bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The ultrastructural morphology of T lymphocytes in B‐chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: a study with monoclonal antibodies and the immunogold technique
Authors: Matutes E. , Crockard A. D. , Catovsky D. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.T‐lymphocytes from five patients with B‐cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B‐CLL) were analysed by light (LM) and electron microscopy (EM) by means of the immunogold technique with monoclonal antibodies combined with E rosettes. LM analysis confirmed the existence of a population of E+ lymphocytes unreactive with the OKT3 monoclonal antibody. The EM study showed that E + lymphocytes from B‐CLL can be distinguished morphologically from the leukaemic B‐cells which were identified by their labelling with FMC4 (anti HLA‐Dr). Within the E + fraction two cell types were seen which differed both in reactivity with OKT3 and ultrastructural morphology. T3 + lymphocytes are similar to normal T3 +, T4 + cells: they have high nucleocytoplasmic (N/C) ratio and few cytoplasmic organelles. Their reactivity with OKT3 is, however, considerably weaker than that of normal T3 + lymphocytes. T3 – (E +) lymphocytes, on the other hand, are characterized by low N/C ratio, active Golgi, lysosomal granules and parallel tubular arrays. These cells resemble normal Tγ lymphocytes which comprise cells with the membrane phenotypes: T3 +, T8 +, M1 – and T3 –, T8 –, M1 +. These results provide further evidence for a T‐cell imbalance in B‐CLL and help define better the cellular basis for this abnormality.
Phenotypic conversion of acute leukaemia from T‐lymphoblastic to myeloblastic induced by therapy with 2′‐deoxycoformycin
Authors: Murphy S. B. , Stass S. , Kalwinsky D. , Rivera G. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.A 6‐year‐old boy with T‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) in relapse was treated with the adenosine deaminase inhibitor, 2′‐deoxycoformycin (DCF). Remarkably, his residual leukaemia underwent an abrupt phenotypic shift, coincident with a massive anti‐leukaemic effect of DCF. Both at diagnosis and prior to therapy with DCF, blast cells had typical lymphoblastic morphology and T‐cell characteristics (terminal transferase +, T‐antigen +, Ia –, cALLa –, myeloperoxidase –, and high in adenosine deaminase content). After four courses of DCF by constant infusion, the blast cells were myeloid in appearance and reactivity to a variety of tests (terminal transferase –, myeloperoxidase +, Sudan black B +, esterase +, My‐1 +). We hypothesize that DCF therapy created a selection pressure, blocking pathways of T‐cell differentiation and proliferation, permitting the emergence of a newly dominant myeloid subclone of a multipotential leukaemic cell progenitor with the innate capacity for both T‐lymphocytic and myeloid differentiation.
E‐rosette positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in adolescents and adults
Authors: Baccarani Michele , Amadori Sergio , Willemze Roel , Haanen Clemens , Corbelli Giovanna , Gobbi Marco , Meloni Giovanna , Mandelli Franco , Tura Sante 
Published: March 2008

Summary.E‐rosetting of leukaemic blast cells is one of the markers of T‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). In children, E+ ALL has a bad prognosis. In adults, data are scarce. This report provides information on 25 E+ ALL adult patients who have a minimum follow‐up time of 36 months. Twenty‐two of 25 patients (88%) achieved complete remission (CR) (median duration 16 months), and six of them were alive, relapse‐free, and off therapy after 36–81 months, with a 26% projected 6‐year relapse‐free survival. In 97 patients with E−SmIg− ALL, who were treated at the same Institutions, over the same period of time, and by the same modalities, the outcome of therapy was almost identical: CR 80%, median duration of first CR 15 months, projected 6‐year relapse‐free survival 15%. The white blood cell (WBC) count at presentation influenced significantly and to the same degree first CR length in both E+ and E− cases. In this adult series, WBC count was not as high as in children. Moreover, a high Hb concentration, a very high WBC count, lymphadenomegaly, and mediastinal involvement, were found more frequently in adolescents and young adults than in adults. Based on these data, it is suggested that in adults E‐rosetting as such is not a marker of a poorer prognosis, that some of the typical features of children E+ ALL weaken with age, and that in adults the disease can have a less aggressive character.
Differential binding of IgG anti‐D and IgG autoantibodies to reticulocytes and red blood cells
Authors: Gray L. S. , Kleeman J. E. , Masouredis S. P. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. 125I IgG anti‐D binding to reticulocytes obtained by density fractionation is reduced relative to that bound to all other red cell (RBC) fractions. Maximum D antigen reactivity occurs following reticulocyte maturation with no detectable change in D reactivity of mature RBC throughout their life span. Reticulocytes have in the range of about 60% of the content of mature RBC. Previously reported increased anti‐D agglutinability and binding to old RBC it is not due to an intrinsic increase in D antigen with age, but results from an ‘apparent’decrease in anti‐D binding to young RBC fractions due to reticulocyte enrichment.IgG RBC autoantibodies obtained by elution from the RBC of eight Coombs‐positive blood donors, probably associated with α‐methyldopa (α‐MD) administration, showed decreased binding to reticulocytes as determined by 125I protein A (PA). Reticulocytes bound about 70% of the IgG bound to mature RBC, indicating that the membrane antigenic determinant defined by these autoantibodies was incompletely expressed in the reticulocyte. This difference in IgG autoantibody binding between reticulocytes and mature RBC is similar to the decreased D antigen content of reticulocytes and consistent with an autoantibody determinant associated with the Rh complex. Direct testing of density fractionated Coombs‐positive RBC in four out of five patients with autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (AIHA) showed reduced quantities of IgG on reticulocytes. The distribution of IgG between reticulocytes and mature RBC may be useful in serologically characterizing patients with AIHA and in identifying subpopulations of patients with this disorder.
Interaction between erythroblasts and macrophages in vitro: effect of neuraminidase‐treatment of erythroblasts and the role of serum factors
Authors: Wiener Edith , Wickramasinghe S. N. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.Some factors influencing the interaction in vitro between imethylsul‐phoxide‐induced Friend leukaemia erythroblasts (IFLE) and syngeneic mouse peritoneal macrophages (Mø) have been investigated. Desialation of erythroblasts by treatment with neuraminidase resulted in a significant increase in their association with and ingestion by Mø. In addition, the interaction with Mø of both neuramini‐dase‐treated and untreated IFLE was found to be influenced by a heat‐stable serum factor, γ‐globulin markedly enhanced the weak IFLE‐Mø interaction which occurred at low serum concentration suggesting that the heat‐stable factor may be an immunoglobulin. Desialation of the IFLE‐rendered them agglutinable by peanut lectin which was used as a probe for neuraminidase‐induced membrane changes. By contrast, cycloheximide treatment of IFLE which also enhances their interaction with Mø, did not result in the exposure of receptors for this lectin. It is proposed that both desialation and cycloheximide treatment of IFLE lead to secondary alterations in their membrane structure which renders them recognizable by Mø.
The significance of pulmonary infiltrates developing in patients receiving granulocyte transfusions
Authors: Dana Bruce W. , Durie Brian G. M. , White Ruby F. , Huestis Douglas W. , Paplanus Samuel 
Published: March 2008

Summary. We reviewed a series of 109 patients given granulocyte transfusions between 1974 and 1978, to determine if pulmonary infiltrates developing during granulocyte transfusion therapy carried any specific prognostic significance. Eighteen patients developed new infiltrates while receiving granulocytes. Six of these patients died during the acute episode, an overall mortality rate no different from patients not developing new infiltrates. However, the subgroup with pulmonary infiltrates who died had some special features including: infiltrates that developed between 7 and 21 d after transfusions were begun; infiltrates that progressed or persisted during the period of transfusion; and infiltrates that were local rather than diffuse. Autopsies on five of the six patients who died revealed disseminated fungal infection in three, pulmonary haemorrhage in one, and alveolar hyaline membranes in association with Pseudomonas sepsis in one. Besides this high‐risk group specific aetiologies could rarely be assigned for other more diffuse or earlier/later developing infiltrates, despite usual diagnostic studies.We conclude that local infiltrates developing more than 1 week after transfusions are begun are life threatening; they are often caused by resistant infectious organisms and would seem to represent a failure of granulocyte therapy. Aggressive diagnostic and therapeutic interventions are warranted in patients developing this kind of infiltrate while receiving granulocytes. Conversely, pulmonary infiltrates occurring early or longer than 3 weeks after granulocyte tranfusions are begun are not clinically ominous and may be a manifestation of the beneficial effect of granulocyte therapy.
Methotrexate‐induced immune haemolytic anaemia
Authors: Woolley Paul V. , Sacher Ronald A. , Priego Victor M. , Schanfield Moses S. , Bonnem Eric M. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. A woman with metastatic breast carcinoma developed acute haemolytic anaemia on two occasions following treatment with methotrexate (MTX) and 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU). The direct antiglobulin test was positive. Compatible control cells were pretreated with either MTX or 5‐FU and subsequently incubated with patient and control sera. Agglutination in the indirect antiglobulin test was observed only in the presence of patient serum and MTX, and did not occur following pretreatment with 5‐FU, folic acid, folinic acid or triamterene. There was no evidence of complement binding to the red cell surface. A macrophage assay showed increased phagocytic uptake of MTX‐treated cells in the presence of patient serum. This phagocytosis was not enhanced by the addition of complement. The antibody subclass was predominantly IgG‐3. The 51Cr red cell survival of autologous MTX cells was markedly shortened, indicating rapid in vivo destruction.These studies demonstrate the occurrence of acute haemolytic anaemia due to an IgG‐3 antibody that reacts with erythrocytes in the presence of methotrexate. This antibody does not fix complement, but sensitizes red blood cells to phagocytosis by macrophages.
Separation of cobalamin analogues in human sera binding to intrinsic factor and to R‐type vitamin B12 binders
Authors: Muir M. , Chanarin I. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. Intrinsic factor (IF) and cobalamin‐R‐binding protein (R‐binder) linked to polyacrylamide beads were used to absorb cobalamins from solutions and serum extracts. Both binding agents were equally effective in removing [57Co]B12 from aqueous solution. IF was more effective than R‐binder in removing [57Co]B12 added to a serum extract.All endogenous cobalamins detectable in serum by saturation analysis assay were removed by absorption onto R‐binder. Absorption with IF removed microbiologically‐active cobalamins but left behind analogues assay able, with an R‐binder. However, when absorption with IF was continued the concentration of R‐binding cobalamins steadily declined indicating that IF bound both types of cobalamins though the binding was less avid for the microbiologically‐inactive analogues than for microbiologically‐active cobalamins. Finally, the R‐binding analogues in serum were carried on transcobalamin I and none was detectable on transcobalamin II.The absorption studies establish the presence of two types of cobalamins one binding preferentially to IF and the other preferentially to R‐binder. Only the former is detected by microbiological assay.
Fractionated total body irradiation in marrow transplantation for leukaemia
Authors: Vitale V. , Bacigalupo A. , Lint M. T. van , Frassoni F. , Ricci G. , Siracusa G. , Marziano G. , Vitali M. L. , Scielzo G. , Tomassini A. , Bistolfi F. , Marmont A. M. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. Thirty consecutive patients with leukaemia were prepared for bone marrow transplantation (BMT) with cyclophosphamide (CY) 120 mg/kg followed by total body irradiation (TBI). TBI was delivered in a single dose (sTBI) of 10 Gy, at a dose rate of 0·06–0·08 Gy/min, or in fractionated doses (fTBI) of 3·3 Gy/d, on each of 3 consecutive days, at the same dose rate. Lung shielding was adopted for all patients, in order to obtain a homogeneous dose delivered to the lung and at midline. The first 12 patients were prepared with sTBI and the following 18 with fTBI.Several variables (remission status, mode of irradiation, prevention of graft versus host disease (GvHD) with methotrexate (MTX) or cyclosporin A(CyA) were then analysed for their influence on (a) incidence and mortality of GvHD, (b) incidence and mortality of interstitial pneumonia (IP), (c) 100‐d survival, and (d) relapses. Our data suggest that fTBI is the single most important factor associated with a lower incidence of IP (P= 0·002), a lower mortality from GvHD and IP (P= 0·03 and 0·001) and a better 100‐d survival (P= 0·03). Remission status had no significant influence on GvHD, IP and acute mortality. When compared to MTX, the use of CyA was associated with less GvHD and IP, but when only patients in remission given fTBI were analysed, this was no longer true. Relapses were mostly influenced by the remission status of the patient at transplant (P= 0·001).Although this is not a randomized study, our data suggest that fTBI can reduce the acute risks of marrow transplantation in leukaemia.
In vitro determination of red cell alloantibody significance using an assay of monocyte‐macrophage interaction with sensitized erythrocytes
Authors: Branch Donald R. , Gallagher Michael T. , Mison Angeles P. , Sy Siok Hian Anita L. , Petz Lawrence D. 
Published: March 2008

Summary One hundred and forty‐eight red cell alloantibodies, of specificities generally considered to be of clinical significance, were studied in vitro for their ability to induce phagocytosis of sensitized red cells by allogeneic mononuclear phagocytes. Results indicate that only 53% of the alloantibodies studied mediated significant phagocytosis in vitro. The percentages for each blood group system were as follows: Kell, 73%; Jka, 32%; Jkb, 67%; D, 75%; E, 60%; Fya, 62%; Yta, 25%; Ge, 22%; and Vel, 25%. Significant phagocytosis was independent of the strength of the indirect antiglobulin test. The percentage of anti‐Jka and anti‐Fya mediating significant phagocytosis was increased when fresh complement was added during the sensitization procedure and/or red cells homozygous for the antigen in question were used. The in vivo clinical significance or lack of significance was documented for nine alloantibodies; five caused haemolysis and four did not. Those causing in vivo haemolysis mediated in vitro phagocytosis by monocyte‐macrophages whereas the antibodies that did not result in haemolysis showed no increased in vitro phagocytosis. Autologous monocytes were more reliable than random allogeneic monocytes in that phagocytosis was increased over that obtained using allogeneic monocyte‐macrophages with two of four alloantibodies having documented clinical significance. The use of target red cells homozygous for the antigen in question, the addition of fresh complement in the antibody sensitization procedure, and use of autologous and allogeneic monocyte‐macrophages appear necessary for optimal results.Since 47% of those alloantibodies generally considered to be clinically significant failed to mediate phagocytosis in vitro, the monocyte‐macrophage assay should not be considered a predictive assay of a given alloantibody's in vivo significance or lack of significance until more extensive correlation of these assays with in vivo red blood cell survival is obtained.
Two‐dimensional separation of α‐naphthyl acetate esterases in human leucocytes and platelets
Authors: Oertel Joachim , Kastner Michael 
Published: March 2008

Summary. Normal human leucocytes and platelets contain esterases which hydrolyse α‐naphthyl acetate (αNA). Purified preparations from these cells were investigated by isoelectric focusing and subsequent polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis at pH 9.0. Extractable αNA esterases were separated according to isoelectric point (pI) and molecular weight (MW).Monocytes, lymphocytes, granulocytes and platelets contain a unique pattern of αNA esterases, most of which can be inhibited by diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP; 0.1 mM). Their activity, however, is not affected by eserine (0.1 mM) or p‐hydroxymercuribenzoate (1 mM). No protease activity of these enzymes was detected; it is likely that the majority constitute carboxylesterases (EC 3.1.1.1). Monocytes contain five αNA esterases which are additionally inhibited by bis(4‐nitrophenyl)‐phosphate (0.1 mM) and sodium fluoride (40 mM). PIs are in the range 5.7–6.2 and MWs are 145 000, 155 000, 250 000, 290 000 and 340 000. These enzymes are specific for monocytes. Platelets are characterized by a group of αNA esterases having pIs between 6.5 and 8.0, these corresponding to MWs ranging from 150 000 to 400 000.
Evaluation of the contribution of red and white cells to the flow of suspensions of washed blood cells through 3 μm Nuclepore membranes
Authors: Jones J. G. , Holland B. M. , Humphrys J. , Quew R. , Wardrop C. A. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. This study was designed to investigate a method of analysis which can quantitate the contribution of white cells to the flow of washed suspensions of blood cells. Such an analysis would obviate the need to remove white cells when studying the filterability of normal and abnormal red cells.The flow of suspensions of washed blood cells through a 3 μm Nuclepore membrane declines continually due to the occlusion of pores and the degree of pore occlusion is reduced significantly by the removal of the ‘buffy coat’ during the preparation of the suspension. These findings are in complete agreement with many other reports. However, a detailed kinetic analysis of the results suggests strongly that the white cell population makes a small contribution to the degree of pore occlusion which is caused largely by approximately 1% of the total red cell population.Despite the phenomenon and extent of pore occlusion, a kinetic analysis of the complete non‐linear flow profile allows a measure of the deformability of red cells from filtration studies of washed but unfractionated blood cells.
Therapy‐induced preleukaemia in patients treated for Hodgkin's lymphoma: clinical and therapeutic relevance of sequential chromosome banding studies
Authors: Gyger Martin , Forest Lorraine , Vuong T. E. , Perreault Claude , Lavallee Rene , Lacombe Michel , Boileau Jacques , D'Angelo Giovanni 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYBetween January 1978 and December 1982 successful sequential chromosome analyses were carried out on bone marrow cells of five patients previously treated for Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) presenting unexplained cytopenia or pancytopenia during follow‐up. All patients had concurrent morphological examination of bone marrow specimens showing signs of dysplasia and/or hypoplasia, without leukaemic infiltrate. Six other patients treated for HL who had normal haematological parameters served as controls. All the patients with unexplained cytopenias had clonal chromosome abnormalities; monosomy for chromosome No. 5 was the most frequent. No abnormalities were detected in the control group. Two patients have evolved to resistant leukaemia, one died of sepsis before leukaemic conversion while severely neutropenic, and two are in full marrow and cytogenetic recovery after aggressive anti‐leukaemic treatment in the pre‐leuk‐aemic phase. Our data suggest that cytogenetic studies may be of crucial value in detecting therapy‐induced preleukaemia (t‐PL) at an early stage of its evolution and in planning appropriate therapy before the establishment of overt leukaemia.
Inhibition of normal human macrophage progenitors by retinoic acid
Authors: Januszewicz E. , Cooper I. A. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe effects of retinoic acid on the clonal growth in nutrient agar of neutrophil and macrophage progenitors from normal bone marrow and fetal liver were studied. The technique of whole plate fixation and staining with luxol fast blue and haematoxylin was employed to distinguish colonies and clusters into morphological groups. Retinoic acid at a concentration of 3 × 10−7 M resulted in 97% inhibition of macrophage clonal growth and a mean increase in neutrophil clonal growth from bone marrow of 150 ±14%. These effects of retinoic acid were most obvious on bone marrow cluster forming cells. The inhibition of macrophage cluster growth was independent of exogenous colony stimulating factor. This dual action of retinoic acid is likely to be a direct effect on the progenitor cells since it is (1) independent of cell concentration, (2) not mediated by phagocytic cells or other bone marrow cells, and (3) was maximal in the first 2 d of incubation before the appearance of clusters.
Differentiation and cytokinetic analyses of normal and neoplastic lymphoid cells in B and T cell malignancies of childhood
Authors: Hirt A. , Baumgartner C. , Imbach P. , Luethy A. , Wagner H. P. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe labelling index (LI) of untreated B cell non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (B NHL) in children was significantly higher (P< 0.002) than the LI of untreated T cell malignancies (median LI 27‐7% and 10 3%, respectively). In B NHL abdominal tumour material showed a significantly higher in vitro incorporation of tritiated thymidine (3H‐dT) than extra‐abdominal tumour material (P±0 01). Sequential immunological, cytochemical and cytokinetic studies revealed tumour cells in up to three marker‐defined subpopulations of lymphoid cells. In all 14 patients examined the LI of E−Ia+sIgM+ cells was higher than the LI of E+Ia+/‐ sIgM− cells; in all eight patients with Ia+ and la− tumour cells the former had a higher LI than the latter (P<0‐002).In all T cell neoplasia (T ALL/NHL) investigated malignant cells were found in two of the three marker‐defined subsets of lymphoid cells. In 10/13 patients the E‐rosette positive blast cells had a higher LI than the E‐rosette negative T blast cells. For the small group of patients with T cell malignancies no significant difference in the overall LI between OKT9+ stage I (early thymocyte) and OKT9− stage II (cortical thymocyte) neoplasias could be found. However, within the malignant clone of a T cell malignancy the expression of the OKT9 (transferrin receptor) but not the cortical thymocyte (HTA‐1) antigen was related to the in vitro3H‐dT incorporation.