bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of mannose receptor during experimental leishmaniasis
Authors: Akilov Oleg E , Kasuboski Rachel E , Carter Cristina R , McDowell Mary Ann 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe primary host cells for Leishmania replication are macrophages (MP). Several molecules on the surface of professional phagocytic cells have been implicated in the initial process of parasite internalization and initiation of signaling pathways. These pattern recognition receptors distinguish molecular patterns on pathogen surfaces. Mannose receptor (MR), specifically, recognizes mannose residues on the surface of Leishmania parasites. We studied the role of MR in the pathogenesis of experimental cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis using MR-deficient [MR-knockout (KO)] C57BL/6 mice. MR-deficient MP exhibied a comparable infection rate and cytokine production. In the absence of MR, the clinical course of Leishmania major and Leishmania donovani infections was similar in MR-KO and wild-type mice (MR-WT). Furthermore, immunohistochemistry of cutaneous lesions from MR-KO and MR-WT mice revealed no differences in lesion architecture or cell components. Inhibition of MP responses is a hallmark of Leishmania infection; our data demonstrate further that host MR is not essential for blocking IFN-γ/LPS-induced IL-12 production and MAPK activation by Leishmania. Thus, we conclude that the MR is not essential for host defense against Leishmania infection or regulation of IL-12 production.
Risk of hip fracture in patients with a history of
schizophrenia
Authors: Howard Louise , Kirkwood Graham , Leese Morven 
Published: February 2007

BackgroundThere is evidence of an association between decreased bone mineral
density schizophrenia, and prolactin-raising antipsychotic medication.
However, it is not known whether this is clinically significant.AimsTo investigate whether patients with a history of schizophrenia are at
increased risk of hip fracture.MethodIn a case-control study, we compared cases of ‘hip fracture’ on the
General Practice Research Database (n=16 341) with
matched controls (n=29 889).ResultsHip fracture was associated with schizophrenia (OR=1.73; 95% CI
1.32-2.28), and prolactin-raising antipsychotics (OR=2.6; 95% CI
2.432.78), in the univariate analysis. In the multivariate analysis,
prolactin-raising antipsychotics were independently associated with hip
fracture but schizophrenia was not. A significant interaction between
gender and antipsychotics was found in the association with hip fracture
(P=0.042); OR=2.12 (95% C11.73-2.59)for men, OR=l.93
(95% C11.78-2.10) for women.ConclusionsThe association between prolactin-raising antipsychotic medication and
hip fracture may have serious implications for public health. Mental
health service patients may require preventive measures including dietary
and lifestyle advice.
Bioterrorism Training in U.S. Emergency Medicine Residencies: Has It Changed since 9/11?
Authors: Moye Philip Kevin , Pesik Nicki , Terndrup Thomas , Roe Jedd , Weissman Norman , Houston Thomas K. , Kiefe Catarina 
Published: February 2007

Objectives: To assess the change in prevalence of bioterrorism training among emergency medicine (EM) residencies from 1998 to 2005, to characterize current training, and to identify characteristics of programs that have implemented more intensive training methods. Methods: This was a national cross sectional survey of the 133 U.S. EM residencies participating in the 2005 National Resident Matching Program; comparison with a baseline survey from 1998 was performed. Types of training provided were assessed, and programs using experiential methods were identified. Results: Of 112 programs (84.2%) responding, 98% reported formal training in bioterrorism, increased from 53% (40/76) responding in 1998. In 2005, most programs with bioterrorism training (65%) used at least three methods of instruction, mostly lectures (95%) and disaster drills (80%). Fewer programs used experiential methods such as field exercises or bioterrorism‐specific rotations (35% and 13%, respectively). Compared with other programs, residency programs with more complex, experiential methods were more likely to teach bioterrorism‐related topics at least twice a year (83% vs. 59%; p = 0.018), to teach at least three topics (60% vs. 40%; p = 0.02), and to report funding for bioterrorism research and education (74% vs. 45%; p = 0.007). Experiential and nonexperiential programs were similar in program type (university or nonuniversity), length of program, number of residents, geographic location, and urban or rural setting. Conclusions: Training of EM residents in bioterrorism preparedness has increased markedly since 1998. However, training is often of low intensity, relying mainly on nonexperiential instruction such as lectures. Although current recommendations are that training in bioterrorism include experiential learning experiences, the authors found the rate of these experiences to be low.
Randomized Phase II Trial of Paclitaxel Plus Carboplatin or Gemcitabine Plus Cisplatin in Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status 2 Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer Patients: ECOG 1599
Authors: Langer Corey , Li Sigui , Schiller Joan , Tester William , Rapoport Bernardo L. , Johnson David H. 
Published: February 2007

Purpose Appropriate therapy for Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (PS) -2 patients with advanced non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains challenging. PS-2 patients on ECOG 1594 had a median survival (MS) of only 4.1 months and 1-year overall survival (OS) of 19%. Three percent had grade 5 toxicity. Patients and Methods ECOG 1599, the first PS 2–specific, US cooperative group trial for treatment-naïve advanced NSCLC, randomly assigned patients to dose-attenuated carboplatin/paclitaxel (the least toxic regimen in ECOG 1594) or gemcitabine/cisplatin (which yielded an MS of 7.9 months in PS-2 patients). Patients received either carboplatin (area under the concentration-time curve, 6) and paclitaxel 200 mg/m2 every 3 weeks (CbP) or gemcitabine 1 g/m2 days 1 and 8 and cisplatin 60 mg/m2 day 1 every 3 weeks (CG). Results One hundred three patients were enrolled; 100 proved eligible. Median age was 66 years; 46% had at least 5% weight loss; 88% had stage IV or recurrent disease. Median number of cycles administered was three per arm. CbP featured more grade 3 neutropathy (10% v 0%) and more grade ≥ 3 neutropenia (59% v 33%), whereas CG yielded more grade ≥ 3 thrombocytopenia (33% v 14%), more grade ≥ 3 fatigue (22% v 14%), and more grade ≥ 1 creatinine elevations (43% v 6%). One grade 5 toxicity, confined to the CbP arm, occurred. Response rate, time to progression, MS, and 1-year OS rates for CG and CbP, were 23%, 4.8 months, 6.9 months, and 25%, and 14%, 4.2 months, 6.2 months, and 19%, respectively. Conclusion Platinum-based combination chemotherapy for PS-2 patients with NSCLC is feasible with acceptable toxicity, but survival in these patients remains inferior to that of PS-0 to -1 patients.
Two Consecutive Phase II Window Trials of Irinotecan Alone or in Combination With Vincristine for the Treatment of Metastatic Rhabdomyosarcoma: The Children's Oncology Group
Authors: Pappo Alberto S. , Lyden Elizabeth , Breitfeld Phillip , Donaldson Sarah S. , Wiener Eugene , Parham David , Crews Kristine R. , Houghton Peter , Meyer William H. 
Published: February 2007

Purpose To estimate the antitumor activity and toxicity of irinotecan alone and in combination with vincristine when administered as window therapy and in combination with standard chemotherapy in pediatric patients with newly diagnosed metastatic rhabdomyosarcoma. Patients and Methods Nineteen patients younger than age 21 years with newly diagnosed metastatic rhabdomyosarcoma or undifferentiated sarcoma received window therapy with two cycles of irinotecan (20 mg/m2 daily for 5 days, repeated for 2 weeks) and 50 patients received window therapy with vincristine 1.5 mg/m2 (weeks 0, 1, 3, and 4) and two cycles of irinotecan (20 mg/m2 daily for 5 days, repeated for 2 weeks). Patients who achieved a partial response (PR) or complete response (CR) received these agents alternating with vincristine (V; 1.5/mg/m2), dactinomycin (A; 1.5 mg/m2), and cyclophosphamide (C; 2.2 g/m2) during weeks 6 through 41. Nonresponders were treated with VAC alone. Radiotherapy was administered to sites of disease at weeks 15 to 21. Results The window response rate (PR/CR) for patients who received irinotecan was 42% (95% CI, 38% to 80%) but the high progressive disease (PD) rate of 32% (95% CI, 11% to 52%) prompted closure of the trial. The window CR/PR rate for patients who received vincristine and irinotecan was 70% (95% CI, 57% to 83%), and the PD rate was only 8%. GI toxicities (abdominal pain, diarrhea, dehydration) were the most common adverse effects associated with the administration of irinotecan. Conclusion The combination of vincristine and irinotecan is highly active in metastatic rhabdomyosarcoma. The different mechanism of action and nonoverlapping toxicity profile with VAC makes this combination an attractive candidate for further testing in intermediate risk patients with rhabdomyosarcoma.
Physical Activity, Body Mass Index, and Mammographic Density in Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Survivors
Authors: Irwin Melinda L. , Aiello Erin J. , McTiernan Anne , Bernstein Leslie , Gilliland Frank D. , Baumgartner Richard N. , Baumgartner Kathy B. , Ballard-Barbash Rachel 
Published: February 2007

Purpose To investigate the association between physical activity, body mass index (BMI), and mammographic density in a racially/ethnically diverse population-based sample of 522 postmenopausal women diagnosed with stage 0-IIIA breast cancer and enrolled in the Health, Eating, Activity, and Lifestyle Study. Methods We collected information on BMI and physical activity during a clinic visit 2 to 3 years after diagnosis. Weight and height were measured in a standard manner. Using an interview-administered questionnaire, participants recalled the type, duration, and frequency of physical activities they had performed in the last year. We estimated dense area and percentage density as a continuous measure using a computer-assisted software program from mammograms imaged approximately 1 to 2 years after diagnosis. Analysis of covariance methods were used to obtain mean density across WHO BMI categories and physical activity tertiles adjusted for confounders. Results We observed a statistically significant decline in percentage density (P for trend = .0001), and mammographic dense area (P for trend = .0052), with increasing level of BMI adjusted for potential covariates. We observed a statistically significant decline in mammographic dense area (P for trend = .036) with increasing level of sports/recreational physical activity in women with a BMI of at least 30 kg/m2. Conversely, in women with a BMI less than 25 kg/m2, we observed a non–statistically significant increase in mammographic dense area and percentage density with increasing level of sports/recreational physical activity. Conclusion Increasing physical activity among obese postmenopausal breast cancer survivors may be a reasonable intervention approach to reduce mammographic density.
Wear and biological activity of highly crosslinked polyethylene in the hip under low serum protein concentrations
Authors: Galvin A L , Tipper J L , Jennings L M , Stone M H , Jin Z M , Ingham E , Fisher J 
Published: February 2007

Crosslinked ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) has been developed and introduced into clinical practice in order to reduce wear in the hip. Zero wear of highly crosslinked UHMWPE in vitro has been reported by some groups using lubricants with high concentrations of serum proteins in hip simulators. In contrast, some clinical studies have reported finite wear rates. The aim of this study was to compare the wear rates, wear surfaces, and wear debris produced by UHMWPE with different levels of crosslinking in a hip joint simulator, with lower, more physiologically relevant concentrations of protein in the lubricant. The UHMWPEs were tested in the Leeds ProSim hip joint simulator against cobalt-chromium (CoCr) femoral heads. The wear particles were isolated and imaged using a field emission gun scanning electron microscope (FEGSEM) at high resolution. The highly crosslinked UHMWPEs had significantly lower wear volumes than the non-crosslinked UHMWPEs. No significant difference was found in the percentage number and percentage volume of the particles in different size ranges from any of the materials. They had similar values of specific biological activity. The functional biological activity (FBA), which takes into account the wear volume and specific biological activity, showed that the highly crosslinked UHMWPEs had lower FBAs due to their lower wear volume.
Fluorescent Calix[4]arene-appended Silica Nanotubes as Selective Chemosensor and Adsorbent for Pb2+ Ion
Authors: Kim Tae Ho , Jung Jong Hwa , Choi Jung Kyu , Choi Yun Hee , Lee Soo Jin , Seo Moo Lyong , Kim Jong Seung 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Functionalized silica nanotube (FSNT) possessing a calix[4]arene moiety as a fluorescent receptor is fabricated by sol–gel reaction. The FSNT suspension in water selectively adsorbs 98% of Pb2+ over other metal ions (Li+, Na+, K+, Cs+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Zn2+, and Ag+) and shows quenched fluorescence emission in both pyrene monomer and excimer bands.
Population‐Scale Movement of Coastal Cutthroat Trout in a Naturally Isolated Stream Network
Authors: Gresswell Robert E. , Hendricks Steven R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTo identify population‐scale patterns of movement, coastal cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii tagged and marked (35 radio‐tagged, 749 passive integrated transponder [PIT]‐tagged, and 3,025 fin‐clipped) were monitored from June 1999 to August 2000. The study watershed, located in western Oregon, was above a natural barrier to upstream movement. Emigration out of the watershed was estimated with a rotating fish trap. Approximately 70% of recaptured coastal cutthroat trout with PIT tags and 86% of those with radio tags moved predominantly at the channel‐unit scale (2–95 m); fewer tagged fish moved at the reach scale (66–734 m) and segment scale (229–3,479 m). In general, movement was greatest in April as spawning peaked and lowest in October, when discharge was at its lowest. Only 63 (<1% of tagged and marked fish) coastal cutthroat trout were captured in the fish trap. Trap efficiency was about 33%, and the expanded estimate of emigrants between February and June was 173 fish. These results suggest that unit‐scale movement is common throughout the year and that reach‐ and segment‐scale movements are important during the winter and spring. Although movement in headwater streams is most common at the channel‐unit scale, restoration of individual channel units of stream may not benefit the population at the watershed scale unless these activities are undertaken in the context of the greater whole. Individual coastal cutthroat trout move great distances, even within the small watersheds in the Oregon Coast Range, and although these movements may be infrequent, they may contribute substantially to recolonization after stochastic extirpation events (e.g., landslides and debris flows). Management strategies that focus on maintaining and restoring connectivity in a watershed represent an important step toward protecting the evolutionary capacity of stream salmonids.
Seasonal and Ontogenic Shifts in Microhabitat Selection by Fishes in the Shallow Waters of the Detroit River, a Large Connecting Channel
Authors: Lapointe Nicolas W. R. , Corkum Lynda D. , Mandrak Nicholas E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe examined the relationship between microhabitat variables and fish distributions in a large connecting channel, the Detroit River. Fishes were sampled by boat seine at 60 sites in shallow (<2.5 m) Canadian waters in May, July, and September 2004. Length‐frequency distributions were used to separate species into small‐ and large‐species size categories. Fish–microhabitat associations were examined by applying canonical correspondence analysis separately for each season. Small fishes were often more strongly associated with microhabitat variables than large conspecifics. For example, small centrarchids were more strongly associated with complex macrophytes than large centrarchids in the spring; however, this pattern varied among seasons. We attribute the stronger microhabitat associations of small fishes to predator avoidance. Small‐bodied species also selected habitats that provided protection against predation: The spotfin shiner Cyprinella spiloptera preferred shallow water, and the round goby Neogobius melanostomus preferred coarse substrate. We observed a strong difference in microhabitat preferences between the small and large size categories of a species. Fish size played a greater role than season in determining fish–microhabitat associations. We found that macrophytes with a complex morphological structure were the most important factor in determining fish distributions in all seasons, while depth ranked second or third in importance. Fishes use an array of microhabitats in the Detroit River, and habitat heterogeneity is essential for promoting a diverse fish assemblage.
Factors Affecting Survival Rates of a Recovering Lake Trout Population Estimated by Mark–Recapture in Lake Superior, 1969–1996
Authors: Pollock Kenneth H. , Yoshizaki Jun , Fabrizio Mary C. , Schram Stephen T. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe used data from a long‐term Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources mark–recapture study to examine the dynamics of survival in a recovering population of lake trout Salvelinus namaycush in western Lake Superior from 1969 to 1996. Survival rates were estimated using the Cormack–Jolly–Seber method, and a series of models were constructed to examine the effect of year, size, sex, and origin (hatchery versus wild) on the survival rates of lake trout captured within the Gull Island Shoal refuge established in 1976. To select among the models, we used Akaike's information criterion corrected for small sample size and overdispersion. Our estimates of survival rates were adjusted using previously published tag loss rates for the three types of tags used since 1969. Survival estimates for wild fish varied widely among years; the lowest survival rates were observed in 1973 and 1974 and again in 1985 and 1986. Survival rates of wild fish were dependent on sex and size: Survival rates for male lake trout were 7% lower on average than those for female fish (means, 0.76 and 0.83), and large‐sized fish tended to have higher survival rates. Survival rates of hatchery‐reared fish could not be estimated for the entire time period owing to sample‐size issues; however, between 1983 and 1996 we found that hatchery fish survival rates were on average about 3% lower than those for wild fish. Survival estimates within the refuge were higher than estimates reported by others for fish outside the refuge and slightly higher than estimates from other Great Lakes studies.
Fish and Amphibian Tolerance Values and an Assemblage Tolerance Index for Streams and Rivers in the Western USA
Authors: Whittier Thomas R. , Hughes Robert M. , Lomnicky Gregg A. , Peck David V. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAquatic species' tolerances to overall human disturbance are key components of biological assessments of aquatic ecosystems. These tolerance classifications enable development of metrics for use in multimetric indexes, such as the index of biotic integrity (IBI). Usually, species are classified as being tolerant, moderately tolerant, or intolerant (sensitive) to human disturbance. Traditionally, for fish‐based IBIs, these assignments are based on a combination of professional judgment and information from state fish books. We used fish and amphibian species data in conjunction with chemical, physical, and landscape indicators of human disturbance collected at 1,001 stream and river sites in 12 western states (USA) sampled by the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program in 2000–2004. Using principal components analyses, we created synthetic disturbance variables for water nutrients, site‐scale physical habitat, catchment‐scale land use, and overall human disturbance. We calculated species' tolerance values for the four synthetic disturbance variables as weighted (by relative abundances) averages plus SDs. For each site, we used the tolerance values (based on the overall synthetic disturbance variables) and relative abundances of species to calculate an assemblage tolerance index (ATI) score. We discuss (1) how the tolerance values could be used in establishing species tolerance classifications appropriate for regional species pools and (2) potential application of the ATI to the IBI and to bioassessments in general.
Getting Off: Portrayals of Masculinity in Hip Hop Dance in Film
Authors: LaBoskey Sara 
Published: February 2007

Imagine you are fourteen years old. You are standing outside a general store with a group of friends. Some are chatting. Others are licking the drips off of melting popsicles. Suddenly, one starts the voice beat, a syncopated scattering of long and short huffs deep in his throat. You stop, turn, and begin to bob your head to the beat. Others chime in with claps, back beats, and “uh-huh's” and “oh-yeah's.” Someone takes a small cardboard floor mat from under his arm and sets it on the concrete sidewalk. You begin to congregate in a circle around the board. A few kids run over from across the street and add their faces to the anxious crowd. You wait for the first fighter to take the ring.For B-boys and B-girls in the South Bronx in the early 1980s, this type of event was common. This cardboard square became a haven for self-expression and hope, a source of life. Within these rings of familiar faces, young black and Latino teenagers, almost exclusively male, used breakdance—in Nelson George's words “a serious game, a form of urban vernacular dance” (George 1985, 83)—to earn respect and authority in a neighborhood that provoked feelings of insignificance and hopelessness. Hip hop dance, George continues, “symbolizes hope for the future…. As Fab Five Freddy puts it…what's at stake is a guy's honor and his position in the street. Which is all you have. That's what makes it so important, that's what makes it feel so good” (George 1985, 111). For male teenagers growing up in poor, dangerous neighborhoods, the desire to become someone, to overcome and make it out as a somebody is a powerful drive.Bronx teenagers found their voices through their bodies. They built up and perfected a large vocabulary of hip hop moves to communicate a wide variety of emotions and messages. Each move merged with the next to create a fluid, poetic language. From the inception of the hip hop culture, and persisting through its various eras—”Old School to the New School through gangsta rap to the latest innovators” (Bing 1998, 58)—hip hop dance has provided the arena for the expression and affirmation of masculinity. Built into this artistry is competition and domination, sexuality and libido, and hero worship.
Sima Tan and the Invention of Daoism, “Legalism,”et cetera
Authors: Smith Kidder 
Published: February 2007

Here's a short version: The “-ism” we invoke when we posit things like “Daoism” was glimpsed for the first time by Sima Tan. (d. 110b.c.e.), lord grand astrologer (taishigong) to the Han court. His essay “Yaozhi”(Essential points), included in the final chapter of his son Sima Qian'sTaishigong, analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of six approaches to governance:Yinyang,Ru(known to us as Confucians),Mo(the Mohists),Fajia(called Legalists),Mingjia(called Sophists), andDaojia(or Daode, the supposed Daoists).