bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Environmental Impact Factor for Emissions to Air: A Tool for Prioritizing Emission-Reduction Measures Based on Environmental Impacts and Benefits
Authors: Larssen T. , Knudsen S. , Bruteig I. , Aarrestad P. A. , Høgåsen T. , Kinn S. J. , Engen S. , Johnsen S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Emission of nitrogen oxides and other air pollutants from the petroleum industry causes concerns regarding impacts on sensitive aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. In order to optimize strategies for emission reductions according to environmental benefits, an integrated modelling tool has been developed (Environmental Impact Factor for Emissions to Air, EIF-Air). The approach takes into account different emissions to air (nitrogen, sulphur, and organic compounds) and different related environmental impacts based on the concept of critical loads and levels. The model currently takes into account four environmental impacts (acidification of surface waters and soils, nutrient effects on terrestrial ecosystems and vegetation damage from elevated ozone concentrations), but is general in it's formulation and can easily be extended to included other relevant impacts. The approach includes atmospheric dispersion modelling of the emissions, a database for current total deposition and models for the different environmental impacts. Results from three case studies are presented. The first shows that nitrogen emission reductions at an offshore installation in the North Sea have larger environmental benefit than a similar reduction in the Norwegian Sea. In the second case the tool is ised to rank different technology options at a Norwegian onshore petroleum facility. The third case compare the environmental benefits of reducing nitrogen emissions at supply ships compared to offshore installations, showing that measures at ships gives larger benefit per unit nitrogen reduced.
CO2 Sequestration—A Safe Transition Technology
Authors: Sengul M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Fossil fuel fired plants are responsible for the one third of the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions which thought to be a major contributor to the current rise in the Earth's surface temperature.
Reducing CO2 atmospheric concentrations by capturing emissions at the source—power plants or chemical units—and then storing them in subsurface reservoirs is thought by many scientists to be a reliable solution until emission-free energy sources are developed and viable. The current options for captured CO2 utilization are; Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR), Enhanced Coal Bed Methane Recovery (ECBM), Enhanced Gas Recovery (EGR), Food processing applications, Mineral products, Fertilizer manufacture, Algae growth promoter, Enhanced plant growth. The capture and storage of CO2 continues to accelerate as new projects are initiated and existing projects confirm the development scenarios.
A crucial element in CO2 storage is reliable monitoring of CO2 migration behavior and storage volumes. An innovative seismic monitoring techniques, has recently been awarded a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) project that will examine the application of time-lapse (4D) seismic technology and advanced reservoir simulation to optimize CO2 EOR operations. Well design, cementing, completions techniques and long life cycle mechanical integrity assurance are currently subject of many R&D projects.
Industry expertise also is being tapped in CO2 projects across Europe and in Australia, including four major EU proposals under the Framework Program Six and the Australian CO2CRC Otway Project. These projects address pertinent issues in CO2 capture and storage such as site selection, storage monitoring and verification techniques, developing local CO2 storage sites from hydrogen- and power-generation plants, and industry training.
In our paper framework of CO2 sequestration and vital aspects such as; site selection, reservoir characterization, modeling of storage and long term leakage monitoring techniques will be illustrated.
Malaria: A Guideline for the Oil and Gas Industry
Authors: Johnson C. , Barbey A. , Huisman B. , Cox R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Malaria is a parasitic disease that affects an estimated 500 million people in the world. It kills two million people a year, more than any other disease, and is currently endemic in over 100 countries. Within the oil and gas industry, malaria is a major cause of sickness in high malaria risk countries and an significant cause of death from an occupational illness.
Although the biology of, and defence mechanisms against, Malaria have been known for some time, fatalities amongst Oil & Gas personnel on assignment to Malarious areas still occur.
This paper summarizes the key elements of a comprehensive strategy on Malaria Management to be released in May 2006 by the joint Health Committee of the International Association of Oil & Gas Producers (OGP) and the International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association (IPIECA).
If a company is considering business opportunities in malarious settings, it is critical to consider development of an appropriate MMP for all phases of the business activity. OGP and IPIECA member companies support the managements systems approach, and that management system should include a suitable malaria management program based on a full assessment of the risks and measures to address such risks
In addition to their own workforces, this program may cover a variety of contractors and suppliers. Overall, an integrated approach, using primary, secondary and tertiary prevention, is likely to have the greatest chance of success.
This paper outlines a basic strategy for such a management system, called a Malaria Management Program (MMP), and is a summary of good practices which form the basis for a new publication from the OGP-IPIECA Health Committee ‘Guidelines for Managing Malaria in the Oil & Gas Industry’.
Addressing the Common Barriers to Establishing Sustainable Health-Protection Programs: Lessons From a Global Malaria-Control Program
Authors: Buford D. L. , Shallenberger L. G. , Tremarco W. E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Malaria remains a significant health problem and a major cause of death in sub-Saharan Africa. The potential impact of malaria on business operations within malaria risk areas is substantial. Initial attempts to protect individuals using standard counseling and recommendations for prophylactic treatment did not achieve the desired reduction in the number and severity of malaria cases. A Malaria Control Program was implemented that addressed five common barriers to the successful implementation and sustainability of effective health protection programs: Awareness, Availability, Affordability, Accessibility and Acceptability.1 Awareness of the causes of the disease and disease preventive behaviors, availability of treatment and other supplies, affordability of medications, accessibility of health care resources, and acceptability of the disease prevention behaviors were all considered. Utilization of this multi-faceted strategy along with management controls has resulted in a significant increase in awareness, understanding and adoption of protective behaviors, with an apparent reduction in the number of malaria cases in both the non-immune and semi-immune population. Private companies will need to significantly increase their knowledge of significant public health issues and must engage themselves in new ways, perhaps performing functions previously thought to be beyond the scope of their responsibility.2,3 This type of strategy is useful not only in combating malaria but may also prove to be effective in the fight to maintain a healthy and productive workforce in the face of other emerging public health issues.
Feasibility Study of Cuttings-Injection Operation: A Case Study of the Niger Delta Basin
Authors: Okorodudu A. , Akinbodunse A. , Linden L. , Anwuri L. , Irrechukwu D. O. , Zagi M. M. , Guerrero H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Problems encountered during initial trials of cuttings injection (CI) in Nigeria resulted in the technology being perceived by regulators as an infeasible disposal option in the Niger Delta basin and it was considered to be removed from the approved list of disposal options. This study was conducted to review the disposal technology, assess the deficiencies in the initial trials with respect to the Niger Delta geology, and proffer a framework for an environmentally-feasible application of the technology. The results of the study revealed that the geology of the Niger Delta is favorable for CI operation because of favorable lithology and a lack of strong seismic events. However, due to variations in the depth of the base of fresh water a suitable injection domain cannot be mapped across the Niger Delta basin. Therefore, each project needs to be evaluated on a case-by-case basis using site-specific information.
The lessons learned from the previous practices were identified and an integrated project approach was recommended to achieve an environmentally appropriate use of CI in the Niger Delta basin.
Corporate Sustainability Reporting From the Driller's Perspective
Authors: Peyton K. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Noble Corporation regards excellence in health, safety, environmental (HSE) and social performance to be paramount to its ability to conduct business and compete around the world, and therefore to remain a sustainable business. Consequently, programs aimed at continuously improving HSE and social performance are thoroughly integrated into planning, measurement and management at Noble, from the top level of corporate strategy down to daily rig management.
By the same token, Noble integrates transparency and other sound business practices into HSE management. This led the company to issue its first sustainability report in 2002. Documenting its responsibility and accountability to employees, customers, suppliers, shareholders, communities and society was a natural extension of Noble's integration of health, safety, environmental and social performance with business objectives.
Sustainability reporting was already common in the exploration and production sector, and in some consumer industries, in 2002. However, Noble was the first drilling contractor to publicly disclose its HSE and social performance. Noble has continued to publish sustainability reports yearly, with each report evolving as its HSE and social programs evolve.
Development of a Successful Motor Vehicle Safety Process for Western Venezuela
Authors: Matusalen J. , Bohorquez A. , Stelling D. , Barboza F. , Lizio M. , Smith S. L. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The use of vehicles for transportation of people and material is a fundamental business requirement in today's onshore oil and gas exploration and production operations all over the world. The combination of moving people and material on roads also introduces significant risks, hazards, and safety challenges to our industry and the communities in which we operate. The engineering improvements in vehicle safety, infrastructure improvements, and modern traffic engineering technology provide a qualitative sense of security. However, human behavior is still the primary factor in motor vehicle safety today. This study describes the positive impact and results of a proactive motor vehicle safety process that helps to influence the right behaviors of drivers by encouraging them to maintain a high level of safety awareness when driving. The fleet safety challenge remains to drive defensively and to always expect the unexpected.
Recent studies led by the United Nations, The World Health Organization, and others point to road safety as an issue of immense proportions despite significant improvements in road safety over the past few decades. The study estimates that 1.2 million people are killed every year in road traffic crashes around the world1. This averages to approximately one traffic-related death every two minutes. Further, the studies indicate that nine out of ten deaths occur in developing countries and countries in transition; although these countries only account for 32% of the motor vehicles currently in service.2 In Latin America and the Caribbean the motor vehicle fatality index exceeds that of any other region.3
Chevron operates the Boscán field, an oil production operation near Lake Maracaibo on behalf of Petroleos de Venezuela S.A. (PDVSA). Starting in 2001, Chevron's western Venezuela upstream operating area initiated a focused campaign to improve motor vehicle safety results. Use of Journey Management, Field Checkpoints, Driving Monitors, First Move Forward parking principle, Speed-Limit Enforcement, and a comprehensive Driver Training program have contributed to improve the crash incident rate, reducing vehicle crashes by 79% since the implementation of the Motor Vehicle Safety Process.
Development of a Biodiversity Action Plan for the Boscan Field (Western Venezuela)
Authors: Lilien J. P. , Albesa J. , Gonzalez F. , Lasso C. , Matusalén J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Chevron operates Boscan field, an approximately 115,000 barrel per day heavy oil production operation near Lake Maracaibo in Western Venezuela. Most of Boscan occupies a heavily modified agricultural landscape, but several individuals have recognized portions of the field as providing important habitat for migratory birds and other species. For this reason, Chevron hired a well-known Venezuelan research institute, Fundación La Salle de Ciencias Naturales (FLASA), to conduct a biodiversity assessment of the field. One of the first of its kind in the Lake Maracaibo basin, the assessment found that portions of the field support valuable habitats (including relict tropical dry forests, gallery forests, and seasonal wetlands) and a large number of plant and animal species (including many which are endemic to the Lake Maracaibo basin). Chevron is using results of the assessment to develop a biodiversity action plan for the field. Major components of the plan include: generating a map of sensitive habitats, increasing awareness of biodiversity within the local business unit, managing the footprint of oil and gas operations to minimize impact to sensitive habitats, and engaging local landowners to encourage biodiversity conservation.
Offshore Oil-Spill Detection and Monitoring in E&P Areas—An Operational Multisensors Approach
Authors: Bentz C. M. , Politano A. T. , de Miranda Pinto R. S. , Genovez P. C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Since May 2001 PETROBRAS is using spaceborne multi-sensor remote sensing for its sea surface monitoring program at the Campos, Santos and Espírito Santo Basins, southeastern Brazilian coast. Ocean color (SeaWiFS and MODIS), thermal infrared (NOAA/AVHRR), scatterometer (QuikSCAT) and Synthetic Aperture Radar (RADARSAT-1 and ENVISAT) data were integrated in order to detect and characterize different sorts of marine pollution and meteo-oceanographic phenomena. The near real time processing and delivery of the SAR data allowed the timely in-situ verification and sampling of the remotely detected events. Satellite sensors operating in the visible part of the spectrum are used to monitor ocean color variations and associated biomass changes. Thermal infrared radiometers are ideal to monitor features like oceanic fronts and upwelling plumes. However, the major limitation for both types of sensors is the extensive and persistent presence of clouds in the monitored area. Fortunately, microwave sensors such imaging spaceborne SAR permit the acquisition of oceanic scenes, regardless cloud coverage. With the spaceborne SAR systems available it is possible to have almost a daily synoptic view of large areas with suitable spatial resolution for the detection of different natural and men-made events. The integrated analysis of these dataset presents an important decision tool for emergencies, as well for the elaboration of contingency plans and evaluation of the oil industry activity impacts.
Standby Treatment vs. Malaria Chemoprophylaxis: Can We Prevent Malaria Deaths Without the Use of Continued Chemoprophylaxis?
Authors: Shallenberger L. G. , Johnson C. E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A global Malaria Control Program (MCP) was implemented requiring non-immune workers to take malaria chemoprophy-laxis when traveling to and working in malarial areas. Despite intense health education efforts, four malaria deaths occurred in workers after they left malarial areas. A Malaria Chemo-prophylaxis Compliance Program (MCCP) was added to the MCP to verify the use of approved antimalarial medications in workers' urine. Results from MCCP tests suggest that there is a high level of medication compliance. Since the inception of the MCCP there have been questions regarding possible ad-verse side affects of taking long-term malaria chemoprophy-laxis. An alternative strategy to continued medication use would be to recommend that individuals carry stand-by treatment that could be used for early diagnosed cases. If stand-by treatment programs could achieve the same level of effective malaria control as programs that require long-term chemopro-phylaxis they could reduce the costs of prescribing medications to large numbers of workers and the potential for these individuals to experience adverse health effects from taking the medications. The authors conducted an extensive literature review and concluded that stand-by treatment alone could not be recommended for use in high risk P. falciparum areas unless the non-immune individuals were more fully trained in using all other protective strategies and supplies for prevention and treatment. We would also need to have access to reliable and updated malaria transmission data for the areas where our employees worked and lived before we could adjust chemo-prophylactic recommendations by region and season.
Removing Oil and Grease From Produced Water Using Microbubble Flotation Technique: From Theory to Field Practice
Authors: Hayatdavoudi A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The paper addresses the issue of using micro-bubble flotation technique for cleaning the produced water such that the output (effluent) water meets or exceeds the US EPA or country-specific standards. The joint cooperation between academia and the service industry and shared field and theoretical studies have revealed the following results: (1) micro bubbles, using acetylene (C2H2) gas medium, at 55 psi backpressure on a patented Dissolved Gas Flotation pump and constant temperature, can remove 97% of the Oil and Grease from water, (2) a theoretical scaling law has been devised for estimating the potential solubility of gas in water, for example CH4 and C2H2, where Henry's Law might not be linear due to complex bubble hydrodynamics, pump pulsation, the rise of a multitude of bubble sizes in the fluid column, distribution and number of bubbles, partial pressure and concentration (molality) of the main gas and the leaked air impurities in the recycling system, and other variables, the mechanism controlling the removal efficiency of the flotation cell is related to the number and the uniformity of micro bubbles rather than their size only-the sizes range from an average of 5 to 200 microns at sampling points, (4) at sampling points, the bubble count and the gas-filled bubbles as a percent of the unit bulk volume are nonlinear periodic functions of the operating pressure of the flotation cell, and (5) there exists an optimal operating pressure of the patented Dissolved Gas Flotation pump system such that the flotation cell gives the best results and this optimal pressure can be easily adjusted by field personnel to achieve the most efficient removal of Oil and Grease from water.
Based on these results, one may conclude that a seemingly complex mix of gas chemistry and bubble thermo-hydrodynamic properties can offer a simple, efficient, and environmentally friendly technique for cleaning the produced water.
Helicopter Safety in the Oil and Gas Business
Authors: Clark E. , Edwards C. , Perry P. , Campbell G. , Stevens M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
One of the major goals of the International Association of Oil and Gas Producers (OGP) is that their helicopter operations should be as safe for the passenger as scheduled airline flying. This presents a significant challenge and requires the individual passenger risk to be reduced by an order of magnitude from current levels of safety in the offshore helicopter industry. It is estimated that the achievement of such a goal would result in the prevention of over 200 fatalities globally within the offshore industry over a 10-year period. There are a number of drivers for the offshore oil industry to achieve this goal including financial and reputational. However, more importantly, the fact that there is both a clearly identified problem and that the mechanisms exist to address the problem, mean that there is a clear moral and ethical imperative to improve helicopter safety.
In some areas of the industry work to improve safety is well advanced. As an example, twelve years ago one of the major oil companies set what were then challenging targets to reduce the 5-year average Fatal Accident Rate (FAR) for air operations within the company from a level of 15 per million flying hours to less than 5 by the year 2000. Two years ago, the companhy reviewed its goals and set intermediate targets to reduce the 10-year average FAR from 4.0 per million flying hours at the time, down to less than 2.0 by 2008 and to less than 1.0 by 2013.
This paper considers the background to the establishment of such goals and targets within the offshore industry and demonstrates how they may be achieved by progressive implementation of risk mitigation measures.
The aim of this paper is to determine how best to meet the Oil and gas Industry's helicopter risk reduction goal.
Holding Up the Leadership Mirror, Then Changing the Reflection: The "Seeing Yourself as Others See You" Tool
Authors: Bryden R. , Flin R. , Hudson P. , Vuijk M. , Van Der Graaf G. C. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractRegulators, researchers and professionals in the oil and gas industry all agree on the importance of leadership commitment to HSSE. The right safety leadership is the most important factor in building a strong HSSE culture, but historically the focus has been on the workforce through traditional behavior based safety programmes. What this paper does is explain a tool Seeing Yourself As Others See You, which gives leaders personal feedback on whether they are seen to walk the talk, know what the issues are in their organization, build trust and put a priority on safety.This tool has been developed over a number of years by the Universities of Aberdeen, Manchester and Leiden as well as the UK Step Change initiative and Shell International Exploration and Production. One component is a web-based tool, developed and supported by Leiden University, to ensure the confidentiality of the information submitted. This also allows the tool to be used by other organizations. The most important element is the follow-up coaching sessions, which is initiated by the manager, following simple and psychologically sound guidance. These sessions lead from general feedback to specific actions that positively change the way others view a manager's commitment to safety.The results have been:Challenging senior manager's beliefs and perceptions of themselves by confronting them with how others see them Hundreds of senior managers have been appraised, many on an annual basis A profile of leadership commitment to safety over time and obvious changes in the behavior of some managers A correlation between scores and safety performanceBased on demand from other companies the methodology described in this paper is now available to the industry through the Energy Institute1.