bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Water Treatment in Europe and North America
Authors: CROWLEY F. W. , PACKHAM R. F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSignificant differences in the way that basic water‐treatment processes are engineered in Europe and the US have been apparent for nearly 50 years. In the US, standardized and rather conservative treatment works have been in wide use for decades, whereas in Europe there is a wide range of designs, many having important advantages in terms of cost and efficiency. It is significant that in Europe, specialist treatment plant contractors make a major contribution to the development of new designs, whereas in the US this is mainly the responsibility of consultants. Drinking water quality standards are becoming more complex, and it is considered that the technologies used on the two continents for dealing with the newer contaminants will be similar. The system used in the US for developing water quality regulations, which is scientifically based and involves considerable consultation with the water industry, has major advantages over that used in the European Community.
Satisfying the Water Supply Demand of the Channel Tunnel
Authors: CROSS G. A. , TURNER A. G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWhen Europe's largest civil‐engineering construction site, the Channel Tunnel, requested a guaranteed source of water during 1988, the Folkestone District Water Company was experiencing the first signs of the drought conditions which were to prevail for the next three years. Whilst infrastructure changes allowed for supplies to be made available to the Channel Tunnel contractors, the increasing reduction of resources meant that an alternative supply of water was required.The solution to the problem was to utilize desalination by reverse osmosis of sea water taken from the English Channel. The process design and operation of this most arduous of feed water is discussed, demonstrating the successful application of this technology.
Upgrading Miskolc Sewage‐Treatment Works, Hungary
Authors: DAWSON J. B. , SUMMERFIELD M. T. , HALL J. E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTraditionally, sewage‐works design in Hungary has been based on rigid national standards with little consideration being given to the requirements of individual situations. This has resulted in plants that performed poorly and were expensive to construct and operate.The paper describes measures to improve the environment by upgrading Miskolc sewage‐treatment works, and the conflict between the cost of those facilities, and the ability to pay against a background of changing economic conditions.
Protection of Buildings from Hazardous Gases
Authors: TOWLER PHILIPPA A. , YOUNG P. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe stringency of building protection measures which are required to mitigate the accumulation of the hazardous gases carbon dioxide, methane and radon is a reflection of the perceived risk. About 2500 deaths per year in the UK are attributed to radon, while incidents of deaths involving methane and carbon dioxide derived from landfills and mine gas average less than one per year. Potentially about 5% of all UK premises are at risk from contamination by these hazardous gases. This compares with a lower proportion of buildings affected by forms of previously contaminative use, which are to be collated into a register of potentially contaminated land when s. 143 of the Enviromental Protection Act 1990 is implemented. The potential hazard, migration, principles of control, and design of building protection measures, are reviewed for all three gases.
National Rivers Authority National Strategy and Planning for the Future
Authors: SWINNERTON C. J. , F. SHERRIFF J. D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe protracted drought from 1988 to 1992 has focused attention upon the availability of water sources in England and Wales. The drought was most severe in the east and south‐east parts of England, which also coincides with the areas having (a) the least available water resources, (b) the greatest forecast increase in demand, and (c) the majority of low‐flow problems due to excessive authorized abstraction. Even with increasing attention being paid to demand management, there is a need to develop further water‐resource schemes. Once local options have been developed it is likely that inter‐basin transfers will be required.
Water Resources Development: A Balanced Approach
Authors: McINTOSH P. T. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCustomers, the public generally, the water industry, its regulators and the government are aware that water can be a scarce and costly product. Resource planning and development must increasingly be viewed as a combined package of water efficiency in (a) use, (b) metering and tariff policy, (c) leakage reduction, and (d) physical schemes.Droughts, fears over possible climate change, concerns about resources and the environment, a greater awareness of the role and costs of the water industry and statements by the Department of the Environment, the Office of Water Services, and the National Rivers Authority have added weight to this sensible shift in emphasis.However, society needs reliable water supplies and cannot completely rely upon the uncertain impact that demand side‐measures may bring about – nor, even where achieved and cost‐effective, on the important savings in losses. New resource schemes can take many years to implement. Therefore, in order to ensure adequate and reliable supplies, plans for new schemes must be brought to a state of readiness, and, in many cases, implemented.
Effluent and River Quality: How the UK Compares with Other EC Countries
Authors: Mance G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper examines the limited information on the actual performance of sewage‐treatment works as reflected in discharge quality from European Community member states. The control regimes for such effluents as well as the proportion of population served by sewerage and various levels of sewage treatment are contrasted between member states. Standards for river water quality and an assessment of actual river quality are then contrasted. These suggest that in the UK, river quality is considerably better overall than in other member states.
Flood Generation Modelling
Authors: CALVER ANN 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper summarizes recent research and development of a particular process‐based runoff generation model, the Institute of Hydrology Distributed Model. Surface and subsurface flow equations are linked in a hydrologically appropriate system to allow simulation of catchment runoff processes. Predictions can be made of channel flow, surface runoff and subsurface flow, pressure potentials and water contents. The structure and methods of the model are described and its data and computing requirements are outlined. Field and systematic applications are discussed, together with the work carried out on providing guidelines for use for the wider hydrological community.
The 1988–92 Drought in its Historical Perspective
Authors: BRYANT S. J. , ARNELL N. W. , LAW F. M. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTDuring the period 1988–92, the south and east of England were subjected to drought conditions. Data from 10 catchments and three groundwater level records were analysed using runoff and groundwater deficit indices to place the drought in its historical perspective. In parts of eastern England the drought was the most extreme – in terms of runoff deficit – for at least 150 years. It was less notable in other parts of southern England, but still extreme.
Water and Sewerage Charges in Scotland
Authors: BOLTON P. W. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe paper outlines the statutory arrangements governing water and sewerage charges in Scotland, and comments on the factors affecting the levels of charges. Trends in revenue expenditure over the period 1989–90 to 1992–93 are considered in relation to increases in personal community water charge levels, metered water rates, and costs per household. Non‐domestic sewerage rates and industrial effluent charges are also discussed. Some comparisons are made with England and Wales and with other countries. The funding arrangements for capital expenditure and their effect on the levels of charges are described, with particular reference to debt levels and rising expenditure to meet UK and EC standards. Factors affecting future charge levels are also identified.
The Health Effects of Low‐Contact Water Activities in Fresh and Estuarine Waters
Authors: FEWTRELL L. , KAY D. , SALMON R. L. , WYER M. D. , NEWMAN G. , BOWERING G. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTFour studies were carried out at separate locations to investigate the relationship between health effects and low‐contact water sports, and intensive microbiological sampling was conducted in parallel to the health studies at each site. The two sports examined were marathon canoeing and rowing.The extremes of water quality were at the estuarine sites on the River Torridge, where pollution levels varied from a geometric mean faecal coliform value of 62/100 ml at the Appledore/Instow site to 4613/100 ml at the Bideford site.A comparison of ‘exposed’ and ‘unexposed’ groups, 5–7 days after exposure, showed that the health effects of low‐contact water sports are minimal, within the water quality ranges which were studied.
The Management of Water Colour in Peatland Catchments
Authors: PATTINSON V. A. , BUTCHER D. P. , LABADZ J. C. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe problems of water‐colour management in peatland catchments are discussed. Colour may be managed in three areas of the reservoir catchment system: on the catchment itself, in the channel/conduit system and within the reservoir. Whilst a number of workers have considered the management of catchment areas and some have evolved tributary turnout strategies, no previous research has considered the role of the reservoir in the amelioration or enhancement of water colour. The management of water colour at Thornton Moor catchment (near Bradford) is described. In this catchment a staged approach has been adopted, with colour being managed in an integrated manner at three stages along the catchment/conduit/reservoir system.
Environmental Dredging on the Birmingham Canals: Water Quality and Sediment Treatment
Authors: BROMHEAD J. C. , BECKWITH P. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTSediments in sections of the central Birmingham canals are heavily contaminated with heavy metals and mineral oils. The sediments promote high levels of metals within the water column, which suppress the establishment of aquatic vegetation and fisheries. Sediment disturbance by boat traffic results in the release of mineral oils which cause unsightly surface oil sheens.Studies into a variety of treatment methods indicated that removal and ex‐situ treatment of the contaminated sediments would significantly improve water quality and result in environmental benefits.Funding from Birmingham City Council and British Waterways enabled the award of a contract with a value of approximately £800000 and commencement in February 1993 for the removal and processing of about 24 000 m3 of sediments by soil washing prior to off‐site disposal. The nature of the sediments and water are reviewed, and the results of the soils washings are discussed. The impact of the dredging operations on water quality was monitored during the works and generally observed to be localized. An environmental management plan is now being implemented and the objectives for this are discussed.
Urban Sewerage Rehabilitation in the UK
Authors: HURLEY R. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper reviews the history of sewerage rehabilitation in the UK and the work which led to the publication of the Sewerage Rehabilitation Manual in 1983.The Sewerage Rehabilitation Manual planning procedure is described, and experience of its implementation since 1984 is discussed. Reference is made to changes in the water industry brought about by privatization, and to recent European and UK legislation. The current status of the rehabilitation market is then discussed and possible future developments are outlined.The paper concludes that the existence in the UK of a standardized rehabilitation planning procedure has enabled sewerage problems to be solved more cost‐effectively than previously and has helped the industry to cope with the major changes brought about by privatization. Compatibility with the proposed European standard for sewerage rehabilitation will enable UK and European strategies to develop together.
Drainage from Roads and Airfields to Soakaways: Groundwater Pollutant or Valuable Recharge?
Authors: PRICE M. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe construction of a road, runway or other paved surface on the outcrop of an aquifer introduces an impermeable area into an otherwise permeable environment. Surface water must be drained from these areas, and the most convenient and inexpensive way of disposing of this water is usually to lead it into soakaways in the unsaturated zone of the aquifer. This approach is acceptable in that it can provide valuable recharge to aquifers in times of low rainfall. However, it carries the risk that pollutants from the surface can also be carried into the aquifer. These pollutants can be generated from (a) normal abrasion, (b) maintenance operations such as de‐icing and defoliation, and (c) accidental spillages. Although there is evidence that such drainage can carry a pollutant load, and that drainage entering soakaways can reach a public‐ supply well, there does not seems to be any evidence available at present of any public supply in the UK being seriously affected by such drainage.
Contaminated Ground Investigation: Matching Techniques to Site Conditions
Authors: CROWCROFT P. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe investigation of contaminated ground is now undertaken as a matter of course at sites which have an industrial history, and also at supposed greenfield sites, to prove their ‘cleanliness’. This paper reviews the hazards which are likely to be encountered on contaminated land, and describes the range of traditional and innovative investigative techniques used at present to obtain a full perspective of the problem. Several case studies are presented which not only highlight the value of particular investigative techniques, but also show the need for caution in interpretation of data and the desirability of confirmation by other methods.
Developments in the Thermal Drying of Sewage Sludge
Authors: LOWE P. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe application of heat to dried sewage sludge has been practised by the water industry for many years. Early technologies were effective but their utilization of energy was not so efficient. Other industries have faced up to this problem and, as a result, have developed thermal‐drying techniques which are more efficient and therefore more cost effective. In recent years, the transfer of this technology to sewage‐sludge drying has been taking place, and some companies have designed dryers specifically for this purpose. Commercial and legal pressures have also focused attention on the final product and its use in agriculture, horticulture, land reclamation, landfill, incineration, and as a substitute for fuel.This paper reviews the work which has been undertaken to determine the changes which occur as sewage sludge is dried, and discusses the technology which is available at present. Factors influencing capital and operating costs and product choice are also included.
Water Supply Franchising in Buenos Aires
Authors: WALTON B. , BATEMAN J. S. , HEINRICH M. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper outlines the approach which was recently adopted by the Government of Argentina for the franchising of water services in Buenos Aires. It briefly reviews the water and sewerage services in the area and outlines the operation, background and process which were adopted by the Government to secure the franchise. The paper explains the circumstances and objectives, and describes how the franchising process developed both politically and organizationally. It also examines the franchisee and selection process, the bidding requirements, and organizational arrangements which enabled a successful transfer of the water services from public to private sector.
Waste Management Licensing: Challenges for Waste Regulation Authorities
Authors: READ S. V. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe introduction of a new and strengthened Environ‐ mental Protection Act 1990 waste management licensing system in May 1994 presented waste regulation authorities in England and Wales with important challenges in respect to the technical and legal issues surrounding this work. However, other important strategies and policies, a system of fees and charges which implements the ‘polluter pays’ principle, and initiatives relating to the Citizens Charter and market testing, may have a more profound impact on waste regulation authorities and require a fundamental reappraisal of their strategies.The author argues that waste regulation authorities need to develop a marketing approach to the development of their strategies and policies in the future, if they are to satisfy their customers and provide the excellent service which is expected of them.
Maintenance and Operational Costs of Vacuum Sewerage Systems in East Anglia
Authors: CONSTERDINE P. EUR J. P. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTVacuum sewerage, as an alternative to conventional systems, is reasonably well known, and most civil engineers are aware that there can be significant capital savings on construction costs. These can be readily demonstrated on paper at the initial stages, but maintenance costs can only be determined from experience.This investigation into the maintenance costs of the first two public vacuum sewerage schemes constructed in the UK compares the operational costs which were established and recorded in 1982‐83 by South Holland District Council with those recorded in 1992‐93 by Anglian Water Services Ltd.The main body of evidence available is in the form of papers and reports prepared by Anglian Water's engineers who were taking a keen interest in this technology and monitoring its performance carefully.
Full‐Scale Testing of Mechanically Raked Bar Screens
Authors: MEEDS B. , BALMFORTH D. J 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTCombined sewer overflows are a known source of aesthetic pollution in urban watercourses, and screens have traditionally been used as a means of preventing such pollution. The authors have established the effectiveness of combined‐sewer overflow bar screens in preventing the visual pollution of rivers and have determined the factors which influence screen efficiency so that guidance can be given on improving the performance of future installations. A field study has been undertaken to monitor existing bar screens with different bar spacings. The hydraulic performance of the overflow chambers has been established, and the sources and type of visual pollutants have been identified. Analysis of the field data has established that screen performance (for the main polluting solids) depends on (a) screen bar spacing, (b) mean rate of flow through the screens, and (c) frequency of raking. Overall, mechanically raked bar screens are likely to achieve retention efficiencies of less than 50%.
The Sanitary Administration of Belfast in the Mid‐1990s
Authors: LAMONT J. R. , McMANUS E. W. , SUTTON G. K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe paper presented in 1898 by F. W. Lockwood (a) provided a detailed description of the many and varied factors contributing to the health and welfare of the population of Belfast, and (b) took a forward look as to where improvements could be foreseen. This paper considers the issues which were raised almost a hundred years ago and assesses the changes and developments in the fields of politics, legislation, demography, topography, water, sewerage, environmental health, public health, waste management and housing. It is likely that Lockwood would be satisfied by the overall improvement to people's general health and their environment, although the utopia he wished for is still some way off.
Design of Settlement Tanks and the use of Chemicals to Aid Precipitation of Suspended Solids
Authors: BOON A. G. , DOLAN J. F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTraditionally, the design of settlement tanks has been based on practical experience linked to key criteria, which have evolved from many sources. In this paper, the design criteria which affect the performance of both primary and secondary tanks are examined and a procedure, linked to critical velocities and loading rates, is put forward to enable the design requirements to be rationalized.Based on the authors’ considerable practical experience, the proposed procedure can be used with confidence to design tanks which will achieve required performance, particularly in the case of secondary tanks (for separation of both activated and humus sludges). In particular, the importance of a correctly sized inlet stilling chamber, to reduce the feed velocity to around 0.003–0.005 m/s is explained.The use of chemicals to aid removal of suspended solids (and hence BOD) has been practised for many years. Today, there is renewed interest, particularly for phosphate removal and for the treatment of some industrial wastewaters. The composition and nature of sewage affects the potential benefits of coagulant chemicals when added at the treatment works’ inlet. The introduction of organic polymers has significantly improved performance and reduced costs. The major disadvantage of using chemicals relates to the significant increase in quantity of sludge that is produced, which will require both treatment and disposal, increasing operational costs.
Development of the Sludge Thermal‐Drying Option for South West Water
Authors: BROWN M. J. , WHIPPS A. P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSewage‐sludge production in South West Water is predicted to more than double, to about 50000 dry tonnes per annum, by the turn of the century. Staff of South West Water Services have carried out a strategic review of sludge utilization and treatment options, and have developed a strategic planning computer model to assist in the financial evaluation of the many options which are available. The strategy allows for the provision of new raw sludge thermal‐drying facilities for the anticipated increase in sludge production.Trials were carried out with an indirect dryer system to develop and investigate the operational issues and use of the dried raw product. The initial trial produced a fluffy, low‐density material with poor storage and handling characteristics, apparently associated with the high‐fibre content of the sludge. The process has been modified to include pelletization.
The Toxicity‐Based Consent and the Wider Application of Direct Toxicity Assessment to Protect Aquatic Life
Authors: WHARFE J. R. , Tinsley D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper describes the value of, and progress towards, introducing direct toxicity assessment procedures for use in water quality management within the UK. The capabilities and limitations of direct toxicity assessment are compared with those of the conventional substance‐specific control and bio‐assessment measures. Progress towards the introduction of toxicity‐based consents, following an agreed strategy and standardized procedures, is reported together with the wider application of direct toxicity assessment to monitor the receiving environment. Finally, the selection of suitable ecotoxicological methods and their further development for direct toxicity assessment, are presented.