bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Aging of Cellular Plastics with Particular Reference to Field Performance of Building Envelope Systems
Authors: Tye Ronald P. 
Published: March 2007

A comprehensive bibliography concerning the complex subject of aging of cellular plastic insulations and its effect on performance of building envelope components is being maintained. The subject involves three interrelated issues, namely: materials and products behavior, installed systems performance, and testing and evaluation A critical assessment of the issues shows that, while the basic aging process of cel lular plastics and some of the factors affecting it are well understood and verified, the performance of the products and systems in the field is not. As a result confusion and uncertainty exist. Based on this assessment, a number of recommendations are made regarding quantification of certain parameters without which no fluorocarbon blown cellular plastic material product or system can attain claimed thermal performance Further recommendations are made concerning future laboratory and field studies necessary for verification of claims that design performance can be attained.
Modeling of Thermal Resistance Test Configurations that Use Thin Heaters
Authors: Yarbrough D.W. , McElroy D.L. , Graves R.S. 
Published: March 2007

The usefulness of a large unguarded thin screen heater as an integral part of a ther mal resistance measurement apparatus for insulations has been demonstrated. Ther mal modeling of existing and proposed test configurations can be used to establish applicability. HEATINGS, a general purpose conduction program, has been used to obtain the temperature distributions encountered in linear and radial heat flow testers with thin heaters. Thermal simulations of the existing screen tester have been used to determine the effects of specimen thickness and thermal resistance on measurement errors. Simula tion results were obtained for test configurations in order to provide a basis for design improvement, i.e., the effect of increasing levels of edge insulations on the ap parent thermal conductivities obtained with the tester. The extent to which limited edge guarding extends the operating range of a flat tester has been examined using HEATING5. A gradient guard along the edge of the specimen in the tester reduces the measurement errors due to edge heat loss. The pre dicted improvement in measurement accuracy of a thin heater apparatus due to edge guarding that approximately matches the mean temperature on the edges with the mean temperature in the metering section has been examined experimentally.
"Beyond Formative and Summative Evaluation" Revisited
Authors: Worthen B.R. 
Published: March 2007

Essays, opinions, and professional judgments are welcome in this section of EP. Forum articles speak to and about the philosophical, ethical, and practical dilemmas of our profession. Authors are invited to express their views to encourage constructive dialogue centered on issues. To keep the dialogue substantive, other articles motivated by previous Forum presentations should have independent titles and themes. Items labeled "Comments on ... "and "Rejoinder to ... " will not be published in Forum —such responses are welcome and encouraged in the In Response section of EP. Standard citations and reference lists should acknowledge and identify earlier contributions and viewpoints. Manuscripts should not exceed 10 double-spaced typewritten pages in length. The views expressed in this section are independent of and not necessarily shared by EP editors. By design, "Forums" are open to diverse views, in the hope that such diversity will enhance professional dialogue.
Review : Changing practice? A review of the neonatal examination
Authors: Sherliker Anna Rachel 
Published: March 2007

■ Thorough examination of the newborn is universally accepted as good practice ■ Modern models of care make traditional practice of examination by the paediatrician at 24-48 hours potentially inappropriate ■ There is currently a lack of consensus on who is best placed professional to examine the neonate ■ Changes in practice require appropriate educational and operational support for referrals
Nut allergy: symptom and Severity reporting
Authors: Dunbar Helena , Luyt David 
Published: March 2007

■ Nut allergy, in particular peanut allergy, is becoming more common in children. ■ Immune sensitisation to nuts appears to be occurring earlier in life. ■ High incidence of other allergic diseases in children with nut allergy. ■ Onset of anaphylactic symptoms is quick but symptoms last for a short time. ■ Necessity for hospital admission due to severity of allergic reaction is low.
Self-ownership, Marxism, and Egalitarianism
Authors: Mack Eric 
Published: March 2007

This two-part article offers a defense of a libertarian doctrine that centers on two propositions. The first is the self-ownership thesis according to which each individual possesses original moral rights over her own body, faculties, talents, and energies. The second is the anti-egalitarian conclusion that, through the exercise of these rights of self-ownership, individuals may readily become entitled to substantially unequal extra-personal holdings. The self-ownership thesis remains in the background during Part I of this essay, while the anti-egalitarian conclusion is supported in two ways. First, I offer a reconstruction of Robert Nozick's well-known `How Liberty Upsets Patterns' argument against all end-state and pattern theories of distributive justice; and I defend this reconstructed stance against what might (otherwise) seem to be telling criticisms. Second, I defend the two key principles of Nozickian historical entitlement theory (the principle of just transfer and the principle of just initial acquisition) against criticisms offered by G.A. Cohen. Part II will center on Cohen's contention that the crucial basis for the anti-egalitarian conclusion is the self-ownership thesis. There I argue that Cohen is correct to hold that he must reject the self-ownership thesis if he is to avoid the anti-egalitarian conclusion; but he is wrong to think that he has an adequate basis for rejecting this thesis. Thus, both elements in the libertarianism under consideration are vindicated. And, the self-ownership thesis plays a surprisingly direct role in vindicating the anti-egalitarian conclusion.
Effects of Degradable Additives On Blown Film Properties
Authors: Taylor Joe , Koyich Mike 
Published: March 2007

Polyethylene resins are used in a variety of film packaging applications from food wrap to industrial liners and trash bags. Recent environmental concerns raised by the general populous of North America and increased legislation with re gards to the environment have created a demand for degradable packaging materials. At present, there are a number of companies marketing degradable products for use in polyethylene packaging [1]. As a result of this growing demand, numerous questions have been raised on the effect of degradable additives on properties of films manufactured from polyethylene resins. This evaluation focuses on the effect of using three commercially available additives, one biodegradable and two photo degradable, on polyethylene blown film properties Although degradable additives may offer the film manufacturer a degradable prod uct, this evaluation has demonstrated that the type of degradable additive used may significantly affect physical and optical properties. Biodegradable additives appear to significantly impair physical and optical properties While photodegradable additives do not appear to impair film physical properties, a photodegradable additive may im part color changes to natural polyethylene film. Data is presented which will assist the film manufacturer in assessing the effect of degradable additives on film product performance
The Metamorphosis of the Marginal: The Debate Over the Informal Sector in Latin America
Authors: Cortés Fernando 
Published: March 2007

The concept of informal sector is polymorphous. For some, it is a response to the bureaucratic entanglements that smother the productive forces capable of leading a country on to the road to competitive capitalism; for others, it is merely a set of activities that fall between the cracks of an incomplete and sluggish capitalism; a third interpetation of this phenomenon argues that it is a strategy on the part of capitalist enterprises to submerge or refunctionalize part of their production in order to minimize costs; finally, it has been altogether disassociated from underdevelopment and seen as part and parcel of the globalization of the world economy. In this paper, I show the intellectual journey that links the old theory of marginalization in Latin America to the views now in good currency. From a conception of the marginalized as a burden to be incorporated into societies as a condition for overcoming underdevelopment, we have evolved to one that sees these as bearers of a societal project that promises to launch Latin America on the path to capitalist development. The paper shows, further, that these different views - whether marxist or neoliberal - share the same empirical indicators of marginalization.
Empirical Validity of Ertl's Brain-Wave Analyzer (BWA02
Authors: Fischer Donald G. , Hunt Dennis , Randhawa Bikkar S. 
Published: March 2007

The empirical validity of Ertl's brain wave analyzer was investigated by the known contrasted groups method. Thirty-two academically talented (mean IQ score = 147) and 16 academically handicapped (mean IQ score = 79) boys and girls aged 12-14 years were compared on four Primary Mental Abilities (PMA) tests, two Sequential Tests of Educational Progress (STEP) measures, and seven Brain Wave Analyzer (BWA) measures. Results indicated that (1) the PMA and STEP variables alone provide excellent discrimination between academically handicapped and academically gifted adolescents; (2) the PMA and STEP variables in combination with BWA variables, (e.g., Frequency Ratio) did afford more accurate discrimination between the two groups than did any one measure alone—a finding suggesting that BWA variables can make a valuable contribution to the understanding of "learning potential"; (3) BWA variables alone did not furnish an adequate level of discrimination between the two groups—an outcome revealing that the BWA cannot be used as a substitute for paper-and-pencil measures of learning potential; (4) the present significant sex differences in BWA scores did imply a need for separate norms for males and females; and (5) the norms set forth in the BWA manual should be revised.
Concurrent Validity and Reliability of the Kaufman Version of the McCarthy Scales Short Form for a Sample of Mexican-American Children
Authors: Valencia Richard R. , Rankin Richard J. 
Published: March 2007

Largely because of Public Law (PL) 94-142, there has been a recent spate of interest in the early detection of children who might have learning problems. The major focus of such research has been to develop abbreviated tests (short forms) from well known clinical tests of intelligence. The concurrent validity and reliability of Kaufman's short-form version of the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities (MSCA) was examined for a sample of 342 Mexican-American preschool and kindergarten age children. The impetus for this investigation was due to interest generated by PL 94-142 and by the paucity of appropriate screening instruments for such children. The results showed that generally the positive psychometric properties of the Kaufman short form of the MSCA (correlation between the estimated scores from the Kaufman form and actual cognitive scores earned on the full MSCA, standard error of estimate, and reliability) were also noted for the children in this study. It was concluded that the Kaufman short form can be safely used in the screening of Mexican-American children who may have learning problems, but with extreme caution and flexibility, particularly in the case of monolingual Spanish-speaking children.
Dimensions of Urban Environmental Quality
Authors: Carp Frances M. , Zawadski Rick T. , Shokrkon Hossein 
Published: March 2007

For purposes of planning and for impact studies, definition of environmental quality and instruments for its measurement are badly needed. Efforts in this area have largely been subjective, have depended upon expert judgment, and have been concerned with specific, isolated aspects of environmental quality rather than being directed to description of the domain in terms of its major dimensions. This study used the responses of 2,541 residents of the San Francisco Bay Area to items developed largely from open-ended questions asked of persons in that and another metropolitan area, and subjected them to the objective method of factor analysis to provide an empirical description of environmental quality in reference to residential use. The study produced 20 clean and meaningful factors which provide, from the viewpoint of residents, a more finely differentiated definition of environmental quality than has previously been available. The data collection instrument, with minor modifications, can serve as an instrument to measure residential environmental quality and will be useful to planners and in evaluative studies of a variety of environmental interventions. The methodology can be used to further refine the definition and measurement of environmental quality for residential purposes and should prove equally useful in regard to environmental quality in relation to other land uses.
Stress Pulse Attenuation in Cloth-Laminate Quartz Phenolic
Authors: Reed R.P. , Munson D.E. 
Published: March 2007

Using flat plate impact techniques and quartz stress gages, a study of the propagation of short-duration stress pulses in a cloth-laminate quartz phenolic composite was made. Propagation characteristics, wave shape and peak stress attenuation, were measured for 14.5 and 7 kbar initial impact stresses and 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 μsec initial pulse durations for propagation distances up to 52 times the impactor thickness. The experimental results showed marked dispersive spreading of the wave profiles and very strong attenuation of stress, but no evidence of elastic-plastic effects. The amount of attenuation was much greater than could be attributed to "normal" atten uation in homogeneous materials with a modulus equivalent to the com posite modulus. Experimental results were compared to calculations based on a rate dependent analogy using a generalized Maxwell model. The instantaneous and equilibrium response of the model was defined solely in terms of bulk properties of the components of the composite; while a single relaxation time of 0.023 μsec was determined from experiment. Model predictions agreed extremely well with the measured profiles, giving ± 10% agreement to the measured half-amplitude wave velocities. Attenuation was predicted to better than 20% in stress, which is quite good. Quantitative agreement was found between calculations and the measured results of other investigations, as well.
Influence of Environmental Cycling on the Mechanical Properties of Composite Materials
Authors: Lundemo Christer Y. , Thor Sven-Erik 
Published: March 2007

Static and fatigue tests were carried out on CFRP specimens exposed to environmental conditions with the purpose of simulating the real environ mental conditions for today's aircraft. The investigation has comprised ± 45° reinforced test specimens, 24 mm wide and 1 mm thick, built up from carbon-fiber prepreg THORNELL 300/NARMCO 5208. In the investigation polyurethane-covered specimens were also tested, in order to investigate the protecting ability of that mate rial. The results show clear deteriorations in both static and fatigue proper ties due to environmental exposure. The material becomes more ductile under the influence of moisture, and after prolonged exposure one can notice a debonding effect between the fibers and the matrix. Environ mental degradation becomes more pronounced if the specimens are pre loaded prior to exposure.
Buffer Strips in Composites at Elevated Temperature
Authors: Bigelow C.A. 
Published: March 2007

The present investigation evaluated the buffer strip concept at elevated temperature. Accordingly, graphite/polyimide buffer strip panels were tested at room and elevated (177 ± 3 °C) temperatures. One layup was used: [45/0/45/90]2S. The buffer strip material was 0° S-glass/polyimide. The buffer strips were made by replacing narrow strips of the 0° graphite plies with strips of the 0 °S-glass on either a one-for-one or a two-for-one basis. All panels had the same buffer strip spacing and width. Slits were cut in the center of each panel to represent damage. Each panel was loaded in tension until it failed. During the tests, panels were radiographed and crack-opening displacements were recorded to indicate fracture onset, fracture arrest, and the extent of damage in the buffer strip after crack arrest. At the elevated temperature, the buffer strips increased the panel strength by at least 40 percent compared to panels without buffer strips. The buffer strip panels tested at 177 °C exhibited stable crack growth until the crack grew into the buffer strip. Com pared to similar panels tested at room temperature, the buffer strip panels tested at 177 °C had lower residual strengths but higher failure strains. The panels with two-for- one buffer strip replacement had slightly lower strengths (by 5 percent) than panels with one-for-one replacement. A shear-lag type stress analysis correctly predicted remote failing strains for buffer strip panels tested at 177°C and at room temperature.
Environmental Effects on Glass Fiber Reinforced PPS Stampable Composites*
Authors: Lou A.Y. , Murtha T.P. 
Published: March 2007

The application of polymer composites in engineering structures are contingent upon their property retention and dimensional stability after extended temperature/humidity exposure in service. Mechanical properties of composites decrease with increasing temperature/humidity and the percent of property reduction generally depends on the ex posure time. In this paper, the properties of compression molded polyphenylene sulfide, stampable composites, a long glass fiber reinforced product and a short glass fiber rein forced version, were evaluated after exposure to elevated temperatures, both in air and in water, for extended time periods. Properties measured included tensile, compressive, flexural, impact and fatigue. The PPS composites exhibited good dimensional stability, as well as property retention, after exposure to the severe temperature/humidity conditions. Effect of temperature alone was negligible, however, some property reduction was measured in the presence of water at elevated temperatures. These property reductions were observed to level off over time at respectable values. The fatigue performance of PPS composite was unaffected by expo sures to the high temperature/humidity conditions.
High Pressure Squeeze Casting of Unidirectional Graphite Fiber Reinforced Aluminum Matrix Composites
Authors: Sample Robert J. , Bhagat Ram B. , Amateau Maurice F. 
Published: March 2007

High pressure squeeze casting has been developed to fabricate unidirec tional fiber reinforced metal matrix composites having a wide range of fiber volume frac tion. The process development required innovative die-design in order to minimize the direct contact of molten metal with the metallic die, to prevent liquid metal escape from the die, to ensure fast infiltration and rapid solidification under high pressure. However, the application of high pressure causes certain difficulties, such as maintaining all fibers aligned in one direction and ensuring their uniform distribution in any cross section of the composites. This paper addresses the techniques used to overcome these difficulties. Tensile test results for graphite fiber reinforced aluminum matrix composites are pre sented and discussed. Optical and scanning electron microscopy analysis of polished and fracture surfaces provide details of fiber/matrix interface characteristics and fracture mechanisms of the composites.
A Criterion for Splitting Crack Initiation in Unidirectional Fiber-Reinforced Composites
Authors: Tohgo Keiichiro , Wang Albert S.D. , Chou Tsu-Wei 
Published: March 2007

Unidirectional fiber-remforced composites exhibit a high degree of anisot ropy in strength. Crack initiation from a pre-existing crack almost always occurs along the fiber direction; it is known as the splitting crack. One criterion for the splitting crack initi ation under mixed mode condition is proposed. In this criterion, the splitting crack initia tion is characterized by a unique interaction curve on the Kfσ-Kf τ plane, where Kfσ and K fτ are the tensile and shear stress intensity factors along the fiber direction. Fracture toughness tests under mixed mode loading are systematically carried out on two graphite-epoxy systems: AS4/3501-6 and IM7/85517. For both composites, the condi tion of the splitting crack initiation can be characterized by a vertical line of Kfσ = con stant on the K fσ-Kfτ plane. This means that the tensile stress intensity factor along the fiber direction is responsible for the splitting crack initiation. Furthermore, it is found that under the conditions of Kfσ = 0 or Kf σ < 0, damage occurs at locations away from the tip of the pre-existing crack before crack initiation and that the fracture toughness under such conditions is high.
Myth, Metaphor, Memory
Authors: King Nancy 
Published: March 2007

Myths and tales are a rich and powerful source of wisdom and comfort which can be used to nourish and stimulate imagery and expression of students' inner world experience within the frame-work of higher education. This article examines symbolic learning and creative expression in the form of theory, course development, and case examples. Our outward-oriented consciousness, addressed to the demands of the day, may lose touch with these inward forces; and the myths, states Jung, when correctly read, are the means to bring us back in touch. They are telling us in picture language of powers of the psyche to be recognized and integrated in our lives, powers that have been common to the human spirit forever, and which represent that wisdom of the species by which man has weathered the millenniums. Thus they have not been, and can never be, displaced by the findings of science, which relate rather to the outside world than to the depths that we enter in sleep. Through a dialogue conducted with these inward forces through our dreams and through a study of myths, we can learn to know and come to terms with the greater horizon of our own deeper and wiser, inward self. And analogously, the society that cherishes and keeps its myths alive will be nourished from the soundest, richest strata of the human spirit. (Campbell, 1972, p. 13)
Probation versus Imprisonment for Similar Types of Offenders
Authors: Babst Dean V. , Mannering John W. 
Published: March 2007

This pilot study compares male offenders who were imprisoned with similar types who were placed on probation, to determine which program produces less subsequent criminal activity. It is based on 7,614 Wisconsin cases statistically comparable in origi nal disposition, county of commitment, type of offense com mitted, number of prior felonies, and marital status. Of the first felony offenders, those on probation had lower vio lation rates than those imprisoned and then paroled. For proba tioners and parolees with one prior felony, rates were about the same. For those with two or more prior felonies, violation rates were higher for probationers than for parolees. The frequency with which judges sentenced offenders to proba tion rather than incarceration varied directly with the extent to which the offenders were likely to violate. That is, judges tended to place those offenders with low violation rates on pro bation, the major exception being assault cases, where imprison ment was more frequently used.