bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From Sacred to Profane: Style Drift in the Decoration of Jesuit Finger Rings
Authors: Cleland Charles E. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractEngraved designs on French Jesuit finger rings from 14 historic sites of the Great Lakes area and the Mississippi Valley were examined. The wide variety of decorative motifs appearing on these rings is attributed to a stylistic drift occurring over a period of 60 yr. An estimated 95% of Jesuit ring designs from this area are traced to 3 prototypes. This paper demonstrates that rings with cast designs on round or oval bezels date between 1624 and 1700, while those with designs engraved on octagonal or heart-shaped bezels were current between 1700 and 1780. The process of stylistic drift and some of the variables conditioning the rate of style drift are considered.
Oconastota
Authors: King Duane H. , Olinger Danny E. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn the spring of 1783, Oconastota, the Great Warrior and principal chief of the Overhill Cherokees, died and was buried at his beloved town of Chota on the Little Tennessee River in present day Monroe County, Tennessee. In the fall of 1969, the Department of Anthropology of the University of Tennessee, while conducting archaeological investigations at this site, disinterred a burial which exhibits striking correlations with the historic accounts of Oconastota and his inhumation.
Extended Burials in the Prehistoric Southwest
Authors: Stanislawski Michael B. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe burial of the dead is a conservative trait in all cultures, and thus the diffusion and spread of the rare extended burial pattern in the American Southwest provides excellent evidence of cultural contacts and cultural change. Prior to A.D. 1000, the common Southwestern burial pattern is seen to be that of flexure of the dead, with a few rare extended burials known. Concentrations of extended burials first appear at Chaco Canyon sites dating about A.D. 1050, and the pattern seems to spread from there first to the Sinagua region and to nearby Mogollon groups, then to the Hopi and Zuni regions, and finally, with the Sinagua and Salado migrations, into the Gila-Salt River Valley. The complex may ultimately be of Mesoamerican origin. Some data on grave types and burial covering are also discussed.
Identification of the Sources of Hopewellian Obsidian in the Middle West
Authors: Griffin James B. , Gordus A. A. , Wright G. A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractOne hundred and twenty years ago, the first obsidian implements were reported from Hopewellian mounds by Squier and Davis (1848). Since that time, a number of regions have been suggested as the source area: Alaska, the Pacific Coast, Yellowstone National Park, New Mexico, and central Mexico. Neutron activation analysis of the elemental composition of Hopewellian obsidian indicates two separate element groups. One of these, the 150 Group, has its source at Obsidian Cliff in Yellowstone. The second, the 90 Group, is also located in Yellowstone, but the exact flow has not yet been discovered.
“Hit-And-Run” Archaeology: A Reply to Euler
Authors: Jett Stephen C. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractEuler's (1968) criticisms of Jett’s "criticisms" are based largely on misinterpretation of Jett (1968). No political cause is espoused in Jett nor is criticism of colleagues the motive for the article. Enumeration of sites overlooked by various surveys was to show how “… the number of known sites has increased with each survey, how continuing revision of interpretation has been necessary, and how survey work is by no means complete…” (Jett 1968), suggesting that long-term work in an area adds more to knowledge than does work limited in time by reservoir construction. Jett does not criticize popular publication per se; however, caution in revealing locations of incompletely excavated sites is recommended.
Abandonment and Post-Abandonment Behavior at a Rural Central American House-Site
Authors: Lange Frederick W. , Rydberg Charles R. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractExamination of a recently abandoned modern rural house-site in northern Costa Rica was undertaken in an attempt to gain insights into the absence of comparable sites from the Precolumbian archaeological record. The site was thoroughly described, a number of hypotheses based on artifactual evidence were advanced, and the former occupants were then interviewed. Abandonment and post-abandonment behavior by the occupants and others stongly influenced the material culture remains and potential archaeological data. The site had been subjected to a number of alterations and artifacts found were of the lowest retentive priority. A number of problems relevant to archaeological investigation at such sites were elucidated.
Some Remarks on the Study of Prehistoric Structures
Authors: Vencl Slavomil 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe present article responds to questions raised by Marshall (1969). Based on European material, the author concludes that engineering principles cannot be universally applied, despite some obviously positive results. Before reconstructing an object, the completeness of its preserved remains should be taken into account and the preserved floor plan should be supplemented with those elements that have vanished. To use only what actually remains of a house floor in making a reconstruction presupposes that the layout is fully preserved, and this is of course not always the case. The English version of this paper was translated from the original Czech manuscript by H. Martin Wobst, University of Michigan.
Differential Bone Destruction: Some Comments
Authors: Casteel Richard W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe role of scavengers, especially dogs, with reference to archaeological faunal remains is not always clear. While distortion admittedly results from the activities of these animals, total destruction of all such evidence is questioned. Emphasis is placed upon fish remains in the examples and both ethnographic and archaeological data are used. It is argued that a more thorough knowledge of the nature of the food items themselves will greatly aid in assessing both their potential archaeological visibility and the information they may yield.
Mississippian Hunting and Butchering Patterns: Bone from the Vista Shelter, 23SR-20, Missouri
Authors: Wood W. Raymond 
Published: April 2006

AbstractVista Shelter, on the northwestern margin of the Ozark Highlands in southwestern Missouri, is identified as a hunting station of the prehistoric Mississippian Steed-Kisker focus. This shelter, suitably located for the exploitation of water-dwelling, forest, and prairie-dwelling species, was used by small groups engaged in deer and bison hunts in prairie areas far removed from their riverine settlements near present-day Kansas City. The bone frequencies at the site suggest that animals were killed nearby, cuts of meat were taken to the shelter and processed, and dried meat was returned home. This hunting station helps explain the rarity of refuse bone in the permanent villages, since many animals were butchered and processed far from the home villages. These conclusions are related to prairie and plains hunting and butchering patterns, and the significance of food bone in archaeological sites is thereby emphasized.
Comment on Gunnerson's “Plateau Shoshonean Prehistory”
Authors: Schroeder Albert H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractGunnerson's postulated reconstruction of Plateau Shoshonean prehistory, based on linguistic data and geographic correlations of prehistoric and historic groups, is questioned on the basis of archaeological evidence, which indicates that a complete replacement of the prehistoric culture pattern took place in the 1100's in the Virgin River area of Nevada.
A Human Skeleton from Sediments of Mid-Pinedale Age in Southeastern Washington
Authors: Fryxell Roald , Bielicki Tadeusz , Daugherty Richard D. , Gustafson Carl E. , Irwin Henry T. , Keel Bennie C. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA living-site including human bones, bone midden, and artifacts has been discovered in sediments of mid-Pinedale age at the Marmes Rockshelter archaeological site in southeastern Washington. Radiocarbon dates, from sediments overlying the buried flood-plain surface on which these bones occur, show them to be older than 11,000 years. Geomorphic relationships suggest that the site may be younger than about 13,000 years.
Check-Stamped Pottery on the Northern and Central Great Plains
Authors: Neuman Robert W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractCheck-stamped potsherds have been found at 50 sites on the Plains, and a check-stamped paddle of bone is reported from one site. These sites are found in a large area that extends from central Kansas northward into Saskatchewan and from the foothills of the Rocky Mountains to eastern North Dakota. The sites have been attributed by various writers to the Blackfoot, Crow, Hidatsa, Cree, Mandan, Pawnee, Ponca, Wichita, and Kansa. In most of these sites the check-stamped potsherds have a low frequency, and only at a few Hidatsa and Mandan sites do they predominate. As all check-stamped pottery from this area is assignable to the period of A.D. 1500 to 1845, check-stamped specimens may be used as diagnostic artifacts for the late prehistoric and early historic period.
Olmec and Chavin: Rejoinder to Lanning
Authors: Coe Michael D. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe maize design on a bottle from Kotosh is unusual for its time and place in its choice of subject matter and mode of depiction, and a previous statement that the motif might be of Olmec origin is defended. Lanning's attack on past arguments for early diffusion from Mesoamerica to Peru is countered by questioning (a) the role of the Intermediate area and lowland South America as alternative sources for the observed similarities, (b) the nature of unpublished data, (c) the age of the architectural complex at Las Haldas, (d) the likelihood of establishing final “proofs” or full chronological contexts, and (e) the reasoning of the “wait-until-all-the-facts-are-in” school. It is proposed that hypotheses are not assumptions but concepts subject to change which are ever attempting to explain large bodies of data. Such a hypothesis is that which originates New World civilization on the Gulf Coast of Mexico, and a revision of this hypothesis is made which accounts for the Chavin civilization as the result of a fusion of intrusive Olmec art and religion with an older, native-Peruvian tradition based on fabric construction and the worship of the condor and serpent.
The Skulls from Torrington, Wyoming: A Re-evaluation
Authors: Agogino George A. , Galloway Eugene 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe Torrington skeletal material owes its suspected antiquity to its osteologic similarity to Minnesota Man. A recent study of the Torrington remains, based on laboratory analysis and grave artifacts, indicates that these burials are of late prehistoric age. These results reveal the danger of using morphological comparison, without supporting evidence, to establish chronological relationships.
Occurrence of Overall Corded Pottery in the Upper Ottawa Valley, Canada
Authors: Mitchell B. M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPottery with overall cording as the only form of decoration (both internally and externally) is reported from a site in eastern Ontario. This pottery came from a level overlain by a Middle Woodland component. As overall cording is not a Hopewellian trait, and as Hopewellian is believed to have influenced Woodland, it will be of interest to determine the age of this early level. Radiocarbon dates from this level, when compared with dates from similar culture levels in New York, should throw light on the direction of the spread of corded pottery into the Northeast.
The Lithic Assemblage of the Western Desert Aborigines of Australia
Authors: Gould Richard A. , Koster Dorothy A. , Sontz Ann H. L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractStatistical and microscopic studies of ethnographic Australian Aboriginal stone tools reveal patterns which correlate significantly with the known uses, techniques of manufacture, and native classification of these tools. Statistically, the most significant correlation occurs between the angle of the working edge of the tool and the classification and function of the tool. Steep-edge flakes are classified as purpunpa and serve as woodworking scrapers, while flakes with acute edge-angles are classed as tjimari and are used as knives for cutting skin and tendons. Microscopic study has further revealed that woodworking scrapers show a distinctive pattern of use-wear. Some trial comparisons are also attempted between ethnographic Aboriginal woodworking scrapers and Quina-type scrapers of Bordes' Quina-Ferrassie facies of the Mousterian in order to suggest the value of comparing ethnographically known tools with archaeological specimens.
Note on Salwen's Comment on “Archaeological Potential of the Atlantic Continental Shelf”
Authors: Powell B. W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn a recent note, Salwen challenges Emery and Edwards, who earlier reiterated a suggestion by Byers and others that absence of marine shells in low levels of some Atlantic Coast middens might record “failure of the local inhabitants to learn to eat marine mollusks.” Salwen's “environmental” explanation for this phenomenon is challenged in turn. Further, in a list of drowned and near-drowned sites in the Northeast that he curiously says “can be considerably expanded,” his most recent citation is 14 years old, and he ignores more recent work. Finally, his belief that peat layers may protect artifact assemblages and preserve drowned coastal sites in “relatively undisturbed” condition is questioned.
Radiocarbon Dating of the Organic Portion of Ceramic and Wattle-and-Daub House Construction Materials of Low Carbon Content
Authors: Taylor R. E. , Berger Rainer 
Published: April 2006

AbstractRadiocarbon determinations on a series of low-carbon-content ceramic and wattle-and-daub samples were made to determine the validity of radiocarbon dates based on these types of sample materials. Good agreement between radiocarbon dates obtained from the ceramic samples and from charcoal samples stratigraphically associated with the ceramics suggests that radiocarbon dates obtained on low-carbon-content ceramic materials are reliable if appropriate precautions are observed. The confidence which can be placed on radiocarbon dates obtained on wattle-and-daub sample materials is, at present, somewhat less secure. Problems in the use of these sample materials are discussed.
A Three-Sided Figurine from Izapa, Chiapas, Mexico
Authors: Ekholm Susanna M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA three-sided female figurine body was found in Preclassic mound fill during excavations by the BYU-New World Archaeological Foundation at Izapa, Chiapas, Mexico. A suggested partial reconstruction is given. Stratigraphically the figurine dates from the Conchas 2-Mamom phase or earlier. Stylistically it seems best associated with the Conchas 2 figurines of La Victoria, Guatemala. Though double figures are well known from Mesoamerica, this example and a triple-sided Olmec figurine head from Veracruz are the only known triple-sided examples. The multiple figures show a wide spread in southern Mesoamerica, but few have been reported and their significance is unknown.
Archaeological Field Sampling
Authors: Rootenberg S. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe residue of an archaeological site, which represents a collection of cultural and noncultural materials, provides quantitative information from which some indication of cultural practices and ecological and chronological relationships can be extracted. If quantitative methods of analysis are to be successfully applied to archaeological remains, the archaeologist must either totally excavate a site, recovering all the elements in the residue, or he can devise some system of sampling it. Total excavation is seldom possible or feasible because of limited resources. Consequently, he resorts to the process of sampling, that is, excavating only a portion of the whole site. His field objective is to collect as representative a sample of elements as possible with a minimum expenditure of time, labor, and money. Achieving this objective depends upon following a sampling procedure. Stratified-cluster sampling is a method proposed to achieve this objective. A sampling design of 13 steps is presented to serve as a guide to this method.
Family Size, Prehistoric Population Estimates, and the Ancient Maya
Authors: Haviland William A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractCurrent interest among anthropologists in population size as a major independent variable makes it likely that attempts will be made to estimate the size of populations resident at various prehistoric sites at particular points in time in Mesoamerica. Such estimates are likely to depend on some notion of the average number of people resident in a single house. The problem of arriving at such a statistic is illustrated for the Classic Maya site of Tikal, Guatemala. A consideration of demographic data from Tikal and modern Yucatán Maya communities, as well as information on household composition in sixteenth century Yucatán are reviewed which suggests that it is best to assume that each individual dwelling within a prehistoric household group at Tikal was inhabited by an average of 5 people. This requires some slight modification of previously published population estimates for Tikal and Mayapan, which relied on a base figure of 5.6 people per house.
Comment on Weymouth's “X-Ray Diffraction Analysis of Prehistoric Pottery”
Authors: Rice Prudence M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWeymouth's X-ray diffraction analysis of prehistoric pottery necessitates a reevaluation of what diffraction peaks and "groupings" of peaks mean culturally. Specifically, archaeologists need to clarify what they mean by "temper" and what "temper" means behaviorally. X-ray diffraction will not screen out naturally occurring inclusions in the clay from those added by potters; consequently, X-ray data based on mineral ratios cannot necessarily be interpreted culturally as "temper" added by potters.
Textile and Basketry Impressions from Icehouse Bottom, Tennessee
Authors: Chapman B. J. , Adovasio J. M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAnalysis of a series of negative impressions in fired clay recovered during the 1975 excavations at Icehouse Bottom (40MR23), Tennessee, indicates the production and/or use of both single element textiles and basketry at that site. One type of single element textile, knotted looping, is represented by a single specimen while one of the three major subclasses of basketry is also present. The latter includes 19 samples of a single structural type of twining. The technical characteristics of this, the oldest well dated "perishable" assemblage from east of the Mississippi River, are discussed and the assemblage is briefly compared to others in eastern and western North America.
The Dating of Teotihuacan Contact at Altun Ha: The New Evidence
Authors: Pring D. C. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPendergast's assertion that a Teotihuacan cache at Altun Ha, Belize, should be dated to the earliest part of the Protoclassic period is questioned in the light of recent findings of the ceramics of that period. The new evidence also tends to confirm the belief that the Floral Park ceramic complex coexisted with and did not totally displace the Chicanel phase.
Comment on Turnbaugh
Authors: Cotter J. L. , Day D. H. , Klein J. I. , Pollak J. S. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractReplies to Turnbaugh's “An on-campus alternative to the archaeological field school” (American Antiquity 41:208-11) argue that the context in which the on-campus alternative is undertaken is important, as with any field school. At the same time the on-campus field school has significant value. An additional alternative to field schools is proposed.
Application of Geomorphic Data to Archaeology: A Comment
Authors: Weide David L. , Weide Margaret L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractArchaeological site surveying and locational analysis of anthropological data depend in part on discrete subdivisions of geographic space. This fact is amplified in a recent proposal by Plog and Hill (1971) that outlines a numerical system for ordering stream channels and drainage basins as part of the statistical basis for correlation of site data. As proposed, however, their system is unworkable when used in conjunction with available geomorphic and hydrologic data. It is more convenient to use an established and standardized method of ranking drainage networks that allows correlation of comparable geomorphic data between and within basins of all sizes.
Downslope Movement and Archaeological Intrasite Spatial Analysis
Authors: Rick John W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractErosion can produce heterogeneous distributions of cultural materials of differing densities, weights, and shapes within an archaeological site. A large, provenienced surface collection from a preceramic site in highland Peru is examined for evidence of downslope movement as an explanation for observed heterogeneity in artifact distribution. Statistical methods of spatial analysis are used to define the extent of movements of surface materials in this site. For this particular area of Peru, critical angles for downslope movement will limit the site areas in which analysis of horizontal distributions can be expected to produce culturally significant information.
A Trend-Surface Analysis of Central Plains Radiocarbon Dates
Authors: Roper Donna C. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractFor the past several decades, students of the Central Plains tradition have postulated a south-to-north trend of movement by the bearers of this tradition. Such a pattern should be detectable by means of a trend-surface analysis of the available radiocarbon dates. This paper reports such an analysis. The trend is found to be largely supported by the chronological evidence.
A Proposed Method for Deriving Seasonal Data from the Echinoid, Evechinus Chloroticus (Val.), in Archaeological Deposits
Authors: Coutts Peter J. F. , Jones K. L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn recent years, the importance of seasonal dating in archaeology has been widely acknowledged. To this end, relatively sophisticated methods of determining the season of death of cockles (Chione stutchbury) from coastal midden sites in New Zealand, have been developed. These methods can only be applied when the midden deposits contain cockles and those middens are normally found in the vicinity of lagoons, sandy beaches, or estuaries. However, the Echinodermata are endemic to the rocky shore sub-tidal zone, and recent research in New Zealand on one species of echinoid (Evechinus chloroticus) has defined growth patterns which are seasonally dependant. This research has provided the basis for exploring a method of determining seasonal dates for midden deposits containing Echinoidea. This method, when fully developed, should prove useful for extracting seasonal data from middens which do not have any cockles, and will provide a further means of cross-checking seasonal dates.
Preceramic Textiles and Cordage From Guitarrero Cave, Peru
Authors: Adovasio James M. , Lynch Thomas F. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractFifty-five pieces of cordage and 13 textile fragments, probably dating from the ninth through sixth millennium B.C., are described from this dry multi-component site. Wood and bone tools may also be associated with the textile and basketry industries. It appears that twining in South America as well as North America is the basic textile technique from which most of the others are derived, and that it has a similar antiquity in both continents. Spiral interlinking and cross-knit looping are also represented in the early deposits, and there is a possibility that simple loom weaving may have a longer history in Peru than previously supposed.