bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Curing‐Dependent Changes in Color and Translucency Parameter of Composite Bleach Shades
Authors: PARAVINA RADE D. , ONTIVEROS JOE C. , POWERS JOHN M. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Purpose: The goal of this study was to evaluate curing‐dependent changes in color and translucency parameter (TP) values of composite bleach shades. Materials and Methods: Thirty bleach shades of microhybrid and microfill composites were analyzed. Specimens (n = 5) were made as disks, 10 mm in diameter and 2 mm thick, using cylindrical molds. Specimens were polymerized for 60 seconds using a light‐curing unit. Data were collected before and after composite curing using a spectrophotometer and analyzed using the appropriate color‐difference metric equations. Results: L*a*b* ranges (maximum minus minimum values) for microhybrids were 17.7, 2.91, and 7.97, respectively. Corresponding ranges for microfills were 14.4,1.26, and 4.27, respectively. Curing‐dependent color differences varied from 3.7 to 12.0 δE* units, whereas TP values of cured resin composites varied from 2.0 to 7.1. Light‐curing caused increase of microhybrid TP values (+0.7) and decrease of microfill TP values (‐0.7). Color differences were found to be acceptable for five of six composite pairs of the same shade designation (each of them made by the same manufacturer) in post‐curing measurements against white background.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE:Curing‐dependent color and TP changes indicate that dentists should use cured composite for matching of shade and translucency. Tested materials became less saturated, with microhybrids becoming darker and microfills becoming lighter after polymerization. Light‐curing caused an increase in translucency of microhybrids and a reduced translucency in microfills.
Esthetic Restoration of the Traumatized and Surgically Reconstructed Anterior Maxilla
Authors: TIPTON PAUL A. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT:A car accident victim can lose not only anterior teeth but also the soft‐ and hard‐tissue support for these teeth. This article describes a step‐by‐step approach to the treatment protocol for an accident victim in whom anterior teeth and the supporting tissues have been lost. The protocol is systematic and can be used for most accident cases, where the functional and esthetic demands are very high.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE:This article demonstrates how excellent teamwork among the dentist, implant surgeon, and laboratory technician can result in a well‐conceived and successful restoration following traumatic injury of the dentition.
Safety and Stability of Nightguard Vital Bleaching: 9 to 12 Years Post‐treatment
Authors: RITTER ANDRÉ V. , LEONARD RALPH H. , GEORGES ANNIE J. ST. , CAPLAN DANIEL J. , HAYWOOD VAN B. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Purpose: The purposes of this retrospective case series study were to evaluate safety issues and determine participants' perceptions of a nightguard vital bleaching (NGVB) technique approximately 10 years post‐treatment (average, 118 mo; range, 108–144 mo). Materials and Methods: The study sample included 30 (79%) of 38 participants who had completed a previous NGVB study using a 10% carbamide peroxide solution (Proxigel® or Gly‐Oxide®) in a custom tray for 6 weeks. Participants were asked whether there had been any change in the shade of their teeth post‐treatment and, if so, to quantify the change on a verbal scale. In addition, 19 participants had gingival index and tooth vitality evaluated clinically, external cervical root anatomy evaluated radiographically, and enamel surface changes evaluated microscopically. Results: Thirty‐five (92%) of the original 38 participants had successful lightening of their teeth. At approximately 10 years post‐treatment (average, 118 mo; range, 108–144 mo), external cervical resorption was not diagnosed and gingival index and tooth vitality findings were considered within the normal expectations for the sample studied, suggesting minimal clinical post‐NGVB side effects at approximately 10 years. Scanning electron microscopic observations did not reveal substantial differences between treated and nontreated surfaces. Color stability, as perceived by 43% of the participants, may last approximately 10 years (average, 118 mo; range, 108–144 mo) post‐treatment.
Self‐Etching Primer and Resin‐Based Restorative Material: Two‐Year Clinical Evaluation
Authors: GORDAN VALERIA V. , MJOR IVAR A. , VAZQUEZ OSCAR , WATSON RONALD E. , WILSON NAIRN 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Purpose: This study was undertaken to evaluate the performance of posterior restorations placed using a self‐etching primer (Fluorobond, Shofu Inc., Kyoto, Japan) and a universal resin‐based restorative material (Beautifil, Shofu Inc., Kyoto, Japan). Materials and Methods: The 61 restorations evaluated were 26 Class I and 35 Class II that were placed by two clinicians in 31 patients. Two other calibrated clinicians evaluated the restorations using United States Public Health Service (USPHS)/Ryge criteria observing the following characteristics: color match, marginal adaptation, anatomy, roughness, marginal staining, interfacial staining, contact, secondary caries, and luster. Restorations were placed under rubber dam isolation. Chi‐squared and Fisher's exact tests were used for statistical analysis (p= .05). Results: All the restorations were assessed at baseline and alfa scores predominated for all criteria. At the 12‐month recall examination, one patient dropped out of the study and two restorations were replaced by a clinician not involved in the project. At 24‐month recall, 58 restorations were examined (23 Class I and 35 Class II). From baseline to 24 months, 19 of the 44 restorations changed from alfa to bravo and 13 from bravo to alfa for a variety of reasons. No significant differences were found for any of the clinical criteria (p > .05). The 2‐year recall substantiated the 1‐year results. Conclusion: Beautifil and the self‐etching primer Fluorobond provided satisfactory restorations after a 2‐year observation period.
Public Health Decision‐Makers' Informational Needs and Preferences for Receiving Research Evidence
Authors: Dobbins Maureen , Jack Susan , Thomas Helen , Kothari Anita 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Objectives: The purpose of this study was to identify decision‐makers' preferences for the transfer and exchange of research knowledge. This article is focused on how the participants define evidence‐based decision‐making and their preferences for receiving research evidence to integrate into the decision‐making process. Methods: Semistructured interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of 16 Ontario public health decision‐makers from six Ontario public health units in this fundamental qualitative descriptive study. The sample included nine program managers, six directors, and one Medical Officer of Health. Participants were asked to define the term evidence‐based decision‐making and identify preferred research dissemination strategies. The interviews were audio‐taped, transcribed verbatim, and coded for emerging concepts. Results: Participants defined evidence‐based decision‐making as a process whereby multiple sources of information were consulted before making a decision concerning the provision of services. To facilitate integration of research evidence into the decision‐making process, public health administrators appreciate receiving, in both electronic and hard copy, systematic reviews, executive summaries of research, and clear statements of implications for practice from health service researchers. Conclusions: Although consensus exists among participants concerning the definition of evidence based public health decision‐making, ongoing efforts are required to continue to promote the use of research evidence in program planning and public health policy. It is also important to continue to improve the ease with which public health decision‐makers access systematic reviews, as well as to ensure the relevance and applicability of the results to the practice setting.
Factors affecting severity of bicycle‐related injuries: The role of helmets in preventing head injuries
Authors: Abu‐Zidan Fikri M , Nagelkerke Nico , Rao Sudhakar 
Published: June 2007

AbstractObjectives: To identify factors that affect the severity of bicycle‐related injuries in patients with head injury compared with those without, so as to find whether the effect of using helmets extends beyond head protection, and to explore a direct protective effect of helmets on head injuries.Methods: A total of 297 patients with bicycle‐related injuries were studied. A generalized linear model was used to test the effect of age, sex, helmet use, cause of injury, year of injury, place of injury and whether the injury occurred on public or school holidays on the Injury Severity Score (ISS) in those patients who had head injury and those without. A logistic regression model was used to define the factors that contribute to head injury, while adjusting for ISS.Results: Factors affecting ISS in the generalized linear model in those who had head injury were: cause of injury (P = 0.01) and there was a trend for helmet use (P = 0.06). The significant factors that have affected ISS in the no head injury group were age (P = 0.002) and place of accident (P = 0.03). Logistic regression has shown that with each increase of 1 point in the ISS the odds of head injury increases by a factor of 1.22 (95% confidence interval 1.13–1.31) and the use of helmets reduces the odds of head injury by a factor of 0.48 (95% confidence interval 0.23–1.03).Conclusions: The reduced severity of injury in helmeted patients is because of protection of the head and not other body regions.
Contrasting Structure and Function of Pubescent and Glabrous Varieties of Hawaiian Metrosideros polymorpha (Myrtaceae) at High Elevation
Authors: Hoof Jennifer , Sack Lawren , Webb David T. , Nilsen Erik T. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTHawaiian dominant tree species Metrosideros polymorpha varieties glaberrima and polymorpha have glabrous and pubescent leaves, respectively. Sympatric populations at 2040 m elevation showed major differentiation beyond the pubescence itself. The varieties differed substantially in stomatal traits and in leaf composition, leaf water status, and instantaneous gas exchange rates, despite similarity in leaf and wood cross‐sectional anatomy. Functional differentiation among varieties represents a possible mechanism facilitating the occupation of an exceptional ecological range.
EFFECT OF STORAGE ON THE SAFETY AND QUALITY OF FUFU FLOUR
Authors: OBADINA A.O. , OYEWOLE O.B. , ODUBAYO M.O. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Studies were carried out on the physicochemical characteristics and the fungi involved in the spoilage of fufu flour under storage at different relative humidities in ambient temperature.The physicochemical characteristics showed an increase in moisture content, decrease in swelling power, water‐binding capacity and pH throughout the storage period. Fungi growths were noticed on the samples at different times. Relative humidity of 33% and 76% for 56 days and 48 days, respectively, had the minimum number of growth when compared to others. The fungi that were isolated from the fufu were Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus spp., Geotrichum candida and Candida spp. This study therefore showed that fufu flour will keep best when it is stored under the condition of 33% relative humidity at room temperature.
A STUDY ON THE OCCURRENCE OF AFLATOXIN IN RAW MILK DUE TO FEEDS
Authors: AYAR AHMET , SERT DURMUŞ , ÇON AHMET HILMI 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Milk and milk products are the most important group of food which carries aflatoxin to the people. Therefore, the existence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk is a potential risk for public health. AFM1 existence in milk and milk products was found in studies performed in Turkey. In this study, aflatoxin contamination was detected in 48 raw milk and 48 feed samples. Milk and feed samples, in which the positive sample rate was determined as 24%, included different levels of aflatoxin. Altogether, 20 raw milk samples (41.67%) and 15 feed samples (31.25%) contained over the level of legal limits established by the Turkish Food Codex (TFC) and the European Communities (EC) regulation in positive samples. According to these results, the milk and feed samples collected from this area constitute a potential risk for public health. The most effective way of controlling aflatoxin M1 in milk is to reduce the contamination of aflatoxin in raw milk and feed samples. Both the producers and the consumers, as well as the government, have important obligations on this subject.
INHIBITION OF SHIGELLA SONNEI BY ULTRAVIOLET ENERGY ON AGAR, LIQUID MEDIA AND RADISH SPROUTS1
Authors: RAJKOWSKI KATHLEEN T. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT The germicidal effect of ultraviolet light (UVC) at 254 nm is used to decontaminate surfaces. Using the combined lights from 185‐ and 254‐nm sources, the reduction of Shigella sonnei was determined on inoculated agars and radish sprouts, and in distilled water and vegetable broth. The combined UVC light was very effective in reducing the number of S. sonnei on inoculated agar surfaces at a dose of 2,040 µW·s·cm−2, resulting in a >8 log reduction. The reduction in the liquid samples reached >5 log reduction at 3,400 µW·s·cm−2. As a result of the unevenness of the radish sprout, a 2–3 log reduction was achieved only when combined with a H2O2 wash treatment. The combined light sources were effective in killing the S. sonnei on agar and in clear liquids.
UNDERSTANDING CONSUMER ATTITUDES ON EDIBLE FILMS AND COATINGS: FOCUS GROUP FINDINGS
Authors: WAN VICKI CHEUK‐HANG , LEE CHOW MING , LEE SOO‐YEUN 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT The application of edible films and coatings (EFCs) is one of the innovations of packaging technology aimed to improve food quality and to retain freshness of food. In order to maximize the potential of a new technology, it is important to consider consumer concerns and acceptance. Therefore, a focus group study was conducted to understand consumer attitudes, opinions and concerns toward EFCs. Furthermore, innovative applications of EFCs in different food systems were probed during the focus group discussions. Four independent focus groups (n = 27) were conducted with each group consisting of five to eight consumers who are frequent grocery shoppers. Consumers were concerned about the types of products that are coated, safety of the coating materials, sensory qualities of the resulting products, end benefits of EFCs and the cost of the food products packaged with EFCs. This research presents insights on the issues to address when commercializing EFC applications.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThis study demonstrates the effective utilization of qualitative consumer testing such as focus group when probing the consumer attitudes and acceptance toward novel food processing or packaging technologies, which include edible films and coatings (EFCs). The main findings from this study on EFCs shed light to the important steps to consider when commercializing EFCs, which are to evaluate sensory attributes of integrated coated products, to properly label ingredients of EFCs with a focus on marketing the natural ingredients added and to target marketing strategies to advertise direct consumer benefits of the resulting EFC products.
Central inhibition of opioid receptor subtypes and its effect on haemorrhagic hypotension in conscious sheep
Authors: Frithiof R. , Eriksson S. , Rundgren M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAim: To investigate the contribution of cerebralμ‐,κ‐ andδ‐opioid receptors in causing the hypotension, bradycardia and renal hypoperfusion evoked by haemorrhage.Methods: Adult conscious ewes were bled continuously from a jugular vein until mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) was reduced to below 50 mmHg. Starting 30 min before and continuing until 60 min after haemorrhage either artificial cerebrospinal fluid (control),d‐Phe‐Cys‐Tyr‐d‐Trp‐Orn‐Thr‐Pen‐Thr‐NH2(CTOPμ‐receptor antagonist), ICI 174,864 (δ‐receptor antagonist) or nor‐binaltorphimine dihydrochloride (nor‐BNI,κ‐receptor antagonist) were infused intracerebroventricularly. In a randomized crossover fashion the effect of antagonizing one central opioid receptor subtype was compared to control experiments in the same animal (n = 6 in all groups).Results: Compared to corresponding controls, nor‐BNI and ICI 174,864 significantly increased the haemorrhage volume needed to reduce MAP to below 50 mmHg (+4.7 mL kg−1, SD 1.8 and +3.1 mL kg−1, SD 3.0 respectively). In the nor‐BNI group this was accompanied by a significantly augmented tachycardia before MAP fell. Both nor‐BNI and ICI 174,864 also postponed haemorrhagic bradycardia and prolonged adequate blood flow to the kidney. The infusions did not affect the circulationper seor the recovery after haemorrhage. Theμ‐opioid receptor blockade had no effect on baseline circulation or the response to haemorrhage.Conclusion: Activation ofκ‐ andδ‐opioid receptors adjacent to the ventricular compartment contributes to initiating haemorrhagic hypotension and bradycardia in conscious sheep. However, other parts of the brain and different receptors are likely to play a role as well.
Muscle fatigue resistance during stimulated contractions is reduced in young male smokers
Authors: Morse C. I. , Wüst R. C. I. , Jones D. A. , De Haan A. , Degens H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAim:  To determine whether muscle function is compromised in healthy smokers in comparison with activity‐matched non‐smokers.Methods:  Nine male smokers (aged 22.2 ± 2.5 years: mean ± SD) with a smoking history of 2.5 ± 3.1 pack years, and ten male control participants (25.4 ± 2.9 years) matched for physical activity level participated in this study. Knee extensor strength was measured using isometric maximal voluntary contractions. Voluntary activation of the quadriceps and co‐activation of the biceps femoris were determined using interpolated twitches and surface electromyography respectively. The frequency–torque relationship and fatigue resistance were assessed with electrically evoked contractions. A fatigue index was determined as the ratio of final torque to initial torque during a series of isometric contractions (2 min; 30 Hz; 1 s contraction/1 s rest). Quadriceps anatomical cross sectional area was measured with MRI at 50% of femur length.Results:  Maximal voluntary contraction torque, quadriceps anatomical cross sectional area, knee extensor torque/quadriceps cross sectional area, activation, co‐activation and force–frequency relationship were similar, whereas the fatigue index was 17% lower in smokers than non‐smokers.Conclusion:  In young men smoking does not significantly affect quadriceps muscle mass and contractile properties, but does reduce fatigue resistance of the quadriceps muscle, which was not attributable to differences in physical activity.
Models of mental health care for older adults: a review of the literature
Authors: Moyle Wendy , Evans Katie 
Published: June 2007

Aim. This paper reviews literature that draws on models of mental health care for older adults.Background. It is predicted that as a consequence of the aging of the population the incidence of mental health disorders, common in older populations, will also rise. Many such disorders can be successfully managed if detected early. Assessment and management requires collaboration between health professionals who are skilled and educated in the management of older adults with mental illness and the use of models of care appropriate to this population.Results. The paucity of research in this area is demonstrated.Conclusion. The need for mental health nurses to challenge current models of mental health care for older adults is identified so that they take on an expanded and developed specialist role in care of older adults with mental illness.
A needs‐based model for older people's mental health
Authors: Mander Paul 
Published: June 2007

Abstract  Background.  Mental health services for older people in South Tyneside (UK) have adopted a person‐centred service model that is ‘needs‐led’. This service model uses Local Authority ‘Fair Access to Care Services’ (FACS) eligibility criteria to ensure fair and equal access to mental health services for older people in South Tyneside based upon their level of mental health need. This is achieved by the application of mental health specific criteria within the FACS framework.Aims.  This paper describes how stakeholders from statutory and non‐statutory organizations in South Tyneside, in consultation with service users and carers, collaborated to produce the model and the application into practice of the model. Furthermore, the development of specific indicators of level of mental health needs supplementary to FACS, as commonly shared and understood language across boundaries is described.Conclusions.  The model is argued as the basis for collaboration and empowerment of practitioners across organizations to drive and lead positive change and is an essential and appropriate framework for the commissioning of services in addition to ensuring the appropriate and timely provision of needs‐led services for older people with mental health needs.
Discharge of the older person from the emergency department – the perceptions of health professionals
Authors: Dunnion Mary E. , Kelly Billy 
Published: June 2007

Aims of study.  This study aimed to examine the management of the older person in preparation for discharge home from an emergency department by exploring the perceptions of health professionals on procedures undertaken particularly in relation to the planned support, supply of medications, dressings, and contact information given to patients. An additional aim related to the perceived satisfaction levels of older patients and their carers.Background.  It is imperative that older patients are adequately prepared for discharge home from the emergency department so as to avoid unnecessary anxiety, increase in health problems and possible re‐attendance or admission to hospital.Design.  The sample in this study comprised the total population (n = 222) of all medical and nursing staff in both the emergency department and the primary care area.Methods.  The method adopted was a survey approach which employed the use of standardized questionnaires comprising both open and closed questioning styles.Results.  The data obtained identified results similar to previous research in that a discrepancy exists between hospital and community staff in relation to the procedures undertaken when discharging older people from the emergency department, such as arranging follow‐up care and appointments and giving the patient relevant contact numbers and dressings.Conclusion.  The findings of this study support previous research in that there is a need to provide patients with planned support, aids and appliances, clear instructions and relevant contact numbers on discharge from the emergency department.Relevance to clinical practice.  Good quality discharge planning is essential for a continuum of care for older people discharged from the emergency department. While patient education is often difficult in the busy emergency department, the provision of relevant information to older patients prior to discharge is essential particularly in relation to prescribed medications and wound care.