bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radiation treatment planning in brain tumours
Authors: Alheit H. , Oehme L. , Winkler C. , Füchtner F. , Hoepping A. , Grabowski J. , Kotzerke J. , Beuthien-Baumann B. 
Published: June 2008

Summary
Aim: Amino acid PET has become an important diagnostic tool for brain tumour imaging. In this data analysis, the potential impact of amino acid PET with 3-O-methyl- 6-[18F]fluoro-L-DOPA ([18F]OMFD) on radiation treatment planning is addressed by the following questions: 1. Was tumour tissue identified with OMFD-PET which was not covered by the conventionally derived planning target volume (PTV)? 2. Would the PTV have been changed incorporating OMFD-PET? Patients, methods: OMFD-PET of 25 patients after subtotal resection of malignant glioma was evaluated. The region of elevated tracer uptake of PET and of contrast enhancing masses on MRI were outlined as separate gross tumour volumes (GTVMRI and GTVOMFD) and reconstructed in the planning CT for comparison with the conventionally drawn GTVconv. A PTVnew based on GTVconv+MRI was calculated. Pairwise differential volumes were calculated to estimate overlap and differential volumes delineation by each image modality and the PTVconv and PTVnew respectively. Results: Differential volume analysis showed > 10 cm3 of GTVOMFD outside GTVconv and GTVMRI in 5/25 patients respectively. From GTVMRI >10 cm3 were found outside GTVOMFD in 8/25 patients. Although all tumour areas indicated by [18F]OMFD were covered by the conventionally derived PTV, based on a GTVOMFD+MRI, the PTVnew would have been enlarged >20% in seven patients. In seven patients the PTVnew would have been reduced. Conclusion: OMFD-PET indicated tumour tissue outside the tumour region identified with MRI, adding valuable information for the delineation of the GTV in radiation treatment planning. OMFD-PET contains the potential to tailor the high dose radiation to the appropriate tumour volume, especially if dose escalation is desired.
Influence of the injection technique on the false negative rate of SLNE in multifocal breast cancer
Authors: Stöcklein R. , Dorn R. , Vogt H. , Wischnik A. , Sciuk J. , Holl G. 
Published: June 2008

Summary
Aim: We investigated the influence of the injection technique on the false negative rate in identifying the sentinel lymph node in multifocal breast cancer. Patients, methods: 958 consecutive patients were divided into unifocal and multifocal breast cancer patients. The scintigrafic and intraoperative detection rate as well as the false negatives were calculated in relation to peritumoral or subareolar injection. Results: In all patients the scintigrafic and intraoperative detection rate exceeded 99%, except in patients with multifocal cancer, who were injected peritumorally. In this group the intraoperative detection rate declined to 96%. In patients with unifocal breast cancer the false negative rate was below 5%, independent of the injection technique. Multifocal breast cancer patients showed a significant dependence on the injection technique. The false negative rate was 26.3% in patients with peritumoral injection and 5.6% in those with subareolar injection. Conclusion: The results clearly demonstrate that in multifocal breast cancer a reliable detection of a SLN is impossible with the peritumoral injection technique. Subareolar injection seems to be a way to operate on multifocal breast cancer with SLNE, but the number of investigated patients is too low for statistic approval. So, prospective studies should be performed to validate these preliminary results before SLNE becomes routine in multifocal breast cancer.
Obesity, energy regulation and thyroid function
Authors: Kahaly G. , Kobe C. , Schmidt M. , Derwahl K.-M. , Schicha H. , Dietlein M. 
Published: June 2008

SummarySeveral population-based studies have shown a significant association between TSH-level and BMI (body mass index). About 30% of the rest energy expenditure are regulated by thyroid hormones, which generated the hypothesis that thyroid hormone substitution with TSH-titration into the lower reference levels may prevent body weight gain. The opposite effect of thyroid hormones is appetite stimulation, which may be responsible for body weight gain in case of substitutive medication.The association between TSH and BMI has become a complex topic in the light of the endocrine activity of adipocytes. Adipocytes are not a silent fat mass, but increase the hormone level of leptin, which influences neurones in the hypothalamus, the thyreotropic axis and TSH secretion. BMI is positively correlated with serum leptin. Elevated leptin levels, endogenous in individuals with high BMI or exogenous after leptin injection for treatment of hypothalamic amenorrhoea, shift TSH in the upper reference level. Borderline elevated TSH levels are reversible in case of body weight reduction in obese persons. It remains unclear whether high TSH levels or high leptin level are responsible for obesity or represent secondary phenomenon.
Recommendation for daily practice: Borderline elevated TSH-levels in obese patients will decrease in case of body weight reduction without hormone medication. After definitive treatment of hyperthyroidism patient's history for use of carbohydrates (increased during hyperthyroidism) should be noticed and substitution with thyroid hormones aims at TSH in the lower reference level. As body weight gain is observed in all TSH groups, a special concept for prevention and therapy of obesity (diet, daily exercise, behaviour training) should be initiated early and additionally to medication.
Swelling‐Agent‐Free Synthesis of Siliceous and Functional Mesocellular Foam‐Like Mesophases by Using a Carboxy‐Terminated Triblock Copolymer
Authors: Hsu Yu‐Chuan , Chang Yung‐Hsun , Yang Chia‐Min 
Published: June 2008

AbstractSwelling‐agent‐free synthesis of mesocellular foam (MCF)‐like silica mesophases by a pH‐dependent structural transformation using carboxy‐terminated triblock copolymer Pluronic P123 has been discovered. The structural properties of the MCF‐like silica materials can be modulated by controlled calcination or post‐synthesis treatment with sulfuric acid, and either closed‐cell or open‐cell mesostructures have been prepared. The MCF‐like silica mesophases have also been applied as hard templates to prepare MCF‐like carbon materials via a nanocasting route. Furthermore, the swelling‐agent‐free synthesis has been found to be less sensitive to the presence of organosilanes, and the cocondensation syntheses of functional MCF‐like materials with carboxyethyl, iodopropyl, or mercaptopropyl groups have also been demonstrated.
Nanoimprint Lithography and the Role of Viscoelasticity in the Generation of Residual Stress in Model Polystyrene Patterns
Authors: Ding Yifu , Ro Hyun Wook , Alvine Kyle J. , Okerberg Brian C. , Zhou Jing , Douglas Jack F. , Karim Alamgir , Soles Christopher L. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractUnderstanding polymer deformation during the nanoimprinting process is key to achieving robust polymer nanostructures. Information regarding this process can be extracted from monitoring the decay of the imprinted polymer patterns during thermal annealing. In the present work, the effect of both the molar mass and the imprinting temperature on the pattern decay behavior during thermal annealing is investigated. Previously, it was found that the decay rate is fastest for a highly entangled polymer due to the elastic recovery caused by the residual stress created during the imprinting process. The present paper demonstrates that this residual stress level can be modified through control of the imprinting temperature. These results are contrasted with those for an unentangled polymer over a similar range of imprinting temperatures, where it is found that the pattern decay is controlled by simple Newtonian flow. In particular, the pattern decay is well described by surface‐tension‐driven viscous flow, and no imprinting‐temperature effect is observed during thermal annealing. It is shown that the stability of the film against pattern decay can be optimized for moderately entangled polymer films. This effect is attributed to the competition between the effect of increased viscosity with increasing molar mass and increased residual stresses with entanglements. These observations provide guidance for the optimization of imprinting process in terms of selection of molar mass and processing temperatures.
Novel Enantiocomplementary C2‐Symmetric Chiral Bis(imidazoline) Ligands: Highly Enantioselective Friedel–Crafts Alkylation of Indoles with Ethyl 3,3,3‐Trifluoropyruvate
Authors: Nakamura Shuichi , Hyodo Kengo , Nakamura Yuko , Shibata Norio , Toru Takeshi 
Published: June 2008

AbstractEnantioselective Friedel–Crafts alkylations of a variety of indoles with ethyl 3,3,3‐trifluoropyruvate catalyzed by novel chiral m‐phenylenebis(imidazoline)‐copper(II) complexes or the bis(imidazoline)‐achiral acid combination afforded products with high enantioselectivity. Both enantiomers of indole derivatives can be prepared with high enantioselectivities by tuning the N‐substituents of the imidazoline.
Controlling particle dispersion in a transverse jet by synchronized injection
Authors: Campolo Marina , Cremese Andrea , Soldati Alfredo 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe dispersion produced by a jet injecting microparticles (or droplets) in a cross stream is controlled by the interaction between injected species and large scale flow structures characteristic of the jet in crossflow system. In a previous work we characterized accurately the dynamics of the particles undergoing dispersion under the action of the shear layer vortices (SLV) which form in the jet shear layer. In this article, we propose a strategy to control and possibly optimize the dispersion of species injected in the cross stream. This strategy is based on injecting particle packets (or puffs) synchronized with the time of formation of the shear layer vortices. The possibility to increase or decrease particle dispersion by synchronized, pulsed injection is explored by identifying the relevant parameters of the particle/flow system; the effectiveness of this strategy is verified by exploring a representative sample of the parameter range. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Heat‐exchange pressure swing adsorption process for hydrogen separation
Authors: Lee Jang‐Jae , Kim Min‐Kyu , Lee Dong‐Geun , Ahn Hyungwoong , Kim Myung‐Jun , Lee Chang‐Ha 
Published: June 2008

AbstractA current focus in the energy field is on the use of hydrogen in fuel cells. Development of a hydrogen station system is important to the commercialization of fuel cells and fuel cell powered vehicles. In this study, the heat‐exchange pressure swing adsorption (HE‐PSA) was developed to design a compact H2 PSA process for small spatial occupancy in the hydrogen station. The adsorption dynamics and performance of the newly designed bed were compared with those of a conventional bed by using a quaternary mixture (H2/CO2/CH4/CO 69:26:3:2 vol %) which is generally obtained from the steam‐reforming reaction of natural gas. Because the detrimental exothermic/endothermic heat effects accompanied by the adsorption/desorption steps were reduced by heat exchange between the adsorption beds, the separation performance of the HE‐PSA was higher than that of a conventional PSA. In addition, the spatial occupancy of the beds could be significantly reduced, compared with a conventional PSA, because the single annular‐type bed performed the function of two beds in the HE‐PSA. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
A new approach to bioconversion reaction kinetic parameter identification
Authors: Chen Bing H. , Hibbert Edward G. , Dalby Paul A. , Woodley John M. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe commonly used methods for bioconversion kinetic parameter identification are linear plotting and nonlinear regression. However, linear plotting methods generally require considerable experimentation, and nonlinear regression can lead to “local optimization” because the obtained parameters depend heavily on given initial values. In this article, a new and reliable nonlinear regression‐based approach to bioconversion kinetic parameter estimation is reported. By obtaining preliminary values of kinetic parameters on a step‐by‐step basis, the number of estimated parameters in each step can be reduced to 3 or 4. These preliminary values can then be used as initial guesses for the final parameter estimation via nonlinear regression. Compared with the linear plotting method, the proposed approach can significantly reduce the number of experiments required for kinetic parameter estimation. The transketolase catalyzed synthesis of 1,3‐dihydroxypentan‐2‐one from propionaldehyde and β‐hydroxypyruvate is used as an experimental example to illustrate the approach. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Relationship between public attitudes toward genomic studies related to medicine and their level of genomic literacy in Japan
Authors: Ishiyama Izumi , Nagai Akiko , Muto Kaori , Tamakoshi Akiko , Kokado Minori , Mimura Kyoko , Tanzawa Tetsuro , Yamagata Zentaro 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe aim of this study was to assess public attitudes toward the promotion of genomic studies related to medicine and to examine the relationship between public attitudes and the level of genomic literacy by analyzing data from a nationwide opinion survey. The participants comprised 4,000 people (age, 20–69) selected from the Japanese general population by using the two‐step stratified random sampling method. They were queried on the following topics in a mail survey: (1) pros and cons of the promotion of genomic studies related to medicine, (2) level of scientific literacy in genomics, (3) demographic and socioeconomic background, and (4) knowledge and attitudes toward science in general and genetic testing in particular. We examined the relationship between the approval of promotion and literacy level, using logistic regression models stratified by gender. Our results showed the response rate was 54.3% (2,171/4,000), and 69.4% participants favored the promotion of genomic studies related to medicine. Only 1.3% participants expressed a negative attitude. Multivariate analysis revealed that approval of promotion was related to a high literacy score. This relationship was stronger in males than in females (the highest quartile of score vs. the lowest: adjusted odds ratio, 3.36 for males and 1.86 for females; 95% confidence interval, 1.88–5.98 for males and 1.17–2.95 for females). We determined that a majority of the Japanese participants currently approved of the promotion of genomic studies related to medicine and that people with a high level of genomic literacy tended to approve the promotion. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phosphorylated TDP‐43 in frontotemporal lobar degeneration and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Hasegawa Masato , Arai Tetsuaki , Nonaka Takashi , Kametani Fuyuki , Yoshida Mari , Hashizume Yoshio , Beach Thomas G. , Buratti Emanuele , Baralle Francisco , Morita Mitsuya , Nakano Imaharu , Oda Tatsuro , Tsuchiya Kuniaki , Akiyama Haruhiko 
Published: June 2008

AbstractObjectiveTAR DNA‐binding protein of 43kDa (TDP‐43) is deposited as cytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusions in brains of patients with frontotemporal lobar degeneration with ubiquitinated inclusions (FTLD‐U) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Previous studies reported that abnormal phosphorylation takes place in deposited TDP‐43. The aim of this study was to identify the phosphorylation sites and responsible kinases, and to clarify the pathological significance of phosphorylation of TDP‐43.MethodsWe generated multiple antibodies specific to phosphorylated TDP‐43 by immunizing phosphopeptides of TDP‐43, and analyzed FTLD‐U and ALS brains by immunohistochemistry, immunoelectron microscopy, and immunoblots. In addition, we performed investigations aimed at identifying the responsible kinases, and we assessed the effects of phosphorylation on TDP‐43 oligomerization and fibrillization.ResultsWe identified multiple phosphorylation sites in carboxyl‐terminal regions of deposited TDP‐43. Phosphorylation‐specific antibodies stained more inclusions than antibodies to ubiquitin and, unlike existing commercially available anti–TDP‐43 antibodies, did not stain normal nuclei. Ultrastructurally, these antibodies labeled abnormal fibers of 15nm diameter and on immunoblots recognized hyperphosphorylated TDP‐43 at 45kDa, with additional 18 to 26kDa fragments in sarkosyl‐insoluble fractions from FTLD‐U and ALS brains. The phosphorylated epitopes were generated by casein kinase‐1 and ‐2, and phosphorylation led to increased oligomerization and fibrillization of TDP‐43.InterpretationThese results suggest that phosphorylated TDP‐43 is a major component of the inclusions, and that abnormal phosphorylation of TDP‐43 is a critical step in the pathogenesis of FTLD‐U and ALS. Phosphorylation‐specific antibodies will be powerful tools for the investigation of these disorders. Ann Neurol 2008
Die katalytische Reduktion von Distickstoff zu Ammoniak mit Molybdän: Theorie und Experiment
Authors: Schrock Richard R. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractMolybdänkomplexe mit dem Triamidoamin‐Liganden [(RNCH2CH2)3N]3− (R=3,5‐(2,4,6‐iPr3C6H2)2C6H3) katalysieren die Reduktion von Distickstoff unter Einwirkung von Protonen und Elektronen zu Ammoniak. Die Protonen stammen dabei aus 2,6‐Dimethylpyridinium‐Ionen, die Elektronen aus Decamethylchromocen, die Reaktion verläuft bei 22 °C und 1 atm Druck. Mögliche Intermediate dieser Reduktion und ihre Reaktionscharakteristik wurden in mehreren theoretischen Arbeiten untersucht. So wurden DFT‐Rechnungen des Mo‐Komplexes [(HIPTNCH2CH2)3N]Mo (HIPT=Hexaisopropylterphenyl=3,5‐(2,4,6‐iPr3C6H2)2C6H3) durchgeführt, der wie die katalytisch wirksamen Intermediate den Liganden Triamidoamin enthält. In diesem Kurzaufsatz vergleichen wir für jeden angenommenen Teilschritt der Katalysereaktion aktuelle theoretische Befunde und experimentelle Ergebnisse.
Grafting emulsion polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate onto leather by chemical initiation systems
Authors: Shaffei K. A. , Moustafa A. B. , Mohamed W. S. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe kinetics of the grafting polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) onto leather were studied with chemical initiation systems. The results showed that the rate of grafting of GMA onto leather was dependent on different rates in the chemical initiation systems; for ammonium persulfate (AmPS)/acetone sodium bisulfite (ASBS), potassium persulfate (PPS)/ASBS, and sodium persulfate (SPS)/ASBS, the powers were 1.06, 0.48, and 0.43 and 0.63, 0.46, and 0.43, respectively, with respect to the concentration of the emulsifier sodium dodecyl sulfate, whereas the powers were 1.41, 0.70, and 0.81, respectively, with respect to the monomer concentration. The apparent activation energy was calculated for each initiation system and was found to be 180.8, 361.63, and 542.45 kcal for the AmPS/ASBS, PPS/ASBS, and SPS/ASBS systems, respectively. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Development of calibration models for quality control in the production of ethylene/propylene copolymers by FTIR spectroscopy, multivariate statistical tools, and artificial neural networks
Authors: Marengo Emilio , Longo Valentina , Robotti Elisa , Bobba Marco , Gosetti Fabio , Zerbinati Orfeo , Di Martino Silvana 
Published: June 2008

AbstractPrincipal component regression (PCR), partial least squares (PLS), StepWise ordinary least squares regression (OLS), and back‐propagation artificial neural network (BP‐ANN) are applied here for the determination of the propylene concentration of a set of 83 production samples of ethylene–propylene copolymers from their infrared spectra. The set of available samples was split into (a) a training set, for models calculation; (b) a test set, for selecting the correct number of latent variables in PCR and PLS and the end point of the training phase of BP‐ANN; (c) a production set, for evaluating the predictive ability of the models. The predictive ability of the models is thus evaluated by genuine predictions. The model obtained by StepWise OLS turned out to be the best one, both in fitting and prediction. The study of the breakdown number of samples to be included in the training set showed that at least 52 experiments are necessary to build a reliable and predictive calibration model. It can be concluded that FTIR spectroscopy and OLS can be properly employed for monitoring the synthesis or the final product of ethylene–propylene copolymers, by predicting the concentration of propylene directly along the process line. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Perfluorosulfonic acid—Tetraethoxysilane/polyacrylonitrile (PFSA‐TEOS/PAN) hollow fiber composite membranes prepared for pervaporation dehydration of ethyl acetate–water solutions
Authors: Yuan Hai‐Kuan , Xu Zhen‐Liang , Shi Jiang‐Huan , Ma Xiao‐Hua 
Published: June 2008

AbstractPreparation of organic‐inorganic composite membranes and their pervaporation (PV) permeation and separation characteristics for the aqueous solution of ethyl acetate were described. Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) hollow fiber ultrafiltration membrane as support membrane, the mixtures of perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) by the sol‐gel reaction as the coating solution, the PFSA‐TEOS/PAN hollow fiber composite membranes by the different annealing conditions were prepared. The swelling of PFSA in ethyl acetate aqueous solutions was inhibited with addition of TEOS. The PFSA‐TEOS/PAN composite membranes containing up to 30 wt % TEOS in coating solution exhibited high selectivity towards water, then the selectivity decreased and permeation flux increased with increasing the TEOS concentration more than 30 wt %. When the PFSA‐TEOS/PAN composite membranes were annealed, the separation factor increased with increasing annealing temperature and time. Higher annealing temperature and longer annealing time promoted the crosslinking reaction between PFSA and TEOS in PFSA‐TEOS/PAN composite membranes, leading to the enhanced selectivity towards water. For the PFSA/PAN and PFSA‐TEOS/PAN composite membrane with 5 and 30 wt % TEOS annealed at 90°C for 12 h, their PV performance of aqueous solution 98 wt % ethyl acetate were as follows: the separation factors were 30.8, 254 and 496, while their permeation flux were 1430, 513 and 205 g/m2 h at 40°C, respectively. In addition, the PV performance of PFSA‐TEOS/PAN composite membranes was investigated at different feed solution temperature and concentration. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Radiopaque, barium sulfate‐filled biomedical compounds of a poly(ether‐block‐amide) copolymer
Authors: Guo Xiaoping 
Published: June 2008

AbstractVarious radiopaque compounds of a poly (ether‐block‐amide) copolymer resin filled with fine barium sulfate particles were prepared by melt mixing. Material properties of the filled compounds were investigated using various material characterization techniques, including thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic rheometry, uniaxial tensile test, and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). The effects of the filler and its concentration on the measured material properties are evaluated. It has been found that in addition to its well‐known X‐ray radiopacity, the filler is quite effective in reinforcing some mechanical properties of the copolymer, including modulus of elasticity and yield strength. More interestingly, it has been observed that at low loading concentrations near 10 wt %, the filler may also act as a rigid, inorganic toughener for the copolymer by improving the postyield material extensibility of strain hardening against ultimate material fracture. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008