bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interaktivität als Determinante der Lerneffektivität bei der multimedialen Wissensvermittlung (Implications of Interactivity for Retention and Transfer in Multimedia Learning)
Authors: Ritter Simone , Wallach Dieter 
Published: August 2006

Zusammenfassung
Ausgangspunkt der vorliegenden Untersuchung zu Effekten unterschiedlicher Aktivitätsanforderungen auf den Wissenserwerb beim Lernen mit neuen Medien bilden zwei Varianten einer Lernumgebung, die sich zum einen in dem zugrunde liegenden Medium, zum anderen in den gestellten Aktivitätsanforderungen an Lernende unterscheiden. Bei inhaltlich identischen Lehrinhalten wurde die erste Variante als interaktives System konzipiert, während die zweite Variante als Lehrvideo realisiert wurde, welches keine Interaktion durch Lernende vorsieht. Beide Varianten der Lernumgebung richten sich an Grundschüler der vierten Klasse und vermitteln Grundkonzepte und -strukturen des Internets und der E-Mail. Zur Evaluation der Lerneffektivität wurde ein Fragebogen entwickelt, der eine differenzierte Erhebung der Lernmaße Retention und Transfer gestattet. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung belegen nachhaltig die Bedeutung der Interaktivität für den Lernerfolg.
Interaktionstrategien für Punktdiagramm-Visualisierungen auf kleinen Bildschirmen (Interaction Strategies for Scatterplot Visualizations on Small Screens)
Authors: Büring Thorsten 
Published: August 2006

Zusammenfassung
Es werden zwei neuartige Systeme zur Darstellung und Exploration großer Datenräume auf kleinen Bildschirmen vorgestellt. Die Basis der Applikationen bildet ein Punktdiagramm, welches aufgrund seiner komprimierten Datenkodierung eine effektive Ausnutzung der Präsentationsfläche kleiner Bildschirme erlaubt. Ein weiterer Vorteil des Diagramms ergibt sich aus seiner Übersichtlichkeit. Selbst unerfahrene Nutzer können Trends und Ausreißer im Datenraum leicht identifizieren.
Die beiden vorgestellten Applikationen unterscheiden sich hinsichtlich ihrer Interaktionstrategien. Das geometrisch-semantische ZUI (Zoomable User Interface) steht für einen metaphernbasierten, intuitiven Ansatz und erinnert in vielen Eigenschaften an ein Computerspiel. Mittels Zoom kann der Nutzer das Verhältnis von Übersicht und Detail seinem jeweiligen Informationsbedürfnis anpassen. Das alternative Fischauge-Interface bietet hingegen die Möglichkeit einen freidefinierbaren Ausschnitt des Punktdiagramms zu vergrößern. Durch die Verzerrung können unter Erhaltung des Kontexts unübersichtliche Datencluster aufgelöst werden. Der Kontext verschafft dem Nutzer eine bessere Orientierung im Datenraum und ermöglicht zudem zusätzliche Navigationsfunktionalität.
Verortung von Daten. Eine prototypische Untersuchung mit RFID (Locative Data. Prototype Research with RFID)
Authors: Michelis Daniel , Send Hendrik , Schildhauer Thomas 
Published: August 2006

Zusammenfassung
Der vorliegende Beitrag behandelt die Möglichkeiten des Wissendesigns an der Schwelle zwischen Bildschirm und physischem Raum, der durch die Anreicherung mit digitalen Informationen eine neue Aufwertung erhält. Mit der Extrapolation der Entwicklung des Screens, dessen zentrale Stellung als Interface mit der Verbreitung alternativer Interaktionstechnologien abnimmt, lassen sich neue Formen der physischen Interaktion zwischen Mensch und Computer erahnen. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird im Anschluss an eine theoretische Einführung in die Mediengeschichte des User-Interface nach Manovich ein Kunst- und Forschungsprojekt beschrieben, das Möglichkeiten von RFID als zukünftiges Interface prototypisch untersucht.
Nicht-Wissen als Ressource sowie sieben Thesen zu künftiger Wissensarbeit (Not Knowing as a Resource and Seven Theses on the Future of Knowledge Work)
Authors: Stephan Peter 
Published: August 2006

Zusammenfassung
Wissen, Medien und Design entfalten gemeinsam eine sozio-technische Dynamik, die das neue Forschungs- und Praxisfeld des Knowledge Media Designs (KMD) begründet. Hier treffen sich theoretische, gestalterische und technische Fächer, die neue Methoden und Forschungsformate entsprechend ihren erweiterten Wirkungsmöglichkeiten entwickeln. Unter dem Aspekt der Gestaltung werden in der Wissenskommunikation bisher vernachlässigte Aspekte behandelbar, die vor allem in der Behandlung von Nicht-Wissen wirksam werden.
Dabei geht es um Erkenntnisstile und Wissenstypen, die formalen Erwartungen nicht entsprechen und daher aus der in Organisationen wirksamen “Legitimation durch Verfahren” (Luhmann 1977) herausfallen. Das gestaltungstypische “Querdenken” entspricht der gesellschaftlichen und unternehmerischen Forderung nach Innovation und ergänzt die beschränkte Rationalität wirtschaftlicher und technischer Verfahren. Die vorgestellten Überlegungen basieren auf Projekten zur Wissenskommunikation, die an der Kunsthochschule für Medien Köln und der Universität der Künste Berlin – Institute of Electronic Business durchgeführt wurden (vgl. Stephan 2005b; Stephan, Klein, Petersen 2006).
“WORD wandeln” — ein Projektbericht (“Changing WORD” — a Project Report)
Authors: Burmester Michael , Kaiser Karin 
Published: August 2006

Zusammenfassung
Burmester und Kaiser erprobten mit dem Projekt “WORD wandeln” Methoden und Sichtweisen aus dem “Nutzerzentrierten Gestalten” (user centered design) mit Kommunikationsdesignstudierenden im Rahmen ihrer Disziplin. Ziel der Entwürfe nach Analyse der Textverarbeitungssoftware “WORD” der Firma Microsoft war nicht die praxisgerechte Software-Applikation — vielmehr ging es darum, interessierten Nutzern von Standard-Software eine bewusstere Wahrnehmung und ironische Reflektion der Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion zu bieten.
Sozialer Einfluss computergenerierter Agenten in einer virtuellen Umgebung (Social Influence of Computer-Generated Agents in a Virtual Environment)
Authors: Ollesch Heike , Heineken Edgar 
Published: August 2006

Zusammenfassung
Wenn Akteure in virtuellen Umgebungen mit computergenerierten Agenten (agent avatars) umgehen und dabei wissen, dass sie nicht mit wirklichen Menschen interagieren, ist die soziale Präsenz gering. Können computergenerierte Agenten dennoch sozialen Einfluss auf die Akteure ausüben? Nach Blascovich et al. (2002) ist dies möglich, wenn die geringe soziale Präsenz durch einen hohen Grad an “behavioral realism” beim Design der Agenten kompensiert wird. Ob ein hinreichender Behavioral Realism erzeugt werden kann, indem computergenerierte Agenten so modelliert werden, dass ihr Verhalten in der Kommunikation mit den Akteuren in konsistenter Weise Persönlichkeitseigenschaften und Motive widerspiegelt, ist Gegenstand der Untersuchung. In Anlehnung an das Modell von Blascovich wird die Hypo these experimentell geprüft, dass bezüglich ihrer Kommunikationscharakteristika unterschiedlich gestaltete “Agenten-Persönlichkeiten” in unterschiedlicher Weise sozialen Einfluss auf das Verhalten und Erleben der Akteure ausüben. Konkret wird erwartet, dass ein Akteur auf einen Agenten mit cholerischem Temperament und impulsiven Persönlichkeitszügen anders reagiert als auf einen Agenten mit melancholischem Temperament und ängstlichen Persönlichkeitszügen. Dreißig Personen, überwiegend Studierende, agierten im Szenario MotivatorOne als Führungskraft in einem computersimulierten Unternehmen und sollten durch adäquate Kommunikation mit virtuellen Abteilungsleitern — darunter einer “ängstlichen” und einer “impulsiven” Agenten-Persönlichkeit — das Unternehmen zum wirtschaftlichen Erfolg führen. Erfasst wurde das Inter aktions verhalten der Teilnehmer mit den Agenten sowie im Nachhinein die dabei erlebten emotionalen und kommuni kativen Anforderungen. Die Befunde bestätigen die Hypothese, dass nicht nur das Kommunikationsverhalten, sondern auch die emotionalen Reaktionen der Akteure von der Agenten-Persönlichkeit abhängen. Dies kann als Beleg dafür gelten, dass bei adäquater Gestaltung computergenerierter Agenten eine soziale Einflussnahme auf die Akteure möglich ist.
And Ever the Twain Shall Meet: The Holiness Missionary Movement and the Birth of World Pentecostalism, 1870–1920
Authors: Case Jay R. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractPentecostalism first appeared as a global movement, built with both modern and antimodern materials provided by the American holiness missionary movement. On the anti-modern side, radical holiness spirituality and theology infused the worldviews of its advocates with supernaturalism, primitivism, and an apocalyptic eschatology. It resisted modern trends toward systematization, bureaucratization, and centralized control. Furthermore, radical holiness minimized the significance of modern categories of nation, ethnicity, race, and civilization. On the other side, radical holiness depended on the modern disintegration of traditional religious deference, used modern techniques for promoting audiencedriven or democratized patterns of authority, and effectively equipped its followers for the pragmatic methodologies of modernity by skillfully making use of transportation networks, fund-raising techniques, and mass media to reach large audiences.American holiness missionaries carried these characteristics overseas, where non-American advocates adapted them to their particular circumstances. Both American and non-American adherents promoted radical holiness in ways that confounded reigning categories of identity, power relations, and conceptions of East and West. Radical holiness granted religious authority to Chinese men, Indian girls, spirit-filled Zulus, working-class Chileans, female evangelists, and African-American leaders, as well as white American males, without consciously mobilizing its followers along lines of national, ethnic, gendered, racial, or class identity. It demanded that its followers leave "heathenism," but it did so without utilizing the imperialist era discourse of civilization that upheld western cultural superiority and non-western cultural inferiority. In terms of its national or racial characteristics, then, early leaders from diverse backgrounds used tools from the American holiness movement to bring a non-American movement, world Pentecostalism, into existence.
A Chosen People in a Pluralist Nation: Horace Kallen and the Jewish-American Experience
Authors: Greene Daniel 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis article examines the ways that ethnic pluralism and Jewish exceptionalism coexisted in philosopher Horace M. Kallen’s thought from the time that Jewish identity began to play a significant and positive role in his own self-conception, roughly in 1900, until his coining of “cultural pluralism” in 1924. Kallen conceived of pluralism, in large part, to address concerns about American Jewish identity, but its conception created a vexing problem for Jews. If Jews were the “chosen people,” then how could they fit into a model of the nation that emphasized equality, or at least harmony, between many different groups? Kallen would solve the dilemma of pluralism and chosenness by advocating that American Jews maintain their particularity on the basis of culturaldistinctivenessrather than ofsuperiority. Interrogating Kallen's thought on this question illuminates how his enduring theory of cultural pluralism owed its origins, in part, to specific Jewish concerns and how it developed in conjunction with a sustained struggle to articulate a meaningful Jewish identity that would prove continuous across generations. Kallen’s solution to the dilemma of pluralism and Jewish exceptionalism also demonstrates one instance of how debates about Jewish particularity profoundly influenced understandings of cultural, racial, and religious difference within American democracy during the early twentieth century.
“The Right Achieved and the Wrong Way Conquered”: J. H. Jackson, Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Conflict over Civil Rights
Authors: Best Wallace 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe infamous conflict between Joseph Harrison Jackson, longtime president of the National Baptist Convention, Inc. (NBC), and Martin Luther King, Jr., has attracted considerable scholarly attention. For nearly a decade, the two Baptist clerics fought for control of the largest African American religious organization in the country as King sought to use it as the “institutional basis for the Civil Rights Movement.” Treated as a simple confrontation between the “radicalism” of King and the”conservatism” of Jackson, however, the conflict has been misinterpreted and, therefore, undervalued by scholars. It was not a struggle between conservative and progressive forces within the NBC, and Jackson and King were not ideological polar opposites. Their conflict was essentially religious in nature and was predicated on questions regarding what constituted church work among black Baptists. In retaining control of the NBC, Jackson wanted to make sure that the answers to those questions would reflect what he perceived to be the “vital center” of American culture. He was convinced that his commitment to “correct” the social ills of society through national and religious unity would achieve that which was right while conquering that which was wrong. Faced also with the challenges of an increasingly global context within which black religious leaders were compelled to operate, Jackson envisioned the NBC as an organization involved with efforts to bring peace and economic parity around the world. In Jackson's view, King's aim to use the NBC as the “institutional basis for the Civil Rights Movement” was both “anti-American” and limited in scope. Jackson's “gradual” stance on civil rights and his confidence in the democratic process to bring about social change reveal one of the many options employed in post -WWII African American religious and political culture.
Minds Intensely Unsettled: Phrenology, Experience, and the American Pursuit of Spiritual Assurance, 1830–1880
Authors: White Christopher G. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractStarting in the middle decades of the nineteenth century, a group of American Christians rejected their parents’ Calvinism and fashioned new views of sin, the self, and spiritual growth. These believers were aided in this process by new, psychological sciences such as phrenology, sciences that pointed to the existence of powerful spiritual faculties in the self and new ways of using and measuring them. Especially for those who felt paralyzed by sensibilities of sinfulness and moral impotence, phrenology was a liberation. But phrenology appealed to Americans for other reasons as well. By linking mental and spiritual states to physiological structures, phrenology brought the mysterious emotions and dispositions of faith to the surfaces of the self, where they could be more easily understood and reflected upon. Inner conditions could be discerned in bumps and contours of the head and body or even in one's characteristic postures and gestures. In short, the new science made confounding inner spaces visible again. This article explores the spiritual struggles of a wide range of believers who used phrenology to develop more sober and measured, and therefore more certain, forms of spiritual assurance. It argues that, beginning in the early nineteenth century, a broad coalition of religious liberals used these new, scientific psychologies such as phrenology to find in external, especially bodily, conditions signs of inner spiritual states.
Olfactory Disorder in Children With 22q11 Deletion Syndrome
Authors: Sobin Christina , Kiley-Brabeck Karen , Dale Kathryn , Monk Samantha H. , Khuri Jananne , Karayiorgou Maria 
Published: August 2006

OBJECTIVE. 22q11 deletion syndrome, a common human interstitial deletion syndrome (1:5000), is associated with a heterogeneous physical phenotype, including several factors that markedly increase the risk for olfactory disorder. Despite its potential consequences, pediatric studies of impaired olfaction are rare, and odor detection in children with 22q11 deletion syndrome has not yet been examined.METHODS. The University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test was administered to 62 children, including 39 with 22q11 deletion syndrome and 23 neurotypical control siblings who ranged in age from 5.3 to 14.8 years. Lowered smell detection accuracy among affected children was predicted.RESULTS. Substantially more children with 22q11 deletion syndrome (68%) as compared with neurotypical control subjects (13%) had University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test scores ≥2 SDs below the standardization sample mean. Frequency of impairment in younger versus older children did not differ. The score distributions of children with and without velopharyngeal insufficiency did not differ; however, markedly lower score variance among children with velopharyngeal insufficiency suggested its negative impact on olfaction. Posthoc error analyses revealed that affected children had special difficulty detecting smells that are associated with fumes and smoke.CONCLUSIONS. Odor detection failures are ubiquitous among children with 22q11 deletion syndrome and are not associated with developmental delay or performance characteristics of younger affected children. Additional studies are needed to examine further the impact on olfaction of velopharyngeal insufficiency and compromised nasal airway patency. Children with 22q11 deletion syndrome should be evaluated routinely for olfactory disorder. When deficits are identified, caregivers should be warned of potential dangers that are associated with this type of sensory impairment.
Myxobolus cerebralis in Native Cutthroat Trout of the Yellowstone Lake Ecosystem
Authors: Koel Todd M. , Mahony Daniel L. , Kinnan Kendra L. , Rasmussen Charlotte , Hudson Crystal J. , Murcia Silvia , Kerans Billie L. 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
The exotic parasite Myxobolus cerebralis was first detected in native adult Yellowstone cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii bouvierii from Yellowstone Lake in 1998, seriously threatening the ecological integrity of this pristine, naturally functioning ecosystem. We immediately began to assess the prevalence and spatial extent of M. cerebralis infection in Yellowstone cutthroat trout within Yellowstone Lake and to determine the infection risk of age-0 Yellowstone cutthroat trout, the relative abundance and actinospore production of tubificid worms, and the basic environmental characteristics of tributaries. During 1999–2001, juvenile and adult Yellowstone cutthroat trout were infected throughout Yellowstone Lake; the highest prevalence (15.3–16.4%) occurred in the northern and central regions. Exposure studies in 13 streams indicated that Pelican and Clear creeks and the Yellowstone River were positive for M. cerebralis; the highest prevalence (100%) and severity was found in Pelican Creek during mid-July. Sexually mature individuals of the oligochaete Tubifex tubifex were most abundant in early summer, were genetically homogenous, and were members of a lineage known to produce moderate to high levels of M. cerebralis triactinomyxons. Only 20 of the 3,037 sampled tubificids produced actinospores after 7 d in culture, and none of the actinospores were M. cerebralis. However, one non-actinospore-producing T. tubifex from Pelican Creek tested positive for M. cerebralis by polymerase chain reaction. Stream temperatures at Pelican Creek, a fourth-order, low-gradient stream, were over 20°C during the first exposure period, suggesting that T. tubifex were capable of producing triactinomyxons at elevated temperatures in the wild. Although the infection of otherwise healthy adult Yellowstone cutthroat trout within Yellowstone Lake suggests some resistance, our sentinel cage exposures indicated that this subspecies may be more susceptible to whirling disease than previous laboratory challenges have indicated, and M. cerebralis may be contributing to a significant recent decline in this population.
Spatial and Temporal Occurrence of the Salmonid Parasite Ceratomyxa shasta in the Oregon–California Klamath River Basin
Authors: Stocking Richard W. , Holt Richard A. , Foott J. Scott , Bartholomew Jerri L. 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
The parasite Ceratomyxa shasta has been implicated as a significant source of salmonid mortality in the lower Klamath River, California (i.e., below Iron Gate dam). A study of the prevalence of C. shasta and its geographic and temporal distribution throughout the Klamath River basin was conducted to determine when and where juvenile salmonids encounter lethal parasite doses. Susceptible rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss were exposed to C. shasta 3–4 d at seven locations in the Klamath River between Beaver Creek and Keno Reservoir in April, June, July, September, and November 2003. Individuals from a Klamath River strain of fall Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha were held in three locations in the upper Klamath River in April, June, and July. In June 2004, rainbow trout were exposed to the parasite for 4 d at 18 locations from Klamath Lake to the mouth of the Klamath River, including several major spawning tributaries; one exposure occurred in the lower Klamath River. Rainbow trout mortality due to infection for groups exposed in the upper Klamath River was lower (&lt;8.0%) and delayed (mean time to death, 40–110 d) in comparison with that in groups exposed in the lower Klamath River (&gt;98%; mean time to death, 33–36 d). Experimental fall Chinook salmon did not become infected in the upper Klamath River, but infection was detected in Chinook salmon exposed in the lower Klamath River, nearly 50% of these succumbing to infection. These dramatic differences in mortality between the upper and lower Klamath River could not be explained by differences in water temperatures during exposure and are probably a result of differences in infectious dose. Lack of infection in groups exposed in tributaries supports the hypothesis that the parasite life cycle and the invertebrate host are largely confined to the main-stem Klamath River.
Virus Distribution and Signs of Disease after Immersion Exposure to Largemouth Bass Virus
Authors: Beck Benjamin H. , Bakal Robert S. , Brunner Cindy J. , Grizzle John M. 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Largemouth bass virus (LMBV) can cause a fatal disease in largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides. In previous laboratory studies, largemouth bass have been infected with LMBV by injection, gavage, cohabitation with infected fish, or immersion in water containing the virus. To determine which organs are infected by LMBV and the changes in distribution among organs over time, we immersed largemouth bass (mean weight, 79 g; mean total length, 181 mm) for 1 h in water containing LMBV (1.7 × 103 plaque-forming units/mL) and then necropsied fish daily for 27 d. Cell culture was used to detect LMBV in gill, liver, spleen, trunk kidney, head kidney, swim bladder, heart, brain, gonad, intestinal cecum, and intestine. Of the 225 fish exposed to LMBV, 2 fish died of undetermined causes and 5 moribund fish were necropsied. All moribund fish were observed at the water surface, had an overinflated swim bladder, were infected with LMBV, and had no other known cause of the morbidity. No signs of disease were observed in an additional 187 fish that we necropsied, although 31% of these fish were found to be infected with LMBV. Largemouth bass virus was detected in internal organs at the end of the 1-h exposure and for 24 d postexposure. The percentage of infected fish was highest 4 and 5 d after exposure, when LMBV was isolated from all fish tested. The organs that were infected varied among fish, but the swim bladder, gill, and trunk kidney were most frequently infected. Moribund fish had an average of 4.6 (range, 2–7) organs positive for LMBV, which was significantly greater (P &lt; 0.05) than the mean of 2.3 (range, 1–7) positive organs in subclinically infected fish. Our study demonstrated that LMBV can rapidly enter largemouth bass and then decrease to below detectable levels within a month.