bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Imports and the Supply of Winter Tomatoes: An Application of Rational Expectations
Authors: Shonkwiler J. Scott , Emerson Robert D. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA model of the Florida tomato industry is formulated under the hypothesis that growers make production decisions as rational economic agents. This assumption implies that anticipated Mexican tomato imports as well as other economic variables are taken into account when the planting decision is made. Maximum likelihood estimation methods are used to solve the simultaneous equations model, and the implications of the model's reduced form are analyzed. The empirical findings are consistent with the rational expectations hypothesis that producers respond to market information in its entirety when making acreage decisions.
Migration to the United States and Mexican Rural Development: A Case Study
Authors: Mines Richard , de Janvry Alain 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn‐depth study of Las Animas, Mexico, allows us to analyze the impact of migration to the United States on both sending community and receiving labor markets. As the community becomes increasingly involved in migration, tendencies can be identified regarding changing migration patterns, class differentiation among villagers, impact of migration on village economy, and the changing role of Mexican workers in California labor markets. Results indicate the importance of social networks in determining the outcome of migration; while migration is individually rational, it is a factor of stagnation for village economy, and it helps reproduce segmented California labor markets.
U.S. Demand for Selected Groundfish Products, 1967–80
Authors: Tsoa Eugene , Schrank William E. , Roy Noel 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe expansion of national fisheries jurisdiction to the two‐hundred‐mile limit enabled maritime nations to allocate increased shares of the fish catch off their shores to their own fishermen. The Atlantic groundfish catches of Canada and the United States are sold primarily on the American market. A Nerlovian inventory adjustment‐price expectations model is estimated for the American demand for groundfish. Income and price elasticities are perverse. The ability of the American market to absorb the increased anticipated catches are therefore limited, and benefits of extended fisheries jurisdiction will be lost unless marketing arrangements are substantially changed.
The Off‐Farm Labor Supply of Farmers
Authors: Sumner Daniel A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractTheoretical and empirical models are developed to examine the off‐farm wages, labor force participation, and hours of work of farmers. Econometric estimates use data from a 1971 survey of Illinois farmers. The off‐farm wage depends on farmer human capital and the local labor market. The major result confirms the. sensitivity of off‐farm work to economic incentives. A 10% increase in the off‐farm wage entails an 11% increase in hours of off‐farm work holding farm characteristics constant. Results also indicate effects of seasonality, risk, and life cycle factors on off‐farm work.
Use of Life Insurance to Fund the Farm Purchase from Heirs
Authors: Tauer Loren W. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractGeneral stochastic dominance is used to analyze the use of life insurance versus installment payments to fund the purchase of a decedent's business interest from off‐farm heirs. Generally, a risk preferrer prefers an installment purchase. The percentage of insurance funding preferred increases as aversion to risk increases. Higher income tax rates, lower discount rates, and lower premium costs move the preference for greater percentages of life insurance to lower levels of risk aversion. The funding decision clearly depends upon the characteristics of the individuals involved in the business. Nevertheless, partial funding with life insurance appears optimal in many cases.
“Small” or “Large” Farm: Some Methodological Considerations
Authors: Doran Howard E. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractOften the estimation of agricultural production technologies in less developed countries is achieved by dividing the sample arbitrarily into “small” and “large” farms and estimating a separate production function for each group. This is equivalent to including an appropriate dummy variable in a single regression on the whole sample. A modification of this approach is to replace the dummy variable (a step‐function) by either a cumulative normal or logistic function. The parameters of such a “generalized dummy variable” convey valuable information on whether a small‐large categorization is appropriate and, if so, where the division should be made.
Efficient Redistribution through Commodity Markets
Authors: Gardner Bruce 
Published: July 2006

AbstractEfficiency in redistribution is measured in terms of deadweight loss generated per dollar of economic surplus transferred between consumers and producers of a commodity by means of market intervention. The implications of supply and demand elasticities for efficiency in redistribution are examined with special attention to the comparison of production control and deficiency payment programs. The results may be used to aid in the evaluation of commodity programs and as a basis for consideration of the hypothesis that observed policies are efficient, given the political power of interest groups.
The Adoption of Reduced Tillage: The Role of Human Capital and Other Variables
Authors: Rahm Michael R. , Huffman Wallace E. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper presents a model of adoption behavior and explains differences econometrically in farmers' decisions to adopt reduced‐tillage practices and in the efficiency of farmers' adoption decisions. The empirical results, obtained from microdata, show that the probability of adopting reduced tillage in corn enterprises differs widely across farms and depends on soil characteristics, cropping systems, and size of farming operation. The results also show that farmers' schooling enhances the efficiency of the adoption decision.
Heterogenous Expectations and Farmland Prices
Authors: Brown Keith C. , Brown Deborah J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper examines the effect of heterogenous expectations about the future among potential farmland buyers. It is optimal for each seller to have a reservation price in excess of the value he attaches to the future stream of income attributable to owning the land if he thinks that some potential buyers may be more optimistic than he. A formula for the optimal reservation price is presented, and a numerical illustration is shown. An extremely preliminary empirical test using Corn Belt and Lake State data is made of the importance of optimists in determining land prices for 1968–81.
Constraints on Oxen Cultivation in the Sahel
Authors: Delgado Christopher L. , McIntire John 
Published: July 2006

AbstractOx‐powered cultivation is common in parts of the Sahel, yet most farmers in the region continue to cultivate manually. Insights from oxen farms in Mali are compared to nonadopters in Upper Volta. Ox‐driven technology in the Sahel may be more labor shifting than labor saving. Linear programming models indicate a prohibitive opportunity cost of extra labor required for team maintenance and use on small, rainfed farms growing traditional millets and sorghums in Upper Volta. Farm simulations suggest that ox plowing increases cash crop acreage, but clearly profitable adoption requires companion innovations to boost labor productivity in peak periods.
Private Investment in Forest Management and the Long‐Term Supply of Timber
Authors: Adams Darius M. , Haynes Richard W. , Dutrow George F. , Barber Richard L. , Vasievich Joseph M. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractTimber supply behavior of private forest owners is a major uncertainty in long‐term forest product market projections. A model of private supply is developed that explains both harvest and forest management investment decisions. Comparison of two fifty‐year projections, one assuming constant management intensity and a second using the harvest‐investment model, indicates that projected levels of investment would (a) have little impact on markets prior to the year 2000, (b) stabilize real wood product prices after 2000, (c) eliminate softwood lumber imports by 2030, and (d) expand the dominant role of southern forest regions in wood product markets.
Optimal Expenditures for Agricultural Research and Extension: Implications of Underfunding
Authors: White Fred C. , Havlicek Joseph 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSignificant increases in agricultural productivity will be needed for the United States to meet its future food policy goals related to an abundant and stable food supply. The nation's ability to meet this challenge will depend on the level of investment in agricultural research and extension. Each dollar of underfunding relative to the economically efficient level of research and extension expenditures (a) will cost the government $@@‐@@2.56 ($@@‐@@1.50 discounted) if it later makes up for the low investment level or (b) will cost consumers $@@‐@@4.39 ($@@‐@@3.07 discounted) if the government does not make up for the low level of investment.
Agricultural Export Dumping: The Case of Mexican Winter Vegetables in the U.S. Market
Authors: Schmitz Andrew , Firch Robert S. , Hillman Jimmye S. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper examines the 1978 agricultural dumping charge brought by Florida winter vegetable producers against Mexican growers. It discusses “fair value” in the context of three antidumping criteria: prices at home and abroad, selling below cost of production, and third‐market test. The U.S. Department of Commerce found in favor of the Mexican producers by using the third‐market test—a test which leads to ambiguous results. It is the authors' contention that the law should be changed so that future cases can be decided on a “normal business practice” concept, accounting for production and costing decisions unique to highly perishable products.
Adjustment Costs and Rational Expectations: An Application to a Tobacco Export Model
Authors: Zanias George P. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe effect of adjustment costs on international trade has been captured in an ad hoc fashion in past analysis, whereas a certainty environment is many times assumed. In this article adjustment costs are explicitly considered in the modeling procedure of tobacco exports from Greece, and rational expectations are introduced. The results are consistent with considerable price competition, and a large difference between immediate and long‐run responses, due to adjustment costs, that explain in part the evolution of tobacco exports from Greece and suggest that higher elasticities might be found in international trade if adjustment costs are properly treated.
The Poultry Market: Demand Stability and Industry Structure
Authors: Thurman Walter N. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe stability of the demand for poultry meat and specification issues in its estimation are explored. The analysis concludes that the demand for poultry meat shifted out in the early 1970s. At the same time, the demand relationship between poultry and pork changed from substitution to independence. A second conclusion is that poultry price is predetermined for demand in annual U.S. data, while quantity is not. A predetermined price suggests several market structures. Exogeneity tests are performed to distinguish among them. The results are consistent with a competitive, constant returns‐to‐scale‐industry facing elastic factor supplies.
Multiple Objectives in Agricultural Planning: A Compromise Programming Application
Authors: Romero Carlos , Amador Francisco , Barco Antonio 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis article shows how multiobjective programming, compromise programming, and filtering techniques can be used to tackle some problems found in agricultural planning. A real case involving the establishment of workers' cooperatives within an agrarian reform program in Andalusia (Spain) is studied. The underlying problem is to find a compromise between the following objectives: employment, seasonal labor, and business profitability. The multiobjective programming approach is used to find the efficient set among these objectives, and after a filtering procedure, a compromise between the objectives is established based on the compromise programming approach.
Freight Charge Variations in Truck Transport Markets: Price Discrimination or Competitive Pricing?
Authors: Beilock Richard , Garrod Peter , Miklius Walter 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIt is well known that truck freight rates for different commodities over a given route vary and that rates per unit distance for the same commodity over different routes vary. In previous studies this variation has been attributed to noncompetitive behavior. In this paper a hypothesis that observed variations in truck rates are consistent with competitive behavior is tested using conjoint analysis. Trade‐offs between costs or rates and other attributes of transport service are estimated from experiments using panels of truck brokers and carriers. The results are consistent with competitive behavior in the trucking industry.
Adult Equivalent Scales Once More—A Developmental Approach
Authors: Tedford John R. , Capps Oral , Havlicek Joseph 
Published: July 2006

AbstractDescriptions of adult equivalent scale models typically do not explain why or provide the explicit rationale underlying their selected age classes and life cycle components. A model is presented where the life cycle is comprised of a sequence of developmental and transitional phases. A comparison of adult scale parameter estimates for total food expenditure from this model is made with estimates from the Blokland and Buse‐Salathe models. The findings suggest that the Blokland model is too restrictive to portray consumer behavior over the life cycle. Empirical results based on the proposed model are similar to those based on the Buse‐Salathe model.
Causality of U.S. Agricultural Prices and the Money Supply: Further Empirical Evidence
Authors: Saunders Peter J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractEmpirical evidence presented in this study indicates that the results of causality tests of U.S. agricultural prices and the money supply are sensitive to the lag selection. Relying on the minimum final prediction error causality testing technique, a unidirectional causal flow is established from the monetary base to retail level agricultural prices. No such flow is found to exist from M2 to retail agricultural prices. When farm‐level agricultural prices are investigated, no causal flow exists from any of the measures of the money supply to farm prices.
Does an Exhaustible Resource Usually Have Many Near‐Optimal Depletion Paths?
Authors: Rowse John 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn a recent article Chapman finds that different depletion paths for a highly abstract world oil model yield objective function values close to the optimal level. In this article the near optimality of Chapman's marginal cost pricing solution is explained and many other near‐optimal solutions to his competitive model are identified. Furthermore, evidence is cited that multiple near optima emerge from numerical exhaustible resource models incorporating several important real‐world complexities and reasons for this occurrence are provided. The principal implications for public policy and economic theory are also discussed.
Vector Autoregression Forecasting Models: Recent Developments Applied to the U.S. Hog Market
Authors: Kaylen Michael S. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractBayesian estimation and the exclusion of variables are two basic approaches to the improvement of vector autoregression forecasting models. This study presents a method which combines and extends several techniques within the exclusion‐of‐variables approach. Several quarterly hog market models are estimated and out‐of‐sample forecasts from 1977 through 1984 are evaluated. The results suggest the proposed method compares favorably to other exclusion‐of‐variables techniques as well as to the more sophisticated bayesian approaches.
A Sure Bet on Symmetry
Authors: Paris Quirino 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper argues that assertions appearing in the literature about alleged failure of duality to recover all the desired information about the case of multiple outputs with fixed allocatable inputs are incorrect. The paper shows that through the use of shadow prices of fixed inputs, it is possible to apply the familiar Euler‐Legendre transformation and recover all the desired information. The principal avenue for achieving these results is the process of decoupling the primal from the dual problem.
Market Intervention and International Price Stability
Authors: Zwart Anthony C. , Blandford David 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA simple model is used to analyze the impact of domestic policies on international price stability. The impact of policies on the variance of world prices depends on the type of measures used, policy parameters, and whether instruments are used singly or in combination. Domestic agricultural policies are normally assumed to destabilize world prices. The model demonstrates that this may not occur, particularly when multiple interventions are used. Currently there is considerable emphasis on the reduction of protection. How this is achieved may have important implications for the stability of international prices as well as their average level.
Econometric Modeling of the Capitalization Formula for Farmland Prices
Authors: Burt Oscar R. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAn econometric model is formulated to explain the dynamic behavior in farmland prices. A second‐order rational distributed lag on net crop‐share rents received by landlords captures the dynamic movements of prices and performs well in conditional post‐sample forecasts. The adjustment path of land prices in response to a perturbation in rents is a protracted dampened cycle. The implicitly estimated tax‐free capitalization rate on rent associated with equilibrium land price is 4.0%. Neither the expected rate of inflation nor an exponential trend on rent expectations has a significant effect on land prices.
Estimation of a Two‐Level Demand System with Limited Dependent Variables
Authors: Yen Steven T. , Roe Terry L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA two‐level demand model was derived from a strongly separable conditional indirect utility function to analyze Dominican rural and urban household consumption at different income levels. For samples with significant zero consumption, a multivariate limited dependent variable model utilizing the concept of virtual prices was used to obtain consistent estimates of consumption parameters. Results show that households with higher incomes tend to be less responsive to own‐price and income changes in consumption of most food and nonfood commodities. For demographic variates, the elasticities of rice and aggregate food with respect to household composition variables are all positive with few exceptions.
Measuring Productive Efficiency in Multiple Product Agribusiness Firms: A Dual Approach
Authors: Akridge Jay T. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractMeasuring retail fertilizer plant efficiency is difficult, given the range of outputs produced by these multiple product firms. A frontier multiproduct cost function was employed to measure productive efficiency. Results suggest the average plant could lower variable costs by 10% through more effective operations. Allocative inefficiency was minimal, indicating management should focus on improving technical efficiency. The limitations of employing a single‐product model in a multiproduct situation are demonstrated.
Supply Response in the U.S. Sheep Industry
Authors: Whipple Glen D. , Menkhaus Dale J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA dynamic supply model of the U.S. sheep industry is constructed. The model incorporates restrictions on fixed capital and the demographic characteristics of the breeding flock. The model is estimated using least squares techniques and simulated to generate a matrix of short‐ and intermediate‐run elasticity estimates. The estimates indicate that sheep supply is positively related to lamb price in the short run and the intermediate run (ten plus years), although inelastic in the short run. The supply response to wool price also is positive and quite elastic in the intermediate term. These results imply that both lamb and wool prices are important to the maintenance of the U.S. sheep industry.
An Economic Analysis of Alternative Grazing Fee Systems
Authors: McCarl Bruce A. , Brokken Ray F. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractCongress called for an evaluation of potential grazing fees and fee alternatives by 1985. This study contributes to that evaluation and constitutes an economic evaluation of the current and seven other fee systems. Fee systems are evaluated for total welfare, income distribution, future discrepancies between fees and forage values, public administration cost, usage potential, administrative feasibility, and data requirements. These criteria are found to be mutually inconsistent, particularly for welfare, future discrepancies, public administration cost, and income distribution. Fee systems most consistent with these criteria involve ones based on private land lease rates, government administration costs, or competitive bidding.
Regulation in a Dynamic Market: The U.S. Dairy Industry
Authors: LaFrance Jeffrey T. , de Gorter Harry 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAn econometric model of the U.S. dairy market is estimated for the period 1950–80. The economic costs of the dairy program for the period 1965–80 are calculated using ex ante, ex post, and long‐run demand and supply functions. Results indicate that the costs of the dairy program averaged from 430 to 590 million 1980dollars per year, depending upon the choice of economic surplus measure. The cost estimates depend only slightly on the year that the dairy program is assumed to have been terminated.
Human Capital, Adjustments in Subjective Probabilities, and the Demand for Pest Controls
Authors: Pingali Prabhu L. , Carlson Gerald A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn addition to risk aversion, farmer behavior in an uncertain environment is governed by subjective probability estimates of random events. The estimates given here lend support to the idea that human capital development can improve farmers' ability to estimate pest damage probabilities. More accurate assessment of subjective probabilities leads to lower pesticide use and increases the use of labor‐intensive pest controls. The human capital variables with the largest effects are formal schooling and farmer experience, with smaller impacts from field scouting and extension schools.
The Grain Sector of the European Community: Policy Formation, Price Determination, and Implications for Trade
Authors: Gallagher Paul 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA coresponsibility levy was added to high domestic prices and export subsidies in the EC. Levels for policy instruments could result from negotiations which favor producers but are acceptable to the public. Higher domestic prices and levies but lower export subsidies would occur if levy exemptions cover domestic marketings. If exemptions are excluded, low domestic prices, producer subsidies, and export taxes would occur. With exemptions, improved farm income and treasury surpluses would be achieved without injury to the public. Exemptions might be excluded because producers are better off and public cost is about the same with either program but producer subsidies require expanded public financing. Export reductions would occur under either program, given prevailing market conditions.