bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THYROID FUNCTION IN THE FOETUS OF THE MACAQUE MONKEY (MACACA MULATTA)
Authors: PICKERING D. E. , KONTAXIS N. E. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The foetal thyroid gland of the macaque monkey (Macaca mulatta) actively incorporates iodide and synthesizes thyroxine and its precursors monoiodotyrosine and diiodotyrosine. These iodinated components are retained in the foetal thyroid gland as they are synthesized, as has been shown by the uptake and distribution of 131I among the iodinated components and by the quantity of each component present in glands obtained from foetuses delivered by caesarean section 75, 90, 105, 120 and 150 days following conception.
Butanol extractable iodine values of foetal serum, initially low, increase with foetal age and range from 1·2 to 4·5 μg./100 ml. serum at 75 and 150 days, respectively, while maternal values remain approx. 6 μg./100 ml. serum throughout pregnancy.
Follicles of the foetal thyroid gland are present at 75 days following conception and progressively increase in number and size with increasing foetal age; colloid increases proportionately.
PREPARATION OF HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE
Authors: WALLACE A. L. C. , FERGUSON K. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A simple method for the preparation of human growth hormone using chromatography on diethylaminoethyl-cellulose is described. Material prepared in this way, when assayed by growth of the tibial epiphysial cartilage in hypophysectomized rats, is at least as active as material prepared by published methods and is obtained in high yield. The only other anterior pituitary hormone activity present in any concentration is prolactin.
EFFECTS OF X-IRRADIATION ON DIFFERENTIATING LEYDIG CELLS OF THE IMMATURE RAT
Authors: WALL P. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Male rats were exposed to 400, 800 or 1200 r at varying ages after birth (3–36 days). The subsequent secretory capacity of the testis, as judged by the weight of the accessory sex organs, was markedly impaired following irradiation. The effect of X-irradiation on the secretory interstitial (Leydig) cells depended on both the dose of X-rays used, and the age of the animals at the time of exposure. The reduction in the secretion of androgen was associated with a decrease in the volume of intertubular tissue. The secretory cells became progressively more radio-resistant as the animals neared the age of puberty.
The ability of Leydig cells to respond to exogenous gonadotrophin was diminished by irradiation. In contrast, the response of the accessory sex organs to exogenous androgen was not appreciably affected.
The results thus clearly demonstrate that the Leydig cells of the pre-pubertal testis are considerably more susceptible to radiation-induced damage than are those of the adult testis.
HORMONAL BASIS FOR IMPAIRMENTS IN MILK SYNTHESIS AND MILK EJECTION FOLLOWING HYPOTHALAMIC LESIONS
Authors: GALE C. C. , TALEISNIK S. , FRIEDMAN H. M. , McCANN S. M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The placing of electrolytic lesions in the median eminence of the hypothalamic tuber cinereum induces severe impairment of lactation in rats by causing deficiencies in pituitary secretion of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH; essential for milk synthesis) and of oxytocin (necessary for milk ejection).
Thus, in rats with lesions given oxytocin × 2/day to permit milk ejection, it was observed that: (1) the severity of impairment in lactation correlated significantly with the degree of atrophy of the dams' adrenal glands; (2) administration of luteotrophin (LTH) failed to repair this defect in lactation; (3) when cortisol was administered milk production was markedly improved—to about 70–80% of normal for days 5–10—(a further slight increase in milk yield resulted when oxytocin injections were given every 4 hr. 'around the clock' to rats receiving cortisol therapy); and (4) administration of regimens consisting of either LTH and cortisol, or LTH, growth hormone (GH), and cortisol failed to improve lactation beyond levels attained with cortisol therapy alone. In hypophysectomized rats replacement with cortisol and LTH, plus oxytocin × 2/day, permitted substantial synthesis which was not significantly improved further when GH was added to the regimen, and which promptly declined when LTH therapy was withdrawn. Since no deficiency in secretion of LTH could be demonstrated in lactating rats with lesions given hormonal replacement, these data provide evidence that elimination of hypothalamic regulatory mechanisms by hypothalamic lesions is compatible with secretion of large amounts of LTH. This demonstration that lesions in the median eminence block release of ACTH while permitting continued secretion of LTH indicates that the hypothalamic mechanisms regulating their release are not identical.
STEROIDS PRESENT IN THE FOLLICULAR FLUID OF THE COW
Authors: SHORT R. V. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The following steroids have been identified in the follicular fluid of the cow (results expressed as μg./l.): pregnenolone, 3·3 μg.; progesterone, 233·0 μg.; 20β-hydroxy-pregn-4-en-3-one, 23·0 μg.; 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, 37·6 μg.; androstenedione, 31·5 μg.; testosterone, 22·1 μg.; oestrone, 5·4 μg.; oestradiol-17β, 94·0 μg.
It was not possible to detect any cortisol, 19-norandrostenedione, epitestosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone or 6α-hydroxyoestradiol-17β, although each of these steroids has been identified in equine follicular fluid. It therefore seems as if there are qualitative as well as quantitative differences between species with respect to the steroids present in follicular fluid. However, progesterone, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione, oestrone and oestradiol-17β are present in bovine, equine and human follicular fluid, and oestradiol-17β is the predominant oestrogen in all three species.
ADRENALS AND REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS OF FEMALE MICE KEPT SINGLY, GROUPED, OR GROUPED WITH A VASECTOMIZED MALE
Authors: MODY JER K. , CHRISTIAN J. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The three experimental groups consisted of mature females maintained singly, in groups of six, or grouped in threes with a vasectomized male. The animals were inbred from wild house mice. Duration or frequency of oestrus did not differ between the isolated and the grouped females at 10 weeks of age, but at 20 weeks of age the mean duration of oestrus was greater in the isolated females. Degeneration of the adrenal X-zone and an increase in the number of corpora lutea in the ovaries occurred with grouping. These changes were enhanced in the females which had undergone recurrent pseudopregnancies. In these latter animals, mammary acinar proliferation and uterine endometriosis were seen. Alterations in the histology of the adrenal glands and ovaries, together with characteristics peculiar to this strain, are described. The degenerated X-zone, increased corpora lutea, uterine changes, and mammary acinar development, suggest that there may be an increase in androgens and progestins with grouping and pseudopregnancy.
CORTICOTROPHIC STUDIES WITH ASPIRIN
Authors: WAY E. LEONG , TAYLOR JOAN , OLD L. J. , GEORGE R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effect of aspirin in reducing adrenal ascorbic acid in Sprague—Dawley rats was studied using each animal as its own control. The response to aspirin was blocked by lesions in the region of the median eminence and by hypophysectomy. Removal of the pars nervosa also resulted in depression of the response in the majority of cases. In normal animals the dose of aspirin which produced marked reduction of adrenal ascorbic acid failed to promote antidiuresis. It was concluded that pituitary-adrenal activation by aspirin is mediated via the hypothalamus and that release of the antidiuretic hormone is not essential for this effect.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF SEVERAL GONADOTROPHIN, PROGESTIN AND OESTROGEN TREATMENTS IN THE ANOESTROUS EWE
Authors: ROBINSON T. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Three factorial design tests are described, involving 528 anoestrous crossbred ewes, in which were studied the ovarian and behavioural responses to several combinations of dose and types of gonadotrophin, of dose, type and duration and frequency of progestin, and of small doses of oestrogen with gonadotrophin.
Human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) increased ovarian weight more than pregnant mares' serum (PMS). Both gonadotrophins were equally effective in inducing ovulation. In one test, but not in the other two, HCG was much less effective than PMS in causing oestrus with ovulation. The most important factors affecting the incidence of oestrus, with ovulation, were the duration and the frequency of injection of progesterone. Injection of 15–45 μg. oestradiol benzoate (ODB) with gonadotrophin increased the proportion of ewes in oestrus, but suppressed ovulation in some cases. HCG tended to increase the incidence of cystic follicles and number of ovulations.
'Proluton-D' (17α-hydroxyprogesterone caproate) was no substitute for progesterone in the ovulation-oestrus phenomenon.
The data suggest that the response to PMS of ewes of different ages and in different years is relatively predictable, whereas that to HCG is highly variable.
STEROIDS IN THE FOLLICULAR FLUID AND THE CORPUS LUTEUM OF THE MARE. A 'TWO-CELL TYPE' THEORY OF OVARIAN STEROID SYNTHESIS
Authors: SHORT R. V. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A comparison has been made between the steroids present in equine follicular fluid and luteal tissue. Follicular fluid was found to contain progesterone, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione, epitestosterone, 19-norandrostenedione, oestrone, oestradiol-17β and 6α-hydroxyoestradiol-17β, in confirmation of previous studies. On the other hand, luteal tissue contained large amounts of progesterone and 20α-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one, and a small quantity of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone. No C18 or C19 steroids could be detected.
These findings are therefore interpreted as evidence in favour of a 'two-cell type' theory of steroid formation in the ovary. One type, possibly the theca interna cell, has the ability to convert progesterone into oestrogens; the other type, possibly the luteinized granulosa cell, has a diminished 17-hydroxylating ability and is unable to cleave the C21 side chain to make C18 and C19 steroids. However, it does have an active 20-reductase enzyme system present.
A COMPARISON OF THE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF PROLACTIN BY THREE METHODS OF ASSAY
Authors: EVANS ANNE J. , FERGUSON K. A. , KOVAČIĆ NADA 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Three preparations of prolactin have been assayed against a reference preparation by different techniques.
These are the prolongation of dioestrus in the mouse, the in vitro method depending on the increase of β-glucuronidase in the rat testis, and the pigeon crop sac method.
The results have been compared and discussed.
THE EFFECT OF PRIMING INTERVAL AND DOSE ON THE MOUSE UTERINE RESPONSE TO OESTROGEN
Authors: STONE G. M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The assay of oestradiol by the mouse uterine weight method gives similar responses to priming doses of 1 μg. or 10 μg. The optimum priming interval with either dose is 8–11 days. With intervals longer than 2 weeks a decrease in both slope and sensitivity is obtained.
ON THE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF GLUCOCORTICOIDS ON PHOSPHOLIPID METABOLISM IN RABBITS
Authors: FELT V. , RÖHLING S. , VOHNOUT S. , REICHL D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. The mechanism of action of large doses of glucocorticoids has been investigated in two series of rabbits, the first receiving cortisone and the second an infusion of olive oil to induce a condition simulating 'mobilization of depot fat' to the liver.
2. The metabolic turnover of liver phospholipids is enhanced both after cortisone and after infusion for 9 hr. with a fat emulsion.
3. Changes in lipid composition in serum and liver were almost identical after cortisone or infusion of fat emulsion. Levels of neutral fat, non-esterified fatty acids, phospholipids and cholesterol, and also glucose, were increased in serum; neutral fat accumulated in the liver. Neither cortisone nor fat infusion caused any changes in lipids in the aorta.
4. The present findings are taken as evidence of the secondary nature of changes in phospholipid metabolism after cortisone. Cortisone causes primarily an accelerated transfer of non-esterified and esterified fatty acids from the depots to the liver during decreased glucose utilization. An increased supply of fatty acids from the blood to the liver after treatment with cortisone leads to their increased incorporation into phospholipid molecules.
EFFECT OF IRRADIATION DURING FOETAL LIFE ON THE SUBSEQUENT STRUCTURE AND SECRETORY ACTIVITY OF THE GONADS
Authors: BEAUMONT HEATHER M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Pregnant rats were exposed to 100r. acute X-irradiation at 13·5, 15·5, 17·5 and 19·5 days post coitum (p.c.). The offspring were killed 100 days after birth, and records were made of their body weight and the weights of the pituitary, adrenal glands, ovaries and uterus (or testes and accessory sex organs).
The results of quantitative studies of the population of germ cells confirmed that radiosensitivity of the germinal elements of the female foetus is maximal at 15·5 days p.c. In contrast, the male germ cells become increasingly radiosensitive as pregnancy advances (17·5–19·5 days p.c.).
Severe depopulation of oocytes appears to be associated with a slight decline in the secretory activity of the ovary. The endocrine function of the testis is not affected by exposure to 100r., a dose sufficient to cause almost complete elimination of germinal cells.
STUDIES ON THE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS GONADOTROPHIN PREPARATIONS
Authors: SCHMIDT-ELMENDORFF H. , LORAINE J. A. , BELL E. T. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Several gonadotrophin preparations from different sources have been investigated for biological activity using a number of assay methods including highly specific tests for both follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). In the great majority of assays the results obtained were expressed in terms of the International Reference Preparation (I.R.P.).
The FSH activity of NIH-FSH was seventy times higher and its LH activity thirty times higher than that of the I.R.P. The specific activity of NIH-LH was high, the material being approx. 2000 times more potent than the I.R.P. Material prepared from human pituitary tissue contained the highest FSH activity of any preparation tested. Its LH activity was considerably lower than that of NIH-LH.
Pergonal had ten times more FSH and five times more LH activity than the I.R.P. Pregnant mares' serum gonadotrophin contained, in addition to its FSH activity, a considerable amount of LH activity, the ratio FSH/LH being 2.10. The international standard for human chorionic gonadotrophin was shown to be a relatively weak LH preparation, being only slightly more active than the I.R.P.
Results obtained by the mouse uterus test did not appear to bear any constant relationship to results obtained by specific methods for either FSH or LH.
COMPARISON BETWEEN THE EFFECTS OF INTRAVENOUS AND INTRAPORTAL VASOPRESSIN IN NORMAL RATS, MALNOURISHED RATS, AND RATS TREATED WITH CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
Authors: SCHNIEDEN H. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
In normal rats intravenous vasopressin produces a greater effect on blood pressure than the same dose given intraportally. Following treatment with carbon tetrachloride the response following an intraportal injection approximated to that following an intravenous injection. Supplementation of the diet with methionine, vitamin B12, or choline chloride did not restore to normal the responses to vasopressin of rats injected with carbon tetrachloride. In malnourished rats an intraportal injection of vasopressin raised the blood pressure almost to the same levels as that obtained by giving the same dose intravenously.
THE EFFECT OF HYALURONIDASE AND CORTISOL ON THE INACTIVATION OF VASOPRESSINS BY RAT KIDNEY SLICES
Authors: SMITH M. W. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Rat kidney slices inactivated 8-arginine vasopressin 1·23 times as fast as 8-lysine vasopressin and 2·14 times as fast as 2-phenylalanine-8-lysine vasopressin. The rate of inactivation became dependent upon the initial concentration of these peptides when this reached 8–11 μg./ml. There was a positive correlation between the apparent first-order rate constants of these vasopressins and their pressor potency per mg. peptide.
2. 8-Arginine vasopressin was not inactivated by hyaluronidase but rat kidney slices inactivated 8-arginine vasopressin 1·25 times as fast when testicular hyaluronidase was present.
3. Slices of rat kidney taken 7 days after bilateral adrenalectomy inactivated 8-arginine vasopressin at the same rate as those taken from normal animals. Cortisol sodium succinate did not affect the rate of 8-arginine vasopressin inactivation by normal rat kidney slices, but there was no increased rate of inactivation when hyaluronidase, 8-arginine vasopressin and cortisol sodium succinate were incubated together with normal rat kidney slices.
SEX HORMONES IN FISH. THE OESTROGENS OF COD (GADUS CALLARIAS)
Authors: GOTTFRIED H. , HUNT S. V. , SIMPSON T. H. , WRIGHT R. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Mature ova of cod have been found to contain oestradiol-17β in a concentration of approx. 4·8 μg./kg. corresponding to a weight of 5·3 μg./fish. Oestrone has been found in a concentration of 1 μg./kg. or approx. 1·1 μg./fish. Immature ova contain, at most, only traces of these compounds. No other phenolic steroids could be identified. The ovarian sac has been found to contain only oestradiol in a concentration corresponding to an approximate weight of 0·4 μg./fish. No oestrone or oestriol could be identified in the gonads of male cod; the trace in this organ of material resembling oestradiol was insufficient for identification.
ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF 6β, 17α, 21-TRIHYDROXY-6α-METHYL-Δ4-PREGNENE-3,20-DIONE (21-ACETATE) FROM THE URINE OF HUMAN SUBJECTS TREATED WITH 6α-METHYL-17α-ACETOXYPROGESTERONE
Authors: CASTEGNARO E. , SALA G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A new tetrazolium reducing compound, present as a conjugate which could be hydrolysed by β-glucuronidase, has been isolated from the urine of normal men and women and oophorectomized-adrenalectomized women, all of whom had received 100 mg./day 6α-methyl-17α-acetoxyprogesterone (MAP) either subcutaneously or orally. Detailed studies of its characteristics, including degradation reactions, ultraviolet and infrared spectra, combined with studies on known steroids, suggest that the new compound is 6β,17α,21-trihydroxy-6α-methyl-Δ4-pregnene-3,20-dione (21-acetate).
It is suggested that MAP in vivo undergoes hydroxylation at C-21 in the absence of ovarian and adrenal tissue which up to the present have been considered essential for this metabolic process.
THE INSULIN ACTIVITY OF BOVINE AND OVINE BLOOD PLASMA
Authors: CUNNINGHAM N. F. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The acid—ethanol extraction procedure described by Baird & Bornstein (1957) has been shown to extract from bovine and ovine blood plasma material having an insulin-like action in vitro in the rat diaphragm assay.
The amounts of insulin activity extracted from plasma of non-pregnant cows and sheep generally indicated plasma insulin levels of from 100–500 μu./ml. plasma. Plasma insulin activity did not appear to be related to plasma glucose level in these animals.
Insulin activities of 100 μu./ml. plasma, or less, were found in two cows soon after parturition, in some pregnant sheep bearing twins round about the time of parturition, in four acetonaemic cows and in three of six sheep with pregnancy toxaemia.
THE EFFECTS OF SPECIES, STRAIN AND SEX IN THYMOLYTIC TESTS OF BETAMETHASONE, DEXAMETHASONE AND OTHER STEROIDS
Authors: ATKINSON R. M. , PRATT M. A. , TOMICH E. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Cortisol, prednisolone phosphate and the free alcohols and 21-phosphates of betamethasone and dexamethasone have been compared for thymolytic activity by the oral and subcutaneous routes in both sexes of two strains of rats and two strains of mice. The relative potency of betamethasone and dexamethasone differed with the route of administration and the sex, strain and species of animal employed. In female mice of the A2G strain, betamethasone was as potent as dexamethasone; in male mice of this strain, and in both sexes of GFF mice, WAG rats and PVG rats, betamethasone was much less potent than dexamethasone.
THE EFFECTS OF SOME ANTI-INFLAMMATORY SUBSTANCES ON CARRAGEENIN-INDUCED GRANULOMATA
Authors: ATKINSON R. M. , JENKINS LESLEY , TOMICH E. G. , WOOLLETT E. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Carrageenin pellets, implanted subcutaneously in adrenalectomized rats, produced in 5 days compact, easily dissected granulomata. Accepted anti-inflammatory steroids administered as single daily subcutaneous injections or in the diet, but not as single daily oral doses, reduced the granuloma wet weight. The relative anti-inflammatory activities of cortisol, prednisolone and betamethasone, administered subcutaneously or in the diet, duplicated their relative clinical values. The relative activity of dexamethasone to cortisol was three times that reported on patients. Corticosterone acetate was weakly active in this test, desoxycorticosterone acetate increased granuloma weight, and oestrone, mepyramine maleate, mersalyl, progesterone, norethandrolone, testosterone propionate and Pitressin were inactive.
THE RELATION BETWEEN NATURAL FECUNDITY AND RESPONSE TO FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE
Authors: McLAREN ANNE 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A study was made of the response to induced ovulation of female mice from strains in which the spontaneous ovulation rate had increased as a result of artificial selection for litter size. In response to standard doses of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) within the physiological range, the number of eggs shed differed significantly among the three strains tested, in the direction expected on the basis of their spontaneous ovulation rates. This indicates that the principal effect of selection has been to increase the sensitivity of the ovary to FSH. In one strain, the possibility remains open that there may also have been some increase in the amount of FSH available.
In response to larger doses of FSH, females from the strain with the highest spontaneous ovulation rate shed significantly fewer eggs than the other two groups. Selection must therefore have altered the shape of the dose-response curve, increasing the ovarian response at low levels of hormone and decreasing it at high levels.
EFFECT OF AN ANABOLIC STEROID (METHANDIENONE) ON PITUITARY-ADRENAL FUNCTION IN THE HUMAN
Authors: WYNN V. , LANDON J. , JAMES V. H. T. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effect of methandienone administration on urinary steroid excretion has been studied in subjects with normal pituitary-adrenal function and in patients with various endocrine diseases.
In the control subjects, a marked suppression of urinary 17-KS and 17-OHCS excretion occurred, which persisted throughout even prolonged periods of methandienone administration. Upon cessation of methandienone treatment a prompt rise in urinary steroid excretion occurred, on occasions to levels slightly higher than those seen before treatment.
Similar results were obtained in subjects with acromegaly and Cushing's syndrome, but in patients with anorexia nervosa and a low basal steroid excretion, the suppressive effect of methandienone was less marked.
During treatment with methandienone, pituitary response to metopirone was depressed, but adrenal response to corticotrophin was unaltered.
It was concluded that methandienone diminishes the rate of production of adrenocortical steroid by inhibiting corticotrophin production or release. Unlike the inhibition observed during treatment with glucocorticoids, it was not associated with atrophy of the adrenal glands.