bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diffusion tensor tractography of the temporal stem on the inferior limiting sulcus
Authors: Wang Feng , Sun Tao , Li Xing-Gang , Liu Na-Jia 
Published: March 2008

Object
The aim of this study was to use diffusion tensor tractography (DTT) to define the 3D relationships of the uncinate fasciculus, anterior commissure, inferior occipitofrontal fasciculus, inferior thalamic peduncle, and optic radiation and to determine the positioning landmarks of these white matter tracts.

Methods
The anatomy was studied in 10 adult human brain specimens. Brain DTT was performed in 10 healthy volunteers. Diffusion tensor tractography images of the white matter tracts in the temporal stem were obtained using the simple single region of interest (ROI) and multi-ROIs based on the anatomical knowledge.

Results
The posteroinferior insular point is the anterior extremity of intersection of the Heschl gyrus and the inferior limiting sulcus. On the inferior limiting sulcus, this point is the posterior limit of the optic radiation, and the temporal stem begins at the limen insulae and ends at the posteroinferior insular point. The distance from the limen insulae to the tip of the temporal horn is just one third the length of the temporal stem. The uncinate fasciculus comprises the core of the anterior temporal stem, behind which the anterior commissure and the inferior thalamic peduncle are located, and they occupy the anterior third of the temporal stem. The inferior occipitofrontal fasciculus passes through the entire temporal stem. The most anterior extent of the Meyer loop is located between the anterior tip of the temporal horn and the limen insulae. Most of the optic radiation crosses the postmedian two thirds of the temporal stem.

Conclusions
On the inferior limiting sulcus, the posteroinferior insular point is a reliable landmark of the posterior limit of the optic radiations. The limen insulae, anterior tip of the temporal horn, and posteroinferior insular point may be used to localize the white matter fibers of the temporal stem in analyzing magnetic resonance imaging or during surgery.
A distinct phenotypic change in gliomas at the time of magnetic resonance imaging detection
Authors: Jang Taichang , Sathy Binulal , Hsu Yi-Hua , Merchant Milton , Recht Benjamin , Chang Chen , Recht Lawrence 
Published: March 2008

Object
Although gliomas remain refractory to treatment, it is not clear whether this characteristic is fixed at the time of its origin or develops later. The authors have been using a model of neurocarcinogenesis to determine whether a time exists during a glioma's evolution during which it is detectable but still curable, thus providing a justification for exploring the clinical merits of an early detection and treatment strategy. The authors recently reported the presence of 2 distinct cellular subsets, 1 expressing nestin and the other both glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and osteopontin (OPN), within all examined gliomas that developed after in utero exposure to ethylnitrosourea.

Methods
In this study, the authors used magnetic resonance (MR) imaging to assess when these 2 subpopulations appeared during glioma evolution.

Results
Using T2-weighted and diffusion-weighted MR imaging, the authors observed that gliomas grew exponentially once detected at rates that were location-dependent. Despite large differences in growth rates, however, they determined by correlating histochemistry with imaging in a second series of animals, that all lesions initially detected on T2-weighted images contained both subsets of cells. In contrast, lesions containing only nestin-positive cells, which appeared on average 40 days before detection on MR images, were not detected.

Conclusions
The sequential appearance of first the nestin-positive cells followed several weeks later by those expressing GFAP/OPN suggests that all gliomas arise through common early steps in this model. Furthermore, the authors hypothesize that the expression of OPN, a molecule associated with cancer aggressiveness, at the time of T2-weighted detection signals a time during glioma development when the lesion becomes refractory to treatment.
Effective suppression of hippocampal seizures in rats by direct hippocampal cooling with a Peltier chip
Authors: Tanaka Nobuhiro , Fujii Masami , Imoto Hirochika , Uchiyama Joji , Nakano Kimihiko , Nomura Sadahiro , Fujisawa Hirosuke , Kunitsugu Ichiro , Saito Takashi , Suzuki Michiyasu 
Published: March 2008

Object
The use of focal brain cooling to eliminate epileptic discharges (EDs) has attracted increasing attention in the scientific community. In this study, the inhibitory effect of selective hippocampal cooling on experimental hippocampal seizures was investigated using a newly devised cooling system with a thermoelectric (Peltier) chip.

Methods
A copper needle coated with silicone and attached to the Peltier chip was used for the cooling device. The experiments were performed first in a phantom model with thermography and second in adult male Sprague–Dawley rats in a state of halothane anesthesia. The cooling needle, a thermocouple, and a needle electrode for electroencephalography recording were inserted into the right hippocampus. Kainic acid (KA) was injected into the right hippocampus to provoke the EDs. The animals were divided into hippocampal cooling (10 rats) and noncooling (control, 10 rats) groups.

Results
In the phantom study, the cooling effects (9°C) occurred in the spherical areas around the needle tip. In the rats the temperature of the cooled hippocampus decreased below 20°C within a 1.6-mm radius and below 25°C within a 2.4-mm radius from the cooling center. The temperature at the needle tip decreased below 20°C within 1 minute and was maintained at the same level until the end of the cooling process. The amplitude of the EDs was suppressed to 68.1 ± 4.8% of the precooling value and remained low thereafter. No histological damage due to cooling was observed in the rat hippocampus.

Conclusions
Selective hippocampal cooling effectively suppresses the KA-induced hippocampal EDs. Direct hippocampal cooling with a permanently implantable system is potentially useful as a minimally invasive therapy for temporal lobe epilepsy and therefore could be an alternative to the temporal lobectomy.
Guglielmi detachable coil embolization of acute intracranial aneurysm: perioperative anatomical and clinical outcome in 403 patients
Authors: Viñuela Fernando , Duckwiler Gary , Mawad Michel 
Published: March 2008

✓From December 1990 to July 1995, the investigators participated in a prospective clinical study to evaluate the safety of the Guglielmi detachable coil (GDC) system for the treatment of aneurysms. This report summarizes the perioperative results from eight initial interventional neuroradiology centers in the United States. The report focuses on 403 patients who presented with acute subarachnoid hemorrhage from a ruptured intracranial aneurysm. These patients were treated within 15 days of the primary intracranial hemorrhage and were followed until they were discharged from the hospital or died.
Seventy percent of the patients were female and 30% were male. The patients' mean age was 58 years old. Aneurysm size was categorized as small (60.8%), large (34.7%), and giant (4.5%); and neck size was categorized as small (53.6%), wide (36.2%), fusiform (6%), and undetermined (4.2%). Fifty-seven percent of the aueurysms were located in the posterior circulation and 43% in the anterior circulation.
Eighty-two patients were classified as Hunt and Hess Grade I (20.3%), 105 Grade II (26.1%), 121 Grade III (30%), 69 Grade IV (17.1%), and 26 Grade V (6.5%). All patients in this study were excluded from surgical treatment either because of anticipated surgical difficulty (69.2%), attempted and failed surgery (12.7%), the patient's poor neurological (12.2%) or medical (4.7%) status, and/or refusal of surgery (1.2%).
The GDC embolization was performed within 48 hours of primary hemorrhage in 147 patients (36.5%), within 3 to 6 days in 156 patients (38.7%), 7 to 10 days in 71 patients (17.6%), and 11 to 15 days in 29 patients (7.2%). Complete aneurysm occlusion was observed in 70.8% of small aneurysms with a small neck, 35% of large aneurysms, and 50% of giant aneurysms. A small neck remnant was observed in 21.4% of small aneurysms with a small neck, 57.1% of large aneurysms, and 50% of giant aneurysms. Technical complications included aneurysm perforation (2.7%), unintentional parent artery occlusion (3%), and untoward cerebral embolization (2.48%). There was a 8.9% immediate morbidity rate related to the GDC technique. Seven deaths were related lo technical complications (1.74%) and 18 (4.47%) to the severity of the primary hemorrhage.
The findings of this study demonstrate the safety of the GDC system for the treatment of ruptured intracranial aneurysms in anterior and posterior circulations. The authors believe additional randomized studies will further identify the role of this technique in the management of acutely ruptured incranial aneurysms.
Characterization of abnormal diffusion properties of supratentorial brain tumors: a preliminary diffusion tensor imaging study
Authors: Yuan Weihong , Holland Scott K. , Jones Blaise V. , Crone Kerry , Mangano Francesco T. 
Published: March 2008

Object
Diffusion tensor (DT) imaging was used in children with supratentorial tumors to evaluate the anisotropic diffusion properties between different tumor grades and between tumors and adjacent and contralateral white matter.

Methods
In this retrospective review, the authors review the cases of 16 children (age range 1–18 years) who presented to their institution with supratentorial tumors and were treated between 2004 and 2007. Eleven patients had low-grade and 5 had high-grade tumors. Fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity, and axial (λ∥) and radial (λ⊥) eigenvalues within selected regions were studied. Mitotic index, necrosis, and vascularity of the tumors were compared with DT imaging parameters.

Results
The mean diffusivity was significantly higher in low-grade than in high-grade tumors (p = 0.04); the 2 tumor grades also significantly differed for both λ∥ (p < 0.05) and λ⊥ (p < 0.05). Mean diffusivity values in low-grade tumors were significantly higher than in adjacent normal-appearing white matter (NAWM; p = 0.0004) and contralateral NAWM (p = 0.0001). In both low- and high-grade tumors, the FA was significantly lower than in NAWM (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.03, respectively) and contralateral NAWM (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.003, respectively). Tumor cellularity highly correlated with mean diffusivity and λ∥and λ⊥.

Conclusions
Diffusion tensor imaging is a useful tool in the evaluation of supratentorial tumors in children. The mean diffusivity appears to be a significant marker in differentiating tumors grades. Findings related to λ∥ and λ⊥ within tumor groups and between tumors and NAWM may be an indirect manifestation of the combined effects of axonal injury, demyelination, and tumor mass within the cranial compartment.
Gamma Knife surgery for cerebral arteriovenous malformations in children: a 13-year experience
Authors: Pan David Hung-Chi , Kuo Yu-Hung , Guo Wan-Yuo , Chung Wen-Yuh , Wu Hsiu-Mei , Liu Kang-Du , Chang Yue-Cune , Wang Ling-Wei , Wong Tai-Tong 
Published: March 2008

Object
Studies on the efficacy of arteriovenous malformation (AVM) radiosurgery have largely been conducted in the adult population. Clinically, the results may not always be applicable to pediatric patients. Moreover, studies involving the pediatric population have largely comprised small- (< 3 cm3) and medium-sized (3–10 cm3) AVMs. For large (> 10 cm3) AVMs in children, sparse radiosurgical results are available. The current study was conducted to further clarify the role of radiosurgery in the treatment of pediatric AVMs.

Methods
A retrospective analysis was performed of data obtained in 105 pediatric patients (< 18 years of age) with cerebral AVMs treated by Gamma Knife surgery (GKS) between 1993 and 2006. For statistical comparison the authors studied data acquired in 458 adult patients with AVMs treated during the same period. The patients underwent follow-up magnetic resonance imaging at 6-month intervals. Cerebral angiography was used to confirm the obliteration of the AVM.

Results
In pediatric patients, the AVM obliteration rate at 48 months after a primary GKS was 65%. Repeated GKS in those in whom primary treatments failed further ablated some AVMs, for an overall obliteration rate of 81%. The efficacy of GKS correlated with the size of the AVM: 91% for small, 86% for medium, and 64% for large AVMs. The treatments were associated with an 8% morbidity rate and < 1% mortality rate. Posttreatment hemorrhage occurred in 4 (4%) of 105 patients. Obliteration rates at 48 months of small and extremely large (> 20 cm3) AVMs were similar in the pediatric and adult groups, whereas AVMs between 3 and 10 cm3 responded less efficaciously in children (p = 0.042). The AVMs with volumes ranging from 10 to 20 cm3 were also associated with a lower obliteration rate in children at 48 months, but statistical significance was not reached (p = 0.279).

Conclusions
Gamma Knife surgery is an effective and safe treatment alternative for pediatric AVMs. The medium (3–10-cm3) and large (10–20-cm3) AVMs tend to respond less efficaciously than those of comparable size in adults.
Undoped p‐Type ZnO Nanorods Synthesized by a Hydrothermal Method
Authors: Hsu Yuk Fan , Xi Yan Yan , Tam Kai Hang , Djurišić Aleksandra B. , Luo Jiaming , Ling Chi Chung , Cheung Chor Keung , Ng Alan Man Ching , Chan Wai Kin , Deng Xin , Beling Christopher D. , Fung Stevenson , Cheah Kok Wai , Fong Patrick Wai Keung , Surya Charles C. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractZinc oxide is a very promising material for short‐wavelength light‐emitting devices due to its large band gap and high exciton binding energy. Although great progress has been made in recent years, p‐type doping and control over native defects introduced during or after material growth are still significant problems that hinder the development of efficient ZnO based optoelectronic devices. Here we demonstrate a versatile method for the growth or p‐type or n‐type ZnO nanorods from the same growth solution at temperature as low as 90 °C, where the conductivity type is controlled by the preparation of the seed layer for nanorod growth. The differences in the conductivity type can be attributed to dependency of native defect concentrations and hydrogen incorporation on the seed layer preparation method. Room temperature electroluminescence has been demonstrated from homojunction and heterojunction light emitting diodes containing p‐ZnO nanorods.
High Energy Density All‐Solid‐State Batteries: A Challenging Concept Towards 3D Integration
Authors: Baggetto Loıc , Niessen Rogier A. H. , Roozeboom Fred , Notten Peter H. L. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractRechargeable all‐solid‐state batteries will play a key role in many autonomous devices. Planar solid‐state thin film batteries are rapidly emerging but reveal several drawbacks, such as a relatively low energy density and the use of highly reactive metallic lithium. In order to overcome these limitations a new 3D‐integrated all‐solid‐state battery concept with significantly increased surface area is presented. By depositing the active battery materials into high‐aspect ratio structures etched in, for example silicon, 3D‐integrated all‐solid‐state batteries are calculated to reach a much higher energy density. Additionally, by adopting novel high‐energy dense Li‐intercalation materials the use of metallic Lithium can be avoided. Sputtered Ta, TaN and TiN films have been investigated as potential Li‐diffusion barrier materials. TiN combines a very low response towards ionic Lithium and a high electronic conductivity. Additionally, thin film poly‐Si anodes have been electrochemically characterized with respect to their thermodynamic and kinetic Li‐intercalation properties and cycle life. The Butler‐Vollmer relationship was successfully applied, indicating favorable electrochemical charge transfer kinetics and solid‐state diffusion. Advantageously, these new Li‐intercalation anode materials were found to combine an extremely high energy density with fast rate capability, enabling future 3D‐integrated all‐solid‐state batteries.
Efficient Conjugated‐Polymer Optoelectronic Devices Fabricated by Thin‐Film Transfer‐Printing Technique
Authors: Yim Keng‐Hoong , Zheng Zijian , Liang Ziqi , Friend Richard H. , Huck Wilhelm T. S. , Kim Ji‐Seon 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe fabrication of functional multilayered conjugated‐polymer structures with well‐defined organic‐organic interfaces for optoelectronic‐device applications is constrained by the common solubility of many polymers in most organic solvents. Here, we report a simple, low‐cost, large‐area transfer‐printing technique for the deposition and patterning of conjugated‐polymer thin films. This method utilises a planar poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) stamp, along with a water‐soluble sacrificial layer, to pick up an organic thin film (∼20 nm to 1 µm) from a substrate and subsequently deliver this film to a target substrate. We demonstrate the versatility of this transfer‐printing technique and its applicability to optoelectronic devices by fabricating bilayer structures of poly(9,9‐di‐n‐octylfluorene‐alt‐(1,4‐phenylene‐((4‐sec‐butylphenyl)imino)‐1,4‐phenylene))/poly(9,9‐di‐n‐octylfluorene‐alt‐benzothiadiazole) (TFB/F8BT) and poly(3‐hexylthiophene)/methanofullerene([6,6]‐phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester) (P3HT/PCBM), and incorporating them into light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) and photovoltaic (PV) cells, respectively. For both types of device, bilayer devices fabricated with this transfer‐printing technique show equal, if not superior, performance to either blend devices or bilayer devices fabricated by other techniques. This indicates well‐controlled organic‐organic interfaces achieved by the transfer‐printing technique. Furthermore, this transfer‐printing technique allows us to study the nature of the excited states and the transport of charge carriers across well‐defined organic interfaces, which are of great importance to organic electronics.
Epitaxial Growth of Aligned Semiconductor Nanowire Metamaterials for Photonic Applications
Authors: Muskens Otto L. , Diedenhofen Silke L. , van Weert Maarten H. M. , Borgström Magnus T. , Bakkers Erik P. A. M. , Rivas Jaime Gómez 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA novel class of optical metamaterials is presented consisting of high densities of aligned gallium phosphide (GaP) nanowires fabricated using metal‐organic vapor phase‐epitaxy. Starting from a gold island film as a catalyst for nanowire growth, a sequential combination of vapor–liquid–solid and lateral growth modes is employed to obtain a continuous tunability of the nanowire volume fraction from 7% to over 35%. By choosing different crystallographic orientations of the GaP substrate, metamaterials are designed with different nanowire orientations. The anisotropy of the nanowire building blocks results in strong optical birefringence. Polarization interferometry demonstrates a very large polarization extinction contrast of 4 × 103 combined with a sharp angular resonance which holds promise for optical sensing. Nanowire metamaterials may find applications in photonics, optoelectronics, non‐linear and quantum optics, microfluidics, bio‐, and gas sensing.
Continuous Application of Polyglycerol‐Supported Salen in a Membrane Reactor: Asymmetric Epoxidation of 6‐Cyano‐2,2‐dimethylchromene
Authors: Beigi Maryam , Haag Rainer , Liese Andreas 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIn the current work, suitability of hyperbranched polyglycerol as a high loading catalyst support is demonstrated. A polyglycerol‐supported manganese‐salen complex (chemzyme) is applied as a homogeneous catalyst in the epoxidation of 6‐cyano‐2,2‐dimethylchromene. The recyclability of the corresponding catalyst was investigated in repetitive batch experiments as well as a continuous operation of the reaction in an ultrafiltration membrane reactor. An enhanced stability of the catalyst in repetitive batches was observed as a result of immobilization whereby the total turnover number increased from 23 in a single batch to 80 in four repetitive batches. To enable continuous operation, a continuously operated, stirred tanked reactor (CSTR) was equipped with an ultrafiltration membrane (MPF‐50) and a retention of 98% was determined. The continuous chemzyme membrane reactor was operated over the course of 20 residence times. After approximately 12 residence times, the steady state was reached yielding 70% conversion as well as an enantiomeric excess up to 92%. A space‐time yield (sty) of 458 g L−1 d−1 and a turnover frequency (TOFreaction) of up to 18 h−1 was reached in the steady state. It was determined that the total turnover number (TTN) was enhanced by a factor of 10 from 24 (batch) up to 240 for 20 residence times in CSTR operation.
Highly Efficient Brønsted Acid‐Catalyzed Cycloisomerizations of Alkynes Bearing Bis(acetoxy) Groups to Indenyl Ketones
Authors: Liu Yuanhong , Zhou Shaolin , Li Guijie , Yan Bin , Guo Shenghai , Zhou Yebing , Zhang Hao , Wang Peng George 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA Brønsted acid‐catalyzed cycloisomerization of functionalized alkynes is described, which is assumed to be initiated through the formation of a benzylic cation intermediate. The reaction offers a highly efficient and straightforward route to indenyl ketones with a wide range of substituents under mild conditions.
Designing man‐portable power generation systems for varying power demand
Authors: Yunt Mehmet , Chachuat Benoît , Mitsos Alexander , Barton Paul I. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractPortable electronic devices operate at varying power demand levels. This variability of power demand must be considered explicitly in the design of man‐portable power generation systems for acceptable performance and portability. In this regard, a mathematical programming based design method is proposed. The method transcribes optimal operation of the system at a given power demand into a mathematical program. The power demand specific programs are incorporated into another upper level mathematical program encoding design requirements to form a final two‐stage formulation. The design and operational parameters of the power generation system comprise a solution of the formulation. Unlike designs, based on a nominal power demand, the design guarantees that each power demand and all operational requirements can be satisfied. A detailed study of a microfabricated fuel‐cell based system is performed. The proposed method produces smaller designs with significantly better performances than nominal power demand based approaches. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008