bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Distribution of Income Among Wage Workers in Railway Employment, 1939-47
Authors: McDougall John L. 
Published: June 2006

It has been a truism that the distribution of income is relatively fixed. The slope of the Pareto curve of income may change slightly in the various stages of the business cycle; but it oscillates about a norm, it does not fluctuate at random. It conforms itself to relative productivity.Relative income is important socially as well as economically. Income is one of the major yardsticks by which people establish themselves in a social hierarchy; and any attempt to alter the income pattern may be expected to produce serious disturbances. The new situation can persist only if the relative supplies of labour of different grades are correspondingly altered. Otherwise unemployment may be expected.The distribution of income among wage-earners has been sharply altered since 1939. There was a very strong tendency to give wage increases as so many cents per hour and not as a given percentage of the previous wage. The cost of living bonus was so designed; and its pattern was followed by the large industrial unions when they demanded further wage increases. The total of increases given in this fashion was large enough to narrow sharply the percentage spreads between the skilled and the unskilled occupations. The present situation is one of unstable equilibrium and the study which follows attempts to measure the degree of distortion in the wage structure and therefore to indicate how much change must be made in it before it is again normal. The broad fact is clear; all that can be claimed for this paper is that it helps to give precision to what is now vague common knowledge.
The Liberal Convention of 1893
Authors: Lederle John W. 
Published: June 2006

The year 1948 goes down in the history of Canadian politics as the year of national party conventions. Meeting at Ottawa, both the Liberals and the Conservatives used national party conventions to select new national leaders, to revitalize their national party organizations, and to revamp their party platforms. The C.C.F., meeting in Winnipeg, although not in the throes of change of party leadership, likewise used a national convention as a vehicle for discussion of organization and platform problems. That the questions of leadership, organization, and platform are properly subjects for deliberation by representative assemblies of party stalwarts is today unquestioned in Canada.Yet, so far as the Liberal and Conservative parties are concerned, acceptance of the convention procedure for consideration of important party matters is based upon limited experience. While national party conclaves have not been uncommon, national party “conventions” especially designed to include delegates selected by and representing the individual federal ridings have been infrequent. Actually, the first truly representative national convention after confederation was that of the Liberal party in 1893.1 In 1919, Mackenzie King was selected as leader of the party at another great convention2 and it was not until 1948 that the Liberals met again. As a party in opposition, whose path back into office has been far from smooth, the Conservatives have in recent years had more occasion to use national party conventions. They assembled in 1927, 1938, 1942,3 and again in 1948.The national party convention appears to have challenged the role of the party’s elected members of parliament as the dominating ruler of the party in selecting the party leader and formulating the party platform and organization. Of course the parliamentary party group plays a prominent part in convention proceedings, but the significant thing is that the parliamentary group now must, in some instances, exercise its influence through the medium of a representative convention in which the members of parliament can be outvoted by the local delegates.
The New Fidelity
Authors: Watkins F. M. 
Published: June 2006

For some time past the market has been flooded with books and articles on the weaknesses of modern liberalism. They differ on many points, but on one at least they show a remarkable degree of agreement. What liberalism lacks, it seems, is a truly living faith. The Communists are united throughout the world in passionate allegiance to the doctrines of orthodox Marxism, and are inspired thereby to prodigies of self-confident action. The supporters of constitutional democracy, on the other hand, are paralysed by doubts and self-questionings. The only way to remedy this situation, so the argument runs, is to restore liberalism as a fighting faith, and to arm liberals with a doctrine at least as sure and fanatical as that of their enemies. Attempts to discover such a doctrine, or laments for its non-existence, have become one of the staple products of current political thought.Out of this background there has emerged a movement which is best described as “The New Fidelity.” “The Revival of Christianity” would be a more usual, but less accurate designation for this particular current of thought. For true Christians love of Christ is the end of human existence, and everything else is significant only as a means to that end. The New Fidelity is distinguished not by faith in Christ, but by faith in faith. Starting from the proposition that the end of human existence is to achieve political and social stability, it regards belief in Christ as a desirable and even indispensable means to the attainment of this end. Unlike Christianity, it has its eyes fixed not on a heavenly but on an earthly kingdom.
Immigration and Economic Development
Authors: Corbett D. C. 
Published: June 2006

During the last two centuries economic and demographic changes have taken place with unprecedented speed. The population of the world, after several centuries of stability, has increased from 728 million in 1750, to 1,171 million in 1850, and then to 2,171 million in 1940, a phenomenal leap of 1 billion in ninety years. Meanwhile the European whites, the most prolific of the world's races in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, were streaming overseas. From 1815 to the 1920's, some 55 million Europeans emigrated; about 19 million of them were from the British Isles. Some 36 million settled in the United States, over 4 million in Canada, 10 million in South America.The outlines of the demographic phenomena associated with this expansion are well known; perhaps even better known are the revolutionary agricultural, scientific, industrial, and commercial changes of the same period. The succession of events need not be traced here; and of the actual increase in aggregate or per capita productivity of the industrialized nations no precise estimate can be made. The rise in the gross value of international trade from $3 billion in 1840 to $40 billion in 1913 is one indication of the expansion of economies.
The Gold Standard in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Michell H. 
Published: June 2006

On May 1, 1851, Queen Victoria, accompanied by the Prince Consort, to whom must be given credit for the undertaking, with the royal family, the ministers of state, ambassadors, and a great throng of all who were famous in the United Kingdom, opened the Great Exhibition housed in the Crystal Palace, “that blazing arch of lucid glass.” A massed choir of a thousand voices—the Victorians loved massed choirs and massed orchestras—sang an ode composed by Tennyson, the Poet Laureate, in which they praised “the invisible, universal Lord,”Who lets once more in peace the nations meet,Where Science, Art and Labour have outpour'dTheir myriad horns of plenty at our feet.The exhibition was off to a good start, and its success was phenomenal. Fourteen thousand exhibitors from all the leading nations of the world had brought the best they had of their wares. Six million visitors, brought to England by the new steamships and to London by the new railways, came to see the marvels displayed, and thought it all very wonderful. And it was wonderful; nothing like it had ever been seen before. It was the apotheosis of the Industrial Revolution. The Victorians believed in Progress; they had every reason to believe in it and the Crystal Palace was its outward and visible sign. The entrepreneurs, the manufacturers were entirely satisfied with things. Everything was for the best in the best of all possible worlds. God was in his heaven and all was right everywhere; or at least it was all right in Manchester where they made fortunes from cottons; and in the Black Country where, under the shadow of those “dark satanic mills” which had vexed the gentle soul of William Blake, they were making even greater fortunes.
The Theory of Elections in Single-Member Constituencies
Authors: Black Duncan 
Published: June 2006

Which candidate ought to be elected in a single-member constituency if all that we take into account is the order in which each of the electors ranks the various candidates? The most reasonable answer, I think, is that that candidate ought to be elected who, on the whole or on the average, stands highest on the electors' schedules of preferences.At the very outset of the argument we try to move from the is to the ought and to jump the unbridgeable chasm between the universe of science and that of morals. Some discussion of this step should be given, even though it does no more than point out the assumptions under which the jump is made.We assume that, in a constituency which is to elect a single member, we know the order in which the candidates are ranked on the schedule of preferences of each elector. If the electors had only been allowed to cast a single vote and the record of this was all the information at our disposal, inevitably, I think, we would have to conclude that the candidate most deserving of election was the one with the greatest number of first-preference votes. As against this, however, our assumption will be that each elector expresses his attitude to each of the candidates in the field, and that we have this record of the electors' attitudes.
Malthus on the High Price of Provisions
Authors: Johnson Harry G. 
Published: June 2006

Malthus's Investigation of the High Price of Provisions, hitherto available in Canada only on microfilm, is a pamphlet well worth republication here both for its topicality and its economic content. Many of Malthus's views on inflation, particularly his discussion of opposing theories, have direct application to current economic controversy. And while the late Lord Keynes, with that excess of generosity which he reserved for the underdog in academic debates, seems to have exaggerated the extent to which Malthus here expounds the principle of effective demand, the pamphlet does anticipate several important elements of the modern theory of income determination.The Investigation was written in a hurry—in much the same way as a modern British economist takes time from his academic pursuits to dash off a quick pamphlet setting the public straight on some problem of grave national importance. It records, Malthus says elsewhere, “an idea which struck him so strongly as he rode on horseback from Hastings to Town” that he stopped two days in his “garret in town,” “sitting up till two o'clock to finish it that it might come out before the meeting of Parliament.” As a result of this rapid writing, it is clear, incisive, and delightfully personal, in the manner of the first Essay; by the second Essay, for reasons of his own, he had reduced his style to a pedantic verbosity almost worthy of Adam Smith himself.
John Maynard Keynes
Authors: Timlin Mabel F. 
Published: June 2006

I Have been asked, before introducing the speakers, to take a quarter-hour to pay tribute on behalf of this Association to the memory of the great economist whose life and work are the subjects of this evening's meeting. I propose to use these few minutes to inquire very briefly into the philosophy and characteristics which made Lord Keynes so great a human being, perhaps as nearly a whole person as the twentieth century can show us.In a recent article Mr. Harrod has expressed the conviction that Keynes had a more distinguished mind than Ricardo. There is food for reflection in the fact that Ricardian thought developed along two quite different lines, one through the so-called Manchester School and the other through the Christian Socialists and Karl Marx, and that Keynesian influences are already showing a similar bifurcation. On the one hand, we find developing a stereotype labelled a “Keynesian,” presumably preoccupied with unemployment, with a simple philosophy based upon the possibility of management of the economic macrocosm through monetary and fiscal means. On the other hand, we find Marxists claiming Keynes and non-Marxists repudiating him on the ground that the “philosophic implications” of his “doctrines” are Marxist in nature.With respect to the first line of development, it seems to me that Keynes's devotion was to ends rather than to means, that he viewed means always as experimental, and that it is a central conviction in his personal philosophy that we do not know how human beings will react to a change in environment. For that reason, and also because circumstances alter with the passage of time, we must be prepared always to alter economic modes, or even to “reverse a process” which has been initiated. This is not the philosophy of the Keynesian stereotype.
Problems in the Administration of Canadian Resources
Authors: Keenleyside H. L. 
Published: June 2006

The expansion of Europe and the industrial revolution brought about revolutionary changes in the life of humanity, changes that had no counterpart in the previous history of the human race. The European peasant of 1700 or even of 1800 could have adjusted himself readily to the life of the agricultural communities in the valleys of the Nile or Euphrates in the year 5000 B.C. He would have been completely bewildered and frightened by the life of the farmers of Alberta or Kansas in 1950. A similar metamorphosis has taken place in the lives of other classes of society during the last two centuries. It is true that many of the commercial practices of the present day can be traced back to the earliest periods of recorded history, but while the clerks of King Hammurabi could have quickly adapted themselves to the handling of the commercial and financial problems of Henry VIII, they would have required a good deal of post-graduate training before they could have made the additional and very much briefer transition into the life of the twentieth century.Radical as have been the changes in the forms and content of civilization since the Italian and English and Spanish and French explorers of the sixteenth century followed the sun westward across the Atlantic, there is no evidence that the process of change is terminating or even slowing down. Indeed, the contrary is true. As the changes of the nineteenth century exceeded those of several millenia, today the changes of a decade are likely to surpass those of the preceding hundred years.
Disequilibrium-Pricing Versus Inconsistent Preferences in Unemployment Theory
Authors: Dehem Roger 
Published: June 2006

Apart from the voluminous literature on pragmatic issues of employment policy written after the appearance of J. M. Keynes's General Theory, relatively few authors have probed the conceptual foundations of unemployment theories. The object of this essay is to review or reinterpret the main analytical systems that have been used in attempts to explain unemployment, to discuss their relevance to reality, and to suggest an alternative model.Consistency as an Optimum Property of Classical General Equilibrium Systems. Classical general equilibrium theory, in particular Pareto's system, may be interpreted in two ways: either in the sense that once the equilibrium values of the variables are realized, the economic system will remain stationary as long as the parameters of the equations remain unchanged; or, and this applies to Pareto more than to Walras, in the sense that the equilibrium values, in a certain competitive framework, represent an “optimum” situation, any deviation from which involves a welfare-loss.The set of equilibrium prices and quantities is the solution of a system of equations implicitly assumed to be consistent. The equilibrium values are in fact those that render mutually compatible the results of the maximizing behaviour of individuals, given the psychological and technological parameters and the initial distribution of assets. In order to yield an equilibrium solution, a system of equations must be consistent. But, although consistency is necessary for an optimum solution, it is not sufficient.
Co-operative Central Banking in Canada
Authors: Croteau J. T. 
Published: June 2006

In the Spring of 1951, after more than three years of planning, the organized leadership of the Canadian co-operative movement made a determined effort to persuade the Government of Canada to support before Parliament a bill to incorporate a national co-operative credit society–a national co-operative central bank. While this attempt did not succeed, the co-operative leaders, far from abandoning the proposal, intensified their efforts to secure this incorporation, and a campaign is being conducted throughout the country. In this article an examination will be made of the central co-operative credit societies now existing in the different provinces of Canada; their economic function will be considered and elements of strength and weakness found in them will be analysed. While the emphasis will centre on the provincial units, certain observations on the proposed national co-operative credit society will also be made.The principles of co-operative banking can be derived from observation of existing institutions. During the 1930's well-developed systems of co-operative credit were operating in almost every civilized country in the world. While these banking systems professed a certain similarity of purpose, embracing such characteristics as non-profit operation, low interest rates to borrowers, the accumulation of funds for the development of co-operatives, and the like, they exhibited a wide variety of organizational structures. Some of these societies served only co-operatives, while others dealt with the general public; some served only credit societies, others all types of co-operatives; some were primarily systems of agricultural credit, while others served urban tradesmen and producers; some operated under the aegis of the state while others were independent of state aid; some practised open membership, while others accepted as members only certain racial or religious segments of the population. Thus the problem of classification of co-operative banking systems is a difficult one.
The Use of Sampling Procedures and Role Theory in Sociological Research
Authors: Hall Oswald 
Published: June 2006

This paper is a consideration of the possibility of combining sampling procedures and role theory as methods of social research. It is one contention of this study that these are currently the chief centres of interest in sociological theorizing. The first, shared by several other sciences, is part of a broader interest in statistical procedures. The other is an integral part of the renewed interest in the study of social organization as such.On the surface it might appear that these two interests are complementary in character, and that both would share in the attention of persons inclined to considerations of theory. Actually the situation is quite otherwise. Students in the two fields have remained isolated from each other to an eminent degree. The intent of this paper is to attempt a bridge between these two interests, by exploring the possibility of extending the techniques of sampling to the analysis of social organization.The paper is divided into three parts. The first section is a very abbreviated introduction to some general features of sampling procedures and of the nature of social organization. The second part is a consideration of a specific study in each of the two fields. The final section deals with the application of both types of approach to a research situation.
Industrial Relations Research and Social Theory
Authors: Hart C. W. M. 
Published: June 2006

The aim of this paper is to consider the connexion between social theory and research in the field of “industrial relations,” drawing particularly upon the empirical data which have been acquired by a sociological investigation of the city of Windsor, Ontario. Even a cursory investigation of a city like Windsor indicates certain tendencies to be at work in highly unionized towns which do not seem to be adequately encompassed by the existing literature of industrial relations. We are concerned here to define what these tendencies are, to suggest some of the inadequacies of existing theory to handle them and to indicate a more adequate theoretical basis for the discussion of them.The traditional academic and research approach to trade unionism has always been that of economics, and it is usually within an economic framework that unionism is discussed. A sociologist, however, who approaches the subject for the first time, begins immediately to wonder why trade unions should have become, in our universities and research institutions, so exclusively matter for study by economists, whereas other social groupings in which men live and to which they give their time and their loyalties—churches, for example, or gangs, or families—have not excited the slightest interest on the part of that discipline. The answer to this question has its roots, it would seem, in the classical view that since everything in the market is a commodity, and labour is in the market, therefore labour is a commodity, and as such, has to be treated and studied by the academic discipline whose job it is to analyse market factors, of which labour costs are one.
The Role of the Union Nationale Party in Quebec Politics, 1935–48
Authors: Quinn Herbert F. 
Published: June 2006

The basic characteristics of Quebec parties and politics have always been somewhat of an unknown quantity in the rest of Canada. The average English-speaking Canadian finds it difficult to appreciate the significance of the issues on which electoral battles are won and lost, the underlying ideology of Quebec parties, and the relationships existing between these parties and those of the rest of Canada. This difficulty is particularly apparent when he focuses his attention on the political developments of the last fifteen years which have resulted in the emergence of the Union Nationale party of Mr. Maurice Duplessis as the dominant party in the province.It is proposed in this paper to throw some light on this little-known area in the field of Canadian politics by presenting an analysis of the nature of the new party, the factors which have resulted in its rise to power, its relationships with federal parties, and finally the future role it may be expected to play in Quebec politics.In order to understand the nature of the Union Nationale, and the reason for the dominant position it holds in the political life of the province today, we must analyse its growth against the background of the Nationalist movement which swept the province in the early thirties, and which still is the most important factor in the thinking of the French Canadian. This Nationalist movement had two phases, the first from around 1930 up to 1939, and the second from 1939 to 1948. Examination of the first phase will show the reasons for the birth of the Union Nationale and the nature of the policies for which it stood. Consideration of the second phase will reveal the further stages in the evolution of the party after its defeat in the provincial election of 1939, and the factors entering into its slow but steady progress towards the smashing victory of 1948.