bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Situational assessment and strategies for strengthening nursing and midwifery in the Western Pacific region
Authors: FRITSCH Kathleen 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA situational assessment of the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Western Pacific region illustrates the area’s geographical, topographical, political, socioeconomic, and cultural diversity, as well as its human resource and health system challenges, including limited capacities in evidence‐based policies, planning and management. The poor repair of facilities, lack of essential drugs and equipment, low salaries, and lack of ongoing supervision are linked to lowered productivity and morale and deficient service delivery to vulnerable populations, particularly those in rural and remote areas. The situation analysis lays the foundation for the Regional Human Resources for Health strategy. The core strategies and activities of the WHO Western Pacific regional human resources for health and nursing area of work are highlighted, with attention given to workforce planning tools and guidelines and policy option support in relation to: the migration of skilled health workers; poverty, gender, and health publications; building workforce capacity in relation to priority health problems; and strengthening networking and partnerships to support leadership capacity‐building and good governance in relation to health service planning and policy‐making. Future WHO support to member states emphasizes workforce planning and management, leadership development, networking, and partnerships.
The current state of the center for the creation and dissemination of new Japanese nursing science: The 21st century Center of Excellence at Chiba University School of Nursing
Authors: ISHIGAKI Kazuko , MASAKI Harue , NAKAMURA Nobue , MIYAZAKI Misako , YAMAMOTO‐MITANI Noriko 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAim:  The Center of Excellence for the Creation and Dissemination of a New Japanese Nursing Science at Chiba University School of Nursing is now in its third year of operation. This center aims to develop nursing science that is appropriate for Japanese culture and to internationally disseminate the importance of culturally based care. Our project seeks to systematically transform the art of nursing practise into a nursing science.Method:  To date, multiple frameworks have been created through the qualitative meta‐synthesis of research on effective nursing care. To create a nursing science, these frameworks derived from meta‐synthesis must be verified and internalized in nursing practise.Results:  After three years of research, the following findings are emerging: professional care relationships in nursing practise in Japan are characterized by the bidirectional process between the nurse and the client, in which both gradually undergo a transformation in order to establish a collaborative, therapeutic relationship; Japanese nurses emphasize the importance of understanding adolescent clients’ subjective understanding of their own life with self‐care, as well as social support; and the priority for community health nurses in Japan is to create support systems in the community, regardless of whether the intended client is an individual, a family, a specific group, or the community as a whole.Conclusions:  Our future efforts will focus on verifying our findings through interdisciplinary and international comparative research and by integrating various frameworks in order to create a new Japanese nursing science.
Association of Polymorphisms in the Paraoxonase 1 Gene with Breast Cancer Incidence in the CPS-II Nutrition Cohort
Authors: Stevens Victoria L. , Rodriguez Carmen , Pavluck Alexandre L. , Thun Michael J. , Calle Eugenia E. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) plays an important role in the high-density lipoprotein–mediated prevention of low-density lipoprotein oxidation and the metabolism of lipid-soluble radicals. In this study, we investigated the association of two common, nonsynonymous polymorphisms in the PON1 gene (Q192R and L55M) with breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women through a nested case-control study within the American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort. Using conditional logistic regression of genotyping results from 502 cases and 502 cancer-free controls matched on age, race/ethnicity, and date of blood draw, we found that the L55M single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was associated with an increased risk of breast cancer [odds ratio (OR), 1.58; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.05-2.37 for MM]. No association was found for the Q192R SNP. The L55M association with breast cancer was modified by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use. The association was limited to women who took NSAIDs and was somewhat stronger among women who reported regular (≥15 times per month) NSAID use (OR, 3.24; 95% CI, 1.17-9.00) than in those who reported any NSAID use (OR, 2.46; 95% CI, 1.39-4.36). These results suggest that genetic variation in PON1, particularly at the L55M SNP, may be associated with increased risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Furthermore, NSAID use seems to modify this risk. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(6):1226–8)
Specific Infections, Infection-Related Behavior, and Risk of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma in Adults
Authors: Vajdic Claire M. , Grulich Andrew E. , Kaldor John M. , Fritschi Lin , Benke Geza , Hughes Ann Maree , Kricker Anne , Turner Jennifer J. , Milliken Sam , Armstrong Bruce K. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Infections were examined as possible risk factors for non-Hodgkin lymphoma in a population-based case-control study in New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory, Australia. Incident cases (n = 694) had no history of HIV infection or transplantation. Controls (n = 694) were randomly selected from electoral rolls and frequency matched to cases by age, sex, and area of residence. A postal questionnaire and telephone interview measured history of specific infections, occupational exposures, and behavioral and other risk factors for infection. Blood samples were tested for antibodies to human T-lymphotrophic virus type I and hepatitis C virus. Logistic regression models included the three matching variables and ethnicity. There was no association between risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and any of the variables analyzed, including sexually transmitted infections, sexual behavior, blood transfusions, influenza, acne, and either occupational or domestic exposure to zoonotic infections. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma risk was nonsignificantly elevated (odds ratio, 2.99; 95% confidence interval, 0.78-11.51) for those with a history of injecting drug use. Three cases and two controls (odds ratio, 1.32; 95% confidence interval, 0.22-7.98) tested positive to hepatitis C virus infection and none tested positive to human T-lymphotrophic virus type I/II infection. This study provides consistent evidence that sexually transmitted infections and zoonoses are not risk factors for non-Hodgkin lymphoma. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(6):1102–8)
Schistosoma mansoni infection in eosinophil lineage–ablated mice
Authors: Swartz Jonathan M. , Dyer Kimberly D. , Cheever Allen W. , Ramalingam Thirumalai , Pesnicak Lesley , Domachowske Joseph B. , Lee James J. , Lee Nancy A. , Foster Paul S. , Wynn Thomas A. , Rosenberg Helene F. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractWe explore the controversial issue of the role of eosinophils in host defense against helminthic parasites using the established Schistosoma mansoni infection model in 2 novel mouse models of eosinophil lineage ablation (ΔdblGATA and TgPHIL). No eosinophils were detected in bone marrow of infected ΔdblGATA or TgPHIL mice, despite the fact that serum IL-5 levels in these infected mice exceeded those in infected wild type by approximately 4-fold. Liver granulomata from infected ΔdblGATA and TgPHIL mice were likewise depleted of eosinophils compared with those from their respective wild types. No eosinophil-dependent differences in granuloma number, size, or fibrosis were detected at weeks 8 or 12 of infection, and differential accumulation of mast cells was observed among the ΔdblGATA mice only at week 12. Likewise, serum levels of liver transaminases, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) increased in all mice in response to S mansoni infection, with no eosinophil-dependent differences in hepatocellular damage observed. Finally, eosinophil ablation had no effect on worm burden or on egg deposition. Overall, our data indicate that eosinophil ablation has no impact on traditional measures of disease in the S mansoni infection model in mice. However, eosinophils may have unexplored immunomodulatory contributions to this disease process.
17q22–24 Chromosomal Losses and Alterations of Protein Kinase A Subunit Expression and Activity in Adrenocorticotropin-Independent Macronodular Adrenal Hyperplasia
Authors: Bourdeau Isabelle , Matyakhina Ludmila , Stergiopoulos Sotirios G. , Sandrini Fabiano , Boikos Sosipatros , Stratakis Constantine A. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Context: Primary adrenocortical hyperplasias leading to Cushing syndrome include primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease and ACTH-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (AIMAH). Inactivating mutations of the 17q22–24-located PRKAR1A gene, coding for the type 1A regulatory subunit of protein kinase A (PKA), cause primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease and the multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome Carney complex. PRKAR1A mutations and 17q22–24 chromosomal losses have been found in sporadic adrenal tumors and are associated with aberrant PKA signaling.
Objective: The objective of the study was to examine whether somatic 17q22–24 changes, PRKAR1A mutations, and/or PKA abnormalities are present in AIMAH.
Patients: We studied fourteen patients with Cushing syndrome due to AIMAH.
Methods: Fluorescent in situ hybridization with a PRKAR1A-specific probe was used for investigating chromosome 17 allelic losses. The PRKAR1A gene was sequenced in all samples, and tissue was studied for PKA activity, cAMP responsiveness, and PKA subunit expression.
Results: We found 17q22–24 allelic losses in 73% of the samples. There were no PRKAR1A-coding sequence mutations. The RIIβ PKA subunit was overexpressed by mRNA, whereas the RIα, RIβ, RIIα, and Cα PKA subunits were underexpressed. These findings were confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Total PKA activity and free PKA activity were higher in AIMAH than normal adrenal glands, consistent with the up-regulation of the RIIβ PKA subunit.
Conclusions: PRKAR1A mutations are not found in AIMAH. Somatic losses of the 17q22–24 region and PKA subunit and enzymatic activity changes show that PKA signaling is altered in AIMAH in a way that is similar to that of other adrenal tumors with 17q losses or PRKAR1A mutations.
Effects of Variations in Geometry and Material on the Non-uniformity of Tires
Authors: Meijuan Y. , Yuankan D. , Gall R. , Rodriguez N. D. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Finite element analysis is used to predict radial force variations caused by geometry and material imperfections in the tire. Imperfections, such as a change in tread compound modulus or an increase in product thickness, are applied in a 180° section of the tire model. The radial load variation for a given deflection is then computed. Experimental studies are carried out to confirm the numerical results.
Further studies investigate the influence of the inflation pressure and address the application of results to other tire designs.
Prediction of Mixed-mode Fracture in Participate Composite Using a Damage Criterion
Authors: Chow C. L. , Tai W. H. , Liu C. T. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
In this paper, a damage-coupled Mooney-Rivlin hyperelastic material model and a damage failure criterion are developed based on the theory of damage mechanics. The model is applied to predict the crack initiation angle and fracture load of particulate composite plate under mixed load. The prediction is achieved by implementing the damage model in a finite element package ABAQUS through its user-specified material subroutine. The inclined angles of the pre-crack are θ = 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 75°. The predictions are compared with the test results and found to be in satisfactory agreement.
Finite Element Modelling of Rotating Tires in the Time Domain
Authors: Olatunbosun O. A. , Burke A. M. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Finite element analysis presents an opportunity for a detailed study of the dynamic behavior of a rotating tire under real operating conditions providing a better understanding of the influence of tire construction and material detail on tire dynamic behavior in such areas as ride, handling and noise and vibration transmission. Modelling issues that need to be considered include non-linear effects due to tire inflation and hub loading, tire/road contact and time domain solution of the equations of motion. In this paper techniques and strategies for tire rotation modelling are presented and discussed as a guide to the creation of a successful model.
Non-linear Hysteretic Characterization of Elastomers under Multi-axial Loading Conditions
Authors: Gurvich M. R. , Andonian A. T. , Shaw C. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
An approach to describe hysteretic energy loss under three-dimensional (3D) cyclic loading is proposed for visco-elastic materials. The approach is simple, highly accurate, and takes into account the non-linearity of deformations along with the 3D nature of cyclic loading. It is shown that a two-parameter variant of the approach is, in general, a very good approximation of hysteretic loss even for highly non-linear deformations. Simple relationships between proposed material parameters and classical characteristics of visco-elasticity (storage modulus, loss modulus, and loss factor) are considered as well. Experimental confirmation was provided for a typical elastomeric compound, and the statistical reliability of the prediction was found to be very high. The proposed approach may also be used to characterize hysteretic material properties using test results under 2D or 3D loading.
The Finite Element Approach to Predict the Plysteer Residual Cornering Force of Tires
Authors: Ohishi K. , Suita H. , Ishihara K. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
It is well known that the plysteer residual cornering force (PRCF) of tires plays an important role in assessing vehicle pull problems, and efforts have been made in the tire industry to clarify the underlying mechanisms and to control the phenomenon from the engineering point of view. The magnitude of PRCF of radial tires is affected not only by the belt construction but also by the design of tread pattern for which the experimental evaluations are time- and cost-consuming tasks in the tire development process. This paper proposes the finite element approach to predict PRCF of tires that is supposed to overcome those difficulties. Results of the finite element predictions are compared with experiments, and discussions are also presented.
Analysis of Tire Force and Moment Response During Side Slip Using an Efficient Finite Element Model
Authors: Darnell I. , Mousseau R. , Hulbert G. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This paper describes the application of a new type of non-linear 3D finite element tire model for simulating tire spindle force and moment response during side slip. The simulation model, briefly described in the paper, is composed of shell elements, which model the tread deformation, coupled to special purpose finite elements that model the deformation of the sidewall and contact between the tread and the ground. The sidewall special purpose element uses a pre-computed look-up table to efficiently calculate the sidewall shape and the forces acting on the tread. The model is designed to predict the forces at the spindle and ground and the overall tire shape, as opposed to the internal stress fields. This paper considers the following deformation scenarios: 1) a vertically loaded tire deforming laterally on a flat surface and 2) a tire rolling straight ahead under a prescribed sideslip angle. Experimental data is also presented to verify the force predictions.
Tire Vibration Modes and Tire Stiffness
Authors: Kao B. G. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Tire radial stiffness is traditionally calculated from the wheel load deflection measurement. Statically, this stiffness serves to provide the support for the vehicle. However, this stiffness does not provide sufficient understanding of how the tire behaves dynamically: the tire first radial modes, no matter how they were measured, cannot be correlated with this statically measured stiffness. A comprehensive explanation for this phenomenon is needed for better understanding of tire dynamics and hence building the dynamic tire models. In this paper, the relationship between the tire static stiffness and the tire radial vibration modes is investigated using the bushing analogy tire (BAT) modeling concept. It is found that the tire first radial mode, though it can be of different values through different measuring methods, can be explained consistently with this model. A procedure to obtain consistent tire stiffness for the tire model is also proposed as a result of this investigation.
Estimation of Tire Wear and Traumatic Event Intensities
Authors: Bagdonavičius V. , Bikelis A. , Kazakevicius V. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
A tire wear model including dependence of the distribution of the traumatic failures of various modes on the wear is proposed. Non-parametric, semi-parametric and parametric methods of estimation for the main reliability characteristics of tires are given. The model makes it possible not only to estimate unconditional functions such as the survival function and the mean failure time of tires and the probabilities of failures of the particular modes, but also to predict residual characteristics such as the probability of survival given the run and the wear of a tire, to estimate the ideal reliability characteristics and to predict reliability of tires when causes of the particular traumatic failure modes are eliminated. Analysis of the real failure time and degradation data of tires is given.
Stress Analysis of the Multi-Layered System of a Truck Tire
Authors: Zhang X. , Rakheja S. , Ganesan R. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
In this paper, a nonlinear finite element tire model is developed as an effective fast modeling approach to analyze the stress fields within a loaded tire structure, with the contact patch geometry and contact pressure distribution in the tire-road interface as functions of the normal load and the inflation pressure. The model considers the geometry and orientations of the cords in individual layers and the stacking sequence of different layers in the multi-layered system to predict the interply interactions in the belts and carcass layers. The study incorporates nearly incompressible property of the tread rubber block and anisotropic material properties of the layers. The analysis is performed using ANSYS software, and the results are presented to describe the influence of the normal load on the various stress fields and contact pressure distributions. The computed footprint geometry is qualitatively compared with the measured data to examine the validity of the model. It is concluded that the proposed model can provide reliable predictions about the three-dimensional stress and deformation fields in the multi-layered system and the contact pressure distribution in the tire-road interface.
Road Load Analysis
Authors: Sobhanie M. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Severe loading in a tire/suspension system arises when a rolling tire impacts an obstacle, such as a curb or pothole. Forces and moments at suspension hard points are needed during an impact for component specification, component durability, and endurance analysis. Today, automotive manufacturers and suppliers are promoting virtual prototyping by use of a computer-aided engineering (CAE) tool. CAE consists of a tire model, a suspension model, and a solver for equilibrium equations. The tire models can be classified either by a parametric tire model (PTM) or by a finite element tire model. In the former tire model, tire stiffness is represented by a set of springs; tire forces and moments are estimated by Pajeka equations. This class of tire models is limited to modeling a vehicle's performance, such as ride and handling.
In recent years, explicit dynamic modeling of a rolling tire impacting a road imperfection has been used to calculate forces transmitted to a suspension system. The tire model consisted of a single layer of shell elements; solid elements were considered for the tread cap. The beads were not considered in this tire model.
In this analysis, ABAQUS Explicit was used to model the rolling and transient impact of a tire. ABAQUS Explicit's modeling results were compared to ABAQUS Standard's results. The comparison included the tire forces, footprint pressure distribution at a free rolling condition, and resonant frequencies. In addition, modeling results of a tire/suspension system traversing an obstacle were presented. The suspension components, except spring and shock, were modeled by rigid elements connected together.
Surface Shape Optimization of Tire Pattern by Optimality Criteria
Authors: Nakajima Y. , Takahashi F. , Abe A. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
A new optimization procedure to design the surface shape of tire patterns is proposed in which the optimality criteria is combined with finite element method. The effectiveness of this new procedure to control tread-element contact pressure distribution was verified by building and testing the rubber block samples. The objective function was the pressure uniformity on the block and the constraint was to keep the contact area in the optimization process. The shape of the optimized surface was round at the edges and concave at the center where the pressure was large in the flat surface block. The pressure of the block with the optimized surface became uniform and the friction coefficient increased 10% on dry compared with the flat surface block. Furthermore, this procedure was applied to complicated block shapes such as tire patterns and it was verified that the optimized surface effectively improved vehicle handling, riding comfort and irregular wear.
Lateral-Acceleration Experience of Six Commercial Vehicles
Authors: Winkler C. , Sullivan J. , Bogard S. , Hagan M. , Goodsell R. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This communication provides a detailed review of the lateral-acceleration experience of six tractor-semitrailer combinations in real commercial service for approximately one year. Lateral-acceleration experience is described in histograms of travel time. Influences of speed, load, road geometry, driving style, and longitudinal position on the vehicle are examined. Distributions of both path curvature and lateral acceleration are presented. The six vehicles studied were all five-axle, tractor-semitrailer combinations. The semitrailers were cryogenic tankers for transporting liquid nitrogen. The fleet operated from La Porte, Indiana and serviced much of Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, and Wisconsin. Data from nearly 10,000 hours and more than 770,000 km of travel were collected and analyzed.