bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why do citizens want to keep refugees out? Threats, fairness and hostile norms in the treatment of asylum seekers
Authors: Louis Winnifred R. , Duck Julie M. , Terry Deborah J. , Schuller Regina A. , Lalonde Richard N. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA social identity framework was employed to understand why people support the exclusionary treatment of refugee claimants (‘asylum seekers’) in Australia. Over and above individual difference effects of social dominance orientation and individuals' instrumental threat perceptions, insecure intergroup relations between citizens and asylum seekers were proposed to motivate exclusionary attitudes and behaviour. In addition, perceived procedural and distributive fairness were proposed to mediate the effects of social identity predictors on intergroup competitiveness, serving to legitimise citizens' exclusionary behaviours. Support for these propositions was obtained in a longitudinal study of Australians' social attitudes and behaviour. Small and inconsistent individual‐level effects were noted. In contrast, after controlling for these variables, hostile Australian norms, perceived legitimacy of citizen status, and threatening socio‐structural relations were strongly and consistently linked to intentions to support the harsh treatment of asylum seekers, and exclusionary attitudes and action at Time 2. Moreover, perceived procedural and distributive justice significantly mediated these relationships. The roles of fairness and intergroup socio‐structural perceptions in social attitudes and actions are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Convergent data sharpening for the identification and tracking of spatial temporal centers of lightning activity
Authors: Woolford Douglas G. , Braun W. John 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis study presents an exploratory analysis of Ontario lightning and fire ignition data. Our main goal is to relate forest fire ignitions to lightning stroke occurrences. However, due to the sheer volume of the lightning data, as well as accuracy and missing data issues, changes to the data are required prior to any such investigation. Planning to employ cluster‐based point‐process methods in future lightning‐caused fire ignition models, we wish to cluster the lightning strokes in space‐time.The data used is © 1992, 1994, 1997, Queen's Printer for Ontario, Canada, and was referenced under agreement with the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources.
We propose a mode‐seeking clustering algorithm that is based on a convergent form of ‘data sharpening’ methods. Data sharpening is based on local constant regression and was introduced as a bias‐reduction method in kernel density estimation. Data sharpening nudges observations closer to their nearest local mode(s) at each iteration. We propose to iterate the algorithm until convergence, showing that the data will converge to either local or global modes.The usefulness of the algorithm in the lightning context is threefold: first, the lightning data can be reduced to corresponding local spatial‐temporal modes; second, slight modifications result in a noise‐reduction method that can be applied to estimate short‐term spatial track(s) of lightning storm system(s); third, the sharpened data provide a means for a bootstrap‐based simulation of spatial lightning strike patterns. Numerical examples and comments on the algorithm's appropriateness related to the lightning application appear throughout. The study concludes by noting some of the further work to be done. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Consolidations and closures: an empirical analysis of exits from the hospital industry
Authors: D. Harrison Teresa 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis paper investigates the pre‐exit characteristics of hospital mergers, acquisitions, and closures. We estimate competing risk hazard models using an 18‐year national data set that spans the wave of closures in the 1980s and of mergers in the 1990s. Evidence shows that weak productivity of the hospital is a strong determinant for closures while competitive pressures are more influential in the decision to consolidate. Thus, increased market power, relative to cost reductions, appears to play a larger role in the merger decision. Our results also provide insight into possible correlations between mergers and closures. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Macrophage behavior on multilayered DNA‐coatings in vitro
Authors: Van den Beucken J.J.J.P. , Walboomers X.F. , Vos M.R.J. , Sommerdijk N.A.J.M. , Nolte R.J.M. , Jansen J.A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA pivotal factor to consider in the development of biomaterials and biomaterial coatings is the inflammatory response to these materials. The insertion of implants is followed by protein adsorption and subsequent interactions with cellular components of the biological surroundings, in which macrophages play a dominant role through the production of a myriad of signaling molecules. In view of this, the aims of the present study were to evaluate (i) gross protein adsorption to, and (ii) in vitro behavior of macrophages on novel biomaterial coatings, composed of poly‐D‐lysine (PDL) or poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and DNA, and to compare these coatings with negative (noncoated glass) and positive controls (noncoated glass + LPS‐stimulation). The results demonstrate that multilayered DNA‐coatings do not affect gross protein adsorption compared to noncoated controls. Cell culture experiments showed that the attachment to, and viability and morphology of two types of macrophages cultured on multilayered DNA‐coatings is comparable to noncoated controls. Still, macrophages repeatedly showed decreased secretion levels of the proinflammatory cytokine TNF‐α on multilayered DNA‐coatings, whereas no differences were observed in the secretion of IL‐1β, IL‐10, and TGF‐β1. Appropriate animal studies are required to elucidate if these in vitro indications have clinical effects on the inflammatory and wound healing processes around implants. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2007
Prolyl‐hydroxylase inhibition and HIF activation in osteoblasts promotes an adipocytic phenotype
Authors: Irwin R. , LaPres J.J. , Kinser S. , McCabe L.R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBone is a dynamic environment where cells sense and adapt to changes in nutrient and oxygen availability. Conditions associated with hypoxia in bone are also associated with bone loss. In vitro hypoxia (2% oxygen) alters gene expression in osteoblasts and osteocytes and induces cellular changes including the upregulation of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) levels. Our studies show that osteoblasts respond to hypoxia (2% oxygen) by enhancing expression of genes associated with adipocyte/lipogenesis phenotype (C/EBPβ, PPARγ2, and aP2) and by suppressing expression of genes associated with osteoblast differentiation (alkaline phosphatase, AP). Hypoxia increased HIF protein levels, hypoxic response element (HRE) binding, and HRE‐reporter activity. We also demonstrate that prolyl‐hydroxylases 2 and 3 (PHD2, PHD3), one of the major factors coordinating HIF degradation under normoxic but not hypoxic conditions, are induced in osteoblasts under hypoxic conditions. To further determine the contribution of PHDs and upregulated HIF activity in modulating osteoblast phenotype, we treated osteoblasts with a PHD inhibitor, dimethyloxaloylglycine (DMOG), and maintained cells under normoxic conditions. Similar to hypoxic conditions, HRE reporter activity was increased and adipogenic gene expression was increased while osteoblastic genes were suppressed. Taken together, our findings indicate a role for PHDs and HIFs in the regulation of osteoblast phenotype. J. Cell. Biochem. 100: 762–772, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
p53 modulation of the DNA damage response
Authors: Helton E. Scott , Chen Xinbin 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe tumor suppressor p53 plays a central role in the DNA damage response. After exposure to genotoxic stress, p53 can both positively and negatively regulate cell fate. Initially, p53 promotes cell survival by inducing cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, and other pro‐survival pathways. However, when cells accumulate DNA damage or demonstrate aberrant growth, p53 can direct the elimination of damaged cells. In this review, we will discuss the transcriptional‐dependent and ‐independent roles of p53 in regulating the DNA damage response. J. Cell. Biochem. 100: 883–896, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Calcium signaling in non‐excitable cells: Ca2+release and influx are independent events linked to two plasma membrane Ca2+entry channels
Authors: Chakrabarti Ranjana , Chakrabarti Rabindranath 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe regulatory mechanism of Ca2+influx into the cytosol from the extracellular space in non‐excitable cells is not clear. The “capacitative calcium entry” (CCE) hypothesis suggested that Ca2+influx is triggered by the IP3‐mediated emptying of the intracellular Ca2+stores. However, there is no clear evidence for CCE and its mechanism remains elusive. In the present work, we have provided the reported evidences to show that inhibition of IP3‐dependent Ca2+release does not affect Ca2+influx, and the experimental protocols used to demonstrate CCE can stimulate Ca2+influx by means other than emptying of the Ca2+stores. In addition, we have presented the reports showing that IP3‐mediated Ca2+release is linked to a Ca2+entry from the extracellular space, which does not increase cytosolic [Ca2+] prior to Ca2+release. Based on these and other reports, we have provided a model of Ca2+signaling in non‐excitable cells, in which IP3‐mediated emptying of the intracellular Ca2+store triggers entry of Ca2+directly into the store, through a plasma membrane TRPC channel. Thus, emptying and direct refilling of the Ca2+stores are repeated in the presence of IP3, giving rise to the transient phase of oscillatory Ca2+release. Direct Ca2+entry into the store is regulated by its filling status in a negative and positive manner through a Ca2+‐binding protein and Stim1/Orai complex, respectively. The sustained phase of Ca2+influx is triggered by diacylglycerol (DAG) through the activation of another TRPC channel, independent of Ca2+release. The plasma membrane IP3receptor (IP3R) plays an essential role in Ca2+influx, by interacting with the DAG‐activated TRPC, without the requirement of binding to IP3. J. Cell. Biochem. 99: 1503–1516, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Improved myocardial tagging contrast in cine balanced SSFP images
Authors: Ibrahim El‐Sayed H. , Stuber Matthias , Schär Michael , Osman Nael F. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPurposeTo improve the tag persistence throughout the whole cardiac cycle by providing a constant tag‐contrast throughout all the cardiac phases when using balanced steady‐state free precession (bSSFP) imaging.Materials and MethodsThe flip angles of the imaging radiofrequency pulses were optimized to compensate for the tagging contrast‐to‐noise ratio (Tag‐CNR) fading at later cardiac phases in bSSFP imaging. Complementary spatial modulation of magnetization (CSPAMM) tagging was implemented to improve the Tag‐CNR. Numerical simulations were performed to examine the behavior of the Tag‐CNR with the proposed method, and to compare the resulting Tag‐CNR with that obtained from the more commonly used spoiled gradient echo (SPGR) imaging. A gel phantom, as well as five healthy human volunteers, were scanned on a 1.5T scanner using bSSFP imaging with and without the proposed technique. The phantom was also scanned with SPGR imaging.ResultsWith the proposed technique, the Tag‐CNR remained almost constant during the whole cardiac cycle. Using bSSFP imaging, the Tag‐CNR was about double that of SPGR.ConclusionThe tag persistence was significantly improved when the proposed method was applied, with better Tag‐CNR during the diastolic cardiac phase. The improved Tag‐CNR will support automated tagging analysis and quantification methods. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Strengths and weaknesses of dark‐lumen MR colonography: Clinical relevance of polyps smaller than 5 mm in diameter at the moment of their detection
Authors: Ajaj Waleed , Ruehm Stefan G. , Gerken Guido , Goyen Mathias 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPurposeTo assess the clinical relevance of dark‐lumen MR colonography (MRC) for the detection of colorectal lesions using conventional colonoscopy (CC) and histopathologic examinations as reference standard.Materials and MethodsA total of 72 patients underwent MRC and CC. MRC was performed using a contrast‐enhanced high spatial resolution T1 weighted 3D volumetric interpolated breathhold examination (VIBE)‐sequence. All removed colorectal lesions were evaluated by an experienced pathologist.ResultsCC confirmed 65 polyps less than 5 mm in diameter. Non of those lesions could be detected using MRC. Just two (4%) of the 49 removed lesions smaller than 5 mm showed signs of dysplasia. Additionally, CC confirmed 25 polyps between 6–15 mm in diameter (MRC 22). All those 25 lesions were removed in CC. Only four (16%) of those polyps showed signs of dysplasia and malignancy (11, 13, 13 and 15 mm).ConclusionDark‐lumen MRC failed to detect all polyps smaller than 5 mm in diameter which are generally not clinically relevant at the moment of their detection and thus can be kept under surveillance. However, MRC as a non‐invasive imaging modality is a promising alternative to CC in the detection of clinically relevant polyps larger than 5 mm in diameter. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Whole‐body magnetization transfer contrast imaging
Authors: Boss Andreas , Martirosian Petros , Küper Klaus , Fierlbeck Gerhard , Claussen Claus D. , Schick Fritz 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPurposeTo demonstrate the feasibility of whole‐body magnetization transfer (MT) contrast imaging.Materials and MethodsWhole‐body MT imaging was performed on eight healthy volunteers and five patients (mean age = 40.5 ± 17.8 years) with diagnoses of dermatomyositis (N = 1), B‐symptoms with suspicion of paraneoplastic disease (N = 1), metastatic malignant melanoma (N = 1), and multiple sclerosis (MS) (N = 2). Measurements were carried out on a 1.5‐Tesla whole‐body MR scanner capable of parallel signal reception. A three‐dimensional (3D) gradient‐echo sequence (TR = 17 msec, TE = 4.8 msec, flip angle = 10°) was applied in combination with a Gaussian off‐resonance MT preparation pulse acting at an off‐resonance of 1.500 Hz with a 500° effective flip angle. Whole‐body images were constructed from five different body regions.ResultsIn all subjects, whole‐body MT contrast images were obtained within less than 20 minutes of measuring time. The images showed sufficient diagnostic image quality to assess the patients' pathologies. The MT ratios (MTRs, in percent units) for the volunteers were as follows: white matter (WM) 51.1 ± 1.0, gray matter (GM) 42.2 ± 1.3, skeletal muscle (mean value of four muscle groups) 50.3 ± 2.1, liver 39.4 ± 3.2, spleen 31.8 ± 2.6, renal cortex 30.4 ± 1.9, and renal medulla 25.6 ± 1.3. The MTRs for the pathologies were as follows: skeletal muscle in dermatomyositis ∼30, metastases in malignant melanoma 30.7–36.0, uterus myoma 49.3, and MS lesions 30–40.ConclusionOur preliminary data indicate that MT contrast in whole‐body MRI is feasible, and may be useful for rapid whole‐body assessment of diseases that exhibit high contrast in MT imaging, such as MS and muscular disorders. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Model‐based registration for dynamic cardiac perfusion MRI
Authors: Adluru Ganesh , DiBella Edward V.R. , Schabel Matthias C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPurposeTo assess the accuracy of a model‐based approach for registration of myocardial dynamic contrast‐enhanced (DCE)‐MRI corrupted by respiratory motion.Materials and MethodsTen patients were scanned for myocardial perfusion on 3T or 1.5T scanners, and short‐ and long‐axis slices were acquired. Interframe registration was done using an iterative model‐based method in conjunction with a mean square difference metric. The method was tested by comparing the absolute motion before and after registration, as determined from manually registered images. Regional flow indices of myocardium calculated from the manually registered data were compared with those obtained with the model‐based registration technique.ResultsThe mean absolute motion of the heart for the short‐axis data sets over all the time frames decreased from 5.3 ± 5.2 mm (3.3 ± 3.1 pixels) to 0.8 ± 1.3 mm (0.5 ± 0.7 pixels) in the vertical direction, and from 3.0 ± 3.7 mm (1.7 ± 2.1 pixels) to 0.9 ± 1.2 mm (0.5 ± 0.7 pixels) in the horizontal direction. A mean absolute improvement of 77% over all the data sets was observed in the estimation of the regional perfusion flow indices of the tissue as compared to those obtained from manual registration. Similar results were obtained with two‐chamber‐view long‐axis data sets.ConclusionThe model‐based registration method for DCE cardiac data is comparable to manual registration and offers a unique registration method that reduces errors in the quantification of myocardial perfusion parameters as compared to those obtained from manual registration. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Trends in daily rainfall in the Iberian Peninsula from 1951 to 2002
Authors: Rodrigo F. S. , Trigo Ricardo M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAn analysis of 22 sites of daily precipitation records over the period 1951–2002 for the Iberian Peninsula is presented. Annual and seasonal total precipitation (P), number of wet days (N), precipitation intensity (I), the 95th percentile (P95), and percentage of rain falling on days with rainfall above the 95th percentile (%) are investigated. The annual and seasonal trends for these variables and for all 22 rain gauges are analysed, using the Mann–Kendall statistic, and a linear regression model. Moreover, a t‐test is applied to the difference between the means of two subperiods, respectively 1951–1976 and 1977–2002. Principal results indicate a decreasing trend in P, I, and P95 for several northern and southern stations in winter; P, I, and P95 in some southern stations in spring, I and P95 in some southern stations in summer, and I in some northern and southern stations in autumn. The general behaviour is a decrease in the daily intensity of rainfall, while the number of wet days does not reveal pronounced changes. This pattern is valid for both annual and seasonal values of the indices. The decreasing trend found for I in winter and annual series for some localities may be related to the predominance of the positive phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), but it is necessary to find other mechanisms for those stations and seasons not linked directly to NAO. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society.
An evaluation of statistical models for downscaling precipitation and their ability to capture long‐term trends
Authors: Benestad R. E. , Hanssen‐Bauer I. , Førland E. J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractLarge‐scale changes in the sea‐level pressure do not necessary reflect changes in the atmospheric moisture budget, and hence may not give a good representation of changes in precipitation as a result of a global warming. Statistical models that use both sea‐level pressure and large‐scale precipitation as predictors are evaluated for a number of locations in Fennoscandia. The statistical models in most cases were capable of capturing 60–80% of the year‐to‐year seasonal variations in precipitation, and a correlation analysis over independent data indicated predictive correlation scores in the range 0.2–0.5. A comparison between statistical models based on large‐scale precipitation, sea‐level pressure, and a mixture of these, indicated similar skills in terms of variance and predictive skill of inter‐annual variations. Analyses of their ability to capture recent precipitation trends reveal potential problems regarding reconstructing long‐term changes in the past. One explanation for the statistical models not giving similar past trend values as given by the station observations may be partly because the precipitation trends during the most recent 50 years are not well defined since the interval is not sufficiently long. This is supported by the fact that trend analysis for station observations based on two different data products, and different trend analysis strategies, do not correspond well with each other. An analysis for possible non‐stationarities between large and local spatial scales does not indicate any significant presence of non‐stationarities. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society
Collagen‐platelet rich plasma hydrogel enhances primary repair of the porcine anterior cruciate ligament
Authors: Murray Martha M. , Spindler Kurt P. , Abreu Eduardo , Muller John A. , Nedder Arthur , Kelly Mark , Frino John , Zurakowski David , Valenza Maria , Snyder Brian D. , Connolly Susan A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) fails to heal after suture repair. One hypothesis for this failure is the premature loss of the fibrin clot, or provisional scaffolding, between the two ligament ends in the joint environment. To test this hypothesis, a substitute provisional scaffold of collagen–platelet rich plasma (PRP) hydrogel was used to fill the ACL wound site at the time of suture repair and the structural properties of the healing ACLs evaluated 4 weeks after surgery. Bilateral ACL transections were performed in five 30‐kg Yorkshire pigs and treated with suture repair. In each animal, one of the repairs was augmented with placement of a collagen–PRP hydrogel at the ACL transection site, while the contralateral knee had suture repair alone. In addition, six control knees with intact ACLs from three additional animals were used as a control group. No postoperative immobilization was used. After 4 weeks the animals underwent in vivo magnetic resonance imaging to assess the size of the healing ACL, followed by biomechanical testing to determine tensile properties. The supplementation of suture repair with a collagen–PRP hydrogel resulted in significant improvements in load at yield, maximum load, and linear stiffness at 4 weeks. We conclude that use of a stabilized provisional scaffold, such as a collagen–PRP hydrogel, to supplement primary repair of the ACL can result in improved biomechanical properties at an early time point. Further studies to determine the long‐term effect of primary repair enhancement are needed. © 2006 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 25:81–91, 2007
Decay estimates for the wave equation of p‐Laplacian type with dissipation of m‐Laplacian type
Authors: Benaissa Abbès , Mokeddem Soufiane 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn this paper, we study decay properties of solutions to the wave equation of p‐Laplacian type with a weak dissipation of m‐Laplacian type. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.