bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Silica dissolution as a route to octaanionic silsesquioxanes
Authors: Kang K. H. , Laine R. M. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe octaanion, [OSiO1.5]88− (OA) is a low cost, discrete nano silica particle that can be made directly from high surface area, amorphous silica reacted with Me4NOH in water alcohol mixtures. It would be ideal if Me4NOH could be formed in situ from, for example, Me4NCl and NaOH, as long known in the literature. This process would reduce costs and enable recycling of Me4NCl produced in the functionalization of OA with chlorosilanes, RMe2SiCl, to form [RMe2SiOSiO1.5]8 organic/inorganic hybrid nanobuilding blocks. Kinetic studies were conducted to assess base‐promoted dissolution of fumed silica (25 m2/g) as a function of concentrations, times, etc., to form the octaanion [OSiO1.5]88− using Me4NOH, NaOH and mixtures of NaOH/Me4NCl. Surprisingly, we find that small amounts of Me4NCl greatly inhibit the dissolution reaction for reasons that are as yet unknown. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of exogenous cysteine on inorganic and organic arsenicals‐induced cytolethality
Authors: Sakurai Teruaki , Kojima Chikara , Waalkes Michael P. , Himeno Seiichiro 
Published: May 2006

AbstractInorganic arsenicals are distinctly toxic and carcinogenic to humans. Inorganic arsenite (AsIII) and arsenate (AsV) are enzymatically methylated to monomethylarsonic acid (MMAsV) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMAsV) in mammals. Recent reports indicate that cytotoxic trivalent methylated arsenicals are produced through methylation of inorganic arsenicals and are involved in arsenic poisoning. Some previous studies have suggested that a typical thiol reagent cysteine (Cys) can reduce pentavalent arsenicals to trivalent arsenicals and might be able to enhance arsenic cytolethality. However, not much is known concerning the effects of exogenous Cys on the cytolethality of arsenicals. In this study, we examined the effects of exogenous Cys on the cytolethality induced by inorganic and organic arsenicals using rat liver cells. Cys prevented inorganic AsIII‐induced cytolethality. In contrast, when more than 5 mM Cys was incubated with millimolar levels of MMAsV or DMAsV, MMAsV‐ and DMAsV‐induced cytolethality significantly increased; this cytolethality might have been caused by the generation of trivalent methylated arsenicals. However, Cys at a concentration of less than 5 mM decreased the MMAsV‐ and DMAsV‐induced cytolethality. These findings suggest that high concentrations of both arsenicals and Cys are required to form trivalent methylated arsenicals and to induce significant cytolethality. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, crystal structure and magnetic property of a two‐dimensional herringbone‐like network with praseodymium(III) nitrate and 1‐bromo‐ 3,5‐bis(imidazol‐1‐ylmethyl)benzene (bib)
Authors: Meng Wen‐Li , Zhang Zheng‐Hua , Lv Yang , Kawaguchi Hiroyuki , Sun Wei‐Yin 
Published: May 2006

AbstractA new complex [Pr(bib)2(NO3)3] (1) was synthesized by reaction of bidentate imidazole‐containing ligand 1‐bromo‐3,5‐bis(imidazol‐1‐ylmethyl)benzene (bib) with Pr(NO3)·6H2O and characterized by X‐ray crystallography. Complex 1 has a two‐dimensional herringbone‐like structure with the ligand bib serving as a bridging ligand using its two imidazolyl nitrogen atoms. Ligand bib adopts cis and trans two different conformations, and the Pr(III) atoms are bridged by bib in two different ways. Thermogravimetric analysis for complex 1 was carried out and the result shows that the complex is stable up to 180 °C. Variable‐temperature magnetic susceptibility of complex 1 was measured between 1.8 and 300 K and the result shows that the χMT value decreases continuously over the whole temperature range. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microanatomy and ultrastructure of the kidney of the African lungfish Protopterus dolloi
Authors: Ojeda José L. , Icardo José M. , Wong Wai P. , Ip Yuen K. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe Dipnoi (lungfishes) have developed true lungs, having the ability to take oxygen from both the gills and the lungs. During the tropical dry season, many lungfish estivate on land, breathing only air. The estivation period is accompanied by profound functional modifications, including the suppression of urine. Thus, the lungfish kidney must be designed to cope with these dramatic cyclic changes in renal function. We study here the microanatomy and the structure of the kidney of the African lungfish Protopterus dolloi, maintained under controlled freshwater conditions. Chemical microdissection, light microscopy, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy have been used. The nephrons of P. dolloi are composed of a renal corpuscle (RC) and of a renal tubule that appears divided into five morphologically distinct segments: neck segment (NS), proximal tubule (PT), intermediate segment (IS), distal tubule (DT), and collecting tubule (CT). Paired CTs abut into a collecting duct, the latter emptying into an archinephric duct. The RCs lie in the mid‐zone of the kidney, between the PTs and the convoluted DTs. The spatial distribution of these elements allows recognition of a kidney zonation. The RCs group into clusters (3–4 RCs per cluster) that are supplied by a single arteriole surrounded by pericytes. Each cluster appears to represent a functional unit with a common hemodynamic regulatory mechanism. The major processes of the podocytes form flattened networks that appear to constitute an integrated system due to the presence of gap junctions. The existence of mesangial cells with large cell processes, and of mesangial cells with a dendritic appearance, suggests a complex functional role (contractile and phagocytic) for the mesangium. The NS and the IS are the narrowest nephron segments, formed only by multiciliated cells. The PT and the DT can be subdivided, based on the tubular morphology and on cell composition, into portions I and II: PTI is formed only by brush border (BB) cells, while PTII contains BB and multiciliated cells. The DTI is formed by segment‐specific cells, while the DTII contains segment‐specific and a small number of flask cells. The CT contains principal and flask cells in a 5:1 ratio. The flask cells adopt two different configurations (with a narrow canaliculus or with a large cavity). The main goal of this study was to disclose specific kidney features that could be related to function, phylogeny, and habitat. In addition, the present results constitute the basis for a study of the morphologic changes that should occur in the kidney of P. dolloi during estivation. Anat Rec Part A 288A:609–625, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Glucose transporter 8 (GLUT8) from the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Authors: Chen Mei‐Er , Holmes Steven P. , Pietrantonio Patricia V. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWe have cloned the fire ant glucose transporter 8 (GLUT8) cDNA providing the first molecular characterization of a GLUT8 in insects. Glucose is a poly‐alcohol and, due to its high hydrophilicity, cannot move across cell membranes. GLUT8 is a putative facilitative transporter for the cellular import and export of glucose. The complete 2,974‐bp cDNA encodes a 501‐residue protein with a predicted molecular mass of 54.8 kDa. Transcripts were detected in the brain, midgut, hindgut, Malpighian tubule, fat body, ovary, and testis. The highest transcriptional expression was found in fat body. Northern blot analysis revealed different transcript sizes in mated queen brains, alate female ovaries, and male testes. We propose that four other sequences obtained from insect genome projects from the honey bee Apis mellifera (ENSAPMP00000006624), the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae (EAA11842), and the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster (AAQ23604 and AAM52591) are likely the orthologues of the fire ant GLUT8. Phylogenetic relationships in insect glucose transporters are presented. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 62:55–72, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Silencing allatostatin expression using double‐stranded RNA targeted to preproallatostatin mRNA in the German cockroach
Authors: Maestro José L. , Bellés Xavier 
Published: May 2006

AbstractYXFGL‐NH2 family allatostatins (ASTs) were isolated from cockroach brain extracts based on their capacity to inhibit juvenile hormone (JH) biosynthesis in corpora allata (CA) incubated in vitro. Subsequently, the inhibitory activity of synthetic ASTs was demonstrated experimentally, although these peptides were shown to be active as JH inhibitors only in cockroaches, crickets, and termites. Here, we sought to examine whether ASTs are true physiological regulators of JH synthesis. To this end, we used RNA interference methodologies and the cockroach Blattella germanica as a model. Treatments with double‐stranded RNA targeting the allatostatin gene in females of B. germanica produced a rapid and long‐lasting reduction in mRNA and peptide levels in both brain and midgut during the reproductive cycle. Nevertheless, while brain AST levels were reduced approximately 70–80%, JH synthesis did not increase in any of the age groups tested. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 62:73–79, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cloning and nucleotide sequencing of three heat shock protein genes (hsp90, hsc70, and hsp19.5) from the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) and their expression in relation to developmental stage and temperature
Authors: Sonoda Shoji , Ashfaq Muhammad , Tsumuki Hisaaki 
Published: May 2006

AbstractHeat shock protein genes, hsp90, hsc70, and hsp19.5, were cloned and sequenced from the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) by RT‐PCR and RACE method. The cDNA sequence analysis of hsp90 and hsp19.5 revealed open reading frames (ORFs) of 2,151 and 522 bp in length, which encode proteins with calculated molecular weights of 82.4 and 19.5 kDa, respectively. Analysis of cDNA from hsc70 revealed an ORF of 1,878 bp coding a protein with a calculated molecular weight of 69.3 kDa. Furthermore, the analysis of genomic DNA from hsc70 confirmed the presence of introns while no introns were apparent in hsp90 and hsp19.5. Southern blot analysis suggested the presence of multiple copies of each gene family in the DBM genome. Detectable expression of hsp19.5 was observed at the pupal stage while expression of hsp90 and hsc70 was detected at both pupal and adult stages. At adult stage, females showed a higher expression of hsp90 and hsc70 than males. An increased expression was observed in all three genes after exposure to a high temperature in both sexes. These results suggest that in addition to a heat shock response, these HSP genes might be involved in other functions during the course of development in DBM. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 62:80–90, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of corazonin and crustacean cardioactive peptide on heartbeat in the adult American cockroach (Periplaneta americana)
Authors: Sláma Karel , Sakai Tsubasa , Takeda Makio 
Published: May 2006

AbstractChanges in the frequency of cardiac pulsations have been monitored in the decapitated body of adult P. americana before and 5 h after the injections of [Arg7]‐corazonin and CCAP, using newly invented touch‐free, noninvasive optocardiographic methods. Relatively large dosages of these peptides (10–6 M concentrations in the body) had no effect on the rate of the heartbeat beyond the Ringer control limits. It has been concluded, therefore, that Corazonin and CCAP, which are currently cited in the literature as “the most potent cardiostimulating peptides” in insects, have no effect on the physiological regulation of cardiac functions in the living body. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 62:91–103, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Antiparacelsismus und Dreieinigkeit. Medizinischer Antitrinitarismus von Thomas Erastus (1524–1583) bis Ernst Soner (1572–1605)
Authors: Bröer Ralf 
Published: May 2006

AbstractAntiparacelism and Trinity: Medical antitrinitarism from Thomas Erastus (1524–1583) to Ernst Soner (1572–1605). – There were close relationships between Renaissance medicine and antitrinitarianism in 16th and 17th century. Forming an important part of the radical reformation antitrinitarianism won many disciples in the Holy Roman Empire and proved its attraction for physicians. This paper centers on two public scandals in Heidelberg and Altdorf involving the reknown university professors and physicians Thomas Erastus and Ernst Soner. Michael Servetus' new concept of the blood flow through the lungs was discussed in Heidelberg. In Altdorf Caspar Hofmann, Soner's colleague, developed a special theory of the blood flow and corresponded with William Harvey. Erastus and Soner sharply critisized the hermectical and neoplatonical ideas of Paracelsus. Although sympathizing with antitrinitarianism they denounced the Paracelsians as heretics. The Polish antitrinitarians were called Socinians, from Faustus Socinus. Their doctrine tended to be Aristotelic and rationalistic. Soner combined a socinian theology with a heterodox Aristotelianism referring to Andrea Cesalpino. Again after Soner's death some of his pupils and other physicians advocated socinianism in Gdansk (Martin Ruar, Florian Krause, Daniel Zwicker,Valentin Baumgart).
Competition between Nitrospira spp. and Nitrobacter spp. in nitrite‐oxidizing bioreactors
Authors: Nogueira Regina , Melo Luís F. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractIn this work the question was addressed if in nitrite‐oxidizing activated sludge systems the environmental competition between Nitrobacter spp. and Nitrospira spp., which only recently has been discovered to play a role in these systems, is affected by the nitrite concentrations. Two parallel chemostats were inoculated with nitrifying‐activated sludge containing Nitrospira and operated under identical conditions. After addition of Nitrobacter to both chemostats, the nitrite concentration in the influent of one of the chemostats was increased such that nitrite peaks in the bulk liquid of this reactor were detected. The other chemostat served as control reactor, which always had a constant nitrite influent concentration. The relative cellular area (RCA) of Nitrospira and Nitrobacter was determined by quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The nitrite perturbation stimulated the growth of Nitrobacter while in the undisturbed control chemostat Nitrospira dominated. Overall, the results of this experimental study support the hypothesis that Nitrobacter is a superior competitor when resources are abundant, while Nitrospira thrive under conditions of resource scarcity. Interestingly, the dominance of Nitrobacter over Nitrospira, caused by the elevated nitrite concentrations, could not be reverted by lowering the available nitrite concentration to the original level. One possible explanation for this result is that when Nitrobacter is present at a certain cell density it is able to inhibit the growth of Nitrospira. An alternative explanation would be that the length of the experimental period was not long enough to observe an increase of the Nitrospira population. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis and Cytotoxicity of Enantiomerically Pure [1,2‐Diamino‐1‐(4‐fluorophenyl)‐3‐methylbutane]platinum(II) Complexes
Authors: Dullin Anja , Dufrasne Francois , Gelbcke Michael , Gust Ronald 
Published: May 2006

AbstractA series of leaving group derivatives of enantiomerically pure [1,2‐diamino‐1‐(4‐fluorophenyl)‐3‐methylbutane]platinum(II) complexes were synthesized and tested for cytotoxicity. The enantiomeric purity was determined by 1H NMR spectroscopy on the final diamines after derivation with (1R)‐myrtenal. For coordination to platinum, the diamines were reacted with K2PtI4. The treatment of diiodoplatinum(II) complexes (4F‐Ph/iProp‐PtI2) with Ag2SO4 resulted in the sulfatoplatinum(II) complexes (4F‐Ph/iProp‐PtSO4), which can be easily transformed to dichloroplatinum(II) complexes (4F‐Ph/iProp‐PtCl2) with 2 n HCl. The importance of the leaving groups and the configuration at the diamine ligand on the antiproliferative effects was evaluated on the hormone‐dependent MCF‐7 and the hormone‐independent MDA‐MB 231 breast cancer cell lines as well as the LNCaP/FGC prostate cancer cell line. (R,R)‐4F‐Ph/iProp‐PtCl2 was identified as the most active platinum(II) complex. The 3‐methyl group increased antiproliferative effects relative to the [1,2‐diamino‐1‐(4‐fluorophenyl)butane]platinum(II) complexes described in an earlier study.
The impact of tumor progesterone receptor status on optimal adjuvant endocrine therapy for postmenopausal patients with early‐stage breast cancer
Authors: Punglia Rinaa S. , Kuntz Karen M. , Winer Eric P. , Weeks Jane C. , Burstein Harold J. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDEmerging data suggest that treatment outcomes with aromatase inhibitors (AIs) and/or tamoxifen may differ for tumors that express both the estrogen receptor (ER) and the progesterone receptor (PR) (ER+/PR+) compared with those that lack PR expression (ER+/PR−). However, the optimal sequencing of AIs and tamoxifen as adjuvant therapy is not known and may differ for biologic subsets of cancers.METHODSMarkov models were used to simulate disease‐free survival (DFS) separately among postmenopausal women with ER+/PR+ cancers and women with ER+/PR− cancers. By using risk estimates reported from randomized clinical trials, treatment with 5 years of an AI alone with sequential treatment consisting of tamoxifen with crossover to an AI at 2 years was compared.RESULTSFor women with ER+/PR+ cancers, sequential therapy with tamoxifen followed by crossover to an AI at 2 years yielded modest improvements in 10‐year DFS estimates compared with planned AI monotherapy (84.3% vs. 82.2% and 68.8% vs. 64.8% for lymph node‐negative and lymph node‐positive patients, respectively). However, for women with ER+/PR− cancers, upfront treatment with an AI yielded improved outcomes with 10‐year DFS rates of 90.5% and 80.1% for the lymph node‐negative and node‐positive groups, respectively, compared with 88.2% and 76.1%, respectively, for sequential treatment with tamoxifen followed by an AI.CONCLUSIONSModeling estimates suggested that the optimal endocrine treatment strategy may differ based on the biologic features of breast cancer tumors. Patients with ER+/PR+ tumors achieved optimal 10‐year DFS estimates with tamoxifen followed by a crossover to AI therapy, whereas patients with ER+/PR− tumors fared best when they initiated treatment with AI. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Trends in distribution and prognostic significance of Gleason grades on radical retropubic prostatectomy specimens between 1989 and 2001
Authors: Sengupta Shomik , Slezak Jeffrey M. , Blute Michael L. , Leibovich Bradley C. , Sebo Thomas J. , Myers Robert P. , Cheville John C. , Bergstralh Eric J. , Zincke Horst 
Published: May 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe objectives of the current study were to examine time trends in the prevalence of Gleason grades of prostate cancer on radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) specimens and to assess the resultant impact on prognosis.METHODSThe authors examined the prevalence over time of each grade and Gleason score (GS) on RRP specimens from 8750 patients who were treated between 1989 and 2001. Biochemical recurrence‐free survival (BRFS), which was estimated by using Kaplan–Meier methodology, was examined in subgroups of patients defined by tumor grade and era of surgery.RESULTSThe prevalence of Grade 3 prostate cancers increased (86% vs. 49% for primary Gleason grade and 71% vs. 47% for secondary Gleason grade; 1999–2001 vs. 1989–1990, respectively), whereas the prevalence of Grade 2 tumors decreased (0.4% vs. 38% for primary Gleason grade and 1.3% vs. 28% for secondary Gleason grade, respectively) over the study period, leading to fewer GS 4 and 5 tumors and more GS 6 and 7 tumors. BRFS improved over time for patients who had GS 5 tumors (hazards ratio [HR], 0.92 per year; P = .003) and GS 6 tumors (HR, 0.93; P<.001) but remained unchanged for GS 7 tumors (HR 0.99; P = .462) and GS 8–10 tumors (HR 1.02; P = .360). Patients who were treated in the recent era (1997–2001) had greater differentiation of BRFS based on GS or Gleason grade compared with patients who were treated earlier (1989–1991).CONCLUSIONSThe current results confirmed that there were changes in the prevalence of Gleason grades on RRP specimens between 1989 and 2001. A chronological change in pathologic grading classification is suggested by evolving prognostic implications, which must be accounted for when comparing outcomes from different eras. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Evaluation of glutathione S‐transferase polymorphisms and mutagen sensitivity as risk factors for the development of second primary tumors in patients previously diagnosed with early‐stage head and neck cancer
Authors: Minard Charles G. , Spitz Margaret R. , Wu Xifeng , Hong Waun Ki , Etzel Carol J. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of polymorphisms in 2 genes in the glutathione S‐transferase (GST) family and the mutagen‐sensitivity phenotype on the risk of second primary tumors (SPTs) in patients with previously diagnosed early‐stage head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Data were available for 303 patients who were enrolled in a placebo‐controlled chemoprevention trial of low‐dose 13‐cis‐retinoic acid to reduce the occurrence of SPTs.METHODSA Cox proportional hazards model and survival tree analysis were used to evaluate the association between specified genetic variations and the development of SPTs. The average number of bleomycin‐induced chromatid breaks per cell was used to quantify mutagen sensitivity as an individual patient's degree of sensitivity to genotoxicity.RESULTSThe GST‐M1 null genotype was associated with an increased risk for any SPTs (hazard ratio [HR], 1.99; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.11‐3.56) and for tobacco‐related SPTs (HR, 2.16; 95% CI, 1.01‐4.62) after adjusting for covariates. The GST‐T1 null genotype and bleomycin‐induced chromatid breaks were not associated with a statistically significant increased risk for SPTs or tobacco‐related SPTs after similar adjustment. Simultaneous nonnull status for both GST genotypes was associated with a decreased risk for any SPTs (HR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.28‐0.96) and tobacco‐related SPTs (HR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.22‐1.11) compared with null status for GST‐M1 accompanied by nonnull status for GST‐T1.CONCLUSIONSAn association was observed between the development of SPTs and the GST‐M1 null genotype after successful treatment for early‐stage head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. The GST‐T1 null genotype and bleomycin‐induced chromatid breaks were not associated with an increased risk, and no significant interactions were identified. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.