bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cefadroxil and cephalexin pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in children with musculoskeletal infections
Authors: Haynes Andrew S. , Wei Zixuan , Anderson Peter , Scheetz Marc H. , Parker Sarah K. , Fish Douglas N. 
Published: April 2024

ABSTRACT

Cephalexin, a first-generation cephalosporin, is the first-line oral therapy for children with musculoskeletal infections due to methicillin-susceptible
Staphylococcus aureus
(MSSA). Cefadroxil, a similar first-generation cephalosporin, is an attractive alternative to cephalexin given its longer half-life. In this study, we describe the comparative pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of cephalexin and cefadroxil in children with musculoskeletal infections. Children aged 6 months to 18 years with a musculoskeletal infection were enrolled in a prospective, open-label, crossover PK study and given single oral doses of cefadroxil (50–75 mg/kg up to 2,000 mg) and cephalexin (50 mg/kg up to 1,375 mg). Population PK models were developed and used for dosing simulations. Our primary PD target was the achievement of free antibiotic concentrations above the minimum inhibitory concentration (
f
T >MIC) for 40% of the day for MICs ≤ 4 mg/L. PK of cephalexin (
n
= 15) and cefadroxil (
n
= 14) were best described using a one-compartment, first-order absorption model, with a lag time component for cefadroxil. PK parameters were notable for cefadroxil’s longer half-life (1.61 h) than cephalexin’s (1.10 h). For pediatric weight bands, our primary PD target was achieved by cephalexin 25 mg/kg/dose, maximum 750 mg/dose, administered three times daily and cefadroxil 40 mg/kg/dose, maximum 1,500 mg/dose, administered twice daily. More aggressive dosing was required to achieve higher PD targets. Among children with musculoskeletal infections, oral cephalexin and cefadroxil achieved PD targets for efficacy against MSSA. Given less frequent dosing, twice-daily cefadroxil should be further considered as an alternative to cephalexin for oral step-down therapy for serious infections due to MSSA.
Draft genome sequence of
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
isolated from a wild rat in Japan
Authors: Okutani Akiko , Taira Masakatsu , Iida Shun , Park Eun-Sil , Tokuyoshi Mikuni , Watari Yuya , Suzuki Tadaki , Maeda Ken 
Published: April 2024

ABSTRACT

We report a draft genome sequence of
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
isolated from the spleen of a wild rat from Mikura-shima Island, Japan. The bacterium was identified as serotype O:4b using PCR-based O-genotyping. These genomic data provide insights into the pathogenic potential of this strain in spontaneous outbreaks among wild animals.
Kinetic Regularities of the Synthesis of Silica Nanoparticles by Heterogeneous Hydrolysis of Tetraethoxysilane Using L-Arginine as a Catalyst
Authors: Masalov V. M. , Sukhinina N. S. , Sovyk D. N. , Ralchenko V. G. , Emel’chenko G. A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The kinetics of the synthesis of silica nanoparticles (<50 nm) has been studied under the conditions of heterogeneous hydrolysis of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) using L-arginine as an alkaline catalyst. The rates of silica formation have been determined in a temperature range of 10–95°C at catalyst concentrations of 6–150 mM. It has been shown that the activation energy of the process depends on catalyst concentration and varies in a range of 21.5–13.9 kJ/mol, while decreasing linearly with increasing concentration of L-arginine in the system. The criterion of maintaining the monodispersity has been estimated for SiO2 particles being grown “onto seeds.” The density of submicron-sized silica particles has been experimentally determined as depending on the annealing temperature. Within a temperature range of 200–1000°C, the particle density varies from 2.04 to 2.20 g/cm3.
Impact of social transition in relation to gender for children and adolescents: a systematic review
Authors: Hall Ruth , Taylor Jo , Hewitt Catherine Elizabeth , Heathcote Claire , Jarvis Stuart William , Langton Trilby , Fraser Lorna 
Published: April 2024

BackgroundIncreasing numbers of children and adolescents experiencing gender dysphoria or incongruence are being referred to specialist gender services. Historically, social transitioning prior to assessment was rare but it is becoming more common.AimTo identify and synthesise studies assessing the outcomes of social transition for children and adolescents (under 18) experiencing gender dysphoria/incongruence.MethodsA systematic review and narrative sythesis. Database searches (Medline, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Web of Science) were perfomed in April 2022. Studies reporting any outcome of social transition (full or partial) for children and adolescents experiencing gender dysphoria/incongruence were included. An adapted version of the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for cohort studies was used to appraise study quality.ResultsEleven studies were included (children (n=8) and adolescents (n=3)) and most were of low quality. The majority were from the US, featured community samples and cross-sectional analyses. Different comparator groups were used, and outcomes related to mental health and gender identity reported. Overall studies consistently reported no difference in mental health outcomes for children who socially transitioned across all comparators. Studies found mixed evidence for adolescents who socially transitioned.ConclusionsIt is difficult to assess the impact of social transition on children/adolescents due to the small volume and low quality of research in this area. Importantly, there are no prospective longitudinal studies with appropriate comparator groups assessing the impact of social transition on mental health or gender-related outcomes for children/adolescents. Professionals working in the area of gender identity and those seeking support should be aware of the absence of robust evidence of the benefits or harms of social transition for children and adolescents.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42021289659.
Clinical guidelines for children and adolescents experiencing gender dysphoria or incongruence: a systematic review of guideline quality (part 1)
Authors: Taylor Jo , Hall Ruth , Heathcote Claire , Hewitt Catherine Elizabeth , Langton Trilby , Fraser Lorna 
Published: April 2024

BackgroundIncreasing numbers of children and adolescents experiencing gender dysphoria/incongruence are being referred to specialist gender services. There are various guidelines outlining approaches to the clinical care of these children and adolescents.AimTo examine the quality and development of published guidelines or clinical guidance containing recommendations for managing gender dysphoria/incongruence in children and/or adolescents (age 0-18). A separate paper reports the synthesis of guideline recommendations.MethodsA systematic review and narrative synthesis. Databases (Medline, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Web of Science) were searched to April 2022 and web-based searches and contact with international experts continued to December 2022, with results assessed independently by two reviewers. The Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation tool was used to examine guideline quality.ResultsTwenty-three guidelines/clinical guidance publications (1998–2022) were identified (4 international, 3 regional and 16 national). The quality and methods reporting in these varied considerably. Few guidelines systematically reviewed empirical evidence, and links between evidence and recommendations were often unclear. Although most consulted with relevant stakeholders, including 10 which involved service users or user representatives, it was often unclear how this influenced recommendations and only two reported including children/adolescents and/or parents. Guidelines also lacked clarity about implementation. Two international guidelines (World Professional Association for Transgender Health and Endocrine Society) formed the basis for most other guidance, influencing their development and recommendations.ConclusionsMost clinical guidance for managing children/adolescents experiencing gender dysphoria/incongruence lacks an independent and evidence-based approach and information about how recommendations were developed. This should be considered when using these to inform service development and clinical practice.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42021289659.
Vertebral artery dissection as the underlying cause of ventral spinal epidural haematoma
Authors: Tavares Joana , Freire Inês , Branco Cristina , Luís Ana 
Published: April 2024

Spontaneous spine epidural haematoma is a rare occurrence, with an incidence of 0.1/100 000 inhabitants/year. The anterior location of the haematoma is very uncommon since the dural sac is firmly attached to the posterior longitudinal ligament. Vertebral artery dissection as its underlying cause is an exceptionally rare event, with only two documented cases.This article presents the case of young woman who arrived at the emergency room with a spinal ventral epidural haematoma extending from C2 to T10, caused by a non-traumatic dissecting aneurysm of the right vertebral artery at V2–V3 segment. Since the patient was tetraparetic, she underwent emergent laminectomy, and the vertebral artery dissection was subsequently treated endovascularly with stenting.Vertebral artery dissection with subsequent perivascular haemorrhage is a possible cause of spontaneous spine epidural haematoma, particularly when located ventrally in the cervical and/or high thoracic column. Hence the importance of a thorough investigation of the vertebral artery integrity.
Can communities be mobilised to build capacity to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic? A qualitative process evaluation
Authors: Harris Janet , Ramirez Paulina , Arnold Frances , Redgrave Paul 
Published: April 2024

ObjectivesGovernment guidance to manage COVID-19 was challenged by low levels of health and digital literacy and lack of information in different languages. ‘Covid Confidence’ sessions (CC-sessions) were evaluated to assess their effectiveness in counteracting misinformation and provide an alternative source of information about the pandemic.DesignWe worked with community anchor organisations to co-ordinate online CC-sessions serving three economically deprived, ethnically mixed, neighbourhoods. We conducted a qualitative, participatory process evaluation, in tandem with the CC-sessions to explore whether a popular opinion leader/local champion model of health promotion could mobilise pandemic responses. Group discussions were supplemented by final interviews to assess changes in community capacity to mobilise.SettingSheffield, England, September 2020 to November 2021.ParticipantsCommunity leaders, workers and volunteers representing a variety of local organisations resulted in 314 attendances at CC-sessions. A group of local health experts helped organisations make sense of government information.ResultsCC-sessions fostered cross-organisational relationships, which enabled rapid community responses. Community champions successfully adapted information to different groups. Listening, identifying individual concerns and providing practical support enabled people to make informed decisions on managing exposure and getting vaccinated. Some people were unable to comply with self-isolation due to overcrowded housing and the need to work. Communities drew on existing resources and networks.ConclusionsCC-sessions promoted stronger links between community organisations which reduced mistrust of government information. In future, government efforts to manage pandemics should partner with communities to codesign and implement prevention and control measures.
Suspended accounts align with the Internet Research Agency misinformation campaign to influence the 2016 US election
Authors: Serafino Matteo , Zhou Zhenkun , Andrade José S. , Bovet Alexandre , Makse Hernán A. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe ongoing debate surrounding the impact of the Internet Research Agency’s (IRA) social media campaign during the 2016 U.S. presidential election has largely overshadowed the involvement of other actors. Our analysis brings to light a substantial group of suspended Twitter users, outnumbering the IRA user group by a factor of 60, who align with the ideologies of the IRA campaign. Our study demonstrates that this group of suspended Twitter accounts significantly influenced individuals categorized as undecided or weak supporters, potentially with the aim of swaying their opinions, as indicated by Granger causality.
Intervenções em terapia ocupacional com idosos com transtorno neurocognitivo leve: uma revisão integrativa
Authors: Fücher Renata , Batista Marina Picazzio Perez , Almeida Maria Helena Morgani de 
Published: April 2024

Introdução: O Terapeuta Ocupacional (TO) é um profissional capacitado para avaliar e intervir junto a idosos com transtorno neurocognitivo leve (TNL) com objetivo de promover a manutenção ou melhora no desempenho cognitivo e funcional, diminuindo o impacto do declínio cognitivo nas atividades cotidianas e participação social Objetivos: Conhecer intervenções em TO junto a idosos com TNL. Método: Revisão bibliográfica integrativa nas bases de dados: PubMed, Scielo, AgeLine, Cinahl, Scopus e Web of Science e em revistas da TO não indexadas nessas bases, no período de janeiro de 2016 a junho de 2021, nos idiomas inglês e português, utilizando os descritores: occupational therapy, aged e mild cognitive impairment combinados com o operador boleano AND. Resultados: 10 artigos foram selecionados, a maioria publicado em 2020, apenas 1 nacional, metade configurava-se como quase-experimental. Os instrumentos para avaliação de intervenções tinham ênfase no desempenho cognitivo, funcionalidade e sintomas depressivos. Na maioria dos estudos realizou-se abordagem grupal e focada em estimulação cognitiva. A minoria voltou-se para orientações sobre estratégias funcionais focadas nas atividades de vida diária, vivências artísticas e atividade física. Conclusão: Notou-se que a intervenção terapêutica ocupacional gera benefícios para os idosos. Necessita-se de mais estudos, principalmente nacionais para fomentar esta prática.
Do manuscrito ao pensamento pela rasura
Authors: Willemart Philippe 
Published: April 2024

O que acontece no momento do silêncio criado pela rasura? O pensa­mento reencontra qual mundo, quais inconscientes, quais invariantes? Em que este momento favorece a criação? O scriptor encontra neleformas novas? Qual é sua relação com a escritura nesse momento? O geneticista pode trabalhar com os cognitivistas?
Objective QC for diffusion MRI data: Artefact detection using normative modelling
Authors: Cirstian Ramona , Forde Natalie J. , Andersson Jesper L. R. , Sotiropoulos Stamatios N. , Beckmann Christian F. , Marquand Andre F. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Diffusion MRI is a neuroimaging modality used to evaluate brain structure at a microscopic level and can be exploited to map white matter fibre bundles and microstructure in the brain. One common issue is the presence of artefacts, such as acquisition artefacts, physiological artefacts, distortions, or image processing-related artefacts. These may lead to problems with other downstream processes and can bias subsequent analyses. In this work, we use normative modelling to create a semi-automated pipeline for detecting diffusion imaging artefacts and errors by modelling 24 white matter imaging-derived phenotypes from the UK Biobank dataset. The considered features comprised four microstructural features (from models with different complexity such as fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity from a diffusion tensor model and parameters from neurite orientation, dispersion, and density models), each within six pre-selected white matter tracts of various sizes and geometrical complexity (corpus callosum, bilateral corticospinal tract and uncinate fasciculus and fornix). Our method was compared to two traditional quality control approaches: a visual quality control protocol performed on 500 subjects and quantitative quality control using metrics derived from image pre-processing. The normative modelling framework proves to be comprehensive and efficient in detecting diffusion imaging artefacts arising from various sources (such as susceptibility induced distortions or motion), as well as outliers resulting from inaccurate processing (such as erroneous spatial registrations). This is an important contribution by virtue of this methods’ ability to identify the two problem sources (i) image artefacts and (ii) processing errors, which subsequently allows for a better understanding of our data and informs on inclusion/exclusion criteria of participants.
Is Taiwan a Small Island? Relational and Representational Perceptions
Authors: Pitkänen Ari-Joonas 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This article examines the popular yet contested notion that Taiwan is a ‘small island’, proposing that this notion reflects a modern representational worldview. In modern discourse, Taiwan is routinely presented as a small island, but a closer review of modern and historical sources reveals that it has been variously seen as anything between ‘tiny’ and ‘huge’ and was frequently considered a large rather than small island prior to its complete mapping and colonisation. This article suggests that the perception of Taiwan’s smallness rests on indirect cartographic-quantitative representations, while a direct, relational, and situated view produces a sense of largeness. It could thus be argued that Taiwan ‘became small’ when relational perception gave way to a modern representational worldview from the seventeenth century onwards. Rekindling a relational perspective could steer the discourse away from essentialist notions of smallness.
A Linear Theory for Periodic Convectively Forced Gravity Waves near a Coastline
Authors: Du Yu , Rotunno Richard , Chen Zijian , Yang Hongpei 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This study presents a simple 2D linear analytical model aimed at investigating gravity waves forced by temporally periodic convection near a coastline. This investigation encompasses two distinct convective heating scenarios: deep convective heating and stratiform heating/cooling. Our model explores the intricate behavior of gravity waves in proximity to a time-dependent convective source and examines their propagation characteristics across diverse atmospheric conditions. Close to the convective source, gravity waves demonstrate nearly horizontal propagation with vertically aligned phase lines. The velocity of their propagation primarily depends on the vertical scale of the convective heating. The presence of a tropopause further extends their horizontal reach through partial wave ducting between the surface and the tropopause. However, the horizontal scale of the convective heating also plays a crucial role in determining the horizontal wavelength and, consequently, affecting the horizontal propagation speed of the gravity waves. If the heating horizontal scale is small compared to the horizontal scale of free waves at the forcing frequency, the heating vertical scale determines the vertical wavelength and thus the horizontal wavelength. However, if the heating horizontal scale is large, the horizontal wavelength determined by the heating vertical scale has little energy, so that the horizontal wavelength is mainly determined by the heating horizontal scale. Moreover, longer periods of convective heating and stronger background winds contribute to an increased downstream propagation distance of the gravity waves away from the source. Additionally, inertia–gravity waves generated by diurnal convection can propagate horizontally over greater distances at a higher latitude but become confined or trapped at latitudes exceeding 30°.
Ascorbic acid attenuates gasoline-induced testicular toxicity, sperm quality deterioration, and testosterone imbalance in rats
Authors: Ezim Ogechukwu E , Nyeche Joy , Nebeolisa Chisom E , Belonwu Chuka D , Abarikwu Sunny O 
Published: April 2024

The present study evaluated the protective effect of ascorbic acid (ASCB) against gasoline fumes (PET) induced testicular oxidative stress, sperm toxicity, and testosterone imbalance in Wistar rats. Twenty-four (24) male albino rats (75 ± 16 g) were randomized into three experimental groups ( N = 8). The control group: received normal saline, PET group: exposed to PET 6 h daily by inhalation in an exposure chamber and PET + 200 mg ASCB/kg body weight group: exposed to PET 6 h daily by inhalation and administered ASCB per os. Treatment of ASCB and PET exposure was done thrice and five times weekly for a period of 10 weeks respectively. ASCB co-treatment prevented PET-induced increases in the oxidative stress markers (glutathione, glutathione S-transferase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, hydrogen peroxide generation, nitric oxide, and lipid peroxidation) and serum testosterone concentration ( p < .05). Sperm quality was low and those with damaged heads and tails increased alongside histological injuries in the PET-exposed rats, which were also minimized with ASCB administration. ASCB protected against PET-induced oxidative stress, sperm, and testis damage in rats.
Transition between peritoneal dialysis modalities: Impact on blood pressure levels and drug prescription in a national multicentric cohort
Authors: Dariva Marcus , Guedes Murilo , Rigodon Vladimir , Kotanko Peter , Larkin John W , Ferlin Bruno , Pecoits-Filho Roberto , Barretti Pasqual , de Moraes Thyago Proença 
Published: April 2024

Background: Hypertension is a leading cause of kidney failure, affects most dialysis patients and associates with adverse outcomes. Hypertension can be difficult to control with dialysis modalities having differential effects on sodium and water removal. There are two main types of peritoneal dialysis (PD), automated peritoneal dialysis (APD) and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). It is unknown whether one is superior to the other in controlling blood pressure (BP). Therefore, the aim of our study was to analyse the impact of switching between these two PD modalities on BP levels in a nationally representative cohort. Methods: This was a cohort study of patients on PD from 122 dialysis centres in Brazil (BRAZPD II study). Clinical and laboratory data were collected monthly throughout the study duration. We selected all patients who remained on PD at least 6 months and 3 months on each modality at minimum. We compared the changes in mean systolic/diastolic blood pressures (SBP/DBP) before and after modality transition using a multilevel mixed-model where patients were at first level and their clinics at the second level. Results: We analysed data of 848 patients (814 starting on CAPD and 34 starting on APD). The SBP decreased by 4 (SD 22) mmHg when transitioning from CAPD to APD ( p < 0.001) and increased by 4 (SD 21) mmHg when transitioning from APD to CAPD ( p = 0.38); consistent findings were seen for DBP. There was no significant change in the number of antihypertensive drugs prescribed before and after transition. Conclusions: Transition between PD modalities seems to directly impact on BP levels. Further studies are needed to confirm if switching to APD could be an effective treatment for uncontrolled hypertension among CAPD patients.