bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
BK virus infection in children with cancer: Serological response studied by haemagglutination inhibition, neutralization, and IgG‐ and IgM‐class specific ELISA tests
Authors: Flaegstad Trond , Traavik Terje , Kolmannskog Svein , Stokland Tore 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe recently developed enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for the detection of anti‐BK virus IgG‐ and IgM‐antibodies, and also a convenient and rapid serum neutralization test. Complemented by a traditional haemagglutination inhibition test (HAI) these methods were used to investigate the longitudinal response to BKV infection in sequentially taken sera from 29 children under treatment for cancer.In separate experiments it was shown that the results were not at any extent influenced by antibodies against other polyomaviruses.At the time of diagnosis the prevalence of specific IgG‐ and IgM‐antibodies and the geometric mean IgG levels were not significantly different for the patients compared with a group of healthy children. The primary infections seemed to occur at the same age for the two groups of children.Seven of the patients had a primary infection with BKV. The results indicate that the host response in moderately immunosuppressed children during primary infection is the same as expected for healthy individuals with the development of specific IgG, HAI, and NT antibodies, and, usually, production of BKV‐IgM for several months. The results indicated that whether specific IgM was demonstrated in the first sample or appeared later during a reactivation episode, this parameter was correlated with profound immunosuppression.Significant titre changes, detectable IgM antibodies and/or seromnversions were demonstrated in 69% (20/29) of the cancer patients. Such indications of recent viral activity was recorded in 42% (S/i9) of chifdren with meningococcal infections. The observation periods for the two groups of patients are, however, not directly comparable.
Humoral and cellular immunity to papillomavirus in patients with cervical dysplasia
Authors: Cubie Heather A. , Norval Mary 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe cell‐mediated and humoral immune responses to human papillomavirus (HPV) were tested in groups of patients with various degrees of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) using a lymphocyte proliferation assay (LPA) as a measure of circulating sensitised T‐cells and an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for antibodies.Twenty‐three of 92 patients (25%) gave stimulation indices (S.I.) greater than two to at least one of the several antigen preparations tested in the LPA. Of 282 patients, 144 (50.1%) showed ELISA indices (E.I.) greater than one to HPV‐1 and/or HPV‐2 antigens prepared by disruption of purified virions.No correlation was found between positive responses in either test and the presence in cervical biopsies of koilocytes (considered pathognomonic for HPV infections), or between positive responses and the degree of dysplasia observed. Rather, positive antibody and T‐cell responses corresponded with a history of past or present skin warts. Although antibody was detected in 42/86 (48.8%) women who thought they had never had warts, only 2/24 (8.3%) with no known history gave a positive S.I. in LPA.
Confirmation of HIV seropositivity: Comparison of a novel radioimmunoprecipitation assay to immunoblotting and virus culture
Authors: Tersmette M. , Lelie P. N. , van der Poel C. L. , Wester M. R. , de Goede R. E. Y. , Lange J. M. A. , Miedema F. , Huisman J. G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA recently developed radioimmunoprecipitation assay, using 125I‐labeled human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) viral proteins enriched for glycoproteins gp120env, gp41env (GRIPA), was compared to the immunoblot assay with respect to sensitivity and specificity for the detection of antibodies to HIV. Longitudinal sets of serum samples of seroconverting homosexual men were studied, as were sera of six blood‐bank donors likely to be false‐positive in immunoblot. In addition, HIV isolation was attempted from white blood cells of these blood‐bank donors and of seropositive and seronegative individuals. In sets of seroconversion samples, the GRIPA appeared at least as sensitive as the immunoblot. Some sera already were clearly positive in the GRIPA at a time when there was only weak reactivity in immunoblot. In contrast, sera from blood‐bank donors that were regarded as false‐positive in immunoblot were negative in GRIPA. Virus culture from these donors was also negative. It is concluded that reactivity in immunoblot to core proteins only may well be false‐positive, whereas antibody reactivity in the radioimmunoprecipitation assay to p24gag solely suggests ongoing seroconversion. This feature, in addition to a sensitivity for anti‐gp120env comparable to immunoblotting, makes the GRIPA a useful confirmatory assay in sera that yield conflicting results in other HIV‐antibody assays.
Antibodies recognizing human serum albumin are not elicited by immunization with preS2 sequences of the hepatitis B virus envelope protein
Authors: Neurath A. Robert , Strick Nathan , Parker Karen , Kent Stephen B. H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAntibodies to the preS2 region of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) envelope protein and to human serum albumin (HSA) were allegedly detected at about the same level in sera of humans with acute or chronic hepatitis B [Hellström et al., 1986]. It was claimed that anti‐HSA arises as a result of an immune response to the preS2 sequence and that it was involved in hepatocellular damage. Over 100 sera from animals and humans immunized with HBsAg containing preS2 sequences, or with synthetic peptides from the preS1, preS2, and S regions of the HBV env protein were assayed for anti‐HSA. The results revealed the following: 1) Immunization with the native preS2 sequence or with unconjugated synthetic peptides derived from that sequence does not result in elicitation of anti‐HSA. Therefore the alleged appearance of anti‐HSA during hepatitis B cannot be directly related to an anti‐preS2‐specific immune response. 2) Some synthetic peptides, whether or not they were derived from the preS2 sequence, when linked to certain carriers, but not to others, elicited in rabbits an anti‐HSA response, which was markedly lower than the response to the homologous peptide. These anti‐HSA antibodies could be separated from anti‐preS2‐specific antibodies by affinity chromatography and did not recognize the synthetic peptide used for immunization. The use in active immunoprophylaxis of hepatitis B of unconjugated peptides from the preS2 sequence with proven high immunogenicity will avoid carrier/linker‐mediated induction of antibodies not relevant to protection against HBV.
Diagnosis of fetal rubella infection by nucleic acid hybridization
Authors: Ho‐Terry L. , Terry G. M. , Londesborough P. , Rees K. R. , Wielaard F. , Denissen A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe efficacy of nucleic acid hybridization for the diagnosis of rubella infection in experimental and clinical materials was compared with immunoblot and virus isolation techniques. Our results showed that nucleic acid hybridization is specific and rapid but gives false‐negative results when compared with conventional virus isolation in some experimental although not in clinical materials so far examined. For this reason, a failure to demonstrate rubella virus in fetal specimens by this method alone cannot yet be taken as a sole criterion for ruling out fetal rubella infection.
Characterization of BK virus‐specific antibodies in human sera by Western immunoblotting: Use of a zwitterionic detergent for restoring the antibody‐binding capacity of electroblotted proteins
Authors: Christie Karen Elina , Flaegstad Trond , Traavik Terje 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAfter initial problems related to denaturation of antigenic epitopes, we developed a Western immunoblotting method for the characterization of antibodies reacting with BK virus (BKV) structural polypeptides. When a zwitterionic detergent, Empigen BB, was added to the running buffer during electroblotting, the antibody‐binding capacity of electrophoretically separated BKV polypeptides was partially restored. Antibodies reacting with different BKV antigens were detected and visualized by biotinylated anti‐species‐specific antibodies, peroxidase‐conjugated streptavidine, and diaminobenzidine staining.Human sera containing anti‐BKV antibodies reacted with VP1, but a serum containing antinuclear antibodies also reacted with VP4, ‐5 and ‐6 (histones). Serum from a rabbit inoculated with purified BKV reacted with VP1, and also with VP4, indicating that BKV inoculation may imply production of antibodies against histones.
Molecular epidemiology of two consecutive outbreaks of adenovirus 8 keratoconjunctivitis
Authors: Chastel C. , Adrian T. , Demazure M. , Legrand‐Quillien M. C. , Lejeune B. , Colin J. , Wigand R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractEleven strains of adenovirus 8 (Ad 8) isolated during two consecutive outbreaks of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC) in the Ophthalmology Department of a University Hospital in France were compared by DNA restriction analysis. The results indicated that isolates from the two outbreaks belong to the same genome type, which is also the most predominant genome type of Ad 8. The usefulness of molecular epidemiology in Ad 8 infections is briefly discussed.
Hepatitis B core antigen in serum during acute hepatitis B
Authors: Chemello L. , Pontisso P. , Schiavon E. , Thiers V. , Tagariello G. , Albert A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHepatitis B core antigen was measured in sera of patients with acute and chronic hepatitis B virus infection by a modified radioimmunoassay based on high molarity treatment of samples to avoid masking of antigen by homologous antibody. A good correlation between hepatitis B core antigen levels and serum HBV‐DNA was observed in sera obtained during chronic infection. In contrast, acute phase sera were often HBcAg positive but HBV‐DNA negative, particularly when obtained during maximum liver damage. Sequential studies in 5 patients with acute hepatitis B showed that HBcAg positivity persisted beside HBV‐DNA clearance and was often enhanced at the time of maximum liver damage, suggesting release of antigen from infected hepatocytes undergoing immunolysis, even after termination of virus replication.
Chronic enteric virus infection in two T‐cell immunodeficient children
Authors: Wood D. J. , David T. J. , Chrystie I. L. , Totterdell B. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractEnteric virus infections were studied in two children with congenital T‐cell immunode‐ficiency. One patient (LC) with cartilage hair hypoplasia developed persistent diarrhea and malabsorption following acute gastroenteritis. Electron microscope (EM) examination of feces revealed excretion of rotavirus for more than 450 days with concurrent astrovirus infection for at least 225 days, associated with the persistent diarrhea. Prolonged infection with poliovirus type 2 following vaccination had previously been noted in this patient. The second patient (DT), with the CHARGE association and DiGeorge syndrome, had two episodes of loose stools. EM of fecal extracts demonstrated rotavirus excretion for at least 66 days following the initial episode.Virus‐specific immune responses were assayed in these two patients. LC showed a poor serum neutralizing antibody response to poliovaccination, no detectable antibody response (by immune EM and ELISA) to rotavirus, and no detectable antibody response to astrovirus (by immune EM). Rotavirus specific cell mediated immunity was also not detectable. DT showed no detectable serum antibody response to rotavirus (by ELISA). Rotavirus isolates from both patients were found to be group A viruses and were further analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Atypical genome profiles, with multiple additional bands between segments 3–7 of the normal rotavirus profile, were obtained throughout the course of each illness, including the earliest specimens available (day 41, LC; day 7, DT).These results indicate that chronic virus infection of the gut can occur in patients with T‐cell immunodeficiency. Such chronic infection may be associated with persistent diarrhea and can cause considerable problems of management.
Cytomegalovirus‐specific antibody responses in renal transplant patients with primary and recurrent CMV infections
Authors: O'Neill H. J. , Shirodaria P. V. , Connolly J. H. , Simpson D. I. H. , McGeown Mary G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractCytomegalovirus (CMV) specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody responses were measured before and after renal transplantation in 20 patients with primary CMV infection and in 16 patients with recurrent CMV infection. In primary CMV infection IgG antibody titres to late antigen (IgG‐LA) measured by indirect fluorescence (IFA) were approximately seven times higher than those obtained by the complement fixation test (CFT). In contrast, in recurrent CMV infection this difference was found to be about twofold. Virus‐specific IgM antibody to late antigen (IgM‐LA) was detected in 100 percent of patients with primary CMV infection and in only 50 percent of patients with recurrent CMV infection. The IgM‐LA titres were highest in primary CMV infection and reached peak levels at approximately 10 weeks post transplantation, whereas in recurrent CMV infection the IgM‐LA titres were lower and reached peak levels at three months post transplantation. Moreover, IgM‐LA was found to persist in patients from both groups at nine months post transplantation. IgM antibody to early antigen (IgM‐EA) was not detected in any patient in this study. However, significant fourfold titre rises in IgG antibody to EA (IgG‐EA) were detected in 100 percent of patients with recurrent CMV infection and in 50 percent of patients with primary CMV infection. These results clearly show the difference in antibody responses to the various antigens of CMV in patients with primary and recurrent CMV infection.
Development of a lymphocyte transformation assay for rotavirus in whole blood and breast milk
Authors: Totterdell B. M. , Patel S. , Banatvala J. E. , Chrystie I. L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA multivariate assay was developed for detecting lymphproliferative responses to rotavirus in whole blood and breast milk. Detection of lymphocyte transformation in samples from healthy uninfected adults required an assay incorporating a large number of antigen and cell concentrations and several incubation periods before pulsing. In contrast, lymphoproliferation to rotavirus was observed over a wider range of these variables in blood collected from a kidney recipient nine days post‐rotavirus infection. Lymphoproliferation to rotavirus was detected in 32.5% of breast milk samples tested. The magnitude of lymphoproliferation to rotavirus did not correlate with rotavirus‐specific IgG ELISA antibody titres in sera or with rotavirus‐specific IgA ELISA antibody titres in breast milk.
Failure of influenza vaccination in the aged
Authors: Keren Gershon , Segev Shlomo , Morag Abraham , Zakay‐Rones Zichria , Barzilai Asher , Rubinstein Ethan 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA cohort of 127 nursing home residents aged 60–98 years were vaccinated during the winter of 1985–86 with the A‐Chile 1/83 (C), A‐Philippines 2/82 (P), and B‐USSR (B) commercial influenza vaccines. Before vaccination 40%, 23%, and 69% were susceptible to influenza Ac, Ap, and B, respectively [hemagglutinin inhibition (H.I.) titer <1:40]. One month following initial vaccination, 32 patients [25%] remained unprotected against two or all three vaccine strains. These patients were revaccinated with the same influenza vaccine and followed up. At five months 11 %, 19%, and 23% of the initial cohort were still unprotected against Ac, Ap, and B strains, respectively. We conclude that two conventional influenza vaccines administered one month apart leave unprotected 30% of healthy elderly people who are initial influenza vaccine failures.
The morphology of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) by negative staining
Authors: Chrystie I. L. , Almeida June D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe have examined preparations of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV‐1) and HIV‐2 by negative staining electron microscopy. HIV‐2 cultures contained large numbers of 130–200 nm particles containing a 130‐nm‐long by 30–70 nm‐wide core. This core is probably of conical or pear‐shaped morphology. Some particles exhibited a short fringe that could be seen to comprise a regular arrangement of repeating subunits when visualised end on. Identical particles were found in HIV‐1 cultures but in much lower numbers. Attempts to carry out negative staining immune EM were unsuccessful.Also detected in both HIV‐1 and HIV‐2 cultures were small (70–80 run) fringed viruslike particles. The possible significance of these particles is discussed.
In vivo expression of rubella antigens on human leucocytes: Detection by flow cytometry
Authors: O'Shea Siobhan , Mutton David , Best Jennifer M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractFlow cytometry has been used to detect in vivo expression of rubella antigens on human leucocytes. Sequential samples of peripheral blood were obtained from four volunteers with naturally acquired rubella and five persons immunised with RA27/3 rubella vaccine. Leucocytes were stained for rubella antigens using a pool of rubella monoclonal antibodies. Rubella antigens were detected on the leucocytes of all four volunteers with naturally acquired rubella between 1 and 13 days after onset of illness. Viral antigens were expressed more frequently on the monocyte (9–51 %) than the lymphocyte (< 1–4%) and granulocyte (< 1–3 %) populations. Among the vaccinees, rubella antigens were detected on the leucocytes of four of the five volunteers between 5 and 12 days after immunisation. The expression of viral antigens was more transient and the proportion of cells exhibiting rubella‐specific fluorescence considerably lower following vaccination (1–12 %) than natural infection (9–51 %).Our results demonstrate that flow cytometry provides a rapid and sensitive analytical technique for detecting viral antigens on leucocytes from infected persons. Leucocytes may play an important role in the pathogenesis of rubella infection.
Change in immune response to hepatitis B in boys with haemophilia
Authors: Williams M. D. , Boxall Elizabeth H. , Hill F. G. H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractEleven of 27 haemophilic boys who received a common batch of Factor VIII concentrate subsequently developed acute hepatitis B; although 9 were considered not to have been previously exposed to the virus, 2 other boys had been considered immune to hepatitis B. The amount of concentrate received by each child, together with their HIV‐antibody status and T‐lymphocyte subset distribution prior to exposure, did not influence their response to the hepatitis B virus (HBV). The two previously immune children who became infected, however, had evidence of the HIV‐associated persistent generalized lymphadenopathy syndrome. Detailed investigation of the suspect batch of concentrate revealed hepatitis B surface antibody to a titre of 112 miu/ml, but surface antigen was not detectable, even after dissociation of antigen and antibody.As a result of this outbreak, 5 of the 11 boys remain carriers of the virus and 2 other family members have contracted acute hepatitis B. The possibility that the response of the haemophiliacs to HBV may be altered due to acquired alteration of their immune function is discussed. Regular screening of haemophiliacs, including those immune to hepatitis B, is recommended, since even with regular donor screening, HBV remains a major infective risk to haemophiliacs receiving Factor VIII replacement therapy, and the risk to an individual may change with time.
Low incidence and high titers of antibodies to hepatitis B virus X‐Protein in sera of chinese patients with hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Liang X.‐H. , Stemler M. , Will H. , Braun R. , Tang Z.‐Y. , Schröder C. H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSera of patients from China with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) were tested for the presence of HBc/HBe− and HBx antibodies by immunoblotting using recombinant MS2 or β gal fusion proteins as substrate. Antibodies against HBx were detected in four out of 68 HBsAg positive and in one out of three HBsAg negative sera, antibodies against HBc/HBe in 52 and two serum samples, respectively. Competition experiments in which sera were preincubated with individual viral proteins synthesized in E. coli were carried out to demonstrate the specificity of signals obtained in immunoblot analyses. In the five anti‐HBx positive sera, the antibody titer against X fusion protein was higher than against core fusion protein and in one of these sera anti‐x activity could be demonstrated even at a serum dilution of 1:50,000. These data indicate that X antibodies occur rarely in Chinese patients and are not serodiagnostic for HCC. The high titer of X antibodies in some patients shows that the X protein can be highly immunogenic in vivo. Induction of antibody formation may be triggered by X protein expressed from integrated viral DNA.
Laboratory and epidemiologic assessment of a recent influenza B outbreak
Authors: King James C. , Haugh Connor J. , Dupont William D. , Thompson Juliette M. , Wright Peter F. , Edwards Kathryn M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA viral surveillance system in Nashville detected an outbreak of influenza B that occurred between January and March 1986. Paired sera from 32 individuals with culture‐documented influenza B illness were tested using three serologic assays. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using purified hemagglutinin‐neuraminidase and plaque neutralization detected a seroresponse in 69% and 66% of these individuals, respectively. These assays were superior to hemagglutination inhibition, which detected a 41% seroresponse. ELISA was preferred because of cost and ease of performance.A group of 286 individuals, aged 1–65 years, was studied more extensively including serologic assessment before and after the influenza B outbreak. Historical information and viral throat cultures were obtained from those with influenza‐like illness during the epidemic. An influenza B infection rate (seroresponse and/or positive culture) of 31% and illness rate (infection with flu‐like symptoms during the epidemic period) of 13% was demonstrated using these methods. Pre‐epidemic mean serum ELISA IgG titers were lower in those with, versus those without, evidence of subsequent influenza B illness (1,541 vs. 4,311, P = .0026). Children ≤ 15 years of age were infected more frequently than adults (44% vs. 28%, P = .04). Fever ≥ 101°F was reported more frequently with influenza B than non‐B illness (43% vs. 18%, P = .03).These data are useful in preparing for future epidemiologic studies of influenza B and demonstrate the value of and need for standardization of ELISA as a serologic assay for influenza B.