bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The County Register of Houses for the Reception of “Lunatics”, 1798–1812
Authors: Hunter Richard A. , Macalpine D.P.M. Ida , Payne Leonard M. 
Published: August 2008

The first Act of Parliament which authorized the detention of persons “who, by Lunacy, or otherwise, are furiously Mad, and dangerous to go Abroad” was passed in the twelfth year of the reign of Queen Anne (1714):“Be it therefore Enacted … That it shall and may be Lawful for any Two or more of the Justices of the Peace of any County, Town or Place in England, Wales or Town of Berwick upon Tweed, where such Lunatick or Mad Person shall be found, by Warrant under their Hands and Seals, directed to the Constables, Church-wardens, and Overseers of the Poor of such Parish, Town or Place, or some of them, to cause such Person to be Apprehended, and kept safely Locked up, in such secure Place within the County where such Parish or Town shall lie, as such Justices shall, under their Hands and Seals, direct and appoint…”∗
The Relative Efficacy of “Vespral” and Chlorpromazine in the Treatment of a Group of Chronic Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Walsh G. P. , Walton D. , Black D. A. 
Published: August 2008

Vespral, or triflupromazine Squibb, is a new phenothiazine derivative. Chemically the compound is 10-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-2-(trifluoro methyl) phenothiazine hydrochloride. Its structural formula compares with that of chlorpromazine as follows:Until recently “Vespral” has been available in this country only for clinical trials, but its supposed therapeutic effects have been investigated fairly extensively in the United States and Canada (Goldman; Gallagher and Pfeiffer; Niswander, Lind and Schlesinger; Freed; Azima; Pennington; Saunders; Freyhan; Cahn and Levy).
Anticonvulsants and Megaloblastic Anaemia
Authors: Johnson John 
Published: August 2008

The development of megaloblastic anaemia as a complication of anticonvulsant therapy is now well recognized, and a total of thirty cases has been recorded.Badenoch (1) reported the first detailed studies of megaloblastic anaemia developing in epileptic patients treated with phenobarbitone and epanutin, whilst Fuld and Moorhouse (6) reported the association with primidone (Mysoline) alone. In all the cases reported, the anaemia responded to folic acid therapy, whilst anticonvulsant drugs were continued.
Phenelzine (“Nardil”) in the Treatment of Endogenous Depression
Authors: Hutchinson John T. , Smedberg Daphne 
Published: August 2008

“Let him take a course of chymistry, or a course of rope dancing or a course of anything he is inclined at the time.”(Boswell'sLife of Johnson) (1)To many minds there can be but little change in the treatment of depression since Johnson prescribed these remedies in 1776. Indeed the place of chemistry is now prominent, although its application is apparently more important to the patient than its study. It is believed that an enzyme, mono-amine oxidase, found in cerebral tissues, plays a part in the genesis of depression. Amphetamine inhibits the destruction of adrenaline by amine oxidase (McIlwain, 6) and amphetamine is of value in the treatment of mild depression (Guttmann and Sargant, 5). Another substance is 5-hydroxytryptamine, or serotonin, which is said to excite cerebral neurones briefly between its liberation and destruction; it is a cerebral vasoconstrictor and is destroyed rapidly by amine oxidase (McIlwain, 6). Iproniazid (Marsilid) is a drug which inhibits amine oxidase and has been used in the treatment of depression (West and Dally, 10). Its central actions are considered to be similar to those of 5-hydroxytryptamine. Recently, Chessin (3) has described yet another amine oxidase inhibitor, phenelzine, which is the study of this paper.
Phenothiazine Derivatives in the Treatment of Schizophrenia
Authors: Hurst Lindsay 
Published: August 2008

The use of drugs in order to calm excited mental patients dates back to the 5th Century B.C. or earlier.The employment of extracts of the mandrake, Mandragora, in states of motor excitement is attributed to Hippocrates (Belloni, 1957). One disadvantage of such extracts was that reduction of agitation and anxiety could only be achieved at a cost of clouding of consciousness. This is also the case with many modern sedatives.
Obtaining Factor Scores on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
Authors: Maxwell A. E. 
Published: August 2008

ProblemElsewhere (3) it has been argued that, when reporting a subject's results on the WISC (5), it is preferable to give them in the form of scores or intelligence quotients on orthogonal factors than as Verbal and Performance I.Q.s since the latter overlap in a rather arbitrary fashion. In this study a similar recommendation is implied when dealing with a subject's results on the WAIS (6) and the problem is to indicate how factor scores on this test can be obtained.
A Clinical and Biochemical Study of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibition in Depressed Patients
Authors: Dewhurst W. G. , Pare C. M. B. 
Published: August 2008

In order to test whether a drug is an inhibitor of monoamine oxidase in the human subject, three main measures are available:1. We can measure an increased excretion of the normal substrates of the enzyme, e.g. tryptamine (Sjoerdsma,et al., 1959b).2. We can measure a decreased excretion of the metabolites resulting from the enzyme's action, e.g. 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA).3. We can administer a loading dose of an enzyme substrate and observe how the subject deals with it before and after the drug, e.g. 5-hydroxytryptamine (Sjoerdsmaet al., 1958), and epinephrine (N-methyl-C14) (Resnicket al., 1958).
A Case of Fetishism and Impotence Treated by Behaviour Therapy
Authors: Cooper A. J. 
Published: August 2008

Although the literature is sparse on the subject, the perversions have been successfully treated by behaviour therapy. The treatment is based on the hypothesis that aberrant sexual behaviour has been acquired as a learned response and can be abolished along the lines indicated by learning theory. Raymond (1956) and James (1962) employing aversion techniques, successfully treated cases of glove fetishism and homosexuality respectively. Raymond's patient has since partially relapsed and has been readmitted for further treatment.The present paper describes a case of fetishism and impotence treated by a combination of aversion therapy and therapy based on reciprocal inhibition (Wolpe, 1958). This case is thought to be of special interest in that to some extent the patient acted as his own control, since previous methods of treatment had been unsuccessful.
Are Paranoids Schizophrenics?
Authors: Foulds G. A. , Owen Anna 
Published: August 2008

This paper reports an investigation in which it was found that, by dividing “paranoids” on a scale of “non-integrated psychosis”, two groups were formed which differed significantly from each other on several independent measures. When the same division was made within non-paranoid schizophrenics and within melancholics, very few such differences were disclosed.The evidence suggests that integrated and non-integrated “paranoids” can usefully be regarded as differentiable groups, the latter being more closely related to other forms of schizophrenia.
Haloperidol: A Controlled Clinical Trial in Chronic Disturbed Psychotic Patients
Authors: Okasha A. , Tewfik G. I. 
Published: August 2008

Haloperidol is a drug that fulfils Delay's criteria of a neuroleptic in that:1.It inhibits psychomotor agitation without producing sleep.2.Alleviates psychomotor manifestations.3.Produces with increasing dosage characteristic extrapyramidal signs.
Some Familial and Social Factors in Depressive Illness
Authors: Munro Alistair 
Published: August 2008

This article presents the results of a study in which a number of social, familial and demographic aspects of primary depressive illness were examined under carefully-controlled conditions. The following factors are particularly considered:
1.The size of the sibship in the depressive's family of upbringing;2.the ordinal position of the depressive in that sibship;3.the depressive's position in the sibship relative to the other sibs;4.the age of the parents at the time of the depressive individual's birth;5.the presence of a family history of severe mental illness;6.celibacy and marriage in depressive individuals;7.the fertility of depressives;8.the social class distribution of depressive illness.
Unnecessary Use of Tranquillizers in Elderly Patients
Authors: Barton Russell , Hurst Lindsay 
Published: August 2008

The evidence that potent tranquillizers are useful in the long-term treatment of elderly patients with dementia in psychiatric hospitals is conflicting.Seager (1955), in a double-blind, controlled trial involving 48 elderly women, 29 of whom suffered from dementia, found a highly significant improvement of social adjustment associated with chlorpromazine therapy. Schulsinger (1961), Exton-Smith (1962) and Post (1963) claimed promazine to be of particular value for agitated elderly patients. Robinson (1959), on the other hand, compared the effects of prolonged administration of chlorpromazine, reserpine, leptazol and a placebo upon 84 senile female patients in a double-blind trial and found no statistically significant improvement associated with the active drugs. Indeed, in the case of chiorpromazine, he found a significant lowering of the level of functioning. Abse and Dahistrom (1960), in a double-blind controlled trial involving 8o patients over 60 years of age with various symptoms (including some with confusion), found that chlorpromazine did not give better results than placebo.
Census of a Reception Centre
Authors: Edwards Griffith , Williamson Valerie , Hawker Ann , Hensman Celia , Postoyan Seta 
Published: August 2008

In the second half of the fourteenth century, the whole problem of poverty became in England for the first time a matter of government concern. The contractual relationship between landlord and villein which had prevailed during the Middle Ages, was breaking down, and the Black Death hastened this process. Statutes dealing with vagrancy and poverty were promulgated in 1349, 1351 and 1388: the able-bodied beggar was punished in the stocks and generally repression was the keynote, but despite harsh laws vagrancy increased. In a series of statutes from 1531–1601 the Tudor sovereigns initiated a system of local relief based on the Parish unit. In 1576, Houses of Correction were established:“to the intent youth may be accustomed and brought up in labour and work, and then not likely to grow to be able rogues, and to the intent that such as be already grown up in idleness and so rogues at this present, may not have any just excuse in saying that they cannot get any service of work”.(De Schweinitz, 1943).
A Six Year Follow-Up Study of Sixty-Five Adolescent Patients: Predictive Value of Presenting Clinical Picture
Authors: King Lucy J. , Pittman Glen D. 
Published: August 2008

Diagnosis of adolescent psychiatric patients is complicated by the absence of history of function in an adult role and by the assumed presence of psychological turmoil, thought to be normal at this age. Information about prognosis, always a useful part of clinical management, is especially important in counselling adolescent patients and their families about the prospects for education, vocation, and marriage.†Patients came from both rural and urban areas of several neighbouring states. Parents or guardians of approximately one-third were teachers, salesmen, or shopkeepers and of another third, skilled labourers or farmers. The remainder were approximately equally divided between the well-to-do at one extreme and unskilled labourers at the other. That this sample provided a wider distribution among social strata than most private hospitals or most public hospitals is borne out by the fact that some patients who were subsequently hospitalized again were treated in private hospitals while others were admitted to public facilities (state hospitals).
The Influence of the War on Mental Disease: A Psychiatric Study
Authors: Hemphill R. E. 
Published: August 2008

It was generally expected, before the actualities of war arrived, that not the least effect of it would be a shattering of the mental health of the civil population.War on great cities was to be a particular application of what the war lords called the war of nerves. Propaganda, threats and their ultimate fulfilment with bombs and fire were to be the weapons of the future. With this in mind, arrangements were made to receive psychiatric casualties on the assumption that the civil population, untrained and unprofessional, would suffer in at least as large numbers as soldiers in the last war.
Treatment of Emotional Problems in Childhood
Authors: Whiles W. H. 
Published: August 2008

The readjustment of the emotional problems of childhood which show themselves in behaviour disorders and nervousness is a most important part of any mental health service. This involves not only the relief of the immediate situation, but also prevention of more serious symptoms which may appear in adult life.It is now being realized that the war-time evacuation of children is increasing the urgency for dealing with these problems on a broader basis. A recent editorial in the British Medical Journal (1941) stressed the strain that wartime imposes upon children by the break-up of normal family life and the consequent loss of security. It emphasized that these problems are seen mainly in the evacuation areas and stated, “There is in this situation a very real danger that the seeds of neurosis will be sown in an increasing number of children.”Increased welfare and social work can do much to improve the situation, but many children need further treatment. There is an urgent need for more centres where adequate treatment can be obtained for selected cases. This paper indicates the methods by which children can be treated satisfactorily in an ordinary psychotherapeutic out-patient department when a fully established Child Guidance Clinic is not available in the district.Each child is given an intelligence test, and mental defectives are not accepted for treatment by these methods. Detailed history from the parents is supplemented by visits of the psychiatric social worker to the home and to the school. In mild cases readjustment of unsuitable environmental conditions will effect improvement, but in more severe cases other measures will also be necessary.
The Mental Sequelae of Head Injury
Authors: Palmer H. A. 
Published: August 2008

The psychiatrist is brought into contact with the patient who has received a blow on the head some time after the event in the majority of cases. His task is in many instances to be shared with the neurological surgeon. The Army psychiatrist is called upon to see such a large number of such cases that the following somewhat exoteric account is offered as covering some of the major considerations involved.A blow to the head may result simply in stunning, in which case the patient thereafter remembers, if vaguely, the essentials of his behaviour and experience, or the alteration of consciousness may be more severe and for some recognizable interval he may subsequently possess a true amnesia, in which case we speak of concussion.The degree of concussion clearly comprehends a wide range of disturbance of function which may almost immediately be fatal.Thirdly, the patient may be killed outright.Functionally considered, therefore, there are three degrees of effect from head injury : stunning, concussion, and death. Structurally we have no real parallelism of observed pathology, since it is only cases of severe concussion which characteristically come to autopsy. Consequently nothing is known for certain concerning the pathology of concussion. Cerebral contusion is therefore clearly inadmissible as a synonym, although its existence may be presumed in severe cases.As regards the after-effects of head injury it is clear that the disturbance of function may be psychogenic or physiogenic, or a mixture of the two, and in discussing the physiogenic results there are two main clinical methods of approach. In the first our interest is focused on syndrome production, and in the second we are more concerned with individual function. Clinical orientation, however, as in all psychiatry, can only be achieved by the former.
Observations in Hypoglycaemia. II. Blood Sugar and Consciousness
Authors: Mayer-Gross W. , Berliner F. 
Published: August 2008

Since Sakel's introduction of hypoglycaemia into the therapy of psychoses, discrepancies between the level of the patient's blood sugar and the severity of disturbance of consciousness have frequently been noted. The blood sugar decreases in a relatively steep curve within the first and second hour after the injection of insulin; but only after it has remained on a low level—differing from case to case—for a considerable time does the patient go into coma.It seems useful to define the clinical signs of coma if it is intended to correlate it with laboratory findings. It is a state of unconsciousness in which the patient cannot be roused by sensory stimuli; in coma such stimuli do not provoke local and purposeful, but global movements only, if any. Once in coma the patient remains so, independently of the blood-sugar level, which can rise and fall within a certain range without visible change in the clinical picture; it may even rise to a level at which the patient was awake or could be easily wakened before he went into coma. Subcutaneous or intravenous injections of adrenalin in coma produce a rise in blood sugar without clinical effect. On the other hand, the flooding of the blood stream with sugar by nasal tube feed of a concentrated sugar solution or by intravenous injection of 33 per cent. glucose solution terminates coma and restores consciousness within a few minutes. The latter's action is so immediate that it is considered a practical rule not to stop injecting glucose until the patient is really awake.From these observations coma appears to be a kind of trigger mechanism comparable to instinctive reactions, such as thirst, hunger or sexual desire. Once established it can only be reversed by specific means.
Some Preliminary Remarks on Prefrontal Leucotomy
Authors: Fleming G. W. T. H. 
Published: August 2008

The operation of prefrontal leucotomy first performed by Moniz (1) in 1936 in Lisbon will be by now more or less familiar to most psychiatrists, on paper if not in actual practice.At first sight the operation would appear to be a revolutionary proceeding; and so it is in some ways. It is, however, no more drastic than the convulsion or insulin treatments in which the patient is near enough the line which separates life and death.
Psychoneuroses in R.A.F. Ground Personnel
Authors: Parfitt Squadron-Leader D. N. 
Published: August 2008

The following report is based on 150 men treated in hospital, and 300 patients, 50 of whom were women, seen at a diagnostic and advice centre.As a rule, stresses and precipitating factors were more obvious or easily discoverable than in civilian life, adverse situations were more superficial, diagnosis and treatment were easier. Anyone who has conducted civilian clinics finds the change-over comparatively easy. Nevertheless, much of what follows is applicable to civilian work.
Electrical Convulsion Therapy in 500 Selected Psychotics
Authors: Kino F. F. , Thorpe F. T. 
Published: August 2008

Although the electrical treatment of mental disorders is still in the empirical stage, its use is well established. Certain features and principles of treatment have been elucidated in the published reports, and all are agreed that it is specific for melancholic states.The evaluation of the scope and usefulness of E.C.T. would be enhanced by the comparative study of case material from various clinics, but much in the published reports is not strictly comparable because of the unavoidable variation in the assessment of diagnosis and the degree of recovery. In our case material collected over a period of five years we have endeavoured to present the facts with a minimum of subjectivity by limiting our observation as far as possible to measurable data. In order to reduce the variable factor of diagnosis, some 700 psychotics treated with electrically induced convulsions have been reconsidered and 500 selected for analysis after carefully excluding the overlapping types, particularly those cases presenting features of both affective and schizophrenic psychoses. The selected cases can therefore be regarded as classical examples clearly separated into the two large groups of biogenetic psychoses—schizophrenic and manic-depressive, including involutional melancholia.
The Psycho-Somatic Sexual Life of the Family: A Psycho-Somatic Study of Suckling and Coitus
Authors: Turner C. E. H. 
Published: August 2008

This is a field of knowledge which has been neglected unduly and which, should prove fruitful in view of the recognized importance of sex in psychology.Pearse and Crocker (1944a), in their study of the family, that unit with which is associated suckling and coitus, leave out psychology, saying there is no normal psychology described.
Treatment of Epileptics with Epanutin
Authors: Burrows Robert G. R. 
Published: August 2008

Modern treatment of epilepsy is directed towards (1) the control of the fits, and (2) the diminution or abolition of the underlying cerebral dysrhythmia.In this paper I shall give my personal observations on 196 patients treated with epanutin in the Maghull Colony over a period of 6 years.
Post-Hypoglycaemic Encephalopathy in Sakel's Insulin Treatment
Authors: Spencer A. M. 
Published: August 2008

Introduced in 1933, Sakel's pharmacological shock treatment [Sakel (1935a,1935b,1938)] is now regarded as a valuable method of treatment in schizophrenia. The complications which may ensue during the treatment are, however, both numerous and dangerous, and may be classified according to the system predominantly affected as follows:(1)The Respiratory System.(2)The Cardiovascular System.(3)The Nervous System.
Auditory, Olfactory-Gustatory and Thermic Rorschach Responses
Authors: Wellisch E. 
Published: August 2008

One can arrange the determinants of Rorschach responses in the following groups, according to the sense impression which they convey:An optic sense impression only is given by the form-, colour- and vista-responses (F, C’, FC, CF, C, FK, K, k responses).A kinaesthetic impression is conveyed in addition to the optic one by the movement responses (M, FM, m responses).A tactile and optic impression is conveyed by the texture responses (c, CF, FC responses).
Anomalous Physical Signs of Bodily Disease in Mental Deficiency
Authors: Kirman Brian H. 
Published: August 2008

It was recognized long before the birth of Freud and of psychoanalysis that the mental attitude of the patient has an important if not a decisive influence on the course of bodily disease. Milton expresses the almost universal striving for life in spite of the sufferings of illness when he says:“And that must end us : that must be our cure—To be no more. Sad cure ! for who would lose,Though full of pain, this intellectual being,Those thoughts that wander through eternity,To perish rather, swallowed up and lostIn the wide womb of uncreated Night,Devoid of sense and motion? ”In more recent times, almost the whole of the work of Pavlov (1928), and particularly that of his pupil Bykov, is devoted to emphasizing the role of the cortex and higher brain centres in the determination of bodily reactions.
A Theory of E.C.T. Action and its Bearing on the Biological Significance of Epilepsy
Authors: Roth Martin 
Published: August 2008

The starting-point of the line of thought to be pursued here was some work reported in detail elsewhere (Roth, 1951), on the changes in the electrical activity of the brain produced by electro-convulsive therapy. When the findings were related to the known clinical and physiological effects of E.C.T. three converging lines of evidence could be discerned:(1) The Changes in the Electrical Activity of the Brain Produced by E.C.T. and their Significance.