bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of Two Psychiatric Screening Tests
Authors: Goldberg David , Rickels Karl , Downing Robert , Hesbacher Peter 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA comparison is made between the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) and the Symptom Checklist (SCL) as psychiatric screening tests in community-based research projects. Both are shown to correlate equally well with independent clinical assessment, and the differences between them mainly reside in the form of their response scales. The GHQ works best as a screening test, since it has fewer false positives associated with its use, but it may miss those with long-standing disorders. The SCL tends not to miss long-standing disorders and furnishes diagnostic sub-scales if these are required. Both tests function better with men than with women and with whites than with blacks, but neither is affected by social class or age of the respondent. The study revealed high correlations between the symptoms of anxiety and depression, and indicated some possible differences between the symptom clusters seen in whites and in blacks.
Effect of Sodium Valproate on Tardive Dyskinesia
Authors: Linnoila M. , Viukari M. , Hietala O. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe effect of sodium valproate, a drug which has been demonstrated to increase gamma-aminobutyric acid levels in the CNS, on tardive dyskinesia and psychiatric symptoms was investigated in a double-blind cross-over study on 32 chronic psychiatric patients. The oro-facial dyskinesias were totally or significantly relieved in 17 cases. During the active treatment period the involuntary movements of the extremities and dystonic spasms were also significantly relieved in 7 out of 9 patients. In two patients, however, the extrapyramidal symptoms became slightly worse. A significant improvement was noted in the psychiatric symptoms of 14 out of 32 patients during sodium valproate administration. The psychiatric state of 4 out of 32 patients deteriorated. There was no correlation between the serum concentration of sodium valproate and its effect on the dyskinesia or on the psychiatric symptoms. Some of the elderly subjects showed a slight accumulation of the drug.
The Influence of Family and Social Factors on the Course of Psychiatric Illness
Authors: Vaughn Christine E. , Leff J. P. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThis study is a replication and extension of past work carried out by Brown, Birley and Wing (1972) concerning the influence of family life on the course of schizophrenia. In the original research the index of emotion expressed by a key relative about the patient at the time of key admission proved to be the best single predictor of symptomatic relapse in the nine months after discharge from hospital. In the present study this main finding of Brown et al has been replicated for two clinically different groups of psychiatric patients. The expressed emotion of the relative again seems to be associated with relapse independently of all other social and clinical factors investigated. In addition, important additive effects between various social influences and pharmacological treatments have been revealed which make it possible to predict relapse patterns in schizophrenia with considerable precision. The patterns of these relationships with relapse are different for the two clinical groups studied, patients with schizophrenic psychosis and with depressive neurosis.
Cluster Analysis Applied to Symptom Ratings of Psychiatric Patients: An Evaluation of its Predictive Ability
Authors: Williams George W. , Barton Gail M. , White Andrew A. , Won Hosik 
Published: August 2008

SummaryRatings on 39 symptoms were examined for patients admitted to the Neuropsychiatric Institute of the University of Michigan Medical Center. A detailed evaluation was made of the clusters derived by a hierarchical clustering algorithm, using complete linkage and a simple matching coefficient on the binary variables of presence or absence of symptoms. The four groups of patients suggested by the cluster analysis can be characterized as follows: (1) generalized multiplicity of symptoms; (2) capacity to cope except for orientation apart from generally held norms; (3) activity level and thought processes speeded up, intensified, and unselected; (4) inwardly punitive, slowed down and distressed. It is shown that these groups received significantly different treatment and that the effect of treatment was significantly different, while no such differences were noted for groups defined in terms of diagnoses. By means of linear discriminant functions, rules are suggested for assigning other psychiatric patients to one of these four groups.
The Differentiation of Paranoid from Affective Psychoses by Patients' Premorbid Characteristics
Authors: Kay D. W. K. , Cooper A. F. , Garside R. F. , Roth Martin 
Published: August 2008

SummaryVarious premorbid characteristics of a group of patients aged 50 or over suffering from paranoid psychoses (N = 54) were compared with those of patients of similar age suffering from affective psychoses (N = 57). (The diagnoses were those of the consultants.) The presence of deafness was investigated in the manner described by Cooper et al (1974). Using the discriminant function method, the diagnostic groups were highly significantly differentiated by six independent variables, which in combination predicted 40 per cent of the variance. These were: a ‘schizoid personality’ factor, the number of surviving children, precipitating events, deafness, family history and social class.
Whole Blood Adenosine Triphosphate in Manic-Depressive Illness
Authors: Naylor G. J. , Worrall E. P. , Peet M. , Dick P. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryWhole blood cell ATP concentration was estimated in a group of manic and depressed patients and in a group of normal subjects. There were no significant differences between patient and control groups, nor in the patient groups were there any significant changes with recovery.
Thyroid Dysfunction in Female Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Nicholson Geoffrey , Liebling L. I. , Hall R. A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryBiochemical screening for thyroid dysfunction in 98 unselected female psychiatric admissions led to the diagnosis of hypothyroidism in three cases which would otherwise have passed unrecognized. It is suggested that female psychiatric patients over the age of 40 should routinely be screened for thyroid disorder.
Marriage and Neurosis in a Modern Residential Suburb: An Application of the Ryle Marital Patterns Test
Authors: Ineichen Bernard 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe Ryle Marital Patterns Test measures the affection and domination aspects of marriage. Its original administration illustrated a partial association between poor marital adjustment (as measured by low affection scores and non-egalitarian domination scores) and neuroticism (as measured by CMI score). The present paper confirms these associations using a group of suburban women defined as neurotic by their GP. Related studies suggest similar patterns.
Help-Seeking in Depressed Out-patients Following Maintenance Therapy
Authors: Weissman Myrna M. , Kasl Stanislav V. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThis paper reports on the clinical status, help-seeking and subsequent treatment experiences of 150 women one year after they had completed out-patient maintenance treatment by amitriptyline and/or psychotherapy for a depressive episode.While the majority of patients were asymptomatic at follow-up, a substantial minority had a return of acute symptoms and 2 per cent made minor suicide attempts during the year. Admission to hospital was rare. However, only 30 per cent of the patients did not seek any treatment during the year and the majority received some psychotropic medication.The findings support the long-term need for prompt access to treatment by patients who have recovered from an acute depression.
Mianserin Hydrochloride: A Novel Antidepressant
Authors: Coppen Alec , Gupta Ramesh , Montgomery Stuart , Ghose Karabi , Bailey John , Burns Bruce , de Ridder J. J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe antidepressant activities of mianserin hydrochloride were investigated and compared with those of amitriptyline. The therapeutic efficacy of the two drugs appeared similar, but the incidence of side-effects was significantly higher with amitriptyline. Plasma levels of mianserin were determined during the trial and were not related to the therapeutic activity of the drug.
Fresh Symptom Emergence After Intensive Behaviour Therapy
Authors: Hafner R. Julian 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe outcome of a standard four-day intensive symptomatic treatment programme with 39 agoraphobics is examined in relation to the incidence of fresh symptom emergence. Twenty-six patients suffered fresh symptom emergence during follow-up, and there was a significant association of fresh symptom emergence with poorer outcome at one-year follow-up. About 18 per cent of patients were adversely affected by the treatment programme, as judged on a wide range of symptoms and measures of inter- and intra-personal adjustment. Sixteen individually treated patients are then compared with the 39 group-treated patients and differences in drop-out rate are discussed.
Predicting Success in the Treatment of Psychopaths
Authors: Copas J. B. , Whiteley J. S. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryFactors from the social history of male psychopaths were examined in relation to their success or failure as measured by re-convictions or psychiatric hospital re-admissions 2–3 years after treatment at Henderson Hospital. From these data a weighted prediction formula was calculated and was tested out on a further cohort of patients. As a prediction instrument it was found to be reliable to a degree of significance just above the 1 per cent level. Other aspects of the subsequent career of treated patients are noted, in particular a tendency to early but often short-lived relapse and then longer standing success.
Volunteer Adolescents in Adolescent Group Therapy
Authors: Fine Stuart , Knight-Webb Graham , Breau Karen 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe effects on patients, volunteers and staff of using volunteer adolescents in adolescent group therapy are examined. From 40 candidates eight volunteers were selected and oriented to the group process. Four volunteers and four patients were placed in each of two groups, and eight patients were placed in the third group. Patients and volunteers were aware of their identities in the first group session. Attendance in the groups with volunteers was better than in the group without. The volunteers themselves gained new knowledge and skills, and their presence was even helpful to the group leaders.
Some Features of ‘New Long-stay’ Male Schizophrenics
Authors: Todd Norman A. , Bennie Ernest H. , Carlisle James M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryFrom an original cohort of 471 admissions of male schizophrenics (260 individuals) to Leverndale Hospital, Glasgow, in the years 1967–70 inclusive, 39 patients were found who in December 1973 had become long-term residents by virtue of over three years' stay. These patients were followed up two years later, when it was found that 33 remained. Three had died and two had been discharged, though one was later admitted elsewhere. Those remaining had an average age of 45.4 years, and an average duration of illness of 15 years. The patients are considered in terms of their clinical state, management problems, accommodation, occupational grade, and social circumstances. It is concluded that they represent a hard core and that very few of them are likely to be suitable for such alternative forms of care as are at present available.
A Cross-National Epidemiological Study of Mania
Authors: Leff J. P. , Fischer Margit , Bertelsen A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryAn epidemiological study of the first admission rate for mania was carried out in London and Aarhus. The case registers in these two centres were used to conduct a retrospective study of case notes covering several years, and a screening procedure was used for the prospective collection of new cases over the course of one year. The annual incidence of mania was found to be virtually identical in both centres. The retrospective study gave a figure of 2.6 per 100,000 population in both Aarhus and London. But the London sample was found to contain 45 per cent of immigrants in contrast to the Aarhus sample in which only a negligible proportion were born outside Denmark. Male West Indians, in particular, were over-represented in the London sample.
Seasonal Patterns of Suicide, Depression and Electroconvulsive Therapy
Authors: Eastwood M. R. , Peacocke J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThis study examined the hypothesis that there are seasonal variations for suicide, hospital admissions for depressive illnesses and electroconvulsive therapy and that these are inter-related. It was found that the seasonal variations did coincide, with peaks occurring in the Ontario spring and autumn. The importance of depression as a cause of suicide and the effect of electroconvulsive therapy upon the suicide rate are discussed.
Comparison of Antipsychotic Depot Injections in the Maintenance Treatment of Schizophrenia
Authors: Carney M. W. P. , Sheffield B. F. 
Published: August 2008

Summary122 Schizophrenic patients treated with injections of fluphenazine ethanate, 97 with fluphenazine decanoate and 199 with flupenthixol decanoate were followed up for mean times of 41, 33 and 21 months respectively. Their progress was compared by examining reasons for discontinuing injections and outcome in three separate groups defined according to first preparation given; relating the events causing patients to discontinue injections or be readmitted to patient-months spent on each drug; and analysing reasons for inter-drug transfers 43 per cent, 24 per cent and 23 per cent respectively of these three groups of patients discontinued the injections. Severe extrapyramidal effects were most frequent with fluphenazine ethanate, intermediate with fluphenazine decanote, and least frequent with flupenthixol. Lack of cooperation was rather more frequent with flupenthixol than with the other drugs. Severe depression occurred with all three. More patients on fluphenazine injections were transferred for any reason to flupenthixol than vice-versa. A case of ‘irreversible’ movement disorder was seen with each preparation. It is suggested that current maintenance doses of flupenthixol decanoate are too low.
Generalization of Behaviour Therapy with Psychotics
Authors: Liberman Robert Paul , McCann Michael J. , Wallace Charles J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryGeneralization of improvement in the behavioural treatment of psychotic patients must be planned in after-care settings, and for durability over time. The transfer of clinical gains is not an automatic by-product of treatment with severely and chronically impaired mental patients. Treatment strategies that facilitate generalization from hospital to community are illustrated in a case study using empirical data. Systematic and specific treatment programmes were co-ordinated between a state hospital ward and a community-based day hospital. Setting step-wise and limited goals is a feature of successful outcomes. Maintaining consistency in reinforcement contingencies from hospital to community settings, using natural reinforcers, pinpointing functional behaviours as therapeutic goals, over-learning, and training natural caregivers are methods that promote generalization.
A Psychosocial Study of Accidental Poisoning in Egyptian Children
Authors: Okasha Ahmed , Bishry Zeinab , Osman Nadia M. , Kamel M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryOne hundred and twenty-seven accidentally poisoned children from the emergency room of the Islamic Girls College, Cairo, were compared with an equal number of controls.The highest age incidence for both sexes in poisoned children was 36 months. Males outnumbered females at a ratio of 3:2. Behavioural problems such as hyperactivity, temper tantrums, aggression, stubbornness, nocturnal enuresis and impulsiveness occurred more often in poisoned children than in controls and more often in those (24 patients) referred with accidental poisoning on more than one occasion. The families of poisoned children differed significantly from the controls in their large size, low level of education, disturbed home atmosphere and the accessibility to the child of the poisonous substance.
Recruitment of Problem Drinkers
Authors: Cameron Douglas , Spence Mary T. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryAs the first phase of a project designed to institute controlled drinking as a therapeutic goal for alcoholics, it was decided to recruit volunteers who were dissatisfied with their present mode of drinking but who had not previously sought help. This was done by requesting them to phone a private number. When these volunteers had been recruited it was proposed to modify their drinking habits to their own requirements, using non-averse training, drinking practice and ongoing group psychotherapy. This project however has not been implemented because of a paucity of volunteers. The methods of recruitment are listed and those drinkers who volunteered are described. The reasons for the low rate of response are discussed.
Elongation of Pause-Time in Speech: A Simple, Objective Measure of Motor Retardation in Depression
Authors: Szabadi E. , Bradshaw C. M. , Besson J. A. O. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA sample of ‘automatic speech’ (counting from 1 to 10) was tape-recorded and the times taken up by phonation and pauses measured. In four healthy volunteers, both phonation times and pause times remained constant over a period of two months. In four moderately depressed patients, with no history of manic illness and with no obvious clinical signs of motor retardation, the pause times were significantly elongated while the patients were depressed compared to pause times measured after recovery. The phonation times were constant throughout the period of observation (4–6 months). Other tests for motor retardation (tapping time; Nurses' rating scale; Hamilton Retardation Scores) did not give consistent results. It is concluded that the simple test described here may reveal a degree of motor retardation in cases where other tests fail to do so.
Behavioural Types of Rape
Authors: Gibbens Trevor , Way Cynthia , Soothill Keith 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe previous and subsequent convictions of all thosechargedwith rape in 1961 were studied, together with circumstances of the criminal offence. The proportion of victims whose names were published in newspapers was high (26 per cent), and a high proportion of accused were acquitted (22 per cent). They fell fairly obviously into paedophiliac rapes of girls under 14 (30 per cent), ‘aggressive’ rapists (20 per cent) with a record of other aggressive offences, and ‘others' (50 per cent) with few if any other convictions. Various aspects of the records of these groups are considered. The paedophiles tended to have a wider age range and more often pleaded or were found guilty, and more of them received a medical disposal, rare in others. A small but similar proportion of acquitted and convicted were subsequently convicted of another rape.
Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements of Schizophrenics and Normal People Under Stress
Authors: Březinová V. , Kendell R. E. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryEye movements while watching an oscillating pendulum were recorded in 24 chronic schizophrenics and 24 matched normal controls. As others have reported previously, abnormal tracking movements were significantly commoner in the schizophrenics. However, in a series of experiments with normal subjects it was found that conditions designed to distract attention, or to produce declining arousal and attention, produced abnormal tracking movements indistinguishable from those observed in schizophrenics. As chronic schizophrenics are known to perform badly on a variety of psychomotor tasks and there is evidence that this is due to impaired attention or heightened distractibility, it seems likely that these same factors are responsible for their poor eye-tracking performance.
Cyclic AMP in the CSF of Patients with Schizophrenia
Authors: Biederman J. , Rimon R. , Ebstein R. , Belmaker R. H. , Davidson J. T. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia proposes that schizophrenia is associated with increased brain dopaminergic function. Because dopamine is thought to stimulate the production of cyclic AMP in the brain, we hypothesized that CSF cyclic AMP would be increased in schizophrenia. Cyclic AMP in the CSF was determined in 19 schizophrenic patients who had not received neuroleptic treatment in the preceding two weeks. No significant difference could be shown between CSF cyclic AMP in these patients and CSF cyclic AMP in 10 psychiatrically normal controls.
Slow and Rapid Psychobiological Alterations in a Manic-depressive Patient: Clinical Phenomenology
Authors: Stoddard Frederick J. , Post Robert M. , Bunney William E. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA distinctive pattern of clinical change during eight affective episodes is reported in a rapidly cycling manic-depressive patient. After a rapid switch to near maximal intensity of affective symptoms, slow changes in symptomatology were documented by significant slopes and correlation coefficients over the course of each episode. Decreases in depression, anxiety, drowsiness, helplessness/hopelessness, anger, and sadness preceded the switches into mania; decreases in mania, euphoria, seeking others, and talking preceded the switches into depression. Psychologically important events appeared to regularly precede rapid mood switches. It is suggested that the consistent, slow clinical changes which occur during affective episodes may reflect part of an underlying rhythmic biological process and that environmental events may be capable of triggering a final common pathway for the mood switch during a vulnerable period.
The Role of Mental Concepts in Explaining Neurotic Behaviour
Authors: Howard Christopher 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThis paper attempts to define the areas of applicability of behavioural and mentalistic explanations of neurotic behaviour. It is argued that intentional behaviour requires mental concepts for its explanation on the grounds that the statement of reasons which form the basis of intentions cannot be submitted to a stimulus-response analysis. This argument applies to situations in which the therapist uncovers the reasons for purposeful action of which the agent may initially be unaware. It is further argued that behaviour of this kind is rule-conforming and not law-abiding and therefore is not susceptible to explanations of the kind that are available in other areas of science. It is nevertheless argued that causal explanations can be given in terms of reasons for action.
The Discharge of Mentally Handicapped Patients to Residential Care
Authors: Spencer Douglas A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe present policy of reducing the number of patients in hospitals for the mentally handicapped involves the discharge of many patients to residential care outside hospital. This paper considers 89 patients discharged from a hospital in the five years 1971–75. 64 (70%) went to facilities controlled by the Social Services Department, ten to other residential homes, eleven to lodgings and four to other institutions. Thirty five (40%) were subnormal (WAIS Full Scale IQ 55–69); the remainder, an unexpectedly high proportion, severely subnormal (WAIS Full Scale IQ, under 55). The majority of the patients discharged were the normal-looking mentally handicapped, few of whom had a specific cause for their condition. The suitability of patients for discharge in relation to the services available was more relevant than their ages or their years in hospital.