bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE GEDIZ EARTHQUAKE: RECONSTRUCTION BETWEEN 1970 & 1977
Authors: Germen Aydin 
Published: December 2007

Our observations in Gediz weremadein 1970,1973,1975 and 1977. Information was collected in each of these trips but the fullest interviewing took place in 1977.Some of the people interviewed evaded our questions and many would not talk freely. This was mainly in New Gediz, where we were often referred to the mayor. Gediz has had three mayors since the earthquake, but the present mayor is fully informed on the aid which has arrived since the earthquake. He was generous with this information and his opinionEqually generous and gracious were the members of an informal association concerned with the revival of Old Gediz. In addition, we were able to talk to people in public places and to shopkeepers. Our contacts on the street were rather fewWe visited Akcaalan in 1975 and 1977, conducting interviews in both years. Much of the information and opinion was collected in two coffee shops. The mayor, Mr. M. Taskin, impressed us with his precision and graciousness.
RISK ANALYSIS OF THE 1970 SAN ANTONIO DIPHTHERIA EPIDEMIC*
Authors: Quesada Gustavo M. , Cameron James M. , Anderson Dwane E. , Kaufert Joseph M. 
Published: December 2007

Prediction of disease patterns for communicable diseases with low prevalence rates is difficult because of the random variations inherent in the data Smoothing of prevalence or incidence data prior to the analysis may facilitate these predictions.All of the analyses are based on census tract characterisiics. The disadvantages of this type of data are that the boundaries are arbitraty and lead to some heterogenous tracts. Also, the analyses depend totally on aggregate rather than individual data. The advantage of working with this type of data is its availability for all metropolitan areas.The San Antonio diphtheria epidemic has been previously referred to as an ethnic epidemic. This paper shows that it is even more an epidemic of lower socioeconomic groups. In this region of the country, socioeconomic characteristics are almost indistinguishable.
Future Disaster Planning In The United Kingdom*
Authors: Savage P.E.A 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARY

An ideal integrated national disaster plan would include the following points:
First aid training for the general population.
Advanced training in critical care for ambulance men.
Principles of triage for all emergency services.
Application of triage by trained ambulance men.
Spreading the casualty load (where possible) to a number of receiving hospitals.
The setting up of local disaster co‐ordinating committees.
The more widespread dissemination of disaster information and reports.
An examination of health data following two major earthquakes in Russia
Authors: Beinin L. 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYThus the hazards to health observed from these two earthquakes can be summarised as follows:

massive immediate damage, the main victims being women and children;
the seriously injured suffer mainly from fractures (17%), head injuries (15–30%) and soft tissue conusions with haemhorrage;
a change in the physical features of a country which unfavourably affect the environment;
some time after the earthquake the appearance of communicable disease;
increases in cases of cardiovascular disease neuroses and psychoses.
MEDICAL MISSION TO A REFUGEE CAMP IN THAILAND
Authors: Adler J. , Bodner E. , Stein S. Born , Goldfarb J. , Engelhard D. , Naparstek J. , Norkin B. , Sack J. , Shemer S. , Weiler D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract—
During the latter part of 1979, hundreds of thousands of Kampuchean refugees fled from all parts of their war‐and hunger‐ridden country to the Thai–Cambodian border, thousands perishing from hunger, disease and by stepping onto mine fields on their way. The majority of those who survived settled in several large villages straddling the border in relative security from the advancing Vietnamese army, receiving food and medical supplies from many international welfare organizations.Widespread public interest in the plight of these refugees arose in Israel after a television program late in October 1979, and a public campaign was initiated by Mr. Abie Nathan, an Israeli citizen. The ensuing large‐scale fund raising efforts resulted in the substantial sum of 1.2 million dollars, most of which originated from private donations. These contributions enabled the Israeli government to equip 5 medical teams and send them to Thailand, covering the last 2 months of 1979 and the first 4 months of 1980.The first medical team, consisting of 5 physicians and 4 medics started i t s work in the camp of SaKaeo in Thailand on 4th November 1979.This paper summarizes our experiences in this refugee camp.
THE DEVELOPMENT AND PRACTICE OF EMERGENCY AND DISASTER MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES
Authors: Feldstein Bruce 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYAccidents and sudden illness constitutes a major public health problem in many countries. Emergency medicine had developed as a vigorous new specialty in the U.S. and has fully integrated itself within the American medical and hospital system to provide improved emergency medical care. Emergency medicine plays a central role in disaster medical services, planning, and management and is the only specialty in American civilian medicine that includes disaster medicine as a primary field within its domain. Now that the basic framework of emergency medicine has been established, the American College of Emergency Physicians is implementing a nationwide training program on disaster planning and management for emergency physicians.
Malnutrition and anaemia among Somali refugee children in long term camps
Authors: Dunbar Sally 
Published: December 2007

In a long term Somali refugee camp where nutritional and general health status of children is now considered satisfactory and stable, a randomized community based survey of 300 children under five years was undertaken. Results indicate that the prevalence of protein‐energy malnutrition is rising again: 17.3% of children are <80% median weight/height and 1.7% are <70%median weight/height. In addition, there is a high prevalence of anaemia: 50.5% have a haemoglobin level <9g% and 10.8%≤6g%. This cannot be explained by chronic malaria as the spleen rate is only 2%. Stool examination of 161 children show 29.8% to have evidence of Giardia Lamblia infection but this is not statistically correlated with either anaemia or with protein‐energy malnutrition. Other potentially pathogenic parasites are uncommon and no hookworm is seen. Examination of blood films of anaemic children shows hypochromia as a striking feature.It is concluded that nutritional deficiencies are a likely major factor in the aetiology of the anaemia. Both protein‐energy malnutrition and anaemia seem related to the weaning period. Food rations for refugees, although adequate for short term needs, may be qualitatively deficient for long term subsistence, especially as regards young children.
A multi‐hazard history of Antigua*
Authors: Lewis James 
Published: December 2007

Antigua experiences earthquakes, droughts and hurricanes. To isolate for study each of these as they occur, would be to over simplify the inter‐relationships between the aftereffects of one and the occurrence and the effects of the next. Moreover, there will be conditions arising from factors outside the natural disaster spectrum which bear upon, and are themselves affected by, all of these phenomena.This interplay of events and conditions is readily illustrated in the case of island countries, which have a natural and clearly defined containment. Such interrelationships suggest a complex human‐ecological system which must be recognized if environmental balance and compatability are to be maintained – particularly in respect of hazards. This documentary analysis of the colonial era in Antigua, has to conclude for the time being with questions concerning the environmental effectiveness of imported systems of administration which, with no knowledge of comparable natural hazards, assumed sectoral separation.
Shelters from the storm: A note on the geography of hurricane shelters in Barbados, 1982
Authors: Scantlebury Michael G. 
Published: December 2007

Barbados, a small island of 166 square miles in the Caribbean, with a population of 246,416 persons, has a total of 177 emergency shelters with a known capacity of 20,623 persons. The average shelter capacity is 117 persons and the total known shelter capacity represents 8.4% of the population.The spatial arrangement of the grade I shelters, as seen relative to the 1980 population census map by grouped enumeration districts, reveals that there are many areas and persons, who, in time of emergency, will not be able to avail themselves of the protection of a shelter.
Hurricanes and agriculture: Losses and remedial actions*
Authors: Hammerton John L. , George Calixte , Pilgrim Ronald 
Published: December 2007

Hurricanes cause serious and long‐term damage to the Agricultural sectors of Caribbean countries. Bananas and tree crops are defoliated, snapped or uprooted and food crops may be flooded or washed away. Recovery takes time and money as both the production bases and the infrastructure are damaged or destroyed. National economies do not have the resources to expedite recovery without aid. An account is given of the actions taken to estimate losses and prepare rehabilitation plans after Hurricanes David (1979) in Dominica and Allen (1980) in St. Lucia and St. Vincent.The implementation of funding agency‐assisted agricultural rehabilitation programmes is also described. Some steps that farmers can take to reduce loss of food are suggested.
The impact of refugees on the health status and health services of host communities: Compounding bad with worse?
Authors: Dick Bruce 
Published: December 2007

Although there have been a number of recent developments in our understanding of refugee health problems that have influenced policies and action, the effects of refugees on the health status and services of host communities remain relatively neglected. This article sets out to explain why this is an important issue with implications for policy, planning surveillance and evaluation, training and research.The first sections outline some of the problems facing host governments and communities in Africa and discuss the changing rhetoric between the first and second International Conferences for Assistance to Refugees in Africa. A number of possible ways in which refugees could affect the individual, agent and environmental causes of disease are considered, as are the characteristics of the refugees, the host communities and the response which may all modify this impact.Policy implications of the impact of the refugees, both negative and positive, are discussed, and detailed consideration is given to the pros and cons of integrated and parallel approaches to health care provision. The need to monitor carefully the health status and services of host communities is emphasized and recommendations are made for this and other essential developments relating to training and research.
The politics of disaster – Nicaragua
Authors: Bommer Julian 
Published: December 2007

The occurrence of natural disasters, such as floods and earthquakes, are, in themselves, beyond oar control. However, careful preparation before such events, and the correct management of the problem once it occurs, can both lead to major redaction of the suffering involved.Disaster preparation and emergency planning are both inextricably linked to politics and economics, both on a national and an international scale. Disasters themselves raise a number of issues of a political or economic nature, and die response to a natural disaster both in the short and the long term is largely determined by the political relations within a country, and between that country and the international community.This paper examines these issues by taking the examples of the earthquake of Managua, Nicaragua in 1972 and the flooding that occurred in Nicaragua in 1982. These two natural disasters occurred under different administrations in Nicaragua, and tills allows some interesting comparisons.
The development of aid agency policy on the use of imported biscuits in emergency relief
Authors: Young Helen 
Published: December 2007

During 1985 more than 5,000 tonnes of biscuits consisting of twenty‐eight different brands were sent to Ethiopia and Sudan for emergency relief feeding. They were freely available to recognized agencies operating feeding programmes. Biscuits were popular with programme supervisors as few resources (fuel, staff and personnel) were required for their preparation and distribution. They were also popular with beneficiaries.Different aspects of biscuits were examined and characteristics considered important included: nutritional composition, acceptability to beneficiaries, packaging, the biscuit dimensions, shelf‐life and accompanying information (nutritional composition, ingredients and guidelines for use).The results of a field study indicated that biscuits have a limited, but useful, role to play in the early stages of emergency relief. Based on the study, guidelines for both donors and users, on the use of food aid biscuits were developed, which emphasize their joint responsibility in minimizing the misuse of biscuits.
Food aid and food crisis in Sub‐Saharan Africa: Statistical trends and implications*
Authors: Benson Charlotte , Clay Edward J. 
Published: December 2007

This paper documents the rapid expansion and changes in food aid flows to Sub‐Saharan Africa up to mid‐1985.Trends for Sub‐Saharan Africa as a whole and for the more seriously affected countries are examined, as are the comparative experiences of food aid of individual countries in the region. Table 11 lists the Sub‐Saharan African countries and indicates the most seriously affected food‐short countries, as defined by the WFP/FAO task force.It should be borne in mind that some practical problems exist in compiling data on food aid. These include lack of availability of reliable data, especially of most recent data; lack of common terminology and definitions; and different accounting systems. These data problems are sometimes a source of confusion. However, the basic facts are clear: food aid gradually emerged during the early 1980s as a resource too often of considerable significance to many countries of Sub‐Saharan Africa. These trends were only accelerated with the crisis of 1984–1985. These facts provide a point of reference for further analysis of the sources of the crisis, its actual dimensions and consequences.
Evaluative Research in a Refugee Camp: The Effectiveness of Community Health Workers in Khao I Dang Holding Center, Thailand
Authors: KELLER SHERYL , MONGKOLPUET LISA POLLEY 
Published: December 2007

An evaluation of Khmer refugee public health services found a strong cultural preference for older females as Community Health Workers (CHWs), in contrast to the young males employed. Class conflicts were identified between educated, upper‐class CHWs and the uneducated camp majority. Poor community acceptance of the CHWs impaired their effectiveness, and was attributed to age, sex and socioeconomic barriers. Based on these evaluation findings, the refugee health program was restructured to include a preponderance of female workers. A repeat survey demonstrated enhanced program effectiveness following this change.Selection of refugee health workers should be based on intrinsic community roles, taking age, sex, socioeconomic and other group distinctions into account. Additional research is needed on the adaptation of community health principles to the refugee context.
Tuberculosis in a Refugee Camp: A campaign to reduce transmission
Authors: TOSCAN LETIZIA , RICHARD MICHELLE 
Published: December 2007

In November 1985, tuberculosis was highly prevalent among the 6,250 Tigrayan refugees ofFau I camp in Eastern Sudan. It was therefore decided to launch an active case‐finding campaign aimed at decreasing transmission, to be carried out by primary health care workers. The entire population of the camp was screened for symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis and the sputum of people with productive cough was examined by direct microscopy. However, it was considered that this examination was insufficiently sensitive in the camp situation. For this reason, people with non‐productive cough or sputum‐negative were enrolled in a follow‐up program whose length was determined by the severity of their symptoms.The campaign was interrupted by circumstances that are typical of refugee situations. On the basis of results obtained a few conclusions can nonetheless be made on the appropriateness of introducing an active screening program in situations where a stable refugee population has good access to basic health care of good quality.
Setting and Evaluating the Energy Content of Emergency Rations
Authors: SCHOFIELD E.C. , MASON J.B. 
Published: December 2007

This paper examines the setting and evaluation of emergency rations for refugees and displaced people. After defining the purpose for which rations are designed, the variables affecting their quantification are discussed. The debate concerning the use of one as opposed to a range of energy levels for different populations is highlighted in a review of recent proposals for ration levels.It is demonstrated that up to a twofold range occurs if different combinations of the main parameters are used. This has important implications for the large‐scale provision of food. The use of one figure for the setting and evaluation of rations for all populations is inappropriate; figures should be set according to specific context and need. To achieve this, a practical two‐stage approach is proposed. Stage 1, probably a desk exercise, uses pre‐calculated ‘look‐up’ tables which provide energy values for each country. These figures are for immediate use as ‘rule‐of‐thumb’ estimates, based on clearly defined parameters. The second stage involves refining the values using improved information on local conditions collected by field assessment.
NOTES ON NEW BOOKS
Authors: Gillers A. , Willoughby L. A. 
Published: December 2007

R. Bach, Tragik und Grösse der deutschen Romantik, München, Duncker und HumblotW. A. Krüger, Spitteler und die JournulistikA. Leitzmann, Wilhelm Heinse in Zeugnissen seiner Zeitgenossen (Jenaer Germanistische Forschungen, xxxi), Jena, FrommannH. Cysarz, Die grossen Themen der suldetendeutschen Schrifttums‐Geschidte, Brünn, Wien, Leipzig, RohrerW. Rasch, Herder. Sein Leben und Werk im Umriss. Halle, NiemeyerB. von Wiese, Die Dramen Schillers. Politik und Tragödie. Meyers Kleine Handbücher, xii).H. Carossa, Wirkungen Goethes in der Gegenwart. Das Lied der Karschin. Die Gedichte der Anna Luise Karschin mit einem Bericht ihres Lebens, hrsg. von H. Mensel.K. Pfeiffer. Zum höhsten Dasein.Schiller. Philosophische Briefe. Neu herausgegeben und eingeleitet von A. Holthusen. Letters of Ludwig Tieck. Hitherto unpublished, 1792–1853. Collected and edited by E. H. Zeydel, P. Matenko, R. H. Fife. Der deutsche Rbein. Wanderungen und Fahrten der Romantik. Mit einer Einleitung von P. 0. Rave.K. Harnisch. Deuitsche Malererzählungen.Ronald Peacock, Hölderlin.Mary Beare, The German Popular Play Atis and the Venetian OperaBertha Meyer, Salon Sketches
REVIEWS
Authors: Foote P. G. 
Published: December 2007

Eyrbyggja Saga. Translated from the Icelandic by Paul Schach. Introduction and verse translations by Lee M. Hollander. The University of Nebraska Press: 1959, and the American‐Scandinavian Foundation.Vollständiges Lateinisch‐Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch zur althochdeutschen Isidor‐Übersetzung. By Hans Eggers.Die Gestalt Marias imgeistlkhen Schauspiel des deutschen Mittelalters. By Theo Meier.Studien zum Nibelungenlied. By Burghart Wachinger.Ulrich von Liechtenstein: Nan im hohen Dienst. Edited and translated by Walter Zitzenbacher.Humanistické jednolisty z Lužice. By Mirjam Bohatcová.Studies in German Literature. General Editors: L. W. Forster and B. A. Rowley. No. I, Heine: Buck der Lieder. By S. S. Prawer.Wilhelin Raabe. An Introduction to his Novels. By Barker Fairley.
REVEIWS
Authors: Hatto A.T. 
Published: December 2007

Oral literature. Seven essays, edited by Joseph J. Duggan.Mittelhochdeutsche Heldendichtung. By Werner Hoffmann.Eckenlied Fassung L. Edited by Martin Wierschin.Sämtliche Dramen By Jos MurerRudolf II and his World: a Study in Intellectual History 1576–1612. By R. J. W. Evans.Cenodoxus. By Jacob Bidermann.Hammer‐Purgstall und Goethe. Dem Zaubermeister das Werkzeug. By Ingeborg Hildegard Solbrig.Celan‐Studen. By Peter Szondi.
REVIEWS
Authors: George M. D. 
Published: December 2007

The Cambridge Ancient History. Volume VII: The Hellenistic Monarchies and the Rise of Rome. Edited by S. A. Cook, F. E. adcock, M. P. Charlesworth Freedmen in the Early Roman Empire. By A. M. DuffJunior Classical Companion: a reference book of Greek and Roman History. A Junior Ancient History. By A. L. Data The Story of Greece and Rome. By J. C. and H. G. Robertson The Ancient World and its Legacy to us. By A. W. F. Blunt Britain and Europe, Book I. By R. A. F. Mears The Path to History, Book II, Stories of the Middle Ages. By Nannie Niemeyer The Headway Histories: Book III, Making the English Homeland. By F. W. Tickner English Girlhood at School: a Study of Women's Education through Twelve Centuries. By Dorothy Gardiner Feudal Germany. By J. W. Thompson
LEISURE AND RECREATION
Authors: REID DOUGLAS 
Published: December 2007

LEISURE AND CLASS IN VICTORIAN ENGLAND: RATIONAL RECREATION AND THE CONTEST FOR CONTROL, 1830–1885. By Peter Bailey.THE SPICE OF LIFE: PLEASURES OF THE VICTORIAN AGE. By Patrick Beaver.THE ENGLISHMAN'S CHRISTMAS: A SOCIAL HISTORY. By J. A. R. Pimlott.THE LIFE AND ART OF ANDREW DUCROW and THE ROMANTIC AGE OF THE ENGLISH CIRCUS. By A. H. Saxon. HamdenTHE BLACKPOOL LANDLADY: A SOCIAL HISTORY. By John K. Walton.LEISURE AND SOCIETY 1830–1950. By James Walvin.
In Search of Decolonisation
Authors: Darwin J.G. 
Published: December 2007

Imperialism and After: Continuities and Discontinuities. Edited by Wolfgang J. Mommsen and Jürgen Osterhammel. Decolonisation: the Fall of the European Empires. By M.E. Chamberlain. Standing Guard: Protecting Foreign Capital in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. By Charles Lipson. United States Foreign Oil Policy, 1919–1948. By Stephen J. Randall. The British Empire in the Middle East, 1945–1951. By W. Roger Louis. Failure in Palestine: British and United States Policy after the Second World War. By Martin Jones. Documents on the Foreign Policy of Israel. Volume 2 October 1948–April 1949 with companion volume. Edited by Yehoshua Freundlich. The Other Arab‐Israeli Conflict: Making America's Middle East Policy from Truman to Reagan. By Steven L.
Eden the Diplomatist, 1931–56: Suezide of a Statesman?*
Authors: Reynolds David 
Published: December 2007

Anthony Eden. By Robert Rhodes James Anthony Eden at the Foreign Office, 1931–1938. By A.R. Peters The Fringes of Power: Downing Street Diaries, 1939–1955. By John Colville Descent to Suez: Diaries, 1951–56. By Evelyn Shuckburgh The Geneva Conference of 1954 on Indochina. By James Cable The Failure of the Eden Government. By Richard Lamb