bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Selective and Shared Contributions of the Hippocampus and Perirhinal Cortex to Episodic Item and Associative Encoding
Authors: Staresina Bernhard P. , Davachi Lila 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Although the general role of the medial-temporal lobe (MTL) in episodic memory is well established, controversy surrounds the precise division of labor between distinct MTL subregions. The perirhinal cortex (PrC) has been hypothesized to support nonassociative item encoding that contributes to later familiarity, whereas the hippocampus supports associative encoding that selectively contributes to later recollection. However, because previous paradigms have predominantly used recollection of the item context as a measure of associative encoding, it remains unclear whether recollection of different kinds of episodic detail depends on the same or different MTL encoding operations. In our current functional magnetic resonance imaging study, we devised a subsequent memory paradigm that assessed successful item encoding in addition to the encoding of two distinct episodic details: an item–color and an item–context detail. Hippocampal encoding activation was selectively enhanced during trials leading to successful recovery of either an item–color or item–context association. Moreover, the magnitude of hippocampal activation correlated with the number, and not the kind, of associated details successfully bound, providing strong evidence for a role of the hippocampus in domain-general associative encoding. By contrast, PrC encoding activation correlated with both nonassociative item encoding as well as associative item–color binding, but not with item–context binding. This pattern suggests that the PrC contributions to memory encoding may be domain-specific and limited to the binding of items with presented item-related features. Critically, together with a separately conducted behavioral study, these data raise the possibility that PrC encoding operations—in conjunction with hippocampal mechanisms—contribute to later recollection of presented item details.
Patterns of Autobiographical Memory Loss in Medial-Temporal Lobe Amnesic Patients
Authors: Rosenbaum R. Shayna , Moscovitch Morris , Foster Jonathan K. , Schnyer David M. , Gao Fuqiang , Kovacevic Natasha , Verfaellie Mieke , Black Sandra E. , Levine Brian 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
The issue of whether the hippocampus and related structures in the medial-temporal lobe (MTL) play a temporary or permanent role in autobiographical episodic memory remains unresolved. One long-standing belief is that autobiographical memory (AM), like semantic memory, is initially dependent on the MTL but ultimately can be retained and recovered independently of it. However, evidence that hippocampal amnesia results in severe loss of episodic memory for a lifetime of personally experienced events suggests otherwise. To test the opposing views, we conducted detailed investigations of autobiographical episodic memory in people with amnesia resulting from MTL lesions of varying extent. By combining precise quantification of MTL and neocortical volumes with sensitive measures of recollection of one's personal past, we show that the severity of episodic, but not semantic, AM loss is best accounted for by the degree of hippocampal damage and less likely related to additional neocortical compromise.
Homeostatic Metaplasticity in the Human Somatosensory Cortex
Authors: Bliem Barbara , Müller-Dahlhaus J. Florian M. , Dinse Hubert R. , Ziemann Ulf 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) are regulated by homeostatic control mechanisms to maintain synaptic strength in a physiological range. Although homeostatic metaplasticity has been demonstrated in the human motor cortex, little is known to which extent it operates in other cortical areas and how it links to behavior. Here we tested homeostatic interactions between two stimulation protocols—paired associative stimulation (PAS) followed by peripheral high-frequency stimulation (pHFS)—on excitability in the human somatosensory cortex and tactile spatial discrimination threshold. PAS employed repeated pairs of electrical stimulation of the right median nerve followed by focal transcranial magnetic stimulation of the left somatosensory cortex at an interstimulus interval of the individual N20 latency minus 15 msec or N20 minus 2.5 msec to induce LTD- or LTP-like plasticity, respectively [Wolters, A., Schmidt, A., Schramm, A., Zeller, D., Naumann, M., Kunesch, E., et al. Timing-dependent plasticity in human primary somatosensory cortex. Journal of Physiology, 565, 1039–1052, 2005]. pHFS always consisted of 20-Hz trains of electrical stimulation of the right median nerve. Excitability in the somatosensory cortex was assessed by median nerve somatosensory evoked cortical potential amplitudes. Tactile spatial discrimination was tested by the grating orientation task. PAS had no significant effect on excitability in the somatosensory cortex or on tactile discrimination. However, the direction of effects induced by subsequent pHFS varied with the preconditioning PAS protocol: After PASN20-15, excitability tended to increase and tactile spatial discrimination threshold decreased. After PASN20-2.5, excitability decreased and discrimination threshold tended to increase. These interactions demonstrate that homeostatic metaplasticity operates in the human somatosensory cortex, controlling both cortical excitability and somatosensory skill.
Comenius, the Conversion of the Turks, and the Muslim-Christian Debate on the Corruption of Scripture
Authors: Malcolm Noel 
Published: February 2008

AbstractIn 1666 Comenius wrote a dedicatory epistle, addressed to the Ottoman Sultan, which he intended to be printed with a translation of the Bible into Turkish: in it, he expressed an unusually conciliatory attitude towards Islam, while also defending the Christian Bible against the Muslim accusation that it was a corrupted text. This article prints the text of the epistle and discusses the background to it. Comenius's attitude towards Islam is examined, across the range of his other writings. His belief that the Turks could and would be converted to Christianity is also connected with the apocalyptic anti-Habsburg prophecies of Mikuláš Drabík, which Comenius promoted. And his defence against the charge of textual corruption is located in a tradition of argument which can be traced back, via the Calvinist Johannes Hoornbeeck, to the response made by a Roman Catholic, Filippo Guadagnoli, to an anti-Christian text written by a Persian scholar in 1622.
The Wavenumber–Frequency Spectrum of Vortical and Internal-Wave Shear in the Western Arctic Ocean
Authors: Pinkel Robert 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Upper-ocean velocity and shear data were obtained from Doppler sonars operated at the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA) ice camp during the camp’s year-long drift across the western Arctic Ocean. These are used to estimate wavenumber–frequency spectra of shear E(κz, σ) during three selected time intervals. The Arctic shear spectra are similar in form to typical oceanic spectra, except that they have roughly an order-of-magnitude less variance. The slope of the frequency dependence is also steeper (σ−3–σ−4 for σ &lt; −f, where f is the Coriolis frequency) in the internal-wave band, and the vertical wavenumber dependence is centered at higher wavenumber. Given the small vertical scales and low velocities of Arctic signals, a careful assessment of sonar precision is performed. Fluctuations at vertical scales &gt; 10 m and time scales &gt; 1 h are deemed significant. At subinertial frequencies, a vortical (quasigeostrophic) contribution to the shear spectrum is seen. The vertical wavenumber dependence of the shear spectrum in this frequency range is distinctly red, in contrast to the band-limited form of the superinertial spectrum; that is, E(κz, σ) ∼ κ−1z for |σ| &lt; f. A fundamental characteristic of both the internal-wave and vortical spectral contributions is that the observed frequency bandwidth increases linearly with increasing vertical wavenumber magnitude. This is interpreted as the signature of the Doppler shifting of the observations by random “background” currents and by ice motion and is responsible for the distinctly “nonseparable” nature of the shear spectrum. As a consequence, the vertical wavenumber spectrum of the subinertial motion field is white: Evort(κz) = ∫Evort(κz, σ) dσ ∼ κ0z.
Asymmetric Tidal Mixing due to the Horizontal Density Gradient*
Authors: Li Ming , Trowbridge John , Geyer Rocky 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Stratification and turbulent mixing exhibit a flood–ebb tidal asymmetry in estuaries and continental shelf regions affected by horizontal density gradients. The authors use a large-eddy simulation (LES) model to investigate the penetration of a tidally driven bottom boundary layer into stratified water in the presence of a horizontal density gradient. Turbulence in the bottom boundary layer is driven by bottom stress during flood tides, with low-gradient (Ri) and flux (Rf) Richardson numbers, but by localized shear during ebb tides, with Ri = ¼ and Rf = 0.2 in the upper half of the boundary layer. If the water column is unstratified initially, the LES model reproduces periodic stratification associated with tidal straining. The model results show that the energetics criterion based on the competition between tidal straining and tidal stirring provides a good prediction for the onset of periodic stratification, but the tidally averaged horizontal Richardson number Rix has a threshold value of about 0.2, which is lower than the 3 suggested in a recent study. Although the tidal straining leads to negative buoyancy flux on flood tides, the authors find that for typical values of the horizontal density gradient and tidal currents in estuaries and shelf regions, buoyancy production is much smaller than shear production in generating turbulent kinetic energy.
Lagrangian Study of Tropical Instability Vortices in the Atlantic
Authors: Dutrieux Pierre , Menkes Christophe E. , Vialard Jerome , Flament Pierre , Blanke Bruno 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Tropical instability waves and tropical instability vortices (TIVs) exert major controls on ocean dynamics, thermodynamics, and biology on intraseasonal to seasonal time scales. To understand the fundamental mechanisms at play, a Lagrangian analysis of the 3D circulation of westward-propagating TIVs was performed in a high-resolution Atlantic Ocean simulation. The model reproduces the main temperature and velocity features of the tropical Atlantic mean state and the TIVs. Lagrangian diagnostics were used to track the water masses transported in vortices and exchanged with surrounding waters. The 3D circulation within vortices is consistent with previous observations and dominated by anticyclonic rotation with downwelling and upwelling near the leading and trailing edges of the vortex, respectively. This convergent flow creates sharp gradients at the TIV southwestern edge, where vertical mixing is most efficient. While TIVs remain highly dynamically coherent throughout their lifetime, significant exchanges occur with their surroundings, with 50% of their water being renewed over one rotation cycle. A detailed investigation of the eddies’ sources and sinks reveals that they mostly transport southern water zonally, while northern waters are mostly passing through or fluxed southward in their lee. A notable source of entrained water is the Equatorial Undercurrent.
Influence of dislocation hardening, precipitation hardening, grain elongation and sulphides on fissure formation in HSLA steels having a ferrite/pearlite microstructure
Authors: Mintz B. , Maina E. M. , Morrison W. B. 
Published: February 2008

A number of examinations have been carried out on HSLA control rolled ferrite/pearlite steels to establish the influence of grain shape, precipitation hardening, dislocation hardening and inclusions on fissure formation. Grain elongation has been found to be mainly responsible. Decohesion of the grain surfaces is much more common than generally thought and occurs even in normalised steels. Warm rolling introduces dislocations into the structure and the increased strength of the matrix relative to the grain boundary strength helps to separate the grain surfaces but the main cause of fissuring is the grain elongation that occurs on warm rolling and this is enhanced the smaller the step height between the grains and the smoother the grain surfaces. Elongated austenite grains can also produce elongated ferrite grains which can also lead to fissuring. Precipitation hardening was found to cause only a small increase in the degree of fissuring as it does not influence the grain elongation and also its strengthening effect in the steels examined was generally relatively small, not greater than 100 MPa. The sulphur content of the steel was also found to have only a small influence on fissure formation. Reducing the S content did not remove the fissures but at similar grain aspect ratios fewer fissures were produced. To produce steels that have few fissures, it is important to reduce the elongation of the ferrite or austenite grains. Since dislocation hardening is normally associated with grain elongation the favoured form of increasing the strength to meet the strength requirement in these high strength steels is to produce a uniformly fine grain size with as a low an aspect ratio as possible and to use solid solution hardening and precipitation hardening for further strengthening.
Resistance to FasL and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-mediated apoptosis in Sézary syndrome T-cells associated with impaired death receptor and FLICE-inhibitory protein expression
Authors: Contassot Emmanuel , Kerl Katrin , Roques Stéphanie , Shane Ryan , Gaide Olivier , Dupuis Marc , Rook Alain H. , French Lars E. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Because of the low proliferative potential of tumor cells in patients with Sézary syndrome (SzS), their accumulation has been suggested to be due to defective regulation of apoptosis. We analyzed the sensitivity to soluble Fas-ligand (FasL) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), 2 members of the TNF superfamily in peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) from patients with SzS. Compared with healthy donors, CD4+ cells from patients with SzS were completely resistant to FasL in 9 of 16 cases. Of these 9 FasL-resistant cases, 4 revealed a loss in Fas (CD95) expression, whereas the remaining 5 exhibited normal or enhanced Fas expression. In the latter 5 cases, the apoptosis inhibitor cFLIP was overexpressed in CD4+/CD26− tumor cells compared with CD4+/CD26− cells from Fas-expressing FasL-sensitive patients and healthy donors. Furthermore, resistance to TRAIL and tumor cell-restricted loss of TRAIL-receptor 2 were observed in 16 of 16 SzS PBLs. It is noteworthy that resistance to FasL could be overcome by the use of a hexameric FasL or upon exposure of SzS cells to interferon-α (IFN-α) or IFN-γ, the latter by an increase of Fas expression. Our data on primary SzS lymphocytes reveal frequent resistance to apoptosis induced by FasL and TRAIL, which may contribute to their accumulation in patients with SzS and be relevant at a therapeutic level.
Structural and numerical variation of FLT3/ITD in pediatric AML
Authors: Meshinchi Soheil , Stirewalt Derek L. , Alonzo Todd A. , Boggon Titus J. , Gerbing Robert B. , Rocnik Jennifer L. , Lange Beverly J. , Gilliland D. Gary , Radich Jerald P. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
FLT3 internal tandem duplication (FLT3/ITD) is a common somatic mutation in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with significant variation in the position, length, and number of duplications of the FLT3 gene. We evaluated these physical characteristics in FLT3/ITD-positive patients who were treated on CCG-2941/2961 and correlated them with clinical outcome. Fiftynine of 77 FLT3/ITD-positive patients (77%) had a single ITD, 16 (21%) had 2 ITDs, and 2 (3%) had 3 ITDs. The length of the duplicated region varied from 6 to 51 amino acids, and in all cases amino acid residues Y591–Y597 were duplicated. Structural analysis demonstrated that Y591–Y597 encodes the switch and zipper regions of the juxtamembrane domain of FLT3. In addition, 24 of 77 patients (31%) had duplication of the critical STAT5 docking sites Y589/591. Patients with longer ITDs had a worse relapse-free survival (19% vs 51%, P = .035), while the presence of more than 1 ITD was not clinically significant. Physical characteristics including the length of FLT3/ITD may influence FLT3 activation state by altering its structure and may impact response to therapy.
Expression of the Ladybird-like homeobox 2 transcription factor in the developing mouse testis and epididymis
Authors: Moisan Vanessa , Bomgardner Daniela , Tremblay Jacques J 
Published: February 2008

AbstractBackgroundHomeoproteins are a class of transcription factors that are well-known regulators of organogenesis and cell differentiation in numerous tissues, including the male reproductive system. Indeed, a handful of homeoproteins have so far been identified in the testis and epididymis where a few were shown to play important developmental roles. Through a degenerate PCR approach aimed at identifying novel homeoproteins expressed in the male reproductive system, we have detected several homeoproteins most of which had never been described before in this tissue. One of these homeoproteins is Ladybird-like homeobox 2 (Lbx2), a homeobox factor mostly known to be expressed in the nervous system.ResultsTo better define the expression profile of Lbx2 in the male reproductive system, we have performedin situhybridization throughout testicular and epididymal development and into adulthood. Lbx2 expression was also confirmed by real time RT-PCR in those tissues and in several testicular and epididymal cell lines. In the epididymis, a highly segmented tissue, Lbx2 shows a regionalized expression profile, being more expressed in proximal segments of the caput epididymis than any other segment. In the testis, we found that Lbx2 is constitutively expressed at high levels in Sertoli cells. In interstitial cells, Lbx2 is weakly expressed during fetal and early postnatal life, highly expressed around P32-P36, and absent in adult animals. Finally, Lbx2 can also be detected in a population of germ cells in adults.ConclusionAltogether, our data suggest that the homeoprotein Lbx2 might be involved in the regulation of male reproductive system development and cell differentiation as well as in male epididymal segmentation.
The PIT1 gene polymorphisms were associated with chicken growth traits
Authors: Nie Qinghua , Fang Meixia , Xie Liang , Zhou Min , Liang Zhangmin , Luo Ziping , Wang Guohuang , Bi Wensen , Liang Canjian , Zhang Wei , Zhang Xiquan 
Published: February 2008

Abstract

Background
With crucial roles on the differentiation of anterior pituitary and the regulation of the prolactin (PRL), growth hormone (GH) and thyroid-stimulating hormone-β (TSH-β) genes, the chicken PIT1 gene is regarded as a key candidate gene for production traits. In this study, five reported polymorphisms (MR1-MR5) of the PIT1 gene were genotyped in a full sib F2 resource population to evaluate their effects on growth, carcass and fatty traits in chickens.

Results
Marker-trait association analyses showed that, MR1 was significantly associated with shank diameters (SD) at 84 days (P < 0.05), hatch weight (HW) and shank length (SL) at 84 days (P < 0.01), MR2 was significantly associated with BW at 28, 42 days and average daily gain (ADG) at 0–4 weeks (P < 0.05), and MR3 was significantly associated with ADG at 4–8 weeks (P < 0.05). MR4 was associated with SL at 63, 77, 84 days and BW at 84 days (P < 0.05), as well as SD at 77 days (P < 0.01). Significant association was also found of MR5 with BW at 21, 35 days and SD at 63 days (P < 0.05), BW at 28 days and ADG at 0–4 weeks (P < 0.01). Both T allele of MR4 and C allele of MR5 were advantageous for chicken growth. The PIT1 haplotypes were significantly associated with HW (P = 0.0252), BW at 28 days (P = 0.0390) and SD at 56 days (P = 0.0400). No significant association of single SNP and haplotypes with chicken carcass and fatty traits was found (P > 0.05).

Conclusion
Our study found that polymorphisms of PIT1 gene and their haplotypes were associated with chicken growth traits and not with carcass and fatty traits.
New insights into the Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation switch: Dynamic transcriptional response to anaerobicity and glucose-excess
Authors: van den Brink Joost , Daran-Lapujade Pascale , Pronk Jack T , de Winde Johannes H 
Published: February 2008

Abstract

Background
The capacity of respiring cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to immediately switch to fast alcoholic fermentation upon a transfer to anaerobic sugar-excess conditions is a key characteristic of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in many of its industrial applications. This transition was studied by exposing aerobic glucose-limited chemostat cultures grown at a low specific growth rate to two simultaneous perturbations: oxygen depletion and relief of glucose limitation.

Results
The shift towards fully fermentative conditions caused a massive transcriptional reprogramming, where one third of all genes within the genome were transcribed differentially. The changes in transcript levels were mostly driven by relief from glucose-limitation. After an initial strong response to the addition of glucose, the expression profile of most transcriptionally regulated genes displayed a clear switch at 30 minutes. In this respect, a striking difference was observed between the transcript profiles of genes encoding ribosomal proteins and those encoding ribosomal biogenesis components. Not all regulated genes responded with this binary profile. A group of 87 genes showed a delayed and steady increase in expression that specifically responded to anaerobiosis.

Conclusion
Our study demonstrated that, despite the complexity of this multiple-input perturbation, the transcriptional responses could be categorized and biologically interpreted. By comparing this study with public datasets representing dynamic and steady conditions, 14 up-regulated and 11 down-regulated genes were determined to be anaerobic specific. Therefore, these can be seen as true "signature" transcripts for anaerobicity under dynamic as well as under steady state conditions.