bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The unusual formation of methyl α‐(5,6‐dimethoxycarbonyl‐2,3‐dimethoxyazepin‐7‐ylidene)‐α‐[5‐methoxycarbonyl‐2,3‐dimethoxypyrid‐6‐yl)acetate during the pyrolysis of “Azido‐meta‐hemipinate”: First example of a reaction involving a concomitant ring expansion and ring extrusion
Authors: Eswaran S. V. , Neela H. Y. , Ramakumar S. , Viswamitra M. A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe ortho methoxycarbonyl substituent constitutes a sole exception in the ring closure reactions of ortho substituted aryl azides, as it provides no rate acceleration to this reaction. Pyrolysis of “azido‐meta‐hemipinate”, an aryl azide containing such a substituent, led us to the title compound, a new azepinylidene‐pyridylacetic ester, whose structure has been established unambiguously by a single crystal X‐ray diffraction study. This is the first report of a reaction involving both a ring expansion to an azaheptafulvalene and a ring extrusion to a pyridyl ring residue.
1,3‐cyclohexanedione as the precursor of C4X‐C6‐C4Y systems. Synthesis of pyrrolo[2,3‐e]indoles and thieno[2,3‐e]indoles
Authors: Martínez Roberto , Oloarte Juan Sandoval , Avila Gustavo 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA novel synthesis of substituted pyrrolo[2,3‐e]indoles and thieno[2,3‐e]indoles is described. This new approach uses 1,3‐cyclohexanedione as the starting material. Diketone intermediates are obtained in four steps from the aforementioned ketone. Using these intermediates, the title compounds are synthesized efficiently.
Dehalogenation of 1‐methyl‐5‐halo‐4‐substituted‐pyridazin‐6‐ones
Authors: Kweon Deok‐Heon , Kang Young‐Jin , Chung Hyun‐A , Yoon Yong‐Jin 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn order to confirm the regiochemistry for the functionalization of 1‐(1,1‐dibromo‐2‐oxopropyl)‐4,5‐dihalopyridazin‐6‐ones, the dehalogenation of 1‐methyl‐5‐halo‐4‐substituted‐pyridazin‐6‐ones using Pd/C and hydrogen was carried out. The results of the title reaction are reported.
Synthesis and application of 2‐arylazo‐5‐[styryl‐4‐(β‐cyano/‐carbethoxy‐β‐cyanoethenyl)]‐1,3,4‐thiadiazoles
Authors: Rangnekar D. W. , Kanetkar V. R. , Shankarling G. S. , Malanker J. V. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA novel efficient synthesis of 2‐arylazo‐5‐[styryl‐4‐(β‐cyano/carbethoxy‐β‐cyanoethenyl)]‐1,3,4‐thiadiazoles was achieved by the condensation of 2‐arylazo‐5‐methyl‐1,3,4‐thiadiazoles with 4‐(β‐cyano‐β‐carbethoxyethenyl)benzaldehyde or 4‐(β,β‐biscyanoethenyl)benzaldehyde in the presence of acetic anhydride.
The synthesis of novel polycyclic heterocyclic ring systems via photocyclization. 22 Dibenzo[f,h]benzothieno[2,3‐c]quinoline, dibenzo[f,h]benzothieno[2,3‐c][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3‐a]quinoline and dibenzo[f,h]naphtho[2′,1′:4,5]thieno[2,3‐c]quinoline
Authors: Luo Jiann‐Kuan , Cabal Maria P. , Federspiel Ronald F. , Castle Raymond N. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractPhotocyclization of 3‐chloro‐N‐(9‐phenanthryl)benzo[b]‐thiophene‐2‐carboxamide (3) and 3‐chloro‐N‐(9‐phenanthryl)‐naphtho[1,2‐b]thiophene‐2‐carboxamide (10) yielded dibenzo[f,h]benzothieno[2,3‐c]‐quinolin‐10(9H)‐one (4) and dibenzo[f,h]naphtho[2′,1′:4,5]thieno[2,3‐c]quinolin‐10(9H)‐one (11), respectively. Further elaboration of the lactams provided three novel unsubstituted new ring systems.
Quinoxalines X. a new and convenient synthesis of 1H‐Pyrazolo [3,4‐b] quinoxalines (Flavazoles)
Authors: Sarodnick Gerhard , Linker Torsten 
Published: March 2009

AbstractDedicated to Professor Gerhard Kempter on the occasion of his 70th birthday Quinoxaline‐2‐aldoximes and ‐ketoximes (6) react with hydrazine, alkylhydrazines or arylhydrazines under acidic conditions to afford lH‐pyrazolo[3,4‐b]quinoxalines (flavazoles) (1). Since the oximes (6) are easily available from phenylenediamine, the herein described methodology provides a convenient two step entry to various functionalized flavazoles. Furthermore, acylation and alkylation of the 1‐unsubstituted lH‐pyrazolo[3,4‐b]quinoxalines 7 proceeds smoothly and in good yield to afford 31 different flavazoles 11 and 12.
Two‐step synthesis of new 1,2,4,5‐tetrahydrospiro‐[3H‐2‐benzazepine‐3,4′‐piperidines] from 4‐iminopiperidines
Authors: Alirio Palma R. , Salas Sandra , Kouznetsov Vladimir , Stashenko Elena , Gisela Montenegro N. , Angel Fontela G. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractNew spiro[3H‐2‐benzazepine‐3,4′‐piperidines] and their precursors, N‐substituted 4‐allyl‐4‐N‐benzyl‐aminopiperidines, have been prepared as potential psychotic agents from readily available 4‐iminopiperidines, by a sequence of reactions that included nucleophilic addition of Grignard reagents and Bronsted acid‐mediated intramolecular cyclisation. Some of the compounds prepared have been tested in albine mice for spontaneous motor activity. All compounds prepared were characterized by ir and 1H nmr spectroscopies and cg‐ms spectrometry.
Reactivity of 4‐chlorobenzo[c][2,7]naphthyridines towards Pd(0) catalyzed coupling reactions and nucleophilic substitutions. aroylation by nucleophilic substitution with analogues of acyl anions
Authors: Duvey G. , Nivoliers F. , Rocca P. , Godard A. , Marsais F. , Quéguiner G. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractVarious 4‐substituted benzo[c][2,7]naphthyridines were prepared from the corresponding 4‐chloro derivative by Pd(0) coupling reaction or nucleophilic substitution. More particularly, 4‐aroyl‐benzo[e][2,7]naph‐thyridines were synthesized by aroylation with arenecarbaldehydes in the presence of 1,3‐dimethylimida‐zolium iodide.
Absorption and fluorescence properties of acridinones, thioacridinones, aminoacridines and related crown ethers
Authors: Patellis Anne‐Marie , Galy Jean‐Pierre , Kister Jacky , Chicheportiche Robert , Elguero José 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWe report a study on the absorptive and emissive properties of 9‐acridinones, 9‐thioacridinones and 9‐aminoacridines including six crown ether derivatives. The effect of solvents and of the addition of cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+) on these properties has been studied. The absorption of the crown ether derivative of 9‐thioacridinone is sensitive to solvents while the fluorescence of crown ethers derived from 9‐aminoacridines shows some specificity towards cations. Empirical modeling was used to discuss the emission characteristics of these compounds.
Imidazo[2,1‐b]thiazoles, imidazo[2,1‐b]imidazoles and Pyrrolo[1,2‐c]imidazoles. synthesis, structure and evaluation of benzodiazepine receptor binding
Authors: Kieć‐Kononowicz K. , Handzlik J. , Lazewska D. , Pȩkala E. , Müller C. E. , Karolak‐Wojciechowska J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAs a continuation of our studies on bicyclic heterocycles with benzodiazepine receptor affinity, derivatives with a 5:5 bicyclic skeleton, namely imidazo[2,1‐b]thiazoles, imidazo[2,1‐b]imidazoles and pyrrolo[1,2‐c]imidazoles were prepared. The compounds possessed an aromatic substituent with different spatial arrangement and distance to the bicyclic skeleton. X‐ray structure analysis was performed for Z‐2‐(4‐chlorobenzylidene)‐5,5‐diphenyl‐2,3,5,6‐tetrahydroimidazo[2,1‐b]imidazoline‐3,6‐dione (6a) and 5‐amino‐6‐cyano‐7‐phenyl‐1‐oxo‐3‐thioxo‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrrolo[1,2‐c]imidazole (20a). In contrast to the previously described arylideneimidazo[2,1‐b]thiazepinones the smaller heterocyclic ring systems investigated in this study were devoid of meaningful benzodiazepine receptor affinity as well as anti‐convulsant activity.
Synthesis and reactions of 2‐amino‐6‐(3‐methyl‐5‐oxo‐1‐phenyl‐2‐pyrazolin‐4‐yl)‐4‐phenylpyridine‐3‐carbonitrile
Authors: Ahmed R. A. , Kandeel M. M. , Abbady M. S. , Youssef M. S. K. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract2‐Amino‐6‐(3‐methyl‐5‐oxo‐1‐phenyl‐2‐pyrazolin‐4‐yl)‐4‐phenylpyridine‐3‐carbonitrile (1) obtained by the reaction of 4‐(1‐iminoethyl)‐3‐methyl‐1‐phenyl‐2‐pyrazolin‐5‐one with benzylidenemalononitrile, was reacted with triethyl orthoformate followed by hydrazine hydrate, acetic anhydride, acetyl chloride, alkyl halides, benzoyl chloride, sulphuric acid followed by formamide, phenyl isothiocyanate, carbon disulphide followed by ethyl iodide, formamide, trichloroacetonitrile, nitrous acid, giving new oxopyrazolinylpyridines (2,3,5,6,8,9,10) and related pyridopyrimidines (11‐17) and pyridotriazine (18).
Synthesis and reactions of 10,10‐dimethyl‐10H‐pyrido[1,2‐a]indol‐6‐ones
Authors: Kappe Thomas , Frühwirth Franz , Roschger Peter , Jocham Brigitte , Kremsner Jenny , Stadlbauer Wolfgang 
Published: March 2009

AbstractCyclocondensation of 2,3,3‐trimefhyl‐3H‐indoles 2 with malonates 3 gives 8‐hydroxy‐10,10‐dimefhyl‐10H‐pyrido[1,2‐a]indol‐6‐ones 4, which were halogenated in position 7, 8 and 9 with sulfuryl chloride, bromine or phosphoroxychloride to give the corresponding halo‐10,10‐dimethyl‐10H‐pyrido[1,2‐a]indoles 5, 6, 7 and 8. Amination affords the 8‐amino‐10,10‐dimethyl‐10H‐pyrido[1,2‐a]indol‐6‐one 9. Nitration gives either the 10,10‐dimethyl‐7‐nitro‐10H‐pyrido[1,2‐a]indoles 10 or 10,10‐dimethyl‐7‐hydroxy‐10H‐pyrido[1,2‐a]indoles 11, depending on the conditions.
Synthesis of some benzimidazole‐, benzothiazole‐ and pyridine‐derived chelating agents
Authors: Gilbert Jayakumar G. , Addison Anthony W. , Palaniandavar Mallayan , Butcher Raymond J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractProcedures are given for the preparation of new linear bidentate, tetradentate and tripodal heptadentate ligands incorporating benzimidazole, benzothiazole and pyridyl groups. The compounds were characterized by their nmr, uv and mass spectra. The crystal and molecular structure is reported for a chiral benzothiazole derived from camphoric acid.
Synthesis of Aldehydo Sugar (4‐oxoquinazolin‐2‐yl)hydrazones and their transformation into 1‐(alditol‐1‐yl)‐1,2,4‐triazolo‐[4,3‐a]quinazolin‐5(4H)‐ones
Authors: Saleh Mohamed A. , Abdel‐Megeed Mohamed F. , Abdo Mohamed A. , Shkor Abdel‐Basset M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA series of the aldehydo‐sugar hydrazones 4a‐d and 5a‐d were prepared by the reaction of 2‐hydrazino‐quinazolin‐4(3H)‐one (1) and 3‐ethyl‐2‐hydrazinoquinazolin‐4(3H)‐one (2) with aldoses 3a‐d. Treatment of hydrazones 4a‐d and 5a‐d with acetic anhydride in pyridine gave hydrazone acetates 6a‐d and 7a‐d. Compounds 7a‐d were also prepared by ethylation of 6a‐d. Reaction of compounds 4a‐d and 5a‐d with hot ethanolic ferric chloride led to oxidative cyclization to angular ring systems 8a‐d and 9a‐d rather than to the linear system 10. Acetylation of 8a‐d afforded the per‐O, N‐acetyl derivatives 11a‐d, which were converted into the corresponding ethyl derivatives 12a‐d. Compounds 12a‐d were identical with the acetylation products derived from 9a‐d.
Chemical transformations of 3‐amino‐2‐quinolones
Authors: Asías Silvia E. , Bruno Ana M. , Dominici Diego A. , Bollini Mariela , Gaozza Carlos H. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn order to find new antimalarial drugs, an exploration about the chemical properties of the starting compounds 3‐amino‐6‐chloro‐4‐phenyl‐1H‐quinolin‐2‐one (1) and 3‐amino‐4‐methyl‐1H‐quinolin‐2‐one (2) was developed. Acylation with acyl chloride, sulfonyl chloride and acetic anhydride were carried out. Despite a previous report [2], when acetyl chloride or acetic anhydride were assayed on 1, only the diacetyl derivative 7 was obtained. When this compound was heated at reflux temperature in a mixture of acetic acid and acetic anhydride, it was transformed in the oxazoloquinoline 8. Further reactions of the acyl derivatives with diazomethane afforded 1‐methylated compounds. Compound 2 gave the imine 16 by condensation with 4‐nitrobenzaldehyde.
Synthesis of new arylidencycloalkylpyrazoles of potential biological interest
Authors: Cardia M. C. , Maccioni E. , Bonsignore L. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIndazoles and pyrazoles are known to be pharmaceutically relevant molecules. In particular their application as both analgesic and antitumoral drugs has been reported. In order to investigate the properties of compounds belonging to these families, we have synthesised new cycloalkylpyrazoles bearing an arylidene group on the cycloalkyl ring, with the aim of modifying the biological profile of these molecules.
Natural product synthesis with unnatural results: Characterization of a novel fused imidazolidinone tetrahydropyrroloindole ring system by long‐range 1H‐15N 2D‐NMR
Authors: Hadden Chad E. , Richard David J. , Joullié Madeleine M. , Martin Gary E. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractSynthetic efforts towards the indole alkaloid natural product roquefortine C resulted in the formation of an unknown intermediate. Elucidation of the structure of this molecule relied on the use of long‐range 1H‐15N 2D‐NMR. Computational predictions were used to facilitate the location of weak responses in long‐range 1H‐13C HMBC spectra. These methods provided conclusive evidence that this compound possessed a novel tetracycle. The complete 12H, 13C, and 15N chemical shift assignments of this unique fused imidazolidinone tetrahydropyrroloindole derivative are reported.
Epoxidation of homoisoflavones
Authors: Lévai Albert 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA comparative study of the epoxidation of homoisoflavones (3‐benzyl‐4‐chromones) 1–4 has been performed by various oxidizing agents, víz. Epoxidation with isolated dimethyldioxirane (Method A), with alkaline hydrogen peroxide (Method B), and with sodium hypochlorite (Method C) to obtain the epoxides 4–8. Compounds 2 and 3 have also been oxidized with a combination of dimethyldioxirane and Jacobsen's Mn(III)salen catalysts (R,R)‐11 and (S,S)‐11 to afford 3‐benzoyl‐4‐chromones 9 and 10. Structures of all new compounds have been elucidated by microanalyses, ir and nmr spectroscopic measurements.
Syntheses and NMR, MS and X‐ray investigations of homoadamantane‐fused pyridopyrimidinones
Authors: Gyarmati Zsuzsanna Cs. , Csomós Péter , Bernáth Gábor , Valtamo Pauliina , Kivelä Henri , Klika Karel D. , Pihlaja Kalevi , Argay Gyula , Kálmán Alajos 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe reactions of ethyl 5‐oxotricyclo[4.3.1.13,8]undecane‐4‐carboxylate (2) with methyl‐substituted 2‐aminopyridines in polyphosphoric acid (PPA) gave two products, linearly‐condensed pyridopyrimidinones 4a‐c and 2‐pyridylcarboxamides 5a‐c, whereas the reactions with amino, hydroxy and nitro derivatives of 2‐aminopyridine furnished only linearly‐condensed pyridopyrimidinones (4g‐j). Use of a mixture of PPA and phosphorus oxychloride as solvent afforded both linearly‐ (4a‐c,e,f) and angularly‐condensed (6a–c,e,f) pyridopyrimidinones. In toluene, with p‐toluenesulfonic acid as catalyst, 2‐pyridylcarboxamides 5a‐f were obtained. In a mixture of PPA and phosphorus oxychloride at 80–120 °C, 5a‐f yielded angularly‐condensed pyridopyrimidinones 6a‐f. All the products exhibited characteristic features, as determined by NMR and electron ionization mass spectrometry and X‐ray crystallography.
Synthesis and crystal structures of novel calix[4]azacrowns
Authors: No K. , Lee Hyun J. , Park Ki M. , Lee Shim S. , Noh Kwan H. , Kim Sung K. , Lee Ji Y. , Kim Jong S. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA series of novel 1,3‐altemate calix[4]arene azacrowns having mono and bis crown ethers on the lower rim of the calix[4]arene framework were synthesized. Solid‐state structures confirmed the three dimensional conformation of compounds 1–3.
Synthesis of dialkyl 1,4‐dihydro‐2,6‐dimethylpyridine‐3,5‐dicarboxylates and alkyl 1,4‐dihydro‐2,6‐dimethyl‐3‐nitropyridine‐5‐carboxylates possessing a c‐4 2,4‐dioxo‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydropyrimidin‐5‐yl (uracil) substituent to determine calcium channel modulation structure‐activity relationships
Authors: Fassihi Afshin , Velazquez Carlos , Knaus Edward E. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe Hantzsch condensation of 5‐formyluracil (1) with methyl, isopropyl or isobutyl acetoacetate (2a‐c) in the presence of ammonium hydroxide afforded the respective dialkyl 1,4‐dihydro‐2,6‐dimethyl‐4‐(2,4‐dloxo‐1,2,3,4,‐tetrahydropyrimidin‐5‐yl)pyridine‐3,5‐dicarboxylate (3a‐c). A group of alkyl 1,4‐dihydro‐2,6‐dimethyl‐3‐nitro‐4‐(2,4‐dioxo‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydropyrimidin‐5‐yl)pyridine‐5‐carboxylates (6a‐c) were also prepared using a modified Hantzsch reaction that involved the condensation of 5‐formyluracil with nitroacetone and either methyl, isopropyl or isobutyl 3‐aminocrotonate (5a‐c). A C‐4 2,4‐dioxo‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydropyrimidin‐5‐yl substituent is not a suitable bioisostere for the traditional C‐4 aryl or heteroaryl substituents present in 1,4‐dihydropyridine calcium channel modulators since diisopropyl 1,4‐dihydro‐2,6‐dimemyl‐4‐(2,4‐dioxo‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydropyrimidin‐5‐yl)pyridine‐3,5‐dicarboxylate (3b) and isobutyl 1,4‐dihydro‐2,6‐dimethyl‐3‐nitro‐4‐(2,4‐dloxo‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydropyrimidin‐5‐yl)pyridine‐5‐carboxylate (6c) did not exhibit any in vitro calcium channel antagonist activity using a guinea pig smooth muscle calcium channel antagonist assay, or a guinea pig left atrium calcium channel agonist (positive inotropic) assay.
Facile synthesis of 1, 2‐benzisothiazole‐3‐one‐1,1 ‐dioxide methylsulfonyl derivatives
Authors: Xu Liang , Trudell Mark L. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAn improved and general synthesis of saccharin methylthio and methylsulfone derivatives from chlorosubstituted saccharins is presented. A large‐scale procedure for preparation of chloro‐substituted saccharins was developed. Treatment of the saccharin chlorides with sodium thiomethoxide and t‐BuOK in DMF gave the saccharin methyl sulfides, which upon chromium(VI) oxide catalyzed oxidation with periodic acid afforded the corresponding saccharin methylsulfones in high yields.
Nucleophilic aromatic substitution of methyl 3‐nitropyridine‐4‐carboxylate
Authors: Holt Jarle , Tjosås Freddy , Bakke Jan M. , Fiksdahl Anne 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe nitro group of methyl 3‐nitropyridine‐4‐carboxylate (1) has successfully been replaced by nitrogen, oxygen and sulphur nucleophiles by nucleophilic aromatic substitution to give the 3‐azido, 3‐methoxy, 3‐phenoxy and 3‐thiophenoxypyridine‐4‐carboxylates (2a — d).
Kinetics of synthesis of bis‐(benzoxazolyl‐2‐methyl) sulfide under phase‐transfer catalysis conditions
Authors: Zeng Zuo‐Xiang , Xue Wei‐Lan , Huo Wen‐Long , Gao Xue‐Chao , Cai Li‐Ya 
Published: March 2009

AbstractKinetics of synthesis of bis‐(benzoxazolyl‐2‐methyl) sulfide (BBMS) is investigated under phase‐transfer catalysis conditions. Thus, the reaction of 2‐chloromethylbenzoxazole and sodium sulfide is carried out in a two‐phase (organic/water) medium, and quaternary ammonium salt and quaternary phosphonium salt are used as phase‐transfer catalyst (PTC) in the reaction. The conversion of 2‐chloromethylbenzoxazole is dramatically enhanced by adding a small quantity of PTC and is also greatly affected by the reaction conditions. The effects of various reaction variables on the kinetics are investigated, including the amount of catalyst, the temperature, the kinds of catalysts, the kinds of solvents, and the agitation speed. An interfacial reaction mechanism is proposed to explain the characteristics of the reaction. A pseudo‐first‐order rate model is established to describe the relationship between the fractional conversion and the reaction time. The kinetics data demonstrate that the model is suitable to the reaction of synthesis of BBMS. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 41: 296–302, 2009
Solubilization and Adsolubilization of Polar and Nonpolar Organic Solutes by Linker Molecules and Extended Surfactants
Authors: Charoensaeng Ampira , Sabatini David A. , Khaodhiar Sutha 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAdsolubilization reaches its maximum when a surfactant adsorbed onto the solid–liquid interface achieves complete bilayer or maximum adsorption. The attempt to enhance the adsolubilization of organic solute is accomplished by increasing interaction between the hydrophobic core of adsorbed admicelles and the organic solute. Solubilization and adsolubilization were studied with linker‐based and extended‐surfactant‐based systems. Extended surfactants have propylene oxide (PO) groups of intermediate polarity inserted between hydrophobic and lipophilic moieties in the surfactant molecule. This study evaluated the adsolubilization of polar (phenylethanol) and nonpolar (ethylcyclohexane) solutes into conventional linker‐based and extended‐surfactant‐based admicelles. The results demonstrated that the extended‐surfactant‐based systems showed higher solubilization capacity than the conventional sodium dodecyl sulfate alone or with linker. For the polar solute, the presence of PO group has a greater effect than the number of PO groups or the tail length, while for the nonpolar solute as the number of POs groups and the tail length increased, the adsolubilization capacity also increased. Preliminary explanations for these observations are provided.
The Production of an Experimental Table Margarine Enriched with Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA): Physical Properties
Authors: Goli Sayed Amir Hossein , Sahri Miskandar Mat , Kadivar Mahdi , Keramat Javad 
Published: March 2009

AbstractEven though conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is known to have some beneficial effects on the human body, its consumption has decreased over the past 20 years due to the replacement of animal fats by vegetable oils. In this study, using the structured lipid (SL) containing CLA, an experimental table margarine enriched with CLA was produced and stored for 3 months at two temperatures prior to performing the relevant analyses. The GC results showed that the margarine fat had 10.6% CLA. The solid fat content was the highest in week 0 in all samples, which then decreased during storage but the hardness increased. An increment in dropping point was also observed in the samples. In week 0, all the samples had the β′ crystal as the predominant crystal form but a crystal transformation from β′ to β was observed during storage.
Zinc salts differentially modulate DNA damage in normal and cancer cells
Authors: Sliwinski Tomasz , Czechowska Agnieszka , Kolodziejczak Magdalena , Jajte Jolanta , Wisniewska‐Jarosinska Maria , Blasiak Janusz 
Published: March 2009

AbstractZinc plays an essential role in a wide range of cellular processes, including defense against free radicals and maintaining genomic stability. The presence of zinc in some proteins is fundamental for their functioning as transcription factors. Little is known about interaction between zinc and DNA, which can be important in light of reports on the role of zinc in cancer transformation and sometimes contradictory character of these reports. In the present study we studied cyto‐ and genotoxicity of zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) in normal human lymphocytes and human myelogenous lukemia K562 cancer cells in the presence of zinc and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Zinc at concentrations from the range 10–1000 μM decreased the viability of cancer cells and this effect, especially for low concentrations of the element, was much more pronounced than in normal cells. Zinc did not induce DNA damage in normal cells, but did so in cancer cells. We observed a key difference between the action of zinc in normal and cancer cells in the presence of H2O2, since the element exerted a protective effect against cyto‐ and geno‐toxic action of H2O2 in the former, whereas it increased such action in the latter. Zinc inhibited the repair of DNA damage induced by H2O2 in cancer cells. The results suggest that zinc may protect normal cells against DNA‐damaging action and increase this action in cancer cells, which indicates the dual action of this element in dependency of target cells and can be useful in cancer therapy.