bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pure white‐light‐emitting diodes from phosphorescent single polymer systems
Authors: Lee Po‐I , Hsu Steve Lien‐Chung , Lee Jung‐Feng 
Published: December 2007

AbstractNew white polymeric light‐emitting diodes from phosphorescent single polymer systems have been developed using a blue‐light‐emitting fluorene monomer copolymerized with a red‐light‐emitting phosphorescent dye, and end‐capped with a green‐light‐emission dye. All of the copolymers have good thermal stability with 5% weight loss temperatures at 380–413 °C and glass transition temperatures at 75–137 °C. We obtained white‐light‐emission devices by adjusting the molar ratio of the comonomers with a structure of indium tin oxide/poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrene sulfonic acid)/polyvinylcarbazole (PVK)/emission layer/Ca/Ag. The highest brightness in such a device configuration is 300 cd/m2 at a current density of 2900 A/m2 with high white color quality (Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.33, 0.34)). © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 464–472, 2008
Cationic ring‐opening copolymerization behavior of trioxane and seven‐membered cyclic carbonate
Authors: Nagai Daisuke , Yokota Kensuke , Ogawa Takuma , Ochiai Bungo , Endo Takeshi 
Published: December 2007

AbstractCationic ring‐opening copolymerization behavior of trioxane (TOX) and a seven‐membered cyclic carbonate, 1,3‐dioxepan‐2‐one (7CC) is described. When TOX and 7CC were cationically copolymerized under various feed ratios using trifluoromethane sulfonic acid (TfOH) as an initiator in nitrobenzene at 30 °C, 7CC was consumed faster than TOX and the decarboxylation was accompanied to afford the corresponding polyacetal–polycarbonate type copolymers containing poly(oxytetramethylene) units. The copolymer composition could be controlled by the feed ratio of 7CC, whose increase resulted in the high copolymer composition of the 7CC unit. The solubility of the copolymers increased as the increase of the 7CC content. Thermogravimetric, size‐exclusion chromatographic, and X‐ray analyses of the copolymers suggest that the sequences of the copolymer chains consist of the segments containing the units originated from 7CC and those with TOX unit‐rich compositions. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 733–739, 2008
Influence of preparation methods on the structures and properties for the blends between polyamide 6co6T and polyamide 6: Melt‐mixing and in‐situ blending
Authors: Wang Xiaochun , Zheng Qiang , Du Libo , Yang Guisheng 
Published: December 2007

AbstractTwo blends between polyamide 6 (PA6) and Polyamide 6co6T (PA6co6T, a random copolymer between polyamide 6 and polyamide 6T) were fabricated by melt‐mixing on a twin‐screw extruder and the subsequent injection molding, or through the in‐situ polymerization of ε‐caprolactam in the presence of PA6co6T. As far as the former method is concerned, there exist an obvious decline of toughness and a slight increase in strength and modulus; however, for the latter, there appear a remarkable improvement in toughness and a simultaneous moderate increase in strength and modulus. A series of characterizations were carried out including scanning electron microscopy, wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, polarized optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. It is found that both blends exhibit single glass transition on DMA tan δ curves. However, contrary to that of the melt‐mixed blends, the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the in‐situ ones decreases with increasing PA6co6T content. It is suggested that different mixing levels are the main reasons. Moreover, the addition of PA6co6T containing linear rigid segments conducts remarkable refinement of spherulites for the blends. Significantly different changes in the crystallographic form, spherulite size, crystalline content and perfection due to the introduction of PA6co6T for the two blends are ascribed to their varied thermomechanical histories and the presence of interchange reaction only for the in‐situ blends. On the basis of the characterizations of the microstructures, the different trends of changes in the mechanical properties with the addition of PA6co6T for the two fabrication methods are discussed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 46: 201–211, 2008
Prozesssichere Vakuumerzeugung bei feststoffbelasteten Saugmedien
Authors: Hähre Pierre 
Published: December 2007

AbstractDie Erzeugung von Vakuum bei gleichzeitig hoher Feststoffverträglichkeit der Vakuumpumpen stellt in vielen Bereichen der Prozessindustrie eine Herausforderung dar. Konventionelle Denkmuster führen zu Lösungen, welche Filtrationen im Vakuum notwendig machen — ein oft fataler Ansatz und Kostentreiber.In diesem Artikel wird am Beispiel der Extruderentgasung dargestellt, welcher Aufwand hinsichtlich Abscheidung und Wäsche getrieben wird, obwohl die kostengünstige Lösung doch so nah ist. Eine Marktrecherche oder ein Gespräch mit vorhandenen und potentiellen Zulieferern offenbart nicht selten sehr einfache Lösungsansätze.
The link between post-qualification experience and self-confidence ratings in two problem-solving domains: a study of radiation therapists
Authors: Ferris Helena , McKenzie Kenneth , Thomas Kevin , Craig Agnella 
Published: December 2007

AbstractRecognising one’s abilities and limits in clinical tasks is a valuable part of professionalism. This study investigated the self-ratings of problem-solving confidence of radiation therapists (RTs) in two domains: clinical scenarios and critical thinking items (CTIs). We divided the 60 participants into three groups based on post-qualification experience (PQE), and found that greater PQE was linked with higher self-rated confidence for clinical scenarios, but not for CTIs.
Pseudo-outbreak ofMycobacterium abscessusInfection Caused by Laboratory Contamination
Authors: Blossom D. B. , Alelis K. A. , Chang D. C. , Flores A. H. , Gill J. , Beall D. , Peterson A. M. , Jensen B. , Noble-Wang J. , Williams M. , Yakrus M. A. , Arduino M. J. , Srinivasan A. 
Published: December 2007

Objective.To investigate the cause(s) of an increased incidence of clinical cultures growingMycobacterium abscessusat a hospital in Florida.Design.Outbreak investigation.Setting.University-affiliated, tertiary-care hospital.Methods.A site visit was done during the first week of September 2006. We reviewed the medical records of patients from whomM. abscessuswas recovered during the period from January 1, 2003, through June 30, 2006. We collected environmental samples from various sites and evaluated specimen processing procedures in the microbiology laboratory. Isolates ofM. abscessusrecovered from the environment and from 12 randomly selected patients who sought medical care in 2006 were compared by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Follow-up case surveillance was continued through March 31, 2007.Results.Specimens from 143 patients obtained from various anatomical sites grewM. abscessuson culture in 2005-2006, compared with specimens from 21 patients in 2003-2004. The 12 isolates from patients that were selected for molecular typing had indistinguishable PFGE patterns. Observations revealed no major breaches in the processing of mycobacterial specimens in the laboratory. Isolates grew only after prolonged incubation (mean ± SD, 45 ± 15 days) in test tubes containing diagonally oriented Middlebrook and Cohn 7H10 agar or Lowenstein-Jensen medium. Environmental samples obtained from the inside of the specimen incubator grewM. abscessuson culture. A test tube containing diagonally oriented, uninoculated Middlebrook and Cohn 7H10 agar that was incubated in the same incubator as clinical specimens grewM. abscessuswith a PFGE pattern that matched the pattern of the patient isolates. Cases ofM. abscessusinfection decreased to baseline after the hospital changed suppliers of mycobacterial media and cleaned the incubator.Conclusions.Although the source was never confirmed, our investigation suggests that this was a pseudo-outbreak ofM. abscessusinfection that resulted from contamination of mycobacterial cultures during incubation. Our findings emphasize the need for guidance on the disinfection of specimen incubators.
Risky Habits: on Risk Sharing, Habit Formation, and the Interpretation of International Consumption Correlations*
Authors: Fuhrer Jeffrey C. , Klein Michael W. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractStandard international economic models with life cycle/permanent income consumption behavior predict that international portfolio diversification leads to high bilateral consumption correlations. Thus international consumption correlations have been empirically estimated as a test of international portfolio diversification and risk sharing. In this paper we investigate the international consumption correlations generated by a more general model which incorporates habit formation in consumption. We show that, in the presence of a common shock, habit formation itself can generate positive international consumption correlations even in the absence of any international risk sharing. Empirical evidence presented in this paper suggests habit formation characterizes consumption behavior among most of the G‐7 countries. Thus, the extent of international portfolio diversification may be even lower than that suggested by previous research which studied international consumption correlations.
Civil litigation in twentieth century Europe
Authors: van Rhee C. H. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe present article adresses one of the many topics on which Raoul van Caenegem has focused during his long career: the history of civil procedure. It concentrates on the twentieth century and offers a comparative perspective. The year 1898, in which the influential Austrian Zivilprozessordnung (öZPO) of the 1st of August 1895 took effect, forms the starting point of the article. This Code inaugurated a new era in civil procedure since it introduced a judge with extensive case management powers. The final part of the article discusses the English Civil Procedure Rules, which came into force in 1999. In 1999, even the English judge, who until that time had acted as a mere 'umpire', acquired extensive case management powers. Case management by the judge is now a common European phenomenon.
The Adjustment of the Coupled Climate Model HadGEM1 toward Equilibrium and the Impact on Global Climate
Authors: Banks Helene T. , Stark Sheila , Keen Ann B. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Coupled climate models generally have a small residual radiative flux at the top of the atmosphere. In the Met Office climate model, Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model version 1 (HadGEM1), it is incoming (heating the planet) and reduces over a 350-yr period from 0.4 to 0.1 W m−2. The process of the adjustment in HadGEM1 is examined and is shown to be linked to excessive heat gain. In the tropical and South Atlantic, cold, fresh Antarctic Intermediate Water is replaced by anomalously warm, salty intermediate water. The loss of Antarctic Intermediate Water in the South Atlantic is related to a weak Agulhas retroflection. The erosion is enhanced in the tropical Atlantic by strong upwelling. The warm, salty anomalies are advected northward outcropping in the North Atlantic subpolar gyre. In the outcrop zone, sea surface temperature and salinity are increased, which lead to an increase in global mean surface temperature and a reduction in the sea ice area. This adjusts the top of the atmosphere balance via increased outgoing longwave radiation and is partly offset by a decrease in outgoing shortwave radiation. The increased surface salinity triggers convection in the Labrador Sea and leads to a strong flushing of the thermohaline circulation. These results demonstrate that adjustment time scales for coupled climate models can be in excess of 350 yr. The potential implications of the adjustment time scale of climate models need to be considered when planning scenario and sensitivity experiments, as model drifts can be nonlinear.
Enhanced Photovoltaic Properties of SiO2-treated ZnO Nanocrystalline Electrode for Dye-sensitized Solar Cell
Authors: Shin Yu-Ju , Lee Jung-Hun , Park Ji-Hye , Park Nam-Gyu 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
SiO2-coated ZnO nanocrystalline electrode for dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) showed greatly enhanced solar energy conversion efficiency up to 5.2% under AM 1.5 global one sun condition, because of the increased surface stability to acidic dye molecules.
The use of a posterior lip augmentation device for a revision of recurrent dislocation after primary cemented Charnley/Charnley Elite total hip replacement
Authors: McConway J. , O’Brien S. , Doran E. , Archbold P. , Beverland D. 
Published: December 2007

Between April 1992 and July 2005, 310 posterior lip augmentation devices were used for the treatment of recurrent dislocation of the hip in 307 patients who had received primary total hip replacements (THRs) using Charnley/Charnley Elite components with a cemented acetabulum. The mean number of dislocations before stabilisation with the device was five (1 to 16) with a mean time to this intervention from the first dislocation of 3.8 years (0 days to 22.5 years). The mean age of the patients at this reconstruction was 75.4 years (39 to 96). A retrospective clinical and radiological review was carried out at a mean follow-up of six years and nine months (4.4 months to 13 years and 7 months). Of the 307 patients, 53 had died at the time of the latest review, with a functioning THR and with the posterior lip augmentation device in situ. There were four revisions (1.3%), one for pain, two for deep infection and one for loosening of the acetabular component. Radiolucent lines around the acetabular component increased in only six cases after insertion of the device which was successful in eliminating instability in 302 patients, with only five further dislocations (1.6%) occurring after its insertion.
The Capabilites of Voting Rules in the Absence of Coalitions
Authors: Tideman T. Nicolaus 
Published: December 2007

This paper discusses the features of a variety of rules that might be used to make group choices. The rules are evaluated under an assumption that coalitions have no impact, as might be true when the number of voters is large and secret ballots are used. The contributions of a number of writers are discussed in a framework that exposes new relationships among a variety of ideas.
Some conditions that bear on the merit of a voting rule are as follows: Are all choices to be made between pairs of alternatives, or will some choices have to be made over three or more options? If there are multiple options, are they easily located in a Euclidean space? Is it essential that the voting rule involve relatively little calculation, or can it require extensive use of a computer? Is it necessary to treat all voters equally, or can the votes of some be weighted more heavily than those of others? Is there any readily identifiable basis for determining such weights? Could the voters be trusted to reveal intensities of preferences, to be used as weights, or would they behave erratically or strategically if asked to do so?
Television viewing and obesity among pre-school children: The role of parents
Authors: Vandebosch Heidi , Cleemput Katrien Van 
Published: December 2007

AbstractWestern societies are confronted with a growing number of overweight and obese (pre-school) children. Past studies have pointed to excessive television viewing as one of the causes of this phenomenon. The aim of the current study was to examine the influence of parental mediation and modeling on TV use and obesity among pre-school children.A survey conducted among 608 parents of two-and-a-half to six year olds shows that obese children watch significantly more television, show more affinity towards television and more often have a TV set in their bedroom than normal weight and overweight children. For girls, parental restrictions on television viewing are negatively associated with their BMI. For boys, no similar relationship can be found. This study suggests that taking into account possible differences in television viewing behavior between pre-school boys and girls and paying attention to a wide range of television viewing variables can be fruitful for further research.
Humor comprehension: Lessons learned from cross-cultural communication
Authors: Bell Nancy D 
Published: December 2007

AbstractResearch on humor has tended to focus on its production. The understanding of humor, perhaps because it is more difficult to document, has received somewhat less attention, especially from a sociolinguistic perspective. The present paper addresses this gap by using examples of humor in crosscultural interaction to propose ways in which two earlier models suggesting how humor is perceived (Carrell 1997) and supported (Hay 2001) may be further developed. These examples show that joke competence is a somewhat dynamic construct, that understanding can be partial and that lack of full understanding need not preclude appreciation. In addition, I suggest that interlocutors' understanding of the wide variety of functions of humor must also be taken into consideration in any broader theory of how humor is perceived and understood. As understanding, like language use, is interactively constructed, I call for a view of humor comprehension that is social, as well as cognitive.
Polymorphisms in xenobiotic‐metabolizing genes and the risk of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma in adult Russian patients
Authors: Gra Olga A. , Glotov Andrey S. , Nikitin Eugene A. , Glotov Oleg S. , Kuznetsova Viktoria E. , Chudinov Alexander V. , Sudarikov Andrey B. , Nasedkina Tatyana V. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractPolymorphisms in genes coding xenobiotic‐metabolizing enzymes are considered as risk factors modifying susceptibility to cancer. We developed a biochip for the analysis of 18 mutations in 10 genes of metabolizing system: CYP1A1, CYP2D6, GSTT1, GSTM1, MTHFR, MTRR, NQO1, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and NAT2. Using allele‐specific hybridization on the biochip 76 T‐cell non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) patients, 83 B‐cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B‐CLL) patients, and 177 healthy donors were tested. Polymorphic CYP1A1 alleles were more frequent in B‐CLL patients relative to normal controls, for example, a combination of polymorphic variants 4887C > A, 4889A > G, and 6235T > C (OR = 1.76, 95% CI = 1.0–3.1). The GSTM1 null genotype was more frequent in NHL patients relative to controls (OR = 1.82, 95% CI = 1.1–3.1). The combination of unfavorable polymorphic CYP1A1 variants and GSTM1 null genotype was found more frequently in B‐CLL patients relative to controls (OR = 2.52, 95% CI = 1.3–4.9). In addition, male B‐CLL patients demonstrated a significantly increased occurrence of heterozygous and homozygous allele *2 of CYP2C9 gene (OR = 2.38, 95% CI = 1.1–5.2) as well as a combination of alleles *2 and *3 of the gene (OR = 2.09, 95% CI = 1.1–3.9). Thus, our findings show the association between polymorphic alleles of CYP1A1, GSTM1, and CYP2C9 genes and the risk to develop NHL or B‐CLL. The developed biochip can be considered as a convenient analytical tool for research studies and predictive analysis in oncohematology. Am. J. Hematol., 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diffusion of biological molecules through hollow chitosan fibers
Authors: Peirano Francisco , Vincent Thierry , Guibal Eric 
Published: December 2007

AbstractHollow chitosan fibers were tested for the diffusion of a series of biological macromolecules, including amino acids, vitamins, and antibiotics. The hollow fibers were immersed in the permeant solution, and water was circulated and recycled inside the lumen of the fiber. The concentration of the permeant in the hollow fiber loop was analyzed online by ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry. The effect of process parameters such as the concentration, pH, and flow rate was tested. The permeability coefficient was calculated from the permeability. The limited influence of the flow rate indicated that resistance to film diffusion (at the surface of the fiber) was not the rate‐limiting step: the limiting step remained diffusion through the membrane. The pH would be expected to influence the protonation of chitosan amine groups and the acid–base properties of the permeant; however, the diffusion profiles were little affected by this parameter. The impact of pH on the permeability coefficient decreased in the following order: tryptophan > chloramphenicol > vitamin B12. The change in the concentration of the permeant had a limited impact on the permeability coefficient. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Properties of supercritical fluid extrusion‐based crosslinked starch extrudates
Authors: Ayoub Ali , Rizvi Syed S. H. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractStarch microcellular foam was produced by supercritical fluid extrusion (SCFX) using native and pregelatinized starch mixtures. The starch solution was reacted with epichlorohydrin (EPI) under alkaline conditions in a continuous twin‐screw extruder in the presence of supercritical carbon dioxide. The relationship between crosslinking density and cell size and their distribution in the foamed extrudates was studied. An increase in the EPI concentration from 0 to 0.5% was accompanied by an increase in the degree of crosslinking as measured by differential scanning calorimetry and confirmed by diffusion coefficient measured by nuclear magnetic resonance. The diffusion coefficient of crosslinked sample was observed to be 12.5 times lower than that of non crosslinked control. The average cell size of the microporous structure, observed by scanning electron microscopy, showed a decrease from 147 to 61 μm as the concentration of EPI was increased. The cell size distribution of the crosslinked samples was significantly improved but the total expansion was lowered. The results obtained to date indicate, for the first time, that reactive extrusion of starch with EPI with supercritical carbon dioxide as a blowing agent offers a promising new technique to generate microporous foams for use in various applications. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Simultaneous determination of monomeric and oligomeric alkannins and shikonins by high‐performance liquid chromatography–diode array detection–mass spectrometry
Authors: Assimopoulou A. N. , Ganzera M. , Stuppner H. , Papageorgiou V. P. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractAlkannin and shikonin (A/S) derivatives have been found in the roots of several Boraginaceous species and are produced through plant tissue cultures. The chiral compounds alkannins and shikonins are potent pharmaceutical substances with a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities such as wound healing, antimicrobial, anti‐inflammatory, anticancer and antioxidant. Although oligomeric A/S derivatives have been detected in root extracts and commercial samples their detection and determination through high‐performance liquid chromatography has not been reported. Therefore, in the present study a rapid, simple high‐performance liquid chromatography–diode array detection–mass spectrometry (HPLC‐DAD‐MS) method was developed to detect, separate and determine monomeric and oligomeric/polymeric derivatives of alkannin/shikonin simultaneously for the first time. An optimization of HPLC‐DAD parameters was performed. Both atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and electrospray ionization (ESI) modes were applied, in order to compare detection of monomeric and oligomeric A/S. Additionally, oligomeric A/S constituents in several samples were identified and the mode of A/S polymerization was proposed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.