bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Engineering geology of Quaternary soils: I. Processes and properties
Authors: Culshaw M. G. , Cripps J. C. , Bell F. G. , Moon C. F. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
This introductory paper describes Quaternary soils according to the climatic conditions under which they were formed (glacial, periglacial, temperate, arid and tropical). The paper discusses the geological characteristics of the soils and the processes that have acted in forming or altering them, as well as their geotechnical properties.
Report on Session 1a: Processes and material properties of glacially derived deposits
Authors: Fannin N. G. T. 
Published: April 2008

The papers presented in this session of the conference cover many aspects of the processes and material properties of glacially-derived sediments. Discussion ranges from the theoretical behaviour of ‘tills’ and their distribution, the effects of late or post-depositional processes, the measurement of physical properties in situ or in the laboratory, rates of variation in physical properties both laterally and vertically, the use of glacial models in predicting change and the scale or resolution of these models relative to the requirements of the. engineer, and the problems of the application of geophysical (remote sensing) methods offshore. This mixture from the theoretical, through careful field and laboratory observation and measurement to the strictly practical application of results is entirely appropriate. In recent years, new studies of glacial processes have led to a considerable revision in our understanding of how glacial sediments are deposited. The application of this knowledge by the practising engineer is a demonstration of the value of Quaternary geological studies.
The physical properties of glacially-derived deposits and rocks or sediments influenced by glacial action reflect both the conditions of deposition and subsequent events. Therefore, it is important to understand not just the nature of the material transported by an ice mass and its mode of deposition, but also the nature of the ice itself and its response to climatic forcing and the local terrain. Our perceptions of how sediments are deposited under and from within ice are changing as we begin to understand better the complex hydrostatic conditions which
A survey of the geotechnical properties of some till deposits on the north coast of Norfolk
Authors: Bell F. G. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Deposits of till occur in the Anglian and Devensian stages of the Quaternary succession in Norfolk. These are the Cromer Till, the Chalky Boulder Clay and the Hunstanton Till, the former two occur in the Anglian stage and the latter in the Devensian stage. On the north coast of Norfolk the Chalky Boulder Clay has in the past been referred to as the Contorted Drift around Trimingham and further west, because of its chalk content, as the Marly Drift.

Little work on the geotechnical properties of these tills in north Norfolk has been published. Accordingly an investigation was undertaken to determine their engineering behaviour. All these tills are matrix-dominated with clay forming less than a third of the matrix except in the case of the Marly Drift. They are either firm or stiff with low or intermediate plasticity and have shear strength values ranging between 50 and 115 kN/m
2
. The tills are either inactive or have normal activity and all have low sensitivity. Their consolidation properties are characteristic of stiff clays.
The geotechnical characteristics of the till deposits of Holderness
Authors: Bell F. G. , Forster A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The glacial deposits of Holderness are well displayed along the coast of Humberside from Bridlington to Spurn Head. These deposits consist primarily of tills which may contain chalky debris and include pockets and lenses of sands and gravel. They have been subdivided in the past into four units the Basement, Drab, Purple and Hessle Boulder Clays. This has been re-interpreted as three tills (the Basement, Skipsea and Withernsea Tills) below a composite weathered unit of Skipsea and Withernsea Till.
The dominant clay minerals in all the clays are kaolinite and illite. In addition, the clay fraction usually constitutes up to 30% of the deposit. Accordingly the clays have a low plasticity. However, because the Basement Till contains a larger content of fines it does have higher consistency limits. The geotechnical data confirm the interpretation of the “Hessle Clay” as a weathered product of the Skipsea and Withernsea Tills
The influence of stratigraphy on the Variation in geotechnical properties of the offshore Quaternary succession, Scotland
Authors: Bone B. D. , Long D. , Stoker M. S. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Evidence is presented to show the influence that Sedimentation patterns and environmental conditions have had on the geotechnical properties of Quaternary Sediments in the Scottish offshore area. An understanding of the three-dimensional structure of the Quaternary deposits greatly aids regional geotechnical studies which need to be undertaken before evaluating site specific problems.
Glacially deformed bedrock at Wylfa Head, Anglesey, North Wales
Authors: Harris C. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Widespread glacitectonically deformed bedrock was exposed in open trenches during site investigation at Wylfa, Anglesey. Bedrock consists of well—jointed low grade metasediments, with foliation dipping northwards. Drift thickness varies from 0–24m, with a drumlinised surface topography on the southern margin of the site. Bedrock merges upwards through a sheared zone at least 2m thick into locally derived lodgement till. A dark coloured calcareous tili overlies the local till in places. The deformed bedrock zone shows overturning, compressive folding and shearing over a heavily striated plane of decollement, compression being directed towards the south. Large detached slabs of bedrock are present in the basal till, and in one borehole a 1.1m high void 5.1m below rockhead was filled with well-sorted glacial sand. Glacial deformation of bedrock is discussed in the context of rockhead geometry, bedrock structure, basal water pressures, and effective stresses beneath the glacier.
The importance of multidisciplinary geoscience investigations for engineering projects in the Oseberg, Brage and Troll Fields
Authors: Butenko G. , Østmo S. R. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to discuss the importance and advantages of coordinating and integrating the different phases and expertise involved in an offshore site investigation. Modern, multi-Channel, high-resolution, seismic reflection profiles improve significantly the ability to predict the continuity of soil layers several kilometres away from the nearest geotechnical boring. The geological history of the sediments is reflected in the geotechnical parameters obtained from in situ and laboratory tests.
The Integration of in situ and laboratory soil tests, seismic stratigraphy and geology gives a comprehensive understanding of the Engineering properties of the Quaternary sediments in the Oseberg, Brage and Troll fields.
Geotechnical properties of Quaternary deposits in the Belfast area
Authors: Gregory B. J. , Bell A. L. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Soils deposited during the Quaternary era occur widely in Northern Ireland. Those in the Belfast area pose particular Engineering problems owing to their wide Variation, and the increasingly diverse range of construction activities in this major city. The soil types identified in the city area include two cohesive till sheets, separated by laminated clays and glacial sands. Overlying the glacial deposits is a soft, sensitive, post-glacial, estuarine clay known locally as Sleech.
A field and laboratory-based programme of research has been conducted with the aim of improving understanding of the geotechnical behaviour of these deposits, and of identifying relevant Engineering properties. This paper presents results from this research, describing the soil types, common Engineering problems associated with them, and laboratory measured properties. The properties investigated relate to strength and deformation, including elastic yield parameters derived from stress path tests, and consolidation characteristics. The results show that the measured parameters depend on sampling techniques and preparation, as well as sample size and test procedure adopted. Thus any results require careful Interpretation and the practical applications of the findings are discussed in the paper.
Origins and engineering hazards of Swedish glaciomarine and marine clays
Authors: Stevens R. L. , Rosenbaum M. S. , Hellgren L. G. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
This paper relates the Engineering features of fine-grained clays in the Göteborg area to their glacial sources, depositional settings and postdepositional changes. These deposits occupy valley and coastal areas where urban expansion has been concentrated, despite the considerable problems with settlement and quick-clay behaviour. Both mineralogical and permeability trends are largely determined by the textural characteristics of the deposits. The depositional environments, which have largely controlled the textural trends, are known to have evolved during late Weichselian times due to glacial retreat, isostatic land uplift and climatic changes. A generalized lithostratigraphical model has been produced and this is used here to help understand and predict the variability of the geotechnical properties. The stratigraphical trends in texture, mineralogy and structure are considered within four broad genetic categories: 1) coarse-grained glacial deposits, 2) glaciomarine deposits, 3) very distal glaciomarine deposits, and 4) shallow-marine deposits. These divisions can often be recognized within the logs of geotechnical reports, which suggested that they could provide the basis for development of three-dimensional models which have both geological and geotechnical predictive power within the vicinity of Göteborg. They could also act as a guide for the development of similar models in urban areas elsewhere.
The Tees laminated clay
Authors: Bell F. G. , Coultard J. M. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The Tees Laminated Clay forms a continuous deposit around the Tees estuary and was deposited during late glacial times. It overlies till, with which it has a sharp contact, and varies in thickness up to 9 m. The laminations consist of alternate layers of clay and silty sand. They are frequently indistinct or may be contorted and in some areas are not observed. It has been suggested that these laminated clays represent fluvio-glacial deposits laid down in an ice-dammed lake.
The fabric of the clays was examined in thin sections under polarized light and measurement of transmitted light intensities on rotation of the microscope stage gave values which indicated a medium particle orientation or parallel planar fabric of the clay minerals. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated the presence of quartz, illite, kaolinite and some chlorite.
In addition to the determination of the basic soil properties of the Tees Laminated Clay, the influence of its anisotropic character on the more noteable engineering properties, in particular, on the strength of the clay. In fact, it was found that the shear strength along the laminations on average, was 25% less than it was normal to the laminations. It also was found that the clay suffered a significant loss of strength on remoulding, it being medium sensitive to sensitive. The laminated clay is lightly consolidated with a medium to high compressibility.
A review of the mechanisms of cambering and valley bulging
Authors: Parks C. D. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
A study has been undertaken to investigate the mechanism of cambering and valley bulging. Previously proposed primary mechanisms are critically reviewed and discussed. The primary mechanism proposed here is that of frost heave and creep of valley slopes, enhanced by slope erosion and cap rock load during a period of periglaciation, partly at the onset of the cold period but predominantly whilst the ground was in frozen and thawing states. The mechanism is supported by experimental study, a mathematical model and field evidence.
Highway construction aspects of the Quaternary engineering geology of West Java
Authors: Cook J. R. , Younger J. S. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Quaternary materials, consisting of a variety of both volcanic and sedimentary deposits, cover a large area of the Indonesian province of West Java. These deposits have been subjected to a tropical weathering environment which has emphasised their distinct characteristics. Broad groupings of the Quaternary deposits have been made with respect to their Potential behaviour as road construction materials, cuttings and foundations. Aspects of this behaviour are illustrated by examples from the Authors’ experience of recent road projects in the area.
The distribution, formation and engineering properties of Quaternary regional Sediments in China
Authors: Guorui G. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
In China, there exist various regional sediments of the Quaternary such as loess soils of the Yellow River in northern China, lateritic soils in southern China and expansive soils in the broad plains of the Yangtze River. In the past, these Quaternary Sediments were often treated as special soils and their engineering properties tended to be studied accordingly. However, not much attention was given to relationships that may exist between these regional soils and, so far, the distribution and formation of regional Sediments have not been systematically studied. Only when it was found that regional classifications of soils (their names and their engineering properties) were in disagreement with each other for adjacent areas was the subject of relationship considered.
Recently, the author has tested and studied a number of samples of various Quaternary regional Sediments. The relationship of their composition and microstructural features to their engineering properties has first been analysed on the basis of their basic properties. The distribution of regional sediments has then been studied in detail according to geographical environment and climatic conditions. Finally, formation and development processes for the various regional Sediments of the Quaternary in China have been postulated.
Consolidation characteristics of gypsiferous soils
Authors: Sirwan K. , Majeed A. H. , Wadood B. A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Recently developed gypsiferous soils areas have posed unprecedented Problems in construction. Structures, buildings, leaking canals, and pipe works have cracked, tilted, and collapsed due to drop of strength and settlement on soaking: and in cases of continuous water seepage to foundations the soils were washed away.
Immediate and long term continuous settlements are characteristic of gypsiferous soils: more over, sites' heterogeneity makes the design of foundations all the more difficult. On the other hand, the apparent strength of these soils, when they are dry, has led to errors which have eventually led to cracks and failures of many structures.
It is the aim of this paper to describe the basic engineering characteristics of these soils in terms of normal consolidation, as well as long term settlement behaviour under stress.
It is recomnended that foundation pits should be kept dry during foundation construction: further, low hearing capacity values in design should be adopted to minimize settlement as well as creep of soils in both dry and wet situations.
British Geological Survey thematic geology maps of Quaternary deposits in Scotland
Authors: Browne M. A. E. , McMillan A. A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
This paper describes the portrayal of the surface distribution of Quaternary deposits (drift) in a range of maps prepared by the Geological Survey (Scotland). It considers three methods of classification involving the use of 1. the familiar BGS symbol scheme, 2. the descriptive lithological codes of thematic map packages and 3. an alphabetical Classification adopted in a recent thematic study of the Clyde valley. The three dimensional distribution of Quaternary deposits has rarely been portrayed in map form. A lithological profile scheme, also prepared as part of the Clyde valley project, is advocated as an appropriate method of representing the third dimension in complex sequences.
The significance of mottling in the description of Quaternary estuarine soils
Authors: Hawkins A. B. , Lloyd I.M. , Nash D. F. T. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
During detailed examination of fresh material from split Delft samples extensive mottling was noted in the alluvial deposits at the SERC test bed site at Bothkennar on the Forth Estuary, Scotland. The mottles, invariably related to small diameter holes, are only recognisable for about thirty minutes before becoming indistinguishable due to general oxidation.
The mottles have been categorised into fine, medium and coarse size and are recorded by their percentage cover. They show some evidence of cyclic development. Laboratory tests on the mottled material indicate that only the moisture content is significantly affected. Observation of the mottles is important in that they are related to fine holes which in turn will influence the in situ permeability of the material.
Quaternary engineering geology: a summary
Authors: Muir Wood D. 
Published: April 2008

Introduction

The position of the summer-up is perhaps the least to be envied of all those invited to speak at this Conference: others can say their piece and then relax, or even depart (Fig 1); he has to attend every session and to hear all that is said knowing that his own remarks are likely to be made to an ever-dwindling audience. It would be nice to be able to feel that the importance of the various elements of the conference was inversely proportional to their duration (Fig 2) - just as this conference has thrown the spotlight uniquely on the Quaternary, which occupies but the smallest fraction of the geological history of our planet. We are told that the Quaternary represents the last 4 hours of the earth’s history compressed to 1 year : the summing up represents the last few minutes of the four days of the conference.
As a period of geological history, the Quaternary encompasses a whole spectrum of climatic variations. Though there has been concentration in this conference on processes more or less loosely associated with glaciation, other processes have continued also. It is only by understanding the processess by which the surface of the earth has been shaped that we can hope to form a coherent picture of the distribution of soils and rocks and their properties.
Our concentration in civil engineering tends to be on structures with a lifetime of, say, 50 to 100 years.
The significance of engineering geology to construction
Authors: Bell F.G. , Cripps J. C. , Culshaw M. G. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The paper discusses the important contribution that engineering geology makes to the construction processes of excavation and the forming of foundations. The contribution to the construction of highways is described. In particular, the influence of geology on cut slope stability, soft and hard ground excavation (including tunnelling), bearing capacity, settlement, subsidence and the choice of foundation type are all considered. Particular problems associated with the use of fills and waste
materials are also mentioned. The importance of adequate site investigation is stressed.
Engineering geology of Snebra Ghyll bridge, A595(T) Hensingham Bypass
Authors: Ball M. J. , Sims B. E. F. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The construction of Hensingham Bypass, Cumbria was completed in December 1991. Snebra Ghyll is a deep ravine opening into convex, rounded slopes at the top. An eight span arch bridge was adopted for the ghyll crossing, with bank seats supported on the approach embankments. The northern approach embankment has reinforced earth slopes above the ravine. Intermediate piers and arch springings are founded on bedrock, in which open joints were identified. These were grouted before foundation
construction. Steep faces beneath the bridge are protected by soil nailing.
Applications of jet grouting in civil engineering
Authors: Essler R. D. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Jet grouting has been carried out for a number of years and is of increasing interest as engineers understand its application and advantages in civil engineering construction. While the process of jet grouting is widely known, the design of a jet grout solution is not. This paper will outline the design of jet grouting, suggest ways the techniques can be utilized and presents a number of case histories.
Pipeline route investigations using geophysical techniques
Authors: Fenning P. J. , Hasan S. 
Published: April 2008

Recent increased expenditure on water supply infrastructure has involved the construction of many underground pipelines in a variety of geological situations. Variations in ground conditions not revealed by site investigation boreholes have sometimes led to major cost implications.
It is suggested that geophysical surveys along planned pipeline routes before construction can assist in highlighting potential problem areas and lead to the cost-effective location of site investigation boreholes.

Background

In many instances the route of a new pipeline is constrained by significant factors such as land access, topographic variations along the route and local planning conditions.
The geological conditions along the route are often relegated to a minor consideration to be determined by a few shallow boreholes after the route has been almost decided and land access provisionally agreed. These boreholes or trial pits are often conveniently sited at regular intervals along a pipeline route. Unfortunately, the geological conditions are often variable and carry with them cost implications. Typical examples are when a sandstone which can be easily ripped by a machine changes laterally into a more durable lithology which requires blasting, or when the depth of soil cover overlying the bedrock decreases sharply, requiring a change in the type of excavator used.
In the selection of any pipeline route an initial desk study is carried out by engineers and planners, who collate all the available relevant information.
Estimation of rippability and excavation conditions from seismic velocity measurements
Authors: McCann D. M. , Fenning P.J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Rock excavation conditions at engineering construction sites such as roads and pipeline routes can be assessed from a measurement of the seismic P-wave velocity. From a knowledge of the seismic velocity it is possible to establish where blasting may be required along the route rather than conventional excavation procedures. The popular term `ripping' is applied to excavation without blasting and manufacturers of excavation equipment have produced charts relating the rippability of a rock
mass to its measured in situ seismic velocity. These charts are a basic guide to the assessment of rippability and cover a limited range of rock types; in addition, they do not always include the effects of weathering or the degree of stress relief in the rock mass resulting from removal of the overburden.
The effectiveness of the use of seismic velocity measurements for predicting rippability is examined. It is shown that, provided each lithological type is considered, in conjunction with an assessment of the degree of fracturing and weathering in the rock mass and an appraisal of the effects of stress relief, then seismic velocity is a valuable parameter for predicting rippability. This can lead to a consequent reduction in costs due to the decreased use of blasting.