bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analog‐Digital Models of Stream‐Aquifer Systemsa
Authors: Moulder E. A‐ , Jenkins C. T. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe best features of analog and digital computers were combined to make a management model of a stream‐aquifer system. The analog model provides a means for synthesizing, verifying, and summarizing aquifer properties; the digital model permits rapid calculation of the effects of water‐management practices. Given specific management alternatives, a digital program can be written that will optimize operation plans of stream‐aquifer systems. The techniques are demonstrated by application to a study of the Arkansas River valley in southeastern Colorado.
Application of Hydrogeology to the Selection of Refuse Disposal Sitesa
Authors: London Ronald A. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTNew sanitary landfills are being opened each day to accommodate the rising volume of solid wastes. Selection of proper sites is a very major part of the disposal problem, particularly as they might affect the surrounding surface and ground water.Leachate production is inevitable in the humid East and throughout most of the country. Several alternatives are suggested that would result in the assimilation of migrating leachate into, the environment at tolerable limits or for its renovation prior to final discharge: Alternative 1—knowledge of existing hydrogeologic conditions which would favorably control the rate and direction of leachate migration; Alternative 2—engineering the landfill by construction of low‐cost facilities to collect and treat leachate; and Alternative 3—construction of limited collection facilities to supplement natural conditions.It is suggested that more emphasis be given to hydrogeologic factors in the selection of refuse disposal sites to insure protection of surrounding surface and ground water. It is time to approach the waste disposal problem on a more sophisticated level by requiring test drilling, monitoring, and by giving consideration to the engineering of, landfills so that man's health and' environment are not jeopardized.
Ground‐Water Training in Barcelona, Spain
Authors: Davis Stanley N. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWater‐supply problems in Spain have become acute during the past decade owing to expansion of industry, construction of modern houses and apartments, and development of a tourist industry. A training program in ground‐water hydrology and geology was established three years ago in Barcelona to help supply personnel who would be able to cope with these problems. Training is also given to foreign nationals, a total of nine countries having been represented to date. Part of the success of the school rests on the fact that a large variety of ground‐water problems exist in the vicinity of Barcelona. Students obtain a firsthand knowledge of sea‐water intrusion, aquifer‐testing techniques, agricultural and municipal degradation of water quality, and drilling and exploration techniques within a wide variety of rock types.
A Mathematical Model of an Existing Municipal Well Field
Authors: DeVries Richard N. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIncreased irrigation demands on water from the Platte River in central Nebraska are causing a depletion in the flow that passes the City of Lincoln's Municipal well field, at Ashland, Nebraska. A study was made for the U. S. Army Engineers, Omaha District as to the future harmful effects of this depletion.a mathematical model using the Theis nonequilibrium equation was formulated. Drawdown computations were performed using an IBM 360 Model 65 computer. Recharging image wells were used to represent the physical boundary of the aquifer. Drawdowns in selected wells were calculated using the method of superposition by including both the real wells and the image wells. Values for permeability and the storage coefficient were computed from field pumping test data.Three different model runs were made. First, the wells were assumed to be pumped continuously at maximum output of 84 M.G.D. for periods of 10, 30, and 60 days both with and without river recharge.Next, the same time periods and recharge situations were run assuming 37 wells to be operating at their present field capacities, totaling 60 M.G.D.The third computer run was made using 39 wells. During the first 10‐day period only 27 wells were modeled to produce 51 M.G.D. In the next 10 days 31 wells were required to produce 59 M.G.D., and finally for the last 10 days 20 wells were‐used to produce 37 M.G.D. This operation duplicated the actual operation for July, 1968, when the all‐time peak production for any one month was recorded.It is concluded that the well field can be operated at high rates for periods of greater than 30 days without recharge from the river. Previous studies have indicated the river is the source of most of the water produced from the wells. The study does indicate that the well field can draw on the ground‐water reservoir for much longer periods than had been assumed in the past.
Trend‐Surface Analysis of Ground‐Water Fluctuationsa
Authors: Rockaway John D. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAs round‐water research is accelerated and basic data on aquifer parameters become more abundant, a statistical approach to evaluation of the ground‐water regimen becomes increasingly useful. One such statistical technique is the fitting of polynomial trend‐surfaces to ground‐water levels. Barcholomew County, Indiana was chosen as a test site to derive techniques which could give additional guidance in the selection of areas suitable for the development of future ground‐water resources.Trend‐surface maps and maps of the deviations from the trend‐surfaces were prepared from water‐level data and evaluated to establish their relationships with the hydrogeologic regimen. A field‐testing program was carried out to evaluate aquifer parameters.On the basis of the results obtained from these studies, the following conclusions were drawn:

A mathematically fitted surface may be considered to approximate the water‐table or piezomecric surface, and will be sensitive to fluctuations in the ground‐water reservoir.
The anomalous areas of the trend‐surface represent local effects superimposed on the regional base and may be explained by a particular set of geologic, hydrologie or man‐made conditions.

From these conclusions, it appears that trend‐surface analysis provides a rapid, inexpensive method of delineating attractive areas for detailed ground‐water investigations.
Noninstrumental Factors Affecting Measurement of Static Water Levels in Deeply Buried Aquifers and Aquitards, Nevada Test Sitea
Authors: Winograd Isaac J. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTAccurate measurement of static water levels in wells tapping deeply buried aquifers and aquitards at the Nevada Test Site requires evaluation of and correction for several factors exclusive of instrumentation. Both the drilling method used and the depth of the hole at the time of measurement significantly affect determination of the static water level for the aquitards, and frequently these factors preclude head determination in an economically justifiable time. Density of fluid in the drill stem and hole deviation affect the determination of accurate static water levels for the aquifers. In the principal aquifers, in which hydraulic gradients are as low as 0.5 foot per mile, direct measurement of depth to water is preferable to pressure‐gage measurements at the aquifer face. Case histories and graphs are presented to illustrate the magnitude of errors that can result when these factors are disregarded.
Modelling Partially Penetrating Rivers on Aquifer Models
Authors: Herbert Robin 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTA technique is presented for simulating partially penetrating rivers on two dimensional resistance‐capacitance network analogue aquifer models. The method is tested against an analytic solution due to Boulton (1942). Several results are presented which can be used to estimate an approximate value for the steady state discharge of a well pumping near to a partially penetrating river.
Numerical Solutions for the Radial Subsurface Flow Problem
Authors: Drake Ronald L. , Ellingson Michael B. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractTwo stable finite difference schemes are presented for the numerical solution of the nonlinear partial differential equation describing the radial flow of soil moisture. The nonlinearity is due to the fact that the soil moisture diffusivity, D, is a nonconstant function of the nondimensional soil moisture, y. Numerical solutions for twenty‐one different moisture dependent diffusivities are obtained. These diffusivities have the following forms: (a) eleven of the diffusivities represent flow into a sink, and the other ten represent flow from a source; (b) D is proportional to yP, where p =¼, ⅓, ½, 1, 2, 3, 4; (c) D is proportional to Ay, where A is a positive constant; and (d) some of the D's possess inflection points as y varies from 0 to 1. From these numerical solutions quantitative results are obtained for the following: (1) the boundedness and monotonicity of the moisture distribution; (2) the continuous dependence of the moisture distribution on the system's parameter, namely, the diffusivity; (3) the rate at which the “wetting front” approaches the steady state solution; (4) the evolution of the moisture front with time and with the formulation of the diffusivity; and (5) the time evolution of the rate of inflow or outflow at the wall of the source or sink.
Ground‐Water Fluctuations in Response to Arbitrary Pumpage
Authors: Moench Allen 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe problem of predicting water level changes in an aquifer due to variable pumpage is approached by using the convolution integral. Equations for a nonleaky artesian aquifer and a leaky artesian aquifer with negligible storage in the confining layer are presented. Computational results compare favorably with type curves for hypothetical cases with constant pumping. A practical example using variable pumpage from several pumping centers shows the applicability of the technique and its value in interpreting water level variations.
The Home Ground‐Water Supply Picture As We See Ita
Authors: McDermott James H. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractDrinking water for more than 50 million Americans is supplied from individual wells, springs, rain‐water catchments or unprotected surface‐water sources. The choice of water source is usually controlled by individual economic factors, and climatic, geologic and geographic considerations. This segment of the nation's population lives in the rural and suburban areas of the United States remote from existing community water supply distribution lines.The United States Public Health Service has shared, for many years, the concern of the various State Health Departments regarding the sanitary quality of individual water supplies. It has been generally concluded by public health officials, both Federal and State, that safe water supplies are not available to many homes in the United States. The rapid technological advances in industry, agriculture and transportation in recent years have intensified the potential of pollution of the environment, both chemically and biologically. The spread of pollution is accompanied by the increased hazard of water‐borne disease and associated illnesses.During the summer of 1969 the Bureau of Water Hygiene*, Environmental Health Service, with the cooperation of the Georgia State Health Department, conducted a systematic survey of individual water supplies in 4 counties in the State of Georgia. The results of the survey indicate that more than ⅓ of the water supplies sampled are potentially hazardous to the users, and that there is a definite relationship of the geologic environment and type of water supply to the nature of the contamination.
Comparison of Methods for Evaluating Aquifer Characteristics
Authors: Nawrocki Michael A. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTNonequilibrium pumping tests were performed at two widely separated sites consisting of one pumped and two observation wells each. The wells at both sites bottomed in the same stratigraphie formation; at one site a confined aquifer was tested, at the other the aquifer was unconfined. Data gathered from the tests were analyzed using the methods developed by Theis (1935), Jacob (1946), Chow (1952), and Hantush (1961). Eight separate determinations of transmissibility, permeability, and specific yield were made at each site. At the unconfined site, all eight determinations of permeability and transmissibility fell within nine percent of the mean of these calculated values. Specific yield predictions showed a wider variation, with individual computations differing by up to 55 percent from the mean at the confined site. No one method was found to yield consistently higher or lower values for the computed hydrologic characteristics; rather, the observation well used to make the analysis was found to have a more marked effect on the results obtained. Analysis of the well recovery curves confirmed the existence of local recharge near the test sites, explaining the apparent effect of the use of data from different observation wells on the analysis.
Drawdown in a Well Group Along a Straight Line
Authors: Rao D. Babu , Krizek Raymond J. , Karadi Gabor M. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTProcedures are developed and charts are presented to determine the unsteady drawdown in a group of wells which are located along a straight line and fully penetrate a homogeneous, isotropic, artesian aquifer. Based on the linearity of the governing field equation, the principle of superposition is used to combine the effects of individual wells, and solutions are obtained by using a digital computer to evaluate an exponential integral. The concepts of equivalent radius, coefficient of interference, and degree of uniformity are introduced, and quantitative graphical relationships are given as functions of the independent variables, which are the number of wells, well spacing, and time.
Cost of Domestic Wells and Water Treatment in Illinoisa
Authors: Gibb James P. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThis study provides cost information for private home ground‐water supply systems in Illinois. Relatively accurate cost predictions for different types and depths of wells, ranging in cost from about $150 to $2400, can be made from the graphs presented. The average cost of all wells studied is about $575. Cost data for pumping systems equipped with 10‐gpm submersible pumps (approximately 50 percent of all collected data) show that the average cost of these systems is about $585 with 50 percent ranging between $400 and $680.The costs of treating water for domestic use also are summarized. Two graphs illustrate the monthly costs of softening and removing iron at varying monthly consumption rates and concentrations of hardness‐forming minerals and iron. The monthly cost of continuous chlorination is calculated.Use of the data presented makes it possible to estimate the monthly costs of raw and treated water from a domestic ground‐water supply. Two maps show the probable costs of domestic raw water‐supply systems from sand and gravel wells and bedrock wells throughout the State. For an average installation and domestic use rate in Illinois, the monthly cost of raw water is about $11.00, softened water $15.40, softened water treated for iron $22.00, and softened water treated for iron and chlorinated $25.00. Similar calculations for any type and depth of well, water quality, and treatment can be made from the information in this report. This material should provide adequate information for planning purposes and decision making in developing a desired domestic supply.
A Basin Study of Ground‐Water Discharge from Bedrock into Glacial Drift Part II–Estimate of Discharge
Authors: Kent Douglas C. , Sendlein Lyle V. A. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThis is the second part of a two‐part series (Kent and Sendlein, 1972) in which an approximation of the quantity of bedrock recharge is made. Procedures used for the definition of the ground‐water system were described in Part I. In Part II, a subsurface ground‐water budget equates subsurface recharge from the bedrock aquifer to discharge through sand and gravel and to discharge by pumping. The Darcy equation is used to compute recharge and discharge volume flow rates. Estimates of permeability were obtained from existing pump‐test data and the hydraulic gradients were determined from the piezometric map. Two conceptual models are proposed to account for the maximum and minimum cross sectional areas of the bedrock aquifer through which ground water could flow into the sands and gravel and thus are used to represent the maximum and minimum limits of recharge. Upper, lower and average values of bedrock recharge are determined for each model and compared with the average natural discharge for the entire ground‐water basin (“total basin” approach). Comparisons are also made for portions of the basin (“partial basin” approach). Upper and lower limits of recharge are chosen from recharge values which are nearest to the average discharge estimate. This determination is based on the assumption that recharge is equal to discharge. Results of this study indicate a quantity of bedrock recharge between a lower limit of 0.23 mgpd and an upper limit of 2.5 mgpd is possible for an 800‐square mile basin.The purpose of this approach is to provide an approximation of ground‐water recharge from bedrock into an unconfined unconsolidated ground‐water basin, and to provide an estimate of its importance to urban ground‐water use.
Digital Simulation of an Outwash Aquifer
Authors: Lin Chang L. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTA digital model has been developed to simulate the ground‐water flow through a confined aquifer discretized by a nonuniform mesh, using the noniterative alternating direction implicit method. The model results were checked closely with the analytical Theis solution for a homogeneous, isotropic aquifer. The use of the model will result in the following advantages: (1) a reduction in computer core storage and execution time requirements, (2) a closer and better replica of the aquifer boundaries, and (3) a freedom to focus on concentrated areas of interests in the aquifer system.The model was applied as a test case to the isolated sand and gravel aquifer at Elmsvale, Nova Scotia, Canada. With the superposing Musquodoboit River providing a source of recharge to the system, the Elmsvale aquifer would reach an equilibrium after 51 days of continuous pumping at a rate of 0.670 cubic feet per second. Available information suggests that the ground‐water resources potential in the Musquodoboit River Valley is more than sufficient to meet the demand of the valley in the foreseeable future.
Processing of Results of Observations of Spring Discharge
Authors: Kříž Hubert 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTIn Czechoslovakia special methods of mathematical statistics are being used for the treatment of results of long‐term observations of spring discharges. This paper describes these methods using examples of the statistical treatment of weekly discharges of important springs issuing in the eastern marginal part of the Bohemian Cretaceous Plateau in Czechoslovakia for the years 1901 to 1970. Besides the usual average and extreme discharges of springs, the so‐called characteristic discharge, i.e. the discharge exceeded for the period of “n” days or “n” percent per year, is determined by this method. On the basis of these characteristic values it is then possible to rate the individual discharges even for a longer time, especially with an extraordinarily high or low discharge of springs, from the aspect of exceptionality of their occurrence.
Aerial Remote Sensing of Carbonate Terranes in Shelby County, Alabamaa
Authors: Warren William M. , Wielchowsky Charles C. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTRemotely‐sensed data are being used by the Geological Survey of Alabama in the study of subsidence and collapse problems in several carbonate terranes. Active areas in Shelby County, Alabama, have been delineated by on‐the‐ground inspection and by use of airborne remote sensors. These active terranes present formidable problems to those who presently live in the area as well as to those who will be involved in the future development of this region; therefore, techniques must be found that can be used to predict subsidence and collapse.Study of a 70‐square‐mile test area in the county indicates that aerial infrared photography, thermography, and side‐looking airborne radar (SLAR) imagery can be used for (1) locating, inventorying, and monitoring sinkholes; (2) predicting potential collapses; (3) mapping fracture traces, lineaments, regional geologic structure, and alignment of sinkholes; and (4) assisting general project planning. Tremendous time and effort can be saved by using remote‐sensing techniques because large areas can be examined in a very short period of time.
Tax Implications of Ground‐Water Depletion
Authors: Sellers James H. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe Shurbet Case established that ground water is a natural resource subject to depletion. That decision was restricted to water extracted from the Ogallala formation on the Southern High Plains of Texas and New Mexico. The unique features of the Ogallala formation on the Southern High Plains are that (1) the reservoir serves a significant geographic area which has no other source of water, (2) the recharge of the reservoir is from a single predictable source, and (3) the artificial discharge caused by pumpage produces a permanent reduction in the water available for use.In order to claim a depletion deduction, the taxpayer must (1) determine the cost of the water, (2) determine the quantity of water available at the time of acquisition, and (3) determine the quantity of water exhausted during the year. The procedures developed for use in the Shurbet Case have been accepted by the Internal Revenue Service for use in establishing the cost, quantity, and usage of water.In deciding who can claim a depletion deduction for the use of ground water, four factors must be considered. They are: (1) legal, (2) geologic, (3) economic, and (4) procedural. The taxpayer must have an economic interest in the water, and the water must be a depletable deposit. The geology and hydrology must be similar to the Southern High Plains. The taxpayer must have a cost basis in the water and must produce income from its sale or use. The taxpayer must prove that he sustained depletion.Although the Shurbet decision has been confined to the Southern High Plains, it seems that similar conditions may exist in other areas and that water users should be made aware of the potential tax saving arising from the depletion deduction.
Ground‐Water Recharge for Urban Use: Leaky Acres Projecta
Authors: Nightingale Harry I. , Bianchi William C. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe problems associated with the use of agricultural surface water for artificial ground‐water recharge to maintain an urban ground‐water supply are being researched at the Leaky Acres Recharge Project in Fresno, California. Ground‐water recharge and agricultural technologies are combined to recharge available irrigation water through agricultural soils and profiles of known chemical, geologic, and hydrologic properties. This report describes the project area, research aims, and some ground‐water quality changes associated with two years of recharge operation.Leaky Acres has 117 acres (47.4 ha.) of ponding surface in 10 basins. During 1971 and 1972 recharge seasons, not all of the area was in operation at one time; still, a total of 13,904 acre‐feet (17,150,000 m.3) of high‐quality water was recharged. The 1972 average intake rate was 0.574 ft./day (17.5 cm./day). Changes in ground‐water quality related to soil leaching during recharge are discussed. Eventual improvement of the regional ground‐water quality is expected.