bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mycolactone Is Responsible for the Painlessness of
Mycobacterium ulcerans
Infection (Buruli Ulcer) in a Murine Study
Authors: En Junichiro , Goto Masamichi , Nakanaga Kazue , Higashi Michiyo , Ishii Norihisa , Saito Hajime , Yonezawa Suguru , Hamada Hirofumi , Small Pamela L. C. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT

Buruli ulcer is a chronic skin disease caused by
Mycobacterium ulcerans
, which produces a toxic lipid mycolactone. Despite the extensive necrosis and tissue damage, the lesions are painless. This absence of pain prevents patients from seeking early treatment and, as a result, many patients experience severe sequelae, including limb amputation. We have reported that mice inoculated with
M. ulcerans
show loss of pain sensation and nerve degeneration. However, the molecules responsible for the nerve damage have not been identified. In order to clarify whether mycolactone alone can induce nerve damage, mycolactone A/B was injected to footpads of BALB/c mice. A total of 100 μg of mycolactone induced footpad swelling, redness, and erosion. The von Frey sensory test showed hyperesthesia on day 7, recovery on day 21, and hypoesthesia on day 28. Histologically, the footpads showed epidermal erosion, moderate stromal edema, and moderate neutrophilic infiltration up to day 14, which gradually resolved. Nerve bundles showed intraneural hemorrhage, neutrophilic infiltration, and loss of Schwann cell nuclei on days 7 and 14. Ultrastructurally, vacuolar change of myelin started on day 14 and gradually subsided by day 42, but the density of myelinated fibers remained low. This study demonstrated that initial hyperesthesia is followed by sensory recovery and final hypoesthesia. Our present study suggests that mycolactone directly damages nerves and is responsible for the absence of pain characteristic of Buruli ulcer. Furthermore, mice injected with 200 μg of mycolactone showed pulmonary hemorrhage. This is the first study to demonstrate the systemic effects of mycolactone.
Type 2 Secretion Promotes Enterohemorrhagic
Escherichia coli
Adherence and Intestinal Colonization
Authors: Ho Theresa D. , Davis Brigid M. , Ritchie Jennifer M. , Waldor Matthew K. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT

Enterohemorrhagic
Escherichia coli
(EHEC) is a noninvasive food-borne pathogen that colonizes the distal ileum and colon. Proteins encoded in the EHEC locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) pathogenicity island are known to contribute to this pathogen's adherence to epithelial cells and intestinal colonization. The role of non-LEE-encoded proteins in these processes is not as clear. We found that the Z2053 gene (designated
adfO
here), a gene located in a cryptic EHEC prophage, exhibits similarity to adherence and/or colonization factor genes found in several other enteric pathogens. An EHEC
adfO
mutant exhibited marked reductions in adherence to HeLa cells and in the secretion of several proteins into the supernatant. YodA, one of these secreted proteins, was found to be a substrate of the EHEC pO157-encoded type 2 secretion system (T2SS). Both the T2SS and YodA proved to be essential for EHEC adherence to cultured HeLa cell monolayers. Using an infant rabbit model of infection, we found that the
adfO
mutation did not affect colonization but that the colonization of an
etpC
(T2SS) mutant was reduced ∼5-fold. A strain deficient in YodA had a more severe colonization defect; however, this strain also exhibited a growth defect in vitro. Overall, our findings indicate that the pO157-encoded T2SS contributes to EHEC adherence and intestinal colonization and thus show that EHEC pathogenicity depends on type 2 secretion as well as type 3 secretion.
Vacuum pressure distribution and pore pressure variation in ground improved by vacuum preloading
Authors: Qiu Q. C. , Mo H. H. , Dong Z. L. 
Published: March 2008

This paper presents the difference between vacuum pressure and pore pressure reduction for vacuum preloading projects. The experimental results show that the pattern of the fluid flow under vacuum pressure can be classified into three categories—a single-phase water flow, an air–water two-phase flow, and a single-phase air flow. The field test results show that the vacuum pressure reaches the highest value at the ground level and the measured gradients of the vacuum pressure in the vertical direction are approximately 11 kPa/m. It is demonstrated that (i) the treatment area of vacuum preloading cannot be sealed and does not need to be airtight, (ii) the air–water mixture is drawn out from the treatment area under vacuum pressure and the groundwater level drops owing to the presence of air in practice, and (iii) there is an air–water two-phase flow in the unsaturated zone during preloading. The study shows that (i) the vacuum pressure is only a part of the pore pressure reduction along the depth of improving soil; and (ii) the vacuum pressure induces the soil to undergo isotropic consolidation, whereas the pore pressure reduction that is greater than the atmospheric pressure induces the soil to undergo one-dimensional consolidation.
Shear banding and cross-anisotropic behavior observed in laboratory sand tests with stress rotation
Authors: Lade Poul V. , Nam Jungman , Hong Won Pyo 
Published: March 2008

Shear banding in Santa Monica beach sand deposited by dry pluviation in hollow cylinder specimens is studied in 34 drained torsion shear tests with rotation of principal stress directions. The effect of the specimen height on the soil behavior was investigated by testing specimens with heights of 40 and 25 cm. Each test was conducted with the same, constant inside and outside confining pressure, σr, thus tying the value of b = (σ2– σ3)/(σ1– σ3) to the inclination, β, of the major principal stress. Shear bands can develop freely without significant restraint from the soft rubber membranes. Strain localization and shear banding were observed in the hollow cylinder specimens, and this created failure conditions in plane strain and in tests with higher b-values. The results clearly indicate the influence of the cross-anisotropic fabric on the stress–strain behavior, on the shear band inclination, and on the shape of the failure surface.
ENERGY-AWARE STAGE ILLUMINATION
Authors: EISENBRAND FRIEDRICH , FUNKE STEFAN , KARRENBAUER ANDREAS , MATIJEVIC DOMAGOJ 
Published: March 2008

Consider the following illumination problem: given a stage represented by a line segment L and a set of light sources represented by a set of points S in the plane, assign powers to the light sources such that every point on the stage receives a sufficient amount – e.g. one unit – of light while minimizing the overall power consumption. Under the assumption that the amount of light arriving from a fixed light source decreases rapidly with the distance from the light source, this becomes an interesting optimization problem. We propose to reconsider the classical illumination problems as known from computational geometry literature under this light attenuation model. This paper examines the simple problem introduced above and presents different solutions, based on convex optimization, discretization and linear programming, as well as a purely combinatorial approximation algorithm. Some experimental results are also provided.
Joint Development in the East China Sea: Not an Easier Challenge than Delimitation
Authors: Jianjun Gao 
Published: March 2008

AbstractAs a form of provisional arrangement pending delimitation, the delineation of a joint development zone is significantly influenced by the maritime delimitation claims of the states concerned. In this sense, joint development is by no means an easier challenge to be tackled than delimitation. Because China has opted out of the compulsory procedures entailing binding decisions contained in the Law of the Sea Convention for delimitation issues, the only effective recourse available is to resort to negotiations. This means that unless China and Japan are ready to make concessions in their negotiations, no agreement can be reached, either for delimitation or for joint development.
Access to International Justice: A Review of the Trust Funds Available for Law of the Sea-Related Disputes
Authors: Claypoole Charles 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe International Court of Justice, the Permanent Court of Arbitration and the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea all have trust funds to assist States with limited financial resources to defray the costs of litigation. This article reviews these funds, in particular their conditions for eligibility and apparent success (in attracting contributions and requests for financial assistance). The author further considers the argument that developing States have been denied access to international justice for reasons of cost. Even though recent trends would indicate that this is not the case, there are nevertheless a large number of small States with very limited financial resources facing potentially complex Law of the Sea-related disputes for which these trust funds will be instrumental in facilitating international litigation. For this reason alone, it is important that if these trust funds are to be maintained grants made from them should realistically reflect the costs likely to be incurred in international legal proceedings.
Australia's Response to Illegal Foreign Fishing: A Case of winning the Battle but losing the Law?
Authors: Baird Rachel 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe right of prompt release has been interpreted by the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea as a safeguard, balancing the right of the coastal State to detain and deal with arrested fishing vessels and crew on the one hand, with the interests of the flag State to secure the release of detained vessels on the other. As the incidence of illegal fishing within national fishing zones has increased in the past decade, many coastal States, such as Australia, have implemented increasingly harsh penalties aimed at deterring the fishers. One such measure involves the operation of an automatic forfeiture regime whereby the detained vessel, gear and catch are forfeited to the Commonwealth. This regime operates in the absence of any judgement on the merits. This paper examines the details of the Australian legislation in addition to recent case law and concludes that the operation of the automatic forfeiture regime has the potential to upset the balance established in Article 73 of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.
The Orientation of JESHO's Orient and the Problem of 'Orientalism': Some Reflections on the Occasion of JESHO's Fiftieth Anniversary
Authors: Zurndorfer Harriet 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis essay traces the fifty-year history of JESHO from its initiation by the Dutch economic historian N.W. Posthumus to the present. It appraises what values and assumptions propelled the Journal's first editors to utilize the expression 'Orient' in the publication's title, and how they coped with the changing vicissitudes of historical writing about 'the Rest' from the 1960s onward, including the impact of 'area studies' in North America. Finally, it gives a brief overview of the 'highs and lows' of JESHO's history, and how the most recent editors have readdressed the Journal's original mission to meet the demands of both exacting source-orientated original research and the writing of global history. JESHO a été fondé il y a cinquante ans par l'historien économique néerlandais N.W. Posthumus. Cette contribution en trace l'histoire depuis le début jusqu'jusqu'à aujourd'hui en évaluant quelques thèmes historiographiques, tels que les valeurs et hypothèses qui ont amené les premiers éditeurs à inclure le terme 'l'Orient' dans le titre de la revue, la façon dont ils s'en s'ont tirés en face des vicissitudes des écrits historiques concernant 'le reste du monde' depuis les années soixante, y compris l'effet de la recherche sur les aires régionales dans l'Amérique du Nord. Pour finir nous toucherons brièvement aux qualités et faiblesses de ces cinquante années, et à la manière dont les éditeurs de nos jours s'acquittent de la vocation des premiers temps de JESHO qui exige que la recherche soit innovatrice ainsi qu'orientée vers les sources primaires difficiles à pénétrer et tienne compte de l'histoire mondiale.
A Refined Calibration Procedure of Two-Channel Sun Photometers to Measure Atmospheric Precipitable Water at Various Antarctic Sites
Authors: Tomasi Claudio , Petkov Boyan , Benedetti Elena , Valenziano Luca , Lupi Angelo , Vitale Vito , Bonafé Ubaldo 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Two-channel sun photometers can be easily employed at Antarctic sites, where harsh environmental conditions prevail, to carry out measurements of precipitable water W. In the very dry air conditions observed in the Antarctic atmosphere, water vapor does not produce strong absorption features along the sun path. Therefore, these instruments need to be calibrated using analytical forms different from the square root regime, which can be determined by simulating the output voltages measured at Antarctic sites, for the spectral near-IR curves of extraterrestrial solar irradiance, instrumental responsivity parameters, and atmospheric transmittance, relative to various measurement periods. For this purpose, average models of the Antarctic atmosphere from the ground level up to the 30-km altitude were considered for different solar zenith angles and relative humidity conditions. The ratios between the output voltages simulated in the band and window channels were plotted as a function of total water vapor content Cw, for each site and each period, to define the best-fit calibration curves, which were subsequently normalized to the field measurements to take into account the aging effects on the filter transmission characteristics. Each of the five calibration curves was found to present a slope coefficient decreasing gradually with Cw from values higher than 0.8 to about 0.6. Using these curves, measurements of W were obtained, which differ appreciably at both sea level and high-altitude sites from those given by the square root calibration curves, avoiding large overestimation errors of 10%–40% at the high-altitude sites and underestimation errors of 5%–15% at the sea level site.
Performance of the Precipitation Occurrence Sensor System as a Precipitation Gauge
Authors: Sheppard B. E. , Joe P. I. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The Precipitation Occurrence Sensor System (POSS) is a small X-band Doppler radar originally developed by the Meteorological Service of Canada for reporting the occurrence, type, and intensity of precipitation from Automated Weather Observing Stations. This study evaluates POSS as a gauge for measuring amounts of both liquid and solid precipitation. Different precipitation rate estimation algorithms are described. The effect of different solid precipitation types on the Doppler velocity spectrum is discussed. Lacking any accepted reference for high temporal resolution rates, the POSS precipitation rate measurements are integrated over time periods ranging from 6 h to one day and validated against international and Canadian reference gauges. Data from a wide range of sites across Canada and for periods of several years are used. The statistical performance of POSS is described in terms of the distribution of ratios of POSS to reference gauge amounts (catch ratios). In liquid precipitation the median of the catch ratio distribution is 82% and the interquartile range was between −12% and 19% about the median. In solid precipitation the median is 90% and the interquartile range is between −17% and 24% about the median. The underestimation in both liquid and solid precipitation is shown to be a function of precipitation rate and phase. The effects of radome wetting, raindrop splashing, wind, and the radar “brightband” effect on the estimation of precipitation rates are discussed.
A Collector for Fog Water and Interstitial Aerosol
Authors: Klemm Otto , Wrzesinsky Thomas , Gerchau Jörg , Griessbaum Frank 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
An active heatable cloud water collector for ground sampling is presented. The collector can be operated unattended for approximately one week, even in harsh winter conditions. The collection strands are Teflon tubes. A preset cycle of 15-min sampling followed by 250 s of mild heating using wires inserted into the tubes is used. The lower cutoff diameter for fog droplets is 7.3 μm, and its overall collection efficiency is 79% for the liquid water content of fogs at the experimental site in central Europe. It performed reliably during a 2-yr experiment. The collected fog water interacts exclusively with inert materials such as Teflon and Perspex so the collector is well suited for trace analyses of fog water. The collector can be upgraded with an interstitial aerosol collection unit, at the expense of unattended operation. The lower cutoff diameter of the fog water collection strands is 8.1 μm when the interstitial aerosol module is installed. The module efficiently collects particles with diameters &lt;3.5 μm. For these particles, size-segregated samples in four size classes at diameters down to 0.06 μm are collected with a Berner-type impactor. The collector was successfully employed in a mountainous region of central Europe. Over 400 samples were collected within 2 yr. With the collection unit for interstitial aerosol added, 31 samples were collected in a 2-month period.
First Passage Time Analysis on Climate Indices
Authors: Chu Peter C. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Climate variability is simply represented by teleconnection patterns such as the Arctic Oscillation (AO), Antarctic Oscillation (AAO), North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), Pacific–North American pattern (PNA), and Southern Oscillation (SO) with associated indices. Two approaches can be used to predict the indices: forward and backward methods. The forward method is commonly used to predict the index fluctuation ρ at time t with a given temporal increment τ. Using this method, it was found that the index (such as for NAO) has the Brownian fluctuations. On the basis of the first passage time (FPT) concept, the backward method is introduced in this study to predict the typical time span (τ) needed to generate a fluctuation in the index of a given increment ρ. After the five monthly indices (AO, AAO, NAO, PNA, and SO) run through the past history, the FPT density functions are obtained. FPT presents a new way to detect the temporal variability of the climate indices. The basic features for the index prediction are also discussed.
Infrared Techniques for Measuring Ocean Surface Processes
Authors: Veron Fabrice , Melville W. Kendall , Lenain Luc 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Ocean surface processes, and air–sea interaction in general, have recently received increased attention because it is now accepted that small-scale surface phenomena can play a crucial role in the air–sea fluxes of heat, mass, and momentum, with important implications for weather and climate studies. Yet, despite good progress in recent years, the air–sea interface and the adjacent atmospheric and marine boundary layers have proven to be difficult to measure in all but the most benign conditions. This has led to the need for novel measurement techniques to quantify processes of air–sea interaction. Here the authors present infrared techniques aimed at simultaneously studying multiple aspects of the air–sea interface and air–sea fluxes. The instrumentation was tested and deployed during several field experiments from Research Platform (R/P) FLIP and Scripps pier. It is shown that these techniques permit the detailed study of the ocean surface temperature and velocity fields. In particular, it is shown that cross-correlation techniques typically used in particle image velocimetry can be used to infer the ocean surface velocity field from passive infrared temperature images. In addition, when conditions make cross-correlation techniques less effective, an active infrared marking and tracking technique [which will be called thermal marker velocimetry (TMV)] can be successfully used to measure the surface velocity and its spatial and temporal derivatives. The thermal marker velocimetry technique also provides estimates of the heat transfer velocity and surface renewal frequencies. Finally, infrared altimetry is used to complement the temperature and kinematic data obtained from passive imagery and active marking. The data obtained during the testing and deployment of this instrumentation provide a novel description of the kinematics of the surface of the ocean.
Extracting Reynolds Stresses from Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler Measurements in Wave-Dominated Environments
Authors: Rosman Johanna H. , Hench James L. , Koseff Jeffrey R. , Monismith Stephen G. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Surface waves introduce velocity correlations that bias and often dominate Reynolds stress estimates made using the traditional variance method for acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs). This analysis shows that the wave bias is the sum of a real wave stress and an error due to instrument tilt, both of which have a large uncertainty. Three alternative extensions to the variance method for calculating Reynolds stress profiles from ADCP measurements in wavy conditions are analyzed. The previously proposed variance fitting method (Variance Fit) is evaluated and two more general methods that use along- and between-beam velocity differencing with adaptive filtering (Vertical AF and Horizontal AF) are derived. The three methods are tested on datasets containing long-period monochromatic swell (Moorea, French Polynesia) and shorter-period mixed swell (Santa Barbara, California). The Variance Fit method leaves a residual wave bias in beam velocity variances, especially for intermediate waves, but gives physically reasonable Reynolds stress estimates because most of the residual wave bias cancels when the variance method is applied. The new Vertical AF method does not produce inherent wave bias in beam velocity variances, but yields comparable Reynolds stresses to the Variance Fit method. The Horizontal AF method performs poorly for all but monochromatic waves. Error remaining after one of the above methods is applied can be attributed to residual wave error, correlation of turbulence between points chosen for differencing, or correlation between waves and turbulence. A simple procedure is provided for determining the minimum bin separation that can be used.
Estimation of Surface Currents in the Adriatic Sea from Sequential Infrared Satellite Images
Authors: Notarstefano Giulio , Poulain Pierre-Marie , Mauri Elena 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe maximum cross-correlation (MCC) technique is utilized to estimate the Adriatic Sea surface currents in regions characterized by strong horizontal temperature gradients using sequential pairs of sea surface temperature images from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer data collected between September 2002 and December 2003. A variety of filtering techniques are used to eliminate erroneous MCC-derived currents resulting in velocity and direction estimates that are spatially coherent in most of the thermal features observed. The results are compared quantitatively to the currents measured by surface drifters and high-frequency coastal radars, operating simultaneously in the vicinity of the thermal structures considered. These comparisons show that surface MCC-derived velocities agree with the typical circulation pattern generally observed in the Adriatic basin. The MCC velocity estimates agree well with collocated and cotemporal drifter and radar measurements averaged on the time interval separating the pairs of images. Since the MCC method provides only estimates of surface currents when thermal features exist and are not covered by clouds, it is proposed that this technique be used preferably with other measurements of surface circulation (high-frequency coastal radars, drifters, etc.) to construct more accurate, more frequent, and more extended circulation maps for scientific and operational purposes in marginal seas such as the Adriatic.