bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Arthritogenic dsRNA is present in synovial fluid from rheumatoid arthritis patients with an erosive disease course
Authors: Bokarewa Maria , Tarkowski Andrej , Lind Magnus , Dahlberg Leif , Magnusson Mattias 
Published: November 2008

AbstractViruses may be part of the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Double stranded RNA (dsRNA) is a prototypic viral conformation of nucleic acid that is highly arthritogenic in mice. Therefore, we developed an ELISA to detect dsRNA in sera and synovial fluids (SF) in RA patients and in osteoarthritic controls. The developed ELISA recognizes picogram levels of viral or synthetic dsRNA but shows no reactivity against DNA, synthetic ssRNA, or total RNA prepared from mammalian cells. Before analysis by ELISA, each sample was subjected to RNA precipitation. The RA patients had significantly higher levels of dsRNA than the osteoarthritis patients in SF and in sera. In 7 of 17 RA patients, EBV was present in SF and in all but one of these this was accompanied by the presence of dsRNA. No parvovirus, cytomegalovirus, or polyomavirus was detected. The anti‐viral cytokine IFN‐α was detected in SF in 10 of 21 RA patients, but in none of the osteoarthritis patients. Notably, RA patients with erosive disease course had significantly higher levels of dsRNA in SF than non‐erosive patients, but no correlation between dsRNA levels and the presence of RF or levels of C‐reactive protein, IL‐6, or IFN‐α was observed.
FCRL6 distinguishes mature cytotoxic lymphocytes and is upregulated in patients with B‐cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Schreeder Daniel M. , Pan Jicun , Li Fu Jun , Vivier Eric , Davis Randall S. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractFc receptor‐like 6 (FCRL6), the most recently characterized member of the FCRL family, is a cell surface glycoprotein with tyrosine‐based regulatory potential. An extensive survey of human hematopoietic tissues disclosed that FCRL6 expression by NK‐ and T‐cell subpopulations increases as a function of differentiation and is remarkably restricted to mature lymphocytes with cytotoxic capability. In particular, FCRL6 distinguishes perforin‐expressing CD56dim NK cells, Vδ1+ and Vδ2+ γδ T cells, effector and effector memory CD8+ T cells, and rare cytotoxic CD4+ T cells in adult tissues. Analysis of this receptor in B‐cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) was also performed. FCRL6 was found to mark significantly expanded populations of cytotoxic CD8+ T, CD4+ T, and NK cells in patients with CLL. Despite sequence homology with the known Fc receptors for IgG and IgE, FCRL6 did not bind Ig. Although FCRL6 can be tyrosine‐phosphorylated, its antibody‐mediated ligation was unable to influence cellular activation. Collectively, these results demonstrate that FCRL6 is a distinct indicator of cytotoxic effector lymphocytes that is upregulated in diseases characterized by chronic immune stimulation.
Ni2+ removal from aqueous solutions using conditioned clinoptilolites: Kinetic and isotherm studies
Authors: Çoruh Semra , Ergun Osman Nuri 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe aim of this study is to investigate the effects of conditioning with NaCl and HCl solutions on removal of Ni2+ ions from aqueous solutions using natural clinoptilolite. Batch studies were performed to evaluate the effects of various parameters such as chemically conditioning, adsorbent amount, contact time, initial pH of the solution, mixing temperature, and initial metal ions. The results clearly showed that the conditioning improved both the exchange capacity and the removal efficiency. Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin‐Kaganer‐Radushkevich (DKR) isotherm models were adopted to describe the adsorption isotherms. Adsorption isotherms of Ni2+ ions could be best modeled by Langmuir equation. Three simplified models including pseudo‐second‐order, intraparticle diffusion and Elovich were used to test the adsorption kinetics. These results indicate a significant potential for the natural and conditioned clinoptilolites as an adsorbent/ion‐exchange material for heavy metal removal. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2009
Preparation of carbon‐14 labeled (3R)‐7‐hydroxy‐N‐(1S)‐1‐{[(3R,4R)‐4‐(3‐hydroxyphenyl)‐3,4‐dimethyl‐1‐piperidinyl]methyl}‐2‐methylpropyl‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroisoquinolinecarboxamide (JDTic)
Authors: Berrang Bertold D. , Lewin Anita H. , Carroll F. Ivy 
Published: November 2008

AbstractStarting with [14C]‐D‐tyrosine, carbon‐14 labeled JDTic dihydrochloride with specific activity 15 mCi/mol was prepared in 5% radiochemical yield. Separation of the (3R)‐ and (3S)‐diastereomers was carried out via the 3‐phenyl‐2,3,10,10a‐tetrahydro‐5H‐imidazo[1,5‐b]isoquinolin‐1‐ones formed by reaction with benzaldehyde. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The alchemy of Jargon: Etymologies of urologic neologisms: Number 1—introduction to the series
Authors: Shelfer Lochlan F. , Isaacs John T. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractBACKGROUNDAs the scientific community is increasingly severed from the study of linguistics, once an imperative for all scholars, the underlying significance of their common technical words is becoming blurred. This series of notes will focus on the etymologies of technical scientific terms pertinent to the biomedical sciences in general and to urology in particular.METHODSThese notes will give a detailed background of the history of each technical term, including how it came into being, whence it was derived, and how it impacted the scientific community through the ages.RESULTSIn this installment, the following terms will by analyzed: Jargon, Neologism, Nonce, Doctorate, Medicine, Graduate, Philosophy, and Philology.CONCLUSIONSThis analysis of the history and significance of scientific terms common to the urological community works towards a fortification of their power by offering a reminder of their origins. Prostate 69:225–227, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Alchemy of Jargon: Etymologies of Urologic Neologisms. Number 3: The genesis of steroid terminology
Authors: Shelfer Lochlan 
Published: November 2008

AbstractBackgroundAs the scientific community is increasingly severed from the study of linguistics, the underlying significance of their common technical words is becoming blurred. This article will focus on the genesis of terminology in the field of sexual steroids.MethodsThese notes will give a detailed background of the history of technical terms, including how they came into being, whence they were derived, and how they impacted the scientific community through the ages.ResultsIn this installment, following terms are analyzed: Steroid, Cholesterol, Estrogen, Estrous, Progesterone, Estradiol, Androgen, and Testosterone.ConclusionsThis analysis of the history and significance of scientific terms common to the urological community works towards a fortification of their power by offering a reminder of their origins. Prostate 69:228–230, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cellular internalization of arginine‐rich peptides into tobacco suspension cells: a structure–activity relationship study
Authors: Mizuno Takashi , Miyashita Masahiro , Miyagawa Hisashi 
Published: November 2008

AbstractTranslocation of several fluorescently labeled arginine‐rich peptides into intact plant cells was quantitatively examined in order to investigate the structural factors required for efficient cellular internalization, and thereby, to evaluate the potential of arginine‐rich peptides as intracellular delivery vectors in plants. Cell‐penetrating peptides (CPPs) such as arginine‐rich peptides permit the direct introduction of biologically active macromolecules into plant cytoplasm to manipulate various intracellular processes. While a significant level of adsorption of applied arginine‐rich peptides was observed in the cell walls rich in negative charges, removal of adsorbed peptides by trypsin treatment allowed determination of the amount of internalized peptides in a quantitative manner using spectrofluorometric analysis. The internalization of arginine‐rich peptides depended on the number of arginine residues, and the peptide containing eight arginine residues showed most effective internalization. Besides, the position of small cargoes attached to the arginine‐rich peptides markedly affected the internalization efficiency. The results obtained in this study provide useful information for the development of efficient intracellular delivery tools in plant science. Copyright © 2008 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inference by eye: Reading the overlap of independent confidence intervals
Authors: Cumming Geoff 
Published: November 2008

AbstractWhen 95 per cent confidence intervals (CIs) on independent means do not overlap, the two‐tailed p‐value is less than 0.05 and there is a statistically significant difference between the means. However, p for non‐overlapping 95 per cent CIs is actually considerably smaller than 0.05: If the two CIs just touch, p is about 0.01, and the intervals can overlap by as much as about half the length of one CI arm before p becomes as large as 0.05. Keeping in mind this rule—that overlap of half the length of one arm corresponds approximately to statistical significance at p = 0.05—can be helpful for a quick appreciation of figures that display CIs, especially if precise p‐values are not reported. The author investigated the robustness of this and similar rules, and found them sufficiently accurate when sample sizes are at least 10, and the two intervals do not differ in width by more than a factor of 2. The author reviewed previous discussions of CI overlap and extended the investigation to p‐values other than 0.05 and 0.01. He also studied 95 per cent CIs on two proportions, and on two Pearson correlations, and found similar rules apply to overlap of these asymmetric CIs, for a very broad range of cases. Wider use of figures with 95 per cent CIs is desirable, and these rules may assist easy and appropriate understanding of such figures. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phytosterol‐Enriched Yogurt Increases LDL Affinity and Reduces CD36 Expression in Polygenic Hypercholesterolemia
Authors: Ruiu Gianluca , Pinach Silvia , Veglia Fabrizio , Gambino Roberto , Marena Saverio , Uberti Barbara , Alemanno Natalina , Burt Davina , Pagano Gianfranco , Cassader Maurizio 
Published: November 2008

AbstractDietary enrichment with phytosterols (plant sterols similar to cholesterol) is able to reduce plasma cholesterol levels due to reduced intestinal absorption. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of phytosterol‐enriched yogurt consumption on the major serum lipid parameters, low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor activity, LDL‐receptor affinity, and CD36 expression in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Fifteen patients affected by polygenic hypercholesterolemia were evaluated in a single‐blind randomized crossover study after a 4 weeks treatment with a phytosterol‐enriched yogurt containing 1.6 g esterefied phytosterols (equivalent to 1.0 g free phytosterol). Lipid parameters were compared with a phytosterol‐free placebo‐controlled diet. The effect of the two treatments on each variable, measured as percentage change, was compared by paired samples t test and covariance analysis. The treatment induced a modest but significant decrease in LDL‐cholesterol levels (4.3%, P = 0.03) and a significant increase in high density lipoprotein (HDL) 3‐cholesterol (17.1%, P = 0.01). Phytosterol consumption had no effect on LDL‐receptor activity whereas patient LDL‐receptor affinity significantly increased (9.7%, P = 0.01) and CD36 expression showed a marked significant decrease (18.2%, P = 0.01) in the phytosterol‐enriched yoghurt patients. Our data show that the oral administration of a phytosterol‐enriched yogurt has modest but significant effects on commonly measured lipid parameters. The improvement of LDL‐receptor affinity and the reduction in CD36 expression may reflect an important antiatherogenic effect.
Introduction: The Conservative Turn in Postwar United States Working-Class History
Authors: Cowie Jefferson 
Published: November 2008

The topic of working-class conservatism in the postwar United States might seem a particularly narrow and nationally-specific theme for a journal that stakes its reputation on the broader terrain of comparative and transnational history. Yet, in so many ways, the United States—despite its recently diminished role both economically and militarily around the world—continues to be the center of the globe's economic and military power structure. To risk overstatement, the domestic politics of the United States are a central part of international politics. At the core of a nation's political culture, it might be added, are its working people, whether in dying industrial towns or burgeoning big box retail centers. Readers outside the United States might have some sympathy for the plea of British rocker Billy Bragg who included a note to his American fans in his 1988 release. “I have no vote in your Presidential election,” Bragg explained as the Reagan years wound to a close, “yet its outcome will directly affect my future and the future of millions of other people around the world. Forgive me for putting this immense responsibility on your shoulders… . Remember, when you elect a President, you are electing a President for all of us. Please be more careful this time.”
Continuing debates over the native speaker: a report on a symposium on English in India and Indian English
Authors: Agnihotri R K 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTThe Central Institute of Indian Languages, Mysore, India organized a symposium/dialogue on English in India and Indian English held during January 4–6, 2007 at the The Central Institute of Indian Languages (CIIL), Mysore, India. It was devoted to a discussion of the issues addressed in the keynote paper by Rajendra Singh, which some 23 scholars from throughout the world had been invited to respond to. Although a few of the invited scholars were not able to attend, they were kind enough to send their papers and we had a very productive and lively discussion in which the academic staff of CIIL and local journalists, students, and educationists also participated. This report is organized as follows: in section 1, we summarize the keynote address and all the full-length responses to it; in section 2, we summarize the brief comments and observations that were presented or tabled by the invited respondents; in section 3, we offer concluding remarks and a brief summary of Singh's responses to the interventions summarized in sections 1 and 2.
The effect of light, seed size and biomass removal on cotyledon reserve use and root mass allocation inGustavia superbaseedlings
Authors: Barberis Ignacio M. , Dalling James W. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract:Some large-seeded tree species have cotyledonary reserves that persist for months after seedling establishment. We carried out two screened growing-house experiments with seedlings ofGustavia superba(Lecythidaceae) to test hypotheses proposed to explain why cotyledons are retained. We grew seedlings from large and small seeds in sun and shade to determine if cotyledon reserves supplement photosynthetic carbon gain, and in a second experiment applied defoliation and shoot removal treatments to determine if reserves are allocated to resprout tissue. In each experiment we tracked cotyledonary resource use over time and measured the fraction of seedling biomass allocated to roots and shoots. We found no evidence that light environment, seed size or damage treatment affected the rate of cotyledon resource usage; 20% of the cotyledonary mass remained 9 wk after leaves were fully developed in both sun and shade and 25–30% of the cotyledonary mass remained 6 wk after leaf or shoot removal. Instead, cotyledon reserves appear to be slowly translocated to roots regardless of light environment or seedling damage. Once seedlings are established, lost tissue is replaced using reserves stored in roots; in high light, damaged seedlings had a lower root mass fraction (0.42) than undamaged ones (0.56) when considering the mass of tissue removed and resprout tissue combined. We conclude that cotyledon reserves are important for resprouting during early seedling emergence and establishment, but do not directly contribute to seedling growth or biomass recovery from herbivores at the post-establishment stage. Persistence of cotyledons may ultimately depend on the development of sufficient root mass for reserve reallocation.
Community structure and topographic distribution of lianas in a watershed on Okinawa, south-western Japan
Authors: Kusumoto Buntarou , Enoki Tsutomu , Watanabe Yasushi 
Published: November 2008

Abstract:We investigated spatial distribution of lianas, and examined relationships between distribution and topography in a secondary forest on the northern part of the main island of Okinawa, south-west Japan. All lianas with a stem diameter exceeding 2 cm at a point 1.3 m from the root were inventoried, and stem diameter and root position were measured within a small watershed (16.0625 ha). Geographical information systems (GIS) were used to divide the watershed into 257 cells in total, each cell being 25 m × 25 m. Three topographic parameters were measured in each cell: slope angle, slope aspect and relief. In total, 930 stems from 20 species of lianas were recorded. Distribution of all liana stems and 14 of 15 species analysed were biased toward concave sites. Abundance of total lianas was higher in concave sites than in convex sites. Our results suggest that distribution and abundance of lianas are strongly affected by topography, and that lianas tend to be distributed in sites with more water and nutrients, which are formed by relief in the Okinawa forest. Factors affecting stem density differed among species.
Linguistic Systems and Linguistic Change in an Interlanguage
Authors: Huebner Thom 
Published: November 2008

The question central to interlanguage research, and all language acquisition research, is ‘How do acquirers internalize linguistic patterns of the target language?’ Much research addressing this question is based on the hypothesis that the language of the second language acquirers represents a systematic linguistic continuum. The interlanguage hypothesis suggests two questions which are prerequisite to answering the central question cited above: 1) What are the form-function relationships of the interlanguage? and 2) How do those form-function relationships change as the acquirer revises the interlanguage?The current paper reports on a one-year longitudinal analysis of the interlanguage of an adult acquiring English without formal instruction (Huebner 1983). It presents observations of the form-function relationships in the early interlanguage and of the ways these relationships change over the twelve months of the study.It describes features of the early interlanguage related to presupposed-asserted information, topic-comment organization of information, and referentiality, which express both pragmatic/discourse functions and semantico-grammatical case functions (Pfaff 1982) in the interlanguage, and examines the changing functions of these forms with attention to the role of set phrases, quasi-spontaneous speech, and processes of neutralization in the changing interlanguage system. The paper concludes by proposing two ways in which hypotheses may be neutralized and speculates that these two processes are reciprocally linked.
Comprehensible Output as an Outcome of Linguistic Demands on the Learner
Authors: Pica Teresa , Holliday Lloyd , Lewis Nora , Morgenthaler Lynelle 
Published: November 2008

In view of the theoretical claim that comprehensible input is not sufficient for successful second language acquisition, but that opportunities for nonnative speakers (NNSs) to produce comprehensible output are also necessary (Swain, 1985), the present study sought to describe how second language learners responded linguistically when native speakers signaled difficulty in understanding them and to compare types and frequencies of the learners' responses in relation to different native-speaker (NS) signal types and different communication tasks.The NS signals differed in the extent to which they offered nonnative speakers an open-ended request for clarification or a model to repeat or acknowledge. The tasks differed in the degree of control they gave to NSs and NNSs over the preciseness and relative quantity of information needed to carry them out, and were as follows: (a) an “information-gap” task, in which the NNSs drew their own original picture and then described it to the NSs, who had to reproduce the picture solely on the basis of the NNSs' description; (b) a “jigsaw” task, in which the NNSs and NSs were required to reproduce an unseen sequence of pictures by exchanging their own uniquely held portions of the sequence; and (c) a discussion, in which the NNSs and NSs were told to share their views on the language-learning contributions of the other two communication tasks. Each task was carried out by 10 NNS–NS dyads.Results of the study provided empirical validation for the theoretical construct of comprehensible output and revealed the extent to which its production by NNSs was influenced by the linguistic demands of NS signals of comprehension difficulty and communication tasks. Additional analyses of data indicated that the gender of participants in each dyad played an important role in these results.
Grammaticalization in Second Language Acquisition
Authors: Dittmar Norbert 
Published: November 2008

SingularNominative—Mein guter Freund, my good friend.
Genitive—Meines guten Freundes, of my good friend.
Dative—Meinem guten Freund, to my good friend.
Accusative—Meinen guten Freund, my good friend.PluralNominative—Meine guten Freunde, my good friends.
Genitive—Meiner guten Freunde, of my good friends.
Dative—Meinen guten Freunden, to my good friends.
Accusative—Meine guten Freunde, my good friends.Now let the candidate for the asylum try to memorize those variations, and see how soon he will be elected. One might better go without friends in Germany than to take all this trouble about them. I have shown what a bother it is to decline a good (male) friend; well this is only a third of the work, for there is a variety of new distortions of the adjective to be learned when the object is feminine, and still another when the object is neuter. Now there are more adjectives in this language than there are black cats in Switzerland, and they must all be as elaborately declined as the example above suggested. Difficult? Troublesome? (Mark Twain, ‘The Awful German Language,’ in Twain, 1879, pp. 271–272)
A generalized Poisson bracket and an associated natural one-form
Authors: Sudbery A. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractStarting from an arbitrary algebra in place of the algebra of smooth functions on a differentiable manifold M, we construct an algebra which generalizes the algebra of polynomial functions on T*M. We define a Poisson bracket on this algebra and show that it can be obtained from a natural one-form which generalizes the fundamental one-form on T*M.
On sequential versions of the generalized likelihood ratio test
Authors: Barbour Andrew D. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractIt is shown that the Wilks large sample likelihood ratio statistic λn, for testing between composite hypotheses Θ0 ⊂ Θ1 on the basis of a sample of size n, behaves as n varies like a diffusion process related to an equilibrium Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process, whenever the null hypothesis is true. This fact is used to construct large sample sequential tests based on λn, which are the same whatever the underlying distributions. In particular, the underlying distributions need not belong to an exponential family.