bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Athapaskan Migration via the Intermontane Region
Authors: Betty H. , Huscher Harold A. 
Published: April 2006

Circular or sub-rectangular stone structures, often with dry-laid masonry walls and characteristically built in prominent locations, have been reported from sites ranging from the Plains across New Mexico and Arizona as far as California. West of the Rocky Mountains they have been reported from the Paradox Valley east of the La Sal Mountains, and several writers have noted comparable structures in northeastern Utah, sometimes standing alone and sometimes in supposed association with Puebloid remains.Recent survey by the Colorado Museum of Natural History has shown the occurrence of hogan-like structures falling in this same classification, in the Rockies from the San Luis Valley on the south, where one site already had been reported but classed with tipi rings, across the Gunnison and Colorado drainages as far north as the headwaters of the White River.
The Claypool Site: A Cody Complex Site in Northeastern Colorado
Authors: Dick Herbert W. , Mountain Bert 
Published: April 2006

AbstractEden and Scottsbluff points and Cody knives were found in situ in a sand deposit with an estimated geological age of 10,000 to 7000 years. Numerous other Cody complex artifacts from the surface of the site are described. Fragmentary remains of a mammoth in a marl bed are stratigraphically older than the Cody artifacts.
More on Wood Hardening by Fire
Authors: Evans Oren F. 
Published: April 2006

On page 179 of American Antiquity for October 1956, Aaron J. Cosner describes some experiments on the fire hardening of wood. Perhaps, in this connection, the following experience may be of interest.During my boyhood in Michigan, corn was harvested entirely by hand. In the process we always used a husking peg to remove the husks from the ears.
European Knife Handles at Pecos—A Correction
Authors: Kidder A. V. 
Published: April 2006

It seems somewhat tardy to set right a mistake made 24 years ago, especially as I learned that it was one not very long after. But better late than never.The matter concerns some tubular carved bone objects I published in Artifacts of Pecos, page 263, and Figure 220. I was at a loss as to their use, but said that although I had no clue to their exact period, one was certainly prehistoric.
Two Masterpieces of Middle American Bone Sculpture
Authors: Dixon Keith A. 
Published: April 2006

Two magnificent works of art, in the form of carved human bones, have recently been discovered in archaeological excavations in southernmost Mexico. The sculptures are noteworthy for several reasons.First, they are in themselves masterful works of craftsmanship. Few bone carvings approaching these in composition or technique have ever been found in Middle America. Second, works of art of such quality have not until now been reported from this region of central Chiapas in southern Mexico, an area just beginning to be known archaeologically.
A Ball Court Located on the San Pedro River in Southeastern Arizona
Authors: Dipeso Charles C. 
Published: April 2006

The Amerind Foundation, Inc. spent the first three weeks of December, 1948, excavating a ball court at the archaeological site of Arizona:BB:15:3, which is located in Cochise County, Sec. 20, T15S, R20E. The actual village area is located on the west bank of the San Pedro River twenty-two miles north of the city of Benson at an approximate elevation of 3300 feet.The ball court was located in the north half of the village on a terrace some forty feet above the river channel. It appeared as a shallow but conspicuous oval depression which was overgrown with mesquite trees and other desert flora of the Sonoran plateau type. Fortunately the court had not been disturbed by any previous excavations nor by erosion (Fig. 86, a).
Ancestor of Pottery?
Authors: Howard Agnes McClain 
Published: April 2006

The state of Durango, Mexico, is situated almost in the middle of the Sierra Madre Occidental. Nearly the entire state is rocky and mountainous and there are fairly large areas which are almost inaccessible though there are numerous fertile valleys which serve to produce the grain and herbage for the cattle which are important in the economy of the state. In the mountains and in the valleys may be found abundant evidence of the activities of man over what was likely a rather long period of time; there is evidence of what appear to be several rather diverse cultures though relatively little archaeological study has been made of these cultures thus far.In the mountains in the vicinity of Mezquital some 50 miles to the south of the city of Durango are numerous caves and rockshelters. It was in one of these caves that the writer discovered a bowl (Fig. 61) which conceivably may have been an “ancestor” of true pottery.
A Quarter Century of Growth in American Archaeology
Authors: Johnson Frederick 
Published: April 2006

AbstractTo introduce papers presented at a celebration of the 25th annual meeting of The Society for American Archaeology the development of New World archaeology is very broadly and briefly summarized. Expanding knowledge of culture areas and taxonomic systems is traced. The development of salvage archaeology in reservoir areas, along roads and oil pipelines is mentioned. There is an account of the development of various types of relative chronologies in the several areas and comment upon the significance of the introduction of radiocarbon dates. Special mention is made of the possible solution of the question of correlating Mayan and Julian calendars.
A Lodge Borrowing from Watson
Authors: Staton Walter F. 
Published: April 2006

It has previously been supposed that Lodge rendered in English Des Portes’ sonnet 34 from Diane, Book 1, twice. In the present paper I shall show that the first of these renderings was based on a madrigal in Watson's The First Sett of Italian Madrigalls Englished and shall try to interpret this fact.Des Portes’ sonnet reads as follows:Celuy que l'Amour range à son commandementChange de jour en jour de façon differente;Helas! j'en ay bien fait mainte preuve apparente,Ayant esté par luy changé diversement.
An Italian Source for Wyatt's Madame, withouten many wordes
Authors: Newman Joel 
Published: April 2006

Sir Thomas Wyatt's poetry has evoked wide disagreement among critics; even Wyatt studies seem conducive to scholarly scuffling. Back in 1908 and 1909, a lively controversy took place over the question of priority of French or Italian influence on the poet. The excitement has long since died down, but the question may be reopened by the small finding which this note reports.Wyatt's well-known douzaine, Madame, withouten many wordes, was found by A. K. Foxwell to have a French source, with ‘some lines which are an exact translation of St. Gelais’ douzaine, S'amour vous a donne un cueur en gage’. Although this view has not been challenged before, a much likelier candidate for Wyatt's model is an Italian poem, Madonna, non so dir tante parole. This poem has been known to students of the Italian madrigal because it was set by one of the pioneer madrigalists, Phillip Verdelot.
The Ancestry of Aldus Manutius
Authors: Gerulaitis Leonardas V. 
Published: April 2006

Of the many fifteenth-century printers, none is better known than Aldus Manutius, and rightfully so, because few of his contemporaries could match him in the excellence of his craft and none in his humanistic endeavors. Therefore, it is not at all surprising that his activities at Venice have been carefully investigated and reported by scores of competent scholars. Yet his early years, and especially his ancestry, have remained obscure.The majority of present-day scholars, when confronted with the problem of Aldus' ancestry, either admit defeat, or tacitly avoid the subject. Some venture to make exaggerated claims on insufficient evidence, no doubt spurred by local patriotism, in order to bring glory to their native place. But to my knowledge nobody has provided documented proof for Aldus' ancestry, even though the direction of inquiry had already been set forth by Enrico Lambiasi in 1911.
A ‘Sixain’ of Four-Line Stanzas
Authors: Huttar Charles A. 
Published: April 2006

A curious and perhaps unique use in English of the word. sixain may be observed in a book published in 1561, fourteen years before the earliest citation of the word in the OED. Among the preliminaries (sig. A4r-v) of an English translation from Henry Bullinger, A Hundred Sermons upon the Apocalips (STC 4061) is found a poem of twenty-six four-line stanzas with the heading ‘A Sixain touching the contentes of thys booke.’ As a sample I quote the first two of these stanzas and the last:Who list to moue his lippes,and hereon loke and rede:In thys Apocalyppes,these thynge shall fynde in dede.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Bowman William D. 
Published: April 2006

Book reviewed in this issue.Pearcy, R. W., Ehleringer, J., Mooney, H. A. & Rundel P. W. (eds.) 1989. Plant Physiological Ecology. Field Methods and Instrumentation. 457 pp. Chapman and Hall, London and New York. ISBN 0–412–23230–8. Price: USD 110.‐.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Lertzman Ken 
Published: April 2006

Book reviewed in this issue.Klinka, K., Krajina, V. J., Ceska, A. & Scagel, A. M. Indicator plants of coastal British Columbia. 1989. 288 pp. The University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver, B.C. ISBN 0–7748–0321–5. Paperback. Price: GBP 29.55.
Metheds of Teaching Modern Languages
Authors: Kroeh Charles F. 
Published: April 2006

One of the most interesting subjects of study to the concientious teacher is that of methods of instruction. It is indispensable to his success that he should be familiar with all existing methods, so that he may intelligently choose that one, or that combination, which is best suited to his peculiar conditions. Generally the age of the pupils, the time allotted for instruction in Modern Languages, and the place these occupy in the curriculum—by which I mean the object of studying them—are beyond our control. Modern Languages are studied, for example,1.As an accomplishment.2.Because other schools offer them, and with no special ulterior object, or with a vague idea of some intellectual benefit.3.To serve the purposes of a summer trip abroad.4.As a means of improvement in the use of one's native tongue.5.For general culture obtainable by reading foreign literature.6.For philological research or amusement.7.For acquiring the ability to consult foreign scientific and technical publications.8.For business correspondence.9.Because business, family, or friendly relations bring with them personal intercourse with foreigners.10.To teach them.
Effect of Impeller Blade Height on the Drop Size Distribution in Agitated Dispersions
Authors: Naseef H. , Soultan A. , Stamatoudis M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA common method to achieve a contact of two liquid phases – required for many chemical engineering operations – is the dispersion of one into the other by mechanical agitation. The drop size distribution in such an agitated dispersion is a result of the dynamic equilibrium existing between the breaking and coalescing drops. A comparison has been made of drop diameters produced by four disk type impellers differing only in blade height (DW = 1, 2, 4 and 6 cm). Measurements in situ at 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450 rpm and at holdup fractions 0.02, 0.05, and 0.07, showed that the Sauter mean drop diameters increased up to 140 % as the impeller blade height decreased from 6 to 1 cm. Plots of ln α32 vs. ln N, lnα32 vs. ln DT and ln α32 vs. ln αmax gave straight lines.
On the realization of current transfer function using voltage amplifiers
Authors: Raut R. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractCurrent transfer function is a feature of current‐mode filters. Current‐mode filters have so far been realized principally using current amplifiers and current conveyors. Some current‐mode filter architecture using operational amplifiers have also been reported. In this article it is shown that by using the principles of transposed network and nullor model for the active device, a current transfer function can be realized in a very simple way using a voltage amplifier, i.e. operational amplifier (OA). The key concept is the knowledge that each ideal (i.e. infinite gain) controlled source is exactly equivalent to a nullor. Thus, a voltage‐mode filter implemented using an ideal three terminal (output, input and ground) OA can be very easily converted to a current‐mode filter using the same OA. The principle has been illustrated by considering single‐OA‐ and multi‐OA‐based second‐order voltage‐mode filters. SPICE simulation results are provided to validate the theoretical concept. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DX5+NKT cells induce the death of colitis‐associated cells: involvement of programmed death ligand‐1
Authors: Hornung Matthias , Farkas Stefan A. , Sattler Christine , Schlitt Hans J. , Geissler Edward K. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractNKT cells are activated by CD1d and show an immune regulating function. Here, we investigated whether DX5+NKT cells could be used to reduce colitis in a chronic colitis mouse model and studied the potential immunological mechanisms involved. Chronic colitis was induced either by transfer of enriched CD62L+CD4+ T cells to severe‐combined‐immunodeficient mice or by feeding dextran sodium sulfate to immune competent mice. DX5+NKT cells were transferred to mice with chronic colitis. Co‐transfer of DX5+NKT cells, but not CD8+ control cells, prevented the onset of colitis, and the immune regulatory effect of DX5+NKT cells was completely abrogated by injecting CD1d blocking antibody. Moreover, DX5+NKT cells reduced established colitis in both chronic colitis models. In vitro, DX5+NKT cells induced cell death of colon‐infiltrating lymphocytes isolated from diseased mice. This effect was inhibited in the presence of either anti‐CD1d or anti‐programmed death ligand‐1 (PD‐L1) blocking antibodies. The specific potency of DX5+NKT cells in regulating chronic colitis in two mouse models is demonstrated. In vitro testing suggests that DX5+NKT cells activated by CD1d induce cell death of colitis‐inducing lymphocytes, which is mediated through PD‐L1. Therefore, DX5+NKT cells could be important in the regulation of immune responses associated with chronic colitis.
On the Escape Transition of a Tethered Gaussian Chain; Exact Results in Two Conjugate Ensembles
Authors: Skvortsov Alexander M. , Klushin Leonid I. , Leermakers Frans A. M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSummary: Upon compression between two pistons an end‐tethered polymer chain undergoes an abrupt transition from a confined coil state to an inhomogeneous flower‐like conformation that is partially escaped from the gap. In the thermodynamic limit the system demonstrates a first‐order phase transition. A rigorous analytical theory of this phenomenon for a Gaussian chain is presented in two ensembles: a) the H‐ensemble, in which the distance H between pistons plays the role of the control parameter, and b) the conjugate f‐ensemble in which the external compression force f is the independent parameter. A loop region for 〈f(H)〉 with negative compressibility exists in the H‐ensemble, while in the f‐ensemble 〈H(f)〉 is strictly monotonic. The average lateral forces taken as functions of H (or 〈H〉, respectively) have distinctly different behavior in the two ensembles. This result is a clear counterexample of the main principles of statistical mechanics stating that all ensembles are equivalent in the thermodynamic limit. Another theorem states that the thermodynamic potential as a function of volume must be concave everywhere. We demonstrated that the exact free energy in the H‐ensemble contradicts this statement. Inapplicability of these fundamental theorems to a macromolecule undergoing the escape transition is clearly related to the fact that phase coexistence in the present system is strictly impossible. This is a direct consequence of the tethering and the absence of global translational degrees of freedom of the polymer chain.
Proteomic analysis of liver tissues subjected to early ischemia/reperfusion injury during human orthotopic liver transplantation
Authors: Vascotto Carlo , Cesaratto Laura , D'Ambrosio Chiara , Scaloni Andrea , Avellini Claudio , Paron Igor , Baccarani Umberto , Adani Gian Luigi , Tiribelli Claudio , Quadrifoglio Franco , Tell Gianluca 
Published: April 2006

AbstractKnowledge of early molecular events occurring upon ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) during liver transplantation (LT) is of great importance to improve the therapeutic intervention of surgical treatment. However, nowadays, few data are available on early protein targets of I/R injury. To identify these proteins, we used a differential proteomics approach in the characterization human liver biopsies during I/R upon LT. Analyses were performed on nine donor livers during LT. By using 2‐DE and MALDI‐TOF MS, we identified 36 proteins which resulted significantly altered upon I/R injury. The majority of these proteins are functionally involved in lipid and energy metabolism, in different metabolic pathways, in redox signalling and in oxidative‐stress response. Our data represent the first global approach in the study of I/R injury in liver.
Dead Zones in LX‐17 and PBX 9502
Authors: Souers P. Clark , Andreski Henry G. , Batteux Jan , Bratton Brad , Cabacungan Chris , Cook Charles F. , Fletcher Sabrina , Garza Raul , Grimsley Denise , Handly Jeff , Hernandez Andy , McMaster Pat , Molitoris John D. , Palmer Rick , Prindiville Jim , Rodriguez John , Schneberk Dan , Wong Bradley , Vitello Peter 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPin and X‐ray corner turning data have been taken on ambient LX‐17 and PBX 9052, and the results are listed in tables as an aid to future modeling. The results have been modeled at 4 zones/mm with a reactive flow approach that varies the burn rate as a function of pressure. A single rate format is used to simulate failure and detonation in different pressure regimes. A pressure cut‐off must also be reached to initiate the burn. Corner turning and failure are modeled using an intermediate pressure rate region, and detonation occurs at high pressure. The TATB booster is also modeled using reactive flow, and X‐ray tomography is used to partition the ram‐pressed hemisphere into five different density regions. The model reasonably fits the bare corner turning experiment but predicts a smaller dead zone with steel confinement, in contradiction with experiment. The same model also calculates the confined and unconfined cylinder detonation velocities and predicts the failure of the unconfined cylinder at 3.75 mm radius. The PBX 9502 shows a smaller dead zone than LX‐17. An old experiment that showed a large apparent dead zone in Composition B was repeated with X‐ray transmission and no dead zone was seen. This confirms the idea that a variable burn rate is the key to modeling. The model also produces initiation delays, which are shorter than those found in time‐to‐detonation.
Atomic force microscopy and nanoindentation of cement pastes with nanotube dispersions
Authors: Sáez de Ibarra Y. , Gaitero J. J. , Erkizia E. , Campillo I. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSince their discovery in 1991 by Iijima [1], carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have probably become the most promising nanomaterials due to their unique mechanical, electronic and chemical properties. Our aim is to improve the mechanical properties of cement pastes by the addition of CNTs, giving rise to a new and higher‐performance composite material. To reach an efficient cement‐based composite with nanotubes, we have studied the addition of different CNT concentrations in the mix design in order to obtain enhanced mechanical properties with respect to plain cement pastes. We have measured the micro‐hardness and Young's modulus of the composites by nanoindenting with a sharp diamond three‐sided pyramidal tip mounted on an Atomic Force Microscope probe. These measurements have been correlated with the average macroscopic Young's modulus. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Continentalic acid from Aralia continentalis shows activity against methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Jeong Seung‐Il , Han Wan‐Soo , Yun Yeon‐Hee , Kim Kang‐Ju 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn a continuing search for compounds with antibacterial activity against methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), a chloroform extract of roots of Aralia continentalis was found to contain continentalic acid (CA, C20H30O2), a diterpenic acid. This compound exhibited potent activity against standard methicillin‐susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) as well as clinical isolates of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). It was determined that continentalic acid had minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of approximately 8–16 µg/mL against S. aureus, including the MSSA and MRSA standard strains. Therefore, the results obtained in this study suggest that continentalic acid might have potential as an adjunct in the treatment of antibiotic‐resistant bacteria. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Current Developments in Michael Addition‐Based Multicomponent Domino Reactions Involving 1,3‐Dicarbonyls and Derivatives
Authors: Liéby‐Muller Frédéric , Simon Céline , Constantieux Thierry , Rodriguez Jean 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe aim of this mini‐review is to present an overview of the high synthetic potential of Multicomponent Reactions (MCRs) involving the specific reactivity of easily accessible 1,3‐dicarbonyl derivatives. The present contribution only focuses on sequences in which the first step consists of a Michael addition. Recent developments of these new useful methodologies valuable for the selective construction of highly functionalized heterocycles of high synthetic value are surveyed.
A Prospective Longitudinal Study of Phonological Development in Late Talkers
Authors: Williams A. Lynn , Elbert Mary 
Published: April 2006

Purpose:This study involved prospective longitudinal data on 5 late talkers to provide information about the course of phonological development in order to identify possible predictors of delayed versus deviant development.Method:Five children (3 boys, 2 girls) were identified as late talkers and divided into a younger group and an older group. Each child was followed monthly for 10 to 12 months (22–33 months for the younger group and 30–42 months for the older group). Two types of monthly language samples (free play and elicited) were obtained to describe the individual courses of phonological development for each child. Independent and relational analyses were completed at each age to describe word-initial and word-final phonetic inventories, syllable structure, syllable diversity, percentage of consonants correct (PCC), sound variability, and error patterns.Results:The results indicated that 3 of the children resolved their late onset of speech by 33 to 35 months of age. In addition to quantitative factors, (e.g., limited phonetic inventory, lower PCC, and more sound errors), qualitative variables (e.g., atypical error patterns, greater sound variability, and slower rate of resolution) also were identified as potential markers of long-term phonological delay.Clinical Implications:This study provides information to clinicians so they can identify those children who are less likely to resolve their late onset of phonological development without direct intervention. Procedures are described for assessing early linguistic behaviors that incorporate independent and relational analyses on more extensive speech samples (elicited and free play). From these analyses, clinicians can examine quantitative and qualitative variables to differentiate phonological delay from deviance.