bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tube Wells, Open Wells, and Optimum Ground‐Water Resource Developmenta
Authors: Walker William H. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTMany tube wells drilled for irrigation use fail prematurely because of poor well design, improper sized and placed gravel‐pack material, and ineffective slotted‐pipe screens. Well and gravel‐pack design criteria and an improved slotted‐pipe screen described in this paper offer promise of drastically reducing such failures. Properly designed tube wells equipped with this type of screen should have more than double the safe‐yield and service‐life capability of most irrigation tube wells now in use.In some countries large‐diameter, low‐capacity open wells always have been used to obtain irrigation water. Now, small‐diameter, high‐capacity tube wells are being constructed in the same aquifers. As extensive tube‐well development occurs, the water table will drop, drying up many shallow open wells. In such instances, those who can afford the deeper, more expensive tube wells could gain almost exclusive use of the aquifer.Optimum development of surficial aquifers using both tube and open wells may have to be rigidly controlled to assure every farmer a fair share of available water. Such controls should be based on the potential safe yield capability of aquifers. A graphical procedure used in Illinois to obtain an estimate of this value for planning and initial development purposes is presented in this paper.
CANADA'S LARGEST WATER WELL
Authors: Bourgeois P. O. , Brownell J. D. , Kirk J. W. , Larsen C. H. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Prince George, B.C. required 15 mgd additional municipal water supply. A cost comparison led to the selection of the Nechako Aquifer ground‐water supply instead of the Nechako River surface‐water supply. A Fehlmann horizontal collector, consisting of a 16‐inch diameter reinforced concrete caisson, 100 feet deep, with 1788 feet of 8‐inch diameter polystyrene screen, projecting spoke‐like at the bottom of the caisson, was installed. On test, the collector produced 15.3 mgd of clean, excellent quality water, with 6.7 feet drawdown under equilibrium conditions.
The Hydrogeology and Utilization of Brines in El Salado, Chile
Authors: Lloyd John W. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe Rio Salado catchment is located in the southern Atacama Desert. The area is distinctly arid and no ground‐water reserves originating from local recharge exist. To obtain water for a new copper ore processing plant, brines are being utilized. The complex hydrogeology of the brines from their origin in the Andes to their emergence as springs in the vicinity of El Salado is described.The surface and ground‐water discharges indicate that the long‐term supply of brine will be adequate for the processing plant. A design for abstraction incorporating three filter drains with wooden pump‐housings has been adopted to combat corrosion, incrustation and flood damage.
A Topographic‐Hydrogeologic Model for Solid Waste Landfill Siting
Authors: Sendlein L.V.A. , Palmquist R. C. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTGeomorphic and hydrogeologic studies have shown that the material, topographic, ground‐water, and surface‐water characteristics of a particular landscape position are all related. Because topography is related to the local material and surface‐water characteristics and because the ground‐water regimen is related to the local materials and topography, an analysis of the topography should allow the prediction of the material, ground‐water, and surface‐water characteristics of a disposal site within the local area. Topographic consideration of potential solid waste disposal sites thus provides insight about the physical characteristics of the site and shape of the resulting contamination enclave.Seven possible topographic positions for disposal sites are floodplain, valley terrace, valley side, upland crest, upland ravine, upland valley and upland flat interfluve. Upland sites are characterized by the outward flow of both ground water and surface water, whereas valley sites are characterized by the through flow of both ground and surface water. At the present time, upland sites are considered preferable over valley sites because of the greater likelihood of the refuse remaining dry. An analysis of ground‐water flow patterns indicates that the greatest potential for extensive ground‐water contamination exists for upland sites, which are in ground‐water recharge areas; and the least potential for extensive ground‐water contamination exists for properly placed valley sites, which are in ground‐water discharge areas.
Unsteady Flow to a Nonpenetrating Artesian Well
Authors: Abdul Khader M. H. , Ramadurgaiah D. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTExact solution to the problem of unsteady drawdown in a leaky artesian aquifer due to a constant discharge nonpenetrating well is presented. Finiteness of the well radius and aquifer anisotropy are considered in formulating the problem. Solution is derived on the assumption that the flux entering the pumped well is uniformly distributed over the plane circular bottom of the well. The aquifer is considered to be finite in thickness, but of infinite lateral extent. The flow of ground water is assumed to be governed by Jacob's model of linear leakage. Laplace transformation technique is employed in the theoretical development. The drawdown function is numerically integrated in terms of dimensionless parameters of the flow system and the results are depicted in graphs.
Hydrogeophysical Equivalence of Water Salinity, Porosity and Matrix Conduction in Arenaceous Aquifers
Authors: Worthington Paul F. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe value of the electrical resistivity method as a quantitative indicator of ground‐water resistivity, porosity and effective matrix resistivity is examined through the equivalence of these parameters as manifested in the surface‐measured resistivity of heterogeneous water‐saturated sands. It is demonstrated that, where there are unknown variations in porosity, the mapping of groundwater resistivity is most feasible at lower salinities and where porosity is relatively high. Porosity can be determined most exactly at lower values and where groundwater salinity is relatively high. Both these approaches become less efficient as matrix conduction increases. The mapping of effective matrix resistivity is best effected at lower values where this parameter can be approximately monitored against moderate variations in both porosity and ground‐water resistivity. In general, however, where there are unknown and pronounced variations in any two of these parameters, the geoelectrical determination of the third can be so ambiguous that the uncertainty in the estimated value of this parameter can exceed the total range of values encountered in an entire formation.
A Hypothesis of Ion Filtration in a Potable‐Water Aquifer System
Authors: Wood Warren W. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTChemical analyses of major dissolved constituents in approximately 300 samples of ground water and 60 samples of stream water indicate that the process of ion filtration may control the distribution of some major ionic species in the water of the Saginaw aquifer system. This system, which is in the upper Grand River basin of the central part of the southern peninsula of Michigan, consists of sandstone, shale, coal, and limestone of the Saginaw Formation of Pennsylvanian age and overlying glacially deposited sand and clay of late Wisconsin age.The Saginaw Formation is recharged through the glacially deposited material; however, the concentrations of iron, calcium, sulfate, and chloride are greater in water in the glacial deposits than in water in the underlying Saginaw Formation. It is hypothesized that shale beds in the Saginaw Formation act as ionic filters, allowing water with a lower dissolved‐solids concentration to move through the shale to the sandstone aquifer. A concentration of ions greater than input value forms above the shale beds. Gravity provides the energy necessary to filter the water in a process of reverse osmosis. The similarity of this hydro‐geologic system to other systems suggests that ion filtration may occur in many potable‐water aquifers.
Monitoring Ground‐Water Quality Near a Sanitary Landfill
Authors: Kunkle G. R. , Shade J. W. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTAt the Hagman Road Landfill refuse is buried in lacustrine and glacial till deposits consisting mainly of silty clays. These clays overlie a thick carbonate aquifer used locally for water supply. The dominant direction of ground‐water flow is vertically down. Time of groundwater travel from the refuse to the aquifer is estimated at 12 years, putting first arrivals in 1978. Water quality monitoring of bedrock waters shows decreases in total dissolved solids, sulfates, calcium, magnesium, chlorides, and total hardness with increases in alkalinity to exist locally beneath the landfill. The principal chemical reaction felt to explain some, but not all of the water quality changes is sulfate reduction. Theoretical geochemical modellings help to support this interpretation. The landfill is hypothesized to have either triggered or accelerated sulfate reduction by creating the reducing environment.
Design of Ground–Water Level Observation–Well Programs
Authors: Heath Ralph C. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTData obtained from observation–well programs are used to determine (1) the effect of withdrawals on recharge and natural discharge conditions, (2) the hydraulic characteristics of ground–water systems, and (3) the extent and degree of confinement of aquifers. Wells in these programs can usefully be divided into three networks: (1) a hydrologic network which includes wells needed to determine the extent of aquifers and changes in storage, (2) a water–management network which includes wells needed to determine the effect of withdrawals and hydraulic characteristics, and (3) a baseline network which includes wells needed to determine the response of ground–water systems to natural changes such as those related to climate.
Vyredox — In Situ Purification of Ground Water
Authors: Hallberg Rolf O , Martinell Rudolf 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe abundance and relative purity of ground water guarantees its increase in usage. In some localities, the content of iron and manganese in ground water is so high that these metals must be removed before the water can be used for drinking or industrial purposes.Iron occurs in two states of oxidation in nature–the divalent (ferrous) and trivalent (ferric) forms. The Vyredox method developed in Finland and used now also in Sweden and some other countries oxidizes the ferrous ion, which is soluble in water, to the ferric ion, which is insoluble, before the water enters the well.The Vyredox method achieves a high degree of oxidation in the strata around the well. The method makes use of iron‐oxidizing bacteria and aeration wells. A number of aeration wells are placed in a ring around the supply well. Water is forced down the aeration wells but first it is degassed and then enriched with oxygen. The oxygen‐rich water provides a suitable habitat for the iron‐oxidizing bacteria which assist in the oxidation of ferrous iron. The process must be repeated at specific time intervals to avoid further increases of iron content.The process of precipitating iron in the aquifer has only a slight effect on aquifer permeability. Cloggage of the aquifer surrounding the well should not occur for a period many times longer than the life span of a typical well.
A Seismic Ground – Water Survey in New Hampshire
Authors: Birch Francis S. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe drainage basin of Barbadoes Pond, Madbury and Dover, southeastern New Hampshire, was studied by seismic refraction and magnetic measurements as part of an interdisciplinary investigation. The purpose of the geophysical measurements was to provide boundary conditions (bedrock and water–table elevations) for a mathematical model of ground–water flow. The basin is intensively used for recreation, municipal water supply, and sand and gravel mining.Barbadoes Pond is a kettle lake lying in the middle of a broad, flat–topped sand and gravel hill (a “kame plain”). The plain is surrounded by marine clay at a lower elevation.A broad, deep, northwest–southwest trending trough underlies the plain according to seismic refraction measurements (45 lines) and water wells. The present form and location of the trough are attributed to glacial enlargement of a stream valley eroded along a bedrock shear zone. The bedrock topography and seismic velocity are directly related to erosion resistance of the vertically dipping metasedimentary bedrock. Magnetic anomalies are consistent with the seismic results.Water–table elevation correlates with bedrock elevation, not surface elevation. This is a consequence of highly permeable sand and gravel, the principal surfical materials. Apparently the pond is not hydraulically independent of nearby wells and a large reservoir.The results invite speculation that kame plains occur over bedrock troughs. Such a relationship, if generally true, would speed search for good well sites in this region of rapid population growth and industrial development.
An Integrated Approach to Delineating Contaminated Ground Water
Authors: Berk William J. , Yare Bruce S. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTDisposal of industrial process water into an unlined lagoon in permeable Atlantic Coastal Plain sediments resulted in a ground‐water contamination problem caused by infiltration of the process water into a major unconfined aquifer which underlies the lagoon at shallow depth. Most of the area water‐supply wells terminate in this formation. Before this disposal method was discontinued, traces of the process water appeared in nearby wells.Because of the relatively large area and depths involved, as indicated by preliminary data, delineation of the distribution of contaminant within the aquifer through a systematic well drilling program posed a significant economic problem. To keep costs within a reasonable range, a resistivity survey program was implemented to obtain information on the gross distribution of the contaminant and to provide data for the selective location of monitor wells. Eight wells were constructed to obtain samples of the ground water in order to measure contaminant concentrations and to verify the interpretations of areal contaminant distribution inferred from the resistivity data. The ground‐water sampling procedure developed during this investigation is described.The combination of the resistivity survey with the ground‐water sampling procedure developed during this investigation proved a valuable and reliable technique for delineating in three dimensions a contaminant body within an aquifer in unconsolidated sediments. Utilization of the resistivity survey data to selectively locate the monitor wells and to define the lateral extent of the contamination increased the efficiency of the investigation and significantly reduced the cost of the program.
Flow to a Nonpenetrating Well in a Leaky Artesian Aquifer with Variable Dischargea
Authors: Jaiswal C. S. , Chauhan H. S. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTA differential equation for axisymmetric radial transient flow to a nonpenetrating well in an infinite leaky aquifer in spherical coordinate system has been formulated. A general solution for nonsteady‐state flow was obtained for nonpenetrating wells in leaky artesian aquifers with a general time variable discharge function, as well as for the specific case of exponential decay discharge function. The solution is expressed in terms of standard mathematical functions.
Low meprin α expression differentiates primary ovarian mucinous carcinoma from gastrointestinal cancers that commonly metastasise to the ovaries
Authors: Heinzelmann-Schwarz Viola A , Scolyer Richard A , Scurry James P , Smith Alison N , Gardiner-Garden Margaret , Biankin Andrew V , Baron-Hay Sally , Scott Carolyn , Ward Robyn L , Fink Daniel , Hacker Neville F , Sutherland Robert L , O’Brien Philippa M 
Published: July 2006

Background:Currently, no specific immunohistochemical markers are available to differentiate primary mucinous epithelial ovarian cancer (MOC) from adenocarcinomas originating at other sites that have metastasised to the ovary, which may have an impact on patient management and prognosis.Aim:To investigate the expression of two intestinal markers, galectin 4 and meprin α, in mucinous carcinomas of the ovary and gastrointestinal tract.Methods:Using immunohistochemical analysis, the expression of galectin 4 and meprin α was investigated in 10 MOCs and in 38 mucinous adenocarcinomas of colon, pancreas, stomach and appendix, the most common sites of origin of ovarian metastases.Results:Total cytoplasmic galectin 4 expression was relatively consistent between the different carcinomas. Membranous meprin α expression was significantly lower in MOCs compared with gastrointestinal carcinomas. Moreover, meprin α expression showed greater discrimination between the ovarian and gastrointestinal carcinomas than the cytokeratins CK7 and CK20, the current standard immunohistochemical markers used to determine the tissue origin of mucinous carcinomas involving the ovaries.Conclusions:Meprin α is a useful additional marker in differentiating primary from secondary mucinous adenocarcinomas of the ovary.
Running effective meetings: a primer for doctors
Authors: O'Dea N A , de Chazal P , Saltman D C , Kidd M R 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
This paper uses a series of exercises and practical examples to assist individuals and groups of doctors in training to gain skills in a critical area of management: conducting and participating in effective meetings. Through this paper, readers will be shown how to recognise and manage situations as they occur in meetings to work towards appropriate outcomes. By understanding the elements of conducting a meeting from preparation through to follow up, doctors will be able to conduct and participate more effectively in meetings that arise in their workplaces.
Management of acute ventilatory failure
Authors: Chakrabarti B , Calverley P M A 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Acute ventilatory failure is a challenging yet increasingly common medical emergency reflecting the growing burden of respiratory disease. It is not a diagnosis in itself but the end result of a diversity of disease processes culminating in arterial hypoxaemia and hypercapnia. This review focuses on key management issues including giving appropriate oxygen therapy, treatment of the underlying aetiology as well as any precipitant factors and provision of assisted ventilation if required. Ventilatory assistance can be provided both invasively and non-invasively and the indications for either or both forms of assisted ventilation are discussed. Further emphasis is needed regarding advanced directives of care and clinicians should be aware of ethical issues regarding assisted ventilation.
Disruption of Autophagy at the Maturation Step by the Carcinogen Lindane Is Associated with the Sustained Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase/Extracellular Signal–Regulated Kinase Activity
Authors: Corcelle Elisabeth , Nebout Marielle , Bekri Soumeya , Gauthier Nils , Hofman Paul , Poujeol Philippe , Fénichel Patrick , Mograbi Baharia 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy) has emerged as a key tumor suppressor pathway. During this process, the cytosolic constituents are sequestered into autophagosomes, which subsequently fuse with lysosomes to become autolysosomes where their contents are finally degraded. Although a reduced autophagy has been shown in human tumors or in response to oncogenes and carcinogens, the underlying mechanism(s) remain(s) unknown. Here, we show that widely used carcinogen Lindane promotes vacuolation of Sertoli cells. By electron and immunofluorescent microscopy analyses, we showed that these structures are acid autolysosomes, containing cellular debris, and labeled by LC3, Rab7, and LAMP1, markers of autophagosomes, late endosomes, and lysosomes, respectively. Such Lindane-induced vacuolation results from significant delay in autophagy degradation, in relation with a decline of the lysosomal activity of aryl sulfatase A. At molecular level, we show that this defect in autolysosomal maturation is independent of mammalian target of rapamycin and p38 inhibitions. Rather, the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK) pathway is required for Lindane to disrupt the autophagic pathway. Most importantly, we provide the first evidence that sustained activation of ERK pathway is sufficient to commit cell to autophagic vacuolation. Taken together, these findings strongly support that the aberrant sustained activation of ERK by the carcinogen Lindane disrupts the maturation of autophagosomes into functional autolysosomes. Our findings therefore suggest the possibility that high constitutive ERK activity found in all cancers may provide a malignant advantage by impeding the tumor suppressive function of autophagy. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(13): 6861-70)
Protein Kinase Casein Kinase 2 Mediates Inhibitor-κB Kinase and Aberrant Nuclear Factor-κB Activation by Serum Factor(s) in Head and Neck Squamous Carcinoma Cells
Authors: Yu Ming , Yeh Jason , Van Waes Carter 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
We showed previously that the signal transcription factor nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is aberrantly activated and that inhibition of NF-κB induces cell death and inhibits tumorigenesis in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). Thus, identification of specific kinases underlying the activation of NF-κB could provide targets for selective therapy. Inhibitor-κB (IκB) kinase (IKK) is known to activate NF-κB by inducing NH2-terminal phosphorylation and degradation of its endogenous inhibitor, IκB. Casein kinase 2 (CK2) was previously reported to be overexpressed in HNSCC cells and to be a COOH-terminal IKK, but its relationship to NF-κB activation in HNSCC cells is unknown. In this study, we examined the contribution of IKK and CK2 in the regulation of NF-κB in HNSCC in vitro. NF-κB activation was specifically inhibited by kinase-dead mutants of the IKK1 and IKK2 subunits or small interfering RNA targeting the β subunit of CK2. CK2 and IKK kinase activity, as well as NF-κB transcriptional activity, was shown to be serum responsive, indicating that these kinases mediate aberrant activation of NF-κB in response to serum factor(s) in vitro. Recombinant CK2α was shown to phosphorylate recombinant IKK2 as well as to promote immunoprecipitated IKK complex from HNSCC to phosphorylate the NH2-terminal S32/S36 of IκBα. We conclude that the aberrant NF-κB activity in HNSCC cells in response to serum is partially through a novel mechanism involving CK2-mediated activation of IKK2, making these kinases candidates for selective therapy to target the NF-κB pathway in HNSCC. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(13): 6722-31)