bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of a Proposed Drift Reduction Technology High-Speed Wind Tunnel Testing Protocol
Authors: Hoffmann W. Clint , Fritz Bradley K. , Lan Y. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has initiated the development of protocols for for measuring spray drift reduction technologies (DRTs) related to the application of agricultural protection chemicals. The DRT Program is an EPA-led initiative program to “achieve improved environmental and human health protection through drift reduction by accelerating the acceptance and use of improved and cost-effective application technologies.” The first step in implementing the DRT program is to develop a set of protocols, standard operating procedures, and data quality assurance steps so that the results from any trials or research conducted are scientifically valid and repeatable. A protocol for measuring spray droplet spectra via laser diffraction equipment in a high speed wind tunnel (air velocities&gt;160 kph (100 mph)) was tested. Following the proposed protocol, five reference nozzles were evaluated with spray solutions of deionized water, water + 9 % isopropanol, and water + 0.25 % of a nonionic surfactant. Each of the nozzle and spray solution combinations were evaluated in 160, 193, and 225 kph (100, 120, and 140 mph) airstreams, as well as under static (0 kph) conditions. The results of these atomization studies showed that there were significant differences in droplet spectra between the spray solutions and from the different air velocities. Based on the time to complete the tests, the author suggest using a ±5 % standard deviation values as criteria for accepting atomization tests results.
The first percutaneous aortic valve implantation in Hungary
Authors: Fontos Géza , Piróth Zsolt , Szőke Sándor , Tóth Gábor , Vincze Dóra , Szegedi Margit , Szüts Krisztina , Temesvári András , Hódi Gabriella , Székely László , Olev Luha , Andréka Péter 
Published: March 2009

Panaszos aortabillentyű-szűkületben szenvedő betegek számára a billentyűcsere felbecsülhetetlen prognosztikai előnyt jelent. A thoracotomia, az aortotomia és a szívmotor alkalmazásából adódó morbiditás és mortalitás alternatív megoldások kereséséhez vezetett. A transzkatéteres endovascularis aortabillentyű-beültetéssel szerzett kezdeti tapasztalatok igazolták az eljárás megvalósíthatóságát és hatékonyságát, az akkori eszközökkel azonban a beavatkozás meglehetősen nehézkes volt. Időközben az eszközök és a beültetés technikája látványos fejlődésnek indultak, az operatőrök is egyre gyakorlottabbakká váltak. Megjelentek a ballonnal kinyitható és az önmaguktól kinyíló endoprotézisek, a perkután transfemoralis és a transapicalis megközelítés is megtalálni látszik a helyét előnyös és kedvezőtlen tulajdonságaiknak köszönhetően. A beavatkozás sikeraránya és klinikai kimenete folyamatosan javul. A közelmúltban zárult tanulmányok azt mutatják, hogy a magas kockázatú, idős betegeknél, a perkután módszer morbiditása és mortalitása a hagyományos sebészi technikáénál lényegesen kedvezőbb. Több mint egy év alapos előkészületeit követően, a Gottsegen György Országos Kardiológiai Intézetben 2008. november 11-én, Kelet-Közép-Európában először sikeres perkután aortabillentyű-beültetést végeztünk két idős, kritikus aortabillentyű-szűkületes betegnél. A betegek hétnapos kezelés után, nagyon jó általános állapotban hagyták el az intézetet.
Microarray analysis of polychlorinated biphenyl mixture–induced changes in gene expression among Atlantic tomcod populations displaying differential sensitivity to halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons
Authors: Carlson Erik A. , Roy Nirmal K. , Wirgin Isaac I. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Several populations of fishes inhabiting contaminated Atlantic Coast estuaries exhibit resistance to early life-stage (ELS) toxicities induced by halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons such as coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). These toxicities include mortality, circulatory failure, edema, and craniofacial malformations. The mechanisms behind resistance to halogenated aromatic hydrocarbon toxicity in these populations are unknown. First and second generation Atlantic tomcod Microgadus tomcod embryos derived from the Hudson River ([HR]; New York, USA) population are highly resistant to PCB-induced cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) expression and ELS toxicity when compared to embryos of Miramichi River ([MR]; New Brunswick, Canada) and Shinnecock Bay ([SB]; New York, USA) origin. The present study sought to identify novel genes involved in population differences in response to PCB exposure using custom microarrays. Microarray probes consisted of unsequenced inserts of randomly picked clones from a tomcod cardiac cDNA library. Tomcod embryos from three populations (HR, MR, and SB) were exposed to two doses of an environmentally relevant mixture of coplanar PCBs and screened for dose- and population-specific patterns of gene expression. Clones displaying significant differences between populations exposed to the high dose of PCBs were identified by DNA sequencing. Of the 28 identified nonribosomal protein clones, none displayed expression patterns highly similar to CYP1A (altered in MR and SB, but not in HR). However, several transcripts representing biomarkers of cardiomyopathy in mammals (cardiac troponin T2, cathepsin L, and atrial natriuretic peptide) were differentially altered among the three tomcod populations by PCBs. Although the present study did not identify any novel genes associated with PCB resistance in tomcod, several potential molecular biomarkers of PCB exposure were revealed.
A passive sampler based on solid-phase microextraction for quantifying hydrophobic organic contaminants in sediment pore water
Authors: Maruya Keith A. , Zeng Eddy Y. , Tsukada David , Bay Steven M. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Sediment-quality assessment often is hindered by the lack of agreement between chemical and biological lines of evidence. One limitation is that the bulk sediment toxicant concentration, the most widely used chemical parameter, does not always represent the bioavailable concentration, particularly for hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in highly contaminated sediments. In the present study, we developed and tested a pore-water sampler that uses solid-phase microextraction (SPME) to measure freely dissolved (bioavailable) HOC concentrations. A single polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-coated SPME fiber is secured in a compact, protective housing that allows aqueous exchange with whole sediment while eliminating direct contact with sediment particles. Fibers with three PDMS coating thicknesses were first calibrated for 12 model HOCs of current regulatory concern. Precalibrated samplers were exposed to spiked estuarine sediment in laboratory microcosms to determine the time to equilibrium and the equilibrium concentrations across a range of sediment contamination. Time to equilibrium ranged from 14 to 110 d, with 30 d being sufficient for more than half the target HOCs. Equilibrium SPME measurements, ranging from 0.009 to 2,400 ng/L, were highly correlated with but, in general, lower than HOC pore-water concentrations determined independently by liquid–liquid extraction. This concept shows promise for directly measuring the freely dissolved concentration of HOCs in sediment pore water, a previously difficult-to-measure parameter that will improve our ability to assess the impacts of contaminated sediments.
Long-range transport of organic chemicals in the environment
Authors: Scheringer Martin 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe long-range transport (LRT) of organic chemicals in the environment is reviewed, with particular focus on the role of environmental fate and transport models and the relationship between model results and field data. Results from generic multimedia box models, spatially resolved multimedia box models, and atmospheric transport models are highlighted, including conceptual investigations of cold-trap effect and global fractionation as well as results for particular chemicals, such as hexachlorocyclohexanes, DDT, polychlorinated biphenyls, perfluoroocctanoic acid, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Comparison of model results to field data shows that in many cases environmental fate models provide a good description of the distribution dynamics observed in the field, with deviations between measured and modeled concentrations around a factor of five. Sorption to atmospheric aerosols as a key process influencing the LRT of semivolatile organic chemicals (SOCs) is discussed, and the need for more measurements of the aerosol–air partitioning of SOCs and of the reactivity of particle-bound chemicals is pointed out. Key findings from field campaigns measuring legacy persistent organic pollutants (POPs) as well as new POPs are summarized. Finally, the relationship between science and politics in the field of POPs is addressed. Research into the LRT of organic chemicals has always occurred in interaction with political activities aiming to reduce the emissions of POPs. Since the late 1990s, the Stockholm Convention and the Aarhus Protocol on POPs have formed an important political context for research concerning POPs; the implementation of these international treaties creates a demand for ongoing research into the LRT of organic chemicals.
Influence of pH, Hardness, Dissolved Organic Carbon Concentration, and Dissolved Organic Matter Source on the Acute Toxicity of Copper toDaphnia Magnain Soft Waters: Implications for the Biotic Ligand Model
Authors: Ryan Adam C. , Tomasso Joseph R. , Klaine Stephen J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe influence of pH, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration, water hardness, and dissolved organic matter (DOM) source on the acute toxicity of copper were investigated with standardized 48-h Daphnia magna toxicity tests. Toxicity tests were conducted according to a four-factor complete factorial design. Nominal factor levels were as follows: pH 6 and 8; DOC, 2.5 and 10 mg/L; hardness, 10, 20, and 40 mg/L as CaCO3; and two DOM sources (collected from the Black River and Edisto River, SC, USA). The experimental design resulted in 24 different factor level combinations. Results indicated that all factors had significant effects on copper toxicity. Furthermore, a strong interactive effect of DOC concentration and pH was detected. Because the biotic ligand model (BLM) has become a widely used tool for predicting toxicity and interpreting toxicity test results, its performance with these data was evaluated. Seventy percent of BLM predictions were within twofold of the observed median lethal concentrations. However, BLM parameters could be adjusted to improve model performance with this data set. This analysis suggested that in soft waters, the CuOH+ complex binds more strongly with the biotic ligand and that the competitive effect of hardness cations should be increased. The results of the present study may have implications for application of the BLM to some types of surface waters. Furthermore, a comprehensive analysis of BLM performance with all available data should be performed, and necessary updates to model parameters should be made to produce the most robust and widely applicable model.
Effects of Rosuvastatin and Atorvastatin on LDL and HDL Particle Concentrations in Patients With Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Rosenson Robert S. , Otvos James D. , Hsia Judith 
Published: March 2009

OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of statin therapy on lipoprotein particle concentrations in patients with the metabolic syndrome. Changes in lipoprotein particle concentration may predict the risk of coronary heart disease more accurately than lipoprotein cholesterol levels.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Patients with dyslipidemia and the metabolic syndrome (n = 318) were randomly assigned in a double-blind study comparing 10 mg rosuvastatin (RSV), 10 mg atorvastatin, or placebo daily for 6 weeks. From weeks 6 to 12, patients in the RSV and placebo groups received 20 mg RSV, whereas the ATV group increased their dose to 20 mg daily. Lipoprotein particle concentrations were measured by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, LDL cholesterol was measured by β-quantification, and other lipoproteins were measured by standard methods at baseline, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks. Lipoprotein levels were compared by analysis of covariance.

RESULTS
Statins reduced LDL particle concentration less than LDL cholesterol (−30 to −38 vs. −38 to −51%). Reductions were greater with RSV than with ATV (P &lt; 0.05 for LDL particle concentration and P &lt; 0.001 for LDL cholesterol). Most patients attained LDL cholesterol &lt;2.59 mmol/l (100 mg/dl) at 12 weeks (80% with RSV and 59% with ATV; P = 0.003), but only 27% of patients receiving RSV and 19% receiving ATV attained the goal of LDL particle concentration &lt;1,000 nmol/l (P = 0.07).

CONCLUSIONS
In patients with the metabolic syndrome, statin-induced changes in LDL cholesterol do not accurately reflect changes in LDL particle concentration. Consequently, despite attainment of LDL cholesterol goals, these patients may retain considerable residual coronary heart disease risk.
Korovkin-type theorems and applications
Authors: Mahmudov Nazim 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Let {T
n} be a sequence of linear operators on C[0,1], satisfying that {T
n (e
i)} converge in C[0,1] (not necessarily to e
i) for i = 0,1,2, where e
i = t
i. We prove Korovkin-type theorem and give quantitative results on C
2[0,1] and C[0,1] for such sequences. Furthermore, we define King’s type q-Bernstein operator and give quantitative results for the approximation properties of such operators.
Molecular organization and aggregation in Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett films of azo dye/liquid crystal mixtures
Authors: Inglot K. , Martyński T. , Bauman D. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA study of azo dye/liquid crystal mixtures in monolayers formed at air-water (Langmuir films) and air-solid substrate (Langmuir-Blodgett films) interfaces was performed. Three azo dyes with various molecular structure and two liquid crystal materials: 4-octyl-4′-cyanobiphenyl (8CB) and trans-4-octyl(4′-cyanophenyl)-cyclohexane (8PCH) were used. The morphology of Langmuir films was monitored by means of a Brewster angle microscope (BAM). Moreover, a surface pressure and electronic absorption spectra of the monolayer spread on the water surface of dye/liquid crystal mixtures as a function of a mean molecular area were simultaneously recorded. In addition, the absorption for Langmuir-Blodgett films deposited on quartz plates was measured. Information about intermolecular interactions in the mixtures of the nonamphiphilic dye and the liquid crystal with polar terminal group was obtained. Conclusions about the formation of self-aggregates between dye molecules have been drawn. The influence of the dye molecular structure and its concentration on aggregates’ geometry was found.
A Remark on the Interpretation of Pooling Results
Authors: Zieliński Wojciech 
Published: March 2009

A Remark on the Interpretation of Pooling ResultsA multinomial distribution (-1, π1), (0, π2), (1, π3), π1+ π2+ π3= 1 is observed. Suppose thatn1values -1,n2values 0 andn3values 1 (n=n1+n2+n3) were observed. The construction of the confidence region for the vector (π1, π2, π3) is given. Theoretical considerations are illustrated by an example of the results of a pool.
Risk factors for postoperative systemic complications in elderly patients with brain tumors
Authors: Asano Kenichiro , Nakano Takahiro , Takeda Tetsuji , Ohkuma Hiroki 
Published: March 2009

Object
In elderly patients with brain tumors, the prevention of postoperative systemic complications is extremely important, and identification of the risk factors would be useful for planning therapy. The authors investigated ways to avoid postoperative complications by identifying risk factors.

Methods
The study population included 84 patients, 70 years of age or older, who underwent surgical brain tumor removal. The following independent factors were assessed by univariate and multivariate analyses: sex, age, preoperative underlying diseases and complications, histopathological findings, preoperative Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS) score, preoperative whole blood hemoglobin (Hb) level, preoperative serum total protein (TP) level, operation time, intraoperative blood loss, change in Hb level (difference between pre- and postoperative values), and change in TP level (difference between pre- and postoperative values). The cutoff values for significant independent factors were also determined.

Results
Overall, 35 (41.7%) of the 84 patients had a total of 56 postoperative systemic complications. Univariate analysis identified the preoperative KPS score, intraoperative blood loss, change in Hb level, and change in TP level as risk factors for postoperative complications, and multivariate analysis extracted the following risk factors: the preoperative KPS score (p = 0.0450, OR 4.020), intraoperative blood loss (p = 0.0104, OR 6.571), and change in Hb levels (p = 0.0023, OR 9.301). The cutoff values were: KPS score < 80%, intraoperative blood loss ≥ 350 ml, and change in Hb level ≥ 2.0 g/dl.

Conclusions
In elderly patients with brain tumors, low preoperative KPS score, high intraoperative blood loss, and a large difference between pre- and postoperative Hb levels are significant risk factors for postoperative systemic complications.
Osler vindicated: glioma of the leg center with Jacksonian epilepsy; removal and cure, with a 50-year follow-up
Authors: Feindel William 
Published: March 2009

On December 14, 1883, William Osler, then pathologist at the Montreal General Hospital, presented the specimen of a brain with an almond-sized glioma beneath the right motor cortex to the Montreal Medico-Chirurgical Society. The brain specimen was from a young woman who had suffered from intermittent Jacksonian seizures for 14 years and had eventually died in status epilepticus. Aware of the pioneering removal of a tumor from the cortex reported on in 1885 by Bennett and Godlee, Osler wrote of his case, “this was an instance in which operation would have been justifiable and possibly have been the means of saving life.”
In 1953, a young man with Jacksonian attacks that began in his foot underwent removal of a Grade I glioma from the central fissure. The operation was performed in an awake craniotomy during which cortical mapping was used to define the motor and sensory cortices. Treatment with focal radiation followed, and afterward the patient became seizure-free, stopped taking anticonvulsant medication, and has led an active life over the past 50 years.
Reference is made to the experiences of Sherrington, Cushing, and Penfield with cortical stimulation in the awake patient under regional anesthesia as an effective aid to surgery for epileptogenic lesions, tumors, and vascular malformations. Their technique allows for maximal resection with minimal neurological deficits. Over the past 20 years, this approach has been adopted effectively in many neurosurgical centers.
Preoperative single-slab 3D time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography predicts development of new cerebral ischemic events after carotid endarterectomy
Authors: Suzuki Taro , Ogasawara Kuniaki , Hirooka Ryonoshin , Sasaki Makoto , Kobayashi Masakazu , Ishigaki Daiya , Fujiwara Shunro , Yoshida Kenji , Otawara Yasunari , Ogawa Akira 
Published: March 2009

Object
Preoperative impairment of cerebral hemodynamics predicts the development of new cerebral ischemic events after carotid endarterectomy (CEA), including neurological deficits and cerebral ischemic lesions on diffusion weighted MR imaging. Furthermore, the signal intensity of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) on single-slab 3D time-of-flight MR angiography (MRA) can assess hemodynamic impairment in the cerebral hemisphere. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether, on preoperative MR angiography, the signal intensity of the MCA can be used to identify patients at risk for development of cerebral ischemic events after CEA.

Methods
The signal intensity of the MCA ipsilateral to CEA on preoperative MR angiography was graded according to the ability to visualize the MCA in 106 patients with unilateral internal carotid artery stenosis (≥ 70%). Diffusion weighted MR imaging was performed within 3 days of and 24 hours after surgery. The presence or absence of new postoperative neurological deficits was also evaluated.

Results
Cerebral ischemic events after CEA were observed in 16 patients. Reduced signal intensity of the MCA on preoperative MR angiography was the only significant independent predictor of postoperative cerebral ischemic events. When the reduced MCA signal intensity on preoperative MR angiography was defined as an impairment in cerebral hemodynamics, MR angiography grading resulted in an 88% sensitivity and 63% specificity, with a 30% positive- and a 97% negative-predictive value for the development of postoperative cerebral ischemic events.

Conclusions
Signal intensity of the MCA on preoperative single-slab 3D time-of-flight MR angiography is useful for identifying patients at risk for cerebral ischemic events after CEA.
New Stability Approach for Offshore Construction Vessels
Authors: van Wijngaarden A.M. , Heemskerk R.J. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Offshore construction vessels are a special breed that differs substantiallyfrom conventional cargo ships. Although these offshore units have some physicalsimilarities with passenger ships, the nature of their construction andoperation is quite different.
Therefore, offshore construction vessels should not be subjected to the samerange of stability requirements as passenger vessels. Application of SOLASpassenger ship type stability regulations for a construction vessel in intactand damaged condition may well lead to a G'M requirement that causes anunfavourable motion response. This does not serve the purpose of enhancing thesafety of crew and vessel at sea. Stability requirements based on the IMO MODUCode, such as HSE and NMD, are deemed more appropriate to offshore constructioncraft than SOLAS.
The assumed extent of damage prescribed in stability regulations oftengoverns the watertight subdivision. The internal arrangement of cargo spacesand tanks, however, should also satisfy operational requirements. In thepresent design practice one is obliged to run many optimisation loops ofdeterministic stability calculations, with the sole purpose of achievingcompliance of the unit's subdivision with all the specific criteriaimposed.
If one subjects one and the same watertight subdivision to many differentrequirements, this leads to closer spacing of transverse bulkheads. Safety isnot served with this, since each of the penetrations and closing appliances ofthese extra bulkheads introduces additional flooding risks. The rigorousapplication of extreme stability requirements during short periods ofcontrolled offshore operations may be debated.
Offshore vessels are weight critical, in terms of payload and compliance tostability requirements. Therefore, an accurate weight estimate should beavailable at an early stage of the design, and weight control should beexercised throughout construction. Frequent verification of the weight controlprogress through a displacement test is recommended. It may be wise to allowfor operational contingencies on the lightweight and its vertical centre ofgravity. Offshore craft tend to grow at deckhouse level during theiroperational lifetime. Whenever there is a small discrepancy between alightweight calculation and the lightweight as deduced from a measureddisplacement, most Authorities require that a full inclining experiment needsto be redone.