bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Centenarians and the ultimate age attainable by man
Authors: CLARKE CYRIL A. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryIn the past forty years there has been a nine‐fold increase in the number of centenarians in England and Wales, which is not explicable by genetic factors nor by population increase. The rise is accounted for by a “knock‐on” effect, since in each decade of life more individuals are living longer. Among many environmental factors probably responsible, three are discussed ‐ the fall in atmospheric pollution, improved nutrition and “urge”, but these, even when allied to medical advances, seem inadequate to explain the magnitude of the rise in lifespan.It is well known that the increase in longevity is particularly marked in females. The male lifestyle may be partly responsible, since in the Amish community and in kibbutzim, where males and females lead fairly similar lives, the differences are much less extreme. However, there must also be biological disadvantages in being male since, in the first year of life, many more males than females die. There is a paradox in the sex ratio for which no satisfactory explanation has been put forward. Since the male loss from abortions exceeds that of females and 105 males are born to 100females, the implication is that many more males are conceived than females.In vitro cultures of fibroblasts hint that the maximum lifespan may be longer than 110 years, but there are many differences of opinion about the interpretation of results. Nevertheless the cell culture discipline is a most promising area of research.
Zinc—a precious metal
Authors: TURNBULL ALISTAIR J. , THOMPSON RICHARD P. H. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryZinc is an essential trace element and is required for such processes as growth, immunity and reproduction. Many people, even in this country, have a marginal intake of zinc and several common dietary constituents can impair its absorption. Despite homoeostatic regulation of zinc absorption, subclinical zinc deficiency may be common, although it is difficult to detect. Attention to the zinc nutrition of at‐risk groups such as the malnourished, children, pregnant women and the elderly is therefore required. Zinc is relatively non‐toxic and should be used in the prevention and treatment of zinc deficiency and possibly other disorders.
The economics of 1992: Food
Authors: SWINBANK ALAN 
Published: October 2007

SummaryCompletion of the Internal Market in 1992, or whenever, could have significant economic implications for food consumers and food businesses. Food companies will face greater competition and might be expected to operate on a pan‐European, rather than national, scale. Consumers, it is hoped, will be offered a wider choice of quality food products at lower prices.However, the progression towards a single European economic space is not without its dangers: the principal fears being that consumers could be faced by a bewildering range of quite different, but apparently comparable, products; and that manufacturers could find that their ability to compete effectively against products imported from other member states is constrained by the retention of obsolete national legislative provisions.
Nutrition and Gout
Authors: SIMMONDS H ANNE 
Published: October 2007

Summary A combination of events is generally required to produce hyperuricaemia and the clinical syndrome of gout. The major risk factors are an excess dietary intake of readily absorbed purines, coupled with a defect in the renal handling of uric acid which cannot respond to a purine load without an abnormal rise in blood uric acid levels. Susceptible individuals with this genetic predisposition to
renal urate hypoexcretion
include middle‐aged Caucasian males (over 90% of the UK gouty population) and specific races, such as Polynesians; renal function in the majority is normal for age. Gout‐is rare in the young and extremely rare in women, factors which have thrown into focus an unusual subgroup with a dominant disorder affecting young women and men equally. Here renal urate hypoexcretion is even more extreme and gout
is
associated with rapidly progressive renal disease. Diet may also play a role in drawing attention to such kindreds: important since early treatment may ameliorate the progression of the renal lesion. Two rare X‐linked disorders presenting as gout in young males are known where endogenous purine overproduction is the basic abnormality.
Consumer perception of food‐related issues
Authors: ASHWELL MARGARET 
Published: October 2007

SummaryThe perception of risk in food‐related issues is strongly influenced by the outrage associated with the severity of the hazard in question, and the perception of benefit is strongly influenced by the euphoria associated with the gain. To understand the perception of risk and benefit, it is just as important to understand the components of outrage and euphoria, as it is to be able to assess the hazard and gain accurately.
Health benefits of cultured and culture‐containing milks
Authors: GURR MICHAEL I 
Published: October 2007

SummaryAlthough cultured milk products have an image of ‘healthiness’, the scientific basis for many of the claims made is insubstantial. The published evidence that the lactose in yoghurt is tolerated better by lactase‐deficient people than an equivalent amount of lactose in milk is consistent, although the mechanism remains to be demonstrated. There is little convincing evidence that cultured milks have any different effect on plasma cholesterol than unfermented milk but current research on products cultured with specific cholesterol metabolizing strains of lactic acid bacteria may cause this conclusion to be revised. Despite long‐standing assertions that cultured products have therapeutic properties for diarrhoea and constipation, the data are not convincing. Stimulatory effects on the immune system and antitumour properties are current areas of active research which may yield interesting results. Notwithstanding these reservations, cultured milk products are nutritious foods adding interest, variety and palatability to the diet.
Chilled Foods
Authors: SPRIEGEL GEOFFREY 
Published: October 2007

SummaryChilling provides the Food Technologist with a valuable means of extending the shelf life of food products, and the chilled food market has seen exceptional growth as ownership of domestic refrigerators has grown. Recent media attention has highlighted that chilling cannot be effective as a food safety mechanism unless used in association with high standards of hygiene, or in combination with other traditional preservative techniques. Many microbiological and quality aspects of chilled foods are considered in the following report which help to put into context recent and future legislation requirements for chilled foods control.
Food — a fact of life
Authors: FINE GILL 
Published: October 2007

SummaryFor the past three years the British Nutrition Foundation has been developing a food and nutrition programme for use in schools. The aim is to provide a framework f o r teaching food and nutrition across the whole curriculum from age 5 to 16. The development of this programme to date has been made possible due to the financial support from The Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAFF), The All Saints Education Trust and some BNF member companies. During the Spring of 1991 the resource materials for Key stage 1 (age 5–7 years) were trialled successfully in twenty‐nine Local Education Authorities in England, Scotland and Wales. MAFF has provided further funding f o r the development and trial of Key stage 2 materials. The Foundation intends to develop and produce materials for Key stages 3 and 4 during the next three years and we believe that this programme will make a significant contribution to nutrition education in UK schools.
Nutritional problems in Czechoslovakia
Authors: OŠANCOVÁ KATEŘINA 
Published: October 2007

SummaryNutritional problems in contemporary Czechoslovakia resemble those in some other developed countries: an excessive energy and fat consumption, in particular saturated fatty acids, too much sugar, too little dietary fibre and ascorbic acid.This dietary pattern is reflected in health problems‐a high rate of obesity, cardiovascular diseases and some types of cancer.
What price a healthy diet?
Authors: GROOM HILARY 
Published: October 2007

SummaryThe majority of attempts to determine the cost of a healthy diet have indicated that eating ‘healthily’ does not need to be more expensive. Adapting the UK diet to nutritional recommendations does however require significant changes to present consumption patterns and even greater changes are required if cost is an additional constraint. The poorest people in the population have the greatest difficulty in meeting dietary guidelines. Not only would they probably have to increase their proportional expenditure on food, but a lack of resources, limited access to value‐for‐money food and insufficient nutritional knowledge will compound their problems. This issue presents a real challenge to nutritionists and the food industry.
Containment, curiosity and consultation: an exploration of theory and process in individual systemic psychotherapy with an adult survivor of trauma
Authors: Reynolds Dorothy 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis paper describes an individual therapy from the author's private practice. On referral, the client came to therapy requesting help with her 8‐year‐old daughter. Within the assessment, a single episode of trauma was revealed. Further therapeutic conversations told of multiple memories of trauma. The main therapeutic work has now ended, the contract being left that the client can continue to request appointments if she wishes. I show how systemic therapy from Post Milan and Narrative models, including practices from other orientations, has been useful and name three key practices as being crucial to the work, containment, curiosity and consultation. I suggest parallel processes operating between myself and my client as well as between the therapy and consultation. Distinct phases in the therapy recovery are identified. The discussion will consider themes of containment, curiosity and consultation.
Income Evaluation and Happiness in the Case of an Income Decline
Authors: Antonides Gerrit 
Published: October 2007

SUMMARYIncome evaluation and happiness in a number of life domains of people who had experienced an income decline were studied. 800 Participants in a survey indicated whether they had sought information and had taken precautionary measures to mitigate the effects of the lower income. By using Categorical Principal Components Analysis on this data, two scales capturing their reported behavior were constructed. The scales significantly explained people's income evaluation and happiness, in addition to their household income, family composition, and reasons for the income drop. Conclusions for budget advice and education in household financial management were drawn.
Does Child Labor Reduce Youth Crime?
Authors: Horowitz Andrew W. , Trivitt Julie R. 
Published: October 2007

SUMMARYThis paper explores the nexus between youth‐employment, youth‐crime, and socialization in the context of the child labor debate in economics. The analysis draws upon both economics and sociology and suggests that neglect of the socializing benefits of youth (and perhaps child) employment in the economics literature is a potentially important lacuna. The sociology literature contains evidence that youth‐labor reduces criminal propensity. If this effect extends to the youth who are the subject of the economics child‐labor literature, potentially large private and external benefits of some‐types of child‐labor have been ignored. After presenting evidence of the linkage between youth‐socialization, youth‐employment, and youth‐crime we consider possible implications for child‐labor policies.
Corruption and Investment Choices: A Panel Data Study
Authors: Swaleheen Mushfiq us 
Published: October 2007

SUMMARYThere is evidence in the literature that corruption lowers the level of investment and the productivity of capital stock in an economy. This paper extends the literature by presenting evidence that investment allocation decisions are affected in a significant way by corruption. The most commonly used measure of the efficiency of overall investment in an economy is the incremental capital output ratio (ICOR), measured by the ratio of gross investment to the change in the gross domestic product. The inverse of the ICOR measures the productivity of investment in an economy. When the known explanatory factors for inter‐country variation in the ICOR are taken into account, the incidence of corruption has a statistically significant negative effect on the efficiency of investment for a panel of 90–140 countries during 1995–2004. The strength of this effect increases with the incidence of corruption. The econometric model used is robust to unobserved and time‐invariant country fixed effects, feedbacks from current stochastic shocks to subsequent values of the determinants of investment efficiency, and the persistence of efficiency.
Grandma was Right: Why Cohabitation Undermines Relational Satisfaction, But Is Increasing Anyway
Authors: Wydick Bruce 
Published: October 2007

SUMMARYThis paper uses a game theoretic model to explain empirical research which has revealed higher relational satisfaction among married couples than cohabiting couples, as well as among married couples who did not cohabit before marriage. Despite these findings, in recent decades cohabitation rates have dramatically increased in both Europe and the United States. Instrumental variables estimations on data from 28 industrialized countries and 50 U.S. states show cohabitation strongly correlated with increases in women's labor force participation, where a 10 percent increase in women's labor force participation results in a 6.4 to 14.6 percent increase in cohabitation.
Enhancement of alkaloid production in opium and California poppy by transactivation using heterologous regulatory factors
Authors: Apuya Nestor R. , Park Joon‐Hyun , Zhang Liping , Ahyow Maurice , Davidow Patricia , Van Fleet Jennifer , Rarang Joel C. , Hippley Matthew , Johnson Thomas W. , Yoo Hye‐Dong , Trieu Anthony , Krueger Shannon , Wu Chuan‐yin , Lu Yu‐ping , Flavell Richard B. , Bobzin Steven C. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryGenes encoding regulatory factors isolated from Arabidopsis, soybean and corn have been screened to identify those that modulate the expression of genes encoding for enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of morphinan alkaloids in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) and benzophenanthridine alkaloids in California poppy (Eschscholzia californica). In opium poppy, the over‐expression of selected regulatory factors increased the levels of PsCOR (codeinone reductase), Ps4′OMT (S‐adenosyl‐l‐methionine:3′‐hydroxy‐N‐methylcoclaurine 4′‐O‐methyltransferase) and Ps6OMT [(R,S)‐norcoclaurine 6‐O‐methyltransferase] transcripts by 10‐ to more than 100‐fold. These transcriptional activations translated into an enhancement of alkaloid production in opium poppy of up to at least 10‐fold. In California poppy, the transactivation effect of regulatory factor WRKY1 resulted in an increase of up to 60‐fold in the level of EcCYP80B1 [(S)‐N‐methylcoclaurine 3′‐hydroxylase] and EcBBE (berberine bridge enzyme) transcripts. As a result, the accumulations of selected alkaloid intermediates were enhanced up to 30‐fold. The transactivation effects of other regulatory factors led to the accumulation of the same intermediates. These regulatory factors also led to the production of new alkaloids in California poppy callus culture.
Young children use their hands to tell their mothers what to say
Authors: Goldin‐Meadow Susan , Goodrich Whitney , Sauer Eve , Iverson Jana 
Published: October 2007

AbstractChildren produce their first gestures before their first words, and their first gesture+word sentences before their first word+word sentences. These gestural accomplishments have been found not only to predate linguistic milestones, but also to predict them. Findings of this sort suggest that gesture itself might be playing a role in the language‐learning process. But what role does it play? Children's gestures could elicit from their mothers the kinds of words and sentences that the children need to hear in order to take their next linguistic step. We examined maternal responses to the gestures and speech that 10 children produced during the one‐word period. We found that all 10 mothers ‘translated’ their children's gestures into words, providing timely models for how one‐ and two‐word ideas can be expressed in English. Gesture thus offers a mechanism by which children can point out their thoughts to mothers, who then calibrate their speech to those thoughts, and potentially facilitate language‐learning.
Age‐related changes in deferred imitation from television by 6‐ to 18‐month‐olds
Authors: Barr Rachel , Muentener Paul , Garcia Amaya 
Published: October 2007

Abstract During the second year of life, infants exhibit a
video deficit effect
. That is, they learn significantly less from a televised demonstration than they learn from a live demonstration. We predicted that repeated exposure to televised demonstrations would increase imitation from television, thereby reducing the video deficit effect. Independent groups of 6‐ to 18‐month‐olds were exposed to live or videotaped demonstrations of target actions. Imitation of the target actions was measured 24 hours later. The video segment duration was twice that of the live presentation. Doubling exposure ameliorated the video deficit effect for 12‐month‐olds but not for 15‐ and 18‐month‐olds. The 6‐month‐olds imitated from television but did not demonstrate a video deficit effect at all, learning equally well from a live and video demonstration. Findings are discussed in terms of the perceptual impoverishment theory and the dual representation theory.
Enhanced perceptual processing of speech in autism
Authors: Järvinen‐Pasley Anna , Wallace Gregory L. , Ramus Franck , Happé Francesca , Heaton Pamela 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Theories of autism have proposed that a bias towards low‐level perceptual information, or a featural/surface‐biased information‐processing style, may compromise higher‐level language processing in such individuals. Two experiments, utilizing linguistic stimuli with competing low‐level/perceptual and high‐level/semantic information, tested processing biases in children with autism and matched controls. Whereas children with autism exhibited superior perceptual processing of speech relative to controls, and showed no evidence of either a perceptual or semantic processing bias, controls showed a tendency to process speech semantically. The data provide partial support to the perceptual theories of autism. It is additionally proposed that the pattern of results may reflect different patterns of attentional focusing towards single or multiple stimulus cues in speech between children with autism and controls.
Developmental change in fetal response to repeated low‐intensity sound
Authors: Morokuma Seiichi , Doria Valentina , Ierullo Antonio , Kinukawa Naoko , Fukushima Kotaro , Nakano Hitoo , Arulkumaran Sabaratnam , Papageorghiou Aris T. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate developmental changes in heart rate response to repeated low‐intensity (85 dB) sound stimulation in fetuses between 32 and 37 weeks of gestation. We measured amplitude changes in heart rate as our index of fetal response. At 35 to 37 weeks of gestation, the majority of fetuses showed a deceleratory response at the first trial. Amplitude decreased with further trials using the same stimulus before recovering when exposed to another type of stimulation. In contrast, responses in fetuses at 32 to 34 weeks of gestation were variable across trials and there was no recovery with exposure to another type of stimulation. Our results suggest that fetal habituation of cardiac response changes with developmental age.
Preference for attractive faces in human infants extends beyond conspecifics
Authors: Quinn Paul C. , Kelly David J. , Lee Kang , Pascalis Olivier , Slater Alan M. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Human infants, just a few days of age, are known to prefer attractive human faces. We examined whether this preference is human‐specific. Three‐ to 4‐month‐olds preferred attractive over unattractive domestic and wild cat (tiger) faces (Experiments 1 and 3). The preference was not observed when the faces were inverted, suggesting that it did not arise from low‐level image differences (Experiments 2 and 3). In addition, the spontaneous preference for attractive tiger faces influenced performance in a recognition memory task involving attractive versus unattractive tiger face pairings (Experiment 4). The findings suggest that infant preference for attractive faces reflects the activity of general processing mechanisms rather than a specific adaptation to mate choice.
Heritability of antisocial behaviour at 9: do callous‐unemotional traits matter?
Authors: Viding Essi , Jones Alice P. , Paul J. Frick , Moffitt Terrie E. , Plomin Robert 
Published: October 2007

Abstract A previous finding from our group indicated that teacher‐rated antisocial behaviour (AB) among 7‐year‐olds is particularly heritable in the presence of callous‐unemotional (CU) traits. Using a sample of 1865 same‐sex twin pairs, we employed DeFries‐Fulker extremes analysis to investigate whether teacher‐rated AB with/without CU traits also shows aetiological differences among 9‐year‐olds. Furthermore, we assessed whether the differences in the magnitude of heritability would be evident even when hyperactive symptoms were controlled for in the statistical analysis. AB among 9‐year‐olds was more heritable with than without concomitant CU. The heritability difference was even more pronounced in magnitude when hyperactive symptoms were controlled. CU traits thus appear to index one valid way of sub‐typing children with early‐onset AB.
Biased to learn language
Authors: Sebastián‐Gallés Núria 
Published: October 2007

AbstractSome recent publications that explore the foundations of early language development are reviewed in this article. The review adopts the pivotal idea that infants’ advancements are helped by the existence of different types of biases. The infant's discovery of the phonological properties of the language of the environment, as well as their learning of words, is assisted by different types of processing biases, ranging from perceptual to social factors.
Prevalence of overweight and obesity in young Greek men
Authors: Papadimitriou A. , Fytanidis G. , Papadimitriou D. T. , Priftis K. N. , Nicolaidou P. , Fretzayas A. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryWe determined the prevalence of overweight and obesity in young Greek men in 2006 and examined variations related to their place of residence and educational level. Body height and weight were measured in 2568 conscripts of the Greek army, aged 19–26 years. The calculated body mass index (BMI, kg m−2) was correlated to their socio‐demographic characteristics, i.e. level of education and place of residence (urban or rural). Overweight and obesity were defined according to the World Health Organization classification. Mean BMI (standard deviation) of the conscripts was 24.7 (4.2). The prevalence of overweight (30 > BMI ≥ 25 kg m−2) was 28.5% and correlated positively with a higher educational level, whereas the prevalence of obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg m−2) was 10.4% and correlated positively with a lower educational level. Our data were compared with those of similar studies performed in the years 1969: BMI 23.8 (1.4) (P < 0.0001) and 1990: BMI 23.8 (2.9) (P < 0.0001), showing a positive secular trend for BMI in Greek conscripts in the last 16 years. In conclusion, we documented an alarmingly high prevalence of overweight and obesity among young Greek men.