bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Feeding Levels on Growth Response, Body Composition, and Energy Expenditure in Blackspot Seabream, Pagellus bogaraveo, Juveniles
Authors: De Almeida Ozório Rodrigo Otávio , Andrade Carlos , Freitas Andrade Timóteo Viriato Manuel , Castanheira da Conceição Luís Eugénio , Pinheiro Valente Luisa Maria 
Published: January 2009

Abstract Although reported as a slow growing species, to date information regarding nutritional dynamics of blackspot seabream, Pagellus bogaraveo, is limited, especially during ongrowing phase. This study determined the effects of different feeding levels on growth response, body composition, and energy expenditure of blackspot seabream juveniles (initial weight = 64 g). Fish were allocated in nine indoor tanks (15 fish per tank) and fed a basal diet twice daily at increasing levels (2.5, 3.3, and 4.1 g feed/kg0.8/d) for 138 d. Growth response decreased with decreasing feeding levels, but only at 2.5 g feed/kg0.8/d (P < 0.001). Differences in growth rates were positively correlated with body lipid content (r2 = 0.90). Net protein utilization decreased with each increase in feeding level. The energy requirement for zero growth (maintenance) and the estimated energy loss on starvation were calculated as 22.6 and 17.9 kJ/kg0.8/d, respectively. The energy cost for protein and lipid gain was calculated as 3.8 and 1.4 kJ/kJ energy deposited, respectively. This study suggested that blackspot seabream may grow slower than the other close‐related species because of its higher demand of dietary protein energy in favor of lipid deposition.
Effects of Carbohydrate‐Rich Alternative Feedstuffs on Growth, Survival, Body Composition, Hematology, and Nonspecific Immune Response of Black Pacu, Colossoma macropomum, and Red Pacu, Piaractus brachypomus
Authors: Lochmann Rebecca , Chen Ruguang , Chu‐Koo Fred W. , Camargo William N. , Kohler Christopher C. , Kasper Craig 
Published: January 2009

Abstract To facilitate economical culture of black pacu, Colossoma macropomum, and red pacu, Piaractus brachypomus, in the Amazon region of South America, we assessed locally available alternative energy sources for practical diets. We tested the effects of control diets (containing wheat products) versus diets with different Amazonian feedstuffs (yucca, Manihot sculenta, plantain, Musa paradisiaca, or pijuayo, Bactris gasipaes) on the performance of the pacus in three feeding trials. Black pacu (22.5 ± 0.03 g; Trial 1) or red pacu (2.56 ± 0.01 g; Trial 2) were fed diets containing 30% wheat bran (control) or cooked or uncooked yucca, plantain, or pijuayo for 12 wk. In Trial 3, larger black pacu (86.9 ± 6.4 g) were grown to market size in 24 wk on similar diets. Weight gain, feed conversion, survival, alternative complement activity, and lysozyme were similar among diets. Hepatosomatic index, liver glycogen, and dry matter were affected by diet in Trials 1 and 2, but effects were not consistent among trials. In Trial 3, protein efficiency ratio was lower in fish fed the diet containing wheat middlings. However, relative to wheat bran or wheat middlings, all feedstuffs tested were effective energy sources for juvenile black pacu and red pacu.
The Value of a Net‐Cage as a Fish Aggregating Device in Southern California
Authors: Oakes Christopher T. , Pondella Daniel J. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract There is an urgent need for primary data that can be used to quantify the value of marine aquaculture facilities that also describe influences on the surrounding natural ecosystem and its wild fish communities. Divers completed 360 transect replicates below a net‐cage and at nearby and distant rocky reefs off Catalina Island, California, estimating the species abundance and size class of all conspicuous fishes in the water column. We observed 10,234 fishes aggregating below the net‐cage with a mean annual density of 142 (SE ± 30) per 100 m2 and diversity H′ 2.29. At the adjacent reference reef, we counted 8452 fishes with a mean annual density of 117 (SE ± 20) and H′ 1.45 and at Reference Reef 2, located 500 m away, there were 8958 fishes with a density of 124 (SE ± 20) and H′ 1.13. The total density of fishes was the same between the study sites (ANOVA; P = 0.24); however, the spatial density of fishes in the water column was different between the net‐cage and reference reefs. Additionally, the density of juvenile fish was significantly lower at the net‐cage (ANOVA; P = 0.02), while the density of subadult and adult fishes was higher (ANOVA; P = 0.03). Feeding guild analysis ranked the net‐cage highest (3507), while Reference Reef 1 (2149), and Reference Reef 2 (2241), had lower values, a relationship often found between artificial and natural reefs. This suggests the importance of available trophic resources to the adult population of wild fishes, and has implications in the artificial reef attraction–production debate. The results of this study not only reproduce a pattern of fish attraction to net‐cages in the marine environment reported in previous studies but also demonstrate a relative habitat value compared in both time and space, of the fish community at a net‐cage compared with vibrant kelp bed communities.
Evaluation of Digestible Energy and Protein for Growth and Nitrogen Retention in Juvenile Florida Pompano, Trachinotus carolinus
Authors: Riche Marty 
Published: January 2009

Abstract Juvenile Florida pompano (6.3 ± 0.50 g) were fed 1 of 12 diets formulated with an array of crude protein (340, 380, 420, 480, or 500 g/kg diet) and crude lipid (60, 100, 120, 160, or 180 g/kg diet) levels and estimated digestible protein to digestible energy (DP/DE) of 18.9–26.8 mg/kJ. In a second trial, apparent protein and energy digestibilities were empirically determined and coefficients used to calculate actual digestibilities. Digestible energy (DE) intake was 4.2–13.0 kJ/fish/d, and digestible protein (DP) intake was 0.13–0.32 g/fish/d. Average daily gain increased as a function of both DP and energy. Growth increased with increasing DP in all diets containing 24.0 mg/kJ DP/DE or greater until a plateau at 366 g DP/kg. Nitrogen gain was also a function of both DP and DE. Increasing energy at constant protein improved protein utilization. DP to maximize growth and nitrogen gain was between 356 and 366 g/kg. DE to attain maximum growth in juvenile Florida pompano is at least 15.4 MJ/kg with a DP/DE between 23.8 and 25.1 mg/kJ.
Effects of Dietary Administration of Probiotic Halomonas sp. B12 on the Intestinal Microflora, Immunological Parameters, and Midgut Histological Structure of Shrimp, Fenneropenaeus chinensis
Authors: Zhang Ling , Mai Kangsen , Tan Beiping , Ai Qinghui , Qi Chengzhen , Xu Wei , Zhang Wenbing , Liufu Zhiguo , Wang Xiaojie , Ma Hongming 
Published: January 2009

Abstract The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of oral administration of probiotic Halomonas sp. B12 (previously isolated from the intestine of Fenneropenaeus chinensis) on the intestinal microflora, immunological parameters, and midgut histological structure of F. chinensis. Shrimp (initial weight: 4.00 ± 0.10 g) were fed diets containing Halomonas sp. B12 at 0 (control), 3.68 × 107 (T1), and 7.18 × 1010 (T2) colony‐forming units per gram for 6 wk, respectively. The results showed that the total bacterial counts significantly increased (P < 0.05) with supplementation of dietary probiotic B12. However, Vibrio spp. counts significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in the intestine of shrimp with increasing dietary probiotic B12. Hemocyte counts in the shrimp fed the diets supplemented with probiotic B12 were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the control group. Both phenoloxidase (PO) activity in plasma and hemocyte lysate supernatant were higher in the shrimp fed diets supplemented with probiotic B12 compared with the control group. No significant difference was found in PO activity in plasma between the T1 and the control (P > 0.05). PO activity in plasma was higher in T2 than that in T1. Cumulative shrimp mortality after 10‐d white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) challenge test significantly decreased with increasing dietary probiotic B12 (P < 0.05). No significant difference was found between T1 and control in cumulative shrimp mortality after challenge test (P > 0.05). The oral administration of probiotic B12 to F. chinensis was beneficial to protect the integrity of shrimp intestinal mucosal layer. In summary, even though the low dose (T1) had some effects on bacterial counts and immunological parameters, only the high dose (T2) significantly increased the resistance of the shrimp to WSSV.
Long‐term Effects of Passive Integrated Transponder Tagging on the Growth of Olive Flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus
Authors: Lee Jinhwan , Park In‐Seok , Cho Sung Hwoan 
Published: January 2009

Abstract.—The effects of passive integrated transponder (PIT) tagging on the growth and survival of olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus (initial average mass ± SD: 502 g ± 14.3), were examined for 8 mo. Tag readability in relation to implant position (eyed‐side muscle, blind‐side muscle, and peritoneal cavity) was also documented. The overall weight gain of fish tagged in the eyed‐side muscle (444 g) was significantly less than control and tagged fish in the blind‐side muscle and peritoneal cavity, which showed 470–488 g of weight gain (KW, P < 0.001, N= 78, df = 3). Specific growth rates (%/d) did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) among control, blind‐side muscle, and peritoneal cavity groups. No significant (P > 0.05) difference in survival rate was found between treatment and control. The readability of PIT tags in all implanted positions was 100%. The average time spent tagging at each position was less than 30 sec. These results show that PIT tagging of olive flounder weighing approximately 500 g in the blind‐side muscle and peritoneal cavity is feasible and reliable with fewer negative effects on growth than observed on the eyed‐side muscle site trial.
An Invariant Surface Patch on the TRIM5α PRYSPRY Domain Is Required for Retroviral Restriction but Dispensable for Capsid Binding
Authors: Sebastian Sarah , Grütter Christian , de Castillia Caterina Strambio , Pertel Thomas , Olivari Silvia , Grütter Markus G. , Luban Jeremy 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACT
TRIM5α is a retrovirus restriction factor in the host cell cytoplasm that blocks infection before provirus establishment. Restriction activity requires capsid (CA)-specific recognition by the PRYSPRY domain of TRIM5α. To better understand the restriction mechanism, nine charge-cluster-to-triple-alanine mutants in the TRIM5α PRYSPRY domain were assessed for CA-specific restriction activity. Five mutants distributed along the TRIM5α PRYSPRY primary sequence disrupted restriction activity against N-tropic murine leukemia virus and equine infectious anemia virus. Modeling of the TRIM5α PRYSPRY domain based on the crystal structures of PRYSPRY-19q13.4.1, GUSTAVUS, and TRIM21 identified a surface patch where disruptive mutants clustered. All mutants in this patch retained CA-binding activity, a reticular distribution in the cytoplasm, and steady-state protein levels comparable to those of the wild type. Residues in the essential patch are conserved in TRIM5α orthologues and in closely related paralogues. The same surface patch in the TRIM18 and TRIM20 PRYSPRY domains is the site of mutants causing Opitz syndrome and familial Mediterranean fever. These results indicate that, in addition to CA-specific binding, the PRYSPRY domain possesses a second function, possibly binding of a cofactor, that is essential for retroviral restriction activity by TRIM5α.
Macrophages in Vaginal but Not Intestinal Mucosa Are Monocyte-Like and Permissive to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection
Authors: Shen Ruizhong , Richter Holly E. , Clements Ronald H. , Novak Lea , Huff Kayci , Bimczok Diane , Sankaran-Walters Sumathi , Dandekar Satya , Clapham Paul R. , Smythies Lesley E. , Smith Phillip D. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTMucosal surfaces play a major role in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmission and pathogenesis, and yet the role of lamina propria macrophages in mucosal HIV-1 infection has received little investigative attention. We report here that vaginal and intestinal macrophages display distinct phenotype and HIV-1 permissiveness profiles. Vaginal macrophages expressed the innate response receptors CD14, CD89, CD16, CD32, and CD64 and the HIV-1 receptor/coreceptors CD4, CCR5, and CXCR4, similar to monocytes. Consistent with this phenotype, green fluorescent protein-tagged R5 HIV-1 entered macrophages in explanted vaginal mucosa as early as 30 min after inoculation of virus onto the epithelium, and purified vaginal macrophages supported substantial levels of HIV-1 replication by a panel of highly macrophage-tropic R5 viruses. In sharp contrast, intestinal macrophages expressed no detectable, or very low levels of, innate response receptors and HIV-1 receptor/coreceptors and did not support HIV-1 replication, although virus occasionally entered macrophages in intestinal tissue explants. Thus, vaginal, but not intestinal, macrophages are monocyte-like and permissive to R5 HIV-1 after the virus has translocated across the epithelium. These findings suggest that genital and gut macrophages have different roles in mucosal HIV-1 pathogenesis and that vaginal macrophages play a previously underappreciated but potentially important role in mucosal HIV-1 infection in the female genital tract.
Blocking Interhost Transmission of Influenza Virus by Vaccination in the Guinea Pig Model
Authors: Lowen Anice C. , Steel John , Mubareka Samira , Carnero Elena , García-Sastre Adolfo , Palese Peter 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACT
Interventions aimed at preventing viral spread have the potential to effectively control influenza virus in all age groups, thereby reducing the burden of influenza illness. For this reason, we have examined the efficacy of vaccination in blocking the transmission of influenza viruses between guinea pigs. Three modes of immunization were compared: (i) natural infection; (ii) intramuscular administration of whole, inactivated influenza virus in 2 doses; and (iii) intranasal inoculation with live attenuated influenza virus in 2 doses. The ability of each immunization method to block the spread of a homologous (A/Panama/2007/99) H3N2 subtype and a heterologous (A/Wisconsin/67/05) H3N2 subtype influenza virus was tested. We found that previous infection through a natural route provided sterilizing immunity against both homologous and heterologous challenges; thus, no transmission to or from previously infected animals was observed. Vaccination with an inactivated influenza virus vaccine, in contrast, did not prevent guinea pigs from becoming infected upon challenge with either virus. Thus, both intranasal inoculation and exposure to an acutely infected guinea pig led to the infection of vaccinated animals. Vaccination with inactivated virus did, however, reduce viral load upon challenge and decrease the number of secondary transmission events from vaccinated animals to naïve cage mates. Vaccination with a live attenuated virus was found to be more efficacious than vaccination with inactivated virus, resulting in sterilizing immunity against homologous challenge and full protection against the transmission of the homologous and heterologous viruses to naïve contacts. In conclusion, we have shown that the guinea pig model can be used to test influenza virus vaccines and that the efficiency of transmission is a valuable readout when vaccine efficacy is evaluated.
Biochemical, Biophysical, and Mutational Analyses of Subunit Interactions of the Human Cytomegalovirus Nuclear Egress Complex
Authors: Sam My D. , Evans Brady T. , Coen Donald M. , Hogle James M. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACT
Nuclear egress, the trafficking of herpesvirus nucleocapsids from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, involves two conserved viral proteins that form a complex at the nuclear envelope, referred to as the nuclear egress complex. In human cytomegalovirus, these two proteins are called UL50 and UL53. To study UL50 and UL53 in molecular detail, these proteins were expressed in bacteria and purified. To obtain highly expressed, pure proteins, it was necessary to truncate both constructs based on sequence conservation and predicted secondary structural elements. Size exclusion chromatography and analytical ultracentrifugation studies indicated that the truncated form of UL50 is a monomer in solution, that the truncated form of UL53 is a homodimer, and that, when mixed, the two proteins form a heterodimer. To identify residues of UL53 crucial for homodimerization and for heterodimerization with UL50, we constructed and expressed mutant forms of UL53 containing alanine substitutions in a predicted helix. Isothermal titration calorimetry was used to measure the binding affinities of the UL53 mutants to UL50. UL53 residues, the replacement of which reduced binding to UL50, form a surface on one face of the predicted helix. Moreover, most of the substitutions that reduce UL53-UL50 interactions also reduced homodimerization. Substitutions that reduced the interaction between UL50 and UL53 in vitro also reduced colocalization of full-length UL50 and UL53 at the nuclear rim in transfected cells. These results demonstrate direct protein-protein interactions between these proteins that are likely to be mediated by a helix, and they have implications for understanding nuclear egress and for drug discovery.
Violence as Sign in the Fourth Gospel
Authors: Glancy Jennifer 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe Gospel of John twins the history of Jesus' body with the history of the temple. On John's telling, intersections of those two violent histories are multiple. In the fourth Gospel, the violence directed against Jesus' body that unfolds in the passion narrative is catalyzed (on a narrative level) by Jesus' own physically enacted violence at the temple site. Jesus' action at the temple, his use of a whip to drive out his fellow Jews, is a form of symbolic communication. Jesus' appearance in the temple, whip in hand, functions as a violent epiphany, a moment of self-revelation akin to his self-revelation at Cana. Recognition of the temple incident as sign forces us to consider what, precisely, Jesus reveals about himself when he picks up a whip to clear men and goods from the space he calls his Father's house. As Roger Friedland and Richard D. Hecht argue, "Violence is a form of communication…. Symbolic violence, profanation, is used by members of one community… in order to mobilize their own communities, to make their definition of reality the dominant one…. By profaning the other's sacred place you make the other profane, an alien with no claim to possession of that space." By encoding violence as sign the Gospel of John not only records the history of violence but becomes an episode in that history.
Christian Martyrdom and the "Dialect of the Holy Scriptures": The Literal, the Allegorical, the Martyrological
Authors: Mitchell Margaret 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis paper seeks to test a venerable scholarly and popular commonplace: that the ideology of religious martyrdom is based upon and further reflects a literal or even hyper-literal interpretation of Scriptures. Through two test-cases from late antique Christian writings, Tertullian's scorpiace and Origen's exhortatio ad martyrium, I seek to demonstrate the inadequacy of the literal/allegorical dichotomy to comprise and comprehend the complex, ingenious ways in which "the dialect of the holy Scriptures" (Origen's phrase) is claimed to speak in one unambiguous voice that instructs the Christian to accept martyrdom under persecution through confession. Self- and other-characterizations using the labels of "literal" and "allegorical" readings abound in these writings, but are not confined to one side or another. Via such "fighting words," the lexicon of hermeneutical claims of fidelity to or apostasy from the Scriptures is pressed into service by authors who, like Tertullian in Carthage and Origen in Caesarea, craft careful apologetic and protreptic arguments to support the claim that for Christians "it is better to prefer a religious death to an irreligious life."
kěpîr ' ărāyôt in Judges 14:5
Authors: Strawn Brent 
Published: January 2009

AbstractData culled from the Hebrew Bible (e.g., Ezek 19:19-9) and, especially, zoology casts light on the odd construct phrase in Judg 14:5, kěpîr ' ărāyôt. The phrase, which may even be a compound word, is best understood as designating a nomadic subadult lion. This makes good sense of a number of details in the narrative, including the lion's location in the vineyards of Timnah and its agressive behavior. It also underscores still further the astonishing nature of Samson's victory over precisely this kind of lion.
Who Is Speaking in Jeremiah 4:19-22? The Contribution of Unit Delimitation to an Old Problem
Authors: Korpel Marjo 
Published: January 2009

AbstractStudy of the unit delimitation in a number of ancient manuscripts lends extra support to the view that the speaker of the lament in Jer 4:19-21 is Lady Zion and that Jer 4:22 is a later addition.
Ezekiel LXX and Exodus Comparisons
Authors: Olley John 
Published: January 2009

AbstractEzek. 9:1-12 and 20:26 LXX provide much more explicit association with the exodus than is seen in MT. The translation reflects the late Seleucid period, with oppressive and syncretistic leaders, an interpretation reinforced by the unexpected Aβανα in 20:29.
The Inscriptions Written on Plaster at Kuntillet 'Ajrud
Authors:   Mastin
Published: January 2009

AbstractAlthough conclusions must to some extent remain provisional, enough is known about the inscriptions from Kuntillet 'Ajrud which were written on plaster for an estimate of their significance to be made. If the portion of text which can be studied on a photograph is typical, the script includes both Hebrew and Phoenician letters and indicates a link with north Palestine or with an area with which the Phoenicians traded. Meshel's opinion that the language of these inscriptions is Hebrew is justified. The way in which one text speaks of El, or God, is not in accordance with what is known about Phoenician practice, but is consistent with the usage of the Old Testament. Thus in this text El and Baal are not Phoenician gods. It is likely that information about the men who were in charge of this site can be deduced from these texts: they were from north Palestine.
Another Look at the Oracles about the Nations in the Hebrew Bible. A Response to A. C. Hagedorn
Authors: Geyer John 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA. C. Hagedorn has suggested that the oracles about the nations in the Hebrew Bible are similar to the Greek manteia. He regards both as primarily political. The context of both is war. In the Greek world there is a close attachment of the person of the prophet/seer to his oracular speech. These speeches may be unsolicited and the prophet may be regarded as mad. This article suggests that the comparison is not valid for a number of reasons, and in particular because the Greek oracles were uttered by individuals on particular occasions whereas the Hebrew oracles are part of a structured whole, liturgical in nature and rooted in the cult.