bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phonetics and phonology in Gallo‐Romance palatalisation
Authors: Buckley Eugene 
Published: March 2009

AbstractPalatalisation of the velars /k, in Gallo‐Romance applied not just before the usual front vowels /i, e, ɛ/ but also, famously, before the low vowel /a/. Various scenarios have been proposed regarding the phonetic realisation of /a/ and its relation to palatalisation. I argue that /a/ was allophonically fronted to [æ] in stressed open syllables, where the vowel eventually merged with /ɛ, e/. Here the palatalisation was phonetically motivated. But due to the relationship of fronted [æ] to the phonemic category /a/, the triggering environment was extended to other tokens of /a/, including non‐fronted instances in closed syllables. Here the motivation was the abstract phonological connection between the different surface realisations of /a/.
Neuromedin U: physiology, pharmacology and therapeutic potential
Authors: Budhiraja S. , Chugh A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractNeuromedin U (NmU), a multifunctional neuropeptide, belongs to a family of neuropeptides, the neuromedins. It is ubiquitously distributed with highest levels found in the gastrointestinal tract and pituitary. The conservation of structural elements of NmU across species, the widespread distribution of NmU and its receptors throughout the body point to a fundamental role in key physiological processes. Two G protein coupled receptors for NmU have been cloned NmU R1 and NmU R2. NmU R1 is expressed pre‐dominantly in the periphery especially the gastrointestinal tract whereas NmU R2 is expressed pre‐dominantly in the central nervous system. Current evidence suggests a role of NmU in pain, in regulation of feeding and energy homeostasis, stress, cancer, immune mediated inflammatory diseases like asthma, inflammatory diseases, maintaining the biological clock, in the regulation of smooth muscle contraction in the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tract, and in the control of blood flow and blood pressure. With the development of drugs selectively acting on receptors and knockout animal models, exact pathophysiological roles of NmU will become clearer.
Chemopreventive efficacy of pronyl‐lysine on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in rat colon carcinogenesis
Authors: Selvam Jayabal Panneer , Aranganathan Selvaraj , Gopalan Rama , Nalini Namasivayam 
Published: March 2009

AbstractColon cancer is a serious health problem in most of the countries and is the leading cause of cancer mortality throughout the world. The major objective of this study was to examine the chemopreventive effect of dietary pronyl‐lysine (2 mg/kg body weight), a bread crust antioxidant, on intestinal and colonic tissue lipid peroxidation (LPO) and antioxidant status in rat colon carcinogenesis. Male Wistar rats were divided into seven groups and were fed a modified pellet diet for 34 weeks. Rats were given a weekly subcutaneous injection of 1,2‐dimethyl hydrazine (DMH) (20 mg/kg body weight) for the first 15 weeks. Pronyl‐lysine was supplemented to rats during the pre‐initiation, initiation, post‐initiation and also throughout the study period. All the rats were sacrificed at the end of 34 weeks and their colons were evaluated histologically. The activity of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and antioxidant status in the tissues such as the intestines, colon and cecum were estimated. Our results showed diminished levels of colonic, and cecal LPO products such as conjugated dienes, lipid hydroperoxides and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and also reduced activities of the antioxidants superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione dependent enzymes (glutathione peroxidase, glutathione‐S‐transferase, glutathione reductase) in DMH‐treated rats, while on supplementing dietary pronyl‐lysine the levels of LPO products and antioxidants were significantly reversed (P < 0.05). Thus, our results strongly suggest that the administration of pronyl‐lysine throughout the study period (group 7) and the post‐initiation (group 6) stages of colon carcinogenesis significantly inhibits colon cancer incidence and prevents DMH induced histopathological lesions.
Influence of high dietary sodium intake on the functional subtypes of α1‐adrenoceptors in the renal cortical vasculature of Wistar–Kyoto rats
Authors: Kazi R. N. , Munavvar A. S. , Abdullah N. A. , Khan A. H. , Johns E. J. 
Published: March 2009

Summary1 Increased renal vascular resistance is one renal functional abnormality that contributes to hypertension, and α1‐adrenoceptors play a pivotal role in modulating this renal vascular resistance. This study investigates the functional contribution of α1‐adrenoceptor subtypes in the renal cortical vasculature of Wistar–Kyoto rats on a normal sodium diet (WKYNNa) compared with those given saline to drink for 6 weeks (WKYHNa).2 The renal cortical vascular responses to the adrenergic agonists noradrenaline (NA), methoxamine (ME) and phenylephrine (PE) were measured in WKYHNa and WKYNNa rats either in the absence (the control phase) or presence of chloroethylclonidine (CEC), an α1B‐adrenoceptor antagonist, 5‐methylurapidil (5‐MeU), an α1Aantagonist, or BMY7378, an α1Dantagonist.3 Results showed a greater renal cortical vascular sensitivity to NA, PE and ME in the WKYHNa compared with WKYNNa rats (P < 0.05). Moreover, 5‐MeU and BMY7378 attenuated adrenergically induced renal cortical vasoconstriction in WKYHNa and WKYNNa rats; this response was largely blunted in CEC‐treated WKYHNa rats (allP < 0.05) but not in CEC‐treated WKYNNa rats.4 The data suggest that irrespective of dietary sodium content, in Wistar–Kyoto rats α1A‐ and α1D‐subtypes are the major α1‐adrenoceptors in renal cortical vasculature; however, there appears to be a functional involvement of α1B‐adrenoceptors in the WKYHNa rats.
Effect of central serotonin depletion on 5‐HT receptor‐mediated vasomotor responses in the middle meningeal artery of anaesthetized rats
Authors: Martínez‐García E. , García‐Iglesias B. , Terrón J. A. 
Published: March 2009

Summary 1 It has been hypothesized that craniovascular 5‐HT receptors mediating dilatation of cranial vessels undergo sensitization on decreased serotonergic transmission in migraine. This study analysed the effect of chemical lesion of the 5‐HT system in the brain with 5,7‐dihydroxytryptamine (5,7‐DHT) on 5‐HT receptor‐mediated dilator responses to 5‐carboxamidotryptamine (5‐CT) in the middle meningeal artery of anaesthetized rats. 5‐CT has recently been shown to elicit dilator responses in this cranial vessel via 5‐HT7 receptors and, to a much lesser extent, 5‐HT1B/1D receptors. 2 Pretreatment with 5,7‐DHT produced a drastic and selective decrease of 5‐HT levels in the brain (78 ± 6% and 94 ± 2% in dorsal raphe and hypothalamic paraventricular nuclei, respectively) compared with controls (1% ascorbic acid). 3 Topical application of 5‐CT (1–1000 μm) to exposed dura mater encephali produced concentration‐dependent decreases in diastolic blood pressure and dilator responses in the middle meningeal artery that were similar in vehicle‐ and 5,7‐DHT‐pretreaed animals. 4 Hypotensive and meningeal dilator responses to 5‐CT were unaltered by the 5‐HT1B/1D receptor antagonist, GR‐127935 (1 mg kg−1, i.v.), but were strongly inhibited by the 5‐HT7 receptor antagonist, SB‐269970 (1 mg kg−1, i.v.), with similar efficacy, in both groups of animals. Treatment with GR‐127935 + SB‐269970 (1 mg kg−1, i.v. each), produced a stronger inhibitory effect than individual treatments on hypotensive but not on meningeal responses to 5‐CT. Meningeal 5‐HT7 receptor‐mediated responses (i.e. in GR‐127935‐pretreated animals) were unchanged by 5,7‐DHT pretreatment. 5 Results suggest that the sensitivity of craniovascular 5‐HT7 receptors mediating dilatation is unaffected by a decrease of 5‐HT levels in the brain. A neuronal involvement of 5‐HT in migraine seems more likely, therefore.
Impact of Transfusion of Fresh‐frozen Plasma and Packed Red Blood Cells in a 1:1 Ratio on Survival of Emergency Department Patients with Severe Trauma
Authors: Zehtabchi Shahriar , Nishijima Daniel K. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractObjectives:  Coagulopathy is common after severe trauma and occurs very early after the initial insult. Some investigators have suggested early and aggressive treatment of the trauma‐induced coagulopathy by transfusion of fresh‐frozen plasma (FFP) and packed red blood cells (PRBC) in a 1:1 ratio. This evidence‐based emergency medicine (EBM) review evaluates the evidence regarding the impact of 1:1 ratio of FFP:PRBC transfusion on survival of emergency department (ED) patients with severe trauma.Methods:  The MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and other databases were searched. Studies were selected for inclusion if they included trauma patients who required blood transfusion. The outcome measures of interest included mortality and adverse effects of high FFP:PRBC ratios. For comparison, the patients were classified into high ratio (1:1, defined as a ratio of 1:≤1.5) and low ratio (1:>1.5) groups.Results:  The authors did not identify any randomized controlled trials (RCT), but included four observational studies (three retrospective registry and one prospective cohort studies), which enrolled 1,511 patients cumulatively. One study found a statistically significant difference in mortality rate, favoring high FFP:PRBC ratio (relative risk = 0.72, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.59 to 0.89), while three studies showed no benefits. One study reported higher rates of sepsis and single/multiorgan failure (MOF), and another study revealed a higher risk of nosocomial infections and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in the high FFP:PRBC ratio group.Conclusion:  Three retrospective registry reviews with suboptimal methodologies and one prospective cohort study provide inadequate evidence to support or refute the use of a high FFP:PRBC ratio in patients with severe trauma.
Changes in oxidant‐antioxidant status in young diabetic patients from clinical onset onwards
Authors: Martín‐Gallán P. , Carrascosa A. , Gussinyé M. , Domínguez C. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractOxidative stress has been implicated as a mechanism underlying hyperglycaemia‐associated cellular damage and could play a role in the development of diabetes‐related complications. This study aimed to evaluate the significance of changes in oxidant–antioxidant status in 176 child and adolescent diabetic patients at clinical onset, during disease progression and when early microvascular complications appeared. Indicative lipid and protein oxidation markers and antioxidant defence activity were measured in plasma and correlated with clinical data, diabetes duration, long‐term glycometabolic control and serum lipids. Compared with their respective age‐matched controls, diabetic patients had greater oxidative damage to lipids and proteins, demonstrated through the analysis of hydroperoxides, lipoperoxides and oxidation protein products, all of which were significantly raised at onset, decreased during the first 1.5 years of evolution and rose progressively thereafter. Plasma levels of oxidizable lipids were significantly associated with lipid and protein oxidation products. Overall, plasma antioxidant capacity was significantly and consistently lower from clinical onset onwards. These results suggest that insulin therapy in the first year improved metabolic and oxidant homeostasis and consequently hyperglycaemia‐derived biomolecular oxidative damage. Diabetes‐associated hyperlipidaemia is related to lipid and protein oxidation processes, which supports the concept of glucose toxicity and lipotoxicity being interrelated. The greatest increase in lipid and protein oxidative damage biomarkers in young diabetic patients with premature microangiopathy points to oxidative stress as a possible contributing mechanism of microvascular dysfunction. Consequently, tight lipid and glycometabolic control may have therapeutic potential by diminishing oxidative tissue‐damaging effects of hyperglycaemia.
Cerebrospinal fluid drainage in posthaemorrhagic ventricular dilatation leads to improvement in amplitude‐integrated electroencephalographic activity
Authors: Olischar Monika , Klebermass Katrin , Hengl Barbara , Hunt Rod W , Waldhoer Thomas , Pollak Arnold , Weninger Manfred 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAim: Progressive posthaemorrhagic ventricular dilatation (PHVD) may induce abnormal amplitude‐integrated electroencephalographic (aEEG) activity prior to clinical deterioration or significant cerebral ultrasound changes. These abnormalities might be ameliorated with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage. The aims of this study were to investigate the occurrence of aEEG‐abnormalities with progressive PHVD in relation to clinical and cerebral ultrasound changes and to evaluate whether CSF drainage results in aEEG improvement.Methods: aEEG and cerebral ultrasound scans were performed in 12 infants with PHVD, before and after CSF drainage, until normalization of aEEG occurred.Results: aEEG was abnormal with progressive PHVD in all patients. Concurrently, 60% of the patients were clinically stable without deterioration in ultrasonographic cerebral abnormalities. Post drainage, continuous pattern was restored in all but one patient, whereas the frequency of discontinuous pattern decreased in nine patients and burst‐suppression pattern decreased in all but one patient. Low‐voltage pattern was only observed in one patient who suffered severe grade IV IVH and died one week after EVD placement. Sleep‐wake cycling matured in 75%.Conclusion: These findings demonstrate the impact of CSF drainage on compromised aEEG‐activity associated with PHVD. aEEG changes indicative of impaired cerebral function were apparent before clinical deterioration or major ultrasound changes. These changes were reversible with CSF drainage. aEEG should therefore be used in addition to clinical observation and ultrasound when monitoring PHVD.
Exercise‐induced hyperthermia in childhood: a case report and pilot study
Authors: Kallinich T , Keitzer R , Puskas E , Boldt F 
Published: March 2009

AbstractHyperthermia is characterized by an increase of body core temperature due to exogenous heat exposure and/or endogenous heat production. Contrary to fever the hypothalamic‐controlled temperature set point remains unchanged.Aim: To demonstrate that exercise‐induced hyperthermia is a common phenomenon in childhood.Case: We describe a 5‐year‐old boy, who attended our outpatient clinic with a 6‐month observation period of exercise‐induced hyperthermia with rectal temperatures up to 39.0°C. Characteristically temperature dropped to normal values after cessation of exercise.Method: In eight children aged 5–8, tympanic and rectal temperatures were measured before and after exercise.Results: The rectal temperature increases frequently after exercise (p < 0.001), whereas tympanic temperature did not (p = 0.2).Conclusion:  Benign hyperthermia should be considered in children with increased body temperature of unknown sources. The site of temperature measurement might be critical in the identification of this condition.
Empirical Assessment of Ground Water–to‐Indoor Air Attenuation Factors for the CDOT‐MTL Denver Site
Authors: Johnson P.C. , Ettinger R.A. , Kurtz J.P. , Bryan R. , Kester J.E. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe area surrounding the Colorado Department of Transportation Materials Testing Laboratory in Denver was the subject of intense investigation, involving the collection of thousands of ground water, soil‐gas, and indoor air samples in order to investigate indoor air impacts associated with a subsurface release of chlorinated solvents. The preremediation portion of that data set is analyzed and reduced in this work to ground water–to‐indoor air attenuation factors (αgw= the ratio of the measured indoor air concentration to the soil‐gas concentration predicted to be in equilibrium with the local ground water concentration). The empirical αgw values for this site range from about 10−6 to 10−4 with an overall average of 3 × 10−5 (μg/L indoor air)/(μg/L soil gas). The analysis of this data set highlights the need for a thorough data review and data screening when using large data sets to derive empirical relationships between subsurface concentrations and indoor air. More specifically, it is necessary to identify those parts of the data that contain a strong vapor intrusion pathway signal, which generally will require concentrations well above reported detection levels combined with spatial or temporal correlation of subsurface and indoor concentrations.
Cervical vertebral malformation‐malarticulation syndrome in the Bernese mountain dog: clinical and magnetic resonance imaging features
Authors: Eagleson J. S. , Diaz J. , Platt S. R. , Kent M. , Levine J. M. , Sharp N. J. H. , Schatzberg S. J. 
Published: March 2009

Objectives:To describe the clinical and magnetic resonance imaging features of cervical vertebral malformation‐malarticulation in Bernese mountain dogs.Methods:Seven Bernese mountain dogs (four males and three females) were diagnosed with cervical vertebral malformation‐malarticulation by magnetic resonance imaging. The following data were evaluated retrospectively: (1) abnormalities of the cervical vertebral column and spinal cord, (2) spinal cord compression, (3) intervertebral disc degeneration and herniation, (4) severity of clinical signs pretreatment and after treatment, (5) type of treatment and (6) outcome.Results:Spin echo T1‐weighted and T2‐weighted images disclosed multi‐level, extradural compressive spinal cord lesions (ventral, dorsolateral or both) spanning from intervertebral disc spaces C3‐4 to C6‐7. In all seven dogs, T2‐weighted images disclosed one or more intramedullary hyperintensities associated with extradural spinal cord compression. Surgery was performed in five dogs. Two dogs were managed medically. The prognosis for surgical or conservative management in Bernese mountain dogs was similar to cervical vertebral malformation‐malarticulation in other breeds.ClinicalSignificance:Cervical vertebral malformation‐malarticulation is an important differential diagnosis for young to middle‐aged Bernese mountain dogs with a C1‐5 or C6‐T2 neuroanatomic localisation. Dorsolateral spinal cord compression associated with articular process hypertrophy was the most common feature of cervical vertebral malformation‐malarticulation in the seven Bernese mountain dogs evaluated.
Effect of different diets on larval growth of Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis (Kolbe) (Coleoptera: Cetoniidae)
Authors: KWON Ohseok 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe white‐spotted flower chafer, Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis (Kolbe), is used as an important source of medicinal properties, such as anti‐cancer activity and prevention of liver‐related diseases, in Korea. To use this insect species without endangering wild populations, a mass rearing technique is needed. The present study was carried out to determine whether different diets can affect the larval growth of P. brevitarsis seulensis. Six different diets were investigated in the experiment, and the results showed that 20% rice straw with 80% oakwood sawdust was the best diet for larval growth of this beetle.
Desloratadine for the Relief of Nasal and Non‐nasal Allergy Symptoms: An Observational Study
Authors: Aberer Werner 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTIntroduction.  The rates of allergic rhinitis, allergic asthma, and atopic eczema range from 6% to 16% globally. Second‐generation antihistamines have been shown to be safe and effective for the treatment of symptoms of allergic disease. This study investigated the efficacy and safety of desloratadine, a nonsedating second‐generation antihistamine, in the treatment of common allergy symptoms.Methods.  In this open‐label, uncontrolled, non‐randomized, observational study, subjects (N = 973) with allergy symptoms were given desloratadine 5 mg daily for 3 weeks. Nasal, ocular, and dermal symptom severity was rated as asymptomatic, mild, moderate, or severe; changes in the percentage of subjects in each severity category were assessed. Overall efficacy and tolerability of desloratadine treatment were evaluated separately by physicians and subjects.Results.  Allergic rhinitis was the most frequent diagnosis, occurring in 59.0% of subjects. Approximately 40% of subjects had received previous treatment with other antihistamines, systemic/topical glucocorticosteroids, or beta‐sympathicomimetics. Slightly more than half of subjects received concomitant medication during the study; 263 (53.0%) of those used intranasal steroids. A significant reduction in severity scores was observed in all symptom subgroups (P < 0.001). Desloratadine efficacy was judged to be excellent or good by 90.2% of physicians and 88.6% of subjects; 82.5% of investigators and 80.9% of subjects considered it more effective than previous therapy. The tolerability of desloratadine was rated excellent or good by 97.0% of both groups. Thirty‐one subjects (3.2%) experienced adverse events.Conclusions.  In an open‐label, uncontrolled, non‐randomized, observational study allergy symptoms improved significantly in subjects treated with desloratadine.
Protein array technology to investigate cytokine production by monocytes from patients with advanced alcoholic cirrhosis: An ex vivo pilot study
Authors: Tazi Khalid A. , Quioc Jean‐Jacques , Abdel‐Razek Wael , Tellier Zéra , Guichard Cécile , Ogier‐Denis Eric , Lebrec Didier , Moreau Richard 
Published: March 2009

Aim:  In patients with advanced cirrhosis, little is known about the ability of peripheral blood monocytes to spontaneously produce signaling proteins such as cytokines. The aim of this ex vivo study was to evaluate cytokine production under baseline conditions and after stimulation by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a toll‐like receptor (TLR) agonist.Methods:  Peripheral blood monocytes were isolated from patients with advanced alcoholic cirrhosis (without ongoing bacterial infections) and normal subjects. Cells were left unstimulated or were stimulated with LPS. The abundance of 24 cytokines was measured using a filter‐based, arrayed sandwich enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the supernatant of cultured monocytes.Results:  Cirrhotic monocytes spontaneously produced six proteins (TNF‐α, IL‐6, IL‐8, MCP‐1, RANTES and Gro), whereas normal monocytes produced only small amounts of IL‐8 and RANTES. Analyses with the online gene set analysis toolkit WebGestalt (http://bioinfo.vanderbilt.edu/webgestalt) found enrichment for the six proteins in the human gene ontology subcategory (http://www.geneontology.org), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome pathways (http://www.genome.ad.jp/kegg/) and BioCarta pathways (http://www.biocarta.com/genes/index.asp) consistent with a proinflammatory phenotype of cirrhotic monocytes resulting from activated TLR signaling. Interestingly, LPS‐elicited TLR engagement further increased the production of the six proteins and did not induce the secretion of any others, in particular the anti‐inflammatory cytokine IL‐10. LPS‐stimulated normal monocytes produced TNF‐α, IL‐6, IL‐8, MCP‐1, RANTES, Gro and IL‐10.Conclusion:  In patients with advanced cirrhosis, peripheral blood monocytes spontaneously produce proinflammatory cytokines, presumably in response to unrestricted TLR signaling.