bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Equalizing effect of β‐cyclodextrin on dyeing of polyamide 6,6 woven fabrics with acid dyes
Authors: Kumbasar E. Perrin Akçakoca , Atav Riza , Yurdakul Abbas 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCyclodextrins (CD) are produced from starch by the action of cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) enzyme. Structurally, cyclodextrins consist of 6, 7, or 8 (α, β, and γ cyclodextrins, respectively) D‐glucopyranosyl units connected by α‐(1,4) glycosidic linkages. Having polar and hydrophilic outer sides and hydrophobic cavitation gives cyclodextrins a chance to form inclusion complexes with dyes in hydrophilic mediums. In this research, the equalizing effect of β‐cyclodextrins in dyeing of polyamide 6,6 woven fabrics with 6 different acid dyes were investigated. From the experimental results, it was determined that the β‐cyclodextrin shows a retarding and equalizing effect in dyeings carried out with the dyes that show interaction with β‐CD. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2660–2668, 2007
Kinetic analysis of thermal degradation of NR/EPDM blends: Effect of the reactive compatibilization
Authors: da Silva Sirqueira Alex , Guenther Soares Bluma 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of mercapto‐modified EPDM (EPDMSH) and thioacetate‐modified EPDM (EPDMTA) on the thermal degradation of NR/EPDM (70 : 30 wt %) blends has been investigated under anaerobic and aerobic conditions. The anaerobic condition consisted of compression‐molding the samples at different times, higher than the optimum curing time established by the oscillatory disk rheometer. The aerobic conditions consisted of ageing the samples in an air circulating oven. EPDMTA in the blend resulted in a reasonable retention of mechanical properties of sample ageing in an air‐circulation oven, and a slight increase of crosslink density after ageing under anaerobic conditions. EPDMSH resulted in an accentuated ageing degradation under anaerobic and aerobic conditions. The kinetic parameters of thermal degradation were evaluated from non isothermal TGA experiments taken at different heating rates. The presence of functionalized copolymers in a proportion as low as 2.5 wt % in the blends resulted in a substantial increase of the activation energy, indicating an increase of the resistance against thermal degradation. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2669–2675, 2007
Amphiphilic triblock copolymer based on poly(p‐dioxanone) and poly(ethylene glycol): Synthesis, characterization, and aqueous dispersion
Authors: Remant Bahadur K. C. , Aryal Santosh , Raj Bhattarai Shanta , Seob Khil Myung , Kim Hak Yong 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAmphiphilic triblock copolymers composed of poly(p‐dioxanone) (PPDO) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) were synthesized by ring opening polymerization of PDO initiated through dihydroxyl‐terminated PEG in the presence of stannous 2‐ethylhexanoate [Sn(oct)2] as a catalyst. Polymeric nanoparticles were prepared in an aqueous medium (triple distilled water and phosphate buffer pH 7.4) by cosolvent evaporation technique at room temperature (25°C). Stability of nanoparticles was significantly enough in triple distilled water when compared with the phosphate buffer. Core‐shell geometry of polymeric nanoparticles was characterized by 1H‐NMR spectroscopy and further confirmed by spectrophotometric analysis using pyrene as a probe. Variation in physicochemical characteristics of polymeric nanoparticles with the fraction of PPDO was investigated through the analysis of microscopic, spectroscopic, and light scattering techniques. Critical micelle concentration of polymer in triple distilled water decreased from 2.3 × 10−3 to 4.7 × 10−3. Atomic force microscopic observation revealed that polymeric nanoparticles were spherical and uniform with smooth textured of around 50–68 nm diameter. Dynamic light scattering and electrophoretic light scattering measurements showed a mono‐disperse size distribution of around 113–171 nm hydrodynamic diameters and negative zeta (ζ)‐potential (−4.00 to −5.87 mV), respectively. The investigation showed a significant effect of polymeric composition on the physicochemical characteristic of polymeric nanoparticles. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2695–2702, 2007
Drawing of self‐reinforced cellulose films
Authors: Gindl Wolfgang , Keckes Jozef 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSelf‐reinforced cellulose films were prepared by incomplete dissolution of commercial microcrystalline cellulose in LiCl/DMAc solvent and subsequent coagulation of regenerated cellulose in the presence of undissolved microcrystalline cellulose. By drawing in wet conditions and subsequent drying, preferred orientation was introduced into the self‐reinforced cellulose films, resulting in significantly improved tensile strength of up to 430 MPa and modulus of elasticity of up to 33 GPa. A linear relationship was observed between applied draw, and the orientation of cellulose in the films, and the measured elastic modulus and tensile strength, respectively. The optically transparent drawn films significantly surpass the strength and modulus of elasticity of current all‐bio‐based planar materials and may therefore present a bio‐degradable alternative to nonbio‐based materials with similar performance. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2703–2708, 2007
Microstructure determination and thermal studies ofn‐acryloylcarbazole/vinyl acetate copolymers
Authors: Singh Brar Ajaib , Singh Pravin Kumar 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCopolymers ofN‐acryloylcarbazole (A) and vinyl acetate (V) were synthesized by bulk polymerization using benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as free‐radical initiator at 65°C in different in‐feed ratios. The composition of the copolymer was determined by1H‐NMR spectrum. The comonomer reactivity ratios, determined by Kelen–Tudos (KT) and nonlinear error‐in‐variables (EVM) methods, wererA= 16.75 ± 1.38,rV= 0.015 ± 0.002, andrA= 16.36,rV= 0.015, respectively. Complete spectral assignments of the1H and13C{1H} NMR spectra of the copolymers were done by the help of distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer (DEPT) and two‐dimensional NMR techniques such as heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) and total correlation spectroscopy (TOCSY). The methine and methylene carbon resonances were found to be compositional as well as configurational sensitive. The signals obtained were broad pertaining to the restricted rotation of bulky carbazole group. The thermal stability and glass‐transition temperatures (Tg) of the copolymers were found to be dependant on polymer composition and characteristic of rotational rigidity of the polymer chain. Variation in the values ofTgwith the copolymer composition was found to be in good agreement with theoretical values obtained from Johnston and Barton equations. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2720–2733, 2007
An object relations approach to studying prejudice with specific reference to anti‐semitism: the long‐term use of a lethal apocalyptic projection
Authors: Friedman Clyde 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPrejudice seems to be part of the human condition. The specific prejudice of anti‐Semitism has affected Jews for at least 2300 years with, at times, horrendous consequences. What psychodynamics are operating in prejudice in general, and in the specific prejudice of antisemitism? What has caused such a small group to be targeted by such long‐standing enmity? Will prejudice or antisemitism ever end or do groups need scapegoats and do the Jewish people fit the scapegoat profile? This article reviews some of the psychodynamics as described by Freud, Klein, Fairbairn, Bion, and others that make people susceptible to fear and prejudice, and to the particular prejudice of antisemitism. Mention will be made of some of the historical, religious, and sociological dynamics that contribute to antisemitism. With reference to Object Relations theory and the Apocalyptic‐Messianic myth present in monotheistic religions, an explanation is suggested as to how prejudice and antisemitism become lethal on an individual and large‐group scale. Hitler is referred to as a specific illustration of this phenomenon. Some case examples from the writer's clinical practice are also utilized to further illustrate the psychodynamics presented. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The ego‐ideal, conflict, and the primacy of the self: women and the cultural restrictions of love object choice
Authors: Turken Hanna 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe case studies of three young women are used to illustrate how strict prohibitions to marry outside their ethnic background led to its opposite: a fixation to love only men from outside their ethnic background. The conflict between parental expectations and their ego‐ideal – their self‐defined developmental goals – and their sense of entrapment manifested itself as depression and feelings of inadequacy due to narcissistic loss. Through the process of psychoanalytic psychotherapy the cultural love and hate issues that were interfering with the individual's self‐integratory function and the primacy of the self were resolved in all three women, promoting the desired personality consolidation. Their interests are no longer focused on escaping what they perceived as constricting ethnic home; nor are they restricted to finding a man from outside their ethnic background, but rather in finding psychological stability with men who can meet their emotional and intellectual needs. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interleukin‐10 promoter polymorphisms in giant cell arteritis
Authors: Boiardi Luigi , Casali Bruno , Farnetti Enrico , Pipitone Nicolò , Nicoli Davide , Macchioni Pierluigi , Cimino Luca , Bajocchi Gianluigi , Grazia Catanoso Maria , Pattacini Laura , Salvarani Carlo 
Published: November 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate potential associations between interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) promoter polymorphisms and susceptibility to, and clinical features of, giant cell arteritis (GCA).MethodsA total of 140 patients with biopsy‐proven GCA who were residents of Reggio Emilia, Italy, and 200 population‐based controls from the same geographic area were genotyped for promoter polymorphisms of the IL‐10 gene, by molecular methods. The patients were subgrouped according to the presence or absence of polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) and ischemic complications (any or all of the following: vision loss, jaw claudication, cerebrovascular accidents, or aortic arch syndrome).ResultsThe distribution of the C/A 592 genotype differed significantly between the GCA patients and the controls (Pcorr = 0.003). Carriers of the A592 allele (A/A or C/A) were significantly more frequent among the GCA patients than among the controls (Pcorr = 0.004, odds ratio [OR] 2.0 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.3–3.1]). Homozygosity for the A592 allele was significantly more frequent among the GCA patients than among the controls (Pcorr = 0.002, OR 3.4 [95% CI 1.6–7.2]). The distribution of the A/G 1082 genotype was similar in GCA patients and controls. In the haplotype analysis, the frequency of the ATA haplotype was significantly higher in GCA patients than in the controls (P = 0.0001), whereas the frequencies of the ACC and GTA haplotypes were significantly lower (P = 0.0001 for both comparisons). No significant associations were found for comparisons of GCA patients with and those without PMR or GCA patients with and those without ischemic complications.ConclusionOur findings show that the −592 C/A promoter polymorphism of the IL‐10 gene is associated with susceptibility to GCA.
The −169C/T polymorphism in FCRL3 is not associated with susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus in a case–control study of Koreans
Authors: Choi Chan‐Bum , Kang Changsoo Paul , Seong Sang‐Seokg , Bae Sang‐Cheol , Kang Changwon 
Published: November 2006

AbstractObjectiveIn Japanese individuals, the −169C/T single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in FCRL3 has been reported to be associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and autoimmune thyroid diseases. The objective of this study was to test the association of this SNP with RA and SLE, in a case–control study of Korean individuals.MethodsThe −169C/T SNP in FCRL3 was genotyped in 1,060 patients with RA, 457 patients with SLE, and 697 unaffected control subjects, using the MassARRAY SNP genotyping system. Associations were tested by multivariate logistic regression, with adjustments for age and sex.ResultsNo association was detected between the −169C/T SNP and RA (odds ratio [OR] 1.11, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.83–1.48, P = 0.50) or SLE (OR 1.00, 95% CI 0.73–1.37, P = 0.99). This SNP was not associated with rheumatoid factor status, shared epitope status, radiographic severity in patients with RA, or disease manifestations in patients with SLE.ConclusionThe association of the −169C/T SNP in FCRL3 with RA and SLE that was observed in Japanese patients was not replicated in a Korean population.
Steroid hormones strongly support bovine articular cartilage integration in the absence of interleukin‐1β
Authors: Englert Carsten , Blunk Torsten , Fierlbeck Johann , Kaiser Julia , Stosiek Wolfgang , Angele Peter , Hammer Joachim , Straub Rainer H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractObjectivePosttraumatic integration of articular cartilage at fracture sites is essential for mechanical stability of cartilage, and ruptured cartilage is a prerequisite for early osteoarthritis. This study was undertaken to investigate effects on articular cartilage integration mediated by steroid hormones, interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), and combinations thereof.MethodsArticular cartilage blocks were cultured in partial apposition for 2 weeks with ascorbic acid, testosterone, 17β‐estradiol, and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), with or without IL‐1β. Mechanical integration was measured as adhesive strength, i.e., the maximum force at rupture of integrated cartilage blocks divided by the overlap area. Glycosaminoglycan content was used to study synthesized extracellular matrix.ResultsCulture in medium without supplements did not lead to integration (adhesive strength 0 kPa). With administration of ascorbic acid (100 μg/ml), the median adhesive strength was 49 kPa. In comparison with ascorbic acid alone, all steroid hormones induced a strong, concentration‐dependent stimulation of integration (with maximum values observed with DHEA at 3 × 10−5M, testosterone at 10−8M, and 17β‐estradiol at 10−11M). For testosterone and 17β‐estradiol, this was also reflected by an increase of glycosaminoglycan content. Adhesive strength was increased with IL‐1β at 10 pg/ml, but not at 1 pg/ml or 100 pg/ml. In the presence of both IL‐1β and sex hormones, integration of articular cartilage was reduced.ConclusionThis is the first study to demonstrate that steroid hormones such as 17β‐estradiol, DHEA, and testosterone stimulate articular cartilage integration. This effect is abrogated by low concentrations of IL‐1β. In the absence of IL‐1β or after neutralization of IL‐1β, steroid hormones might be favorable adjuvant compounds to optimize cartilage integration.
Fcγ receptors directly mediate cartilage, but not bone, destruction in murine antigen‐induced arthritis: Uncoupling of cartilage damage from bone erosion and joint inflammation
Authors: Lent Peter L. Van , Grevers Lilyanne , Lubberts Erik , Vries Teun J. De , Nabbe Karin C. , Verbeek Sjef , Oppers Birgit , Sloetjes Annet , Blom Arjen B. , Berg Wim B. Van Den 
Published: November 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the relationship between synovial inflammation and the concomitant occurrence of cartilage and bone erosion during conditions of variable inflammation using various Fcγ receptor knockout (FcγR−/−) mice.MethodsAntigen‐induced arthritis (AIA) was introduced in the knee joints of various FcγR−/− mice and wild‐type controls. Joint inflammation and cartilage and bone destruction levels were determined by histologic analysis. Cathepsin K, RANKL, and osteoprotegerin (OPG) levels were detected by immunolocalization.ResultsIn FcγRIIb−/− mice, which lack the inhibiting Fcγ receptor IIb, levels of joint inflammation and cartilage and bone destruction were significantly higher (infiltrate 93%, exudate 200%, cartilage 100%, bone 156%). AIA in mice lacking activating FcγR types I, III, and IV, but not FcγRIIb (FcR γ‐chain−/− mice), prevented cartilage destruction completely. In contrast, levels of bone erosion and joint inflammation were comparable with their wild‐type controls. Of great interest, in arthritic mice lacking activating FcγR types I, II, and III, but not IV (FcγRI/II/III−/− mice), levels of joint inflammation were highly elevated (infiltrate and exudate, 100% and 188%, respectively). Cartilage destruction levels were decreased by 92%, whereas bone erosion was increased by 200%. Cathepsin K, a crucial mediator of osteoclasts, showed a strong correlation with the amount of inflammation but not with the amount of activating FcγR, which was low in osteoclasts. RANKL, but not OPG, levels were higher in the inflammatory cells of arthritic knee joints of FcγRI/II/III−/− mice versus wild‐type mice.ConclusionActivating FcγR are crucial in mediating cartilage destruction independently of joint inflammation. In contrast, FcγR are not directly involved in bone erosion. Indirectly, FcγR drive bone destruction by regulating joint inflammation.
Association of citrullinated proteins with synovial exosomes
Authors: Skriner K. , Adolph K. , Jungblut P. R. , Burmester G. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractObjectiveIn addition to releasing proteins and mediators, cells also release membrane vesicles (exosomes and apoptotic blebs) into the extracellular environment. Apoptotic blebs contain multiple autoantigens, but few data are available concerning the protein content of exosomes. Exosomes are formed during an immune response and can directly stimulate T cells or bind to dendritic cells. The aim of this study was to identify the nature of synovial exosomes from patients with different rheumatic diseases and to examine their potential autoantigenic content, which may be involved in the induction of an autoimmune response.MethodsSynovial exosomes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), patients with reactive arthritis, and patients with osteoarthritis were purified, analyzed by electron microscopy, and labeled with immunogold to detect IgG and IgM molecules. Autoantigen content was identified by 2‐dimensional electrophoresis–immunoblotting and subsequent mass spectrometry. In order to investigate the presence of citrullinated proteins, immunoblotting with anticitrulline antibodies was performed.ResultsCitrullinated proteins were observed in all exosome preparations, in contrast to other autoantigenic proteins (e.g., BiP and heterogeneous nuclear RNP A2) that were previously observed in RA and other autoimmune diseases. These citrullinated proteins included the fibrin α‐chain fragment, fibrin β‐chain, fibrinogen β‐chain precursor, fibrinogen D fragment, and the Spα (CD5 antigen‐like protein) receptor. Purification of synovial exosomes led to the detection of citrullinated fibrinogen and citrullinated Spα associated with IgM and IgG.ConclusionSynovial exosomes contain citrullinated proteins, which are known to be autoantigens in RA. Although immune mechanisms in which exosomes carry citrullinated peptides could play an important role in the induction and distribution of citrullinated proteins, there must be a specific recognition of these proteins that is unique to the RA immune system.
Characteristics of diffuse large B cell lymphomas in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Baecklund Eva , Backlin Carin , Iliadou Anastasia , Granath Fredrik , Ekbom Anders , Amini Rose‐Marie , Feltelius Nils , Enblad Gunilla , Sundström Christer , Klareskog Lars , Askling Johan , Rosenquist Richard 
Published: November 2006

AbstractObjectivePatients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are at increased risk of malignant lymphomas, with a correlation between RA disease severity and lymphoma risk, most pronounced for diffuse large B cell lymphomas (DLBCLs), which also constitute the majority of RA‐associated lymphomas. DLBCLs can be further subdivided into germinal center (GC)–like and non–GC‐like subtypes, with different cellular origins and prognoses. This study was undertaken to investigate whether RA displays a specific association with any of the DLBCL subtypes.MethodsWe identified 139 patients with DLBCLs within a population‐based case–control study of 378 RA patients with lymphoma. The DLBCLs were examined for CD10, Bcl‐6, and interferon regulatory factor 4 expression patterns, subclassified into GC and non‐GC subtypes, and then correlated with clinical parameters.ResultsWe found a statistically significant predominance of the non‐GC subtype (97 patients; 70% of all DLBCLs). These patients more often had an advanced stage of lymphoma at diagnosis and had a worse 5‐year overall survival rate (16% versus 33%) compared with patients with the GC subtype. There was a strong association with RA disease activity in both subtypes, with >70% of the GC and non‐GC cases occurring in RA patients with the highest overall disease activity scores.ConclusionThese findings suggest that severe RA is particularly associated with the non‐GC subtype of DLBCL, and indicate a critical role of activated peripheral B cells as the cells of origin in these lymphomas.
Linguistics and information theory: Analytic advantages
Authors: Warner Julian 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe analytic advantages of central concepts from linguistics and information theory, and the analogies demonstrated between them, for understanding patterns of retrieval from full‐text indexes to documents are developed. The interaction between the syntagm and the paradigm in computational operations on written language in indexing, searching, and retrieval is used to account for transformations of the signified or meaning between documents and their representation and between queries and documents retrieved. Characteristics of the message, and messages for selection for written language, are brought to explain the relative frequency of occurrence of words and multiple word sequences in documents. The examples given in the companion article are revisited and a fuller example introduced. The signified of the sequence stood for, the term classically used in the definitions of the sign, as something standing for something else, can itself change rapidly according to its syntagm. A greater than ordinary discourse understanding of patterns in retrieval is obtained.
Light bending models in AGNs
Authors: Miniutti G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe review the MCG–6‐30‐15 observations and results that provided the motivation for the light bending model. We present a summary of the main properties of the model and discuss its application to MCG–6‐30‐15 briefly mentioning other X‐ray sources showing the same qualitative behaviour. Finally, we report on one of the most spectacular cases so far of short‐timescale variability of a redshifted Fe K line in the Seyfert galaxy NGC 3516, most likely due to an orbiting spot or flare in the relativistic region of the accretion disc. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Relativistic blue‐ and red‐shifted absorption lines in AGNs
Authors: Cappi M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCurrent, accumulating evidence for (mildly) relativistic blue‐ and red‐shifted absorption lines in AGNs is reviewed. XMM‐Newton and Chandra sensitive X‐ray observations are starting to probe not only the kinematics (velocity) but also the dynamics (accelerations) of highly ionized gas flowing in‐and‐out from, likely, a few gravitational radii from the black hole. It is thus emphasized that X‐ray absorption‐line spectroscopy provides new potential to map the accretion flows near black holes, to probe the launching regions of relativistic jets/outflows, and to quantify the cosmological feedback of AGNs. Prospects to tackle these issues with future high energy missions are briefly addressed. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)