bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phylogenetic relationships of freshwater sponges (Porifera, Spongillina) inferred from analyses of 18S rDNA, COI mtDNA, and ITS2 rDNA sequences
Authors: Addis John S. , eterson P Kevin J. 
Published: November 2005

The phylogenetic relationships of nine species of freshwater sponges, representing the families Spongillidae, Lubomirskiidae, and Metaniidae, were inferred from analyses of 18S rDNA, cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) mtDNA, and internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) rDNA sequences. These species form a strongly supported monophyletic group within the Demospongiae, with the lithistid Vetulina stalactites as the sister taxon. Within the freshwater sponge clade, the basal taxon is not resolved. Depending upon the method of analysis and sequence, the metaniid species, Corvomeyenia sp., or the spongillid species, Trochospongilla pennsylvanica, emerges as the basal species. Among the remaining freshwater sponge species, the spongillids, Spongilla lacustris and Eunapius fragilis, form a sister group to a clade comprised of the spongillid species, Clypeatula cooperensis, Ephydatia fluviatilis, and Ephydatia muelleri, and the lubomirskiid species, Baikalospongia bacillifera and Lubomisrkia baicalensis. C. cooperensis is the sister taxon of E. fluvialitis, and E. muelleri is the sister taxon of (B. bacillifera+L. baicalensis). The family Spongillidae and the genus Ephydatia are thus paraphyletic with respect to the lubomirskiid species; Ephydatia is also paraphyletic to C. cooperensis. We suggest that C. cooperensis be transferred to the genus Ephydatia and that the family Lubomirskiidae be subsumed into the Spongillidae.
Analysis of Andes frogs (Phrynopus, Leptodactylidae, Anura) phylogeny based on 12S and 16S mitochondrial rDNA sequences
Authors: Lehr Edgar , Fritzsch Guido , Müller Anke 
Published: November 2005

South American leptodactylid frogs of the genus Phrynopus occur in cloud‐forest, páramo, subpáramo and puna habitats (1000–4400 m elevation) from Colombia to Bolivia. Currently, there are 34 described species; however, many additional species new to science have been reported from Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia. The phylogeny of the species‐diverse Phrynopus is unknown and the position of the genus within Leptodactylidae is poorly understood. We present the results of a phylogenetic study based on 12S and 16S mitochondrial rDNA. Fifteen species of Phrynopus from Bolivia to Ecuador are included, along with several other genera of Leptodactylidae and representatives of other frog families. Our results indicate that Phrynopus is phylogenetically nested within Eleutherodactylus, whereas Phyllonastes is phylogenetically nested within Phrynopus. Based on the recovered phylogeny, we transfer Phrynopus simonsii to Eleutherodactylus, and show that Phrynopus carpish needs to be removed from Phrynopus. Eleven of the 13 Phrynopus species occurring in Central Peru share the absence of an external and internal ear.
Real Power? An examination of the involvement of people with learning difficulties in strategic service development in Cambridgeshire
Authors: Dearden‐Phillips Craig , Fountain Rob 
Published: November 2005

SummarySecuring meaningful involvement in service development and provision can be seen as a particular challenge for people with learning difficulties. The National Health Service & Community Care Act [(1990) HMSO, ISBN 0105419907] and more recently Valuing People [Department of Health (2001) Valuing people: a new strategy for learning disability for the 21st century, Cm5086] have stressed the importance of statutory providers working in partnership with people with learning difficulties, without giving any clear guidance on how to achieve this. This paper is written from the perspective of Speaking Up – a voluntary organisation that has developed the ‘Parliament’ model to give people with learning difficulties a strong collective voice. Through self‐advocacy taking the leading role in shaping the way people with learning difficulties and statutory providers communicate, it is argued that the Parliament model enables people with learning difficulties to genuinely influence services. After considering the link between self‐advocacy and user‐involvement, this paper describes the Parliament as it has developed in Cambridgeshire and discusses whether what has been achieved represents a real increase in power for people with learning difficulties. It concludes with a short assessment of the potential for replicability of the Parliament as a model for other areas of the UK. Craig Dearden‐Phillips is Chief Executive of Speaking Up and Rob Fountain a Project Leader with the organisation.
Grain filling of cereals under soil drying
Authors: Yang Jianchang , Zhang Jianhua 
Published: November 2005

SummaryMonocarpic plants require the initiation of whole‐plant senescence to remobilize and transfer assimilates pre‐stored in vegetative tissues to grains. Delayed whole‐plant senescence caused by either heavy use of nitrogen fertilizer or adoption of lodging‐resistant cultivars/hybrids that remain green when the grains are due to ripen results in a low harvest index with much nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) left in the straw. Usually, water stress during the grain‐filling period induces early senescence, reduces photosynthesis, and shortens the grain‐filling period; however, it increases the remobilization of NSC from the vegetative tissues to the grain. If mild soil drying is properly controlled during the later grain‐filling period in rice (Oryza sativa) and wheat (Triticum aestivum), it can enhance whole‐plant senescence, lead to faster and better remobilization of carbon from vegetative tissues to grains, and accelerate the grain‐filling rate. In cases where plant senescence is unfavorably delayed, such as by heavy use of nitrogen and the introduction of hybrids with strong heterosis, the gain from the enhanced remobilization and accelerated grain‐filling rate can outweigh the loss of reduced photosynthesis and the shortened grain‐filling period, leading to an increased grain yield, better harvest index and higher water‐use efficiency.

Contents

Summary
223

I.
Introduction
224

II.
Problems in grain filling: unfavorably delayed whole‐plant senescence
224

III.
Controlled soil drying improves carbon remobilization and grain filling as a result of enhanced whole‐plant senescence
225

IV.
Hormonal regulation of whole‐plant senescence and grain filling
229

V.
Activities of key enzymes involved in carbon remobilization and grain filling
230

VI.
Conclusions
232

Acknowledgements
232

References
232
Abiotic–biotic controls on the origin and development of spicular sinter: in situ growth experiments, Champagne Pool, Waiotapu, New Zealand
Authors: HANDLEY K. M. , CAMPBELL K. A. , MOUNTAIN B. W. , BROWNE P. R. L. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractAbiotic–biotic mechanisms of microstromatolitic spicular sinter (geyseritic) initiation and development were elucidated by in situ growth experiments at Champagne Pool (75 °C, pH 5.5). Siliceous sinter formed subaerially on glass slides placed along the margin of the hot spring. Environment–silica–microbe interactions were revealed by periodic collections of incremental sinter growth that formed under a range of environmental conditions including quiescence vs. wave turbulence, and wind–evaporation vs. steam–condensation. Sinter surfaces were intermittently colonized by voluminous networks of filamentous micro‐organisms, with submicron diameters, that provided an extensive surface area for silica deposition. The subaerial distribution of sinter and its textures reflected micron‐ to centimetre‐scale differences in environmental conditions, particularly relating to the balance between wave‐supplied dissolved silica and its precipitation, forced by cooling and evaporation. A continuum of sinter textures formed, representing rates of silica precipitation that either out‐paced biofilm growth or regulated the structural development of biofilms, and hence also the nature of microbially templated sinter. Massive laminae of porous, filamentous‐network sinter and/or fenestrae (up to 10's of microns in thickness and diameter) formed at relatively low rates of silica deposition (approximately 0.2 mg slide−1 day−1). At high rates (>1.9 mg slide−1 day−1), densely packed, granular or nonporous sinter formed, with filament networks disappearing into the siliceous matrix and becoming imperceptible under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, spicules were nucleated by filamentous microcolonies, where their discrete conical morphologies were preserved by accretion of thin sinter laminae. Microstromatolitic spicular growth ensued at fluctuating low to high rates of silica precipitation. Greater apical sinter build‐up, and hence upward polarity, resulted from focused microbial recolonization and progressively greater subaerial exposure at microspicule tips. The biogenic origin of spicular sinter at Champagne Pool clearly demonstrates that micron‐scale biofilms, displaying self‐organization patterns common to both biofilms and microbial mats, can be an essential factor in shaping characteristic centimetre‐scale sinter macrostructures. These findings suggest that a biogenic origin for geyserites elsewhere should also be considered. Moreover, results corroborate the supposition that microbially generated surface roughness may be significant for stromatolite morphogenesis in cryptic Precambrian carbonates.
A coupled atmosphere–ecosystem model of the early Archean Earth
Authors: KHARECHA P. , KASTING J. , SIEFERT J. 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACTA coupled photochemical‐ecosystem model has been developed to simulate the early Archean biosphere. The model incorporates kinetic and nutrient limitations on biological productivity, along with constraints imposed by metabolic thermodynamics. We have used this model to predict the biogenic CH4 flux and net primary productivity (NPP) of the marine biosphere prior to the advent of oxygenic photosynthesis. Organisms considered include chemotrophic and organotrophic methanogens, H2‐, H2S‐, and Fe‐using anoxygenic phototrophs, S‐reducing bacteria, CO‐using acetogens, and fermentative bacteria.CH4 production and NPP in our model are limited by the downward flux of H2, CO, S8, and H2S through the atmosphere–ocean interface and by the upwelling rate of Fe2+ from the deep oceans. For reasonable estimates of the supply rates of these compounds, we find that the biogenic CH4 flux should have ranged from approximately 1/3 to 2.5 times the modern CH4 flux. In the anoxic Archean atmosphere, this would have produced CH4 concentrations of 100 ppmv to as much as 35 000 ppmv (3.5%), depending on the rate at which hydrogen escaped to space. Recent calculations indicating that hydrogen escape was slow favour the higher CH4 concentrations. Calculated NPP is lower than in the modern oceans by a factor of at least 40. In our model, H2‐based metabolism is moderately more productive than Fe2+‐based metabolism, with S‐based metabolism being considerably less productive. Internal recycling of sulphur within the surface ocean could conceivably raise rates of sulphur metabolism by a factor of 10 higher than the values predicted by our model. Although explicit climate calculations have not been performed here, our results are consistent with the idea that the Archean climate was warm, and possibly very hot. Some or most of our ecosystem scenarios are consistent with the carbon isotope record, depending on how that record is interpreted. If the conventional view is correct and organic carbon burial accounted for approximately 20% of total carbon burial during the Archean, then only two of our phototroph‐based model ecosystems are plausible. However, if a recent alternative analysis is correct and only approximately 0–10% of total buried carbon was organic, then essentially all of our anaerobic ecosystems are plausible. A better understanding of both the geochemical and the biological records is needed to better constrain our models.
Expression of Neural Stem Cell Surface Marker CD133 in Balloon Cells of Human Focal Cortical Dysplasia
Authors: Ying Zhong , Gonzalez‐Martinez Jorge , Tilelli Cristiane , Bingaman William , Najm Imad 
Published: November 2005

Summary:  Purpose: Focal cortical dysplasia (CD) is characterized by the presence of dysmorphic neurons, laminar and columnar disorganization. A few patients with CD have balloon cells intermixed with dysmorphic neurons. The cellular characteristics of balloon cells remain unknown. This study was intended to determine further the cellular characteristics of balloon cells. Methods: Neocortical tissue resected from five patients with medically intractable focal epilepsy due to CD was studied. The presence of balloon cells (large opalescent cells with eccentric nuclei) was confirmed in all five patients by using cresylecht violet staining. Immunocytochemistry used antibodies against markers of pluripotential stem cells (CD133), multipotential progenitor cells (nestin), antiapoptotic gene products (Bcl‐2), immature neurons (β‐tubulin 3, TUJ1), immature glia (vimentin), mature neurons (MAP2 and NeuN), and astrocytes (glial fibrillary acidic protein; GFAP). Results: Balloon cells (BCs) were found to be immunoreactive to Bcl‐2 (46%), vimentin (41%), Nestin (28%), CD133 (28%), MAP2 (27%), GFAP (14%), and TUJ1 (10%). An extremely small number of BCs were immunopositive for NeuN. Confocal double labeling showed that balloon cells were dually immunopositive for CD133/nestin; CD133/GFAP; CD133/Bcl‐2, and nestin/GFAP. Conclusions: These results show that balloon cells are heterogeneous cell populations expressing cell‐surface markers for pluripotential stem cells and proteins for multipotent progenitors, or immature neurons/glia. The presence of stem cell/progenitor markers in the balloon cells could be due to a persistent postnatal neurogenesis or early embryonic insult that resulted in arrest of proliferation/differentiation at their early stages. Additionally, the coexpression of Bcl‐2 in CD133‐positive balloon cells suggests that a resistance to programmed cell death may be involved in the pathogenesis of cortical dysplasia.
Prevalence and Characteristics of Epilepsy in the Aeolian Islands
Authors: Gallitto Guiseppe , Serra Salvatore , La Spina Paolino , Postorino Paolo , Laganà Angela , Tripodi Fortunata , Gangemi Santo , Calabrò Salvatore , Savica Rodolpho , Di Perri Raoul , Beghi Ettore , Musolino Rosa 
Published: November 2005

Summary:  Purpose: To estimate the prevalence and define the clinical characteristics of epileptic disorders in the 13,431 residents of the Sicilian Aeolian archipelago, on June 1, 1999. Methods: All established or suspected cases were identified by the neurologists of our working group from available medical information sources. Possible epilepsy cases were then evaluated by the epileptologists by using a standardized questionnaire. The patients were further reviewed by the whole research team to confirm the clinical diagnosis. For a more detailed syndromic definition, some patients underwent EEG or neuroradiologic investigations or both. Results: The crude point prevalence rate of active epilepsy was 3.13 (95% confidence interval, 2.2–4.2). The prevalence rate age‐adjusted to the 2001 Italian population was 3.01. Females had a slightly higher prevalence rate than did males. The highest age‐specific prevalence was found in patients aged 5 to 14 years (5.05) and in those aged 65 to 74 years (5.41). Partial seizures with or without secondary generalization were more common (61.7%) than were generalized seizures. Eighty‐three percent of cases had symptomatic or cryptogenic localization‐related epilepsies, and 8.5% had idiopathic (generalized or partial) epilepsies. Epilepsy was unclassified in 8.5% of cases. Conclusions: The prevalence of active epilepsy in the Aeolian islands is lower than that in other developed areas, including northern Italy, but is similar to that in Sicily. Partial seizures were the most common type, and localization‐related symptomatic epilepsies were the largest syndromic category.
Effect of Plasma Exchange on Carbamazepine Levels in a Patient with Myasthenia Gravis and Epilepsy
Authors: Siddiqi Zaeem A. , Holt Andrew , Ahmed Syed N. 
Published: November 2005

Summary:  Purpose: Patients taking antiepileptic medications may require plasma exchange (PEX) for treatment of an unrelated condition. Methods: We studied total serum levels of carbamazepine (CBZ) serially, before and after five PEX cycles, in an epilepsy patient who underwent PEX for myasthenia gravis. Results: A small but consistent reduction in the CBZ levels was noted immediately after each cycle, and a gradual and cumulative increase in the serum levels was observed over the duration of the PEX cycles. Conclusions: We conclude that alterations in the serum CBZ levels with PEX are not clinically significant to merit adjustment of the CBZ dose.
The Impact of Epilepsy on Health Status among Younger and Older Adults
Authors: Pugh Mary Jo V. , Copeland Laurel A. , Zeber John E. , Cramer Joyce A. , Amuan Megan E. , Cavazos Jose E. , Kazis Lewis E. 
Published: November 2005

Summary:  Purpose: The incidence of epilepsy is highest among the elderly, yet our understanding of the impact of epilepsy is based predominantly on inferences from studies of younger adults. This study examines the impact of epilepsy on patients' subjective health status in a population that includes both younger and older adults. Methods: We used national administrative and survey databases from the Veterans Health Administration to examine health status as measured by a modification of the SF‐36 (RV‐36) in patients from three age cohorts: young adults (18–40 years), middle‐aged adults (41–64 years), and older adults (65 years and older). Because chronicity of epilepsy may influence these outcomes, we compared scores for patients with new‐onset epilepsy, chronic epilepsy, and no epilepsy by using analysis of covariance, controlling for patient demographic and clinical characteristics that may also affect health status. Results: With the exception of physical status measures, older adults appeared to cope better with their epilepsy than did middle‐aged patients. Young adults with new‐onset epilepsy reported poor general health and worse mental health, but high levels of physical function and physical activity. Middle‐aged patients with new‐onset epilepsy scored lowest in all domains, and their peers with chronic epilepsy also reported poor general physical health and emotional functioning. Conclusions: Although having fewer physiologic reserves, older adults appeared most resilient in facing this chronic illness, and middle‐aged adults fared the worst. Interventions to improve quality of life among patients with epilepsy should be tailored to age and epilepsy chronicity.
Effect of Bio‐Oss® with or without platelet‐derived growth factor on bone formation by “guided tissue regeneration”: a pilot study in rats
Authors: Lioubavina‐Hack Natalia , Carmagnola Daniela , Lynch Samuel E. , Karring Thorkild 
Published: November 2005

AbstractAim: To investigate the effect of Bio‐Oss® with and without the local application of recombinant human platelet‐derived growth factor (rhPDGF‐BB) on bone formation under Teflon capsules.Materials and Methods: Eight male, 6‐month‐old, Wistar strain rats were used in the study. In each animal, the lateral aspect of the mandibular ramus was exposed and small perforations were produced in the bone. A rigid, non‐porous hemispherical teflon capsule (diameter 7 mm) was placed on the ramus in both sides of the animals. The capsule placed on the one side of the jaw was filled with Bio‐Oss® granules soaked in a solution of PDGF‐BB (20 μg/capsule) and autogenous blood prior to placement. The capsules placed on the other side of the jaw were filled with Bio‐Oss® granules soaked in autogenous blood only (controls). Four rats were sacrificed after 3 months and the remaining four after 5 months. Undecalcified sections containing the capsule and surrounding tissues were prepared and analysed in the microscope.Results: Histologic analysis revealed limited amounts of bone formation. Most of the space underneath the capsules was occupied by Bio‐Oss® particles surrounded by fibrovascular connective tissue. Given the small sample size statistical analysis was not possible, however, the mean amount of mineralized new bone in the control group (20.8%) appeared to be larger than that in the test group (6.7%). After 5 months the amount of newly formed bone appeared similar in the two groups (23.0% test, 26.0% controls). The Bio‐Oss® particles occupied between 31.4% and 41.1% of the capsule area at 3 months and between 34.0% and 34.7% at 5 months. Only particles adjacent to the mandibular ramus were incorporated in newly formed bone.Conclusion: Limited bone formation was present in the capsules grafted with Bio‐Oss® with or without the growth factor.
Effect of smoking on the gingival capillary density: assessment of gingival capillary density with orthogonal polarization spectral imaging
Authors: Lindeboom J. A. , Mathura K. R. , Harkisoen S. , van den Akker H. P. , Ince C. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractObjectives: Microvascular changes because of smoking are frequently presumed in models because of the negative effect of smoking portrayed on the microcirculation. We hypothesized that cigarette smoke might lead to a decrease in gingival capillary density.Materials and Methods: Capillary density was assessed with orthogonal polarization spectral (OPS) imaging, a technique using special optics by which a virtual light source is created at a depth of 1 mm within the mucosa. The light is absorbed by haemoglobin, resulting in an image of the capillaries in negative contrast. The gingival capillary density was measured in 20 healthy male dental students with a mean age of 25. Ten of the students were smokers and 10 were non‐smokers. In each subject six images of the right maxillary pre‐molar region were obtained, and the mean gingival capillary density was determined through the use of K&K software technology.Results: The mean capillary density in smokers was 69.3±8.9 capillaries per visual field compared with a mean capillary density in non‐smokers of 60.6±5.4 (p=0.33).Conclusion: No significant differences were found between the gingival capillary density of smokers and non‐smokers.
Wear of dentine in vitro by toothpaste abrasives and detergents alone and combined
Authors: Moore C. , Addy M. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractAim: To measure in vitro the abrasion of dentine by toothpaste detergents and abrasives alone and combined.Materials and Methods: Detergents used were tego betain, sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS), adinol and pluronic diluted to 1%w/v. Abrasives were three artificial silicas, tixosil 73 and 123 and Zeodent 113, and calcium carbonate used at 2.5% w/v. Flat human dentine specimens were brushed with aqueous detergent solutions or abrasive slurries, detergent abrasive slurries and water for 20,000 brush strokes. Dentine loss was measured by non‐contacting profilometry at 10,000 and 20,000 strokes. Silica particle size distribution was measured by laser deflection.Results: Loss of dentine occurred with all detergents, abrasives and detergent abrasion combinations, but was not linear with number of brush strokes. Water appeared to remove the smear layer only, but all detergents exceeded the predicted smear layer thickness. The silica abrasives differed in abrasion properties despite similar particle size distribution. Different detergents modulated the abrasives actions in mainly positive or mainly negative directions.Conclusions: Detergents appear able to attack the dentine surface to produce wear. Abrasives vary considerably in wear produced under similar conditions. Detergents modulate the effect of abrasives in a way that may reflect the rheological properties of the mixture.