bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Delayed paraplegia following spinal anaesthesia
Authors: Pryle B. J. , Carter J. A. , Cadoux‐Hudson T. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryWe report an extremely rare complication of regional anaesthesia, a spinal subdural haematoma, which resulted in permanent neurological damage occurring 8 days after dural puncture at T12–L1. Although spinal subdural haematoma following spinal anaesthesia and lumbar puncture has been described before, this is the first report of this complication occurring after dural puncture using a 25G atraumatic pencil point (Whitacre) needle. Contributory factors might have been the perioperative intermittent low dose aspirin therapy and the fact that spinal anaesthesia was performed at the T12‐L1 level.
TEACHING FUNCTIONAL ENGLISH
Authors: COOK VIVIAN J. 
Published: February 2007

Writers of textbooks published since the beginning of 1978 are invited to submit 1000 word articles discussing the principles underlying their work and accompanied by two pages from the book in question. The articles should be problem‐based, not advertisements, and the extracts should be in a form suitable for reproduction without redrawing. Writers will be responsible for obtaining all necessary permissions.The role of practical communicative approaches in language teaching and the need for active participation by students in the language learning process are two of the major current concerns of applied linguistics. In much present‐day ELT practice these concerns are reflected in the organization of syllabuses in terms of language functions and notions, rather than grammatical structures, in the emphasis placed in recent course design on the learner's use of ‘real‐life’ language through simulation and interaction techniques, and on the relation of course content to the needs of the traveller or the professional user of English. Such approaches are exemplified in a recently completed series, the first book of which has the specific aims of enabling the students to use English for travelling and for talking about themselves and their interests in the classroom.
Englishization and language change in modern Chinese in Taiwan
Authors: HSU JIA‐LING 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT: This paper is a study of the impact of English on modern Chinese morphology and syntax in Taiwan. This process, termed ‘Englishization’(Kachru, 1989), was initiated by the translation of Western literary works, mainly from English, into written Chinese. First, the historical background of this process in modern Chinese will be briefly addressed. Second, the morphological and syntactic features of Chinese that have been influenced by English, and the mechanism by which these features have been brought about, will be discussed.This study has two purposes: to describe the Englishized features based primarily on previous observations of other scholars, and to present new observations of the recent developments in this process. The evidence comes from limited empirical data collected from newspapers, magazines, and creative literary texts.This research has confirmed that translation is an initiator of syntactic change and provides the mechanism through which such a process takes place. The results of the study indicate that the Englishization of modern Chinese, initiated by translation, has developed further with time and has become an inevitable trend.
Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infection: A Review of the World Literature
Authors: van Der Hulst René W.M. , Keller Josbert J. , Rauws Erik A.J. , Tytgat Guido N.J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT Background.None of the currently used anti‐Helicobacter pylori drug regimens cures the infection 100%, and cure results still vary considerably. The present article reviews the effectiveness of currently used antimicrobial regimens, aimed to cure H. pylori infection. Methods.Data collection started from the beginning of the anti‐H. pylori‐therapy era until May 1995. No attempt at formal metanalysis has been made, because many studies have been published only in abstract form. Attempts were made to exclude duplicates of studies by comparison to previously reported ones; the authors of suspected duplicates were contacted. After amalgamation of the number of included patients and the number of successfully treated patients, the mean values of eradication rates and the 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Results.A total of 237 treatment arms were analyzed. Bismuth triple therapy continues to reach high eradication rates worldwide (78–89%). Side effects leading to diminished patient compliance and the marked decline of eradication efficacy in cases of metronidazole resistance are considered to be the major drawbacks of this therapy. Proton pump inhibitor (PPI) dual therapy is better tolerated with fewer side effects than is bismuth triple therapy. The mean eradication rates vary from 55 to 75%, and the extremes lie between 24 and 93%. PPI triple therapies have been shown to be very effective against H. pylori (eradication rates, 80–89%). Quadruple therapy leads to a mean eradication rate of 96%. Conclusion.Based on efficacy, PPI triple or bismuth triple therapy are recommended as first‐line treatment for H. pylori infection. Quadruple therapy could serve as second‐line treatment for eradication of initial failures and in case of metronidazole resistance.
An Increase in Helicobacter pylori Strains Resistant to Metronidazole: A Five‐Year Study
Authors: Ling Thomas K.W. , Cheng Augustine F.B. , Sung Joseph J.Y. , Yiu Phyllis Y.L. , Chung Sydney S.C. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT Background.Metronidazole is one of the most commonly used antimicrobial agents for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection. Resistance to metronidazole has been reported worldwide but with a wide range of prevalence. We started using the classical triple therapy (bismuth, tetracycline, and metronidazole) for H. pylori infection in 1991 but recently have experienced a decline in its efficacy in curing the infection. Thus our aim was to investigate in a single center the prevalence of metronidazole‐resistant H. pylori over a period of 5 years. Materials and Methods.A total of 1,015 different H. pylori strains collected over a period of 5 years were tested for sensitivity against metronidazole, ampicillin, tetracycline, and imipenem. Antibiotic sensitivity was tested by the disk diffusion and agar dilution methods. To elucidate further the possible relationship between these metronidazole‐resistant strains, genomic DNA digestion by the Hae III endonuclease and ribotyping were undertaken in a selected group of isolates. Results.In 1991, 29 of 132 (22.0%) tested strains of H. pylori were found to be resistant to metronidazole. Since our initiation at that time of a triple therapy of bismuth, metronidazole, and tetracycline, the prevalence of metronidazole‐resistant strains rose rapidly to 73.2% in 1995. All H. pylori isolates were sensitive to ampicillin, tetracycline, and imipenem. A high degree of genomic heterogeneity was found among these isolates. Thus it is unlikely that the resistant strains of H. pylori were originated from a single clone. Conclusions.This study shows a rapid increase in metronidazole‐resistant H. pylori with the use of an anti‐Helicobacter regimen that contains metronidazole. We anticipate that the efficacy of metronidazole‐containing anti‐Helicobacter regimens will decline with the rapid rise in resistant strains of H. pylori.
The Influence of Helicobacter pylori Status on Circulating Levels of the Coagulation Factors Fibrinogen, von Willebrand Factor, Factor VII, and Factor VIII
Authors: Carter Angela M. , Moayyedi Paul , Catto Andrew , Heppell Richar M. , Axon Anthony T. R. , Grant Peter J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT Background.
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection has been associated with an increased risk of developing ischemic heart disease (IHD). It has been suggested that a persisting low‐grade acute phase response results from the chronic inflammation caused by H. pylori infection, which may give rise to increased circulating levels of certain coagulation factors. Materials and Methods.One hundred three (53 male) nonconsecutive, randomly selected white subjects with symptoms of dyspepsia were recruited for study from an outpatient endoscopy clinic at Leeds General Infirmary. The presence of H. pylori was determined by histological and microbiological investigation, a rapid urease test, and a 13carbon urea breath test (13C‐UBT). Fibrinogen was measured by the Clauss method, factor VIII:C (FVIII:C) and factor VII:C (FVII:C) were measured by clotting rate assays, and the von Willebrand factor (vWF) was determined by an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Results.No difference was found in levels of coagulation factors according to H. pylori status. Multiple regression models were used to account for the effect of covariates and H. pylori status on levels of FVII:C, FVIII:C, vWF, and fibrinogen, and again H. pylori status was not a significant determinant of levels of any of these coagulation factors. No difference occurred in full blood count, platelet count, white cell count, or plasma viscosity in individuals who were H. pylori‐positive compared with those who were negative. Conclusions.
H. pylori infection is not associated with increased circulating levels of fibrinogen, FVII:C, vWF.Ag, or FVIII:C or hemorrheology in this patient group.
Is Antrum or Corpus the Best Site for Culture of Helicobacter pylori?
Authors: Yousfi Mahmoud M. , Reddy Rita , Osato Michael S. , Graham David Y. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT BackgroundIsolating Helicobacter pylori on culture media and performing antibiotic susceptibility testing is potentially the most useful tool for guiding antibiotic therapy, especially when antimicrobial resistance is suspected. The aim of this study was to determine whether the yield of H. pylori culture was related to the site from which the gastric specimen was obtained either before or after therapy. Methods.Gastric mucosal biopsies from the antrum and the corpus of the stomach were cultured. H. pylori status was determined by histological assessment using the Genta stain. Results.Fifty‐two patients with documented H. pylori infection were studied: Twenty‐three were tested before antibiotic therapy and 29 after therapy had failed. In 47 patients (90%), both antral and corpus culture specimens were positive. In 5 patients (10%), only one site was positive, with three false‐negative antral and two false negative corpus cultures. The overall sensitivity of culture in detecting H. pylori infection was 95% (95% confidence interval = 89–98%) and was not significantly different for the antrum or corpus, either before or after therapy. Conclusion.Culture of gastric biopsies from either the antrum or the corpus has an excellent diagnostic yield even in patients who failed antimicrobial therapy.
Different Expression of Helicobacter pylori Gastritis in Children: Evidence for a Specific Pediatric Disease?
Authors: Meining Alexander , Behrens Richard , Lehn Norbert , Bayerdörffer Ekkehard , Stolte Manfred 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT BackgroundInfection with Helicobacter pylori causes active chronic gastritis. Once the infection is acquired, gastritis will persist for almost the rest of one's life. To date, very few data are available on H. pylori gastritis in relation to age. Therefore, we attempted to inestigate whether H. pylori gastritis in children exhibits features different from H. pylori gastritis in adults of two different age groups. Materials and Methods.Fifty consecutive children with a median age of 11 years (range, 3–18 years) were compared with two groups of 50 adult patients, one group with a median age of 43 (range, 19–56 years) and another group with a median age of 70 years (range, 59–86 years). All patients had H. pylori gastritis unrelated to active peptic ulcer disease. Two biopsy specimens were taken from the antrum and two from the corpus, and the following gastritis parameters were evaluated: degree and activity of gastritis, H. pylori colonization, replacement of foveolar epithelium by regenerative epithelium, mucous depletion, presence of atrophic gastritis with intestinal metaplasia, and presence of lymphoid follicles. Results.Degree and activity of gastritis, extent of H. pylori colonization, degree of replacement by regenerative epithelium, extent of mucous depletion, degree of atrophic gastritis with intestinal metaplasia, and the presence of lymphoid follicles in the antrum, as well as the presence of lymphoid follicles in the corpus differed significantly (chi‐square test: p < .05). All these differences—except the once frequent occurrence of atrophic gastritis with intestinal metaplasia in adults—were attributable to a higher expression of these gastritis parameters in children. Conclusions.We conclude that H. pylori gastritis, particularly in the antrum, is more severely expressed in childhood. One reason for this might be a child‐specific immune response to an infection with H. pylori. Alternatively, infection may represent a pediatric disease characterized by a nonatrophic, highly expressed form of gastritis, which changes its appearance once the host becomes adapted over time.
Eradication of Helicobacter pylori Using One‐week Triple Therapies Combining Omeprazole with Two Antimicrobials: The MACH I Study
Authors: Lind Tore , van Zanten Sander Veldhuyzen , Unge Peter , Spiller Robin , Bayerdörffer Ekkehard , O'Morain Colm , Bardhan Karna Dev , Bradette Marc , Chiba Naoki , Wrangstadh Michael , Cederberg Christer , Idström Jan‐Peter 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT Background.Eradication of Helicobacter pylori provides potential cure in the majority of patients with peptic ulcer disease, and eradication rates of more than 90% have been reported, using omeprazole in combination with two antimicrobials. The choice of antimicrobials, dose regimen and duration of treatment have varied between studies, however, and an optimal treatment still has to be established. Materials and Methods.We conducted an international, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study involving more than 100 patients in each of six treatment groups in 43 hospital gastrointestinal units in Canada, Germany, Ireland, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Patients (n=787) with proved duodenal ulcer disease were randomized to treatment twice daily for 1 week with omeprazole, 20 mg (O), plus either placebo (P) or combinations of two of the following anti‐microbials: amoxicillin, 1 gm (A), clarithromycin, 250 or 500 mg (C250, C500), or metronidazole, 400 mg (M). Eradication of H. pylori was evaluated by 13C‐UBT, performed before and 4 weeks after treatment cessation. Results.The eradication rates for the all‐patients‐treated analysis were 96%. OAC500; 95%, OMC250; 90%, OMC500; 84%, OAC250; 79%, OAM; and 1%, OP. OAC500 and OMC250 achieved eradication rates with lower 95% confidence interval limits exceeding 90%. All regimens were well‐tolerated, 96% of patients complied with their dose regimen, and 2.3% of the patients discontinued treatment owing to adverse events. Conclusions.Omeprazole triple therapies given twice daily for 1 week produce high eradication rates, are well‐tolerated, and are associated with high patient compliance. The two most effective therapies were those combining omeprazole, 20 mg, with either amoxicillin, 1 gm, plus clarithromycin, 500 mg, or metronidazole, 400 mg, plus clarithromycin, 250 mg, all given twice daily.
Gastric Juice Polymerase Chain Reaction: An Alternative to Histology in the Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori Infection
Authors: Basso Daniela , Navaglia Filippo , Cassaro Maura , Scrigner Marina , Toma Andrea , Bo Nadia Dal , Mario Francesco Di , Rugge Massimo , Plebani Mario 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT Background.Infection from Helicobacter pylori plays a role in several gastroduodenal diseases. The recent availability of molecular techniques, particularly the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), allows us to detect small amounts of this bacterium. The aims of this study were to compare PCR and histological findings and to ascertain the clinical usefulness of H. pylori PCR identification in different biological samples. Materials and Methods.We studied 94 consecutive patients. Saliva, gastric juice, and four antral and four body biopsies were obtained from each patients. H. pylori was evaluated histologically in two antral and two body biopsies (Giemsa or Warthin‐Starry stain). After extraction, DNA was submitted for PCR amplification using the two primers HPU1 and HPU2, which amplified a 411‐bp product from the urease gene A. Results.Forty‐nine patients were H. pylori‐positive at histological workup. The sensitivity of PCR was 92% for gastric juice, 73% for antral biopsies, 61% for body biopsies, and 13% for saliva. Of the 45 H. pylori‐negative patients at histological assessment, 7 (16%) had positive findings on PCR, mainly when gastric juice was examined. Conclusions.These results indicate that PCR is as sensitive as histological assessment. We suggest that PCR H. pylori detection in gastric juice is a sensitive method for diagnosing this infection.
Helicobacter pylori Infection, Gastritis, and the Temperature of Choice for Hot Drinks
Authors: Graham David Y. , Abou‐Sleiman Joseph , El‐Zimaity Hala M. T. , Badr Adnan , Graham David P. , Malaty Hoda M. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT Background.The role of the temperature of the diet as a potential etiological factor for gastritis or peptic ulcer disease has been postulated since the beginning of the century. Animal studies have demonstrated damage to gastric mucosa caused by hot water at 60 to 80°C. In the pre‐Helicobacter pylori era it was reported that the majority of ulcer patients preferred hot drinks. It also was reported that the temperature of choice for drinks increased with severity of histological grade of gastritis. We evaluated the association between the preferred temperature of hot drinks and the presence of H. pylori infection. Methods. We tested the temperature of choice for hot drinking liquids among 12 H. pylori‐negative and 43 H. pylori‐positive volunteers. We also compared the effect of H. pylori therapy on hot drink temperature preference and, in 32 individuals, whether there was a relation between temperature and the degree of gastric atrophy. Results.There was no difference in the preferred temperature for hot drinks between those volunteers with and without H. pylori infection (63.4°± 6°C compared to 61.3°± 7°C, respectively) (mean ± 1 SD, p=.3) There was no change in preferred temperature after successful therapy of the H. pylori infection compared to unsuccessful H. pylori therapy, nor was there a correlation between the preferred temperature and the presence, absence, or degree of gastric atrophy (r2 < 0.001). Conclusion. The temperature of preference for hot drinks was not influenced by H. pylori infection or by the presence of atrophic gastritis.
Identification of a 23S rRNA Gene Mutation in Clarithromycin‐Resistant Helicobacter pylori
Authors: Stone Gregory G. , Shortridge Dee , Flamm Robert K. , Versalovic James , Beyer Jill , Idler Ken , Zulawinski Laura , Tanaka S. Ken 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT BackgroundTransition mutations (A‐G) at residue 2143, cognate to position 2058 in the Escherichia coli 23S rRNA gene, have been shown to confer resistance to macrolides in Helicobacter pylori. This study reports the finding that transversion mutations (A‐C) can occur at 2143 as well. Materials and Methods.Three clarithromycin‐resistant H. pylori isolated from three different patients after treatment with clarithromycin were analyzed for point mutations by cycle sequencing of a 163‐bp amplified region surrounding residue 2143 within the conserved loop of the 23S rRNA gene. Results.Nucelotide sequence comparisons of a 163‐bp amplified product revealed that A‐C transversion mutations occurred at position 2143. H. pylori isolated from the patients prior to treatment were susceptible to clarithromycin and displayed no polymorphism at 2143. Conclusion.This is the first report to show that A‐C transversion mutations at position 2143 can confer resistance to clarithromycin in H. pylori and further support the role that mutations at position 2143 play in conferring macrolide resistance in H. pylori.
Double‐Blind, Multicenter Evaluation of Lansoprazole and Amoxicillin Dual Therapy for the Cure of Helicobacter pylori Infection
Authors: Harford William , Lanza Frank , Arora Ajit , Graham David , Haber Marian , Weissfeld Alice , Rose Pamela , Siepman Nancy 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT BackgroundTreatment with amoxicillin plus omeprazole results in disappointing cure rates of Helicobacter pylori infection. The minimal inhibitory concentration of lansoprazole for H. pylori in vitro is lower than that for omeprazole, prompting interest in treatment with amoxicillin plus lansoprazole. Materials and Methods.
H. pylori‐infected patients with endoscopically documented duodenal ulcer either currently or within the past year were randomized to 14 days of (1) lansoprazole, 30 mg bid, plus amoxicillin, 1 gm tid; (2) lansoprazole, 30 mg tid, plus amoxicillin, 1 gm tid; (3) lansoprazole, 30 mg tid alone; or (4) amoxicillin, 1 gm tid alone. Endoscopy was done at enrollment and at 4 to 6 weeks after completion of treatment or for recurrent symptoms. H. pylori status was assessed by culture and histology. Ulcer prevalence was evaluated at follow‐up endoscopy. Results.Two hundred sixty‐two patients met enrollment criteria and were treated. By per‐protocol analysis, H. pylori infection was cured in 57% of those treated with lansoprazole twice daily plus amoxicillin and in 67% of those treated with lansoprazole three times daily plus amoxicillin, compared with 0% treated with lansoprazole alone or amoxicillin alone (p < .001 for dual therapy versus either monotherapy). Amoxicillin resistance was not observed. At follow‐up endoscopy, ulcer prevalence was 17% in patients treated with lansoprazole twice daily plus amoxicillin, 23% in those treated with lansoprazole three times daily plus amoxicillin, 33% in those treated with lansoprazole alone, and 35% in those treated with amoxicillin alone (p= .024; lansoprazole twice daily plus amoxicillin versus amoxicillin alone). Conclusions.Treatment with amoxicillin plus lansoprazole, 30 mg tid, led to cure of H. pylori infection in 67% of patients with active or recently healed duodenal ulcer.