bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Delivered Dosage of Cigarette Smoke Toxins on the Levels of Urinary Biomarkers of Exposure
Authors: Melikian Assieh A. , Djordjevic Mirjana V. , Chen Shuquan , Richie John , Stellman Steven D. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Urinary metabolites of tobacco smoke toxins are often used as biomarkers for the evaluation of active and passive exposure to cigarette smoke toxins. In a study of healthy smokers, we investigated concentrations of urinary biomarkers in relation to concentrations of selected toxins in mainstream cigarette smoke as determined by machine smoking of cigarettes in a manner that mimics an individual's smoking behavior (topography). Concentrations of nicotine, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, and benzo(a)pyrene, in mainstream smoke determined under human smoking conditions, and their urinary metabolites cotinine, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol, and 1-hydroxypyrene were established for 257 individuals who smoked low-yield (0.1-0.8 mg Federal Trade Commission nicotine/cigarette; mean, 0.66; n = 87), medium-yield (0.9-1.2 mg nicotine/cigarette; mean, 1.1; n = 109), and high-yield cigarettes (nicotine, &gt;1.3 mg nicotine/cigarette; mean, 1.41; n = 61). Levels of urinary metabolites expressed per unit of delivered parent compounds decreased with increased smoke emissions. In smokers of low-, medium-, and high-yield cigarettes, the respective cotinine (ng/mg creatinine)-to-nicotine (mg/d) ratios were 89.4, 77.8, and 57.1 (low versus high; P = 0.06); the 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (pmol/mg creatinine)-to-4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (ng/d) ratios were 0.81, 0.55, and 0.57 (low versus high; P = 0.05); and the 1-hydroxypyrene (pg/mg creatinine)-to-benzo(a)pyrene (ng/d) ratios were 1.55, 1.13, and 0.97 (low versus high; P = 0.008). Similarly, means of cotinine per unit of delivered nicotine in smokers who consumed &lt;20 cigarettes per day was 3.5-fold higher than in those who smoked &gt;20 cigarettes per day. Likewise, a negative correlation was observed between cotinine-to-nicotine ratios and delivered doses of nicotine in subgroups of smokers who used the identical brand of cigarette, namely a filter tip-vented Marlboro (r = −0.59), which is a popular brand among Euro-Americans, and Newport (r = −0.37), a menthol-flavored cigarette without filter tip vents that is preferred by African-Americans. Thus, the intensity of the exposures significantly affects the levels of urinary biomarkers of exposure and should be taken into account in the evaluation of human exposure to cigarette smoke toxins. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(7):1408–15)
Mammographic Density and Candidate Gene Variants: A Twins and Sisters Study
Authors: Stone Jennifer , Gurrin Lyle C. , Byrnes Graham B. , Schroen Christopher J. , Treloar Susan A. , Padilla Emma J.D. , Dite Gillian S. , Southey Melissa C. , Hayes Vanessa M. , Hopper John L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBackground: Mammographic density, the light/white radiographic appearance on a mammogram that represents connective and epithelial tissue, is a strong risk factor for breast cancer which seems to be highly heritable. Little is known about its genetic determinants.Methods: We studied 457 women from 207 sisterhoods (104 monozygotic twins, 182 dizygotic twins, and 171 singletons). Percentage mammographic density (PMD) as well as dense area and nondense area were calculated using a computer-assisted method. We measured six single nucleotide polymorphisms from six candidate genes (COMT, HSD3B1, IGFBP3, HER2, XPD, and XRCC3). Associations between genotypes and mammographic measures were tested (a) cross-sectionally using a multivariate normal model fitted using FISHER that allowed separate correlations for monozygotic, dizygotic, and nontwin pairs and (b) within sister pairs using paired t tests.Results: Cross-sectionally, each additional copy of the HSD3B1 Asn367Thr variant allele was associated with lower PMD (−3.47% per allele; SE = 1.65; P = 0.035). Within-pair regression estimates confirmed this association. There was no evidence for an association between the mammographic density measures and any of the other variants studied.Conclusion: We have replicated an association between a variant in the HSD3B1 gene and PMD, which suggests that HSD3B1 may be genetic determinant of mammographic density. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(7):1479–84)
Relationship of Human Toenail Nicotine, Cotinine, and 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-Pyridyl)-1-Butanol to Levels of These Biomarkers in Plasma and Urine
Authors: Stepanov Irina , Hecht Stephen S. , Lindgren Bruce , Jacob Peyton , Wilson Margaret , Benowitz Neal L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractRecently, we developed sensitive and quantitative methods for analysis of the biomarkers of tobacco smoke exposure nicotine, cotinine, and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) in human toenails. In this study, we further evaluated the newly developed toenail biomarkers by investigating their relationship to demographic factors, reported exposure, plasma nicotine, cotinine, and trans-3′-hydroxycotinine, and urinary NNAL. Toenails of 105 smokers, mean age 38.9 years (range, 19-68), were analyzed. Fifty-five (53.4%) were male, with approximately equal numbers of Whites and African-Americans. The average number of cigarettes smoked per day was 18 (range, 5-50). There was no effect of age or gender on the toenail biomarkers. Toenail NNAL was higher in White than in African-American participants (P = 0.019). Toenail nicotine and toenail cotinine correlated significantly with cigarettes smoked per day (r = 0.24; P = 0.015 and r = 0.26; P = 0.009, respectively). Toenail nicotine correlated with plasma nicotine (r = 0.39; P &lt; 0.001); toenail cotinine correlated with plasma cotinine (r = 0.45; P &lt; 0.001) and plasma trans-3′-hydroxycotinine (r = 0.30; P = 0.008); and toenail NNAL correlated with urine NNAL (r = 0.53; P = 0.005). The results of this study provide essential validation data for the use of toenail biomarkers in investigations of the role of chronic tobacco smoke exposure in human cancer. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(7):1382–6)
Gender shift in realisation of preferred type of gp practice: longitudinal survey over the last 25 years
Authors: Maiorova Tanja , Stevens Fred , van der Velden Lud , Scherpbier Albert , van der Zee Jouke 
Published: July 2007

Abstract

Background
An increasing number of newly trained Dutch GPs prefer to work in a group practice and as a non-principal rather than in a single-handed practice. In view of the greater number of female doctors, changing practice preferences, and discussions on future workforce problems, the question is whether male and female GPs were able to realise their initial preferences in the past and will be able to do so in the future.

Methods
We have conducted longitudinal cohort study of all GPs in the Netherlands seeking a practice between 1980 and 2004. The Netherlands Institute of Health Services Research (NIVEL) in Utrecht collected the data used in this study by means of a postal questionnaire. The overall mean response rate was 94%.

Results
Over the past 20 years, an increasing proportion of GPs, both male and female, were able to achieve their preference for working in a group practice and/or in a non-principal position. Relatively more women than men have settled in group practices, and more men than women in single-handed practices; however, the practice preference of men and women is beginning to converge. Dropout was highest among the GPs without any specific practice preference.

Conclusion
The overwhelming preference of male and female GPs for working in group practices is apparently being met by the number of positions (principal or non-principal) available in group practices. The preference of male and female GPs regarding the type of practice and job conditions is expected to converge further in the near future.
Expression of truncated Int6/eIF3e in mammary alveolar epithelium leads to persistent hyperplasia and tumorigenesis
Authors: Mack David L , Boulanger Corinne A , Callahan Robert , Smith Gilbert H 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Introduction
Int6 has been shown to be an interactive participant with the protein translation initiation complex eIF3, the COP9 signalosome and the regulatory lid of the 26S proteasome. Insertion of mouse mammary tumor virus into the Int6 locus creates a C-terminally truncated form of the protein. Expression of the truncated form of Int6 (Int6sh) in stably transfected human and mouse mammary epithelial cell lines leads to cellular transformation. In addition, decreased expression of Int6/eIF3e is observed in approximately one third of all human breast carcinomas.

Methods
To validate that Int6sh has transforming activity in vivo, a transgenic mouse model was designed using the whey acidic protein (Wap) promoter to target expression of truncated Int6 to differentiating alveolar epithelial cells in the mammary gland. Microarray analyses were performed on normal, premalignant and malignant WapInt6sh expressing tissues.

Results
Mammary tumors developed in 42% of WapInt6sh heterozygous parous females at an average age of 18 months. In WapInt6sh mice, the contralateral mammary glands from both tumorous and non-tumorous tissues contained widespread focal alveolar hyperplasia. Only 4% of WapInt6sh non-breeding females developed tumors by 2 years of age. The Wap promoter is active only during estrus in the mammary tissue of cycling non-pregnant mice. Microarray analyses of mammary tissues demonstrated that Int6sh expression in the alveolar tissue altered the mammary transcriptome in a specific manner that was detectable even in the first pregnancy. This Int6sh-specific transcriptome pattern subsequently persisted in both the Int6sh-expressing alveolar hyperplasia and mammary tumors. These observations are consistent with the conclusion that WapInt6sh-expressing alveolar cells survive involution following the cessation of lactation, and subsequently give rise to the mammary tumors that arise in aging multiparous females.

Conclusion
These observations provide direct in vivo evidence that mammary-specific expression of the Int6sh truncation leads to persistence of alveolar hyperplasia with the accompanying increased predisposition to mammary tumorigenesis.
Otoadmittance in normal subjects
Authors: Himmelfarb Mokdechai Z. , Lessing Joseph , Shanon Eliahu 
Published: July 2007

AbstractOtoadmittance audiometry was performed on a group of young subjects (18‐30 years old) with normal hearing. Mean values and standard deviations for static admittance, conductance and susceptance were computed on the basis of the point of maximum compliance, as well as the point of zero cross (drum‐free position). In addition, the values of curve width for conductance and susceptance, middle ear pressure and the threshold of the acoustic reflex for pure tones and interrupted tones were evaluated.Subjects presenting an abnormality of the tympanic membrance were studied as a separate group.The results obtained in this study were compared with those reported in the literature.
Partial horizontal supraglottic laryngectomy. A method of reconstruction
Authors: Silva Norberto , Lore John M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDespite the low occurrence of early laryngeal lesions amenable to Partial Supraglottic Laryngectomy, they form a very interesting and important group of lesions. Timing is important in their recognition, since adequate treatment can then be secured and important functions of the larynx preserved. The draw back in the treatment of these lesions by partial laryngectomy lies in the difficulty in restoring the patient to his preoperative pattern of life. Repeated aspiration pneumonitis becomes a life threatening problem in a good number of such patients.A new method of reconstruction is described here by which the aspiration problem is obviated with the aid of a pedicle flap to line the raw surface of the transected base of the tongue allowing the organ to remain in a position capable of occluding the glottis during deglutition, and at the same time guiding the food along the posterior pharyngeal wall and into the esophagus.
Carcinoma of the tonsillar region. Aspects on treatment modalities with reference to a study on patients treated by irradiation
Authors: Edström Staffan , Jeppsson Pål‐Henry , Lindström Jörgen 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIrradiation is the most common form of treatment of tonsillar region carcinomas in Scandinavia. During recent years, encouraging results have been reported when surgery has been performed. Therefore, an effort was made to compare different treatment principles on the basis of a study on patients treated by irradiation.This retrospective study comprised 37 patients over a 20‐year period. The relative 5‐year survival was 33%. Most of the patients died in the next two years after diagnosis. Seventy‐three percent of the patients initially had signs of regional metastasis. Hardly 20% of these were still alive after 5 years, while patients without evidence of metastasis had a 5‐year survival of 50%. Neither the size, nor the histopathological features of the primary tumor seemed to affect the incidence of regional metastasis. The duration of symptoms before diagnosis, however, seemed to influence prognosis.Surgical considerations alone, or in combination with irradiation, should be made in cases with large primary tumor with regional lymph node involvement. In other cases, however, there was no evidence suggesting surgery as a better form of therapy than irradiation alone.
The relationship between the Patient Generated Index (PGI) and measures of HR‐QoL following diagnosis with head and neck cancer: Are illness and treatment perceptions determinants of judgment‐based outcomes?
Authors: Llewellyn C. D. , McGurk M. , Weinman J. 
Published: July 2007

Objectives. The primary objectives of this study were to examine the relationship between factors specified in the extended Self‐Regulation Model (SRM) (illness and treatment perceptions and coping strategy) and three types of QoL outcome. Secondary objectives were to examine the relationships between outcome measures (general and cancer‐specific HR‐QoL and the Patient Generated Index (PGI)).Design. Cross‐sectional questionnaire study.Methods. Eighty‐two newly diagnosed patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) completed the Illness Perception Questionnaire – Revised (IPQ‐R), the Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire (BMQ), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Brief COPE and the Life Orientation Test (LOT‐R). Patient outcomes were assessed using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) QLQ‐C30, MOS Short Form Health Survey (SF‐12v2) and the Patient Generated Index (PGI).Results. These pre‐treatment cross‐sectional results have shown that key components of the SRM (beliefs and coping) were explanatory factors of HR‐QoL outcomes. The PGI was not associated with any of the components of the SRM. The PGI was partially correlated with HR‐QoL measures; in particular, Global QoL/health status (EORTC) and Mental Component Summary scores (SF‐12).Conclusion. Our findings suggest that the illness perceptions approach may be a useful method for eliciting and understanding patients' beliefs regarding HNC. In order to maximize outcomes, simple interventions could address particular patient beliefs and coping styles.
Sampling a Littoral Fish Assemblage: Comparison of Small-Mesh Fyke Netting and Boat Electrofishing
Authors: Ruetz Carl R. , Uzarski Donald G. , Krueger Damon M. , Rutherford Edward S. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
We compared small-mesh (4-mm) fyke netting and boat electrofishing for sampling a littoral fish assemblage in Muskegon Lake, Michigan. We hypothesized that fyke netting selects for small-bodied fishes and electrofishing selects for large-bodied fishes. Three sites were sampled during May (2004 and 2005), July (2005 only), and September (2004 and 2005). We found that the species composition of captured fish differed considerably between fyke netting and electrofishing based on nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS). Species strongly associated with fyke netting (based on NMDS and relative abundance) included the brook silverside Labidesthes sicculus, banded killifish Fundulus diaphanus, round goby Neogobius melanostomus, mimic shiner Notropis volucellus, and bluntnose minnow Pimephales notatus, whereas species associated with electrofishing included the Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, catostomids (Moxostoma spp. and Catostomus spp.), freshwater drum Aplodinotus grunniens, walleye Sander vitreus, gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum, and common carp Cyprinus carpio. The total length of fish captured by electrofishing was 12.8 cm (95% confidence interval = 5.5–17.2 cm) greater than that of fish captured by fyke netting. Size selectivity of the gears contributed to differences in species composition of the fish captured, supporting our initial hypothesis. Thus, small-mesh fyke nets and boat electrofishers provided complementary information on a littoral fish assemblage. Our results support use of multiple gear types in monitoring and research surveys of fish assemblages.
Effect of four organochlorine pesticides on the reproduction of freshwater rotiferBrachionus calycifloruspallas
Authors: Xi Yi-Long , Chu Zhao-Xia , Xu Xiao-Ping 
Published: July 2007

AbstractEffects of four organochlorine pesticides, including dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), dicofol, endosulfan, and lindane, on the reproduction of freshwater rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus were studied by 3-d population growth tests. Compared to the control, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane at 0.64 mg/L, dicofol at 0.8 and 1.2 mg/L, endosulfan at 7.0 mg/L, and lindane at 14.0 mg/L all significantly decreased the population growth rate of the rotifers. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane at concentrations higher than 0.16 mg/L, dicofol at concentrations higher than 0.025 mg/L, endosulfan at concentrations higher than 0.875 mg/L, and lindane at 14.0 mg/L all significantly decreased the mictic rate of the rotifers. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane at 0.24 and 0.32 mg/L increased significantly the fertilization rate, but DDT at 0.64 mg/L inhibited completely the occurrence of fertilized mictic females. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane at 0.32 and 0.64 mg/L, dicofol at 1.2 mg/L, and endosulfan at 7.0 mg/L all significantly decreased the ratio of ovigerous females to nonovigerous females, but the reverse was true for lindane at 7.0 mg/L. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane at 0.0025 and 0.01 mg/L increased significantly the ratio of mictic females to amictic females, but the reverse was true for dicofol at 0.8 mg/L. Both population growth rate and mictic rate of the rotifers were suitable endpoints for assessing the effects of the four organochlorine insecticides on the reproduction of the rotifers, and the latter was more sensitive.
Estimating dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl toxic equivalents from total polychlorinated biphenyl measurements in fish
Authors: Bhavsar Satyendra P. , Hayton Alan , Reiner Eric J. , Jackson Donald A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPolychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are 209 related compounds, a dozen of which are known as dioxin-like PCBs (dl-PCBs) and are among the most toxic PCBs. Polychlorinated biphenyls contribute to many adverse effects to human health, including cancer, and are a major cause of fish advisories in North America. It is a common perception that individual PCB compounds, especially dl-PCBs, rather than total PCB need to be quantified to predict the environmental hazard because of differences in their toxicity potential and distribution among various environmental matrices, including aquatic food webs. Because the current analytical methods for quantifying dl-PCBs are complex and four- to fivefold more expensive, limited fish samples are analyzed for dl-PCBs. Using what likely is the largest dl-PCB fish data set (n = 912) with a wide distribution of fish species (n = 22), size (19–112 cm), weight (100–14,300 g), sex (male:female, 51:49), and PCB contamination level (20-7,300 ng/g wet wt), we show that the comparatively less expensive and rapid measurements of total PCB in fish can be utilized to assess dl-PCB-related toxicological hazard, measured as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin toxic equivalents (TEQ). A regression equation of dl-PCB-related TEQ (i.e., TEQdl-PCB) to total PCB in fish is presented (TEQdl-PCB = [2.56 × 10−5]CtotalPCB, r = 0.89, p &lt; 0.001). The regression was evaluated by applying it to three independent data sets of substantial sizes (n = 55, 141, and 176). The TEQdl-PCB estimated using the regression and total PCB measurements were within a reasonable factor of two to three of the TEQdl-PCB calculated from the dl-PCB measurements. The successful evaluation indicates versatility of the regression.
Sorption and degradation in soils of veterinary ionophore antibiotics: Monensin and lasalocid
Authors: Sassman Stephen A. , Lee Linda S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMonensin and lasalocid are polyether ionophores commonly used in the beef and poultry industries for the prevention of coccidial infections and promotion of growth. These ionophores can exhibit higher toxicity than many other antibiotics; thus, evaluating their fate in the environments associated with concentrated feed operations is important. Sorption of monensin and lasalocid was measured in eight soils of varying physiochemical composition. Organic carbon-normalized sorption coefficients (log KOC) ranged from 2.1 to 3.8 for monensin and from 2.9 to 4.2 for lasalocid and were inversely correlated to equilibrium soil-solution pH. Degradation of lasalocid and monensin in two contrasting soils with and without manure amendment was measured in moist soils at 23°C and 0.03 MPa moisture potential. The half-life of both compounds in the fresh nonsterile soils was less than 4 d, for which monensin degraded slightly faster than lasalocid. Fresh liquid manure amendments did not significantly alter degradation of either compound. Based on parallel 60Co-sterilized soil experiments, some abiotic degradation of monensin was apparent, whereas lasalocid only degraded in the presence of microbes. Analysis of beef-derived lagoon effluent used for irrigation confirmed that monensin can be present at low-ppb to low-ppm concentrations in the aqueous and suspended solids fractions, respectively; however, subsequent analysis of drainage water in a nearby ditch suggested that attenuation by soil after land application will greatly reduce the amount entering surface waters.
Virtuous Peers in Work Organizations
Authors: Moberg Dennis 
Published: July 2007

Abstract:It is argued that virtuous peers in work organizations have two elements of character no matter what the nature of the goods the organization produces: loyalty to common projects for their own sake and trustworthiness. Each of these is shown to be a uniquely human attribute, an element of character that contributes to a life well lived, and a trait that leads to the flourishing of an entire work community.
Trust And Managerial Responsibility
Authors: Soule Edward 
Published: July 2007

Abstract:This paper explores the moral responsibility a manager has toward a worker. The primary focus is upon those relationships where workers have been led to trust their managers. I argue that in such circumstances, models of the employment relationship based on rational self-interest fail to adequately describe the behavior of the actors. Rather, I show through case studies how trust operates in these environments to supercede pure, self-interested behavior. I then explore the moral implications of this finding relative to those managers who lead their workers to trust them. I make the claim that these managers cannot adequately discharge their moral obligations unless they take on positive moral obligations. I cast this responsibility as one of positive care for some portion of worker welfare and briefly discuss what this might mean in practice.