bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaporation and advection I: evaporation from extensive homogeneous surfaces
Authors: McNaughton K. G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe process of modification of the Bowen ratio, with distance downwind of a change in surface wetness, is considered to establish the ratio of the fluxes of sensible and latent heat when unaffected by surface inhomogeneity. The case of steady‐state two‐dimensional advection is considered. It is shown that the coupled, simultaneous, diffusion equations for heat and moisture transfer from natural vegetated or wet surfaces can be used to generate two independent diffusion equations in composite variables. The vegetated surface is represented as an extensive single leaf. The height integral of the reciprocal effective eddy diffusivity is assumed to become indefinitely large with height so that heat and moisture continuously accumulate within the overpassing air. As a result equilibrium does not obtain. However, the surface latent heat flux approaches a quasi‐equilibrium value given, in conventional symbols, by LE = (s/(s+γ)) (Rn −G). For terrestrial surfaces, where the available energy depends only slightly on surface temperature, the Bowen ratio approaches γ/s. For deep water bodies and melting snow the heat flux into the surface also evolves with distance and the above relationship is approached only in the trivial sense that Rn = G and LE = 0. This model for terrestrial surfaces is consistent with some recent experimental observations.
On the entrainment rate of a stratocumulus‐topped mixed layer
Authors: Deardorff J. W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe forced entrainment rate at the top of a stratocumulus deck is derived from the assumption that the negative buoyancy flux there is a particular fraction (1/2) of the average buoyancy flux within the entire mixed layer. A portion of the cloudtop radiative cooling is allowed to occur below the inversion base, thus contributing to the maintenance of the mixed‐layer turbulence. The derived equation clearly shows the dependence of the forced entrainment rate upon the surface heat and moisture fluxes, cloudtop radiative cooling rate, temperature and humidity jumps across the capping inversion, solar absorption rate within the mixed layer, and percentage of the mixed layer occupied by stratocumulus. The forced entrainment rate becomes inapplicable when the thermal jump at cloudtop becomes very small; then either encroachment or free entrainment occurs, and expressions are proposed for each. A useful criterion is that the entrainment rate is the minimum of the calculated rates for forced entrainment, encroachment, and free entrainment. The equation is tested satisfactorily against observations of coastal stratus off California and stratocumulus development over Lake Michigan.
Dynamics of climatic hazards in northeast Brazil
Authors: Hastenrath Stefan , Heller Leon 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDeparture characteristics of the large‐scale circulation are studied in relation to extreme drought and flood years in northeastern Brazil identified from a collective of long‐term rainfall stations and series of river discharge. Ship observations during 1911–72 compiled with a one degree square resolution and extending between 30°N and 30°S from the African coast to the eastern Pacific form a major observational basis.The rainy season of northeastern Brazil is narrowly centred around March/April and is related to the southernmost seasonal migration of a lower‐tropospheric confluence axis over the adjacent eastern tropical Atlantic. the ‘Sěcas’ of Ceará province are characterized by an equatorward expansion of the South Atlantic, and a poleward retraction of the North Atlantic, high ‐ associated with a northward displacement of the enclosed near‐equatorial trough of low pressure. Concurrently, the zonally oriented bands of maximum cloudiness and precipitation frequency stay farther north, the North Atlantic trades weaken, and the South Atlantic trades become stronger than in the long‐term mean. the sea surface temperature pattern during a deficient rainy season in northeast Brazil is characterized by positive departures in a broad band across the North Atlantic and in the eastern Pacific, and anomalously cold waters in most of the South and equatorial Atlantic. During abundant rainy seasons in northeast Brazil, departure patterns are approximately inverse to those typical of drought years.A strong negative linkage exists between northeast Brazil rainfall and sea surface temperature along the Ecuador/Peru coast. This seems to be caused by inverse long‐term pressure variations over the eastern South Pacific and South Atlantic oceans, which in turn may be part of large‐scale mass adjustments of the Southern Oscillation type.Development of the equatorward expansions of the North and South Atlantic highs, pre‐season precipitation in northeast Brazil and the Guayanas, and location of the cloudiness and precipitation belts over the adjacent western tropical Atlantic, are among the more promising predictors for seasonal foreshadowing of extreme rainy season behaviour in northeast Brazil.
Characterization of impurities in spiramycin by liquid chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometry
Authors: Pendela Murali , Govaerts Cindy , Diana José , Hoogmartens Jos , Van Schepdael Ann , Adams Erwin 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA reversed‐phase liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method is described for the investigation of spiramycin and related substances. The method uses an XTerra C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm i.d.), 5 µm, and a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile, methanol, water and ammonium acetate solution, pH 6.5. Mass spectral data were acquired on an LCQ ion trap mass spectrometer equipped with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) operated in the positive ion mode. Using this method, the fragmentation behavior of spiramycin and its related substances was studied and the unknown impurities occurring in commercial samples were investigated. In total 17 compounds were identified, among which three reported as specified impurities in the European Pharmacopoeia. The other impurities showed mainly a modification in the forosamine sugar or in the substituent at C‐3 and C‐6 positions. In one impurity, the mycarose sugar is absent. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strategic alliance contracts: dimensions and determinants of contractual complexity
Authors: Reuer Jeffrey J. , Ariño Africa 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn contrast to prior studies examining strategic alliances as discrete governance structures (e.g., alliances vs. M&A, equity vs. non‐equity agreements), we investigate their particular contractual features. The analysis examines the dimensionality of the contractual complexity construct and investigates the determinants of firms' adoption of various contractual provisions. We find two underlying dimensions of contractual complexity, based upon the enforcement and coordination functions of different contractual provisions. The evidence reveals that firms' usage of particular contractual provisions is a function of asset specificity as well as whether the alliance's duration is pre‐specified or open‐ended. The findings also speak to the debate surrounding the roles of prior ties and trust for alliance governance. Firms that have collaborated with each other in the past are not less likely to negotiate enforcement provisions; rather, repeat collaborators are less likely to adopt contractual provisions that are informational in nature and are geared to the coordination of the alliance. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of maturation medium onin vitrocleavage of canine oocytes fertilized with fresh and cooled homologous semen
Authors: Rodrigues B. de Ávila , dos Santos L. Carboneiro , Rodrigues J.L. 
Published: February 2007

SUMMARYThis study evaluated the effect of three maturation media on the development ofin vitro-matured andin vitro-fertilized dog oocytes. In Experiment 1 (non-comparative experiment) canine cumulus–oocyte complexes (COCs) were maturedin vitroin TCM199 supplemented with estrous cow serum (10%) + gonadotropins + steroid (treatment A), TCM199 + estrous cow serum (10%) (treatment B), or TCM199 + polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) (4%) (treatment C). All maturation media contained a final concentration of 1 μg/ml of human somatotropin (hST). Oocytes were fertilized with fresh ejaculated sperm and development was assessed by cleavage. The objective of Experiment 2 (comparative experiment) was to compare the rates of cleavage and developmental capacity of COCs maturedin vitroin same medium as in Experiment 1, and fertilized either with fresh ejaculated or with cooled extended homologous spermatozoa. In Experiments 1 and 2, oocytes fertilized with fresh semen werein vitro-matured for 48 h, while in Experiment 2 COCs fertilized with cooled semen were maturedin vitrofor 72 h. The results of Experiments 1 and 2 demonstrated that cleavage was not influenced by the oocyte's maturation environment. The results of Experiment 1 showed that pronucleus formation + cleavage (day 7 after IVF) was similar among treatments A, B and C (p= 0.277). Also, in Experiment 2, pronucleus formation + cleavage (day 7 after IVF) was not different for oocytes fertilizedin vitroeither with fresh or cooled semen and maturated in media A (p= 0.190), B (p= 0.393) or C (p= 0.687). In both experiments, the numbers of embryos that developed to the 6–8-cell stage were higher for oocytes matured in medium A and fertilized with fresh semen, when compared with numbers of oocytes matured in media B and C. Embryo development to the 6–8-cell stage of oocytes fertilized either with fresh or cooled sperm was observed in treatments A and C in Experiment 2. Cumulus cell expansion was similar among treatments in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, cumulus cell expansion among treatments A, B and C was similar after 48 h or 72 h of IVM. In both experiments, the greatest expansion category seen was for category 2 (outer cumulus cells slightly expanded). No correlation between cumulus expansion and cleavage were observed. Polyspermy rates in oocytes matured in medium A, and fertilized with fresh sperm were not significantly different from polyspermy rates observed using media B and C, in both experiments. Our findings indicate that treatments A, B and C are similarly effective for the cleavage of dog oocytes. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that canine oocytes maturedin vitrocould be fertilized by homologous cooled spermatozoa and progress to cleavage.
Influenza Vaccination Rates and Motivators Among Healthcare Worker Groups
Authors: Christini Amanda Banks , Shutt Kathleen A. , Byers Karin E. 
Published: February 2007

Background.The rate of influenza vaccination among healthcare workers (HCWs) is approximately 40%. Differences in vaccination rates among HCW groups and reasons for accepting or rejecting vaccination are poorly understood.Objectives.To determine vaccination rates and motivators among different HCW groups during the 2004-2005 influenza season.Design.Cross-sectional survey conducted between July 10 and September 30, 2005.Setting.Two tertiary care teaching hospitals in an urban center.Participants.Physicians, nurses, nursing aides, and other staff. Surveys were collected from 1,042 HCWs (response rate, 42%).Results.Sixty-nine percent of physicians (n = 282) and 63% of medical students (n = 145) were vaccinated, compared with 46% of nurses (n = 336), 42% of nursing aides (n = 135), and 29% of administrative personnel (n = 144). Physicians and medical students were significantly more likely to be vaccinated than all other groups (P < .0001). Pediatricians (84%) were more likely than internists (69%) and surgeons (43%) to be vaccinated (P < .0001). Among the HCWs who were vaccinated, 33.4% received the live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) and 66.6% received trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV). Vaccinated HCWs were less likely than unvaccinated HCWs to report an influenza-like illness (P = .03). Vaccination with LAIV resulted in fewer episodes of influenza-like illness than did receiving no vaccine (P = .03). The most common reason for rejecting vaccination was a concern about availability. Understanding that HCWs may transmit the virus to patients correlated with vaccine acceptance (P = .0004).Conclusions.Significant differences in vaccination exist among physician specialties and employee groups, and there are inadequate vaccination rates among those with the greatest amount of patient contact, potentially providing a basis for group-specific interventions.
Angiogenesis‐related growth factors and cytokines in the serum of patients with B non‐Hodgkin lymphoma; relation to clinical features and response to treatment
Authors: PASSAM F. H. , SFIRIDAKI A. , PAPPA C. , KYRIAKOU D. , PETRELI E. , ROUSSOU P. A. , ALEXANDRAKIS M. G. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryIncreased angiogenesis has been shown to be a feature of non‐Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL). In the current study, the pretreatment levels of circulating molecules related to angiogenesis were determined in 49 B‐cell NHL patients and correlated with histological grade, disease stage and prognostic score. In 25 patients, the same molecules were defined after standard treatment. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), angiogenin, interleukin‐2 (IL‐2), IL‐6, IL‐8 and IL‐16 were measured. Increased levels of VEGF, IL‐6 and IL‐8 were found in the whole group of untreated patients in comparison with normal controls (P < 0.05), whereas, IL‐2 was higher in the subgroup of indolent NHL. Overall, there was no significant decrease in the levels of these molecules after treatment. However, by stratification into group of responders vs. non‐responders pretreatment IL‐8 was significantly increased whereas IL‐16 was decreased in the subgroup of complete responders. According to the REAL classification IL‐2 was higher in the low risk compared with intermediate plus high‐risk group. There was no association with disease stage or the International Prognostic Score. Both indolent and aggressive B cell lymphomas have increased production of angiogenic mediators and cytokines with IL‐8 and IL‐16 potentially reflecting the response to treatment.
Exposure to nitrous oxide in a paediatric dental unit
Authors: GILCHRIST FIONA , WHITTERS C. JOHN , CAIRNS ALISON MARION , SIMPSON MATTHEW , HOSEY MARIE‐THÉRÈSE 
Published: February 2007

Objective.  The aim of this study was to evaluate the 8‐h time‐weighted average (8‐h TWA) exposure to nitrous oxide of dentists working in a paediatric dental unit, and to relate this to various operator, patient and environmental factors.Methods.  This prospective, open‐label study monitored nitrous oxide levels using either a personal dosimeter or an electronic sensor worn by the operator. Information was recorded by three dental operators administering nitrous oxide/oxygen for inhalational sedation. Thirty‐four paediatric dental patients were treated over a total of 17 treatment sessions.Results.  Active scavenging was used for all children; 23 were treated using the Porter‐Brown scavenging system and 11 with the Accutron system. Exposure to nitrous oxide expressed as an 8‐h TWA ranged from 16 to 374 ppm, with a mean of 151 ppm. The recommended 8‐h TWA of 100 ppm was achieved in only 38% of cases. Ambient nitrous oxide levels apparently increased with restorative treatment, poorer behaviour, when the extractor fan was switched off, with patients over 10 years of age and an increased number of sequential patients.Conclusions.  This study found that the recommended 8‐h TWA was achieved in only 38% of treatment episodes, despite the use of active scavenging.
Patient autonomy in nurse‐led shared care: a review of theoretical and empirical literature
Authors: Moser Albine , Houtepen Rob , Widdershoven Guy 
Published: February 2007

Abstract Title. Patient autonomy in nurse‐led shared care: a review of theoretical and empirical literature Aim.  This paper presents a review of the theoretical and empirical literature addressing patient autonomy and how nurses can support patient autonomy.Background.  Nurse‐led, shared care settings provide needs‐based care to patients who are encouraged to participate actively in their care. Patient autonomy is a complex ethical concept with many different meanings. As a result, nurses must solve various problems to foster patient autonomy successfully.Method.  Two methods were used to identify literature for the review: (a) a search of the MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL and Online Contents databases and the keywords ‘patient autonomy’ in combination with ‘nursing’, and the Dutch Central Catalogue for material published from 1966 to 2005; (b) ethical and nursing literature was selected on the basis of its identification of positive and negative freedom. We reviewed qualitative empirical research to explore the patients’ views of autonomy.Findings.  Negative freedom emphasizes freedom of action and freedom from interference by others. Positive freedom stresses the idea that people should direct their lives according to their personal convictions and individual reasons and goals. The most prominent theories fitting negative freedom are those defining autonomy as self‐governance and self‐care. Theories fitting positive freedom are those focusing on autonomy in caring, autonomy as identification, autonomy as communication and autonomy as goal achievement. In the empirical literature, two studies centred on patient autonomy in home care, one in nursing home care and three in hospital settings. To achieve autonomy, patients prefer a mixed approach that combines features of negative and positive freedom.Conclusion.  Nurses cannot rely exclusively on one model of autonomy to foster patient autonomy. Rather, it requires in‐depth knowledge of, and interaction with, patients in the context of each particular nursing encounter because people express their autonomy through particular courses of action.
Activity of the Notch‐signalling Pathway in Circulating Human Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia Cells
Authors: Hajdu M. , Sebestyén A. , Barna G. , Reiniger L. , Jánosi J. , Sréter L. , Várkonyi J. , Demeter J. , Kopper L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDysregulation of the Notch‐pathway has been implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B‐CLL). We characterized the mRNA expression of Notch pathway elements in circulating normal B‐ and B‐CLL cells, and compared expression profiles with clinical and prognostic data. Similar expression profiles were found in normal B‐cells and B‐CLL cells, however, most B‐CLL samples showed lower Hairy/Enhancer of Split‐1 expression than normal B‐cells, which suggests that the pathway is not over‐activated in B‐CLL. The expression of Notch‐pathway genes did not correlate with other prognostic factors of B‐CLL. The importance of Notch‐signalling in CLL cells in lymphatic tissue microenvironments remains to be determined.
Negotiating realistic and mutually sustaining nurse‐patient relationships in palliative care
Authors: Barthow Christine 
Published: February 2007

Barthow C. International Journal of Nursing Practice 1997;3:206–210Negotiating realistic and mutually sustaining nurse–patient relationships in palliative careThis paper uses a literature review to question the proposition that nurses will be permitted to care for the psychosocial and spiritual needs of patients in the manner that is frequently presented as the nurses role. Second, it will explore qualities in nurse‐patient relationships that can be not only helpful to those who are cared for but also can be a mode of sustenance to the nurse. Issues explored are the social construction of the nurse–patient relationship, reality checking, balancing emotional and cognitive functions in nursing, focus of nursing commitment, power issues, reciprocity and boundaries. Palliative care nursing will be referred to in relation to these themes as it is an area of nursing which highlights the increasing focus on psychosocial care. For this reason questions of what is realistic and sustainable for the nurse are of prime importance.
ENDOVASCULAR REPAIR OF CHRONIC MESENTERIC OCCLUSIVE DISEASE: THE ROLE OF DUPLEX SURVEILLANCE
Authors: Fenwick Joanna L. , Wright Isabel A. , Buckenham Tim M. 
Published: February 2007

Background:  Chronic occlusive mesenteric ischaemia can be treated surgically or endovascularly. Endovascular techniques as elsewhere in the vascular tree are limited by restenosis. The aim of this study was to determine if duplex ultrasound proven restenosis correlates with recurrence of symptoms.Methods:  Our study looks at successful percutaneous revascularization of the mesenteric circulation associated proven restenosis using colour Doppler ultrasound and the relation to recrudescence of symptoms or weight loss. A retrospective review of five patients treated endovascularly at our institution for mesenteric angina secondary to visceral artery stenosis was carried out.Results:  Technical success was achieved in four out of the five patients in our study. One patient had a procedure complicated by thrombus in the coeliac axis and superior mesenteric artery (SMA) stents, subsequently showed SMA occlusion and 90% stenosis of the CA and inferior mesenteric artery and required an aorto‐mesenteric graft. Three of the four patients with a technically successful procedure had significant (>70%) restenosis of the SMA. All three, including one patient with both SMA restenosis and chronic inferior mesenteric artery occlusion, remain asymptomatic and have maintained their postprocedural weight gain.Conclusion:  Although ultrasound is a convenient, non‐invasive tool for follow up of endovascular treatment of mesenteric stenosis, its use is unclear as in our study restenosis did not correlate with recrudescence of symptoms.
Legal and ethical considerations of research in children: implications for anaesthetists
Authors: PACE N. A. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryUndertaking research in children creates many legal and ethical dilemmas and it is essential that paediatric anaesthetists fully understand the complex issues raised. Most commentators agree that therapeutic research is justified. The question of non‐therapeutic research, however, is much more controversial, with widespread disagreement about its ethical justification. The extreme arguments advocating no research at all or justifying it as a duty to society are not acceptable. The middle of the road attitude of balancing the risks to the child with the many advantages to society as a whole should prevail. If risks are significant, research should not be allowed. The law itself appears to offer no statutory guidelines which, therefore, should be implemented.
Diagnosis of clinically unrecognized endobronchial intubation in paediatric anaesthesia: which is more sensitive, pulse oximetry or capnography?
Authors: ROLF N. , COTÉ C. J. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryIn a prospective, randomized, single‐blind study of combined pulse oximetry and capnography in 196 children whose anaesthetic was managed by endotracheal intubation we observed 10 patients with 14 episodes of endobronchial intubation (EBI). Pulse oximetry provided the first diagnostic clue in 13 events; the one event first diagnosed by capnography was also accompanied by oxygen desaturation. Two EBI occurred immediately after the initial intubation (‘primary’ EBI). Twelve episodes of EBI in eight patients occurred after correct initial endotracheal tube position (‘secondary’ EBI). EBI gave rise to eight episodes of ‘minor’ desaturation (oxygen saturation (Spo2) ≤ 95%≥ 60 s); four resulted in ‘major’ desaturation (Spo2≤ 85% for 30 s). Only three EBI events produced clinical signs or symptoms. Seven patients were less than 1 year; EBI was not, however, related to age.A high frequency (5.1%) of clinically unrecognized EBI was found in infants and children. A persistent yet small, reduction in oxygen saturation provided the early evidence of secondary EBI in the majority of cases. Clinical signs and capnography proved least effective in the early diagnosis of secondary EBI.