bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Alcohol, Hot Drinks, or Smoking on Hand and Foot Heat Loss
Authors: Goldman Ralph F. , Newman Russel W. , Wilson Ove 
Published: December 2008

AbstractUsing precision calorimetric techniques for measuring extremity heat loss, possible contraindications or advantages of alcoholic or hot drinks or smoking just prior to cold exposure were assessed. Ten subjects were given 60‐min exposures with one hand and one foot immersed in 15° C water, following the drinking of 1. 200 ml of 23° C water (control), 2. 200 ml of 23° C water containing 22 ml of absolute alcohol, 3. 200 ml of 55° C bouillon, 4. 200 ml of 23° C water and smoking 2 cigarettes. No significant effects were noted in the foot, but significant differences were observed in hand heat loss to the calorimeter; smoking depressed hand heat loss, alcohol elevated it. Smoking had a persistent influence, but the effect of alcohol had disappeared after 30 min. Bouillon had an effect similar to alcohol, but of shorter duration, and also resulted in a significantly reduced heat loss after 30 min. Alcohol produced a significantly higher amount of cold induced vasodilatation (CIVD) with greater total temperature elevation in 3 fingers than did smoking, although smoking did not prevent CIVD. With intake of bouillon, CIVD appeared earlier than with alcohol, and during the 1st 15 min, total temperature elevation in the 3 fingers was markedly higher than in the control run, but not as large as with alcohol. All differences were relatively small and would seem to be of little practical importance.
Evidence for a Depressor Reflex Elicited from Left Ventricular Receptors during Occlusion of One Coronary Artery in the Cat
Authors: Thorén Peter 
Published: December 2008

AbstractCirculatory responses to shortlasting occlusions of one coronary artery (left anterior descendent or right coronary artery) were studied in chloralose‐anesthetized cats. — When the carotid sinus baroreceptors were left functionally intact, coronary occlusion induced moderate reflex reductions of heart rate and blood pressure and slight increases of resistance and capacitance vessel tone in the calf muscles. When the buffering influences from the baroreceptors were largely eliminated by bilateral carotid occlusion, the reflex fall of blood pressure and heart rate became more pronounced and a clearcut vasodilatation was now observed. After cold block of the cervical vagi, the blood pressure fall upon coronary obstruction was markedly diminished, the heart rate response was reversed to a slight tachycardia and a marked peripheral vasocon‐striction ensued. After i.v. administration of local anesthetics (lidocaine 3–4 mg/kg b.wt.) the reflex response to coronary obstruction and to shortlasting occlusions of the ascending aorta were almost completely eliminated. — It is concluded that acute occlusions of one coronary artery induce a reflex bradycardia and vasodilatation, in all probability due to activation of left ventricular mechanoreceptors. The vascular responses in this inhibitory reflex seem to be significantly moderated by influences from the arterial baroreceptors.
Kinetic Observations on Cholinesterase Activities of Rat Brain and Sympathetic Ganglion towards Biochemical and Histochemical Substrates
Authors: Eränkö Lisa 
Published: December 2008

AbstractCholinesterase activities of homogenates of rat brain and superior cervical ganglion were measured by automatic titration at pH 8. Acetylcholine, acetylthiocholine, acetyl‐β‐methylcholine, propionylcholine, propionylthiocholine, α‐naphthyl acetate, butyrylcholine, butyrylthiocholine and benzoylcholine were used as substrates. As selective inhibitors of specific and nonspecific cholinesterases, 1: 5‐bis‐(4‐allyl dirnethylammoniumphenyl) pentan‐3‐one diiodide (284 C 51) and tetra‐isopropylpyrophosphoramide (iso‐OMPA) were used, respectively. Acetyl‐β‐methylcholine and α‐naphthyl acetate were mainly split by specific cholinesterase, butyrylcholine was predominantly hydrolyzed by non‐specific cholinesterase, while acetylcholine, acetylthiocholine, propionylcholine and propionylthiocholine were readily split by both enzymes. Michaelis—Menten constants, determined by the Lineweaver‐Burk procedure, were equal for acetylcholine and propionylcholine, on the one hand, and for acetylthiocholine and propionylthiocholine, on the other. The specific (284 C 51‐sensitive) components of the cholinesterase activities of these 4 substrates showed strong inhibition by excess substrate, while the non‐specific activity towards the same substrates increased with increasing substrate concentration. When 2 of these substrates were in turn used together as substrates, no additive increase of activity was observed. It is concluded that propionylcholine and propionylthiocholine serve, like acetylcholine and acetylthiocholine, as substrates of both specific and non‐specific cholinesterases in rat brain and sympathetic ganglion.
Mechanical Properties of Guinea Pig Taenia Coli Muscles
Authors: Lowy J. , Mulvany M. J. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractConditions have been established under which taenia coli muscles give consistent responses to electrical stimulation in experiments lasting up to 8 h. Using a new definition of resting length different muscles show similar mechanical characteristics. In agreement with previous investigations the mechanical behaviour of taenia coli is found to be qualitatively similar to vertebrate skeletal muscles. Compared with frog sartorius (a) the active tension per unit area is similar, (b) the maximum power output about 80 times less, (c) 90% of he maximum active tension is developed over a range of lengths abaut twice as great. Experiments with iodoacetic acid indicate that a condition of rigor can exist in this muscle.
Unit Activity of Ganglionic and Medullary Second Order Neurones in the Eel Lateral Line System
Authors: Alnæs Egil 
Published: December 2008

AbstractUnitary spike activity has been investigated in the ganglion and the central terminational field of the R. lat. post. N. X. No dorsal root reflex is observed in the intracranial rootlet. There is an excitatory coupling between ganglionic cells in the N. lat. post. which can lead to multiple firing in these cells by stimulation of afferents in the trunk nerve. Second order neurones were identified by their location and variable spike latency to peripheral nerve stimulation. These cells are driven by a large number of active primary afferents from extended parts (order of magnitude 15 cm) of the trunk lateral line. The statistics of spontaneous discharges were studied and compared with that of primary afferent nerve fibres. About 1/3 of secondary neurones are either excited or inhibited from the contralateral lateral line nerve. No evidence was found for inhibition from ipsilateral lateral line sensory organs.
Differential Effect of Graded Contraction of Middle Ear Muscles on the Sound Transmission of the Ear
Authors: Teig Erik 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe middle ear muscles in cats have been brought to different degrees of contraction by electric stimulation through electrodes placed in the proper nuclei in the brain stem. The resulting change in the amplitude of the cochlear microphonic potentials produced by pure tones from 250–7000 Hz has been used to determine the change in the sound transmission of the ear. Later the muscle tension produced by the same stimulus strengths have been determined myographically. The main effect of weak contractions involving only a relatively small number of motor units was more selective than the effect of stronger muscle contractions. Contractions of the stapedius muscle involving only up to 10–15 per cent of the maximal contraction force reduced the microphonics below 2000 Hz, with most marked effect on the lowest frequencies tested. Stronger tensions produced an additional modest reduction, equally pronounced for all sound frequencies. The most marked effect of contractions of the tensor tympani, amounting to 10–15 per cent of the maximal contraction force, was a reduction of microphonics of frequencies below 750 Hz, while higher frequencies could be either slightly enhanced or reduced. Stronger contractions had a less selective effect with respect to various frequencies and gave less reduction of the sound transmission per gram tension.
The Formation of 14C‐Histamine from Orally Administered 14C‐1‐Histidine in Pigs
Authors: Eliassen Knut Arnet 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe object of the present study has been to examine to what extent dietary L‐histidine is converted to histamine in pigs, a species which excretes large amounts of histamine in the urine. During the first 24 h after oral administration of 14C‐L‐histidine only, about 1/10 to 1/3 of the adminstered radioactivity was recovered in the urine. Free 14C‐histamine accounted for about 1% of the urinary radioactivity while the values for 14C‐1.4‐mathylhistamine and 14C‐1.4‐methylimidazoleacetic acid were about 0.5 and 40%, respectively. The values for 14C‐histamine may be overestimated, but the high values for the methylated 14C‐metabolites of histamine indicate that 4–20% of orally administered 14C‐L‐histidine is converted to Hi. This is far superior to what has been found in other species. Oral administration of 10 g L‐histidine monohydrochloride to pig resulted in the excretion of a much smaller fraction as histamine and as methylated metabolites of histamine than would be expected from the experiments with 14C‐L‐histidine.
Ionic Currents at Resting Potential in Nerve Fibres from Xenopus laevis. Potential Clamp Experiments
Authors: Arhem Peter , Frankenhaeuser Bernhard , Moore L. E. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe ionic currents in myelinated nerve fibres were measured while the membrane potential was held at its resting value and the external solution with one ionic composition was changed to a solution with a different composition. Equations were derived, based on the independence principle by which the net sodium, potassium and chloride currents can be calculated from the change in current associated with the concentration changes. The chloride currents were found to be negligibly small compared with INa and IK. The ratio INa/IK was found to be about – 5.8, which deviates significantly from — 1. This deviation either shows that the independence principle does not apply to INa and/or Ik at rest or that the membrane at rest has some other current carrier in addition to Na+, K+ and Cl. The slope conductance of the membrane was measured and the measured slope conductance was compared with the sum of the sodium and potassium slope conductances at resting potential calculated from the measured current changes caused by concentration changes. The measured slope conductance was was 2.7 times larger than the sum of the calculated ionic conductances. It is concluded that resting potential of the myelinated nerve is not satisfactorily described as a potassium electrode with a ‘sodium error’.
Effects of Increasing Glucose Concentrations on the Glucose Metabolism in Arterial Tissue and Intestinal Smooth Muscle
Authors: Arnqvist Hans J. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe effect of increasing glucose concentrations (0–44.4 mM) on the glucose metabolism in bovine mesenteric arteries and rabbit colon smooth muscle was studiedin vitro.The glucose uptake in both these tissues increased when the concentration of glucose in the medium was raised, with saturation at higher glucose concentrations. The rise in glucose uptake was most pronounced in the range 0–11.1 mM. The effect of glucose concentrations on lactate elimination was similar in both tissues to that on glucose uptake. Increases in the tissue levels of glycogen and lactate were observed up to a medium concentration of 5.6–11.1 mM glucose. A further rise in the medium glucose had no effect on the glycogen and lactate contents. In bovine mesenteric arteries the intracellular accumulation of glucose carbon from14C‐labelled glucose did not change significantly when the glucose concentration was raised from 5.6 to 44.4 mM. The membrane transport of glucose in bovine mesenteric arteries was characterized by saturation kinetics of the Michaelis‐Menten type with a Km of 4.0 mM. These results suggest that the glucose metabolism in bovine mesenteric arteries and rabbit colon smooth muscle is proportionally affected to a greater extent by variations in glucose concentration near the physiological level than by extreme hyperglycemia.
The Liver‐like Anion Transport System in Rabbit Kidney, Uvea and Choroid Plexus. II. Efficiency of Acidic Drugs and Other Anions as Inhibitors
Authors: Bárány Ernst H. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn vitrouptake of labelled iodipamide in the presence of a large excess of hippurate is due to a distinct, possibly complex, anion uptake system, the L‐system, present in kidney cortex, ciliary processes and lateral choroid plexus. A large number of organic anions of very different structure, many of them drugs, have now been screened for ability to inhibit the L‐system in rabbit tissues. The L‐system is depressed much more by cholegraphic than by urographic radio‐contrast agents. A majority among substances known to be excreted by the liver depressed the L‐system. Substances of mol.wt. below 175 have little effect, among heavier anions inhibition is common. This size dependence is similar to that for biliary excretion. No structural specificity can be discerned. In all these respects the L‐system is liver‐like. Certain liver‐excreted anions have little effect on the L‐system. This indicates that the organic anion transport system of the liver is composite. The affinity of many drugs to the L‐system is bound to affect their pharmacokinetic behaviour and can give rise to drug interactions.
Ultrastructural Studies on Circulating Cat Blood Platelets after in Vivo Stimulation with Collagen
Authors: Hognestad J. , Hovig T. , Nicolaysen Anne 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn cats an extensive platelet aggregation in the lung was achieved by repeated intravenous injections of a collagen extract. An ultrastructural study of circulating platelets was done after one, two and several injections of collagen. When collagen injections no longer gave pressor responses in the lung vasculature, the platelets obtained from arterial blood showed pronounced changes in shape, loss of organelles and disappearance of a‐granules and mitochondria. The pronounced vacuolization with openings to the surrounding medium probably represent a release phenomenon.
Effects of Acetylcholine and Some Other Smooth Muscle Stimulants on the Electrical and Mechanical Responses of the Guinea‐Pig Vas Deferens to Nerve Stimulation
Authors: Sjöstrand By Nils O. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractSjöstrand, N. O. Effects of acetylcholine and some other smooth muscle stimulants on the electrical and mechanical responses of the guinea‐pig vas deferens to nerve stimulation. Acta physiol. scand. 1973. 89. 1–9.The effect of acetylcholine (Ach), histamine, 5‐hydroxytryptamine, Ba2+and bradykinin on the electrical and mechanical responses of the guinea‐pig vas deferens to nerve stimulation was investigated with the sucrose gap technique. The agonists produced a depolarization of the smooth muscle membrane. Because of this the membrane came closer to the threshold for firing of action potentials (AP:s). The AP:s also increased in size in the presence of the agonists and the contractions became larger. Atropine abolished the effect of Ach. The results indicate that the agonists enhance the motor response of the vas deferens by a direct action on the smooth muscle cell membrane.
Mucosal Hemodynamics in the Small Intestine of the Cat during Regional Sympathetic Vasoconstrictor Activation
Authors: Svanvik By Joar 
Published: December 2008

AbstractSvanvik, J. Mucosal hemodynamics in the small intestine of the cat during regional.sympathetic vasoconstrictor activation. Acta physiol. scand. 1973. 89. 19–29.The hemodynamics of the small intestinal mucosa of the cat was studied during electrical stimulation of the regional sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerves. The indicator‐dilution technique used allowed for a quantitative and separate investigation of the “mucosal” as well as of the “villous” intravascular flows and volumes. After an initial, marked “mucosal” vasoconstriction, the “villous” intravascular plasma flow increased above control during prolonged sympathetic nervous activation in the face of a reduced intestinal venous outflow. Concomitantly blood flow of the entire mucosal layer stabilized at about control. Upon cessation of the nerve stimulation total venous outflow as well as “mucosal” blood flow showed an hyperemic response while “villous” plasma flow remained unchanged. The results thus suggest that blood flow in the intestinal villi is increased while flow in a more deeply situated region of the mucosa is decreased during regional sympathetic vasoconstrictor activation.
Colonic Motility in the Cat
Authors: Rostad Hans 
Published: December 2008

AbstractRostad Colonic motility in the cat. 11. Extrinsic nervous control. Acta physiol. scand. 1973. 89. 91–103.Experiments were performed on cats lightly anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium and a neuromuscular blocking agent, pancuronium bromide, in order to study the distribution of the extrinsic colonic nerves and their influence on the motility of various parts of the colon. The motility was recorded in its proximal, middle and distal part with sensitive extraluminal strain gage transducers and arterial blood pressure and respiratory movements were recorded using pressure transducers. The influence of the extrinsic nerves on the colonic motility was investigated both by sectioning of the nerves and by electrical stimulation of the peripheral ends of the cut nerves. There was no marked functional differences between the proximal and distal portions of the colon. The vagal and splanchnic nerves, containing pure motor and inhibitory fibres, respectively, have their functional distribution throughout the greater part of the colon, although most marked in the proximal part. The parasympathetic pelvic, nerves supply the whole colon with motor fibres. At just suprathreshold stimulation of these nerves the responses in the proximal part of the colon were of lower amplitude and longer latency than in the remaining portions. The sympathetic lumbar colonic nerves distribute to all parts of the colon with mainly inhibitory fibres, but have some excitatory fibres as well.
Arginase Activity in Rat Small Intestinal Mucosa
Authors: Harri M.‐P. , Hartiala K. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractHarri, M.‐P. and K. Hartiala. Arginase activity in rat small intestinal mucosa. Acta physiol. scand. 1973. 89. 126–129.When the arginase activity of rat small intestinal mucosa was compared with that of the liver it was found to be 5 to 10 per cent to 1 g of tissue. The mucosa of the glandular part of the stomach showed almost no arginase activity. The intestinal activity was highest in jejunal mucosa and as a whole higher in male than in female rats.
Vascular Reactions in the Small Intestine of the Cat during Hemorrhage
Authors: Haglund Ulf 
Published: December 2008

AbstractHaglund, U., Vascular reactions in the small intestine of the cat during hemorrhage. Acta physiol. scand. 1973. 59. 129–141.The reactions within the consecutive vascular sections of the cat small intestine during and after 2.5 h hemorrhagic hypovolemia was studied using a plethysmographic technique. The cats were bled 20 or 35 per cent of their estimated total blood volume. The animals bled 35 per cent were divided into a “shock” and a “non‐shock” group according to the level of blood pressure prior to retransfusion. Upon bleeding a moderate increase in intestinal blood flow resistance was observed but during the latter half of hypovolemia flow resistance decreased markedly in the “shocked” animals and was not normalized upon retransfusion. The capillary surface area available for exchange remained unchanged during the hypovolemia except in the “shocked” cats where a small increase was recorded. Tissue volume decreased rapidly upon bleeding due to a venoconstriction but late in the hypovolemia and after retransfusion a continuous tissue volume increase was often seen, partly due to a certain “pooling” of blood but mainly caused by transcapillary transfer of fluid. A great part of this fluid was found in the intestinal lumen at postmortem examination, which also revealed hemorrhagic lesions in the mucosa of most of the animals.
Salivatory Fibres in the Trigeminal Part of the Lingual Nerve to the Mandibular Salivary Gland of the Monkey
Authors: Hellekant Göran , Kasahara Yasuo 
Published: December 2008

AbstractHellekant, G. and Y. Kasahara. Salivatory fibres in the trigeminal part of the lingual nerve to the mandibular salivary gland of the monkey. Acta physiol. scand. 1973.89. 208–212.In the monkey electrical stimulation at different frequencies was applied to the peripheral ends of the centrally cut trigeminal and facial branches of the chorda‐lingual nerve, while the secretion from the mandibular salivary gland was studied. It was found that a) a secretion could be elicited from the gland by stimulation of either of the two branches, b) the secretion elicited by stimulation of the trigeminal branch was slightly smaller than elicited by the facial branch. which is said to be the sole source of secretory fibres to this gland in the nerve, c) the sodium and potassium contents of the saliva elicited by the two nerve branches did not differ and were similar to that observed in human saliva.
Osmotic Fluid Transfer from Tissue to Blood during Hemorrhagic Hypotension
Authors: Jarhult Johannes 
Published: December 2008

AbstractJarhult, J.Osmotic fluid transfer from tissue to blood during hemorrhagic hypotension.Acta physiol. scand. 1973.89.213–226.Arterial and venous plasma osmolality and glucose concentration, and net transcapillary fluid movements were studied in the cat lower leg muscles during hemorrhagic hypotension (50 mm Hg). Arterial plasma osmolality increased rapidly after bleeding and exceeded after 20 min the control value by about 20 mOsm/kg H2O, a level maintained during the remainder of the 90 min observation period. Popliteal venous osmolality rose much more slowly and did not reach the arterial level until some 50 min after the bleeding. Studies of plasma glucose concentration showed that the arterial and regional venous hyperosmolality almost entirely could be ascribed to a concomitant hyperglycemia, in particular during the first 30 min of hemorrhage. A clearcut arterio‐venous osmolar difference in the muscle (reflecting a transcapillary osmolar gradient) was thus present in the early (≅50 min) stages of bleeding. In the sympathectomized muscle region an absorption of extravascular fluid to the blood stream occurred as long as this arterio‐venous osmolar difference existed, strongly indicating that the fluid transfer was caused by osmosis. Comparative studies on the innervated and the sympathectomized muscle region showed that the extravascular fluid absorption due to reflex decrease of hydrostatic capillary pressure was most prominent in the early (< 20 min) stages of bleeding, whereas the osmotic fluid absorption was maintained for a more prolonged period of time. Both mechanisms no doubt are important for plasma volume restoration after hemorrhage.