bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bacteriological Standards for Perishable Foods
Authors: Heller C.L. 
Published: March 2007

The unrestricted growth of micro-organisms in meat products leads to spoilage and therefore it is necessary to consider whether meat products should be made to conform to microbial. standards. This question raises many problems which can be solved only in the distant future. However, an understanding of the rôle of micro-organisms in the manufacture of meat products suggests that in the immediate future it is possible to effect a considerable improvement in micro-biological quality. In order to achieve this result, education and advisory services will play an important part. It is important that pathogenic bacteria should be excluded from meat products, but it must be appre ciated that this problem concerns only a few of the micro-organisms which may adversely effect meat products. Furthermore, it is difficult to convince many of those concerned in food production that traditional methods should be improved if our arguments are related solely to the prevention of food-poisoning. The opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author and are not necessarily those of the Ministry of Food.
Plague and Anti-Plague Measures in Hyderabad State, With Special Reference To the Use of Ddt
Authors: Khatri L.D. 
Published: March 2007

A brief history of plague in Hyderabad State during the present pandemic is given. It is shown that the epidemics on the whole are on the wane, and this experience coincides with the experience of other Indian states. This general decline cannot be attributed to any specific anti-plague measures adopted earlier. Earlier measures such as fumigation of rat burrows with Cyanogas were able to control epidemics to a large extent, but were not successful in eradicating infection, particularly from the endemic zones. Recently DDT has been introduced as an anti-plague measure, relying on the assumption that control of transmitting agent alone may be able to check the epidemics and may ultimately succeed in eradicating the infection from the state. Insufflation of rat burrows with DDT I0 per cent. powder and disinfection of houses with DDT suspension spray made by mixing water with 50 per cent. DDT wettable powder for the disinfection of huts, walls, roofs and windows, etc., are the main anti-plague measures now adopted. The measures have given very encouraging results ; the record of incidence and mortality from plague in the whole state during the last year has been the lowest recorded for the last fifty years.
(b) Distribution and Utilization
Authors: Livingstone A. McD. 
Published: March 2007

The salvage and collection of about 1,000 tons of waste food a day by local authorities, and its subsequent central sterilization and processing into concentrate for stock feed, represents a significant contribution to the national economy and animal health. With an expanding pig and poultry population there should be a growing demand for the product. But the quantity collected and processed is subject to seasonal fluctuations, demand (e.g., at harvest time) varies, and on a free competitive market, prices will naturally need some adjustment from time to time at short notice. Such adjustments are a daily commonplace in the business world, but the rigidity of local authority business procedure may raise difficulties in equating supply and demand. Perhaps these might be eased by having some kind of association of processing authorities which could keep in touch with the market and issue a scale of recommended prices for general guidance. It could also do much to advertise the merits of the product and educate stock-keepers generally in its use ; but each processing authority should regard this as one of its primary duties.
Role of BCR/ABL gene-expression levels in determining the phenotype and imatinib sensitivity of transformed human hematopoietic cells
Authors: Modi Hardik , McDonald Tinisha , Chu Su , Yee Jiing-Kuan , Forman Stephen J. , Bhatia Ravi 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Increased levels of Bcr-Abl expression in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) cells are associated with disease progression and imatinib (IM) resistance. However, it is not clear if these associations are a direct result of elevated Bcr-Abl expression. We used a human transduction model of CML to directly investigate the role of varying Bcr-Abl expression levels in determining the phenotype and IM sensitivity of hematopoietic cells. CD34+ cells were transduced with vectors coexpressing Bcr-Abl and GFP, and cells expressing low and high levels of GFP and Bcr-Abl (BAlo and BAhi) were selected. BAhi cells demonstrated enhanced activation of downstream proliferative and antiapoptotic signaling and enhanced proliferation and survival compared to BAlo cells. Freshly isolated BAhi CD34+ cells and cell lines demonstrated increased IM-mediated growth inhibition likely reflecting Bcr-Abl dependence for growth and survival. CD34+ cells expressing BCR/ABL kinase-mutant genes demonstrated resistance to IM-mediated inhibition of proliferation and viability, which was not enhanced by increased expression of BCR/ABL kinase-mutant genes. We conclude that Bcr-Abl overexpression results in increased proliferation and antiapoptotic signaling in CD34+ cells, but may not play a direct role in IM resistance in progenitor cells expressing either wild-type or mutant BCR/ABL genes.
The exceptional stem cell system of Macrostomum lignano: Screening for gene expression and studying cell proliferation by hydroxyurea treatment and irradiation
Authors: Pfister Daniela , De Mulder Katrien , Philipp Isabelle , Kuales Georg , Hrouda Martina , Eichberger Paul , Borgonie Gaetan , Hartenstein Volker , Ladurner Peter 
Published: March 2007

Abstract

Background
Flatworms are characterized by an outstanding stem cell system. These stem cells (neoblasts) can give rise to all cell types including germ cells and power the exceptional regenerative capacity of many flatworm species. Macrostomum lignano is an emerging model system to study stem cell biology of flatworms. It is complementary to the well-studied planarians because of its small size, transparency, simple culture maintenance, the basal taxonomic position and its less derived embryogenesis that is more closely related to spiralians. The development of cell-, tissue- and organ specific markers is necessary to further characterize the differentiation potential of flatworm stem cells. Large scale in situ hybridization is a suitable tool to identify possible markers. Distinguished genes identified in a large scale screen in combination with manipulation of neoblasts by hydroxyurea or irradiation will advance our understanding of differentiation and regulation of the flatworm stem cell system.

Results
We have set up a protocol for high throughput large scale whole mount in situ hybridization for the flatworm Macrostomum lignano. In the pilot screen, a number of cell-, tissue- or organ specific expression patterns were identified. We have selected two stem cell- and germ cell related genes – macvasa and macpiwi – and studied effects of hydroxyurea (HU) treatment or irradiation on gene expression. In addition, we have followed cell proliferation using a mitosis marker and bromodeoxyuridine labeling of S-phase cells after various periods of HU exposure or different irradiation levels. HU mediated depletion of cell proliferation and HU induced reduction of gene expression was used to generate a cDNA library by suppressive subtractive hybridization. 147 differentially expressed genes were sequenced and assigned to different categories.

Conclusion
We show that Macrostomum lignano is a suitable organism to perform high throughput large scale whole mount in situ hybridization. Genes identified in such screens – together with BrdU/H3 labeling – can be used to obtain information on flatworm neoblasts.
Pregnancy Outcome Among Twins Conceived After Subfertility Treatment Compared With Natural Twins: A Population-Based Study
Authors: Murphy Michael F. G. , Neale Rachel E. , Hey Kate , Seagroatt Valerie A. , Goldacre Michael J. , Vessey Martin P. , Willis Bryony M. , Ellis Douglas J. , Barlow David H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPregnancy outcome and characteristics of women who conceive following subfertility treatment remains a subject of great interest. We analyzed these variables among 199 women who delivered a registerable twin birth compared with 1773 women who delivered a naturally conceived twin birth in a population-based obstetric cohort drawn from around Oxford, England. Treatment was restricted to conceptions involving simple ovulation induction only. Treated mothers were of significantly higher social class and older, more likely to deliver girls and to be delivered by cesarean section, and significantly less likely to be smokers at the time of antenatal booking and to have delivered previous pregnancies. Pregnancy outcome was similar between the two groups for most measures, with the exception of birthweight which was lower in treated twins, though not significantly so. Overall the results are reassuring with respect to outcome in twin pregnancies following simple ovulation induction.
Twins of Mistaken Zygosity (TOMZ): Evidence for Genetic Contributions to Dietary Patterns and Physiologic Traits
Authors: Gunderson Erica P. , Tsai Ai-Lin , Selby Joe V. , Caan Bette , Mayer-Davis Elizabeth J. , Risch Neil 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTwin designs, comparing correlations in monozygotic (MZ) versus dizygotic (DZ) twins, have an extensive history. One major confounder in such studies is that MZ twins may share postnatal environmental influences more so than do DZ twins. To avoid such confounding, twins separated at or soon after birth have been studied, but their scarcity often makes this approach impractical. Another method has been to measure the degree of contact twins have maintained over time, and adjust the observed correlations. Here, we remove confounding by utilizing the discrepancy between biological and self-perceived zygosity to separate environmental from genetic sources of twin similarity. We analyzed dietary patterns and physiologic traits in 350 female twin pairs of the 1988 Kaiser Permanente Twin Registry. Among twin pairs, 175 were MZ by self-report and genetic testing (MZC), 136 were DZ by self-report and genetic testing (DZC), 30 were MZ by genetic testing but not by self-report (MZW), and 9 were DZ by genetic testing but not by self-report (DZW) but were excluded due to small sample size. For healthy food patterns, MZC and MZW intraclass correlations were similar and greater than for DZC, yielding positive and significant heritability estimates. For unhealthy food patterns, the MZC, MZW and DZC correlations were similar with no significant heritability. For physiologic traits, MZC and MZW correlations were similar and higher than those for DZC, indicating significant heritability, except for insulin for which MZW and DZC were similar and which showed modest heritability. Twins of mistaken zygosity (TOMZ) provides a useful approach to robust determination of heritability.
Longitudinal Genetic Analysis of Plasma Lipids
Authors: Middelberg Rita P. , Martin Nicholas G. , Whitfield John B. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe consensus from published studies is that plasma lipids are each influenced by genetic factors, and that this contributes to genetic variation in risk of cardiovascular disease. Heritability estimates for lipids and lipoproteins are in the range .48 to .87, when measured once per study participant. However, this ignores the confounding effects of biological variation measurement error and ageing, and a truer assessment of genetic effects on cardiovascular risk may be obtained from analysis of longitudinal twin or family data. We have analyzed information on plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and triglycerides, from 415 adult twins who provided blood on two to five occasions over 10 to 17 years. Multivariate modeling of genetic and environmental contributions to variation within and across occasions was used to assess the extent to which genetic and environmental factors have long-term effects on plasma lipids. Results indicated that more than one genetic factor influenced HDL and LDL components of cholesterol, and triglycerides over time in all studies. Nonshared environmental factors did not have significant long-term effects except for HDL. We conclude that when heritability of lipid risk factors is estimated on only one occasion, the existence of biological variation and measurement errors leads to underestimation of the importance of genetic factors as a cause of variation in long-term risk within the population. In addition our data suggest that different genes may affect the risk profile at different ages.
Healthy Twin: A Twin-Family Study of Korea — Protocols and Current Status
Authors: Sung Joohon , Cho Sung-Il , Lee Kayoung , Ha Mina , Choi Eun-Young , Choi Ji-Sook , Kim Ho , Kim Jihae , Hong Kyoung Sue , Kim Yeonju , Yoo Keun-Young , Park Chan , Song Yun-Mi 
Published: March 2007

Abstract‘Healthy Twin’ is a twin family study extension of the existing Korean Twin-Family Register. Healthy Twin recruits adult like-sex twins over the age of 30 and their adult family members. Healthy Twin protocols are primarily tailored to the study of the quantitative trait loci of complex traits as well as to the role of environment in the etiology of complex diseases. A full-length survey is underway, including questionnaires, health examinations and the collection of biological specimens. So far, 820 individuals (169 twin pairs and their families) have participated in the survey and 1068 individual twins (608 twin pairs) have replied to the mailed zygosity questionnaire as of July 2006. The first phase (2005–2006) of Healthy Twin will recruit 1550 individuals (including about 380 twin pairs), and the second phase a proposed 1500 to 2500 additional participants. We report study protocols and zygosity and the distribution of family size of the study participants.
Update From Sri Lankan Twin Registry: Establishment of a Population-Based Twin Register and Ongoing Project on Common Mental Disorders, Alcohol Abuse and Suicidal Ideations
Authors: Siribaddana Sisira Hemananda , Siriwardane Waduthanthrige Danushki , Hewage Suwin Nilanga , Athukorale Athukoralage Don Manjula Deshapriya , Sumathipala Athula , Hotopf Matthew 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe Sri Lankan Twin Registry began as a volunteer register in 1997. Previously, we have shown door-to-door surveys as the best option to build a population-based twin register of older, adult twins. Our aim was to build a population-based twin register in the Colombo district and use it for twin studies on common mental disorders. We aimed to identify a random sample of 4000 twins ascertained through the twin census. The Colombo district is divided into 13 divisional secretariat divisions (DSDs) and each division is further divided into Grama Niladari divisions administratively. Grama niladaris (GNs) are civil servants and visit each household in order to update the electoral register. GNs were used to do a census of twins while they updated the electoral register. The correlation between population density and twin rate among DSDs was .81, and between twin rate and the percentage of returned forms (from each DSD) was .74. We received 9648 forms notifying about twins and multiples. After removing the duplicates and information about twins who live in other districts, there were 17,406 multiples remaining. After incorporating twins and multiples from various other feasibility studies we now have 19,040 multiples with 8.46 twins per 1000 people in the Colombo district.
Minnesota Center for Twin and Family Research
Authors: Iacono William G. , McGue Matt , Krueger Robert F. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe Minnesota Center for Twin and Family Research (MCTFR) houses a collection of longitudinal, community-based twin-family and adoptee-family projects that focus on the mental health outcomes of adolescent youth with a special focus on the development of substance use and related behavior disorders. The Minnesota Twin Family Study includes epidemiological investigations of 11- and 17-year-old twins, an examination of 11-year-old twins selected for being at high risk for having a childhood disruptive behavior disorder, and a supplemental registry of young adult twins age 18 years and older who are not enrolled in these longitudinal studies. Also, part of the MCTFR is the Sibling Interaction and Behavior Study, a complementary prospective investigation of adolescent sibling pairs in families with adoptive and biological offspring. MCTFR participants from these various projects are assessed in person and through multiple informants to provide comprehensive coverage of psychological adjustment, mental health, and psychosocial risk/protective factors. Measurement of EEG and autonomic nervous system reactivity is also part of the assessment battery for twin families. This article provides an overview of study design and includes a review of recent MCTFR findings.
Characterizing wood fiber and particle length with a mixture distribution and a segmented distribution
Authors: Cao Quang V. , Wu Qinglin 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
The length data from 12 samples of wood fibers and particles were described using lognormal and Weibull distributions. While both distributions fitted the middle range of the data well, the lognormal distribution provided a closer fit for short fibers and particles and the Weibull distribution was more appropriate for long ones. A mixture of the lognormal and Weibull distributions was developed using a variable weight to allow the new distribution to take the lognormal form for short fibers and gradually change to the Weibull form for long fibers. In the segmented distribution approach, a left segment of the lognormal distribution was joined to a right segment from the Weibull form. The Anderson-Darling goodness-of-fit test at the 5% level failed to reject the hypothesis that the mixture distribution and the segmented distribution fitted the data. Q-Q plots showed that both the mixture and segmented distributions provided an excellent fit to the fiber and particle length data, combining the best features of the lognormal and the Weibull distributions. These two new distributions are therefore better alternatives than the single lognormal and Weibull distributions for this data set.
Ellagitannins from Portuguese oak wood (Quercus pyrenaica Willd.) used in cooperage: influence of geographical origin, coarseness of the grain and toasting level
Authors: Jordão António Manuel , Ricardo-da-Silva Jorge Manuel , Laureano Olga 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe ellagitannins and ellagic acid from extracts of Portuguese oak wood chips (Quercus pyrenaica) used in cooperage from different origins (Gerês and Guarda forests) were analysed by HPLC. The results were compared with the ellagitannin content of wood chips obtained from American (Q. alba) and French (Q. petraea) oak. The influence of heat treatment and the coarseness of the grain on ellagitannins and ellagic acid were also studied. Five ellagitannins (vescalagin, castalagin, roburin D, roburin E and grandinin) and ellagic acid were quantified. Vescalagin and castalagin were the most abundant individual ellagitannins in all of the oak wood chips studied. Portuguese oak wood had the highest content of ellagitannins and ellagic acid, followed by the French and American oaks. The geographical origin of Portuguese oak and the coarseness of the grain of French oak affected the content of ellagitannins and ellagic acid. In general, the ellagitannin content decreased with the toasting process, while the ellagic acid content increased. The toasting process had the highest impact on ellagitannin composition in comparison to the other variables studied.
A hysteresis model suitable for numerical simulation of moisture content in wood
Authors: Lund Frandsen Henrik , Svensson Staffan , Damkilde Lars 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
The equilibrium moisture content in wood depends not only on the current relative humidity in ambient air, but also on the history of relative humidity variations. This hysteresis dependence of sorption in wood implies that in the worst case the moisture content for a given relative humidity may deviate by 30–35%. While researchers seem to have reached a general agreement on the hypothesis for the sorption hysteresis phenomenon, only a few models describing the phenomenon are available. Current models such as the independent domain model have numerical deficiencies and drawbacks. This paper presents a new hysteresis model, which mathematically resolves in closed-form expressions, with the current relative humidity and moisture content as the only input parameters. Furthermore, the model has the advantage of being applicable to different sorption isotherms, i.e., different species and different temperatures. These features make the model relatively easy to implement into a numerical method such as the finite element method.
Simple estimation of critical stress intensity factors of wood by tests with double cantilever beam and three-point end-notched flexure
Authors: Yoshihara Hiroshi 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSimple equations are proposed for calculation of critical stress intensity factors by tests using double cantilever beam (DCB) and three-point end-notched flexure (3ENF). The calculation modes are named here as modes I and II and are based on the beam theory and 95 previously published data on the elasticity properties of woods. The validity of the data was examined on specimens of western hemlock wood with various crack lengths. The influence of the elastic properties is more significant on the stress intensity factor calculated in mode I than that calculated in mode II. Further work is needed, particularly for measuring the mode I stress intensity factor. However, it is obvious from the experiments with western hemlock that the critical stress intensity factors can be determined by the equations proposed here.
Screening fungi tolerant to Western red cedar (Thuja plicata Donn) extractives. Part 2. Development of a feeder strip assay
Authors: Lim Young Woon , Chedgy Russell J. , Amirthalingam Sabarish , Breuil Colette 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Western red cedar (Thuja plicata Donn) is a naturally durable softwood species native to British Columbia in Canada, and Washington, Oregon and California in the USA. Untreated T. plicata products are usually durable because of the presence of extractives with anti-microbial activity. However, there are extractive tolerant fungi that can attack T. plicata. To screen for extractive-tolerant species we developed a T. plicata feeder strip assay. When the feeder strips were placed on malt extract agar, extractives from the wood accumulated in the media and strongly inhibited growth of non-tolerant fungal strains. Extractives remaining in feeder strips following incubation on media were characterized. Of the many compounds leached out, γ- and β-thujaplicin, β-thujaplicinol, plicatic acid and thujic acid were quantified. The growth of selected fungal strains was not affected by plicatic acid; however, it was inhibited to different degrees by β- and γ-thujaplicin. Pachnocybe ferruginea was extractive-tolerant and may play an important role in the initial stages of degradation of T. plicata products.