bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Imperial Legitimacy and the Creation of Neo-Solomonic Ideology in 19th-Century Ethiopia
Authors: Crummey Donald 
Published: October 2008

D. Crummey — Légitimité impériale et création d'une idéologie néo-salomonienne en Ethiopie au XIXe siècle.
Cet article analyse l'idéologie et la légitimation de l'autorité impériale dans l'Ethiopie de la fin du xixe siècle à travers l'étude de trois souverains importants et d'un souverain mineur de l'époque : Téwodros (r. 1855-1868), Tàklà Giyorgis (r. 1868-1871), Yohànnes (r. 1871-1889) et Menilek II (r. 1889-1913). Pour ce faire, l'auteur étudie les rares écrits où les souverains revendiquent explicitement leur légitimité, et il examine les symboles et les images primordiaux auxquels renvoie le choix de leur nom de règne, de titres et de devises royales. L'auteur soutient d'une part que de tels symboles idéologiquement établis étaient des moyens vitaux de communication dans cette société féodale ; d'autre part que les dirigeants de cette époque innovaient dans leur usage de l'idéologie reçue. Sa thèse se fonde sur les informations trouvées dans la correspondance amharique, les chroniques et autres documents éthiopiens, ainsi que dans des récits de voyageurs européens.
Les Africains, la mer et les historiens.
Authors: Devisse Jean 
Published: October 2008

J. Devisse—Africans, the Sea and Historians.
Most historians have written that Africans turned away from the sea out of fear. Very few sources can help us draw up a serious long-term history of Africans and the sea. For several millennia, coastal activities involved actively gathering shell-fish and then fishing itself; but we cannot conclude that maritime activities were highly developed, since the inhabitants continued finding their resources on the continent. We can clearly observe maritime activities during the past two millennia, first in eastern and then in western Africa. In the western part of the Indian Ocean, Africans were much involved in exchanges and navigation between Madagascar and Aden; and in West Africa, recent research has shown that they had begun venturing out on the high sea before the arrivai of the Portuguese. A new methodology has to be drawn up if research on this topic is to advance.
The Enigma of Beta Esra'el Ethnogenesis. An Anthro-Historical Study.
Authors: Abbink Jon 
Published: October 2008

J. Abbink — L'énigme de l'ethnogenèse des Beta Esra'el : une étude ethno-historique.
Cette étude offre une interprétation nouvelle du processus d'ethnogenèse des Beta Esra'el (ou Falasha) d'Ethiopie. Une ethnie énigmatique dont la question de l'origine et de l'histoire n'a rien perdu de sa fascination.
À partir des traditions orales « mytho-légendaires » concernant leur descendance et leur tradition religieuse, une analyse anthropo-historique au sein de la société abyssine est présentée. Il convient de souligner l'étroite liaison qui existe entre le discours mythique des Amhara-Tigray chrétiens (au temps de l'empire « salomonide ») et celui des Beta Esra'el, qui s'opposaient aux précédents en tant que groupe d'orientation judaïque, surtout depuis le début du XVe siècle. La tradition mytho-légendaire du groupe semble montrer une influence de certains personnages chrétiens (ou jadis chrétiens, provenant des sectes religieuses qui se distinguaient de l'Église éthiopienne orthodoxe) sur l'ethnie des Beta Esra'el.
On peut distinguer deux phases dans la tradition mytho-légendaire des Beta Esra'el. Une analyse de ces deux phases semble indiquer que l'ethno-genèse du groupe ne peut pas être située avant la fin du xive siècle et qu'elle s'est déroulée surtout dans le contexte de la société abyssine plutôt qu'hors d'Ethiopie (par exemple au Moyen-Orient), comme l'approche orientaliste conventionnelle l'a affirmée pendant les deux derniers siècles. Ainsi, une évaluation de ces traditions orales soutient les résultats de recherches historiques et ethno-musicologiques récentes.
Un barde, des scribes, et la geste du Songhay...
Authors: Olivier de Sardan Jean-Pierre 
Published: October 2008

J.-P. Olivier de Sardan—A Bard, Scribes and the Songhai Epie.
Can an ideology of ethnie authenticity, which takes local beliefs in magie to be a form of 'resistance' against Islam, serve to set the 'Islamic culture' of scribes and Arabie chronicles at odds with the 'traditional Songhai culture' conveyed by bards and griots"} Thomas Hale's attempt to set up this opposition is critieized. Empiri-cal data fit better a distinction between scholarly Islam and a syncretic popular culture (itself a mixture of Islamic references and more or less transformed 'traditional' beliefs).
Post-scriptum à Rivages. L'Afrique tourne-t-elle le dos à la mer ?
Authors: Pélissier Paul 
Published: October 2008

P. Pelissier — A Postcript to Rivages : Did Africa Turn Its Bach to the Sea?
This generai geographical commentary on the special issues of Cahiers d'Etudes africaines (Nos. 114 & 115-116) devoted to Africa and the sea raises a genuine scientific issue: how to observe African societies' capacity for initiative and adaptation? Many examples of this capacity are cited in agricultural and maritime activities. The vitality of contemporary coastal societies in West Africa has corne out of a relatively recent and still not uniformly finished process, as they success-fully shift to working a different and variable environment.
L' « ethnicisation » de la société peule du Borgou (Bénin)
Authors: Guichard Martine 
Published: October 2008

M. Guichard — Developing an Ethnie Identity : The Fulani of Benin.
The Borgou-Fulani Society in Benin differs from that in Cameroon and Nigeria in two important ways. The Fulani of Benin are an ethnie minority, and further-more, they have not played a politically dominant role either in colonial or postcolonial times. The Fulani civil servants recently served as intermediaries between the state and the Fulani ethnie group are attempting to force the integration of bush Fulani into the larger nation-state. Paradoxically, the development of a Fulani ethnie consciousness is also being promoted through the exploitation of certain Fulani-specific character traits (pulaaku) and a reassessment of the oppo-sitional relationships between Fulбe-Haaбe, Fulбe-Gando, and Fulбe siire-Fulбe ladde. Although intellectuals of the Ful6e ladde have succeeded in establishing new patronage /leadership structures and in endowing certain character traits with social importance, their ability to absorb the rural Fulani appears to have been limited by passive resistance.
Manières et matières du cinéma anthropologique.
Authors: Colleyn Jean-Paul 
Published: October 2008

J.-P. Colleyn — The Manner and Matter of Anthropological Cinema.
After briefly reviewing the presuppositions and centers of interest of the descriptive tradition of "anthropological films" a plea is made for visual anthropology not as an autonomous subdiscipline but as a way to diversify methods of enquiry, broaden centers of interests and "publish" results. This approach holds for "complex" societies as well as the societies traditionally studied by anthropologists. When using the recording techniques of cinematographic language, we must be wary lest they be loaded with ethnocentric stereotypes, which precisely accounts for their success.
Les hommes d'affaires guinéens
Authors: Lambert Agnès 
Published: October 2008

A. Lambert — Guinean Businessmen.
Having emerged during Seku Ture's government, Guinean businessmen have been able to react to the liberalization carried out since 1984. By using criteria such as trade networks, traders' financial capacities and control over the Guinean market, an October 1990 study of rice importers has discerned three groups: "out-side" Guinean businessmen, foreign businessmen and "inside" Guinean traders who have never left the country. These operators, who have kept the liberalization policy from bearing expected results (in particular, opening the country up to competition), have shared out zones of influence among themselves. Foreign businessmen have been eliminated from distribution within the country; and "outside" Guinean businessmen are involved therein only insofar as they are partners with "inside" traders, who control not only distribution but also re-exportation toward neighboring lands.
Explaining Social Consciousness : The Case of Mrs Molefe
Authors: Bozzoli Belinda 
Published: October 2008

B. Bozzoli — Expliquer la prise de conscience : le cas de Mrs Molefe.
Cet article traite de la prise de conscience d'une femme noire sud-africaine, Sets-wammung Molefe, et vise, en même temps, à critiquer les analyses des mentalités qui prévalent dans la théorie sociologique. Se fondant sur l'histoire orale pour expliquer la prise de conscience de cette femme, cet article tente de définir les notions de bien et de mal, d'honneur et de honte, de devoir et de responsabilité, de soi et de l'autre, de féminité et de masculinité. L'auteur montre également que si la conscience politique de Setswammung Molefe a pris forme pendant son enfance et son adolescence, elle a connu une mutation décisive au moment de l'instauration de l'apartheid.
Le rôle des Antillais dans l'apparition du nationalisme culturel en Afrique noire francophone
Authors: Manchuelle François 
Published: October 2008

F. Manchuelle — The Role of West Indians in the Emergence of Cultural Nationalism in French-Speaking Africa.
The twentieth-century movement of French-speaking Black writers known as negritude has had a powerful influence on people of African descent throughout the world. Existing studies do not reach far prior to the inception of the movement in the 1930s, yet the basic ideas of negritude were already present in the writings of black expatriates in Paris in the nineteenth century. Contrary to what is gener-ally believed, Francophone Blacks did not seek to become "black Frenchmen", indistinguishable from other Frenchmen except by the color of their skin. While they were in favor of giving full political rights to colonized peoples, many rejected their outright cultural assimilation.
Crisis of Faith and Colonial Conquest. The Impact of Famine and Disease in Late Nineteenth-Century Madagascar
Authors: Campbell Gwyn 
Published: October 2008

G. Campbell — Crise de la foi et conquête coloniale : les conséquences de la famine et de la maladie à Madagascar à la fin du XIXe siècle.
Dans la pensée malgache traditionnelle, les calamités majeures étaient attribuées à l'influence maligne d'êtres surnaturels. Après 1820, deux conceptions du monde entrèrent en conflit : la conception du monde traditionnelle qui, jusqu'en 1869, jouit d'un statut officiel, et je christianisme qui fut adopté par la cour merina, celle-ci faisant de l'Église d'État son principal instrument de pouvoir. L'accroissement du nombre de famines et d'épidémies qui se produisirent par la suite — calamités dues à la politique coloniale du travail forcé — fut attribué à des forces surnaturelles, furieuses d'avoir été supplantées.
L'infériorité du christianisme fut rendue manifeste par l'incapacité d'endiguer l'épidémie, et lorsque les Merina ne profitèrent pas de l'occasion offerte par la mort de Ranavalona II en 1883 pour restaurer l'ordre religieux traditionnel, il se produisit une violente réaction de protestation. Lorsque, en 1895, les Français établirent leur protectorat et qu'ils décidèrent de conserver la structure administrative merina, une révolte, connue sous le nom de Menalamba éclata et les biens et les personnels de l'Église d'État furent les principales cibles des rebelles.
" My Arse for Akou ". A Wartime Ritual of Women on the Nineteenth-Century Gold Coast.
Authors: Jones Adam 
Published: October 2008

A. Jones — Un rituel de guerre féminin sur la Côte de l'Or au XIXe siècle.
Cet article traite d'un rituel qui était pratiqué en temps de guerre par les femmes de la région correspondant au sud du Ghana et à l'est de la Côte-dTvoire actuels. Ce rituel revêt de nombreux aspects tels que la dance, les discours de louange et d'exécration, les prières, différentes sortes de symbolisme, des conduites obscènes (nudité), l'inversion des rôles et les injures lancées aux hommes lâches. La plupart de ces traits peuvent être actuellement observés au sein d'un rituel dénommé mmobomme en langue twi, mais la fonction et le sens de ces phénomènes ont probablement changé par rapport à la situation qui prévalait autrefois. Cet article tente de montrer combien il est difficile d'interpréter ce qui est écrit de ce rituel dans les documents du XIXe siècle.
Art, Ritual, and Folklore: Dance and Cultural Identity among the Peoples of the Casamance
Authors: Mark Peter 
Published: October 2008

P. Mark — Art, rituel et folklore : danses folkloriques et identité culturelle chez les habitants de la Casamance.
Les danses folkloriques de la Casamance (Sénégal) sont représentatives d'un phénomène de création du folklore dans une société où la culture « traditionnelle » est toujours vivante. Cet article, qui s'inspire des travaux de K. Barber, de E. Hobs-bawm et des théories du « Volkskunde » élaborées par H. Bausinger, propose un modèle théorique destiné à analyser des manifestations du type « Semaines culturelles ». Les danses folkloriques traditionnelles sont pratiquées hors du contexte social et religieux propre aux danses rituelles. Reflétant la réalité sociale, elles sont situées dans l'histoire et sont profanes. Ces danses permettent également aux populations jola (diola) de Casamance de définir leur identité sociale et culturelle et de circonscrire ainsi les limites de la communauté locale.
Un nouveau regard sur la gestion des parcours en Afrique
Authors: Thébaud Brigitte 
Published: October 2008

B. Thebaud—New Directions in African Range Management.
The series of seminar held since 1990 in Matopos, Zimbabwe, and Woburn, England, about managing African rangeland provide a new way of looking at zones where sources of water and pastures are scattered and irregular. Question-ing the conventional view of ranges, the Woburn seminar emphasized the original-ity and flexibility of pastoral Systems, which constantly function in an unstable equilibrium in relation to available resources. Policies for pastoral development should be based on this flexibility, especially for managing land, mobility and years of dearth.
Décadence et résistance du pastoralisme. Les Peuls de la vallée du fleuve Sénégal
Authors: Santoir Christian 
Published: October 2008

C. Santoir — Pastoralism : Decline and Resistance (Fulani in the Senegal River Valley).
Since the 1972 drought, herders have moved from the Senegal river valley toward southern farming areas with better weather. In the river valley (outside the delta), changes have occurred in dry season pastoral migrations. Yearly transhumance toward the valley has been replaced with wide-ranging nomadism, sometimes lasting several consecutive years. Successive climatic crises have forced pastoral Systems to adjust to smaller herd sizes, failed crops and the environment's lasting deterioration. Some Fulani herders have settled on the river valley's edge and, thanks to irrigation, are growing crops—more or less successfully. But most Fulani survive by leading a tradi-tional, pastoral way of life, even though they are more often involved in nonagricul-tural activities. Changes in agriculture in the valley may not radically change pastoralism nor put an end to it; for the latter is still quite active.
Cités noires : les républiques villageoises du Fuuta Tooro (Vallée du fleuve Sénégal)
Authors: Schmitz Jean 
Published: October 2008

J. Schmitz — Black City-States : Village Republics in the Futa Tooro (Senegal River Valley).
Midway in the Senegal River Valley, most Haalpulaar villages are headed by chiefs chosen, in some cases for several centuries now, from within one or two families by certain other lineages. Village and territory chiefs (respectively jom wuro and jom leydi) are not the only local office-holders. Other "noble" families belonging to four ethnie status groups provide persons for other village offices (imam at the mosque, tax-collector, chief of fishermen) whose holders may be appointed, elected or chosen as a function of seniority. Permutations make this pluralisme society work : no status group dominates ail domains. The anthropological model of the city-state (in the sense of the Ancient Greek polis) can help explain the political ingenuity of which the Haalpulaar have proven so capable.
Sur la route du pèlerinage : les Peuls au Soudan.
Authors: Delmet Christian 
Published: October 2008

C. Delmet — A Note about the Fulani in Sudan.
There is evidence of Fulani living in the Sudan for at least two centuries. They first came as pilgrims on their way to Mecca or for other religious reasons (Mahdism ... ). In the 20th century, political and economie motivations, ranging from the conquest of Nigeria to the development of the Sudan, have become decisive. Although a few stud-ies (e g by Maiurno, Roseires) have been made about sedentary Fulani in Dar Fur and Blue Nile, the nomadic Fulani who entered southern Kordofan after 1920 have not attracted scholarly attention. Since 1950, they have been quarreling over pastures with Arab tribes (Rufa'a, Kenana . . . ) in the Blue Nile Province and along the Ethiopian border from Kurmuk to Gedaref.
Witches of the Transvaal Lowveld and their Familiars. Conceptions of Duality, Power and Desire
Authors: Niehaus Isak 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
In the Transvaal lowveld of South Africa witches are commonly associated with animals. With reference to fieldwordk conducted in the village of Green Valley, this article considers the symbolic meanings of the relationship between witches and two witch-familiars—the apelike tokolose and the snakelike mam-lambo. I argue that this relationship resonates with the duality between a person's body and its animal-like instincts and desires. Whereas the tokolose symbolizes the desire of unconstrained sexual expression, the mamlambo symbolizes people's desire for money. These familiars comment on contemporary conditions of life in the Transvaal lowveld which are marked by migrant labour, the separation of spouses and by severe economic deprivation.
The Volume and African Origins of the British Slave Trade before 1714
Authors: Eltis David 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
This paper uses a new data set of 1,633 slaving voyages to produce new estimates of the volume of the English transatlantic slave trade from 1662 to 1714. The new estimates are compared with those of Joseph Inikori (in an earlier essay in this journal), and of other scholars. The paper presents breakdowns by decade and colony of arrival, and offers detailed information on African regions of embarkation. New estimates of voyage mortality are also presented.
Des frontières mouvantes : oralités et littératures en Afrique australe
Authors: Sevry Jean 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Shilling Boundaries : Orality and Literature in Southern Africa. — So much emphasis has been laid on the formai opposition between orality and writing that we cannot grasp the dynamic continuity between the two, especially in southern Africa. After inventorying the major functions of oral narratives (the functions of definition, identity, and didactics; historical, linguistic, aesthetic and religious functions), it is shown that there are ongoing exchanges between these two systems of communication, especially in the sphere of theater and in that of poetry read in public. The political situation in South Africa has had considerable importance because of the widespread mobilization in literary circles against apartheid.
Langue, identité et écriture dans la littérature francophone du Maghreb
Authors: Bounfour Abdellah 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Language, identity and writing in North African literature in French. — How to draw up a model of the North African writer's relation the French language? To this end, a "subjectivity structure" has been delimited on the basis of The Thousand and One Nights. This structure works on North African novels written in French, but it is experienced as a disaster by "the subject"—a disaster perhaps related to colonial events? By establishing a homology between the subjective structure and the structure of relations between the writer and the languages present in North Africa (classical Arab, French, vernacular Arab, Berber), light can be shed on the dominant ideology's tendency to let in a deadly face-to-face father and son, as well as sacred Arab and the writer.
The Mau Mau Myth : Kenyan Political Discourse in Search of Democracy.
Authors: Sabar-Friedman Galia 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Forty years after the British colonial authorities in Kenya declared a state of emergency to crush the Mau Mau, conclusive answers to what was the Mau Mau are still intriguing. Since 1961 there has been an ongoing dispute over the interpretation of the Mau Mau myth, especially in relation to its relevance to the socio-political presence. The government, whether Kenyatta's or Moi's, has had the power at its disposal to determine which themes in the official discourse should be stressed, and in what light should the Mau Mau be perceived. In so doing, it determined the ways in which Kenyan history and specifically the collective memory of the Mau Mau was reconstructed. Various elements within the Kenyan society have clashed over conflicting interpretations of the Mau Mau, thus indicating that the whole issue of the Mau Mau was part of an ongoing political debate over the questions of ideology and power in Kenya. This debate was broadened to such an extent that some of the contestants were unwilling to accept the Mau Mau and tried to lock the memory of it back in the "historical closet".
Messies, fétiches et lutte de pouvoirs entre les « grands hommes » du Congo démocratique.
Authors: Gruénais Marc-Eric , Mouanda Mbambi Florent , Tonda Joseph 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
(Messiahs, Fetishes and Power Struggles between "Big Men" in the Democratie Congo). — The 1991 National Conference in the Congo solidly placed the country on the way to "democratization". Three major political leaders thus emerged. P. Lissouba (the current president), B. Kolelas and D. Sassou Nguesso. This conference and, in particular, the terms used to express alliances and rivalry between these three men suggest that recent politics in the Congo should be interpreted in religious terms: messianism at odds with magie and witcheraft and also with Christianity as these "big men" fight it out in the field of "powers".
De la démocratie et des cultes voduns au Bénin
Authors: Kadya Tall Emmanuelle 
Published: October 2008

Résumé
À partir de l'exemple du Festival international des cultures voduns (Ouidah 1992), l'auteur se propose d'analyser les rapports entretenus entre le politique et le religieux depuis le régime marxiste-léniniste de Mathieu Kérékou jusqu'au régime démocratique de Nicéphore Soglo, en faisant une rapide incursion aux temps précoloniaux du royaume du Danxomé. Cette analyse se veut moins une observation objective des faits politiques et religieux qu'une interprétation fondée sur des anecdotes et les commentaires qu'elles appellent.
Parenté, catégories économiques et théorie du pouvoir. Le cas des Nzema du Ghana
Authors: Pavanello Mariano 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Kinship, Economie Categories and Theories of Power: The Case of the Nzema (Ghana). — The matrilineal Nzema of southwestern Ghana are mainly farmers and fishers belonging to the Akan language group. The author studied the Nzema economic system of thought with reference to the traditional kinship and political organization. The funda-mental aspects of that System have to do with the structural relation between matrilineal descent and patrilocal bonds in the sense of the Crow kinship terminology. The father-son relationship has crucial, economic and political, importance, even though it is also a source of conflict (at a level that is more theoretical and practical) in matters of inheritance. The analysis of economic categories sheds light on the coherence of the local system of thought, and on its adjustment to modemization as well as its adaptations to the political and matrimonial strategies that ruling groups adopt in order to keep power and wealth.