bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Well‐Being: Psychological Research for Philosophers
Authors: Tiberius Valerie 
Published: September 2006

AbstractWell‐being in the broadest sense is what we have when we are living lives that are not necessarily morally good, but good for us. In philosophy, well‐being has been an important topic of inquiry for millennia. In psychology, well‐being as a topic has been gathering steam very recently and this research is now at a stage that warrants the attention of philosophers. The most popular theories of well‐being in the two fields are similar enough to suggest the possibility of interdisciplinary collaboration. In this essay I provide an overview of three of the main questions that arise from psychologists’ work on well‐being, and highlight areas that invite philosophical input. Those questions center on the nature, measurement, and moral significance of well‐being. I also argue that the life‐satisfaction theory is particularly well suited to meet the various demands on a theory of well‐being.
Comparison of
Salmonella enterica
Serovar Typhimurium LT2 and Non-LT2
Salmonella
Genomic Sequences, and Genotyping of Salmonellae by Using PCR
Authors: Kim Hyun-Joong , Park Si-Hong , Kim Hae-Yeong 
Published: September 2006

ABSTRACT

Genes of
Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhimurium LT2 expected to be specifically present in
Salmonella
were selected using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) program. The 152 selected genes were compared with 11 genomic sequences of
Salmonella
serovars, including
Salmonella enterica
subsp. I and IIIb and
Salmonella bongori
(V), and were clustered into 17 groups by their comparison patterns. A total of 38 primer pairs were constructed to represent each of the 17 groups, and PCR was performed with various
Salmonella
subspecies including
Salmonella enterica
subsp. I, II, IIIa, IIIb, IV, VI, and V to evaluate a comprehensive DNA-based scheme for identification of
Salmonella
subspecies and the major disease-causing
Salmonella
serovars. Analysis of PCR results showed that
Salmonella enterica
subsp. I was critically divided from other subspecies, and
Salmonella
strains belonging to
S. enterica
subsp. I were clustered based on their serovars. In addition, genotypic relationships within
S. enterica
subsp. I by PCR results were investigated. Also,
Salmonella
signature genes,
Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhimurium signature genes, and
Salmonella enterica
subsp. I signature genes were demonstrated based on their PCR results. The described PCR method suggests a rapid and convenient method for identification of
Salmonella
serovars that can be used by nonspecialized laboratories. Genome sequence comparison can be a useful tool in epidemiologic and taxonomic studies of
Salmonella
.
Transcriptional Organization and Regulation of Magnetosome Operons in
Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense
Authors: Schübbe Sabrina , Würdemann Chris , Peplies Jörg , Heyen Udo , Wawer Cathrin , Glöckner Frank Oliver , Schüler Dirk 
Published: September 2006

ABSTRACT

Genes involved in magnetite biomineralization are clustered within the genomic magnetosome island of
Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense
. Their transcriptional organization and regulation were studied by several approaches. Cotranscription of genes within the
mamAB
,
mamDC
, and
mms
clusters was demonstrated by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) of intergenic regions, indicating the presence of long polycistronic transcripts extending over more than 16 kb. The transcription start points of the
mamAB
,
mamDC
, and
mms
operons were mapped at 22 bp, 52 bp, and 58 bp upstream of the first genes of the operons, respectively. Identified −10 and −35 boxes of the P

mamAB

, P

mamDC

, and P

mms

promoters showed high similarity to the canonical σ
70
recognition sequence. The transcription of magnetosome genes was further studied in response to iron and oxygen. Transcripts of magnetosome genes were detected by RT-PCR both in magnetic cells grown microaerobically under iron-sufficient conditions and in nonmagnetic cells grown either aerobically or with iron limitation. The presence of transcripts was found to be independent of the growth phase. Further results from partial RNA microarrays targeting the putative magnetosome transcriptome of
M. gryphiswaldense
and real-time RT-PCR experiments indicated differences in expression levels depending on growth conditions. The expression of the
mam
and
mms
genes was down-regulated in nonmagnetic cells under iron limitation and, to a lesser extent, during aerobic growth compared to that in magnetite-forming cells grown microaerobically under iron-sufficient conditions.
Increase in Terminal Restriction Fragments of
Bacteroidetes
-Derived 16S rRNA Genes after Administration of Short-Chain Fructooligosaccharides
Authors: Nakanishi Yusuke , Murashima Koichiro , Ohara Hiroki , Suzuki Takahisa , Hayashi Hidenori , Sakamoto Mitsuo , Fukasawa Tomoyuki , Kubota Hidetoshi , Hosono Akira , Kono Toshiaki , Kaminogawa Shuichi , Benno Yoshimi 
Published: September 2006

ABSTRACT

It is well known that short chain fructooligosaccharides (scFOS) modify intestinal microbiota in animals as well as in humans. Since most murine intestinal bacteria are still uncultured, it is difficult for a culturing method to detect changes in intestinal microbiota after scFOS administration in a mouse model. In this study, we sought markers of positive change in murine intestinal microbiota after scFOS administration using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis, which is a culture-independent method. The T-RFLP profiles showed that six terminal restriction fragments (T-RFs) were significantly increased after scFOS administration. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA partial gene sequences of murine fecal bacteria suggested that four of six T-RFs that increased after scFOS administration were derived from the 16S rRNA genes of the class
Bacteroidetes
. Preliminary quantification of
Bacteroidetes
by real-time PCR suggests that the 16S rRNA genes derived from
Bacteroidetes
were increased by scFOS administration. Therefore, the T-RFs derived from
Bacteroidetes
are good markers of change of murine intestinal microbiota after scFOS administration.
Associations between the Ecology of Virulent
Rhodococcus equi
and the Epidemiology of
R. equi
Pneumonia on Australian Thoroughbred Farms
Authors: Muscatello G. , Anderson G. A. , Gilkerson J. R. , Browning G. F. 
Published: September 2006

ABSTRACT

The ecology of virulent strains of
Rhodococcus equi
on horse farms is likely to influence the prevalence and severity of
R. equi
pneumonia in foals. This study examined the association between the ecology of virulent
R. equi
and the epidemiology of
R. equi
pneumonia by collecting air and soil samples over two breeding seasons (28 farm-year combinations) on Thoroughbred breeding farms with different reported prevalences of
R. equi
pneumonia. Colony blotting and DNA hybridization were used to detect and measure concentrations of virulent
R. equi
. The prevalence of
R. equi
pneumonia was associated with the airborne burden of virulent
R. equi
(both the concentration and the proportion of
R. equi
bacteria that were virulent) but was not associated with the burden of virulent
R. equi
in the soil. Univariable screening and multivariable model building were used to evaluate the effect of environmental and management factors on virulent
R. equi
burdens. Lower soil moisture concentrations and lower pasture heights were significantly associated with elevated airborne concentrations of virulent
R. equi
, as were the holding pens and lanes, which typically were sandy, dry, and devoid of pasture cover. Few variables appeared to influence concentrations of virulent
R. equi
in soil. Acidic soil conditions may have contributed to an elevated proportion of virulent strains within the
R. equi
population. Environmental management strategies that aim to reduce the level of exposure of susceptible foals to airborne virulent
R. equi
are most likely to reduce the impact of
R. equi
pneumonia on endemically affected farms.
Purification, Characterization, and Gene Sequence of Michiganin A, an Actagardine-Like Lantibiotic Produced by the Tomato PathogenClavibacter michiganensissubsp.michiganensis
Authors: Holtsmark I. , Mantzilas D. , Eijsink V. G. H. , Brurberg M. B. 
Published: September 2006

ABSTRACTMembers of the actinomycete genusClavibacterare known to produce antimicrobial compounds, but so far none of these compounds has been purified and characterized. We have isolated an antimicrobial peptide, michiganin A, from the tomato pathogenClavibacter michiganensissubsp.michiganensis, using ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by cation-exchange and reversed-phase chromatography steps. Upon chemical derivatization of putative dehydrated amino acids and lanthionine bridges by alkaline ethanethiol, Edman degradation yielded sequence information that proved to be sufficient for cloning of the gene by a genome-walking strategy. The mature unmodified peptide consists of 21 amino acids, SSSGWLCTLTIECGTIICACR. All of the threonine residues undergo dehydration, and three of them interact with cysteines via thioether bonds to form methyllanthionine bridges. Michiganin A resembles actagardine, a type B lantibiotic with a known three-dimensional structure, produced byActinoplanes liguriae, which is a filamentous actinomycete. The DNA sequence of the gene showed that the michiganin A precursor contains an unusual putative signal peptide with no similarity to well-known secretion signals and only very limited similarity to the (only two) available leader peptides of other type B lantibiotics. Michiganin A inhibits the growth ofClavibacter michiganensissubsp.sepedonicus, the causal agent of ring rot of potatoes, with MICs in the low nanomolar range. Thus, michiganin A may have some potential in biological control of potato ring rot.
Engineering aSaccharomyces cerevisiaeWine Yeast That Exhibits Reduced Ethanol Production during Fermentation under Controlled Microoxygenation Conditions
Authors: Heux Stéphanie , Sablayrolles Jean-Marie , Cachon Rémy , Dequin Sylvie 
Published: September 2006

ABSTRACTWe recently showed that expressing an H2O-NADH oxidase inSaccharomyces cerevisiaedrastically reduces the intracellular NADH concentration and substantially alters the distribution of metabolic fluxes in the cell. Although the engineered strain produces a reduced amount of ethanol, a high level of acetaldehyde accumulates early in the process (1 g/liter), impairing growth and fermentation performance. To overcome these undesirable effects, we carried out a comprehensive analysis of the impact of oxygen on the metabolic network of the same NADH oxidase-expressing strain. While reducing the oxygen transfer rate led to a gradual recovery of the growth and fermentation performance, its impact on the ethanol yield was negligible. In contrast, supplying oxygen only during the stationary phase resulted in a 7% reduction in the ethanol yield, but without affecting growth and fermentation. This approach thus represents an effective strategy for producing wine with reduced levels of alcohol. Importantly, our data also point to a significant role for NAD+reoxidation in controlling the glycolytic flux, indicating that engineered yeast strains expressing an NADH oxidase can be used as a powerful tool for gaining insight into redox metabolism in yeast.
Quorum Sensing-Disrupting Brominated Furanones Protect the Gnotobiotic Brine Shrimp
Artemia franciscana
from Pathogenic
Vibrio harveyi
,
Vibrio campbellii
, and
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Isolates
Authors: Defoirdt Tom , Crab Roselien , Wood Thomas K. , Sorgeloos Patrick , Verstraete Willy , Bossier Peter 
Published: September 2006

ABSTRACT

Autoinducer 2 (AI-2) quorum sensing was shown before to regulate the virulence of
Vibrio harveyi
towards the brine shrimp
Artemia franciscana
. In this study, several different pathogenic
V. harveyi
,
Vibrio campbellii
, and
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
isolates were shown to produce AI-2. Furthermore, disruption of AI-2 quorum sensing by a natural and a synthetic brominated furanone protected gnotobiotic
Artemia
from the pathogenic isolates in in vivo challenge tests.
Lettuce for Human Consumption Collected in Costa Rica Contains Complex Communities of Culturable Oxytetracycline- and Gentamicin-Resistant Bacteria
Authors: Rodríguez César , Lang Lore , Wang Amy , Altendorf Karlheinz , García Fernando , Lipski André 
Published: September 2006

ABSTRACT
The present widespread use of antimicrobials in crop farming is based upon their successful application in human medicine. However, recent evidence suggests that the massive anthropogenic release of antimicrobials into the biosphere has selected for resistant bacteria and facilitated the transfer of resistance genes among them. This work deals with the examination of iceberg lettuce collected at 10 farms from two regions in Costa Rica. Farmers from nine sampling sites regularly apply commercial formulations containing gentamicin, oxytetracycline, streptomycin, or a combination of them without being able to indicate how often and how much of these products have been sprayed onto the crops. One organic farm was also investigated for comparative purposes. Oxytetracycline- and gentamicin-resistant bacteria were abundantly detected using selective enrichment cultures. Furthermore, colony mixtures from selective plates were characterized by chemotaxonomical and molecular fingerprinting methods. Both types of resistant communities accounted for a significant fraction of all culturable bacteria and included several resistance genes as well as factors for their potential horizontal transfer. Given the fact that lettuce is eaten raw, it may contribute to the dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and/or their resistance genes from the environment to the microbial biota of the human intestine.
Seleno-
l
-Methionine Is the Predominant Organic Form of Selenium in
Cupriavidus metallidurans
CH34 Exposed to Selenite or Selenate
Authors: Avoscan Laure , Collins Richard , Carriere Marie , Gouget Barbara , Covès Jacques 
Published: September 2006

ABSTRACT

The accumulated organic form of selenium previously detected by X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) analyses in
Cupriavidus metallidurans
CH34 exposed to selenite or selenate was identified as seleno-
l
-methionine by coupling high-performance liquid chromatography to inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry.
Molecular Epidemiology of Echoviruses 11 and 13, Based on an Environmental Surveillance Conducted in Toyama Prefecture, 2002-2003
Authors: Iwai Masae , Yoshida Hiromu , Matsuura Kumiko , Fujimoto Tsuguto , Shimizu Hiroyuki , Takizawa Takenori , Nagai Yoshiyuki 
Published: September 2006

ABSTRACT
Nineteen echovirus 11 (E11) and 12 E13 isolates were isolated from three rivers in Toyama Prefecture, Japan, during an environmental surveillance conducted from April 2002 to March 2003. The nucleotide sequences of E13 isolates were closely related to those from patients with aseptic meningitis, with less than 1.3% divergence in the VP1 region of the viral capsid gene, and belonged to the same clade responsible for a worldwide outbreak that started in 2000. In contrast, E11 isolates were clustered into three genomic groups and were not closely related to echovirus strains isolated from patients. These results suggest that the combination of both virus isolation from environmental sources and phylogenetic analysis could be complementary assessment approaches to trace prevalent and minor circulating enteroviruses in the human population.
Quantitative Determination of Free-DNA Uptake in River Bacteria at the Single-Cell Level by In Situ Rolling-Circle Amplification
Authors: Maruyama Fumito , Tani Katsuji , Kenzaka Takehiko , Yamaguchi Nobuyasu , Nasu Masao 
Published: September 2006

ABSTRACTDetection of plasmid DNA uptake in river bacteria at the single-cell level was carried out by rolling-circle amplification (RCA). Uptake of a plasmid containing the green fluorescent protein gene (gfp) by indigenous bacteria from two rivers in Osaka, Japan, was monitored for 506 h using this in situ gene amplification technique with optimized cell permeabilization conditions. Plasmid uptake determined by in situ RCA was compared to direct counts of cells expressinggfpunder fluorescence microscopy to examine differences in detection sensitivities between the two methods. Detection of DNA uptake as monitored by in situ RCA was 20 times higher at maximum than that by direct counting ofgfp-expressing cells. In situ RCA could detect bacteria taking up the plasmid in several samples in which nogfp-expressing cells were apparent, indicating that in situ gene amplification techniques can be used to determine accurate rates of extracellular DNA uptake by indigenous bacteria in aquatic environments.
MULTIPLE-FAILURE PROBABILITY PREDICTION OF EMERGENCY DIESEL GENERATOR GROUPS AND GENERAL k-OUT-OF-n SYSTEMS
Authors: XIE LIYANG , ZHOU JINYU , YANG XIAOFANG , ZHANG MINGCHUAN 
Published: September 2006

Since multiple-failure event can destroy the safety policy of redundancy, accurate prediction of multiple-failure probability is of great importance. However, the statistical dependence between component failures might lead to unrealistic estimation of the conventional system failure probability model since it is valid only in the situation of independent component failures. On the other hand, the lack of multiple-failure event data makes the statistical estimation of multiple-failure probability suffer serious uncertainty. General failure event data experienced by other systems might be the only data available to estimate the system under study. In order to evaluate the target system in such a situation, an appropriate approach is highly required by which the right information can be mined from the operating experience of reference systems. Based on the multiple-failure information contained in load-strength interference relationship, this paper presents an approach to estimate multiple-failure probability of dependent k-out-of-n system according to failure event data available. The data may come from the operating experience of the system to be evaluated or reference systems with similar load-strength interference relationships. As examples, the failure probabilities of emergency diesel generator groups are estimated according to the multiple-failure event data of reference groups of different sizes. The estimation results are consistent well with the operating records.
Hematopoietic stem cell–engrafted NOD/SCID/IL2Rγnull mice develop human lymphoid systems and induce long-lasting HIV-1 infection with specific humoral immune responses
Authors: Watanabe Satoru , Terashima Kazuo , Ohta Shinrai , Horibata Shigeo , Yajima Misako , Shiozawa Yoko , Dewan M. Zahidunnabi , Yu Zhong , Ito Mamoru , Morio Tomohiro , Shimizu Norio , Honda Mitsuo , Yamamoto Naoki 
Published: September 2006

AbstractCritical to the development of an effective HIV/AIDS model is the production of an animal model that reproduces long-lasting active replication of HIV-1 followed by elicitation of virus-specific immune responses. In this study, we constructed humanized nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID)/interleukin-2 receptor γ-chain knockout (IL2Rγnull) (hNOG) mice by transplanting human cord blood–derived hematopoietic stem cells that eventually developed into human B cells, T cells, and other monocytes/macrophages and 4 dendritic cells associated with the generation of lymphoid follicle–like structures in lymphoid tissues. Expressions of CXCR4 and CCR5 antigens were recognized on CD4+ cells in peripheral blood, the spleen, and bone marrow, while CCR5 was not detected on thymic CD4+ T cells. The hNOG mice showed marked, long-lasting viremia after infection with both CCR5- and CXCR4-tropic HIV-1 isolates for more than the 40 days examined, with R5 virus–infected animals showing high levels of HIV-DNA copies in the spleen and bone marrow, and X4 virus–infected animals showing high levels of HIV-DNA copies in the thymus and spleen. Furthermore, we detected both anti–HIV-1 Env gp120– and Gag p24–specific antibodies in animals showing a high rate of viral infection. Thus, the hNOG mice mirror human systemic HIV infection by developing specific antibodies, suggesting that they may have potential as an HIV/AIDS animal model for the study of HIV pathogenesis and immune responses.
A role for IL-1 receptor antagonist or other cytokines in the acute therapeutic effects of IVIg?
Authors: Crow Andrew R. , Song Seng , Semple John W. , Freedman John , Lazarus Alan H. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe exact mechanism of action of IVIg in the amelioration of immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is still unclear. Studies have suggested that IVIg may function through the regulation of cytokines, including interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), an inhibitor of phagocytosis. Using a mouse model relevant to ITP, we confirm an increase in mouse serum levels of IL-1Ra after exposure to IVIg, yet a recombinant IL-1Ra did not ameliorate thrombocytopenia. IVIg has also been shown to affect the expression of other regulatory cytokines. We have also recently established that IVIg specifically targets activating FcγRs on CD11c+ dendritic cells (DCs) as its primary mechanism of action in the amelioration of murine ITP. Herein, we show that IVIg functions therapeutically in mice lacking specific cytokines or their receptors that can potentially affect DC/macrophage function (IL-1 receptor, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12β, TNF-α, IFN-γ receptor, MIP-1α). This suggests that while IVIg may mediate the release of a variety of cytokines, the cytokines tested do not directly participate in the mechanism of IVIg action.
Prognostic Significance of T-Cell or Cytotoxic Molecules Phenotype in Classical Hodgkin’s Lymphoma: A Clinicopathologic Study
Authors: Asano Naoko , Oshiro Aya , Matsuo Keitaro , Kagami Yoshitoyo , Ishida Fumihiro , Suzuki Ritsuro , Kinoshita Tomohiro , Shimoyama Yoshie , Tamaru Jun-Ichi , Yoshino Tadashi , Kitamura Kunio , Fukutani Hisashi , Morishima Yasuo , Nakamura Shigeo 
Published: September 2006

Purpose Classical Hodgkin’s lymphoma (CHL) is characterized by Hodgkin’s and Reed-Sternberg (H-RS) cells, most of which are derived from germinal-center B cells. Nevertheless, one or more markers for T cells and follicular dendritic cells (FDC) may be expressed in a minority of H-RS cells in some CHL patients, although the clinical significance of this remains controversial. The aim of this study was to clarify the association between phenotypic expression and clinical outcome in CHL. Patients and Methods Participants were 324 consecutive CHL patients, comprising 132 patients with nodular sclerosis (NS), 35 patients with NS grade 2 (NS2), and 157 patients with mixed cellularity (MC). We evaluated the presenting features and prognosis of patients on categorization into four phenotypically defined groups: B-cell (CD20+ and/or CD79a+; n = 63), T-cell and/or cytotoxic molecules (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD45RO+, TIA-1+, and/or granzyme B+; n = 27), FDC (CD21+ without B-cell marker; n = 22), and null-cell types (n = 212). Other potential prognostic factors were examined. Results The T-cell and/or cytotoxic molecules group showed a significantly poorer prognosis than the other three groups (P < .0001). This finding was seen consistently in multivariate analyses. Morphologic subtyping (NS/NS2/MC) and Epstein-Barr virus positivity were not identified as independent prognostic factors. Conclusion The presence of T-cell and/or cytotoxic antigens in H-RS cells may represent a poor prognostic factor in CHL, even if their expression is not regarded as lineage specific. Examination of T-cell and/or cytotoxic molecules phenotype in CHL patients is recommended as a routine pathologic practice.