bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Isoindoles. Acid or Base Induced Cyclization of 2-Cyanobenzaldehyde with Alcohols
Authors: Sato Ryu , Ohmori Michiko , Kaitani Fumiko , Kurosawa Akiko , Senzaki Toshihide , Goto Takehiko , Saito Minoru 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Various 3,3-dialkoxy-2,3-dihydro-1-hydroxy-1H-isoindoles (2) were obtained by treating 2-cyanobenzaldehyde (1) with alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst such as silica gel. In the reaction using a base catalyst such as triethylamine and 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU), 3-alkoxy-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-1-ones (4) were formed via 3-alkoxy-1,3-dihydro-1-isobenzofuranimine (3). The use of 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) and N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) gave 2 besides 3 and 4. A convenient and selective synthesis of isoindoles and its derivatives are described.
The Crystal and Molecular Structures of 2,2,4,6-Tetraphenyldihydro-1,3,5-triazine Acetone Solvate and 2-Propanol Solvate
Authors: Mori Yukie , Ohashi Yuji , Maeda Koko 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The crystal and molecular structures of 2,2,4,6-tetraphenyldihydro-1,3,5-triazine acetone solvate (1) which turns red on exposure to UV light, and 2-propanol solvate (2) which shows no photocoloration, have been determined by the X-ray method. The crystals of both inclusion compounds are monoclinic. For 1 the space group is P21⁄n; Z=4, with a=16.385(2), b=11.987(2), c=12.939(2) Å, and β=92.24(2)°. For 2 the space group is C2⁄c; Z=8, with a=21.967(3), b=13.418(1), c=19.576(4) Å, and β=118.73(1)°. The final R values were 0.082 and 0.083 for 1 and 2 respectively. In both crystals, the dihydrotriazine ring exists in 2,3-dihydro form, which is one of the two possible tautomeric forms. In 1 each acetone molecule interacts with only one molecule of tetraphenyldihydrotriazine by N(3)–H(3)···O hydrogen bond, while in 2 tetraphenyldihydrotriazine and 2-propanol molecules are alternately connected by N(3)–H(3)···O and N(5)···H–O hydrogen bonds to construct a ribbon-like structure. It was suggested that the N(3)–H(3)···O–H···N(5) hydrogen bonds which exist in 2 but not in 1 inhibit photocoloration of 2.
Cycloaddition Reactions of Highly Stabilized Isoquinolinium Methylides to Nonactivated Olefins and Electron-Rich Olefins
Authors: Tsuge Otohiko , Kanemasa Shuji , Sakamoto Kazushige , Takenaka Shigeori 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Highly stabilized isoquinolinium methylides bearing two electron-withdrawing substituents at the ylide carbon undergo cycloadditions with aryl-substituted olefins (acenaphthylene, (E)- and (Z)-stilbenes, indene, and styrene), alkyl-substituted olefins (norbornene, (Z)-3-hexene-1,6-dinitrile, 1-hexene, 2-propen-1-ol, and 3-(trimethylsilyloxy)propene), and electron-rich olefins (vinylene carbonate, butyl vinyl ether, and phenyl vinyl sulfide). These cycloadditions proceed in an exclusively regioselective and mostly stereoselective manner.
Crystal and Molecular Structure of Tetrabutylammonium Bis(1,4-dithiin-2,3-dithiolato)nickelate(III), (Bun4N)[Ni(ddt)2]
Authors: Kim Hyernjoo , Kobayashi Akiko , Sasaki Yukiyoshi , Kato Reizo , Kobayashi Hayao , Nakamura Tadashi , Nogami Takashi , Shirota Yasuhiko 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The crystal structure of tetrabutylammonium salt of a new multi-sulfur 1,3-dithiolene complex, (Bun4N)[Ni(ddt)2] (ddt=1,4-dithiin-2,3-dithiolato) has been determined by the single-crystal X-ray diffraction technique. Crystals are monoclinic, space group C2⁄c, a=66.107(40), b=9.182(5), c=19.119(12) Å, β=147.29(3)°, V=6271(1) Å3, and Z=8. The structure was solved by the heavy atom method, and refined by a block-diagonal least-squares method to R=0.070. There are two crystallographically independent molecules of Ni(ddt)2, molecule-A and molecule-B. Molecule-B forms segregated uniform stacks along the b-axis. The (Bun4N)+ cations are located between two molecular planes of molecule-A. The Ni(ddt)2 molecules are almost planar except two terminal vinylene moieties, which are folded to opposite side each other and the folding angles of molecule-A and molecule-B are 28° and 39°, respectively.
Crystal Face Anisotropy of Propylene Oxidation on Molybdenum Trioxide
Authors: Oyama Shigeo Ted 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Samples of MoO3 consisting of unsupported oriented crystallites exposing primarily the (010) plane and of randomly oriented powders were used to study the partial oxidation of propylene and allyl iodide. The materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, laser Raman spectroscopy, temperature programmed desorption of ammonia and surface area measurements. The unoriented powders were twice as active as the oriented crystallites in the oxidation of propylene, but both were similar in activity in the oxidation of allyl iodide. Thus, the reactions depended only slightly on the structure of the MoO3.
Electrical Conductance of a Mixture of Sodium and Potassium Thiocyanates in Aqueous Medium at 25 °C
Authors: Gupta Ratan Lal , Ismail Kochi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Electrical conductance measurements of [xNaSCN+(1−x)KSCN]+RH2O system were made as functions of x and R at 25 °C. The mixed alkali effect was found to be negligible when R&gt;10 and it increased sharply with increase in concentration in the range R≤10. The concentration dependence of molar conductance (Λ) has been described satisfactorily by the expression, Λ=ΛFHexp (Bm+Cm2) where ΛFH is the Falkenhagen–Leist–Kelbg equation for Λ, m is the molality and the parameters B and C are the empirical constants.
A Quantitative Scale of the Spectrochemical Series for the Mixed Ligand Complexes of d6 Metals
Authors: Shimura Yoichi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Quantitative scale of a new parameter d has been proposed for the spectrochemical series of ligands in the mixed ligand complexes of d6 metals, which enables us to predict the positions of low energy d–d absorption bands of a d6 complex. Introduction of a new reduction parameter α has improved the prediction of the d–d bands of mixed cyano complexes of cobalt(III), mixed halogeno complexes of rhodium(III), iridium(III), and platinum(IV), and also several mixed carbonyl complexes of low-valent d6 metals.
Sulfur Inversion in and Molecular Structure of meso-3,4-Diethyl-3,4-dimethyl-1-phenyl thiolanium Tetrafluoroborate
Authors: Oki Michinori , Yamada Yasuhisa , Murata Shigeru 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Kinetics of sulfur inversion in the title compound was studied by the classical method to afford the following kinetic parameters for the process (1r,3R,4S)→(1s,3R,4S): ΔH\eweq 25.7±0.3 kcal mol−1, ΔS\eweq −2.2±0.8 cal mol−1 K−1. X-Ray crystallography of one isomer (1r,3R,4S) in which the methyl groups are cis to the phenyl group shows some abnormal bond lengths and conformations due to the steric congestion in the 3,4-region of the thiolane ring. The anomalies in the structure are pointed out by comparing the structure with those closely related and the correlation of them with the barrier height to inversion is discussed.
A New Method of α-Functionalization for Tertiary Amines by Nucleophilic Substitution of α-Siloxy Amines
Authors: Tokitoh Norihiro , Okazaki Renji 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
α-Siloxy amines, which were easily prepared by “silicon Polonovski reaction” of tertiary amine N-oxides with trialkylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate, were treated with various nucleophiles to give the corresponding α-functionalized tertiary amines in moderate to good yields. This new method has the advantage that it enables the α-substitution of amines not only by alkyl groups but also by alkenyl and aryl groups with sp2 carbon as a reaction center, since the introduction of such groups is difficult in electrophilic substitution of dipole-stabilized α-lithio amines. Besides the organometallics such as Grignard and organoaluminum reagents, trimethylsilyl cyanide and silyl enol ether could also be employed as nucleophiles in the presence of an appropriate Lewis acid.
New Series of Organic Metal. Radical Salts of Unsymmetrical Donors Containing Pyrazino Group
Authors: Kikuchi Koichi , Kamio Hiroyuki , Saito Kazuya , Yiannopoulos Stelios Y , Papavassiliou George C , Kobayashi Keiji , Ikemoto Isao 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The I3, ClO4, and PF6 salts of unsymmetrical donors containing fused pyrazino groups (DMPDSDTF and DM(DMP)DSDTF) were prepared electrochemically and their electrical conductivities were measured. The I3 salt of DM(DMP)DSDTF exhibited a metallic behavior down to about 120 K. The radical salts of unsymmetrical donors showed much larger conductivities than those of the corresponding symmetrical donors containing pyrazino groups.
The Temperature Dependence of the Quenching Rate of the 307.6 nm Zinc Resonance Line by Some Alkane Hydrocarbons
Authors: Yamamoto Shunzo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The intensities of the 307.6 nm resonance line of zinc were measured as a function of the alkane pressure at various temperatures between 556 and 696 K, and the quenching rate was determined on the basis of the Stern–Volmer plots. Assuming that the quenching rate constant, kQ, of a certain alkane is equal to the sum of the quenching-rate constant, ki, for each C–H bond, the ratios of ks/kp and kt/kp (kp, ks, and kt are the quenching-rate constants for primary, secondary, and tertiary C–H bonds) were estimated from the ratios of the quenching rates of butane, isobutane, and neopentane. The differences in the activation energies for the quenching for primary, secondary, and tertiary C–H bonds were obtained from the temperature dependence of the ratios of ks/kp and kt/kp and were interpreted in terms of the modified bond-energy-bond-order (BEBO) method.
Synthetic, Spectroscopic and X-Ray Crystallographic Studies of Bivalent Metal Complexes with Amino Acids Having a Thiazolidine Ring. I. Properties of Bivalent Metal Complexes with (S)-4-Thiazolidinecarboxylic Acid and the Structure of Chloro((S)-4-thiazolidinecarboxylato)((S)-thiazolidinium-4-carboxylate)zinc(II)
Authors: Nagase Makoto , Yukawa Yasuhiko , Inomata Yoshie , Takeuchi Toshio 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Complexes of five bivalent metals with (S)-4-thiazolidinecarboxylic acid((Remark: Graphics omitted.)) have been prepared by three methods and characterized by means of infrared absorption, reflection spectra, magnetic susceptibility, thermal analysis, powder X-ray patterns, and single crystal X-ray diffraction. Two types of complexes were found. The first type[A] included ML2·nH2O (M=Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II); L=(S)-4-thiazolidinecarboxylate anion) and ZnClL(HL) was the second type[B]. In A-type complexes, the ligand coordinates to the metal with a nitrogen atom and an oxygen atom. From the results of single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies, the second type-B ZnClL(HL) was found to be orthorhombic, with the space group P212121; a=9.719(2), b=22.194(4), c=5.8537(5) Å, U=1262.6(4) Å3, Z=4, Dm=1.91 Mg m−3, Dx=1.93 Mg m−3, and μ(Mo K α)=25.3 cm−1. Block-diagonal least-squares refinements have led to a final R value of 0.045. The zinc atom is penta-coordinated, being ligated with one carboxylate oxygen atom of (S)thiazolidinium-4-carboxylate, which has a zwitter ion structure, two carboxylato oxygen atoms and one nitrogen atom of (S)-4-thiazolidinecarboxylate anion, and a chloride atom. The structure comprises onedimensional polymers by the carboxylate oxygen atom of this anion-type ligand. The plane extends in the direction of c-axis. In neither the A- nor the B-type complexes does the ligand coordinate to a metal with a sulfur atom.
Nematic Fumaric Ester Derivatives and Their Electro-Optical Properties
Authors: Shiraishi Kohei , Sugiyama Kazuo , Sakamoto Akihiko , Otsu Takayuki 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Senven enantiotropically nematic fumaric ester derivatives, 1-[[(E)-3-alkoxycarbonyl)acryloyl]oxy]-4-(4-methoxyphenylazo)benzene (1), were prepared. The 1 compounds which have unbranched ester alkyl groups showed decreased phase-transition temperatures and narrowed nematic states with the increase in the length of the alkyl chain, while the 1 compounds with terminal branched alkyl groups decrease drastically in nematic thermal stability. From the electro-optical effect originating in the dynamical scattering at the nematic state of the 1 compounds with unbranched ester groups, it was found that both the threshold voltage (Ethres) of deformation and the electro-optial response time (τr) decrease with the decrease in the chain lengh of alkyl groups. In addition, τr is scarcely influenced over the wide temperature range above 12 eV·cm−1 of the electric field.
Electrochemical Studies of Poly(mercaptohydroquinone) and Poly(mercapto-p-benzoquinone) Films Prepared by Electropolymerization. II. Fixation of Heavy Metals and Their Electrochemical Properties
Authors: Arai Gorou , Ishii Takayuki , Yamamoto Sumi , Yasumori Iwao 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Heavy metal ions, Ag+, Hg2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Pb2+, Pd2+, Fe3+, and Pt4+, were each fixed on a conductive redox film of poly(mercapto-p-benzoquinone) or poly(mercaptohydroquinone) by mercaptide formation. Of these mercaptide-modified electrodes, the Pt(IV)-, Pd(II)-, and Ag(I)-modified electrodes possess some catalytic properties for electrochemical hydrogen evolution. These mercaptide-modified electrodes display a nearly Nernstian response to their respective heavy metal ions in aqueous solution and exhibit good durability when stored under appropriate conditions. Especially, the Hg(II)-modified electrode displays an excellent function as an Hg2+ ion sensor. The effect of miniaturization of substrates upon response ability was investigated by using two different-sized Pt wires (0.5 mm and 0.03 mm in diameter).
The Solvent Extraction of Palladium(II) from Aqueous Chloride Media with 7-Tridecanone Oxime
Authors: Inoue Katsutoshi , Baba Yoshinari , Yoshizuka Kazuharu , Oka Tetsuji 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The extraction behavior of palladium(II) from the aqueous ammonium chloride solutions with the title extractant in toluene was investigated in terms of the equilibrium and the kinetics, while the aqueous solubility and the interfacial adsorption equilibrium of the extractant were estimated. The extraction rate of the 1:2 palladium(II)–extractant complex was explained by the interfacial reaction model, in which the ratedetermining steps were assumed to be the elementary reactions between the aquatrichloro- and tetrachloropalladate(II) in the aqueous phase and the extractant molecule adsorbed at the interface.
The Wetting of Alumina Substrate by Liquid Gold
Authors: Ushio Masumi , Sumiyoshi Yoshihiro 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The wetting of an Al2O3 substrate by liquid gold was investigated by means of the sessile-drop method in an atmosphere of argon. An empirical relation was estabilished between the contact angle and the temperature or surface tension of the liquid drop by the use of the diameter and the height of the sessile drop. The contact angle was constant with time, but decreased linearly with an increase in temperature. The variation in the contact angle with temperature is correlated with the surface tension of the sessile drop. The surface tension of liquid gold was obtained as 933 dyn cm−1 at 1080 °C and 917 dyn cm−1 at 1100 °C and the temperature coefficient of the surface tension of liquid could be estimated to be −0.80 dyn cm−1 °C−1. The critical surface tension (γc) and the surface tension of liquid gold at 0 K of Al2O3 (γLV°) were 20 and 2015 dyn cm−1, respectively.
Preparation and Properties of Iron(II) Hydroxide–(Sodium Fluoride Tetrasilicic Mica) Intercalation Complexes
Authors: Ohtsuka Kunio , Suda Mitsuru , Ono Mikiya 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Iron(II) hydroxide–(sodium fluoride tetrasilicic mica) intercalation complexes, which have a chloritelike structure, were prepared by titrating iron(II) sulfate solutions in the presence of mica with sodium hydroxide under oxygen-free conditions. The formation of iron(II) hydroxide sheets between the silicate layers was evaluated by chemical analysis, XRD, DTA-TGA, and surface-area measurement. The presence of water is essential for the oxidizing of these complexes to occur at room temperature by air, because the O2 attack on the surface of these iron(II) hydroxide sheets is hindered by the silicate layers. Fine highly dispersed iron metal particles (α-Fe) were formed on the external surface of the silicate by the H2 reduction of the complexes.
Enantioselectivity in the Biotransformation of Mono- and Bicyclic Monoterpenoids with the Cultured Cells of Nicotiana tabacum
Authors: Hamada Hiroki 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The biotransformation of the enantiomeric pairs of p-menthane and bicyclo[2.2.1] and [3.1.1]heptane derivatives with the cultured cells of Nicotiana tabacum was investigated. It was found that (i) the cultured cells discriminate the enantiomers of p-menthan-2-ol and bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol and bicyclo[3.1.1]heptan-3-ol derivatives, and enantioselectively convert these alcohols to the corresponding ketones, (ii) the cells reduce the carbonyl group of p-menthan-2-one derivatives to a high extent, but not that of p-menthan-3-ones, and (iii) the cells discriminate the enantiomers of bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-en-4-one (verbenone) and enantioselectively reduce the C–C double bond of the (1S,5S)-enantiomer.
A Facile Synthesis of 4H-Cyclopenta[def]phenanthrene
Authors: Minabe Masahiro , Yoshida Masaaki , Takayanagi Tokuei 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A facile and cheap method for synthesis of 4H-cyclopenta[def]phenanthrene was achieved from fluorene as the starting material via di-t-butylfluorene.
Novel Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals Derived from Normal Alkyl Esters of (R)-3-Hydroxybutanoic Acid. The Correlation between Molecular Structure and Mesomorphic Properties
Authors: Nakauchi Jun , Sakashita Keiichi , Kageyama Yoshitaka , Hayashi Seiji , Mori Kenji 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The following series of novel ferroelectric liquid crystals, derived from normal alkyl esters of (R)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid, have been synthesized, and several factors determining their mesomorphic properties have been investigated:
(Remark: Graphics omitted.)
The smectic polymorphism for these compounds with three aromatic rings is strongly affected by the position and kind of the linkage groups in the core. The effects of the lengths of the two terminal chains (m,n) and the linkage groups in the core on the thermal stability of the smectic A and chiral smectic C phases have been discussed from the structural points of view.
Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution from Aqueous Solutions of Sodium Sulfite Using Platinum-Loaded CdS1−xSex Mixed Crystal Powder
Authors: Uchihara Toshio , Abe Hirohisa , Matsumura Michio , Tsubomura Hiroshi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The CdS1−xSex mixed-crystal powder was prepared for the purpose to reduce the band gap of CdS and expand the effective wavelength region of the photocatalyst. Hydrogen evolution was observed from an aqueous solution of 1 M sodium sulfite by use of the mixed-crystal photocatalyst loaded with platinum under illumination at wavelengths longer than 520 nm, where neither the platinum-loaded CdS nor CdSe photocatalyst is active. However, when the mixed-crystal catalysts were illuminated at wavelengths longer than 390 nm or with an AM 1 solar simulator, the rate of the hydrogen evolution was lower than that of CdS. The energy levels of the electronic bands in the mixed-crystals have been clarified from the results of the electrochemical studies, and the fact that the mixed-crystal powder has lower photocatalytic activity than CdS powder has been ascribed to the downward shift of the conduction band edge. These findings are useful in designing photocatalysts for hydrogen production.
Stereoselective Isomerization Reaction of (Iminodiacetato)(ethylenediamine-N-acetato)cobalt(III), [Co(ida)(edma)], in a Basic Aqueous Solution
Authors: Kawaguchi Hiroshi , Miyamoto Hideko , Ama Tomoharu , Yasui Takaji 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Isomerization reactions among four geometrical isomers (pink, violet, brown, and light-brown) of [Co(ida)(edma)] were studied in a basic aqueous solution. In a reaction of (−)554CD-pink, three isomers of (+)563CD-violet, (+)565CD-brown (with a low optical purity), and racemic light-brown formed simultaneously. The major products in reactions of (+)563CD-violet and (+)565CD-brown were (+)565CD-brown and (+)563CD-violet, respectively. Light-brown mainly isomerized to brown at a rapid rate. Moreover, it was found that (+)563CD-violet racemized at a considerable rate. These stereoselective reactions are discussed in connection with those for [Co(edma)2]+ and [Co(ida)2]−.
Cyclohepta[b][1,4]benzothiazines and Their Diazine Analogues. 2. Formation and Properties of Cyclohepta[b]quinoxalines
Authors: Shindo Kimio , Ishikawa Sumio , Nozoe Tetsuo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
2-Chloro- or 2-methoxytropone reacts with o-phenylenediamine to give 2-(o-aminoanilino)tropone, which upon heating provides 6H-cyclohepta[b]quinoxaline (10a). Upon acidification, 10a reversibly gives a green cation, 9a. 10a is easily converted, especially under basic conditions, into the oxidative dimer 16a, which reproduces 9a by reduction with Zn in acetic acid. The isopropyl derivatives of these compounds are prepared by the same method from 5-isopropyl-2-methoxytropone. The 5-methyl (21a) and 5,11-dimethyl derivatives 23 are made by the reaction of 2-chloro- or 2-methoxytropone with N-methyl- and N,N′-dimethyl-o-phenylenediamines. However, the methylation of 21a with methyl fluorosulfate affords 5,11-dihydro-8,11-dimethyl-6H-cyclohepta[b]quinoxaline-5,6-sultone. H2O2 oxidation of 10a mainly gives 16a in addition to a small quantity of 6H-cyclohepta[b]quinoxalin-6-one. Compound 21a is stable under basic conditions, but 23 rearranges under alkaline conditions to give, among other unidentified products, N-methyl-N-[o-(methylamino)phenyl]benzamide and 5,10-dihydro-5,10-dimethyl-2-phenazinecarbaldehyde. Reactions of title compounds with alkali and hydrogen peroxide are compared with those of O- and S-analogues.
Preparation of New Nitrogen-Bridged Heterocycles. 19. Smooth Syntheses of Thieno[3,2-a]- and Thieno[2,3-b]indolizine Derivatives
Authors: Kakehi Akikazu , Ito Suketaka , Fujii Tuneo , Morimoto Yuichiro , Matsumoto Shin-ichi , Shiohara Morio 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The reactions of 2-(ethoxycarbonylmethylthio)indolizines having an acyl and/or a cyano group at the 1- and 3-positions under several alkaline conditions were examined, and title compounds, thieno[3,2-a]- and thieno[2,3-b]indolizine derivatives were obtained in fairly good yields. The cyclization modes observed in these transformation reactions were in accord with those expected by the molecular orbital calculations using some model compounds and by the stereochemical consideration of starting indolizines. The alkylations of 3-hydroxythieno[3,2-a]- and 3-hydroxythieno[2,3-b]indolizines were also investigated and the corresponding O- and C-alkylated heterocycles were formed in good yields.
Continuous Electrochemiluminescence of [Ru(2,2′-bipyridine)3]2+ in Solution
Authors: Igarashi Ryuji , Nosaka Yoshio , Fujii Nobuyuki , Miyama Hajime 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) of tris(2,2′-bipyridine)ruthenium(2+) ([Ru(bpy)3]2+) was observed in a propylene carbonate–dimethylacetamide–water mixed solvent by applying direct current (dc) voltage to a cell which consists of a sheet cathode of metals such as Al and Pt and a wire anode of Pt. The intensity of the dc ECL increased with the water concentration (up to 30 vol%) and the applied voltage. Besides water, oxygen was found to be necessary for observing the dc ECL. A plausible mechanism is the formation of [Ru(bpy)3]2+* from the reaction of [Ru(bpy)3]+ and HO2, those species are both produced at the cathode. This mechanism was supported by a separate experiment in which the chemiluminescence was observed by the reactions with a reducing agent.