bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MICE GESTATING AND LACTATING AT 21° AND AT 34°–36° WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE MAMMARY GLAND
Authors: Pennycuik Pamela R 
Published: December 2007

SummaryPup survivals, weaning weights, mammary gland histology and composition, carcase composition and endocrine weights were examined at various stages of the reproductive cycle in mice reared at 21° and at 34° and in mice adapted as adults to 36°.Mice gestating at 36° lost their entire litters during the first 2 days of extra‐uterine life. At 34° mice were able to rear their litters, but the weight gains up to weaning were not as great as those for pups reared at 21°.The development of the alveolae and tubules in the mammary glands of mice gestating and lactating at 34° and at 36° lagged a little behind that of animals at 21°. By 18 days' gestation the quantity of secretory tissue formed by animals at higher temperatures was rather less than that of animals at 21°. During lactation the difference between the groups at 21° and 34° increased to such an extent that by 35 days the mice at 34° had only ⅔ of the amount of secretory tissue of those at 21°.Fat stores in the mammary fat pad and in the whole animal rose during pregnancy in mice at 21° and at 34° and 36°. During lactation fat stores fell abruptly in the animals at 21° and more slowly in animals at 34°. The ultimate level reached was the same in both cases.At 21° maternal fat free tissue (excluding the uterus and the posterior mammary glands) increased in amount during the last third of pregnancy and the early stages of lactation. This weight gain during pregnancy was also observed in mice at 34° but the gain during lactation was reduced. At 36° the weight gain during pregnancy was missing. Although these gains were significant, particularly in animals at 21°, they were small in comparison with the changes in live weight brought about by variations in the weight of the uterus and its contents and by variations in the amount of food held in the gut.The response of the weights of pituitary, ovaries and adrenal glands to pregnancy and lactation were similar for mice at 21°, 34° and 36°. At 21° the thyroid weight showed a significant drop during the perinatal period. This change was not observed in animals at 36°.
THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT DEGREES OF THERMAL INJURY ON THE TRANSFER OF PROTEINS AND LIPOPROTEINS FROM PLASMA TO LYMPH IN THE LEG OF THE HYPERCHOLESTEROLAEMIC RABBIT
Authors: Courtice FC , Sabine Mary S 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe transfer of albumin, globulin and the lipopruteins of density 1·063–1·200, 1·019–1·063 and < 1·019 across the capillaries of the hind paw of the hypercholcsterolaemic rabbit was determined by collecting and analysing the lymph draining from this region.These measurements were made in the uninjured paw and in thr paw after a thermal injury which varied in intensity in different groups of animals. This was achieved by immersing the paw in water for 1 min. at one of the following temperatures: 50°, 52·5°, 55°, 57·5°, 60° or 70°.The total transfer ol fluid, protein anil lipoprutein showed a graded response from normal with injuries of increasing intensity. The lymph: plasma ratios, however, suggested a sudden change after injury in the degree of molecular sieving. The results suggest that, if the basement membrane is the only sieving mechanism in the capillaries of both normal and injured tissue, its effectiveness decreases with injury.
THE ESTIMATION BY BIOASSAY OF “TOTAL GONADOTROPHIN” LEVELS IN THE PLASMA OF NORMAL ADULTS
Authors: Ekkel Ida , Taft P 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe gonadotrophin in plasma pools from young and old adult women and men was extracted using acetone precipitation followed by ammonium acetate‐ethanol extraction. Using the immature mouse uterine weight assay with the Proposed International Working Standard (equipotent with the Second International Reference Preparation) and with H.M.G. 20A as reference preparations, total gonadotrophin levels have been estimated in sexually mature men and women as well as in post‐menopausal women. Levels in menstruating women and in younger and older men were similar. Levels in post‐menopausal women were 11 to 15 times higher than the levels in the other groups. Recovery experiments indicate that the extraction procedure is efficient.
THE DIRECT EFFECT OF INCREASED SODIUM CONCENTRATION IN ADRENAL ARTERIAL BLOOD ON CORTICOSTEROID SECRETION IN SODIUM DEFICIENT SHEEP
Authors: Blair‐West JR , Coghlan JP , Denton DA , Coding JR , Wintour Marelyn , Wright RD 
Published: December 2007

SummarySheep with autotransplanted adrenal glands were made sodium deficient by continuous uncompensated loss of saliva from a parotid fistula for 2–3 days. The mean decrease of plasma sodium concentration was 9 mEq./l.Adrenal arterial infusion which increased the sodium concentration in the Mood supply of the transplanted adrenal gland by 5–30 mEq./l. did not stop the aldosterone hypersecretion caused by established sodium deficiency. Thus, local decrease of sodium concentration was not the sole or a major cause of aldosterone secretion in sodium deficiency.However, in sodium deficiency a mean increase in adrenal blood sodium concentration of 8 mEq./l. caused an approximately 25% decrease of aldosterone secretion rate during 1–3 hr. This significant suppression of aldosterone secretion rate tended to disappear over 3–6 hr. despite continued infusion or increase of adrenal arterial infusion rate, so that mean increase of adrenal plasma sodium concentration was 15 mEq./l. Infusions of hypertonic mannitol solution causing similar increase of osmotic pressure of adrenal plasma did not cause similar reduction of aldosterone secretion.In experiments made at the onset of sodium deficiency, aldosterone secretion rate continued to increase despite adrenal arterial infusion of NaCl which increased adrenal plasma sodium concentration by 2–4 mEq./l. This adrenal plasma sodium infusion was adequate to correct any fall of local sodium concentration occurring as a result of onset of sodium deficiency. Increase of adrenal plasma sodium concentration by 6–15 mEq./l. at the onset of sodium deficiency usually caused a large decrease of aldosterone secretion which was sustained. In some instances secretion rate returned to the sodium replete range. After stopping the adrenal arterial infusion aldosterone secretion rose rapidly.The results were consistent with an hypothesis that increase of sodium concentration in adrenal arterial blood in established sodium deficiency deleted the effect of that minor component of the hypersecretion of aldosterone caused by reduction of systemic plasma sodium concentration. An alternative interpretation is that the increased plasma sodium concentration to some extent antagonized the effect of the non‐ionic humoral stimulus of aldosterone secretion. The results indicated also that at the onset of sodium deficiency the mechanisms of stimulation of the adrenal were more sensitive to increase of plasma sodium concentration than in established sodium deficiency.
PREPARATION, ISOLATION AND PROPERTIES OF [35S] PHENYLTHIOCARBAMYL ANGIOTENSIN
Authors: Osborn EC , Louis WJ , Doyle AE 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe [35S] phenylthiocarbamyl derivative of the octapeptide angiotensin II has been prepared and isolated by paper chromatography. The derivative has been shown to have about a quarter of the biological activity of the original angiotensin, to have a parallel dose response curve and to exhibit cross tachyphylaxis with angiotensin II.It is suggested that this substance may prove of value in determining the metabolic degradation and site of action of angiotensin.
EFFECTS OF IONIC ALTERATIONS ON VARIOUS SYMPATHETIC NERVE‐SMOOTH MUSCLE PREPARATIONS
Authors: Sabine JR , Bentley GA 
Published: December 2007

SummaryIsolated preparations of guinea pig, rat and rabbit vas deferens, and Finkleman preparations of rabbit ileum and rat and guinea pig colon have been used to study the effects of ionic alterations on responses to added noradrenaline and to stimulation of sympathetic nerves. With vas deferons preparations it was found that, depending on the species used, these responses were affected differently by certain of the ionic alterations. Intestinal preparations from the three species behaved more consistently.Species difierences in vas deferens preparations were seen in response to the following ionic changes: (i) reduction in sodium chloride (replaced by sucrose); (ii) absence of potassium; (iii) increasing potassium to 15 and 20 mM, and (iv) raising calcium to 5–10 mM. Lowering calcium to 0·25–0·5 mM depressed the responses of vas deferers from all three species.Intestinal preparations showed a uniform depression in 7·5–10 mM calcium. Raised potassium depressed the response to sympathetic nerve stimulation in all three species, though the response to noradrenaline was affected differently with different species.The interactions of drugs and ions also showed differences with the three species. While 15 mM potassium could reverse the blocking action of both guanethidine and procaine on guinea pig vas deferens, it was almost ineffective on rat vas deferens, and on intestinal preparations raised potassium increased the blocking action of these drugs. High calcium, which enhanced the effects of sympathetic nerve stimulation in varions tissues, failed to modify the blocking action of guanethidine.
FACTORS INFLUENCING RESPONSE OF MAMMALIAN SPECIES TO THE METHAEMOGLOBIN REDUCTION TEST
Authors: Robin Helen , Harley JD 
Published: December 2007

SummaryFactors influencing variations observed with mammalian species in response to the methaemoglobin reduction test have been investigated by extending the test to include measurements of the stability of “intact” haemoglobin (methaemoglobin plus oxyhaemoglobin) and of the stability of reduced glutathione, by modifying the conditions of the test and by comparing the results obtained with the rates of methaemoglobin reduction in erythrocytes from the various species. The rate of methaemoglobin reduction in the presence of methylene blue seemed in general the most important inverse determinant of the amount of residual methaemoglobin, not only by the obvious effect but also by influencing directly the degree of “intact” haemoglobin destruction. In addition, evidence was obtained of intrinsic susceptibility to oxidative destruction in haemoglobin of the ox and guinea pig, and of a very rapid rate of methaemoglobin reduction in the absence of methylene blue in the rabbit. Discrepant degrees of accumulation of methaemoglobin were associated with instability of reduced glutathione in the sheep, dog and cat. The results appeared to support the concept that the extended methaemoglobin reduction test evaluates the overall erythrocytic response to redox stress, rather than merely the functional capacity of the pentose phosphate pathway.
ADHESION OF HOMOLOGOUS AND HETEROLOGOUS RED CELLS TO PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES
Authors: Lee A , Cooper GN 
Published: December 2007

SummaryAdhesion of red cells to the surface of peritoneal macrophages has been used as a model to study certain factors involved in the initiation of phagocytosis. Serum opsonins are required for adhesion of fresh, heterologous red cells to mouse macrophages; however, both homologous and heterologous cells artificially aged in vitro readily adhere in the absence of serum factors. In both instances, the rates of adhesion are similar and not affected by low temperatures; calcium and/or magnesium ions are essential for the reactions which do not seem to be dependent solely on charge neutralisation. The importance of a physico‐chemical explanation of the phenomenon of adhesion and its relationship to the phagocytic event is stressed.
THE DIFFUSION OF [131]‐LABELLED ALBUMIN IN THE EXTRACELLULAR SPACE OF AMPHIBIAN MUSCLE
Authors: Freeman Shirley E , Freeman WP , Dewhurst DJ 
Published: December 2007

SummaryA study has been made of the kinetics of diffusion of [131I]‐labelled albumin in the extracellular space of the sartorius muscle of the toad. Efflux curves have been compared with theoretical curves for diffusion from a plane sheet or cylinder. Unlike both these curves, the semilogarithmic plot of efflux was found never to straighten.The loss of labelled albumin from the muscle at early times was faster than predicted from the plane sheet model. This is presumed to be due to loss from the ends of the elliptical muscle; at later times the loss was slower than predicted.An analogue computer was used to describe mathematically the delay in the late‐time diffusion of labelled albumin.The structure of the muscle and the distribution of albumin in the extracellular space were studied histologically. The labelled albumin did not enter the muscle cells. It penetrated all the connective tissue of the extracellular space, including such dense areas of connective tissue as the adventitia of blood vessels, and nerve sheaths. It did not enter the capillaries and, accordingly, it will underestimate the volume of extracellular water by an amount equal to the trapped plasma volume in the vascular bed.Staining for mucopolysaccharides, which could be expected to delay protein diffusion, was negative.The sequestration of labelled albumin is probably at least partly due to an impeded diffusion through areas such as the nerve sheath, which is known to delay the diffusion of small molecular weight substances.
EOSINOPHILIA IN RATS INFECTED WITH AMPLICAECUM ROBERTSI
Authors: Archer GT , Barker Angela , Air Gillian , McGovern VJ 
Published: December 2007

SummaryInfective ova of the ascaroid parasite Amplicaecum robertsi were shown to cause pronounced eosinophilia following injection into the stomach of rats. Eosinophila developed 7 days after injection of the eggs and reached maximum values at approximately 18 days after infection, when there was a 8‐fold increase above control values. The level of eosinophils in the blood gradually decreased from the maximum values, but significant eoinophilia was still present at 40 days. A significant decrease was found in the level of 11‐hydroxycorticoids in the plasma of Amplicaecum‐infected rats compared with normal animals. The rate of clearance of colloidal carbon from the bloodstream was found to be greater in Amplicaecum‐treated animals than in normal rats. No significant difference was demonstrated in plasma histamine levels in normal and Amplicaecuminfected animals following an injection of the histamine release agent, dextran.
SALMONELLA ANTIBIOTICS
Authors: Atkinson Nancy 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe production and characteristics of salmonellin, a new colicin‐like antibiotic, are described. It is produced by a strain of S. bergedorf and inhibits a wide range of Salmonella serotypes from many different Kaufmann‐White (K.W.) groups. It is relatively heat stable, relatively resistant to trypsin and highly diffusible. The ability to produce salmonellin is transmissible from the producer strain to members of Salmonella, Arizona and Escherichia, and is considered to be under the control of a plasmid which has been called the Salm factor. So far only one Salmonella strain has been found which is naturally Salm+ although over 2,000 were examined.
LOCALIZATION OF THE IMMUNOGLOBULIN FACTORS Gm(a), Gm(b) AND Gm(x) IN LYMPHOID TISSUE OBTAINED FROM AN INDIVIDUAL OF Gmax/ab GENOTYPE
Authors: Curtain CC , Colab T 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe immunoglobulin markers Gm(a) and Gm(b) were localized by fluorescent antibody in separate populations of plasma cells in the medullary cords of a lymph node obtained from a Melanesian of Gmax/ab genotype. Gm(x) was always found in the same cells as Gm(a), although Gm(a) also occurred alone. It is suggested that Gm(a) and Gm(b) are coded by separate, although closely associated, cistrons with separate regulator genes. In individuals possessing Gmab the cistrons are on the same chromosome; in Caucasian populations which possess Gma and Gmb they are not.
THE DISTRIBUTION AND BEHAVIOUR OF INTRAVENOUSLY INJECTED PULMONARY ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES IN THE MOUSE
Authors: Russell P , Roser B 
Published: December 2007

SummaryA technique was developed which provided large numbers of viable pulmonary alveolar macrophages from the mouse.These cells were labelled in vitro with 198Au and their distribution following intravenous injection in isologous strain mice was determined and compared with that of peritoneal macrophages in the same experimental system.Those transfused cells which localised in the liver were found to be indistinguishable both morphologically and functionally from indigenous Kupffer cells.In general, pulmonary alveolar and peritoneal macrophages were distributed in a very similar manner, although alveolar macrophages did not accumulate in the spleen in as high a concentration as did peritoneal macrophages.
TOXOPLASMOSIS IN THE ROTTNEST QUOKKA (SETONIX BRACHYURUS)
Authors: Gibb DGA , Kakulas BA , Perret Dorothy H , Jenkyn Dorothy J 
Published: December 2007

SummaryEvidence of toxoplasma infection was found in 32 Rottnest Island quokkas. Pseudocysts containing the organisms were demonstrated histologically in skeletal muscle, heart, brain or kidney in 25 animals and serologic evidence of infection was present in 13. The organisms were cultured from 2 animals. Quokkas from all topographic areas of Rottnest were tested, but evidence of infection was found only in those animals captured near the island settlement. The existence of toxoplasmosis in the wild quokka population is another factor to be considered in the ecology of the species.
THE EFFECT OF PENTOBARBITONE ANAESTHESIA ON INCREASED VASCULAR PERMEABILITY TO 131I‐ALBUMIN IN GUINEA‐PIGS
Authors: Garlick DG 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe effect of sodium pentobarbitone anaesthesia on increased vascular permeability was investigated in guinea‐pigs. Increased permeability was indicated by the local exudation of circulating Evans blue dye and 131I‐albumin in skin sites injected with histamine. Paired comparison tests and a factorial split‐plot design were used. Responses 10 minutes after histamine injections were measured as the amount of 131I‐albumin per gram of skin per millilitre of blood. Anaesthetised animals were maintained in the first plane of surgical anaesthesia and warmed to maintain a constant body temperature.In unwarmed conscious animals the response was significantly less than that of the experimental (anaesthetised) group. The responses for the two groups were not significantly different when both anaesthetised and conscious animals were warmed. In a factorial experiment there was no significant interaction between the main effect of anaesthesia and the responses to three concentrations of histamine.
PLASMA CELLS IN THE HUMAN THYMUS
Authors: Goldstein Gideon 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe density (number/sq. mm.) of plasma cells in the human thymus was determined in three groups of cases: infections, autoimmune diseases and “chronic diseases of unknown cause”, and controls. The density of plasma cells in the thymus was increased, as compared with controls, in septicaemia and in the autoimmune diseases systemic lupus erythematosus and myasthenia gravis. The increased density in septicaemia may be due to penetration of bacterial antigens and an immune reaction in the thymus; the increased density in systemic lupus erythematosus and myasthenia gravis may be due to an autoimmune reaction within the thymus.
AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF REOVIRUS HAEMAGGLUTINATION
Authors: Papadimitriou JM 
Published: December 2007

SummaryReovirus haemagglutination of human erythrocytes was studied by means of electron microscopic techniques. Both complete and coreless virus particles were attached to the mucoid coat of erythrocytes and were concentrated at the site of apposition. The lattice of cells thus formed results in haemagglutination. These findings add support to the theory of involvement of glycoprotein surface reactants in reovirus haemagglutination. Precipitates of erythrocytes from suspensions of polystyrene Latex particle showed neither cell adhesion nor particle attachment.
ACTIVITY OF CHOLINESTERASE IN THE RETINA WITH DIFFERENT LEVELS OF PHYSIOLOGICAL STIMULATION
Authors: Glow Peter H , Rose Sam 
Published: December 2007

SummaryRats with an opaque lens over one eye for 15 days have a depressed cholinesterase activity in that retina. Cholinesterase activity returns to normal 4 days after the opaque lens is removed. An opaque lens decreases the rate of return of cholinesterase activity after diisopropyl fluorophosphate administration. Variation in light stimulation does not significantly alter the rate of return of cholinesterase activity. Despite its pupil‐enlarging effect, continuous systemic administration of atropine depresses the rate of return of cholinesterase activity in the light‐stimulated eyes of diisopropyl fluorophosphate‐treated rats. In these animals atropine also depresses the ratio of cholinesterase content of the visual cortex to whole brain.
IODOMETRIC DETECTION OF STAPHYLOCOCCAL PENICILLINASE IN CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY
Authors: Cooper RG , Brown Geraldine W , Vesey Betty V 
Published: December 2007

SummaryIodometric detection of staphylococcal penicillinase is eminently suitable for use in diagnostic clinical bacteriology. The method is simple, reliable and readily subject to control. The population of infecting staphylococcal cells can be sampled with rapidity and with control of the inoculum.
THE EFFECT OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC TREATMENT WITH DIISOPROPYL FLUOROPHOSPHATE ON CHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITIES OF SOME TISSUES OF THE RAT
Authors: Glow PH , Rose S , Richardson A 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe activity of cholinesterase was measured in brain cortex, basal ganglia, hippocampus, thalamus, colliculi, cerebellum, medulla, hypothalamus, spinal cord, gastrornemius muscle, adrenal gland and retina at various times after treatment of rats with diisopropyl fluorophosphate alone or together with 1,3‐bis(4‐hydroxyiminomethylpyridinium) propane dibromide (C434)2. After injection of 1 mg. diisopropyl fluorophosphate/kg. body weight intramuscularly in the; leg the eholinesterase activity of neural tissue was decreased to 30–40% of control values and it increased to 70–100% of control values in 25 days. In each case the rate of increase of activity with time decreased throughout this period, and was not changed significantly by concurrent treatment with C434. The proportional rate of increase in the cerebellum was significantly greater than that in other neural tissue.The decrease in cholinesterasc activity of leg muscle injected with diisopropyl fluorophosphate was less marked in animals treated with C434. The activity in adrenals returned to control values within 5 days and was 100–120% of control values for 5–10 days; these effects were not altered by treatment with C434.Rats injected initially with 1·0 mg. and subsequently on every third day with 0·5 mg./kg. body weight of diisopropyl fluorophosphate, with or without C434, for periods up to 62 days showed no behavioural abnormalities or evidence of toxic effects, although the cholinesterase activity of regions of the brain was 20–40% of control values. In chronic treated animals C434 did not significantly alter muscle cholinesterase activity.
SEROLOGICAL AND CHROMATOGRAPHIC CHARACTERIZATION OF EXO‐ANTIGENS OF THE DERMATOPHILUS
Authors: Kwapinski JB 
Published: December 2007

SummaryDialysed and concentrated culture filtrates and purified exo‐antigen preparations of 21 Dermatophilus strains were tested against the exo‐antigen antisera by the diffusion‐precipitation and the immunoelectrophoresis tests. Chromatography showed that exo‐antigen complexes contained a hexosamine‐galactose‐xylose peptide. Four exo‐antigen groups of the Dermatophilus were distinguished together with an intermediate group, which was serologically related to Nocardia turbata and Nocardia caviae. Exo‐antigens of the Dermatophilus strains did not cross‐react with antisera against other Actinomycetales, Corynebacterium and Arthrobacter strains.