bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A review of the engineering behaviour of soils and rocks with respect to groundwater
Authors: Bell F.G. , Cripps J.C. , Culshaw M.G. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
The effect of groundwater on the engineering behaviour of soils and rocks is of fundamental importance, indeed to paraphrase Tergazhi — without water there would be no soil mechanics. This paper reviews these effects in terms of the variation in the properties and behaviour of soils and rocks brought about by changes in moisture content, and associated changes, notably in effective stress, and by the dissolution of parts of the rock or soil mass.
Kupffer cell heterogeneity: functional properties of bone marrow–derived and sessile hepatic macrophages
Authors: Klein Ingo , Cornejo Judith C. , Polakos Noelle K. , John Beena , Wuensch Sherry A. , Topham David J. , Pierce Robert H. , Crispe Ian Nicholas 
Published: August 2007

AbstractKupffer cells form a large intravascular macrophage bed in the liver sinusoids. The differentiation history and diversity of Kupffer cells is disputed; some studies argue that they are derived from blood monocytes, whereas others support a local origin from intrahepatic precursor cells. In the present study, we used both flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry to distinguish 2 subsets of Kupffer cells that were revealed in the context both of bone marrow transplantation and of orthotopic liver transplantation. One subset was radiosensitive and rapidly replaced from hematogenous precursors, whereas the other was relatively radioresistant and long-lived. Both were phagocytic but only the former population was recruited into inflammatory foci in response to CD8+ T-cell activation. We propose the name “sessile” for the radioresistant Kupffer cells that do not participate in immunoinflammatory reactions. However, we found no evidence that these sessile Kupffer cells arise from immature intrahepatic precursors. Our conclusions resolve a long-standing controversy and explain how different experimental approaches may reveal one or both of these subsets.
TGF-beta receptor 2 downregulation in tumour-associated stroma worsens prognosis and high-grade tumours show more tumour-associated macrophages and lower TGF-beta1 expression in colon carcinoma: a retrospective study
Authors: Bacman David , Merkel Susanne , Croner Roland , Papadopoulos Thomas , Brueckl Wolfgang , Dimmler Arno 
Published: August 2007

AbstractBackgroundHistological phenotype and clinical behaviour of malignant tumours are not only dependent on alterations in the epithelial cell compartment, but are affected by their interaction with inflammatory cells and tumour-associated stroma. Studies in animal models have shown influence of tumour-associated macrophages (TAM) on histological grade of differentiation in colon carcinoma. Disruption of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) signalling in tumour cells is related to more aggressive clinical behaviour. Expression data of components of this pathway in tumour-associated stroma is limited.MethodsTissue micro arrays of 310 colon carcinomas from curatively resected patients in UICC stage II and III were established. In a first step we quantified amount of CD68 positive TAMs and expression of components of TGF-beta signalling (TGF-beta1, TGF-beta receptors type 1 and 2, Smad 3 and 4) in tumour and associated stroma. Further we analyzed correlation to histological and clinical parameters (histological grade of differentiation (low-grade (i.e. grade 1 and 2) vs. high-grade (i.e. grade 3 and 4)), lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, 5 year cancer related survival) using Chi-square or Fisher's exact test, when appropriate, to compare frequencies, Kaplan-Meier method to calculate 5-year rates of distant metastases and cancer-related survival and log rank test to compare the rates of distant metastases and survival. To identify independent prognostic factors Cox regression analysis including lymph node status and grading was performed.ResultsHigh-grade tumours and those with lymph node metastases showed higher rates of TAMs and lower expression of TGF-beta1. Loss of nuclear Smad4 expression in tumor was associated with presence of lymph node metastasis, but no influence on prognosis could be demonstrated. Decrease of both TGF-beta receptors in tumour-associated stroma was associated with increased lymph node metastasis and shorter survival. Stromal TGF-beta receptor 2 expression was an independent prognostic factor for cancer related survival.ConclusionHistological phenotype and clinical behaviour of colon cancer is not only influenced by mutational incidents in tumour cells but also affected by interaction of tumour tissue with inflammatory cells like macrophages and associated stroma and TGF-beta signalling is one important part of this crosstalk. Further studies are needed to elucidate the exact mechanisms.
Positive end-expiratory pressure at minimal respiratory elastance represents the best compromise between mechanical stress and lung aeration in oleic acid induced lung injury
Authors: Carvalho Alysson Roncally S , Jandre Frederico C , Pino Alexandre V , Bozza Fernando A , Salluh Jorge , Rodrigues Rosana , Ascoli Fabio O , Giannella-Neto Antonio 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Introduction
Protective ventilatory strategies have been applied to prevent ventilator-induced lung injury in patients with acute lung injury (ALI). However, adjustment of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) to avoid alveolar de-recruitment and hyperinflation remains difficult. An alternative is to set the PEEP based on minimizing respiratory system elastance (Ers) by titrating PEEP. In the present study we evaluate the distribution of lung aeration (assessed using computed tomography scanning) and the behaviour of Ers in a porcine model of ALI, during a descending PEEP titration manoeuvre with a protective low tidal volume.

Methods
PEEP titration (from 26 to 0 cmH2O, with a tidal volume of 6 to 7 ml/kg) was performed, following a recruitment manoeuvre. At each PEEP, helical computed tomography scans of juxta-diaphragmatic parts of the lower lobes were obtained during end-expiratory and end-inspiratory pauses in six piglets with ALI induced by oleic acid. The distribution of the lung compartments (hyperinflated, normally aerated, poorly aerated and non-aerated areas) was determined and the Ers was estimated on a breath-by-breath basis from the equation of motion of the respiratory system using the least-squares method.

Results
Progressive reduction in PEEP from 26 cmH2O to the PEEP at which the minimum Ers was observed improved poorly aerated areas, with a proportional reduction in hyperinflated areas. Also, the distribution of normally aerated areas remained steady over this interval, with no changes in non-aerated areas. The PEEP at which minimal Ers occurred corresponded to the greatest amount of normally aerated areas, with lesser hyperinflated, and poorly and non-aerated areas. Levels of PEEP below that at which minimal Ers was observed increased poorly and non-aerated areas, with concomitant reductions in normally inflated and hyperinflated areas.

Conclusion
The PEEP at which minimal Ers occurred, obtained by descending PEEP titration with a protective low tidal volume, corresponded to the greatest amount of normally aerated areas, with lesser collapsed and hyperinflated areas. The institution of high levels of PEEP reduced poorly aerated areas but enlarged hyperinflated ones. Reduction in PEEP consistently enhanced poorly or non-aerated areas as well as tidal re-aeration. Hence, monitoring respiratory mechanics during a PEEP titration procedure may be a useful adjunct to optimize lung aeration.
Guest-Induced Assembly of PdII-Linked Coordination Nanotubes
Authors: Tominaga Masahide , Fujita Makoto 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
This article reviews a coordination approach to discrete tubular structures. Families of pyridine-based molecular strands assemble into large tubular molecules through metal-coordination. In particular, cis-protected square-planar metals, [enPdII]2+ (en = ethylenediamine), are very useful building blocks to link these molecules. Pyridine-based oligo(3,5-pyridine) ligands efficiently self-assemble into well-defined tube frameworks having a variety of shapes and sizes upon treatment with [enPd(NO3)2] in the presence of rod-like organic guests as templates. The length of the tube can be strictly controlled according to the numbers of pyridine nuclei involved in the component ligand. These nanotubes collapse when the template molecule is removed. A hexapyridine ligand, in which two tripyridine units are linked by an alkyl spacer, forms a complex with the PdII building block leading to the formation of a stable nanotube with an empty cavity without templates. With the aid of a 3.0 nm template strand molecule, a hexapyridine ligand consisting of two tripyridine units and a biphenyl linker assembles into a 3.5-nm nanotube, in which the four ligands are held together by twelve PdII ions. Facile preparation as well as the stability of the tube, even after the template is removed makes possible the hollow discrete assembly of the tubes. A dodecapyridine ligand possessing four tripyridine podands on a benzenetetracarboxylate scaffold, six PdII ions, and a template molecule generate a mono end-capped tube, which converts into a double open tube upon crystallization. Once formed, there is no route back to the end-capped tube. The structures are not in rapid equilibrium and are kinetically trapped during self-assembly. These tubular structures have been confirmed by NMR, CSI-MS observations, and X-ray crystallographic analysis. Studies on the dynamic behavior of rod-like guests accommodated in the nanotubes are also discussed.
Molecular Descriptors of Topology and a Study on Quantitative Structure and Property Relationships
Authors: Zhou Congyi , Nie Changming 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
The novel topological descriptor PE was proposed, using a revised distance matrix involving relative bond length as well as equilibrium electronegativity. Along with PE, the quantitative structure–property relationships were included with path number P3. The analyzed models could be applicable to the condensed-type properties of hydrocarbons. Moreover, the models also were applicable to the Kováts retention indexes under different conditions.
Importance of Molecular-Level Contacts under Solventless Conditions for Chemical Reactions and Self-Assembly
Authors: Orita Akihiro , Okano Junji , Uehara Genta , Jiang Lasheng , Otera Junzo 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
It has been shown that solventless reactions are accelerated when the reactants are mixed at molecular level. Accordingly, a solid film obtained by evaporating a solution of reactants mixture underwent facile reaction either upon grinding or upon simply standing. The effectiveness of these methods is evident from comparison with conventional solventless and solution reactions. It was concluded consequently that, once the molecular-level contacts are formed between reactants, the reaction occurs more efficiently under solventless conditions than in solution. Due to this pre-mixing method, efficient synthesis of [2]rotaxanes and rate acceleration of the Wittig reaction were achieved.
Integrated Strategy for Fast and Automated Molecular Characterization of Genes Involved in Craniosynostosis
Authors: Stenirri Stefania , Restagno Gabriella , Ferrero Giovanni Battista , Alaimo Georgia , Sbaiz Luca , Mari Caterina , Genitori Lorenzo , Maurizio Ferrari , Cremonesi Laura 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Background: Craniosynostosis, the premature fusion of 1 or more sutures of the skull, is a common congenital defect, with a prevalence of 1 in 2500 live births. Untreated progressive craniosynostosis leads to inhibition of brain growth and increased intracranial and intraorbital pressure. The heterogeneity of clinical phenotypes and the overlap of the various associated syndromes render the correct diagnosis of the different craniosynostoses particularly difficult.
Methods: To identify 10 common mutations in the genes for fibroblast growth factor receptors 2 and 3 (FGFR2 and FGFR3), we developed a microelectronic microchip assay that exploited the PCR multiplexing format and coupled it with serial addressing and probe hybridization on the same pad. For the molecular characterization of patients who tested negative in the microchip screening, we also developed conditions for denaturing HPLC (DHPLC) analysis of the most mutated regions of FGFR2 and FGFR3 and the entire coding region of the TWIST1 gene.
Results: In our cohort of 159 patients with various craniosynostosis syndromes, mutations were found in 100% of patients with Apert syndrome, 83.3% with Pfeiffer syndrome, 72.7% with Crouzon syndrome, 50.0% with Saethre-Chotzen syndrome, 27.7% with plagiocephaly, 31.8% with brachicephaly, 20% of complex cases, and 6.9% of mixed cases. No mutations were found in syndromic cases.
Conclusions: The combined microchip-DHPLC strategy allows rapid and specific molecular diagnosis of craniosynostosis and is an effective tool for the medical and surgical management of these common congenital anomalies in a newborn or an infant with a developmental defect of the cranial vault.
An improved method for staining chromosomes of marine algae
Authors: Wang Juan , Dai Jixun , Zhang Yiting 
Published: August 2007

AbstractAn improved staining method using carbol fuchsin was successfully adopted for chromosomes of marine algae, includingPorphyra,Undaria pinnatifidaandSaccharina japonica. The haploid numbers ofP. haitanensisandP. yezoensis(observed clearly in vegetative, spermatangial and conchosporangial cells) were five and three, respectively. The diploid numbers ofP. haitanensisandP. yezoensis(in immature conchosporangial cells) were ten and six, respectively. Pit connections between cells of conchosporangia and cell mashes were clearly differentiated. Chromosomes in conchocelis cells in prophase were clearly stained with the improved carbol fuchsin method. The chromosome number of gametophytes ofS. japonicawas 31, and that ofU. pinnatifidawas 30. Hydrolysis with 1 M HCl at 60°C for 7–8 min to produce a very transparent cytoplasm was necessary for staining chromosomes in conchosporangial branches ofPorphyra. Iron alum acetocarmine, aceto-iron-hematoxylin-chloral hydrate and carbol fuchsin were used to stain the chromosomes of the vegetative cells, spermatangial cells and conchosporangial cells ofPorphyraand the gametophytes ofU. pinnatifidaandS. japonica. Among the three methods, the carbol fuchsin method was simple and rapid, yielding deep staining of chromosomes and good contrast between the nucleus and cytoplasm.
Characterization of Gracilaria lemaneiformis Bory (Gracilariaceae, Rhodophyta) cultivars in China using the total soluble proteins and RAPD analysis
Authors: Wang Wen-jun , Wang Guang-ce , Gao Zheng-quan , Lin Xiang-zhi , Xu Pu 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
The cultivars of Gracilaria lemaneiformis in Nanao (Guangdong province), Putian (Fujian) and Lianyungang (Jiangsu) all originate from the Qingdao (Shandong) wild population. After years of cultivation via vegetative propagation in marine farms in their new habitats, these cultivars vary in economic properties and morphological characters. In order to demonstrate whether the variations are caused by genetic variation or habitat shift, Gracilaria asiatica as an outgroup, the three cultivars, together with two morphologically different wild populations in Qingdao were characterized by RAPD markers and total soluble proteins. The results consistently showed that: (1) The Nanao cultivar, a selected strain enduring higher temperature, had the most variations. (2) The other two cultivars were closely related to one other. (3) The morphologically differentiated G. lemaneiformis populations in Qingdao were two separate populations. The results indicate that the use of RAPD markers is a powerful tool for exploring genetic relationships among G. lemaneiformis populations. Morphological and phenotypic variations of the cultivars are due to genetic changes rather than environmental changes. Years of artificial selection and asexual propagation have led to a reduction of intra-population genetic diversity in farmed populations and successive transplantation between farms has caused a reduction of inter-population genetic differentiation.
Antiviral activity of a sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG) compound isolated from the green alga Caulerpa racemosa
Authors: Wang Hui , Li Yao-Lan , Shen Wei-Zai , Rui Wen , Ma Xia-Jun , Cen Ying-Zhou 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
An invasive green alga, Caulerpa racemosa, collected from the South China Sea was tested for its antiviral properties. Hot water extracts and the n-butanol fraction obtained showed potent inhibition of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and Coxsackie virus B3 (Cox B3). A sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG) compound was isolated and purified from the n-butanol fraction following further antiviral-guided fractionation. The SQDG compound exhibited an excellent antiviral effect against HSV-2, with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 15.6 μg ml-1 against both standard and clinical strains of HSV-2, but showed only moderate antiviral effects against HSV-1 and Cox B3. The SQDG compound was chemically characterized using spectroscopic methods as (2S)-1,2-di-O-palmitoyl-3-O-(6′-sulfo-α-D-quinovopyranosyl) glycerol. This is the first isolation from C. racemosa of this SQDG compound with notable selective antiviral activity against HSV-2.
Evaluate the Simple Surface Energy of Aggregates Using the Capillary Rise Method
Authors: Sinkonde Dennis , Wen Hao Pei , Yi Xiao Qing 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
This paper describes the evaluation of surface energy of two types of aggregates, a limestone and granite, using the capillary rise method. The capillary rise method is a simple method that can successfully be used to determine the surface energy of powders. Contact angle measurements were performed using the capillary rise method and, thereafter, surface energy of aggregates was determined using the Young-Dupré equation. The results of the experiment indicate that limestone had a slightly higher surface energy compared to granite. The two aggregates had almost equal apolar components of the surface energy whilst the polar components were quite different.
Administration of Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor After Myocardial Infarction Enhances the Recruitment of Hematopoietic Stem Cell-Derived Myofibroblasts and Contributes to Cardiac Repair
Authors: Fujita Jun , Mori Mitsuharu , Kawada Hiroshi , Ieda Yasuyo , Tsuma Mitsuyo , Matsuzaki Yumi , Kawaguchi Haruko , Yagi Takashi , Yuasa Shinsuke , Endo Jin , Hotta Tomomitsu , Ogawa Satoshi , Okano Hideyuki , Yozu Ryohei , Ando Kiyoshi , Fukuda Keiichi 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
The administration of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) after myocardial infarction (MI) improves cardiac function and survival rates in mice. It was also reported recently that bone marrow (BM)-derived c-kit+ cells or macrophages in the infarcted heart are associated with improvement of cardiac remodeling and function. These observations prompted us to examine whether BM-derived hematopoietic cells mobilized by G-CSF administration after MI play a beneficial role in the infarct region. A single hematopoietic stem cell from green fluorescent protein (GFP)-transgenic mice was used to reconstitute hematopoiesis in each experimental mouse. MI was then induced, and the mice received G-CSF for 10 days. In the acute phase, a number of GFP+ cells showing the elongated morphology were found in the infarcted area. Most of these cells were positive for vimentin and α-smooth muscle actin but negative for CD45, indicating that they were myofibroblasts. The number of these cells was markedly enhanced by G-CSF administration, and the enhanced myofibroblast-rich repair was considered to lead to improvements of cardiac remodeling, function, and survival rate. Next, G-CSF-mobilized monocytes were harvested from the peripheral blood of GFP-transgenic mice and injected intravenously into the infarcted mice. Following this procedure, GFP+ myofibroblasts were observed in the infarcted myocardium. These results indicate that cardiac myofibroblasts are hematopoietic in origin and could arise from monocytes/macrophages. MI leads to the recruitment of monocytes, which differentiate into myofibroblasts in the infarct region. Administration of G-CSF promotes this recruitment and enhances cardiac protection. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Unique Glycerophospholipid Signature in Retinal Stem Cells Correlates with Enzymatic Functions of Diverse Long-Chain Acyl-CoA Synthetases
Authors: Li Jianxue , Cui Zheng , Zhao Sheyun , Sidman Richard L. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Lipidomics is an emerging research field that comprehensively characterizes lipid molecular species and their metabolic regulation and biological roles. We performed the first lipidomics study on glycerophospholipids (GPLs) in adult mammalian retinal stem cells (RSCs) and non-RSC control cells. A unique GPL signature identified by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry showed new prominent peaks of 16:0 (sn-1)-18:0 (sn-2) or 16:0–16:0 saturated fatty acids, instead of 18:0–20:4 or 18:0–22:6 polyunsaturated essential fatty acids, at 720 m/z of phosphatidylethanolamine, 764 m/z of phosphatidylserine, and 809 m/z of phosphatidylinositol in RSCs (sphere colony RSCs and enriched RSCs), but not in non-RSCs (retinal cells, ciliary cells, sphere colony-derived retinal cells, and nonretinal cells). To seek whether the GPL signature was associated with long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase (LACS), a potential modulator of fatty acid profiles in de novo GPL synthesis, we analyzed gene expression, catabolic activity, substrate selectivity, and inhibitor sensitivity of diverse LACSs. LACSs in RSCs mediated less utilization by GPLs of polyunsaturated essential fatty acids, including arachidonic acid (20:4 [n-6], a second messenger in cell signaling), which was accompanied by lower plasma membrane fluidity in proliferating RSCs compared with differentiated non-RSCs. These novel findings suggest that LACS-associated GPL signature and cell membrane fluidity may participate in regulating proliferation versus differentiation in RSCs and, perhaps, other types of stem cells.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Concise Review: Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Tissue Stem Cells: Current Concepts and Unanswered Questions
Authors: Metcalf Donald 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
The term hematopoietic stem cells has at times been used to include a miscellany of precursor cells ranging from multipotential self-generating cells to lineage-restricted progenitors with little capacity for self-generation. It is probable that the stem cells of other tissues also vary widely in their multipotentiality and proliferative capacity. This review questions several dogmas regarding the self-generative capacity of various hematopoietic cells, the single episodic origin of hematopoietic cells, and the irreversible nature of progressive mature cell formation in individual hematopoietic lineages.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.