bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electromyographic, myomechanical, and intraluminal pressure changes associated with acute extraluminal obstruction of the jejunum in conscious ponies
Authors: MacHarg Margaret A. , Adams Stephen B. , Lamar Carlton H. , Becht James L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Bipolar electrodes, strain gauge force transducers, intraluminal pressure recording catheters, and extraluminal intestinal obstructors were surgically implanted in 4 ponies to record myoelectrical and mechanical activity of the distal portion of the jejunum and ileum. After determining normal intestinal activity and pressures, the distal portion of the jejunum was obstructed with an extraluminal obstructor. Myoelectrical and mechanical activity recorded from jejunal segments proximal to the obstruction increased significantly (P < 0.01), whereas activity distal to the obstruction remained unchanged. Intraluminal pressure increases were recorded during periods of intestinal spasm. Obstruction pressures remained unchanged from preobstruction pressures.
Studies on the pathogenesis of Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella choleraesuis var kunzendorf infection in weanling pigs
Authors: Reed Willie M. , Olander Harvey J. , Thacker H. Leon 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Twenty-six 4-week-old pigs were randomly allotted to 4 groups: group 1—orally inoculated with Salmonella typhimurium; group 2—orally dosed with S choleraesuis; and groups 3 and 4, with surgically constructed intestinal loops—loops inoculated with either S typhimurium or S choleraesuis. One pig each from groups 1 and 2 was killed at 8, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours after inoculation. One pig each from groups 3 and 4 was killed at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hours after intestinal loop inoculation. Inoculation of S typhimurium resulted in acute enterocolitis of variable severity, whereas inoculation of S choleraesuis resulted initially in septicemia followed by formation of large necrotic and ulcerative lesions in the colonic mucosa. The most consistent systemic lesion of S choleraesuis infection was interstitial pneumonia and multifocal hepatic necrosis.
Salmonella typhimurium and S choleraesuis were ultrastructurally within enterocytes of ligated ileal loops. Intracellular bacteria were morphologically intact, occurred free in the cytoplasm and membrane bound, and caused no detectable cytotoxic effect to the cell. Both S typhimurium and S choleraesuis penetrated the intestinal mucosa and were isolated from mesenteric lymph nodes at 2 hours after inoculation.
Characteristics of Salmonella isolated from animals at a veterinary medical teaching hospital
Authors: Ikeda Jack S. , Hirsh Dwight C. , Jang Spencer S. , Biberstein Ernst L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Salmonella belonging to 47 serotypes was isolated from animals at the University of California Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital during the years 1974 to 1983. Salmonella belonging to 12 serotypes accounted for 89% of the 725 isolates. Salmonella typhimurium (including var copenliagen) was the most commonly isolated serotype, but during 1981 to 1983, S krefeld and S saint-paul were predominant. Certain serotypes seemed to be isolated more frequently from extraintestinal sources (S typhi-suis, S dublin). Although resistance to ampicillin, kanamycin, neomycin, streptomycin, and sulfonamides was common (> 60% of the isolates were resistant), resistance to chloramphenicol, gentamicin, and trimethoprim-sulfonamides was infrequent, except for isolates of S krefeld and S saint-paul.
Abortion in sheep caused by a nonclassified, anaerobic, flagellated bacterium
Authors: Kirkbride C. A. , Gates C. E. , Collins J. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Twenty-eight pregnant ewes were inoculated iv with approximately 6 × 108 nonclassified, anaerobic, flagellated bacteria (nafb) that had been isolated from an aborted lamb. Abortion occurred in 3 of the ewes and 1 ewe gave birth to a weak lamb. The remaining 24 ewes and 3 other ewes inoculated orally with nafb did not develop clinical signs of illness.
Suppuration and vasculitis were seen in the placentas of the 3 aborted lambs, 1 of which had necropurulent hepatitis indistinguishable from that usually attributed to Campylobacter fetus infection.
The nafb was isolated from fetal placenta, abomasal content, or internal organs of 2 aborted lambs and the weak lamb. A morphologically similar organism was seen in the abomasal content of the other aborted lamb, but the organism did not grow on bacteriologic culture medium.
Therefore, in susceptible pregnant ewes, nafb can cause fetal placentitis and hepatitis and subsequent birth of weak lambs or abortion.
Developmental alterations in the regulation of glucagon and insulin secretion in Holstein calves
Authors: Owens S. W. , Sartin J. L. , Kemppainen R. J. , Cummins K. A. , Bartol F. F. , Bowman M. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Twenty-one Holstein bull calves were randomly assigned at birth to 3 groups. Two groups (each of 7 calves) were raised as follows: fed a milk diet alone or fed milk with grain supplementation after 2 weeks of age; studies were done when calves reached 4 weeks of age. The 3rd group was fed on milk with grain supplementation until weaning after which the calves were maintained on grain and pasture. These calves (older calves) were studied at 12 weeks of age. Either propionate (0.28 mmol/kg) or glucose (0.56 mmol/kg) was injected iv in a random order. Samples of blood were obtained from the calves before and immediately after injections were done and at 2, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes after secretagogue injection. Plasma was examined for glucose by a glucose oxidase procedure and for immunoreactive insulin (iri) and glucagon (irg) by radioimmunoassay.
The iri response to the injection of glucose was greater in older calves (P < 0.02). Patterns of iri secretion, as determined by heterogeneity of regression, showed age differences for both secretagogues (P < 0.05). Base-line irg was greater in milk/grain-fed calves than in milk-fed calves (P < 0.05). Mean irg response to propionate injection was higher (P < 0.05) in milk/grain-fed calves than in milk-fed calves. Plasma glucose concentration increased in older calves, but decreased in milk-fed calves after propionate injection.
The data indicate that maturation in the ruminant is accompanied by altered regulation of insulin and glucagon secretion. These data also indicate that there may be a role for glucagon in the development of hepatic gluconeogenic mechanisms in the ruminant.
Pressures in the right side of the heart and esophagus (pleura) in ponies during exercise before and after furosemide administration
Authors: Goetz Thomas E. , Manohar Murli 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Pressures in the right side of the heart and esophagus (pleural) have not been determined in the exercising equine subjects. In the present study, 8 healthy ponies were examined to determine the changes in these variables caused by 2 degrees of exercise done on a treadmill (heart rate:183 ± 5 beats/min [trot] and 220 ± 6 beats/min [canter]). Measurements were also made during both degrees of exertion 10 minutes and 120 minutes after furosemide (1.0 mg/kg) administration.
It was observed that both gaits resulted in significant increases in pulmonary artery, right ventricular, and right atrial pressures. The pulmonary artery systolic, mean, and diastolic pressures during strenuous exertion were 306%, 252%, and 242% of the respective resting values. At canter, when respiratory frequency (138 ± 4 breaths/min) is synchronized with stride frequency, the Δ esophageal pressure approached 30.4 ± 2.86 cm of water. During exercise 10 minutes after furosemide administration, the increment in right atrial pressure was markedly attenuated. During strenuous exertion 120 minutes after furosemide administration, the right atrial and pulmonary arterial pressures increased, but to a significantly lower level than did the prefurosemide values. However, the mean pulmonary artery pressure was still 240% of the resting value.
It is concluded that marked pulmonary hypertension is a consistent feature of moderate, as well as strenuous, exertion in the pony. Although furosemide administration attenuated the pulmonary hypertension somewhat, the significance remains unclear.
Effects of lateral recumbency on regional lung function in anesthetized horses
Authors: Hornof William J. , Dunlop Colin I. , Prestage Ron , Amis Terry C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Six horses were anesthetized and placed in lateral recumbency for 1 hour and then were turned to the opposite side for an additional hour. A short-lived radioactive gas, 81mKr, was used to determine the relative spatial distribution of ventilation (V̇) and perfusion (Q̇) in these horses. Effects of time, side down, and turning on the distribution were evaluated. A consistent gradient of V̇/Q̇ was found at all times, with the highest V̇/Q̇ values at the top (non-dependent) portion of the lung field and the lowest at the bottom (dependent). This gradient was also present within each lung, as well as between lungs. Effects of time were not observed. Horses starting in right lateral recumbency had larger gradients of V̇/Q̇ than did those starting on the left. The gradient decreased after turning in both groups. After turning, the gradients in the right lung were again greater han those in the left lung.
Blood flow to the distal part of the teat (mammary papilla) of lactating dairy cows
Authors: Jankus E. F. , Baumann L. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Relative blood flow to tissues of the distal part of the teat (mammary papilla) in 5 lactating dairy cows was determined, using 15-μm nonradioactive carbonized microspheres. Highest relative blood flow occurred in the epithelial region (zone A) of the teat canal (papillary duct) which comprised both teat canal epithelium and papillated portion of the stratum papillare. Blood flow to these tissues was more than 4 times greater than blood flow to equivalent tissues of the mucosal rosette. The high rate of metabolic activity indicated by this relatively high blood flow may be required to support secretion of antimicrobial substances and continual synthesis of epithelial cells to replace those lost during milking.
Effect of method of collection on seminal characteristics of the domestic cat
Authors: Dooley M. P. , Pineda M. H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effect of level of voltage and method of collection on seminal characteristics were studied in the domestic cat. A Latin square design was used to determine the effects of voltage (1, 2, 4, or 6 V) on seminal characteristics of electroejaculates for 8 cats (experiment 1). There was a significant effect of cat on the total volume (P < 0.005), number of spermatozoa (P < 0.05), pH (P < 0.05), and osmolality (P < 0.025). There was an effect of week for the pH (P < 0.05) and osmolality (P < 0.005) of semen. Voltage of stimulation affected the total volume (P < 0.005), total number of spermatozoa (P < 0.025), and osmolality (P < 0.005) of semen. There were trends (P < 0.1) for an effect of cat and an effect of voltage on spermatozoal motility. Urine contamination was not observed in any of the electroejaculates.
A 2, 2 × 2 Latin square design was used in experiment 2 to determine the effect of method of collection (artificial vagina or electroejaculation) on seminal characteristics for 4 cats. Electroejaculation was performed, using the 6-V electrical stimulus selected from experiment 1. There was a significant (P < 0.025) effect of cat on the motility of the spermatozoa in the viability preparation and a trend (P < 0.1) for an effect of cat on spermatozoal viability. Seminal samples, obtained using an artificial vagina, had a significantly (P < 0.005) lower volume and pH, and tended (P = 0.065) to have more spermatozoa as compared with that in semen collected by electroejaculation. The percentage of viable spermatozoa, unstained by eosin B, was positively correlated with spermatozoal motility in the motility preparation (r = 0.91, P < 0.001) and with spermatozoal motility within the viability preparation (r = 0.83, P < 0.001).
Voltage of stimulation influences the characteristics of electroejaculates from the domestic cat. For 4 of the 6 seminal characteristics that were analyzed, the 6-V electrical stimulus produced a seminal sample that was comparable with that obtained, using an artificial vagina.
Prevention and control of coccidiosis in goats with decoquinate
Authors: Foreyt William J. , Hancock Dale , Wescott Richard B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Decoquinate was evaluated as a coccidiostat in domestic goats. Fifty goats < 4 months of age were assigned to 5 groups (pens) of 10 goats each and were treated for 87 days with 0 (control), 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, or 4.0 mg of decoquinate in feed/kg of body weight. Goats were inoculated orally with 30,000 oocysts, mainly Eimeria christenseni (74%) and E ninakohlyakimovae (20%) on day 19.
Nontreated goats developed profuse watery diarrhea and tenesmus and gained weight poorly; 2 died. Treated goats did not develop clinical coccidiosis and gained significantly more weight (P < 0.05), regardless of the dose used. Treated goats also had significantly fewer (P < 0.05) oocysts in feces than did nontreated controls. Oocyst numbers were inversely related to dose; a more rapid decrease in oocyst numbers occurred as the dose was increased. At the doses used, decoquinate was safe in goats and was an effective drug for the prevention of clinical coccidiosis.
Hemostatic abnormalities in equine colic
Authors: Johnstone I. B. , Crane S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Hemostatic profiles were determined in 30 horses with clinical colic. Blood samples were obtained at the time of the animal's admission, and the following hemostatic tests were done: blood platelet count, plasma fibrinogen, plasma antithrombin, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time, protamine sulfate test for soluble fibrin monomer, and fibrin-fibrinogen degradation products. The patients were categorized in retrospect, according to the cause of the colic: group 1—colic associated with colitis and/or severe diarrhea, group 2—colic associated with torsion or obstruction of the intestine, and group 3—colic associated with impaction of the intestine or the presence of enteroliths.
Of the 30 horses with colic, 28 had at least 1 abnormality in their coagulogram—the most frequent abnormalities being high plasma fibrinogen concentration, high circulating soluble fibrin monomer, or a long partial thromboplastin time or thrombin time. The horses in group 1 seemed to have the most severe coagulopathies, as indicated by the average number of demonstrable abnormalities. The horses in group 3 showed the fewest abnormalities—usually a high plasma concentrations of fibrinogen and/or soluble fibrin monomer.
The results indicated that hemostatic abnormalities are not uncommon in horses with gastrointestinal disease and colic—the degree of severity depending to some extent on the cause of the colic.
Influence of market stress and protein level on feeder pig hematologic and blood chemical values
Authors: Clemens E. T. , Schultz B. D. , Brumm M. C. , Jesse G. W. , Mayes H. F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
One hundred twenty crossbred feeder pigs were used in 2 trials to determine the effects of food and water deprivation at the auction market and the effects of protein levels of receiving diet on blood chemical values. Food- and water-deprived animals had significantly higher packed-cell volume, colloid osmotic pressure, and cortisol values than did nondeprived animals. Total osmolality and plasma triiodothyronine values were significantly lower in deprived animals. Measurable effects of food and water deprivation were no longer apparent by 14 days after arrival at the research facility. Plasma colloid osmotic pressure had a positive linear relationship with increasing dietary protein level and was statistically different among levels of protein fed. Gilts had higher plasma triiodothyronine values than did barrows. Differential WBC ratios were not different between groups. Measurable differences for treatments (food and water deprivation vs food and water access; and level of protein in the receiving diet) were no longer apparent 84 days after pigs had arrived at the finishing unit.
Effects of storage temperature and time on canine plasma ammonia concentrations
Authors: Hitt Mark E. , Jones Brent D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Stability of ammonia in canine plasma was determined, with regard to temperature and time of storage. Heparinized venous blood samples were collected from 8 healthy dogs, immediately placed in an ice water bath, and centrifuged at 5 C. Plasma was harvested from the blood samples, and the initial analysis of each sample for plasma ammonia was performed within 30 minutes after collection. Separate aliquots of the plasma from each dog were stored at 21 C, 4 C, −15 C, or −40 C. Ammonia concentrations of the aliquots stored at the various temperatures were determined at 24, 48, and 96 hours after collection. Statistical analysis of the data from each dog did not indicate a significant relationship between the initial concentration of plasma ammonia and subsequent determinations. Correlation or significance was not found among samples stored at similar temperatures and evaluated at similar times.
Adhesion of K99-positive Escherichia coli to intestinal brush borders of pigs
Authors: Grimes S. D. , Waxler G. L. , Newman J. P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Ileal samples from 242 pigs, collected at 3 Michigan slaughterhouses, were studied to determine the prevalence of intestinal receptors for K99-positive Escherichia coli. A brush border adhesion test was used to identify the receptors. Of the 242 samples examined, receptors were demonstrated in 230 (95%). After storage of brush border preparations at 4 C, bacterial aggregates lacking identifiable brush border fragments were present in samples tested for adhesion, indicating that K99 receptors may be released from brush border membranes.
Seemingly, most, if not all, pigs have intestinal receptors for K99 pili, and an inheritance pattern similar to that observed for K88 receptors probably does not exist for K99 receptors.
Topography and differential growth of the nasal ventral concha (os conchae nasalis ventralis) of the pig from birth to six weeks of age
Authors: Martineau-Doizé B. , Martineau G. P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
To study the growth of nasal ventral concha (os conchae nasalis ventralis) of pigs between birth and 6 weeks of age, 7 undecalcified 80-μm thick nasal cross sections between the 3rd incisor and the 3rd premolar teeth were examined by microradiography and fluorescence microscopy, after labeling with tetracycline and alizarine red S. Conchal growth was particularly rapid in the pigs during the first 2 weeks of life. From the 3rd week, growth of the nasal ventral concha became slower. For a given age, the slow growing zone spread in the rostrocaudal direction. The transversely directed growth of the nasal ventral concha resulted in the optimal filling of the nasal cavities.
Effect of selenium deficiency on caprine polymorphonuclear leukocyte production of leukotriene B4 and its neutrophil chemotactic activity
Authors: Aziz Edith , Klesius P. H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
These studies were designed to measure leukotriene B4 (ltb4) production by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmn) from selenium (Se)-deficient and Se-adequate goats. Leukotriene B4 was measured by both radioimmune and chemotactic activity assays in supernatants of pmn stimulated by calcium ionophore A23187. The concentration of ltb4 produced by pmn from Se-deficient goats was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than the concentration of ltb4 produced by pmn from Se-adequate goats. Neutrophil chemotactic activity of ltb4 was found to be directly dependent (r2 = 0.85) on the ltb4 concentration. When supernatants from Se-deficient and Se-adequate goats were adsorbed with caprine neutrophils, significant (P < 0.05) reduction in ltb4 was found in supernatants from both groups. Furthermore, neutrophil adsorption of ltb4 from supernatants of both groups was indicated by significantly (P < 0.05) decreased chemotaxis to ltb4 supernatants. Decrease in chemotactic response was, however, significantly (P < 0.05) lower when neutrophils were treated with supernatants from Se-deficient goats. These results indicate that Se deficiency decreases the production of ltb4 by caprine pmn and, hence, ltb4-mediated neutrophil chemotaxis.
Pharmacokinetics of amikacin in pony foals after a single intramuscular injection
Authors: Brown Murray P. , Gronwall Ronald R. , Martinez Danise S. , Beal Carolyn 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Six healthy pony foals, from 2 to 11 days of age, were given a single im injection of amikacin sulfate (250 mg/ml) at a dosage rate of 7 mg/kg of body weight. Serum amikacin concentrations were measured serially over a 24-hour period. The mean peak serum concentration was 14.7 μg/ml at 0.5 hour. The elimination rate constant for amikacin was 0.24/hour, the elimination half-life was 3.0 hours, and the apparent volume of distribution was 0.58 L/kg.
Electrocardiogram of the clinically normal, ketamine-sedated Macaca fascicularis
Authors: Atkins Clarke E. , Dickie Bruce C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Electrocardiograms were obtained from 100 clinically normal cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) sedated with ketamine hydrochloride. Calculations were made for heart rates and mean electrical axes (frontal, sagittal, and transverse planes) as well as for amplitudes and/or intervals for P, PR, QRS, Q, R, S, and QT. Proposed ecg reference ranges are set forth for this species.
Evaluation of a spectrophotometric method for canine serum lipase determination
Authors: Whitney Marlyn S. , Boon G. Daniel , Rebar Alan H. , Ford Richard B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The British antilewisite butyrate-dithionitrobenzoate (balb-dtnb) spectrophotometric serum lipase assay was evaluated for precision, accuracy, and diagnostic usefulness in analyzing canine sera. Sera samples from clinically healthy dogs, dogs with experimentally induced pancreatitis, and dogs with spontaneous pancreatitis were analyzed. A titrimetric method of serum lipase determination was used for comparison. Although the balb-dtnb method was not found to be precise or accurate for determining the lipase activity of canine serum samples, it seemed to be at least as diagnostically useful as the titrimetric procedure. The small sample size requirement and the speed of analysis of the balb-dtnb procedure are advantages of this method over the titrimetric method, and thus, its use in place of the titrimetric method is justified. A laboratory reference range of 3 to 37 IU/L was determined for canine serum.