bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relation between structure, morphology and optical properties of indium sulphide thin films prepared by different vacuum methods
Authors: Guillén C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIndium sulphide thin films were synthesized following two different vacuum physical processes, modulated flux deposition and sequential evaporation, with thicknesses ranging between 40 and 250 nm, at temperatures as low as 200 °C. The samples were characterized using X‐ray diffraction, spectrophotometry and atomic force microscopy. All films crystallized in the tetragonal β‐In2S3 structure, showing small crystallite size and compressive lattice distortion for the thinnest layers, which progress towards larger crystallites and lattice extension when the thickness increases. Such evolution is found to be different for samples prepared by direct or sequential processes. Relations between lattice stress, surface roughness and band gap energy values were analysed for the different layers. It is established that band gap widening is related to compressive strain and low roughness conditions, which are better achieved by modulated flux deposition. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Covariance component models for multivariate binary traits in family data analysis
Authors: Yip Benjamin H. , Björk Camilla , Lichtenstein Paul , Hultman Christina M. , Pawitan Yudi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFor family studies, there is now an established analytical framework for binary‐trait outcomes within the generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs). However, the corresponding analysis of multivariate binary‐trait (MBT) outcomes is still limited. Certain diseases, such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, have similarities in epidemiological features, risk factor patterns and intermediate phenotypes. To have a better etiological understanding, it is important to investigate the common genetic and environmental factors driving the comorbidity of the diseases. In this paper, we develop a suitable GLMM for MBT outcomes from extended families, such as nuclear, paternal‐ and maternal‐halfsib families. We motivate our problem with real questions from psychiatric epidemiology and demonstrate how different substantive issues of comorbidity between two diseases can be put into the analytical framework. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative risk‐based analysis for military counterterrorism systems
Authors: Kujawski Edouard , Miller Gregory A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper presents a realistic and practical approach to quantitatively assess the risk‐reduction capabilities of military counterterrorism systems in terms of damage cost and casualty figures. The comparison of alternatives is thereby based on absolute quantities rather than an aggregated utility or value provided by multicriteria decision analysis methods. The key elements of the approach are (1) the use of decision‐attack event trees for modeling and analyzing scenarios, (2) a portfolio model approach for analyzing multiple threats, and (3) the quantitative probabilistic risk assessment matrix for communicating the results. Decision‐attack event trees are especially appropriate for modeling and analyzing terrorist attacks where the sequence of events and outcomes are time‐sensitive. The actions of the attackers and the defenders are modeled as decisions and the outcomes are modeled as probabilistic events. The quantitative probabilistic risk assessment matrix provides information about the range of the possible outcomes while retaining the simplicity of the classic safety risk assessment matrix based on Mil‐Std‐882D. It therefore provides a simple and reliable tool for comparing alternatives on the basis of risk including confidence levels rather than single point estimates. This additional valuable information requires minimal additional effort. The proposed approach is illustrated using a simplified but realistic model of a destroyer operating in inland restricted waters. The complex problem of choosing a robust counterterrorism protection system against multiple terrorist threats is analyzed by introducing a surrogate multi‐threat portfolio. The associated risk profile provides a practical approach for assessing the robustness of different counterterrorism systems against plausible terrorist threats. The paper documents the analysis for a hypothetical case of three potential threats. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 10: 273–289, 2007
A portable spectrometer for simultaneous PIXE and XRF analysis
Authors: Pappalardo L. , de Sanoit J. , Marchetta C. , Pappalardo G. , Romano F. P. , Rizzo F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA new portable system that performs simultaneous particle induced x‐ray emission and x‐ray fluorescence analysis is described. It is based on the use of a 244Cm radioactive source as α‐particle and x‐ray emitter, coupled to a Si drift detector. Particular care has been devoted to the choice of the materials surrounding the source. X‐ray fluorescence spectra are presented, showing high detection efficiency for elements from Na (K lines) to Pb (L and M lines). The system can be used as a qualitative tool for ‘fingerprint’ analysis and, in some cases, as a quantitative one. Examples are presented and discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kinetic studies of epoxidation and oxirane cleavage of palm olein methyl esters
Authors: Gan L. H. , Goh S. H. , Ooi K. S. 
Published: July 2007

The kinetics for the epoxidation of methyl esters of palm olein (MEPOL) by peroxyformic acid and peroxyacetic acid generatedin situwere studied. The rate‐determining step was found to be the formation of peroxy acid. Epoxidized MEPOL (EpMEPOL), with almost complete conversion of the unsaturated carbon and negligible ring‐opening, can be synthesized by thein situtechnique described.The kinetics of the oxirane cleavage of EpMEPOL by acetic acid were studied at various temperatures. The reaction was found to be first‐order with respect to the epoxy concentration and second‐order to the acetic acid concentration. The activation energy and the entropy of activation for the epoxidation of MEPOL were comparable to those for the oxirane cleavage of EpMEPOL by acetic acid, suggesting that the two reactions are competitive. The success of the epoxidation of MEPOL with only negligible oxirane cleavage is attributed to the heterogeneous nature of the system employed in thein situtechnique.
Buckwheat leaf meal fat. II. Composition of the fatty acids
Authors: Krewson Charles F. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe composition of fatty acids of the saponified fat of buckwheat leaf meal was investigated. The mixed fatty acids amounted to 49.6% of the composition of the fat. The chief organic acids found were: linolenic, 15.1%; oleic, 13.1%; linoleic, 8.5%; and palmitic, 8.0%. Less than 1% each of such acids as formic, lactic, stearic, arachidic, hexacosanoic, and octacosanoic, and only traces of acetic, lignoceric, and tricontanoic (or higher) acids were found. The so‐called “insoluble acids” of the saponified fat, less the unsaponifiable matter, contained 28.5% (18.5% based on the original fat) of material identified as red pigment and probably a mixture of chlorophyll degradation compounds, chiefly phylloerythrin.
A simple method for determining the spontaneous oil absorption capacity of proteins and the kinetics of oil uptake
Authors: de Kanterewicz R. J. , Pilosof A. M. R. , Bartholomai G. B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA simple method was developed for determining the spontaneous oil uptake and the kinetics of oil uptake by several food protein materials. The amount q of oil taken up by a protein powder during time t was described by the equation q=Qt/(B+t), where Q is the total oil uptake at equilibrium and B is the time required to sorb Q/2. The rate of oil uptake was proportional to the square of the amount of oil that must still be absorbed to reach equilibrium. A specific rate constant for the process was calculated as (BQ)−1 and an initial rate of oil uptake as Q/B.
Vernonia anthelmintica (L.) willd. Extraction of oil or trivernolin from the seed
Authors: Krewson C. F. , Scott W. E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractVernonia anthelmintica (L.). Willd. (ironweed) seed from Pakistan or India produced 22\s‐28% oil rich in trivernolin, the glyceride of 12,13‐epoxyoleic acid, when the highly active lipolytic enzyme was properly controlled. Trivernolin was obtained from the seed as a major end‐product without isolation of the oil from the extract in yields of 55\s‐60% of the wt of the oil present. Control of lipolysis was achieved, either by a rapid extraction technique where whole seed was flaked as a slurry made of seed and extracting solvent (petroleum naphtha, bp 35\s‐59C), or by autoclaving the seed prior to flaking or grinding. An improved quality oil was produced by removal of the major portion of the unsaponifiable material; this upgraded the oil by increasing the epoxy lipid content, decreasing the iodine value (I.V.) and reducing the amount of color and odor.
An automatized method for determination of free fatty acids
Authors: Ekström Lars‐Gösta 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAn automated colorimetric method is described for determining free fatty acids (FFA) in vegetable oils using the flow injection analysis (FIA) technique. In this procedure, an almost linear relationship exists between the peak height and the FFA concentration. Liquid samples can be poured directly into the sample cups on the sampler for an automatic analysis of the FFA content. The dynamic range of this method is from 0.01 to almost 5%. Samples with higher FFA content must be diluted before analysis. The sample capacity is 12–20 injections/hr. No evidence of the existence of the earlier proposed cage‐like complex (Cu(II)(FFA)2)2 in the organic phase was observed in this study.
Effect of surfactant micelles on homogeneous catalytic hydrogenation of 2,4‐hexadienoic acid with pentacyanocobaltate(III)‐hydride complex
Authors: Nagarajan M. K. , Venkataraman B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe influence of anionic (SLS), cationic (CTAB) and nonionic (NP 9E0) surfactant micelles on the homogeneous catalytic selective hydrogenation of 2,4‐hexadienoic acid to 2‐hexenoic acid in alkaline aqueous solutions of pehtacyanocobaltate(III)‐hydride complex was studied at 1 atm pressure and 30 C. The results indicate that, compared to the reactions in the aqueous medium, (a) surfactant micelles present in concentrations in the neighborhood of their critical micelle concentrations (CMC) enhance both the net rate of formation of the pentacyanocobaltate(III)‐hydride complex and its equilibrium concentration by factors of 2 to 5 and 1.1 to 1.5, respectively; (b) the neutral NP 9E0 surfactant micelles enhance the rate of hydrogenation of 2,4‐hexadienoic acid by pentacyanocobaltate(III)‐hydride complex by a factor of 3, and, (c) the SLS and the CTAB surfactant micelles totally inhibit the hydrogenation of 2,4‐hexadienoic acid. Probable mechanistic reasons are also advanced in order to explain the observed activation of the well known pentacyanocobaltate(III)‐hydride complex by surfactant micelles.
Argentation resin chromatography of diterpene resin acids
Authors: Curran S. S. , Zinkel D. F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractArgentation chromatography with silver ion macroreticular ex‐change resin was applied to diterpene resin acids and methyl esters. Best results for diterpene acids were obtained with silver‐saturated ion exchange resin and solvent systems such as ethyl ether/acetone or acetone. The technique was applied in the isolation of a major component, identified as 20‐nor‐5,7,9‐abietatrien‐18‐oic acid, from a commercial disproportionated rosin.
Effectiveness of several polyunsaturated seed oils as boll weevil feeding deterrents
Authors: Jacobson M. , Crystal M. M. , Kleiman R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPrompted by the previous discovery that (9Z,11E,13E)‐9,11,13‐octadecatrienoic acid (α‐eleostearic acid) was one of the compo‐nents responsible for the boll weevil feeding deterrency of tung oil, the seeds of 11 other plant species were extracted with pentane and the oils were evaluated for their feeding deterrency in the laboratory. The oils ofCalendula suffruticosa, Centrantbus macro‐siphon, Jacaranda mimosifoliaandMomordica cochincbineniswere effective feeding deterrents for the boll weevil.
Determination of the Unsaponifiable Matter in Fatty Acids by a Rapid Column Method
Authors: Maxwell R. J. , Reimann K. A. , Percell K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA rapid, quantitative method for determining the unsaponifiable matter (USM) of commercial fatty acids is described. The fatty acid samples are saponified with a mixture of potassium hydroxide and Celite 545 ground together then heated for a short period. The resulting granular powder is transferred to a glass chromatography column containing a short section of CaCl2/Celite mixture, and the USM is eluted with dichloromethane. Samples were analyzed in 2 separate laboratories by the new method with slight variations. Good agreement between duplicates and between laboratories was obtained for all of the acids examined. Samples were also analyzed by Official Methods, and the results were uniformly somewhat higher by the proposed method.
Effect of elevated drying temperature on rapeseed oil quality
Authors: Pathak P. K. , Agrawal Y. C. , Singh B. P. N. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractEffect of rapeseed drying temperature on oil quality was investigated over the range 50–250°C. Total oil content was not significantly affected at 5% probability. Amounts of free fatty acids were significantly affected but remained much below the maximum permissible limit. Oil color was also significantly affected but had no specific trend of variation with temperature, and visual differentiation was difficult. Further, visual cracks and blackening were observed in rapeseeds dried at 250°C. Based on this study, elevated drying temperature up to 200°C was recommended for rapeseed without adversely affecting oil quality. This would save up to 80% drying time compared to the present practice of drying rapeseed at a maximum temperature of 93°C.
Studies on kinetics and preparation of C36 dimer acid esters
Authors: Kale Vijay , Subbarao R. , Lakshminarayana G. , Rao M. Bhagwant 
Published: July 2007

AbstractC36 Dimer acids were esterified with various short‐chain alcohols, namely 2‐propanol, n‐butanol, n‐hexanol, n‐octanol, 2‐octanol and 2‐ethyl‐1‐hexanol by using sulfuric acid as catalyst and benzene as an azeotropic solvent. Various reaction parameters were standardized. In case of isopropyl esters, acid‐to‐alcohol mole ratio of 1:5 and sulfuric acid concentration of 2% based on the weight of dimer acids were found to be optimum. In case of straight‐chain primary alcohols, namely n‐butanol, n‐hexanol and n‐octanol, 1:2.5 mole ratio of acid to alcohol and 1% by weight of sulfuric acid were found satisfactory. Esterification reaction rates were determined from the fall in acid value of the product. The reaction followed pseudo first order kinetics. The reaction rates increased with the increase in chainlength of straight‐chain primary alcohols from n‐butanol to n‐octanol. The rate of reaction decreased from n‐octanol to 2‐ethyl‐1‐hexanol to 2‐octanol due to the branching of the chain in 2‐ethyl‐1‐hexanol and secondary nature of the −OH group in 2‐octanol.
Differential scanning calorimetry of confectionery fats. Pure triglycerides: Effects of cooling and heating rate variation
Authors: Cebula Deryck J. , Smith Kevin W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDifferential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements of the crystallization and melting phenomena of pure forms of the three principal triglycerides present in cocoa butter and related confectionery fats are presented. The results are used to exhibit the usefulness of the DSC technique for potential application in quality control of these types of material, but also as a warning of the difficulties in interpretation of data. The results also serve as a reference for future use in DSC studies of similar materials.
Ability of surfactants to form highly loaded coal‐water mixtures
Authors: Naka Akihiro , Honjo shuichi , Sugiyama Hiroshi , Nishida Yoshihisa , Murakami Osamu 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCoal tends to aggregate in water. In a coal‐water mixture (CWM), the higher the coal content is, the more thickened the mixture is. To highly load a CWM with coal, therefore, it is necessary to use a dispersant. The authors synthesized new types of multibranched high molecular nonionic surfactants that did not contain any alkali metal which would be harmfuls in combustion. Those surfactants were added to CWM samples containing Tatung coal pulverized by a ball mill. As a result, it was found that they contributed greatly to improving the fluidity of CWM, as briefly described below.(i) Alkylene‐oxide‐added multi‐branched high molecular nonionic surfactants improve their ability to highly load a CWM with an increase in the molecular weight per active hydrogen atom. When the molecular weight is 3,000 to 6,000 or more, they can make a CWM containing 69% coal. (ii) Sodium salt of formalin naphthalenesulfonate condensate, a type of anionic surfactant, can increase the coal content only to a maximum of 65%. (iii) Multi‐branched high molecular nonionic surfactants can make a stable CWM.
Gram‐scale preparative HPLC of phospholipids from soybean lecithins
Authors: Hanras C. , Perrin J. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA preparative procedure has been developed to isolate gram quantities of phospholipid classes from soybean lecithins. Various steps taken to accomplish the isolation are described—an analytical method with silica column and light scattering detector, alcohol fractionation of deoiled lecithins, and columns with increasing internal diameters but packed with the same stationary phase. The loading study showed that it was possible to inject 20 mg on a 100 × 8 mm RadialμPorasil colume. The separation was scaled up to a 25‐mm i.d. column and finally to a 50‐mm i.d. column. With the larger column, 2.1 g of phospholipids were separated. The collected fractions (phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylcholine) were of high purity (>99%). The solvent consumption was 7.2 L (separation and column equilibration), and a minimum of 10 g of polar lipids can be separated daily.
Identification of volatile flavor compounds in roasted coconut
Authors: Jayalekshmy A. , Narayanan C. S. , Mathew A. G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractHeating of coconut leads to browning and development of fine roasted flavor. Flavor studies were carried out with control and heated samples of conconut. Gas chromatography (GC) and GC/mass spectrometry analyses of the basic, neutral and acid fractions of flavor, isolated by hydrodistillation and selective extraction, showed the presence of pyrazines and other heterocyclic compounds in heated samples. These compounds contribute to the overall roasted flavor. Twenty pyrazines were identified in roasted coconut, which included pyrazine, methyl pyrazine, dimethyl pyrazines, ethyl methyl pyrazines, vinyl pyrazine and isopropyl pyrazine. Pyrazine content increased with temperature. In addition to these compounds,δ‐lactones, esters, ketones and fatty acids were present in control and heated samples of coconut.
Fatty acid composition of oil from exotic corn breeding materials
Authors: Dunlap Francie G. , White Pamela J. , Pollak Linda M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe fatty acid composition of corn oil can be altered to meet consumer demand for “healthful” fats. The first step in altering the oils is to survey existing corn breeding materials for fatty acid composition. The Latin American Maize Project (LAMP), an international program designed to evaluate the agronomic characteristics of maize accessions in Latin American and U.S. germplasm banks for future use, provides useful starting materials. LAMP was based on the cooperative efforts of 12 countries. In a two‐stage evaluation, the project identified the highest‐yielding open‐pollinated top 20% of populations, then approximately the top 5% of those 20%. Twenty of the populations from four countries with temperate climates were randomly selected for fatty acid analysis. The populations were from United States, Chile, Argentina, and Uruguay. Fifty S1 lines from each population were randomly chosen for analysis for a total of 1,000 genotypes sampled. Statistical differences in fatty acid composition were computed among the 20 populations and among the four countries. The findings showed a wide range of fatty acid profiles present in unadapted, elite corn breeding materials with ranges for each fatty acid as follows: palmitic acid, 6.3–18.2%; stearic acid, 0.9–4.5%; oleic acid, 18.5–46.1%; linoleic acid, 36.6–66.8%; linolenic acid, 0.0–2.0%; and arachidic acid, 0.0–1.4%. Several populations were significantly different from the others. Some lines had unusual fatty acid compositions, including one with 8.3% total saturates and another with 20.2% total saturates. This study shows that existing corn breeding materials could be used to produce high‐ and low‐saturate oils, but other methods would probably be required to produce a high‐oleic corn oil.
Continuous production of cyclic fatty acids
Authors: Beal R. E. , Eisenhauer R. A. , Griffin E. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractKinetic studies of a batch treatment of linseed oil to produce cyclic acids indicated that of a continuous process conducted in a flow‐through reactor and involving rapid heat‐up of reactants, followed by a short reaction time, might be feasible. Tests were conducted in a continuous system to examine the effects of flow rate (retention time), reaction temp, reaction system pressure and reagents on product yields. The reactant solution (linseed oil‐ethylene glycol‐sodium hydroxide) was pumped through an externally heated tube and discharged through a back‐pressure valve. Maximum cyclic acid yields based on wt of oil were 37% by the continuous method and 40.4% by the batch process when the feed was saturated with nitrogen, and 39.5% and 46.1% for the respective methods when the feed was saturated with ethylene. These differences may be offset by the advantages inherent in a continuous process.
Studies in detergency correlation
Authors: Mankowich A. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn alkaline cleaning solutions of ca. pH 12 containing either a primary alcohol sulphate, a straight chain alkyl aryl sulphonate, or a fatty acid soap, detergent efficiency is increased synergistically by the addition of nonionic agents the HLB values of which lie within certain ranges. Those cleaners containing the anionic surfactant with the highest HLB exhibit the most synergism. In such cleaners, increasing detergency is directly related to increasing surface tension and critical micelle concentration of the unbuilt anionic surfactant, and to increasing surface tension of the nonionic surfactant. Asphalt soil removal, judged the resultant of the combined properties of penetrability, peptization, and wetting, was used to indicate detergent synergism in the aqueous alkaline cleaners studied.
Effect of 1‐naphthaleneacetic acid on the seed, protein, oil, and fatty acids of egyptian cotton
Authors: Sawan Zakaria M. , Sakr Ramadan A. , Ahmed Fouad A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe effects of 1‐naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) applied at various levels and times on yield, seed index, protein and oil content and fatty acid compositions of cotton plants seeds were studied. NAA increased the seed yield/plant and the seed, protein, and oil yields/ha compared to the control. A level of 20 ppm proved best for yield. Most NAA treatments significantly increased the seed index, but only slight increases in seed protein content were recorded. Increases in the amount of seed oil was moderate, with fluctuation that was due to treatment. NAA generally caused decreases in saturated fatty acids that were associated with increases in unsaturated fatty acids. One treatment proved to be more effective than multiple treatments. Palmitic acid and linoleic acid were the most abundant saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, respectively.