bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adolescent Religiosity and School Contexts*
Authors: Barrett Jennifer B. , Pearson Jennifer , Muller Chandra , Frank Kenneth A. 
Published: November 2007

Objectives. Schools serve as the primary social organizations for adolescents, structuring their lives and conveying a variety of skills, norms, and values, but relatively little is known about how schools influence the development of religious belief, attitudes, and behavior during adolescence. We explore how schools' religious norms, coupled with adolescents' pursuit of social status through conformity, affect public and private religiosity.Methods. Employing data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), we use multilevel modeling to examine the impact of school context on adolescents' public and private religiosity.Results. We find that school norms are influential in shaping both public religious expressions and private devotional activities, but pursuit of social status is a motivation for change across religious contexts only of public religious activity. The effect of social status as a motivator of religious change was moderated by the strength of the adolescent's identification with the school, especially for private religiosity.Conclusions. Schools play a key role in the social development of adolescents, and students' religious beliefs and behaviors are influenced systematically and observably by the type of religious climate within the school.
Racial Representation and U.S. Senate Apportionment*
Authors: Malhotra Neil , Raso Connor 
Published: November 2007

Objectives. This research note explores whether the system of assigning each state equal representation in the U.S. Senate adversely affects racial minorities, groups that often have common political interests. We also project changes in minority representation over the next 20 years using Census data.Methods. We develop a new method of assessing racial bias due to apportionment, which calculates the number of seats lost by groups due to equal representation, a more substantively meaningful statistic than correlational measures.Results. We find that both African Americans and Hispanics are substantially underrepresented due to their greater presence in high‐population states as compared to in low‐population states. Whereas bias against African Americans appears to be falling, the demographic patterns of Hispanics will make them even more underrepresented in coming years.Conclusions. These findings are especially consequential considering that malapportionment has important public policy implications, including greater per‐capita distributive benefits for smaller states. Further, given that the Senate serves as a major veto point in U.S. politics, racial bias due to equal apportionment may have a significant impact on current and future political debates relevant to minority groups.
Fuchs' heterochromic uveitis: a longitudinal clinical study
Authors: Norrsell Kerstin , Sjödell Lena 
Published: November 2007

Abstract.Purpose:  To carry out a longitudinal study of patients with Fuchs' heterochromic uveitis (FHU) in western Sweden and to establish the factors responsible for diagnostic delay.Methods:  A sample of 54 patients, 51 with monocular and three with binocular FHU, were followed for periods ranging from 8 months to 15 years. Firm diagnostic criteria were set. A detailed anamnesis regarding ocular and extraocular symptoms was taken. The eyes were repeatedly examined. Toxoplasma serology was analysed. Complications were noted.Results:  The delay between the first visit to an ophthalmologist and diagnosis was 0−26 years. The most common first symptom was floaters. Iris heterochromia was absent in 11 patients and discrete in 26. Iris atrophy (a diagnostic criterion) was easy to miss. Chorioretinal scars were found in six patients. Toxoplasma serology was positive in 18 (35%) patients. The only serious complication was glaucoma.Conclusions:  The most important reason for delay in diagnosis of FHU is, in our opinion, failure to consider the disease as a diagnosis. This failure may occur because heterochromia is often missing or discrete, iris atrophy is easily overlooked, and vitreous opacities are common, often cause early symptoms and can explain prolonged workup and therapy. A connection with toxoplasmosis in individual cases cannot be excluded but toxoplasmosis cannot be considered a major aetiological factor. If detailed anamnesis is negative and diagnostic criteria are fulfilled, no further workup is required.
Relevance of resonance frequency analysis to evaluate dental implant stability: simulation and histomorphometrical animal experiments
Authors: Ito Yoshihiro , Sato Daisuke , Yoneda Satoshi , Ito Daisuke , Kondo Hisatomo , Kasugai Shohei 
Published: November 2007

AbstractBackground: Resonance frequency analysis (RFA) is applied to evaluate implant stability, and the clinical relevance of this application is accepted. However, a discrepancy between resonance frequency (RF) and other parameters of implant stability such as implant insertion torque and bone mineral density at the insertion site has been reported. In addition, the relation between RF and histological implant–bone contact has not been well documented.Purpose: To explain this discrepancy and to clarify the relation between RF and histological implant–bone contact, we conducted the present study.Materials and methods: A hydroxyapatite‐coated implant, 4 mm diameter and 10 mm length, was used. We placed the implant in a small plastic box vertically and fixed the implant in the box with small screws at different height positions. An ‘Osstell’ transducer was mounted on the implant and RF was measured with or without loosening the screws. Twenty‐four implants were placed in the tibiae of four mini‐pigs. The animals were sacrificed 1, 2 and 4 weeks after the placement, and the RF of each implant was measured. Ground sections were prepared and implant–bone contact was histomophometrically measured.Results: Loosening the screw at the neck region of the implant remarkably decreased RF compared with the screws of the other regions. Correlation between RF and implant–bone contact, which was measured all around the implant, was not significant (r=0.221, P=0.299). However, the correlation coefficient increased to ‘0.361’ when implant–bone contact was measured at the neck of the implant (P=0.0835), although these two parameters were not statistically correlated.Conclusions: Although RF did not correlate with histological implant–bone contact, the present results demonstrated that a connection between the implant and bone at the neck region of the implant affects RF the most effectively, further suggesting the superiority of RFA in the process of implant treatment and the follow‐up. The present results could explain the discrepancy between RFA and other parameters of implant stability.
Cardio-Protection in Acute Stroke
Authors: Sharma Jagdish C. , Ross Ian , Vassallo Michael 
Published: November 2007

Background: Measures of damage limitation for acute stroke have not produced substantial benefit to reduce stroke mortality. Search continues for measures to reduce stroke mortality. Methods: Literature review for influence of cardiovascular factors, specifically the value of NT proBNP (a sensitive index of cardiac impairment) for stroke mortality. Results: Cardiovascular factors, in particular cardiac failure, adversely influence acute stroke mortality. There is evidence of cardiological abnormality in acute strokes as indicated by ECG changes and tachycardia secondary to neurohumoral changes in acute strokes. Patients with ECG abnormality, tachycardia, dysrrhythmia and elevated levels of nor-epi-nephrine in acute stroke phase have higher mortality. Recent studies reveal that Troponin (measure of cardiac injury) and NT-proBNP (measure of cardiac function impairment) are elevated in acute stroke patients, in response to the activated Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone-System and other neurohumoral changes, as a protective mechanism for sympathoinhibitory activity. Patients with elevated troponin have a higher mortality. Similarly elevated NT-proBNP has been reported to be associated with higher short and long-term mortality. In one study all patients who died at 4 months had NT-proBNP levels above the median, no patient with NT-proBNP below the median value died. Two studies revealed that NT-proBNP is more significant than clinical stroke severity for stroke mortality. Protection of myocardium in stroke patients may be possible by the use of drugs such as beta-blockers and the drugs acting on RAAS. Reduction of mortality in studies of candesartan (ACCESS study) and prior beta-blockers is one such example. Heart is at risk in acute strokes and protecting heart makes sense to reduce stroke mortality. Conclusion: Some stroke patients die due to occult cardiac damage and functional impairment in acute phase due to common risk factors. This relationship between brain and heart needs evaluation. Protection of heart with currently available or new drugs in acute strokes is worth investigating since this intervention could be applied to a large proportion of acute stroke patients over a wide time window.
The STRokE DOC Trial Technique: ‘Video Clip, Drip, and/or Ship’
Authors: Meyer B. C. , Raman R. , Rao R. , Fellman R. D. , Beer J. , Werner J. , Zivin J. A. , Lyden P. D. 
Published: November 2007

Rationale To describe the clinical trial methods of a site-independent telemedicine system used in stroke. Aims A lack of readily available stroke expertise may partly explain the low rate of rt-PA use in acute stroke. Although telemedicine systems can reliably augment expertise available to rural settings, and may increase rt-PA use, point-to-point systems do require fixed base stations. Site-independent systems may minimize delay. The STRokE DOC trial assesses whether site-independent telemedicine effectively and efficiently brings rt-PA to a remote population. Design STRokE DOC is a 5–year, 400–participant, noninvasive trial, comparing two consultative techniques at four remote sites. Participants are randomized to acute ‘STRokE DOC telemedicine’ or ‘telephone’ consultations. Treatment decision accuracy is adjudicated at two time points, using three levels of data availability and an independent auditor. Study outcomes The primary outcome measure is whether there was a ‘correct decision to treat or not to treat using rt-PA’ at each of three adjudication levels (primarily at Level #2). Secondary outcomes include the number of thrombolytic recommendations, intracerebral hemorrhage, and 90–day outcomes. Using the STRokE DOC system (or telephone evaluation), medical history, neurologic scales, CT interpretations, and recommendations have been completed on over 200 participants to date. Of the initial 11, nonrandomized, ‘run-in’ patients, six (65%) were evaluated wirelessly, and five (45%) were evaluated with a site-independent LAN or cable modem. Three (27%) received rt-PA. The adjudication methodology was able to show both agreements and disagreements in these 11 cases. It is feasible to perform site-independent stroke consultations, and adjudicate those cases, using the STRokE DOC system and trial design. Telemedicine efficacy remains to be proven.
Local and systemic cytokine and chemokine responses after parenteral influenza vaccination
Authors: Eriksson Jens‐Christian , Cox Rebecca Jane , Szyszko Ewa , Davidsson Åke , Brokstad Karl Albert 
Published: November 2007

Background and Objective  In this study we investigated the levels of cytokines and chemokines produced locally and systemically after influenza vaccination of patients undergoing tonsillectomy.Methods  Blood and saliva were collected prior to, and 1 or 2 weeks after vaccination at the time of the tonsillectomy. The cytokine and chemokine concentrations were determined in both unstimulated (whole blood, serum and saliva) and in vitro influenza stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) and tonsillar lymphocyte (TMC) cultures.Results  We found that influenza vaccination elicited protective levels of serum haemagglutination inhibition antibodies and a significant local antibody response in the saliva. No significant differences were observed in the cytokine or chemokine levels 1 or 2 weeks post‐vaccination in either the serum or saliva. Similarly, no significant differences were found in the gene expression levels in PBMC after vaccination, but interleukin (IL)‐2, IL‐4, γ‐interferon and transforming growth factor‐β were slightly elevated at 1 week post‐vaccination but decreased by 2 weeks post‐vaccination. In contrast, increased concentrations of a mixture of type 1, type 2 and inflammatory cytokines were produced 1 and 2 weeks after influenza vaccination by in vitro‐stimulated PBMC and TMC.Conclusion  We show that cytokine responses can be measured after influenza vaccination in in vitro‐stimulated lymphocytes but not directly in the blood or saliva. These results will provide a useful baseline that can be used for comparison of the immune response in human volunteers involved in clinical trials of novel influenza vaccines.
Effect of Stratospheric Ozone Depletion and Enhanced Ultraviolet Radiation on Marine Bacteria at Palmer Station, Antarctica in the Early Austral Spring
Authors: Pakulski J. Dean , Kase Jason P. , Meador Jarah A. , Jeffrey Wade H. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractWe investigated the interactions between ozone‐depleted air masses and subsequent changes in UVB on marine bacterial abundance and production at Palmer Station, Antarctica from September to November 1999. During periods of low total column ozone (TCO), bacterial cell concentrations declined by 57%. Photoinhibition of bacterial [3H]‐leucine (Leu) and [3H]‐thymidine (TdR) incorporation due to UVB was greatest during periods of low TCO in September and early October. During diel (∼28 h) exposure experiments, light treatment samples exhibited >75–100% inhibition of TdR incorporation by mid‐afternoon. Leu incorporation exhibited maximum inhibition (50–100%) at sunset and early evening hours. Leu and TdR incorporation in light treatment samples did not exhibit recovery during subsequent periods of darkness. Bacterial Leu and TdR incorporation rates were inversely related to Setlow Dose during a period of recovery from low TCO. These data further suggested a threshold exposure below which bacterial Leu and TdR incorporation recovered rapidly. Recovery of bacterial production after acute Setlow Dose exposures lagged recovery of TCO and was linearly related to TCO measured 2 days previously. This lag in recovery may have resulted from the energetically expensive repair of UVR‐induced DNA damage acquired during periods of low TCO.
Characteristics of Porphyry Cu Mineralization at Waisoi (Namosi District), Viti Levu, Fiji
Authors: Imai Akira , Ohbuchi Yukiko , Tanaka Takayuki , Morita Seiya , Yasunaga Kentaro 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe porphyry Cu deposits at Waisoi in Namosi district, Viti Levu are separated into two deposits: the Waisoi East deposit and the Waisoi West deposit. In the Waisoi East deposit, quartz porphyry is exposed and in the Waisoi West deposit, diorite porphyry is sporadically exposed in addition to a small body of quartz porphyry. The mineralization in the Waisoi East deposit is characterized by the bornite–chalcopyrite–pyrite assemblage associated with traces of molybdenite and native gold. Polyphase fluid inclusions in stockwork quartz veinlets show homogenization temperatures ranging from 210 to >500°C. The high‐grade Cu mineralization in the Waisoi West deposit is characterized by the bornite–chalcopyrite–pyrite assemblage accompanied with sheeted and stockwork quartz veinlets. Polyphase fluid inclusions occasionally containing hematite flakes in quartz veinlets in the center of the Waisoi West deposit homogenize at temperatures ranging from 450°C to >500°C. However, fluid inclusions in stockwork quartz veinlets in the periphery, homogenize at lower temperatures around 210°C. Both in the Waisoi East and Waisoi West deposits, primary bornite–chalcopyrite–pyrite assemblage in the high Cu‐grade zone was deposited at the upper stability limit of chalcopyrite with respect to sulfur fugacity. Thus, the principal Cu mineralization at the Waisoi deposits occurred at a relatively high sulfur fugacity, that is, in a high‐sulfidation environment.
Concentration of Gold(I) Thiosulfate Complex Ions on the Surface of Alumina Gel and their Change in Chemical State: Preliminary Experiment in the Elucidation of the Formation Mechanism of Epithermal Gold Deposits
Authors: Yonezu Kotaro , Yokoyama Takushi , Okaue Yoshihiro , Imai Akira , Watanabe Koichiro 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIn order to elucidate the formation mechanism of low‐sulfidation epithermal gold deposit, the adsorption of [Au(S2O3)2]3− (a model compound for gold(I) complex ion) on alumina gel (a model compound for the aluminum‐bearing minerals) and change in chemical state of [Au(S2O3)2]3− after adsorption on the surface of alumina gel were investigated as a basic model experiment. In the pH range from 4 to 6, the amount of [Au(S2O3)2]3− adsorbed on alumina gel decreased with increasing pH and decreased drastically between pH 6 and 7, and then approached zero above pH 8 at 30°C. At 60°C, the amount of gold adsorbed above pH 7 was enhanced compared with that at 30°C. This adsorption tendency indicates that [Au(S2O3)2]3− is mainly adsorbed by electrostatic interaction between negative charges of [Au(S2O3)2]3− and positive charges of alumina gel because of its isoelectric point around pH 9. The chemical state of gold after adsorption of [Au(S2O3)2]3− on alumina gel was examined using X‐ray absorption near edge structure (XANES). The result showed that [Au(S2O3)2]3− was spontaneously reduced to elemental gold even in the absence of specific reducing agents after adsorption on alumina gel. This reduction reaction might occur by two steps: (i) disproportionation of the adsorbed [Au(S2O3)2]3− at the surface of alumina gel, and (ii) spontaneous reduction of the resulting gold(III) complex ions on the surface of alumina gel. The experimental results suggest that aluminum plays an important role in the concentration of gold(I) complex ions and subsequent reduction of gold during the formation of low‐sulfidation epithermal gold deposits.
Angélica Copper Deposit: Exotic Type Mineralization in the Tocopilla Plutonic Complex of the Coastal Cordillera, Northern Chile
Authors: Zambra José , Kojima Shoji , Espinoza Sergio , Definis Andres 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe Angélica copper deposit is situated at the southernmost sector of the Jurassic Tocopilla plutonic complex in the North Chilean Coastal Cordillera. This deposit occurs in monzonitic to monzodioritic rocks, and has platelike orebodies with no appreciable hydrothermal alteration nor sulfide mineralization. The mineralized zones are located in the western side of the two main normal faults with NE and NW orientations, and are characterized principally by impregnation of supergene copper products of atacamite and minor amounts of chrysocolla, lavendulan and “black copper”. Generally, chrysocolla is more abundant at a distal NE sector of the deposit. The black copper is Cu‐Fe‐Mn‐Si‐Cl‐rich multimineral aggregates composed of atacamite with minor amounts of quartz, pseudomalachite, dioptase, neotocite, gypsum, paratacamite and melanothallite, and its surface exhibits nanometer‐sized cylindrical morphologies. All these characteristics suggest an exotic origin for the Angélica copper deposit. A few vein‐type copper deposits situated at the southwestern sector along the NE‐oriented fault are inferred as the possible source of the Angélica copper deposit.
Role of transcranial Doppler ultrasonography in stroke
Authors: Sarkar Sanjukta , Ghosh Sujoy , Ghosh Sandip Kumar , Collier Andrew 
Published: November 2007

AbstractTranscranial Doppler sonongraphy is a non-invasive, non-ionising, inexpensive, portable and safe technique that uses a pulsed Doppler transducer for assessment of intracerebral blood flow. This article deals with the principles and technique of transcranial Doppler sonography. It gives a brief overview of its use in evaluation of intracranial steno-occlusive disease, subarachnoid haemorrhage, and extracranial diseases including carotid artery disease and subclavian steal syndrome. The role of transcranial Doppler in detection of microembolic signals and evaluation of right to left shunts is also dealt with. Finally, its use in acute stroke is briefly outlined.
An evaluation of the effects of Tai Chi Chuan and Chi Kung training in patients with symptomatic heart failure: a randomised controlled pilot study
Authors: Barrow D E , Bedford A , Ives G , O'Toole L , Channer K S 
Published: November 2007

Abstract

Objective
To study the effect of Tai Chi on exercise tolerance in patients with moderate heart failure.

Design
Randomised parallel group study balanced for baseline variables.

Setting
Cardiology Department, Royal Hallamshire Hospital.

Patients and methods
52 patients 42 men, mean age 68.9 years, range 46–90 years, and 10 women, mean age 70.0 years, range 58–82 with chronic heart failure New York Heart Association symptom class II–III were studied. Patients were randomised to Tai Chi Chuan twice a week for 16 weeks or to standard medical care without exercise rehabilitation.

Main outcome measures
The primary outcome measure was the change in the distance walked in the shuttle walk test. Secondary outcome measures were changes in symptom scores and quality of life indices.

Results
Objective measures of exercise tolerance did not improve significantly with Tai Chi, but patients having Tai Chi exercise had an improvement in symptom scores of heart failure measured by the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire comparison of deltas, −2.4 control vs −14.9; p = 0.01, and depression scores measured by the SCL-90-R questionnaire (−2.9 vs −6.8; p = 0.12) compared with those patients in the control group.

Conclusion
In patients with chronic heart failure, 16 weeks of Tai Chi training was safe, with no adverse exercise related problems. It was enjoyed by all taking part and led to significant improvements in symptoms and quality of life.
Psoriasis: advances in pathophysiology and management
Authors: MacDonald A , Burden A D 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Psoriasis is an inflammatory skin disease that affects 1–3% of Caucasian populations and may be persistent, disfiguring and stigmatising. There is a range of severity, but even when the affected body surface area is relatively limited the impact on day-to-day activities and social interactions may be significant. An understanding of the psychological burden and an appreciation that many patients are currently dissatisfied with their management has driven the development of more effective treatment. In recent years psoriasis has been the focus of intense investigation resulting in an improved understanding of the immunopathogenesis, and the development of new, targeted biological treatments.
The challenges of managing cancer related venous thromboembolism in the palliative care setting
Authors: Noble S 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Cancer patients with venous thromboembolism VTE pose particular management challenges since they have an increased risk of bleeding and recurrent thrombosis compared to the non-cancer population. Also, as the disease progresses so do the hazards of anticoagulation, and patients in the palliative stages of their cancer could be viewed as a separate disease group with respect to diagnosis and management. As the focus from curative treatment moves towards symptom control, physicians face several challenges in providing the most appropriate care. Palliative care patients have rarely been included in research on VTE and the supporting evidence needs to be extrapolated cautiously. Quality of life aspects of VTE and their management may be a more appropriate outcome measure in this stage of disease than radiological end points. This paper looks at the challenges facing professionals in the management of VTE in the advanced cancer patient.