bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fat Intake Affects Adiposity, Comorbidity Factors, and Energy Metabolism of Sprague‐Dawley Rats
Authors: Ghibaudi Lorraine , Cook John , Farley Constance , van Heek Margaret , Hwa Joyce J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Childhood obesity is an emerging health problem. This study assesses the effects of three levels of dietary fat (10%, 32%, and 45% measured by kilocalories) on weight gain, body composition, energy metabolism, and comorbidity factors in rats from weaning through maturation.Research Methods and Procedures: The role of dietary fat on the susceptibility to obesity was assessed by feeding diets containing three levels of dietary fat to rats from weaning through 7 months of age. Body composition was analyzed by DXA after 6 and 12 weeks of dietary treatment. Energy metabolism was measured by indirect calorimetry.Results: Energy intake, weight gain, fat mass, and plasma glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, free fatty acid, leptin, and insulin levels increased dose‐dependently with increased dietary fat. No difference in absolute lean mass among the three groups was observed. Therefore, the differences in weight gain are accounted for primarily by increased fat accretion. Compared with rats that were relatively resistant to obesity when on a 45% fat diet, diet‐induced obesity‐prone rats were in positive energy balance and had an elevated respiratory quotient, indicating a switch in energy substrate use from fat to carbohydrate, which promotes body‐fat accretion.Discussion: Our data support the hypothesis that administration of increasing amount of dietary fat to very young rats enhances susceptibility to diet‐induced obesity and its comorbidities.
Impact of Body Mass Index on Changes in Common Carotid Artery Wall Thickness
Authors: Stevens June , Juhaeri  , Cai Jianwen , Evans Gregory W. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective:To examine associations between changes in body mass index (BMI) and changes in carotid artery intima‐media thickness (IMT) in a community‐based sample.Research Methods and Procedures:Carotid artery IMT and BMI were assessed at baseline (between 1987 and 1990) and in three subsequent examinations at 3‐year intervals in participants in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities cohort. The 9316 African‐American and white men and women in the analysis were 45 to 64 years of age at baseline. Cross‐sectional associations between BMI and IMT were assessed using general linear models. Longitudinal associations were examined using mixed models analysis.Results:Cross‐sectional associations between BMI and IMT were confirmed. At baseline, a 1‐kg/m2increase in BMI was associated with an increase in IMT that ranged from 2.5 to 7.5 μm among the ethnic‐gender groups examined. Changes in BMI were not associated with changes in IMT in models that adjusted for aging and other covariates. Results were similar across ethnic‐gender groups.Discussion:Among free‐living, 45‐ to 64‐year‐old adults, changes in common carotid artery IMT associated with changes in BMI are either very small or absent.
Effect of Rosiglitazone on Insulin Sensitivity and Body Composition in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Authors: Carey David G. , Cowin Gary J. , Galloway Graham J. , Jones Nigel P. , Richards Jackie C. , Biswas Nandita , Doddrell David M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To investigate the effects of rosiglitazone (RSG) on insulin sensitivity and regional adiposity (including intrahepatic fat) in patients with type 2 diabetes.Research Methods and Procedures: We examined the effect of RSG (8 mg/day, 2 divided doses) compared with placebo on insulin sensitivity and body composition in 33 type 2 diabetic patients. Measurements of insulin sensitivity (euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp), body fat (abdominal magnetic resonance imaging and DXA), and liver fat (magnetic resonance spectroscopy) were taken at baseline and repeated after 16 weeks of treatment.Results: There was a significant improvement in glycemic control (glycosylated hemoglobin −0.7 ± 0.7%, p ≤ 0.05) and an 86% increase in insulin sensitivity in the RSG group (glucose‐disposal rate change from baseline: 17.5 ± 14.5 μmol glucose/min/kg free fat mass, p < 0.05), but no significant change in the placebo group compared with baseline. Total body weight and fat mass increased (p ≤ 0.05) with RSG (2.1 ± 2.0 kg and 1.4 ± 1.6 kg, respectively) with 95% of the increase in adiposity occurring in nonabdominal regions. In the abdominal region, RSG increased subcutaneous fat area by 8% (25.0 ± 28.7 cm2, p = 0.02), did not alter intra‐abdominal fat area, and reduced intrahepatic fat levels by 45% (−6.7 ± 9.7%, concentration relative to water).Discussion: Our data indicate that RSG greatly improves insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes and is associated with an increase in adiposity in subcutaneous but not visceral body regions.
Physical Activity and the Metabolic Syndrome in a Tri‐ethnic Sample of Women
Authors: Irwin Melinda L. , Ainsworth Barbara E. , Mayer‐Davis Elizabeth J. , Addy Cheryl L. , Pate Russell R. , Durstine J. Larry 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To determine the association of moderate‐intensity physical activity (PA), vigorous‐intensity PA, and maximal treadmill duration with the metabolic syndrome among African‐American (n = 49), Native‐American (n = 46), and white (n = 51) women (ages, 40 to 83 years), enrolled in the Cross‐Cultural Activity Participation Study.Research Methods and Procedures: The metabolic syndrome was defined as three or more of the following risk factors: waist circumference >88 cm, blood pressure ≥130/85 mm Hg, fasting glucose ≥110 mg/dL, hypertriglyceridemia (≥150 mg/dL), and high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol <50 mg/dL. PA was determined from detailed PA records that included all PA performed during two consecutive 4‐day periods. Maximal treadmill duration was determined from a graded exercise test. Women were categorized into quartiles of moderate‐intensity PA, vigorous‐intensity PA, and maximal treadmill duration. Multiple logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios of the metabolic syndrome as a function of the four PA categories, adjusted for age, ethnicity, study site, menopausal status, and use of hormone‐replacement therapy.Results: The adjusted odds ratio for the metabolic syndrome was 0.18 (95% confidence interval, 0.33 to 0.90) for women in the highest category of moderate‐intensity PA compared with women in the lowest category (p = 0.01 for trend). Similar associations were observed for the metabolic syndrome with vigorous‐intensity PA (p = 0.01 for trend) and maximal treadmill duration (p = 0.0004 for trend).Discussion: Higher levels of moderate and vigorous‐intensity PA and greater maximal treadmill duration were inversely associated with the metabolic syndrome among an ethnically diverse sample of women.
Association of Physical Activity and Visceral Adipose Tissue in Older Women and Men
Authors: Riechman Steven E. , Schoen Robert E. , Weissfeld Joel L. , Thaete F. Leland , Kriska Andrea M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Physical inactivity, abdominal fat, and age are known risk factors for diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and certain cancers. Previous evidence supports an inverse relationship between physical activity (PA) and abdominal fat estimated by waist circumference. However, few investigations used computed tomography (CAT) scanning for precise measures of abdominal fat.Research Methods and Procedures: Sixty‐five female and 106 male (age, 64.5 ± 5.2 years) participants in the Prostate, Lung, Colon and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial underwent a cross‐sectional L4–L5 CAT scan to differentiate visceral adipose tissue (VAT). Subjects were also interviewed by phone to determine PA and physical difficulties (PD).Results: Women had lower VAT (170 ± 84 vs. 205 ± 95 cm2, p = 0.014), lower VAT/total fat (29.9 ± 7.2% vs. 42.6 ± 10.2%, p < 0.001), and higher total fat (596 ± 385 vs. 482 ± 183 cm2, p = 0.010) than men. PA was inversely correlated to VAT (r = −0.164, p = 0.034) and total fat (r = −0.231, p = 0.003) in men and women. Those who reported a PD had higher VAT (249 vs. 180 cm2, p < 0.001) and total fat (652 vs. 500 cm2, p = 0.008). Multiple regression analysis indicated total PA and PD were independently associated to VAT and total fat.Discussion: This investigation suggests a beneficial effect of PA and a negative influence of PD on abdominal fat accumulation. Although the cross‐sectional design limits cause‐effect designations, these results are consistent with other studies showing PA/abdominal fat relation.
Plasma Adiponectin Levels in Overweight and Obese Asians
Authors: Yang Wei‐Shiung , Lee Wei‐Jei , Funahashi Tohru , Tanaka Sachiyo , Matsuzawa Yuji , Chao Chia‐Ling , Chen Chi‐Ling , Tai Tong‐Yuan , Chuang Lee‐Ming 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Hypoadiponectin has been documented in subjects with obesity, diabetes mellitus, or coronary heart disease, suggesting a potential use of plasma adiponectin in following the clinical progress in subjects with metabolic syndrome (MS). In this study, we investigated the plasma adiponectin levels in relation to the variables of MS among overweight/obese Asian subjects.Research Methods and Procedures: The plasma adiponectin, anthropometric and biochemical measurements, oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT), and modified insulin suppression tests were performed on 180 overweight/obese Asian subjects [body mass index (BMI) ≥ 23 kg/m2], including 47 subjects with morbid obesity (BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2).Results: The plasma adiponectin levels negatively correlated with BMI, waist‐to‐hip ratio, fasting plasma glucose, insulin, triglyceride, uric acid levels, hyperinsulinemia, and glucose intolerance in OGTT, but positively with high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol. In contrast, they were not related to blood pressure and total cholesterol. Moreover, insulin sensitivity, measured by quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) or in insulin suppression tests, significantly correlated with the plasma adiponectin levels. Among morbidly obese subjects, only the waist‐to‐hip ratio correlated with the plasma adiponectin levels. Using multivariate linear regression models, the area under curve of plasma glucose in OGTT and high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol among the overweight/obese subjects and WHR among the morbidly obese subjects were significantly related to the plasma adiponectin levels after adjustment for other variables.Discussion: In overweight/obese Asians, the plasma adiponectin levels significantly correlated with various indices of MS except hypertension. Whether the plasma adiponectin level could be a suitable biomarker for following the clinical progress of MS warrants further investigation.
Binge‐Eating Disorder in Brazilian Women on a Weight‐Loss Program
Authors: Borges M. Beatriz F. , Jorge Miguel R. , Morgan Christina M. , da Silveira Dartiu Xavier , Custódio Osvladir 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To examine binge‐eating disorder (BED) and its association with obesity, weight patterns, and psychopathology in a Brazilian sample of female participants of a weight‐loss program in São Paulo, Brazil.Research Methods and Procedures: Two hundred and seventeen overweight (body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m2) women, ages 15 to 59 years, enrolled in the Weight Watchers Program were recruited for the study at a program branch meeting after completing the Questionnaire on Eating and Weight Patterns–Revised, Beck Depression Inventory, and the Toronto Alexithymia Scale‐20. Participants were categorized into four groups: those who met questionnaire criteria for BED, those who met questionnaire criteria for bulimia nervosa (BN), those that reported binge eating but did not meet all the criteria for any eating disorder (BE), and those with no eating disorder symptoms (No ED). Groups were compared on measures of weight, depressive symptoms, and alexithymia.Results: Binge eating was frequently reported by women in this study (BED, 16.1%; BN, 4.6%; BE, 22.6%). BED women had significantly higher body mass index, greater highest weight ever, and more frequent weight cycling than the No ED group. BED women also reported more depressive symptoms than BE and No ED women, and were more alexithymic than the No ED group. BE women presented more frequent weigh cycling and were also more depressed and alexithymic than the No ED group.Discussion: BED is not uncommon in overweight Brazilian women, and similar to North American and European samples, it is associated with overweight and higher levels of psychopathology in this population.
Two Measures of Health‐Related Quality of Life in Morbid Obesity
Authors: de Zwaan Martina , Mitchell James E. , Howell L. Michael , Monson Nancy , Swan‐Kremeier Lorraine , Roerig James L. , Kolotkin Ronette L. , Crosby Ross D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To compare health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) measures in obese presurgery patients with and without binge‐eating disorder (BED) and to investigate the relationship between a generic [short form‐36 (SF‐36)] and a disease‐specific HRQOL measure [Impact of Weight on Quality of Life Questionnaire (IWQOL)] and measures of eating‐related and general psychopathology.Research Methods and Procedures: One hundred ten patients ages 19 to 62 years with a mean body mass index of 48.4 ± 8.3 kg/m2 who were evaluated for gastric bypass surgery were asked to fill out questionnaires assessing eating‐related and general psychopathology (depression, self‐esteem), as well as the two HRQOL questionnaires. BED was assessed by self‐report.Results: Nineteen (17.3%) patients met criteria for BED. Significant differences between patients with and without BED were found for four of the eight subscales of the SF‐36—with effect sizes ranging from 0.44 to 0.75—and for the total score and three of the five subscales of the IWQOL‐Lite—with effect sizes from 0.57 to 0.74. The mental composite score of the SF‐36 as well as the IWQOL total score correlated significantly with the measures of psychopathology.Discussion: This is the first study comparing the results of HRQOL measures in morbidly obese presurgery patients with and without BED. The results indicate that BED has a profound negative impact on HRQOL that exceeds the influence of obesity. Both HRQOL measures were able to reliably discriminate between patients with and without BED. Depression and self‐esteem influenced HRQOL in a similar way as binge eating.
Ghrelin and the Hyposomatotropism of Obesity
Authors: Lindeman Jan H.N. , Pijl Hanno , van Dielen François M.H. , Lentjes Eef G.W.M. , van Leuven Cees , Kooistra Teake 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Human obesity is characterized by growth hormone (GH) deficiency, which appears primarily related to a central pattern of obesity and is reverted on weight loss. As yet, the metabolic basis of the GH deficiency remains to be elucidated. The recently discovered endogenous ligand for the GH secretagogue receptor, ghrelin, stimulates GH secretion when administered to rodents or healthy humans. It may thus be hypothesized that low ghrelin levels underlie the hyposomatropism in obesity.Research Methods and Procedures: We have tested this hypothesis in individuals with widely varying body mass and fat distribution and evaluated whether the improved GH concentrations on weight loss are associated with enhanced ghrelin levels.Results: Both plasma GH and ghrelin levels were reciprocally related with body mass index (r = −0.67, p < 0.001). However, whereas 24‐hour GH secretion was negatively related to the visceral fat area (r = −0.72, p < 0.01), ghrelin levels showed a positive relationship with the visceral fat area (r = 0.49, p < 0.02). Weight loss resulted in increased GH secretion (median 24‐hour GH area under the curve: 1983 vs. 4024 mU/day before and after weight loss, respectively; p < 0.01) but did not affect ghrelin levels. No relationship could be found between GH and ghrelin plasma levels in obese subjects when comparing diurnal concentration profiles.Discussion: We showed that plasma ghrelin and GH levels are both reciprocally related with body mass index, but no causative relationship could be demonstrated between low ghrelin levels and the hyposomatropism in human obesity.
Body Composition in a Seasonal Model of Obesity: Longitudinal Measures and Validation of DXA
Authors: Hunter Heather L. , Nagy Tim R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Collared lemmings, Dicrostonyx groenlandicus, show rapid changes in body mass on a seasonal basis. The objective of this study was to measure longitudinal changes in body composition in animals undergoing photoperiod‐induced weight gain and loss using DXA.Research Methods and Procedures: Adult, female collared lemmings exposed to either long (LD; 22 hours light/2 hours dark) or short (SD; 8 hours light/16 hours dark) photoperiods were anesthetized, and DXA was used to determine fat mass, lean tissue mass (LTM), total‐body bone mineral content, and total‐bone mineral density. After a baseline scan, one‐half of the animals were transferred to the alternate photoperiod (SD‐LD, weight loss; LD‐SD, weight gain) and one‐half remained on the same photoperiod (controls; SD‐SD, LD‐LD). Body composition was determined by DXA after 4 and 8 weeks. Animals were killed, and body composition was determined by carcass analysis. DXA‐derived data were validated by comparing with carcass analysis.Results: Body composition by DXA was highly related to body composition measured by chemical analysis, thereby justifying the use of DXA. Lemmings in the SD‐LD group lost weight, and this was reflected in measurable losses of fat and LTM. Lemmings in the LD‐SD group gained weight, which was shown by measurable increases in fat, LTM and total‐body bone mineral content.Discussion: Comparison of body composition determined by DXA to that by chemical extraction revealed that DXA is useful for measuring body composition. The longitudinal analysis revealed that collared lemmings undergo rapid changes in body composition when exposed to changes in photoperiod.
Overnight Dexamethasone Suppression Test: A Reliable Screen for Cushing's Syndrome in the Obese
Authors: Ness‐Abramof Rosane , Nabriski Dan , Apovian Caroline M. , Niven Mark , Weiss Eliahu , Shapiro Menachem S. , Shenkman Louis 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Reevaluation of the validity of the 1‐mg overnight dexamethasone suppression test (ODST) as a screening test for Cushing's syndrome in obese patients.Research Methods and Procedures: Eighty‐six obese patients (body mass index, 30 to 53 kg/m2) that were referred to a general endocrine outpatient clinic for evaluation of simple obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, polycystic ovary disease, or pituitary tumor. One milligram dexamethasone was administered orally at 11:00 pm, and serum cortisol levels were measured the following morning between 8:00 am and 9:00 am. Suppression of serum cortisol to <80 nM (3 μg/dL) was chosen as the cut‐off point for normal suppression. Patients with serum cortisol levels ≥80 nM were evaluated for Cushing's syndrome.Results: Suppression of morning cortisol levels to <80 nM occurred in 79 of the 86 obese patients. Seven patients had serum cortisol levels higher than 80 nM; five were eventually diagnosed with Cushing's syndrome and two were considered false positive results in view of normal 24‐hour free urinary cortisol and normal suppression on a low dose dexamethasone suppression test (0.5 mg of dexamethasone every 6 hours for 2 days). We found a false positive rate of 2.3% for the ODST using a cut‐off serum cortisol of 80 nM.Discussion: The ODST is a valid screening test for Cushing's syndrome in the obese population. The false positive rate was 2.3%, even when using a strict cut‐off serum cortisol of 80 nM. Abnormal cortisol suppression in obese patients should be investigated and not be considered false positive results.
Impact of Dieting Status and Dietary Restraint on Postexercise Energy Intake in Overweight Women
Authors: Visona Cristina , George Valerie A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To investigate the unknown relationship between dieting status and dietary restraint on postexercise energy intake (PE‐EI) in overweight sedentary women after a bout of moderate‐intensity exercise. Specifically, this was investigated in women who were categorized as dieting with high restraint, nondieting with high restraint, or nondieting with low restraint.Research Methods and Procedures: This study consisted of two experimental conditions, exercise (E) and nonexercise (NE) in a counterbalanced‐crossover design on 2 different days. On the E day, the subjects participated in moderate‐intensity exercise, walking on a treadmill for 60 minutes at 60% to 70% of their maximum heart rate. PE‐EI at lunch and 12 hours after was compared on the E and an NE day. Dietary restraint was determined using the Three‐Factor Eating Questionnaire.Results: Participants (n = 36) were 26 ± 7 years of age, sedentary, and had a mean body mass index of 27 ± 3 kg/m2. There was a significant interaction (F(2,33) = 3.32, p = 0.049) of dieting/restraint status and condition (E vs. NE day) on 12‐hour EI. The mean difference in 12‐hour EI between the E and the NE day was significantly higher (p < 0.01) for the dieting with high restraint than for the nondieting with high restraint.Discussion: The results of this study demonstrate that dieting status, high dietary restraint, and higher levels of disinhibition may influence PE‐EI in overweight women after a bout of moderate‐intensity physical activity.
Race, Menopause, Health‐Related Quality of Life, and Psychological Well‐Being in Obese Women
Authors: Laferrère Blandine , Zhu ShanKuan , Clarkson Jennifer R. , Yoshioka Marianne R.M. , Krauskopf Katherine , Thornton John C. , Pi‐Sunyer F. Xavier 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To investigate the health‐related quality of life (HR‐QOL) in African‐American (AA) and white (W) obese women.Research Methods and Procedures: Participants were 145 obese women (80 AA and 65 W; 87 premenopausal and 58 postmenopausal) who completed the Medical Outcomes Study short form, the Brief Symptom Inventory, the Life Distress Inventory, the Satisfaction With Life Scale, and the Rosenberg Self‐Esteem Scale before entering a weight‐loss study. The mean age of the subjects was 46.3 ± 11.1 years and the mean body mass index was 35.2 ± 4.2 kg/m2.Results: Although AA women were slightly heavier (95.3 ± 10.3 kg vs. 91.5 ± 11.6 kg, p < 0.05) and less educated (14.2 ± 3.7 years vs. 15.7 ± 3.7 years, p < 0.05) than the W women in the sample, there was no difference between the two ethnic groups in any of the reported HR‐QOL variables. Menopausal status had a significant effect on HR‐QOL, with premenopausal women being more distressed (p = 0.002), having more limitations in social activity (p = 0.007), and having less vitality (p < 0.001) than the postmenopausal women. This was especially true in the AA women.Discussion: These data show no difference in HR‐QOL between AA and W obese women and suggest that menopausal status may have an impact on HR‐QOL, especially in AA women.