bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of GABA antagonists on spectral responses of horizontal cells in the carp retina
Authors: Shimoda Yukio , Miyachi Ei‐Ichi , Watanabe Shu‐Ichi , Murakami Motohito 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPrevious experiments have shown that, in the carp retina, a GABA‐mediated feedback from horizontal cells to cones is involved in neural mechanisms of color opponency. In this article, we investigated effects of GABA antagonists, picrotoxin and bicuculline, on spectral responses of horizontal cells. These chemicals caused selective suppression of responses to long wavelength, probably because the feedback was blocked. In particular, a biphasic spectral response curve in the H2 cell turned into almost monophasic. The presence of feedback in the carp retina was further supported by the fact that depolarizing synaptic potentials were detected in cones at the center, when horizontal cells were hyperpolarized by a peripheral annulus illumination.
Spectral properties of the second‐order neurons in the dace retina
Authors: Hashimoto Yoko , Abe Machiko , Inokuchi Mie 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSpectral properties of the horizontal cells and the bipolar cells in the dace retina were studied under mesopic and/or photopic conditions. Four types of horizontal cells were identified: two L types (L1 and L2) and two C types (RB and RGB). The L1 cell has its spectral peak at about 590 nm, and the L2 cell peaks at about 630 nm. The wavelength at which a maximum hyperpolarization of the RB cell is produced is around 460 nm, and a subpeak is seen around the green‐yellow spectral region. The maximum hyperpolarizing response of the RGB cell appears at 400 nm, and it depolarizes over a wide spectral range (460–660 nm). The high sensitivity to blue light of C‐type horizontal cells is most characteristic in the dace. The bipolar cells are classified into two groups, non‐color‐coded cells and color‐coded cells, by the spectral properties of the center response. The non‐color‐coded cells have broad spectral sensitivities, although the spectral maxima are different in the center and the surround in some cells. It is clear from the spectral response curves that there are no large impingements of blue cones in the non‐color‐coded bipolar cells as compared with the horizontal cells. Spectral properties of the color‐coded cells are not yet fully analyzed.
Proposed standards for the NBS retroreflection MAP
Authors: Eckerle Kenneth L. , Hsia Jack J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA proposed Measurement Assurance Program (MAP) service for retroreflectance is under development at the National Bureau of Standards. A package for the MAP consists of high‐ and low‐intensity bead‐sheeting retroreflectors, a prismatic retroreflector, and seven colored glass filters. The retroreflectors are being measured using the NBS reference retroreflectometer. The glass filter measurements are based on spectral data obtained using a high‐accuracy reference spectrophotometer. The luminous transmittances are calcúlated from the spectral transmittances using CIE Illuminant A and a CIE V(λ)‐type detector, and can be used to check the combined spectral distribution of source and responsivity of the receiver. Computations are mentioned which show that if a color‐correction filter is not chosen carefully, large errors may result. Preliminary results for pressure and temperature effects on two types of retroreflectors indicate small changes. Temperatures used were nominally 15, 25, and 32°C. Pressures used were nominally 0.85, 1.0, and 1.25 bars. Results showing the sensitivity of the coefficient of luminous intensity (C.I.L.) of the retroreflectors to various geometrical parameters are described. These parameters include the observation angle α, the entrance angles β1 and β2, the source and receiver apertures δ, and the rotation angle ϵ.
Definition, measurement, and use of the spectral coefficient of retroreflection
Authors: Rennilson J. J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractTwo organizations, the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) and the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), have recently agreed on the definition of the coefficient of retroreflection. This coefficient is determined using CIE Standard Illuminant A and a receptor responsivity matching that of the CIE 1931 Standard Observer. Although this coefficient is practical for day‐to‐day measurements, a more general quantity is needed to study new materials, differing vehicle illumination, and the effects of human responses ranging from scotopic to photopic, as well as anomalous color vision. A CIE technical report, soon to be published, suggests that a new quantity, the spectral coefficient of retroreflection, be used to aid in studying these properties. The measurement of the spectral coefficient of retroreflection over the visible spectrum is performed by spectroradiometric techniques. This property of the retroreflector is independent of the spectral power distribution of the illuminant and the responsivity of the receptor. The retroreflector may now be studied mathematically, applying other illuminants and human visual responses. A useful byproduct of the determination of the spectral coefficient of the retroreflection is the ease with which the nighttime color can be determined. The article concludes with various examples.
What color reveals: A therapist's point of view
Authors: Bernardo José Raúl 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe way each of us uses color reveals a lot about ourselves. Color may be used unconsciously or consciously. In either case, color provides the trained observer with important cues regarding the nature of inner conflicts in a patient or client. Our liking or disliking of any color is associated with information received from significant persons. In most cases, this association is related to status, our desire to improve our position within some social scale. The deceptive use of color and the concept of sophisticated color seem to be interdependent.
Greyness of process colors
Authors: Gray R. H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA method of measuring and comparing the greyness (unwanted spectral absorptions) of process colorants has been developed. The method uses the 1976 CIELAB color space and, in effect, makes a chromatic match of a trial colorant with a reference Cromalin®‡ color and then calculates greyness from the difference of their values of CIE 1976 lightness L*.
Redetermination of cie standard source C
Authors: Billmeyer Fred W. , Gerrity Ellen A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe spectral power distribution of CIE standard source C, originally adopted in 1931, has not been determined in modern times to our knowledge. This measurement has now been carried out using the NBS high‐accuracy reference spectrophotometer. In the 50 years since 1931, improved purity of chemicals and improvements in measurement capability have resulted in disfferences between the experimental spectral power distribution and that tabulated as CIE illuminant C. These differences average 1.8% over the entire wavelength range studied, 350‐770 nm; they average only 0.5% below 630 nm but 4.5% (maximum, 6.7%) above 640 nm, where the power of experimental source C is always higher than that of illuminant C. Despite these discrepancies, the two differ by less than 0.001 in chromaticity coordinates x, y, corresponding to a CIELAB color difference of only 0.2 units (1931 standard observer).
Nonvisual color perception: A critical review
Authors: Kaiser Peter K. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSince the last century, there have been a number of claims that people can identify and discriminate color with their fingers. The most completely documented evidence for these claims, begining in 1963, is critically reviewed. It was the hope of the early investigators of this phenomenon that this ability would some day be useful for the blind. The best evidence suggests that people are capable of making certain temperature discriminations and that objects of different reflectances can be discriminated on this basis. The temperature exchange stems from the infrared energy emitted by the skin. Research that has presented evidence for finger color perception was often shown to have methodological problems, including learning to discriminate stimuli by texture cues and failure to adequately blindfold observers and prevent use of visual information. The present review concludes that the phenomenon of using the fingers to “see” color does not and will not, in the forseeable future, provide any additional hope for the blind.
Parametric variations in a threshold color‐difference ellipsoid for green painted samples
Authors: Witt Klaus , Döring Günter 
Published: June 2007

AbstractFollowing the CIE guidelines for coordinated research on color‐difference evaluation, a set of painted color samples was produced near the green reference color. Visual experiments were carried out by two different methods, absolute threshold and pair comparison. Perceptibility ellipsoids at and near threshold were determined for different mathematical models and for different groupings of observers. The main findings are: insensitivity to the method of optimization, inhomogeneity of the total set of answers but homogeneity within ranked observer groups, and change of volume but similarity of shape of the ellipsoids for extreme groups. Comparisons with other visual studies are discussed.
Influence of experimental parameters on the evaluation of color‐difference ellipsoids
Authors: Strocka D. , Brockes A. , Paffhausen W. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractUsing a set of red samples, we investigated the influence of the number of observers and samples on the accuracy of experimentally evaluated color‐difference ellipsoids. The results show that an ellipsoid can be calculated with an accuracy corresponding to a mean error of calculated color differences below 10% if a set of about 50 samples is assessed 30 times by pair comparison, e.g., 15 observers twice each.
On analytical versus numerical integration in tristimulus calculations
Authors: Fairman Hugh S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIf one assumes that the CIE recommendations for linear interpolation of illuminant and observer data between unit nanometers define these data as analytical functions, and accepts similar linear interpolation of the spectral radiance factor, an analytical equation can be derived for calculating tristimulus values. This article shows that, even in extreme cases, use of this more complex equation gives results that are not significantly different from those obtained by simple summation.
Light, color, and poetry
Authors: Buckley Mary L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThere exists such an abundance of visual poetry in nature in the realm of light and color, it would seem desirable to integrate our joyful appreciation of it with human designs. At our nonprofit organization of artists and designers, the Margaret Gate Institute, we have explored light and color concepts in order to beautify once barren, visually monotonous interiors, specifically in mental institutions. How we have brought our artistic and intuitive understanding of light and color to institutions follows.
Setting up acceptability tolerances: A case study
Authors: Allen Eugene , Yuhas Barry 
Published: June 2007

AbstractCurrent acceptance of goods for color by the United States Army depends on visual comparison against a standard and as many as eight limit samples. The Army wished to have a numerical method of setting color tolerances to be used with instrumental measurement. Preliminary work with the standards and limit samples indicated that acceptability ellipsoids oriented in the hue, chroma, and lightness directions in CIELAB color space should be set up. To establish the tolerances, we selected pairs of samples from a large number of previous submissions by industry. These pairs represented four graduated lightness steps, four graduated chroma steps, and four graduated hue steps. Six observers looked at each pair ten times, randomly interspersed with other pairs, and issued a pass‐or‐fail judgment each time. From these data we established lightness, chroma, and hue tolerance limits. For an olive green and a tan shade, these tolerances were roughly in the ratio 3:2:1; for a dark blue, the ratios were roughly 2:2:1. We wrote simple equations that can be used in order to determine quickly whether a sample passes or fails.
Estimation of chromaticness of constant‐luminance central‐field colors on a D65 surround
Authors: Roddewig Wolfgang 
Published: June 2007

AbstractEight observers estimated chromaticness for central‐field colors of different chromaticity and constant luminance in a surround of the chromaticity of D65. The perceived chromaticness was scaled relatively and absolutely. The experimental results are compared with chromaticness as defined in different color spaces. In the CIELUV, CIELAB, LABHNU, and LABHNU2 spaces, colors of equal visual chromaticness are located approximately on circles. The LABHNU and LABHNU2 color spaces seem to describe the relative and absolute scalings in the best way for all observers.
Creating interference colors on thermoplastic films without colorants
Authors: Bryson Trudy 
Published: June 2007

AbstractMost of us who are involved with color in the plastics industry think of pigments and dyes incorporated into or coated onto a polymer in order to produce asthetic appeal. But unusual colored effects can be created through selective embossings. This article discusses the history of diffraction gratings, how and why they work, how they are made, and how this technology can be applied to the plastics industry to create unique visual effects. Examples are given of design variations which are possible using a basic 1–in. circular diffraction grating. Also included are examples of end‐use applications.
Simulation of colored illumination in painting using the ostwald system
Authors: Thomas Helen 
Published: June 2007

AbstractWith modern technology continuing to produce new and clearer pigments, it is becoming more and more important that the painter of today and tomorrow know thoroughly the colors with which he or she works. A color system is invaluable for putting those colors into context. It is not enough to be superficially acquainted with such a system; it is essential that the painter know it thoroughly. Mixing pigments to obtain other colors was adequate and necessary when the painters of the past were dealing with the limited number of pigments available to them. But now it is possible not only to make color an integral part of a painting, but also to use it to duplicate such visual effects as that resulting from the illumination on the scene.
Phototherapy using chromatic, white, and ultraviolet light
Authors: Kaiser Peter K. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe use of light as a therapeutic agent has a long history. However, there is little or no scientific foundation for much of what has been published in the area of color therapy. There is a good foundation for the treatment of neonatal jaundice with blue light. Preliminary basic research suggests that when used with photodynamic agents, malignant tumors may be treatable with white light. Other studies suggest that psoriasis can be treated with ultraviolet light when the affected area is first covered with anthracene. Evidence is accumulating that shows how the human body does interact with light at a hormonal, metabolic, and endocrine level. I conclude that there has never been a better time for competent scientists to investigate whether there are additional effective color therapeutic procedures in addition to the use of blue light for jaundice.
Flicker photometric sensitivity and chromatic adaptation in color‐deficient and normal observers
Authors: Nagy Allen L. , Harami Eureka , Purl Kathleen F. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractCongenital red‐green color deficients and observers with normal color vision were asked to make flicker photometric matches on a red background, on a green background, and with no background present. Adaptation had no effect on the matches made by color deficients, but clearly affected the matches of normal observers. There were small differences between the matches of different observers. We attempted to characterize these differences by fitting the R and G curves of Smith and Pokorny to the data. Two parameters, Λmax and optical density, were varied to obtain the best fit. Extremely good fits were obtained, suggesting that individual differences can be characterized with these two parameters.
Physical exemplification of color order systems
Authors: McCamy C. S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractColor order systems must be distinguished from colorant order systems and other systematic ways of relating colored objects. Abstract systems require definition of dimensions and scales. A concrete system is a collection of specimens exhibiting properties specified by the dimensions and scales of an abstract system. The accurate production of such specimens requires a complete written definition of the system, including the specification of all pertinent observing and measuring conditions. The choice of materials requires consideration of the spectral and geometric aspects of the optical nature, some aspects of the mechanical nature, stability, durability, availability, acceptability to users, and cost. The value of color standards depends on the precision and accuracy with which they are produced. Efficient production and long‐term reproducibility depend on well‐standardized methods of color measurement.
Calibration in 1976 and 1983 of didymium glass filters issued as NBS standard reference materials
Authors: Eckerle K. L. , Chang S. , Hsia J. J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn 1983, a new supply of didymium glass filters was prepared since the stock calibrated in 1976 has been very useful for wavelength calibration and the inventory has been depleted. Results for representative samples of the new filters are presented. The new supply of glass has been calibrated by the batch mode and will be designated Standard Reference Materials (SRM) 2009A and 2010A. During the latter part of 1976, research was begun to characterize didymium glass filters for use with visible spectrophotometers with bandwidth in the range 1.5 to 10.5 nm. These filters were found to produce a smaller wavelength uncertainty than previously issued filters. Also, it was found that points of inflection in the transmittance curve could be used to supplement the data for transmittance minima. The results of that research were SRM 2009, 2010, 2013, and 2014. The same techniques were applied in 1983. Also, the results from 1983 and 1976 for one of the Master filters are compared.
Photochemical and thermal stability of amaranth (FD&C red no. 2) in aqueous media
Authors: Box J. A. , Naman L. M. S. , Sugden J. K. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe decomposition of the formerlyThis dye was delisted by the U. S. Food and Drug Administration in 1976, and has not been legally used in the U. S. in foods, drugs, or cosmetics since that date.
used food and pharmaceutical dye amaranth (FD&C Red No. 2) in water was studied under a variety of conditions. A matter of some concern is that one of the decomposition products is α‐naphthylamine, a known carcinogen.
Methods for generating spectral reflectance functions leading to color‐constant properties
Authors: Berns Roy S. , Billmeyer Fred W. , Sacher Richard S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe Munsell color order system was rigorously defined for illuminant, observer, and surround. Using Nayatani's nonlinear model of chromatic adaptation, approximately colorconstant 1931 CIE tristimulus values for the notations of the Munsell Book of Color were calculated for a variety of continuous‐spectrum illuminants between CIE A and 7600 K daylight. Several linear‐programming models were devised for generating spectral reflectance functions that integrate to these tristimulus values. The most successful of these was a model based on an approximate‐hue vector in tristimulus space, in which movement off and along this vector was restricted. Restrictions were also applied to the rate of change of reflectance with wavelength, following Ohta, and the model led to relatively smooth curves, comparable to those of real colorants. Indices of color constancy were devised to estimate the accuracy of the predictions. Comparisons with actual reflectance functions from physical samples revealed, in most cases, an improvement in color constancy and hue constancy.
Colorimetry and its accuracy in the measurement of fluorescent materials by the two‐monochromator method
Authors: Minato Hideyuki , Nanjo Motoi , Nayatani Yoshinobu 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe fundamental procedure involved in the two‐monochromator method for determining the spectral radiance factors of fluorescent materials is described, and some measured results are presented. The colorimetric accuracy of the method was confirmed by comparing two sets of tristimulus values: (1) those based on the two‐monochromator method and calculated from the reflected and the fluorescent spectral radiance factors and the spectral power distributions of a tungsten‐halogen lamp and a xenon lamp (which were determined separately); and (2) those calculated from the total radiance factors obtained from the measurement under polychromatic illumination, where the fluorescent materials were irradiated with the tungsten and the xenon lamp. The color differences between these sets of tristimulus values in CIE‐LUV color space were estimated to be less than 1.0 unit, irrespective of the illuminant or the source.
Prediction of observer variation in estimating colorimetric values
Authors: Takahama Kotaro , Sobagaki Hiroaki , Nayatani Yoshinobu 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis article describes a method for computing easily the contribution of observer variation to colorimetric values. Stiles's 20 observers are used for representing color‐normal observers. Deviation functions are derived by applying singular‐decomposition analysis to their 20 color‐matching functions. It is shown that variances and covariances of the 20 color‐matching functions are estimated correctly by using the four deviation functions with high contribution factors. By using these deviation functions, a method is developed to derive the confidence ellipsoid of tristimulus values, the confidence ellipse of chromaticity coordinates, and the confidence interval of tristimulus value Y, in the colorimetric computations of a reflecting sample and an illuminant. With a slight modification, the method also can be used to predict the degree of mismatch found by color‐normal observers for pairs of reflecting samples that are a metameric match with respect to the average observer and a standard illuminant.
A colour‐appearance transform for the CIE 1931 standard colorimetric observer
Authors: Hunt R. W. G. , Pointer M. R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA physiologically plausible model of colour vision, based on the CIE 1931 standard colorimetric observer, is shown to provide a colour order system giving reasonably good predictions of the unique‐hue loci, of constant‐hue loci, and of constant‐saturation loci, as judged by comparison with the Munsell and NCS systems, for daylight illumination. When combined with a chromatic‐adaptation transform of the von Kries type, the model is also shown to give quite good predictions for real surface colours seen in tungstenlight (SA) illumination.