bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular cloning of the canine telomerase reverse transcriptase gene and its expression in neoplastic and non-neoplastic cells
Authors: Yazawa Mitsuhiro , Okuda Masaru , Kanaya Noriko , Hong Sung-Hyeok , Takahashi Tomoko , Ohashi Emi , Nakagawa Takayuki , Nishimura Ryohei , Sasaki Nobuo , Masuda Kenichi , Ohno Koichi , Tsujimoto Hajime 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To perform molecular cloning of the canine telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) gene and determine its expression in neoplastic and nonneoplastic cells.Sample Population—9 canine tumor cell lines derived from various neoplasms, 16 primary canine tumors, and tissues from 15 normal canine organs.Procedure—Tumor cell lines were derived from canine tumors that included osteosarcoma, mammary gland adenocarcinoma, melanoma, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, lymphoma, and mastocytoma and a canine primary fibroblast culture. Canine TERT complementary DNA (cDNA) was amplified by use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced. Expression of TERT mRNA was examined by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR assay. Telomerase activity was measured by use of the telomeric repeat amplification protocol assay.Results—The canine TERT cDNA clone was 237 base pairs in length and contained a central region encoding the reverse transcriptase motif 2. Expression of TERT mRNA was detected in canine tumor cell lines that had telomerase activity but not in telomerasenegative canine primary fibroblasts. The TERT mRNA was detected in 13 of 16 canine tumor tissues and several normal tissues such as liver, ovary, lymph node, and thymus. A significant correlation between TERT expression level and telomerase activity was noted.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Expression of TERT mRNA was closely associated with telomerase activity in neoplastic cells as well as some non-neoplastic cells from dogs. In addition to telomerase activity, expression of TERT mRNA can be used as a marker of tumor cells. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:1395–1400)
Use of recombinant human thyroid-stimulating hormone for thyrotropin-stimulation testing of euthyroid cats
Authors: Stegeman Julie R. , Graham Peter A. , Hauptman Joe G. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To evaluate response of euthyroid cats to administration of recombinant human thyroid-stimulating hormone (rhTSH).Animals—7 healthy cats.Procedure—Each cat received each of 5 doses of rhTSH (0, 0.025, 0.050, 0.100, and 0.200 mg), IV, at 1-week intervals. Serum concentration of total thyroxine (TT4) and free thyroxine (fT4) was measured immediately before each injection (time 0) and 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours after administration of each dose.Results—Overall TT4response did not differ significantly among cats when administered doses were ≥ 0.025 mg. Serum TT4concentrations peaked 6 to 8 hours after administration for all doses ≥ 0.025 mg. For all doses ≥ 0.025 mg, mean ± SEM TT4concentration at 0, 6, and 8 hours was 33.9 ± 1.7, 101.8 ± 5.9, and 101.5 ± 5.7 nmol/L, respectively. For all doses ≥ 0.025 mg, mean fT4 concentration at 0, 6, and 8 hours was 38.7 ± 2.9, 104.5 ± 7.6, and 100.4 ± 8.0 pmol/L, respectively. At 8 hours, the fT4 response to 0.025 and 0.050 mg was less than the response to 0.100 and 0.200 mg. Adverse reactions after rhTSH administration were not detected.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The TSH stimulation test can be performed in cats by IV administration of 0.025 to 0.200 mg of rhTSH and measurement of serum TT4concentrations at time of injection and 6 or 8 hours later. Clinical validation of the TSH stimulation test would facilitate development of additional tests of thyroid gland function, such as a TSH assay. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:149–152)
Epidemiologic study of results of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of isolates of Rhodococcus equi obtained from horses and horse farms
Authors: Cohen Noah D. , Smith Karen E. , Ficht Thomas A. , Takai Shinji , Libal Melissa C. , West Brian R. , delRosario Lemuel S. , Becu Teotimu , Leadon Desmond P. , Buckley Thomas , Chaffin M. Keith , Martens Ronald J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To compare isolates ofRhodococcus equion the basis of geographic source and virulence status by use of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE).Sample Population—290 isolates ofR equi(218 virulent isolates from foals and 72 avirulent isolates from feces, soil, and respiratory tract samples) obtained between 1985 and 2000 from horses and horse farms from 4 countries.Procedure—DNA from isolates was digested with the restriction enzymeAseIand tested by use of PFGE. Products were analyzed for similarities in banding patterns by use of dendrograms. A similarity matrix was constructed for isolates, and the matrix was tested for nonrandom distributions of similarity values with respect to groupings of interest.Results—There was little grouping of isolates on the basis of country, virulence status, or region within Texas. Isolates ofR equiwere generally < 80% similar, as determined by use of PFGE. Isolates from the same farm generally were rarely of the same strain.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Considerable chromosomal variability exists among isolates ofR equiobtained from the same farm, sites within Texas, or among countries from various continents. Only rarely will it be possible to link infections to a given site or region on the basis of analysis of isolates by use of PFGE of chromosomal DNA. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:153–161)
Use of an amplified ELISA technique for detection of a house dust mite allergen ( Der f 1) in skin and coat dust samples from dogs
Authors: Glass Emmett V. , Reid Rachel A. , Hillier Andrew , Needham Glen R. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract

Objective—To use an amplified ELISA technique to
document the presence and quantify the concentration
of the house dust mite allergen, Der f 1, in skin
and coat dust samples collected from dogs.

Animals—29 pet dogs of various breeds.

Procedure—Dogs were weighed, and body surface
area in square meters was determined. Skin and coat
dust samples were obtained by vacuuming dogs.
Collected dust was analyzed by use of standard and
amplified ELISA techniques.

Results—By use of the standard ELISA technique,
Der f 1 was detected in skin and coat dust samples
from 6 of 29 (21%) dogs. Mean concentration of Der
f 1 in the 6 samples with positive assay results was
16.16 ng/mL (range, 5.61 to 31.24 ng/mL). Samples
with negative assay results were retested for dust
mite allergen by use of an amplified ELISA technique;
an additional 14 dogs had positive assay results.
Mean concentration of allergen was 0.36 ng/mL
(range, 0.19 to 2.20 ng/mL). Combining both techniques,
20 of 29 (69%) dogs had positive assay
results for Der f 1.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results of our
study indicate that house dust mite allergens are present
on the skin and in the coat of dogs, and this
source of allergen may act as a reservoir for allergen
exposure in hypersensitive dogs. Use of an amplified
ELISA technique to determine environmental concentrations
of house dust mite allergens in homes and on
dogs will help to identify the relationship between
immunologic findings and environmental exposures
in dogs with atopic dermatitis. (Am J Vet Res 2003;64:162–165)
Effects of oral administration of methazolamide on intraocular pressure and aqueous humor flow rate in clinically normal dogs
Authors: Skorobohach Brian J. , Ward Dan A. , Hendrix Diane V. H. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To determine magnitude and duration of the effect of oral administration of methazolamide at 2 dosages on intraocular pressure (IOP) in dogs in single- dose and multiple-dose trials and to determine aqueous humor flow rate (AHFR) by use of anterior segment fluorophotometry before and during treatment.Animals—25 healthy adult Beagles.Procedure—Baseline IOPs and AHFRs were determined on days 0 and 1, respectively. On day 2, the single-dose trial was initiated with oral administration of 25 or 50 mg of methazolamide at 7 AM to 2 groups of 10 dogs each. Five dogs served as controls. In the multiple-dose trial, the same dogs received 25 or 50 mg of methazolamide at 7 AM and at 3 and 11 PM on days 3 through 9.Results—Intraocular pressures varied diurnally with highest IOPs in the morning. In the single-dose trial, IOP decreased significantly at 3 to 6 hours after treatment and then increased significantly at later time points, compared with baseline values. In the multipledose trial, dogs in both treatment groups had significantly lower IOPs during the treatment period at 10 AM and 1 PM but not at 6 and 9 PM, compared with baseline values. In both treatment groups morning IOPs had returned to baseline values by the first day after treatment. Evening IOPs were significantly increased by 2 to 3 days after treatment, compared with baseline values. The AHFRs in both treatment groups were significantly lower than pretreatment AHFRs.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Oral administration of methazolamide decreases IOPs and AHFRs in clinically normal dogs, with effectiveness diminishing in the evening. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:183–187)
Evaluation of the ability of carprofen and flunixin meglumine to inhibit activation of nuclear factor kappa B
Authors: Bryant Clare E. , Farnfield Belinda A. , Janicke Heidi J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To determine whether the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) carprofen, flunixin meglumine, and phenylbutazone have cyclooxygenase (COX)-independent effects that specifically inhibit activation of the proinflammatory transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NfκB).Study Population—Purified ovine COX-1 and -2 and cultures of RAW 264.7 murine macrophages.Procedure—The COX-1 and -2 inhibitory effects of the NSAIDs were tested in assays that used purified ovine COX-1 and -2. Prostaglandin production was analyzed by use of a radioimmunoassay. Inhibitory effects of these drugs on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and LPS-stimulated translocation of NfκB were determined by use of RAW 264.7 murine macrophages.Results—Flunixin meglumine and phenylbutazone were selective inhibitors of COX-1. Carprofen and flunixin meglumine, but not phenylbutazone, inhibited LPS-induction of iNOS. Carprofen and, to a lesser degree, flunixin meglumine had inhibitory effects on NFκB activation.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The ability of drugs such as carprofen and flunixin meglumine to inhibit activation of NfκB-dependent genes such as iNOS, in addition to their effects on COX, suggests an additional mechanism for their anti-inflammatory effects and may explain the ability of flunixin meglumine to be an effective inhibitor of the effects of endotoxin in horses with endotoxemia. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:211–215)
Effects of obesity on lipid profiles in neutered male and female cats
Authors: Hoenig Margarethe , Wilkins Caroline , Holson Jennifer C. , Ferguson Duncan C. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To examine whether obese cats, compared with lean cats, have alterations in lipoprotein metabolism that might lead to a decrease in glucose metabolism and insulin secretion.Animals—10 lean and 10 obese adults cats (5 neutered males and 5 neutered females each).Procedure—Intravenous glucose tolerance tests with measurements of serum glucose, insulin, and nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations were performed. Lipoprotein fractions were examined in serum by isopycnic density gradient ultracentrifugation.Results—Obese cats had insulin resistance. Plasma triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations were significantly increased in obese cats, compared with lean cats. Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) concentrations were increased in obese cats, compared with lean cats; however, the composition of various fractions remained unchanged between obese and lean cats, indicating greater synthesis and catabolism of VLDL in obese cats. Serum high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentrations were increased in obese cats, compared with lean cats. Serum NEFA concentrations were only significantly different between obese and lean cats when separated by sex; obese male cats had higher baseline serum NEFA concentrations and greater NEFA suppression in response to insulin, compared with lean male cats.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Lipid metabolism changes in obese cats, compared with lean cats. The increase in VLDL turnover in obese cats might contribute to insulin resistance of glucose metabolism, whereas the increase in serum HDL cholesterol concentration might reflect a protective effect against atherosclerosis in obese cats. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:299–303)
Effect of dietary protein quality and essential fatty acids on fatty acid composition in the liver and adipose tissue after rapid weight loss in overweight cats
Authors: Szabo Joseph , Ibrahim Wissam H. , Sunvold Gregory D. , Bruckner Geza G. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To examine effects of dietary protein quality (casein [CA] vs corn gluten [CG]) and dietary lipids (corn oil [CO] vs oil blend [OB] rich in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids [LCPUFAs]) on fatty acid composition in liver and adipose tissue after weight loss in overweight cats.Animals—24 ovariohysterectomized adult cats.Procedure—Cats were allowed ad libitum access to a high-quality diet until they weighed 30% more than their ideal body weight. Cats were then randomly assigned to 1 of 4 weight-reduction diets (6 cats/diet) and were fed 25% of maintenance energy requirements per day. Diets consisted of CG–CO, CA–CO, CG–OB, and CA–OB, respectively, and were fed until cats lost weight and returned to their original lean body mass. Liver biopsy specimens and samples of perirenal, subcutaneous, and abdominal fat were obtained and analyzed for fatty acid content.Results—Following weight loss, fatty acid composition of the liver and adipose tissue was primarily affected by protein quality in that cats fed CA had significantly higher percentages of 20:4(n-6) and 22:6(n-3) fatty acids than those fed CG. Cats fed the CG–CO diet had the lowest concentrations of LCPUFAs, suggesting that dietary lipids and protein quality each influence fatty acid composition in tissues.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—These data provide direct evidence that dietary protein quality alters fatty acid composition of tissues during weight loss in cats. The fatty acid patterns observed suggest that protein quality may alter fatty acid composition through modulation of desaturase activity. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:310–315)
Evaluation of a stochastic Markov-chain model for the development of forelimb injuries in Thoroughbred racehorses
Authors: Hill Ashley E. , Carpenter Tim E. , Gardner Ian A. , Stover Susan M. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To evaluate a Markov-chain model for the development of forelimb injuries in Thoroughbreds and to use the model to determine effects of reducing sprint distance on incidence of metacarpal condylar fracture (CDY) and severe suspensory apparatus injury (SSAI).Sample Population—Weekly exercise and injury data for 122 Thoroughbreds during racing or training.Procedure—Weekly data were used to construct a Markov-chain model with 5 states (uninjured [UNINJ], palpable suspensory apparatus injury [PSAI], SSAI, CDY, and lost to follow-up [LOST]). Transition probabilities between UNINJ and PSAI were estimated as a function of weekly sprint distance by use of linear regression analysis. The model was used to predict distributions of annual CDY and SSAI incidences in southern California racehorses and was validated by using CDY incidence reported by racetrack practitioners. The model was modified by reducing the number of sprint distances that were > 6 furlongs (> 1.20 km) by 20%, and CDY and SSAI incidences were compared with those generated by the baseline model.Results—The model accurately fit development of injuries in the sample population but overestimated development of injuries in the southern California racehorse population. Development of and recovery from PSAI were correlated with distance run at high speeds. Reducing by 20% the number of sprints run at distances > 6 furlongs significantly reduced modeled annual CDY and SSAI incidence by 9%.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Reducing the number of sprints at distances > 6 furlongs, particularly among horses with PSAI, reduces risk of CDY and SSAI. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:328–337)
Moment arms about the carpal and metacarpophalangeal joints for flexor and extensor muscles in equine forelimbs
Authors: Brown Nicholas A. T. , Pandy Marcus G. , Buford William L. , Kawcak Christopher E. , McIlwraith C. Wayne 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To determine whether muscle moment arms at the carpal and metacarpophalangeal joints can be modeled as fixed-radius pulleys for the range of motion associated with the stance phase of the gait in equine forelimbs.Sample Population—4 cadaveric forelimbs from 2 healthy Thoroughbreds.Procedure—Thin wire cables were sutured at the musculotendinous junction of 9 forelimb muscles. The cables passed through eyelets at each muscle's origin, wrapped around single-turn potentiometers, and were loaded. Tendon excursions, measured as the changes in lengths of the cables, were recorded during manual rotation of the carpal (180° to 70°) and metacarpophalangeal (220° to 110°) joints. Extension of the metacarpophalangeal joint (180° and 220°) was forced with an independent loading frame. Joint angle was monitored with a calibrated potentiometer. Moment arms were calculated from the slopes of the muscle length versus joint angle curves.Results—At the metacarpophalangeal joint, digital flexor muscle moment arms changed in magnitude by ≤ 38% during metacarpophalangeal joint extension. Extensor muscle moment arms at the carpal and metacarpophalangeal joints also varied (≤ 41% at the carpus) over the range of joint motion associated with the stance phase of the gait.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Our findings suggest that, apart from the carpal flexor muscles, muscle moment arms in equine forelimbs cannot be modeled as fixed-radius pulleys. Assuming that muscle moment arms at the carpal and metacarpophalangeal joints have constant magnitudes may lead to erroneous estimates of muscle forces in equine forelimbs. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:351–357)
Evaluation of transcutaneous Doppler ultrasonography for the measurement of blood flow in the femoral artery of pigs
Authors: Palacio Maria Josefa Fernández del , Fuentes Virginia Luis , Bonagura John D. , Schober Karsten E. , Hatfield Daniel G. , Laughlin M. Harold 
Published: January 2006

Abstract

Objective—To compare measurements of blood flow
in the common femoral artery obtained by duplex
Doppler ultrasonography (DDU) and a reference ultrasonic
transit-time flow (TTF) method and to examine
the impact of Doppler spectral waveform measurement
techniques on volumetric estimates.

Animals—5 healthy female pigs.

Procedure—Femoral arterial blood flow was measured
simultaneously in anesthetized pigs by use of a
TTF probe (left femoral artery) and transcutaneous
DDU (right femoral artery). A range of flow states was
induced pharmacologically by using xylazine,
bradykinin, dobutamine, and isoflurane. Volumetric
blood flow was calculated from DDU waveforms,
using the product of the flow velocity integral (FVI),
the cross-sectional vessel area, and heart rate. Three
calculations of FVI were obtained by manually tracing
the Doppler spectral envelopes at the outer envelope,
the modal, and the inner envelope of the spectral dispersion
pattern. Data analysis included calculation of
Pearson correlation coefficients and Bland-Altman
limits of agreement.

Results—Blood flow measured by DDU was more
closely correlated with TTF measurements when the
modal or inner envelope tracing method was used
( r, 0.76 and 0.78; limits of agreement, –100 to 54.2
and –48.5 to 77.0 mL/min, respectively). Limits of
agreement for the outer envelope tracing method
were –238.5 to 64 mL/min.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Transcutaneous
DDU is a reliable noninvasive technique for
measuring blood flow in the femoral artery of pigs
over a range of flow states. Tracing the inner envelope
of the Doppler spectral dispersion pattern provided
the best estimate of blood flow in this study.
(Am J Vet Res 2003;64:43–50)
Measurement of glycated hemoglobin percentages for use in the diagnosis and monitoring of diabetes mellitus in nonhuman primates
Authors: Dutton Christopher J. , Parvin Curtis A. , Gronowski Ann M. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract

Objective—To identify a technique for measurement
of glycated hemoglobin percentage in blood samples
obtained from various species of nonhuman primates
(NHPs), to determine whether these percentages varied
with respect to glycemic control, and to assess
whether this physiologic variable provided a suitable
test for diagnosing diabetes mellitus in NHPs.

Sample Population—166 blood samples collected
from 121 NHPs comprising 22 species from the
Haplorhine and Strepsirhine suborders and including
nondiabetic, treated-diabetic, and diabetic animals in
23 zoologic institutions throughout the United States.

Procedure—Hemoglobin A1c percentage was measured
in 154 samples by use of high-performance liquid
chromatography. Total glycated hemoglobin percentage
was measured in 159 samples by use of a
boronate-affinity chromatographic assay. Glucose
concentration was measured in 157 samples with an
autochemical analyzer by use of a hexose kinase
method.

Results—The boronate-affinity chromatographic technique
for measurement of total glycated hemoglobin
percentage was the most suitable method.
Nondiabetic Haplorhines had percentages higher than
those in nondiabetic Strepsirhines. In Haplorhines,
diabetic animals had percentages higher than those in
treated-diabetic animals, which had percentages higher
than those in nondiabetic animals. In Strepsirhines,
this pattern was less pronounced.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Measurement
of total glycated hemoglobin percentage provides
useful information for diagnosing diabetes mellitus
in Haplorhines and, possibly, in Strepsirhines.
Until reference ranges are established for each
species, it is recommended that results for samples
from NHPs without clinical signs of diabetes mellitus
be compared with results of samples collected concomitantly
from NHPs with clinical signs of this condition.
( Am J Vet Res 2003;64:562–568)