bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First Report of Southern Blight of Silvery Messerschmidia Seedlings in Taiwan
Authors: Chen C. Y. , Fu C. H. , Hsiao W. W. , Sun E. J. 
Published: August 2007

Silvery messerschmidia, Messerschmidia argentea (L.) Johnston, of the Boraginaceae, is indigenous to Taiwan and grown as an ornamental, for windbreaks, or as a shade tree. During the summer of 2005, a sudden wilt of 1-year-old plants was observed in a nursery in central Taiwan. Initial symptoms included stem necrosis at the collar, leaf yellowing, and tan discoloration of leaves. As stem necrosis progressed, infected plants wilted, defoliated, and died. Necrotic tissues were covered with whitish mycelium with clamp connections that formed reddish brown spherical (1 to 2.2 mm in diameter) sclerotia. A fungus was consistently recovered from the interface of diseased and healthy stem tissue, disinfested for 1 min in 0.5% NaOCl, and plated on Difco (Sparks, MD) potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with 100 ppm of ampicillin. Pure cultures were prepared by transferring single hyphal tips to PDA, and Sclerotium rolfsii (Sacc.) was identified (1). Pathogenicity of two S. rolfsii isolates was confirmed by inoculating 3-month-old silvery messerschmidia seedlings grown in pots. Inoculum consisted of a single agar disk of a 7-day-old culture used per pot or a single sclerotium produced in 10 days on PDA and added per pot. Both the mycelium on the 0.5-cm-diameter agar plug and the sclerotium touched the base of the plant stem. Four plants were inoculated with mycelia, four with sclerotia, and four were noninoculated controls. All plants were kept in a growth chamber at 25 to 35°C with relative humidity of more than 95%. Initially, the basal stems were covered by whitish mycelia growth with a fanlike pattern from the inoculum, and brown, water-soaked necrotic lesions developed near the soil line. Inoculated plants developed symptoms within 4 days, wilted gradually in 7 days, and all were eventually killed in 11 days. Plants inoculated with sclerotia developed disease at a slower rate and control plants remained symptomless. Sclerotia developed on diseased tissues and S. rolfsii was reisolated. This disease has been observed on many species of plants (2), but to our knowledge, this is the first report of southern blight of silvery messerschmidia seedlings caused by S. rolfsii in Taiwan. References: (1) R. K. Jones and D. M. Benson, eds. Diseases of Woody Ornamentals and Trees in Nurseries. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 2001. (2) Y. P. Tsai, ed. List of Plant Diseases in Taiwan. The Plant Protection Society of the Republic of China and The Phytopathological Society of the Republic of China, 1991.
A First Report of Paulownia elongata as a Host of Meloidogyne spp. in Florida
Authors: Kaur R. , Brito J. A. , Dickson D. W. 
Published: August 2007

Paulownia elongata S.Y. Hu (Scrophulariaceae) is a fast-growing tree cultivated for highly prized timber. In April 2007, root-knot nematodes were found to be infecting 5-year-old plants of P. elongata growing on a farm in Levy County, Florida. Symptoms included leaf yellowing, stunted growth, and reduced trunk diameter. Infected roots were severely galled and frequently rotted. Large and coalesced galls were observed on secondary roots and distinct galls were present on tertiary roots. Species identifications were done by morphological characters of females and isozyme phenotypes (esterase and malate dehydrogenase) extracted from young egg-laying females and resolved with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in a BioRad Mini Protean III system (BioRad, Hercules, CA). Four species of root-knot nematodes were found to be infecting P. elongata. Morphology of perineal patterns and the isozyme phenotypes were consistent with those of M. arenaria, M. incognita, M. javanica, and M. mayaguensis (1). M. incognita and M. javanica have been described earlier on P. fortunei and P. tomentosa (2), but to our knowledge, this is the first report of P. elongata as a host of these four Meloidogyne spp. References: (1) R. M. D. G. Carneiro et al. Nematology 6:287, 2004. (2) V. Sharma and M. D. Mehrotra. Indian J. For. 22:149, 1999.
First Report of the Anamorph of Glomerella acutata Causing Anthracnose on Avocado Fruits in Mexico
Authors: Avila-Quezada G. , Silva-Rojas H. V. , Teliz-Ortiz D. 
Published: August 2007

Mexico is a major avocado (Persea americana) producer in the world. Glomerella cingulata (anamorph Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) has been reported as a causal agent of anthracnose on avocado fruits worldwide (3), while G. acutata (anamorph Colletotrichum acutatum) has been identified as the cause of this disease only in New Zealand (2) and Australia (4). This study was done with the objective to determine the Glomerella spp. involved as the causal agents of avocado anthracnose in Mexico. From 2003 to 2006, avocado fruits cv. Hass with anthracnose symptoms appearing as brown-black lesions on the pericarp and soft rot in the mesocarp were collected in 10 counties in Michoacan, the leading avocado-producing Mexican state. Glomerella spp. were isolated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) for molecular and morphological identification. A phylogenetic analysis was done by amplifying the internal transcribed spacer region of rDNA for 28 of the isolates. Primers ITS5/NL4 was used and successfully amplified bands of approximately 1,000 bp. Each sequence corresponding to Glomerella spp. was compared with sequences deposited in the GenBank database using BLAST. The results from molecular approach indicated 86% of the isolates used in this study were G. cingulata and 14% were G. acutata. Sequences of both species were deposited in GenBank under Accession Nos. EF221828, EF221829, and EF221830 for G. cingulata and EF175780, EF221831, and EF221832 for G. acutata. Colonies of G. acutata that developed on PDA medium were pale gray, occasionally the lower surface was olive green, and the center was covered with orange-to-salmon pink masses of conidia and perithecia. Conidia grown in the same media were straight, fusiform, 8.2 to 16.5 μm long, and 2.7 to 4.0 μm wide (4). Pathogenicity tests of G. acutata were carried out by inoculating six healthy cv. Hass fruits (1) at three evenly spaced locations on the fruit surface with a needle dipped in a conidial mass from a 3-day-old monoconidial culture of G. acutata. Fruits were then incubated in a moist chamber for 3 days. Anthracnose symptoms were observed on healthy fruits inoculated with G. acutata, while control fruits inoculated with sterile water did not develop symptoms. The fungi were reisolated successfully to confirm the pathogen's identity using morphological key. To our knowledge, this is the first report of G. acutata causing anthracnose on avocado fruits in Mexico. References: (1) R. Guetsky et al. Phytopathology 95:1341, 2005. (2) W. F. T. Hartill. N. Z. J. Crop Hortic. Sci. 19:297, 1991. (3) D. Prusky. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 34:413, 1996. (4) J. H. Simmonds. Qld. J. Agric. Anim. Sci. 22:437, 1965.
First Report of Ophiosphaerella korrae Causing Spring Dead Spot of Bermudagrass in Italy
Authors: Gullino M. L. , Mocioni M. , Titone P. 
Published: August 2007

In the spring and summer of 2002, bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon × C. transvaalensis) turf in two golf courses located in Sardinia and Apulia (central and southern Italy, respectively) exhibited circular patches that were 10 to 70 cm in diameter. Patches developed in the spring on cv. Santa Ana in Sardinia and cv. Tifway 419 in Apulia, after the turf broke winter dormancy. Although the turf partially recovered during the summer, damage was evident throughout the year in greens, tees, and fairways. Patches coalesced to form large areas of straw-colored, blighted turfgrass. The symptoms observed on single plants resembled those of spring dead spot (SDS), including the presence of root rotting. The upper leaf blades, upper leaf sheaths, and upper culms of the diseased bermudagrass plants were bleached and dessicated, or dead. Infected roots, stolons, and rhizomes were covered with black ectotrophic mycelium. Isolation from infected roots on potato dextrose agar (PDA), supplemented with 100 mg/liter of streptomycin sulfate, consistently yielded a fungus with gray, fluffy, aerial mycelium that was at first light gray and later becoming darker. The maximum daily growth rates of all isolates on PDA ranged from 3 to 4.5 mm at 25°C. The cultural characteristics and growth rates of the isolates corresponded to those described for Ophiosphaerella korrae (4). Pathogenicity tests were performed on 8-week-old C. dactylon × C. transvaalensis (cvs. Santa Ana and Tifway 419) grown in plastic pots (15 × 15 cm). The substrate (sandy soil/sphagnum peat/perlite, 50:35:15) was infested separately with three isolates of O. korrae grown on autoclaved oat kernels, using 10 infested kernels per pot. Three replicates were used. Blight symptoms developed on inoculated plants after 8 weeks. Noninoculated plants remained healthy. The pathogen was consistently reisolated from inoculated plants. The pathogenicity test was carried out twice. SDS incited by O. korrae was reported in Australia (4) and the United States (1,2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of SDS on warm-season turfgrass in Italy, as well as in Europe. SDS continued to be observed in the following years after its first detection (3). In 2006, the disease was observed in Apulia (southern Italy). References: (1) J. N. Crayhay et al. Plant Dis. 72:945, 1988. (2) R. M. Endo et al. Plant Dis. 69:235, 1985 (3) P. Titone et al. Acta Hortic. 661:491, 2004. (4) J. Walker and A. M. Smith. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 58:459, 1972.
First Report of Durangan Dwarf Mistletoe, Arceuthobium vaginatum subsp. durangense, on Pinus cooperi and P. engelmannii in Mexico
Authors: Mathiasen R. 
Published: August 2007

The Durangan dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium vaginatum subsp. durangense Hawksw. & Wiens, Viscaceae) parasitizes several species of pines (Pinus spp., Pinaceae) in the Mexican states of Durango, Sinaloa, and Jalisco (1,3). This mistletoe has primarily been reported from the western edge of the Sierra Madre Occidental in eastern Sinaloa and western Durango, but its distribution there is not well documented (3). In March 2007, I found Durangan dwarf mistletoe parasitizing Pinus engelmannii Carr., approximately 25 km north of Mexico Route 40 (24°00′51″N, 105°26′48″W, elevation 2,200 m), and on P. cooperi Blanco approximately 90 km north of Route 40 (24°24′40″N, 105°35′26″W, elevation 2,710 m) along the road to San Miguel de las Cruces, Durango. These populations are approximately 50 and 80 km northeast of the closest known population of Durangan dwarf mistletoe west of Buenos Aires along Route 40 in extreme western Durango. Infection of P. engelmannii was severe on 25 trees, but only severe on two trees of P. cooperi. No mortality associated with infection by Durangan dwarf mistletoe was observed at either location. Infection caused large, nonsystemic witches' brooms on P. engelmannii, but no brooms were observed on infected P. cooperi. To my knowledge, this is the first report of Durangan dwarf mistletoe on P. cooperi and P. engelmannii, and the first report of this mistletoe from the central Sierra Madre Occidental (3). Although Hawksworth and Wiens (2,3) treated Durangan dwarf mistletoe as a species (A. durangense Hawksw. & Wiens), I use the earlier classification of Durangan dwarf mistletoe as a subspecies of Mexican dwarf mistletoe (A. vaginatum (Willd.) Presl subsp. vaginatum) (1) because of recent molecular evidence (4) and morphological similarities with Mexican dwarf mistletoe. The principal difference between these mistletoes is that plants of Durangan dwarf mistletoe are bright orange while those of Mexican dwarf mistletoe are dark brown to black (1–3). Specimens of Durangan dwarf mistletoe on Pinus engelmannii and P. cooperi have been deposited at the Deaver Herbarium, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff (Accession Nos. 76455 and 76456, respectively). References: (1) F. G. Hawksworth and D. Wiens, Brittonia 17:213, 1965. (2) F. G. Hawksworth and D. Wiens. Phytologia 66:3, 1989. (3) F. G. Hawksworth and D. Wiens. USDA For. Serv. Agric. Handb. 709, 1996. (4) D. L. Nickrent et al. Am. J. Bot. 91:125, 2004.
First Report of Capsicum chlorosis virus Causing Yellow Stripes on Calla Lilies in Taiwan
Authors: Chen C. C. , Huang C. H. , Chen T. C. , Yeh S. D. , Cheng Y. H. , Hsu H. T. , Chang C. A. 
Published: August 2007

Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) and Calla lily chlorotic spot virus (CCSV) are two recognized species of the Tospovirus genus in the family Bunyaviridae infecting calla lily (Zantedeschia spp.). During 2005, 15 virus isolates were collected from different calla lily plants exhibiting yellow stripes on their leaves in Ho-Li, a major calla lily-production township in Taiwan. After three successive local lesion passages on Chenopodium quinoa Willd., diseased leaf tissues individually infected by these isolates were preserved in liquid nitrogen and used for subsequent identification studies. Using the tospovirus genus-specific primers gL3637 and gL4435c designed from the L RNA, an 800-bp DNA fragment was amplified in reverse transcription-PCR from all 15 isolates. Moreover, leaf extracts of the diseased calla lilies and the C. quinoa plants inoculated with the 15 virus isolates reacted with antisera against the nucleocapsid proteins (NP) of Capsicum chlorosis virus (CaCV)-gloxinia and Watermelon silver mottle virus (WSMoV), but not to monoclonal antibodies against the NP of TSWV, CCSV, Peanut chlorotic fan-spot virus (PCFV), or Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV) in indirect ELISA. These results indicate that the 15 virus isolates are tospoviruses belonging to the WSMoV serogroup. Additionally, we amplified and sequenced the full-length N gene from these tospovirus isolates using primers WN2328 (5′-CCATTGGTTTGCCTCCG-3′) and WN3534 (5′-CGTCGACAGAGCAATCGAGGC-3′) designed from the S RNA of WSMoV. The deduced amino acid sequences of the N protein from these 15 tospovirus isolates showed a greater than 92% identity to that of CaCV (GenBank Accession No. NC-008301). Furthermore, results of phylogenetic analysis of the 15 isolates on the basis of amino acids sequences, both genetic distance and parsimony trees indicated that they were all genetically clustered within CaCV using INSV, TSWV, and WSMoV as outgroups. The results indicate that the virus causing yellow stripes in calla lilies is a strain of CaCV. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence that CaCV can naturally infect calla lilies and cause yellow stripe symptoms. Reference: (1) F.-H. Chu et al. Phytopathology 91:361, 2001.
Iris yellow spot virus in Onion Seed Crops in South Africa
Authors: Toit L. J. du , Burger J. T. , McLeod A. , Engelbrecht M. , Viljoen A. 
Published: August 2007

In December 2006, symptoms typical of iris yellow spot caused by Iris yellow spot virus (IYSV; genus Tospovirus, family Bunyaviridae) were observed on scapes (seed stalks) in an onion (Allium cepa L.) seed crop in the Klein Karoo of the Western Cape Province, South Africa. Symptoms included diamond-shaped chlorotic or necrotic lesions on the scapes, some of which had ‘green-islands’ with nested diamond-shaped lesions, as well as indistinct, circular to irregular, chlorotic or necrotic lesions of various sizes. At the time symptoms were observed, approximately 5% of the scapes had lodged as a result of extensive lesions resembling those caused by IYSV. The crop was 2 to 3 weeks from harvest. Symptomatic tissue from two plants (two samples from one plant and four samples from the other plant) was tested for IYSV by reverse-transcriptase (RT)-PCR. Total RNA was extracted from symptomatic scape tissue with the SV Total RNA Isolation System (Promega, Madison, WI) according to the manufacturer's instructions. First strand cDNA was synthesized with the RevertAid H Minus First Strand cDNA Synthesis kit (Fermentas Inc., Hanover, MD), followed by PCR amplification with primers IYSV-For (TGG YGG AGA TGY RGA TGT GGT) and IYSV-Rev (ATT YTT GGG TTT AGA AGA CTC ACC), which amplify the nucleocapsid (NP) gene of IYSV. An amplicon of expected size (approximately 750 bp) was observed for each of the symptomatic plants assayed and was sequenced. Comparison of the sequence (GenBank Accession No. EF579801) with GenBank sequences revealed 95% sequence identity with the NP gene of IYSV GenBank Accession No. EF419888, with eight amino acid differences. The known geographic distribution of IYSV in onion bulb or seed crops has increased rapidly in recent years in many areas of the world (1). To our knowledge, this is the first confirmation of IYSV in South Africa. Approximately 6,100 ha of onion bulb crops are grown annually in South Africa in the Western Cape, Kwazulu Natal, Limpopo, and Northern Cape provinces, and 600 ha of onion seed crops are grown primarily in the semi-arid regions of the Western Cape. Examination of an additional 10 onion seed crops in the Klein Karoo during January 2007 revealed the presence of iris yellow spot in three more crops at approximately 5% incidence in each crop. The four symptomatic crops had all been planted as bulb-to-seed crops, using vernalized bulbs produced on the same farm. This suggests that IYSV may have been disseminated into the seed crops on the vernalized bulbs, either as infected bulb tissue or in viruliferous thrips on the bulbs. Reference: (1) D. H. Gent et al. Plant Dis. 90:1468, 2006.
The importance of social networks in their association to drug equipment sharing among injection drug users: a review
Authors: De Prithwish , Cox Joseph , Boivin Jean‐François , Platt Robert W. , Jolly Ann M. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTAim To examine the scientific evidence regarding the association between characteristics of social networks of injection drug users (IDUs) and the sharing of drug injection equipment.Methods A search was performed on MEDLINE, EMBASE, BIOSIS, Current Contents, PsycINFO databases and other sources to identify published studies on social networks of IDUs. Papers were selected based on their examination of social network factors in relation to the sharing of syringes and drug preparation equipment (e.g. containers, filters, water). Additional relevant papers were found from the reference list of identified articles.Results Network correlates of drug equipment sharing are multi‐factorial and include structural factors (network size, density, position, turnover), compositional factors (network member characteristics, role and quality of relationships with members) and behavioural factors (injecting norms, patterns of drug use, severity of drug addiction). Factors appear to be related differentially to equipment sharing.Conclusions Social network characteristics are associated with drug injection risk behaviours and should be considered alongside personal risk behaviours in prevention programmes. Recommendations for future research into the social networks of IDUs are proposed.
Genetic relationships among Kenyan and other East African indigenous chickens
Authors: Mwacharo J. M. , Nomura K. , Hanada H. , Jianlin H. , Hanotte O. , Amano T. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryIn this study, 30 microsatellite markers recommended by the International Society for Animal Genetics and the Food and Agriculture Organization were used to determine the extent of genetic differentiation and phylogenetic relationships among indigenous chicken populations sampled in Kenya, Uganda, Ethiopia and Sudan. Genetic differentiation (FST) and chord genetic distances (DC) indicated that the indigenous chickens were genetically related but distinct from commercial broiler and egg layer lines. Genetic divergence among the indigenous chickens determined using the Mantel test was significantly influenced (P < 0.001) by geographic (reproductive) isolation. Genetic subdivisions were found between the Kenyan/Ugandan chicken populations and Ethiopian/Sudanese chicken populations. The Marsabit chicken population from northern Kenya was the most genetically distinct population within the Kenyan and Ugandan chicken cluster, thus warranting further investigation.
Genome‐wide association analysis reveals cryptic alleles as an important factor in heterosis for fatness in chicken F2 population
Authors: Abasht B. , Lamont S. J. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryGenome‐wide association studies have become possible in the chicken because of the recent availability of the complete genome sequence, a polymorphism map and high‐density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping platforms. We used these tools to study the genetic basis of a very high level of heterosis that was previously observed for fatness in two F2 populations established by crossing one outbred broiler (meat‐type) sire with dams from two unrelated, highly inbred, light‐bodied lines (Fayoumi and Leghorn). In each F2 population, selective genotyping was carried out using phenotypically extreme males for abdominal fat percentage (AF) and about 3000 SNPs. Single‐point association analysis of about 500 informative SNPs per cross showed significant association (P < 0.01) of 15 and 24 markers with AF in the Broiler × Fayoumi and Broiler × Leghorn crosses respectively. These SNPs were on 10 chromosomes (GGA1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 10, 12, 15 and 27). Interestingly, of the 39 SNPs that were significantly associated with AF, there were about twice as many homozygous genotypes associated with higher AF that traced back to the inbred lines alleles, although the broiler line had on average higher AF. These SNPs are considered to be associated with QTL with cryptic alleles. This study reveals cryptic alleles as an important factor in heterosis for fatness observed in two chicken F2 populations, and suggests epistasis as the common underlying mechanism for heterosis and cryptic allele expression. The results of this study also demonstrate the power of high marker‐density SNP association studies in discovering QTL that were not detected by previous microsatellite‐based genotyping studies.
Two calcineurin B‐like calcium sensors, interacting with protein kinase CIPK23, regulate leaf transpiration and root potassium uptake in Arabidopsis
Authors: Cheong Yong Hwa , Pandey Girdhar K. , Grant John J. , Batistic Oliver , Li Legong , Kim Beom‐Gi , Lee Sung‐Chul , Kudla Jörg , Luan Sheng 
Published: August 2007

SummaryCalcium signalling involves sensor proteins that decode temporal and spatial changes in cellular Ca2+ concentration. Calcineurin B‐like proteins (CBLs) represent a unique family of plant calcium sensors that relay signals by interacting with a family of protein kinases, designated as CBL‐interacting protein kinases (CIPKs). In a reverse genetic screen for altered drought tolerance, we identified a loss‐of‐function allele of CIPK23 as exhibiting a drought‐tolerant phenotype. In the cipk23 mutant, reduced transpirational water loss from leaves coincides with enhanced ABA sensitivity of guard cells during opening as well as closing reactions, without noticeable alterations in ABA content in the plant. We identified the calcium sensors CBL1 and CBL9 as CIPK23‐interacting proteins that targeted CIPK23 to the plasma membrane in vivo. Expression analysis of the CIPK23, CBL1 and CBL9 genes suggested that they may function together in diverse tissues, including guard cells and root hairs. In addition, expression of the CIPK23 gene was induced by low‐potassium conditions, implicating a function of this gene product in potassium nutrition. Indeed, cipk23 mutants displayed severe growth impairment on media with low concentrations of potassium. This phenotype correlates with a reduced efficiency of K+ uptake into the roots. In support of the conclusion that CBL1 and CBL9 interact with and synergistically serve as upstream regulators of CIPK23, the cbl1 cbl9 double mutant, but not the cbl1 or cbl9 single mutants, exhibit altered phenotypes for stomatal responses and low‐potassium sensitivity. Together with the recent identification of the potassium channel AKT1 as a target of CIPK23, these results imply that plasma membrane‐localized CBL1– and CBL9–CIPK23 complexes simultaneously regulate K+ transport processes in roots and in stomatal guard cells.