Pipeline Risk Assessment in Deep-Sea Furrow Regions
Authors: Clukey Ed , Israel Ken , Jones Craig , Ziegler C. Kirk 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Deep-sea sedimentary furrows have been recently identified as a potentially significant factor for pipeline risk assessment and route selection. Furrow fields are large-scale variations in seafloor topography which, when coupled with high-velocity bottom currents, can present a significant geohazard to pipelines by creating large spans, flow-induced vibration, and other as-yet-unknown hazards. It is therefore necessary to understand the behavior of the furrow fields and the interactions between pipelines and furrows (at various spatial and temporal scales) so that risk may be characterized and pipeline routes efficiently selected. The first component of this study focused on the analyses of various geometrical, morphological, and geophysical data related to Gulf of Mexico (GOM) furrow fields. These data analyses were used to develop qualitative and quantitative insights concerning the hydrodynamics and sediment transport within GOM furrow fields. This work resulted in the development of a conceptual model for GOM furrow fields. The second component of this study used hydrodynamic and sediment transport models to investigate the interactions between a pipeline and deep-sea furrows. The models were used to investigate flow and sediment transport in furrowed areas for a range of conditions:with and without a pipeline;rigid and deflecting pipeline;varying current velocity;varying current direction; andvarying width-to-depth (W:D) ratio of a furrow.
Model simulations provide a quantitative method for evaluating the interactions between a pipeline and deep-sea urrows; model results may be used to assess pipeline risk within a furrow field.

Introduction
Deep-sea sedimentary furrows, known as furrow fields, have been recently identified as a potentially significant factor for pipeline route selection (Tootill et al. 2003). Furrow fields are large-scale variations in seafloor topography which, when coupled with high-velocity bottom currents, can present a significant geohazard to pipelines by creating large spans and producing flow-induced vibration and other as-yet-unknown hazards. It is therefore necessary to understand the behavior of the furrow fields and the interactions between pipelines and furrows (at various spatial and temporal scales) so that risk to pipeline operations may be characterized, engineering solutions developed, and pipeline routes efficiently selected. Furrows are longitudinal bed forms formed in cohesive sediments that tend to be aligned parallel to bottom currents. Furrow depths typically vary between 1 and 10 m and widths range from about 5 to 50 m. Furrows have been commonly observed in deep-sea and lake regions with strong bottom currents (Flood 1983). Furrows with the potential to impact pipelines laid across them have been observed in the vicinity of the Sigsbee Escarpment in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM), where current velocities of 90 cm/s and greater have been measured. Additionally, furrows have been observed on the seafloor of the Bahama Outer ridge where currents reach 20 cm/s, the English Channel where currents reach 175 cm/s, and Lake Superior where currents reach 30 cm/s.
Potential pipeline hazards associated with deep-sea furrow fields can be separated into the following four categories:unsupported pipeline spans;pipeline shoulder scour;vortex-induced vibrations (VIV); andlarge-scale effects (e.g. hydrodynamic forces on a pipeline resulting from multiple unsupported spans across a furrow field in conjunction with strong episodic currents, which may cause lateral instability and pipeline movement).
Pipeline shoulder scour, which may increase pipeline risk due to VIV, can be especially problematic in deep-sea furrow fields be