bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Integration of Fertilizer and Green Manure Nitrogen on Yield Attributes, Nitrogen Uptake and Yield of Lowland Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Budhar M. N. , Palaniappan S. P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractField experiments were conducted at Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute, Aduthurai, India, during the wet seasons of 1992 and 1993 to study the effect of full and partial substitution of fertiliser N with green manure N (Sesbania rostrata) on nitrogen uptake, yield attributes and yield of rice. The experiment consisted of eight treatments with two levels of N (100 and 200 kg ha−1) and three sources of N application viz., fertilizer, integrated (1:1 fertilizer and green manure N) and green manure N compared to the recommended practice (150 kg fertilizer plus 6.25 t ha−1 (72 kg N) green manure) and a no N control. Nitrogen application markedly increased the N uptake. Combined use of the two N sources at 200 and 222 kg N ha−1 and of single fertilizer N at 200 kg N ha−1 recorded the maximum N uptake, increased the yield attributes such as number of panicles per unit area, weight per panicle, number of total and filled grains per panicle and test weight. At 200 kg N ha−1 full substitution of N by green manure reduced the grain yield but only partial substitution of N by green manure resulted in almost similar yield as single fertilizer N. Thus 200 kg N ha−1 applied in equal proportions of fertilizer and green manure N can be recommended for medium duration rice cultivars.
Phosphorus Response Studies on Some Varieties of Durum Wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) and Tef (Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter) Grown in Sand Culture
Authors: Mamo T. , Richter C. , Hoppenstedt A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe response of four varieties each of durum wheat (DZ‐04‐118, DZ‐320, DZ‐918 and TOB‐2) and tef (DZ‐01‐354, DZ‐01‐787, DZ‐01‐1445, and DZ‐Cr‐37) to P application levels was examined in a sand culture study conducted in a glasshouse for 4 weeks. Results showed that plant height, shoot and root dry weights, and plant P uptake were increased by increasing levels of P application from 0 to 5 (tef) and 0 to 10 mg P 100 g−1 (wheat). Varietal differences were also observed in all parameters, except in shoot dry weight of the four durum wheat varieties. In general, all modern varieties of the two crops showed better growth and P uptake than the corresponding traditional varieties. The short period study proved that variations generally existed in the P responses of durum wheat and tef varieties which may be confirmed by long‐term study up to maturity. Inclusion of more populations in similar studies may help to identify P efficient genotypes.
Effect of Zinc and Iron Supply on Production Potential of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Tandon P. K. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA field experiment was performed to study the effect of zinc and iron supply on grain yield in four promising varieties of rice (Oryza sativa L.) viz. IR‐20, Jaya, Pusa 2–21, and IET‐1444. Three doses of ZnSO4 or FeSO4 (0, 20 or 40 kg ha−1) along with all possible combinations were investigated. The varietal differences were significant in grain yield ha−1. The grain yield increased with the dose of zinc and Jaya but not significantly in IR‐20. The increase in grain yield was more significant and dose dependent in IET‐1444 than in Jaya in response to iron application.
Effect of Foliar Applications of Glycinebetaine on Stress Tolerance, Growth, and Yield of Spring Cereals and Summer Turnip Rape in Finland
Authors: Mäkelä P. , Mantila J. , Hinkkanen R. , Pehu E. , Peltonen‐Sainio P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractCrop losses caused by environmental stresses might be reduced by applying osmoprotectans to crop canopies. Glycinebetaine is endogenously accumulated by some halophytes under stress conditions and represents such a compound. Glycinebetaine was applied exogenously to barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), oat (Avena sativa L.), spring wheat (Triticum aestwum L.), and summer turnip rape (Brassica rapa ssp. oleifera DC.) canopies and its optimal concentration was monitored in the greenhouse. In field experiments the response of crop plants to betaine applications was assessed by measuring accumulation of above ground biomass, leaf area index (LAI), leaf chlorophyll, and yield. The optimum betaine concentration producing advantageous effects on growth and crop physiology in turnip rape was close to 0.1 M and for wheat 0.3 M. Such concentrations promoted accumulation of betaine similar to that of halophytes under stress conditions [ca. 200 μmol (g DM)−1]. In the 1993 field experiment peak LAIs were recorded in irrigated wheat and barley treated with 17.5 kg ha−1 betaine applied at 300 1 ha−1. Green leaf area was slightly more persistent in wheat treated twice with 1 kg ha−1 betaine applied at 200 1 ha−1 in 1994, although it was not associated with increased grain yield. Our results indicated that betaine has no actual potential in Finland for the principal grain crops but further studies are needed in stress prone environments to assess the potential of betaine treatments for preventing crop failures.
Kartierung und geostatistische Analyse der Unkrautverteilung in Zuckerrübenschlägen als Grundlage für eine teilschlagspezifische Bekämpfung
Authors: Gerhards R. , Sökefeld M. , Knuf D. , Kühbauch W. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract Mapping and geostatistical analysis of weed distribution in sugarbeet fields for site‐specific weed management Field experiments were conducted to study the distribution of weeds in 18 sugarbeet fields of 3 ha each. The distance between each sampling point was 7.5–20 m. Weed density was counted and maps were plotted for the distribution of Chenopodium album and Solanum nigrum using linear interpolation. Geostatistical methods were applied to analyse the variance of weed density between the sampling points. A clear detection of weed patches was possible when the variance of weed density at a single sampling point ‘nugget effect’ was low and a high continuity between neighbouring grid points existed. If soil conditions or cultivation methods are not homogeneous in the field (drift), no continuity between the sampling points was found. Geostatistical analysis of the weed distribution in agricultural fields provide helpful information for a site‐specific weed management.
Response of Mustard to Ethrel Spray and Basal and Foliar Application of Nitrogen
Authors: Khan N. A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn a field trial conducted during 1992–93 and 1993–94, the effect of basal (B) nitrogen (N) (45 and 60 kg N ha−1) and foliar application (F) of water (W) or 10 kg N ha−1 and 400 or 600 ppm ethrel (E) (2‐Chloro ethyl phosphonic acid) at 70 days after sowing was studied on leaf area index and dry mass at 90 days and pod number per plant, seeds per pod, 1000 seed weight, seed yield, oil content and oil vield at harvest of mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern & Coss.) cv. T‐59. Recommended basal (B) application of 90 kg N ha (BN90) was used as control. On the basis of 2 year data it was found that basal application of 60 kg N and foliar spray of 10 kg N ha −1 and 600 ppm ethrel gave higher values for growth and yield characteristics and enhanced seed yield and oil yield by 12.5 and 14.8%, respectively over control BN90.
Management of Broomrape (Orobanche spp.) – A review
Authors: Dhanapal G. N. , Struik P. C. , Udayakumar M. , Timmermans P. C. J. M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBroomrapes (Orobanche spp.) are phanerogamic holoparasites that subsist upon the roots of many important crops thus causing considerable yield losses, especially in the drier and warmer areas of Europe, Africa and Asia.The major principles of reducing the seed bank and controlling the weed in the germination and parasitic/ reproductive phases are critically reviewed. Practices to control broomrape include physical methods (weeding, soil tillage, flooding, irrigation, solarization, flaming), chemical methods (soil fumigation, herbicide application, use of germination stimulants) and biological methods (use of resistant or tolerant varieties, cropping systems with trap and catch crops, intercropping, biological control with insects or fungi). Cultural practices which help to avoid germination, infection or strong reproduction of the weed or improve the crop's tolerance should be optimized.However, no single cheap method can control the weed, so integrated management practices are required. Integrated control strategies are site‐ and cropping‐system specific but have in common that measures are taken to kill part of the seed bank, induce the conditioned seeds to germinate in the absence of the commercial crop, kill emerging Orobanche shoots before seed set during growth of the commercial crop and further reduce or avoid damage to the commercial crop.
Analysis of Growth and Productivity of Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea) in Relation to FYM, Nitrogen and Source of Fertilizer
Authors: Patel R. H. , Meisheri T. G. , Patel J. R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA field experiment was conducted during the winter seasons of 1992–93 and 1993–94 at Anand to study the effect of FYM, nitrogen and source of fertilizer on growth and yield of mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj & Cosson]. The results showed significant variation in leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), dry matter production and seed yield. The direct effect of farmyard manure (FYM) was conspicuous in improving the growth of mustard. FYM application at 10 tonnes ha−1 significantly increased the LAI, CGR and dry matter accumulation per plant at almost all the stages during first year study (1992–93) and in pooled analysis. Similarly, nitrogen application registered maximum LAI, CGR at 75 kg level and RGR and NAR at 50 kg level at almost all the during both years. Sulphur carrying source (Ammonium sulphate plus single super phosphate) increased all stages growth characters. Maximum dry matter accumulation per plant and seed yield were recorded with highest levels of FYM (20 tonnes ha−1), N (75 kg ha−1) and source having S. Seed yield was strongly associated with LAI and dry matter accumulation per plant at all the stages.
Studies on the Effect of Moisture Stress at Different Growth Phases on Seed Vigour, Viability and Storability in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)
Authors: Ramamoorthy K. , Basu R. N. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractStudies were conducted on the influence of moisture stress at different growth phases, either alone or in combination, on seed yield, quality and longevity in groundnut, at Agricultural College and Research Institute, Coimbatore. At the end of each growth phase, irrespective of available soil moisture, plots were irrigated with a measured quantity of water to a depth of 5 cm, sufficient to raise the soil moisture content of top 30 cm layer to field capacity. Plots which received stress were not irrigated in the respective growth phases. Moisture stress during the combined reproductive phases, viz. flowering + pegging and pegging + maturity, had a mitigating influence on growth and yield to a greater extent than stress at other phases. Though water deficit at different growth phases had no impact on viability and vigour of fresh seeds, it helped to enhance the longevity and the greater the stress the better the storability. The conversion of oil into free fatty acids was least in seeds collected from stress. Membrane integrity as indicated by electrical conductivity and leachate amino acids were also minimal in seeds from stressed plots.
Growth and Yield Response of Lentil Cultivars to Phosphorus, Zinc and Biofertilizers
Authors: Krishnareddy S. V. , Ahlawat I. P. S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA field experiment was conducted to study the growth and yield responses of lentil cultivars to phosphorus, zinc and biofertilizer application on a sandy loam soil during the winter seasons of 1989–90 and 1990–91 at the farm of Division of Agronomy, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India. The two lentil cultivars used in the study were Microsperma (JL 1) and Macrosperma (Lens 4076) and the biofertilizers were Rhizobium and VAM fungi. Results showed that higher values of LAI, root nodulation, yield attributes (number of pods plant−1, number of grains pod−1 and grain yield plant−1), grain yield and harvest index were obtained from JL 1 whereas plant height and 1000 grain weight were higher in Lens 4076. Application of 17.2 kg Pha−1 as single superphosphate (SSP) along with 5 kg Znha−1 as zinc sulphate resulted in marked improvement in growth and yield attributes, grain yield and harvest index when compared with the 17.2 kg P as rock phosphate (with and without Zn) and the control treatments. Combined inoculation of Rhizobium and VAM fungi resulted in improved growth and yield attributes, grain yield and harvest index when compared with inoculation of either of the inocula at a time.
Comparison of Full‐flavoured Varieties of Burley Tobacco
Authors: Castelli F. , Carotenuto R. , Contillo R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractNine Burley tobacco cultivars were tested in three locations of the Veneto region during 3 years in order to single out the ones most suitable for the target environment.Differences among cultivars were found for plant development indicators, yield and visual quality of the cured leaf, but not for physical and chemical properties of the leaf, even if most characters varied widely among the environments. High yields combined well with high scores of Quality Index. F1, hybrids CAS 83–1E and C. 03–6 resulted on average the best performing cultivars, both for yield and quality, confirming the findings of previous trials.
Effects of Seed Size and Seed Substances of Lupins on Seedling Emergence and Root System Development in Relation to Sowing Depth, Soil Water and Gibberellin
Authors: SIDIRAS N. , KARSIOTI S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractEffects of seed size and organic substances on seedling emergence and root elongation were studied in four poi experiments with five cultivars of lupins. Sowing depth, soil water and the influence of gibbereilin GA, on seeds were investigated too. Seed size, carbohydrates and fats were found to affect the rate of seedling emergence and root elongation.Treatment of seeds with gibberellin had no effect on seedling emergence or on the superrerrestrial growth of lupins, but acted remarkably otherwise on root formation
Assessment of Upland Rice Rooting Depth: Does the Herbicide Injection Technique Work?
Authors: Trebuil G. K , Courtois B. , Herrera W. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWater stress is a major constraint to upland rice production. Plants with deep root systems are needed to increase water uptake. For varietal screening or for field diagnosis, breeders and agronomists need methods to monitor rice rooting depth. We assessed a simple, manual technique based on the injection of herbicide at a chosen soil depth using long needles mounted on a veterinary syringe. The time of appearance of herbicide phototoxicity symptoms in the leaves of four rice genotypes with contrasting rooting systems was monitored in the glasshouse and field ‐experiments. Three herbicides (atrazin, diuron and metribuzin) were tested. Metribuzin was selected as the reference herbicide as it consistently induced distinct leaf phototoxicity symptoms 4 days after its application, regardless of the genotype tested. Through the injection of metribuzin at different depths, significant differences in he number of plants affected by the herbicide were detected under field conditions between the extreme genotypes. The ranking of genotypes obtained in the glasshouse and field experiments was consistent with what is known about their respective rooting patterns. However, risks of herbicide leakage above the treated zone reduce the reliability of the technique and precautions were necessary‐ to avoid them. Following the precautions increased he time needed to treat one hill to about 5min, which limits the field of application of the manual technique. Moreover, metribuzin remained present at levels toxic to rice seedlings 7 months after being injected into the soil, in spite of its fast downward mobility and degradation rate. This long residual effect might cause environmental concern.
Effect of Plant Spacing and Nitrogen Levels on Growth, Herb and Oil Yields of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus (Steud.) Wats. var. I cauvery)
Authors: Singh M. , Shivaraj B. , Sridhara S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA field experiment was conducted for 2 years during 1991–93 at the Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic plants, Bangalore, India to study the effect of plant spacings (60 × 60, 60 × 45, 60 × 30 and 45 × 45 cm) and nitrogen levels (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg N ha−1 year−1) on growth, herb and oil yield of lemongrass. A closer plant spacing of 45 × 45 cm resulted in higher herb and oil yields compared to wider spacing of 60 × 60 cm. Application of 150 kg N ha−1 year−1 resulted in higher herb and oil yields. Higher nitrogen applications also increased the plant height and number of tillers per clump. The oil content and quality‐was not influenced by spacing and nitrogen levels.
Relationship Between Leaf Nitrogen and Photosynthetic Characteristics in Brassica juncea and B. campestris
Authors: Suresh K. , Lakkineni K. C. , Nair T. V. R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe relationship between leaf nitrogen content (N) versus photosynthetic rate (PN) and other associated parameters was examined in Brassica juncea, cv. Pusa Bold and B campestris, cv. Pusa Kalyani. Leaf N, specific leaf weight (SLW), leaf area and PN were significantly higher in B. juncea, while the chlorophyll content was significantly lower compared to Brassica campestris. A significant positive correlation was obtained between leaf N content and photosynthetic rate in both species. Similarly, SLW was also positively related with leaf N content, Brassica juncea showed higher photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE) than B campestris. Leaf N and PNUE were negatively associated. This was attributed to a low investment of N in photosynthesis related reactions and/or partitioning of N towards compounds functionally unrelated to photosynthesis. This attribution is further supported by the negative relationship obtained between SLW and PNUE.
Drying and Storage Method to Prolong Seed Viability and Seedling Vigour of Rabi‐summer‐produced Groundnut
Authors: Nautiyal P. C , Ravindra V. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractRabi‐summer‐produced (dry season, February–May) groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cv. GG 2 was dried using three different methods, viz. windrow (W), windrow‐shade (WS) and DOR (Directorate of Oilseeds Research) methods and stored in polyethylene lined gunny bags with or without desiccant (CaCl2 or silica gel, 10gkg−1 pods). The seeds were analysed for the retentation of seed viability, seedling vigour, membrane integrity and Held emergence during storage, and crop stand and pod yield after 12 months of storage. The drying and storage method significantly affected the getminability, seedling vigour and field emergence. Both root length and seedling biomass were adversely affected due to windrow drying (W) The quick loss of viability in the W treatment was associated with an increase in electrical conductivity of the seed leachate. The retention of higher seed viabiliry and vigour in the seeds dried by DOR method and stored with CaCl2 (DOR C) was due to lower drying remperarures and lower pod moisture during the initial storage period. The DOR C method was found to be an effective drying and storage method for retaining acceptable seed viability and vigour till the following rabi‐summer sowing of groundnut.
Development of a New Multifoliate Strain of Berseem Clover (Tricolium alexandrinum L.) in Egypt
Authors: Bakiheit Bahy R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe aim of this work was to obtain mukifoiiare types of berseem clover with a great proportion of the leaf weight and increased plant weight. Thereby research an berseem clover over a 10 year period resulted in the transfer of the multicare gene(s) from a mutant plant of the monocut Fahl culrivar which possess such trait to the muiticut trifoliate culrivar Meskawi by crossing between them. A multicut multifoliate strain was developed after rune generations of selection.The multsfoliate strain gave significantly higher dry forage yield than commercial cultivate Giza 10, Sakha 4, Giza 15, Helaly and Giza 6 by 22.1, 22.5, 24,8, 29.9 and 36.7%, respectively, in the first cut. On the other hand, the moltifoliate strain gave higher seasonal protein yield than cultivars, i.e. Helaly, Giza 10, and Giza 6 by 7.0,10.1, and 121 %, respectively.The leaves/stems rario trait averaged over cuts was 18.3 % higher than for the five commercial trifoliate cultivars. Therefore, this multifoliate muiricut strain could be useful for forage especially before sowing cotton or other early summer crops. In addition to that, it could he used as a genetic marker for berseem breeders.
Root Growth of a Salt Susceptible and a Salt Resistant Rice (Oryza sativa L.) During Seedling Establishment Under NaCl Salinity
Authors: Misra A. N. , Sahu S. M. , Meera I. , Mohapatra P. , Das N. , Misra M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe salt susceptible rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Jaya and salt resistant cv. Damodar seed germination and seedling growth rates were studied in laboratory and field conditions. The effect of salinity on seed germination, shoot and root length, seedling vigour index (SVI) and increase in the root: shoot length ratio in the laboratory was relatively more in cv. Jaya than in cv. Damodar. The relative susceptibility to salinity was more in cv. Jaya than in cv. Damodar in the field also. However, their responses varied with growth period. The root: shoot length and fresh and dry weight ratios increased with salinity at 15 days in cv. Jaya. The root: shoot fresh and dry weight ratio decreased with salinity at 15 days in cv. Damodar. However, the root: shoot fresh weight ratio decreased with salinity at 25 days in the susceptible cv. Jaya. The root and shoot length fresh and dry weight of cv. Damodar was enhanced at 0.5% (w/v) NaCl treatment compared to the control seedlings at 25 days. SVI in cv. Jaya decreased with salinity in the laboratory and field conditions. SVI in cv. Damodar, SVI showed little change at 15 days but decreased with salinity of 1–3% NaCl with an enhancement at 0.5% NaCl level in the laboratory and at 25 days in field conditions.
Relationship Between Ion Accumulation and Growth in Two Spring Wheat Lines Differing in Salt Tolerance at Different Growth Stages
Authors: Ashraf M. , Khanum Aasiya 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA salt‐tolerant line, S24, of spring wheat was compared with a salt‐sensitive line, Yecora Rojo, in sand cultures at four different growth stages, i.e. germination, seedling, tillering and booting, under greenhouse conditions. The NaCl treatments used were 0 or 125 mol m−3 in full strength Hoagland's nutrient solution. S24 exceeded Yecora Rojo in biomass or grain yield at the tillering and booting stages, but these lines did not differ at the initial growth stages, i.e. germination and seedling. The growth performance of the two lines at different growth stages was positively related to the pattern of accumulation of cations and anions. The superiority of S24 to Yecora Rojo at the two later growth stages was related to its relatively low accumulation of Na+ or Cl− and high accumulation of K+ in leaves. The former line also maintained higher leaf K/Na ratios, Ca/Na ratios, K versus Na selectivities and Ca versus Na selectivities than the latter particularly at the tillering and booting stages. Salt tolerance in spring wheat, in this study, is found to be age‐dependent. The booting stage has been found as one of the most appropriate growth stages where maximum differentiation in salt‐tolerant and salt‐sensitive lines occurred. As is evident from previous studies with spring wheat, in the present study there is a positive correlation between partial exclusion of Na+ or Cl−1 from the tissues and maintenance of high tissue K/Na and Ca/Na ratios, and K versus Na and Ca versus Na selectivities, and salt tolerance of this crop.