bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Other Malignancies in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia/Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma
Authors: Tsimberidou Apostolia-Maria , Wen Sijin , McLaughlin Peter , O'Brien Susan , Wierda William G. , Lerner Susan , Strom Sara , Freireich Emil J , Medeiros L. Jeffrey , Kantarjian Hagop M. , Keating Michael J. 
Published: December 2008

Purpose Other malignancies have been reported to occur with increased frequency in chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL). The aim of this study was to determine the frequency, outcomes, and factors associated with other cancers in patients with CLL/SLL. Patients and Methods We reviewed the records of consecutive patients with previously untreated CLL/SLL seen at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center from 1985 to 2005. The number of second cancers observed was compared with the number expected from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. Results Among 2,028 patients, 324 (16%) had a history of other cancers and 227 (11.2%) developed other malignancies during the follow-up period. Overall, 625 cancers were observed in 551 patients, including skin (30%), prostate (13%), breast (9%), melanoma (8%), lymphoma (8%), gastrointestinal (9%), lung (6%), and other cancers (17%). The risk of a second cancer was 2.2 times higher than the expected risk. The response rates in patients with and without a history of other cancers were 86% and 92%, respectively (P = .04), and the 5-year survival rates were 70% and 82%, respectively (P < .001). In Cox analysis, independent factors predicting development of new cancers were older age, male sex, and elevated levels of β2-microglobulin, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatinine. In patients who were treated for CLL/SLL, the treatment regimen did not affect the risk of subsequent cancer (P = .49). Conclusion Patients with CLL/SLL have more than twice the risk of developing a second cancer and an increased frequency of certain cancer types. Awareness of risk factors could permit early detection.
Material Testing & Computational Mechanics — A New Philosophy for Architectural Fabrics
Authors: Gosling P. D. , Bridgens B. N. 
Published: December 2008

This paper proposes a new perspective on the analysis of fabric structures – the concept that material testing and computational mechanics are mutually dependent and, by implication, not to be considered as independent. Current representations of fabric stress-strain behaviour are based on plane-stress assumptions, and tend to simplify the available data (e.g. use of secant elastic moduli). Young's moduli and Poisson's ratios were determined for each test so as to provide the best fit plane to the scattered data points. These planar representations provided limited correlation with test data. The elastic constants do not comply with plane stress theory since coated woven fabrics are not homogeneous materials: They are composites with the interaction of orthogonal yarns making them act as a constrained mechanism. A new approach to incorporating fabric test data in structural analysis is proposed here: Use of direct correlation between pairs of stresses and strains. This avoids the inherent approximation in defining elastic constants or other parameters to quantify the fabric behaviour. A simple triangular interpolation scheme is recommended which is robust and avoids the risk of unreliable interpolation and extrapolation when using a functional representation of the data.
Management of Varicose Veins: A Survey of Current Practice by Members of the Vascular Society of Great Britain and Ireland
Authors: Edwards AG , Baynham S , Lees T , Mitchell DC 
Published: December 2008

INTRODUCTION In 1999, a survey was published detailing the management of varicose veins by members of the then Vascular Surgical Society (VSS). Since then, newer methods for treating varicose veins have been developed and far more explicit rationing has been introduced in the NHS. SUBJECTS AND METHODS In order to examine whether there had been a significant change in established practice in the UK, a questionnaire was sent to all Vascular Society of Great Britain and Ireland (VSGBI) members in the 2004 yearbook by E-mail or post. RESULTS Of the 426 questionnaires distributed, a 69% response rate was achieved. Of respondents, 97% treated varicose veins in their NHS practice, whilst 88% did so in private practice. Some 73% used hand-held Doppler assessment in the clinic and 96% used duplex ultrasound assessment selectively. Despite UK National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines, only 68% said that their primary care trusts funded treatment of symptomatic varicose veins, while 93% did so for complications. In either NHS or private practice, respectively, 83% or 72% of responders offered surgery as preferred treatment for primary varicose veins, while 14% or 20% preferred endovascular treatments (endovascular laser treatment, radiofrequency ablation and foam sclerotherapy). Of responders, 17% did not follow-up patients after treatment. CONCLUSIONS This survey suggests that there is rationing of access to care for symptomatic varicose veins. Despite publicity for endovenous techniques, surgery remains the preferred treatment for varicose veins in the UK.
A Strategy to Overcome the Radiology Lottery in the Staging of Head and Neck Cancer: An Aid to Attaining the 30-Day Rule
Authors: Elloy Marianne , Jarvis Sara , Davis Anne 
Published: December 2008

INTRODUCTION Rapid access to radiological services is essential, if the British Association of Otolaryngologists – Head and Neck Surgeons Minimum Temporal Standards are to be met in the management of head and neck cancer patients. This study assesses a new initiative whereby the multidisciplinary team prioritises allocated imaging appointments rather than using the traditional radiological triage system. PATIENTS AND METHODS This study was a prospective audit of all patients referred over a 3-month period with suspected head and neck cancer. The main outcome measures were: (i) median interval in days from general practitioner (GP) referral to staging scan; and (ii) median interval in days from first clinic appointment to staging scan. RESULTS The new multidisciplinary team booking system led to a statistically significant reduction in the ‘request-to-scan time’ (from 12 days to 5 days). The time from ‘GP to scan’ also improved. CONCLUSIONS This new multidisciplinary team-led booking system, could, in the future, speed up access to radiology services lead and neck cancer patients, allowing earlier definitive treatment.
The Surgical Management of Patients Who Deliberately Self-Harm
Authors: Rogers BA , Pease F , Ricketts DM 
Published: December 2008

INTRODUCTION Deliberate self-harm is a common problem that often requires orthopaedic treatment. Patients with injuries due to deliberate self-harm are often referred to our unit. This study assessed the type of treatment required and the cost of treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS We undertook a retrospective survey of deliberate self-harm patients with known ICD-10 psychiatric disorders admitted for orthopaedic care from a medium-secure, female-only, psychiatric unit. Data were collected on admission rate, duration of stay, surgical interventions and complications. RESULTS Over a 36-month period there were 73 admissions for 15 patients (mean age, 25.1 years) requiring 65 operative interventions, a mean of 4.3 (range, 0–9) per patient. Over 50% of patients were admitted more than 3 times, totalling 416 hospital bed-days and 80% had methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated. The orthopaedic treatment costs for these patients was £453,000 during the period studied. DISCUSSION The significant resources required to manage this patient cohort demonstrates the need for a co-ordinated management policy. We recommend day-case surgery for infected wounds only. Postoperatively, wounds should be protected with plaster of Paris. All patients with deliberate self-harm should be regarded as being infected with MRSA.
Impact Factor and Study Design: The Academic Value of Published Research (AVaRes) Score
Authors: Wolf Dennis M , Williamson Peter A 
Published: December 2008

INTRODUCTION To compare the citation indices of original articles and case reports in otolaryngology journals and thereby determine whether case reports are of less interest and possibly of academically inferior value to original articles. METIERIALS AND METHODS All articles in two reputable UK otolaryngology journals (Clinical Otolaryngology and Journal of Laryngology and Otology) for 2000 and 2001 were identified. Citation indices were obtained from ISI Web of Knowledge and compared. Statistical analysis was performed using Microsoft® Office Excel 2003. RESULTS Review articles were cited most frequently with a mean of 5.21 followed by original articles with 4.28 citations and case reports with 2.40 citations. The difference in citing between original articles and case reports was statistically significant (P < 0.0001). There was no statistically significant difference in citations between review articles and original articles. CONCLUSIONS As case reports are clearly of lesser academic value than original and review articles, we suggest a scoring system incorporating journal impact factor and a scoring multiple taking into account study design. This facilitates easier comparison and recognition of publications in curricula vitae during job application.
Do Helmets Reduce Fatalities or Merely Alter the Patterns of Death?
Authors: Shealy Jasper E. , Johnson Robert J. , Ettlinger Carl F. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
The use of helmets has been proposed as a means of reducing the incidence of fatality in skiing and snowboarding. This paper presents results that suggest that while helmets may be effective at preventing minor injuries, they have not been shown to reduce the overall incidence of fatality in skiing and snowboarding even though as many as 40 % of the population at risk are currently using helmets. The results indicate that the use of a helmet will indeed influence the primary cause of death, but perhaps not the ultimate outcome.
Starch-Based Quenchants as an Eco-Friendly Alternative to Quenching Oil
Authors: Sahay Satyam S. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Petroleum-based mineral oil is a commonly used quenching media for heat treatment, due to its moderate cooling rate which provides minimum distortion to components. However, quenching oil is also associated with several environmental liabilities such as oil fumes, fire hazard, oil spills, leaking underground storage tanks, and waste oil disposal liabilities. As a result, the use of oil as a quenching media is being discouraged and is listed as one of the significant concerns in the Vision 2020 technology roadmap of the ASM Heat Treating Society. In the present work, starch-based quenchants have been developed as an eco-friendly alternative to oil quenchant. It has been shown that by tailoring the composition, the peak cooling rate as well as peak temperature can be optimized to provide the required cooling characteristics for a wide range of materials. Industrial trials on tool steels have shown cooling characteristics and uniformity in hardness of starch quenching similar to oil quenching.
Gas-Cooling of Multiple Short Inline Disks in Flow Along Their Axis
Authors: Lior Noam , Papadopoulos Dimitrios 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
To learn about cooling of gas quenched batches, this paper reports on numerical predictions of local and average convective heat transfer coefficients, and overall pressure drops, on batches of five axially aligned, constant temperature, short cylindrical disks (25 cm diameter, 5 cm thickness) with and without a concentric hole, with interdisk spacings of 5–20 cm, in axial turbulent flows of 20 bar nitrogen gas at inlet speeds from 10 m/s to 100 m/s, corresponding to Reynolds numbers (Re) between 3.27×106 and 32.7×106. The heat transfer coefficients along the disk surfaces vary strongly up to a worse case of two orders of magnitude for the upstream disk. This nonuniformity is much lower for the disks downstream, especially after spacing is increased beyond 0.1 m. As expected, the upstream disk exhibited rather different heat transfer coefficients than the ones downstream, the magnitude of the heat transfer coefficient and its uniformity increased with the interdisk spacing, and varied by a factor of about 4–5 along the surfaces. The average heat transfer coefficient (Nusselt number, Nu) on the disks increased approximately with Reynolds number as Re0.85. Re did not have much influence on the nonuniformity of Nu on the disk surfaces. The overall pressure drop along the flow increases with the interdisk spacing, rising by about 60 % as the spacing is increased from 0.05 m to 0.20 m. The presence of a hole increases the heat transfer coefficient in all cases. Some suggestions for reducing the heat transfer coefficient nonuniformity are made.
Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy in the Non‐Surgical Treatment of Aggressive Periodontitis: Cytokine Profile in Gingival Crevicular Fluid, Preliminary Results
Authors: de Oliveira Rafael Ramos , Schwartz‐Filho Humberto Oswaldo , Novaes Arthur Belém , Garlet Gustavo Pompermaier , Freitas de Souza Raphael , Taba Mário , Scombatti de Souza Sérgio Luís , Ribeiro Francisco Jeter 
Published: December 2008

Background: Aggressive periodontitis is a specific form of periodontal disease that is characterized by rapid attachment loss and bone destruction. Cytokine profiles are of considerable value when studying disease course during treatment. The aim of this trial was to investigate cytokine levels in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of patients with aggressive periodontitis, after treatment with photodynamic therapy (PDT) or scaling and root planing (SRP), in a split‐mouth design on −7, 0, +1, +7, +30, and +90 days.Methods: Ten patients were randomly treated with PDT using a laser source associated with a photosensitizer or SRP with hand instruments. GCF samples were collected, and the concentrations of tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) and receptor activator of nuclear factor‐kappa B ligand (RANKL) were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays. The data were analyzed using generalized estimating equations to test the associations among treatments, evaluated parameters, and experimental times (α = 0.05).Results: Non‐surgical periodontal treatment with PDT or SRP led to statistically significant reductions in TNF‐α level 30 days following treatment. There were similar levels of TNF‐α and RANKL at the different time points in both groups, with no statistically significant differences.Conclusion: SRP and PDT had similar effects on crevicular TNF‐α and RANKL levels in patients with aggressive periodontitis.
Factors Influencing the Outcome of Root‐Resection Therapy in Molars: A 10‐Year Retrospective Study
Authors: Park Shin‐Young , Shin Seung‐Yun , Yang Seung‐Min , Kye Seung‐Beom 
Published: December 2008

Background: Root resection is one treatment option for preserving molars with furcation involvement. This study evaluated the prognosis of root‐resection therapy retrospectively and examined the factors influencing the survival rate of resected molars.Methods: Root‐resection therapy was performed on 691 molars in 579 patients. The associated factors were examined from 342 of 402 molars that had been followed up for >1 year. Survival analysis was used to statistically analyze the factors.Results: Over the past 10 years, 102 of 342 cases (29.8%) failed. The factors were classified into four groups and analyzed to determine their influence on the survival rate of the resected molars. Regarding the resection‐related factors, the molars resected because of periodontal problems had a higher survival rate than those resected because of non‐periodontal problems (tooth fracture, dental caries, and endodontic problems; P = 0.0097). Patient‐ and tooth‐related factors had no effect on the survival rates. Among the site‐related factors, only the amount of bone support of the remaining roots at the time of surgery had a significant effect on the survival rate in the group of molars with periodontal problems (P = 0.0269).Conclusions: Root resection to treat periodontal problems had a better prognosis than for non‐periodontal problems. To achieve a good result, it was important that the remaining roots had >50% bone support. This guideline may help to improve the predictability of root‐resection therapy.
Progression to Impaired Glucose Regulation and Diabetes in the Population-Based Inter99 Study
Authors: Engberg Susanne , Vistisen Dorte , Lau Cathrine , Glümer Charlotte , Jørgensen Torben , Pedersen Oluf , Borch-Johnsen Knut 
Published: December 2008

OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to estimate the progression rates to impaired glucose regulation (impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance) and diabetes in the Danish population–based Inter99 study and in a high-risk subpopulation, separately.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
From a population-based primary prevention study, the Inter99 study, 4,615 individuals without diabetes at baseline and with relevant follow-up data were divided into a low- and a high-risk group based on a risk estimate of ischemic heart disease or the presence of risk factors (smoking, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, obesity, or impaired glucose tolerance). High-risk individuals (57.1%) were examined with an oral glucose tolerance test at 1 and 3 years, and all of the participants were reexamined at the 5-year follow-up. Person-years at risk were calculated. Progression rates to impaired glucose regulation and diabetes were estimated directly from baseline to the 5-year follow-up for all the participants and from baseline through the 1- and 3- to 5-year follow-up examinations for the high-risk individuals, separately.

RESULTS
In the combined low- and high-risk group, 2.1 individuals per 100 person-years progressed from normal glucose tolerance (NGT) to impaired glucose regulation or diabetes. Among high-risk individuals, 5.8 per 100 person-years with NGT progressed to impaired glucose regulation or diabetes, and 4.9 per 100 person-years progressed from impaired glucose regulation to diabetes.

CONCLUSIONS
Progression rates to impaired glucose regulation using the current World Health Organization classification criteria were calculated for the first time in a large European population-based study. The progression rates to diabetes show the same pattern as seen in the few similar European studies.
Performance of the UK Prospective Diabetes Study Risk Engine and the Framingham Risk Equations in Estimating Cardiovascular Disease in the EPIC- Norfolk Cohort
Authors: Simmons Rebecca K. , Coleman Ruth L. , Price Hermione C. , Holman Rury R. , Khaw Kay-Tee , Wareham Nicholas J. , Griffin Simon J. 
Published: December 2008

OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to examine the performance of the UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Risk Engine (version 3) and the Framingham risk equations (2008) in estimating cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence in three populations: 1) individuals with known diabetes; 2) individuals with nondiabetic hyperglycemia, defined as A1C ≥6.0%; and 3) individuals with normoglycemia defined as A1C &lt;6.0%.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This was a population-based prospective cohort (European Prospective Investigation of Cancer-Norfolk). Participants aged 40–79 years recruited from U.K. general practices attended a health examination (1993–1998) and were followed for CVD events/death until April 2007. CVD risk estimates were calculated for 10,137 individuals.

RESULTS
Over 10.1 years, there were 69 CVD events in the diabetes group (25.4%), 160 in the hyperglycemia group (17.7%), and 732 in the normoglycemia group (8.2%). Estimated CVD 10-year risk in the diabetes group was 33 and 37% using the UKPDS and Framingham equations, respectively. In the hyperglycemia group, estimated CVD risks were 31 and 22%, respectively, and for the normoglycemia group risks were 20 and 14%, respectively. There were no significant differences in the ability of the risk equations to discriminate between individuals at different risk of CVD events in each subgroup; both equations overestimated CVD risk. The Framingham equations performed better in the hyperglycemia and normoglycemia groups as they did not overestimate risk as much as the UKPDS Risk Engine, and they classified more participants correctly.

CONCLUSIONS
Both the UKPDS Risk Engine and Framingham risk equations were moderately effective at ranking individuals and are therefore suitable for resource prioritization. However, both overestimated true risk, which is important when one is using scores to communicate prognostic information to individuals.
Multi-Stakeholder Forums for Comanagement of Pastoralism in Niger
Authors: Sommerhalter Thomas 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Multi-stakeholder forums are part of the family of cooperative management approaches. The Nigero-German Development programme 'Fight against Poverty' (LUCOP) has applied this approach to the pastoral zone in Niger. Stakeholders at three forums representing resident and non-resident resource users have made commitments of behaviour and action in favour of consensual management of natural resources and pastoralism. The approach, after two years of implementation, has proven successful so far in securing mobile pastoralism and also presenting a framework for more small-scale and localized action. The question of sustainability remains open. Presented here are some of the key results from follow-up surveys and impact assessments of the forums.
Le concept de mondialisation sert-il à quelque chose ?
Authors: Cooper Frederick 
Published: December 2008

Il y a deux problèmes avec le concept de "mondialisation" : "mondial" et "-isation". La première moitié du terme occulte le fonctionnement inégal et heurté des connexions à longue distance et détourne de l'étude concrète de leurs mécanismes. La seconde, en laissant entendre que l'intégration du monde se fait maintenant, sous-estime l'amplitude des mouvements des capitaux, des hommes, des idées et de la culture de ces quatre derniers siècles et surestime le déclin des institutions nationales. Comme la théorie de la "modernisation" dans les années 1950, le discours sur la "mondialisation" doit sa large audience au fait qu'il suppose la cohérence et la direction unique d'une évolution, ce qui évite de s'interroger sur l'enchaînement des causes et le déroulement des processus : mais c'est justement cela qui fait de lui un discours trompeur. Il serait plus utile d'analyser en finesse les processus et les réseaux transfrontaliers, qui ne sont pas nécessairement planétaires.
Autochtonie, démocratie et citoyenneté en Afrique
Authors: Bayart Jean-François , Geschiere Peter , Nyamnjoh Francis 
Published: December 2008

Le discours de l'autochtonie se généralise sur le continent africain et donne parfois lieu à des mises en actes tragiques (expulsions, pogroms et génocides). Cette évolution est curieusement liée à la démocratisation et aussi au retour de l'autoritarisme, l'autochtonie devenant alors un enjeu politique (Qui vote où ? Qui a le droit d'être candidat ?). Elle accompagne aussi un certain moment économique, celui de la mondialisation et du désastre économique qui voit s'aviver la concurrence entre citoyens pour l'accès à certains biens publics (école, santé?). Malgré ses effets destructeurs, il n'est toutefois pas encore exclu que, comme à Athènes, elle ne se révèle le germe d'une future citoyenneté.