bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diaphragmatic Pericardial Hernia
Authors: Finn J. Peter , Martin C. L. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract— Diaphragmatic pericardial hernia is a rare condition in all mammals. In domestic species, it has most commonly been described in the dog, usually as an incidental necropsy finding. A clinical response to the condition is not common and has rarely been correctly diagnosed. Clinical necropsy and histopathological observations of a case are described, discussed and compared to previous cases in the literature.Résume— La hernie diaphragmatique‐péricardique est une affection rarement rencontrée chez tous les mammifères. Dam les espèces domestiques, elle a été plus fréquemment décrite chez le chien, en général, comme une découverte accidentelle d'autopsie. Cet état ne se traduit pas couram‐ment de façon clinique et il a rarement été correctement diagnostiqué. Les observations cliniques, nécropsiques et histologiques concernant un cas sont décrites, discutées et comparées avec les cas antérieurement décrits dans la litttérature.Zusammenfassung— Diaphragmatische pericardiale hernie ist ein seltener Zustand bein allen Säugetieren. Unter cen Haustieren wurde er am häufigsten beim Hund beschrieben, gewöhnlich als zufälliger Sektionsbefund. Eine klinische Reaktion auf den Zustand ist nicht häufig und wurde selten richtig diagnostiziert. Klinishce, Sektions‐ und histopathologische Beobrachtungen eines Falles werden beschrieben, besprochen und mit früheren Fällen in der Literatur verglichen.
A TechniaueI for the Examination of Lactate Dehydrogenase Isoenzymes in the Dog
Authors: Farrow B. R. H. , Jones R. F. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract— A technique and apparatus for the electrophoretic separation and staining of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in canine sera is described. The technique is a modification of the agar gel electrophoretic method of Wieme (1959) and is relatively simple, reproducible and inexpensive, allowing visual and densi tometric evaluation of the relative quantities of each enzyme fraction.Cellulose acetate and five different types of commercially available agar were examined for their suitability as a support medium for LDH isoenzyme separation using canine sera.Risumé—On décrit une technique et un appareil pour la séparation électrophorttique et la coloration des enzymes du groupe de la deshydrogénase lactique dans le sérum de chien. La technique at une modification de la méthode électrophorétique en gel d'agar de Wieme (1959) et elle est relativement simple, fidéle et peu couteuse, et elle permet une évaluation visuelle et densimétrique des quantités relatives de chaque fraction enzymatique.Les qualités de l'acétate de cellulose et de 5 types différents d'agar à notre disposition dam le commerce ont été examiné en temps que milieu support pour la séparation des enzymes du groupe lacto‐deshydrogénase du sérum de chien.Zusammenfassuug—Eine Methode und die Apparatur für die elektrophoretische Trennung und Färbung von Lactatdehydrogenaseioenzymen in Hundeseren werden beschrieben. Die Methode it eine Modifikation der elektrophoretischen Agargelmethode von Wieme (1959) und relativ einfach, reproduzierbar und billig; sie ermöglicht die visuelle und densitometrische Feststellung der relativen Mengen jeder Fermentfraktion.Celldoseacetat und fiinf verschiedene Typen handelsmässigen Agars wurden hinsichtlich ihrer Eignung als Trägersubstanz für die LDH‐Isoenzymtrennung von Hundeseren benutzt.
Characterization of microsatellite loci in the Hawaiian endemic shrub Schiedea adamantis (Caryophyllaceae) and amplification in related species and genera
Authors: CULLEY T. M. , WELLER S. G. , SAKAI A. K. , PUTNAM K. A. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract Schiedea adamantis is a rare, perennial shrub endemic to the Hawaiian island of Oahu where it consists of a single population. Using a nonradioactive protocol, 12 microsatellite primers were developed that consisted of di‐, tri‐, penta‐ and hexanucleotide repeats. Using multiplexed reactions, all but two primers exhibited polymorphism with an average of 3.67 alleles per primer. Most primers also amplified in 28 additional Schiedea species, revealing wide applicability across the genus; eight and nine primers also amplified in Honckenya peploides and Silene lanceolata, respectively, related genera in the Caryophyllaceae. This is the first known report of microsatellite primers developed in Schiedea.
Getting serious about maintaining biodiversity
Authors: Blignaut James , Aronson James 
Published: May 2008

AbstractBiodiversity is neither a marketable good or product, nor a service; it is the living web that connects the tangible and intangible elements of healthy ecosystems, which is the essence of so‐called renewable natural capital. The maintenance of biodiversity is therefore not just an ecosystem service among many—it is the sine qua non of ensuring a sustainable future. That is why the maintenance of biodiversity, partly through the augmentation, or restoration, of renewable natural capital, requires the full attention and action of policy‐makers, practitioners, and scientists concerned with sustainability. This, in turn, requires a new approach to accounting and valuation of ecological restoration of damaged or degraded ecosystems. Here we seek to clarify the relation of biodiversity maintenance to ecosystem services, and to outline a new approach to the economic valuation of the restoration of renewable natural capital. A key element in this approach to economic valuation is the development and application of negative discount rates. Changing the way we think about the discount rate and, more broadly, the way we calculate costs and benefits related to restoration can contribute much to advance the maintenance of biodiversity.
Remarkable Color Changes Induced by Saccharide-responsive Sequential Release of Anionic Dyes
Authors: Kanekiyo Yasumasa , Yokozawa Takenori , Tao Hiroaki 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
A novel saccharide sensory system showing remarkable color changes has been developed. A copolymer containing boronic acid and cationic units was synthesized on which anionic dyes were adsorbed. By immersing the dye-adsorbed copolymer in aqueous saccharide solutions, blue and yellow dyes were sequentially released from the copolymer: with increasing saccharide concentration, the solution changed its color from colorless to blue, then changed into green.
Development of a Reversible Bending Fatigue Test Bed to Evaluate Bulk Properties Using Sub-Size Specimens
Authors: De P. S. , Obermark C. M. , Mishra R. S. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
A non-standard fully reversible bending fatigue test bed of fixed displacement amplitude type was designed. A sub-size sample similar in design to the standard ASTM B593 sample was used to evaluate the high cycle bend fatigue behavior of 7075-T6 sheet specimens. Fatigue life was determined at four stress levels of 300, 240, 220, and 190 MPa at a stress ratio of −1.
Factors influencing the partitioning and toxicity of nanotubes in the aquatic environment
Authors: Kennedy, Alan J , Hull Matthew S , Steevens Jeffery A , Dontsova Katerina M , Chappell Mark A , Gunter Jonas C , Weiss, Charles A 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (NTs) may be among the most useful engineered nanomaterials for structural applications but could be difficult to study in ecotoxicological evaluations using existing tools relative to nanomaterials with a lower aspect ratio. Whereas the hydrophobicity and van der Waals interactions of NTs may suggest aggregation and sedimentation in aquatic systems, consideration regarding how engineered surface modifications influence their environmental fate and toxicology is needed. Surface modifications (e.g., functional groups and coatings) are intended to create conditions to make NTs dispersible in aqueous suspension, as required for some applications. In the present study, column stability and settling experiments indicated that raw, multiwalled NTs (MWNTs) settled more rapidly than carbon black and activated carbon particles, suggesting sediment as the ultimate repository. The presence of functional groups, however, slowed the settling of MWNTs (increasing order of stability: hydroxyl &gt; carboxyl &gt; raw), especially in combination with natural organic matter (NOM). Stabilized MWNTs in high concentrations of NOM provided relevance for water transport and toxicity studies. Aqueous exposures to raw MWNTs decreased Ceriodaphnia dubia viability, but such effects were not observed during exposure to functionalized MWNTs (&gt;80 mg/L). Sediment exposures of the amphipods Leptocheirus plumulosus and Hyalella azteca to different sizes of sediment-borne carbon particles at high concentration indicated mortality increased as particle size decreased, although raw MWNTs induced lower mortality (median lethal concentration [LC50], 50 to &gt;264 g/kg) than carbon black (LC50, 18–40 g/kg) and activated carbon (LC50, 12–29 g/kg). Our findings stress that it may be inappropriate to classify all NTs into one category in terms of their environmental regulation.
Ecotoxicity of silica nanoparticles to the green alga pseudokirchneriella subcapitata: Importance of surface area
Authors: Van Hoecke Karen , De Schamphelaere Karel A. C , Van der Meeren Paul , Lcucas Stéphane , Janssen Colin R 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
To date, (eco)toxicological information on industrial nanoparticles is very limited. In the present study, the hypothesis that the ecotoxicity of nanoparticles (NPs) is related to their surface area and not to their mass was tested using a freshwater green algal species. Particle diameter and morphology were assessed using light scattering and electron microscopy techniques. To assess the toxicity of silica (SiO2) nanoparticles, the growth inhibition of the alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata when exposed to stable silica suspensions was monitored. Commercial LUDOX® suspensions of nanoparticles with 12.5 and 27.0 nm diameter were found to be toxic, with 72-h 20% effect concentrations for growth rate (ErC20) values ± standard deviation (n = 5) of 20.0 ± 5.0 and 28.8 ± 3.2 mg/L, respectively. The toxicity was attributable to the solid nanospheres, because no aggregation was observed and dissolution of the nanoparticles was negligible. When expressing the concentration as a surface area, the difference in toxicity was not significant. In the latter case, 72-h ErC20 values ± standard deviation (n = 5) were 4.7 ±1.2 and 3.9 ± 0.4 m2/L. Silica bulk material was found to be nontoxic up to 1 g/L. In an additional experiment with 100 mg/L of 12.5 and 27.0 nm SiO2 NPs, the interaction between the nanoparticles and algal cells was studied using transmission electron microscopy. Although the particles clearly adhered to the outer cell surface, no evidence was found for particle uptake.
Las Krudas, Spatial Practice, and the Performance of Diaspora
Authors: Armstead Ronni 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This essay argues that female rappers Las Krudas are, with their music, engaging in trangressive spatial practice. Las Krudas are especially helping to disrupt the classificatory eye's orientalist gaze—which visually and aurally disciplines space through the distribution of bodies and voices—through their public performances. In the tourist zones the classificatory eye looks upon a sanitized space, producing, in concert with the ear, ordered visual and aural landscapes evocative of the “authentic” Cuba. I suggest that sound can make visible spatial practice. Las Krudas perform music and theater—aimed at disrupting the definition of who is authentically Cuban—in the heart of the tourist zone.
Widening the “circle of the we,” the space Las Krudas' music elaborates is seemingly heterotopic in that it may not be represented physically, yet it presupposes a “system of opening and closing that both isolates . . . and makes [it] impenetrable” (Foucault 1986, 26), making the heterotopia a space that erects its own fluid and autonomous boundaries. Las Krudas' music also expands diasporic space, transgresses geographic borders, and links sound to place: La Habana. In La Habana, Las Krudas borrow from shared diasporic resources (hip-hop culture/rap music, African drum rhythms and chants) when fashioning a musical aesthetic that allows for the articulation of the “local” as well as the “global.”
Finally, I move beyond Foucault's spatial model of disciplinary power by citing de Certeau's walking in the city as analogous to the agential speech act. I suggest that the creation of sound/aural landscape/music is a particularly powerful productive tool for speaking back to and ultimately destabilizing disciplinary power.
Meri Awaaz Suno
Authors: Sundar Pavitra 
Published: May 2008

Abstract“Meri Awaaz Suno: Women, Vocality, and Nation in Hindi Cinema” analyzes the theme sony of the Bollywood blockbuster Lagaan (2001) to understand how playback singers' voices become sites for the construction of national identity. Lata Mangeshkar monopolized female playback singing for over four decades, and is known as the ideal voice of Indian femininity. The Lagaan theme song juxtaposes a saccharine, ultra-feminine Mangeshkaresque voice with two female choruses—one sensual and aggressive, the other light and airy. These varied female voices embody a range of sexual, national, and racial meanings, evoking an India that seems inclusive and progressive. Yet within Lagaan's utopian nation, and certainly within the film industry and broader social milieu, women with “ethnic” and sexually provocative voices are often deemed dangerous and are disallowed from speaking (or singing) for the nation. The social norms embedded in Lagaan's female singing voices thus reveal the limits that Hindi film music imposes on the voice of the nation, and vice versa.
Still
Authors: Moor Ayanah 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Images of women surrounding male rap stars in music videos are as common as the jewel-encrusted subject matter of today's rap lyrics. Females are seen in packs hovering around male rap stars, playing the part of enthusiastic cheerleader or die-hard groupie. Rap music videos sell not only hip-hop culture, but also the very image of its women. They serve as eye candy designed to satisfy an assumed male video audience, affirming critiques of the culture as hyper-masculine and misogynist. “Still” is a series of photographs from contemporary rap music videos. These artworks invite a second look at the hip-hop video vixen, displaying an interest in moments unintended by music video narratives. Some stills reveal agency rather than victimization, while others provide reminders of the narrow representations of women in hip-hop.
Hip-Hop Honeys and Da Hustlaz
Authors: Miller-Young Mireille 
Published: May 2008

AbstractHip-hop pornography propels the conventions of the nearly soft-core hip-hop video to the extreme, the explicit, the hard-core. The convergence of the outlaw cultures of hip-hop and pornography offers a compelling narrative about how black sexual subjects define authority, legitimacy, legibility, and power. Hip-hop porn provides black women and men an arena for labor and accumulation as well as self-presentation, mediation, and mobility. As a space for work, survival, consumption, and identity-formation, the genre proffers an opportunity to explore the gendering of black (post)modern desires, as well as the potential to think through historical echoes of the current controversies and debates around exactly what constitutes “appropriate” black sexuality. Even as it offers a venue for acts of self-representation, pleasure, and exchange, hip-hop porn's brand of eroticism raises important questions about contemporary black gender and sexual politics. Within the space of hip-hop porn, these gender and sexual politics are produced within a sexual economy of illicit eroticism. The “illicit erotic” challenges ideas that fix the hypersexuality of the black body as always already repugnant, by using fetishized hypersexuality to strategically work with and through modern capitalism. This essay is primarily concerned with exploring how black sexual subjects engage illicit erotic economies as sites to self-fashion themselves according to the values and practices of “radical consumerism,” “play-labor,” and self- or counter-fetishization.
Hotep and Hip-Hop
Authors: McMurray Anaya 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
“Black Muslim women and hip-hop? . . . real Muslims don't listen to hip-hop.” For many it is almost unfathomable that black Muslim women would have any involvement with hip-hop music. While several scholars have explored the connections between hip-hop and Islam, hip-hop scholarship usually neglects in-depth conversations about black Muslim women. Using the examples of Erykah Badu, Eve, and myself, this paper explores the ways in which black Muslim women of the hip-hop generation use our music to negotiate faith and culture. Creating improvisation zones that highlight the flexibility of religion as it moves through cultures and spaces of resistance, black Muslim women successfully reconcile hotep and hip-hop.
Improving mediation quality: You, too, can do this in your area
Authors: Lande John 
Published: May 2008

AbstractFollowing up on the recent release of the ABA Section of Dispute Resolution's mediation quality report, task force member and regular Alternatives contributor John Lande, of Columbia, Mo., discusses how to use the report's “Tool Kit for Improving the Quality of Mediation in Your Geographic or Practice Area.” The tool kit is a step‐by‐step guide to holding focus groups that analyze the nitty gritty of mediation work, and producing a study that allows for application.
Effect of polyurethane‐based macromonomers in the dispersion polymerization of styrene
Authors: Kim So Yeun , Lee Kangseok , Jung Hyejun , Shim Sang Eun , Choe Soonja 
Published: May 2008

AbstractTwo different polyurethane‐based macromonomers, a polyurethane macromonomer with methacrylamide (PUM‐M) and a polyurethane macromonomer with acrylamide (PUM‐A), were synthesized from poly(ethylene glycol)s (PEGs) of various molecular weights and two different amides, methacrylamide and acrylamide, and they were used for the dispersion polymerization of styrene. The structures of the macromonomers and polystyrene (PS) particles were verified with 13C‐NMR and Fourier transform infrared. The weight‐average molecular weights of the PS particles increased with the macromonomer concentration but decreased with the PEG molecular weight. The average diameter of the PS particles increased with the PEG molecular weights but decreased with the macromonomer concentration. The thermal stability of PUM‐A–PS was enhanced, and its grafting ratio with 30 wt % PUM‐A was much higher than that of PUM‐M–PS. Thus, this study suggested that the polyurethane‐based macromonomers act not only as reactive stabilizers but also as grafting agents in the dispersion polymerization. In addition, the acrylamide end group provided better thermal stability than methacrylamide. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Molecular imprinted Nylon‐6 stir bar as a novel extraction technique for enantioseparation of amino acids
Authors: Zhu Xiaolan , Zhu Qingsheng 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe flexibility and simplicity of stir bar sorption extraction (SBSE) have been combined with the selectivity of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP). Stir bars were coated reproducible with a 160‐μm film formed from a formic acid solution of Nylon‐6 polymer either nonimprinted or imprinted with L‐glutamine. Time sorption profiles were measured for the extraction of L‐glutamine at the concentration of 20–500 μmol L−1 levels with both types of films in order to compare sorption characteristics. The results indicated that the MIP coated layer showed remarkable high affinity towards L‐glutamine and equilibrium adsorption was attained rapidly (60 min) in contrast to conventional bulk molecularly imprinted polymer in which equilibrium adsorption was normally attained after 16–24 h. The imprinted stir bar was also shown a high degree of selectivity toward L‐glutamine compared to its isomer and analogues, while a reference stir bar prepared without the imprinting molecule was not shown any selectivity towards the enantiomers. Evidence was also presented by FT‐IR analysis that the amide‐hydrogen‐bonding interaction between L‐glutamine and amide groups in MIP‐film was originated for L‐glutamine recognition. The scanning electron microscope photographs showed that visible pores structure could be detected in the L‐glutamine imprinted Nylon‐6 film. Compared with traditional MIP and SBSE, the MIP‐coated film showed not only the high selectivity, but also the rapid equilibrium adsorption. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Study of different effects on foaming process of biodegradable PLA/starch composites in supercritical/compressed carbon dioxide
Authors: Hao Ayou , Geng Yuanyuan , Xu Qun , Lu Zhanyong , Yu Long 
Published: May 2008

AbstractMicrocellular foaming of biodegradable and biocompatible PLA/starch composites in supercritical/compressed CO2 has been studied. The purpose of this study is to explore the potential application of this kind of materials in medical materials or drug containers. The rate of CO2 uptake and CO2 equilibrium concentration in PLA/starch composites were studied by performing sorption and desorption experiments. The effects of a series of variable factors, such as saturation time and saturation temperature on the foaming morphology were studied through SEM observation and density measurement. The experimental results show that, while keeping other variables unchanged, longer saturation time leads to reduced bulk foam densities and different saturation pressures result in different bulk foam densities. The crystallinity of PLA–starch sample was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry. It indicates that the foaming treatment with supercritical CO2 increased the crystallinity of PLA/starch composites. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Quantitative comparisons of search engine results
Authors: Thelwall Mike 
Published: May 2008

AbstractSearch engines are normally used to find information or Web sites, but Webometric investigations use them for quantitative data such as the number of pages matching a query and the international spread of those pages. For this type of application, the accuracy of the hit count estimates and range of URLs in the full results are important. Here, we compare the applications programming interfaces of Google, Yahoo!, and Live Search for 1,587 single word searches. The hit count estimates were broadly consistent but with Yahoo! and Google, reporting 5–6 times more hits than Live Search. Yahoo! tended to return slightly more matching URLs than Google, with Live Search returning significantly fewer. Yahoo!'s result URLs included a significantly wider range of domains and sites than the other two, and there was little consistency between the three engines in the number of different domains. In contrast, the three engines were reasonably consistent in the number of different top‐level domains represented in the result URLs, although Yahoo! tended to return the most. In conclusion, quantitative results from the three search engines are mostly consistent but with unexpected types of inconsistency that users should be aware of. Google is recommended for hit count estimates but Yahoo! is recommended for all other Webometric purposes.