bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
VIOLENCE AMONG ADOLESCENTS LIVING IN PUBLIC HOUSING: A TWO‐SITE ANALYSIS*
Authors: IRELAND TIMOTHY O. , THORNBERRY TERENCE P. , LOEBER ROLF 
Published: March 2006

Research Summary:Current knowledge about violence among public housing residents is extremely limited. Much of what we know about violence in and around public housing is derived from analysis of Uniform Crime Report (UCR) data or victimization surveys of public housing residents. The results of these studies suggest that fear of crime among public housing residents is high and that violent offense rates may be higher in areas that contain public housing compared with similar areas without public housing. Yet, “[r]ecorded crime rates (and victimization rates) are an index not of the rate of participation in crime by residents of an area, but of the rate of crime (or victimization) that occurs in an area whether committed by residents or non‐residents” (Weatherburn et al., 1999:259). Therefore, neither UCR nor victimization data measurement strategies address whether crime in and around public housing emanates from those who reside in public housing. Additionally, much of this research focuses on atypical public housing—large developments with high‐rise buildings located in major metropolitan areas. To complement the existing literature, we compare rates of self‐reported crime and violence among adolescents who reside in public housing in Rochester, N.Y., and Pittsburgh, Pa., with adolescents from the same cities who do not live in public housing. In Rochester, property crime and violence participation rates during adolescence and early adulthood among those in public housing are statistically equivalent to participation rates among those not in public housing. In Pittsburgh, living in public housing during late adolescence and early adulthood— particularly in large housing developments—increases the risk for violent offending, but not for property offending. The current study relies on a relatively small number of subjects in public housing at any single point in time and is based on cross‐sectional analyses. Even so, there are several important policy implications that can be derived from this study, given that it moves down a path heretofore largely unexplored.Policy Implications:If replicated, our findings indicate that not all public housing is inhabited disproportionately by those involved in crime; that to develop appropriate responses, it is essential to discover if the perpetrators of violence are residents or trespassers; that policy should target reducing violence specifically and not crime in general; that a modification to housing allocation policies that limits, to the extent possible, placing families with children in late adolescence into large developments might reduce violence perpetrated by residents; that limited resources directed at reducing violence among residents should be targeted at those developments or buildings that actually have high rates of participation in violence among the residents; and that best practices may be derived from developments where violence is not a problem.
EFFECTIVENESS OF DRUG TREATMENT COURTS: EVIDENCE FROM A RANDOMIZED TRIAL*
Authors: GOTTFREDSON DENISE C. , NAJAKA STACY S. , KEARLEY BROOK 
Published: March 2006

Research Summary: Study randomly assigned 235 offenders to drug treatment court (DTC) or “treatment as usual.” Analyses of official records collected over a two‐year follow‐up period show that DTC is reducing crime in a population of drug‐addicted offenders. DTC subjects who participated in treatment were significantly less likely to recidivate than were both untreated drug court subjects and control subjects.Policy Implications: Continued enthusiasm for DTCs is warranted. Both sanctions and treatment are important elements of the DTC model. However, DTCs will not necessarily result in cost reductions because DTC and control cases are incarcerated for approximately equal numbers of days. Implementation fidelity is important, and DTCs can be strengthened if they engage a higher percentage of their clients in drug treatment.
A RANDOMIZED EXPERIMENT TESTING INMATE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS*
Authors: BERK RICHARD A. , LADD HEATHER , GRAZIANO HEIDI , BAEK JONG‐HO 
Published: March 2006

Research Summary: In California, incarceration in the state prison system is in part organized by security level. The higher the security level, the more restrictive the setting. Upon arrival at a reception center, new inmates are scored within a classification system that is used to determine the appropriate level of security. In this paper, we report on the development and testing of a new inmate classification scoring system. Over 20,000 inmates took part in a randomized experiment in which half were assigned to their housing using the existing scoring system and half were assigned to their housing using the new scoring system. There were two key outcomes: (1) potential mismatches between the number of inmates assigned to different security levels and the available beds and (2) reports of inmate misconduct.Policy Implications: We conclude there to be some potential crowding problems, but that the new scoring system is much better than the old scoring system in sorting inmates by the likelihood of misconduct. We also conclude that some predictors popular in the past are no longer effective (e.g., marital status), while some new predictors are extremely powerful (e.g., gang activity), and that one can build in a number of mandatory housing placements (e.g., for sex offenders) and not degrade the overall effectiveness of the new classification system. Finally, the new classification system is shown to be more user‐friendly than the existing classification system and well received by the staff responsible for implementing it.
POVERTY, STATE CAPITAL, AND RECIDIVISM AMONG WOMEN OFFENDERS*
Authors: HOLTFRETER KRISTY , REISIG MICHAEL D. , MORASH MERRY 
Published: March 2006

Research Summary:This research investigates the effects of poverty and state capital (i.e., state‐sponsored support) on recidivism among women offenders. We seek also to determine whether criticisms directed at actuarial risk tools, such as the failure to take into account gender‐related factors (e.g., poverty status), have merit. A community corrections sample of 134 female felony offenders from one county in the State of Oregon and in the cities of Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minnesota is used to examine self‐reports of rearrest and probation or parole violations over a six‐month time period. Results from the logistic regression analyses show poverty status increases the odds of rearrest by a factor of 4.6, and it increases the odds of supervision violation by a factor of 12.7. In contrast, risk scores failed to predict recidivism once poverty status was taken into account. Among poor women offenders specifically, we find providing state‐sponsored support to address short‐term needs (e.g., housing) reduces the odds of recidivism by 83%. Not only do community corrections officers who make available state capital promote women's empowerment, they are also less likely to have clients who reoffend.Policy Implications:Our findings suggest that a commonly used actuarial risk assessment tool (i.e., the LSI‐R) does not sufficiently take into account the economic marginality of women offenders. At a minimum, existing tools should be refined or supplemented with other sources of information. During the early stages of supervision, community corrections agencies should encourage their officers to refer and advocate for poor women to receive available sources of state capital (e.g., subsidized housing) to address critical short‐term needs, which can improve their economic circumstances, help move them out of poverty, and reduce the likelihood of recidivism. More broadly, recent changes in welfare policy, such as “Working Toward Independence,” will experience (at best) limited success because the impetus behind these reforms is narrow (i.e., assigning personal responsibility for poverty). Welfare policy reforms can be improved by providing state‐sponsored resources in the areas of childcare, education, health care, and job training, which address the causes of economic marginalization (e.g., deficient reserves of social and human capital) among women in general.
KINGPINS OR MULES: AN ANALYSIS OF DRUG OFFENDERS INCARCERATED IN FEDERAL AND STATE PRISONS
Authors: SEVIGNY ERIC L. , CAULKINS JONATHAN P. 
Published: March 2006

Research Summary: Drug policy reformers and defenders contest the extent to which low‐level drug offenders are being sent to prison and for how long. Using data from the Survey of Inmates in Federal and State Correctional Facilities, 1997 (BJS, 2000), we assess the seriousness of incarcerated drug offenders along dimensions of dangerousness, culpability, and harm—specifically, functional role and drug group participation, type and amount of drugs, firearms involvement, and criminal conviction and arrest history. We find that only about 1.6% of federal and 5.7% of state inmates can be described as “unambiguously low‐level.” Alternatively, not many are “kingpins.” Rather, most fall into a middle spectrum representing different degrees of seriousness that depend on what factors are emphasized.Policy Implications:Our findings dampen hopes of dramatically reducing prison populations by getting out of prison those who are unambiguously low‐level drug offenders. They simply do not represent the majority of incarcerated drug offenders. In particular, most played some role in distribution, so eliminating prison terms for users (decriminalization) would not have affected many now in prison. Indeed, if decriminalization increased demand, it could plausibly increase prison populations by increasing the number of suppliers still subject to imprisonment. On the other hand, “drug courier exceptions” to sentencing laws that apply to minor role offenders possessing large quantities could have a greater prison reduction impact.
INJUSTICE AND IRRATIONALITY IN CONTEMPORARY YOUTH POLICY
Authors: BISHOP DONNA M. 
Published: March 2006

Lionel Tate was 12 years old when he killed 6‐year‐old Tiffany Eunick. Tiffany had been staying at the Tate home and, by all accounts, got along well with Lionel. The two were playing at “wrestling” when Lionel decided to try out some moves that he had seen on television. He threw Tiffany across the room, inflicting fatal injuries. Despite the boy's tender age, the prosecutor transferred Lionel to criminal court on a charge of first‐degree murder, an offense carrying a mandatory penalty of life without parole. The boy was given an opportunity to plead guilty to second‐degree murder in return for a sentence of three years incarceration, but he rejected the offer. A jury subsequently convicted him of first‐degree murder. At sentencing, the prosecution recommended leniency, which drew an angry response from the judge: If the state believed the boy did not deserve to be sent to prison for life, why hadn't it charged him with a lesser offense? Without any inquiry into the boy's cognitive, emotional, or moral maturity, the judge imposed the mandatory sentence.1Raymond Gardner was 16 years old when he shot and killed 20‐year‐old Mack Robinson.2 Raymond lived in a violent urban neighborhood with his mother, who kept close watch over him. He had no prior record. He was an A student and worked part‐time in a clothing store to earn money for college. On the day of the shooting, a friend came into the store to tell Raymond that Mack had a beef with him about talking to a girl, and was “looking to get him.” The victim was known on the street as “Mack the Knife” because he always carried a small machete and was believed to have stabbed several people. To protect himself on the way home, Raymond took the gun kept under the counter of the shop where he worked. As he neared home, Mack and two other men approached and blocked his path. According to eyewitness testimony, Raymond began shaking, then pulled out the gun and fired. Mack ran into the street and fell. Raymond followed and fired five more shots into the victim's back as he lay dying on the ground. Raymond did not run. He just stood there crying. The prosecutor filed a motion in juvenile court to transfer Raymond on a charge of first‐degree murder. The judge ordered a psychological evaluation, which addressed the boy's family and social background, medical and behavioral history, intelligence, maturity, potential for future violence and prospects for treatment. The judge subsequently denied the transfer motion. He found Raymond delinquent and committed him to a private psychiatric treatment facility.3
MINOR CRIME IN A QUAINT SETTING: PRACTICES, OUTCOMES, AND LIMITS OF VERMONT REPARATIVE PROBATION BOARDS
Authors: KARP DAVID R. , DRAKULICH KEVIN M. 
Published: March 2006

Research Summary:We performed the first outcome evaluation of Vermont's Reparative Probation Program by studying a sample of reparative cases terminated in the 2000 calendar year through a content analysis of case files and surveys of victims and community service sites. The evaluation was performed along four goals of the program: that communities are involved, victims’ needs are addressed, communities are restored, and offenders behave responsibly.Policy Implications:The program has been largely successful in meeting its program goals. Community involvement in probation programs with a focus on repairing harm and offender reintegration is growing. The evaluation shows that Vermont Reparative Probation was able to recruit and maintain a large volunteer pool, and involve these volunteers in sanctioning decisions. Whether this can be achieved in other settings, and whether volunteers can effectively work with more serious offenders are important questions for policy. While most cases processed in this program dealt with victimless crimes (such as drunk driving and underage drinking), victims did not participate as much as predicted, replicating results from other board evaluations. Because victim involvement is low, this practice may be less “restorative” for victims than other restorative justice models. Community service was a common sanction, offenders tended to comply with service obligations, and service sites were satisfied by their work. Despite a focus on offender reintegration, regular inclusion of reintegrative tasks, and reasonably high completion rates, this program made little use of effective correctional treatments or tasks that would develop strong attachments to the community.
Monitoring pollutants in highway runoff
Authors: Crabtree B. , Moy F. , Whitehead M. , Roe A. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractHighway surface runoff discharges may contain pollutants that have accumulated on the carriageway, particularly following periods of dry weather. The Highways Agency, in association with the Environment Agency, commissioned a 5‐year study in 1997 to collect data to improve the understanding of pollutants in highway runoff and the treatment efficiency of drainage systems. The study involved the monitoring of nonurban highway drainage at six sites, each for a minimum of 1 year. The results have been used to identify ranges of pollutant concentrations in highway runoff, relationships between runoff concentrations/loads and both highway and environmental factors, drainage system treatment efficiencies, and impacts on receiving waters. This paper describes the methods used for runoff monitoring, the results obtained to characterise pollutants in highway runoff, and the measured pollutant removal efficiency of a number of drainage system types.
A synopsis of membrane technologies in UK municipal potable water treatment: history, status and prospects
Authors: Rachwal Tony , Judd Simon 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe current status of membrane filtration for potable water and wastewater applications is assessed with reference to recent history and key legislative drivers. The current installed capacity for potable water membrane treatment is around 1100 ML/day provided by over 100 plants, with the majority being conventional pumped systems using hollow fibre ultrafiltration (UF) or microfiltration (MF) membranes. An examination of the distribution of membrane plants reveals that capacity is provided predominantly by two commercial UF/MF membrane suppliers, but that a large number of smaller nanofiltration plants have been installed in one UK region. Future prospects for desalination are considered.
Geographic Factors Contributing to a High Seroprevalence of West Nile Virus-Specific Antibodies in Humans following an Epidemic
Authors: Schweitzer Beth K. , Kramer Wayne L. , Sambol Anthony R. , Meza Jane L. , Hinrichs Steven H. , Iwen Peter C. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT
Sera of 624 blood donors were evaluated to determine seroprevalence of West Nile virus (WNV) antibodies following the 2003 WNV epidemic in Nebraska. Geographic factors contributing to differences in WNV seropositivity were evaluated. The overall prevalence of WNV in Nebraska was higher than reported previously in other U.S. locations (9.5% WNV immunoglobulin G seroprevalence rate), with the highest prevalence identified in the western part of the state (19.7%), followed by the central (13.8%) and the eastern (4.2%) parts. Regions of the state with the highest WNV-positive mosquito rates correlated with the highest human WNV seroprevalence rates. The results showed that both the western and central parts of the state, where mosquito positivity rates were highest, had significantly higher seroprevalence rates than the eastern region. Additional studies are needed to determine whether the high prevalence rates in Nebraska will be reflected in other states and what impact environmental and geographical factors may have on future outbreaks of WNV infection.
The Flavonoid Quercetin Inhibits Proinflammatory Cytokine (Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha) Gene Expression in Normal Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells via Modulation of the NF-κβ System
Authors: Nair Madhavan P. , Mahajan Supriya , Reynolds Jessica L. , Aalinkeel Ravikumar , Nair Harikrishnan , Schwartz Stanley A. , Kandaswami Chithan 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTThe flavonoids comprise a large class of low-molecular-weight plant metabolites ubiquitously distributed in food plants. These dietary antioxidants exert significant antitumor, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory effects. The molecular mechanisms of their biological effects remain to be clearly understood. We investigated the anti-inflammatory potentials of a safe, common dietary flavonoid component, quercetin, for its ability to modulate the production and gene expression of the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Our results showed that quercetin significantly inhibited TNF-α production and gene expression in a dose-dependent manner. Our results provide direct evidence of the anti-inflammatory effects of quercetin by PBMC, which are mediated by the inhibition of the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α via modulation of NF-κβ1 and Iκβ.
Recognizing Primary Immune Deficiency in Clinical Practice
Authors: Yarmohammadi Hale , Estrella Lissette , Doucette John , Cunningham-Rundles Charlotte 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT
Primary immunodeficiency results in recurrent infections, organ dysfunction, and autoimmunity. We studied 237 patients referred for suspicion of immunodeficiency, using a scoring system based on clinical information. The 113 patients with immunodeficiency had higher scores and more episodes of chronic illnesses and were more likely to have neutropenia, lymphopenia, or splenomegaly.
Evaluation of Vircell Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay and Indirect Immunofluorescence Assay for Detection of Antibodies against
Legionella pneumophila
Authors: Diederen Bram M. W. , Kluytmans Jan A. J. W. , Peeters Marcel F. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT

We evaluated the abilities of the Vircell immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) for
Legionella pneumophila
serogroup 1, the IgM and IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for
Legionella pneumophila
serogroup 1, and the IgM-plus-IgG ELISA for
Legionella pneumophila
serogroups 1 to 6 to diagnose Legionnaires' disease (LD) in a well-described sample of patients with and without LD. Also, we determined the agreements, sensitivities, and specificities of the different Vircell assays in comparison to a validated ELISA (Serion classic ELISA). Clinical sensitivity and specificity were 74.6% and 96.6%, respectively, for the IgM IFA, 65.1% and 88.0% for the IgG IFA, 92.3% and 100% for the IgM ELISA, 43.3% and 96.6% for the IgG ELISA, and 90.8% and 100% for the IgM-plus-IgG ELISA. Compared to Serion classic ELISA, agreement, sensitivity, and specificity were 80.0%, 83.1%, and 78.4%, respectively, for the IgM IFA, 75.2%, 66.0%, and 79.5% for the IgG IFA, 89.5%, 82.0%, and 97.6% for the IgM ELISA, 81.9%, 88.9%, and 78.0% for the IgG ELISA, and 93.5%, 90.0%, and 96.6% for the IgM-plus-IgG ELISA. The value of a positive diagnostic result obtained by the Vircell IgM IFA, the Vircell IgG IFA, and the Vircell IgG ELISA might not be acceptable for a diagnostic assay. Both the high specificities and sensitivities of the Vircell IgM ELISA and the IgM-plus-IgG ELISA and the high correlation with the Serion classic ELISA indicate that they are useful in the diagnosis of LD.
Rapid Flow Cytometry Method for Quantitation of LFA-1-Adhesive T Cells
Authors: Crucian Brian , Nelman-Gonzalez Mayra , Sams Clarence 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT

Adhesion molecules are important for leukocyte endothelial attachment and migration to sites of inflammation. The LFA-1 (CD11a and CD18) integrin molecule is constitutively expressed on the T-cell surface. Following T-cell activation, a rapid conformational change of LFA-1 to an “adhesive” state occurs, allowing LFA-1 binding to intracellular cell adhesion molecule type 1 (ICAM-1)-expressing targets, such as antigen-presenting cells. For this study, a rapid flow cytometry method for the quantitation of LFA-1-adhesive T cells following activation was developed. Purified ICAM-1 was bound to 4.5-μm-diameter beads. Following peripheral blood mononuclear cell activation culture (phorbol myristate acetate and ionomycin), the cells were incubated with the ICAM-1 beads, which allowed attachment to occur. The T cell-bead complexes were then resolved from unbound T cells by flow cytometry. Multicolor analysis allowed a complete phenotypic analysis of the adhesive T-cell subsets. Experimental controls indicated that the T cell-bead attachment was LFA-1 and ICAM-1 specific. Very little binding between unactivated T cells and ICAM beads or between activated T cells and plain beads was observed. The kinetics of the response was extremely rapid, with nearly maximal numbers of adhesive T cells observed following 5 min of activation. Scanning electron microscopy analysis was used to characterize legitimate bead-cell binding. By using multicolor cytometry, the responding adhesive T-cell population was usually identified as a distinct subset of T cells with the following phenotype: CD3
+
CD4
+
or CD8
+
CD19
−
CD16
−
CD45RO
+
CD62L
+
CD27
+
CD57
−
. A rapid and simple method for the scoring of LFA-1-adhesive T cells was developed and may have significant utility for immune function studies.