bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relative toxicities of phorate and some of its metabolites to Aphis fubae Scop
Authors: Ho Shuit H. , Galley D. John 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn aqueous solution of bromine was used to oxidise 14C‐labelled phorate to its metabolites. A substantial amount of [14C]phorate sulphone (O,O‐diethyl S‐ethylsulphonyl[14C]methyl phosphorodithioate) with minute quantities of [14C]phorate sulphoxide (O,O‐diethyl S‐ethylsulphinyl[14C]methyl phosphorodithioate) and [14C]phoratoxon sulphoxide (O,O‐diethyl S‐ethylsulphinyl[14C]methyl phosphorothioate) were recovered using this method. Various concentrations of [14C]phorate and these toxic metabolites were individually incorporated in an artificial diet and fed to Aphis fabae Scop. Mortality was recorded after 48 h. The toxic fractions of the compounds were extracted from the diet and their radioactivity was measured to determine the dose unit. The aphids feeding on diet containing high concentrations of [14C]phorate sulphoxide and [14C]phoratoxon sulphoxide were seen wandering restlessly, which suggested that the acceptability of the diet had been changed by the presence of these metabolites. Phorate appeared to be the most toxic to the aphids, followed by phorate sulphone, phorate sulphoxide and phoratoxon sulphoxide in that order; the reasons for this are discussed.
Photochemical Degradation of Picloram
Authors: Gear James R. , Michel Joseph G. , Grover Raj 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe rate of photochemical degradation of aqueous solutions of picloram under ultraviolet light was measured by five different methods of analysis. These were chosen to assay the loss of picloram, dechlorination, alteration or loss of the aromatic amino group, loss of aromaticity, and decarboxylation. The initial rate and mean rate of reaction were determined in each case, and their relationship to each other was used to assess the significance of that particular reaction to the overall degradation of picloram and its early degradation products. Results suggest that dechlorination is the major photochemical process, with decarboxylation, loss of aromaticity, and deamination all being significant subsequent reactions.
Transformation of the herbicides propanil and chlorpropham by micro‐algae
Authors: John S. , Wright L. , Maule Andrew 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwo species of green algae and four of blue‐green algae hydrolysed the acylanilide herbicide propanil to the aniline derivative, 3,4‐dichloroaniline. Of the cultures tested, only the blue‐green alga Anacystis nidulans was shown to be capable of converting the phenylcarbamate herbicides propham and chlorpropham to the corresponding anilines. The green alga Ulothrix fimbriata was apparently unable to hydrolyse propanil or chlorpropham.
Antagonistic and synergistic activities of various chemicals on the toxicity of fenarimol to Aspergillus niduluns
Authors: de Waard Maarten A. , van Nistelrooy Johannes G. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA variety of chemicals were tested for their antagonistic, independent, or synergistic effect, on the toxicity of fenarimol to fenarimol‐sensitive and resistant strains of Aspergillus nidulans. The chemicals that antagonised fenarimol toxicity included natural lipids and non‐ionic surfactants; those with synergistic activity were anionic and cationic agents (including dodine), some conventional fungicides, hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, and respiratory inhibitors. All these synergists also potentiated the toxicity of fenarimol to fenarimol‐resistant mutants of A. nidulans. In addition, resistance to fenarimol was negatively correlated with dodine sensitivity. Possible mechanisms of antagonism and synergism are discussed. The results may have implications, for fungicides that inhibit sterol biosynthesis, in respect of their efficacy to plant pathogens.
Uptake and residues of aldicarb in sugarbeet leaves
Authors: Dejonckheere Willy , Melkebeke Guy , Steurbaut Walter , Kips Renté H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe breakdown of aldicarb and its oxidation products (the sulphoxide and the sulphone, aldoxycarb), under field conditions in 1976, were studied on three different types of soil (a sandy loam, a silt loam and a sandy clay loam that were normally cropped with sugarbeet). Residues were determined in leaves, stems, roots and soil, and related to aphid counts. Higher doses were needed on heavy soils in order to obtain a sufficient concentration in the leaves and thus provide an efficient treatment for aphid control. Weather conditions, especially rainfall, also affected the residue content. At harvest, the sugar beet tops used for fodder can contain residues which vary widely, depending on dosage, soil type and climatic conditions.
Genetic and biochemical studies of resistance to permethrin in a pyrethroid‐resistant strain of the housefly (Musca domestica L.)
Authors: Nicholson Russell A. , Sawicki Roman M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractOne or more weak factors of resistance on autosome 2, and barely detectable resistance on autosome 3, confer moderate resistance to several pyrethroids (5–13‐fold) in the field‐collected Ipswich strain of houseflies. In these flies, which unlike other pyrethroid‐resistant strains lack kdr or super‐kdr, pyrethroid resistance probably developed in response to prolonged treatment of buildings for animals with pyrethrins synergised with piperonyl butoxide. Substrains, isolated genetically from Ipswich flies and with resistance only on autosome 2, degraded permethrin more rapidly than susceptible flies and produced larger amounts of very polar metabolites. In this, they differed from flies with kdr or super‐kdr which resembled susceptible flies in their metabolism of permethrin. NIA 16388 (propyl prop‐2‐ynyl phenylphosphonate) was a better synergist and reduced the metabolism of permethrin more than piperonyl butoxide in both the susceptible and resistant insects. The slight increase in synergism and minimal decrease in metabolism when piperonyl butoxide was applied with NIA 16388 indicated that the latter also inhibited detoxication that was sensitive to piperonyl butoxide.
Pesticide residues in foodstuffs in Great Britain; organochlorine pesticides, organophosphorus pesticides and fumigant residues in home‐produced and imported wheat
Authors: Bailey Sidney , Collins Geoffrey B. , Fishwick F. Bernard , Hart Harold V. , Horler David F. , Scudamore Keith A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractResidue levels of organochlorine pesticides, organophosphorus pesticides, fumigants and bromide were determined in home‐produced and imported wheat during the period October 1978 to April 1979. A total of 281 samples was analysed of which 133 contained low levels of carbon tetrachloride, 112 contained low levels of gamma‐HCH and 26 contained low levels of malathion. One sample contained a residue of carbon tetrachloride, and another a residue of 1,2‐dichloroethane, both of which were above the Codex Alimentarius guide‐line levels. No other residue approached the proposed Codex Alimentarius maximum residue limits.
Foliar residues and toxicity to Aphis citricola of three systemic insecticides applied to the soil in a citrus grove
Authors: Neubauer Ilan , Aharonson Nadav , Ishaaya Isaac , Raccah Benjamin , Soroksi Larisa 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA study was made of the accumulation of aldicarb, ethiofencarb and dimethoate in citrus leaves and fruit; the toxicity of these insecticides to the spirea aphid (Aphis citricola Van der Goot) was also studied. The effectiveness of the treatments was affected mainly by the rate of accumulation of the toxicant in the leaves. At 18 g a.i. per tree, the greatest residues found in the leaves were 106, 12.2 and 1.3 μg 8−1 fresh weight for aldicarb, ethiofencarb and dimethoate, respectively. The concentration in mature leaves was very similar to that in young leaves. The residue levels in the mature fruits were much lower than in the leaves. The main components of the residues in the leaves were aldicarb sulphoxide [2‐methyl‐2‐(methylsulphinyl)‐ propionaldehyde O‐methylcarbamoyloxime], dimethoate, omethoate and ethiofencarb sulphoxide [2‐(ethylsulphinylmethyl)phenyl methylcarbamate]. A laboratory study with synthetic diets showed similar toxicity for all three insecticides, whereas in detached leaves, or when taken up by citrus trees, ethiofencarb was the least toxic to the aphids.
Insecticide resistance in houseflies from the middle east and North Africa with notes on the use of various bioassay techniques
Authors: Taylor Robert N. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe susceptibility to pyrethroid, organochlorine, organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides, of 20 strains of houseflies (Musca domestica L.) collected in the Middle East and North Africa, was assessed by topical application. No resistance to pyrethroids was found but most flies were resistant to DDT, gamma‐HCH, organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides. Numerical factors of resistance for a susceptible and two different resistant strains, obtained using different bioassay techniques, were compared. High mortality (≥95%) was achieved with ‘resisted’ insecticides in tests with space sprays, but only low, variable mortality resulted from deposit tests. If this occurs under practical field conditions, moderately resistant populations of flies could be controlled by using space sprays containing comparatively high concentrations of active ingredient, but increased levels of deposit would be ineffective.
The ultrastructure of sporidia of Ustilago avenae after treatment with the fungicides nuarimol and imazalil nitrate
Authors: Hippe Sigrun , Grossmann Friedrich 
Published: November 2006

AbstractUltrastructural changes were observed in sporidia of Ustilago avenue (Pers.) Rostr. after treatment with the fungicides nuarimol and imazalil nitrate. Electron microscopic studies of ultrathin sections, as well as of freeze‐fracture replicas, showed that nuarimol caused the following marked changes in the ultrastructure of the cells: increased cell wall thickness and invaginated plasmalemma, with concentrations of extracytoplasmic vesicles in some places between plasmalemma and the cell wall; pores were visible in the septa. Nuarimol‐treated sporidia were characterised by vacuolisation and accumulation of lipid bodies. Compared with nuarimol, imazalil nitrate caused small cytological changes; elongation of the sporidia and enlarged cell diameters, as well as an increased thickness of the septa, were observed, and an enhanced number of mitochondria with reduced diameters were found.
The use of a computerised digitiser for the analysis of spray droplet sizes on oat leaf surfaces
Authors: Nguyen N. Trung , Jarvis Lynn R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe use of fluorescence photomicrography, and a graphic digitiser tablet controlled by a minicomputer, is suggested as the means of rapid and accurate measurement of deposits traced by fluorescence on plant leaves; this method gives the added advantage of a permanent record of the deposits. As an example of the technique, an analysis of 1630 droplets on the upper and lower surfaces of oat leaves, traced with reversibly soluble fluorescent pigments, is described. Measurement on the digitiser, and computer analysis of droplet size data, took less than 20 min.
Synthesis of some 3‐phenyl‐1‐substituted(or 1,1‐ disubstituted)prop‐2‐yn‐1‐ols and their in‐vivo activity against some phytopathogenic fungi
Authors: Arnoldi Anna , Betto Eliseo , Farina Gandolfina , Formigoni Attilio , Galli Remo , Griffini Alberto 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThirty‐two 3‐phenyl‐1‐monosubstituted(or 1, 1‐disubstituted)prop‐2‐yn‐1‐ols, mostly with heterocyclic substituents, and four derivatives, were synthesised and tested in vivo against eight fungal plant pathogens of different taxonomic classes. No compound showed a wide spectrum of activity, however, nine of them were effective against Sphaerotheca fuliginea on Cucumis sativus, both in direct protectant tests and in systemic protectant tests by root application.
Comparative fungitoxicity of the insecticide permethrin and ten degradation products
Authors: Stratton Glenn W. , Corke Charles T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe toxic effects of permethrin and ten of its degradation products on the growth of ten fungi were determined. Permethrin was relativelynon‐toxic, with an EC50 of > 100 mg litre−1 but six of the degradation products were significantly (P= 0.05) more inhibitory. The ester hydrolysis products, 3‐phenoxybenzyl alcohol and 3‐(2,2‐dichlorovinyl)‐2,2‐dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid, had EC50 values ranging from 8 to > 100 and 20 to > 50 mg litre−1, respectively. Other degradation products that were more toxic than permethrin included 3‐phenoxybenzaldehyde and 3‐phenoxybenzoic acid, with EC50 values as low as < 1 mg lite−1. Hydroxylated and substituted‐benzene metabolites were non‐toxic. Combinations of selected test compounds yielded both synergistic, antagonistic and additive interaction responses, depending upon the test system employed.
Approaches to relieving aeration stress in waterlogged plants
Authors: Jackson Michael B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA fertile soil contains sufficient water‐filled pores to replenish losses by evapotranspiration and to sustain growth. However, too many such pores can be detrimental because the exchange of gases between the soil, plant roots and the aerial environment is impaired by the water they contain (waterlogging). The consequences include an accumulation of metabolically generated gases (such as ethylene), oxygen deficiency and the production of potentially toxic substances. Knowledge of these effects, and their consequences for growth, hormone production and inorganic nutrient uptake, enhance the prospects for ameliorating flooding injury by prophylactic or restorative means. Theexamples described are (a) the use of more porousmedia for plant containers in the nutrient film technique (NFT) of glasshouse crop production; (b) fungistatic, acid neutralising and oxygen‐releasing seed coatings; (c) boron and nitrogen fertilisation; (d)foliar applications of cytokinins and gibberellins; (e) the inhibition of ethylene action or stimulation of ethylene production in aquatic species.
Electric charge, image‐charge forces, and the deposition of pesticide drops
Authors: McCartney H. Alastair , Woodhead Terence 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA simulation model has been developed and used to assess the importance of induced image‐charge forces in enhancing the deposition on plant stems and leaves of charged, as compared to uncharged, pesticide drops. The model, through calculations of the dynamics and trajectories of individual drops, allows separate determinations of enhancements of the deposit on the upper and lower leaf surfaces. Trajectories and rates of deposition were computed for water drops having diameters within the range 20 to 100 μm, for charges q between 0.1 and 1.0 times the maximum charge Q that can be retained on a drop of specified radius r, for wind speeds μo of the order of 0.1 to 1 .O ms−1, and for plant stems (represented by vertical cylinders) 2 and 10 mm in diameter, and for plant leaves (horizontal plates) of various along‐wind lengths I. It is shown that the rates of impaction to stems can be described in terms ot two dimensionless parameters that respectively relate to the properties of the particle and of the image force, and the rates of sedimentation to horizontal leaves in terms of the parameters q, r and l/μo. The model predicts that, inside crop canopies, considerable increases in the rates both of impaction and sedimentation can be achieved if drops, particularly small drops, can be given charges close to their respective Q. Thus for drops of 20 μm in diameter, sedimentation under typical within‐canopy conditions is predicted to increase five‐fold as a result of charging the drops, one‐half of the enhanced deposit being on the underside of the leaves. For drops of 40 μ in diameter, predictions for the enhancement of deposition on the uppermost leaves of a field bean crop are shown to agree with published results from a field trial of an electrostatic crop spray system.
Busulphan and thiourea as chemosterilants for the snail lymnaea acuminata
Authors: Singh Ravindra , Agarwal Ram A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTreatment of the snail Lymnaea acuminata with an alkylating agent (busulphan) or a thiocarbamide (thiourea), for 3 days, significantly reduced the number of eggs and prevented embryonic development. Both the drugs caused a dose dependent reduction in the levels of protein, DNA, RNA and the activity of the alkaline phosphatase of the ovotestis, and a dose‐dependent enhancement in the levels of amino‐acids and the activity of the acid phosphatase. Discontinuation of the drug treatment for 7 days resulted in a near complete recovery in DNA and RNA levels, while there was no change in the levels of protein, amino‐acids and the activities of the acid and alkaline phosphatases.
Photodecomposition of chlorothalonil in benzene
Authors: Khan Shahamat U. , Akhtar M. Humayoun 
Published: November 2006

AbstractChlorothalonil (2,4,5,6‐tetrachloroisophthalonitrile) in benzene was photodecomposed by sunlight or low energy ultraviolet irradiation to a monophenyl adduct identified as 3,5,6‐trichlorobiphenyl‐2,4‐dicarbonitrile. However, irradiation with a 100‐W high‐energy ultraviolet lamp yielded an additional compound identified as 2′, 5′ ‐dichloro‐m‐terphenyl‐4′, 6′‐dicarbonitrile. Photolysis was followed by a steady decrease in the chlorothalonil and monophenyl adduct concentrations, with a concomitant increase in the diphenyl adduct.
Effects of some foliar fungicides on the chrysomelid beetle Gastrophysa polygoni (L.)
Authors: Vickerman G. Paul , Sotherton Nicholas W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects of the fungicides benomyl, thiophanate‐methyl and triadimefon on the chrysomelid beetle Gastrophysa polygoni were investigated in the laboratory. Contact with a suspension of benomyl (1.5 g a. i. litre−1 did not affect the hatchability of the eggs. Larvae were reared on shoots of knotgrass (Polygonum aviculare) that had been sprayed with suspensions of benomyl, ranging in concentration from 0.1 to 5.0 g a. i. litre−1. The mortality to the adult stage, of larvae reared on shoots treated with concentrations of benomyl of 0.5 g a. i. litre−1 and above, was significantly higher than that of control larvae. At concentrations of 2.0 g a. i. litre−1 and above, no larvae survived to the adult stage. The LD50 was 0.78 g a. i. benomyl litre−1. The LT50 values at concentrations of 1.0, 2.0 and 5.0 g a. i. benomyl litre−1 were 22.6, 12.6 and 5.3 days, respectively. The mean weights of adults bred from larvae that had been reared on shoots treated with benomyl (0.5 and 1.0 g a. i. litre−1) were significantly less than those of adults bred from control larvae. The mortality of larvae, reared on shoots of P. aviculare treated with triadimefon (0.5 g a. i. litre−1) or thiophanate‐methyl (1.0 g a. i. litre−1), was also significantly higher than that of control larvae. Females kept on plants of P. aviculare treated with benomyl (1.5 g a. i. litre−1) laid similar numbers of eggs to those kept on untreated plants, and the hatchability of the eggs was not affected.
The effect of the physico‐chemical stability of emulsions of an ester of 2, 4‐D on their biological activity
Authors: Boize Linda M. , Lee Geoffrey W. J. , Tadros Tharwat F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe phytotoxicity of oil‐in‐water emulsions containing the ‘iso‐octyl’ ester of 2, 4‐D [(2, 4‐dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid], prepared by the dilution of emulsifiable concentrates, to Phaseolus vulgaris, was found to be independent of the surfactant concentration (‘Synperonic NPE 1800’ + ‘Ethoduomeen T20’) and of the emulsion stability. Moreover, spray retention was also independent of the surfactant concentration within the range studied (0.01‐150 g litre−1); this could be accounted for in terms of the energetic processes involved during impaction, and the subsequent adhesion of the spray droplets to the target surface. However, the independence of the phytotoxicity of the surfactant concentration and emulsion stability was not expected, and some tentative explanations are given for these results.
Residues of aldicarb in coconut
Authors: Singh Kshatra P. , Pandey Shiv Y. , Khan Mazhar M. , Singh Satendra 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDeterminations were made of aldicarb residues in coconut cultivated on soils containing aldicarb granules. The quantitative estimations in coconut milk and kernel were made by colorimetry and gas‐liquid chromatography; samples harvested at various times were analysed. Residues in samples of kernel did not exceed 0.04 mg kg−1 (total toxic aldicarb residues), while milk samples showed no detectable residues.
Effects of synthetic media on the growth of Neurospora crassa isolates carrying genes for benomyl resistance and vinclozolin resistance
Authors: Grindle Morris 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA vinclozolin‐resistant mutant (Vin‐1) was derived from a wild type strain of Neurospora crassa by ultraviolet mutagenesis, and the mutant was crossed with a benomyl‐resistant strain (Bml). Progeny carrying the four possiblecombinations of Bml, Bml+, Vin‐1 and Vin‐1+ genes were compared with respect to their radial growth on dishes of synthetic media. The benomyl‐resistant progeny Bml, Vin‐1+ were indistinguishable from the phenotypically normal progeny Bml+, Vin‐1+, and the vinclozolinresistant progeny Bml+, Vin‐1 were indistinguishable from the double mutants Bml, Vin‐1 on most media. Growth and sporulation of isolates carrying the mutant Vin‐1 gene were poor, especially on media of high osmotic pressure and on media enriched with ammonium salts or amino‐acids. Vinclozolin‐resistant isolates were also resistant to chloroneb, dicloran and procymidone. Possible effects of Vin genes on cell wall biogenesis and on the biological fitness of mutants are discussed.
Base‐catalysed hydrolysis of (E)‐ and (Z)‐mevinphos
Authors: Brown Nigel P. H. , Grayson B. Terence 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe rates at which (E)‐ and (Z)‐mevinphos are hydrolysed in aqueous solutions in the pH range 8.7–11.5, and in the temperature range 30–50°C, have been measured. The overall activation parameters have been calculated, and equations to allow calculation of the rates in any basic conditions are given. The complicated routes by which (E)‐ and (Z)‐mevinphos are hydrolysed to simple molecules have been deduced. The rates for the individual steps in each route have been either measured experimentally, or have been calculated through analogue simulation of all the reactions, by matching the calculated to the observed ultraviolet spectral changes during hydrolysis. It is proposed that (Z)‐2‐carboxyl‐1‐methylvinyl dimethyl phosphate is not observed as a hydrolysis product of (Z)‐mevinphos because it decomposes by an extremely fast intramolecular reaction. The reasons for the greater lability of (E)‐mevinphos are also discussed.