bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lung recoil and the determination of airflow limitation in cystic fibrosis and asthma
Authors: Zapletal Alois , Desmond Katharine J. , Demizio Debbie , Coates Allan L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA reduction of lung recoil pressure could aggravate any air flow limitation that might be present in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) or asthma. In a group of 22 children and young adults (8 with cystic fibrosis, 8 with asymptomatic asthma, and 6 healthy controls) aged 8–24 years, lung recoil pressure (Pst) at l00%, 90%, and 60% of TLC and static lung compliance (Cst) were measured using an esophageal balloon. The indices of airflow limitation, including maximal expiratory flow at 25% VC (Vmax25,), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1,), and specific airway conductance (sGaw), were also measured. In all patients, Vmax25 was reduced, the airway obstruction being more pronounced in patients with CF. Pst was reduced in CF and asthma, again more in the patients with CF. Cst was normal in both groups because the pressure volume curve was shifted up and to the left. There were significant correlations between Pst at 60%, 90%. and 100% of TLC and both Vmax25 and FEV1, (P < 0.01). sGaw correlated with Pst90 and Pst6O (r = 0.47 and 0.53, respectively; P < 0.05 for both). No correlation was found between Cst and Pst at any lung volume. No correlations were observed between Cst and Vmax25, FEV1, or sGaw. These results suggest that loss of elastic lung recoil pressure is a factor in airflow limitation of children and young adults with CF or asthma. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pulmonary mechanics and gas exchange: Effect of lateral positioning during recovery from respiratory distress syndrome
Authors: Schlessel Jerrold S. , Rappa Heidi A. , Lesser Martin , Harper Rita G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSixteen stable intubated premature infants without a clinically significant patent ductus arteriosus were studied during recovery from respiratory distress syndrome in order to determine the effects of left and right lateral, as compared to supine, positioning. Pulmonary mechanics were measured for spontaneous breaths 5 and 15 minutes after positioning, and arterial blood gases 15 minutes after positioning. Infants were randomized to 1 of 2 position sequences: (1) supine, left, supine, right or (2) supine, right, supine, left. No significant differences were detected between positions for dynamic compliance, tidal volume/kg, and total, inspiratory and expiratory pulmonary resistance. Likewise, no significant differences in PaO2 or PaCO2, were detected between the positions. The sequence of positions did not affect the pulmonary mechanics of spontaneous breaths or arterial blood gases. This suggest that short‐term lateral positioning as well as supine positioning can be utilized without deleterious effects on pulmonary mechanics and gas exchange in neonates recovering from respiratory distress syndrome. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pulmonary function between 6 and 18 years of age
Authors: Wang Xiaobin , Dockery Douglas W. , Wypij David , Fay Martha E. , Ferris Benjamin G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPulmonary function of children aged 6–18 years is described based on 82,462 annual measurements of forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expired volume in 1 second (FEV1), and forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75%of FVC (FEF25–75%) from 11,630 white children and 989 black children. Median height, FVC, FEV1 FEV1/FVC1 and FEF25–75% for each 3 months of age are compared among race and sex subgroups. Race— and sex‐specific percentile distributions of FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, and FEF25—75% are presented for each centimeter of height (growth curves). For the same height, boys have greater lung function values than girls, and whites have greater ones than blacks. Lung function increases linearly with age until the adolescent growth spurt at about age 10 years in girls and 12 in boys. The pulmonary function vs. height relationship shifts with age during adolescence. Thus, a single equation or the pulmonary function‐height growth chart alone does not completely describe growth during the complex adolescent period. Nevertheless, race‐ and sex‐specific growth curves of pulmonary function vs. height make it easy to display and evaluate repeated measures of pulmonary function for an individual child. Race‐, sex‐, and age‐specific regression equations based on height are provided, which permit the evaluation of growth during adolescence with improved accuracy and, more importantly, in comparison with previous observations for the same child. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vitro branching morphogenesis of the fetal rat lung
Authors: Massoud Emad A. S. , Sekhon Harmanjatinder S. , Rotschild Avi , Puterman Martin L. , Matsui Reiko , Thurlbeck William M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe studied the pattern of airways branching in the fetal rat lung in vitro. Lung primordia of gestational ages 13, 14, and 15 days were allowed to grow in culture to a gestational age equivalent to 21 days. The first generation airways appear by a single new bud (monopodial budding) from the left main airway (lateral appearing before the medial). They elongate to form branches and then bud dichotomously (2 buds occurring simultaneously and adjacent to each other) at their tips. Then monopodial branching takes place along their sides. The same cycle of budding and branching seems to be repeated for the following generation of the airways. The total number of the peripheral (subpleural) buds was greatest in the day 15 explants and least in day 13 explants throughout the whole culture period, but the statistical model used indicated faster budding in the 13 day explants. Morphometric assessment showed no difference in the ratios between the lung components in the 3 age groups and that the peripheral epithelial measurements were the same in the 3 groups at an equivalent gestational age of 21 days. We have also shown that lobes do not form in the right lung, although appropriate airways do. This may indicate the importance of mesothelial covering of the lung in the process of lobe formation. The method is useful for studying the control of lung morphogenesis. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of pulmonary functions during pressure‐limited manual ventilation in preterm neonates
Authors: Reiterer F. , Sivieri E. , Abbasi S. , Bhutani V. K. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractManual ventilation (MAV) or handbagging is a frequent and often life—saving procedure for neonates; however, few studies allow for an objective evaluation of techniques or possible risks. We compared parameters of ventilation and pulmonary mechanics obtained during routine pressure—limited MAV to those obtained during spontaneous breathing (SPB) in the same infant at approximately the same time. We selected 20 preterm neonates in the recovery phase of respiratory distress syndrome who received periodic MAV and were capable of optimum spontaneous minute ventilation ( > 300 mL/kg/min). During MAV compared to SPB we measured higher tidal volume (8.1 ± 0.5 SE vs. 5.4 ± 0.4 SE mL/kg, P < 0.001), lower total pulmonary compliance (0.65 ± 0.05 vs. 1.16 ± 0.11 SE mL/cmH2O, P < 0.001). end—inspiratory compliance, higher pulmonary resistance (121 ± 11 vs. 61 ± 7 SE cmH2O/L/s, P < 0.001) and higher peak inspiratory airflow (2.8 ± 0.2 vs. 1.6 ± 0.1 L/s, P < 0.001). Inspiratory time (Ti) was consistently longer during MAV (0.49 ± 0.02 vs. 0.36 ± 0.02 SE, P < 0.001) such that during MAV the difference between actual Ti and minimal effective Ti (fivefold inspiratory time constant) was larger (0.29 ± 0.03 vs. 0.13 ± 0.03 s, P < 0.05). Our study suggests that operator—dependent ventilatory variables such as tidal volume, inspiratory time, frequency, and airflow need to be further evaluated in order to develop standardized guidelines for the safe administration of MAV. Until then the ventilator used for brief or augmented ventilatory support is a reasonable alternative to administering MAV by inconsistent standards. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of calmodulin as an endogenous initiatory factor in compensatory lung growth after pneumonectomy
Authors: Ofulue Anwuli F. , Matsui Reiko , Thurlbeck William M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractCompensatory lung growth after pneumonectomy is a well established phenomenon in young humans and experimental animals. To date, the cellular initiating and/or regulatory factor(s) responsible for this growth response have yet to be established. We have studied changes in lung content and activity of calmodulin, a calcium‐dependent regulatory protein in relation with lung mass and DNA content during postpneumonectomy compensatory lung growth in 4‐week‐old rats. We observed that after left pneumonectomy, right lung calmodulin content (measured by radioimmunoassay) and calmodulin activity (measured by cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activation) were increased at days 1 and 2 after surgery in the pneumonectomized rats, preceding the increase of lung mass and DNA content which started at day 3. Treatment of the pneurnonectomized rats with a highly specific calmodulin antagonist, trifluoperazine, immediately after the surgery, resulted in diminished lung calmodulin activity, sparing the calmodulin content, and in concomitant reduction of lung mass and DNA content to values intermediate between those of controls and the pneumonectomized animals. Based on these findings, we conclude that calmodulin may be an important intracellular (possibly, autocrine) initiatory or facilitatory factor in compensatory hyperplastic lung growth after pneumonectomy. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rapid improvement of static compliance after surfactant treatment in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome
Authors: Baraldi Eugenio , Pettenazzo Andrea , Filippone Marco , Magagnin G. Piero , Saia O. Sergio , Zacchello Franco 
Published: March 2007

AbstractRespiratory mechanics were measured in 20 preterm infants before and in the 24‐hr period after treatment with surfactant. All infants were enrolled in the rescue clinical trial with Curosurf® carried out in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. They received a dose of 200 mg/kg lipid surfactant intratracheally after birth. Static compliance of the respiratory system (Crs) was measured by the single breath occlusion technique during both spontaneous and mechanical ventilation. Resistance of the respiratory system (Rrs) and expiratory time constant (Trs) were also measured. As early as 3 hr after surfactant administration a significant improvement of 45% in Crs measured during mechanical ventilation (CrsV) was noted (0.40 ± 0.14 vs 0.58 ± 0.17 mL/cm H2O/kg, P < 0.001), together with a significant improvement of the arterial/alveolar O2 tension ratio (Pa/Ao2) (0.12 ± 0.03 vs 0.30 ± 0.16. P < 0.01). The improvement of CrsV and Pa/Ao2 was confirmed 24 hr later (0.55 ± 0.15 mL/cm H2O/kg and 0.33 ± 0.18, respectively). A significant correlation was found between Crs and Pa/Ao2 ratio (r = 0.56, P < 0.001). Time constant values were significantly higher after surfactant treatment (0.15 ± 0.07 vs 0.09 ± 0.03 sec; P < 0.01). Rrs remained unchanged. These data indicate that Curosuf® given intratracheally after birth determines a rapid improvement of respiratory mechanics as soon as 3 hr after dosing, together with the improvement of oxygenation. From the findings obtained with the present study we show evidence that respiratory system mechanics may be a useful physiological measure to guide ventilatory strategy following surfactant therapy. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assessment of forced expiratory volume — time parameters in detecting histamine‐induced bronchoconstriction in wheezy infants
Authors: Turner Debra J. , Sly Peter D. , Lesouëf Peter N. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA new technique recently introduced allows the measurement of infant lung function from lung volumes raised by a pump prior to generation of forced expiratory flow‐volume (FEFV) curves. Forced expiratory volume‐time (FEV1) parameters rather than traditional flow parameters are used. The aim of this study was to assess the usefulness of FEV, parameters in detecting airway responsiveness to histamine in recurrently wheezy infants. Ten infants (age 7–18 months) sedated with 80 mg/kg chloral hydrate underwent a histamine inhalation challenge. Throughout the challenge FEFV curves were generated from end‐tidal inspiration. Raised FEFV curves, from a lung volume preset by 15 cmH2O inflation pressure, were gathered at baseline and after the final concentration of histamine. The mean fall from baseline was 47% in maximal flow at functional residual capacity (VmaxFRC) (P < 0.0005), 15.5% in FEV0.5 (P < 0.000l), 13.5% in FEV0.75 (P < 0.005), and 11.0% in FEV1.0 (P = 0.057), after the final concentration of histamine delivered. Tidal volume and inspiratory volume reached above FRC between pre‐ and posthista‐mine did not change. Mean oxygen saturation fell significantly from 97 to 93%. We conclude that FEV1 parameters adequately detect reduced lung function during histamine‐induced bronchoconstriction and appear suitable for histamine challenge testing in infants. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of the squeeze technique and transcutaneous oxygen tension for measuring the response to bronchial challenge in normal and wheezy infants
Authors: Clarke Jane R. , Reese Amanda , Silverman Michael 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe aim of this study was to compare the fall in transcutaneous oxygen tension (Ptco2) as an outcome measure during bronchial provocation with histamine, with changes in airway function measured by the squeeze technique in healthy infants and those with wheezing disorders. Ptco2 was measured during histamine challenge in 20 infants, aged 6–16 months, of whom 14 had recurrent cough or wheeze (lower respiratory illness, LRI), and 6 were healthy. All were symptom free at the time of testing. The minimum value of Ptco2, after each nebulization was compared with the minimum baseline value. The response to increasing concentrations of histamine was also assessed by measuring maximal flow at functional residual capacity (VmaxFRC) by the squeeze technique. The inhaled concentration of histamine causing a 30% fall in VmaxFRC was calculated to give the provoking concentration (PC30). Baseline VmaxFRC was lower in symptomatic infants (117 mL/s) than the normal infants (322 mL/s; P <: 0.005), but the PC30 was not significantly different (7.7 and 5.7 g/L, respectively). There was no difference in baseline Ptc02 between the two groups. The infants with LRI had significant reductions in Ptc02 at both the final and preceding concentrations of histamine, whereas the normal infants had a significant and smaller reduction in Ptco2 only at the provoking concentration. Reduction in Ptc, during bronchial challenge was a less sensitive index of bronchial response in healthy infants than in infants with a history of recurrent LRI. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytokines in sputum and serum from patients with cystic fibrosis and chronic pseudomonas aeruginosa infection as markers of destructive inflammation in the lungs.
Authors: Kronborg Gitte , Hansen Morten B. , Svenson Morten , Fomsgaard Anders , Hsiby Niels , Bendtzen Klaus 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe presence of interleukin (IL)–1 receptor antagonist (IRAP) in plasma and sputum from patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection was investigated together with IL‐lα, IL‐1β, IL‐6, and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF) in a cross‐sectional study. All cytokines were assayed by ELISAs. High concentrations of IRAP, IL‐lα, IL‐1β, IL‐6, and TNF in sputum samples and low or nondetectable levels of circulating cytokines were frequently found. Increased concentrations of plasma RAP are positively correlated with decreasing pulmonary function. In a longitudinal study of serum IRAP, a higher level of RAP was detected in a group of patients with poor pulmonary function compared to a group with good pulmonary function. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The effect of maternal exercise on somatic growth and lung development of fetal rats: Morphologic and morphometric studies
Authors: Nagai Atsushi , Sakamoto Kyoichi , Konno Kimio 
Published: March 2007

AbstractOur study was aimed at elucidating the effect of strenuous maternal exercise (running at a speed of 20 m/min) on fetal somatic growth and lung development. Dams were separated into three groups: (1) exercising during the entire course of pregnancy: (2) exercising from the 16th to the 20th gestational day: and (3) controls treated in the same manner as the exercising animals, but not exercised. There were no differences in the mother's body weight (mother's body weight total body weight of the fetuses) among the three groups. Overall growth and lung development in fetuses from mothers that exercised during the entire course of pregnancy showed markedly decreased size and weight of body and lung, smaller air spaces and thicker future alveolar walls, and fewer osmiophilic lamellated bodies in alveolar type II cells. The morphometric data of fetuses from mothers that had exercised only during late gestation were similar to those of control animals. The ratio of fetal lung volume to body weight was the same in all three groups. These findings indicate that long‐term strenuous maternal exercise induces retardation of fetal lung development, possibly accompanied by a disturbance of overall growth. Maternal exercise represents another means of manipulating lung development. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Forced expiratory flows and lung volumes in normal infants
Authors: Tepper Robert S. , Reister Teresa , Angelicchio‐Keller C. , Kisling J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractForced expiratory flows at functional residual capacity (VmaxFRC) by the rapid compression technique and functional residual capacity (FRC) by the helium dilution technique were assessed in 112 normal infants with a mean age of 10.7 months (range, 1.0–31.0). In predicting FRC, log transformation was appropriate and body length was the best predicator. For VmaxFRC, age was a better predictor than length, and logarithmic transformation was not required. magnified imageThere were no gender differences for FRC or VmaxFRC; however, male infants exposed to passive cigarette smoke tended to have lower flows than male infants not exposed (P < 0.07). This study establishes normative values for VmaxFRC and FRC in infants between 1 and 31 months of age, and suggests that passive cigarette smoke exposure has an adverse effect upon forced expiratory flows in male infants. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A common presentation of an uncommon cause of neonatal respiratory distress: Pneumonia alba
Authors: Edell Dean S. , Davidson James J. , Mulvihill Denise M. , Majure Marc 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWhile lung involvement is an uncommon presentation of congenital syphilis, respiratory distress is a common leading symptom in sick newborns. We describe an infant who presented with respiratory distress thought to be secondary to congenital syphilis and discuss the findings suggestive of an etiology other than respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gender related differences in airway tone in children
Authors: Landau Louis I. , Morgan Wayne , McCoy Karen S. , Taussig Lynn M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe effects of gender, volume history, and inhaled atropine and isoproterenol on lung mechanics were assessed in 16 normal boys and 14 normal girls using lung volumes, flow‐volume curves, and oscillatory resistances. Flows were measured from full and partial forced expiratory flow‐volume curves. Six girls and 6 boys were studied before and after inhaled atropine, and 10 boys and 8 girls before and after inhaled isoproterenol. Girls demonstrated a significant increase in flows on full and partial curves with a deep inspiration vmax‐partial 0.73 ± 0.34 (SD) to Vmax‐fullO.80 ± 0.37 and 0.83 ± 0.20 to 1.06 ± 0.29 TLC/s in each group and following inhalation of isoproterenol on the partial curves only (0.73 ± 0.34 to 0.93 ± 0.40 TLC/s). Boys showed a small but significant increase in Vmax with isoproterenol on full curves but not on partial curves. Following atropine, boys demonstrated a significant increase in Vmax on partial flow‐volume curves (0.78 ± 0.28 to 1.00 ± 0.35 TLC/s) and a significant decrease in specific respiratory resistance (7.6 ± 2.7 to 5.1 ± 0.9 cmH2O/s), whereas girls had no such changes. These data suggest that boys have greater resting air way tone than girls and that this tone is less responsive to deep inspiration and isoproterenol independently, although a combination of isoproterenol and a deep inspiration will produce increased flows in boys. Atropine reduces airway tone predominantly in boys, suggesting that the increased resting airway tone in boys is partially mediated via the vagus nerve. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1993; 16:31–35. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Longitudinal evaluation of pulmonary function in infants and very young children with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Tepper Robert S. , Montgomery Gary L. , Ackerman Veda , Eigen Howard 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThirty‐two infants with cystic fibrosis (CF) had pulmonary function testing and chest radiographs at the time of diagnosis and on average 1 year later, when they had no acute respiratory symptoms. At diagnosis, 14 of 32 infants had respiratory symptoms (RESP) and 18 did not have respiratory symptoms (NRESP). There were no significant differences in age, weight, or length between the RESP and NRESP groups. At diagnosis, the RESP group had significantly lower forced expiratory flows compared to the NRESP group (41±32% vs. 98±48 % predicted); however, there were no significant differences in functional residual capacity or chest radiographic scores. Between diagnosis and follow‐up, the NRESP group had no significant change in pulmonary function but a decline in chest roentgenographic (CXR) scores (22±2 to 21±2). For infants in the RESP group, there were no significant changes in FRC or CXR score. Maximal expiratory flow at functional residual capacity (Max FRC) rose from diagnosis to 1 year follow‐up (41±32 % to 74±27 % predicted; P < 0.002); however, at follow‐up flows for the RESP group remained significantly lower than flows for the NRESP group (74 % vs. 113 % predicted; P < 0.0.005). For the 32 infants with CF, there was significant correlation between percent predicted Max FRC at follow‐up and at diagnosis (r = 0.47; P<0.02). Those infants with lower percent predicted flows at diagnosis were more likely to have lower percent predicted flows 1 year later. Flows at follow‐up were not related to a family history of asthma or to passive smoke exposure. We conclude that the potential benefits of early diagnosis by neonatal screening and the choice of therapeutic interventions early in life will depend upon the causes of the relationship between low flows at diagnosis and at follow‐up. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1993; 16:96–100. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.