bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychiatric Aspects of Epilepsy in Children
Authors: Pond D. A. 
Published: August 2008

This report of about 150 children is based on recent experience gained in the Maudsley Hospital Children's Department, in which epileptic children are investigated at special sessions. Most of the patients were examined in the usual way on their first visit to the Department. A full psychiatric history was taken from the mother or other relation. Intelligence tests, electroencephalogram (E.E.G.) and physical examinations were carried out. Later, as indicated, further special tests, such as air encephalograms, were done.It is important to note the type of patients discussed in this report, in view of the notorious difficulty of obtaining reliable statistics in such a subject as epilepsy, whose manifestations are so varied that any one hospital or clinic cannot expect to see a truly unbiased sample. Children referred to the Maudsley Hospital nearly always show some behaviour disorder, but lack gross neurological signs and symptoms. Even in the case of epileptics a behaviour problem is frequently the presenting complaint, the actual seizures being a secondary problem. As the facilities for investigation are better than in many other clinics, cases are frequently referred from other hospitals for special investigation. This material, therefore, is undoubtedly heavily weighted by epileptics with behaviour problems. There are, on the one hand, disproportionately too few mentally normal children with epilepsy, and on the other, too few with epilepsy in association with grosser neurological disorders. No attempt is made, therefore, to give any statistics on the incidence of a particular symptom or sign within this group, as it is meaningless in relation to the whole body of epilepsy in children. The recent outstanding book by Bridge (1950) gives a very fair picture of epilepsy in childhood.The aetiological factors may be divided into two groups: those within the social situation and those within the child.
The Question of Histopathological Changes in the Testes of Schizophrenics
Authors: Blair J. H. , Sniffen R. C. , Cranswick E. H. , Jaffe W. , Kline N. S. 
Published: August 2008

In determining the parameters of structure and function in the group of patients designated as schizophrenic, increasing stress has been laid on endocrinal function. A great deal of work is being done to clarify adrenocortical function. We are about to begin similar studies in respect to thyroid responsivity, using radioactive iodine as an indicator. The present report deals with a third aspect of the endocrine system.The present study was undertaken to relate testicular changes such as those reported by Hemphill, Reiss and Taylor to adrenocortical and thyroid responsivity.
The Psychiatric Patient in America
Authors: Sclare A. Balfour 
Published: August 2008

This paper is based on a year's psychotherapeutic experience during 1950–51 in a well-known psychiatric clinic in America.The psychiatric patient in the United States, like his brother and sister elsewhere, may be regarded from one viewpoint as a product of his culture. It has been said that the American scene is compounded of an unorganized mass of atypicalities; but, in fact, certain broad cultural trends are discernible. A brief look at the background of social and family patterns will help to give some insight into the psychic apparatus of the sick as well as the healthy person.
Subclinical Impairment of Left Ventricular Function in Young Obese Women: Contributions of Polycystic Ovary Disease and Insulin Resistance
Authors: Kosmala Wojciech , O'Moore-Sullivan Trisha M. , Plaksej Rafal , Kuliczkowska-Plaksej Justyna , Przewlocka-Kosmala Monika , Marwick Thomas H. 
Published: August 2008

Context: Obesity and insulin resistance (IR) may produce disturbances of left ventricular (LV) function. Obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCO), characterized by hormonal and metabolic abnormalities, are thought to be at particularly increased cardiovascular risk.
Objectives: We sought to determine the influence of IR on LV function in obese young women with and without PCO and without other comorbidities.
Design: This was a cross-sectional study.
Setting: The study was performed at a university hospital.
Patients: A total of 150 women aged younger than 40 yr with a body mass index (BMI) of 30 kg/m2 or more was classified into three groups: with both PCO and IR, without PCO and with IR, and without either PCO or IR.
Main Outcome Measures: Tissue Doppler-derived myocardial velocities, strain-rate and strain, and metabolic and hormonal measurements were calculated.
Results: Subclinical impairment of LV systolic and diastolic function as indicated by lower peak strain (P &lt; 0.001), peak systolic strain rate (P &lt; 0.001), peak early diastolic strain rate (P &lt; 0.001), and peak early diastolic velocity (P &lt; 0.01) was demonstrated in both groups with IR. IR subjects with and without PCO did not differ in any LV function indices. Strain was independently associated with fasting insulin (β = −0.39; P &lt; 0.001), urinary albumin excretion (UAE) (β = −0.36; P &lt; 0.001), and BMI (β = −0.22; P &lt; 0.03), and peak early diastolic strain rate was associated with UAE (β = −0.35; P &lt; 0.001), fasting insulin (β = −0.24; P &lt; 0.02), BMI (β = −0.23; P &lt; 0.02), and SHBG (β = 0.20; P &lt; 0.04).
Conclusions: In obese young women, fasting insulin, BMI, SHBG, and UAE are independent correlates of impaired LV performance. The contribution of PCO to LV function abnormalities is linked to IR, but not to other hormonal aberrations associated with this condition.
Rhodium-catalyzed Highly Enantioselective [4 + 2] Annulation of 2-Alkynylbenzaldehydes with Acyl Phosphonates
Authors: Tanaka Ken , Tanaka Rie , Nishida Goushi , Noguchi Keiichi , Hirano Masao 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
A cationic rhodium(I)/(R)-Segphos® [(4,4′-bi-1,3-benzodioxole)-5,5′-diylbis(diphenylphosphine)] complex catalyzes the highly enantioselective [4 + 2] annulation of 2-alkynylbenzaldehydes with acyl phosphonates, leading to benzopyranones with a phosphonate-substituted quaternary carbon center in moderate to high yields with excellent ee’s.
Oligosaccharide Synthesis Based on a One-pot Electrochemical Glycosylation–Fmoc Deprotection Sequence
Authors: Nokami Toshiki , Tsuyama Hiroaki , Shibuya Akito , Nakatsutsumi Takayuki , Yoshida Jun-ichi 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
We have found that tetrabutylammonium triflate (Bu4NOTf) serves as an effective electrolyte for electrochemical glycosylation using thioglycosides. Based on this method, a one-pot electrochemical glycosylation–Fmoc group deprotection sequence has been developed. This sequence has been successfully applied to the synthesis of a pentasaccharide.
A New Carbazole-based Conjugated Multibranched Molecule and Its Tetramer as Hole Transporting Materials
Authors: Lee Tae Wan , Kim Hong Suk , Cho Min Ju , Kim Kyung Hwan , Choi Dong Hoon 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
A conjugated multibranched molecule, 1,3,5-tris{(E)-2-[9-hexyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl]vinyl}benzene (THCEB) and its tetramer, 1,3,5-tris((E)-2-{9-[6-(3-{(E)-3,5-bis[(E)-2-(9-hexyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)vinyl]styryl}-9H-carbazol-9-yl)hexyl]-9H-carbazol-3-yl}vinyl)benzene (4(THCEB)), have been synthesized through Heck coupling and Horner–Emmons reactions in moderately good yields. These compounds exhibited good self-film-forming properties by spin coating. These two large molecules showed an absorption maxima at around 346–348 nm in their solution states. The maximum PL intensities of THCEB and 4(THCEB) films were commonly observed at around 450 nm, except for a strong emission band at 535 nm in THCEB. In the tetramer, the emission at 535 nm was highly suppressed. This observation was explained in terms of the time-resolved photophysical properties of these molecules with the help of a possible mechanism.
Bivalirudin for Patients with Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia Undergoing Cardiovascular Surgery
Authors: Czosnowski Quinn A , Finks Shannon W , Rogers Kelly C 
Published: August 2008

Objective To evaluate the uso of bivalirudin in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) undergoing cardiovascular surgery. Data Sources: Relevant information was identified through a search of MEDLINE (1966–April 2008), international Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1960–April 2008), and Cochrane Databases (publications archived until April 2008) using the terms bivalirudin, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, and cardiovascular surgery. Study Selection And Data Extraction: Prospective and retrospective studies, case reports, and case series in adults were eligible for inclusion if bivalirudin had been used in a patient with known HIT undergoing any cardiovascular surgical procedure other than percutaneous coronary intervention. Data Synthesis: Two small, open-label, multicenter clinical trials were identified that evaluated treatment with bivalirudin in patients with HIT undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Ono looked at on-pump cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), while the other looked at off-pump CPB. Procedural success was achieved at day 7 in 94% (n = 46) of patients in the on-pump CPB study and in 92% (n = 47) of patients in the off-pump CPB study. Dosing strategies varied between the 2 trials, with the on-pump study using a 1-mg/kg bivalirudin bolus followed by a 2.5-mg/kg/h infusion; the off-pump study used a 0.75-mg/kg bolus followed by a 1.75-mg/kg/h infusion. In addition, 10 case reports met the criteria to be included in the review and are summarized. In these cases, procedural success was reported using various bivalirudin doses in valve repair and replacement, right ventricular assist device implantation, and heart transplantation. Conclusions: Growing data demonstrate procedural success with bivalirudin in patients with HIT undergoing cardiovascular surgery. However, bivalirudin dosing and goal-activated clotting times varied between the studies and case reports. Bivalirudin represents a viable alternative to heparin in patients with HIT undergoing cardiovascular surgery; however, further trials are warranted to identify optimal dosing and monitoring parameters.
Sensitivity of Patient Outcomes to Pharmacist Interventions. Part III: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis in Hyperlipidemia Management
Authors: Machado Márcio , Nassor Nermine , Bajcar Jana M , Guzzo Giovanni C , Einarson Thomas R 
Published: August 2008

Background Hyperlipidemia increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases, and control is pivotal ror preventing disease complications. Multidisciplinary interventions, including those performed by pharmacists, are important for improving patients’ outcomes. Objective: To quantify the impact of pharmacist interventions in enhancing patients’ outcomes. Methods TWO reviewers searched International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, MEDLINE, EMBASE, The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. 3rd Quarter, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (all from inception to July 2007) for pharmacist interventions in hyperlipidemia. Quality was assessed using the Downs-Black scale. Data extracted included the number of patients enrolled; study characteristics; intervention type; and pre- and postintervention measures for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides, total cholesterol, adherence, and quality of life. A random effects meta-analysis combined data. Heterogeneity of effects was tested using χ5 analysis. Publication bias was assessed using funnel plots and the Begg-Mazumdar statistic. Results: Forty-eight studies were found; 23 met inclusion criteria. Study settings included medical clinic/center (n = 12), community pharmacy (n = 8), hospital (n = 2), and patient homes (n = 1). Article quality was good (71% ± 7.0%). Patient education (78%) and medication management (74%) were the most common interventions. Total cholesterol was significantly reduced from baseline (mean ± SD; 34.3 ± 10.3 mg/dL; p < 0.001) and above that for controls (22.0 ± 10.4 mg/dL: p = 0.034). LDL-C was reduced significantly from baseline (32.6 ± 11.3 mg/dL; p = 0.004), but not significantly more than controls (17.5 ± 10.9 mg/dL; p = 0.109). A clinically relevant but not statistically significant reduction in triglycerides was found. No impact on HDL-C levels was found. Patients’ adherence to pharmacotherapeutic regimens and quality of life were considered possibly not sensitive and possibly sensitive to pharmacist interventions, respectively. Conclusions: Total cholesterol is sensitive to pharmacist interventions, while LDL-C and triglyceride levels are possibly sensitive to those interventions. Further research is required for these outcomes.
Oxandrolone in Pediatric Patients with Severe Thermal Burn Injury
Authors: Miller James T , Btaiche Imad F 
Published: August 2008

Objective To review the rolo of oxandrolone in pediatric patients with severe thermal burn injury. Data Sources: MEDLINE (1950–April 2008) and Science Citation Index (1900–April 2008) searches were performed using the key terms oxandrolone, burn, and children. Study Selection And Data Extraction: All English-language articles that evaluated the efficacy and safety of oxandrolone in pediatric patients with severe thermal burn injury were included in this review. Data Synthesis: Oxandrolone stimulates protein synthesis by binding to androgen receptors. The efficacy and safety of adjunct oxandrolone therapy in pediatric patients (≤18 y old) with severe thermal burn injury (total body surface area burn >20%) were evaluated in 8 clinical studies. Oral oxandrolone 0.1 mg/kg twice daily increased protein synthesis, lean body mass accretion, and muscle strength; improved serum visceral protein concentrations; promoted weight gain; and increased bone mineral content. During the postburn rehabilitation period, oxandrolone 0.1 mg/kg/day improved muscle strength, especially when combined with exercise. Based on clinical studies, oxandrolone 0.1 mg/kg twice daily is safe when given for up to 12 months. However, mild increases in serum liver transaminase concentrations and reversible sexual changes were observed during therapy. Although data on the efficacy and safety of oxandrolone in severely burned children are supported by prospective, randomized, controlled studies, limitations of available data aro that they originated from a single study center and that wound healing measurement is lacking in children with severe thermal burns. Conclusions: The benefits of adjunct oxandrolone therapy in severely burned pediatric patients have been demonstrated in the acute postburn injury and long-term postburn rehabilitation periods. Close monitoring of liver function, sexual development, and growth pattern is recommended during oxandrolone treatment.
Dynamic and Structural Properties of the Skeleton in Hypoparathyroidism
Authors: Rubin Mishaela R , Dempster David W , Zhou Hua , Shane Elizabeth , Nickolas Thomas , Sliney James , Silverberg Shonni J , Bilezikian John P 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Hypoparathyroidism, a disorder in which PTH is absent, is associated with BMD that is above average. We studied associated structural and dynamic properties of the skeleton in hypoparathyroidism. Thirty-three subjects with hypoparathyroidism and 33 age- and sex-matched control subjects with no known metabolic diseases underwent percutaneous iliac crest bone biopsies after double-labeling with tetracycline. The main outcome was histomorphometric assessment of structural and dynamic skeletal parameters. Subjects with hypoparathyroidism had greater cancellous bone volume (mean ± SD; BV/TV: 23.5 ± 8 versus 19.7 ± 5%, p = 0.02), trabecular width (Tb.Wi: 136.1 ± 37 versus 119.3 ± 21 μm, p = 0.03), and cortical width (Ct.Wi: 923.4 ± 420 versus 753.5 ± 246 μm, p = 0.05) than control subjects. Dynamic skeletal indices, including mineralizing surface (MS: 0.85 ± 1.58 versus 4.27 ± 3.32%, p &lt; 0.0001) and bone formation rate (BFR/BS: 0.006 ± 0.014 versus 0.032 ± 0.028 μm3/μm2/d, p &lt; 0.0001), were profoundly suppressed in the hypoparathyroid subjects. We conclude that hypoparathyroidism is characterized by markedly unusual structural and dynamic properties of bone.
Lack of Bone Neoplasms and Persistence of Bone Efficacy in Cynomolgus Macaques After Long-Term Treatment With Teriparatide [rhPTH(1-34)]
Authors: Vahle John L , Zuehlke Ulrich , Schmidt Allen , Westmore Michael , Chen Peiqi , Sato Masahiko 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
In rats, teriparatide [rhPTH(1-34)] causes marked increases in bone mass and osteosarcoma. In primates, teriparatide causes lesser increases in bone mass, and osteosarcomas have not been reported. Previous studies in primates were not designed to detect bone tumors and did not include a prolonged post-treatment observation period to determine whether tumors would arise after cessation of treatment. Ovariectomized (OVX), skeletally mature, cynomolgus monkeys (n = 30 per group) were given teriparatide for 18 mo at either 0 or 5 μg/kg/d subcutaneously. After 18 mo of treatment, subgroups of six monkeys from both groups were killed and evaluated, whereas all remaining monkeys entered a 3-yr observation period in which they did not receive teriparatide. Surveillance for bone tumors was accomplished with plain film radiographs, visual examination of the skeleton at necropsy, and histologic evaluation of multiple skeletal sites. Quantitative assessments of bone mass, architecture, and strength were also performed. After the 18-mo treatment period, vertebral BMD, BMC, and strength (ultimate load) were increased by 29%, 36%, and 52%, respectively, compared with OVX controls. Proximal femur BMD, BMC, and strength were also increased by 15%, 28% and 33%, respectively. After 3 yr without treatment, no differences in bone mass or strength at the vertebra were observed relative to OVX controls; however, the femoral neck showed significant persistence in stiffness (20%), BMC (14%), and trabecular BV/TV (53%), indicating a retention of teriparatide efficacy at the hip. Radiographs and histology did not identify any bone proliferative lesions or microscopic lesions of osteosarcoma at the end of the treatment or observation period. These data indicate that teriparatide did not induce bone proliferative lesions over a 4.5-yr interval of observation, including 18 mo of treatment and 3 yr of follow-up observation. Bone analyses confirmed that teriparatide caused increases in bone mass and strength, consistent with previous studies. During the withdrawal phase, beneficial effects of teriparatide treatment on the vertebra were lost; however, some of the beneficial effects on the proximal femur persisted for 3 yr after cessation of treatment. Although the lack of bone tumors in this study provides some additional reassurance regarding the safety of teriparatide for the primate skeleton, the small group size and other limitations of this, or any other animal study, limit the ability to draw definitive conclusions regarding the risk of bone tumor developments in patients.
Bone Structure and Volumetric BMD in Overweight Children: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Wetzsteon Rachel J , Petit Moira A , Macdonald Heather M , Hughes Julie M , Beck Thomas J , McKay Heather A 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
The effect of excess body fat on bone strength accrual is not well understood. Therefore, we assessed bone measures in healthy weight (HW) and overweight (OW) children. Children (9–11 yr) were classified as HW (n = 302) or OW (n = 143) based on body mass index. We assessed total (ToD) and cortical (CoD) volumetric BMD and bone area, estimates of bone strength (bone strength index [BSI]; stress-strain index [SSIp]), and muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) at the distal (8%), midshaft (50%), and proximal (66%) tibia by pQCT. We used analysis of covariance to compare bone outcomes at baseline and change over 16 mo. At baseline, all bone measures were significantly greater in OW compared with HW children (+4–15%; p ≤ 0.001), with the exception of CoD at the 50% and 66% sites. Over 16 mo, ToA increased more in the OW children, whereas there was no difference for change in BSI or ToD between groups at the distal tibia. At the tibial midshaft, SSIp was similar between groups at baseline when adjusted for muscle CSA, but low when adjusted for body fat in the OW group. At both sites, bone strength increased more in OW because of a greater increase in bone area. Changes in SSIp were associated with changes in lean mass (r = 0.70, p &lt; 0.001) but not fat mass. In conclusion, although OW children seem to be at an advantage in terms of absolute bone strength, bone strength did not adapt to excess body fat. Rather, bone strength was adapted to the greater muscle area in OW children.
Local regression: a new approach for measurement system comparison analysis
Authors: Geistanger Andrea , Berding Christoph , Vorberg Ewald , Herlan Mark 
Published: August 2008

AbstractA new graphical approach for analysis of measurement system comparison studies is proposed. Unlike the established linear regression and Bland-Altman analysis, it does not depend on the assumption of a linear relationship. We review the established analysis approaches and propose a difference plot with non-parametric regression as an adequate tool to describe the relationship between two measurement systems. Along with pre-defined level-dependent acceptance limits, this approach may provide evidence for metrological equivalence between two measurement systems. Several data examples are given to illustrate this approach.Clin Chem Lab Med 2008;46:1211–9.
Rationalization of the Gene as a Corporate Stakeholder Based on International Laws
Authors: Okada Yoshihiro , Watanabe Kazuo N. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe concept of the gene as a corporate stakeholder was examined for the corporate social responsibility on the commercial use of genes. Discussion was made on the evidence for the concept and, it was addressed on the inseparability of the natural environment and genes, drawing from the context of international laws and soft regimes.
Nasal Airway Volume and Resistance to Airflow
Authors: Zhang Gehua , Solomon Philip , Rival Richard , Fenton Ronald S. , Cole Philip 
Published: August 2008

Background In modern rhinological practice and research, rhinomanometry and acoustic rhinometry are widely used. The goal of this study was to determine whether there is correlation between rhinomanometrically derived nasal airflow resistances and acoustic rhinometrically derived nasal airway volumes. Methods To achieve the goal, a prospective cross-sectional study of a total of 316 patients complaining of nasal obstruction was performed. Resulting data were compared by means of Spearman rank correlations of the total number of patients and of subgroups. Results The total number of patients, and most subgroups, in both their untreated and decongested states showed significant negative correlation unilaterally between nasal airflow resistances and nasal volumes. Conclusion Rhinomanometric nasal airflow resistances and concurrent acoustic rhinometric nasal airway volumes are closely correlated. The combination of the two objective methods provides insight into nasal airflow physiology and nasal airway anatomy.