bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Theoretical investigations into the accuracy of sampling shelled peanuts for aflatoxin
Authors: Whitaker T. B. , Wiser E. H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWithin a population of shelled peanuts, aflatoxin may be concentrated in less than 0.5% of the peanuts. Those peanuts containing aflatoxin might have concentrations up to 1,000,000 µg of aflatoxin per kilogram of peanuts. Because of the distribution pattern, sample means vary widely, and the true average level of aflatoxin in the population is difficult to estimate. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of sample size, N, on sampling accuracy. The negative binomial distribution of aflatoxin since it allowed for a high probability of zero counts along with small probabilities of large counts. Using both the Monte Carlo technique and a direct computation method, the effect of sample size on sampling accuracy was quantitatively described.
The unsolved problems of triglyceride analysis
Authors: Coleman M. H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe modern techniques of countercurrent distribution between solvents, GLC and TLC (especially on silver nitrate impregnated silica gel), and enzymic hydrolysis have greatly simplified and speeded up the analysis of triglyceride mixtures, such as are found in natural fats. The application of these methods has provided data for the formulation of a number of new theoretical descriptions of the fatty acid distributions found in fats.But it is clear that neither the experimental techniques, nor the theories of glyceride structure arrived at with their aid, are entirely satisfactory. On the one hand analytical methods are inadequate for such fats as the nut oils; and in no case can the accuracy of the analysis be regarded as complete. On the other hand present theories have yet to accommodate minor components, enantiomorphic forms, and recent evidence concerning the biosynthesis of natural triglycerides.Attention is drawn to some of the outstanding problems still facing those concerned with the analysis of triglyceride mixtures; and an attempt it made to indicate the direction in which solutions to these problems may be sought.
Very long‐chain fatty acids in diagnosis, pathogenesis, and therapy of peroxisomal disorders
Authors: Moser Hugo W. , Moser Ann B. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAbnormally high levels of very long‐chain fatty acids (VLCFA) are a feature in nine of the fifteen peroxisomal disorders that have been identified so far. Saturated VLCFA accumulate in X‐linked adrenoleukodystrophy, appear to disrupt membrane structure, and may play a role in the pathogenesis of a brain inflammatory response. Dietary therapy initiated when patients are still asymptomatic may be of clinical benefit.
Fatty acids and Schizophrenia
Authors: Laugharne J. D. E. , Mellor J. E. , Peet M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn a controlled study of red cell membrane fatty acids in patients with schizophrenia, substantial depletions of fatty acids from both the n‐6 and n‐3 series were demonstrated. Arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid were particularly depleted. In a separate study, dietary analysis revealed no deficiency of fatty acid intake in this patient group, but greater intake of n‐3 fatty acids was associated with less severe symptomatology. Dietary supplementation for six weeks with 10 g per day of concentrated fish oil (MaxEPA) led to significant improvement in schizophrenic symptoms. This clinical improvement was related to the increased level of n‐3 fatty acids in red cell membranes. These findings form part of a growing body of research data suggestive of an abnormality in cell membrane fatty acid composition in schizophrenia. The preliminary evidence for clinically effective dietary manipulation to correct such an abnormality opens up novel and exciting therapeutic possibilities.
Increased docosahexaenoic acid levels in human newborn infants by administration of sardines and fish oil during pregnancy
Authors: Connor William E. , Lowensohn Richard , Hatcher Lauren 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn rhesus monkeys, maternal n‐3 fatty acid deficiency during pregnancy produces infant monkeys deficient in n‐3 fatty acids at birth. These results stimulated current experiments to find out if n‐3 fatty acids from fish in the diets of pregnant women would influence the concentration of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n‐3) in the newborn human infant.Fifteen healthy pregnant women were enrolled to receive a 9‐wk dietary supplementation of n‐3 fatty acids from the 26th to the 35th wk of pregnancy. Sixteen pregnant women were not supplemented and served as controls. n‐3 Fatty acid supplementation consisted of sardines and additional fish oil, which provided a total of 2.6 g of n‐3 fatty acids per day (d) for the 9‐wk period of supplementation. This included 1.01 g DHA.The end point of this study was the blood concentrations of DHA in the newborn infant. DHA in maternal red blood cells increased from 4.69% of total fatty acids to 7.15% at the end of the supplement period and at the time of delivery decreased (as expected) to 5.97% of total fatty acids. Maternal plasma showed a similar change from 2.12 to 3.51% of total fatty acids and then decreased to 2.35%. Levels of DHA in plasma and red blood cells of unsupplemented mothers did not change during the same time period.Levels of DHA in blood of newborn infants differed greatly in infants born from n‐3‐supplemented mothers compared with control infants. In red blood cells, DHA was 7.92% of total fatty acids compared with 5.86% (control infants). Plasma values showed a similar difference: 5.05% vs. 3.47% (controls). In n‐3‐supplemented infants, DHA concentrations were 35.2% higher than in control infants in red blood cells and 45.5% higher in plasma.These data indicate the importance of maternal dietary n‐3 fatty acids and, in particular, maternal dietary DHA in promoting higher concentrations of DHA in the blood of the newborn infant.
Membrane‐associated and cytoplasmic fatty acid‐binding proteins
Authors: Van Nieuwenhoven F. A. , Van der Vusse G. J. , Glatz J. F. C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA number of cellular fatty acid‐binding proteins are being implicated in the uptake and intracellular transport of long‐chain fatty acids by parenchymal cells. Having been a topic of research for more than 20 years, cytoplasmic fatty acid‐binding proteins now are assigned various pivotal functions in intracellular fatty acid transport and metabolism. More recently several membrane‐associated fatty acid‐binding proteins have been identified and these proteins are thought to function in the transmembrane transport of fatty acids. In this review, a short summary is provided of the latest developments in this research area.
Effects of modulation of inflammatory and immune parameters in patients with rheumatic and inflammatory disease receiving dietary supplementation of n‐3 and n‐6 fatty acids
Authors: Kremer Joel M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTo describe the rationale and status of n‐3 and n‐6 fatty acid dietary supplementation in patients with inflammatory disease. The most recent literature is reviewed with a focus on rheumatoid arthritis (RA) as most investigations have described the use of n‐3 supplements in this disease entity. Investigations from Europe, the United States, and Australia have described consistent improvement in tender joint scores with many investigators also observing improvements in morning stiffness. A meta analysis has confirmed the predictable improvement in tender joints. Recent studies also suggest that some patients with RA are able to discontinue nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) while receiving n‐3 fatty acids. A large number of peer reviewed publications from around the world have established the utility of dietary supplementation with n‐3 fatty acids in reducing tender joint counts and morning stiffness in patients with RA. Some patients are also able to discontinue NSAIDs while on these supplements.
Fluorescence in pistachio nuts contaminated with aflatoxin
Authors: Dickens J. W. , Welty R. E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBright greenish‐yellow fluorescence under long wave ultraviolet light was observed on the shells of 7% of the nuts in samples from 46 aflatoxin contaminated commercial lots of Iranian pistachio nuts. Kernels from the fluorescent nuts contained 50% of the aflatoxin in the samples. No aflatoxin was found in any of the shells. When kernels and shells were cultured, toxicogenic fungi grew from only 4% of the shells and 21% of the kernels from fluorescent nuts and from 9% of the shells and 15% of the kernels from nonfluorescent nuts.
A Continuous process for the dehydration of castor oil
Authors: Radlove S. B. , DeJong WM. , Falkenburg L. B. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryA process for dehydrating castor oil continuously has been presented. The method consists essentially of exposing the oil in a thin film under the vacuum to temperatures between 310° and 350°C. for short periods of time in the presence of a dilute sulfuric acid catalyst. The relationship between various operational conditions and the physical constants of the oil produced has been determined. In addition, the oils were compared with several representative commercial oils.
Adsorption analysis of lipids. II. The fractionation of soybean oil and derived ethyl esters
Authors: Reinbold Catherine L. , Dutton Herbert J. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryA rapid method of fractionating soybean glycerides and their ethyl esters by adsorption analysis on an aluminum oxide column is described. It compared favorably with other methods of fractionation. In the adsorption analysis of crude soybean oil, the iodine values of fractions ranged from 104 to 173, a spread of 69 units. However, under other conditions of adsorption, iodine values as high as 200 were obtained. In the analysis of ethyl esters of soybean oil, iodine values ranged from 61 to 185, a spread of 124 units. The fat acid composition of each fraction was calculated from spectrophotometric and iodine value determinations. Recoveries from the columns were 82.4% in the case of the glycerides, and 90.0% in the case of the esters.
Clinical evaluation of negative symptoms in schizophrenia
Authors: Möller Hans-Jürgen 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe florid positive symptoms of schizophrenia (hallucinations, delusions, grossly disordered thinking) are often obvious. By comparison, negative symptoms (flattened affect, impoverished speech, apathy, avolition, anhedonia) are subtler and more difficult to recognize and diagnose. However, there is increasing recognition of the importance of negative symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. Secondary negative symptoms attributable to such factors as unrelieved positive symptoms, the adverse effects of antipsychotic pharmacotherapy, or social isolation may subside with resolution of such factors. In contrast, primary negative symptoms are an intrinsic aspect of schizophrenia; they are persistent and have been associated with poorer clinical outcomes. Although the lack of a reliably effective treatment for negative symptoms is a serious unmet need in this patient population, accurate diagnosis is still important. Assessment of suspected negative symptoms, using validated rating scales, can help to rule out comorbid affective or cognitive disorders that may mimic negative symptoms and to distinguish primary negative symptoms from potentially reversible secondary negative symptoms. This article reviews the definitions and classification of negative symptoms, compares the tools available for their assessment, and offers practical clinical algorithms for sorting through the differential diagnosis.
High-Sensitivity Transcriptome Data Structure and Implications for Analysis and Biologic Interpretation
Authors: Noth Sebastian , Brysbaert Guillaume , Pellay François-Xavier , Benecke Arndt 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Novel microarray technologies such as the AB1700 platform from Applied Biosystems promise significant increases in the signal dynamic range and a higher sensitivity for weakly expressed transcripts. We have compared a representative set of AB1700 data with a similarly representative Affymetrix HG-U133A dataset. The AB1700 design extends the signal dynamic detection range at the lower bound by one order of magnitude. The lognormal signal distribution profiles of these high-sensitivity data need to be represented by two independent distributions. The additional second distribution covers those transcripts that would have gone undetected using the Affymetrix technology. The signal-dependent variance distribution in the AB1700 data is a non-trivial function of signal intensity, describable using a composite function. The drastically different structure of these high-sensitivity transcriptome profiles requires adaptation or even redevelopment of the standard microarray analysis methods. Based on the statistical properties, we have derived a signal variance distribution model for AB1700 data that is necessary for such development. Interestingly, the dual lognormal distribution observed in the AB1700 data reflects two fundamentally different biologic mechanisms of transcription initiation.
Culture and the Human Rights of Women in Africa: Between Light and Shadow
Authors: Ssenyonjo Manisuli 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDespite the ratification by African states of several human rights instruments protecting the human rights of women in Africa, and the solemn commitment of the African states to eliminate all forms of discrimination and harmful practices against women, women in Africa still continue to experience human rights violations. Most African women are denied the equal enjoyment of their human rights, in particular by virtue of the lesser status ascribed to them by tradition and custom, or as a result of overt or covert discrimination. Many women in Africa experience distinct forms of discrimination due to the intersection of sex with such factors as race, language, religion, political and other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth, or other factors, such as age, disability, marital, refugee or migrant status, resulting in compounded disadvantage. Therefore, much remains to be done to realize the human rights of women in Africa. This article examines the relationship between culture and women's human rights, and makes some recommendations for the effective realization of these rights.
Side selection for cochlear implantation in a case of Cogan's syndrome
Authors: Im G J , Jung H H 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCogan's syndrome is a rare clinical entity that is characterised by non-syphilitic interstitial keratitis and audiovestibular symptoms. The cause of Cogan's syndrome is considered to be autoimmune disease, which is supported by the resolution of hearing loss after steroid treatment, and the association with other autoimmune diseases. The sensorineural hearing loss of Cogan's syndrome is progressive over a few months, and sudden, bilateral deafness often occurs, which may be an indication for cochlear implantation. This paper presents the case of a young woman suffering from Cogan's syndrome and sudden, bilateral deafness. With reference to this case, we describe problems regarding cochlear implantation for Cogan's syndrome and radiological findings aiding selection of cochlear implantation side.
Burmese bells and Chinese eroticism: Southeast Asia's cultural influence on China
Authors: Laichen Sun 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBy utilising a large number of historical and literary sources in Chinese and European languages, this article discusses the spread of Burmese bells (penis inserts) to China between the late sixteenth and early twenty-first centuries, a topic that has hitherto been understudied. It details the social factors behind each phase of transmission, the Chinese adaptation of a Southeast Asian practice, and physical description of Burmese bells. The research provides a new perspective to Southeast Asian–Chinese interactions and stresses the Southeast Asian cultural influence on Chinese society and sexual behaviour. It also argues that aphrodisiacs, like other commodities, have a legitimate place in Asian history.
Constraining jet physics in weakly accreting black holes
Authors: Markoff Sera 
Published: May 2007

AbstractOutflowing jets are observed in a variety of astronomical objects such as accreting compact objects from X-ray binaries (XRBs) to active galactic nuclei (AGN), as well as at stellar birth and death. Yet we still do not know exactly what they are comprised of, why and how they form, or their exact relationship with the accretion flow. In this talk I focus on jets in black hole systems, which provide the ideal test population for studying the relationship between inflow and outflow over an extreme range in mass and accretion rate.I present several recent results from coordinated multi-wavelength studies of low-luminosity sources. These results not only support similar trends in weakly accreting black hole behavior across the mass scale, but also suggest that the same underlying physical model can explain their broadband spectra. I discuss how comparisons between small- and large-scale systems are revealing new information about the regions nearest the black hole, providing clues about the creation of these weakest of jets. Furthermore, comparisons between our Galactic center nucleus Sgr A* and other sources at slightly higher accretion rates can elucidate the processes which drive central activity, and pave the way for new tests with upcoming instruments.
XMM-Newton RGS spectra of four Seyfert 1 galaxies
Authors: Cardaci M. V. , Santos-Lleó M. , Díaz A. I. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractUsing the spectral fitting technique we have studied the components contributing to the soft X-ray spectra of four AGN. The selected objects are the Seyfert 1 galaxies: HE 1143-1810, Mkn 110, CTS A08.12 and ESO 359-G19. The high-resolution X-ray spectra analysed were taken with the Reflection Grating Spectrometers on board the XMM-Newton satellite. In contrast to the results for other well-studied Seyfert 1 galaxies, we have found that the spectra of the four galaxies lack of significant absorption features. Hence, there are no signs of high-column-density partially-ionised absorbing material in the vicinity of the active nucleus in these galaxies.
Analytical binary black hole model of Sgr A* and its implications
Authors: Chatterjee Tapan K. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSurrounding the Galactic center is a molecular cloud with a central black hole. This raises the question as to how the hole was formed. While clouds containing HCN are circulating around the Galactic center, they do not all move at the same speed and so collide mutually and should make a more uniform motion and distribution after a period of some 100 kyrs (e.g., Ekers, van Gorkom, Schwartz et al. 1983). Hence some very energetic phenomena must have occurred within that period.
QPOs expected in rotating accretion flows around a supermassive black hole
Authors: Okuda T. , Teresi V. , Molteni D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIt is well known that rotating inviscid accretion flows with adequate injection parameters around black holes could form shock waves close to the black holes, after the flow passes through the outer sonic point and can be virtually stopped by the centrifugal force. We numerically examine such shock waves in 2D accretion flows with 10−5 to 106 Eddington critical accretion rates around a supermassive black hole with 106M⊙. As the results, the luminosities show QPO phenomena with modulations of a factor 2–3 and with quasi-periods of a few to several hours.
Episodic ejection from super-massive black holes
Authors: Saripalli Lakshmi , Subrahmanyan Ravi , Hunstead Richard W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractEpisodic activity in super-massive black holes is shown by radio galaxies exhibiting ‘double-double’ radio morphologies (Subrahmanyan et al. 1996, Schoenmakers et al. 2000). Spectacular examples showing a renewal of beam activity in the form of new beams emerging within relic radio lobes of previous activity have placed the phenomenon of recurrence in AGN outflows on a firm footing.By using the SUMSS and WENSS GRG samples, we infer that on timescales of order a few million years, low luminosity radio sources are more likely to exhibit episodic behaviour in the accretion on to their supermassive black holes as compared to the more powerful radio galaxies.
The Cat in the Courtyard: The Performance of Sanskrit and the Religious Experience of Women
Authors: Patton Laurie L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis chapter demonstrates how contemporary female Sanskritists in Maharashtra reconfigure Sanskrit, the “father language” of Brahminical Hinduism, as a “grandmother language” and how women engage in new ways to imbue the practices and activities of everyday life with religious meaning. Female Sanskritists unite their stridharma, or ritual duties as women, with the use of Sanskrit in everyday life, importing Sanskrit into everyday events and practices like childbirth, food preparation, and the feeding of family. In so doing, these women reconstitute Sanskrit as a domestic language of interpersonal care and personal transformation; they also reconfigure the “profane” moments of everyday life, imbuing them with religious meaning by sacralizing them with powerful religious mantras.
The effect of single‐dose orlistat on postprandial serum glucose, insulin and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 levels in nondiabetic obese patients
Authors: Sahin Mustafa , Tanaci Nedret , Yucel Muammer , Tutuncu Neslihan Bascil , Guvener Nilgun 
Published: May 2007

SummaryObjective  Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 is an insulin secretion‐stimulating gut hormone that is produced in response to food intake. Orlistat (Xenical, F. Hoffman‐La Roche, Basel, Switzerland), which decreases fat absorption and increases intestinal fat content, may therefore affect the secretion of glucagon‐like peptide‐1. In this study we examined the immediate effects of orlistat on postprandial serum glucose, insulin and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 levels prior to a change in body weight.Design  Randomized, clinical study.Patients  Sixteen nondiabetic obese patients (body mass index 35·7 ± 3·8 kg/m2, range 32·5–43·1) were enrolled in this study. The patients were randomly assigned to either the group treated with orlistat (120 mg, single dose) or the control group. There were eight patients in each of the two groups. Orlistat was given before a standard 600‐kcal mixed meal containing 60% carbohydrates, 25% lipids and 15% protein. Blood samples were collected at baseline and at 30‐min intervals for 180 min after the test meal. Graphical tendencies, peak value, time to reach the peak value, and area under the curve in the two groups were compared.Measurements  Blood samples were obtained for the measurement of GLP‐1, glucose, insulin, high density lipoprotein, total cholesterol and triglycerides.Results  We found no difference in sex distribution, mean age, anthropometric measurements, or baseline glucose, insulin and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 levels between the orlistat and placebo groups. The peak insulin and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 levels were determined at 60 min in the control group. Hourly changes in serum glucose and insulin levels were similar between the groups, although the peak insulin and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 levels were reached at 120 min in the orlistat group. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups.Conclusions  A single dose of 120‐mg orlistat caused no change in postprandial serum glucose, insulin or glucagon‐like peptide‐1 levels in nondiabetic obese patients. Although glucagon‐like peptide‐1 increases were delayed in the orlistat group, these changes were nonsignificant.