bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Progress in the Use of TL to Measure Strain in Rocks
Authors: McDougall David J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The amplitude of certain thermoluminescence light emission peaks is closely related to the number of crystallographic peaks is closely related to the number of crystallographic dislocations in crystals. On an empirical basis, this has been repeatedly demonstrated for a variety of rock types in and near faults, fold structures and meteorite craters as well as from material from the vicinity of underground nuclear explosions and artificially deformed samples. Since what are being measured are the relative concentrations of crystallographic defects, it can be anticipated that the ratio of thermoluminescence to strain is not a straight line relationship. However, various studies in Canada, the United States and France, during the past ten years have indicated that the rock itself can be used as a natural strain gauge, for at least semiquantitative measurements.
Analogous to solid-state studies in metallurgy, the principal variables which will change the thermoluminescence emission peak heights are: the type and composition of the crystal; impurity elements; grain growth; heat treatment; and amount and rate of deformation. Work done in the writer's laboratory since 1964 permit some generalizations on these variables. Rock types containing quartz, feldspar and/or carbonates have been found to be the most satisfactory to work with, but measureable differences in the amount of strain have been obtained from very unsatisfactory materials, such as serpentine, using sensitive equipment. Variations in TL due to impurity or "trace" elements are negligible compared to other variables. Grain growth tends to eliminate TL by the elimination of crystal imperfections, while high temperatures such as would occur near igneous contacts tend to increase TL by the creation of various types of imperfections. TL due to strain tends to increase in rough proportion to the amount of "work hardening" and cyclical loading may raise the emission to very high levels. Subsequent plastic deformation or failure tend to reduce the emission. Analysis of the emission curves often serves to distinguish which variable has been changed.
In its simplest form, the instrumentation for measuring thermoluminescence consists of a photomultiplier tube and a method of controlled heating of the sample to temperatures near 400 degrees C. More elaborate instrumentation may include facilities for artificial irradiation, measurement at very low temperatures or measurement of the wave lengths of emission.
A New Method For Determination Of Formation Water Resistivity From The Spontaneous Potential Curve
Authors: Henry James D. , Cunningham Wm. A. 
Published: December 2007

Publication Rights Reserved
Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the Society of Petroleum Engineers office. Such discussion may be presented at the above meeting and considered for publication in one of the two SPE magazines with the paper.

Abstract
A study has been made to try to improve the determination of water saturation of a given zone by use of the SP log. A method has been derived which appears to be an improvement in previous methods.
Previous studies have shown that the formation water resistivity, a needed factor in the Archie equation for determining water saturation, is related to the magnitude of the SP deflection and to the mad filtrate resistivity by a coefficient which is a function of formation temperature. Evidence has indicated that this coefficient also varies with geographical location.
An attempt was made to find a variable which would express this apparent variation in geographical location. The formation resistivity factor was selected and found to be satisfactory. The resulting empirical correlation relates the SP coefficient, formation temperature, and the formation resistivity factor. For the data used, this method produced results which were better than those of previous methods. An experimental study has been made which tends to confirm the trends and influences discovered in the empirical work.

Introduction
In order to calculate the formation water saturation using the familiar Archie equation,
................(1)
the formation resistivity factor, F, the formation water resistivity, Rw, the true formation resistivity, Rt, and the saturation exponent, n, must all be determined or estimated. Values for Rw and Rt may be estimated by use of logs and correction and correlation charts. Values for F and n are usually determined from core analyses, or they may be estimated from logs and/or correlation charts. The accuracy of the estimated values of Rt, F, and n is usually 30%, but the approximated value of Rw is often in error by more than 100 percent. An incorrect assumption of Rw may lead to a very large error in Sw.
Many times water resistivities can be measured from DST samples from the well in question or from the same zone in nearby wells.
How A Utility Views SNG
Authors: Warner Jerry J. , Seabold Carl A. 
Published: December 2007

This paper was prepared for the 48th Annual Fall Meeting of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, to be held in Las Vegas, Nev., Sept. 30-Oct. 3, 1973. Permission to copy is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words. Illustrations may not be copied. The abstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgement of where and by whom the paper is presented. Publication elsewhere after publication in the JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY or the SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL is usually granted upon request to the Editor of the appropriate journal provided agreement to give proper credit is made.
Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the Society of Petroleum Engineers office. Such discussion may be presented at the above meeting and, with the paper, may be considered for publication in one of the two SPE magazines.

Introduction
Normal growth patterns established by United States gas utilities were disrupted in recent years by our national energy shortage. The business as usual approach of adding yearly increments of pipeline supply gas evaporated along with the concept that 20 year, long term contracts, were sacrosanct.
Almost overnight, gas utilities were forced to turn to forms of Supplemental Natural Gas (SNG) processes to preserve their current markets and establish possible avenues for growth. This expensive new gas has caused many utilities to wonder where the next increment of gas will come from, and what price must be paid. price must be paid. This paper outlines the steps Northern Illinois Gas (NI-Gas) took to study the various alternatives to alleviate the supply problem, and why the Catalytic Rich Gas problem, and why the Catalytic Rich Gas (CRG)-SW, approach was selected.

THE COMPANY
Four transmission companies supply NI-Gas with a total daily natural gas contract of approximately 1.5 billion cubic feet per day, to the NI-Gas service area which covers over 17,000 square miles in the northern portion of Illinois. The Natural Gas Pipeline Company of America provides more than 75 percent of the total gas supply to NI-Gas which comes from both the Gulf Coast and the Southwest.
Changing seasons in our service territory give many jumps and dips to our temperature which means uneven demands on natural gas consumption. NI-Gas, which serve more than 1,200,000 customers, distributes more than five times as much natural gas in winter as in summer.
Vast underground storage facilities have solved our winter peaking problems. NI-Gas explored for and developed aquifer type storage reservoirs since 1957.
Acoustic Wave Propagation In Bonded And Unbonded Oil Well Casing
Authors: Riddle George A. 
Published: December 2007

Publication Rights Reserved
Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the Society of Petroleum Engineers office. Such discussion may be presented at the above meeting and considered for publication in one of the two SPE magazines with the paper.

Abstract
Full scale model studies in free and clamped pipe have resulted in many observations concerning the character of acoustic wave propagation in water, casing, cement and formation. Primary interest is centered in the detection of a cement sheath wave velocity. From measurements made of acoustic velocity in cement it is evident that a considerable range in longitudinal wave propagation velocity exists during the curing time. At atmospheric pressure with neat A.P.I. cement tests show that the range is from 3000 to about 12,000 feet per second. Tests run show the possibilities of cement wave interference in analysis of acoustic wave propagation in a three phase system composed of casing, cement, and formation. The physics-chemical aspects of cement hydration and cure are related to changes in velocity and signal attenuation.
Representative amplitude readings in three casing sizes are plotted and tabulated with respect to the loading factor imposed by nine cement sheaths ranging in thickness from .19 to 3.25 inches. From this data a plot of Amplitude versus Propagation Wave Time reveals the optimum length of amplitude build-up of the pipe wave. Differences are noted with change in casing size. The effects of centralization and decentralization of the acoustic assembly are shown to be critical elements in making velocity amplitude, or other measurements related to acoustic wave propagation within concentric cylindrical boundaries.
Acoustic wave propagation photographs made during model studies are reproduced with similar photographs made at field wells for comparison of the effects discussed.

Introduction
From measurements made of acoustic velocity in concrete it is evident that a considerable range in wave propagation velocity exists during the curing time.
Subsurface Hydraulic Pumping Diagnostic Techniques
Authors: Nolen K.B. , Gibbs S.G. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This technique is based on a computerized mathematical model of a hydraulic pumping system. Mechanical equipment performance and capability of the well are evaluated jointly. The computer program is also used to evaluate changes that are needed to optimize production from a well. This method is implemented with a portable computer system and electronic data gathering equipment. Thus, results can be made available on the well site in a matter of minutes.

Introduction
Hydraulic pumping made its appearance as a method of oil well artificial lift in the early 1930's. Since that time this method has found wide acceptance, especially in deep, high volume pumping. Because the unit is located near the pumping. Because the unit is located near the bottom of the well, understanding the operation and condition of the downhole unit can often be a problem for the producer. This paper presents a well-site analytical method using pressure and production data to determine useful information about the overall condition of the hydraulic pumping system along with the well's potential. Thus, by thoroughly understanding equipment and well conditions, the producer is in a better position to reach his goal of producer is in a better position to reach his goal of maximizing profit.
The hydraulic pumping system analyzed in this paper consists of a downhole hydraulic reciprocating engine directly connected to a reciprocating pump which functions as a unit. There are many configurations of downhole units available such as tandem engines with single pumps, tandem pumps with single engines, tandem pumps with tandem engines, and a large selection of power ratios. Also downhole tubular arrangements vary depending on application such as casing free, fixed casing, parallel and fixed insert. Since the operation is basically the same, the method discussed in this paper applies generally to all. Also of importance are the two types of power fluid arrangements, i.e. open and closed systems. The closed system keeps the power fluid separate from produced fluids as compared to the open system which produced fluids as compared to the open system which mixes produced fluid and power fluid as they are discharged from the unit. Most systems are of the open type because of simplicity of design and reduced equipment costs. This paper discusses the open type only but with minor modifications, the closed power fluid arrangement can be analyzed as well.
Estimation of QT-800 Fatigue Lifetime through the Use of Magnetics
Authors: McCoy Terry , Negley Mark 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Nondestructive magnetic testing indicates that the fatigue life of coiled tubing may be successfully estimated. Grade QT-800 coiled tubing (1 1/4-in. OD with a 0.087-in. wall) was fatigued in bending to 25%, 50%, 75% and 90% of its predetermined fatigue life. Variations in the tubing's magnetic properties were then determined with Magnescope and Magneprobe instruments. The results were then compared to an unfatigued sample. The results show that changes in magnetic hysteresis and Barkhausen measurements occur because of fatigue damage, and these changes can be correlated with fatigue life of the coiled tubing.
P. 71
Job Tracking Using Local Friction Profile to Minimize Risk in CT Operations
Authors: Schamp J.H. , Suryanarayana P.V.R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In this paper, the use of friction factor profile trends to predict downhole problems in Coiled Tubing and other pipe-running operations is discussed. A simple method to calculate the effective and local friction profile is presented. The relationship between the profile trends and downhole problems is discussed. The simpler technique of using a surface weight vs depth chart for a range of realistic friction factors, with superimposed limiting conditions, is discussed in detail. It is shown how pull tests and running loads can be tracked on this chart, and trend departures used to predict potential problems downhole. Three field examples are used to illustrate the use of the techniques described in this paper. It is shown that these techniques are not limited to Coiled Tubing operations, and can be applied to a variety of pipe-running operations. This paper concludes that such charts, or on-line friction prediction methods are invaluable tools, and should become standard operating procedure in CT operations worldwide.
P. 119
Coiled Tubing as an Alternative to Service-Rig Completions for Multifractured Horizontal Wells in the Westerorse Gas Fields in Alberta
Authors: Abdulkadir R. , Kreuger S. , Aunger D. , McMullen J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper presents a case study of horizontal-well completions in the Westerose field in Central Alberta in which coiled tubing was used in multiple hydraulic-fracture stimulations. Coiled tubing is cost effective, and offers many operational advantages over the conventional workover rig. The design of the well-completion program, including risk analysis and contingency plans, is discussed. A bottomhole assembly (BHA) that allows running and setting a bridge plug to isolate a lower section of the well and perforating the next section in one trip is discussed. PanCanadian's experience with coiled tubing and conventional workover rigs is also presented.
P. 149
A Proposal for a NORM Management Guideline
Authors: Bassignani A. , Fantoni R. Fresca 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The accumulation of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM) in extraction, treatment and hydrocarbon transportation plants, material that originates in the reservoirs and is subsequently transported to the surface by the extracted fluids, is something that requires very careful consideration because of the potential radiological risks involved.
In those cases where an appropriate program of periodical radiometric plant control is not envisaged and where the right forms of corrective intervention are not implemented, then the accumulation of NORM can lead to complex and delicate management problems.
This paper describes the AGIP NORM management program.
Evaluation of Hydrological Contamination in an Oil and Gas Production Area Including Different Anthropic Activities. Yacimiento Centenario, Neuquén. Argentina
Authors: Martinez S. G. , de Galarreta V. A. Ruiz , Noriega R. B. Banda 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The southern sector of Centenario Field, gas and oil exploration and exploitation area, is located on the flooding flat "sensu lato" of Limay river, reaching also scree deposits. The natural environment is of semi arid type, with high excess of evapotranspiration. The extracting activity coexists with farms dedicated to fruit-horticulture, as well as other activities such as quarries, artisan brick manufacturing, poultry farming, etc., together with the recent urbanization.
In this sector of the Field the intensive use of surface and ground water resource occurs, both as drinking water and irrigation and drainage systems.
From 1975 until 1994 some 250 m3/day of production water with total salt concentrations greater than 80.000 mg/l, were superficially discharged to a drainage channel which crosses the area in question, being later discharged directly to the Limay river.
Due to the salinization increase and quality decrease of the ground water, the inhabitants of this sector of the field (Colonia Valentina Norte), made complaints relating it to the former production water discharging.
In this frame the basic environmental geohydrological study was carried out, defining the hydrodynamics and hydrochemistry of the hydrologic system, including the determination of some specific heavy metals.
According to hydrogeology, hydrodynamics and hydrochemistry of the system, it was verified that the hydrocarbon activity by means of its saline produced waters has not been the areal pollution source of the ground waters, according to salt analysis such as heavy metals, without noticing an expectable, fast and clear diffusion of chlorates according to the speed and course of the underground flow determined by the field measurements.
The Hazard Register
Authors: Dujmovich Thomas J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Recognizing the opportunity to take a proactive position in the identification, assessment, control and recovery of unsafe acts and incidents, the seismic safety work group of the E&P Forum chartered a task force to develop a generic hazard register which would identify the various activities around geophysical operations and assess them for possibilities for what could go wrong. In short, the hazard register documents the identification, assessment, control and recovery for each hazard present during execution of any tasks. Emphasis is placed on early identification, assessment and controlled during planning and survey design.
The intent of this generic hazard register is to help individual contractors and companies to identify the specifics around their particular terrain and environment which have the potential to be a part to an unsafe act and the possible major catastrophic incident. We agree upon terms of reference which stated: to develop a generic hazards register, for safety, health and environment on the identification, assessment, control and recovery of the hazards that are inherent in land and marine operations.
While much discussion focused on the various approaches that could be used to develop a generic hazard register, consensus was reached early concerning what the intent of the hazard register would be… that is, to reduce and/or eliminate the number of incidents that were occurring on geophysical crews and thereby improve overall safety, health and environmental performance.
Workplace Hazard Management in the Drilling Industry
Authors: Clyne N , Bonsall D 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In the oil and gas industry it is vital that personnel have the necessary hazard awareness and detailed knowledge to allow them to perform their work safely and efficiently. Hazards associated with workplace tasks lead to the majority of accidents occurring in the offshore industry. These hazards will normally be managed through controls embedded in procedures, personal competence, a permit to work system or a combination of all of these items.
Ensuring that work is controlled effectively requires the sound integration of hazard identification, risk assessment, the permit to work system, and procedural and competence controls, together with a method of ensuring the continuous improvement of the whole process. These systems need to be applied in a structured manner, so that the degree of risk assessment and control is related to the level of risk involved in an activity.
A key part of this approach is the minimisation of duplication of effort when carrying out risk assessments for similar activities on similar rigs. This has been done by means of a database relating activities, hazards and controls, which can output checklists identifying control measures necessary for an activity, making use of everyday worksite terminology and clearly targeted at the persons doing the work.
This paper provides information on experience in the practical application of these techniques in the offshore environment, and the benefits that accrue.
Using EHS to Add Business Value in International Petroleum Industries: Some Current Benchmarking Results
Authors: Slocum Dean A. , Willson John S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The age of re-engineering has cut deep into international petroleum industries, altering the shape of virtually every line and support function, including Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS). Gone are the days of large EHS staffs evaluated primarily according to the quality of the company's environmental performance or the reduction of lost time incidents. Today's typical major petroleum company has a streamlined EHS function which must demonstrate that it is creating value for the company.
In 1997, an environmental consulting team benchmarked 21 "peer" companies for a leading international petroleum company to determine how they leverage their EHS capabilities to create business value and marketplace advantage. The study looked carefully at issues such as: How can EHS impact a company's competitive positionHow is EHS aligned with business strategiesWhich EHS services add the most value, which are best to outsourceAre different EHS services of higher value to some business lines than othersHow can EHS create value for business partners and customers
Taking Care of the Next of Kin after a Major Accident. The Role of Information
Authors: Ulven Arne 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
It is of crucial importance to be able to deal with all spects of a major accident including the care of the relatives of involved personnel. A center is often established where the next of kins are gathered and health personnel, psychologist, chaplains and others are at their disposal. Experience shows that up to 20 relatives per involved person may come to such a center. The center may function for an accident involving 10–30 persons. The challenge is to cope with a disaster striking a major offshore installation involving a mixture of dead, missing, injured and uninjured personnel totaling up to 350. Under such circumstances a center for relatives will most certainly collapse. The urge for information makes the relatives travel to such a center. To make them stay at home, it is necessary to give them information at home as soon as possible and at regular intervals.
It is feasible to manage the task of regularly informing one next of kin for every person affected by the disaster. This implies the use of volunteers from the onshore administration. It is necessary to achieve a ratio of volunteers to next of kins equaling at least 1:4. This will make it possible to call every next of kin every hour. The volunteers will become important contacts for the relatives in the difficult weeks to follow a disaster. The volunteers will need 1–2 days of training in advance. Arrangements must be made to distribute information to them and to ensure that they will be calling from telephones that will not be affected by the possible breakdown of the telephone-central serving the company.
The described method involves a very low cost and is important if disaster strikes.