bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The measurement of lipase activity in oat products
Authors: Hutchinson J. B. , Martin H. F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe lipase present in oats is only partially inactivated by the kilning process used for the manufacture of oatmeal, and the residual lipase sometimes causes considerable trouble because of its action in the meal when stored or when used in dough for oatcakes or biscuits. This hydrolytic activity can be almost completely eliminated in the mill by appropriate heat treatment, but a rapid test was required for assessing the success of such treatment. A suitable method is described based on the rapid rates of fat hydrolysis found in doughs of 30–40% moisture content. A few meals show anomalous behaviour when stored at 6–12% moisture content, but these can be detected by a modification which is suggested as a second and additional test for meals showing low but positive activity in dough.
Physico‐chemical studies on the application of insecticides to sheep fleece. I.—introduction to the series
Authors: Addison C. C. , Furmidge C. G. L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis paper defines the scope and the aim of the experimental work to be described in the series. Significant factors in the formulation, efficiency and mode of action of sheep dips are discussed, with special reference to bath depletion, the time factor, and the influence of wetting agent, wool grease and suint, insecticide solvent and pH. Previous work in this field is reviewed.
Physico‐chemical studies on the application of insecticides to sheep fleece. III—the action of micellar solutions of cationic wetting agents on fleece
Authors: Addison C. C. , Furmidge C. G. L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe paper presents a study of the influence of various samples of Scotch Blackface fleece on the interfacial activity of micellar solutions of cetylpyridinium chloride. The inactivation of cetyl compounds varies considerably with grease and suint content of the fleece. The full inactivation‐concentration curve can be divided into three distinct sections, and the mechanism of the reactions taking place in each concentration range has been deduced from measurements of rate of change of fleece weight, pH, and inactivation. When natural fleece is immersed in these more concentrated solutions, the system passes successively through the mechanisms typical of each section, i.e. formation of a suspension of insoluble cation‐suint anion compounds, with some adsorption to the grease on the fibres (α section); solubilization of some grease with the formation of interfacially active complexes (β section); flocculation and redeposition of suspension on to the fibres (γ section).
Effects of soil cultivation on the growth and yield of winter wheat. II—‘stand’ and tillering
Authors: Singh Khazan 
Published: November 2006

Abstract1. Investigations into the effects of cultivation on the stand and tillering of winter wheat were carried out during three years, 1945–46, 1946–47, 1947–48 in Scotland at six farms, using four varieties of winter wheat. The three cultivation treatments consisted of ploughing to 8 in. depth, and shallow and deep cultivations to 2 in. and 4 in. respectively with a tine cultivator.2. Cultivation effects on the shoot number of winter wheat were unaffected by season or variety, but varied with the nature of soil, the effects being more pronounced in the open textured and light soils than in the compact and heavy soils.Shallow cultivation gave greater shoot numbers in the July stand and compensated for the poor ‘initial stand’ to a greater extent than did ploughing and deep cultivation. This was attributed to greater tillering of the plant in the shallow‐cultivated plots, owing to greater moisture, and to higher temperatures in the compact shallow‐cultivated plots than in the loose‐ploughed and deep‐cultivated plots.3. The influences of spacing and cultivation on shoot number and tillering of winter wheat were investigated. The effect of spacing diminished with decline in the initial stand due to its inability to compensate for the loss of plants; it diminished also at higher levels of initial stand due to the dominating effect of initial stand on the final stand. The effect of shallow cultivation also diminished with decline in the initial stand, and affected the increase in shoot number at higher levels of initial stand. As a result of nitrogen deficiency in the shallow‐cultivated plots, reduction in the shoot number occurred in these plots in September.
Changes in nitrogen distribution in crop conservation. I.—the rate and extent of protein breakdown in ensilage
Authors: Macpherson H. T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBy the use of small experimental ‘silos’ (bottles containing grass sap) it is shown that the initial breakdown of protein is extremely rapid, but slows markedly at a pH of about 5. In a well‐made silage this pH is attained very quickly, but most of the eventual protein loss has, nevertheless, occurred in this short time. The pH continues to fall rapidly, but further breakdown is very small and virtual nitrogen equilibrium is reached at a pH of about 4.3. About 25% of the original protein is degraded, presumably by enzymic proteolysis, and the evidence indicates that breakdown cannot be reduced significantly below this figure when silage is made by the ‘ordinary’ process in which the gradual development of the requisite acidity is a function of bacterial metabolism.
The lignin fraction of animal feeding‐stuffs. I.—preliminary examination of lignin determination procedures
Authors: Moon F. E. , Abou‐Raya A. K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe procedures commonly employed for the determination of lignin in plant materials used as animal feeding‐stuffs are reviewed with particular reference to the possible sources of error. A study of the reproducibility of each stage in the determination of lignin by a method employing 72% sulphuric acid is reported, and it is concluded that the variability of the final lignin yields is partly due to the presence of alcohol‐soluble substances not completely removed before the main treatment with 72% sulphuric acid. The need is indicated for further investigation of various ‘humin’ precipitates obtained during lignin determination.
Apparatus for the determination of low concentrations of methyl bromide and other gases
Authors: Call F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA method is described for the determination of low concentrations (O‐OR‐I‐O mg./l.) of methyl bromide, based on the length of the colour stain produced by the reaction of the bromine in the combustion products with fluorescein paper. The length of the stain is directly proportional to the concentration, provided certain factors are controlled. The effect of these factors is discussed and an apparatus is described which automatically controls them. The method has been shown to be applicable to hydrogen cyanide and carbon tetrachloride, and it is believed to be suitable for any gas for which a suitable test paper exists.
The relative toxicities to plants of amine‐salt and ester formulations of 2 : 4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
Authors: Carpenter K. , Walker R. D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSmall‐plot trials with formulations of ethyl ester and the trimethylamine salt of 2 : 4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4‐D) are described. These showed that the ester was more effective than the amine salt against individual weed species at rates of application of 1/2 lb./acre or less. The final result on mixed weed populations was considerably influenced, however, by the species present and the intensity of competition.These results are shown to be applicable on a larger scale by a brief summary of the results of more extensive field trials. Information on crop toxicity obtained from these trials shows that the ester offers a narrower safety margin but there is little risk of damage in wheat and barley if a rate of 1/2 lb./acre is not exceeded.The danger from volatility is shown to be slight in this country and the importance of formulation is very briefly discussed.Finally it is shown that these results compare fairly closely to official American recommendations.
Analytical studies on the carbohydrates of grasses and clovers. II—the preparation of grass samples for analysis
Authors: Laidlaw R. A. , Wylam Clare B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractInvestigations have been carried out on methods of grass‐drying. Satisfactory results for the free‐sugar and fructosan contents of grasses are obtainable when the analyses are performed immediately after freeze‐drying and milling.
The effect of free fatty acid on the technological properties of tung oil
Authors: Cutting C. V. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of the presence of free fatty acids on the gelation characteristics of tung oil has been examined by several workers since 1920. They used the different heat tests current at the time and also limited their observations to samples of commercial oils. These were Chinese oils derived from Aleurites fordii or possibly mixed oils from both A. fordii and A. montana.The predominance of the A. montana oil in Nyasaland has led to a closer study of the effect on this oil. It has been found that the same concentration of free fatty acid produces a greater delaying action on the gelation of this oil than is caused on that from the A. fordii species. The B.S. heat test was used for the comparison.A consideration of recent investigations into the composition of drying oils affords an explanation of these results.
Effects of soil cultivation on the growth and yield of winter wheat. IV‐effects of cultivation on root development
Authors: Singh Khazan 
Published: November 2006

Abstract1. A study of the effects of cultivation on root development of winter wheat was made in two Midlothian soils, Boghall and Corstrophene, during the years 1945–46 and 1946–47. Cultivation treatments consisted of ploughing to a depth of 8 in., deep cultivation (4 in.) and shallow cultivation (2 in.) with a tined cultivator.2. Ploughing to a depth of 8 in. loosened the soil of the ploughed plots in the 4–8‐in. layer and increased the non‐capillary porosity of the soil (aeration) in this layer compared with the 4‐in. and 2‐in. tine cultivations. No significant differences existed between the treatments in respect of looseness of soil or its non‐capillary porosity at depths of 0–4 in.3. The effects of cultivation on root development were more pronounced at the later stage of growth in July than at the early stages. Compared with time cultivation, ploughing increased the number and lengths of roots at all depths in July, but only at the 10–20‐cm. depth in the early stage of growth. No significant differences existed between the treatments in respect of average vertical root penetration at the early stages of growth. A deep root system with a large number of roots and with profuse branching developed after ploughing, and a shallow root system with a comparatively smaller number of roots and with sparse branching followed tine cultivation.Increased non‐capillary porosity of the soil at a depth of 10–20 cm. and the richer condition of the soil at this depth (formerly the upper layers, now inverted by ploughing) probably contributed to the greater root development in the ploughed plots at the early stage of growth, and presumably in July.4. The degree of branching was affected by the depth of cultivation. Ploughing to a depth of 8 in. induced a higher degree of branching at 10–20‐cm. and 20–30‐cm. depths than did working the soil to 4 or 2 in. with a tine cultivator. Root branching of the second and third order occurred predominantly at depths below 10 cm., and that of the first order predominated at the 10‐cm. level. The poorer conditions of soil moisture in the upper layers probably limited the degree of branching in these layers.5. In the humid and rich soil of Boghall, a shallow root system of wheat developed, the majority of roots (74%) being in the 0–8‐in. layer. Ploughing to 8 in. extended the spread of roots in the deeper layers of the soil in horizon A2 (8–12 in.), but restricted it in the upper layers of soil in horizon A1 (0–8 in.). It is doubtful if deepening the working depth of roots by ploughing in a rich soil offers any advantages over the 2–4‐in. cultivations from the view point of water and nutrient supply.6. At the early stages of plant growth top/root ratio in crop weight as well as in surface area was smaller with the 2‐in. tine cultivation than with ploughing or 4‐in. cultivation. No such differences existed between the treatments after manuring. A deficiency in the supply of nitrogen in the 2‐in. tine‐cultivated plots was indicated.
The use of different quantities of dried skimmed milk and riboflavin supplement in chick rations
Authors: Black D. J. G. , Getty J. , Morris T. R. , Palgrave J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDried skimmed milk is generally considered to be a desirable ingredient of chick diets; this opinion is reflected in the present Ministry of Food Regulations, which require that Baby Chick Mash shall contain at least 6% of dried skimmed milk, except that it is permissible to replace each 1% of dried milk products by 1/2% of unextracted dried yeast. In view of the scarcity and high price of both of these materials, an investigation was carried out to determine the effects of reducing the level of dried skimmed milk in a Baby Chick Mash and substituting varying amounts of a riboflavin supplement.The results obtained indicate that, under the conditions of these experiments, the level of dried skimmed milk may be reduced to 3% of the diet, or omitted entirely, without significantly affecting growth rate, food consumption, feathering, or general health of the chick up to 10 weeks of age, provided that adequate riboflavin supplement is added to the mash.The chicks receiving neither dried skimmed milk nor riboflavin supplement in their diet showed a somewhat poorer growth‐rate which was particularly evident in both experiments at 5–6 weeks of age. However, the difference in mean body weight between chicks on this basal diet and the other groups was only significant at 6 weeks of age in the second experiment. In general, feathering was poorer and mortality higher among the birds receiving the diet with neither dried skimmed milk nor riboflavin supplement.In both experiments there were indications that dried skimmed milk was most effective during the first six weeks of the chick's life.
The relative toxicity of 2:4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2‐methyl‐4‐chlorophenoxyacetic acid to annual weeds
Authors: Ripper W. E. , Baker C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractResults are presented showing differences in the relative toxicity of sodium MCPA (the sodium salt of 2‐methyl‐4‐chlorophenoxyacetic acid) and sodium 2.4‐D (the sodium salt of 2: 4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) to Brassica alba sprayed in the field. The apparent toxicity ratio is shown to vary with: (a) the interval after spraying at which observations are made; (b) the dosage applied; (c) the incidence of rain after spraying; (d) the particular salt used.Spray droplets of sodium 2,4‐D dry out relatively completely, leaving a crystalline deposit, whereas those of sodium MCPA tend to dry to a non‐crystalline film. It is suggested that the observed variation in relative toxicity may be due to differences between the two materials in the facility with which they enter the leaf; sodium MCPA penetrates the more readily owing to the non‐crystalline nature of the spray deposit, and thus gives better results when rain follows after an interval which much decreases the efficacy of sodium 2,4‐D.
Potassium fixation in soils: Studies by electrodialysis
Authors: Cornfield A. H. , Pollard A. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe amount of potassium fixed by four soils as a result of alternate wetting and drying at an elevated temperature (95°) increased with the clay content of the soil. Electrodialysis released about half of the fixed potassium from two of the soils, about two‐thirds from another soil and all the fixed potassium from the fourth. The amount of potassium fixed by an individual soil increased with increasing potassium treatments, but the percentage of the fixed potassium removed by electrodialysis was independent of the amount fixed. It would appear that when potassium is fixed by soils, more than one type of compound or class of compounds of potassium may be formed.
The titration curves of two types of gelatin
Authors: Ames W. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTitration curves have been obtained for gelatins prepared by methods designed to show the greatest possible variation. The difference between the curves is fully explained by the loss of amide nitrogen and the consequent increase in free carboxyl groups in passing from one gelatin to the other. Attention has been drawn to an anomaly in the middle portion of the titration curve of native collagen, which can be explained if the substance commonly recognized as collagen is in reality a mixture or a compound of two similar proteins.
The lignin fraction of animal feeding‐stuffs. III—The determination of ‘total lignin’
Authors: Moon F. E. , Abou‐Raya A. K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe method proposed by the authors (see Part II of this series) for the determination of ‘acid‐insoluble lignin’ excludes the humin material which dissolves in 72% (w/w) sulphuric acid but is reprecipitated by dilution. Further work has shown this humin material to possess the properties of lignin. Although it is to be expected that the ‘acid‐insoluble’ lignin will be resistant to the digestive processes and its determination should therefore serve a useful purpose, for the measurement of ‘total’ lignin the method is inadequate. An investigation of the acid‐solubility of lignin has led to the re‐examination of the various separation procedures to obtain a satisfactory method for determining total lignin.
The rate of growth of salmonellas and other bacteria in some synthetic creams
Authors: Baillie A. J. , Freeman G. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe development of representative salmonellas [Salmonella enteritidis (Gaertner) and Salmonella paratyphi B] and of spore‐forming organisms which resist pasteurization has been studied in synthetic creams. The creams consisted of (a) a vegetable oil emulsified in an aqueous solution of cellulose ethers (‘cellulose ether cream’) and (b) the oil emulsified in a medium containing egg yolk and sodium alginate (‘egg cream’). Rapid growth of the salmonellas to populations of 30–40 × 106 cells/g. took place in the egg cream within three days at 18–20°, but practically no growth occurred in the cellulose ether cream. No change in the appearance or odour of the creams was evident. The presence of a heat‐resistant, mixed microflora did not significantly influence the growth of the salmonellas in egg or cellulose ether creams.Growth of the organisms which resisted pasteurization was more rapid in the egg cream than in the cellulose ether cream at 18–20°, and was accompanied by development of putrid odours in the egg cream. No detectable growth took place in either cream after incubation at 1–8° for 22 days.It is recommended that where refrigerated storage is not available, storage periods not exceeding 4–6 days and 3–4 days at 18–20° be adopted for cellulose ether and egg creams respectively.
A modified procedure for determining boron in plant material and soils using 1 : 1′‐dianthrimide
Authors: Gorfinkiel E. , Pollard A. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe I : I′‐dianthrimide reagent was tested for determining boron in some plants and soils. A convenient modification of the method of Ellis, Zook & Bandish (1949) is described, permitting the determination of 3 μg. of boron with a standard error of ± 0.48%, using the Biochem absorptiometer.
The composition of bracken: Some major‐ and trace‐element constituents
Authors: Hunter James G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPeriodic samples of bracken taken during the growing season have shown that the concentration of major elements (except calcium and sodium) decreases with age in fronds, and remains relatively constant in rhizomes, whereas trace‐element concentration varies widely. Soil type has little effect on the mineral composition of fronds. Examination of three rhizome types revealed no wide differences in the content of major elements; pinnules generally contained higher concentrations of major and trace elements than fronds. Comparison of results with those published elsewhere for moorland plants grown under similar conditions indicates that bracken contains rather more potassium and less molybdenum.
South African fish products. XXXIII.—The Rock Lobster: the Composition of the Hepatopancreas Oil
Authors: Ligthelm S. P. , Novellie L. , Schwartz H. M. , von Holdt M. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe main sites of fat deposition in the rock lobster are the hepatopancreas and the gonads. Data on the yield and characteristics of the oils from these organs are given. The composition of the saponifiable and unsaponifiable fractions of the hepatopancreas oil was determined. The component acids (weights per cent.) are: saturated acids C14 I.I. C16 10.3, C18 8.1, C20 4.2, C22 0.5; unsaturated acids C14 2.4 (‐2.0 H), C16 7.3 (‐2.1 H), C18 14.3 (‐2.9 H), C20 28.4 (‐6.5 H), C22 19.0 (‐8.3 H), C24 2.6 (‐2.1 H) and C26 1.8 (‐2 H). Cholesterol and α‐glyceryl ethers are the main components of the unsaponifiable fraction.
The amino‐acid compostion of extracted grass‐protein. I.—The basic acids
Authors: Waite R. , Fensom A. , Lovett S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractProtein has been extracted from four species of grass at stages of growth varying from young and leafy to old and woody. The lysine, arginine and histidine contents of the extracted protein have been determined and considerable uniformity has been found between all samples, especially those of a single species.
Studies on the blood proteins of hyperimmune horses. II.—The effect of high concentrations of phenolic substances on the proteins of whole blood
Authors: Harms A. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBased on the work on antitoxic plasma described in Part I, a study has been made of the conditions under which whole blood from hyperimmunized horses can be purified. From the information obtained a simple process, applicable to all antibodies, for the production in high yield of purified and concentrated antibodies direct from whole blood has been evolved and is described.
The bacteriostatic effects of extracts of chicken duodenum on certain micro‐organisms. I.—crude extracts
Authors: Barrett J. , Berridge N. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAqueous extracts of the contents of the duodenum of chickens have been found on many occasions to be bacteriostatic. On some occasions such extracts were stimulatory. Stimulatory extracts were rendered inhibitory by removing the substances precipitated by alcohol. These and other properties suggest that the bacteriostatic activity was at least partly due to the presence of fatty acids. The inhibitory substances were present in the gut of the chicken before hatching.
Manufacture of algal chemicals. VI.—Laboratory‐scale isolation of l‐fucose from brown marine algae
Authors: Black W. A. P. , Cornhill W. J. , Dewar E. T. , Woodward F. N. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMethods for the isolation of crystalline L‐fucose from both dried milled brown seaweed and fucoidin have been worked out on the laboratory scale, with a view to the ultimate development of a process suitable for large‐scale production. Preparation from the original seaweed involves hydrolysis with acid, formation of fucose phenylhydrazone, and subsequent decomposition of the phenylhydrazone. The isolation from fucoidin involves hydrolysis of the polysaccharide by heating a 16% (w/w) solution in 0.25N‐hydrochloric acid at 135° in an autoclave for two hours, removal of salts and acid with ion‐exchange resins, purification with ethanol and charcoal, and direct crystallization of the fucose from ethanol.