bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of various antibacterial preparations on the in vitro morphology and chemotactic response of equine neutrophils
Authors: PYCOCK J. F. , ALLEN W. E. , PORTER D.J. , BOYD E. H. 
Published: April 2008

Pycock, J.F., Allen, W.E., Porter, D.J., Boyd, E.H. The effect of various antibacterial preparations on the in vitro morphology and chemotactic response of equine neutrophils. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap.11, 191–196.Two independent assay systems were used to study the effect of three antibacterial preparations on in vitro morphology and chemotaxis of equine neutrophils. Incubation of neutrophils with high (200 μg/ml) and medium (20 μg/ml) concentrations of neomycin impaired their response to standard chemoattractants. Trimethoprim/sulfadoxine (0.4/2.0 μg/ml–40/200 μg/ml) and benzylpenicillin (0.25‐25 μg/ml) had no effect. Neutrophils collected from geldings 2 and 24 h after neomycin (5 mg/kg) administration had impaired responses to standard chemoattractants. Benzylpenicillin (13.2 mg/kg) had no effect.
Pharmacokinetic estimation for therapeutic dosage regimens (PETDR) – a software program designed to determine intravenous drug dosage regimens for veterinary applications
Authors: RIVIERE J. E. , FRAZIER D. L. , TIPPITT W. L. 
Published: April 2008

Riviere, J.E., Frazier, D.L. & Tippitt, W.L. Pharmacokinetic estimation for therapeutic dosage regimens (PETDR) – a software program designed to determine intravenous drug dosage regimens for veterinary applications. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 11, 390–396.Pharmacokinetic estimation for therapeutic dosage regimens (PETDR) is a software program used to design individualized intravenous dosage regimens, determine concentration–time profiles, predict serum concentrations at a specific time after intravenous dosing and predict the time after the last dose to achieve a specified concentration of drug. The reference pharmacokinetic parameters may be based on an individual anima's pharmacokinetic disposition of drug or on FARAD (Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank) mean population kinetic parameters. An individual anima's kinetic parameters may be input for predetermined analysis or the program can calculate these values by input of raw serum concentration–time data. The program allows the user to specify certain parameters of the dosage regimen, then calculates the other parameters (given desired maximum and minimum serum concentrations, dose and interval are calculated; given desired maximum serum concentration and interval, dose is calculated, etc.). Given the kinetic parameters, the dose and dosing interval, the program calculates and plots the serum concentration‐time profile of the drug for that animal. The time and the number of doses to reach steady state can be calculated as well as the determination of loading dose. The percentage of the time of a dosing interval at steady state that the serum concentration is above a specific minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) allows evaluation of efficacy of an antimicrobial regimen. Similarly, the time to reach a specific concentration (e.g. residue tolerance) or the MIC of a drug can be calculated. Legal tissue tolerances can be accessed from FARAD to aid in predicting for what period of time illegal residues will remain in the animal. These calculations allow design of dosage regimens that maximize therapeutic efficacy and minimize toxicity to the patient as well as to decrease the incidence of drug residues in food animals.
A comparison of the sedative effects of three α2‐adrenoceptor agonists (romifidine, detomidine and xylazine) in the horse
Authors: ENGLAND G. C. W. , CLARKE K. W. , GOOSSENS L. 
Published: April 2008

The sedative effects of a new α2‐adrenoceptor agonist, romifidine, were compared with those of xylazine and detomidine. Five horses were treated with two doses of romifidine (40 μg/kg body weight and 80 μg/kg body weight), two doses of detomidine (10 μg/kg body weight and 20 μg/kg body weight) and one dose of xylazine (1 mg/kg body weight) given by intravenous injection using a Latin‐square design.The dose of 80 μg/kg romifidine appeared equipotent to 1 mg/kg xylazine and 20 μg/kg detornidine, although at these doses both xylazine and detomidine had a shorter action. Detomidine 20 μglkg and xylazine both produced greater lowering of the head and a greater degree of ataxia than romifidine at either dose. Romifidine produced sedation similar to that of the other drug regimes. The effect upon imposed stimuli was similar.
A study of the disposition of procaine penicillin G in feedlot steers following intramuscular and subcutaneous injection
Authors: PAPICH M. G. , KORSRUD G. O. , BOISON J. O. , YATES W. D. G. , MACNEIL J. D. , JANZEN E. D. , COHEN R. D. H. , LANDRY D. A. 
Published: April 2008

The disposition of an aqueous suspension of procaine penicillin G (300 000 U/ mL) was studied in feedlot steers. Four groups of three steers were used. Steers in groups 1 and 2 received procaine penicillin G once daily for 5 days intramuscularly (i.m.) at a dose of 24 000 U/kg (group 1) or of 66 000 U/kg (group 2). The injection on the last day was administered in the gluteal muscle. Steers in group 3 (i.m. neck injection) and group 4 [subcutaneous (s.c.) injection] each received a single dose of procaine penicillin G at a dose of 66 000 U/kg.From every animal, after the last injection in groups 1 and 2 and following the single injection in groups 3 and 4, a series of blood samples was taken at fixed time intervals. The plasma from these samples was analysed for penicillin G by a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay in order to determine the disposition of penicillin.The maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and the area under the curve (AUC) were significantly different between groups 1 and 2, but we found no difference in the disappearance rate constant between these two groups. Group 4 single s.c. injections produced a lower mean Cmax (1.85 ± 0.27 ng/mL) than the mean Cmax (4.24 ± 1.08 μg/mL) produced in group 3 by i.m. injections into the neck muscle or the mean Cmax (2.63 ± 0.27 μg/mL) produced in group 2 by i.m. injections into the gluteal muscle. However the mean Cmax produced by i.m. injections into the neck muscles (group 3) was higher than the mean Cmax produced by i.m. injections into the gluteal muscle (group 2). Additionally, the disappearance t½, was longer (18.08 h) in group 4 following the s.c. injection and shorter (8.85 h) in group 3 following the i.m. neck injection, than the t½ following administration of the same dose i.m. into the gluteal muscle (15.96 h) in group 2. In this study, when procaine penicillin G was injected into the gluteal muscle, doses of 66 000 U/kg were necessary to produce plasma concentrations that were above a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for penicillin G of 1.0 μg/mL as compared to doses of 24 000 U/kg.
Bioavailability, pharmacokinetics and residues of chloramphenicol in the chicken*
Authors: ANADÓN A. , BRINGAS P. , MARTINEZ‐LARRANAGA M. R. , DIAZ M. J. 
Published: April 2008

Anadón, A., Bringas, P., Martinez‐Larrañaga, M.R., Diaz, M.J. Bioavailability, pharmacokinetics and residues of chloramphenicol in the chicken. J. vet. Pharmacol Therap.17, 52–58.The pharmacokinetic properties of chloramphenicol were determined in broiler chickens after two sinSle oral doses (30 and 50 mg/kS body weight) and after a single intravenous (i.v.) dose (30 mg/kg body weight). After oral and i.v. administration, the plasma concentration‐time graph was characteristic of a two‐compartment open model. After oral administration (30 and 50 mg/kg). chloramphenicol was absorbed rapidly (time to maximal concentration of 0.72 or 0.60 h) and eliminated with a mean half‐life (t½β) of 6.8 7 or 7.41 h, respectively. The bioavailability was 29% at 30 mg/kg chloramphenicol and 38% at 50 mg/kg chloramphenicol. Concentrations greater than 5 (&#x006d;̈g/ml were achieved at 15 min and persisted up to 2 or 4 h post‐administration, respectively. Statistically significant differences between the two routes of administration were found for the pharmacokinetic variables, half‐lives of both distribution and elimination phases (t½αt½β) and apparent volume of distribution [Vd(area)]. The meant½β of chloramphenicol and i.v. administration was 5.23 h. Chloramphenicol was extensively metabolized into dehydrochloramphenicol (DH‐CAP), nitrophenylaminopropanedione (NPAP) and nitroso‐chlorampheni‐col (NO‐CAP) derivatives. Residues of chloramphenicol (CAP) and the three metabolites DH‐CAP, NPAP and NO‐CAP in kidney, liver and muscle were measured in chickens that received an oral dose of 50 mg/kg once daily for 4 days. The results indicate that CAP and DH‐CAP residues were cleared slowly and were at or below the detection limit of 0.005 &#x006d;̈g/ml within 12 days after dosing. However, at the time of slaughter (12 days), the NPAP and NO‐CAP residues were detected in the tissue.
Influence of formulation on the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of racemic ketoprofen in horses
Authors: LANDONI M.F. , LEES P. 
Published: April 2008

The bioavailability of S(+) and R(‐) ketoprofen (KTP) in six horses was investigated after oral administration of the racemic (rac) mixture. Two oral formulations were studied, an oil‐based paste containing micronised rac‐KTP and powder from the same source in hard gelatin capsules, each at a dose rate of 2.2 mg/kg. For the oil‐based paste two feeding schedules were used; horses were either allowed free access to food or access to food was restricted for 4 h before and 5 h after dosing. The drug in hard gelatin capsules was administered to horses with restricted access to food. After intravenous administration of rac‐KTP, S(+) enantiomer concentrations exceeded those of the R(‐) enantiomer. For S(+) and R(‐)KTP. respectively, pharmacokinetic parameters were, t1/2β 0.99 ± 0.14 h, 0.70 ±0.13 h;C/B 0.56±0.09,0.92±0.20 L/h/kg; Vd(ss), 0.53 ±0.11.0, 61±0.10L/kg. Following oral administration of rac‐KTP as the oil‐based paste to horses with free access to food, there were no detectable concentrations in plasma in three animals at any sampling time, while a fourth animal showed very low concentrations at two sampling times only. In the two remaining horses very low but detectable concentrations were present for 5 h. In the horses with restricted access to food, rac‐KTP paste administration produced higher concentrations in plasma. However, bioavailability was very low, 2.67 ± 0.43 and 5.75 ± 1.48% for R(‐) and S(+)KTP, respectively. When administered as pure drug substance in hard gelatin capsules, absorption of KTP was fairly rapid, but incomplete. Bioavailability was 50.55 ± 10.95 and 54.17 ±9.9% for R(‐) and S(+)KTP, respectively.This study demonstrates that rac‐KTP had a modest bioavailability when administered as a micronised powder in hard gelatin capsules to horses with restricted access to food. When powder from the same source was administered as an oil‐based paste, it was for practical purposes not bioavailable, regardless of the feeding schedule.
Intramuscular, intravenous and oral levetiracetam in dogs: safety and pharmacokinetics
Authors: PATTERSON E. E. , GOEL V. , CLOYD J. C. , O’BRIEN T. D. , FISHER J. E. , DUNN A. W. , LEPPIK I. E. 
Published: April 2008

Intravenous (IV) levetiracetam (LEV) is available for humans for bridge therapy when the oral route is unavailable. We investigated the safety and pharmacokinetics of LEV administered intramuscularly (IM), IV, and orally to dogs.Six Hound dogs received 19.5–22.6 mg/kg of LEV IM, IV and orally with a wash‐out period in between. All dogs received 500 mg LEV orally and 5 mL of 100 mg/mL LEV IM. Three dogs received 500 mg of LEV IV and three dogs received 250 mg LEV IV with 250 mg given perivascularly to approximate extravasation. Safety was assessed using a pain scale at time of IM administration and histopathological examination 24 h to 5 days after injection.Intravenous LEV half‐life was 180 ± 18 min. Bioavailability of IM LEV was 100%. Mean time to Tmaxafter IM was 40 ± 16 min. The mean CmaxIM was 30.3 ± 3 μg/mL compared to the C0of 37 ± 5 μg/mL for IV. Mean inflammation score (0–4 scale) for IM LEV was 0.28 and for saline 0.62. Extravasation did not cause tissue damage.Parenteral LEV is well tolerated and appears safe following IM and IV injections in dogs. Parenteral LEV should be evaluated for use in dogs with epilepsy.
DNA fingerprinting in clonal organisms
Authors: BROOKFIELD J. F. Y. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe use of DNA fingerprinting to identify members of the same clone in completely or partially asexual organisms requires that the individuals within a clone share a recent common ancestor. By considering the expected distributions of band–sharing values in asexual and sexual organisms, it is shown that DNA fingerprinting may be effective in distinguishing members of the same clone, provided that the frequency of sexual reproduction is considerably greater than the minisatellite mutation rate.
Unusual mitochondrial DNA polymorphism in two local populations of blue tit Parus caeruleus
Authors: TABERLET P. , MEYER A. , BOUVETV J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from 25 blue tits Parus caeruleus sampled from two populations of the Grenoble region (France) was assayed for polymorphism with 17 restriction endonucleases. Nine genotypes were found. Several mtDNA genotypes were also analysed by amplification via the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and direct sequencing of 903 bp of the cytochrome b gene. The mtDNA polymorphism is greater in P. caeruleus than in other comparable bird species and results from the presence of two clearly differentiated mitochondrial lineages. Using the data of restriction polymorphism, the mean sequence divergence between individuals of the two lineages is 1.23%. Therefore, P. caeruleus should fall into the category II of phylogeographic pattern sensu Avise et al. (1987): discontinuous mtDNA genotypes which co–occur in the same region. P. caeruleus, like humans and other mobile species with high gene flow, seems to have lost its geographic structure in terms of mtDNA phylogeny. This unusual mitochondrial polymorphism can be explained by the recent admixture of two long–term isolated populations. This could be accounted for by two different scenarios. One assumes a simultaneous post–glacial colonization of the Grenoble region by two isolated European populations of P. caeruleus. Alternatively, hybridization between P. caeruleus and P. cyanus could have caused the observed pattern of mtDNA variation.
Last–male sperm precedence in the bushcricket Poecilimon veluchianus (Orthoptera, Tettigonioidea) demonstrated by DNA fingerprinting
Authors: ACHMANN R. , HELLER K.–G. , EPPLEN J. T. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMales of the bushcricket Poecilimon veluchianus pass a large spermatophore to the female during mating. The spermatophore is eaten by the female after copulation. Because females mate with several males during their reproductive life, the competition between spermatozoa of different males affects a male's reproductive success. In order to determine the outcome of sperm competition, the paternity of the progeny of double–mated females was established by DNA fingerprinting with the oligonucleotide (GATA)4. Typical P. veluchianus DNA fingerprints consisted of 15 scoreable fragments per individual. The proportion of bands shared between presumably unrelated bushcrickets was 17%. After the second copulation the second mating male clearly predominated at fertilization. The mean proportion of eggs fertilized by the second male was 90.1%. There was no significant relationship between the level of sperm precedence and the time of ovipositions after the second mating. If female P. veluchianus increase the fitness of their offspring by the incorporation of spermatophore–derived substances in developing eggs, there is little chance for the feeding male to fertilize eggs containing his nutrients, because of the very short mating intervals of females and the observed high level of last–male sperm precedence in this species. Under such conditions the last mating male would fertilize many eggs containing nutrients from a prior male. Because nuptial gifts, like the tettigoniid spermatophore, function only as paternal investment if the donating male's progeny benefit from the gift, a paternal investment function of the P. veluchianus spermatophore seems to be unlikely.
Applications of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) in molecular ecology
Authors: HADRYS H. , BALICK M. , SCHIERWATER B. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMolecular genetic markers have been developed into powerful tools to analyse genetic relationships and genetic diversity. As an extension to the variety of existing techniques using polymorphic DNA markers, the Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique may be used in molecular ecology to determine taxonomic identity, assess kinship relationships, analyse mixed genome samples, and create specific probes. Main advantages of the RAPD technology include (i) suitability for work on anonymous genomes, (ii) applicability to problems where only limited quantities of DNA are available, (iii) efficiency and low expense.
Use of fragment–sharing estimates from DNA fingerprinting to determine relatedness in a tropical wren
Authors: PIPER W. H. , RABENOLD P. PARKER 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWe assessed the usefulness of DNA fragment–sharing scores from DNA fingerprints for assigning relatedness to unknown pairs of individuals in a population of stripe–backed wrens (Campylorhynchus nuchalis). Preliminary investigation of scoring biases revealed consistency both within and between scorers in relative band–sharing scores, but a tendency for scores to be inflated and for inter–scorer agreement to decline as distance between lanes on an autoradiograph increased. Distributions of band–sharing values matched expected distributions well, which suggests that variability in scores is mostly inherent and not a result of errors in scoring. Confidence intervals based on band–sharing scores or means of scores across enzymes, probes and scorers revealed that unrelated (r= 0) and first–order dyads (r=Vi) could be distinguished on the basis of single band–sharing scores from the best combination of enzyme and probe (HaeIII/33.15) and that first– and second–order dyads could be distinguished when confidence intervals were based on means of band–sharing scores across two enzymes, two probes and two scorers.
Biodegradation of phenoxyacetic acid in soil by Pseudomonas putida PP0301(pR0103), a constitutive degrader of 2, 4–dichlorophenoxyacetate
Authors: SHORT K. A. , KING R. J. , SEIDLER R. J. , OLSEN R. H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe efficacy of using genetically engineered microbes (GEMs) to degrade recalcitrant environmental toxicants was demonstrated by the application of Pseudomonas putida PP0301(pR0103) to an Oregon agricultural soil amended with 500 u.g/g of a model xenobiotic, phenoxyacetic acid (PAA). P. putida PP0301(pR0103) is a constitutive degrader of 2, 4–dichlorophenoxyacetate (2, 4–D) and is also active on the non–inducing substrate, PAA. PAA is the parental compound of 2, 4–dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4–D) and whilst the indigenous soil microbiota degraded 500 ng/g 2, 4–D to less than 10 J–g/g, PAA degradation was insignificant during a 40–day period. No significant degradation of PAA occurred in soil inoculated with the parental strain P. putida PP0301 or the inducible 2, 4–D degrader P. putida PP0301(pR0101). Moreover, co–amendment of soil with 2, 4–D and PAA induced the microbiota to degrade 2, 4–D; PAA was not degraded. P. putida PP0301–(pR0103) mineralized 500–μg/g PAA to trace levels within 13 days and relieved phytotoxicity of PAA to Raphanus sativus (radish) seeds with 100% germination in the presence of the GEM and 7% germination in its absence. In unamended soil, survival of the plasmid–free parental strain P. putida PP0301 was similar to the survival of the GEM strain P. putida PP0301(pR0103). However, in PAA amended soil, survival of the parent strain was over 10 000–fold lower (< 3 colony forming units per gram of soil) than survival of the GEM strain after 39 days.
Sexuality in a natural population of bacteria–Bacillus subtilis challenges the clonal paradigm
Authors: ISTOCK C. A. , DUNCAN K. E. , FERGUSON N. , ZHOU X. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractReproduction by binary fission necessarily establishes a clonal genotypic structure in bacterial populations unless a high rate of genetic recombination opposes it. Several genetic properties were examined for a wild population of Bacillus subtilis in the Sonoran Desert of Arizona to assess the extent of recombination in a natural population. These properties included allozyme variation revealed by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, phage and antibiotic resistance, and restriction fragment length polymorphism with Southern hybridization. Evidence of extensive genetic recombination was found along “with evidence of modest clonal structure. Recombination must be frequent relative to binary fission in this population. This mixed population structure provides broader options for bacterial evolution than would a purely clonal structure.
Conservation genetics of whales and dolphins
Authors: HOELZEL A. R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWhales and dolphins (cetaceans) are found in all the world's oceans and in some of the major rivers, yet little is known about the distribution and behaviour of many species. At the same time, cetaceans are under threat from a variety of pressures including direct and indirect takes, pollution, and competition for habitat and prey. To ensure their long–term survival it will be necessary to preserve genetic diversity through the identification and protection of differentiated populations, the assessment of variation within local populations, and through a better understanding of reproductive and dispersal behaviour. The application of molecular genetic techniques is helping to provide answers to some of these previously intractable questions. Early results suggest few consistent patterns. Obvious geographic boundaries correlate to genetic distance in some species, and not in others. Furthermore, morphological variation within species can be fairly extensive without correlating to genetic distance, or relatively minor between morphotypes that are as genetically distinct as some species. These examples emphasize the need for further study.
Cross–species hybridization of a single–locus minisatellite probe in passerine birds
Authors: HANOTTE O. , CAIRNS E. , ROBSON T. , DOUBLE M.C. , BURKE T. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWe report here the isolation in the house sparrow Passer domesticus of a highly variable minisatellite locus. When used as a probe at high stringency, this minisatellite crosshybridizes to a specific and variable locus in many different species in the family Passeridae. Moreover, it also detects a variable locus in species belonging to several other families of passerines which suggests that this probe will be useful in at least one–third, and perhaps about one–half, of all bird species.