bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Statistical Efficiency
Authors: Kenett Ron S. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
The idea of adding a practical perspective to the mathematical definition of statistical efficiency is based on a suggestion by Churchill Eisenhart, who, in a 1978 informal “Beer and Statistics” seminar in Madison, Wisconsin, proposed a new definition of statistical efficiency. Later, Bruce Hoadley from Bell Laboratories, picked up where Eisenhart left off and added his version nicknamed “Vador”. Blan Godfrey, former CEO of the Juran Institute used this concept in his 1988 Youden Address on “Statistics, Quality, and the Bottom Line”, at the Fall Technical Conference of the American Society for Quality Control. Later, Kenett, Coleman and Stewardson in 2003 further expanded this idea adding an additional component, the value of the data actually collected. The concept of practical statistical efficiency (PSE) derived from these developments is introduced below.
Accelerated Life Tests:Bayesian Models
Authors: Soyer Refik , Erkanli Alaattin , Merrick Jason R. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractIn this article we consider accelerated life test models where the effect of accelerated environments on failure behavior is described by time transformation functions. We present extensions of basic models by introducing hierarchical and dynamic strategies to allow for changes in the time transformation function with the accelerated environment. We develop Markov chain Monte Carlo methods to make Bayesian inferences from these models where no analytical forms are available for the posterior and predictive distributions of interest. We illustrate our approach with two examples and discuss what type of insights can be obtained from Bayesian analysis.
Isolation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells from Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: McKinney‐Freeman Shannon L. , Naveiras Olaia , Daley George Q. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThis unit describes a protocol for the isolation of cells from murine embryonic stem cells with hematopoietic stem cell activity, defined by the ability to reconstitute, long term, multiple lineages of the hematopoietic system of lethally irradiated mice. The protocol subjects hematopoietic progenitors specified in differentiating embryoid bodies to ectopic HoxB4 expression (delivered via retroviral infection), followed by coculture and expansion on OP9 stromal cells in the presence of hematopoietic cytokines for 10 days. The protocol results in the generation of hundreds of millions of cells that can rescue mice from lethal irradiation. Although little is known about the phenotype and frequency of the actual hematopoietic stem cell–like cell within the population of cells generated by this protocol, the protocol establishes a system in which these cells can be further studied and the results ultimately translated to the human system. Curr. Protoc. Stem Cell Biol. 4:1F.3.1‐1F.3.10. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
Authors: Trache Andreea , Meininger Gerald A. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe atomic force microscope (AFM) is an important tool for studying biological samples due to its ability to image surfaces under liquids. The AFM operates by physical interaction of a cantilever tip with the molecules on the cell surface. Adhesion forces between the tip and cell surface molecules are detected as cantilever deflections. Thus, the cantilever tip can be used to image live cells with atomic resolution and to probe single molecular events in living cells under physiological conditions. Currently, this is the only technique available that directly provides structural, mechanical, and functional information at high resolution. This unit presents the basic AFM components, modes of operation, useful tips for sample preparation, and a short review of AFM applications in microbiology. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 8:2C.2.1‐2C.2.17. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Use of Potato Virus X (PVX)–Based Vectors for Gene Expression and Virus‐Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS)
Authors: Lacomme Christophe , Chapman Sean 
Published: February 2008

AbstractPotato virus X–based vectors are a well established system for rapid in planta studies. The vectors can be used for expression of proteins in plants and to down‐regulate genes through virus‐induced gene silencing. The development of binary‐based vectors for Agrobacterium delivery makes this system well suited to high‐throughput studies. Protocols are given for establishing infections to achieve expression and VIGS through in vitro transcription and Agrobacterium delivery to glasshouse and in vitro–grown plant material. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 8:16I.1.1‐16I.1.13. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The XVth World Congress of Psychiatric Genetics, October 7–11, 2007: Rapporteur summaries of oral presentations
Authors: Alkelai Anna , Baum Amber , Carless Melanie , Crowley James , DasBanerjee Tania , Dempster Emma , Docherty Sophia , Hare Elizabeth , Galsworthy Michael J , Grover Deepak , Glubb Dylan , Karlsson Robert , Mill Jonathan , Sen Srijan , Quinones Marlon P. , Vallender Eric J. , Verma Ranjana , Vijayan Neetha.N. , Villafuerte Sandra , Voineskos Aristotle N. , Volk Heather , Yu Lan , Zimmermann Petra , DeLisi Lynn E. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe World Congress of Psychiatric Genetics (WCPG) has become an annual event since the early 1990's sponsored by the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics (ISPG). Each year the latest published and unpublished findings are aired for discussion by representatives of the majority of research programs on this topic world‐wide. The 2007 congress was held in New York City and attracted over 1000 researchers. The topics emphasized included results from whole genome association studies, the significance of copy number variation and the important contributions of epigenetic events to psychiatric disorders. There were over 20 oral sessions devoted to these and other topics of interest. Young investigator recipients of travel awards served as rapporteurs to summarize sessions and these summaries follow.
The preparation and characterization of fiber reinforced alginate hydrogel
Authors: Qin Yimin 
Published: February 2008

AbstractTo prepare fiber reinforced alginate hydrogels, calcium alginate fibers were mixed with aqueous sodium alginate solutions. Tests were carried out to assess the amount of calcium ions released from two types of alginate fibers, i.e., those made from alginate rich in guluronic acid (high G) and in mannuronic acid (high M), respectively. Experimental results showed that more calcium ions were released from the high M fibers and the hydrogel made from the high M fibers had a higher viscosity than that made from high G fibers. The water absorption and donating properties of these hydrogels were assessed by placing them in contact with gelatine gels. The results showed that alginate hydrogels with a high alginate content are capable of absorbing water from gelatine gels, while those with a high water content are able to donate water. When silver containing particles were mixed into the alginate solution, it was also possible to prepare fiber reinforced alginate hydrogel with antimicrobial properties. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Fish use of ecohydraulic‐based mesohabitat units in a low‐gradient Illinois stream: implications for stream restoration
Authors: Schwartz John S. , Herricks Edwin E. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
A classification scheme for ecohydraulic‐based mesohabitat units was developed for a summer low‐flow period. Mesohabitat unit designations were based on the integration of three‐dimensional channel hydraulics, geomorphic maintenance processes of bed morphology, and biological resource needs of fish. Ecological relevance of the units was evaluated by a study of fish mesohabitat use patterns, and species relationships to feeding guild. By portraying the stream as a mosaic of hydraulic habitat patches that provide specific biotic resource needs, this study's aim was to advance how ecological information may be incorporated into the stream restoration design process.
Nine mesohabitat units were designated, including pool‐front, ‐mid, and ‐rear units, scour pool, simple and complex riffles, glide, submerged point bar, and channel expansion marginal deadwater. Physical habitat structure differed among the nine mesohabitat units by length, water depth, and bed slope and complexity. Fish were collected in specific unit volumes by use of prepositioned areal electrofishing devices, in which distinct patterns of fish mesohabitat use were observed.
A key finding was the differences in fish assemblages among the pool units, in which fish densities were greatest in the pool‐front and scour pool units. Also, fish density in the pool‐front unit was positively correlated with pool entrance slope. Biomass was greatest in the pool‐front and ‐mid units, and it was correlated with maximum mid‐pool depth. Density and biomass were generally lowest in the pool‐rear unit. Other unique relationships were also observed among the mesohabitat units.
Based on feeding guild, patterns of fish mesohabitat use were observed for this summer low‐flow period; insectivores dominantly used pool‐front and scour pool units, herbivores dominantly used complex riffle units, and piscivores used pool‐front and ‐mid units.
Useful ecological information was derived from fish species‐habitat relationships observed in this study, linking mesohabitat units with species requirements for food resources. Such findings support advancements to ecological design strategies for stream restoration that promote hydraulic habitat diversity.
Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Moray Firth Seal Management Plan: an adaptive framework for balancing the conservation of seals, salmon, fisheries and wildlife tourism in the UK
Authors: Butler James R.A. , Middlemas Stuart J. , McKelvey Simon A. , McMyn Iain , Leyshon Ben , Walker Ian , Thompson Paul M. , Boyd Ian L. , Duck Callan , Armstrong John D. , Graham Isla M. , Baxter John M. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Within the Moray Firth, north‐east Scotland, there is a history of conflict between seals and salmon fisheries. Under the UK's Conservation of Seals Act 1970 (CoSA) seals are shot to protect fisheries. In 1999 six rivers in the Moray Firth were designated as Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) for Atlantic salmon under the EU Habitats Directive, and in 2000 an SAC for harbour seals was designated in the Dornoch Firth.
In the 1990s salmon stocks declined. Fisheries managers believed the decline was partly caused by seal predation and consequently increased shooting effort. In years 1993–2003 Moray Firth harbour seal numbers declined possibly due to shooting, posing a potential threat to the status of the Dornoch Firth SAC. Meanwhile wildlife tourism based on marine mammals has increased. The declines in salmon and harbour seals, and the implementation of the Habitats Directive forced a watershed in the approach of statutory authorities to managing seals, salmon and tourism.
In years 2002–2005 local District Salmon Fishery Boards, the Scottish Executive, Scottish Natural Heritage and stakeholders negotiated a pilot Moray Firth Seal Management Plan to restore the favourable conservation status of seal and salmon SACs, and to reduce shooting of harbour seals and seal predation on salmon.
Key facets of the plan are the management of the Moray Firth region under a CoSA Conservation Order; application of the Potential Biological Removal concept to identify a limit of seals to be killed; management areas where removal of seals is targeted to protect salmon, while avoiding seal pupping and tourism sites; a training and reporting system for marksmen; a research programme, and a framework allowing an annual review of the plan.
The plan was introduced in April 2005. A maximum limit of 60 harbour and 70 grey seals was set. Forty‐six harbour and 33 grey seals were killed in 2005 while in 2006 these figures were 16 and 42 respectively. Although the numbers killed were below the maximum limits in both years the returns raised questions about the plan's ability to manage seal shooting at netting stations. The plan provides a useful adaptive co‐management framework for balancing seal and salmon conservation with the protection of fisheries and/or fish farms and tourism for application in the UK and internationally.
Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Local Anesthetic Activity of Some Novel N‐[5‐(4‐Substituted)phenyl‐1,3,4‐oxadiazol‐2‐yl]‐2‐(Substituted)‐Acetamides
Authors: Rajak Harish , Kharya Murli Dhar , Mishra Pradeep 
Published: February 2008

AbstractA novel series of acetamides carrying substituted‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole moiety were synthesized from reaction of 5‐aryl‐2‐chloroacetamido‐1,3,4‐oxadiazoles with different secondary amines. The local anesthetic potential of the compounds was investigated using rabbit corneal reflex method and guinea pig's wheal derm method. The present work is the only one of its kind reporting local anesthetic activity in acetamide system combined with 1,3,4‐oxadiazole nucleus. Lidocaine was selected as standard drug in evaluation of local anesthetic activity of synthesized oxadiazole analogues. Compound 19 was found to possess significant local anesthetic activity in both the models employed for evaluation of local anesthetic activity. Compound 20, 23, 28, 29 and 35 also demonstrated marked local anesthetic activities. Structure‐activity relationships among synthesized compounds were also established.
3,4‐Disubstituted‐1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8‐octahydroquinazoline‐2‐thiones: Synthesis, Antimicrobial Evaluation and QSAR Investigations Using Hansch Analysis
Authors: Minu Maninder , Thangadurai Ananda , Wakode Sharad R. , Agrawal Shyam S. , Narasimhan Balasubramanian 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe 3,4‐disubstituted‐1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8‐octahydroquinazoline‐2‐thione derivatives were synthesized and characterized by physicochemical and spectral means, and the results of antimicrobial study of these compounds against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans by tube dilution method indicated that 4‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐3‐(4‐nitrophenylsulfonyl)‐1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8‐octahydroquinazoline‐2‐thione 6 and 4‐(4‐fluorophenyl)‐3‐(4‐nitrophenylsulfonyl)‐1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8‐octahydroquinazoline‐2‐thione 12 were the most potential ones. Further, the QSAR studies by Hansch analysis applied to find out the correlation between physicochemical characteristics of synthesized compounds with antimicrobial activity demonstrated the contribution of electronic parameter, total energy (Te) and the topological parameter (valence second order molecular connectivity index (2χv)). Excellent statistically significant models were developed by Hansch approach (r2 = 0.828–0.898) for the three microorganisms under study. The cross‐validated r2 (q2), which is an indication of the predictive capability of the model for all cases was also very good (q2 = 0.776–0.875).
Antimalarial Drugs – What is in Use and What is in the Pipeline
Authors: Schlitzer Martin 
Published: February 2008

AbstractMalaria continues to be a potentially fatal threat to almost half of the world's population. In light of this threat, the armory to fight this disease is rather limited. Resistance against the most common and affordable antimalarials is widespread. Only few new drugs are in clinical development, most of them belong to long used classes of antimalarial drugs. This review will concisely cover the drugs which are currently in use, and describe the drug candidates which are in clinical evaluation.
Hinweise zu Wind‐, Schnee und Silolasten in DIN 1055
Authors: Fingerloos Frank , Timm Günter 
Published: February 2008

AbstractMit der bauaufsichtlichen Einführung der Normenteile 3, 4, 5, 6 und 9 der DIN 1055er‐Reihe: “Einwirkungen auf Tragwerke” wurden einige zusätzliche oder abweichende Regelungen zu den Normteilen DIN 1055‐4 und DIN 1055‐5 über die Musterliste der Technischen Baubestimmungen bekannt gemacht, die im Beitrag erläutert werden. Diese betreffen Windlasten für Reihenmittelhäuser und Vordächer, Schneeanhäufungen an Höhenversprüngen sowie die Schneelasten an Dachtraufen. Auf einige Änderungen in DIN 1055‐6 zu den Silolasten wird hingewiesen.
Lebensdauerbemessung. Baustein für die Instandsetzungsplanung am Beispiel eines Parkhauses
Authors: Lay Sascha , Rucker Petra , Brandes Christian , Käppler Joachim , Boese Robert 
Published: February 2008

AbstractAm Beispiel eines Parkhauses wird gezeigt, wie durch die Kombination eines voll‐probabilistischen Modells zur Abschätzung der Wahrscheinlichkeit von Bewehrungskorrosion infolge Tausalzeintrag in Beton mit einer darauf abgestimmten Untersuchungsstrategie ein bedarfsgerechtes und daher kosteneffizientes Instandsetzungskonzept entwickelt werden kann.
Infraleichtbeton
Authors: Schlaich Mike , Zareef Mohamed El 
Published: February 2008

AbstractAls Infraleichtbeton bezeichnen wir Beton, dessen spezifisches Gewicht unterhalb der von der Norm angegebenen Werte für gefügedichten Leichtbeton, also unterhalb 800 kg/m3, liegt. Die mit dem geringen Gewicht einhergehenden guten Wärmedämmeigenschaften erlauben es, monolithische Sichtbetonbauten ohne weitere Wärmedämmung – energiesparend und nachhaltig – zu errichten. Ein an der Technischen Universität Berlin entwickelter Infraleichtbeton und ein damit gebautes Wohnhaus werden hier vorgestellt.
Pregnane Glycosides from Caralluma adscendens var. fimbriata
Authors: Kunert Olaf , Rao Vijayalakshmi Gurunath , Babu Gummadi Sridhar , Sujatha Palatheeya , Sivagamy Malayalam , Anuradha Sandala , Rao Belvotagi Venkatrao Adavi , Kumar Bobbala Ravi , Alex Robert Michael , Schühly Wolfgang , Kühnelt Doris , Rao Ghanakota Venkateshwara , Rao Achanta Venkata Narasimha Appa 
Published: February 2008

AbstractEleven novel pregnane glycosides, 2–7 and 9–13, of which four, i.e., 10–13, comprised a new pregnane‐type genin exhibiting a hydroxymethylene instead of a Me group at C(19), and the known pregnane glycoside stalagmoside V (8) were isolated from whole plants of Caralluma adscendens var. fimbriata, a native Indian succulent plant. Their structures were elucidated by extensive 2D‐NMR spectroscopic studies.
Composition, and Anti‐Inflammatory and Antioxidant Activities of the Volatile Oil from the Fruit Peel of Garcinia brasiliensis
Authors: Martins Felipe T. , Doriguetto Antônio C. , de Souza Thiago C. , de Souza Kamila R. D. , dos Santos Marcelo H. , Moreira Maria E. C. , Barbosa Luiz C. A. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe composition of the volatile oil obtained by hydrodistillation from the fruit peel of Garcinia brasiliensis (Mart.) Planch. et Triana was determined by GC/MS. A total of 38 components were identified, including γ‐muurolene (10.3%), spathulenol (8.7%), δ‐cadinene (8.3%), torreyol (8.0%), α‐cadinol (7.0%), cadalene (6.3%), and γ‐cadinene (5.3%). Oxygenated sesquiterpenes (43%) were the main group of compounds. The anti‐inflammatory activity of the volatile oil was evaluated through the rat‐paw edema model induced by carrageenan. Inhibition of the inflammatory process was noticed 3 h after carrageenan administration. In addition, the volatile oil showed poor antioxidant activity.
Cytotoxic Alkaloids from the Bulbs of Fritillaria hupehensis
Authors: Zhang Yong‐Hui , Yang Xi‐Liang , Zhang Peng , Zhou Xue‐Feng , Ruan Han‐Li , Pi Hui‐Fang , Wu Ji‐Zhou , Sun Han‐Dong 
Published: February 2008

AbstractPhytochemical investigation of the bulbs of Fritillaria hupehensis resulted in the isolation and structural elucidation of four new steroidal penta‐ and hexacyclic veratraman‐ and cevan‐based alkaloids, respectively, compounds 1–4. They were obtained together with the known constituents ebeinine (5) and zhebeinine (6), which were isolated for the first time from this plant. The structures of the new isolates were established by spectroscopic and mass‐spectrometric analyses, in combination with chemical methods. All compounds were assayed for their cytotoxic effects towards HeLa and HepG2 cell lines. Compounds 1 and 2 showed significant inhibitory effects against both types of tumor cells, with IC50 values in the range 2.52–0.23 μM, similar as those for 5‐fluorouracil used as positive control.
Synthesis and Antiproliferative Evaluation of 4‐Anilino‐n‐methoxyfuro[2,3‐b]quinoline Derivatives (n=6, 7). Part 5
Authors: Chen Yeh‐Long , Lin Huan‐Chin , Yang Chia‐Ning , Lu Pei‐Jung , Tzeng Cherng‐Chyi 
Published: February 2008

AbstractA series of 27 differently substituted 4‐anilinofuro[2,3‐b]quinolines were synthesized and evaluated for their antiproliferative activities against the HeLa, SKHep1, SAS, AGS, A549, and CE81T cell lines, cancers commonly found in Asian countries. Among the compounds tested, 1‐{4‐[(3‐chloro‐7‐methoxyfuro[2,3‐b]quinolin‐4‐yl)amino]phenyl}ethanone (1) was the most potent, with IC50 values of 3.1, 3.0, and 4.2 μM, resp., against the growth of HeLa, SKHep, and CE81T cells. Compound 1 was, thus, further evaluated by flow cytometry to evaluate its effect on the cell‐cycle distribution of HeLa cells. Our results indicated that 1 readily induces cell‐cycle arrest in the G2/M phase, followed by DNA fragmentation and, ultimately, cell death.
An Unusual Metabolite of Cimicidol‐3‐O‐β‐D‐xyloside from Cimicifugae rhizoma by Rat Intestinal Bacteria
Authors: Li Jian‐Xin , Li Jun‐Feng , Chen Song‐Jie , Yu Zhi‐Yong 
Published: February 2008

AbstractCimicidol‐3‐O‐β‐D‐xyloside (1), one of the main components isolated from Cimicifugae rhizoma, is an active component with antiosteoporotic effect. The metabolism of 1 by rat intestinal bacteria was investigated, and two metabolites, 11β‐hydroxycimigenol (2) and foetidinol (3), were isolated and characterized by spectroscopic means including two‐dimensional NMR. Furthermore, the structures of six intermediates in the bacterial incubation were proposed on the basis of LC/MS analyses, and the possible metabolic pathway of the formation of 2, which passes through a unique sequence including hydrolysis, hydroxylation, and reduction, is discussed in detail.
Identification of Herbarium Whole‐Leaf Samples of Epilobium Species by ATR‐IR Spectroscopy
Authors: Strgulc Krajšek Simona , Buh Primož , Zega Anamarija , Kreft Samo 
Published: February 2008

AbstractA simple, high‐accuracy FT‐IR method based on attenuated total reflection (ATR) was developed for the rapid determination of leaf samples of Epilobium species. The method is superior to other analytical techniques, since there is no need of laborious sample preparation such as grinding or extraction and solvent removal. A total of 70 herbarium specimens, belonging to all 13 Epilobium and to 2 Chamerion species growing in Slovenia, were analyzed. With the 100 most‐informative wavenumbers in the range 700–1800 cm−1, we obtained over 90% accuracy of species identification, with discriminant multivariate statistical analysis on the measurements made on whole dried leaves.