bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Food sources for adult Diachasmimorpha longicaudata, a parasitoid of tephritid fruit flies: effects on longevity and fecundity
Authors: Sivinski John , Aluja Martin , Holler Tim 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWe report the results of a study on potential food sources of the widely distributed Indo‐Australian braconid fruit fly parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Adults sustained life on diets of fruit juice or fruit pulp, a homopteran and its associated honeydew, or extrafloral nectary secretions. Longevities on all these foods and fecundity on fruit juice were comparable to those achieved on the honey that is typically provided in mass‐rearing programs. Certain of the flower species Bidens alba (L.), Spermacoce verticillata L., Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv., Brassica nigra (L.), Lantana camara L., their nectar or pollen, provided a diet that resulted in longer maximum life spans than water alone. Unlike some tephritid flies, the braconid did not feed on fresh bird feces or leaf‐surface exudates. Feeding by D. longicaudata on wounded host fruits of tephritid flies suggests that adult parasitoids would not need separate forays for adult food and oviposition sites, as these occur in the same locations. We conclude that an inventory of adult foods may help target inundative releases of D. longicaudata and lead to improvements in diets used for mass rearing.
Functional response ofTrichogramma chilonistoGalleria mellonellaandChilo sacchariphaguseggs
Authors: Reay‐Jones F.P.F. , Rochat J. , Goebel R. , Tabone E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA biological control programme using inundative releases ofTrichogramma chilonisIschii (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) reared onGalleria mellonellaL. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is currently underway to reduce infestations ofChilo sacchariphagusBojer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in sugarcane,Saccharumspp., on Réunion Island. To assess the potential of the parasitoid as an inundative biocontrol agent, the functional response of threeT. chilonisstrains was tested withG. mellonellaand one strain withC. sacchariphagushost eggs in glass tubes in the laboratory. The shape of the functional response (type II or III) was determined using logistic regression, and attack coefficients and handling times (Th) were determined using non‐linear least‐square regression. The behaviour of all three strains withG. mellonellahost eggs corresponded to a type III response. The St BenoîtT. chilonisstrain had a significantly shorter estimate of Ththan the St Pierre strain (P<0.05) and may, therefore, be more appropriate as a biocontrol agent. The functional response withC. sacchariphagushost eggs was a type II with the St BenoîtT. chilonisstrain. MoreT. chiloniswasps developed per host egg from the largerC. sacchariphagushost eggs (2.9) relative toG. mellonella(1.1). Superparasitism at low host egg densities was, therefore, likely to have been less frequent withC. sacchariphagus. Black eggs were chosen as an estimate of number of eggs parasitized, although they represent the number of eggs where parasitism led to complete pupal development. The low rate of detected parasitism at low host densities withG. mellonellaeggs may be due to incomplete pupal development due to superparasitism rather than lack of parasitism, thus explaining the type III functional response.
Genetic differentiation between eastern populations and recent introductions of potato psyllid (Bactericera cockerelli) into western North America
Authors: Liu Deguang , Trumble John T. , Stouthamer Richard 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAlthough tomato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli (Sulc) (Homoptera, Psyllidae), annually causes significant losses in potato and tomato crops in eastern Mexico and the central United States, infestations in western North America have been historically rare. However, substantial populations appeared in 2001 in western North America and caused losses in tomato production exceeding 80%; losses in 2004 reached 50%. To determine if these new outbreaks were the result of a simple range expansion or the evolution of a new B. cockerelli biotype, inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers, as well as mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase I (COI), internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2), and wsp sequence data were used to characterize populations of the psyllid. Western populations from Baja, Mexico, Orange County, and Ventura County were compared with populations from central USA (Colorado and Nebraska) and eastern Mexico (Coahuila). Based on ISSR markers, the psyllid populations clustered into two groups, with one group including populations from western North America and the other group including populations from central USA and eastern Mexico. For COI comparisons, there was one base‐pair difference found in the 544 bp‐long COI fragments, but the populations again segregated along the same geographic lines. Two strains of Wolbachia were identified, the maximal differences between wsp clones from all populations was 5 bp for strain Bac1 and 23 bp for strain Bac2 out of a 555‐bp fragment. The ISSR data, therefore, were consistent in indicating the development of a new psyllid biotype that has adapted to western North America rather than a simple range expansion, but the other genetic data sets were less conclusive.
Genetic analysis of larval host‐plant preference in two sibling species of Helicoverpa
Authors: Tang Qing‐Bo , Jiang Jin‐Wei , Yan Yun‐Hua , van Loon Joop J.A. , Wang Chen‐Zhu 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe genetic basis of larval host‐plant preference was investigated in reciprocal F1, F2, and backcrossed generations derived from hybrid crosses between the generalist species Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) and the closely related specialist species Helicoverpa assulta (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Host‐plant preference for cotton [Gossypium arboreum L. (Malvaceae)] and pepper [Capsicum frutescens L. (Solanaceae)] of fifth‐instar caterpillars was tested by using a two‐choice leaf‐disk assay. Helicoverpa armigera and H. assulta were significantly different in their feeding preferences, but the difference was not significant in the reciprocal hybrids, which showed there were no maternal/cytoplasmic effects. Comparisons of feeding preference between different groups of females or males demonstrated that the trait was not controlled by sex‐linked loci. The distributions of feeding preference index values for crosses that carried similar complements of autosomal genes were not significantly different, whereas crosses with different complements of autosomal genes were associated with significantly different feeding preferences, indicating that feeding preference of the two species for cotton and pepper, respectively, is controlled by autosomal genes. It was found that one major autosomal locus affected this feeding preference, with the H. armigera‐derived alleles being partially dominant to those carried by H. assulta. The genetic analysis of hybrids contributes to understand the evolution of feeding preference in these closely related species.
Mechanistic studies of melanogenesis: the influence of N‐substitution on dopamine quinone cyclization
Authors: Borovansky Jan , Edge Ruth , Land Edward J. , Navaratnam Suppiah , Pavel Stan , Ramsden Christopher A. , Riley Patrick A. , Smit Nico P. M. 
Published: February 2006

SummaryThe influence of side‐chain structure on the mode of reaction of ortho‐quinone amines has been investigated with a view, ultimately, to developing potential methods of therapeutic intervention by manipulating the early stages of melanogenesis. Four N‐substituted dopamine derivatives have been prepared and quinone formation studied using pulse radiolysis and tyrosinase‐oximetry. Ortho‐quinones with an amide or urea side chain were relatively stable, although evidence for slow formation of isomeric para‐quinomethanes was observed. A thiourea derivative cyclized fairly rapidly (k = 1.7/s) to a product containing a seven‐membered ring, whereas a related amidine gave more rapidly (k ∼ 2.5 × 102/s) a stable spirocyclic product. The results suggest that cyclization of amides, ureas and carbamates (NHCO‐X; X = R, NHR or OR) does not occur and is not, therefore, a viable approach to the formation of tyrosinase‐activated antimelanoma prodrugs. It is also concluded that for N‐acetyldopamine spontaneous ortho‐quinone to para‐quinomethane isomerization is slow.
Determination of eumelanin in human urine
Authors: Wakamatsu Kazumasa , Takasaki Akihiko , Kågedal Bertil , Kageshita Toshiro , Ito Shosuke 
Published: February 2006

SummaryNormal and malignant melanocytes produce melanins and melanin‐related metabolites, most of which are retained in the cells but some are secreted into the blood and then excreted in the urine. In this study, we developed a method to measure levels of eumelanin in urine samples and evaluated its clinical significance in comparison with the melanin‐related metabolites 6‐hydroxy‐5‐methoxyindole‐2‐carboxylic acid (6H5MI2C) and 5‐S‐cysteinyldopa (5‐S‐CD), and with pheomelanin, measured after degradation as 4‐amino‐3‐hydroxyphenylalanine (4‐AHP). The method is based on the production of pyrrole‐2,3,5‐tricarboxylic acid (PTCA) on permanganate oxidation of eumelanin, followed by quantification by liquid chromatography. For 118 urine samples from 10 control subjects, mean urinary excretions of PTCA, 6H5MI2C, 5‐S‐CD and 4‐AHP were 19, 67, 37 and 59 μmol/mol creatinine respectively. In melanoma patients (n = 45), the mean urinary excretions of PTCA, 6H5MI2C, 5‐S‐CD, and 4‐AHP were 91, 926, 4070 and 3530 μmol/mol creatinine respectively. Median level of PTCA in melanoma patients was elevated 2.1‐fold compared with control subjects. The degrees of elevation for 6H5MI2C, 5‐S‐CD, and 4‐AHP were 1.8‐, 22‐ and 6.2‐fold respectively. Thus, although urinary PTCA is of little clinical value in following the progression of melanoma, urinary 4‐AHP appears to be of considerable value in this respect.
A tumor necrosis factor‐α antagonist inhibits inflammatory bone resorption induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis infection in mice
Authors: Suzuki Yoshifumi , Aoki Kazuhiro , Saito Hiroaki , Umeda Makoto , Nitta Hiroshi , Baron Roland , Ohya Keiichi 
Published: February 2006

Background:  A tumor‐necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) antagonist, the WP9QY peptide, was designed based on the crystal structure of the TNF‐β/TNF‐receptor complex in order to overcome the disadvantages of macromolecules such as antibodies or soluble receptors by reducing the molecular size of TNF‐α antagonists. It efficiently antagonizes the effect of TNF‐α binding to the TNF receptor (I).Objectives:  The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of the WP9QY peptide on inflammatory bone resorption and osteoclast formation in the periodontal pathogen‐infection model.Material and methods:  Live Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277 was injected once daily for 6 days into the subcutaneous tissue overlying the calvariae in mice. At the same time, the WP9QY peptide (1 mg/kg, 2 mg/kg or 4 mg/kg per day) was administrated via osmotic minipumps for 7 days. Histological observations and the radiological assessments of the calvariae as well as bone mineral density measurements were performed.Results:  The WP9QY peptide significantly prevented the P. gingivalis‐induced reduction in the bone mineral density at the calvariae. The histomorphometric assessments revealed the inhibitiory effects of the WP9QY peptide on the P. gingivalis‐induced increase in the number of the inflammatory cells and in the area of sagittal suture at the calvariae. Furthermore, there was also an inhibitory effect on the P. gingivalis‐induced increase in the number of osteoclasts per unit bone surface at the calvariae.Conclusion:  These results suggest that the strategy for the design to reduce the molecular size of the TNF‐α antagonists would be beneficial for the treatment of local inflammatory bone loss induced by periodontal‐pathogen infection.
Gingival crevicular fluid levels of calprotectin and myeloperoxidase during therapy for generalized aggressive periodontitis
Authors: Kaner Doğan , Bernimoulin Jean‐Pierre , Kleber Bernd‐Michael , Heizmann Wolfgang R. , Friedmann Anton 
Published: February 2006

Background:  Levels of the inflammation marker calprotectin in gingival crevicular fluid correspond to clinical and biochemical parameters of periodontal inflammation. Neutrophil granulocytes (polymorphonuclear neutrophils: PMNs) are supposed to be the main source of calprotectin in gingival crevicular fluid, but evidence is still lacking. The influence of periodontal therapy on gingival crevicular fluid levels of calprotectin has not yet been determined.Objectives:  Gingival crevicular fluid levels of calprotectin were monitored during therapy for generalized aggressive periodontitis. Interrelations between calprotectin and the PMN marker myeloperoxidase (MPO) were evaluated.Material and methods:  Gingival crevicular fluid samples were collected from 23 patients with generalized aggressive periodontitis before and 3 months after non‐surgical therapy with an adjunctive antimicrobial medication. Clinical parameters were recorded with a pressure‐calibrated electronic probe. Levels of calprotectin and MPO in gingival crevicular fluid were analysed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) procedures.Results:  At baseline, levels of calprotectin and MPO were highly correlated. Bleeding and suppurating sites showed significantly higher levels of calprotectin and MPO than non‐bleeding, non‐suppurating sites. Therapy significantly decreased levels of both biomarkers. These changes of calprotectin and MPO were highly correlated and also related to probing‐depth reduction. Three months after therapy, the levels of both markers still showed significant correlations in initially deep sites, whereas in initially shallow sites no significant correlation was found. After therapy, levels of markers in bleeding and non‐bleeding sites were comparable.Conclusion:  The correlations between calprotectin and MPO indicate that PMNs are a major contributor to the calprotectin content in gingival crevicular fluid of severely affected sites. Calprotectin levels in gingival crevicular fluid and their changes reflect periodontal inflammation as well as the clinical treatment outcome. A prognostic potential of this marker substance remains to be determined.
Can We Really Trust MRI in Diagnosing Knee Injuries in Athletes?
Authors: Rolf Christer G. , Riyami Masoud 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis review discusses the so frequent dilemma for a sports physician or orthopaedic surgeon to stand in front of a professional soccer or rugby player with a knee injury, showing clear clinical signs of a meniscus tear or possibly chondral injury, but with an magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) which has been reported as normal. When arthroscopy finally is undertaken after a lot of discussion and delay caused by the reportedly normal MRI, the clinical suspicion is verified. The opposite situation may of course also occur. A clinician usually refers to MRI when the clinical diagnosis is unclear. However, among professional clubs in the UK the referral to a tertiary specialist is in many cases accompanied with an already undertaken MRI. In this review, we demonstrate several illustrative cases, where MRI has led to unnecessary management delays. The review focuses on meniscus and focal cartilage injuries. We suggest a range of possible solutions, which may improve the situation. There are several controversies to be addressed. First, detailed communication between the clinician and radiologist are often hampered by formal procedures. A referral is sent to the Radiology Department and a radiographer will perform a routine MRI protocol. The referral question may not always point to the correct injury, and is depending on the experience of the clinician. Usually, the radiologist is not present during scanning and instead puts together a protocol and subsequently reports on the images without having seen the injured player. Secondly, the use of different routine protocols for investigation of different structures is often not known in detail by the clinician. Thirdly, there is often a lack of standardized reporting of exact location, size and severity of focal cartilage injury in relation to the patients sporting demands. Furthermore, the quality of healed cartilage in a treated focal defect is of course of vital interest for allowing return to sport. Last but not least, inability to verify dynamic instabilities and structural behaviour during movement of the injured knee decreases the clinical value of MRI when compared with arthroscopy for a number of common sport injuries of the knee.
Computed Tomography of Knee Injuries
Authors: Ahn J. M. , El‐Khoury G. Y. 
Published: February 2006

SummaryThe knee is the largest and most complex joint in the body and a wide variety of bone and soft tissue injuries are seen in the knee. Trauma to the knee can result in injury to the bone, articular cartilage, meniscus and ligaments. Fractures of the proximal tibia, particularly those that extend into the knee joint, are serious injuries that frequently result in functional impairment. Recent advances in cross‐sectional imaging, particularly in computed tomography (CT), have given this modality a prominent role in the detection and classification of fractures in and around the knee. With the advent of high‐performance multi‐detector CT, isotropic data sets can be generated with subsecond gantry rotation times and submillimetre slice thickness. CT arthrography can clearly demonstrate many lesions in the plethora of internal derangement of the knee. CT arthrography also deserves its advantage as it may be used to evaluate knee injuries in patients where magnetic resonance imaging is contraindicated. In this article we discuss the indications for imaging of knee injuries by CT, present the advantages of multi‐detector CT and CT arthrography, and provide examples that highlight the utility of CT in the evaluation of the knee injuries.
Imaging of the Postoperative Knee
Authors: Galla M. , Agneskirchner J. D. , Lobenhoffer P. 
Published: February 2006

SummaryAs imaging techniques develop rapidly, it has become essential to differentiate which techniques are suitable for evaluation of postoperative results. Depending on the surgical procedure, standard radiography, magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography can be employed for imaging of the postoperative knee. For accurate assessment of the postoperative status knowledge of the utilized surgical methods and the expected imaging appearances of the structures that have been reconstructed, resected or replaced is necessary. Both radiologists and orthopaedic surgeons must be familiar with the possibilities of each imaging method and its indications resp. contraindications. As a single technique is not always sufficient to provide all the information, all imaging methods should be considered complementary. This article will give an overview on different imaging techniques, their indications and their problems in postoperative assessment of surgical results around the knee joint.
On the correlation of short gamma-ray bursts and clusters of galaxies
Authors: Ghirlanda G. , Magliocchetti M. , Ghisellini G. , Guzzo L. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
We cross-correlate gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) and X-ray selected clusters of galaxies at z≤ 0.45. We find a positive 2σ signal for the angular cross-correlation function wbc(θ) on scales θ≤ 3° between short GRBs and clusters. Conversely, no correlation is found between clusters and the population of long GRBs. The comparison with the cluster autocorrelation function shows that short GRBs do not trace the cluster distribution, as not all short GRBs are found in clusters. A higher signal in wbc(θ) is found if we only consider the cluster population up to z= 0.1. By comparing the short-burst autocorrelation function with model predictions, we then constrain short bursts to mostly originate within ∼270 Mpc (i.e. z≤ 0.06). Our analysis also reveals that short GRBs are better correlated with ‘normal’ galaxies. The double compact-object merger model for short GRBs would associate them preferentially with early-type galaxies, but the present statistics do not allow us to exclude that at least a fraction of these events might also take place in late-type galaxies, in agreement with recent evidence.
A spectral slope versus perihelion distance correlation for planet-crossing asteroids
Authors: Marchi S. , Magrin S. , Nesvorný D. , Paolicchi P. , Lazzarin M. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
The spectral slope of sunlight reflected by an asteroid surface may change with time as a result of several physical processes acting on the surface layer known as ‘space weathering’. The effects of space weathering are important for asteroid studies because they may help us to explain the paucity of spectroscopic analogues of ordinary chondrites (OCs) among the main belt asteroids.
In this Letter we report a new result that may be used to understand better how asteroid surfaces evolve with time. Using a large data set of spectroscopic observations of planet-crossing asteroids (near-Earth objects and Mars-crossers), we have found a statistically significant correlation between their spectral slope and the perihelion distance. We have also determined that the Q- and Sq-type planet-crossing asteroids are more abundant (relative to more space-weathered S-type asteroids) at small perihelion distances that characterize dynamically evolved orbits.
We take these results as evidence for some (so far neglected) process that modifies surfaces of planet-crossing asteroids. As originally proposed by Nesvorný et al., the close encounters of these objects with the terrestrial planets may produce tidal perturbations to their surfaces that may partially, or even completely, remove the old and weathered layers and expose non-weathered OC-like material. Our findings may provide new evidence for this process because standard models for the dynamical evolution of asteroids show that planet-crossing asteroids with small perihelion distances have undergone more frequent planetary encounters than those residing in more distant orbits. Therefore, if planetary encounters are important, the distribution of Q-type asteroids in the planet-crossing space should show a correlation with the perihelion distance, exactly as we have found here.