bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Overexpression of Pim-1 during progression of prostatic adenocarcinoma
Authors: Cibull T L , Jones T D , Li L , Eble J N , Ann Baldridge L , Malott S R , Luo Y , Cheng L 
Published: February 2006

Aims:Pim-1 is a serine/threonine kinase that has been shown to play an integral role in the development of a number of human cancers, such as haematolymphoid malignancies. Recently, evidence has shown Pim-1 to be important in prostatic carcinogenesis. In order to further our understanding of its role in prostate cancer, we investigated Pim-1 expression in normal, premalignant, and malignant prostate tissue.Methods:Using immunohistochemistry, Pim-1 expression was analysed in prostate tissue from 120 radical prostatectomy specimens. In each case, Pim-1 staining was evaluated in benign prostatic epithelium, high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), and prostatic adenocarcinoma. The number of positively staining cells was estimated, and the intensity of staining was scored on a scale of 0 to 3+.Results:Pim-1 immunoreactivity was identified in 120 cases (100%) of adenocarcinoma, 120 cases (100%) of high grade PIN, and 62 cases (52%) of benign glands. The number of cells staining in benign epithelium (mean 34%) was much lower than that in high grade PIN (mean 80%; p<0.0001) or adenocarcinoma (mean, 84%; p<0.0001). There was no significant difference between high grade PIN and adenocarcinoma in the percentage of cells staining positively for Pim-1 (p = 0.34). The staining intensity for Pim-1 was significantly lower in benign prostatic epithelium than in PIN and adenocarcinoma (p<0.001). There was no statistically significant correlation between the level of Pim-1 expression and Gleason score, patient age, tumour stage, lymph node metastasis, perineural invasion, vascular invasion, surgical margin status, extraprostatic extension, or seminal vesicle invasion.Conclusions:Pim-1 expression is elevated in PIN and prostatic adenocarcinoma compared with benign prostatic epithelium. This finding suggests that upregulation of Pim-1 may play a role in prostatic neoplasia.
An evaluation of molecular markers for improved detection of breast cancer metastases in sentinel nodes
Authors: Abdul-Rasool S , Kidson S H , Panieri E , Dent D , Pillay K , Hanekom G S 
Published: February 2006

Background and objectives:In patients with breast cancer (BC), the sentinel node (SN) is the first node in the axillary basin that receives the primary lymphatic flow and can be used to accurately assess the axillary nodal status without removal of the axillary contents. Currently, histology and/or immunohistochemistry are the routine methods of SN analysis. The primary objective of this study was to develop a reproducible reverse transcription (RT) PCR assay, with emphasis on achieving high specificity for accurate detection of BC micrometastases in the SN. To correct for the heterogeneity of BC cells, a multimarker approach was followed, with the further aim of improving the detection rate of the assay.Methods:In total, 73 markers were evaluated, of which 7 were breast epithelial markers and 66 were either cancer testis or tumour associated antigens. Twelve BC cell lines and 30 SNs (from 30 patients) were analysed using RT-PCR to determine the in vitro and in vivo detection rates for each of the markers. In addition, 20 axillary nodes obtained from a patient with brain death were used as controls to optimise the PCR cycle numbers for all the markers.Results:Of the 30 SNs, 37% (11/30) were positive on haematoxylin and eosin analysis. Extensive immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses of the haematoxylin and eosin negative nodes confirmed the presence of very small numbers of BC cells in an additional 40% (12/30) of SNs. Molecular analysis with the hMAM-A alone identified metastases in 70% (21/30) of SNs. Using MAGE-A3 in combination with hMAM-A identified metastases in 90% (27/30) of patients. Seven SNs (23%) were negative for micrometastases (with haematoxylin and eosin and IHC) but RT-PCR positive for either hMAM-A or MAGE-A3.Conclusions:As IHC analysis resulted in a 77% detection rate compared with 37% for haematoxylin and eosin analysis, we consider that IHC is essential in order not to miss SN micrometastases. Molecular analysis with hMAM-A and MAGE-A3 allows detection of BC micrometastases with a 90% detection rate. However, the clinical value of histologically negative but RT-PCR positive SNs can only be determined with long term follow up.
Immunohistological characterisation of tumour infiltrating lymphocytes in melanocytic skin lesions
Authors: Hussein M R , Elsers D A H , Fadel S A , Omar A-E M 
Published: February 2006

Background:Although the presence of tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) is a constant feature in melanomas, their immunophenotypic characterisation is still incomplete. We hypothesise that the transition from normal skin to benign naevi (BN) to melanocytic dysplastic naevi (MDN) to radial growth phase cutaneous malignant melanoma (RGP-CMM) to vertical growth phase cutaneous malignant melanoma (VGP-CMM) is associated with alterations in TIL. This study attempted to test this hypothesis and to characterise TIL in the melanocytic skin lesions.Methods:In total, 74 lesions (12 BN, 12 MDN, 13 RGP-CMM, 26 VGP-CMM, and 11 metastatic melanomas) were examined using immunoperoxidase staining methods and antibodies targeting leukocyte common antigen (LCA+), T (CD3+) and B (CD20+) lymphocytes, and resting cytotoxic T cells (TIA-1+).Results:Histologically, the transitions from normal skin to BN to MDN to RGP-CMM to VGP-CMM was associated with a gradual increase in the numbers of TIL (total, parenchymal, stromal, perivascular, and epidermal TIL, as well as TIL at the base of the lesions). The numbers of TIL were higher at the stroma than at the parenchyma. Similarly, immunostaining revealed that these transitions were associated with a gradual increase in the staining values (staining intensity, percentage of positive cells, and immunoreactivity score) for LCA+, CD20+, CD3+, and TIA-1+cells. The number of CD3+ cells was higher than that of CD20+ cells. All these differences between the normal skin and the lesional ones reached statistical significance (p<0.01). The majority of CD3+ cells were TIA-1+ T cells with cytotoxic potential. Compared with primary melanomas, there was a decrease in TIL in metastatic melanomas.Conclusions:The gradual increase in TIL during melanoma tumorigenesis may reflect increased antigenicity of the tumour cells. Although both humoral and cell mediated immunity are involved in melanomagenesis, the latter seems to have the major role. The immune profile of MDN suggests their intermediacy between BN and CMM.
Polydispersity Influence upon Magnetic Properties of Aggregated Ferrofluids
Authors: Holm Christian , Ivanov Alexey , Kantorovich Sofia , Pyanzina Elena 
Published: February 2006

Summary
In the present paper we compare the static magnetic properties of a bidisperse ferrofluid obtained via computer simulations with the predictions of the theoretical chain model. At weak fields, the computer simulations showed a strong dependence of the magnetization on the concentration of large particles. When the latter is small the magnetization behavior is close to the one given by the modified mean field approach, but at higher concentrations of large particles the initial susceptibility increases significantly. This increase cannot be described in terms of the modified mean field model for the homogeneous system. A new theoretical approach for the description of the static magnetic properties of a bidisperse ferrofluid was developed. The theoretical predictions are in good agreement with the results of a recent computer simulation study.
Magnetic Fluid Layer on a Cylinder in a Traveling Magnetic Field
Authors: Zimmermann Klaus , Zeidis I. , Naletova V.A. , Turkov V.A. , Bachurin V. E. 
Published: February 2006

Summary
The flow of a layer of an incompressible viscous magnetic fluid with a constant magnetic permeability on a cylinder under the action of a travelling magnetic field is analyzed. The strength of the magnetic field producing a sinusoidal travelling wave on the surface of a magnetic fluid is found. This flow can be used in designing mobile robots.
The Carboxymethyl Dextran Shell is an Important Modulator of Magnetic Nanoparticle Uptake in Human Cells
Authors: Schwalbe M. , Buske N. , Vetterlein M. , Höffken K. , Pachmann K. , Clement J. H. 
Published: February 2006

Summary
In oncology and hematology the separation of tumor cells from healthy cells in peripheral blood is a vital problem. We could show previously, that enrichment of tumor cells from peripheral blood is possible by using magnetic nanoparticles with a carboxymethyl dextran (CMD) shell. Long-term storage of CMD nanoparticles eliminated the differential labeling of tumor cells and leukocytes which might be due to an alteration of the carboxymethyl dextran shell. Incubation of stored CMD nanoparticles with freshly prepared carboxymethyl dextran restored the differential labeling. In contrast, enzymatic degradation of the carboxymethyl dextran shell with dextranase abolished the cell-type specific labeling. Thus, an intact carboxymethyl dextran shell is crucial for the cell-type specific interaction of the CMD nanoparticles and living cells.
A Successful Strategy for the Production of Cationic Magnetoliposomes
Authors: De Cuyper M. , Caluwier D. , Baert J. , Cocquyt J. , Van de Meeren P. 
Published: February 2006

Summary
The present work describes a strategy and the mechanistic background for synthesizing magnetoliposomes (MLs) in which the bi-layered coating is partly composed of positively charged lipids. In a first step, neutral MLs are prepared from zwitterionic phosphatidylcholine vesicles and magnetite nanocores stabilized with an anionic surfactant, and then incubated with cationic vesicles formed from phosphatidylcholine and dioleoyltrimethylammoniumpropane. During this latter step, spontaneous intermembrane lipid transfer occurs. After reaching an equilibrium state, the desired cationic MLs are captured from the mixture in a high-gradient magnetophoresis setup.
Magnetic Polymer Brushes: Towards Tailor-Made Stabilization of Magnetic Fluids by Surface-Initiated Polymerization
Authors: Gelbrich Thorsten , Feyen Mathias , Schmidt Annette M. 
Published: February 2006

Summary
Novel surfactant-free magnetic fluids based on magnetite nanoparticles stabilized by a covalently attached polymeric brush were characterized in terms of their dispersion properties by DLS. We found that the molecular weight of the stabilizing surface-tethered polymeric arms has a direct impact on the hydrodynamic diameter d
h of the well-dispersed particles. An increase of d
h from 10 nm (octylcarboxylate-stabilized magnetite particles) to more than 100 nm for similar magnetite cores with a densely grafted poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) shell of 12300 g mol−1 is observed. The experimental results are compared to the expected values in the case of completely stretched polymeric chains.
Production and Characterisation of Ferromagnetic Nanoscale Metal Powders Produced by Laser Evaporation
Authors: Schaarschuch Rolf , Moras Konrad , Riehemann Werner , Brendebach Boris , Modrow Hartwig 
Published: February 2006

Summary
Ferromagnetic metallic nanoscale particles were produced by laser evaporation of Co, Fe and Fe3Al targets with vapour condensation in nitrogen, argon or air. The composition and structure of the nanoscale powders were investigated by XRD and XAS. The Fe and Fe3Al powders condensed in nitrogen or argon consist mainly of the same phase as the targets. Small amounts of various oxides were found too. Condensation in air yields pure oxide nanopowders without metallic phases. From Co targets nanoscale particles with both fcc and hcp structure are obtained. With increasing aggregation gas pressure the mean diameter of the powders increases, leading to a higher saturation magnetisation of the coarser powders. The oxidation stability of the powders can be attributed to oxygen layers on the particles which were found to be 1–2 nm thick.
Dependence of Brownian Relaxation on the Volume Fraction and an External Field
Authors: Fischer B. , Wagner J. , Schmitt M. , Trieu V. , Hempelmann Rolf 
Published: February 2006

Summary
CoxFe3−xO4 based ferrofluids were employed to study the dependence of the rotational diffusion on the concentration of magnetic particles and on a static external magnetic field. This influence is investigated in a frequency range 100 Hz ≤ f ≤ 700 kHz. With increasing volume fraction, the rotational motion is slowed down. The increase of the relaxation times can be described by an apparent increase of the effective viscosity originating from particle interactions. In a static external field, the rotation of large particles is trapped. Hence only the fraction of small particles is able to follow the ac-field and the magnetic relaxation appears to be faster. The critical particle size for a transition from free state into a trapped state depends on the strength of the static magnetic field.
Surface Waves and Rosensweig Instability in Isotropic Ferrogels
Authors: Bohlius Stefan , Brand Helmut R. , Pleiner Harald 
Published: February 2006

Summary
We derive the dispersion relation of surface waves for isotropic magnetic gels in the presence of an external magnetic field normal to the free surface. Above a critical field strength surface waves become linearly unstable with respect to a stationary pattern of surface protuberances. This linear stability criterion generalizes that of the Rosensweig instability for ferrofluids by taking into account elasticity, additionally.
Characterization of the Grain Size in Ferromagnetic Colloids: Comparing Torsional-Pendulum Measurements with Standard Complementary Methods
Authors: Embs J. , Müller H. W. , Krill C. E. , Meyer F. , Natter H. , Müller B. , Wiegand S. , Lücke M. , Knorr K. , Hempelmann Rolf 
Published: February 2006

Summary
A recently introduced shear-flow-free method for measuring the rotational viscosity of a resonantly forced torsional pendulum is used to determine the transverse magnetic relaxation time in magnetite and cobalt-based ferrofluids. From these data the average size of the ferromagnetic grains and their hydrodynamic diameter (core plus surfactant coating) are deduced under in-situ conditions, i.e. without diluting the sample. The reliability of the method is demonstrated by comparing the results with those of the complementary techniques of magneto-granulometry, X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, and photon-correlation spectroscopy.
Structural and Magnetic Properties of Ni/NiOxide- and Co/CoOxide Core/Shell Nanoparticles and their possible Use for Ferrofluids
Authors: Schneider V. , Reinholdt A. , Kreibig U. , Weirich T. , Güntherodt G. , Beschoten B. , Tillmanns A. , Krenn H. , Rumpf K. , Granitzer P. 
Published: February 2006

Summary
Ni- and Co-nanoparticles of average sizes of about 4 to 10 nm were produced by “physical” means with the cluster source LUCAS based upon laser evaporation into seeding gas and adiabatic expansion into an UHV experimentation chamber. They were deposited and subsequently oxidized in situ at about 400 °C.
The structures of the nanos were characterized by HRTEM and chemically analyzed by EFTEM. Clear core/shell structures were established with crystalline metallic core and crystalline oxide shell of final thickness of about 2 nm. In one sample it might be that the shell is amorphous.
An analysis of magnetic properties by SQUID was performed at temperatures between 5 and 300 K and for three different states of oxidation. Surprisingly strong influences of magnetic defects in the nominally (but probably incompletely saturated) antiferromagnetic oxide layers were observed which result in additional exchange anisotropy, in drastic exchange bias shifts of the hystereses and, in one sample, in a second hysteresis loop contribution. In all samples we found suppression of the superparamagnetic state.
The special sample with two loop contributions was numerically evaluated (by co-author H. Krenn).
In the final chapter a method is proposed how to transform these “physically” produced magnetic nanoparticles into a ferrofluid of well known composition.
Gravity Level Influence on a Laterally Heated Ferrofluid Submitted to an Oblique Strong Magnetic Field
Authors: Hennenberg Marcel , Weyssow Boris , Slavtchev S. , Aleksandrov V. , Scheid B. 
Published: February 2006

Summary
A horizontal ferrofluid layer is submitted to a lateral heating and to a strong oblique magnetic field. For a thin enough layer, the steady state solution is the product of the classical solution corresponding to the usual Newtonian fluid submitted to a lateral gradient of temperature, times a modulating factor. This last accounts for the inclination and for the ratio Ra
m/Ra, where Ra is the Rayleigh number due to buoyancy and Ra
m the magnetic Rayleigh number due to the Kelvin magnetic forces. Physically, fundamental modifications of the temperature and velocity profile intervene when Ra
m/Ra >> 1, since, as function of the inclination of the magnetic field, the direction of motion in the infinitely elongated cells can become inverted.
The Major Role of Clinicians in the Discovery of Off‐Label Drug Therapies
Authors: DeMonaco Harold J. , Ali Ayfer , von Hippel Eric 
Published: February 2006

Objective. To determine the role of clinicians in the discovery of off‐label use of prescription drugs approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA).Data Sources. Micromedex Healthcare Series was used to identify new uses of new molecular entities approved by the FDA in 1998, literature from January 1999–December 2003 was accessed through MEDLINE, and relevant patents were identified through the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.Data Synthesis and Main Finding. A survey of new therapeutic uses for new molecular entity drugs approved in 1998 was conducted for the subsequent 5 years of commercial availability. During that period, 143 new applications were identified in a computerized search of the literature for the 29 new drugs considered and approved in 1998. Literature and patent searches were conducted to identify the first report of each new application. Authors of the seminal articles were contacted through an electronic survey to determine whether they were in fact the originators of the new applications. If they were, examination of article content and author surveys were used to explore if each new application was discovered through clinical practice that was independent of pharmaceutical company or university research (field discovery) or if the discovery was made by or with the involvement of pharmaceutical company or university researchers (central discovery). Eighty‐two (57%) of the 143 drug therapy innovations in our sample were discovered by practicing clinicians through field discovery.Conclusion. To our knowledge, the major role of clinicians in the discovery of new, off‐label drug therapies has not been previously documented or explored. We propose that this finding has important regulatory and health policy implications.
Daptomycin for the Treatment of Gram‐Positive Bacteremia and Infective Endocarditis: A Retrospective Case Series of 31 Patients
Authors: Segreti John A. , Crank Christopher W. , Finney Michael S. 
Published: February 2006

Study Objective. To evaluate the outcomes in patients with bacteremia and/or infective endocarditis who were treated with daptomycin.Design. Retrospective chart review.Setting. A university‐affiliated medical center in Chicago, Illinois, and a regional hospital in Fountain Valley, California.Patients. Thirty‐one inpatients treated with daptomycin for bacteremia and/or infective endocarditis.Measurements and Main Results. Patients were given daptomycin 4–6 mg/kg intravenously every 24–48 hours based on the practitioner's discretion and depending on the patient's clinical condition and presence of comorbidities. Primary end points were resolution of signs and symptoms of infection and discharge from the hospital. Methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus ([MRSA] 11 patients) and vancomycin‐resistant entercocci ([VRE] 11 patients) were the most common pathogens, whereas 7 patients had methicillin‐sensitive S. aureus infection and 1 patient had coagulase‐negative Staphylococcus infection. One patient with endocarditis had a negative culture result. Overall, 24 (77%) of the 31 patients achieved clinical resolution and were discharged, including all patients infected with MRSA; 7 patients died, 6 of whom had VRE infection. Duration of treatment for infective endocarditis lasted longer (typically 22–43 days) than that for bacteremia only (≤ 14 days), and no patients discontinued daptomycin because of adverse events.Conclusion. In these patients, daptomycin was safe and well tolerated even for extended durations of treatment. Daptomycin may provide an effective option for treating drug‐resistant gram‐positive bloodstream infections and endocarditis.
Update on Prostate Cancer Chemoprevention
Authors: Lowe Jennifer Fisher , Frazee Lawrence A. 
Published: February 2006

Background. Prostate cancer is the most common type of cancer and the second leading cause of cancer‐related deaths in American men. Its high rate of occurrence and long lead time to clinically significant disease make prostate cancer an ideal disease for pharmacologic or nutritional chemoprevention.Methods. To identify the various chemoprevention strategies for prostate cancer, a MEDLINE search (from 1967–2005) and bibliographic search of the English‐language literature were conducted.Results. Epidemiologic and retrospective studies have assessed the effect of carotenoids (e.g., lycopene), vitamins, selenium, and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on the rate of occurrence of prostate cancer. The few published prospective trials evaluated prostate cancer as a secondary end point. Lycopene (as β‐carotene) and selenium supplementation have been associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer in nested case‐control studies, but only in subgroups of men with low baseline plasma lycopene (or β‐carotene) and selenium levels respectively. The Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial prospectively evaluated finasteride, a 5‐α‐reductase inhibitor, as chemoprevention. The results showed a 25% relative risk reduction in prostate cancer, albeit at an increased risk of invasive tumors.Conclusion. Data regarding lycopene, vitamin E, and selenium as chemoprevention for prostate cancer appear promising. Prospective trials such as the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT) will clarify the role of these agents in prostate cancer prevention. The role of NSAIDs is unclear, and the long‐term toxicity associated with NSAIDs may limit their usefulness. Although finasteride has decreased overall prostate cancer occurrence, the risk of invasive tumors may outweigh the benefit of this agent. The continuing Reduction by Dutasteride of Prostate Cancer Events (REDUCE) trial may help define a role for the 5‐α‐reductase inhibitors in cancer chemoprevention. At this time, nothing has been proven effective as chemoprevention against clinically significant prostate cancer.