bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diaminobutane (DAB) Dendrimers Are Potent Binders of Oral Phosphate
Authors: Williams Katie B , Barycka Katarzyna , Zella Julia B , DeLuca Hector F 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Reduction of blood phosphorus is a critical component in the management of secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic kidney disease patients. In addition to dialysis treatment and dietary phosphorus restriction, oral phosphate binders are often consumed with meals to reduce the availability of food phosphorus. Several oral phosphate binders are approved for use in chronic kidney disease patients, but all have practical limitations because of toxicity, poor efficacy, or high cost. Using an in vivo method to measure intestinal phosphate absorption in rats using radiolabeled phosphate, we found that first-, second-, third-, and fifth-generation diaminobutane dendrimer compounds, DAB-4-Cl, DAB-8-Cl, DAB-16-Cl, and DAB-64-Cl, respectively, drastically reduce the absorption of inorganic phosphate in a dose-dependent manner. To avoid complications of metabolic acidosis caused by hydrochloride salts, an acetate salt, DAB-9-AcOH, was prepared and shown to be equally effective at binding radiolabeled phosphate as DAB-8-Cl. DAB-8-AcOH was further shown to increase fecal phosphorus and decrease serum phosphorus in a dose-dependent manner when fed to rats. These data suggest that dendrimer compounds are of great potential use in the binding of food phosphate for the management of hyperparathyroidism secondary to chronic kidney disease.
Crystal structure of MCM-71 – a new zeolite in the mordenite group
Authors: Dorset Douglas L. , Roth Wieslaw J. , Kennedy Gordon J. , Dhingra Sandeep S. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
The crystal structure of the aluminosilicate, MCM-71, was determined by a match of the powder X-ray diffraction pattern to one calculated from a theoretically predicted framework model. The unit cell contains 48 T-sites and 96 framework oxygens, where T = 41.1 Si, 6.9 Al. It crystallizes in space group Cmca, a = 7.4422(2), b = 18.5324(5), c = 19.1877(5) Å. The framework contains an elliptical 10-membered ring channel (4.3 × 6.5 Å) and an orthogonal undulating 8-membered ring channel (3.6 × 4.7 Å) to constitute a two-dimensional network of channels. Considering the aluminosilicate framework as a silicate, the crystal density is 1.77 g/cm3 and the T-site framework density is 17.8 T/1000 A3. The structure was refined against Debye-Scherrer and Bragg-Brentano powder synchrotron data by the Rietveld procedure. While non-framework oxygen atoms, consistent with water content, could be justified by TGA measurements, it was not possible to derive an accurate extra-framework model using synchrotron data from hydrated specimens. Refinement against powder data from an anhydrous specimen subsequently detected the presence of extra-framework aluminum, identified also by solid state NMR measurements.
The combined low-dose dexamethasone suppression corticotropin-releasing hormone test as a tool to rule out Cushing's syndrome
Authors: Reimondo Giuseppe , Bovio Silvia , Allasino Barbara , De Francia Silvia , Zaggia Barbara , Micossi Ilaria , Termine Angela , De Martino Francesca , Paccotti Piero , Di Carlo Francesco , Angeli Alberto , Terzolo Massimo 
Published: August 2008

ObjectiveIt remains to be evaluated whether the combined low-dose dexamethasone suppression corticotropin-releasing hormone test (LDDST-CRH test) may add to the diagnostic approach of patients suspected to have Cushing's syndrome (CS). The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether the LDDST-CRH test may have a place in the diagnostic strategy of CS.DesignProspective evaluation of a consecutive series of patients with suspected CS from 2004 to 2006.MethodsAll the subjects underwent the same screening protocol including 1 mg dexamethasone suppression test, 24-h urinary free cortisol (UFC), and midnight serum cortisol, followed by the LDDST-CRH test whose results were not used to establish a definitive diagnosis. Plasma dexamethasone concentration was measured 2 h after the last dose of dexamethasone. Patients qualified for CS when at least two screening tests were positive.ResultsSixteen patients had CS while in the remaining 15 subjects CS was excluded. Even if not statistically significant, the sensitivity and the negative predictive value of the cortisol 15 min after CRH were better than the other tests; on the other hand, the test specificity was lower. All of the patients classified as indeterminate were correctly diagnosed by the LDDST-CRH test. Nevertheless, the repeated assessment of the screening tests and the active follow-up gave the same correct results. In all of the patients misclassified by the LDDST-CRH test, the plasma dexamethasone concentrations were in the normal range.ConclusionsBased on our findings, we suggest that the LDDST-CRH test may still find a place as a rule-out procedure in patients who present with indeterminate results after screening and may be unavailable to repeat testing during follow-up.
Case Studies of Emulsion Behavior at Reservoir Conditions
Authors: Kokal Sunil , Al-Dokhi Mohammad 
Published: August 2008

Summary
Most emulsion studies are conducted with depressurized crude/water samples. Can emulsions form in the reservoir at high pressures and high temperatures? Generally, the answer to this question is anecdotal. This paper provides a unique method and new data from emulsion studies at high pressures and high temperatures. Two case studies are presented in which emulsions were suspected to be the cause of production challenges in several wells. The experiments were conducted in a special visual pressure/volume/temperature (PVT) cell with the capability of observing emulsion phase behavior at reservoir conditions. The effects of several variables on emulsion behavior were investigated, including shear, pressure, temperature, water cuts, and asphaltene-precipitation tendency of the crude.
The first case study is in a field that produces tight emulsions. The results of this study indicate that emulsions can form at reservoir conditions, with mixing, especially if the crude has a tendency to precipitate asphaltenes. The new data suggest that emulsion behavior is linked closely to the presence of fine solids through in-situ dynamic precipitation of organic solids (asphaltenes) and inorganic salts (scales) as well as through fines migration in the reservoir. In the second case study, a series of emulsion tests was performed on bottomhole and wellhead samples from several wells. The results suggest that the emulsions are relatively loose at bottomhole conditions but become progressively tighter with a reduction in pressure and temperature. The tightness of the emulsions was linked to fine solids that stabilize them. These include primarily calcite and sulfur-rich heavy hydrocarbons like asphaltenes, with trace amounts of silicates (clays and/or fine-grained silica), iron-rich precipitates, and barite.
Accounting Disclosures of Toxics Release Inventory for 2002
Authors: Freedman Martin , Stagliano A. J. 
Published: August 2008

The Toxics Release Inventory (TRI), published annually by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, contains a rich collection of data about hazardous chemical emissions of American industrial facilities. Mandated by the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act of 1986, the TRI is a novel attempt at stimulating pollution control through self-reported disclosure of environmental degradation activities. TRI data are collected and reported at the level of the emitting plant. For each reporting location, information is given by chemical type. This study attempts to determine whether mandated TRI disclosures are carried over to financial reports and other publicly available sources of information about the firm's performance.
We examined disclosures of the 200 highest-volume emitters of toxic chemical wastes for 2002 and found no correlation between the level of such releases—as reported in the TRI—and extensiveness of company reporting in non-TRI sources. Separately, we tested for a relationship between the volume of carcinogenic compounds released and financial statement disclosure by these same firms. We found none. Larger companies in our sample (measured by asset size) did appear to be better reporters of their emissions in non-TRI sources than their smaller counterparts in the study.
Companies have little motivation to provide an aggregation of the plant-level data they produce for the TRI. The evidence developed in this research is that stakeholders are not supplied with decision-relevant company-wide data regarding TRI-included data. Since firms do not disclose these data, we believe that the usefulness of the TRI would be significantly enhanced if each emitting facility were identified by its highest corporate-level owner.
Synthesis and characterization of a salt‐resisting superabsorbent based on poly(acrylic acid) with sodium tungstate as a crosslinker
Authors: Liu Chang‐Ying , Zhang Ming‐Jie , Zhu Jie , Ma Shan‐Shan 
Published: August 2008

AbstractA novel salt‐resistant superabsorbent polymer was synthesized by solution polymerization from the monomer acrylic acid (AA) with potassium persulfate as the initiator. Sodium tungstate was first employed as a crosslinker in the preparation to achieve a better crosslinked polymer (WPAA). In addition to the xerogel WPAA, sodium hydroxide and tris(2‐hydroxyethyl)amine (TEA) were introduced for the preparation of WPAA–sodium and WPAA–TEA hydrogels, respectively. The effect on the water absorbency of factors such as the reaction temperature, degree of neutralization of AA, and amounts of the crosslinker sodium tungstate and the initiator were investigated. The crosslinked xerogels were characterized with infrared spectroscopy. These crosslinked superabsorbent composites with sodium tungstate were characterized with thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy. The water absorbencies of these superabsorbent composites in water and saline solutions were investigated. Results obtained from this study showed that under the same synthesis conditions, in comparison with superabsorbent composites with an aluminum salt as a crosslinker and styrene as a graft copolymer, the salt resistance of the superabsorbent composite synthesized with sodium tungstate as a crosslinker was obviously enhanced. Moreover, the WPAA–TEA xerogel had absorbency values of 223.6 and 81.9 g/g for distilled water and a 0.9 wt % NaCl solution, respectively, and it showed better salt resistance and a better water‐absorbing rate than the WPAA–sodium xerogel because of the modification with triethanolamine. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Effect of organic modifiers and silicate type on filler dispersion, thermal, and mechanical properties of ABS‐clay nanocomposites
Authors: Tiwari Rajkiran R. , Natarajan Upendra 
Published: August 2008

AbstractAcrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS)–clay composite and intercalated nanocomposites were prepared by melt processing, using Na‐montmorillonite (MMT), several chemically different organically modified MMT (OMMT) and Na‐laponite clays. The polymer–clay hybrids were characterized by WAXD, TEM, DSC, TGA, tensile, and impact tests. Intercalated nanocomposites are formed with organoclays, a composite is obtained with unmodified MMT, and the nanocomposite based on synthetic laponite is almost exfoliated. An unintercalated nanocomposite is formed by one of the organically modified clays, with similar overall stack dispersion as compared to the intercalated nanocomposites. Tg of ABS is unaffected by incorporation of the silicate filler in its matrix upto 4 wt % loading for different aspect ratios and organic modifications. A significant improvement in the onset of thermal decomposition (40–44°C at 4 wt % organoclay) is seen. The Young's modulus shows improvement, the elongation‐at‐break shows reduction, and the tensile strength shows improvement. Notched and unnotched impact strength of the intercalated MMT nanocomposites is lower as compared to that of ABS matrix. However, laponite and overexchanged organomontmorillonite clay lead to improvement in ductility. For the MMT clays, the Young's modulus (E) correlates with the intercalation change in organoclay interlayer separation (Δd001) as influenced by the chemistry of the modifier. Although ABS‐laponite composites are exfoliated, the intercalated OMMT‐based nanocomposites show greater improvement in modulus. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Synthesis and magnetic properties of novel fully conjugated polymeric complexes containing 1,10‐phenanthroline
Authors: Zheng Renhua , Jiang Huajiang , Sun Weilin , Yang Jun 
Published: August 2008

AbstractA novel fully conjugated polymer containing 1,10‐phenanthroline (DAPcDOD) was first synthesized by the polycondensation of 2,7‐dimethyl‐2,4,6‐octatriene‐1,8‐dial with 5,6‐diamine‐1,10‐phenanthroline. Three polymeric complexes were first prepared by the reaction of DAPcDOD with NiSO4, CoCl2, and FeSO4, respectively. The structures of the polymer and the complexes were characterized by IR, 1H‐NMR, and elemental analysis. The magnetic behaviors of these complexes were measured as a function of magnetic field strength (0–50 kOe) at 5 K and as a function of temperature (5–300 K) at a magnetic field strength of 30 kOe. The results show that DAPcDOD–Ni2+ and DAPcDOD–Co2+ were soft ferromagnets, whereas DAPcDOD–Fe2+ exhibited the features of an antiferromagnet. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Synthesis and Antituberculosis Activity of New Hydrazide Derivatives
Authors: Kaplancikli Zafer A. , Turan‐Zitouni Gulhan , Ozdemir Ahmet , Teulade Jean‐Claude 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe increasing clinical importance of drug‐resistant mycobacterial pathogens, especially Mycobacterium tuberculosis, has lent additional urgency to microbiological research and new antimycobacterial compound development. For this purpose, new hydrazide derivatives of imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine were synthesized and evaluated for antituberculosis activity. The reaction of 2‐[(2‐carboxyimidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine‐3‐yl)sulfanyl]acetic acid hydrazide with various benzaldehydes gave N‐(arylidene)‐2‐[(2‐carboxyimidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine‐3‐yl)sulfanyl]acetic acid hydrazide derivatives. The chemical structures of the compounds were elucidated by IR, 1H‐NMR, FAB‐MS spectral data and elemental analysis. Antituberculosis activities of the synthesized compounds were determined by broth microdilution assay, the Microplate Alamar Blue Assay in BACTEC 12B medium. The results were screened in vitro, using the BACTEC 460 Radiometric System against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (ATCC 27294) at 6.25 μg/mL; the tested compounds showed significant inhibition.
Sex differences when searching for a mate: A process‐tracing approach
Authors: Saad Gad , Eba Aliza , Sejean Richard 
Published: August 2008

AbstractSex differences in the extent of mate search were investigated using two sequential choice processes. In Study 1, attribute search, prior to choosing a mate or rejecting two competing mates, for either a short‐ or long‐term relationship, was explored. Men (women) seeking short‐term relationships were the least (most) likely to reject both suitors. Men acquired a greater number of attributes prior to rejecting mates. The length of the relationship solely affected men's search behaviors. Study 2 utilized a nested sequential model namely participants decided how many suitors to sample prior to choosing a short‐term mate, and how many attributes to acquire on each sampled suitor. Women sampled a greater number of suitors prior to choosing a mate. Biological sex was found to be a greater moderator of mate search than were three personality traits linked to search. Across both studies less information was acquired prior to rejecting versus choosing a mate. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prognostic nomogram for sunitinib in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Motzer Robert J. , Bukowski Ronald M. , Figlin Robert A. , Hutson Thomas E. , Michaelson M. Dror , Kim Sindy T. , Baum Charles M. , Kattan Michael W. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND.In a randomized, phase 3 trial, sunitinib demonstrated superior efficacy over interferon‐alfa as first‐line therapy in patients with metastatic clear‐cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC). On the basis of outcome data from that trial, the authors developed a nomogram for predicting the probability of 12‐month progression‐free survival for patients who received sunitinib therapy.METHODS.Three‐hundred seventy‐five patients who received sunitinib in the phase 3 trial were the subject of the current analysis. Nomogram pretreatment predictor variables included corrected serum calcium levels, the number of metastatic sites, hemoglobin levels, prior nephrectomy, the presence of lung and liver metastases, thrombocytosis, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status, time from diagnosis to treatment, and serum levels of alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase. Investigator‐assessed progression‐free survival was the predicted outcome endpoint. Internal validation of the nomogram consisted of quantification of the discrimination with the concordance index and assessment of calibration.RESULTS.One‐hundred seventy‐four of 375 patients (46%) who received sunitinib achieved an objective response, and the median progression‐free survival was 10.8 months (95% confidence interval, 10.6‐12.6 months). A nomogram for predicting the probability of 12‐month progression‐free survival for patients who received sunitinib therapy was constructed on the basis of a Cox regression model from 11 parameters that were determined before treatment. The concordance index was 0.633.CONCLUSIONS.A nomogram was developed from pretreatment clinical features to predict the probability of achieving 12‐month progression‐free survival with sunitinib therapy for metastatic clear‐cell RCC. The authors concluded that independent validation of the nomogram and additional studies to identify tumor‐specific prognostic factors are warranted. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Cache‐efficient renumbering for vectorization
Authors: Löhner Rainald 
Published: August 2008

AbstractA renumbering strategy for field solvers based on unstructured grids that avoids memory contention and minimizes cache‐misses is described. Compared with usual colouring techniques, the new renumbering strategy reduces the spread in point‐data access for edge‐based solvers by more than an order of magnitude. The technique is particularly suited for multicore, cache‐based machines that allow for vectorization or pipelining. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of small molecule estrogen‐related receptor α–specific antagonists and homology modeling to predict the molecular determinants as the basis for selectivity over ERRβ and ERRγ
Authors: Chisamore Michael J. , Mosley Ralph T. , Cai Sheng‐Jian , Birzin Elizabeth T. , O'Donnell Gregory , Zuck Paul , Flores Osvaldo , Schaeffer James , Rohrer Susan P. , Don Chen J. , Wilkinson Hilary A. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe estrogen‐related receptor α (ERRα) was one of the first orphan receptors identified through a search for genes encoding proteins related to the steroid nuclear receptor, Estrogen Receptor α (ERα). The physiological role of ERRα has not yet been established nor has a natural ligand been elucidated. Importantly, research indicates that ERRα may be a novel drug target to treat breast cancer and/or metabolic disorders. A homogeneous time‐resolved fluorescence (HTRF) assay has been developed to screen for ERRα‐specific antagonists. This assay uses the ERR ligand binding domain and the coactivator interaction domain of Proliferator‐activated Receptor γ Coactivator‐1α (PGC‐1α) to examine the ability of compounds to antagonize the constitutive interaction between ERRα and the coactivator. A dissociation‐enhanced lanthanide fluorescence immunoassay (DELFIA) was also created to counter screen compounds identified in the HTRF screen. Here we report the discovery of high‐affinity ERRα subtype selective antagonists. Additionally, a homology model of ERRα in an antagonist conformation has been developed and after subsequent docking studies, we offer a model showing the molecular determinants that suggest why our novel tri‐cyclic antagonist, N‐[(2Z)‐3‐(4,5‐dihydro‐1,3‐thiazol‐2‐yl)‐1,3‐thiazolidin‐2‐yl idene]‐5 H dibenzo[a,d][7]annulen‐5‐amine, binds to ERRα with high affinity but does not bind to either ERRβ or ERRγ. Drug Dev Res 69:203–218, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Full Conformational Characterization of Natural Ionones and Irones, as well as 13‐Alkyl‐Substituted α‐Ionones
Authors: Legnani Laura , Luparia Marco , Zanoni Giuseppe , Toma Lucio , Vidari Giovanni 
Published: August 2008

AbstractA modeling study at the B3LYP/6–31G(d) level was performed on a group of natural odorants. These included α‐, β‐, and γ‐ionones, β‐irone, cis‐ and trans‐α‐ and ‐γ‐irones, and three synthetic α‐ionone analogues, all containing an identical E‐enone moiety and differing in the endo or exo positions of another double bond and an additional alkyl group at C(2) or at C(13). Data showed a shift of the conformational preference of the butenone chain from an axial or pseudoaxial orientation, as favored in α‐ionone and in trans‐α‐ and ‐γ‐irones, to an equatorial or pseudoequatorial orientation, as favored in γ‐ionone and in cis‐α‐ and ‐γ‐irones. These changes have been correlated with the enhanced olfactory potencies of the latter set of compounds. In the synthetic α‐ionone analogues, bearing an ethyl, propyl, or isobutyl group at C(5) instead of the methyl group present in α‐ionone, the hindrance due to this alkyl group does not affect the overall conformational behavior of the molecules. The odor properties seem to be modulated by specific hydrophobic interactions of each carbon of this C(5) alkyl chain with some olfactory receptors rather than by different distributions of the conformational populations.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
NAP Ether Mediated Intramolecular Aglycon Delivery: A Unified Strategy for 1,2‐cis‐Glycosylation (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 25/2008)
Authors: Ishiwata Akihiro , Munemura Yuichi , Ito Yukishige 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe cover picture shows shows the general outline for 2‐naphthylmethyl (NAP) ether mediated intramolecular aglycon delivery (NAP‐IAD). The initial formation of the mixed acetal (MA) from the NAP ether protected glycosyl donor (D) having the manno‐ or gluco‐configuration at the C2 position and the glycosyl acceptor (A), followed by stereoselective intramolecular glycosylation, afforded the desired 1,2‐cis glycoside in high yield. Stereospecific constructions of various 1,2‐cis linkages, such as β‐mannopyrano‐, β‐arabinofurano‐ and α‐glucopyranosides, were achieved through NAP‐IAD. Details are discussed in the article by A. Ishiwata, Y. Munemura and Y. Ito on p. 4250 ff.
Multivariate varying‐coefficient models for an ecological system
Authors: Ferguson C. A. , Bowman A. W. , Scott E. M. , Carvalho L. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe monitoring of Loch Leven at Kinross in Scotland involves many physical, chemical and biological variables, which are interrelated and consequently are potentially both responses and covariates within the system. In order to explore relationships fully and make appropriate inferences about such a system, it is necessary to identify and incorporate all the important forms of dependence. Therefore, multivariate models are required to model multiple responses and covariates. Relationships between variables at Loch Leven also change throughout the year and hence a multivariate varying‐coefficient model is presented here to explore changing relationships, whilst accounting for dependence between responses. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.