bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of proton pump inhibitors on the antiplatelet effects of clopidogrel
Authors: Morath Tanja , Stegherr Julia , Braun Siegmund , Vogt Wolfgang , Hadamitzky Martin , Schömig Albert , Kastrati Adnan , Beckerath Nicolas von , Sibbing Dirk 
Published: March 2009

SummaryPatients receiving dual antiplatelet treatment with aspirin and clopidogrel are commonly treated with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). Attenuating effects on platelet response to clopidogrel have been reported solely for the PPI omeprazole. PPIs differ in their metabolisation properties as well as their potential for drug-drug interactions. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of different PPIs (pantoprazole, omeprazole, esomeprazole) on platelet response to clopidogrel in patients with previous coronary stent placement under chronic clopidogrel treatment. In a cross-sectional observational study, consecutive patients under clopidogrel maintenance treatment (n=1,000) scheduled for a control coronary angiography were enrolled. Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-induced platelet aggregation (in AU*min) was measured with multiple electrode platelet aggregometry (MEA). From the entire study population, 268 (26.8%) patients were under PPI treatment at the time point of platelet function testing (pantoprazole, n=162; omeprazole, n=64; esomeprazole, n=42). Platelet aggregation (median [interquar-tile range]) was significantly higher in patients with omeprazole treatment (295.5 [193.5–571.2] AU*min) compared to patients without PPI treatment (220.0 [143.8–388.8] AU*min; p=0.001). Platelet aggregation was similar in patients with pantoprazole (226.0 [150.0–401.5] AU*min) or esomeprazole (209.0 [134.8–384.8] AU*min) treatment compared to patients without PPI treatment (p=0.69 and p=0.88, respectively). Attenuating effects of concomitant PPI treatment on platelet response to clopidogrel were restricted to the use of omeprazole. No attenuating effects on platelet response to clopidogrel were observed for pantoprazole or esomeprazole. Specifically designed and randomized clinical studies are needed to define the impact of concomitant PPI treatment on adverse events after percutaneous coronary intervention.
Sensitivity Studies of Aerosol–Cloud Interactions in Mixed-Phase Orographic Precipitation
Authors: Muhlbauer Andreas , Lohmann Ulrike 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Anthropogenic aerosols serve as a source of both cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and ice nuclei (IN) and affect microphysical properties of clouds. Increasing aerosol number concentration is assumed to retard the cloud droplet coalescence and the riming process in mixed-phase orographic clouds, thereby decreasing orographic precipitation.
In this study, idealized 3D simulations are conducted to investigate aerosol–cloud interactions in mixed-phase orographic clouds and the possible impact of anthropogenic and natural aerosols on orographic precipitation. Two different types of aerosol anomalies are considered: naturally occurring mineral dust and anthropogenic black carbon.
In the simulations with a dust aerosol anomaly, the dust aerosols serve as efficient ice nuclei in the contact mode, leading to an early initiation of the ice phase in the orographic cloud. As a consequence, the riming rates in the cloud are increased, leading to increased precipitation efficiency and enhancement of orographic precipitation.
The simulations with an anthropogenic aerosol anomaly suggest that the mixing state of the aerosols plays a crucial role because coating and mixing may cause the aerosols to initiate freezing in the less efficient immersion mode rather than by contact nucleation. It is found that externally mixed black carbon aerosols increase riming in orographic clouds and enhance orographic precipitation. In contrast, internally mixed black carbon aerosols decrease the riming rates, leading in turn to a decrease in orographic precipitation.
Structure and Detectability of Trends in Hydrological Measures over the Western United States
Authors: Das T. , Hidalgo H. G. , Pierce D. W. , Barnett T. P. , Dettinger M. D. , Cayan D. R. , Bonfils C. , Bala G. , Mirin A. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
This study examines the geographic structure of observed trends in key hydrologically relevant variables across the western United States at ⅛° spatial resolution during the period 1950–99. Geographical regions, latitude bands, and elevation classes where these trends are statistically significantly different from trends associated with natural climate variations are identified. Variables analyzed include late-winter and spring temperature, winter-total snowy days as a fraction of winter-total wet days, 1 April snow water equivalent (SWE) as a fraction of October–March (ONDJFM) precipitation total [precip(ONDJFM)], and seasonal [JFM] accumulated runoff as a fraction of water-year accumulated runoff. Observed changes were compared to natural internal climate variability simulated by an 850-yr control run of the finite volume version of the Community Climate System Model, version 3 (CCSM3-FV), statistically downscaled to a ⅛° grid using the method of constructed analogs. Both observed and downscaled model temperature and precipitation data were then used to drive the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) hydrological model to obtain the hydrological variables analyzed in this study. Large trends (magnitudes found less than 5% of the time in the long control run) are common in the observations and occupy a substantial part (37%–42%) of the mountainous western United States. These trends are strongly related to the large-scale warming that appears over 89% of the domain. The strongest changes in the hydrologic variables, unlikely to be associated with natural variability alone, have occurred at medium elevations [750–2500 m for JFM runoff fractions and 500–3000 m for SWE/Precip(ONDJFM)] where warming has pushed temperatures from slightly below to slightly above freezing. Further analysis using the data on selected catchments indicates that hydroclimatic variables must have changed significantly (at 95% confidence level) over at least 45% of the total catchment area to achieve a detectable trend in measures accumulated to the catchment scale.
The Moral Crisis in Post-Mao China: Prolegomenon to a Philosophical Analysis
Authors: Jiwei Ci 
Published: March 2009

AbstractFor quite some time there has been a collective perception of a moral crisis in post-Mao China. This perception is informed by standards held by members of Chinese society rather than by standards outside of it. In this article, the author attempts to lay the groundwork for a philosophical analysis of this moral crisis. He first explains why it is appropriate to speak of a moral crisis and then examines the structure of the crisis. This examination is partly conceptual and partly causal. The conceptual section of the article discusses terms frequently used in connection with the crisis and introduces some terms and distinctions of the author's own for further clarity. The causal section traces the moral crisis to a crisis of identification with moral authority or exemplars, the latter crisis in turn containing important clues to the structure of self and agency in Chinese moral culture.
On Micro-political Philosophy
Authors: Junqing Yi 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAround the turn of the century, political philosophy became one of the most lively areas of philosophical study in China. An important trend of development is represented by the shift from macro-political philosophy to micro-political philosophy. A careful analysis of this trend is the object of this paper. It shows how, in the Chinese context, micro-political philosophy, micro-history, critique of everyday life, and other theories much debated in the West, are relatively new. As such, a solid foundation for micro-political philosophy must be found within the theoretical resources established in the 20th century western culture, then integrated to the Chinese context and absorbed by this latter to get inspiration.
Political Slogans and Logic
Authors: Nianxi Xia 
Published: March 2009

AbstractSlogans have always been highly popular in China. They are extensively used in politics, as a typical form of public behavior. They are the most convenient and practical means of mobilizing people. Many political slogans or posters are still fresh in the memories of those who experienced the years of war or revolution in China. The most familiar slogans for people these days are those of the Communist Party of China, which exerted an enormous influence on people's lives.The English word ‘slogan’ has two corresponding meanings in Chinese: ‘slogan’ and ‘poster’. Slogans are designed to be chanted, exclaimed or shouted by people in public, thus appealing to people's sense of hearing. Posters are designed to be written, and hence appeal to people's sense of vision. This paper explores political slogans from the viewpoint of logics. It analyzes their stipulative structure and the implicit presuppositions they contain. It argues that, from a formal point of view, effective slogans should be free from logical fallacy, easy to remember, and rationally demonstrable.
An Evidence-Based Approach to Hamstring Strain Injury: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Authors: Prior Mathew , Guerin Michelle , Grimmer Karen 
Published: March 2009

Background: Hamstring strain injury is a common problem within sport. Despite research interest, knowledge of risks for and management of hamstring strain is limited, as evidenced by high injury rates. Objective: To present the current best evidence for hamstring strain injury risk factors and the management of hamstring strain injury. Methods: MEDLINE, AMED, SportDiscus, and AUSPORT databases were searched (key terms “hamstring” and “strain,” “injury,” “pull,” or “tear”) to identify relevant literature published between 1982 and 2007 in the English language. Studies of adult athlete populations (older than 18 years) pertaining to hamstring strain incidence, prevalence, and/or intervening management of hamstring strain injury were included. Articles were limited to full-text randomized, controlled studies or cohort studies. Twenty-four articles were included. Articles were critically appraised using the McMaster Quantitative Review Guidelines instrument. Data pertaining to injury rates and return to sport outcomes were extracted. Each author undertook independent appraisal of a random selection of articles after establishing inter-rater agreement of appraisal. Results: Previous strain, older age, and ethnicity were consistently reported as significant risks for injury, as was competing in higher levels of competition. Associations with strength and flexibility were conflicting. Functional rehabilitation interventions had preventive effects and resulted in significantly earlier return to sport. Additionally, weak evidence existed for other interventions. Conclusion: Current evidence is inconclusive regarding most interventions for hamstring strain injury, while the effect of potentially modifiable risks is unclear. Further high-quality prospective studies into potential risks and management are required to provide a better framework within which to target interventions.
Sagittal Plane Knee Biomechanics and Vertical Ground Reaction Forces Are Modified Following ACL Injury Prevention Programs: A Systematic Review
Authors: Padua Darin A. , DiStefano Lindsay J. 
Published: March 2009

Context: Injuries to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) occur because of excessive loading on the knee. ACL injury prevention programs can influence sagittal plane ACL loading factors and vertical ground reaction force (VGRF). Objective: To determine the influence of ACL injury prevention programs on sagittal plane knee biomechanics (anterior tibial shear force, knee flexion angle/moments) and VGRF. Data Sources: The PubMed database was searched for studies published between January 1988 and June 2008. Reference lists of selected articles were also reviewed. Study Selection: Studies were included that evaluated healthy participants for knee flexion angle, sagittal plane knee kinetics, or VGRF after performing a multisession training program. Two individuals reviewed all articles and determined which articles met the selection criteria. Approximately 4% of the articles fulfilled the selection criteria. Data Extraction: Data were extracted regarding each program’s duration, frequency, exercise type, population, supervision, and testing procedures. Means and variability measures were recorded to calculate effect sizes. One reviewer extracted all data and assessed study quality using PEDro (Physiotherapy Evidence Database). A second reviewer (blinded) verified all information. Results: There is moderate evidence to indicate that knee flexion angle, external knee flexion moment, and VGRF can be successfully modified by an ACL injury prevention program. Programs utilizing multiple exercises (ie, integrated training) appear to produce the most improvement, in comparison to that of single-exercise programs. Knee flexion angle was improved following integrated training (combined balance and strength exercises or combined plyometric and strength exercises). Similarly, external knee flexion moment was improved following integrated training consisting of balance, plyometric, and strength exercises. VGRF was improved when incorporating supervision with instruction and feedback on proper technique. Conclusion: ACL injury prevention programs that are aimed at modifying sagittal plane knee biomechanics and VGRF should use an integrated training approach that incorporates instruction and feedback on proper movement technique.
Focused Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy in Calcifying Tendinitis of the Shoulder: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Vavken Patrick , Holinka Johannes , Rompe Jan Dirk , Dorotka Ronald 
Published: March 2009

Background: The objective of this study is to assess the effectiveness of extracorporeal shock wave therapy in the management of calcifying tendinitis of the shoulder. Furthermore, a dose-response relationship was sought as a secondary confirmation of effectiveness. Hypothesis: Focused extracorporeal shock wave therapy has a high, dose-responsive effectiveness in the management of calcifying tendinitis of the shoulder. Study Design: Meta-analysis. Methods: Studies were identified from online databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Controlled Trials Register), manual searches, and personal communication with experts in the field. After assessment of heterogeneity, a random effects model was generated. The primary end points were identified as pain and function by using the visual analog scale and the Constant-Murley Score, respectively. These end points were pooled and the weighted mean differences and 95% confidence intervals were estimated. Odds ratios of the secondary end point deposit resorption were pooled. Results: In 14 studies, shock wave therapy led to a significantly higher reduction of pain (weighted mean difference, –2.8 points; 95% confidence interval, –4.2 to –1.5 points) and improvement of function (weighted mean difference, 19.8 points; 95% confidence interval, 13.4–26.3 points), compared to other treatments and placebo. High-energy treatment produced significantly better results than low-energy treatment for pain reduction (weighted mean difference, 1.7 points; 95% confidence interval, 0.7–2.6 points) and improvement of function (weighted mean difference, 10.7 points; 95% confidence interval, 7.2–14.1 points). These results are consistent with a dose-response relationship supporting the effectiveness of shock wave therapy. Conclusion: Shock wave therapy for calcifying tendinitis of the shoulder is effective in pain relief, function restoration, and deposit resorption; however, these conclusions are susceptible to bias arising from the limitations of the included studies.
Exclusive expression of proteasome subunit β5t in the human thymic cortex
Authors: Tomaru Utano , Ishizu Akihiro , Murata Shigeo , Miyatake Yukiko , Suzuki Sayuri , Takahashi Satomi , Kazamaki Taku , Ohara Jiro , Baba Tomohisa , Iwasaki Sari , Fugo Kazunori , Otsuka Noriyuki , Tanaka Keiji , Kasahara Masanori 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, which degrades intracellular proteins, is involved in numerous cellular processes, including the supply of immunocompetent peptides to the antigen presenting machinery. Proteolysis by proteasomes is conducted by three β subunits, β1, β2, and β5, of the 20S proteasome. Recently, a novel β subunit expressed exclusively in cortical thymic epithelial cells was discovered in mice. This subunit, designated β5t, is a component of the thymoproteasome, a specialized type of proteasomes implicated in thymic positive selection. In this study, we show that, like its mouse counterpart, human β5t is expressed exclusively in the thymic cortex. Human β5t was expressed in approximately 80% of cortical thymic epithelial cells and some cortical dendritic cells. Human β5t was incorporated into proteasomes with two other catalytically active β subunits β1i and β2i, forming 20S proteasomes with subunit compositions characteristic of thymoproteasomes. The present study demonstrates, for the first time, the existence of thymoproteasomes in the human thymic cortex, indicating that thymoproteasome function is likely conserved between humans and mice.
Enantiopure 1,8-Anthrylene Dimer with Acetylene Linkers and an Intraannular Alkyl Group
Authors: Toyota Shinji , Onishi Hiroyuki , Wakamatsu Kan , Iwanaga Tetsuo 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The title cyclic compound with an intraannular ethyl group was synthesized by macrocyclization with the Eglinton coupling and its enantiomers were resolved by chiral HPLC. The high barrier to racemization is discussed in terms of the steric hindrance of the ethyl group with a rigid ring moiety based on the molecular structure optimized by DFT method.
Ferrocene-containing Side Chain Polyrotaxanes Obtained by Radical Copolymerization of Styrenes with Acrylamide with a [2]Rotaxane Structure
Authors: Suzaki Yuji , Murata Shintaro , Osakada Kohtaro 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Radical copolymerization of styrenes and a [2]rotaxane monomer composed of ferrocene-containing N,N-dialkylacrylamide and dibenzo[24]crown-8-ether (DB24C8) yielded side chain polyrotaxanes.
The Sun's Role in Regulating the Earth's Climate Dynamics
Authors: Mackey Richard 
Published: March 2009

This paper introduces this thesis: The Sun-Earth system is electromagnetically, magneto-hydrodynamically and gravitationally coupled, dominated by significant non-linear, non-stationary interactions, which vary over time and throughout the three-dimensional structure of the Earth, its atmosphere and oceans. The essential elements of the Sun-Earth system are the solar dynamo, the heliosphere, the lunisolar tides, the Earth's inner and outer cores, mantle, crust, magnetosphere, oceans and atmosphere. The Sun-Earth system is non-ergodic (i.e. characterised by continuous change, complexity, disorder, improbability, spontaneity, connectivity and the unexpected). Climate dynamics, therefore, are non-ergodic, with highly variable climatological features at any one time. A theoretical framework for considering the role of the Sun in relation to the Earth's climate dynamics is outlined and ways in which the Sun affects climate reviewed. The forcing sources (independent variables) that influence climate processes (dependent variables) are analysed. This theoretical framework shows clearly the interaction effects between and amongst the two classes of variables. These seem to have the greatest effect on climate dynamics. Climate processes are interconnected and oscillating, yielding variable periodicities. Solar processes, especially when interacting, amplify or dampen these periodicities producing distinctive climatic cycles. As solar and climate processes are non-linear, non-stationary and non-ergodic, appropriate analytic methodologies are necessary to reveal satisfactorily solar/climate relationships.
Clusterin Expression Correlates With Stage and Presence of Large Cells in Mycosis Fungoides
Authors: Chandra Pranil , Plaza Jose A. , Zuo Zhuang , Diwan A. Hafeez , Koeppen Hartmut , Duvic Madeleine , Medeiros L. Jeffrey , Prieto Victor G. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Clusterin expression is common in systemic and cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL). Mycosis fungoides (MF) in large cell transformation can resemble ALCL. In this study, we immunohistochemically assessed for clusterin in 97 skin biopsy specimens, including 70 MF cases and 27 other cutaneous neoplasms including ALCL, peripheral T-cell lymphoma unspecified (PTCL), and lymphomatoid papulosis (LyP). Clusterin was positive in 36 (51%) of 70 cases of MF and correlated with clinical stage in 68 cases: 3 of 21 stage I, 11 of 20 stage II, and 23 of 27 stage III/IV. Clusterin expression also correlated with type of skin lesion (3/19 patch, 13/28 plaque, and 20/23 tumor/erythroderma) and number of large cells (6/30 small cell, 12/18 with increased large cells, and 18/22 with large cell transformation). Clusterin expression was not specific for MF as it also was positive in 3 of 3 cases of LyP, 2 of 2 systemic ALCL cases involving skin, 7 of 16 cutaneous ALCLs, and 1 of 6 PTCLs.
Analysis of Bacterial Detection in Whole Blood–Derived Platelets by Quantitative Glucose Testing at a University Medical Center
Authors: McKane A. Victoria , Ward Nancy , Senn Chris , Eubanks Julie , Wessels Linda , Bowman Robert 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
After the March 2004 implementation of American Association of Blood Banks standards regarding platelet bacterial detection, we began quantitative glucose screening of whole blood–derived platelets (WB-P). The glucose level was measured immediately before component release—often storage day 4 or 5—using the Glucometer SureStep Flexx Meter (LifeScan, Milpitas, CA), with a positive cutoff of less than 500 mg/dL; failing units were cultured and not transfused. During 29 months (March 1, 2004–July 31, 2006) 93,073 units of WB-P were tested. Initially, 929 units (0.998%) screened positively. Bacterial growth was culture-confirmed in 6 units, for a bacterial contamination incidence of 0.006% and a true-positive rate of 6.4/100,000. Three additional culture-confirmed contamination cases were detected in transfused units causing febrile nonhemolytic reactions, for a false-negative rate of 3.2/100,000. Our overall contamination prevalence was 9.6/100,000 units of platelets transfused, lower than ordinarily cited, and showed a false-negative rate remarkably congruent to that of culture: 3.2/100,000. A low-sensitivity screening test applied late in platelet shelf-life can be comparable to culture in preventing bacterial-related morbidity.