bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Passive Control of Transonic Cavity Flow
Authors: MacManus David G. , Doran Diane S. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Open cavities at transonic speeds can result in acoustic resonant flow behavior with fluctuating pressure levels of sufficient intensity to cause significant damage to internal stores and surrounding structures. Extensive research in this field has produced numerous cavity flow control techniques, the more effective of which may require costly feedback control systems or entail other drawbacks such as drag penalties or rapid performance degradation at off-design condition. The current study focuses on the use of simple geometric modifications of a rectangular planform cavity with the aim of attenuating the aeroacoustic signature. Experiments were performed in an intermittent suck-down transonic wind tunnel by using a typical open flow rectangular planform cavity, which was modularly designed such that the leading and trailing edge geometries could be modified by using a family of inserts. The current work focused on a variety of recessed leading edge step arrangements. Configurations were tested at transonic Mach numbers spanning the range Mach 0.7–0.9, and unsteady pressure measurements were recorded at various stations within the cavity in order to obtain acoustic spectra. The most effective configuration at Mach 0.9 was the leading edge step employing a step height to step length ratio of 0.4. This configuration achieved a tonal attenuation of up to 18.6dB and an overall sound pressure level (OASPL) reduction of approximately 7.5dB. This is a significant level of noise suppression in comparison with other passive control methods. In addition, it offers the additional benefits of being a simple geometric feature, which does not rely on placing flow effectors into the high-speed grazing flow.
Nonlinear Dynamic Response of a Simple Ice-Structure Interaction
Model
Authors: Karr D. G. , Troesch A. W. , Wingate W. C. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
The problem addressed is the continuous indentation of a ship or offshore structure into an ice sheet. The impacting ship or offshore structure is represented by a mass-spring-dashpot system having a constant velocity relative to the ice sheet. The dynamic response of this simple analogue model of ice-structure interaction is studied in considerable detail. The complicated, highly nonlinear dynamic response is due to intermittent ice breakage and intermittent contact of the structure with the ice. Periodic motions are found and the periodicity for a particular system is dependent upon initial conditions. For a representative system, a Poincare´ map is presented showing the fixed points. A description of some of the effects of random variations in system parameters is also presented. Some implications of these findings regarding structural design for ice interaction are discussed.
Load Transmission Through Ice Rubble on the Gulf
Molikpaq
Authors: Timco G. W. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
A test program has been performed in an ice modeling basin to measure the load apportioning through ice rubble around Gulf’s Molikpaq, a steel caisson offshore structure. A model of the Molikpaq and its supporting submarine berm was built at a 1:75 scale. The Molikpaq and berm were instrumented independently, so the load apportioning could be determined. Thirty-six ice-loading events, including rubble formation from level ice as well as impacts through the rubble by extreme ice features, were analyzed. The results of the tests show that the ice rubble can deform and transmit load to the structure at force levels well below those predicted by a rigid-body analysis of the rubble.
A Soil Resistance Model for Pipelines Placed on Sandy
Soils
Authors: Verley R. L. P. , Sotberg T. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
This paper presents a pipe-soil interaction model for sand soils capable of predicting the development of pipe penetration into the soil and the associated soil resistance that may be mobilized against horizontal pipe motions. The model is based on dimensional analysis and development of appropriate empirical equations which are fitted to large-scale laboratory data from several sources. The development of penetration is described by considering the work done by the pipe on the soil. For a given penetration, the force-displacement curve is described. The model has been used to predict time histories of penetration and horizontal pipe displacement from large-scale laboratory tests where pipe sections were subjected to forces representative of those from irregular waves and currents. A good reproduction of the time development of both penetration and displacement is given over the whole range of relevant hydrodynamic and soil parameters.
Stochastic Modeling of Icicle Formation
Authors: Szilder K. , Lozowski E. P. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
A discrete random walk model has been developed to simulate icicle formation. A three-dimensional icicle is represented by a two-dimensional model with cylindrical symmetry around the vertical axis. The water flux along the icicle is divided into fluid elements which follow a stochastic path downwards towards the tip. During its walk, a fluid element may freeze on the icicle’s lateral surface or at the tip. The fluid elements can also form a pendant drop which may drip from the icicle tip. The freezing probability and the shedding parameter, which are the discrete model’s parameters, are expressed as functions of the heat loss to the airstream and the water supply rate, using simple analytical considerations. The predicted rates of icicle length and diameter growth agree well with experimental data. In addition, the model icicles exhibit the characteristic icicle ribs.
ANALYSIS OF TORUS BREAKDOWN INTO CHAOS IN A CONSTRAINT DUFFING VAN DER POL OSCILLATOR
Authors: SEKIKAWA MUNEHISA , INABA NAOHIKO , TSUBOUCHI TAKASHI , AIHARA KAZUYUKI 
Published: June 2008

The bifurcation structure of a constraint Duffing van der Pol oscillator with a diode is analyzed and an objective bifurcation diagram is illustrated in detail in this work. An idealized case, where the diode is assumed to operate as a switch, is considered.In this case, the Poincaré map is constructed as a one-dimensional map: a circle map. The parameter boundary between a torus-generating region where the circle map is a diffeomorphism and a chaos-generating region where the circle map has extrema is derived explicitly, without solving the implicit equations, by adopting some novel ideas. On the bifurcation diagram, intermittency and a saddle-node bifurcation from the periodic state to the quasi-periodic state can be exactly distinguished. Laboratory experiment is also carried out and theoretical results are verified.
BALANCED SETS AND THE VECTOR GAME
Authors: NEDEV ZHIVKO , QUAS ANTHONY 
Published: June 2008

We consider the notion of a balanced set modulo N. A nonempty set S of residues modulo N is balanced if for each x ∈ S, there is a d with 0 < d ≤ N/2 such that x ± d mod N both lie in S. We define α(N) to be the minimum cardinality of a balanced set modulo N. This notion arises in the context of a two-player game that we introduce and has interesting connections to the prime factorization of N. We demonstrate that for p prime, α(p) = Θ( log p), giving an explicit algorithmic upper bound and a lower bound using finite field theory and show that for N composite, α(N) = min p|Nα(p).
Aristotle's 'So-Called Elements'
Authors: Crowley Timothy 
Published: June 2008

AbstractAristotle's use of the phrase τα καλουμενα στοιχεια is usually taken as evidence that he does not really think that the things to which this phrase refers, namely, fire, air, water, and earth, are genuine elements. In this paper I question the linguistic and textual grounds for taking the phrase τα καλουμενα στοιχεια in this way. I offer a detailed examination of the significance of the phrase, and in particular I compare Aristotle's general use of the Greek participle καλουμενοζiot (-η, -ον) in other contexts. I conclude that his use of the phrase τα καλουμενα στοιχεια does not carry ironical or sceptical connotations, and that it ought to be understood as a neutral report of a contemporary opinion that the elements of bodies are fire, air, water, and earth. I leave aside the question as to whether or not Aristotle himself endorses this opinion.
Just Skin and Bones: The Longing for Wholeness of the Body in the Book of Job
Authors: Basson Alec 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe book of Job recounts the story of an individual who grapples with the enigma of suffering. In addition to his personal loss, the supplicant's body also comes under attack. Furthermore, the physical distress experienced by Job is exacerbated by the attitude of his kinsmen. His disintegrated body has lead to severed social relations. Given the fact that the body mediates the plaintiff's involvement in society and represented social unity in ancient Israel, Job longs for a whole body as the ideal body image. The ancient Israelites only regarded the whole body as pure, real and acceptable. This contribution argues that to appreciate fully the allusions to bodily degeneration in the book of Job, the importance of wholeness of the physical body in ancient Israel and the impact it had on the socio-religious structure should be taken into account.
The Oxford Hebrew Bible: Prologue to a New Critical Edition
Authors: Hendel Ronald 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe Oxford Hebrew Bible project aims to construct a critical edition—featuring a critical text—of each book of the Hebrew Bible. The "Prologue to a New Critical Edition" addresses the rationale and methodology for this project. Three sample editions, including text-critical commentary, accompany this theoretical statement in order to illustrate its practice and utility. The samples are Deuteronomy 32:1-9, 1 Kings 11:1-8, and Jeremiah 27:1-10 (34 G).
Sample Editions of the Oxford Hebrew Bible: Deuteronomy 32:1-9, 1 Kings 11:1-8, and Jeremiah 27:1-10 (34 G)
Authors: Crawford Sidnie White , Joosten Jan , Ulrich Eugene 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
The Oxford Hebrew Bible project aims to construct a critical edition—featuring a critical text—of each book of the Hebrew Bible. The "Prologue to a New Critical Edition" addresses the rationale and methodology for this project. Three sample editions, including text-critical commentary, accompany this theoretical statement in order to illustrate its practice and utility. The samples are Deuteronomy 32:1-9, 1 Kings 11:1-8, and Jeremiah 27:1-10 (34 G).
The Making of Self-Monitoring Asthma Patients: Mending a Split Reality with Comparative Ethnography
Authors: Ross Winthereik Brit , Langstrup Henriette 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThose calling for more evidence to support ever-increasing efforts to use information and communication technologies (ICT) in medical work argue that rigorous facts are necessary to make viable in practice substantiated use of these technologies. By contrast, socio-technical studies researchers, who focus on the use of ICT in everyday clinical practices, argue against the need for evidence produced under controlled, thus "unrealistic" conditions. Proponents of both positions, however, seem to operate with "a split reality," whereby they assume the "pseudo" can be readily distinguished from the "real," the "situated" from the "scientific." A comparative ethnographic approach can help mend this split reality approach. We compare how the same internet-based self-monitoring tool for asthmatics was used in a general practice setting and in a randomized clinical study, and thereby show how different effects were produced in these two settings. We propose that these effects are better conceptualized as enacting different assemblages of bodies, identities, and technologies, as opposed to creating either evidence or failed implementation.
Concerning a Serious Misunderstanding of the Essence of the Phenomenological Method in Psychology
Authors: Giorgi Amedeo 
Published: June 2008

AbstractIn an earlier article, Edwards (1991) tried to establish that the Duquesne Phenomenological Research Method (DPRM) was simply a particular type of Case Study research method (CSRM) and he also reproached users of the DPRM for not developing theory. This article rebuts both of Edwards's theses. DPRM is radically different from CSRM in logic and in execution and the article demonstrates that the development of theory is not at all the intent of DPRM. The basic difficulty is that Edwards attempts to understand DPRM from an empirical philosophical perspective whereas a phenomenological philosophical perspective is required to understand DPRM correctly.
The highest-copy repeats are methylated in the small genome of the early divergent vascular plant Selaginella moellendorffii
Authors: Chan Agnes P , Melake-Berhan Admasu , O'Brien Kimberly , Buckley Stephanie , Quan Hui , Chen Dan , Lewis Matthew , Banks Jo Ann , Rabinowicz Pablo D 
Published: June 2008

Abstract

Background
The lycophyte Selaginella moellendorffii is a vascular plant that diverged from the fern/seed plant lineage at least 400 million years ago. Although genomic information for S. moellendorffii is starting to be produced, little is known about basic aspects of its molecular biology. In order to provide the first glimpse to the epigenetic landscape of this early divergent vascular plant, we used the methylation filtration technique. Methylation filtration genomic libraries select unmethylated DNA clones due to the presence of the methylation-dependent restriction endonuclease McrBC in the bacterial host.

Results
We conducted a characterization of the DNA methylation patterns of the S. moellendorffii genome by sequencing a set of S. moellendorffii shotgun genomic clones, along with a set of methylation filtered clones. Chloroplast DNA, which is typically unmethylated, was enriched in the filtered library relative to the shotgun library, showing that there is DNA methylation in the extremely small S. moellendorffii genome. The filtered library also showed enrichment in expressed and gene-like sequences, while the highest-copy repeats were largely under-represented in this library. These results show that genes and repeats are differentially methylated in the S. moellendorffii genome, as occurs in other plants studied.

Conclusion
Our results shed light on the genome methylation pattern in a member of a relatively unexplored plant lineage. The DNA methylation data reported here will help understanding the involvement of this epigenetic mark in fundamental biological processes, as well as the evolutionary aspects of epigenetics in land plants.
Script Concordance Tests: Guidelines for Construction
Authors: Fournier Jean Paul , Demeester Anne , Charlin Bernard 
Published: June 2008

Abstract

Background
SCT is used to assess clinical reasoning in ambiguous or uncertain situations. It allows testing on real-life situations that are not adequately measured with current tests. It probes the multiple judgments that are made in the clinical reasoning process. Scoring reflects the degree of concordance of these judgments to those of a panel of reference experts.

Method
SCT is an item format that is gaining acceptance in education in the health professions. However, there are no detailed guidelines on item writing, test scoring or test optimization.

Results
The item format is described and the steps for preparing and administering reliable and valid SCTs are presented.

Conclusion
SCTs probe examinees on a specific clinical reasoning task: data interpretation, a crucial step in the clinical reasoning process. It is inferred that a high degree of concordance corresponds to optimal use of information in the context of these specific tasks and therefore provides an indication of clinical reasoning quality.
Complex molecular mechanisms cooperate to mediate histone deacetylase inhibitors anti-tumour activity in neuroblastoma cells
Authors: Mühlethaler-Mottet Annick , Meier Roland , Flahaut Marjorie , Bourloud Katia Balmas , Nardou Katya , Joseph Jean-Marc , Gross Nicole 
Published: June 2008

Abstract

Background
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) are a new class of promising anti-tumour agent inhibiting cell proliferation and survival in tumour cells with very low toxicity toward normal cells. Neuroblastoma (NB) is the second most common solid tumour in children still associated with poor outcome in higher stages and, thus NB strongly requires novel treatment modalities.

Results
We show here that the HDACi Sodium Butyrate (NaB), suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) and Trichostatin A (TSA) strongly reduce NB cells viability. The anti-tumour activity of these HDACi involved the induction of cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase, followed by the activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway, via the activation of the caspases cascade. Moreover, HDACi mediated the activation of the pro-apoptotic proteins Bid and BimEL and the inactivation of the anti-apoptotic proteins XIAP, Bcl-xL, RIP and survivin, that further enhanced the apoptotic signal. Interestingly, the activity of these apoptosis regulators was modulated by several different mechanisms, either by caspases dependent proteolytic cleavage or by degradation via the proteasome pathway. In addition, HDACi strongly impaired the hypoxia-induced secretion of VEGF by NB cells.

Conclusion
HDACi are therefore interesting new anti-tumour agents for targeting highly malignant tumours such as NB, as these agents display a strong toxicity toward aggressive NB cells and they may possibly reduce angiogenesis by decreasing VEGF production by NB cells.
Association between meniscal tears and the peak external knee adduction moment and foot rotation during level walking in postmenopausal women without knee osteoarthritis: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Davies-Tuck Miranda L , Wluka Anita E , Teichtahl Andrew J , Martel-Pelletier Johanne , Pelletier Jean-Pierre , Jones Graeme , Ding Changhai , Davis Susan R , Cicuttini Flavia M 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Introduction
Meniscal injury is a risk factor for the development and progression of knee osteoarthritis, yet little is known about risk factors for meniscal pathology. Joint loading mediated via gait parameters may be associated with meniscal tears, and determining whether such an association exists was the aim of this study.

Methods
Three-dimensional Vicon gait analyses were performed on the dominant knee of 20 non-osteoarthritic women, and the peak external knee adduction moment during early and late stance was determined. The degree of foot rotation was also examined when the knee adductor moment peaked during early and late stance. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to determine the presence and severity of meniscal lesions in the dominant knee.

Results
The presence (P = 0.04) and severity (P = 0.01) of medial meniscal tears were positively associated with the peak external knee adduction moment during early stance while a trend for late stance was observed (P = 0.07). They were also associated with increasing degrees of internal foot rotation during late stance, independent of the magnitude of the peak external knee adduction moment occurring at that time (P = 0.03). During level walking among healthy women, the presence and severity of medial meniscal tears were positively associated with the peak external knee adduction moment. Moreover, the magnitude of internal foot rotation was associated with the presence and severity of medial meniscal lesions, independent of the peak knee adductor moment during late stance.

Conclusion
These data may suggest that gait parameters may be associated with meniscal damage, although longitudinal studies will be required to clarify whether gait abnormalities predate meniscal lesions, or vice versa, and therefore whether modification of gait patterns may be helpful.
Organization of the pronephric kidney revealed by large-scale gene expression mapping
Authors: Raciti Daniela , Reggiani Luca , Geffers Lars , Jiang Qiuhong , Bacchion Francesca , Subrizi Astrid E , Clements Dave , Tindal Christopher , Davidson Duncan R , Kaissling Brigitte , Brändli André W 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Background
The pronephros, the simplest form of a vertebrate excretory organ, has recently become an important model of vertebrate kidney organogenesis. Here, we elucidated the nephron organization of the Xenopus pronephros and determined the similarities in segmentation with the metanephros, the adult kidney of mammals.

Results
We performed large-scale gene expression mapping of terminal differentiation markers to identify gene expression patterns that define distinct domains of the pronephric kidney. We analyzed the expression of over 240 genes, which included members of the solute carrier, claudin, and aquaporin gene families, as well as selected ion channels. The obtained expression patterns were deposited in the searchable European Renal Genome Project Xenopus Gene Expression Database. We found that 112 genes exhibited highly regionalized expression patterns that were adequate to define the segmental organization of the pronephric nephron. Eight functionally distinct domains were discovered that shared significant analogies in gene expression with the mammalian metanephric nephron. We therefore propose a new nomenclature, which is in line with the mammalian one. The Xenopus pronephric nephron is composed of four basic domains: proximal tubule, intermediate tubule, distal tubule, and connecting tubule. Each tubule may be further subdivided into distinct segments. Finally, we also provide compelling evidence that the expression of key genes underlying inherited renal diseases in humans has been evolutionarily conserved down to the level of the pronephric kidney.

Conclusion
The present study validates the Xenopus pronephros as a genuine model that may be used to elucidate the molecular basis of nephron segmentation and human renal disease.
Alternate delivery route for amifostine as a radio-/chemo-protecting agent
Authors: Praetorius Natalie P , Mandal Tarun K 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Amifostine (ethiofos, WR-2721) is an organic thiophosphate prodrug that serves as an antineoplastic adjunct and cytoprotective agent useful in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The selective protection of certain tissues of the body is believed to be due to higher alkaline phosphatase activity, higher pH and vascular permeation of normal tissues. Amifostine is conventionally administered intravenously before chemotherapy or radiotherapy. It is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to reduce cumulative renal toxicity associated with repeated administration of cisplatin in patients with advanced ovarian cancer. It was originally indicated to reduce the cumulative renal toxicity from cisplatin in non-small cell lung cancer although this indication was withdrawn in 2005. Amifostine is also FDA approved for patients with head and neck cancer to reduce the incidence of moderate to severe xerostomia in patients who are undergoing postoperative radiation treatment where the radiation port includes a substantial portion of the parotid glands. The potential of amifostine as a cytoprotective agent is unlikely to be fully realized if the method of administration is restricted to intravenous administration. Attempts have been made to develop non-invasive methods of delivery such as transdermal patches, pulmonary inhalers, and oral sustained-release microspheres. It is the goal of this article to explore non-intravenous routes of administration associated with better efficacy of the drug. This review will primarily focus on the variety of more recently studied (2002 and later) alternative modes for amifostine administration, including subcutaneous, intrarectal and oral routes.