bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neuroendocrine and Cardiovascular Stress Reactivity in Middle‐Aged Normotensive Adults with Parental History of Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Fredrikson Mats , Tuomisto Martti , Bergman‐Losman Bodil 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTNeuroendocrine and cardiovascular stress reactivity was studied in healthy middle‐aged individuals whose parental history included essential hypertension and/or myocardial infarction and a control group without parental history of cardiovascular disease. All subjects completed a rest session (1 hour) and a stress session (1 hour). The stress session included behavioral (mirror image tracing, mental arithmetic, and the Stroop color word conflict test) and physical stressors (the cold pressor test and isometric exercise). Systolic and diastolic blood pressures and heart rate were recorded at baseline before and during all stressors. Specimens for determination of urinary catecholamines and cortisol were sampled after the rest and stress sessions respectively. Generally, a parental history of hypertension but not of myocardial infarction influenced neuroendocrine and cardiovascular stress reactivity. A family history of hypertension was associated with exaggerated epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol excretion during stress and with enhanced heart‐rate reactivity to behavioral (mental arithmetic and mirror image tracing) but not to physical stressors (isometric exercise or the cold pressor test). We conclude that individuals with a family history of hypertension tend to display exaggerated cardiovascular and neuroendocrine reactivity to stress.
Blood Pressure Reactivity and Perception of Pain During the Forehead Cold Pressor Test
Authors: Peckerman Arnold , Saab Patrice G. , McCabe Philip M. , Skyler Jay S. , Winters Ray W. , Llabre Maria M. , Schneiderman Neil 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe relationship between blood pressure reactivity and the perception of pain was examined during a series of three forehead cold pressor tests given every other day to a group of 18 male college students. Subjects classified as high reactors on the basis of peak increases in mean blood pressure during cold pressor tests perceived the cold pressor stimulus as more painful than subjects classified as low reactors. The propensity to rate the cold pressor stimulus as painful was positively correlated with the individual level of blood pressure reactivity (baseline‐free partial r=.62). Intra‐individual correlations between pain and blood pressure responses were unrelated to subjects' reactivity status. Across the 3‐min test, correlations between pain and blood pressure reactivity (with the effects of baseline blood pressure levels partialled out) were significant only during periods when levels of responses were relatively high. The heart rate responses were unrelated to pain ratings. Generalizability theory was applied to the analysis of temporal stability of cold pressor reactions. Both blood pressure and pain responses were highly reproducible across three sessions, appearing to express stable individual differences. The efficacy of 800 mg oral ibuprofen in controlling the cold pressor pain was also tested. Analgesic activity of the drug during the cold pressor test could not be demonstrated.
EEG Alpha Methodologies and Hypnotizability: A Critical Review
Authors: Perlini Arthur H. , Spanos Nicholas P. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper reviews empirical studies that assessed the relationship between EEG alpha indices and measures of hypnotic responding. Although there are confirmatory reports of such a relationship, these findings have not been corroborated in repeated attempts at replication. The research is characterized by poor design and statistical procedures that fail to control for various extraneous factors. Although a few positive findings have been tentatively identified, they await replication. Taken together, the available evidence suggests that hypnotizability is not systematically related to alpha.
Neuroanatomical Correlates of Skin Conductance Orienting in Normal Humans: A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study
Authors: Raine Adrian , Reynolds Gavin P. , Sheard Charlotte 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAlthough little is known about the neuroanatomical basis of skin conductance orienting in intact normal humans, the limited literature on animals and humans with neurological and clinical disorders implicate prefrontal, temporal/amygdala, and pons brain areas in mediating skin conductance orienting. This study relates area of these structures using magnetic resonance imaging techniques to skin conductance orienting responses in 17 normal humans in order to test hypotheses that larger area of these excitatory structures will be associated with more orienting responses. Left and right hand skin conductance orienting was significantly associated with left and right prefrontal area (r=.44‐.60), area of the pons (r=.43‐.54), and left but not right temporal/amygdala area (r=.47‐.53). No relationships were observed with areas thought to be unrelated to skin conductance activity (cerebellum, nonfrontal cortical area), medial prefrontal cortex, or the third ventricle. This appears to be the first study relating brain structure to skin conductance orienting in intact normal humans. Although preliminary at the present time, these results implicate prefrontal, pons, and temporal/amygdala areas in the mediation of skin conductance orienting in normal humans.
Phenotypic Correlations between Oculomotor Functioning and Schizophrenia‐Related Characteristics in Relatives of Schizophrenic Probands
Authors: Clementz Brett A. , Sweeney John A. , Hirt Michael , Haas Gretchen 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAbnormalities of visual pursuit tracking are frequent in the first‐degree relatives of probands with schizophrenia. The relationship between oculomotor abnormalities and schizophrenia‐related characteristics in those family members, however, has received little attention. Fifty‐three first‐degree relatives of 24 probands with schizophrenia were evaluated for the presence of schizophrenia‐related characteristics using both interview (Schedule for Schizotypal Personalities) and questionnaire (Chapman scales). The family members also had their eye movements recorded during pursuit tracking tasks and scored for gain in both the frequency and time domains, and saccadic intrusions. Social‐interpersonal schizophrenia‐related features were significantly related to both time‐ and frequency‐domain gain calculations. It appears that abnormalities in the smooth‐pursuit oculomotor system may be associated with symptoms conjectured to be most closely related to a genetic diathesis for schizophrenia. These findings provide further evidence that oculomotor abnormalities may be related to risk for this disorder.
Modulatory Influence of Continuous Tone, Tone Offset, and Tone Onset on the Human Acoustic Startle Response
Authors: Lane Shelly J. , Ornitz Edward M. , Guthrie Donald 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTStartle modulation in young adult men, by continuous background tone and its offset, a 2‐s sustained tone and its offset, and the onset of a 25‐ms tone pip were compared. Tone (75dB 1000 Hz) offset and onset occurred either 2000 ms or 100‐120 ms before the startle stimuli (104dB (SPL), 50‐ms white noise bursts). Blink amplitude and latency were unaffected by continuous background tone. Blink amplitude was reliably inhibited by 100‐ms offset of both the continuous background tone and the 2‐s sustained tone or 120‐ms onset of the tone pip, whereas effects on latency were more variable. Facilitation of blink amplitude and latency was significant but weak and only following the 2‐s sustained tone, and only with respect to one of two experimental contexts. These findings support those of others and suggest that startle inhibition results from activation of neurons responding to transient environmental changes. The degree of inhibition appears to be related to stimulus value. Startle amplitude facilitation following long sustained prestimulation intervals is dependent on experimental context. Overall latency and amplitude modulation tend to be concordant, leading to the conclusion that the mechanism(s) underlying both are context dependent and linked in the adult human.
Behavioral, Event‐Related Potential, and EEG/FFT Changes at Sleep Onset
Authors: Ogilvie Robert D. , Simons Iain A. , Kuderian Roxanne H. , MacDonald Thomas , Rustenburg John 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTBehavioral, event‐related potential (ERP), and EEG measures were obtained to describe more fully the relationship between brain activity and arousal level during the process of falling asleep. In addition to standard polysomnographic measures, tones were presented at random intervals throughout two nights to each of nine subjects. Subjects were instructed to respond to the tones whenever they heard them. Initial sleep onset was disrupted five times following zero through four successive response failures. Sampling of EEG was initiated 5 s prior to tone onset (EEG analyses) and continued for 5 s following tone onset (ERP data). With EEG ordered as a function of response rate, significant increases in power were found across all standard frequency bands for the pretone data at sleep onset. Significant changes in amplitude were related to decreasing responsivity for all late ERP components except P2. Inasmuch as virtually all EEG frequencies and ERP components were strongly influenced by momentary changes in arousal, arousal must be considered a (possibly the) primary determinant of the characteristics of the overall electrical output of the brain. Response cessation coupled with sharp increases in EEG synchronization mark the point of sleep onset.
The Relationship Between Cardiovascular and Catecholamine Reactions to Laboratory and Real‐Life Stress
Authors: van Doornen Lorenz J.P. , van Blokland Rian W. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTStudies on the predictive value of stress testing in the laboratory for the reaction to real‐life stress have shown equivocal results. The variety of laboratory tasks differ for unknown reasons in their predictive power, and the results vary unsystematically among the physiological parameters measured. Most studies have focused on the prediction of ambulatory levels of blood pressure. Many other influences, besides stress, however, influence ambulatory levels. Therefore, a better operationalization of real‐life stress is to measure a person in a resting position during a period of well defined real‐life stress. The present study investigates whether the difference in ability of laboratory stress tasks to predict real‐life stress values is due to the different type of physiological response they induce. Hence, in the present study a more detailed measurement of the stress response was performed. A second question was whether stress testing would add to the prediction of the real‐life stress reactions above the prediction based on resting levels. This question was answered for both cardiovascular and catecholamine reactions to laboratory tasks. Two active coping tasks, one inducing a mainly cardiac‐sympathetic reaction and the other a relatively more vascular response, and a cold pressor test were administered to 33 healthy young males. Real‐life stress consisted of the anticipation of the public defence of the PhD thesis. Tasks indeed differed in predictive power, but this was not a function of the type of response they induced. The heart rate responses to a reaction time task and the heart rate and diastolic blood pressure reaction to the cold pressor test added significantly to the prediction of real‐life blood pressure levels and responses above the prediction on the basis of pretask baselines. The data suggest that the predictive value of the heart rate and blood pressure response to the cold pressor for the real‐life blood pressure response is due to noradrenergic reactivity as the common mechanism. Because mental tasks were not superior to the cold pressor in predicting the response to real‐life stress, it is concluded that it does not matter what kind of laboratory stressor is used for this purpose, as long as it adequately triggers a common physiological mechanism. The urine‐catecholamine reaction to the series of tasks was unrelated to the rise in catecholamines due to the real‐life stressor.
Electrodermal Lability: Individual Differences Affecting Perceptual Speed and Vigilance Performance in 9 to 16 Year‐Old Children
Authors: Sakai Laura M. , Baker Laura A. , Dawson Michael E. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTStudies on adults have suggested that a deterioration in performance (within session vigilance decrement) on a continuous performance task may be related to individual differences in baseline levels of electrodermal activity (electrodermal lability). This study investigated this relationship in 153 children, aged 9–16 years. A significant vigilance decrement was observed, as indicated by average decreases in perceptual sensitivity (d') over an 11.5‐min time period. Although electrodermal labiles were overall more perceptually sensitive than electrodermal stabiles, results did not support the premise that the performance of stabiles decreases over time more than that of labiles. Performance on other cognitive tasks, involving tests of perceptual speed ability, did not appear to be highly related to vigilance performance. However labiles were not only better able to sustain their attention, but also performed better and faster on these cognitive tasks.
Is it Important That the Mind is in a Body? Inhibition and the Heart
Authors: Jennings J. Richard 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe hypothesis is advanced that certain inhibitory processes necessarily involve autonomic adjustments. Such adjustments would represent a constraint on information processing imposed by the location of the mind in a body. Evidence is reviewed showing that motoric inhibition is related to a transient delay in heartbeat generation. The delay is shown to further depend upon when inhibition occurs in the cardiac cycle. It is argued that this form of interaction between central and autonomic nervous system processing may be common. Central nervous system processes that may control inhibition and integrate information processing with motoric and autonomic processes are discussed.
The Chronometry of Attention‐Modulated Processing and Automatic Mismatch Detection
Authors: Novak Gerald , Ritter Walter , Vaughan Herbert G. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTEvent‐related potentials were recorded from normal subjects in an auditory selective attention task. Targets were rare longer (170‐ms) tones of a designated pitch, embedded in a sequence of 100‐ms standard tones. The effects of attention‐modulated processing were evident in the event‐related potentials elicited by the standards. Those to relevant standards were similar for easy (1000 Hz vs. 2000 Hz) and hard (1000 Hz vs. 1030 Hz) pitch separations, and were more negative frontocentrally than those to irrelevant standards. Difference waveforms (attended minus unattended standards) revealed Nd, a negative deflection that was earlier in latency for the easy task (onset, 120 ms; peak, 250 ms) than for the hard task (onset, 250 ms; peak, 350 ms). The speed of detection of the deviant longer tones was insensitive to the attention‐modulated processes indexed by Nd. Median reaction time did not differ between tasks, although there were more misses and false alarms in the hard task (and nearly all of the latter were to the irrelevant longer tones). Neither direction of attention nor task difficulty affected the latency of mismatch negativity, N2, or P3 (as identified in difference waveforms: attended or unattended longer tones). minus their respective standards). The data suggest that performance was guided by two independent but converging processes, automatic mismatch detection of the longer tone and attention‐modulated processing of pitch, followed by selection of response.
Mismatch Negativity in Event‐Related Potentials to Auditory Stimuli as a Function of Varying Interstimulus Interval
Authors: Bottcher‐Gandor C. , Ullsperger P. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe mismatch negativity, isolated as a component of the event‐related brain potential elicited by deviant auditory stimuli, was suggested by Näätänen (1984) as an indirect measure of the inferred neuronal representation of standard stimuli. The purpose of the present study was to determine the duration of the neuronal representation by varying the interstimulus intervals of 1, 6, and 10 seconds within experimental blocks. Mismatch negativities were found to be elicited by deviant stimuli (1500‐Hz tones, sequential probability 10%) following standard stimuli (1000‐Hz tones) with interstimulus intervals of 1, 6, and 10 s as well. The results suggest a duration of neuronal representation of at least 10 s. The within‐block variation of interstimulus interval, the rather low temporal probability of deviants, and their large frequency deviance might explain the present results contradicting earlier findings that suggested a shorter duration of that neuronal representation.
Ambulatory Monitoring of Respiration: Inhibitory Breathing in the Natural Environment
Authors: Anderson David E. , Coyle Kristin , Haythornthwaite Jennifer A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTBecause previous work found that sustained inhibitory breathing (i.e., low frequency breathing without increased tidal volume) can occur in laboratory animals under conditions of behavioral stress, this study sought to determine whether a comparable respiratory pattern could be observed in ambulatory human subjects in their natural environments. Tidal volume, breathing frequency, and minute ventilation were monitored continuously during 24‐hour sessions via inductive plethysmography and a portable microprocessor. Mean tidal volume and minute ventilation were significantly higher during the daytime than at night for all subjects. However, mean breathing frequency was not consistently higher during the daytime, because episodes of low frequency breathing offset episodes of high breathing frequency. Tidal volume during low frequency breathing was comparable to that observed during medium or high frequency breathing. Thus, low frequency breathing was indicative of low minute ventilation. The eliciting stimuli, physiological concomitants, and relevance to health of this energetically inefficient breathing pattern remain to be determined.
A Developmental Event‐Related Potential Study of Picture Matching in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults: A Replication and Extension
Authors: Friedman David , Putnam Lois , Ritter Walter , Hamberger Marla , Herman Steven 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTEvent‐related potentials were recorded in a developmental study of picture matching using an adaptation of Posner's (1978) letter‐matching tasks. Subjects ranging in age from 6–39 were asked to decide whether two line drawings, presented sequentially, were the same or different on the basis of physical (physical identity), nominal (name identity), or categorical (category identity) criteria. The amplitude of a negativity at 400 ms (Neg400) increased as the number of dimensions on which the two line drawings differed increased. This effect held for all age groups, and was interpreted as reflecting the degree of semantic and/or physical relationship between the two pictures. However, one finding for Neg400 did suggest a qualitative difference in processing mode between the younger and older subjects. Both Neg400 and P3b latencies showed highly significant linear age trends, decreasing with increasing age. These age‐related changes were interpreted as demonstrating quantitative speed of processing differences among age groups. The latencies of both Neg400 and P3b increased as the matching criteria became more complex. Moreover, P3b latency increased as the number of dimensions on which the two pictures differed increased, and this did not interact with age. Although both Neg400 and P3b showed age‐related changes in scalp distribution, the fact that each was related to the experimental variables in similar fashion in all age groups suggested that they were homologous components across the age range studied. Taken as a whole, the data support continuity of information processing during these tasks across a wide age range.
Peripheral thermal responsivity to facial cooling during sleep
Authors: JENNINGS J. RICHARD , REYNOLDS CHARLES F. , BRYANT DAVID S. , BERMAN SUSAN R. , BUYSSE DANIEL J. , DAHL RONALD E. , HOCH CAROLYN C. , MONK TIMOTHY H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA recently developed technique for examining thermal sensitivity during sleep was used to assess whether skin and core temperature responses to thermal stimulation were altered by sleep state. The technique was designed to probe thermal responsivity without altering core body temperature or inducing awakening. Twenty‐seven young men and women were studied during a sleep deprivation night and a sleep night three nights later. Cold water stimulation of the face alternated with an equal period of rewarming across a 40‐min cycle throughout the night. Skin temperature from the finger and rectal temperature were continuously assessed. Sleep continuity and architecture were largely uninfluenced by the thermal stimulation. Finger skin temperature decreased during cold facial stimulation in both sleep and waking states. Skin temperature changes during sleep were approximately one‐fifth the magnitude of those during waking. Core temperature was minimally influenced. REM sleep was associated with a greater amplitude decrease in finger temperature than was non‐REM (NREM) sleep. The results support the utility of the technique as a probe of thermal responsivity during sleep and suggest a reduction of thermal responsivity during sleep and, more tentatively, an altered responsivity during REM versus NREM sleep.
Effects of intermodality change on electrodermal orienting and on the allocation of processing resources
Authors: SIDDLE DAVID A. T. , JORDAN JO 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTwo experiments studied the effects of intermodality change on electrodermal responses and on reaction time to a secondary task probe stimulus after 24 habituation training trials with either a tone or a vibrotactile stimulus. The probe was a visual stimulus of 500 ms duration, and within‐stimulus probes occurred 300 ms following stimulus onset. Experiment 1 crossed change versus no change with modality of the training stimulus. Skin conductance responses (SCRs) were larger in the experimental group than in the control on the test trial, and in the experimental group, test trial responses were larger than those on the first training trial. Probe reaction time was slower on the test trial in the experimental group than in the control, and within‐stimulus probe reaction time was slower than interstimulus interval reaction time early in the habituation series. Experiment 2 crossed change versus no change with the presence of a secondary task. Test trial SCRs were larger in the experimental group than in the control, regardless of whether or not the secondary task was present. In addition, test trial responses in the experimental group were larger than those on the first training trial in both the task and no‐task conditions. Within the task condition, reaction time was slower in the experimental condition than in the control on the test trial. In addition, reaction time in the experimental condition was slower during the change trial than during the first training stimulus. The data provide difficulties for noncomparator theories of habituation and seem to be most easily explained by theories of habituation that emphasize the importance of an extrapolatory process.