bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Library synthesis and characterization of 3‐aminopropyl‐terminated poly(dimethylsiloxane)s and poly(ϵ‐caprolactone)‐b‐poly(dimethylsiloxane)s
Authors: Ekin Abdullah , Webster Dean C. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractLibraries of 3‐aminopropyl‐terminated poly(dimethylsiloxane) (APT–PDMS) and poly(ϵ‐caprolactone)–poly(dimethylsiloxane)–poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) (PCL—PDMS–PCL) triblock copolymers were synthesized. Preliminary experiments were carried out to select an appropriate catalyst and route for the poly(dimethylsiloxane) synthesis, and trial experiments were conducted to verify the successful synthesis of the intended polymer compositions. Then, a series of APT–PDMS oligomers were synthesized with an automated combinatorial high‐throughput synthesis system to cover a molecular weight range of 2500–50,000 g/mol. Trial PCL—PDMS–PCL triblock copolymers were synthesized with the automated reactor system and characterized in detail with rapid gel permeation chromatography, high‐throughput Fourier transform infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, and differential scanning calorimetry. Finally, two library synthesis experiments were carried out in which the lengths of both the poly(dimethylsiloxane) and poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) blocks in the PCL—PDMS–PCL triblock copolymers were varied. The results obtained from these experiments demonstrated that it was possible to synthesize libraries of well‐defined APT–PDMS oligomers and PCL—PDMS–PCL triblock copolymers with an automated high‐throughput system. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 4880–4894, 2006
Evaluation of daily home spirometry for school children with asthma: New insights
Authors: Thompson Rohan , Delfino Ralph J. , Tjoa Thomas , Nussbaum Eliezer , Cooper Dan 
Published: July 2006

AbstractHome spirometers are useful for monitoring asthma therapy and for research, but the validity of maneuvers in children is in question. We evaluated the quality of PEF, FEV1, and FVC data obtained from 67 children with persistent asthma who self‐administered spirometry at home using the hand‐held ndd EasyOne Frontline Spirometer with full expiratory curve data, electronic measurements of maneuver quality, and on‐screen incentives. Half were studied in 2003 in one region, and half in 2004 in another region of Southern California. Subjects were followed at home weekly over 2 months and daily over 10 consecutive days. We retained completed spirometry sessions (9,916) consisting of three of six best maneuvers in the morning, afternoon, and evening. Percent compliance, software assessed repeatability and acceptability modified from American Thoracic Society criteria, and visually assessed quality of maneuvers, were compared across daily and weekly follow‐up, study regions, and subject characteristics. Compliance was higher for daily (>90%) than for weekly follow‐up (>84%), but not significantly different, and was consistent across subject characteristics. The number with two reproducible and acceptable maneuvers was significantly lower in the first than second region for daily (70 vs. 90%) and weekly follow‐up (66 vs. 87%). Of 22,926 software accepted maneuvers, 1,944 (8.5%) were visually rejected (variable effort, cough, glottic closure). Maneuver quality was significantly lower for subjects age 9–12 versus 13–18 years, for subjects not taking anti‐inflammatory medications, and for subjects with <80% predicted FEV1. Longitudinal data collection is possible in children with asthma by employing repeated home training and follow‐up, and using spirometers with built in quality assurance and incentive software. Region, age, and multiple indicators of persistent asthma, predict ability to perform reliable and accurate lung function maneuvers. Pediatr Pulmonol. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The therapy of pre‐school wheeze: Appropriate and fair?
Authors: Chauliac E.S. , Silverman M. , Zwahlen M. , Strippoli M‐P F. , Brooke A.M. , Kuehni and C.E. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe current study aimed to assess prevalence and distribution of use of asthma medication for wheeze in pre‐school children in the community. We sent a postal questionnaire to the parents of a random population‐based sample of 4,277 UK children aged 1–5 years; 3,410 participated (children of south Asian decent were deliberately over‐represented). During the previous 12 months, 18% of the children were reported to have received bronchodilators, 8% inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) and 3% oral corticosteroids. Among current wheezers these proportions were 55%, 25%, and 12%, respectively. Use of ICS increased with reported severity of wheeze, but did not reach 60% even in the most severe category. In contrast, 42% of children receiving ICS reported no or very infrequent recent wheeze. Among children with the episodic viral wheeze phenotype, 17% received ICS compared with 40% among multiple‐trigger wheezers. Use of ICS by current wheezers was less common in children of South Asian ethnicity and in girls. Although a high proportion of pre‐school children in the community used asthma inhalers, treatment seemed to be insufficiently adjusted to severity or phenotype of wheeze, with relative under‐treatment of severe wheeze with ICS, especially in girls and South Asian children, but apparent over‐treatment of mild and episodic viral wheeze and chronic cough. Pediatr Pulmonol. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Degradation of anilinopyrimidine fungicides photoinduced by iron(III)–polycarboxylate complexes
Authors: Anfossi Laura , Sales Paolo , Vanni Adriano 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe photoinduced degradation of three anilinopyrimidine fungicides (cyprodinil, pyrimethanil and mepanipyrim) by Fe(III)–polycarboxylate complexes in aqueous solution was investigated. A photochemical redox reaction of Fe(III) complexes of oxalate and citrate occurs during irradiation (simulating sunlight) and is an important source of Fe(II) and a series of oxidants such as H2O2 and O radicals. The mechanism involves the formation of polycarboxylate radicals and/or carbon‐centred radicals derived from decarboxylation, whereas the contribution of Fe(OH)2+ to O radical formation is negligible. The attack of O radicals on the fungicide molecules produces numerous photodegradation products, which were identified by means of LC‐ES‐MS and turned out to be mono‐ or dihydroxylated derivatives of the active ingredients, except for 2‐amino‐4,6‐dimethylpyrimidine, which is only formed by pyrimethanil. The half‐lives of the active ingredients, when submitted to irradiation in the presence of iron(III)–polycarboxylate complexes, were estimated to vary between 28 and 79 min (photodegradation rates in the same conditions: mepanipyrim > cyprodinil > pyrimethanil), and photodegradation is slower in citrate than in oxalate solutions. Photoproducts and their kinetics of formation are very similar for the three fungicides. The OH substitution involves the aromatic and the heterocyclic ring and the nitrogen bridge between the two rings, except for mepanipyrim when the hydroxylation also involves the propynylic side chain. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Azadirachtin‐A and tetrahydroazadirachtin‐A concentrates: preparation, LC‐MS characterization and insect antifeedant/IGR activity against Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)
Authors: Sharma Vandana , Walia Suresh , Dhingra Swaran , Kumar Jitendra , Parmar Balraj S 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA 60% azadirachtin‐A concentrate has been obtained through repeated precipitation with hexane from a methanolic solution of a 20% concentrate. Azadirachtin‐A (90%) has been obtained by medium‐pressure liquid chromatography of the 60% concentrate with an RP‐18 column and a methanol + water (1 + 1 by volume) solvent system. Catalytic hydrogenation of the 60 and 90% azadirachtin concentrates yielded the corresponding tetrahydroazadirachtin concentrates. Dihydroazadirachtin and tetrahydroazadirachtin formed during the first 5 h of hydrogenation were identified by LC‐ESI‐MS on the basis of their unique mass fragmentation pattern. The efficacy of tetrahydroazadirachtin concentrates in inhibiting the feeding and growth of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) larvae has been compared with that of azadirachtin concentrates. They were in general more active and deterred larvae from feeding at all concentrations. Tetrahydroazadirachtin‐A (90%) and azadirachtin‐A (90%) with respective IC50 values of 280 and 390 mg L−1 were effective as insect growth regulators, while tetrahydroazadirachtin‐A (90%) displayed higher antifeedant activity (AI50 14 mg L−1) against the test insect. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Insecticidal, antifeedant and oviposition deterrent effects of the essential oil and individual compounds from leaves of Chloroxylon swietenia DC.
Authors: Kiran S Ravi , Reddy A Shiva , Devi P Sita , Reddy K Janardhan 
Published: July 2006

AbstractEssential oil from the leaves of Chloroxylon swietenia DC. was obtained by hydrodistillation and cold extraction, and the chemical composition was determined by gas chromatography and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. The major identified components were limonene, geijerene, pregeijerene, germacrene D and trans‐β‐ocimene. Laboratory bioassays of the essential oil and four constituents of essential oil isolates were evaluated for insecticidal, antifeedant and oviposition deterrent effects on tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera litura (F.). Toxicity was determined by topical application of the isolates at varying concentrations. Pure oil, geijerene and pregeijerene were found to be more toxic, with LD50 values of 28.6, 35.4 and 40.7 µg per larva respectively. Maximum feeding deterrence was noted for geijerene and pregeijerene, with DC50 values of 82.5 and 95.1 µg cm−2 respectively. Furthermore, pure oil, geijerene and pregeijerene displayed oviposition deterrence, even at low concentrations. These results indicate that these natural products may lead to useful, biodegradable, environmentally safe insect control agents. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Routines, roles, and responsibilities for aligning scientific and classroom practices
Authors: Ford Michael J. , Wargo Brian M. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractReform efforts in science education have focused on engaging students in authentic scientific practices. For these efforts to succeed, detailed articulations of scientific practice need to be linked to understandings of classroom practice. Here we characterize engagement in practice generally in terms of “3Rs”: routines, roles, and responsibilities. We argue that there is a misalignment between the 3Rs of scientific practice and the practices common in classrooms, and that this misalignment poses a considerable obstacle for beginning teachers who attempt to implement reform pedagogy. As part of a secondary methods course, 16 preservice teachers (PSTs) participated in two exemplar activities designed to engage them in scientific practices. The PST performances suggest that at least initially, they did not consider authentic scientific practices appropriate for classroom activities, implying a pedagogical repertoire dominated by the 3Rs of traditional classrooms. PST performances, however, evidenced a shift in the 3Rs from those common in classrooms to those required by these activities, suggesting that their visions for classrooms are malleable and underlining the importance of aligning the 3Rs of scientific and classroom practices during teacher preparation. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 91:133–157, 2007
Molecular characterization of the Tim9 homologue from the methylotrophic yeast Pichia methanolica
Authors: Matsufuji Yoshimi , Nakagawa Tomoyuki , Ito Takashi , Fujimura Shuki , Chikui Mika , Miyaji Tatsuro , Tomizuka Noboru 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn this paper we describe molecular characterization of the TIM9 gene encoding the essential mitochondrial inner‐membrane protein in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia methanolica. PmTIM9 contains two exons corresponding to a gene product of 89 amino acid residues and a 140 bp intron. The deduced amino acid sequence exhibited high identity to those of other yeast Tim9ps, and possessed two CX3C motifs that contained two cysteine residues conserved among small Tim family proteins. Moreover, PmTIM9 had the ability to partially suppress the temperature sensitivity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain tim9‐3, suggesting that PmTIM9 is a functional homologue of the ScTIM9 gene. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of expressed sequence tags from the anamorphic basidiomycetous yeast, Pseudozyma antarctica, which produces glycolipid biosurfactants, mannosylerythritol lipids
Authors: Morita Tomotake , Konishi Masaaki , Fukuoka Tokuma , Imura Tomohiro , Kitamoto Dai 
Published: July 2006

AbstractPseudozyma antarctica T‐34 secretes a large amount of biosurfactants (BS), mannosylerythritol lipids (MEL), from different carbon sources such as hydrocarbons and vegetable oils. The detailed biosynthetic pathway of MEL remained unknown due to lack of genetic information on the anamorphic basidiomycetous yeasts, including the genus Pseudozyma. Here, in order to obtain genetic information on P. antarctica T‐34, we constructed a cDNA library from yeast cells producing MEL from soybean oil and identified the genes expressed through the creation of an expressed sequence tags (EST) library. We generated 398 ESTs, assembled into 146 contiguous sequences. Based upon a BLAST search similarity cut‐off of E≤10−5, 21.4% of all contigs were orphan, while 78.6% showed similarity to sequences in the protein database; 60.3% of all contiguous sequences shared significant identities to hypothetical protein of Ustilago maydis, which is a smut fungus and BS producer. Based on the gene expression study using real‐time reverse transcriptase‐PCR, the predicted genes, such as mannosyltranferase and acyltransferase, were demonstrated to be highly involved in MEL biosynthesis in soybean oil‐grown cells. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Various cytosine/adenine permease homologues are involved in the toxicity of 5‐fluorocytosine in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Paluszynski John P. , Klassen Roland , Rohe Matthias , Meinhardt Friedhelm 
Published: July 2006

Abstract5‐Fluorocytosine (5‐FC), a medically applied antifungal agent (Ancotil®), is also active against the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 5‐FC uptake in S. cerevisiae was considered to be mediated by the FCY2‐encoded cytosine/adenine permease. By applying a highly sensitive assay, a low‐level but dose‐dependent toxicity of 5‐FC in fcy2 mutants was detected, whereas cells deficient in the cytosine deaminase (encoded by FCY1), which is essential for intracellular conversion of 5‐FC to 5‐fluorouracil, display strong dose‐independent resistance. Thus, an alternative, Fcy2‐independent access pathway for 5‐FC exists in S. cerevisiae. A genome‐wide search for cytosine permease homologues identified two uncharacterized candidate genes, designated FCY21 and FCY22, both of which exhibit highest similarity to FCY2. Disruption of either FCY21 or FCY22 resulted in strains displaying low‐level resistance, indicating the functional involvement of both gene products in 5‐FC toxicity. When mutations in FCY21 or FCY22 were combined with the FCY2 disruption, both double mutants displayed stronger resistance when compared to the FCY2 mutant alone. Disruptions in all three permease genes consequently conferred the highest degree of resistance, not only towards 5‐FC but also to the toxic adenine analogon 8‐azaadenine. As residual 5‐FC sensitivity was, however, even detectable in the fcy2 fcy21 fcy22 mutant, we analysed the relevance of other FCY2 homologues, i.e. TPN1, FUR4, DAL4, FUI1 and yOR071c, for 5‐FC toxicity. Among these, Tpn1, Fur4 and the one encoded by yOR071c were found to contribute significantly to 5‐FC toxicity, thus revealing alternative entry routes for 5‐FC via other cytosine/adenine permease homologues. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surgical Treatment of Metastatic Tumors to the Pancreas: A Single Center Experience and Review of the Literature
Authors: Crippa Stefano , Angelini Carlo , Mussi Chiara , Bonardi Claudia , Romano Fabrizio , Sartori Paola , Uggeri Franco , Bovo Giorgio 
Published: July 2006

AbstractBackgroundUnlike primary pancreatic carcinoma, metastases to the pancreas are rare, and their resection may be performed as palliative treatment. The aim of this study was to review our experience with the operative management of pancreatic metastases.Materials and MethodsBetween January 1994 and December 2004 13 patients (nine women and four men; median age: 59 years; range: 36–79 years) were admitted to our institution with metastatic lesion to the pancreas. The clinical features of the treatment and results were examined.ResultsPrimary tumors were renal cell carcinoma (n = 5), lobular carcinoma of the breast (n = 3), endometrioid carcinoma of the ovary (n = 1), colonic adenocarcinoma (n = 1), jejunal leiomyosarcoma (n = 1), melanoma (n = 1), and non‐small‐cell lung cancer (n = 1). The median interval between primary tumor and pancreatic metastases was 36 months (range: 5–192 months). Six patients (46%) were asymptomatic, while the other seven patients presented with jaundice, pain, and duodenal obstruction. Two patients with extrapancreatic disease underwent palliative surgery, and the remaining 11 patients underwent operative procedures that included seven pancreaticoduodenectomy and four distal pancreatectomies with splenectomy. Postoperative mortality was nil, and the morbidity rate was 30%. The two patients who underwent palliative surgery died after 7 and 9 months, respectively. The median survival of the resected patients was 26 months (range: 13–95 months). Five patients died of disease, eight are alive at the time of this report.ConclusionA trend towards improved survival, even if not statistically significant, was observed in the renal carcinoma patients reported here. Surgical resection can be performed safely in selected patients with isolated metastases to the pancreas, achieving long‐term survival as well as good palliation.
Granulomatous Lobular Mastitis: A Complex Diagnostic and Therapeutic Problem
Authors: Akcan Alper , Akyıldız Hızır , Deneme Mehmet Ali , Akgun Hulya , Arıtas Yucel 
Published: July 2006

AbstractBackgroundGranulomatous lobular mastitis is a rare chronic inflammatory disease of the breast. Clinical and radiological features may mimic breast carcinoma. Since this entity was first described, several clinical and pathologic features of the disease have been reported, but diagnostic features and treatment alternatives are still unclear. The purpose of this study is to evaluate diagnostic difficulties and discuss the outcome of surgical treatment in a series of 21 patients with granulomatous lobular mastitis.MethodsA retrospective review of 21 patients with histologically confirmed granulomatous lobular mastitis treated in our center between January 1995 and May 2005 was analyzed to identify issues in the diagnosis and treatment of this rare condition.ResultsThe most common presenting symptoms were a mass in the breast and pain. Four patients had no significant mammographic findings (MMG), but on ultrasound (US), 2 had irregular hypoechoic mass, and 2 hypoechoic nodular structures had abnormalities—one parenchymal distortion and 1 mass formation in 2 of these 4 patients’ magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In recurrent cases, limited excision under local anesthesia was performed, as the clinical examination suggested carcinoma.ConclusionsAlthough some findings on MMG and US are suggestive of benign breast disease, these modalities do not rule out malignancy. MRI may be helpful in patients who do not have significant pathology at MMG or US. Fine‐needle aspiration cytology may be useful in some cases but diagnosis is potentially difficult because of its cytologic characteristics. Wide excision, particularly under general anesthesia, can be therapeutic as well as useful in providing an exact diagnosis.
Endovascular Techniques for the Treatment of Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms: 7‐year Intention‐to‐treat Results
Authors: Dalainas Ilias , Nano Giovanni , Bianchi Paolo , Stegher Silvia , Casana Renato , Malacrida Giovanni , Tealdi Domenico G. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractObjectivesThe purpose of this single‐institution study was to describe our 7‐year intention‐to‐treat results, obtained with the use of endovascular techniques for the treatment of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms (rAAA).Patients and MethodsFrom October 1998 until March 2005, a total of 28 patients were admitted or transferred to our department with an rAAA. They were all treated according to a management protocol of intention‐to‐treat with endovascular techniques. Twenty of the patients received endovascular treatment and the remaining 8 underwent an open surgery procedure.ResultsThe mortality rate of the endovascularly treated patients was 40% (8 in 20), whereas of the 8 surgical patients 3 survived (mortality = 62.5%). The overall mortality rate of the 28 patients admitted with an rAAA was 46.4% (13 of 28 patients).ConclusionsIn our experience the intension‐to‐treat protocol for rAAA offered acceptable results in terms of mortality rates. Multi‐center studies are necessary to establish the role of endovascular treatment in patients with rAAA.
Acute Intraperitoneal Rupture of Hydatid Cysts
Authors: Derici Hayrullah , Tansug Tugrul , Reyhan Enver , Bozdag Ali Dogan , Nazli Okay 
Published: July 2006

AbstractBackgroundRupture into the abdominal cavity is a rare but serious complication of hydatid disease. The cysts may be ruptured after a trauma, or spontaneously as a result of increased intracystic pressure. Rupture of the hydatid cyst requires emergency surgical intervention.MethodsSeventeen patients received surgical treatment for intraperitoneal rupture of the cysts over a period of 18 years. Age, gender, time to surgery from the onset of the symptoms, laboratory findings, diagnostic procedures, surgical treatment modalities, in‐hospital stay, morbidity, mortality and recurrence were evaluated retrospectively.ResultsFive cases (29.4%) had a history of blunt abdominal trauma. Ultrasonography scans revealed intra‐abdominal fluid in all cases. Intraperitoneal multiple cysts with heterogeneous cavity or cystic structures in the liver were shown in 14 cases. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging showed multiple cystic lesions in the liver and peritoneum with intra‐abdominal free fluid. Procedures to fill the cystic cavities were applied after removal of the intraperitoneal fluid. Four patients (23.5%) died in the early postoperative period. A total of nine morbidities developed in six patients (35.3%). Median hospital stay was 18 days and median follow‐up was 78 months. Intra‐abdominal recurrence occurred in one case (7.7%).ConclusionsRupture of hydatid cysts into the peritoneal cavity, although rare, presents a challenge for surgeons. This pathology should be included in the differential diagnosis of acute abdomen in endemic areas. Computed tomography scan, in addition to clinical presentation, is essential for diagnosis. Emergency surgery is the main treatment for acute ruptured hydatid cysts. The morbidity and mortality rates of surgical interventions for ruptured hydatid cysts are higher than the rates for elective uncomplicated cases.
The Journal of the Future Is Here Today
Authors: Hunter John G. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractScientific publishing has undergone a complete transformation in the last two decades. While the process of peer review may differ little from what it was during the last 50 years, electronic indexing, electronic access, and now electronic submission of scientific manuscripts has transformed the surgical journal in the last decade. In fact, the editorial office of the journal has contracted to a workstation, a fax machine, a telephone, and a storage locker for the aging paper records.