bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chronostratigraphical and lithostratigraphical correlations of the Zechstein Limestone in Central Europe
Authors: Peryt T. M. 
Published: September 2007

Summary
A glacioeustatic mechanism governed the sedimentation of the PZ1 Zechstein Limestone and made it possible to correlate Zechstein Limestone deposits in different areas chronostratigraphically. The chronohorizons are surfaces (uncommon) or layers up to several centimetres thick that originated in a subaerial or shallow water environment and overlie deposits formed in a subtidal environment. These chronohorizons divide the Zechstein Limestone sequences into three parts or sub-cycles. The boundary between the previously established lower and upper lithostratigraphical units of the Zechstein Limestone corresponds with that between the first and the second sub-cycles or that between the second and the third sub-cycles, or both, depending on the local palaeogeography.
Macrofauna of the Polish Zechstein: its occurrence and stratigraphy
Authors: Karwowski L. , Klapcinski J. 
Published: September 2007

Summary
This paper presents the characteristics of the Zechstein macrofauna of western and northern Poland. On the basis of the macrofauna and its variability, four biozones* are distinguished within the Zechstein succession. These are biostratigraphic units which correspond to both the basal clastics and the carbonate units of the succession. The faunal assemblages are characteristic of the individual carbonate horizons, and those assemblages typical of various palaeogeographical areas within the basin are reviewed. The macrofauna of the Polish Zechstein strata is also briefly compared with macrofauna recorded from the English Zechstein.
Gravity glide and plate tectonics
Authors: Price Neville J. , Price Geoffrey D. , Price Sarah L. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
We briefly discuss the three groups of mechanisms which are generally held to be responsible for plate motions, namely basal traction, slab pull, and ridge push. We conclude that individually, or in combination, these mechanisms are insufficient to account for known plate behaviour. Instead, we reintroduce and expand upon an idea proposed by Hales (1969) that the driving force for plate motion is the body weight of the lithosphere, which gives rise to gravity glide on the inclined interface between the lithosphere and asthenosphere. It is shown that this mechanism is capable of producing an average horizontal stress of as much as 6 kbar and is able to explain (1) continental splitting, (2) the initiation of subduction, and (3) observable plate motions, as well as a variety of effects requiring high lateral stresses. This is the first model to be proposed that successfully provides a quantitatively and physically viable mechanism to explain plate-tectonic processes and the behaviour of the Earth’s lithosphere.
Lithospheric stress, deformation, and tectonic cycles: the disruption of Pangaea and the closure of Tethys
Authors: Dewey J. F. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Intra-plate stress is governed on a global scale by plate boundary configuration and the disposition of continents. When continents are assembled into Pangaea-type masses, they are in deviatoric tension and predisposed to rifting and splitting along weak zones and where tension is locally enhanced by compensated uplifts. When continents are dispersed, they are, mainly, in deviatoric compression when local and minor thrusting and strike-slip faulting occur. Cyclic assembly, disruption, separation and reassembly of continental fragments causes a globally episodic, perhaps even periodic, repetition and synchroneity of tectonic events, alkaline and mafic magmatism and sea-level changes.
Origin and assembly of south-east Asian continental terranes
Authors: Metcalfe I. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The pre-Tertiary continental core of south-east Asia is a composite of at least four tectonostratigraphic terranes; Sibumasu (Shan States of Burma, north-west Thailand, Peninsular Burma and Thailand, Western Malaya, and north-western Sumatra), Indo-China (east Thailand, Laos, Vietnam south-west of the Song Ma-Song Da zone and Kapuchea), East Malaya (including south-east Sumatra and Natuna) and south-west Borneo. These terranes are separated from each other by sutures, and are now joined to South China along the Song Ma-Song Da zone.
Stratigraphic, palaeontological, and palaeomagnetic evidence suggests that all of these crustal blocks probably had their origin on the north-eastern margin of Gondwanaland where they formed part of a complex continental margin.
The Indo-China and East Malaya terranes both have typical late Palaeozoic Cathaysian floras, which indicate that they were close to South China in the Permian. Stratigraphic studies in northeast Vietnam suggest that Indo-China and South China may well have sutured as early as the late Devonian to early Carboniferous. Carboniferous and Permian faunas and floras of these blocks do not appear to be related to those of north-eastern Gondwanaland, indicating that they rifted away at some earlier time.
The Sibumasu block remained on the north-western Australian margin of Gondwanaland until the late Lower Permian, and was in continuity with the Tibetan Lhasa and Changtang blocks (south of the Langcangjiang Fracture Zone) and the proto-Kreios microcontinent further to the west. Late Carboniferous and Lower Permian sediments of the Sibumasu, Lhasa, and Changtang blocks, and the Iranian and Afghan portions of proto-Kreios include extensive glacial-marine deposits. Early Permian shallow-marine faunas were of cold-water type until a major change occurred in late Lower Permian times, with Middle Permian faunas becoming typically warm-water Tethyan in aspect. It seems most likely that Sibumasu (still attached to the Lhasa and Changtang blocks and proto-Kreios) rifted from Gondwanaland in the late Lower Permian.
Amalgamation of the south-east Asian blocks was probably completed by the end of the Triassic. This is indicated by terrestrial vertebrate biogeography and palaeomagnetism. It is still a matter of debate whether Indo-China sutured to South China in the Devonian-Carboniferous along the Song Ma line, or in the late Triassic along the Song Da zone.
Evidence seems stronger for a late Triassic suturing of Sibumasu to the other ‘Cathaysian’ southeast Asian blocks, although a Permian closure of ‘palaeo-Tethys’ has recently been proposed for the Shan-Thai-Indo-China region.
The south-west Borneo block probably rifted from the margin of Indo-China in the Cretaceous, and travelled south to its present position during the opening of the proto-South China Sea.
Lower Palaeozoic facies and faunas around Gondwana
Authors: Cocks L. R. M. , Fortey R. A. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
A new base map for the Lower Palaeozoic of the Gondwanan continental plate incorporates various modifications to older reconstructions. An analysis is attempted of faunas at various times through the Lower Palaeozoic, in particular the Lower Ordovician (Arenig-Llanvirn), the middle and late Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill) and the early Silurian (Llandovery). Regressions and transgressions are identified and ‘western’ and ‘eastern’ Gondwanan platform faunas identified in contrast to the deeper-water peri-Gondwanan marginal faunas. The effects of climatic variation, both with time and between contemporary areas, are reviewed, and are seen to be the chief controlling factor on platform faunas, with a cline from Boreal to tropical faunas alongside the Gondwanan palaeocontinent. The biogeographical relationships of deeper-water faunas were more complex: certain distinctive taxa may be found distributed widely around the perimeters of the continent, and other faunas have taxa in common with marginal faunas around other contemporary palaeocontinents. Some older-described faunas, particularly brachiopods, trilobites and graptolites, are freshly reviewed, and new faunal data from Libya, Turkey, and Iran are presented and figured.
Fossil plants as indicators of late Palaeozoic plate positions
Authors: Chaloner W. G. , Creber G. T. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract

Fossil plant records from a late Carboniferous to early Permian time interval are reviewed for the data that they give on connections and migration routes between floristic provinces, and their palaeolatitudinal positions. Caution is urged in using fragmentary leaf remains as a basis for recognizing affinity between floristic provinces, as illustrated by reference to the genera
Phyllotheca
and
Glossopteris
. The distribution of some 38 plant genera from a range of late Palaeozoic areas and localities is made the basis for ordinating them in the form of a dendrogram. An early Permian plate reassembly, based on that of Lin
et al.
1985, is assessed in terms of its compatibility with the palaeobotanical evidence.
Middle Jurassic ammonite biogeography supports ambi-Tethyan origin of Tibet
Authors: Westermann Gerd E. G. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
In contrast to the latest Jurassic-earliest Cretaceous ammonite faunas of the Spiti Shales in the Tethyan Himalaya—which were early recognized to be closely akin to Indo-West Pacific faunas of south-eastern Tethys—the scarce Middle Jurassic subjacent faunas were previously identified with mostly European or late Jurassic taxa. Current revision of all known Middle Jurassic ammonites from Tibet, however, indicates that Bajocian and Callovian ammonites of the Tethyan Himalaya are closely affiliated to, firstly, northern (and western) Australasia, and secondly, to western India, Madagascar and Kenya, i.e. they belonged to the ecotone of Himalayan and Ethiopian provinces (or subprovinces of the Indo-West Pacific province). In contrast, the few species known from the Lhasa block of South Tibet and the Qamdo block of North Tibet appear to be typically western Eurasian. This supports current plate-tectonic theory, which holds that the Jurassic location of the Qamdo and Lhasa terranes was, respectively, at and in proximity to Eurasia, while the Tethyan Himalaya belonged to the Indian Shield, then at the northern margin of Gondwana.
Mesozoic Turkey as part of Europe
Authors: Ager Derek V. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Evidence from shallow-water, sessile benthos, mainly brachiopods, suggests that Mesozoic Turkey should be placed on the northern side of Tethys in palaeogeographical reconstructions, not on the southern side. Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous faunas, whether from north or south of the supposed Central Anatolian suture, are wholly ‘European’ in character and include no obvious ‘African’ elements. The faunas also contrast markedly with those of the Middle East and (to a lesser extent) with those of the Adriatic Microplate.
The trans-Pacific spread of equatorial shallow-marine benthos in the Cretaceous
Authors: Skelton P. W. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
From Aptian to Maastrichtian times, the development of broad tracts of anomalously shallow ocean floor in the Pacific, studded with reef-rimmed seamounts and islands, allowed some Caribbean benthos to spread westwards by larval drift between staging posts in Tethyan/Atlantic waters debouching between the Americas. There is as yet no compelling evidence that the Pacific was completely traversed in this manner during the first and major phase of intra-plate volcanothermal activity in the Aptian-Albian: evidently there still existed a sufficiently wide region of Pacific abyss to the west to serve as a barrier to larval dispersal. However, clear evidence for the ‘landfall’ of Caribbean-derived species on eastern Tethyan shores in Campanian to Maastrichtian times is provided by several examples of disjunct endemics from the two regions. Such taxa include rudist bivalves, gastropods, larger foraminifera, and calcareous algae. This episode coincides with a second, smaller phase of mid-plate volcanothermal activity in the Pacific, which, in conjunction with the relict topography from the earlier phase, evidently furnished a temporarily continuous chain of staging posts for the trans-Pacific spread of the shallow-marine benthos.
Phytogeography of the eastern end of Tethys
Authors: Whitmore T. C. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Central to biogeography is the classification of geographical distribution patterns and analysis of their origins. Here we analyse angiosperm ranges in the Malay Archipelago (Malesia) mainly against landmass changes since the late Mesozoic. The interpretation is complicated by continual evolution and extinction, by range alterations due to climatic changes, and by the scanty fossil record.
Malesia has the greatest concentration of primitive angiosperms, and was postulated by Takhtajan (1969) to be the place of origin of the group. This hypothesis later became untenable, after the realization that Malesia was only formed in about mid-Miocene times by collision of Gondwana with Laurasia. The sharp discontinuities in the ranges of many animal and plant taxa in central Malesia, at the biogeographical boundary called Wallace’s Line are readily interpreted to be results of this collision. But a few plant taxa, including the ‘primitives’, have puzzling ranges demanding land before the mid-Miocene—not empty ocean. These enigmas spurred further geological enquiry, which led to the discovery of Gondwanan fragments that have drifted northwestwards before the main collision and which could have been the locus of angiosperm evolution. The early history of angiosperms in Australia is not incompatible with this scenario.
Every class of evidence is incomplete, and all kinds must be considered together. Fossils and palaeogeography are less equivocal than distribution patterns. For the future, more fossil evidence should be sought, detailed taxonomic study and phylogenetic reconstruction of major plant groups is also needed: reinvestigation of the conifers could be very rewarding.
Crustal and upper mantle structure of the Appalachian-Caledonide orogen from seismic results
Authors: Cook F. A. , Matthews D. H. , Jacob A. W. B. 
Published: September 2007

Summary
The Appalachian-Caledonide orogen extending from the southeastern USA to northeastern Canada and Britain now has more crustal-scale seismic reflection profiles recorded across it than any other orogen in the world. From SW to NE these include the COCORP Ouachita traverse, the COCORP southern Appalachian traverse, the COCORP northern Appalachian traverse, the BIRPS Western Isles-North Channel (WINCH) offshore profile, the BIRPS Moine-Outer Isles Seismic Traverse (MOIST) profile and the BIRPS SW Approaches Traverse (SWAT) profile. In addition there are several seismic profiles in the eastern USA and Canada with data to mid-crustal (15–20 km) depth within the crystalline ‘core’ of the Appalachians. In eastern N America, where the Caledonian (Taconian) deformation is overprinted by Acadian and Alleghanian deformation, the seismic reflection data clearly indicate large-scale (several hundred kilometres) cratonward thrusting of shelf, off-shelf and basinal facies sediments and metasediments. The eastern limit of undeformed Precambrian (Grenville) basement is probably represented by a zone of E-dipping reflectors which, in New England, can be correlated with surface exposures of faults and metasediments. Two profiles offshore from Scotland cross the Caledonide orogenic front. The BIRPS MOIST profile indicates that the Moine thrust zone is also characterized by E-dipping reflectors which extend to mid-crustal depths. In contrast with the data from the Appalachians, the BIRPS MOIST, WINCH and SWAT data show remarkably continuous reflections from the crust-mantle transition, as identified on seismic refraction data both across strike (LISPB) and along strike (ICSSP and CSSP). The Moho is at a depth of about 30 km throughout much of Britain and is commonly overlain by a thick (4–5 s travel time or about 12–15 km) layered lower crust at depths between 15 and 30 km. In some areas the data offshore from Scotland show deep reflections which extend into the mantle. Additionally, many of the profiles in eastern N America and Britain provide strong evidence that late normal faults (Mesozoic) may be reactivated older compressional structures (Caledonian and Variscan in Britain; Alleghanian in the southern Appalachians).
Palaeomagnetic constraints on the evolution of the Caledonian-Appalachian orogen
Authors: Briden J. C. , Kent D. V. , Lapointe P. L. , Roy J. L. , Livermore R. A. , Smith A. G. , Seguin M. K. , Van der Voo R. , Watts D. R. 
Published: September 2007

Summary
Late Proterozoic and Palaeozoic (pre-Permian) palaeomagnetic data from all regions involved in, or adjacent to, the Caledonian-Appalachian orogenic belt are reviewed. Between about 1100 and about 800 Ma the Laurentian and Baltic shields were close together, prior to the opening phase of the Caledonian-Appalachian Wilson cycle. The problems of tectonic interpretation of Palaeozoic palaeomagnetic data from within and around the belt derive mostly from differences of typically 10°–20° between the pole positions. These can variously be interpreted in terms of (i) relative displacements between different continents or terranes, (ii) differences in ages of remanence and (iii) aberrations due to inadequacy of data or geomagnetic complexity, and it is not always easy to discriminate between these alternatives. If the Pangaea A2 reassembly of continents around the northern and central Atlantic is taken as the end-product of Caledonian-Appalachian orogenesis, the following conclusions can be drawn.

1
Lower Palaeozoic palaeolatitude differences between the N American and British-Scandinavian margins of the Caledonides are small; hence any convergence must have been mainly E-W.

2
There are additional differences which could be due to major pre-Carboniferous strike-slip (more than 1000 km), although later strike-slip on this scale is no longer considered likely.

3
The Lower Palaeozoic apparent polar wander paths for Northern Scotland and N America disagree on face value, but must be reconciled if their conventionally assumed geographic relation is correct.

4
Lower Old Red Sandstone data from Britain and Norway disagree, but this is more likely to be due to magnetic overprinting in the Norwegian rocks than to remnant oceans between the regions of Old Red Sandstone facies.

5
Armorica seems to have been far to the S, adjacent to Gondwana, in Ordovician time. The latest view is that it collided with Euramerica in early Devonian time to form the Old Red Continent.

6
The timing of Gondwana’s collision with the Old Red Continent is controversial; it is within either the late Devonian or the Carboniferous. If it occurred early in that time range, much of Hercynian-Alleghanian orogeny post-dated it.
Geophysical evidence for the location of the NW boundary of Gondwanaland and its relationship with two older satellite sutures
Authors: Lefort J. P. , Max M. D. , Roussel J. 
Published: September 2007

Summary
The boundary between Gondwanaland and Laurussia can be traced from Portugal to southern New England using gravity and magnetic data. Further positional control using geochemistry and palaeomagnetism on rocks near the geophysical suture confirms its position. From Long Island to Florida the suture lies beneath the Coastal Plain and our interpretation relies only on geophysical data. This suture is marked by rift-associated rocks, back-arc intrusives, volcanic-arc rocks or remnants of oceanic crust. Onshore, between Cape Ann (near Boston) and Long Island Sound (near New York), the suture possibly follows the Clinton-Newbury fault. The arc-like swing to the W of the Chesapeake Bay region is probably the result of an indentation of the older Appalachian belts by the Mauritanian Reguibat prong during Carboniferous time. There are two major transform faults associated with the suture zone: N of Florida and W of Spain.
Two satellite sutures can be identified on the eastern side of the Atlantic. In northeastern Senegal and Mauritania the major gravity high which parallels the Mauritanian orogenic belt is interpreted as locating the Taconic? collision between Gondwanaland and a western microplate. S of Brittany the Spanish microplate collided with Laurussia during Acadian time. These two satellite sutures were rejuvenated during the main late Palaeozoic compression between Gondwanaland and Laurussia.
The age and distribution of basement rocks in the Caledonide orogen of the N Atlantic
Authors: Powell Derek , Andersen T. B. , Drake A. A. , Hall Leo , Keppie J. D. 
Published: September 2007

Summary
Available isotopic data suggest that the Precambrian basement elements of the northern parts of the Caledonide orogen in N America, Britain, Ireland, Greenland and Scandinavia comprise largely Grenvillian and Svecofennian continental crust. Archaean precursors have been identified in Greenland, Norway and Britain, but not positively in the Appalachians. Early Caledonian (Grampian-Finnmarkian) orogenic activity gave rise, in the Scandinavian and British-Irish sectors, to an early Palaeozoic basement which, in Norway, is overlain by Ordovician to Silurian supracrustal sequences. In contrast, a late Precambrian-early Cambrian (Cadomian-Avalonian and older) basement is present in southern parts of the orogen.
The distribution of these basement elements constrains any plate-tectonic reconstructions of the N Atlantic Caledonide orogen and suggests that the orogen was tripartite during its early development. Further, it suggests that transcurrent movements as well as obduction may have been important tectonic processes during Grampian-Finnmarkian tectonism.
Pre-Arenig evolution of the Appalachian-Caledonide orogen: sedimentation and stratigraphy
Authors: Schwab Frederic L. , Nystuen Johan P. , Gunderson Linda 
Published: September 2007

SummaryThe Vendian and Cambrian-Tremadoc stratigraphic record documents the initial plate-tectonic evolution of the Appalachian-Caledonide (Iapetus) orogen. On the western margin several stratigraphic units indicate an episode of late Precambrian continental rifting. Triassic-like intra-cratonic basins were developed within the continental interior. Aulacogens and marginal ensialic shelf basins were located along a subsiding zigzagging continental edge marked by high scarp-bounded mountainous relief. The early Palaeozoic Atlantic-type margin that followed consisted of a landward easterly-thickening continental shelf wedge (basal quartz sandstone and an overlying carbonate bank blanket), bank-edge breccia and, oceanward, a continental rise prism.The eastern margin, at least in Scandinavia, is very similar in lithology and depositional setting to the western margin. However, S of Scandinavia, in continental Europe and across the British Isles, and farther S and W in N America, lay the Avalon terrane. This regionally extensive strip of apparently sialic crust was criss-crossed in late Precambrian time by a series of grabens that filled with rift-basin deposits (coarse clastic sedimentary rocks interbedded with basic to alkalic volcanic rocks, all deformed by Pan-African-type orogeny). In the early Palaeozoic this Avalon ‘microcontinent’ was a platform (transgressive quartzite, sandstone and mudrock) bordered to the NW by a continental rise. Farther E and S lay the western margin of France-Iberia-Africa with a late Precambrian history of rifting, followed by the early Palaeozoic development of an Atlantic-type continental shelf-rise margin.