bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Imaging correlates of axonal swelling in chronic multiple sclerosis brains
Authors: Fisher Elizabeth , Chang Ansi , Fox Robert J. , Tkach Jean A. , Svarovsky Therese , Nakamura Kunio , Rudick Richard A. , Trapp Bruce D. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractObjectiveT2‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging is a sensitive tool for monitoring progression of multiple sclerosis, but it does not provide information on the severity of the underlying tissue damage. Measurement of T1 hypointensities and magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) can potentially distinguish lesions with more severe tissue damage. The objective of this study was to use image‐guided pathology to determine histological differences between lesions that are abnormal only on T2‐weighted images versus lesions that are abnormal on T2‐weighted, T1‐weighted, and MTR images.MethodsA total of 110 regions were selected from postmortem magnetic resonance images of 10 multiple sclerosis patients. Regions were classified into three magnetic resonance imaging–defined categories: normal‐appearing white matter; abnormal on T2‐weighted image only (T2‐only); and abnormal on T2‐weighted, T1‐weighted, and MTR images (T2T1MTR). Myelin status, lesion activity, astrocytosis, serum protein distribution, axonal area, and axonal loss were evaluated histopathologically.ResultsComparisons between groups showed that T2T1MTR regions were more likely to be demyelinated (83% compared with 55% of T2‐only regions) and more likely to be chronic inactive lesions (68% compared with 0% of demyelinated T2‐only regions). There was no difference between T2‐only and T2T1MTR regions in axonal area, but there was a significant difference in axonal count, indicating that axons in the T2T1MTR regions were enlarged relative to those in T2‐only regions.InterpretationAxonal swelling and axonal loss were major pathological features that distinguish T2T1MTR regions from T2‐only regions. Ann Neurol 2007
Catalytic Carbophilic Activation: Catalysis by Platinum and Gold π Acids
Authors: Fürstner Alois , Davies Paul W. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe ability of platinum and gold catalysts to effect powerful atom‐economic transformations has led to a marked increase in their utilization. The quite remarkable correlation of their catalytic behavior with the available structural data, coordination chemistry, and organometallic reactivity patterns, including relativistic effects, allows the underlying principles of catalytic carbophilic activation by π acids to be formulated. The spectrum of reactivity extends beyond their utility as catalytic and benign alternatives to conventional stoichiometric π acids. The resulting reactivity profile allows this entire field of catalysis to be rationalized, and brings together the apparently disparate electrophilic metal carbene and nonclassical carbocation explanations. The advances in coupling, cycloisomerization, and structural reorganization—from the design of new transformations to the improvement to known reactions—are highlighted in this Review. The application of platinum‐ and gold‐catalyzed transformations in natural product synthesis is also discussed.
Humidity and solvent effects in spin‐coated polythiophene–polystyrene blends
Authors: Jaczewska J. , Budkowski A. , Bernasik A. , Raptis I. , Raczkowska J. , Goustouridis D. , Rysz J. , Sanopoulou M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractFilm blends of poly(3‐butyltiophene‐2,5‐diyl) (PT) and polystyrene (PS; 1 : 1 w/w) were spin‐coated onto silicon wafers from chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, and cyclohexanone at a controlled relative humidity between 4 and 86%. The film morphologies were determined with atomic and lateral force microscopy and mapping and depth profiling modes of dynamic secondary‐ion mass spectroscopy. Independently, white light interferometry was used to examine the expansion and response time (τ) of pure polymer layers exposed to solvent vapors and moisture. The higher PS solubility, in comparison with the PT solubility, in chloroform and tetrahydrofuran resulted in PS/PT//Si bilayers, which were the final structures for coatings from chloroform [with much larger τ(PS)/τ(PT) ratios]. For tetrahydrofuran, these bilayers were destroyed, most likely by surface and interface instabilities, yielding hierarchic lateral structures. For cyclohexanone (with the largest τ values), a large‐scale component of the lateral structures was absent, and this suggested the leveling of surface instabilities. The humidity changed the structural scales and thickness of the films cast from tetrahydrofuran (because it had the best solubility with water). The humidity effects of chloroform and cyclohexanone [reported earlier for polyaniline and poly(vinyl pyridine) blends] were practically absent. Moisture was not easily absorbed by PT and PS [in contrast to polyaniline and poly(vinyl pyridine)] and probably adsorbed merely at the surfaces of blend films rich in tetrahydrofuran. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. JAppl Polym Sci 105: 67–79, 2007
Electrical and mechanical properties of carbon nanotube/ultrahigh‐molecular‐weight polyethylene composites prepared by a filler prelocalization method
Authors: Mierczynska A. , Mayne‐L'Hermite M. , Boiteux G. , Jeszka J. K. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe method of preparation and the properties of conductive composites of ultrahigh‐molecular‐weight polyethylene with different carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as conductive fillers are presented. The composites were prepared through the covering of the surface of polyethylene granules with CNTs and sintering under optimized conditions. The electrical and mechanical properties of the composites were investigated as functions of the CNT concentration and CNT dispersion process for several kinds of single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The CNTs were not uniformly dispersed in the composites but were prelocalized on the granule boundaries, very efficiently forming conductive networks. It was, however, critically important to ensure the good dispersion of the nanotubes in the microscale, and this was performed by sonication in solvents before dry mixing. Ultralow percolation thresholds were obtained: 0.095 wt % for SWCNTs and 0.05 wt % for MWCNTs (ca. 0.045 vol % for SWCNTs and 0.021 vol % for MWCNTs). The critical exponents were higher than those for uniformly dispersed conductive particles: 2.2 and 2.6 for SWCNTs and for MWCNTs, respectively. The mechanical properties of the composites were also strongly modified by the presence of CNTs. The modulus and ultimate strength increased by about 100% with 2% CNTs. The elongation at break decreased but was still about 500–1000%. Near the electrical percolation threshold, the mechanical properties were not significantly modified. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 105: 158–168, 2007
Molecular dynamics in semifluorinated‐side‐chain polysulfone studied by broadband dielectric spectroscopy
Authors: Tsuwi Julius , Pospiech Doris , Jehnichen Dieter , Häußler Liane , Kremer Friedrich 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe molecular dynamics of a set of polysulfone polymers have been studied with broadband dielectric spectroscopy. The materials comprise main‐chain polysulfones attached to semifluorinated (SF) oxydecylperfluorodecyl side chains. Through the analysis of the dielectric data together with information from differential scanning calorimetry and small‐angle X‐ray scattering, it can be shown that the oxydecylperfluorodecyl side chains are microphase‐separated and form nanodomains with an independent dynamic glass‐transition (δSF) relaxation. In addition to the α process (which is the glass transition of the main chain), other relaxation processes can be detected with Arrhenius‐type activation energies of 38–90 ± 2 kJ/mol. A γSF process, observed only in polysulfone with SF side chains, can be assigned to librational fluctuations of the perpendicular component of the fluoroalkyl group. A γB relaxation reflects fluctuations of the dipole moments (OSO and CO) of the polymer, whereas a β process, with high activation energies (>70 ± 2 kJ/mol), is assigned to packaging defects in the material. A detailed description of the processes is provided together with a proposed relaxation scheme. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 105: 201–207, 2007
Crystallization‐controlled limitations of melt spinning
Authors: Ziabicki Andrzej , Jarecki Leszek 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA numerical simulation of melt spinning reveals bifurcation of dynamic solutions leading to limited spinning conditions. The bifurcation phenomenon is controlled by stress‐oriented crystallization and crystallinity‐dependent polymer viscosity. Under the conditions of bifurcation, the space of the spinning conditions (take‐up velocity × filament thickness) splits into three regions corresponding to amorphous fibers, partially crystalline fibers, and inaccessible conditions. Major factors affecting the maximum spinning speed and minimum filament thickness for melt‐spun poly(ethylene terephthalate) are analyzed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 105: 215–223, 2007
Effects of urea and curing catalysts added to the strand board core‐layer binder phenol–formaldehyde resin
Authors: Lee Sang M. , Kim Moon G. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractEffects of adding urea to the strand board core‐layer phenol–formaldehyde (PF) resin were investigated in conjunction with cure‐accelerating catalysts. Ten percent urea based on the liquid resin weight was added at the beginning, at three different middle stages of polymerization, and at the end of PF resin synthesis. No significant cocondensation between the urea and PF resin components occurred as identified by 13C NMR analyses, which corroborated well with the curing and strand board bonding performance test results. The various urea addition methods resulted in resins that slightly differ in the various tests due to the urea's temporary holding capacity of formaldehyde. The preferred method of urea addition was found to do it in the later part of PF resin synthesis for convenience, consistency, and slightly better overall performance. Some cure‐accelerating catalysts were shown to reduce the thickness swelling of strand boards. This study showed the usefulness of adding some urea to strand board core‐layer binder PF resins of replacing higher cost phenolic components with lower cost urea. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Preparation and self‐assembly of poly(diglycidyl maleate‐co‐stearyl methacrylate)
Authors: Yu Haojie , Wang Li , Zhou Junfeng , Dong Xiaochen , Jiang Guohua 
Published: April 2007

AbstractPoly(diglycidyl maleate‐co‐stearyl methacrylate) (P(DGMA‐co‐SMA)) with reactive epoxy groups was synthesized by reaction of poly(maleic anhydride‐co‐stearyl methacrylate) (P(MA‐co‐SMA)) and epichlorohydrin. The effect of precipitant on self‐assembly behaviors of the resultant copolymer was investigated. It was found that vesicles and nanotubule liked aggregates can be obtained through self‐assembly of P(DGMA‐co‐SMA) in THF solution using CH3CH2OH (EtOH) as precipitant while spheral aggregates can be obtained using H2O as precipitant. The mechanism of the self‐assembly behavior was discussed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Die quantitative Real‐Time‐PCR (qRT‐PCR). Methoden und Anwendungsgebiete
Authors: Holzapfel Bianca , Wickert Lucia 
Published: April 2007

AbstractDie fluoreszenzbasierende Real‐Time‐PCR ist ein wichtiges Werkzeug in der Wissenschaft, der molekularen Medizin und Pharmakologie sowie der Biotechnologie. Die Verfahren sind, einmal etabliert, einfach durchzuführen und alle Formate erlauben einen hohen Probendurchsatz. Die Real‐Time‐PCR kombiniert hohe Sensitivität mit einer verlässlichen Spezifität. Die Entwicklung vieler neuer Anwendungen hat aber auch neue Probleme aufgezeigt, die bei der Etablierung und Durchführung der PCR sowie der anschließenden Auswertung und Interpretation der Ergebnisse eine besondere Aufmerksamkeit verlangen. Standardisierte Assays und verbesserte Auswertealgorithmen werden in Zukunft die Probleme der Referenzgene und Standardkurven überwinden und die Real‐Time‐PCR zu einer der empfindlichsten Nachweismethoden für Nukleinsäuren machen.
Enantioselective Hydrogenation with Self‐Assembling Rhodium Phosphane Catalysts: Influence of Ligand Structure and Solvent
Authors: Birkholz Mandy‐Nicole , Dubrovina Natalia V. , Jiao Haijun , Michalik Dirk , Holz Jens , Paciello Rocco , Breit Bernhard , Börner Armin 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThree sets of new and related chiral phospholane and phosphepine ligands have been prepared for Rh‐catalyzed enantioselective hydrogenation. The size and substitution pattern of the cyclic monophosphanes were varied. More importantly, the ligands differ in the nature of the heterocyclic group linked to the trivalent phosphorus atom: 2‐pyridone or 2‐alkoxypyridine. In the corresponding Rh complexes, the pyridone units of two monodentate P ligands can assemble by hydrogen bonding and form chelates. In contrast, synthetic precursors bearing alkoxypyridine appendages are not able to aggregate via intramolecular hydrogen bonds. The nature of self‐assembly is dependent on the nature of the P ligand and the solvent used for the hydrogenation (CH2Cl2 vs. MeOH). These features affect the rate of the reaction as well as the enantioselectivity, which varied in the range of 0–99 % ee Complexation studies and DFT calculations were performed to explain these differences.
Electronic Structure and Optical Properties of AFeO2 (A: Ag, Cu) within GGA Calculations.
Authors: Ong Khuong P. , Bai Kewu , Blaha Peter , Wu Ping 
Published: April 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Ultra‐Rapid Processing of Refractory Carbides; 20 s Synthesis of Molybdenum Carbide, Mo2C.
Authors: Vallance Simon R. , Kingman Sam , Gregory Duncan H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Cu(I)‐Mediated Deoxygenation of N‐Oxides to Amines.
Authors: Singh Sunil Kumar , Reddy M. Srinivasa , Mangle Mangesh , Ganesh K. Ravi 
Published: April 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Regioselective Hydration and Deprotection of Chiral, Dissymmetric Iminodinitriles in the Scope of an Asymmetric Strecker Strategy.
Authors: Rossi Jean‐Christophe , Marull Marc , Boiteau Laurent , Taillades Jacques 
Published: April 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Oxidative Palladium(II) Catalysis: A Highly Efficient and Chemoselective Cross‐Coupling Method for Carbon—Carbon Bond Formation under Base‐Free and Nitrogenous‐Ligand Conditions.
Authors: Yoo Kyung Soo , Yoon Cheol Hwan , Jung Kyung Woon 
Published: April 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Sulfite‐Promoted One‐Pot Synthesis of Sulfides by Reaction of Aryl Disulfides with Alkyl Halides.
Authors: Tang Ri‐yuan , Zhong Ping , Lin Qiu‐lian 
Published: April 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
VCl3‐Catalyzed Selective Oxidation of Sulfides to Sulfoxides Using H2O2 as Oxidant.
Authors: Trivedi R. , Lalitha P. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Efficient Synthetic Protocol for Substituted Guanidines via Copper(I)‐Mediated Intermolecular Amination of Isothiourea Derivatives.
Authors: Ube Hitoshi , Uraguchi Daisuke , Terada Masahiro 
Published: April 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Michael Additions of Methylene Active Compounds to Chalcone in Ionic Liquids Without Any Catalyst: The Peculiar Properties of Ionic Liquids.
Authors: Meciarova Maria , Toma Stefan 
Published: April 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Tri‐ and Tetrasubstituted Olefins by Palladium Cross‐Coupling Reaction.
Authors: Nunes Carolina M. , Steffens Daniela , Monteiro Adriano L. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Modular Synthesis of Tetrahydrofluorenones from 5‐Alkylidene Meldrum′s Acids.
Authors: Fillion Eric , Dumas Aaron M. , Hogg Sylvia A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Oxy Aminated [60] and [70]Fullerenes with Cumene Hydroperoxide as Oxidant.
Authors: Lemiegre Loic , Tanaka Takatsugu , Nanao Takeshi , Isobe Hiroyuki , Nakamura Eiichi 
Published: April 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Amine‐Promoted, Organocatalytic Aziridination of Enones.
Authors: Armstrong Alan , Baxter Carl A. , Lamont Scott G. , Pape Andrew R. , Wincewicz Richard 
Published: April 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
α,β‐Unsaturated Diesters: Radical Acceptors in Dialkylzinc‐Mediated Tandem Radical Addition/Aldol Condensation. A Straightforward Synthesis of rac‐Nephrosteranic Acid.
Authors: Bazin Samantha , Feray Laurence , Vanthuyne Nicolas , Siri Didier , Bertrand Michele P. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Cyclization of Hetero‐Functionalized Allylbenzenes.
Authors: Ohta Tetsuo , Kataoka Yohei , Miyoshi Akio , Oe Yohei , Furukawa Isao , Ito Yoshihiko 
Published: April 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Functionalization of Indoles with 2‐Acetoxymethyl‐Substituted Electron‐Deficient Alkenes.
Authors: Ma Shengming , Yu Shichao , Peng Zhihua , Guo Hao 
Published: April 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Diels—Alder Reactions of 2‐Vinylindoles with Open‐Chain C=C Dienophiles.
Authors: Abbiati Giorgio , Canevari Valentina , Facoetti Diego , Rossi Elisabetta 
Published: April 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Hetero Diels—Alder Type Reactions Between Danishefsky′s Dienes in the Presence of Lewis Base Catalysts. An Efficient Method for the Synthesis of Substituted 2,3‐Dihydropyran‐4‐ones.
Authors: Kitazawa Takayuki , Mukaiyama Teruaki 
Published: April 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Pyrido[3,2‐c]coumarin Derivatives by an Intramolecular Cyclization of 4‐Methyl‐2‐(ortho‐methoxyphenyl)nicotinic Acid Using Eaton′s Reagent.
Authors: Tagawa Yoshinobu , Yamagata Kenji , Sumoto Kunihiro 
Published: April 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Novel 2‐Vinylcyclopropane Phosphonic Acids.
Authors: Zeuner Frank , Angermann Joerg , Moszner Norbert 
Published: April 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Electrophilic Interaction of 2,3‐Allenoates with PhSeCl. An Unexpected Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of 3‐Phenylseleno‐4‐oxo‐2(E)‐alkenoates.
Authors: Chen Guofei , Fu Chunling , Ma Shengming 
Published: April 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Cadinene Derivatives from Eupatorium adenophorum
Authors: Wang Ming‐Zhong , Zhang Yan‐Yan , Li Shun‐Lin , Cai Xiang‐Hai , Luo Xiao‐Dong 
Published: April 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
C19 and C20 Diterpene Alkaloids from Aconitum toxicum Rchb.
Authors: Csupor Dezso , Forgo Peter , Csedo Karoly , Hohmann Judit 
Published: April 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of the Hemiacetal Pheromone of the Spined Citrus Bug Biprorulus bibax Utilizing an Iridium‐Catalyzed Oxidative Lactonization.
Authors: Suzuki Takeyuki , Morita Kenji , Ikemiyagi Hisako , Watanabe Kazuhiro , Hiroi Kunio , Katoh Tadashi 
Published: April 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Short‐Step Synthesis of Natural 2‐Arylquinolones Based on Iridium‐Catalyzed Three‐Component Coupling Quinoline Synthesis.
Authors: Nakajima Takayuki , Inada Takashi , Shimizu Isao 
Published: April 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Chromium Hemitrioxide Nanorods and Nanowires and the Solid‐State Growth Mechanism
Authors: Wang Jisen , Sun Jinquan , Bian Xiufang 
Published: April 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.