bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Residential vapor‐intrusion evaluation: Long‐duration passive sampling vs. short‐duration active sampling
Authors: Odencrantz Joseph E. , O'Neill Harry , Steinmacher Shirley J. , Case Jarrod D. , Johnson Paul C. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractSampling indoor air for potential vapor‐intrusion impacts using current standard 24‐hour sample collection methods may not adequately account for temporal variability and detect contamination best represented by long‐term sampling periods. Henry Schuver of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Solid Waste stated at the September 2007 Air & Waste Management Association vapor‐intrusion conference that the US EPA may consider recommending longer‐term vapor sampling to achieve more accurate time‐weighted‐average detections.In November 2007, indoor air at four residences was sampled to measure trichloroethene (TCE) concentrations over short‐ and long‐duration intervals. A carefully designed investigation was conducted consisting of triplicate samplers for three different investigatory methods: dedicated 6‐liter Summa canisters (US EPA Method TO‐15), pump/sorbent tubes (US EPA Method TO‐17), and passive diffusion samplers (MDHS 80). The first two methods collected samples simultaneously for a 24‐hour period, and the third method collected samples for two weeks.Data collected using Methods TO‐15 (canisters) and TO‐17 (tubes) provided reliable short‐duration TCE concentrations that agree with prior 24‐hour sampling events in each of the residences; however, the passive diffusion samplers may provide a more representative time‐weighted measurement. The ratio of measured TCE concentrations between the canisters and tubes are consistent with previous results and as much as 28.0 μg/m3 were measured. A comparison of the sampling procedures, and findings of the three methods used in this study will be presented. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Active mode observation of switching systems based on set‐valued estimation of the continuous state
Authors: Baglietto M. , Battistelli G. , Scardovi L. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractMode observability is addressed for a class of discrete‐time linear systems that may switch in an unknown and unpredictable way among different modes taken from a finite set. The possiblea prioriknowledge on the continuous state of the system and the presence of unknown but bounded noises affecting both the system and the measurement equations are explicitly taken into account. The mode observation is performed ‘actively’: control sequences (discerning control sequences) are searched, which allow to identify the switching sequence on the basis of the observations. Conditions that characterize discerning controls in a finite‐horizon setting are obtained. Moreover, a procedure is proposed in order to derive ‘persistently discerning’ control sequences (over an infinite horizon). A numerical example is reported to clarify the approach. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Real‐time ultrasound vs. evaluation of static images in the preoperative assessment of adnexal masses
Authors: Van Holsbeke C. , Yazbek J. , Holland T. K. , Daemen A. , De Moor B. , Testa A. C. , Valentin L. , Jurkovic D. , Timmerman D. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo determine if the prediction of the malignancy of an adnexal mass using pattern recognition, i.e. subjective evaluation of gray‐scale and Doppler ultrasound findings, is as accurate when based on static images as it is when based on a real‐time ultrasound examination.MethodsThe static images of 166 non‐consecutive patients with ‘difficult’ adnexal masses, who all underwent surgery and for whom a histopathological diagnosis was available, were evaluated by three experts in gynecological ultrasound (‘image experts’). All ultrasound examinations had been performed and the static images saved by a fourth expert sonologist (‘real‐time’ sonologist). All four sonologists classified the adnexal masses as benign or malignant based on their subjective impression and stated with what degree of confidence their diagnosis was made. The diagnostic performance of the real‐time sonologist was compared with that of each of the three image experts and with that of the ‘consensus opinion’ of the image experts (i.e. the diagnosis suggested by at least two of the latter).ResultsThe real‐time sonologist correctly predicted the diagnosis with an accuracy of 89% (148/166) vs. 85% (141/166) for the consensus opinion of static images (P = 0.0707). Equivalent values for sensitivity and specificity were 80% (56/70) vs. 83% (58/70) (P = 0.4142) and 96% (92/96) vs. 86% (83/96) (P = 0.0027), respectively.ConclusionsThe preoperative diagnosis of an adnexal mass made on the basis of a real‐time ultrasound examination is more precise than a diagnosis made on the basis of saved static ultrasound images. Evaluation of static images is associated with lower diagnostic specificity. Copyright © 2008 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Response of hatchling Komodo Dragons (Varanus komodoensis) at Denver Zoo to visual and chemical cues arising from prey
Authors: Chiszar David , Krauss Susan , Shipley Bryon , Trout Tim , Smith Hobart M. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractFive hatchling Komodo Dragons (Varanus komodoensis) at Denver Zoo were observed in two experiments that studied the effects of visual and chemical cues arising from prey. Rate of tongue flicking was recorded in Experiment 1, and amount of time the lizards spent interacting with stimuli was recorded in Experiment 2. Our hypothesis was that young V. komodoensis would be more dependent upon vision than chemoreception, especially when dealing with live, moving, prey. Although visual cues, including prey motion, had a significant effect, chemical cues had a far stronger effect. Implications of this falsification of our initial hypothesis are discussed. Zoo Biol 28:29–34, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spatial and temporal summation of pain evoked by mechanical pressure stimulation
Authors: Nie HongLing , Graven‐Nielsen Thomas , Arendt‐Nielsen Lars 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTChronic pain patients often suffer from widespread and long lasting pain. The integrative effect of combined spatial and temporal summation on pain intensity has not been quantitatively tested. The present study was designed to investigate: (1) if the size of the stimulation area would facilitate the temporal summation of pain to repetitive pressure stimulation, and (2) if temporal summation is effective when stimulating separated sites, repetitively. Twenty healthy male subjects participated in this study. The test sites were located on the bilateral upper trapezius and tibialis anterior muscles. The ten stimuli (each with a duration of 1s) were applied to a single site at three inter‐stimulus intervals (ISI: 1, 5, 30s) using five different probe sizes (0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8cm2). The stimulation intensity was equal to the pressure pain threshold (PPT) determined for each probe size. Similar repetitive stimulations at two inter‐stimulus intervals (5s and 30s) using two sizes of probes (0.5cm2 and 2cm2) were applied to ten separate sites. The PPT at the trapezius muscle decreased significantly with the increase in stimulus area from 0.5cm2 to 8cm2 (P<0.001) due to spatial summation. Temporal summation of pain was evoked by repetitive pressure stimuli on the same site for all ISI and was more pronounced at 5s and 30s ISI with larger probe areas (2, 4, and 8cm2) compared to smaller probe areas. There was no temporal summation of pain to stimuli with ISI 5 and 30s when stimulating the separated sites. The current study indicated that spatial summation facilitated the temporal summation of pain for stimuli given at 5s and 30s ISI. The combination of temporal and spatial integration of nociceptive input facilitates the pain intensity, suggesting that temporal summation is clinically relevant in conditions with widespread pain.
A systematic review of randomized controlled trials of prenatal and postnatal vitamin A supplementation of HIV‐infected women
Authors: Kongnyuy Eugene Justine , Wiysonge Charles Shey , Shey Muki Shehu 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWe searched the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, AIDSearch, and Gateway to assess the effect of prenatal and/or postnatal vitamin A supplementation on the risk of mother‐to‐child transmission (MTCT) of HIV and other pregnancy outcomes. We included 5 trials totaling 7528 women (4 trials of prenatal and 1 trial of postnatal supplementation). Overall, there was no evidence of an effect of prenatal and/or postnatal vitamin A supplementation on the risk of MTCT of HIV (Relative Risk [RR] 1.06, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 0.89–1.26). However, prenatal vitamin A supplementation significantly improved birth weight (weighted mean difference 89.78; 95% CI, 84.73–94.83), but there was no evidence of an effect on stillbirths (RR 0.99; 95% CI, 0.68–1.43), preterm births (RR 0.88; 95% CI, 0.65–1.19), death before 24 months among live births (RR 1.08; 95% CI, 0.91–1.29), and maternal death (RR 0.83; 95% CI, 0.59–1.17). The available evidence does not support vitamin A supplementation of HIV‐infected pregnant and lactating women, despite improvement in birth weight.
Cesarean delivery surveillance system at a maternity hospital in Kabul, Afghanistan
Authors: Kandasamy Tharani , Merialdi Mario , Guidotti Richard J. , Betrán Ana P , Harris‐Requejo Jennifer , Hakimi Farima , Van Look Paul F. , Kakar F. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo use an active facility‐based maternal and newborn surveillance system to describe cesarean delivery practices and outcomes in a resource‐poor setting.MethodsUsing data from operating room logbooks, 392 cesarean deliveries were evaluated between April 1 and June 30 2006 at a large public maternity hospital in Kabul, Afghanistan.ResultsThe perinatal mortality rate was 89 per 1000 births: 57% antepartum and 37% intrapartum stillbirths. Fetuses with normal birth weight comprised 85% of intrapartum stillbirths. Obstructed labor, uterine rupture, and malpresentation accounted for more than 50% of perinatal deaths. The cesarean delivery rate was 10.2% and there were 2 maternal deaths.ConclusionThe high percentage of intrapartum stillbirths among normal birth weight fetuses suggests a need for improved labor monitoring and surgical obstetric practices. The use of a facility‐based perinatal surveillance system is critical in guiding such quality assurance initiatives.
WOMEN’S AUTONOMY AND REPRODUCTIVE PREFERENCES IN ERITREA
Authors: WOLDEMICAEL GEBREMARIAM 
Published: October 2008

SummaryCurrent research and policies on reproductive behaviours in many East African countries focus primarily on proxy indicators of women’s autonomy, and very little emphasis is placed on direct indicators of women’s autonomy. In this paper, data from the 2002 Eritrea Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) are used to address some of the most frequently raised questions about the link between women’s autonomy and reproductive behaviour. The results from the multivariate logistic models show that although the relationship between women’s autonomy and reproductive preferences in Eritrea is complex, some clear, broad patterns exist that have implications for theory and policy. First, although the different dimensions of women’s autonomy influence the outcome variables differently in terms of magnitude and statistical significance, most of them have a strong connection; in particular, women’s final say in decisions regarding day-to-day household purchases and spousal communication are significant explanatory variables in fertility preferences and ever-use of modern contraception. Second, many background (proxy) variables, particularly household economic condition and employment, exert a strong and independent influence over fertility preferences and ever-use of contraception regardless of a woman’s autonomy. In their relationship to reproductive behaviours, therefore, employment and economic status cannot be considered as proxies for women’s autonomy in Eritrea. A complete explanation of the relationship between women’s autonomy and reproductive preferences must recognize the effects of both the background and direct autonomy indicators. Interventions are needed to improve women’s decision-making autonomy and strengthen their negotiating capacity on family planning if an increased desire to limit fertility is to be attained.
The steady propagation of an air finger into a rectangular tube
Authors: DE LÓZAR ALBERTO , JUEL ANNE , HAZEL ANDREW L. 
Published: October 2008

The steady propagation of an air finger into a fluid-filled tube of uniform rectangular cross-section is investigated. This paper is primarily focused on the influence of the aspect ratio, α, on the flow properties, but the effects of a transverse gravitational field are also considered. The three-dimensional interfacial problem is solved numerically using the object-oriented multi-physics finite-element library oomph-lib and the results agree with our previous experimental results (de Lózar et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. vol. 99, 2007, article 234501) to within the ±1% experimental error.At a fixed capillary number Ca (ratio of viscous to surface-tension forces) the pressure drops across the finger tip and relative finger widths decrease with increasing α. The dependence of the wet fraction m (the relative quantity of liquid that remains on the tube walls after the propagation of the finger) is more complicated: m decreases with increasing α for low Ca but it increases with α at high Ca. Our results also indicate that the system is approximately quasi-two-dimensional for α ≥ 8, when we obtain quantitative agreement with McLean & Saffman's two-dimensional model for the relative finger width as a function of the governing parameter 1/B = 12α2Ca. The action of gravity causes an increase in the pressure drops, finger widths and wet fractions at fixed capillary number. In particular, when the Bond number (ratio of gravitational to surface-tension forces) is greater than one the finger lifts off the bottom wall of the tube leading to dramatic increases in the finger width and wet fraction at a given Ca.For α ≥ 3 a previously unobserved flow regime has been identified in which a small recirculation flow is situated in front of the finger tip, shielding it from any contaminants in the flow. In addition, for α ≳ 2 the capillary number, Cac, above which global recirculation flows disappear has been observed to follow the simple empirical law: Cac2/3α = 1.21.
Host choice and penetration bySchistosoma haematobiummiracidia
Authors: Allan F. , Rollinson D. , Smith J.E. , Dunn A.M. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractSchistosome parasites commonly show specificity to their intermediate mollusc hosts and the degree of specificity can vary between parasite strains and geographical location. Here the role of miracidial behaviour in host specificity ofSchistosoma haematobiumon the islands of Zanzibar is investigated. In choice-chamber experiments,S. haematobiummiracidia moved towardsBulinus globosussnail hosts in preference to empty chambers. In addition, miracidia preferred uninfected over patentB. globosus. This preference should benefit the parasite as patent snails are likely to have mounted an immune response toS. haematobiumas well as providing poorer resources than uninfected snails. Miracidia also discriminated between the hostB. globosusand the sympatric, non-host speciesCleopatra ferruginea. In contrast,S. haematobiumdid not discriminate against the allopatricBulinus nasutus. Penetration of the host by miracidia was investigated by screening snails 24 h after exposure using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) withS. haematobiumspecificDraI repeat primers. There was no difference in the frequency of penetration ofB. globosusversusB. nasutus. These responses to different snail species may reflect selection pressure to avoid sympatric non-hosts which represent a transmission dead end. The distribution ofB. nasutuson Unguja is outside the endemic zone and so there is less chance of exposure toS. haematobium, hence there will be little selection pressure to avoid this non-host snail.
The effect of abiotic factors on the toxicity of cypermethrin against the snailLymnaea acuminatain the control of fascioliasis
Authors: Singh V. , Singh D.K. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractEvery month during the year 2006–2007, the 24, 48, 72 and 96 h LC50values of a molluscicide, cypermethrin, were determined for a snailLymnaea acuminata, with concomitant estimation of levels of temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide and electrical conductivity, both in control and test water. On the basis of a 24 h toxicity assay, it was noted that LC50values of 10.39, 10.90 and 11.19 mg l− 1during the months of May, June and July, respectively, were most effective in killing the snails, while the molluscicide was least effective in the month of January, when its 24 h LC50was 65.84 mg l− 1.There was a significant positive correlation between LC50of cypermethrin and levels of dissolved O2/pH of water in corresponding months. On the contrary, a negative correlation was observed between LC50and dissolved CO2/temperature of test water in the same months. In order to ascertain that such a relationship between toxicity and abiotic factors is not coincidental, the nervous tissue of the snail was assayed for the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) to sublethal concentrations (40% and 80%) of 24 h LC50during each of the 12 months of the same year. The findings confirmed that abiotic factors indeed influence toxicity of cypermethrin in the snail. A significant positive rank correlation between AChE, ACP and ALP activity did exist following exposure to the corresponding sublethal concentrations. Moreover, there was a maximum inhibition of 61.29 and 76.16% of AChE and ACP, respectively, in snails exposed to 80% of the 24 h LC50in the month of May. A similar treatment caused a maximum inhibition of 70.53% of ALP activity in the month of June. This work shows conclusively that the best time to control the snail population with cypermethrin is during the months of May and June.
Sur les collapses de corps différentiels colorés en caractéristique nulle décrits par Poizat à l'aide des amalgames à la Hrushovski
Authors: Blossier T. , Martin-Pizarro A. 
Published: October 2008

RésuméNous collapsons le corps différentielrougede Poizat en des corps différentiellement clos de rang de Morley ω·2, chacun muni d'un sous-groupe additif définissable de rang ω. En utilisant la dérivée logarithmique, on obtient un corpsvertde rang ω·2 avec un sous-groupe multiplicatif définissable divisible contenant le corps des constantes, qui reste définissable dans le réduit à la structure de corps vert.
Changing Abundances, Changing Opacities
Authors: Ferguson Jason W. , Dotter Aaron 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWith ever changing solar abundances being reported the equation of state and opacities needed for stellar evolution models also change. A discussion of those changes in mean molecular opacities will be presented with a discussion on the effect on evolution models. Aside from changing the abundances of the base mixture the enrichment changes too. Traditionally mean opacity tables are produced for oxygen-rich mixtures, however stars will often become carbon-rich. A discussion of carbon-rich opacities tables will also be presented.
Some discussion of the nonlocal treatment of the dissipation in the Reynolds stress models
Authors: Cai Tao 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWe investigate the weakness of the present turbulence model with the nonlocal treatment of dissipation rate. A revised version is well tested for the solar convection. The suggestion of constant mixing length parameter of MLT could not hold any more if we refer to the nonlocal description of the dissipation rate, especially in the region of overshooting zone.
Thermohaline Convection in Main Sequence Stars
Authors: Vauclair S. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThermohaline convection is a well known subject in oceanography, which has long been put aside in stellar physics. In the ocean, it occurs when warm salted layers sit on top of cool and less salted ones. Then the salted water rapidly diffuses downwards even in the presence of stabilizing temperature gradients, due to double diffusion between the falling blobs and their surroundings. A similar process may occur in stars in case of inverse μ-gradients in a thermally stabilized medium. Here we describe this process and some of its stellar applications.
Observations of clusters with ages from 0.01 to 1.0 Gyr in the Large Magellanic Cloud
Authors: Liu Q. , de Grijs R. , Deng L. C. , Hu Y. , Baraffe I. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe stellar initial mass function (IMF) is a very important question in modern astrophysics. Globular clusters (GCs) are good samples for studying the IMF, but the Galactic GCs can provide only one time-scale evolutionary stage. The Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) is an ideal environment for studying the IMF because it contains compact clusters at different evolutionary stages. By studying the IMF at different evolutionary stages, we can see how the mass function evolves with time.
Low-Mass Extremely Metal-Poor Stellar Models: Yields, Uncertainties and the Galactic Halo Stars
Authors: Campbell Simon W. , Lattanzio J. C. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWe have calculated a set of low-mass (0.85 M⊙ ≤ M ≤ 3.0 M⊙) zero metallicity and extremely metal-poor (−6.5 ≤ [Fe/H] ≤ −3.0) stellar models, including nucleosynthetic yields for 74 species. As far as we are aware these are the first detailed yields in the mass and metallicity range considered. Due to the difficulty in modelling such stars the yields naturally contain numerous uncertainties, and thus present interesting challenges for future stellar modelling. We briefly present some results in the context of the Galactic Halo star observations, and also discuss qualitatively some of the uncertainties in the modelling. We conclude by suggesting that much work is still necessary in this research area. For example, multidimensional fluid dynamics models are needed to simulate the violent proton ingestion events that occur during the core He flash and early TPAGB, observations and theory of mass loss at low metallicities are needed, the effects of reaction rate uncertainties need to be quantified, and low temperature opacities variable in carbon (and nitrogen) need to be included in the models.
A New, Efficient Stellar Evolution Code for Calculating Complete Evolutionary Tracks
Authors: Kovetz A. , Yaron O. , Prialnik D. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWe report on the development of a new stellar evolution code, and provide a taste of results, showing its capability to calculate full evolutionary tracks for a wide range of masses and metalicities. The code is fast and efficient, and is capable of following through all evolutionary phases, including core/shell flashes and thermal pulses, without any interruption or intervention. It is meant to be used also in the context of modeling the evolution of dense stellar systems, for performing live calculations for both ‘normal’ ZAMS/PRE-MS models, but mainly for ‘non-canonical’ stellar configurations (i.e. merger-products). We show a few examples of evolutionary calculations for stellar populations I and II, and for masses in the range 0.25–64 M⊙.
Surface convection in Population II stars
Authors: Piau Laurent , Stein Robert F. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe initial surface abundances of Population II stars have been altered by the interplay between convection, rotational mixing and diffusion. In particular the shallower the outer convection zone the stronger the diffusion impact. We present preliminary results on constraining the extension of the convection zones of Population II stars thanks to 3D hydrodynamical simulations.