bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Validation of actigraphy for determining sleep and wake in preterm infants
Authors: Sung Melissa , Adamson T Michael , Horne Rosemary SC 
Published: August 2008

AbstractBackground: Actigraphy has been widely used in adults and children for the determination of sleep and wake. However, there have been limited studies in infants and to date there have been no studies to validate the reliability of actigraphy in preterm infants.Aim: To evaluate the usefulness of actigraphy in preterm infants in a neonatal unit setting for determining sleep–wake by comparing results with those recorded from behavioural observations.Methods: Thirty‐eight studies were carried out in 10 preterm infants (8M/2F) born at 29–34 weeks gestational age. Sleep–wake patterns were assessed over 24 h with behavioural observations and compared to actigraphy (Actiwatch AW64, Mini Mitter Company Inc., Sunriver, OR, USA). The studies were grouped into gestational ages 30–33 weeks (n = 8), 34–36 weeks (n = 20) and 37–40 weeks (n = 10).Results: Overall, on the low‐activity threshold we found agreement rates of 84.5–88.9% between actigraphy and behavioural scoring with the predictive value for determining sleep (PVS) being between 91.3% and 95.6% and sensitivity between 88.2% and 96.8%. However, the actiwatch was not reliable for determining wakefulness with low values for predictive value of wake (PVW,31.1–53.7%) and specificity (31.5–33.6%).Conclusion: Actigraphy can be used as a reliable indicator of sleep patterns in preterm infants in the neonatal unit setting.
Geriatric patient – psychological and emotional considerations during dental treatment
Authors: Patil Manashvini S. , Patil Sanjayagouda B. 
Published: August 2008

Objective:  The world’s population is ageing rapidly with an increase in the age related diseases and disabilities. With the increase in the life span, chronic diseases play a significant role and the dental diseases are the most prevalent chronic condition. Diagnosis and treatment planning for the elderly must include considerations of the biological, psychological, social and economic status of the patient in addition to the obvious dental problems. The aim of this article is to provide a review of the psychological and emotional factors involved in the dental treatment and the methods to develop a right dental attitude.Background:  Authorities in dental medicine have long recognized a relationship between psychology and dentistry and have attempted to describe the factors that require consideration during the dental therapy. The theoretical approaches are now replaced by practical approach of patient management.Materials and method:  The article reviews the literature regarding the etiology for the development of psychological and emotional disturbances, factors that influence the patient’s response and methods to develop the right dental attitude.Conclusion:  The dentist is concerned with the emotional and psychological state of the patient, for it is an essential component of treatment and the success of the treatment often depends on the emotional state of the patient. It is thus important for the dentist to be aware of practical‐ problem‐ oriented approach that helps in patient management and in maintaining and improving dental health as part of total healthcare services available to the elderly.
Geographies of Youth/Young People
Authors: Evans Bethan 
Published: August 2008

AbstractFrom the early 1990s onwards, geographers have made significant contributions to work considering the spatialities of young people's lives. Children's geographies is a vibrant subdisciplinary area and geographical work on children and young people is making important contributions to academic and policy debates within and beyond the discipline of geography. There have recently been some concerns that within children's geographies, teenagers and young people have been marginalised through a focus mainly on children and childhoods. This article reviews the position of young people in geographical research through interrogating the definition of young people in relation to children and adults and reviewing recent work on youth as a transition; through providing an overview of recent work that questions the restrictions placed on young people's use of public space; and through signposting some recent debates about the future of geographical work on young people.
Effect of Low Intensity Helium–Neon (HeNe) Laser Irradiation on Experimental Paracoccidioidomycotic Wound Healing Dynamics
Authors: Ferreira Maria Carolina , Gameiro Jacy , Nagib Patrícia Resende Alo , Brito Vânia Nieto , Vasconcellos Elza da Costa Cruz , Verinaud Liana 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe effect of HeNe laser on the extracellular matrix deposition, chemokine expression and angiogenesis in experimental paracoccidioidomycotic lesions was investigated. At days 7, 8 and 9 postinfection the wound of each animal was treated with a 632.8 nm HeNe laser at a dose of 3 J cm−2. At day 10 postinfection, the wounds were examined by using histologic and immunohistochemical methods. Results revealed that laser‐treated lesions were lesser extensive than untreated ones, and composed mainly by macrophages and lymphocytes. High IL‐1β expression was shown in the untreated group whereas in laser‐treated animals the expression was scarce. On the other hand, the expression of CXCL‐10 was found to be reduced in untreated animals and quite intensive and well distributed in the laser‐treated ones. Also, untreated lesions presented vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in a small area near the center of the lesion and high immunoreactivity for hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1 (HIF‐1), whereas laser‐treated lesions expressed VEGF surrounding blood vessels and little immunoreactivity for HIF‐1. Laser‐treated lesions presented much more reticular fibers and collagen deposition when compared with the untreated lesion. Our results show that laser was efficient in minimizing the local effects observed in paracoccidioidomycosis and can be an efficient tool in the treatment of this infection, accelerating the healing process.
Solar Ultraviolet Protection Provided by Human Head Hair
Authors: Parisi Alfio V. , Smith Don , Schouten Peter , Turnbull David J. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe solar erythemal UV irradiances through human hair and the protection from UV provided by human head hair have been investigated for a solar zenith angle (SZA) range of 17–51° for the conditions of a head upright in full sun, a head upright in shade and a head in full sun tilted toward the sun. The two hair lengths investigated were 49.1 ± 7.1 mm for the short type and 109.5 ± 5.5 mm for the long type. For the head upright in full sun, the irradiances through the hair ranged from 0.75 to 1.4 SED h−1 for SZA <25° and <0.6 SED h−1 in shade. The ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) ranged from approximately 5 to 17 in full sun, with the UPF increasing with higher SZA. The longer hair provided a lower UPF than the shorter hair and for the head oriented toward the sun, there was a marginally lower UPF than for the upright head. This research shows that the UV exposure limits to the scalp through hair can be exceeded within short timeframes and provides important information to assist employers to comply with Workplace Health and Safety legislation.
Live Cell Surface Labeling with Fluorescent Ag Nanocluster Conjugates†
Authors: Yu Junhua , Choi Sungmoon , Richards Chris I. , Antoku Yasuko , Dickson Robert M. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractDNA‐encapsulated silver clusters are readily conjugated to proteins and serve as alternatives to organic dyes and semiconductor quantum dots. Stable and bright on the bulk and single molecule levels, Ag nanocluster fluorescence is readily observed when staining live cell surfaces. Being significantly brighter and more photostable than organics and much smaller than quantum dots with a single point of attachment, these nanomaterials offer promising new approaches for bulk and single molecule biolabeling.
Optical Properties of Human Melanocytic Nevi In Vivo
Authors: Zonios George , Dimou Aikaterini 
Published: August 2008

AbstractWe present an in vivo study of the optical properties of melanin present in melanocytic nevi of human subjects with Fitzpatrick skin type III (Caucasian descent) using optical spectroscopy. We show that the melanin absorption spectrum exhibits an exponential dependence on wavelength with a decay constant which follows a normal distribution characteristic of a random biological variable. Moreover, we demonstrate lack of correlation among melanin optical properties, melanin concentration and skin light scattering properties, which indicates that the true optical absorption of melanin can be measured free from confounding scattering effects. We also show that the average melanin absorption spectrum in vivo is in very good agreement with a previously reported oxygen photoconsumption action spectrum of melanin. Finally, we provide an overview of the emerging picture of the melanin absorption properties in vivo among various skin types and also among various skin lesions such as melanocytic nevi and melanoma.
The Court's Role in Promoting Comprehensive Justice for Pregnant Drug and Alcohol Users
Authors: Johnstone Tourine , Miller Monica K. 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACTDrug use during pregnancy is an important social and medical issue. Legislatures and courts have offered a variety of responses, ranging from imprisonment to comprehensive service programs that are rehabilitative in nature. This article discusses the prevalence and effects of prenatal drug use, followed by a presentation of the scope of legal responses and treatment options. Some courts do not provide outreach services for drug‐offending mothers, while others may offer a limited range of services. In contrast, a comprehensive justice approach would provide a wide range of health, employment, and social programs for the offender. This approach is based on philosophies of restorative justice, therapeutic jurisprudence, and procedural justice. Such a theory‐based comprehensive justice program ultimately benefits mothers, children, and the community. Considerations are offered for judges who seek to implement a comprehensive justice approach to address this important problem.
Relationship between knee joint laxity and knee joint mechanics during the menstrual cycle
Authors: Park S-K , Stefanyshyn D J , Ramage B , Hart D A , Ronsky J L 
Published: August 2008

Background:An increase in knee laxity during the menstrual cycle may increase the risk of anterior cruciate ligament injury.Objective:To investigate whether changing knee laxity during the menstrual cycle correlates with changing knee joint loads in a cutting manoeuvre.Design:Cross-sectional study.Setting:Laboratory testing.Participants:25 healthy women, with a normal menstrual cycle, no history of oral contraceptive use, and no previous knee injuryInterventions:Serum hormone concentrations were assessed and knee joint laxity at a load of 89 N was measured during the follicular, ovulation and luteal phases. Participants performed 10 trials of a cutting manoeuvre to quantify knee joint mechanics at each test session.Main outcome measurements:Knee joint laxity (mm), peak knee angle (°) and knee joint moment (Nm) and knee joint impulse (Nms).Results:Increased knee laxity was observed during ovulation compared with the luteal phase, but no significant changes in knee mechanics corresponding to menstrual phases were found. A positive correlation was found between changes in knee laxity and changes in knee joint loads (Δmoment or Δimpulse) from the follicular phase to ovulation, and from ovulation to the luteal phase (p<0.05). Women in whom knee laxity increased showed increased knee loads, and those in whom knee laxity decreased showed decreased knee loads during the menstrual cycle.Conclusions:Knee laxity correlates positively with knee joint loads, and increased knee laxity during the menstrual cycle may be a potential risk factor for anterior cruciate ligament injuries in certain women during sports activity.
The cardiovascular risk factor, soluble CD40 ligand (CD154), but not soluble CD40 is lowered by ultra-endurance exercise in athletes
Authors: Geertsema Liesel , Lucas Samuel J E , Cotter James D , Hock Barry , McKenzie Judy , Fernyhough Liam J 
Published: August 2008

BackgroundSoluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) is a powerful marker of cardiovascular risk. Exercise is known to decrease cardiovascular risk, but the impact of ultra-endurance exercise on sCD40L responses is unknown.ObjectiveTo examine the relationship between ultra-endurance exercise in trained athletes and levels of sCD40L and its natural ligand sCD40.DesignControl-trial, crossover design, exercise intervention study of sCD40L and sCD40 levels.SettingOutdoor exercise and laboratory testing, single centre study, School of Physical Education, University of Otago, New Zealand.ParticipantsNine trained ultra-endurance athletes.InterventionsAthletes exercised (cycled and jogged) for 17 of 24 h. Venous blood was sampled at baseline and serially throughout exercise and 24 and 48 h after exercise. The athletes completed a 24 h control trial on a separate occasion, in randomised order.Main outcome measurementsMean levels of sCD40L and sCD40 during exercise and rest with 95% CIs.ResultssCD40L levels dropped steadily from baseline (median 4128 pg/ml) to a measured nadir at 24 h following exercise (median 1409 pg/ml) (p=0.01). The levels had started to rise again by 48 h after exercise. When measured as a group, sCD40L levels remained constant during a control rest period. sCD40 levels remained constant on both exercise and control days.ConclusionUltra-endurance exercise lowers the levels of the cardiovascular risk marker sCD40L in athletes. These results raise the possibility that exercise-induced changes in sCD40L may provide one of the mechanisms by which exercise lowers cardiovascular risk.
All Numbers Are Not Equal: An Electrophysiological Investigation of Small and Large Number Representations
Authors: Hyde Daniel C. , Spelke Elizabeth S. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Behavioral and brain imaging research indicates that human infants, humans adults, and many nonhuman animals represent large nonsymbolic numbers approximately, discriminating between sets with a ratio limit on accuracy. Some behavioral evidence, especially with human infants, suggests that these representations differ from representations of small numbers of objects. To investigate neural signatures of this distinction, event-related potentials were recorded as adult humans passively viewed the sequential presentation of dot arrays in an adaptation paradigm. In two studies, subjects viewed successive arrays of a single number of dots interspersed with test arrays presenting the same or a different number; numerical range (small numerical quantities 1–3 vs. large numerical quantities 8–24) and ratio difference varied across blocks as continuous variables were controlled. An early-evoked component (N1), observed over widespread posterior scalp locations, was modulated by absolute number with small, but not large, number arrays. In contrast, a later component (P2p), observed over the same scalp locations, was modulated by the ratio difference between arrays for large, but not small, numbers. Despite many years of experience with symbolic systems that apply equally to all numbers, adults spontaneously process small and large numbers differently. They appear to treat small-number arrays as individual objects to be tracked through space and time, and large-number arrays as cardinal values to be compared and manipulated.
Dorsal Striatal–midbrain Connectivity in Humans Predicts How Reinforcements Are Used to Guide Decisions
Authors: Kahnt Thorsten , Park Soyoung Q , Cohen Michael X , Beck Anne , Heinz Andreas , Wrase Jana 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
It has been suggested that the target areas of dopaminergic midbrain neurons, the dorsal (DS) and ventral striatum (VS), are differently involved in reinforcement learning especially as actor and critic. Whereas the critic learns to predict rewards, the actor maintains action values to guide future decisions. The different midbrain connections to the DS and the VS seem to play a critical role in this functional distinction. Here, subjects performed a dynamic, reward-based decision-making task during fMRI acquisition. A computational model of reinforcement learning was used to estimate the different effects of positive and negative reinforcements on future decisions for each subject individually. We found that activity in both the DS and the VS correlated with reward prediction errors. Using functional connectivity, we show that the DS and the VS are differentially connected to different midbrain regions (possibly corresponding to the substantia nigra [SN] and the ventral tegmental area [VTA], respectively). However, only functional connectivity between the DS and the putative SN predicted the impact of different reinforcement types on future behavior. These results suggest that connections between the putative SN and the DS are critical for modulating action values in the DS according to both positive and negative reinforcements to guide future decision making.
Does White Matter Matter? Spatio-temporal Dynamics of Task Switching in Aging
Authors: Gratton Gabriele , Wee Emily , Rykhlevskaia Elena I. , Leaver Echo E. , Fabiani Monica 
Published: August 2008

AbstractOlder adults often encounter difficulties in switching between tasks, perhaps because of age-related decreases in executive function. Executive function may largely depend on connections between brain areas—connections that may become structurally and functionally weaker in aging. Here we investigated functional and structural age-related changes in switching between a spatial and a verbal task. These tasks were chosen because they are expected to differentially use the two hemispheres. Brain measures included anatomical information about anterior corpus callosum size (CC; the major commissure linking the left and right hemisphere), and the event-related optical signal (EROS). Behavioral results indicated that older adults had greater task-switching difficulties, which, however, were largely restricted to switching to the spatial task and to individuals with smaller anterior CCs. The EROS data showed both general switching-related activity in the left middle frontal gyrus (with approximately 300-msec latency) and task-specific activity in the inferior frontal gyrus, lateralized to the left for the switch-to-verbal condition and to the right for the switch-to-spatial condition. This lateralization was most evident in younger adults. In older adults, activity in the switch-to-spatial condition was lateralized to the right hemisphere in individuals with large CC, and to the left in individuals with small CC. These data suggest that (a) task switching may involve both task-general and task-specific processes; and (b) white matter changes may underlie some of the age-related problems in switching. These effects are discussed in terms of the hypothesis that aging involves some degree of cortical disconnection, both functional and anatomical.
Hemispheric Differences in Frontal and Parietal Influences on Human Occipital Cortex: Direct Confirmation with Concurrent TMS–fMRI
Authors: Ruff Christian C. , Blankenburg Felix , Bjoertomt Otto , Bestmann Sven , Weiskopf Nikolaus , Driver Jon 
Published: August 2008

AbstractWe used concurrent TMS–fMRI to test directly for hemispheric differences in causal influences of the right or left fronto-parietal cortex on activity (BOLD signal) in the human occipital cortex. Clinical data and some behavioral TMS studies have been taken to suggest right-hemisphere specialization for top–down modulation of vision in humans, based on deficits such as spatial neglect or extinction in lesioned patients, or findings that TMS to right (vs. left) fronto-parietal structures can elicit stronger effects on visual performance. But prior to the recent advent of concurrent TMS and neuroimaging, it was not possible to directly examine the causal impact of one (stimulated) brain region upon others in humans. Here we stimulated the frontal or intraparietal cortex in the left or right hemisphere with TMS, inside an MR scanner, while measuring with fMRI any resulting BOLD signal changes in visual areas V1–V4 and V5/MT+. For both frontal and parietal stimulation, we found clear differences between effects of right- versus left-hemisphere TMS on activity in the visual cortex, with all differences significant in direct statistical comparisons. Frontal TMS over either hemisphere elicited similar BOLD decreases for central visual field representations in V1–V4, but only right frontal TMS led to BOLD increases for peripheral field representations in these regions. Hemispheric differences for effects of parietal TMS were even more marked: Right parietal TMS led to strong BOLD changes in V1–V4 and V5/MT+, but left parietal TMS did not. These data directly confirm that the human frontal and parietal cortex show right-hemisphere specialization for causal influences on the visual cortex.
Differential Influences of Emotion, Task, and Novelty on Brain Regions Underlying the Processing of Speech Melody
Authors: Ethofer Thomas , Kreifelts Benjamin , Wiethoff Sarah , Wolf Jonathan , Grodd Wolfgang , Vuilleumier Patrik , Wildgruber Dirk 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
We investigated the functional characteristics of brain regions implicated in processing of speech melody by presenting words spoken in either neutral or angry prosody during a functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment using a factorial habituation design. Subjects judged either affective prosody or word class for these vocal stimuli, which could be heard for either the first, second, or third time. Voice-sensitive temporal cortices, as well as the amygdala, insula, and mediodorsal thalami, reacted stronger to angry than to neutral prosody. These stimulus-driven effects were not influenced by the task, suggesting that these brain structures are automatically engaged during processing of emotional information in the voice and operate relatively independent of cognitive demands. By contrast, the right middle temporal gyrus and the bilateral orbito-frontal cortices (OFC) responded stronger during emotion than word classification, but were also sensitive to anger expressed by the voices, suggesting that some perceptual aspects of prosody are also encoded within these regions subserving explicit processing of vocal emotion. The bilateral OFC showed a selective modulation by emotion and repetition, with particularly pronounced responses to angry prosody during the first presentation only, indicating a critical role of the OFC in detection of vocal information that is both novel and behaviorally relevant. These results converge with previous findings obtained for angry faces and suggest a general involvement of the OFC for recognition of anger irrespective of the sensory modality. Taken together, our study reveals that different aspects of voice stimuli and perceptual demands modulate distinct areas involved in the processing of emotional prosody.