bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A location‐aware peer‐to‐peer overlay network
Authors: Wu Chi‐Jen , Liu De‐Kai , Hwang Ren‐Hung 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThis work describes a novel location‐aware, self‐organizing, fault‐tolerant peer‐to‐peer (P2P) overlay network, referred to as Laptop. Network locality‐aware considerations are a very important metric for designing a P2P overlay network. Several network proximity schemes have been proposed to enhance the routing efficiency of existing DHT‐based overlay networks. However, these schemes have some drawbacks such as high overlay network and routing table maintenance overhead, or not being completely self‐organizing. As a result, they may result in poor scalability as the number of nodes in the system grows.Laptop constructs a location‐aware overlay network without pre‐determined landmarks and adopts a routing cache scheme to avoid maintaining the routing table periodically. In addition, Laptop significantly reduces the overlay maintenance overhead by making each node maintain only the connectivity between parent and itself. Mathematical analysis and simulations are conducted to evaluate the efficiency, scalability, and robustness of Laptop. Our mathematical analysis shows that the routing path length is bounded by logdN, and the joining and leaving overhead is bounded bydlogdN, whereNis the number of nodes in the system, anddis the maximum degree of each node on the overlay tree. Our simulation results show that the average latency stretch is 1.6 and the average routing path length is only about three in 10 000 Laptop nodes, and the maximum degree of a node is bounded by 32. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance analysis of resource sharing policies in CDMA networks
Authors: Fodor Gábor 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWe consider an interference‐limited code division multiple access (CDMA) network, in which some of the service classes are explicit rate controlled. Such rate‐controlled service classes include adaptive ones whose holding time does not depend on the sending rate, while the holding time of elastic services becomes longer when their sending rate is slowed down. We develop a Markov model that allows us to study the impact of employing service differentiation (prioritization) during admission control and rate control on the classwise blocking probabilities and throughputs. The admission control takes into account the interference from adjacent cells as a log‐normally distributed random variable and employs service class and state‐dependent (soft) blocking in addition to hard blocking. The state‐dependent rate control algorithm takes into account the minimum and maximum requested rates of admitted sessions in a fairness policy‐dependent manner. Our conclusion is that work conserving bandwidth sharing policies may have a major impact on the moments of the time spent in the system by elastic services, but only a minor one on the classwise blocking probabilities. When the admission control algorithm takes into account the neighbour cell caused interference, the blocking probability of all classes increases somewhat, but the throughput of the accepted sessions increases. Blocking prioritization in the soft blocking model affects the classwise total blocking probabilities but has little impact on the throughput of adaptive and elastic traffic. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bit error rate evaluation of linear equalization in FWA systems
Authors: Xiao Pei , Carrasco Rolando , Wassell Ian 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe bit error rate performance of broadband wireless fixed access (FWA) systems over multipath fading channels is investigated in this paper. Linear MMSE equalization is examined theoretically for 16‐QAM and QPSK modulated FWA systems and shown to yield unsatisfactory performance. The theoretical analysis is validated by Monte‐Carlo simulations and proved to be reasonably accurate. It provides us an insight into the physical limitations imposed by the FWA channels and suggest solutions to improve the capacity and performance of future FWA systems. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Association of peripheral total and differential leukocyte counts with metabolic syndrome and risk of ischemic cardiovascular diseases in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Tsai Jack C.‐R. , Sheu Sheng‐Hsiung , Chiu Herng‐Chia , Chung Fu‐Mei , Chang Dao‐Ming , Chen Miao‐Pei , Shin Shyi‐Jang , Lee Yau‐Jiunn 
Published: May 2006

AbstractBackgroundThere is increasing evidence that leukocytes play a central role in obesity, glucose intolerance, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and cardiovascular diseases, but the role of differential leukocytes in metabolic syndrome (MetS) and atherosclerosis is largely unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between the component features of MetS and peripheral leukocyte counts and to explore whether leukocyte counts are associated with clustering of MetS and macrovascular diseases in patients with T2DM.Methods1872 subjects with T2DM who enrolled in a diabetes disease management program were studied. The definition of MetS was modified from that outlined by the criteria of NCEP‐ATP III. Areas under the receiver‐operating characteristic curve and odds ratios at various intervals of the WBC counts were computed.ResultsThe peripheral total leukocyte, monocyte, and neutrophil cell counts are increased parallel to the clustering of components of MetS. When white cell counts were analyzed per quartile and as continuous variables after adjustment for age, sex, and other known risk factors with multiple regression analysis, peripheral total leukocyte, monocyte, neutrophils, and lymphocyte counts were independently and significantly associated with specific features of clustering of MetS and prevalence of ischemic cardiovascular diseases. Leukocyte counts, especially neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, in addition with MetS is associated with the risk of ischemic cardiovascular diseases.ConclusionOur results indicate that differential leukocyte counts are associated with MetS and that peripheral leukocytes may play a role in the pathogenesis of macrovascular complications in patients with T2DM. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of hypoxia reoxygenation in brain slices from rats with type 1‐like diabetes mellitus
Authors: González‐Correa J. A. , Arrebola M. M. , Cansino A. L. , Muñoz‐Marín J. , Ruiz‐Villafranca D. , Guerrero A. , Sánchez de la Cuesta F. , De La Cruz J. P. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to determine whether the brain tissue of type 1 diabetic animals is more susceptible to damage by hypoxia reoxygenation than healthy animals.MethodsThis study used rats with diabetes of 1, 2 and 3 months (N= 15 rats/group). Brain slices were subjected to hypoxia and reoxygenation for 180 minin vitro. We measured oxidative stress (lipid peroxidation, glutathione concentration and enzyme activities related to glutathione), concentration of prostaglandin E2(PGE2) and nitric oxide (NO) pathway (nitrite + nitrate, activities of constitutive (cNOS) and inducible (iNOS) nitric oxide synthase). As a parameter of cell death we measured the efflux of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH).ResultsAfter reoxygenation LDH activity increased in comparison to nondiabetic animals by 40, 40.6 and 68.9% in animals with diabetes of 1, 2 and 3 months duration, respectively. These changes were accompanied by greater increases in lipid peroxides (25.4, 93.7 and 92.8%). PGE2accumulated in significantly larger amounts in diabetic animals (62.5, 85.5 and 114%), and nitrite + nitrate accumulation was significantly greater in rats with diabetes of 2 (40.2%) and 3 months duration (24.0%). iNOS activity increased significantly in all the groups of diabetic animals, with the largest increases in rats with diabetes of 2 (18.6%) and 3 months duration (21.1%).ConclusionsThe biochemical pathways involved in oxidative stress and neuronal death are more sensitive to hypoxia reoxygenation in type 1‐like diabetic, as compared to normal, rats. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrocatalytic Determination of Ascorbic Acid at the Surface of 2,7‐Bis(ferrocenyl ethyl)fluoren‐9‐one Modified Carbon Paste Electrode
Authors: Raoof J. B. , Ojani R. , Beitollahi Hadi , Hossienzadeh R. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractA chemically modified carbon paste electrode with 2,7‐bis(ferrocenyl ethyl)fluoren‐9‐one (2,7‐BFEFMCPE) was employed to study the electrocatalytic oxidation of ascorbic acid in aqueous solution using cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry and chronoamperometry. The diffusion coefficient (D=1.89×10−5 cm2 s−1), and the kinetic parameter such as the electron transfer coefficient, α (=0.42) of ascorbic acid oxidation at the surface of 2,7‐BFEFMCPE was determined using electrochemical approaches. It has been found that under an optimum condition (pH 7.00), the oxidation of ascorbic acid at the surface of such an electrode occurs at a potential about 300 mV less positive than that of an unmodified carbon paste electrode. The catalytic oxidation peak currents show a linear dependence on the ascorbic acid concentration and linear analytical curves were obtained in the ranges of 8.0×10−5 M–2.0×10−3 M and 3.1×10−5 M–3.3×10−3 M of ascorbic acid with correlation coefficients of 0.9980 and 0.9976 in cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry, respectively. The detection limits (2δ) were determined to be 2.9×10−5 M and 9.0×10−6 M with cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry, respectively. This method was also examined for determination of ascorbic acid in pharmaceutical preparations.
Amperometric Biosensor for Lactate Based on Meldola's Blue Adsorbed on Silica Gel Modified with Niobium Oxide
Authors: Pereira Arnaldo C. , Macedo Denise V. , Santos Antonio S. , Kubota Lauro T. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractA reagentless amperometric biosensor sensitive to lactate was developed. This sensor comprises a carbon paste electrode modified with lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) cofactor and Meldola's blue (MB) adsorbed on silica gel coated with niobium oxide. The amperometric response was based on the electrocatalytic properties of MB to oxidize NADH, which was generated in the enzymatic reaction of lactate with NAD+ under catalysis of LDH. The dependence on the biosensor response was investigated in terms of pH, supporting electrolyte, ionic strength, LDH and NAD+ amounts and applied potential. The biosensor showed an excellent operational stability (95% of the activity was maintained after 250 determinations) and storage stability (allowing measurements for over than 2.5 months, when stored in a refrigerator). The proposed biosensor also presented good sensitivity allowing lactate quantification at levels down to 6.5×10−6 mol L−1. Moreover, the biosensor showed a wide linear response range (from 0.1 to 14 mmol L−1 for lactate). These favorable characteristics allowed its application for direct measurements of lactate in biological samples such as blood. The precision of the data obtained by the proposed biosensor show reliable results for real complex matrices.
Assessment of seismic design procedures based on the total cost
Authors: Lagaros Nikos D. , Fotis Andreas D. , Krikos Stilianos A. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe assessment of seismic design codes has become the subject of intensive research work which revealed several weak points of the codes that originated from the limitations in predicting with acceptable precision the response of a structure under a moderate or severe earthquake. Most of the seismic design codes belong to the class of prescriptive procedures, where if certain constraints are fulfilled, the structure is considered safe. Prescriptive design procedures fail to provide acceptable levels of structural performance over its life because, in most of them, the structure is assessed using only one design earthquake. Performance‐based design is a different philosophy for designing against hazards; the structure is designed to meet a number of performance objectives. The objectives of this study is to compare the initial and limit state‐dependent cost of an RC building designed either to meet the provisions of the Greek national seismic design code or based on a performance‐based design procedure. Two were the most important findings of this study: (i) the initial cost for an RC structure, designed to permit elastic behaviour for the response spectrum of the Greek national seismic code, is not prohibitive and (ii) that an RC structure based on the proposed performance‐based design procedure lead to economical designs with respect to the total cost compared to a code conforming design. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solidification in a water‐saturated porous medium when convection is present (response of solid‐liquid interface due to time‐varying cooling temperature)
Authors: Kimura Shigeo , Okajima Atsushi , Kiwata Takahiro , Fusaoka Takahiro 
Published: May 2006

AbstractA fundamental study on solidifying phenomenon in a rectangular space filled with water‐saturated porous medium has been carried out with a system, cooled from the upper boundary and heated from below, where vigorous convection develops in the un‐solidified liquid layer. The dynamic response of the solid‐liquid interface to the periodical cooling temperature with the bottom boundary kept at constant temperature TH = 20°C, is investigated experimentally. In particular, the amplitude of the interface and the phase lag in respect to the oscillating cooling temperature have been monitored for various periods and average temperatures. A one‐dimensional numerical model, based on an assumption of constant heat flux from the vigorously convecting liquid regime has been also developed. The numerical model predicts quite well the time‐dependent behavior of the horizontally averaged ice‐layer thickness observed in the experiments. Our general findings are that the amplitude increases proportionally to the temperature fluctuation period and that both the thicker solid layer and the shorter period cause greater phase lags. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 35(4): 294–308, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20109
DNS of turbulent heat transfer in a channel flow with a varying streamwise thermal boundary condition
Authors: Seki Yohji , Kawamura Hiroshi 
Published: May 2006

AbstractDirect numerical simulation (DNS) was performed for the turbulent heat transfer in a channel flow. In the present study, the effect of the thermal boundary condition was examined. DNS was carried out for varying streamwise thermal boundary conditions (Reτ = 180) with Pr = 0.71 to obtain statistical mean temperatures, temperature variances, budget terms, and time scale ratios. The results obtained indicate that the time scale ratio varies along the stream direction. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 35(4): 265–278, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20114
Molecular dynamics of the generation process of double‐walled carbon nanotubes from peapods
Authors: Shibuta Yasushi , Maruyama Shigeo 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe generation process of a double‐walled carbon nanotube (DWNT) from a “peapod” was studied by classical molecular dynamics simulation. Starting from a peapod structure, defined by five C60 molecules inside a (10,10) single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWNT), polymerized fullerenes, a peanut‐like structure and an almost nanotube‐like structure were obtained under suitable conditions of temperature control. The mean distance between the two layers of the DWNT agreed with an experimental report that it is larger than the interlayer spacing found in multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs). In addition, the chirality dependence of the potential energy of a DWNT on the relative chirality of its constituent tubes was examined using a 6‐12 Lennard‐Jones potential. It was found that the potential energy depends only on the distance between the two layers, not on the relative chiralities. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 35(4): 254–264, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20115
A study on thermal conductivity of a mixture of magnesia particles and molten nitrate by a transient hot wire method
Authors: Kitano Kazuyuki , Hanyuda Katsuya , Takegoshi Eisyun , Sawada Masatoshi , Hirasawa Yoshio , Kosaka Akio 
Published: May 2006

AbstractIn this study, the effective thermal conductivity of a mixture of magnesia particles and molten nitrate used in a high temperature thermal energy storage system was investigated by a transient hot wire method. The effective thermal conductivity of the mixture was around 2.0W/(m·K) in the temperature range of 423 K to 703 K, although it decreased about 5% with increasing temperature. This value was about 10 times larger than that of the packed bed of magnesia particles including air. The effective thermal conductivity increased about 3% with a 1% increase in the volume ratio of magnesia particles in the mixture with molten nitrate. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 35(4): 245–253, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20116
The composite method: an improved method for stream‐water solute load estimation
Authors: Aulenbach Brent T. , Hooper Richard P. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe composite method is an alternative method for estimating stream‐water solute loads, combining aspects of two commonly used methods: the regression‐model method (which is used by the composite method to predict variations in concentrations between collected samples) and a period‐weighted approach (which is used by the composite method to apply the residual concentrations from the regression model over time). The extensive dataset collected at the outlet of the Panola Mountain Research Watershed (PMRW) near Atlanta, Georgia, USA, was used in data analyses for illustrative purposes. A bootstrap (subsampling) experiment (using the composite method and the PMRW dataset along with various fixed‐interval and large storm sampling schemes) obtained load estimates for the 8‐year study period with a magnitude of the bias of less than 1%, even for estimates that included the fewest number of samples. Precisions were always <2% on a study period and annual basis, and <2% precisions were obtained for quarterly and monthly time intervals for estimates that had better sampling. The bias and precision of composite‐method load estimates varies depending on the variability in the regression‐model residuals, how residuals systematically deviated from the regression model over time, sampling design, and the time interval of the load estimate. The regression‐model method did not estimate loads precisely during shorter time intervals, from annually to monthly, because the model could not explain short‐term patterns in the observed concentrations. Load estimates using the period‐weighted approach typically are biased as a result of sampling distribution and are accurate only with extensive sampling. The formulation of the composite method facilitates exploration of patterns (trends) contained in the unmodelled portion of the load. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Runoff and suspended sediment yields from an unpaved road segment, St John, US Virgin Islands
Authors: Ramos‐Scharrón Carlos E. , MacDonald Lee H. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractUnpaved roads are believed to be the primary source of terrigenous sediments being delivered to marine ecosystems around the island of St John in the eastern Caribbean. The objectives of this study were to: (1) measure runoff and suspended sediment yields from a road segment; (2) develop and test two event‐based runoff and sediment prediction models; and (3) compare the predicted sediment yields against measured values from an empirical road erosion model and from a sediment trap. The runoff models use the Green–Ampt infiltration equation to predict excess precipitation and then use either an empirically derived unit hydrograph or a kinematic wave to generate runoff hydrographs.Precipitation, runoff, and suspended sediment data were collected from a 230 m long, mostly unpaved road segment over an 8‐month period. Only 3–5 mm of rainfall was sufficient to initiate runoff from the road surface. Both models simulated similar hydrographs. Model performance was poor for storms with less than 1 cm of rainfall, but improved for larger events. The largest source of error was the inability to predict initial infiltration rates.The two runoff models were coupled with empirical sediment rating curves, and the predicted sediment yields were approximately 0·11 kg per square meter of road surface per centimetre of precipitation. The sediment trap data indicated a road erosion rate of 0·27 kg m−2cm−1. The difference in sediment production between these two methods can be attributed to the fact that the suspended sediment samples were predominantly sand and silt, whereas the sediment trap yielded mostly sand and gravel. The combination of these data sets yields a road surface erosion rate of 0·31 kg m−2cm−1, or approximately 36 kg m−2year−1. This is four orders of magnitude higher than the measured erosion rate from undisturbed hillslopes. The results confirm the importance of unpaved roads in altering runoff and erosion rates in a tropical setting, provide insights into the controlling processes, and provide guidance for predicting runoff and sediment yields at the road‐segment scale. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of various cell‐detachment solutions on endothelial cells after catheter abrasion for prosthesis colonization prior to implantation
Authors: Priebe Markus , Müller‐Hülsbeck Stefan , Jahnke Thomas , Charalambous Nikolas , Hedderich Jürgen , Heller Martin , Paulsen Friedrich Paul 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWe (1) evaluated the effectiveness of different media on the detachment of endothelial cells (ECs) from a catheter brush (Cragg thrombolytic catheter system) that was previously used for endothelial cell abrasion in 10 cm human umbilical vein (HUV) segments; (2) tested the practicability of endovascular catheter brush abrasion followed by EC detachment from the catheter brush, in vitro culture of harvested ECs, and finally endothelialization of a prosthesis; and (3) analyzed the defect created by the catheter brush in HUV segments after endovascular catheter abrasion. Best results in detachment of ECs from the catheter brush were obtained with a mixture of phosphate‐buffered saline + 1% human albumin. EC vitality was time‐dependent in the collected HUV segments postdelivery. Harvested EC viability decreased from (26.28 ± 5.76)% (0–3 h postdelivery) to (17.29 ± 4.56)% (after 4–8 h). ECs were easily cultured ex vivo within 2–3 weeks; seeded on nitinol stents, they grew to confluency and formed a monolayer on the stent surface (determined by scanning electron microscopy – SEM). Histological and SEM analysis of HUV segments that had undergone previous catheter brush abrasion revealed slight disruption of the intima but intact subintimal layers. Our findings indicate an advantageous method of capturing and culturing primary ECs for gene therapy or for the analysis and diagnosis of certain blood vessel diseases, especially in cases in which endovascular intervention is performed anyway. Moreover, and of high relevance to the biomaterial field, theoretically the procedure could be used to endothelialze a prosthesis ex vivo for implantation into the patient from whom the ECs were harvested, to reduce the inherent thrombogenicity of the prosthesis. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006