bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Markierte verbindungen XVI. N. N′ diphenylharnstoff‐(carbonyl‐14C) aus N‐benzoyl ‐ (carbonyl‐ 14C)‐O‐phenylcarbamoyl‐hydroxylamin
Authors: Zörkendörfer E. , Khorgami M. H. , Boberg F. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractN‐Benzoyl‐(carbonyl‐ 14C)‐O‐phenylcarbamoylhydroxylamin (1x) wird aus Benzoesäure ‐ (carboxyl‐14C) üder Benzhydroxamsäure ‐ (carbonyl‐14C) dargestellt. ‐ Zersetzung von 1x in verschiedenen Systemen ‐ohne Lösungsmittel, Lösungen in Toluol, Dioxan, Dioxan/H2O, H2O, H2O/NaOH ‐ liefert in Abhängigkeit vom System N. N′ ‐Diphenylharmstoff‐ (carbonyl ‐14C) (2x) unterschi edlicher Aktivität, was Nechanismen mit den zuischenstufen Benzhydroxamsäre und Phenylisocyanat erklären.
Synthesis of the contraceptive progestin lynestrenol‐3H from tritiated estr‐4‐ein‐17‐one
Authors: van Kordelaar J. M. G. , Favier J. S. , Kitcher J. P. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractEstrene‐163H with a specific activity of 12 Ci/mmol was prepared from estrenone by an exchange procedure with tritiated water in dimethyl formamide. Lynewstrenol ‐3H (specific activity 800 mCi/mnol) was obtained from estrence‐ 3H by reaction with acetylene and potassium t‐butoxide in tetrahydrouran.
Labelling of 1‐benzyl‐1‐ (3′ ‐dimethylaminopropoxy)‐ cycloheptane, fumarate with tritium
Authors: Banfi D. , Zolyomi G. , Pallos L. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn order to complete our previous publications on pharmacokinetics, action mechanism and metabolism studies, the following new, tritium‐labelled derivatives of Halidor have been prepared: 1‐benzyl ‐1‐(3′‐dimethylaminopropoxy) ‐3, 4, 5, 6‐3H‐cycloheptane fumarate, 1‐benzyl‐1‐(2′‐3H‐3′‐dimethylaminopropoxy)‐cycloheptane fumarate, and 1‐(benzyl‐4‐3H)‐(3′‐dimethylaminopropoxy)‐cycloheptane fumarate.
Markierte verbindumgen XVII. Tetrachlorcyclopropen‐(14C) und tetrachloryclopropen‐ (36CL) ringoffiung im alklischen und sauren medium
Authors: Boberg F. , Khalaf H. , Zörkendörfer E. , Djirsari A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTetrachlorcyclopropen (1) reacts mit methanolischem Natriummethylat zu α‐Chlor‐ß‐methoxy‐orthoacrylsäuremethylester (3), α.β, ß‐dichlor‐orthoacrylsäremethylester (4) und ß‐Chlor‐orthopropinsäuremethylester (5), im wäßrigen sauren oder alkalischen Medium zu α.β‐Dichlor‐acrylsäure (10) . Die Reaktionen von 1 zu 4 und 10 werden mit 14C‐ und 36Cl‐markierten Verbindungen untersucht.Ausgehend von Trichloräthylen‐(1. 2‐14C) werden 4‐(14C) und 10‐(14C) jeweils mit statistischer Verteilung von 14C am C3‐System erhalten über 1H‐Pentachlorcyclopropan‐(1. 2. 3‐14C) mit nichtstatistischer Verteilung von 14C und 1‐(14C). Ausgehend von 1H‐Trichloräthylen‐(2‐36Cl) wird 10‐(36Cl) mit statistischer Verteilung von 36Cl am C3‐System erhalten über 1H‐Pentachlorcyclopropan‐(2. 3‐ 36Cl) und 1‐(36Cl) mit nichtstatistischer Verteilung von 36Cl. Folgeprodukte beweisen die Verteilung von 14C und 36Cl. ‐ Die Trichlorcyclopropenylium‐Zwischenstufe erklärt die Befunde.
Specifications and criteria for the quality control of labeled chemicals
Authors: Harris Wayne G. , Barooshian Armen V. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe primary objective of the supplier of labeled chemicals is to provide the investigator with a product of the highest quality attainable. Ultimately, however, the specific requirement of purity is dictated by experimental design. As new and highly sophisticated experimental procedures are developed, the demand for expertise on the part of both supplier and investigator increases. Exhaustive analyses are required by the manufacturer to provide the investigator with assurance that a given product will fulfill all of his experimental criteria. The final responsibility as to the purity of a given labeled product for a specific application must be based on a careful evaluation by the investigator himself.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy-Based Metabolite Profiling of Transgenic Tomato Fruit Engineered to Accumulate Spermidine and Spermine Reveals Enhanced Anabolic and Nitrogen-Carbon Interactions
Authors: Mattoo Autar K. , Sobolev Anatoli P. , Neelam Anil , Goyal Ravinder K. , Handa Avtar K. , Segre Anna L. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPolyamines are ubiquitous aliphatic amines that have been implicated in myriad processes, but their precise biochemical roles are not fully understood. We have carried out metabolite profiling analyses of transgenic tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit engineered to accumulate the higher polyamines spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm) to bring an insight into the metabolic processes that Spd/Spm regulate in plants. NMR spectroscopic analysis revealed distinct metabolite trends in the transgenic and wild-type/azygous fruits ripened off the vine. Distinct metabolites (glutamine, asparagine, choline, citrate, fumarate, malate, and an unidentified compound A) accumulated in the red transgenic fruit, while the levels of valine, aspartic acid, sucrose, and glucose were significantly lower as compared to the control (wild-type and azygous) red fruit. The levels of isoleucine, glucose, γ-aminobutyrate, phenylalanine, and fructose remained similar in the nontransgenic and transgenic fruits. Statistical treatment of the metabolite variables distinguished the control fruits from the transgenic fruit and provided credence to the pronounced, differential metabolite profiles seen during ripening of the transgenic fruits. The pathways involved in the nitrogen sensing/signaling and carbon metabolism seem preferentially activated in the high Spd/Spm transgenics. The metabolite profiling analysis suggests that Spd and Spm are perceived as nitrogenous metabolites by the fruit cells, which in turn results in the stimulation of carbon sequestration. This is seen manifested in higher respiratory activity and up-regulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase transcripts in the transgenic fruit compared to controls, indicating high metabolic status of the transgenics even late in fruit ripening.
Retention of a Bean Phaseolin/Maize γ-Zein Fusion in the Endoplasmic Reticulum Depends on Disulfide Bond Formation
Authors: Pompa Andrea , Vitale Alessandro 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMost seed storage proteins of the prolamin class accumulate in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) as large insoluble polymers termed protein bodies (PBs), through mechanisms that are still poorly understood. We previously showed that a fusion between the Phaseolus vulgaris vacuolar storage protein phaseolin and the N-terminal half of the Zea mays prolamin γ-zein forms ER-located PBs. Zeolin has 6 Cys residues and, like γ-zein with 15 residues, is insoluble unless reduced. The contribution of disulfide bonds to zeolin destiny was determined by studying in vivo the effects of 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) and by zeolin mutagenesis. We show that in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) protoplasts, 2-ME enhances interactions of newly synthesized proteins with the ER chaperone BiP and inhibits the secretory traffic of soluble proteins with or without disulfide bonds. In spite of this general inhibition, 2-ME enhances the solubility of zeolin and relieves its retention in the ER, resulting in increased zeolin traffic. Consistently, mutated zeolin unable to form disulfide bonds is soluble and efficiently enters the secretory traffic without 2-ME treatment. We conclude that disulfide bonds that lead to insolubilization are a determinant for PB-mediated protein accumulation in the ER.
Effect of ripening on total conjugated linoleic acid and its isomers in buffalo Cheddar cheese
Authors: KUMAR V VIJAY , SHARMA VIVEK , BECTOR B S 
Published: October 2006

Cheese is a biologically and biochemically dynamic product in which a series of sequential changes take place throughout its manufacture and subsequent ripening. These changes improve nutritional value, body and texture and enrich the flavour. Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA), a group of naturally occurring geometrical and positional isomers of linoleic acid, are present in high concentration in dairy products and fat from ruminant animals. Six isomers of CLA have been separated and identified by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) analysis. Buffalo milk had higher 9c,11t‐18:2 isomer (86.14%). Total CLA concentration of CLA isomers was increased significantly (P < 0.05) on conversion of milk into cheese and subsequent storage. The concentration of the 9c,11t‐18:2 isomer was decreased significantly (P < 0.05), whereas that of trans, trans‐isomers (12,14‐; 11,13‐; 10,12‐; 9,11‐) increased significantly (P < 0.05).
Production of low‐fat Chanco cheese using homogenized milk and adjunct lactic culture
Authors: BRITO CARMEN , URIBE PATRICIA , HAYDÉE MOLINA LUZ , MOLINA IRMA , PINTO MANUEL 
Published: October 2006

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the partial homogenization of milk and the use of an adjunct lactic culture on the processing, quality and yield of low‐fat Chanco cheese.  Treatments were: T1 normal‐fat control and T2 low‐fat control. The low‐fat treatments were: T3 using homogenized milk, T4 with adjunct lactic culture and T5 both variables.  It was concluded that the homogenization slightly increased the time of rest after cutting of the curd, and the addition of adjunct lactic culture increased the acidity of whey during a second agitation. Nevertheless, the total time and pH at the end of the process were normal and without significant statistical difference (P > 0.05) between treatments. When using homogenized milk the losses of fat in whey decreased by 50% with respect to the low‐fat control and nearly 80% in relation to the full fat control. Consequently, the yield was increased. The physical and chemical characteristics of the Chanco cheese were not affected by the studied variables. With respect to the sensory evaluation, significant differences in colour and aroma did not appear, but there were statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) in taste, hardness, adhesiveness, cohesiveness and elasticity between the full‐fat control and all the low‐fat treatments. In the case of general acceptance, the treatment with adjunct lactic culture was similar to the full‐fat control. In addition, it showed the least difference (mild) in elasticity and taste in relation to this control.
Viability of bifidobacteria in commercial yogurt products in North Carolina during refrigerated storage
Authors: IBRAHIM S A , CARR J P 
Published: October 2006

Fifty‐eight commercial yogurt products of seven brands (which claimed to include bifidobacteria) were obtained from local stores in Greensboro, North Carolina, USA. These products were examined at 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks for the viability of bifidobacteria and yogurt starter culture during refrigerated storage at 4°C. Our results showed that bifidobacteria counts were variable, ranging from 0 to 5.5 log cfu/mL. The average yogurt starter culture counts ranged from 5.20 to 8.87 log cfu/mL and 7.51–8.94 log cfu/mL for Lactobacillus delbrueckii spp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus, respectively. Of the 58 products tested, only 44 products (76%) contained viable cultures. Viability of bifidobacteria in yogurt samples remained within the same levels during 3 weeks of storage at 4°C; however, the bacterial count started to decline during the fourth week. These results suggest optimal beneficial consumption of yogurt foods with live bifidobacteria should occur within 3 weeks of production. Results obtained from this research could be used by the industry to develop new technologies to ensure consumers receive high‐quality products.
Variation in inbreeding depression among populations of the seed beetle, Stator limbatus
Authors: Fox Charles W. , Scheibly Kristy L. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractInbreeding depression has been documented in many insect species, but the degree to which it varies among traits within populations and among populations within species is poorly understood. We used a single‐generation factorial breeding design to examine variation in inbreeding depression among three populations of the seed‐feeding beetle, Stator limbatus Horn (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae), from the southwestern USA. Eggs from sib matings were less likely to develop and hatch, and larval hatch‐to‐adult mortality was higher for offspring of sib matings. Overall, inbreeding resulted in a reduction in the proportion of eggs that produced an adult from >80% for outbred matings in all three populations to an average of only 54% for inbred matings. Of those larvae that survived to adult, inbred beetles took ∼1.5 days (>5%) longer to reach adult. The only measured trait not affected by inbreeding was adult body mass. The degree to which inbreeding increased mortality varied among the populations – inbreeding depression was lowest in the population that is most isolated. Although populations of S. limbatus are generally large in nature our results suggest that increased inbreeding associated with population fragmentation can have substantial effects on fitness of S. limbatus.
Integrated Molecular Signature of Disease: Analysis of Influenza Virus-Infected Macaques through Functional Genomics and Proteomics
Authors: Baas T. , Baskin C. R. , Diamond D. L. , García-Sastre A. , Bielefeldt-Ohmann H. , Tumpey T. M. , Thomas M. J. , Carter V. S. , Teal T. H. , Van Hoeven N. , Proll S. , Jacobs J. M. , Caldwell Z. R. , Gritsenko M. A. , Hukkanen R. R. , Camp D. G. , Smith R. D. , Katze M. G. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTRecent outbreaks of avian influenza in humans have stressed the need for an improved nonhuman primate model of influenza pathogenesis. In order to further develop a macaque model, we expanded our previous in vivo genomics experiments with influenza virus-infected macaques by focusing on the innate immune response at day 2 postinoculation and on gene expression in affected lung tissue with viral genetic material present. Finally, we sought to identify signature genes for early infection in whole blood. For these purposes, we infected six pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) with reconstructed influenza A/Texas/36/91 virus and three control animals with a sham inoculate. We sacrificed one control and two experimental animals at days 2, 4, and 7 postinfection. Lung tissue was harvested for pathology, gene expression profiling, and proteomics. Blood was collected for genomics every other day from each animal until the experimental endpoint. Gross and microscopic pathology, immunohistochemistry, viral gene expression by arrays, and/or quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR confirmed successful yet mild infections in all experimental animals. Genomic experiments were performed using macaque-specific oligonucleotide arrays, and high-throughput proteomics revealed the host response to infection at the mRNA and protein levels. Our data showed dramatic differences in gene expression within regions in influenza virus-induced lesions based on the presence or absence of viral mRNA. We also identified genes tightly coregulated in peripheral white blood cells and in lung tissue at day 2 postinoculation. This latter finding opens the possibility of using gene expression arrays on whole blood to detect infection after exposure but prior to onset of symptoms or shedding.
Molecular Evolution of Hepatitis B Virus over 25 Years
Authors: Osiowy Carla , Giles Elizabeth , Tanaka Yasuhito , Mizokami Masashi , Minuk Gerald Y. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT

Determining the longitudinal molecular evolution of hepatitis B virus (HBV) is difficult due to HBV's genomic complexity and the need to study paired samples collected over long periods of time. In this study, serial samples were collected from eight hepatitis B virus e antigen-negative asymptomatic carriers of HBV genotype B in 1979 and 2004, thus providing a 25-year period to document the long-term molecular evolution of HBV. The rate, nature, and distribution of mutations that emerged over 25 years were determined by phylogenetic and linear regression analysis of full-length HBV genome sequences. Nucleotide hypervariability was observed within the polymerase and pre-S/S overlap region and within the core gene. The calculated mean number of nucleotide substitutions/site/year (7.9 × 10
−5
) was slightly higher than published estimates (1.5 × 10
−5
to 5 × 10
−5
). Nucleotide changes in the quasispecies population did not significantly alter the molecular evolutionary rate, based on linear regression analysis of evolutionary distances among serial clone pre-S region sequences. Therefore, the directly amplified or dominant sequence was sufficient to estimate the putative molecular evolutionary rate for these long-term serial samples. On average, the ratio of synonymous (

d
S

) to nonsynonymous (

d
N

) substitutions was highest for the polymerase-coding region and lowest for the core-coding region. The low

d
S

/

d
N

ratios observed within the core suggest that selection occurs within this gene region, possibly as an immune evasion strategy. The results of this study suggest that HBV sequence divergence may occur more rapidly than previously estimated, in a host immune phase-dependent manner.
De Novo Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Infection of Human Lymphocytes in NOD-SCID, Common γ-Chain Knockout Mice
Authors: Miyazato Paola , Yasunaga Jun-ichirou , Taniguchi Yuko , Koyanagi Yoshio , Mitsuya Hiroaki , Matsuoka Masao 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT

Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiologic agent of adult T-cell leukemia, a disease that is triggered after a long latency period. HTLV-1 is known to spread through cell-to-cell contact. In an attempt to study the events in early stages of HTLV-1 infection, we inoculated uninfected human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and the HTLV-1-producing cell line MT-2 into NOD-SCID, common γ-chain knockout mice (human PBMC-NOG mice). HTLV-1 infection was confirmed with the detection of proviral DNA in recovered samples. Both CD4
+
and CD8
+
T cells were found to harbor the provirus, although the latter population harbored provirus to a lesser extent. Proviral loads increased with time, and inverse PCR analysis revealed the oligoclonal proliferation of infected cells. Although
tax
gene transcription was suppressed in human PBMC-NOG mice, it increased after in vitro culture. This is similar to the phenotype of HTLV-1-infected cells isolated from HTLV-1 carriers. Furthermore, the reverse transcriptase inhibitors azidothymidine and tenofovir blocked primary infection in human PBMC-NOG mice. However, when tenofovir was administered 1 week after infection, the proviral loads did not differ from those of untreated mice, indicating that after initial infection, clonal proliferation of infected cells was predominant over de novo infection of previously uninfected cells. In this study, we demonstrated that the human PBMC-NOG mouse model should be a useful tool in studying the early stages of primary HTLV-1 infection.
Downregulation of Protein Disulfide Isomerase Inhibits Infection by the Mouse Polyomavirus
Authors: Gilbert Joanna , Ou Wu , Silver Jonathan , Benjamin Thomas 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT
Early stages of infection by the mouse polyomavirus have been studied using HeLa cells stably expressing small interfering RNA to protein disulfide isomerase (PDI). Infectibility measured by nuclear T antigen expression was reduced commensurately with the degree of PDI downregulation. Infectibility was restored by transfection with a plasmid expressing PDI but not with a control expressing catalytically inactive enzyme. Deconvolution microscopy using fluorescently labeled virus and cellular markers showed that virus reaches the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) normally in cells with reduced PDI but subsequently fails to exit the ER. Simian virus 40 infection was not inhibited in PDI-downregulated cells. The results are discussed in terms of structural differences between the two viruses and current knowledge of virus disassembly in the ER.
Segregation of a Single Outboard Left-End Origin Is Essential for the Viability of Parvovirus Minute Virus of Mice
Authors: Burnett Erik , Cotmore Susan F. , Tattersall Peter 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT

During DNA replication, the hairpin telomeres of Minute Virus of Mice (MVM) are extended and copied to create imperfectly palindromic duplex junction sequences that bridge adjacent genomes in concatameric replicative-form DNA. These are resolved by the viral initiator protein, NS1, but mechanisms employed at the two telomeres differ. Left-end:left-end junctions are resolved asymmetrically at a single site, OriL
TC
, by NS1 acting in concert with a host factor, parvovirus initiation factor (PIF). Replication segregates doublet and triplet sequences, initially present as unpaired nucleotides in the bubble region of the left-end hairpin stem, to either side of the junction. These act as spacers between the NS1 and PIF binding sites, and their asymmetric distribution sets up active (OriL
TC
) and inactive (OriL
GAA
) forms of OriL. We used a reverse genetic approach to disrupt this asymmetry and found that neither opposing doublets nor triplets in the hairpin bubble were tolerated. Viable mutants were isolated at low frequency and found to contain second-site mutations that either restored the asymmetry or crippled one PIF binding site. These mutations either inactivated the inboard or activated the outboard form of OriL, a polarity that strongly suggests that, in the genus
Parvovirus
, an active inboard OriL is lethal.
Papierchromatographische Trennung und Identifizierung der Alkaloid‐Glykoside von Solanum aviculare
Authors: Szendey Georg L. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBei der Trennung der beiden Alkaloidglykoside Solasonin und Solamargin und ihres gemeinsamen Aglykons Solasodin hat sich das Lösungsmittelgemisch n‐Butanol‐Eisessig‐Wasser 40:8:20 gut bewährt.Weiter wird über den Nachweis der bei der Hydrolyse der Alkaloidglykoside von Solanum aviculare auftretenden Zuckerkomponenten mit dem Lösungsmittelsystem n‐Butanol‐Äthanol‐Wasser 8:3:10 berichtet.Mit Hilfe dieser Methode sind auch andere einfache und Desoxy‐Zucker gut nachweisbar.
Synthesis of 6‐chloro‐9–[(4‐(ethlethyl‐1–14C‐amino)‐1‐methylbutyl)amino]‐2‐methoxyacridine
Authors: Minato H. , Katsuyama Y. , Nagasaki T. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe carbon of the N‐ethyl group of the side‐chain of atabrine (I) has been labelled with carbon‐14 as part of a metabolic study of this compound. The overall radiochemical yield was 38% based on ethyl‐1–14C iodide.
Synthese Et Marquage Au 14C Du N,N Dichloro‐2 Ethyl amino‐4 Methyl‐2 Methoxy‐1 Naphtalene Ou Mitoclomine
Authors: Madelmont Jean‐Claude , Moreau Marie‐France , Godeneche Denise 
Published: October 2006

AbstractLe NN dichloro‐2 éthyl amino‐4 méthyl‐2 méthyoxy‐l naphtalène est marqué en deux positions.

Uniformément sur les quatre carbones du groupement dichloroéthyle à partir de l'oxyde d'éghylève radioactif.
Sur le carbone du groupement méthoxy à partir de l'iodure de méthyle radioactif.
The preparation of dibenz[b,f][1,4]oxazepine‐11‐d1 and 10,11‐di‐hydrodibenz [b,f][1,4]oxazepin‐11‐one‐7‐d1
Authors: Harrison J. M. , Brewster K. , Inch T. D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractLithium aluminium deuteride reduction of 10, 11‐dihydro‐dibenz[b,f][1,4]oxazepin‐11‐one affords 10, 11‐dihydro‐dibenz[b,f][1,4]oxazepine‐11‐d2 which on dehydrogenation gives isotopically pure dibenz[b,f][1,4]oxazepine‐11‐d1. Hydrogenolysis of 7‐chloro‐10, 11‐dihydrodibenz[b,f][1,4]oxazepin‐11‐one with deuterium in ethanol solution gives 10, 11‐dihydrodibenz[b,f][1,4]oxazepin‐11‐one‐7‐d1 of 49% isotopic purity. Use of ethanol‐1‐d1 as the reaction solvent gives a product of 85% isotopic purity.