bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GLASSHOUSE STONES *
Authors: Fabianic William L. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractMost of the various types of glass stones actually found under operating conditions in furnaces melting soda‐lime bottle glass are discussed. Each type is described in detail and photomicrographs of each kind of stone are shown. The possible source of each type of stone is considered along with general methods for its identification and elimination. Auxiliary aids to the petrographer, such as the use of solvent acids and chemical analyses, are mentioned. The stone specimens have been taken from flint, amber, and green‐colored glasses.
ABRASION RESISTANCE OF PORCELAIN ENAMELS*
Authors: Hutchison Clark 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe abrasion resistances of enamels, differing in composition and properties, were determined by the test for resistance of porcelain enamels to surface abrasion (a standard of the Porcelain Enamel Institute, March, 1942).Four to five classes of abrasion resistance were obtained, but for the most part, the results fell within relatively narrow limits. Differences in abrasion index, in general, were not distinguishable by visual inspection. No one class or kind of enamel was superior. While changes in abrasion index were affected by changes in frit formula, it seems that many compositions will give comparable results.
EFFECT OF FLUORINE AND PHOSPHORUS PENTOXIDE ON PROPERTIES OF SODA‐DOLOMITE LIME‐SILICA GLASS*
Authors:   Owens‐Illinois Glass Company General Research Laboratory
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe effect of the substitution of fluorine for silica on the viscosity, liquidus temperature, and chemical durability of a typical soda‐lime glass is shown. The effects of substituting P2O5 for (a) silica and (b) dibasic oxides in two typical soda‐lime glasses are also described.
INFLUENCE OF HUMIDITY ON DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF HIGH‐FREQUENCY CERAMICS*
Authors: Hausner Henry H. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe dielectric properties of ceramics depend on composition, density, and surface conditions as well as many other factors. Humidity influences the dielectric properties to a large extent. These studies show that the amount of moisture depends on the compacting pressure and that the firing temperature has some influence on the dielectric properties in connection with relative humidity. Frequency and air pressure have an entirely different influence on the dielectric properties in relation to relative humidity.
CALCINATION OF TOPAZ ORE IN A ROTARY KILN*
Authors: Pole Gordon R. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractReports have indicated that calcined topaz might be useful as substitute material for Indian kyanite in high aluminous, mullite‐type refractories. Tests were conducted to determine the value of calcining and defluorinating raw topaz. Fifteen tons of minus 1‐in. topaz ore were calcined in a 25‐ft. rotary kiln of 20‐in. in inside diameter, at 2600° to 2950°C., with feed rate of 200 to 400 1b. per hour and feed retention in the kiln of 70 to 120 minutes. The best operating conditions were found to be 2700°F. and a feed rate of 300 1b. per hour at 0.90 r.p.m. of kiln rotation. The average fluorine content was 0.24% and the apparent porosity was 19%. A dust loss of 11% occurred during calcination, but no serious reduction in particle size occurred from the heat‐treatment. It seems to be practicable, therefore, to calcine and defluorinate raw topaz in a rotary kiln and to obtain a product suitable for the manufacture of mullite‐type refractories.
INVESTIGATION OF REACTIONS OF SIMPLE MAGNESIA SPINELS WITH ALKALINE EARTH ORTHOSILICATES IN THE SOLID STATE *
Authors: Frechette V. D. , Andrews A. I. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe spinels MgO Al2O3, MgO Cr2O3., and MgO Fe2O3 and the orthosilicates 2MgO SiO2, 2CaO SiO2, 2SrO SiO2, and 2BaO SiO2 were synthesized by solid‐state reaction of the component oxides or compounds yielding the oxides on ignition. Each of the spinels was tested at various temperatures with each orthosilicate in turn by placing a pellet of each in contact and also by intimately mixing the two. Petrographic microscopy and X‐ray diffraction were employed in the identification of reaction products.
CLASSIFICATION OF NATURAL ORGANIC BINDERS*
Authors: McNamara Edward P. , Comeforo Jay E. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractModulus of rupture, loss on tumbling, migration, water absorption, and burn‐out characteristics were studied using a series of organic compounds representative of the types used as binders for ceramic materials. The results are interpreted in terms of the constitution of the organic compounds and in terms of the mechanism of specific adhesion. The binding strength of an organic material may be predicted from a knowledge of its molecular constitution.
METHOD FOR MEASURING FINING TIME OF GLASS*
Authors: Lyle A. K. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA method is described for measuring the fining time of glass, and a formula is given for using the data obtained to estimate the tonnage‐temperature schedules of continuous tank furnaces. Measurement of fining time at two and preferably three temperatures, in the range 1400° to 1500°C., is required to establish the fining characteristics of a glass. Data from fining‐time measurements of four glasses show that fining is largely independent of the viscosity and probably also of the surface tension of glass.The use of fining‐time measurements in accounting for differences in the melting efficiencies of tank furnaces and the value of systematic studies, involving fining agents and variations in composition, are suggested.
STANDARD THERMAL‐SHOCK TEST FOR PORCELAIN ENAMELED UTENSILS*
Authors: Petersen F. A. , Andrews A. I. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe equipment and method used in testing porcelain enameled utensils for thermal‐shock resistance is described. Test results are given which show that increased enamel thickness and decreased metal thickness decrease the thermal‐shock resistance of enameled ware. The mechanics of thermal‐shock failures is discussed. This study is one of a series sponsored by the Enameled Utensil Manufacturers' Council.
THE SYSTEM MAGNESIUM OXIDE‐BORIC OXIDE*
Authors: Davis H. M. , Knight M. A. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractEquilibrium In the system has been investigated for compositions from 0.6 to 75 weight per cent MgO. Three intermediate compounds are present. MgO⋅B2O3 melts incongruently at 988°C. to form 2MgO⋅B2O3 and a liquid containing more than 99% B2O3. The other two compounds melt congruently: 2MgO⋅B2O3 at 1340°C. and 3MgO⋅‐B2O3 at 1366°C. At 1142°C., a region of liquid immiscibility extends from 0.6 to 36.0% MgO. Temperatures are accurate within =5°C. Conflicts between these results and those of Toropov and Konovalov (see footnote 8) are discussed.
INFLUENCE OF GLAZE ON STRENGTH OF STEATITE TUBES AND NEW METHOD OF DETERMINING GLAZE STRESSES *
Authors: Gingold J. J. , Hirsh E. J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractDifferent glazes have been applied on steatite tubes and the influence on impact and flexural strength has been investigated. Glazes applied on tubes with very thin walls affect the thermal expansion of the ceramic body. This fact has been used to test the glaze fit.
REPRESENTATION OF DENSITY AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF TERNARY SILICATE GLASS SYSTEMS
Authors: Sun Kuan‐Han , Welch Ruth M. , Huggins Maurice L. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA general procedure is outlined for the preparation of contour maps representing such properties as density, refractive index, and Abbe value for ternary glass systems in which one component is silica, using previously published equations and constants. The procedure is illustrated by application to the Na2O–MgO–SiO2 and Na2O–CaO–SiO2 systems.
DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF STEATITE PORCELAIN* Dielectric Test Results of Round Robin by Test Procedure in JAN–1–10, 1944
Authors: Howatt Glenn N. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe results of measurements are tabulated for power factors, dielectric constants, and loss factors obtained by various testing agencies during a round robin, following the test procedure in JAN–I–10, 1944. Deviations of results, sources of errors, and methods are discussed.
RESISTANCE OF GLASS TO THERMAL STRESSES*
Authors: Clark Orrin H. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe theory of stresses introduced in glass by thermal shocks is a matter of fundamental interest to the glass manufacturer. Analysis is complicated by the existence in many cases of unknown degrees of stress relief or transference by flexure. General treatment of these cases is extremely difficult because of irregular or variable shapes. There is, however, a large group of thermal‐shock phenomena in which flexure of the piece is not a factor. Complete immersion shocks fall in this category; so also do thermal shocks administered to tubes and pipes, since the cylindrical shape prevents flexure. (There is a small end effect accompanied by flexure, but in practice only a small fraction of breaks originate in the end region.) Many examples of breakage from shocking one side only of a piece are also of this simple type, since maximum tension occurs immediately from pure “stretch” and is greater than subsequent stresses accompanied by flexure.Analysis of the stresses resulting from stretch incurred by thermal gradients has been carried out by many writers for plates and cylinders, and various applications have been made of the results.1 The calculation of maximum fiber tension, however, is not in itself enough to determine thermal endurance. The duration of the stress also plays an important role. The simplest example of this is the well‐known fact that in immersion tests breakage frequently does not occur for an appreciable interval, sometimes several seconds. Yet maximum tension on the cooled surface is almost immediate and falls off rapidly. The importance of duration is pointed out by Schönborn,1(c) but he does not attempt any quantitative treatment. It is the purpose of the subsequent analysis to incorporate the time of stressing into the discussion of thermal endurance.
THE PEBBLE HEATER—A NEW HEAT‐TRANSFER APPARATUS*
Authors: Norton C. L. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis paper describes a new type of apparatus capable of use for heating gases above the operating temperatures permissible in metallic heat interchangers. The principle involved consists of heating refractory pellets by means of high‐temperature gases and then passing a gas to be heated through a permeable bed of the heated pellets. Details of the refractory constructions are described and performance figures are given for some operating units. Some applications for the use of this pebble heater in the ceramic and metallurgical fields are also given
EFFECT OF COEFFICIENT OF EXPANSION OF GROUND‐ AND COVER‐COAT ENAMELS ON THERMAL‐SHOCK AND IMPACT RESISTANCE *
Authors: Petersen F. A. , Andrews A. I. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractFour antimony cover‐coat enamels, four fluoride cover‐coat enamels, and four ground‐coat enamels were formulated to give varying coefficients of expansion. The calculated values were 250, 275, 300, and 325 × 10–7. The observed coefficients of expansion are included in the paper. The enamels were applied to standard 2‐quart pudding pans and were tested for thermal shock and impact resistance using the standard methods of the Enameled Utensil Manufacturers’Council.The results show that thermal‐shock resistance is controlled chiefly by the coefficient of expansion of the ground‐coat and cover‐coat enamels. The best results were obtained by using a cover‐coat enamel with a low coefficient of expansion and a ground coat with a high coefficient of expansion. No conclusive evidence was found to indicate any effect of the coefficient of expansion of the ground‐ and cover‐coat enamels on impact resistance. The solubility resistance and reflectance curves for the enamels are also included.
OSCILLOGRAPH STUDY OF DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF BARIUM TITANATE
Authors: de Bretteville Alexander 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA disk of barium titanate was fired to 1350°C. for six hours in an electric furnace. Silvered electrodes were then fired on the disk at 650°C. A cathode‐ray oscillograph measurement was made of the dielectric properties in order to analyze the whole charging and discharging cycle. The material showed saturation of the dielectric flux density or charge with increase of field strength or voltage and is therefore a new type of ferroelectric material. The dielectric properties of such a nonlinear circuit element was studied over a temperature range from –175° to +140°C. at field strengths of 59, 134,234, 580, and 4300 volts per cm. Peaks in the dielectric constant were observed near –70°, +10°, and 120°C. As the field strength was increased, the two lower peaks increased in magnitude and all peaks shifted slightly to lower temperature.
LEAD‐NICKEL GLASS OF CONTROLLED CHEMICAL DURABILITY FOR STORAGE BATTERY USE *
Authors: Williams F. J. , Orsino J. A. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe addition of small amounts of soluble nickel salts to the electrolyte of a storage battery markedly decreases the end‐of‐charge voltage. This effect, however, is fugitive and disappears in a few cycles. A lead‐nickel‐silicate glass was developed which, when incorporated in a battery, makes the effect on voltage permanent by continually supplying nickel ions to the electrolyte and also improves the cold capacity of the battery during its life. Current knowledge of the chemical durability of glass was used to advantage in the experimental work.
ALUMINA IN WHITEWARE *
Authors: Austin C. R. , Schofield H. Z. , Haldy N. L. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA brief résumé on an extensive investigation of the use of calcined alumina in white‐ware bodies is presented. Its use in vitreous chinaware, semivitreous dinnerware, electrical porcelain, cooking ware, and sanitary ware is discussed. Data are given also on special alumina bodies of unusual strength.
RESIDUAL STRESSES IN ENAMELED SHEET‐IRON SPECIMENS*
Authors: Jones R. A. , Andrews A. I. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA method of quantitatively measuring the magnitude of the stresses existing in porcelain enameled specimens is explained. The method involves measuring with a mechanical strain gauge the dimensional changes which occur when an enameled‐metal specimen is de‐enameled. The theoretical approach to the problem is reviewed, and equations are derived. The results obtained in tests on a series of ground‐coated specimens are presented and indicate that with a normal application of a commercial, 3‐frit ground coat on 20‐gauge enameling iron a compressive stress of about 35,000 1b. per sq. in. is present in the enamel.
PRELIMINARY STUDY ON PORTIONS OF SYSTEMS Na2O‐CaO‐AI2O3‐Fe2O3 AND Na2O‐CaO‐Fe2O3‐SiO2*
Authors: Eubank W. R. , Bogue R. H. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractPortions of the quaternary system Na2O‐CaO‐Al2O3‐Fe2O3 have been studied by the exploration of (1) the plane CaO‐4CaO.Al2O3°Fe2O3‐(Na2O + 3Al2O3) and (2) planes above the base system CaO.5CaO.3Al2O3–2CaO.Fe2O3 which contain successively increasing amounts of Na2O up to 6%. A portion of the quaternary system Na2O‐CaO‐Fe2O3‐SiO2 has been studied by the exploration of a plane containing 5% of Na2O above the base system CaO‐2CaO.SiO2‐CaO.Fe2O3.In the pseudosystem CaO‐4CaO.Al2O3.Fe2O3‐(Na2O + 3A12O3) the compound Na2O.‐8CaO.3A12O8 was found to exist as a primary phase, and the area in which the plane cuts the Na2O.8CaO.3A12O3 primary‐phase volume was established. Three points on uni‐variant curves were located. The iron phase (4CaO.A12O3.Fe2O3 solid solution) was observed to exist in a solid‐solution series.In the system Na2O‐CaO‐5CaO.3Al2O3‐‐2CaO.Fe2O3 it was found that the compound Na2O.8CaO.3Al2O3 appears at an Na2O concentration of 4.2%. As soda, however, is taken into solid solution by other phases, it was not feasible at this time to determine the invariant point for Na2O.8CaO.3A12O3, 3CaO.Al2O3, 5CaO.3A12O3, and 4CaO.Al2O3.‐Fe2Oa solid solution.In the system Na2O‐CaO‐2CaO.SiO2‐CaO.Fe2O3 no ternary compounds were observed up to the 5% limit of Na2O employed. A soda‐containing phase occurred in solid solution with α‐2CaO.SiO2, which may precipitate on cooling, forming inclusions in the ß‐2CaO.SiO2, or enter into reaction with the glassy phase.
DETERMINATION OF FACTORS AFFECTING SIZE VARIATION IN CLAY PRODUCTS*
Authors: Hursh R. K. , Morgan W. R. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractFactors which cause variations in the finished size of clay products are determined. These are classified in the order of their importance, and limits are established within which the factors must be controlled to reduce these variations to a point which is consistent with the commercial production of modular products.The factors found to have the greatest effect on the finished size are soaking temperature and soaking time. Those factors having a lesser effect are (1) firing atmosphere, (2) relative amounts of clay mineral and quartz present in the clay in the different parts of the pit, (3) grain size of the clay produced by grinding or weathering, and (4) deairing treatment.
INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS DEAIRING AND COMPRESSED‐AIR TREATMENTS ON WEARING QUALITIES OF MILL BALLS AND MILL‐BRICK LININGS*
Authors: Schurecht H. G. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIt was found that the wearing qualities of mill balls and mill‐brick linings may be governed to a large extent by deairing and compressed‐air treatments. It appears that the auger destroys some of the benefits gained by deairing, while the piston‐extrusion machine retains many of these benefits. Deairing the freshly pressed mill balls was found to be beneficial if the blanks were extruded from a deairing machine, but was found to be harmful if the blanks were extruded without deairing.On the other hand, subjecting the mill balls which have been deaired after forming to a compressed‐air treatment improved the mill balls made of blanks extruded without deairing, but proved to be somewhat harmful to mill balls made of blanks extruded from a deairing machine.
ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTING GLASSES*
Authors: Green Robert L. , Blodgett Katharine B. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractGlasses containing lead, bismuth, or antimony oxides or combinations of these become conducting after several hours’ reduction in hydrogen. The electronic surface conductivity is both stable and reproducible. The magnitude of the conductivity depends on the nature and amounts of the reducible oxides, the temperatures at which reduction is carried out, and the electrical influence of the nonreduced portions of the glasses.
CHANGES IN THE INDICES OF REFRACTION AND LIQUIDUS OF A BARIUM CROWN GLASS PRODUCED BY THE PARTIAL SUBSTITUTION OF SOME OXIDES*
Authors: Hamilton Edgar H. , Grauer Oscar H. , Zabawsky Zeno , Hahnbr C. H. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractOptical glasses with high indices of refraction and Abbe values are very desirable for wide angle lenses. In order to determine the range of compositions in which glasses of this type could be produced, oxides of lithium, beryllium, calcium, boron, lanthanum, or thorium were substituted for barium oxide or silica in a three‐or‐four component base glass. Substitutions were made on a mole‐for‐mole basis. The indices of refraction for the C, D, F, and G lines and the liquidus were determined for each glass. Experimental glasses with indices of refraction (nD) and Abbe values from 1.600 to 1.714 and 62.2 to 52.7, respectively, were made in small platinum crucibles.
EFFECT OF THE SULFATE ION ON THE PLASTICITY OF BRICK CLAYS*
Authors: Johnson A. L. , Hughes George B. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractTwo red‐firing Iowa brick clays were analyzed for sulfate (SO4−) content by a method suitable for plant‐control tests. From this datum the amount of barium carbonate required to react with this ion can be calculated. Plasticity measurements on (1) samples treated with the amount of barium carbonate indicated by SO4− analysis, (2) untreated samples, and (3) samples treated with normal plant additions show significant differences in this property. These differences can be explained using the modern concepts of the factors which influence the zeta potential.
DETERMINATION OF IRON IN GLASS SAND*
Authors: Diamond J. J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe 0‐phenanthroline method for the colorimetric determination of iron has been adapted to the analysis of glass sand. The sample taken for analysis was decomposed by treatment with HF and H2SO4, followed by fusions of any insoluble material with Na2CO3 and finally with K2S2O7. An aliquot was then adjusted to the proper pH by a simple procedure, the iron reduced by hydroxylamine hydrochloride, the 0‐phenanthroline complex formed, and the transmittancy of the solution measured spectrophotometrically. The method is simple and rapid, and compares favorably in precision and accuracy with other available methods.
EFFECTS OF VARIOUS CLAYS USED IN MILL ADDITIONS ON PROPERTIES OF A TITANIA‐OPACIFIED ENAMEL*
Authors: Marbaker Edward E. , Saunders Hollis S. , Baumer Leon N. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIn the course of investigations made in connection with the development of titania‐opacified enamels, it was observed that color, reflectance, and acid resistance were influenced by the clay used in the mill additions. In a subsequent search for a clay which would produce the best over‐all enamel properties, a study of the effects of twenty clays of different types was made under standardized conditions of milling, spraying, and firing. Coatings sprayed at 30 gm. per sq. ft. were examined for bisque strength, brushing behavior, and tearing. After firing for 3 minutes at 1540°F., and at 1640°F., the reflectance, color, gloss, and acid resistance of the enamels were observed. It has been concluded that the success or failure of an enamel is determined to an important degree by the clay used in the mill addition.
Systematic Study of Simple Titania‐Bearing Porcelain Enamels
Authors: FRIEDBERG A. L. , PETERSEN F. A. 
Published: June 2006

An extensive composition study of titania enamels and their properties is described. The compositions investigated contained only six constituents, namely, Na2O, K2O, SiO2, B2O3, TiO2, and F2. Systematically and over a wide range, the contents of SiO2, B2O3, TiO2, and alkali were varied. One hundred enamels in all were made and the resulting properties were determined. Properties noted included flow, expansion, color, percentage of anatase, gloss, reflectance, and acid resistance at various firing temperatures.Enamel Y12, representing a small area in this large composition field, exhibited the properties requisite for a good hollow–ware white cover–coat enamel. Compared with previously studied titania enamels, this enamel is “softer”; i.e., it fires at lower temperatures, has the desired higher flow and expansion, yet still possesses the required properties of color stability, reflectance, gloss, acid resistance, and workability.
Reaction of Vaporized Sodium Sulfate with Aluminous Refractories
Authors: GOW KENELM V. 
Published: June 2006

A method was devised and tested whereby the action of an alkali salt, in the vapor or in the liquid state, on refractory materials may be studied under controlled conditions of temperature and pressure. Using Na2SO4, the progress of reaction was followed by (1) change of weight, (2) determination of SO3 by precipitation, and (3) determination of Na2O by flame photometer. The materials studied were a commercial‐grade high‐alumina brick (88% Al2, 11 % SiO2) * and fused crystalline alumina (99.5% Al2O3).The dissociation of sodium sulfate, reacting in contact with high‐alumina refractory materials, is speeded more by the presence of SiO2, probably as the compound mullite, than by crystalline alpha‐alumina. The ultimate product in the commercial brick is probably nephelite, NaAl‐SiO4; in the alumina, sodium alumina, NaAlO4.Exposure at 1200°C. in a vacuum of 150 μ of mercury approximately doubles the rate of deposition of sodium sulfate on the brick studied and adds one‐third to the rate on fused alumina, as compared with the rate in air at atmospheric pressure.