bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assuring a Healthy Food Supply: A Case for Fundamental Reform of Regulatory Programs
Authors: Hardy Stuart B. 
Published: March 2007

Recent months have brought a steady procession of well publicized food scares-some more perceived than real—that have alarmed consumers and drawn attention to the surveillance and inspection activities of various regulatory programs. Investigations by Congressional committees, the General Accounting Office and others have revealed significant shortcomings in program design and execution. Many problems are deeply rooted in a history of food regulation too often characterized by hasty, piecemeal solutions to health threats that have arisen in one food sector or another. Less attention has been paid to examining potential hazards in the food supply as a whole and directing limited federal resources toward areas where risks to health are greatest. The result is a system replete with inconsistencies, conflicts and gaps. Nor have regulatory programs kept pace with science. In some instances, regulators continue to use analytical tools that are decades out of date. State governments increasingly are moving into what they perceive as a regulatory vacuum with the best of intentions but the very real prospect of adding to regulatory conflicts and contradictions, without any corresponding benefit to public health. There is a pressing need to harmonize and modernizing the food regulatory system as a whole. A growing number of policymakers, consumer groups and industry leaders believe that this can be accomplished through the implementation of a science-based set of regulatory principles known as Hazard Analysis, Critical Control Points (HACCP). These principles, applicable to every link in the food production, processing and distribution chain, focus on the process rather than the product, and seek to control potential hazards at critical points on the farm, in the plant, in the market and elsewhere. However, the introduction of science based systems of food safety assurance will pose numerous challenges to the federal, state and local agencies charged with food regulation. Moreover, since HACCP transfers much of the burden of safety assurance onto the industry itself, its success ultimately depends on the good faith commitment of the food industry. The lively dialogue now taking place in the food regulatory arena has widespread implications for other sectors of the economy where government safety assurance activities may also require harmonization and modernization.
A Practical Approach to Near Time-Optimal Inspection-Task-Sequence Planning for Two Cooperative Industrial Robot Arms
Authors: Cao Bailin , Dodds Gordon I. , Irwin George W. 
Published: March 2007

A near time-optimal inspection-task-sequence planning for two co operative industrial robots is outlined. The objective of the task- sequence planning is not only to find a series of near time-optimal final configurations for two arms where the inspection operations are undertaken for segment motions, but also to find a near time-optimal task sequence of inspection points. A time-efficient, continuous joint-acceleration profile is proposed for a class of general industrial robots, and simplified by suitably choosing the time intervals of the profile for each segment motion between any two points to be inspected. The optimization problem to find near time-optimal final configurations is solved using the non linear optimization method of sequential quadratic programming (SQP). The computation overhead arising with this approach is suc cessfully dealt with. The task-sequence planning is formulated as a variation of the travelling salesman problem, and simulated anneal ing is used to find a near time-optimal route. The near time-optimal task-sequence planning and time-efficient trajectory planning are effectively integrated with the related computational problems ad dressed and solved. The proposed method is applied to an environment containing two RTX SCARA-type industrial robots with six joints. Computations have been carried out for moving points in a route, as compared with the same fixed points in a route where only one arm moves. The conclusion is that it is much more efficient if two robot arms work in a cooperative mode. A speed increase by a factor of close to 3 has been achieved through effective use of joint capabilities in the cooperative system. Experiments have also been conducted on the RTX system, yielding satisfactory results that are consistent with those obtained by simulation.
Chinese and American Music Majors: Cross-Cultural Comparisons in Motivation and Strategies for Learning and Studying
Authors: Brand Manny 
Published: March 2007

North American, European and Australian music schools, departments and conservatories actively recruit talented music students from Asia. Stereotyped by some music faculties as "model international students", Asian students are typically viewed as highly talented, incredibly diligent, and extremely hard working. However, another image, as reported in surveys of University faculty, depicts the Asian learner as a rote learner. Utilising Bigg's (1987) Study Process Questiontnaire (SPQ), this study examines these assumptions by comparing motives for learning and cognitive strategies of 335 American and Chinese music students. The SPQ, a 42-item, self-report questionnaire, is often used in cross-cultural comparisons of university students' approaches to learning. While it was found that on most aspects of the SPQ, American and Asian music students are similar in terms of their depth of involvement and dedication to music study and musical achievement, findings reveal that the American students show a greater tendency to rely on extrinsic motivation and greater reliance on rote learning approach as compared to Chinese music students.
Sociology of Scientific Knowledge: A Reflexive Citation Analysis or Science Disciplines and Disciplining Science
Authors: Hicks Diana , Potter Jonathan 
Published: March 2007

This paper takes the form of a double text which simultaneously investigates the sociology of scientific knowledge (SSK) through citation analysis, and investigates citation analysis using theoretical ideas from SSK and Foucault. One strand of the text performs an analysis of citation patterns in SSK. This text identifies the figures who have had the most impact through their articles and books, and examines the possible effects of cultural and linguistic bias. It also investigates the impact of SSK outside the field, asks whether this impact has changed over time, and identifies researchers who have had a particularly high impact outside SSK. The other strand takes citation analysis, as exemplified in the citation study of SSK, as its topic. This text focuses on the way the citation analysis constitutes its field of study, and on the way a citation is produced as a separable, countable category. It notes the `realistic' idea of science categories which is deployed, and the individualistic model of scientific activity. It questions the involvement of citation analysis with power, both in the traditional sense of institutional control of science through funding changes, and in the Foucaldian sense of scientists adopting citation counting as a regime of self-regulation. The paper ends with a dialogue between the `authors' on/in these issues.
Ending Up On the Wrong Side: Must the Two Forms of Radicalism Always Be at War?
Authors: Ashmore Malcolm 
Published: March 2007

In this paper, I look at the reflexive political implications for the sociology of scientific knowledge (SSK) of two incipient or actual public disputes about when certain items of scientific knowledge should have been known, and consequently if and when certain actions should have been taken on the basis of this knowledge: (1) The case of a `dying smoker' suing a tobacco company for not printing health warnings on cigarette packets in the 1960s, when the company should have known the facts about the effects of smoking on health; and (2) The case of a technological disaster inquiry where the technology's proponents are accused of culpable negligence on the grounds that they should have known the facts about the effect of low temperature on the resilience of space-shuttle O-rings. When SSK's contingent and symmetrical understanding of knowledge is applied to these cases, it would appear that the analytic conclusion — that it is naïve and unrealistic to retroject states of knowledge, as the accusers do — sides with the account of the situation given by the defence (who here are reactionary societal actors like tobacco companies and NASA). Thus the epistemological radicalism of SSK would appear to place it not merely as a neutral bystander, but (much worse) as an active supporter of the `wrong' side, politically-morally speaking. Should SSK therefore abandon its epistemological radicalism in favour of politico-moral radicalism? Which form of commitment should we choose? Or can we, somehow, choose both?
Explaining Juvenile Delinquency from a Biosocial Developmental Perspective
Authors: Buikhuisen Wouter 
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on the persistent juvenile offender. A multidisciplinary theory is offered to explain his criminal behavior. This theory starts from the assumption that in the case of the chronic juvenile delinquent we are dealing with afailing socialization process. Factors influencing the outcome of this socialization process are discussed and analyzedfrom a developmentalperspective. Working hypotheses are presented to help understand why some developments may lead to behavioral problems such as criminal activities, while in other cases internalization ofproblems can be observed. This article is an attempt at integration of existing theories concerning the persistent juvenile offender.
Ethical Issues in the Field of Probation
Authors: Silverman Mitchell 
Published: March 2007

The present paper is an attempt to discuss some of the important ethical issues confronting the field of probation. Special attention is focussed on the potential conflicts that arise from the two major roles that traditionally are assigned to probation officers: that of helping agent, and that of enforcer of legal conditions. Other ethical problems arise from the pressures placed on the probation officer as a result of the organizational structure of a given department and the level of government in which it is located. Those located on the national level must deal with ethical issues that differ from those on the state level, which in turn are different from those found on the local levels. In addition, the influence of contemporary conditions on daily decisions made by probation officers raise important ethical considerations. Such factors as lack of adequate resources in a period of recession, the increased incidence of violent offenders in the population of probationers, and caseloads that prohibit adequate supervision all serve to create conditions that place the probation officer in a position where the decisions that are made have serious ethical implications. These factors are discussed in the context of right to treatment or adequate supervision. The use of the probation officer's role in community control programs is also viewed in terms of ethical issues. As new programs are developed to cope with ever-expanding prison populations, new and different ethical considerations will have to be dealt with in the field.
The Changing Mode of Production in American Agriculture: Emerging Conflicts in Agriculture's Role in the Reproduction of Advanced Capitalism
Authors: Holland David , Carvalho Joe 
Published: March 2007

This paper has two major objectives: (1) to present and contrast the perception of certain policy issues associated with United States agricultural structure from both the neoclassical and neo-Marxist paradigms, and (2) to trace out the broad contours of United States agricultural structural change in terms of interpretations from the neo-Marxist paradigm. Although populist ideology has dominated progressive discussion of American agricultural de-velopment such discussion has been confused by the populist failure to recognize the distinction between independent production, independent commodity production and capitalist production. The result has been poor understanding of the basic factors causing agricultural structural change and largely ineffective policy prescriptions to deal with the change. While the structural change characterizing American agriculture is not well described by the Marxist model, the reasons can be located in peculiar circumstances of the post World War II American and world economies. This led to the phenomenon of part-time farming which in the United States disguised the emergence of capitalist agriculture. It now seems likely that the basis on which part-time farming flourished in its commodity aspects is being eliminated; in which case the destruction of independent commodity production in agriculture will become more apparent. It is clear that as a result of the transformation of United States agriculture its role in the smooth reproduction of United States capitalism must change and may be characterized by increasing conflict. At one time agriculture could function as an important source and regulator of industrial labor supply. Now, due to the long-run substitution of capital for labor in agriculture, the agricultural sector is no longer able to absorb or release important quantities of surplus labor. Additionally, increases in agricultural surplus, an important source of industrial profits, are going to be harder to achieve.
Theoretical Evaluation of the Extent of the Mesophase in Particulate and Fibrous Composites
Authors: Theocaris P.S. , Philippidis T.P. 
Published: March 2007

The concept of the mesophase and its extension in fibrous and particulate composite polymers has been investigated experimentally in the past. A theoretical method for the evaluation of the thickness of the mesophase is introduced in this paper. The method was based on the unfolding models, which describe the variation of the variable elastic- modulus, E,(r), of the mesophase material with respect to its thickness. By applying to E 1(r) the restriction based on the principle of continuity, that its variation curve must be tangent to the value of the constant elastic-modulus of the polymeric matrix, the thickness of the mesophase may be analytically determined. This is accomplished, of course, by the use of the appropriate models describing the properties of the com posite. A review of the properties of the existing unfolding models indicated the possibility of a modification of these models. This modified unfolding model, with the already existing two-term model, yields a band, as lower and upper bounds respectively, in which lie all existing experimental values for the thickness of the mesophase for fibrous composites. Numerical results derived from this theoretical treatment are in satisfactory agree ment with experimental values for fibrous composites, while for particulate composites there is a divergence between the theoretical and experimental values. The reasons of this fact are known and are explained in the appropriate section of this paper.
The Paraboloidal Failure Surface of Initially Anisotropic Elastic Solids
Authors: Theocaris P.S. , Philippidis T.P. 
Published: March 2007

The generalization of the paraboloidal failure criterion for isotropic materials in order to cover anisotropic failure is presented in this paper. The resulting limit condition for anisotropic bodies is derived by a straightforward mathematical analysis based on physical grounds. The associated geometric interpretation of the failure condition in the principal stress space is an elliptic paraboloid having its axis of symmetry parallel to the hydrostatic axis and displaced from the origin of the coordinate system. All the geometric features of this failure surface, such as the orientation of the axes of its elliptic cross-sections, or the distance of the axis of symmetry from the hydrostatic axis, as well as the position of the open edge of the elliptic paraboloid with respect to the hydrostatic tension or compres sion half-spaces, depend on the degree of strength-anisotropy and strength-properties of the material. Then, given the appropriate strength parameters in three mutually orthogonal material directions, coaxial with the resulting principal stress coordinate system, one has a clear and well defined geometric picture of the failure surface for three-dimensional stress systems. This is particularly useful since the effect of a prescribed loading path on the failure behaviour of a composite is determined by the position of its elliptic paraboloid failure surface with respect to material strength-axes.
Hygrothermal Effects on Chopped Fibre/Woven Fabric Reinforced Epoxy Composites. Part B: Degradation Studies
Authors: Shanker Singh K. , Singh P.N. , Rao R.M.V.G.K. 
Published: March 2007

Studies were conducted on the degradation of short beam shear (SBS) and impact strength (Izod) properties of glass epoxy composite specimens with sequential ar rangements of woven roving (WR) and chopped strand mat (CSM) reinforcements, (Figure 1 of Part A) immersed in water at two different temperatures (298 K, 323 K). It was found that composites with higher fibre content, though possessed of a higher ini tial shear strength, degraded faster than those with low fibre content. This was attributed to a thin resin layer separating the glass layers and a consequential increased surface area around the fibres for the moisture absorption. Further, it was noted that while the impact strength too degraded with exposure period, the degradation patterns are almost identical in all types of laminates within the limits of fibre resin ratio chosen.
Criminal Justice Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States: 1990 Term
Authors: Maddex James L. 
Published: March 2007

In the term that concluded in June 1991, the Supreme Court was clearly an institution on the doctrinal move in the field of criminal justice, although the fluidity of the justices' voting alignments betrayed some groping for the rationale for that movement. Both old and recent precedents were abandoned, and the once highly touted bright lines provided by Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643 (1961), and Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966), were further obscured. In a death penalty decision, Payne v. Tennessee, see below, announced on the last day of the term, Chief Justice Rehnquist gave an unmistakable signal that other criminal justice precedents were hardly to be considered sacrosanct. Because of the increasingly overt influence of the more recently appointed justices, the term represented a discernible lurch in the ongoing shift away from the Warren Court's legacy. Indeed, if the 1990 Term is to be viewed as a barometer, the Supreme Court's impact on criminal justice issues in the decade of the 1990s could rival that of the Warren Court in the 1960s. All of the major Fourth Amendment decisions in the past term produced defeats for the defense, whereas the interrogation cases had mixed results. In the "fair trial" area, yet more ripples were created by the progeny of Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79 (1986). Although several defendants who had received death sentences obtained relief, the two decisions having the broadest doctrinal implications for capital punishment litigation were clear-cut victories for the government. Finally, the Court announced its most definitive edict to date in support of the judicial hands-off principle in the area of prison litigation. If, as is often heard, Mapp v. Ohio began the criminal justice revolution of the 1960s, the 1990 Term offers the clearest evidence yet that the counterrevolution is flourishing.
Correctional Case Law
Authors: Maddex James L. 
Published: March 2007

In this issue the Review continues its practice of offering brief summaries of selected decisions of federal courts in the areas of corrections and pretrial detention. These cases are drawn from the period since the previous survey. Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States in this area are included in the Review's autumn issue, which surveys the major criminal justice decisions of that court. The chief purpose of the following summaries is to introduce the reader to cases that appear to have significance beyond their immediate facts and outcomes so that in-depth research on any particular topic might be facilitated. Thus the survey is limited primarily to decisions at the court of appeals level and to cases reported in readily available sources. Together with the annual surveys that have appeared in prior spring issues of the Review, the following summaries should provide a comprehensive starting point for research on federal court review of prison, jail, and community-based corrections issues in the modern era. To enhance the usefulness of these surveys, the major decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States in each topical area surveyed are cited in the context of their role as precedents for the lower court decisions that are summarized. For the information of those readers who wish to follow developments in the period immediately following the cutoff point of the present survey, the latest sources that were consulted were advance sheets number 53 of the Federal Reporter (Vol. 978, No. 2, ending at page 1268) and the Federal Supplement (Vol. 803, No. 2, and Vol. 804, No. 1, ending at page 372 of the latter), both dated December 28, 1992. Thus, the summarized decisions date from late 1991 to late 1992. The reader is reminded that the cases surveyed do not serve as binding precedent beyond their respective jurisdictions and that some of the decisions are being appealed and are therefore subject to possible modification or reversal.
The Relationship of Community and Sponsor System Support To Selected Aspects of Adult Education Agency Functioning
Authors: Beder Harold W. 
Published: March 2007

Although support from sponsoring institutions and the community is a topic frequently discussd in the prescriptive literature of adult education, support has seldom been treated as a variable in empirical studies. This article explores the relationship between adult education directors' perceptions of community support and sponsor system support and such variables as program enrollment, size of budget, recruitment difficulty, absenteeism, agency autonomy, and the amount of paid time an adult education director devotes to adult education. The units of analysis are New Jersey public school adult education agencies. While community support was found to correlate significantly with all variables, sponsor system support associated only with agency autonomy. The importance of support as a program variable was demonstrated. It was also found that commun ity support and sponsor system support are conceptually different variables that affect agency operation in different ways.
Executive compensation for Growth Companies
Authors: Meltzer Mark , Goldsmith Howard 
Published: March 2007

It's particularly imperative for companies experiencing high growth to design compensation programs that will attract, retain, and motivate the high quality leadership they will need to realize their business goals. The best programs, according to the authors, keep compensation at risk and adapt flexibly to changing market conditions. High growth companies tend to face similar problems in planning executive compensation programs, including conflicting demands for cash, a short-term perspective, control and family issues, conflicting CEO responsibilities, equity for senior managers, and salary compression in officers' salaries. The authors set forth five steps for designing an executive compensation program that will meet these challenges: (1) Define the strategic context for the executive compensation program; (2) shape each component and bring them all into a balanced whole; (3) create a stock option plan; (4) ensure tax-effectiveness and legal and regulatory compliance; and (5) install a review process.