bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Newborn Screening: Complexities in Universal Genetic Testing
Authors: Green Nancy S. , Dolan Siobhan M. , Murray Thomas H. 
Published: March 2006

Newborn screening (NBS)—in which each newborn infant is screened for up to 50 specific metabolic disorders for early detection and intervention—is the first program of populationwide genetic testing. As a public health intervention, NBS has greatly improved the lives of thousands of affected children. New technologies and new economic and social forces pose significant ethical and clinical challenges to NBS. Two primary challenges concern (1) accommodating clinical and ethical standards to rapid technological developments in NBS and (2) preparing public health systems to respond to the medical advances and social forces driving expansion of NBS programs. We describe and analyze these challenges through consideration of 3 disorders: phenylketonuria, medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, and cystic fibrosis.
Patient Privacy and Conflicting Legal and Ethical Obligations in El Salvador: Reporting of Unlawful Abortions
Authors: McNaughton Heathe Luz , Mitchell Ellen M.H. , Hernandez Emilia G. , Padilla Karen , Blandon Marta Maria 
Published: March 2006

Postabortion care providers who breach patient confidentiality endanger women’s health and violate ethics. A 1998 abortion ban in El Salvador likely spurred an increase in the number of women investigated, because many women were reported to legal authorities by health care providers. Having analyzed safeguards of confidentiality in laws and ethical guidelines, we obtained information from legal records on women prosecuted from 1998 to 2003 and identified factors that may lead to reporting through a survey of obstetrician-gynecologists (n=110). Although ethical and human rights standards oblige providers to respect patients’ privacy, 80% of obstetrician-gynecologists mistakenly believed reporting was required. Most respondents (86%) knew that women delay seeking care because of fear of prosecution, yet a majority (56%) participated in notification of legal authorities.
Life-Course Socioeconomic Position and Hypertension in African American Men: The Pitt County Study
Authors: James Sherman A. , Van Hoewyk John , Belli Robert F. , Strogatz David S. , Williams David R. , Raghunathan Trevillore E. 
Published: March 2006

Objectives. We investigated the odds of hypertension for Black men in relationship to their socioeconomic position (SEP) in both childhood and adulthood. Methods. On the basis of their parents’ occupation, we classified 379 men in the Pitt County (North Carolina) Study into low and high childhood SEP. The men’s own education, occupation, employment status, and home ownership status were used to classify them into low and high adulthood SEP. Four life-course SEP categories resulted: low childhood/low adulthood, low childhood/high adulthood, high childhood/low adulthood, and high childhood/high adulthood. Results. Low childhood SEP was associated with a 60% greater odds of hypertension, and low adulthood SEP was associated with a 2-fold greater odds of hypertension. Compared with men of high SEP in both childhood and adulthood, the odds of hypertension were 7 times greater for low/low SEP men, 4 times greater for low/high SEP men, and 6 times greater for high/low SEP men. Conclusions. Greater access to material resources in both childhood and adulthood was protective against premature hypertension in this cohort of Black men. Though some parameter estimates were imprecise, study findings are consistent with both pathway and cumulative burden models of hypertension.
Experiences of Hurricane Katrina Evacuees in Houston Shelters: Implications for Future Planning
Authors: Brodie Mollyann , Weltzien Erin , Altman Drew , Blendon Robert J. , Benson John M. 
Published: March 2006

Objectives. To shed light on how the public health community can promote the recovery of Hurricane Katrina victims and protect people in future disasters, we examined the experiences of evacuees housed in Houston area shelters 2 weeks after the hurricane. Methods. A survey was conducted September 10 through 12, 2005, with 680 randomly selected respondents who were evacuated to Houston from the Gulf Coast as a result of Hurricane Katrina. Interviews were conducted in Red Cross shelters in the greater Houston area. Results. Many evacuees suffered physical and emotional stress during the storm and its aftermath, including going without adequate food and water. In comparison with New Orleans and Louisiana residents overall, disproportionate numbers of this group were African American, had low incomes, and had no health insurance coverage. Many had chronic health conditions and relied heavily on the New Orleans public hospital system, which was destroyed in the storm. Conclusions. Our results highlight the need for better plans for emergency communication and evacuation of low-income and disabled citizens in future disasters and shed light on choices facing policymakers in planning for the long-term health care needs of vulnerable populations.
Choosing an operating policy for seeded batch crystallization
Authors: Ward Jeffrey D. , Mellichamp Duncan A. , Doherty Michael F. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractDetermination of the optimal temperature (or supersaturation) trajectory for a seeded batch crystallizer is a well studied problem. The majority of researchers find that the optimal trajectory has a greater supersaturation at the end of the batch. A significant minority of researchers, however, using very similar models and different but equally justifiable objective functions, find that the optimal trajectory has the greatest supersaturation at the beginning of the batch. Still other researchers have suggested that crystallization processes should be operated with constant supersaturation. These apparent conflicts are resolved into different equivalence classes of objectives and corresponding operating policies. It is shown that the equivalence classes arise as a result of an inherent tradeoff for seeded batch crystallizers involving secondary nucleation: Early growth operating policies tend to minimize the number of nuclei formed because supersaturation is greatest when the mass of crystals is least. However, those nuclei which are formed early have an opportunity to grow to a larger size and compete with the growth of the seed crystals. By contrast, late growth operating policies tend to produce more nuclei because supersaturation is greatest when the mass of crystals is greatest. However, nuclei formed late in the batch do not have a chance to grow as large, and the total mass of nucleus‐grown crystals is small. Which of these outcomes is preferred depends on the particular application. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Liquid‐liquid and liquid‐gas extraction of aroma compounds with hollow fibers
Authors: Viladomat Fabrice Gascons , Souchon Isabelle , Pierre François‐Xavier , Marin Michèle 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe extraction of 15 aroma compounds from a highly diluted aqueous feed with hollow fiber membrane contactors was investigated. Membrane‐Based Solvent Extraction (MBSE) and Membrane Air‐Stripping (MAS) were tested with the aqueous feed cross‐flowing on the shell side and the stripping phase flowing in the lumen of the hollow fiber. Experimental results showed that globally, MBSE offered higher overall mass transfer coefficients than MAS. This difference was mainly explained by the gap in partition coefficients. Hexane‐water partition coefficients were about 10,000 times higher than air‐water partition coefficients. The contribution of each local resistance to mass transfer was identified by a resistance‐in‐series model. Mass transfer in the aqueous feed boundary layer is the limiting step in MBSE, while mass transfer in the stripping gas boundary layer is the limiting step in MAS. A diagnostic tool based on partition coefficients was developed in order to help choose the adequate process for the extraction of an aroma compound. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Biodegradability of diethylene glycol terephthalate and poly(ethylene terephthalate) fiber by crude enzymes extracted from activated sludge
Authors: Zhang Jianfei , Gong Jixian , Shao Gaiqin , Qin Jijie , Gu Zhenya 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIn this study, diethylene glycol terephthalate (DTP) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fiber were degraded by crude enzymes extracted from a strain that was isolated from activated sludge obtained from factories. The feasibility of the biodegradation of the PET fiber is discussed through the rule of the biodegradation of DTP, which was used as the simulacrum of the biodegradation of the PET fiber. We concluded that the proper conditions for the degradation of DTP with the crude enzyme were 30°C and a medium pH. Through the degradation kinetics, we determined that the crude enzyme was more capable of degrading DTP than was lipase. In addition, the crude enzyme also degraded the PET fibers. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 3855–3859, 2006
Effect of screw axial vibration on polymer melting process in single‐screw extruders
Authors: Qu Jinping , Zeng Guansheng , Feng Yanhong , Jin Gang , He Hezhi , Cao Xianwu 
Published: March 2006

AbstractA model for investigating the melting process of polymer in a vibration‐induced single‐screw (VISS) extruder is presented. The key feature of this model is as follows: vibration force field is introduced into the overall course of extrusion by the axial vibration of the screw, and the velocity distribution in the polymer melt behaves strongly nonlinear and time‐dependent. To analyze this model, half‐open barrel visible experimental method and low‐density polyethylene material are adopted to investigate the effect of the vibration parameters on the melting process, which goes into further details of study and research on the melting mechanism, and thus, a novel physical melting model is derived. Combining the conservation equations of mass, movement, energy, and constitutive, analytical expressions of the melting rate, the energy consumption, the length of melting section, and the distribution of solid bed are obtained. This model enables the prediction of the processing and design parameters in the VISS extruders from which the optimum conditions for designing VISS extruder and polymer processing are obtained. The theory is supplemented by a calculation sample and experiment, which shows that the introduction of vibration force field can improve the melting capacity and decrease the power consumption of extruder greatly. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 3860–3876, 2006
Thermal properties of poly(maleic anhydride‐alt‐acrylic acid) in the presence of certain metal chlorides
Authors: Kavlak Serap , Kaplan Can Hatice , Rzaev Zakir M. O. , Güner Ali 
Published: March 2006

AbstractPolychelates were synthesized by the addition of aqueous solutions of copper(II), cadmium(II), and nickel(II) chlorides to aqueous solutions of poly(maleic anhydride‐alt‐acrylic acid) [poly(MA‐alt‐AA)] in different pH media. The thermal properties of poly(MA‐alt‐AA) and its metal complexes were investigated with thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements. The polychelates showed higher thermal stability than poly(MA‐alt‐AA). The thermogravimetry of the polymer–metal complexes revealed variations of the thermal stability by complexation with metal ions. The relative thermal stabilities of the systems under investigation were as follows: poly(MA‐alt‐AA)–Cd(II) > poly(MA‐alt‐AA)–Cu(II) > poly(MA‐alt‐AA)–Ni(II) > poly(MA‐alt‐AA). The effects of pH on the complexation and gravimetric analysis of the polychelates were also studied. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 3926–3930, 2006
Siloxane surfactant‐modified clay and its effect in reinforcing the laminate of polymethylsilsesquioxane
Authors: Li Bai‐Yu , Ma Jun , Liu Hai‐Yun , Guo Xing‐Lin , Zhang Xiao‐Li , Xu Jian 
Published: March 2006

AbstractTo achieve good compatibility between clay layers and siloxane polymer, polymethylsilsesquioxane (PMSQ), montmorillonite was modified by a novel siloxane surfactant with M̄w = 1900 and then environmentally friendly solution‐compounded with PMSQ to prepare glass fiber laminates. Transmission electronic microscope shows the orderly, exfoliated structure of the modified clay in PMSQ matrix; scanning electronic microscope demonstrates the fine dispersion of the clay layers in the matrix because of the good compatibility between the grafted surfactant and the matrix. Both the modified clay and its nanocomposite indicate much improved thermal stability. By incorporation of merely 0.3 wt % of the clay, the flexural modulus and strengths of fiber/PMSQ laminate are increased by 21 and 62%, respectively. This study illuminates the importance of the compatibility of the grafted siloxane surfactant with the matrix polymer in achieving both exfoliation and dispersion of clay as well as ideal mechanical properties for silicone‐based polymers. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 3974–3980, 2006
Naturally occurring amino acid: Novel curatives for chloroprene rubber
Authors: Das A. , Naskar N. , Datta R. N. , Bose P. P. , Debnath S. C. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractPolychloroprene is a diene rubber, but unlike other diene rubbers, its compounding with various additives and curing mechanisms is different. A derivative of thiourea, ethylene thiourea (ETU), is widely used to vulcanize chloroprene rubber (CR), and the vulcanizates thus obtained exhibit excellent mechanical properties, good aging resistance, and very good sealing properties. However, the problem is that ETU is reported to be a potent carcinogenic compound, and hence, the effective substitution for ETU has been extensively explored. In this study, we used a naturally occurring amino acid derivative, dimethyl L‐cystine, as an ecofriendly compound for the vulcanization of CR. It had a significant influence on the curing characteristics and mechanical properties, such as modulus, tensile strength, elongation at break, and hardness values. The concentration of this novel crosslinking agent and also the curing temperature were optimized. In the presence of dimethyl L‐cystine, the amount and activity of magnesium oxide also exhibited significant influences on the crosslinking characteristics. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 3981–3986, 2006
Photocatalytic degradation of poly(ethylene oxide) and polyacrylamide
Authors: Vijayalakshmi S. P. , Madras Giridhar 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe photocatalytic degradation of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and polyacrylamide (PAM) was investigated using combustion synthesized nano‐sized TiO2 catalyst (CSN‐TiO2). The degradation was conducted with two different UV lamps of 125 and 80 W. Degradation of PEO was observed in both the cases, whereas PAM degraded only when exposed to lamp of higher power, even in the presence of catalyst. Gel permeation chromatography was used to determine the molecular weight distribution. Continuous distribution kinetics was applied to determine the kinetics of the photodegradation process. The degradation rate coefficients of the polymers in the presence of combustion synthesized TiO2 were higher than the degradation rate coefficients obtained with commercially available TiO2 (Degussa P‐25). The enhanced degradation rate of the polymers when catalyzed by CSN‐TiO2 can be due to the nano‐size, high surface area, and the presence of hydroxyl groups on the surface of the catalyst. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 3997–4003, 2006
Mica reinforced nylon‐6: Effect of coupling agents on mechanical, thermal, and dielectric properties
Authors: Bose S. , Raghu H. , Mahanwar P. A. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe effects of applying titanate (TYZOR® TPT) and silane (DYNASYLAN VTMO) coupling agents to wet ground muscovite mica in nylon‐6 composites are described. Nylon‐6 composites of 5–40 wt % filler loadings were compounded using an APV Baker twin‐screw extruder. Mica (25 wt %) brought about an increase in the Young's modulus, flexural strength, and flexural modulus but did not produce significant variations in tensile and impact strength. Hence different coupling agents were employed. It was observed that titanate coupling agent improved the tensile strength and the Young's modulus of the composites much while the impact properties were enhanced by the silane coupling agent. An attempt was made to use ϵ‐caprolactum in improving the interfacial adhesion of the filler and the matrix. It was observed that ϵ‐caprolactum improved the flexural modulus of the composites most. The effect of coupling agents on the dielectric strength, heat distortion temperature, and morphology were also investigated. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 4074–4081, 2006
Reducing hoarding behavior with individualized reinforcement and item return
Authors: Berry Cynthia L. , Schell R. M. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractTreatment research on hoarding is generally limited to people without intellectual disabilities who have symptoms of obsessive compulsive disorder and respond favorably to cognitive‐based therapies. We evaluated the effects of individualized reinforcement and item return procedures on hoarding behavior in a multiple baseline across three persons with severe mental retardation. Systematic preference assessment procedures identified items used in the individualized reinforcement procedures. Reductions in hoarding behavior occurred for each person when individualized treatment and item return procedures were applied. These reductions were maintained when direct support staff were trained to provide treatment. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of Antiviral Fusion Inhibitors: Short Modified Peptides Derived from the Transmembrane Glycoprotein of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors: D'Ursi Anna Maria , Giannecchini Simone , Esposito Cinzia , Alcaro Maria Claudia , Sichi Olimpia , Armenante Maria Rosaria , Carotenuto Alfonso , Papini Anna Maria , Bendinelli Mauro , Rovero Paolo 
Published: March 2006

AbstractFeline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a naturally occurring pathogen that causes an AIDS‐like syndrome in domestic cats and is a valuable model system by which criteria for antiviral vaccines and drugs development can be tested. The cell‐entry step of the lentivirus life cycle is regarded as a promising target for the development of new generation inhibitors. We have previously described potent in vitro anti‐FIV activity associated with a synthetic octapeptide, termed C8 (Ac‐Trp‐Glu‐Asp‐Trp‐Val‐Gly‐Trp‐Ile‐NH2), containing the Trp‐rich motif of FIV transmembrane glycoprotein, which shares a common structural framework with the corresponding molecule of HIV and appears to play a similar role in cell entry. In this report, in an attempt to develop simpler potential fusion inhibitors to be tested in vivo, we describe further studies focused on synthetic peptide analogues of C8. Since C8 inhibitory activity is dependent upon the Trp motif, we systematically replaced these residues with bulky and/or aromatic natural and unnatural amino acids, in order to develop a rational structure–activity relationship. Furthermore, the amino acids located between the Trp residues, which are not crucial for inhibitory activity, were replaced by simple alkyl spacers of appropriate length. Design, NMR structural analysis, in vitro anti‐FIV activity in lymphoid cell cultures, and serum stability of these new analogues are reported. The final results indicate that a simpler hexapeptide (Ac‐Nal2‐Ape‐Nal2‐Ape‐Nal2‐Ile‐NH2; Nal2=3‐naphthalen‐2‐yl‐L‐alanine, Ape=5‐aminopentanoic acid), almost entirely made up of unnatural amino acid residues, has markedly increased enzymatic stability, while maintaining strong antiviral potency in vitro.
Aptamer to Ribozyme: The Intrinsic Catalytic Potential of a Small RNA
Authors: Brackett David M. , Dieckmann Thorsten 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe discovery of RNA‐based catalysis 23 years ago dramatically changed the way biologists and biochemists thought of RNA. In the recent past, several ribozymes structures have provided some answers as to how catalysis is accomplished and how it relates to RNA structure and folding. However, there is still little information as to how catalytic activity evolved. Here we show that the small malachite green‐binding aptamer has intrinsic catalytic potential that can be realized by designing the proper substrate. The charge distribution within the RNA binding pocket stabilizes the transition state of an ester hydrolysis reaction and thus accelerates the overall reaction. The results suggest that electrostatic forces can contribute significantly to RNA‐based catalysis. Moreover, even simple RNA structures that have not been selected for catalytic properties can have a basic catalytic potential if they encounter the right substrate. This provides a possible starting point for the molecular evolution of more complex ribozymes.
Entwicklung eines integrierten Prozesses zur enzymatischen Herstellung von Biotensiden aus nachwachsenden Rohstoffen
Authors: del Amor Villa E. M. , Wichmann R. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractWegen der vielfältigen Einsatzmöglichkeiten von Biotensiden besteht großes Interesse an der Entwicklung neuer Herstellungsverfahren, vor allem aus nachwachsenden billigen und leicht zugänglichen Rohstoffen wie Zuckern bzw. Fetten/Ölen oder deren Derivaten. Untersucht wird zusätzlich zur Veresterungsreaktion auch die Abtrennung der Nebenprodukte und die Aufarbeitung und Isolierung der Produkte.
Die chemische Industrie als Innovationsmotor für den Klimaschutz
Authors: Rudolph J. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractDie chemische Industrie hat ihren eigenen Ressourcenverbrauch und damit die Emission von Treibhausgasen in den letzten Jahrzehnten erheblich eingeschränkt. Dieser Erfolg beruht auf einem umfassenden Ansatz, der von der energetische Optimierung ganzer Standorte bis hin zur Verbesserung einzelner Apparate, Prozesse und Reaktionen reicht. Über die Einschränkung ihres eigenen Verbrauchs an fossilen Rohstoffen hinaus trägt die chemische Industrie als Schlüsselindustrie und Innovationsmotor für viele Industriezweige durch ihre Produkte und Lösungen wesentlich zur Einsparung von Energie in anderen Branchen bei. Beispiele hierfür sind die CO2‐Sequestrierung und die Gebäudetechnik. Darüber hinaus erleichtern Innovationen aus der Chemie auch die Erschließung regenerativer Rohstoff‐ und Energiequellen.
Entwicklungsmöglichkeiten der CO2‐Rückhaltung in Kraftwerken aus thermodynamischer Sicht
Authors: Göttlicher G. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractEmissionsfreie Kraftwerke mit CO2‐Rückhaltung und ‐Speicherung sind mit heutiger Technik mit erheblichem Investitions‐ und Energieaufwand bereits machbar. Die Speicherpotenziale erscheinen ausreichend groß, sind jedoch im Detail noch zu ungenau erforscht. Der großtechnische Einsatz der CO2‐Rückhaltung steht noch am Anfang einer Entwicklung, so dass das Optimierungspotenzial durch Forschung und Entwicklung noch sehr groß ist. Zur Einschätzung der Entwicklungspotenziale wurden die thermodynamischen Einflussfaktoren analysiert. Es zeigt sich, dass die Wirkungsgradverbesserung auch bei CO2‐Rückhaltung weiter forciert werden muss. Eine Optimierungsstrategie im System der CO2‐Rückhaltung ist, die Verdünnung von Verbrennungsprodukten mit Luftstickstoff zu vermeiden. Als zukunftsweisende Methode stellt sich die Anreicherung von CO2 unter selektiver Zumischung von Sauerstoff dar.