bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermal Analysis of Space Station Windows in Low Earth Orbit: Intermaterial Comparison of Fused Silica and Acrylic Glass
Authors: Galuppi Laura , Royer-Carfagni Gianni 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Calculating the temperatures of windows of space stations in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) is crucial for ensuring their structural integrity. We present a comprehensive thermal analysis that considers direct solar radiation, Earth’s albedo effect, infrared radiation from the Earth and convective heat exchange with the internal environment. The thermal balance equation incorporates the time variation of these contributions due to orbital motion for windows with different orientations, to determine the temperature of the materials, factoring in key parameters, such as absorptivity, transmissivity, reflectivity, and their dependence on the radiation wavelength spectrum. Referring to the conditions of the Cupola of the International Space Station as a paradigmatic example, we compare the thermal performance of two common window materials: fused silica and acrylic glass. Our results indicate that the higher transmissivity of fused silica makes it insensitive to solar and albedo radiation, reducing temperature values and their dependence on plate thickness and exposure variability due to orbital motion. In contrast, the higher absorptivity of acrylic glass results in much higher temperatures, proportional to the thickness, with a cyclical dependence on the orbital period. This analysis provides insights for the design and selection of window materials in space station construction, ensuring their durability and functionality in the conditions of LEO.
Promoting Diversity through an Understanding of Barriers and Drivers for Inclusive Clinical Trials
Authors: de Bruin Annick , Masullo Jasmine , Sine Shalome , Getz Kenneth 
Published: February 2025

Abstract

Importance
Racially and ethnically diverse, equitable representation among clinical trial participants is important for enhancing the drug development process and promoting equitable healthcare outcomes.

Objective
To understand the barriers and drivers for inclusive clinical trials, focusing on the attitudes, perceptions, experiences, and challenges faced by underrepresented populations.

Design
An online questionnaire was administered online from April to June 2023 and involved 12,017 respondents from 54 countries. This survey utilized a convenience sampling strategy. Statistical analysis was performed to compare responses among racial and ethnic groups.

Setting
The study was conducted globally. Survey respondents were recruited through various patient recruitment organizations, patient advocacy groups, and contract research organizations.

Respondents
Adults 18 years or older who received an email or had online access were eligible to participate. Racial and ethnic composition included White (81%), Hispanic/Latino (15%), Black/African American (6%), Asian (6%), and other ethnicities.

Exposure(s)
Respondents were asked about their perceptions, concerns and experiences related to clinical research access and participation.

Main Outcome(s) and Measure(s)
Key outcomes included barriers to clinical research participation, factors influencing trust in pharmaceutical companies and past experiences.

Results
Barriers to clinical research participation varied among ethnic groups. Asian respondents cited concerns about time off work (22%) and time required to participate (19%) more frequently as compared to White respondents (7% and 7%, respectively; p < 0.05). Hispanics expressed higher concerns about time off work (15%) and receiving placebo (10%) as compared to Non-Hispanics (8% and 5%, respectively, p < 0.05). Black and Hispanic respondents placed higher importance on diversity in staff compared to White and non-Hispanic respondents (B: 32%; W: 12%; Hispanic: 22%; Non-Hispanic: 13% p < 0.05). Black, Asian, and Hispanic respondents reported higher levels of disruption in participation related to technology use (Black: 31%; Hispanic: 30%; Asian: 29%) and completing study requirements at home (Black: 32%; Hispanic: 30%; Asian: 26%) as compared to White (13%, 15%; p < 0.05%) and non-Hispanic respondents (14%, 17%; p < 0.05).

Conclusions
The findings highlight the need to address barriers to diversity in clinical trials and improve trial experiences of underrepresented communities, facilitating design of more inclusive and patient-centered trials.
Offline Safe Reinforcement Learning for Sepsis Treatment: Tackling Variable-Length Episodes with Sparse Rewards
Authors: Tu Rui , Luo Zhipeng , Pan Chuanliang , Wang Zhong , Su Jie , Zhang Yu , Wang Yifan 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
In critical medicine, data-driven methods that assist in physician decisions often require accurate responses and controllable safety risks. Most recent reinforcement learning models developed for clinical research typically use fixed-length and very short time series data. Unfortunately, such methods generalize poorly on variable-length data that can be overlong. In such as case, a single final reward signal appears very sparse. Meanwhile, safety is often overlooked by many models, leading them to make excessively extreme recommendations. In this paper, we study how to recommend effective and safe treatments for critically ill septic patients. We develop an offline reinforcement learning model based on CQL (Conservative Q-Learning), which underestimates the expected rewards of rarely seen treatments in data, thus enjoying a high safety standard. We further enhance the model with intermediate rewards by particularly using the Apache II scoring system. This can effectively deal with variable-length episodes with sparse rewards. By performing extensive experiments on the MIMIC-III database, we demonstrated the enhanced performance and robustness in safety. Our code of data extraction, preprocessing, and modeling can be found at https://github.com/OOPSDINOSAUR/RL_safety_model.
Effects of the injection area ratios on the propagating characteristics of ethylene/air rotating detonation waves
Authors: Chen Zhenyi , Rao Sihang , Peng Jian , Xu Xu 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Numerical simulations are performed to investigate the propagation characteristics of ethylene/air rotating detonation waves in a two-dimensional computational domain, by solving the Navier–Stokes equations with an in-house code. Five injection area ratios (100%, 80%, 60%, 50%, and 40%) are adopted to analyze the differences in the structures of the flow field between full-area and discrete injection, as well as the effects of injection area ratios on the stability of rotating detonation waves and the parameters of detonation waves. The results show that under a full-area injection condition, the reverse waves cause the injection blockage and fuel leakage may occur when the height of the accumulated reactants increases rapidly. Under a discrete injection condition, the nonuniformity distribution of the reactants ahead of the wave affects the stability of detonation waves. The detonative front is distorted and wrinkled, accompanied by local extinction and re-ignition, when the injection area ratio is relatively small. As the injection area ratio reduces, the quantity of reactants consumed by deflagrative combustion increases and the pressurization capacity becomes weaker. The inlet mass flow rate decreases, whereas the inlet blocking ratio stays almost constant. In addition, the wave velocity is influenced by the propagation features of the detonation waves.
Assessing the effectiveness of ANN model in spatial downscaling of d4PDF hourly precipitation data: a case study in Japan
Authors: Khateeb Ilham , Kim Sunmin , Tachikawa Yasuto 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Obtaining high-resolution data is essential in the hydrology field. This study assesses the effectiveness of the ANN technique in spatially downscaling d4PDF hourly data from 20 km coarse resolution to finer 5 km resolution, considering precipitation as the only atmospheric variable. Two sets of d4PDF data have been utilized for downscaling: 20 km and 5 km resolution. This study was conducted through two main experiments: synthetic and realistic. Firstly, the performance of the ANN is assessed for the downscaling of hourly d4PDF data from a synthetic resolution of 20 km to 5 km, which is applied in two regions. Secondly, the ANN algorithm is applied for downscaling hourly d4PDF from 20 km to 5 km resolution under a real-world scenario considering three different regions in Japan. The findings indicate the applicability of the ANN for spatial downscaling of hourly data in the first experiment. In the second experiment, the performance of the ANN varies depending on the region and season. While it captures the long-term mean during winter, it exhibits high biases in the mean, standard deviation (SD), and maximum values, particularly during the summer seasons. The high values of RMSE, MAE, and CC indicate the poor performance of the ANN during this season. The RMSE and MAE range from 0.465 to 3.616 mm/hour and 0.165 to 1.46 mm/hour, respectively. The ANN exhibits potential for downscaling hourly d4PDF from 20 km to 5 km spatial resolution during the winter seasons. The ANN’s limitations in preserving statistical properties diminish its reliability for the downscaling of hourly data particularly in summer. This is pertinent given that precipitation is the only atmospheric variable considered input for the ANN.
Should Science Journalists Know Science?
Authors: Fairbank Viviane 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Which additional epistemic skills or attributes must a competent journalist possess in order to produce competent science journalism? I aim to answer this question by bringing together insights from journalism, science communication, and epistemology. In Section 2, I outline the Epistemic Challenge for Science Journalism. In Section 3, I present the dominant answer in the literature, the Knowledge-Based Solution, and argue against it. In Section 4, I propose an alternative, the Confirmation-Based Solution. In Section 5, I argue that this solution can address recent concerns regarding journalistic objectivity. Section 6 discusses my proposal in the context of epistemological debates about norms of assertion. Section 7 concludes.
Can privacy be diminished by falsehoods?
Authors: Schneider Alice 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
It is widely presumed that privacy is ‘factive’, i.e. that it cannot be diminished by accessing or disseminating falsehoods. But if this is so, what wrongs are committed in cases where others access documents of ours (letters, medical records, etc.) which contain false information? In this article, I examine various ways of explaining the wrongfulness of accessing and dissemination falsehoods (defamation; that privacy can be violated without being diminished; ‘control’ accounts of privacy; downstream revelations of truths; that falsehoods diminish ‘propositional’ or ‘attentional’ privacy). I lay out what each of these accounts misses about accessing falsehoods, about privacy, and/or about the right to privacy. I then propose two alternative ways of accounting for the intuitive wrongfulness of accessing and disseminating falsehoods: viewing them as merely ‘attempted’ privacy violations and weakening the truth condition of privacy diminishments.
Beneficial Effects of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) Consumption on Anthropometric Measures, Blood Pressure, Glycemic Control, Lipid Profile, and Liver Function Tests in Randomized Controlled Trials: A GRADE-Assessed Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis
Authors: Jafari Ali , Mardani Helia , Parsi Nezhad Bahare , Alaghi Alireza , Sahebkar Amirhossein 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACT
This review aimed to assess the impact of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) consumption on cardiovascular disease risk factors. Relevant studies were identified through electronic searches of databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, CENTRAL, and EMBASE up to January 2025. Twelve trials involving 770 participants with interventions ranging from 2 to 12 weeks and doses varying from 125 to 40,000 mg/day, were included. Okra supplementation significantly reduced body mass index (BMI) (Standardized Mean Difference [SMD] = -0.70; 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: -1.23, -0.16; P = 0.011), fat mass (FM) (SMD = -0.74; 95% CI: -1.13, -0.36; P < 0.001), hip circumference (HC) (SMD = -0.85; 95% CI: -1.41, -0.28; P = 0.003), weight (SMD = -0.77; 95% CI: -1.42, -0.11; P = 0.022), fasting insulin (SMD = -0.35; 95% CI: -0.63, -0.07; P = 0.013), fasting plasma glucose (FPG) (SMD = -1.07; 95% CI: -1.75, -0.38; P = 0.002), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (SMD = -0.38; 95% CI: -0.71, -0.05; P = 0.023), homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (SMD = -0.56; 95% CI: -0.84, -0.29; P < 0.001), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (SMD = -0.32; 95% CI: -0.52, -0.11; P = 0.003), total cholesterol (TC) (SMD = -0.45; 95% CI: -0.74, -0.16; P = 0.003), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (SMD = -0.45; 95% CI: -0.73, -0.17; P = 0.002). Okra supplementation demonstrated significant benefits in improving anthropometric measures, glycemic control, lipid profiles, and liver function tests, suggesting its potential as an adjunct therapy for improving cardiovascular disease risk factors.
FER, FVSA, ΦΥΣΑΩ: DITHYRAMBIC AND ACROSTIC STRATEGIES IN OVID, TRISTIA 5.3
Authors: Liu Cynthia 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
In the hymn to Bacchus (Tristia 5.3), Ovid looks from Tomis back to Rome, where the chorus of poets gathers for the Liberalia. This article argues that Ovid fashions in Tristia 5.3 a poetic rebirth out of Tomis, deploying in this elegy themes and motifs from the god’s mysteries to bolster the pervasive message of persistence in the Tristia. This Bacchic mystic tone is accomplished through the hymn’s ritual elements and dithyrambic strategies, which reflect on both Ovid’s death-like position in exile and his poetic activity there. Furthermore, this article argues that Ovid encodes his mystic dithyrambic strategies in a hitherto unnoticed bilingual acrostic. Through ritual and dithyrambic strategies, Ovid merges three loci of time and space—past Rome, present Rome and present Tomis—and thus reintegrates himself into Rome, rearticulating his Roman citizenship as a literary one.
Modelling the effect of grazing management of tannin-containing legumes feeding sites on environmental impact by cows grazing grass-dominated rangelands swards
Authors: Gregorini Pablo , Villalba Juan J. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
A ruminant model, MINDY, was used to explore the impact of grazing patches of tannin-containing legumes on environmental impact by cows grazing on grass-dominated rangelands swards. MINDY was initialized as a pregnant beef cow grazing on a grass (Bromus biebersteinii; meadow brome-Control), with the addition of a patch with tannin-containing legumes (Lotus corniculatus-birdsfoot trefoil-Tre, or Onobrychis viciifolia-sainfoin-Sain). Twenty-five scenarios (treatments) were established as a product of frequency (weekly, fortnightly, and monthly) and dietary proportions (0.05, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20 of total forage allocation) of either Sain or Tre. Methane (CH4) production and nitrogen (N) excretion increased with legume availability. As legume proportion increased, dry matter intake (DMI), animal performance, CH4 production and urinary nitrogen (UN) excretion increased with a greater magnitude for Sain. Methane yield was lower than the Control at weekly allocation of legumes. Environmental costs in terms of CH4 emission increments per unit of production relative to Control were greater at monthly allocations when the levels of legume in the diet were low (0.5 – 0.10). Legumes in the diet at 0.15 – 0.20 yielded the lowest costs regardless of frequency of allocation. Environmental costs in terms of UN increments per unit of production relative to Control were lowest at 0.15 – 0.20 of legumes in the diet regardless of frequency of allocation. This study suggests that strategic allocation of either sainfoin or birdsfoot trefoil when beef cattle graze grass-dominated rangelands swards can reduce environmental impact, while increasing secondary production of the system at the same levels of resource allocation.
Topologically Significant Dermatoglyphic Patterns in Twins
Authors: Loesch Danuta , Swiatkowska Zofia 
Published: February 2025

A total of 58 dermatoglyphic characters, consisting of topologically significant pattern elements, i.e., loops and triradii, on palms, soles and fingertips, were tested in a sample of 110 MZ and 111 like-sexed DZ twin pairs. The analysis included homolateral, heterolateral and bilateral concordance rates, the derived Hecoefficient, coefficients of the within-pair association, Φ, derived χ2 intraclass correlation coefficients and heritability estimates based on variances (h2) and correlations (Hr), and the variance ratio F.A considerable difference was found in respect of “heritability” values between palmar and sole patterns, in that they are the highest for sole loops and triradii and the lowest for most palmar loops. These data are compared with the h2 values obtained from family correlations.The difficulties in the interpretation of “heritability” estimates based on the material of twins are pointed out and particular attention is drawn to a possibility of the additional bias in twin studies related to a degree of symmetry of the characters investigated.
A Duration‐Over‐Threshold Model for Flood Frequency and Flow Regime Characterization
Authors: Lawson K. S. , Underwood Kristen L. , Diehl Rebecca M. , Rizzo Donna M. 
Published: February 2025

AbstractProper characterization of river flow is essential for the development of structural and non‐structural measures to reduce flood damages, restore ecosystem functions, and manage environmental contaminants in riparian zones. The duration of flood events is an important feature that drives riverine processes and functions such as erosion, geomorphic adjustment, habitat suitability, and nutrient and water quality dynamics. Despite this, most flood characterization methods focus on relating the magnitude of annual‐maximum discharges to frequency, without addressing the duration of flood events. We investigated event‐specific discharge‐duration dynamics at 33 USGS stream gages within the US state of Vermont. Building on the method of Feng et al., 2017, https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)he.1943‐5584.0001573, flood events from 15‐min discharge timeseries were extracted using an automated threshold method. A statistical model was fit at each gage for both frequency of discharge exceedance and conditional duration of discharge exceedance. This Duration‐Over‐Threshold model estimates the arrival rate of a discharge threshold, q, being exceeded for a given duration, d. Fitted model parameters were compared to basin and channel physiographical characteristics to develop regional regression equations and examine potential watershed processes underlying the duration dynamics. Model parameters summarizing event duration were best predicted by drainage area, mainstem slope, and soil depth/type. The regional regression equations enable design event estimation in ungaged catchments of the study region, which may be used to improve the predictive capacity of hydraulic and ecosystem models, outline a range of potential geomorphic trajectories, or inform emergency management plans and flood damage rating curves.
The 2021 Mw8.1 Kermadec Megathrust Earthquake: An Event Rupturing the Slab‐Mantle Interface With Up‐Dip High‐Frequency Seismic Energy Radiation
Authors: Zeng Hongyu , Wei Shengji , Yang Hongfeng 
Published: February 2025

AbstractMegathrust earthquakes often break the slab‐crust interface and radiate high‐frequency seismic waves from the down dip of their coseismic slip. In contrast, we show that the 2021 Mw8.1 Kermadec earthquake deviates from this mode. We resolve the kinematic rupture process of the event by leveraging finite fault inversions and a calibrated tele‐seismic back‐projection imaging method. The finite fault inversions reveal a compact slip patch with a ∼7‐m peak slip of the earthquake located on the slab‐mantle interface at the depth of 20–50 km, while the back‐projection shows the high‐frequency energy was radiated from ∼20 km depth along the updip edge of the slip patch, and coinciding with the slab‐forearc Moho intersection. The rougher frictional patches responsible for high‐frequency radiation are likely caused by strong material contrast transitioning from slab‐crust to slab‐forearc mantle contacts. Significant slip on the slab‐mantle contact necessitates a re‐evaluation of earthquake hazards in conventionally considered aseismic regions.
Spatiotemporal Variations in the Characteristics of Mesoscale Convective Systems Over Indian Monsoon Zone
Authors: Tupsoundare Manisha , Deshpande Sachin M. , Feng Zhe , Das Subrata Kumar , Deshpande Medha , Hanmante Harshad 
Published: February 2025

AbstractThis study examines cloud and precipitation properties of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) in the Indian monsoon zone using 6 years of high‐resolution satellite‐based tracking data. MCSs exhibit strong regional and seasonal variations, peaking during the summer monsoon (June–September). Concentrated along a southeast‐northwest band of the monsoon trough, MCS contribute 40%–70% of total precipitation and predominantly move westward at an average speed of 6.3 m s−1. Long‐lived MCSs (>40 hr), although 10 times less frequent than short‐lived MCSs (5–20 hr), produce 2–3 times more rainfall. Longer MCS lifespans and higher rainfall are associated with stronger deep‐layer wind shear and enhanced lower free‐tropospheric moisture at initiation. Land and ocean MCSs exhibit distinct diurnal cycles. Most land‐based MCSs initiate around 16 LT and mature at 18 LT, whereas Bay of Bengal (BoB) MCSs initiate between 04 and 06 LT and peak by 14 LT. Convective precipitations from MCSs significantly surpasses that from non‐MCSs systems, emphasizing their critical role in intense monsoon rainfall. Short‐ and long‐lived MCSs showed distinct lifecycle evolution. Long‐lived MCSs over the BoB show 37% larger cold‐cloud shields, 44% larger precipitation feature areas, and 33% higher rain rates than their land counterparts, yielding 67% more total rainfall. These BoB MCSs also grow faster and experience more frequent cloud mergers early in their lifecycle. These findings offer critical insights into monsoonal MCSs lifecycle evolution, providing observational constraints for improving model simulations of monsoonal convection.