bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sexual dimorphism in relation to big‐game hunting and economy in modern human populations
Authors: Collier Stephen 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPostcranial skeletal data from two recent Eskimo populations are used to test David Frayer's model of sexual dimorphism reduction in Europe between the Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic. Frayer argued that a change from big‐game hunting and adoption of new technology in the Mesolithic reduced selection for large body size in males and led to a reduction in skeletal sexual dimorphism. Though aspects of Frayer's work have been criticized in the literature, the association of big‐game hunting and high sexual dimorphism is untested. This study employs univariate and multivariate analysis to test that association by examining sexual dimorphism of cranial and postcranial bones of two recent Alaskan Eskimo populations, one being big‐game (whale and other large marine mammal) hunting people, and the second being salmon fishing, riverine people. While big‐game hunting influences skeletal robusticity, it cannot be said to lead to greater sexual dimorphism generally. The two populations had different relative sexual dimorphism levels for different parts of the body. Notably, the big‐game hunting (whaling) Eskimos had the lower multivariate dimorphism in the humerus, which could be expected to be the structure under greatest exertion by such hunting in males. While the exertions of the whale hunting economic activities led to high skeletal robusticity, as predicted by Frayer's model, this was true of the females as well as the males, resulting in low sexual dimorphism in some features. Females are half the sexual dimorphism equation, and they cannot be seen as constants in any model of economic behavior. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Brief communication: Possible third molar impactions in the hominid fossil record
Authors: Gibson Kathleen R. , Calcagno James M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractImpacted third molars affect 15%–20% of modern Americans and Western Europeans. In contrast, third molar impactions have not been reported in the early hominid fossil record. It is uncertain whether the lack of reports reflects an absence of impactions or a failure to recognize them. This communication is intended to raise awareness of the possibility of impactions by describing the appearance of impacted teeth and by noting two possible instances of impaction in early hominids. Specifically, the mandibular third molars of the Sterkfontein specimen, STS52b (Australopithecus africanus), and the left maxillary third molar of the Lake Turkana specimen, KNM‐WT17400 (Australopithecus boisei), are positioned in a manner which suggests that they would not have erupted normally. Both specimens also exhibit strong crowding of the anterior dentition, providing further support for the view that these individuals lacked sufficient space for normal eruption of the third molars. Other published reports of dental crowding in the hominid fossil record are noted, and it is suggested that more attention be paid to dental impaction and dental crowding in hominid evolution. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Response of bone and enamel formation to nutritional supplementation and morbidity among malnourished Guatemalan children
Authors: May Richard L. , Goodman Alan H. , Meindl Richard S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe effects of changes in nutritional and health status upon bone and enamel development are examined in a sample of 63 rural Guatemalan children (24 females, 39 males). The number of ossified hand‐wrist centers at 3 years and the number of linear enamel hypoplasias (LEH) in ∼0–3 year zones of developing teeth were used to monitor the response of bone mineralization and enamel matrix formation to illness and nutritional supplementation. Numbers of ossified centers and LEH were compared across sex, supplementation, and morbidity groups.Enamel matrix secretion responded positively to increased supplementation. Children who received less than 34.25 kcal/day in supplement had more LEH than those who received more supplement. No differences in ossification status were found between supplementation groups. These data suggest that enamel formation may be more sensitive to changes in nutritional status than is bone mineralization. Disruptions of bone and enamel formation were both associated with frequent illness. Children who were ill more than 3.6% of the time had more LEH and fewer ossified hand‐wrist centers than children who were less frequently ill. Conclusions regarding relative environmental sensitivity must take into account the specific aspects of dental and skeletal development examined. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Meningeal arterial patterns in great apes: Implications for hominid vascular evolution
Authors: Falk Dean 
Published: February 2006

AbstractArterial meningeal patterns were observed for 100 hemispheres from great ape endocasts (Pan paniscus, Pan troglodytes, Gorilla gorilla, and Pongo pygmaeus). Eight patterns emerged based on the relative contributions to the walls and dura mater of the middle part of the braincase of meningeal arteries that stem from two sources. These arteries enter the braincase through either the orbit (delivering blood from the internal carotid artery) or through the base of the middle cranial fossa (via the middle meningeal artery whose blood comes from the external carotid artery). The three genera of apes manifest different frequencies of the eight, patterns, with orangutans highly dependent on orbital meningeal arteries at one extreme, and chimpanzees showing the greatest reliance on the middle meningeal artery at the other.As was the case in an earlier study of rhesus monkeys, there is a trend across the two genera of African apes for increased mean cranial capacity to be associated with increased reliance on the internal carotid artery for supplying the middle portion of the braincase. However, unlike the case for macaques, this trend does not reach statistical significance in African apes. Because it is rare for humans to manifest significant arterial contributions from the orbit to the middle cranial fossa, the comparative data on monkeys, apes, and humans suggest that, during the course of vascular evolution in Homo, the middle meningeal artery eventually took over supply of the entire middle cranial fossa. This hypothesis should be tested in the hominid fossil record.Earlier work on meningeal arterial patterns in apes has traditionally relied on Adachi's system that was determined from humans and focuses on the origin of the middle branch of the middle meningeal artery. As a result, the extensive orbital contributions to the middle portion of the braincase that characterize apes were not recognized and the eight patterns described in this paper were often erroneously assigned to the three patterns that adequately describe only humans. Adachi's system should therefore be abandoned for nonhuman primates and early hominids. A correct understanding of meningeal arterial evolution cannot be achieved until the orbital contributions to the meningeal arteries are recognized and incorporated into an evolutionary study that spans from apes to fossil hominids to living people. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hominid enamel thickness: I. The Krapina Neandertals
Authors: Molnar Stephen , Hildebolt Charles , Molnar Iva M. , Radovcic Jakov , Gravier Michael 
Published: February 2006

AbstractDental x‐rays were taken of isolated and in situ adult molar teeth of the Krapina Neandertal (n = 63) and of recent and contemporary molars (n = 423). The radiographs were digitized at high resolution (1,024 × 1,520 × 8 bits) with a 35 mm solid state scanner. Ratios of enamel cap area to the underlying dentinal‐pulpal area were determined and comparisons were made between average ratios for the Neandertal and contemporary molars. Neandertal molars had significantly smaller ratios than did contemporary teeth (P < 0.05). It is suggested that the smaller ratios represent relatively thinner enamel for Neandertals and that the thin enamel may have been caused by a metabolic depression that resulted in reduced enamel quantity (hypoplasia). Alternately, the observed differences may be related to expanded pulps seen in various stages of taurodontism. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hypertrophy of the acetabulo‐cristal buttress in Homo sapiens
Authors: Rader William T. , Peters Charles R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn the early 1970s, excavation at the King site, a contact period Mississippian village in northwest Georgia, yielded the skeletal remains of a robust male (King 65) possessing marked hypertrophy of the acetabulo‐cristal buttress. The buttress is morphologically similar to that of Plio‐Pleistocene Homo but it is accompanied by an anatomically modern degree of thickening of the gluteal table of the ilium. Although the degree of cortical thickness of the gluteal table of the ilium is apparently species‐specific, hypertrophy of the acetabulo‐cristal buttress is developmental and may be expressed in all species of Homo. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enamel thickness of human maxillary molars reconsidered
Authors: Macho Gabriele A. , Berner Margit E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractForty‐four modern human maxillary molars (M1 = 21, M2 = 12, and M3= 11) were sectioned through the mesial cusps in a plane perpendicular to the cervical margin of the crown. Eight measurements of enamel thickness as well as bucco‐lingual (BL) and mesio‐distal (MD) diameters were recorded for each tooth in order to investigate differences in these dimensions between tooth categories. Uni‐ and multi‐variate analyses revealed first maxillary molars to have generally thinner enamel than second or third upper molars, especially with regard to the occlusal basin. Furthermore, the decrease of MD diameters from anterior to posterior is greater than that of BL diameters. Principal Component Analysis using enamel thickness measurements resulted in complete separation of first molars, while second and third maxillary molars showed a certain amount of overlap. This finding casts doubt on using an overall measure of “molar enamel thickness” derived from mixed samples of molars for taxonomic purposes. There appears to be a relationship between bite force and enamel thickness such that posterior molars, where masticatory forces are stronger, have thicker enamel than anterior teeth. It is suggested that the gradient of enamel thickness between (and within) teeth in extant and extinct species may thus provide further information about relative wear resistance as well as the biomechanical constraints of the orofacial skeleton. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Canine size and shape in male anthropoid primates
Authors: Plavcan J. Michael 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWhile studies of canine dimorphism in primates are common, only a few have examined canine tooth size independently within each sex. Recently, Greenfield and Washburn (Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 84:17–34, 1991) proposed that there are two types of male canines which reflect different allometric scaling patterns of canine crown height against canine occlusal dimensions. They also suggest that proportional canine shape, measured as canine crown height (or projection) relative to the occlusal dimensions, provides an estimate of the canine's function as a weapon, though they provide no test of this hypothesis. This analysis critically examines the claim that there are two types of male canines among anthropoids. It then tests the hypothesis that relative male canine size (measured against body weight) and proportional canine shape are related to estimates of intermale competition, diet, and substrate (used as a surrogate measure of predation pressure). While there is strong taxonomic variation in canine size and shape among male anthropoids, no evidence is found for two discrete canine types. Rather, within families and subfamilies, canine dimensions scale isometrically against body weight and against each other, with a continuum of canine shapes among different taxa. While variation in male canine size is associated with intermale competition and substrate, even when taxonomic variation is controlled, variation in proportional canine shape is not. Neither canine size nor shape are generally associated with variation in diet. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enamel microstructure and molar wear in the greater galago, Otolemur crassicaudatus (mammalia, primates)
Authors: Maas Mary C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis study describes the molar enamel microstructure of the greater galago, based on SEM study of four individuals. Galago molar enamel consists primarily of radially oriented Pattern 1 prisms. However, the most superficial enamel is characterized by regions of poorly developed prisms or nonprismatic enamel, and Pattern 3 prisms can be found at depths intermediate and deep to the enamel surface. Orientations of prism long axes relative to wear surfaces differ among functionally distinct regions (cuspal facets, Phase I/II facets, and crushing basins). Consequently, orientations of enamel crystallites relative to these surfaces also differ. Because crystallites are the structural unit involved in enamel abrasion, these differences in orientation may have important effects on molar wear patterns. Crystallite orientations differ most between cuspal facets and Phase I/II facet surfaces. Cuspal facets are characterized by near surface‐parallel interprismatic and surface‐oblique prismatic crystallites. Previous experimental studies suggest that this arrangement is most resistant to wear when surface‐normal (compressive) loads predominate. In contrast, prismatic and interprismatic crystallites intercept Phase I/II facet surfaces obliquely, an arrangement expected to resist abrasion when surface‐parallel (shearing) loads predominate. Superficial enamel is preserved at most basin surfaces, indicating that these regions are subject to comparatively little abrasive wear.These results support the hypothesis that galago occlusal enamel is organized so as to resist abrasion of different functional regions, a property that may prove important in maintaining functional efficiency. However, this largely reflects constraints of occlusal topography on a microstructure typical of many mammals and thus does not appear to represent a structural innovation. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Treponematosis in regional and chronological perspective from central Gulf Coast Florida
Authors: Hutchinson Dale L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractExamination of five central Gulf Coast Florida archaeological skeletal series (n = 547) from the late prehistoric and early historic periods reveals the presence of pathological lesions characteristic of treponemal infection. These skeletal remains of native American populations represent a crucial time regarding hypotheses about the exchange of syphilis between the Old and New World or the mutation of one treponemal infection into another. Comparison of the lesions with those observed in modern studies of treponemal infection does not support an interpretation of veneral syphilis. The data from this study and from other archaeological skeletal series indicate the presence of a treponemal disease prior to European contact. The skeletal elements from Florida do not suggest that the disease changed dramatically following contact with Europeans. It is possible that cases of nonspecific postcranial pathology can be explained by the presence of this disease in the Florida populations. This study indicates that a treponemal disease was endemic throughout the region by at least A. D. 1000. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Paleoserology of the Christian population at Sayala (Lower Nubia): An evaluation of the reliability of the results
Authors: Paoli Giorgio , Tarli Silvana M. Borgognini , Klír Premysl , Strouhal Eugen , Tofanelli Sergio , Del Santo Valli Maria T. , Pavelcová Bela 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA paleoserological study of human remains from the Christian cemeteries of Sayala (Lower Nubia, 6th–11th centuries A. D.) was carried out by applying two techniques (absorption‐elution and haemagglutination‐inhibition), on two types of substratum (bones and hair), in separate laboratories (Pisa and Prague). The aim of research was to evaluate the degree of repeatability of the results and the reliability of the final paleoserological diagnoses. The results indicated different degrees of repeatability depending on the differential sensitivity of the two techniques and on the nature of the substratum. The frequencies of concordant and discordant final diagnoses within and between the two laboratories and by the two methods were significantly different from those expected under the conditions of random distribution, indicating a consistency in results from different laboratories and methods. The reliability of the resulting gene and phenotype distributions is also supported by their consistency both with the theoretical Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium and with the present distribution of the ABO gene frequencies in Egyptian, Sudanese, and Nubian populations. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Growth of nomadic and settled Turkana infants of northwest Kenya
Authors: Little Michael A. , Gray Sandra J. , Leslie Paul W. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTurkana tribespeople reside in a semi‐arid savanna ecosystem in northwest Kenya. For over a decade, Ngisonyoka Turkana nomads have been studied within a multidisciplinary framework that embraces ecology, anthropology, and human population biology. Original research objectives of the South Turkana Ecosystem Project were to study nomads longitudinally and within the context of the dry savanna ecosystem. These objectives have been expanded to incorporate settled Turkana who were nomads in the recent past, but who, for a variety of reasons, have taken up a life of sedentary cultivation.The research described here focused on comparisons of growth patterns of nomadic and settled infants from birth to 24 months of age. Infants were measured (recumbent length, weight, head circumference, arm and calf circumference, and selected skinfolds) in 1989 and 1990. Settled infants were slightly longer, but nomadic infants were heavier and fatter. Head circumferences were the same. Some variation was observed by season and year of measurement (from comparative surveys). Both groups showed pronounced weight faltering after 6 months of age when compared with U. S. NCHS reference values. Head circumference faltering was moderate and recumbent length faltering was only slight after 12 months of age. Comparisons of Turkana infant growth in the two populations can contribute indirectly to a better understanding of infant nutritional status, probable morbidity, and other factors, some of which may be linked to female reproduction. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Torso morphology and locomotion in Proconsul nyanzae
Authors: Ward Carol V. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA new partial skeleton of Proconsul nyanzae from Mfangano Island, Kenya (KNM‐MW 13142) includes five lumbar vertebrae, a partial sacrum, and nearly complete hipbone. Until recently, little was known of the axial and pelvic skeletons of Proconsul, or any early Miocene hominoid. Because torso morphology directly reflects locomotor behavior, these elements provide important new information about posture and locomotion of P. nyanzae. Two basic patterns of locomotor behavior and corresponding torso morphology exist among extant anthropoids. Monkeys have long, flexible spines with powerful epaxial muscles and mediolaterally narrow thoraces. This morphology represents a response to the mechanical requirements of habitual pronograde quadrupedalism. In contrast, hominoids, particularly great apes, have shorter, stiffer spines and broader torsos than do monkeys. The hominoid pattern reflects an emphasis on forelimb abduction‐adduction, and on stability and control of the lower back during forelimb‐dominated arboreal locomotion. KNM‐MW 13142 had craniocaudally elongate vertebral bodies, and probably six lumbar vertebrae, reflecting a long, flexible vertebral column. The narrow, laterally facing iliac blades of KNM‐MW 13142 imply the presence of a mediolaterally narrow, dorsoventrally deep thorax. Its wide iliac tuberosities, ventrally located lumbar transverse processes, and distinct accessory processes suggest that Proconsul nyanzae also had strap‐like epaxial muscles similar to those characterizing most monkeys. Axial and pelvic morphology of KNM‐MW 13142 indicate that P. nyanzae had not undergone an ape‐like rearrangement of its torso to adapt to forelimb‐dominated arboreality. Instead, P. nyanzae probably retained a more primitive pattern of pronograde quadrupedalism. This morphology indicates that the extant hominoid pattern of torso anatomy arose subsequent to the establishment of the hominid clade. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Facial anatomy of Victoriapithecus and its relevance to the ancestral cranial morphology of old world monkeys and apes
Authors: Benefit Brenda R. , McCrossin Monte L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractRecently discovered Craniofacial fossils of the middle Miocene cercopithecoid Victoriapithecus are described. The frontal, zygomatic, maxilla, and premaxilla anatomy differ from the previously proposed colobine‐like ancestral cercopithecoid morphotype in several significant respects. This morphotype was based on the assumption that features held in common by subordinate hominoid and cercopithecoid morphotypes (Colobinae and Hylobatidae) are primitive for Old World monkeys. Cranial similarities between Victoriapithecus, which represents the sister‐group of both colobine and cercopithecone monkeys, and the shorter‐snouted Cercopithecinae (Macaca and Cercopithecus) indicate that the last common ancestor of Old World monkeys possessed the following features: a narrow interorbital septum, moderately long snout, moderately long and anteriorly tapering premaxilla, large procumbent upper central incisors set anterior to and with longer roots than lateral incisors, moderately tall face below the orbits, teardrop‐shaped nasal aperture of low height and moderate width, and probably long and narrow nasal bones. The Victoriapithecus cranium is also characterized by features not present in modern cercopithecids. These include a deep malar region of the zygomatic and the presence of a frontal trigon due to the occurrence of temporal lines that merge with supraorbital costae close to the midline of each orbit and converge anterior to bregma. These features are interpreted as primitive retentions from the basal catarrhine condition as indicated by the occurrence of these features among primitive catarrhines (Aegyptopithecus) and Miocene hominoids (Afropithecus). © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.