bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multiplatform genome-wide identification and modeling of functional human estrogen receptor binding sites
Authors: Vega Vinsensius B , Lin Chin-Yo , Lai Koon Siew , Li Kong Say , Xie Min , Su Xiaodi , Teh Huey Fang , Thomsen Jane S , Li Yeo Ai , Sung Wing Kin , Bourque Guillaume , Liu Edison T 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Background
Transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) impart specificity to cellular transcriptional responses and have largely been defined by consensus motifs derived from a handful of validated sites. The low specificity of the computational predictions of TFBSs has been attributed to ubiquity of the motifs and the relaxed sequence requirements for binding. We posited that the inadequacy is due to limited input of empirically verified sites, and demonstrated a multiplatform approach to constructing a robust model.

Results
Using the TFBS for the estrogen receptor (ER)α (estrogen response element [ERE]) as a model system, we extracted EREs from multiple molecular and genomic platforms whose binding to ERα has been experimentally confirmed or rejected. In silico analyses revealed significant sequence information flanking the standard binding consensus, discriminating ERE-like sequences that bind ERα from those that are nonbinders. We extended the ERE consensus by three bases, bearing a terminal G at the third position 3' and an initiator C at the third position 5', which were further validated using surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy. Our functional human ERE prediction algorithm (h-ERE) outperformed existing predictive algorithms and produced fewer than 5% false negatives upon experimental validation.

Conclusion
Building upon a larger experimentally validated ERE set, the h-ERE algorithm is able to demarcate better the universe of ERE-like sequences that are potential ER binders. Only 14% of the predicted optimal binding sites were utilized under the experimental conditions employed, pointing to other selective criteria not related to EREs. Other factors, in addition to primary nucleotide sequence, will ultimately determine binding site selection.
N-terminal proteolytic processing by cathepsin G converts RANTES/CCL5 and related analogs into a truncated 4-68 variant
Authors: Lim Jean K , Lu Wuyuan , Hartley Oliver , DeVico Anthony L 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
N-terminal proteolytic processing modulates the biological activity and receptor specificity of RANTES/CCL5. Previously, we showed that an unidentified protease associated with monocytes and neutrophils digests RANTES into a variant lacking three N-terminal residues (4-68 RANTES). This variant binds CCR5 but exhibits lower chemotactic and antiviral activities than unprocessed RANTES. In this study, we characterize cathepsin G as the enzyme responsible for this processing. Cell-mediated production of the 4-68 variant was abrogated by Eglin C, a leukocyte elastase and cathepsin G inhibitor, but not by the elastase inhibitor elastatinal. Further, anti-cathepsin G antibodies abrogated RANTES digestion in neutrophil cultures. In accordance, reagent cathepsin G specifically digested recombinant RANTES into the 4-68 variant. AOP-RANTES and Met-RANTES were also converted into the 4-68 variant upon exposure to cathepsin G or neutrophils, while PSC-RANTES was resistant to such cleavage. Similarly, macaque cervicovaginal lavage samples digested Met-RANTES and AOP-RANTES, but not PSC-RANTES, into the 4-68 variant and this processing was also inhibited by anti-cathepsin G antibodies. These findings suggest that cathepsin G mediates a novel pathway for regulating RANTES activity and may be relevant to the role of RANTES and its analogs in preventing HIV infection.
Resolution of inflammation by retrograde chemotaxis of neutrophils in transgenic zebrafish
Authors: Mathias Jonathan R , Perrin Benjamin J , Liu Ting-Xi , Kanki John , Look A Thomas , Huttenlocher Anna 
Published: September 2006

AbstractNeutrophil chemotaxis to sites of inflammation is a critical process during normal immune responses to tissue injury and infection and pathological immune responses leading to chronic inflammation. Although progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms that promote neutrophil recruitment to inflamed tissue, the mechanisms that regulate the resolution phase of the inflammatory response have remained relatively elusive. To define the mechanisms that regulate neutrophil-mediated inflammation in vivo, we have developed a novel transgenic zebrafish in which the neutrophils express GFP under control of the myeloperoxidase promoter (zMPO:GFP). Tissue injury induces a robust, inflammatory response, which is characterized by the rapid chemotaxis of neutrophils to the wound site. In vivo time-lapse imaging shows that neutrophils subsequently display directed retrograde chemotaxis back toward the vasculature. These findings implicate retrograde chemotaxis as a novel mechanism that regulates the resolution phase of the inflammatory response. The zMPO:GFP zebrafish provides unique insight into the mechanisms of neutrophil-mediated inflammation and thereby offers opportunities to identify new regulators of the inflammatory response in vivo.
Implementing cognitive services in community pharmacy: a review of facilitators used in practice change
Authors: Roberts Alison S , Benrimoj S I (Charlie) , Chen Timothy F , Williams Kylie A , Aslani Parisa 
Published: September 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate facilitators of change in community pharmacy and their use in the implementation of cognitive pharmaceutical services (CPS).MethodRelevant literature published in English was identified through searches of online databases (no date limits), texts, conference proceedings, and bibliographies of identified literature. Literature that involved a discussion of facilitators of community pharmacy practice change in relation to the implementation and/or delivery of CPS was selected for review. Some of the identified studies were conceptual in nature, and although they were selected in the same way as the empirical research papers, were not able to be critically reviewed in an equivalent manner. A narrative, rather than systematic review, was considered more appropriate.Key findingsThe identified facilitators exist at two levels: the individual (e.g. knowledge) and the organisation (e.g. pharmacy layout). Few studies identified or measured facilitators drawn from experience, with many based on the views of researchers or participants in the studies, in reaction to identified barriers to CPS implementation. Purposive sampling was common in the reviewed studies, limiting the generalisability of the findings.ConclusionAlthough a number of facilitators have been identified in the literature, it appears that little consideration has been given to how they can best be used in practice to accelerate CPS implementation. Identifying facilitators at both individual and organisational levels is important, and future research should focus not only on their identification in representative populations, but on how they should be incorporated into programmes for CPS delivery.
Response of community pharmacists to the presentation of back pain: a simulated patient study
Authors: Chua Siew Siang , Ramachandran Claire Devi , Paraidathathu Thomas T 
Published: September 2006

Abstract

Objective
To assess the response of community pharmacists to the presentation of back pain.

Method
The researcher posed as a customer to obtain medication for back pain for her grandfather, and the consultations were recorded in a pretested data collection form.

Setting
The study was conducted in 100 randomly selected community pharmacies located within the Klang Valley in Malaysia. This includes Kuala Lumpur, the capital city of Malaysia and its surrounding suburban areas.

Key findings
In 85% of the consultations, pharmacists asked at least one question before recommending a treatment. The patient's medical history was the most frequently asked question by the pharmacists (60%). In general, a median of only five counselling elements were addressed by the pharmacists out of 13 recommended. The most common element of counselling addressed was the route of administration (98%), followed by the frequency and dose to be taken (92% and 88%, respectively). None of the pharmacists asked the ‘customer’ whether she required any further information. The number of counselling elements addressed was significantly associated with the age of the pharmacist, duration of consultation and the types of medication recommended (P &lt; 0.05). Most of the pharmacists (88%) recommended at least an oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug or a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor for the treatment of acute back pain. Diclofenac was the most commonly recommended medication for back pain (55% of consultations), followed by meloxicam (15%). The cost of treatment for back pain ranged from RM2.00 to RM38.00 with a median of RM10.00.

Conclusion
This study demonstrates that the extent of information gathering and counselling varied among community pharmacists in Malaysia and that in general, this appeared to be suboptimal. Professional bodies such as the Malaysian Pharmaceutical Society should create awareness among pharmacists regarding their responsibility to counsel patients or their caregivers.
Factors influencing Australian community pharmacists' willingness to participate in research projects - an exploratory study
Authors: Saini B , Brillant M , Filipovska J , Gelgor L , Mitchell B , Rose G , Smith L 
Published: September 2006

Abstract

Objective
To identify the factors influencing Australian community pharmacists' willingness to participate in research projects and their attitudes towards research.

Method
A mixed-method survey instrument comprising demographics, previous participation in research, and perceptions about participation in research was mailed to 267 community pharmacists in New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory. An analysis of variance test was used to identify similarities and differences between research- and non-research-active respondents. Bivariate correlations and partial least squares (PLS) regression analyses were used to identify barriers and facilitators to research participation.

Key findings
The overall response rate to the survey was 40%. Of these, 70% were classified as previous research participants (PRP), and 30% were classified as non-previous research participants (NPRP). Both groups had mostly favourable attitudes towards research; however, the results revealed several differences between the PRP and NPRP groups. Three items were identified as key facilitators to participation in research for both PRP and NPRP groups - having an interest in the research topic; believing that the research will benefit the customer; and a belief that community pharmacy research is important. Lack of time, either real or perceived, was identified as a key barrier to participation in research for both the PRP and NPRP groups.

Conclusion
Researchers should take into account pharmacists' previous research experience when recruiting pharmacists into research projects. In the case of pharmacists with research experience, emphasis should be on promoting factors that facilitate participation. In the case of pharmacists with little research experience, emphasis should be on reducing barriers to participation.
Evaluation of website medicines information content, in comparison with official patient information
Authors: Sidhu Harpreet , Raynor D K , Knapp Peter 
Published: September 2006

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate the content and presentation of websites accessed by the public for information about two non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, ibuprofen and naproxen. To assess the accuracy and completeness of website content compared with official patient leaflets, and assess the quality of presentation of each site.

Setting
Medicines are the most frequent intervention in healthcare, and people need appropriate information to use them safely and effectively. There is evidence that the leaflets supplied with medicines do not meet peoples' needs. There are many websites containing medicines information, but it is not known how the content compares with the official information.

Method
The search words ‘Brufen’ and then ‘Naprosyn’ were used in the Google search engine. We identified the first 10 sites containing information comparable to that in conventional medicines leaflets (more than 100 words and at least three of five categories of information). Each site was scored for presence and accuracy of each point of information included in official leaflets. Each site was also scored for quality of presentation, assessing 10 attributes (scored 1–3).

Key findings
We found 7 Brufen and 10 Naprosyn sites meeting the inclusion criteria and the mean score for completeness of information was 50% (range 23–79%). Eight inaccuracies were found in 7 out of the 17 sites. Four had significant potential clinical impact (all relating to dose) and four were minor in significance. The overall mean score for website presentation was 77%.

Conclusion
Compared to official leaflets, information found on websites generally contained about half the total amount of pieces of information. There were a small number of inaccuracies related to dose, which are potentially dangerous. The websites scored well overall for quality of presentation. The two overall highest-scoring websites were a manufacturer's site and one aimed at health professionals.
Determinants of medication adherence in hypertensive patients: an application of self-efficacy and the Theory of Planned Behaviour
Authors: Bane Catherine , Hughe Carmel M , McElnay James C 
Published: September 2006

AbstractObjectiveThe study aimed to identify the determinants of medication adherence in a population of hypertensive outpatients. The principle objective of the present study was to determine the utility of self-efficacy and the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) in predicting adherence with antihypertensive medication.SettingAn outpatient hypertension clinic at the Belfast City Hospital, Northern Ireland.MethodOutpatients who had attended the hypertension clinic on at least one previous occasion were invited to participate in the study. Participants completed a questionnaire incorporating measures of adherence with medication, medical and sociodemographic factors, together with measures of self-efficacy and the TPB. There were no specific study exclusion criteria.Key findingsA total of 139 participants took part in the study; 20.9% of the participants reported non-adherence with their prescribed antihypertensive medication. A statistically significant difference in self-efficacy scores between the adherent and non-adherent groups was revealed by a Mann-Whitney test, with adherent patients perceiving higher levels of self-efficacy. Regression analysis with the TPB variables revealed that adherence was predicted by intentions and subjective norms, with 41% of the variance explained. Intention was predicted by attitudes and perceived behavioural control, with 61.9% of the variance explained.ConclusionThe present study provides support for the use of self-efficacy and the TPB in predicting medication adherence; however, further research is required on the application of the TBP in the prediction of health behaviour. These findings have implications for the design of adherence-enhancing interventions.
Description of a multifaceted strategy for recruiting general practitioners and community pharmacists to talk about medication errors
Authors: Howard Rachel L , Avery Anthony J , Bissell Paul 
Published: September 2006

Abstract

Objective
To describe the use of a multifaceted strategy for recruiting general practitioners (GPs) and community pharmacists to talk about medication errors which have resulted in preventable drug-related admissions to hospital. This is a potentially sensitive subject with medicolegal implications.

Setting
Four primary care trusts and one teaching hospital in the UK.

Method
Letters were mailed to community pharmacists and general practitioners asking for provisional consent to be interviewed and permission to contact them again should a patient be admitted to hospital as a result of a medication error. In addition, GPs were asked for permission to approach their patients should they be admitted to hospital. A multifaceted approach to recruitment was used including gaining support for the study from professional defence agencies and local champions.

Key findings
Eighty-five percent (310/385) of GPs and 62% (93/149) of community pharmacists responded to the letters. Eighty-five percent (266/310) of GPs who responded and 81% (75/93) of community pharmacists who responded gave provisional consent to participate in interviews. All GPs (14 out of 14) and community pharmacists (10 out of 10) who were subsequently asked to participate, when patients were admitted to hospital, agreed to be interviewed.

Conclusion
The multifaceted approach to recruitment was associated with an impressive response when asking healthcare professionals to be interviewed about medication errors which have resulted in preventable drug-related morbidity.
Treatment of infection: a cross-sectional survey of antibiotic drug utilisation in the Ramallah district of Palestine
Authors: Khatib R , McCaig D , Giacaman R 
Published: September 2006

Abstract

Objective
To characterise the use of antibiotics in outpatients treated for infection in the Ramallah district of Palestine.

Setting
A purposive sample of general and specialist outpatient clinics in the public and private sector in Ramallah.

Method
A prospective, cross-sectional survey over 3 months (February-May 2000) of patients diagnosed with infection, conducted through questionnaires to treating physicians (n = 25) and patients (n = 575).

Key findings
Infection associated with the respiratory tract was the most common type of infection diagnosed, accounting for over 80% of all infections, followed by urinary tract infection and otitis media (14% and 10%, respectively). Amoxicillin was the antibiotic prescribed most often, prescribed for 44% of all patients and for infection of all types and across all age groups. A wide variety of other antibiotics was prescribed, and in the private sector there was more use of newer, more expensive antibiotics. Antibiotic use was rated as appropriate in only 35% of patients, with inappropriate prescribing largely resulting from inappropriate indication (73%) and to a lesser extent choice of drug (17%) or cost (9%). Duration of therapy was seldom specified by the prescriber and depended on pack size dispensed. Seventy-six per cent of patients followed up at 1 week had recovered partially or completely, but lack of compliance was noted in 30%.

Conclusions
There was considerable evidence of inappropriate use of antibiotics, including prescribing for likely self-limiting or non-bacterial infection and failure to specify duration of therapy. A number of patients failed to complete the course. Strategies to promote optimal antibiotic use should be targeted initially to respiratory tract infection, and both physicians and patients require educational input. The community pharmacist can play a lead role on account of both drug expertise and ability to advise health professionals and patients.
Exploration of two risk scenarios in non-prescription medicine purchases
Authors: Emmerton Lynne M 
Published: September 2006

Abstract

Objective
There is increasing focus on quality supply and use of medicines in the community. This study aimed to quantify and describe people's non-prescription medicine purchasing behaviour for two scenarios in which consumers are considered to be at higher risk of inappropriate medicine use.

Setting
Fifteen community pharmacies in South-East Queensland, Australia.

Method
Each pharmacy hosted a researcher to survey all available eligible customers of non-prescription medicines over a 5-day period in August 2004. Researchers also noted whether medicine-related consultations occurred. In the case of non-response, observational data were recorded, where possible with validation by the salesperson. Two theoretical risk scenarios were proposed and examined in the data.

Key findings
A total of 3017 purchases were recorded, with customers of 77.8% of observed purchases participating in the survey. Overall, 85.4% of the purchases were made with some form of product-related communication. The first risk scenario identified that 10 of 799 sales (1.3%) to customers who had not intended to buy a particular brand resulted in self-selection of a medicine that they had not purchased before, with no consultation in the pharmacy. The second scenario identified that 326 of 1886 sales (17.3%) to customers who intended to buy a particular brand did result in purchase of that brand, but without consultation by a staff member.

Conclusion
The vast majority of purchases were made with some form of communication with a staff member to assist in product selection and/or appropriate use. Although risk was theoretically present in these scenarios, actual harm cannot be ascertained without consumer follow-up. Pharmacy staff are encouraged to be aware of opportunities to become involved in product choice and advice with sales.
Public knowledge, attitudes and behaviour regarding antibiotics: does five years make a difference?
Authors: Osborne David , Sinclair Hazel 
Published: September 2006

Abstract

Objective
To compare patient knowledge, attitudes and behaviour regarding antibiotic use between 2000 and 2005.

Method
Postal survey to 400 patients in March-April 2005.

Setting
Two general medical practices in Grampian, UK.

Key findings
There was a 64% response rate; 90% had experience of antibiotic use and 96% were happy to take antibiotics when necessary; 75% felt we should be more careful about how we use antibiotics. Compared to 2000, fewer patients indicated that most infections clear up by themselves without the need for antibiotics (48% versus 59%, P = 0.031). Fewer of those who experienced at least one respiratory tract infection (RTI) in the review period had consulted a doctor (2005, 14% versus 2000, 23%), and fewer consultations resulted in an antibiotic being prescribed (55% versus 75%). Fewer patients now agreed that telephone helplines for advice on RTIs are a good idea (42% versus 54%, P = 0.009), while more felt that people should make more use of their local pharmacist for advice on treatments for RTI and that they, themselves, would consult a pharmacist. On advice (from doctors, pharmacists or advertisements) on the management of RTI, fewer patients now cited: drink fluids (48% versus 68%, P = 0.023); rest (35% versus 54%, P = 0.012); take paracetamol (35% versus 50% P = 0.028); while more cited: self-medicate (non-paracetamol) (32% versus 15%, P = 0.004); let infection run its course (11% versus 5%, P = 0.027).

Conclusions
Antibiotic use remains a concern for many patients; however, almost all would take antibiotics when necessary. Fewer patients now consult a doctor about a RTI, and fewer consultations lead to an antibiotic being prescribed. Patients are increasingly positive about pharmacist advice but less keen on telephone helplines. A further local health education initiative should be considered to remind patients of strategies for the self-management of RTI.