bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Crystallography of dispersed liquid crystalline phases studied by cryo‐transmission electron microscopy
Authors: SAGALOWICZ L. , MICHEL M. , ADRIAN M. , FROSSARD P. , ROUVET M. , WATZKE H. J. , YAGHMUR A. , DE CAMPO L. , GLATTER O. , LESER M. E. 
Published: February 2006

SummaryLow molecular weight surfactants, for example monoglycerides and phospholipids, form a multitude of self‐assembled structures, such as inverted cubic or hexagonal mesophases, if brought into contact with water/oil. These mesophases can be dispersed in water using adequate surface‐active materials such as low molecular weight surfactants or surface active polymers. In order to use such mesophase particles for incorporating drugs and aromas, it is essential to determine their internal crystallographic structure and to understand their mechanism of stabilization. Cryo‐transmission electron microscopy was used to investigate the internal structure of different dispersed particles at various temperatures and oil contents. It is shown here that cryo‐transmission electron microscopy, in combination with fast Fourier transform and tilting experiments, is effective in obtaining information on crystallographic structure, space group and morphology of particles with reversed bicontinuous cubic and hexagonal structures. In particular, using the presence or the absence of the {111} reflections and viewing the same particle under different axes of observation allows one to discriminate between the Im3m and Pn3m space groups. A major advantage of cryo‐transmission electron microscopy is the ability to analyse single particles. This allows the identification of particles present at very low concentrations and the coexistence of particles with different internal self‐assembly structures. With this technique we have obtained strong evidence for the presence of two cubic internal self‐assembly structures with different space groups within the same dispersion. In addition, we found that cryo‐transmission electron microscopy combined with tilting experiments enables the analysis of internal particle morphology, allowing the discussion of mechanisms for hexosome stabilization.
A new experimental procedure to quantify annular dark field images in scanning transmission electron microscopy
Authors: WALTHER T. 
Published: February 2006

SummaryA new procedure to quantify the contrast in annular dark field images recorded without lattice resolution in a scanning transmission electron microscope is proposed. The method relies on the use of an in‐column energy filter prior to the annular dark field detector and the acquisition of a series of energy‐filtered images as a function of the inner detection angle. When the image contrast of an interface between two materials in such energy‐filtered annular dark field images is plotted vs. camera length and extrapolated to zero (i.e. infinite scattering angle), the contrast is shown to behave exactly as predicted by Rutherford's scattering formula (i.e. intensity scales ∝Z2). This can then be used to determine the local chemistry at and the effective chemical widths of interfaces or thin films without any additional spectroscopy method for calibration, provided the global chemical composition is known. As examples, the systems SiGe/Si and InGaAs/Ge are considered in detail.
Association between childhood sleep problems and perinatal factors, parental mental distress and behavioral problems
Authors: SHANG CHI‐YUNG , GAU SUSAN SHUR‐FEN , SOONG WEI‐TSUEN 
Published: February 2006

SummaryThe aim of this study was to examine the effect of age, gender and perinatal risk factors on the risks for sleep problems, and investigate the relation between childhood sleep problems and children's behavioral syndromes and parental mental distress in early and middle childhood. We recruited a representative sample of 1391 children, ages 4–9, from nine kindergartens and three elementary schools by using a multistage sampling method. Parents of child participants completed a questionnaire including perinatal risk factors, sleep habits and problems, the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and the Chinese Health Questionnaire (CHQ). A mixed model was used for data analysis to address cluster effect from the same classes and schools. Results showed that boys suffered from more sleep problems than girls. Early insomnia, sleep terrors and enuresis decreased with ages, but sleepwalking increased with ages. Perinatal exposure to alcohol, coffee and non‐prescribed medication, vaginal bleeding, artificial delivery, first‐born order and higher parental CHQ score (≥4) were significantly associated with several childhood sleep problems. In addition, children with sleep problems had higher T‐scores of the eight behavioral syndromes derived from the CBCL. Our findings indicated that the childhood sleep problems were associated with perinatal risk factors, parental psychopathology and children's behavioral problems.
Population structure and inbreeding in a rare and declining bumblebee, Bombus muscorum (Hymenoptera: Apidae)
Authors: DARVILL B. , ELLIS J. S. , LYE G. C. , GOULSON D. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractOwing to habitat loss populations of many organisms have declined and become fragmented. Vertebrate conservation strategies routinely consider genetic factors, but their importance in invertebrate populations is poorly understood. Bumblebees are important pollinators, and many species have undergone dramatic declines. As monoandrous social hymenopterans they may be particularly susceptible to inbreeding due to low effective population sizes. We study fragmented populations of a bumblebee species, on a model island system, and on mainland Great Britain where it is rare and declining. We use microsatellites to study: population genetic structuring and gene flow; the relationships between genetic diversity, population size and isolation; and frequencies of (sterile) diploid males — an indicator of inbreeding. We find significant genetic structuring (θ = 0.12) and isolation by distance. Populations > 10 km apart are all significantly differentiated, both on oceanic islands and on the mainland. Genetic diversity is reduced relative to closely related common species, and isolated populations exhibit further reductions. Of 16 populations, 10 show recent bottlenecking, and 3 show diploid male production. These results suggest that surviving populations of this rare insect suffer from inbreeding as a result of geographical isolation. Implications for the conservation of social hymenopterans are discussed.
Solvency, Capital Allocation, and Fair Rate of Return in Insurance
Authors: Sherris Michael 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn this article, we consider the links between solvency, capital allocation, and fair rate of return in insurance. A method to allocate capital in insurance to lines of business is developed based on an economic definition of solvency and the market value of the insurer balance sheet. Solvency, and its financial impact, is determined by the value of the insolvency exchange option. The allocation of capital is determined using a complete markets’ arbitrage‐free model and, as a result, has desirable properties, such as the allocated capital “adds up” and is consistent with the economic value of the balance sheet assets and liabilities. A single‐period discrete‐state model example is used to illustrate the results. The impact of adding lines of business is briefly considered.
Cutaneous manifestations of Hodgkin's disease
Authors: Rubenstein Melissa , Duvic Madeleine 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBackground  Cutaneous manifestations associated with Hodgkin's Disease (HD) have not been well described. Most existing studies of the cutaneous manifestations of HD are individual case reports or literature reviews. The goal of this study was to define the spectrum of cutaneous manifestations of HD, as observed by the consulting dermatologist at a cancer center.Methods  The tumor registry database maintained by the Department of Medical Informatics and the M.D. Anderson Visits database over a 5‐year period was searched to identify patients with a diagnosis of HD and an appointment with Dermatology. The medical records were reviewed to determine frequency and presentation of cutaneous findings in HD.Results  The search identified a total of 1049 registered patients with HD, of which 88 were seen at the Dermatology Clinic. Of these 88 patients evaluated by dermatology, 47 patients had either paraneoplastic cutaneous manifestations associated with HD (n = 45) or cutaneous HD (n = 3). The most common paraneoplastic skin manifestations were eczema (n = 18) and pruritis (n = 17), mycosis fungoides (n = 11), and erythema nodosum (n = 3). Mycosis fungoides, observed in 1% of the patients with HD at MDACC, was more than 290 times more common in patients with HD than in the general population.Conclusion  Although pruritis is the most commonly recognized presenting symptom of Hodgkin's lymphoma, new onset of eczema should also be considered as a possible warning sign deserving further investigation. Patients with adult‐onset pruritus or eczema should be evaluated for possible HD with full lymph‐node exam, CBC with differential, and chest X‐ray. Erythema nodosum and mycosis fungoides should also be considered as cutaneous manifestations of HD.
Clinicopathological features and medical management of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms
Authors: OKABAYASHI TAKEHIRO , KOBAYASHI MICHIYA , NISHIMORI ISAO , SUGIMOTO TAKEKI , NAMIKAWA TSUTOMU , OKAMOTO KEN , OKAMOTO NOBUTO , KOSAKI TAKUHIRO , ONISHI SABURO , ARAKI KEIJIRO 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBackground:  Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN) are a clinicopathological entity that is being diagnosed with increasing frequency. However, the best approach to medical management of IPMN needs to be clarified. The aim of the present study was to identify preoperative features that may be predictors of malignant IPMN, and to define the medical management of IPMN of the pancreas.Methods:  A total of 23 patients who underwent surgical resection for IPMN of the pancreas at Kochi Medical School between 1982 and 2004 were examined. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to identify factors independently associated with IPM carcinoma.Results:  Among the 23 patients, 12 had IPMN adenoma, three had borderline IPMN, four had IPMN with carcinoma in situ, and four had IPMN with invasive carcinoma. In multivariate analysis, elevated serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen (CA) 19‐9 levels were found to be preoperative predictors of malignant IPMN. These results suggest that the following IPMN of the pancreas should be resected: (i) IPMN of the pancreas situated in the main duct; (ii) IPMN located in the branch duct if the size of the cystic lesion is >30 mm and the mural nodules are >5 mm in height by endoscopic ultrasound (EUS); and (iii) the diameter of the main pancreatic duct is >10 mm by endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERP). Careful observation of patients with branch‐type IPMN with small cysts and/or without mural nodules is recommended as a management strategy.Conclusion:  The present study reinforces the need for immediate surgical resection of malignant IPMN and suggests indicators for IPMN that should assist physicians in making decisions on treatment options.© 2005 Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd
Hemorrhagic duodenal lipoma managed by endoscopic resection
Authors: Sou Suketo , Nomura Hideyuki , Takaki Yasuhiro , Nagahama Takashi , Matsubara Fujio , Matsui Toshiyuki , Yao Tsuneyoshi 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe patient, an 81‐year‐old woman, was admitted to our hospital for a detailed examination; the chief complaint being melena. An upper gastrointestinal roentgenologic study revealed a submucosal tumor with a smooth surface and a stalk measuring 50 mm at the third part of the duodenum. Endoscopy depicted it as a yellowish submucosal tumor. Based on computed tomography and fluoroscopy of the small intestine, a diagnosis of duodenal lipoma was made. The esophagus, stomach, and the small and large intestines were free of lesions so the duodenal lipoma was judged to be the hemorrhagic source. The tumor was endoscopically polypectomized using a 2‐channel scope. The excised specimen, measuring 50 × 20 × 20 mm, was covered by a normal duodenal mucosa with small ulcers in part. Photomicrographic findings included a tumor that was composed of mature adipose tissue in the submucosa, which coincided with a diagnosis of lipoma. Small ulcers had formed in part, exposing vessels, thus indicating the cause for hemorrhage. Lipoma is a benign tumor; and if the lesion is found to be pedunculated and an endoscope can reach it for treatment, minimally invasive endoscopic procedures should be selected.
Helicobacter pylori and hepatocellular carcinoma: Correlated or uncorrelated?
Authors: Wu Xiong‐Zhi , Chen Dan 
Published: February 2006

Abstract Helicobacter pylori can be detected in liver tissue resected from patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Conflicting reports regarding the relationship between H. pylori and hepatocellular carcinoma mean it is uncertain whether H. pylori acts as a troublemaker, co‐risk factor or innocent bystander to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Clinical studies in patients without known causes of hepatocellular carcinoma are important to discover whether H. pylori is involved in the carcinogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma. High quality prospective studies in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatitis C virus infection and no cirrhosis are needed to determine whether H. pylori is a co‐risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma.
Mental health of children in foster and kinship care in New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Tarren‐Sweeney Michael , Hazell Philip 
Published: February 2006

Objectives: To report baseline mental health measures from the Children in Care study, a prospective epidemiological study of children in court‐ordered foster and kinship care in New South Wales, Australia. Methods: Mental health, socialization and self‐esteem were assessed in 347 children in a statewide mail survey, using two carer‐report checklists, the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and the Assessment Checklist for Children (ACC). Results: Children in the study had exceptionally poor mental health and socialization, both in absolute terms, and relative to normative and in‐care samples. Levels and rates of disturbance for children in foster care exceeded all prior estimates. Rates of disturbance for children in kinship care were high, but within the range of prior estimates. Boys presented with higher scope and severity of mental health problems than girls on the CBCL, while gender‐specific patterns of disturbance were shown on the ACC. A moderate age effect was accounted for by children's age at entry into care. Conclusions: Children in care are at high risk of mental health problems. Psychological support for the children and their carers is an essential secondary prevention strategy. Implications for service delivery are discussed.
Birthweight and cognitive development during childhood
Authors: Tong Shilu , Baghurst Peter , McMichael Anthony 
Published: February 2006

Objectives: Low birthweight has been reported to be associated with lower IQ at school age. Further, some evidence suggests that the association extends across the range of normal birthweights. This study assessed the relationship of birthweight to cognitive development in the Port Pirie birth cohort.Methods: Of 723 singleton live births recruited into a prospective birth cohort study, 601, 548, 494 and 375 children were followed at ages 2, 4, 7 and 11–13 years, respectively. The children's developmental status was assessed using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development at age 2 years, the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities at age 4 years, and the revised Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children at ages 7 and 11–13 years. The association between birthweight and cognitive function was assessed with multiple linear regression, adjusting for a wide range of possible confounders.Results: The mean birthweight was 3386 g (SD: 517). There was a statistically significant association between birthweight and cognitive performance at age 2 years (adjusted deficit: 0.97 points per 100 g lighter; 95% CI: 0.4–1.5), but the magnitude of this association gradually decreased and became statistically non‐significant at later childhood.Conclusions: The relationship between birthweight and cognitive development becomes progressively attenuated at increasing age. At older ages, socioenvironmental factors appear to play an increasingly important part in children's cognitive development.
Diagnostic findings in alleged sexual abuse: Symptoms have no predictive value
Authors: Kelly Patrick , Koh Jean , Thompson John M 
Published: February 2006

Aims: To describe demographic characteristics and trends, indications for referral and medical findings in children and young people seen for suspected sexual abuse. Methods: Retrospective review of consecutive medical records over a 7‐year period. Results: A total of 2310 new patients were seen for concerns about sexual abuse and/or genital symptoms, resulting in 2162 genital examinations, of which 2134 were statistically analysed. The age ranged from 1 month to 17 years, with peaks at 3 and 14 years. Eighty‐six percent were female. Most were referred by statutory authorities, with a marked reduction in referral numbers from 1997. Where a perpetrator was described, 97% were male and 92% were family members or friends. Medical findings diagnostic of sexual abuse were found in 130 cases (6%). Diagnostic findings were more likely to be found in adolescent girls. For the most part, physical symptoms were of no value in differentiating between those who had been sexually abused and those who had not. Conclusions: The demographics are concordant with the literature. The reduction in referrals may reflect changes in practice by statutory authorities. In pre‐pubertal children, referrals were often made on the basis of physical symptoms, which have no predictive value in the diagnosis of sexual abuse.
Parental and Stakeholder ‘Voice’ in Schools and Systems
Authors: SLIWKA ANNE , ISTANCE DAVID 
Published: February 2006

With the expansion of education, the growth of the middle class and their awareness of the nexus between educational opportunities and socio‐economic success, countries have come to perceive parents as stakeholders in, not just the recipients of, education. With the growing stakes involved, the need to have parental agreement on the broad lines of educational reform has become a more pressing political objective. This article suggests that it is important to examine ‘voice’ in the context of these broader trends as well as in the specific context of assessing whether education is becoming more ‘demand‐led’. It examines the exercise of ‘voice’ in schooling at the ‘micro’ level of schools and more broadly in the extent to which school systems at the macro level encourage the expression of diverse educational demands.Alongside the formal opportunities and encouragement of parental participation, the practice reveals problems and limitations. In some countries parents tend to believe that the issues on which their engagement is sought are the relatively simple, practical ones rather than fundamentals, and that there may even be active discouragement of parental involvement. Evidence in some countries worryingly suggests that the level of parental interest is not high. There are the familiar equity questions to consider arising from inequalities in parental interest/involvement.
Student Choices and Values in England
Authors: KEYS WENDY 
Published: February 2006

What do students in England think about school? This article examines the findings of educational research in England on the aspirations and expectations of young people themselves, and how well these are met through schooling. It focuses on the following issues: liking for school; attitudes towards schoolwork; disaffected pupils; attitudes towards teachers; views on the purposes of education; perceptions of parental interest and support; educational aspirations; students’ views on the curriculum; and absence and related factors. It concludes by bringing together and discussing those findings which might well be regarded as positive and those which might instead be regarded as cause for concern.In order to set these research findings in context, a brief overview of schooling in England is given, followed by information on ways in which educational research is funded and conducted.
Demand‐led e‐learning and the elusive total solution
Authors: Wong Denis , Clarke Steve , Lodge Nigel , Shephard Kerry 
Published: February 2006

AbstractDemand‐led learning offers resources to learners when they want them; total solution learning takes the learner from induction to final accreditation through a seamless process. The University of Southampton attempted to deliver basic information technology skills through the support of these processes. Steps in the seamless process were designed, developed and implemented. Face‐to‐face intervention was eliminated, apart from initial learner induction and online‐test invigilation. Feedback loops were planned so that success (eg, in completing the accreditation) might encourage further success through collaborative and competitive peer learning. Critical dependency issues arose whilst implementing the solution. When learning delivery was disrupted by systems failure, the indirect effects on learner motivation and resourcefulness proved as damaging as system breaks themselves. This made the institutionalisation of the learning elusive, but key areas have been identified for further investigation.
The burden and determinants of dysmenorrhoea: a population‐based survey of 2262 women in Goa, India
Authors: Patel V , Tanksale V , Sahasrabhojanee M , Gupte S , Nevrekar P 
Published: February 2006

Objective  To describe the prevalence and determinants of dysmenorrhoea, the most common menstrual complaint, in a community in India.Design  Cross‐sectional survey.Setting  Catchment area of primary health centre in Goa, India.Population  Three thousand women aged 18–45 years randomly selected. A total of 2494 women consented to participate (83.1%).Methods  Eligible participants were asked standardised questions regarding menstrual complaints over the past 12 months, and socio‐demographic, psychosocial and reproductive risk factors. Vaginal or urine specimens were collected for the diagnosis of reproductive tract infections.Main outcome measures  Dysmenorrhoea of moderate to severe intensity.Results  A total of 2262 women were eligible. More than half reported dysmenorrhoea; moderate to severe dysmenorrhoea was reported by 755 participants (33.4%, 95% CI 31.4–35.4). There was a linear association between severity of pain and impact (medication and taking rest) and the onset of pain (premenstrual onset associated with more severe pain). On multivariate analyses, the risk of moderate–severe dysmenorrhoea was associated with the experience of violence (OR 2.23, 95% CI 1.5–34); other somatic complaints (OR 3.67, 95% CI 2.7–4.9 for highest somatoform symptom score category compared with the lowest); gynaecological complaints (non‐menstrual lower abdominal pain: OR 1.78, 95% CI 1.3–2.3; dysuria: OR 1.98, 1.4–2.7); menorrhagia (OR 1.92, 95% CI 1.4–2.6); and illiteracy (OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.0–1.7). Having had a pregnancy (OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.4–0.7), older age of menarche (OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.5–0.9, for age >14 compared with <13 years) and older age (OR 0.43, 0.3–0.6 for age 40–50, compared with 18–24 years) were protective.Conclusions  The burden of dysmenorrhoea is greater than any other gynaecological complaint, and is associated with significant impact. Social disadvantage, co‐morbidity with other somatic syndromes and reproductive factors are determinants of this complaint.