bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Body hair growth in women: Normal or hirsute
Authors: Lunde Ottar , Grøttum Per 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe distribution and density of terminal hair growth in 19 different body regions in 113 women of fertile age complaining of embarrassing hair growth (group A) are compared with the findings in 100 normal women of comparable age (group B). Apart from three regions the former group demonstrated significantly more frequent and heavier hair growth than the latter.A stepwise discriminant analysis showed that the best separation between the two groups could be obtained by assessing the hair growth in the lip, chin, and pubic region. With this set of variables, four women from group A were incorrectly classified as belonging to group B and one woman from group B was classified as belonging to group A.The serum concentration of testosterone was significantly higher and the serum concentration of TeBG significantly lower in group A than in group B (P < 0.001). Menstrual pattern, body weight, and hereditary factors in group A vs. group B support the impression that the increased terminal hair growth found in group A is due to physiological factors.From the present data it can be concluded that appraisal of the facial and pubic terminal hair growth should in most cases be sufficient for separating possible hirsutism from normal hair growth in women.
Cranial morphology of Australopithecus afarensis: A comparative study based on a composite reconstruction of the adult skull
Authors: Kimbel William H. , White Tim D. , Johanson Donald C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe Pliocene hominid species Australopithecus afarensis is represented by cranial, dental, and mandibular remains from Hadar, Ethiopia, and Laetoli, Tanzania. These fossils provide important information about the cranial anatomy of the earliest known hominids. Because complete crania or skulls are not known, we produced a composite reconstruction of an adult male skull based on 13 specimens from the Hadar Formation. The reconstruction serves as a testable hypothesis regarding functional relationships in the A. afarensis skull and is the basis for the comparative study presented here.We examine six major aspects of cranial and mandibular anatomy. We combine our results with those of White et al. (1981) in a discussion of alternate hypotheses of early hominid phylogeny.In the cranium, jaws, and teeth A. afarensis exhibits a morphological pattern that we interpret as primitive for the Hominidae. Homo habilis retains a number of these primitive features for which A. africanus, A. robustus, and A.boisei share derived character states, particularly in the masticatory apparatus.Homo and “robust” species of Australopithecus share a suite of derived cranial base features. These shared traits may relate to upper facial orthognathium which is also common to these taxa and are probably indicative of parallelism rather than a close phylogenetic relationship.The cranial base characteristics of A.L. 333–45 do not, contrary to Olson's (1981) claims, provide evidence for an A. afarensis—“robust” Australopithecus sister group. When the range of mastoid variation in extant African pongids and A. afarensis is examined thoroughly, the Pliocene hominid appears to retain a primitive, rather than derived, morphology.
The ecological role of the callitrichidae: A review
Authors: Sussman R. W. , Kinzey W. G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe marmosets and tamarins fill a unique ecological role among the anthropoid primates, one that has not been fully recognized. Many misconceptions—that they are primitive, monogamous, territorial, and squirrellike—pervade the literature. These misconceptions are largely the result of misinterpreting laboratory studies which have not been confirmed with identified animals in natural habitats. Recent field studies, reviewed here, indicate that marmosets and tamarins have a highly derived ecological role, are not monogamous, feed largely on insects and plant exudates, and have uniquely specialized positional behavior involving clinging to vertical tree trunks in order to feed on exudates. Accompanying these behavioral traits are a number of derived morphological features such as small body size, tendency to twin, clawlike nails on all digits except the hallux, and a three‐cusped upper molar morphology. These form a suite of characteristics unique among the living primates, many of which are related to their ecological role. We believe that the marmosets and tamarins are members of a guild of exudate feeders in which plant exudates are an important component of the diet. It is within this framework of a primate foraging guild that we can best understand many of their morphological and behavioral adaptations.
A reassessment of the taxonomic status and phyletic relationships of Papio baringensis and Papio quadratirostris (Primates: Cercopithecidae)
Authors: Eck Gerald G. , Jablonski Nina G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractComparison of the skulls of Papio baringensis Leakey 1969 from the Chemeron Formation and P. quadratirostris Iwamoto 1982 from the Usno Formation with those of Theropithecus gelada, T. brumpti, T. darti, T. oswaldi, and several species of Papio indicate that the species from Chemeron and Usno exhibit all, or most, respectively, of the shared derived characters of Theropithecus. We propose that they be removed from Papio and placed in Theropithecus as T. baringensis and T. quadratirostris. Comparison of the specimens of T. baringensis and T. quadratirostris with those of T. brumpti indicate that the former two species have some of the derived characters of T. brumpti but are primitive in others. We propose that the three species form the following phyletic lineage: T. baringensis‐T. quadratirostris‐T. brumpti. With these referrals, there are now six species of the genus Theropithecus. Based on geologic grounds, the specimens from Chemeron are about 4.0 million years (m.y.), that from Usno between 3.3 and 3.4 m.y., and those of T. brumpti between 2.0 and 2.8 m.y. in age. We also show that the most complete specimen of Papio sp. nov. from Olduval Gorge belongs to T. oswaldi. With the removal of these specimens from Papio, the East African fossil record of this genus, apart from isolated teeth, comprises only 21 specimens, while that of Theropithecus comprises at least 300 specimens.
Metamorphosis at the sternal rib end: A new method to estimate age at death in white males
Authors: İşcan M. Yaşar , Loth Susan R. , Wright Ronald K. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWhile the pubic symphysis and intracortical morphometry have provided successful results in estimating age at death, other methods and sites in the skeleton are needed to improve the accuracy of age estimation. This research is an attempt to develop a new age‐determination technique by using the sternal extremity of the rib. The right fourth rib was collected at autopsy from 93 white males. The sternal extremity of each rib was analyzed in relation to the pit depth (component I), pit shape (component II), and rim and wall configurations (component III), each of which was divided into six stages. Results indicated that the age at death can be estimated from a rib within about 2 years in the second decade to about 7 years in the fifth and sixth decades of life. Pit shape and rim and wall configurations yielded better results than absolute pit depth alone. While this method has a potentially important contribution to skeletal anthropology, factors such as sex differences and biomechanical variation between individuals may affect the determination of age from the rib.
Microevolution in prehistoric Andean populations: Chronologic nonmetrical cranial variation in northern Chile
Authors: Rothhammer Francisco , Quevedo Silvia , Cocilovo José A. , Llop Elena 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMultivariate distance statistics were computed from 14 nonmetrical cranial variables among five prehistoric samples representing steps in the microevolutionary history of a coastal population in northern Chile. Roughly 70% of nonmetrical cranial variation was found to be explained by chronologic distance covering a period of 6,500 years. This estimate is similar to a previous one derived from craniometric data. Implications of these findings are briefly discussed.
Paleopathology in an Iroquoian ossuary, with special reference to tuberculosis
Authors: Pfeiffer Susan 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPathological skeletal remains from the Uxbridge Ossuary (1490 ± 80 A.D., N = 457) are classified into four broad categories: trauma, congenital disability, tumor, and infection. Traumatic injuries are relatively common (fractures in 5–9.4% of total), considering the date and subsistence pattern of the population. Congenital disabilities and tumors are rare, affecting approximately 2% of the population. Nonspecific periosteitis and osteitis affect 5% of the sample. By far the most common pathological skeletal changes are lytic lesions leading to cavitation of cancellous bone, especially in the lower vertebral and sacro‐iliac regions. It is argued that the changes seen and their distribution are most consistent with a diagnosis of tuberculosis. Applying clinical observations regarding bone involvement, it is estimated that a minimum of 26 skeletons were affected. This in turn indicates a very high population tuberculosis incidence. The Uxbridge sample is neither the only nor the earliest Iroquoian ossuary to display apparent tuberculosis (Hartney 1981). The common presence of this disease in some communities and its low incidence in others are discussed in the context of the epidemic wave phenomenon. There is strong evidence for warfare at Uxbridge, and this warfare may have produced crowding, poor hygiene and diet, such that the disease could flourish.
Primate cortical bone microstructure: Relationship to locomotion
Authors: Schaffler Mitchell B. , Burr David B. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMechanical factors are implicated in the control of osteonal (Haversian) remodeling. Twenty primate species, representing a diverse range of locomotor behaviors, have been examined to determine whether the arrangement of secondary osteonal bone at femoral mid‐diaphysis reflects behaviorally related biomechanical influences. The proportion of bone cortex occupied by secondary osteons (percent osteonal bone) is related to the biomechanical environment of these femora. Percent osteonal bone delineates groups which correspond to other skeletal and kinesiological categorizations of primate locomotion and distinguishes among arboreal quadrupedal, terrestrial quadrupedal, suspensory, and bipedal primates.
A genetic model of dental reduction through the probable mutation effect
Authors: McKee Jeffrey K. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA simulation approach is used in order to elucidate the nature of the hypothesized “probable mutation effect” as it applies to dental reduction in man. Computer‐generated simulations of the accumulation of mutations in a human gene pool show the results of the proposed model under the influence of various parameters, as well as illustrating the nature of such genetic change through time. This approach supports a polygenic model of the probable mutation effect as a viable hypothesis for an explanation of the dental reduction which has occurred in some human populations over the last 40,000 years.
Relationship between heterozygosity and genetic distance in the three major races of man
Authors: Chakraborty Ranajit 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn pairwise comparisons of gene frequency data from the three major races of man, the single locus measures of the heterozygosity within and the genetic distance between races are shown to be strongly correlated across the loci coding for red cell proteins and enzymes. The intercept of the regression line of genetic distance on heterozygosity in protein enzyme loci is statistically insignificant. These findings suggest that the genetic variability at the enzyme and protein loci in man is probably maintained by a balance of mutation and random genetic drift. At the blood group loci, however, the observed relationship between genetic distance and heterozygosity does not follow the expectation of the neutral mutation hypothesis. These observations are discussed in terms of the changes in probability of identical monomorphism in two populations during the process of gene differentiation.
Mechanism of intraoral transport in macaques
Authors: Franks Herschel A. , Crompton A. W. , German Rebecca Z. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAll mammals have the same divisions of cyclic movement of tongue and hyoid during mastication: a protraction or forward phase that begins at minimum gape, and a retraction or return phase. Nonanthropoid mammals transport food from the oral cavity to the oropharynx during the return phase; food on the dorsal surface of the tongue moves distally while the tongue is retracted. Macaques, however, transport food during the protraction phase of tongue/hyoid movement. Food is squeezed posteriorly by contact between the tongue surface and the palate anterior to the food.This mechanism of transport is occasionally seen in nonanthropoid mammals when they are transporting liquids from the oral cavity to the oropharynx. It has, however, not been seen when these mammals transport solid food. One morphological basis for this difference is the reduction in height of the rugae of the palate of macaques. In most mammals these rugae are pronounced ridges that are able to hold food in place during protraction as the tongue slides forward beneath the food.Anthropoids and other mammals differ in the way they store food prior to swallowing. When macaques transport food to the oropharynx, usually they swallow in the next cycle, but always in the next 2 or 3 cycles. Most mammals transport and store food in the oropharynx for several cycles before a swallow clears that region of food. This behavior is correlated with differences in morphology of the oropharynx; anthropoids have reduced valleculae, the area in which other mammals store food prior to swallowing.
A statistical evaluation of the basis for predicting stature from lengths of long bones in European populations
Authors: Boldsen Jesper 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe differences between the variance structures of the bivariate pairs (height, length of the femur) and (height, length of the tibia) are insignificant when estimated from male and female samples of European derived populations, thus the regression lines for the predictions of height are parallel. The variance of height in samples of predicted heights is discussed and the consequences for the statistical analysis of average heights are indicated.
A medieval case of metastasizing carcinoma with multiple osteosclerotic bone lesions
Authors: Tkocz Izabella , Bierring Franz 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe skeleton of a mature male from the Middle Ages, excavated in Svendborg, Denmark, presented multiple osteosclerotic metastases probably of a carcinoma of the prostate gland. This diagnosis is based on radiographic and histological studies. Coexisting gross changes of the spine are identified as vertebral osteophytosis.
Demography of the Juang tribal population of Orissa
Authors: Ray Ajit Kisor , Roth Eric Abella 
Published: February 2006

AbstractDemographic analysis of genealogical data collected in 1954 for 23 Juang villages was undertaken employing indirect estimation techniques and computer projection methodology. Results indicated that this group did not feature the historically high fertility levels associated with Indian tribal groups, although fertility was higher than previously reported for the Juang. The population did feature a mortality differential, with worse mortality conditions than the Indian national population at this time. Reversed sexual mortality differentials, common in South Asian populations, were also present for the Juang. Computer projection investigation revealed a steadily growing population, in contrast to some Indian tribal groups faced with extinction.
Pathology and the posture of the La Chapelle‐aux‐Saints Neandertal
Authors: Trinkaus Erik 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe depiction of the Neandertals as incompletely erect was based primarily on Boule's (1911, 1912a, 1913) analysis of the La Chapelle‐aux‐Saints 1 partial skeleton. The inaccurate aspects of Boule's postural reconstruction were corrected during the 1950s. However, it has come to be believed, following Straus and Cave (1957), that Boule's errors of reconstruction were due to the diseased condition of the La Chapelle‐aux‐Saints 1 remains, rather than to Boule's misinterpretation of morphology. The abnormalities on the La Chapelle‐aux‐Saints 1 postcranium include: lower cervical, upper thoracic, and lower thoracic intervertebral degenerative joint disease (DJD), a distal fracture of a mid‐thoracic rib, extensive DJD of the left hip, DJD of the right fifth proximal interphalangeal articulation, bilateral humeral head eburnation, and minor exostosis formation on the right humerus, ulna, and radius. These were associated with extensive alveolar inflammation including apical abscesses and antemortem tooth loss, some temporomandibular DJD, bilateral auditory exostoses, and minimal occipital condyle DJD. None of these abnormalities sifnificantly affected Boule's Neandertal postural reconstruction, and a review of his analysis indicates that early twentieth century interpretations of skeletal morphology (primarily of the cranium, cervical vertebrae, lumbar and sacral vertebrae, proximal femora and tibiae, posterior tarsals, and hallucial tarsometatarsal joint), combined with Boule's evolutionary preconceptions, were responsible for his mistaken view of Neandertal posture.
The dentition of the “old man” of La Chapelle‐aux‐Saints and inferences concerning Neandertal behavior
Authors: Tappen N. C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIt has been suggested that the fossil Neandertal from La Chapelle‐aux‐Saints was so toothless that he would have had to have his food pre‐chewed or otherwise prepared for him. This has also led to the inference that a high level of altruistic social behavior was characteristic of Neandertals. This appears to be in keeping with a current trend among anthropologists to upgrade the cultural and evolutionary status of Neandertals. Close examination of the recovered teeth and the condition of the alveoli indicates that the “old man” of La Chapelle‐aux‐Saints had upper and lower incisor, canine and premolar teeth on the left side intact and probably in occlusion, and that the same was true of these teeth in the right maxilla. Mandibular incisors, canine, and first premolar had probably been lost to a tumor or abscessing on the right side, but this pathology may have developed near the time of death. The right mandibular second premolar was probably functional, although tilted similarly to the intact premolar on the left. It is very unlikely that the individual was unable to chew food. The dentition thus gives no reliable evidence of altruistic behavior by his cohorts. This study may also relate to hypotheses concerning the ancestry of anatomically modern humans.
Morphologic characteristics of the Alaskan Eskimo dentition: IV. Cusp number and groove patterns of mandibular molars
Authors: Hasund Asbjörn , Bang Gisle 
Published: February 2006

AbstractData on the permanent dentition of 63 coastal and 33 inland Alaskan Eskimos are presented. The number of cusps and groove pattern of the mandibular molars were recorded. Agenesis of the mandibular third molars was classified and the mesiodistal and buccolingual crown diameter was measured on the first and the second mandibular molars. The predominant pattern of the lower first molars was Y5, while for the second molar the dominating patterns were +5 and +4. In the lower third molar, +5 was found in the majority of cases. For M1 and M2, men showed a stronger tendency toward a conservative pattern than did women. In the case of M2, the inland population exhibited a more conservative trait than did the coastal population. No connection was seen between the groove pattern and agenesis of M3, however, a reduction in the mesiodistal crown diameter for the second molars was seen when the number of cusps is reduced from 5 to 4.
Anatomical and microscopic study of the volar dermal ridges of the rat (Rattus norvegicus)
Authors: Okajima M. , Asai Y. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe epidermal ridges of the rat (Rattus norvegicus), which are distributed only on the volar pads and digital apices, were studied. Examination of the ridges was difficult on the epidermal surface, as the undulations expressed on the epidermis are weak. Therefore, the dermal surface, prepared by alkaline solution treatment, was inspected by scanning electron microscopy and staining with toluidine blue. The dermis of the pads and digital apices is composed of ridged and rippled areas. The ridged area, where sweat ducts are distributed, is constructed of grooves and ramparts. Frequently, the sweat duct is surrounded by a dermal collar, and the groove is separated by a dermal partition. The grooves and ramparts display dermatoglyphic configurations, such as whorls, loops, cusps, triradii, and some other patterns, which are peculiar to each pad and digital apex and comparable to dermatoglyphic patterns, of man and other primates.
Interlimb coordination and gait in the brown lemur (Lemur fulvus) and the talapoin monkey (Miopithecus talapoin)
Authors: Jungers William L. , Anapol Fred C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPatterns of interlimb coordination based on telemetered electromyography of extensor muscles are described for the brown lemur (Lemur fulvus) and the talapoin monkey (Miopithecus talapoin) in order to address the issue of possible motor programs for quadrupedal stepping in primates. Differences in modal patterns of ipsilateral limb coupling (phase intervals) between walking and galloping indicate that gait‐specific programs do exist in primates, especially for symmetrical gaits. These preferred patterns distinguish primates from most other mammals (e.g., the domestic cat), but do not rule out the possibility of subtle differences among primates in species‐specific mechanisms of neural control. Variability about the preferred modes is better interpreted as an expression of the flexibility or facultative capabilities of the neural mechanisms controlling locomotion than as “errors” in the motor program.
Genetic variation in North Amerindian populations: Covariance with climate
Authors: O'Rourke Dennis H. , Suarez Brian K. , Crouse Jill D. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAllelic frequencies at seven polymorphic loci in 74 North Amerindian populations are examined relative to patterns of climatic variation. Canonical correlation analysis reveals strong and significant associations of heterozygosity at the ABO, Ss, Duffy, and P loci with climatic variability. Principal component analysis demonstrates that these loci tend to form correlated ensembles. Moreover, canonical correlation analysis of component scores provides support for an association between polymorphism at these loci and environmental variability. The results are concordant with two previous investigations which suggested a relationship between polymorphism for the ABO, Duffy, and Diego systems and climate. It is suggested that the examination of broad geographic patterns of genetic variation at multiple loci is a valuable, but underutilized, method of screening for the effects of long‐term systematic pressures.