bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inherited Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes: Molecular Features
Authors: Shimamura Akiko 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Recent advances resulting from the identification of the genes responsible for four inherited marrow failure syndromes, Fanconi anemia, dyskeratosis congenita, Diamond-Blackfan anemia, and Shwachman-Diamond syndrome, are reviewed. The interpretation of genetic testing should be guided by an understanding of the limitations of such testing for each disorder. The possibility of an inherited basis for marrow failure must be considered for adults as well as children with aplastic anemia. Shared molecular themes are emerging from functional studies of the genes underlying the different inherited disorders. Genomic instability may result from impaired DNA repair in Fanconi anemia or telomere dysregulation in dyskeratosis congenita. Mutations affecting ribosome assembly or function are associated with Diamond-Blackfan anemia, dyskeratosis congenita, and Shwachman-Diamond syndrome. These findings raise new questions about the molecular mechanisms regulating hematopoiesis and leukemogenesis. Clinical implications arising from these molecular studies are explored.
Engulfment of apoptotic cells by microvascular endothelial cells induces proinflammatory responses
Authors: Kirsch Torsten , Woywodt Alexander , Beese Michaela , Wyss Kristin , Park Joon-Keun , Erdbruegger Uta , Hertel Barbara , Haller Hermann , Haubitz Marion 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCirculating endothelial cells (CECs) have been detected in a variety of vascular disorders, but their interactions with healthy endothelium remain unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the response of human endothelial cells (ECs) to apoptotic or necrotic ECs in an in vitro model and to delineate pathogenetic pathways. Here we show that incubation of the human microvascular endothelial cell line (HMEC-1) with apoptotic ECs resulted in increased expression of chemokines and enhanced binding of leukocytes to HMEC-1 cells, whereas exposure of HMEC-1 cells to necrotic ECs caused no changes in leukocyte-binding affinity. Both apoptotic and necrotic cells were bound and engulfed by HMEC-1 cells and primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). We therefore suggest that exposures to apoptotic and necrotic ECs induce different patterns of chemokine synthesis and leukocyte adhesion in healthy ECs. These data indicate that CECs are not only markers of vascular damage but may induce proinflammatory signals in the endothelium.
Arginase 1 is expressed in myelocytes/metamyelocytes and localized in gelatinase granules of human neutrophils
Authors: Jacobsen Lars C. , Theilgaard-Mönch Kim , Christensen Erik I. , Borregaard Niels 
Published: November 2006

AbstractArginase 1 (ARG1) metabolizes arginine, thus reducing the availability of arginine as a substrate for nitric oxide synthase (NOS). The decreased production of nitric oxide (NO) by NOS and the production of ornithine by ARG1 affect immune responses and tissue regeneration at sites of infection, respectively. We here demonstrate that ARG1 is synthesized in myelocytes/metamyelocytes and is stored in gelatinase granules. In accordance with this, activated neutrophils coreleased ARG1 and gelatinase to the extracellular environment on stimulation with phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP), or tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). Overall, these findings define ARG1 as a genuine gelatinase granule protein and support a model in which activated neutrophils release ARG1 at sites of infection to modulate immune responses and promote tissue regeneration.
The Emerging Recognition of Universal Civil Jurisdiction
Authors: Donovan Donald Francis , Roberts Anthea 
Published: November 2006

Modern international law takes as a fundamental value the condemnation and redress of certain categories of heinous conduct, such as genocide, torture, and crimes against humanity. Recognizing the need to end impunity for those crimes, international law permits a state, by the principle of universal jurisdiction, to prosecute them even when they take place outside its territory and do not involve its nationals.In virtually all domestic legal systems, an individual who engages in wrongful conduct causing personal inj ury or death will be subject not only to criminal prosecution, but to a civil action by the injured party. Yet, though the principle of universal jurisdiction is well established in the criminal sphere, it is still regarded as novel in the civil context.Recent developments—most notably the decision of the United States Supreme Court in Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain—will cause greater examination of the function and scope of universal jurisdiction as authorization for national courts to hear civil claims based on heinous conduct proscribed by international law. We here consider whether a civil dimension of universal jurisdiction has emerged, whether it should correspond to the criminal dimension, and whether its use as a basis of jurisdiction should depend on the absence of effective remedies in jurisdictions with traditional links to the proscribed conduct.
Une application des méthodes séquentielles aux tests de permutations
Authors: Lefebvre Mario 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTo carry out a permutation test we have to examine the n! permutations of the observations. In order to make the permutation test feasible, Dwass (1957) proposed to examine only a sample of these permutations. With the help of sequential methods, we obtain a test which is never less efficient than that proposed by Dwass or the permutation test itself, in the sense that it is as powerful and never requires more permutations to make a decision. In practice, we can expect to gain much efficiency.
The need for a federal lotteries review board
Authors: Bellhouse David R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThree areas in the running of a lottery may be distinguished: the design of the prize structure, the marketing of the product, and the selection of the winners. The rules and regulations in each of these areas governing the large‐scale Canadian lotteries are not clear. Some examples show the need for an independent body which would clarify these regulations and provide control over the large lottery operations in Canada.
Products of random variables and star‐shaped ordering
Authors: Rivest Louis‐Paul 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIt is shown that if V1 and V2 are two positive random variables such that V1 is “star‐shaped” with respect to V2, then for any random variable X with a distribution F(x) such that F(ax) has the monotone likelihood‐ratio property, XV1 is star‐shaped with respect to XV2. This result is then used to prove that the stable laws are star‐shaped ordered.
The Function of the Prologues in Paradise Lost
Authors: Diekhoff John S. 
Published: November 2006

It was Milton's habit in his controversial prose to write at considerable length about himself. This habit has been cited often enough as proof of his arrogance, his pride, his self-concern. No doubt it is. There is a great deal of self-concern, and some arrogance, in Milton. But if he liked to write of himself, he made good use of the liking—a use which he explains among other places in the Apology for Smectymnuus:. . . I conceav'd my selfe to be now not as mine own person, but as a member incorporate into that truth whereof I was perswaded, and whereof I had declar'd openly to be a partaker. Whereupon I thought it my duty, if not to my selfe, yet to the religious cause I had in hand, not to leave on my garment the least spot, or blemish in good name so long as God should give me to say that which might wipe it off.1
The Puritan Argument in Spenser
Authors: Fletcher Jefferson B. 
Published: November 2006

In 1911 Edwin Greenlaw offered the following interpretation of the fable in the February eclogue of Spenser's Shepheards Calendar:The Oak stands for the ancient religion, once good and great, but brought by superstition to ruin, ‘pitied of none.’ The Briar, cause of the Oak's downfall,… ‘puffed up with pryde and vaine pleasaunce,’ is the proud Anglican church, and also comes to ruin when deprived of the support afforded by the sturdy elements in the old religion, elements which taken away leave nothing but the pride and ambition that lead to destruction.
L'intermède “Populiste” de La Littérature Française 1778–1792
Authors: Baldensperger Fernand 
Published: November 2006

“le familier, non le bas …” L. S. Mercier. Du Théâtre.“ … le familier devient populaire …” Marmontel à l'Académie, 1785.Faut-il s’étonner si aucun manuel des lettres françaises ne place dans son jour authentique l'intervalle qui sépare, de la mort de Voltaire et de celle de Rousseau, la réelle époque révolutionnaire? Tantôt le lecteur est laissé sous l'impression que, ces deux antagonistes ayant disparu, Diderot n'a guère qu’à les suppléer de son mieux pour faire le pont entre les mouvements des lettres et ceux de l'histoire, tandisque Beaumarchais s'agite en aventurier politique autant qu'en écrivain. Tantôt, le Romantisme ayant à toute force à succéder au “siècle des lumières,” les prodromes des prochaînes nouveautés étant mis au compte de L. S. Mercier et de B. de Saint-Pierre, n'ont vraiment plus qu’à paraître de soudains protagonistes tels que Chateaubriand et Mme de Staël, pour opérer une de ces volte-faces qui sont, en réalité, l'un des problèmes par excellence de tout exposé se préoccupant de continuité. Ainsi qu'il est naturel quand “les arbres nous cachent la forêt,” les contemporains ont peut-être moins à nous dire à ce sujet que les historiens rétrospectifs: ni les Mémoires d'outre-tombe, ni les innombrables relations, plus ou moins fidèles, de l'Ancien Régime agonisant ne mettent, à mon sens, l'accent principal sur ce qui paraît bien avoir été la caractéristique maîtresse de ces douze quinze années—et maintenant que nous disposons d'un néologisme savoureux pour les désigner, pourquoi hésiter à dire que c'est une variété de “populisme” qui fut la dominante d'une pleine décade de littérature française?
Spenser's “House of Temperance”
Authors: Hopper Vincent Foster 
Published: November 2006

The frame thereof seemd partly circulare,And part triangulare, O worke divine;These two the first and last proportions are,The one imperfect, mortall, foeminine;Th' other immortall, perfect, masculine,And twixt them both a quadrate was the baseProportioned equally by seven and nine;Nine was the circle set in heavens place,All which compacted made a goodly diapase.—The Faerie Queene,ii. ix. 22To offer one more interpretation of the meaning of Spenser's cryptic “House of Alma” may appear like the gratuitous opening of an old wound. I do so only in the fond belief that my proposed therapy will produce a lasting cure, since it satisfies the twin requirements of entire self-consistency and consistency with the Aristotelian ethics which dominate both the canto and book of which this stanza is a part.
The Valkyries and the Irish War-Goddesses
Authors: Donahue Charles 
Published: November 2006

In an appendix to the first and most complete study of the Irish wargoddesses, C. Lottner called attention to their resemblance to the valkyries and pointed particularly to the following apparent similarities:
(1)The valkyries, like the war-goddesses, appear alone or in groups of three.(2)Like the war-goddesses, they are often companions of single heroes.(3)Like the war-goddesses, they appear in the form of birds.(4)The Germanic cognate of Irish Bodb, a war-goddess, the Cathubodua of a continental inscription, appears in Baduhenna, the name of a Germanic goddess mentioned by Tacitus.
Lottner concluded that these similarities must have been caused by interchange of ideas between the Celts and Germanic peoples on the Continent.
Proverb Lore in the Ring and the Book
Authors: Smith Cornelia Marschall 
Published: November 2006

Scholars have identified very few proverbs and proverbial phrases in Browning's poetry. He is credited with only one by Apperson, five by Smith, three by Hodell, ten by Cook, and three by Birrell. Of these twenty-one proverbs the foregoing scholars cite sixteen as occurring in The Ring and the Book. Investigation, however, reveals that seventeen of them and ninety-five additional ones are found in that poem. Listed in the order of their appearance in The Ring and the Book, with their occurrences in Browning's other poems indicated, these one hundred twelve proverbs are:Stung to the quick. 653.19; 831.67; Touched to the quick. 837.75; Incident of the French Camp, 333.38; Balaustion's Adventure, 565.39; Vexed to the quick. Sordello, 106.86; pierce to the quick. Pippa Passes, 185.43; cf. Apperson 642; Smith 138.
The “Conte Philosophique” Bridging a Century
Authors: McGhee Dorothy M. 
Published: November 2006

Literary studies seem frequently to convey the impression that the conte philosophique, as such, became practically a closed book after Voltaire, and that it is to be taken for granted as an eighteenth-century literary form. True, the conte had grown into prominence during a revolutionary era, when caustic impertinence of style had served to enhance its force. True also, sentiment was growing apace with the latter years of the eighteenth century, and this very quality might necessarily tend to preclude further development of such a formula. However, with full cognizance of this fact that sentiment was gaining favor, and that it would of itself tend to disintegrate a literary form essentially devoid of sympathy, one may still venture to present evidence that the conte was a living form long after the French Revolution, and in fact that it would appear to have continued a rather vigorous existence even into the first years of the nineteenth. A point made by M. Mornet seems pertinent. With reference to Voltairian and Rousseauistic influences which progressed simultaneously throughout an entire period, M. Mornet aptly asserts:L'ardeur des âmes sensibles n'impose jamais silence aux ironies de la critique voltairienne. S'il y a soixante-douze éditions de La Nouvelle Héloïse, de 1762 à 1800, il y en a plus de cinquante de Candide, de 1758 à la Révolution. La pensée française dans la deuxième moitié du xviiie siècle n'est ni rationnelle ou philosophique, ni scientifique ou expérimentale, ni sensible ou mystique. Elie est tout cela à la fois, selon les milieux ou les gens, et parfois dans les memes milieux et chez les mêmes gens.
Localization of LRRK2 to membranous and vesicular structures in mammalian brain
Authors: Biskup Saskia , Moore Darren J. , Celsi Fulvio , Higashi Shinji , West Andrew B. , Andrabi Shaida A. , Kurkinen Kaisa , Yu Seong‐Woon , Savitt Joseph M. , Waldvogel Henry J. , Faull Richard L. M. , Emson Piers C. , Torp Reidun , Ottersen Ole P. , Dawson Ted M. , Dawson Valina L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractObjectiveThe PARK8 gene responsible for late‐onset autosomal dominant Parkinson's disease encodes a large novel protein of unknown biological function termed leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2). The studies herein explore the localization of LRRK2 in the mammalian brain.MethodsPolyclonal antibodies generated against the amino or carboxy termini of LRRK2 were used to examine the biochemical, subcellular, and immunohistochemical distribution of LRRK2.ResultsLRRK2 is detected in rat brain as an approximate 280kDa protein by Western blot analysis. Subcellular fractionation demonstrates the presence of LRRK2 in microsomal, synaptic vesicle–enriched and synaptosomal cytosolic fractions from rat brain, as well as the mitochondrial outer membrane. Immunohistochemical analysis of rat and human brain tissue and primary rat cortical neurons, with LRRK2‐specific antibodies, shows widespread neuronal‐specific labeling localized exclusively to punctate structures within perikarya, dendrites, and axons. Confocal colocalization analysis of primary cortical neurons shows partial yet significant overlap of LRRK2 immunoreactivity with markers specific for mitochondria and lysosomes. Furthermore, ultrastructural analysis in rodent basal ganglia detects LRRK2 immunoreactivity associated with membranous and vesicular intracellular structures, including lysosomes, endosomes, transport vesicles, and mitochondria.InterpretationThe association of LRRK2 with a variety of membrane and vesicular structures, membrane‐bound organelles, and microtubules suggests an affinity of LRRK2 for lipids or lipid‐associated proteins and may suggest a potential role in the biogenesis and/or regulation of vesicular and membranous intracellular structures within the mammalian brain. Ann Neurol 2006;60:557–569
Manufacturing Immunity to Disease in a Test Tube: The Magic Bullet Realized
Authors: Lerner Richard A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAlthough it took over one hundred years, Ehrlich's concept of the magic bullet is now a reality. Today, therapeutic antibodies are, arguably, the most important class of new drugs for the treatment of illnesses ranging from Alzheimer's disease to cancer. The emergence of therapeutic antibodies had to wait for advances in immunochemistry that allowed construction of antibodies in vitro. The centerpiece of the new technology is the combinatorial antibody library, which essentially allows one to synthesize an artificial immune system with a diversity that exceeds that of the natural repertoire. The construction of such libraries was perceived to be difficult because, if the natural immune system was to be used as the starting material, construction of the libraries would entail protocols that are the opposite of usual cloning. In gene cloning one starts with complexity and reduces it to a singularity. In the generation of diversity by construction of combinatorial antibody libraries, one starts with a collection of clones, randomly expands their complexity, and then returns them to recoverable singularities. The methods developed to accomplish this seemingly formidable task now allow construction of antibodies in a test tube to any antigen. These synthetic antibodies may be qualitatively and quantitatively superior to those of nature.
Optimal design of multiproduct batch chemical plant using NSGA‐II
Authors: Sarkar Debasis , Modak Jayant M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe optimal design of a multiproduct batch chemical plant is formulated as a multiobjective optimization problem, and the resulting constrained mixed‐integer nonlinear program (MINLP) is solved by the nondominated sorting genetic algorithm approach (NSGA‐II). By putting bounds on the objective function values, the constrained MINLP problem can be solved efficiently by NSGA‐II to generate a set of feasible nondominated solutions in the range desired by the decision‐maker in a single run of the algorithm. The evolution of the entire set of nondominated solutions helps the decision‐maker to make a better choice of the appropriate design from among several alternatives. The large set of solutions also provides a rich source of excellent initial guesses for solution of the same problem by alternative approaches to achieve any specific target for the objective functions. Copyright © 2006 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiobjective optimization of the dynamic operation of an industrial steam reformer using the jumping gene adaptations of simulated annealing
Authors: Sankararao B. , Gupta Santosh K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe performance of the evolutionary technique, multiobjective simulated annealing (MOSA), is improved by the use of adaptations inspired by the concept of jumping genes in biology, because of the added diversity. A computationally intensive, real‐life, two‐objective problem in chemical engineering, namely, the optimization of an industrial steam reformer operating under unsteady‐state conditions, is studied. Sets of nondominated solutions obtained using MOSA and its jumping gene (JG) adaptations are compared with those obtained earlier using a nondominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA‐II). Good agreement between the results obtained by several algorithms is observed. The aJG adaptation of MOSA leads to nondominated optimal solutions having a good maximum spread and reasonable spacing of the points. Copyright © 2006 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of clay dispersion on the foam morphology of LDPE/clay nanocomposites
Authors: Lee Y. H. , Wang K. H. , Park C. B. , Sain M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIntercalated and exfoliated low‐density polyethylene (LDPE)/clay nanocomposites were prepared by melt blending with and without a maleated polyethylene (PE‐g‐MAn) as the coupling agent. Their morphology was examined and confirmed by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The effects of clay content and dispersion on the cell morphology of nanocomposite foams during extrusion foaming process were also thoroughly investigated, especially with a small amount of clay of 0.05–1.0 wt%. This research shows the optimum clay content for achieving microcellular PE/clay nanocomposite foams blown with supercritical CO2. It is found that < 0.1 wt% of clay addition can produce the microcellular foam structure with a cell density of > 109 cells/cm3 and a cell size of ∼ 5 μm. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2129–2134, 2007
Synthesis and characterization of poly[4‐(2‐thiazolylazo)phenyl methacrylate]‐co‐poly(methyl methacrylate)
Authors: Zhang Rui , Yang Jun , Sun Weilin , Shen Zhiquan 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA new methacrylic monomer, 4‐(2‐thiazolylazo)phenylmethacrylate (TPMA) was synthesized. Copolymerization of the monomer with methyl methacrylate (MMA) was carried out by free radical polymerization in THF solution at 70 ± 0.5°C, using azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as an initiator. The monomer TPMA and the copolymer poly(TPMA‐co‐MMA) were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and elemental analysis methods. The polydispersity index of the copolymer was determined using gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of the copolymer performed in nitrogen revealed that the copolymer was stable to 270°C. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of the copolymer was higher than that of PMMA. The copolymer with a pendent aromatic heterocyclic group can be dissolved in common organic solvents and shows a good film‐forming ability. Both the monomer TPMA and the copolymer poly (TPMA‐co‐MMA) have bright colors: orange and yellow, respectively. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2152–2157, 2007
Photochemical and thermal stability of degradable PE/paper waste composites obtained by extrusion
Authors: Bajer K. , Kaczmarek H. , Dzwonkowski J. , Stasiek A. , Ołdak D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe low‐density polyethylene (PE)/waste paper composites with different components ratio were prepared by extrusion. The photochemical stability of these samples and crystallinity degree of PE in blends were studied using ATR‐FTIR spectroscopy. The thermal properties of composites were estimated by thermogravimetric analysis. Moreover, the morphological changes were observed by SEM. It was found that after long‐term exposure to UV (100 h) composites undergo more efficient photo‐oxidative degradation when compared with pure PE. Also the thermal stability of composites obtained is lower than that in PE. The results indicate that such a material is characterized by high susceptibility to environmental decomposition. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2197–2206, 2007