bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pulsed ultrasound treatment accelerates the repair of Achilles tendon rupture in rats
Authors: Yeung Chi Keung , Guo Xia , Ng Yin Fat 
Published: October 2005

AbstractA rat tenotomy model was used to investigate the effect of combined conservative management and pulsed ultrasound (PUS) on the repair of tenotomized Achilles tendon. Hemitenotomy of right medial Achilles tendon was performed in 48 rats without suture, and patella tenotomy was performed to mimic immobilization and limb disuse of an injured limb. PUS and sham PUS were applied to the healing wound for the treatment group and control group for 5 min, 3 times per week for 2 or 4 weeks, respectively. Tensile tests showed that the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and stiffness of the repaired tendon in the treatment group at 2 weeks reached 48.92 ± 18.39% and 62.48 ± 32.46% of the contralateral normal tendon strength, which were significantly higher than those of the control group (UTS, 30.36 ± 15.46%; stiffness, 33.90 ± 17.59; p < 0.05). At 4 weeks, UTS increased to 77.09 ± 15.31% and stiffness to 92.48 ± 31.12% in the treatment group, significantly higher than those in the control group (UTS, 54.33 ± 18.40%, p < 0.01; stiffness, 65.02 ± 25.48%, p < 0.05). Light microscopy revealed more regular, denser, and better aligned collagen fibers in the healing scar of the PUS‐treated healing tendons. The findings suggested that PUS were able to accelerate the healing of the ruptured tendons. © 2005 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res
Modulation of endochondral development of the distal femoral condyle by mechanical loading
Authors: Sundaramurthy Sona , Mao Jeremy J. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractAlthough previous theoretical modeling studies have predicted that various mechanical stresses accelerate or inhibit the ossification process of the neonatal chondroepiphysis, there is a paucity of experimental data to verify these models. The present study was designed to provide experimental evidence on whether the ossification of the chondroepiphysis is modulated by mechanical loading on the distal femoral condyle explant of the neonatal (5‐day‐old) rabbit in organ culture. Upon aseptic dissection, the right condyle explant was immersed in and fixated to an organ culture system, and received cyclic forces at 200 mN and 1 Hz for 12 h (N = 8) directly on its slightly convex articular surface, whereas the contralateral, left condyle explant was immersed separately in organ culture (N = 8). Subsequently, both loaded and control explants were placed in a bioreactor rotating at 20 rpm for 72 h. In each mechanically loaded specimen, a structure reminiscent of the secondary ossification center (SOC) appeared with an average area of 1.17 ± 0.13 mm2, or 15.2 ± 8.2% of the total epiphysis area. In contrast, no SOC was detected in any of the unloaded contralateral control specimens. The SOC in mechanically loaded specimens was stained intensively with fast green, whereas either the rest of the loaded epiphysis or the entire control epiphysis was stained intensely to safranin‐O but lacked fast green staining. Immunolocalization revealed that the SOC of the mechanically loaded specimens expressed Runx 2 and osteopontin, both of which were absent in the unloaded control specimens. Type X collagen was expressed surrounding hypertrophic chondrocytes adjacent to the SOC, but was absent in the control specimen. Type II collagen and decorin were absent in the SOC of the loaded specimen, but were expressed throughout the rest of the loaded epiphysis and the unloaded control epiphysis. The intensity of type II collagen and decorin expression was significantly stronger among hypertrophic chondrocytes surrounding the SOC than the control. The numbers of hypertrophic chondrocytes surrounding the SOC and superior to metaphyseal bone were significantly higher in the loaded specimens than the unloaded controls. Taken together, mechanical stresses accelerate the formation of the secondary ossification center, and therefore modulate endochondral ossification. © 2005 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res
Mechanical Response of Thermoset Polymers under High Compressive Loads, 2
Authors: Nordin Lars‐Olof , Marklund Erik , Ståhlberg Daniel , Varna Janis , Johansson Mats 
Published: October 2005

AbstractSummary: A nonlinear viscoelastic material model was used to describe the experimental behaviour of thin vinyl ester specimens subjected to compression in thickness direction. The stress‐dependent material functions in the model were found in creep and strain recovery tests on thick cylindrical specimens. The elastic and creep response of thin thermoset polymer specimens subjected to compressive loads was simulated while varying the geometry of the test set samples. The calculated increase in the apparent elastic modulus and decrease of the creep‐strain rate due to reduced thickness‐to‐width ratio is in a good qualitative correlation with experimental results for corresponding geometries. The constraint due to friction and interaction with the material outside the loaded surface area were identified as the cause for high apparent stiffness, which converges with decreasing thickness to an asymptotic value dependent on the modulus and Poisson's ratio of the material.The shape of a 2 mm‐thick specimen under compression.imageThe shape of a 2 mm‐thick specimen under compression.
Syndiotactic Polystyrene/Organoclay Nanocomposites: Synthesis via In Situ Coordination‐Insertion Polymerization and Preliminary Characterization
Authors: Bruzaud Stéphane , Grohens Yves , Ilinca Simona , Carpentier Jean‐François 
Published: October 2005

AbstractSummary: Syndiotactic polystyrene (sPS)/organophilic clay nanocomposites were obtained by in situ coordination‐insertion polymerization of styrene. Two cationic surfactants (alkylammonium and alkylphosphonium) were used for the intercalation of montmorillonite (MMT). For each organically modified clay, three protocols were performed using an MAO‐activated hemi‐metallocene catalyst, in order to compare the influence of experimental conditions on the composite microstructure and on its thermal stability. The microstructures of nanocomposites were investigated by wide angle X‐ray scattering and DSC. Partially exfoliated or intercalated materials were obtained in all cases and a decrease of crystallinity is observed. Thermal properties were also studied by DSC and thermogravimetric analysis. The presence of clay does not have a strong influence on the sPS thermal transitions but the thermal decomposition process of the material was slowed down in the presence of few organoclay percents, particularly in the degradation beginning. The influence of these two organically modified clays on the thermal stability of the material is discussed.Gel and suspension formed from the combination of cloisite with toluene (left) and styrene (right), respectively.imageGel and suspension formed from the combination of cloisite with toluene (left) and styrene (right), respectively.
Video Microscopy for the Investigation of Gas Phase Copolymerization
Authors: Ferrari Daniela , Fink Gerhard 
Published: October 2005

AbstractSummary: Video microscopy as a tool for investigating olefin gas phase copolymerization is presented for the first time in this paper. The central theme of this work is the study of the comonomer effect shown by an unbridged metallocene catalyst supported on silica. By using video microscopy, it is possible to observe the increase in catalytic activity in terms of particle growth as well as monomer consumption. The observation that a more pronounced induction period in the particle growth profile is shown with increasing propylene concentration led us to investigate the copolymers obtained at different polymerization times using 13C NMR analysis and single particle energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX mapping). This allowed us to adapt the “polymer growth and particle expansion model” to the copolymerization. Besides physical causes for the comonomer effect, we wanted to determine whether the catalyst structure plays an important role in the comonomer effect. To this end we investigated two metallocenes bearing the same long bridging unit but differing in the ligand bound to the zirconium center. One metallocene bears a cyclopentadienyl ring, while the other bears an indenyl group. From a close analysis of the 13C NMR, it is clear that both catalysts insert ethylene more easily then propylene, probably due to the long bridging unit that results in a narrower aperture angle of the ligand. In addition to this, the indenyl ligand does not allow the formation of propylene blocks even at high propylene concentration.Snapshot of the polymer particles taken after 165 min of ethylene‐1‐butene copolymerization with catalyst 1.imageSnapshot of the polymer particles taken after 165 min of ethylene‐1‐butene copolymerization with catalyst 1.
Real‐time blood flow imaging using autocalibrated spiral sensitivity encoding
Authors: Nezafat Reza , Kellman Peter , Derbyshire J. Andrew , McVeigh Elliot R. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractA novel spiral phase contrast (PC) technique was developed for high temporal resolution imaging of blood flow without cardiac gating. An autocalibrated spiral sensitivity encoding (SENSE) method is introduced and used to reconstruct PC images. Numerical simulations and a flow phantom study were performed to validate the technique. To study the accuracy of the flow measurement in vivo, a high‐resolution cardiac experiment was performed and a subset of undersampled SENSE reconstructed data were reconstructed. Good agreement between the velocity measurement from the fully‐sampled and undersampled data was achieved. Real‐time experiments were performed to measure blood velocity in the ascending aorta and aortic valve, and during a Valsalva maneuver. The results demonstrate the potential of this technique for real‐time flow imaging. Magn Reson Med, 2005. Published 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Novel approach to the measurement of absolute cerebral blood volume using vascular‐space‐occupancy magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Lu Hanzhang , Law Meng , Johnson Glyn , Ge Yulin , van Zijl Peter C. M. , Helpern Joseph A. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractQuantitative determination of cerebral blood volume (CBV) is important for understanding brain physiology and pathophysiology. In this work, a novel approach is presented for accurate measurement of absolute CBV (aCBV) using vascular‐space‐occupancy (VASO) MRI, a blood‐nulling pulse sequence, in combination with the T1 shortening property of Gd‐DTPA. Two VASO images with identical imaging parameters are acquired before and after contrast agent injection, resulting in a subtracted image that reflects the amount of blood present in the brain, i.e., CBV. With an additional normalizing factor, aCBV in units of milliliters of blood per 100 mL of brain can be estimated. Experimental results at 1.5 and 3 T systems showed that aCBV maps with high spatial resolution can be obtained with high reproducibility. The averaged aCBV values in gray and white matter were 5.5 ± 0.2 and 1.4 ± 0.1 mL of blood/100 mL of brain, respectively. Compared to dynamic susceptibility contrast techniques, VASO MRI is based upon a relatively straightforward theory and the calculation of CBV does not require measurement of an arterial input function. In comparison with previous pre/postcontrast difference approaches, VASO MRI provides maximal signal difference between pre‐ and postcontrast situation and does not require the use of whole blood for signal normalization. Magn Reson Med, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
HR‐MAS of cells: A “cellular water shift” due to water‐protein interactions?
Authors: Aime Silvio , Bruno Erik , Cabella Claudia , Colombatto Sebastiano , Digilio Giuseppe , Mainero Valentina 
Published: October 2005

AbstractUnder HR‐MAS conditions, cells are subjected to high centrifugal forces that may cause irreversible cell damage. First, conditions have been defined to monitor and keep to a minimum unwanted effects in HR‐MAS spectra arising from the loss of cell integrity. Then, the HR‐MAS spectra of reasonably intact cells have been analyzed. Cell suspensions subjected to MAS rates as low as 1 kHz split into a two‐compartment system that is composed of a cell‐rich phase (H2Oi) and a cell‐free phase (H2Oo). Each of these phases is characterized by its own water 1H‐NMR signal. Transport of water molecules between the cell‐rich and cell‐free compartments is limited by the very low contact area between the two compartments, and water exchange dynamics consequently fall into the slow exchange limit on the NMR timescale. Since the exchange between the two water populations is “frozen,” the separation between the H2Oo and H2Oi water signals (Δνwater) detected in an HR‐MAS experiment is not affected by chemical exchange but reflects only chemical differences in the two environments. Different cell lines show a different Δνwater, leading to the concept of “cellular water shift.” This shift roughly correlates with the cellular protein content, supporting the view that the most important determinant of the cellular water shift is the interaction between water and proteins in the intracellular compartment. Magn Reson Med, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High‐resolution DTI with 2D interleaved multislice reduced FOV single‐shot diffusion‐weighted EPI (2D ss‐rFOV‐DWEPI)
Authors: Jeong Eun‐Kee , Kim Seong‐Eun , Guo Junyu , Kholmovski Eugene G. , Parker Dennis L. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractDiffusion tensor MRI (DTI), using single‐shot 2D diffusion weighted‐EPI (2D ss‐DWEPI), is limited to intracranial (i.c.) applications far from the sinuses and bony structures, due to the severe geometric distortions caused by significant magnetic field inhomogeneities at or near the tissue‐air or tissue‐bone interfaces. Reducing these distortions in single‐shot EPI by shortening the readout period generally requires a reduced field of view (and the potential of wraparound artifact) in the phase‐encoding direction and/or reduced spatial resolution. To resolve the problem, a novel 2D reduced FOV single‐shot diffusion‐weighted EPI (2D ss‐rFOV‐DWEPI) pulse sequence applicable for high resolution diffusion‐weighted MRI of local anatomic regions, such as brainstem, cervical spinal cord, and optic nerve, has been developed. In the proposed technique, time‐efficient interleaved acquisition of multiple slices with a limited FOV was achieved by applying an even number of refocusing 180° pulses with the slice‐selection gradient applied in the phase‐encoding direction. The two refocusing pulses used for each slice acquisition were separated by a short time interval (typically less than 45 ms) required for the 2D EPI echotrain acquisition. The new technique can be useful for high resolution DTI of various anatomies, such as localized brain structures, cervical spinal cord, optic nerve, heart, or other extra‐cerebral organ, where conventional 2D ss‐DWEPI is limited in usage due to the severity of image distortions. Magn Reson Med, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Padé methods for reconstruction and feature extraction in magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Callaghan Martina F. , Larkman David J. , Hajnal Joseph V. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractMethods utilizing Padé approximants are investigated for implementation with magnetic resonance imaging data and are presented both for direct image reconstruction and for feature extraction. Padé approximants are a numerical tool that can be used to accelerate the convergence of a slowly converging sequence by estimating the fully converged sequence values from early data points. Padé approximants can be calculated directly from k‐space data by solving a set of linear matrix equations to produce signal values for any desired location in the image domain. This gives an estimate of the fully converged signal intensity at each pixel location in the image, raising the possibility of reconstructing a better estimate of the object from a reduced data set. These methods have been tested on phantom and human data both for image reconstruction and for feature extraction. In image reconstruction, considerable convergence acceleration can be achieved, with steep intensity boundaries reproduced in keeping with higher resolution reconstructions and oscillatory truncation artifact characteristic of Fourier reconstruction removed. The convergence acceleration is variable and there is the possibility of fine detail suppression when insufficient data are included. The use of Padé methods as a tool for feature extraction has shown good agreement with extraction from high‐resolution reference data. In this approach the edge information comes intrinsically from Padé reconstruction. Magn Reson Med, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Proactive consumer consultation: the effect of information provision on response to transgenic animals
Authors: Castle David , Finlay Karen , Clark Steve 
Published: October 2005

Abstract

A national study is reported which proactively engaged 1365 Canadian consumers and solicited their opinions concerning new transgenic salmon and pork products which have not yet entered the marketplace. Respondents were methodically requested to provide initial free‐association responses, and then scaled responses to product concepts about which progressively more information was revealed. This combined qualitative and quantitative method was pursued in order to determine initial knowledge levels and subsequent responses with a minimal amount of cueing via question probes. The results indicate that disclosure concerning benefits and risks of these new technologies did not harm judgements about them or estimates of purchase intent. A significant determinant of opinions was the gender of the respondent. Females were more negatively predisposed overall to the concepts and more sensitive to specific information regarding product benefits and risks. The research offers a methodological template for public consultation and communication pre‐testing for new biotechnological products. Implications for regulatory policy and information dissemination for new food biotechnology products are discussed.

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Consumer benefits and acceptance of genetically modified food
Authors: Knight John G. , Mather Damien W. , Holdsworth David K. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract

Much of the resistance towards genetically modified foods appears to stem from public perceptions that they offer no consumer benefits. In order to test whether clearly defined consumer benefits would change behaviour, a purchasing experiment has been conducted in New Zealand, where the genetically modified issue has been highly politicized. Cherries labelled as spray free‐genetically modified, organic or conventional were offered for sale in a roadside stall, with price levels manipulated to test price sensitivity of the different options. Approximately 27% of consumers proved willing to purchase genetically modified labelled cherries when all three types were priced at the prevailing market price, and this market share increased to 60% when the price was discounted by 15% and organic was priced at a 15% premium.

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determinants of anti‐GM food activism
Authors: West Gale E. , Larue Bruno 
Published: October 2005

AbstractAnti‐genetically modified (GM) food organizations have often incited consumers to boycott conventional groceries and donate money to their cause. Using telephone survey data from 1008 Canadians, this study examines differences in attitudes, beliefs, knowledge and behaviours of anti‐GM food activists and non‐activists, then uses multivariate probit analysis to determine which of these characteristics predict the likelihood of such active participation in the anti‐GM movement. Food production knowledge and general concerns about health and the environment did not predict anti‐GM activism, while anti‐corporate sentiments, fear of globalization and belief that GM foods are fundamentally unnatural had the greatest predictive power.Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is Europe moving from cleansing genetically modified foodstuffs to peaceful ‘co‐existence’?
Authors: Oehmke James F , Tothova Monika 
Published: October 2005

AbstractFrom 1999 to 2004, the EU had two domestic policies in place which in reality acted as direct barriers to trade on the stated grounds of protecting human health and the environment. In recent months, the EU policies regarding genetically modified foods and crops have changed. However, the relaxation of the moratorium and the development of co‐existence guidelines will do little to help the commercialization of genetically modified organisms. Examination of the political economy in the EU shows no changes that would lead one to expect significant impacts on commerce.Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shaping Brazil's emerging GMO policy: opportunities for leadership
Authors: Griffin Jennifer J. , McNulty Michael , Schoeffler William 
Published: October 2005

Abstract

Genetically modified organisms (GMOs), when first developed, were seen as bringing hope to developing nations. In Brazil, as elsewhere in the world, many believe that the consumption of GMOs in foodstuffs, commonly referred to as ‘Franken foods’, is harmful to one's health and the environment. Yet Brazil has much to lose and much to gain. For Brazil, the GMO debate centres around growing, developing and exporting soybeans, the country's hottest cash crop. The prominence of agribusiness in Brazil's economy, its abundant farm land, and developing road and seaport systems, coupled with sweeping changes to GMO policy, both domestically and among trading partners, puts Brazil in a unique leadership position. Much is at stake as the impacts of GMOs, mandatory labelling and environmental stewardship are debated. Balancing these competing interests will have a significant impact on Brazil's future as the world's second largest producer of soybeans.

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improving recall crisis management: should retailer information be disclosed?
Authors: Shang Wenjing , Hooker Neal H. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract

Recalls of consumer products have increased in recent years, leading to questions of the efficacy of quality control and crisis management and calls for new policies. In the USA, food recalls are voluntary, with crisis communications only disclosing processors' names. Following a review of consumer recalls in several developed countries, the case for disclosure of retailer information is explored. Using survival analyses of critical timing measures of recalls, tests show that disclosure may benefit public health through a more rapid detection of contaminated foods. The potential costs of disclosure are also discussed.

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
AFM study of crystalline cellulose in the cell walls of straw
Authors: Li Wan , Yan Lifeng , Yang Jinlong 
Published: October 2005

AbstractCrystalline cellulose in the cell walls of straw was studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The samples were first treated and then observed by AFM under dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). The crystalline regions were located and two allomorphs of crystalline cellulose, triclinic Iα and monoclinic Iβ phases, were identified. In most crystalline regions, the Iα and Iβ phases are intimately associated, with the Iβ phase more abundant than the Iα phase. In some small domains only one phase with long‐range order was observed. It was demonstrated that in these one‐phase domains, Iα phase crystals always have their (010) plane lying parallel to the cell wall surface and Iβ phase crystals with (110) plane lying parallel. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry