bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Network assesses earthquake potential in Italy's southern Alps
Authors: Battaglia Maurizio , Zuliani David , Pascutti Davide , Michelini Alberto , Marson Iginio , Murray Mark H. , Bürgmann Roland 
Published: October 2006

On 6 May 1976, a magnitude 6.4 earthquake struck the Friuli region of northeastern Italy near the towns of Gemona and Venzone. Although it was not as large as some previous earthquakes in Italy, its severe ground motion (up to 0.36 g) affected an area with numerous historical towns, resulting in 989 fatalities and 45,000 people left homeless. At least four other destructive earthquakes with epicentral intensity greater than or equal to IX on the Mercalli‐Cancani‐Sieberg scale have occurred in the Friuli region in the last 5 centuries (1511, 1700, 1794, and 1928) [Slejko et al., 1999].To better understand the seismic hazards of this vulnerable area, a network of continuously operating Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers—the Friuli Regional Deformation Network (FReDNet)—was installed to monitor the regional distribution of crustal deformation (Figure 1).
Reply to “Comment on “Should Memphis build for California's earthquakes?” From A.D. Frankel”]
Authors: Stein Seth , Tomasello Joseph , Newman Andrew 
Published: October 2006

Carl Sagan observed that “extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence.” In our view, A.D. Frankel's arguments (see accompanying Comment piece) do not reach the level required to demonstrate the counter‐intuitive propositions that the earthquake hazard in the New Madrid Seismic Zone (NMSZ) is comparable to that in coastal California, and that buildings should be built to similar standards.This interchange is the latest in an ongoing debate beginning with Newman et al.'s [1999a] recommendation, based on analysis of Global Positioning System and earthquake data, that Frankel et al.'s [1996] estimate of California‐level seismic hazard for the NMSZ should be reduced. Most points at issue, except for those related to the costs and benefits of the proposed new International Building Code 2000, have already been argued at length by both sides in the literature [e.g.,Schweig et al., 1999; Newman et al., 1999b, 2001; Cramer, 2001]. Hence,rather than rehash these points, we will try here to provide readers not enmeshed in this morass with an overview of the primary differences between our view and that of Frankel.
Uncertain Science… Uncertain World
Authors: Lempert Robert 
Published: October 2006

Why doesn't society act in the face of overwhelming evidence that human influences are changing the Earth's climate? Henry Pollack devotes his book, Uncertain Science… Uncertain World, to addressing one important reason. Much about climate science is highly uncertain, he argues; and as a general rule, most well‐educated citizens don't understand the nature of scientific uncertainty. Thus, they have difficulty understanding competing claims made by advocates in the policy debate and in internalizing the extent of the problem.A distinguished professor of geophysics at the University of Michigan, as well as a participant in many public debates involving science, Pollack aims to help lay readers understand the role of uncertainty in science. “In making comparisons and analogies with uncertainties that exist in science and everyday life,” he writes, “my goal is to help readers to understand and accommodate scientific uncertainties in much the same way that they deal with other uncertainties in life.”
Bush administration releases Climate Science Plan
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

The Bush Administration's final version of its climate change research plan, issued on 24 July, is an ambitious and long‐awaited document which promises to guide the government's science efforts for the next decade.The Climate Change Science Program Strategic Plan establishes five overall goals for the next decade, including improving knowledge of the planet's past and present climate and environment, reducing uncertainty of climate projections, and understanding the sensitivity and adaptability of ecosystems and human systems to global change.
U.S. states predict water shortages
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Thirty‐six U.S. states anticipate suffering water shortages under normal water conditions within the next 10 years, state water managers indicated in a survey released by the U.S. General Accounting Office (GAO) on 9 July.The report to Congress, entitled, “Freshwater Supply: States' Views of How Federal Agencies Could Help them Meet the Challenges of Expected Shortages,” is the first comprehensive national assessment of water availability and use since a 1978 report by the U.S. Water Resources Council.
Tectonic Evolution of the Bering Shelf‐Chukchi Sea‐Arctic Margin and Adjacent Landmasses, Special Paper 360
Authors: Bartley John M. 
Published: October 2006

Tectonic study of continental orogens involves distilling knowledge about lithospheric processes from a relatively small number of geologically intricate, unique examples. Thus, we may anticipate that each example has something to teach us, and, conversely, that there is scientific value in advancing knowledge of every example. From this perspective, GSA Special Paper 360 represents a significant contribution.Tectonic Evolution of the Bering Shelf‐Chukchi Sea‐Arctic Margin and Adjacent Landmasses promises and delivers a great deal of new or newly compiled data pertinent to regional tectonics of the western Arctic. Owing to its geographic remoteness and severe climate, this area has heretofore been poorly known. Data presented range from seismic reflection profiles to metamorphic thermobarometry from isotopic geochronology to biostratigraphy from petrochemistry to paleomagnetism,from regional seismotectonics to geologic maps.
MODIS detects oil spills in Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela
Authors: Hu Chuanmin , Müller‐Karger Frank E. , Taylor Charles (Judd) , Myhre Douglas , Murch Brock , Odriozola Ana L. , Godoy Gonzalo 
Published: October 2006

Starting December 2002, the oil industry operating in and around Lake Maracaibo in Venezuela suffered a series of accidents (Figure 1). Fires, the sinking of two barges, rupture of oil pipelines, spills from floating oil storage and transfer stations, and malfunctioning of oil extraction platforms led to extensive oil spills. Local and federal Venezuelan government oil industry experts directly observed the series of spills from aircraft, helicopter, and various surface vessels. The spills were recorded in December by official photography and video of leaking infrastructure, and unofficial recordings continued in January and February 2003 (http://wwwcomlago.com.ve/fotosvideos. html).These surveys did not provide sufficient spatial or temporal coverage to assess the magnitude, area covered, or duration of the spills. Clear images of the spill were captured with NASAs Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), however. MODIS is effectively a sophisticated digital camera launched aboard the Terra satellite in December 1999, and aboard the Aqua satellite in April 2002 [Esaias et al., 1998; http://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov]. Its medium‐resolution bands (250 and 500 m resolution) are available to the public, and have great potential in coastal monitoring. This article demonstrates how MODIS can provide basic and critical assessments of oil spills.
Comment on “When Earth's freezer door is left ajar”
Authors: Alley Richard B. 
Published: October 2006

As a glaciologist, I wish I could believe Hezi Gildor's [2003] provocative Forum article, that warming favors ice growth up to rather high temperatures, and that the future may hold more beautiful glaciers for my colleagues and me to study. Unfortunately far too much evidence indicates that warming will reduce the extent of ice on Earth, and has done so under a wide range of past conditions, including the ice age cycling of the Pleistocene [e.g., Rahmstorf, 2002].For most of the Earth's glaciers today, accumulation of snowfall in colder places is removed primarily by melting in warmer places. Anything that affects either accumulation or melting, including temperature, precipitation, cloud cover, relative humidity wind speed, debris cover, seasonality of these, and more, can affect glacier balance, as can a host of ice‐flow processes [e.g., Paterson, 1994; Oerlemans, 2001].
GEOTRACES: Studying the global marine biogeochemistry of trace elements and isotopes
Authors: Frank Martin , Jeandel Catherine , Anderson Robert F. , Henderson Gideon , Francois Roger , Sharma Mukul 
Published: October 2006

There is a growing international interest among geochemists and oceanographers in building a coordinated global study of the marine biogeochemical cycles of selected trace elements and isotopic tracers. This is reflected by the increasing numbers of contributions to corresponding special sessions at meetings such as the 2001 AGU Fall Meeting, the 2002 Goldschmidt Meeting, and the 2003 European Geophysical Union Annual Meeting. With support from the U.S. National Science Foundation's Chemical Oceanography program, the Centre National de Recherche Scientifique in France, the University Paul Sabatier, and the Observatoire Midi‐Pyrénées, an international planning workshop was recently held to define the scientific goals for such a global study.Eighty‐five scientists from 15 nations representing fields as diverse as physical oceanography, dynamic and biogeochemical ocean modeling, ocean geochemistry, and paleoceanography attended the workshop. There was a broad consensus recognizing the need for a coordinated research effort in the spirit of the 1970s Geochemical Ocean Sections Study (GEOSECS) program, which led to fundamental advances in the understanding of ocean circulation and biogeochemical cycles. Dramatic advances have been made in a nalytical techniques, chemical sensors, and modeling since the days of GEOSECS, but progress in understanding the global biogeochemical cycles of trace elements and their isotopes has been limited by the lack of a large‐scale coordinated effort. Workshop participants enthusiastically endorsed the development of such a program, for which the name GEOTRACES was adopted.
Jurassic dipole low defined from land and sea data
Authors: McElhinny Michael W. , Larson Roger L. 
Published: October 2006

Estimates of the Earth's magnetic dipole moment through geologic time have been obtained using paleo‐intensities determined from igneous rocks. These measurements, normalized by conversion to virtual dipole moments (VDMs), were used by Prévot et al. [1990] to suggest there was an extended period named the ‘Mesozoic Dipole Low’ (MDL) from about 180 Ma to about 135 Ma. Subsequent reviews of the paleo‐intensity data appeared to indicate a minimum of about one‐third of the Cenozoic value occurred between about 180 and 120 Ma [Kono and Tanaka, 1995; Perrin and Shcherbakov, 1997].Recently there has been considerable debate regarding the existence of the MDL from those who have both made and reviewed more recent paleo‐intensity determinations [Selkin and Tauxe, 2000; Heller et al., 2002; Goguitchaichvili et al., 2002; Biggin and Thomas, 2003; Thomas and Biggin, 2003]. None of these authors has used or discussed the evidence available from marine magnetic anomalies, although McElhinny and McFadden [2000] pointed out that the minimum in this proposed MDL could be seen also in the marine magnetic anomaly record from the Jurassic Quiet Zone (JQZ). The JQZ is defined by a factor‐of‐four decrease in anomaly amplitudes with increasing age from about anomaly M19 (˜144 Ma) in the Pacific [Larson and Hilde, 1975; Cande et al., 1978].
Report lays out initial hazard risk reduction priorities
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

A new Bush administration report on disaster vulnerability provides an initial set of priorities for natural and technological hazard risk reduction efforts, an overview of hazards facing the U.S., and a review of current mitigation efforts.Among the priorities identified by the 27 August report is that the U.S. should leverage scientific knowledge of natural and technological hazards to help address terrorism events and homeland security goals.
assessing contributions of jgofs; previewing Studies in Ocean Ecology, Biogeochemistry
Authors: Steinberg Deborah K. , Ducklow Hugh W. , Buesseler Ken O. , Bowles Margaret C. 
Published: October 2006

Despite impediments to travel imposed by global political and health concerns, 332 scientists and students from 32 countries gathered in Washington, D.C. in early May to celebrate the conclusion of the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS), and to assess both its accomplishments and the future course of research in ocean ecology and biogeochemistry.Launched in 1987 under the auspices of the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR), JGOFS became the first core project of the International Geosphere‐Biosphere Programme (IGBP) 2 years later as its first field studies were getting underway. Global in scope and multinational and interdisciplinary from its inception, JGOFS adopted two major goals: to understand the processes controlling the cycling of carbon and other biogenic elements in the ocean and their exchange with the atmosphere and the sea floor, and to advance our capacity to predict the response of ocean systems to anthropogenic perturbations.
Large earthquake strikes Hokkaido, Japan
Authors: Coffin M. , Hirata N. 
Published: October 2006

On 26 September 2003, a magnitude 8.0 earthquake, Earth's most powerful in 2.5 years, struck offshore Tokachi, Hokkaido, Japan, at 0450 local time. The hypocenter was at 40 km depth along the boundary of the Pacific and North American plates (www.jma.go.jp). The focal mechanism shows a reverse fault with a northwest‐southeast compressional axis (P‐axis) (see http://www.bosai.go.jp).Following the main shock, named “Heisei 15 Tokachioki‐jishin,” seismic activity has continued in the region. As of 30 September, the largest aftershock was M7.1 on 26 September at 0608. Tsunamis were observed on the Pacific coast of Hokkaido and the Tohoku region, including waves of 1.2 m at Kushiro, 1.3 m at Urakawa, and 1.0 m at Hachinohe.
Remote sensing field experiments evaluate retrieval algorithms and land‐atmosphere modeling
Authors: Kustas W. P. , Jackson T. J. , Prueger J. H. , Hatfield J. L. , Anderson M. C. 
Published: October 2006

The 2002 Soil Moisture Experiment (SMEX02) and the Soil Moisture Atmosphere Coupling Experiment (SMACEX) were both conducted during June and July 2002 near Ames, Iowa. The primary objectives of SMEX02 are to validate microwave soil moisture retrieval algorithms for existing and new, prototype microwave sensor systems under rapidly changing crop biomass conditions; and to explore the effects of rapid vegetation growth on the brightness temperatures and soil moisture retrievals from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometers (AMSR) on NASA Aqua and ADEOS‐II. SMACEX is a combined measurement and modeling program that will address one of NASAs core missions: rigorously building a bridge between remotely sensed data and operational forecast models, including advances in operational assimilation schemes.The field observations will support the analysis of heterogeneities, ranging from within field‐ or patch‐scale (∼100 m) to regional scales that are commensurate with prediction models for weather and climate (10–100 km). The unique in‐situ and aircraft measurements of atmospheric and soil variables and fluxes provided by this data set will be used to validate both surface states and fluxes diagnosed using remote sensing methods at various scales. The experimental approach is thus also a “scaling” endeavor, in that it investigates how remotely sensed data at different horizontal and temporal scales can be utilized for both diagnosis and prediction of surface states and energy exchanges from patch to regional scales.
New technologies require advances in hydrologic data assimilation
Authors: Walker Jeffrey P. , Houser Paul R. , Reichle Rolf H. 
Published: October 2006

Extensive amounts of hydrologically relevant remote sensing data are becoming available and require special capabilities for analysis and interpretation. For instance, land‐surface temperature data have been available for many years, and satellite precipitation data are becoming available at ever‐increasing space and time resolutions. In addition, a number of platforms provide snow and vegetation parameters of increasing sophistication, and satellite missions targeted at measuring near‐surface soil moisture are expected before the end of the decade.However, current hydrologic remote sensing analysis and interpretation tools may not be adequate due to little use of such data until recent years. This can be attributed to an emphasis on atmospheric rather than hydrologic remote sensing missions, a relative immaturity of retrieval algorithms for deriving hydrologic information from remote sensing observations, hydrologic models that are unsuitable for ingesting remote sensing information, and a limited understanding of the techniques to objectively improve and constrain hydrologic models by assimilating remote sensing data.
Measuring progress of the global sea level observing system
Authors: Woodworth Philip L. , Aarup Thorkild , Merrifield Mark , Mitchum Gary T. , Le Provost Christian 
Published: October 2006

Sea level is such a fundamental parameter in the sciences of oceanography geophysics, and climate change, that in the mid‐1980s, the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) established the Global Sea Level Observing System (GLOSS). GLOSS was to improve the quantity and quality of data provided to the Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level (PSMSL), and thereby, data for input to studies of long‐term sea level change by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). It would also provide the key data needed for international programs, such as the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) and later, the Climate Variability and Predictability Programme (CLIVAR).GLOSS is now one of the main observation components of the Joint Technical Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology (JCOMM) of IOC and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). Progress and deficiencies in GLOSS were presented in July to the 22nd IOC Assembly at UNESCO in Paris and are contained in the GLOSS Assessment Report (GAR) [IOC, 2003a].
[Comment on “Anonymous reviews: Self‐serving, counterproductive, and unacceptable”] from D. J. Wesolowski: Preserving anonymity in the review process
Authors: Wesolowski David J. 
Published: October 2006

To those scientists who haven't served as editors or associate editors of scientific journals, I can assure you that it's already too hard to find enough qualified reviewers willing to do the job without threatening them with exposure as well! So, if you want your papers to be published within a reasonable timeframe, you'll pretty much have to put up with anonymous reviews.I've been an associate editor of Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta for 11 years and an Editorial Board member of Chemical Geology for 4. I think anonymous reviews are perfectly acceptable, but that the editor evaluating the reviews should always be identified, both to the authors and in the published manuscript. Reviewers should be permitted to request anonymity, but authors should always be instructed to specifically acknowledge in their manuscripts the contributions of those reviewers who do not request anonymity. This, in fact, might encourage more reviewers to identify themselves. I don't know about you, but it tickles me pink when I see my name in print!
Final recommendations for reference materials in black carbon analysis
Authors: Schmidt Michael W.I. , Masiello Caroline A. , Skjemstad Jan O. 
Published: October 2006

Last summer, a symposium was held to discuss aspects of global biogeochemical cycles, including organic matter cycling in soils, rivers, and marine environments; black carbon particle fluxes and the biological pump; dissolved organic matter; and organic matter preservation. Seventy scientists from various disciplines, including oceanography, soil science, geology, and chemistry attended the 3‐day meeting at the Friday Harbor Laboratories, a research station of the University of Washington.“New Approaches in Marine Organic Biogeochemistry” commemorated the life and science of a colleague and friend, John I. Hedges, who was also involved in several groups developing chemical reference materials. Part of this symposium included a workshop on chemical reference materials, where final recommendations of the Steering Committee for Black Carbon Reference Materials were presented.
Can marine micro‐organisms influence melting of the Arctic pack ice?
Authors: Leck Caroline , Tjernström Michael , Matrai Patrica , Swietlicki Erik , Bigg Keith 
Published: October 2006

The Arctic Ocean Expedition of 2001 (AOE‐2001) to the central Arctic, mostly north of latitude 85°N, was conducted to study marine life forms and their products in water and ice, how their products may get into the air, the evolution of the particles produced, and their growth up to sizes large enough for activation into clouds. The expedition also investigated whether these naturally generated particles and clouds constitute a positive or negative climate feedback upon temperature forcing, as schematically shown in Figure 1. Indeed, biological activity of the open lead surface micro‐layer was found to strongly influence particle production over the pack ice region, and this would influence cloud properties there.Similar processes transferring particulates from the surface micro‐layer to the air—bubble bursting—should be operative over the world's oceans. So, can marine micro‐organisms influence the melting of the Arctic pack ice? The answer must be yes, but to determine whether that influence is significant or not, one has to contend with many unknown factors. For example, will biological activity and airborne particle production increase or decrease with melting of the pack ice, and will resultant changes in warmer oceans oppose or reinforce the Arctic changes? Will cloud cover and the feeble mixing between surface and higher air remain unchanged? To have identified a possible influence on climate change is important, but assessing the extent of that influence will be a far harder problem.
Exploring drought and its implications for the future
Authors: Trenberth Kevin , Overpeck Jonathan , Solomon Susan 
Published: October 2006

Worsening drought, water restrictions, and wildfires have been widely featured in news reports across North America during recent years. Area burned by wildfire was at unprecedented levels in the United States in the summer of 2002, and devastating wildfires in California were in the news just a few months ago. Drought is not only gripping parts of North America, but also parts of Northern Africa and other regions worldwide, serving as a reminder of society's vulnerability to drought and its enormous economic impact.But what is the full range of past drought variability, as revealed by paleoclimate data? What role might droughts associated with abrupt climate change play? Are droughts likely to become more frequent, longer, or more extensive as we move into the future with global warming?
Cosmic rays, carbon dioxide, and climate
Authors: Rahmstorf Stefan , Archer David , Ebel Denton S. , Eugster Otto , Jouzel Jean , Maraun Douglas , Neu Urs , Schmidt Gavin A. , Sever‐Inghaus Jeff , Weaver Andrew J. , Zachos Jim 
Published: October 2006

Several recent papers have applied correlation analysis to climate‐related time series in the hope of finding evidence for causal relationships. For a critical discussion of correlations between solar variability, cosmic rays, and cloud cover, see Laut [2003].A prominent new example is a paper by Shaviv and Veizer [2003], which claims that fluctuations in cosmic ray flux reaching the Earth can explain 66% of the temperature variance over the past 520 m.y.,and that the sensitivity of climate to a doubling of CO2 is less than previously estimated.