bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simple Determination of the Effective Young's Modulus of Rock by the Compliance Method
Authors: Hashida T , Takahashi H 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A simple procedure for the determination of the effective Young's modulus of rock is presented. The method uses the elastic compliance calibration of fracture toughness test specimen geometry. Specimen compliance is measured with various sized three-point bend and compact tension specimens of granite. The experimental results show that the deformation behavior of the granite is significantly nonlinear and the specimen compliance is dependent on the loading level. A sharply notched specimen is successfully used to determine the effective Young's modulus rather than a fatigue precracked one because of the strong effect of fatigue loading on the specimen compliance. The effective Young's modulus evaluated by the compliance method coincides well with the Young's modulus determined from uniaxial tension tests and shows no specimen size or geometry effects. The effect of water environment on the effective Young's modulus is also investigated by this method.
Review of ASTM Test for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials (E 84) (An ASTM White Paper)
Authors: Abrams MS , D'Souza MV , Higginson P , Metes WS , Quintiere JG , Parker WJ , Robins RF , White JA 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis review of ASTM Test for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials (E 84) is intended to provide a source document on the 25-ft tunnel test method as well as to provide a basis for its evaluation by ASTM Subcommittee E05.32 on Research. It covers the history of ASTM E 84 including its development and acceptance by the regulatory authorities. It describes the test method as it exists today and the current operational and calculational procedures. It discusses the work of the tunnel operator's task group in continually reviewing the method, conducting research, and proposing revisions for consideration for adoption by ASTM Committee E-5 on Fire Standards. The effect of air velocity, burner gas flow, and other variables on the results of the test and the reproducibility between testing laboratories is discussed. The correlation of the results of the tunnel tests with those of room and corner tests is presented. The present state of the analysis of the tunnel is described. The efforts to determine the total quantity of smoke produced during the test by improving the photometer system, eliminating stratification, and changing the calculational procedures are discussed. The oxygen consumption method for determining the total heat contribution is described. The benefit of reporting the rate of flame spread as well as the flame spread index (FSI) is pointed out. The advantages and disadvantages are discussed. A list of ASTM E 84 test facilities along with the person to contact is provided. A comprehensive bibliography of the tunnel is included.
Determination of Crack Growth Parameter N in Ceramics Under Creep Conditions
Authors: Fett T , Munz D 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
In cases of linear-elastic material behavior the parameter N of subcritical crack growth is often determined by dynamic bending tests with different loading rates. At high temperatures the obtained results are influenced by creep effects. A procedure is described to evaluate N under creep conditions by correction of bending strength and loading rate.
Fracture Toughness of Hot-Pressed Beryllium
Authors: Lemon DD , Brown WF 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper presents the results of an investigation into the fracture toughness, sustained-load flaw growth, and fatigue-crack propagation resistance of S200E hot-pressed beryllium at room temperature. It also reviews the literature pertaining to the influence of various factors on the fracture toughness of hot-pressed beryllium determined using fatigue-cracked specimens.
Instrumented Impact Testing of Steel Plate
Authors: Shimizu H , Gibbon MW 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Instrumented impact testing should be a basic component of fracture resistance evaluation. However, the output signals from an instrumented tup can be difficult to interpret unless precautions are taken to minimize spurious signals generated by extraneous effects. Instrumented drop-weight tear testing (DWTT) was used to study the fracture behavior of G40.21-44T construction grade steel. The fracture process was monitored in detail by means of high-speed photography at 6000 frames per second, and correlated with the output traces from the Dynatup 8000 impact testing machine. The traces were analyzed with reference to the dynamic response characteristics of the machine/specimen system and compared with the output traces derived from instrumented specimens. The results of visual observation of the fracture process together with the output traces of load and strain-transducers provide strong evidence that the peak load coincides with crack initiation in this steel. The spurious signals are related primarily to the mechanical characteristics of the testing machine and to specimen oscillations.
Preparation of Impact Specimens from Cast Austenitic Manganese Steels
Authors: Ghoreshy M , Mackay WBF , Smith RW 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A method is described for the preparation of Charpy impact specimens suitable for screening purposes for a series of small experimental cast austenitic manganese steel heats. The process involves the investment casting of test specimens and notching by means of a computer controlled electrical-discharge-machining (EDM) unit.
Effect of Size on Elastic-Plastic Fracture Toughness Parameters
Authors: Putatunda SK , Rigsbee JM , Corten HT 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAn investigation has been carried out to determine the influence of thickness and width on the elastic-plastic fracture toughness parameters: J value obtained from area under load/displacement curve JR, tearing modulus, and stress intensity factor corrected for plasticity KR. Compact tension specimens prepared from aircraft quality American Iran and Steel Institute (AISI) 4340 (Unified Numbering System [UNS] G43400) steel heat treated to a yield strength of 1000 MPa were used. All specimens satisfied the ASTM Test for JIc, a measure of Fracture Toughness (E 813) standard size requirements.This investigation demonstrates that when the specimens satisfy all ASTM standard size requirements, ductile fracture toughness JIc is independent of size. JIc values were found to vary a maximum of ±16% of mean value even in the present of some shear lips. Conversely, the tearing modulus was found to decrease as specimen thickness increased. A one to one relationship was found to exist between JR and JK, where JR is the J value calculated from the area under the load/displacement curve and JK is the J value computed from KR using the linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) relationship.
A Positron Study of the Quench and Tempering Process in AISI 4340 Steel
Authors: Moore KD , Jones PL 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Dopper broadening measurements of the gamma-ray spectra produced by positron annihilation have been made on an AISI 4340 (Unified Numbering System [UNS] G43400) steel as a function of both isochronal tempering over the temperature range of 150 to 700°C and isothermal tempering at 250°C for times ranging from 1 to 1100 min. Changes in the positron annihilation line shape parameter S are correlated with the corresponding structural transformations that accompany tempering of the as-quenched steel. Of particular significance is the increase in the S parameter in the temper embrittlement regime. This increase in S parameter is postulated to be related to the precipitation of a transition iron carbide that alters the defect structure of the surrounding ferrite phase.
Effect of Crack-Tip Morphology on Cleavage-Crack Extension
Authors: Rosenfield AR 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Values of fracture toughness obtained by cleavage reinitition of arrested cleavage cracks in compact specimens are found to agree with those obtained from thermal shock experiments on much larger cylinders. In contrast, toughness values obtained using fatigue-precracked compact specimens are somewhat higher. It is suggested that the arrested cleavage crack tip is a more potent flaw than the fatigue precrack.
Principles, History, and Status of Dual-Energy Computerized Tomographic Explosives Detection
Authors: Roder FL 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A brief account is given of the principles of dual-energy computerized tomography (DECT) and of the potential which DECT has demonstrated for the automated detection of commercial and military explosives concealed in suitcases or packages. A description of a breadboard system configured for this purpose is provided and recent advances in the state of the art in CT are discussed in the light of their potential significance for explosives detection.
ASTM Standardization Activities in the Fracture Testing of Beryllium
Authors: Brown WF 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Interest in beryllium as a structural material stems from its low density (about one-fourth that of steel) and its high modulus (about 1.4 times that of steel). Beryllium also has a very low thermal neutron absorption cross section which makes it vattractive for use as a moderator or reflector in spacecraft propulsion systems employing nuclear reactors. However, structural applications have been limited because of beryllium's low “ductility.”
Ultrasonic Measurement of Elastic Moduli in Slender Specimens Using Extensional and Torsional Wave Pulses
Authors: Lynnworth LC 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe pulse-echo method using extensional and torsional waves is described relative to determining elastic properties and other characteristics of specimens which are slender acoustically. Several applications are reviewed, including: glass fibers of diameter 16 to 42 μm; glass rods of diameter about 1 mm, tested to 700°C; iron-base alloys of diameter 3.2 mm, tested from nearly −200°C up to +200°C; titanium specimens of rectangular cross section, 1.5 × 3 mm; and tantalum-base alloys of diameter 6.4 mm, tested up to 1400°C. Limitations are pointed out regarding dispersive materials and geometry.
Fatigue Behavior of Solders Used in Flip-Chip Technology
Authors: Rathore HS , Yih RC , Edenfeld AR 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper surveys the mechanical fatigue behavior of 5/95 Sn/Pb solder and solder with copper, silver and palladium impurities at different temperatures and on-off cycling frequencies. Presence of copper in 5/95 Sn/Pb creates hard and relatively brittle intermetallics which also significantly decrease the fatigue life of solder. The fatigue cracks were observed to propagate through grain boundaries, although some slip striations were observed within individual grains. There is a significant decrease in the fatigue life of 5/95 Sn/Pb in the temperature range of 85 C to 150 C. The fatigue life of solder decreases with a decrease in cycling frequency. Results have shown that the frequency exponent is equal to ⅕. Cyclic strain softening was observed in the specimens which were tested under constant total strain control conditions.
Monitoring of Cement Stabilized Surrogate Waste Using Resonant Frequency Techniques
Authors: Mirizzi SA , Baseheart TM , Rieser LA , Kramer TE 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
It is often necessary to track incremental changes in the physical properties of composites with portland cement binders caused by chemical attack, freeze-thaw cycles, and other deterioration mechanisms. The vibration testing procedure presented for measuring the resonant frequency of a specimen is directly applicable to the monitoring of the deterioration of stabilized/solidified waste specimens. The change in the fundamental frequency is significantly more sensitive than the loss of mass to the internal changes in the mechanical properties of specimens. The time and effort required to determine the fundamental frequency of a specimen is also significantly less than that required to determine the loss of mass of the same specimen. The proposed method has been demonstrated to work on small cylindrical specimens (44 mm by 74 mm) with aspect ratios less than 2.0. The use of elastomeric bands as the means of attachment of the specimen to the test equipment does not interfere with or limit other chemical and mechanical performance tests scheduled for the specimens.
A Vibration-Based Method for Determining St. Venant Torsional and Warping Stiffnesses of Members with Open Cross-Sections
Authors: Li D-B , Chui YH , Smith I 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A dynamic mechanical property identification method is presented based on a study of composite wood members with an open I-shape cross-section. Besides the bending stiffness which is identified by a bending vibration test, St. Venant torsional stiffness GKs, and warping stiffness EKw are identified by a separate torsional modal analysis. Three kinds of typical I-shape beams have been tested and their properties identified. The approach is based on Euler beam theory and an earlier torsional vibration model developed by the authors.
Interlaboratory Study of Strain-Cycle Fatigue of 1.2-mm-Thick Sheet Specimens
Authors: Miller GA 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Five laboratories undertook a study to assess interlaoratory variability and bias in strain-cycle fatigue testing of 1.2-mm-thick sheet specimens. In addition, one laboratory evaluated the effects of specimen geometry, actuator restraint, extensometer mounting surface, etc., on validity and bias of cyclic stress-strain and strain-life data. The results show that the cyclic stress-strain curve is sensitive to the effects of interlaboratory differences. The strain-life curve is also affected by results from different laboratories, but in addition it is sensitive to testing variables such as extensometer mounting surface, failure criterion, specimen, geometry, etc. The results of this study have implications for the development of a test method and for the use of strain-cycle fatigue data obtained from thin sheet specimens. The results reported here form a basis for expanding ASTM Recommended Practice for Constant-Amplitude Low-Cycle Fatigue Testing (E 606) to include materials with thicknesses less than 2.5 mm.
A Single-Specimen Determination of JIc by the Ultrasonic Method and Analysis of Its Statistical Distribution Characteristics
Authors: Hirano K , Kobayashi H , Nakazawa H 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper reports the summary of JIc test procedures based on an ultrasonic method proposed earlier. The single-specimen JIc measurements for low- and intermediate-strength, high-toughness materials show excellent agreement with those determined by multispeciment test procedures. The JIc values of the weldment were also determined from a single specimen. In addition, a statistical analysis of the JIc distribution was done.
Optical Measurement of Granite Surface Polish
Authors: Gascón F , Balbás M 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
An optical method to measure granite surface finish is described. This method is capable of ordering the different varieties of granite subjected to the same industrial finishing process consistently with an arrangement made by an average human observer.
The measure of finish is defined as the ratio between the specularly reflected luminous flux from a sample and the total diffused light. Some recommendations for the standardization of measurements are given.
Nondestructive Evaluation of Bond Quality of Bimetallic Strips Using Acoustic Emission
Authors: Murthy CRL , Brahma KK 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Acoustic emission (AE) appears to hold good promise for nondestructive evaluation of bond strength of bimetallic strips in two ways: (1) as a quality control tool in batch sampling and (2) as a 100% inspection method. A program has been initiated at the Aerospace Engineering Department of the Indian Institute of Science to explore the feasibility of utilizing the acoustic emission technique for evaluation of bond strength of bimetallic strips. As a first step, acoustic emission was monitored during tensile testing of copper-lead bimetallic strips. The results obtained during these tests indicate differences in AE activity between specimens with poor and good bonding at very small loads which can be utilized for inspecting the bond quality.
Test Method for Evaluation of Shear Modulus and Modulus of Elasticity of Laminated Anisotropic Composite Materials
Authors: Cheng S 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A test method for the determination of the shear modulus and the modulus of elasticity of laminated anisotropic composite materials is presented. Two tests are required. In one test, a ring is simply supported at two diametrically opposite supports and subjected to two diametrically opposite concentrated loads normal to the plane of the ring and located 90° from the supports. The second test employs a split ring. Each end of the ring is subjected to a concentrated load normal to the plane of the ring. By conducting these two tests and measuring the normal deflections corresponding to the applied loads, shear modulus and modulus of elasticity of the ring can be determined from the formulas derived in the paper. It should be noted that for laminated composite anisotropic materials these moduli cannot be determined from the tests as known in the literature, one of which involves out-of-plane loading and the other an in-plane loading as suggested in Paper 4709, Douglas Missile and Space Systems Division, McDonnell Douglas Corporation, November, 1967.
Effect of Dither on Strain-Controlled Fatigue and Tensile Results Obtained with a Closed-Loop Servohydraulic Testing Machine
Authors: Bush RW , Quesnel DJ 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The flow stress of alpha brass was found to decrease during strain-controlled tension tests when the dither amplitude was increased. It is suggested that when conducting such tests using specimens requiring low deformation loads that alternative means of preventing silting be used.
Modulus Measurements in Ordered Co-Al, Fe-Al, and Ni-Al Alloys
Authors: Harmouche MR , Wolfenden A 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The composition and/or temperature dependence of the dynamic Young's modulus for the ordered B2 Co-Al, Fe-Al, and Ni-Al aluminides has been investigated using the piezoelectric ultrasonic composite oscillator technique (PUCOT). The modulus has been measured in the composition interval 48.49 to 52.28 atomic % Co, 50.87 to 60.2 atomic % Fe, and 49.22 to 55.95 atomic % Ni for Co-Al, Fe-Al, and Ni-Al, respectively. The measured values for Co-Al are in the temperature interval 300 to 1300 K, while those for the other systems are for ambient temperature only. The data points show that Co-Al is stiffer than Fe-Al, which is stiffer than Ni-Al. The values reported herein for Co-Al are the first of their kind, since none has been reported earlier. However, the data points for Fe-Al and Ni-Al are slightly higher than those reported in the literature.
Effect of Rε on Cyclic Stress-Strain Behavior of Inconel 718
Authors: Cook TS 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This investigation was undertaken to examine in detail the effect of the strain ratio, Rε =εmin/εmax, on the cyclic behavior of Inconel 718 at 566°C. The results showed that the cyclic properties defined by the amplitude of the load-displacement hysteresis loops are independent of the mean stress. The complete cyclic curve, defined by the tips of the hysteresis loops, does depend on Rε at small strain ranges. At larger strain ranges where the plastic deformation allows the mean stress to relax, the effect disappears.
Determination of the Critical Value of the J-Integral at High Loading Rates Using the Wedge-Loaded Specimen
Authors: Klepaczko JR 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A novel procedure is proposed, which improves an earlier one, to determine the critical value of the J-integral at high loading rates. A more detailed analysis of such a test along with some experimental results has been published elsewhere. The present procedure is based on ASTM Test for JIc, a Measure of Fracture Toughness (E 813). To perform the impact test, the split Hopkinson pressure bar concept is used together with the wedge-loaded compact tension specimen (WLCT).
This paper provides a better understanding of the proposed procedure by a more accurate analysis of the frictional effects which occur between the loading wedge and the WLCT specimen. In addition, a unique procedure has been developed to measure the coefficient of Coulomb friction in the real environment of fracture KIc or JIc tests.
System for the Adaptation of Tensile Testing Machines for Executing Torsional Tests
Authors: Wolfseher R , Inhelder J , Helbling AK 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The torsion testing system “TS-X 100” is described. It is a simple system in which tensile testing machines can readily be adapted for executing torsional tests and, in particular, for carrying out inexpensive long-time torsional tests. The system is very compact and can be installed in a testing chamber to obtain precisely defined boundary conditions. Purely torsional loadings were obtained by loading a horizontal “free suspended” specimen through opposing force couples of equal magnitude.
Depending on the loading range, an optimized system can easily be built with a stronger structure and/or longer lever arms to increase the magnitude of the applied force couples. Calibration and creep tests confirmed the suitability of the system.
Inelastic Buckling of ASTM Standard E 9 Compression Specimens
Authors: Papirno R 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA tutorial exposition is given of methods for calculating the inelastic buckling stress of specimens tested in accordance with ASTM Standard E 9 on Compression Testing of Metallic Materials at Room Temperature. The recommended round specimen sizes will buckle inelastically for all non-brittle metals, but ASTM E 9 refers only to Euler elastic buckling. An inelastic buckling relation based upon the tangent modulus is given, and methods of calculating the inelastic buckling stress are demonstrated.
Overview of the Workshop for Hot Box Operators
Authors: Van Geem MG 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The following five papers were presented at a Workshop for Hot Box Operators sponsored by ASTM Committee C-16 on Thermal Insulation and the Building Thermal Envelope Coordinating Council (BTECC) Research Coordinating Committee (RCC) on Heat and Mass Transfer. The Workshop was held with 31 in attendance in Colorado Springs, Colorado, on 28–29 March 1985, following the regular spring seminannual meeting of Committee C-16-Attendees represented 14 companies and organizations that maintain calibrated hot boxes (ASTM C 976) or guarded hot boxes (ASTM C 236).
Hot Box Operating Techniques and Procedures: A Survey
Authors: Miller RG 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A questionnaire dealing with operating techniques and procedures of guarded and calibrated hot boxes was mailed to 14 hot box operators in the United States and Canada. Questions pertaining to testing capabilities, instrumentation, calibration specimens, steady-state criteria, etc., were asked. Responses from the 13 laboratories returning the survey are summarized in the paper. This information should be of interest to hot box operators, as well as prove helpful in future revisions of the guarded and calibrated hot box test methods.