bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mitochondrial impacts of insecticidal formate esters in insecticide‐resistant and insecticide‐susceptible Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Song Cheol , Scharf Michael E 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: Previous research on insecticidal formate esters in flies and mosquitoes has documented toxicity profiles, metabolism characteristics and neurological impacts. The research presented here investigated mitochondrial impacts of insecticidal formate esters and their hydrolyzed metabolite formic acid in the model dipteran insect Drosophila melanogaster Meig. These studies compared two Drosophila strains: an insecticide‐susceptible strain (Canton‐S) and a strain resistant by cytochrome P450 overexpression (Hikone‐R).RESULTS: In initial studies investigating inhibition of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase, two proven insecticidal materials (hydramethylnon and sodium cyanide) caused significant inhibition. However, for insecticidal formate esters and formic acid, no significant inhibition was identified in either fly strain. Mitochondrial impacts of formate esters were then investigated further by tracking toxicant‐induced cytochrome c release from mitochondria into the cytoplasm, a biomarker of apoptosis and neurological dysfunction. Formic acid and three positive control treatments (rotenone, antimycin A and sodium cyanide) induced cytochrome c release, verifying that formic acid is capable of causing mitochondrial disruption. However, when comparing formate ester hydrolysis and cytochrome c release between Drosophila strains, formic acid liberation was only weakly correlated with cytochrome c release in the susceptible Canton‐S strain (r2 = 0.70). The resistant Hikone‐R strain showed no correlation (r2 < 0.0001) between formate ester hydrolysis and cytochrome c release.CONCLUSION: The findings of this study provide confirmation of mitochondrial impacts by insecticidal formate esters and suggest links between mitochondrial disruption, respiratory inhibition, apoptosis and formate‐ester‐induced neurotoxicity. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Rethinking Regulatory Engagement Theory
Authors: Pham Michel Tuan , Avnet Tamar 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWe offer a constructive critique of Regulatory Engagement Theory (Higgins, E. T. (2006). Value from hedonic experience and engagement. Psychological Review, 113(3), 439–460.; Higgins, E. T., and Scholer, A. A. (2009). Engaging the consumer: The science and art of the value creation process. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 19(2).). After highlighting the major tenets of the theory and its main contributions, we identify some of its conceptual ambiguities. We then argue that the hedonic and intensity components of value may not be psychologically separable in that experiences acquire their hedonic quality through their intensity. We next discuss why the various determinants of strength of engagement proposed by the theory may not all operate through the same process. Even the regulatory fit phenomenon seems to involve more than one process. We conclude by suggesting that many strength‐of‐engagement effects may reflect feelings‐as‐information inferences consistent with the Generalized Affect‐as‐Information Model of judgment (GAIM; Pham, M. T. (2008). The lexicon and Grammar of Affect‐as‐Information: The GAIM. In M. Wanke (Ed.), Social psychology of consumer behavior. New York: Psychology Press.).
Guillotine tonsillectomy: a neglected technique
Authors: Sunkaraneni V S , Ismail-Koch H , Salib R J , Jain P K 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBackground:Increased post-operative tonsillectomy haemorrhage rates have been observed following ‘hot’ tonsillectomy techniques, compared with ‘cold steel’ dissection. Post-tonsillectomy haemorrhage rates and the degree of blood loss during guillotine tonsillectomy have not been reported in the recent literature.Methods:This retrospective case note review assessed the degree of blood loss during guillotine tonsillectomy, as measured by the number of tonsil swabs used, and the post-tonsillectomy haemorrhage rate.Results:In a group of 168 patients, no tonsil swabs were used in 13.1 per cent of cases, and less than two tonsil swabs were used in 41.1 per cent of cases.Conclusion:Guillotine tonsillectomy, when performed by the method described in this article, resulted in minimal intra-operative blood loss in 54 per cent of cases, and appeared to have comparable post-tonsillectomy haemorrhage rates to cold steel dissection techniques.
Correction for phylogeny, small number of observations and data redundancy improves the identification of coevolving amino acid pairs using mutual information
Authors: Buslje Cristina Marino , Santos Javier , Delfino Jose Maria , Nielsen Morten 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Motivation: Mutual information (MI) theory is often applied to predict positional correlations in a multiple sequence alignment (MSA) to make possible the analysis of those positions structurally or functionally important in a given fold or protein family. Accurate identification of coevolving positions in protein sequences is difficult due to the high background signal imposed by phylogeny and noise. Several methods have been proposed using MI to identify coevolving amino acids in protein families.
Results: After evaluating two current methods, we demonstrate how the use of sequence-weighting techniques to reduce sequence redundancy and low-count corrections to account for small number of observations in limited size sequence families, can significantly improve the predictability of MI. The evaluation is made on large sets of both in silico-generated alignments as well as on biological sequence data. The methods included in the analysis are the APC (average product correction) and RCW (row–column weighting) methods. The best performing method was APC including sequence-weighting and low-count corrections. The use of sequence-permutations to calculate a MI rescaling is shown to significantly improve the prediction accuracy and allows for direct comparison of information values across protein families. Finally, we demonstrate how a lower bound of 400 sequences &lt;62% identical is needed in an MSA in order to achieve meaningful predictive performances. With our contribution, we achieve a noteworthy improvement on the current procedures to determine coevolution and residue contacts, and we believe that this will have potential impacts on the understanding of protein structure, function and folding.
Contact: cmb@qb.ffyb.uba.ar; mniel@cbs.dtu.dk
The expression of ERα, ERβ and PR in lobular carcinoma in situ of the breast determined using laser microdissection and real‐time PCR
Authors: Green Andrew R , Young Peter , Krivinskas Sophie , Rakha Emad A , Claire Paish E , Powe Desmond G , Ellis Ian O 
Published: March 2009

Aims:  To determine the status of oestrogen receptor (ER) subtypes (ERα and ERβ) in lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) of the breast.Methods and results:  Forty‐seven cases of LCIS and six cases with normal breast lobules were subjected to immunohistochemistry and evaluated for ERα, ERβ and progesterone receptor (PR) expression. mRNA for ERα, ERβ1 and ERβ2 were quantified in LCIS and normal lobules using laser microdissection coupled with real‐time polymerase chain reaction. LCIS showed a higher level of steroid receptor protein expression than normal lobules. There was no difference in ERβ1 gene or ERβ protein expression between normal lobules, pure LCIS, or LCIS associated with invasive breast cancer. No significant difference in expression of either ERα or ERβ was found between pure LCIS and LCIS associated with invasive cancer. However, PR was significantly lower in those cases of LCIS with associated invasive than in those without synchronous invasive disease.Conclusions:  Increased expression of steroid receptors in LCIS suggests their possible role in the biology of LCIS and, for PR, could influence the predisposition of women diagnosed with LCIS to develop invasive breast carcinoma.
Expression of glucose‐regulated stress protein GRP78 is related to progression of melanoma
Authors: Zhuang Liquing , Scolyer Richard A , Lee C Soon , McCarthy Stanley W , Cooper Wendy A , Zhang Xu D , Thompson John F , Hersey Peter 
Published: March 2009

Aims: Glucose‐regulated protein 78 (GRP78) is a protein translated in response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress that has been implicated in the pathogenesis and resistance to therapy of a variety of cancers. The aim of this study was to investigate its expression and role in the development and progression of human melanoma.Methods and results: The immunohistochemical expression of GRP78 in naevi, primary melanoma and melanoma metastases from 171 patients was correlated with clinicopathological factors and patient survival. The GRP78 immunoreactivity score (IRS) was 0.2 in compound naevi, 0.65 in dysplastic naevi, 4.65 in naevi adjacent to primary melanoma, 2.4 in melanomain situ, 11.2 in thin (≤1.0 mm) and 18.1 in thick (>1.0 mm) primary melanoma. It was 18 and 17.3 in subcutaneous and lymph node metastases, respectively (P < 0.0001). GRP78 expression was positively correlated with increasing tumour thickness (P = 0.001) and with increasing dermal tumour mitotic index (P = 0.0004). Disease‐free survival (χ2 = 8.0703,P = 0.0045) and overall survival (χ2 = 6.2633,P = 0.0123) in melanoma patients with IRS >25 were significantly lower than in melanoma patients with IRS <25.Conclusions: GRP78 expression appears to correlate with known correlates of melanoma progression and survival and requires further evaluation as a prognostic biomarker in melanoma.
Chronic sorrow in parents of children with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Bowes Susan , Lowes Lesley , Warner Justin , Gregory John W. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractTitle.  Chronic sorrow in parents of children with type 1 diabetes. Aim.  This paper reports on a study exploring parents’ longer‐term experiences of having a child with type 1 diabetes.Background.  Parents of children with type 1 diabetes may experience a grief reaction at diagnosis similar to that normally associated with bereavement, but little is known about their long‐term emotional adaptation. Chronic sorrow, a sustained but intermittent grief reaction, is identified in adults with diabetes but has not previously been explored in relation to parents.Methodology.  In‐depth interviews were conducted in 2007 with a convenience sample of 17 parents of children with type 1 diabetes 7–10 years after diagnosis. Data were explored within a theoretical framework of grief, loss, adaptation, and change.Findings.  Parents had adapted to the needs of diabetes management but most had not ‘come to terms’ with the diagnosis. They experienced a resurgence of grief at critical times during their child’s development and some, particularly mothers, became upset during their interviews, even though these took place 7–10 years after their child’s diagnosis. Mothers elaborated more on their emotions than fathers, but continuing feelings associated with grief, such as anger and guilt, were expressed by both fathers and mothers.Conclusion.  Greater understanding of parents’ long‐term emotional responses and recognition that grief may never resolve in these parents may enable healthcare professionals to provide appropriate and timely support at critical times.
Infectious agents and lymphoma development: molecular and clinical aspects
Authors: Ferreri A. J. M. , Ernberg I. , Copie‐Bergman C. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract.This review is focused on the role of infectious agents in the development of some lymphoma entities. Associations involving bacterial infections mostly regard marginal zone B‐cell lymphomas of mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)‐type. Some paradigmatic examples of these associations include theHelicobacter pylori‐related gastric MALT lymphoma and the more recently reported links betweenChlamydophila psittaciand ocular adnexal MALT lymphomas andBorrelia burgdorferiand cutaneous MALT lymphomas. The well‐documented association between Epstein–Barr virus infection and related lymphoproliferative disorders are analysed as an example of lymphotropic virus with tumourigenic activity. Molecular, biological and clinical features as well as therapeutic implications of these associations are analysed and future perspectives in this field are discussed.
Detection of Puccinia striiformis in Latently Infected Wheat Leaves by Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction
Authors: Wang Xiaojie , Tang Chunlei , Chen Jinlong , Buchenauer Heinrich , Zhao Jie , Han Qingmei , Huang Lili , Kang Zhensheng 
Published: March 2009

AbstractStripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is one of the most devastating wheat diseases worldwide, especially in temperate regions with cool moist weather conditions. The identification of the pathogen in infected plants based on morphological or physiological criteria before sporulation is labour‐intensive and time‐consuming. To accelerate and simplify the process of detection, a nested Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assay was developed for specific and sensitive detection of Pst. Specific primers Psta‐Psts were designed according to a genome‐specific sequence of Pst. In nested PCR, with a 10‐fold dilution series of template DNA, the detection limit was 2 pg DNA in the first PCR with the primers Psta‐Psts. The second round PCR was then performed using amplified products from the first PCR as the template and Nesta‐Nests as the primers. An amplification signal was detectable even when only 2 fg of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici DNA was used as the template in nested PCR. With nested PCR, the sensitivity of detection was enhanced 1000 fold. Using extracts from stripe rust‐infected wheat leaves, the fungus could be determined in the leaves before symptom appearance. The assay provides a rapid and sensitive method for detection of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici in latently infected leaves of overwintering wheat plants.
Occurrence and Distribution of Microdochium and Fusarium Species Isolated from Durum Wheat in Northern Tunisia and Detection of Mycotoxins in Naturally Infested Grain
Authors: Kammoun Lobna Gargouri , Gargouri Samia , Hajlaoui Mohamed Rabeh , Marrakchi Mohamed 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAn outbreak of Fusarium Head Blight of durum wheat occurred in 2004 being localized in sub‐humid and higher semi‐arid region of Northern Tunisia. A mycological survey carried out throughout these regions, revealed that 78% of the prospected fields were infested. Results of the morphological and molecular identification, showed that the most common species isolated from diseased wheat spikes was Microdochium nivale var. nivale (63.5%), followed by Fusarium culmorum (26%), F. pseudograminearum (9%) and F. avenaceum (1.5%). To evaluate mycotoxin content of naturally infected grain, the amounts of trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) in harvested grain from 45 fields were quantified by RIDASCREEN DON Enzyme Immunoassay Kit (ELISA). This study showed that the infection levels in freshly harvested grain were very low and the maximum deoxynivalenol (DON) level of the positive samples was 53 ppb. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of DON in naturally infected wheat grain sampled from Northern Tunisia.
A Single Species of Betasatellite is Prevalent in Chilli across North Central Pakistan and Shows Phylogeographic Segregation
Authors: Hussain Mazhar , Iram Shazia , Mansoor Shahid , Briddon Rob W. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractChilli leaf curl disease is an important constraint to production of chilli peppers (Capsicum annum L.) across the Indian subcontinent and is caused by begomoviruses in association with betasatellites. Betasatellites are symptom modulating single‐stranded DNA satellites associated with the majority of monopartite begomoviruses and are responsible for diseases of many crops including chilli peppers. Here, we have studied the diversity of a betasatellite of chillies in the Punjab and North Western Frontier Province of Pakistan. Sequence analysis of thirteen full‐length clones showed that a single species of satellite, Chilli leaf curl betasatellite (ChLCB), is prevalent in chilli throughout the surveyed region. ChLCB has only been identified in Pakistan and infecting chilli. It thus probably represents a chilli adapted satellite. The ChLCBs fall into two groups, the first occurs in the less intensively cultivated north and shows a high level of sequence diversity (relative to the second group), while the second occurs in the southern cotton‐growing areas and shows little sequence diversity. Between these two areas there is a region of overlap where both ChLCB types occur. The phylogeographic segregation of ChLCB we attribute to geographic isolation (in the north), leading to divergence and intensive cultivation (in the south), leading to homogenization. However, the lack of diversity (only a single species) bodes well for the prospects of achieving resistance to the disease by either conventional or pathogen‐derived strategies.
Anther Extrusion and Fusarium Head Blight Resistance in European Wheat
Authors: Graham Stewart , Browne Roy A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAnther extrusion has been widely discussed as a factor influencing fusarium head blight (FHB) resistance in wheat. This is despite a paucity of quantitative information on its importance, between cultivars, in contrast to that for heading date and plant height. We describe a method applicable to a plant breeding situation at 10 days postanthesis, for assessing the distinct characteristics of anther retention (anthers held within the spikelet) and trapped anthers (partially extruded and trapped between the lemma and palea of the wheat spikelet). FHB resistance was tested in field experiments in 2004 and 2005. In these experiments designed to resemble applications to a plant breeding selection scheme anther retention was significantly correlated with FHB in 2004 (r = 0.26; P < 0.05) and 2005 (r = 0.26; P < 0.05). A higher proportion of anthers retained relating, albeit weakly, with increased FHB susceptibility in European wheat.
Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Phytophthora infestans Isolates from China
Authors: Li Benjin , Chen Qinghe , Lv Xin , Lan Chengzhong , Zhao Jian , Qiu Rongzhou , Weng Qiyong 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA total of 288 (202 from potato and 86 from tomato) isolates of Phytophthora infestans were collected from 1998 to 2007 in China. The isolates were characterized based on mating type, in vitro metalaxyl sensitivity, virulence on potato differentials, allozymes of glucose‐6‐phosphate isomerase (Gpi), peptidase (Pep), and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotype and examined by DNA‐based simple sequence repeat (SSR) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprinting. The majority (283 of 288) of the isolates were of the A1 mating type, the other three were the A2 mating type and two were the A1A2 mating type. Resistance to metalaxyl was frequently observed, with 248 (86.1%) resistant, 21 (7.3%) intermediate and 19 (6.6%) sensitive isolates identified. Virulence was assessed for 125 isolates on a set of 11 potato differentials and 61 races were detected. Most isolates were virulent on the differential genotype with gene R3, and all known virulence genes were found, with race 3.4.7.11 being the most common. This pattern did not appear to be associated with geographic origin, sample type, mating type or metalaxyl sensitivity. The dominant banding patterns for Gpi were 100/100/111 (176 isolates) and 100/100 (109 isolates), but genotypes 86/100 and 100/111 were also identified. All isolates tested were homozygous (100/100) at the Pep locus. The majority (205 of 288) of isolates tested was of mtDNA haplotype IIb, 76 were haplotype IIa and seven were the rare Ib haplotype. The genetic diversity of 60 representative isolates from China was assayed by two types of molecular markers, RAPD and SSR. A high level of polymorphism was found. The results demonstrated the diverse phenotypic and genotypic structure of the current populations of P. infestans in China.
Alternaria alternata AT Toxin Induces Programmed Cell Death in Tobacco
Authors: Yakimova Elena T. , Yordanova Zhenya. P. , Slavov Slavtcho , Kapchina‐Toteva Veneta M. , Woltering Ernst J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractDetached tobacco leaves were infiltrated with an AT toxin preparation from the foliar pathogen Alternaria alternata tobacco pathotype. The AT toxin preparation caused formation of necrotic lesions within 5 days post‐infiltration in a concentration‐dependent manner. Cell death was accompanied by increased levels of the stress metabolites hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, free proline and by enhanced total protease activity. Lesion development and the production of stress metabolites were suppressed if the infiltration site was pre‐infiltrated with caspase‐specific peptide inhibitors (irreversible caspase‐1 inhibitor acyl‐Tyr‐Val‐Ala‐Asp‐chloromethylketone (Ac‐YVAD‐CMK) and the broad range caspase inhibitor benzyoxycarbonyl‐Asp‐2,6‐dichlorobenzoyloxymethylketone (Z‐Asp‐CH2‐DCB)), the serine protease inhibitor Nα‐p‐tosyl‐l‐lysine chloromethylketone and the polyamine spermine. Extensive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), as determined by staining with 3‐3′‐diaminobenzidine and 2′,7′‐dichlorofluorescein diacetate, was found in the AT toxin‐challenged lesions. The data show that AT toxin‐induced cell death in tobacco is a type of programmed cell death in which caspase‐like proteases and ROS signalling play a prominent role.
Randomized clinical trial of the influence of local subcutaneous infiltration vs subcutaneous and deep infiltration of local anaesthetic on pain after appendicectomy
Authors: Randall J. K. , Goede A. , Morgan‐Warren P. , Middleton S. B. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIntroduction  Local anaesthesia is commonly used to provide pain relief after surgery. The aim of this randomized, blinded prospective trial was to evaluate whether local subcutaneous and deep infiltration of local anaesthetic provides better postoperative pain control than subcutaneous infiltration alone.Method  Eighty‐four patients undergoing open appendicectomy for presumed acute appendicitis were randomly assigned into two groups. Group A received local infiltration of the skin prior to incision with bupivacaine whilst group B received half the bupivacaine infiltrated into the skin and the other half deep‐to‐external oblique to create a local nerve field blockade. Postoperative pain was assessed, on a scale of 1 to 10, at 1, 4, 8 and 24 h postextubation.Results  At time intervals of 1, 4 and 8 h, there was no significant difference in pain score between group A and group B. At 24 h group B had significantly lower pain scores than group A (2.3 vs 3.4, P = 0.016).Conclusion  Both methods of administration of local anaesthetic produced consistently low pain scores in the first 24 h after appendicectomy. There may be additional benefit in a local nerve field blockade in combination with local anaesthetic skin infiltration.