bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differentiation in seed hoarding among three sympatric rodent species in a warm temperate forest
Authors: LU Jiqi , ZHANG Zhibin 
Published: June 2008

AbstractAlthough seed hoarding by rodents has been extensively studied, differentiation in seed‐hoarding behaviors among sympatric rodent species has not been well investigated. Using semi‐natural enclosures, we demonstrated that three sympatric rodent species showed clear differentiation in food selection, scatter versus larder hoarding behaviors and eating behaviors when offered seeds of four plant species from a warm temperate forest in northern China. The large field mouse Apodemus peninsulae preferred seeds of wild apricot (Prunus armeniaca) and Liaodong oak (Quercus liaotungensis), whereas the Chinese white‐bellied rat Niviventor confucianus preferred seeds of cultivated walnut and Liaodong oak, and the David's rock squirrel Sciurotamias davidianus preferred seeds of cultivated walnut, wild apricot and Liaodong oak. All three rodents showed larder hoarding of seeds from all four plant species, but the large field mouse showed scatter hoarding of wild apricot, and the David's rock squirrel showed scatter hoarding of Liaodong oak and wild walnut. Acorns of Liaodong oak, which have a soft seed hull, were more often eaten in situ, whereas wild walnuts, which have a hard seed hull and more tannin, were less hoarded by all rodent species. Differentiation in the scatter versus larder hoarding behaviors of sympatric rodent species suggests that sympatric rodents play different roles in the regeneration of different sympatric plant species.
Long-Term Creep Curve Prediction Based on the Modified θ
Projection Concept
Authors: Maruyama K. , Tanaka C. , Oikawa H. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
A modified θ projection concept was applied to CrMoV ferritic steels to predict long-term creep curves. The concept was successful in predicting long-term curves up to rupture. Physical basis of a constitutive equation for the concept was examined in terms of temperature dependence of its rate constant.
A Finite Element Technique for Limit Analysis of
Structures
Authors: Berak E. G. , Gerdeen J. C. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Limit analysis provides an alternative to incremental elastic-plastic analysis for determining a limit load. The limit load is obtained from the lower and upper-bound theorems. These theorems, which are based on variational principles, establish the static and kinematic methods, respectively, and are particularly attractive for finite element implementation. A finite element approach using the definition of the p-norm is developed for calculating upper and lower bounds of the limit load multiplier for two-dimensional, rigid perfectly plastic structures which obey the von Mises yield criterion. Displacement and equilibrium building block quadrilateral elements are used in these dual upper and lower-bound formulations, respectively. The nonlinear finite element equations are transformed into systems of linear algebraic equations during the iteration process, and the solution vectors are determined using a frontal equation solver. The upper and lower-bound solutions are obtained in a reasonable number of iteration steps, and provide a good estimate of the limit load multiplier. Numerical results are provided to demonstrate this finite element procedure. In addition, this procedure is particularly applicable to the solution of complex problems using parallel processing on a supercomputer.
Growth of Buckling Instabilities During Radial Collapse of a
Ring
Authors: Duffey T. A. , Warnes R. H. , Greene J. M. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Conditions leading to the growth of initial imperfections for rings or long cylindrical shells subjected to initial uniform inward impulsive velocity loading are investigated. The work is motivated by a need to prevent buckling of rings during the contracting ring test, which is used to determine intermediate strain rate compressive stress-strain data. A previous analysis by Abrahamson is extended to include deceleration of the ring during inward motion; and the results of this deceleration are found to greatly influence the growth of imperfections (buckling). Qualitative comparisons with experimental data are presented.
Fatigue Crack Growth: A Case Study of Synthetic Tower Spectrum
Loading
Authors: Cheng J. , Qian J. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Hourly pressure variations were recorded during six years in two synthetic towers, giving a total of 105,000 readings. The readings were converted into a 15-block pressure amplitude spectrum of 12,655 cycles following standard methods employed in the aircraft and automotive industries. The spectrum was applied to center-cracked tension specimens and crack growth rates were measured. The results show that the crack growth rate data can be plotted conservatively against the range of the equivalent stress intensity factor calculated as a root-mean-cube value. Futhermore, it is shown that the 9704 cycles of lowest 1.9 MPa pressure amplitude caused 12 percent of the cumulative fatigue damage, whereas the 13 start-up and shut-down cycles of highest 15.2 MPa amplitude caused 8.2 percent of the damage.
Brittle and Ductile Creep Rupture Life Prediction of 1CrMoV Steel
Notched Thick Plates
Authors: Ando K. , Takeda Y. , Takezoe K. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
An analytical prediction method of brittle and ductile creep rupture life of 1CrMoV steel notched thick plate is proposed. Rupture time is evaluated as a sum of crack initiation life ti and crack growth life tp. In the case of ductile creep at high stresses, ti is evaluated by the creep deformation criteria. In addition, in the case of brittle creep at low stresses, ti is evaluated by Kachanov’s damage mechanics theory. Materials constants in Kachanov’s theory can be determined by the relatively short-term creep rupture test of notched specimen, etc., according to the present method. Creep rupture test, interrupted creep test, and micro-structural observation, have been used, which can explain the variety of material behavior, i.e., notch weakening at low stresses and notch strengthening at high stresses. In addition, in this analysis the analytically estimated creep crack initiation life corresponds to the time to creep void initiation just inside the notch root.
A Simplified Method for Predicting Creep Collapse of a Tube Under
External Pressure
Authors: Nishiguchi I. , Kaji Y. , Ioka I. , Yamamura T. , Yamada Y. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
A simplified method is proposed to predict the creep collapse behavior of a long tube subjected to external pressure. The shape of the cross section of a tube is assumed to be quasi-elliptical characterized by a single variable, often called as shape factor in the literature. The growth of the displacement field is represented by the change of shape factor which is governed by an ordinary differential equation. A general class of creep constitutive equations can be employed with an accompanying elasticity whose effect is crucial under higher external pressure. Plane strain condition is assumed. Nonlinearity of stress distribution through the wall of the tube is allowed according to the creep constitutive equation in general, while the strain distribution is assumed to be linear. The method is applied to the analyses of heat tubes, which are typical for heat exchangers of high-temperature gas-cooled reactors, and is compared with the computer solution by the finite element method based on a finite deformation theory, as well as solutions by other simplified methods.
1992 CALVIN RICE LECTURE: Some Curiosity-Driven Research in Fluid
Structure Interactions and Its Current Applications
Authors: Pai¨doussis M. P. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
This lecture has a dual purpose: (i) to present, in outline, the research on a couple of interesting topics in fluid-structure interaction; and (ii) to show that, although this research was undertaken with little or no practical application in mind, unexpected uses and applications materialized ten or twenty years subsequently. The two topics of research chosen are (a) stability of pipes conveying fluid, and (b) stability of cylinders in axial flow. The applications and uses range from a marine propulsion system, to research on emphysema, to understanding and modeling of flow-induced vibration and leakage-flow-induced instabilities in power-generating equipment, and to the dynamics of deep-water risers.
Effectiveness of Anti-Liquefaction Techniques for Buried
Pipelines
Authors: Akiyoshi T. , Fuchida K. , Shirinashihama S. , Tsutsumi T. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
In this paper, effectiveness of several existing anti-liquefaction methods for preventing large deformations of pipelines for lateral flow of liquefied grounds during earthquakes are investigated and compared, as well as a proposed method which fixes pipelines with expansion joints parallel to auxiliary continuous pipes using iron tie-plates. Stiffness of liquefied soils around pipes is represented as a static coefficient of subgrade reaction, based on the experiments on the interaction between liquefied sand deposits and pipes. Pipeline-spring systems which are characterized by those coefficients are analyzed based on the theory of “a beam on an elastic foundation” and transfer matrix method. Computations are performed with respect to the key parameters of pipes, coefficient of subgrade reaction, and several fixing conditions between pipes and underground structures. The sliding displacements of pipelines, rotational angles of joints, and stresses of pipelines are compared for such anti-liquefaction methods as soil-improving methods (sand-compaction pile or ballast-replaced soil methods) and structural-stiffening methods (parallel pipe or pile-supporting methods).
Allowable Shape Deviation in a Pressurized Cylinder
Authors: Ong L. S. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Presence of initial shape imperfection causes additional bending stresses to be developed in a pressurized cylinder. Although the bending stress will initially increase with pressure, it will finally settle down to a certain value. This article derives the maximum bending stress associated with the geometric shape imperfection. It also discusses the implication of this additional bending stress on the design stress and allowable shape tolerance. Finally, it is concluded that a 1-percent diametral deviation, as commonly specified by most design codes, is adequate and sound for the internally pressurized cylinder.
Risk-Based Considerations in Developing Strategies to Ensure Pipeline
Integrity—Part II: Applications
Authors: Rahman S. , Leis B. N. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
This is the second in series of two papers generated from a recent study on risk-based analysis for developing strategies to ensure pipeline integrity. This paper (Part II—Applications) focuses on the applications of the proposed deterministic and probabilistic models presented in the first paper (Part I—Theory) (Leis and Rahman, 1994) for stochastic pipe fracture evaluations. Using these models, numerical predictions are made for line-pipe steel typically used in gas transmission pipelines and are compared with the available test data. Thereafter, the paper explores the significance of the random variables related to serviceability in pipelines subjected to flaw growth in service. The results are discussed in the light of a hydrotest-based approach to ensure pipeline integrity. It is concluded that analysis of hydrotest strategies to optimize safety for such populations (e.g., Leis and Brust, 1992) should be based on a probabilistic analysis that permits risk assessments associated with pipeline operating decisions and the type and frequency of hydrotests done to ensure continued safe operation of the line. This same probabilistic framework could be used to assess the operating and safety implications for flaw populations characterized by in-line inspection.
Structural Integrity Assessment of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel
Pressure Vessels Using a Simplified Fracture Mechanics Procedure
Authors: Rana M. D. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
This paper describes a simplified fracture analysis procedure which was developed by Pellini to quantify fracture critical-crack sizes and crack-arrest temperatures of carbon and low-alloy steel pressure vessels. Fracture analysis diagrams have been developed using the simplified analysis procedure for various grades of carbon and low-alloy steels used in the construction of ASME, Section VIII, Division 1 pressure vessels. Structural integrity assessments have been conducted from the analysis diagrams.
Multicenter Evaluation of the Vitek 2 Anaerobe and
Corynebacterium
Identification Card
Authors: Rennie Robert P. , Brosnikoff Cheryl , Turnbull LeeAnn , Reller L. Barth , Mirrett Stanley , Janda William , Ristow Kathy , Krilcich Ann 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACT

The new anaerobe and
Corynebacterium
(ANC) identification card for Vitek 2 was compared with a 16S rRNA gene sequencing (16S) reference method for accuracy in the identification of corynebacteria and anaerobic species. Testing was performed on a Vitek 2 XL system with modified software at three clinical trial laboratories. Reproducibility was determined with nine ATCC quality control strains that were tested 20 times over a minimum of 10 days at all three sites. A challenge set of 50 well-characterized strains and 365 recent fresh and frozen clinical isolates were included in the study. The expected positive and negative biochemical well reactions were also evaluated for substrate reproducibility. All strains were tested with the ANC card, and clinical isolates were saved for 16S rRNA gene sequencing. All reproducibility tests yielded expected results within a 95% confidence interval, except for that with
Corynebacterium striatum
ATCC 6940, for which identification failed at one trial site. For the challenge isolates, there was 98% correct identification, 5% low discrimination, and 2% incorrect identification, and 0% were unidentified. For clinical strains, there was 95.1% correct identification, 4.9% low discrimination, and 4.6% incorrect identification, and 0.3% were unidentified. The 4.6% (17/365) of clinical isolates that were incorrectly identified consisted of 14 isolates that were correct at the genus level and three that were incorrect at the genus level. The new ANC card met all performance criteria within a 95% confidence interval compared to the identification performance by 16S rRNA gene sequencing.
In Vitro Survey of Triazole Cross-Resistance among More than 700 Clinical Isolates of
Aspergillus
Species
Authors: Pfaller M. A. , Messer S. A. , Boyken L. , Rice C. , Tendolkar S. , Hollis R. J. , Diekema D. J. 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACT

Few data exist to describe in vitro patterns of cross-resistance among large collections of clinical
Aspergillus
isolates, including those of species other than
Aspergillus fumigatus
. We examined 771
Aspergillus
spp. clinical isolates collected from 2000 to 2006 as part of a global antifungal surveillance program (553
A. fumigatus
, 76
A. flavus
, 59
A. niger
, 35
A. terreus
, and 24
A. versicolor
isolates and 24 isolates of other
Aspergillus
species). Antifungal susceptibility testing was performed by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) M38-A broth dilution method with itraconazole (ITR), posaconazole (POS), ravuconazole (RAV), and voriconazole (VOR). We examined the potential for cross-resistance by using measures of correlation overall and by species. For most
Aspergillus
isolates (from 88% of isolates for ITR to 98% of isolates for VOR and POS), MICs of each triazole were ≤1 μg/ml. When all 771 isolates were examined, there were statistically significant correlations for all six triazole-triazole pairs. For
A. fumigatus
, the strongest correlations seen were those between VOR and RAV MICs (
r
= 0.7) and ITR and POS MICs (
r
= 0.4). Similarly, for
A. flavus
, only VOR and RAV MICs and ITR and POS MICs demonstrated statistically significant positive correlations. We have demonstrated correlations among triazole MICs for
Aspergillus
, which for the most common species (
A. fumigatus
and
A. flavus
) were strongest between VOR and RAV MICs and ITR and POS MICs. However,
Aspergillus
species for which MICs of VOR or POS were >2 μg/ml remain extremely rare (<1% of isolates).
A Replication-Defective Gammaherpesvirus Efficiently Establishes Long-Term Latency in Macrophages but Not in B Cells In Vivo
Authors: Li Haiyan , Ikuta Kazufumi , Sixbey John W. , Tibbetts Scott A. 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACT

Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (γHV68 or MHV68) is genetically related to the human gammaherpesviruses Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), providing a useful system for in vivo studies of the virus-host relationship. To begin to address fundamental questions about the mechanisms of the establishment of gammaherpesvirus latency, we previously generated a replication-defective γHV68 lacking the expression of the single-stranded DNA binding protein encoded by
orf6
. In work presented here, we demonstrate that this mutant virus established a long-term infection in vivo that was molecularly identical to wild-type virus latency. Thus, despite the absence of an acute phase of lytic replication, the mutant virus established a chronic infection in which the viral genome (i) was maintained as an episome and (ii) expressed latency-associated, but not lytic replication-associated, genes. Macrophages purified from mice infected with the replication-defective virus harbored viral genome at a frequency that was nearly identical to that of wild-type γHV68; however, the frequency of B cells harboring viral genome was greatly reduced in the absence of lytic replication. Thus, this replication-defective gammaherpesvirus efficiently established in vivo infection in macrophages that was molecularly indistinguishable from wild-type virus latency. These data point to a critical role for lytic replication or reactivation in the establishment or maintenance of latent infection in B cells.
A Functional F Analogue of
Autographa californica
Nucleopolyhedrovirus GP64 from the
Agrotis segetum
Granulovirus
Authors: Yin Feifei , Wang Manli , Tan Ying , Deng Fei , Vlak Just M. , Hu Zhihong , Wang Hualin 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACT

The envelope fusion protein F of
Plutella xylostella
granulovirus is a computational analogue of the GP64 envelope fusion protein of
Autographa californica
nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV). Granulovirus (GV) F proteins were thought to be unable to functionally replace GP64 in the AcMNPV pseudotyping system. In the present study the F protein of
Agrotis segetum
GV (AgseGV) was identified experimentally as the first functional GP64 analogue from GVs. AgseF can rescue virion propagation and infectivity of
gp64
-null AcMNPV. The AgseF-pseudotyped AcMNPV also induced syncytium formation as a consequence of low-pH-induced membrane fusion.
Characterization of Dengue Virus Complex-Specific Neutralizing Epitopes on Envelope Protein Domain III of Dengue 2 Virus
Authors: Gromowski Gregory D. , Barrett Nicholas D. , Barrett Alan D. T. 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACT
The surface of the mature dengue virus (DENV) particle is covered with 180 envelope (E) proteins arranged as homodimers that lie relatively flat on the virion surface. Each monomer consists of three domains (ED1, ED2, and ED3), of which ED3 contains the critical neutralization determinant(s). In this study, a large panel of DENV-2 recombinant ED3 mutant proteins was used to physically and biologically map the epitopes of five DENV complex-specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). All five MAbs recognized a single antigenic site that includes residues K310, I312, P332, L389, and W391. The DENV complex antigenic site was located on an upper lateral surface of ED3 that was distinct but overlapped with a previously described DENV-2 type-specific antigenic site on ED3. The DENV complex-specific MAbs required significantly higher occupancy levels of available ED3 binding sites on the virion, compared to DENV-2 type-specific MAbs, in order to neutralize virus infectivity. Additionally, there was a great deal of variability in the neutralization efficacy of the DENV complex-specific MAbs with representative strains of the four DENVs. Overall, the differences in physical binding and potency of neutralization observed between DENV complex- and type-specific MAbs in this study demonstrate the critical role of the DENV type-specific antibodies in the neutralization of virus infectivity.
T Lymphocytes Contribute to Antiviral Immunity and Pathogenesis in Experimental Human Metapneumovirus Infection
Authors: Kolli Deepthi , Bataki Efthalia L. , Spetch LeAnne , Guerrero-Plata Antonieta , Jewell Alan M. , Piedra Pedro A. , Milligan Gregg N. , Garofalo Roberto P. , Casola Antonella 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACTHuman metapneumovirus (hMPV), a member of the familyParamyxoviridae, is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections in children, the elderly, and immunocompromised patients. Virus- and host-specific mechanisms of pathogenesis and immune protection are not fully understood. By an intranasal inoculation model, we show that hMPV-infected BALB/c mice developed clinical disease, including airway obstruction and hyperresponsiveness (AHR), along with histopathologic evidence of lung inflammation and viral replication. hMPV infection protected mice against subsequent viral challenge, as demonstrated by undetectable viral titers, lack of body weight loss, and a significant reduction in the level of lung inflammation. No cross-protection with other paramyxoviruses, such as respiratory syncytial virus, was observed. T-lymphocyte depletion studies showed that CD4+and CD8+T cells cooperate synergistically in hMPV eradication during primary infection, but CD4+more than CD8+T cells also enhanced clinical disease and lung pathology. Concurrent depletion of CD4+and CD8+T cells completely blocked airway obstruction as well as AHR. Despite impaired generation of neutralizing anti-hMPV antibodies in the absence of CD4+T cells, mice had undetectable viral replication after hMPV challenge and were protected from clinical disease, suggesting that protection can be provided by an intact CD8+T-cell compartment. Whether these findings have implications for naturally acquired human infections remains to be determined.
BIARC APPROXIMATION, SIMPLIFICATION AND SMOOTHING OF POLYGONAL CURVES BY MEANS OF VORONOI-BASED TOLERANCE BANDS
Authors: HEIMLICH MARTIN , HELD MARTIN 
Published: June 2008

We present an algorithm for approximating multiple closed polygons in a tangent-continuous manner with circular biarcs. The approximation curves are guaranteed to lie within a user-specified tolerance of the original input. If requested, our algorithm can also ensure that the input is within a user-specified tolerance of the approximation curves. These tolerances can be either symmetric, asymmetric, one-sided, or even one-sided and completely disconnected from the inputs. Our algorithm makes use of Voronoi diagrams to build disjoint and continuous tolerance bands for every polygon of the input. In a second step the approximation curves are fitted into the tolerance bands. Our algorithm has a worst-case complexity of O(n log n) for an n-vertex input. Extensive experiments with synthetic and real-world data sets show that our algorithm generates approximation curves with significantly fewer approximation primitives than previously proposed algorithms. This difference becomes more prominent the larger the tolerance threshold is or the more severe the noise in the input is. In particular, no heuristic is needed for smoothing noisy input prior to the actual approximation. Rather, our approximation algorithm can be used to smooth out noise in a reliable manner.