bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thinking outside the (voice) box: A case study of students' perceptions of the relevance of anatomy to speech pathology
Authors: Weir Kristy A. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractSpeech pathology students readily identify the importance of a sound understanding of anatomical structures central to their intended profession. In contrast, they often do not recognize the relevance of a broader understanding of structure and function. This study aimed to explore students' perceptions of the relevance of anatomy to speech pathology. The effect of two learning activities on students' perceptions was also evaluated. First, a written assignment required students to illustrate the relevance of anatomy to speech pathology by using an example selected from one of the four alternative structures. The second approach was the introduction of brief “scenarios” with directed questions into the practical class. The effects of these activities were assessed via two surveys designed to evaluate students' perceptions of the relevance of anatomy before and during the course experience. A focus group was conducted to clarify and extend discussion of issues arising from the survey data. The results showed that the students perceived some course material as irrelevant to speech pathology. The importance of relevance to the students' “state” motivation was well supported by the data. Although the students believed that the learning activities helped their understanding of the relevance of anatomy, some structures were considered less relevant at the end of the course. It is likely that the perceived amount of content and surface approach to learning may have prevented students from “thinking outside the box” regarding which anatomical structures are relevant to the profession. Anat Sci Ed 2008. © 2008 American Association of Anatomists.
Das neue Bewehrungssystem; Druckglieder mit hochfestem Betonstahl SAS 670/800
Authors: Bachmann Hubert , Benz Martin , Falkner Horst , Gerritzen Dominique , Wlodkowski Hans 
Published: July 2008

AbstractMomentan entsteht in Frankfurt am Main in unmittelbarer Nähe der alten Oper der Opernturm. Es handelt sich dabei um eine 46‐geschossige anspruchsvolle Hochhauskonstruktion. Bei der Planung des Frankfurter Opernturms, der eine Höhe von 169 m aufweist, war u. a. die Dimensionierung der hochbelasteten Stützen eine besondere Herausforderung. Die Megastützen in der über 5‐Geschosse durchgehenden Lobby des Opernturms sollten aus architektonischen Gründen möglichst kleine Querschnitte aufweisen. Diese Forderung wäre bei Verwendung eines normalen Betonstahls nur durch Einsatz von hochfestem Beton umsetzbar gewesen. Als wesentlich wirtschaftlicher erwies es sich jedoch, diese Stützen unter Einsatz eines normalen Regelbetons (C50/60) mit dem hochfesten Bewehrungsstahl der Fa. Stahlwerk Annahütte (SAS 670/800) auszuführen. Die hochbelasteten Fassadenstützen stellten eine ähnliche Herausforderung dar. So sollten diese aufgrund der Architektur, der technischen Gebäudeausstattung und des Gewinns an Nutzfläche ebenfalls möglichst kleine Querschnitte bei großen Schlankheiten (λ >85) aufweisen. Eine Bewehrung mit normalem Betonstahl wäre hier ebenfalls ohne den kostenaufwändigen Einsatz eines hochfesten Betons nicht möglich gewesen. Aus diesem Grund wurden auch die hoch belasteten Fassadenstützen mit SAS 670 bewehrt.Nachdem im Teil I dieser Veröffentlichung in Heft 5/2008 über die technischen Grundlagen der Stützen mit S 670 berichtet wurde, soll im hier vorliegenden Teil II über den Entwurf des Opernturms Frankfurt, die Ausführung der hochfesten Stützen sowie über die zu Grunde liegende Zustimmung im Einzelfall berichtet werden.
Extending Zelterman's Approach for Robust Estimation of Population Size to Zero‐truncated Clustered Data
Authors: Navaratna W. C. W. , del Rio Vilas Victor J. , Böhning Dankmar 
Published: July 2008

AbstractEstimation of population size with missing zero‐class is an important problem that is encountered in epidemiological assessment studies. Fitting a Poisson model to the observed data by the method of maximum likelihood and estimation of the population size based on this fit is an approach that has been widely used for this purpose. In practice, however, the Poisson assumption is seldom satisfied. Zelterman (1988) has proposed a robust estimator for unclustered data that works well in a wide class of distributions applicable for count data. In the work presented here, we extend this estimator to clustered data. The estimator requires fitting a zero‐truncated homogeneous Poisson model by maximum likelihood and thereby using a Horvitz–Thompson estimator of population size. This was found to work well, when the data follow the hypothesized homogeneous Poisson model. However, when the true distribution deviates from the hypothesized model, the population size was found to be underestimated. In the search of a more robust estimator, we focused on three models that use all clusters with exactly one case, those clusters with exactly two cases and those with exactly three cases to estimate the probability of the zero‐class and thereby use data collected on all the clusters in the Horvitz–Thompson estimator of population size. Loss in efficiency associated with gain in robustness was examined based on a simulation study. As a trade‐off between gain in robustness and loss in efficiency, the model that uses data collected on clusters with at most three cases to estimate the probability of the zero‐class was found to be preferred in general. In applications, we recommend obtaining estimates from all three models and making a choice considering the estimates from the three models, robustness and the loss in efficiency. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Performance of Risk Prediction Models
Authors: Gerds Thomas A. , Cai Tianxi , Schumacher Martin 
Published: July 2008

AbstractFor medical decision making and patient information, predictions of future status variables play an important role. Risk prediction models can be derived with many different statistical approaches. To compare them, measures of predictive performance are derived from ROC methodology and from probability forecasting theory. These tools can be applied to assess single markers, multivariable regression models and complex model selection algorithms. This article provides a systematic review of the modern way of assessing risk prediction models. Particular attention is put on proper benchmarks and resampling techniques that are important for the interpretation of measured performance. All methods are illustrated with data from a clinical study in head and neck cancer patients. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Spontaneous rupture of the oesophagus
Authors: Griffin S M , Lamb P J , Shenfine J , Richardson D L , Karat D , Hayes N 
Published: July 2008

Abstract

Background
The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnosis, management and outcome of patients with spontaneous rupture of the oesophagus in a single centre.

Methods
Between October 1993 and May 2007, 51 consecutive patients with spontaneous oesophageal rupture were evaluated with contrast radiology and flexible endoscopy. Patients with limited contamination who fulfilled specific criteria were managed by a non-operative approach, whereas the remainder underwent thoracotomy.

Results
The median time to diagnosis was 24 (range 4–604) h. Initial diagnosis was by contrast swallow in 18 of 24 patients, computed tomography in 15 of 17 and endoscopy in 18 of 18. There were no deaths among 17 patients who were managed non-operatively with targeted drainage, intravenous antimicrobials, nasogastric decompression and enteral nutrition. Of 31 patients who underwent primary thoracotomy and oesophageal repair (over a Τ tube in 29), 11 died in hospital. Three patients could not be resuscitated adequately and did not have surgical intervention.

Conclusion
Spontaneous oesophageal rupture represents a spectrum of disease. Accurate radiological and endoscopic evaluation can identify those suitable for radical non-operative treatment and those who require thoracotomy.
Expanding the concepts in protein structure‐function relationships and enzyme kinetics: Teaching using morpheeins
Authors: Lawrence Sarah H. , Jaffe Eileen K. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractA morpheein is a homo‐oligomeric protein that can exist as an ensemble of physiologically significant and functionally distinct alternate quaternary assemblies. Morpheeins exist in nature and use conformational equilibria between different tertiary structures to form distinct oligomers as a means of regulating their function. Notably, alternate morpheein forms are not misfolded forms of a protein; they are differently assembled native states that contain alternate subunit conformations. Transitions between alternate morpheein assemblies involve oligomer dissociation, conformational change in the dissociated state, and reassembly to a different oligomer. These transitions occur in response to the protein's environment, for example, effector molecules, and represent a new model of allosteric regulation. The unique features of morpheeins are being revealed through detailed characterization of the prototype enzyme, porphobilinogen synthase, which exists in a dynamic equilibrium of a high activity octamer, a low activity hexamer, and two dimer conformations. Morpheeins are likely far more common than previously appreciated. There are, however, both intellectual and experimental barriers to recognizing proteins as morpheeins. These barriers derive from the way we were taught and continue to teach about protein folding, protein purification, protein structure‐function relationships, and enzyme kinetics. This article explores some of these limitations and encourages incorporation of morpheeins into both introductory and advanced biochemistry classes.
Analysis of urinary aromatic acids by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Crow Brian , Bishop Michael , Paliakov Ekaterina , Norton Dean , George Joe , Bralley J. Alexander 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe separation and detection of 11 urinary aromatic acids was developed using HPLC‐MS/MS. The method features a simple sample preparation involving a single‐step dilution with internal standard and a rapid 8 min chromatographic separation. The accuracy was evaluated by the recovery of known spikes between 87 and 110%. Inter‐ and intra‐assay precision (CV) was below 11% in all cases and the analytes were observed to be stable for up to 8 weeks when stored at −20°C. The method was validated based upon linearity, accuracy, precision and stability and was used to establish reference intervals for children and adults. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative analysis of the experimental cytotoxic drug cyclopentenyl cytosine and its metabolite in plasma with HPLC tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Schimmel Kirsten , Lenthe Henk van , Leen Rene , Kulik Willem , Verschuur Arnauld , Guchelaar Henk‐Jan , Kuilenburg André van 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe cytotoxic drug cyclopentenyl cytosine (CPEC) is currently being investigated in early clinical trials. Monitoring of plasma levels is required for pharmacokinetic analysis and management of toxicity. This paper describes the analysis of CPEC and cyclopentenyl uracil (CPEU) in plasma by HPLC–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. The calibration curves for CPEC and the metabolite CPEU were linear up to 10 µm with correlation coefficients of 0.997 (SD = 0.002, n = 10) and 0.997 (SD = 0.004, n = 10), respectively. The detection limit for CPEC was 0.03 and 0.12 µm for CPEU. The intra‐ and interassay coefficients of variation for CPEC and CPEU were less then 10%. The usefulness of the method was demonstrated by analyzing CPEC and CPEU in plasma of a patient treated with CPEC. HPLC with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry allowed rapid and sensitive determination of CPEC and CPEU levels in plasma. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development and validation of HPLC method for imiquimod determination in skin penetration studies
Authors: Paula Daniel De , Martins Carolina Azenha , Bentley Maria Vitória Lopes Badra 
Published: July 2008

AbstractA simple, rapid and sensitive analytical procedure for the measurement of imiquimod in skin samples after in vitro penetration studies has been developed and validated. In vitro penetration studies were carried out in Franz diffusion cells with porcine skin. Tape stripping technique was used to separate the stratum corneum (SC) from the viable epidermis and dermis. Imiquimod was extracted from skin samples using a 7:3 (v/v) methanol:acetate buffer (100 mm, pH 4.0) solution and ultrasonication. Imiquimod was analyzed by HPLC using C8 column and UV detection at 242 nm. The mobile phase used was acetonitrile:acetate buffer (pH 4.0, 100 mm):diethylamine (30:69.85:0.15, v/v) with flow rate 1 mL/min. Imiquimod eluted at 4.1 min and the running time was limited to 6.0 min. The procedure was linear across the following concentration ranges: 100–2500 ng/mL for both SC and tape‐stripped skin and 20–800 ng/mL for receptor solution. Intra‐day and inter‐day accuracy and precision values were lower than 20% at the limit of quantitation. The recovery values ranged from 80 to 100%. The method is adequate to assay imiquimod from skin samples, enabling the determination of the cutaneous penetration profile of imiquimod by in vitro studies. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Studies on neurosteroids XXIV. Determination of neuroactive androgens, androsterone and 5α‐androstane‐3α,17β‐diol, in rat brain and serum using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Higashi Tatsuya , Yokoi Hiroyuki , Nagura Yukiko , Nishio Tadashi , Shimada Kazutake 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe development and validation of liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometric (LC–ESI‐MS/MS) methods that enable the quantification of neuroactive androgens, androsterone (5α‐androstan‐3α‐ol‐17‐one, 3α,5α‐A) and 5α‐androstane‐3α,17β‐diol (3α,5α‐Adiol), in the rat brain and serum are presented. The androgens were extracted with methanol–acetic acid, purified using solid‐phase extraction cartridges, derivatized with an ESI‐active reagent, isonicotinoyl azide (INA), and then subjected to LC–ESI‐MS/MS. The quantifications were based on selected reaction monitoring mode using the characteristic transitions of the INA derivatives. The methods allowed the reproducible and accurate quantification of the brain and serum neuroactive androgens using a 100 mg or 100 µL sample; the intra‐ and inter‐assay relative standard deviations were below 3.6%, and the percentage accuracy values were 97.1–103.7% for both androgens. The animal study using the methods suggests that most of 3α,5α‐Adiol found in the brain is derived from the periphery, while 3α,5α‐A is not only transported from the periphery into the brain, but also synthesized in the brain by the oxidation of 3α,5α‐Adiol. The androgens in the rats intraperitoneally administered finasteride, a 5α‐reductatse inhibitor, were also measured; this treatment significantly reduced the brain 3α,5α‐A and 3α,5α‐Adiol levels and increased only the brain level of androstenedione, the precursor of 3α,5α‐A. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Automated analysis of fluvoxamine in rat plasma using a column‐switching system and ion‐pair high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Liu Shicheng , Shinkai Norihiro , Kakubari Ikuhiro , Saitoh Hideo , Noguchi Ken‐ichi , Saitoh Takashi , Yamauchi Hitoshi 
Published: July 2008

AbstractWe have established a robust, fully automated analytical method for the analysis of fluvoxamine in rat plasma using a column‐switching ion‐pair high‐performance chromatography system. The plasma sample was injected onto a precolumn packed with Shim‐pack MAYI‐ODS (50 µm), where the drug was automatically purified and enriched by on‐line solid‐phase extraction. After elution of the plasma proteins, the analyte was back‐flushed from the precolumn and then separated isocratically on a reversed‐phase C18 column (L‐column ODS) with a mobile phase (acetonitrile–0.1% phosphoric acid, 36:64, v/v) containing 2 mm sodium 1‐octanesulfonate. The analyte was monitored by a UV detector at a wavelength of 254 nm. The calibration line for fluvoxamine showed good linearity in the range of 5–5000 ng/mL (r > 0.999) with the limit of quantification of 5 ng/mL (RSD = 6.51%). Accuracy ranged from −2.94 to 4.82%, and the within‐ and between‐day precision of the assay was better than 8% across the calibration range. The analytical sensitivity and accuracy of this assay is suitable for characterization of the pharmacokinetics of orally‐administered fluvoxamine in rats. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improving detection in capillary electrophoresis with laser induced fluorescence via a bubble cell capillary and laser power adjustment
Authors: Rodat Audrey , Gavard Pierre , Couderc François 
Published: July 2008

AbstractBubble cells have been frequently employed in capillary electrophoresis (CE) to increase the light path length with UV detection to provide an increase in the observed sensitivity of CE; however this approach has not been commonly used for laser‐induced fluorescence detection (LIF) with CE. In this paper we study the influence of laser power on the sensitivity of detection in using conventional and enlarged fused silica capillaries for CE with LIF. When using the bubble cell capillary, the laser power must be decreased relative to use of the conventional capillary to reduce the effects of photodegradation of the species being illuminated by the laser. Even though the light intensity was decreased, an increase in sensitivity of detection was observed for most compounds when a bubble cell was used. This increase ranged from a factor of 8 for riboflavin (410 nm excitation) to 3.2 for most aromatic compounds (266 nm excitation), when using a 3× bubble cell compared with a conventional capillary. The bubble cell capillary was used for native detection of IgG by LIF at 266 nm. A limit of detection of 60 ng mL−1 was obtained from a 20 pg injection, which was 40 times more sensitive than silver staining in conventional SDS/PAGE. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A human case of an azygos lobe: Determining an anatomical basis for its therapeutic postural drainage
Authors: Arakawa Takamitsu , Terashima Toshio , Miki Akinori 
Published: July 2008

AbstractAn azygos lobe of the human lung is one of the most common lung malformations. However, there are only a few anatomical reports concerning the bronchial and blood supply to this lobe. We encountered the azygos lobe in an anatomical dissection course. The azygos lobe of this case was examined macroscopically and lung parenchyma, including alveoli, terminal bronchioles, and bronchial arteries and veins, was partially removed under a stereoscopic microscope. The azygos lobe was situated medial to the superior lobe and superior to the hilum of the right lung. The parietal pleura wrapped around the azygos vein like a mesentery to form the “meso‐azygos.” Partial removal of the lung parenchyma revealed that the azygos lobe received bronchial branches from the medial components of the apical and anterior branches of the apical segmental bronchus (B1a and B1b), and that these bronchial branches were bent excessively in a medial direction from the parent bronchial trunk. For therapeutic drainage of secretions from a right azygos lobe, a 45° upright sitting posture with the neck flexed to the right side is recommended, because in this posture the bronchial branches to the azygos lobe assume a more vertical orientation to facilitate greater dependent drainage of this lobe. Clin. Anat. 21:524–530, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The association of proximal femur geometry with hip fracture risk
Authors: Dinçel V. Ercan , Şengelen Meltem , Sepici Vesile , Çavuşoğlu Turgay , Sepici Behçet 
Published: July 2008

AbstractWe aimed to discuss the risk assessments of patients with hip fractures due to the fall‐related moderate or minimal trauma and compare them with non‐fractured control patients by bone mineral density (BMD) and proximal femur geometric measurements to assess whether geometric measurements of femoral dimensions were associated with femoral strength and hip fracture risk. Forty‐two osteoporotic patients with proximal femur fracture and 40 osteoporotic non‐fractured age and gender‐matched controls were included in the study. Lunar DXA was used for BMD measurements and proximal femur geometric measurements were performed manually on direct X‐rays as hip axial length (HAL), femoral length (FL), and femoral neck width (FW). The trochanteric and total BMD values of the fracture group were significantly lower than the control group. There was a significant increase in FW/FL ratio in the fracture group that would be of specific importance for guidance: if FL values did not increase as did FW, it would point out a risk for fracture. The trochanteric BMD values were correlated with all increased measurements in the control group. There are genetically determined adaptive differences among individuals concerning bone morphology and bone mineral distribution. These different adaptations result in different bone strengths and fracture formation risk. Clin. Anat. 21:575–580, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Two unusual anatomic variations create a diagnostic dilemma in distal ulnar nerve compression
Authors: Kiehn Mark W. , Derrick Allison J. , Iskandar Bermans J. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractDiagnosis of peripheral neuropathies is based upon patterns of functional deficits and electrodiagnostic testing. However, anatomic variations can lead to confounding patterns of physical and electrodiagnostic findings. Authors present a case of ulnar nerve compression due to a rare combination of anatomic variations, aberrant branching pattern, and FCU insertion at the wrist, which posed a diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma. The literature related to isolated distal ulnar motor neuropathy and anatomic variations of the ulnar nerve and adjacent structures is also reviewed. This case demonstrates how anatomic variations can complicate the interpretation of clinical and electrodiagnostic findings and underscores the importance of thorough exploration of the nerve in consideration for possible variations. Clin. Anat. 21:592–597, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.