bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antigenic characteristics of enterotoxigenic and nonenterotoxigenic isolates of Bacteroides fragilis
Authors: Myers Lyle L. , Shoop Douglas S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Fecal isolates of enterotoxigenic (44 isolates) and nonenterotoxigenic (25 isolates) Bacteroides fragilis were obtained from diarrheic calves (62 isolates), lambs (2 isolates), and pigs (5 isolates). Using a Microtiter whole-cell agglutination test and gel double-diffusion analysis, the isolates were reacted with nonabsorbed rabbit antisera prepared against 13 isolates of enterotoxigenic B fragilis (etbf). Isolates of B fragilis were antigenically diverse. Thirty-seven (84%) of the 44 isolates of etbf comprised 13 serogroups on the basis of reaction in the agglutination test. Fourteen (56%) of the 25 isolates of non-etbf comprised 4 of the 13 groups. Compared with results of the gel-diffusion test, most isolates had a different agglutination test reaction pattern against the 13 antisera. Isolates of etbf could not be distinguished from non-etbf. Antigenic heterogeneity of B fragilis facilitated differentiation of individual isolates, a capability that may be useful in future epidemiologic and virulence studies.
Effect of levamisole on the clinical and immunologic responses to oral vaccine of Treponema hyodysenteriae
Authors: Jenkins E. M. , Nash Stephen , Hill Weanetta , Mosley Jonathan 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Conventionally raised crossbred Hampshire pigs were vaccinated orally with attenuated Treponema hyodysenteriae in combination with an anthelmintic, levamisole or dichlorvos. Pigs in group I (n = 9) were treated with levamisole and vaccinated with attenuated T hyodysenteriae and those in group II (n = 9) were treated with levamisole and permitted to commingle (contact exposure) with group I. Pigs in group III (n = 9) were vaccinated in a similar manner and were treated with dichlorvos. Pigs in group IV (n = 9) were treated with dichlorvos and permitted to commingle with group III. Control pigs (group V; n = 9) were not given any anthelmintic, nor were they vaccinated; they were housed separately.
During the 8-week interval between vaccination and challenge inoculation, 4 total days and 8 total days of diarrhea were observed in pigs in groups I and II, respectively. Likewise, 5 total days and 10 total days of diarrhea were seen in groups III and IV, respectively. In all groups, the pigs tended to shed the organism in their feces after they were vaccinated or challenge inoculated, as determined by a fluorescent antibody technique (fat) and culture procedure (cp). Overall mean shedding patterns of 5.5% and 24.5% identified by cp and fat, respectively, were seen in the 2 levamisole-treated groups (I and II). In contrast, mean shedding patterns of 4% and 18% of the isolation attempts were detected by cp and fat, respectively, in the 2 dichlorvos-treated groups. Diarrhea and shedding of T hyodysenteriae in the controls (group V) did not occur.
During the 4-week interval after pigs were challenge inoculated, diarrhea was seen for 1 day in groups I and II, for 2 days in groups III and IV, and for 121 days in the control group. The T hyodysenteriae shedding patterns increased numerically to overall means of 12.5%, as determined by cp and 32% as determined by fat for the levamisole-treated groups. There was an overall mean decrease to 2.5% shedding as determined by cp and an increase to 27% as determined by fat in the dichlorvos-treated groups. In contrast, there were sheddings of 50% and 80% as determined by cp and fat, respectively, in the control group. Pigs given levamisole developed mean geometric titers of 1:52 and 1:62 in the dichlorvos-treated groups III and IV, respectively. After the pigs were challenge inoculated, the serum titers increased from 1:86, compared with 1:20 and 1 to 168 for the dichlorvos-treated and nontreated controls, respectively. All vaccinated groups exhibited mean positive cell-mediated immune responses after vaccination and challenge inoculation were done. The control group had a mean borderline positive cell-mediated immune response after challenge inoculation was done.
Udder edema in cattle: Effect of furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, acetazolamide, or 50% dextrose on venous blood pressure
Authors: Vestweber Jerome G. E. , Al-Ani Falah K. , Johnson Dallas E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Before injection of diuretic drugs, blood pressures were determined in the cranial superficial epigastric veins (milk vein) and jugular veins of 15 Holstein cows with udder edema at parturition and of 15 healthy (control) cows at parturition. Cows with udder edema had a significant (P ≤ 0.05) mean increase in cranial superficial epigastric venous pressure at parturition, compared with that of control cows.
After iv administration of 500 mg of furosemide in cows with udder edema, the mean cranial superficial epigastric venous blood pressure significantly (P ≤ 0.05) decreased within 5 minutes, remained at the decreased pressure for 90 minutes, and then returned to near pretreatment pressures by 210 minutes after furosemide injection; however, furosemide did not significantly affect the jugular venous blood pressure of these cows. Furosemide injection did not significantly affect the cranial superficial epigastric or jugular venous blood pressure in the control cows.
After iv administration of hydrochlorothiazide (250 mg), acetazolamide (500 mg), or 50% dextrose (500 g), the cranial superficial epigastric and jugular venous blood pressures in cows with udder edema at parturition were not significantly different from those in cows without udder edema at parturition during the 210-minute evaluation period after injection of the drugs.
Epidermal cell renewal in seborrheic skin of dogs
Authors: Baker Benjaman B. , Maibach Howard I. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Epidermal cell renewal time of seborrheic skin was estimated in 8 adult Cocker Spaniels and 5 adult Irish Setters, using autoradiography after [3H]thymidine was given intradermally. Cell renewal time of the viable epidermis was approximately 7 days. Seemingly, the seborrheic skin observed in these Cocker Spaniels and Irish Setters was associated with an altered rate of epidermal keratinization.
Phagocytic function of equine neutrophils exposed to Mycoplasma felis in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Rosendal S. , Lumsden J. H. , Viel L. , Physick-Sheard P. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Neutrophils were isolated from the peripheral blood of adult equids (group 1) and were purified on a density gradient of polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated silica gel. A bactericidal assay was developed, using an equine skin isolate of Staphylococcus epidermidis as target bacterium in medium containing pooled fresh equine serum for opsonization. Significant (P < 0.05) killing was observed after 60 or 120 minutes' incubation. Reduction in bactericidal function of blood neutrophils was not found after incubation with a virulent strain of Mycoplasma felis for 30 or 60 minutes. Similarly, the function of blood and pleural neutrophils of ponies with M felis-induced pleuritis (group 2) was not different from the function of similar neutrophils from sham-inoculated control ponies (group 3). The number of viable M felis organisms was markedly reduced in the presence of fresh equine serum and equine-specific antibodies, but not when the serum was heat inactivated. Equine neutrophils did not phagocytize M felis. Seemingly, M felis did not impair bactericidal activity of equine neutrophils. Therefore, this mechanism does not predispose equids to bacterial pleuritis.
Clinical, virologic, and histopathologic observations of induced porcine parvovirus infection in boars
Authors: Thacker B. J. , Joo H. S. , Winkelman N. L. , Leman A. D. , Barnes D. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Twelve 8- to 12-month-old crossbred boars were inoculated with a virulent strain (NADL-8) of porcine parvovirus (ppv). Hemicastrations were performed on 6 boars 3, 7, 10, 14, 21, and 28 days after an im injection of 108 median cell culture infectious dose (ccid50) of ppv (n = 3) or injection of 107.4 ccid50 given intratesticularly (it, n = 3). Noninfected cell culture medium (0.25 ml) was injected into each testicle of a 7th boar (it inoculated control). Virus or viral antigen was detected in testicular and epididymal tissues up to 14 days after inoculation. Direct immunofluorescence indicated that viral antigen was mainly associated with the vasculature of the interstitium. Microscopic lesions were not evident in the testicles and epididymides of im inoculated boars. Acute-to-chronic testicular degeneration was evident in the it inoculated boars, as well as in the it inoculated control boar.
Six boars were inoculated im or orally/nasally with 107.9 ccid50 of ppv. Semen was collected twice weekly for 8 weeks after inoculation. Virus was not detected in any ejaculates. Semen also was collected from 4 boars for 5 weeks before inoculation, and preinoculation and postinoculation semen quality was compared. Pronounced changes in sperm output, ejaculate volume, motility, or morphologic defects were not observed. The reproductive consequences of experimental ppv infection in boars were minimal because reproductive function was unaffected and venereal transmission of ppv was not detected.
Pharmacokinetics of phenobarbital in the horse
Authors: Duran S. H. , Ravis W. R. , Pedersoli W. M. , Schumacher J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Pharmacokinetics of phenobarbital was examined in 6 mature horses after 12 mg of phenobarbital/kg of body weight was infused over 20 minutes. Biexponential decrease in serum phenobarbital concentrations was observed with a distribution-phase half-life of 0.101 ± 0.086 hour (mean ± sd) and a terminal-phase elimination half-life of 18.3 ± 3.65 hours. The volume of distribution at steady state was 0.803 ±0.070 L/kg. Total body clearance of phenobarbital was 30.8 ± 6.2 ml/h/kg. The high clearance in the horse seems to explain the markedly shorter half-life of phenobarbital in this species. Seemingly, 6.65 mg of phenobarbital/kg as a 20-minute infusion given every 12 hours would provide approximate peaks of 29 µg/ml and troughs of 15 µg/ml. A loading dose of 12 mg of phenobarbital/kg would be appropriate for this regimen.
Tropism of border disease virus for oligodendrocytes in ovine fetal brain cell cultures
Authors: Anderson Charles A. , Higgins Robert J. , Waldvogel Andreas S. , Osburn Bennie I. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Primary dissociated ovine brain cell cultures prepared from 50- or 140-day-old fetuses were inoculated with border disease virus (bdv). The cells present in the cultures were identified, using immunofluorescence procedures and sera against various cns cell-specific markers. These markers were glial fibrillary acidic protein, myelin basic protein, myelin-associated glycoprotein, neuron-specific enolase, neurofilament protein, and fibronectin. Double-labeling immunofluorescence techniques for visualization of bdv antigen and of the cns cell markers were used to evaluate the pattern of individual cell susceptibility 48 hours after infection. In cultures from fetuses of both ages, about half of the infected cells were glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive astrocytes. Scattered myelin-associated glycoprotein-positive oligodendrocytes were positive for bdv antigen, but only in the infected cultures from the older fetuses. Fibronectin-positive cells were not infected with bdv. In infected and noninfected cultures, cells positive for neuron-specific enolase, myelin basic protein, or neurofilament protein were not seen. Therefore, the remaining infected cells in all the cultures were not identified by the cell-specific markers used. Results of these in vitro experiments indicate that bdv does not selectively infect oligodendrocytes, and that such a selective pattern of infection may not be the basis for the in vivo congenital hypomyelination in sheep with border disease.
Efficacy of a morantel sustained-release bolus for control of gastrointestinal parasites in winter-grazed steers in Mississippi
Authors: Hawkins J. A. , Evans R. R. , Taylor C. E. , Couvillion C. E. , Illyes E. F. , Wilkins C. P. , Johnson-Delivorias M. H. , Tyler T. D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
From Nov 22,1983 through May 15,1984, 36 crossbred steers were allotted into 3 treatment groups (12/group) and were grazed on separate 3.4-hectare pastures. On Nov 22, 1983, the steers were administered a single morantel sustained-release bolus (msrb), orally (group 1), or a single dose of thiabendazole (tbz; 66 mg/kg of body weight, orally; group 2), or were left untreated (group 3; controls). Animal weights, nematode egg counts in fecal specimens, and plasma pepsinogen concentrations were monitored monthly. At the termination of the study, 4 steers from each treatment group were slaughtered and necropsied and worm counts were determined. A set of parasite-free tracer calves (3/treatment group) were grazed with each treatment group for 1 month, beginning on Nov 22,1983; a second set of tracer calves (3/group) were grazed with each treatment group for 1 month, beginning Apr 3,1984. At the end of their respective grazing periods, tracer calves were held for 3 weeks and then were slaughtered and necropsied and their worm counts were determined.
Mean nematode egg counts in fecal specimens of group 1 (msrb treated) were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than that of the tbz-treated or nontreated steers. Differences in worm counts were not found between treatment groups. Differences in worm counts of tracer calves were not found among the 3 groups for November 1983 nor for April 1984. Steers treated with the msrb had a higher mean weight gain (P < 0.06) than did the control or tbz-treated steers.
Plasma antithrombin-III values in healthy horses: Effect of sex and/or breed
Authors: Bernard William , Morris Debra Deem , Divers Thomas J. , Ramberg Charles 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Plasma antithrombin-III (AT-III) values were determined in 74 healthy horses by an automated spectrophotometric assay. The mean plasma AT-III value was 218% ± 18% of normal human plasma. Plasma AT-III values did not differ significantly (P < 0.05) among Thoroughbred, Standardbred, Quarter Horse, and other breeds or among mares, geldings, or stallions.
Efficacy of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis bacterin for the immunologic protection of sheep against development of caseous lymphadenitis
Authors: LeaMaster Brad R. , Shen David T. , Gorham John R. , Leathers Charles W. , Wells Homer D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The efficacy of a Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis bacterin to protect sheep immunologically against development of, caseous lymphadenitis was evaluated in controlled challenge-exposure experiments. Sixty-three mixed-breed, white-faced lambs were used. The lambs were 10 to 12 weeks old and were randomly assigned to 3 groups (21 lambs/group). Group 1 was vaccinated once, using 2 ml of a C pseudotuberculosis bacterin (given subcutaneously) in the right axillary region at the beginning of the study. Group 2 was vaccinated twice; the 1st vaccination was given at the same time that lambs in group 1 were vaccinated and the 2nd vaccination was given 4 weeks later. Group 3 (nonvaccinated controls) was given physiologic saline solution (2 ml, subcutaneously). Each lamb was challenge exposed (ie, given 2 ml of live Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis inoculum [6 × 106 colony-forming units/ml], subcutaneously at 4 different sites) during the 20th week of the study. All lambs were killed and necropsied during week 33. The mean number of abscesses per lamb was 7 for group 1, 4 for group 2, and 32 for group 3. Significant differences in the size of the abscesses were not found between the groups. Results of the study indicated that the vaccine provided immunologic protection of lambs against challenge exposure to Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis.
Effect of fluoride ingestion on dental fluorosis in sheep
Authors: Milhaud Guy E. , Borba Marco A. , Krishnaswamy Shushila 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effects of fluoride ingestion (3.5 mg/kg of body weight) were evaluated in 9 ewes at 6 through 9, 10 through 13, or 14 through 17 months of age (3 ewes/age group). In the 3 groups, the plasma fluoride concentration rapidly increased to 0.45, 0.46, and 0.50 µg/ml, respectively, and decreased rapidly to 0.1 µg/ml after fluoride was removed from the ration. In 5 of the 9 ewes, this short-term exposure caused symmetrical, moderate damage to the molars, which is characteristic of fluorosis in sheep. In 7 of the 9 ewes, abnormal gaps were found between incisors, which are not characteristic of fluorosis in sheep.
Fluoride accumulation was higher in the roots of the incisors and in the dentine of the molars and was particularly evident in teeth that were developing when fluoride was administered; however, the fully developed teeth and teeth that developed several months after administration of fluoride also were affected. The increase in fluoride concentration in the enamel was confined to a maximum of 2 molars. The abnormal wear of the molars was not directly linked to fluoride accumulation.
Efficacy of fenbendazole-medicated feed blocks against gastrointestinal nematode infections in calves
Authors: Blagburn Byron L. , Hanrahan Lynn A. , Hendrix Charles M. , Lindsay David S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An anthelmintic trial was conducted to determine the efficacy of fenbendazole (fbz) incorporated into two types of feed blocks given daily for 3 or 10 days to calves naturally parasitized with gastrointestinal nematodes. Each treated calf consumed 5 mg of fbz/kg of body weight. The fbz was > 99% effective in removing adults of Haemonchus contortus, Ostertagia ostertagi, O lyrata, Cooperia punctata, C pectinata, C onchophora, Trichostrongylus axei, Bunostomum phlebotomum, and Oesophagostomum ra-diatum. Fenbendazole was also > 99% effective against immature nematodes recovered from the small intestine, which were thought to be mainly Cooperia spp. Efficacy was similar for fbz in each of the two types of feed block carriers and for the 3- and 10-day regimens. Calves readily consumed feed blocks containing fbz and did not have adverse reactions to fbz.
Echocardiographic evaluation of equine aortic insufficiency
Authors: Reef Virginia B. , Spencer Pamela 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Echocardiographic evaluation of 23 horses with aortic insufficiency was performed, using M-mode (n = 23) and 2-dimensional real-time echocardiography (n = 14 of 23). Echocardiograms were evaluated for abnormalities of aortic and mitral valves and alterations in motion of these valves. Changes in left ventricular chamber size and function, as well as aortic root size, were evaluated. The presence of other cardiac disease was also evaluated. Horses with aortic insufficiency had significant increases (P < 0.01) in mean values of left ventricular chamber size, aortic root diameter, and shortening fraction. Left ventricular free wall thickness also was significantly decreased (P < 0.01).
Valvular abnormalities were seen echocardiographically in all 23 horses. Eighteen horses with aortic insufficiency had thickened valves, whereas two horses had lesions associated with vegetative endocarditis. High-frequency vibrations of the septal leaflet of the mitral valve were noticed in all horses, whereas similar vibrations of the aortic valve were seen in six horses.
The presence of a bounding arterial pulse correlated significantly (P < 0.05) with increased left ventricular chamber size at end diastole and shortening fraction, indicating a marked left ventricular volume overload. A reliable diagnosis of aortic insufficiency can be made with the detection of bounding arterial pulses in concert with a holodiastolic decrescendo grade II to V/V murmur with maximal intensity over the aortic valve area, radiating toward the left cardiac apex.
Skeletal muscle perfusion during prolonged 2.03% end-tidal isoflurane-02 anesthesia in isocapnic ponies
Authors: Manohar Murli , Gustafson Rand , Nganwa David 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Effects of 1.55 minimum alveolar concentration isoflurane 02 anesthesia (2.03% end-tidal isoflurane) on blood flow in the up-(nondependent) and down-(dependent) positioned skeletal muscles were studied at 60,120, and 180 minutes in 6 healthy isocapnic ponies in right lateral recumbency on a nonpadded hardwood floor. Measurements were made, using 15-μm diameter radionuclide-labeled microspheres injected into the left ventricle, and comparisons were made with data obtained from ponies in the conscious state.
Isoflurane administration caused a sharp reduction in cardiac output and systemic pressure (P < 0.01), but total peripheral resistance did not change significantly. In the triceps brachii, gluteus medius, biceps femoris, and vastus lateralis of both sides, blood flow decreased significantly during 1.55 minimum alveolar concentration isoflurane anesthesia (P < 0.01), and fluctuations did not occur with increasing duration of anesthesia. In masseter muscles, perfusion values during the 3 hours of anesthesia were not significantly different from values in awake ponies. Despite the fact that 4 ponies developed marked edema of the dependent masseter muscle, 1 pony without masseter edema developed postanesthetic forelimb lameness and 2 of the 4 ponies with masseter edema had generalized hind limb weakness after anesthesia; significant differences in blood flow between up- and down-positioned muscles were not observed.
During isoflurane-O2 anesthesia in ponies, a sharp significant decrease in skeletal muscle blood flow was observed (P < 0.01). Decreased equine skeletal muscle perfusion during isoflurane anesthesia also may be accompanied by accentuated O2 loss from the arterial blood via the countercurrent O2 exchange between large arterioles and venules.
Pathogenesis of rotavirus infection in various age groups of chickens and turkeys: Clinical signs and virology
Authors: Yason C. V. , Schat K. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Age-related susceptibility patterns of turkeys, broilers, and specific pathogen-free (spf) White Leghorn chickens to experimentally induced infection with turkey or chicken rotavirus isolates were compared. The following determinants were evaluated: clinical signs, onset and duration of virus production, viral titers, involvement of intestinal villi in the replication of the virus, and the development of antibodies against the virus. Older turkeys and chickens were more susceptible than were their younger counterparts, turkeys were more susceptible than were broiler and White Leghorn chickens (regardless of age), and broiler chickens were slightly more susceptible than were age-matched White Leghorn chickens. Turkeys developed diarrhea, accompanied by high viral titers within 1 day after inoculation with virus. Viral antigen was found in the epithelial cells of the intestinal villi throughout the intestinal tract and some cells of the cecal tonsils. Antibodies could be detected as early as 4 to 5 days after inoculation. These findings were more pronounced in turkeys inoculated at 112 days of age than in birds inoculated at a younger age. Age-related susceptibility patterns were similar in White Leghorn and broiler chickens. Infection was subclinical in birds < 56 days old, whereas older birds developed soft feces. Egg production in the White Leghorn chickens decreased after being inoculated with virus at 350 days of age.