bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Oceans as the Common Property of Mankind from Early Modern Period to Today
Authors: Heidbrink Ingo Klaus 
Published: February 2008

AbstractToday's Law of the Sea is the result of multiple attempts to organize the utilization of marine resources since the Early Modern period. Starting with Hugo Grotius, the concept of the Freedom of the Seas and an open access approach, the author describes the development of territorial waters and fisheries limits until today. Special consideration is given to the Cod Wars between distant‐water fishing nations and coastal nations like Iceland as well as to Arvid Pardo's vision of the oceans as a Common Heritage of Mankind, the United Nations Conferences on the Law of the Sea and the development of the 200 nautical mile (nm) Exclusive Economic Zones. Based on an historical analysis in the context of the theories of the Tragedy of the Commons and de‐colonization the author discusses why all systems of the Law of the Sea until today failed and could not safeguard a responsible and sustainable use of marine resources. Furthermore the article provides a set of mechanisms that can be applied to the regulation of all open‐access resources.
The D Allele of Angiotensin‐Converting Enzyme Polymorphism as a Predictor of Renal Function Decline over 4 Years in an Apparently Healthy Chinese Population Aged 60 and Older
Authors: Lee Ya‐Ting , Chiu Herng‐Chia , Su Ho‐Ming , Voon Wen‐Chol , Lin Tsung‐Hsien , Lai Wen‐Ter , Sheu Sheng‐Hsiung 
Published: February 2008

OBJECTIVES: To test the association between angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) insertion or deletion (I/D) polymorphism and decline of renal function in people aged 60 and older.DESIGN: Population‐based prospective study with 4‐year follow‐up.SETTING: Department of Internal Medicine and Family Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU) Hospital and Graduate Institute of Medicine and Public Health, KMU.PARTICIPANTS: Of 1,500 people screened, 193 subjects were enrolled, and 144 completed 4 years of follow‐up, 112 non‐diabetic normotensive elderly people were analyzed.MEASUREMENTS: Subjects received biochemistry examination at baseline and at 2‐ and 4‐year follow‐ups. Serum creatinine and calculated renal parameters, including the Cockroft‐Gault (CG) formula, the Jelliffe formula, and the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study equation, were used. Genetic polymorphism was analyzed according to the polymerase chain reaction.RESULTS: The mean age±standard deviation of the subjects was 71.9±3.7 (range 60–81). Serum creatinine, CG creatinine clearance (CrCl), Jelliffe CrCl, and MDRD glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were significantly lower at the 2‐ and 4‐year follow‐ups (all P≤.001). At the 4‐year follow‐up, the magnitude of declines of the above four renal parameters was significantly higher in subjects with the ACE D allele than in the non‐D‐allele carriers (P=.01, .01, .04, and .01 for creatinine, CG CrCl, Jelliffe CrCl, and MDRD GFR, respectively). This association was still significant in multivariate analyses (P≤.02 for all parameters).CONCLUSION: This longitudinal study showed the ACE I/D gene polymorphism might modulate renal function decline in elderly Chinese. This provides further knowledge essential in the assessment of renal disease and determination of renal function in older Chinese.
Familial Cutaneous Collagenoma
Authors: Dawn Marianne E. , Deng April C. , Petrali John , Wessely Caroline , Jaffe David , Gaspari Anthony A. 
Published: February 2008

A 41‐year‐old woman presented to our dermatology clinic in February 2005 with a chief complaint of numerous flesh‐colored nodules on her back and abdomen. She initially noticed the lesions at age 17 years. The plaques had increased in size and number over time, but remained asymptomatic. The patient reported multiple similar lesions on a maternal uncle and a cousin. Her family history was also notable for cardiomyopathy, resulting in the death of her mother. The patient's past medical history was notable for poorly controlled type I diabetes, currently managed with an insulin pump; and coronary artery disease. The patient had undergone multiple cardiac procedures before the age of 40 years, including quadruple coronary artery bypass grafting surgery and placement of 9 cardiac stents. Her ejection fraction on cardiac catheterization in November 2004 was 65% with no wall motion abnormalities. On physical examination, numerous spongy, discrete, flesh‐colored plaques and nodules were seen concentrated across the upper part of her back between the scapulae as well as underneath the breasts and across the flanks (Figure 1). All lesions were asymptomatic. Prior workup of this patient had included plain films of the long bones and hands, which were within normal limits. A biopsy from lesional skin on the back highlighted by trichome stain showed an increased number of markedly thickened and eosinophilic dermal collagen bundles compared with adjacent normal skin. Immunohistochemical studies with anticollagen type I and type III antibodies confirmed that the increased collagen material consisted of type I collagen fibers, which is the same type of collagen found in normal dermis. The elastic fibers, highlighted by Verhoeff‐van Gieson stain (Figure 2), were diminished and haphazardly arranged. No increased cellular component or inflammatory infiltrate was observed. These findings were consistent with a collagenoma. Further analysis of the lesional tissue by electron microscopy revealed that the ultrastructural appearance of the collagen fibers, including arrangement and diameters, were not significantly different from that of the normal tissue (Figure 3). On physical examination, numerous spongy, flesh‐colored plaques and nodules were seen concentrated across the upper part of the patient's back between the scapulae. image Elastic stain of lesional tissue demonstrates a diminished number of abnormal elastic fibers intermingled with thickened collagen bundles; Verhoeff‐van Gieson stain, original magnification ×40. image On electron microscopy, the ultrastructural appearance of the collagen fibers, including arrangement and diameters, was not significantly different from that of the normal tissue. image
Use of Oral Isotretinoin in Photoaging Therapy
Authors: Kalil Célia Luiza Petersen Vitello , Fachinello Fernanda Zatti , Lamb Flávia Maria , Comunello Luciane Nardi 
Published: February 2008

Background
. Many drugs are being used for prevention and treatment of photoaging, especially topical retinoids. The use of systemic retinoids, more specifically, isotretinoin, for this purpose has not been properly addressed to date. Our study was designed to assess the systemic use of isotretinoin used alone for the therapy of cutaneous photoaging.
Objective
. To demonstrate that isotretinoin is converted into retinoid and improves the appearance of the photoaged skin.
Methods
. Fifty women aged 40 to 60 years, phototype I, II, or III according Fitzpatrick, were selected to receive 20 mg of isotretinoin orally 3 times a week for a 3‐month period. Patients underwent clinical and laboratory evaluation. Two biopsies and photographic control were performed. Patients were requested to use only topical photoprotecting agents during the treatment. Improvement in photoaging clinical parameters were evaluated through pictures taken and also through an evaluation form. Anatomopathologic parameters were obtained by comparing collagen degeneration and skin trophism.
Results
. Thirty patients fully complied with study requirements and were adequately analyzed. From the anatomopathologic data, an improvement of photoaging in 20 patients was observed.
Conclusions
. Isotretinoin improves photoaging with few adverse events because of the low dose used and to the short treatment duration.
Use of a Keratolytic Agent With Occlusion for Topical Treatment of Hyperkeratotic Seborrheic Keratoses
Authors: Burkhart Craig G. , Burkhart Craig N. 
Published: February 2008

Background
. Seborrheic keratoses are the most common benign tumors in adults. Despite their negative cosmetic appearance, no topical treatment is commonly recommended for these lesions.
Objective
. Our objective was to assess whether clinical benefit could be achieved by using a keratolytic topical agent and superficial scraping for this condition.
Methods
. A topical 50% urea‐containing product under occlusion was applied daily to large and/or thick hyperkeratotic seborrheic keratoses on the truck and extremities. The patients were instructed to digitally scrape the surface of the lesions in an attempt to reduce the thickness of the lesions.
Results
. In a pilot nonrandomized open‐label survey, patients expressed satisfaction with using this topical therapeutic technique.
Conclusions
. Hyperkeratotic seborrheic keratoses can be satisfactorily managed with topical agents and scraping with reasonable patient satisfaction. Further studies with various keratolytic agents using other delivery systems are warranted.
Mainstreaming nutrition in maternal, newborn and child health: barriers to seeking services from existing maternal, newborn, child health programmes
Authors: Streatfield Peter K. , Koehlmoos Tracey P. , Alam Nurul , Mridha Malay K. 
Published: February 2008

Table of Contents

Summary
237

Introduction
238

Objectives
238

Approach and methodology for the study
238

Background to barriers to use of health services
239

Models of health service utilization
239

Mosley and Chen Child Survival framework
239

Explanatory models
239

Hierarchy of resort
240

Dimensions of access
240

Framework for categorization of barriers
241

Summary
242

Barriers to use of health services
242

Geographic access
243

Temporal access
244

Socio‐cultural access
245

Financial access
248

Quality of care
249

Discussion
250

References
252

SummaryIn the light of mainstreaming nutrition programs into health services, this review article approaches the issue of barriers to existing maternal child health programs from both theoretical and applied perspectives. It begins with a discussion of salient literature on models of health service utilization. The mid‐section of the paper presents the results of a review of research studies that illuminate the barriers to care. Categorical themes emerged from the review of studies in the form of barriers based on geographic factors, temporal factors, a myriad of socio‐cultural factors, financial factors and quality of care. The discussion focuses on the need to overcome existing restrictions to health services in order to facilitate initiatives to mainstream nutrition and achieve Millennium Development Goal #1.
Mainstreaming nutrition into maternal and child health programmes: scaling up of exclusive breastfeeding
Authors: Bhandari Nita , Kabir A.K.M. Iqbal , Salam Mohammed Abdus 
Published: February 2008

Table of Contents

Summary
5

Background
6

Methods and search strategy
6

The scale‐up process
7

Issues that need to be addressed while scaling up a programme for exclusive breastfeeding
7

Conclusions
13

Acknowledgements
14

References
14

Appendix 1
18

Appendix 2
22

SummaryInterventions to promote exclusive breastfeeding have been estimated to have the potential to prevent 13% of all under‐5 deaths in developing countries and are the single most important preventive intervention against child mortality. According to World Health Organization and United Nations Children Funds (UNICEF), only 39% infants are exclusively breastfed for less than 4 months. This review examines programme efforts to scale up exclusive breastfeeding in different countries and draws lesson for successful scale‐up. Opportunities and challenges in scaling up of exclusive breastfeeding into Maternal and Child Health programmes are identified. The key processes required for exclusive breastfeeding scale‐up are: (1) an evidence‐based policy and science‐driven technical guidelines; and (2) an implementation strategy and plan for achieving high exclusive breastfeeding rates in all strata of society, on a sustainable basis. Factors related to success include political will, strong advocacy, enabling policies, well‐defined short‐ and long‐term programme strategy, sustained financial support, clear definition of roles of multiple stakeholders and emphasis on delivery at the community level. Effective use of antenatal, birth and post‐natal contacts at homes and through community mobilization efforts is emphasized. Formative research to ensure appropriate intervention design and delivery is critical particularly in areas with high HIV prevalence. Strong communication strategy and support, quality trainers and training contributed significantly to programme success. Monitoring and evaluation with feedback systems that allow for periodic programme corrections and continued innovation are central to very high coverage. Legal framework must make it possible for mothers to exclusively breastfeed for at least 4 months. Sustained programme efforts are critical to achieve high coverage and this requires strong national‐ and state‐level leadership.
Measuring changes in activity participation of older Australians: Validation of the Activity Card Sort – Australia
Authors: Doney Robyn M , Packer Tanya L 
Published: February 2008

Objectives:  This study explored the psychometric properties of the Australian version of the Activity Card Sort (ACS‐Aus), a recently developed measure of activity participation for use with older adults. Concurrent, convergent construct, and discriminative construct validity were examined. Methods:  The study included 93 Australian adults aged 60–95 years. Participants completed the ACS‐Aus, as well as an existing Australian measure of activity participation (The Adelaide Activities Profile) and an Australian measure of subjective well‐being (the Personal Well‐being Index). Results:  The ACS‐Aus demonstrated moderate concurrent validity (r = 0.434), moderate convergent construct validity (r = 0.354), and strong discriminative validity (P = 0.000).Conclusions:  The World Health Organization has recently promoted participation as an important component of the healthy ageing process. This study has validated the use of the ACS‐Aus in measuring participation of community‐dwelling older adults in Australia.
Is bigger better when it comes to defining target populations for aged care programs?
Authors: Howe Anna L 
Published: February 2008

Objectives:  To compare the Home and Community Care Program (HACC) target population defined on the basis of the ABS Survey of Disability, Ageing and Carers (SDAC) with 2006 census data on need for assistance. Methods:  The number of people with different levels of core activity limitation as defined in the SDAC was estimated for the 2006 population aged 65 and older and compared with the number reporting a need for assistance in the 2006 census. Results:  The two target populations differ in size, age and disability levels, but the differences are reconciled when components within the total SDAC‐defined target population are taken into account. Discussion:  Assessment of different definitions of target populations in terms of validity in identifying program beneficiaries, accuracy in measurement and usefulness in monitoring program performance leads to the conclusion that the bigger SDAC‐defined population is better aligned with the goals of the HACC program.
Home care clients’ participation in fall prevention activities
Authors: Smith Joanna , Lewin Gill 
Published: February 2008

Objective:  To determine whether home care clients have accessed or been influenced by fall prevention programs. Methods:  Mail survey of 4743 home care clients from several home care agencies. Results:  Among the clients, 47.2% completed the survey and 46% had fallen within the last year. Faller and non‐fallers differed in attitude to falls and fall risk factors. Only 15% of fallers and 7% of non‐fallers had taken part in a fall prevention program and only 8% knew how to access information about such activities. Conclusions:  Fall prevention strategies should be targeted at the home care population. Such programs should take into consideration the specific needs of this group.
Possible signature of hypernova nucleosynthesis in a beryllium-rich
halo dwarf
Authors: Smiljanic R. , Pasquini L. , Primas F. , Mazzali P. A. , Galli D. , Valle G. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
As part of a large survey of halo and thick disc stars, we found one halo star, HD 106038, exceptionally overabundant in beryllium. In spite of its low metallicity, [Fe/H]=−1.26, the star has log(Be/H) =−10.60, which is similar to the solar meteoritic abundance, log(Be/H) =−10.58. This abundance is more than 10 times higher the abundance of stars with similar metallicity and cannot be explained by models of chemical evolution of the Galaxy that include the standard theory of cosmic ray spallation. No other halo star exhibiting such a beryllium overabundance is known. In addition, overabundances of Li, Si, Ni, Y and Ba are also observed. We suggest that all these chemical peculiarities, excepting the Ba abundance, can be simultaneously explained if the star was formed in the vicinity of a hypernova.
Synthesis and Spectroscopic Characterization of Photo‐affinity Peptide Ligands to Study Rhodopsin–G Protein Interaction†
Authors: Chen Yihui , Herrmann Rolf , Fishkin Nathan , Henklein Peter , Nakanishi Koji , Ernst Oliver P. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractG protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) are involved in the control of virtually all aspects of our behavior and physiology. Activated receptors catalyze nucleotide exchange in heterotrimeric G proteins (composed of α·GDP, β and γ subunits) on the inner surface of the cell membrane. The GPCR rhodopsin and the G protein transducin (Gt) are key proteins in the early steps of the visual cascade. The main receptor interaction sites on Gt are the C‐terminal tail of the Gtα‐subunit and the farnesylated C‐terminal tail of the Gtγ‐subunit. Synthetic peptides derived from these C‐termini specifically bind and stabilize the active rhodopsin conformation (R*). Here we report the synthesis of R*‐interacting peptides containing photo‐reactive groups with a specific isotope pattern, which can facilitate detection of cross‐linked products by mass spectrometry. In a preliminary set of experiments, we characterized such peptides derived from the farnesylated Gtγ C‐terminus (Gtγ(60‐71)far) in terms of their capability to bind R*. Here, we describe novel peptides with photo‐affinity labels that bind R* with affinities similar to that of the native Gtγ(60‐71)far peptide. Such peptides will enable an improved experimental strategy to probe rhodopsin–Gt interaction and to map so far unknown interaction sites between both proteins.
Role of the N‐terminal Region in the Function of the Photosynthetic Bacterium Transcription Regulator PpsR†
Authors: Yamazaki Yoichi , Fukusumi Hayato , Kamikubo Hironari , Kataoka Mikio 
Published: February 2008

AbstractPpsR is a transcription repressor for the gene cluster encoding photosystem genes in Rhodobacter sphaeroides. Repression activity is accomplished by DNA binding on the promoter regions of the photosystem gene clusters, and depends on both the redox potential and the presence of antirepressor protein AppA. To understand DNA repression regulation by PpsR, we investigated the function of PpsR domains in self‐association for DNA binding. We constructed domain‐deletion mutants and verified DNA‐binding activity and dimer formation. Gel shift assay for measuring the DNA‐binding activity of three sequential N‐terminal deletion mutants revealed that N‐terminal deletions (of minimum 121 residues) caused loss of binding activity. Size‐exclusion gel chromatography revealed that deletion mutant which lacks the N‐terminal 121‐amino acid deletion mutant to exist as a dimer, although it was less stable than the intact PpsR. The mutants lacking the adjacent regions, Q‐linker region and the first Per‐Ant‐Sim domain, did not form dimers, suggesting the involvement of the N‐terminal region in dimer formation. This region is thus considered to be a functional domain in self‐association, although not yet identified as a structural domain. Circular dichroism spectrum of the N‐terminal region fragment exhibited a α/β structure. We conclude that this region is a structural and functional domain, contributing to PpsR repression through dimer stabilization.
Multiobjective Design Study of a Flapping Wing Power
Generator
Authors: Shimizu Eriko , Isogai Koji , Obayashi Shigeru 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
In conventional windmills, the high tip speed creates aerodynamic noise, and when they are used at very low Reynolds numbers, their performance deteriorates due to laminar separation. These are important issues in modern windmills. Present study deals with a new windmill concept, the “flapping wing power generator,” which would solve such problems. The concept is to extract energy via the flutter phenomena and the concept has been developed by some researchers. In 2003, Isogai et al. 2003, “Design Study of Elastically Supported Flapping Wing Power Generator,” International Forum on Aeroelasticity and Structural Dynamics, Amsterdam) proposed a new system. The system utilizes dynamic stall vortices efficiently and generates high power. The dynamic stall vortex is something that should be avoided in conventional windmills. They optimized the system to maximize the efficiency and obtained the set of design parameters, which achieved best efficiency. The system works at low frequencies and it enables high efficiency. To realize the system, it is necessary to consider the power and the efficiency. Thus, the present study optimized the system to maximize both the power and the efficiency. To obtain nondominated solutions, which are widely distributed in the design space, adaptive neighboring search, which is one of evolutionary algorithms, has been extended to handle multiple objectives and was used in the present study. Self-organizing map was used for the data mining. The trade-off between the power and the efficiency has been visualized. The trade-off curve was shaped by the constraints on the reduced frequency and the phase delay angle, which were imposed so that the dynamic stall phenomenon gives favorable effects on the power generation. The heaving amplitude was a parameter correlated to the objective functions. The reduced frequency and the phase delay angle change to control the heaving amplitude. Consequently, when the power is emphasized, the system undergoes a large heaving motion with a low frequency. On the other hand, when the efficiency is emphasized, the system undergoes a small heaving motion with a high frequency. Multiobjective optimization and data mining revealed the trade-off of the objective functions and the parameters correlated to the objective functions. The power obtained was comparable to that of present windmills at low tip-speed ratio region.