bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric approach for the determination of gangliosides GD3 and GM3 in bovine milk and infant formulae
Authors: Sørensen Lambert K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA liquid chromatographic/tandem mass spectrometric method using pneumatically assisted electrospray ionisation (LC/ESI‐MS/MS) was developed for the determination of gangliosides GD3 and GM3 in milk and infant formulae. The gangliosides were extracted in a chloroform/methanol/water environment and cleaned up by solid‐phase extraction (SPE) on an end‐capped C8 sorbent. The gangliosides were detected in negative ion mode after separation on a reversed‐phase (RP) C5 analytical column. From the different ganglioside molecular species, product ions at m/z 290 corresponding to an N‐acetylneuraminic acid fragment were produced in the collision cell and used in selected reaction monitoring. A standard addition technique was applied for quantification. The relative repeatability standard deviations were less than 5% for GD3 (level 10 mg/L) and 14% for GM3 (level 0.1–0.2 mg/L). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Site‐specific carbon isotope analysis of aromatic carboxylic acids by elemental analysis/pyrolysis/isotope ratio mass spectrometry
Authors: Oba Yasuhiro , Naraoka Hiroshi 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSite‐specific carbon isotope composition of organic compounds can provide useful information on their origin and history in natural environments. Site‐specific isotope analyses of small amounts of organic compounds (sub‐nanomolar level), such as short‐chain carboxylic acids and amino acid analogues, have been performed using gas chromatography/pyrolysis/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/pyrolysis/IRMS). These analyses were previously limited to volatile compounds. In this study, site‐specific carbon isotope analysis has been developed for non‐volatile aromatic carboxylic acids at sub‐micromolar level by decarboxylation using a continuous flow elemental analysis (EA)/pyrolysis/IRMS technique. Benzoic acid, 2‐naphthylacetic acid and 1‐pyrenecarboxylic acid were pyrolyzed at 500–1000°C by EA/pyrolysis/IRMS to produce CO2 for δ13C measurement of the carboxyl group. These three aromatic acids were most efficiently pyrolyzed at 750°C. Conventional sealed‐tube pyrolysis was also conducted for comparison. The δ13C values of CO2 generated by the continuous flow technique were within 1.0‰ of those performed by the conventional technique, indicating that the new continuous flow technique can accurately analyze the carbon isotopic composition of the carboxyl group in aromatic carboxylic acids. The new continuous flow technique is simple, rapid and uses small sample sizes, so this technique will be useful for characterizing the isotopic signature of carboxyl groups in organic compounds. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Partially saponified triglyceride ethoxylates
Authors: Cox Michael F. , Weerassoriya Upali 
Published: November 2006

AbstractVarious triglycerides (coconut oil, palm kernel oil, tallow) were ethoxylated with a proprietary catalyst (calcium/aluminum alkoxide complex partially neutralized in an alcohol ethoxylate base) to obtain triglyceride ethoxylates. Triglyceride ethoxylates were then partially saponified with sodium hydroxide to form mixtures of mono‐, di‐, and triglyceride ethoxylates, fatty acid soap, and glycerol ethoxylate. These mixtures were characterized in terms of physical properties, surface activity, and mildness. Partially saponified triglyceride ethoxylates were found to be unexpectedly mild and capable of imparting mildness to other surfactants.
Effect of fiber substrates on appearance and removal of aged oily soils
Authors: Chi Yong‐Seung , Obendorf S. Kay 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAging of oily soils produces difficult‐to‐remove yellow stains on fabrics. This study examines the effect of different textile substrates on yellowing and removal of aged oily soils. Model oily, squalene and artificial sebum, were aged at 40°C on cotton, nylon, and polyester fabrics for 8 wk. Radiotracer and spectrophotometric analyses were used to quantify volatilization and color change of soiled fabrics upon aging as well as soil and color removal after laundering. Differences in volatility of oils from three substrates were insignificant, although cotton and nylon fabrics produced significantly more yellowness than polyester fabrics. Aging of oily soil enhanced detergency from all three fabrics. The largest increase in removal upon aging was found with cotton. Difference in removal from the three substrates became very small after aging. The effect of substrate was pronounced on yellowing due to aging with cotton and nylon having higher yellowness indices. Cotton visually appeared to be cleaner than indicated by the actual amount of residual oil present after washing, whereas nylon had less residual oil present even though it visually appeared more yellow than cotton. For polyester, the amount of residual oil correlated well with appearance after washing. We conclude that discoloration mechanisms differ among cotton, polyester, and nylon substrates. For polyester, discoloration is solely discoloration of oily soil that is physically bound in the fibrous structure, whereas for cotton, discoloration is a result of discoloration of oil as well as additional yellowing caused by retention of chromophores chemically bound to the cotton substrate. In the case of nylon, yellowing of nylon itself is an additional factor contributing to yellowness even though, most of the oil is removed upon washing. These results illustrate the importance of the method of detergency evaluation. Measuring color change in yellowness or reflectance is not the same as oil removal based on a quantitative measurement of soil mass. Thus, it may be necessary to measure both color and quantity of residual soil.
Preparation and properties of new lactose‐based surfactants
Authors: Wilk Kazimiera A. , Syper Ludwik , Burczyk Bogdan , Maliszewska Irena , Jon Marek , Domagalska Beata W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA new group of nonionic saccharide‐based surfactants, N‐alkanoyl‐N‐methyllactitolamines (alkanoyl: decanoyl, lauroyl, myristoyl, palmitoyl, stearoyl), were synthesized and characterized. Surface properties such as critical micelle concentration, standard free energy of adsorption, standard free energy of micellization, surface tension reduction efficiency, effectiveness of surface tension reduction, surface excess concentration, and surface area demand per molecule as well as foaming properties (i.e., foam volume and foam stability), contact angle, antiraicrobial activity, and biodegradability were determined. The selected performance properties were evaluated in relation to commercially available alkyl polyglucosides (Glukopon 600 EC(HH)‐a Henkel product), and oligooxyethylenated decyl (C10E4) and dodecyl (E12E5) alcohols. The foaming‐stabilizing effect and contact angle suggest that the lactose‐derived surfactants that were studied share some common properties with alkyl polyglucosides that are different from those with an oligooxyethylene grouping. All tested N‐alkanoyl‐N‐methyllactitolamines were practically nontoxic to bacteria and yeasts. These compounds are readily biodegradable in the Closed Bottle test inoculated with activated sludge. N‐Alkanoyl‐N‐methyllactitolamines with lower chain lengths (C10–C14) biodegraded at a slightly faster rate. Biological properties showed that this class of compounds fulfills all requirements needed for environmental acceptance.
Microbial survival and odor in laundry
Authors: Munk Signe , Johansen Charlotte , Stahnke Louise H. , Adler‐Nissen Jens 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe survival and distribution of microflora during laundering at 30 or 40°C in commercial U.S. and European Union (E.U.) detergents were determined in laboratory wash experiments. Four test strains—Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa—were evaluated on cotton textile. A significant survival and transfer between textiles were found for all four test strains washed in E.U. and U.S. color detergents (without bleach), whereas no survival was observed in bleach‐containing detergents. Gram‐negative strains generally survived in greater numbers than Gram‐positive strains. A greater survival was observed in U.S. detergents at U.S. conditions (30°C, 12 min) than in E.U. detergents at E.U. conditions (40°C, 30 min). The adhesion of odorants to cotton and polyester textiles during washing and drying was studied using six previously identified odorants in laundry [ethylbutanoate, (Z)‐4‐heptenal, (E)‐2‐nonenal, 3‐methylbutanoic acid, 2‐methoxyphenol (guaiacol) and 4‐methyloctanoic acid]. All odorants were effectively removed from cotton during wash, whereas the odorants were more strongly associated with polyester fibers. During wash, hydrophobic odorants [(Z)‐4‐heptenal, (E)‐2‐nonenal, and guaiacol] adhered more strongly to polyester than the acids. The odor formed by surviving skin microflora attached to textiles soiled with human sebum and sweat after laundering at 30°C was studied by sensory evaluation and aroma extract dilution analysis. Intensive odor was formed in both cotton and polyester textiles during prolonged drying. Generally, the odor formation in cotton swatches and the bacterial count of the wash liquor from cotton swatches were greater than the odor formation and bacterial count from polyester swatches. Odorants with animal notes (branched fatty acids) dominated the odor profile after prolonged drying. Polyester swatches possessed a more complex odor profile than cotton; in particular, aldehydes were more dominating in polyester than in cotton. A high‐impact and malodorous component, 3‐methylindole, was formed during prolonged drying in cotton. The study demonstrates that microbial odor formation is a dominating factor determining the odor impression of laundered cotton and polyester textiles dried under slow drying conditions. The initial soiling with aromatic components has an additional impact on the odor profile of polyester textiles after wash, due to strong adherence of odorants during the wash cycle.
Sugar‐based cationic surfactants: Synthesis and aggregation of methyl 2‐acylamido‐6‐trimethylammonio‐2,6‐dideoxy‐d‐glucopyranoside chlorides
Authors: Bazito Reinaldo C. , El Seoud Omar A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe synthesis of the sugar‐based cationic surfactants methyl 2‐acylamido‐6‐trimethylammonio‐2,6‐dideoxy‐d‐glucopyranoside chlorides is reported here. Aggregation of these surfactants (predominantly α anomers) in water was studied at 25°C by conductivity measurements. Increasing the chain length of the amido group R decreased the critical micelle concentration (CMC) and the degree of counter‐ion dissociation. The dependence of the Gibbs' free energy of micellization and CMC on the length of R is similar to that observed for other ionic surfactants. The free energy of transfer of the head group, i.e., cationic amino sugar moiety, from water to the micelle is more negative than that of other ionic surfactants, including sodium methyl 2‐acylamido‐2‐deoxy‐6‐O‐sulfo‐d‐glucopyranosides, probably due to a combination of a micellar “medium” effect and intermolecular H‐bonding in the micellar pseudophase.
Another new family of “extended” glucidoamphiphiles. Synthesis and surfactant properties for different sugar head groups and spacer arm lengths
Authors: Scorzza C. , Godé P. , Goethals G. , Martin P. , Miñana‐Pérez M. , Salager J. L. , Usubillaga A. , Villa P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFollowing a new four‐step route, we prepared a family of “extended” glucidoamphiphiles from D‐glucose, D‐galactose, and xylitol in which the n‐dodecyl chain is attached to the glucidic moiety by the linkage Z=O‐Et‐O‐Et‐O‐(α‐PP‐O‐)n′ where‐O‐(α‐PP‐O‐)n is a poly‐(α‐propyloxy) commercial oligomeric mixture (with average length n=6, 10, and 14). This amphiphilic behavior study showed that (i) the glucose derivative exhibits water solubility and hydrophilic‐lipophilic balance values that are close to those found for the glucose compound with Z=‐O‐(α‐PP‐O‐)n (without the Et‐O‐Et group), (ii) all these compounds are more strongly hydrophilic than the corresponding glucidic derivatives with Z=O, (iii) the increase of the poly‐(α‐propyloxy) chain length from ñ=6 to ñ=14 tends to reduce the hydrophilicity slightly.
Synthesis of new extended surfactants containing a carboxylate or sulfate polar group
Authors: Fernández Alvaro , Scorzza Cesar , Usubillaga Alfredo , Salager Jean‐Louis 
Published: November 2006

AbstractNew extended anionic surfactants with a carboxylate or sulfate polar head were synthesized from polypropoxylated alcohols, and their structures were confirmed by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. The extended surfactant critical micelle concentration was found to decrease with the length of the polypropylene glycol spacer. Surfactants containing a diethylene glycol link to the head group exhibited a higher critical micelle concentration than did their nondiethoxylated homologs.
The role of enzymes in modern detergency
Authors: Olsen Hans Sejr , Falholt Per 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEnzymes have effectively assisted the development and improvement of modern household and industrial detergents. The major classes of detergent enzymes—proteases, lipases, amylases, and cellulases—each provide specific benefits for application in laundry and automatic dishwashing. Historically, proteases were first to be used extensively in laundry detergents. In addition to raising the level of cleaning, they have also provided environmental benefits by reducing energy consumption through shorter washing times, lower washing temperatures, and reduced water consumption. Today proteases are joined by lipases and amylases in improving detergent efficacy especially for household laundering at lower temperatures and, in industrial cleaning operations, at lower pH levels. Cellulases contribute to overall fabric care by rejuvenating or maintaining the new appearance of washed garments. Enzymes are produced by fermentation technologies that utilize renewable resources.
The effect of conjugated linoleic acid isomers on fatty acid profiles of liver and adipose tissues and their conversion to isomers of 16∶2 and 18∶3 conjugated fatty acids in rats
Authors: Sébédio J. ‐L. , Angioni E. , Chardigny J. M. , Grégoire S. , Juanéda P. , Berdeaux O. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractConjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a collective term that describes different isomers of linoleic acid with conjugated double bonds. Although the main dietary isomer is 9cis,11trans‐18∶2, which is present in dairy products and ruminant fat, the biological effects of CLA generally have been studied using mixtures in which the 9cis,11trans‐ and the 10trans,12cis‐18∶2 were present at similar levels. In the present work, we have studied the impact of each isomer (9cis,11trans‐ and 10trans,12cis‐18∶2) given separately in the diet of rats for 6 wk. The 10trans,12cis‐18∶2 decreased the triacylglycerol content of the liver (−32%) and increased the 18∶0 content at the expense of 18∶1n−9, suggesting an alteration of the Δ9 desaturase activity, as was already demonstrated in vitro. This was not observed when the 9cis,11trans‐18∶2 was given in the diet. Moreover, the 10trans,12cis‐18∶2 induced an increase in the C22 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the liver lipids. The 10trans,12cis‐18∶2 was mainly metabolized into conjugated 16∶2 and 18∶3, which have been identified. The 9cis,11trans isomer was preferentially metabolized into a conjugated 20∶3 isomer. Thus, the 9cis,11trans‐ and the 10trans,12cis‐CLA isomers are metabolized differently and have distinct effects on the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids in rat liver while altering liver triglyceride levels differentially.
What is the role of α‐linolenic acid for mammals?
Authors: Sinclair Andrew J. , Attar‐Bashi Nadia M. , Li Duo 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis review examines the data pertaining to an important and often underrated EFA, α‐linolenic acid (ALA). It examines its sources, metabolism, and biological effects in various population studies, in vitro, animal, and human intervention studies. The main role of ALA was assumed to be as a precursor to the longer‐chain n‐3 PUFA, EPA and DHA, and particularly for supplying DHA for neural tissue. This paper reveals that the major metabolic route of ALA metabolism is β‐oxidation. Furthermore, ALA accumulates in specific sites in the body of mammals (carcass, adipose, and skin), and only a small proportion of the fed ALA is converted to DHA. There is some evidence that ALA may be involved with skin and fur function. There is continuing debate regarding whether ALA has actions of its own in relation to the cardiovascular system and neural function. Cardiovascular disease and cancer are two of the major burdens of disease in the 21st century, and emerging evidence suggests that diets containing ALA are associated with reductions in total deaths and sudden cardiac death. There may be aspects of the action and, more importantly, the metabolism of ALA that need to be elucidated, and these will help us understand the biological effects of this compound better. Additionally, we must not forget that ALA is part of the whole diet and should be seen in this context, not in isolation.
The effects of vitamin E and selenium intake on oxidative stress and plasma lipids in hamsters fed fish oil
Authors: Poirier Johanne , Cockell Kevin , Hidiroglou Nick , Madere Rene , Trick Keith , Kubow Stan 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe aim of the present work was to test the effects of large‐dose supplementation of vitamin E (Vit E) and selenium (Se), either singly or in combination, on fish oil (FO)‐induced tissue lipid peroxidation and hyperlipidemia. The supplementation of Se has been shown to lower blood cholesterol and increase tissue concentrations of the antioxidant glutathione (GSH); however, the effects of Se supplementation, either alone or in combination with supplemental Vit E, on FO‐induced oxidative stress and hyperlipidemia have not been studied. Male Syrian hamsters received FO‐based diets that contained 14.3 wt% fat and 0.46 wt% cholesterol supplemented with Vit E (129 IU d‐α‐tocopheryl acetate/kg diet) and/or Se (3.4 ppm as sodium selenate) or that contained basal requirements of both nutrients. The cardiac tissue of hamsters fed supplemental Se showed increased concentrations of lipid hydroperoxides (LPO) but decreased oxidized glutathione (GSSG) concentrations. The higher concentrations of LPO in the hearts of Se‐supplemented hamsters were not lowered with concurrent Vit E supplementation. In the liver, Se supplementation was associated with higher Se‐dependent glutathione peroxidase activity and an increase in the GSH/GSSG ratio, whereas a lower hepatic non‐Se‐dependent glutathione peroxidase activity was seen with Vit E supplementation. Supplemental intake of Se was associated with lower plasma concentrations of total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol plus very low density lipoprotein cholesterol. In view of the pro‐oxidative effects of Se supplementation on cardiac tissue, a cautionary approach needs to be taken regarding the plasma lipid‐lowering properties of supplemental Se.
Vitamin E supplementation increases circulating vitamin E metabolites tenfold in end‐stage renal disease patients
Authors: Smith Kylie Sherée , Lee Chia‐Lin , Ridlington James W. , Leonard Scott W. , Devaraj Sridevi , Traber Maret G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractVitamin E supplementation could elevate circulating vitamin E metabolites while modulating oxidative and inflammatory status in end‐stage renal failure patients undergoing hemodialysis. Plasma concentrations of carboxyethyl‐hydroxychromanols (α‐and γ‐CEHC), ascorbic acid, α‐and γ‐tocopherols, E2‐isoprostanes, and inflammatory biomarkers [tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), ferritin, and C‐reactive protein (CRP)] were measured in blood samples obtained from patients (n=11) before and after dialysis on two occasions prior to, and at 1 and 2 mon of daily vitamin E supplementation (400 IU RRR‐α‐tocopherol). Supplementation nearly doubled plasma α‐tocopherol concentrations (from 18±0.5 to 31±1.7 μM, P<0.0001), whereas γ‐tocopherol concentrations decreased (from 2.8±0.3 to 1.7±0.2 μM, P=0.001). Serum α‐CEHC increased 10‐fold from 68±3 to 771±175 nM (P<0.0001), and γ‐CEHC increased from 837±164 to 1136±230 nM (P=0.008). Vitamin E supplementation also increased postdialysis hematocrits from 38±1% to 41±1% (P<0.001). Dietary antioxidant intakes (vitamins E and C) were low in most subjects; plasma ascorbic acid levels (88±27 μM) decreased significantly with dialysis (33±11 μM, P=0.01). Plasma Il‐6, CRP, TNF‐α, and free F2‐isoprostane concentrations were elevated throughout the study. There is a complex relationship between chronic inflammation and oxidative stress that is not mitigated by short‐term vitamin E supplementation. Importantly, serum vitamin E metabolite concentrations that increased 10‐fold within 30 d of supplementation did not increase further, suggesting routes other than urine for removal of metabolites.
Lipid synthesis and acyl‐CoA synthetase in developing rice seeds
Authors: Ichihara Ken'ichi , Kobayashi Noriaki , Saito Kazumi 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDeveloping rice seeds rapidly accumulated storage lipids between 5 and 12 d after flowering. The contents of palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids increased throughout seed development, while the α‐linolenic acid content remained low. The activity of acyl‐CoA synthetase varied coincidentally during the period of lipid accumulation, and rice seeds had a sufficient capacity to supply acyl‐CoA substrates for TAG synthesis. Acyl‐CoA synthetase showed a broad specificity for native FA of rice seeds except for stearic acid, and π electrons of a Δ9–Δ11 double bond in the C16−C18 acyl chains were required for its maximal activity.
Astonishing diversity of natural surfactants: 3. Carotenoid glycosides and isoprenoid glycolipids
Authors: Dembitsky Valery M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCarotenoid glycosides and isoprenoid glycolipids are of great interest, especially for the medicinal, pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic, flavor, and fragrance industries. These biologically active natural surfactants have good prospects for the future chemical preparation of compounds useful as antimicrobial, antibacterial, and antitumor agents, or in industry. More than 300 unusual natural surfactants are described in this review article, including their chemical structures and biological activities.