bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clay mineralogy and chemistry of halloysite and alunite deposits in the Turplu area, Balikesir, Turkey
Authors: Ece Ö. Işik , Schroeder Paul A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA field-mapping and crystal-chemical study of two alunite- and halloysite-rich deposits in the Turplu area, situated northwest of Balıkesir on the Biga Peninsula of northwest Turkey reveals a mineralogically diverse and a potentially economic clay deposit. The mineral assemblage along fault zones is dominated by halloysite and sometimes alunite. The alunite is nearly end-member in composition (a = 6.995 Å, c = 17.195 Å) often occurring with a minor Ca phosphate phase. Of the two deposits studied, the more northerly mine contains more alunite relative to halloysite. Geochemical alteration indices suggest that the northern mine has experienced a slightly greater degree of hydrothermal modification. Halloysite is found in both hydrated and dehydrated states and assumes a tubular morphology. Observations by transmission and scanning electron microscopy are consistent with a model of halloysite dehydration, where the shapes transform from an open-hole tubular morphology to a closed-hole unfurled morphology.Mineral paragenesis includes the effects of initial deposition of volcanic tuffs and andesite on top of karstic terrain. The contact between altered volcanics and underlying limestones is irregular and appears to have provided a mechanism to flush both hydrothermal and meteoric waters through the volcanics. Periods of hydrothermal alteration (hypogene) contemporaneous with extensional and strike-slip faulting have resulted in alunite and halloysite deposits. Hydrothermal alteration is concentrated near the fault zones. Because of subsequent weathering (supergene) away from the fault zones, much of the andesitic volcanic rocks have been altered to a more smectite-rich and kaolinite-bearing assemblage. The deposits continue to be both plastically deformed in the alunite/halloysite regions and to undergo brittle deformation in the saprolitized volcanics. Tectonic deformation has mixed the contacts, such that limestone blocks are entrained into parts of the alteration zones. Gibbsite and gypsum are common weathering products associated with limestone block inclusions. Genetic models for the origins of alunite-halloysite deposits in NW Turkey should consider as possible influencing factors the underlying lithologies, the extent of hydrothermal alteration, and recent weathering by meteoric fluids. In the case of the Turplu deposits, karstic limestones, hydrothermal circulation of sulfate-rich waters, and a post-alteration history of meteoric weathering were all important factors in their formation.
The influence of remarriage on the racial difference in motheronly families in 1910
Authors: London Andrew S. , Elman Cheryl 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Historical demography documents that mother-only families were more common among African Americans than among Euro-Americans early in the twentieth century. We find direct evidence that African American males in both first and higher-order marriages were more likely to have (re)married previously married women and were more likely to have (re)married women with children. This racial difference in (re)marital partner choice reduced the racial difference in the prevalence of mother-only families such that, in the absence of such remarriage choices, the prevalence of mother-only families in the turn-of-the-century African American population would have been even higher than has been reported. Remarriage in this period countered the various demographic, economic, cultural, and social-institutional forces that disproportionately destabilized African American marriages; it must be taken into account more fully by analysts concerned with racial differences in family structure.
The salience of PAN-national hispanic and Asian identities in U.S. marriage markets
Authors: Rosenfeld Michael J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn this paper I test whether “Hispanic” and “Asian” identities are salient in the U.S. marriage market. That is, I determine whether the different Asian and Hispanic national groups intermarry often enough to suggest that Asian and Hispanic pan-national identities are important. Analysis of census data from 1980 and 1990 suggests that both Hispanic and Asian pan-national identities are significant forces. Variations in the strength of pan-national Hispanic and Asian associations by region, education, and nativity are discussed.
One step back in understanding racial differences in birth weight
Authors: Zuberi Tukufu 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
In recognition of the biological and social connections in demographic processes, demographers have integrated biological factors into their models of population variation. This new effort has tended to focus on the analysis of fertility and mortality. Edwin J.C.G. van den Oord and David C. Rowe’s article, “Racial Differences in Birth Health Risk: A Quantitative Genetic Approach,” published in the August 2000 issue of Demography, is part of this effort. These authors use race as a proxy for genetic variation, which subverts even the most positive attempts to understand the impact of genetic variation on demographic processes. The authors’ statistical results restate their anachronistic theory of race using latent variables that are not open to empirical testing. Although new data increase the opportunities for the examination of the relationship between biology and demographic processes researchers must be vigilant not to commit the errors of the past by misusing race as a variable.
An empirical analysis of the matching patterns of same-sex and opposite-sex couples
Authors: Jepsen Lisa K. , Jepsen Christopher A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe used 1990 Census data to compare the matching behaviors of four types of cohabiting couples: same-sex male couples, same-sex female couples, opposite-sex unmarried couples, and married couples. In general, we found evidence of positive assortative mating for all traits and across all types of couples. The positive assortative mating, however, is stronger for non-labor-market traits (e.g., age, education) than for labor-market traits (e.g., hourly earnings). Further, members of married couples are more alike with respect to most characteristics than are members of opposite-sex cohabiting couples, and members of opposite-sex cohabiting couples are more alike than are members of same-sex couples.
Has the Chinese family planning policy been successful in changing fertility preferences?
Authors: Merli M. Giovanna , Smith Herbert L. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Has China’s strict one-child policy been successful in changing fertility preferences? Using linked data from surveys conducted in four counties of northern China in 1991 and 1994, we compare reproductive behavior against prior fertility preferences and show when and where women change from wanting to not wanting more children. The acceptance of policy-sanctioned family size follows a development gradient and reflects the degree of enforcement. High acceptance occurs in the most urban, industrialized county and in the county with the most rigid family planning policy. Acceptance is weaker among women living in the poorest county and in the county where enforcement is most lenient.
Does race matter? Children’s height in Brazil and South Africa
Authors: Burgard Sarah 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
I examine racial differences in child stunting in mid-1990s South Africa and Brazil, two multiracial societies with different histories of legal support for racial discrimination. Using data from nationally representative household samples linked to community-level measures, the analysis shows that racial inequality in the distribution of socioeconomic resources across households and communities explains much of the racial difference in stunting in both countries. Even after these factors are controlled, however, the results indicate that in South Africa, nonwhite children are still at greater risk of growth faltering than are white children. The nature of socioeconomic and racial differences in children’s growth is examined, and major determinants are discussed. These findings suggest that although state-sanctioned racism may help to explain the greater racial inequality in stunting in South Africa than in Brazil, the eradication of a disadvantage for nonwhites will depend on changes in the same fundamental socioeconomic inequalities that characterize both nations.
A regression approach to estimating the average number of persons per household
Authors: Smith Stanley K. , Nogle June , Cody Scott 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
In the housing unit method, population is calculated as the number of households times the average number of persons per household (PPH), plus the population residing in group quarters facilities. Estimates of households and the group quarters population can be derived directly from concurrent data series, but estimates of PPH have traditionally been based on previous values or estimates for larger areas. In our study, we developed several regression models in which PPH estimates were based on symptomatic indicators of PPH change. We tested these estimates using county-level data in four states and found them to be more precise and less biased than estimates based on more commonly used methods.
HIV and population dynamics: A general model and maximum-likelihood standards for East Africa
Authors: Heuveline Patrick 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn high-prevalence populations, the HIV epidemic undermines the validity of past empirical models and related demographic techniques. A parsimonious model of HIV and population dynamics is presented here and fit to 46,000 observations, gathered from 11 East African populations. The fitted model simulates HIV and population dynamics with standard demographic inputs and only two additional parameters for the onset and scale of the epidemic. The underestimation of the general prevalence of HIV in samples of pregnant women and the fertility impact of HIV are examples of the dynamic interactions that demographic models must reproduce and are shown here to increase over time even with constant prevalence levels. As a result, the impact of HIV on population growth appears to have been underestimated by current population projections that ignore this dynamic.
“Restoring Christian Social Order”: The Mexican Catholic Youth Association (1913-1932)
Authors: Espinosa David 
Published: February 2007

[our goal] is nothing less that the coordination of the living forces of Mexican Catholic youth for the purpose of restoring Christian social order in Mexico …(A.C.J.M.’s “General Statutes”)The Mexican Catholic Youth Association emerged during the Mexican Revolution dedicated to the goal of creating lay activists with a Catholic vision for society. The history of this Jesuit organization provides insights into Church-State relations from the military phase of the Mexican Revolution to its consolidation in the 1920s and 1930s. The Church-State conflict is a basic issue in Mexico's political struggles of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, with the Church mobilizing forces wherever it could during these years dominated by anticlericalism. During the 1920s, the Mexican Catholic Youth Association (A.C.J.M.) was in the forefront of the Church's efforts to respond to the government's anticlerical policies. The A.C.J.M.’s subsequent estrangement from the top Church leadership also serves to highlight the complex relationship that existed between the Mexican bishops and the Catholic laity and the ideological divisions that existed within Mexico's Catholic community as a whole.
When the Priest Does Not Sympathize with el Pueblo: Clergy and Society in El Oriente Venezolano, 1843-1873
Authors: Morse Kimberly J. 
Published: February 2007

When 22 Capuchin friars landed in Barcelona in 1843, they could not anticipate the troubles they faced in the years to come. As refugees from the Spanish Carlista wars, Gallegos and Catalans who did not even speak much Spanish, the friars must have been happy enough to serve a nation that did not want them dead—yet. In their contract with the Venezuelan government, the 22 Capuchin friars who labored in Venezuela'sOrientepromised to stay in Venezuela for at least ten years. In return, the Venezuelan government promised to pay them 400 pesos annually, to leave all spiritual matters in the hands of the missionaries, and to cede to the missionaries all authority in Indian mission matters.If only things worked out that well. The Capuchin friars found themselves inextricably bound in complex relationships of race and class, often intertwined with matters of land and labor. Poverty and politics (or the politics of poverty) did not allow clergy to use their position as parish priests to maintain any degree of neutrality in the tug of war between the white elite and the poor, primarily Indians, ex-slaves, and the mixed race descendants of all groups. To the contrary, poverty and politics made clergy important players in the ongoing high stakes game of chess between the elite and the masses.
Competitive Corruption: Factional Conflict and Political Malfeasance in Postwar Italian Christian Democracy
Authors: Golden Miriam A. , Chang Eric C. C. 
Published: February 2007

This article studies the relationship between cartels of politicians and systemic political corruption in a democratic setting. Some electoral systems, including open-list systems of proportional representation, encourage intraparty competition for office. The authors analyze the relationship between intraparty conflict in postwar Italy's dominant political party, the Christian Democrats, and charges of malfeasance against Christian Democratic members of the Chamber ofDeputies in the years between thefirstpostwar parliamentary elections of 1948 and the end of the XI legislature in 1994, when the electoral system was substantially modified. Suspected malfeasance is operationalized as requests by the judiciary to lift parliamentary immunity in order to proceed with an investigation of a member of the Chamber of Deputies.Results show a significant statistical relationship between intraparty conflict and alleged corruption on the part of DC deputies starting in the early 1970s. These results are interpreted to mean that the dramatic levels of political corruption observed in Italy in recent decades were in part an outgrowth of the search for campaign funds by incumbent DC members of parliament in competition with other candidates from the same party. Electoral competition with other parties did not significantly affect the extent of charges of malfeasance against DC deputies. Using maps, the authors also provide preliminary evidence that Italian corruption did not spread from south to north in a process of cultural contagion, as is commonly believed. Instead, theyfind,the determinants of corruption appear to be endogenous to institutions of the postwar political system.
Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 predicts adiposity in humans
Authors: Kralisch Susan , Bluher Matthias , Tonjes Anke , Lossner Ulrike , Paschke Ralf , Stumvoll Michael , Fasshauer Mathias 
Published: February 2007

Objective: Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 is upregulated in fat of obese rodents and promotes adipose tissue development in these animals. However, it is unclear whether TIMP-1 independently predicts adiposity in humans and whether serum levels are increased in s.c. and visceral obesity.
Design: Twenty-four lean, 16 s.c. obese, and 20 visceral obese subjects were studied.
Methods: Plasma TIMP-1 concentrations were quantified using ELISAs and correlated to clinical parameters.
Results: Plasma TIMP-1 levels were significantly different between lean (156 ± 42 μg/l), s.c. obese (186 ± 52 μg/l), and visceral obese (198 ± 42 μg/l) subjects (P < 0.01). Furthermore, TIMP-1 correlated positively with body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), % body fat, fasting insulin, free fatty acids, cholesterol, leptin, interleukin-6, and negatively with adiponectin (P < 0.05). Moreover, TIMP-1 serum levels predicted % body fat but not WHR independent of age, sex, and plasma insulin.
Conclusions: We demonstrate that increased TIMP-1 serum levels are found with increased adiposity in humans.
Significant GH deficiency after long-term cure by surgery in adult patients with Cushing’s disease
Authors: Pecori Giraldi Francesca , Andrioli Massimiliano , De Marinis Laura , Bianchi Antonio , Giampietro Antonella , De Martin Martina , Sacco Eugenia , Scacchi Massimo , Pontecorvi Alfredo , Cavagnini Francesco 
Published: February 2007

Objective: Impaired GH secretion usually accompanies Cushing’s syndrome and a variable proportion of patients reportedly fail to recover normal GH secretion after successful treatment. This wide variability is most probably due to differences in the treatment (i.e. surgery and/or radiotherapy), timing of patient re-evaluation after surgery and dynamic tests employed to challenge GH secretion, and hinders a precise assessment of risk of GH deficiency after cure. The aim of the present study is to evaluate GH secretory status after long-term cure of Cushing’s disease achieved by surgery alone.
Design and methods: We studied 34 patients (27 females and 7 males, age range 21–68 years) formerly affected by Cushing’s disease. Patients were studied 2–20 years (median 3.3 years) following remission of hypercortisolism; all patients underwent transsphenoidal surgery with the removal of an ACTH-secreting adenoma; repeat pituitary surgery for relapse was performed in two patients while bilateral adrenalectomy was necessary in two patients. In all subjects, the GH response to GHRH+arginine stimulation was evaluated. At the time of testing, 13 patients were still on steroid replacement therapy.
Results: In long-term surgical remission, 22 patients (65.0%) presented subnormal GH secretion; partial GH deficiency (GH peak <16.5 μg/l) was found in 11 patients and severe GH deficiency (GH peak <9 μg/l) in another 11. Male gender and length of hypercortisolism were risk factors for postsurgical GH deficiency.
Conclusions: This study demonstrates the presence of GH deficiency in a high percentage of patients with Cushing’s disease after long-term remission of hypercortisolism obtained by surgery alone. Male gender and length of hypercortisolism are the most significant predictors of postsurgical GH deficiency. This finding is significant as it highlights that even the most favourable therapeutical course, i.e. remission achieved by surgery alone, is accompanied by impaired GH secretion. Assessment of GH secretion is therefore recommended for all patients cured from Cushing’s disease, even if not submitted to radiotherapy. Studies on the clinical impact of GH deficiency and the use of GH replacement therapy seem warranted in patients cured from Cushing’s disease.
The association between TSH within the reference range and serum lipid concentrations in a population-based study. The HUNT Study
Authors: Åsvold Bjørn O , Vatten Lars J , Nilsen Tom I L , Bjøro Trine 
Published: February 2007

Objective: The association between TSH and serum lipids in people with no apparent thyroid disease is insufficiently understood. We have studied the association between normal thyroid function, defined as TSH within the reference range of a general population, and concentrations of serum lipids.
Design: Cross-sectional, population-based study with 30 656 individuals without known thyroid disease.
Methods: Using general linear models, we calculated mean concentrations of total serum cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, non-high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and triglycerides across categories of TSH.
Results: Within the reference range of TSH, there was a linear and significant (P for trend <0.001) increase in total serum cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol and triglycerides, and a linear decrease (P for trend <0.001) in HDL cholesterol with increasing TSH. Subgroup analyses showed statistically significant associations for all lipids in men above 50 years of age, and for triglycerides in all age groups. For women, associations were statistically significant in all age groups except for HDL cholesterol in women below 50 years of age. The associations with triglycerides and HDL cholesterol were stronger among overweight than normal weight individuals.
Conclusions: Within the range of TSH that is considered clinically normal, we found that increasing level of TSH was associated with less favourable lipid concentrations. The association with serum lipids was linear across the entire reference range of TSH.
Molecular Mapping of Male‐Sterility Loci ms2 and ms9 in Soybean
Authors: Cervantes-Martinez I. , Xu M. , Zhang L. , Huang Z. , Kato K. K. , Horner H. T. , Palmer R. G. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTMarkers linked to male‐sterile, female‐fertile loci on the soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] molecular map would facilitate early identification of male‐sterile plants. The objectives were to verify the chromosome location of the ms2 (A00–63) mutation, to determine the allelism and the chromosome location of the suspected ms2 [ms? (A00–39)] mutation, and to determine the chromosome location of the ms9 (T359) mutation. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used to molecularly map the male‐sterile, female‐fertile loci reported in this study. Segregating F2 populations were developed from crosses of ms?ms? (A00–39) × ‘Minsoy’ (PI 278901), ms2ms2 (A00–63) × Minsoy, and Minsoy × Ms9ms9 (T359H). The ms? (A00–39) locus was positioned on MLG O at 9.9 centiMorgans (cM) distance from the marker Sat_190. The ms2 (A00–63) locus was positioned on molecular linkage group (MLG) O between markers Sat_190 and Scaa001, with a distance of 6.9 and 9.0 cM, respectively. The ms9 locus was located on MLG N between markers Satt521 and Satt237, with a distance of 8.5 and 16.2 cM, respectively. Classical allelism tests confirmed that mutant ms? (A00–39) was allelic to ms2 (A00–63). The A00–39 mutant line was assigned Genetic Type Collection number T375H and gene symbol Ms2ms2 (Ames 2). Thus Genetic Type T360H, previously identified at Ames, Iowa, becomes Ms2ms2 (Ames 1).
Did Modern Plant Breeding Lead to Genetic Erosion in European Winter Wheat Varieties?
Authors: Huang Xiu-Qiang , Wolf Markus , Ganal Martin W. , Orford Simon , Koebner Robert M.D. , Röder Marion S. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to assess whether modern plant breeding has led to any loss of genetic diversity in modern European winter wheat varieties (Triticum aestivum L.). For this purpose, a collection of 511 widely grown winter wheat varieties of Central and Northern Europe was genotyped with 42 microsatellite markers. In the varieties representing the National List of the UK during the 1980s and 1990s the allelic richness and gene diversity were lower than in the varieties of Recommended Lists covering the time period 1945– 2000. However, no apparent quantitative loss of genetic diversity was found by comparing the different decadal groups of varieties present in the Recommended Lists. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that the variance component among varieties within decadal groups accounted for 96.41% of the genetic variation, but among decadal groups only for 3.59%. The Fst values increased from the 1950s to the 1990s compared to the 1940s with a slight decrease in the 1970s. These results suggested that modern plant breeding has resulted in changes of alleles present in the germplasm; however, it appears that modern plant breeding has resulted in no apparent loss of allele numbers, or genetic diversity, in the investigated European wheat varieties over time.