bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shear surface acoustic wave liquid sensor based on acoustoelectric interaction
Authors: Kondoh Jun , Shiokawa Showko 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe piezoelectric potential generated along with the surface acoustic wave (SAW) propagating on a piezoelectric crystal, penetrates into the liquid loading the crystal unless there is a metallic film on the propagating surface. Therefore, the Variation of the electrical property of the liquid (such as the permittivity and conductivity) affects the piezoelectric potential and, as a result, the surface wave receives perturbation. If the acoustoelectric interaction between the surface wave and the liquid is used, a surface acoustic wave sensor to detect the electrical properties of the liquid can be realized. The sensor sensitivity is proportional to the electromechanical coupling coefficient of the piezoelectric crystal used as the substrate. Hence, the sensitivity is high for the sensor made of a 36‐degree rotated Y‐cut X‐propagation LiTaO3 which is a high‐coupling piezoelectric crystal. In addition, since a small amount of liquid is needed for detection and analysis of chemical reaction, this is expected to be a new chemical sensor.In this paper, a sensor sensitivity equation is derived which can be applied in general to arbitrary liquid. The effectiveness of the equation is tested by comparison with the experimental results. A chart is proposed which can determine both the conductivity and the relative permittivity of the liquid simultaneously. This chart is used for the evaluation of the conductometric titration. It is demonstrated for the first time that the permittivity also changes with the conductivity.
Analysis of light‐beam scattering and detected signal characteristics from three‐dimensional pit models of optical discs by the boundary‐element method
Authors: Kojima Toshitaka , Morikawa Yukio , Yoshida Koichi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTo analyze the light‐beam scattering from pit models of optical discs of arbitrary three‐dimensional (3‐D) shapes, the boundary‐element method is formulated in regard to the 3‐D pits on perfect conductors. The four divided type of optical signal detector is assumed and light‐signal detection characteristics are investigated. Simulations are carried out for several pit shapes existing simultaneously with pregrooves. The scattering and detection characteristics and their dependencies on tracking error and focus error under the coexisting adjacent pits, pregrooves, etc., are clarified.
Bistable polarization switching in transverse magnetic wave‐injected semiconductor lasers by mode hopping
Authors: Ohno Seiji , Ichii Mariko , Mamiya Masaru , Ohta Tatehisa , Ichinose Takumi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBistable optical switching, which is applicable to optical memory, is a key technology for the optical information‐processing system. This paper describes the polarization switching of a semiconductor laser whose normal and inverted output could be obtained simultaneously. This bistability is realized by utilizing a semiconductor laser with bistable mode‐hopping characteristics (master laser) and injecting the TM polarization output of this laser into another semiconductor laser (slave laser) constantly biased to the oscillation threshold.It is proposed and confirmed by experiment that, by assuming these two lasers as one optical system, bistable polarization switching can be obtained between the injection current of the system and the output polarization of the system. First, as the principle of this polarization switching, the dependence of the injected light wavelength on amplification index of a semiconductor laser amplifier is explained. Then, the control of output polarization by TM wave injection and mode hopping of a laser is explained and the bistable characteristics of this optical system are discussed from experimental and simulation viewpoints based on these principles. The advantages of this bistable polarization switching are pointed out theoretically and experimentally, and the intensity difference of the ON/OFF output and the rotation direction of the bistable loop can be set according to the characteristics of the master and the slave laser. Moreover, the possibility of multislave connection is conjectured.
Dy3+‐ and Er3+‐codoped YBr3 upconversion phosphor for detection of 1.3‐μm band infrared light
Authors: Ohwaki Junichi , Otsuka Masaaki 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe efficient upconversion of 1.3‐μm infrared light to visual light was investigated using YBr3: Dy3, Er3+ fluorescent material. When the fluorescent material with an optimum composition (2DyBr3: 20ErBr3: 78YBr3) was illuminated with 1.3‐μm laser beam from a semiconductor laser (LD 5 mW), the intensities of the colors red (Er3+: 4F9/2 → 4I15/2 radiation transition) and green (Er3+: 4S3/2 → 4I15/2 radiation transition) emitted from the fluorescent material were about 170 and 60 times stronger, respectively, than those from chloride‐based fluorescent material.When this fluorescent material is illuminated by collimated LD beam with power higher than 1 mW, it continuously emits visual light (yellow) without preexcitation. Therefore, 1.3‐μm infrared light can be detected visually under room light. This bromide‐based fluorescent material is stable when it is packaged in a sealed dry atmosphere and its high efficiency wavelength upconversion characteristic is maintained over a year.In this material, Dy3‐ acts as an absorption center of 1.3μm light (6H15/2 → 6H9/2 transition) and fluorescence is caused by energy transmission to the Er3+ light‐emission center due to suppression of multiphonon relaxation from the Dy3+ excitation level. The high efficiency also results because a large number of Dy3+ absorption centers can be added due to the low energy‐transfer efficiency in the bromide‐based material. This paper also describes the wavelength conversion process and the reverse transfer process from Er3+ to Dy3+.
Magnetic characteristics of magnetic shield in a cathode ray tube and their effects on landing drifts caused by terrestrial magnetic field
Authors: Saitoh Ichiroh 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWithin the tube of the cathode ray tube (CRT), a magnetic shield is formed. This shield is made of soft magnetic materials and includes the inner magnetic shield (IMS), frame, and aperture grill as a color selection mechanism. By means of this shield, the mislanding drift by the terrestrial magnetic field is controlled and each magnetic material in the magnetic shield, in general, eliminates magnetization by ac attenuation magnetic field at the time of kick‐off. This ac demagnetization process is considered to be an anhysteretic magnetization process; and, to analyze its characteristic, the magnetization process is simulated. To verify the results, a method is conceived for measurement of the anhysteretic magnetization.The anhysteretic magnetization of various shielding materials is measured. (In practice, the magnetic flux density was measured.) It is shown that the measured results agree well with the prediction. It is shown also that the effective permeability of the magnetic shielding materials after ac demagnetization unknown to date can be expressed quantitatively as an anhysteretic permeability. Further, the relationship between the anhysteretic permeability of the IMS and the terrestrial magnetic field is studied by simulation and experiments. Finally, it is shown that the anhysteretic permeability is a fundamental magnetic parameter of the drift of the terrestrial magnetic field.
Television wave‐receiving system using optical modulator
Authors: Hayeiwa Kazuhisa , Naka Hisashi , Toba Yoshikazu , Sato Yoshiro , Tokano Yuichi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA signal transmission system for a television (TV) relay station was developed and tested by using an optical intensity modulator (without a power supply), in which the intensity of the transmitted optical wave varies in response to a weak RF signal. If this system is used, an optical fiber can be used as a transmission line; the receiving station does not require a power supply. Because the transmitting and receiving stations can be fully isolated electrically, significant benefit is gained by protecting the system from lightning. As the receiving station can be constructed with solely passive components, reliability, and maintainability can be improved and cost can be lowered. In the present system, the sensitivity of the optical modulator was unproved by the use of a reflection‐type design/Voltage amplification by resonance was realized. Even at a low electric field of 60 dBμV/m, a C/N of more than 50 dB was obtained. The differential gain (DG) was 1.8 percent and differential phase (DP) was 1.2°.
Numerical analysis of nonlinear optical fiber couplers with a gaussian mode field distribution
Authors: Imai Masaaki , Adachi Toshiharu , Takamatsu Ken , Imai Yoh 
Published: July 2007

AbstractNonlinear coupling characteristics taking account of evanescent field overlap were evaluated numerically by assuming a Gaussian field distribution for the mode field in nonlinear directional couplers (NLDC). The nonlinear coefficients Q3 to Q5 were found to be Q3 = 3.7 × 10−12 cm−1, Q4 = Q5 = 0 for the plane wave approximation used in Jensen's paper [1], with a core radius of 4 μm, a core spacing of 5 μm, a core refractive index of 1.455, and a nonlinear refractive index of 1.1 × 10−12 esu; and the wavelength of the incident light was 1.06 μm. On the other hand, in the case of the Gaussian field approximation, Q3 = 2.5 × 10−12 cm−1, Q4 = 2.2 × 10−14 cm−1, and Q5 = 7.3 × 10−14 cm−1 were obtained, indicating that these values cannot be ignored. The full coupling period is increased by increasing the core spacing, and the full coupling period is decreased by using a longer wavelength. Further, from the dependence of nonlinear coupling characteristics on optical wavelength, it is confirmed that wavelength selective characteristics with a sharp bandpass filtering can be realized in NLDC.
TREM‐1 expression in macrophages is regulated at transcriptional level by NF‐κB and PU.1
Authors: Zeng Heng , Ornatowska Magdalena , Joo Myung S. , Sadikot Ruxana T. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTriggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM)‐1 is a recently identified immunoglobulin receptor that is expressed on neutrophils and monocytes where it amplifies the acute inflammatory response to bacteria. We examined the transcriptional regulation of TREM‐1 in macrophages. Treatment of RAW cells with Escherichia coli LPS or Pseudomonas aeruginosa led to the induction of TREM‐1 within 1 h with an expression lasting up to at least 24 h in vitro as detected by RT‐PCR. Since the promoter of TREM‐1 has multiple binding sites for NF‐κB and PU.1 (one of the members of the ets family of transcription factors), we investigated the role of these transcription factors in the induction of TREM‐1. Treatment of cells with NF‐κB inhibitors abolished the expression of message of TREM‐1 induced by LPS and P. aeruginosa. In contrast, the expression of TREM‐1 was increased after stimulation with LPS or P. aeruginosa in cells that had gene of PU.1 silenced. Additionally, over‐expression of PU.1 led to inhibition of TREM‐1 induction in response to LPS and P. aeruginosa. These data suggest that both these transcription factors are involved in the expression of TREM‐1. NF‐κB functions as a positive regulator whereas PU.1 is a negative regulator of the TREM‐1 gene.
Synthesis, Structure, Electrochemistry, and Mössbauer Effect Studies of the Ferraphosphadicarbollides [(C5R5)Fe(PC2B8H10)] (R = H, Me)
Authors: Kudinov Alexander R. , Herber Rolfe H. , Zanello Piero , Perekalin Dmitry S. , Glukhov Ivan V. , Nowik Israel , Corsini Maddalena , Fedi Serena , Laschi Franco 
Published: July 2007

AbstractReaction of the phosphadicarbollide anion [7,8,9‐PC2B8H10]– (4) with [CpFe(C6H6)]+ or [Cp*Fe(MeCN)3]+ gives the expected 12‐vertex ferraphosphadicarbollides [1‐C5R5‐1,2,3,4‐FePC2B8H10] [R = H (5a), Me (5b); the metal atom is assigned number 1] in around 35 % yield. Compounds 5a,b undergo selective polyhedral rearrangement at 150 °C to give the corresponding isomers [1‐C5R5‐1,2,4,5‐FePC2B8H10] (6a,b). The structure of 5a has been determined by X‐ray diffraction. An electrochemical investigation has revealed that all the compounds obtained display the FeII/FeIII oxidation process with features of chemical reversibility on the cyclic voltammetric timescale. However, only cation [6b]+ is reasonably stable on the long timescales of electrolysis. Ferraphospadicarbollides 5a and 6a are more difficult to oxidize than the related dicarbollide and tricarbollide derivatives [CpFe(C2B9H11)]–and [CpFe(C3B8H11)], respectively. Temperature‐dependent Mössbauer effect studies show that the recoil‐free fraction over the temperature interval 110–342 K for 5a is well accounted for by a linear regression, and a calculation of the root‐mean‐square‐amplitude‐of‐vibration (rmsav) of the iron atom, based on the Mössbauer effect (ME) data, is in reasonable agreement with the value calculated from the single‐crystal X‐ray study at 120 K. Similarly, the ME and X‐ray rmsav data for 6a at 293 K are in excellent agreement with each other, and the value at 120 K calculated for 6a is in good agreement with that observed for 5a. The metal atom motion is nearly isotropic with respect to the major symmetry axis running through the Cp ring and the Fe atom. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Solutions of slow Brinkman flows using the method of fundamental solutions
Authors: Tsai C. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper develops the method of fundamental solutions (MFS) as a meshless numerical method to obtain solutions of two‐ and three‐dimensional slow Brinkman‐extended Darcy's flows. The solutions of the steady Brinkman equations are obtained by utilizing the boundary collocation method as well as the expansion of the fundamental solutions, which are derived by using the Hörmander operator decomposition technique. All the velocities, their partial derivatives, the pressure, and the stresses corresponding to the fundamental solutions are addressed explicitly in tensor forms. Two‐ and three‐dimensional Brinkman problems with Dirchlet and Robin boundary conditions are carried out to validate the proposed numerical schemes. Then, the method is applied to solve a peanut‐shaped problem and a joint flow of Stokes and Brinkman fluids. In the spirits of MFS, the proposed numerical scheme is free from singularities and numerical integrations and it also does not require any domain discretization. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Developmental dyslexia: Gray matter abnormalities in the occipitotemporal cortex
Authors: Kronbichler Martin , Wimmer Heinz , Staffen Wolfgang , Hutzler Florian , Mair Alois , Ladurner Gunther 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFunctional neuroimaging studies have consistently demonstrated less activation of the left occipitotemporal cortex in dyslexic readers. This region is considered critical for skilled reading and damage to it in adult readers leads to severe deficits in reading ability. In contrast to these findings, structural abnormalities in the occipitotemporal cortex were not consistently found to date. We used optimized Voxel Based Morphometry with T1 weighted MR images to investigate gray matter volume in 13 dyslexic and 15 nonimpaired reading adolescents (age 14–16). Less gray matter volume for dyslexic readers was found in the left and right fusiform gyrus, the bilateral anterior cerebellum and in the right supramarginal gyrus. Decreased gray matter volume in the left and right fusiform gyrus of dyslexic readers highlights the importance of this brain region for developmental dyslexia. The structural abnormalities in the right occipitotemporal cortex suggest that dyslexia may be such a persistent disorder because an occipitotemporal reading area, critical for skilled reading, cannot develop in any hemisphere. The extended areas of reduced gray matter volume in dyslexic readers in the cerebellum suggest that structural abnormalities in the cerebellum are also strongly associated with dyslexia and warrant further investigation. Hum Brain Mapp, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The effects of affirmative action on the female beneficiary
Authors: Taylor‐Carter Mary Anne , Doverspike Dennis , Cook Kelli D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAttention is often focused on the economic and legal aspects of affirmative action rather than the policy's impact on its beneficiaries. The purpose of this article is to integrate the research findings on the effects of preferential treatment on women in organizations and to suggest solutions for some of the problems identified. First, the article explores the impact of preferential treatment on other people's perceptions of the female beneficiary and on the way the beneficiary views herself and the employing organization. Next, strategies for providing a supportive organizational environment for affirmative action beneficiaries are presented. The benefits that may result from implementing these strategies are also discussed.
Detecting infants in need: Are complicated measures really necessary?
Authors: Puura Kaija , Guedeney Antoine , Mäntymaa Mirjami , Tamminen Tuula 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe object of this paper was to study how the Baby Alarm Distress Scale (ADBB), developed as a simple screening tool for front line professionals working with infants, correlates with the more detailed assessment method of the Global Rating Scale (GRS) for Mother‐Infant Interaction at two and four months. A sample of 127 eight‐ to eleven‐week‐old infants was videotaped in free interaction with their mothers, and infant interaction behavior was rated with both methods by independent researchers. Compared to the GRS infant scales the sensitivity of the ADBB, using the recommended cutoff point of 5 or more, was 0.77 and specificity 0.80. In further analyses it was found that deviant ratings of two items of the ADBB, the quality of eye contact between the infant and the caregiver and assessment of the sense of relationship between the infant and the caregiver, were the items most strongly associated with poor interaction skills of the infant on the GRS. Mothers of infants found deviant in the ADBB performed more poorly in the interaction with their infants when compared to mothers of infants found healthy in the ADBB. For the purpose of detecting deviations in infant interaction skills as signs of possible problems in early parent‐infant interaction the ADBB seems to be a sufficiently sensitive and specific instrument. However, the results of this study still need to be tested with larger samples and against other observation methods.
Ghosts and angels: Intergenerational patterns in the transmission and treatment of the traumatic sequelae of domestic violence
Authors: Lieberman Alicia F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe article discusses the impact of exposure to domestic violence on infants, toddlers, and preschoolers; the manifestations of post‐traumatic stress disorder in the first years of life; and the parameters of Child‐Parent Psychotherapy as a relationship‐based treatment that aims at enhancing the parent's effectiveness as a protector as a means of restoring the child's momentum towards healthy development. Obstacles to the child's mental health and to the success of treatment are discussed, with particular attention to the adverse effects of parental psychopathology and of environmental stressors such as poverty, cultural marginalization, and lack of access to resources. It is argued that the infant mental health clinician working with traumatized children and their families needs to adopt a therapeutic approach that actively incorporates collaboration with other service systems, including pediatric care, childcare, law enforcement, child protective services, and the courts, in order to provide ecologically sound and culturally competent treatment.
Preparation, characterization, and properties of nano‐TiO2/silk fibroin hybrid films by sol–gel processing
Authors: Xin‐Xing Feng , Li‐Li Zhang , Jian‐Yong Chen , Hua‐Peng Zhang 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBy sol–gel processing, the regenerated nano‐TiO2/SF (silk fibroin) hybrid films were synthesized using different ratios of TiO2 to SF. The experimental results revealed that the nano‐TiO2 particles were well dispersed in the regenerated SF. The diameter of the nano‐TiO2 particles processed by sol–gel method was about 80 nm. Through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), X‐ray energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Derivative thermogravimetry (DTG), the structures and properties of these hybrid films were characterized. The XRD measurement indicated that the crystal structures of the hybrid films were transited from typical Silk I to typical Silk II. However, it was found that excessive increase in the content of nano‐TiO2 led to the breakage of the crystal structures of the hybrid films. The FTIR and EDS analysis showed that new bonds were formed between the nano‐TiO2 particles and the SF. Through TGA and DTG, it was demonstrated that the heat transition temperature of the hybrid films was also enhanced. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2008
Galactosylated low molecular weight chitosan as a carrier delivering oligonucleotides to Kupffer cells instead of hepatocytes in vivo
Authors: Dong Lei , Gao Shuying , Diao Huajia , Chen Jiangning , Zhang Junfeng 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe in vivo cellular localization of oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) delivered by galactosylated low molecular weight chitosan (gal‐LMWC) was investigated. The gal‐LMWCs preference for Kupffer cells was confirmed by in vivo and in vitro experiments. Furthermore, asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPr) was studied as a possible surface lectin which may involved in the endocytosis of the gal‐LMWC/ODN complexes. Results showed that the gal‐LMWC/ODN complex accumulated in liver when injected intravenously (i.v.). Further studies revealed that 50.6% of the complex was taken up by Kupffer cells in liver, 33.2% was taken up by endothelial cells, and only 16.2% of the complex was taken up by parenchymal cells. In vitro results also confirmed the affinity of gal‐LMWC to murine Kupffer cells. Inhibition of the transfection by lactose and N‐acetyl galactosamine (GalNAc) suggested that the particles might enter macrophages via ASGPr and the inhibition by LMWC implied that there might be other lectins involved in the endocytosis. In summary, our studies revealed that gal‐LMWC/ODN complex is inclined to enter into Kupffer cells rather than into liver parenchymal cells in vivo. Galactosylation may not be a proper means for targeting chitosan/DNA nanoparticles to hepatocytes but it does have the potential to be a Kupffer cells targeting strategy especially for delivering drugs for antiinflammation. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2008