bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Auditory-evoked response in the clinically normal dog: Early latency components
Authors: Sims Michael H. , Moore Robert E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Early latency components (0 to 10 ms) of the auditory-evoked response, which is also called the brainstem auditory-evoked response (baer), were recorded in 6 clinically normal adult dogs. Each dog responded to suprathreshold monaural clicks with a highly repeatable averaged waveform configuration consisting of 6 to 7 vertex positive waves. Configuration of the canine baer consisted mainly of waves I, II, III, V, and VI. Wave IV was present in some records, but in most cases, it formed a complex with wave III and was not apparent as a separate wave. After a 90-dB hearing level (hl) stimulus (20/s), the positive peak of wave I in the averaged response appeared at approximately 1 ms after stimulation onset, and subsequent waves were spaced at approximately ≤ 1-ms intervals. Amplitudes of these waves were 4.0 μV when measured from positive peak to the following negative trough.
Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of varying stimulus intensity (50- to 90-dB hl) on baer wave amplitude and peak latency in nonanesthetized and anesthetized dogs and to determine the effects of increasing stimulus rate (10 to 50/s) in nonanesthetized dogs. As stimulus intensity was increased in 10-dB steps from 50 to 90 dB and as the stimulus rate remained at 20/s, amplitude increased and latency decreased for all waves (P < 0.01). When stimulus intensity was held constant at 90 dB and stimulus rate increased from 5 to 50/s, amplitude decreased and latency increased. The amplitude effect was significant for all waves (P ≤ 0.01), whereas the latency effect was only significant for waves III (P ≤ 0.05) and waves V and VI (P ≤ 0.01), Thiamylal sodium (20 mg/kg of body weight, iv) significantly increased the latency of waves II and III (P ≤ 0.05) and waves V and VI (P ≤ 0.01), and decreased the amplitude of waves V and VI (P ≤ 0.01) across intensity levels.
The interpeak latency between the positive peaks of waves I and V was calculated from baer in nonanesthetized and anesthetized dogs. Interpeak latency was significantly decreased by decreasing stimulus intensity (P ≤ 0.05) and increased by the administration of thiamylal sodium (P ≤ 0.01). The difference in interpeak latency between right and left sides in nonanesthetized dogs was not affected by stimulus intensity between 50- and 90-dB hl.
Efficacy of ivermectin against the mange mite Sarcoptes scabiei var suis in pigs
Authors: Alva-Valdes R. , Wallace D. H. , Benz G. W. , Foster A. G. , Holste J. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The efficacy of ivermectin administered by esophageal intubation in a single dose was evaluated against the mange mite Sarcoptes scabiei var suis in 24 naturally infested pigs. Six pigs were allocated to each of the 4 treatment groups. Control (group 1) pigs were given nonmedicated water, group 2 were given ivermectin at 300 μg/kg of body weight, group 3 were given ivermectin at 400 μg/kg, and group 4 were given ivermectin at 500 μg/kg. The pigs were examined for S scabiei before treatment and on days 7, 14, 21, and 28 after treatment.
Of the 18 ivermectin-treated pigs, 10 had no live S scabiei recovered on day 7 after treatment, 16 had none on day 14, 18 had none on day 21, and 16 had none on day 28. All 6 nonmedicated control pigs had live S scabiei recovered on days 7 and 21, and 5 control pigs had mites on days 14 and 28.
The single administration of ivermectin given by esophageal intubation was highly effective in reducing the number of S scabiei at all dose levels tested. The pooled ivermectin-treated groups had significantly (P < 0.01) fewer mites than the control group on all posttreatment examination days. There were no statistically significant differences among the ivermectin dose levels.
A rapid staining procedure for Anaplasma marginale in bovine erythrocytes
Authors: Donovan-Myhand J. , Hart L. T. , Liu C. , Ohrberg C. , Seger C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A commercial product that stains cells in < 1 minute was compared with the Giemsa and the Wright-Giemsa methods for detection of the intraerythrocytic parasite, Anaplasma marginale, in bovine blood smears. The total number of A marginale-infected erythrocytes detected in 5 microscope fields of 18 different samples was determined for each staining procedure. In samples where < 2% to > 25% of the rbc were infected, statistical analysis of the data indicated that the rapid staining method was superior to the Giemsa and Wright-Giemsa methods with regard to determination of the percentage of bovine erythrocytes infected with A marginale.
Spinal-evoked potentials and spinal conduction velocity of the cat: Reference values
Authors: Redding R. W. , Lee A. H. , Wilson S. G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Spinal conduction velocities of the fastest afferent fibers of the spinal cord were calculated from the onset latencies of averaged evoked responses elicited by stimulation of the tibial nerve sensory afferent fibers and were recorded at various sites on the spinal cord. Locations for stimulation and recording electrodes were identified. Waveforms, mean amplitudes, and duration of the evoked spinal potentials were described. The mean conduction velocity of the spinal cord afferents at T12-T13 was 74.25 m/s with a sd of ± 9.81 m/s. The mean conduction velocity of the spinal cord afferents, determined at the cisterna magna, was 80.66 m/s with a sd of ± 11.50 m/s. This is a slight increase over the spinal conduction velocity at T12-T13 (P = 0.05).
Plasmid content and pathogenicity of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli strains in the pregnant guinea pig model
Authors: Taylor Diane E. , Bryner J. H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Strains of Campylobacter jejuni and C coli from human and animal sources were assessed for pathogenicity by their capability to produce abortions in pregnant guinea pigs. The pathogenicity rate varied from 7% to 87% for the C jejuni strains and from 0% to 53% for the C coli strains. Plasmid carriage was not found to correlate with pathogenicity as determined by ability of the strains to produce abortions in the pregnant guinea pig model.
Serologic and clinical responses of premunized, vaccinated, and previously infected cattle to challenge exposure by two different Anaplasma marginale isolates
Authors: Kuttler K. L. , Zaugg J. L. , Johnson L. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Two Anaplasma marginale isolates, one originating in Florida (FAM) and the other from Virginia (VAM), were compared immunologically by cross-challenge exposure of 14 Anaplasma carrier cattle, 8 previously infected cattle, and 6 splenectomized carrier calves. In addition, 28 cattle vaccinated with a commercially available adjuvant killed vaccine and 22 nonvaccinated cattle were challenge exposed with either FAM or VAM.
A detectable clinical response was not produced by either FAM or VAM challenge exposure in carrier and previously infected cattle; however, evidence of A marginale growth as characterized by low percentages of parasitemia and increased serum complement-fixation titers was seen in carrier cattle given a heterologous challenge organism and in previously infected cattle inoculated with either homologous or heterologous organisms. Among splenectomized calves, there was virtually no cross protection to the heterologous challenge exposure, whereas a homologous challenge failed to elicit any detectable response.
Vaccinated cattle were resistant to VAM exposure, but the clinical response to FAM exposure was severe with a 47% mortality. Most of these cattle displayed typical acute anaplasmosis that was only marginally less severe than that encountered in nonvaccinated cattle.
Effect of pH on in vitro ruminal conversion of l-tryptophan to 3-methylindole and indole
Authors: Hammond Andrew C. , Slyter Leonard L. , Carlson James R. , Wong Lap-Ping , Breeze Roger G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Three in vitro experiments were conducted to determine the effects of pH on ruminal conversion of l-tryptophan (trp) to 3-methylindole (3-mi) and indole (ind). Experiment 1 involved 2 closed-system incubations, each with triplicate replications of buffered ruminal fluid at initial pH of 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, and 8.0. Highest molar conversions of trp to 3-mi were 61.5 ± 2.7% and 64.3 ± 0.8% at initial pH treatments of 7.5 and 7.0 (final pH 7.3 and 6.9) for the 2 incubations, respectively.
Experiment 2 used duplicate continuous cultures at each of 4 pH treatments. Following a common 5-day pretreatment period, effluent pH averaged 5.6, 6.1, 6.5, and 6.9 for the respective treatments. Data for 4 subsequent 5-day time periods showed production of 3-mi was affected by pH treatment (P < 0.01), time (P > 0.01), and treatment × time (P < 0.01); conversion of trp to 3-mi reached 78% at pH 6.9 and decreased to < 1% at pH 5.6. Production of ind was not related to pH treatment (P > 0.10). Total moles of volatile fatty acid (vfa) carbon produced showed a pH treatment × time interaction (P < 0.01) which reflected a trend toward decreasing vfa production at lower pH and increasing vfa production at higher pH.
Experiment 3 consisted of 2 pH treatments with additional continuous culture fermenters. Conversion of trp to 3-mi was lower (P < 0.01) at pH 6.6 than at pH 7.0 immediately after the pretreatment period, and this difference continued as a trend at subsequent times with 3-mi production at the lower pH remaining 67% to 76% of that of 3-mi production at the higher effluent pH. The decrease in 3-mi production at lower pH was not accompanied by a reduction in total vfa carbon produced in this experiment. There was a small difference in the conversion of trp to ind (P < 0.01) during the pretreatment period which continued for one time period after pH change. These data clearly demonstrate that ruminal degradation of trp is affected by pH and that ruminal conversion of trp to 3-mi is maximal at pH near neutrality and explain why treatment of cattle with buffers which raise ruminal pH has not resulted in reduction of ruminal 3-mi production.
Pharmacologie and pharmacokinetic properties of methocarbamol in the horse
Authors: Muir W. W. , Sams R. A. , Ashcraft S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The hemodynamic, respiratory, and behavioral effects, as well as the pharmacokinetic properties of methocarbamol, were determined in horses. Heart rate, cardiac output, arterial and venous blood pressures, respiratory rate, and arterial blood gases did not change after iv methocarbamol (4.4, 8.8, 17.6 mg/kg) administration. There were no signs of behavior modification or ataxia observed.
Analysis of plasma concentration time data indicated that the disposition of methocarbamol may be dose-dependent. Clearance and steady-state volume of distribution decreased as the dose increased. Plasma concentrations of guaifenesin, a metabolite of methocarbamol, were never greater than 0.5% of the plasma concentration of methocarbamol.
Diagnostic criteria for an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for occult heartworm disease: Standardization of the test system in naturally exposed dogs
Authors: Gillis Jaqueline M. , Smith Ronald D. , Todd Kenneth S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The development of criteria for interpreting and reporting the results of an occult heartworm enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to practitioners is described. The antigen is a saline extract of adult female Dirofilaria immitis. The cutoff absorbance A400 nm values were estimated, using 106 dogs free of infection. Any A400 nm value < 0.526 is considered negative and values ≥ 0.784 are positive. Intermediate A400 nm values are interpreted as suspect. Absorbance values for serum samples from 13 client-owned amicrofilaremic dogs revealed a bimodal distribution consistent with presumptive diagnosis based on clinical signs, which indicates that the test may be used to support a diagnosis of occult heartworm disease. The present serotest, however, is unable to distinguish microfilaremic dogs from noninfected dogs. Serum from dogs infected with other common helminths failed to crossreact with the D immitis antigen, with the exception of Dipetalonema reconditum.
1,3 Butanediol treatment of ethylene glycol toxicosis in dogs
Authors: Murphy Michael J. , Ray Allen C. , Jones Larry P. , Reagor John C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In order to assess the therapeutic value of 1,3 butanediol in ethylene glycol toxicosis, mixed-bred dogs were given an oral dose of commercial antifreeze at 6 ml/kg of body weight (0 hour) and treated (iv) 7 times at 6-hour intervals with 5.5 ml/kg of body weight 1,3 butanediol solution (20% in physiological saline solution) beginning at 8, 12, and 21 hours. Serum glycolic acid concentration was quantitated by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Three dogs that were given ethylene glycol, but no 1,3 butanediol treatment, died with elevated serum glycolic acid concentrations. Five dogs were given ethylene glycol and 1,3 butanediol treatment. Of 2 dogs treated at 8 hours, 1 survived and 1 died at 39 hours; 1 treated at 12 hours and 1 treated at 21 hours survived; 1 dog died soon (27 hours) after treatment was initiated at 21 hours. Four of the 5 dogs had dramatically decreased serum glycolic acid concentrations after 1,3 butanediol treatment, indicating its effectiveness in inhibiting alcohol dehydrogenase-dependent glycolic acid formation in vivo.
Use of whole blood lymphocyte stimulation test for immunocompetency studies in bald eagles, red-tailed hawks, and great horned owls
Authors: Redig Patrick T. , Dunnette Jean L. , Sivanandan Vaithianathan 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Mitogen-induced whole blood lymphocyte stimulation tests for immunocompetency studies in bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis), and great horned owls (Bubo virginianus) were developed. Combinations of incubation times, blood dilutions, concentrations of [3H]thymidine and [125I]2-deoxyuridine, antibiotics, phytohemagglutinin-P, and concanavalin A were tested for their effects on the stimulation index (si).
An antibiotic combination of gentamicin plus amphotericin B yielded low si with lymphocytes from bald eagles, but not with lymphocytes from great horned owls or red-tailed hawks. Penicillin plus streptomycin caused no such depression of si. Lymphocytes from all 3 species yielded maximum responses with a 48-hour prelabel and 12- to-16 hour postlabel incubation period at 41 C and 1:20 blood dilution. Optimal mitogen concentrations for lymphocytes from bald eagles, red-tailed hawks, and great horned owls were 25 μg, 10 μg, and 10 μg of phytohemagglutinin-P/well, respectively, and 2.5 μg, 10 μg, and 10 μg of concanavalin A/well, respectively. Differences in si were not seen between the 2 radioactive labels. The optimal concentration of the [3H]thymidine label ranged from 0.06 to 0.125 μCi/well.
Associations of sire, breed, birth weight, and sex in pigs with congenital splayleg
Authors: Vogt D. W. , Gipson T. A. , Akremi B. , Dover Sam , Ellersieck M. R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Data on 4,411 male and 4,148 female progeny from the University of Missouri-Columbia swine research herd were analyzed to evaluate the associations of sire, breed, weight at birth, and sex of the pigs with the development of congenital splayleg. Statistically significant differences in frequency of splayleg were found among sires and among breeds indicating a genetic influence. Differences in frequencies among male vs female progeny also were found to be statistically significant. The overall frequency among male progeny was 1.74 times that observed among female progeny. Comparison of birth weights of splayleg vs normal pigs showed birth weights to be statistically significantly smaller among affected pigs.
Coagulation changes in African swine fever virus infection
Authors: Edwards J. F. , Dodds W. J. , Slauson D. O. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Pigs were infected with highly virulent (Tengani ’62), with moderately virulent (DR ‘79) African swine fever (asf) virus, or with virulent hog cholera (hc) virus. Changes in platelet counts, selected coagulation assays and concentrations of factor VIII-related antigen (VIIIR:Ag) were monitored. Permeability of aortic endothelium was studied after the injection of Evan's blue dye on various days after infection with DR ‘79 asf virus.
Virulent asf virus caused prolongation of the activated partial thromboplastin time (aptt), 1-stage prothrombin time, and thrombin clotting time as early as postinoculationday (pid) 4. These changes became progressively more severe until death. Both virulent hc and DR’79 viruses induced an increase appt and thrombin clotting time at pid 3 to 4, only occasionally did the prothromb in time increased significantly (P < 0.01). The appt began to decrease on pid 7 and 8, but only DR’79-infected pigs lived long enough to regain a normal aptt. Infection by asf viruses caused acute thrombocytopenia after pid 6 and platelet counts of hc virus-infected pigs decreased progressively from the onset of fever to levels of 1 to 2 × 105/mm3 at pid 6 to 7. All asf virus-infected pigs had an increase in VIIIR:Ag beginning at pid 3, with maximum increases at pid 6 to 7. Hog cholera virus infection did not cause consistent changes in levels of VIIIR:Ag.
Pigs infected with DR’79 virus did not have increased vascular permeability to Evan's blue dye during infection; however, there was markedly decreased staining of the aorta after pigs became thrombocytopenic.
Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasitism in Oklahoma swine
Authors: Morris Robert G. , Jordan Helen E. , Luce William G. , Coburn Timothy C. , Maxwell Charles V. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The prevalence of swine gastrointestinal parasites was determined from all listed large swine operations (28) and a geographically representative sample (70) of the population of small hog farm operations in Oklahoma. Fecal samples (n = 975) were collected from 98 farms. From the 98 farms, parasites were recovered in pig feces as follows: Ascaris, 53.0%, strongyles, 53.1%, Trichuris, 35.7%, spirurids, 6.1%, Strongyloides, 19.4%, coccidia, 57.1%, and Balantidium, 55.1%. A higher percentage (16.5%) of hogs maintained on cement floors were positive for Ascaris than were those on either dirt lots (11.9%) or slatted floors (9.9%), but pigs on dirt lots were more often positive with a higher percentage of coccidia (21.0%) than those on either cement or slatted floors (8.5% and 6.0%, respectively). Prevalence of Trichuris was essentially the same (6.8% to 11.3%) in hogs from all 3 management practices.
Oronasal and intramuscular vaccination of swine with a modified live porcine parvovirus vaccine: Multiplication and transmission of the vaccine virus
Authors: Paul Prem S. , Mengeling William L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An attenuated strain NADL-2 of porcine parvovirus (ppv) has been used at the 54th cell culture passage as a modified live-virus (mlv) vaccine. The present study was conducted to determine the minimum immunizing dose of mlv, the extent of mlv multiplication in swine tissues, and its transmission from swine administered mlv oronasally or intramuscularly. Immune response to mlv was dose dependent and swine responded to as little as 102 median cell-culture infective doses (ccid50). A 105 ccid50 of mlv, the largest dose given, induced the best immune response and was used in subsequent experiments.
Route of mlv administration also was found to be important. The mlv replicated in tissues of swine after im inoculation; however, viral antigen in tissues was less, as measured by immunofluorescence, and serum hemagglutination-inhibition titers for ppv were lower in mlv-inoculated swine than we have previously observed in virulent ppv-inoculated swine. In contrast, oronasal inoculation with mlv did not consistently result in infection of pigs; only 5 of 23 swine had virologic and/or serologic evidence of infection. Virus transmission studies indicated that mlv is shed in feces, but shedding occurs later than that in virulent-ppv-inoculated swine and is inconsistent. Delayed transmission of mlv was observed in contact pigs, which were seronegative at 2 weeks, but became seropositive at 4 weeks—indicating that perhaps a virus population capable of infecting pigs by oronasal route was selected by passage through the pig. The mlv also was found to be safe for pregnant gilts, since transplacental infection of fetuses was not observed after oronasal or after oronasal and im inoculation. The virulent strain NADL-8 of ppv retained its capability to cause transplacental infection after 10 cell-culture passages, indicating that perhaps the inability of strain NADL-2 to cause transplacental infection may be inherent to this strain. Our current and previous investigations attest to the attenuation of strain NADL-2 of ppv and demonstrate the strain's usefulness as a mlv vaccine for protection against the ppv-induced reproductive failure.
Transplacental transfer and colostral concentrations of selenium in beef cattle
Authors: Koller Loren D. , Whitbeck Ginny A. , South Peter J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Three groups of 20-month-old pregnant Hereford heifers received 3 regimens of selenium (Se) supplementation. Group 1 received pelleted alfalfa hay, soybean meal, which contained Se (0.313 mg/kg), and 90 mg of Se as sodium selenite/kg of salt-mineral mix ad libitum. Group 2 received the pelleted hay and soybean meal, and group 3 received only the pelleted alfalfa hay. At time of parturition, the mean whole blood Se concentrations were; group 1 = 0.250 mg of Se/kg of blood, group 2 = 0.162 mg/kg, and group 3 = 0.052 mg/kg, whereas the respective mean blood glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) values were 144, 80, and 30 mU/mg of hemoglobin. In comparison, the mean whole blood Se values for the calves were 0.242, 0.175, and 0.81 mg/kg, respectively, and their blood GSH-Px values were 154, 113, and 50 mU/mg of hemoglobin, respectively. Thus, the blood Se and GSH-Px values for each group reflected dietary intake of Se. The calf blood GSH-Px values were similar to their dams for group 1, but were 41% higher in group 2 and 67% greater in group 3. The data suggested that the fetus can sequester blood Se, accumulating values greater than the dam, and that larger amounts were concentrated in the fetus when smaller amounts were available from the dam.
The colostrum contained modest to low amounts of Se proportionate to dietary intake of this element. However, milk 7 days after parturient contained inadequate amounts of Se to sustain blood Se values in calves and the milk from heifers with low normal blood Se was essentially void of Se (0.009 mg/kg).
Assessment of blood GSH-Px in calves 8 weeks of age revealed that Se intake was insufficient to maintain blood GSH-Px corresponding to activity at birth; the declines were 17% in group 1, 29% in group 2, and 36% in group 3. Thus, the calves from the heifers that possessed the lowest blood Se (group 3) had the most rapid decline in blood GSH-Px.
The fetus can sequester Se when the dam has relatively low blood values of this element. Initially, an additional amount can be consumed by the neonate via colostrum, but the milk rapidly becomes deficient in Se. Lack of an adequate dietary source of Se resulted in a rapid decline of calf blood GSH-Px activity by 8 weeks of age. Nevertheless, oral supplementation of Se will result in sufficient quantities of this element in the dam with effective transfer to the fetus in utero to provide the neonate with adequate blood Se to prevent the development of severe Se-deficient associated syndromes.