bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
URINARY GONADOTROPHIN EXCRETION IN HYPOGONADAL MEN
Authors: HUTCHINSON J. S. M. , WORDEN J. M. , PRUNTY F. T. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Gonadotrophin excretion in 50 hypogonadal males has been investigated by the kaolin-acetone extraction method and the mouse uterus test.
Patients with panhypopituitarism had values for gonadotrophin excretion below the normal range while those thought to have gonadotrophin insufficiency not due to hypopituitarism had values either below or around the lower limit of the normal range. Patients with primary testicular failure, involving both seminiferous tubules and interstitial cells, including those of the Klinefelter syndrome type, usually had a high gonadotrophin excretion. Patients with failure of the seminiferous tubules had values within the normal range only. In patients with gynaecomastia without evidence of testicular disease, gonadotrophin excretion was usually normal.
The differentiation of abnormal levels, particularly at the lower limits, was not always clear-cut.
SOME THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF THE METABOLISM OF [4-14C]CORTISOL IN MAN
Authors: SHAW D. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Specific activities were determined for cortisol and its metabolites isolated from several successive urine samples collected from patients who had each received a single injection of a tracer dose of [4-14C]cortisol. Some theoretical aspects of the curves relating specific activity to time after injection are considered.
Evidence is presented and discussed for an alternative route to the 11-oxygenated 17-oxosteroid metabolites of cortisol probably involving not an initial reduction of the ring A of cortisol but a simultaneous cleavage of the side-chain at C-17 of the steroid nucleus and reduction of ring A.
INSULIN LABELLED WITH RADIOACTIVE IODINE: PREPARATION, PURIFICATION AND HORMONAL PROPERTIES
Authors: BANERJEE R. N. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
(1) Two methods for the preparation of radioactive iodine-labelled insulin of high specific activity are described.
(2) Gel filtration on Sephadex proved to be a suitable method for purification of the labelled insulin.
(3) No loss of antigenicity of the labelled hormone could be detected.
(4) Bioassays of the labelled insulin showed that it was as active as the non-labelled hormone.
THE METABOLISM OF STEROIDS BY TISSUE FROM NORMAL AND NEOPLASTIC RAT BREAST
Authors: KING R. J. B. , PANATTONI MARTA , GORDON J. , BAKER ROSEMARY 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The metabolism of oestrone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) and testosterone by normal mammary gland tissue from pregnant rats and by dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary tumours has been investigated.
Oestradiol was the only compound regularly formed from oestrone. DHA was mainly converted to androst-5-ene-3β,17β-diol (Δ5-androstenediol), but another compound with the characteristics of an hydroxylated derivative of DHA was also formed. These tissues also had Δ4-5α-hydrogenase, 3-oxosteroid reductase and 17β-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase activities when testosterone was used as substrate. Hormone-dependent and -independent tumours had higher enzyme activities towards oestrone and testosterone than had normal mammary tissue from pregnant rats. This difference cannot be accounted for solely by the difference in the cellularity of these tissues. The production of oestradiol by the hormone-dependent tumours was related to the growth rate of the tumour. No similar relationship was found for the metabolism of testosterone. Evidence is presented that hormone-independent tumours might be able to metabolize more oestrone than dependent tumours of similar growth rates.
A COMPARISON OF STEROID PRODUCTION IN VITRO AND IN VIVO BY THE ADRENAL GLAND OF THE RAT
Authors: VINSON G. P. , RANKIN J. C. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The major steroid products of the rat adrenal gland were studied both in vitro and in vivo. It was found that these methods gave similar results with regard both to the nature of the compounds produced and to their relative proportions. In particular, the status of 11-desoxycorticosterone as a physiologically important adrenal product is discussed, and it is concluded that this compound, as well as aldosterone, may possibly be instrumental in controlling electrolyte flux in the rat.
PLASMA CONCENTRATION OF RENIN IN A PATIENT WITH CONN'S SYNDROME WITH FIBRINOID LESIONS OF THE RENAL ARTERIOLES: THE EFFECT OF TREATMENT WITH SPIRONOLACTONE
Authors: BROWN J. J. , DAVIES D. L. , LEVER A. F. , PEART W. S. , ROBERTSON J. I. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A case is described in which the presence of an adrenal cortical adenoma was predicted from the association of hypertension, hypokalaemia, raised aldosterone secretion and depressed plasma renin concentration.
Pre-operatively, administration of a spironolactone for a period of 10½ months corrected the electrolyte abnormalities, increased the plasma renin concentration to normal and lowered the blood pressure, although the raised aldosterone secretion was unchanged.
At operation a typical adrenal cortical adenoma was found.
Renal biopsy at operation showed arteriolar fibrinoid lesions, although no retinal lesions were seen at any stage.
GENETIC VARIATION IN DIURETIC RESPONSES TO WATER LOADS: DEFINITION OF SOME PARAMETERS OF DIURETIC RESPONSE AND INITIAL RESULTS OF SELECTION FOR THESE PARAMETERS
Authors: STEWART J. , SPICKETT S. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Three parameters of the diuretic response to a water load are defined these are: diuretic lag, rate of diuresis and total output/input. A heterogeneous stock of mice was set up using the strains A/Cam, CBA/FaCam, SF/Cam and Peru. Directional selection was made from this stock for rate of diuresis, and total output/input. The initial generations of selection showed positive and significant parent-offspring regressions and hence demonstrated genetic variation in these parameters. Two positive disruptive selection experiments were set up to explore the relationship between diuretic lag at 4 and 8 weeks of age. These experiments show also that there is genetic variation in diuretic lag and that gene manifestation at 4 weeks and at 8 weeks is different.
The genetic variation affecting diuretic response to water load is discussed with respect to concepts of 'normal' physiology.
THYROIDAL ADJUSTMENT TO THE IODINE ENVIRONMENT
Authors: MYHILL J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Data on percentual uptake of radioactive iodine by the thyroid and on urinary stable iodide excretion under homeostatic conditions were collected from reports from seven geographical areas. An analysis was performed for the structural relationship between these two random variables. It is concluded that under homeostatic conditions the thyroid operates in such a manner that the thyroidal stable iodide intake is greater at the lower values of percentual radioactive uptake occurring in geographical areas of sufficient or excess iodine. The adjustment of the gland to the iodine environment is thus incomplete.
EVALUATION BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY OF THE URINARY STEROIDS OF THE PREGNANT DAIRY COW
Authors: HEITZMAN R. J. , THOMAS G. H. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The ketonic and non-ketonic neutral steroids from the urine of pregnant dairy cows were examined by gas chromatography. The free and acetylated metabolites were chromatographed on QF-1, the trimethylsilyl ethers on NPGA, and the oxidized material on QF-1, SE-30 and NPGA. As an aid to structural identifications, the elution ranges for various groups of metabolites were calculated for steroid alcohols and acetates on QF-1, and for trimethylsilyl ethers on NPGA. Epiandrosterone, aetiocholanolone and androsterone were the most abundant metabolites in the ketonic fraction, their combined concentration in the urine being of the order of 0·6 mg./l. Minor metabolites in the ketonic fraction included 5α- and 5β-androstanedione, 5β-pregnanedione and 3α-hydroxy-5β-pregnan-2-one. The non-ketonic fraction contained 5β-androstane-3α,17α-diol and 5α-androstane3β,17α-diol. In addition, evidence was obtained for the presence of a number of pregnanediols in this fraction, of which 5β-pregnane-3α,20α-diol was identified with certainty. The possibility of estimating this diol quantitatively by means of gas chromatography has been examined.
A BIOLOGICAL ASSAY FOR CALCITONIN
Authors: KUMAR M. A. , SLACK E. , EDWARDS A. , SOLIMAN H. A. , BAGHDIANTZ A. , FOSTER G. V. , MacINTYRE I. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
(1) Calcitonin preparations from acetone-dried thyroid were administered to rats by various routes.
(2) Intravenous administration, especially by infusion, produced a much greater fall in plasma calcium than s.c. or i.p. injection.
(3) The log dose-effect curves after i.v. injection or infusion showed no evidence of non-linearity over a 100-fold dose range and had highly significant slopes.
(4) The potency ratio of two preparations was estimated by means of a (2+2) assay design using both i.v. infusion and single i.v. injection. There was satisfactory agreement.
(5) The i.v. injection method is recommended for the routine assay of calcitonin. A simple assay schedule is given in the Appendix.
(6) A unit of calcitonin activity is defined in terms of a standard preparation.
ENDEMIC GOITRE IN THAILAND
Authors: DIMITRIADOU ALICE , SUWANIK ROMSAI , FRASER T. RUSSELL , PEARSON J. D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
(1) In a village in the endemic-goitre area in Thailand, studies of the iodine metabolism (127I as well as 131I, and including chromatographic analysis of thyroid biopsy digests) have been made on 35 subjects sampled particularly from the younger decades.
(2) The high 24-hr. uptake of 131I by the thyroid was correlated inversely with the urinary 127I-iodide excretion; the [131I]thyroid discharge rate was very rapid in the diffuse goitres of young subjects, less so in the older subjects with nodular goitres, and was not rendered normal by a previous iodide repletion.
(3) Thyroid biopsy studies on some of these subjects showed: (a) in the three diffuse endemic goitres of young subjects studied, low iodine concentrations, rapid formation of [131I]iodothyronines, a normal MIT:DIT ratio (< 1) and a normal distribution of 127I-iodoaminoacids; (b) in two nodular endemic goitres in older individuals total iodine concentration was similarly low, but the rate of formation of [131I]iodothyronines was very slow, the MIT:DIT ratio high (> 1), and the 127I-iodoaminoacids stored consisted preponderantly of iodotyrosines, as found also in twenty sporadic goitres in Londoners.
(4) These findings suggest that hormone synthesis was normal and rapid in the diffuse endemic goitres of the young subjects, but defective in the nodular endemic goitres of older subjects, as was also found in sporadic goitres.
MANIFESTATIONS OF ADRENAL CORTICAL CARCINOMA WITH HIGH OESTROGEN EXCRETION
Authors: HARRISON M. T. , BRUSH M. G. , MACFARLANE M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A 27-yr.-old woman with adrenal cortical carcinoma excreted large amounts of dehydroepiandrosterone (21–25 mg./day) and oestriol (94 μg./day). The latter may have prevented the development of virilizing features and so added to the difficulty in diagnosis. The clinical features and studies of adrenal steroid metabolism are presented, and the significance of the high levels of urinary dehydroepiandrosterone is discussed.
THE CORPUS LUTEUM OF THE SHEEP: FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE EMBRYO AND THE CORPUS LUTEUM
Authors: MOOR R. M. , ROWSON L. E. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The stage at which the embryo first affects the corpus luteum of the sheep in such a way as to prevent its regression at the end of the oestrous cycle was determined by means of embryo transplantation. Up to the 12th day after oestrus the transfer of embryos to non-pregnant ewes resulted consistently in pregnancy, an indication that the transferred embryos had a luteotrophic effect on the corpora lutea of the recipients. However, embryos transferred to recipients in which oestrus had occurred 13 or 14 days previously had only a slight, or more frequently, no effect on the life-span of the corpus luteum. The factor responsible for the failure of these transfers was shown to lie in the recipient ewes and not in the transferred embryo. The findings indicate that the presence of the embryo in the uterus between the 12th and 13th day after oestrus is essential for the maintenance of the corpus luteum of pregnancy.
THE CARBOHYDRATE OF HUMAN SEMEN
Authors: MANN T. , ROTTENBERG D. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The carbohydrates of human semen are partly dialysable and ethanol-soluble, and partly non-dialysable and ethanol-insoluble. The dialysable and ethanol-soluble portion contains fructose as the principal free sugar, and, in addition, inositol, sorbitol, glucose, ribose, fucose, small amounts of certain other sugars and a polysaccharide which, on acid hydrolysis, yields mannose, fucose and amino sugar. The non-dialysable and ethanol-insoluble portion is even richer in polysaccharide material. It contains, in a bound form (g./100 ml. semen): 0·2 amino sugar, 0·1 sialic acid, and 0·4 orcinol-reactive carbohydrate material which on acid hydrolysis yields galactose, mannose, and fucose, but only a trace of glucose. On incubation of human semen at room temperature, a proteolytic breakdown of seminal proteins sets in, accompanied by a release of carbohydrate in an ethanol-soluble form. Glycogen occurs in human semen in traces only.
PARTIAL INACTIVATION OF A CRUSTACEAN CHROMACTIVATOR BY THIOGLYCOLLATE
Authors: CARLISLE D. B. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Thioglycollate (2-mercaptoethanoate) partially inactivates the melanophore-dispersing substance of the eyestalks of the shore crab Carcinus, reducing the activity by 97 % after incubation in vitro. It is without discernible action on erythrophore-concentrating hormones. Thioglycollate neither acts directly on chromatophores nor antagonizes the hormone at the receptor site.
EFFECTS OF PITUITARY HORMONES ON PROGESTATIONAL HORMONE PRODUCTION BY THE RABBIT OVARY IN VIVO AND IN VITRO
Authors: DORRINGTON J. H. , KILPATRICK R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Ovine luteinizing hormone (LH) increased the output of progestational steroids (20α-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one and progesterone) in rabbit ovarian venous blood. Similar increases were found with ovine follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and growth hormone, but much larger amounts were necessary. Ovine prolactin was without effect. The increased output was due to increased synthesis and not only to release of stored steroids.
Synthesis of these progestational steroids was stimulated by LH incubated with rabbit ovarian tissue. The stimulation produced by FSH was probably due to contamination by LH since the log dose-response lines for LH and FSH were parallel, and FSH was approximately 100 times less active than LH. Ovine prolactin had no stimulatory activity in concentrations up to 20 μg./ml.
The stimulatory action of LH was unrelated to the presence of corpora lutea. Separated corpora lutea showed only a slight response to LH, whereas the response of interstitial tissue was similar to that found with undissected ovaries. Hence LH caused progestational steroid synthesis by stimulating the ovarian interstitial tissue.
THE HUMAN MALE CYCLE OF URINARY OESTRONE AND 17-OXOSTEROIDS
Authors: EXLEY D. , CORKER C. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A study has been made of the amounts of oestrone excreted in the urine on alternate days and of the daily excretion of creatinine, 17-oxosteroids, and 17-hydroxycorticosteroids of one homosexual and four normal men. The results suggest an 8- to 10-day cycle of urinary oestrone and 17-oxosteroids excretion. Although the cyclical change is small it is statistically significant.
The cyclical activity is interpreted to be of testicular origin and suggests the possibility of a sexual cycle in the human male. Sexual cycles of male animals are discussed, and the human male cyclic period compared with that of the human menstrual cycle.
A similar rhythmic period of feedback between the gonads and the nervous system in males and females is suggested.
COMPARISON OF THE EARLY THYROIDAL IODIDE CLEARANCE WITH ESTIMATES OBTAINED AT LATER INTERVALS
Authors: KOUTRAS D. A. , SFONTOURIS J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The rate of thyroidal iodide clearance has been measured repeatedly during the periods 2–20 min., 20 min.-2 hr., 2–10 hr. and 10–24 hr after i.v. administration of 131I Early measurements (after 2–20 min.) gave higher values than the estimates obtained at later, more conventional, periods. Treatment with carbimazole produced a slight decrease in the clearance when measured between 2 and 20 min., a more pronounced decrease when measured between 20 min. and 2 hr., and a decrease to virtually zero after 2 hr. It is suggested that the 2–20 min. measurements may correspond to the theoretical 'unidirectional' clearance, whereas later measurements, and especially those obtained after 2 hr., may correspond to the theoretical 'net' clearance. The 'net' clearances, expressed as a percentage of the 'unidirectional' one, may probably be used as an index of the proportion of iodide which, after trapping, remains organically bound in the thyroid. In normal persons the mean 2–10 hr. clearance was 55·4 ± 3·09 (s.e.)% of the value obtained between 2 and 20 min., suggesting that normally only about 55 % of the iodide trapped remains in the thyroid. In thyrotoxicosis and simple goitre the clearance values were high in absolute terms, but when expressed as a percentage of the 2–20 min. values, results obtained during the periods 20 min.-2 hr. and 2–10 hr. did not differ significantly from normal. In a patient with Pendred's syndrome with defective organic binding of iodide, the 2–10 hr. clearance was 7·4% of the 2–20 min. value.
THE METABOLISM OF 3β,21-DIHYDROXYPREGN-5-EN-20-ONE AND 3β,17α,21-TRIHYDROXYPREGN-5-EN-20-ONE IN MAN
Authors: PASQUALINI J. R. , DUTTER F. , JAYLE M. F. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
After the oral administration of tritiated 3β,21-dihydroxypregn-5-en-20-one (21-hydroxypregnenolone) to a normal subject, 40% of the radioactivity was excreted during the first 24 hr. The disulphate fraction which contained mainly 21-hydroxypregnenolone 3,21-disulphate, accounted for 62 % of the total radioactivity. The monosulphate fraction accounted for 6·8% of the total radioactivity. In the glucosiduronic acid fraction (8·7%) 21-hydroxypregnenolone, tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone and allotetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone were detected.
After the simultaneous oral and intravenous administration of inert and tritiated 3β,17α,21-trihydroxypregn-5-en-20-one (17α,21-dihydroxypregnenolone) only 25·7% of the radioactivity was excreted in the first 24 hr. The monosulphate fraction, accounting for 64% of the total radioactivity, contained 3β,17α,20ξ,21-tetrahydroxypregn-5-en-20-one, dehydroepiandrosterone and 17α,21-dihydroxypregnenolone. In the glucosiduronic acid fraction (15%), 17β,21-dihydroxypregnenolone, tetrahydro-11-deoxycortisol, allotetrahydro-11-deoxycortisol, aetiocholanolone and androsterone were detected.
THE SEQUENCE, TIME, AND DURATION, OF THE RELEASE OF FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE AND LUTEINIZING HORMONE IN RELATION TO OESTRUS AND TO OVULATION IN THE SHEEP
Authors: ROBERTSON H. A. , RAKHA A. M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A difference in the timing of the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and of luteinizing hormone (LH) from the pituitary of the sheep at about the time of the ovulatory discharge is described.
The FSH content of the ovine pituitary began to decrease 8 hr. before the onset of oestrus, by which time 28 % of the FSH content of the pituitary had been discharged. The discharge of FSH continued at a steady rate until 6 hr. after the onset of oestrus to result in a further decrease of 24%.
No change in the LH content of the pituitary occurred during the 12 hr. before the onset of oestrus. The discharge of LH started at the onset of oestrus and was completed within 6 hr. by which time 52 % of the LH in the pituitary had been released.
The significance of these findings in relation to oestrus and to ovulation is discussed.
THE SERUM TYROSINE LEVEL AS AN INDEX OF THYROID FUNCTION
Authors: MALAMOS B. , MIRAS C. J. , KARLI-SAMOUILIDOU J. N. , KOUTRAS D. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Serum tyrosine was measured in 22 normal subjects, 17 patients with non-toxic goitre, ten patients with hypothyroidism, 37 patients with thyrotoxicosis and eight geriatric patients. Low values were obtained in hypothyroidism and high values in thyrotoxicosis. In thyrotoxicosis there was only a small overlap with the euthyroid subjects. Thus, measurements of serum tyrosine appear to be a useful test for the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism, not invalidated by previous iodine administration and not involving the use of radio-isotopes. Administration of vitamin C reduced the increased values of tyrosine in thyrotoxicosis to normal levels. It is suggested that a latent vitamin C deficiency may partly explain the increase in the serum tyrosine values in thyrotoxicosis.
INFLUENCE OF HORMONES ON LOBULO-ALVEOLAR DIFFERENTIATION OF MOUSE MAMMARY GLANDS IN VITRO
Authors: ICHINOSE RUBY R. , NANDI S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
(1) To induce mammary differentiation in vitro, BALB/cCrgl mice were given hormones before incubation of their mammary glands in defined medium containing steroid hormones (oestradiol, progesterone and aldosterone), anterior pituitary hormones (prolactin and growth hormone), and insulin. The sequence of lobule development in vitro obtained in this way was determined by cultivation of tissues for 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 days. Lobules appeared on the 3rd day of culture, although proliferation occurred throughout the 5-day period.
(2) In two other sets of experiments, mammary glands were exposed to various combinations of hormones in culture. Survival of cultured tissues required the presence of insulin, whereas differentiation required the presence of steroid hormones, anterior pituitary hormones, and insulin. Of the steroid hormones used, aldosterone alone fulfilled the minimum steroid hormone requirement for lobule formation in vitro.
METABOLIC EFFECTS OF OVINE GROWTH HORMONE IN SHEEP
Authors: WHEATLEY I. S. , WALLACE A. L. C. , BASSETT J. M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The administration of 5 mg. ovine growth hormone (GH) per day for 4 weeks to adult sheep resulted in the retention of 0·5 g. nitrogen/24 hr. This is less than that reported to occur in man and dog with a similar dose of GH. Both plasma volume and red blood cell volume increased by 20 % during treatment. A small decrease occurred in the amount of sodium excreted, but no change in potassium excretion could be demonstrated. The water intake of the treated group declined during GH injections.
Plasma glucose concentrations increased slightly during treatment but there was no alteration in the concentration of plasma free fatty acids or ketone bodies.
Body weight did not change measurably with GH treatment. Wool growth decreased during treatment but then increased and remained above control values for at least 20 weeks.