bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How biased are estimates of extinction probability in revisitation studies?
Authors: KÉRY MARC , SPILLMANN JOHN H. , TRUONG CAMILLE , HOLDEREGGER ROLF 
Published: June 2006

Summary

Extinction is a fundamental topic for population ecology and especially for conservation and metapopulation biology. Most empirical studies on extinction resurvey historically occupied sites and estimate extinction probability as the proportion of sites where a species is no longer detected. Possible non‐detection of surviving populations is usually not accounted for, which may result in extinction probabilities that are overestimated.
As part of a large revisitation study in north‐east Switzerland, 376 sites with historically known occurrences of a total of 11 plant species 80–100 years ago were visited by two independent observers. Based on typical population size, ramet size and plant architecture, we judged six species as easy to find and five species as hard to find. Using capture–recapture methods to separate non‐detection from true extinction, we gauged the bias of extinction probability estimates that do not account for non‐detection.
When non‐detection was not accounted for, a single visit resulted in an average estimate of population extinction probability of 0.49 (range 0.27–0.67). However, the mean detection probability of a surviving population during a single visit had an estimated average of only 0.81 (range 0.57–1). Consequently, accounting for non‐detection resulted in extinction probability estimates ranging between 0.09 and 0.61 (mean 0.36). Based on a single survey, our revisitation study would have overestimated the extinction rate on average by 11 percentage points (range 5–22%) or by 59% (range 0–250%) relative to the estimated true value.
A simple binomial argument enables the calculation of the minimum required number of visits to detect a surviving population with high probability (e.g. 95%). For the easy to find species, approximately two visits would be required to find most of the surviving populations, whereas up to four visits would be required for the hard to find species.
In revisitation studies, only repeated revisits allow the separation of extinction from simple non‐detection. Unless corrected for possible non‐detection, extinction probability may be strongly overestimated, and hence some control for non‐detection is desirable at least in a subset of species/sites in revisitation studies. These issues are also relevant to the estimation of extinction in metapopulation studies and to the collection of quality data for habitat and distribution models.
Abnormalities of whole body protein turnover, muscle metabolism and levels of metabolic hormones in patients with chronic heart failure
Authors: NØRRELUND H. , WIGGERS H. , HALBIRK M. , FRYSTYK J. , FLYVBJERG A. , BØTKER H. E. , SCHMITZ O. , JØRGENSEN J. O. L. , CHRISTIANSEN J. S. , MØLLER N. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract.Objective.  It is well known that chronic heart failure (CHF) is associated with insulin resistance and cachexia, but little is known about the underlying substrate metabolism. The present study was undertaken to identify disturbances of basal glucose, lipid and protein metabolism.Design.  We studied eight nondiabetic patients with CHF (ejection fraction 30 ± 4%) and eight healthy controls. Protein metabolism (whole body and regional muscle fluxes) and total glucose turnover were isotopically assayed. Substrate oxidation were obtained by indirect calorimetry. The metabolic response to exercise was studied by bicycle ergometry exercise.Results.  Our data confirm that CHF patients have a decreased lean body mass. CHF patients are characterised by (i) decreased glucose oxidation [glucose oxidation (mg kg−1 min−1): 1.25 ± 0.09 (patients) vs. 1.55 ± 0.09 (controls), P < 0.01] and muscle glucose uptake [a − v diffglucose (μmol L−1): −10 ± 25 (patients) vs. 70 ± 22 (controls), P < 0.01], (ii) elevated levels of free fatty acids (FFA) [FFA (mmol L−1): 0.72 ± 0.05 (patients) vs. 0.48 ± 0.03 (controls), P < 0.01] and 3‐hydroxybutyrate and signs of elevated fat oxidation and muscle fat utilization [a − v diffFFA (mmol L−1): 0.12 ± 0.02 (patients) vs. 0.05 ± 0.01 (controls), P < 0.05] and (iii) elevated protein turnover and protein breakdown [phenylalanine flux (μmol kg−1 h−1): 36.4 ± 1.5 (patients) vs. 29.6 ± 1.3 (controls), P < 0.01]. Patients had high circulating levels of noradrenaline, glucagon, and adiponectin, and low levels of ghrelin. We failed to observe any differences in metabolic responses between controls and patients during short‐term exercise.Conclusions.  In the basal fasting state patients with CHF are characterized by several metabolic abnormalities which may contribute to CHF pathophysiology and may provide a basis for targeted intervention.
Control of capsular polysaccharide chain length by UDP‐sugar substrate concentrations in Streptococcus pneumoniae
Authors: Ventura Christy L. , Cartee Robert T. , Forsee W. Thomas , Yother Janet 
Published: June 2006

SummaryRegulation of chain length is essential to the proper functioning of prokaryotic and eukaryotic polysaccharides. Modulation of polymer size by substrate concentration is an attractive but unexplored control mechanism that has been suggested for many polysaccharides. The Streptococcus pneumoniae capsular polysaccharide is essential for virulence, and regulation of its size is critical for survival in different host environments. Synthesis of the type 3 capsule [‐4)‐β‐d‐Glc‐(1–3)‐β‐d‐GlcUA‐(1‐] from UDP‐glucose (UDP‐Glc) and UDP‐glucuronic acid (UDP‐GlcUA) is catalysed by the type 3 synthase, a processive β‐glycosyltransferase, and requires a UDP‐Glc dehydrogenase for conversion of UDP‐Glc to UDP‐GlcUA. Strains containing mutant UDP‐Glc dehydrogenases exhibited reduced levels of UDP‐GlcUA, along with reductions in total capsule amount and polymer chain length. In both the parent and mutant strains, UDP‐Glc levels far exceeded UDP‐GlcUA levels, which were very low to undetectable in the absence of blocking synthase activity. The in vivo observations were consistent with in vitro conditions that effect chain termination and ejection of the polysaccharide from the synthase when one substrate is limiting. These data are the first to demonstrate modulation of polysaccharide chain length by substrate concentration and to enable a model for the underlying mechanism. Further, they may have implications for the control of chain length in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic polymers synthesized by similar mechanisms.
Phosphatidylglycerol biosynthesis in chloroplasts of Arabidopsis mutants deficient in acyl‐ACP glycerol‐3‐ phosphate acyltransferase
Authors: Xu Changcheng , Yu Bin , Cornish Adam J. , Froehlich John E. , Benning Christoph 
Published: June 2006

SummaryThe biosynthesis of phosphatidylglycerol represents a central pathway in lipid metabolism in all organisms. The enzyme catalyzing the first reaction of the pathway in the plastid, glycerol‐3‐phosphate acyl–acyl carrier protein acyltransferase, is thought to be encoded in Arabidopsis by the ATS1 locus. A number of genetic mutants deficient in this activity have been described. However, the corresponding mutant alleles have not yet been analyzed at the molecular level and a causal relationship between the mutant phenotypes and a deficiency at the ATS1 locus has not been established. The presence in all known ats1 mutants of near wild‐type amounts of phosphatidylglycerol raised the question of whether an alternative pathway of phosphatidylglycerol assembly in the plastid exists. However, detailed analysis of several independent ats1 mutant alleles revealed that all are leaky. Reduction by RNAi of ats1‐1 RNA levels in the ats1‐1 mutant background led to a more severe growth phenotype (small green plants and reduced seed set), but did not decrease the relative amount of phosphatidylglycerol. In contrast, when the amount of ATS2 mRNA encoding the plastidic lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase catalyzing the second reaction of the pathway was reduced by RNAi in the ats1‐1 mutant background, phosphatidylglycerol amounts decreased, leading to a growth phenotype (small pale‐yellow plants) that is reminiscent of the pgp1‐1 mutant deficient in a late step of plastidic phosphatidylglycerol biosynthesis. These observations indicate coordinated regulation of plastid lipid metabolism and plant development.
Mutations in the eIF(iso)4G translation initiation factor confer high resistance of rice to Rice yellow mottle virus
Authors: Albar Laurence , Bangratz‐Reyser Martine , Hébrard Eugénie , Ndjiondjop Marie‐Noëlle , Jones Monty , Ghesquière Alain 
Published: June 2006

SummaryWe report here evidence of the role that the isoform of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4G (eIF(iso)4G) plays in naturally occurring resistance in plant/virus interactions. A genetic and physical mapping approach was developed to isolate the Rymv1 locus controlling the high recessive resistance to Rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) in the rice (Oryza sativa) variety Gigante. The locus was mapped to a 160‐kb interval containing a gene from the eIF(iso)4G family. The stable transformation of a resistant line with the cDNA of this gene, derived from a susceptible variety, resulted in the loss of resistance in transgenic plants. The allelic variability of this gene was analysed in three resistant and 17 susceptible varieties from different cultivated rice species or subspecies. Compared with susceptible varieties, resistant varieties present specific alleles, characterized by either amino acid substitutions or short amino‐acid deletions in the middle domain of the protein. The structure of this domain was modelled and showed that the substitutions were clustered on a small surface patch. This suggests that this domain may be involved in an interaction with the virus.
Dexamethasone and IL‐10 stimulate glucocorticoid‐induced leucine zipper synthesis by human mast cells
Authors: Godot V. , Garcia G. , Capel F. , Arock M. , Durand‐Gasselin I. , Asselin‐Labat M. L. , Emilie D. , Humbert M. 
Published: June 2006

Background:  Glucocorticoids (GCs) decrease tissue mast cell (MC) number and prevent their activation via their high‐affinity IgE receptor. Glucocorticoid‐induced leucine zipper (GILZ) is one of the GC‐induced genes, which inhibits the functions of the transcriptional activators AP‐1 and NF‐κB. GILZ appears to be a critical actor in the anti‐inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects of GCs in human T lymphocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells.Aims of the study:  We investigated whether GILZ was produced by human MCs and whether GILZ synthesis was stimulated by GCs. We also investigated whether GILZ production was modulated by (i) IL‐10, because of its common immunosuppressive properties with GCs, (ii) histamine because of its pro‐inflammatory properties and (iii) IL‐4 and IL‐5 because of their ability to favour MC survival and proliferation with SCF.Methods:  The human MC lines HMC‐1 5C6 and LAD‐2, and cord blood‐derived MCs (CB‐MCs) were cultured alone or in the presence of GCs, IL‐10, histamine, IL‐4 or IL‐5. The expression of GILZ was evaluated by using RT‐PCR, Western blotting or immunocytochemistry.Results:  We found that human MC lines and CB‐MCs constitutively produce GILZ. We also show that GCs and IL‐10 stimulate GILZ production by human MCs. Our present results indicate that histamine, IL‐4 and IL‐5 alone or in combination with SCF do not downregulate GILZ production by MCs.Conclusions:  These results show that GCs and IL‐10 stimulate GILZ production by human MCs. As GILZ mediates anti‐inflammatory effects of GCs in immune cells, we speculate that GILZ could account for the deactivation of MCs by GCs and IL‐10.
Randomized double‐blind controlled study with sublingual carbamylated allergoid immunotherapy in mild rhinitis due to mites
Authors: Passalacqua G. , Pasquali M. , Ariano R. , Lombardi C. , Giardini A. , Baiardini I. , Majani G. , Falagiani P. , Bruno M. , Canonica G. W. 
Published: June 2006

Background:  The clinical efficacy of sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) in mite allergy and in mild disease is still a matter of debate, thus we performed a long‐term clinical trial.Methods:  The study was randomized, double‐blind and placebo‐controlled. After a 1‐year assessment, 68 patients with mild rhinitis with/without asthma due to mites were randomized to drugs + placebo or drugs + SLIT for 2 years. Sublingual immunotherapy was given as soluble tablets of monomeric carbamylated allergoid. Clinical scores for asthma and rhinitis (0, absent to 3, severe) and drug consumption were assessed by diary card in the period November–February. Quality of life was assessed before and after each observation period and pharmaco‐economy data were evaluated as well.Results:  Fifty‐six patients completed the study. The rate of dropouts was similar in the two groups. No relevant side effect was reported. There was a significant reduction of total clinical scores (P < 0.05) in the active group vs placebo at the first year, but not at the second whereas nasal obstruction significantly improved in both years (P < 0.05). The reduction of drug intake score was significant only at the first year. No change was observed concerning most of the Short Form‐36 items, because at baseline all patients displayed a normal profile. A significant change in SLIT group was seen for the item ‘change in health status’. The need for extra visits was significantly lower in the active group (25%vs 43%).Conclusions:  Sublingual immunotherapy was clinically effective and safe in mite‐induced mild disease.
Localization of Oestrogen Receptors Within Various Bovine Ovarian Cell Types at Different Stages of the Oestrous Cycle
Authors: D'Haeseleer M. , Cornillie P. , Simoens P. , Van Den Broeck W. 
Published: June 2006

SummaryIn the present study oestrogen receptor α(ERα) and oestrogen receptor β (ERβ) mRNA were localized in various ovarian cell types of 23 cows at different stages of the oestrous cycle. ERα was detected by immunohistochemistry and the localization of ERβ mRNA was examined using in situ hybridization. The immunostaining of ERα was low in the ovarian follicles, tunica albuginea and surface epithelium, but high in cells of the deep stroma and superficial stroma, which indicates a functional role of ERα in the cells surrounding the follicles. In contrast, ERβ mRNA scores were low to moderate in primordial and primary follicles, and increased with the development of the follicle. ERβ mRNA scores were higher in cystic follicles than in obliterative follicles. In the corpora lutea and corpora albicantia the scores for ERβ mRNA were moderate. Furthermore, in the corpora lutea, ERβ mRNA levels showed cyclic variations and were low during early dioestrus. The correlation between plasma progesterone levels and the score for ER was low and negative in all ovarian cell types. This study demonstrates the predominant role of ERβ over ERα in bovine ovarian structures. Furthermore, the colocalization of both ERβ mRNA and ERα in most cell types suggests possible interactions between both ER subtypes.
Arterial Supply of the Superior Cervical Ganglion in the Guinea‐Pig (Cavia porcellus)
Authors: Kabak M. , Gültiken M. E. 
Published: June 2006

SummaryThe vascularization of the cranial cervical ganglion [superior cervical ganglion (SCG)] of 10 adult guinea‐pigs (Cavia porcellus) was investigated by latex injection and dissection techniques. Compared with other species, there were differences in the arterial supply of SCG and in the number of branches originating from these vessels. The SCG received arterial blood from branches of the ascending pharyngeal and internal carotid arteries. In addition, it was demonstrated that the superior thyroid and occipital arteries contribute rarely to the vascularization of the SCG.
Genetic variability and differentiation in red deer (Cervus elaphus) from Scotland and England
Authors: Hmwe S. S. , Zachos F. E. , Sale J. B. , Rose H. R. , Hartl G. B. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSamples from 69 British red deer Cervus elaphus scoticus from seven populations in Scotland and England were analysed with respect to variability within and differentiation among stocks using 11 polymorphic microsatellite loci and 439 bp of the mitochondrial control region. The results clearly showed the effects of anthropogenic factors on British red deer. On the whole, variability values were within the species' reported range. The island population of Islay, Scotland, however, while showing average microsatellite variability, exhibited no mitochondrial variation at all. One microsatellite locus was monomorphic in three Scottish populations (Islay, Dunachton and Achnacarry). Overall and pairwise FST values indicate considerable differentiation among the populations studied, but Dunachton and Achnacarry, two adjacent populations free from recorded introductions, showed only a little differentiation and were paired in trees based on genetic distances. In terms of variability, no statistically significant differences were observed between island and mainland populations and the overall test of isolation by distance was negative. Possible reasons for the genetic patterns observed, such as differences in human impact on the populations, are discussed.
Impact of live trapping on the stress response of the meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus)
Authors: Fletcher Q. E. , Boonstra R. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIn physiological research on natural populations, it is essential to understand the impact of capture‐induced stress because of its numerous effects on many physiological processes. Our objective was to determine the extent to which the stress levels of meadow voles Microtus pennsylvanicus were affected by short‐term responses to live trapping and how these were influenced by the amount of time spent in live traps. Baseline levels were obtained from a snap‐trapped sample and stress levels were determined from voles that had spent variable amounts of time in live traps (up to 16.5 h). Stress levels were inferred from corticosterone and glucose concentrations and haematocrit levels. In the live‐trapped sample, corticosterone concentrations reflect only the stress of trap confinement whereas glucose concentrations and haematocrit reflect both the effects of trap confinement and handling. Live trapping caused corticosterone concentrations to increase by 108% (from 390.3 to 810.6 ng mL−1), glucose concentrations to increase by 58% (from 55.4 to 87.4 mg dL−1) and haematocrit levels to increase by 10% (from 49 to 54%) from baseline levels. The length of time a vole spent in a live trap did not affect corticosterone and glucose concentrations; however, haematocrit levels increased slightly over time (0.21% h−1). We conclude that live trapping induced a stress response in voles, but that longer times in traps did not increase the stress levels.
Differentiating hair samples of the European mink (Mustela lutreola), the American mink (Mustela vison) and the European polecat (Mustela putorius) using light microscopy
Authors: González‐Esteban J. , Villate I. , Irizar I. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe European mink Mustela lutreola is a threatened species that is being monitored throughout its range, and innocuous methods of detection are needed as an alternative to live trapping, which may result in fatalities. A method is described for the identification of European mink hair by light microscopy, and its differentiation, on the basis of cuticular and medullary patterns of guard hairs, from hairs of similar mustelids, the introduced American mink Mustela vison and the European polecat Mustela putorius. When used in conjunction with hair trapping of living animals, this could prove to be the ideal way of conducting monitoring programmes on the European mink.
Craniomandibular joint in South American burrowing rodents (Ctenomyidae): adaptations and constraints related to a specialized mandibular position in digging
Authors: Verzi D. H. , Olivares A. I. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA quali‐quantitative morphofunctional analysis of the craniomandibular joint in subterranean rodents of the family Ctenomyidae showed that specializations of this joint are coupled with adaptations to digging. The presence of a postglenoid articular region in the skull ofEucelophorusandCtenomysimplies a new position of the mandible in digging, different from those involved in gnawing and chewing. In this third position of the mandible, the mandibular joint is stabilized when the deeply inserted incisors attack the soil or an obstacle, preventing dislocation. The proposed new mandibular function imposes a mechanical constraint on size and shape of the auditory bullae in tooth‐digger ctenomyids, because inflated bullae preclude a satisfactory opening of the mandible when it articulates in the postglenoid region. The configuration of the craniomandibular joint and other specializations for digging ofEucelophorusare unique among all South American rodents. The presence of non‐homologous, and even more specialized, postglenoid cavities in burrowing rodents of other continents suggests a common requirement for stabilizing the mandibular joint when strong forces with incisors are developed. The less specialized postglenoid region ofEucelophorusandCtenomys, with respect to that of other rodent clades, may be related to the more recent differentiation of ctenomyids.
Perceived parental rearing of bipolar offspring
Authors: Reichart C. G. , Van Der Ende J. , Hillegers M. H. J. , Wals M. , Bongers I. L. , Nolen W. A. , Ormel J. , Verhulst F. C. 
Published: June 2006

Objective:  To explore the impact of growing up with a parent with a bipolar disorder. First, we compared parental rearing behavior perceived by young adult offspring of bipolar parents with parental rearing behavior perceived by same aged young adults from the general population. Secondly, we examined the associations between perceived parental rearing behavior and parental psychopathology and psychopathology in offspring.Method:  Subjects were 129 offspring of 80 bipolar parents and their spouses and 1122 young adults from the general population. In offspring the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐IV was used to assess DSM‐IV diagnoses and the EMBU was used to assess perceived parental rearing in both groups.Results:  In general, offspring growing up in a family with a bipolar parent perceived their mothers as less rejecting, more emotionally warm and less overprotecting and their fathers as less emotionally warm and less overprotecting compared with young adults from the general population. Perceived rejection was related to psychopathology in offspring.Conclusion:  Overall, parental rearing in families with a parent with a bipolar disorder is not more dysfunctional, as perceived by their offspring, than in families from the general population. Offspring with a bipolar disorder perceive their parents as more rejecting.
Intensive group cognitive treatment and individual cognitive therapy vs. treatment as usual in social phobia: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Mörtberg E. , Clark D. M. , Sundin Ö. , Åberg Wistedt A. 
Published: June 2006

Objective:  To compare the effects of an intensive group cognitive treatment (IGCT) to individual cognitive therapy (ICT) and treatment as usual (TAU) in social phobia (DSM‐IV).Method:  Hundred patients were randomized to: IGCT involving 16 group sessions spread over three weeks; ICT involving 16 shorter weekly sessions in 4 months and; TAU involving an indicated selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) with therapy sessions as required for 1 year. The main outcome measure was a Social Phobia Composite that combined several standardized self‐report measures. Diagnostic assessment was repeated at 1‐year follow‐up.Results:  Significant improvements were observed with all treatments. ICT was superior to IGCT and TAU, which did not differ in overall effectiveness.Conclusion:  The study confirms and extends previously reported findings that ICT is more effective than group cognitive treatment and treatment with SSRIs. IGCT lasts only 3 weeks, and is as effective as more protracted TAU.