bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contemporary Literature, Post‐Industrial Capital, and the UK Creative Industries
Authors: Brouillette Sarah 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe creative industries, an important means of economic development in the post‐industrial UK, position culture as an engine that generates wealth, that encourages social cohesion, and that helps to brand distinct regions for export and consumption. Yet their relevance to contemporary literature has not yet been subject to sustained study. This article lays some groundwork for new inquiry by thinking about writers as members of a creative class. In fact they may exemplify it, as aspects of how they work, live, and value their own autonomy have proven particularly useful to current post‐industrial mandates. The idea of the autonomy of the arts has become one rationale behind their use as a plank in the construction of a brand‐based visitor economy. Brand UK is meant to strengthen diplomatic ties, encourage corporate investment, and win the loyalty of global citizen‐consumers whose appreciation for artistic freedom should guarantee their love for the products, services, and ideals that originate in the UK. Thus the arts’ ostensible freedom is emphasized, and must seem viable, for them to be available for conscription into post‐industrial government and corporate mandates. Meanwhile new economic applications for the arts influence the value, production and authority of new writing. They also affect its meaning, because writers tend to work against – by self‐consciously highlighting – instrumental uses of their texts and of their cultural cachet. This means a notable and productive tension has arisen, as writers’ attachment to their separation from corporate and state prerogatives, often reinforced in their literature, may be precisely what guarantees continued instrumental value.
Glans Reconfiguration for Management of Glanular Mutilation
Authors: Shaeer Osama , El-Sebaie Ashraf , Sherif Ahmed , El-Sadat Ahmad , Shaeer Ahmed 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The glans penis is prone to mutilation in a handful of conditions, some accidental and others iatrogenic. Deformed functioning remnants of the glans challenge the surgeon's decision. Neither is the glans totally amputated, justifying a neoglansplasty, nor are the remnants cosmetically acceptable, though retaining sensibility and engorgement.

Aim
In this work, we described the “reconfiguration of the glans penis” whereby deformed glanular tissue remnants can be made into a functional and cosmetically acceptable glans.

Methods
Five patients with separate mutilated lumps of functioning glanular tissue were operated upon. The lumps were mobilized and flattened into sheets and configured to redrape the summit of the penis, minding their vascular and nerve supply.

Main Outcome Measures
Cosmetic and functional outcome.

Results
The outcome was cosmetically acceptable for all patients in comparison to the preoperative state.

Conclusion
Glans reconfiguration may possibly confer an acceptable cosmetic outlook to a mutilated glans without compromising valuable functional characteristics.
Susceptibility of eight potato cultivars to tuber infection by Phytophthora erythroseptica and Pythium ultimum and its relationship to mefenoxam‐mediated control of pink rot and leak
Authors: Taylor R.J. , Pasche J.S. , Gudmestad N.C. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIn addition to cultural practices, the application of the fungicide mefenoxam is an important disease management tactic used to control both pink rot and leak on potato tubers grown in the USA. Mefenoxam resistance has been identified in many of the potato growing regions, and therefore resistance management strategies are very important for retaining this fungicide as a tool to manage these storage rot diseases. The relationship between mefenoxam efficacy and cultivar susceptibility to pink rot and leak was assessed in post‐harvest inoculation studies. Mefenoxam was applied to potato (Solanum tuberosum) cultivars known to express varying levels of susceptibility to pink rot and leak caused by Phytophthora erythroseptica and Pythium ultimum, respectfully. Tubers harvested from plants treated with in‐furrow and foliar applications of mefenoxam were inoculated with isolates sensitive to the fungicide. Incidence and severity of both diseases ranged widely among cultivars. Russet Norkotah was the most susceptible to infection by P. erythroseptica, while cvs Pike and Atlantic were the most resistant. Cultivars Dark Red Norland, Russet Norkotah, Goldrush and Russet Burbank were most susceptible to infection by P. ultimum whereas Snowden was most resistant. Control of pink rot differed significantly among cultivars following mefenoxam treatment, ranging from 28% (cv. Goldrush) to 67% (cv. Snowden) and generally provided the greatest level of disease control on susceptible and moderately susceptible cultivars such as Russet Norkotah and Snowden, respectively. In contrast, the impact of mefenoxam on leak development was minimal and disease control did not differ significantly among the cultivars. The fungicide failed to control leak in the susceptible cvs Atlantic and Pike and control ranged from 1.7% to 5.2% in cvs Goldrush, Russet Norkotah, Dark Red Norland, Russet Burbank and Kennebec. The greatest level of leak control was achieved with the moderately resistant cv., Snowden, at 12.7%. Cultivars most likely to benefit from mefenoxam treatments should be targeted as part of a pink rot management programme. Judicious use of the fungicide, when matched with the level of cultivar susceptibility, may prove to be an efficient and effective approach to reduce infection rates and possibly manage mefenoxam resistance thereby maintaining longevity of the compound.
Differential activation of regions within the biceps brachii muscle during fatigue
Authors: Holtermann A. , Grönlund C. , Karlsson J. S. , Roeleveld K. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractAim:  To examine the occurrence of repeated differential activation between the heads of the biceps brachii muscle and its relation to fatigue prevention during a submaximal contraction.Methods:  Thirty‐nine subjects carried out an isometric contraction of elbow flexion at 25% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) until exhaustion. A grid of 13 by 10 electrodes was used to record surface electromyographic signals from both heads of the biceps brachii. The root‐mean‐square of signals recorded from electrodes located medially and laterally was used to analyse activation differences. Differential activation was defined as periods of 33% different activation level between the two heads of the biceps brachii muscle.Results:  Differential muscle activation was demonstrated in 30 of 33 subjects with appropriate data quality. The frequency of differential activation increased from 4.9 to 6.6 min−1 at the end of the contractions with no change in duration of the differential activations (about 1.4 s). Moreover, the frequency of differential activation was, in general, negatively correlated with time to exhaustion.Conclusion:  The observed differential activation between the heads of the biceps brachii can be explained by an uneven distribution of synaptic input to the motor neurone pool. The findings of this study indicate that differential activation of regions within a muscle does not prevent fatigue at a contraction level of 25% of MVC.
The diagnostic accuracy of different natriuretic peptides in the investigation of canine cardiac disease
Authors: Boswood A. , Dukes‐McEwan J. , Loureiro J. , James R. A. , Martin M. , Stafford‐Johnson M. , Smith P. , Little C. , Attree S. 
Published: November 2007

Objectives: We aimed to validate and determine the accuracy of a new sandwich ELISA for canine N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) in the discrimination of canine patients with cardiac disease from those with respiratory disease and to determine the effect of confounding variables on NT‐proBNP concentrations. Methods: Validation studies for the new assay were undertaken. Concentrations of N‐terminal atrial natriuretic peptide (NT‐proANP) and NT‐proBNP in both ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) plasma and serum were estimated in samples from 77 dogs at a laboratory blinded to the clinical status of the patient. The diagnostic accuracy of the each sample type and test was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic curves. The effect of age, gender and indicators of renal function was evaluated using a multivariate regression analysis. Results: Concentrations of NT‐proBNP in both serum and plasma accurately discriminated dogs with respiratory disease from those with cardiac disease, with an optimum cut‐off concentration of 210 pmol/l. NT‐proBNP concentrations were unaffected by sample type. Increasing creatinine concentration is associated with increasing concentration of NT‐proBNP. Age and gender were not found to have significant effects on natriuretic peptide concentrations in this population. Clinical Significance: Canine NT‐proBNP appears to be a useful marker of the presence of cardiac disease, although concentrations must be interpreted in the light of the patient’s renal function.
The Geopolitics of Climate Change
Authors: Barnett Jon 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis article explains the ways in which climate change is a geopolitical problem. It discusses the potential ramifications of the impacts of climate change on security, and argues that predictions of international conflicts arising from climate change are premature. It explains the spatial politics of reducing greenhouse gas emissions through an overview of the positions of the main actors in negotiations on the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, and argues that these positions cannot be understood merely as the product of rational choices made by disembodied states. It concludes by advocating for a subaltern and class‐based view of climate geopolitics that stresses the way it is a local and social problem as much as it is a global environmental problem.
Variability, Feedback, and Cooperative Process Dynamics: Elements of a Unifying Hydrologic Theory
Authors: Kumar Praveen 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe goal of this article is to develop a framework that enables us to better understand the rich set of interactions that occur between physical and biological systems embedded in the water cycle. We begin by acknowledging that water is both a medium and a driver of interactions in the natural environment, and that the two roles are fundamentally different. As a medium, water provides habitat and life support to living systems while the variability of water flow drives both ecological and biogeochemical functions. The two roles converge within the water cycle, in which a myriad of processes (characterized as a network of positive and negative feedback cycles) interact; that is, the water cycle is a hypercycle, within which the network of natural processes self‐organizes into a hierarchy of dissipative systems. The flow of water, particularly its variability, is an important agent for communicating information across the connected dissipative systems, and determining the self‐organized, evolutionary course they follow.
Separation of haemoglobin HbE and HbA2 by the fully automated, high‐pressure liquid chromatography Tosoh HLC‐723 G7 analyzer
Authors: LIPPI G. , CARTA M. R. , SALVAGNO G. L. , BELLORIO F. , MONTAGNANA M. , SOFFIATI G. , GUIDI G. C. 
Published: November 2007

SummaryHigh‐pressure liquid chromatography instruments specifically devised for separating haemoglobin (Hb) fractions have been increasingly employed by the hospital laboratories over the recent years since they allow easy and fast screening for several Hb variants. Although such instruments may be proposed as sensitive, specific and reliable alternatives to the classic electrophoretic techniques, a major drawback of this screening strategy is the almost identical retention time of several Hb variants. In particular, at least 18 Hb variants have been reported in the same retention window as HbA2, including HbE, the second most common β‐chain variant in humans after sickle cell trait. Recently, we evaluated the performance characteristics of an improved buffer formulation originally conceived for Hb variants separation procedures on the fully automated high‐pressure liquid chromatography instrument Tosoh G7. At variance with other fully automated high‐pressure liquid chromatography analyzers, the elution pattern on the G7 in subjects heterozygous for HbE is characterized by the presence of four suggestive peaks (HbF, HbA, HbA2 and HbE), confirming the effective separation of HbE from HbA2. Because of its potential value in the diagnosis of the thalassaemia syndromes, the effective separation of HbA2 from HbE can provide clinical laboratories with a valuable information for the diagnostic reasoning.
T‐cell precursor frequencies and long‐term outcome following unrelated hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: KIRCHER B. , NIEDERWIESER D. , GÄCHTER A. , LINDNER B. , MITTERSCHIFFTHALER A. , URBAN C. , GREINIX H. , PETERS C. , LÄTZER K. , GASTL G. , NACHBAUR D. 
Published: November 2007

SummaryFunctional assays measuring alloreactivity of donor cells are desired to detect either cryptic epitopes inducing graft‐vs.‐host disease (GvHD) after human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐identical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) or permissible HLA mismatches. However, their value in predicting GvHD and survival is still limited. We determined the cytotoxic and helper T‐cell precursor (CTLp and HTLp) frequencies by limiting dilution analysis (LDA) in 40 unrelated recipient/donor combinations. The median observation period at the time of this writing was 4.44 years (range from 0.1 to 11.28). Better overall survival was observed in patients with rather low host‐specific CTLp and HTLp frequencies, whereas a trend toward high CTLp frequencies was seen in patients with higher incidence of acute GvHD, especially in patients mismatched in HLA‐C. CTLp and HTLp frequencies did not correlate with the incidence of chronic GvHD and relapse. In conclusion, we detected a trend toward better overall survival of patient/donor pairs with low CTLp and HTLp frequencies, however, recommend to use LDA as an additional tool for identifying the most suitable donor when more than one fully HLA‐matched stem cell donor is available.
Transient trisomy 8 abnormality in Philadelphia‐negative cells during imatinib mesylate treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia
Authors: KIM M. , LEE S. , JUNG C. K. , LIM J. , CHO S. G. , KIM D. W. , KIM Y. , HAN K. , MIN W. S. , KIM C. C. 
Published: November 2007

SummaryWe investigated chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) patients who developed trisomy 8 abnormalities in Philadelphia‐negative (Ph−) cells during imatinib mesylate treatment to evaluate the clinical outcome and laboratory features. Of the 470 CML patients, 1.5% (n = 7) developed trisomy 8 chromosomal abnormalities in Ph− cells. The median interval of the first trisomy 8 observation was 12 months. Our follow‐up cytogenetic evaluations revealed that six of the patients demonstrated a complete or partial cytogenetic response and that all of the six patients revealed no dysplastic changes following a bone marrow examination. Moreover, the percentage of trisomy 8 in metaphase karyotyping has decreased in five of the seven subjects. In conclusion, these results suggest that the emergence of trisomy 8 in Ph− cells is transient and not related to therapy‐related myelodysplasia or acute leukemia.
Biculturalism Unpacked: Components, Measurement, Individual Differences, and Outcomes
Authors: Nguyen Angela‐MinhTu D. , Benet‐Martínez Verónica 
Published: November 2007

AbstractCultural contact due to migration, globalization, travel, and the resulting cultural diversity, has led to growing numbers of bicultural individuals, which demands further research on this group. In this article, we introduce the concept of biculturalism and provide the foundation necessary for understanding literature on this topic, beginning research in this area, and recognizing biculturalism in everyday life. In unpacking the construct of biculturalism, we first define it along with its components and related constructs (e.g. acculturation strategies). Second, we compare and discuss various ways of measuring biculturalism (e.g. unidimensional versus bidimensional models). Third, we organize and summarize the limited literature on individual differences in bicultural identity, focusing on the construct of Bicultural Identity Integration (Benet‐Martínez & Haritatos, 2005). Lastly, we review the possible outcomes resulting from biculturalism.
A Brief History of Dissonance Theory
Authors: Brehm Jack W. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractPrior to the construction of the theory of cognitive dissonance, the dominant view in American experimental psychology held that behavior, including verbal attitude statements, was learned and shaped by rewards and/or punishments. Dissonance theory took a surprisingly different view by stating that behaviors and reasons for engaging in them could be strengthened by minimizing the very rewards or threatened punishments that produced the behaviors. Many hundreds of experimental studies later, the main argument of dissonance theory is well supported, although researchers disagree about the necessary and sufficient conditions. The present paper traces the major lines of research, including contributions from around the world, and the major controversies among some of the researchers.
Youth‐Subcultural Studies: Sociological Traditions and Core Concepts
Authors: Williams J. Patrick 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe study of youth subcultures has rich histories in the USA and UK, yet has remained a marginal subfield within cultural sociology. In this article, I begin by reviewing the significance of the Chicago school, strain theory, Birmingham school and post‐subcultural studies traditions of youth‐cultural and youth‐subcultural research. I then conceive of a series of significant analytic concepts that over time have proven themselves to be core components of youth‐subcultural studies. These analytic concepts include subcultural style, resistance, subcultural space and media, societal reaction, and identity and authenticity. In each analytic section, I explore major conceptual frames and discuss significant empirical research, on youth subcultures including punk goth, straightedge, riot grrrl skateboarding, rave and club cultures, among others.
Critical Whiteness Studies
Authors: Nayak Anoop 
Published: November 2007

AbstractUntil relatively recently the sociology of race and ethnicity, with a few notable exceptions, has been predominantly concerned with ethnic minorities and colour‐based forms of racism. However, developments across a range disciplines have seen a new attention given to the question of white ethnicity and the meaning of whiteness. This paper considers three discernable approaches to critical whiteness studies and is focused on developing a productive dialogue between the materialist, deconstructionist and psychoanalytic frameworks identified. The author argues that these repertoires differ in seeking to abolish, deconstruct or rethink the meaning of whiteness and white identities as they currently stand. It is suggested that each of these positions can inspire an interrogation of white identities capable of disturbing the more traditional focus of race enquiry to engender new theory and political practices in the field. The article concludes by pointing to some of the limits of white ethnicities research and argues for more international approaches to offset the parochial possibilities of a ‘white studies’ agenda. It is suggested that new geographies of whiteness can displace the construction of critical whiteness studies as a Western pursuit and open up researchers to a global interpretation and postcolonial understanding of such race markers.
Who Is to Blame for Deviance in Organizations? The Role of Scholarly Worldviews
Authors: Lee Matthew T. , Gailey Jeannine A. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis paper explores two of the most important challenges facing contemporary scholars who seek to assign blame for deviance in organizational contexts. The first concerns the selection of an appropriate level of analysis. The second focuses on the social meaning of intent, or willfulness, also called mens rea in criminal trials. We suggest that scholarly worldviews play a central role in determining how these issues are discussed in the literature, thereby impacting the assignment of blame. Throughout, we use the case of the Tuskegee syphilis study to illustrate key issues.
Inspiratory capacity and forced expiratory volume in the first second in exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Yetkin Ozkan , Gunen Hakan 
Published: November 2007

AbstractObject:  Periodic exacerbations of symptoms are the major cause of morbidity, mortality and health care costs in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Dyspnea is the major factor affecting the comfort of patients in the exacerbation of COPD. In this study, we aimed to compare the value of forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) and inspiratory capacity (IC) measured before and after treatment in exacerbations and in the improvement in dyspnea.Methods:  Eighty‐seven patients (male/female, 80/7; mean age, 63 ± 7) with COPD exacerbation were included in this study. All subjects underwent spirometric tests on the first day and at the end of treatment. The subjects were asked to quantify the sensation of dyspnea that was described to them as a nonspecific discomfort associated with the act of breathing. The patients quantified dyspnea by pointing to a score on a large Borg scale from 0 to 10 arbitrary units. In the beginning and at the end of treatment, forced vital capacity (FVC), FEV1, forced expiratory flow rate between 25% and 75% of FVC (FEF25–75), peak expiratory flow rate (PEF), IC and Borg score (BS) values were compared.Results:  After treatment of COPD exacerbations, FEV1, FEF25–75, PEF and IC significantly increased, and the BS significantly decreased compared to the initial values. The increase in IC was more significantly correlated with the improvement in BS compared with FEV1. Admission and discharge day BS was negatively correlated with FEV1, FEF25–75 and IC.Conclusion:  We have shown a more dramatic improvement in IC compared with FEV1 in patients treated as a result of acute exacerbation of COPD. These data suggest that IC may be more useful than FEV1 during acute exacerbation of COPD. Moreover, IC better reflects the severity of dyspnea in these patients.Please cite this paper as: Yetkin O and Gunen H. Inspiratory capacity and forced expiratory volume in the first second in exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The Clinical Respiratory Journal 2008; 2: 36–40.