bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Textured Liquids based on the Marker Level Set
Authors: Mihalef V. , Metaxas D. , Sussman M. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract In this work we propose a new Eulerian method for handling the dynamics of a liquid and its surface attributes (for example its color). Our approach is based on a new method for interface advection that we term the Marker Level Set (MLS). The MLS method uses surface markers and a level set for tracking the surface of the liquid, yielding more efficient and accurate results than popular methods like the Particle Level Set method (PLS). Another novelty is that the surface markers allow the MLS to handle non‐diffusively surface texture advection, a rare capability in the realm of Eulerian simulation of liquids. We present several simulations of the dynamical evolution of liquids and their surface textures.
Online Motion Capture Marker Labeling for Multiple Interacting Articulated Targets
Authors: Yu Qian , Li Qing , Deng Zhigang 
Published: October 2007

Abstract In this paper, we propose an online motion capture marker labeling approach for multiple interacting articulated targets. Given hundreds of unlabeled motion capture markers from multiple articulated targets that are interacting each other, our approach automatically labels these markers frame by frame, by fitting rigid bodies and exploiting trained structure and motion models. Advantages of our approach include: 1) our method is an online algorithm, which requires no user interaction once the algorithm starts. 2) Our method is more robust than traditional the closest point‐based approaches by automatically imposing the structure and motion models. 3) Due to the use of the structure model which encodes the rigidity of each articulated body of captured targets, our method can recover missing markers robustly. Our approach is efficient and particularly suited for online computer animation and video game applications.
Precomputed Radiance Transfer Field for Rendering Interreflections in Dynamic Scenes
Authors: Pan Minghao , Wang Xinguo Liu Rui , Peng Qunsheng , Bao Hujun 
Published: October 2007

Abstract In this paper, we introduce a new representation – radiance transfer fields (RTF) – for rendering interreflections in dynamic scenes under low frequency illumination. The RTF describes the radiance transferred by an individual object to its surrounding space as a function of the incident radiance. An important property of RTF is its independence of the scene configuration, enabling interreflection computation in dynamic scenes. Secondly, RTFs naturally fit in with the rendering framework of precomputed shadow fields, incurring negligible cost to add interreflection effects. In addition, RTFs can be used to compute interreflections for both diffuse and glossy objects. We also show that RTF data can be highly compressed by clustered principal component analysis (CPCA), which not only reduces the memory cost but also accelerates rendering. Finally, we present some experimental results demonstrating our techniques.
Global Illumination using Photon Ray Splatting
Authors: Herzog Robert , Havran Vlastimil , Kinuwaki Shinichi , Myszkowski Karol , Seidel Hans‐Peter 
Published: October 2007

Abstract We present a novel framework for efficiently computing the indirect illumination in diffuse and moderately glossy scenes using density estimation techniques. Many existing global illumination approaches either quickly compute an overly approximate solution or perform an orders of magnitude slower computation to obtain high‐quality results for the indirect illumination. The proposed method improves photon density estimation and leads to significantly better visual quality in particular for complex geometry, while only slightly increasing the computation time. We perform direct splatting of photon rays, which allows us to use simpler search data structures. Since our density estimation is carried out in ray space rather than on surfaces, as in the commonly used photon mapping algorithm, the results are more robust against geometrically incurred sources of bias. This holds also in combination with final gathering where photon mapping often overestimates the illumination near concave geometric features. In addition, we show that our photon splatting technique can be extended to handle moderately glossy surfaces and can be combined with traditional irradiance caching for sparse sampling and filtering in image space.
Bitmask Soft Shadows
Authors: Schwarz Michael , Stamminger Marc 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Recently, several real‐time soft shadow algorithms have been introduced which all compute a single shadow map and use its texels to obtain a discrete scene representation. The resulting micropatches are backprojected onto the light source and the light areas occluded by them get accumulated to estimate overall light occlusion. This approach ignores patch overlaps, however, which can lead to objectionable artifacts. In this paper, we propose to determine the visibility of the light source with a bit field where each bit tracks the visibility of a sample point on the light source. This approach not only avoids overlapping‐related artifacts but offers a solution to the important occluder fusion problem. Hence, it also becomes possible to correctly incorporate information from multiple depth maps. In addition, a new interpretation of the shadow map data is suggested which often provides superior visual results. Finally, we show how the search area for potential occluders can be reduced substantially.
Omni‐directional Relief Impostors
Authors: Andújar C. , Boo J. , Brunet P. , Fairén M. , Navazo I. , Vázquez P. , Vinacua À. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Relief impostors have been proposed as a compact and high‐quality representation for high‐frequency detail in 3D models. In this paper we propose an algorithm to represent a complex object through the combination of a reduced set of relief maps. These relief maps can be rendered with very few artifacts and no apparent deformation from any view direction. We present an efficient algorithm to optimize the set of viewing planes supporting the relief maps, and an image‐space metric to select a sufficient subset of relief maps for each view direction. Selected maps (typically three) are rendered based on the well‐known ray‐height‐field intersection algorithm implemented on the GPU. We discuss several strategies to merge overlapping relief maps while minimizing sampling artifacts and to reduce extra texture requirements. We show that our representation can maintain the geometry and the silhouette of a large class of complex shapes with no limit in the viewing direction. Since the rendering cost is output sensitive, our representation can be used to build a hierarchical model of a 3D scene.
3D Video Billboard Clouds
Authors: Waschbüsch Michael , Würmlin Stephan , Gross Markus 
Published: October 2007

Abstract 3D video billboard clouds reconstruct and represent a dynamic three‐dimensional scene using displacement‐mapped billboards. They consist of geometric proxy planes augmented with detailed displacement maps and combine the generality of geometry‐based 3D video with the regularization properties of image‐based 3D video. 3D video billboards are an image‐based representation placed in the disparity space of the acquisition cameras and thus provide a regular sampling of the scene with a uniform error model. We propose a general geometry filtering framework which generates time‐coherent models and removes reconstruction and quantization noise as well as calibration errors. This replaces the complex and time‐consuming sub‐pixel matching process in stereo reconstruction with a bilateral filter. Rendering is performed using a GPU‐accelerated algorithm which generates consistent view‐dependent geometry and textures for each individual frame. In addition, we present a semi‐automatic approach for modeling dynamic three‐dimensional scenes with a set of multiple 3D video billboards clouds.
Interactive Simulation of the Human Eye Depth of Field and Its Correction by Spectacle Lenses
Authors: Kakimoto Masanori , Tatsukawa Tomoaki , Mukai Yukiteru , Nishita Tomoyuki 
Published: October 2007

Abstract This paper describes a fast rendering algorithm for verification of spectacle lens design. Our method simulates refraction corrections of astigmatism as well as myopia or presbyopia. Refraction and defocus are the main issues in the simulation. For refraction, our proposed method uses per‐vertex basis ray tracing which warps the environment map and produces a real‐time refracted image which is subjectively as good as ray tracing. Conventional defocus simulation was previously done by distribution ray tracing and a real‐time solution was impossible. We introduce the concept of a blur field, which we use to displace every vertex according to its position. The blurring information is precomputed as a set of field values distributed to voxels which are formed by evenly subdividing the perspective projected space. The field values can be determined by tracing a wavefront from each voxel through the lens and the eye, and by evaluating the spread of light at the retina considering the best human accommodation effort. The blur field is stored as texture data and referred to by the vertex shader that displaces each vertex. With an interactive frame rate, blending the multiple rendering results produces a blurred image comparable to distribution ray tracing output.
Pedestrian Reactive Navigation for Crowd Simulation: a Predictive Approach
Authors: Paris Sébastien , Pettré Julien , Donikian Stéphane 
Published: October 2007

Abstract This paper addresses the problem of virtual pedestrian autonomous navigation for crowd simulation. It describes a method for solving interactions between pedestrians and avoiding inter‐collisions. Our approach is agent‐based and predictive: each agent perceives surrounding agents and extrapolates their trajectory in order to react to potential collisions. We aim at obtaining realistic results, thus the proposed model is calibrated from experimental motion capture data. Our method is shown to be valid and solves major drawbacks compared to previous approaches such as oscillations due to a lack of anticipation. We first describe the mathematical representation used in our model, we then detail its implementation, and finally, its calibration and validation from real data.
Leon Trotsky in New York City
Authors: Thatcher Ian D. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The last three months of Leon Trotsky's emigration from tsarist Russia were spent in New York. However, apart from reference to the views he held on events in his homeland, biographers have thus far ignored other aspects of his literary activities of that time. Basing itself upon the Russian émigré journals produced in New York, this article reports the full range of Trotsky's journalism of January to March 1917. It shows, for example, how Trotsky entered the fray of American socialist politics with categories he had developed during the previous three years in Europe, and how he attempted to encourage others to keep America out of the war.
Neville vs. Percy: a Precedence Dispute circa 1442
Authors: Warner M. W. , Lacey Kay 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Recent historical research has emphasized the rôle played by local aristocratic feuds in the outbreak of the Wars of the Roses. But it may be argued that the escalation of regional violence to a conflict at national level was instead the result of a profound void at the centre of government which originated from the incapacity of Henry VI to rule effectively. The document reproduced here reinforces this view since it demonstrates that the earls of Salisbury and Northumberland were on extremely bad terms some ten years before their vendetta contributed to the opening of civil war. In 1442 the Crown was able to control their quarrel. In 1453 it was not.
Papal Adventus at Rome in the Twelfth Century
Authors: Twyman Susan 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe vitae of the 12th-century popes and other literary sources contain references to reception ceremonies performed to honour a pope arriving at Rome. For the papacy these events were a part of its imitatio imperii, a conscious imitation of the antique imperial ceremony of adventus, and an opportunity for the Romans to express their consent to papal rule. But detailed investigation reveals the hitherto unnoticed fact that these ceremonies almost invariably occurred at times of transition and upheaval such as when a papal election had been disrupted or contested, or after popular rebellion against papal rule. Under such circumstances adventus was performed as part of the process of reconciliation between the pope and the Romans.
The Borough Franchise after 1867
Authors: DAVIS JOHN , TANNER DUNCAN 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis article investigates the practical effects of the extension of the parliamentary franchise in 1867, examining the extent of enfranchisement in different types of borough and the reasons for the differences observed. An uneven pattern emerges, with registration law more open-ended in its application than has previously been claimed, but with the practical obstacles to enfranchisement reinforced by the inadequacy of the registration machinery. The capricious process which resulted ensured that the limited pre-1918 franchise nonetheless displayed an unexpectedly wide social variation. Generalizations based upon the assumption that a limited electorate was also one which had been in some conscious way socially selected are therefore dangerous.
A French View of the Institue in 1921
Authors: Horn Joyce M. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
In 1921, the young French historian, March Bloch, wrote for the Revue Historique a description of the newly-founded Institute of Historical Research and its philosophy and aims. Besides giving the 1921 text, with explanatory notes, the present article comments on some of the developments in the last seventy-five years.
Accessible Website Content Guidelines for Users with Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Karreman Joyce , Van Der Geest Thea , Buursink Esmee 
Published: October 2007

Background  The W3C Web Accessibility Initiative has issued guidelines for making websites better and easier to access for people with various disabilities (W3C Web Accessibility Initiative guidelines 1999).Method  The usability of two versions of a website (a non‐adapted site and a site that was adapted on the basis of easy‐to‐read guidelines) was tested with two groups of 20 participants. One group had intellectual disabilities but could read, the other group had no identified intellectual disabilities. In a 2 × 2 experimental design, it was investigated whether the easy‐to‐read website was indeed better accessible and usable for the participants with intellectual disabilities.Results  The adaptation of the website worked well for participants with intellectual disabilities. Users without identified intellectual disabilities were as effective with the adapted site as they were with the non‐adapted site.Conclusion  The results form an empirical basis for recommendations about applying guidelines for easy‐to‐read text on websites for people with intellectual disabilities.
Staff Knowledge of the Side Effects of Anti‐Psychotic Medication
Authors: Fretwell Christine , Felce David 
Published: October 2007

Background  Anti‐psychotic medications are widely prescribed to people with intellectual disabilities and have a range of negative side effects. The aim was to identify the level of knowledge of anti‐psychotic medications and their side effects among key carers or home managers of adults with intellectual disabilities living in residential group homes who are prescribed such medication.Method  The sample was 25 of the 30 adults on the caseloads of community nurses in one community learning disability team who lived in residential services and who were prescribed anti‐psychotic medication. Key carers (n = 22) or home managers (n = 3) were interviewed about their knowledge of these medications and their side effects, the source of their knowledge and their needs for training.Results  Knowledge of potential side effects was somewhat limited. Only two were identified by the majority of respondents. Most respondents felt insufficiently informed and in need of further training.Conclusions  There is a role for an informed professional, such as a community nurse, to ensure that carers receive good, verbal and written information about such medications and their side effects at the time of prescription.
Cost of Hospital Care for Older Adults with Heart Failure: Medical, Pharmaceutical, and Nursing Costs
Authors: Titler Marita G. , Jensen Gwenneth A. , Dochterman Joanne McCloskey , Xie Xian‐Jin , Kanak Mary , Reed David , Shever Leah L. 
Published: October 2007

Objective. To determine the impact of patient characteristics, clinical conditions, hospital unit characteristics, and health care interventions on hospital cost of patients with heart failure.Data Sources/Study Setting. Data for this study were part of a larger study that used electronic clinical data repositories from an 843‐bed, academic medical center in the Midwest.Study Design. This retrospective, exploratory study used existing administrative and clinical data from 1,435 hospitalizations of 1,075 patients 60 years of age or older. A cost model was tested using generalized estimating equations (GEE) analysis.Data Collection/Extraction Methods. Electronic databases used in this study were the medical record abstract, the financial data repository, the pharmacy repository; and the Nursing Information System repository. Data repositories were merged at the patient level into a relational database and housed on an SQL server.Principal Findings. The model accounted for 88 percent of the variability in hospital costs for heart failure patients 60 years of age and older. The majority of variables that were associated with hospital cost were provider interventions. Each medical procedure increased cost by $623, each unique medication increased cost by $179, and the addition of each nursing intervention increased cost by $289. One medication and several nursing interventions were associated with lower cost. Nurse staffing below the average and residing on 2–4 units increased hospital cost.Conclusions. The model and data analysis techniques used here provide an innovative and useful methodology to describe and quantify significant health care processes and their impact on cost per hospitalization. The findings indicate the importance of conducting research using existing clinical data in health care.
Parental Mental and Pain‐Related Health and Pediatric Ambulatory Care Sensitive Emergency Department Visits and Hospitalizations
Authors: Logan Joseph E. , Riley Anne W. , Barker Lawrence E. 
Published: October 2007

Objective. To investigate the types of parental psychiatric and pain‐related (PR) conditions that are associated with inadequate management of children's health and medical needs.Data Sources. The 1997–1998 Thomson/Medstat MarketScan® claims and administrative dataset.Study Design. A cross‐sectional study that assessed the associations between parents' claims for psychiatric and PR conditions, and their children's well‐child care as well as emergency department (ED) visits and hospitalizations for conditions that can be treated effectively in outpatient settings (ambulatory care sensitive [ACS] conditions).Data Extraction Methods. Claims were extracted for 258,313 children of ages 0–17 years and their parents, who had insurance coverage for a full 2‐year period.Principle Findings. Multiple parental psychiatric and PR diagnoses were associated with child ACS emergency services/hospitalizations. Maternal depression was negatively associated with a child having the recommended well‐child visits (odds ratio [OR]: 0.92, 95 percent confidence intervals [CI]: 0.84–0.99). The combined diagnoses of maternal depression and back pain was positively associated with a child having an ACS‐ED visit (OR: 1.64, 95 percent CI: 1.33–2.03) and a child having an ACS hospitalization (OR: 2.04, 95 percent CI: 1.34–3.09).Conclusions. Pediatricians' ability to manage child health may be enhanced with coordinated management of parental psychopathology and PR health conditions.
Secondary pigmented macular pucker on optical coherence tomography
Authors: Meyer Carsten H. , Mennel Stefan , Schmidt Jörg C. , Kroll Peter 
Published: October 2007

Abstract.Purpose:  To describe the clinical features, retinal architecture and tomographic configuration of a pigmented epiretinal membrane on optical coherence tomography (OCT).Methods:  A 52‐year‐old man presented during a routine examination with an asymptomatic, darkly pigmented, pre‐retinal epiretinal membrane in his right eye. His best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) on Snellen charts was 20/25 in the right eye and 20/20 in the left. The patient complained of no visual symptoms or metamorphopsia.Results:  In the fundus periphery there was a small, old, well pigmented retinal hole with pigmentation in its immediate vicinity, without signs of vitreal traction, which required no treatment. The foveal indentation was not apparent on OCT and a well demarcated hyperreflective band defined the pigmented epiretinal membranes (ERMs). Sequential fundus examination over a 2‐year period demonstrated no functional or anatomical deterioration attributable to the disease.Conclusions:  Pigmented ERM may have different cellular origins depending on the underlying pathology. Patients with pigmented ERM and full VA should be followed by sequential OCT.
The validity of rating patch test reactions based on digital images
Authors: Uter Wolfgang , Becker Detlef , Schnuch Axel , Gefeller Olaf , Frosch Peter J. 
Published: October 2007

Background:  The proper reading of patch test (PT) reactions, based on morphological criteria, is of utmost importance. Digital images are increasingly used for medical training.Objectives:  To assess the diagnostic validity of readings of 20 digital images of various PT reaction grades by congress attendants.Methods:  122 volunteers took a PT quiz offered during the 8th ESCD meeting, September 2006, Berlin. No information on the respective allergen was given, nor the gold standard grading determined by an European Environmental and Contact Dermatitis Research Group (EECDRG) expert panel was disclosed while the quiz was open.Results:  Overall, 63.5% of all ratings agreed ‘exactly’ with the gold standard, and 87.8% ‘grossly’, that is, with regard to the distinction between non‐positive [doubtful or irritant (IR)] and positive (+, ++, and +++) reactions. Most images prompted a fair proportion of correct classifications. The distinction between doubtful and + and between +++, and strong bullous IR reactions proved partly difficult, probably because of blinding of the test substance. The least experienced in particular tended to misclassify IR reactions.Conclusions:  The rating of digital images of PT reactions represents just 1 particular, isolated aspect of PT evaluation. Results were largely valid. Thus, the method could be used for continuing medical education, and for standardization in multicentre networks.