bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficacy and Safety of Atorvastatin in the Prevention of Cardiovascular End Points in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Knopp Robert H. , d’Emden Michael , Smilde Johan G. , Pocock Stuart J. ,   on behalf of the ASPEN Study Group
Published: June 2006

OBJECTIVE—Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk is increased in type 2 diabetes. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of 10 mg of atorvastatin versus placebo on CVD prevention in subjects with type 2 diabetes and LDL cholesterol levels below contemporary guideline targets.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Subjects were randomly assigned to receive 10 mg of atorvastatin or placebo in a 4-year, double-blind, parallel-group study. The composite primary end point comprised cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, recanalization, coronary artery bypass surgery, resuscitated cardiac arrest, and worsening or unstable angina requiring hospitalization.
RESULTS—A total of 2,410 subjects with type 2 diabetes were randomized. Mean LDL cholesterol reduction in the atorvastatin group over 4 years was 29% versus placebo (P &lt; 0.0001). When we compared atorvastatin versus placebo, composite primary end point rates were 13.7 and 15.0%, respectively (hazard ratio 0.90 [95% CI 0.73–1.12]). In the subset of 1,905 subjects without prior myocardial infarction or interventional procedure, 10.4% of atorvastatin- and 10.8% of placebo-treated subjects experienced a primary end point (0.97 [0.74–1.28]). In the 505 subjects with prior myocardial infarction or interventional procedure, 26.2% of atorvastatin- and 30.8% of placebo-treated subjects experienced a primary end point (0.82 [0.59–1.15]). Relative risk reductions in fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarction were 27% overall (P = 0.10) and 19% (P = 0.41) and 36% (P = 0.11) for subjects without and with prior myocardial infarction or interventional procedure, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS—Composite end point reductions were not statistically significant. This result may relate to the overall study design, the types of subjects recruited, the nature of the primary end point, and the protocol changes required because of changing treatment guidelines. For these reasons, the results of the Atorvastatin Study for Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Endpoints in Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (ASPEN) did not confirm the benefit of therapy but do not detract from the imperative that the majority of diabetic patients are at risk of coronary heart disease and deserve LDL cholesterol lowering to the currently recommended targets.
Ethnicity, Obesity, and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women
Authors: Shai Iris , Jiang Rui , Manson JoAnn E. , Stampfer Meir J. , Willett Walter C. , Colditz Graham A. , Hu Frank B. 
Published: June 2006

OBJECTIVE—To examine ethnic differences in risk of type 2 diabetes, taking dietary and lifestyle risk factors into account.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—A prospective (1980–2000) cohort (from The Nurses’ Health Study) including 78,419 apparently healthy women (75,584 whites, 801 Asians, 613 Hispanics, and 1,421 blacks) was studied. Detailed dietary and lifestyle information for each participant was repeatedly collected every 4 years.
RESULTS—During 1,294,799 person-years of follow-up, we documented 3,844 incident cases of diabetes. Compared with whites, the age-adjusted relative risks (RRs) were 1.43 (95% CI 1.08–1.90) for Asians, 1.76 (1.32–2.34) for Hispanics, and 2.18 (1.82–2.61) for blacks. After adjustment for BMI, the RRs changed to 2.26 (1.70–2.99) for Asians, 1.86 (1.40–2.47) for Hispanics, and 1.34 (1.12–1.61) for blacks. For each 5-unit increment in BMI, the multivariate RR of diabetes was 2.36 (1.83–3.04) for Asians, 2.21 (1.75–2.79) for Hispanics, 1.96 (1.93–2.00) for whites, and 1.55 (1.36–1.77) for blacks (P for interaction &lt;0.001). For each 5-kg weight gain between age 18 and the year 1980, the risk of diabetes was increased by 84% (95% CI 58–114) for Asians, 44% (26–63) for Hispanics, 38% (28–49) for blacks, and 37% (35–38%) for whites. A healthy diet high in cereal fiber and polyunsaturated fat and low in trans fat and glycemic load was more strongly associated with a lower risk of diabetes among minorities (RR 0.54 [95% CI 0.39–0.73]) than among whites (0.77 [0.72–0.84]).
CONCLUSIONS—The risk of diabetes is significantly higher among Asians, Hispanics, and blacks than among whites before and after taking into account differences in BMI. Weight gain is particularly detrimental for Asians. Our data suggest that the inverse association of a healthy diet with diabetes is stronger for minorities than for whites.
Blood Pressure and Hematocrit in Diabetes and the Role of Endothelial Responses in the Variability of Blood Viscosity
Authors: Salazar-Vazquez Beatriz Y. , Intaglietta Marcos , Rodríguez-Morán Martha , Guerrero-Romero Fernando 
Published: June 2006

OBJECTIVE—To investigate the relationship between mean arterial blood pressure and hematocrit in a population of treated diabetic patients and a control population of healthy individuals.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Data on hematocrit and blood pressure were obtained from 129 diabetic subjects (87 women and 42 men) and 103 healthy subjects (76 women and 27 men) enrolled in a cross-sectional study. Alcohol consumption, ischemic heart disease, stroke, neoplasia, renal, hepatic, and chronic inflammatory disease were exclusion criteria.
RESULTS—The hematocrit of diabetic patients ranged from 0.35 to 0.52, and blood pressure had a bimodal distribution described by a second-order polynomial (P &lt; 0.001), whereby elevated pressures correlated with low and high hematocrit, while the minimum average pressure was at hematocrit 0.43. Hematocrit of normal control subjects (range 0.28–0.55) was uncorrelated to blood pressure (averaged 99.7 ± 9.7 mmHg). High blood pressure, low hematocrit diabetic subjects up to the minimum average hematocrit of 0.43 had a negative correlation (P &lt; 0.0001) between these variables.
CONCLUSIONS—Our findings are compatible with the hypothesis that diabetic patients present normal responses to hematocrit variation and therefore blood viscosity and shear stress in mediating the release of vasodilators and lack the ability to autoregulate blood pressure relative to differences in hematocrit by comparison to nondiabetic subjects. These findings also suggest that the treatment of diabetes should target maintaining an optimal hematocrit in order to lower cardiovascular risk.
Glucose Control Influences Glomerular Filtration Rate and Its Prediction in Diabetic Subjects
Authors: Rigalleau Vincent , Lasseur Catherine , Raffaitin Christelle , Perlemoine Caroline , Barthe Nicole , Chauveau Philippe , Combe Christian , Gin Henri 
Published: June 2006

OBJECTIVE—Hyperglycemia increases glomerular filtration rate (GFR), but the influence of HbA1c (A1C) on GFR and GFR’s prediction by recommended equations remains to be determined.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—In 193 diabetic patients, we searched for an association between A1C and isotopically measured GFR (51Cr-EDTA) and their predictions by the Cockcroft and Gault formula (CG) and the modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) equation. Their accuracy for the diagnosis of moderate (GFR &lt;60 ml/min per 1.73 m2) or severe (GFR &lt;30 ml/min per 1.73 m2) renal failure was compared from receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, before and after categorizing the patients as well (A1C ≤8%) or poorly controlled.
RESULTS—The mean GFR was 57.0 ± 34.8 ml/min per 1.73 m2 and was well correlated with both estimations (CG r = 0.75, MDRD r = 0.83; P &lt; 0.05). The areas under the ROC curves were higher with the MDRD (P &lt; 0.05). A1C was correlated (P &lt; 0.001) with the GFR (r = 0.29), MDRD (r = 0.38), CG (r = 0.26), and the absolute differences between the GFR and their CG but not MDRD estimations (r = 0.17, P &lt; 0.05). Each +1% A1C was associated with +6.0 ml/min per 1.73 m2 GFR (CG +5.6, MDRD +5.3). After separating well-controlled (n = 88, A1C 7.0 ± 0.7%) and poorly controlled (n = 105, 9.6 ± 1.3%) patients, the diagnostic accuracies were better (P &lt; 0.05) for the MDRD, except for the diagnosis of moderate renal failure in well-controlled patients (NS).
CONCLUSIONS—GFR and its estimations correlate with A1C. Although the relations between GFR and its estimations were not affected by the degree of glucose control, the precision and diagnostic accuracy of the CG formula were diminished for A1C &gt;8%. The MDRD equation was more accurate and robust in diabetic patients with impaired renal function.
Prospective Study of Diabetes and Risk of Hip Fracture
Authors: Janghorbani Mohsen , Feskanich Diane , Willett Walter C. , Hu Frank 
Published: June 2006

OBJECTIVE—The purpose of this study was to determine whether women with type 1 and type 2 diabetes are at higher risk of hip fractures.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—A total of 109,983 women aged 34–59 years in 1980 were followed through 2002 for the occurrence of hip fracture. At baseline and through biennial follow-up, women were asked about their history and treatment of diabetes and other potential risk factors for hip fracture.
RESULTS—During 2.22 million person-years of follow-up, 1,398 women had a hip fracture. Compared with women without diabetes, the age-adjusted relative risk (RRs) of hip fracture was 7.1 (95% CI 4.4–11.4) for women with type 1 diabetes and 1.7 (1.4–2.0) for those with type 2 diabetes. After further adjustment for BMI, smoking, physical activity, menopausal status, daily intake of calcium, vitamin D, protein, and postmenopausal hormone use, the multivariate RR of incident hip fracture in individuals with type 1 diabetes compared with individuals without diabetes was 6.4 (3.9–10.3) and with type 2 diabetes was 2.2 (1.8–2.7). The RRs increased with longer duration of type 2 diabetes (3.1 [2.3–4.0] for ≥12 years compared with no diabetes, P for trend &lt; 0.001) and ever use of insulin.
CONCLUSIONS—These data indicate that both type 1 and type 2 diabetes are associated with an increased risk of hip fracture. The results of this study highlight the need for fracture-prevention strategies in women with diabetes.
Are Obesity-Related Metabolic Risk Factors Modulated by the Degree of Insulin Resistance in Adolescents?
Authors: Bacha Fida , Saad Rola , Gungor Neslihan , Arslanian Silva A. 
Published: June 2006

OBJECTIVE—Obesity is often associated with insulin resistance and the components of the metabolic syndrome. However, wide variations in insulin sensitivity are noted in obese youth. It is not clear if greater insulin resistance confers a higher risk of cardiovascular comorbidities and risk for type 2 diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We investigated physical and metabolic features of 54 obese adolescents. Subsequently, we pair matched 17 moderately insulin-resistant (MIR group) to 17 severely insulin-resistant (SIR group) youth based on cut points for insulin sensitivity (MIR group insulin sensitivity within 2 SDs and SIR group &lt;2 SDs of normal-weight adolescent values). We evaluated differences in body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), abdominal fat (computed tomography scan), cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) (Vo2max on a treadmill), insulin sensitivity and secretion (hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic and hyperglycemic clamps), substrate utilization (indirect calorimetry), and fasting adiponectin and lipid profile.
RESULTS—SIR youth had higher visceral adiposity (78.3 ± 6.9 vs. 60.3 ± 6.9 cm2, P = 0.017) and waist-to-hip ratio (0.91 ± 0.01 vs. 0.86 ± 0.02, P = 0.026) and lower HDL (1.0 ± 0.03 vs. 1.16 ± 0.06 mmol/l, P = 0.015) than pair-matched MIR subjects. There was a tendency for adiponectin (6.1 ± 0.5 vs. 8.6 ± 1.1 μg/ml, P = 0.079) and CRF (49.9 ± 3.2 vs. 55.2 ± 3.5 ml · min−1 · kg−1 fat-free mass, P = 0.09) to be lower in SIR subjects. SIR youth also had an impaired balance between insulin sensitivity and β-cell compensation with a lower glucose disposition index.
CONCLUSIONS—Despite similar BMI, the degree of insulin resistance impacts the risk for obesity-related metabolic comorbidities. The SIR youth are at greater risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
The Influence of TiO2 Particle Size in TiO2/CuInS2 Nanocomposite Solar Cells
Authors: O'Hayre R. , Nanu M. , Schoonman J. , Goossens A. , Wang Q. , Grätzel M. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe recently developed CuInS2/TiO2 3D nanocomposite solar cell employs a three‐dimensional, or “bulk”, heterojunction to reduce the average minority charge‐carrier‐transport distance and thus improve device performance compared to a planar configuration. 3D nanocomposite solar‐cell performance is strongly influenced by the morphology of the TiO2 nanoparticulate matrix. To explore the effect of TiO2 morphology, a series of three nanocomposite solar‐cell devices are studied using 9, 50, and 300 nm TiO2 nanoparticles, respectively. The photovoltaic efficiency increases dramatically with increasing particle size, from 0.2 % for the 9 nm sample to 2.8 % for the 300 nm sample. Performance improvements are attributed primarily to greatly improved charge transport with increasing particle size. Other contributing factors may include increased photon absorption and improved interfacial characteristics in the larger‐particle‐size matrix.
Production and Potential of Bioactive Glass Nanofibers as a Next‐Generation Biomaterial
Authors: Kim H.‐W. , Kim H.‐E. , Knowles J. C. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractOver the past decades, bioactive glass has played a central role in the bone regeneration field, due to its excellent bioactivity, osteoconductivity, and even osteoinductivity. Herein, exploitation of bioactive glass as a one‐dimensional nanoscale fiber by employing an electrospinning process based on a sol–gel precursor is reported for the first time. Under controlled processing conditions, continuous nanofibers have been generated successfully with variable diameters. The excellent bioactivity of the nanofiber is confirmed in vitro within a simulated body fluid by the rapid induction of bonelike minerals onto the nanofiber surface. The bone‐marrow‐derived cells are observed to attach and proliferate actively on the nanofiber mesh, and differentiate into osteoblastic cells with excellent osteogenic potential. The bioactive nanofibers have been further exploited in various forms, such as bundled filament, nanofibrous membrane, 3D macroporous scaffold, and nanocomposite with biopolymer, suggesting their versatility and potential applications in bone‐tissue engineering. Based on this study, the bioactive nanofibrous matrix is regarded as a promising next‐generation biomaterial in the bone‐regeneration field.
Cover Picture: Improving Organic Thin‐Film Transistor Performance through Solvent‐Vapor Annealing of Solution‐Processable Triethylsilylethynyl Anthradithiophene (Adv. Mater. 13/2006)
Authors: Dickey K. C. , Anthony J. E. , Loo Y.‐L. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIn work reported by Loo and co‐workers on p. 1721, the current–voltage characteristics of triethylsilylethynyl anthradithiophene (TES ADT) thin‐film transistors are improved dramatically by a simple solvent‐vapor annealing process after device fabrication. Exposing the transistors to dichloroethane vapor induces structural rearrangement and crystallization of TES ADT, as shown on the cover (lower section, before annealing, upper section, after). The annealing results in drastic increases in on currents; the saturation mobility increases by two orders of magnitude and the current–voltage hysteresis is largely eliminated.
Cancer morbidity in iron and steel workers in Korea
Authors: Ahn Yeon‐Soon , Park Robert M. , Stayner Leslie , Kang Seong‐Kyu , Jang Jae‐Kil 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBackgroundIn the iron and steel industry, workers are potentially exposed to a number of carcinogens and are involved in a number of processes of a hazardous nature. The cancer morbidity of iron and steel workers from modern plants in a developing country is described.MethodsCancer morbidity at two Korean iron and steel complexes was analyzed using Poisson regression methods. Work histories were merged with the national cancer registry for 44,974 workers who were followed from 1988–2001.ResultsFour hundred sixty‐four cancers, in 1% of the population, were diagnosed over 14 years. Based on national cancer rates, the cohort exhibited a healthy worker effect for all cancer (SIR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.79–0.95) reflecting relative good health, particularly for lung cancer (SIR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0. 04–0.82), stomach cancer (SIR = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.64–0.93), and liver cancer (SIR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.68–1.01). Lung cancer morbidity was significantly elevated at the affiliated plants versus the parent plants (SRR = 2.35, 95% CI = 1.07–4.92), and all‐cancer morbidity was significantly elevated for maintenance workers compared to office and production workers (SRR = 1.27, 95% CI = 1.00–1.60). Lymphohematopoietic cancer incidence was higher in the coke plants (SRR = 3.46, 95% CI = 1.02–8.91) and stomach cancer incidence was higher in the maintenance departments (SRR = 1.66, 95% CI = 1.05–2.56).ConclusionsThis recent steelworker cohort exhibits possible excess cancer morbidity in some processing areas. Further follow‐up of this cohort and alternate study designs such as case‐control study will be needed to elucidate the relationship of exposure and health risks of iron and steel workers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2006. Published 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Worker participation in change processes in a Danish industrial setting
Authors: Rasmussen Kurt , Glasscock David J. , Hansen Ole N. , Carstensen Ole , Jepsen Jette F. , Nielsen Kent J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBackgroundImproving the design, management and organization of work may be an important step in improving occupational health. An intervention, guided by the principles of participatory action research (PAR), is directed at traditional work environment problems in the epoxy plastic industry, that is, eczema and accident‐related injuries.MethodsThe study population consisted of employees at two wind turbine‐ manufacturing plants. A quasi‐experimental design was employed with before and after measurements and a comparison group with a 3½ year follow‐up period.ResultsThe role of employee elected safety representatives was changed from one of controlling and “policing” to that of safety advisors. The attitudes of employees also changed, from an individualistic understanding of safety as the responsibility of the single employee, to a more collective understanding of safety as being everyone's shared responsibility. Structural changes led to a less hierarchical management system. This process led eventually to the establishment of self‐governing work groups in which each member had a well‐defined area of responsibility. The change process was associated with improvements in the psychosocial work environment and safety climate, a 66% reduction in the incidence of eczema, and a 48.6% reduction in the incidence of occupational accidents. In the comparison population, a twin factory under the same company, similar but delayed and less dramatic changes also occurred.ConclusionsImplementation of a comprehensive intervention was followed by improved employee perceptions of the company's safety standards and the psychosocial work environment, as well as by substantial reductions in the incidence of eczema and occupational accidents. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Organophosphorus pesticide urinary metabolite levels of children in farmworker households in eastern North Carolina
Authors: Arcury Thomas A. , Grzywacz Joseph G. , Davis Stephen W. , Barr Dana B. , Quandt Sara A. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBackgroundOrganophosphorus (OP) pesticide urinary metabolite levels in a sample of farmworker children in North Carolina are documented and compared to national reference data. The relative importance of para‐occupational, residential, and environment risk factors are delineated.MethodsUrine samples were collected from 60 farmworker children 1–6 years of age, and interviews were completed by their mothers. Urine samples were analyzed for the dialkylphosphate (DAP) metabolites of OP pesticides. Summed molar concentrations of the diethyl and dimethyl DAP metabolites provided summary measures.ResultsThe farmworker children had relatively high levels of OP pesticide urinary metabolites compared to national reference data; for example, participating children had higher geometric means for diethylphosphate (DEP), diethylthiophosphate (DETP), and the summed diethyl metabolites. However, analyses found no pattern of significant associations between predictors and metabolite levels.ConclusionsFuture research requires greater precision in sampling and measurement to determine the risk factors for pesticide exposure among farmworker children. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A computer system for coding occupation
Authors: Ossiander Eric M. , Milham Samuel 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBackgroundOccupation information is widely used in epidemiologic studies and is collected on most death certificates and many birth certificates in the United States. Coding the massive amount of occupation information collected has been a challenge.MethodsA simple word‐matching computer program to code occupation entries from vital records was developed. The accuracy of the program was evaluated by comparing its output to codes assigned by human coders.ResultsIn routine use in the Washington State Department of Health (DOH), the computer system codes 96–97% of the occupation entries on birth and death records. It assigned the correct code on 89% (95% confidence interval (87%, 91%)) of the records it coded.ConclusionsThe occupation‐coding program is both efficient and accurate and can simplify the process of coding occupation entries from vital records. The system is adaptable and can be modified to use occupation classifications other than the one used by DOH. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Asymmetric Heterogeneous Catalysis
Authors: Heitbaum Maja , Glorius Frank , Escher Iris 
Published: June 2006

AbstractLimited natural resources and an increasing demand for enantiomerically pure compounds render catalysis and especially heterogeneous asymmetric catalysis a key technology. The field has rapidly advanced from the initial use of chiral biopolymers, such as silk, as a support for metal catalysts to the modern research areas. Mesoporous supports, noncovalent immobilization, metal–organic catalysts, chiral modifiers: many areas are rapidly evolving. This Review shows that these catalysts have more to them than facile separation or recycling. Better activities and selectivities can be obtained than with the homogeneous catalyst and novel, efficient reaction mechanisms can be employed. Especially fascinating is the outlook for highly ordered metal–organic catalysts that might allow a rational design, synthesis, and the unequivocal structural characterization to give tailor‐made catalysts.