bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Semi-Automated Mapping System (SAMS) for Resource Mapping and Data Management
Authors: Liu Maan-nan 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Computer assistance can facilitate the construction of maps and the storage of map data used in the development and maintenance of a forest inventory. In a system being activated in Saskatchewan, Canada, map production, and establishment and maintenance of a resource information base for large areas, are expected to be achieved by combining aerotriangulation from low and high aerial photography with a sophisticated geographic data-base system. The data management requirements are area size measurement, updating, derivation of new maps, corridor analysis, generation of circles or grid cells, reclassification, merging or dissolving of forest type lines, scale change, and overlaying the data base.
Forest Management Options And Policy Implications In the Kalamazoo River Basin of Michigan
Authors: Osteen Craig , Chappelle Daniel E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Forest management options to pursue objectives for timber production and wildlife were examined in the Kalamazoo River Basin of southwestern Michigan. A linear programming model was used to project options to meet alternative sets of demand over time. Results indicate that increases in timber sales and stand improvement would achieve significant timber and hunting benefits without increasing erosion. It also appears that in this basin government programs should be oriented toward improving markets before subsidizing management practices. Although the results apply to this specific river basin, similar planning guidelines would probably apply to comparable situations in the Midwest and Northeast.
Forestry and Wildlife Habitat Management in Central Hardwoods
Authors: McComb William C. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Improvement cutting, or removal of undesirable stems by silvicide or girdling, can foster the integration of forestry and wildlife management in the central hardwood region. Group selection or small, narrow clearcuts are recommended for attaining uneven-aged and even-aged management objectives, respectively. Reforestation of surface mines should continue if a diversity of wildlife is to be maintained. Single-species hardwood plantations should be small, narrow, and adjacent to mixed hardwoods. The diversity of federal, state, and private organizations involved in forest wildlife management and research makes coordination of activities difficult.
Role of the Forester in Land-Use Planning
Authors: Lubka Lewis 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Foresters can influence public land-use planning throughout the process. Goals, issues, and constraints should include forestry needs and supporting data. In plan development, foresters can work with the planning staff and offer aid in choosing among alternatives, formulating policies, and establishing specific objectives. The plan implementation phase involves zoning, subdivision regulation, and capital improvements programming. These activities have proven useful to forestry, when foresters have participated. Plan maintenance offers roles in monitoring, evaluation, and updating. If foresters are to contribute to land-use planning at federal, state, regional, or local levels, they will have to take the initiative.
Red Squirrel Cover Requirements in Arizona Mixed Conifer Forests
Authors: Vahle J. Robert , Patton David R. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Seven species of coniferous trees provide red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) nesting cover as well as shade for cones stored in a food cache. The best habitat consists of multi-storied stands of mixed conifers with trees from 12 to 14 inches d.b.h. in dense groups of one-tenth acre or less. At least one tree in the group is 18 inches in d.b.h. and is generally a Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). Centered within the group is a live tree, snag, or downed log (20 inches or more in d.b.h.) which is the nucleus of the food cache.
World Forestry: Puerto Rico's Timberland
Authors: Birdsey Richard A. , Weaver Peter L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A survey in 1980 indicated that 130,500 hectares have second-growth stands that can produce commercial timber. Most of this area consists of abandoned fields or pastures and land on which coffee trees were or still are being grown under shade of other trees. On about 31,000 hectares, sawlog volumes are high enough and operating conditions good enough to allow harvesting. Other stands are encumbered with culls but have enough good-quality sapling and pole trees to be considered for management.
Comprehensive Forest Planning and Management System: A Cooperative Experience
Authors: Masse Richard F. , Greene R. H. , Tryon Theodore C. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Several years of cooperative work between a private consulting company and a large paper company evolved an inventory system suited to the needs of corporate and field managers. It is being used to inventory more than 1.2 million acres in four northeastern states. This system, involving a tabular and graphic integration, allows large amounts of data to be stored, retrieved, and presented in many useful formats. The inventory utilizes variable-radius plots, color infrared imagery for interpretation, and an aerotriangulation process for map construction.
Forest Taxation Exemptions: The New York Experience
Authors: Bertozzi Mark 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Forest tax policy in New York has recently undergone a major review. Proposals from a number of interested constituencies reflect competing dilemmas resulting from increased pressures on both the timber resource and the local real property tax base. Much of the discussion has centered on the exemptions available to owners who are willing to manage their forests and on the best methods of assessing parcels. It is hoped that the proposals will correct administrative and other deficiencies with the current law and gain increased support for forest management.
World Forestry: Amazonian Fruit-Eating Fish and the Varzea Forest
Authors: Flamm Barry R. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A vital and complex interrelationship exists between the fishes and the varzea (flooded) forest of the Amazon Basin. Amazonian fishes, particularly of the characin group, depend for food on fruits and seeds from the flooded forest and in the process provide a mechanism for distribution of various forest species.
Changing Conceptions of Sustained-Yield Policy on the National Forests
Authors: Parry B. Thomas , Vaux Henry J. , Dennis Nicholas 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Sustained yield has always been an important component of USDA Forest Service timber policy, but the definition of it has changed markedly over the past 75 years. Initial policy, a legacy from Europe, restricted national forest timber harvest to current growth. Sustained-yield policy began to shift in the 1920s, as the Forest Service realized that vegetative composition of most national forests was dominated by old growth and, hence, did not fit the ideal of a fully regulated forest. Policy then focused on harvesting so as to attain a regulated structure as soon as practicable. In the 1930s, a link was forged between sustained yield and a social concern: maintaining stable communities. Thus, Forest Service policy began to emphasize uniformity of harvests, despite the unregulated condition of the national forests. In 1973, in the midst of rising environmentalism and with a highly dependent timber industry, the Forest Service adopted its most restrictive view of sustained yield: nondeclining harvest levels. This conception of sustained yield was reflected in the National Forest Management Act of 1976. With continuing controversy over sustained-yield policy, and a lack of evidence that nondeclining even flow necessarily ensures either stable communities or forest resource protection, the time seems right to ask: "Where should sustained-yield policy go from here?"
Changes in Forest Condition Associated with Gypsy Moth
Authors: Gansner David A. , Herrick Owen W. , DeBald Paul S. , Acciavatti Robert E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Eight years after the beginning of repeated but not continuous attacks by the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar), hardwood plots in the Pocono Mountain region of Pennsylvania had outgrown most losses. Basal area averaged close to preattack values, though with wide variation from plot to plot. Volumes per acre had gained an average of 8 percent. Before the outbreak, 87 percent of the plots were fully stocked or overstocked; after eight years 79 percent were in this condition but with a reduced oak component.
Hardwood Structural Flakeboard--Development of the Industry in North America
Authors: Koch Peter , Springate Norman C. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
After a faltering beginning in 1958, vigorous growth in the 1970s, and extraordinary expansion in 1980, 1981, and 1982, the structural flakeboard industry in North America is competing strongly with the softwood plywood industry in midwestern, eastern, and southern structural panel markets. In early 1982, existing and planned annual capacities in North America totaled about 1.186 million ft² in Canada and 1,733 million ft² in the United States (3/8-inch basis). Most mills use aspen, but two currently under construction will use hardwoods indigenous to Louisiana and east Texas.
World Forestry: Forestry in Malaysia
Authors: Nor Salleh Mohd. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Tropical forests of great botanical complexity occupy two-thirds of Malaysia's total land area of 33.2 million hectares. Dipterocarp species are the most numerous. Logs of high quality have been abundant and have supported a sizable export trade. Now the supply of such timber is dwindling, and planting has been started to avoid a shortfall. The 14 Malaysian states own and administer nearly all of the forest, but a national policy for Peninsular Malaysia calling for a system of permanent forests is nearing acceptance. While the lowland dipterocarp stands have long been managed with considerable success, many are being cleared for agriculture and the silviculture developed for them requires adjustment to the hill forests. On the whole, forest management and silviculture are in a state of flux. A Forest Research Institute has been active at Kepong since 1929, and two states have smaller research units. The Faculty of Forestry, at the Agricultural University, Serdang, offers four-year and three-year courses of instruction.
Method for Estimating Bole Volume
Authors: Yang Yong C. , Kung Fan H. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Use of order statistics and of "jackknifing" in the second phase of double sampling can increase the accuracy and precision of regression estimates. This approach is especially useful for volume estimation where the cost ratio and the correlation between volume determination and diameter measurement are high. Spacing of the selected and ranked sample is at the optimum when both volume and diameter are normally distributed. The advantages and superiority of the procedure may diminish if the assumptions of normality and high correlation are not met. The additional costs of ranking and sample selection should be justified by the improved efficiency. Other potential applications include biomass studies and combined aerial photographic and field inventory.
World Forestry: Forest Resources in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Abo-Hassan A. A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The natural dry forests in Saudi Arabia extend from Yemen territory in the south to Taif in the north. A survey found the area of accessible forests to be 762,474 ha. The prevailing species is Juniperus procera, mired in some areas with Acacia spp. or Olea chrysophylla. These forests, which were overgrazed and otherwise abused in the past, are now being intensively studied with the aim of proposing a management plan that will ensure continuing productivity. A program for planting forest trees everywhere in the kingdom is in progress, with environmental protection being the main purpose.
Classification of Forest Resources with Landsat Data
Authors: Fox III Lawrence , Mayer Kenneth E. , Forbes Alice R. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Landsat data were classified with guided clustering techniques to inventory and map conifer species and general land cover on the McCloud Ranger District of the Shasta-Trinity National Forest in northeastern California. Four conifer timber types were differentiated. Two stocking and two size classes were also determined for each conifer type. Eighty-two percent of the ranger district is forested. Of the total forestland, 53 percent was identified as mixed conifer, 31 percent as ponderosa pine, 12 percent as mixed fir, and 4 percent as lodgepole pine. Accuracy of the classification was 83 percent when timber types, size, and stocking were being discriminated, and 88 percent when timber types were being identified without detailed breakdown to size and stocking. USDA Forest Service ground plot data were used to calculate timber volume and other stand values within Landsat categories. From these results, it was determined that Landsat analysis could provide timber type classifications for forest management planning.
Economic Efficiency of Fire Management on Nonfederal Forest and Range Lands
Authors: Bellinger M. D. , Kaiser H. Fred , Harrison H. A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
An analysis, made by a cost-plus-net-value-change criterion, revealed that the amount of money spent nationwide to achieve an efficient fire protection on nonfederal forest and range lands is appropriate. However, improvements in efficiency can be achieved by increasing the fire protection in about one-half of the 39 geographical zones defined for purposes of the analysis, particularly those zones with significant timber values, while reducing it in others. This adjustment would result in a 48-percent reduction in losses without increasing the total cost of protection.
Strip Thinning and Selective Thinning in Douglas-Fir
Authors: McCreary Douglas D. , Perry David A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Tree growth was compared on plots that had been strip thinned, selectively thinned, and not thinned in a 35-year-old Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] stand. The ratio of basal area increment five years after thinning to basal area increment five years before thinning was larger for all thinning treatments than for the control. However, trees farther than 10 feet from the edges of thinned strips did not respond. Individual tree growth and net stand basal area increment were greater in selectively thinned plots than strip-thinned ones after similar percentages of initial basal area were removed in each. Net stand basal area increment after five years was greater in selectively thinned plots than in strip-thinned ones even where 20 percent more trees had been removed. Nevertheless, lower logging costs and increased silvicultural flexibility may make strip thinning a desirable alternative in some cases.
Opinions of Montanans on Wilderness and Resource Development
Authors: Utter Jack 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The opinions of 400 Montana citizens indicate that Montanans strongly approve the wilderness concept and oppose the use of natural resources (oil, natural gas, timber, and minerals) located in wilderness areas. However, substantial percentages of the respondents feel that the use of certain natural resources might be permitted under special circumstances. In addition, two-thirds of those questioned favor exploration for oil, gas, and other resources located on public lands bordering wilderness areas.
Program Announcement: Harvest, an Interactive Harvest Scheduling Simulator for Even-Aged Forests
Authors: Barber Richard L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A simplified computer program and users' manual are available for use in teaching forest regulation and harvest scheduling, or for quick, inexpensive solutions to operational harvest schedules. The program can calculate area control, volume control, even-flow, and Economic Harvest Optimization (ECHO) schedules.
Simulating Management Intensification in National Timber-Supply Projections
Authors: Tedder Philip L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In its 1980 RPA Timber Supply Analysis, the USDA Forest Service applied a combination of the Timber Assessment Market Model and the Timber Resource Analysis System (TRAS) to ascertain how intensification of management on private lands would affect future timber prices. This approach suffered from two shortcomings. First, TRAS combined treated and untreated acres into one weighted average, eliminating the capability of assessing response to individual treatments. Second, alternative types of management intensification could not be examined, since TRAS allowed modeling of only one set of management intensities at a time. The approach presented here, the Timber Resource Inventory Model, simulates management intensification by using yield-table projections for up to five treatment and response levels for a large number of species and sites.
Large-Scale Planting of North Carolina Loblolly Pine in Arkansas and Oklahoma: A Case of Gain Versus Risk
Authors: Lambeth C. C. , Dougherty P. M. , Gladstone W. T. , McCullough R. B. , Wells O. O. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Provenance tests in Arkansas and Oklahoma have demonstrated sizeable growth advantage of North Carolina loblolly pine over the local seed source. North Carolina loblolly appears to be well adapted to Arkansas and Oklahoma. Only small differences in cold and drought resistance have been observed so far. The major foreseeable risk is that coastal North Carolina loblolly pine, which evolved on poorly drained and deep soils, will experience greater mortality than the local source under some future extreme drought, especially on excessively drained and shallow soils in the Ouachita Mountains. Weyerhaeuser Company is reducing the risk by planting on soils with relatively low drought risk. Of the 790,000 hectares owned by Weyerhaeuser in Arkansas and Oklahoma 474,000 are deemed appropriate for planting with North Carolina stock.
Are Sawlogs Worth More as Firewood or Pulpwood?
Authors: Mize Carl W. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Equations have been derived to estimate the ratio of board feet per cord of firewood, board feet per cord of pulpwood, and cords of firewood per cord of pulpwood in logs. Graphs based on the equations can be used in deciding whether to sell logs and trees for sawtimber, firewood, or pulpwood.
Tree-Ring Patterns: A Key-Year Technique for Crossdating
Authors: Heikkenen Herman John 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Dates and sequences of events that are potentially manifest in tree-ring patterns can be established, compared among sites, and crossdated by matching the patterns of key years. A key year is one in which the widths of tree rings relative to those of the preceding year (greater, less, or equal) are in agreement in a significant number of observed trees.
Prescribed Fire: Public Education and Perception
Authors: Taylor Jonathan G. , Daniel Terry C. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A sample drawn from the population of Tucson, Arizona, rated slides of forest scenes for scenic quality and acceptability for recreation. The scenes showed ponderosa pine areas that were unburned or had had light or severe fire 1 to 5 years previously. Participants also read brochures about fire effects, and took a post test that measured both fire knowledge and attitude. Their ratings of the slides indicated that scenic quality was improved by light fires but diminished by severe burns. Acceptability ratings for recreation differed with the kind of recreation contemplated, with camping showing the greatest sensitivity to fire effects. With slight variation by type of presentation, the brochures increased respondents' knowledge and tolerance of fire but did not affect ratings of scenic or recreational quality. Overall, respondents supported prescribed burning.
Can Roadless Areas Be Allocated to Wilderness Without Loss in Timber Harvest Capability?
Authors: Hrubes Robert J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
To investigate whether loss of timber harvest capability on areas designated for wilderness could be compensated by increased production on remaining lands, harvest schedules for a western national forest were simulated with FORPLAN, a linear program planning model. A central feature of the schedules is the removal of environmentally and politically induced constraints limiting timber management on the lands remaining for timber production. Results suggest that short-term allowable harvests can be maintained even when significant acreages are removed from production but that long-term harvest capability is unavoidably compromised. Results also indicate that nondeclining yield exerts a dominant influence on short-term allowable harvests.
Municipal Forest Management: A Massachusetts Survey
Authors: More Thomas A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In New England, municipalities control substantial amounts of forestland that could benefit from management. A survey of municipalities in Massachusetts estimated that they administer some 288,000 acres. Many municipal officials are interested in placing their land under forest management, but are not sure how to obtain forestry information. Urban and community forestry programs operated by the states can provide a valuable service to communities, helping municipal officials understand and evaluate forest-management options.
Pruning Guide for Black and White Oaks
Authors: McQuilkin Robert A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Butt logs of black and white oaks in Missouri were pruned with a saw at ages 15, 28, 35, and 51 years. Ten years later, the black oaks treated at 35 and 51 years and the white oaks treated at age 51 had fewer branches that the controls. Pruning at 15 or 28 years was unsuccessful, and pruning with a herbicide proved useless. A political guide is offered.
Fecal Coliform in The Salt River Recreation Areas of Arizona
Authors: Nelson David E. , Hansen William R. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Water recreation sites on the Tonto National Forest in Arizona have been monitored for fecal coliform bacteria for 12 years. In spite of high recreational use, fecal coliform populations usually have remained within state water quality standards. On three occasions, the forest implemented temporary closures of a swimming area. Fecal coliform populations have varied widely within short distances and short time periods. It has not been possible to predict fecal coliform levels. Because of the potential for bacteria problems, recreation managers may wish to avoid small coves and stream inlets when selecting sites for swimming areas.
Comparability of Market Prices and Consumer Surplus for Resource Allocation Decisions
Authors: Rosenthal Donald H. , Brown Thomas C. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
When a consistent theoretical structure is used for assessing the economic worth of different resources, monetary values assigned to nonmarketed outputs from forested lands (such as recreation) are comparable to market prices for marketed outputs. Microeconomic theory is used to determine when consumer surplus should be included as a part of the value assigned to a change in output. The exclusion or inclusion of consumer surplus depends on whether the change being considered is small or large relative to market demand. Combining information about the dollar value of outputs with similar information about costs facilitates economic efficiency analysis for the purpose of resource allocation decisions.
Education to Reduce Impacts in Forest Campgrounds
Authors: Oliver Susan S. , Roggenbuck Joseph W. , Watson Alan E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Distributing a brochure on low-impact camping at the entrance station of a modern forest campground on an Army Corps of Engineers reservoir in Virginia reduced tree damage and litter in campsites by about 50 percent. When the brochure was distributed to campers through personal contact in campsites, the acts decreased by about 80 percent. Requesting camper assistance in rule enforcement did not further decrease tree damage and littering.