bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extrusion of debris after use of rotary nickel‐titanium files with different pitch: A pilot study
Authors: Elmsallati Elham A. , Wadachi Reiko , Suda Hideaka 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe aim of this investigation was to quantitatively compare the amount of debris extruded apically from curved canals when using rotary nickel‐titanium files with different pitches and sequences of use under the same preparation technique. Thirty‐six extracted human maxillary and mandibular molars with curved root canals were used. They were divided into two groups of 18 teeth each prepared by one of two different sequences with NRT files (MANI Inc., Tochigi, Japan). Each group was further divided into three subgroups according to file pitch length (short, medium and long). The debris extruded apically was collected in glass vials. The liquid inside was dried and the debris in each group was weighed and compared. Two‐way analysis of variance and Fisher's PLSD test were used to evaluate differences between the extruded debris weights among the experimental groups. No statistically significant difference was observed between two sequences. There were significant differences in sequence 1 between the short pitch group and the others. Also, there were significant differences between the long pitch and others in sequence 2, except between the short and medium pitches. In conclusion, short pitch design resulted in significantly less amount of debris extrusion compared with the other pitch lengths.
Age‐specific birth rates of California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) in the Gulf of California, Mexico
Authors: Hernández‐Camacho Claudia J. , Aurioles‐Gamboa David , Gerber Leah R. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractEstimates of demographic parameters are essential for assessing the status of populations and assigning conservation priority. In light of the difficulties associated with obtaining such estimates, vital rates are rarely available even for well‐studied species. We present the first estimates of age‐specific birth rates for female California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) >10 yr of age. These rates were estimated from the reproductive histories of five cohorts of animals branded as pups between 1980 and 1984 at Los Islotes colony in the Gulf of California, Mexico. Age‐specific birth rates varied among age classes and ranged between 0.06 and 0.80. The highest birth rates were observed for females between 10 and 15 yr of age, with decreased birth rates among older females. The effect of age, year, and resighting effort were explored using logistic regression analysis. Based on Akaike Information Criteria, birth rates were best explained by female age, while year and resighting effort did not have a significant effect. The odds ratio of producing a pup decreased with age but did not change significantly for middle‐aged females. Our estimates of age‐specific birth rates are consistent with general patterns observed for other large vertebrates.
The pharmaco-invasive approach to STEMI: when should fibrinolytic-treated patients go to the “cath lab”?
Authors: Edmond J J , Juergens C P , French J K 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Although primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in clinical trials has lower rates of reinfarction, stroke and mortality than fibrinolytic therapy, because of system delays in routine practice, field triage and prehospital administration of fibrinolytic therapy may lead to similar clinical outcomes, especially in those patients who present in the first 2 h after symptom onset. Necessary for these outcomes is the liberal use of both rescue PCI and in-hospital revascularisation. Non-invasive prediction of failed reperfusion may be enhanced by the use of ST recovery, patient characteristics and troponin T levels, measured by point-of-care assays. This review focuses on the timing of, and indications for, an invasive strategy after fibrinolytic therapy, including that for failed pharmacological reperfusion.
Enhanced Gait-Related Improvements After Therapist- Versus Robotic-Assisted Locomotor Training in Subjects With Chronic Stroke
Authors: Hornby T. George , Campbell Donielle D. , Kahn Jennifer H. , Demott Tobey , Moore Jennifer L. , Roth Heidi R. 
Published: May 2008

Background and Purpose—Locomotor training (LT) using a treadmill can improve walking ability over conventional rehabilitation in individuals with hemiparesis, although the personnel requirements often necessary to provide LT may limit its application. Robotic devices that provide consistent symmetrical assistance have been developed to facilitate LT, although their effectiveness in improving locomotor ability has not been well established.Methods—Forty-eight ambulatory chronic stroke survivors stratified by severity of locomotor deficits completed a randomized controlled study on the effects of robotic- versus therapist-assisted LT. Both groups received 12 LT sessions for 30 minutes at similar speeds, with guided symmetrical locomotor assistance using a robotic orthosis versus manual facilitation from a single therapist using an assist-as-needed paradigm. Outcome measures included gait speed and symmetry, and clinical measures of activity and participation.Results—Greater improvements in speed and single limb stance time on the impaired leg were observed in subjects who received therapist-assisted LT, with larger speed improvements in those with less severe gait deficits. Perceived rating of the effects of physical limitations on quality of life improved only in subjects with severe gait deficits who received therapist-assisted LT.Conclusions—Therapist-assisted LT facilitates greater improvements in walking ability in ambulatory stroke survivors as compared to a similar dosage of robotic-assisted LT.
Working Memory Retrieval: Contributions of the Left Prefrontal Cortex, the Left Posterior Parietal Cortex, and the Hippocampus
Authors: Öztekin Ilke , McElree Brian , Staresina Bernhard P. , Davachi Lila 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to identify regions involved in working memory (WM) retrieval. Neural activation was examined in two WM tasks: an item recognition task, which can be mediated by a direct-access retrieval process, and a judgment of recency task that requires a serial search. Dissociations were found in the activation patterns in the hippocampus and in the left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG) when the probe contained the most recently studied serial position (where a test probe can be matched to the contents of focal attention) compared to when it contained all other positions (where retrieval is required). The data implicate the hippocampus and the LIFG in retrieval from WM, complementing their established role in long-term memory. Results further suggest that the left posterior parietal cortex (LPPC) supports serial retrieval processes that are often required to recover temporal order information. Together, these data suggest that the LPPC, the LIFG, and the hippocampus collectively support WM retrieval. Critically, the reported findings support accounts that posit a distinction between representations maintained in and outside of focal attention, but are at odds with traditional dual-store models that assume distinct mechanisms for short- and long-term memory representations.
Characteristics of Vertical Circulation in the Convective Boundary Layer over the Huaihe River Basin in China in the Early Summer of 2004
Authors: Endo Satoshi , Shinoda Taro , Hiyama Tetsuya , Uyeda Hiroshi , Nakamura Kenji , Tanaka Hiroki , Tsuboki Kazuhisa 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to clarify the characteristics of the convective boundary layer (CBL) over a humid terrestrial area, the Huaihe River basin in China, which is covered by a large, nearly flat plain with uniform farmland. Data were collected in early summer 2004 using a 32-m flux tower and a 1290-MHz wind profiler radar. When mature wheat fields or bare fields dominated (the first period), the sensible heat flux (SHF) from the land surface was nearly equal to the latent heat flux (LHF). After vegetation changed to paddy fields (the second period), the LHF was much larger than the SHF. Two clear days from the first and second periods were selected and are referred to as the dry case and wet case, respectively. For the dry case, a deep CBL developed rapidly from the early morning, and thermal updrafts in the CBL were vigorous. For the wet case, a shallow CBL developed slowly from late morning, and thermals were weak. To study the thermodynamic process in the CBL, a large-eddy simulation (LES) was conducted. The simulation adequately reproduced the surface heat flux and the CBL development for both the dry case and the wet case. For the dry case, sensible heat contributed to nearly all of the buoyancy flux. In contrast, for the wet case, heat and moisture made equal contributions. The large contribution of moisture to the buoyancy is one of the main characteristics of the CBL over humid terrestrial areas.
The Role of the Western Arabian Sea Upwelling in Indian Monsoon Rainfall Variability
Authors: Izumo Takeshi , Montégut Clémentde Boyer , Luo Jing-Jia , Behera Swadhin K. , Masson Sébastien , Yamagata Toshio 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe Indian summer monsoon rainfall has complex, regionally heterogeneous, interannual variations with huge socioeconomic impacts, but the underlying mechanisms remain uncertain. The upwelling along the Somalia and Oman coasts starts in late spring, peaks during the summer monsoon, and strongly cools the sea surface temperature (SST) in the western Arabian Sea. They restrict the westward extent of the Indian Ocean warm pool, which is the main moisture source for the monsoon rainfall. Thus, variations of the Somalia–Oman upwelling can have significant impacts on the moisture transport toward India. Here the authors use both observations and an advanced coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation model to show that a decrease in upwelling strengthens monsoon rainfall along the west coast of India by increasing the SST along the Somalia–Oman coasts, and thus local evaporation and water vapor transport toward the Indian Western Ghats (mountains). Further observational analysis reveals that such decreases in upwelling are caused by anomalously weak southwesterly winds in late spring over the Arabian Sea that are due to warm SST/increased precipitation anomalies over the Seychelles–Chagos thermocline ridge of the southwestern Indian Ocean (and vice versa for years with strong upwelling/weak west Indian summer monsoon rainfall). The latter SST/precipitation anomalies are often related to El Niño conditions and the strength of the Indonesian–Australian monsoon during the previous winter. This sheds new light on the ability to forecast the poorly predicted Indian monsoon rainfall on a regional scale, helped by a proper ocean observing/forecasting system in the western tropical Indian Ocean.
Global Climate Model Performance over Alaska and Greenland
Authors: Walsh John E. , Chapman William L. , Romanovsky Vladimir , Christensen Jens H. , Stendel Martin 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The performance of a set of 15 global climate models used in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project is evaluated for Alaska and Greenland, and compared with the performance over broader pan-Arctic and Northern Hemisphere extratropical domains. Root-mean-square errors relative to the 1958–2000 climatology of the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) are summed over the seasonal cycles of three variables: surface air temperature, precipitation, and sea level pressure. The specific models that perform best over the larger domains tend to be the ones that perform best over Alaska and Greenland. The rankings of the models are largely unchanged when the bias of each model’s climatological annual mean is removed prior to the error calculation for the individual models. The annual mean biases typically account for about half of the models’ root-mean-square errors. However, the root-mean-square errors of the models are generally much larger than the biases of the composite output, indicating that the systematic errors differ considerably among the models. There is a tendency for the models with smaller errors to simulate a larger greenhouse warming over the Arctic, as well as larger increases of Arctic precipitation and decreases of Arctic sea level pressure, when greenhouse gas concentrations are increased. Because several models have substantially smaller systematic errors than the other models, the differences in greenhouse projections imply that the choice of a subset of models may offer a viable approach to narrowing the uncertainty and obtaining more robust estimates of future climate change in regions such as Alaska, Greenland, and the broader Arctic.
A Comparison of African-Caribbean and White European Young Adults' Conceptions of Schizophrenia Symptoms and the Diagnostic Label
Authors: Stone L. , Finlay W.M.L. 
Published: May 2008

Background: Discrepancies in the experiences of different ethnic groups in mental health services exist, such as in the persistently higher rates of schizophrenia diagnosis found among the African-Caribbean population compared to the white European population in the UK. Some hypotheses consider whether this is due to greater stigmatizing attitudes to mental illness in the African-Caribbean community, leading individuals to avoid treatment-seeking and an increased incidence of schizophrenia. This study aimed to investigate recognition and evaluation of schizophrenic symptoms across African-Caribbean and white European individuals. Method: One hundred and twenty eight adult students from London colleges completed a questionnaire assessing stigma beliefs, evaluation of symptoms as mental illness and help-seeking beliefs, in response to symptom vignettes. Results and Discussion: African-Caribbean participants indicated less stigmatizing beliefs towards both the symptoms and diagnostic label of schizophrenia compared to the white European participants. White European participants were more likely to label vignettes as implying `mental illness' and also more likely to recommend professional health treatment. These results are inconsistent with a hypothesis that on average African-Caribbean people stigmatize schizophrenia more than white European people. While white European participants' beliefs were more likely to follow a western model of mental illness, African-Caribbean participants were more likely to have alternative beliefs. The influence of racial discrimination, mental illness knowledge and societal structures are discussed.
Lung Toxicity of 16 Fine Particles on Intratracheal Instillation in a Bioassay Model Using F344 Male Rats
Authors: Yokohira Masanao , Kuno Toshiya , Yamakawa Keiko , Hosokawa Kyoko , Matsuda Yoko , Hashimoto Nozomi , Suzuki Satoshi , Saoo Kousuke , Imaida Katsumi 
Published: May 2008

We have developed a bioassay model to estimate toxicity of fine particles in the lungs at an early stage after intratracheal instillation ( Yokohira et al. 2005 ; Yokohira et al. 2007 ). The present experiment was conducted to improve the model by estimating appropriate doses based on dose-dependent toxicity of instilled quartz (4 mg to 0 mg) as a positive control and assessing the impact of powdered particles without suspension (Experiment 1). In addition, examination of the toxicity of a series of particles was performed with the developed bioassay (Experiments 2A, 2B, and 2C). The materials chosen were sixteen particles, including nanoparticles and diesel powder. Histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were performed after exposure of the lungs. A dose of 2 mg quartz suspended in 0.2 mL saline was suggested to be most appropriate for sensitive detection of acute and subchronic inflammatory changes. Although some materials, including nanoparticles, demonstrated toxicity that was too strong for sensitive assessment, the ranking order could be given as follows: CuO > quartz > neutralized Na2PdCl4 > NiO > hydrotalcite > MnO2 > diesel > titanium dioxide (in Experiment 2B) > β-cyclodextrin > diesel standard > titanium dioxide (in Experiment 2A) > CaCO3.
Is allergic disease curable or transferable with allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation?
Authors: Khan Faisal , Hallstrand Teal S. , Geddes Michelle N. , Henderson William R. , Storek Jan 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
In the pathogenesis of allergic asthma/rhinitis, 2 main types of cells play a role: hematolymphatic cells (mast cells, eosinophils, T cells, B cells) and nonhematolymphatic cells (airway smooth muscle cells, epithelial cells). It is not known which one of the 2 cell types plays the primary role. Here we review the literature on allergic disease transfer and potential cure with allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), as transferability and curability would support a primary role of hematolymphatic cells and have implications for donor selection for HCT and possible future treatment of severe allergic disease with HCT. A total of 18 nonallergic recipients were reported to develop allergic disease after transplantation; however, conclusive information for transfer was available for only 5 cases. Allergic disease was reported to abate in 3 allergic recipients; however, conclusive information for “cure” was available for only 2 cases. Problems in interpreting the reports include incomplete data on allergic disease in the donor or recipient before transplantation, not knowing the denominator, and the lack of controls. In summary, review of the literature generates the hypothesis that allergic disease is transferable and curable with HCT. A prospective study, including appropriate controls, is needed to evaluate this hypothesis.
An interactive workshop plus locally adapted guidelines can improve General Practitioners asthma management and knowledge: A cluster randomised trial in the Australian setting
Authors: Liaw Siaw-Teng , Sulaiman Nabil D , Barton Christopher A , Chondros Patty , Harris Claire A , Sawyer Susan , Dharmage Shyamali C 
Published: May 2008

Abstract

Background
A cluster randomised trial was conducted to determine the effectiveness of locally adapted practice guidelines and education about paediatric asthma management, delivered to general practitioners (GPs) in small group interactive workshops.

Methods
Twenty-nine practices were randomly allocated to one of three study arms. Australian asthma management guidelines were adapted to accommodate characteristics of the local area. GPs in the intervention arm (Group 1, n = 18 GPs) participated in a small group based education program and were provided with the adapted guidelines. One control arm (Group 2, n = 18 GPs) received only the adapted guidelines, while the other control arm (Group 3, n = 15 GPs) received an unrelated education intervention. GPs' knowledge, attitudes and management of paediatric asthma was assessed.

Results
Post intervention, intervention arm GPs were no more likely to provide a written asthma action plan, but were better able to assess the severity of asthma attack (Group 1vs Group 2 p = 0.05 and Group 1 vs Group 3 p = 0.01), better able to identify patients at high risk of severe attack (Group 1vs Group 3 p = 0.06), and tended to score higher on the asthma knowledge questionnaire (Group 1 vs Group 2 p = 0.06 and Group 1 vs Group 3 p = 0.2). Most intervention arm GPs felt more confident than control GPs to manage acute asthma attack and ongoing management of infrequent episodic asthma.

Conclusion
Using interactive small group workshops to disseminate locally adapted guidelines was associated with improvement in GP's knowledge and confidence to manage asthma, but did not change GP's self-reported provision of written action plans.
Simultaneous monitoring of independent gene expression patterns in two types of cocultured fibroblasts with different color-emitting luciferases
Authors: Noguchi Takako , Ikeda Masaaki , Ohmiya Yoshihiro , Nakajima Yoshihiro 
Published: May 2008

Abstract

Background
Luciferase assay systems enable the real-time monitoring of gene expression in living cells. We have developed a dual-color luciferase assay system in which the expression of multiple genes can be tracked simultaneously using green- and red-emitting beetle luciferases. We have applied the system to monitoring independent gene expressions in two types of cocultured fibroblasts in real time.

Results
Two Rat-1 cell lines were established that stably express either green- or red-emitting luciferases under the control of the mBmal1 promoter, a canonical clock gene. We cocultured these cell lines, and gene expression profiles in both were monitored simultaneously. The circadian rhythms of these cell lines are independent, oscillating following their intrinsic circadian phases, even when cocultured. Furthermore, the independent rhythms were synchronized by medium change as an external stimulus.

Conclusion
Using this system, we successfully monitored independent gene expression patterns in two lines of cocultured fibroblasts.
Atelier paludisme: an international malaria training course held in Madagascar
Authors: Domarle Olivier , Randrianarivelojosia Milijaona , Duchemin Jean-Bernard , Robert Vincent , Ariey Frédéric 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The Atelier Paludisme (Malaria Workshop) is an international training course organized by the Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, which has been held annually for the past five years. The course was designed for both young and experienced researchers, as well as for healthcare professionals, mostly from malaria-endemic countries. Its objective is to provide participants with a broad knowledge of all features of malaria, to improve their skills in project management, to break geographical isolation by using the Internet as a source of documentary information. This six-week course makes use of concepts of andragogy and problem-based learning, i.e. a relationship between participants and tutors, which promotes a process of exchange rather than the simple transmission of knowledge, where participants have to search actively for information. This approach to training, combined with the wide background and experience of those involved, creates positive dynamics and enables participants to acquire new skills, develop their critical and analytical abilities. This paper describes the course and the lessons learned from its evaluation.
Successful resuscitation of an elderly man with deep accidental hypothermia using portable extracorporeal circulation in the emergency department: a case report
Authors: Cooper Simone S , Papadimos Thomas J , Campbell Jeffery A , Cerilli Gregory J , Omer Shuab , Braida Anthony L , Hassan Ali M 
Published: May 2008

Abstract

Introduction
Deep accidental hypothermia (body temperature below 28°C) is rare and has a high mortality rate. Successful resuscitation usually occurs in the young, but a prompt intervention using a portable extracorporeal cardiopulmonary circulation device can also provide a good outcome for older persons.

Case presentation
We report the successful resuscitation of an 82-year-old male from deep accidental hypothermia using portable extracorporeal circulation in the emergency department.

Conclusion
This successful resuscitation of an 82-year-old patient demonstrates that a prompt intervention by a medical team that trains together, using a mobile cardiopulmonary bypass device via a percutaneous approach, can potentially provide good outcomes for all victims of deep accidental hypothermia, both in the operating suites and the emergency department.