bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bystander Attenuation of Neuronal and Astrocyte Intercellular Communication by Murine Cytomegalovirus Infection of Glia
Authors: Ho Winson S. C. , van den Pol Anthony N. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTAstrocytes are the first cells infected by murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) in primary cultures of brain. These cells play key roles in intercellular signaling and neuronal development, and they modulate synaptic activity within the nervous system. Using ratiometric fura-2 digital calcium imaging of >8,000 neurons and glia, we found that MCMV-infected astrocytes showed an increase in intracellular basal calcium levels and an enhanced response to neuroactive substances, including glutamate and ATP, and to high potassium levels. Cultured neurons with no sign of MCMV infection showed attenuated synaptic signaling after infection of the underlying astrocyte substrate, and intercellular communication between astrocytes with no sign of infection was reduced by the presence of infected glia. These bystander effects would tend to cause further deterioration of cellular communication in the brain in addition to the problems caused by the loss of directly infected cells.
Multiple Restrictions of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in Feline Cells
Authors: Münk Carsten , Zielonka Jörg , Constabel Hannelore , Kloke Björn-Philipp , Rengstl Benjamin , Battenberg Marion , Bonci Francesca , Pistello Mauro , Löchelt Martin , Cichutek Klaus 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTThe productive replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) occurs exclusively in defined cells of human or chimpanzee origin, explaining why heterologous animal models for HIV replication, pathogenesis, vaccination, and therapy are not available. This lack of an animal model for HIV-1 studies prompted us to examine the susceptibility of feline cells in order to evaluate the cat (Felis catus) as an animal model for studying HIV-1. Here, we report that feline cell lines harbor multiple restrictions with respect to HIV-1 replication. The feline CD4 receptor does not permit virus infection. Feline T-cell lines MYA-1 and FeT-1C showed postentry restrictions resulting in low HIV-1 luciferase reporter activity and low expression of viral Gag-Pol proteins when pseudotyped vectors were used. Feline fibroblastic CrFK and KE-R cells, expressing human CD4 and CCR5, were very permissive for viral entry and HIV-long terminal repeat-driven expression but failed to support spreading infection. KE-R cells displayed a profound block with respect to release of HIV-1 particles. In contrast, CrFK cells allowed very efficient particle production; however, the CrFK cell-derived HIV-1 particles had low specific infectivity. We subsequently identified feline apolipoprotein B-editing catalytic polypeptide 3 (feAPOBEC3) proteins as active inhibitors of HIV-1 particle infectivity. CrFK cells express at least three different APOBEC3s: APOBEC3C, APOBEC3H, and APOBEC3CH. While the feAPOBEC3C did not significantly inhibit HIV-1, the feAPOBEC3H and feAPOBEC3CH induced G to A hypermutations of the viral cDNA and reduced the infectivity ∼10- to ∼40-fold.
Gemcitabine in Bone Sarcoma Resistant to Doxorubicin‐BasedChemotherapy
Authors: Merimsky Ofer , Meller Isaac , Kollender Yehuda , Issakov Josephine , Flusser Gideon , Inbar Moshe 
Published: April 2007

Subjects and Methods: Seven patients with progressive localized or
metastatic chemo‐resistant osteosarcoma were treated by gemcitabine.The protocol
included gemcitabine 1000 mg/m2/w for 7 consecutive weeks, followed by 1 week rest. If no
progression was observed,maintenance by gemcitabine 1000 mg/m2/w for 3 weeks every 28
days was given until failure was clinically or radiologically evident.Results. The true objective response rate was 0%. However, disease
stabilization and clinical benefit response were observed in five patients (70%) for 13–96
weeks.Discussion. Postponing the inevitable death with a relatively non‐toxic
treatment, is, in our opinion, an important issue especially in young patients.Thus it may be
justified and warranted to investigate the activity of gemcitabine in a larger group
of patients with bone sarcomas.
Adjuvant Radiation Therapy of Retroperitoneal Sarcoma: The Role ofIntraoperative Radiotherapy (IORT)
Authors: hu Kenneth S. , Harrison Louis C. 
Published: April 2007

Purpose. The purpose is to review the natural history, the
clinicopathological prognostic factors, and the role of adjuvant radiation therapy with
particular attention to the limited but favorable experience with IORT.Methods. Retroperitoneal sarcomas present a continuing therapeutic
challenge to the oncologist. In contrast to sarcomas of the extremity and superficial trunk in
which complete resection plus radiation therapy results in excellent local control,
sarcomas of the retroperitoneum are difficult to resect and even if completely resected,
demonstrate high rates of local relapse, the primary pattern of failure. Due to the proximity
of normal organs, the delivery of therapeutic doses of adjuvant external beam radiation
therapy is problematic.To deliver adequate doses (>60 Gy) of external beam to most patients
would result in unacceptable toxicity. The therapeutic dilemma is unfortunate and better
strategies are needed. One attractive approach has been to incorporate intraoperative
radiation therapy (IORT) with maximal resection and external beam radiation.Results and Discussion. A number of institutions have explored this
approach with encouraging preliminary results.
Soft Tissue Tumours of the Retroperitoneum
Authors: Van Roggen J. Frans Graadt , Hogendoorn Pancras C. W. 
Published: April 2007

Purpose. This review summarizes the more prevalent soft tissue
tumours arising in the retroperitoneum and highlights some recent fundamental and
diagnostic developments relevant to mesenchymal tumours.Discussion. The retroperitoneum is an underestimated site for benign
and malignant neoplastic disease, and represents the second most common site of origin
of primary malignant soft tissue tumours (sarcomas) after the deep tissues of the lower
extremity. In contrast to the predominance of benign soft tissue lesions over malignant
sarcomas elsewhere, retroperitoneal mesenchymal lesions are far more likely to be malignant.
The differential diagnosis is primarily with the more common lymphoproliferative and
parenchymatous epithelial lesions arising in this area, and with metastatic disease from known
or unknown primary sites elsewhere.The most prevalent mesenchymal tumours at this site are
of a lipomatous, myogenic or neural nature.Their generally late clinical presentation and poorly
accessible location provides numerous clinical challenges; optimal radiological imaging and
a properly performed biopsy are essential cogs in the management route. Histopathological
diagnosis may be complicated, but has been aided by developments in the fields of
immunohistochemistry and tumour (cyto)genetics. Despite significant advances in oncological
management protocols, the prognosis remains generally less favourable than for similar
tumours at more accessible sites.
The Two‐Stage Ipsilateral Fibular Transfer for Tibial Defect FollowingTumour Excision
Authors: Hatori Masahito , Ayoub Khalid S. , Grimer Robert J. , Carter Simon R. , Tillman Roger M. 
Published: April 2007

Method. We performed a two‐stage vascularized ipsilateral fibular
graft transfer for segmental tibial defect following excision of malignant bone tumours.Results. We report 10 patients who had this procedure with an average
follow‐up of 116 months.The graft was transposed medialy on its vascular pedicle by
two‐stage surgery. Full weight bearing was achieved in six patients at 8–43 months
postoperatively, but every patient had a significant complication.Discussion. The use of this method in isolation is not recommended
for reconstruction of the tibia following tumour excision.
Epirubicin is not Superior to Doxorubicin in the Treatment of Advanced Soft Tissue Sarcomas. The Experience of the EORTC Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcoma Group
Authors: Nielsen Ole S. , Dombernowsky Per , Mouridsen Henning , Daugaard Søren , Van Glabbeke Martine , Kirkpatrick Anne , Verweij Jaap 
Published: April 2007

Purpose. Doxorubicin (dox) still appears to be one of the most active drugs in the treatment of soft tissue sarcomas. However, treatment duration is limited due to cumulative cardiotoxicity. A number of small studies from single institutions have suggested activity of other analogues. In two studies the EORTC STBSG tested whether epirubicin (epi) is an alternative to standard dose dox in the treatment of chemonaive patients with advanced soft tissue sarcoma. The present report gives the final results of these studies.Patients/Methods. In the first study 210 patients were randomized to receive either dox or epi both at a dose of 75 mg/m2 given as bolus injection at 3‐week intervals. In the second study 334 patients were randomized to dox 75 mg/m2, epi 150 mg/m2 or epi 50 mg/m2 days 1–3, all given as bolus injection at 3‐week intervals.Results. In the first study no differences in median survival and duration of response were found. Of 167 evaluable patients the response rate was slightly in favour of dox (23% vs 18%) but at the expense of more toxicity.These data could suggest that increasing the epi dose may lead to a greater antineoplastic effect with acceptable toxicity. In the second study 15% of 314 evaluable patients had an objective tumour response. There were no differences between the three groups with regard to response rate, progression‐free and overall survival, but both dose schedules of epi were more myelotoxic than dox.Conclusion. Regardless of schedule and dose, epi is not superior to dox in the treatment of patients with advanced soft tissue sarcomas. In addition, the results illustrate that the data from small studies of single institutions should always be confirmed by large multi‐institutional studies before being taken for granted.
Tumour Transfer to Bone Graft Donor Site: A Case Report and Review ofthe Literature of the Mechanism of Seeding
Authors: Dias Richard G. , Abudu Adesegun , Carter Simon R. , Grimer Robert J. , Tillman Roger M. 
Published: April 2007

Purpose. Transmission of malignant tumour cells to a bone graft donor site
is a rare complication of bone grafting.We report a case of seeding of malignant fibrous
histiocytoma from the femur to a pelvic bone graft donor site.Discussion. We review the literature, discuss the possible mechanism
of tumour transfer and offer advice aimed at avoiding this complication.
How to Remove a Dumbbell Tumour of the Sciatic Notch
Authors: Revell Matthew P. , Grimer Robert J. 
Published: April 2007

Purpose.To look at a method for treating soft tissue sarcoma of the
retroperitoneal area.Patient. We report the case of a 38‐year‐old woman with a
well‐differentiated liposarcoma.Results. Complete excision was achieved resulting in only minor morbidity and complete local control.
Intraosseous Schwannoma (Neurilemmoma) of the Cervical Spine
Authors: Schreuder H. W. Bart , Veth René P. H. , Pruszczynski Maciej , Lemmens J. Albert M. , van Laarhoven Erik W. 
Published: April 2007

Purpose: To report on an extremely rare tumour located in the cervical spine, its treatment and result.
Review of the literature.Patient: Case report of a 38‐year‐old woman with an intraosseous schwannoma of the cervical spine.Results: After local curettage no evidence for local recurrence at long‐term follow‐up.
Comparison of Large Aperture Scintillometer and Eddy Covariance Measurements: Can Thermal Infrared Data Be Used to Capture Footprint-Induced Differences?
Authors: Hoedjes J. C. B. , Chehbouni A. , Ezzahar J. , Escadafal R. , De Bruin H. A. R. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Eddy covariance (EC) and large aperture scintillometer (LAS) measurements were collected over an irrigated olive orchard near Marrakech, Morocco. The tall, sparse vegetation in the experimental site was relatively homogeneous, but during irrigation events spatial variability in soil humidity was large. This heterogeneity caused large differences between the source area characteristics of the EC system and the LAS, resulting in a large scatter when comparing sensible heat fluxes obtained from LAS and EC. Radiative surface temperatures were retrieved from thermal infrared satellite images from the Landsat Enhanced Thematical Mapper+ and Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) satellites. Using these images in combination with an analytical footprint model, footprint-weighted radiative surface temperatures for the footprints of the LAS and the EC system were calculated. Comparisons between the difference in measured sensible heat fluxes and the difference in footprint-weighted radiative surface temperature showed that for differences between the footprint-weighted radiative surface temperatures larger than ±0.5 K, correlations with the difference in measured sensible heat flux were good. It was found that radiative surface temperatures, obtained from thermal infrared satellite imagery, can provide a good indication of the spatial variability of soil humidity, and can be used to identify differences between LAS and EC measurements of sensible heat fluxes resulting from this variability.
Wintertime Precipitation Episodes in Central Chile: Associated Meteorological Conditions and Orographic Influences
Authors: Falvey Mark , Garreaud René 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Central Chile (32°–35°S) is a mountainous and densely populated strip of land between the South American Pacific coast and the main divide of the Andes, 5000 m in height. In this study, wintertime precipitation episodes in central Chile are characterized using precipitation gauge, river discharge, radiosonde, and Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) passive microwave radiometer observations over a 10-yr period (1993–2002). Precipitation episodes that typically occur as cold frontal rainstorms move over the region from west to east, within which the cross-mountain flow is blocked at lower levels. The influence of the Andes on the climatological precipitation pattern extends several hundred kilometers upstream of the coast. Over the mainland, the wintertime precipitation is most strongly related to the height of the mean topography surrounding the rain gauge sites, rather than the actual altitudes of the instruments, although higher-elevation locations are not well sampled by available rainfall observations. Between the coast and foothills of the Andes, the precipitation pattern is relatively uniform despite the complex coastal topography. On the western face of the Andes climatological enhancement factors of between 1 and 3 are inferred.
Regression analysis against radiosonde data at a coastal site reveals that the precipitation is strongly related to the zonal (cross mountain) moisture flux. The strongest relationship is found when the moisture flux is multiplied by the relative humidity. This variable explains 50% of the variance in daily area average precipitation in central Chile and up to 60% of the variance in the daily precipitation recorded at individual stations. The factors contributing to events of heavy precipitation enhancement in the Andes were examined. Events of heavy, but isolated, precipitation in the Andes tend to occur in the warmer, prefrontal sector of approaching storms and are associated with unusually high moisture fluxes near to and above the crest of the mountain range. Strongly frontal episodes, characterized by widespread rainfall throughout central Chile, lead to variable, but on average rather weak, enhancement in the Andes.
Analysis of the Impact of Snow on Daily Weather Variability in Mountainous Regions Using MM5
Authors: Jin Jiming , Miller Norman L. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
The impacts of snow on daily weather variability, as well as the mechanisms of snowmelt over the Sierra Nevada, California–Nevada, mountainous region, were studied using the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5) forced by 6-h reanalysis data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction. The analysis of two-way nested 36–12-km MM5 simulations during the 1998 snowmelt season (April–June) shows that the snow water equivalent (SWE) is underestimated when there are conditions with higher temperature and greater precipitation than observations. An observed daily SWE dataset derived from the snow telemetry network was assimilated into the Noah land surface model within MM5. This SWE assimilation reduces the warm bias. The reduction of the warm bias results from suppressed upward sensible heat flux caused by the decreased skin temperature. This skin temperature reduction is the result of the longer assimilated snow duration than in the model run without SWE assimilation. Meanwhile, the cooled surface leads to a more stable atmosphere, resulting in a decrease in the exaggerated precipitation. Additionally, the detailed analysis of the snowmelt indicates that the absence of vegetation fraction in the most sophisticated land surface model (Noah) in the MM5 package results in an overestimation of solar radiation reaching the snow surface, giving rise to heavier snowmelt. An underestimated surface albedo also weakly contributes to the stronger snowmelt. The roles of the vegetation fraction and albedo in snowmelt are further verified by an additional offline simulation from a more realistic land surface model with advanced snow and vegetation schemes forced by the MM5 output. An improvement in SWE description is clearly seen in this offline simulation over the Sierra Nevada region.
Observations of the ABL Structures over a Heterogeneous Land Surface during IHOP_2002
Authors: Kang Song-Lak , Davis Kenneth J. , LeMone Margaret 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
This study analyzes data collected by aircraft and surface flux sites over a 60-km north–south-oriented aircraft track for five fair-weather days during the International H2O Project (IHOP_2002) to investigate the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) structures over a heterogeneous land surface under different background weather conditions. The surface skin temperature distribution over the aircraft track in this case is mostly explained by the soil thermal properties and soil moisture, and corresponds to the observed ABL depths except one day having a weak surface temperature gradient and a weak capping inversion. For the other four days, the blending height of the surface heterogeneity likely exceeds the ABL depth and thus the ABL establishes equilibrium with local surface conditions.
Among the four days, two days having relatively small Obukhov lengths are evaluated to show the background weather conditions under which small-scale surface heterogeneity can influence the entire ABL. In fact, on one of these two days, relatively small-scale features of the surface temperature distribution can be seen in the ABL depth distribution. On the two small Obukhov length days multiresolution spectra and joint probability distributions, which are applied to the data collected from repeated low-level aircraft passes, both imply the existence of surface-heterogeneity-generated mesoscale circulations on scales of 10 km or more. Also on these two small Obukhov length days, the vertical profiles of dimensionless variances of velocity, temperature, and moisture show large deviations from the similarity curves, which also imply the existence of mesoscale circulations.
From Near-Surface to Root-Zone Soil Moisture Using Different Assimilation Techniques
Authors: Sabater Joaquín Muñoz , Jarlan Lionel , Calvet Jean-Christophe , Bouyssel François , De Rosnay Patricia 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Root-zone soil moisture constitutes an important variable for hydrological and weather forecast models. Microwave radiometers like the L-band instrument on board the European Space Agency’s (ESA) future Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission are being designed to provide estimates of near-surface soil moisture (0–5 cm). This quantity is physically related to root-zone soil moisture through diffusion processes, and both surface and root-zone soil layers are commonly simulated by land surface models (LSMs). Observed time series of surface soil moisture may be used to analyze the root-zone soil moisture using data assimilation systems. In this paper, various assimilation techniques derived from Kalman filters (KFs) and variational methods (VAR) are implemented and tested. The objective is to correct the modeled root-zone soil moisture deficiencies of the newest version of the Interaction between Soil, Biosphere, and Atmosphere scheme (ISBA) LSM, using the observations of the surface soil moisture of the Surface Monitoring of the Soil Reservoir Experiment (SMOSREX) over a 4-yr period (2001–04). This time period includes contrasting climatic conditions. Among the different algorithms, the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) and a simplified one-dimensional variational data assimilation (1DVAR) show the best performances. The lower computational cost of the 1DVAR is an advantage for operational root-zone soil moisture analysis based on remotely sensed surface soil moisture observations at a global scale.
Man-made disaster and development
Authors: Harding Scott 
Published: April 2007

English The idea of disaster is usually associated with human suffering from natural events. However, human-made disasters caused by deliberate actions represent an equally important dimension of disaster. This paper analyzes Iraq as a human-created disaster, and suggests that social work play a role in responding to policies that produce disaster. French On associe habituellement la notion de 'catastrophe' aux souffrances de l'homme dé coulant d'é vé nements naturels. Toutefois, les catastrophes d'origine humaine causé es par des actions intentionnelles repré sentent une dimension tout aussi importante de ce phé nomè ne. Cette é tude envisage le cas de l'Iraq sous l'angle d'une catastrophe causé e par l'homme. Elle suggè re aussi que le travail social y joue un rôle en appuyant des politiques qui causent la catastrophe. Spanish La idea de desastre estáusualmente asociada con el sufrimiento humano en eventos naturales. Sin embargo, los desastres causados por humanos a travé s de acciones deliberadas representan una dimensió n igualmente importante del desastre. Este artículo analiza a Iraq, en tanto que desastre creado por humanos, y sugiere que el trabajo social desempeñe un papel en respuesta a las políticas que producen desastres.
Regular Paper: Parallel Implementation of a Cellular Automaton Modeling the Growth of Three-Dimensional Tissues
Authors: Ben Youssef Belgacem , Gang Cheng  , Zygourakis Kyriacos , Markenscoff Pauline 
Published: April 2007

A promising approach for treating tissue or organ failure involves the use of bioartificial tissue substitutes grown in scaffolds with appropriate structure and shape. Currently, however, the engineering of tissue substitutes is a long and costly process based exclusively on experimentation. Predictive computer models can greatly reduce the development costs of tissue-engineered therapies by enabling scientists to rapidly evaluate the effect of system parameters on the growth rates and quality of regenerated tissues. We report here the parallel implementation of a three-dimensional model that employs cellular automata to describe the dynamic behavior of a population of mammalian cells that migrate, interact and proliferate to generate new tissues. The simulator uses MPI for interprocessor communication and is suitable for distributed memory multi-computers. Three parallel algorithms are developed to approximate the sequential algorithm describing this dynamic process of tissue growth. The parallel algorithms progressively relax the correctness requirements using different approaches to handle the cells that either move/ divide in the boundary layers of processors or cross sub-domain boundaries. Finally, a systematic study is carried out to evaluate the accuracy and performance of these algorithms.