bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The influence of organic solvents on the bactericidal action of the phenols. Part II
Authors: Cooper E. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA further study has been made of the influence of organic solvents on the bactericidal power of the phenols, alcohols, and other germicides. The solvents used have been acetone, ethylene glycol and terr.‐butyl alcohol. Although of practical interest, experiments showed that ethylene glycol monobutyl ether and propylene oxide were too strongly germicidal for employment as solvents, being active against B. lactis aerogetics in 10% concentration, and against Staphylococcus in 3% solution. The bactericidal action of phenol and benzyl alcohol was increased by aq. acetone to a greater extent than that of p‐cresol, thymol, and chlorphenols; and aliphatic compounds, e.g., tert.‐buryl alcohol and ethylene glycol monobutyl ether were increased in efficiency to much greater degree than aromatic substances. Aq. tert.‐butyl alcohol similarly increased the germicidal power of aliphatic substances to a greater extent than that of aromatic compounds. The bactericidal action of the phenols was diminished by aq. glycol, but the efficacy of aliphatic substances was again increased even by this solvent. Notwithstanding these selective effects, the order of magnitude of germicidal power in the case of aliphatic and aromatic compounds is independent of the solvent employed.
Equilibrium between gaseous carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide and solutions of alkali carbonates, bicarbonates and hydrosulphides. Part I. Potassium salts
Authors: Dryden I. G. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractValues of the constants have been determined over a range of concentrations (0·2–2N) and of temperatures (0–60°). The results cover a wider field than those of previous investigators, and are more consistent. The heats of reaction computed from the variations with temperature agree well with published heats of formation.
Vapour pressures of ammonia and carbon dioxide in equilibrium with aqueous solutions. Part VI
Authors: Badger E. H. M. , Wilson D. S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn Parts 1–5 of this paper1 charts were given which showed the vapour pressures of ammonia and carbon dioxide over aqueous solutions at 20° and 40°. Measurements of the vapour pressure of ammonia have now been made at 90° in order to provide data for calculating the efficiency of ammonia stills.
Certain fundamental concepts relating to non‐polar mechanisms in oleflnic systems
Authors: Farmer E. H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe application of polar concepts to the interpretation and systematisation of experimental observations in the field of organic chemistry has had such striking success and usefulness during the past 25 years that the concepts have become an integral part of organised chemical knowledge. Recent years, however, have seen the steady accumulation of experimental results which do not fit in the polar scheme and these may be rationally and consistently interpreted as resulting from the occurrence of apolar types of reaction in which the participants are short‐lived neutral entities (molecules or atoms) displaying free‐radical characteristics. On the apolar basis the author outlines a hypothetical correlation of a considerable array of experimental results with which he has been concerned—both as an immediate aid to making sense of what would otherwise seem to be unusually complicated and unintelligible, and with the hope that the views tentatively advanced will furnish suggestive starting points for future kinetic experimentation.
The specific surface of powders. A modification of the theory of the air‐permeability method
Authors: Rigden P. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe paper describes a modification of the Kozeny theory of the air‐permeability method for determining the specific surface of powders to take into account the effect of “slip” at the walls of the pores in the bed of powder. The dependence of the measured value of specific surface on the mean pressure in the bed has been examined experimentally, and it is shown that, by making the correction for “slip,” values of specific surface are obtained substantially independent of the mean pressure (and hence of the mean free path of the gas molecules) in the region of atmospheric pressure. It is also shown that, if the modified equation is used, good agreement is obtained between values of specific surface determined by the “air” method and by a “liquid” method using water, acetone or n‐hexane. A full account is given of the experimental work which has included measurements on six powders ranging in surface area from 0·4 to 5 sq. metre/g.
The esters of 4‐hydroxybenzoic acid and related compounds. Part I. Methods for the study of their fungistatic properties
Authors: Vincent J. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis introductory paper describes the method and criteria that have been developed for a critical evaluation of die fungistatic action of chemically related compounds together with some related aspects arising from the application of these methods. Inhibition is determined as reduction in growth rate and particular attention has been giver, to dosage/response curves as providing a sound basis for comparisons between substances. Three moulds have been used : Aspergillus niger, Byssochlamys fulva and Penicillium roqueforti. In the absence of inhibitor, growth/time curves were linear for all three organisms once the colony had attained a diameter of 10 mm. A. miger and P. roqucforti behaved similarly in the presence of inhibitor but B. fulva showed an accelerating growth that persisted and often resulted in the final diameter exceeding that of the control. In the first two organisms growth rate (mm. per 24 hours) in the linear phase has been used; for B. fulva the rate was determined as soon as possible after the colony had reached 10 mm. and before it exceeded 20 mm.The dosage/response relationship for A. niger has the form: y = axb, where y = inhibition, x = concentration of inhibitor; a and b are constants, the latter less than I. From this relationship inhibitory substances can be described in terms of b (slope of log. dose/log. response curve) and log I30 (—log. concentration giving 50% inhibition). B. fulva can be interpreted similarly although complicated by acceleration in the growth/time curve. It is better to use log I67 in place of log I50. Experimental values for P. roqueforti can be interpreted as the resultant of an inhibitory action (logarithmic as before) and a stimulation rising to an early limiting value. In this case determination of b is not practicable and inhibition is best expressed as log I50 obtained graphically from experimental points. Log I25 permits comparison at another part of the curve. Constants b and log I50 determined for A. niger can vary significantly between experiments although the cause of this variation is not apparent. Log I50 is related to some factor that affects the control rate. The methyl ester causes striking morphological changes in the hyphal tips although concentrations of higher esters causing comparable inhibition fail to bring about such changes.
The drying of vegetables. VI. Loss of ascorbic acid in drying cabbage and potato in large‐scale factory plants
Authors: Allen R. J. L. , Mapson L. W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPrevious papers in this series1,4 have recorded the loss of ascorbic acid incurred in the drying of vegetables in the laboratory. In the present note data arc presented on the loss of ascorbic acid from cabbage and potato when the vegetables were dried in large‐scale factory plants. The experiments were carried out at two factories, which were using a standard Ministry of Food plant.
The semitechnical preparation of thioacetic acid
Authors: Hands C. H. G. , Whitt F. R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMethods for the semitechnical preparation of pure thioacetic acid from hydrogen sulphide and acetic anhydride are described. An output of lb./hr. was obtained from a batch process and J lb./hr. from a continuous process using hydrogen sulphide generated from hydrochloric acid and sodium sulphide solution.
The component acids and glycerides of australian lumbang oil
Authors: Gunstone F. D. , Hilditch T. P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA sample of nuts of the lumbang (candlenut) tree from North Queensland contained kernels yielding 62% of a very pale‐coloured oil, iodine value 164·3, and with extremely low free fatty acid content (0·3% as oleic acid). The component acids of the oil are palmitic 5·5, stearic 6·7, arachidic 0·3, oleic 10·5, linoleic 48·5, and linolcnic 28·5% (wt.). The component glycerides include about 32% which contain three linoleic or linolenic radicals, and about 53% with two of these groups, the third acyl group being oleic or saturated; one, and to a small extent, two, linolenic groups are probably present in all these mixed glycerides, totalling 85% of the fat. Attempts to prepare a highly‐unsaturated concentrate from the oil by crystallisation from solvents at low temperatures were not very promising, although 66% of the oil was so obtained from acetone at — 35°, with an iodine value of 179. The component acids and constituent glycerides of this fraction differed, however, very widely from those of linseed oil. Although differing in composition from linseed oil, lumbang oil of the high quality represented by the specimens studied should have considerable uses as a “drying” oil.
The liver oils of elasmobranch/fish of south indian waters
Authors: Kini U. S. , Chidambaram K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA study of the chemical characteristics and vitamin A contents of liver oils of important sharks, skates and rays of South Indian waters has been made. No relationship is found to exist between vitamin A potency and the chemical properties or conditions of fish. The individual and industrial significance of each fish is discussed.
Contribution to the study of the rheological properties of pectin jellies
Authors: Cheftel H. , Mocquard J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA description is given of an apparatus designed to allow the continuous recording of the Theological properties of gels. Advantages and disadvantages of the apparatus arc mentioned and the variations in behaviour between gelatin and agar gels and high sugar‐high methoxyl gels observed, from results obtained using the apparatus, are discussed.
The use of fillers in bituminous road surfacings. A study of filler‐binder systems in relation to filler characteristics
Authors: Rigden P. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe paper describes a study of the fineness characteristics of. a wide range of fillers used in the production of bituminous road surfacings. The object of this study was to find a simple characteristic of the filler which could be directly related to the behaviour of filler‐binder mixtures, both at low filler concentrations which occur in many types of thin surfacing, and at high filler concentrations which occur in dense surfacings of the “asphalt” type. An investigation is then described into the flow properties of a number of filler‐binder systems containing both tar and bitumen binders, over a range of filler concentration from zero to the greatest amount which gave a cohesive mixture. The filler property found to be most simply related to these flow properties is the value of the fractional volume voids in the tightly‐compacted dry filler. The determination of this value is described and it is shown that from it the “optimum binder content” of any filler may be readily calculated. It is also shown that the relation between viscosity and filler concentration of any filler‐binder system may be most simply interpreted if the concentration of filler is expressed in terms of the degree of packing of the filler as calculated from the fractional volume voids.
Thermally reversible strains in plasticized polyvinyl chloride
Authors: Pollett W. F. O. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTorsion tests have been used to investigate thermally reversible strain in plasticized p.v.c. in relation to the conditions under which it is produced. The initial set, on cooling after release of the applied strain, increases with the time, temperature and extent of deformation and rapidity of cooling, but under the experimental conditions was almost wholly recoverable on re‐heating. Cooling Under strain increases the initial set, and recovery then begins at the commencement of re‐heating; otherwise it starts at a higher temperature the slower the cooling after release. Recovery per unit temperature rise reaches a maximum just below the straining temperature at a position depending on straining time and rate of cooling, but not on composition within wide limits. Even opposed strains introduced successively at diminishing temperatures are separately recoverable on re‐heating. A qualitative explanation of the phenomena is proposed which assumes the presence of associations covering a wide range of stabilities.
Latent heat of vaporization, temperature and density of liquids
Authors: Bowden S. T. , Jones W. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSimple relations are given for the variation of the latent heat of vaporization of non‐associated liquids with the absolute temperature and the density. These relations are applicable over ranges of 50° and 100°, respectively, above the boiling point of the liquid. It is shown that the latent heat of vaporization of water is inversely proportional to the square‐root of the absolute temperature for the range 100°‐150°. A relation is also given for the variation of density of non‐associated liquids with temperature.
Copper acetylides
Authors: Brameld V. F. , Clark M. T. , Seyfang A. P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFollowing an introduction and a brief review of published work on copper acetylides, investigations into conditions of formation and properties of copper acetylides are described. Parts I and II deal with formation from acid and alkaline, cuprous and cupric solutions. Part III concerns the formation of acetylides on the surfaces of copper and copper alloys under varying conditions. Although acetylides cannot be formed in cupric solutions above a certain acid concentration, they can be formed on the surfaces of copper and brasses immersed in such solutions even if the acidity is greatly increased. Explosive acetylides can be formed not only on copper and high‐copper alloys in ammoniacal acetylene atmospheres, but also on copper and brasses containing 50% copper or more, when these have been contaminated with acids or caustic alkalis. Methods are given for the detection of small amounts of copper acetylide.
Salinogenic or chelate forming dyes as analytical reagents
Authors: Steigmann A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe diazoaminogroup (—N=N·NH—) was found to be silver, mercury and cadmium selective. The sulphonamide group (—SO2·NH—) as present in sulphanilamide and other sulpha drugs is similarly reactive. Para diethylaminobenzeneazo chromotropic acid (“chromotropic blue”) was found to be cerium, calcium, magnesium and under certain conditions copper, nickel and cobalt selective. Copper specific and nickel‐selective, is 5‐(p‐nitrobenzeneazo)‐7‐nitroso‐8‐hydroxyquinoline (“oxin violet”). New reactions of nitroso‐R‐acid and photographic reactions of some of the mentioned chemicals are described.
Time viscosity studies of the system groundnut protein‐caustic soda‐water
Authors: Thomson R. H. K. , Johnston A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe change of viscosity with time in the system groundnut protein‐caustic soda‐water has been studied over a limited range of concentrations. The concentrations selected were those which gave viscous solutions without gelation. The viscosity was plotted continuously against time for each concentration for 15 hours at 20°. The results are presented in graphical form and are in accord with the hypothesis that globulins have spheroidal or coiled molecules which unwind or unfold to long chains on reaction with caustic soda, and if the reaction proceeds far enough, break down to smaller molecules.
The control of the PH of jams
Authors: Hinton C. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe neutralization curves of the acids of fruits and other jam constituents have been determined over the range of interest in jam making, and from them the curves applicable to commercial jams are computed. On the basis of these curves, formula are derived for calculating the quantities of citric acid, sodium bicarbonate, or sodium citrate to be added to change the pmrH of jams by required amounts.
Production of rare earth and thorium compounds from monazite. Part I
Authors: Pilkington E. S. , Wylie A. W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA process is described for the separation of rare earth elements in monazite into the following products : (a) cerium group hydroxides containing thorium hydroxide, (b) crude thorium oxalate. Quantitative aspects of the various methods used to accomplish the separations have been investigated. The process is suitable for large scale operation.
Notes on maize
Authors: Herzka A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractOne of the ways in which maize is used is as popcorn. To obtain this the maize is expanded and turned inside out by the application of heat j this process is termed the popping of com (= maize). The work described below has been carried out to ascertain (a) why maize pops, and (b) why popping is limited to certain varieties of maize.
The fischer‐tropsch synthesis with cobalt catalysts
Authors: Craxford S. R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAn account is given of the more academic aspects of the research work carried out in Germany and elsewhere during the war years, and on this basis a picture of the catalyst and its method of working is developed. The reacting gases reach the catalyst surface directly in atmospheric pressure synthesis, but by solution in and diffusion through the wax that fills the pores of the catalyst in medium pressure synthesis. The cobalt atoms appear to be isolated and do not form part of a cobalt lattice. Reaction by way of chemisorbed carbon atoms‐surface carbide‐is thought to give an array of inter‐acting methylene groups on the surface, and the composition of the products, which are obtained by desorption from this array, depends on the conditions.
The thermal decomposition of triphenylacetic acid and triphenyl‐acetyl chloride
Authors: Scholefield P. G. , Bowden S. T. , Jones W. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe thermal decomposition of triphenylacetic acid and the corresponding acid chloride has been examined by direct measurement of the carbon dioxide evolved in the former reaction and of the carbon monoxide evolved in the latter. The evolution of gas is small at the melting point of the compounds, but may he readily measured when the reaction takes place at higher temperature cither in the melt or in solution. Equations arc given for calculating the amount of gas evolved from the liquid for each temperature, and from solutions of triphenylacetic acid in triphenylmethane and of triphenylacetyl chloride in triphenylmethyl chloride, diphenyl and triphenylmethane.
The germicidal effects of free and combined sulphur dioxide
Authors: Ingram M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractYeasts have been exposed to SO2 in nutrient solutions with two concentrations of dextrose; chosen so as to induce the same rate of growth in the yeast, but to combine with quite different proportions of the SO2 added. It was found that the behaviour of the yeast was related to the concentration of “free” (i.e. iodinetitratable) SO2, and not to the amounts “ combined “ or added. In another experiment, a correlation was demonstrated between the rate of growth of yeasts in concentrated orange juice and the concentration of free SO2, but not with the combined or total SO2; in this experiment however, larger quantities of free SO2 were involved than in the first.It is concluded that in relation to the preservative action of SO2 the quantities added and going into combination are irrelevant, such action being exerted only through the proportion remaining “free.” It is nevertheless clear that there are present in fruit juices factors which reduce the effectiveness even of the “free” SO2.
The determination of chlorine in resins obtained from polyvinyi chloride compositions
Authors: Haslam J. , Soppet W. W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA method is described for the determination of chlorine in resins from polyvinyl chloride compositions. It is based on preliminary isolation of the resin by ether extraction of the sample, followed by fusion of the resin in an electrically fired Parr bomb. The solution of the melt is acidified slightly, and the chloride is then titrated potentiometrically with standard silver nitrate solution.
The determination of phenylbromoacetonitrile
Authors: Kinnear A. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA method is described for the determination of the. lachrymatory constituent of the technical product known as BBC. The method is based upon the reaction of phenylbromoacetonitrile with excess aniline in presence of a non‐polar solvent, aniline hydrobromide being quantitatively precipitated. A study has been made of the relevant chemistry of BBC with the object of discovering impurities likely to cause interference. A procedure has been developed which eliminates all but traces of interfering substances, and includes correction for any which remain.
A method of following the course of the phenol‐formaldehyde reaction
Authors: Finn S. R. , Rogers L. R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe course of the reaction between phenol and formaldehyde has been followed by observing the temperatures at which the reaction mixture just becomes turbid. The effect of temperature, dilution with water and methyl alcohol, the concentration and nature of the catalyst on the course of the reaction has been observed by this means. The method may also be used to judge any chosen end point of the condensation, where only lightly condensed resins are concerned.
South African fish products. Part XXVII. The composition of the liver oils of the basking shark (cetorhinus maximus, gunner) and the spiny shark (echinorhinus spinosus, gmelin)
Authors: Karnovsky M. L. , Rapson W. S. , Schwartz H. M. , Black M. , Van Rensburg N. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA detailed quantitative study of the saponifiable and unsaponifiable fractions of the liver oils of the basking shark and the spiny shark has been made. The results are considered in the light of a previously postulated relationship1 between the amount and composition of the unsaponifiable fractions and the nature of the fatty acids present. In addition the unsaponifiable fractions of the oils from the flesh and several organs of the basking shark have been analysed.
The inflammability in suspension of mixtures of combustible and incombustible dusts
Authors: Bowes P. C. , Burgoyne J. H. , Rasbash D. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAn account is given or a new laboratory method of determining the least proportion of incombustible dust which must be added to a combustible dust in order that the mixture, when dispersed in any volume of air will not propagate flame. In common with other small‐scale methods depending on the propagation of flame in cold dust/air suspensions, the method seems to give low results as compared with large‐scale gallery tests. It appears to be suitable for comparative measurements, however, and has been used to study the effect of the character and fineness of the incombustible dust on its ability to suppress flame in flour or cork dust/air suspensions. The relative inflammability of a number of combustible dusts has been assessed in terms of the addition of a standard limestone dust required to achieve flame suppression in each case.