bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Imaging the Neural Substrates Involved in the Genesis of Pentylenetetrazol‐induced Seizures
Authors: Brevard Mathew E. , Kulkarni Praveen , King Jean A. , Ferris Craig F. 
Published: April 2006

Summary:  Purpose: Functional imaging of animal models makes it possible to map the functional neuroanatomy contributing to the genesis of seizures. Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)‐induced seizure in rats, a relevant model of human absence and of generalized tonic–clonic epilepsy, was used to stimulate seizure activity within 30 s of administration while collecting continuous, high‐resolution, multislice images at subsecond intervals. Methods: Pilot studies were conducted to establish a quick and effective PTZ model for the imaging experiments. PTZ was then used to stimulate seizure activity in rats while collecting multislice functional MRI (fMRI) images from the entire forebrain at 4.7 Tesla. Ethosuximide (ESM) also was used to block seizure activity. Results: Within 2–4 s of PTZ administration, a rapid increase in blood oxygen level–dependent (BOLD) signal intensity was noted in the thalamus, especially the anterior thalamic nuclei. Activity in the anterior thalamus peaked ∼15 s before seizure onset and was more than twofold greater than that in all other thalamic areas. The retrosplenial cortex showed a twofold greater increase in activity as compared with other cortical areas, also peaking at ∼15 s. The dentate gyrus was twice as active as other hippocampal areas but peaked just before seizure onset. Treatment with ESM blocked seizures, decreasing PTZ‐induced activation in most forebrain areas. The anterior thalamus and retrosplenial cortex were essentially blocked by pretreatment with ESM. Conclusions: The anterior thalamus, retrosplenial cortex, and dentate gyrus show the greatest increases in BOLD signal activity before seizure onset. Neurons in these areas may contribute to the neural network controlling the initiation of generalized tonic–clonic seizure.
Nocturnal Hypermotor Seizures, Suggesting Frontal Lobe Epilepsy, Can Originate in the Insula
Authors: Ryvlin Philippe , Minotti Lorella , Demarquay Geneviève , Hirsch Edouard , Arzimanoglou Alexis , Hoffman Dominique , Guénot Marc , Picard Fabienne , Rheims Sylvain , Kahane Philippe 
Published: April 2006

Summary:  Purpose: To report three patients with drug‐resistant nocturnal hypermotor seizures (NHSs), no detectable brain lesion, and clinically defined nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (NFLE) or autosomal dominant NLFE (ADNFLE), whose intracerebral EEG ictal onset primarily involved the insula, rather than the mesial or orbital frontal cortex. Methods: Fourteen to 15 intracerebral electrodes were implanted in each patient, primarily sampling the frontal lobes with 80 to 91 recording leads covering the most likely side of seizure onset, and two to six leads placed within the ipsilateral insula. Electrical stimulation was used to test the epileptic threshold of frontal and insular brain regions at the various recording sites. Results: In all three patients, a low‐voltage fast activity was recorded within the anterosuperior aspect of the insula at ictal onset, either in isolation, or extending to the nearby frontal operculum in the ADNFLE patient. The role of the insula was further supported in all three patients either by the presence of high‐amplitude spikes that clearly predominated over that region (n = 2) or by triggering the patient's typical aura or seizure when applying an electrical stimulation at that site, selectively (n = 2). Conclusions: The anterosuperior portion of the insula might play a pivotal role in generating nocturnal hypermotor seizures in some patients with nonlesional drug‐resistant epilepsy suggesting NFLE or ADNFLE. Whether these patients are amenable to successful surgery remain an open issue.
Language‐induced Epilepsy, Acquired Stuttering, and Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsy: Phenotypic Study of One Family
Authors: Valenti Maria Paola , Rudolf Gabrielle , Carré Sophie , Vrielynck Pascal , Thibault Anne , Szepetowski Pierre , Hirsch Edouard 
Published: April 2006

Summary: Purpose:Language‐induced epilepsy involves seizure precipitation by speaking, reading, and writing. Seizures are similar to those of reading epilepsy (RE). The nosologic position of language‐induced epilepsy is not clear. We performed a clinical and neurophysiological study in a multigenerational family with the association of idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE) with ictal stuttering as a manifestation of reflex language‐induced epilepsy.Methods:Nine members on three generations were studied. All patients underwent video‐polygraphic EEG recordings (awake and during sleep). A standardized protocol was applied to test the effect of language and non–language‐related tasks.Results:Six patients presented language‐induced jaw jerking that mimicked stuttering and corresponded to focal myoclonus involving facial muscles. This was associated with an IGE phenotype in four of these patients. Focal EEG spikes were found in all six patients by visual analysis and/or back‐averaging techniques. The focal spikes were either asymptomatic (when followed by a slow wave) or symptomatic of facial myoclonia (when isolated). Levetiracetam, used as add‐on or monotherapy in four patients, suppressed ictal stuttering. One additional case only had a phenotype of IGE without focal features.Conclusions:This family study demonstrates the phenotypic heterogeneity of the association of IGE phenotype with ictal stuttering (language‐related reflex seizure). Our data suggest that this particular form of reflex epilepsy related to language has more similarities with generalized epilepsies than with focal ones. Neurophysiological investigations should be performed more systematically in patients with acquired stuttering, especially if there is family history of IGE.
Routine Tail Suspension Husbandry Facilitates Onset of Seizure Susceptibility in EL Mice
Authors: Leussis Melanie P. , Heinrichs Stephen C. 
Published: April 2006

Summary:  Purpose: Tail suspension can elicit seizures in susceptible EL mice, a model of idiopathic, multifactorial epilepsy. Further, repeated tail suspension hastens the lifetime onset of seizure susceptibility in these mice. The present study tested the hypothesis that curtailing human handling during development would delay the onset of seizure susceptibility relative to EL mice handled regularly by using tail suspension for standard laboratory husbandry. Methods: Control mice were handled by the tail for bedding changes, whereas unhandled mice bedding was changed by using specially designed connector cages that allowed mice to transfer without handling to a cage containing clean bedding. Seizure susceptibility was tested beginning at 70, 80, 90, 100, or 140 days of age by using a handling‐induced seizure‐susceptibility paradigm. Results: Among handled mice, more than half of the sample exhibited seizures by age 80 days relative to fewer than one fourth of unhandled mice. In addition, each group was tested a second time 10 days after the initial seizure‐susceptibility test to detect potential experience‐induced increases in seizure susceptibility. Once again, a higher frequency of handled mice expressed seizures at significantly younger ages relative to unhandled mice. Conclusions: Although it was already known that repeated tail suspension could speed the onset of seizure susceptibility in EL mice, the present results are the first to demonstrate the converse finding that decreasing routine human handling can delay significantly the onset of seizure susceptibility. This suggests that removal of nonconsensual aspects of human–animal contact may delay or prevent the onset of seizure susceptibility.
Epileptic Seizures Superimposed on Catatonic Stupor
Authors: Suzuki Kazumasa , Miura Nobuyoshi , Awata Shuichi , Ebina Yukio , Takano Takehisa , Honda Tomoko , Shindo Tsuyoshi , Matsuoka Hiroo 
Published: April 2006

Summary:  Purpose: Some patients with nonconvulsive status epilepticus are known to exhibit catatonic stupor. Thus it is necessary to rule out ictal catatonia by electroencephalography in patients with catatonic stupor. However, few reports are available on epileptic seizures superimposed on catatonic stupor. Methods: We report three cases of epileptic seizures superimposed on psychiatric catatonic stupor without a prominent predisposing factor, including high fever or encephalitis. None of the patients had a personal or family history of neurologic disease, including epilepsy. Results: In all three patients, catatonic stupor persisted after resolution of the epileptic seizures with administration of phenytoin. In two of the three patients, catatonic stupor resolved with electroconvulsive therapy, which caused no marked adverse effects. Conclusions: Because it is possible that catatonic stupor itself predisposes patients to the development of epileptic seizures, electroencephalographic examinations in patients with catatonic stupor are indispensable for early recognition not only of nonconvulsive status epilepticus but also of epileptic seizures superimposed on catatonic stupor. Electroconvulsive therapy deserves consideration when catatonic stupor persists after resolution of epileptic seizures.
AMMONIA PRODUCTION IN UREA‐GROWN CULTURES OF CHLORELLA ELLIPSOIDEA12
Authors: Little Linda W. , Mah Robert A. 
Published: April 2006

SUMMARYProduction of ammonia by urea‐grown Chlorella ellipsoidea was investigated. Ammonia was produced during the stationary growth phase in cultures with urea as sole nitrogen source and glucose as supplementary carbon source. Ammonia was produced only in medium containing excess urea and limiting amounts of glucose. Ammonia production was accompanied by increase in pH.In cultures with nitrate as sole nitrogen source and glucose as supplementary carbon source, growth and pH changes were similar to those in urea‐glucose medium, but no ammonia was detected.Cultures grown in urea‐acetate medium were similar to those grown in urea medium without additional organic carbon source. No ammonia was produced under these circumstances and growth was significantly lower than that achieved in glucose‐supplemented cultures. C. ellipsoidea evidently produces an enzyme or enzyme system which forms ammonia from urea. This organism was reportedly urease‐free because previous workers did not detect ammonia formation from urea. Our findings indicate that special circumstances are required to produce detectable amounts of ammonia from urea. These findings are in agreement with a recent report of urea‐splitting, cofactor‐requiring enzyme in cell‐free extracts of Chlorella.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE CARPOSPOROPHYTE OF KALLYMENIA RENIFORMIS (TURNER) J. AGARDH1
Authors: Hommersand Max H. , Ott D. W. 
Published: April 2006

SUMMARYThe development of the carposporophyte in Kallymenia reniformis involves an elaborate series of interactions between reproductive and vegetative tissues. Following fertilization, the inner cells of the carpogonial branches form processes that unite with the supporting cell and with each other, giving rise to a large fusion cell. A number of medullary filaments are enveloped and incorporated within the developing fusion cell. Secondary filaments may be produced from medullary cells outside the fusion cell after connecting filaments have been initiated.Connecting filaments are nonseptale and wind their way through the medulla. The presence of a connecting filament in the vicinity of an auxiliary cell appears to initiate a complex sequence of responses. Vegetative filaments are produced in the medulla and inner cortex that grow centripetally toward the auxiliary cell and fuse with one another, forming a network of secondary tissue. One of the vegetative cells may penetrate the auxiliary cell, while others intrude into subsidiary cells connecting them with the network. An ostiolate pericarp is initiated in the cortex above the auxiliary cell. The connecting filament fuses with the auxiliary cell and also with some of the surrounding vegetative cells, forming an irregular lobed structure. Gonimoblast is initiated in scattered pockets from vegetative cells in the vicinity of the auxiliary cell apparatus.
UPTAKE OF COBALT AND VITAMIN B12 BY TROPICAL MARINE MACROALGAE1,2
Authors: Bunt J. S. 
Published: April 2006

SUMMARYUsing gamma spectroscopy, measurements were made of the uptake of cobalt and vitamin B12 by a number of species of tropical macroalgae, particularly Laurencia corallopsis and Enteromorpha lingulata. Data were gathered on the manner in which uptake rates are influenced by illumination and how they change with time during incubation and with substrate concentration. Some information is included on uptake rates when cobalt and vitamin B12 were provided separately and together.
INORGANIC NITROGEN ASSIMILATION OF DITYLUM BRIGHTWELLII, A MARINE PLANKTON DIATOM1,2
Authors: Eppley Richard W. , Rogers Jane N. 
Published: April 2006

SUMMARYApparent Km values for nitrite reductase, glutamic dehydrogenase, and nitrate reductase are of the order 10−4 molar for nitrite, ammonia, and nitrate, respectively while half‐saturation constants for the corresponding uptake mechanisms approximate 10−6 molar. Ammonium and nitrate are accumulated in the vacuolated cells of the diatom (about 10 and 40 mmoles/liter cell volume, respectively) and these intracellular pools serve as substrate for the assimilatory enzymes. Nitrite is either not accumulated or is concentrated, in a very small cellular compartment.Ammonium and nitrate in the external medium exert modifying effects on uptake and assimilatory mechanisms which can be distinguished from effects of the ions accumulated within the cells. Several of these effects are described and fitted into a general scheme of nitrogen assimilation by D. brightwellii.
PRODUCTION OF VITAMIN B12, THIAMINE, AND BIOTIN BY PHYTOPLANKTON1
Authors: Carlucci A. F. , Bowes Peggy M. 
Published: April 2006

SUMMARYSome ecologically important phytoplankters released vitamins into culture medium during growth. Skeletonema costatum and Stephanopyxis turris (vitamin B12‐requirers) produced both thiamine (vitamin B1) and biotin when growing with either 12 or 2 ng vitamin B12/liter. Gonyaulax polyedra (vitamin B12‐requirer) produced thiamine with 12 ng vitamin B12/liter, and Coccolithus huxleyi (thiamine‐requirer) produced vitamin B12 and biotin with 120 ng thiamine/liter, but only biotin with 10 ng thiamine/liter. The amount of vitamin produced by an alga and rate at which it was produced varied with the phytoplankter, the concentration of the required vitamin, and incubation time. Vitamins produced during early and exponential growth were due to excretions, and those produced at stationary growth resulted from excretion and release due to cell lysis.Uptake of the required vitamin by all phytoplankters was greatest during the first few days of incubation. On continued incubation the rate of uptake/cell decreased.In the sea phytoplankters may contribute a major portion of the amount of dissolved vitamins.
VITAMIN PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION BY PHYTOPLANKTON IN MIXED CULTURE1
Authors: Carlucci A. F. , Bowes Peggy M. 
Published: April 2006

SUMMARYThe production and utilization of vitamins by 2 or more, marine phytoplankters cultured in the same vessel were demonstrated. The release of toxic materials or vitamin inactivators wax also observed. The utilization of vitamins by those phytoplankters requiring them and the production of toxic materials were determined from increases and decreases in cell numbers of certain algae grown in mixed cultures.Vitamin utilization was most readily observed in mixed cultures where 2 phytoplankters were present. Dunaliella tertiolecta and Skeletonema costatum produced utilizable thiamine for Coccolithus huxleyi. C. huxleyi released utilizable vitamin B12 for Cyclotella nana. D. tertiolecta, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, and S. costatum produced utilizable biotin for Amphidinium carterae. The amount of utilizable vitamin and rate at which it was released depended on the phytoplankters present and conditions of incubation.In complex systems with more than 2 phytoplankters, beneficial effects to utilizers were often noted for short durations during the incubation period. At the end of the experiments the beneficial effects were usually not evident. P. tricornutum (nonvitamin requirer) was stimulated by a mixture of carryover B12 and thiamine when growing with A. carterae, indicating that in vitamin‐free media it cannot synthesize vitamin(s) fast enough to allow for a maximum growth rate.The concentrations of vitamins in seawater samples may not be the amounts available to vitamin‐requiring organisms. Among the factors affecting vitamin availability are the production of inhibitors and vitamin inactivators by various organisms in the ecosystem.
OLISTHODISCUS LUTEUS (CHRYSOPHYCEAE) I. EFFECTS OF SALINITY AND TEMPERATURE ON GROWTH. MOTILITY AND SURVIVALS1, 2
Authors: Tomas Carmelo R. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTThe effect of salinity and temperature on Olisthodiscus luteus Carter has been examined to across the relative importance of these factory on dynamics of natural population. A salinity range 2–50% was observed with increased tolerance to low salinity (<5%.) at higher temperature (20–30°C). Slinities at 4–5%. Had densities of 103 cells/ml−1, and growth >0.5 division day−1 at temperature of 15–30°C higher salinities (5–50%.) variable but distinct optima for density, growth and motility were observed5, 10 and 30°C. Density and motility showed no clear optima from 10–10%.15–25°C where maximum growth rates >1.0 division/day−1 were common. Temperature increased from (0.5–1.9 division. Day−1) and increases of three orders of magnitude (102−103) for maximum densities. Temperature optima 20°C for growth 5–35%. And 25°C for >40%. were observed. The implications of these findings to natural populations of O. luleus are discussed.
LIPID COMPOSITION OF A PROCHLOROPHYTE1
Authors: Perry G.J. , Gillan F.T. , Johns R.B. 
Published: April 2006

ABSRACTA lipid analysis is reported of a symbiont Prochloron sp. associated with the ascidian Lissorclinum patella collected from Rodda Reef, North Queensland, Australia. Phosphatidyl glycerol, monogalacosyl diglyceride, digalacosyl diglyceride and sulfoquinovasyl diglyceride were identified. These lipids together with their fatty acid profiles, the limited range of hydrocargons (nC13‐nC17), and sterol analysis (chlesterol 27%) are consistent with a firm relaionship fot the new genus Prochloron with he Cyanophya.
BENTHIC MARINE DIATOM ASSOCIATIONS: UPPER FLORIDA BAY (FLORIDA) AND ASSOCIATED SOUNDS1
Authors: DeFelice David R. , Lynts George W. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTModels of the diatom associations found in upper Florida Bay and adjoining sounds have been constructed utilizing Q modal factor‐vector analysis and ecologic diversity indices (Shannon index, number of species, evenness). Four distinct associations were defined using Q‐mode factor‐vector analysis. Two associations were epiphytic, occurring on Thalassia testudinum König—Association I was characterized by Cocconeis placentula Ehr., Association III by Cylindrotheca closterium (Ehr.) Reim. & Lewin and Cocconeis placentula Ehr. The other two associations were epipelic, occurring on the carbonate mud substratum—Association II was characterized by Cyclotella striata (Kütz.) Grun., Rhopalodia gibberula (Ehr.) O. Müller and Surirella fastuosa (Ehr.) Kütz., Association IV by Fragilaria crotonensis Kitton and Cyclotella striata (Kütz.) Grun. The majority of the 161 species identified were present in both the epiphytic and epipelic assemblages. Only 33 species were restricted to the epiphyton, and 18 species restricted to the epipelon. The epipelic assemblage was significantly more diverse than was the epiphytic assemblage. A general trend of increased diversity away from terrestrial environs toward more open areas of water in both the epipelon and epiphyton was also found.
INTRACELLULAR BACTERIA INGONYOSTOMUM SEMEN(CHLOROMONADOPHYCEAE)1,2
Authors: Heywood Peter 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTIntracellular bacteria occur in ca. 5–10% ofGonyostomum semenDiesing cells. Bacteria are rod‐shaped and are present in localized regions of the cytoplasm. This is the first report of intracellular bacteria in the Chloromonadophyceae.
VARIATION IN OCHLOCHAETE HYSTRIX (CHAETOPHORALES. CHLOROPHYYCEAE) STUDIED IN CULTURE1
Authors: Nielsen Ruth 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT Six different isolates of Ochlochaete Thwaites ex Harvey have been studied under identical culture conditions. All the isolates show open branching, a character previously ascribed specifically to O. hystrix Thwaites ex Harv. sensu stricto, and all form hairs on rounded cells in the central part of the thallus, a character hitherto attributed only to O. ferox Huber. Consequently, separation of these two entities on the species level is untenable. The plant described by Huber is referred to O. hystrix var. ferox (Huber) var. nov. The type material of Chaetobolus gibbus Rosenvinger is similar to one of the isolates studied and is included in O. hystrix. Quadriflagellate zoospores have been observed in all the isolates, and in one of them also biflagellate swarmers.
CRYPTOGLENA PIGRA: A EUGLENOID WITH ONE CHLOROPLAST12
Authors: Rosowski James R. , Lee Kit W. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT The taxonomic status of Cryptoglena pigra Ehrb., interpreted from observations based on bright‐field microscopy, has been uncertain. Examination with the electron microscope of a clone of C pigra isolated by E. G. Pringsheim reveals certain features which, collectively, are distinctly euglenoid: periplast associated with muciferous bodies and subpellicular microtubules; canal and reservoir with microtubules; one flagellum with a swelling and emergent through a canal, and a second flagellum without a swelling and nonremergent; stigma (eyetpot) closely apprrssed to but not part of the chloroplast; nucleus with permanently condensed chromosomes attached to the inner nuclrar membrane; mitochondria with disc‐shaped cristae constricted at the base; chloroplast with thylakoids often in triplets; and paramylon grains in the cytoplasm. Unlike most euglenoids, C. pigra possesses a single chloroplast that in transverse thin sections is U‐shaped.
MEASUREMENTS OF PHYTOPLANKTON‐PROTEIN CONTENT WITH THE HEATED BIURET‐FOL1N ASSAY1,2
Authors: Dorsey Thomas E. , McDonald Paul , Roels Oswald A. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT The heated biuret‐Folin method for determining protein consistently measures 90% of the total nitrogen of filtered algae samples as protein‐N without the need of mechanical disruption as long as the heating period in biuret is 100 min at 100 C. Data indicate this protein assay measures total protein on all species tried and for naturally occurring mixtures of species plus detritus. Dilute algal suspensions with as little as 0.05 μg‐atom particulate protein N.liter
‐1
can he concentrated by fltration on glass fiber filters to 1.0 μg‐atom particulate protein‐N per filter, the optimal amount of sample for a 5 ml volume of biuret. The filtered algae samples can be stored for several weeks frozen before assaying, if necessary.
CORRECTION OF THE NAME PSEUDOTETRAÉDRON POLYMORPHUM (CHLOROPHYCEAE)1
Authors: MacEntee Frank J. , Bold Harold C. , Archibald Patricia A. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT A unicellular chlorococcalean alga, Pseudotetraëdron polymorphum MacEntee, Bold & Archibald is renamed Chlorotetratëdron polymorphum (MacEntee, Bold & Archibald) MacEntee, Bold & Archibald became the former generic designation has been preempted by a xanthophycean alga.