bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhancing Effect of Troglitazone on Porcine Adipocyte Differentiation in Primary Culture: A Comparison with Dexamethasone
Authors: Tchoukalova Yourka D. , Hausman Dorothy B. , Dean Roger G. , Hausman Gary J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: This study compares the effects of the thiazolidinedione, troglitazone (TGZ), dexamethasone (DEX), and DEX plus TGZ on preadipocyte differentiation and the expression of CCAAT/enhancer‐binding protein‐α (C/EBPα) and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ (PPARγ).Research Methods and Procedures: Adipose tissue was obtained from postnatal pigs to isolate stromal‐vascular cells. First, we applied 1, 5, or 10 μM TGZ and 10% fetal bovine serum for 3 days and counted the number of recruited preadipocytes. Next, we used either 10 μM TGZ, 80 nM DEX, or DEX plus TGZ with 10% fetal bovine serum for 3 days and then switched to serum‐free medium with insulin for 6 days. On day 3 of culture, we counted preadipocytes, and on days 3 and 6 of culture, we performed immunostaining and Western blot analysis to determine the expression of C/EBPα and PPARγ proteins. On day 9 of culture, we stained for lipids with oil red‐O and measured the activity of glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase.Results: DEX and TGZ equally enhanced recruitment of preadipocytes and late differentiation, but these effects were not additive with DEX plus TGZ treatment. However, TGZ and DEX had a differential effect on morphogenesis; DEX‐treated adipocytes were larger and organized in loose clusters, whereas TGZ‐treated cells were smaller and formed compact clusters. Both agents increased C/EBPα expression but in a temporally distinct manner. DEX was a better inducer than TGZ, and its effect was early and temporary. However, treatment with either TGZ or DEX did not change PPARγ protein expression as evaluated by a Western blotting, but immunocytochemistry showed a tendency for increased numbers of PPARγ positive cells.Discussion: TGZ and DEX equally enhance early and late adipocyte differentiation, possibly by using some common pathways for preadipocyte recruitment. The differential effect on morphogenesis implies a potential differential effect on the expression of extracellular matrix components. C/EBPα may be the critical transcription factor involved in TGZ‐ and DEX‐induced adipogenesis.
Genetic Variation and Obesity in Australian Women: A Prospective Study
Authors: de Silva Andrea M. , Walder Ken R. , Boyko Edward J. , Whitecross Kate F. , Nicholson Geoff , Kotowicz Mark , Pasco Julie , Collier Greg R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: A number of candidate genes have been implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity in humans. This study examines associations between longitudinal changes in body mass and composition and the presence of polymorphisms in the β‐3 adrenergic receptor, tumor necrosis factor‐α, leptin, and leptin receptor (Lepr) in a cohort of Australian women.Research Methods and Procedures: Healthy white Australian women (n = 335) were randomly selected from the Barwon region of Victoria and underwent baseline anthropometry and double‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry for assessment of body mass and adiposity. These measurements were repeated again at 2‐year follow‐up. Genomic DNA was extracted and used for polymerase chain reaction‐based genotyping of all polymorphisms.Results: The Pro1019Pro Lepr polymorphism was associated with longitudinal increases in body weight (p = 0.02), fat mass (p = 0.05), and body mass index (p = 0.01) in this study, and individuals homozygous for the A allele at this locus had a greater propensity to gain body fat over time. The largest effects on body composition seemed to be in individuals already obese at baseline. Changes in body weight, fat mass, percent body fat, and body mass index over a 2‐year period were not associated with genetic variation in the β‐3 adrenergic receptor (Trp64Arg), tumor necrosis factor‐α promoter, or leptin genes in non‐obese or obese women.Discussion: These results suggest that a Lepr polymorphism is involved in the regulation of body mass and adiposity in obese Australian white women, which may have implications for the treatment of obesity in this population.
Value of Structured Meals for Weight Management: Risk Factors and Long‐Term Weight Maintenance
Authors: Ditschuneit Herwig H. , Flechtner‐Mors Marion 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To examine changes in biomarkers of disease risk after 51 months of reduced energy intake and sustained weight loss.Research Methods and Procedures: This study was conducted as a prospective, randomized, two‐arm, parallel intervention for 12 weeks followed by a prospective, single‐arm, 4‐year trial in a university‐based hospital clinic. One hundred patients were randomly assigned to one of two dietary interventions for 3 months. Group A was prescribed an energy‐restricted diet of 1200 to 1500 kcal/d, and group B was prescribed an isocaloric diet, whereby two of three meals were replaced with nutrient‐fortified liquid meal replacements. After 3 months, the patients were prescribed the same caloric reduction and used once‐daily replacements for the succeeding 4 years. Body weight and blood pressure were checked monthly. Biomarkers of disease risk were measured after 3, 9, 15, 27, and 51 months.Results: During the 3‐month weight‐loss period, body weight was reduced by 1.5 ± 0.4% and 7.8 ± 0.5% (mean ± SEM) for groups A and B, respectively. After 4 years, 75% of the patients were evaluated. Total mean weight loss was 3.3 ± 0.8% and 8.4 ± 0.8% for groups A and B, respectively. Both groups of patients showed significant improvement in glucose, insulin, triacylglycerol, and systolic blood pressure. Cholesterol concentrations were reduced in patients with high initial cholesterol levels and maintenance of a 7% weight loss.Discussion: Providing a structured meal plan with liquid meal replacements is an effective treatment for obese subjects. Long‐term maintenance of weight loss with meal replacements improves biomarkers of disease risk.
Physician Involvement in the Management of Obesity as a Primary Medical Condition
Authors: Rippe James M. , McInnis Kyle J. , Melanson Kathleen J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAs the obesity epidemic escalates, increasing numbers of patients present with serious comorbidities related to excess body weight. Obesity should be recognized and treated as a primary medical condition that is progressive, chronic, and relapsing. Effective treatment of obesity has been shown to reduce cardiovascular risk factors and comorbid conditions. Physician involvement is necessary for medical assessment, management, counseling, and coordination of multidisciplinary obesity treatment. Obese patients who receive counseling and weight management from physicians are significantly more likely to undertake weight management programs than those who do not. Obesity treatment guidelines and materials are available from various health organizations. A comprehensive weight management program must include dietary adjustments, increased physical activity, and behavioral modification. Nutritional modifications should take into account the diet's energy content, composition, and suitability for the individual patient. The physical activity component should be safe and practical, including aerobic activity, strength training, and increased daily lifestyle activities. Various behavioral strategies enable the patient to make lifestyle changes that will promote weight loss and management. Adjunct therapies may serve to support lifestyle modifications in severe or resistant cases of obesity. Models for multidisciplinary care vary depending on whether they are designed for an individual medical practice or as part of the health care services of a larger facility. Lifestyle changes for healthy weight management must be permanently incorporated into a patient's daily lifestyle to reduce obesity and its associated health risks. Such intervention is necessary if the growing epidemic of obesity is to be slowed and reversed.
Daily Oral Oleoyl‐Estrone Gavage Induces a Dose‐Dependent Loss of Fat in Wistar Rats
Authors: Del Grasa Maria Mar , Cabot Cristina , Esteve Montserrat , Yubero Pilar , Masanés Rosa Maria , Blay Maria Teresa , Vilà Ruth , López‐Martí Jesus , Fernández‐López José Antonio , Remesar Xavier , Alemany Marià 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To establish whether single daily oral doses of oleoyl‐estrone result in dose‐dependent slimming effects on normal weight rats, and to determine the changes in energy parameters induced by this treatment.Research Methods and Procedures: The effects of a daily oral gavage of oleoyl‐estrone (0, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, and 20 μmol/kg per day) in 0.2 ml of sunflower oil given over a 10‐day period were studied in groups, each of which contained six adult female Wistar rats initially weighing 190 to 230 g. A group of intact control rats receiving no gavage was included for comparison. Body weight and food intake were measured daily. Rats were killed on day 10 of treatment, and body composition (protein nitrogen, lipids, and water), liver lipids, and plasma parameters (glucose, triacylglycerols, total cholesterol, free fatty acids, 3‐hydroxybutyrate, urea, aspartate, alanine transaminases, insulin, leptin, and free and acyl‐estrone) were measured.Results: The administration of oleoyl‐estrone resulted in a dose‐dependent loss of body fat, because of a partly maintained energy expenditure combined with decreased food intake. The differences in the energy budget were met by internal fat pools. The changes recorded did not affect the levels of the main plasma energy homeostasis indicators: unaltered glucose, triacylglycerols, free fatty acids, 3hydroxybutyrate, and urea. Protein was accrued even under conditions of severe lipid store drainage. There were no changes in transaminases. No lipid accumulation was recorded in the liver. Plasma insulin and leptin levels decreased with increased oleoyl‐estrone doses, whereas the levels of free and esterified estrone increased with treatment, although not in proportion to the dose received.Discussion: Oral treatment with oleoyl‐estrone resulted in the specific dose‐related loss of fat reserves with little change to other metabolic parameters. These results agree with the postulated role of oleoyl‐estrone as a ponderostat signal.
Effect of Insulin and Energy Restriction on the Thermic Effect of Protein in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Gougeon Réjeanne 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The objective of this study was to test whether the thermic effect of oral protein is blunted in poorly controlled type 2 diabetes and is corrected by normalization of glycemia with insulin and 28 days of a very‐low‐energy diet.Research Methods and Procedures: Resting energy expenditure (REE) and the thermic effect of 90 g of oral protein were measured, using indirect calorimetry, in nine (five women and four men) obese diabetic people [weight, 108 ± 10 kg; waist circumference, 123 ± 8 cm; body mass index, 40 ± 3 kg/m2] who were hyperglycemic on day 8 or euglycemic with insulin on day 16 of a weight‐maintaining diet and euglycemic on day 28 of a very low energy diet (VLED). Results were compared with those of seven (six women and one man) weight‐ and body mass index‐matched obese nondiabetic subjects with a waist circumference of 111 ± 6 cm. Substrates and hormonal responses were determined concurrently.Results: Fasting glucose was normalized in the diabetic subjects with insulin from day 9 of VLED onward. Weight decreased in both groups by 9.9 ± 0.9 kg with VLED. REE was 8 ± 2% lower with insulin treatment and decreased by another 14 ± 3% with VLED in the diabetic and by 15 ± 1% in the nondiabetic subjects by week 4. After the protein meal, the thermic response was significantly (p < 0.05) less with hyperglycemia than with insulin‐induced euglycemia, as percentage above REE (15.3 ± 1.4 compared with 21.2 ± 1.5%), as percentage of the energy content of the meal (19.5 ± 1.5 compared with 25.2 ± 1.7%), as kilocalories per 405 minutes (86 ± 5 compared with 110 ± 7), and less than in nondiabetic obese controls (21.0 ± 2.2% above REE, 24.4 ± 1.7% of energy of meal). After the VLED, the thermic effect of protein was significantly higher in both groups only as percentage above REE. The initial glucagon response was greater with hyperglycemia compared with euglycemia and post‐VLED but not compared with the nondiabetic subjects. Hyperglycemia was associated with 21 ± 4% greater urinary urea nitrogen excretion and urinary glucose losses of 134 ± 50 mmol/d.Discussion: This study shows a blunted thermic effect of protein in obese hyperglycemic type 2 diabetic subjects compared with matched nondiabetic subjects that can be corrected with insulin‐ or energy restriction‐induced euglycemia.
Opioidergic Modulation of Ventilatory Response to Sustained Hypoxia in Obese Zucker Rats
Authors: Lee Shin‐Da , Magalang Ulysses J. , Krasney John A. , Farkas Gaspar A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To determine whether altered central and/or peripheral opioidergic mechanisms contribute to the altered ventilatory response to sustained hypoxia in obese Zucker rats.Research Methods and Procedures: Eight lean (176 ± 8 [SEM] g) and eight obese (225 ± 12 g) Zucker rats were studied at 6 weeks of age. Pulmonary ventilation (V̇E), tidal volume (VT), and breathing frequency (f) at rest and in response to sustained (30 minutes) hypoxic (10% O2) challenges were measured on three separate occasions by the barometric method after the randomized, blinded administration of equal volumes of saline (control), naloxone methiodide (NM; 5 mg/kg, peripheral opioid antagonist), or naloxone hydrochloride (NHCl; 5 mg/kg, peripheral and central opioid antagonist).Results: Administration of NM and NHCl in lean animals had no effect on V̇E either at rest or during 30 minutes of sustained exposure to hypoxia. Similarly, NM failed to alter V̇E in obese rats. In contrast, NHCl significantly (p < 0.05) increased V̇E and VT both at rest and during 2 to 10 minutes of hypoxic exposure in obese rats. After 20 to 30 minutes of hypoxic exposure, VT remained elevated with NHCl, but the earlier elevation of V̇E seemed to be attenuated due to a decrease in f at 20 minutes of exposure to hypoxia.Discussion: Thus, endogenous opioids modulate both resting V̇E and the ventilatory response to sustained hypoxia in obese, but not in lean, Zucker rats by acting specifically on opioid receptors located within the central nervous system.
Metabolic and Hemodynamic Response of Adipose Tissue to Angiotensin II
Authors: Boschmann Michael , Ringel Jens , Klaus Susanne , Sharma Arya M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Recent studies have revealed the presence of a local renin‐angiotensin system in adipose tissue. To examine the possible role of this system in adipose tissue, we performed microdialysis studies on the effect of angiotensin II (Ang II) on blood flow and metabolism in abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (aSAT) and femoral subcutaneous adipose tissue (fSAT) in young healthy men.Research Methods and Procedures: Using the microdialysis technique, two different protocols were run perfusion with Ringer's solution + 50 mM ethanol with the subsequent addition of 125, 250, and 500 μg/liter Ang II (n = 8) and Ringers's solution + 50 mM ethanol with the subsequent addition of isoproterenol (1 μM) alone and in combination with 500 μg/liter Ang II (n = 6). Dialysate concentrations of ethanol, glycerol, glucose, and lactate were measured for estimating blood flow (ethanol dilution technique), lipolysis, and glycolysis, respectively.Results: Perfusion with Ang II resulted in a dose‐dependent decrease in blood flow (fSAT > aSAT), lipolysis (fSAT > aSAT), and glucose uptake (fSAT = aSAT). Isoproterenol increased blood flow and lipolysis at both sites and those effects could be returned to baseline values by the addition of Ang II in aSAT but not fSAT.Discussion: In conclusion, our data indicate that in addition to its well‐known vasoconstricting effect, Ang II inhibits lipolysis in adipose tissue, whereby femoral fat depots seem to be more sensitive to this effect than abdominal depots.
Hyperphagia as a Mediator of Renal Disease Initiation in Obese Zucker Rats
Authors: Stevenson Frazier T. , Wheeldon Carrie M. , Gades Matthew D. , van Goor Harry , Stern Judith S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: We sought to determine whether prevention of overeating would block the very earliest manifestations of renal injury in young obese Zucker rats (OZRs).Research Methods and Procedures: Three groups of rats were studied, obese (fa/fa) Zucker rats and lean (Fa/Fa). Zucker controls were allowed to feed ad libitum, whereas a group of obese (fa/fa) Zucker rats was pair‐fed to the lean group. Urine albumin and serum lipids were studied weekly from 6 to 10 weeks of age. Renal pathology and renal glomerular gene expression were examined when the rats were killed at 10 weeks of age.Results: Obese rats fed ad libitum developed significant albuminuria by 6 weeks of age, increasing at each subsequent time‐point. This increase was completely blocked by pair‐feeding. Serum triglycerides were significantly increased in obese rats fed ad libitum vs. the other groups. Urine albumin correlated significantly with both body weight and serum triglyceride level. Renal histopathology was normal in all groups. Analysis of gene expression of glomerular proteins by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction revealed that pair‐feeding attenuated the increased expression of glomerular desmin, fibronectin, and the 92‐kDa collagenase that was seen in obeseanimals fed ad libitum.Discussion: Prevention of overeating in young OZR normalizes albuminuria and attenuates the pathogenic alterations in glomerular gene expression seen at the initiation of renal disease in obese animals allowed to feed ad libitum. This model may be relevant for studying the early end‐organ effects of obesity.
Changes of Adiposity in Response to Vitamin A Status Correlate with Changes of PPARγ2 Expression
Authors: Ribot Joan , Felipe Francisco , Bonet M. Luisa , Palou Andreu 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To gain insight into the in vivo modulation of the expression of the adipogenic transcription factors PPARγ2, C/EBPα, and ADD1/SREBP1c by retinoids and its relationship with whole‐body adiposity.Research Methods and Procedures: Three‐week‐old mice were fed with standard chow or a vitamin A‐deficient diet for 10 weeks. During the 4 days immediately before they were killed, the animals were treated either with all‐trans retinoic acid (tRA; 100 mg/kg per day, subcutaneously) or vehicle. The specific levels of the mRNAs for the three transcription factors were analyzed in epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) and inguinal white adipose tissue and in brown adipose tissue (BAT). Other parameters determined were leptin and UCP2 levels in white adipose tissue depots, total cholesterol and triglyceride serum levels, energy intake, body weight, and adiposity.Results: Vitamin A‐deficient diet feeding led to a marked increase of adiposity and to a small increase of body weight. Hypertrophy of white adipose tissue depots correlated with enhanced PPARγ2 expression. Hypertrophy of BAT, in contrast, correlated with a decrease of PPARγ2 expression that may contribute to the known reduced thermogenic potential of BAT under conditions of vitamin A restriction. Treatment with tRA triggered a reduction of adiposity and body weight that correlated with a down‐regulation of PPARγ2 expression in all adipose tissues. The effects of tRA were more pronounced in eWAT, where C/EBPα and ADD1/SREBP1c levels were also reduced. The response to tRA was impaired in the eWAT and BAT of animals fed the vitamin A‐deficient diet.Discussion: The results emphasize the importance of retinoids as physiological regulators of adipose tissue development and function in intact animals.
Failure of Preoperative Resting Energy Expenditure in Predicting Weight Loss after Gastroplasty
Authors: Camerini Giovanni , Adami Gian Franco , Marinari Giuseppe M. , Campostano Adelia , Ravera Giambattista , Scopinaro Nicola 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To evaluate the predictive efficacy of preoperative resting energy expenditure (REE) on weight loss after vertical banded gastroplasty (VBG). When subjected to a gastric restriction procedure of similar extent, the patients with higher energy expenditure should experience a greater negative energy balance than those with lower‐energy expenditure, and thus, lose more weight, thereby making REE a reliable predictor of weight loss after VBG.Research Methods and Procedures: This was a prospective investigation after VBG, taking into account the relationship between preoperative REE values and the results at 1‐year follow‐up in terms of weight loss and success of the procedure. The correlations were evaluated by multiple and logistic regression analysis.Results: The weight loss and the outcome at 1 year after VBG seemed to be completely independent of preoperative energy expenditure.Discussion: These findings suggest that, despite gastric restriction, patients may voluntarily adjust their energy intake, and that the weight outcome after VBG is influenced more by behavioral and cognitive variables than by biological or surgical factors.
Orlistat Inhibits Dietary Cholesterol Absorption
Authors: Mittendorfer Bettina , Ostlund Richard E. , Patterson Bruce W. , Klein Samuel 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Orlistat decreases the absorption of dietary triglycerides by inhibiting intestinal lipases. Orlistat therapy is associated with a greater decline in plasma low‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol concentrations than that expected from weight loss alone. Therefore, we evaluated the effect of orlistat treatment on dietary cholesterol absorption as a possible mechanism for the independent effect of orlistat on plasma cholesterol concentration.Research Methods and Procedures: Cholesterol absorption from a standardized meal, containing 72 mg of cholesterol, was determined in 18 subjects with class II abdominal obesity (BMI, 35.0 to 39.9 kg/m2) by simultaneous administration of intravenous ([2H6] cholesterol) and oral ([2H5] cholesterol) cholesterol tracers. In protocol 1 (n = 9), cholesterol absorption was determined on two different occasions, 10 to 20 days apart, to assess the reproducibility of the tracer method. In protocol 2 (n = 9), cholesterol absorption was determined with and without orlistat therapy in a prospective, randomized, crossover design to assess the effect of orlistat on cholesterol absorption.Results: In protocol 1, cholesterol absorption from the test meal was the same on both occasions (53 ± 5% and 51 ± 5%). In protocol 2, orlistat treatment caused a 25% reduction in cholesterol absorption, from 59 ± 6% to 44 ± 5% (p < 0.01).Discussion: These data demonstrate that orlistat inhibits dietary cholesterol absorption, which may have beneficial effects on lipoprotein metabolism in obese subjects that are independent of weight loss itself.