bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dimensions of Multiple Drug Use and a Typology of Drug Users
Authors: WILKINSON D. ADRIAN , LEIGH GILLIAN M. , CORDINGLEY JOANNE , MARTIN GARTH W. , LEI HAU 
Published: January 2006

SummaryAn accurate evaluation of the effectiveness of substance abuse treatment depends largely upon the construction of measures which will capture the complexity of multiple substance use patterns. Of 256 subjects assessed for a drug abuse treatment programme, 90% had used drugs from four or more of eight classes (Alcohol, Cannabis, Hallucinogens, Narcotics, Sedative Hypnotics, Solvents, Stimulants, Tranquillizers) during the past year. A principal components analysis of frequency data from the drug classes indicated four orthogonal factors, explaining 72% of the variance. Cluster analysis (Ward's method) grouped subjects into five clusters, provisionally labelled A (predominantly alcohol), ADR (combining high use of alcohol,‘depressant’ and ‘recreational'drugs), D (predominantly ‘depressant’ drugs), R (mainly ‘recreational’ drugs) and S (very high use of solvents). Four of the clusters (A, D. R. S) combined drugs similar to the principal component factors, with a fifth cluster (ADR) indicating high use of all drug classes except solvents. The clusters also differed in several important ways, including age, social class, social stability, age at onset of drug problem, number of drug classes used, and present severity of drug and alcohol problems.
Social‐psychological Approaches to Understanding Addictive Behaviours: attitude‐behaviour and decision‐making models
Authors: SUTTON STEPHEN 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis paper reviews a number of psychological theories of decision‐making and attitude‐behaviour relations that have been applied, or are potentially applicable, to addictive behaviours. The theories discussed (subjective expected utility models, Fishbein and Ajzen's theory of reasoned action, and the Health Belief Model) are expectancy‐value formulations in which the key concepts are the expectancies or subjective probabilities concerning the outcomes of a given action and the subjective values or utilities attached to those outcomes. Potential criticisms of this approach are considered in the course of reviewing the theories and the research bearing on them. It is concluded that the theories discussed are a rich source of ideas that may be used to further our understanding of addictive behaviours but that their potential has so far been largely untapped. In particular, studies are required that involve experimental manipulation and/or repeated measurement of beliefs and attitudes.
Drug Problems and the Voluntary Sector of Care in the U.K.: identifying key issues
Authors: ETTORRE BETSY 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe purpose of this paper is to provide a framework for later research reporting of the DAIGE (Drug Agencies Information Gathering Exercise) Study. This paper will not give any data from the major research endeavour which has just been completed but reflects many of the discussions which have been held with staff of voluntary agencies during the course of fieldwork. This paper provides discussions on: why this research is needed, key issues in the development of treatment and rehabilitation policy in Britain and the problems with which voluntary drug agencies are currently confronted. Linked with these discussions, the question as to whether the dichotomy between ‘treatment’ and ‘Rehabilitation’ mirrors inappropriately old social divides (e.g. between state and church,‘doing good’ and professionalism, regular budgets and support by jumble sales, etc.) is raised.
Decline in Alcohol‐related In‐patient Care and Mortality in Stockholm County
Authors: ROMELSJÖ ANDERS 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThere has been an impressive decline in in‐patient care for liver cirrhosis and pancreatitis for both sexes and in alcohol psychosis, alcoholism, alcohol intoxication (summed) for men since the end of the seventies in metropolitan Stockholm. The mortality in liver cirrhosis and pancreatitis has also dropped, while there has been a levelling‐off for alcohol psychosis, alcoholism and alcohol intoxication. The decrease of the 1978‐79 level to the 1983–84 level was between 20% and 40% for most parameters. This reduction is partly explained by a 20% fall in the sale of alcohol between 1976 and 1984. The decrease is also probably due to an increase in the sale and use of disulfiram and calcium carbimide (more than 70% since the end of the seventies). Alcohol policy, attitudes, in–patient care resources and social data are also discussed.
A Framework for National Alcohol Programmes in Developing Countries
Authors: Curry Robert L. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryBeverage alcohol's per capita production and consumption have been rising throughout developing areas. Many of the countries involved have been previously free from the social, health and economic problems that are now accompanying the production and consumption growth. In order to conceptualize and deal with the problems, particularly from an economic perspective, there is need for an analytic framework that could serve as a basis for policy analysis. The effort herein is to provide such a framework, one that could assist policymakers in determining what, if any, remedial steps to take. Some steps that might be prudent to take from the perspective of improving levels of health and the means of development in poorer countries could be inconsistent with entrenched economic interests, both foreign and domestic. Such potential contradictions highlight the need for an appropriate analytic focus on the problems.
The AAPPQ Revisited: the measurement of general practitioners' attitudes to alcohol problems
Authors: ANDERSON PETER , CLEMENT SUE 
Published: January 2006

SummaryFour hundred and sixty‐seven general practitioners were sent a postal survey enquiring about their management of alcohol problems. Their attitudes towards working with patients with alcohol problems were measured by the alcohol and alcohol problems perception questionnaire (AAPPQ). The responses to the AAPPQ formed the subject of a data reduction technique to form a shortened scale often items (Short AAPPQ) which was demonstrated to be as valid as the original AAPPQ. It is suggested that the SAAPPQ is a more simple and useful measure of general practitioner's attitudes to working with patients with alcohol problems.
Dose‐Specific Effects of Alcohol on the Lifespan of Mice and the Possible Relevance to Man
Authors: SCHMIDT W. , POPHAM ROBERT E. , ISRAEL Y. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryTo determine the effects on lifespan of daily consumption of alcohol throughout adulthood, three groups of 100 male mice each (strain C57BL/J0J)‐housed one to a cage‐were given 3.5%, 7.5% and J2% v/v alcohol in distilled water as the only source of drinking fluid. On the basis of relative metabolic capacity, the resulting consumption levels could be considered comparable to a range in man from a moderate to an alcoholic intake. Two control groups of 100 mice each‐one group singly housed and the other housed five to a cage‐received distilled water ad libitum. There was no difference between the survival curves of the low alcohol and water‐drinking singly housed controls. The medium alcohol mice had the longest mean lifespan of the five groups and the high alcohol mice had the shortest. There were no clear alcohol‐related group differences in post mortem histology, although the early deaths in the high alcohol group showed evidence of a high rate of liver abnormality. The applicability of the findings to man is discussed.
Sex Differences in Help‐seeking for Alcohol Problems—2. Entry into Treatment
Authors: THOM BETSY 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA sample of 25 men and 25 women, referred to a specialist alcohol clinic, was interviewed to obtain information about perceptions of the ‘barriers’ to treatment entry and of the events and circumstances seen as influencing decisions to attend the clinic. A semi‐structured interview schedule was used and interviews were tape recorded. Perceptions of the ‘barriers’ to treatment were described in an earlier paper. This paper reports on patients' accounts of the part played by life events and difficulties, and by other people on clinic attendance. Current difficulties, affecting patients at the time of entry into treatment are described and patients' perceptions of the main reason for treatment entry are reported. The study indicates that few patients had accepted referral to the clinic primarily because they wanted to change their drinking behaviour. Rather they hoped to alleviate other problems in their lives. Some differences were found between men and women in their experiences of life events in the preceding 12 months but not in their perceptions of the influence of life events on decisions to seek help. There were also some sex differences in the reporting of current difficulties in the main reason for treatment entry and in perceptions of the influence of others on clinic attendance.
Decline in Alcohol‐related Problems in Sweden Greatest Among Young People
Authors: ROMELSJÖ ANDERS 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIt has earlier been reported that a 22% reduction in alcohol sales (100% ethanol) since 1976 has been accompanied by a decline in mortality in the whole of Sweden and inpatient care (data from Stockholm County) for closely alcohol‐related diseases up to 1984. This report is a further analysis of the changes in various age groups and of survey data on alcohol consumption. The percentage decline since 1978–79 of self‐reported alcohol consumption, inpatient care and the number of persons charged with drunkenness or driving while under the influence of alcohol has been especially great among men and among persons aged between 15 and 24 years. The decline in inpatient care for alcohol psychosis, alcoholism and alcohol intoxication amounted to 49% among men aged 15–24 years and 22% among men aged 25years and older. The corresponding decline among women was 38% for women aged 15–24 years and 1% for women aged 25 years and older. The decrease also came sooner among young people. A decrease of alcohol‐related problems among teenagers and military conscripts was roughly paralleled by a decline in self‐reported frequent intoxication. The proportion of military conscripts with frequent intoxication was much greater among those with lower formal education. In addition, the decline was less than among those with higher formal education.
The Role of Alcohol‐dependent Self‐statements on Drinking Behaviour in a Public Bar
Authors: OEI TIAN P. S. , MEWETT ANDREW 
Published: January 2006

SummaryRecent literature suggests that cognitions play a role in drinking behaviour. However, disagreement exists regarding which type of cognition is associated with drinking. This study tested the prediction of a positive relationship between alcohol‐dependent self‐statements and alcohol consumption in a public bar. Ten heavy, 10 light, and 10 non‐drinkers were administered the modified Alcohol Self‐statements Questionnaire which contains sets of alcohol‐dependent and alcohol non‐dependent self‐statements as well as factual and emotive self‐statements. Their self‐talk during drinking zvas also tape‐recorded and analysed. Subjects were tested half an hour before, and immediately before the commencement of drinking, and at 10‐minute intervals for the first half‐hour of a normal drinking session in a public bar. Each session lasted approximately one hour. The results revealed that heavy drinkers showed more alcohol‐dependent self‐statements than light drinkers who in turn showed significantly more alcohol‐dependent self‐statements than non‐drinkers. No significant differences between the groups were found on the factual or emotive self‐statements. Alcohol consumption during the testing period was significantly related to alcohol‐dependent self‐statements. The result of findings suggest (i) that alcohol‐related cognitions are associated with drinking behaviour and are relatively stable during drinking sessions, and (H) that there is a need for greater specificity in the definition of cognition in relation to a problem behaviour, in this case drinking behaviour.
Alcoholism in Sri Lanka: an epidemiological survey
Authors: SAMARASINGHE D. S. , DISSANAYAKE S. A. W. , WIJESINGHE C. P. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryAn epidemiological survey on a population of 7,643 reveals a surprisingly high incidence of alcoholism among males over the age of 25 years (29 per 1,000). Much the largest proportion of the sample professed faith in Buddhism, a religion which condemns alcohol use. Obligation to comply with religious teaching appears to apply only to females and the young.Ninety percent of the alcoholics were over the age of 35 years (mode 45–54 years), and all were spirit drinkers. None showed significant use of other drugs. Re‐examination of the schedules showed a close correspondence between a diagnosis of ‘alcoholism’, on a problem‐based definition, and the presence of dependence.
Effects of Polydrug Use on the Criminal Activities of Heroin‐users
Authors: HAMMERSLEY RICHARD , MORRISON VALERIE 
Published: January 2006

SummaryWhile heroin users commit crimes, it remains unclear whether they only do so to finance their heroin habits. Many users are criminal before taking heroin, but once taking heroin their need for heroin may determine their criminal activity. Alternatively, the heroin‐crime relationship may be reciprocal, each influencing the other. From structured interviews with 28 heroin‐users, it was found that: (1) Extent of heroin use correlated with theft from strangers and burglary of businesses but not other crimes. (2) Extent of heroin use correlated with working ‘on the side’ (evading tax and/or claiming social security benefits). (3) An economic crime index was predicted by tranquillizer use with heroin use. (4) The use of some other drugs—notably alcohol and sleeping pills—correlated with some crimes. (5) Regression analyses showed a general delinquent pattern and several crimes not predicted by other variables. (6) Heroin use could be well predicted by a complex equation including the extent of use of five different drugs, but only one crime—theft from work. It is concluded that, even amongst heavy heroin users, neither heroin use nor crime adequately predict each other. The uses of other drugs, especially depressants, influenced both heroin and crime.
Defining Rational Prescribing of Psychoactive Drugs*
Authors: SELLERS E. M. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA universal or simple definition of rational prescribing does not exist since what is rational or reasonable is determined by many factors and can he interpreted in various ways. However, a transcultural definition can be achieved when the components of the process are identified. Rational prescribing is operationally described in this paper by a systems approach involving the individual physician and the health care system.
A Follow‐up Study of Alcoholism Treatment Units: exploring consolidation and change
Authors: ETTORRE BETSY 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe main aim of this paper is to provide feedback from a recent 1984–85 follow‐up study, based on an original study of Alcoholism Treatment Units carried out from 1978–1982. On the whole, the paper demonstrates the usefulness of this feedback strategy and the value of this type of research. While the empirical information reported in this paper speaks for itself, the discussion revolves around two main themes: (1) changes within the treatment settings and (2) consolidation in the ATUs institutional response. Conclusions drawn from this discussion confirm the future role of ATUs and suggest possible ways forward.
Book Reviews
Authors: GOSSOP MICHAEL 
Published: January 2006

Books Reviewed in this Article: Training Alcohol Educators: A Combined Training & Research Perspective R. MEANS & L. HARRISON Heroin, Aids and Society ROY ROBERTSON Determinants of Substance Abuse: Biological, Psychological and Environmental Factors M. GALIZIO & S. A. MAISTO (Eds) Women, Drinking and Pregnancy MOIRA PLANT Recent Developments in Alcoholism Vol. 4 MARC GALANTER (Ed.) Social Psychology. Attitudes, Cognition and Social Behaviour J. RICHARD EISER
Trends in U.S. Drinking Patterns: further evidence from the past 20 years
Authors: HILTON MICHAEL E. 
Published: January 2006

Summary1984 U.S. survey data on alcohol consumption are compared to similar data from a 1964 survey and to a series of surveys taken between 1971 and 1981. This creates a wider set of trend comparisons than was available in a previous analysis, but does so at the cost of compromising comparability. Although most results indicate stability in drinking patterns, some results suggest that the prevalence of heavy drinking has increased among men. Among men and women, increases are more apparent among those aged 21‐34years than among other age groups.
Pattern of Alcohol‐related Liver Disease in Dependant Alcoholics: the Indian dimension
Authors: SARIN S. K. , BHATT A. , MALHOTRA V. , SACHDEV G. , JILOHA R. C. , MUNJAL G. C. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryTo study the incidence and profile of alcoholic liver disease in dependant alcoholics, 56 patients, 31 with moderate and 25 with severe dependence on alcohol, were assessed by a severity of alcohol dependence questionnaire. All the patients were males. Forty‐five (80.4%) dependant alcoholics were found to have alcoholic liver disease, diagnosed either by abnormal biochemical tests (78.6%) or when available, specific histological lesions (87.8%). Of the 49 (87.5%) patients in whom liver biopsy could be obtained, fatty liver was seen in 17 (34.7%), hepatitis in 22 (44.9%) and cirrhosis in four (8.2%) patients. Liver biopsy was normal in the remaining six (12.2%) patients. Symptoms suggestive of alcoholic liver disease were however, observed in only 18.6% patients. No significant difference was seen in the nature and severity of biochemical and histological liver injury between patients with moderate or severe dependence on alcohol.It can be concluded that significant hepatic abnormalities exist in a high percentage of dependant alcoholics in India. Increased awareness and institution of measures for early screening of these patients for the presence of underlying liver disease are warranted.
Recruitment to Alcohol Treatment: a comparison between male and female problem drinkers recruited to treatment in two different ways
Authors: DUCKERT FANNY 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis study looks at similarities and differences between four groups of problem drinkers. The subjects were 143 men and 39 women, inpatients of an alcoholism treatment clinic; and 84 male and 51 female participants in an outpatient treatment research project at The National Institute of Alcohol Research in Oslo, Norway. The latter were recruited by newspaper advertisements. The results showed that the outpatients when entering the study, were in a better socio‐economic situation, were better educated and had higher job status than the inpatients. The outpatients had a lower alcohol consumption, a less severe drinking pattern, and had fewer alcohol‐related treatment experiences. The differences between subjects seemed to be more pronounced for the women. However, the length of problem drinking and the age of the subjects were the same for inpatients and outpatients. The outpatients did not appear to be early problem drinkers, but may have been recruited from a different segment of the population of problem drinkers, namely with more moderate drinking problems. This finding may have therapeutic and prognostic significance.
Who Comes for Treatment: drug misusers at three London agencies
Authors: SHEEHAN MARGARET , OPPENHEIMER EDNA , TAYLOR COLIN 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA study of 150 drug misusers who were seeking treatment for the first time was conducted at three London treatment agencies–a drug treatment clinic, a crisis intervention centre and a therapeutic community–between 1984 and 1986. The three agencies attracted misusers of somewhat different characteristics in respect of upbringing and current social behaviour patterns and drug use. In general the clientele were predominantly young heroin users with an overall average of 9 years drug usage, which often began before they left school. The majority were injectors, mostly using unsterile syringes which were often shared, and had on average over four years of injecting history. The group was disadvantaged with respect to education, unemployment and often had a difficult family background. The study highlights the need for encouraging drug misusers into earlier treatment, and into a variety of treatment centres.
What's Happened to the Cannabis Debate?
Authors: NEGRETE JUAN C. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe public debate on cannabis is showing signs of extinction. Little has been heard about this drug from political authorities in recent years, and the scientific community appears to be losing interest itself. Social complacency, the emergence of other drug habits which are perceived as being more threatening, and the rather limited progress made in answering some major cannabis research questions could explain this course of events. History shows that scientific work on cannabis is usually prompted by apolitical need to respond to a high level of social concern over this drug. When such social pressure diminishes, scientific interest tends to fade away. This paper warns against the repetition of previous historical episodes and gives an account of the many research issues that remain unanswered at this point.
Shadowland: general practitioners and the treatment of opiate‐abusing patients
Authors: McKEGANEY NEIL 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA number of calls have recently been made for general practitioners to become more closely involved in the treatment of opiate abusing patients. At present, however, very little is known of the sorts of problems general practitioners will face in working within what is held to be a very difficult area. The research reported in this paper aimed to explore the experience of a group of general practitioners currently being consulted by such patients. A combination of enhanced records and semi‐structured interviews were used to collect detailed information on 50 consultations with opiate abusers. It is revealed that these doctors were experiencing a good deal of difficulty in sustaining a therapeutic role for themselves in relation to these patients. The nature of these difficulties, and their basis, are examined and recommendations are made as to how these difficulties may be resolved in the future.
Prevention Issues with Children of Alcoholics
Authors: BLANE HOWARD T. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryRecognition of parental alcoholism as a risk factor for alcoholism is extremely important. Few other illnesses or social conditions have such a clear‐cut marker. Its presence clearly forms the basis for public information programs, but development of more detailed, sophisticated prevention efforts is not now warranted because the scientific base is not strong enough. Preventive interventions proposed and adopted by the grass‐roots children‐of‐alcoholics movement need to be tested under controlled conditions before committing public funds and health resources.