bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TACI attenuates antibody production costimulated by BAFF‐R and CD40
Authors: Sakurai Daisuke , Kanno Yumiko , Hase Hidenori , Kojima Hidefumi , Okumura Ko , Kobata Tetsuji 
Published: December 2006

AbstractB cell activating factor of the TNF family (BAFF), plays critical roles in B cell survival, activation, differentiation, and antibody (Ab) production. BAFF binds to three receptors: BAFF‐R, transmembrane activator and calcium‐modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor (TACI) and B cell maturation antigen. While BAFF‐R is the primary receptor for B cell costimulation by BAFF, TACI is reported to serve as a positive or negative regulator for B cell responses depending on conditions. To determine the real role of TACI in B cell responses, we examined the functional relationship between TACI and BAFF‐R in Ab production from human peripheral blood B cells using agonistic mAb. BAFF‐R and CD40 enhanced IgG secretion and B cell proliferation, which were inhibited by TACI. Although TACI induced mild B cell apoptosis, its extent did not correlate with that of TACI‐mediated inhibition of IgG secretion. In addition, TACI inhibited B‐lymphocyte‐induced maturation protein‐1 expression, IgG secretion from previously IgG‐negative selected B cells, and activation‐induced cytidine deaminase expression enhanced by BAFF‐R and CD40. Importantly, BAFF‐R and CD40 enhanced B cell responsiveness to TACI‐mediated suppression. Thus, BAFF may attenuate T cell‐independent and ‐dependent B cell responses by TACI.See accompanying commentary http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.200636914
Macrophage fusion induced by IL‐4 alternative activation is a multistage process involving multiple target molecules
Authors: Helming Laura , Gordon Siamon 
Published: December 2006

AbstractMultinucleated giant cells, characteristic of granulomatous infections, originate from fusion of macrophages, however, little is known about the underlying mechanism. Alternative activation of macrophages by exposure to IL‐4 and IL‐13 induces macrophage homokaryon formation. We have established a new quantitative bifluorescent system to study IL‐4‐induced fusion of primary murine macrophages in vitro. Using this assay, we could show that macrophage fusion is not mediated by a single molecule, but involves multiple functional components. Although several murine macrophage populations were not competent to form giant cells, indicating that they fail to display the full fusion machinery, these non‐fusogenic macrophages could fuse with fusion‐competent macrophages in a heterophilic manner. Since IL‐4 induced molecules were needed on both fusion partners, we conclude that at least two functionally distinct molecules mediate macrophage homokaryon formation with each present on one fusion partner. In addition, though IL‐4 treatment led to induction of a fusogenic status, macrophages could only fuse efficiently when adherent to a permissive substratum. Based on our findings, we conclude that macrophage fusion is a multistage process involving multiple target molecules. The model we describe will allow analysis of the molecular basis of membrane fusion and possible insight into alternative activation of macrophages.See accompanying commentary: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.200636910
Enantiopure (9‐Anthryl)(2‐piperidyl)‐ and (9‐Anthryl)(2‐pyridyl)methanols – Their Use as Chiral Modifiers for Heterogeneous Hydrogenation of Keto Esters over Pt/Al2O3
Authors: Solladié‐Cavallo Arlette , Marsol Claire , Azyat Khalid , Roje Marin , Welch Christopher , Chilenski Jennifer , Taillasson Philippe , D'Orchymont Hugues 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA route toward the synthesis of the erythro isomer of (9‐anthryl)(2‐piperidyl)methanol is presented as well as resolution and assignment of the structure (through NMR). The use of both the erythro and threo enantiopure isomers of this new amino alcohol, and its precursor [(9‐anthryl)(2‐pyridyl)methanol], as chiral modifiers for the Pt/Al2O3 hydrogenation of ethyl lactate showed that the erythro isomer is not necessarily the most efficient chiral modifier. This is probably because of the 9‐anthryl group. The enantioselectivities that this compound provides are not, as one would expect, higher than those observed with the naphthyl group.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
The Structural Identification and Conformational Analysis of the Products from the Reaction of Acrolein with 2′‐Deoxycytidine, 1‐Methylcytosine and Calf Thymus DNA
Authors: Pawłowicz Agnieszka J. , Klika Karel D. , Kronberg Leif 
Published: December 2006

AbstractLC‐MS analysis of the reaction mixture of 2′‐deoxycytidine and acrolein in phosphate buffer under physiological conditions showed the formation of three major product peaks. The products were characterized as cyclic adducts comprised of one or two units derived from acrolein. The first (8) and third (9) eluting peaks were each found to be a pair of diastereomers of a two‐ring‐fused adduct, 6,9‐dihydroxy‐2‐(2′‐deoxy‐β‐D‐erythro‐pentofuranosyl)‐2,5,6,7,8,9‐hexahydro‐4H‐2,3a,6a‐triazaphenalen‐3‐one, whilst the second eluting peak (7) was identified as a one‐ring‐fused adduct, 2‐hydroxy‐7‐(2′‐deoxy‐β‐D‐erythro‐pentofuranosyl)‐2,3,4,7‐tetrahydropyrimido[1,6‐a]pyrimidin‐6‐one. The reaction of 1‐methylcytosine with acrolein was also examined resulting in the formation of an additional regioisomeric two‐ring‐fused adduct, 2‐hydroxy‐7‐methyl‐3,4,7,9,10,10a‐hexahydro‐2H‐1‐oxa‐4a,7,8a‐triazaphenanthren‐8‐one, not observed in the corresponding reaction with 2′‐deoxycytidine. The structures, stereochemistry and conformational analysis of the adducts and their decomposition products were resolved by spectrometric and spectroscopic studies. From the incubation of acrolein with double‐ and single‐stranded DNA and subsequent LC‐MS/MS analysis (in multiple reaction monitoring mode) of the hydrolysate, compounds were detected corresponding (i.e. identical Rt and MS) to the peaks that represented the pair of diastereomers 7 and 9.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Chiral (–)‐DIOP Ruthenium Complexes for Asymmetric Radical Addition and Living Radical Polymerization Reactions
Authors: Iizuka Yusuke , Li Zhaoming , Satoh Kotaro , Kamigaito Masami , Okamoto Yoshio , Ito Jun‐ichi , Nishiyama Hisao 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA series of ruthenium complexes with chiral phosphane ligands (Ru2Cl4[(–)‐DIOP]3 (1), Ru(Ind)Cl[(–)‐DIOP] (2), and Ru(Cp*)Cl[(–)‐DIOP] (3), DIOP = 2,3‐(isopropylidenedioxy)‐2,3‐dihydroxy‐l,4‐bis(diphenylphosphanyl)butane) were synthesized, characterized by X‐ray crystallography, and employed in asymmetric halogen transfer radical addition and metal‐catalyzed living radical polymerization reactions of olefins, such as styrene, methyl acrylate (MA), and methyl methacrylate (MMA). X‐ray crystallographic analysis revealed the binuclear structure of 1 and the mononuclear structures of 2 and 3, which suggests that the chiral environments are established around the ruthenium center. Complexes 1 and 2 induced asymmetry in chiral addition reactions with high chemical yield and relatively high optical yield (10–30 % ee) for styrene, MA, and MMA, whereas almost no significant chiral induction was observed with the use of 3. Specifically, the highest ee was obtained for 1 with the use of styrene (32 % ee) whereas the highest ee for 2 was observed with the use of MA (21 % ee) and MMA (13 % ee). All of the metal complexes induced radical polymerizations of these vinyl monomers in conjunction with a series of haloesters as an initiator. Some systems can control the molecular weights and the terminal groups by the ruthenium‐catalyzed reversible activation of the carbon–halogen bond. However, no tacticity control was achieved with all of these DIOP‐based ruthenium complexes. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Impact of estragole and other odorants on the flavour of anise and tarragon
Authors: Zeller Annette , Rychlik Michael 
Published: December 2006

AbstractSince estragole has been described as potent carcinogen and did not show any flavour impact on the odour of fennel, the flavour of anise and tarragon was examined by combinations of instrumental and sensory analyses. In anise fruits, trans‐anethole, 2‐isopropyl‐3‐methoxypyrazine, and anisaldehyde showed high flavour dilution (FD) factors, followed by those of eugenol, cis‐anethole, estragole and linalool. Quantitation of the odorants showing higher FD factors in anise tea, and calculation of odour activity values (OAVs) by dividing the concentrations of the respective compound by its recognition threshold in water revealed the highest OAV for trans‐anethole, followed by those of anisaldehyde and estragole. Still, an aroma impact of estragole next to trans‐anethole could be neglected, due to former sensory studies of aqueous models of fennel tea. For tarragon, AEDA revealed the highest FD factors for eugenol, 7‐methoxycoumarin, β‐ionone, 2‐isopropyl‐3‐methoxypyrazine, estragole and linalool. Of these, estragole and 7‐methoxycoumarine were most abundant in tarragon leaves, showing contents of 2900 and 220 mg/kg, respectively. To calculate OAVs, the contents of potent odorants were divided by their odour threshold in starch or cellulose, as these were the main constituents of the leaves. In this way, β‐ionone and eugenol showed the highest OAVs of 5862 and 2653, repectively, followed by estragole (OAV = 460), cis‐1,5‐octadiene‐3‐one (OAV = 140), vanilline (OAV = 139) and 2‐isopropyl‐3‐methoxypyrazine (OAV = 130). Therefore, it was concluded that β‐ionone and eugenol made the greatest contribution to the overall flavour of tarragon, whereas estragole and the other odorants were of minor importance. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Volatile composition and olfactory profile of pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.) plants
Authors: Díaz‐Maroto M. Consuelo , Castillo Noelia , Castro‐Vázquez Lucía , Ángel González‐Viñas Miguel , Pérez‐Coello M. Soledad 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe composition of volatile oil extracts of pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.) plants was investigated by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Those volatiles responsible for the characteristic minty and pungent aroma of this plant were determined by gas chromatography–olfactometry. Volatile oil extracts were found to be rich in oxygenated monoterpenes, mainly pulegone and piperitone oxide, followed by isopulegol, piperitone and piperitenone. Major monoterpenes hydrocarbons were limonene and α‐pinene, while sesquiterpenoids were detected in low levels. With respect to the aroma characteristics, pulegone was found to have an intense mint, balsamic and pungent aroma. Other compounds with minty notes were isopulegone, piperitol and 1,8‐cineole. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of the interactions among macronutrients, plant age and photoperiod in the composition of Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit essential oil from Alfenas (MG), Brazil
Authors: Martins Felipe T. , Santos Marcelo H. , Polo Marcelo , Barbosa Luiz C. A. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThis study was performed to verify the influence of photoperiod, plant age and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium availability in the essential oil composition of Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit from Alfenas (MG), Brazil. The plants were grown in a greenhouse and six treatments were used. These treatments were harvested at two different periods (60 and 135 day‐old plants). The essential oil composition was determined by GC–MS analysis using a DB5 bonded phase column. The terpenes spathulenol (8.43–24.70%), globulol (6.89–14.55%), dehydroabietol (3.84–11.80%), α‐cadinol (4.25–8.05%) and β‐phellandrene (2.91–4.40%) were the major constituents found in the essential oil. Spathulenol amounts changed according to nitrogen and phosphorus availability, related to plant age. Oxygenated sesquiterpenes (33.09–49.55%) represented the main group of constituents in most of the treatments, while the amounts of oxygenated diterpenes (5.68–18.07%) increased in 135 day‐old plants. In addition, a pattern of terpenoid oxidation related to the plant age was suggested. The major changes in the essential oil composition were found in 60 day‐old plants grown under nitrogen and phosphorus deficiencies and extended photoperiod. In conclusion, the interaction among the tested macronutrients, photoperiod and plant age may be related to the essential oil composition of H. suaveolens from Alfenas, Brazil. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Volatile constituents of natural Boswellia serrata oleo‐gum‐resin and commercial samples
Authors: Singh Bikram , Kumar Ripudaman , Bhandari S. , Pathania S. , Lal Brij 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe essential oils of Boswellia serrata Roxb. ex Colebr. oleo‐gum‐resin collected from four different locations (samples A–D) were isolated by hydrodistillation and analysed by means of GC and GC–MS. Thirty‐five components were identified, comprising 82%, 91%, 77% and 82% of samples A, B, C and D, respectively. α‐Thujene was one of the major constituents in all samples, whereas α‐pinene was recorded in only one sample. All the oils were dominated by monoterpene hydrocarbons. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Volatiles of Anaxagorea dolichocarpa Spreng. & Sandw. and Annona densicoma Mart. growing Wild in the state of Pará, Brazil
Authors: Andrade Eloisa Helena A. , Oliveira Jorge , das Graças B. Zoghbi Maria 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe volatiles of Anaxagorea dolichocarpa and Annona densicoma were obtained by hydrodistillation and analysed by GC and GC–MS. The main components of the leaf and stem oils of A. dolichocarpa were spathulenol (26.2%, 21.2%), α‐pinene (16.8%, 23.4%), and β‐pinene (12.3%, 17.0%), respectively. The major components identified in the leaf oil of A. densicoma were germacrene D (28.8%), bicyclogermacrene (26.8%), and β‐caryophyllene (14.4%). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cranial musculature in the larva of the caecilian, Ichthyophis kohtaoensis (Lissamphibia: Gymnophiona)
Authors: Kleinteich Thomas , Haas Alexander 
Published: December 2006

AbstractWithin the Gymnophiona (caecilians) oviparous species with biphasic life‐cycles possess a free living semi‐aquatic larval stage that feeds in aquatic habitats. The larvae pass through a metamorphosis to a purely terrestrial adult stage. It is likely that the cranial morphology of caecilian larvae has specializations for aquatic feeding. However, little is known about the cranial morphology, and the cranial musculature is especially neglected in the literature. This study provides a detailed description of the jaw and hyobranchial musculature in larval stages of a caecilian. We studied late embryonic and early larval specimens of Ichthyophis kohtaoensis. Furthermore, we compared and homologized the cranial muscles found in larval I. kohtaoensis with the muscles described for adult caecilians. Most cranial muscles of larval I. kohtaoensis are also present in the adult, except for the m. levator mandibulae externus and the m. subarcualis obliquus II. Our results were compared with the data available for larval frogs and salamanders in order to hypothesize the cranial musculature in the larva of the most recent common ancestor of the Lissamphibia. Larval caecilians, frog tadpoles, and salamander larvae share many characters in their cranial musculature, which, consequently, can be assigned to the lissamphibian ground pattern. However, the m. pterygoideus and the m. levator quadrati are unique to the Gymnophiona. J. Morphol., 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of 2‐methylglyceric acid oligomers in secondary organic aerosol formed from the photooxidation of isoprene using trimethylsilylation and gas chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometry
Authors: Szmigielski Rafal , Surratt Jason D. , Vermeylen Reinhilde , Szmigielska Katarzyna , Kroll Jesse H. , Ng Nga L. , Murphy Shane M. , Sorooshian Armin , Seinfeld John H. , Claeys Magda 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIn the present work, we have characterized in detail the chemical structures of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) components that were generated in a smog chamber and result from the photooxidation of isoprene under high‐NOx conditions typical for a polluted atmosphere. Isoprene high‐NOx SOA contains 2‐methylglyceric acid (2‐MG) and oligoester derivatives thereof. Trimethylsilylation, in combination with capillary gas chromatography (GC)/ion trap mass spectrometry (MS) and detailed interpretation of the MS data, allowed structural characterization the polar oxygenated compounds present in isoprene SOA up to 2‐MG trimers. GC separation was achieved between 2‐MG linear and branched dimers or trimers, as well as between the 2‐MG linear dimer and isomeric mono‐acetate derivatives thereof. The electron ionization (EI) spectra of the trimethylsilyl derivatives contain a wealth of structural information, including information about the molecular weight (MW), oligoester linkages, terminal carboxylic and hydroxymethyl groups, and esterification sites. Only part of this information can be achieved with a soft ionization technique such as electrospray (ESI) in combination with collision‐induced dissociation (CID). The methane chemical ionization (CI) data were used to obtain supporting MW information. Interesting EI spectral differences were observed between the trimethylsilyl derivatives of 2‐MG linear and branched dimers or trimers and between 2‐MG linear dimer mono‐acetate isomers. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Release of nutrients dissolved organic carbon during decomposition of Chamaecyparis obtusa var. formosana leaves in a mountain forest in Taiwan
Authors: Rees Rainer , Chang Shih‐Chieh , Wang Chiao‐Ping , Matzner Egbert 
Published: December 2006

AbstractForest ecosystems in Taiwan are periodically influenced by typhoons that cause large amounts of litter input to the soil. The potential rapid decomposition of such litter under the warm and moist climatic conditions in Taiwan may lead to nutrient losses via seepage. The goal of this study was to investigate the dynamics of C, N, K, Ca, Mg, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) during decomposition of Chamaecyparis obtusa var. formosana leaves in a field study at the Yuanyang Lake site in N Taiwan. We simulated the effect of a typhoon by adding about three times the annual aboveground litterfall (totally 13,900 kg ha–1) as fresh leaves. Litterbags were taken at 7 dates over 16 months, followed by detection of mass loss and element composition in the remaining litter. Aqueous extracts of the remaining litter were analyzed for DOC and major elements. The properties of DOC were characterized by fluorescence spectra and by its stability against microbial decomposition.The litter mass loss was 35% after 16 months. The losses of Ca after 16 months from the litter bags were about equivalent to mass loss (39%), while those of K and Mg reached 86% and 60% of the initial amount, respectively. From the 13,900 kg ha–1 of litter applied in total, 59 kg K ha–1 and 12 kg Mg ha–1 were released in the 16 months decomposition period, most of it in the first 4 months. The total release of Ca amounted to 69 kg ha–1 but was more evenly distributed throughout the 16 months of observation. The absolute amount of N in the decomposing litter increased by 37% while the C : N decreased from 69 to 34. Extrapolated to the manipulation treatment, this resulted in a N gain of 36 kg N ha–1 within 16 months.The leaching of K and DOC in laboratory extractions followed an asymptotic function with highest leaching from the initial litter and subsequent decrease with time of decomposition. On the contrary, the leaching of Ca and Mg reached a maximum after 2–4 months of incubation. About 2% of the C was extractable with water from the initially incubated leaves. The bioavailability of the extracted DOC decreased with litter age.Our results indicate that the decomposition of large amounts of litter induces a high risk of K and Mg losses with seepage, but the risk for N losses is low. The sources of N accumulation in decomposing litter at this site require further studies. In the initial phase of litter decomposition, the release of DOC seems to be an important contribution to mass loss.
Rice yield nutrient uptake as affected by cyanobacteria soil amendments—a pot experiment
Authors: El Sharkawi Haytham , Yamamoto Sadahiro , Honna Toshimasa 
Published: December 2006

AbstractRice production and cyanobacterial N in acid soil can be improved by liming. There is evidence that the organic amendments can increase the soil pH. The aim of this study was to find appropriate combination of soil amendments and cyanobacteria capable for enhancing nutrient uptake and improving rice yield in acidic paddy soil. Three soil amendments (rice straw, sewage‐sludge composts, NPK) with and without inoculation of cyanobacteria were studied for rice plants (Oryza sativa L.) in a pot experiment. The sludge compost had significantly reduced soil acidity from 5.44 to 6.67. The plant N and K uptake increased significantly with sludge and cyanobacteria application. The yield components increased significantly with sludge, but decreased thereafter, an exception was the number of panicles, with straw compost. These characters were also significantly affected by inoculation with cyanobacteria except 100‐grain weight, filled‐grain percentage, and harvest index. The combination of sludge compost and cyanobacteria improved the yield components and consequently grain yield (138 g pot–1) compared with sludge treatment only (132 g pot–1). The amount of cyanobacterial N absorbed (N‐difference method) by rice plant under sludge compost was higher than that of soils amended with either rice straw or NPK treatments. Therefore, the addition of sewage sludge to acid paddy soil not only amended the soil properties but also activated the cyanobacteria and consequently improved rice plant nutrition and grain yield.