bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development and evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for bovine antibody to Pasteurella haemolytica: Constructing an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay titer
Authors: Sacks J. M. , Gillette K. G. , Frank G. H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A 2-stage strategy was developed and evaluated for estimating serum antibody titer by use of elisa and a series of dilutions. In stage 1, the linear response region and least-square estimate of the assay line slope were established from 9-point dilution assays. Provided that the reading was within the linear response region, this information was used in the stage-2 estimation of titer from a single absorbance reading. Operationally, 2 fixed dilutions were selected, one suitably low and one suitably high, to provide at least one reading within the linear region. The procedure should save considerable time when a large number of assays are to be performed. Stage 1 required approximately twenty 9-point assays, but all subsequent assays required only 2 fixed dilutions.
Relationship between immunoglobulin concentrations in milk and phagocytosis by bovine neutrophils
Authors: Miller R. H. , Guidry A. J. , Paape M. J. , Dulin A. M. , Fulton L. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Using bovine neutrophils and radio-labelled Staphylococcus aureus, skim milk samples taken at 4 stages of lactation from the 4 mammary quarters of 48 cows were used in an in vitro phagocytosis assay. Immunoglobulin (Ig) isotype concentrations in the milk samples were estimated by use of an elisa procedure. To determine associations of Ig concentrations with phagocytosis, correlations, simple regressions, and partial regressions were calculated. Simple correlations were computed between each Ig isotype and phagocytosis percentage for each lactation number stage of lactation category. Ranges of these correlations for IgM, IgG1, IgG2, and IgA were 0.33 to 0.60; -0.16 to 0.43; 0.04 to 0.46; and -0.30 to 0.36, respectively. Correlations for concentrations of IgG2 and IgM with percentage of phagocytosis tended to be slightly higher for samples from older cows, in contrast to the correlations calculated for IgA and IgG1. Multiple regression of percentage of phagocytosis calculated simultaneously on concentrations of the 4 Ig isotypes in the sample indicated that IgM, followed by IgG2 and IgA, was most closely associated with phagocytosis. Partial regression calculated on concentration of IgG1 was not significant. Addition of bacteriologic status of the quarter and somatic cell concentration in the milk sample did not increase accuracy of predicting percentage of phagocytosis, compared with use of Ig concentrations alone. These results supported the attribution of unique modes of action to IgM and IgG2 in promoting phagocytosis by neutrophils.
Expression of metabolism-inhibition antibodies against Mycoplasma arthritidis in rats
Authors: Washburn Leigh Rice , Cole Barry C. , Ward John R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Shared antigens between Mycoplasma arthritidis and rat tissues may be responsible for the lack of metabolism-inhibition (mi) and other neutralizing antibodies in rats with M arthritidis-induced arthritis. We were not able to confirm such shared antigens or to detect cross-reacting antigens between M arthritidis and rat lymphocytes, thymocytes, and muscle tissue. Antisera of rabbit origin to rat lymphocytes, thymocytes, and skeletal muscle reacted by elisa with M arthritidis only when the mycoplasmal antigens were prepared from organisms grown in medium containing horse serum. Such activity could be completely absorbed by horse serum. These antisera to rat tissues also failed to react by radioimmunoprecipitation with M arthritidis surface antigens. In addition, antibody activity against homologous antigens could not be absorbed by M arthritidis. Similarly, antisera of rabbit origin against M arthritidis failed to react by elisa specifically with rat lymphocytes, thymocytes, and skeletal muscle or to react by radioimmunoprecipitation with 125I-labeled rat lymphocyte antigens. These rat tissues could not specifically absorb antibodies against M arthritidis from antisera of rabbit origin. These findings suggest that the lack of mi antibodies in rats probably can not be explained by rat tissue antigens that cross-react with M arthritidis mi antigens. Finally, antisera of rat origin against M arthritidis and other rat tissue components failed to block rabbit mi activity against M arthritidis, thus arguing against steric hindrance as a means of preventing recognition of mi antigens.
Adherence of Haemophilus somnus to bovine embryos after in vitro exposure
Authors: Thomson M. S. , Stringfellow D. A. , Lauerman L. H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Preimplantation bovine embryos were exposed in vitro to Haemophilus somnus to determine whether the bacteria would adhere to zona pellucida-intact embryos or would adhere to or infect zona pellucida-free embryos. The effect of H somnus on in vitro embryonic development also was investigated. After exposure to H somnus and before washing, some of the zona pellucida-intact embryos were held in antibiotic-containing medium. Haemophilus somnus was isolated from 10 of 42 zona pellucida-intact embryos and none of the zona pellucida-free embryos. Haemophilus somnus was not recovered from any of the 32 antibiotic-treated embryos. The coculture system was not compatible with normal embryonic development, and all embryos had begun to degenerate by the end of the 18-hour exposure period.
Chronic flunixin meglumine therapy in foals
Authors: Traub-Dargatz J. L. , Bertone J. J. , Gould D. H. , Wrigley R. H. , Weiser M. G. , Forney S. D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Effects of a therapeutic dose of flunixin meglumine on gastric mucosa of horse foals were determined by endoscopy, double-contrast radiography, and gross and histologic examinations. Foals were administered 1.1 mg of flunixin meglumine/kg of body weight, po/day for 30 days in an encapsulated form that was divided into 2 doses/day (group 1; n = 3) or by im injection once a day (group 2; n = 7). Three control foals (group 3; n = 3) were administered capsules (n = 1) containing dextrose powder or im injections (n = 2) of vehicle solution without flunixin meglumine. All 3 group-1 foals given flunixin meglumine po developed oral ulcers. Group-2 foals given flunixin meglumine im did not develop oral ulcers. One control foal (group 3) developed 1 oral ulcer that healed during the study. Endoscopic examination revealed linear crease-like mucosal lesions in the glandular portion of the stomach in 2 group-2 foals. Radiographic evidence of gastric ulcers was observed in only 1 gastrogram of a group-1 foal.
Foals were euthanatized, and necropsy revealed erosions and/or ulcers of the glandular portion of the stomach. Oral ulcers were observed in all 3 group-1 foals. Erosions of the glandular portion of the stomach developed in all 10 foals given flunixin meglumine, but did not develop in group-3 foals. Ulceration of the glandular portion of the stomach was present in 1 group-2 foal.
Uterine motility during the estrous cycle: Studies in healthy bitches
Authors: Wheaton Lynn G. , Pijanowski Gerald J. , Weston Patricia G. , Burke Thomas J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Natural and drug-induced uterine motilities (um) were recorded via uterine-implanted catheter-tip pressure transducers in 5 bitches during proestrus and estrus and in 6 bitches during early (30 days) and late (60 days) diestrus. The um was monitored in unanesthetized bitches for 2 days after the estrous-cycle stage had been determined by vaginal cytologic findings. Natural um, expressed as Alexandria units (pressure × frequency × duration of contractions), was greatest during estrus, moderate during proestrus, and appreciably decreased or lacking during early and late diestrus. During proestrus and estrus, prostaglandin F2α (5 μg/kg of body weight, iv) induced intrauterine pressures of 107 and 115 mm of Hg, respectively, and oxytocin (0.05 USP units/kg, iv) induced pressures of 106 and 116 mm of Hg, respectively. In contrast, the intrauterine pressure values induced by prostaglandin F2α given iv during early and late diestrus were 61 and 58 mm of Hg, respectively, and for oxytocin, were 61 and 51 mm of Hg, respectively. Prostaglandin F2α given im (50 μg/kg) also induced a greater intrauterine pressure during proestrus and estrus than during diestrus. We concluded that in the bitch, natural and drug-induced um are decreased during early and late diestrus.
Circulating immune complex concentrations in selected cases of skin disease in dogs
Authors: DeBoer Douglas J. , Ihrke Peter J. , Stannard Anthony A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Serum samples from 25 clinically normal dogs and 137 base-line serum samples from dogs with skin disease were assayed blindly for presence of circulating immune complexes (cic). The method used was a solid-phase C1q-binding enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. This assay detected only IgG-containing cic that were capable of binding C1q. Statistical analysis revealed that dogs with systemic lupus erythematosus, discoid lupus erythematosus, generalized demodicosis, and recurrent staphylococcal pyoderma had significantly higher mean cic concentrations than did normal dogs. Dogs with other skin diseases had mean cic concentrations indistinguishable from those of normal dogs. Presence of cic in dogs with these dermatopathies may have pathogenetic significance or may be the result of the disease process. Further studies are necessary to define the antigens contained in the immune complexes and the importance of cic in skin disease of dogs.
Anal sphincter pressure and the rectosphincteric reflex in the dog
Authors: Strombeck Donald R. , Harrold Doris 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Anal sphincter pressure (asp) was measured in healthy conscious dogs, and the rectosphincteric reflex that causes inhibition of the internal sphincter was identified. Pressures were measured in 6 dogs by use of a perfused miniature 4-lumen catheter. To identify the rectosphincteric reflex, a balloon (fitted over the distal opening of the catheter) was insufflated with 25 ml of air.
Mean (± se) asp was 74.7 ± 4.2 mm of Hg. When the rectosphincteric reflex was stimulated by balloon distension, asp decreased to 35.9 ± 4.9 mm of Hg. The reduction in pressure persisted for 22 ± 1.5 s, and asp returned to predistension values, despite the maintenance of balloon distension. Atropine did not affect asp or its reduction during balloon distension.
Predictive value of tracer studies for 131I treatment in hyperthyroid cats
Authors: Broome Michael R. , Turrel Jane M. , Hays Marguerite T. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In 76 cats with hyperthyroidism, peak thyroidal radioiodine (131I) uptakes and effective half-lives were determined after administration of tracer and therapeutic activities of 131I. In 6 additional hyperthyroid cats, only peak thyroidal uptakes after administration of tracer and therapeutic activities of 131I were determined. Good correlation was found between peak thyroidal uptakes of tracer and therapeutic 131I; however, only fair correlation was observed between effective half-lives. In 79% of the cats, the effective half-life for therapeutic 131I was longer than that for tracer 131I. After administration of therapeutic activity of 131I, monoexponential and biphasic decay curves were observed in 51 and 16 cats, respectively.
Using therapeutic kinetic data, radiation doses to the thyroid gland were calculated retrospectively on the basis of 2 methods for determining the activity of 131I administered: (1) actual administration of tracer-compensated activity and (2) hypothetic administration of uniform activity (3 mCi). Because of the good predictive ability of tracer kinetic data for the therapeutic kinetic data, the tracer-compensated radiation doses came significantly (P = 0.008) closer to the therapeutic goal than did the uniform-activity doses. In addition, the use of tracer kinetic information reduced the extent of the tendency for consistently high uniform-activity doses.
A manual method for acquiring tracer kinetic data was developed and was an acceptable alternative to computerized techniques. Adoption of this method gives individuals and institutions with limited finances the opportunity to characterize the iodine kinetics in cats before proceeding with administration of therapeutic activities of 131I.
Effects of source and washing of erythrocytes on growth of bacterial pathogens from the bovine mammary gland
Authors: Shearer J. K. , Brown M. B. , Reed P. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Effects of source and washing of rbc on quantitative growth and hemolytic zone sizes of common bacterial pathogens of the bovine mammary gland were evaluated. Blood samples used to prepare the blood agar media were obtained from 10 adult dairy cows, 10 dairy calves, and 10 sheep. Hemolytic zone sizes produced by Staphylococcus aureus were significantly (P < 0.01) larger on blood agar prepared with washed rbc than on blood agar prepared with nonwashed rbc, regardless of rbc source. With the exception of Corynebacterium bovis, growth of all bacteria was equivalent or significantly higher on medium prepared with washed rbc, compared with that on medium prepared with nonwashed rbc, regardless of rbc source. Significantly higher numbers of C bovis (P < 0.01) and Streptococcus agalactiae (P < 0.01) were isolated on medium prepared with washed cow rbc. Significantly higher numbers of Str uberis (P < 0.01) and S aureus (P < 0.05) were isolated on medium prepared with washed sheep rbc and washed calf rbc, respectively. Growth of Escherichia coli was not affected by the rbc source. Seemingly, rbc used in the preparation of medium should be washed. The source of rbc, as well as inter-animal variation, also should be considered in the quality control of medium.
Serodiagnosis of Histophilus ovis-associated epididymitis in rams
Authors: Walker Richard L. , LeaMaster Brad R. , Biberstein Ernst L. , Stellflug John N. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An elisa for the detection of antibodies to Histophilus ovis was used to evaluate the association of epididymal lesions in rams with serologic response to His ovis. Comparison of elisa results for His ovis in groups of rams with epididymal lesions with elisa results of clinically normal rams (control group) revealed a significant difference (P < 0.01) between the control group and those rams from which His ovis was isolated. A significant difference (P < 0.01) was noticed between the control group and rams with lesions from which an organism other than His ovis or Brucella ovis was isolated. Additionally, a significant difference (P < 0.01) was noticed in elisa results between the control group and affected rams from which no organism was recovered and in which the epididymal lesion was not limited to the head of the epididymis. A difference was not detected in the His ovis elisa results between control rams and rams with lesions associated with a B ovis infection or rams from which no organism was recovered and in which the epididymal lesion was limited to the head of the epididymis.
The serologic findings in our study suggest that His ovis is more important in the development of epididymitis in rams than culture results alone would indicate.
Characterization of fibroblast colony-forming units in bone marrow from healthy cats
Authors: Wellman Maxey L. , Kociba Gary J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The adherent cell layer of bone marrow from healthy cats was characterized in vitro, and the mean fibroblast colony-forming unit (cfu-f) was determined. The majority (82%) of the cells in the adherent cell layer were spindle-shaped fibroblastic cells. These cells were weakly positive for acid phosphatase activity and negative for α-naphthyl butyrate esterase and alkaline phosphatase activities. They did not phagocytose latex beads. The remaining cells (18%) in the adherent cell layer resembled macrophages. They were strongly positive for acid phosphatase and α-naphthyl butyrate esterase activities, and they phagocytosed latex beads.
The mean cfu-f per 106 mononuclear cells in bone marrow from healthy kittens and adult cats was 62 and 65, respectively. The cfu-f assay was linear over a range of 0.25 to 1.25 × 106 bone marrow mononuclear cells cultured. Variation in the feline cfu-f assay was similar to that reported for the human cfu-f assay. Bone marrow collections repeated at 1-month intervals (from the same bone) did not affect cfu-f concentration. A difference was not observed between cfu-f cultured from the feline humerus or femur.
Bone marrow adherent cells in cats resembled those described for other species. Results of the feline cfu-f assay were consistent and repeatable and were similar to those reported for other species.
Rhodococcus (Corynebacterium) equi: Bactericidal capacity of neutrophils from neonatal and adult horses
Authors: Martens Judy G. , Martens Ronald J. , Renshaw Harland W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The capacity of hematogenous polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocytes (pmnl) to kill Rhodococcus equi was compared in horses of various ages. A radioisotope bactericidal assay was used to determine the capacity of pmnl to kill R equi. Assays were conducted on pmnl from horses in 3 groups: group I, 13 foals with a mean age of 3.3 days; group II, 10 group-I foals at a mean age of 35.7 days; and group III, adult dams of group-I foals. Bacteria were obtained from the lungs of a foal with R equi pneumonia and opsonized with fresh adult equine serum that contained R equi specific antibody.
The mean peak percentage of R equi killed by pmnl was 78.9 for group I, 90.1 for group II, and 87.9 for group III. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) among groups; however, 15% of foals in group I (2 foals) had a mean peak percentage of 30.5 killed, which was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than the percentage for other foals in group I. The results of our investigation indicated that the capacity of pmnl to kill opsonized R equi is similar in neonatal, young, and adult horses. However, some neonatal foals have a substantially lower capacity to kill R equi, which may be an important factor in the pathogenesis of R equi infections.
Comparative albumin determinations in ducks, chickens, and turkeys by electrophoretic and dye-binding methods
Authors: Spano J. S. , Whitesides J. F. , Pedersoli W. M. , Krista L. M. , Ravis W. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Serum total protein, albumin, and globulin concentrations in male ducks, turkeys, and chickens were compared, using electrophoretic and dye-binding methods, as well as using a bovine and chicken albumin standard. When a chicken standard was used for determination of albumin and globulin concentrations by automated methods, results were more comparable with results of electrophoresis than were those when a bovine standard was used.
Light and electron microscopic changes in corneas of healthy and immunomodulated calves infected with Moraxella bovis
Authors: Kagonyera George M. , George Lisle W. , Munn Robert 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Thirty-nine Holstein calves (50 to 100 kg and 2 to 3 months old) were randomly assigned to 4 groups. Calves in group I (n = 12) were inoculated with Moraxella bovis and were euthanatized 24 hours (6 calves) or 8 days after inoculation (6 calves). Group-II calves (n = 12) were treated with hydroxyurea for 6 days, and then 6 of these calves were inoculated with M bovis. The daily hydroxyurea treatments continued for 14 days, and then all calves in group II were euthanatized. Group-III calves (n = 9) were administered dexamethasone parenterally, beginning 24 hours before inoculation with M bovis, and then daily thereafter, until they were euthanatized at either 24 hours (n = 5) or 8 days (n = 4). Group-IV calves (n = 6) were inoculated with M bovis, and euthanatized 12 hours later. Tears were collected from all calves that had been inoculated more than 24 hours earlier. The concentration of myeloperoxidase and collagenase was determined for each sample. After the calves were euthanatized, the corneas were dissected free, fixed, and examined by use of scanning or transmission electron microscopy, or light microscopy.
Microscopic corneal erosions were detected 12 hours after inoculation. These lesions were not accompanied by inflammatory cell infiltration and were detected by use of scanning electron microscopy. Inflammatory cells were first observed in the corneal lesions in specimens collected 24 hours after inoculation. Bacteria that resembled M bovis morphologically were seen in several locations in these lesions. By 8 days, corneas of the group-I calves had the least number of intracorneal bacteria, compared with the corneas from other groups. The number of calves that developed corneal ulcers by 8 days was similar in all groups. The corneal ulcers of the hydroxyurea-treated calves were shallower, but appeared larger in surface area than those of the controls. By 8 days after inoculation, the corneal ulcers of the dexamethasone-treated calves had less corneal neovascularization and opacification than did the controls. Corneal perforations developed in 2 eyes of the dexamethasone-treated calves, but did not develop in any eyes of the controls. Microscopically, a larger number of M bovis were observed in corneas of dexamethasone-treated calves than in corneas of calves from other groups.
Collagenase was not detected in any tear samples. The concentration of myeloperoxidase in tear samples were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the prehydroxyurea-treatment samples than in the posttreatment samples from corresponding calves.
Pathophysiologic mechanism of cardiac dysfunction in experimentally induced heartworm caval syndrome in dogs: An echocardiographic study
Authors: Atkins Clarke E. , Keene Bruce W. , McGuirk Sheila M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In dogs with experimentally induced heartworm infection, the onset of caval syndrome (cs) was characterized by a murmur, loudest over the tricuspid valve, and a large worm mass in the right ventricular lumen detectable during diastole by use of M-mode echocardiography. Two-dimensional echocardiography indicated that the worm mass was located in the right atrium and venae cavae and was “flowing” into the right ventricle during rapid diastolic filling. Paradoxical septal motion and vigorous right ventricular cranial wall motion also were observed. Other echocardiographic changes included decreased size of the left atrium and ventricle, aortic root, and ratio of left-to-right ventricular diastolic luminal diameter, compared with values obtained 6 months after experimentally induced heartworm infection. Right ventricular end diastolic diameter increased considerably. Most echocardiographic indices of left ventricular function (fractional shortening, velocity of circumferential fiber shortening, ejection fraction, and preejection period) were not altered appreciably, but estimates of cardiac index and stroke volume were markedly decreased.
Electrocardiography revealed ventricular and supraventricular premature complexes in 7 of the 8 dogs studied, evidence of right ventricular enlargement in 6 of the 8 dogs studied, and increased mean heart rate, compared with that measured 6 months after inoculation of infective larvae, before the onset of cs.
Cardiac catheterization was performed in 3 dogs at the onset of cs. Severe pulmonary arterial and right ventricular hypertension and decreased cardiac index (compared with values obtained before inoculation) were observed. Evidence of right ventricular inflow obstruction was not detected. Mean aortic blood pressure decreased with the onset of cs, but right ventricular end diastolic pressure increased.
On the basis of these findings, a pathophysiologic mechanism for heart failure associated with heartworm cs was proposed. It involved the combination of newly acquired tricuspid valvular insufficiency and preexistent pulmonary hypertension leading to right-sided heart failure. Subsequent unloading of the left ventricle was likely responsible for diminished cardiac output in the face of apparently normal left ventricular function.