bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE LATENCY OF RESPONSE OE SECRETORY ACINAR CELLS TO NERVE STIMULATION IN THE SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND OF THE CAT
Authors: Creed Kate E , Wilson Jane AF 
Published: December 2007

Summary.Micro‐electrodes were used to record the hyperpolarization across the membrane of secretory cells of the cat submandibular gland in response to stimulation of pre‐ganglionic parasympathetic (chorda tympani) and post‐ganglionic sympathetic nerves. The mean latency to parasympathetic stimulation at 1, 8 and 100/sec. was 273, 420 and 252 msec. respectively. Sympathetic stimulation produced a transient hyperpolarization at frequencies of stimulation greater than 5/sec. with a latency of over 420 msec. The conduction time along the parasympathetic pre‐ganglionic fibres was 9·5–12·0 msec., while the ganglionic delay was probably less than 30 msec.Ultrastructural studies on the submandibular gland of seven cats and seven kittens showed bundles of immyelinated fibres between acini. Some axons were partly free of Schwann cell investment and contained small agranular and granular vesicies. Single nerve fibres were also found within acini between adjacent secretory cells. These contained agranular vesicles only and their membranes were within 160Å of the acinar cell membrane. It is suggested that these are parasympathetic fibres. The close association of these with the secretory cells suggests that the long latency of the secretory potential is due to the time necessary for activation of the secretory cells.
STUDIES ON CYTOPHILIC ANTIBODIES
Authors: Hoy Wendy E , Nelson DS 
Published: December 2007

SummaryMice of the C57 B1/6J strain were immunized by single or repeated injections of the A/J strain specific tumour Sarcoma I (Sal) or by single A/J skin grafts. Cytophilic alloantibodies were detected in the serum and on the macrophages of the immunized mice, Sal cells or A/J lymphocytes or erythrocytes being used as the target cells. After single tumour or skin grafts cytophilic alloantibodies first appeared in the sera of some animals at 9 days, were present consistently and at peak titres at 14 days and were often still present at 28 days. Stronger reactions (more cells adherent to macrophages) were apparent (a) when normal macrophages were passively sensitized than when macrophages from actively immunized mice were used and (b) when Sal cells were used as target cells than when A/J lymphocytes or erythrocytes were used.Trypsin treatment had the following effects: (a) it abolished or greatly reduced the ability of macrophages from hyperimmunized mice to take up Sal cells; (b) it reduced the ability of normal macrophages to be passively sensitized by hyperimmune serum; and (c) it abolished or greatly reduced the ability of normal macrophages to be passively sensitized by serum obtained 14 days after a single Sal albgraft.On fractionation of alloantisera by zone electrophoresis on Pevikon blocks cytophilic alloantibodies were found in fractions containing IgG, IgM and albumin plus a fast α1‐globulin.Alloantibody activity could also be detected by an indirect test in which target cells incubated with whole antisera or fractions, then washed, adhered to the surface of normal macrophages.
BACTERICIDAL ACTION OF SELECTED PHENANTHROLINE CHELATES AND RELATED COMPOUNDS
Authors: Butler Hildred M , Hurse Allison , Thursky Elma , Shulman A 
Published: December 2007

SummarySelected 1, 10‐phenanthroline hydrochlorides, quaternary salts and metal chelates are bactericidal to Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A), Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris in serum broth in that general order of decreasing sensitivity; certain hydro‐ chlorides and metal chelates are also bactericidal to Staphylococcus aureus in distilled water in the absence of added metal ion.Metal chelates with similar or identical bactericidal titres following 48 hours' incubation with Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A) or Escherichia coli differ greatly in their rate of kill. Generally, the labile Cu(II), Cd(II), Zn(II) and Mn(II) phenanthroline chelates are rapidly lethal to these bacteria while the corresponding more inert Fe(II), Ni(II) and Ru(II) compounds are more slowly bactericidal; the Co(II) analogues are the most slowly lethal, probably owing to the formation of highly inert cobalt (III) species. These results suggest that the kinetic reactivity of the metal chelate is more important than its thermodynamic stability in governing rate of bactericidal action. Other important factors are the lipophilia of the active species, which may be the phenanthroline ligand or a metal‐containing derivative, and the permeability of the organism to it.Comparison of the bactericidal activity and rate of kill of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli by selected metal chelates and by a series of un‐ related but clinically‐useful antibacterials suggests that the former compounds warrant investigation for the sterilization of skin surfaces both prophylactically and therapeutically.
TECHNIQUES FOR THE LONG‐TERM COLLECTION OF LYMPH FROM THE UNANAESTHETIZED FOETAL LAMB IN UTERO
Authors: Smeaton TC , Cole GJ , Simpson‐morgan MW , Morris Bede 
Published: December 2007

SummarySurgical techniques are described for establishing chronic fistulae in the thoracic, intestinal, lumbar and popliteal lymph ducts of foetal lambs in utero. These fistulae have remained patent and enabled lymph to be collected for periods of up to 5 days. The Iambs have been born spontaneously or delivered by Caesarean section with their fistulae intact and still flowing.Lymph flow rates were 9–18 ml./hour from the thoracic duct, 2.8–8.6 ml. /hour from the intestinal duct, 2.8–9.2 ml./hour from the lumbar trunk and 0.6 ml./hour from the popliteal duct.The protein concentration of foetal thoracic duct lymph was 2.30 g./100 ml. immediately after cannulation, the intestinal lymph 2.37 g./100 ml. and the lumbar lymph 2.12 g./100 ml.The cells of foetal lymph were almost all small and medium lymphocytes and only an occasional cell was found in mitosis. Drainage of the thoracic duct lymph for 36 hours drastically reduced the number of lymphocytes in the lymph, suggesting that, as in the adult sheep, most of the lymphocytes in foetal lymph are recirculating cells.
CHANGES WITH AGES IN THE PROPORTION OF NUCLEATED RED BLOOD CELL TYPES AND IN THE TYPE OF HAEMOGLOBIN IN KANGAROO POUCH YOUNG
Authors: Richardson BJ , Russell Eleanor M 
Published: December 2007

SummaryBlood samples and smears were collected from variously aged pouch young of the red kangaroo (Megaleia rufa), the grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus) and the euro (Macropus robustus). Starch gel electrophoresis at pH 6.5 showed a polymorphism in the haemoglobin. One form was found in animals of all ages, and was the normal adult haemoglobin. The other form, found intermittently in pouch young fewer than 70 days old, was taken to be a foetal or embryonic haemoglobin.Blood smears were examined for any changes in red cells which could be correlated with the results of electrophoresis. Numbers of nucleated eosinophil megaloblasts were high at birth and declined rapidly thereafter, virtually disappearing by the thirtieth day. As eosinophil megaloblasts disappeared, definitive erythroblasts and erythrocytes increased. Nucleated erythroblasts, initially conspicuous, had all but disappeared by 100 days. There was no correlation between the changes in haemoglobin type and in the red cell population. Foetal haemoglobin was not restricted to megaloblasts in kangaroos, but was also present in erythroblasts and erythrocytes. The relationship between embryonic and foetal haemoglobin in kangaroos is discussed.
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES IN THE ROTTNEST QUOKKA WITH NUTRITIONAL MYOPATHY
Authors: Durack DT , Gubbay SS , Kakulas BA 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe nutritional myopathy of the Rottnest quokka (Setonix brachyurus) was further investigated by electromyography and electrocardiography and the findings were correlated with microscopic changes in the skeletal and cardiac muscles. The electromyography patterns consisted of pronounced myotonia and other “myopathic” changes. Complete reversion of the electromyogram to normal occurred following treatment with vitamin E. Nonspecific eleetrocardiographic changes occurred and were associated with myocardial lesions in the heart.
THE FLUORIMETRIC ESTIMATION OF CORTISOL IN HUMAN PLASMA
Authors: Purves HD , Sirett Nancy E 
Published: December 2007

SummaryA method for the fluorimetric estimation of cortisol in human plasma is described. Technical modifications to existing methods include extraction of cortisol from plasma by vigorous agitation with methylene chloride followed by centrifugation, automatic pipetting of methylene chloride extracts and the use of reaction tubes with fused‐on cuvettes for the reaction with ethanol‐sulphuric acid reagent. These modifications make the method more convenient and the results more reproducible in relatively unskilled hands.The effects of reagent composition, temperature of reaction and reaction time on the specificity of fluorescence measurements have been explored. For measurements made at 10 min. after mixing the optimum ratio of sulphuric acid to rectified spirits in the reagent was 2:1 at 24.5° and 2.3:1 at 17.5°.The mean value of plasma cortisol measured in 23 ambulant adults at 9.30 a.m. was 18.1 μg./100 ml.The standard deviation of repeated measurements on different days of one normal plasma was ± 1.4 μg./100 ml.
CHEMOTAXIS IN THE FREE LIVING AMOEBA (HARTMANNELLA RHYSODES)
Authors: McIntyre J , Jenkin CR 
Published: December 2007

SummaryA method for the quantitative measurement of chemotaxis in amoebae is described. Using this method it has been possible to demonstrate that the chemotactic movement of Hartmannella rhysodes towards a food source is due to the presence of a chemotactic factor released from the food source as the result of interaction of substances, possibly enzymes, elaborated by the amoebae.
THE ROLE OF THE BLADDER IN NITROGEN RETENTION IN SHEEP
Authors: McIntyre KH , Williams VJ 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe results from this experiment suggest that net changes in urine volume and urine urea and sodium concentrations due to bladder activity in sheep are negligible. It has also been shown that bladder catheterization, which eliminates the effects of the bladder, does not produce significant changes in either urine flow rate or urea excretion rate.
THIN DIFFUSION CHAMBERS FOR IN VIVO CULTURE AND CYTOLOGICAL STUDY OF TISSUE
Authors: Finckh ES 
Published: December 2007

The diffusion chamber technique developed by Algire, Weaver and Prehn (1954) for the culture of tissues in vivo provides a more natural culture medium than do the majority of in vitro techniques. The method has the advantage of relying on an animal's own homeostatic mechanisms for the control of pH, electrolytes, nutrients and waste products and is for this purpose much simpler than the elegant but elaborate circumfusion system devised by Rose (1967) for tissue culture in vitro. However, many diffusion chambers used at present have two disadvantages for the culture and subsequent cytological study of tissues — the surface area available for metabolic exchange is relatively small compared with the volume of contained fluid, and the presence of host cells on the outer surface of the filter membranes makes it difficult to use stained and cleared preparations in place of cut sections for microscopy.The original chambers described by Algire and co‐workers (Algire, Weaver and Prehn, 1954; Prehn, Weaver and Algire, 1954) are appropriately thin but require alteration if adherent host cells are to be eliminated: in addition, they are sealed with a relatively slow‐ setting adhesive containing a water‐diffusible solvent, acetone, which may affect the tissues to be cultured.The present simple modification of the original Algire techniques provides chambers of limited depth which have a second, outer coat of membrane on each side to enable unwanted host cells to be peeled away and which are rapidly sealed by means of a volatile solvent which does not mix with water.
SEX PILI IN VIBRIO CHOLERAE
Authors: Bhaskaran K , Dyer PY , Rogers GE 
Published: December 2007

SummaryStrains of Vibrio cholerae which are known to conjugate have been examined for the presence of sex pili by electron microscopy using negative staining. With male strains, denoted as P+, stubby filaments of typical dimensions for pili (fimbriae) and clearly distinct from the polar flagella have been found on about 60% of the bacterial cells examined. No pili were detected with female (P−) strains.
THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE NEONATAL THYMUS OF A MARSUPIAL, SETONIX BRACHYURUS
Authors: Yadav M , Papadimitriou JM 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe superficial thymus glands of 14 neonatal qnokkas (Setonix brachyurus), 0 to 24 days old, were examined under the electron microscope in an attempt to establish the origin of thymus lymphocytes.In the first 48 hours of post‐natal life the thymic parenchyma was entirely composed of undifferentiated epithelial cells. By the third and forth day a few thymic lymphocytes appeared amongst the epithelial cells which now exhibited increased differentiation and organisation. The proportion of thymus lymphocytes was greatly increased in older animals.In a few instances small lymphocyte‐like cells were observed traversing the junctions between endothelial cells of capillary vessels. No epithelial‐thymocyte transformations were observed.The mode of origin of thymus lymphocytes is discussed, and an extrathymic origin for the initial thymus lymphocytes is suggested.
LOCAL PRODUCTION OF ANTIBODY BY OVINE MAMMARY GLANDS INFUSED WITH SALMONELLA FLAGELLAR ANTIGENS
Authors: McDowell GH , Lascelles AK 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe local and systemic antibody response to a soluble and particulate antigen has been studied following infusion of monomeric or polymeric flagellin into mammary glands of ewes 24 days before parturition.Antibody activity in colostral whey was considerably higher than in serum, with the levels in whey from infused glands significantly higher than from non‐infused glands. There was a rapid decrease in titres in whey during the first few days after parturition. Over the remaining 10 weeks of lactation titres in whey from non‐infused glands were only a fraction of serum levels, but in whey from infused glands they were as high as, or higher than those in serum. This indicated that antibody was locally synthesized in infused glands. Infusion with polymer resulted in a much greater local response than infusion with monomer.Whey and serum samples were fractionated on G‐200 and D.E.A.E. Sephadex and the known immunoglobulins in effluent fractions were identified by immunoelectropboresis. Antibody activity in serum was associated with IgG1 and IgM. Almost all the antibody activity in colostral and mid‐lactation whey from non‐infused glands was associated with IgG., In whey from infused glands the majority of the antibody activity was associated with an immunoglolobulin analogous to IgA of other species.
PROGESTERONE IN UTERINE VENOUS PLASMA OF THE PREGNANT EWE
Authors: Ronaldson JW 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe mean systemic level of progesterone, 17 ± 4.2 ng./ml. plasma, remains relatively constant throughout pregnancy.Comparison of the levels of progesterone in the jugular and uterine venous plasmas shows that the level rises from mating to 50 to 60 ng./ml. at about three weeks before term. The uterus is at this stage calculated to be releasing about 50 ng. progesterone per day into the uterine venous plasma.The Allen correction factor has been adapted for non‐linear background absorption.
SPECIES VARIATION IN ANTIBODY RESPONSE
Authors: Ielasi A , Kotlarski Ieva 
Published: December 2007

SummaryA comparison has been made of the ability of rats and mice to produce antibody to Salmonella typhimurium, when injected as a living or an alcchol‐killed vaccine. The results show that the resistant species, the rat, is able to respond more rapidly and produce a greater amount of antibody than the susceptible mouse species. Some of the implications of this finding are discussed.
MECHANICS OF THE URINARY BLADDER OF THE LIZARD TILIQUA SCINCOIDES SCINCOIDES (Shaw).
Authors: Goddard CK 
Published: December 2007

SummaryUnder the experimental conditions described the bladder of this species has a capacity amounting to at least one‐sixth of the body weight and more than three times the bladder capacity of a mammal (cat).Under optimum conditions the pressure traces from the bladder and lung show a close correspondence which is attributed, at least in part, to absence of a diaphragm.The cystometrogram shows two types of curve; type A is characterised by a gradual increase in pressure up to a volume of about 60 ml., i.e. over the normal physiological volume range; type B is similar to the mammalian curve and shows a plateau over most of the physiological range of the organ. The evidence indicates that in the lizard (unlike the mammal) type B is an experimental artifact and does not occur under natural conditions.Features of the cystometrogram dealt with include (a) absence of any significant degree of “pressure adaptation” during discontinuous infusion, and (b) hysteresis during discharge.It is shown that the type A curve is more economical of metabolic energy than the type B, and it is suggested that, in animals lacking a diaphragm, backpressure against the respiratory system might be a crucial factor favouring the type A curve.
THE EFFECT OF PROSTAGLANDIN F2α UPON CORONARY VENOUS FLOW AND MYOCARDIAL METABOLISM
Authors: Maxwell GM 
Published: December 2007

SummaryGeneral haemodynamics and coronary sinus flow (thermodilution flowmeter), and myocardial extraction of glucose, lactate, pyruvate and nonesterified fatty acid were measured before and after the injection of proslaglandin F2α in anaesthetized dogs. Systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures increased; cardiac output decreased transiently, coronary venous flow increased. Little change was found in myocardial O2 and CO2 metabolism. Cardiac efficiency decreased. Arterial lactate, pyruvate and non‐esterified fatty acid values increased; glucose was unchanged. Myocardial extraction values for these substrates did not change significandy. Some of the changes noted did not appear when stoichiometric amounts of prostaglandin F2α and prostaglandin E1 were injected together.
THE TRANSPORT OF CHOLESTEROL IN THORACIC DUCT LYMPH OF ANIMALS FED CHOLESTEROL WITH VARYING TRIGLYCERIDE LOADS
Authors: Fraser R , Courtice FC 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe sizes of cholesterol‐containing lipid particles were, on the whole, larger in thoracic duct lymph of rabbits and rats fed a cholesterol‐high fat diet than when fed a cholesterol‐low fat diet. The mean diameter of chylomicrons of Sf > 400 from rabbits fed a diet containing 0.8% cholesterol‐30% corn oil was 1476 Å, while that from rabbits fed 0.8% cholesterol in plain food was 1065 Å. The mean diameters of the lipoproteins of Sf12–400 were 493 and 499 Å respectively. Not only were chylomicrons larger in the cholesterol‐high fat diet group of rabbits, but cholesterol was distributed to a greater extent in this fraction. In lymph of the cholesterol‐low fat diet group, on the other hand, relatively more cholesterol was present in the smaller lipoproteins of Sf12–400.A comparison of the distribution of cholesterol estimated chemically with that of radioactivity following the ingestion of cholesterol‐4‐14C suggested that the small lipoproteins of D > 1.019 were to a large extent derived by filtration from the serum and that some of the cholesterol of Sf12–400 was derived from sources other than recently ingested cholesterol, while a high proportion of cholesterol of chylomicrons was derived from food.
UPTAKE OF HEPARIN BY PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES
Authors: Mims CA 
Published: December 2007

SummaryHeparin is rapidly taken up by mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro, Vacuoles containing heparin stain metachromatieally, giving macrophages the appearance of mast cells. There is an accompanying change in reaction of the nucleus with Romanowsky stains. The metachromatically staining vacuoles remain in macrophages for at least 22 days.
SIMULTANEOUS CALF AND FOREARM BLOOD FLOW DURING IMMERSION IN MAN
Authors: Campbell LB , Gooden BA , Lehman RG , Pym J 
Published: December 2007

SummaryForearm and calf blood flows were recorded simultaneously in eleven subjects in the horizontal plane during one minute breath‐holds in air, in water with the torso immersed but the face out. and with total body immersion. Brachial arterial pressure, electrocardiogram and respiratory excursions were also recorded continuously throughout the experiments.Breath‐holding witli total immersion caused a fall in forearm blood flow of 28 ± 17% and in calf flow of 47 ± 30%. Forearm vascular resistance increased by an average of 70% and calf resistance by 147%.Breath‐holding in air resulted in an increase in forearm blood flow and a decrease in calf flow in seven subjects. The average response of all subjects showed a significant vasoconstriction in the calf (average 72%) but no significant change in the forearm resistance.Breath‐holding with the torso immersed but the face out of water caused a response which was intermediate between that shown in air and that during total immersion. Thirty to sixty seconds after this manoeuvre there was a significant overshoot in both forearm and calf blood flow, unlike the former procedures.
REDUCTION OF PLATELET ADHESIVENESS IN VITRO BY POST‐HEPARIN PLASMA
Authors: Ham JM 
Published: December 2007

SummarySamples of pre‐ and post‐heparin plasma collected from patients before operation were tested for their effect on platelet adhesiveness in post‐operative blood from the same patients. Platelet adhesiveness was found to be significantly less in the presence of post‐heparin plasma.
IMMUNOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE
Authors: Plackett P , Marmion BP , Shaw Elizabeth J , Lemcke Ruth M 
Published: December 2007

SummaryLipids of Mycoplasma pneumoniae were fractionated by chromatography on columns of diethylaminoethylcellulose and silicic acid, and on thin layers of silica gel G.Hapten activity, measured in implement‐fixation tests with rabbit and with human antisera to M. pneumoniae, was found to be associated with four or more neutral glycolipids. These comprised digalactosyl‐ and trigalactosyldi‐ glycerides, a second dihexosyldiglyceride containing both glucose and golactose, and a trihexosyldiglyceride fraction containing both hexoses, which was probably a mixture of two or more substances. These glycolipids were labelled when the organisms were grown in the presence of radioactive glucose, glycerol or palmitate, but not when they were grown with labelled galactose. The label from glucose appeared in both the glucose and galactose moieties of these glycolipfds. A fraction, consisting mainly of alkali‐stable glycolipids. into which there was little or no incorporation of isotope during growth with labelled precursors, was also found to have hapten activity. Rabbit antisera to M. pneumoniae were found to cross‐react with glycolipids from other sources, including the ceramide lactoside of mammalian tissues (cytolipin H).Chloroform‐methanol extracts of M. pneumoniae contained large amounts of lecithin, which was not labelled during growth with the isotopic precursors used. The major phosphatide synthesized by the organisms was phosphatidylglycerol. This was accompanied by smaller amounts of another phosphatide, tentatively identified as a phosphatidyl monoglyceride, which fixed complement with Wassermann‐positive human sera. These two acidic phosphatides were found to be radioactive after the cells had been grown with labelled glycerol or palmitate.