bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nurses' and Physicians' Performance on Clinical Simulation Test: Hypertension
Authors: McLaughlin Frank E. , Cesa Thomas , Johnson Harold , Lemons Mary , Anderson Sara , Larson Patricia , Gibson Josephine 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe purposes of this study were to determine whether nurse practitioners with a master's degree (NPM), nurse practitioners with a certificate (NPC), and public health nurses (PHN) perform as proficiently as family practice physicians (FPP) in assessing and managing essential hypertension and whether the four groups use a psychosocial or pathophysiological model in providing care. Subjects included 30 FPPs, 30 NPMs, 33 NPCs, and 40 PHNs. A clinical simulation test required subjects to collect data, identify problems, interpret tests, and formulate care plans. Criterion test performance was established by eight expert nurses and physicians. Physicians and nurse practitioners were equally proficient, and public health nurses were significantly less proficient on only 3 of 11 test sections. Sharpest contrasts were in test interpretation, with FPPs clearly more expert. FPPs practice style was less psychosocial but not more pathophysiological than that of the nurse practitioners. The study suggests that, except for nurses greater use of a psychosocial model, expanded role nurses and physicians perform similarly in assessing and managing hypertension and that, with slightly more training, PHNs could perform comparably.
Social support and adaptation to chronic illness: The case of maintenance hemodialysis
Authors: Dimond Margaret 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe findings reported in the literature on the relationship between social support and adaptation to illness are ambiguous and, in some cases, contradictory. The present study sought to examine the relationship among support factors, medical status, and adaptation to chronic illness in 36 hemodialysis patients. Social support was measured on three dimensions: family environment (family cohesion and family expressiveness), level of spouse support, and presence of a confidant. Adaptation was assessed in terms of morale and changes in social functioning since the onset of dialysis. Data collection was done through unstructured interviews, mailed questionnaires, observation, and review of medical records. Correlation coefficients showed a positive association between the measures of social support and morale and a negative correlation among family cohesion, presence of a confidant, and changes in social functioning.
Nursing judgment in selection of patient classification variables
Authors: Trivedi Vandankumar M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis article presents research performed to identify those patient classification variables that are most relevant for differentiating various patient categories. The nursing care time needed by patients in different categories was measured by judgment of head nurses. The data for this research were collected over a period of 2 weeks during day and afternoon shifts on a busy surgical ward in a 300‐bed suburban acute‐care general hospital. The data included an extensive list of auditable patient status items, as well as head nurse judgments. Statistical analysis of the data indicated that only a fe patient classification variables are necessary to be included in classification instruments. The study also revealed that different sets of classification variables are essential for different nursing shifts on the same unit.
Anxiety levels and concerns among pregnant women
Authors: Glazer Greer 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSince maternal anxiety has been implicated as one variable in the etiology of maternal and fetal complications, this study was done to identify specific concerns and anxiety levels among pregnant women. One hundred pregnant women, 48 private and 52 clinic patients, completed the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale, a concerns questionnaire, and an information sheet. Twenty‐nine specific concerns were identified by 50% or more of the pregnant women. Major concerns identified were “if your baby will be healthy and normal” (94%) and “your baby's condition at birth” (93%). The number of expressed concerns showed a statistically significant correlation with anxiety level (rs = .5678; p = .001), with clinic patients having significantly higher anxiety levels than private patients.
Identifying talented health administration students: A look at academic criteria
Authors: Quatrano Louis A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe objective of this study was to examine the relationships of undergraduate academic and admission test performance with graduate academic performance. Results could aid in selecting health services administration students in the future. The sample included 139 students (40 women and 99 men) entering seven health services administration programs during the fall of 1975 and graduating during the spring and summer of 1977. Participating programs were located in the Midwest, Northeast, South, and West Coast. Independent variables included undergraduate academic performance and admission test scores, while the dependent variable was graduate academic performance and admission test scores, while the dependent variable was graduate academic performance. Correlation analyses revealed that: (a) the verbal and quantitative subtest scores of the GRE were related to most aspects of graduate academic performance for men but only to selected aspects for women, (b) performance on the MAT was related to women's graduate academic performance in quantitative courses, and (c) men's and women's composite undergraduate grade point average was not related to composite graduate grade point average. These findings suggest that some of the standardized tests presently employed as admission screening devices should be used judiciously.
Women's roles and illness episodes: A prospective study
Authors: Woods Nancy Fugate 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAs more women enter the labor force, their roles proliferate. The purpose of this study was to determine whether proliferation of roles would have a deleterious effect on women's health. A group of 96 women completed a family health diary for 3 weeks which included an estimate of stress level typical of the family on each day, the measures taken by the family to maintain health, an estimate of how each family member felt, whether or not behavior restriction was necessary, and any symptoms or complaints. An illness episode was considered to be any continued sequence of days during which health complaints were recorded in the health diary. The mean number of illness episodes for the 3‐week diary‐keeping period was 3.23 (SD = 1.50). Role proliferation did not correlate with the number of illness episodes (Spearman's rho = ‐.115, p <.132). The variables that best explained the variance in the number of illness episodes were number of children and role reinforcement, both of which had modest negative effects on number of illness episodes; together they explained 11.3% of the variance. It was concluded that the number of episodes of illness women experience is a function of the compatibility of a woman's other roles with being ill and with the support available to her for performing her roles.
Perceived choice, social interaction, and dimensions of morale of residents in a home for the aged
Authors: Pohl Joanne M. , Fuller Sarah S. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn a study of 50 residents in a home for the aged, the relationships of health at relocation, choice in relocation, income, perceived choice within an institutional environment, and social interaction to four indices of morale were examined in hierarchical multiple regression designs. The theoretical concept of decisional control (i.e., perceived choice) guided the investigation. Significant multivariate effects were found for all dimensions of morale: agitation, attitude toward own aging, lonely dissatisfaction, and a combined morale index. Choice within the institution and social interaction were the major contributors to these significant multivariate relationships, but income was also influential in analysis of the attitudinal and combined morale indices for a subsample. Retrospective measures of health at relocation and choice in relocation were unstable in their contributions to overall mutivariate relationships. Relationships of age, recency of loss of a significant other, and length of residency to morale were explored and found not to be significant. Results are discussed against the background of theoretical expectations, and avenues for future research are identified.
Father to infant attachment: Effects of early contact and characteristics of the infant
Authors: Jones Colette 
Published: April 2007

AbstractFifty‐one father‐infant dyads were studied at 24–72 hours of age and at 1 month to determine the effects of early contact, sex, and irritability of the infant on fathers' perceptions and behaviors. Irritability was measured by a factor of four items from the Brazelton Neonatal Assessment Scale administered at 24–72 hours. Fathers who held their infants in the first hour of life demonstrated more nonverbal behavior toward their infants during an observation at 1 month than those who did not have this early contact. Fathers interacted more verbally with girls than with boys at 1 month. A sex and irritability interaction effect was found in fathers' perceptions of high‐irritability boys and low‐irritability girls. Fathers also reported more frequent care‐taking of high‐irritability infants of both sexes than of low‐irribitablity infants.
Influencing adherence among hypertensives
Authors: Swain Mary Ann , Steckel Susan B. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn the treatment of hypertension, problems of nonadherence and consequent poor blood pressure control are particularly severe. Alternative intervention strategies were compared to explore means of improving adherence and lowering blood pressures. In a 3 × 4 repeated measures analysis of variance design, 115 patients were randomly selected and randomly assigned to one of three treatment modalities (routine clinic care, patient education, and contingency contracting) and were followed over four clinic visits. Subjects' knowledge about hypertension and its management, adherence to requests for regular medical follow‐up, and blood pressure levels were measured. Patient education was not effective in lowering blood pressures; it produced an untoward outcome, a dropout rate higher than that for patients receiving only routine clinic care. However, contingency contracting was an effective intervention strategy for improving patient knowledge, F (1,59) = 51.32, p<.0001; adherence to requests for regular medical care, Max L (2) = 25.9, p<.0001; and decreasing diastolic blood pressures, F (2,49) = 3.39, p<.05.
Job satisfaction of staff registered nurses in primary and team nursing delivery systems
Authors: Carlsen Ruth H. , Malley James D. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractJob satisfaction for nurses in team and primary nursing delivery systems as measured by a human needs questionnaire was studied. Staff‐level registered nurses from 27 units in a large research hospital completed a 22‐item questionnaire. Each item measured present and desired job satisfaction and the importance of the item to the respondent. Data from 115 primary‐system nurses and 65 team‐system nurses were analyzed by Kruskal‐Wallis tests of significance and chi‐square contingency tables. Overall, primary‐system nurses reported greater job satisfaction than team‐system nurses. The primary system offered more opportunity for accountability and fulfilling higher level needs. Neither system provided sufficient opportunities for self‐fulfillment, decision‐making, or independent judgment. The identified weakness of the primary system was the unmet need for supervision. Of all the nurses in this study, 75% were dissatisfied with the prestige accorded to them.
A Strategy for Surveying Nursing Practice in Institutional Settings
Authors: Kirchhoff Karin T. , Kviz Frederick J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTwo major obstacles encountered when surverying nursing practice in institutional settings are obtaining a representative sample and collecting an adequate number of observations at a reasonable cost. Past efforts to deal with these problems are reviewed briefly, and results are reported from a two‐stage mail survey of a national sample of critical‐care nurses. The first stage involved attempts to procure a list of staff nurses from head nurses of critical‐care units at 240 randomly selected institutions. An 86% response rate was obtained. The second stage involved mailing questionnaires were obtained from 87%. Little evidence of bias due to administrative selection and/or volunteerism was found in the lists of staff nurses. An analysis of membership in professional nursing organizations indicates that more than one half of the nurses who responded to this survey would not have been included had the sample been selected from organizational membership lists.
Distress Reduction and the Effects of Preparatory Teaching Films and Patient Control
Authors: Padilla Geraldine V. , Grant Marcia M. , Rains Bertha L. , Hansen Barbara C. , Bergstrom Nancy , Wong Hilda L. , Hanson Robert , Kubo Winifred 
Published: April 2007

AbstractFifty patients undergoing nasogastric intubation for gastric analysis participated in an experiment comparing the distress‐reducing effects of four different types of information about an unpleasant procedure. Filmstrips depicted the procedure only; the procedure with common distressful sensations; the procedure with coping behavior; and the procedure with coping behaviors to relieve common distressful sensations. Patients were also tested on their preference for control. Distress was measured by self‐ratings on a 10‐item Nasogastric Intubation Checklist. Pain, discomfort, and anxiety pre‐, during, and postmanipulation‐intubation were measured on a visual scale. Willingness to repeat the procedure was measured on a four‐point scale. The study showed that: (a) Procedure with sensory and coping behavior information was effective in decreasing discomfort, pain, and anxiety for control and no‐control preference subjects during and after the procedure, but was most effective in reducing intubation distress for subjects preferring no control. (b) Sensory information led to greater willingness to repeat the procedure. (c) Perceived control had little effect on distress reduction.
Construct validity of an empathy instrument
Authors: Monica Elaine L. La 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe purpose of the study was to determine the construct validity of the Empathy Construct Rating Scale (ECRS), developed as part of a larger investigation. Two procedures were used: (a) Campbell and Fiske's (1959) multitrait–multimethod approach and (b) factor analysis. The results suggest that the ECRS is a valid and a reliable instrument for measuring empathy. It was shown to have high internal consistency, content validity, and discriminant validity. Results of the factor analysis placed the rating scale in the primary factor, sharing that factor with no other measured trait. The results further suggest that empathy cannot be divided meaningfully into subscales; empathy exists as a whole and all elements must be present in the relationship for it to exist.
The relationship between life change events, social supports, and dysmenorrhea
Authors: Jordan Jean , Meckler Janet R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA survey of 156 female undergraduate nursing students was conducted to determine the relationship between life change events and dysmenorrhea and the mediating effect of social supports on this relationship. Data were collected using the Anderson College Schedule of Recent Experience (subjects estimated personal readjustment to life changes), the Moos Menstrual Distress Questionnaire, and a social support index constructed by the authors. Correlations were obtained separately for high and low social support groups; these ranged from .19 to .62 and were significant (p<.05) for both groups. Presence or absence of a confidant was the most discriminating social support dimension (r = .32 for those with a confidant and .62 for those without). For subjects using oral contraceptives there was no relationship between life change and dysmenorrhea, while users of other contraceptives showed a significant positive relationship (p<.05). Life change and social supports together accounted for only 16% of the variance in menstrual distress scores. Methodological difficulties in using the life change and social support tools were identified.
The nurse as a sex object in motion pictures, 1930 to 1980
Authors: Kalisch Beatrice J. , Kalisch Philip A. , McHugh Mary L. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA content analysis of 191 motion pictures featuring 211 nurses as significant characters was conducted to determine the nature and extent of the motion picture industry's depiction of the nurse as a sex object and to identify changes in that portrayal from 1930 to 1980. Seventy‐three percent of the nurse roles characterized nurses as sex objects. The frequency and intensity of stereotypes of nurses as sex objects rose significantly during the 1960s and 1970s (p < .0001). Exploitation of the nurse as a sex object was more common in the larger nurse roles. However, in films with a strong emphasis on professional nursing in either the story or in character development, sexual stereotyping of nurses was uncommon. It was concluded that the image of the nurse as a professional care giver was incompatible with that of the nurse as sex object, and that the motion picture industry has opted primarily to present the latter image. The extremely negative sexual stereotype of nursing promulgated during the past 20 years is cause for concern. Actions that the nursing profession can employ to counter the unfavorable portrayal of nurses in 1980s motion pictures are suggested.
Stressful life events and illness onset: A review of crucial variables
Authors: Hyman Ruth Bernstein , Woog Pierre 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to stimulate more systematic research into the link between stress and illness, by proposing a model summarizing the variables previously related to illness onset and suggesting an improved methodology for measurement of life events. Despite the long‐recognized role of factors other than the presence of a disease agent in the etiology of illness, only a weak, though statistically significant, link between stressful life events and illness onset has been supported thus far. The somewhat disappointing results of previous stress research may be due to problems in measurement of both life stress and illness and/or inadequate conceptualization of a model incorporating the multitude of variables significant to illness onset.
Factors influencing knowledge, attitudes, and compliance of hypertensive patients
Authors: Powers Marjorie J. , Wooldridge Powhatan J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractUsing a factorial design, four aspects of an educational program for 160 hypertensive patients were manipulated: number of meetings, patient responsibility and participation, directiveness of the intervention, and emphasis on negative consequences of uncontrolled hypertension. Validity checks on the manipulations included content analysis of the nurse‐patient interaction and interview‐based measures of the patient's responsibility, participation, and awareness of dangers. Outcome variables included repeated measures of patient knowledge, assessment by the nurse of patient attainment of identified goals, and reduction of the patient's mean arterial blood pressure. High indirect interventions tended to lead to higher goal attainment, particularly in the psychosocial area. Emphasis on negative consequences tended to promote learning for patients with long standing diagnoses, but to retard learning for recently diagnosed patients. Additional meetings and emphasis on patient responsibility were not helpful alone, but in combination they tended to lead to greater learning. Although as a whole, patients in the program tended to reduce their blood pressures, there were no statistically significant main effects or interaction effects of the educational approach variables on blood pressure reduction.
Development of the self‐concept of nurse in nursing students
Authors: George Tamara Bloom 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this descriptive, cross‐sectional study was to determine if components of nursing students' self‐concepts change as they progress through their educational program. The subjects were 132 generic nursing students enrolled in the baccalaureate nursing program at a small midwestern college; they were stratified by grade level (sophomore, junior, and senior). Chi‐square analysis of responses to the Twenty Statements Test indicate no significant difference in self‐concept by levels as measured by the number of consensual and subconsensual responses, and no significant difference by levels in the number of primary nursing references. The preponderance of subconsensual over consensual responses at all three grade levels was an unexpected finding that has implications for nursing education.
Validation of two experimental nursing approaches using content analysis
Authors: Powers Marjorie J. , Murphy Suzanne P. , Wooldridge Powhatan J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to analyze and compare the recorded content of two experimental nursing interventions used in a hypertensive‐education program. One intervention was characterized as deliberative or high indirect, the other as task‐centered or low indirect. A total of 4, 149 nurse‐patient interaction units was derived from 62 typed interview transcripts, equally representative of both approaches. Two trained coders categorized the interactions, based upon recurring themes of the teaching content; 24 distinct topical categories were identified. Intercoder agreement above chance for all 4, 149 interaction units was k = .68, with confidence limits of 99% .03, p < .0001. A space‐time unit for quantifying the relative amounts of time spent on the various categories also was developed, and analyses were conducted for space‐time units as well as interaction units. The main findings showed no definable differences in the frequency of categories or the amounts of time spent in their discussion in the two approaches. These results were contrasted to results obtained when the validity of the nursing approaches was tested previously, and differences between the two interventions in attaining social and health goals were interpreted in light of the findings of the content analysis.
An analysis of the impact of authorship on the image of the nurse presented in novels
Authors: Kalisch Beatrice J. , Kalisch Philip A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractContent analysis of 201 novels published from 1843 to 1980 with important nurse characters was used to identify variables associated with nurse, physician, and non‐health care provider authorship and the quality of the resultant image of nurses and nursing. Nurse authors were more likely to depict nurses as contributing to patients and other persons, being commended, using autonomous judgment, taking greater satisfaction in their career, exhibiting drive, and being engaged in the performance of nursing care activities. They also portrayed novel nurses as more nurturant, empathic, powerful, and intelligent, and as valuing service to others and scholarliness to a greater extent than other authors. Of all authors, physicians presented the most negative nurse images; they were the least likely to endow nurse characters with positive personality and behavior traits. On the other hand, physicians were the most likely to show nurses valuing and being engaged in sexual activities. The fact that nurse authors, who were more prominent during the first 60 years of this century, have given way to a dominance of physician authors during the past 20 years demands intervention by the nursing profession in encouraging nurses to become more active in this form of artistic popularization of scientific ideas and professional health care roles.