bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An autocorrelation analysis of genetic variation due to lineal fission in social groups of rhesus macaques
Authors: Cheverud James M. , Dow Malcolm M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractEmpirical analyses and models of the lineal effects of fission indicate that considerable genetic differentiation may occur at the time of group formation, thus confusing the usual positive relationship between historical affiliation and genetic differentiation. We analyze the effects of fission pattern on variation in highly heritable morphological traits among eight social groups on Cayo Santiago. The analysis is performed using general network autocorrelation methods that quantitatively and directly measure the amount of variation in social group mean morphology that can be explained by fission. All of the fission autocorrelation coefficients are strongly negative, indicating that groups most recently formed by fission are most dissimilar. Also, most of the variation between groups can be explained by the fission pattern, indicating that lineal fission is the most important process generating between‐group variation on Cayo Santiago.
Cytogenetic study of a female Lemur coronatus × Lemur macaco hybrid
Authors: Warter S. , Rumpler Y. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTwo species of lemur, Lemur macaco and Lemur coronatus, which do not hybridize in the wild, have produced a first, “definite” female hybrid in captivity. Its karyotype contains one haploid set from each parent. The analogy with the parental chromosomes is such that the pairing of the corresponding chromosomal arms leads to the formation of an open chain and a ring. The difficulty in obtaining hybrids between these two species could reflect the existence of a prezygotic barrier. The presence of multivalents, with probably a negative action on the gametogenesis, would introduce a postzygotic barrier.
Diachronic variation in cranial thickness of near eastern populations
Authors: Smith Patricia , Wax Yohanan , Becker Adrian , Einy Shmul 
Published: February 2006

AbstractCephalometric radiographs were taken of 111 skulls of skeletal remains of populations living in Israel and Jordan during the last 12,000 years. From these radiographs, skull length and height, and cranial thickness were measured. For each sex and period, high correlations were found between cranial thickness at vertex, bregma, and lambda. Cranial thickness at nasion was correlated with sinus width but not sinus height. All measurements were correlated with skull length but not skull breadth. Using multivariate analysis, no significant differences in cranial thickness were found between the sexes. Significant diachronic trends were found in lambda and sinus width, and they were independent of variation in skull length.
Aging in the musculoskeletal system of rhesus monkeys: II. Degenerative joint disease
Authors: DeRousseau C. Jean 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn order to discuss the rate and onset of adult aging in rhesus monkeys, 55 adult animals from the Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center and the University of Wisconsin Psychology Primate Laboratory were examined. Degenerative joint disease (DJD) at the hip and spine was scored, and loss of passive joint mobility at the hip was measured.Development of DJD at both the hip and spine was significantly and positively correlated with age. Spinal changes, especially at the thoraco/lumbar intervertebral symphyses, appeared to develop somewhat more rapidly than hip degeneration. In some individuals, DJD was observed soon after the completion of growth, but pronounced changes seldom occurred before the middle of the second decade of life. Similarly, age‐dependent losses of passive joint mobility appeared to begin early in ontogeny and to become increasingly pronounced in the aging adult.Although interspecific comparisons are difficult due to intraspecies and intraindividual variation, the timing of musculoskeletal aging in the rhesus spine and hip differs from that observed in humans in a way that parallels previously documented species differences in patterns of musculoskeletal growth. These observations and data on age‐related change in other systems, suggest that rates and durations of many ontogenetic processes in rhesus monkeys are approximately three times as fast and one‐third as long as those of the corresponding human processes. Importantly, differences in the timing of reproduction do not appear to follow the same scaling factor observed in other systems. Although reproduction may, therefore, be under separate control, the consistent pattern observed in other aspects of somatic growth and aging supports the hypothesis (Cutler, 1976; Sacher, 1978) that evolutionary changes in ontogeny have resulted from selection acting upon a few genes with widespread regulatory effects.
Maximal exercise capacity in adolescent European and Amerindian high‐altitude natives
Authors: Greksa Lawrence P. , Spielvogel Hilde , Paredes‐Fernández Luis 
Published: February 2006

AbstractForty‐seven highland natives were given maximal exercise tests on a treadmill ergometer at 3,600 m. The subjects were grouped into four subsamples on the basis of ethnicity (European vs. Aymara) and age (young vs. old adolescent). Two‐way ANOVA indicated that VO2max adjusted for body size did not differ significantly between ethnic groups but was significantly larger in older than younger boys within each ethnic group (p < .05). This finding does not support the hypothesis that Amerindian highland natives have adapted genetically to hypoxia but is consistent with the hypothesis that the relatively high VO2max's of highlanders are acquired by developmental adaptation. Several measures of ventilation and oxygen transport capacity differed significantly between ethnic groups, suggesting that growing European and Aymara boys may respond somewhat differently to the stress of high‐altitude hypoxia. However, despite these differences, VO2max, an integrated measure of the overall functional capacity of the oxygen transport system, did not differ significantly between ethnic groups, suggesting that both groups are equally capable of meeting the body's oxygen requirements during maximal exercise at high altitude.
The eruption pattern of the permanent incisors and first permanent molars in Australopithecus (Paranthropus) robustus
Authors: Dean M. C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis study aims to reassess the claim that the eruption sequence of the permanent incisor and first permanent molar teeth of Australopithecus (Paranthropus) robustus is identical with that in modern Homo sapiens. Eight fossil hominid mandibles of equivalent dental developmental age were chosen for comparative study. Emphasis has been placed upon the comparative timing of events within the growth period rather than eruption sequence alone. The results of this study indicate that Homo sapiens and Australopithecus (Paranthropus) robustus share the same pattern of permanent molar and incisor eruption and that this is significantly different from the pattern of eruption shared by the great apes, Australopithecus africanus and Australopithecus afarensis.
The nature of the primate grasping foot
Authors: Gebo Daniel L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe grasping primate foot is one of the hallmark adaptations for the order Primates. Prosimian muscle and joint analysis indicates that there are two distinct primate grasping feet. The I–V opposable grasp, in which the hallux opposes the other four digits around a support, is the primitive grasp type utilized by cheirogaleids, lorisides, Daubentonia, and tarsiids. Lemurids and indriids, on the other hand, have a derived I–II adductor grasp, where the grasping action of the hallux and the second digit have been enhanced. This grasp seems to be in response to increasing body size and the use of vertical supports. North American adapids, which were large and possessed the I–V opposable grasp, were probably not able to utilize vertical supports frequently. The recognition of this innovative adaptation, the I–II adductor grasp, which is unique to Madagascar, extends our appreciation of prosimian locomotor capabilities.
Interobserver reliability of skinfold measurements in infants and young children
Authors: Johnston Francis E. , Mack Robert W. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractInterobserver reliabilities were determined for the triceps, biceps, subscapular, suprailiac, and abdominal skinfolds in 77 children, 9–24 months of age. Technical errors of measurement (replicate variances) and coefficients of variation were compared to data on 12–17‐year‐olds from the U.S. Health Examination Survey (HES) to 2.5–7‐year‐old Guatamalan children. Of the five skinfolds, the between‐observer variation was not significantly different from zero in four; in the case of the biceps fold, F‐ratio was significant at p < .01. Errors of measurement are less for these data than for the HES or Guatemalan studies. This difference is attributed to the larger means of the older children and youth, as well as to the greater error of measurement shown to exist for larger skinfolds.
Directional asymmetry of body dimensions among white adolescents
Authors: Schell Lawrence M. , Johnston Francis E. , Smith Daniel R. , Paolone Albert M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAsymmetry of paired dimensions has been recognized as a methodological problem in anthropometry and more recently as an indicator of environmental stress. This study seeks to determine the extent of directional asymmetry for some of the measurements commonly made in anthropometry. Upper arm circumference, biepicondylar breadth, triceps and subscapular skinfolds, bicondylar breadth of the femur, and calf circumference were measured on right and left sides among 135 white adolescents from suburban Philadelphia. Handedness (right or nonright) was subject‐assessed. Body composition was estimated through underwater weighing. Asymmetry was evaluated using a paired t test. Arm measurements are significantly asymmetric in favor of the right side; subscapular skinfolds and leg measurements are not significantly asymmetric. Among the sample of right‐handed subjects (n = 116), upper arm circumference and biepicondylar breadth were significantly larger on the right side, and, among the males of this subsample, triceps was as well. The nonright‐handed subjects (n = 19) did not show statistically significant asymmetry. Asymmetry was negatively but weakly related to body composition. These results are consistent with an explanation in terms of preferred use of one side of the body and consequent muscle hypertrophy, but an adequate test of this explanation requires hypothesis testing in larger samples of nonright‐handed subjects.
Mechanics of increased support of weight by the hindlimbs in primates
Authors: Reynolds Thomas R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractQuadrupedal primates support most of their weight on their hindlimbs during locomotion. Neither the position of their center of gravity nor the average position of their foot contacts is substantially different from that of other quadrupeds supporting most of their weight on their forelimbs. Arguments are presented to support the theory that high levels of hindlimb retractor activity will produce this shift of support to the hindlimbs. If this muscular activity is appropriately timed, it will generate only low horizontal accelerations, which can be offset by small changes in the average position of the limbs. Estimates of muscular force are derived from force plate and kinematic data, which indicate that primates in fact do exhibit the postulated pattern of muscular activity. It is suggested that this shift occurs to reduce the compressive forces on the forelimbs.
Atlanto‐occipital fusion and spondylolisthesis in an Anasazi skeleton from bright angel ruin, Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona
Authors: Merbs Charles F. , Euler Robert C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe skeleton of a middle‐aged female showing an unusual pattern of congenital, traumatic, and degenerative pathology was recovered from a small Kayenta Anasazi site located near the confluence of Bright Angel Creek with the Colorado River in the Inner Gorge of Grand Canyon. The atlas is fused with the base of the skull and C2 is fused with C3. The cervical region was subjected to hyperextension, perhaps through use of a tumpline, with resultant reduction of the neural canal to 8 mm, a condition that quite likely led to neurological problems. The skeleton also includes a depression fracture of the lateral condyle of the left tibia. Complete, bilateral spondylolysis of L5 led to an olisthesis of approximately 15 mm. The disc between L5 and S1 then ossified, most likely from staphylococcus bacteremia, making the olisthesis permanent and thereby creating a unique archaeological specimen. Although spondylolysis is usually viewed as a stress fracture, the general pattern of pathology in this individual makes it necessary to consider an etiology of acute trauma.
Dental modifications and tool use in the western Great Basin
Authors: Larsen Clark Spencer 
Published: February 2006

AbstractNondietary function is an important concern in the study of the human dentition and its role in adaptation. The purpose of the present investigation is to describe and interpret a pattern of dental wear in the anterior dentition of precontact hunter‐gatherers that inhabited the western Great Basin. These data are discussed in light of ethnographic documentation as a means by which the archaeological record is linked with associated behavior of the representative populations. A series of 171 dentitions from a group of archaeological localities was examined. Of 1,931 teeth observed, 16 of these showed narrow (0.4–2.0 mm) transverse grooves located on the midocclusal surfaces of anterior teeth. The grooves were restricted in occurrence to five older adult males.Documentation of prehistoric and historic western Great Basin aboriginal populations indicates an adaptation that involves use of plant materials in the production of a variety of utilitarian objects, such as fish nets, basketry, funerary bags, fowling bags, and rope. In postcontact contexts, the anterior dentition has been shown to play an important role in the preparation of materials used for the production of this equipment. It seems most likely, then, that the grooves observed herein resulted directly from the use of the dentition as part of the tool assemblage for the production of other tools.
The “unisex phantom,” sexual dimorphism, and proportional growth assessment
Authors: Shephard Roy J. , Labarre Robert , Jéquier J.‐C. , Lavallee Hugues , Rajic M. , Volle M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe “unisex phantom” tactic of Ross and associates attempts to examine proportional growth, expressing body measurements relative to a phantom created from arbitrary mean dimensions and the observed coefficients of variation for an arbitrary sample of adult men and women. Fundamental assumptions of the model are (1) that data treated in unisex fashion have the normal distribution required of Z‐type statistics throughout the period of growth, and (2) that it is reasonable to consider anthropometric measurements in all populations (regardless of ultimate size) as growing toward the common height chosen for the phantom. The validity and possible usefulness of this approach has been tested using anthropometric data collected on 546 francophone primary school children from the Trois Rivières district who had been measured repeatedly from 6 to 12 years of age. Over this age range, the mixing of data for girls and boys does not create a bimodal distribution, and has only a marginal effect upon skewing and kurtosis; however, the requirement of a normal distribution is not satisfied by quite a number of common anthropometric measurements even at this age. Moreover, application of the unisex phantom procedure to the Trois Rivières sample does little to clarify anticipated sex‐related differences in regional growth, and it is argued that univariate standardization against a power function of an arbitrary adult height may not provide the best method of examining the multivariate problem of growth. Comparison of results with data from Saskatoon, previously treated by unisex phantom methodology, reveals puzzling inconsistencies; it is suggested that interlaboratory differences of methodology rather than ethnic differences are responsible for apparent discrepancies in growth patterns. It is urged that interlaboratory validation of techniques and landmarks should precede the ascription of apparent differences in body build to constitutional factors.
Dental wear in the Libben population: Its functional pattern and role in the determination of adult skeletal age at death
Authors: Lovejoy C. Owen 
Published: February 2006

AbstractModal patterns of occlusal attrition are presented for the Libben population based on a sample of 332 adult dentitions. Maxillas and mandibles were reviewed independently by seriation prior to assessment of complete dentitions. The Spearman rank order coefficient for upper and lower dentitions was.96. Wear patterns are very similar to those reported by Murphy (1959a: Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 17:167–178) for Australian aborigines. There were no significant sexual differences in wear rate. Dental wear is concluded to be a highly reliable and important indicator of adult age at death for skeletal populations if seriation procedures are employed.
Ectocranial suture closure: A revised method for the determination of skeletal age at death based on the lateral‐anterior sutures
Authors: Meindl Richard S. , Lovejoy C. Owen 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA new method for estimation of age‐at‐death based on the degree of suture closure is presented. The method employs simple ectocranial scoring of specific sites on the external table. Composite scores for two groups of sutures, lateral‐anterior and vault systems, which are used to provide estimates of age‐at‐death, have been developed from a sample of 236 crania from the Hamann‐Todd Collection. A variety of tests show that the lateralanterior sutures are superior to the sutures of the vault, that ectocranial is superior to endocranial observation, and that age estimates are independent of race and sex. It is concluded that suture closure can provide valuable estimates of age‐at‐death in both archaeological and forensic contexts when used in conjunction with other skeletal age indicators.
Accuracy and direction of error in the sexing of the skeleton: Implications for paleodemography
Authors: Meindl Richard S. , Lovejoy C. Owen , Mensforth Robert P. , Carlos Lydia Don 
Published: February 2006

AbstractDeterminations of sex by subjective assessment of the skulls from a skeletal series of known sex were compared to fully independent assessments based on pelves of the same specimens. Within‐sex correlations of cranial and pelvic morphologies measured on an android‐gynecoid scale were smaller than expected. Subjective assessment by means of the skull compared favorably to that of the linear discriminant functions of Giles and Elliot; however, the direction of error was similar for both procedures. Of course, estimations based on the pelves were generally superior to both in terms of frequency and overall bias of error. The bias of sex estimation for paleodemographic purposes is contingent upon completeness of skeletal remains.
Anatomical, physiological, and epidemiological correlates of the aging process: A confirmation of multifactorial age determination in the Libben skeletal population
Authors: Mensforth Robert P. , Lovejoy C. Owen 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPaleodemographic analyses based on estimates of skeletal age at death consistently report high levels of young adult mortality with few individuals living in excess of 50 years. Critics assert, these data indicate systematic underaging of adults and justifiably remark that (1) criteria for estimating skeletal age at death may be unreliable, (2) age determinations are too frequently based on one or two criteria alone, and (3) adult paleodemographic age profiles often mimic the age distribution of the modern population from which an age indicator's standards were originally derived. This study reports a series of tests based on well‐documented biological aging phenomena that can be used to investigate potential effects of systematic underaging in adults, assuming the skeletal population is of sufficient size to permit such tests. These include patterns of third decade sternal clavicular epiphyseal fusion, multiple age and sex criteria associated with cortical bone dynamics, and fractures known to occur throughout the entire adult ages range. These phenomena are examined here for the Libben site skeletal population where adult age at death was determined by the multifactorial summary age technique. None of the biological criteria reported here were used in the Libben summary age analysis and thus serve as an independent test of accuracy in age determination. In addition, the summary age method has recently been applied to a series of modern skeletons of known age (Todd samples 1 and 2). Age standards for criteria employed with Libben and Todd 1 were identical. Since Todd 1 displayed underaging in older adults, a second Libben age distribution adjusted for Todd 1 bias was generated for comparison. A third Libben adult survivorship profile based on a Coale and Demeny West level 3 mortality experience, considered by some to be a more realistic model for skeletal populations, was produced for comparison. For all criteria examined, original Libben summary ages provided superior concordance with known patterns of biological aging in human populations. While Libben ages adjusted for Todd 1 bias were slightly better in the third decade, both Todd 1 adjusted and Coale and Demeny West level 3 age distributions produced unrealistic patterns of biological aging for individuals greater than 35 years. Implications of these results are discussed.
Population distribution of the human vitamin D binding protein: Anthropological considerations
Authors: Constans J. , Hazout S. , Garruto R. M. , Gajdusek D. C. , Spees E. K. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe polymorphism of the serum vitamin D binding protein (DBP) in humans is based on the existence of three common alleles, Gc1F, Gc1S, and Gc2, and 84 rare alleles. The geographical distribution of Gc1F, Gc1S, and Gc2 alleles shows north to south clines, together with a balanced equilibrium between the Gc1F or Gc1S allele frequency and the Gc2 frequency.The distribution of the FST values shows high variability within a geographical area. For European and North Asiatic groups, the FST values are the lowest observed, and the reason may be a long process of homogenization. Aboriginal populations from Australia and New Guinea and groups from both North Africa and South America show the greatest heterogeneity of their allele frequencies. Systematic factors such as genetic drift and selection may account for this distribution.In contrast with the three main DBP alleles, the distribution of the rare alleles corresponds to patterns of human migrations that occurred during prehistoric and historic periods. Thus, the rare mutants are of particular relevance to anthropological and genetical investigations.
Dramatic founder effects in Amerindian mitochondrial DNAs
Authors: Wallace Douglas C. , Garrison Katherine , Knowler William C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSouthwestern American Indian (Amerindian) mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNAs) were analyzed with restriction endonucleases and found to contain Asian restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) but at frequencies very different from those found in Asia. One rare Asian HincII RFLP was found in 40% of the Amerindians. Several mtDNAs were discovered which have not yet been observed on other continents and different tribes were found to have distinctive mtDNAs. Since the mtDNA is inherited exclusively through the maternal lineage, these results suggest that Amerindian tribes were founded by small numbers of female lineages and that new mutations have been fixed in these lineages since their separation from Asia.