bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Progress made in study of ocean's calcium carbonate budget
Authors: Iglesias‐Rodriguez M. Debora , Armstrong Robert , Feely Richard , Hood Raleigh , Kleypas Joan , Milliman John D. , Sabine Christopher , Sarmiento Jorge 
Published: October 2006

Many of the uncertainties in diagnostic and prognostic marine carbon cycle models arise from an imperfect understanding of the processes that control the formation and dissolution of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). On the production side of the equation, the factors that control the abundances of calcifying phytoplankton or zooplankton are largely unknown. On the dissolution side, changes in the depth of CaCO3 saturation horizons for both calcite and aragonite may produce large‐scale changes in dissolution of shelf and slope sediments and reefs, with potentially significant implications for atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and climate change, as well as for coralline organisms themselves.In recent years, concern about the long‐term fate of anthropogenic CO2 in the oceans has re‐ignited scientific interest in the fundamental abiotic and biotic processes that control the marine CaCO3 budget, since biological CaCO3 production and export are important mechanisms by which carbon is exported from the ocean's surface to its abyss. CaCO3 precipitation releases CO2 to solution, while CaCO3 dissolution takes up CO2 from solution.
Seismic experiments target earthquake‐prone region in Romania
Authors: Hauser F. , Prodehl C. , Landes M. ,   VRANCEA working group
Published: October 2006

Several major earthquakes struck Romania in the last century, and all of them occurred in the Vrancea zone in the southeast Carpathian Mountains (Figure l). These earthquakes claimed many lives and caused extensive damage. In the 1977 earthquake alone, 1,570 people died and more than 11,300 were injured, 32,900 apartments were completely destroyed or severely damaged, and economic loss was estimated at more than $2 billion.To study the crustal and uppermost mantle structure beneath this seismic high‐risk area, two major active‐source seismic experiments were carried out in 1999 and 2001, nearly 30 years after the last seismic investigations across the eastern Carpathians in the 1970s. The joint seismic refraction and reflection field effort conducted in August and September 2001 (Figure 1), which used almost 800 stand‐alone recorders, is one example of the productive interaction forged during the 1999 experiment [Hauser et al., 2001].
Is the number of Antarctic icebergs really increasing?
Authors: Long David G. , Ballantyn Jarom , Bertoia Cheryl 
Published: October 2006

Icebergs released from the ice shelves and glaciers of Antarctica account for the majority of the continent's freshwater flux into the ocean. It is estimated that an average of nearly 2000 km3 [Jacobs et al., 1992] of ice are released from continental ice shelves and glaciers each year. Much of this ice is released in the form of very large icebergs, some of which are as large as 295 km×37 km.A recent article by Bindschadler and Rignot [2001] notes that the number of icebergs around Antarctica appears to be on the rise, potentially heralding a climate trend. Examination of the National Ice Center (NIC) Antarctic iceberg data base tends to support the observation of an increase in the number of icebergs. Further driving the concern is the size of recently calves icebergs such as the largest ever observed, B15 measuring 295 km×37 km, which calved from the Ross Ice Shelf in March 2000.
Extending the ice core record beyond half a million years
Authors:   The EPICA Dome C 2001‐02 Science and Drilling Teams
Published: October 2006

Ice cores have been a crucial source of information about past changes in the climate and atmosphere. The Vostok ice core from Antarctica has provided key global change data sets extending 400,000 years in the past [Petit et al., 1999], while Japanese scientists drilling at Dome Fuji have obtained records extending to 330,000 years. Now, a new core being drilled by a consortium of European laboratories has surpassed these ages, and looks like extending the ice core record several hundred thousand years into the past.Ice cores are unique: of all the paleo‐records, they have the most direct linkage with the atmosphere. At some sites, the time resolution is sufficient to study extremely fast climate changes; and they have information about many forcing factors for climate (including greenhouse gas concentrations) displayed in the same cores as the resulting climate changes.
Study institute assesses the state of hydrogeophysics
Authors: Hubbard Susan , Rubin Yoram 
Published: October 2006

A North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)‐funded Hydrogeophysics Advanced Study Institute (ASI), held at the Trest Castle in the Czech Republic in July 2002, brought together for the first time a leading group of researchers and students active in this emerging discipline. Approximately 60 hydrogeologists interested in incorporating geophysical data into their subsurface characterization problems, and geophysicists involved in subsurface hydrogeological characterization, attended the institute.Hydrogeologists and geophysicists often use different yet complementary approaches to investigate subsurface problems. The new discipline of hydrogeophysics strives to reconcile information obtained using both hydrogeological and geophysical approaches to improve our understanding of subsurface parameters or processes. The NATO ASI was held to assess the state of the discipline, and to review recent research breakthroughs and obstacles associated with hydrogeophysics.
An overview of stochastic modeling of groundwater flow and transport: From theory to applications
Authors: Dagan Gedeon 
Published: October 2006

The stochastic modeling of groundwater has developed considerably in the last twenty years and a large body of knowledge has accumulated. However, there is also room for criticism: the community has evolved into a specialized one and research has started to address esoteric topics. Furthermore, in spite of its expansion, the stochastic approach hasn't yet become a routine tool of hydrological modeling.The main message of this article is an appeal for application of stochastic modeling to practical problems on a regular basis (see motto above). This is regarded as a task of utmost importance and high priority Furthermore, in spite of outstanding problems, it is surmised that the accumulated knowledge makes it possible.
Conference promotes study of ecohydrology of semi‐arid landscapes
Authors: Newman Brent D. , Sala Osvaldo , Wilcox Bradford P. 
Published: October 2006

Greater scientific understanding is needed of how semi‐arid landscapes and other dry environments function, particularly from the ecohydrologic perspective. This need is driven by the growing urgency of finding answers for such troublesome issues as the sustainability of ecosystems, inadequacy of water supplies, degradation of water quality and the effects of environmental change at local, regional, and global scales. Because of the tight coupling between ecologic and hydrologic processes in semi‐arid landscapes, these issues must be addressed from an ecohydrologic perspective.Ecohydrology has been defined as “the sub‐discipline shared by the ecological and hydrological sciences that is concerned with the effects of hydrological processes on the distribution, structure, and function of ecosystems, and with the effects of biotic processes on elements of the water cycle” [Nuttle, 2002]. While not a new term, ecohydrology is receiving increased attention, largely because of the recognition that more interdisciplinary or holistic approaches are required to adequately address applied and basic environmental research problems [e.g.,Baird and Wilby, 1999; Gupta, 2000; Gurnell et al., 2000;Horton, 1998; May et al., 1999;Nuttle, 1999, 2002; and Rodriguez‐Iturbe, 2000].
Dam removal in the United States: Emerging needs for science and policy
Authors: Doyle Martin W. , Stanley Emily H. , Harbor Jon M. , Grant Gordon S. 
Published: October 2006

The aging of America's dams, coupled with increasing awareness of their environmental costs, has brought dam decommissioning and removal to the attention of the scientific community, management agencies, and the general public. Over the past two years, dam removal has been the focus of special sessions at the annual meetings of numerous scientific societies (e.g., American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Geophysical Union, Ecological Society of America, Association of American Geographers) as well as groups focusedon bridging science and policy [Heinz Center, 2002].Here we briefly examine why dam removal has emerged as a critical issue, the realities of ongoing dam removal efforts and the current policy vacuum, and the need for expanded scientific research to support policy development.
Bathymetry from space is now possible
Authors: Sandwell David T. , Gille Sarah T. , Orcutt John , Smith Walter H. F. 
Published: October 2006

A new satellite altimeter mission to map the deep ocean bathymetry and gravity field five times better than existing global maps is being considered. This mission, which would be 16 times faster and cheaper than mapping the sea floor with conventional multibeam systems, would be used to probe the internal structure of the continental margins, and estimate sea floor topography and roughness spectra for geological, oceanographic, and climatological purposes (see boxed sidebar). Of course, the highest‐resolution bathymetry maps come from shipboard systems, but so far, only 10% of the sea floor has been surveyed, and it will take 125 ship‐years to map the deep oceans at a cost of about one billion dollars.The accuracy of current altimeter‐derived maps is limited by ranging noise and short mission duration. A new altimeter with improved technology and a non‐repeating orbit could provide accuracy to 1 mGal within 6 years (http://fermi.jhuapl.edu/abyss). In the deep ocean, where there is little sediment cover, gravity and topography are highly correlated, so that gravity can be used to predict topography, but there is a fundamental resolution limit of π times the mean ocean depth, which is ∼12 km full‐wavelength, due to upward continuation. On the shallow continental margins, the gravity field reveals variations in sediment and crustal structure.
Comment on “Survey tracks current position of South Magnetic Pole” and “Recent acceleration of the north magnetic pole linked to magnetic jerks”
Authors: Campbell Wallace H. 
Published: October 2006

In recent months, two articles have appeared in Eos reporting new positions of the north [Newitt et al., 2002] and south [Barton, 2002] magnetic poles from on‐site measurements of locations for vertical magnetic field dip. Readers should be advised that these reported positions are neither magnetic poles nor geophysically important locations. First let us review some facts about our Earth's field.When a magnetic field can be represented by an axially symmetric dipole pattern similar to the electric field from a pair of equal and opposite electric charges, the axis of this magnetic field is called a pole. For the Earth, Gilbert [1958] first called attention to this dipole feature in his 1600 publication De Magnete. With the magnetic dipole center location corresponding to the Earth's geographic center, and the Earth completely spherical, the exit position of the magnetic dipole corresponded to the location of a fully vertical dip of the field. Global maritime exploration that started around the time of the epic 1492 Columbus voyage greatly depended on the ship compass for navigation and on magnetic declination maps for guidance. It was only natural that considerable interest in special expeditions to locate the mysterious Arctic and Antarctic Earth magnetic poles subsequently arose.
Integrating complexity of social systems in natural hazards planning: An example from Caracas, Venezuela
Authors: Vranes Kevin , Czuchlewski Kristina R. 
Published: October 2006

In December 1999, days of heavy rain on steep slopes north of Caracas, Venezuela triggered massive mud and debris flows, killing tens of thousands. Partly in response to this disaster, a multidisciplinary team of urban planners and Earth scientists from Columbia University recently developed a framework plan for building disaster resilience into the Venezuelan capital region. After assessing the complex intersection of urban geography with severe seismic and hydrologic hazards, substantial recommendations were made to local and regional authorities on future hazards mitigation.Areas found most at risk in the Caracas region include the transportation and utility infrastructure and the friable building stock of squatter settlements. Recognizing realistic economic and socio‐political constraints on implementing change, a prioritized list of goals and activities was constructed, and recommendations made along various time scales. Immediate disaster‐avoidance goals (to be completed within 1 to 5 years) include strengthening critical infrastructure nodes, housing stock, and emergency services. More intermediate goals (5 to 10 years) focus on upgrading fragile housing units, creating detailed hazard maps across the city, and incorporating disaster education into cultural activities. Recommended activities for the long term (beyond 10 years) include creating a fully redundant transportation and water delivery network, establishing legitimate land title for squatters, and re‐locating critical facilities currently in high‐risk areas.
Use of protection zones and land management restore contaminated groundwater in Denmark
Authors: Thomsen Richard , Thorling Lark 
Published: October 2006

The sustainable water supply project discussed in this article is the first in Danish history to use protection zones to safeguard groundwater from the effects of agricultural production. As experience with groundwater protection zones was very limited 10 years ago, the project involved comprehensive and systematic monitoring to determine the effects of the protection zones on groundwater quality.The establishment of protection zones around waterworks is a simple and inexpensive way to safeguard the drinking water resource. As more than 99% of Denmark's drinking water supply derives from the nation's naturally pure groundwater, protection of the groundwater resource from agricultural and industrial contamination is accorded high priority Agricultural use of nitrate fertilizers can considerably deteriorate the quality of the groundwater. In Aarhus County alone, more than 100 out of 600 waterworks have been closed due to nitrate contamination.
Ezekiel's vision: Visual evidence of Sterno‐Etrussia geomagnetic excursion?
Authors: Raspopov Oleg M. , Dergachev Valentin A. , Goos'kova Elena G. 
Published: October 2006

In the Eos article,“Ezekiel and the Northern Lights: Biblical Aurora Seems Plausible” (16 April 2002), Siscoe et al. presented arguments showing that coronal auroras can occur at low latitudes under the condition of increased geomagnetic dipole field strength. From this standpoint, they give an interpretation of the “reported” Ezekiel's vision (the Bible's Book of Ezekiel in the Old Testament). The site of the Ezekiel's vision was about 100 km south of Babylon (latitude ˜32° N, longitude ˜5°E), and the date of the vision was around 593 B.C.Auroral specialists believe that Ezekiel's vision was inspired by a very strong magnetic storm accompanied by coronal auroras at low latitudes. However, as justly noted by Siscoe et al. [2002],to adopt this interpretation, several questions should be answered. Can auroras be seen at the latitude where Ezekiel reportedly was? More important, can they reach a coronal stage of development, which is what the vision requires? Was the tilt of the dipole axis favorable? Was the general level of solar activity favorable? The principal question is, no doubt, the second one.
An Introduction to Geophysical Exploration: Third Edition
Authors: Tatham Robert H. 
Published: October 2006

Finding a modern textbook that covers all aspects of exploration geophysics is difficult, but An Introduction to Geophysical Exploration certainly fills the bill. Appropriate for an introductory course addressing a range of techniques the book's breadth is demonstrated by comprehensive inclusion of non‐seismic exploration methods. In fact, half of the book is devoted to non‐seismic methods, providing students with a permanent reference to these infrequently applied exploration methods.This book came to my attention while I was ordering textbooks for a course in exploration geophysics only to find that the text of my choice was out of print. I quickly substituted An Introduction to Geophysical Exploration, and it has served the class well, including senior‐level undergraduates and first‐year graduate students in both soft‐rock geology and geophysics. The material is comprehensive and well organized. The non‐seismic topics include not only chapters on potential fields— one each on gravity and magnetic methods— but also chapters on electrical and electromagnetic methods, including ground‐penetrating radar (GPR). Short chapters on radiometric surveying and borehole logging are also provided.
Geodesy is not just for static measurements any more
Authors: Chao Benjamin F. 
Published: October 2006

After three decades and three orders of magnitude of advances, space geodesy is poised for prime time in observing the integrated mass transports that take place in the Earth system, from high atmosphere to the deep interior of the core. As such, space geodesy has become a new remote sensing tool, in monitoring climatic and geophysical changes with ever‐increasing sensitivity and resolution.The transports of mass and energy are key processes that determine the dynamics of our Earth system. The Earth system can be conveniently viewed through its components, so‐called geophysical fluids—the atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, biosphere, lithosphere, and the deep interior of mantle and cores. All geophysical fluids undergo a host of mass transports for various reasons, external as well as internal. Studying these processes is undoubtedly a most interdisciplinary field in all of Earth sciences. However, mass transport has not received due attentions. For example, all ocean general circulation models (GCMs) working today do not correctly conserve the water mass; instead, they conserve the water volume under the Boussinesq approximation. Neither do the atmospheric GCMs in conserving the dry air mass, including those used daily for weather forecasts. A most critical piece in the global water mass puzzle, the large‐scale land hydrological and cryospheric mass budget remains least known.
New interpretation of glacial history of Cape Cod may have important implications for groundwater contaminant transport
Authors: Mulligan Ann , Uchupi Elazar 
Published: October 2006

Fresh water resources of sufficient quantity and quality are critical for maintaining societies and for supporting additional growth and development. When these resources are threatened or compromised, as can occur through the release of hazardous compounds, additional stress is placed on the water supply system from loss of the resource and changes in the demand structure.In western Cape Cod, Massachusetts, such problems are currently being encountered as a result of contaminant releases from the Massachusetts Military Reservation (MMR). An effective long‐term response to subsurface contamination requires, among other things, determining the lithology, stratigraphy, and structure of aquifer materials and their effects on groundwater flow and contaminant transport. A recent review and analysis of subsurface data across Cape Cod offers a new interpretation of the geologic history of the Cape, with potential implications for groundwater issues facing western Cape Cod (the Upper Cape).
Should Memphis build for California's earthquakes?
Authors: Stein Seth , Tomasello Joseph , Newman Andrew 
Published: October 2006

State and local authorities in parts of the central U.S. that are at risk from earthquakes in the New Madrid Seismic Zone (NMSZ) are considering adopting a new building code that would increase the earthquake resistance of new buildings to levels similar to those in southern California.Here, we argue against this proposal on the dual grounds that the earthquake hazard has been overestimated, and that the costs of the proposed change are likely to far exceed the potential benefits. Instead, we recommend weighing the costs and benefits of alternative strategies that could yield reasonable seismic safety at significantly lower cost.
2003 Fellows Citations
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

AGU congratulates the forty‐one distinguished scientists who were selected by a committee of their peers to be AGU Fellows for 2003. This selection was based on the individuals' attainment of acknowledged eminence in a branch of geophysics.The number of Fellows selected annually is limited to no more than 0.1% of the AGU membership. The names of the new Fellows are listed here, along with citations recognizing their specific achievements.
MODIS data used to study 2002 fires in Kalimantan, Indonesia
Authors: Fuller Douglas O. 
Published: October 2006

Smoke and haze blanketed western Indonesia during August and September 2002, signaling the arrival of another El Niño event in Southeast Asia. Although not as severe as the 1997–1998 El Niño event, the 2002 El Niño produced drought conditions in western Indonesia that favored extensive biomass burning in lowland areas of Borneo, Sumatra, and Sulawesi, three of the largest islands that form part of the vast Indonesian archipelago. Data derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) on board the NASA Terra satellite showed that most of the burning during 2002 occurred in central and western Kalimantan (Indonesian Borneo), where forests are being cleared to make way for industrial oil palm and pulp plantations.Comparison of fire data from several different satellite sensors also reveals that fires detected in Kalimantan during 1997 appeared more numerous (Figure 1) and burned over a longer period (Figure 2) than fires that burned in late 2002 (see discussion below). This result is consistent with recent El Niño observations that characterize the current event as moderate relative to the 1997–1998 event (see http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/ products/analysis_monitoring/enso_advisory/).
Curators of sea floor and lakebed samples celebrate 25 years of service
Authors: Mix Alan , Conard Bobbi , Broda Jim , Carey Steve , Firth John , Janecek Tom , Lotti‐Bond Rusty , Moore Carla , Norris Richard , Schnurrenberger Doug 
Published: October 2006

Research on marine geological and lake sediment benefits from community repository facilities that are supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) at eight U.S. institutions. These facilities house sediment cores, sediment trap samples, and sea floor rocks, and distribute data and materials for national and international scientific use. For more than 30 years, in partnership with participating universities, NSF has provided support for these community service facilities, recognizing that storage and distribution of these unique materials leverage the best and most cost‐effective science for the global community.Curators representing the participating institutions meet semi‐annually to coordinate repository activities, to set standards for archival, and to maintain policies that maximize research use of materials. These planning meetings began in 1977, when lack of coordination among institutions limited access to the broader community. The inaugural meeting of 18 interested repositories yielded a preliminary sediment description scheme and a first community data base, which opened in 1979 with records on 5000 sediment cores hosted by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) and World Data Center for Marine Geology and Geophysics in Boulder, Colorado.