bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Challenging assumptions of future coastal habitat development around the UK
Authors: Orford Julian D. , Pethick John 
Published: October 2006

AbstractOne habitat management requirement forced by 21st century relative sea‐level rise (RSLR), will be the need to re‐comprehend the dimensions of long‐term transgressive behaviour of coastal systems being forced by such RSLR. Fresh approaches to the conceptual modelling and subsequent implementation of new coastal and peri‐marine habitats will be required. There is concern that existing approaches to forecasting coastal systems development (and by implication their associated scarce coastal habitats) over the next century depend on a certain premise of orderly spatial succession of habitats. This assumption is shown to be questionable given the possible future rates of RSLR, magnitude of shoreline retreat and the lack of coastal sediment to maintain the protective morphologies to low‐energy coastal habitats. Of these issues, sediment deficiency is regarded as one of the major problem for future habitat development. Examples of contemporary behaviour of UK coasts show evidence of coastal sediment starvation resulting from relatively stable RSLR, anthropogenic sealing of coastal sources, and intercepted coastal sediment pathways, which together force segmentation of coastal systems. From these examples key principles are deduced which may prejudice the existence of future habitats: accelerated future sediment demand due to RSLR may not be met by supply and, if short‐ to medium‐term hold‐the‐line policies predominate, long‐term strategies for managed realignment and habitat enhancement may prove impossible goals. Methods of contemporary sediment husbandry may help sustain some habitats in place but otherwise, instead of integrated coastal organization, managers may need to consider coastal breakdown, segmentation and habitat reduction as the basis of 21st century coastal evolution and planning. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bed waves at the basin scale: implications for river management and restoration
Authors: James L. Allan 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAn extensive literature about fluvial sediment waves, slugs or pulses has emerged in the past 20 years. The concept has been useful in many respects, but has been applied to diverse phenomena using a variety of definitions. Moreover, inferred linkages between channel‐bed changes and sediment loads are often not justifiable. This paper reviews concepts of large fluvial sediment waves at scales extending to several tens of kilometres. It points out constraints on the inferences that can be made about sediment loads based on changes in channel‐bed elevation at this scale where channel sediment interacts with storage in floodplain and terrace deposits. The type area of G. K. Gilbert's initial sediment‐wave concept is re‐examined to show that neither wave translation nor dispersion occurred in the simple manner commonly assumed. Channel aggradation and return to graded conditions provide an alternative theory explaining Gilbert's observed bed‐elevation changes. Recognizing the evidence and implications of the former passage of a large‐scale bed wave is essential to the accurate diagnosis of catchment conditions and the adoption of appropriate river restoration goals or methods. Sediment loads, water quality, channel morphologic stability and aquatic ecosystems often reflect changes in sediment storage long after the channel bed has returned to grade. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Controlled Synthesis of a Chitosan‐Based Graft Copolymer Having Polysarcosine Side Chains Using the NCA Method with a Carboxylic Acid Additive
Authors: Nakamura Rikiya , Aoi Keigo , Okada Masahiko 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSummary: A novel chitosan derivative with polysarcosine side chains, i.e., chitosan‐graft‐polysarcosine [chitosan‐graft‐poly(N‐methylglycine)], was synthesized by ring‐opening polymerization of sarcosine N‐carboxyanhydride (NCA) with chitosan as a macroinitiator in the presence of carboxylic acids in dimethyl sulfoxide at 27 °C. Degree of substitution ($\overline {DS}$) for polysarcosine side chains introduced to chitosan was controlled successfully by the feed amount of the additive nicotinic acid ($\overline {DS}$ = 0.21–0.71). Independent of $\overline {DS}$ control, degree of polymerization ($\overline {DP}$) for polysarcosine side chains was controlled by adjusting feed ratios of NCA monomer to chitosan ($\overline {DP}$ = 14–43). Kinetic analysis of the propagation of sarcosine NCA was conducted by measuring CO2 evolution. Apparent kp values decreased with increased feed amounts of nicotinic acid, supporting the theory that propagation of NCA in the presence of nicotinic acid proceeds via equilibrium between active amine and dormant ammonium species.Propagation mechanism of carboxylic acid‐mediated polymerization of sarcosine N‐carboxyanhydride.magnified imagePropagation mechanism of carboxylic acid‐mediated polymerization of sarcosine N‐carboxyanhydride.
A High‐Content Diarylethene Photochromic Polymer for an Efficient Fluorescence Modulation
Authors: Jeong Yong‐Chul , Yang Sung Ik , Kim Eunkyoung , Ahn Kwang‐Hyun 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSummary: A highly fluorescent photochromic polymer, poly‐BTFO4, was prepared. The fluorescence quantum yield of the poly‐BTFO4 was six times higher than that of BTFO4. Fatigue resistance of the polymer at its photostationary state was significantly enhanced compared with that of BTFO4. Importantly, the poly‐BTFO4 film also showed an efficient photochromism as well as strong fluorescence similar to the results in solution, which allow photoinduced fluorescence switching applicable to optical switches.Improvement of fluorescence quantum yield and fatigue resistance.magnified imageImprovement of fluorescence quantum yield and fatigue resistance.
Stimuli‐Responsive A‐b‐(B‐co‐C) Diblock Terpolymers Bearing Polyampholyte Sequences
Authors: Gotzamanis George , Tsitsilianis Constantinos 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSummary: Diblock terpolymers that consist of homopolymer and statistical copolymer (polyampholyte) building blocks are synthesized by group transfer polymerization. Two types of block tepolymers are explored in aqueous media: the amphiphilic poly{[(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate]‐co‐(methacrylic acid)}‐block‐poly(methyl methacrylate) and the double hydrophilic poly[oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate]‐block‐poly{[(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate]‐co‐(methacrylic acid)}. The first terpolymer self‐assembles in aqueous media to form responsive micelles that change their corona charge sign upon switching pH. The second terpolymer exhibits a multi‐responsive behavior. It forms neutral, positive, or negative micelles depending on a combination of different environmental conditions such as temperature, pH, and ionic strength.P(DEAEMA‐co‐MAA)‐b‐PMMA pH‐sensitive micelles.magnified imageP(DEAEMA‐co‐MAA)‐b‐PMMA pH‐sensitive micelles.
Single‐Line EPR Spectra from Radicals Encapsulated in Aggregates of Amphiphilic Block Copolymers with Hydrophobic Dendritic Pendants in Water
Authors: Tamano Kana , Tanaka Toshiyuki , Awaga Kunio , Imae Toyoko , Yusa Shin‐ichi , Shimada Yoshihiko 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSummary: A water‐insoluble organic 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical is solubilized in aqueous solutions of aggregates of amphiphilic block copolymers with hydrophobic dendritic pendants. The number (100–200) of DPPH molecules solubilized in an aggregate, which is evaluated from UV‐visible absorption spectra, is in agreement with that of the DPPH radicals determined from electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The DPPH radicals are stably solubilized without decomposition in the polymer aggregates. The radicals exhibit a single‐line EPR absorption, which is narrowed by the interspin interaction, and indicates the assembly formation of DPPH radicals in polymer aggregates. These results suggest the effective utilization of the DPPH radical as a spin‐probe indicator in aqueous solutions.When DPPH is solubilized in aqueous solutions of NaAMPS‐b‐G2(n3), the polymer solutions become purple colored, which is characteristic of the DPPH radical.magnified imageWhen DPPH is solubilized in aqueous solutions of NaAMPS‐b‐G2(n3), the polymer solutions become purple colored, which is characteristic of the DPPH radical.
Some probability functions in reliability and their applications
Authors: Cha Ji Hwan , Mi Jie 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThere has been much research on the general failure model recently. In the general failure model, when the unit fails at its age t, Type I failure (minor failure) occurs with probability 1 − p(t) and Type II failure (catastrophic failure) occurs with probability p(t). In the previous research, some specific shapes (constant, non‐decreasing, or bathtub‐shape) on the probability function p(t) are assumed. In this article, general results on some probability functions are obtained and applied to study the shapes of p(t). The results are also applied to determining the optimal inspection and allocation policies in maintenance problems. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2007
Robust tower location for code division multiple access networks
Authors: Rosenberger Jay M. , Olinick Eli V. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDesigning Code Division Multiple Access networks includes determining optimal locations of radio towers and assigning customer markets to the towers. In this paper, we describe a deterministic model for tower location and a stochastic model to optimize revenue given a set of constructed towers. We integrate these models in a stochastic integer programming problem with simple recourse that optimizes the location of towers under demand uncertainty. We develop algorithms using Benders' reformulation, and we provide computational results. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2007
Numerical modelling of non‐linear electroelasticity
Authors: Vu D. K. , Steinmann P. , Possart G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe numerical modelling of non‐linear electroelasticity is presented in this work. Based on well‐established basic equations of non‐linear electroelasticity a variational formulation is built and the finite element method is employed to solve the non‐linear electro‐mechanical coupling problem. Numerical examples are presented to show the accuracy of the implemented formulation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis and Interpretation of Hopper Flow Behaviour Using Electrical Capacitance Tomography
Authors: Romanowski Andrzej , Grudzien Krzysztof , Williams Richard A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis paper presents a critical analysis of the application of electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) to exploring the behaviour of solids flow during hopper discharge. Particulate media are employed in many areas such as the food industry, civil and chemical engineering etc. This is a report of work on the measurement of parameters that determine hopper flow for several different types of particulate systems, using a hopper of adjustable geometry equipped with ECT sensors. There is a comparison of different data analysis methods including: Bayesian/MCMC spatial modelling; reconstructed measurements analysis; raw data processing and theoretical descriptions. Measurement and interpretation protocols suited to detection of particular flow phenomena are assessed and recommended.
Effect of substrate temperature and post‐deposition annealing on the properties of evaporated CdSe thin films
Authors: Bacaksiz E. , Basol B. M. , Altunbaş M. , Yılmaz S. , Tomakin M. , Abay B. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe structural, morphological and optical properties of vacuum‐evaporated CdSe thin films were investigated as a function of the substrate temperature and the post‐deposition annealing conditions. It was observed that the grain sizes and morphologies of as‐deposited layers were similar for substrate temperatures of 100 and 200 K. However, CdSe films produced at a substrate temperature of 300 K had substantially different surface morphology. Annealing at 473–673 K in air did not cause any appreciable grain growth in any of the films irrespective of their growth temperature. However, annealing at 673 K initiated intergrain coalescence and altered surface morphology by reducing faceting. X‐ray diffraction studies showed that the crystallinity of the CdSe films was improved upon annealing. The optical band gap energy values were obtained and two direct transitions were observed. This may be attributed to spin orbit splitting of the valence band. Resistivity measurements indicated that annealing at 673 K in air forms a highly resistive compensated CdSe film. The results showed that although the substrate temperature during growth plays the major role in determining the properties of deposited films, post‐deposition annealing at temperatures of at least 673 K may lead to further changes in these properties. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Strain sensing with carbon nanotube devices
Authors: Sickert D. , Taeger S. , Kühne I. , Mertig M. , Pompe W. , Eckstein G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractCarbon nanotubes have been demonstrated to behave piezoresistively, i.e. to change resistance dramatically upon elastic deformation. This effect can be utilized for strain sensing, pressure sensing and for nano electromechanical transducers in microsystems. Here we report on a bottom‐up method for integrating carbon nanotube bundles into such microsystems based on ac‐dielectrophoresis. In contrast to previous publications there are many carbon nanotubes contacted at once. At the cost of sensitivity of the sensing element the manufacturing is simplified. We demonstrate the functionality of our approach with a macroscopic strain gauge. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Resistivity measurements of Mo6S3I6 nanowire networks
Authors: Berčič B. , Pirnat U. , Kusar P. , Dvorsek D. , Vengust D. , Mihailovic D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe present measurements of resistivity on Mo6S3I6 nanowire networks as a function of temperature, moisture and high‐temperature processing conditions. The room‐temperature conductivity of as‐grown material is s 300 K ∼ 0.04 S/m with a linear I –V characteristic. The temperature dependence of conductivity of pristine samples closely follows the expression s = s 0 exp (–T 0/T)b , where b = 1/4. Removal of interstitial iodine from the network by annealing in vacuum gives rise to a cross‐over to b = 1/2 and an increase in conductivity. Different scenarios for observed cross‐over are discussed. The introduction of water vapour leads to a decrease in conductivity and reveals that the resistivity of the network is sensitive to interstitial water molecules, which is interesting for potential chemical sensor applications. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Magneto‐optical spectroscopy of excitons in carbon nanotubes
Authors: Shaver J. , Kono J. , Portugall O. , Krstić V. , Rikken G. L. J. A. , Miyauchi Y. , Maruyama S. , Perebeinos V. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe describe recent results of optical experiments on single‐walled carbon nanotubes in high magnetic fields, probing the influence of a tube‐threading magnetic flux on their band structure and excitonic states. The magnetic flux breaks the time‐reversal symmetry and thus lifts the K –K ′ valley degeneracy, and the amount of state splitting is determined by the Aharonov–Bohm phase. We show experimental evidence that this field‐induced symmetry breaking overcomes the Coulomb‐induced exciton splitting which is predicted to make the lowest singlet exciton state optically inactive (or “dark”). Thus, a magnetic field applied parallel to the tube axis “brightens” the dark exciton, resulting in a drastic increase in photoluminescence intensity with magnetic field. We also find that the amount of brightening increases with decreasing temperature. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Fabrication of stable dispersions containing up to 70% individual carbon nanotubes in a common organic solvent
Authors: Giordani S. , Bergin S. , Nicolosi V. , Lebedkin S. , Blau W. J. , Coleman J. N. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractApplications of single‐wall carbon nanotubes (SWNT) are severely restricted, as they exist in rope‐like bundles. Many methods have been suggested to de‐bundle SWNTs, including both covalent and non‐covalent funtionalisation with surfactants, acids, polymers and macromolecules. However, these strategies are unsatisfactory because they result in either the chemical modification of the nanotube or the presence of residual dispersion agents. What is required is the demonstration of stable, exfoliated SWNT dispersions in common solvents. In this work we have demonstrated debundling of single‐wall nanotubes by diluting nanotubes dispersions in the solvent N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone (NMP). Atomic‐force‐microscopy measurements show a steady decrease in bundle diameter distribution as the concentration is decreased. Photoluminescence and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the presence of individual nanotubes in NMP dispersion. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Spin interactions in InAs quantum dots and molecules
Authors: Doty M. F. , Ware M. E. , Stinaff E. A. , Scheibner M. , Bracker A. S. , Ponomarev I. V. , Badescu S. C. , Korenev V. L. , Reinecke T. L. , Gammon D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSpin interactions between particles in quantum dots or quantum dot molecules appear as fine structure in the photoluminescence spectra. Using the understanding of exchange interactions that has been developed from single dot spectra, we analyze the spin signatures of coupled quantum dots separated by a wide barrier such that inter‐dot interactions are negligible. We find that electron–hole exchange splitting is directly evident. In dots charged with an excess hole, an effective hole–hole interaction can be turned on through tunnel coupling. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Removing spin blockade by photon‐assisted tunneling in double quantum dots
Authors: Sánchez Rafael , Platero Gloria , Aguado Ramón , Cota Ernesto 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPauli exclusion principle can lead to a supression of transport through double quantum dots, even if both quantum dots are connected by a resonant driving ac field. In this work, we study how this effect, known as spin blockade, can be removed by means of the influence of the driving field on the contacts to the leads. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Two time scales of the electron–hole spin relaxation in InAs/GaAs quantum dots
Authors: Testelin C. , Aubry E. , Chaouache M. , Maaref M. , Bernardot F. , Chamarro M. , Gérard J.‐M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe have performed time‐resolved differential transmission on an ensemble of InAs/GaAs self‐assembled quantum dots. We have calculated the polarization rate decay, on which two time scales in the electron–hole spin relaxation dynamics are observed. A study versus the energy of the interband transition reveals that the fast spin relaxation becomes important when excited and mixed states are involved. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Special issue: Electronic Properties of Novel Nanostructures
Authors: Kuzmany Hans , Dinse Peter , Roth Siegmar , Thomsen Christian 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis special issue of physica status solidi (b) contains contributions presented at the International Winterschool/Euroconference on Electronic Properties of Novel Materials (IWEPNM 2006). The twentieth anniversary meeting was held in March 2006 in Kirchberg, Austria.The articles in this issue provide essential information on a wide spectrum of topics, including mechanical and electronic properties of carbon nanotubes, graphene, fullerenes and fulleroides, ab initio calculations for molecular nanostructures, single molecule experiments, scanning electron microscopy of molecular nanostructures, applications, composites and chemistry of molecular nanostructures, molecular machines and molecular motors, and template grown molecular nanomaterials.As in previous years, the meeting was attended by many outstanding researchers from around the world and from a wide spectrum of scientific disciplines. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electron transport with mobility above 10–3 cm2/Vs in amorphous film of co‐planar bipyridyl‐substituted oxadiazole
Authors: Ichikawa Musubu , Hiramatsu Nobuyasu , Yokoyama Norimasa , Miki Tetsuzo , Narita Susumu , Koyama Toshiki , Taniguchi Yoshio 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe demonstrate that a bipyridyl substituted oxadiazole (Bpy‐OXD) shows high electron mobility that reached above 10–3 cm2/Vs. We believe that the high mobility results from both the hybrid molecular structure of the two electron‐accepting units: bipyridyl and oxadiazole, and the planar molecular structure based on its lack of sterically hindered bulky substituent. The computational analysis elucidates that the amorphous nature of Bpy‐OXD in thin‐film state probably results from the polymorphic effect in isolated state and the volume effect in solid state. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Climate‐induced changes in the vegetation pattern of China in the 21st century
Authors: Yu Li , Cao Mingkui , Li Kerang 
Published: October 2006

AbstractQuantifying climate‐induced changes in vegetation patterns is essential to understanding land–climate interactions and ecosystem changes. In the present study, we estimated various distributional changes of vegetation under different climate‐change scenarios in the 21st century. Both hypothetical scenarios and Hedley RCM scenarios show that the transitional vegetation types, such as shrubland and grassland, have higher sensitivity to climatic change compared to vegetation under extreme climatic conditions, such as the evergreen broadleaf forest or desert, barren lands. Mainly, the sensitive areas in China lie in the Tibetan Plateau, Yunnan‐Guizhou Plateau, northeastern plain of China and eco‐zones between different vegetations. As the temperature increases, mixed forests and deciduous broadleaf forests will shift towards northern China. Grassland, shrubland and wooded grassland will extend to southeastern China. The RCM‐project climate changes generally have caused positive vegetation changes; vegetation cover will probably improve 19% relative to baseline, and the forest will expand to 8% relative to baseline, while the desert and bare ground will reduce by about 13%.
Monitoring wild greenfinch (Carduelis chloris) for Salmonella enterica typhimurium
Authors: Grant David , Todd Peter A. , Pennycott Tom 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe identification and monitoring of emerging infectious diseases in free living wild birds is a challenge to wildlife biologists. In this study, a non‐invasive methodology for identifying salmonellosis in wild garden birds was developed. We focussed on greenfinch, Carduelis chloris, which were found to have a seasonal pattern in the occurrence of Salmonella Typhimurium DT 56(v). Principal components analysis of biometric data indicated that low fat and low weight could be useful indicators of Salmonella positive greenfinch. A combination of biometrics taken from live birds, faecal analysis, and behavioural observations provide an effective and efficient system for identifying the presence of salmonellosis within greenfinch.