bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bioremediation of a Crude Oil-polluted Clay Soil in a Temperate Zone
Authors: CHAINEAU C. H. , VIDALIE J. F. , GENESTE P. , DUCREUX J. , BALLERINI D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Over the last five years, TOTALFINA, in partnership with COPAREX, TVD and IFP has been conducting research on the biodegradability of oily waste including oil-based mud drill cuttings and polluted soils. In the latter, hydrocarbons (HC) may enter the soil ecosystem as a result of accidental spillage. The bioremediation potential of HC polluted soils, by using cost-effective processes such as composting, was evaluated in a monitored and controlled pilot experiment. The combined fate and effects of HC on the ecosystem of highly oil contaminated soils were studied. Assessments of HC biodegradation rate, and the mobility and potential toxicity of soil and leachates or residual pollutants were performed. Clay polluted by 15 g of crude oil per kg of soil was treated in a static-ventilated biopile and in a series of six windrows periodically tilled. In these windrows different treatment parameters were applied such as addition of mineral nutrients or structuring agents (straw), or vegetal matter (grass). After 16 months, more than 85% of the initial HC were removed through biological processes in fertilised soils, whereas « natural attenuation » (i.e. with no specific treatment) was about 50%.
When adding fertilisers, residual pollution was mainly made up of a heavy fraction (more than 70 % with a mean carbon number higher than 40). Residual HC's were cyclic compounds including naphthenes, aromatics and resins which were strongly trapped on the organo-mineral matrix reducing by this way their bioavailability. The initial soil was toxic to earthworms and to plants. Soil toxicity decreased as soon as residual HC concentrations decreased. No toxic effects were shown by treated soils on earthworms nor inhibition on seed germination or in the Microtox assay after 16 months of bioremediation. Water-soluble HC and metabolites in leachates also drastically decreased as soon as HC biodegradation was proceeding.
This experimental work shows that bioremediation of an highly oil-polluted clay could be easily performed as soon as biological parameters influencing microbial growth were kept at the optimum. Composting of highly oil-polluted soils was shown to be an environmentally cost-effective alternative for the disposal of petroleum wastes. HC biodegradation was very efficient and minimal environmental impact was ensured by reducing toxicity of soils and leachates. After bioremediation, soils were successfully restored to vegetation.
Biodegradation of Water-Accommodated Fractions and Dispersed Oil in the Seawater Column
Authors: Brakstad O. G. , Faksness L. -G. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
During the project "Advances Management of Oil Spills (AMOS)" biodegradation of oil compounds in the water-accomodated fractions and dispersed oils have been determined after discharge to the seawater. Water-accomodated fractions (WAFs) in seawater were generated by careful stirring in flasks according to a procedure established by the "Chemical Response to Oil Spills: Ecological Effect Research Forum (CROSERF)", with subsequent separation from the oil phase. Mechanically dispersed oils were generated and maintained by vigorous agitation. The initial oil-seawater loading ratios were 1:10,000. Primary biodegradation of selected oil components were measured as transformation by GC-FID and GC-MS analysis in both WAFs and dispersed oils during a period of 7 days (WAFs) or 14 days (dispersed oils), and transformation rates were calculated after corrections for abiotic disappearance. Acute toxicity of WAF was determined by the Microtox assay. Biodegradation was determined for various oils, for fresh and weathered oil, and for oil treated with a chemical dispersant. The transformation rates for similar components differed moderately between the various oils, and strongly depended on the distribution between WAF and dispersed oil phases. Introduction of a chemical dispersant in the oil had only small influence on the transformation. Comparison of fresh and weathered oils showed only small differences in degradation for compounds present in the oils (WAF). During degradation the acute toxicity was reduced for the oils. In conclusion, biodegradation of the oil WAFs will strongly influence the effects on pelagic organisms due to the rapid microbiological component transformation, while components present in oil droplets will persist for a longer period of time. This has significant implications for effect studies. The degradation data will be included in the spill simulation model "Oil-Spill Contingency and Response" (OSCAR 2000) for computation of behaviour and fates of oil spills.
A Mathematical Model Estimating Sea Water Discharge Time from a Hydrocarbon Storage Tank to Prevent Oil Spills
Authors: Mihcakan I. M. , Yamanlar S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This study is conducted to prevent the accidental petroleum product release from some onshore storage tanks into seas, in Turkey. The seawater, used to displace the liquid petroleum products from tanker ships into the onshore storage tanks, accumulates under the petroleum product in the storage tank. The field personnel, operating the gravity-controlled seawater discharge manually, may occasionally miss the discharge time and close the discharge valve too late. Hence, the petroleum product, chasing seawater in the discharge line, is accidentally released to the sea. Thus, estimating the seawater discharge time accurately is of great value for eliminating the potential coastal and offshore environmental damage, preventing the petroleum product loss, and for efficient use of personnel time.
The flow behavior is modeled mathematically for the accurate estimation of total seawater discharge time. A semisteady-state flow model is developed by the integration of an unsteady-state mass balance and a steady-state energy balance. The effect of conical geometry of such tank bottoms on flow behavior is also taken into account. The differential equations of the model are solved by both analytical and numerical integration techniques. Excellent agreement of both results is obtained and compared with the field data.
Environmental Control
Authors: Shaaban Sh. I. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
With the rise of the environmental protection movement, the petroleum industry has placed greater emphasis on minimizing the environmental impact of its operations. Moreover, this industry that conducts all exploration, production, treatment, storage and transportation activities, provides essential petroleum products that are used for transportation fuels, electrical power generation, space heating, medicine and petrochemicals.etc. The usage of petroleum products is a major contributor to our present standard of living. The activities of exploration and production of petroleum industry, however, can impact the environment, and the greatest impact arises from the release of wastes into the environment in concentrations that are not naturally found. While some of these wastes can have significant adverse effect on the environment, some have little impact. In virtually all cases, the adverse impact can be minimized or eliminated through the implementation of a proper waste management plan. Acutely conscious of the significance of its environmental responsibilities as an exploration and production company, Petrobel established a set of Basic Environmental Principles. Therefore it accepts responsibility for the environmental impact of its operations and is committed to safeguard the natural environment, people and the company, while striving to contrbute to the economic well-being of Egypt.
Geographic Information Systems and their Application to Environmental Data Management -- Case Study from Kazakhstan
Authors: Head Richard N. , Mason Mike W. , Ryder Alan A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Environmental assessments collect vast amounts of data which is often useful for more than just its original purpose in the survey or EIA report. However, information in hard copy reports often becomes forgotten or its existence is unknown to others who may have a use for it. This situation is exasperated when more than one location may have use for the data or staff work back-to-back rotations. To avoid this loss of information, and to ensure additional costs are not generated collecting the same information again, a Geographical Information System (GIS) is being used as the tool to manage environmental data at Texaco's North Buzachi field in Kazakhstan.
Powerful geographic information systems, which run on desktop computers, can make a significant contribution to the management of environmental data. Texaco in North Buzachi have input all the data collected during its environmental studies onto a GIS. This will allow environmental staff in the field camp, in the offices in Aktau and London to access the data, manipulate it into future reports or permit applications and generally ensure that the data is recycled to maximise its value and minimise recollection costs. Additional information can easily be input onto the GIS so the database can grow as the field develops.
In this paper we show, by way of an illustrated case study, the types of data that can be collected, the problems that can be encountered and how they can be overcome and the range of uses that the data can be put to in the GIS. We discuss the costs and benefits of using GIS and importantly we discuss how GIS can add to the value of data by making it accessible to many users for a variety of applications - often long after the environmental data was collected.
Laboratory Studies of In Situ Coal Gasification
Authors: Steele Raymond D. , Nuttall H.E. 
Published: December 2007

American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers Inc.

Abstract
An experimental program is underway to simulate the in situ gasification of coal. A laboratory combustion tube together with extensive auxiliary equipment have been designed and assembled. This apparatus has been successfully operated and data has been collected which simulates in situ gasification. This laboratory reactor, its operation and some preliminary data are reported. Problems in interpretation of the data are reported.

Introduction
With the advent of the recent energy crisis various methods for recovery of energy from coal have been suggested. Many of these suggestions have been schemes for gasifying coal to produce a low BTU gas (generally under 200 BTU/SCF). This gas could be used as a fuel, upgraded to pipeline quality gas or used as a chemical pipeline quality gas or used as a chemical feedstock. In general the coal used in these gasification schemes would be strip mined. The processes typically require considerable equipment and are as such quite expensive.
In the 19th century, a new process scheme was proposed and has recently attracted considerable attention. This scheme is that of in situ gasification. Conventional strip mining techniques are useful in extracting coal to a depth of approximately 200 feet below ground level. In situ recovery of coal offers the possibility of extracting coal to depths which possibility of extracting coal to depths which are not practical by more conventional techniques. As an example in New Mexico, coal is known to occur to depths in excess of 5000 feet below the surface. In fact, in excess of 95% of the coal in that state is not recoverable by present strip mining methods. The gasification of coal in place provides a potential means of reaching deposits not otherwise available for recovery due to their excessive depth and thin seams.
In addition to advantages obtained by reaching deposits not otherwise available, in situ techniques may very well be the most economic method for gasifying coal. It is possible that considerable advantage can be realized by the elimination of surface gasification equipment.
Fractional Flow Curves Derived by TDT Logs and Production Tests
Authors: Beaver M.H. , Lindley B.W. , McGhee B.F. 
Published: December 2007

American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers Inc.

Abstract
In 1973, a (TDT*) logging program was initiated at Mobil Oil Corporation's West Ranch Field, Jackson County, Texas. This program had two objectives, to gain new data program had two objectives, to gain new data for an evaluation of the reserve status of each reservoir and to determine an optimum placement of perforations for a workover placement of perforations for a workover program. program. Thirty four wells have been evaluated from TDT data. Production tests of four major reservoirs in 22 of these wells were used with associated initial production tests to empirically derive Fractional Flow Curves for each reservoir. The plot for each reservoir is different. Yet each has the characteristic shape similar to a typical laboratory fractional flow curve.
When sufficient TDT and well test data are combined in a Fractional Flow Plot, the plot can be used to predict fractional flow plot can be used to predict fractional flow prior to perforating. Comparing this forecast prior to perforating. Comparing this forecast to actual production tests provides a guideline as to whether or not the test data reflects the true potential of the perforated interval.

Introduction
Preferential fluid flow in a permeability stratified reservoir can cause an operator to make poor decisions if he uses the "squeeze and shoot higher" practice prevalent in past years. The higher production rates demanded of today's operators intensify this problem. With higher production rates, water can move through higher permeability strata watering-out wells leaving undrained areas of a reservoir in less permeable stringers. On recompletion of a well in such an area, the operator tends to believe that his original reserve estimates were in error and can result in the loss of appreciable reserves, and cause unnecessary well work. This text describes a practical field technique which was used to aid the operator in dealing with this problem. problem. In 1973, Mobil Oil Corporation, initiated a re-evaluation of the West Ranch Field, Jackson County, Texas. This field was drilled in the late 1940's and early 1950's. The West Ranch Field is approximately six miles in length, four miles in width and covers some 10,400 productive acres. A "Type Log" is included for reference, Figure 1. Average data for each reservoir is listed in Table 1.
Tertiary Oil Recovery with Cellulose Derivatives as Water Thickeners
Authors: Falk David O. , Norton Charles 
Published: December 2007

American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers Inc.

Abstract
A large number of cellulose derivatives were investigated for the effects of gram molecular weight, nature of substitution, and control of substitution on their respective performances as water thickeners in the mobility buffer in the Maraflood (trade mark) oil recovery process in laboratory 3" × 2' linear Berea cores. The best performances obtained with carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) derivatives of one million gram molecular weight, uniformly substituted to about 0.7–0.9 of a total 3.0 with sodium carboxymethyl groups on the glucose hydroxyl functions.
The best CMC tertiary oil recoveries compare quite favorably with results obtained with Dow 700 partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (PHPA) and Kelzan MF xanthan gum.

Introduction
This presentation summarizes our research on cellulose derivatives, especially carboxylcellulose (CMC). These commercial and research products were obtained from Herclules Corporation, products were obtained from Herclules Corporation, Dow Chemical Company, and Union Carbide. comparisons are also made with guar derivatives.
Chemical and physical properties, synergistic interactions, stability data, mobility control properties, and oil recoveries from prepared cores are presented. prepared cores are presented. Cellulose derivatives may be used to improve efficiency of waterflood displacement of oil in tertiary recoveries. Optimumly, substituted, high molecular weight carboxymethylated cellulose derivatives give good tertiary oil recoveries in Berea cores in the 250 to 1500 ppm concentration range. This approaches performances of Dow 700 Pusher polymer, a partially hydrolyzed Pusher polymer, a partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (PHPA), and Kelzan MF xanthan gum. polyacrylamide (PHPA), and Kelzan MF xanthan gum. Cellulose derivatives are comparable to xanthan gum in shear stability and salt sensitivity and superior to PHPA in these properties.

EXPERIMENTAL

REAGENTS.
Water-soluble cellulose derivatives of various types were investigated and are summarized in Table 1. Their solution characteristics depend upon the average chain length and the degree of substitution of functional groups.
Two types of cellulose ethers were tested:ionic sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)hydroxyalkyl hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC).
Satellite Sea Ice Investigation of Beaufort Sea, Alaska
Authors: McLeod Wilfred , Hodder David T. 
Published: December 2007

American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers Inc.

Abstract
Recent Nimbus 5 microwave (ESMR) satellite studies have cast serious doubt on the validity of USN Polar Atlas pack ice data. This paper reports on a study using LANDSAT-1 and -2 multispectral imagery and DAPP thermal infrared imagery to study, quantify and delineate Beaufort Sea ice conditions prevailing at intermediate stages of new ice formation and at break-up. From these data it will then be possible to evaluate the relative operational possible to evaluate the relative operational hazards associated with specific areas, and to study year to year regional variations.

Introduction
Virtually all Arctic operations are restricted by the severe climatic conditions that prevail. Yet paradoxically, these regions suffer from a universal scarcity of the environmental data required for planning and execution of logistics, exploration, and production. The recent spurt o exploration for Arctic offshore "frontier reserves" has resulted in an additional dimension, shortened time available to collect the required information by traditional oceanographic and meteorological methods. Furthermore, the cost of these traditional marine measurements, while always high, is compounded by time constraints and the severity of the climate. Although the region is usually ice-free in summer, it has a severe and complex icing problem. Annual ice buildup begins along shorelines and in shallow areas, but its movement thereafter is not fully understood. The need exists for a synoptic "time lapse study" of the ice formation and the possible paths for its movement as a function of variations in surface winds, ocean currents, wave action and the like. Indeed, the understanding of these latter environmental factors as potential operational hazards in their own light is a critical need.
Sea ice affects all logistical operations involved with exploration, platform siting, production and ultimately, product storage and transport. Of particular interest is estimation of ice thickness to aid in design of structures capable of resisting the implied ice forces.
Clay Stabilization Improves Sand Control
Authors: Tague J. R. , Lewallen S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In a recent study, Chevron tested the capability of clay stabilizers to improve sand control in the Coalinga field. The need for improved sand control was driven by the high frequency of pump failures and associated increase in operating expense (OPEX). Before the clay stabilization treatments, most sand control efforts were focused on improving pump design and the continual replacement of old or worn-out slotted liners (re-drills). In a desire to improve overall returns and to reduce OPEX, a study was launched to determine the primary causes of sand entry and to improve overall sand control through clay stabilization.
The study initially gathered and analyzed data on the formation including sieve analysis, mineralogical analysis, and SEM microphotographs. Mineralogical analysis and SEM photographs obtained from core samples showed the grains to be weakly cemented by a combination of smectite and illite clays. Based on this data, a hypothesis was developed stating that wellbore sand entry was preceded by the release of the cementing clays, and thus by corollary, sand control could be improved by preventing the migration and release of the binding clays. To test this hypothesis, multiple wells were treated with a clay stabilizer designed to strengthen the chemical bond of the clays. To date, 22 wells have been treated for sand control, with 14 qualified successes. Based on these results, a standard treatment procedure has been designed, and candidate selection criteria developed. Overall, clay stabilization appears to be a quick and inexpensive method for improving sand control, especially when combined with more traditional methods.
Redevelopment Activities in the Carpinteria Field Offshore Santa Barbara County, California: Slimhole Horizontals Reap Big Benefits
Authors: Fleckenstein W. W. , Coombs S. F. , Edwards E. B. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Pacific Operators Offshore Inc. (POOI) as the operator of 3 leases within the Carpinteria field participated in two projects with the DOE that supported the planning and implementation of the Offshore Carpinteria Field redevelopment. The first was the Advanced Reservoir Management (ARM) Project, which used 3-D modeling and simulation to better identify target intervals for redevelopment. During the ARM project a 19 well workover program was initiated. The ARM project directly supported the second undertaking, a Class III field demonstration project. This included 6 redrills: 2 vertical pilots and 4 horizontal wells. Reservoir characterization efforts included extensive petrophysical and geologic work to thoroughly map and correlate the productive intervals and identify targets, which contained oil bypassed by the natural water drive. Drilling and completion accomplishments include the use of a modified workover rig (240,000 lb. mast) to drill the slimhole wells from 7" casing, and produce the non-gravel packed wells with rod driven production systems.
Only 19% of the estimated 521 million bbl original oil in place have been produced (98 million bbl) field wide. The analysis of the Carpinteria field and successful pilot 6 well drilling project has led to an extensive redevelopment plan. The initial results of the redevelopment program have been encouraging, with an additional production of 300,000 BOE. The tentative redevelopment plans include 18 to 27 horizontal wells, 5 to 9 vertical redrills, 20 to 30 workovers, a pilot waterflood, and possibly a full field waterflood project.