bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficient, tunable photonic crystal fiber Raman laser
Authors: Yan Pei‐Guang , Ruan Shuang‐Chen , Guo Chun‐Yu , Yu Yong‐Qin , Li Ling 
Published: December 2006

AbstractAn efficient, tunable photonic crystal fiber Raman laser was firstly investigated. At the lasing light of 1126.8 nm, up to 2.7 W of continuous‐wave output power was obtained at the maximum incident pump power of 5.6 W. The corresponding optical conversion efficiency and the slope efficiency were ∼48 and ∼70.9%, respectively. By applying longitudinal tension strain on the fiber Bragg grating, we achieved ∼6.4 nm of the dynamic range with our laser. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 395–397, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22139
RFID tag antenna using two‐shorted microstrip patches mountable on metallic objects
Authors: Yu Byunggil , Kim Sung‐Joo , Jung Byungwoon , Harackiewicz Frances J. , Lee Byungje 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA novel UHF band RFID tag antenna, which can be effectively mounted on metallic objects, is presented. Using the inductively coupled feeding technique, the proposed antenna consists of two symmetric shorted radiating elements and feeding loop. The feeding loop is excited so that the currents on the radiating elements are out of phase with the equal amplitude. The proposed tag antenna gives smaller variation of the antenna performance than that of conventional tag antennas when the tag is mounted on the various sizes of the metallic objects. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 414–416, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22159
Ultra wide band filter with wide stop band
Authors: Packiaraj D. , Ramesh M. , Kalghatgi A. T. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractDesign of an ultra wide band (UWB) filter using tightly coupled lines in micro strip medium suitable for UWB communications has been presented in this paper. Coupled lines with centrally loaded open circuited stubs have been appropriately chosen to locate the two attenuation poles, close to either side of the desired pass band. Experimental results of a 3.1–5.3 GHz filter designed using the present method have been verified against the results obtained from circuit model. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 436–439, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22166
Compact dual‐mode bandpass filter using equilateral triangular slotted‐patch resonator
Authors: Chen Jian‐Xin , Xue Quan 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA compact dual‐mode bandpass filter (BPF) using equilateral triangular slotted‐patch resonator is proposed, which has the advantages of compact size, low insertion loss, and good passband selectivity because of two transmission zeros located at the low and high stopband. A demonstration BPF is optimized, fabricated, and tested. The simulated and measured results are presented and show good agreements. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 493–494, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22169
The economics of land‐use regulation in the presence of an externality: a dynamic approach
Authors: Goetz Renan U. , Zilberman David 
Published: December 2006

AbstractLand‐use restrictions are frequently applied to separate non‐polluting from polluting activities. In contrast to the existing literature, we simultaneously incorporate spatial and intertemporal aspects of the problem and endogenously determine the border of the zones. Intensity‐orientated instruments alone, such as a spatially differentiated tax on inputs or outputs, are not able to support the socially optimal outcome and need to be complemented by instruments that affect choices at the extensive margin such as positive or negative land‐use taxes or land zoning. The necessary changes required to transform a spatially optimal, yet static, environmental policy into an intertemporally and spatially optimal environmental policy are presented and discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Boosting silica levels in wheat leaves reduces grazing by rabbits
Authors: Cotterill Jane V , Watkins Richard W , Brennon Clare B , Cowan David P 
Published: December 2006

AbstractSystemic application of sodium silicate can significantly enhance the levels of leaf silica in winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL. cv. Mercia), suggesting that this material could reduce the palatability of plants to vertebrate herbivores (e.g. rabbits,Oryctolagus cuniculusL.). A bioassay was developed using hydroponically grown wheat plants. Plants treated with sodium silicate were significantly more resistant to grazing by wild rabbits than untreated plants, with severe, potentially lethal feeding damage being reduced by over 50%. Further studies were carried out to develop more practical techniques for boosting silica levels in plants using silicon‐rich ‘fertilisers’ including calcium silicate and calcium silicate slag (CSS). Silica levels were elevated in the plant 1.9–2.8 times over the control through the application of various silicon materials, in line with those of the hydroponic treatment. Encouragingly, levels of silica were elevated even in young wheat plants, which are most vulnerable to rabbit damage, and in a range of wheat varieties. The use of CSS is particularly promising because of its lower cost in comparison with calcium silicate, and it has a proven track record in slag fertilisation of rice and sugar cane crops. At the optimum CSS application rate of 3 g silicon L−1soil, wheat silica levels were approximately doubled, with no detrimental impacts on long‐term growth or yield. Crown copyright 2006. Reproduced with the permission of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of agricultural adjuvants on droplet spectra
Authors: Spanoghe Pieter , De Schampheleire Mieke , Van der Meeren Paul , Steurbaut Walter 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe formation of a spray is the result of interaction between the nozzle type and the spray liquid. When adjuvants lower the surface tension, a shift to a finer spray quality might be expected. Increases in viscosity might cause coarser sprays. The spray pressure, nozzle type and spray liquid determine spray performance. Adjuvants that cause droplets of oil in the spray mixture, for example crop oils, petroleum oils and even some water‐insoluble emulsifiers and surfactants, may unexpectedly increase the spray droplet size. In cases where a finer spray is obtained, the volume fraction of drops smaller than 100 µm diameter, V100, is expected to increase, but for some adjuvants a decrease in V100 is observed. Finally, spray droplets may also differ when the concentration of the applied adjuvants changes. An overview based on reports in the literature is given of the effects of different classes of adjuvants used for agricultural cropping on spray droplet spectra. The effects of these adjuvants on spray formation depend on the type of nozzle in combination with the applied pressure. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Cloning, characterization and expression of a calnexin homologue from the pathogenic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
Authors: dos Santos Feitosa Luciano , de Almeida Soares Célia Maria , dos Santos Márcia Regina Machado , Bailão Alexandre Melo , Xander Patrícia , Mortara Renato Arruda , Lopes José Daniel 
Published: December 2006

AbstractWe report the cloning of a Paracoccidioides brasiliensis cDNA, here named PbCnx, encoding the homologue of the endoplasmic reticulum molecular chaperone calnexin. Calnexin specifically recognizes monoglucosylated glycoproteins in the endoplasmic reticulum, thus being an essential component of the complex that interacts with the folded state of nascent secreted glycoproteins. The PbCnx open reading frame was found in a 1701 base pair (bp) fragment that encodes a 567 amino acid protein with an estimated mass of 62 680 Da. Northern and Southern blot hybridizations showed that PbCnx is encoded by a single, or a low number of, gene copies. PbCnx contains the hallmark KPEDWD motifs that are found in all members of the calnexin/calreticulin family proteins. A cDNA‐encoding PbCnx was overexpressed as recombinant protein in Escherichia coli. The purified recombinant PbCnx was recognized by 6 out of 10 sera from PCM patients, a result that rules out its possible consideration for further use in diagnosis. Using confocal microscopy with anti‐PbCnx mouse serum against yeast forms, a cytoplasmic staining pattern was observed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Which Comorbid Conditions Predict Complications after Surgery for Colorectal Cancer?
Authors: Lemmens Valery E. P. P. , Janssen‐Heijnen Maryska L. G. , Houterman Saskia , Verheij Kees D. G. W. , Martijn Hendrik , van de Poll‐Franse Lonneke , Coebergh Jan Willem W. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractBackgroundAccurate presurgical assessment is important to anticipate postoperative complications, especially in the growing proportion of elderly cancer patients. We designed a study to define which comorbid conditions at the time of diagnosis predict complications after surgery for colorectal cancer.PatientsA random sample of 431 patients recorded in the population‐based Eindhoven Cancer Registry who underwent resection for stage I–III colorectal cancer, newly diagnosed between 1995 and 1999 were entered into this study.MethodsThe influence of specific comorbid conditions on the incidence and type of complications after surgery for colorectal cancer was analyzed.ResultsOverall, patients with comorbidity did not develop more surgical complications. However, patients with a tumor located in the colon who suffered from concomitant chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) more often developed pneumonia (18% versus 2%; P = 0.0002) and hemorrhage (9% versus 1%; P = 0.02). Patients with colon cancer who suffered from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) at the time of cancer diagnosis more often had surgical complications (67% versus 30%; P = 0.04), especially more minor infections (44% versus 11%; P = 0.002) and major infections (56% versus 10%; P < 0.0001), pneumonia (22% versus 2%; P = 0.01), and thromboembolic complications (11% versus 3%; P = 0.02). Patients with a tumor located in the rectum who suffered from COPD more frequently had any surgical complication (73% versus 46%; P = 0.04), and the presence of DVT at the time of cancer diagnosis was predictive of thromboembolic complications (17% versus 4%; P = 0.045). The presence of DVT remained significant after adjustment for relevant patient and tumor characteristics (odds ratio 9.0, 95% confidence interval 1.1–27.9).ConclusionsAmong patients undergoing surgery for colorectal cancer, development of complications was especially predicted by presence of COPD and DVT. In patients with the latter comorbidity, regulation of the pre‐ and postsurgical hemostatic balance needs full attention.
Nerve‐Identifying Inguinal Hernia Repair: A Surgical Anatomical Study
Authors: Wijsmuller A. R. , Lange J. F. M. , Kleinrensink G. J. , van Geldere D. , Simons M. P. , Huygen F. J. P. M. , Jeekel J. , Lange J. F. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractBackgroundPain syndromes of somatic and neuropathic origin are considered to be the main causes of chronic pain after open inguinal hernia repair. Nerve‐identification during open hernia repair is suggested to be associated with less postoperative chronic pain. The aim of this study was to define clinically relevant surgical anatomical zones facilitating efficient identification of the three inguinal nerves during open herniorrhaphy.MethodThrough dissection of 18 inguinal areas of embalmed and unembalmed human cadavers, identification zones were developed for the inguinal nerves (in particular for the genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve).ResultsThe iliohypogastric nerve was identifiable running approximately horizontally and ventrally to the internal oblique muscle perforating the external oblique aponeurosis at a mean of 3.8 cm (range 2.5–5.5 cm) cranially from the external ring. When present, the ilioinguinal nerve was identifiable running ventrally and parallel to the spermatic cord, dorsally from the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle. Identification of the genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve was more comprehensive. The course of the genital branch is laterocaudal at the level of the internal inguinal ring.ConclusionBased on the newly defined identification zones, peroperative identification of all inguinal nerves is possible. Further research is warranted to assess clinical feasibility of these zones and to evaluate the influence of (facultative) division, preservation or omittance of the identification of inguinal nerves on the incidence of chronic pain.
Methyl ester propoxylates
Authors: Cox Michael F. , Weerasooriya Upali , Filler Paul , Mellors William 
Published: December 2006

AbstractInsertion of propylene oxide into methyl esters is accomplished using a proprietary alkoxylation catalyst. The alkoxylation mechanism is believed to involve transesterification between the alkoxylated metal‐alkoxide of the catalyst and the ester. Optimal alkoxylation conditions are discussed. The effect of inserting propylene oxide prior to ethoxylation on surface properties and foam performance is examined.
Laundry products in bar form
Authors: Berna J. L. , Moreno A. , Bengoechea C. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractSynthetic detergents have all but replaced soap in the developed countries. Laundry products in bar form, however, are still the major detergent in much of the world where manual washing predominates. This article reviews the types of laundry bars in existence today, their consumption, typical compositions, and the processes by which they are manufactured.
Sensory Assessment of Microencapsulated Fish Oil Powder
Authors: Kolanowski Wojciech , Jaworska Danuta , Weißbrodt Jenny , Kunz Benno 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe aim of the study was to investigate the influence of microencapsulation by spray drying on fish oil sensory quality. Evaluated fish oil powders were coated with modified cellulose, skim milk powder and a mixture of fish gelatin and cornstarch. Samples were stored in the presence of air and under vacuum and then sensory evaluated. It was shown that fish oil powders were very susceptible to oxidation resulting in off‐flavor formation. Odor profiles of samples stored in the presence of air were unstable and showed increases in undesirable odor attributes, which were significantly correlated with peroxide value, especially in the case of samples formed by spray drying. Elimination of air from the packaging improved stability of all samples during storage in both odor profile and peroxide value. The main conclusion of this study is that microencapsulation, especially by spray drying, provokes strong changes in fish oil sensory quality. Microencapsulated fish oil powder is not stable and rapidly oxidizes in the presence of air. However, its stability may be improved when stored under vacuum.
Do studies in caveolin‐knockouts teach us about physiology and pharmacology or instead, the ways mice compensate for ‘lost proteins’?
Authors: Insel P A , Patel H H 
Published: December 2006

A wide array of phenotypic changes have been reported in mice with knockout of expression of caveolin‐1. Neidhold et al. (2007) describe results in this issue that continue this trend by showing that saphenous arteries from adult caveolin‐1 knockout mice lack caveolae, lose β1‐adrenoceptor‐promoted relaxation, gain β3‐adrenoceptor‐promoted relaxation but show no change in vasomotor response to β2‐adrenoceptor activation. Neither the physiological importance for wild‐type animals nor the mechanistic basis for these changes is clear. Although the caveolin‐1 knockout and wild‐type mice express similar levels of the receptor mRNAs, the protein expression of the receptors is not specified and represents, in our view, an important limitation of the study. We also question the physiological relevance of the findings and ask: Do studies in total body/lifespan caveolin‐knockout mice further understanding of physiology and pharmacology or do they primarily characterize secondary consequences? We propose that alternative approaches that decrease caveolin expression in a temporally and spatially discrete manner are more likely to facilitate definitive conclusions regarding caveolin‐1 and its role in regulation of β‐adrenoceptors and other pharmacological targets.British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 150, 251–254. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706981
The antinociceptive effects of intraplantar injections of 2‐arachidonoyl glycerol are mediated by cannabinoid CB2receptors
Authors: Guindon J , Desroches J , Beaulieu P 
Published: December 2006

Background and purpose:2‐arachidonoyl glycerol (2‐AG) is an endogenous cannabinoid with central antinociceptive properties. Its degradation is catalysed by monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL) whose activity is inhibited by URB602, a new synthetic compound. The peripheral antinociceptive effects of 2‐AG and URB602 in an inflammatory model of pain are not yet determined. We have evaluated these effects with and without the cannabinoid CB1(AM251) and CB2(AM630) receptor antagonists.Experimental approach:Inflammation was induced in rat hind paws by intraplantar injection of formalin. Nociception was assessed behaviourally over the next 60 min, in 19 experimental groups: (1) control; (2‐6) 2‐AG (0.01‐100 μg); (7) AM251 (80 μg); (8) AM251+2‐AG (10 μg); (9) AM630 (25 μg); (10) AM630+2‐AG (10 μg); (11‐16) URB602 (0.1‐500 μg); (17) 2‐AG+URB602 (ED50); (18) AM251+URB602 (ED50); (19) AM630+URB602 (ED50). Drugs were injected s.c. in the dorsal surface of the hind paw (50 μl), 15 min before formalin injection into the same paw.Key results:2‐AG and URB602 produced dose‐dependent antinociceptive effects for the late phases of the formalin test with ED50of 0.65±0.455 μg and 68±14.3 μg, respectively. Their combination at ED50doses produced an additive antinociceptive effect. These effects were inhibited by AM630 but not by AM251 for 2‐AG and by the two cannabinoid antagonists for URB602.Conclusions and implications:Locally injected 2‐AG and URB602 decreased pain behaviour in a dose‐dependent manner in an inflammatory model of pain. The antinociceptive effect of 2‐AG was mediated by the CB2receptor.British Journal of Pharmacology(2007)150, 693–701. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706990
Inhibitors of phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE 5) inhibit the nerve‐induced release of nitric oxide from the rabbit corpus cavernosum
Authors: Hallén K , Wiklund N P , Gustafsson L E 
Published: December 2006

Background and purpose:Nitrergic neurons are important for erectile responses in the corpus cavernosum and impaired signalling results in erectile dysfunction, today treated successfully by oral administration of the selective phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE 5) inhibitors sildenafil, tadalafil and vardenafil. Although the importance of nitrergic neurons in urogenital function has become evident, it has not been investigated if the PDE 5 inhibitors affect the nerve‐induced release of nitric oxide (NO). In a previous study we found that the soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC)/cyclic guanosine 3’,5’–monophosphate (cGMP) pathway might modulate nerve‐induced release of NO in isolated cavernous tissue.Experimental approach:Electrical field stimulation (EFS 5 Hz, 40 V, 0.3 ms pulse duration, 25 pulses at intervals of 2 min) of rabbit isolated cavernous tissue elicited reproducible, nerve‐mediated relaxations in the presence of scopolamine (10−5 M), guanethidine (10−5 M) and phenylephrine (3 × 10−6 M). In superfusion experiments, nerve stimulation (20 Hz, 40 V, 1 ms) of the cavernous tissue evoked release of NO/NO2
−, measured by chemiluminescence.Key results:Sildenafil, tadalafil and vardenafil decreased the muscular tone and prolonged the relaxations to nerve stimulation. The evoked release of NO decreased to 72±11%, 55±16% and 61±14% of control, respectively after addition of sildenafil, tadalafil or vardenafil (all 10−4 M, n=6–8, p<0.05).Conclusions and Implications:Selective PDE 5 inhibitors influence the nerve‐induced release of NO, probably via cGMP‐mediated negative feedback. This negative feedback might explain why priapism is not seen during monotherapy with the PDE inhibitors.British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 150, 353–360. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706991
On‐target trajectories and the final pull in archery
Authors: Edelmann‐Nusser Jürgen , Heller Mario , Hofmann Martin , Ganter Nico 
Published: December 2006

AbstractAt the end of the aiming phase, an archer pulls the arrow back a little bit before he releases the shot. This pulling back of the arrow is called the “final pull”. Simultaneous with the final pull, the archer has to hold the bow calm. The aim of this paper was to examine the motion of the bow and the final pull in highly skilled archers. From a technological point of view, we wished to develop a system to measure the draw‐length in the final pull that could be used during archers’ normal training. Seven archers (two males, five females), all of whom were participants at the Junior World Championships and German National Championships, performed 66 shots indoors at a target 30 m away. Each archer shot the same bow as used in competition. On‐target trajectories of the aim point movement were measured. Also, the alterations of the draw‐length in the final pull were determined. The results suggest that irregularities in the final pull have a negative influence on archers’ scores. Intra‐individually, a smaller range of motion of the bow in the last second before the shot appears to have a positive influence on archers’ scores.
Mood state monitoring of training and recovery in elite kayakers
Authors: Kenttä Göran , Hassmén Peter , Raglin John S. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractEleven elite kayakers performed an identical weekly training schedule each week during a 3‐week training‐camp. The Profile of Mood States (POMS) inventory (“right now” instructions) was completed before and after selected workouts each week to assess both training‐induced mood disturbances and the extent of recovery following short and long rest. The ratio of POMS vigour to POMS fatigue scores was used as an “energy index”. Energy index scores were compared with ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) to address the size of the training load. Performance measures were obtained during the first and last week. The results showed that the energy index decreased (p<0.01) throughout the camp and did not return to initial values following either the short (one night) or long rest (two nights and one day). Performance measures and RPE remained unaffected throughout training, as did the POMS depression scores, indicating that the athletes experienced an overreached state but did not develop staleness. Our results suggest that repeated evaluation using POMS fatigue, vigour, and depression scores during periods of intensified training may help prevent athletes from becoming severely overreached and reduce the likelihood of staleness.