bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A fast physical optics method for planar scatters with arbitrary contour
Authors: Bondía Felipe Vico , Bataller Miguel Ferrando , Valero‐Nogueira Alejandro , Alos Esperanza Alfonso 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA new 3D fast physical optics method is presented for computing the diffracted field by a conducting plate with arbitrary contour. This is a fast and accurate method both in low and high frequency. This method combines classical path deformation technique with Jacobi orthogonal polynomial approximation. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 2613–2618, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/mop.22787
An architecture for active metamaterial particles and experimental validation at RF
Authors: Popa Bogdan‐Ioan , Cummer Steven A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWe describe a class of metamaterial particle that employs active elements to overcome the inherent limitations of their passive counterparts, such as significant losses, high dispersion, and narrow bandwidth. The active unit cell can be designed to have either an electric or magnetic response. For a magnetic active metamaterial, we derive the design equations for the unit cell and validate them experimentally through the extraction of effective permittivity and permeability from S‐parameter measurements of a unit cell in a waveguide. We show that phase delay in the amplifier can be used to control losses and dispersion. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 2574–2577, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22789
Analysis of time‐dependent cylindrical problems using Monte Carlo
Authors: Sadiku M. N. O. , Akujuobi C. M. , Musa S. M. , Nelatury Sudarshan R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMonte Carlo method is well known for solving static problems such as Laplace's or Poisson's equation. In this article, we extend the applicability of the conventional Monte Carlo method to solve time‐dependent cylindrical problems. We present results in one‐dimensional and two‐dimensional regions that agree with the exact solutions. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 2571–2573, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22790
A graphical tool for analysis and design of bi‐characteristic‐impedance transmission lines
Authors: Torrungrueng D. , Chou P. Y. , Krairiksh M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe bi‐characteristic‐impedance transmission lines (BCITLs) are generally lossy transmission lines that possess different complex characteristic impedances for waves propagating in forward and reverse directions. Because of complicated equations associated with BCITLs, a graphical tool is necessary in the analysis and design. In this article, the standard T‐chart developed for conjugately characteristic‐impedance transmission lines (CCITLs) is generalized to treat BCITL problems, called a generalized T‐chart. It is found that the way of using this new graphical tool is similar to that of the standard T‐chart. However, the magnitude of the voltage reflection coefficient associated with BCITLs may be greater than unity for some passive load terminations. An example of using a generalized T‐chart is provided in this paper. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 2368–2372, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22801
Altered expression ofPGK1in a family with phosphoglycerate kinase deficiency
Authors: Svaasand Eva K. , Aasly Jan , Landsem Veslemøy Malm , Klungland Helge 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe X‐linked recessive disease phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) deficiency is caused by altered expression of the PGK1 enzyme, which causes muscle stiffness, hemolytic anemia, and mental retardation. In this study we characterized thePGK1gene in a family of two brothers, two sisters, and their parents. A single mutation in exon 6, which was associated with the pattern of inheritance of PGK1 deficiency, was observed. This silentG213G;c.639C>Tmutation was localized to the conserved exon–intron boundary. We have developed a method for quantification of PGK1 mRNA and demonstrated a marked reduction in PGK1 mRNA in both brothers with the disease. A smaller decrease in PGK1 expression was observed in one sister with symptoms of PGK deficiency and in her mother. Only the normal PGK1 allele was expressed in the two heterozygous women. Whereas most known PGK1 mutations cause amino acid alterations, our study indicates that inhibition of the transcription mechanism is the cause of PGK deficiency. Muscle Nerve, 2007
Isotonic fatigue in laminin α2–deficient dy/dy dystrophic mouse diaphragm
Authors: Pollarine Jennifer , Moyer Michelle , Van Lunteren Erik 
Published: July 2007

AbstractLaminin α2 deficiency causes ∼50% of human congenital muscular dystrophies. Muscle in the corresponding dy/dy mouse model has reduced force but increased fatigue resistance during isometric contractions. To determine whether a similar pattern of alterations is present during isotonic contractions, dy/dy diaphragm was studied in vitro. During 20% load, dystrophic diaphragm had significantly reduced shortening, shortening velocity, work and power deficits, which persisted during the fatigue‐inducing stimulation. In contrast, during 40% load, isotonic contractile performance of diseased muscle was impaired only mildly and only for some contractile parameters. At both loads, rate of isotonic fatigue when expressed relative to initial contractile values was similar for dystrophic and normal muscle, or in some instances slightly higher for dystrophic muscle. Therefore, fatigue resistance is considerably impaired during isotonic contractions relative to that reported previously for isometric contractions. This has important implications for increased susceptibility to respiratory failure in laminin α2–deficient muscular dystrophy. Muscle Nerve, 2007
Palaeocytology in skeletal remains: microscopic examination of putrefaction fluid deposits and dental calculus of skeletal remains from French archaeological sites
Authors: Blondiaux J. , Charlier P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe relatively elusive nature of preserved human cells in fossilised tissues was recognised prior to the description of fossilised sickle cells by Maat (1991) and Maat & Baig (1991). Preserved neural cells were also noted in mummified brain tissues by Hauswirth et al. (1991) and Doran et al. (1986). Exceptional circumstances of preservation were used to explain these rare observations (Briggs & Kear, 1993). In this study, dental calculus and endocranial putrefaction fluid were rehydrated for 12 hours in 0.4 M acetic acid solution at room temperature, smear stained with May‐Grunwald‐Giemsa and examined using light microscopy. Remnants of leucocytes, epithelial cells and other cells are presented and discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultra‐high long‐term stability of oxide‐TTFTs under current stress
Authors: Riedl T. , Görrn P. , Hölzer P. , Kowalsky W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn this letter the stability of transparent thin‐film transistors (TTFTs) based on the ZnO–SnO2 (ZTO) material system is investigated. Bottom‐gate devices have been subject to electrical stress via a gate–source bias of 10 V and a drain‐source bias of 10 V leading to a drain–source current of 188 µA. In optimized TTFTs with a composition of [Zn]:[Sn] = 36:64 the relative change of the saturated field effect mobility was less than 1% and the threshold voltage shift was about 320 mV after 1000 hours of operation. This extraordinary stability of ZTO TTFTs underlines their suitability as drivers in active matrix OLED displays. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Aloe‐emodin suppressed NMDA‐induced apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells through regulation of ERK phosphorylation
Authors: Lin Hui‐Ju , Chao Pei‐Dawn Lee , Huang Shiuan‐Yi , Wan Lai , Wu Chen‐Ju , Tsai Fuu‐Jen 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA high concentration of glutamate in the vitreous body and optic nerves of the eyes activatesN‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors and is toxic to retina ganglion cells (RGCs) in glaucomatous patients. Aloe‐emodin sulfates/glucuronides (s/g), the major metabolites of aloe‐emodin, was found to be effective in decreasing NMDA‐induced apoptosis in RGCs. In order to elucidate the mechanisms, anin vitrooptic neuropathy model adding NMDA to N18 RGCs was used in this study. The phosphorylation level of extra‐cellular signal‐regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2), c‐JunN‐terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 kinase (cytokines‐suppressive antiinflammatory drug binding protein kinase) were measured by western blotting and luciferase reporter assay. The results showed that aloe‐emodin metabolites significantly decreased the activation of three major mitogen‐activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways and the activation of downstream genes in nucleus induced by NMDA, which were verified by the addition of the respective inhibitors. Comparing the effect of the inhibitors of the three MAP kinase pathways, the ERK pathway was found to be the major route of aloe‐emodin metabolites in decreasing the apoptosis of NMDA‐treated RGCs. Besides, cfos rather then cjun was the target downstream gene. Aloe‐emodin emodin metabolites could regulate the phosphorylation of ERK kinases and it was a promising candidate for NMDA‐induced apoptosis of RGCs. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of Echinacea purpurea, Astragalus membranaceus and Glycyrrhiza glabra on CD25 expression in humans: a pilot study
Authors: Zwickey Heather , Brush Julie , Iacullo Carolyn M. , Connelly Erin , Gregory William L. , Soumyanath Amala , Buresh Randal 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis phase 0, double‐blind, repeated within subject, randomized pilot study examined CD25 expression on T cells after ingestion of three commonly used herbs: Echinacea purpurea, Astragalus membranaceus and Glycyrrhiza glabra, administered singly and in combination. CD25 expression on T cells was significantly increased for subjects ingesting Echinacea at 24 h with notable increases in activation from Astragalus and Glycyrrhiza. CD25 expression remains elevated with daily use of Echinacea for at least 7 days. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antiproliferative activity of Hungarian Asteraceae species against human cancer cell lines. Part I
Authors: Réthy Borbála , Csupor‐Löffler Boglárka , Zupkó István , Hajdú Zsuzsanna , Máthé Imre , Hohmann Judit , Rédei Tamás , Falkay George 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAqueous and organic extracts of 25 selected species from four tribes of Hungarian Asteraceae were screened in vitro for antiproliferative activity against HeLa (cervix epithelial adenocarcinoma), A431 (skin epidermoid carcinoma) and MCF7 (breast epithelial adenocarcinoma) cells, using the MTT assay. Twenty five of the 228 tested extracts from different parts of the species of Astereae (6), Inuleae (3), Heliantheae (5) and Anthemideae (11) demonstrated a substantial antiproliferative effect (at least 50% inhibition of cell proliferation) at 10 µg/mL against one or more of the cell lines. Complete dose‐response curves were generated and IC50 values were calculated for these active extracts, and their direct cytotoxic effects were determined. In summary, 11 of the tested 25 plants were found to be active and 4 of them (Anthemis ruthenica, Erigeron canadensis, Erigeron annuus and Inula ensifolia) had not been studied previously for either active compounds or anticancer properties. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protective effects of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium) against mitomycin C induced micronuclei in mice
Authors: Pawar Amol Ashok , Tripathi Durga Nand , Ramarao Poduri , Jena Gopabandhu 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMitomycin C (MMC) is a highly active anticancer drug commonly used alone and in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of different cancers. Its bioactivated form critically damages the DNA present in both rapidly dividing cancerous cells as well as in normal cells. Genotoxicity in the normal cells makes this drug highly toxic; thereby decreasing its therapeutic index for clinical use. The study investigated the chemoprotective potential of American ginseng root extract against MMC by using the micronuclei test in a mouse test system. Pre‐treatment with ginseng at doses 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg, p.o. for 3 and 7 days significantly decreased the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (PCEs). Similar protective effects were also observed during co‐treatment with ginseng at similar doses for 3 and 7 days. The present results indicate that American ginseng extract is capable of suppressing the chromosomal aberration induced by MMC in mice. Thus, American ginseng may be a potent chemoprotective agent against the toxicity of the anticancer drug, mitomycin C. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel extracellular protease with fibrinolytic activity from the culture supernatant of Cordyceps sinensis: purification and characterization
Authors: Li Hua‐ping , Hu Zheng , Yuan Jiang‐lan , Fan Han‐dong , Chen Wei , Wang Shi‐jia , Zheng Shan‐shan , Zheng Zhong‐liang , Zou Guo‐lin 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA novel serine protease with fibrinolytic activity named CSP was purified from the culture supernatant of the fungus Cordyceps sinensis, a kind of Chinese herbal medicine. Analysis of the purified enzyme by SDS‐PAGE indicated that CSP was a single polypeptide chain with an apparent molecular weight of 31 kDa, and N‐terminal sequencing revealed that the first ten amino acid residues of the enzyme were Ala‐Leu‐Ala‐Thr‐Gln‐His‐Gly‐Ala‐Pro‐Trp‐. When casein was used as a substrate, the proteolytic activity of CSP reached its maximum at pH 7.0 and 40 °C. The effect of chemical agents on the enzyme activity indicated that CSP is a serine protease with a free cysteine residue near the active site. It hydrolysed fibrinogen, fibrin and casein with a high efficiency, while hydrolysing bovine serum albumin (BSA) and human serum albumin (HSA) to a lesser extent. CSP was found to be a plasmin‐like protease, but not a plasminogen activator, and it preferentially cleaved the Aα chain of fibrinogen and the α‐chain of fibrin. Therefore, the extracellular protein CSP may represent a potential new therapeutic agent for the treatment of thrombosis. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Presence of endogenous interferences in the urinary detection of selected anabolic steroids by liquid chromatography/electrospray tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Pozo Oscar J. , Deventer Koen , Van Eenoo Peter , Delbeke Frans T. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe use of liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) can give several benefits in the urinary detection of anabolic steroids (AS) such as avoiding the derivatization step or the possible direct detection of conjugated AS. However, the presence of endogenous compounds with similar structures can interfere with this detection, thus decreasing the reliability of the method. The circumvention of these interferences by the use of different MS/MS transitions has been studied. For 17α‐trenbolone, an unusual odd‐electron ion has been selected for detection. Using this approach, the interferences have been reduced drastically. The selection of a more specific precursor ion can also help in the circumvention of interferences. This has been shown for 1‐testosterone, 5β‐androst‐1‐ene‐17β‐ol‐3‐one and oxandrolone where the selection of the uncommon [M+H+MeOH]+ as the precursor ion increased the selectivity of the method. In addition, an approach to identify the endogenous interferences if they have corticosteroid or steroid structure has been evaluated. Precursor ion spectra can be used to define the molecular properties of the interferences and to predict whether it is an endogenous steroid or corticosteroid. The use of some restrictions for the structure can be helpful in outlining a feasible hypothesis. This data and the product ions from likely suspects can be used to identify AS. Using this approach, several endogenous interferences have been elucidated in this case study. The knowledge about the structures of these interferences has been found useful to circumvent their detection in the screening method for AS. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of metabolites of a NK1 receptor antagonist, CJ‐11,972, in human liver microsomes and recombinant human CYP isoforms by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Prakash Chandra , Lin Jinyan , Colizza Kevin , Miao Zhuang 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe in vitro metabolism of CJ‐11,972, (2‐benzhydryl‐1‐aza‐bicyclo[2.2.2]oct‐3‐yl)‐(5‐tert‐butyl‐2‐methoxybenzyl)amine, an NK1 receptor antagonist, was studied in human liver microsomes and recombinant human CYP isoforms. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) coupled to radioactive detection were used to detect and identify the metabolites. CJ‐11,972 was extensively metabolized in human liver microsomes and recombinant human CYP 3A4/3A5 isoforms. A total of fourteen metabolites were identified by a combination of various MS techniques. The major metabolic pathways were due to oxidation of the tert‐butyl moiety to form an alcohol (M6) and/or O‐demethylation of the anisole moiety. The alcohol metabolite M6 was further oxidized to the corresponding aldehyde (M7) and carboxylic acid (M4). Two unusual metabolites (M13, M17), formed by C‐demethylation of the tert‐butyl group, were identified as 2‐{3‐[(2‐benzhydryl‐1‐aza‐bicyclo[2.2.2]oct‐3‐ylamino)methyl]‐4‐methoxyphenyl}propan‐2‐ol and (2‐benzhydryl‐1‐aza‐bicyclo[2.2.2]oct‐3‐yl)‐(5‐isopropenyl‐2‐methoxybenzyl)amine. A plausible mechanism for C‐demethylation may involve oxidation of M6 to form an aldehyde metabolite (M7), followed by cytochrome P450‐mediated deformylation leaving an unstable carbon‐centered radical, which would quickly form either the alcohol metabolite M13 and the olefin metabolite M17. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Instream restoration: its effects on lateral stream–subsurface water exchange in urban and agricultural streams in Southern Ontario
Authors: Kasahara Tamao , Hill Alan R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractInstream restoration strategies do not generally consider the subsurface environment. The study of recently restored stream reaches can provide an opportunity to assess the impacts of restoration on surface–subsurface exchange. In this study, lateral hyporheic zones occurring in a constructed gravel bar and re‐meandered stream reach were examined, using hydrometric data in combination with differences in background conservative ion and tracer injection experiments. Both the constructed gravel bar and the meander bends induced lateral hyporheic exchange flow. In the gravel bar, lateral hyporheic exchange increased after a riffle‐pool sequence was constructed in the channel adjacent to the bar. The substrate in the meander bends had low saturated hydraulic conductivity, and the stream–subsurface exchange was limited despite the large change in channel configuration. These results suggest that to enhance and maintain stream–subsurface water exchanges, restoration projects that modify horizontal geometry should involve construction of vertical morphologic features, and where floodplain sediments are fine‐grained, the addition of coarse sediments should also be incorporated in the design. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seasonal variation in nutrient retention during inundation of a short‐hydroperiod floodplain
Authors: Noe Gregory B. , Hupp Cliff R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFloodplains are generally considered to be important locations for nutrient retention or inorganic‐to‐organic nutrient conversions in riverine ecosystems. However, little is known about nutrient processing in short‐hydroperiod floodplains or seasonal variation in floodplain nutrient retention. Therefore, we quantified the net uptake, release or transformation of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and suspended sediment species during brief periods (1–2 days) of overbank flooding through a 250‐m floodplain flowpath on the fourth‐order Mattawoman Creek, Maryland U.S.A. Sampling occurred during a winter, two spring and a summer flood in this largely forested watershed with low nutrient and sediment loading. Concentrations of NO increased significantly in surface water flowing over the floodplain in three of the four floods, suggesting the floodplain was a source of NO. The upper portion of the floodplain flowpath consistently exported NH, most likely due to the hyporheic flushing of floodplain soil NH, which was then likely nitrified to NO in floodwaters. The floodplain was a sink for particulate organic P (POP) during two floods and particulate organic N and inorganic suspended sediment (ISS) during one flood. Large releases of all dissolved inorganic N and P species occurred following a snowmelt and subsequent cold winter flood. Although there was little consistency in most patterns of nutrient processing among the different floods, this floodplain, characterized by brief inundation, low residence time and low nutrient loading, behaved oppositely from the conceptual model for most floodplains in that it generally exported inorganic nutrients and imported organic nutrients. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multi‐scale modelling of land‐use change and river training effects on floods in the Rhine basin
Authors: Bronstert A. , Bárdossy A. , Bismuth C. , Buiteveld H. , Disse M. , Engel H. , Fritsch U. , Hundecha Y. , Lammersen R. , Niehoff D. , Ritter N. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractLand‐use changes effects on floods are investigated by a multi‐scale modelling study, where runoff generation in catchments of different sizes, different land uses and morphological characteristics are simulated in a nested manner. The macro‐scale covers the Rhine basin (excluding the alpine part), the upper meso‐scale covers various tributaries of the Rhine and three lower meso‐scale study areas (100–500 km2) represent different characteristic land‐use patterns. The main innovation is the combination of models at different scales and at different levels of process representation in order to account for the complexity of land‐use change impacts for a large river basin.The results showed that the influence of land‐use on storm runoff generation is stronger for convective storm events with high precipitation intensities than for long advective storms with low intensities. The simulated flood increase at the lower meso‐scale for a scenario of rather strong urbanization is in the order of 0 and 4% for advective rainfall events, and 10–30% for convective rain storms with a return period of 2–10 years.Convective storm events, however, are of hardly any relevance for the formation of floods in the large river basins of Central Europe, because the extent of convective rainstorms is restricted to local occurrence. Due to the dominance of advective precipitation for macro‐scale flooding, limited water retention capacity of antecedent wet soils and superposition of flood waves from different tributaries, the land‐use change effects at the macro‐scale are even smaller, for example at Cologne (catchment area 100 000 km2), land‐use change effects may result in not more than 1–5 cm water level of the Rhine. Water retention measures in polders along the Upper and Lower Rhine yield flood peak attenuation along the Rhine all the way down to the Dutch border between 1 and 15 cm. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.