bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inception of a Devonian subduction zone along the southwestern Gondwana margin: 40Ar–39Ar dating of eclogite–amphibolite assemblages in blueschist boulders from the Coastal Range of Chile (41°S)
Authors: Kato Terence T. , Sharp Warren D. , Godoy Estanislao 
Published: May 2008

Coarsely crystalline residual blueschist boulders from the Coastal Range of south-central Chile (41°S) contain relict eclogite–amphibolite assemblages that provide evidence of pre-Carboniferous high pressure relative to temperature (high P/T) metamorphism along the southwestern continental margin of Gondwana. Early assemblages in the exotic boulders include omphacite, garnet, and hornblende that indicate eclogite-facies conditions of T = 553 ± 30 °C and P > 1.32 ± 0.04 GPa during metamorphism, corresponding to a low geothermal gradient of <12.5 °C/km. These phases are replaced to varying degrees by sodic amphibole + epidote assemblages. Relict hornblende from an early garnet amphibolite assemblage within blueschist yields an 40Ar–39Ar plateau age of 361 ± 1.7 Ma, providing a minimum age for early high P/T metamorphism. Coarse white micas that partially replace the hornblende and are in textural equilibrium with glaucophane yield plateau and near-plateau ages of 325 ± 1.1 Ma and ∼320 Ma, respectively. We interpret these data to indicate that late Paleozoic high P/T metamorphism related to subduction of oceanic lithosphere along the southwestern paleo-Pacific margin of Gondwana began prior to 361 Ma (Late Devonian). Subsequent retrograde metamorphism involving fluid infiltration and decreasing thermal gradients resulted in conversion of coarse eclogite–amphibolite to blueschist by ∼325 Ma in the dated samples.
Growth analysis and age validation of a deepwater Arctic fish, the Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides)
Authors: Treble Margaret A. , Campana Steven E. , Wastle Rick J. , Jones Cynthia M. , Boje Jesper 
Published: May 2008

The accuracy of age interpretations on a deep-sea, Arctic fish species, the Greenland halibut ( Reinhardtius hippoglossoides ) was tested using several age validation methods. Consistent annual growth increments were either not formed or not visible in either whole or sectioned otoliths from three fish marked with oxytetracyline and recaptured after 2–4 years at liberty. Bomb radiocarbon assays based on a local reference chronology indicated that both whole and sectioned otoliths underestimated age by 1–15 years, with an average of 6 years. Growth rates estimated using the tag recapture model GROTAG were consistent with growth rates based on the radiocarbon assays and were less than half that of previously reported growth rates. The failure of otolith sections to provide an accurate age is unusual, but may be symptomatic of very slow-growing species with unusually shaped otoliths. Greenland halibut living in the deep-sea, Arctic environment are slower growing and longer lived than previously suspected, suggesting that the age-structured basis for current fisheries management warrants careful examination. Our results highlight the importance of using rigorous tests of ageing accuracy for exploited species and confirm that such age validation methods can be applied successfully in challenging environments such as the deep sea or the Arctic.
Patterns of larval emergence of capelin (Mallotus villosus) and environmental cues at demersal spawning sites on the northeastern coast of Newfoundland
Authors: Penton Paulette M. , Davoren Gail K. 
Published: May 2008

At spawning beaches in Newfoundland, Canada, capelin ( Mallotus villosus ) larval emergence is triggered by coastal water mass replacement (CWMR). CWMR causes sharp but short increases in temperature in coastal areas by the transport of warm surface water to the coast during onshore wind events. Warm water temperatures stimulate the active emergence of capelin larvae into predator-poor and prey-rich conditions favourable for larval survival. We investigated whether wind events influenced (i) the thermal properties of the water column and (ii) the larval emergence patterns at five demersal (deep-water) spawning sites on the northeastern coast of Newfoundland during the posthatch periods in 2004–2006. Winds oriented along the shore caused frequent and sharp increases in bottom temperature at all sites but did not appear to stimulate the release of larvae into the water column. Instead, peaks in larval densities corresponded to predicted peaks in hatching. Because of this and the presence of recently hatched larvae (3–5 mm) primarily in good condition, we hypothesize that larvae simply emerged from the sediment upon hatching at these demersal spawning sites. We conclude that patterns of larval emergence at demersal sites in this region are different from those reported for the beach in other regions of Newfoundland.
Effects of temperature and ultraviolet radiation on diel vertical migration of freshwater crustacean zooplankton
Authors: Cooke Sandra L. , Williamson Craig E. , Leech Dina M. , Boeing Wiebke J. , Torres Lisette 
Published: May 2008

In transparent, thermally stratified lakes, ultraviolet radiation (UV) and temperature are among the primary factors influencing diel vertical migration (DVM) of zooplankton. It is not well known how behavioral responses will vary across a wide range of depths with steep gradients in UV, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), and temperature. Our objective was to determine the relative importance of UV and temperature on DVM of Daphnia catawba and Leptodiaptomus minutus in a high UV, thermally stratified lake. Using UV-transparent (+UV) and UV-opaque (–UV) columns suspended within the mixed layer and metalimnion, we found that both species were generally shallower in the –UV than in the +UV columns. Daphnia catawba responded negatively to UV, even below the 1% depth for 320 nm, whereas L. minutus responded to UV only within the mixed layer and upper metalimnion. Daphnia catawba did not migrate in the –UV in the mixed layer, but migrated upwards in the –UV in the deep part of the metalimnion, indicating a temperature-induced rather than phototactic response. At night, both species migrated upwards in the metalimnion and were evenly distributed in the mixed layer. These results indicate that in transparent lakes, UV may constrain some zooplankton to cooler, suboptimal temperatures, which may compromise fitness.
Spatial and temporal variation in the natal otolith chemistry of a Hawaiian reef fish: prospects for measuring population connectivity
Authors: Ruttenberg Benjamin I. , Hamilton Scott L. , Warner Robert R. 
Published: May 2008

One of the most compelling unanswered questions in marine ecology is the extent to which local populations are connected via larval exchange. Recent work has suggested that variation in the chemistry of otoliths (earstones) of fishes may function as a natural tag, potentially allowing investigators to determine sources of individual larvae and estimate larval connectivity. We analyzed the spatial and temporal variation in natal otolith chemistry of a benthic-spawning reef fish from the Hawaiian Islands. We found no consistent chemical variation at the largest scale (>100 km, among islands), but found significant variation at moderate scales (sites within islands, tens of kilometres) and small scales (clutches within sites), and chemistry of otoliths was not stable between years. These results imply that we may be able to use otolith chemistry to track larval dispersal only if the scales of dispersal match those of variation in natal otolith chemistry, and that separate natal otolith collections may be needed to track different cohorts of larvae. Finally, we found that elemental composition of recruit cores often did not match that of natal otoliths, suggesting that additional methodological development is required before we can effectively apply methods in otolith chemistry to the study of larval dispersal.
Cumulative impacts of hydrology and human activities on water quality in the St. Lawrence River (Lake Saint-Pierre, Quebec, Canada)
Authors: Hudon Christiane , Carignan Richard 
Published: May 2008

The cumulative impacts of discharge and human activities on the spatial variations of water quality were assessed from monthly measurements at 80–110 stations in a ~300 km2 widening of the St. Lawrence River (Lake Saint-Pierre, Québec). Water quality was poorest under high discharge conditions and in shallow riparian areas under the influence of small tributaries draining farmlands; spatial variability was amplified by aquatic macrophytes. In 2004, over 40% of the study area exceeded the provincial water quality criterion (total phosphorus = 30 µg P·L–1) to protect aquatic life in rivers. Nutrient retention occurred mostly during summer when macrophytes were abundant and current velocities were low. Erosion of dredged deposits near the navigation channel was observed during summer, when current velocities increased in the deep channel because of flow obstruction by macrophytes growing in shallow areas. Low discharge conditions and high macrophyte abundance sharpened the contrast between the Lake Ontario waters flowing rapidly through the central river channel and the slow-flowing, low-quality tributary waters along the shores. The cumulative effect of high nutrient inflow from urban areas and farmlands, the man-made navigation channel, and seasonal flow obstruction by macrophytes thus induce a marked spatial variability in water quality within Lake Saint-Pierre.
Convergence on Composite Iterative Schemes for Nonexpansive Mappings in Banach Spaces
Authors: Jung Jong Soo 
Published: May 2008

AbstractLet "Equation missing" be a reflexive Banach space with a uniformly Gâteaux differentiable norm. Suppose that every weakly compact convex subset of "Equation missing" has the fixed point property for nonexpansive mappings. Let "Equation missing" be a nonempty closed convex subset of "Equation missing", "Equation missing" a contractive mapping (or a weakly contractive mapping), and "Equation missing" nonexpansive mapping with the fixed point set "Equation missing". Let "Equation missing" be generated by a new composite iterative scheme: "Equation missing", "Equation missing", "Equation missing". It is proved that "Equation missing" converges strongly to a point in "Equation missing", which is a solution of certain variational inequality provided that the sequence "Equation missing" satisfies "Equation missing" and "Equation missing", "Equation missing" for some "Equation missing" and the sequence "Equation missing" is asymptotically regular.
Conscientious Objection in Reproductive Health Care: Analysis of Pichon and Sajous v. France
Authors: Lamačková Adriana 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis article explores the issue of conscientious objection invoked by health professionals in the reproductive and sexual health care context and its impact on women's ability to access health services. The right to exercise conscientious objection has been recognized by many international and European scholars as being derived from the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. It is not, however, an absolute right. When the exercise of conscientious objection conflicts with other human rights and fundamental freedoms, a balance must be struck between the right to conscientious objection and other affected rights such as the right to respect for private life, the right to equality and non-discrimination, and the right to receive and impart information. Particularly in the reproductive health care context, states that allow health professionals to exercise conscientious objection must accommodate this in such a way that its exercise does not compromise women's access to health services. This article analyses the European Court of Human Rights' decision on admissibility in Pichon and Sajous v. France (2001) and argues that a balancing approach should be applied in cases of conscientious objection in the sexual and reproductive health care context.
Regulating Medical Futility: Neither Excessive Patient's Autonomy Nor Physician's Paternalism
Authors: Bagheri Alireza 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIn the era of an aging population and escalating healthcare costs, the futility debate has become the object of extended critical attention. The issue has divided experts in relevant fields into two camps. The proponents of medical futility defend the physician's exclusive right to determine the futility of treatment and decide whether treatment should be withheld or withdrawn. On the other hand, opponents believe that a discourse of power lies at the heart of the futility debate. They believe that medical futility was constructed, in part, as a means of enhancing the physician's domination in a context wherein medical authority was threatened. This paper presents some current approaches to the futility debate and highlights positions taken by physicians and bioethicists. It concludes that establishing an operational guideline, either at hospital or national level, is a critical requirement for resolving problems posed by futility. It suggests that policies should not be based on either excessive patient's autonomy or physician's paternalism.
Back-channel Communication in the Settlement of Conflict
Authors: Pruitt Dean 
Published: May 2008

AbstractSecret back-channel communication is often employed in severe conflict to explore the feasibility of front-channel negotiation. It can also be used as an adjunct to front-channel negotiation when talks become deadlocked or as a substitute for front-channel negotiation. Its value lies partly in the flexibility and future orientation it brings to talks. In the prenegotiation phase, it also provides political cover, is cost-effective, does not require formal recognition of the adversary, and allows communication with adversaries who do not meet preconditions for negotiation such as a cease-fire. Intermediaries and intermediary chains are sometimes used in back-channel communication. Heavy reliance on back-channel communication can produce flimsy agreements that are too narrowly based or fail to deal with major issues. But this problem can be avoided if enough time is spent assembling a broad central coalition.
Negotiation, Exclusion and Durable Peace: Dialogue and Peacebuilding in Tajikistan
Authors: Zartman Jonathan 
Published: May 2008

AbstractPeace negotiators concentrate their mediation efforts on leaders of armed factions in their pursuit of political agreements to stop a civil war, and they exclude noncombatants and interest groups that can "spoil" the bargaining. This practice of exclusion often creates agreements that fail during implementation. Track two diplomacy efforts can overcome this failure by providing channels to include other interest groups and active parties. In Tajikistan, participants in a sustained dialogue intervention provided crucial influence to the negotiation of a civil war settlement, but the agreement itself only created a greater centralization of political power and institutions that excluded public political participation. However, participation in the dialogue transformed members and even some observers into effective practitioners developing a large number of public associations committed to conflict resolution. Therefore, the Inter-Tajik Dialogue in Tajikistan illustrates a successful strategy for overcoming the dynamics of exclusion that drive political settlements between military leaders. More importantly, sustained dialogue demonstrates possible strategies for building peace by stimulating the development of a more inclusive civic culture.
Managing the Tension between Inclusionary and Exclusionary Processes: Building Peace in Burundi
Authors: McClintock Elizabeth , Nahimana Térence 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe tension between inclusive and exclusive approaches is present throughout peace processes. The challenge of facilitators, mediators, and parties alike is to determine how to manage these tensions, how to integrate various processes into a comprehensive whole and ensure that those required to implement the peace agreement have access to the process that creates the peace agreement. In particular, how can civil society, an actor of ever-increasing importance in the implementation of peace agreements, be effectively included in the design of the accords? This article examines the tension between inclusive and exclusive processes within the context of the Burundi peace process and the development of the Arusha Peace Accords.
Conflict Resolution in a Network Society
Authors: Allen Nan Susan 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis article explores the import of the network society for conflict resolution, broadly defined. Defining networks as social structures which connect people to each other, the article highlights the dual potential impacts of networks on participation in conflict resolution processes. Network society discourse creates a discourse of inclusion while also offering opportunities for exclusion. Conflict resolution theory has embraced the inclusive potential of network dynamics both implicitly and explicitly. Peacebuilders use networks, with their potential for participation and connecting conflict resolution processes, levels, and sectors, in efforts to do their peacebuilding work better. However, not all networks support conflict resolution. Networks can also reinforce conflicts, institutionalize exploitation, exacerbate inequalities, and strengthen violent conflict movements. Networks can be distinguished as inclusive or exclusive. Inclusive networks are more suitable for supporting meaningful participation in conflict resolution processes, while exclusive networks entrench conflict. Vibrant networks incorporate more inclusive and more exclusive dynamics in network vitality that allows both flexibly incorporating diversity and developing clarity of focus that inevitably delineates areas (or people or activities) outside the area of focus. Meaningful inclusion and participation in conflict resolution negotiations is broadly possible through inclusive networks, but forms of exclusion from conflict resolution negotiations are equally possible outgrowths of exclusive networks.
Looking Lesbian at the Bathing Bathsheba
Authors: Guest Deryn 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe variety of approaches to interpreting scripture emerging in the late twentieth century has demonstrated how well known texts can yield different and surprising interpretations when the interpretational frame of enquiry is differently angled. Feminists and womanists have done sterling work, shedding light on the role and status of scriptural women, asking new questions, modifying and challenging existing methodologies, raising issues not traditionally incorporated within historical critical exegesis. However, almost the entirety of this work has taken place within a heterocentric frame of reference, one that assumes the heterosexuality of the scriptural women themselves and one that appears to presuppose a heterosexual academic community, since lesbian-related concerns and issues have hardly been given a sentence until very recently. This paper will outline the contribution that a lesbian-identied perspective to the Hebrew Bible can offer and query whether feminism is the best 'home' for under taking this work.
Nonlinear Advection Schemes on the Octagonal Grid
Authors: Rančić Miodrag , Zhang Hai , Savic-Jovcic Verica 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Successful treatment of nonlinear momentum advection is one of the outstanding challenges for the application of rectangular quasi-uniform spherical grids in global circulation models. Quasi-uniform grids (e.g., cubic and octagonal), which are virtually assembled by connecting a set of regional domains along their boundaries, appear to be an excellent choice for the expansion of regional atmospheric models to global coverage. However, because of an unavoidable lack of orthogonality of these grids in the proximity of the singular points (i.e., the corner points connecting three neighboring rectangular tiles), a common-sense approach is to first generalize underlying numerical schemes to the general curvilinear coordinates, and then to apply globalization. In this procedure, assuming that a “weak conservative formulation” for the generalization is applied, the advective formalism of the Arakawa-type momentum schemes and some of their properties, especially those important for the long-term “climate type” simulations, may be lost. This paper discusses challenges faced in the application of Arakawa-type nonlinear advection schemes on the quasi-uniform semistaggered grids and suggests a solution that is based on discretization of the momentum equation in the vector form. Both the second- and the fourth-order energy-conserving nonlinear advection schemes are considered. The potential merits of this approach are demonstrated in a series of benchmark test integrations of a shallow-water model on the octagonal quasi-uniform grid.
A Case Study of Deterministic Forecast Verification: Tropical Cyclone Intensity
Authors: Moskaitis Jonathan R. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Deterministic predictions of tropical cyclone (TC) intensity from operational forecast systems traditionally have been verified with a summary accuracy measure (e.g., mean absolute error). Since the forecast system development process is coupled to the verification procedure, it follows that TC intensity forecast systems have been developed with the goal of producing predictions that optimize the chosen summary accuracy measure. Here, the consequences of this development process for the quality of the resultant forecasts are diagnosed through a distributions-oriented (DO) verification of operational TC intensity forecasts. DO verification techniques examine the full relationship between a set of forecasts and the corresponding set of observations (i.e., forecast quality), rather than just the accuracy attribute of that relationship.
The DO verification results reveal similar first-order characteristics in the quality of predictions from four TC intensity forecast systems. These characteristics are shown to be consistent with the theoretical response of a forecast system to the imposed goal of summary accuracy measure optimization: production of forecasts that asymptote with lead time to the central tendency of the observed distribution. While such forecasts perform well with respect to the accuracy, unconditional bias, and type I conditional bias attributes of forecast quality, they perform poorly with respect to type II conditional bias. Thus, it is clear that optimization of forecast accuracy is not equivalent to optimization of forecast quality. Ultimately, developers of deterministic forecast systems must take care to employ a verification procedure that promotes good performance with respect to the most desired attributes of forecast quality.