bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disability Inclusion in Corporate Supplier Diversity Initiatives
Authors: Goodman Nanette , Wise Fatma Altunkol , Hyseni Fitore , Gilbert Lauren , Blanck Peter 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Purpose
Since the 1960s, federal and state governments and private-sector companies have used supplier diversity initiatives to ensure their supply chains include businesses owned by traditionally economically disadvantaged or underrepresented groups. Originally concentrated on racial and ethnic minority groups, programs have expanded to include businesses owned by women, veterans, LGBTQ+ individuals, and, in some cases, people with disabilities. This study investigates the extent to which disability is included in supplier diversity initiatives of Fortune 500 companies.

Methods
This paper uses a novel data set created by the authors with information on supplier diversity initiatives and Disability, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI) statements in Fortune 500 companies extracted from public sources. This information is combined with data from Compustat, a corporate financial database published by Standard and Poor’s and additional variables from other sources.

Results
75% of the Fortune 500 companies have supplier diversity programs that express a commitment to diversity yet only 49% of those with such programs include disability-owned businesses (38% of all Fortune 500 companies). Among the largest 100 companies, 89% had supplier diversity programs that included disability, almost 6 times the rate Ball et al. reported in 2005. This study finds disability inclusion varies significantly by company size, industry, and whether the company is a government contractor.

Conclusion
Despite the growth in disability inclusion, the absence of disability as a diversity category in regulations mandating supplier diversity initiatives for government contractors impacts disability inclusion. If we want to align our supplier diversity programs with the Americans with Disabilities Act, the first step is to address the issue in the Small Business Administration and federal contracting requirements.
Model-based comparison of subcutaneous versus sublingual apomorphine administration in the treatment of motor fluctuations in Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Nasser Azmi , Gomeni Roberto , Ceresoli-Borroni Gianpiera , Xie Lanyi , Busse Gregory D. , Melyan Zare , Rubin Jonathan 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of subcutaneous (SC) and sublingual (SL) formulations of apomorphine for the treatment of motor fluctuations in Parkinson’s disease using a pharmacokinetics (PK)/pharmacodynamics (PD) modeling approach. The PK of SC and SL apomorphine are best described by a one-compartment model with first-order absorption and a two-compartment model with delayed absorption, respectively. The PK/PD model relating apomorphine plasma concentrations to the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) motor scores was described by a sigmoidal Emax model assuming effective concentration = drug concentration in an effect compartment. Apomorphine concentrations and UPDRS motor scores were simulated from the PK/PD models using 500 hypothetical subjects. UPDRS motor score change from baseline was evaluated using time to clinically relevant response, response duration, area under the curve, maximal response, and time to maximal response. Higher doses of each apomorphine formulation were associated with shorter time to response, longer response duration, and greater maximal response. Although the mean maximal responses to SC and SL apomorphine were comparable, the time to response was four times shorter (7 vs. 31 min) and time to maximal response was two times shorter (27 vs. 61 min) for 4 mg SC vs. 50 mg SL. Thus, faster onset of action was observed for the SC formulation compared to SL. These data may be useful for physicians when selecting “on demand” therapy for patients with Parkinson’s disease experiencing motor fluctuations.
Elementary Students’ Use of Mechanistic Reasoning to Explain Community-Connected Engineering Design Solutions
Authors: Topçu Mustafa Sami , Wendell Kristen Bethke , Andrews Chelsea Joy 
Published: April 2024

AbstractMechanistic reasoning about an artifact or system involves thinking about its underlying entities and the properties, activities, and cause-effect relationships of those entities. Previous studies of children’s mechanistic reasoning about engineering solutions have mostly focused on specific mechanical systems such as gear trains. Yet there is growing interest in more contextualized, community-connected engineering design experiences for elementary students. Important questions remain about how the specific features of community contexts influence student opportunities for engineering design practice and reasoning. In this study, we explore whether comparisons in students’ mechanistic reasoning can be made across a range of five different community design contexts. For this qualitative descriptive study, we focus on interview data collected after each of five community-connected engineering-enriched science curriculum units: accessible playground design (3rd grade, N = 8, district A, schools 1 and 2), displaced animal relocation design (3rd grade, N = 10, district A, school 1), migration stopover site design (4th grade, N = 4, district A, school 2), retaining wall design (4th grade, N = 13, district B, school 1), and water filter design (5th grade, N = 9 students, district A, school 3). The findings showed that all students named entities and described entity factors for the design solutions for all five units. For the playground, displaced animals, and stopover sites units, some students described the design artifacts without explicitly expressing connections between entity factors and/or the way factors linked up to the design performance. We argue that particular features of the design tasks influenced students’ approaches to explaining their design solutions. Therefore, we can claim that comparisons can be made across different community-connected engineering design contexts in terms of children’s mechanistic reasoning.
Genetic consequences of landscape features in two rear edge, highly fragmented metapopulations of a mediterranean conifer
Authors: Avanzi Camilla , Vitali Alessandro , Piovani Paolo , Spanu Ilaria , Urbinati Carlo , Vendramin Giovanni Giuseppe , Garbarino Matteo , Piotti Andrea 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Context
Habitat fragmentation is expected to erode genetic diversity, which instead needs to be preserved for promoting species adaptation to a changing climate. As this expectation has found mixed support in forest trees, consistent results on the genetic consequences of fragmentation requires adequately replicated experimental designs, as well as an explicit assessment of which landscape features, if any, could mitigate its detrimental effects.

Objective
Evaluating the role of several landscape attributes in buffering the detrimental effects of fragmentation in two metapopulations of silver fir.

Methods
We genotyped 904 silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) trees from 18 local populations forming two metapopulations comparable for size and extension in the Apennines, a Mediterranean mountain range. We identified the signatures left by the fragmentation process on the genetic features of silver fir local populations. After removing potentially confounding effects due to different evolutionary histories, we used a multivariate approach for testing the relative effect of demographic, geographic, environmental and topographic factors on genetic features of both metapopulations.

Results
We found comparable signals of the habitat fragmentation impact on the genetic diversity and structure of both investigated metapopulations. Fragmentation effects were less pronounced in the largest local populations (but not the least isolated), located on gentler slopes with higher soil water availability and lower heat exposure.

Conclusions
Our results suggest the existence of a set of demographic and environmental factors that could have coherently buffered the detrimental genetic effects of fragmentation in both metapopulations. These findings could be useful to plan landscape restoration for the evolutionary rescue of mixed forests that once characterized Mediterranean mountain ecosystems.
Land-neutral negative emissions through biochar-based fertilization—assessing global potentials under varied management and pyrolysis conditions
Authors: Werner Constanze , Lucht Wolfgang , Kammann Claudia , Braun Johanna 
Published: April 2024

AbstractClimate stabilization is crucial for restabilizing the Earth system but should not undermine biosphere integrity, a second pillar of Earth system functioning. This is of particular concern if it is to be achieved through biomass-based negative emission (NE) technologies that compete for land with food production and ecosystem protection. We assess the NE contribution of land- and calorie-neutral pyrogenic carbon capture and storage (LCN-PyCCS) facilitated by biochar-based fertilization, which sequesters carbon and reduces land demand by increasing crop yields. Applying the global biosphere model LPJmL with an enhanced representation of fast-growing species for PyCCS feedstock production, we calculated a land-neutral global NE potential of 0.20–1.10 GtCO2 year−1 assuming 74% of the biochar carbon remaining in the soil after 100 years (for + 10% yield increase; no potential for + 5%; 0.61–1.88 GtCO2 year−1 for + 15%). The potential is primarily driven by the achievable yield increase and the management intensity of the biomass producing systems. NE production is estimated to be enhanced by + 200–270% if management intensity increases from a marginal to a moderate level. Furthermore, our results show sensitivity to process-specific biochar yields and carbon contents, producing a difference of + 40–75% between conservative assumptions and an optimized setting. Despite these challenges for making world-wide assumptions on LCN-PyCCS systems in modeling, our findings point to discrepancies between the large NE volumes calculated in demand-driven and economically optimized mitigation scenarios and the potentials from analyses focusing on supply-driven approaches that meet environmental and socioeconomic preconditions as delivered by LCN-PyCCS.
Mental states via possessive predication: the grammar of possessive experiencer complex predicates in Persian
Authors: Smith Ryan Walter 
Published: April 2024

AbstractPersian possesses a number of stative complex predicates with dâshtan ‘to have’ that express certain kinds of mental state. I propose that these possessive experiencer complex predicates be given a formal semantic treatment involving possession of a portion of an abstract quality by an individual, as in the analysis of property concept lexemes due to Francez and Koontz-Garboden (Language 91(3):533–563, 2015; Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 34:93–106, 2016; Semantics and morphosyntactic variation: Qualities and the grammar of property concepts, Oxford University Press, 2017). Augmented with an analysis of prepositional phrases introducing the target of the mental state and an approach to gradability in terms of measure functions (Wellwood in Measuring predicates, PhD dissertation, University of Maryland, College Park, 2014), the analysis explains various properties of possessive experiencer complex predicates, including the behavior of target phrases, the ability of the non-verbal element to be modified by a range of adjectives, the direct participation of the non-verbal element in comparative constructions, and the ability of degree expressions to modify both the non-verbal element and the VP containing the complex predicate. Theoretically, the analysis ties transitive mental state expressions to the grammar and semantics of property concept sentences, which are expressed via possessive morphosyntax cross-linguistically, and connects with syntactic proposals that independently argue for a universal underlyingly possessive morphosyntax for mental state predicates (Noonan in Case and syntactic geometry, PhD dissertation, McGill University, 1992; Hale and Keyser in Prolegomenon to a theory of argument structure, MIT Press, 2002). The work here also motivates modifications to Francez and Koontz-Garboden’s original proposal, and opens new questions in the original empirical domain of the analysis of possessive predicating strategies for the expression of property concept sentences.
Efficient numerical calculation of Lyapunov-exponents and stability assessment for quasi-periodic motions in nonlinear systems
Authors: Fiedler Robert , Hetzler Hartmut , Bäuerle Simon 
Published: April 2024

AbstractInvestigating the stability of stationary motions is a highly relevant aspect when characterizing dynamical systems. For equilibria and periodic motions, well established theories and approaches exist to assess their stability: in both cases stability may be assessed using eigenvalue analyses of small perturbations. When it comes to quasi-periodic motions, such eigenvalue analyses are not applicable, since these motions can not be parameterized on finite time intervals. However, quasi-periodic motions can be densely embedded on finite invariant manifolds with periodic boundaries. In this contribution, a new approach is presented, which exploits this embedding in order to derive a sequence of finite mappings. Based on these mappings, the spectrum of 1st order Lyapunov-exponents is efficiently calculated. If the linearization of the problem is regular in the sense of Lyapunov, these exponents may be used to assess stability of the investigated solution. Beyond the numerical calculation of Lyapunov-exponents, an approach is presented which allows to check Lyapunov-regularity numerically. Together, both methods allow for an efficient numerical stability assessment of quasi-periodic motions. To demonstrate, verify and validate the developed approach, it is applied to quasi-periodic motions of two coupled van-der-Pol oscillators as well as a quasi-periodically forced Duffing equation. Additionally, a “step-by-step application instruction” is provided to increase comprehensibility and to discuss the required implementation steps in an applied context.
Soil elemental cycles become more coupled in response to increased nitrogen deposition in a semiarid shrubland
Authors: Caetano-Sánchez Cristina , Piñero Juan , Ochoa-Hueso Raúl 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Background and aims
Increased N deposition can break the coupled associations among chemical elements in soil, many of which are essential plant nutrients. We evaluated the effects of four years of N deposition (0, 10, 20, 50 kg N ha−1 yr−1) on the temporal dynamics of the spatial co-variation (i.e., coupling) among ten chemical elements in soils from a semiarid shrubland in central Spain.

Methods
Soil element coupling was calculated as the mean of Spearman rank correlation coefficients of all possible pairwise interactions among elemental cycles, in absolute value. We also investigated the role of atomic properties of elements as regulators of coupling.

Results
While N deposition impacts on nutrient bioavailability were variable, soil elemental coupling consistently increased in response to N. Coupling responses also varied among elements and N treatments, and four out of ten elemental cycles also responded to N in a season-dependent manner. Atomic properties of elements such as mass, valence orbitals, and electronegativity contributed to explain the spatial coupling of soil elements, most likely due their role on the capacity of elements to interact with one another.

Conclusions
The cumulative effects of N deposition can alter the spatial associations among chemical elements in soils, while not having evident consequences on the bioavailability of single elments. These results indicate that considering how multiple elements co-vary in topsoils may provide a useful framework to better understand the simultaneous response of multiple elemental cycles to global change.
Between Marketization and Demarketization: Reconfiguration of the Migration Industry in the Agricultural Sector in Israel
Authors: Raijman Rebeca , Kushnirovich Nonna , Kurlander Yahel 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThis paper focuses on the consequences of the implementation of a bilateral agreement between Israel and Thailand for migrant workers in the agricultural sector. Its purpose is to shed light on the key mechanisms of the transition from the marketization to demarketization of recruiting migrant workers, and to show how this transition affects the forms of labor recruitment and its consequences for the labor migrants. The study is based on three face-to-face surveys conducted among 180 agricultural workers from Thailand. Fifty-five were surveyed in 2011 before the implementation of the bilateral agreement, and 125 were interviewed after the agreement was implemented. Relying on a “before” and “after design, we first highlight the ways in which the private recruitment industry operated in Israel in the context of a state-sponsored temporary labor migration program, identifying the actors involved in the process and explaining how they profited from the labor recruitment. Second, we shed light on the importance of bilateral agreements in eliminating illicit practices for recruiting foreign workers in Israel and its practical consequences for the Thai migrants arriving under the new arrangement. We discuss our findings in light of the theories presented in the paper.
Cycling speed variation: a multilevel model of characteristics of cyclists, trips and route tracking points
Authors: Yan Hong , Maat Kees , van Wee Bert 
Published: April 2024

AbstractSmooth cycling can improve the competitiveness of bicycles. Understanding cycling speed variation during a trip reveals the infrastructure or situations which promote or prevent smooth cycling. However, research on this topic is still limited. This study analyses speed variation based on data collected in the Netherlands, using GPS-based devices, continuously recording geographical positions and thus the variation in speeds during trips. Linking GPS data to spatial data sources adds features that vary during the trip. Multilevel mixed-effects models were estimated to test the influence of factors at cyclist, trip and tracking point levels. Results show that individuals who prefer a high speed have a higher average personal speed. Longer trips and trips made by conventional electric bicycles and sport bicycles have a higher average trip speed. Tracking point level variables explain intra-trip cycling speed variations. Light-medium precipitation and tailwind increase cycling speed, while both uphill and downhill cycling is relatively slow. Cycling in natural and industrial areas is relatively fast. Intersections, turns and their adjacent roads decrease cycling speed. The higher the speed, the stronger the influence of infrastructure on speed. Separate bicycle infrastructure, such as bike tracks, streets and lanes, increase speed. These findings are useful in the areas of cycling safety, mode choice models and bicycle accessibility analysis. Furthermore, these findings provide additional evidence for smooth cycling infrastructure construction.
Inflows Towards Bipolar Magnetic Active Regions and Their Nonlinear Impact on a Three-Dimensional Babcock–Leighton Solar Dynamo Model
Authors: Teweldebirhan Kinfe , Miesch Mark , Gibson Sarah 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe changing magnetic fields of the Sun are generated and maintained by a solar dynamo, the exact nature of which remains an unsolved fundamental problem in solar physics. Our objective in this paper is to investigate the role and impact of converging flows toward Bipolar Magnetic Regions (BMR inflows) on the Sun’s global solar dynamo. These flows are large-scale physical phenomena that have been observed and so should be included in any comprehensive solar dynamo model. We have augmented the Surface flux Transport And Babcock–LEighton (STABLE) dynamo model to study the nonlinear feedback effect of BMR inflows with magnitudes varying with surface magnetic fields. This fully-3D realistic dynamo model produces the sunspot butterfly diagram and allows a study of the relative roles of dynamo saturation mechanisms such as tilt-angle quenching and BMR inflows. The results of our STABLE simulations show that magnetic field-dependent BMR inflows significantly affect the evolution of the BMRs themselves and result in a reduced buildup of the global poloidal field due to local flux cancellation within the BMRs, to an extent that is sufficient to saturate the dynamo. As a consequence, for the first time, we have achieved fully 3D solar dynamo solutions, in which BMR inflows alone regulate the amplitudes and periods of the magnetic cycles.
Possible Effects of Volcanic Eruptions on the Modern Atmosphere of Venus
Authors: Wilson Colin F. , Marcq Emmanuel , Gillmann Cédric , Widemann Thomas , Korablev Oleg , Mueller Nils T. , Lefèvre Maxence , Rimmer Paul B. , Robert Séverine , Zolotov Mikhail Y. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThis work reviews possible signatures and potential detectability of present-day volcanically emitted material in the atmosphere of Venus. We first discuss the expected composition of volcanic gases at present time, addressing how this is related to mantle composition and atmospheric pressure. Sulfur dioxide, often used as a marker of volcanic activity in Earth’s atmosphere, has been observed since late 1970s to exhibit variability at the Venus’ cloud tops at time scales from hours to decades; however, this variability may be associated with solely atmospheric processes. Water vapor is identified as a particularly valuable tracer for volcanic plumes because it can be mapped from orbit at three different tropospheric altitude ranges, and because of its apparent low background variability. We note that volcanic gas plumes could be either enhanced or depleted in water vapor compared to the background atmosphere, depending on magmatic volatile composition. Non-gaseous components of volcanic plumes, such as ash grains and/or cloud aerosol particles, are another investigation target of orbital andin situmeasurements. We discuss expectations ofin situand remote measurements of volcanic plumes in the atmosphere with particular focus on the upcoming DAVINCI, EnVision and VERITAS missions, as well as possible future missions.
Reducing Strategies for Carbon Footprint of Livestock in Izmir/Turkiye
Authors: Dağlıoğlu Sıdıka Tuğçe , Taşkın Rana , Özteke Nezehat İrem , Kandemir Çağrı , Taşkın Turgay 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe goal of the Paris Agreement is to limit the global average temperature increase to 1.5 °C. In order to significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change, greenhouse gas emissions must be reduced as soon as possible. By signing the Paris Agreement in 2021, Turkiye has committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 41% by 2030. The livestock sector, which is an important economic resource, also has a significant share in greenhouse gas emissions in Turkiye. In this study, it was analyzed the greenhouse gas emissions resulting from livestock in Izmir, the 3rd largest city of Turkiye. For this purpose, greenhouse gas emissions and carbon footprint resulting from livestock farming in Izmir were calculated according to the IPCC 2019 Guidelines and Tier 1 methodology. The total carbon footprint of livestock in Izmir was determined as 2826.5 thousand tons CO2eq (ttonCO2eq). These total emissions were calculated as 1492 ttonCO2eq (53%) from enteric fermentation, 1120.5 ttonCO2eq (39%) from CH4 in manure management, and 214 ttonCO2eq (8%) from N2O in manure management. Sustainable method suggestions were also studied in order to achieve Turkiye’s greenhouse gas reduction commitment. The results show that a sustainable change in manure management method, such as biogas production from manure, can reduce the carbon footprint by 30%. As a result, sustainable manure management methods, nutrition, and animal welfare should be included in agricultural policies as methods that help reduce Turkiye’s greenhouse gas emissions.