bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The ocular findings among young males: a 12‐year prevalence study of the military service in Poland
Authors: NOWAK MS , JUROWSKI P , GOS R , SMIGIELSKI J 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose To determine the prevalence of ocular diseases among young males and to assess the main ocular causes reflecting discharge from military service in Poland. Methods A retrospective review of the medical records, of the 105017 men preliminary examined to military service during the period 1993‐2004. All of them were of European Caucasian origin. Sample size for the study was calculated with 99% confidence, within an error bound of 5%. Data regarding the vision status was assessed in 1938 eyes of 969 subjects. Based on the age of subjects they were divided into two groups; group I aged 18‐24 and group II aged 25‐34. Results Presenting visual impairment (VA <20/40) followed by color vision defects was the commonest ocular disorder and accounted for 13.21%. There were statistically significant differences of uncorrected visual acuity as well as of rates of particular refractive errors, in between age groups (p<0.05). Orthoptic problems, including various types of strabismus, were recorded in 3.61% subjects. Totally, 302(31.17%) males failed their medical examination and were temporally or permanently discharged from duty. Of them 52 (17.22%) subjects were discharged due to various ocular disorders. High refractive errors followed by chronic and recurrent diseases of posterior eye segment were the commonest ocular causes and accounted for 38.46%. Conclusion Prevalence of ocular disorders among young males in unselected military population was closer to the results obtained in other population‐based studies comprising both males and females in the same age group. High refractive errors followed by chronic and recurrent diseases of posterior eye segment are important causes of medical discharges from military service.
Reliability and diagnostic significance of frequency doubling visual field testing
Authors: SAEDON H , HAMADA S , TAHHAN M 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose The aims of this study were to compare results of Frequency Doubling Perimetry (FDP) with the gold standard of Humphrey Visual Field Testing (HVF). To determine the reliability and repeatability of FDP, and whether referrals had diagnostic significance. Methods Notes collected of patients referred from the community because of abnormal visual fields, tested by FDP. Information gathered on proforma included reason for referral, place of referral, number of defects in both eyes, whether they were repeatable, consistent with HVF, reliability, follow‐up and diagnosis. Results 49 case notes were collected and reviewed, 98 eyes included. 31 females (63%), 18 males (37%). Mean age 59.5. All patients were referred because of VF defect. In 21 patients (43%), this was the only reason for referral. FDP showed poor consistency with HVF. This may be because it detects field loss earlier in the disease process. However, there was a lack of repeatability in FDP testing. In 29% of referrals, tests were not repeated, even though each test takes less than 90 seconds. FDP showed high reliability, possibly because it is a shorter test, simpler to perform and requiring less concentration Most patients were discharged at first or second appointment. Patients were seen an average of 2.6 times. The number diagnosed with glaucoma are very low (3), and the number labelled ‘glaucoma suspects’ higher (6). These patients are unlikely to have been detected without this technology. Conclusion In our study, FDP showed poor correlation with HVF. The lack of repeatability between field defects in FDP casts doubts on its validity of screening for glaucoma.Most patients were not diagnosed with glaucoma, ocular hypertension or glaucoma suspects following assessment.
Diagnostic distribution according to the clinical guide of practices of the Finnish Society of Ophthalmology represented by HRT and OCT
Authors: ALIAS EG , LARROSA JM , POLO V , BORQUE E , HONRUBIA FM 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose To know the diagnostic coincidence of the level of excellent quality of the "Guide of Clinical Practices of the managing of the glaucomatous patient” of the Finnish Society of Ophthalmology, of the confocal scanning laser HRT and of the optical coherence tomography Stratus OCT 3000. Methods There were included 312 consecutive patients sent by suspicion to suffer glaucoma (pressure intraocular > 21 mmHg, suspicious optic nerve head morphology and standard automated perimetry). There was realized a clinical complete study including optic disk stereophotography and of retinal nerve fiber layer, and, an analysis by means of HRT and OCT. Your distribution was valued depending on the above mentioned diagnostic clinical level and your coincidence by HRT and OCT. Results To being classified by the above mentioned diagnostic clinical level finds a major number of normal and glaucomatous cases (175 and 113), with minor number of suspicious subjects, in comparison to the cases catalogued by the HRT and OCT, (166, 87 and 59 respectively). Conclusion In spite of obtaining a high coincidence, certain disparity exists; in such a way that the employment of analyzers allows to obtain quantitative parameters that detect the presence of structural damage; but they must not be valued of isolated form, needing a valuation it combines of all of them to increase your diagnostic efficiency close to the clinical evaluation. Key words: clinical guide, glaucoma, HRT, OCT.
Realationship optical coherence tomography and short‐wavelength automated perimetry in glaucoma patients
Authors: FERRERAS A , FOGAGNOLO P , PAJARIN AB , PINILLA I , BORQUE E , GARCIA‐MARTIN E 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose To correlate the main indices of short‐wavelength automated perimetry (SWAP) with the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness measured with optical coherence tomography (OCT) in glaucoma patients. Methods 66 eyes of 66 glaucoma patients were prospective and consecutively selected. All of them had intraocular pressure >21 mmHg, and reproducible glaucomatous visual field loss in standard automated perimetry. SWAP test were performed with a Humphrey perimeter and the 24‐2 full threshold algorithm. Pearson correlations were calculated between SWAP indices (mean deviation and pattern standard deviation) and OCT parameters. Results Mild significant (p<0.05) correlations were observed between SWAP indices and some OCT parameters. The strongest correlations were found between the RNFL thickness in the vertical axis (superior and inferior pole thickness) and mean deviation of SWAP. Pattern standard deviation did not correlate with any OCT parameter. Average thickness and superior quadrant thickness had the strongest correlations with mean deviation of SWAP (both 0.36). Conclusion RNFL thickness measured with OCT showed mild correlations with SWAP indices in glaucoma subjects.
Correlation of GDx VCC with standard automated perimetry in glaucoma diagnosis
Authors: BORQUE E , FERRERAS A , ALIAS E , PUEYO V , LARROSA JM , POLO V 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the correlation between GDx VCC parameters with global indexes of standard automated perimetry (SAP). Methods 417 eyes of 417 patients were included. They were divided into 60 normal, 218 ocular hypertensive, 68 preperimetric glaucoma, and 71 glaucoma. Correlation between GDx VCC parameters and global indexes of SAP (MD and PSD) was calculated in all groups. Results There was no significant correlation between GDx VCC and SAP between GDx and SAP in normal patients. Significant correlations were found for some parameters of GDx VCC and MD, being low for ocular hypertensive eyes and preperimetric glaucoma, and moderate‐low for the glaucoma group. We only found significant correlations for a few parameters of GDx VCC and PSD in the glaucoma group, being the correlation coefficients low. Conclusion GDx VCC shows weak‐moderate correlations with SAP. The correlations were higher for MD than PSD.
Myopic macular degeneration: classification and treatment
Authors: WARD B 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose There is no accepted method for the control of progressive high axial myopia, the phenotype of Degenerative Myopia. Myopic Macular Degeneration was studied and classified by clinical presentation, structural features and responses to certain natural and therapeutic changes. Methods Two hundred eyes, with 9.0 D to 24.O D of axial myopia, were evaluated in terms of their clinical presentations, axial length and Optical Coherence Tomography images. The changes occurring with vitreous detachment, macular buckling, vitrectomy and the treatment of exudative complications were also evaluated. Results Vision loss progressed with the length of the eye, the shape of the posterior pole and the age of the patient. The macular degeneration was classifiable into: Atrophic, Exudative, Cicatricial and Neural‐disruptive stages. Macular buckling stabilized axial length and corrected some features of macular traction. Vitrectomy and membrane peeling relieved other aspects of macular traction, but gave no restraint to axial myopia progression. Photo‐dynamic‐therapy and intra‐vitreous anti‐VEGF injections controlled exudative macular complications. Conclusion The stages of Myopic Macular Degeneration were: Atrophic, Exudative, Cicatricial and Neural‐disruptive. Progression was related to time, axial length, posterior pole anatomy and vitreous detachment. Macular buckling limited axial myopia progress and modified schisis and other neural‐disruptive features. It remains to be shown that such surgery can prevent myopic macular degeneration and preserve macular function. Additional vitreous surgery may be required for macular holes, detachments and pre‐retinal fibrosis. Exudative changes were found to respond to treatments for the comparable stage of age‐related macular degeneration.
Time spent outdoors can prevent the development of myopia
Authors: ROSE KA 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose To examine the relationship between the development of myopic refractive error and near‐work and time spent outdoors. Methods The Sydney Myopia Study is a school‐based study using a random cluster design stratified by socio‐economic status. Over 4,000 Australian school‐aged children from two age groups had a comprehensive eye examination including cycloplegic autorefraction. Parents and students completed questionnaires on relevant lifestyle factors. Myopia was defined as spherical equivalent ≤‐0.5D in at least one eye. 1,765 children with a mean age of 6.7 years (75.3% response rate) and 2367 with a mean age of 12.7 years (75.3% response rate). Results There were no consistent associations between refraction and measures of activity in the 6 year‐old sample, where the myopia prevalence was 1.3%. It was significantly higher in the 12 year old sample at 12.7%. In this age sample, higher levels of outdoor activity (sport and leisure activities) were associated with more hyperopic refractions and lower myopia prevalence. Students who combined low levels of near‐work with high levels of outdoor activity had the most hyperopic mean refraction (+0.56D; CI 0.38‐0.75), while those who performed high levels of near‐work but had low levels of outdoor activity, had the least hyperopic mean refraction (+0.27D; 95% confidence interval, CI, 0.02‐0.52). The lowest odds ratios for myopia, after adjusting for near‐work, parental myopia and ethnicity, were found in groups performing the highest levels of outdoor activity. There were no associations between indoor sport and myopia. Conclusion Increasing time spent outdoors was associated a lower prevalence of myopia in the 12 year‐old sample. This may form the basis of a public health approach to the prevention of myopia.
Atropine and plus lenses in the control of myopia ‐ results from clinical trials
Authors: CHUA WH 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose A safe and effective treatment that can control or slow the progression of myopia, which typically occurs during childhood, would be a significant advance in the management of myopia. The findings of recent clinical trials evaluating the use of antimuscarinic agents atropine and pirenzepine as well as optical modalities such as progressive addition lenses for controlling the progression of myopia in children are reported. Methods Randomized controlled trials with comparisons of the effectiveness of interventions such as atropine, pirenzepine and progressive addition lenses to decrease myopia progression in myopic children were reviewed. Results Topical atropine was well tolerated and effective in slowing the progression of low and moderate myopia and ocular axial elongation in children. Pirenzepine gel was also effective and relatively safe in slowing myopia progression during a 1‐year treatment period. Progressive addition lenses did not, or at best marginally slowed the increase of myopia and axial elongation. Conclusion Trials of progressive addition lenses on myopia progression have yielded disappointing results. To date, only pharmacological intervention with atropine and pirenzepine appear to have some consistent effect on reducing the progression of myopia. However, the long‐term safety and efficacy profiles of these drugs are not known. As such, well‐designed clinical trials with longer duration of treatment and follow‐up are required.
Pseudoexfoliation in the Reykjavik Eye Study: 5‐year incidence and changes in related ophthalmological variables
Authors: ARNARSSON A , DAMJI K , JONASSON F 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose The objective of this study was to examine the 5‐year incidence of definite and possible pseudoexfoliations (PEX) in a randomized sample, and changes in related ophthalmological variables. Methods The Reykjavik Eye Study is a randomized population‐based study of 1045 persons 50 years and older. It included keratorefractometry, air puff tonometry, Scheimpflug photography of the anterior segment, fundus photograph, and slit‐lamp examination. 88% of survivors participated in the 5‐year follow‐up study. Results Incidence PEX was found in 3.5% of all right eyes. Females have a twofold risk of 5‐year incidence compared with males (p=0.05). Increasing age was also linked to the incidence of PEX by an average of 5% between the 10‐year age‐groups (p=0.022). 68%, of those right eyes that did not have PEX at baseline remained the same 5 years later, whereas 11% were deemed to have progressed to possible PEX and 2% had progressed to definite PEX. 47% of the right eyes diagnosed with possible PEX at baseline, were not found to have signs of PEX after 5 years. 21% continued to be diagnosed as possible PEX and 5% progressed to definite PEX. Five year incidence cases of PEX showed a significant increase in IOP (p=0.007). Cup/disc ratio increases for all participants, significantly more for those that already had PEX at baseline. Conclusion The diagnosis of definite PEX holds well over five years, but not possible PEX. The incidence of PEX increases with age, and is more common in females. The results indicate that the increase in IOP that usually accompanies PEX develops in the same period as the PEX changes become visible. The increase in cup/disc ratio seem to accelerate after the PEX changes have established and not before.
Histological analysis of sensory receptors in human extraocular muscles
Authors: BRUENECH JR , KJELLEVOLD HAUGEN IB 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose Recent publications have promoted the view that tendon receptors at the distal insertion of extraocular muscles (EOMs) provide more adequate proprioception than the muscle spindles, yet some uncertainty remains. The purpose of this study was therefore to analyse the morphological features of the muscle spindles and their potential proprioceptive capacity. Methods Samples of human EOMs were selected from stock and all sections containing muscle spindles were selected for further analysis. The age of the subjects ranged from 6 months to 90 years and both sexes were included. No previous history of binocular anomalies or neuromuscular disease had been recorded. An image analysis system (Imaris Imageaccess) was attached to a light microscope (Nikon Optiphot) in order to obtain a more detailed analysis. Results Digital three dimensional reconstructions of the most prominent morphological features were obtained from serial sections of 35 spindles. These features included narrow periaxial spaces, fragmented intrafusal fibres and other peculiar features which could potentially interfere with the functional principals upon which this type of mechanoreceptor is based. The digital reconstruction provided additional information about variations in spindle shape which most likely would have been missed by conventional light microscopic observations. Conclusion The proprioceptive capacity of the muscle spindles in human extraocular muscles has previously been questioned based on the presence of several peculiar morphological features. The current study confirmed these observations and has added credence to the notion that the muscle spindle in human EOMs in not the main source of proprioception. A similar study of the tendon receptors is now in progress.
Crosstalk between Hsp70 molecular chaperone, lysosomes and proteasomes in autophagy‐mediated proteolysis in human retinal pigment epithelial cells
Authors: KAARNIRANTA K 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose The pathogenesis of age‐related macular degeneration involves chronic oxidative stress, impaired degradation of membranous discs shed from photoreceptor outer segments and accumulation of lysosomal lipofuscin in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. It has been estimated that a major part of cellular proteolysis occurs in proteasomes, however the importance of proteasomes and the other proteolytic pathways including autophagy in RPE cells are poorly understood. In the present study the role of Hsp70 molecular chaperones, proteasomal and lysosomal proteolytic pathways were evaluated in human RPE cells (ARPE‐19). Methods The Hsp70 and ubiquitin protein levels and localization were analyzed by western blotting and immunofluorescense. Confocal and transmission electron microscopy were used to detect cellular organelles and to evaluate morphological changes. Results The proteasome inhibition evoked the accumulation of perinuclear lysosomal vesicles/residual bodies positive for ubiquitin and the lysosomal membrane protein LAMP‐2, and a robust accumulation of Hsp70 protein and ubiquitin‐protein conjugates. We found that the accumulation of lysosomal/residual bodies was reversible, a cessation of proteasome inhibition led to clearance of the deposits via a mechanism that probably includes autophagy. Conclusion We show novel connection of Hsp70 molecular chaperones, proteasomes and autophagy in regulation of protein turnover in human retinal pigment epithelial cells that may thus open new insights to understand degenerative processes in retina cell pathology.
Binocular vision disturbances and eye movement restrictions in patients with thyroid associated ophthalmopathy(TAO)
Authors: KLYSIK AB , KOMOROWSKI J , GOS R 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose To investigate the incidence and associations of various types of double vision and limitations of gaze among patients presenting with ocular complaints related to thyroid associated ophthalmopathy. Methods We included 325 patients (268 female and 57 male) aged 42 to 78 (mean 51.1 +/‐5.2) referred with ocular symptoms and the diagnosis of TAO. 156 sex and age matched, healthy volunteers served as a control group. Eye movements restrictions were investigated and recorded in the four point scale. The degree of exophthalmos was recorded, as well as the degree of horizontal and vertical disparation. Results 59.8% of patients reported significant double vision. 96% of patients complaining of double vision trported that it is intermittent,(29% in primary gaze position and 67% in other than primary). The most common limitation of eye movement was elevation(49%). There is a significant correlation between clinically significant double vision and vertical disparation (P=0.30) as well as asymmetrical exophthalmos (p=0.34). There is no correlation between the amount of exophthalmos and double vision. Conclusion Diplopia is an extremely common presenting sign of TAO. Most patients are troubled by diplopia in different than primary gaze direction. Asymmetrical exophthalmos, and asymmetrical vertical eye muscle involvement are the most significant factors associated with symptomatic diplopia.
Corneal cross‐linking for keratoconus
Authors: MENCUCCI R , PALADINI I 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose to point out the efficacy and safety of collagen cross linking of the cornea as a parasurgical treatment of keratoconus Methods corneal cross linking has been performed on 50 patients from 17 to 35 years old with topographical and clinical evolutive keratoconus Results Cross linking treatment has been proven to strengthen the weak corneal structure by increasing collagen cross links, wich are the natural anchors within the cornea.These anchors prevent the cornea from bulging out and becoming steep and irregular.Several aspects of the procedure will be considered including ultrastructural and histological behaviour of the corneal collagen after this photodynamic procedure. Conclusion The procedure seems to be safe and effective in increasing stiffness of the cornea.More studies are needed to clarify the intrinsic mechanisms of the procedure
New insights in amniotic membrane transplantation
Authors: GICQUEL JJ 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe amniotic membrane (AM) has been used for almost a century in reconstructive surgery of various parts of the human body, including bladder, and vagina. More recently, it has found application for treating ocular burns and ocular surface disorders, including conjunctivital and corneal defects. One placenta can provide material sufficient for more than 20 surgeries. Limbal epithelial cells are also cultured and expanded on denuded AM. Until now there have been very few studies on the proteins present in AM and responsible for its anti‐inflammatory, anti‐scarring and anti‐angiogenic properties. A better knowledge of the biochemical composition and function of the AM will help develop standardised AM, both for culture and surgery as well as later on synthetic membranes. Thru a review of published studies and of the research performed at the Division of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences we will focus on the necesity of using standardized membranes for both limbal epithelial cells culture and surgery.
Deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty
Authors: FONTANA L 
Published: September 2008

AbstractDespite the long term risk of endothelial rejection, full‐thickness corneal transplantation is still considered the gold standard surgery for replacing a diseased cornea. Deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) is not a new procedure, but in the past, its use has been of limited popularity owing to the challenging, lengthy and tedious surgery involved. With the advent of newer surgical techniques and instruments for performing lamellar corneal surgery, DALK has gained in popularity. This presentation discusses the techniques for performing the procedure as well as the clinical outcomes, especially focusing on Big bubble DALK. Results will be compared with the outcomes of penetrating keratoplasty (PK). Results suggest that DALK is the logical choice in the surgical management of corneal stromal disease, in presence of a functional endothelium.