bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regional analysis of bedrock stream long profiles: evaluation of Hack's SL form, and formulation and assessment of an alternative (the DS form)
Authors: Goldrick Geoff , Bishop Paul 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe equilibrium form of the fluvial long profile has been used to elucidate a wide range of aspects of landscape history including tectonic activity in tectonic collision zones, and in continental margin and other intraplate settings, as well as other base‐level changes such as due to sealevel fluctuations. The Hack SL form of the long profile, which describes a straight line on a log–normal plot of elevation (normal) versus distance (logarithmic), is the equilibrium long profile form that has been most widely used in such studies; slope–area analysis has also been used in recent years. We show that the SL form is a special case of a more general form of the equilibrium long profile (here called the DS form) that can be derived from the power relationship between stream discharge and downstream distance, and the dependence of stream incision on stream power. The DS form provides a better fit than the SL form to river long profiles in an intraplate setting in southeastern Australia experiencing low rates of denudation and mild surface uplift. We conclude that, if an a priori form of the long profile is to be used for investigations of regional landscape history, the DS form is preferable. In particular, the DS form in principle enables equilibrium steepening due to an increase in channel substrate lithological resistance (parallel shift in the DS plot) to be distinguished from disequilibrium steepening due to long profile rejuvenation (disordered outliers on the DS plot). Slope–area analysis and the slope–distance (DS) approach outlined here are complementary approaches, reflecting the close relationship between downstream distance and downstream catchment area. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wind erosion of blanket peat during a short period of surface desiccation (North Pennines, Northern England)
Authors: Foulds Simon A. , Warburton Jeff 
Published: September 2006

AbstractStrong winds are a characteristic feature of UK upland areas. Despite this, understanding of aeolian processes in upland environments of the UK is limited. This paper presents direct measurements and observations of blanket peat erosion by wind action during a two week period of desiccation in the North Pennines, Northern England. A circular configuration of mass flux sediment samplers was used to collect peat eroded by wind action from 16 cardinal compass directions. Meteorological conditions (wind speed, wind direction, precipitation and temperature) were recorded by an automatic weather station set up adjacent to the site. Surface desiccation led to peat crust erosion and dust deflation. During short (≤1 hour) periods of precipitation, wind‐driven rainfall also caused erosion. Typically, dust flux rates were up to two orders of magnitude lower than recorded during periods of sustained wet weather. Measurements demonstrate the hitherto unreported rapid switch in process regime between wind‐driven rainfall and dry blow deflation in blanket peat environments. Dry blow processes of blanket peat erosion may become more important in UK upland areas if climate change promotes more frequent surface desiccation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The visualization of turbulence data using a wavelet‐based method
Authors: Keylock C. J. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis technical communication presents some MATLAB® routines for visualizing the structure in turbulent signals based on a standard conditional averaging and thresholding approach. Up to three velocity components may be analysed and the resulting output highlights the time at which important flow events occur as well as the frequency levels that contribute the greatest energy to this particular event. The latter information is derived from a wavelet decomposition of the signal and may assist in providing a process‐based explanation of observed flow features. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Forecasting volatility
Authors: Gospodinov Nikolay , Gavala Athanasia , Jiang Deming 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIn this paper, we investigate the time series properties of S&P 100 volatility and the forecasting performance of different volatility models. We consider several nonparametric and parametric volatility measures, such as implied, realized and model‐based volatility, and show that these volatility processes exhibit an extremely slow mean‐reverting behavior and possible long memory. For this reason, we explicitly model the near‐unit root behavior of volatility and construct median unbiased forecasts by approximating the finite‐sample forecast distribution using bootstrap methods. Furthermore, we produce prediction intervals for the next‐period implied volatility that provide important information about the uncertainty surrounding the point forecasts. Finally, we apply intercept corrections to forecasts from misspecified models which dramatically improve the accuracy of the volatility forecasts.  Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance evaluation of the New Connecticut Leading Employment Index using lead profiles and BVAR models
Authors: Banerji Anirvan , Dua Pami , Miller Stephen M. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe leading and coincident employment indexes for the state of Connecticut developed following the recession of the early 1990s fell short of expectations. This paper performs two tasks. First, it describes the process of revising the Connecticut Coincident and Leading Employment Indexes. Second, it analyzes the statistical properties and performance of the new indexes by comparing the lead profiles of the new and old indexes as well as their out‐of‐sample forecasting performance, using the Bayesian Vector Autoregressive (BVAR) method. The new coincident index shows improved performance in dating employment cycle chronologies. The lead profile test demonstrates that superiority in a rigorous, non‐parametric statistic fashion. The mixed evidence on the BVAR forecasting experiments illustrates that leading indexes properly predict cycle turning points and do not necessarily provide accurate forecasts except at turning points, a view that our results support.  Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Forecasting the conditional covariance matrix of a portfolio under long‐run temporal dependence
Authors: Ñíguez Trino‐Manuel , Rubia Antonio 
Published: September 2006

AbstractLong‐range persistence in volatility is widely modelled and forecast in terms of the so‐called fractional integrated models. These models are mostly applied in the univariate framework, since the extension to the multivariate context of assets portfolios, while relevant, is not straightforward. We discuss and apply a procedure which is able to forecast the multivariate volatility of a portfolio including assets with long memory. The main advantage of this model is that it is feasible enough to be applied on large‐scale portfolios, solving the problem of dealing with extremely complex likelihood functions which typically arises in this context. An application of this procedure to a portfolio of five daily exchange rate series shows that the out‐of‐sample forecasts for the multivariate volatility are improved under several loss functions when the long‐range dependence property of the portfolio assets is explicitly accounted for.  Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of genetic abnormalities provides insights into genetic evolution of hyperdiploid myeloma
Authors: Chng Wee J. , Ketterling Rhett P. , Fonseca Rafael 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAneuploidy is ubiquitous in human cancer and is seen as whole chromosome gains and losses, unbalanced translocations and inversions, duplications, deletions and loss of heterozygosity. Within this complexity, some subgroups of aneuploid tumors emerge as distinct biological and clinical entities. Hyperdiploid myeloma (H‐MM), characterized by hyperdiploid chromosome numbers because of nonrandom trisomies, is one such example. We undertook a comprehensive survey of the karyotypes of a large number of H‐MM (n = 469) to describe fully genomic instability in these tumors, to dissect pathways of genetic evolution, and identify distinct subgroups based on their genetic changes. While selective pressure apparently favors the emergence of clones with gains of chromosomes 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 15, 19, and 21, a background of ongoing genomic instability results in gains of other chromosomes, albeit at a much lower prevalence. A deduced temporal analysis of these karyotypes indicates that selected gains are early events. Other events occurring later in the course of the disease include secondary chromosome translocations and monosomies. The development of these genetic aberrations is thus highly ordered and undoubtedly of biological relevance. Within this framework, we propose a model of genetic evolution in H‐MM. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recognizing and engaging depressed Chinese Americans in treatment in a primary care setting
Authors: Yeung Albert , Yu Shu‐Ching , Fung Freddy , Vorono Sienna , Fava Maurizio 
Published: September 2006

AbstractObjectivesTo examine the effectiveness of depression screening and the Engagement Interview Protocol (EIP) in identifying and engaging in treatment depressed Chinese Americans in a primary care setting.MethodsChinese American patients who attended a primary care clinic between 15 September, 2004 and 14 September, 2005 were screened for depression using the Chinese Bilingual version of the Patient Health Questionnaire (CB‐PHQ‐9). Patients who screened positive (CB‐PHQ‐9 ≥ 15) were evaluated using the EIP to establish psychiatric diagnosis and to engage patients in treatment.ResultsThree thousand eight hundred and twelve patients completed the CB‐PHQ‐9, of which 113 (3.2%) screened positive for MDD. Among those screening positive, six (5.3%) had been receiving psychiatric treatment for depression, 57 (50%) declined to receive a psychiatric interview or were unable to be contacted, and 50 (44%) agreed to be interviewed with the EIP. Out of the 50 patients interviewed, 44 (88%) had their MDD diagnosis confirmed; among them, 41 (93%) agreed to receive treatment for depression and three (7%) declined intervention.ConclusionsUnder‐recognition and under‐treatment of depressed Chinese Americans in primary care settings continue to be prevalent. Recognition of depression can be enhanced by using the brief CB‐PHQ‐9 to screen for depression. Half of the Chinese Americans who screened positive for MDD declined evaluation by a mental health professional. Most of the depressed Chinese Americans who were evaluated agreed to receive treatment. Enhanced cultural sensitivity with the use of the EIP in psychiatric assessment may have contributed to the success in engaging depressed Chinese Americans in treatment. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risk factors for neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia: the Cache County Study
Authors: Steinberg M. , Corcoran C. , Tschanz J.T. , Huber C. , Welsh‐Bohmer K. , Norton M.C. , Zandi P. , Breitner J.C.S. , Steffens D.C. , Lyketsos C.G. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the probability of individual neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia patients as a function of eight risk factors.MethodsIn the Cache County Study, we administered the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) to 328 dementia patients at baseline. Approximately 18 months later, we re‐administered the NPI to 184 participants available for follow‐up. Generalized estimating equation methods were used to model the probability of individual neuropsychiatric symptoms as a function of: gender, age, education, dementia type and severity, APOE status, time of observation, and general medical health.ResultsWomen showed increased tendency toward anxiety, [odds ratio (OR) 2.22, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.31–3.76] and delusions (OR 2.15, CI 1.22–3.78), but older persons of both sexes showed less tendency toward anxiety. Dementia severity increased the tendency toward hallucinations and agitation (OR 2.42, CI 1.81–3.23) and decreased risk of depression. Positive APOE ε4 status increased the tendency toward aberrant motor behavior (OR 1.84, CI 1.05–3.22). Among dementia diagnoses, those with Alzheimer's disease showed decreased tendency toward agitation (OR 0.58, CI 0.35–0.95), depression (OR 0.56, CI 0.33–0.96) and disinhibition (OR 0.46, CI 0.24–0.88). Later time of observation increased risk of aberrant motor behavior and delusions, and more serious medical comorbidity increased risk of, agitation, irritability, disinhibition, and aberrant motor behavior.ConclusionsGender, age, dementia severity, APOE ε4, dementia diagnosis, time of observation, and general medical health appear to influence the occurrence of individual neuropsychiatric symptoms. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Abnormal neurotransmitter metabolite levels in Alzheimer patients with a delirium
Authors: van der Cammen Tischa J.M. , Tiemeier Henning , Engelhart Marianne J. , Fekkes Durk 
Published: September 2006

AbstractBackgroundDelirium is a complex neuropsychiatric syndrome with an acute onset and fluctuating course. Several studies have suggested the presence of disturbed cholinergic, dopaminergic and serotonergic pathways in delirium as well as in Alzheimer's disease. Abnormal concentrations of amino acids and of neurotransmitter metabolites have been found in plasma, platelets and cerebrospinal fluid of AD patients, and in plasma and CSF of patients with a delirium. The aim of this study was to investigate amino acid and neurotransmitter metabolite levels in plasma of AD patients with a concurrent delirium.MethodsIn a case‐control study of patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease (AD) with concurrent delirium, we investigated the contribution of delirium to some biochemical parameters in blood.We compared plasma amino acid and neurotransmitter metabolite levels of 17 delirious AD patients with those of 17 age‐ and gender‐matched non‐delirious AD patients and 29 age‐ and gender‐matched controls.ResultsHomovanillic acid (HVA) and 5‐hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5‐HIAA) levels were higher in delirious AD patients than in controls, but only HVA concentrations were higher in delirious AD patients than in non‐delirious AD patients.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that central dopaminergic and serotonergic turnover are increased in AD patients with delirium and that the high dopaminergic turnover might reflect the consequences of delirium. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A normative study of the Trail Making Test in Korean elders
Authors: Seo Eun Hyun , Lee Dong Young , Kim Ki Woong , Lee Jung Hie , Jhoo Jin Hyeong , Youn Jong Choul , Choo IL Han , Ha Jin , Woo Jong Inn 
Published: September 2006

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to explore the effects of age, education and gender on the performance of the Trail Making Test (TMT) and provide normative information in Korean elders.MethodsThe TMT was administered to 997 community‐dwelling volunteers aged 60–90. People with serious neurological, medical and psychiatric disorders, including dementia, were excluded.ResultsEducation and age had significant effects on both parts of the TMT. Gender also had an effect on part A of the TMT (Trail A). Based on these results, the norms of Trail A stratified by age (four overlapping tables), education (four strata) and gender, and the norms of part B of TMT (Trail B) stratified by age (four overlapping tables) and education (three strata).ConclusionsAge and educational level had a considerable influence on both Trail A and B. Our normative information on the Trail A will be useful in the elders with poor educational attainment and can be utilized for cross‐cultural comparison of the Trail A performance. The fact that a large number of elders fail to complete Trail B indicates a limited applicability of Trail B in elderly population, particularly with poor educational background. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Correlates of caregiver burden for Korean elders according to cognitive and functional status
Authors: Kim Sung‐Wan , Kim Jae‐Min , Stewart Robert , Bae Kyung‐Lyul , Yang Su‐Jin , Shin Il‐Seon , Shin Hee‐Young , Yoon Jin‐Sang 
Published: September 2006

AbstractBackgroundCaregiver strain was investigated in a community sample of Korean elders with cohabiting caregivers, and factors associated with this were compared between groups classified by cognitive and functional impairment.MethodsThe study sample consisted of 484 elders and their cohabiting caregivers resident in Kwangju, South Korea. Caregiver burden was measured by the Zarit Burden Interview. Data on the elders' socio‐demographics (age, gender, education, and religion) and clinical characteristics (cognitive function (MMSE), activities of daily living (IADL), depressive symptoms, alcoholism, and physical illness), and caregivers' socio‐demographic characteristics (age, gender, education, relation to elders, and current employment) and caregiving environments (living area, alternative caregiver, number of rooms, monthly income, and social network) were gathered. Participants were classified into those with (n = 61) or without cognitive impairment. The second group was classified into those with (n = 68) or without (n = 355) functional impairment.ResultsCaregiver strain was significantly associated with cognitive impairment. In the group without cognitive impairment, caregiver strain was significantly associated with participant characteristics (IADL impairment, and symptoms of depression and alcoholism). In those with cognitive impairment, caregiver strain was associated with both participant status (depressive symptoms and IADL impairment) and caregiver characteristics (a child caregiver, lower social support, and urban environment).ConclusionsIndividual mental and physical health characteristics predict caregiver strain regardless of cognitive impairment. Caregiver characteristics are most important in the presence of cognitive impairment. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Delirium subtype identification and the validation of the Delirium Rating Scale—Revised‐98 (Dutch version) in hospitalized elderly patients
Authors: de Rooij Sophia E. , van Munster Barbara C. , Korevaar Johanna C. , Casteelen Gerty , Schuurmans Marieke J. , van der Mast Roos C. , Levi Marcel 
Published: September 2006

AbstractBackgroundDelirium is the most common acute neuropsychiatric disorder in hospitalized elderly. The Dutch version of the Delirium Rating Scale—Revised‐98 (DRS‐R‐98) appears to be a reliable method to classify delirium. The aim of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of the DRS‐R‐98 and to study clinical subtypes of delirium using the DRS‐R‐98.MethodsPatients received the Dutch version of the DRS‐R‐98, the Mini‐Mental State Examination, the Confusion Assessment Method, and a clinical diagnosis of delirium according to DSM‐IV criteria, and their relatives the Informant Questionnaire Cognitive Decline in the Elderly.ResultsThe DRS‐R‐98 validation cohort (n = 65) consisted of 23 patients with delirium, 22 patients with dementia, and 20 non‐psychiatric comparison patients. For the delirium subtype study, a second cohort comprising 54 delirious patients was investigated. Median DRS‐R‐98 scores significantly distinguished delirium from dementia and no psychiatric disorder. Inter‐rater reliability (intra‐class correlation 0.97) and internal consistency (Crohnbach's alpha 0.94) were high. Positive scores of DRS‐R‐98 item 4 (affect liability) and item 7 (motor agitation) predicted the presence of non‐hypoactive delirium, with a specificity of 89% and a sensitivity of 57%.ConclusionThe results show that the Dutch version of the DRS‐R‐98 is a valid and reliable measure of delirium severity and distinguishes patients with delirium from patients with dementia and comparison patients. Furthermore, the DRS‐R‐98 is able to exclude hypoactive delirium. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of three rating scales as outcome measures for treatment trials of depression in Alzheimer disease: findings from DIADS
Authors: Mayer Lawrence S. , Bay R. Curt , Politis Antonios , Steinberg Martin , Steele Cynthia , Baker Alva S. , Rabins Peter V. , Lyketsos Constantine G. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractContextMajor depression affects about 25% of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and has serious adverse consequences for patients as well as caregivers. Studies of treatments for depression in AD, like most treatment studies, depend on the ability of the scales used to measure outcome to detect a difference between the effects of treatment and control, particularly in trials conducted over waves.ObjectiveTo compare the ability of three depression scales, and some of their subscales, to detect the difference in the effects of drug (treatment) and placebo (control).DesignComparison of three scales of depression in terms of percent variance explained as indicated by the adjusted or partial eta‐squared for the effect of drug versus placebo, controlling for baseline depression, in a randomized, placebo‐controlled, parallel, 12‐week, clinical trial of sertraline for the treatment of depression with AD.SettingUniversity outpatient clinic.ParticipantsForty‐four patients with probable Alzheimer's disease and Major Depressive Episode.Outcome measuresThe Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia (CSDD), the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), and the Neuropsychiatric‐Inventory Mood Domains (NPI‐M).ResultsExamination of the treatment effects as indicated by the partial eta‐squared's for each scale at each wave, revealed a slight, but not significant, advantage for the use of the CSDD over the HDRS, and a significant advantage for the use of either of these over the NPI‐M. Treatment effects, as reflected in the partial eta‐squared's computed for the subscales at each wave, were significant for all four subscales, and were largest for the CSDD ‘mood’ subscale although they were not significantly greater than for the other subscales.ConclusionsThe CSDD, and particularly its mood subscale, appears to be more sensitive than the HDRS, it's subscales or the NPI‐M, for comparing drug to placebo in treating major depression in AD patients. Treatment effects as reflected in the partial eta‐squared's were largest on the CSDD mood subscale and increased over time. The pattern for the other subscales was non‐monotonic over waves and resembled the pattern for the entire scale. Perhaps combining the CSDD two subscales obscures the treatment effects for the separate subscales. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The contribution of neuropsychiatric symptoms to the cost of dementia care
Authors: Herrmann Nathan , Lanctôt Krista L. , Sambrook Robert , Lesnikova Nadia , Hébert Réjean , McCracken Peter , Robillard Alain , Nguyen Elizabeth 
Published: September 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo estimate the contribution of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) to the costs of care.MethodA one‐year prospective study of resource utilization recorded monthly by 500 caregivers of community dwelling patients with dementia. The effect of behavior on total, direct and indirect costs of care was examined.ResultsThe total cost of care was $1,298 per month and there was a significant independent relationship between costs and BPSD. The incremental cost of a one point increase in Neuropsychiatric Inventory score was $30 per month (95% CI: $19–$41).ConclusionBPSD contribute significantly to the overall costs of dementia care. Interventions targeted at BPSD may help to reduce the staggering societal costs of this illness. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.