bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Falls Occurring While Exiting from an Eight-Seat Chairlift
Authors: Whelan Karyn M. , Coates Lucas 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The introduction of eight-seat chairlifts has raised the concern of increased risk of collision, falling, and possibly injury while unloading due to the greater number of passengers. This study aimed to investigate: if there was a difference in the fall rate between skiers and snowboarders; if seat position on an eight-seat chairlift affected whether passengers fell or not; and if the time of day or day of the weekend affected whether passengers fell or not. Video was used to record passengers’ equipment, seat position, and whether passengers fell or not. 1103 chairs were observed carrying 7293 passengers, of which 4551 (62 %) were skiers and 2742 (38 %) were snowboarders. 877 (12 %) passengers fell while unloading from the chairlift, with a significant difference between 133 skier falls (15 %) and 744 snowboarder falls (85 %) (p= 0.0005). Ski patrol was not required to attend any injuries. There was a significant relationship between seat position and whether passengers fell or not (p=0.02) with fewer falls than expected from seats 3, 4, and 5 and more falls than expected from seats 1, 2, 6, 7, and 8. There was a significant association between time of day/day of the weekend and whether passengers fell or not (p = 0.001) with more falls than expected during the Saturday morning and afternoon sessions, and less falls than expected during the Sunday midday session. Conclusions: The high fall rate, particularly of snowboarders, is of concern due to the potential for injury. Equipment, rather than seat position, had the greatest effect on whether passengers fell or not. The significant association between time of day/day of the weekend and whether passengers fell or not suggests that practice over a single weekend was associated with a significantly reduced risk of falling.
Matrix Metalloproteinase Levels in Children With Aggressive Periodontitis
Authors: Alfant Barnett , Shaddox Luciana M. , Tobler Jeffrey , Magnusson Ingvar , Aukhil Ikramuddin , Walker Clay 
Published: May 2008

Background: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of host‐derived proteinases reported to mediate multiple functions associated with periodontal destruction and inflammation. Most of the existing data have been gathered from adults with chronic periodontitis. The purpose of this study was to determine the MMP levels in a cohort of African American children with and without aggressive periodontitis.Methods: Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) was collected in a cohort of 44 African American children, 7 to 19 years of age, with and without aggressive periodontitis (AgP) and compared to healthy unrelated children and to adults with chronic periodontitis (CP). GCF volume was determined with a calibrated gingival fluid meter. The samples were assayed for MMP‐1, −2, −3, −8, −9, −12, and −13 using fluorimetric substrates.Results: The MMP levels from diseased sites in the subjects with AgP were statistically higher (P <0.05) in almost all instances than those associated with the unrelated controls or with the subjects with CP. MMP‐8 was significantly elevated in the diseased sites of the children with AgP relative to non‐diseased sites in the same children (P = 0.002), as well as the siblings, non‐diseased controls, and subjects with CP (P ≤0.0001). There was no positive correlation between probing depth and any MMP level.Conclusions: MMP levels were elevated in AgP sites relative to non‐diseased sites in the same subjects, in siblings, and in unrelated controls. MMPs associated with the AgP sites in children were generally elevated compared to an adult cohort with a history of CP.
Limited Occurrence of Denitrification in Four Shallow Aquifers in Agricultural Areas of the United States
Authors: Green Christopher T. , Puckett Larry J. , Böhlke John Karl , Bekins Barbara A. , Phillips Steven P. , Kauffman Leon J. , Denver Judith M. , Johnson Henry M. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe ability of natural attenuation to mitigate agricultural nitrate contamination in recharging aquifers was investigated in four important agricultural settings in the United States. The study used laboratory analyses, field measurements, and flow and transport modeling for monitoring well transects (0.5 to 2.5 km in length) in the San Joaquin watershed, California, the Elkhorn watershed, Nebraska, the Yakima watershed, Washington, and the Chester watershed, Maryland. Ground water analyses included major ion chemistry, dissolved gases, nitrogen and oxygen stable isotopes, and estimates of recharge date. Sediment analyses included potential electron donors and stable nitrogen and carbon isotopes. Within each site and among aquifer‐based medians, dissolved oxygen decreases with ground water age, and excess N2 from denitrification increases with age. Stable isotopes and excess N2 imply minimal denitrifying activity at the Maryland and Washington sites, partial denitrification at the California site, and total denitrification across portions of the Nebraska site. At all sites, recharging electron donor concentrations are not sufficient to account for the losses of dissolved oxygen and nitrate, implying that relict, solid phase electron donors drive redox reactions. Zero‐order rates of denitrification range from 0 to 0.14 μmol N L−1d−1, comparable to observations of other studies using the same methods. Many values reported in the literature are, however, orders of magnitude higher, which is attributed to a combination of method limitations and bias for selection of sites with rapid denitrification. In the shallow aquifers below these agricultural fields, denitrification is limited in extent and will require residence times of decades or longer to mitigate modern nitrate contamination.
Chemical and Toxicologic Assessment of Organic Contaminants in Surface Water Using Passive Samplers
Authors: Alvarez David A. , Cranor Walter L. , Perkins Stephanie D. , Clark Randal C. , Smith Steven B. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractPassive sampling methodologies were used to conduct a chemical and toxicologic assessment of organic contaminants in the surface waters of three geographically distinct agricultural watersheds. A selection of current‐use agrochemicals and persistent organic pollutants, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, and organochlorine pesticides, were targeted using the polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS) and the semipermeable membrane device passive samplers. In addition to the chemical analysis, the Microtox assay for acute toxicity and the yeast estrogen screen (YES) were conducted as potential assessment tools in combination with the passive samplers. During the spring of 2004, the passive samplers were deployed for 29 to 65 d at Leary Weber Ditch, IN; Morgan Creek, MD; and DR2 Drain, WA. Chemical analysis of the sampler extracts identified the agrochemicals predominantly used in those areas, including atrazine, simazine, acetochlor, and metolachlor. Other chemicals identified included deethylatrazine and deisopropylatrazine, trifluralin, fluoranthene, pyrene, cis‐ and trans‐nonachlor, and pentachloroanisole. Screening using Microtox resulted in no acutely toxic samples. POCIS samples screened by the YES assay failed to elicit a positive estrogenic response.
Trace Element Changes in Soil after Long‐Term Cattle Manure Applications
Authors: Benke Mônica B. , Indraratne Srimathie P. , Hao Xiying , Chang Chi , Goh Tee Boon 
Published: May 2008

AbstractManure application supplies plant nutrients, but also leads to trace element accumulation in soil. This study investigated total and EDTA‐extractable B, Cd, Co, Cu and Zn in soil after 25 annual manure applications. The residual effect of 14 annual manure applications followed by 11 yr with no applications was also investigated. Manure was applied at 0, 30, 60 and 90 Mg ha−1 yr−1 (wet weight) under rainfed (treatments Mr0, Mr30, Mr60, and Mr90) and at 0, 60, 120 and 180 Mg ha−1 yr−1 under irrigated conditions (Mi0, Mi60, Mi120, and Mi180). The manure applications had no significant effect on soil B, Cd and Co content under both rainfed and irrigated conditions, but significantly increased total Cu and Zn content under irrigated conditions with Zn in Mi120 and Mi180 reaching the lower maximum concentration (MAC) level set by the European Community. Manure application also significantly increased EDTA‐extractable Cd and Zn content in soil. Up to 27% of the total Cd (0.156 mg kg−1) and 21% of total Zn (38 mg kg−1) are found in EDTA‐extractable form (Mi180 at 0–15 cm). EDTA‐extractable Cd and Zn content was also significantly elevated in the irrigated residual plots due to the higher manure rates used. Thus, the impacts of cattle manure application on trace elements in soil are long lasting. Elevated Cd and Zn are a concern as other studies have linked them with certain types of cancers and human illnesses.
Free‐Air CO2 Enrichment of Sorghum: Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
Authors: Prior S. A. , Torbert H. A. , Runion G. B. , Rogers H. H. , Kimball B. A. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe positive impact of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration on crop biomass production suggests more carbon inputs to soil. Further study on the effect of elevated CO2 on soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics is key to understanding the potential for long‐term carbon storage in soil. Soil samples (0‐ to 5‐, 5‐ to 10‐, and 10‐ to 20‐cm depths) were collected after 2 yr of grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.] production under two atmospheric CO2 levels: (370 [ambient] and 550 μL L−1 [free‐air CO2 enrichment; FACE]) and two water treatments (ample water and limited water) on a Trix clay loam (fine, loamy, mixed [calcareous], hyperthermic Typic Torrifluvents) at Maricopa, AZ. In addition to assessing treatment effects on soil organic C and total N, potential C and N mineralization and C turnover were determined in a 60‐d laboratory incubation study. After 2 yr of FACE, soil C and N were significantly increased at all soil depths. Water regime had no effect on these measures. Increased total N in the soil was associated with reduced N mineralization under FACE. Results indicated that potential C turnover was reduced under water deficit conditions at the top soil depth. Carbon turnover was not affected under FACE, implying that the observed increase in soil C with elevated CO2 may be stable relative to ambient CO2 conditions. Results suggest that, over the short‐term, a small increase in soil C storage could occur under elevated atmospheric CO2 conditions in sorghum production systems with differing water regimes.
Atrazine Dissipation in s‐Triazine–Adapted and Nonadapted Soil from Colorado and Mississippi: Implications of Enhanced Degradation on Atrazine Fate and Transport Parameters
Authors: Krutz L. Jason , Shaner Dale L. , Accinelli Cesare , Zablotowicz Robert M. , Henry W. Brien 
Published: May 2008

AbstractSoil bacteria have developed novel metabolic abilities resulting in enhanced atrazine degradation. Consequently, there is a need to evaluate the effects of enhanced degradation on parameters used to model atrazine fate and transport. The objectives of this study were (i) to screen Colorado (CO) and Mississippi (MS) atrazine‐adapted and non‐adapted soil for genes that code for enzymes able to rapidly catabolize atrazine and (ii) to compare atrazine persistence, Q10, β, and metabolite profiles between adapted and non‐adapted soils. The atzABC and/or trzN genes were detected only in adapted soil. Atrazine's average half‐life in adapted soil was 10‐fold lower than that of the non‐adapted soil and 18‐fold lower than the USEPA estimate of 3 to 4 mo. Q10 was greater in adapted soil. No difference in β was observed between soils. The accumulation and persistence of mono‐N‐dealkylated metabolites was lower in adapted soil; conversely, under suboptimal moisture levels in CO adapted soil, hydroxyatrazine concentrations exceeded 30% of the parent compounds' initial mass. Results indicate that (i) enhanced atrazine degradation and atzABC and/or trzN genes are likely widespread across the Western and Southern corn‐growing regions of the USA; (ii) persistence of atrazine and its mono‐N‐dealkylated metabolites is significantly reduced in adapted soil; (iii) hydroxyatrazine can be a major degradation product in adapted soil; and (iv) fate, transport, and risk assessment models that assume historic atrazine degradation pathways and persistence estimates will likely overpredict the compounds' transport potential in adapted soil.
Infrared andRaman Microspectroscopic Studies of Individual Human Cells
Authors: Romeo Melissa J. , Boydston‐White Susie , Matthäus Christian , Miljković Miloš , Bird Benjamin , Chernenko Tatyana , Lasch Peter , Diem Max 
Published: May 2008

AbstractSpectral cytology, the diagnosis of disease based on objective physical measurements on individual cells and subsequent computer‐based algorithmic interpretation, promises to provide faster and more reliable results than classical cytology. The measurements described in this review are based on well‐established vibrational microspectroscopic techniques, which provide a snapshot of the biochemical composition of a cell, or parts thereof. The spectral data are subsequently diagnosed by unsupervised and supervised methods of multivariate analysis.More than any other recent attempts to improve on cytology, these spectral methods exhibit exquisite sensitivity toward small changes in cellular conditions. In fact, these cellular conditions, for example, fixation or proliferation state, have to be controlled very carefully to eliminate spurious effects. This chapter provides the ground work for later applications of this methodology in medical diagnostics. Furthermore, the application of novel research tools, such as confocal Raman microscopy, followed by cluster analysis of the hyperspectral data sets, and their relevance to research in cellular biology are described.
Infrared Spectroscopic Imaging Protocols for High‐throughput Histopathology
Authors: Bhargava Rohit , Levin Ira W. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractFourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopic imaging is rapidly emerging as a potentially attractive tool for histopathology. Results that are initially encouraging are being tested in larger settings and protocols for clinical translation are being developed. In this chapter, we highlight the key attributes of efforts to develop protocols for high‐throughput histology by large scale sampling, development of fast and robust algorithms and optimization of experimental parameters. Further, we discuss the importance of an integrative approach to the development of practical protocols using prostate histopathology as an example.
Resonance
R
aman Spectroscopy of Erythrocytes
Authors: Wood Bayden R. , McNaughton Don 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Resonance Raman spectroscopy is ideally suited to the analysis of erythrocytes due to the high symmetry and chromophoric structure of the central heme unit in hemoglobin. The strong Raman scattering and dynamical nature of the heme group provides a method to probe the expansion, contraction, doming, saddling, and ruffling of the porphyrin core, which is sensitive to changes in oxidation state, spin state, and coordination number of the central Fe atom. With the advent of ultrasensitive charge‐couped devices optimized to the visible and near‐IR region of the electromagnetic spectrum, it is possible to obtain high‐quality spectra of single functional red blood cells in physiological media with minimal heating and photo‐induced effects. In this article, we convey our central findings on applying resonance Raman spectroscopy to the analysis of erythrocytes. The article commences with an overview of the structure, function, and electronic properties of hemes followed by a brief introduction to resonance Raman theory, heme band assignments, instrumentation, and methodology for recording spectra single cells. This is followed by a discussion on a systematic spectroscopic and imaging investigation performed on erythrocytes under different environmental conditions including temperature, laser exposure, and ligand exchange using a variety of different excitation wavelengths. The article concludes with the applications of the Raman technique to malaria and sickle cell disease and details approaches to drug screening and diagnosis of these deadly diseases.
Neuro‐oncological Applications of Infrared and
R
aman Spectroscopy
Authors: Krafft Christoph , Salzer Reiner 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The contribution summarizes how infrared and Raman spectroscopy can contribute to a better diagnosis of the most frequent primary and secondary brain tumors. The methods are compared with other biophotonic techniques applied in neuro‐oncology. First results are presented for gliomas and brain metastases. Finally the methods are transferred to an animal model.
MAOA methylation is associated with nicotine and alcohol dependence in women
Authors: Philibert Robert A. , Gunter Tracy D. , Beach Steven R.H. , Brody Gene H. , Madan Anup 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIn recent years, the role of epigenetic phenomenon, such as methylation, in mediating vulnerability to behavioral illness has become increasingly appreciated. One prominent locus at which epigenetic phenomena are thought to be in play is the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) locus. In order to examine the role of methylation at this locus, we performed quantitative methylation analysis across the promoter region of this gene in lymphoblast lines derived from 191 subjects participating in the Iowa Adoption Studies (IAS). We analyzed the resulting data with respect to genotype and lifetime symptom counts for the more common major behavioral disorders in the IAS, antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), and substance use disorders (alcohol (AD) and nicotine dependence (ND)). We found that methylation status was significantly associated with lifetime symptom counts for ND (P < 0.001) and AD (P < 0.008) in women, but not men. Furthermore, a trend was found for women homozygous for the 3,3 allele to have a higher degree of overall methylation than women homozygous for the 4,4 allele (P < 0.10). We conclude that methylation of MAOA may play a significant role in common psychiatric illness and that further examination of epigenetic processes at this locus is in order. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dynamic mechanical properties of acrylic rubber blended with phenolic resin
Authors: Wu Caiyun , Wei Chunyan , Guo Weihong , Wu Chifei 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe dynamic mechanical properties of blends of phenolic resin (PF) and acrylic rubber (ACM) were investigated. PF had good compatibility with ACM and played an important role in the damping of the ACM/PF blends. With the increase of PF content and molecular weight, the peak of loss factor (tan δ) of blends shifted to a higher temperature and became much wider, indicating the convenience to adjust the value of tan δ peak and the temperature range. Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy detected that the intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the PF hydroxyl groups and the ACM carbonyl groups had made a great contribution to the improvement of damping. Compared with the organic small molecule used in our previous study, PF gifted the blends with equivalent damping performance and much better stability and a lower cost for the application of damping materials. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Preparation and characterization of the mesoporous SiO2–TiO2/epoxy resin hybrid materials
Authors: Lu Shaorong , Chun Wei , Yu Jinhong , Yang Xiaowang 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIn this work, epoxy/tatania/silica ternary hybrid materials with covalent bonding interaction between polymer and inorganic phases have been prepared using titania/silica mesoporous particles, which were prepared by the sol–gel process from tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and titanium tetra‐butyltitanate (TBT) as precursors. The obtained hybrid particles were characterized by Nitrogen physisorption, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), etc. From the experimental results, the glass transition temperature (Tg) increases and the modulus of the modified systems decreases by adding mesoporous SiO2–TiO2 particles to epoxy matrix, the impact strength and tensile strength of the hybrid materials increase by 53.5% and 14% when the SiO2–TiO2 content is up to 3 wt %. The morphological, structure of the impact fracture surface and the surface of the hybrid were observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), respectively. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Polyurethane modified with 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane as wool antifelting agent
Authors: Yi Hu , Yan Ke‐Lu 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA wool antifelting agent containing polyurethane modified with 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) was synthesized. Firstly an isocyanate (NCO) group ended prepolymer was gained by a hydrogen shift reaction between isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) and poly (propylene oxide triol) (PPT), and then NCO‐group of the prepolymer was blocked by 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane to form a precursor PPT‐[Si(OEt)3]3. After that a sol of the precursor was prepared for an antifelting agent. During heating the sol gelled and formed inorganic–organic hybrid film that was characterized by using FTIR and TGA. And then the wool fabric samples were treated with sol by pad‐dry‐cure process at different curing temperature (120, 140, and 160°C). The antifelting effects of different curing temperatures were compared. The results indicated that the new agent could endow a better antifelting effect with the low curing temperature at 120°C and 3 min. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Cure‐induced phase separation of epoxy/DDS/PEK‐C composites and its temperature dependency
Authors: Zhang Xiu‐Juan , Yi Xiao‐Su , Xu Yuan‐Ze 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe cure‐induced phase separation approach for thermoplastic toughened thermosets of epoxy/DDS (4,4′‐diaminodiphenyl sulfone)/PEK‐C (modified polyetherketone) is studied by in situ rheology, real‐time TOM (transmission optical microscope) in wide time–temperature space. Rheology studies show that there are two critical gel transformations corresponding to the loose entangled thermoplastic network at the threshold of phase separation and the percolated denser thermosetting network at chemical gelation point, respectively, within broad cure temperature range. The phase separation time may vary by using rheological or morphological methods, but its temperature dependencies can be well described by Arrhenius equation with similar phase separation activation energy Ea(ps). It is found in the present systems that Ea(ps) keeps unchanged with varying PEK‐C content and different epoxy monomers, while changes along the stoichiometric ratio of hardener, which presumably affects the chemical environment of the blends. The quantitative description of time/temperature dependence of phase separation is of practical importance for the design of cure paths in processing and optimizing the properties of TP/TS composites. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008