bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Femoral Bone Strength and Its Relation to Cortical and Trabecular Changes After Treatment With PTH, Alendronate, and Their Combination as Assessed by Finite Element Analysis of Quantitative CT Scans
Authors: Keaveny Tony M , Hoffmann Paul F , Singh Mandeep , Palermo Lisa , Bilezikian John P , Greenspan Susan L , Black Dennis M 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
The “PTH and Alendronate” or “PaTH” study compared the effects of PTH(1-84) and/or alendronate (ALN) in 238 postmenopausal, osteoporotic women. We performed finite element analysis on the QCT scans of 162 of these subjects to provide insight into femoral strength changes associated with these treatments and the relative roles of changes in the cortical and trabecular compartments on such strength changes. Patients were assigned to either PTH, ALN, or their combination (CMB) in year 1 and were switched to either ALN or placebo (PLB) treatment in year 2: PTH-PLB, PTH-ALN, CMB-ALN, and ALN-ALN (year 1-year 2) treatments. Femoral strength was simulated for a sideways fall using nonlinear finite element analysis of the quantitative CT exams. At year 1, the strength change from baseline was statistically significant for PTH (mean, 2.08%) and ALN (3.60%), and at year 2, significant changes were seen for the PTH-ALN (7.74%), CMB-ALN (4.18%), and ALN-ALN (4.83%) treatment groups but not for PTH-PLB (1.17%). Strength increases were primarily caused by changes in the trabecular density regardless of treatment group, but changes in cortical density and mass also played a significant role, the degree of which depended on treatment. For PTH treatment at year 1 and for ALN-ALN treatment at year 2, there were significant negative and positive strength effects, respectively, associated with a change in external bone geometry. Average changes in strength per treatment group were somewhat consistent with average changes in total hip areal BMD as measured by DXA, except for the PTH group at year 1. The relation between change in femoral strength and change in areal BMD was weak (r2 = 0.14, pooled, year 2). We conclude that femoral strength changes with these various treatments were dominated by trabecular changes, and although changes in the cortical bone and overall bone geometry did contribute to femoral strength changes, the extent of these latter effects depended on the type of treatment.
Disruption of BMP Signaling in Osteoblasts Through Type IA Receptor (BMPRIA) Increases Bone Mass
Authors: Kamiya Nobuhiro , Ye Ling , Kobayashi Tatsuya , Lucas Donald J , Mochida Yoshiyuki , Yamauchi Mitsuo , Kronenberg Henry M , Feng Jian Q , Mishina Yuji 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are known as ectopic bone inducers. The FDA approved BMPs (BMP2 and BMP7) for clinical use. However, direct effects of BMPs on endogenous bone metabolism are not yet well known. We conditionally disrupted BMP receptor type IA (BMPRIA) in osteoblasts during weanling and adult stages to show the impact of BMP signaling on endogenous bone modeling and remodeling. Cre recombination was detected in immature osteoblasts in the periosteum, osteoblasts, and osteocytes but not in chondrocytes and osteoclasts after tamoxifen administration. Bmpr1a conditional knockout mice (cKO) showed increased bone mass primarily in trabecular bone at P21 and 22 wk as determined by H&E staining. Vertebrae, tails, and ribs showed increased radiodensity at 22 wk, consistent with a significant increase in BMD. Both μCT and histomorphometry showed an increase in trabecular BV/TV and thickness of cKO adult bones, whereas osteoclast number, bone formation rate, and mineral apposition rate were decreased. Expression levels of bone formation markers (Runx2 and Bsp), resorption markers (Mmp9, Ctsk, and Tracp), and Rankl were decreased, and Opg was increased in adult bones, resulting in a reduction in the ratio of Rankl to osteoprotegerin (Opg). The reduction in osteoclastogenesis through the RANKL–OPG pathway was also observed in weanling stages and reproduced in newborn calvaria culture. These results suggest that Bmpr1a cKO increased endogenous bone mass primarily in trabecular bone with decreased osteoclastogenesis through the RANKL–OPG pathway. We conclude that BMPRIA signaling in osteoblasts affects both bone formation and resorption to reduce endogenous bone mass in vivo.
Quantification of vascular endothelial growth factor, interleukin-8, and basic fibroblast growth factor in plasma of cancer patients and healthy volunteers – comparison of ELISA and microsphere-based multiplexed immunoassay
Authors: Kornacker Martin , Roth Angelika , Christensen Olaf , Krätzschmar Jörn , Wensing Georg 
Published: August 2008

Abstract: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and basic fibroblast growth factor (basic FGF) are angiogenic growth factors which may be useful as biomarkers in drug development, where they could give early information on the antiangiogenic activity of novel anticancer compounds.: We compared two commercially available assays, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a multiplexed bead-based immunoassay (xMAP), for the quantification of these factors in plasma samples from more than 100 cancer patients and healthy individuals.: For VEGF and IL-8, but not for basic FGF, xMAP was more sensitive than the respective ELISA. This was true for healthy subjects as well as for cancer patients. Intraassay precision was comparable between both assay formats. Linear regression analysis of VEGF concentrations demonstrated a good correlation between ELISA and xMAP. Bland-Altman analysis showed a systematic difference between both assays, with ELISA giving higher concentration values. VEGF levels were higher in female volunteers, and both assays were able to detect this difference.: Multiplexed microsphere-based immunoassays have the potential to substitute ELISA for the detection of proangiogenic growth factors in clinical studies. Their shorter assay times and their ability to quantify multiple analytes in a small sample volume are advantageous.Clin Chem Lab Med 2008;46:1256–64.
Electrophysiology and Pharmacology of Striatal Neuronal Dysfunction Induced by Mitochondrial Complex I Inhibition
Authors: Costa Cinzia , Belcastro Vincenzo , Tozzi Alessandro , Di Filippo Massimiliano , Tantucci Michela , Siliquini Sabrina , Autuori Alessia , Picconi Barbara , Spillantini Maria Grazia , Fedele Ernesto , Pittaluga Anna , Raiteri Maurizio , Calabresi Paolo 
Published: August 2008

Reduced activity of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and in particular of complex I is implicated not only in the etiology of Parkinson's disease but also in other forms of parkinsonism in which striatal neurodegeneration occurs, such as progressive supranuclear palsy.The pesticide rotenone inhibits mitochondrial complex I and reproduces features of these basal ganglia neurological disorders in animal models. We have characterized the electrophysiological effects of rotenone in the striatum as well as potential neuroprotective strategies to counteract the detrimental effects of this neurotoxin. We found that rotenone causes a dose-dependent and irreversible loss of the corticostriatal field potential amplitude, which was related to the development of a membrane depolarization/inward current in striatal spiny neurons, coupled to an increased release of both excitatory amino acids and dopamine (DA).In particular, we have investigated whether glutamate, DA, and GABA systems might represent possible targets for neuroprotection against rotenone-induced striatal neuronal dysfunction. Interestingly, whereas modulation of glutamatergic transmission was not neuroprotective, blockade of D2-like but not D1-like DA receptors significantly reduced the rotenone-induced effects via a GABA-mediated mechanism. In addition, because antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) modulate multiple transmitter systems, we have analyzed the possible neuroprotective effects of some AEDs against rotenone. We found that carbamazepine, unlike other tested AEDs, exerts a potent neuroprotective action against rotenone-induced striatal neuronal dysfunction. This neuroprotection was observed at therapeutically relevant concentrations requiring endogenous GABA. Differential targeting of GABAergic transmission may represent a possible therapeutic strategy against basal ganglia neurodegenerative disorders involving mitochondrial complex I dysfunction.
Expression of Metalloproteinases MMP-2 and MMP-9 in Antrochoanal Polyps
Authors: Topal Ozgul , Erbek Selim S. , Kiyici Halil , Cakmak Ozcan 
Published: August 2008

Background Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2 and MMP-9 are known to cleave specifically type 4 collagen, which is a major structural component of basement membrane. This is an early step of inflammation. Because of this property they have been studied in chronic sinonasal disorders. The aim of this study was to determine the MMP-2 and MMP-9 expressions in an antrochoanal polyp (ACP). Methods We examined tissue samples from 10 ACPs, 10 diffuse nasal polyps, and 10 control nasal mucosa (CM) by immunohisto-chemistry for MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression. Results Most of epithelial and endothelial cells showed positive immunostaining for MMP-2 and MMP-9 in all tissue samples. MMP-2 staining of inflammatory cells showed no difference among the groups (p > 0.05). On the other hand, MMP-9+ inflammatory cells were found to be significantly increased in ACP and diffuse nasal polyps when compared with CM (p < 0.05). Conclusion MMP-9–expressing inflammatory cells could play a role in the pathophysiology of ACP as well as nasal polyps.
Glycoconjugate Expression of Sinus Mucosa in Chronic Rhinosinusitis: A Lectin Histochemical Study
Authors: Berger Gilead , Kogan Tatiana , Ophir Dov , Skutelsky Ehud , Pitaro Koby 
Published: August 2008

Background Glycoproteins are responsible for the rheological properties of the mucus. Changes in mucus viscosity may interfere with mucociliary clearance, leading to stasis and aggravation of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). The purpose of this study was to assess the composition and concentration of various sinus mucosa glycoproteins in normal and chronically inflamed sinuses. Methods A semiquantitative scoring system was used to express the binding intensity of 10 lectins to 6 carbohydrates (galactose, sialic acid, N- acetylglucosamine, N- acetylgalactosamine [GalNAc], fucose, mannose) residing in the sinus mucosa of patients with CRS (N = 20) and normal controls (N = 10). Results The mean CT score, compatible with extensive sinus disease, was 13.9 ± 6.7. All six carbohydrates were found in the epithelium and submucosal glands of patients and controls. Peanut agglutinin staining showed significantly higher concentration of disaccharide galactose beta 1,3 GalNAc in epithelial goblet cells and in submucosal mucous and mixed glands of patients compared with that of controls (p = 0.01, p = 0.03, and p = 0.018, respectively). The epithelial glycocalyx of patients was also significantly more abundant in fucose and in GalNAc (p = 0.015, and p < 0.001, respectively). Conclusion Glycoconjugate expression of the sinus mucosa in CRS is markedly altered in extensive inflammatory conditions. The increased concentration of galactose beta 1,3 GalNAc in CRS probably contributes to the high viscosity of the nasal mucus and interferes with normal mucociliary clearance. Exposed peripheral galactose residues may serve as attachment receptor sites for pathogenic bacteria. Means interfering with the ability of bacteria to adhere to specific receptors on host tissues warrant additional research.
The Effects of Endoscopic Sinus Surgery on Level of Fatigue in Patients with Chronic Rhinosinusitis
Authors: Sautter Nathan B. , Mace Jess , Chester Alexander C. , Smith Timothy L. 
Published: August 2008

Background Fatigue is a common symptom of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), but the response of fatigue to endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) is rarely studied. Methods A prospective, open cohort of adult patients undergoing ESS for CRS was studied using 10-cm fatigue visual analog scales (VASs), Lund-MacKay computed tomography (CT), and Lund-Kennedy nasal endoscopy scoring. Results Two hundred seventy-two patients, followed for a mean (±SD) of 16.5 ± 8.5 months after ESS, noted significant fatigue improvement with an effect size defined as large by Cohen (0.8 [95% CI, 0.5–1.3]). Neither preoperative CT scores nor preoperative endoscopy scores correlated with preoperative fatigue severity. Compared with the mean preoperative fatigue score (6.1 ± 2.9 cm), preoperative fatigue was more severe in women (6.9 ± 2.6 cm; p < 0.001) patients with depression (7.7 ± 2.4 cm; p < 0.001) and patients with fibromyalgia (7.9 ± 2.2 cm; p = 0.013), but less severe in patients with nasal polyposis (5.4 ± 3.2 cm; p = 0.009). Significantly greater postoperative reduction in fatigue was noted in patients with fibromyalgia when compared with study patients without fibromyalgia (effect size = 1.8 [95% CI, 1.6–2.2]; p > 0.001) with final fatigue severity scores similar to the entire study group. Similarly, patients with severe fatigue (n = 112; mean VAS score, 8.8 ± 0.8 cm) showed a more pronounced improvement than patients less severely fatigued (n = 160; mean VAS score 4.2 ± 2.4 cm; effect size = 2.2 [95% CI, 2.0–2.9]; p > 0.001). Conclusion Fatigue improves after ESS, with significantly greater improvement in patients with fibromyalgia and in patients that are more severely fatigued at presentation.
Rhinitis Medicamentosa: Therapeutic Effect of Diode Laser Inferior Turbinate Reduction on Nasal Obstruction and Decongestant Abuse
Authors: Caffier Philipp P. , Frieler Katja , Scherer Hans , Sedlmaier Benedikt , Göktas Önder 
Published: August 2008

Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate long-term outcomes of an outpatient-based diode laser inferior turbinate reduction (ITR) in therapy-refractory rhinitis medicamentosa (RM). Methods In a prospective clinical investigation, 42 consecutive RM patients underwent videoendoscopic ITR with a diode laser after topical anesthetic preparation. Intra- and perioperative details were recorded including the occurrence of bleeding, crusting, pain, or discomfort. Treatment efficiency was assessed by follow-ups 1 and 6 weeks as well as 6 and 12 months after surgery. Subjective pre- and posttherapeutic nasal airflow (NA) and patient satisfaction were rated on visual analog scales (VASs). Assessment of the long-term objective clinical effectiveness was based on rhinomanometry, IT photodocumentation, and the recurrent need for decongestants. Results Preoperative addiction to decongestants lasted 5 ± 2 years (mean ± SD). There was no major bleeding requiring nasal packing, and there were no other perioperative complications. Postoperative edema disappeared within the 1st week and crusting within 6 weeks after surgery. VAS was characterized by very low values for intraoperative pain and discomfort and high postoperative patient satisfaction. After 6 months, NA data revealed a significant improvement of subjective VAS and objective rhinomanometry (250.4–413.9 cm3/s inspiration at 150 Pa). A total of 88% of patients managed to successfully stop decongestant abuse after 6 months (74% after 1 year). Conclusion In therapy-refractory RM, outpatient diode laser ITR of hyperplastic IT represents a highly effective, safe, and well-tolerated treatment option that provides long-lasting recovery by markedly improving NA and stopping addiction to nasal decongestants.
Assessing the issue of instability due to Michael adduct formation in novel chemical entities possessing a carbon–carbon double bond during early drug development— applicability of common laboratory analytical protocols
Authors: Polepally Akshanth Reddy , Kumar Venkata V. Pavan , Bhamidipati Ravikanth , Kota Jagannath , Naveed Shaik Abdul , Reddy Karnati Harinder , Mamidi Rao N.V.S. , Selvakumar N. , Mullangi Ramesh , Srinivas Nuggehally R. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe discovery of small‐molecule novel chemical entities (NCEs) is often a complex play between appropriate structural requirements and optimization of the desired efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetic properties. One of the typical structural variants such as having an active carbon–carbon double bond (α, β‐unsaturated carbonyl group) in xenobiotics may lead to stability issues. Such functionalities are extremely reactive, paving way to nucleophilic attack by endogenously occurring and ubiquitous nucleophiles like thiols. While it is easy to make a unilateral decision to not pursue the development of xenobiotics with such functionalities, we question the wisdom of such a decision. In this report, we present in vitro methodologies with appropriate examples to illustrate the ease of assessing the reactivity of the xenobiotics containing double bonds with a known nucleophile. The protocols involve simple reaction procedures followed by measurements using standard laboratory equipments (UV spectrophotometer, HPLC and LC‐MS). Our data suggests that not all xenobiotics with carbon–carbon double bonds readily form a Michael's adduct product with glutathione. Hence, the criterion for dropping discovery compounds because of α,β‐unsaturated double bonds needs to be reconsidered. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic skin deformation with characteristic curves
Authors: You L. H. , Yang Xiaosong , Zhang Jian J. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractBy simulating motion and deformation of a set of 3D characteristic curves defining surfaces, we introduce a new skin deformation technique to animate skin deformation of character models. This technique consists of two parts, representation of characteristic curves and dynamic skin deformation. The first part is to extract characteristic curves of an existing model, that is a polygon model or a NURBS model, represent the characteristic curves with time‐dependent 3D trigonometric curves, and relate the surface points of the model to these trigonometric curves. The advantage of such a treatment is that it can transform an original 3D problem into a 2D problem, making it much quicker and easier to process and compute. In the second part, a vector‐valued dynamic fourth‐order differential equation is employed to govern the behaviour of the time‐dependent 3D trigonometric curves. These dynamic differential equations incorporate both the time component and the physical properties of the material, which are given by the user. Thus, the character model can be made to animate (deform) following the user‐specified behaviour parameters. Our experiments demonstrate that this technique is able to produce realistic skin deformations efficiently and avoid the undesirable skinning problems suffered by some existing skinning techniques. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physiologically correct animation of the heart
Authors: Park Kyoungju 
Published: August 2008

AbstractPhysiologically correct animation of the heart should incorporate non‐homogeneous and nonlinear motions of the heart. Therefore, we introduce a methodology that estimates deformations from volume images and utilizes them for animation. Since volume images are acquired at regular slicing intervals, they miss information between slices and recover deformation on the slices. Therefore, the estimated finite element models (FEMs) result in coarse meshes with chunk elements the sizes of which depend on the slice intervals. Thus, we introduce a method of generating a detailed model using implicit surfaces and transferring a deformation from a FEM to implicit surfaces. An implicit surface heart model is reconstructed using contour data points and then cross‐parameterized to the heart FEM, the time‐varying deformation of which has been estimated by tracking the insights of the heart wall. The implicit surface heart models are composed of four heart walls that are blended into one model. A correspondence map between the source and the target meshes is made using the template fitting method. Deformation coupling transfers the deformation of a coarse heart FEM model to a detailed implicit model by factorizing linear equations. We demonstrate the system and show the resulting deformation of an implicit heart model. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
View‐dependent dynamics of articulated bodies
Authors: Kim Sujeong , Redon Stephane , Kim Young J. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractWe propose a method for view‐dependent simplification of articulated‐body dynamics, which enables an automatic trade‐off between visual precision and computational efficiency. We begin by discussing the problem of simplifying the simulation based on visual criteria, and show that it raises a number of challenging questions. We then focus on articulated‐body dynamics simulation, and propose a semi‐predictive approach which relies on a combination of exact, a priori error metrics computations, and visibility estimations. We suggest several variants of semi‐predictive metrics based on hierarchical data structures and the use of graphics hardware, and discuss their relative merits in terms of computational efficiency and precision. Finally, we present several benchmarks and demonstrate how our view‐dependent articulated‐body dynamics method allows an animator (or a physics engine) to finely tune the visual quality and obtain potentially significant speed‐ups during interactive or off‐line simulations. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Facial animation by optimized blendshapes from motion capture data
Authors: Liu Xuecheng , Mao Tianlu , Xia Shihong , Yu Yong , Wang Zhaoqi 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThis paper presents a labor‐saving method to construct optimal facial animation blendshapes from given blendshape sketches and facial motion capture data. At first, a mapping function is established between target “Marker Face” and performer's face by RBF interpolating selected feature points. Sketched blendshapes are transferred to performer's “Marker Face” by using motion vector adjustment technique. Then, the blendshapes of performer's “Marker Face” are optimized according to the facial motion capture data. At last, the optimized blendshapes are inversely transferred to target facial model. Apart from that, this paper also proposes a method of computing blendshape weights from facial motion capture data more accurately. Experiments show that expressive facial animation can be acquired. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A physically faithful multigrid method for fast cloth simulation
Authors: Oh SeungWoo , Noh Junyong , Wohn Kwangyun 
Published: August 2008

AbstractWe present an efficient multigrid algorithm that is adequate to solve a heavy linear system given in cloth simulation. Although a multigrid solver has been successfully employed to the Poisson problems, it is hard to apply the solver to complicated cloth deformations due to its lack of physical meaning in level construction. We address this problem by developing a physically faithful technique ensuring the conservation of all physical quantities across levels. The performance of our approach is demonstrated on a number of garment simulations implemented by the state of the art techniques: the implicit integration, the triangle‐based in‐plane energy model, and the curvature‐based bending energy model. Our multigrid algorithm is about four times faster than the preconditioned Conjugate Gradient method for a garment with 20K particles. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.