bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adipokinetic hormone of the true armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta: immunohistochemistry, amino acid analysis, quantification and bioassay
Authors: ORCHARD IAN , CUSSON MICHEL , McNEIL JEREMY N. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract A cluster of five to seven AKH‐like immunoreactive cells lie in each lobe of the paired corpora cardiaca of the true armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta. These cells form a mesh work of immunoreactive processes within the corpora cardiaca, and immunoreactive tracts projecting posteriorly over the aorta.Reversed‐phase high performance liquid chromatography of extracts of the corpora cardiaca of P.unipuncta revealed a single large U.V. absorbent peak with a retention time identical to synthetic Manduca‐AKH. Amino acid analysis of the contents of this peak yielded a composition identical to that of synthetic Manduca‐AKH which was analysed in a parallel manner. Furthermore the material within the peak possessed adipokinetic activity when bioassayed in day 2 adult male P. unipuncta. The corpora cardiaca of similar individuals were found to contain approximately 17.6ng (17.6pmol) of Manduca‐AKH equivalents per pair.Injection of Manduca‐AKH into 2‐day‐old adult male P.unipuncta resulted in a dose‐dependent elevation in haemolymph lipid levels with a maximum level of 80–90μmg/μl obtained with 5–10 ng of Manduca‐AKH. Continuous flight also elevated haemolymph lipid levels in day 4 adult males with a significant elevation evident in the first samples taken after 15 min of flight and lipid levels plateauing at approximately 100 μg/μl by about 60 min of flight.
The behaviour of queen honeybees and their attendants
Authors: FREE J. B. , FERGUSON A. W. , SIMPKINS J. R. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. The behaviour of queen and worker honeybees (Apis melliferaL.) was observed using small colonies in observation hives. Workers paid more attention to queens which had been mated for 2 months or more than to those which were newly mated; virgin queens received least attention. Queens received most attention when they were stationary and least when they were walking over the comb; virgin queens were most active. Queen cells had as many attendants as virgin queens and queen larvae were inspected almost continuously. The queen pheromone component 9–oxo‐trans‐2–decenoic acid stimulated ‘court’ behaviour when presented on small polyethylene blocks, but workers responded aggressively to complete extracts of queens' heads. Both the heads and abdomens of mated queens received much attention from court workers but the abdomens were palpated by more workers for longer and were licked much more. The queens' thoraces were least attended. Abdominal tergites posterior to tergite glands were licked for longer than those anterior to the glands. Only worker bees very near to the queen reacted to her and joined her ‘court’.No evidence was found of a diel periodicity in the behaviour of a queen or her ‘court’. During the winter the queen's court was smaller than in summer and she walked less and laid fewer eggs. When colonies were fed with sucrose syrup in winter, their queens laid more eggs and workers reared more brood but there was no change in the attention received by the queens.The implications of these findings for the secretion and distribution of queen pheromones are discussed.
Effect of host diet and preflight experience on the flight responses of Microplitis croceipes (Cresson)
Authors: ELLER F. J. , TUMLINSON J. H. , LEWIS W. J. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. Female Microplitis croceipes without previous exposure to host diet, feeding damage or faeces, and with no oviposition experience (i.e. inexperienced) exhibited flight tunnel responses towards extracts of faeces from several diet–host species combinations, excluding artificial diet. Inexperienced females exhibited the following preference order towards faeces from Heliothis zea larvae fed selected diets: cotton > wild geranium > cowpea > artificial diet, suggesting and adaptation to ‘preferred’ host plants.Females having a preflight experience with a plant‐host complex (PHC) prior to testing exhibited a higher percentage of oriented flights in the wind tunnel than did inexperienced females. Oviposition Per se had little effect on the flight response of females. The increased flight response after an experience is apparently due to a combination of sensitization and associative learning. In a choice situation, a single experience was insufficient to establish a preference for the PHC experienced; however, repeated experience resulted in preferences, and the degree of preference tended to increase with the number of experiences.
The role of the androconia in the mating behaviour of the European skipper, Thymelicus lineola, and evidence for a male sex pheromone
Authors: PIVNICK KENNETH A. , LAVOIE‐DORNIK JANY , McNEIL JEREMY N. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. Laboratory experiments were carried out to determine the role and characteristics of male scent scales (androconia), located in patches (stigmata) on the forewings of Thymelicus lineola (Ochsenheimer) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae).In behavioural tests, there were 30—40% fewer matings of virgin females by males with the stigmata removed or where females had their antennal sensilla covered with nail polish, when compared to sham‐treated controls. These reductions occurred despite a large increase in male courtship activity. No physical contact was observed between male wings and female antennae during mating.A scanning electron microscope study of male wings and female antennae showed that: (1) lysis zones form over time on the androconia and pieces (osmo‐phores) distal to these zones break off; (2) while few of these zones are present at emergence they are numerous in‐day‐old males; (3) during a single episode of courtship and mating approximately two‐thirds of the available osmophores break off, yet the commonly observed courtship between males does not appear to result in osmophore release; and (4) osmophores were never observed on the female antennae.Electroantennogram recordings (EAGs) indicated that: (1) female antennae responded strongly to odours from male forewings but not from other parts of either males or females; (2) female antennae responded more strongly to young field‐collected males than to newly‐emerged or old, field‐collected males; (3) female antennal response to male forewings was reduced if the androconia were scraped off, and was eliminated if the stigmata were removed; (4) male antennae gave weak EAG responses to both male and female forewings.We conclude that males release pheromone via the breakage of osmophores during courtship. We propose that the frequently observed refusals by females of courting males are at least partially dependent on the quantity or quality of male pheromone released, which are in turn correlated with the male's age and mating status.
Photoperiodic induction of winged females in the black bean aphid. Aphis fabae
Authors: NUNES MARLIES VAZ , HARDIE JIM 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. The Photoperiodic of winged females (alatae) in the black bean aphid, Aphis fabae Scop. (Homopetera: Aphididae), is investigated in detail with emphasis on the interaction of the maternal and embryonic/young larval photoperiodic clocks. Previous work had shown that in uncrowded conditions the induction of gynoparae (winged females that produce sexual females) requires both prenatal and postnatal exposure to long‐night (12 h) Photoperidic cycles: present results show that sole postantal exposure to long nights of any lenght does not induce wing formation in early‐born aphids.When aphids were exposed to experimental light‐dark cycles postanatally only, their daughters developed as alate in long nights and as apterae in short nights: the critical night lenght (CNL) was 11:1 h. Additional prenatal exposure to experimental regimes resulted in a significantly shorter CNL (10.6 h). This difference could be accounted for by the fact that more experimental light‐dark cycles were experienced in the latter case.Apterous aphids transferred from LD 16:8 h to LD 12:12 h as either third‐or fourth‐stadium larvae, or young adults, switched for aptera‐production to alata‐production. The transition form aptera‐ to alata‐production was rather abrupt in third‐stadium transfers but more gradual when transfers occurred as fourth‐stadium larvae and adults. Moreover, s the number of days required for 50% of the aphids to become alata‐producers increased from 7–8 in third‐stadium transfers, to 9–10 and 11–12 in the later transfers.
Thermal response and reversibility of diapause in the eggs of Locusta migratoria
Authors: ANDO Y. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. Eggs of a local population of Locusta migratoria L. (Orthoptera: Acrididae) collected near Hirosaki (40.5oN) entered diapause when incubated at temperatures between 20 and 35oC. For diapause development the optimum temperature was 10oC. The lower thermal threshold for post‐diapause development was 14.7oC. After chilling at 10oC for 20 days, the rate of hatching varied with incubation temperature, being 0, 61% and 81% at 20, 25 and 30oC, respectively. After chilling for 40 days or more, however, almost all eggs hatched at 20–30oC. Diapause with a reduced intensity seemed to be eliminated easily by a high temperature of 25 or 30oC.When eggs chilled at 10oC for 20 days were kept at 20oC for 7 days or more before incubation at 25oC, almost all eggs maintained diapause. Most eggs chilled at 10oC for three 10 day periods separated by 3 days of warming at 25oC failed to terminate diapause. Daily alternations of 10oC (18 h) and 25oC (6h) decreased the diapause‐terminating effect of chilling. These facts suggest that diapause intensity can be restored if eggs chilled insufficiently are exposed to a moderately high temperature. This reversible change in diapause intensity would play an important role in maintaining diapause before winter.
Host location by a parasitoid using leafminer vibrations: characterizing the vibrational signals produced by the leafmining host
Authors: MEYHÖFER R. , CASAS J. , DORN S. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract.The aim of this study was to characterize the vibrations produced by the apple tentiform leafminerPhyllonorycter malella(Ger.) (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae). Host location using vibrations by one of its parasitoidsSympiesis sericeicornisNees (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) was postulated by Casas (1989) on the basis of detailed quantitative behavioural observations and has also been suggested by other authors on similar systems. Both host and parasitoid send and may receive vibratory signals; consequently we first attempted to characterize and classify the signals, one of the first steps required in the design of an adequate vibrational biotest. In this respect, our approach differs fundamentally from the familiar setting of host location via semiochemicals and is best framed within the context of vibratory communication.Vibrational signals produced by a moving larva and pupa were measured on several spots on the leaf using a laser vibrometer. The emitted signals were characterized by their temporal patterns of change in amplitude and frequency spectra. The vibrational patterns released by a moving larva were different from those released by a wriggling larva and a wriggling pupa in the time as well as in the frequency domains. Wriggling larvae and wriggling pupae triggered vibrations that were similar in frequency, but differed in their temporal pattern.Frequencies up to 15 kHz could be identified. The amplitudes and frequencies of the signals both decreased significantly from the tip to the base of the leaf. A wriggling pupa and a wriggling larva produced stronger signals than a foraging larva. All calculated parameters (displacement, velocity, acceleration, and duration of the signal components) of the vibrational signals were found to be in a range comparable with others used for well‐known arthropod communication systems.The vibrations produced by the host displayed distinct characteristics: they could usually be distinguished easily from background noise; could be perceived anywhere on the leaf; and were specific for a certain host stage and activity. Our findings support the hypothesis that vibration signals represent a reliable source of information to foraging parasitoids and, therefore, explain certain behavioural patterns observed in a population ofS. sericeicornisfemales foraging in the field.
The ultrasonic mating signal of the male lesser wax moth
Authors: SNEDDEN W. ANDY , TOSH COLIN R. , RITCHIE MICHAEL G. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. Male lesser wax moths, Achroia grisella (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Galleriinae), produce both a pheromone and an ultrasonic acoustic signal that function in mate attraction. We describe the structure of the acoustic signal, in particular the interpulse intervals and the spectral properties of the pulses. The song consists of a train of ultrasonic pulses. The interpulse interval is usually bimodally distributed, but can sometimes be unimodal. This reflects variation in the duration of the up and down wing strokes. The pulses are also usually paired which can produce multimodality of the interpulse intervals. These paired pulses probably reflect wingbeat asynchrony because they are not found in males in which the signalling capability of one wing's sound producing structure is abolished.The song's frequency spectrum has peaks at around 80 and 100 kHz. The first peak varies significantly with male size, with larger males producing a lower frequency peak. The second peak is associated with male age, with 1‐day‐old males producing songs with a lower frequency second peak. Thus the ultrasonic song of lesser wax moths is more complex in structure than previously reported and could provide potentially important cues to females. However, the ability of females to discriminate such detail is not known.
Identification of oviposition attractants for the sandfly Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) in volatiles of faeces from vertebrates
Authors: DOUGHERTY M. J. , GUERIN P. M. , WARD R. D. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. Extracts of volatiles from rabbit and chicken faeces preferentially attracted gravid sandflies, Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz and Neiva), in an oviposition bioassay. In electrophysiology experiments, the same extracts selectively stimulated two olfactory cells while inhibiting another in ascoid sensilla on the antennae of these flies. Analysis of faeces volatiles by gas chromatography linked to ascoid sensillum recording revealed two early eluting electrophysiologically active components of rabbit faeces. These active compounds were identified in both rabbit and chicken faeces volatile extracts by gas chromatography ‐mass spectrometry as hexanal and 2‐methyl‐2‐butanol. Hexanal stimulated one cell type and inhibited another, whereas 2‐methyl‐2‐butanol stimulated a third cell type. A 1:l mixture of synthetic hexanal and 2‐methyl‐2‐butanol elicited the same targeted oviposition response from gravid females on the treatment septum of the bioassay as did the total volatile extract of rabbit or chicken faeces.The monoterpenes α(+)‐pinene (plus some optical and positional isomers) and a‐terpinene activated a separate cell type, whereas benzaldehyde stimulated the same receptor as hexanal, but with a higher threshold. Furthermore, an olfactory cell selectively tuned to the perception of the male sex pheromone of this species was also found in the ascoid sensillum.
Behavioural and sensory responses to some neem compounds by Pieris brassicae larvae
Authors: LIN‐ER LUO , LOON J. J. A. VAN , SCHOONHOVEN L. M. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract.The efficacy of a commercial product (Margosan‐O) to inhibit feeding inPieris brassicaeL. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) larvae was compared to that of three pure triterpenoids of botanical origin: azadirachtin and salannin (occurring inMelia azedurach), and toosendanin (occurring inM. toosendan). In dual‐choice behaviour tests the order of antifeedant efficacy was: Margosan‐O > toosendanin > salannin > azadirachtin. The ranking order of their capacity to stimulate the deterrent receptor located in the medial sensillum styloconicum appears to be: Margosan‐O = toosendanin > salannin > azadirachtin. In addition to stimulating the medial deterrent cell, toosendanin inhibits the sugar receptor and the glucosinolate receptor, both located in the lateral sensillum styloconicum. The amino acid receptor in this sensillum, however, is not affected. In contrast, neither azadirachtin nor salannin influences the sensitivity of any of the receptor cells in this sensillum.The adaptation rate of the deterrent receptor is low in comparison to that of the two sugar receptors.A significant correlation is found between the antifeedant indices of the four neem compounds tested at three different concentrations, and the responses of the deterrent receptor to these compounds at similar concentrations. It is concluded that when this insect species feeds on its natural foodplant (i.e. cabbage), the deterrent effect of neem compounds is mediated solely via the medial deterrent receptor, whereas inhibitory effects on the sugar and glucosinolate receptors do not play a significant role.
Structural and chemical ontogeny of the postpharyngeal gland in the desert ant Cataglyphis niger
Authors: SOROKER V. , HEFETZ A. , COJOCARU M. , BILLEN J. , FRANKE S. , FRANCKE W. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. The postpharyngeal gland of Cataglyphis niger (André, 1881) workers is characterized, at the ultrastructural level, by a well‐developed smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and numerous mitochondria and lamellar inclusions suggesting an involvement in lipid metabolism. In addition, the microvillar differentiation of the apical membrane and basal invaginations of the cell imply a transportation process.The gland shows a clear structural as well as chemical age‐dependent development. Epithelial thickness increases with age, reaching its maximum within the first week after emergence. Concurrently there is a progressive development of microvilli and appearance of the lamellar inclusions. The gland's secretion consists mainly of hydrocarbons, with a predominance of monomethyl and dimethyl alkanes. Congruency was found between the hydrocarbon composition of glandular exudates and those of the epicuticular washes. An age‐dependent increase in the total amount of hydrocarbons was found to correlate with the ultrastructural development and gross morphology (thickness of epicuticular lining) of the gland.
Effects of ingestion of dung containing ivermectin on aspects of behaviour in the fly Neomyia cornicina
Authors: GOVER JANE , STRONG LES 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. Adults of the dung fly Neomyia cornicina (Fabricius) were fed continuously on either dung containing no ivermectin (control dung) or dung containing 0.125 μg g‐1or 0.25 μ g‐1ivermectin (wet weight).Comparisons were made between the behaviour of flies during the first 24 h of dung feeding and that observed after 96 h of feeding.Subsequent experiments investigated the effects of ivermectin ingestion on three measures of locomotory ability: escape time, time to re‐right, and capture time.Analysis of behavioural data showed a significant reduction in the activity of ivermectin‐fed flies compared to that of the controls.After 96 h of feeding on dung containing ivermectin, there was a significant increase in the duration of time spent standing and a reduction in duration and frequency of walking and grooming behaviours compared to controls.Seventy‐two hours after the onset of dung feeding, flies fed dung containing ivermectin took significantly longer to escape from a glass tube and to re‐right themselves after overturning than flies fed control dung.The time taken to capture flies that had fed on dung containing ivermectin at 0.25 μg g‐1was significantly shorter than that required to catch control flies when flies from the different treatment groups were presented blind and randomly.
Preference of the cabbage root fly, Delia radicum (L.), for coloured traps: influence of sex and physiological status of the flies, trap background and experimental design
Authors: KOŠŤÁL VLADIMÍR , FINCH STANLEY 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. Catches of Delia rudicum (L.) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) were compared in water traps that reflected predominantly wavelengths shorter (violet and blue traps) and longer (green and yellow traps) than 500 nm.Traps were positioned in choice and no‐choice situations against backgrounds of bare soil and weeds in the field and against backgrounds of brown and green paper in the laboratory.The physiological status of the flies was modified in the laboratory by denying them access to food sources and oviposition sites.Males discriminated significantly more clearly than females between yellow and blue traps.The discrimination between yellow and blue traps was significantly more pronounced when the traps were presented in the choice than in the no‐choice situation in both sexes.Green background (weeds and green paper) was highly preferred for landing and thus competed with the traps to such an extent that few flies were caught when non‐preferred violet and blue traps were sited on green backgrounds.Flies seldom landed on the brown background (soil and brown paper) which resulted in the relative increase of catches in the non‐preferred violet and blue traps.The preference for yellow traps was innate even in young flies with immature egg‐follicles.Females that were ready to lay eggs, even those deprived of an oviposition site till the age of 8 days, also preferred yellow traps.In the no‐choice situation, flies deprived of food landed with the same frequency in yellow and blue traps.Food deprivation, however, did not affect preference for yellow traps over the blue traps presented in a choice situation.
Diapause duration, survival in relation to desiccation and egg‐pod morphology of the Senegalese grasshopper, Oedaleus senegalensis
Authors: COLVIN JOHN 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. The Senegalese grasshopper, Oedaleus senegalensis (Krauss) (Orthoptera: Acrididae), is periodically a devastating pest of subsistence crops in the sahelian zone of West Africa.Egg diapause has been suggested as an important component of the mechanism acting to generate outbreaks and therefore diapause duration, egg survival in relation to desiccation and egg‐pod morphology were investigated in this study.Three months after oviposition, 50% of initially diapausing egg pods maintained in the laboratory exhibited ‘partial emergence’ and produced hoppers.No difference in diapause duration was evident between egg pods maintained at a constant 30 ± 1°C and those maintained under alternating temperature conditions of 23 ± 1°C and 35 ± 1°C.Laboratory maintained eggs showed significant variation in diapause duration with diapause lasting between 2 months and 4 years.Diapause duration was shorter in the field with only c. 1.4% of eggs remaining in diapause after a single dry season (6–7 months).Survival of eggs in relation to desiccation was high in the field and low in the laboratory, and field eggs lost only c. 20% of their body weight over the dry season.Survival of diapausing and non‐diapausing egg pods in the laboratory was similar, indicating that diapause in this species is primarily a mechanism for preventing emergence at an inappropriate time of year, rather than conferring any additional resistance to desiccation.Egg pods oviposited under diapause‐inducing conditions (LD 14:10 h, 25°C) were significantly shorter than those laid under non‐diapausing conditions (LD 10:14 h, 40°C).These results are discussed both in relation to possible O.senegalensis‘bet‐hedging’ strategies and to the probable mechanism operating behind major outbreaks of this species.