bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
7 Accounting for Duties
Authors: Vogler Candace 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter argues that Audi's ethical theory lacks the kind of grounding found in the theories of Ross and Kant, contrasting the “principles” of Audi's theory with Kant's categorical imperative and Ross's prima facie duties. The categorical imperative, it argues, is not a “principle” in Audi's sense. Instead, it is an abstract formula that expresses the common element of all duties and reveals the nature of the (human) will. Kant's imperatives are thus internal to humans in a way that Audi's principles are not. Likewise, Ross's prima facie duties are not like Audi's principles: they presuppose a social world of interpersonal claims, serving to summarize general aspects of prior practical knowledge, and are thus internal to us. This chapter concludes that Audi's reading of Ross and Kant leaves his theory unable to explain our interest in ethics and why it is not an accident.
Jewish Liturgical Reasoning
Authors: Kepnes Steven 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Jewish Liturgical Reasoning is an attempt to articulate the internal patterns of philosophical, ethical, and theological reasoning that are at work in Jewish synagogue liturgies. Jewish Liturgical Reasoning is also about the relationship between internal Jewish liturgical reasoning and the variety of “external” philosophical and theological forms of reasoning that have been developed in modern and postliberal Jewish philosophy. The book focuses, in its first chapters, on the liturgical reasoning of Moses Mendelssohn, Hermann Cohen, and Franz Rosenzweig. It then attempts to further develop the liturgical reasoning of these figures with methods of study from hermeneutics, semiotic theory, postliberal theology, anthropology, and performance theory. These newer theories are enlisted to help form a contemporary liturgical reasoning that can respond to such events as the Holocaust, the establishment of the State of Israel, and interfaith dialogue between Jews, Christians, and Muslims. The book argues that liturgical reasoning can reorient Jewish philosophy and provide it with new tools, new terms of discourse, and a new sensibility for the twenty‐first century.
4 F. O. Matthiessen and the Tragedy of the American Scholar
Authors: Fuller Randall 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter describes a curious incident that occurred as F. O. Matthiessen completed the opening section on Emerson for his magisterial American Renaissance: he, too, suffered a nervous breakdown. Even more curious: as he writes in his journal about the causes for his suicidal depression, he uses Emerson's language to express himself. Matthiessen's vocalization of Emerson suggests not only an unsettling identification but also a profound uneasiness with the writer. While Matthiessen may have found in the American Scholar a vocational model that promised to unify culture and so rescue the intellectual from social isolation, he also discovered in Emerson's writing radical contradictions he believed were symptomatic of his own position as public intellectual — and private homosexual — in American society.
Ventrolateral and Medial Frontal Contributions to Decision‐Making and Action Selection
Authors: Rushworth Matthew F. S. , Croxson Paula L. , Buckley Mark J. , Walton Mark E. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Recent research on action selection suggests that a useful distinction may be drawn between two systems centered on the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (PFv) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). The PFv is concerned with the selection of actions in response to visual stimuli (stimulus‐response mappings) and according to learned arbitrary rules. The ACC is more concerned with reward‐guided action selection. This is especially the case when a judgment must be made about whether a reward is worth pursuing, given the probability that the reward will follow the action, or given the effort that will have to be exerted before the reward is obtained. Three lines of evidence supporting this contention are reviewed.
The Role of the Posterior Frontolateral Cortex in Task‐Related Control
Authors: Brass Marcel , Derrfuss Jan , Cramon Yves von 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter focuses on different aspects of rule‐guided behavior, its functional neuroanatomy and role in cognitive control and, more specifically, cognitive flexibility. First, it argues that an area in the posterior lateral prefrontal cortex plays a crucial role in the implementation of task rules and task‐switching. Second, it examines how the functional role of this area is related to premotor cortex function. Furthermore, it discusses differences in rule representation between human and nonhuman primates. Finally, it addresses the question of how the prefrontal and parietal cortices interact during abstract rule implementation.
Exploring the Roles of the Frontal, Temporal, and Parietal Lobes in Visual Categorization
Authors: Freedman David J. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
How does the brain recognize the meaning of sensory stimuli? Through experience with the world, individuals easily learn to group stimuli into meaningful categories, such as “chair,” “table,” and “vehicle.” Although much is known about the neural representation of the features of simple visual stimuli (e.g. contrast, orientation, and motion direction), relatively little is known about how the brain learns and represents the behavioral relevance, or category, of stimuli. This chapter reviews a series of recent studies in the macaque monkey using a delayed match‐to‐category task. These studies suggest that single neurons in primate prefrontal, inferior temporal cortex, and parietal cortex play important, although complementary, roles in visual categorization and category learning.
AUTHORITY AND TRANSPARENCY
Authors: Urban Walker Margaret 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIn an age of moral skepticism, moral philosophers are often casual about their own positions to represent moral life in societies segmented by gender, race, class, and other differences. Drawing on resources of feminist epistemology and naturalized epistemology, this chapter critiques a theoretical-juridical model of morality and defends an expressive-collaborative one sensitive to questions about epistemic authority, credibility, and claims to represent common moral thought and life. Intuitions are moral judgments we have learned in common with others, but which may be modified or relinquished in a process of moral reasoning that involves analogy and narrative. Reflective equilibrium is recast as a moral equilibrium among persons sustaining moral understandings and mutual intelligibility in a shared and stable way of life they can find valuable. A key critical method is thus testing for transparency the actual arrangements of power and authority that hold moral understandings in place.
5 Picking Up Pieces
Authors: Urban Walker Margaret 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter offers an account of integrity as a kind of reliability accountability under the demands of multiple commitments. Integrity involves keeping reliably coherent the fit between our actions, justifications, and presentation of ourselves to others as we sustain three kinds of intelligible narratives of identity, relationship, and value. While some contemporary philosophers stress an overarching unity in a life through the idea of a life plan, a quest, or a constitutive project, integrity on the account given can be more or less local, and individual lives may sustain more than one narrative of identity, relationship or value concurrently, or over time. Oppression need not compromise integrity, but oppressive conditions may impose distorting narratives on the lives of the oppressed and disqualify their authority to describe their lives in their own terms.
10 PERIPHERAL VISIONS, CRITICAL PRACTICE
Authors: Urban Walker Margaret 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The objection to a naturalized, historically situated, and culturally embedded view of morality is that it amounts to moral relativism, and so fails to provide for real moral justification. On the contrary, such a view entails that a moral position can only be corrected or refuted by another better justified one. Moral justification, however, cannot carry the same authority for those who do not share enough factual, moral, social, and epistemic assumptions; this has moral as well as epistemological implications for cross-cultural criticism and persuasion. Within a moral order, transparency demands that moral understandings survive the impact of experiences from diverse places within that order. Because differentials of social power often allow some to obscure the real nature of moral and social arrangements, the revelation of experiences, testimonies, and knowledge that have been suppressed or excluded may challenge the moral authority of a way of living.
EPILOGUE
Authors: Urban Walker Margaret 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe epilogue responds to common questions about the book. In a view of morality as a set of practices in real time in actual communities, moral philosophers' claims about morality are inescapably shaped by their social positions within particular forms of moral-social life and their claims require critical scrutiny for that reason. The naturalized and socially critical epistemology of the book is not relativism, however, and supports robust and transformative moral criticism and moral change. Questions on the authority of morality, the normative question, can only ever be answered from within some moral perspective. Transparency testing is not a criterion of right and wrong, but is a method of putting pressure on the credibility of certain moral understandings which in turn include criteria of justification. The chapter takes up briefly relations to communitarianism, moral universalism as a culturally situated view, moral relations to animals, and the value of moral theory.
The Agency That Difference Makes
Authors: Kim David Kyuman 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter focuses on an alternative vision of agency found in what has come to be called the politics of difference. It presents a critical engagement with one of the most influential contemporary theorists of agency: Judith Butler. The chapter begins with some background on the politics of difference, specifically in the context of how it developed within feminist theory. It then moves to a sketch of Butler's work on agency, specifically her theory of performativity: from her early critiques of subjectivity and the (near) totalizing effects she grants to power, to her more recent work that nuances the claims about power and agency, specifically in light of her use and appropriation of the idea of melancholy/melancholia. It is argued that a comparison between Taylor and Butler shows how each of their projects begins with distinctive forms of melancholy that create the conditions for the possibility of agency. Butler's focus on the relationship between the social and the psyche/psychic life is a search for possibility and hope under conditions of subjection by power. This search also effectively marks Butler's work as a project of regenerating agency.
Agency as a Vocation
Authors: Kim David Kyuman 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Agency as melancholic freedom is deeply ambivalent. It speaks to the uncanny experience of feeling indebted to, yet alienated from, the glorious legacies of modernity: the legacies of liberation, emancipation, and autonomy. Late modern and postmodern agency share a concern for the banality of freedom, i.e., the loss of urgency that once attended the great struggles for freedom and emancipation from the forces of oppressive authority and dehumanizing domination. Given the banality of freedom — that is, the ways in which we speak about freedom either through hollow words or in hushed, sotto voce tones — it would seem that it is impossible to avoid talking about ambivalence when raising the subject of agency in our times. This chapter brings Taylor and Butler — both of whom express a fair degree of ambivalence — into conversation with another theorist of ambivalence, Max Weber. It is argued that the sotto voce of the banality of freedom sings with the modern prophetic spirit/soul described by Weber.
Problems of Rivalry with Science
Authors: Thomasson Amie L. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The divergence between the world descriptions provided by physical science and by common sense has led to some of the oldest and most persistent arguments for eliminating ordinary objects. Some (inspired by Eddington) allege that there is a conflict between common sense and physical science, while others (such as Sellars) hold that there is rivalry between the scientific and manifest images, as each purports to offer the true and complete description of the world. This chapter addresses these two claims in turn, arguing that both at bottom rely on the idea that a generic, category-neutral use of “thing” can be made sense of. If, as has been argued in previous chapters, we reject that idea, then neither claims of a conflict nor a rivalry between the two can be sustained.
3 An African Homeland?
Authors: Sidbury James 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter traces the rise of the African Baptist Church of Savannah, Georgia, one of the early churches to describe itself as “African”, and the progenitor of black Baptist churches in Canada, Sierra Leone, and much of the British Caribbean. The chapter then considers two institutions founded by black New Englanders at roughly the same time — African Freemasonry and the African Union Societies of Newport and Providence, Rhode Island — and traces their distinct but parallel efforts to build “African” institutions and identities. Leaders of these institutions sought to reconcile their deep faith in a Christian God with the prevalence of “paganism” in Africa, reaching toward a belief that American slavery represented God's plan for bringing the light of true religion to the Dark Continent. This conviction gave all three groups a shared stake in the efforts of those Black Loyalists who would move to Sierra Leone in 1792.
6 African Churches and an African Nation
Authors: Sidbury James 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter presents the story of the first expedition sent to Africa by the American Colonization Society (ACS) and the efforts of two of Paul Cuffe's close friends and supporters — John Kizell, a Nova Scotian leader of the Friendly Society that Cuffe had helped to found in Freetown, and Daniel Coker, one of the founders of the AME and Cuffe's point man in Baltimore — to take control of the fledgling colony away from the white officials sent out by the Colonization Society. Kizell, who served as the local host of the venture, and Coker, who was the leader of the settlers, sought to found a black “African” colony on Sherbro Island (off the coast of southern Sierra Leone) that might develop into a commercial center of the sort that Cuffe envisioned. The settlement at Sherbro disintegrated in a welter of recriminations, as Coker and Kizell sought to blame each other for its failures and to retain favor with leaders of the Colonization Society in the United States. Coker largely won the battle of reputations, but both moved back to Sierra Leone, and neither played any further role in the ACS's efforts in Africa. As they withdrew, the vision of an African nation that had grown out of early black authors' assertions of African identities and that had flowered in Paul Cuffe's nationalist project began to lose its grip on black activists within the United States and on black emigrants moving to the American colony that was soon founded in Liberia.
Evolution of the Human Family: Cooperative Males, Long Social Childhoods, Smart Mothers, and Extended Kin Networks
Authors: Flinn Mark V. , Quinlan Robert J. , Coe Kathryn , Ward Carol V. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Humans are characterized by a distinctive set of traits, including: (1) large brains, (2) long periods of juvenile dependence, (3) extensive biparental care including large transfers of information, (4) multi-generational bi-lateral kin networks, (5) habitual bipedal locomotion, (6) use of the upper limbs for tool use including projectile weapons, (7) concealed or “cryptic” ovulation, (8) menopause, (9) culture including language, and (10) lethal competition among kin-based coalitions. The evolution and co-evolution of this suite of traits presents several evolutionary questions or puzzles that are central to understanding the human family. This chapter describes these puzzles, and suggests a resolution based on the importance of social competition during human evolution. It also considers the developmental issue of how the family social environment may affect the timing of reproductive maturation and how this timing is essential to an understanding of the family.
Evolutionary Context of Human Development: The Cooperative Breeding Model
Authors: Hrdy Sarah Blaffer 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
According to the Cooperative Breeding Hypothesis, allomaternal assistance was essential for child survival during the Pleistocene. This breeding system permitted hominid females to produce offspring without increasing inter-birth intervals, and allowed for movement into new habitats. Reliance on allomaternal assistance would make maternal commitment more dependent on the mother's perception of probable support from others than is the case in most other primates. One artifact of such investment would be newborns who needed to monitor and engage mothers, as well as older infants and juveniles who benefited from eliciting care and provisioning from a range of caretakers across the prolonged period of dependence characteristic of young in cooperative breeders. Developing in a social context where infants and children who are more skilled at reading the intentions of others and engaging their solicitude would be more likely to survive and prosper has obvious implications for the evolution of Theory of Mind.
4 Politics
Authors: Louden Robert B. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter analyzes a number of nationalist statements in Enlightenment political thought. Although the most ardent voices of late 18th-century nationalism are themselves not always viewed as friends of the Enlightenment, this categorizing tendency is itself partly a reflection of the assumption that the Enlightenment is opposed to nationalism. It is shown that even the most canonical supporters of the Enlightenment themselves embraced a fundamentally nationalist message.
Education
Authors: Louden Robert B. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter argues that the Enlightenment's biggest success in the field of education has been in convincing future generations to make school and university education more accessible to vastly larger numbers of people. However, Enlightenment intellectuals' emphasis on education as a vehicle of intellectual, civic, and moral transformation has been de-emphasized in the contemporary world. Although certain aspects of Enlightenment intellectuals' faith in the transformative power of education to shape intellectual and moral character do not always survive scrutiny, their assumption that compatible internal, attitudinal changes need to accompany external, societal changes if the latter are to be freely adopted and made efficacious appears to be correct. This leads to an awkward conclusion: however numerous the external signs of a global civil society may be at present, most people still do not morally endorse it. To this extent, education — from an Enlightenment perspective — has failed.
Politics
Authors: Louden Robert B. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines changes in politics since the Enlightenment, focusing on the proliferation of sovereign states and democratization. It is argued that the ideal of nationalism as envisioned by Enlightenment intellectuals was intended as a kind of domestic and foreign policy panacea, a force that would serve to promote peace abroad as well as dignity and respect for all citizens within the boundaries of each state. But the subsequent reality of nationalism has turned out quite differently. Of all the Enlightenment hopes for the future, democracy has achieved the highest degree of realization in the post-Enlightenment world.
The Ecclesiastical Role of Women
Authors: Gribben Crawford 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter documents Irish Cromwellian debates about the ecclesiastical role of women. Preachers and theologians disagreed as to the extent to which their women members could take part in public worship. Some insisted on their total silence, while others were prepared to allow women to speak in subject to the church. Other women rejected the denominations for the alternative of prophetic individualism. This debate is documented through its impact on Elizabeth Avery, whose apparent conservative drift from the notorious heresy of the Seekers to the orthodox Puritanism of the Independents was indicative of larger trends in the period.
Conclusion
Authors: Gribben Crawford 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the argument of the book and offers a number of concluding reflections of more general significance. It argues that the theological debates cannot be explained by the emerging denominational structures and allegiances, and it notes the importance of an unpredictable prophetic individualism. It comments on the taxonomy of “mainstream” and “periphery,” reflects on the issues that made these debates distinctively Irish, and recognizes the dangers of elevating the importance of books and reading as primary factors in reformation in the early modern period. It concludes by noting the similarity between early modern protestants and contemporary evangelicals in Ireland.
South Korea in the Fast Lane
Authors: Chung Young-Iob 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis book examines South Korea's robust economic development and rapid capital formation, which has transformed the country from an agrarian/semi-industrial economy facing seemingly insurmountable obstacles and naysayers at the end of World War II into one of the twelve largest industrialized economies in the global market by the end of the 20th century. After evaluating economic development, this book assesses sectoral investments, both in the public and business sectors, focusing on their volume, nature, sources, and means of financing investment at home and abroad. The domestic sources for savings in the private sectors, which constituted four-fifths of savings, are traced to the business and personal/household sectors, while those in the public sector are tracked mostly to household and foreign sectors in the form of loans and aid, especially from the United States and Japan. The book also examines the sources and magnitude of high business savings that are traced to large profits, which are mainly attributable to generous government bounties, subsidies, and inflation windfalls. Investment in human capital by both the public and private sectors is also investigated. The role and the contribution of government in all aspects of South Korea's success in capital formation and economic development, especially in promoting the import-substitution and export industries, are considered. The book also discusses the sources of foreign savings, which played the crucial role in capital formation and economic development in the early years after the Korean War.