bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Continuing Medical Education Incentive Program
Authors: Krigovsky P. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In today's rapidly changing world, medicine is not only changing but also expanding. The delivery of optimal patient care is dependent upon medical practitioners staying abreast of these changes as well as maintaining their current skills. One of the challenges facing medical practitioners in our industry is sufficient exposure to, and participation in, emergency medical procedures. This pilot Continuing Medical Education Incentive Program has focused on assessing active participation in emergency drills and retesting within a six month period, thus quantifying to what degree these skills have been retained. If successful, this program would be expanded to encompass the learning of new information and skills sets.
Effects of Risk Communication on the Behaviour of Workers Towards Health Risks
Authors: Farid M. Z. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The lack of awareness on Industrial Hygiene among industries is one critical factor in their performance in this area. While industrialized nations like those in Europe and the United States may have a host of regulations in this aspect, others may have a few. In Malaysia, there are specific regulations pertaining to Industrial Hygiene for example that of Lead, Asbestos and Noise exposures and more recently in 2000, on all Chemical Hazardous to Health. More often than not, these regulation and guidelines are the only means of information on health hazards available to both employers and employees.
Informing workers on noise and chemical hazards may sound trivial. However, without effective communication on the implications of these regulations, and most importantly the effect these hazards have on their personal health, information is merely passed on but not internalised via behaviour, making it a futile attempt to safeguard the health of our workers, which may result in a serious decline in health of our current workforce, later, as a result of exposures to health hazards occurring.
Behavioural intervention attempts to influence workers' attitude, knowledge, beliefs, and hence behaviour. Such interventions include sharing information or carry out educational campaigns, skills training, risk communication, and/or behaviour modification techniques. Specific examples commonly used include training workers to wear personal protective equipment and implementing behaviour modification techniques such as giving positive feedback and incentives, targeted at changing individual health behaviour and to reduce the accompanying risks.
This study involves pre and post exposure monitoring of workers exposed to solvents plus observation of glove wearing, in this regards the behaviour intervention technique used was a one-on-one communication of the risk of the exposure to solvent of solvents via discussion and a take-home information leaflet. Effective communication is the key term and issue here. The right information must be given to the right people, in the right way. This paper demonstrates different reactions towards and different factors influencing effective communication as well as the means to maximise the outcome of health-risk communication.
Automatic Filtering and Monitoring of Real-Time Reservoir and Production Data
Authors: Olsen S. , Nordtvedt J. -E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper addresses data filtering and compression of reservoir and production data. Up to now such filtering has been done either manually by the engineers or through filtering techniques - such as wavelets - by expert users. In both cases the data filtering and compression is quite a time consuming exercise for the engineers. It has been demonstrated that filtering and compression of data quite successfully can be done using wavelet techniques. However, automatic filtering and compression is needed in order for the wavelet techniques to be applicable for real-time reservoir and production management. The "automated wavelet" has not been available due to manual determination of filter settings and the large computational effort associated by running wavelet transform rapidly in a real-time environment.
This paper presents and demonstrates a methodology for solving all these problems, allowing wavelet-based de-noising and compression of large amount of data with a minimum of non-expert engineering effort and a minimum of computational effort. The methodology has been successfully tested on several real-time reservoir and production data sources. The filtered data can be used for real-time monitoring, and we demonstrate how transients, underlying trends, noise level and slugging (oscillations) can be monitored using the real-time wavelet transform. A slug number is introduced for slug detection, while a pattern recognition approach is applied for transient detections.
Some Insights into the Tube Blocking Test Method to Evaluate the Efficiency of Mineral Scale Inhibitors
Authors: Bazin B. , Kohler N. , Zaitoun A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Dynamic Tube Blocking Test (TBT) method is used to evaluate the efficiency of chemical inhibitors to prevent the formation and deposition of mineral scales such as calcium carbonate, as well as calcium, barium and strontium sulfates. The TBT method aims at (1) determining the Minimum Inhibitor Concentration (MIC) required to prevent the formation of scale, and (2) performing comparative tests with different inhibitors in the same conditions.
Inhibitor efficiency is measured by the ratio of the time needed to block the tube in the presence of inhibitor divided by the time needed to block the tube without inhibitor, i.e. blank time. Conditions for the blank test are adjusted to induce a significant precipitation in a reasonable time frame. Main adjusting parameters are solution degree of saturation of scaling species and flow rate. Other parameters such as capillary length and diameter can be chosen arbitrarily.
The purpose of this study is to check the accuracy of the TBT method and to compare the MIC values obtained in various experimental conditions. Three types of inhibitors were used, namely, phosphonates, polyacrylates, polyaspartates and a carboxymethylated polysaccharide. Scales were calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate and barium sulfate. The results show that the TBT method is very sensitive to the effect of flow rate and capillary dimension. A careful control and monitoring of the temperature is also required. The TBT method is shown to give information on the physical mechanisms acting on the scale inhibition process.
Water Control in Fissured Reservoirs–Diagnosis and Implementation of Solutions: Cases From Northern Italy
Authors: Burrafato G. , Pitoni E. , Perez D. , Cantini S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper presents the results of successful applications of polymer gels to control undesirable water production in mature fissured reservoirs in northern Italy.
The presence of natural fractures creates hydraulic communication through an interval to the high-pressure aquifer. This allows the water to percolate up to the production interval causing a negative effect upon the oil production. This situation represents one of the most complex problems to diagnose and solve.
The shutoff of water produced through fissures and fracture networks involves injection of gel solutions of polymer, maturely crosslinking inside the reservoir. The ability to inject these polymers and their subsequent long-term stability under reservoir conditions are requirements for a successful treatment.
Two case studies are provided where a systematic methodology was employed to correctly diagnose and solve this type of problem.
The first case discussed is where a bottom zone was finally shut off. Diagnosis through production logs permitted us to understand the situation and treat the problem accordingly with the use of flowing polymer gels. Wellbore isolation from the upper oil-producing level was achieved with an inflatable cement retainer set in a blank casing section. The treatment and setting of the plug were performed through coiled tubing.
The second case treatment was performed under challenging technical and operational conditions due to high injection pressures (9000 psi) and elevated temperatures (165°C). The applied methodology included the use of diagnostic plots based on the historical behavior of the water/oil ratio as a function of time, cement bond logs, a pressure and temperature survey during actual production to determine the origin of the water influx, and the simulation of the bottomhole temperature (BHT) profile. Gel characteristics are also provided along with details of laboratory testing and procedures.
Both cases illustrate the use of the dual-injection technique, which involves simultaneous injection of permanent gel into the water zone and protective fluids into the oil zone, followed by a post-flush stage to eliminate gel from potentially productive fissures.
Pre-and post-treatment production data,analysis,and evaluation of results are included in both cases along with production and gel stability data with time.
The Environmental Benefits of Reducing Water Production
Authors: Hibbeler J. , Rae P. 
Published: December 2007

Proposal
The Gulf of Thailand (GOT) has been producing oil and gas for approximately twenty four years and, at present, water production is becoming a serious dilemma for some operators. Because most of the production from the GOT is from co-mingled monobores, having multiple pay sands of highly variable permeability and natural fractures, the risk of early water production is high. Unwanted water production in Thailand has resulted in many of the classic negative effects such as, water "loading", causing lost production and reserves, bottlenecking surface facilities and increased operating costs, due to water handling. Because tourism and fishing are critical to Thailand, the environmental impact of produced water is also a major concern. Several initiatives have been undertaken to address the issue of how best to reduce water production. Companies have tried tubing patches, water shut off treatments and, most recently, Relative Permeability Modifiers (RPMs), which selectively inhibit water flow while having minimal effect on oil or gas production. Such remedial treatments, combined with top-side efforts like water injection, are being used in an effort to minimize the overall effect of produced water in Thailand.
This paper presents, in a holistic approach, the issue of produced water in the GOT. Discussion of environmental issues, costs, disposal options and various methods that have been applied to deal with water production, are covered.
Sw and Hydrocarbon Pore Volume Estimates in Shaly Sands—Routine Oil-Based-Mud Core Measurements Compared With Several Log Analysis Models
Authors: Woodhouse R. , Warner H. R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Routine laboratory measurements of preserved oil-based-mud (OBM) cores are used to calibrate reservoir porosity (Φ) and water saturation (Sw). As well as being accurate in ‘clean’ sands, properly conducted OBM core analysis is also accurate in shaly-sand reservoirs. The water volume measured by laboratory Dean-Stark extraction includes physically-bound water within the clay, but not its chemically-bound water.
The OBM core porosity, Φcore, and Sw can be used together as a pair and will lead to an accurate evaluation of hydrocarbon pore volume (HPV) per unit rock volume. HPV evaluations from the OBM ‘core’ [Φcore (1 - Swcore)] and from log-derived ‘total’ porosity [Φt (1 - Swt)] and ‘effective’ porosity [Φe (1 - Swe)] methods should all give the same result.
Core data from a shaly-sand formation are compared with results from some widely-used log analysis models, including the Archie models. The original Waxman-Smits-Thomas model is discussed, but we had insufficient data to include it in the quantitative comparisons.
As tested, a reasonable quality match to the OBM core Swt and HPV is given by the Normalised Waxman-Smits and Dual-Water models and also by the Modified Simandoux, Indonesia, Simandoux and Cyberlook models, when their outputs are taken as total water saturation (Swt). If their output is taken as the usual Swe, together with Φe, their HPV results are significantly lower than those from the OBM core data.
The most accurate evaluation method, the OBM core analysis, can be used to calibrate shaly-sand log models. This process will lead to improved estimates of oil- and gas-in-place in shaly sands, and also to better resistivity-Sw models for worldwide application when OBM cores are not available.
New One-Trip Sand-Control Completion System That Eliminates Formation Damage Resulting From Conventional Perforating and Gravel-Packing Operations
Authors: Garfield G. 
Published: December 2007

Proposal
Maximizing inflow performance for any completion involves balancing the natural forces of the reservoir with the operational limitations of the well or field. In the case of soft or unconsolidated sand, completion procedures often dictate equipment or procedures that can potentially limit the inflow area by way of various forms of formation damage. There are three major operations that induce formation damage: the filter cake and fluid loss damage associated with drilling; the skin increase due to compaction and debris associated with perforating; and, the skin added to the completion by the gravel or frac pack. While there are treatments that can remove or reduce the effects of damage, all of them involve subsequent intervention into the well, which elevates risk as well as increases rig time. This paper discusses a recently developed one-trip completion system that has been successfully used to eliminate or reduce these causes of formation damage and improve inflow area and performance. This new system provides a means of deploying a production liner, perforating, primary cementing, removing filter cake, and controlling sand production in a single trip. The one trip system is especially beneficial in wells needing sand control. The procedure utilizes a telescoping conduit that can be expanded hydraulically, mechanically, or both, to seal onto the formation face, and then cemented into place. The sand control media is inside the telescoping conduit in the form of appropriately sized stainless steel beads. The damage typically associated with the perforating phase is eliminated because there is no explosive discharge during the deployment of the system, and the well is brought on production normally. Studies have shown that decreasing initial perforation damage results in a more productive well over its lifetime. This new completion method also eliminates gravel packing, minimizes the amount of intervention into the well completion, and saves substantial rig time due to its one trip operation. Additionally, the authors will illustrate how the new completion simplifies operational logistics, especially in remote or offshore environments, because it is not dependent on large fluid pumping treatments nor does it require excessive pumping horsepower.
Oil Spill Response Organisations and Their Utilisation in Disaster Relief
Authors: Richardson C. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
On the 26th December the biggest earthquake in 40 years occurred between the Australian and Eurasian plates in the Indian Ocean. The quake triggered a tsunami – series of large waves – that spread thousands of kilometres over several hours.
A number of the major oil companies around the world utilised their own oil spill response aircraft, from the East Asia Response unit in Singapore, for the International Federation of Red Cross (IFRC) to use for delivering of aid material to victims of the Tsunami disaster.
The oil spill response industry have an obligation to respond immediately to international oil spill disasters, we are quick to react and have the environmental benefit as our main driver, why should this be any different in responding to other major environmental disasters? This paper will investigate the utilisation of global oil spill response equipment and personnel in aid of disaster relief. Oil spill response units like OSRL and EARL, and many more around the globe run as not for profit cooperatives, thus the commercial need will not be a driving factor in a venture of this type.
Although analysis of the practicalities involved in using such specialised equipment and personnel will be examined.
The author also hopes to investigate into the possible adaptation of such spill response resources but will also ask the question of who will pay if this new venture is considered.
Latest Developments of the Updated Fire and Explosion Guide From UKOOA and HSE
Authors: Galbraith D. N. , Terry E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The updating of fire and explosion design guidance has been a significant project for UKOOA and HSE. The collation of best practices and latest Joint Industry Project (JIP) information has presented a challenge to provide information in a consensual way and yet push at the boundaries of known and accepted knowledge.
In 2004, the project team successfully issued Part 1 of the new guidance, dealing with design considerations for explosion hazards and a generic hazard management approach constituting a revision to the previous UKOOA Fire and Explosion Hazard Management Guide (retrospectively designated Part 0). The team are now finalizing Part 2, dealing with design considerations for fire hazards. Part 2 will be concluded later this year in parallel with the effort to develop Part 3, which will cover the implementation of the 3 previous "philosophical" documents, and as such is probably the most wanted part of the guidance, thus completing a "4 part" trilogy of documents.
This paper describes the history and intent of the guidance and the ways in which it should assist all sectors of the industry. The paper summarizes the development of ideas that have been included and are currently under consideration as well as describing some areas that have been excluded at this time as they are not sufficiently mature for general acceptance.
The paper explores the relationship with other standards and endeavours to show how a wider application may result from the accumulated "wisdom" from both Aberdeen and Stavanger, the two most prominent offshore technology centres in Europe, which are also rapidly becoming international support centres for worldwide design and operations.
Competency-Based Training and Development
Authors: Fassihi M. R. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Professional training in the oil and gas industry has traditionally focused on course requirements without emphasizing the role of competency. This, in turn, has caused an inflation of courses due to subject overlaps whilst wasting the students’ time whose skills were not considered before taking the course. In this presentation, a new training framework is introduced in which a set of required competencies for an E&P business are selected and the skill levels of 1-5 (Awareness to expert) are described for each competency. Then, by mapping the learning offers against this set, course rationalization and streamlining can be accomplished. Subsequently, a Learning Map can be created containing the core training offers. Based on this competency set, the competency requirements for a job type are specified and a job profile is created. Then, staff is assessed against the relevant job profiles. Based on the identified gaps, appropriate training or experiential activities are recommended. The sum of individual staff competency gaps represents an organizational capability gap. The business urgency may require recruiting people with the identified competencies instead of training the individuals. Thus, a targeted recruiting strategy based on organizational capability gaps could be implemented.
Petroleum Engineering Universities could potentially adopt competency based training and align their undergraduate and graduate trainings with the required job profiles by the Industry. If the latter is accomplished, students’ chances of being recruited are greatly improved. The consequential impact of this action would be potential saving of millions of dollars by the industry as part of their annual in-house training program.
Drilling Waste Management: Case Histories Demonstrate That Effective Drilling Waste Management Can Reduce Overall Well-Construction Costs
Authors: Browning K. , Seaton S. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe increasing environmental legislation surrounding drilling operations has led to a rapid rise in drilling waste management spending by operators. The traditional perception has been that this increased spending adds to well construction costs. While it true that new technology comes with a price tag, and much of the technology used in drilling waste management has been introduced in the last 10 years, many technologies now available to operators are clearly cost effective when the entire well construction cost is evaluated.The cost of making a mistake and having either an expensive remediation project or a potential liability nearly always significantly outweighs the cost of a good preventative drilling waste management program. Further, compliance with current environmental regulations does not always guarantee immunity in the future.The correct deployment of both new and traditional drilling waste management technologies is reviewed in several case histories taken from the global operations of a major service company. The paper demonstrates that the correct application of these technologies combined with a holistic approach to drilling waste management and drilling fluid operations results in a net reduction in well construction costs and a reduction in the potential for environmental liability.
Accounting for Earth Curvature in Directional Drilling
Authors: Zinn N. D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In an important contribution to the geodesy of directional drilling (SPE 56013, "Directional Drilling and Earth Curvature", Ref. 1) authors H. S. Williamson and H. Wilson cite seven errors of Earth curvature often found in current oil field practice. Four of those errors relate to the use of map projections to convert cubical coordinates (e.g., those computed from Minimum Curvature) to geodetic coordinates. This paper offers an algorithm that converts cubical coordinates directly into latitude and longitude without an intervening map projection, thus avoiding these four errors plus one other of the seven cited.