bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First Report of Tulip band breaking virus in Mosaic Diseased Tulip in Japan
Authors: Se T. , Kanematsu S. 
Published: May 2007

Tulip (Tulipa spp.) is an ornamental plant of major economic importance in Japan. Regions in Toyama Prefecture are some of the most productive for producing tulip bulbs, shipping approximately 50 million bulbs annually. However, mosaic diseases caused by viruses such as Tulip breaking virus (TBV) currently limit bulb production in these areas. Only the potyviruses TBV and Lily mottle virus (LMoV) have been reported infecting tulip in Japan. A virus isolate from tulip with flower-breaking symptom in Toyama Prefecture was tentatively named OE4 and was presumed to be LMoV after detection by LMoV-specific reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) (4). When OE4 was mechanically inoculated on test plants (13 species from six families), RT-PCR confirmed that it infected plants in the Liliaceae (Tulipa spp., Lilium formosanum, and L. concolor) with mosaic symptoms but did not induce any symptoms in Chenopodium quinoa, Tetragonia tetragonoides, and Nicotiana benthamiana. According to Dekker et al. (2) LMoV and Tulip band breaking virus (TBBV) infected Tulipa spp. and TBBV did not infect C. quinoa, T. tetragonoides, N. clevelandii, and N. benthamiana, species that were local or systemic hosts for LMoV. To analyze the genomic sequence of OE4, a primer set was designed for amplifying the coat protein (CP) gene of LMoV, with 5′ -GCAAATGAGACACTCAATG-3′ as a forward primer and 5′-TTACATAGAAATTCCAAGTAAG-3′ as a reverse primer. The fragment obtained was cloned and sequenced (DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank Accession No. AB078007). The CP gene of OE4 consisted of 825 nucleotides and had 86.5% identity (90.6% identity in deduced amino acid sequence) with the CP gene of LMoV-Netherlands (S44147) (3). When it was compared with partial sequences (277 nucleotides) of LMoV (S60810) and TBBV (S60805) (2), the nucleotide sequence identities were 89.9 and 96.4%, respectively. Multiple alignment and a phylogenetic tree based on the 277 nt of the tulip potyviruses, including OE4, showed the close relationship between OE4 and TBBV. These results indicated that OE4 was an isolate of TBBV. However, the CP amino acid sequence identity between TBBV and LMoV was more than 80%, and it seemed logical that TBBV be assigned to a strain of LMoV, according to potyvirus species demarcating criteria (1). Another screening using RT-PCR based detection, and an inoculation test for 55 flower-breaking tulips collected from fields in Toyama Prefecture revealed that four tulip plants were infected with TBBV and 54 with TBV. This suggests that TBV is more prevalent than TBBV, and we need to produce an attenuated virus of TBV, which will be effective for managing tulip breaking disease in the prefecture. References: (1) P. H. Berger et al. Family Potyviridae. Pages 703–724 in: Virus Taxonomy. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 2000. (2) E. L. Dekker et al. J. Gen. Virol. 74:881, 1993. (3) S. A. Langeveld et al. J. Gen. Virol. 72:1531, 1991. (4) T. Se and S. Kanematsu. Ann. Phytopathol. Soc. Jpn. 64:420, 1998.
First Report of Peach latent mosaic viroid on Peach in Uruguay
Authors: Herranz M. C. , Maeso D. , Soria J. , Pallás V. 
Published: May 2007

Peach latent mosaic viroid (PLMVd) (2) is widely distributed and causes yellow, chlorotic mosaics and delayed foliation, flowering, and ripening. Infected fruits display a cracked suture and are often dented, misshapen, frequently flattened, and discolored. In the greenhouse, PLMVd natural isolates are divided into severe or latent strains depending on whether they induce leaf symptoms on seedlings of the peach indicator GF-305. PLMVd was detected in 2001 during a survey in three locations in the Canelones Department, the main peach producing area in Uruguay. Fifty samples were tested for the presence of five viruses: Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV), Prune dwarf virus (PDV), American plum line pattern virus (APLPV), Plum pox virus (PPV) and Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV); samples were also tested for the viroids affecting stone fruits, Hop stunt viroid (HSVd) and PLMVd. The analyses were completed with molecular hybridization using specific nonisotopic riboprobes for each virus (4). PLMVd, undescribed in Uruguay, was detected in 9 of 50 samples in three peach cultivars, Scarlet Pearl, EarliGrande, and Barcelo. The PLMVd-positive sample for ‘Scarlet Pearl’ showed mild mosaic symptoms on leaves whereas the two PLMVd-positives of ‘EarliGrande’ showed clear calico type symptoms. The remaining PLMVd-positive samples belonged to ‘Barcelo’ and showed no symptoms or mild chlorosis. The first two cultivars were imported from the United States, a source with a high percentage of PLMVd infections in peach germ plasm (1). In five of nine PLMVd-positive samples, the viroid occurred with PNRSV and in one with PDV and PNRSV. PLMVd has previously been reported in Brazil (3), but to our knowledge, this is the first report of PLMVd in Uruguay. These results reveal the importance of following strict sanitary practices with plant material used for propagation. Molecular tools are available to prescreen scion and rootstock sources for PLMVd. References: (1) M. L. Badenes and G. Llácer. Acta Hortic. 309:565, 1998. (2) R. Flores et al. Res. Virol. 141:109, 1990. (3) A. Hadidi et al. Plant Dis. 81:154, 1997. (4) V. Pallás et al. Detection of plant RNA viruses by non-isotopic dot-blot hybridization. Pages 461–468 in: Plant Virus Protocols: From Virus Isolation to Transgenic Resistance. G. Foster and S. Taylor, eds. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. 1998.
First Report of Leaf Blight Caused by Alternaria longipes on Carrots in Israel
Authors: Vintal H. , Shtienberg D. , Shlevin E. , Ben-Noon E. 
Published: May 2007

Alternaria leaf blight, caused by Alternaria dauci (Köhn) Groves & Skolko, is one of the most devastating foliar pathogens of carrots (Daucus carota L.). Lesions appear as minute, necrotic, dark brown spots often initiated on the edge of the leaflet blade. They later enlarge in size and may merge into a large necrotic area, causing shriveling of the entire leaflet (1). In summer 2000, observations made in several carrot fields in the northwestern part of the Negev Region in Israel revealed infections that were atypical for A. dauci because they were initiated primarily in the middle section of the leaflet blade and were surrounded by a large yellowish area. A. longipes (Ellis & Everh.) E. Mason was consistently isolated from the lesions. Occasionally both A. longipes and A. dauci developed on the same leaves. The two pathogens differed in conidial morphology (size and shape of spore and beak) when cultured on potato dextrose agar medium. One hundred conidia of each species were measured. A. dauci conidia were 100 to 450 μm long and 6 to 15 μm wide, with a beak of up to 3 times the length of the conidium; A. longipes conidia were 35 to 110 μm long and 11 to 21 μm wide, and the beak measured one-third to one-half the length of the conidium. These measurements corresponded to the sizes listed previously (2). Inoculation of greenhouse-grown plants and completion of Koch's postulates confirmed that A. longipes is pathogenic to carrots. Conidia of both species germinated at temperatures from 5 to 36°C. In vitro tests revealed that A. longipes was less sensitive than A. dauci to fungicides commonly used in Israel in carrot fields. A fifty percent effective dose of chlorothalonil and difenoconazole was 3.0 and 0.2 μg a.i./ml, respectively, for mycelia growth of A. dauci, whereas the corresponding values for A. longipes were 10.5 and 3.0 μg a.i./ml, respectively. The prevalence of A. longipes in carrot fields and the influence of this pathogen on yields are currently not known. References: (1) I. Barash et al. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 19:7, 1981. (2) M. B. Ellis. Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. CMI. Kew, Surrey, England, 1971.
First Report of Botryosphaeria dothidea and B. obtusa on Apple in Bolivia
Authors: Kaiser W. J. , Rivero V. G. M. , B. E. Valverde , Yerkes L. 
Published: May 2007

Gala and Winter Banana apples are important commercial crops in Azurduy and Lima Bamba, which are located in the Department (state) of Chuquisaca, Bolivia. White or bot rot (causal agent Botryosphaeria dothidea (Moug.:Fr.) Ces. De. Not. [anamorph Fusicoccum aesculi Corda]) and black rot (causal agent B. obtusa (Schwein.) Shoemaker [anamorph Sphaeropsis malorum Berk.]) have not been reported previously from Bolivia. Both fungi were isolated from apple fruit and branch cankers in Azurduy, but only B. dothidea was isolated from rotted fruit and limb cankers in Lima Bamba. Both fungi also were isolated from rotted Gala and Winter Banana fruit purchased in the markets in Sucre, Bolivia. Symptoms on fruit consisted of light-to-dark brown lesions that ranged from 3- to 8-cm in diameter. Cankers on limbs were sunken and reddish brown and ranged from 2 to 25+ cm in length and 0.5 to 3 cm in diameter. Neither pathogen produced pycnidia in lesions on rotted fruit, but they often developed in branch cankers. Pseudothecia of B. dothidea and B. obtusa were not observed. Identification of both pathogens was based on descriptions of their anamorphic stages (1). To fulfill Koch's postulates, four healthy Gala apple fruit were inoculated with two isolates of each pathogen by wounding the opposite faces of surface-disinfected fruit with a 5-mm-diameter cork borer and inserting mycelial plugs of the pathogens. Plugs were obtained from the margins of cultures growing on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Wounds were made on the opposite sides of each fruit, a mycelial plug of one of the pathogens was inserted in one wound, and on the opposite side, a plug of sterile PDA was inserted as a control. Each plug containing fungal mycelium or sterile PDA was covered with a plug of trimmed apple tissue, and the apple fruit were incubated in a moist chamber at 17 to 20°C for 10 days. Six branches on two young apple trees growing outdoors in a nursery were inoculated in a similar manner with one isolate of each pathogen: bark was wounded with a 5-mm-diameter cork borer, and the wounded area was inoculated with a plug of PDA containing the pathogen or a plug of sterile PDA for the control. The inoculated sites were wrapped with masking tape to prevent dehydration. Within 10 days, all fruit wounds inoculated with isolates of each pathogen developed brown lesions up to 5 cm in diameter. Each pathogen was reisolated from tissues in which it had been inoculated, but not from any of the noninoculated control sites. Within 6 to 8 weeks, all but one wound on branches inoculated with each pathogen developed depressed canker lesions up to 2 cm in length. Each pathogen was reisolated from the canker produced by inoculation with that pathogen, but not from any of the control sites. Reference: (1) T. B. Sutton. White rot and black rot. Pages 16–20 in: Compendium of Apple and Pear Diseases, A. L. Jones and H. S. Aldwinckle, eds. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1991.
The Association of Begomovirus with Bitter Melon in India
Authors: Khan J. A. , Siddiqui M. K. , Singh B. P. 
Published: May 2007

Bitter melon, Momordica charantia (Cucurbitaceae), is a vegetable of nutritive and medicinal value that is cultivated throughout India and other tropical countries. In September 2001, a severe disease of bitter melon with virus-like symptoms was observed at Lucknow, India. Symptoms consisted of upward curling, shortening, and distortion of leaves. Diseased melon fruits were stunted and deformed. Disease incidence was as high as 100%. Whitefly (Bemicia tabaci) can transmit the associated virus from diseased bitter melon to Nicotiana tabacum cv. White burley. The development of leaf curl symptoms in N. tabacum indicated the pathogen could be a begomovirus. Total nucleic acids were extracted from diseased bitter melon leaves, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests were performed. Three pairs of primers, AV494 and AC1048 (1), CL-CR/F2 and CL-CR/R2, CL/11F and CL10/R (2), specific to DNA-A of begomoviruses were used in PCR. Virus-specific DNA-A fragments of expected sizes were identified (≈0.5, 0.7 and 1.2 kb, respectively). The presence of a begomovirus in all PCR-amplified DNA fragments was confirmed by Southern hybridization. Cloned DNA-A fragments of Tomato leaf curl virus and Cotton leaf curl virus (both begomoviruses) cross-hybridized with the PCR products gave strong signals under high stringency conditions. These data suggest that a begomovirus is associated with this bitter melon disease. Watermelon mosaic 1 virus is the only virus previously reported to naturally infect bitter melon; however, this virus has not been identified in India. Bitter melon is also an experimental host of Ribgrass mosaic virus (genus Tobamovirus) and Trichosanthes mottle virus (genus Potyvirus). To our knowledge, this is the first report of the occurrence of begomovirus infecting bitter melon. References: (1) S. D. Wyatt and J. K. Brown. Phytopathology 86:1288, 1996. (2). X. Zhou et al. J. Gen. Virol. 79:915, 1998.
Occurrence of Lily mottle virus in Escarole
Authors: Lisa V. , Vetten H. J. , Lesemann D.-E. , Gotta P. 
Published: May 2007

Lily mottle virus (LMoV), genus Potyvirus, an important virus of lily that also causes flower-breaking in tulip (1), is considered to have a natural host range restricted to the family Liliaceae. In 1996, escarole (Cichorium endivia L. var. latifolium LAM) plants growing in fields close to Torino, Italy, and showing mosaic and necrotic spots on outer leaves were infected by a potyvirus related to LMoV. The virus was identified by immunoelectron microscopy (IEM) done on experimentally infected Nicotiana benthamiana and Chenopodium quinoa. The virus isolated from escarole (LMoV-E) had an experimental host range similar to that of lily isolates of LMoV, although species within the Liliaceae were not tested. LMoV-E systemically infected all nine escarole cultivars and six of seven endive cultivars (C. endivia L. var. crispum LAM) but did not infect any of six lettuce and two chicory cultivars (C. intybus L. var. foliosum HEGI). Symptoms ranged from mild to severe mosaic and were generally more severe on escarole than on endive. Some of the same escarole, endive, and lettuce cultivars were inoculated with a typical LMoV isolate from lily (Le97/49, from A. F. L. M. Derks, the Netherlands), which induced mild systemic infections in only one escarole and one endive cultivar. Both cultivars were also susceptible to LMoV-E. LMoV-E was purified from N. benthamiana, and an antiserum was prepared. IEM decoration titer experiments were done with LMoV-E and four other LMoV isolates from Liliaceae and their homologous antisera. Heterologous titers ranging from identity to serological differentiation index values of 2 to 4 were obtained, confirming the identity of the escarole isolate as a LMoV strain and indicating considerable serological variability among LMoV isolates. In a field survey of endive and escarole crops in 1998, in the area where LMoV-E was first identified, the virus was again detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 4 of 80 escarole plants tested. LMoV-E appears to be a LMoV strain particularly adapted to escarole. To our knowledge, this is the first report of LMoV identified in a naturally infected host outside monocotyledonous plants. Reference: (1) E. L. Dekker et al. J. Gen. Virol. 74:881, 1993.
First Report of Phytophthora cinnamomi on Quercus laurifolia
Authors: Wood A. K. , Tainter F. H. 
Published: May 2007

In May 2001, bleeding cankers were observed on several laurel oak (Quercus laurifolia) trees in central Florida. Affected trees had chlorotic leaves, sparse canopies, and little new growth. Multiple cankers were present on the trunk and extended from the soil line up to approximately 5 m. Each canker had a reddish to dark brown or black exudate. From two of the infected trees, tissue samples were taken from beneath the bark around the edge of an actively growing lesion and transferred directly to Phytophthora-selective medium (1), and three soil cores (2 cm in diameter, 20 cm deep) were collected from the base of each tree. A baiting bioassay (with camellia leaf disks and shore juniper and eastern hemlock needles as baits) was used to assay fresh composite soil samples for Phytophthora species (1). P. cinnamomi was recovered from both tissue and soil samples (2). Mycelia were coralloid with abundant hyphal swellings. Sporangia were produced in 1.5% nonsterilized soil extract solution. Sporangia were ovoid to ellipsoid in shape and nonpapillate. Average sporangium size was 72 × 45 μm (length × width). To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. cinnamomi on laurel oak trees. References: (1) A. J. Ferguson and S. N. Jeffers. Plant Dis. 83:1129, 1999. (2) G. M. Waterhouse. Key to the species of Phytophthora de Bary. Mycol. Pap. 92. CMI. Kew, UK, 1963.
First Report of Rhizoctonia oryzae on Pea
Authors: Paulitz T. C. 
Published: May 2007

In May 2001, severe stunting, lateral rot, and brown discoloration of taproots were observed in a field of direct-seed (no-till) pea cv. Columbia southeast of Lewiston, ID. The field had been previously cropped with direct-seeded spring barley. Roots were washed, plated on water agar containing benomyl at 1 μ/ml and chloramphenicol at 100 μg/ml, and incubated at 22°C. Fungal colonies were identified as Rhizoctonia oryzae (teleomorph Waitea circinata Warcup & Talbot) based on hyphal and colony morphology (3) and anastamosis reaction with known tester isolates. Two isolates were grown on autoclaved oat seeds for 3 weeks to produce inoculum for pathogenicity testing. One colonized oat seed was placed below a seed of Pisum sativum ‘Little Marvel’ planted in pasteurized sandy loam soil. There were five pea seeds per 10-cm-diameter pot and three replicate pots per isolate. Both isolates caused severe damping-off and stunting. Both isolates were also tested in nonpasteurized (natural) sandy loam in 4 cm × 20 cm plastic pine seedling tubes. Eight colonized oat seeds were placed in a band 1 cm below a single pea seed planted in each tube. Tubes were watered with metalaxyl (0.1g/liter, technical grade) to inhibit Pythium. Control treatments consisted of soil amended with either autoclaved oat seeds or nothing. Two isolates of R. oryzae were tested with two pea cultivars (B160 and Marjorette), with five replicates per treatment. R. oryzae did not significantly reduce emergence but did cause necrosis and browning of root tips and reduction in lateral root formation. R. oryzae was reisolated from infected roots. To our knowledge, this is the first report of R. oryzae causing disease on a dicot in North America. In Australia, a Waitea sp. was weakly virulent to subterranean clover producing constrictions of the taproot but did not affect plant survival and growth (4). W. circinata also caused damping-off of tobacco seedlings in India (2). In the Pacific Northwest, peas are often grown in rotation with wheat and barley, and R. oryzae can be virulent on these cereal crops (1). This finding may have important implications for disease management in wheat and legumes in crop rotation systems. References: (1). M. Mazzola et al. Phytopathology 86:354, 1996. (2) C. A. Raju. Tob. Res. 19:92, 1993. (3) B. Sneh et al. Identification of Rhizoctonia Species. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1991. (4) D. H. Wong et al. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 85:156, 1985.
Citrus psorosis virus Bark Scaling on Tarocco Sweet Orange
Authors: Tessitori M. , Rosa R. La , Catara A. 
Published: May 2007

Despite the wide distribution of vein flecking of citrus leaves in Italy, psorosis bark scaling has been reported only on Navelina sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L.), and Thompson and Washington navel oranges (1). Infection has not been found on any local sweet orange cultivars. Among these is Tarocco, a sweet orange cultivar that originated in Sicily, is very common because of the high fruit quality, has an attractive fruit appearance, and has blood-red pigmented flesh. In April 2001, classic psorosis bark scaling symptoms were observed on the main limbs of 10-year-old Tarocco trees grafted on sour orange rootstock, originally obtained by topworking Clementine (C. reticulata Blanco) trees with scions collected from 19-year-old Tarocco trees with no bark scaling at that time. The symptomatic trees first displayed one or two isolated circular patches of scales with gumming on the main or secondary limbs. As the disease progressed, the number of patches increased and coalesced to form bigger scales, resulting in bark flaking. Approximately 15% of trees in the field showed different stages of the disease. All of the affected trees showed vein flecking of young leaves. A leaf pattern was also present in a few plants without bark symptoms. Bark symptoms were correlated with the presence of Citrus psorosis virus (CPsV). Samples (110 representing 10% of the total number of trees in a field located in the area of Catania, Sicily) were collected during the spring flush using a W-pattern sampling method and tested by double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunoassay (DAS-ELISA) (monoclonal antibody [MAb] PS29) (2). Of trees tested, 14% showed bark scaling, and 86% were symptomless. All symptomatic plants were tested and 70% of symptomless trees were positive based on DAS-ELISA. To confirm DAS-ELISA results, 10 field samples were also tested by bioassay on indicator plants (Navelina sweet orange ISA 315 and Pineapple sweet orange), triple-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunoassay (TAS-ELISA), and immunosorbent electron microscopy (ISEM) with a different antiserum (MAb 13C5). DAS-ELISA-positive samples produced vein flecking on indicator plants, were positive based on TAS-ELISA, and contained typical CPsV particles based on ISEM (R. G. Milne, IFA, CNR, Turin). To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of psorosis bark scaling reaction of Tarocco sweet orange due to CPsV infection. References: (1) A. Catara et al. Proc. Int. Soc. Citri. 1:426, 1981. (2) M. Tessitori et al. Proc. 15th Conf. IOCV, IOCV, Riverside. In press.