bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSYCHOLOGY AND REASONING IN THE ANGLO-GERMAN NAVAL AGREEMENT, 1935–1939
Authors: HOERBER THOMAS 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTThis article will analyse the psychology and reasoning in the Anglo-German naval agreement and it will hence ask the following questions. First, how did preceding naval agreements influence the conclusion of the Anglo-German naval agreement. Secondly, what were the reasons for Germany to conclude it? Thirdly, what were the reasons for Britain to conclude it? Fourthly, how does it fit into the larger strategy of arms limitations? And, finally, what part did the Anglo-German naval agreement play in the overall strategy of Germany and Britain in the interwar years? In order to come to a conclusion about the reasons behind the agreement it is the thesis of this article that it is essential to include later changes and additions to the agreement. This part has been neglected in previous analyses. Particularly the reasons behind the termination shed light upon the motives for initially concluding the Anglo-German naval agreement. For the British side this article will argue that the Anglo-German naval agreements fit into this general policy line of trying to limit naval armament through international agreements and that they actually fitted into the overall British policy of bringing Germany back into the circle of European powers as an equal partner. For Hitler's Germany, it will be shown that the Anglo-German naval agreement was the abortive step toward an eternal alliance between the two Arian races.
Bio-Hegemony: The Political Economy of Agricultural Biotechnology in Argentina
Authors: NEWELL PETER 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis paper examines relations between the state and capital in Argentina with respect to agricultural biotechnology. Argentina is one of the world's leading exporters of genetically modified (GM) crops and is a key player in the global politics of biotechnology. Whereas in other parts of the world, including other countries in Latin America, active civil societies and some governments have rejected the technology, Argentina has adopted it as a central accumulation strategy. The desirability of this strategy has been secured in material, institutional and discursive arenas of power, producing a particular expression of ‘bio-hegemony’. Looking at the role of business in the political economy of agricultural biotechnology is revealing both of the extent and forms of corporate power and contributes to an understanding of hegemony in practice.
The Philosopher's Vocation: The Voegelinian Paradigm
Authors: Sandoz Ellis 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe philosopher is first and foremost a human being whose humanity must be served by his academic profession if it is not to be irremediably pretentious, farcical, and corrupt. This is the Voegelinian paradigm. The present essay argues that anybody who is seriously interested in understanding Eric Voegelin as he understood himself is obliged to come to grips with the issues evoked by the perspectives this statement suggests. It is further argued that several general consequences follow: (a) underlining the loving tension toward divine Reality in open existence as central; (b) abandoning doctrinal fixation of separating faith and reason as supernatural and natural, respectively; (c) discarding as egophany the arrogant pretense of autonomous reason as its originator in self-sufficient human speculators; and (d) constantly remembering that devotion to the discipline and conventions of inquiry and of society must ever defer to devotion to the truth of existence.
Yves R. Simon: A Philosopher's Quest for Science and Prudence
Authors: Nicgorski Walter 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis essay treats the inspiration and nature of Yves Simon's philosophical life. His embrace of that life was importantly shaped by his engagement with the republican tradition in France, his passionate opposition to the fascist threat to France, and his later attachment to the aspirations of American democracy. However, his early philosophical interests took direction and inspiration from his encounter with Jacques Maritain who drew him to Thomism. His devotion to the truth was fierce, and he confronted honestly the threats to this defining quality of philosophical life from the pressures of social conformity and from the discouragement of seeing the inadequacies and disagreements in the history of philosophy. He came, as especially evident in his most influential book, Philosophy of Democratic Government, to esteem highly the virtue of prudence, seeking to protect it from both philosophy and social science.
The University College London Archive of Stuttered Speech (UCLASS)
Authors: Howell Peter , Davis Stephen , Bartrip Jon 
Published: February 2009

PurposeThis research note gives details of 2 releases of audio recordings available from speakers who stutter that can be accessed on the Web.MethodMost of the recordings are from school-age children. These are available on the University College London Archive of Stuttered Speech (UCLASS) Web site, and information is provided about how to access the site. A description of the recordings and background information about the speakers who contributed recordings to UCLASS Releases One and Two are given. The sample types available in Release One are monologs. Release Two has monologs, readings, and conversations. Three optional software formats that can be used with the archive are described (although processing the archive is not restricted to these formats). Some perceptual assessment of the quality of each recording is given. An assessment of the strengths and limitations of the recording archive is presented. Finally, some past applications and future research possibilities using the recordings are discussed.
Using Developmental Trajectories to Understand Developmental Disorders
Authors: Thomas Michael S. C. , Annaz Dagmara , Ansari Daniel , Scerif Gaia , Jarrold Chris , Karmiloff-Smith Annette 
Published: February 2009

PurposeIn this article, the authors present a tutorial on the use of developmental trajectories for studying language and cognitive impairments in developmental disorders and compare this method with the use of matching.MethodThe authors assess the strengths, limitations, and practical implications of each method. The contrast between the methodologies is highlighted using the example of developmental delay and the criteria used to distinguish delay from atypical development.ResultsThe authors argue for the utility of the trajectory approach, using illustrations from studies investigating language and cognitive impairments in individuals with Williams syndrome, Down syndrome, and autism spectrum disorder.ConclusionTwo conclusions were reached: (a) An understanding of the underlying mechanism will be furthered by the richer descriptive vocabulary provided by the trajectories approach (e.g., in distinguishing different types of delay) and (b) an optimal design for studying developmental disorders is to combine initial cross-sectional designs with longitudinal follow-up.
Inferencing Processes After Right Hemisphere Brain Damage: Effects of Contextual Bias
Authors: Blake Margaret Lehman 
Published: February 2009

Purpose
Comprehension deficits associated with right hemisphere brain damage (RHD) have been attributed to an inability to use context, but there is little direct evidence to support the claim. This study evaluated the effect of varying contextual bias on predictive inferencing by adults with RHD.

Method
Fourteen adults with no brain damage (NBD) and 14 with RHD read stories constructed with either high predictability or low predictability of a specific outcome. Reading time for a sentence that disconfirmed the target outcome was measured and compared with a control story context.

Results
Adults with RHD evidenced activation of predictive inferences only for highly predictive conditions, whereas NBD adults generated inferences in both high- and low-predictability stories. Adults with RHD were more likely than those with NBD to require additional time to integrate inferences in high-predictability conditions. The latter finding was related to working memory for the RHD group. Results are interpreted in light of previous findings obtained using the same stimuli.

Conclusions
RHD does not abolish the ability to use context. Evidence of predictive inferencing is influenced by task and strength of inference activation. Treatment considerations and cautions regarding interpreting results from one methodology are discussed.
Backward and Simultaneous Masking in Children With Grammatical Specific Language Impairment: No Simple Link Between Auditory and Language Abilities
Authors: Rosen Stuart , Adlard Alan , van der Lely Heather K. J. 
Published: February 2009

Purpose
We investigated claims that specific language impairment (SLI) typically arises from nonspeech auditory deficits by measuring tone-in-noise thresholds in a relatively homogeneous SLI subgroup exhibiting a primary deficit restricted to grammar (Grammatical[G]-SLI).

Method
Fourteen children (mostly teenagers) with G-SLI were compared to age-, vocabulary-, and grammar-matched control children on their abilities to detect a brief tone in quiet and in the presence of a masking noise. The tone occurred either simultaneously with the noise or just preceding it (backward masking). Maskers with and without a spectral notch allowed estimates of frequency selectivity.

Results
Group thresholds for the G-SLI children were never worse than those obtained for younger controls but were higher in both backward and simultaneous masking than in age-matched controls. However, more than half of the G-SLI group (8/14) were within age-appropriate limits for all thresholds. Frequency selectivity in the G-SLI group was normal. Within control and G-SLI groups, no threshold correlated with measures of vocabulary, grammar, or phonology. Nor did the language deficit in the G-SLI children vary with the presence or absence of auditory deficits.

Conclusion
The auditory processing deficits sometimes found in children with SLI appear unlikely to cause or maintain the language impairment.
Epithelial ovarian cancer: Does the time interval between primary surgery and postoperative chemotherapy have any prognostic importance?
Authors: LARSEN ERLING , BLAAKÆR JAN 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWorldwide, much effort is used every day to perform optimal surgery in the treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer. Treatment of ovarian cancer is a combination of surgery with optimal debulking followed by chemotherapy. However, the optimal timing of postoperative chemotherapy for ovarian cancer remains poorly defined. The literature is made up of seven studies performed in different ways and which have included varying prognostic factors. The general supposition is that the time interval (TI) does not have a prognostic influence but experimental studies have shown that it does affect the prognosis of the cancer. This commentary focuses on the importance of the TI between surgery and postoperative chemotherapy in this horrible disease.
Tauberian conditions for geometric maximal operators
Authors: Hagelstein Paul , Stokolos Alexander 
Published: February 2009

Let

B

\mathcal {B}

be a collection of measurable sets in

R

n

\mathbb {R}^{n}

. The associated geometric maximal operator

M

B

M_{\mathcal {B}}

is defined on

L

1

(

R

n

)

L^{1}(\mathbb {R}^n)

by

M

B

f
(
x
)
=

sup

x
∈
R
∈

B

1

|

R

|

∫

R

|

f

|

M_{\mathcal {B}}f(x) = \sup _{x \in R \in \mathcal {B}}\frac {1}{|R|}\int _{R}|f|

. If

α
>
0

\alpha > 0

,

M

B

M_\mathcal {B}

is said to satisfy a Tauberian condition with respect to

α
\alpha

if there exists a finite constant

C
C

such that for all measurable sets

E
⊂

R

n

E \subset \mathbb {R}^n

the inequality

|

{
x
:

M

B

χ

E

(
x
)
>
α
}

|

≤
C

|

E

|

|\{x : M_{\mathcal {B}} \chi _{E}(x) > \alpha \}| \leq C|E|

holds. It is shown that if

B

\mathcal {B}

is a homothecy invariant collection of convex sets in

R

n

\mathbb {R}^{n}

and the associated maximal operator

M

B

M_{\mathcal {B}}

satisfies a Tauberian condition with respect to some

0
>
α
>
1

0 > \alpha > 1

, then

M

B

M_\mathcal {B}

must satisfy a Tauberian condition with respect to

γ
\gamma

for all

γ
>
0

\gamma > 0

and moreover

M

B

M_{\mathcal {B}}

is bounded on

L

p

(

R

n

)

L^{p}(\mathbb {R}^{n})

for sufficiently large

p
p

. As a corollary of these results it is shown that any density basis that is a homothecy invariant collection of convex sets in

R

n

\mathbb {R}^{n}

must differentiate

L

p

(

R

n

)

L^{p}(\mathbb {R}^{n})

for sufficiently large 𝑝.
PSIBLAST_PairwiseStatSig: reordering PSI-BLAST hits using pairwise statistical significance
Authors: Agrawal Ankit , Huang Xiaoqiu 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Summary: We present an add-on to BLAST and PSI-BLAST programs to reorder their hits using pairwise statistical significance. Using position-specific substitution matrices to estimate pairwise statistical significance has been recently shown to give promising results in terms of retrieval accuracy, which motivates its use to refine PSI-BLAST results, since PSI-BLAST also constructs a position-specific substitution matrix for the query sequence during the search. The obvious advantage of the approach is more accurate estimates of statistical significance because of pairwise statistical significance, along with the advantage of BLAST/PSI-BLAST in terms of speed.
Availability: The implementation as a C library is freely available at www.cs.iastate.edu/∼ankitag/PSIBLAST_PairwiseStatSig.html
Contact: ankitag@cs.iastate.edu
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bionformatics online.
A robust peak detection method for RNA structure inference by high-throughput contact mapping
Authors: Kim Jinkyu , Yu Seunghak , Shim Byonghyo , Kim Hanjoo , Min Hyeyoung , Chung Eui-Young , Das Rhiju , Yoon Sungroh 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Motivation: For high-throughput prediction of the helical arrangements of large RNA molecules, an innovative method termed multiplexed hydroxyl radical (·OH) cleavage analysis (MOHCA) has been proposed. A key step in this promising technique is to detect peaks accurately from noisy radioactivity profiles. Since manual peak finding is laborious and prone to error, an automated peak detection method to improve the accuracy and throughput of MOHCA is required. Existing methods were not applicable to MOHCA due to their high false positive rates.
Results: We developed a two-step computational method that can detect peaks from MOHCA profiles in a robust manner. The first step exploits an ensemble of linear and non-linear signal processing techniques to find true peak candidates. In the second step, a binary classifier trained with the characteristics of true and false peaks is used to eliminate false peaks out of the peak candidates. We tested the proposed approach with 2002 MOHCA cleavage profiles and obtained the median recall, precision and F-measure values of 0.917, 0.750 and 0.830, respectively. Compared with the alternatives considered, the proposed method was able to handle false peaks substantially better, thus resulting in 51.0–71.8% higher median values of precision and F-measure.
Availability: The software and supplementary data are available at http://dna.korea.ac.kr/pub/mohca
Contact: sryoon@korea.ac.kr
mkESA: enhanced suffix array construction tool
Authors: Homann Robert , Fleer David , Giegerich Robert , Rehmsmeier Marc 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Summary: We introduce the tool mkESA, an open source program for constructing enhanced suffix arrays (ESAs), striving for low memory consumption, yet high practical speed. mkESA is a user-friendly program written in portable C99, based on a parallelized version of the Deep-Shallow suffix array construction algorithm, which is known for its high speed and small memory usage. The tool handles large FASTA files with multiple sequences, and computes suffix arrays and various additional tables, such as the LCP table (longest common prefix) or the inverse suffix array, from given sequence data.
Availability: The source code of mkESA is freely available under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL) version 2 at http://bibiserv.techfak.uni-bielefeld.de/mkesa/.
Contact: rhomann@techfak.uni-bielefeld.de
WSsas: a web service for the annotation of functional residues through structural homologues
Authors: Talavera David , Laskowski Roman A. , Thornton Janet M. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Motivation: Annotation tools help scientists to traverse the gap between characterized and uncharacterized proteins. Tools for the prediction of protein function include those which predict the function of entire proteins or complexes, those annotating functional domains and those which predict specific residues within the domain. We have developed WSsas, a web service focused on the annotation of essential functional residues. WSsas uses similarity searches and pairwise alignments to transfer functional information about binding, catalytic and protein–protein interaction residues from solved structures to query sequences. In addition, WSsas can supply information about the relevant functional atoms. The web service definition (WSDL) file and a Perl client are freely available at http://www.ebi.ac.uk/thornton-srv/databases/WSsas/.
Contact: talavera@ebi.ac.uk
The vertical separation of fish in the aft end of a demersal trawl
Authors: Krag Ludvig Ahm , Holst René , Madsen Niels 
Published: February 2009

AbstractKrag, L. A., Holst, R., and Madsen, N. 2009. The vertical separation of fish in the aft end of a demersal trawl. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 772–777. Two multi-compartment separator frames were used to study the vertical separation of some commercially important fish species in the aft end of a trawl, with the aim of separating cod (Gadus morhua) from other species. A non-linear multinomial model with random effects was used to analyse the data and to compare the performance of the two frames. The vertical distribution of cod in the aft end of the trawl was close to uniform, whereas haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus), whiting (Merlangius merlangus), plaice (Pleuronectes platessa), and lemon sole (Microstomus kitt) showed more uneven distributions. The use of guiding bars in the separator frame significantly (p < 0.05) increased the catch of cod, plaice, and lemon sole in the upper compartment. The vertical separation of cod was density-dependent; high densities of fish resulted in a more uniform distribution of cod. The species separations found differ from those reported from the studies of species separation in the region of the trawl mouth.
Identification and Analyses of Candidate Genes for Rpp4-Mediated Resistance to Asian Soybean Rust in Soybean
Authors: Meyer Jenelle D.F. , Silva Danielle C.G. , Yang Chunling , Pedley Kerry F. , Zhang Chunquan , van de Mortel Martijn , Hill John H. , Shoemaker Randy C. , Abdelnoor Ricardo V. , Whitham Steven A. , Graham Michelle A. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Asian soybean rust is a formidable threat to soybean (Glycine max) production in many areas of the world, including the United States. Only five sources of resistance have been identified (Resistance to Phakopsora pachyrhizi1 [Rpp1], Rpp2, Rpp3, Rpp4, and Rpp5). Rpp4 was previously identified in the resistant genotype PI459025B and mapped within 2 centimorgans of Satt288 on soybean chromosome 18 (linkage group G). Using simple sequence repeat markers, we developed a bacterial artificial chromosome contig for the Rpp4 locus in the susceptible cv Williams82 (Wm82). Sequencing within this region identified three Rpp4 candidate disease resistance genes (Rpp4C1–Rpp4C3 [Wm82]) with greatest similarity to the lettuce (Lactuca sativa) RGC2 family of coiled coil-nucleotide binding site-leucine rich repeat disease resistance genes. Constructs containing regions of the Wm82 Rpp4 candidate genes were used for virus-induced gene silencing experiments to silence resistance in PI459025B, confirming that orthologous genes confer resistance. Using primers developed from conserved sequences in the Wm82 Rpp4 candidate genes, we identified five Rpp4 candidate genes (Rpp4C1–Rpp4C5 [PI459025B]) from the resistant genotype. Additional markers developed from the Wm82 Rpp4 bacterial artificial chromosome contig further defined the region containing Rpp4 and eliminated Rpp4C1 (PI459025B) and Rpp4C3 (PI459025B) as candidate genes. Sequencing of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction products revealed that Rpp4C4 (PI459025B) was highly expressed in the resistant genotype, while expression of the other candidate genes was nearly undetectable. These data support Rpp4C4 (PI459025B) as the single candidate gene for Rpp4-mediated resistance to Asian soybean rust.
The ER Chaperone LHS1 Is Involved in Asexual Development and Rice Infection by the Blast FungusMagnaporthe oryzae
Authors: Yi Mihwa , Chi Myoung-Hwan , Khang Chang Hyun , Park Sook-Young , Kang Seogchan , Valent Barbara , Lee Yong-Hwan 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn planta secretion of fungal pathogen proteins, including effectors destined for the plant cell cytoplasm, is critical for disease progression. However, little is known about the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) secretion mechanisms used by these pathogens. To determine if normal ER function is crucial for fungal pathogenicity, Magnaporthe oryzae genes encoding proteins homologous to yeast Lhs1p and Kar2p, members of the heat shock protein 70 family in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, were cloned and characterized. Like their yeast counterparts, both LHS1 and KAR2 proteins localized in the ER and functioned in an unfolded protein response (UPR) similar to the yeast UPR. Mutants produced by disruption of LHS1 were viable but showed a defect in the translocation of proteins across the ER membrane and reduced activities of extracellular enzymes. The Δlhs1 mutant was severely impaired not only in conidiation, but also in both penetration and biotrophic invasion in susceptible rice (Oryza sativa) plants. This mutant also had defects in the induction of the Pi-ta resistance gene–mediated hypersensitive response and in the accumulation of fluorescently-labeled secreted effector proteins in biotrophic interfacial complexes. Our results suggest that proper processing of secreted proteins, including effectors, by chaperones in the ER is requisite for successful disease development and for determining host-pathogen compatibility via the gene-for-gene interaction.