bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Infection enhancement of influenza A H1 subtype viruses in macrophage‐like P388D1 cells by cross‐reactive antibodies
Authors: Ochiai H. , Kurokawa M. , Kuroki Y. , Niwayama S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe contribution of cross‐reactive hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies to infection enhancement of influenza A H1 subtype NWS virus and two antigenic drift strains was investigated in a macrophage‐like cell line P388D1. When P388D1 cells, previously treated with neuraminidase (NA) to remove the viral receptors, were infected with NWS virus exposed to rabbit antiviral immunoglobulin (IgG) showing various levels of cross‐HI titers, virus yields were enhanced in the presence of a subneutralizing antibody, depending on their cross‐HI titers. By flow cytometric analysis using a fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)‐labeled NWS virus, the efficiency of attachment of virus‐rabbit IgG complexes to Fc receptors on NA‐treated cells showed close correlation with its cross‐HI titer. These data suggest that cross‐reactive HI antibodies could contribute to infection enhancement through the formation of potent infectious immune complexes with drift strains to mediate virus infection via Fc receptor uptake. Two monoclonal antibodies (mAB) in mouse IgG subclasses IgG1 and IgG2a showing strain‐specific or cross‐reactive HI activity were tested for their infection enhancement characteristics. A strain‐specific mAB enhanced infection of homologous NWS virus, but not that of two other drift strains in either antibody dilution. In contrast, a cross‐reactive mAB caused infection enhancement of all three virus strains in the presence of the subneutralizing antibody. This indicates that cross‐reactivity, but not the IgG subclass, acts as an enhancing factor to this phenomenon. The antibody, with the same specificity as cross‐reactive mAB, was detected semiquantitatively by competitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with results almost consistent with cross‐HI titers of polyclonal rabbit antiviral IgGs. These data suggest that the antibody detected by this assay might be one of the potent antibodies governing cross‐HI activity as a whole antibody and causing infection enhancement of drift strains.
Local antibody production and respiratory syncytial virus infection in children with leukaemia
Authors: Taylor C. E. , Craft A. W. , Kernahan J. , Millman R. , Reid M. M. , Scott R. , Toms G. L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractChildren undergoing therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) are at increased risk of severe viral respiratory infection, and some find it difficult to terminate virus secretion. This increased severity may result from a defect in the mucosal immune response. To test this hypothesis, nasal immunoglobulin secretion and specific antiviral antibody responses to infection with respiratory syncytial (RS) virus in children with ALL have been compared with those in a normal age‐matched comparison group.Children with leukaemia secreted normal levels of IgA and slightly raised lgM levels. lgG levels were depressed. Following RS virus infection, the majority of children with leukaemia secreted normal amounts of lgA and lgG nasal antibody and successfully cleared the virus. However, three of the 13 children studied made poor or undetectable nasal antibody responses, which correlated with their inability to clear the virus.
Clonal origin of mammalian hepatitis B virus‐related hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Shimoda Atsushi , Kaneko Shuichi , Uchijima Masato , Unoura Masashi , Hattori Nobu , Kobayashi Kenichi , Murakami Seishi 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe clonal origins of 20 multifocal hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) in four woodchucks were analyzed by the Southern blot hybridization technique. The woodchucks were divided into two groups according to the morphological classification of multifocal tumors: 1) three woodchucks had multifocal tumors that were widely separated and similar in size, which suggests a multiclonal origin of the tumors; and 2) one woodchuck had ten small multifocal tumors surrounding two large main tumors, which indicated intrahepatic metastasis from an original tumor. Results from the first group demonstrated that the number of integrated woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) DNAs differed from tumor to tumor, and none of the bands were the same size. In the second group, eight of the ten small tumors surrounding the two large tumors showed the same pattern of WHV DNA integration. One demonstrated an additional band and also shared the same bands with the other tumors, and one small tumor had a different pattern of integration from the others. It was concluded that the clone dissimilarity demonstrated by hybridization patterns does not necessarily mean that HCCs originate independently from different clones, because genetic changes may occur after or at the time of metastasis.
Alterations in the cellular phenotype induced by herpes simplex viruses
Authors: Galloway Denise A. , McDougall James K. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractNumerous studies have shown that herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV‐1, HSV‐2) are able to transform the morphological phenotype of rodent cells. Unlike other DNA tumor viruses the transformed cells did not consistently retain of express a given set of viral genes. In fact, transformation could be obtained using fragments of viral DNA that did not wholly encode viral proteins. Of interest within the transforming fragments were sequences which could assume a secondary structure like that of insertion elements. The failure to detect viral DNA in transformed cells led to the hit‐and‐run hypothesis of HSV transformation. The mechanism by which HSV induces transformation is not understood. Various lines of investigation have shown that HSV is able to cause mutations—both point mutations and gene rearrangements. HSV is also able to induce gene amplification, particularly of sequences harboring an origin of replication such as SV40 or papillomaviruses. Other experiments have shown that HSV can activate the expression of endogenous type C retroviruses. More broadly, HSV has been shown to activate cellular transcription or to switch on the synthesis of host cell proteins not normally expressed in untransformed cells. the failure to detect viral DNA in a high proportion of human anogenital tumors made it difficult to implicate HSV in the etiology of those neoplasias, but it is consistent, however, with the observations on the mode of HSV transformation in vitro, and suggests that HSV could be involved in a multistage process of oncogenic transformation.
Key issues in the selection of an expression system for vaccine antigens
Authors: Ellis Ronald W. , Gerety Robert J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThree criteria by which the appropriate host cell is chosen for the expression of a recombinant‐derived vaccine antigen are efficacy, safety, and scale‐up. Efficacy for a vaccine antigen refers to the ability of the host cell to produce a vaccine antigen capable of eliciting a protective immune response. A concern for safety of a vaccine antigen relates to residual DNA in the final product, especially when derived from continuous mammalian cell lines as opposed to microbial cells. Since tens (or hundreds) of millions of doses of a widely used vaccine might be injected into healthy infants and young children during the lifetime of the product, safety is a critical issue, such that the use of a microbial expression system might be preferable to the use of a continuous cell line in certain circumstances.
Diminished response to recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in homosexual men with HIV antibody: An indicator of poor prognosis
Authors: Loke Richard H. T. , Murray‐Lyon Iain M. , Coleman John C. , Evans Brian A. , Zuckerman Arie J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThree doses of a recombinant DNA HBV vaccine (MSD) were given to healthy male homosexuals. Seventy‐eight out of 104 (77.6%) participants had detectable antibody (anti‐HBs) two months after the third dose. Seroconversion occurred in only 9 out of 27 subjects (33.3%) who were anti‐HIV positive compared with 69 out of 77 (89.6%) who were negative (χ2 = 30.8; P < .001). Fifteen of the 18 anti‐HIV positive who did not mount an antibody response to the hepatitis B vaccine (anti‐HBs) later progressed to persistent generalised lymphadenopathy syndrome (5), AIDS‐related complex (5), and AIDS (5). Only one of the nine anti‐HIV positive anti‐HBs responders developed PGL (χ2 = 10.14; P < .005).Our results show that anti‐HIV positive homosexuals are poor responders to the recombinant hepatitis B vaccine and anti‐HIV positive non‐responders are more likely to develop clinically apparent HIV infection.
Characterization of a nucleic acid probe for the diagnosis of human coronavirus 229E infections
Authors: Myint S. , Harmsen D. , Raabe T. , Siddell S. G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA cDNA copy of the HCV229E nucleocapsid protein gene was isolated and characterized. Sequence analysis predicts a nucleocapsid polypeptide of 389 amino acids with a molecular weight (mol. wt.) of 43,450. Single strand RNA probes derived from the cDNA copy hybridize specifically to HCV229E RNA and approximately 50 pg of intracellular viral RNA can be readily detected. The application of nucleic acid hybridization as a routine procedure for the diagnosis of HCV229E infection is discussed.
Hepatitis B virus DNA patterns in the liver of children with chronic hepatitis B
Authors: Bartolomé Javier , Moraleda Gloria , Moreno Mercedes Ruiz , Porres Juan Carlos , Carreño Vicente 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe patterns of hepatitis B virus DNA (HBV‐DNA) expression were studied in 2 sequential liver biopsies from 26 children (18 treated with interferon and 8 controls) with chronic hepatitis B. In the basal biopsy replicative forms of HBV‐DNA were detected in all of the samples and integrated viral DNA was present in 1 case. At the end of the study, 8 children had lost serum HBV‐DNA although 2 of the children were still HBeAg positive. (Six had been treated with interferon.) In all of the cases, HBV‐DNA was not detectable in the final biopsy. For the rest of the patients, HBV‐DNA was positive in serum and all of them had replicative forms of HBV‐DNA in the second liver sample. None of the patients lost hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from these patients were studied. HBV‐DNA was not found in the PBMC of the 8 children without serum HBV‐DNA, and HBV‐DNA was detected in the PBMC of 5/12 patients with serum HBV‐DNA.In conclusion, HBV‐DNA disappeared from the biopsies of children who lost circulating HBV‐DNA, although some of the patients were still HBeAg positive. This result implies that the detection of HBV‐DNA in liver is important in order to assess the efficacy of the antiviral therapy. On the other hand, HBsAg remained positive in all children at the end of the study although HBV‐DNA was not detected in serum, liver, and PBMC by the conventional hybridization techniques.
Detection of respiratory syncytial virus antigen after seventy‐two hours of culture
Authors: Mézière Annyvonne , Mollat Claudine , Lapied Réjane , Billaudel Sylviane , Courtieu André‐Louis 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBetween September, 1987, and April, 1989, three techniques for the detection of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) were compared: indirect immunofluorescence (IF) on the sample, indirect immunofluorescence after 72 h of MRC‐5 cell culture (IF 72h), and detection of the cytopathic effect (CPE) by MRC‐5 and HEp‐2 cell culture. A study of 383 nasal aspirates from young children admitted to the Centre Hospitalier de Nantes (CHR) showing miscellaneous respiratory symptoms produced the following results: 143 samples (37%) were RSV positive by IF, 119 (31%) were positive by IF 72h, and 117 (31%) showed RSV‐induced CPE. In comparison with tissue culture isolation (TC), the sensitivities of IF and IF 72h were 89% and 80% and their specificities 85% and 91%, respectively. During the winter of 1988–1989, of the 110 RSV‐positive nasal aspirates (104 by IF, 89 by IF 72h, 83 by CPE detection), 109 were identified by IF and/or IF 72h. IF 72h affords rapid detection of RSV.
Acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis: Seroepidemiology of coxsackievirus A24 variant and enterovirus 70 in Singapore
Authors: Goh K. T. , Ooi P. L. , Miyamura K. , Ogino T. , Yamazaki S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractEpidemics of acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis caused by a variant of coxsackievirus A24 (CA24v) and enterovirus 70 (EV70) have occurred periodically in Singapore. A seroepidemiological survey conducted before the CA24v epidemic in 1985 and in the midst of the EV70 epidemic in 1983 showed a neutralising antibody prevalence (⩾ 1:4) of 19.1% and 66.9% to CA24v and EV70, respectively. The seropositivity rate to both viruses was highest in children 10–14 years of age, but no sex or ethnic difference was noted. It appears from the data that an epidemic could be triggered when the herd immunity of the population falls below a critical level. There was a significant correlation in seroprevalence between CA24v and EV70 (P = 7.75 × 10−3).
Isolation and preliminary characterization of antigenic variant of echovirus type 11
Authors: Matsumoto Kazuo , Kobayashi Takashi , Kimura Yoshinobu 
Published: March 2007

AbstractNosocomial infection with echovirus type 11 resulting in aseptic meningitis occurred among newborn babies in a hospital neonatal room at Fukui city. The virus was identified as a variant of echovirus type 11 by cross‐neutralization tests with antisera against the prototype Gregory strain and the current Fukui isolate. Fukui isolates expressed strain specific antigen(s) in addition to type specific common antigen(s), but lacked a certain antigen(s) which was present in the prototype strain. Sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of virus polypeptides revealed that the capsid proteins VP2 and VP3 of Fukui strain migrated more rapidly than the Gregory strain, while both strains had the same migration pattern of VP1 protein on which the antigenic determinants responsible for virus neutralization were present. The current strain produced large plaques and was more thermoresistant, suggesting some alterations in the structural proteins of the virus.
Direct modulation of HBV surface antigen in a human, HBsAg‐producing hepatocellular carcinoma cell line by alpha, beta, or gamma interferons
Authors: Korba Brent E. , Boumpas Demetris , Mann Dean , Yoakum George H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA transient depression of HBV serologic markers has been reported for some chronically infected patients treated with human interferons. To determine a molecular basis for these observations, a human, HBV‐carrying, hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (PLC/PRF/5) was treated with human alpha, beta, or gamma interferons. Administration of these interferons resulted in a marked depression of HBV surface antigen (HG‐sAg) levels in the culture medium. This inhibition was transient, with media levels of HBsAg rising substantially within 48 hours following the termination of interferon treatment. Cell growth rates were not affected by alpha interferon treatment, indicating that overall cell protein synthesis was not substantially altered. Although all three classes of interferons were effective in lowering HBsAg levels in the culture medium, intracellular levels of HBsAg‐specific RNA were unaffected. These results suggest that the transient depression of HBV serologic markers in interferon‐treated patients may be a consequence of the failure to disrupt the intracellular pools of HBV RNA in the liver.
Antibody responses against polypeptide components of Epstein‐Barr virus‐induced early diffuse antigen in patients with connective tissue diseases
Authors: Ngou Jean , Segondy Michel , Seigneurin Jean‐Marie , Graafland Hubert 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe specific humoral response against polypeptide components of Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV), the induced early diffuse antigen (EA‐D), in patients with connective tissue diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD), was investigated by using the immunoblotting technique. The EA(D)‐positive sera from patients with infectious mononucleosis (IM), nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), immunocompromised patients (renal transplant recipients and patients with AIDS) as well as the EA(D)‐negative sera from patients with Burkitt's lymphoma and from clinically healthy subjects served as controls. Seven major antigenic polypeptides with molecular weights of 33 kDa, 35 kDa, 52 kDa, 54 kDa, 56 kDa, 58 kDa, and 134 kDa were detected reproducibly by the EA(D)‐positive reference sera and, in particular, by each of the NPC sera tested. The EA(D)‐positive sera from the other groups showed various combinations of detection patterns and few samples reacted with all the major EA(D) polypeptides. Seventy‐three percent of sera from SLE and 47% of sera from MCTD were found to react with EA(D). Sixty‐one percent of sera from SLE vs. 5% from MCTD detected all the EA(D) polypeptides. These results could either reflect perturbations of the immune response linked to the autoimmune disease or suggest a possible pathogenic role of EBV.
Establishment of PCR for the early diagnosis of herpes simplex encephalitis
Authors: Puchhammer‐Stöckl Elisabeth , Popow‐Kraupp Therese , Heinz Franz X. , Mandl Christian W. , Kunz Christian 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe early detection of herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) represents a major problem in viral diagnostics. We have now established a test system based on PCR for the specific amplification of HSV‐DNA in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples followed by oligonucleotide hybridization.The test proved to be very sensitive. Five molecules of HSV 1 DNA still yielded positive signals after hybridization. The assay was applied to CSF samples from 6 patients with confirmed HSE. All except one CSF sample obtained from the 2nd to the 8th day after onset of neurological symptoms yielded positive results. The primers used also exhibit a certain degree of crossreactivity with HSV 2, as revealed by testing of a CSF sample from an HSV 2‐infected child.No positive signals were obtained with human DNA and with DNA from CMV‐ and VZV‐infected fibroblasts. Also 42 CSF samples of patients suffering from other diseases of the CNS yielded negative results.The present results indicate that the detection of HSV DNA in CSF by PCR represents a valuable tool for the early diagnosis of HSE.
Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay for detection of IgG antibody to human herpesvirus 6
Authors: Asano Yoshizo , Yoshikawa Tetsushi , Suga Sadao , Yazaki Takehiko , Ozaki Takao , Saito Yumiko , Hatano Yasuko , Takahashi Masayoshi 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA lysate of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV‐6)‐infected cord blood mononuclear cells was used as antigen for enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of lgG antibody to HHV‐6. Antibody responses after exanthem subitum were well correlated with clinical recovery from the disease and the level of antibody activities was well correlated with indirect immunofluorescence assay and the neutralization test. Seroconversion to other human herpesvirus, including cytomegalovirus, was not observed in infants with exanthem subitum. All of the infants had by the age of 1 month antibodies to HHV‐6, which decreased with age to the lowest level at the age of 3 to 6 months and then increased and reached the maximum level by 1 to 2 years of age. After 3 years of age, the prevalence was almost stable.
Neurovirulence of wild and laboratory Junin virus strains in animal hosts
Authors: Medeot Silvia I. , Contigiani Marta S. , Brandan Eduardo R. , Sabattini Marta S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe neurovirulence of Candid #1 and XJCL3 laboratory strains and CbalV4454 and Cba‐FHA5069 wild strains of Junin virus was studied in albino mice, guinea pigs, and a South American wild rodent, Calomys musculinus, of different ages inoculated by the intracerebral route. Infectivity in brain and organs, lethality, and neuropathological lesions were determined. The laboratory and wild strains showed similar neurovirulence only in 2‐day‐old mice. The neurovirulence of laboratory strains decreased with the age of the animal, and the Candid #1 strain affected only 2‐day‐old mice.In guinea pigs, the 2 wild strains and XJCL3 laboratory strain were neurovirulent for 11‐day‐old and adult animals giving moderate lymphocytic infiltration in the brain and mild lesions in the spinal cord. Virus titres from the brain and the spinal cord were lower with the XJCL3 and CbalV4454 strains than with the CbalFHA5069 strain; with the latter, virus was recovered only from the lymph nodes, the lung, kidney, liver, and spleen. The Candid #1 strain was not neurovirulent even for 11‐day‐old animals.In contrast, the laboratory strains were neurovirulent for Calomys musculinus, depending on the brains showing lymphocyte infiltration but not from other organs. The CbaFHA5059 strain was not neurovirulent, although virus was recovered from the brain, spleen, liver, lymph nodes, and salivary glands.These results with the 3 hosts indicate that Junin virus neurovirulence is virus strain‐dependent, and host species and age‐dependent, with the Candid #1 strain proving the least neurovirulent of the strains studied.
Effect of Phyllanthus amarus on duck hepatitis B virus replication in vivo
Authors: Niu Jianzhang , Wang Yanyan , Qiao Ming , Gowans Eric , Edwards Patrick , Thyagarajan S. P. , Gust Ian , Locarnini Stephen 
Published: March 2007

AbstractNine ducks congenitally infected with the duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) were treated either orally (four ducks for 10 weeks) or intraperitoneally (five ducks for 12 weeks) with the Indian traditional herbal remedy Phyllanthus amarus. Compared to placebo‐treated control ducks, these treatments did not result in a reduction of circulating viral DNA in the serum or in the level of viral DNA replication in the liver. In two of the five intraperitoneal‐treated ducks, a reduction in the levels of duck hepatitis B surface antigenaemia (DHBsAg) was observed. The data strongly suggest that Phyllanthus amarus has no significant inhibitory effect on DHBV DNA replication and only a minor effect on DHBsAg production.
Kinetics of antibody response to hepatitis B virus determinants and to recombinant vaccines in Italy
Authors: Zanetti A. R. , Tanzi E. , Romano L. , Vigano P. , Cargnel A. , Hojvat S. , Zuckerman A. J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe kinetics of antibody response to the group determinant a and subdeterminants d and y of hepatitis B virus were studied after infection and following immunisation with two recombinant DNA yeast‐derived hepatitis B vaccines. The initial antibody response was to the subdeterminant epitopes, whereas anti‐a antibody, which provides protection against different subtypes of the virus, was not detected for some weeks or months. The delay in the development of anti‐a antibody after active immunisation raises important issues of early protection against infection.