful bounds.
The appraisal analysis is extended to non-linear problems by altering the usual linearized equations so that a global norm of the model can be used in the objective function. The method is general, but is applied here specifically to compute bounds for localized conductivity averages of the Earth by inverting magnetotelluric measurements. The variation bound may be formulated in terms of conductivity or log conductivity. The appraisal is illustrated using synthetic data and field measurements from southeastern British Columbia, Canada.
Bounding the total variation may be viewed as constraining the flatness of the model. This suggests a new method of calculating (piecewise-constant) l 1 flattest models by minimizing the norm of the total variation. Unlike l 2 flattest models which vary in a smooth, continuous manner, the l 1 minimum-variation model is a least-structure model that resembles a layered earth with structural variations occurring at distinct depths.
Intra‐patient variation between breast cancer axillary lymph node metastases using quantifiable features
Authors: DIEST P.J.VAN , FLEEGE J.C. , MATZE‐COK E. , BAAK J.P.A. 
Published: April 2007

The intra‐patient variations of some clinically relevant quantifiable features, between axillary lymph node metastases were evaluated in 44 breast cancer patients. In all lymph node metastases detected (range 2‐33 per patient), the mitotic figures were counted, the volume percentage epithelium was assessed and the mean nuclear area was measured. The intra‐patient variation for each quantifiable feature was expressed by the coefficient of variation (CV). Since the measurement techniques used introduce a certain, well known variation themselves because of sampling and measurement errors, the CVs found had to be greater than methodological tolerance limits (established in previous studies) to be interpreted as indicating biological variation.The CVs exceeded the methodological tolerance limits in 86% of the cases for the mitotic count, in 48% of the cases for the volume percentage epithelium, and in 47% of the cases for the mean nuclear area. This indicated that in these cases, the variation found in the quantifiable features could not be explained by sampling or measurement errors and should be regarded as real biological variation. Furthermore, the variation in the quantifiable features studied showed a significant positive correlation with the number of lymph node metastases.Thus, there may be considerable intra‐patient variation in quantifiable features between axillary lymph node metastases in breast cancer. This may indicate that these lymph node metastases originate independently from different clones within the primary tumour, that they are independently formed in different stages of tumour development, or that they, as an expression of intrinsic tumour heterogeneity, may develop in different directions from the start.
The tissue distribution of factor XIIIa positive cells
Authors: DERRICK E.K. , BARKER J.N.W.N. , KHAN A. , PRICE M.L. , MACDONALD D.M. 
Published: April 2007

Factor XIIIa has previously been used to identify a subgroup of dermal dendritic cells which co‐express class II MHC antigens, intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1) and lymphocyte function associated antigen‐1 (LFA‐1), leading to the suggestion that they play a central role in skin immune responses. To examine whether these cells may also be important constituents of other organs we have performed an immunohistochemical survey of normal tissue to identify the distribution of this factor XIIIa positive subgroup of dendritic cells in humans.Routine tissue sections from a range of organs were assayed for factor XIIIa expression using a standard peroxidase‐antiperoxidase (PAP) immunolabelling technique. Dendritic, factor XIIIa positive cells were observed in all tissues studied, but were most numerous in skin and mucosal tissues (gastrointestinal tract, bladder). They were also observed associated with epithelial structures in lung and kidney, but were only rarely observed in liver, thyroid, testis and spleen. The distinctive distribution of these cells is consistent with an important role for them in immune responses at those sites.
Sensitivity of Botrytis cinerea from vegetable greenhouses to boscalid
Authors: Zhang C. Q. , Yuan S. K. , Sun H. Y. , Qi Z. Q. , Zhou M. G. , Zhu G. N. 
Published: March 2007

Between 2004 and 2006, 228 isolates of Botrytis cinerea from two regions in China were characterized for baseline sensitivity to boscalid, a new active ingredient that interferes with succinate ubiquinone reductase in the electron transport chain. The isolates showed similar sensitivity in different years and regions. Baseline sensitivities were distributed as unimodal curves with mean EC50 values of 1·07 (± 0·11) and 0·42 (± 0·05) mg L−1 for inhibition of mycelial growth and conidial germination, respectively. Laboratory studies were conducted to evaluate the risk of development of resistance to boscalid. Boscalid‐resistant mutants were obtained by UV‐treatment at lower frequencies and with smaller resistance factors than pyrimethanil‐resistant mutants. All boscalid‐resistant mutants were also significantly more sensitive to Qo inhibitors than their wild‐type parents and showed reduced sporulation in vitro and pathogenicity on aubergine leaves. The results suggested that the risk of resistance developing for boscalid was lower than for pyrimethanil. However, as B. cinerea is a high‐risk pathogen, appropriate precautions against resistance development should be taken. Synergism between the activity of boscalid and that of kresoxim‐methyl was observed.
Acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis (Sweet's syndrome): a study of 15 cases in Iran
Authors: Zamanian Abbas , Ameri Ahmad 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBackground Sweet's syndrome is well recognized by dermatologists and is not infrequently diagnosed in Iran; however, few case series have been reported.Methods A clinicopathologic study was carried out on 15 cases of Sweet's syndrome in Hamedan, in the west of Iran, between 1994 and 2004.Results The incidence of Sweet's syndrome was 3 per 10,000 amongst new dermatologic patients. All were women with a mean age of 58 years. All 15 cases were of the classic type, with no associated diseases. Fever was seen in only six (40%) patients.Conclusions Sweet's syndrome has a broad spectrum of clinical and pathologic findings in various areas of the world. Further investigation is necessary to determine the etiology and effect of environmental factors in this disease.
Azelaic acid (15% gel) in the treatment of acne rosacea
Authors: Gupta Aditya K. , Gover Melissa D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn December of 2002, the FDA approved azelaic acid 15% gel for the topical treatment of inflammatory papules and pustules of mild to moderate rosacea. Azelaic acid is a saturated dicarboxylic acid, which is naturally occurring and has been used in the treatment of rosacea, acne, and melasma. The 15% gel has a high efficacy and is generally well tolerated, with the local irritation (burning, stinging, itching, and scaling) being typically mild and transient. Azelaic acid 15% gel is considered effective and safe as a therapy for inflammatory papulo‐pustular rosacea and is suitable for use on all skin types.
Convergent evolution of eye ultrastructure and divergent evolution of vision‐mediated predatory behaviour in jumping spiders
Authors: SU K. F. , MEIER R. , JACKSON R. R. , HARLAND D. P. , LI D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAll jumping spiders have unique, complex eyes with exceptional spatial acuity and some of the most elaborate vision‐guided predatory strategies ever documented for any animal of their size. However, it is only recently that phylogenetic techniques have been used to reconstruct the relationships and key evolutionary events within the Salticidae. Here, we used data for 35 species and six genes (4.8 kb) for reconstructing the phylogenetic relationships between Spartaeinae, Lyssomaninae and Salticoida. We document a remarkable case of morphological convergence of eye ultrastructure in two clades with divergent predatory behaviour. We, furthermore, find evidence for a stepwise, gradual evolution of a complex predatory strategy. Divergent predatory behaviour ranges from cursorial hunting to building prey‐catching webs and araneophagy with web invasion and aggressive mimicry. Web invasion and aggressive mimicry evolved once from an ancestral spartaeine that was already araneophagic and had no difficulty entering webs due to glue immunity. Web invasion and aggressive mimicry was lost once, inParacyrba, which has replaced one highly specialized predation strategy with another (hunting mosquitoes). In contrast to the evolution of divergent behaviour, eyes with similarly high spatial acuity and ultrastructural design evolved convergently in the Salticoida and inPortia.
Pre‐eclampsia: Recognition, prevention and management
Authors: BROWN Mark A 
Published: April 2007

Summary: Pre‐eclampsia is the most common medical disorder of pregnancy and has a large variety of clinical presentations. It is a multisystem disorder affecting maternal kidneys, coagulation system, liver, brain and the placenta. Hypertension is an important but secondary phenomenon.Methods of measuring blood pressure (BP) in hypertensive pregnant women need to be standardized. There is presently a shift towards using the 5th Korotkoff sound to record diastolic BP but this has not been adopted universally. No test or set of tests reliably predicts which pregnant women will develop pre‐eclampsia and no therapy reliably prevents pre‐eclampsia although in some populations supplemental calcium appears to be a promising treatment. Low‐dose aspirin appears to have a role only in highly selected subgroups of pregnant women.Management of ‘gestational hypertension’(mild pre‐eclampsia) requires continued monitoring to detect transformation from this relatively mild disorder to the more severe disorder of pre‐eclampsia. Such monitoring requires measurement of platelet count, proteinuria, liver function, serum creatinine and careful clinical examination (particularly reflexes, clonus and epigastric tenderness) and fetal assessment. Blood tests are generally required only twice weekly though in severe cases more frequent testing is necessary, perhaps even daily when, for example, thrombocytopenia is progressive.Conservative management is adopted initially in most cases, invoving monitoring, careful use of antihypertensives and, in selected cases, anticonvulsant therapy and/or volume expander therapy. the latter is best employed to prevent sudden hypotension following epidural anaesthesia or parenteral antihypertensive therapy. Delivery is mandatory when monitoring indicates progressive disease despite conservative treatment.
A THERMAL SHOCK FATIGUE STUDY OF TYPE 304 AND 316 STAINLESS STEELS
Authors: MARSH D. J. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract—–Thermal fatigue crack initiation and propagation promoted by thermal quenches have been studied in AISI 316 and 304 stainless steels and correlated with isothermal strain cycling fatigue. Axially unconstrained specimens of rectangular section were held at bulk temperatures of 250°C to 500°C and symmetrically water‐quenched on the narrow faces to give equivalent surface strain ranges from 2.8 ×10−3 to 5.4 ×10−3. Crack initiation in smooth samples showed an apparent threshold at a surface strain range of 2.8×10−3 equivalent to a thermal amplitude of 150°C with no cracking being produced in 500,000 cycles. The crack growth in prenotched samples was evaluated by direct observation and by subsequent fractography and showed two modes of growth. The crack growth was strain controlled during the early stages of propagation where the crack tip was within the surface zone under conditions of fully plastic cyclic yield. At greater depths the propagation rates in the remaining elastically cycled material were found to correlate with calculated stress intensity values. In the chosen symmetrical quenched axially unconstrained configuration the crack growth rates decreased towards the centre of the specimen, indicating a crack arrest condition as expected from analysis. The results indicated a good correlation with the fracture behaviour observed from isothermal strain cycling fatigue behaviour in an air environment.
THE EFFECT OF REST PERIODS ON THE FATIGUE STRENGTH OF Ti‐6A1‐4V
Authors: Brown C. W. , Smith G. C. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe monitoring of fatigue crack initiation mechanisms and short fatigue crack growth usually involves interrupting otherwise continuous load cycling for examination of the test‐piece. This permits attainment of high resolution over a large area of surface where the fatigue cracks could initiate. However, breaks in the fatigue cycling can affect the fatigue endurance of the test‐piece and in the present study of Ti‐6A1‐4V this has been shown to depend on the duration of the rests, the number of cycles between rests, the type of examination employed and the hydrogen content of the material. The results of the work are discussed in terms of the possible influence of the monitoring technique on the fatigue process.
A MICRO‐MECHANICS ANALYSIS FOR SHORT FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH
Authors: Rios E. R. de los , Mohamed Hussain J. , Miller K. J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractCrack initiation and early growth of fatigue cracks in a fully annealed 0.4% carbon steel was investigated using plastic replicas and torsion loading.In a structure consisting of a 70/30 mixture of pearlite and ferrite the cracks are seen to develop and grow initially along slip bands in the ferrite phase. Energetic considerations lead to the formulation of a model which, while characterizing short crack growth rate, also considers those microstructural variables relevant to fatigue crack initiation and early crack growth. The driving force for crack growth is provided by the energy of the slip band; correspondingly crack growth per cycle is proportional to the strength of the slip band.In the short fatigue crack region, cracks grow initially at a fast rate but deceleration occurs quickly and, depending on the stress level, they either arrest or are temporarily halted at a critical length. This critical length is shown to coincide with the value of the threshold length for crack growth under LEFM conditions.