bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soft drinks and 'desire to drink' in preschoolers
Authors: Sweetman Claire , Wardle Jane , Cooke Lucy 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Interest in soft drink consumption has increased following a dramatic rise in intake over recent years. Research to date has focused primarily on general trends in consumption or on understanding the mechanism by which soft drink consumption may be linked to weight gain. It is clear however that there is considerable individual variability in the extent to which soft drinks are consumed and factors potentially influencing intake have received little attention. This study examines how the Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ) construct 'Desire to Drink' (DD) relates to drink consumption, preferences and BMI-SDS.
Three hundred and forty six same-sex twin children (mean age 11.2 years; s.d. 0.54; 56% female; 53% dizygotic) were weighed, measured and reported their liking for milk, water, fruit juice, fruit squash and sweetened soft drinks. Mothers reported on their child's drink consumption and completed the CEBQ.
Scores on the CEBQ DD subscale were not significantly related to child BMI-SDS in this sample. Children scoring higher on DD had higher preferences for sugar-sweetened soft drinks (p = 0.016), fruit squash (p = 0.042) and milk (p = 0.020) than children scoring lower on the scale. DD was also positively related to more frequent consumption of sugar-sweetened soft drinks (p = 0.017) and low calorie soft drinks (p = 0.003). No relationship was observed between DD scores and liking for or intake of water or 100% fruit juice.
These findings suggest that the construct desire to drink in children is related to a liking for consuming sweetened drinks, and does not appear to simply denote greater thirst or hunger. This may have important implications for the ongoing development of dietary patterns and weight status in the longer term through an increased preference for sweet things in the mouth and a failure to compensate for calories provided by drinks.
HIV-1 coreceptor usage prediction without multiple alignments: an application of string kernels
Authors: Boisvert Sébastien , Marchand Mario , Laviolette François , Corbeil Jacques 
Published: December 2008

AbstractBackgroundHuman immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infects cells by means of ligand-receptor interactions. This lentivirus uses the CD4 receptor in conjunction with a chemokine coreceptor, either CXCR4 or CCR5, to enter a target cell. HIV-1 is characterized by high sequence variability. Nonetheless, within this extensive variability, certain features must be conserved to define functions and phenotypes. The determination of coreceptor usage of HIV-1, from its protein envelope sequence, falls into a well-studied machine learning problem known asclassification. The support vector machine (SVM), with string kernels, has proven to be very efficient for dealing with a wide class of classification problems ranging from text categorization to protein homology detection. In this paper, we investigate how the SVM can predict HIV-1 coreceptor usage when it is equipped with an appropriate string kernel.ResultsThree string kernels were compared. Accuracies of 96.35% (CCR5) 94.80% (CXCR4) and 95.15% (CCR5 and CXCR4) were achieved with the SVM equipped with thedistant segments kernelon a test set of 1425 examples with a classifier built on a training set of 1425 examples. Our datasets are built with Los Alamos National Laboratory HIV Databases sequences. A web server is available athttp://genome.ulaval.ca/hiv-dskernel.ConclusionWe examined string kernels that have been used successfully for protein homology detection and propose a new one that we call thedistant segments kernel. We also show how to extract the most relevant features for HIV-1 coreceptor usage. The SVM with thedistant segments kernelis currently the best method described.
Cauda equina compression in an achondroplastic dwarf. Is complex anterior and posterior surgical intervention necessary?
Authors: Sapkas George , Kateros Konstantinos , Papadakis Stamatios A , Papadakis Michael , Machairas George 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
We report the case of an achondroplastic dwarf who presented with partial paraplegia due to cauda equina compression. The patient had marked thoracolumbar kyphosis and spinal stenosis at L2–L3. Although only posterior decompression is recommended in the literature for the treatment of achondroplastic patients presenting with neurological problems, a staged anterior and posterior decompression and stabilization was considered necessary for the treatment of this particular patient due to the presence of kyphosis. Satisfactory clinical results were achieved and sustained for six years following this complex operation.
Orocervical foetus-in-foetu with prenatal sonographic diagnosis: a case report
Authors: Braimoh Kolawole T , Abdulkadir Adekunle Y , Balogun Rabiu O 
Published: December 2008

Abstract

Introduction
Foetus-in-foetu is a very rare congenital abnormality where a malformed foetus is included within the body of another foetus. Less than 200 cases have been reported with over 80% occurring in the abdomen. Only three cases of cervical foetus in foetu have been reported. The present case of giant orocervical foetus-in-foetu appears to be an index case.

Case presentation
This is a report of an extremely rare orocervical foetus-in-foetu with grotesque oddity diagnosed on prenatal ultrasonography at 35 weeks gestational age in a 28-year-old, G2P1+0, Nigerian woman who was unsure of her last menstrual date or month. The included foetus had two eyes, cranium, nose, long bones and a spine. The mother's attempts at vaginal delivery rather than the elective Caesarean delivery she was offered resulted in obstructed labour and intrauterine foetal demise.

Conclusion
Giant cervical foetus-in-foetu is extremely rare. It could result in obstructed labour if vaginal delivery is attempted.
U.S. Utility's Experience with Surveillance Dosimetry
Authors: Grant SP 
Published: December 2008

Carolina Power & Light Company (CP&L) has completed a series of calculations and measurements for benchmarking the neutron flux in and outside the reactor vessel wall of the H. B. Robinson, Unit No. 2 (HBR2) reactor vessel. Transport calculations have been performed over the height of the core region and correlated with reactor cavity and internal surveillance capsule measurements. Corrections in the calculational approaches were found necessary. An additional improvement on determinations has been provided by ORNL's application of LEPRICON to the HBR2 dosimetry and vessel.
Having found cavity dosimetry measurements superior to those from internal dosimetry capsules at HBR2, CP &L has added the former in the cavities of its BWRs and is contemplating its use at the new Shearon Harris PWR.
Surveillance Neutron Dosimetry at the Hungarian Nuclear Power Plant
Authors: Zsolnay ÉM , Divós F 
Published: December 2008

Three reactor blocks of WWER-440 type have been put into operation at the Paks Hungary, nuclear power plant (NPP) from 1983. In the frame of the reactor vessel surveillance program accelerated capsules (LF &gt; 10) have been used. Three surveillance sequences with the first reactor block and two sequences with the second have been evaluated to date.
Surveillance neutron dosimetry analysis and the results of related investigations (ex-vessel dosimetry, additional capsule irradiation) performed in order to improve the life-time assessment of the reactor pressure vessel are presented. Very good agreement between the dpa and fast neutron flux (E &gt; 0.5 MeV) lead factors (LF) was found for the spectrum of interest. The results obtained to date show that the reactor can be safely operated until the end of its designed service life (40 years).
Experimental and Theoretical Neutron Flux Estimations at the Surveillance Chain, at the Pressure Vessel Inner Surface, and in the Cavity of a WER-440 PWR
Authors: Bäars LB , Serén TO , Wasastjerna F 
Published: December 2008

Neutron flux measurements and calculations have been performed for VVER 440 reactors at the Loviisa nuclear power plant (NPP) at several locations and for three core configurations.The neutron fluxes within the specimens and the mean axial distributions were measured by using the irradiated steel specimens themselves in the surveillance chains (SC) as dosimeters. The neutron spectra (SC, cavity) were checked and adjusted based on dosimeter sets with Fe(nat), 54Fe, Ni, Ti, Cu, Nb. 238U, Co, and Ag (232Th, 237Np).
The quality of the neutron dose estimates could be significantly improved by using reactor structure materials and especially scraped samples (Fe, Ni, Nb) from the inner and outer surfaces of the reactor pressure vessel (PV) as dosimeters, by applying standardized and relative (PV/SC) methods, which cancel or strongly suppress the influence of systematic (correlated) errors in the cross sections and in other quantities, by developing and using the Nb technique, and by applying a dosimeter rack in the cavity outside the PV.
Accurate flux ratios (lead factors PV/SC) were derived from these measurements.
Nb was separated and purified by chemical methods.
The computed estimates agree well with the measurements even at the distant radial positions at the PV. The calculations were performed using the REPVICS program system (mainly SN method, BUGLE-80 cross-section library). Three-dimensional flux distributions were synthesized from one-dimensional ANISN and two-dimensional DOT 3.5-E calculations ((r,θ) and (r,z)) with additional verification using Monte Carlo calculations.
Together with the material embrittlement measurements of irradiated SC specimens the obtained unique set of measured and calculated flux estimates provide an improved basis for the prediction of pressure vessel embrittlement.
A summary of the neutron flux estimations is presented.
Pressure Vessel Neutron Dosimetry at Three Pressurized Water Reactor Plants Using Niobium Monitors
Authors: Cogburn CO , Hodgson LM , Williams JG 
Published: December 2008

Commercially available niobium foil material was irradiated in three PWR vessel cavities concurrently with sets of conventional foil materials. Analysis of the 93Nb(n, n′) 93mNb reaction was compared with reactions from the other foils.
Analysis of the irradiated niobium was carried out by preparing thin deposits from solutions of the dissolved foils. Some difficulty was experienced in preparing uniform, low-mass deposits of sufficient mass accuracy for X-ray spectrometry. However, after several trials satisfactory counting samples were prepared.
Results obtained from the analysis of niobium in the form of thin deposits compared well with neutron transport calculations and with results from the other radiometric monitors.
Remote Gamma-Ray Mapping: Nuclear Installation Remote Activity Location Device
Authors: Simonet G 
Published: December 2008

The mapping of gamma source radiation emission in a nuclear plant is an important safety factor required in a variety of circumstances: 1. Search for radioactive sources. 2. Surveillance of stored radioactive materials. 3. Monitoring of radioactive waste circuits and nuclear fuel reprocessing. 4. Preparation for work and cost assessment in a nuclear plant. 5. Definition of decontamination, dismantling, and decommissioning of a nuclear plant. 6. Initial strategy in the event of incident or accident.
A remote gamma ray mapping process has been developed by SPS/CEA/SACLAY. It uses the "pinhole camera" principle, a precursor of photography. It consists essentially of a radiation-proof box, with a small orifice, placed opposite sensitive emulsions.
An initial conventional photographic-type emulsion photographs the area. A second photographic emulsion shows up the gamma radiations. The superimposition of the two shots gives immediate information concerning the precise location of each source of radiation in the area observed.
To facilitate presentation and to improve the accuracy of the results of radiation level mapping, the films are processed digitally. The processing assigns a color scale to the various levels of observed radiation. Taking into account physical data and standard parameters, it enables estimation of the dose rate.
The device is portable. Its compactness and fully independent nature make it suitable for use anywhere. It can be adapted to a remote automatic handling system, robot, or the like so as to avoid all operator exposure when the local dose rate is too high.
Status of Cf-252 Neutron Spectrum as a Standard
Authors: Mannhart W 
Published: December 2008

In reactor metrology, the neutron spectrum of the spontaneous fission of Cf-252 has been used as a standard for many years. Nevertheless, the shape of this spectrum has not yet been unambiguously established. Only recently, the situation changed completely. Based on experimental data, a systematic evaluation of the spectrum was made. The result defines the spectrum with a precision never before attained and comprises a complete uncertainty covariance matrix.
First, a short review of the past status of the definition of this spectrum and the associated problems is given. The reason that recent measurements of the Cf-252 neutron spectrum produced more reliable results is discussed. The experimental data base and the steps of the evaluation procedure are discussed. The result obtained is compared with attempts to describe the Cf-252 neutron spectrum on a theoretical basis. The result of the evaluation is presented, and the progress in defining these data as an internationally accepted standard is reviewed. Finally, the impact of the improved knowledge of the Cf-252 neutron spectrum on past and future reactor dosimetry data is discussed.
Calibration Problems in the Direct Measurement of Radiation Absorbed Dose
Authors: Mason JA , Bainbridge N , Heffer PJH 
Published: December 2008

Radiation absorbed dose calorimetry is a direct method for measuring radiation energy deposition in a nuclear reactor environment. It is superior to indirect dosimetry methods, although the validity of the calorimetry technique is crucially dependent on the calibration procedures that are employed.
In this paper calorimeter calibration methods and measurement procedures are critically examined. Calibration problems are considered in the context of three aspects of calorimetry measurements. The first is concerned with the compatibility of the dosimeter with the radiation field. Radiation disequilibrium can lead to significant measurement errors. Errors of instrumentation are then considered, and the problems of temperature stability and electronic noise are emphasized. The bulk of the paper is devoted to an examination of heat transfer aspects of the calibration problem. This area, which has sometimes been ignored, is considered in terms of heat transfer mechanisms and conditions that may lead to significant measurement errors. Calorimeter calibration problems are illustrated with examples from practical calorimetry measurements.
Determination of Damage Functions for Polyatomic Materials Irradiated in Research Reactors
Authors: Alberman A , Lesueur D 
Published: December 2008

The evaluation of the irradiation parameters of polyatomic materials is extremely important for controlled fusion technology programs. Ceramics, especially for the breeding blanket, are currently the focus of research programs in European research reactors.
The authors present the COMPOSI code for calculating the number of displacements ofj sub-lattice atoms by an i sub-lattice atom, either by direct collision or by an indirect process (intermediate shocked atom). This computation, based on the Lindhard equations, is resolved by an iterative method.
The effective displacement cross sections of j atoms, according to the neutron energy, are determined by convolution with the energy spectra of i-type primaries. The COMPOSI code also serves to calculate the displacements created by the recoil of charged particles directly, such as alpha + triton created by capture on lithium 6 in LiAlO2. The sensitivity of the damage functions is tested in different neutron spectra.
Workshop: Instrumentation and Methods for Measurement of Indoor Air Quality and Related Factors
Authors: Lewis RG , Wallace L 
Published: December 2008

Methods and instruments for measuring indoor air quality are described. The major pollutants or classes of pollutants covered are carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, respirable particles, formaldehyde, volatile organic chemicals, pesticides, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, and radon. A brief discussion of a new method for collecting house dust is also included.
In most cases, the methods described have been developed specifically for measuring either indoor air or personal exposure; they are not simply existing methods adapted from ambient (outdoor) use. Generally such existing outdoor air methods are unsuitable on grounds of bulk, noise, excessive air flows, and other problems.
The authors conclude that a complete set of methods allowing both short-term peaks and long-term averages to be measured presently exists for very few, if any, of the major pollutant groups. Thus it will be necessary to have vigorous methods development programs in the public and private sectors if we are to make progress in understanding the magnitude of the indoor air quality problem.
A Tracer Gas Decay System for Monitoring Air Infiltration and Air Movement in Large Single Cell Buildings
Authors: WatersJohn R , Lawrance GV , Jones N 
Published: December 2008

A six channel, computer controlled, tracer gas monitoring system has been designed and constructed. It has been used to obtain over 50 sets of tracer decay curves in five buildings, ranging in volume from approximately 4000 to 32 000 m3.In all cases, six air sampling points were distributed evenly, where layout permitted, throughout each building.
The systems design, calibration procedure, and operating strategy are described and discussed. In addition, the method of obtaining infiltration rates and interzonal flows, based on multizone model theory, from the decay curves is outlined and discussed. Five examples of measured interzone flow rates and infiltration rates are given, one for each of the five buildings.
A Multiple Tracer System for Real-Time Measurement of Interzonal Airflows in Residences
Authors: Fortmann RC , Rector HE , Nagda NL 
Published: December 2008

Airflows between different parts or zones of a residential dwelling may vary substantially over short time periods due to changes in meteorological conditions. HVAC operation, and occupant activity. The ability to measure interzonal airflows on a "real-time" basis can provide a realistic input for either predicting air pollutant concentrations at various locations within the dwelling or for modeling energy use.
An automated multiple tracer system that employs halocarbons and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) as the tracers was tested in a bilevel, single-family research house. The system employs a constant injection system for halocarbon release in two zones. An automated system samples each zone in the house four times each hour. Halocarbons and SF6 are quantitated with a gas Chromatograph with an electron capture detector.
Airflow rates between the upstairs and downstairs of the research house ranged from 33 to 610 m3/h. The magnitude of the airflow rate was related to the percent of time that the furnace fan operated. Measurements of average interzonal airflow rates with PFTs were substantially lower than measurements with the halocarbon tracer system. Whole house air exchange rates calculated from the PFT and SF6 decay measurements were nearly identical. For periods with concurrent halocarbon measurements and SF6 decay measurements, whole house air exchange rates calculated with the halocarbons were lower than those calculated with the SF6, decay method.
Fracture Mechanics: Perspectives and Directions (Twentieth Symposium)
Authors: Wei RP , Gangloff RP 
Published: December 2008

Description
Provides overviews of the major developments in fracture mechanics and associated applications over the past 20 years, and highlights directions for future developments and applications. 6 major sections include:
• Analytical Fracture Mechanics
• Nonlinear and Time Dependent Fracture Mechanics
• Microstructure and Micro mechanical Modeling
• Fatigue Crack Propagation
• Environmentally Assisted Cracking
• Fracture Mechanics of Nonmetals and New Frontiers.
Zirconium in the Nuclear Industry: Eighth International Symposium
Authors: Eucken CM , Van Swam LFP 
Published: December 2008

Description
Topics include:
• Behavior of Pressure Tubes
• Corrosion
• Nodular Corrosion
• Basic Metallurgy
• Mechanical Behavior, Stress Corrosion, and Fatigue
• Creep and Growth
Corrosion behavior is given special emphasis.
Nondestructive Testing of Pavements and Backcalculation of Moduli
Authors: Baladi GY , Bush AJ 
Published: December 2008

Description
Topics include:
• Backcalculation of Layer Moduli State of the Art
• Nondestructive Testing Deflection, Radar, and Surface Wave Testing
• Backcalculations of Layer Moduli from Deflection Data
• Procedures for Analysis of Nondestructive Testing Data.
Chemical Protective Clothing Performance in Chemical Emergency Response
Authors: Stull JO , Perkins JL 
Published: December 2008

Description
Provides a review of the problems, new technologies, and uses of protective clothing related specifically to chemical emergency response. 21 papers on the following topics:
• Overview/Chemical Protective Clothing
• Chemical Protective Clothing Suit Testing
• Chemical Permeation Research
• Special Applications in Emergency Response
• Polices, Procedures, and Philosophies Affecting Emergency Response.
Studies in the United Kingdom on Neutron Irradiation Embrittlement of Pressure Vessel Steels
Authors: Davies LM , Squires RL 
Published: December 2008

This paper describes recent work on irradiation embrittlement of pressurized water reactor (PWR) pressure vessel (PV) steels in the United Kingdom (U.K.). It also describes current relevant developments, namely, the Sizewell ‘B’ PWR, the recent Light Water Reactor Study Group (LWRSG) report on PWR PV integrity, and the presentation of a design for a 300-MW(e) PWR by Rolls-Royce.
The paper goes on to describe the U.K. involvement in two major international programs on irradiation embrittlement, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Coordinated Research Programme and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) Surveillance Dosimetry Improvement Programme, and stresses the significance of including standard, known-response materials in irradiation programs. U.K. involvement in other international programs is also described.
U.K. national program results on strain aging, dynamic strain aging, background underlying small angle nuclear scattering (SANS), and microstructural and positron annihilation studies are reported. The role of phosphorus in the neutron irradiation embrittlement of lowcopper steels is described. Recent results from modelling studies are noted and the results from a recent irradiation program mentioned.
Characteristics of the IAEA Correlation Monitor Material for Surveillance Programs
Authors: Wallin K , Valo MJ , Rintamaa R , Torronen K , Ahlstrand R 
Published: December 2008

Within the International Atomic Energy Commission (IAEA) coordinated program on the optimizing of reactor pressure vessel surveillance programs and their analysis, Phase 3, a specially tailored "radiation sensitive" correlation monitor material has been fabricated. This material will serve as a reference to the IAEA program for future vessel surveillance programs throughout the world.
An extensive evaluation of the correlation monitor material in the as-received condition has been carried out in Finland and the results are presented here. The mechanical properties measured at different temperatures include Charpy V-notch and instrumented precracked Charpy data, and elastic-plastic fracture toughness (J and T). The specimen size and geometry have been varied in the tests. Correlation between different fracture properties are evaluated and discussed.