bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Life satisfaction and the male Vietnam veteran
Authors: Phelps Leadelle , Waigandt Alex 
Published: June 2007

AbstractOne hundred and sixty eight males divided into three categories (48 Vietnam veterans, 55 Vietnam‐era veterans, and 65 Vietnam‐era nonveterans) were compared in the Life Satisfaction Index, an instrument designed to reflect morale or happiness, and on the dempgraphic variables of age, marital status, occupation, dependents, and physician visits per year. None of the demographic variables studied were found to be contributing factors in relation to the Life Satisfaction Index scores. A priori comparisons were computed for each group on the Life Satisfaction Index. The Vietnam veteran group had the lowest Life Satisfaction mean score of the three groups, while the Vietnam‐era and the Vietnam‐era nonveteran groups both scored above the overall mean. While data showed that all three groups reported a general satisfaction with life, an Fratio of 3.5 indicated that there was a significant difference between the Vietnam veteran and the Vietnam‐era nonveteran on this measure. However, the Vietnam veteran appeared no less satisfied with his life than his Vietnam‐era veteran counterpart, as illustrated by a nonsignificant t ratio.
Differentiating intervention strategies for primary and secondary trauma in post‐traumatic stress disorder: The example of Vietnam veterans
Authors: Catherall Donald R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA model of treatment of PTSD is presented. Two central psychological issues are addressed: (1) the conflict between ego forces oriented toward recalling and assimilating the traumatic material (thereby achieving ego integration) versus ego forces oriented toward repressing and avoiding the reexperience of the trauma (thereby defending against ego disintegration); and (2) the loss of self‐cohesion which results from the breakdown between the trauma survivor's self and his social milieu. Clinicians are advised to use two different theoretical orientations (ego psychological and self psychological) in treating these two basic issues. The concepts of primary and secondary trauma refer to the initial traumatic experience and the subsequent breakdown in the relationship between the survivor and his social environment and are offered as tools for distinguishing which issue is uppermost in the patient's material at any given time.
Pierre Janet on post‐traumatic stress
Authors: van der Kolk Bessel A. , Brown Paul , van der Hart Onno 
Published: June 2007

AbstractOne hundred years ago, in 1889, Pierre Janet published L'Automatisme Psychologique, his first work to deal with how the mind processes traumatic experiences. Janet claimed that vehement emotions interfere with proper appraisal and appropriate action. Failure to confront the experience fully leads to dissociation of the traumatic memories and their return as fragmentary reliving experiences: feeling states, somatic sensations, visual images, and behavioral reenactments. A century later, Janet still provides an unsurpassed framework for integrating current knowledge about the psychodynamic, cognitive, and biological effects of human traumatization.
The Japanese American internment: Exploring the transgenerational consequences of traumatic stress
Authors: Nagata Donna K. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe present study investigates the cross‐generational impact of the World War II Japanese American internment upon the children of those who were incarcerated. Survey data were collected from a national sample of 593 third‐generation (Sansei) Japanese Americans to assess the impact of a parent's internment upon the Sansei's: (a) patterns of communication, interest, and knowledge about the internment; and (b) attitudes towards ethnic affiliation, sense of security in the United States, and monetary redress. Results indicated that strikingly little communication has occurred between the Sansei and their parents regarding the internment. In addition, although Sansei whose parents had been interned did not differ from Sansei with noninterned parents in terms of outmarriage or level of knowledge about the internment, they did report being less secure about their rights in this country, having a greater preference for affiliation with other Japanese Americans and more strongly favoring monetary redress for those who were interned. The implications of these findings are discussed with reference to the existing literature on trauma and victimization.
A behavior‐response wheel for training and field use by civil defense officers at emergency sites
Authors: Granot Hayim , Brender Moshe 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThere has been a growth of awareness in many countries of the world in the last decade or so that mental health must be integrated into emergency preparedness if long‐term and often severe emotional sequelae are to be mitigated. This paper reflects an assumption that these considerations need to be an integral part of the immediate response to emergency situations. The paper describes the development of an instrument used in training uniformed personnel to fulfill this unfamiliar and uncomfortable role. Nineteen behaviors and three modes of recommended response to them were formulated in an attractively designed wheel for training civil defense officers. In the course of applying the new instrument it appeared that the wheel may also have a research value in detecting diverse preferences for the suggested response modes.
Combat exposure and the etiology of postdischarge substance abuse problems among Vietnam veterans
Authors: Fischer Victor J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis study finds a highly significant (p < 0.0002) relationship between combat exposure and problems with drugs or drinking too much following discharge from the Armed Forces among a large (N = 1,176) national random probability sample of Vietnam veterans. Exposure to heavy combat more than doubled a typical Vietnam veteran's risk of reporting a postdischarge substance abuse problem, as compared to what would have been expected had he served, but seen no combat, in Vietnam. Employing an ordinary least‐squares multiple regression model, this study also found a highly significant relationship (p < 0.0001) between the self‐report of a postdischarge substance abuse problem and age at assignment to Vietnam. These findings support the residual stress theory proposed by Figley (1978), as opposed to the stress evaporation hypothesis advanced by Borus (1973). Providing empirical support for the psychoanalytic construct of normal developmental lines advanced by Anna Freud (1965) and Erikson (1968), this study posits that younger Vietnam combat veterans, having achieved less developmental stability and personality integration than relatively older veterans, were therefore at greater risk for the subsequent emergence of substance abuse problems as a result of their exposure to combat.
The contribution of wartime, pre‐war, and post‐war factors to self‐efficacy: A longitudinal study of combat stress reaction
Authors: Solomon Z. , Benbenishty R. , Mikulincer M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe current study is designed to investigate factors that shape combat‐related self‐efficacy expectations following breakdown in combat, and changes in the relative importance of each of these factors as time elapses. In the current study, a sample of Israeli frontline soldiers in the Israel Lebanon War (1982) who were diagnosed as having combat stress reaction was followed‐up 1, 2, and 3 years after combat. At these three points of time, we assessed their psychiatric status and combat‐related perceived self‐efficacy. In addition, we gathered information about the soldiers' behavior and affect during battle, their adjustment prior to military training, the number of wars in which they had participated, and whether they broke down in these prior wars. Results show that self‐efficacy following war was influenced by the specific characteristics of events that occurred during the war, the soldiers' current psychiatric status, and their adjustment prior to military training. In addition, it was found that with the passage of time, the importance of the characteristics of the trauma diminishes, and other factors take precedence. The results were discussed in terms of Bandura's conceptualization of self‐efficacy.
The Williams pipeline disaster: A controlled study of a technological accident
Authors: Realmuto George M. , Wagner Nancy , Bartholow John 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis study reports the results of a neighborhood interview for Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms 13 months after a manmade technological disaster. Interviews with 24 victims found 3 who satisfied DSM‐III‐R criteria for PTSD. However, a low community response rate of 58%, resident relocation and other factors raise the possibility of sampling bias and results should be considered cautiously. Victims experiencing PTSD symptoms were more likely to be female, older, and having a history of psychiatric treatment. Some PTSD symptoms were more frequent than others, especially the avoidance symptoms of amnesia, diminished interest and detachment, which had a sensitivity of 63% and a specificity of 100%. One particular arousal symptom, sleep difficulty, was generally confined to female victims. The study corroborates the findings of larger disasters regarding the importance of certain characteristics of individuals that place them at greater risk for psychological morbidity following a disaster. Further studies are needed to define the unique characteristics of circumscribed disasters, such as social, religious or geographical parameters that may mitigate or compound the effect of a disaster.
A study of the MMPI clinical and research scales for post‐traumatic stress disorder diagnostic utility
Authors: Silver Steven M. , Salamone‐Genovese Linda 
Published: June 2007

AbstractControversy exists as to the utility of the MMPI in diagnosing post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Studies of an empirically developed PTSD Subscale for the MMPI have had conflicting results. In this study 84 MMPI clinical and research scales, including the PTSD Subscale, of 234 Vietnam War veterans (+PTSD = 117, ‐PTSD = 117) were compared to determine the clinical usefulness of the scales for differential diagnosis of PTSD. The veterans were all inpatients applying for admission to a PTSD treatment program. The MMPI clinical profile for PTSD was corroborated, though it had little statistically significant difference than the average profile of the ‐PTSD group. The PTSD Subscale was slightly better than chance in classifying veterans. A number of research scales were found to be as or more accurate than the PTSD Subscale in terms of true hit rates.
Debriefing red cross disaster personnel: The multiple stressor debriefing model
Authors: Armstrong Keith , O'Callahan William , Marmar Charles R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDuring the 1989 San Francisco earthquake, Red Cross disaster personnel were involved in providing services which put them at risk for developing stress reactions including Post‐traumatic Stress Disorder. This article describes the disaster relief effort in San Francisco and Oakland made by Red Cross workers and the debriefing which was provided to these personnel. Mitchell's Model for Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD) was modified to fit the broad spectrum of needs and stresses experienced by disaster relief personnel. The Multiple Stressor Debriefing Model (MSDM) which evolved from this experience is discussed with specific recommendations for mental health workers involved in Debriefing Red Cross and other emergency personnel who face multiple stressors over an extended period of relief operations.
Anger and post‐traumatic stress disorder in female crime victims
Authors: Riggs David S. , Dancu Constance V. , Gershuny Beth S. , Greenberg Deborah , Foa Edna B. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis study examined feelings of anger among female victims of crime and the relation of anger to the development of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). One hundred and sixteen women who had been victims of sexual or nonsexual criminal assaults were compared to a matched comparison group of 50 nonvictimized women on measures of anger and anger expression. Results indicate that victims were angrier than nonvictims. The level of anger was related to various aspects of the assault, such as the use of a weapon and the victim's response to the attack. In addition, the results indicate that elevated anger is positively related to the development of PTSD. Results are discussed in relation to a cognitive/behavioral conceptualization of PTSD.
Emotional numbing: A possible endorphin‐mediated phenomenon associated with post‐traumatic stress disorders and other allied psychopathologic states
Authors: Glover Hillel 
Published: June 2007

AbstractNumbing of general responsiveness associated with post‐traumatic stress disorders is postulated to represent a psychobiological response to overwhelming stress mediated by a hypersecretion of the endogenous opiate system. Evidence for the hypothesis is inferential and is based on: (1) similarities between behavioral symptoms of the numb state and the effects of opioids on animals and man; (2) the stress induced analgesia phenomenon, an endorphin mediated response leading to reduction of pain and fear; (3) Solomon's Opponent Process Theory, which offers a conceptual framework for understanding how the numb response can become the dominant psychopathologic disturbance in a chronic condition. Catastrophe theory models are introduced to describe and explain the relationship of emotional nonresponsiveness to rage and other affective states. In addition, other psychiatric states in which flat affect, apathy, and social withdrawal predominate are highlighted as phenomenologically and dynamically similar to the numb state and are posited to also be regulated by the endogenous opiate system.
Traumatic stress of multiple murder investigations
Authors: Sewell James D. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe investigation of multiple murders is becoming increasingly common to America's communities. With the response to and investigation of such crimes comes significant and unique stress to law enforcement personnel. Such stressors fall into two broad categories: organizational and event. Successful management of this unique type of law enforcement stress requires a strong organizational commitment, specific management programs involving training and critical incident stress debriefing, and community support.
Diverse motives for fictitious post‐traumatic stress disorder
Authors: Lacoursiere Roy B. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractFictitious cases of Vietnam‐related post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) present a difficult diagnostic problem. In settings where the motives of avoiding criminal responsibility or gaining financially are apparent, the clinician is alerted to possible fictitious cases. But there are a variety of other reasons for fictitious presentation of PTSD that the clinician needs to consider. These other reasons include psychotic disorders, concealing other behavior, gaining special attention in a Vietnam veteran PTSD role, explaining and covering up a dysfunctional life, and factitious disorder. Case examples are presented of these various fictitious presentations of post‐Vietnam PTSD.
Post‐traumatic stress disorder following a suicide attempt
Authors: Wulsin Lawson R. , Goldman Laurie 
Published: June 2007

AbstractHow commonly does a suicide attempt lead to post‐traumatic stress disorder? The terrifying nature of events before and after many suicide attempts and the increasing rates of suicide attempts in the general population suggest that PTSD as a result of a suicide attempt should not be a rare occurrence. However, a thorough review of the literature revealed no reports. We provide one case report and discuss the theoretical, clinical, and research questions linking traumatic suicide attempts to subsequent PTSD.
The creative balance: The therapeutic relationship and thematic issues in trauma resolution
Authors: Roth Susan , Batson Ronald 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA case example of the psychotherapeutic treatment by a male therapist of a female incest survivor is presented in the present paper. The case illustrates how the evolution of the therapeutic relationship critically contributed to the resolution of thematic issues that defined the therapeutic work. The case also illustrates the use of hypnosis in facilitating the integration of traumatic memories and themes. The importance of a creative balance between autonomy and connection in the therapeutic alliance is emphasized. Data for the case include narrative material written by the client over the course of the therapy.
Predictors of chronic stress among Vietnam veterans: Stressor exposure and intrusive recall
Authors: Davidson Laura M. , Baum Andrew 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe present study examined the relationship between military service during the Vietnam era and chronic stress among Vietnam combat veterans, noncombat military controls, and nonmilitary age‐mates. Psychological, behavioral, and biochemical indices of stress were assessed. Results demonstrated that exposure to combat was not associated with symptoms of chronic stress. However, reported intrusiveness of recalled imagery associated with stressful combat events was an important predictor of long‐term symptoms of stress irrespective of combat exposure. In addition, the interaction of combat exposure and intrusive thinking was significantly related to symptoms of chronic stress. These data suggest that intrusive thinking may reflect an important individual difference variable that could help predict long‐term responding to stressors.
Odor‐induced EEG changes in PTSD Vietnam veterans
Authors: McCaffrey Robert J. , Lorig Tyler S. , Pendrey Deanna L. , McCutcheon N. Bruce , Garrett James C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractElectroencephalogram (EEG) changes in response to trauma and non‐traumarelated odors were examined in five Vietnam veterans with a DSM‐III‐R diagnosis of Post‐traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and in five Vietnam veterans with adjustment‐related problems (non‐PTSD). Period analysis of the EEG indicated that the odors differentially affected the PTSD group's theta and alpha activity compared to the non‐PTSD group. The greatest EEG and self‐report odor and PTSD effects were found in response to a trauma odor which simulated burning flesh. These findings have important implications in the detection of veterans who attempt to feign deliberately the psychophysiological response pattern associated with PTSD.
Unit‐based intervention for Gulf war soldiers surviving a SCUD missile attack: Program description and preliminary findings
Authors: Perconte Stephen , Wilson Anne , Pontius Edward , Dietrick Ann , Kirsch Cynthia , Sparacino Christopher 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAn intensive, on‐site treatment intervention was designed and implemented for the nonhospitalized survivors of a SCUD missile attack during the Persian Gulf War, following their return to the states. Twenty‐eight members of the 14th Quartermasters Unit, 24 males and 4 females, were evaluated and administered the Mississippi Scale for Combat‐Related PTSD (revised), the Beck Depression Inventory, and the SCL‐90R to assess levels of war stress symptomatology. A total of 20 soldiers participated in the treatment program, which consisted of a highly structured intervention utilizing a multimodal treatment approach. The pre‐ and post‐treatment testing suggested relatively high levels of symptomatology related to war stress in the soldiers who were in the vicinity of the missile blast, which decreased significantly following treatment. While the overall treatment effort was well‐received, several obstacles were encountered and discussed.
The psychobiology of PTSD: Perspectives and reflections on the past, present, and future
Authors: Kolb Lawrence C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis article reviews historic, clinical, therapeutic, and research work regarding psychopathological responses to massive emotional stress. From these emerge the suggestion that post‐traumatic stress disorder represents a physioneurosis. Psychophysiological and neuroendocrine investigations of the last decade are summarized, as well as the neuropsychological hypothesis the author has derived therefrom about the etiologic development of post‐traumatic stress disorders. Lines of future research are suggested.
Dissociation, affect, and network models of memory: An integrative proposal
Authors: Yates Jean L. , Nasby William 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper provides an integrative review of two schools of psychological research on memory. In one, the developers of associative network models (e.g., Anderson, 1983; Bower, 1981; Rumelhart and McClelland, 1986) base their work on experimentation and computer simulations. In the other, clinicians studying dissociative disorders (e.g., Bliss and Jeppsen, 1985; Braun, 1984a; Kluft, 1985a; Putnam et al., 1986) develop theories through the observation of patients and the collection of clinical statistics. Both schools of research are attempting to understand how items in memory are variably accessible and inaccessible in order to conceptualize an overall structure of the way memory is connected and organized as well as to develop a vocabulary of rules about how memory works. Connections found between the two areas result in three topics of particular interest. First, the central role of affect in dissociative disorders suggests a reevaluation of the minor role that it has been given in most network models. Second, the extreme levels of affect present in clinical observation, not ethically reproducible in mood and memory experimentation, call attention to the necessity of examining clinical data in establishing experimental theories. Third, the role of inhibition in “neural” network memory models, taken for granted in clinical research, must be accounted for in network models of memory.
Vietnam veterans in the general hospital: Seven years later
Authors: Reaves Michael E. , Callen Kenneth E. , Maxwell Michael J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractVietnam era veterans who were originally part of a sample of 300, were surveyed in 1982 and again in 1989. There were significant increases in symptom scores in 5 of 20 questions for the combat veteran subgroup from 1982 to 1989. The avoidance group of symptoms had the highest scores in 1989. Combat veterans continued to be more symptomatic than their non‐combat contemporaries. Vietnam veterans estimate of combat activity differed with the passage of time.
The theory of torture and the treatment of its survivors: An intervention model
Authors: Gonsalves Carlos J. , Torres Tato A. , Fischman Yael , Ross Jaime , Vargas Maria O. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractTorture is analyzed as an institution which impacts on both the individual survivor and society at large. The authors provide formulations toward a comprehensive treatment approach for survivors of torture and political repression. Interventions are focused on four key areas: (a) restoring physical integrity; (b) promoting psychological reorganization; (c) examining the multiple losses involved in refugee or exile status; and (d) reintegrating the survivor into sociopolitical life. A critical element underlying these interventions is an awareness of and sensitivity to countertransference dynamics. The authors stress the need for a safe therapeutic environment in which the uncovering process can take place, and survivors can rebuild their sense of trust and security.