bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The use of porous polymers for the collection of plant volatiles
Authors: Cole Rosemary A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe collection of plant volatiles on Porapak Q and Tenax GC and subsequent desorption for gas chromatography was investigated using synthetic mixtures of chemicals similar to those obtained from onion and from cruciferous plants. Comparisons were made of the desorption and elution of volatiles collected from chopped swede and onions. Desorption of volatiles by heating from the porous polymers was more effective than eluting, and Tenax GC was found to be the more effective porous polymer for collecting compounds with retention times greater than 9 min on a Carbowax 20M column, as from crucifers. Porapak Q was preferable for collecting compounds with retention times less than 9 min, as from onions. A canonical variate analysis made a comparison of the ‘odour profiles’, obtained by different methods, simple and easy. The volatiles collected from both intact and chopped plants were comparable with those identified in solvent extracts of macerated plants.
The isolation and analysis of cell wall material from the alcohol‐insoluble residue of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata)
Authors: Stevens Barry J. H. , Selvendran Robert R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractCell wall material (CWM) was isolated from the wet ball‐milled alcohol‐insoluble residue of cabbage by treatment with Pronase, phenol‐acetic acid‐water and 90% aqueous dimethyl sulphoxide to remove precipitated proteins, starch and other intracellular compounds. Some solubilisation (mainly of pectic material) occurred during the purification stages. Methylation analysis of the cold water‐soluble polysaccharides showed that the main neutral glycosidic linkages in descending order of concentration, were: non‐reducing terminal arabinose groups, 5‐linked arabinose and 4‐linked galactose. The CWM contained a high level of arabinose‐containing pectic polysaccharides. The main linkages present in the non‐cellulosic polysaccharides were 4‐linked galacturonic acid, non‐reducing terminal arabinose groups and 5‐linked arabinose; doubly branched arabinose residues were also present. Sequential extraction of the CWM by aqueous inorganic solvents yielded further information on the types of polysaccharides present. The general structural features of the CWM are discussed in the light of these results.
The dietary potential of the common nettle
Authors: Hughes R. Elwyn , Ellery Peter , Harry Tim , Jenkins Vivian , Jones Eleri 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA leaf protein concentrate prepared from the young leaves of the common nettle (Urtica dioica) failed to support normal growth in young rats; supplementation with methionine produced a protein efficiency ratio greater than that of casein. A nettle leaf wholemeal, providing 66% of the dietary protein, supported normal growth in young guinea‐pigs, mice and rats. Chicks receiving the whole nettle meal as their sole dietary protein grew at only half the rate of chicks given a standard commercial diet. A nettle meal‐induced hypercholesterolaemia in mature guinea‐pigs and kidney hypertrophy in mice and guinea‐pigs should perhaps be interpreted as a caution against the indiscriminate introduction of nettles into the human diet.
The production of milk rich in protein and low in fat, the fat having a high polyunsaturated fatty acid content
Authors: Clapperton John L. , Kelly Morag E. , Banks Jean M. , Rook John A. F. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn two experiments, dairy heifers were offered a basal diet of ground dried grass cubes and flaked maize. In Experiment 1, the diet contained equal amounts of these components whereas, in Experiment 2, the proportions were varied from all‐grass to equal amounts of grass and flaked maize. Before and after the main part of each experiment, the animals were offered a diet containing hay, molassed sugar beet pulp and barleybased concentrates. Compared to this diet, the grass cubes‐flaked maize diet reduced the fat content of the milk and increased the crude protein content. The proportions of all the milk fatty acids up to 18:0 were reduced and those of 18:1, 18:2 and 18:3 were increased. In Experiment 1, the basal diet of grass cubes and flaked maize was supplemented with 180 and 360 g day−1 soya bean oil given as crushed, unextracted soya beans or with 180 g day−1 soya bean oil given as a formaldehyde‐treated caseinoil preparation but none of these supplements had any effect on the composition of the milk. In Experiment 2, the crude protein content of the milk increased as the proportion of flaked maize in the diet was increased. Otherwise, there were no differences between the different diets.
Lipids and fatty acids of a whitefish (Coregonus albula) flesh and roe
Authors: Kaitaranta Jukka K. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe total lipids of whitefish flesh and roe averaged 3.0 and 9.8% fresh weight, respectively. Although neutral lipids dominated in both tissues the polar lipid content of fresh roe was unexceptionally high (2.5%). The fatty acid patterns of the total lipids from flesh and roe and of neutral lipids were similar to each other. Polyenoic acids constituted about half of the total fatty acids and monoenoic and saturated components existed in equal amounts. The calculated iodine values for the total lipids from flesh and roe indicated a slightly higher degree of unsaturation for roe fatty acids. The polar lipids were enriched in polyenoic and saturated fatty acids. Similarities in the composition and content of fatty acids from flesh and roe suggest that storage problems, apparent as a rancidity of roe products, may result from the high content of polar lipids readily hydrolysed during storage.
Relationships between the critical concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in 17 different vegetable crops and duration of growth
Authors: Greenwood Duncan J. , Barnes Anthony , Liu Kit , Hunt John , Cleaver Trevor J. , Loquens Stephen M. H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractFifty‐three field experiments were carried out to define the way in which the critical concentrations of nutrients in vegetable crops decline with increasing age so as to provide better criteria for diagnosing deficiencies and to provide inputs to models for fertiliser response. Each of 17 vegetable crops were grown with levels of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertiliser that resulted in near maximum yields and little luxury consumption of nutrients. Between five and 20 individual plants were harvested at intervals (up to 13) during the growing period and analysed separately. A model was derived and used to summarise the data as curves of % organic‐N, P and K, and sum of cations (milli‐equivalents) in the dry matter with time. Mean plant dry weight‐time relations were also obtained. Unexplained variation about the best fitting curves was substantial and was not appreciably reduced by taking account of mean plant weight as well as time. Much of this unexplained variation was attributed to differences between plants within a harvest and some of it to harvest to harvest deviations from the model. However, little was associated with year to year variability. The net result is that 95% confidence limits were about ±25%. The significance of these findings to detecting nutrient deficiencies and providing inputs to models are discussed.
Variation in the concentration of major carbohydrates in the grain of some spring barleys
Authors: Torp Jan 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA procedure adapted for rapid routine analyses was used to determine the content of starch, amylose, low molecular weight carbohydrates, and dietary fibre in grain from 37 barley genotypes grown in triplicate yield trials. Among 20 high‐yielding spring barley varieties grown in two subsequent years, the content of starch varied from 55 to 62% of the dry matter, while the content of amylose varied from 23 to 35% and averaged 30% of the starch. Among 17 exotic genotypes and mutant lines the content of starch and amylose in starch varied from 43 to 62% and from 17 to 48%, respectively. The amylose content was related neither to starch content nor grain yield. The content of low molecular weight carbohydrates was high in some starch‐deficient mutants but close to 2% in all other varieties and genotypes. There was a negative relation between grain yield and low molecular weight carbohydrates among the high‐yielding varieties. The content of dietary fibre varied from 18 to 25% in high‐yielding varieties, but was considerably influenced by environment. The content of dietary fibre was unrelated to grain yield or kernel weight. The exotic genotypes contained from 14 to 29% dietary fibre. Starch‐deficient mutants produced more dietary fibre per kernel than did normal varieties.
The effect of methyl bromide on esterase activity in wheat
Authors: Price Nicholas R. , Bunyan Peter J. , Loveder Christopher J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractFumigation of wheat with methyl bromide causes a change in the polyacrylamide gel, isoelectric focusing profile of esterase proteins from aqueous extracts of wheat. The significance of this effect is discussed in the light of known reactions of methyl bromide in stored products.
Effect of Magadi soda treatment on the tannin content and in‐vitro nutritive value of grain sorghums
Authors: Muindi Pancras J. , Thomke Sigvard , Ekman Rune 
Published: October 2006

AbstractStudies were conducted to investigate the possible use of raw Magadi soda (RMS), a sodium sesquicarbonate salt (Na2CO3NaHCO3. H2O) in the detoxification of the tannins associated with high‐ and low‐tannin sorghum grains and to establish the relative in‐vitro nutritive value of the treated grains. Treatment of grains with concentrations as low as 4 g litre−1 of RMS for 3 days, reduced the level of the assayable tannins in the grains by 40 to 57%. This reduction was accompanied with an increase in the in‐vitro digestibility of the organic matter and starch. Treatment of the hightannin sorghums increased the in‐vitro protein digestibility while no increase was observed for the low‐tannin sorghums. Use of solutions containing more than 37.5 and 9 g RMS litre −1, resulted in reduced protein digestibility of the high‐ and lowtannin containing sorghums, respectively.
Evidence for the osmotic dehydration theory of freeze damage
Authors: Grieve Peter W. , Povey Malcolm J. W. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractCurrent views on freeze damage require that a reversal of osmotic flow occurs, on differential freezing across a membrane. This hypothesis has been tested using a variation of the traditional thistle‐funnel apparatus. Cellulose acetate membranes were used to retain sucrose solution within the thistle‐funnel and the arrangement was immersed in water. The sucrose concentration was measured refractrometrically whilst the water was slowly frozen. Once the water had fully frozen the sucrose concentration was observed to increase, reversing the steady dilution that had been observed before freezing of the water was complete. This concentration effect is consistent with a reversal of osmotic flow on differential freezing across the membrane. The effect was also observed in polyethylene glycol, retained with Amicon diaflo UMOS membranes.
The contribution of lead in water to dietary lead intakes
Authors: Smart Gloria A. , Warrington Marjorie , Evans William H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPreliminary experiments have been carried out to determine the uptake of lead from both hard and soft waters used in the preparation of food and beverages. Lead concentrations in water for the range of 0.05‐0.5 mg litre−1 were used to prepare composite groups representing root vegetables, other vegetables and beverages whose composition reflected per capita consumption of these foods in the UK. The uptake of lead from water was highest for the composite group of other vegetables which comprises 70% by weight of green vegetables. For each of the composite groups and the particular water samples used there was little relative difference in uptake whether foods were prepared in hard or soft water. Calculations of the contribution made by lead in water used for preparation of foods and beverages to the total dietary lead intake indicates that at levels of lead of 0.02 mg litre−1, the contribution is about 10% but this can rise to about 40% as lead levels in the water approach 0.1 mg litre−1.
The influence of irrigation on the composition of soluble amino acids in developing wheat grain
Authors: Singh Umaid 
Published: October 2006

AbstractChanges in the composition of soluble amino acids were determined in the endosperm of wheat at different stages of maturation grown under different soil moisture conditions. Significant differences were observed in the composition of soluble amino acids during the course of development. With the irrigated crop, the amount of proline decreased during developmental stages but it rapidly increased with development of grain until little beyond the half maturity stage. It then decreased towards maturity in the case of the unirrigated crop. Many soluble amino acids in the endosperm from the unirrigated crop were at lower levels than that in the endosperm from the irrigated crops during early stages of development, but in the later stages the size of the amino acid pool in the endosperm from the unirrigated field exceeded that from the irrigated field. Protein accumulation in the endosperm was also highly influenced by irrigation.
Free sugars and their relationship with grain size and starch content in developing wheat grains
Authors: Kumar Rakesh , Singh Randhir 
Published: October 2006

AbstractFree sugars in wheat varieties, at different stages of grain development and differing in grain size and starch content per grain, were analysed to determine any relationship with grain size and starch content. Fresh and dry weight (mg per grain) of developing grain increased with maturity until 35 days after anthesis. Fresh weight declined after 35 days but dry weight remained almost constant. Water content increased until the 21 and/or 28 day stage and then decreased. Active starch synthesis started from 14 days onwards and continued until 35 days after anthesis. Free sugars (total sugars, reducing sugars, non‐reducing sugars and sucrose) per grain followed closely the changes in the rate of starch accumulation and, in general, were maximum at the 14 day stage followed by a decline up to 28 days, with no significant alteration afterwards. Presence of adequate amounts of soluble sugars in grain even when starch synthesis had stopped suggested that the supply of sugar precursors did not limit starch synthesis. None of the sugars was found to have a significant relationship with either grain size or starch content. A hypothesis explaining the termination of starch accumulation in developing cereal grains has been proposed.
Fractionation of wheat bran carbohydrates
Authors: Brillouet Jean‐Marc , Mercier Christiane 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA procedure for the fractionation of wheat bran carbohydrates with an emphasis on non‐starchy polysaccharides is described. After a complete extraction using a chloroform‐methanol (2:1) solvent, bran was destarched using amyloglucosidase and extracted using ammonium oxalate. Then delignification by sodium chlorite followed by hot water extractions was applied. Small quantities of water‐soluble hemicellulosic polymers containing glucose, xylose, arabinose with lesser amounts of galactose and mannose were removed by these three steps. The remaining holocellulose (of a low protein content) was extracted using 1M sodium hydroxide, and hemicelluloses A1 and B1 were separated from the extract. Hemicellulose A1 (5.4% of native bran) was determined to be a xylan containing smaller proportions of arabinose and glucose, whereas hemicellulose B1 (12.6% of native bran) was a complex mixture of several types of polysaccharides, the major one being a highly branched arabinoxylan. Hemicelluloses A4 and B4, obtained by 4M sodium hydroxide extraction of the residue after 1M sodium hydroxide treatment, had lesser amounts of arabinose compared with the respective fractions from the preceding step. For hexoses, higher proportions of mannose and glucose were found. α‐Cellulose residue retains 19.8% of pentosans.
High‐pressure liquid chromatography of apple juice phenolic compounds
Authors: Wilson Eric L. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractApple juice phenolic compounds: (+)‐catechin, (‐)‐epicatechin, chlorogenic acid, phloridzin, phloretin xyloglucoside, and the polymeric procyanidins from the dimeric to the heptameric, were separated by high‐pressure liquid chromatography on a CN column, run in the normal phase, using an acidified tetrahydrofuran‐hexane solvent gradient. Individual procyanidin fractions, of different degrees of polymerisation, were collected from the CN column and the isomers from each fraction were then separated on a C18 column, using a methanol‐aqueous KH2PO4 solvent gradient.
Saponin content of soya beans and some commercial soya bean products
Authors: Fenwick Dorothy E. , Oakenfull David 
Published: October 2006

AbstractQuantitative thin layer chromatography has been used to estimate the saponin content of whole soya beans (Glycine max L. Merrill, cv. Williams) and a number of commercial soya bean products such as protein isolates and lecithin. Saponins were present in all these materials at concentrations ranging from 56 g kg‐1 (on a dry weight basis) for whole soya beans to 3 g kg‐1 for the protein isolate ‚Promine‐D’︁. Previous estimates indicate a saponin content of whole soya beans of only about 5 g kg‐1. It is suggested that this is an underestimate resulting from loss of material during the extraction procedures used in earlier methods of analysis.
Identification and estimation of carotenoids in lyophilised meals of four Vicia species at five different stages of growth
Authors: Barro Carmen , González Gaspar 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe carotenoids from Vicia sativa, V. villosa, V. ervilia and V. monanthos at five different stages of growth, were identified and quantitatively determined. All of them showed significant quantities of carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin, violaxanthin, neoxanthin and traces of a pigment that was probably cryptoxanthin. V. villosa contained the highest amount of carotenoids. The four Vicia spp. showed higher levels of lutein and zeaxanthin than lucerne (alfalfa) meals.
Determination of free and loosely protein‐bound formaldehyde in the tissues of pigs fed formalin‐treated skim milk as a protein supplement
Authors: Florence Eric , Milner Douglas F. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSkim milk containing 0.1% formalin (0.4 g formaldehyde litre‐1) was fed to pigs and their growth rate compared with control pigs fed a formalin‐free meal diet. Formalin‐treated milk and tissues from control and experimental animals were analysed for residual formaldehyde, present as free and loosely protein‐bound, by a colorimetric determination using chromotropic acid. Some 20% of the formaldehyde added to milk was irrecoverable after 7 days' storage, probably due to irreversible binding to protein. Mean concentrations of residual formaldehyde in tissues taken from experimental and control pigs were 19.7 and 20.2 mg kg‐1, respectively. This indicates that excess residual formaldehyde is not present in tissues of pigs fed formalin‐treated skim milk.
Oxidation of cholesterol in heated tallow
Authors: Ryan Thomas C. , Ian Gray J. , Morton Tan D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPreliminary thin layer and gas chromatography data indicate that tallow cholesterol is oxidised when tallow is exposed to high temperatures (180°C) for an extended period. This may be of some significance to human health since some of these oxidation products may be angiotoxic and/or carcinogenic and tallow is used as a deep‐fat frying medium in some fast‐food restaurants.
Carbon‐13 and proton nuclear magnetic resonance studies of wheat proteins. Spectral assignments for flanders gliadins in solution
Authors: Baianu Ion C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe first proton and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of single wheat variety gliadins in solution are presented and assignments of the resolved 13C lines are proposed by comparison with the chemical shifts of the constituent amino acids in solutions. Proton magnetic resonance spectra are also presented for an extract of total wheat protein and partial assignments are proposed for these complex biochemical preparations. Further experiments on these materials of considerable practical importance are suggested and the non‐destructive character of the techniques is pointed out in relations to monitoring changes in protein conformation.
The thiocyanate ion (SCN−) content of eggs from hens (Gallus domesticus) fed on a diet containing rapeseed meal
Authors: Shuaib A. C. Ahmed , Beswick Gordon , Tomlins Richard I. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe antimicrobial effect of the lactoperoxidase‐thiocyanate‐hydrogen peroxide system has been recognised in milk and other biological fluids. In this study the main object was to determine whether the inclusion of 10% rapeseed meal (RSM) in layers' diet could enhance the levels of the thiocyanate ion (SCN−) in eggs to a level required by the LP system to promote bactericidal activity in egg products. Twelve ‚Abor Acre’︁ pullets were divided into two lots, separately housed and maintained under similar conditions. One lot was fed on a basal diet and the other on an experimental diet containing 10% RSM. Both diets were of known composition, isoenergetic and isonitrogenous. Throughout the feeding trials (15 weeks) a record was kept of egg productivity, individual egg weight and layers weight. Subsequently, the weekly‐lots of eggs were analysed for thiocyanate ions (SCN−) by gas chromatography. The colour of each yolk was measured using the ‚Roche Colour Fan’︁ and organoleptic assessments were made for the detection of trimethylamine taint since the feeding of RSM has been reported to influence these factors. No significant difference was recorded in the average weight of eggs obtained from both groups. However, egg production was 15% higher with RSM fed hens which lost a little weight. No taint was detected in either set of eggs and no significant variation in yolk colour was noted. After 4 weeks the levels of SCN− reached 1.6 mg kg−1 in the experimental eggs and then remained almost constant. The control set had an average of 0.5 mg kg−1 SCN−. Hence an enhancement of the SCN− levels can be achieved in shell eggs by incorporating 10% RSM in the layers' diet. This enhancement is of the order claimed necessary for the operation of this system.