bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two Isolable Conformers of Dihydropentahelicenediol Derivatives: Stereochemical Property and Its Utility for Asymmetric Reactions
Authors: Ohmori Ken , Furuya Sanae , Yamanoi Shigeo , Suzuki Keisuke 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Conformation of dihydropentahelicenediol 2 and the related compounds was studied. Two isolable conformers, i.e. the diequatorial and the diaxial forms, interconvert only at elevated temperatures, where the equilibrium ratio depends on bulkiness of the substituents attached to the hydroxy groups. The palladium-catalyzed asymmetric allylic substitution was used to test the potential utility of phosphine derivatives, 6eq and 6ax, as chiral ligands.
Photoelectrochemical Properties of the Sulfur-doped TiO2 Film Electrodes: Characterization of the Doped States by Means of the Photocurrent Measurements
Authors: Murakami Yoshinori , Kasahara Bunso , Nosaka Yoshio 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
The photocurrent action spectra of S-doped anatase and rutile TiO2 films were measured in a solution of 0.1 M HClO4 mixed with 0.5 mM of the reductants such as hydroquinone, KI, KSCN, and KBr at the applied voltage of +0.5 V. For the S-doped anatase TiO2 films, the incident photon to current efficiency (IPCE) was enhanced by the addition of hydroquinone or KI, while no enhancement was observed by the addition of other reductants. On the other hand, the IPCE for the S-doped rutile TiO2 films was enhanced for all of the reductants. It was suggested that the doped states were different between the S-doped anatase and rutile TiO2 films.
Direct Syntheses of Benzofuran-2(3H)-ones and Benzofuran-3(2H)-ones from 1-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)alkan-1-ones by CuBr2 or CuCl2
Authors: Miyake Hideyoshi , Nishimura Akinori , Yago Misato , Sasaki Mitsuru 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
New syntheses of benzofuran-2(3H)-ones and benzofuran-3(2H)-ones from 1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)alkan-1-ones via oxidative cyclization by CuBr2 or CuCl2 are described. A new synthesis of 1H-isochromene-1,4(3H)-diones via similar procedures is also described.
Temperature-responsive Poly(dehydroalanine)s: Diversifying Phase Transition Temperatures Utilizing α,α-Disubstituted Motif
Authors: Mori Takeshi , Beppu Suguru , Fukushima Isao , Kobayashi Toru , Minagawa Keiji , Tanaka Masami , Niidome Takuro , Katayama Yoshiki 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
The temperature-responsive poly(dehydroalanine derivative)s having two substituents at the α-position were successfully synthesized. By varying the combination of the structures of the two substituents, the relatively large diversity of their phase transition temperatures could be achieved.
Availability of child care in the United States: A description and analysis of data sources
Authors: Gordon Rachel A. , Chase-Lansdale P. Lindsay 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Lack of high-quality, affordable, and accessible child care is an often-cited impediment to a manageable balance between work and family. Researchers, however, have been restricted by a scarcity of data on the availability of child care across all U.S. communities. In this paper we describe and evaluate several indicators of child care availability that have been released by the U.S. Census Bureau over the last 15 years. Using community- and individual-level analyses, we find that these data sources are useful for indicating child care availability within communities, even though they were collected for other purposes. Furthermore, our results generally suggest that the data on child care availability are equally valid across communities of different urbanicity and average income levels, although it appears that larger geographic areas more accurately capture the child care market of centers than that of family day care providers. Our analyses indicate that center child care is least available in nonmetropolitan, poor communities, and that family day care is most available in nonmetropolitan, mixed-income communities. We discuss the benefits and limitations of the data sources, and point to directions for future data developments and research.
Insights from longitudinal data on the earnings growth of U.S. foreign-born men
Authors: Duleep Harriet Orcutt , Dowhan Daniel J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDoes the growth in earnings of foreign-born men exceed that of U.S. natives? We use longitudinal data on earnings from a Social Security Administration (SSA) database matched to the 1994 March Current Population Survey to shed new light on this important issue. We also examine the trend over time in the foreign-born men’s earnings growth and illuminate the various ways that SSA data can be used to explore the earnings patterns of immigrants.
Does human attractin have DP4 activity?
Authors: Friedrich Daniel , Hoffmann Torsten , Bär Joachim , Wermann Michael , Manhart Susanne , Heiser Ulrich , Demuth Hans-Ulrich 
Published: January 2007

AbstractMutations in the mouseATRNgene, which encodes attractin, offer links between this protein and pigmentation, metabolism, immune status and neurodegeneration. However, the mechanisms of attractin action are not understood. The protein was first identified in humans in a circulating form in serum. A protease activity was postulated similar to the membrane-bound ectoenzyme DP4/CD26. In the last decade, both DP4/CD26 and attractin were controversially described to be the major source of human serum DP4 activity. We purified attractin from human plasma, and found that the DP4-like activity of the preparation shows nearly identical kinetic properties to that of recombinant human DP4. In contrast, the native electrophoretic behavior of this activity is clearly different from human and porcine DP4, but co-migrates with the protein band identified as attractin by Western blotting and N-terminal sequencing. Nevertheless, a DP4 impurity could be demonstrated in purified plasma attractin and the activity could be removed by ADA affinity chromatography, resulting in a homogenous attractin preparation without DP4 activity. These results are substantiated by expression of different attractin isoforms, in which no DP4 activity was found either. This indicates that the multidomain protein attractin acts as a receptor or adhesion protein rather than a protease.
Nef protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 binds its own myristoylated N-terminus
Authors: Hoffmann Silke , Jonas Esther , König Simone , Preusser-Kunze Andrea , Willbold Dieter 
Published: January 2007

AbstractHIV-1 Nef is a small protein (approx. 25 kDa) that is posttranslationally modified by myristoylation. To explain its complex activities, a ‘Nef-cycle’ is discussed, which postulates different molecular conformations of Nef. Using recombinant full-length non-myristoylated Nef and synthetic peptides, we demonstrate by fluorescence titration experiments that a peptide representing the myristoylated N-terminus of Nef is specifically bound by Nef. A non-myristoylated N-terminal fragment of Nef or a myristoylated control peptide does not bind to Nef. These results are the first direct experimental evidence of the existence of a myristate-binding pocket in Nef, a prerequisite of the postulated ‘closed’ Nef conformation.
Hydrophobic bile salts trigger ceramide formation through endosomal acidification
Authors: Becker Stephan , Reinehr Roland , Grether-Beck Susanne , Eberle Andrea , Häussinger Dieter 
Published: January 2007

AbstractHydrophobic bile salts activate NADPH oxidase through a ceramide- and PKCζ-dependent pathway as an important upstream event of bile salt-induced hepatocyte apoptosis. The mechanisms underlying bile salt-induced ceramide formation have remained unclear to date and thus were studied in rat hepatocytes. Proapoptotic bile salts, such as taurolithocholylsulfate (TLCS), lowered the apparent pHveswithin seconds from 6.0 to 5.6 in an FITC-dextran-accessible endosomal compartment that also contains acidic sphingomyelinase. Simultaneously, a rapid decrease inN-(ethoxycarbonylmethyl)-6-methoxyquinolinium bromide (MQAE) fluorescence was observed, suggestive of an increase in cytosolic [Cl-], which is known to activate vacuolar-type H+-ATPase. No vesicular acidification or increase in cytosolic [Cl-] was found in response to the non-apoptotic bile salt taurocholate or the anti-apoptotic bile salt tauroursodesoxycholate. Inhibition of TLCS-induced endosomal acidification by bafilomycin or 4,4′-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid largely abolished the TLCS-induced ceramide-formation and downstream ceramide-dependent processes, such as p47phox-serine phosphorylation, NADPH oxidase activation, CD95 activation and apoptosis. These responses were also abolished after knockdown of acidic sphingomyelinase in rat hepatocytes. In conclusion, hydrophobic, proapoptotic bile salts stimulate ceramide formation through chloride-dependent acidification of endosomes, with subsequent activation of acidic sphingomyelinase. Our data suggest that changes in ion homeostasis underlie the stimulation of ceramide formation in response to hydrophobic bile acids as an important upstream event of bile salt-induced apoptosis.
The staphostatin family of cysteine protease inhibitors in the genus Staphylococcus as an example of parallel evolution of protease and inhibitor specificity
Authors: Dubin Grzegorz , Wladyka Benedykt , Stec-Niemczyk Justyna , Chmiel Dorota , Zdzalik Michal , Dubin Adam , Potempa Jan 
Published: January 2007

AbstractStaphostatins constitute a family of staphylococcal cysteine protease inhibitors sharing a lipocalin-like fold and a unique mechanism of action. Each of these cytoplasmic proteins is co-expressed from one operon, together with a corresponding target extracellular cysteine protease (staphopain). To cast more light on staphostatin/staphopain interaction and the evolution of the encoding operons, we have cloned and characterized a staphopain (StpA2aurCH-91) and its inhibitor (StpinA2aurCH-91) from a novel staphylococcal thiol protease operon (stpAB2CH-91) identified inS.aureusstrain CH-91. Furthermore, we have expressed a staphostatin fromStaphylococcus warneri(StpinBwar) and characterized its target protease (StpBwar). Analysis of the reciprocal interactions among novel and previously described members of the staphostatin and staphopain families demonstrates that the co-transcribed protease is the primary target for each staphostatin. Nevertheless, the inhibitor derived from one species ofStaphylococcuscan inhibit the staphopain from another species, although theKivalues are generally higher and inhibition only occurs if both proteins belong to the same subgroup of eitherS. aureusstaphopain A/staphostatin A (α group) or staphopain B/staphostatin B (β group) orthologs. This indicates that both subgroups arose in a single event of ancestral allelic duplication, followed by parallel evolution of the protease/inhibitor pairs. The tight coevolution is likely the result of the known deleterious effects of uncontrolled staphopain action.
The His-Pro-Phe motif of angiotensinogen is a crucial determinant of the substrate specificity of renin
Authors: Nakagawa Tsutomu , Akaki Jyunji , Satou Ryousuke , Takaya Masatoshi , Iwata Hideyuki , Katsurada Akemi , Nishiuchi Kazuhiro , Ohmura Yoshihiro , Suzuki Fumiaki , Nakamura Yukio 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe amino acid sequence His-Pro-Phe as N-terminal residues 6–8 of the natural renin substrate, angiotensinogen, is conserved among species. We investigated whether this His-Pro-Phe motif functions as the determinant of the substrate specificity of renin. Mutant angiotensinogens in which the Ile-His-Pro-Phe-His-Leu sequence at positions 5–10 of wild-type angiotensinogen was replaced by either His-Pro-Phe-His-Leu-Leu or Ala-Ile-His-Pro-Phe-His were cleaved by renin at the C-terminal side of residues 9 and 11, respectively, while wild-type angiotensinogen was cleaved at residue 10. A triple Ala substitution for the His-Pro-Phe motif of angiotensinogen prevented its cleavage by renin. In contrast, triple Ala substitution for residues 9–11, including the natural site of cleavage by renin, allowed cleavage between the two Ala residues at positions 10 and 11. Furthermore, the 33-residue C-terminal peptide of human megsin, which carries a naturally occurring His-Pro-Phe sequence, was cleaved by renin at the C-terminal side of the His-Pro-Phe-Leu-Phe sequence. These results indicate that the His-Pro-Phe motif of angiotensinogen is a crucial determinant of the substrate specificity of renin. By binding to a corresponding pocket on renin, the His-Pro-Phe motif may act as a molecular anchor to recruit the scissile peptide bond to a favorable site for catalysis.
Optional rather than Mandatory EU Company Law: Framework and Specific Proposals
Authors: Hertig Gerard , McCahery Joseph A 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
A significant debate rages within the EU about whether to give firms the choice to opt in or out of corporate law provisions. Both sides agree that more flexibility and adaptability of legal rules to business needs is crucial. Nevertheless, and not surprisingly, many still view EU mandatory harmonization efforts as an opportunity to upgrade Member State corporate law.
This article shows that bringing options to the forefront of EU company law may significantly reduce costs for small and medium-sized firms and provide clear benefits to public companies. With respect to implementing such a regime, we advocate the step-by-step adoption of legal options, beginning with the implementation of a limited number of specific EU provisions that firms can select as an alternative to the corresponding Member State statutory or case law.
Legislative Situation of Corporate Groups in Spanish Law
Authors: Girgado Pablo 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Despite the fact that the Spanish legal system continues without a specific regulation about the corporate groups, the recent legislative reforms are paid growing attention in some punctual matters. Namely the notion of groups is revised in the recent Amendment of Art. 42 Commercial Code in late 2003. So are the references to groups in some of the provisions of the new Bankruptcy Act of 9 July 2003. This legislation seems to clash with the orientations of the Forum Europaeum. Although it has not been reflected legislatively, the article takes into account the Proposal for a Corporation Code as well, which offers a specific and a complete regulation of groups, due to the great significance in coming set of laws.
Carrot and Stick – The EU's Response to New Securities Trading Systems
Authors: Kumpan Christoph 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Major developments like globalisation, technological progress and institutionalisation have influenced and changed today's world. In capital markets they have stirred the emergence of new securities trading systems called ATS which offer investors platforms to trade securities. These new systems provided considerable challenges for regulators. The major concerns raised in connection with ATS were that their existence led to market fragmentation, that transparency was impaired, that access to the systems could either be unfairly denied or be granted too easily, that they could facilitate market abuses, and that their stability could be an issue.
In the European Union provisions for ATS were developed step by step until in 2004 the EU enacted the new Directive on Markets in Financial Instruments (MiFID) which contains a complex and detailed regulation of multilateral and bilateral ATS. By introducing the operation of a multilateral trading facility (MTF) as an investment service the EU acknowledged the existence and benefits of multilateral ATS. The rules for MTF resemble those for regulated markets – the category for traditional stock exchanges. However, they are more flexible and less detailed leaving more room for self-regulation. By introducing rules for so called systematic internalisers the EU also allowed the establishment of bilateral ATS. However, the provisions for systematic internalisers are much stricter than those for MTF and will likely stifle their development.
White Knights and Black Knights – Does the Search for Competitive Bids always Benefit the Shareholders of “Target” Companies? –
Authors: Mucciarelli Federico M 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
According to the EC Directive on Takeover Bids, defensive measures should be authorised by the general meeting of the target company. The incumbent board can, nonetheless, search for a competing bid, a so-called “white knight”. The rationale underpinning this exception is that competing bids always benefit target's shareholders. In this paper I will tackle this rationale, arguing that even competing bids could generate a pressure to tender on target's shareholders and, therefore, in this case should not be considered as a benefit for them.
The Effectiveness of Corporate Governance in One-Tier and Two-Tier Board Systems – Evidence from the UK and Germany –
Authors: Jungmann Carsten 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Germany and the UK are paradigms of systems in which the control of managing directors of companies either lies in the hand of a separate supervisory board (two-tier system) or is an additional task of the board itself (one-tier system). This paper provides for an empirical test of the effectiveness of both systems of corporate governance. The analysis of the financial performance and board turnover of the largest companies listed on the stock exchanges in Frankfurt and London over a total of 400 financial years establishes that both systems are effective means of control. Yet the analysis also demonstrates that it is not possible to assign superiority to either of them. Therefore, the often raised question as to whether one of the two systems will finally prevail and whether there will be ultimate convergence of both systems, has to be answered in the negative. As the discussion of the strengths and weaknesses will show, however, there is still scope for improvements in each of the two board models.
The Innoventif Case of the ECJ 1.6.2006, C-453/04
Authors: Vossius Oliver 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Due to reference of the Landgericht (County Court) Berlin, the ECJ ruled that advance payments on the cost of publication of branch offices of foreign companies in Germany do not infringe the freedom of establishment granted by the European Treaty – even if this implies the costly publication of extensive objects of the company. Such ruling could have been avoided by distinguishing between the objects of the main office and the (more specific and hence shorter) objects of the branch, making use of extensive German case law. The judgement of the ECJ gives rise to the question whether the Court wishes to limit the consequences of its past rulings on freedom of establishment of companies or not. Moreover the proportionality of registration and publication of extensive objects of companies in Germany should be discussed in consideration of its limited usefulness and the slimmer approaches of other jurisdictions. To put it in a nutshell, the case illustrates the need for convergence and harmonization of European company law.
Dual pairs of orthogonal systems of rational matrix-valued functions on the unit circle
Authors: Lasarow Andreas 
Published: January 2007

SummaryWe analyse certain dual pairs of orthogonal systems of rational matrix-valued functions with poles not located on the unit circle. The rational matrix-valued functions belonging to such kind of pairs are recursively connected similar as the functions of the first and the second kind in the classical theory of orthogonal polynomials on the unit circle. We present some basic facts on these dual pairs and, in particular, we show that the rational matrix-valued functions in question admit specific integral representations.
Film, NS-Vergangenheit und Geschichtswissenschaft. Von Holocaust zu Der Untergang
Authors: Bösch Frank 
Published: January 2007

Vorspann
Dass Spielfilme über den Nationalsozialismus die Erinnerungskultur prägen, ist kaum zu bestreiten. Insbesondere die TV-Serie „Holocaust“ gilt als eine Zäsur, die zugleich zahlreiche neue Forschungen provozierte. Wie entwickelte sich die filmische Erinnerungskultur seit „Holocoust“ bis heute? Und in welcher Beziehung standen diese Filme zur Geschichtswissenschaft?
Die Vertreibung von Wissenschaftlern aus den deutschen Universitäten 1933–1945
Authors: Grüttner Michael , Kinas Sven 
Published: January 2007

Vorspann
Die nationalsozialistische Personalpolitik an den deutschen Hochschulen und der erzwungene Exodus vieler Wissenschaftler sind ein zentrales Thema der Zeitgeschichtsforschung. Noch nie aber sind die Folgen dieses gleichermaßen brutalen wie systematischen Eingriffs von oben so präzise rekonstruiert worden wie in dieser Untersuchung. Sie ist nicht nur eine eindrucksvolle Bilanz zahlreicher Detailstudien, sie basiert auch auf ausgedehnten Archivrecherchen der beiden Autoren.
Otto Kirchheimers Parlamentarismuskritik in der Weimarer Republik. Ein Fall von Linksschmittianismus?
Authors: Bavaj Riccardo 
Published: January 2007

Vorspann
Gibt es Gemeinsamkeiten zwischen Konservativer Revolution und Frankfurter Schule? Angesichts ihrer ähnlich ausgeprägten Abneigung gegenüber dem Liberalismus ist die Frage, welche Anleihen ein Walter Benjamin oder ein Jürgen Habermas bei dem umstrittenen Weimarer Staatsrechtler Carl Schmitt genommen haben, bis heute umstritten. Ebenso gilt dies für das politische Denken des linkssozialistischen Schmitt-Schülers Otto Kirchheimer, über den bislang aber relativ wenig bekannt ist. Vor diesem Hintergrund untersucht Riccardo Bavaj Kirchheimers intellektuelle Entwicklung von seiner Promotion im Jahr 1928 bis zur nationalsozialistischen Machtübernahme 1933.
Das faschistische Italien und die Endlösung 1942/43
Authors: Knox MacGregor 
Published: January 2007

Vorspann
Es unterliegt keinem Zweifel, dass italienische Diplomaten und Offiziere im besetzten Griechenland, Kroatien und Südfrankreich tausende Juden vor der Deportation in die deutschen Vernichtungslager bewahrt haben. Heftig umstritten aber sind die Motive, die sie dabei leiteten. MacGregor Knox, einer der besten Kenner der Materie, schafft hier Klarheit und zeigt, dass sich der Mythos von den „anständigen Italienern“ nicht länger aufrechterhalten lässt.
Vom Fremdarbeiter zum Gastarbeiter. Die Anwerbung italienischer Arbeitskräfte für die deutsche Wirtschaft (1938–1973)
Authors: Sala Roberto 
Published: January 2007

Vorspann
Anfangs bildeten die Italiener das Hauptkontingent unter den „Gastarbeitern“ in Westdeutschland. Sie kamen auf eigene Faust, mit einer Art Visum, vor allem aber nach einem staatlich-kontrollierten Anwerbeverfahren in die Bundesrepublik, dessen Wurzeln in das Dritte Reich zurückreichten. Seit Mitte der sechziger Jahre mussten die Arbeitsämter und die Unternehmer das Scheitern dieses Modells konstatieren. Roberto Sala schildert die historischen Hintergründe und die konfliktreiche Entstehungsgeschichte des Anwerbeverfahrens, und er macht deutlich, dass es vor allem die Liberalisierung des Arbeitsmarkts in der Europäischen Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft war, die den deutsch-italienischen Regelungen den Boden entzog.