bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prisons and Panopticons
Authors: Forsythe Bill 
Published: February 2007

This article concerns a number of aspects of the history of social policy during the nineteenth century. In particular it argues that the five stage model of development proposed by Dr Oliver MacDonagh in 1958 has been somewhat too peremptorily dismissed by historians, and it uses the prison system between 1777 and 1877 as a test of each stage of the model as far as this part of the social administrative system is concerned.In addition MacDonagh's views on the part of Jeremy Bentham in the changes which occurred in social policy in the nineteenth century were also said to be invalid and thus an attempt is made to illuminate further Bentham's role in prison reform.The article therefore sets out to test MacDonagh's thesis in one particular area of development and suggests that as far as prisons are concerned it throws a good deal of light upon the processes of change which occurred.
Limits to professional practice in decentralized systems
Authors: Yanay Uri 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe decentralization of welfare systems and the introduction of “community social work” may confront social workers with tasks they were not trained for and limit their ability to function professionally. The experience of other countries may be relevant to the debate about localism in Britain. In Israel, the publicly directed local community centres have shifted their focus from leisure to welfare services. Trained social workers were employed to initiate and implement personal, group and other local services using local resources and charging fees for services. They reported having difficulties in defining local needs and wants, and in finding congruent solutions for these needs. They also found it difficult to negotiate with community politicians and work with them.This paper describes the Israeli system of community service centres and indicates some obstacles concerning the knowledge, skills, and attitudes of social workers functioning in an independent, decentralized practice. It also raises some selected issues for future social policy and service administration.
The Implementation of Medical Audit
Authors: Packwood Tim , Kerrison Susan , Buxton Martin 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAs part of the 1989 NHS Review, the government made participation in audit compulsory for the medical profession. Prior to this time, medical audit had been fragmented, implemented by “top‐down”initiatives promoted by professional bodies as well as by localized “bottom‐up”exercises undertaken by committed individuals. The paper uses evidence gained from four case studies of the implementation of medical audit in acute hospitals post 1989, to argue that during the early stages of policy implementation individualistic tendencies have, to some extent inadvertently, been given their head. This has not resulted in stronger external management of medical activities, as the government appeared initially to intend, but rather in locally determined medical audit activity, focused on technical process and medical management. However examining medical audit in the wider context of the total package of NHS reforms and of concurrent changes in medical management, suggests that medical interests, and the individualism that is characteristic of medical organization, will become diluted and less segregated in the future.
Local Voices in an Internal Market: The Case of Community Health Services*
Authors: Pickard Susan , Williams Gareth , Flynn Rob 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper presents findings from a study of contract specification and implementation in community health services (CHS). In this paper, we focus on one aspect of that study: the role of local people in informing the assessment of health needs and in determining the provision of community health services in the context of the NHS “internal market”. The paper is based on fieldwork undertaken in three districts within one region. Analysis of data obtained from these localities suggests that while there appears to be a genuine commitment to the principle of local involvement, ideas about how that involvement can be built into the activities of either purchasers or providers are less transparent.
Social Work Development in Japan
Authors: Ito Yoshiko 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTWith the enactment of the Certified Social Workers and Care Workers Act in 1987, Japanese social work would seem at last to have achieved social recognition and a secure position in Japanese society. However, when one examines the roles, working conditions, education and training of social workers, there are significant differences to be observed from the norms of western social work. In this paper the author sets out the unique characteristics of social work in Japan and reviews the pattern of its development in historical, cultural and political terms.
MIGRATION TO RURAL NAVARRE: QUESTIONING THE EXPERIENCE OF COUNTERURBANISATION
Authors: ESCRIBANO MARÍA JESÚS RIVERA 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTDuring the last two decades, many rural localities of Navarre (northern Spain) have experienced an increase of population related to the counterurbanisation phenomenon. This reflects the growing lure that rural localities have as residential environments for urban people, especially those coming from Pamplona, the county town of the region. Nevertheless, beyond this restructuring process, a plurality of profiles of migrants and reasons for moving to the country are found. This paper attempts to analyse this diversity through the analysis of the discourses of rural newcomers as expressed in diverse indepth interviews. Whereas most of the academic literature regarding counterurbanisation studies is based on conceptual categories defined prior to the encounter researcher/migrant, this paper explores the possibility of inverting the approach to the study of the phenomenon by considering the starting point as the lowest common denominator; how one experiences an urban‐to‐rural migration.
The caregiving context in institution‐reared and family‐reared infants and toddlers in Romania
Authors: Smyke Anna T. , Koga Sebastian F. , Johnson Dana E. , Fox Nathan A. , Marshall Peter J. , Nelson Charles A. , Zeanah Charles H. ,   the BEIP Core Group
Published: February 2007

Background:  We assess individual differences in the caregiving environments of young children being raised in institutions in Romania in relation to developmental characteristics such as physical growth, cognitive development, emotional expression, and problem and competence behaviors.Method:  Videotaped observations of the child and favorite caregiver in their ‘home’ environment were coded for caregiving quality, and this was related to child characteristics. Child emotional reactivity was assessed during responses to interactional tasks. Cognitive development was assessed from child responses to the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. Data regarding problem behaviors and competence were obtained from caregiver report. Children reared in institutions were compared on all of these measures to never institutionalized children to assist gauging degree of impairment.Results:  Children raised in institutions demonstrated marked delays in cognitive development, poorer physical growth, and marked deficits in competence. Individual differences in caregiving environment were associated with cognitive development, competence, and negative behavior among these young children being reared in institutions.Conclusions:  These data confirm previous findings regarding deficits associated with institutional care and extend our understanding of the impact of individual differences in caregiving quality on the development of young children in institutions.
INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BLOOD PRESSURE RESPONSES TO MECHOLYL AND PERSONALITY VARIABLES
Authors: Berger Leslie 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis study was designed to investigate the interrelationships betwen personility variables measured by both the Blacky Pictures and the Defense Preference Inquiry, and epinephrine‐like and norepinephrine‐like blood pressure reactions to intramuscular Mecholyl.Thirty hospitalized, open ward, male, acute, psychiatric patients were used as subjects. To evaluate the degree of relationship, phe coefficients were computed betwen the two blood pressure categories and the twenty‐two personality dimensions.A norepinephrine‐like blood pressure reaction to Mecholyl was associated with a rether primitive and infantile personality constellation, characterized by a tendency to utilize regression and projection as preferred ego defences. The epinephrine‐like blood pressure to Mecholyl was related to a strong attachment to mother, a lesser tendency toward regression, and the utilization of reaction formation as the preferred ago defense.The results of this study were quite similar to that previously reported by Funkenstein. Thus, the present data give further support to the hypothesis that the way an individual characteristically adjusts at the physiological level to a chemical stres is related to his underlying personality structure, and to his characteristic way of handling psychological stress.
EEG ELECTRODES FOR IN‐FLIGHT MONITORING
Authors: Skov Eiuc R. , Simons David G. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAn electrode for in‐flight recording of EEG is described. This electrode provides significant improvement over previously available types. When properly applied, it produces little noise, even when tapped. It is difficult to accidentally dislodge and is comfortable under close‐fitting head gear. The leads, a major problem source, may be replaced easily. The impedance between two electrodes is 5000 ohms or less, permitting use with miniature transistorized amplifiers.
INTERAREA ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC PHASE RELATIONSHIPS FOLLOWING SENSORY AND IDEATIONAL STIMULI
Authors: Darrow Chester W. , Hicks Ronald G. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTMoment‐by‐moment changes in the phase or relative timing of electroencephalographic (EEG) patterns in different brain areas show great lability and psychological responsiveness, and are studied as possible correlates of peripheral psychophysiological reaction. Relative leading, lagging, and in‐phase relationships between EEGs of different brain areas are automatically recorded, and stimuli classed as simple sensory, indifferent‐ideational, disturbing‐ideational, and adaption routines are employed. EEG leading in anterior and central brain areas is found to characterize conditions of arousal. Rapid diphasic reversals of interarea EEG phase relationship during mental activity is possibly symptomatic of interaction between brain areas. Effects of familiarity and adaptation are evaluated.
BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF IONIZED AIR ON RATS
Authors: Duffee R. A. , Koontz R. H. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe primary purpose of the experiments was to determine whether stress is a necessary precondition for ionized air to affect behavior. A secondary objective was to investigate the relationship between ion polarity and subject age. Thirty‐six male albino rats of the Wistar strain were used as subjects, divided into 2 groups according to age; one group was 3 months, and the other 14 months, old. Animals were exposed in environmental chambers in which the ion concentrations were 2.9 × 105 positive ions/cc, 1.4 × 105 negative ions/cc, or 600 positive and negative ions cc (control). Criteria for evaluating behavioral effects were rate of learning of a water maze and performance in the maze after learning was complete. Half of the subjects were subjected to a 60‐v, 0.7–sec electrical shock prior to maze trials. Results indicate that stress is not a necessary precondition for air ions to affect behavior. Learning of the maze was enhanced by both ion polarities, particularly by negatively ionized air. Performance of the older animals living in a negatively ionized atmosphere was significantly improved.
INSTRUMENTAL BEHAVIOR DURING SLEEP
Authors: Williams Harold L. , Morlock Henry C. , Morlock Jean V. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTRepetitive auditory stimuli were used to examine the ability of human Ss to sustain instrumental motor responses during sleep. A majority of simple (one tone) and discriminative (two tones) responses occurred without distinct electrographic signs of awakening. Punishment for response failure, which changed neutral stimuli to warning signals, increased the probability of correct responding, particularly to stimuli which did not evoke the alpha rhythm.Correct responding was a decreasing function of Stages 1, 2, and 3 plus 4, in that order. In Stage REM, however, response probability was markedly affected by the nature of the stimulus. When the stimulus was converted from a neutral to a warning signal, the probability of responding was raised from nearly zero to levels approximating those of other low‐voltage EEG stages. These results suggest that while low responsiveness in Stage 4 may be due to physiological depression. Stage REM is a state of activation in which external stimuli are normally blocked. Contingent reinforcement, by changing the significance of the stimulus, modifies this occlusion‐like phenomenon, permitting appropriate responding.
CHANGES IN ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM AND OTHER PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASURES DURING SERIAL MENTAL PEREORMANCE
Authors: MacNeilage Peter F. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis study attempted to answer two questions: (1) Can electroencephalogram (EEG) amplitude changes be related to specific moment‐to‐moment changes in task performance? (2) To what extent are EEG changes related to changes in other indices of activation?Physiological responses were recorded from 20 subjects during 12 alternately fast and slow trials of a paced auditory serial addition task and three writing trials involving similar responses. Trial‐by‐trial results showed that EEG amplitude usually tended to covary with other physiological functions in a manner expected from activation theory. All physiological levels decreased during the session but became increasingly sensitive to differences in task difficulty. Within trials there was some concordance between alpha amplitude levels and other physiological levels, but exceptions to this trend and further analysis of palmar conductance patterns suggested that consideration of differential sensitivities of the individual measures to behavioral events might be more profitable than an activation theory approach. The only relation between EEG changes and specific behavioral events was the tendency for alpha and beta to block during motor responses.
SPONTANEOUS ELECTRODERMAL ACTIVITY DURING WAKING AND SLEEPING
Authors: Johnson Laverne C. , Lubin Ardie 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTSpontaneous electrodermal activity (EDA) (galvanic skin response [GSR] and skin potential response [SPR]) was recorded during daytime sleep and nighttime sleep. During all sleep, spontaneous EDA occurred most frequently during stages 3 and 4 (slow wave sleep) and least frequently during stage 1 (rapid eye movement [REM] and non‐REM). This pattern was consistent over 3 nights of sleep. There was no relation between waking and sleeping spontaneous EDA. The spontaneous EDA during slow wave sleep significantly exceeded that during waking. During sleep, spontaneous SPRs often occurred without spontaneous GSRs.
PROBLEMS IN THE USE OF THE GALVANIC SKIN RESPONSE (GSR) AS AN INDEX OF CEREBRAL FUNCTION: IMPLICATIONS OF THE LATENT PERIOD1
Authors: Darrow Chester W. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTWhen does the GSR indicate cortical, subcortical, spinal, sympathetic, or purely peripheral function? The neural activity initiating the response necessarily precedes it during the latent period. Since the time required for nerve conduction is shown to occupy only a portion of the period from stimulus to detectable response, there is abundant opportunity for central participation. Cortical activity, as shown by familiar EEG a‐blocking, follows almost any attention‐getting or semantic stimulus and typically occurs during the latent period before the appearance of an observable GSR. Rapid diphasic reversal of EEG phase relations suggestive of “intersociative” interplay between cortical areas occurs during the GSR latent period and even precedes blocking, providing further indication of cortical contribution to GSRs resulting from high level associative activity.
SPONTANEOUS VARIATION IN HEART RATE: RELATIONSHIP TO THE AVERAGE EVOKED HEART RATE RESPONSE TO AUDITORY STIMULI IN THE NEONATE
Authors: Williams Thomas A. , Schachter Joseph , Tobin Michael 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe relationship of spontaneous variation in heart rate during the pre‐stimulus period to average evoked heart rate response to repetitive auditory stimuli was investigated in the neonate. Spontaneous variation was measured as the slope from horizontal from the peak or trough, preceding the stimulus on the cardio‐tachometer record to the time of stimulus presentation. The data suggest that the stimulus‐evoked heart rate response varies significantly as a function of the spontaneous variation in the pre‐stimulus heart rate slope, independent, in part, of the pre‐stimulus heart rate level.
A TELEPEDOMETER FOR THE REMOTE MEASUREMENT OF HUMAN LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY
Authors: Herron R. E. , Ramsden R. W. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA short‐range, inexpensive, transmitter‐transducer has been designed for installation inside the heel of a shoe. It provides a means of monitoring foot contact with the ground and can be used to obtain information about “natural” patterns of daily physical activity. Its unobtrusiveness serves to reduce or, as in studies of children, to eliminate artifacts due to the subject's awareness that he is under study. Tests indicate that the device is quite durable, stable and reliable. It may be installed and remain in the heel of a shoe, unknown to the wearer, for a matter of days.
WITHIN‐SUBJECT CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN SKIN CONDUCTANCE AND SKIN POTENTIAL UNDER CONDITIONS OE ACTIVITY AND PASSIVITY
Authors: Hupka Ralph B. , Levinger George 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis study investigated (a) the covariation between skin conductance and skin potential levels and (b) the correspondence between the negative component of the skin potential response (SPR) and concurrent skin conductance response deflections (SCR) during periods of rest and activity. The study was restricted to the protocols of 10 female Ss who manifested predominantly the negative component of the SPR during both periods. During rest periods, the results showed a positive correspondence between conductance and potential levels, and between the negative component of the SPR waves and concurrent SCR deflections. However, under conditions of active motor performance, the correspondence of levels was near zero and much lower between the negative and concurrent SCR deflections. It is suggested that an epidermal factor may be exerting its effects differentially during periods of passivity and activity.
PALMAR SKIN RESISTANCE AND SWEAT‐GLAND COUNTS IN DRUG AND NON‐DRUG STATES
Authors: Juniper Kerrison , Blanton David E. , Dykman Roscoe A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTPropantheline bromide, an anticholinergic blocking agent, was found to nullify all sizable changes in skin resistance. Betazole hydrochloride, a histamine isomer causing flushing of the skin, had no detectable effect on changes in skin resistance. Betazole hydrochloride did decrease the level of skin resistance, and it is possible that increased vasodilatation “pumps” more conductive (saline‐like) substances into the skin. These results suggest that relatively rapid changes in skin resistance depend more upon sweat‐gland activity than upon changes in the fluid content of the skin, without denying the importance of the latter. It may be that the level of skin resistance at any one time depends upon a combination of sweat‐gland and vasomotor activities. Hence, as basal levels of skin resistance decrease, the relative magnitude of changes in skin resistance to stimuli also decreases (law of initial values).
PROGRAMMING COMPLEX PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGIC EXPERIMENTS WITH PUNCHED PAPER TAPE: A METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH
Authors: Brown Clinton C. , Krausman David 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTPunched paper tape readers, frequently used for machine control and computer input, are readily adaptable for the purposes of presenting extremely complex signal sequences such as those used in psychophysiology. A description of basic operating principles is given together with an explanation of the minor modifications necessary to adapt this instrument to signal control. Complete schematics are presented of an instrument with seven channel control capacity.
AUTONOMIC CORRELATES OF EYE MOVEMENT BURSTS DURING STAGE REM SLEEP
Authors: Spreng Lawrence F. , Johnson Laverne C. , Lubin Ardie 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTDuring stage REM sleep, eye movements were found to be distributed in discrete bursts of rapid eye movement (REM‐bursts). REM‐burst time averaged approximately 10 percent of stage REM sleep and the rate within a subject was consistent from epoch‐to‐epoch and night‐to‐night. Consistent subject biases in eye movement direction were also found.Within subject correlations were obtained between REM‐burst time and autonomic activity. Significant positive correlations were found for respiration rate and number of finger pulse responses. There were positive but insignificant correlations with electrodermal activity, heart rate and decreases in respiration amplitude. Autonomic variability was not significantly associated with REM‐burst time.
THE INFLUENCE OF EVENING ACTIVITY ON THE ONSET OF SLEEP
Authors: Hauri Peter 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTSleep onset following three kinds of evening activities was investigated. These activities were six hours of strenuous physical work, six hours of intensive studying and mental work, and six hours of relaxation, i.e., watching TV, listening to records and reading magazines. Ss were 15 young men, each of whom participated in one activity per night for three non‐consecutive nights.Results showed that studying delayed sleep onset by an average of about six minutes, but Ss took similar times to fall asleep after exercise and after relaxation. At the moment of sleep onset, heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature and peripheral pulse volume all were significantly elevated after exercise, when compared to studying and relaxation. Both of these results combined were interpreted as indicating that the level of physiological, systemic activity is relatively unimportant for sleep onset, while the level of mental stimulation seems to play a more important role.
INTAKE‐REJECTION, VERBALIZATION, AND AFFECT: EFFECTS ON HEART RATE AND SKIN CONDUCTANCE
Authors: Edwards Dayid C. , Alsip Jonathan E. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTVisual tasks judged to require stimulus intake or stimulus rejection were accompanied by instruction to verbalize or not to verbalize as they were presented to male students. Heart rate and skin conductance measures indicated that (1) Lacey's directional fractionation occurred to intake stimuli which were rated pleasant and to those rated unpleasant; (2) an instruction to verbalize following the task increased HR within the limits of a supposed ceiling effect, removing evidence of directional fractionation; and (3) there was no direct relationship between the measures and rated affect. The conclusions of other researchers were examined in relation to these findings.