bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Postdischarge follow‐up visits for medical and pharmacy students on an inpatient medicine clerkship
Authors: Lai Cindy J. , Nye Heather E. , Bookwalter Thomas , Kwan Anson , Hauer Karen E. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractBACKGROUNDTeaching medical and pharmacy students to collaborate on discharge planning for chronically ill patients may facilitate their ability to provide quality care.OBJECTIVETo determine whether a discharge curriculum would improve students' attitudes and self‐assessed skills in interdisciplinary collaboration and transitional care for chronically ill patients.DESIGNThe discharge curriculum of an inpatient medicine clerkship focused on safe patient transitions after hospitalization. Curricular components included an interdisciplinary workshop, follow‐up visits with discharged patients, a final group debriefing, and letters to patients' primary care providers. Preassigned medical and pharmacy student partners coordinated discharges and conducted postdischarge visits. The change in students' attitudes and skills in interdisciplinary collaboration and discharge planning was assessed using a 5‐point Likert‐scaled survey given before and after the curriculum, and students reported their satisfaction using additional Likert‐scaled and open‐ended questions.RESULTSThe program was completed by 97% of students (37 of 39 medical, 22 of 22 pharmacy). The postcurriculum survey response rates were 92% and 86%, respectively; matched response rates were 58% and 59%. The attitudes and self‐assessed skills of both medical and pharmacy students significantly improved for most survey items after the curriculum. Students also reported that the curriculum had a favorable impact on their learning about interdisciplinary care (4.3, SD 0.72), humanism (4.3, SD 0.63), and discharge planning (4.4, SD 0.70). Ninety‐three percent reported that the curriculum was valuable to their education.CONCLUSIONSA clinically oriented curriculum with postdischarge visits improved students' attitudes and self‐assessed skills in interdisciplinary collaboration and transitional care and fostered a patient‐centered approach to care. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2008;3:20–27. © 2008 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Tailored thermal expansivity in particulate composites for thermal stress management
Authors: Miller W. , Smith C. W. , Dooling P. , Burgess A. N. , Evans K. E. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractOnly few composites with tailored thermal expansivity exist, even fewer with negative thermal expansivity fillers, and none are well characterised. Zirconium tungstate has an isotropic negative coefficient of thermal expansivity, and the overall coefficient of thermal expansivity (CTE) of a range of zirconium tungstate/epoxy composites was measured in order to examine the effects of volume fraction and particle surface treatment on the overall expansivity of the composite. This provides an improved understanding of how particulate composites, with negative CTE fillers behave on heating. The thermal expansivity of the composites containing negative thermal expansivity (NTE) fillers is shown to agree with a simple volume fraction model. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Fourth‐rank tensors of [[V2]2]‐type and elastic material constants for 2D crystals
Authors: Jasiukiewicz Cz. , Paszkiewicz T. , Wolski S. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractFourth‐rank symmetric tensors, that embody the elastic properties of crystalline anisotropic substances, were constructed for all 2D crystal systems. Using them we obtained explicit expressions for inverse of Young's modulus E (n), inverse of shear modulus G (m, n) and Poisson's ratio ν (m, n), which depend on components of the elastic compliances tensor S, on direction cosines of vectors n of uniaxial load and the vector m of lateral strain with crystalline symmetry axes. All 2D crystal systems are considered. Such representation yields decomposition of the above elastic characteristics to isotropic and anisotropic parts. Expressions for Poisson's coefficient are well suited for studying the property of auxeticity and anisotropy of 2D crystals. Christoffel's tensor is calculated for all 2D crystal classes. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Fine structure of the electrostatic energetic disorder at the interface between disordered organic material and metal electrode
Authors: Novikov Sergey V. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe physics of organic disordered materials is dominated by the effects of energetic disorder. We show that image forces reduce the electrostatic component of the total energetic disorder near an interface with a metal electrode. Typically, the standard deviation of energetic disorder is dramatically reduced at the first few layers of organic semiconductor molecules adjacent to the metal electrode and correlation properties of the disorder are different from the bulk properties. This means that the use of bulk disorder parameters (such as standard deviation of disorder) for description of the energetic disorder at the interface is poorly justified even in the case of identical spatial and chemical structure of the organic material at the interface and in the bulk of the transport layer. Implications for charge injection into organic semiconductors are discussed. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Numerical study of relaxation in Coulomb glasses
Authors: Ortuño M. , Caravaca M. , Somoza A. M. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractWe present a kinetic Monte Carlo algorithm to study relaxation of Coulomb glasses at low temperatures. The algorithm can integrate out exactly fast transitions avoiding repetitive hops characteristic of metastable states, so that it does not get stuck in most of them. The present implementation of the method can follow the dynamics of systems with up to 1000 sites to macroscopic times. This is a general procedure that can be extended to most slow relaxation systems. We present results for energy relaxation. We also discuss a temperature definition during the non equilibrium relaxation process and show preliminary results on aging. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The theoretical study on anionic polymerization mechanism of maleimide: Chain propagation by p‐π conjugation process
Authors: Hua Xiao , Bei Feng‐Li , Wang Xin , Yang Xu‐Jie , Lu Lu‐De 
Published: February 2008

AbstractA complete research on the mechanism of the anionic polymerization of maleimide was performed, not only including the chain initiation, but the propagation as well. The density functional theory method is employed to investigate the reaction pathway using 6‐311+G* basis set, and the Onsager model is also applied to imitate the effect of solvent on the structures and thermodynamic functions of the key steps. It is found that the initiation starts with a nucleophilic reaction, in which the key transition state shows a π‐complex structure. In contrast, the calculated chain propagation (both dimer and trimer process) employs a p‐π conjugation chain propagation mechanism (p‐π CCPM), characterized by the formation of p‐π conjugation orbital between the chain terminal C atom and monomer CC double bond. This mechanism is in good agreement with the frontier molecular theory and the principle of conservation of molecular orbital symmetry. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008
Comparison of nuchal and detailed morphology ultrasound examinations in early pregnancy for fetal structural abnormality screening: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Chen M. , Lee C. P. , Lam Y. H. , Tang R. Y. K. , Chan B. C. P. , Wong S. F. , Tse L. H. Y. , Tang M. H. Y. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the effectiveness of a nuchal scan at 10 to 14 + 6 weeks and a detailed morphology scan at 12 to 14 + 6 weeks in screening for fetal structural abnormalities.MethodsFrom March 2001 to November 2004, 8811 pregnant women were randomized into either the control group (10 to 14 + 6‐week nuchal scan followed by routine 16–23‐week scan) or the study group (10 to 14 + 6‐week nuchal scan and 12 to 14 + 6–week detailed scan followed by routine 16–23‐week scan).ResultsWe analyzed 7642 cases of singleton pregnancies with viable fetuses at first‐trimester ultrasound examination and with known pregnancy outcome. In the control group, the detection rate of structural abnormalities in the first trimester was 32.8% (21/64; 95% CI, 21.6–45.7%) and the overall detection rate was 64.1% (41/64; 95% CI, 51.1–75.7%). In the study group, the detection rate in the first trimester was 47.6% (30/63; 95% CI, 34.9–60.6) and the overall detection rate was 66.7% (42/63; 95% CI, 53.7–78.0%). The overall detection rate in the control group did not differ significantly from that in the study group (P > 0.05).ConclusionsWhen the nuchal scan is offered, a basic anatomical survey can be done in conjunction with nuchal translucency thickness measurement. A detailed ultrasound examination at this early gestational age may not be superior to the nuchal scan in screening for fetal abnormalities in the low‐risk population. Though a wide range of abnormalities can be detected at 10 to 14 + 6 weeks, the routine 16–23‐week scan cannot be abandoned. Copyright © 2008 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of adult Schwann cells and olfactory ensheathing glia on axontarget cell interactions in the CNS a comparative analysis using a retinotectal cograft model
Authors: Vukovic Jana , Plant Giles W. , Ruitenberg Marc J. , Harvey Alan R. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractWe used an in vivo transplant approach to examine how adult Schwann cells and olfactory ensheathing glia OEG influence the specificity of axontarget cell interactions when they are introduced into the CNS. Populations of either Schwann cells or OEG were mixed with dissociated fetal tectal cells presumptive superior colliculus and, after reaggregation, pieces were grafted onto newborn rat superior colliculus. Both glial types were prelabeled with lentiviral vectors encoding green fluorescent protein. Grafts rapidly established fiber connections with the host and retinal projections into cografts were assessed 656 days posttransplantation by injecting cholera toxinB into host eyes. In control rats that received pure dissociatedreaggregated tectal grafts, retinal ganglion cell RGC axons selectively innervated defined target areas, corresponding to the retinorecipient layer in normal superior colliculus. The pattern of RGC axon ingrowth into OEG containing cografts was similar to that in control grafts. However, in Schwann cell cografts there was reduced host retinal input into presumptive target areas and many RGC axons were scattered throughout the neuropil. Given that OEG in cografts had minimal impact on axontarget cell recognition, OEG might be an appropriate cell type for direct transplantation into injured neuropil when attempting to stimulate specific pathway reconstruction.
Gliosis alters expression and uptake of spinal glial amino acid transporters in a mouse neuropathic pain model
Authors: Cavaliere Carlo , Cirillo Giovanni , Rosaria Bianco Maria , Rossi Francesco , De Novellis Vito , Maione Sabatino , Papa Michele 
Published: February 2008

AbstractGliosis is strongly implicated in the development and maintenance of persistent pain states following chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve. Here we demonstrate that in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, gliosis is accompanied by changes in glial amino acid transporters examined by immunoblot, immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. Cytokines, proinflammatory mediators and microglia increase up to postoperative day (pd) 3 before decreasing on pd 7. Then, spinal glial fibrillary acidic protein increases on pd 7, lasting until pd 14 and later. Simultaneously, the expression of glial amino acid transporters for glycine and glutamate (GlyT1 and GLT1) is reduced on pd 7 and pd 14. Consistent with a reduced expression of GlyT1 and GLT1, high performance liquid chromatography reveals a net increase in the concentration of glutamate and glycine on pd 7 and pd 14 in tissue from the lumbar spinal cord of neuropathic mice. In this study we have confirmed that microglial activation precedes astrogliosis. Such a glial cytoskeletal rearrangement correlates with a marked decrease in glycine and glutamate transporters, which might, in turn, be responsible for the increased concentration of these neurotransmitters in the spinal cord. We speculate that these phenomena might contribute, via over-stimulation of NMDA receptors, to the changes in synaptic functioning that are responsible for the maintenance of persistent pain.
Transition metal partitioning between lower mantle and core materials at 27 GPa
Authors: Ohtani Eiji , Kato Takumi , Ito Eiji 
Published: February 2008

Partitioning of transition metals, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni between Mg‐perovskite, magnesiowustite and metallic iron has been studied at 27 GPa and 1700–1900°C. V, Cr and Mn are strongly enriched in Mg‐perovskite and magnesiowustite, whereas Fe, Co, and Ni are strongly concentrated in metallic iron under the present experimental condition. Using these data on partitioning, we tested models of core‐mantle separation in the primordial earth.Abundances of V, Cr, and Fe in the upper mantle are consistent with a model of the upper mantle formed by olivine accumulation and/or majorite fractionation in the primordial earth after the core segregation under the core‐mantle equilibrium. However, depletion of Mn, and overabundances of Co and Ni in the mantle remain unexplained by this model. Other processes, such as vaporization of Mn before or during accretion and the equilibrium partitioning of Co and Ni between minerals and iron in the deep lower mantle may account for the observed abundances of these elements in the mantle.
Global warming: Evidence for asymmetric diurnal temperature change
Authors: Karl Thomas R. , Kukla George , Razuvayev Vyacheslav N. , Changery Michael J. , Quayle Robert G. , Heim Richard R. , Easterling David R. , Fu Cong Bin 
Published: February 2008

Analyses of the year‐month mean maximum and minimum surface thermometric record have now been updated and expanded to cover three large countries in the Northern Hemisphere (the contiguous United States, the Soviet Union, and the People's Republic of China). They indicate that most of the warming which has occurred in these regions over the past four decades can be attributed to an increase of mean minimum (mostly nighttime) temperatures. Mean maximum (mostly daytime) temperatures display little or no warming. In the USA and the USSR (no access to data in China) similar characteristics are also reflected in the changes of extreme seasonal temperatures, e.g., increase of extreme minimum temperatures and little or no change in extreme maximum temperatures. The continuation of increasing minimum temperatures and little overall change of the maximum leads to a decrease of the mean (and extreme) temperature range, an important measure of climate variability.The cause(s) of the asymmetric diurnal changes are uncertain, but there is some evidence to suggest that changes in cloud cover plays a direct role (where increases in cloudiness result in reduced maximum and higher minimum temperatures). Regardless of the exact cause(s), these results imply that either: (1) climate model projections considering the expected change in the diurnal temperature range with increased levels of the greenhouse gases are underestimating (overestimating) the rise of the daily minimum (maximum) relative to the maximum (minimum), or (2) the observed warming in a considerable portion of the Northern Hemisphere landmass is significantly affected by factors unrelated to an enhanced anthropogenically‐induced greenhouse effect.
An earthquake model with magnitude‐sensitive dynamics
Authors: McCloskey John , Bean C. J. , O'Reilly B. 
Published: February 2008

Considerations of the dimensionality of earthquake generating mechanisms, as assessed by prediction‐regression analysis, show that complete earthquake populations are best described by complex, high‐dimensional dynamics. Cellular automata which allow individual degrees of freedom to many small areal increments of a fault face reproduce realistic event sequences which follow the Gutenberg‐Richter relation.Simple, spring‐block models with as few as two blocks have been shown, however, to neatly explain the coupling between adjacent segments of transform faults which has been observed in the stratigraphic record.Here we propose a hierarchical earthquake model in which there is an explicit change in the generating dynamics with magnitude and which may be appropriate for seismicity on a section of a transform fault which includes more than one active segment. In the model a high‐dimensional cellular automaton is responsible for the production of low‐energy events and a low‐dimensional double‐block model represents the dynamics of events in which an entire fault face slips. Frequency magnitude distributions of the model seismicity show a change in b‐value with magnitude which is the result of the change in universality class of the underlying dynamics. Similar changes in b‐value (related to the finite width of the seismogenic layer) have been reported in the literature.
Correction [to “Demonstration of 26Mg excess in Allende and evidence for 26Al”]
Authors: Lee Typhoon , Papanastassiou D. A. , Wasserburg G. J. 
Published: February 2008

The first two paragraphs of this paper were omitted from the January 1976 issue due to an oversight by the AGU Office.We report the discovery of a large anomaly in the isotopic composition of Mg in a Ca‐Al rich chondrule from the Allende meteorite. This anomaly is manifest independently of instrumental fractionation and is due to an enrichment of about 1.3 percent in 26Mg while the abundances of 25Mg and 24Mg are terrestrial in value. There is a strong correlation in this chondrule between the 26Mg excess and the Al/Mg ratio so that the most plausible cause of the anomaly is the in situ decay of now extinct 26Al (τ½ = 0.72 × 106 yr). Mineral phases extracted from a Ca‐Al‐rich aggregate have distinct Al/Mg but show identical, small Mg anomalies which are apparent after correction for fractionation (δ26Mg = 0.3%). These data indicate that this aggregate was isotopically homogenized in a high Al/Mg environment after the decay of 26Al had occurred or that some of the Mg anomalies are due to effects other than in situ decay of 26Al.
The absolute concentration of OH(X²π) in the Earth's stratosphere
Authors: Anderson J. G. 
Published: February 2008

A technique previously used to determine the concentration of O(³P) in the stratosphere is employed to determine the absolute concentration of ground state hydroxyl radicals between 29 and 43 kilometers in the earth's atmosphere. The results from two flights of the instrument, which detects OH by molecular resonance fluorescence while descending through the stratosphere suspended from a stabilized parachute platform, are reported. Both experiments were launched on a balloon from Palestine, Texas, 32°N around noon and dropped the same afternoon near the stratopause at a solar zenith angle of 80°.From the first flight on 18 July 1975 the OH concentration is reported to be 2.0−1.0+1.5 × 107 cm−3 at 40 kilometers and from the second on 12 January 1976 the density is found to decrease from 2.8 × 107 cm−3 at 43 kilometers to 4.5 × 106 cm−3 at 30 kilometers with an experimental uncertainty of ±35 percent.
The direct measurement of nitric oxide concentration in the upper atmosphere by a rocket‐borne chemiluminescent detector
Authors: Mason Conrad J. , Horvath Jack J. 
Published: February 2008

Direct measurements of the nitric oxide concentration between 42 km and 60 km have been made with a rocket‐borne chemiluminescent detector. The first flight of this instrument was primarily a demonstration of feasibility; some instrument parameters were not measured but, instead, calculated assuming a standard atmosphere (USSA 1962) and a known vehicle velocity profile. The rocket was fired from Wallops Island, Virginia on 8 April, 1975 at 1405 LT. Our results are:Altitude (km) Mixing Ratio NO Density (number/cc)42 (4.2 ± 2.3)× 10−9 (2.6 ± 1.4)× 10845 (3.6 ± 2.0)× 10−9 (1.5 ± 0.9)× 10850 (2.2 ± 1.4)× 10−9 (4.6 ± 2.9)× 10755 (2.5 ± 1.6)× 10−9 (3.1 ± 1.9)× 10760 (5.2 ± 2.9)× 10−9 (3.4 ± 1.9)× 107Corrections to the data have been made to account for an ozone‐generated background emission that set a lower limit of detectability of about lppb. Since the background emission was not measured during the flight but, instead, simulated in the laboratory, we regard these results as being upper limits on the NO concentration that prevailed at that particular time and location.
OH ‐ Radicals in the lower troposphere
Authors: Perner D. , Ehhalt D. H. , Pätz H. W. , Platt U. , Röth E. P. , Volz A. 
Published: February 2008

OH has been detected in the lower troposphere by optical absorption of the Q1 2 (A²Σ+, v = O, X²Π, v = O) line at 307.995 nm along a 7.8 km path above Jülich (51° North, 6° East). The detection limit depended on the quality of the photographic exposure and reached 2 · 106 cm−3 in the most favourable cases.OH generally remained below 4 · 106 cm−3, the average detection limit. But on several occasions during the observation period from mid August to November 1975 concentrations up to 7 · 106 cm−3 were observed.
Possible variations in atmospheric ozone related to the eleven‐year solar cycle
Authors: Penner Joyce E. , Chang Julius S. 
Published: February 2008

Changes in ozone, temperature, and other minor constituents resulting from eleven‐year variations in the solar flux between 180 and 340 nm are presented. Results were computed using a one‐dimensional time dependent model that allows for all major feedbacks and time delays which may result from changing photolysis rates in the Ox‐ NOx‐ HOx‐ CℓOxsystem.Since the 1950's the chlorine content of the stratosphere has been increasing. The effect of this increase on ozone variability during the last two solar cycles is analyzed. Expected variations in O3and temperature resulting from changes in the uv flux are compared to available measurements.
Rocket observations of precipitating electrons over a pulsating aurora
Authors: Sandahl Ingrid , Eliasson Lars , Lundin Rickard 
Published: February 2008

Data from the third rocket of the Substorm‐GEOS series have been studied. The rocket was launched from ESRANGE on January 27, 1979 at 21.52.20 UT into a pulsating aurora.Measurements were performed in the energy range 0‐33 keV with electrostatic analyzers and above 48 keV with solid state detectors. The pulsations are visible in the data above 3‐4 keV.In a pulsation maximum the bulk of the energy flux is carried by electrons of energies between 5 and 40 keV. In pulsation minima the bulk of the energy flux is carried by particles of lower energies. In the electron fluxes above 25 keV a modulation of about 3 Hz is seen in the loss cone. This modulation is seen only in pulsation maxima and the modulation depth increases with increasing energy.