bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Continental scientific drilling
Authors: Friedman Melvin 
Published: October 2006

Deep Observation and Sampling of the Earth's Continental Crust, Inc. (DOSECC), held its annual board and corporation meetings March 2–3 in Chandler, Ariz. DOSECC is the university consortium, supported by the National Science Foundation, that plans, coordinates and implements U.S. continental scientific drilling.Actions taken at the meetings will enable DOSECC to continue to provide scientific and engineering support for NSF‐approved drilling projects and to participate in coordinated continental scientific drilling program (CSDP) activities of NSF, the U.S. Geological Survey, and the Department of Energy. To facilitate development of a truly national CSDP, DOSECC member representatives unanimously agreed to broaden the consortium membership to include nonuniversity entities of the Earth sciences community from private industry, state geological surveys, and government and national laboratories. Interested parties can obtain information on Affiliate Membership from DOSECC's Washington office (1755 Massachusetts Avenue N.W., Suite 700, Washington, DC 20036‐2102, tel. 202‐234‐2100).
Crafoord Prize to James Van Allen
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences will give the 1989 Crafoord Prize to James Van Allen for his “pioneering exploration of space, in particular the discovery of the energetic particles, trapped in the geomagnetic field, which form the radiation belts—the Van Allen belts—around our planet Earth.” The prize is a gold medal, a diploma, and about $250,000.The prize was established in 1980 by a donation to the academy from Anna‐Greta and Holger Crafoord. It is awarded each year to a scientist who has made outstanding contributions in astronomy, biological sciences, geosciences, or mathematics, areas in which the academy's Nobel prizes are not awarded. The 1989 prize is in magnetospheric physics.
How to save data data alternative
Authors: Bohlin J. David 
Published: October 2006

Regarding Marcia Neugebauer's plea (Eos, February 28, p. 129) for an alternative to “datum” for the name of a computer generated product, may I suggest COGEN = COmputer GEnerated Number.Besides the accuracy of its derivative name, this acronym has the advantage of being close to “cogent,” which is defined in Webster's New Riverside University Dictionary (1984) as “appealing strongly to the intellect or reasoning powers,” something that most numerical modelers feel is true of their codes, and, thence, results.
Effort is hopeless
Authors: Kaula William M. 
Published: October 2006

While I sympathize with Marcia Neugebauer's dislike for the use of the same word “data” to mean things given by human invention as well as by nature, this usage has become so entrenched among the millions who use computers that it is hopeless for the thousands who do observational and experimental science to persuade them to change. Probably the best experimenters can do is to emphasize what is factual about their products.A related matter is the distinction between “experiment” and “simulation.” The latter is clearly more related to computers than the former. But “simulations” are a subset of “experiments,” and sometimes “experiment” is better in describing a computer exercise, because it emphasizes the uncertainty of the outcome.
Comets and life
Authors: Maggs William Ward 
Published: October 2006

New simulations suggest that large amounts of the organic molecules needed to form the first life on Earth could have been brought by comets that bombarded the planet early in its history. The models show that comets of moderate size would have slowed down enough during entry into Earth's atmosphere for their organic component to survive the impact intact.The chemical precursors to carbon‐based life are thought by many scientists to have been compounds such as hydrogen cyanide (HCN), essential for formation of amino acids and DNA, and formaldehyde (H2CO), a building block of simple sugars. The source of these and other compounds is not known with confidence: photochemical reactions in the young Earth's CO2‐rich atmosphere may have created 1020–1021 g of hydrogen cyanide and formaldehyde from 4.3 to 3.7 billion years ago, but these processes are highly dependent on the composition of the primordial atmosphere, which is not well known.
EOS experiments named
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration has named teams of investigators for 56 instrument and data analysis projects for the Earth Observing System (EOS), a major program to continuously monitor Earth from four polar‐orbiting platforms. The first of the satellites is scheduled for deployment from the space shuttle in October 1996.NASA received 455 proposals for EOS research projects and awarded contracts for three types of experiments: instruments built by investigators that will fly on the polar platforms, experiments using one of the six “research facility instruments” that NASA will build for the platforms, and interdisciplinary analyses of data from one or more of the EOS instruments.
Mantle Xenoliths
Authors: Helz Rosalind T. 
Published: October 2006

Mantle Xenoliths, edited by Peter H. Nixon, provides a valuable summary of both the state of our knowledge of mantle xenoliths and the current interpretations of them. It is generally well edited and surprisingly well integrated for a large, multiauthored volume.Useful integrating features include introductory sections (by Nixon) an d a summary chapter (chapter 50), by Nixon and Davies, a single large (∼2500 entries) bibliography and good index. Last but not least, there is a glossary to help readers with some of the more specialized (not to say overlapping or conflicting) terminologies used by the different schools of xenolith buffs. These features plus the generally high quality of text layout, figures, and the 25 color plates, indicate that the editor and authors have made a serious effort to put together a book that will reach an audience beyond the circle of xenolith experts.
Landsat funded until April 17
Authors: Maggs William Ward 
Published: October 2006

The U.S. Department of Commerce rescinded plans to shut Landsats 4 and 5 off on March 31. The satellites will continue to operate under a pledge of funds from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and other federal agencies that was organized through the office of Vice President Dan Quayle and the National Space Council, which he heads.The amount of money involved in the stopgap funding has not been specified by the Bush administration, nor is it known what will happen to the satellites after April 17. There is no money in the Fiscal Year 1989 budget to keep Landsats 4 and 5 going; a source of funding through the end of the fiscal year in September remains to be determined.
Identifying the sea level signal: Surf's up
Authors: Maggs William Ward 
Published: October 2006

Of all the dire consequences of the greenhouse effect, global sea level rise is potentially the most destructive to human life and property. But the processes that increase the volume of the oceans are so poorly understood that theoreticians are taking their lead from scientists trying to actually measure current changes in sea level that might be caused by the greenhouse effect. As with surface temperature, precipitation, and other measures of climate change, identifying the greenhouse signal is a daunting problem.Climate models that predict mean temperature increases around the world of up to several degrees C in the next 50–100 years in response to human‐induced global warming have given rise to a scientific consensus that mountain glaciers and ice sheets will begin to melt and the water in oceans will slightly expand, raising sea level. Such increases would inundate some of the most densely populated and highly cultivated areas on the planet, displacing and endangering many millions of people at a devastating economic and social cost.
Auroral green line
Authors: Schröder W. 
Published: October 2006

I note with interest the paper (Eos, July 19, 1988) by Hendriksen and Egeland [1988] concerning the beginning of auroral spectroscopic research. I am writing this note to call attention to early work on auroral spectroscopy that was not mentioned in their paper.The background to the development of auroral spectroscopy was provided by the new academic disciplines of astrophysics and electron physics. First, I call attention to the work of Karl Friedrich Zöllner (1834–1882), who became, in the 19th century, the first professor of astrophysics at the University of Leipzig. Zöllner worked mainly in the field of photometry. He developed new instruments for spectral investigations of solar flares. He was interested in solar‐terrestrial relationships, and he observed the auroral green line. During the great aurora of October 25, 1870, he observed both green and red auroral lines. He interpreted his observations as a consequence of impact on Earth's atmosphere by solar particles [Zöllner, 1881]. In the paper entitled “Uber den Ursprung des Erdmagnetismus und die magnetischen Beziehungen der Weltkorper” (1871, reprinted in the work of Zöllner [1881]) he dealt with several physical aspects of solar‐terrestrial relationships, as well as the nature of the aurora borealis. He suggested that solar activity has an impact on magnetic variations. From measurements of the auroral green line, Zöllner and later, K. H. Vogel (1842–1907) [cf. Vogel, 1872] concluded that auroras are caused by solar particles impacting the upper atmosphere (see also Schröder [1984]).
MIZEX East 1987: Winter Marginal Ice Zone Program in the Fram Strait and Greenland Sea
Authors:   MIZEX '87 Group
Published: October 2006

The overall objective o f MIZEX is to gain a better understanding of the mesoscale physical and biological processes by which atmosphere, ice, and ocean interact in the marginal ice zones (MIZ) that are found at the boundaries between ice‐covered and open oceans. Improved modeling and better prediction of ice‐edge position, ice concentration, and ice type in these regions would be a major step toward expanding human activities, for example, seaborne commerce, fishing, oil exploration and production, and naval operations. In addition, when more accurate parameterizations of mesoscale physical processes are available for inclusion in large‐scale models, the result will be a major improvement in hemispherical climatological studies.Winter MIZEX '87 was conducted during March and April 1987 in the Fram Strait and Greenland Sea (see cover) and extended along the MIZ from about 75°N–79°N and 5°W–5°E. The experiment included an intensive 2‐day investigation of the Barents Sea MIZ carried out between the southern tip of Svalbard and Bear Island. Two Norwegian ships, R/V Håakon Mosby and the ice‐strengthened R/V Polar Circle, and the R/V Valdivia of the Federal Republic of Germany participated in the experiment. Flight operations were carried out by two Canadian aircraft equipped with Synthetic Aperature Radar (SAR), a U.S. plane equipped with passive microwave sensors, a Norwegian P3 aircraft, and a helicopter based on the Polar Circle.
GIS Symposium: Integrating technology and geoscience applications
Authors: Hinze William J. , Shaw Brian R. , Usselman Thomas M. 
Published: October 2006

An international symposium on geographic information systems (GIS), entitled “GIS: Integrating Technology and Geoscience Applications,” was held September 26–30, 1988, in Denver, Colo. GIS is a relatively recent technology for managing, retrieving, modeling, and displaying large spatial data bases and has its primary application in analysis of maps of all sorts.A map is a two‐dimensional portrayal of related geographic, geologic, and geophysical attributes on paper. In fact, many geophysical applications can be used and interpreted only in terms of a map. For example, the processing of seismic data is contingent on the shot point and geophone location and elevation. Without these essential spatial relationships, there is no meaningful seismic section. Of course, the ultimate interpretation of seismic, as well as other geophysical, data is the representation of the attributes of a portion of Earth as a map. The procedure that consumes the most time and labor in geophysical analysis is not data processing, but the production of an accurate and fully annotated base map, complete with cultural and geologic information and other thematic values. The basic management of geophysical data also commands significant resources, and frequently becomes unmanageable as data are archived. The loss of data and the inability to search for and retrieve “old” data for inclusion during the development and course of a project constitute a staggering problem, recognized by every organization involved with geophysical and geologic data.
Agreement on FY 1990 budget plan
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The Bush administration has reached agreement with congressional leaders over a thumbnail version of the Fiscal Year 1990 budget. The plan contains few details but could have implications for NASA's Space Station Freedom and other big science projects.Overall, the budget agreement would achieve Gramm‐Rudman‐Hollings targets for budget deficit reduction without raising taxes, mostly through accounting manipulation and unspecified cuts in social programs. But a supplemental bill that calls for $1.2 billion in new spending for FY 1989 is expected to go to the House floor soon. That measure would violate the new agreement and add to the deficit.
Intracontinental rift comparisons: Baikal and Rio Grande Rift Systems
Authors: Lipman P. W. , Logatchev N. A. , Zorin Y.A. , Chapman C.E. , Kovalenko V. , Morgan P. 
Published: October 2006

Both the Baikal rift in Siberia and the Rio Grande rift in New Mexico, Colorado and Texas are major intracontinental extensional structures of Cenozoic age that affect regions about 1500 km long and several hundred km wide (Figures 1, 2). In the summer of 1988 these rifts were visited by study groups of U.S. and Soviet geoscientists during cooperative field workshops sponsored by the Soviet Academy of Sciences, U.S. National Academy of Sciences, and U.S. Geological Survey.In the Rio Grande region, we spent 2 weeks examining rift features between El Paso, Tex., and Denver, Colo. Particular emphasis was on the sedimentary record of rift evolution, widespread volcanic activity from inception of rifting to the present, geophysical expression of rift features, and relations between rifting and the larger‐scale evolution of the North American Cordillera. In the Baikal region, which presents formidable logistic problems for a workshop, we travelled by bus, truck, helicopter, and ship to examine young seismotectonic features, rift‐related basalt, and bounding structures of the Siberian craton that influenced rift development (Figure 3).
Global Environmental Change Symposium
Authors: Bush Susan M. 
Published: October 2006

The global environmental warming issue has been catapulted to the forefront of media attention as a result of the drought of 1988 and extremely warm temperatures. NASA scientist James Hansen testified last year that the warming trend has begun and that part of the temperature rise is due to gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and chlorofluro‐carbons (CFCs) being released into the atmosphere by human activity.In response to recent scientific speculation on the issue, the National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., hosted the symposium Global Environmental Change April 24 as part of their annual meeting. Speakers included Bert Bolin, University of Stockholm; Robert White, National Academy of Engineering; Stephen Schneider, National Center for Atmospheric Research; and Peter Raven, Missouri Botanical Garden. Moderator was Russell Train, World Wildlife Fund.
In Congress: Alliance for planet Earth
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Senator Barbara A. Mikulski of Baltimore, Md., is the new chairman of the Senate Sub‐committee on HUD‐Independent Agencies of the Committee on Appropriations. That sub‐committee oversees funding for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, National Science Foundation, Environmental Protection Agency, Department of Housing and Urban Development, and Veterans Administration.Senator Mikulski has proposed an Alliance for Planet Earth for groups affected by the money her subcommittee budgets. She suggests that the groups work together to maximize their collective funding and urges individuals to write their Senators, particularly if those Senators are members of the Appropriations Committee, suggesting that they support both the science programs and the housing and urban programs that her subcommittee funds.
Seismogenesis in the eastern U.S.
Authors: Chen Wang‐Ping , Seeber Leonardo 
Published: October 2006

A National Workshop on Seismogenesis in the Eastern U.S. was held April 12–13, 1988, at the University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign. The conference was organized by Wang‐Ping Chen of the University of Illinois and Leonardo Seeber of Lamont‐Doherty Geological Observatory, Palisades, N.Y.Since plate tectonics does not provide a useful framework for studying deformation in plate interiors, intracratonic tectonism presents a major challenge to basic geoscience. The occurrence of large intracontinental earthquakes also poses complex problems for applied sciences in determining seismic risk and mitigating earthquake hazard. The main purpose of the workshop was to assess critically our current knowledge on intracontinental seismogenesis by comparing results and ideas from diverse disciplines related to this field of renewed interest in geoscience. The conference was also intended as a forum to make available the latest results and issues arising in this rapidly evolving research area to groups that interact within the field, such as earthquake engineers, policymakers, and funding agencies.
Groundwater issues in the Potomac River Basin
Authors: Lehr Jay 
Published: October 2006

Great strides have been made by the states of Maryland and Pennsylvania, along with the Commonwealth of Virginia and the District of Columbia, in protecting water quality in the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries. Since these entities joined forces in a renewed effort to protect water quality in the Chesapeake Bay area, a number of useful programs have been established and public awareness has been raised.The Association of Ground Water Scientists and Engineers and several regional co‐sponsors presented Ground Water Issues and Solutions in the Potomac River Basin/Chesapeake Bay Region Conference March 14 at George Washington University, Washington, D.C., to provide insight into groundwater‐related issues. Attendance at the conference included 150 groundwater professionals from state, county and private agencies, along with a significant number of students from area universities. More than 30 papers were presented dealing with research projects and field studies. Topics included geohydrologic relationships, groundwater quality impacts, impact of industrial processes on groundwater quality, saltwater intrusion, groundwater protection in the Chesapeake Bay area, land‐use impacts on groundwater quality, groundwater modeling, groundwater withdrawals, and policy issues. In addition to the technical sessions, a debate of “How clean is clean?” was held.
Frost in geotechnical engineering
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The International Symposium on Frost in Geotechnical Engineering was held in Saariselkä, located 250 km north of the Arctic Circle, Finland, on March 13–15, 1989, with an excursion to the northernmost parts of Finland and Norway on March 16–18. The symposium was organized under the auspices of the International Society for Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering (ISSMFE) and in cooperation with ISSFME Technical Committee TC‐8: Frost, Finnish Geotechnical Society and Technical Research Centre of Finland.Earlier, the frost action on soil had been treated in connection with permafrost engineering in five international conferences since 1963 and in connection with artificial ground freezing in five international symposia since 1978. At this symposium the frost action was treated mainly as a problem related to the natural seasonal frost.
Nominations for AGU officers 1990–1992
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The nominees listed below are those of the Union and section nominating committees and have been approved by the AGU Council.Nominations may also be made by petition. There are no age, nationality, residence or other analogous restrictions on who may serve. As prescribed in the bylaws, each petition must be signed by at least 1% of the members of the Union or Section, as the case may be. Petitions should be sent to the General Secretary, AGU, 2000 Florida Avenue N.W., Washington, DC 20009. They must be received no later than July 7, 1989.
1988 Fall Meeting AGU Fall Meeting and ASLO Winter Meeting
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The 1988 Fall Meeting of the American Geophysical Union, with collaboration from the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, was the largest AGU meeting ever, with 3,857 abstracts and 5,247 attendees. The facilities at the San Francisco Civic Auditorium, Brooks Hall, Cathedral Hill Hotel, and Holiday Inn Golden Gateway Hotel were not quite stretched to their capacity, but it appears unlikely that substantial meeting growth can take place without going to even larger percentages of poster papers, which for 1988 made up 24% of the presentations.Meeting statistics:

Total sessions, 339; oral sessions, 282; poster sessions, 57
Total presentations, 3857; oral presentations, 2933; poster presentations, 924
Total meeting registrants, 5247
Total media registrants, 65
Total exhibits, 101
Exploring the deep continental crust by drilling
Authors: Elders Wilfred A. 
Published: October 2006

Although geology transcends national boundaries, geologists are not free of national influences. To the question “Is continental scientific drilling an idea whose time has come?,” answers might range from an enthusiastic “yes” in the Soviet Union and the Federal Republic of Germany, and a qualified “yes” in Sweden, to “We hope so” in Canada, France, Japan, the United Kingdom, and elsewhere, but most likely “We don't know” in the United States.In August 1988 at Jaroslavl in the U.S.S.R., Y. A. Kozlovsky, Minister of Geology, challenged participants in the international seminar Superdeep Continental Drilling and Deep Geophysical Research with his proposal for Project GLOBUS, a very‐large‐scale collaborative study of Earth's crust [Kozlovsky, 1988; Sass and Barber, 1989]. GLOBUS would investigate the crust of all of the world's continents and oceans by a network of geophysical transects, supported by up to 50 deep (5–10 km), to superdeep (>10 km), research boreholes, situated at the nodal points of the net to calibrate the geophysical interpretations and serve as permanent crustal observatories (Figure 1).
Magellan and beyond
Authors: Maggs William Ward 
Published: October 2006

As Magellan leaves Earth behind on its 15‐month journey to Venus, scientists and NASA officials are beginning to draw up plans for exploration of the Solar System into the next century that will probably not include a return mission to the planet most like Earth. NASA's first planetary mission in 11 years will allow a breathtaking look at Venus. But because no detailed understanding of the planet's interior or atmosphere will be gained, major questions may remain unanswered for many years.A long‐term agenda to supplement the NASA Office of Space Science and Applications' strategic plan is described by one planetary scientist as a balance between the spirit of discovery and the need to pursue a basic science program. What really drives the debate, however, is money and politics; budget crunches have shaped Magellan and other missions, and a short supply of space policy may make future strategies vulnerable to sudden initiatives from the administration.