bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Lithium on Platelet Monoamine Oxidase Activity in Bipolar and Schizoaffective Disorders
Authors: Meltzer Herbert Y. , Tueting Patricia , Jackmann Herbert 
Published: August 2008

SummaryPlatelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity was studied in 33 in-patients with bipolar and schizoaffective disorder who were treated with lithium. Platelet MAO activity was found to increase following 10–41 days of lithium treatment compared to a prior drug free period, and the increase was positively correlated with the duration of lithium treatment. The increase in platelet MAO activity was not correlated with clinical improvement as measured by the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and the Global Assessment Scale (GAS). The number of platelets per unit of blood was also significantly correlated with the number of days of lithium treatment. However, the increase in the number of platelets in lithium-treated patients was not correlated with the increase in MAO activity and thus appears not to account for it. These results indicate that studies relating platelet MAO activity to psychiatric diagnosis should be interpreted cautiously if patients are receiving lithium carbonate.
Psychiatric Symptom Patterns of Chronic Epileptics Attending a Neurological Clinic: A Controlled Investigation
Authors: Kogeorgos John , Fonagy Peter , Scott D. F. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe psychiatric morbidity of chronic epileptic out-patients unknown to psychiatric agencies was assessed using two questionnaire measures of psychopathology (GHQ and CCEI). Nearly half of the epileptics were classified as probable psychiatric cases. Psychiatric morbidity was both more prevalent and more severe in this group than in a comparison group of chronic neurological out-patients. Depression, anxiety and hysterical symptomatology were the commonest characteristics of psychiatrically impaired epileptics. The type and severity of epilepsy were found to influence both the degree and pattern of psychiatric morbidity. Contrary to previous findings, age of onset had no relation to psychopathology.
Effect of ECT on the Neuroendocrine Response to Apomorphine in Severely Depressed Patients
Authors: Christie Janice E. , Whalley L. J. , Brown N. S. , Dick H. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryAnimal studies have suggested that the mechanism of the antidepressant action of ECT may be to increase monoaminergic post-synaptic receptor sensitivity. We have tested this hypothesis in 12 drug-free patients suffering from severe depression, 11 of whom had depressive delusions. The responses of growth hormone, prolactin and Cortisol to 0.75 mg subcutaneous apomorphine were examined before and after a successful course of ECT. There were no significant differences between hormonal measurements on the two occasions, with the exception that basal plasma Cortisol concentrations were significantly lower following ECT and recovery from depressive illness. These results do not support the hypothesis that ECT increases dopaminergic post-synaptic receptor sensitivity.
A Controlled Comparison of Flupenthixol Decanoate Injections and Oral Amitriptyline in Depressed Out-Patients
Authors: Tam W. , Young J. P. R. , John G. , Lader M. H. 
Published: August 2008

SummarySixty-eight depressed out-patients were allocated to treatment with either oral amitriptyline (75–225 mg/day) or intramuscular flupenthixol decanoate (10–30 mg every 14 days) in flexible dosage for 12 weeks under double-blind procedures. Various observer- and self-rating scales were applied before and after 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks of treatment. Twenty-four patients completed the course of amitriptyline and 20 the course of flupenthixol. All variables improved over time, but there were no significant differences between the two drugs. The Newcastle scores pre-treatment were not related to drug response suggesting that both drugs were similarly effective across a wide spectrum of depressive disorders. Patients on amitriptyline tended to complain of dry mouth; those on flupenthixol had a higher incidence of extrapyramidal signs, the majority receiving anti-parkinsonian drugs at some time during the treatment. Flupenthixol decanoate in low dose is a useful anti-depressant, but should be restricted to short courses of treatment, to patients refractory to other treatments, and to patients suspected of poor compliance.
Field Dependence and the Factor Structure of the General Health Questionnaire in Normal Subjects
Authors: Parkes Katharine R. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe factor structure of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) was investigated in a non-clinical sample in relation to the role of field dependence (assessed by the Hidden Figures Test) in influencing the extent to which different aspects of psychoneurotic disturbance are differentiated. Greater differentiation was achieved by the field independent (FI) group than by the field dependent (FD) group, as shown by: (i) the proportion of variance accounted for by the general factor in the principal components analysis of the 60-item GHQ data was lower (17 per cent) in the FI group than in the FD group (33 per cent); (ii) the factor loadings in the FI group, but not the FD group, corresponded closely with the four subscales of the 28-item scaled GHQ; (iii) the interscale correlations were significantly lower in the FI group than in the FD group. The implications of these findings are discussed, particularly their relevance to ‘unitary’ and ‘distinct-syndrome’ models of minor anxiety and depressive disorders, and the greater probability of occurrence of mixed states in field dependent subjects.
Perinatal Complications and Clinical Outcome within the Schizophrenia Spectrum
Authors: Parnas J. , Schulsinger F. , Teasdale T. W. , Schulsinger H. , Feldman Peter M. , Mednick S. A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn a prospective study of offspring of schizophrenic mothers, perinatal complications reported in midwife protocols were analysed for those offspring who, as adults, were diagnosed as schizophrenic, borderline schizophrenic or as not suffering from mental illness. The schizophrenics were found to have had the most complicated births, and the borderlines, the least complicated births. This difference is interpreted in terms of a ‘diathesis-stress' model. It is proposed that birth complications can decompensate borderline individuals towards schizophrenic breakdown.
The Clinical Features of Diabetic Impotence: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Fairburn C. G. , Wu F. C. W. , McCulloch D. K. , Borsey D. Q. , Ewing D. J. , Clarke B. F. , Bancroft J. H. J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTwenty-seven diabetic men with erectile impotence were given physical and psychosexual assessments. Physical assessment included vascular and neurological evaluation. Psychosexual assessment was by means of a semi-structured interview. Seven potent diabetic men formed a control group. Patients with erectile failure Had a varied clinical picture which differed from the stereotype of diabetic impotence: morning erections were preserved in over a half (55 per cent), eight patients (30 per cent) had intact spontaneous erections, and sexual interest was reduced in 12 patients (44 per cent). In 13 patients (48 per cent) ejaculation was disturbed and a further four patients (15 per cent) described unusual disorders of sexual function.Within the group there were no differences in clinical picture between those with and without autonomic neuropathy, retinopathy or potential psychogenic factors.
The Empirical Heterogeneity of First Rank Symptoms in Schizophrenia
Authors: Lewine Richard , Renders Robin , Kirchhofer Mark , Monsour Ann , Watt Norman 
Published: August 2008

SummaryFirst rank symptoms have assumed an important role in the assessment of schizophrenia. Only recently, however, have there been empirical studies of their reliability and validity. In this study, we examined the relationship between first rank and other psychiatric symptoms in 100 schizophrenic patients. The results are consistent with other research reports suggesting that first rank symptoms do not represent a homogeneous group of symptoms within an individual patient.
Haloperidol-Induced Changes in Blink Rates Correlate with Changes in BPRS Score
Authors: Karson Craig N. , Bigelow Llewellyn B. , Kleinman Joel E. , Weinberger Daniel R. , Wyatt Richard Jed 
Published: August 2008

SummarySpontaneous eye blink rates, psychiatric symptoms and response to neuroleptic medication may all be mediated by dopamine. Fixed doses of haloperidol, a dopamine blocking agent, were administered for six weeks to 17 chronic schizophrenic patients who had been previously withdrawn from all medications. The change in blink rates caused by haloperidol corresponded to a change in the thought disturbance syndrome which measures positive symptoms (r =.48, P <.05). The relationship was particularly clear in patients with normal cerebral ventricles (r =.74, P <.01).
Gutenberg and the ICD-9 of Mental Disorders
Authors: Essen-Möller Erik 
Published: August 2008

SummaryStimulated by the improvements contained in the ICD-9 of Mental Disorders, the author ventures to revive certain earlier suggestions aimed at its further simplification and homogenization. The major points are: (1) Three separate lists of items, one for each of the variables—Category, Specified Syndrome, and Aetiology, as well as compulsory registration of aetiology even when merely inferred. (2) Threefold diagnoses, built up by one item from each list, but with no catalogue Of preconceived combinations, the manual containing only the lists. (3) No running numbering of diagnoses, but codification by juxtaposition of three independent numerals.
HLA Antigens in Schizophrenia: No Difference Between Patients with and Without Evidence of Brain Atrophy
Authors: Frangos Elias , Renieri-Livieratou Nitsa , Athanassenas George , Stavropoulou-Ghioka Ekaterini , Kourkoubas Antony 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe HLA antigens distribution was studied in 56 chronic schizophrenic in-patients with or without brain atrophy determined by CAT examination, and compared with that of 200 controls. There was no difference in the incidence of HLA-A2 in the whole sample, and an increase in those without brain atrophy (by comparison with normal controls) failed to reach statistical significance. A decrease of Bw35 in the whole sample, more prominent in those without brain atrophy, again failed to be significant after multiplying the probability by the number of antigens studied.
Cold Injury Caused by Psychiatric Illness: Six Case Reports
Authors: Dalton Joy , Robertson Mary 
Published: August 2008

SummarySix patients are reported in whom mental illness led to severe cold injury. The main contributory factors were cold surroundings, inactivity and neglect. The additional factor of impaired microcirculation in these patients may also be significant.In the winter of 1979 two instances of cold injury in patients with mental illness came to our attention. A search of the medical records at the Whittington Hospital revealed a further three cases over a period of 14 years. One patient was seen at the National Hospital for Nervous Diseases, Queen Square.
Pain and Depression
Authors: Pilowsky I. , Bassett D. L. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThis paper explores the relationship between depression and chronic intractable pain in which somatic pathology is playing a minor role. In this study, 114 patients with chronic pain were compared with 53 patients with depression. Patients with chronic pain were older, more likely to be married, more frequently attributed difficulties in activity and sleep to pain, and reported greater impairment of motor functions. They had less dysphoria and an illness behaviour profile (on the Illness Behaviour Questionnaire) suggestive of a conversion reaction. Depressed patients recalled more life events in the year prior to presentation, whilst pain patients recalled more events of nine and ten years earlier. It is concluded that the two patient groups cannot be considered identical. It is argued that the concept of abnormal illness behaviour helps to distinguish the two groups.
A Psychiatric Study of Amputees
Authors: Shukla G. D. , Sahu S. C. , Tripathi R. P. , Gupta D. K. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryPsychiatric manifestations were studied in 72 amputees in the post-operative period. All were right handed. Besides phantom limb phenomena, which were observed in nearly four-fifths of the cases and are described in another paper, nearly two-thirds had psychiatric symptoms in the form of depression (45 patients), anxiety (38), crying spells (38), insomnia (34), loss of appetite (23), suicidal ideas (21) and psychotic behaviour (2). Right arm amputees had phantom phenomena and insomnia significantly more often than left.Nearly one-fifth of the cases were diagnosed as having psychotic depressive reactions, two-fifths as having depressive neurosis and two, both with right upper limb amputations, as schizophrenic.
Evaluation of a Modified Self-Report Measure of Social Adjustment
Authors: Cooper Peter , Osborn Madeline , Gath Dennis , Feggetter Graeme 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA self-report Social Adjustment Scale (SAS-M) for use in British populations was devised by modifying the original North American version, and its usefulness was evaluated among 331 women drawn from two local populations. In a group of mothers of one year old babies (n = 130), high levels of agreement were found between the subjects' self-ratings on the SAS-M and (i) a psychiatrist's ratings of their social adjustment made at interview; (ii) ratings of the subjects' social adjustment made by their husbands on the SAS-M; (iii) measures of concurrent mental state. In a group of women undergoing elective sterilization (n = 201), the SAS-M was found to be sensitive to changes in mental state over time. Possible applications of the SAS-M in psychiatric research, particularly when an interview is not feasible, are discussed.
Social Origins of Depression in Old Age
Authors: Murphy Elaine 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn a comparison between elderly depressed subjects and normal elderly people in the general population, an association was found between severe life events, major social difficulties, poor physical health and the onset of depression. Working class subjects within the general population had a higher incidence of depression and this appeared to be explained by their poorer health and greater social difficulties. Those elderly people who lacked a confiding relationship were more vulnerable to depression. Evidence is presented that the lack of a confidant was a reflection of life-long personality traits.
Vegetative Symptoms in Anxiety and Depression
Authors: Mathew Roy J. , Swihart Andrew A. , Weinman Maxine L. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe incidence of vegetative symptoms was found to be higher in 61 medication-free patients with anxiety compared to an equal number of age and sex-matched normal controls. Multiple regression analysis identified depression, as rated by Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), as the most highly predictive factor associated with these symptoms. Twenty-two anxious patients who obtained scores less than 5 on BDI (absent or minimal depression) were compared with an equal number of age and sex-matched patients with depression. The depressed patients reported a higher incidence of sleep disturbances, weight loss and appetite loss.
Women in Psychiatry
Authors: Ward Audrey W. M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryOf the 1863 women who first gained a registrable qualification from a UK medical school during 1949 to 1951 (early cohort) and in 1965 (late cohort) and believed to be living on 1st October 1977, 74 per cent responded to a postal questionnaire. It was found that 9 per cent of these were not in current practice, and of the remainder, 9 per cent (111) were practising psychiatry. Their participation in medicine was as high or higher than their contemporaries in other branches of medicine. A higher but non-significant proportion (57 per cent) had achieved career posts than other practitioners (54 per cent). Psychiatry was the tenth (early) and sixth (late) most popular choice of specialty on graduation. Psychiatrists resembled other hospital practitioners but not non-hospital practitioners in citing interest, liking, or aptitude as their reason for choosing their current specialty. Of the practising psychiatrists, 37 per cent held the diploma of membership of the Royal College of Psychiatrists; these were engaged in more sessions per week and more often held career posts than the remainder.
Schizophrenia with Depression: Causal or Coexistent?
Authors: Ndetei David M. , Singh Amarjit 
Published: August 2008

SummaryFifty-one schizophrenic patients diagnosed using the New Haven Schizophrenic Index and 29 other patients who did not score enough on this index for a diagnosis of schizophrenia were studied for depressive symptoms using the Present State Examination. There was no significant difference in the frequency of depressive symptoms in the two groups.
Psychological Effects, Compliance, and Response to Long-Term Lithium
Authors: Müller-Oerlinghausen B. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe most relevant psychological and neuropsychophysiological effects induced by lithium in healthy volunteers or in patients during the free interval are changes of vigilance and possible changes in patients' personality. In EEG terms lithium acts as a “chopper” and induces left-hemispheric asymmetry. Interesting concepts for description of personality changes are the typus melancholicus of Tellenbach and the psychoanalytical view of depression. Effects in an individual patient are heterogeneous and cannot be predicted. Primary and secondary psychological effects may influence compliance, and a detailed analysis of compliance seems necessary.
Use of Renal Enzymes to Evaluate Nephrotoxicity in Lithium Treated Patients
Authors: Garvey Michael J. , Tuason V. B. , Blomquist Charles H. , Hwang Sutaeg 
Published: August 2008

SummaryN-acetyl-β-glucosaminadase (NAG) is a renal enzyme which is an early, sensitive and reliable indicator of renal damage. NAG assays of midstream spot urines were not significantly different in a group of controls when compared to patients starting lithium for the first time, or to a group of patients who had been taking lithium for more than one year. However, a small number of lithium-treated patients may have evidence of renal damage, identifiable by NAG assay.
Puerperal Mental Illness: Comparisons with Non-Puerperal Controls
Authors: Katona Cornelius L. E. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA sample of patients with puerperal mental illness requiring hospital admission were diagnosed retrospectively according to the criteria of DSM III. Comparisons were made with controls matched for diagnosis on a number of features of past history, symptoms, management and outcome. Puerperal illness was associated with more frequent puerperal and less frequent non-puerperal previous admissions, more frequent delusions and greater use of ECT.
The Evolution of Symptoms in Institutionalized Hebephrenic/Catatonic Schizophrenics
Authors: Pfohl Bruce , Winokur George 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe charts of 52 hebephrenic/catatonic schizophrenics requiring long-term institutionalization were selected from the Iowa 500 study and reviewed. The presence or absence of 28 different symptoms was noted on a year by year basis over a span of 35 years. Symptoms usually classified as positive symptoms of schizophrenia, such as hallucinations and delusions, were found to have earlier onset and greater tendency to resolve over time than symptoms usually classified as negative such as flat affect, decreased social interaction and sensorium defects.
Comparison of Unilateral and Bilateral ECT: Evidence for Selective Memory Impairment
Authors: Fromm-Auch Delee 
Published: August 2008

SummaryReview of studies from the past 16 years employing quantitative measurement of memory functions before and after ECT revealed the following trends: impairment of non-verbal memory functions after less than five unilateral non-dominant ECTs; improvement of non-verbal memory functions after five or more unilateral non-dominant ECTs; no change or improvement of verbal memory functions with unilateral non-dominant ECT; consistent impairment of verbal functions with unilateral dominant ECT, and impairment of both verbal and nonverbal functions with bilateral ECT. The relative lack of impairment in memory functions with unilateral non-dominant ECT is consistent with the theory of asymmetrical hemispheric disorganization in affective disorders, and supports the choice of unilateral non-dominant ECT over bilateral or unilateral dominant ECT in the treatment of depression.
Electroconvulsive Therapy and Complaints of Memory Dysfunction: A Prospective Three-Year Follow-up Study
Authors: Squire Larry R. , Slater Pamela C. 
Published: August 2008

SummarySelf-reports of memory problems have been evaluated prospectively in depressed patients receiving bilateral ECT or unilateral ECT, and in depressed patients receiving treatments other than ECT. Depressed patients did not complain of poor memory at seven months after hospitalization. Compared to bilateral ECT, right unilateral ECT was associated with only mild memory complaints. At three years after treatment approximately one-half of the persons who had received bilateral ECT reported poor memory. These reports seemed to be influenced by three factors: (1) recurrence or persistence of conditions that were present before ECT; (2) the experience of amnesia initially associated with ECT and a subsequent tendency to question if memory had ever recovered; and (3) impaired memory for events that had occurred up to six months before treatment and up to about two months afterwards.
Suggestibility, Intelligence, Memory Recall and Personality: An Experimental Study
Authors: Gudjonsson Gisli H. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA new suggestibility test, potentially useful in the context of police interrogation, was administered to 45 subjects who also completed the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. Suggestibility was significantly related to low intelligence, poor memory recall, neuroticism and social desirability.
An Inverse Correlation between Spontaneous Eye-Blink Rate and Platelet Monoamine Oxidase Activity
Authors: Karson Craig N. , Kleinman Joel E. , Berman Karen Faith , Phelps Bruce H. , Wise C. D. , DeLisi Lynn E. , Jeste Dilip V. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryAn inverse correlation between platelet monoamine oxidase activity and spontaneous eye-blink rate, a putative measure of central dopaminergic activity, was found in medication-free chronic schizophrenic patients without tardive dyskinesia (n = 20, rs= -.47, P <.025). A similar correlation was found when patients with tardive dyskinesia were included but was weaker (n = 27, rs= -.35, P <.05). Normal controls and patients with tardive dyskinesia did not demonstrate this relationship. This report confirms a previous finding of a significant platelet monoamine oxidase-blink rate correlation in chronic schizophrenic patients. Insofar as this relationship is mediated by dopamine, it suggests that dopaminergic relations are more readily demonstrated in schizophrenic subjects than normals. Moreover, tardive dyskinesia appears to obscure this dopaminergic relationship.
Father–Son Resemblances in Aggressive and Antisocial Behaviour
Authors: Stewart Mark A. , deBlois C. Susan 
Published: August 2008

SummaryAt a child psychiatry clinic 122 boys were scored on scales of aggressiveness, noncompliance and antisocial behaviour. Their biological fathers were scored on aggressiveness and antisocial behaviour. The fathers' scores were modestly but significantly correlated with those of their sons. The correlations were also computed separately for the 64 boys whose biological fathers were no longer in the home and for the 58 whose fathers had stayed. Father–son resemblances for the latter group were considerably higher than those observed in the whole sample, and for the father-absent group were insignificant.