bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First Report of Race 8 of Downy Mildew, Caused by Peronospora farinosa f. sp. spinaciae, of Spinach in the United States
Authors: Tomlinson A. N. , Correll J. C. , Koike S. T. , Kammeijer K. 
Published: August 2007

Downy mildew, caused by Peronospora farinosa f. sp. spinaciae, is the most economically important disease of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) in the United States and the European Union. In the United States, 23,000 ha of spinach, with a crop value of approximately $170 million, were grown during 2005 (1; http://www.nass.usda.gov/index.asp ). Additionally, per capita, fresh-market spinach consumption has increased 214% in the past decade (1; http://www.nass.usda.gov/index.asp ). Increased demand for fresh-market spinach has led to changes in spinach production practices such as higher planting densities and year-round production. There are currently 10 described races (races 1 to 10) of P. farinosa f. sp. spinaciae. Race 8 was recovered from the Netherlands in 2004 (B. M. Irish, J. Correll, S. T. Koike, and T. Morelock. Plant Dis. [In press]), but has not been previously identified in the United States. In February 2007, several commercial fresh-market spinach fields in central Arizona were severely affected with downy mildew. Symptoms consisted of bright yellow leaf lesions ranging in size from 1 to 3 cm in diameter that supported dense purple sporulation of the pathogen on the corresponding abaxial leaf surface. Affected fields were primarily planted with spinach cv. Parrot, which is reported to be resistant to races 1 to 7 and 9. As much as 32 ha were affected and disease incidence reached as high as 25 to 30%. An isolate (PAR1) of the pathogen was obtained and used to inoculate a standard set of 10 differential spinach cultivars for race identification as previously described (B. M. Irish, J. Correll, S. T. Koike, and T. Morelock. Plant Dis. [In press]). Briefly, a spore suspension (1 × 105 sporangia per ml) was misted onto test plants; plants were then incubated in a dew chamber (20°C, 100% relative humidity) for 24 h and maintained in a greenhouse. Inoculation tests were conducted at least twice at each of two different locations (Arkansas and California), with each test including two replications of 15 plants per differential cultivar. The selective development of downy mildew on specific differentials indicated that the isolate was race 8 (B. M. Irish, J. Correll, S. T. Koike, and T. Morelock. Plant Dis. [In press]). To our knowledge, this is the first report of race 8 in the United States. Since there are a number of commercial spinach cultivars available with resistance to race 8, the economic impact of this race in the United States is expected to be low if resistant cultivars are grown (B. M. Irish, J. Correll, S. T. Koike, and T. Morelock. Plant Dis. [In press]). Reference: (1) R. N. Acharya and I. Molina. NFAPP Newsl. Second Quarter, 2005.
Occurrence of Tomato spotted wilt virus in Stevia rebaudiana and Solanum tuberosum in Northern Greece
Authors: Chatzivassiliou E. K. , Peters D. , Lolas P. 
Published: August 2007

Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) (genus Tospovirus, family Bunyaviridae) was first reported in Greece during 1972 (3) and currently is widespread in the central and northern part of the country infecting several cultivated and wild plant species (1,2). In June 2006, virus-like symptoms similar to those caused by TSWV were observed on sweet honey leaf (Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni, [synonym Eupatorium rebaudianum Bertoni], family Asteraceae) plants in an experimental field in the prefecture of Kilkis and on potato (Solanum tuberosum, family Solanaceae) plants growing close to tobacco in the prefecture of Kozani in northern Greece. Diseased S. rebaudiana plants expressed chlorotic and necrotic rings and line patterns on systemically infected leaves and occasionally a general chlorosis or dwarfing of the plant. Potato plants expressed only necrotic rings or lesions and a mild plant dwarfing. Seven percent of the S. rebaudiana plants, but only 0.1% of the potato plants, were showing symptoms. TSWV was detected by ELISA using polyclonal antisera in all symptomatic plants of both species, but those plants tested negative for Potato Y virus (PVY), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), and Potato leafroll virus (PLRV); all viruses known to occur in these areas. Sap from symptomatic plants was used to mechanically inoculate Petunia × hybrida cv. Blue magic, Nicotiana tabacum cvs. Samsun NN and Basmas, N. benthamiana, N. glutinosa, N. rustica, Datura stramonium, and Physalis floridana. Sap from both S. rebaudiana and potato produced typical symptoms of TSWV on the diagnostic test plants; all Nicotiana species and cultivars, as well as D. stramonium and P. floridana, reacted with chlorotic and necrotic lesions on the inoculated leaves followed by systemic mosaic and mottling of the leaves. None of the isolates produced systemic infection on P. × hybrida. Adult thrips, identified as Thrips tabaci, were collected from infected plants of both hosts in the field and determined to be infected with TSWV by the petunia leaf disc method (4). Symptoms observed in the field on both hosts where reproduced in the laboratory after infestation of healthy plants with TSWV-infected individuals from a tobacco population of T. tabaci. To our knowledge, this is the first official report of a TSWV infection in S. rebaudiana. Potato is a known host for TSWV, however, to our knowledge, this is the first natural infection detected in Greece. References: (1) E. K. Chatzivassiliou et al. Ann. Appl. Biol. 137:127, 2000. (2) E. K. Chatzivassiliou et al. Plant Dis. 85:40, 2001. (3) J. P. Tsakiridis and G. V. Gooding, Jr. Phytopathol. Mediterr. 11:42, 1972. (4) I. Wijkamp and D. Peters. Phytopathology 83:986,1993.
Does progressive stage transition mean getting better? A test of the Transtheoretical Model in alcoholism recovery
Authors: Callaghan Russell C. , Taylor Lawren , Cunningham John A. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTAims  To test two central assumptions of stage movement in the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) vis‐à‐vis alcoholism recovery: (assumption 1) individuals making a forward transition to the action‐oriented stages (i.e. preparation/action) will manifest relatively greater drinking improvements than their counterparts remaining in the pre‐action stages (i.e. pre‐contemplation, contemplation); and (assumption 2) individuals remaining in the pre‐action stages across time will not demonstrate clinically relevant improvement in drinking outcomes.Design and setting  Secondary data analyses of data from Project MATCH, a large multi‐site alcoholism treatment‐matching study.Measurements  At baseline and 3 months post‐treatment, the following variables were measured: stage‐of‐change (based on the University of Rhode Island Change Assessment measure and the most recent stage assignment algorithm), drinks per drinking day (DDD) and percentage days abstinent (PDA).Findings  Six of the eight tests of assumptions 1 and 2 failed to support the basic tenets of the TTM. Our study demonstrated that individuals making a progressive stage transition to the action‐oriented stages (i.e. preparation/action) do not necessarily manifest greater improvements in drinking‐related behavior than individuals remaining in the pre‐action stages (i.e. pre‐contemplation, contemplation), and that individuals remaining in the pre‐action stages over time actually do manifest statistically significant and clinically important improvements in drinking‐related behavior.Conclusions  Our findings challenge not only the criterion validity associated with stage movement in the TTM account of alcoholism recovery, but also recent TTM‐based substance abuse treatment approaches which systematically promote forward stage transition as a primary clinical goal and marker of therapeutic success.
Levo‐alpha‐acetylmethadol (LAAM) versus methadone maintenance: 1‐year treatment retention, outcomes and status
Authors: Anglin M. Douglas , Conner Bradley T. , Annon Jeffery , Longshore Douglas 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTAims  To compare levo‐alpha‐acetylmethadol (LAAM) and methadone maintenance (MM) on treatment retention, drug use during treatment and at follow‐up, and abstinence.Design  A two‐group experimental design with patients assigned randomly (2 : 1) to receive fully subsidized LAAM or MM for 52 weeks.Setting  A community clinic providing maintenance treatment in Los Angeles, California.Participants  A total of 315 treatment‐seeking patients willing to be assigned randomly to treatment condition; 289 (91.7%) were interviewed at 52 weeks.Intervention  LAAM or MM, plus ancillary services available to all patients. Medication dose varied according to clinical judgement.Measurements  Treatment retention and status at 52‐week follow‐up, weekly clinical urinalysis, self‐reported drug use and research urinalysis on samples collected at follow‐up.Findings  LAAM participants were more likely to complete the planned 52 weeks (57.4%) than MM participants (46.2%) and were less likely to be discharged for arrest/incarceration. LAAM produced fewer during treatment clinic opiate‐positive samples (M = 48.8) than MM (M = 62.3). Further, 24.4% on LAAM compared to 11.8% on MM were able to sustain at least 12 weeks of abstinence during the last 24 weeks of treatment. Opiate use at follow‐up was lowest (50.9%) among LAAM participants in maintenance treatment. No adverse events, cardiological or otherwise, were observed with LAAM administration.Conclusions  LAAM is an effective medication for the treatment of opiate dependence in community clinics with numerous behavioral and clinical advantages. LAAM is more effective than MM in promoting retention and extended reduction in and abstinence from opiate use while in treatment.
Effects of home access and availability of alcohol on young adolescents' alcohol use
Authors: Komro Kelli A. , Maldonado‐Molina Mildred M. , Tobler Amy L. , Bonds Jennifer R. , Muller Keith E. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTAims  The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of parental provision of alcohol and home alcohol accessibility on the trajectories of young adolescent alcohol use and intentions.Design  Data were part of a longitudinal study of alcohol use among multi‐ethnic urban young adolescents who were assigned randomly to the control group of a prevention trial.Setting  Data were collected from a cohort of youth, and their parents, who attended public schools in Chicago, Illinois (2002–2005).Participants  The sample comprised the 1388 students, and their parents, who had been assigned randomly to the control group and were present and completed surveys at baseline, in the beginning of 6th grade (age 12). The sample was primarily low‐income, and African American and Hispanic.Measurements  Students completed self‐report questionnaires when in the 6th, 7th and 8th grades (age 12–14 years; response rates 91–96%). Parents of the 6th grade students also completed questionnaires (70% response rate).Findings  Student report, at age 12, of parental provision of alcohol and home alcohol availability, and parental report of providing alcohol to their child and the accessibility of alcohol in the home, were associated with significant increases in the trajectories of young adolescent alcohol use and intentions from ages 12–14 years. Student report of receiving alcohol from their parent or taking it from home during their last drinking occasion were the most robust predictors of increases in alcohol use and intentions over time.Conclusions  Results indicate that it is risky for parents to allow children to drink during early adolescence. When these findings are considered together with the risks associated with early onset of alcohol use, it is clear that parents can play an important role in prevention.
Molecular breeding of a novel herbicide‐tolerant rice by gene targeting
Authors: Endo Masaki , Osakabe Keishi , Ono Kazuko , Handa Hirokazu , Shimizu Tsutomu , Toki Seiichi 
Published: August 2007

SummaryWe have previously reported the production of a rice cell line tolerant to the acetolactate synthase (ALS)‐inhibiting herbicide bispyribac (BS), and demonstrated that the BS‐tolerant phenotype was due to a double mutation in the rice ALS gene. We further indicated that while changing either of the two amino acids (W548 L or S627I) individually resulted in a BS‐tolerant phenotype, conversion of both amino acids simultaneously conferred increased tolerance to BS. As the BS‐tolerant cell line had lost the ability to regenerate during two years of tissue culture selection, we attempted to introduce these two point mutations into the rice ALS gene via gene targeting (GT). Using our highly efficient Agrobacterium‐mediated transformation system in rice, we were able to regenerate 66 independent GT rice plants from 1500 calli. Furthermore, two‐thirds of these plants harbored the two point mutations exclusively, without any insertion of foreign DNA such as border sequences of T‐DNA. The GT plants obtained in the present study are therefore equivalent to non‐GM herbicide‐tolerant rice plants generated by conventional breeding approaches that depend on spontaneous mutations. Surprisingly, GT rice homozygous for the modified ALS locus showed hyper‐tolerance to BS when compared to BS‐tolerant plants produced by a conventional transgenic system; ALS enzymatic activity in plants homozygous for the mutated ALS gene was inhibited only by extremely high concentrations of BS. These results indicate that our GT method has successfully created novel herbicide‐tolerant rice plants that are superior to those produced by conventional mutation breeding protocols or transgenic technology.
Interaction between Epicoccum purpurascens and xylophagous basidiomycetes on wood blocks
Authors: Mielnichuk N. , Lopez S. E. 
Published: August 2007

Summary Epicoccum purpurascens, a component of the bark micromycota, was evaluated as a potential biocontrol agent for three decay‐causing hymenomycetes frequently found in Buenos Aires city trees, Ganoderma platense, Inonotus rickii and Rigidoporus ulmarius. Treatments consisted of dual cultures of E. purpurascens and xylophagous fungi on box elder (Acer negundo) wood blocks. Two inoculation sequences were tested: (i) the biocontrol agent as the first microorganism inoculated followed by the pathogen; and (ii) the xylophagous fungus as the first microorganism inoculated followed by the biocontrol agent. After 3 months of incubation, percentage dry weight loss was calculated. When E. purpurascens was allowed to colonize wood blocks before the introduction of the xylophagous fungus, dry weight loss was significantly reduced in all instances. However, as a secondary colonizer, E. purpurascens mildly reduced the weight loss caused by G. platense, had no effect on degradation by I. rickii and increased wood weight loss by R. ulmarius.
Detection of Diplodia pinea in asymptomatic pine shoots and its relation to the Normalized Insolation index
Authors: Maresi G. , Luchi N. , Pinzani P. , Pazzagli M. , Capretti P. 
Published: August 2007

Summary Diplodia pinea (syn. Sphaeropsis sapinea), a common pathogenic fungus, causes considerable damage in Italy, particularly to pine stands in which trees are subjected to environmental stress. The occurrence of D. pinea in symptomless Pinus nigra shoots was investigated and related to the amount of radiation received by the trees growing on a site in a year, expressed as the Normalized Insolation index (NIi). Twenty‐seven pines were selected from nine locations in Trentino (northern Italy). For each pine the incidence of the fungus in apparently healthy shoots was determined by both culturing on an agar medium and application of real‐time PCR. The incidence of D. pinea determined by culturing samples taken from asymptomatic trees was 59% (16 of 27 trees), compared with 85% found using real‐time PCR (23 of 27 trees). Detection of the pathogen in healthy pine tissue was positively correlated (p < 0.05) with the NIi values, using both detection methods.
Geographical and seasonal influences on the distribution of fungal endophytes in Laurus nobilis
Authors: Göre M. E. , Bucak C. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe species composition of the endophytic mycobiota in bark, leaves and twigs of Laurus nobilis were studied in Western Anatolia. Four sampling sites were selected; one of which was sampled twice, in spring and autumn. About 3892 fungal isolates obtained grouped into 85 morphological types. The 11 dominant species, with isolation frequencies >1.5%, were Alternaria alternata, Botryosphaeria sarmentorum, Colletotrichum dematium, C. gloeosporioides, Hendersonula sp., Paraconiothyrium sp., Phoma sp., three species of Phomopsis and Seimatosporium lichenicola. Numbers of fungal species isolated per tree differed between the sampled sites. Isolation frequencies of the dominant species, and other less frequent species, were dependent on the sampling site. The degree of endophytic infection and the diversity of fungal species were significantly higher in spring. Frequencies of all dominant species depended significantly on season, except for Stemphylium sp. and S. lichenicola. Analysis of the total endophytic mycoflora of the sampled trees suggested that geographical factors affects the endophytic distribution patterns more significantly than seasonal factors.
THE APPLICATION OF THE PHOSPHATASE AND TURBIDITY TESTS TO STERILISED MILK
Authors: Clegg L. F. L. , Lomax K. L. 
Published: August 2007

SUMMARY1. The possiblity of obtaining high “ phosphatase” test results in the laboratory on overheated sterilised milk is demonstrated. This is not so pronounced with sterilised milk that has not been homogenised. A correlation is shown to exist between the “ phosphatase ” result and the temperature and duration of heating of sterilised milk. (In milk heated to temperatures of 100°C. or lower, an inverse correlation exists).2. Control (unicubated) phosphatase test are shown to give higher results than completed (incubated) phosphatase tests in overheated sterilised milk.3. The high “ phosphatase ” values are not caused by liberation of phenolic substances as results obtained with the use of either buffered substrate or buffered water are similar.4. It is suggested that an indication of overheating is provided by the excess of values of the control over the completed phosphatase test.5. When Aschaffenburg's turbidity test is applied to overheated sterilised milk the extent of overheating can be judged by the intensity of yellow colour in the nitrate. This modification to Aschaffenburg's test still requires extensive trials, but the measurement of efficiency of heating and extent of overheating in one test appears possible.6. To estimate overheating by the modification to Aschaffenburg's turbidity test it is necessary to use a Lovibond Tintometer as no discs for the colour values are available. Laboratories possessing only a Lovibond Comparator will be obliged to use the completed and control phosphatase tests in parallel: this requires 24 hours incubation whereas the modification to Aschaffenburg's test can be completed without incubation.7. Hitherto there has been no satisfactory laboratory control test to determine overheating of sterilised milk. It is suggested that the use of either of the above two methods could be used to prevent detrimental overheating of milk and also could result in fuel economy.
PREPARING FOR THE CREAM MARKET
Authors: Smillie D. M. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryIn conclusion let me summarise. If cream is coming back to the market there must be a real effort made to improve on pre‐war quality. A considerable section of the public will welcome cream and the consumer must not be disappointed. It is the duty of the creamery management and personnel to see that the fresh cream is of the cleanest and highest quality and of the various trade interests to facilitate a regular and quick channel of distribution. New regulations are advisable in the general trade and public interest and new appropriate laboratory procedures may be required for maximum control of hygienic quality.
A SIMPLE TURBIDITY TEST FOR STERILISED MILK
Authors: Aschaffenburg R. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe application of the phosphatase test to sterilized milk is of limited value. In its place, a simple and rapid turbidity test is recommended which allows a clear distinction between posteurized and sterilized milk, and provides an easy means of ascertaining whether or not a sample of milk has been effectively heated to sterilization temperatures.
CONCENTRATION AND DRYING IN THE MANUFACTURE OF DAIRY PRODUCTS
Authors: Scott Daniel 
Published: August 2007

SUMMARYBefore leaving the question of evaporators let me run over the types and their main features:(1) Vacuum Pan: A batch unit, chiefly for sweetened condensed milk‐may be used for finishing off very thick concentrate for spray drying; low milk temperature‐expensive on steam.(2) Single‐Effect Evaporators: For continuous work‐low first cost but heavy on steam low milk temperature.(3) Double AND Triple‐Effect Evaporators: Economical on steam, and can use low pressure steam, even exhaust steam from turbines, etc.‐elevated milk temperature may limit application.(4) Single‐Effect Vapour Recompression: Ideal for high quality products‐no possible overheating‐gives fair steam economy.
SECOND THOUGHTS ON THE DAIRY INDUSTRY.
Authors: Anderson. E. B. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryTo conclude, here are my impressions of the major changes during my twenty seven years in the industry.Motor transport has been the vital factor in the development of what is now a very large and important industry, for it has made possible larger and therefore more economical units, and the increased volume of milk which can be handled has stimulated the establishment of such complex processes as the manufacture of condensed and dried milks and products from whey, all of which involve high capital expenditure. In its turn this development has stimulated the growth of a large and vigorous dairy machinery industry, whose main weakness until recently has been, with a notable exception, that it did not call upon the chemist and bacteriologist for advice. Had it done so many mistakes in design might have been avoided.Increasing labour costs have stimulated progress in mechanisation, which will I am sure continue.There has been a great improvement in the hygiene of handling and distribution and for so perishable an article the public is very well served by the processors and distributors. It is a popular stunt nowadays to criticise the distributive trade but what would happen if the milk did not arrive daily and every day throughout the year and at the appointed hour? Even a Cabinet Minister or his wife might exhibit serious hysteria !No less striking has been the development and appreciation of the value of research and what it and scientific advice can do for the industry.Lastly but not least has been the appreciation of the value of milk as a food, particularly for children, and the necessity of making it a safe food.So ends my tale of 27 years in which, as I see it, a vast and efficient industry, serving the public well, has been built up by private enterprise.Looking back, I am glad that I have had a part, even if only a minor one, in so worthy a development.
MILK DISTRIBUTION IN NORTHERN IRELAND
Authors: Thomson W. D. 
Published: August 2007

The following article is condensed from a paper read to the Northern Ireland Section of the Society of Dairy Technology at Belfast on 14th February, 1951.The paper was liberally illustrated by diagrams and photographs, only a few of which are reproduced here, and was prefaced by a historical review of the development of the milk distribution industry from the early primitive methods of retailing to the complex organisation of today.