bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Laser‐Crystallization of TiO2 Nanotubes for Photocatalysis: Influence of Laser Power and Laser Scanning Speed
Authors: Bernhardt Annik , Lorenz Pierre , Fischer Kristina , Schmidt Martin , Kühnert Mathias , Lotnyk Andriy , Griebel Jan , Schönherr Nadja , Zimmer Klaus , Schulze Agnes 
Published: April 2024

AbstractTitanium dioxide (TiO2) nanotubes have raised significant attention in the field of photocatalysis. However, achieving locally‐confined, tunable, and efficient crystallization remains challenging. Laser crystallization that enables surface‐confined, fast, and localized annealing has emerged as an alternative to calcination of TiO2 nanotubes. Nonetheless, questions regarding crystallization parameters and mechanism remain open. In this work, amorphous TiO2 nanotubes are synthesized by a two‐step anodization process and laser exposed (515 nm, 1 MHz, 250 fs, 256–569 mW, 1–200 mm s−1) to study the impact of laser parameters and the mechanism of laser crystallization. A thorough analysis via Raman spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, UV–vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and degradation of methylene blue is performed and the influence of laser processing parameters on the crystallization are studied and discussed. As laser power increases, a gradual transition from amorphous to anatase and rutile phase takes place, consistent with a thermal crystallization mechanism. Contrary, with increasing laser scanning speeds, thus lower pulse numbers, anatase is converted to rutile and melting occurs. The degradation of methylene blue with anatase samples crystallized by laser and calcination exhibits equal kinetic degradation constants of 0.013 s−1cm−2. This study enhances the understanding of laser crystallization of TiO2 nanotubes.
Spatio‐Temporal Nonlinear Theory in Birefringent Microrings
Authors: Tan Zelin , Chen Xingqiao , Liu Ning , Xu Jipeng , Zhang Jianfa , Zhu Zhihong , Liu Ken , Qin Shiqiao 
Published: April 2024

AbstractFrequency‐dependent nonlinear process in microresonators is widely acknowledged, but there is no theory available to calculate the conversion efficiency for each resonance of the ring, except for the phase‐matching one. Similarly for azimuth‐dependent nonlinear process in birefringent rings, there is a lack of theory to analysis the conversion efficiency for each azimuth of the ring. Consequently, it leads to old‐fashioned or ill‐considered coupling position and inefficient energy conversion in birefringent microrings. Here, the study introduces spatio‐temporal coupled‐mode equation to describe mode spatial properties in the cavity, compensating for the deficiency of temporal coupled‐mode equation in describing sophisticated responses. By this equation, it is found that over a wide frequency range, the extremely strong second‐harmonic generation of TE modes can be achieved at different azimuth under different pumps in an X‐cut lithium niobate microring, as proved by a 440 000%/W conversion efficiency in a non‐poling ring recently. This theory is important for realizing an efficient entangled quantum light source, for example. Meanwhile, it will provide new ideas and guidelines for design and applications of monolithic birefringent photonic integrated circuits with high energy efficiency.
Subwavelength Photorefractive Grating in a Thin‐Film Lithium Niobate Microcavity
Authors: Hou Jiankun , Zhu Jiefu , Ma Ruixin , Xue Boyi , Zhu Yicheng , Lin Jintian , Jiang Xiaoshun , Chen Xianfeng , Cheng Ya , Ge Li , Zheng Yuanlin , Wan Wenjie 
Published: April 2024

AbstractSubwavelength gratings play a fundamental and pivotal role in numerous science and applications for wave manipulation, exhibiting distinctive features such as filtering, phase manipulation, and anti‐reflection. However, conventional fabrication methods for ultrasmall periodic structures are constrained by the fundamental optical diffraction limit, making it challenging to produce subwavelength gratings for optics. Here, a novel technique is demonstrated to build a reconfigurable subwavelength photorefractive grating (SPG) in a thin‐film lithium niobate on the platform of an optical microcavity. Such SPGs are optically induced through the photorefractive effect and the subwavelength features originate from the spatial phase modulations of the pump's standing wave. The resulting SPGs lead to the mode splitting of two counter‐propagating modes inside the microcavity, exhibiting an Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT)‐like transmission spectrum. Moreover, the unique subwavelength characteristic of SPGs enables first‐order quasi‐phase‐matching for backward second‐harmonic generation, a long‐standing problem in nonlinear optics. Also, free‐space‐to‐chip vertical nonlinear frequency conversion can be achieved in a similar manner. These results provide a flexible approach toward fabricating subwavelength gratings, which holds significant potential in various applications such as nonlinear frequency conversion, optical communication, sensing, and quantum technologies.
Shaping of Vector Beams Based on Caustic Design
Authors: Liu Shuxi , Zeng Zishuai , Tong Xin , Xu Pengfei , Zhao Daomu 
Published: April 2024

AbstractAppropriate wavefront design can endow light fields with many useful properties, such as accelerating, anti‐diffracting, self‐healing, and the capability to exhibit customizable intensity shapes. The strategy of arbitrarily combining these properties to develop novel optical fields mainly relies on caustic methods. However, caustic methods have rarely been applied to the construction of vector fields. Here, slowly changing polarization information is introduced to the caustic rays, aiming to establish direct connections between conventional rays and vector beams in the physical representation. In this manner, a technique is developed to create non‐diffracting vector beams with polarization states that can vary along the caustic curves as needed. It is also demonstrated that the superposition of intersecting ray families can basically determine the polarization states of the other points in the fields. This may provide a new route for designing various novel vector fields and directly promote research in wave and focal field shaping, thereby offering more flexible beam options for applications such as material processing, particle manipulation, and microscopic imaging.
Influence of peer information and personality on social exclusion in a three‐person dictator game
Authors: Königstein Manfred , Zschoche Miriam , Brown Tashauna A. , Königstein Moritz 
Published: April 2024

AbstractWe study the conflict between financial interests and prosocial behavior in a new variant of a three‐person dictator game, which we refer to as “social exclusion game.” In this game, one person, the dictator, decides whether all three players (the dictator and two receivers) receive the fair outcome (equal payoffs) or an unfair outcome, which excludes one of the receivers and raises the dictator's payoff. We elicit the minimal payment necessary to induce the dictator to exclude the third person and investigate how this is influenced by peer information and the Big Five personality factor agreeableness. The data support our hypotheses.
Artificial intelligence in clinical nutrition and dietetics: A brief overview of current evidence
Authors: Atwal Kiranjit 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe rapid surge in artificial intelligence (AI) has dominated technological innovation in today's society. As experts begin to understand the potential, a spectrum of opportunities could yield a remarkable revolution. The upsurge in healthcare could transform clinical interventions and outcomes, but it risks dehumanization and increased unethical practices. The field of clinical nutrition and dietetics is no exception. This article finds a multitude of developments underway, which include the use of AI for malnutrition screening; predicting clinical outcomes, such as disease onset, and clinical risks, such as drug interactions; aiding interventions, such as estimating nutrient intake; applying precision nutrition, such as measuring postprandial glycemic response; and supporting workflow through chatbots trained on natural language models. Although the opportunity and scalability of AI is incalculably attractive, especially in the face of poor healthcare resources, the threat cannot be ignored. The risk of malpractice and lack of accountability are some of the main concerns. As such, the healthcare professional's responsibility remains paramount. The data used to train AI models could be biased, which could risk the quality of care to vulnerable or minority patient groups. Standardized AI‐development protocols, benchmarked to care recommendations, with rigorous large‐scale validation are required to maximize application among different settings. AI could overturn the healthcare landscape, and this article skims the surface of its potential in clinical nutrition and dietetics.
Streaming for good: Streamer‐viewer interaction, beneficiary focus, and donation progress
Authors: Wang Shaojung Sharon 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThis study explores how perceived viewer–streamer interactions elicit various types of social support in charity streaming, based on parasocial interaction (PSI). It further integrates accountability and goal‐setting theories to address the question of how the different types of beneficiary focus and levels of donation progress that are usually embedded in charity streaming settings harness PSI's effects to increase donations. Experiment 1 (N = 100) showed that high PSI (vs. low) contributed to higher intentions from viewers to provide emotional and financial support to the streamers. Experiment 2 (N = 241) demonstrated that viewers who experienced high PSI (vs. low) were more likely to purchase product and donate to the charity that benefits human (vs. animal and environment). Experiment 3 (N = 315) found that high PSI (vs. low) and donation progress close (vs. far) to the goal were more likely to evoke donation to the human (vs. environment)‐focused charity. Theoretical and practical implications are also discussed.
ctDNA as an Adjunct to Posttreatment PET for Head and Neck Cancer Recurrence Risk Assessment
Authors: Lele Saudamini J. , Adilbay Dauren , Lewis Ellen , Pang John , Asarkar Ameya A. , Nathan Cherie‐Ann O. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractObjectiveCirculating tumor DNA (ctDNA) detection is an emerging technique that identifies minimal residual disease in patients with solid tumors. ctDNA can act as an adjunct method to help overcome the limitations of positron emission tomography (PET) and select patients who are at high risk for recurrence.Study DesignRetrospective Single Institutional Study.SettingUniversity Hospital Setting.MethodsTwenty‐nine patients who underwent definitive treatment for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC) from 8/2021 to 01/2023 had ctDNA levels analyzed at 1 to 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after definitive treatment. A personalized, tumor‐informed, multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) next‐generation sequencing (NGS) assay was used to detect the ctDNA levels. The primary outcome was recurrence‐free probability (RFP), and the secondary outcomes were overall survival (OS), sensitivity, specificity, and the test's negative (NPV) and positive predictive values (PPV).ResultsThe median age of patients was 65 years (interquartile range: 56‐69), with majority being males (n = 22, 76%). The primary sites were larynx (n = 12), oropharynx (n = 10), and oral cavity (n = 6). Posttreatment ctDNA was detected in 7 patients, all of whom had disease recurrence. ctDNA detection after definitive treatment was associated with a higher risk of disease recurrence (hazard ratio: 9.94, 95% confidence interval: 1.56‐63.3, P = .015). ctDNA identified recurrence with 100% specificity and 78% sensitivity. The NPV and PPV were 91% and 100%. PET had 78% sensitivity but only 68% specificity with 86% NPV, and 54% PPV.ConclusionBased on our data, ctDNA can be an excellent adjunct test for posttreatment PET and can help guide physicians in cases where PET results are inconclusive and difficult to interpret.
Effect of hybrid reinforcements on the curing kinetics and mechanical properties of light‐cured polymer composites
Authors: Yao Jiaqi , Wang Kun , Wang Zhengzhi 
Published: April 2024

AbstractLight‐cured polymer composites incorporating particle reinforcements have been adopted for a wide range of engineering applications. Nevertheless, micro‐filled composites exhibit insufficient strength despite good abrasion resistance. Conversely, nano‐filled counterparts possess enhanced strength but easily generate particle agglomeration. Hybrid filling has therefore been utilized in previous studies to combine the advantages of different components, but conclusive results have not been obtained. Within this study, the effects of hybrid filling on the strengthening mechanism and curing kinetics of light‐cured polymer composites were investigated by multi‐scale mechanical tests, in‐situ near‐infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, and finite element simulations. It was found that hybrid filling led to an average increase in Young's modulus by ~3.94%, the hardness by ~5.81%, the tensile strength by ~10.44%, and the degree of conversion by ~2.54% compared to micro‐filling at the same filler content. Besides, hybrid filling showed more reduced particle agglomeration compared to nano‐scale filling. Finite element analysis revealed that hybrid filling effectively enhanced the load‐bearing capacity of the matrix. Overall, the experimental results unveil a mechanism of particle reinforcement that can be extrapolated to various particle‐filled polymers across different length scales. These findings provide a versatile manufacturing technique for composites with heightened mechanical reinforcement and are expected to guide the application in the field of photo‐polymeric materials.Highlights
Light‐cured polymer composites incorporating hybrid silica particles were prepared.
The strengthening mechanism was investigated by multi‐scale mechanical tests.
Hybrid filling could lead to an increase in material strength compared to micro‐filling.
Hybrid filling exhibited reduced particle agglomeration in comparison to nano‐filling.
Optimal integration of phase‐change microcapsules and nano‐silica for improving the strength of phase‐change concrete
Authors: Li Shuai , Ye Wanli , Tan Yiqiu , Qiu Tairui , Hou Dehua , Chang Xiaoyu 
Published: April 2024

AbstractPhase‐change microcapsules, consisting of urea‐melamine‐formaldehyde as the shell material and n‐tetradecane as the core material, offer effective temperature regulation within concrete under low‐temperature conditions, mitigating the impact of freeze–thaw cycles. However, their incorporation can exert a notable influence on concrete strength. In this study, microcapsules were utilized as an admixture, and nano‐silicon dioxide replaced an equivalent amount of cement to prepare modified phase‐change concrete, focusing on investigating mechanical properties. Results indicate that under consistent parameters—emulsifier concentration of 10% and an oil–water ratio of 1:6—the produced microcapsules exhibit uniform dispersion, with particle sizes ranging from 10 to 20 μm and latent heat of phase change reaching 117 J g−1. Incorporating microcapsules reduced concrete strength, with a decrease in compressive strength within the range of 15% when microcapsule dosage was set at 10%. On the other hand, nano‐silica demonstrated the capability to significantly enhance the strength of phase‐change concrete by 15%–30% at dosages ranging from 5% to 10%. Optimal enhancement in concrete strength was achieved when phase‐change microcapsules were dosed at 10% and nano‐silica replaced 10% of the cement mass, resulting in compressive strength reaching 90% of normal concrete. © 2024 Society of Industrial Chemistry.
Thiol‐ene polymerization of double‐decker‐shaped phenyl‐substituted silsesquioxanes and thiol monomers
Authors: Watanabe Naoki , Imoto Hiroaki , Matsukawa Kimihiro , Naka Kensuke 
Published: April 2024

AbstractPolymers incorporating double‐decker‐shaped phenyl‐substituted silsesquioxane (DDSQ) into the main chain are expected to exhibit excellent thermal stability and significantly reduced dynamics of the polymer segments. In this study, thiol‐ene polymerization at 25 °C for 5 min under 365 nm irradiation was applied for 3,13‐divinyl‐DDSQ (E1) with oxybis(2,1‐ethanediyloxy‐2,1‐ethanediyl) bis(3‐sulfanylpropanoate) (T1) as a bithiol monomer for linear and 2,2‐bis{[(3‐sulfanylpropanoyl)oxy]methyl}butyl 3‐sulfanylpropanoate (T2) as a trithiol monomer for soluble cross‐linked poly(thioether)s. All the resulting poly(thioether)s yielded colorless and transparent films by casting tetrahydrofuran solutions onto glass substrates. These polymers showed a higher decomposition temperature of 5 wt% loss over 350 °C. The films exhibited glass transition temperatures below 25 °C. Scratch scars were made on the surface of the cast films, and the self‐healing behavior was observed after heating at 40 °C. These results suggest that the DDSQ unit suppresses the molecular motion of the polymers and contributes to their self‐healing behavior.
Weaning strategies for children on home invasive mechanical ventilation
Authors: Kamalaporn Harutai , Preutthipan Aroonwan , Coates Allan L. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractChildren who require home mechanical ventilation (HMV) with an artificial airway or invasive mechanical ventilation (HMV) have a possibility of successful weaning due to the potential of compensatory lung growth. Internationally accepted guidelines on how to wean from HMV in children is not available, we summarize the weaning strategies from the literature reviews combined with our 27‐year experience in the Pediatric Home Respiratory Care program at the tertiary care center in Thailand. The readiness to wean is considered in patients with hemodynamic stability, having effective cough measured by maximal inspiratory pressure, requiring a fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) < 40%, positive end expiratory pressure <5 cmH2O, and acceptable arterial blood gases. The strategies of weaning is start weaning during the daytime while the child is awake and close monitoring is feasible. Disconnect time is gradually increased through naps and sleeping hours. Weaning from the conventional mechanical ventilator to Bilevel PAP or CPAP are optional. Factors affected the successful weaning are mainly the underlying diseases, complications, growth and development, caregivers, and resources. Weaning should be stopped during acute illness or increased work of breathing. The readiness for decannulation could be determined by using the speaking devices, tracheostomy capping, and measurement of end‐expiratory pressure. Polysomnography and airway evaluation by bronchoscopy are recommended before decannulation. Weaning when the child is ready is crucial because living with HMV can be challenging and stressful. Failure to remove a tracheostomy when indicated can result in delayed speech, social problems as well as risk for infection.
Disentangling the formation, mechanism, and evolvement of the covalent methanesulfonyl fluoride acetylcholinesterase adduct: Insights into an aged‐like inactive complex susceptible to reactivation by a combination of nucleophiles
Authors: Stojan Jure , Pesaresi Alessandro , Meden Anže , Lamba Doriano 
Published: April 2024

AbstractChemical warfare nerve agents and pesticides, known as organophosphorus compounds inactivate cholinesterases (ChEs) by phosphorylating the serine hydroxyl group located at the active site of ChEs. Over the course of time, phosphorylation is followed by loss of an organophosphate‐leaving group and the bond with ChEs becomes irreversible, a process known as aging. Differently, structurally related irreversible catalytic poisons bearing sulfur instead of phosphorus convert ChEs in its aged form only by covalently binding to the key catalytic serine. Kinetic and crystallographic studies of the interaction between Torpedo californica acetylcholinesterase (TcAChE) and a small organosulfonate, methanesulfonyl fluoride (MSF), indeed revealed irreversibly methylsulfonylated serine 200, to be isosteric with the bound aged sarin/soman analogues. The potent bulky reversible inhibitor 7‐bis‐tacrine (BTA) adopts, in the active site of the crystal structure of the MSF‐enzyme adduct, a location and an orientation that closely resemble the one being found in the crystal structure of the BTA‐enzyme complex. Remarkably, the presence of BTA accelerates the rate of methanesulfonylation by a factor of two. This unexpected result can be explained on the basis of two facts: i) the steric hindrance exerted by BTA to MSF in accessing the active site and ii) the acceleration of the MSF‐enzyme adduct formation as a consequence of the lowering of the rotational and translational degrees of freedom in the proximity of the catalytic serine. It is well known that pralidoxime (2‐Pyridine Aldoxime Methyl chloride, 2‐PAM) alone or in the presence of the substrate acetylcholine cannot reactivate the active site serine of the TcAChE‐MSF adduct. We show that the simultaneous presence of 2‐PAM and the additional neutral oxime, 2‐[(hydroxyimino)methyl]‐l‐methylimidazol (2‐HAM), triggers the reactivation process of TcAChE within the hour timescale. Overall, our results pave the way toward the likely use of a cocktail of distinctive oximes as a promising recipe for an effective and fast reactivation of aged cholinesterases.
Three‐dimensional ultrastructural and anatomical analysis of prostatic neuroendocrine cells in mice
Authors: Uemura Kei‐Ichiro , Togo Akinobu , Hiroshige Tasuku , Ohta Keisuke , Ueda Kosuke , Nishihara Kiyoaki , Nakiri Makoto , Hirashima Shingo , Igawa Tsukasa , Nakamura Kei‐Ichiro 
Published: April 2024

AbstractBackgroundA few studies have examined the ultrastructure of prostatic neuroendocrine cells (NECs), and no study has focused on their ultrastructure in three dimensions. In this study, three‐dimensional ultrastructural analysis of mouse prostatic NECs was performed to clarify their anatomical characteristics.MethodsThree 13‐week‐old male C57BL/6 mice were deeply anesthetized, perfused with physiological saline and 2% paraformaldehyde, and then placed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M cacodylate (pH 7.3) buffer for electron microscopy. After perfusion, the lower urinary tract, which included the bladder, prostate, coagulation gland, seminal vesicle, upper vas deferens, and urethra, was removed, and the specimen was cut into small cubes and subjected to postfixation and en bloc staining. Three‐dimensional ultrastructural analysis was performed on NECs, the surrounding cells, tissues, and nerves using focused ion beam/scanning electron microscope tomography.ResultsTwenty‐seven serial sections were used in the present study, and 32 mouse prostatic NECs were analyzed. Morphologically, the NECs could be classified into three types: flask, flat, and closed. Closed‐shaped NECs were always adjacent to flask‐shaped cells. The flask‐shaped and flat NECs were in direct contact with the ductal lumen and always had microvilli at their contact points. Many of the NECs had accompanying nerves, some of which terminated on the surface in contact with the NEC.ConclusionsThree‐dimensional ultrastructural analysis of mouse prostatic NECs was performed. These cells can be classified into three types based on shape. Novel findings include the presence of microvilli at their points of contact with the ductal lumen and the presence of accompanying nerves.