bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SULPHUR TREATMENT OF SOIL AND THE CONTROL OF WART DISEASE OF POTATOES IN POT EXPERIMENTS
Authors: CROWTHER E. M. , CLYNNE MARY D. , ROACH W. A. 
Published: February 2008

Summary.In a series of pot experiments on potatoes grown in an acid soil artiftcially infected with the wart disease fungus, treatments with sulphuric acid and various combinations of sulphur and calcium carbonate, yieldmg a wide range of soil reaction, gave almost complete freedom from infection when the acidity of the soil had been raised to a very high value (pH 3.4 or less).Heavy dressings of calcium carbonate, alone or with sulphur, giving a soil reaction of pH 7.5 or more, also reduced infection.The fact that partial and even, in one experiment, complete suppression of disease was obtained at lower acidities, where the effect on the disease was not closely related to the degree of acidity, supports the tentative conclusion already drawn from field experiments that sulphur in controning wart disease does not depend entirely on its effect in raising the acidity, but has also some other mode of action. Whether this toxicity which sulphur exerts apart from its effect on the acidity can be enhanced sufficiently to be of any practical value requires further investigation.
THE EFFECT OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE ON YEAST GROWTH AND FERMENTATION
Authors: BROWN J. B. , WIKOFF H. L. 
Published: February 2008

Summary.

Hydrogen peroxide, when added in the form of superoxol to an aerated yeast molasses mash, is very toxic to the yeast, greatly inhibiting or entirely stopping yeast growth, fermentation and inversion.
The yeast yield without aeration in a mash of this kind is greatly diminished, while the other changes are only shghtly inhibited, the total loss of solids bekg appreciably greater than with aeration.
If the pH change in such an aerated mash is allowed to progress normally, a marked fall from 7.0 to 2.0 is observed, apparently due to the formation of organic acids, and to removal of ammonia from the ammonium salts.
THE EFFECT OF HEXYL RESORCINOL ON YEAST GROWTH AND FERMENTATION
Authors: BROWN J. B. , WIKOFF H. L. 
Published: February 2008

Summary.

Concentrations of 0.3 and 0.1 gm. of hexyl resorcinol per litre completely inhibit yeast growth and fermentation. Concentrations of 0.01 and 0.005 gm. only slightly inhibit.
Invertase action is not affected in the presence of 0.3 gm. of hexyl resorcinol per litre of mash.
EARLY MANIE'ESTATIONS OF POTATO BLIGHT (PHYTOPHTHORA IN FEST AN S DE BARY)
Authors: ALCOCK N. L. , McINTOSH A. E. S. 
Published: February 2008

Summary.Observations during February, 1927, are recorded on nominally healthy potato tubers sprouted indoors in the laboratory of the Seed Testing Station, East Craigs, producing short diseased shood showing probable primary infection of Phytophthora infestans. At the end of the month probable cam of secondary infection occurred.
THE INSECT AND OTHER INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF ARABLE LAND AT ROTHAMSTED. PBRT II
Authors: MORRIS H. M. 
Published: February 2008

Summary.Samples of soil were taken from six of the plots of Barn Field on the farm of the Rothamsted Experimental Station, and the Insects and other Invertebrates found therein are recorded together with the approximate depth at which they occurred.On these plots one receives no manure, one superphosphate only and one ammonium salts only, while of the other three, all of which receive dung, one receives superphosphate and potash, and another ammonium salts in addition.The total number of Insects and other Invertebrates per acre in the undunged plots were 1,208,000, 1,410,000 and 1,734,000 respectively. Of these 673,000, 999,000 and 1,424,000 respectively were Insects. Similarly in the dunged plots the total numbers of Insects and other Invertebrates per acre were 12,948,000, 9,448,000 and 10,516,000 respectively, and of these 2,323,000, 2,215,000 and 4,677,000 gespectively were Insects.Each sample was taken in five layers so that it was possible to record the approximate depth at which each individual occurred. The greatest number, both of Insects and of other Invertebrates, occurred in the upper five inches of the soil.From the figures obtained in this investigation it appears that artificial manures have little or no effect on the soil fauna, while the effect of dung in increasing the numbers and the number of species of the fauna is very considerable.
THE BIOLOGY OF THYSANOPTERA WITH REFERENCE TO THE COTTON PLANT
Authors: WARDLE ROBERT A. , SIMPSON ROBERT 
Published: February 2008

Summary.

Observations and experiments concerning Thrips tabaci on cotton and other plants suggest that plant injury from thrip attack is in this case due entirely to premature and excessive defoliation, and is dependent in extent and severity upon the value of the infestation factor, or number of thrip stages per unit area of foliage surface. Differences between plant species, plant varieties and plant individuals as regards susceptibility to injury arise chiefly through variations in thickness of the epidermal cell layer.
Leaf injury consists essentially of necrosis of a patch of meso‐phyll cells lying immediately below a gash in an epidermal cell. Such necrosed patches are scattered and isolated when the infestation factor is low, but are confluent and form extenaive rusty areas when the infestation is high. Such areas consist of dead cells of the superficial meso‐phyll layers; the deeper layers, palisade tissue and epidermal layers remain intact, except for the initial gashes made in epidermal cells. In later stages of leaf injury, such necrosis involves the whole leaf, all the layers become disorganised, and premature shedding occurs. There is no evidence that the insect salivary secretion is toxic.
The insect does not puncture or rasp the epidermis but gashes an epidermal cell by pickaxe‐like movements of the single mandible, induced by a slight rocking movement of the head. In most cases, the mandible can only gash the outer epidermal wall, the inner wall and the lateral walls of the mesophyll cells being broken down by similar movements of the longer protruded maxillary laciniae. There is no evidence of attack through the stomata. Suction of the chloroplasts into the pharynx is aided probably by the partial vacuum established within the mouth cone when applied closely to the leaf surface.
The preference shown by thrip stages for the lower surface of leaves is believed to be. due rather to differences in thickness of epidermis between the lower surface and the upper surface, than to negative phototropism. In plants where such differences are slight, such as cotton plants, thrip stages readily invade the upper leaf surface. On Cajanus indicus, the upper surface is the more favoured, the lower surface being unsuitable owing to the close spacing of numerous fine hairs. The more widely spaced hairs on cotton leaves do not act as a deterrent, the hairy American and Indian varieties being more heavily attacked than the smoother leaved Egyptian varieties of cotton.
THE STRAWBERRY DISEASE IN LANARKSHIRE
Authors: WARDLAW C. W. 
Published: February 2008

Summary.

In the field two aspects of the “Lanarkshire Straw‐berry Disease” are apparent, namely, the devastation en masse of the strawberry beds. and the diseased condition of individual plants.
Soil conditions as a whole are unfavourable, and this tells against the development of an extensive and healthy root system.
The roots are weak and lax. consequent on the excessive stiffness of the soil. This renders them liable to fungal attack.
Roots of all kinds were found to be penetrated by fungal hyphae. and to have hyphae associated with them.
Eighteen separate extractions of fungi were made, and on twelve occasions a species of Pythium was the only fungus obtained.
When inoculated into pots in which strawberry plants had been grown under sterile conditions, the Pythium attacked young and old roots: and produced all the symptoms of the disease.
The Pythium was isolated again in the laboratory from inoculated plants.
This evidence demonstrates that the Pythium is capable of producing the strawberry disease as it occurs in field conditions. It is concluded that Pythium is an important factor in exploiting the root system on which the general health of the plant depends.
The problem appears to be an agricultural rather than a mycological one. The main factor involved appears to be the general health of the plant. The fungal attack is to be regarded as an important accessory to the main Factor. It is, however, a factor which has become increasingly aggressive owing to the accentuation of certain soil conditions.
Experimental work on the soil is being carried out side by side with the mycological studies.
THE ROSETTE DISEASE OF PEANUTS (ARACHIS HYPOGAEA L.)
Authors: STOREY H. H. , BOTTOMLEY A. M. 
Published: February 2008

Summary.Rosette is a destructive disease of peanuts in South Africa, characterised by chlorosis of the young leaves and extreme stunting. Similar conditions in this plant have been reported from tropical Africa, Java and India.Experimental evidence is advanced to show thali rosette is not carried in the seed of the peanut nor in soil which has borne a diseased crop. It was successfully transmitted to healthy plants by grafting, but not by inoculation of juice from diseased plants.Insect transmission studies demonstrated the ability of Aphis leguminosae Theo. to act as a vector of rosette. Thirteen species of leaf‐hoppers in a limited series of tests failed to transmit the disease. Aphis lguminosae was shown to obtain the virus of rosette by feeding upon a diseased plant. Winged and wingless adults, when feeding singly, were shown occasionally to transmit the disease.An infrequently occurring mosaic‐like form of the disease is considered to be due to an exceptional reaction of individual plants to infection by the same virus as that causing typical rosette.In the field this disease is believed to overwinter in diseased plants, which germinate in the late autumn and survive the drought and frost of winter. Upon these plants the aphides may spend the winter. It is thought that in the spring winged aphides become disseminated from the overwintering plants and cause localised infections in the peanut fields. Later in the season epidemic spread of rosette frequently occurs. The evidence of six years of peanut‐growing indicates that spring infection of rosette is most severe in seasons following winters of exceptional rains.Rosette disease is likely to be largely escaped in the average season if the crop be planted at the earliest favourable date. Precautions recommended for control are the destruction of surviving plants during the winter and the removal of the diseased plants which develop in the new crop. The best prospect of practical control of rosette however is thought to lie in the discovery of resistant varieties.
ON THE CONTROL OF RED SPIDER BY MEANS OF NAPHTHALENE VAPORISED OVER A SPECIAL LAMP
Authors: PARKER. THEODOEE 
Published: February 2008

Summary.Naphthalene vapour having been shown by other investigators to be toxic to Red Spider, Tetranychus telarius L., it was thought that better control of the fumigation would be obtained if the substance was vaporised by means of a lamp. A suitable lamp was designed and is described herein. It has been used under commercial conditions and has given satisfactory results.Carnations and tomatoes have been fumigated with naphthalene and satisfactory control of Red Spider has been secured as shown by data given herein.Fumigations on a variety of glasshouse plants in addition to the foregoing have been conducted and general observations and recommendations on naphthalene fumigation for the control of Red Spider are included.
THE EFFECT OF PHENOL, CARBON BISULPHIDE AND HEAT ON SOIL PROTOZOA
Authors: DIXON. ANNIE 
Published: February 2008

Summary.

Experiments made to discover the death‐point of protozoa by phenol, carbon bisulphide and heat showed that phenol has a greater lethal effect than carbon bisulphide.
Heating the soil in a steamer for thirty minutes is usually sufficient to kill off the protozoa, and the treatment of glass‐house soil by steam destroys the majority of the protozoa and has a depressing effect on their numbers for a long period.
ON TWO SPECIES OF FUSARIUM, F. CULMOBUM (W. G. SM.) SACC. AND F. AVENACEUM (FRIES.) SACC., AS PARASITES OF CEREALS
Authors: BENNETT F. T. 
Published: February 2008

Summary.Fusarium disease of wheat, common in the north of England, is due mainly to F. culmorum (W. G. Sm.) Sacc. and F. avenaceum (Fries.) Sacc. occurring either separately or together.Both species cause “seedling blight,”“spring yellows,” and “foot‐rot”; the foot‐rot results in “thinning out” between earing and harvest, and in “premature ripening” or “whiteheads” with “deaf ears.”Both species cause a “blight of the ears” by casual external infection, resulting in sterility of florets, or diseased grain; F. culmorum is the more frequent cause of this phase.Barley, oats and rye show corresponding phases of the disease.The pathogens overwinter in diseased material in the granary or in the field; under storage conditions they retain vitality for considerably more than one year.The cultural and diagnostic characters of the fungi are given, and control measures are discussed.The writer is indebted to Mr F. T. Brooks for advice on the preparation of this paper.
ATTEMPTS TO CONTROL BUNT (TILLETIA TRITICI, WINT.) IN WHEAT WITH A FORMALIN‐GYPSUM DUST
Authors: STIRRUP H. H. , CRANFIELD H. T. 
Published: February 2008

Summary.A series of experiments over a period of four years is described in which attempts are made to control Bunt in wheat by dressing heavily infected seed with a dry powder or dust composed of formaldehyde and calcined gypsum.Good control was obtained in the first two years when clean seed, artificially infected with bunt spores obtained from crops of different varieties, was used.In the last two years the seed was heavily infected naturally by bunt spores obtained from the same crop. Under these conditions, the formalin‐gypsum powder exercised little or no control of Bunt.The experiments seem to provide some evidence to support the view that Tilletia tritici is a fungus comprising a number of biologic forms.While going to press, attention has been drawn to a paper by J. D. Sayre and R. C. Thomas, which appeared in the October, 1927, number of Science (Vol. LXVI, No. 1713). In this paper the authors give the results of one year's experiments on the control of oat smut using a dry powder incorporating formaldehyde with charcoal or infusorial earth.
THE USE OF TETRACHLORETHANE FOR COMMERCIAL GLASSHOUSE FUMIGATION
Authors: PARKER. THEODOEE 
Published: February 2008

Summary.

Various methods for the application of tetrachlorethane as a fumigant for the control of White Fly under commercial horticultural conditions are discussed.
The lowest concentration that appears to give a control has been suggested.
The fumigant appears to be selective in its action upon White Fly and Mealy Bug. Certain species of Aphides seem to be unaffected.
Certain plants show a varietal susceptibility to the action of the fumigant.
ON THE LIFE‐HISTORIES AND ECONOMIC STATUS OF CERTAIN CYNIPID PARASITES OF DIPTEROUS LARVAE, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME NEW LARVAL FORMS
Authors: JAMES H. C. 
Published: February 2008

Summary.

Cothonaspis rapae (Westd.) was found to be an effective parasite of the Cabbage Root Maggot (Hylemyia brassicae Bouche) in the Cambridge district. Twenty‐five per cent. of the total of host maggots and puparia examined were found to be parasitised by this cynipid.
The average duration of a life cycle of C. rapae is 92 days and the length of the larval stage is about 55 days. There are two generations in the season; the first appears in May and the second in August and September.The winter is passed in the larval stage.
Hypermetamorphosis occurs in the life cycle, the primary larva being eucoiliform with three long pairs of thoracic processes, a long cauda, and suctorial mouth parts. The full grown larva is a typical mandibulate hymenopterous grub without cauda or appendages of any kind.
The life‐histories of Figites anthomyiarum Bouché, Kleidotoma marshalli (Marshall) and an undetermined Kleidotoma are described.They are all effective parasites during the early larval stages of carrion feeding Diptera such as the Calliphora erythrocephala, Sarcophaga carnaria, Lucilia sericata, etc. The writer estimates that saprophagous maggots are reduced in numbers by 30 per cent. owing to parasitisation by various Cynipid parasites during the early larval stages.
These three parasites have each two broods per season. The duration of the Figitids' life cycle is about 60 days, but that of both Kleidotomids takes from 10 to 20 days longer. There does not appear to be any definite period of emergence, but one generation overlaps another.
The primary larva of F. anthomyiarum is a modified eucoiliform. No primary larva of a figitine species has been hitherto described. The primary larvae of the two Kleidotomids are eucoiliform but with short thoracic processes. These types of primary larvae are each succeeded by an entirely new type of endoparasitic larva which bears pronounced affinities to the polypod embryonic stage. The writer has termed this type of larva the polypodeiform larva. The polypodeiform larva of both F. anthomyiarum and Kleidotoma marshalli are figured and described.The early stage forms of parasitic Cynipid larvae are reviewed and compared.
Several experiments were conducted to test whether Cynipids parasitising saprophagous maggots would oviposit in phytophagous maggots and vice versa. Under suitable conditions F. anthomyiarum was induced to oviposit in the maggots of H. brassicae (phytophagous) but the eggs did not develop. C. rapae, however, could not be induced to oviposit in saprophagous Anthomyid larvae.
THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ANGULAR LEAF‐SPOT DISEASE OF COTTON
Authors: STOUGHTON R. H. 
Published: February 2008

Summary.

The serious disease of cotton caused by Bacterium malvacearum E. F. S. is associated with unfavourable climatic conditions.
A description of an apparatus for controlling air temperature and humidity within a chamber is given.
At humidities above 80 per cent. relative saturation the limiting temperature for attack by B. malvacearum was 32°C., above which infection did not occur.
At 70 per cent. relative humidity infection was slight at 25°C.
At lower humidities no infection was obtained at a temperature of 28°C.
INOCULATION EXPERIMENTS WITH THE DOWNY MILDEWS OF THE HOP AND NETTLE (PSEUDOPERONOSPORA HUMULI (MIY. ET TAKA.) WILS. AND P. URTICAE (LIB.) SALMON ET WARE)
Authors: SALMON E. S. , WARE W. M. 
Published: February 2008

Summary.

The evidence now available indicates that the Downy Mildew of the hop, Pseudoperonospora Humuli (Miyabe and Tak.) Wils, is a distinct species coming from Japan, or possibly North America, into Europe about 1920. The views advanced by us in 1924 that this species might be co‐specific with P. Urticae and that it is endemic to England, are abandoned.
Inoculation experiments have shown that P. Humuli is capable of infecting and producing spores on Urtica urens. No evidence was obtained, however, as to whether it can establish itself permanently on this host‐plant.
Spores produced on U. urens as the result of inoculation with P. humuli can infect fully the hop.
Zoospores of P. Humuli placed on leaves of Urtica dioica and Parietaria ramiflora produced phenomena approaching sub‐infection.
Since P. Humuli in its native countries has been observed only on species of Humulus, the fact that in Europe a species of Urtica can be artificially infected, may indicate a widening of its host range.
Spores of P. Humuli, taken from cultivated hops, failed to infect fully Humulus japonicus.
Spores of P. Urticae (Lib.) Salmon et Ware, taken from Urtica dioica, were found to infect fully Urtica urens.
ON DEMATIUM PULLULANS De B. AND ITS ASCIGEROUS STAGE
Authors: BENNETT F. T. 
Published: February 2008

Summary.The fungus Dematium pullulans de Bary, is in its perfect stage Anthostomella pullulans (de B.) comb. nov. The mature ascigerous stage occurs in nature, and in immature form has been obtained in pure culture from both the conidium and the ascospore of the organism. A. pullulans retains vitality through all periods of natural drought and cold in this country by chlamydospores and microsclerotia; the perithecial stage is not essential for its continued existence, and appears to be formed intermittently only.Six strains of this one species, A. pullulans, are described, showing the extent to which variation by transitional stages may occur within the species.The fungus is saprophytic, or weakly parasitic, but non‐pathogenic, and is of promiscuous habit as regards host material.
THE PRODUCTION OF POWER ALCOHOL FROM WASTE VEGETABLE MATERIALS, SUCH AS GRASS, STRAW AND HUSKS
Authors: THAYSEN A. C. , GALLOWAY L. D. 
Published: February 2008

Summary.It has been established that the hemicelluloses of various waste vegetable materials can be hydrolysed by acids to yield extracts fermentable by alcohol forming bacteria.A study has been undertaken of the conditions under which Bac. acetoethylicus Northrop can be utilised for the fermentation of the extract obtained by the hydrolysis of various vegetable materials and the conditions have been ascertained under which the fermentation may be technically applied.A method is described for carrying out this fermentation without the application, for the preparation and sterilisation of the mashes, of temperatures exceeding those of boiling water.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE DISEASE OF OATS CAUSED BY THE STEM EELWORM ANGUILLULINA DIPSACI (KÜHN, 1857)
Authors: ROBERTSON DAVID 
Published: February 2008

Summary.

The life‐history of the nematode is described.
The numbers of eelworms occurring in infected soils is discussed.
The external symptoms of diseased oat plants are described in detail.
It has been definitely proved that A. dipsaci can infect the oat panicle and grains and remain in a quiescent state within the harvested seed.
THE TRANSMISSION OF POTATO MOSAIC TO TOMATO
Authors: SMITH J. HENDERSON 
Published: February 2008

Summary.Inoculation by leaf‐mutilation with the foliage of normal potatoes produced no disease in tomato. Nine varieties of potato were tested.Similar inoculation with foliage of mosaic potatoes produced a characteristic disease in tomato. Five varieties of potato were used, of which three had been tested in the experiments with normal foliage.The characters of the disease are described. It is transmissible back to potato again and to other solanaceous plants. The virus is filterable, is still infectious after high dilution of the extracted juice, and remains active on keeping for several months. It is less resistant to heat and alcohol than ordinary tobacco mosaic.The disease resembles closely the spot‐necrosis disease described by Johnson as obtained by inoculation of tobacco with foliage of normal potatoes, the chief difference being the greater resistance of the potato mosaics here described.It is probable that there exist several strains, differing in resistance, of the virus causing mosaic in the potato.
“BREAKING” IN TULIPS
Authors: CAYLEY D. M. 
Published: February 2008

Summary.

“Breaking” in Tulips is infectious and can be induced by bringing the internal tissue of a normal bulb in contact with tissue from a “broken” bulb during the resting stage.
The degree of “breaking” appears to be proportional to the amount of infected tissue introduced.
The phenomenon of “parrotting” has appeared in the “broken” flowers from bulbs infected with a small amount of “broken” tissue.
Injections of filtrate from “broken” tissue have given negative results so far.