bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Case studies and reviews. Analysis of current policies and alternative strategies for the reduction of nutrient loads on eutrophicated lakes: The example of Slapton Ley, Devon
Authors: Wilson Helen M. , Gibson Mary T. , O'sullivan P. E. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract

The efficacy of strategies to reduce external nutrient loads to eutrophicated lakes may be evaluated using the example of Slapton Ley, a freshwater Site of Special Scientific Interest in south‐west England.
The results of this study suggest that, in dealing with eutrophication, a reduction in point‐source loads is important, but attention must also be given to non‐point, agricultural sources.
One measure which would appear to be effective against diffuse nutrient export from farmland involves the creation of woodland buffer zones along the courses of the rivers draining into the Ley.
Problems arise in the implementation of strategies since it is concluded that no current EC or UK national legislation addresses the problem of freshwater eutrophication in a comprehensive manner.
Forthcoming Statutory Water Quality Objectives may be instrumental in providing the legal means by which such reductions could be achieved, if the importance of diffuse sources from agriculture is acknowledged.
Viewpoint. Management of Marine Protected Areas in the UK: Lessons from statutory and voluntary approaches
Authors: Gubbay Susan 
Published: February 2007

Abstract

The establishment of Marine Protected Areas in the UK has been an extremely slow process. Two sites have statutory protection and a further nine are voluntary marine conservation areas.
There has been a distinctly different approach to site protection depending on whether the initiative is statutory or voluntary. The advantages and disadvantages of each are illustrated through examples.
Sites with voluntary protection are often seen as positive, and involving the local community. The overriding issue for legally protected sites is concern that they are a threat to existing rights.
A combined approach is needed. There should be statutory protection for key sites, whereas voluntary marine protected areas should be encouraged all around the coast, regardless of whether an area is of nature conservation value.
A key lesson to learn from the voluntary approach is the need to involve people who will be affected by the proposals as early as possible.
Phosphorus fractionation and mobility in Loch Leven sediments
Authors: Farmer J. G. , Bailey‐Watts A. E. , Kirika A. , Scott C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper reports on the application of a chemical fractionation scheme for assessing the amounts, forms and potential mobility (recycling potential) of phosphorus in the sediments of the freshwater Loch Leven, which is currently highly topical in relation to eutrophication and its manifest dense, potentially toxic, blue‐green algae. The findings are placed in the context of the biological importance of the loch, the problems it is experiencing and some management options for its restoration.The fractionation scheme adopted enabled quantification of phosphorus in sediment pore water and in sedimentary solid phases classified as ‘loosely‐bound’, ‘reductant‐soluble’, ‘oxide‐adsorbed’, ‘organic’, ‘apatite‐bound’ and ‘residual’ in the sections of a 16‐cm core collected in January 1990.Vertical profiles of reductant‐soluble and pore water phosphorus and iron show redox‐controlled remobilization and cycling within the sediment to be the principal mechanisms leading to the surface sediment enrichment of phosphorus observed during the winter months.The association of phosphorus with iron oxyhydroxides in the reductant‐soluble fraction, which accounts for 31% of the total phosphorus (2470 mg kg−1) in the 0–1 cm section compared with 0.5% loosely‐bound, 25.6% oxide‐adsorbed, 27.9% organic, 9.9% apatite‐bound and 5.1% residual, restricts the release of phosphorus to the overlying water column in winter.Extrapolation of the data to the whole loch suggests that in early 1990 more than 40 tonnes of phosphorus were associated with the surfaces of iron oxyhydroxides in the upper 10 cm of Loch Leven sediment, about five times that required to raise loch water concentrations to maxima of 0.15 mg L−1 observed during the algal blooms of summer under conditions favourable to the release of phosphorus from the sediments.Despite recent measures to reduce external inputs of phosphorus and thereby limit the degree of eutrophication of Loch Leven, there appears to have been little overall change in the inventory of phosphorus associated with iron in the upper 10 cm of sediment since 1970.There should be more detailed seasonal and spatial studies of the chemical fractionation and mobility of phosphorus in Loch Leven sediments to investigate the extent to which release from the reductant‐soluble iron oxyhydroxide fraction (internal loading) contributes to the highly elevated phosphorus concentrations in loch water during summer.
Conservation of the Blythe, a high quality river in a major urban area in England
Authors: Box J. D. , Walker G. J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe River Blythe lies between the cities of Birmingham and Coventry. It has been notified recently as a statutory Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) and is one of the few whole‐river SSSIs in Britain.It possesses a combination of natural course and structure which is a rare feature of lowland rivers in England. There is a clear succession of plant communities from its source to its confluence with the River Tame. Botanically it is one of the richest rivers in England.A study in 1982 recorded 159 macroinvertebrate taxa from the river. A notable feature is the species richness of the molluscs, oligochaetes and caddis‐flies.The Blythe is subject to a range of pressures including land drainage, recreation and development (buildings and infrastrucure). The appropriate option for its conservation management is limitation of catchment development.In order that this nationally important resource is conserved for future generations, a strategic approach to catchment management is needed combined with urban and infrastructure developments which are environmentally sustainable.The preparation of a catchment management strategy needs to be given a priority. The success of such a strategy will be dependent on cooperation between English Nature, the National Rivers Authority, the local planning authorities and the many riparian owners and occupiers.English Nature is cooperating with the National Rivers Authority to produce a ‘special ecosystem’ classification so that statutory Water Quality Objectives can be set to protect river SSSIs like the Blythe.8. The goodwill of the riparian owners and occupiers is needed for the protection and enhancement of wildlife habitats along the river.
Marine reserve site selection along the Abel Tasman National Park coast, New Zealand: Consideration of subtidal rocky communities
Authors: Davidson Robert J. , Chadderton W. Lindsay 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAt present, marine reserves do not represent the full range of community types throughout New Zealand.To assist with the placement of a marine reserve along the Abel Tasman National Park coast (northern South Island), dominant subtidal laminarian and fucoid algae, echinoids and herbivorous molluscs were quantitatively investigated. Results from 100 quadrats collected from 19 random transects at six selected sites showed that algae and grazer assemblages varied between granite and limestone substrata.Granite had a high percentage cover of crustose coralline algae (mean 82%–90%), a sublittoral fringe of brown macroalgae and no Ecklonia radiata or red foliose algae. Limestone sites were distinguished by a relatively low percentage cover of coralline algae (mean 13%) and high cover of foliose red algae and E. radiata (2%–36% cover and 0.2–13.9 stipes m−2, respectively).On limestone, molluscs Turbo smaragdus and Cookia sulcata, and the echinoid Evechinus chloroticus were larger than those on granite. On limestone sites with little macroalgae, herbivore size was intermediate. Grazers were more abundant on granite than limestone (mean 34.6 m−2, and 10.8 m−2 respectively).Differences in herbivore composition were recorded between granite substrata, while both algal and herbivore composition varied between limestone sites.We suggest that a variety of environmental factors including substratum influence algal and herbivore assemblages along the Abel Tasman coast.It is recommended that selection of a marine reserve site or sites along the coast of Abel Tasman National Park recognizes differences in community structure both between and within limestone and granite substrata.
River restoration and geomorphology
Authors: Sear D. A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe restoration or rehabilitation of rivers is currently an expanding area of investment by public water management bodies in the USA and EC. This position has developed from the rapid growth in environmental (and particularly water) awareness, the rise of accountability for environmental degradation within the legislative framework of water institutions and the move away from agricultural over‐production towards sustainable development.The restoration process has been pioneered primarily by aquatic ecologists and landscape designers working in conjunction with civil engineers. Geomorphology, the science of landform development, has much to offer, but at present the contributions are often superficial, concentrating on the scaling and siting of instream fluvial features. This paper argues that it is essential to incorporate the broader geomorpho‐logical wisdom at the design stage so that restoration schemes will be sustainable in the longer term.
Living coastal resources of Southeast Asia: Management through continuing education by institutions of higher learning
Authors: Chou L. M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDevelopment pressures in Southeast Asia have been increasing rapidly over recent decades, much at the expense of living resources.Living coastal resources play important biological, ecological and economic roles, but such values, particularly the first two, are difficult to quantify in simple cash terms. Development of built‐up infrastructure on the other hand, enables tangible and usually substantial projected economic gains to be calculated, and these often overshadow estimated benefits of natural habitats through traditional use.This issue has to be addressed, and it can be done through continuing education for all sectors of the population. Institutions of higher learning have a great part to play by packaging research information on living coastal resources for different target groups.Increasing scientific investigations have resulted in a vast amount of knowledge and understanding of the importance of these habitats. Further research can proceed along directions aimed at providing data that will enable better and reliable quantification of biological and ecological benefits.Such information, when made widely available to all, will result in a society that is more appreciative and protective of living coastal resources, and also with a greater understanding of their long‐term significance.
Spatfalls of the non‐native Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, in British waters
Authors: Spencer B. E. , Edwards D. B. , Kaiser M. J. , Richardson C. A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractLight spatfalls of the Pacific oyster,Crassostrea gigas, have occurred in the estuaries of the Rivers Exe, Teign and Dart (Devon) and in the Menai Strait (Gwynedd), near to sites of commercial cultivation of this species.Comparisons of the sizes of the naturally settled oysters with hatchery oysters suggests that the spat from the River Teign and Menai Strait settled in 1989 and 1990. The springs and summers of these years were exceptionally warm with mean monthly air temperatures 0.8°‐1.3°C above the 1951–1980 average for the period April to August.Although sitings of Pacific oyster spat were made in Loch Sween and Emsworth Harbour over 20 years ago, there is no evidence that self‐sustaining populations have developed.The spatfalls which occurred in some coastal waters of Devon and Gwynedd in 1989 and 1990 are unlikely to sustain natural fisheries and are likely to die out as did the Portuguese oysters which occasionally settled in the River Blackwater, Essex.
Relationships between littoral microcrustacea and aquatic macrophyte communities on the Isle of Skye (Scotland), with implications for the conservation of standing waters
Authors: Duigan Catherine A. , Kovach Warren L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractLittoral microcrustacean (Ctenopoda, Anomopoda, Onchyopoda) samples, aquatic macrophyte data and chemical measurements were collected from 51 freshwater lochs in the Isle of Skye, Scotland, during the summer of 1989.Canonical correspondence analysis was employed to investigate correlations between the environmental data, the microcrustacean assemblages, and the aquatic macrophyte community types used for floristic classification of standing waters. Cluster analysis was used to classify lochs based on their microcrustacean assemblages.The major trends in microcrustacean distributions were related to pH, catchment area, macrophyte diversity and the distance from the sea.There was little correlation between the plant community types and microcrustacean assemblages.These results support the case for the development of an integrated approach to lake surveys so that correlations can be made between environmental variables and the distribution and abundance patterns of the plant and animal taxa of conservation interest.
Conserving marine biodiversity on the African coast: Implications of a terrestrial perspective
Authors: Hockey Philip A. R. , Branch George M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractConservation principles developed for terrestrial habitats are frequently inapplicable in marine situations. This dichotomy arises because of different characteristics of the substratum and the existence of water as a ubiquitous marine dispersal medium. Physical differences are manifest in biological differences including reproductive mode, range requirements and levels of endemism. Marine systems differ further from terrestrial ones in that they have been subject to a very limited anthropogenic fragmentation, in contrast to land where many habitats have become highly fragmented. Estuaries and coral reefs, however, are naturally fragmented and particularly vulnerable because their substrata are strongly influenced by biological processes which are easily disrupted.One of the greatest threats to life in the sea is resource exploitation by man. In Africa, marine conservation is secondary to terrestrial conservation—only four countries in sub‐Saharan Africa have marine reserves. Marine reserves are effective in increasing population sizes of exploited stocks and supplementing stocks in adjacent areas through emigration. They also have the potential to provide recruits to exploited areas.Biogeographic patterns can be used to site marine reserves. We propose a middle/edge arrangement of ‘biodiversity reserves’, linked to biogeographical regions. Such reserves would achieve conservation of both representativeness (middle) and high diversity areas (edge). As a necessary corollary, we also suggest a second tier of reserves which has the specific purpose of improving local yields of exploited species.The sizes of biodiversity reserves should be determined by local habitat heterogeneity. Second‐tier reserves should be designed to maximize their benefit to adjacent areas while minimizing their size.
Tenerife's freshwater macroinvertebrates: Status and threats (Canary Islands, Spain)
Authors: Malmqvist Björn , Nilsson Anders N. , Baez Marcos 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This paper lists 171 freshwater macroinvertebrate taxa from Tenerife (excluding chironomids) based on this study and other published information. Canarian endemism and a Mediterranean origin are dominant features in the data set. At least 14 species are Tenerife endemics. Endemism is especially high in the Diptera, Trichoptera and Coleoptera.
Extensive investigations were carried out at 57 sites in six different habitat categories and from at least two seasons. The most species‐rich habitats were those with permanently running water, a biotope that is rare and diminishing in Tenerife.
The principal threat to freshwater environments is an increase in human exploitation of the water resources, which, if it is not moderated, will cause extinctions in the near future. Taxa that do not favour man‐made canals are especially at risk—a risk that is increased by the small number of populations. These include the Canarian endemics Wormaldia tagananana, Tinodes canariensis (Trichoptera), Dixa tetrica (Diptera) and Baetis pseudorhodani (Ephemeroptera). Thirty‐nine species were found at five or fewer sites.
Some species can survive in intermittent streams, although we found less than half of the taxa present in this habitat, indicating the extent of the diversity reductions that might be expected to follow the drying up of permanent streams.
Species living in the thin film of water in the madicolous habitats are similarly at risk. Three Canarian endemics were found exclusively in this habitat: Hydrotarsus pilosus, Limnebius punctatus (Coleoptera) and Satchelliella binunciolata (Diptera).
As a first step, protective measures are proposed for five of the most species‐rich streams. If these were to be implemented, they would make a significant contribution towards maintaining biodiversity in the fresh waters of Tenerife.
Monitoring progress towards Hong Kong's water quality objectives
Authors: Holmes Paul R. , Smith‐Evans And Marc 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Hong Kong has suffered from gross water pollution, as a direct consequence of the territory's rapid growth in population and in industrial and commercial prosperity. In 1989, the government of Hong Kong adopted a comprehensive strategy for water pollution control. Water quality monitoring is essential to the success of this strategy.
The monitoring programme was designed rationally to provide the information required to detect progress towards (or away from) water quality objectives. Practical constraints have prevented the ideal implementation but the programme gives comprehensive coverage of marine waters, including bathing beaches and inland waters.
Sampling and analytical methods are an important part of programme design, to ensure that the programme yields accurate and consistent data. Presentation and interpretation also need to be taken into account. More effort on interpretation of a well‐designed survey can reduce the effort required for sampling and analysis.
Examples show how the monitoring programme has been used for practical environmental management purposes, including the control of dredging operations, the justification of new sewage disposal facilities, and the control of waste from the livestock industry.
Fate of lower Mississippi river habitats associated with river training dikes
Authors: Shields F. Douglas 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Regions of reduced velocity adjacent to spur dikes along the Lower Mississippi River are valuable aquatic habitats. Similar zones along other large rivers have been converted to terrestrial habitats by sediment deposition.
Repetitive hydrographic surveys of 26 representative groups of dikes are examined to determine the direction and rates of change.
Since the dikes were constructed, the aquatic volume and area of associated low‐velocity habitats have been reduced by 38% and 17%, respectively. Examination of time series shows that most changes occur shortly after construction, and after initial adjustment, habitat area and volume fluctuate about a condition of dynamic equilibrium.
Sedimentation rates were most rapid for dike fields constructed on the inside of bends to prevent chute development. Dike fields built to force or maintain thalweg crossings exhibited erosion rather than deposition.
Geomorphological stream channel classification in aquatic habitat restoration: Uses and limitations
Authors: Kondolf G. Mathias 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Land managers in western North America have embraced classification of stream channels based on geomorphological characteristics as the importance of channel stability in successful restoration of aquatic and riparian habitat has become widely recognized.
Classification can permit rapid inventory of large regions, provide a stratified geomorphological framework within which more detailed observations can be organized, and provide an initial basis for selecting restoration strategies.
Existing classifications are arbitrary, developed by creating classes out of a continuum of channel form. Moreover, stream channels are dynamic, and the existing condition does not necessarily reflect former, long‐term, or future conditions.
The user should not confuse the classification exercise with a complete understanding of the channel. Before any channel works are actually undertaken, site‐specific studies are essential, including historical studies to determine former channel conditions and to shed light on underlying causes for degradation of aquatic or riparian resources.
When applying a classification system, the raw data collected should be reported, not simply the resultant channel classes. Channels that do not fit neatly within pre‐existing classes should be reported as such and not lumped in classes where they ‚should’︁ be.
Is the crown‐of‐thorns starfish a threat to the reefs of Lord Howe Island?
Authors: Harriott Vicki J. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Lord Howe Island, a World Heritage Area which lies in the southern Pacific Ocean, has the most southern true coral reefs in the world.
In the past decade, populations of Acanthaster planci, the crown‐of‐thorns starfish, have significantly reduced coral cover at Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, approximately 200 km to the north of Lord Howe Island, and a small population has been reported from Lord Howe Island.
The abundance and distribution of A. planci was evaluated using surveys by the local recreational diving industry and video‐transects, and the potential rate of recovery of the coral community following predation was assessed by analysing coral recruitment patterns.
The starfish population at Lord Howe Island remained relatively small and localized between 1984 and 1993.
Coral recruitment was dominated by the juveniles of brooding corals, and these same species dominated the established coral community. There was limited recruitment of broadcast‐spawning coral species during the study period, suggesting that southern dispersal of coral larvae from more northern sites may be a rare or sporadic event.
The results indicate that there is only a small probability that the present starfish population will result in a major starfish outbreak. However, the recovery of the coral community from a major outbreak would be slow because of the apparently low rate of input of coral larvae from sources external to the reef.
Management agencies need to consider whether the present small and localized starfish population should be removed, given the likely ramifications of an infestation and the economic importance of the reef to tourism.