bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF TESTOSTERONE BY HUMAN TESTES AND A VIRILIZING INTERSTITIAL CELL TUMOUR
Authors: Sharma D. C. , Racz E. A. , Dorfman R. I. , Schoen E. J. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
A comparative in vitro study of an interstitial cell tumour of the testis from a virilized patient and »normal« testes from another male has been made by incubating homogenates of these tissues with radioactive progesterone, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, testosterone and androst-4-ene-3,17-dione-4-14C. The patient with the testicular tumour was a 14-year old boy whose clinical studies, reported in detail elsewhere, revealed a history of early puberty and laboratory findings of markedly elevated levels of urinary total 17-ketosteroids and pregnanetriol. These urinary values fell to normal following removal of the right testicular tumour, which was interpreted as being a benign interstitial cell tumour on histologic examination. The radioactive metabolites from the testicular tissue of both subjects were separated, purified and identified by partition column chromatography in various systems with authentic standards, formation of derivatives and isotopic dilution analysis. The interstitial cell tumour converted a significant amount of the substrate progesterone into 16α-hydroyprogesterone, besides testosterone and androst-4-ene-3,17-dione; reduction at C20 was also a major reaction when either progesterone or 17α-hydroxyprogesterone was the substrate. On a comparative basis the activity of C17-20 desmolase was about five times more in the tumour as compared to the testicular tissue.
STUDIES ON THE HYDROLYSIS OF GEL-FILTERED URINARY OESTROGENS
Authors: Adlercreutz H. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The effect of pH, enzyme concentration, administration of corticotrophin and cortisol on the enzyme hydrolysis of gel-filtered urinary oestrogens was studied. Special attention was directed to the hydrolysis of oestrogen conjugates in the first fraction (peak I) following gel filtration. In addition, the effect on enzyme hydrolysis of D-glucosaccharic acid added to urine before gel filtration was studied and some comparisons between acid and enzyme hydrolysis were also carried out.
It was found that for peak I oestrogen conjugates, higher enzyme concentrations of β-glucuronidase (600 Fishman units per ml) are needed to give quantitative results than for peak II conjugates (second fraction obtained by gel filtration) (200 Fishman units per ml), but otherwise the same conditions for hydrolysis can be used for both fractions. These conditions are 0.15 m sodium acetate buffer, pH 4.1–4.2, 37° C, and overnight incubation with a Helix pomatia extract.
It was also found that if the Kober reaction is used as the final step for oestriol estimation by the method of Beling, impurities occurring in the final extract decrease the recoveries to some extent by interfering both with the development of the Kober reaction and with the Allen correction of the estimated absorbancies. This phenomenon occurs predominantly if peak I oestrogens are estimated. In addition, some inhibition of the β-glucuronidase occurs in peak I, varying in degree from one urine to another, while the administration of ACTH and cortisol increases both the amount of impurities interfering with the Kober reaction and the amount of enzyme inhibitors present in urine and occurring mostly before, but also partially in the peak I fraction.
It is concluded that peak I and peak II oestrogens following gel filtration should be hydrolysed separately and with a higher enzyme concentration for peak I. In addition, it is concluded that both glucose, D-glucosaccharic acid and a large number of impurities are eliminated from the oestrogen fractions by gel filtration, and that this procedure represents a great advance in oestrogen methodology.
THE LIPID-MOBILIZING EFFECT OF SOME PITUITARY GLAND PREPARATIONS
Authors: Trygstad Olav 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Clinical observations and endocrinological research have provided evidence of the existence of a specific pituitary regulation of triglycerideolysis in depot fat.
A lipid-mobilizing fraction was prepared from deep-frozen human pituitary glands by slightly alkaline extraction followed by acetone precipitation at a pH below the isoelectric point for growth hormone. This crude fraction was purified by Sephadex gel filtration and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Preparation of this lipid-mobilizing fraction failed when acetone-dried pituitary glands were used.
The obtained lipid-mobilizing factor (LMF) had two bands on polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis, and the molecular weight was determined to be in the range of 5000. There was loss of lipolytic activity when partly purified LMF was incubated in physiological saline at 37° C.
No somatotrophic or thyrotrophic activity was observed in LMF and only traces of prolactin, ACTH- and MSH-like activities. The LMF was lipolytic both in vivo and in vitro on rabbit and human adipose tissue. The effect on mouse and rat was questionable. In rabbits LMF also caused ketonaemia, hyperlipaemia, increased liver fat, decrease of liver glycogen, prolonged hyperglycaemia and decrease of serum calcium and inorganic phosphorus. High doses of LMF induced a hypermetabolic state in the rabbit with marked hypocalcaemia usually accompanied by convulsions and death.
It is concluded that the prepared LMF is probably an aggregation of a lipotrophic and a rabbit serum-calcium-lowering factor. The lipotrophic factor may be a specific pituitary 'adipotrophin' or a denaturation product from a previously accepted pituitary hormone. A possible relationship between LMF and a diabetogenic-adipokinetic core of growth hormone is discussed.
CHARCOAL-DEXTRAN RADIOIMMUNOASSAY OF HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE
Authors: Wool Marvin S. , Selenkow Herbert A. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
A simplified procedure is described for radioimmunoassay of human growth hormone (HGH) in serum using 125I as a label and dextrancharcoal separation of antibody-bound from unbound HGH. Serum HGH levels were measured fasting and after insulin induced hypoglycaemia in four normal subjects, five patients with hypopituitarism and seven with acromegaly. These values agreed well with similar reports by other investigators.
THE METABOLIC EFFECT OF A SMALL UNIFORM DOSE OF HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE IN HYPOPITUITARY DWARFS AND IN CONTROL CHILDREN
Authors: Prader A. , Zachmann M. , Poley R. , Illig R. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The results of a metabolic test with short-term administration of small doses of human growth hormone (2 mg/m2 of HGH Raben daily) in 17 hypopituitary dwarfs and in 15 control children are described. A much greater N-retention is found in the hypopituitary patients. The excretion of creatinine and creatine decreases and the excretion of calcium increases in both groups. Serum urea-N decreases in both groups. Serum α-NH2-N increases and the α-NH2-N-clearance decreases in the hypopituitary patients, while this is not the case in the control children. Serum inorganic phosphorus increases and alkaline phosphatase decreases in the hypopituitary patients. An attempt has been made to correlate some of the metabolic responses.
EFFECT OF GRADED DOSES OF CARBIMAZOLE AND PROPYLTHIOURACIL ON THE SYNTHESIS OF THE THYROID HORMONES
Authors: Bois-Svensson Ingeborg , Blomstedt B. , Einhorn J. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The effect of graded doses of carbimazole on hormonal synthesis in the thyroid gland was studied in the rat, and compared with that of graded doses of propylthiouracil. The synthesis of thyroxine and triiodothyronine was totally inhibited by 3–5 mg of carbimazole daily; at this dose the ratio was the same as for untreated controls. A dose of 1–3 1− mg of propylthiouracil also inhibited the synthesis of thyroxine and triiodothyronine, but at this dose the ratio was much lower than for the controls. The dose of carbimazole that inhibits the formation of thyroxine and triiodothyronine seems to have little effect on the icdination of the tyrosine radicals and on the formation of mono- and diiodotyrosine.
STUDIES ON THE METABOLISM OF C-19 STEROIDS IN THE HUMAN FOETO-PLACENTAL UNIT
Authors: Mancuso S. , Benagiano G. , Acqua S. Dell' , Shapiro M. , Wiqvist N. , Diczfalusy E. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Previable foetuses were perfused with 3H-labelled testosterone (T) plus 14C-labelled androstenedione (A), or with 3H-labelled dehydroepiandrosterone plus 14C-labelled A. In addition, in two experiments half of the liver and one adrenal of foetuses perfused with 3H-labelled A were incubated with 14C-labelled A. From the various tissues several products of aromatisation and hydroxylation were isolated in a radiochemically homogeneous form.
Oestrogens were present only in the extracts of livers and in the perfusates. From the livers oestrone, 17β-oestradiol, 15α-hydroxy-oestradiol and oestriol were isolated. Following reduction with KBH4 of the fraction containing 16epi-oestriol together with ring D hydroxy-ketones, 15α-hydroxy-oestradiol, oestriol and 16epi-oestriol were isolated. These oestrogens, which were present exclusively as conjugated material, were only formed from A and T, but not from dehydroepiandrosterone. Conjugated oestrone, but no 17β-oestradiol was isolated from the perfusates. No oestrogens were detected in the extracts of the adrenals, not even following the perfusion and subsequent incubation with large amounts of A. Oestrogens were also absent from the combined extracts of all other foetal tissues.
Unconjugated 11β-hydroxy-androstenedione was isolated from the adrenals as the principal metabolite of A both in the perfusion and incubation studies. It was also isolated from the perfusates. Conjugated 11β-hydroxy-testosterone was isolated from the adrenals as a major metabolite of T. No unconjugated 1 1β-hydroxy-testosterone was detected in any of the perfusion or incubation experiments. Little, if any adrenosterone was present in the adrenals. However, this compound was isolated from the extracts of the lungs and residual tissues. No qualitative sex difference was found in the formation of any of the compounds isolated.
The formation of 15- and 16-oxygenated oestrogens by the liver was contrasted by the absence of 15α-hydroxy-androstenedione, 15α-hydroxy-testosterone, 16α-hydroxy-androstenedione, or 16α-hydroxy-testosterone from any of the tissues. Lack of 16α-hydroxylation of A was also demonstrated following the incubation of A with homogenates of adrenals and livers.
It is concluded that:
aromatisation in the foetal organism takes place only in the liver and exclusively from α,β-unsaturated 3-ketosteroids, part of the conjugated oestrogen formed by the foetal liver is released into the foeto-placental circulation, mainly, if not entirely, in a ketonic form, 15α- and 16α-hydroxylation of A and T is preceded by aromatisation and takes place only in the liver, part of the A secreted by the placenta to the foetus is returned to the placenta in the form of 11β-hydroxy-androstenedione.
EFFECT OF TESTOSTERONE PROPIONATE ON THE RELEASE OF FSH FROM THE PITUITARY GLAND
Authors: Steinberger E. , Duckett G. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
On the basis of a study of changes in follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels in rat pituitary glands, obtained at various times after orchiectomy, it has been previously suggested that the Leydig cell secretions may regulate the release of FSH from the pituitary gland (Steinberger & Duckett 1966). This hypothesis was put to test in the present study. FSH levels have been determined in the pituitary gland and plasma of normal, testosterone-treated, orchiectomized, and orchiectomized testosteronetreated rats. A marked drop of pituitary FSH levels, associated with an elevation of plasma FSH levels, was observed in orchiectomized rats. Administration of testosterone to orchiectomized rats prevented the drop in pituitary FSH levels and rendered the blood levels undetectable. These results are interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that testosterone has an inhibitory effect on the release of FSH from the pituitary gland.
THE IMMUNOLOGICAL REACTIVITY AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF IODINATED INSULIN
Authors: Brunfeldt K. , Hansen B. A. , Jorgensen K. R. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Pig insulin substituted with 1.0–10.8 I/mole was made in preparative quantities and analysed by elementary analysis, paper electrophoresis at pH 1.8, and UV spectroscopy. The preparations were tested for biological activity by intravenous injection into rabbits, by the mouse convulsion method, and by the effect on the 14C-D-glucose turnover in isolated rat fat cells. The reactivity of the preparations with pig insulin antibodies from guinea-pigs was tested by the double-antibody method in competition with 125I-insulin iodinated to about 0.7 I/mole. The reactivity with insulin antibodies was also tested with 125I-labelled insulin having a higher degree of iodination, by simultaneous iodination with 127I.
Agreement between the calculated and the actual amount of iodine was demonstrated up to 8 I/mole. The UV absorption showed that at even higher degrees of iodination, iodine could be substituted into the tyrosine residues, showing that iodine also reacts with other structures in the insulin molecule. Weak non-covalent binding also seems to occur.
The iodination was found to have a reducing effect, as a function of the number of iodine atoms per mole insulin, on the reactivity with antibodies as well as on the biological activity. A reducing effect was also found, on the reactivity with antibodies as well as on the biological activity, when insulin was substituted with 0.9 mole fluorescein-isothiocyanate per mole insulin.
STUDIES OF THE INSULIN-LIKE ACTIVITY OF SERUM
Authors: Gjedde F. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
A modification of the adipose tissue bioassay for insulin is described. The glucose uptake or the 14CO2 production from 14C-1 glucose of adipose tissue, pooled in 8 flasks from 4 rats, is used as response parameter. Comparative determinations of the insulin-like activity of the same sera were made with the adipose tissue and the rat diaphragm bioassays. Blood samples from healthy fasting males were used as a normal material. The method of collecting the sera was found to markedly affect the insulin-like activity.
When plasma was separated from the formed elements of blood, using cooling at 4–8° C as an anticoagulant, and allowed to clot at 4° C, the mean insulin-like activity by the adipose tissue bioassay was found to correspond to 98 μU and by the rat diaphragm to 97 μU per ml (48 sera). Sera, obtained from blood that had been left at room temperature for 3 hours, showed a mean insulin-like activity of 321 μU per ml determined by the adipose tissue bioassay and of 307 μU per ml determined by the rat diaphragm method, while the same sera, prepared at 4–8° C showed an insulin-like activity of about 100 μU per ml by both methods. By dilution to 25 per cent with Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer, the insulin-like activity of serum did not fall proportionally to the degree of dilution, but corresponded, after multiplication with the dilution factor to 200 μU as against 100 μU per ml undiluted serum determined by both methods. Addition of anti-insulin serum to sera from normal fasting subjects reduced the insulin-like activity of sera from an average of 94 to a mean of 71 μU per ml determined by the adipose tissue bioassay, and from 100 to 76 μU per ml determined by the rat diaphragm bioassay.
INTERFERENZMIKROSKOPISCHE UNTERSUCHUNGEN AN ZELLEN VERSCHIEDENER HYPOPHYSENADENOME
Authors: Sehrbundt H.-J. , Müller W. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The dry mass of the cells of a chromophobic, eosinophilic and basophilic adenoma of the pituitary gland is calculated with the use of a Zeiss interference microscope. The dry weights per unit area of the eosinophilic cells are the largest, followed by the chromophobic and the basophilic. The dry weights are compared with the activity of the cells. The errors based on the method are discussed.
UPTAKE OF INTRAVENOUSLY ADMINISTERED PROGESTERONE, PREGNANEDIONE AND PREGNANOLONE BY THE RAT BRAIN
Authors: Raisinghani K. H. , Dorfman R. I. , Forchielli E. , Gyermek L. , Genther G. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
A method has been developed for the detection, isolation and quantitation of progesterone, pregnanolone and pregnanedione in brain tissue of rats receiving pharmacological hypnotic doses of these three substances. Prior to extraction radioactive tracers were added to brain tissue obtained from animals receiving these agents and the brain tissue extracts were purified by paper and thin layer chromatography. The material administered as well as some of the major metabolites were quantitated by gas liquid chromatography, and corrections for losses throughout the entire procedure and up to injection into GLC were based on recovery of added radioactive markers. The possible significance of the conversion of progesterone into hypnotically more potent metabolites is discussed.
INCREASE IN TRANSMITTER CONTENT OF ADRENERGIC NERVES IN THE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT OF FEMALE RABBITS AFTER OESTROGEN TREATMENT
Authors: Sjöberg Nils-Otto 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Changes in the noradrenaline content of adrenergic nerves innervating the reproductive organs in rabbits treated with 17β-oestradiol were studied by fluorescence microscopy. The changes were correlated with alterations in the total noradrenaline content of the organs as determined fluorimetrically. The heart was used as control tissue.
17β-oestradiol produced a marked increase in noradrenaline of the neurones innervating the muscle coats of the uterus and vagina, both in intact and oophorectomized animals. A similar, though less regular, increase was found in the oviduct, but no such increase was observed in the ovary or the heart. Thus, adrenergic nerves to the female genital tract can be influenced by hormonal treatment to behave in a way similar to that previously found during the early stages of pregnancy.
The results are discussed in the light of observations showing that the uterus and vagina are innervated by a special type of short adrenergic neurones; the heart and ovary, by ordinary long neurones from the sympathetic chain; and the oviduct by both types of nerves.
THE EFFECT OF EXOGENOUS RIBONUCLEIC ACID ON ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY IN THE OVARIECTOMIZED MOUSE UTERUS
Authors: Mansour A. Maher 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
RNA from tissues subjected to very high doses of 17β-oestradiol in vivo and in vitro was injected into the uteri of ovariectomized mice before and after ether washing of the RNA.
Alkaline phosphatase content of the atrophied uterus was measured after the RNA injections.
Results indicate that alkaline phosphatase induction is due to RNA and that ether washing completely eliminates hormonal contamination.
The role played by the hormone-cytoplasm requires further attention.
CATECHOLAMINES AND MEDULLARY VOLUME IN THE ADRENAL GLANDS OF YOUNG MICE
Authors: Lagerspetz Kari Y. H. , Hissa Raimo 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The adrenaline and noradrenaline contents of adrenals of mice aged from 1 to 28 days and of adult controls were determined fluorometrically and the volumes of the adrenal medulla were also estimated. A steady 200-fold overall increase in the content of adrenaline was found to occur during growth. This was paralleled by the growth of the medulla. During the first few postnatal days there was no growth of the medulla, its catecholamine content was very low and the noradrenaline/adrenaline ratio was high.
STUDIES OF THE INSULIN-LIKE ACTIVITY OF SERUM
Authors: Gjedde F. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The insulin-like activity (ILA) of serum and serum protein fractions was investigated by the adipose tissue and the rat diaphragm methods of bioassay.
When undiluted serum was dialyzed against tap water at room temperature an increase in the ILA of the dialyzed serum was observed. The increase, which was localized in a precipitate of denatured globulins, corresponded per ml dialyzed serum to the effect of 100 000 μU crystalline insulin, measured by both methods. It was found that in the presence of calcium ions, a pH value between 7.7 and 8.1 and a temperature of about 37° C favoured the increase in ILA by dialysis.
Treatment of serum protein fractions, separated in starch block electrophoresis, with dialysis by a standardized procedure against calcium containing water of low ionic concentration increased the ILA from about 4000 to 450 000 μU ILA per ml of fractionated serum.
Of the ILA in the serum protein fractions, before and after dialysis, about two thirds was localized in the alpha globulins, and about one third in the beta-two globulins. A varying proportion of from 50 to 80 per cent of the ILA was suppressed by the addition of anti-insulin serum. Three serum proteins, found in other studies to bind radioactivity when incubated with labelled insulin, showed ILA. Following dialysis, a very marked increase in the ILA of all three globulins was observed. The ILA in the three serum proteins was found to account for most of the ILA in the serum.
These findings were obtained by both the adipose tissue and the rat diaphragm bioassay, no significant difference being found between the results obtained by the two assays.
Some hypotheses on the state of insulin in the blood are discussed in relation to these observations.
It is concluded that the main part of ILA of serum is due to insulin associated with the three globulins, and that the activity of insulin is probably potentiated by binding to serum proteins.
RADIOIMMUNOASSAY OF HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE USING THE DOUBLE ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE
Authors: Melani F. , Gröschel-Stewart U. , Lawecki J. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The method of Roos et al. (1963) for the preparation of HGH yields a highly purified biologically active hormone preparation suitable for clinical purposes and, after one additional purification step (chromatography on Sephadex G-200 according to Hunter (1965), for radioiodination. In the double antibody technique described, the labelled hormone can be used for radio-immunoassay without starch-gel or Sephadex purification. The method is simple and sensitive enough to permit the determination of HGH in serum.
EFFECTS OF SHEEP AND YOUNG CALF PINEAL EXTRACTS AND CONTINUOUS LIGHT ON THE PINEAL GLAND, THE GONADS AND THE OESTROUS CYCLE OF THE RAT
Authors: Prop N. , Ebels I. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Injections of a water-soluble pineal extract into young female rats kept under a normal light/dark rhythm caused a relatively high frequency of abnormal nuclei in the pineal gland. This nuclear response suggests a secretory activity in normal pinealocytes. No effect of the pineal extract on the reproductive system was observed.
In females exposed to continuous light, neither the water-soluble extract nor the acetone-soluble pineal material interfered with the light induced alterations in the oestrous cycle, the uterine and ovarian weights, the condition of the pineal nuclei and the quantity of pineal lipids.