bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prolonged Anticholinergic Delirium Following Antihistamine Overdose
Authors: Scott James , Pache David , Keane Greg , Buckle Helen , O'Brien Natalie 
Published: May 2007

Objective: A case of anticholinergic delirium in a female adolescent is described, exploring the pharmacokinetic reasons for the prolonged time course and reviewing the management provided. Conclusion: A 14 year old female hospitalised for depression ingested large quantities of promethazine and cyproheptadine. A severe anticholinergic delirium ensued which resolved after six days, much longer than the expected duration. The likely cause of the prolonged delirium was the interaction of promethazine and fluvoxamine through the inhibition of the CYP2D6 enzyme. The patient's young age, the severity of the poisoning and the use of drugs with anticholinergic properties to manage the delirium may also have contributed. The delirium may have been reversed had a cholinesterase inhibitor been provided soon after the overdose.
Overview of Psychiatric Ethics II: Virtue Ethics and the Ethics of Care
Authors: Robertson Michael , Walter Garry 
Published: May 2007

Objective: The aim of this paper is to consider the components of two moral theories – the ethics of virtue and the ethics of care – and their relationship to psychiatry. Conclusions: Although both theories reflect fundamentally desirable human qualities, neither provides a comprehensive account of psychiatric ethics. We are therefore drawn to a similar conclusion as those of Hare (1993) and Bloch and Green (2006), in that these theories offer a complementary approach to other ethical theories in psychiatry.
Stigma and Quality of Life as Experienced by People with Mental Illness
Authors: El-Badri Selim , Mellsop Graham 
Published: May 2007

Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the extent to which people with mental illness in a New Zealand setting encounter stigma and discrimination and to examine their satisfaction with quality of life. Method: Patients under the care of a range of community mental health services were invited to participate in a survey. Fifty-three females and 47 males completed questionnaires concerning stigma, discrimination and quality of life. Demographic and diagnostic characteristics were also recorded. Results: The majority of participants reported experiencing stigma and discrimination in a variety of contexts. In association with this, they had experienced dissatisfaction with their quality of life in a number of areas. Conclusions: The experience of stigma and dissatisfaction with quality of life among people with mental illness is common. This has implications for clinical assessment and management.
Component Analysis of Dialectical Behavior Therapy Skills Training
Authors: Dewe Carolyn , Krawitz Roy 
Published: May 2007

Objective: This paper aims to examine patient perceptions of the relative effectiveness of components of dialectical behavior therapy group skills training. Method: Nineteen patients rated their perceptions of the relative effectiveness of 27 separate dialectical behavior therapy skills after completing 6 months standard dialectical behavior therapy. Two-tailed t-tests were used, comparing the first ranked skill with all other skills. Results: The 27 skills were ranked by means in order of perceived value. Eleven skills were statistically significantly different from the first ranked skill. Conclusions: The data in this pilot study contributes in a small way to dialectical behavior therapy dismantling research and warrants a larger multi-centred study. A planned future study will compare patient rankings of skills with clinical outcomes.
Searching the Silver Trail: Charles van Onselen, Joe Silver and Jack the Ripper
Authors: Kaplan Robert 
Published: May 2007

Objective: South African historian Charles van Onselen's discovery of the identity of Jack the Ripper is described. The author was consulted by van Onselen during the writing of the latter's book, “The Fox and the Flies: Joe Silver, Racketeer and Psychopath”, which suggested the identity of Jack the Ripper and was first published earlier this year. Conclusions: van Onselen's investigations into the life of Joe Silver, a Polish Jewish brothel owner in the early days of Johannesburg, revealed an extraordinary criminal career starting in London and covering the Atlantic zone before ending on the Eastern front during World War I, where he was executed by the Austrians. Research over decades showed that Silver fitted the profile of The Ripper and spent the rest of his life trying to cover his trail to avoid detection. Having contracted syphilis, he bore an extreme hatred towards women and initiated the Autumn of Terror in a catathymic crisis when his daughter was born. Driven by obsessive ambivalence towards his mother, at the end of his life he made a final doomed attempt to achieve some kind of union with her.
Effects of Intratumoral Injection of CCL2 on Monocyte–Endothelial Cell Interactions in Mouse Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Okudaira Keisuke , Tsuzuki Yoshikazu , Hokari Ryota , Miyazaki Junichi , Mataki Norikazu , Komoto Shunsuke , Okada Yoshikiyo , Kawaguchi Atsushi , Nagao Shigeaki , Itoh Kazuro , Miura Soichiro 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTObjective: Although monocyte infiltration is an important aspect of the host response to tumor growth, the mechanisms of recruitment and their impact on tumor growth are still unknown. The authors studied monocyte–endothelial interaction and the effect of chemokine CCL2 in orthotopic mouse pancreatic cancer.Methods: The rolling and adhesion of labeled monocytes in peritumoral and intratumoral areas were assessed by using an intravital microscope. Further, the effects of intratumoral injection or superfusion of CCL2 on in situ recruitment of monocytes and other immune cells and adhesion molecules were investigated.Results: More monocytes were recruited in the peritumoral area than in the intratumoral area with increased vascular interaction, and the effect was more apparent by intratumoral CCL2 injection than superfusion. In both CCL2‐treated groups infiltration of CD11b+, CD68+, and CD4+ cells were increased, but the magnitude of increase was larger in intratumoral injection. Quantitative RT‐PCR for the tumor tissue revealed that ICAM‐1 expression was increased by the injection of CCL2.Conclusion: These results show intratumoral injection of CCL2 induces effective interaction between monocytes and endothelial cells in the peritumoral area of pancreatic cancer accompanied by the upregulation of ICAM‐1 and may possibly become a tool for immunotherapy by promoting the infiltration of immune cells in cancers.
Influence of phonology on morpho‐syntax in Romance languages in children with Specific Language Impairment (SLI)
Authors: Aguilar‐Mediavilla Eva , Sanz‐Torrent Mònica , Serra‐Raventós Miquel 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBackground: The profiles of children with Specific Language Impairment (SLI) differ greatly according to the language they speak. The Surface Hypothesis attempts to explain these differences through the theory that children with SLI will incorrectly produce elements in their language with low phonological weights or that are produced in a non‐canonical prosodic structure.Aims: Previous studies have shown that the most characteristics errors produced by Catalan and Spanish‐speaking children with SLI include function word omission (morpho‐syntax) and weak syllable omission (phonology). The omission of function words points to a morpho‐syntactic explanation of SLI, while weak syllable omission supports a phonological explanation of SLI. Yet, function words are weak syllables; thus, it is possible that the same mechanism underlies both problems.Methods & Procedures: Data were extracted from spontaneous language produced by five children with SLI and five comparison children matched for age and MLU‐w. They were assessed on two occasions: at 3;10 and 4;9 years of age. These interviews were then transcribed and the morphological and phonological errors coded. A non‐parametric mean analysis and various regression analyses were conducted.Outcomes & Results: The results show that function word omission and weak syllable omission were the most characteristic errors made by Spanish and Catalan‐speaking children with SLI and established that omissions increase as prosodic weight decreases. They also indicated that weak syllabic omission may explain most function word omissions.Conclusions & Implications: The data support the Surface Hypothesis and suggest that the same impaired mechanism may underlie the morphological and phonological problems SLI children display.
Aetiological relationship between language performance and autistic‐like traits in childhood: a twin study
Authors: Dworzynski Katharina , Ronald Angelica , Hayiou‐Thomas Marianna , Rijsdijk Frühling , Happé Francesca , Bolton Patrick F. , Plomin Robert 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBackground: Impairments in language and communication are core features of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). The basis for this association is poorly understood. How early language is related to each of the triad of impairments characteristic of ASDs is also in need of clarification.Aims: This is the first study that aims to determine the extent to which shared genetic and environmental factors underlie the association between early language performance and autistic‐like traits (ALTs) in middle childhood.Methods & Procedures: Data came from a population‐based twin sample (n = 6087 pairs) assessed prospectively at 2, 3, 4 and 8 years. ALTs measured by the Childhood Asperger Syndrome Test (CAST) at 8 years were investigated in relation to language assessed by the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory (CDI) at 2, 3 and 4 years. Multivariate model fitting techniques were used to analyse the origins of this association.Outcomes & Results: Total CAST scores, as well as Social and Communication subscales, at 8 years were weakly but significantly negatively correlated with language ability at 2, 3 and 4 years. Correlations between language and restrictive and repetitive behaviours and interests (RRBI) were not significant. The phenotypic correlations between language and Social and Communication ALTs were almost entirely mediated by shared genetic influences. There were specific genetic influences on early language that were not shared with ALTs, and specific genetic influences on ALTs not shared with earlier language performance.Conclusions: This is the first study to demonstrate shared genetic influences in relation to language performance as an early antecedent of later ALTs. These results support the idea that the triad of core features in ALTs are aetiologically heterogeneous, with early language relating to social and communication impairments but not RRBIs.
Long‐ and short‐term results of children's and adolescents' therapy courses for stuttering
Authors: Laiho Auli , Klippi Anu 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBackground: It is widely known that most young children recover from stuttering. Evaluations of this spontaneous recovery vary from 40 to 80% of stuttering children. However, if the child is already older than 6 years of age, the spontaneous recovery will be less likely. The effectiveness of stuttering treatment, and especially fluency shaping methods, has been frequently studied. Good results in the treatment of stuttering for school‐aged children have been accomplished by several treatment methods. However, stuttering modification treatments have not been studied so intensively.Aims: This study addresses the effects of intensive therapy courses on the stuttering behaviour of children and adolescents. The courses included speech therapy, where stuttering modification treatment was used, and also parental guidance.Methods & Procedures: Taking part in the study were 21 children/adolescents who stutter, and 29 of their mothers/fathers took part in the study. The children were between the ages of 6.8 and 14.0 years. The effectiveness of therapy was evaluated in three ways. First, the speech of the children who stutter was videotaped at both the beginning and the end of the course and the samples were transcribed and analysed. Second, the parents and adolescents completed a feedback questionnaire at the end of the course. And third, the parents and adolescents completed a follow‐up questionnaire 9 months after the course. The aim was to evaluate the changes in stuttering behaviour after the therapy course.Outcomes & Results: The results indicate that stuttering severity became milder or did not change during the course. The percentage of syllables stuttered dropped with two‐thirds of the participants. This result was replicated with avoidance behaviour and struggle behaviour. The quality of stuttering became milder, and by the end many children had shorter moments of stuttering and more repetitions and prolongation instead of blocks. Two participants did not complete the questionnaire. Of those who did, all but one adolescent, and all except one parent, reported that the positive changes in stuttering behaviour had continued during the follow‐up period.Conclusions: The implication is that intensive therapy courses can be helpful to some participants who stutter.
Counting Span and the Identification of Primary Language Impairment
Authors: Danahy Kerry , Windsor Jennifer , Kohnert Kathryn 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBackground: In recent research, verbal working memory has been proposed as a primary area of deficit for children with language impairment (LI), and therefore a source of more sensitive assessment measures. In addition, research on non‐linguistic tasks has suggested that children with LI may have deficits that extend beyond the linguistic domain. These dual lines of research can be connected to the drive for non‐biased assessment tasks for children with diverse language learning experiences (such as bilingual children), because linguistic tasks may be intrinsically biased against such children.Aims: To investigate the usefulness of a working‐memory task with a minimal linguistic load as a potential screening tool for children with primary LI.Methods & Procedures: Three groups of children aged 7;10–13;11 participated in the study: monolingual English‐speaking children with LI, typical monolingual English‐speaking children, and typical Spanish–English bilingual children with several years of English experience. Performance of the three groups on the Counting Span task was explored through group comparisons and likelihood ratios.Outcomes & Results: Children with LI had significantly lower Counting Span Set score accuracy than either typical group, with the monolingual and bilingual groups showing equivalent task performance. However, results from likelihood ratios showed that Counting Span accuracy did not have compelling diagnostic power when the entire age group was considered. Children with less than 67% accuracy were only three times more likely to be from the LI group than from either of the two typical groups. In addition to language status (typical or LI), chronological age was a key contributor to Counting Span performance in this age group. Likelihood ratios for children aged 10;0 and above showed that children with less than 67% accuracy were nine times more likely to come from the LI group than the typical groups.Conclusions: This intermediate diagnostic ability suggests that performance on the Counting Span alone is insufficient to identify LI among linguistically diverse learners. However, Counting Span may be a very useful component of a larger LI assessment battery, particularly for children over the age of 10;0.
Teaching phoneme awareness to pre‐literate children with speech disorder: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Hesketh Anne , Dima Evgenia , Nelson Veronica 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBackground: Awareness of individual phonemes in words is a late‐acquired level of phonological awareness that usually develops in the early school years. It is generally agreed to have a close relationship with early literacy development, but its role in speech change is less well understood. Speech and language therapy for children with speech disorder involves tasks that appear, either implicitly or explicitly, to require a phonemic level of awareness. However, children typically attend for intervention at a pre‐school, pre‐literate stage, i.e. before they would be expected to have developed the relevant phoneme segmentation and manipulation skills.Aims: To investigate whether it is possible to teach phoneme awareness skills to pre‐literate children with speech disorder.Methods & Procedures: In a randomized controlled trial design 42 children with speech disorder, aged 4;0–4;6, were allocated to either a phonological awareness or a language stimulation programme. Children were assessed on four measures of phoneme awareness (alliteration awareness, phoneme isolation, word segmentation and phoneme addition/deletion) immediately before and after the programme and categorized as ‘improved’ or ‘not improved’ according to predetermined criteria. Fisher's Exact test was used to compare outcome in the two groups.Outcomes & Results: Significantly more children improved in the phonological awareness group than in the language stimulation group for three out of the four measures (all except alliteration awareness). However, for the two most advanced tasks (segmentation and addition/deletion) only a small minority of children showed improvement. A marked improvement in Phoneme Isolation was made by the majority of children in the phonological awareness group.Conclusions: It is possible to teach some advanced phoneme awareness skills to some pre‐literate children. Phoneme Isolation was the most easily learned and is a skill that appears very relevant to speech and language therapy. However, phoneme addition, deletion and word segmentation showed relatively limited improvement and only in a small number of cognitively able and older children. Whereas isolation of word initial consonants appears to be a skill that can be triggered at 4;0–4;6 by relevant activities, most children in the study were not cognitively ready for more advanced, abstract phoneme manipulation tasks. This raises questions about how speech and language therapists should tackle many common errors and the age at which we should aim to develop or draw on phoneme awareness to stimulate speech change.
A terminal diagnosis: The carers’ perspective
Authors: Riley Jacqueline , Fenton Gaynor 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis qualitative study explored the views of spouse carers in relation to the emotional impact of caring for a partner with a chronic or terminal illness. The study population consisted of nine full‐time spouse carers, recruited using a snowball sampling strategy.Semi‐structured interviews took place in the carers’ homes. These were recorded and transcribed verbatim. The data were then analysed using constant comparative analysis. Themes identified included the emotional and physical health of the carer, personality changes in the spouse, relationship issues, denial, anticipating death, accessing support and coping strategies. Findings indicate that these carers experienced a whole range of feelings and emotions, which impacted on their health and well‐being. They included fatigue, stress, distress, anxiety, depression, feelings of isolation and suicidal thoughts. These were particularly profound around the time of diagnosis, end of treatment, during a relapse and most particularly around the time of death. An increasing number of terminally ill people are now expressing a preference to be cared for at home. The potential risks to the health of caregivers therefore need to be taken into account. This study highlights the importance of assessing the needs of carers in order to identify those at risk of compromised health, which would then allow those requiring support to be offered prompt referral to specialist services.
Theory‐building case studies of counselling and psychotherapy
Authors: Stiles William B. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn addition to their potential for healing, psychotherapy and counselling offer extraordinary opportunities to observe human experience and behaviour. I suggest practitioners have expertise in and daily access to the phenomena that theories of counselling and psychotherapy seek to explain. Practitioners’ clinical experience can be accumulated and shared through theory-building case study research. This article summarizes the logic of theory‐building case studies and offers practical suggestions for conducting case study research.
Stress‐inducible flavodoxin from photosynthetic microorganisms. The mystery of flavodoxin loss from the plant genome
Authors: Zurbriggen Matías D. , Tognetti Vanesa B. , Carrillo Néstor 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFlavodoxins (Flds) are mobile electron carriers containing flavin mononucleotide as the prosthetic group. They are isofunctional with the ubiquitous electron shuttle ferredoxin (Fd), mediating essentially the same redox processes among a promiscuous lot of donors and acceptors. While Fds are distributed throughout all kingdoms from prokaryotes to animals, Flds are only found in some bacteria and oceanic algae, in which they are induced to replace Fd functions under conditions of iron starvation and environmental stress that cause Fd decline. They thus play a key adaptive role in photosynthetic microorganisms, allowing survival and reproduction under adverse situations. The Fld gene disappeared from the plant genome somewhere between the green algal ancestor and the first terrestrial plants, and the advantages of this adaptive resource were irreversibly lost. However, reintroduction of a cyanobacterial Fld gene in the chloroplasts of transgenic tobacco resulted in remarkably enhanced tolerance to iron starvation and abiotic stress, indicating that the compensatory functions of Fld were still valuable in higher plants. A hypothesis is formulated to explain why Fld, in spite of its proven advantage, was lost from the plant genetic pool. The contention is based on two tenets: (i) iron availability was the major imperative for Fld conservation and adaptive value, and (ii) photosynthetic eukaryotes followed a succession of ecological adaptations, from the open oceans to coastal regions, and from there to the firm land, facing very different scenarios with respect to iron abundance and accessibility.
IUBMB Life, 59: 355‐360, 2007
Sensitivity of the Soccer Defending Skill Scale: A comparison between teams
Authors: Suzuki Koya , Nishijima Takahiko 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to examine the sensitivity of the Soccer Defending Skill Scale (SDSS) using multiple‐group analysis and a structured mean model. The data were 469 defending performances in the finals of the FIFA World Cup Korea/Japan 2002TM, which were measured as distances, angles between attackers and defenders, and the number of players using 6‐point interval scales. The results of multiple‐group analysis indicated that the model, which had factor loading, intercept and factor correlation, and F3/F4/F6 variances invariant across Brazil and Germany, represented the best fit to the data (e.g. Tucker‐Lewis index = 1.001, confirmatory fit index = 1.000, root mean square error of approximation = 0.000). Furthermore, the latent mean model comparison between teams revealed significant differences in latent mean with respect to “defence to attackers without the ball” (Brazil < Germany). We conclude that our results provide strong support for the sensitivity of the SDSS.