bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recombining Governance Modes: The Media Sector in Cologne
Authors: Baumann Arne , Voelzkow Helmut 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter examines the media sector in Cologne and its neighbouring municipalities. It argues that the growth of the media industry in Cologne is due to the large number of collective competition goods in the area. However, this availability is a secondary consequence of a set of political decisions, with the Cologne-based broadcaster Westdeutscher Rundfunk as the starting point for the cluster.
Grenoble Valley
Authors: Valeria Aniello 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter examines the high-tech industry in Grenoble. The Grenoble case confirms the heterogeneity of governance models. Both local and global actors participate in the production of a simple, collective good, indicating diverse adjustment mechanisms. However, the situation of governance and collective competition goods in the sector has several weak points that undermine its future and create grounds for deterioration, such as the large-scale dependence on public funding.
The Governance of High-Tech Districts
Authors: Trigilia Carlo 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter synthesizes the results of the four case studies discussed in chapters fifteen to eighteen. It identifies the similarities in the conditions that explain territorial concentrations in high-tech local systems. These involve the role of external economies and the provision of local collective competition goods (LCCGs). The production of LCCGs and governance of high-tech industrial districts are discussed.
Conclusions
Authors: Le Galés Patrick , Trigilia Carlo 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter synthesizes the findings of the case studies in this volume. These include the convergence of old local productive systems and weak national models towards models of networked firms, new high-tech activities, and the rise of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) despite new governance patterns in steel cities. Governance modes, local collective competition goods production, and policy implications are discussed.
Nondescriptive Meaning and Reference
Authors: Davis Wayne A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPart I of this book is a concise exposition of the expression theory of meaning, according to which meaning consists in the expression of thoughts, their component ideas, or other mental states. The theory is founded on the fact that thoughts are event types with a constituent structure, and that thinking is a fundamental propositional attitude distinct from belief. It can account for interjections, syncategorematic terms, pejorative terms, conventional implicatures, and other cases of nondescriptive meaning that have long been seen as difficult for both ideational and referential theories of meaning. Part II defends the analysis of speaker and word reference in terms of the expression of ideas by exploring the vague connection of reference with predication, and reviewing the difficulties of alternative approaches, both descriptivist and causal. Part III shows how the expression theory can account for the meaning of names, and the distinctive way in which their meaning determines their reference. The problems with Millian theories show that the meaning of a name consists in the expression of an idea. The problems with Fregean theories show that the ideas expressed by names are atomic or basic. A name is directly and rigidly referential because the extension of the idea it expresses is not determined by the extensions of component ideas. This account of names does not preclude the use of a possible worlds or situation semantics to systematize their formal referential properties. The referential properties of ideas can also be set out recursively by providing a generative theory of ideas, assigning extensions to atomic ideas, and formulating rules whereby the semantic value of a complex idea is determined by the semantic values of its contents. Arguments for the logical necessity of identity statements expressed using non-synonymous names are shown to be unsound, along with various twin earth arguments.
Word Meaning
Authors: Davis Wayne A. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter defines word meaning in terms of speaker meaning and expression. The definition is recursive: in the basic case, individual words and idioms have meaning because of what they are conventionally used to mean; the recursion clause (the basis of compositionality) is provided by the fact that word structures are conventionally used to express certain idea structures. Different kinds of language are distinguished. What words mean today in living languages is dependent on the conventions that evolve from those of prior users of the language.
6 Nondescriptive Meaning
Authors: Davis Wayne A. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter shows how the expression theory can account for four cases of nondescriptive meaning: interjections, syncategorematic terms, words with conventional implicatures, and non-declarative sentences. The meaning of interrogative and imperative sentences is explained in terms of non-propositional thoughts. Syncategorematic terms express thought-parts that are no more incomplete or dependent than those expressed by other terms. Interjections provide an exception to the rule that meaning consists in the expression of ideas; they express mental event types that are not thought parts (nor emotions). Conventional implicatures are explained in terms of appositional thoughts, complexes with a main thought and a subordinate thought.
11 Defenses of Millianism
Authors: Davis Wayne A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter reviews efforts to explain away the problems with Millian theories, and shows that they are unsuccessful. Soames’s solution to Russell’s problem (existence failures) either adopts a radical modal realism or uses an intentional sense of reference. Some attempts to rebut Frege’s problem (substitutivity failures) ignore opaque interpretations. Kripke took the argument against substitutivity to depend on strong disquotation principles, and presented a puzzle to show that they are problematic. But weaker disquotation principles are available, and substitutivity arguments can be presented without relying on disquotation principles. Gricean attempts to explain away substitutivity failures in terms of metalinguistic or mode implicatures do not help with Russell’s problem or Fine terms, and are unsatisfactory even for Frege’s problem.
13 Standard Name Meaning
Authors: Davis Wayne A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter shows that the alternative to the Frege-Mill dichotomy follows directly from the refutation of Millian and Fregean theories: standard names have nondescriptive senses, which differ from the senses of descriptive terms like common nouns, adjectives, verbs, or definite descriptions. The evidence against Frege’s way shows that standard names have undefinable senses. This implies that they express basic concepts, which are either atomic or contain an unlexicalized atomic component. Evidence is also presented that proper names have non-indexical senses. Standard proper names can therefore be characterized as the primitive singular non-indexical words in a language. The subject concepts they express are typically acquired by abstraction or through communication. The concepts represent their objects directly and rigidly. While concepts expressed by standard names could be atomic, there is evidence that they consist of a general sortal concept combined with a nondescriptive, non-indexical individuating concept.
Deeper than Reason
Authors: Robinson Jenefer 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This book takes the insights of modern psychological and neuroscientific research on the emotions and brings them to bear on questions about our emotional involvement with the arts. It begins by laying out a theory of emotion, one that is supported by the best evidence from current empirical work on emotions, and then in the light of this theory examines some of the ways in which the emotions function in the arts. Written in a clear and engaging style, the book will make fascinating reading for anyone who is interested in the emotions and how they work, as well as anyone engaged with the arts and aesthetics, especially with questions about emotional expression in the arts, emotional experience of art forms, and, more generally, artistic interpretation. Part One develops a theory of emotions as processes, having at their core non-cognitive ‘instinctive’ appraisals, ‘deeper than reason’, which automatically induce physiological changes and action tendencies, and which then give way to cognitive monitoring of the situation. Part Two examines the role of the emotions in understanding literature, especially the great realistic novels of the 19th century. It is argued that such works need to be experienced emotionally if they are to be properly understood. A detailed reading of Edith Wharton's novel The Reef demonstrates how a great novel can educate us emotionally by first evoking instinctive emotional responses, and then getting us to cognitively monitor and reflect upon them. Part Three puts forward a new Romantic theory of emotional expression in the arts. Part Four deals with music, both the emotional expression of emotion in music, whether vocal or instrumental, and the arousal of emotion by music. The way music arouses emotion lends indirect support to the theory of emotion outlined in Part One.
3 Emotion as Process
Authors: Robinson Jenefer 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
How do we reconcile the insights of the judgement theorists into emotion with the empirical data from the psychologists? Following the neuroscientist Joseph LeDoux, it is suggested that there are two different processing systems in emotion, a very rapid instinctive appraisal system that occurs too fast for cognitive mediation and a slower cognitive system that monitors the results of the fast affective non-cognitive system. An emotional response is a process in which a physiological response caused by an affective appraisal fastens attention on events in the (inner or outer) environment that are very significant to a person's (or animal's) survival and/or well-being, and prepares the person (animal) to deal with this situation. The affective appraisal is a coarse-grained appraisal that is in turn monitored by a more-fined cognitive appraisal.
10 Emotional Expression in Music
Authors: Robinson Jenefer 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Peter Kivy and Stephen Davies have defended a ‘doggy theory’ of musical expressiveness, according to which we hear music as expressive of sadness, for example, because we ‘animate’ or anthropomorphize the music, just as we animate or anthropomorphize the face of a St. Bernard or basset-hound when we see sadness in it. In neither case is anyone sad nor is anyone expressing any sadness they might actually be feeling. But in Romantic lieder, the protagonist is typically expressing or articulating emotion in just the way explained in Chapter 9: the words articulate the protagonist's thoughts and desires; the music mimics the vocal expressions, action tendencies, even the physiological responses of a person in a particular emotional state. This idea is illustrated by a detailed reading of Brahms's lied opus 105 no. 2, Immer leiser wird mein Schlummer.
11 The Expression of Emotion in Instrumental Music
Authors: Robinson Jenefer 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
The real challenge to the doggy theorists comes with instrumental music. In Immer leiser, there is a dramatic protagonist who really does seem to be expressing her emotions, but in a ‘pure’ instrumental piece of music such as Brahms's Intermezzo opus 117 no. 2, there does not seem to be anyone expressing anything. It is argued that some pieces of instrumental music, of which the Intermezzo is one, should be heard as expressions of emotion in a persona in the music. This Intermezzo can appropriately be interpreted as embodying a psychological drama, a conflict between two aspects of a person's character or two viewpoints on a situation. Interpreting it as an expression of emotion in this way helps explain why the piece strikes listeners as so profound and moving. The case is made by means of a fairly detailed analysis of the piece.
Trends in Decentralization
Authors: Ansell Christopher , Gingrich Jane 
Published: February 2006

AbstractDemands for state decentralization are sometimes justified as bringing government closer to the people, thereby enhancing opportunities for political participation. This chapter examines decentralization reforms across the 18 OECD countries in this study. It finds that there has been a general trend toward decentralization, though with considerable variation in the degree and kind of decentralization across countries. Majoritarian democracies and unitary states have undergone the greatest and most systemic decentralization, whereas decentralization in consensual democracies and federal states has occurred more at the margins. Reforms also differ in whether they are aimed primarily at achieving neo-liberal goals, such as greater competition and efficiency, or increasing citizen involvement and participation in local government.
Controlling for covariates
Authors: Lee Myoung-Jae 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
In finding a treatment (d) effect on a response variable (y) with observational data, the control group with d = 0 (or C group) may be different from the treatment group with d = 1 (or T group) in observed variables x. This can cause an ‘overt bias’, because the difference between the two groups’ responses may be due to the difference in x, and not due to the difference in d. Also, if the T group differs from the C group in unobserved variables e, then this can cause a ‘hidden (or covert) bias’. This and the following chapter deal with controlling for x to avoid overt bias. The basic way to control for x is ‘matching’ (examined in the next chapter). All the other issues for overt bias is discussed here; no hidden bias will be assumed throughout. Controlling for x involves comparing treated and control subjects sharing the same value of x. This raises a number of issues: (i) which variables to control for, (ii) what is identified with x controlled for, (iii) what if the C and T groups do not overlap in x. In general, (i) pre-treatment variables should be controlled for; (ii) with x controlled for, the conditional effect E(y1 - y0¦x) is identified where yj is the potential response when d = j; (iii) ‘regression discontinuity design’ may be useful if the values of x do not overlap. Instead of getting E(y1 - y0) via E(y1 - 0¦x), there is a ‘weighting’ approach to find E(y1 - y0).
Other approaches for hidden bias*
Authors: Lee Myoung-Jae 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter continues the discussion of the preceding chapter on how to deal with hidden bias caused by unobserved differences between the treatment (T) and control (C) groups. The preceding chapter presented practical and basic approaches; this chapter shows other approaches for hidden bias. Sensitivity analysis examines how a finding obtained under no hidden bias assumption changes as hidden bias is allowed; sensitivity analysis is informative but stops short of giving a definite answer to hidden bias. The more conventional approach would be parametric ‘selection-correction’ or ‘control-function’ methods; these are relatively straightforward to implement, but may be too restrictive. Nonparametric ‘bounding’ approaches would perhaps be too unrestrictive, providing bounds on the treatment effect of interest which are typically too wide to be useful. An approach to avoid hidden bias by controlling for post-treatment covariates is available in some special circumstances.
Of Liberty and Necessity
Authors: Harris James A. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This book presents the first detailed account of the discussion of the free will problem in British philosophy in the ‘long’ eighteenth century, beginning with Locke and ending with Dugald Stewart. In this period, the question of the nature of human freedom is posed principally in terms of the influence of motives upon the will. On the libertarian side of the debate are those who believe we are free in our choices. A motive, these philosophers hold, is a reason to act in a particular way, but it is up to the agent which motive he acts upon. On the necessitarian side of the debate are those who believe that there is and can be no such thing as freedom of choice. According to these philosophers, there will usually be one motive that is stronger than any other and that determines choice and action. Among the issues raised in eighteenth-century discussion of this issue are the nature of motives, the place of ‘indifference’ in an analysis of free will, the tenability of a distinction between ‘moral’ and ‘physical’ necessity, the relation between the understanding and the will, and internal coherence of the concept of freedom of will. James Harris places this debate in the context of the eighteenth-century concern by introducing the methods of ‘experimental’ inquiry into the philosophy of mind, and shows that at no point in this period is it uncontroversial that necessitarianism is the natural concomitant of a ‘scientific’ approach to human choice and action.
3 Hume's Reconciling Project
Authors: Harris James A. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Hume attempts a novel reconciliation between necessitarianism and libertarianism. He dispenses with a Hobbesian understanding of necessity, and exploits the Clarkean libertarian’s admission of ‘moral’ necessity in order to argue that such a libertarian already admits necessity in the only intelligible sense of the word. Hume seeks to focus debate about freedom on purely empirical matters, and especially on the question of whether human behaviour is any less uniform and predictable than the operations of material things.
Jonathan Edwards against Arminianism
Authors: Harris James A. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Jonathan Edwards presents the eighteenth-century’s most sophisticated case against libertarian freedom. He seeks to show, not merely that there is no experience of such freedom, but that the very notion of such freedom is internally incoherent. It is argued that there are reasons to regard Edwards as a philosopher in the British tradition, but that there significant differences between his necessitarianism and that of Hobbes.
8 Science and Freedom in Thomas Reid
Authors: Harris James A. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
The belief that we are free in our choices and actions is one of Reid’s ‘first principles’, or ‘principles of common sense’. As such, it cannot directly be proven to be true. Reid’s strategy is to establish the naturalness and universality of the belief, and to refute all arguments which purport to show the belief to be false. He is particularly concerned to answer Priestley’s claim that necessitarianism is the conclusion reached by the application of Newtonian method to human action.
The Society of the Person with Eating Disorders
Authors: Giordano Simona 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Eating disorders are found nearly exclusively in Western countries, and mainly affect women. This chapter explores the social issues around eating disorders. It attempts to explain why the majority of sufferers is represented by women, and explores the social changes that seem to have contributed to the appearance of the syndrome. It reviews clinical literature, which shows that the unrealistic aesthetic expectations of women, combined with the change in the role of the woman in contemporary society, have contributed to the genesis of eating disorders.
Victims or Persecutors? The Moral Logic at the Heart of Eating Disorders
Authors: Giordano Simona 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter offers a critical analysis of family studies of eating disorders. These studies leave important questions unanswered: why do people suffer when significant others have inappropriate expectations of them? And if it is true that people use eating disorders to gain control over the family environment, what leads them to believe that eating behaviour may be an instrument of power? This chapter answers these questions. It shows that what explains eating disorders is not inappropriate expectations, but a moral logic, a way of thinking of interpersonal relations in moral terms. The power of suffering is rooted in culture. It was in ancient times expressed in the macabre tale according to which God, in order to redeem humanity, kills His only Son Jesus Christ. In contemporary culture, one example of the power of suffering and martyrdom of the body is hunger strike. Another example is eating disorders.
Logic
Authors: Misak C. J. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter shows that the thin characterizations of inquiry and scientific method articulated in Chapter two are accompanied by a powerful system of norms that can transform ‘learning from experience’ into the most sophisticated form of investigation. It argues that the interpretation of Peirce’s view — that science is self-correcting and must eventually converge upon the truth — is incorrect. When the correct account is provided, a coherent picture of Peirce’s conception of inquiry, progress, and truth can be obtained.
Objectivity, Bivalence, and Truth
Authors: Misak C. J. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter explores the I-T conditional, and shows how it preserves four other well-understood senses of objectivity. Peirce believes that both T-I and the principle of bivalence have an unusual status, arguing that these are regulative assumptions of inquiry. If one hopes or assumes that H is true, then one would arrive at H, if inquiry were to be prolonged as far as it could go. It is shown that the contemplation of the possibility that some hypotheses may escape this hope does not endanger what is worth preserving in Peirce’s account; it does not endanger the relationship he has seen between truth and inquiry.
Ethics
Authors: Misak C. J. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter argues that Peirce presents a coherent and sophisticated cognitivist account of ethics — an account on which moral judgement is brought under the scope of truth, knowledge, and inquiry. He did not distinguish science and ethics on the grounds that science aims at truth and ethics at quick belief. Both science and ethics aim at the same thing: true belief or belief which would stand up to experience and argument.
Reforming European Welfare States
Authors: Clasen Jochen 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
The book investigates the processes of welfare state reform in the UK and Germany between the late 1970s and 2003. Adopting a programme-level perspective, it systematically compares processes of retrenchment, expansion and restructuring in three core social policy domains. The book suggests that unemployment support and public pension programmes have been subjected to retrenchment and restructuring, while family policies have been extended in both countries. However, patterns of retrenchment and restructuring differ across countries and programmes. Arguing in favour of multi-causal explanations of reform processes and outcomes, the book stresses the relevance of three sets of explanatory factors: shifts in party policy preferences and power relations, three institutional variables and contingent factors impinging on policy direction and profiles. Within pension policy, the relevance of different institutional characteristics and the respective balance between private and public forms of retirement suggest that the concept of ‘path dependence’ is particularly instructive. By contrast, differences in programme structures and their role within national political economies prove to be most relevant for the understanding of changes in unemployment support policy. Less institutionally embedded and expanding, the trajectories of family policies have to be seen in the context of dynamic party policy preferences.