bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comparison of shallow Danish and Canadian lakes and implications of climate change
Authors: JACKSON LELAND J. , LAURIDSEN TORBEN L. , SØNDERGAARD M. , JEPPESEN ERIK 
Published: July 2007

Summary1. Winter temperatures differ markedly on the Canadian prairies compared with Denmark. Between 1 January 1998 and 31 December 2002, average weekly and monthly temperatures did not drop below 0 °C in the vicinity of Silkeborg, Denmark. Over this same time, weekly average temperatures near Calgary, Alberta, Canada, often dropped below −10 °C for 3–5 weeks and the average monthly temperature was below 0 °C for 2–4 months. Accordingly, winter ice conditions in shallow lakes in Canada and Denmark differed considerably.2. To assess the implications of winter climate for lake biotic structure and function we compared a number of variables that describe the chemistry and biology of shallow Canadian and Danish lakes that had been chosen to have similar morphometries.3. The Danish lakes had a fourfold higher ratio of chlorophyll‐a: total phosphorus (TP). Zooplankton : phytoplankton carbon was related to TP and fish abundance in Danish lakes but not in Canadian lakes. There was no significant difference in the ratio log total zooplankton biomass : log TP and the Canadian lakes had a significantly higher proportion of cladocerans that were Daphnia. These differences correspond well with the fact that the Danish lakes have more abundant and diverse fish communities than the Canadian lakes.4. Our results suggest that severe Canadian winters lead to anoxia under ice and more depauperate fish communities, and stronger zooplankton control on phytoplankton in shallow prairie lakes compared with shallow Danish lakes. If climate change leads to warmer winters and a shorter duration of ice cover, we predict that shallow Canadian prairie lakes will experience increased survivorship of planktivores and stronger control of zooplankton. This, in turn, might decrease zooplankton control on phytoplankton, leading to ‘greener’ lakes on the Canadian prairies.
Periphyton responds differentially to nutrients recycled in dissolved or faecal pellet form by the snail grazer Theodoxus fluviatilis
Authors: LIESS ANTONIA , HAGLUND ANN‐LOUISE 
Published: July 2007

Summary1. We aimed to separate the effects of grazers on periphyton via grazing from that of nutrient recycling from their faecal pellets.2. We set up three different experimental treatments (snails/no snails/faecal pellets) and sampled over 16 days. The ‘snail’ treatment contained a low density (snail biomass c. 14 g−2) of the gastropod grazer Theodoxus fluviatilis and the ‘faecal pellet’ treatment received the same amount of faecal pellets as were produced in the ‘snail’ treatment. Whereas the ‘faecal pellet’ treatment provided extra nutrients to periphyton from the faeces, the ‘snail’ treatment provided nutrients in the form of both faeces and in excreta. There was also direct grazing on periphyton in the ‘snail’ treatment. The ‘no snail’ was not grazed and received no nutrients in faeces or excreta.3. We measured periphyton C, N and P content, chlorophyll‐a (chl‐a), primary production, bacterial biomass, bacterial production and bacterial respiratory activity. In the water column we measured dissolved inorganic N and soluble reactive P.4. Snails increased the amount of dissolved inorganic N in the water. On day 16, the periphyton N : P ratio in the ‘faecal pellet’ treatment was lower, and periphyton P content was higher, than in the other two treatments. N : P ratios decreased over time in the ‘faecal pellet’ treatment. Primary and bacterial production were positively correlated in all treatments.5. Algal chl‐a and primary production of periphyton per unit area and periphyton chl‐a : C ratios increased over the 16 day in the ‘snail’ treatment, and thus excretion of dissolved N by snails had a stronger positive effect on the periphyton community than N and P in faecal pellets.6. Our data show that excretion and egestion can have different effects on periphyton, probably because of the higher proportion of dissolved N in excreta and the higher proportion of P recycled in faecal pellets. The relative effect of nutrients recycled in egesta or in excretions, probably depends on the form of nutrient limitation of the periphyton. Further, the different components of the periphyton matrix could react differently to the different forms of nutrient recycling.7. We conclude that direct grazing effects are less important than nutrient effects when nutrients are limiting and grazing pressure is low. Further, the spatial separation of different grazing effects can lead to differences in periphyton production and nutrient stoichiometry. This might be an explanation for the patchiness of periphyton in nature.
Psychometric tests of Expectations of Filial Piety Scale in a Mexican‐American population
Authors: Kao Hsueh‐Fen S , McHugh Mary L , Travis Shirley S 
Published: July 2007

Aims and objectives.  This paper reports the development of the Expectations of Filial Piety Scale for use with Mexican‐American parents regarding expectations they have of their adult children for care and support.Background.  Earlier work by the authors demonstrated that filial piety is a cross‐cultural construct that can be used with Hispanic/Latino populations. More refined development of the construct required testing with more homogeneous subsets (i.e. Mexican‐Americans) within the broad designation of Hispanic/Latino adults.Design.  Non‐experimental methodological design for field testing of the instrument's psychometric properties.Methods.  A convenient sample of 80 Mexican‐American adults in California and Texas completed a brief biographical survey and field tested the Expectations of Filial Piety Scale.Results.  Common factor analysis with orthogonal rotation was used to extract three factors, which accounted for 58% of the variance in scale scores. These factors included: I: respect for parents (24·05%); II: honouring parents (12·5%); and III: family unity (16·56%). Overall scale reliability was 0·87 with individual factor reliability coefficients ranging from 0·74 to 0·87 and test–retest correlation was 0·73.Conclusions.  The results show that the Expectations of Filial Piety Scale is an internally consistent and reliable tool for use in studies of the Mexican‐American population. Mexican elders historically underuse formal services; a large portion of this population will most likely depend on support from their family members when they reach advanced ages. There is a lack of culturally sensitive instruments to measure family values in caring for older adults in Mexican‐Americans.Relevance to clinical practice  This scale can enable case workers and nurses in long‐term care settings to assess the elder's expectations for family support accurately and compare these expectations with available family support, children's intentions to care for a dependent parent or other family member and the need for supplemental care in Mexican‐American families.
A triangulation study of the clinician and patient experiences of the use of the immunosuppressant drugs azathioprine and 6‐mercaptopurine for the management of inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Holbrook Karen 
Published: July 2007

Aim.  The aim of this study was to explore the service for patients with inflammatory bowel disease taking or having taken azathioprine or 6‐mercaptopurine in the last three years, at two District General Hospitals within the same Trust.Background.  Published data confirm that the use of azathioprine and 6‐mercaptopurine is effective in the control of inflammatory bowel disease. However, there are inconsistencies in dosing regimes, blood monitoring and duration of therapy. Regimes used have been largely based on clinicians’ personal preference leading to inconsistencies in practice.Methods.  A questionnaire, designed to elicit the experience of treatment regimes, blood monitoring and access to information was sent to 130 patients taking or having taken azathioprine or 6‐mercaptopurine in the last three years. A further questionnaire was sent to 94 general practitioners and interviews were conducted with 10 hospital doctors initiating treatment.Results.  The study demonstrated lack of clarity in the prescribing methods, the monitoring regimes being offered, variation in information given to patients and consequent patient knowledge.Conclusion.  Azathioprine and 6‐mercaptopurine are increasingly being used successfully in inflammatory bowel disease, sparing the use of steroids and maintaining remission over a longer period. A review of the current literature has informed and made possible a suggested blood‐monitoring regime.Relevance to clinical practice.  The adoption of a protocol‐led service, managed by the nurse specialist, incorporating guided self‐management by patients should be considered. A shared‐care approach with the patient and general practitioner with rapid access to secondary care would provide a robust system.
Client–nurse relationships in home‐based palliative care: a critical analysis of power relations
Authors: Oudshoorn Abram , Ward‐Griffin Catherine , McWilliam Carol 
Published: July 2007

Aim.  To elicit an in‐depth understanding of the sources of power and how power is exercised within client–nurse relationships in home‐based palliative care.Background.  As in all social relations, power is present within client–nurse relationships. Although much research has focused on interpersonal relationships in nursing, the concept of power within the client–nurse relationship in palliative care settings has not been extensively investigated.Methods.  Applying a critical lens, secondary qualitative data analysis was conducted. Seventeen nurse and 16 client transcripts from a primary study were selected for secondary data analysis. These 33 transcripts afforded theme saturation, which allowed for both commonalities and differences to be identified. Data analysis involved analytic coding.Results.  Study findings help make explicit the underlying power present in the context of home‐based palliative care and how this power is used and potentially abused. In analysing the sources and exercise of power, the linkage between macro and micro levels of power is made explicit, as nurses functioned within a hierarchy of power. The findings suggest that educational/occupational status continues to be a source of power for nurses within the relationship. However, nurses also experience powerlessness within the home care context. For clients, being able to control one's own life is a source of power, but this power is over‐shadowed by the powerlessness experienced in relationships with nurses. The exercise of power by clients and nurses creates experiences of both liberation and domination.Conclusions.  Nurses who are willing to reflect on and change those disempowering aspects of the client‐nurse relationship, including a harmful hierarchy, will ultimately be successful in the health promotion of clients in home‐based palliative care. Additionally, it should be recognized that nurses work within a specific health system context and, therefore, their practice is influenced by policies and funding models implemented at various levels of the health care system.Relevance to clinical practice.  The insights gained through this investigation may assist nurses and other health professionals in reflecting on and improving practices and policies within home‐based palliative care and within home care in general.
Believing in birth – choosing VBAC: the childbirth expectations of a self‐selected cohort of Australian women
Authors: Fenwick Jennifer , Gamble Jenny , Hauck Yvonne 
Published: July 2007

Aim.  This study explored the childbirth expectations and knowledge of women who had experienced a caesarean and would prefer a vaginal birth in a subsequent pregnancy.Background.  Vaginal birth after caesarean is considered best practice. However, in most western world countries, despite the inherent risks of caesarean for both mother and baby, the number of women labouring after a previous caesarean is declining.Methods.  Newspaper advertisements were used to recruit Western Australian women who had experienced a caesarean. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the interview data collected from women who attempted a vaginal birth (n = 24), or stated they would choose this option, in a subsequent pregnancy (n = 11).Findings.  For this cohort of women, their caesarean experience reinforced their previously held expectations about birthing naturally. The women held strong views about the importance of working with their bodies to achieve a vaginal birth, which was considered an integral part of being a woman and mother. Positive support from family and friends and a reluctance to undergo another caesarean was also influential. Women articulated the risks of caesarean and considered vaginal birth enhanced the health and well‐being of the mother and baby, promoted maternal infant connection and the eased the transition to motherhood.Conclusion.  This study documents how the importance of birth, as a significant life event, remained the focus of these women's childbirth expectations influencing future decisions on birth mode and mediating against the ‘pressure’ of medical discourse promoting caesarean.Relevance to clinical practice.  Knowledge and appreciation of the multiple dimensions that contribute to women's decisions after a caesarean provides valuable information on which service providers and researchers can draw as they investigate interventions that enhance the uptake and success of women birthing vaginally after a caesarean.
Conducting clinical post‐conference in clinical teaching: a qualitative study
Authors: Hsu Li‐Ling 
Published: July 2007

Aim and objective.  The aim of this study was to explore nurse educators’ perceptions regarding clinical postconferences. Additional aims included the exploration of interaction characteristics between students and faculty in clinical postconferences.Background.  Nursing students are challenged to think and learn in ways that will prepare them for practice in a complex health care environment. Clinical postconferences give students the opportunity to share knowledge gained through transformative learning and provide a forum for discussion and critical thinking. Faculty members must guide students as the latter participate in discussions, develop problem‐solving skills and express feedings and attitudes in clinical conferences.Methods.  The study used qualitative research methods, including participant observation and an open‐ended questionnaire. Participant observers watched interaction activities between teachers and students in clinical postconferences. A total of 20 clinical postconferences, two conferences per teacher, were observed. The Non‐Numerical Unstructured Data Indexing Searching and Theory‐building qualitative software program was used in data analysis.Conclusions.  Research findings indicated that, of the six taxonomy questions, lower‐level questions (knowledge and comprehensive questions) were mostly asked by faculty members’ postclinical conferences. The most frequently used guideline was task orientation, which is related to practice goals and was found in discussions of assignments, reading reports, discussions of clinical experiences, role plays, psychomotor skill practice, quizzes and student evaluations.Relevance to clinical practice.  It is an essential responsibility of nurse educators to employ postconferences to assist students in applying their knowledge in practical situations, in developing professional values and in enhancing their problem solving abilities.
Family support, perceived self‐efficacy and self‐care behaviour of Turkish patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Kara Kaşıkçı Magfiret , Alberto June 
Published: July 2007

Aim. The purpose of this study was to describe family support, self‐efficacy perception and self‐care behaviour among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and to ascertain the relationship between these variables.Background. It is important to work at improving confidence in the patients’ ability to follow a self‐care regimen by increasing self‐efficacy. Family support also plays an important role in self‐care activities.Method and design. The study design is descriptive and correlational. Of 230 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who were recruited for the study, 200 agreed to participate. The patients were recruited by the first author from an outpatient clinic in the Department of Chest Disease of a university hospital and a pulmonary hospital in Erzurum, eastern Turkey. Data were collected by using a demographic data form, the Perceived Social Support from Family Scale, the Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Self‐efficacy Scale and the Alberto Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Self‐care Behaviour Inventory.Results. Although most participants (91·5%) perceived that they had family support and more than three quarters (73·0%) of the participants engaged in an adequate amount of self‐care behaviours, only twenty five participants’ (12·5%) perceived self‐efficacy as high. There were statistically significant positive relationships between family support and self‐care behaviour (r = 0·302;p = 0·01) and between self‐efficacy and self‐care behaviour (r = 0·186;p = 0·01). There was also a statistically significant positive relationship between family support and self‐efficacy (r = 0·412;p = 0·01).Conclusion. The results of the study demonstrated weak to moderate, but statistically significant, relationships between family support and self‐care behaviours, self‐efficacy and self‐care behaviour and family support and self‐efficacy in Turkish patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.Relevance to clinical practice. The assessment of the family support, self‐efficacy and self‐care behaviours of the patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease should be an essential part of nursing practice. The study also provides the foundation for the conduct of future studies of self‐care training for managing patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Mobbing in the workplace by peers and managers: mobbing experienced by nurses working in healthcare facilities in Turkey and its effect on nurses
Authors: Yildirim Aytolan , Yildirim Dilek 
Published: July 2007

Aim.  This research was conducted as a descriptive and cross‐sectional study with the purpose of determining the mobbing experienced by nurses who work in healthcare facilities in Turkey, its emotional, social and physiological effects on the nurses and the actions that the individuals take to escape from the mobbing.Background.  The term ‘mobbing’, which includes workplace terrorizing, pressure, frightening, belittling and psycho‐terror, is defined as the presence of systematic, directed, unethical communication and antagonistic behaviour by one or more individuals. These actions that occur frequently and continue for a long time are the most serious and effective causes of workplace stress. The person who is the target of the mobbing is left without help, without protection and alone in the workplace. Individuals who are exposed to psychological abuse experience physiological, psychological and social problems that are related to high levels of stress and anxiety.Design and method.  The research participants were 505 nurses of whom 325 (64%) worked in public and 180 (36%) in private hospitals. All of the participants were female. A questionnaire developed by the researchers in the light of information in the literature was used for data collection and had four sections including the participants’ demographic characteristics and questions asking about mobbing behaviours, reaction to mobbing incidents and actions taken to escape from the mobbing. The data were collected between October and December 2005 by giving an envelope to the participants and then collecting the responses in the closed envelope.Findings.  The overwhelming majority (86·5%) of the nurses participating in the research reported facing mobbing behaviour in the workplace in the last 12 months. The nurses working at private hospitals faced statistically significantly more mobbing behaviours than those at public hospitals (p ≤ 0·02). It was determined that the nurses who faced mobbing behaviours gave various physiological, emotional and social reactions to these incidents. The most common behaviours exhibited by the participants to escape mobbing was ‘to work harder and be more organized’ and ‘to work more carefully to avoid criticism’. In addition 10% of the participants stated that they ‘consider committing suicide sometimes.’Relevance to clinical practice.  Mobbing behaviours in the workplace need to be defined and appropriate policies and procedures need to be developed and shared with all employees to prevent the development of these behaviours. In addition, managers should adopt an open managerial approach to prevent the development of these behaviours.
Evaluating effects of a prenatal web‐based breastfeeding education programme in Taiwan
Authors: Huang Mei Zen , Kuo Su‐Chen , Avery Melissa D. , Chen Wei , Lin Kuan‐Chia , Gau Meei‐Ling 
Published: July 2007

Aims. The objectives of this study were to evaluate a web‐based breastfeeding education programme provided to primigravida in the third trimester of pregnancy with the aim of deepening breastfeeding knowledge and enhancing skills. The study was conducted at a hospital in Taiwan.Background. Education is the cornerstone supporting the framework of lactation and breastfeeding. Web‐based instruction is an efficient way to provide education.Design. A quasi‐experimental design was used.Methods. The target population was women at 29–36 weeks gestation using the Internet on regular basis. The primigravida were assigned to either the control group (n = 60) or the experimental group (n = 60) according to time sequence.Results. Women who received web‐based breastfeeding education had a higher mean breastfeeding knowledge score and more positive attitude about breastfeeding. In addition, generalized estimating equations (GEE) model was used to examine the breastfeeding rate at different time points. After adjusting for the time trend and infant birth weight, there was a significant effect in exclusive breastfeeding for the experimental group. On the other hand, the web‐based breastfeeding education programme also had a significant effect on mixed feeding rate for the experimental group.Conclusion. Results suggest that web‐based breastfeeding education may contribute to breastfeeding knowledge and attitude and improved breastfeeding rate.Relevance to clinical practice. Web‐based breastfeeding education programme can achieve success in promoting breastfeeding and provide health professionals with an evidence‐based intervention.