bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Typification ofCaulerpa cupressoides(Vahl) C. Agardh andC. taxifolia(Vahl) C. Agardh(Chlorophyta, Caulerpaceae)
Authors: Nielsen Ruth , Price Ian R. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryNielsen, R. & Price, I. R.: Typification ofCaulerpa cupressoides(Vahl) C. Agardh andC. taxifolia(Vahl) C. Agardh(Chlorophyta, Caulerpaceae). ‐ Taxon 50: 827–836. 2001.‐ISSN 0040‐0262.No specimen of either of two Vahl (1802) taxa,Fucus cupressoidesandF. taxifolia, that could represent the holotypes of these names was indicated unambiguously in the protologues. Almost 200 years later, due largely to the lack of critical labelling of original herbarium specimens, it has not been possible to distinguish conclusively any original material of the two taxa. As a result of detailed consideration of numerous specimens in many herbaria, appropriate material for neotypification has been identified: both specimens are at Copenhagen (C), Type No. A‐826 (C 31688) forC. cupressoidesand Type No. A‐1086 (C 27833) for C.taxifolia.
Notes on some species of Chloris (Poaceae) described for the Philippines by P. Durand
Authors: Veldkamp J. F. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryVeldkamp, J. F.: Notes on some species of Chloris (Poaceae) described for the Philippines by P. Durand. ‐ Taxon 50: 845–852. 2001. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.P. Durand (1808) described three species of Chloris Sw. (Poaceae) for the Philippines. In fact they are American: C. hispida P. Durand is Bouteloua hirsuta Lag., C. peregrina P. Durand is C. rufescens Lag., and C. procumbens P. Durand is Bouteloua prostrata Lag. The likely modern identities of the other six Chloris species treated in the work are noted.
Nomenclatural notes on Notocactus and on Alwin Berger's “Kakteen”
Authors: Doweld Alexander , Greuter Werner 
Published: April 2006

SummaryDoweld, A. & Greuter, W.: Nomenclatural notes on Notocactus and on Alwin Berger's “Kakteen”. ‐ Taxon 50: 879–885. 2000. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.Notocactus, a name first published by Frič in 1928, was clearly, if implicitly, based on Schumann's Echinocactus subg. Notocactus. The first type designation for the generic name and its subgeneric basionym was by Backeberg in 1938. It conforms to current usage and to the provisions of the Code and must stand. A later designation, based on the assumption that Frič had described a new genus, has no standing; it would have made Notocactus a homotypic earlier synonym of Eriocactus Backeb. (nom. cons. prop. against Eriocephalus Backeb.). More than 70 new combinations and at least three generic names published by Berger in 1929 under a narrow generic concept, differing from the wide concept he adopted in the main body of his book, are to be considered as alternative names accepted and validly published by him in the index to his book. They include 13 new combinations under Notocactus.
A note on the taxonomy of the Macaronesian Euphorbia obtusifolia complex (Euphorbiaceae)
Authors: Molero Julià , Rovira Anna Ma 
Published: April 2006

SummaryMolero, J. & Rovira, A. M.: A note on the taxonomy of the Macaronesian Euphorbia obtusifolia complex (Euphorbiaceae). – Taxon 47: 321‐332. 1998. – ISSN 0040‐0262.In a taxonomic synopsis of the Euphorbia obtusifolia complex, new data are presented on typification and synonymy. Keys, illustrations and a distribution map help clarify this complex and correct certain errors and historical inaccuracies regarding the identity and distribution of E. obtusifolia and E. regis‐jubae. A new variety, E. obtusifolia var. wildpretii, is described.
Typification of 10 specific names in Veronica L. (Scrophulariaceae, Veroniceae)
Authors: Martínez‐Ortega María Montserrat , Rico Enrique 
Published: April 2006

SummaryMartínez‐Ortega, M. M. & Rico, E.: Typification of 10 specific names in Veronica L. (Scrophulariaceae, Veroniceae). – Taxon 50: 543–549. 2001. – ISSN 0040‐0262.Types for the names V. aragonensis Stroh, V. micrantha Hoffmanns. & Link, V. nummularia Gouan, V. orbiculata A. Kern., V. orsinitana Ten., V. ponae Gouan, V. rosea Desf., V. saturejoides Vis., V. tenuifolia Asso and V. teucrioides Boiss. & Heldr. are here designated.
Wood and stem anatomy ofSarcobatus (Caryophyllales):systematic and ecological implications
Authors: Carlquist Sherwin 
Published: April 2006

SummaryCarlquist, S.: Wood and stem anatomy ofSarcobatus (Caryophyllales):systematic and ecological implications. – Taxon 49: 27‐34. 2000. – ISSN 0040‐0262.Quantitative and qualitative data are given forSarcobatus vermiculatus(Hook.) Torr, stem anatomy in order to provide information relevant to Behnke's segregation ofSarcobatusfromChenopodiaceaeand his idea thatSarcobataceaebelong in suborderPhytolaccineaerather than suborderChenopodiineae. Sarcobatushas highly xeromorphic wood such as in xericChenopodiaceae(presence of vasicentric tracheids, narrow vessels, short vessel elements, numerous vessels per group, helical sculpturing of vessel walls), but thesefeaturescould have evolved independently in both suborders. Nonbordered perforation plates, present inSarcobatus, are widespread inCaryophyllaless.str. and may prove to be a defining feature for the recently expandedCaryophyllalestogether with the neighbouring orderSantalales.A single‐layered lateral meristem occurs in genera ofChenopodiinaewith successive cambia, but also in genera ofPhytolaccineae.Likewise, raylessness occurs in both suborders. Stem and wood anatomy does not provide decisive evidence for placement ofSarcobatusinPhytolaccineae, but it does not provide any evidence against that treatment.
The Prometheus Taxonomic Model: a practical approach to representing multiple classifications
Authors: Pullan Martin R. , Watson Mark F. , Kennedy Jessie B. , Raguenaud Cédric , Hyam Roger 
Published: April 2006

SummaryPullan, M. R., Watson, M. F., Kennedy, J. B., Raguenaud, C. & Hyam, R.: The Prometheus Taxonomic Model: a practical approach to representing multiple classifications. – Taxon 49: 55‐75. 2000. – ISSN 0040‐0262.A model for representing taxonomic data in a flexible and dynamic system capable of handling and comparing multiple simultaneous classifications is presented. The Prometheus Taxonomic Model takes as its basis the idea that a taxon can be circumscribed by the specimens or taxa of lower rank which are said to belong to it. In this model alternative taxon concepts are therefore represented in terms of differing circumscriptions. This provides a more objective way of expressing taxonomic concepts than purely descriptive circumscriptions, and is more explicit than merely providing pointers to where circumscriptions have been published. Using specimens as the fundamental elements of taxon circumscription also allows for the automatic naming of taxa based upon the distribution and priority of types within each circumscription, and by application of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. This approach effectively separates the process of naming taxa (nomenclature) from that of classification, and therefore enables the system to store multiple classifications. The derivation of the model, how it compares with other models, and the implications for the construction of global data sets and taxonomic working practice are discussed.
Pontechium: a new genus distinct from Echium and Lobostemon (Boraginaceae)
Authors: Hilger Hartmut H. , Böhle Uta‐Regina 
Published: April 2006

SummaryHilger, H. H. & Böhle, U.‐R.: Pontechium: a new genus distinct from Echium and Lobostemon (Boraginaceae). – Taxon 49: 737–746. 2000. – ISSN 0040‐0262.The phylogenetic relationships of Echium, Lobostemon, and Echiostachys (Boraginaceae‐Lithospermeae) were inferred from DNA sequence variation. The presence of a bicapitate rather than a bifid stigma and plastid trnL(UAA), intron, trnL(UAA)‐trnF(UAA) spacer and nuclear (ITS1) DNA sequence analyses confirm an isolated position for Echium maculatum L. and recommend exclusion from the genus Echium (Boraginaceae) as a new genus: Pontechium.
Taxonomy of Cardamine amara (Cruciferae) in the Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Lihová Judita , Marhold Karol , Neuffer Barbara 
Published: April 2006

SummaryLihová, J., Marhold, K. & Neuffer, B.: Taxonomy of Cardamine amara (Cruciferae) in the Iberian Peninsula. – Taxon 49: 747–763. 2000. – ISSN 0040‐0262.Cardamine amara is represented in the Iberian Peninsula by two subspecies: the diploid (2n = 16) subsp. pyrenaea, occurring in the Eastern Pyrenees, and the tetraploid (2n = 32) subsp. olotensis, concentrated at the lower altitudes in Catalonia, N and NE of Barcelona. Morphometric analysis of populations of these taxa and four other subspecies of C. amara, which occur in other parts of Europe, supported their subspecific distinctness. RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) analysis of all six European subspecies of C. amara provided more evidence supporting this taxonomic treatment. Lectotypes were designated for the following names: C. amara var. parviflora Cadevall, C. amara subsp. pyrenaea Sennen, C. amara subsp. siifolia Sennen, and C. amporitana Sennen & Pau.
Viola barceloi Nyman, V. barceloi L. Chodat and V. suavis var. barceloi O. Bolós & Vigo: too many eponyms or too many taxa?
Authors: Mus Maurici , Sáez Llorenç , Rosselló Josep A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryMus, M., Sáez, L. & Rosselló, J. A.: Viola barceloi Nyman, V. barceloi L. Chodat and V. suavis var. barceloi O. Bolós & Vigo: too many eponyms or too many taxa? – Taxon 49: 785–788. 2000. – ISSN 0040‐0262.The type specimens of three names of taxa of Viola described from Mallorca (Balearic Islands) bearing the epithet barceloi have been studied. The lectotype of Viola barceloi Nyman and the holotype of V. suavis M. Bieb. var. barceloi O. Bolós & Vigo cannot be distinguished from V. alba Besser s.l. A neotype is chosen for V. barceloi L. Chodat (= V. × balearica Rosselló et al.), which is believed to be the natural hybrid between V. jaubertiana Marès & Vigineix and V. alba.
The structure of the paracladial zone in Poaceae
Authors: Vegetti Abelardo C. , Weberling Focko 
Published: April 2006

SummaryVegetti, A. C. & Weberling, F.: The structure of the paracladial zone in Poaceae. – Taxon 45: 453‐460. 1996. – ISSN 0040‐0262.Terms are proposed to designate different subzones and regions within the paracladial zone of the inflorescence, in the Poaceae. In some taxa the inflorescence is composed of short paracladia only. In others the main axis bears short paracladia in the distal region and long paracladia in the proximal region, so that two subzones can be distinguished. In general the inflorescences of grasses lack bracts other than those belonging to the spikelets. In the Andropogoneae, however, some inflorescences have long paracladia that lack bracts and prophylls but others have long paracladia with well developed bracts and prophylls. The former are designated as “long paracladia without trophotagma”, and the latter as “long paracladia with trophotagma”.
The valid publication of Acidosasa (Gramineae, Bambusoideae)
Authors: Li De‐Zhu 
Published: April 2006

SummaryLi, D.‐Z.: The valid publication of Acidosasa (Gramineae, Bambusoideae). – Taxon 46: 105‐107. 1997. – ISSN 0040‐0262.The name Acidosasa was proposed by Chu & Chao in 1979 for a new monospecific genus, with A. chinensis as type, but neither name was validly published because two “type” specimens were cited for A. chinensis. In 1991, the same authors designated a lectotype for A. chinensis. Meanwhile, Keng in 1982 had fulfilled the requirements for valid publication by designating a single specimen as the type, which is the same as the later “lectotype”. Thanks to Keng's early validation the nomenclatural repercussions of the original fault are minimal, with but a single species having to change its currently accepted name.
Sarcobataceae – a new family of Caryophyllales
Authors: Behnke H.‐Dietmar 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBehnke, H.‐D.: Sarcobataceae – a new family of Caryophyllales. – Taxon 46: 495‐507. 1997. – ISSN 0040‐0262.A review of the discovery and early descriptions of Sarcobatus as well as of its taxonomic history is presented. Studies of the form and size of sieve‐element plastids in the order Caryophyllales reveal significant differences between Sarcobatus (so far in Chenopodiaceae) and the majority of the Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthaceae clade (i.e., suborder Chenopodiineae). The presence of P3cf‐form sieve‐element plastids and concomitant absence of chenopod‐specific P3f‐form plastids reinforce other evidence, in particular from chloroplast DNA sequencing, to make appear Sarcobatus quite distinct from the Chenopodiineae clade and suggest that its proper place is in the vicinity of the Phytolaccaceae and Nyctaginaceae. Therefore, Sarcobatus is segregated as a new family, Sarcobataceae.
Reproductive anatomy and relationships of Setchellanthus caeruleus (Setchellanthaceae)
Authors: Tobe Hiroshi , Carlquist Sherwin , Iltis Hugh H. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryTobe, H., Carlquist, S. & litis, H. H.: Reproductive anatomy and relationships of Setchellanthus caeruleus (Setchellanthaceae). – Taxon 48: 277‐283. 1999. – ISSN 0040‐0262.Floral, seed, and fruit anatomy of the unispecific Mexican genus Setchellanthus are described. The genus has floral features that are characteristic of some traditionally defined Capparales or close allies of an expanded order Capparales, viz., a (5‐)6(‐7)‐merous flower with a 3‐merous gynoecium and an androecium comprising (5‐)6(‐7) fascicles of stamens that develop centrifugally; a short androgynophore and well‐developed gynophore; a 3‐loculed gynoecium with a 3‐lobed style and 3 conduplicate valves that separate from the vascular placental column at maturity much as do the valves of Cleome or Brassicaceae. Setchellanthus, however, has straight seeds with a spatulate embryo and a non‐fibrous exotegmen; it lacks the reniform seeds with fibrous exotegmen characteristic of the core Capparales. Vascular bundles in the fruit wall are amphivasal and show an extensive secondary growth that produces tracheids like those of the secondary xylem of stems; bordered pits are present in the wall of the inner epidermis cells. The floral and seed anatomy as well as the distinctive fruit anatomy support a position of Setchellanthus that is near‐basal to the core Capparales.
A tribal classification of the Periplocoideae (Apocynaceae)
Authors: Venter H. J. T. , Verhoeven R. L. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryVenter, H. J. T. & Verhoeven, R. L.: A tribal classification of the Periplocoideae (Apocynaceae). – Taxon 46: 705‐720. 1997. – ISSN 0040‐0262.The diagnostic features used to delimit genera are enumerated and critically analysed. Floral characteristics are important: shape and depth of the corolla tube, and positions of outer corona, stamens, and gynostegium. Coronal structure is valuable but can be misleading. Vegetative features are sometimes consistent within genera and may serve as a complement to floral characteristics. The Periplocoideae are, for the first time, subdivided: three tribes are recognized, two of them newly described and named, and the individual genera and generic synonyms are mentioned for each. Some nomenclatural new combinations, required as a consequence of newly proposed synonyms, are validated in the genera Camptocarpus (4), Cryptolepis (4), Decalepis (2), and Pentopetia (2).
Latin, the Renaissance lingua franca, and English, the 20th century language of science: their role in biotaxonomy
Authors: McNeill J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryMcNeill, J.: Latin, the Renaissance lingua franca, and English, the 20th century language of science: their role in biotaxonomy. – Taxon 46: 751‐757. 1997. – ISSN 0040‐0262.In response to the plea by Filgueiras that Latin diagnoses remain mandatory for the establishment of names of new taxa, and to his protest against the use of English as an alternative to Latin, foreseen in the Draft BioCode, the role of these two languages in biotaxonomic descriptions is discussed. It is pointed out that the origin of the existing requirement for Latin diagnoses of new taxa under the botanical Code is based not on Latin being a neutral language, or a simple language, but on the fact that it was the language of scholarship in the 18th century, at the point of origin of modern biological nomenclature. Likewise the suggestion that a BioCode should permit English diagnoses is not a matter of linguistic chauvinism but a simple reflection of the reality that English is the dominant language of science as we enter the 21st century.
A list of suprageneric names in Ranunculaceae (Magnoliophyta)
Authors: Keener Carl S. , Reveal James L. , Dutton Bryan E. , Ziman Svetlana 
Published: April 2006

SummaryKeener, C. S., Reveal, J. L., Dutton, B. E. & Ziman, S.: A list of suprageneric names in Ranunculaceae (Magnoliophyta). – Taxon 48: 497‐506. 1999. – ISSN 0040‐0262.A list of suprageneric names associated with the Ranunculaceae is given, including the validly published names of 5 orders, 15 families, 18 subfamilies, 23 tribes, and 21 subtribes, as well as 23 unranked names with Latin diagnoses and 74 invalidly published “names”. For the latter, some of which are in current use, the reason of their non‐valid status is given by means of a reference to the pertinent article in the Code.
On the circumscription of the Blennospermatinae (Asteraceae, Senecioneae) based on ndhF sequence data
Authors: Swenson Ulf , Bremer Kåre 
Published: April 2006

SummarySwenson, U. & Bremer, K.: On the circumscription of the Blennospermatinae (Asteraceae, Senecioneae) based on ndhF sequence data. – Taxon 48: 7‐14. 1999. – ISSN 0040‐0262.The subtribe Blennospermatinae is usually defined to comprise four genera (Abrotanella, Blennosperma, Crocidium, and Ischnea). The placement of Abrotanella in the Blennospermatinae has been disputed, and the monogeneric subtribe Abrotanellinae was recently erected. A cladistic analysis of ndhF sequence data provides strong support for grouping Blennosperma with the Senecioneae, while Abrotanella is only weakly associated with the Senecioneae and does not form a monophyletic group with Blennosperma. Crocidium and Ischnea (not sequenced) are morphologically close to Blennosperma. Hence, the Blennospermatinae are best circumscribed to include only Blennosperma, Crocidium, and Ischnea, but not Abrotanella. The tribal position of Abrotanella remains uncertain.
TaxLink, a program for computer‐assisted documentation of different circumscriptions of biological taxa
Authors: Gradstein S. Rob , Sauer Michael , Braun Walter , Koperski Monika , Ludwig Gerhard 
Published: April 2006

SummaryGradstein, S. R., Sauer, M., Braun, W., Koperski, M. & Ludwig, G.: TaxLink, a program for computer‐assisted documentation of different circumscriptions of biological taxa. – Taxon 50:1075–1084. 2001. ISSN 0040–0262.Taxonomic interpretations of species or other taxa may vary considerably among authors. A database program called TaxLink has been developed, which allows for a detailed visualisation of comparisons between different taxonomic concepts. The basic entities of TaxLink are “taxonyms” (= potential taxa; Berendsohn, 1995). TaxLink may store taxonyms with their references, synonyms, relationships between taxonyms, and nomenclatural status of names. Information can be vizualised on screen, printed, and retrieved as textdocument in Microsoft Word format.
Channels without synchronization
Authors: Ahlswede R. , Wolfowitz J. 
Published: April 2006

Let X = {1, …, a} and Y = {1, …, a} be the input and output alphabets, respectively. In the (unsynchronized) channels studied in this paper, when an element of X is sent over the channel, the receiver receives either nothing or a sequence of k letters, each a member of Y, where k, determined by chance, can be 1, or 2, or … or L, a given integer. The channel is called unsynchronized because the sequence received (for each letter sent) is not separated from the previous sequence or the following sequence, so that the receiver does not know which letters received correspond to which letter transmitted.In Sections 1 and 2 we give the necessary definitions and auxiliary results. In Section 3 we extend the results of Dobrushin [2] by proving a strong converse to the coding theorem1 and making it possible to compute the capacity to within any desired accuracy.In Section 4 we study the same channel with feedback, prove a coding theorem and strong converse, and give an algorithm for computing the capacity.In Section 5 we study the unsynchronized channel where the transmission of each word is governed by an arbitrary element of a set of channel probability functions. Again we obtain the capacity of the channel, prove a coding theorem and strong converse, and give an algorithm for computing the capacity.In Section 6 we apply results of Shannon [4] and supplement Dobrushin's results on continuous transmission with a fidelity criterion.
Storage processes with general release rule and additive inputs
Authors: Brockwell P. J. , Resnick S. I. , Tweedie R. L. 
Published: April 2006

A construction is given of a process in which X(t) represents the content at time t of a dam whose cumulative input process is a Lévy process with measure v and whose release rate at time t is r(X(t)). It is assumed only that r(0) = 0 and that r is strictly positive and left-continuous with strictly positive finite right limits on (0,∞). The sample-paths of X are shown to satisfy the storage equation
The process X is analyzed using renewal theory and stochastic comparison techniques, and necessary and sufficient conditions are found in terms of v and r for X to have a stationary distributionπ. These generalize previous results which were obtained under the assumption that v is finite. Conditions for Πto have an atom at 0 are considered in some detail, and related results on the positivity of the expected occupation time of level 0 are given.Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of Πare expressed in terms of the existence of non-negative integrable solutions of certain integral equations and conditions are given under which such solutions are necessarily stationary densities for X. A simple sufficient condition for X to have a stationary distribution is found in terms of and in the case when r is non-decreasing the condition is shown to be also necessary. Finally some examples are considered; these show that the results described above unify various known conditions in special cases, and confirm several conjectures in the related literature.
Poisson approximation for some statistics based on exchangeable trials
Authors: Barbour A. D. , Eagleson G. K. 
Published: April 2006

Stein's (1970) method of proving limit theorems for sums of dependent random variables is used to derive Poisson approximations for a class of statistics, constructed from finitely exchangeable random variables.Let be exchangeable random elements of a space and, for I a k-subset of , let XI be a 0–1 function. The statistics studied here are of the form

where N is some collection of k -subsets of .An estimate of the total variation distance between the distributions of W and an appropriate Poisson random variable is derived and is used to give conditions sufficient for W to be asymptotically Poisson. Two applications of these results are presented.
Probability functions on complex pedigrees
Authors: Cannings C. , Thompson E. A. , Skolnick M. H. 
Published: April 2006

The calculation of probabilities on pedigrees of arbitrary complexity is discussed for a basic model of transmission and penetrance (encompassing Mendelian inheritance, and certain environmental influences).The structure of pedigrees, and the types of loops occurring, is discussed. Some results in graph theory are obtained and, using these, a recurrence relation derived for certain probabilities. The recursive procedure enables the successive peeling off of certain members of the pedigree, and the condensation of the information on those individuals into a function on a subset of those remaining. The underlying theory is set out, and examples given of the utilization of the resulting algorithm.