bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oxidative stability of wax esters by thermogravimetric analysis
Authors: Hagemann J. W. , Rothfus J. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractRelative oxidative stabilities of sperm whale oil and eight wax ester preparations were determined by comparing oxygen uptake profiles that had been corrected for ester volatility. Wax esters with unsaturation near the ester bond, even though more volatile, are as stable toward oxidation as those with double bonds near the center of each aliphatic chain.
Quantitative GLC determination of methyl linolenate in the presence of conjugated dienes
Authors: Koritala S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMethyl linolenate and cis,trans conjugated isomers of methyl linoleate are not resolved by gas liquid chromatography because they have the same retention time on polar columns used for separation of methyl ester mixtures. A new column of intermediate polarity made from a mixture of OV‐17 and OV‐225 separated these critical pairs and enabled quantitative determination of methyl linolenate in partially hydrogenated or conjugated esters.
A rapid, quantitative procedure for measuring the unsaponifiable matter from animal, marine, and plant oils
Authors: Maxwell R. J. , Schwartz D. P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA simple, rapid, quantitative procedure for measuring the unsaponifiable matter (USM) in animal, marine and plant oils is described. Saponification is achieved by grinding the oil with potassium hydroxide pellets followed by a short heating period. The resultant soap mixture is then ground together with Celite powder, transferred to a glass column, and the USM is eluted with small amounts of dichloromethane. Good agreement between duplicate determinations was obtained for all oils examined. Values for the USM of 21 different fats and oils are given. Comparison of some of these values was made with those obtained with Official Methods.
The lipids of corn germ and endosperm
Authors: Weber Evelyn J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMature kernels of an inbred corn were hand dissected into germ and endosperm fractions. Among various solvents tested, boiling, water‐saturatedn‐butanol extracted the most lipid from endosperm, and it was used as t h e extracting solvent for both germ and endosperm. The germ contained 78% of the total lipids and the endosperm 17%. The most striking differences in the fatty acid compositions of the triglycerides and polar lipids were higher levels of stearic and linolenic acids in the endosperm lipids. Although precautions were taken during extraction to inactivate lipases, immediately after harvest the free fatty acid level of the total lipids of the whole kernel was 6.5%. Ninety‐five percent of the free fatty acids was in the endosperm fraction where the free fatty acids made up 36.5% of the total lipids. In germ, free fatty acids represented only 0.6% of the total lipids. The individual phospholipid and glycolipid classes of the endosperm and germ lipids were similar except for high levels of lyso compounds in the endosperm lipids. The higher levels of linolenic acid, free fatty acids and lyso lipids in endosperm may affect the keeping quality of the corn grain and of fractions milled from the endosperm.
Alkoxy‐Acyl combinations in the wax esters from winterized sperm whale oil by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry
Authors: Spencer Gayland F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWax esters from winterized sperm whale oil were separated according to degree of unsaturation and then analyzed by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. The combinations of fatty alcohols and acids making up the wax esters of each chain length were determined. Octadecenyl octadecenoate was the most abundant wax ester (14%), followed by octadecenyl hexadecenoate (10%). Over 240 different wax esters were detected and quantitated.
Studies on the fixed oil from the seeds ofAegle marmelos corr.
Authors: Banerjee Anup , Nigam S. S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe fixed oil from the seeds ofAegle marmelos Corr. has been investigated in detail. Palmitic and oleic acids have been found to be the major constituents of the oil followed by linoleic, linolenic and smaller amounts of Stearic acids.
Wool wax alcohols:A review
Authors: Motiuk K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWool wax alcohols consist of aliphatic monoalcohols and alkane 1,2 diols, cholesterol, triterpene alcohols, and small amounts of hydrocarbons and autoxidation products. The monoalcohols and the diols consist of normal, iso and anteiso series. The average composition of the wool wax alcohols is based on data which were published during the past 25 years.
The use of molecular models in evaluating protein and peptide conformations
Authors: Warner Donald T. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA new theoretical conformation of polypeptides and proteins designated as the “hexagonal con‐formation,” which was developed through the use of molecular models, is discussed. The term “hexagonal” applies to the arrangement of the peptide chain O‐atoms since the placement of the polymer backbone used in this conformation re‐sults in a planar hexagonal assignment of these atoms. Fora cyclic hexapeptide, one hexagon of O‐atoms results; for a cyclic decapeptide, two hexagons result; and a protein subunit (e.g., cytochrome C) can form an extensive honeycomb network of hexagons. The coincidence of this network with a similar “second neighbor” oxygen network in water is discussed in relation to the importance of water in biological processes. Several models of complete peptide sequences assembled in the hexagonal conformation are evaluated in detail. It is suggested that in some instances the “reactivity” of these peptides may reside in an ability to disturb resonance patterns of the surrounding water in a precise manner at specific locations. Finally, the foreseeable prob‐lems involved in a uniform application of the “hexagonal concept” are discussed along with the extension of the hexagonal conformation of pro‐teins to cell membrane structures with their lipid bilayers.
Diet, cholesterol metabolism, and atherosclerosis
Authors: Carroll K. K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractEffects of diet on acetate incorporation into cholesterol and fatty acids in liver slices, and on the level of plasma cholesterol, were studied in rats and rabbits. Feeding fats and oils in a com‐mercial diet stimulated acetate incorporation into rat‐liver cholesterol much more than feeding them in a semisynthetic diet. This effect seemed to be specific for cholesterol since incorporation into fatty acids was not similarly affected. High levels of dietary casein inhibited acetate incorporation into both cholesterol and fatty acids. Rat‐liver slices generally incorporated more acetate into cholesterol than rabbit‐liver slices, but incorpora‐tion into fatty acids was often higher in the latter. Rabbit plasma cholesterols were higher on butter diets than on corn oil diets. Further eleva‐tion of plasma cholesterol was observed when casein was added to the butter diet but not when it was added to the corn oil diet. Plasma cho‐lesterols were elevated, and acetate incorporation into liver cholesterol and fatty acids was inhibited in suckling rats and rabbits whereas recently weaned animals gave results similar to those of adults. The inverse relationship between plasma cholesterol level and acetate incorporation into cholesterol may be attributable to feedback con‐trol of liver cholesterol biosynthesis. Other mechanisms which may account for the observed effects of dietary fats and protein on cholesterol metabolism, and the possible relevance of the findings to atherosclerosis, are discussed.
The lipids in pathology of the eye
Authors: Feldman Gerald L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe lipoidal composition of the human eye is frequently altered in the diseased state. Un‐fortunately, most of the literature is unreliable and only recently has adequate methodology been employed to determine the status of the lipids in ocular pathology. The modern studies have been very useful in helping to understand the mech‐anism behind some pathological problems and in a few eases, the lipoidal composition of a tissue has been elucidated and is presented herein for the first time.
Genetics and the lipidoses
Authors: Knudson Alfred G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFormal genetic analyses of family data in cases of errors of lipid metabolism are able to distin‐guish monogenic vs. multigenic and nongenetic disorders. These data, together with population data, provide criteria for the homogeneity of cases which can be useful in the interpretation of biochemical findings. The peculiarly elevated incidence of three main genotypes of sphingo‐lipidoses among Ashkenasic Jews has no reason‐able explanation except for heterozygote selection. This inference has strong implications for the biochemist in that it suggests a) the existence of some biochemical abnormality is common among the heterozygotes for these conditions and b) the utility of such a heterozygote abnormality in the defense of the body against some adverse en‐vironmental stress, such as some specific infectious disease.The detection of heterozygous carriers by bio‐chemical means could be important not only for this reason but also as a means for anticipating marriages which may produce a lethal lipidosis. Finally, as long as preventive measures are either imperfect or not practiced, major attention is directed toward therapy, which in turn requires not only more knowledge of the basic defect but awareness of the fact that such knowledge may not be helpful without the development of more advanced devices than those employed in, for ex‐ample, phenylketonuria or galactosemia. The deep‐seated nature of the presumed lesions in the lipidoses seems to require a different type of corrective measure, such as gene replacement or transformation.
Normal fatty acids in sediments
Authors: Kvenvolden Keith A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractNormal fatty acids have been found by several investigators in a number of sediments ranging in age from Precambrian to Recent. This paper summarizes these occurrences. A variety of molec‐ular distributions have been observed. In most sediments, even‐carbon‐numbered normal fatty acids are much more abundant than those with odd carbon numbers; in some sediments, however, concentrations of even‐ and odd‐carbon‐numbered normal fatty acids are about equal. Normal fatty acids have been postulated as pos‐sible precursors for normal paraffin hydrocarbons in petroleum because of 1) structural similarities between the two kinds of molecules, 2) ubiquity of fatty acids in biological materials, 3) fatty acid‐normal paraffin relationships in sediments, and 4) distribution of normal paraffins in some crude oils. Evidence suggests that normal fatty acids may be precursors for many normal paraffins of intermediate and high molecular weights found in petroleum. Detailed mechanisms of chemical reactions by which normal paraffins can be de‐rived from fatty acids in sediments under geo‐logically reasonable conditions have yet to be defined.
Silicic‐acid column chromatography: Adsorption mechanism and solvent systems
Authors: Hoffmann R. L. , McConnell D. G. , Evans C. D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe relationship between Chromatographic characteristics of silicic‐acid columns and the electrophilicity‐geometry of their absorbed sol‐vent has been investigated. Data show that it is possible to prepare columns of almost identical separation characteristics from a variety of dis‐similar solvents. Consideration must be given to the electron distribution and molecular geom‐etry of the adsorbed solvent with which the sam‐ple components must compete during chroma‐tography.
Silicic acid column chromatography: Parameters for a binary solvent system
Authors: McConnell D. G. , Hoffmann R. L. , Elman G. J. , Evans C. D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe elution characteristics of methanol‐benzene solvent systems were determined by separating a mixture of polar and nonpolar fatty methyl esters by liquid chromatography on silicic acid columns. A series of curves were plotted showing the relationship between the elution volume of each component and methanol concentration of the stationary phase. The resulting graphs serve as a basis for predicting elution conditions for separating other polar materials. Adsorption isotherms were plotted from equilibrium studies of methanol‐benzene systems on silicic acid. Methanol concentrations of the effluents from various columns were determined by refractive index. An abrupt concentration change occurs in the methanol content of the effluent when the mobile solvent is either richer or poorer in methanol than the equilibrated solvent. Elution position of this abrupt change depends upon the concentration of methanol in both the mobile and the stationary phases. The procedure has been rigorously standardized because small variations in the amount of methanol on the column create large differences in elution volumes.
Identification of an amido‐amine component in diethanolamide
Authors: Wittekind Mary Ellen , Benedict J. H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDiethanolamide products made by the con‐densation of diethanolamine and fatty acid are known to contain, in addition to the amide, ex‐cess diethanolamine, fatty acid soap of diethano‐lamine and water. In a recent examination of some amide products, a new amido‐amine com‐pound was isolated and identified. This com‐pound is formed from two moles of diethano‐lamine and one mole of fatty acid and is present at levels as high as 10% of amide product. The amido‐amine was isolated by extraction with isobutanol from an acidic solution of the amide. The structure of this new compound was verified by its chemical reactivity and by in‐strumental analyses. Methods of synthesis were also studied.
Analysis for geometrical and positional isomers of fatty acids in partially hydrogenated fats
Authors: Scholfield C. R. , Vison V. L. Da , Dutton H. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA liquid Chromatographic procedure for frac‐tionation and analysis of methyl esters from fats is described. First, esters are separated by liquid chromatography on a partially vulcanized rubber column into trienoate, dienoate, monoenoate‐palmitate and stearate fractions. The monoenoate‐palmitate fraction is separated by liquid chro‐matography on a silver‐saturated cation exchange resin into palmitate,trans monoenoate and cis monoenoate fractions. Double bond positions intrans and cis monoenoates are located by ozoniza‐tion and gas chromatography of fragments. This separation procedure requires less time and uses simpler apparatus with smaller samples than a previously described method based on counter‐current distribution. Data from analyses of two liquid oils and four shortenings are presented.
Synthesis of vinyl threo‐9, 10‐threo‐12, 13‐tetrahydroxystearates
Authors: O'Donnell John L. , Gast L. E. , Cowan J. C. , DeJarlais W. J. , McManis G. E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMethyl esters from vernonia oil containingcis‐12,13‐epoxy‐cis‐9‐octadecenoate were reacted with acetone in the presence of a boron trifluoride catalyst to yieldtrans‐12,13–0‐isopropylidene‐9‐ene derivative I. Epoxidation of the unsaturation followed by reaction with acetone gave the isomerictrans,trans‐di‐0‐isopropylidene deriva‐tivesIII of 9,10 :12,13‐tetrahydroxystearates. The carboxylic acids of III were converted to vinyl esters and subsequent hydrolysis of the isopropy‐lidene groups with boric acid produced vinylthreo‐9,10threo‐12,13‐tetrahydroxystearates. By the same sequence of reactions monoepoxidized methyl linoleate yielded an optically inactive de‐rivative which had identical refractive index, IR spectrum, and GLC data toIII from vernonia methyl esters.
Alkaline cleavage of hydroxy unsaturated fatty acids and derivatives. II 10‐hydroxydecanoic acid from ricinoleates and 1,10‐decanediol from ricmoleyl alcohol
Authors: Diamond M. J. , Applewhite T. H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe 10‐hydroxydecanoic acid is formed in good yield when raw castor oil or methyl ricinoleate is fused with alkali in the presence of a high‐boiling unhindered primary or secondary alcohol at 185–195C bath temperature. When non‐reducing solvents or hindered alcohols are used, large amounts of sebacic acid form. Iso‐octanol (mixed isomers) is a suitable and potentially economical medium for producing high yields of 10‐hydroxydecanoic acid. Cleavage of ricinoleyl alcohol produces 1,10‐decanediol.
Aromatic Acids of Carnauba Wax
Authors: Vandenburg L. E. , Wilder E. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCinnamic acid withpara‐hydroxy andpara‐methoxy substitution has been isolated from carnauba wax in a yield of about 5%. Thepara‐hydroxycinnamic acid accounts for approximately 75% of the total aromatic acids. These hitherto unreported aromatic acids occur predominantly as part of a polymerizable diester of approximate average molecular weight 1025. Certain properties of carnauba wax are believed to be due to the presence of about 30% of these diesters. Except for trace amounts, no significant quantities of these aromatic acids could be isolated in the free state from the whole wax.
An evaluation of the oxidative and flavor stability of stored soybean oils
Authors: Baumann L. A. , McConnell D. G. , Moser Helen A. , Evans C. D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractResults of 4‐year storage tests are reported for crude and refined soybean oils held in 50‐gal drums under conditions simulating field tank operations. Once‐refined oils stored in filled drums without breathers showed lower peroxide values and lower dimer contents than oil stored in full drums with breathers. Refined oils in half‐filled drums exhibited higher storage temperatures and, consequently, higher peroxide values and dimer contents than any other storage condition. Nondegummed and degummed crude oils held in drum storage had lower peroxide values and lower dimer contents than refined oils stored under similar conditions. Relationships are significant not only between storage peroxide values and dimer contents, but also each of these with flavor scores. Evidently, stored crude or stored refined soybean oils with peroxide values under 60 could be deodorized to produce salad‐grade oils with initial flavor quality equal to that of oils processed from stocks having considerably lower initial peroxide values. The relative rate of peroxide increase for field tank storage can be estimated from linear regression analysis on data from stor‐age of soybean oil in drums. Once‐refined soybean oil held under large field tank storage conditions would not be expected to reach peroxide levels of 60 until after 3–4 years, even in warm areas.
Computer determination of all individual structures of triglyceride molecules of fats and oils: II
Authors: Koman V. , Kot′uc J. , Csicsayova M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractComputer determination of all the individual structures of triglyceride molecules (ISTM) with re‐spect to the present criteria as well as the number of double bonds in triglyceride molecules of fats and oils is described. In addition to the transformation of the combinational AAA …. ABC types of triglyceride molecules into their corresponding ISTM, the ISTM can also be obtained from the aligned sum SSS …. UUU structural types of triglyceride mole‐cules of fats and oils.
Nutritional and metabolic studies of noncyclic dimeric fatty acid methyl esters in the rat
Authors: Perkins Edward G. , Taubold Richard 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMethyl esters of noncyclic dimeric fatty acids were prepared by fractionation of the crude product ob‐tained by heating a mixture of methyl oleate and di‐fert‐butyl peroxide for 48 hr at 130 C in a high pressure reactor. Rats fed diets containing less than 1% of the noncyclic dimer methyl ester showed no significant difference in growth, feed efficiency, and liver size, from those fed nutritionally adequate diets. The14C‐labeled dimer was also synthesized and administered to rats via gastric intubation. The results indicated that an average of 85% of the radioactivity was recoverable from the gastrointestinal tract and feces within 48 hr of administration and that such an amount was not absorbed by the rat. Within a 48 hr period ca. 5% of the14C was recovered in the expired CO2 and about 1% in the urine. Prefeeding rats diets containing dimer did not appear to influence the metabolism of either dimer or methyl oleate.
Surfactants as replacements for natural lipids in bread baked from defatted wheat flour
Authors: Chung O. K. , Pomeranz Y. , Finney K. F. , Shogren M. P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPetroleum ether (PE) extracted 1.00% total free lipids (0.70% nonpolar and 0.30% polar) and 2‐propanol (PrOH) extracted 1.36% total free and bound lipids (0.73% nonpolar and 0.63% polar) from wheat flour; the lipid fractions were characterized by thin layer chromatography. PE‐ or PrOH‐defatted flours were baked after reconstitution with total, nonpolar, or polar wheat flour lipids; or with equivalent amounts of nonionic sucrose monopalmitate (SMP), ethoxylated monoglycerides (EMG) — each with a hydrophile‐lipophile balance (HLB) of 14.0 or anionic sodium stearoyl‐2‐lactylate (SSL) — with an HLB value of 9.0. Defatted flours supplemented with surfactants alone or in combination with wheat flour lipids were used in bread with no‐shortening and with 3%‐shortening. The importance of the polar flour lipids in breadmaking was verified. The lipids in wheat flour were essential for maximizing the beneficial effects of shortening on breadmaking quality. Nonionic SMP or EMG completely replaced both PE‐extractable wheat flour free total lipids (or their non‐polar or polar fractions) and 3% shortening; nonionic surfactants with high HLB were better than the anionic SSL for replacing free flour lipids. No surfactant completely replaced unfractionated PrOH‐extracted lipids (free + bound) and shortening or total polar flour lipids (free + bound). All surfactants, especially anionic SSL, added with PrOH‐extracted polar lipids improved the overall bread‐making properties of the PrOH‐defatted flour both in the absence and in the presence of shortening.
Analytical techniques in food emulsifiers
Authors: Dieffenbacher Albrecht , Bracco Umberto 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAfter reviewing some problems arising in the analysis of food emulsifiers, we describe an analytical technique to detect most of them. The analytical method is based on the following procedure: (a) extraction of total lipids from food with a mixture of chloroform‐methanol; (b) removal of nonpolar lipids from the lipidic extract by column chromatography with an elution media based on petroleum ether‐ethyl ether mixtures; (c) thin layer chromatographic identification of the polar lipids extracted from foods. The validity of the method has been practically checked on some emulsifier‐based foods, i.e., chocolates, toppings, ice creams, and whippable creams.
Sterol lipids in finger millet(Eleusine coracana)
Authors: Mahadevappa V. G. , Raina P. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractNeutral lipids, glycolipids, and phospholipids (1.3%, 0.25%, and 0.10% of seed weight) were isolated from the total lipids (chloroform‐methanol) of finger millet seeds(Eleusine coracana), and four sterol‐containing lipids further isolated from neutral and glycolipids by preparative column and thin layer chromatography. On seed weight, these comprised: free sterols (S) 0.091%, sterol esters (SE) 0.013%, sterol glycosides (SG) 0.025%, acyl sterol glycosides (ASG) 0.020%, and total 0.149%. The major fatty acids, totaling 85–90%, were the same in both esterified sterols, but the proportions varied: 16:0, 18:1, and 18:2 comprising 24, 49, and 17% in SE (calculated iodine value 75) and 43, 36, and 7% in ASG (calculated iodine value 46). All four sterol lipids contained 80–84% of β‐sitosterol, the remainder being stigmasterol. The only sugar in SG and ASG was D‐glucose. It is deduced that the major representative species are: SE, β‐sitosterol oleate/palmitate; SG, β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐(l → 3)‐β‐sitosterol; and ASG, 6–0‐palmitoyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐(l → 3)‐β‐sitosterol.