bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential synaptology of vGluT2‐containing thalamostriatal afferents between the patch and matrix compartments in rats
Authors: Raju Dinesh V. , Shah Deep J. , Wright Terrence M. , Hall Randy A. , Smith Yoland 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe striatum is divided into two compartments named the patch (or striosome) and the matrix. Although these two compartments can be differentiated by their neurochemical content or afferent and efferent projections, the synaptology of inputs to these striatal regions remains poorly characterized. By using the vesicular glutamate transporters vGluT1 and vGluT2, as markers of corticostriatal and thalamostriatal projections, respectively, we demonstrate a differential pattern of synaptic connections of these two pathways between the patch and the matrix compartments. We also demonstrate that the majority of vGluT2‐immunolabeled axon terminals form axospinous synapses, suggesting that thalamic afferents, like corticostriatal inputs, terminate preferentially onto spines in the striatum. Within both compartments, more than 90% of vGluT1‐containing terminals formed axospinous synapses, whereas 87% of vGluT2‐positive terminals within the patch innervated dendritic spines, but only 55% did so in the matrix. To characterize further the source of thalamic inputs that could account for the increase in axodendritic synapses in the matrix, we undertook an electron microscopic analysis of the synaptology of thalamostriatal afferents to the matrix compartments from specific intralaminar, midline, relay, and associative thalamic nuclei in rats. Approximately 95% of PHA‐L‐labeled terminals from the central lateral, midline, mediodorsal, lateral dorsal, anteroventral, and ventral anterior/ventral lateral nuclei formed axospinous synapses, a pattern reminiscent of corticostriatal afferents but strikingly different from thalamostriatal projections arising from the parafascicular nucleus (PF), which terminated onto dendritic shafts. These findings provide the first evidence for a differential pattern of synaptic organization of thalamostriatal glutamatergic inputs to the patch and matrix compartments. Furthermore, they demonstrate that the PF is the sole source of significant axodendritic thalamic inputs to striatal projection neurons. These observations pave the way for understanding differential regulatory mechanisms of striatal outflow from the patch and matrix compartments by thalamostriatal afferents. J. Comp. Neurol. 499:231–243, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The numerical solution of third‐order boundary value problems using Sinc‐collocation method
Authors: Saadatmandi A. , Razzaghi M. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe Sinc‐collocation method is presented for solving boundary value problems for nonlinear third‐order differential equations. Properties of the Sinc‐collocation method required for our subsequent development are given and are utilized to reduce the computation of nonlinear third‐order boundary value problems to some algebraic equations. The method is computationally attractive and applications are demonstrated through illustrative examples. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cooperative Interactions in Supramolecular Aggregates: Linear and Nonlinear Responses in Calix[4]arenes
Authors: Datta Ayan , Terenziani Francesca , Painelli Anna 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe linear and nonlinear optical polarizabilities of donor–acceptor (D‐π‐A) chromophores in confined geometries of calix[4]arenes are investigated through a model for interacting polar‐polarizable molecules. Both the linear polarizability (α) and the first hyperpolarizability (β) decrease with increasing the interdipolar angle, as expected in the oriented‐gas picture. However, within the polar‐polarizable model we predict deviations from the additive result, irrespective of the interdipolar angle. Depending on the nature of the chromophore, electrostatic intermolecular interactions between polar and polarizable chromophores lead to cooperative damping or enhancement of the optical responses. Specifically, for chromophores whose ground state is dominated by the neutral D‐π‐A structure both α and β are suppressed with respect to the prediction of the oriented‐gas model, whereas the opposite holds true for chromophores whose ground state is dominated by the zwitterionic D+‐π‐A−. These results explain recent experimental data on a calix[4]arene functionalized with a donor–acceptor dye for nonlinear optical applications. Density functional theory calculations on the relevant crystal structure further support our interpretation.
Intercalated Smectic A Phases in Banana‐Shaped Liquid Crystals with Carbonate End Groups
Authors: Fodor‐Csorba Katalin , Jákli Antal , Vajda Anikó , Prasad S. Krishna , Shankar Rao Doddamane S. , Dong Ronald Y. , Xu Jiadi , Galli Giancarlo 
Published: September 2006

AbstractNovel, symmetrical, bent‐core mesogens, namely substituted 1,3‐phenylenebis{4′‐[(ethoxycarbonyl)oxy]‐1,1′‐biphenyl}‐4‐carboxylates, are prepared with carbonate groups at both ends of the molecules. The mesophase properties are investigated for different electron‐donating and ‐withdrawing substituents connected to the central ring at different positions. These compounds exhibit nematic and/or smectic A intercalated (SmAint) mesophases. Electro‐optical studies show a very significant electric‐field‐induced biaxiality that is fast (<1 ms) and large (0.03) associated with a high birefringence (0.33 at 500 nm, 10 V μm−1 field) for the unsubstituted analogue. For one substance this effect is observable from above 100 °C down to room temperature. Such electric‐field‐induced biaxiality may find practical applications in fast electro‐optic modulation devices.
Flow cytometric assessment of autologous γδ T cells in patients with acute myeloid leukemia: Potential effector cells for immunotherapy?
Authors: Aswald Jorg M. , Wang Xing‐Hua , Aswald Sandra , Lutynski Andrzej , Minden Mark D. , Messner Hans A. , Keating Armand 
Published: September 2006

AbstractBackground:γδ T cells are a rare component of the circulating innate immune system capable of exerting anti‐neoplastic activity. This population may be suitable for the adoptive immunotherapy of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Little is known however, about the frequency and function of circulating γδ T cells in AML. The aim of the study was to enumerate peripheral blood γδ T cells in patients with AML and explore the feasibility of their use clinically.Methods:We compared the absolute circulating γδ T cell levels in 33 AML patients before and after treatment versus 20 healthy volunteers using flow cytometry. The function of γδ T cells was assessed by detection of intracelluar interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) and cytotoxicity against leukemic blasts.Results:AML patients with high blast counts prior to induction chemotherapy had marginally decreased γδ T cell levels compared with healthy controls: median 38/μL versus 83/μL; P = 0.051. Sequential γδ T cell enumeration after induction showed significantly decreased counts in patients with a persistently high blast burden compared to patients with reduced but detectable residual disease (molecular maker or borderline bone marrow infiltration): median 7/μL versus 105/μL; P = 0.008. Patients with residual disease had significantly higher γδ T cell counts compared to those retested after they had achieved complete remission (CR); P = 0.0025. In CR, γδ T cell counts remained lower than those of healthy individuals: median 33/μL versus 83/μL, P = 0.030. We detected a sharp increase (on average, four‐fold higher than values in CR) of γδ T cells in patients in very early morphologic or molecular relapse. We also tested the functional properties of γδ T cells from patients with AML in CR. Flow cytometric assessment of IFN‐γ revealed similar numbers of γδ T cells expressing the T1 cytokine compared with healthy controls. We also showed that γδ T cells were able to kill leukemic target cells in vitro.Conclusion:Flow cytometric assessment of γδ T cells in patients with AML revealed quantitative shifts with respect to disease status. Our data suggest that γδ T cells warrant further investigation as potential therapeutic agents. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Optimization of a flow cytometry‐based protocol for detection and phenotypic characterization of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells from human bone marrow
Authors: Jones Elena A. , English Anne , Kinsey Sally E. , Straszynski Liz , Emery Paul , Ponchel Frederique , McGonagle Dennis 
Published: September 2006

AbstractBackground:To study the biology of rare bone marrow (BM) multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), recognized protocols are needed. Colony‐forming unit‐fibroblast (CFU‐F) assays have historically been used for the enumeration of MSCs. However, the need to isolate and further analyze MSCs requires new strategies based on cell surface markers. The purpose of this work was to verify the phenotype of BM MSCs in vivo and to develop flow cytometry‐based methods for their evaluation.Methods:Pre‐enrichment with D7‐FIB‐conjugated microbeads, cell sorting for CD45lowD7‐FIB+LNGFR+ cells, and CFU‐F assay were used to confirm the phenotype of BM MSCs in vivo. Further phenotypic characterization of MSCs was performed using three‐color flow cytometry following pre‐enrichment or by direct four‐color flow cytometry. The sensitivity of direct flow cytometry/rare event analysis for the accurate enumeration of MSCs was validated using 85 samples from patients with neoplastic BM diseases.Results:In normal BM, a significant correlation was found between the frequencies of CFU‐Fs and CD45lowD7‐FIB+LNGFR+ cells (n = 19, R = 0.719, P = 0.001). Following cell sorting, ˜15% of these cells were clonogenic. The same cells were enriched using LNGFR‐based positive selection, CD45/Glycophorin A‐based depletion, or plastic adherence. CD45lowD7‐FIB+LNGFR+ cells expressed classic makers of cultured MSCs CD73/SH3 and CD105/SH2 and markers of stromal reticular cells CD106/VCAM and alkaline phosphatase. Novel markers were identified including leukemia inhibitory factor receptor and gp130. CD45lowD7‐FIB+LNGFR+ cells were increased fourfold in the floating fat fraction of normal BM aspirates. Their frequency was decreased in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (threefold, n = 13, P = 0.049) and chronic myelogenous leukemia (ninefold, n = 11, P = 0.001) compared with that in age‐matched controls (n = 26 and n = 31, respectively).Conclusions:This study demonstrates the usefulness of flow cytometry‐based methods for the detection, enumeration and further phenotypic analysis of BM MSCs. These findings have broad applications for the future evaluation of BM MSCs in health and disease. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Stochastic sleeping with sink‐oriented connectivity and coverage in large‐scale sensor networks
Authors: Shi Gaotao , Liao Minghong 
Published: September 2006

AbstractMaintaining a long network lifetime with stringent energy constraints on tiny sensor nodes presents a big challenge for the design of wireless sensor networks. A widely used energy consumption strategy is to turn off a node when it is transmitting or receiving. However, most existing scheduling algorithms depend on location or directional information. As a result, the energy cost and system complexity involved in obtaining such geometric information may compromise the effectiveness as a whole. In this paper, we analyse the shortcomings of geographic scheduling schemes maintaining a complete coverage and prove that the network lifetime is determined by the boundary nodes. We propose a probabilistic cellular automaton scheduling scheme, which does not need any node location or directional information and also provide a topology control protocol (S3C2), which schedules a node to sleep based on probabilistic cellular automaton and maintains a sink‐oriented connectivity and coverage. Extensive simulations are conducted to evaluate the performance of our proposed scheduling scheme and topology control protocol. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Membrane‐bound eotaxin‐3 mediates eosinophil transepithelial migration in IL‐4‐stimulated epithelial cells
Authors: Yuan Qian , Campanella Gabriele S. , Colvin Richard A. , Hamilos Daniel L. , Jones Krister J. , Mathew Anuja , Means Terry K. , Luster Andrew D. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractEpithelial cells play an important role in orchestrating mucosal immune responses. In allergic‐type inflammation, epithelial cells control the recruitment of eosinophils into the mucosa. Th2‐type cytokine‐driven release of eosinophil‐active chemokines from epithelial cells directs eosinophil migration into the mucosal epithelium. CCR3, the main eosinophil chemokine receptor, regulates this process; however, the respective contribution of individual CCR3 ligands in eosinophil transepithelial migration is less well understood. Using an in vitro transepithelial chemotaxis system, we found that eotaxin‐3 produced by IL‐4‐stimulated airway epithelial cells and CCR3 on eosinophils exclusively mediate eosinophil transepithelial migration. Eotaxin‐3 protein levels were also increased in the nasal mucosal epithelium recovered from allergic patients as compared to non‐allergic patients. Surprisingly, eotaxin‐3 in IL‐4‐stimulated airway epithelial cells was predominantly cell surface bound, and the cell surface form was critical for eosinophil transepithelial migration. Eotaxin‐3 cell surface association was partially glycosaminoglycan (GAG) dependent, but was completely protein dependent, suggesting that eotaxin‐3 associates with both GAG and cell surface proteins. We thus provide evidence that cell surface‐associated eotaxin‐3 is the critical IL‐4‐dependent chemotactic signal mediating eosinophil transepithelial migration in the setting of allergic inflammation.
A Novel Europium Carbodiimide that Contains Isolated Europium Tetrahedra and Parallel Chains of Edge‐Sharing Open Handbag‐Like Eu6 Units
Authors: Liao Wuping , Englert Ulli , Dronskowski Richard 
Published: September 2006

AbstractEu2I2(NCN) is the first compound to contain discrete empty europium tetrahedra and infinite metal chains that are constructed from edge‐sharing Eu6 units with an open handbag‐like motif. The europium tetrahedra and chains are bridged by coordinating carbodiimide (NCN2–) anions in a three‐dimensional network. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
“Isomerism” of Coordination Modes and Numbers in Pentanuclear Organozinc Hydroxylamides: An Exercise in Subtle Substituent Size Effects
Authors: Ullrich Matthias , Berger Raphael J. F. , Lustig Christian , Fröhlich Roland , Mitzel Norbert W. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe first organometallic zinc hydroxylamides [Zn(RZn)4(ONMe2)6] (1: R = Me; 2: R = iPr) and [Zn(EtZn)4(ONEt2)6] (3) have been prepared by alkane elimination from dialkylzinc solutions upon treatment with N,N‐dialkylhydroxylamines. The molecular structures of 1 and 2 reveal that a subtle change in the constitution of the aggregates can make a striking difference. By the simple exchange of the MeZn+ groups with iPrZn+ groups, the coordination number of the central Zn2+ nucleus increases from four (1) to six (2). The two cluster types are unprecedented in both hydroxylamine and organometallic chemistry. Compounds 1 and 3 adopt a doubly bridged fenestrane‐like Zn5N6O6 core with two dangling NR2 moieties, whereas iPrZn species 2 comprises an octahedroid backbone with all donor atoms attached to the five Zn nuclei with the maintenance of the same heteroatom composition as 1 and 3. Variable‐temperature 13C NMR experiments of all‐ethyl cluster 3 reveal that the R2NO– ligands rapidly exchange between the RZn+ and Zn2+ cations. This process is rationalised by a plausible model which also points out that the core structure of 3 could be an intermediate motif in the observed heteroatom connectivity exchange. In line with this, computational investigations reveal that both skeletons are very similar in energy. In sum, the coordination flexibility of the hydroxylamide ligand makes this group of organometallic zinc complexes a highly dynamic family of cluster compounds. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Voltammetric Behavior of Antileukemia Drug Glivec. Part II – Redox Processes of Glivec Electrochemical Metabolite
Authors: Diculescu Victor Constantin , Vivan Marilene , Brett Ana Maria Oliveira 
Published: September 2006

AbstractGlivec is a newly developed drug that belongs to the class of 2‐phenylaminopyrimidine. It is a potent inhibitor of ABL‐kinase, the main clinical manifestation of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Based on its activity on CML, glivec is undergoing extensive evaluation for its activity against other tumor types. Detection and quantitation of glivec in biological fluids or cells is thus very important. The antileukemia drug glivec undergoes oxidation at glassy carbon electrodes and involves the formation of an oxidation product, Pglivec. The adsorption of Pglivec at the GCE surface yields a compact monolayer allowing an electrochemical study of this compound adsorbed at the GCE surface. The reversible redox reaction of the adsorbed Pglivec is pH dependent and occurs with the transfer of 2 electrons and 2 protons. The surface standard potential and the rate constant of the heterogeneous electrochemical reaction were calculated using cyclic voltammetry to be Eθ′=+180 mV and k=15.5 s−1, respectively. The total surface concentration of adsorbed Pglivec is 2.5×10−12 mol cm−2. The analytical determination of glivec was carried out by differential pulse voltammetric measurement of the anodic peak current corresponding to either the oxidation peak of glivec or the oxidation peak of Pglivec adsorbed on the GCE surface. The limits of detection of glivec and adsorbed Pglivec based on three times the noise level are 3.3×10−8 M and 2.9×10−10 M, respectively.
Electroanalytical Approach to Evaluate Antioxidant Capacity in Honeys: Proposal of an Antioxidant Index
Authors: Ávila Mónica , Crevillén Agustín G. , González María Cristina , Escarpa Alberto , Hortigüela Lucía Vela , de Lorenzo Carretero Cristina , Pérez Martín Rosa Ana 
Published: September 2006

AbstractA novel electrochemical route to estimate the antioxidant capacity in honey samples is proposed just using flow injection analysis. The analytical strategy involved the selective oxidation of polyphenolic compounds using two different target potentials, +0.8 and +0.5 V, at two different pHs. An oxidation current obtained at the fixed potential was used as an analytical guide of the antioxidant activity of the target honeys. Chemometrics (correlation and principal component analysis, PCA) demonstrated the significance of the electrochemical protocol versus the traditional spectrophotometric ones in the evaluation of antioxidant capacity and revealed the role of detection potential as a screening variable. The proposed protocol is very simple and fast. However, the most relevant merit of the electrochemical procedure is its inherent versatility which allows the evaluation of the antioxidant activity under predesigned controlled oxidation conditions. In addition, since intercept was statistically zero, its corresponding antioxidant content using just a calibration factor is proposed thus simplifying the calibration‐analysis process. As a result, an electrochemical antioxidant index (EAI) is proposed.
Electrochemical Biosensors Based on Layer‐by‐Layer Assemblies
Authors: Zhao Wei , Xu Jing‐Juan , Chen Hong‐Yuan 
Published: September 2006

AbstractLayer‐by‐layer (LBL) assemblies, which have undergone great progress in the past decades, have been used widely in the construction of electrochemical biosensors. The LBL assemblies provide a strategy to rationally design the properties of immobilized films and enhance the performance of biosensors. The following review focuses on the application of LBL assembly technique on electrochemical enzyme biosensors, immunosensors and DNA sensors.
Parallel optimization and genotyping of multiple single‐nucleotide polymorphism markers by sample pooling approach using cycling‐gradient CE with multiple injections
Authors: Minarik Marek , Benesova Lucie , Fantova Lucie , Horacek Jiri , Heracek Jiri , Loukola Anu 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIncreasing importance of single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in determination of disease susceptibility or in prediction of therapy response brings attention of many molecular diagnostic laboratories to simple and low‐cost SNP genotyping methodologies. We have recently introduced a mutation detection technique based on analysis of homo‐ and heteroduplex PCR fragments resolved in cycling temperature gradient conditions on a conventional multicapillary‐array DNA sequencer. The main advantage of this technique is in its simplicity with no requirement for sample cleanup prior to the analysis. In this report we present a practical application of the technology for genotyping of SNP markers in two separate clinical projects resulting in a combined set of 44 markers screened in over 500 patients. Initially, a design of PCR primers and conditions was performed for each SNP marker. Then, optimization of CE running conditions (limited just to the proper selection of temperature cycling) was performed on pools of 20 DNA samples to increase the probability of having each of the two allele types represented in the sample. After selecting the optimum conditions, screening of markers in patients was performed using a multiple‐injection approach for further acceleration of the sample throughput. The rate of successful optimization of experimental conditions without any pre‐selection based on the SNP sequence or melting characteristics was 80% from the initial SNP marker candidates. By studying the failed markers, we attempt to identify critical factors enabling successful typing. The presented technique is very useful for low to medium sized SNP genotyping projects mostly applied in pharmacogenomic research as well as in clinical diagnostics. The main advantages include low cost, simple setup and validation of SNP markers.
Channel change, bankfull and effective discharges on a vertically accreting, meandering, gravel‐bed river
Authors: Gomez B. , Coleman S. E. , Sy V. W. K. , Peacock D. H. , Kent M. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAlong the lower reaches of the Waipaoa River, New Zealand, cross‐section survey data indicate there was a 23 per cent decrease in bankfull width and a 22 per cent reduction in channel cross‐section area between 1948 and 2000, as the channel responded to increased inputs of fine (suspended) sediment following deforestation of the headwaters in late C19 and early C20. We determined the bankfull discharge within a ∼39 km long reach by routing known discharges through the one‐dimensional MIKE 11 flow model. The model runs suggest that the bankfull discharge varies between ∼800 and ∼2300 m3 s−1 and that the average recurrence interval is 4 ± 2 years on the annual maximum series; by contrast, the effective flow (360 m3 s−1) is equaled or exceeded three times a year. The variability in bankfull discharge arises because the banks tend to be lower in places where flood flows are constricted than in reaches where overbank flow is dispersed over a wide area, and because scour has counteracted aggradation in some locations. There is no downstream variation in Shields stress, or in relative shear stress, within the study reach. Bankfull shear stress is, on average, five times greater than the shear stress required to initiate motion. At the effective discharge it is more than twice the threshold value. The effective discharge probably has more relevance than the bankfull discharge to the overall picture of sediment movement in the lower reaches of the Waipaoa River but, because width is constrained by the stability and resistance of the bank material to erosion during high flows that also scour the bed, the overall channel geometry is likely determined by discharges at or near bankfull. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.