bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fergus Kerr's Wittgensteinian ‘Philosophy of Theology’: An Appreciation and a Critique
Authors: Murphy Francesca 
Published: January 2009

Toward the conclusion of hisTheology After Wittgenstein, Fergus Kerr states that,The rationalistic attempt to find the deeper psychological or evolutionary significance of ceremony only distracts us from the deep significance that a description of the event already communicates…The sacrifice of the priest-king is no different in kind from religious actions that we might ourselves perform …, confessing one's sins…, baptism……The phenomena of the natural world, of birth, of death, and of sexual life… none of which is especially mysterious but any of which can become so to us prompt certain human reactions. …these customs are not adopted because of views that people have; they are too primitive and unreflective for that, they arereactions, in certain situations.
Calvin as Analogical Theologian
Authors: Zachman Randall C. 
Published: January 2009

In his oft-cited article, ‘God Was Accommodating Himself to Human Capacity’, Ford Lewis Battles makes the following claim:It may be that we have succumbed to the temptation of putting the concept of accommodation too much at the center of Calvin's thought and of trying to organize everything around this notion. Yet, if this be a faithful interpretation, accommodation would seem (even when Calvin does not explicitly advert to it) his fundamental way of explaining how the secret, hidden God reveals himself to us.
Justifications for logic programs under answer set semantics
Authors: PONTELLI ENRICO , SON TRAN CAO , ELKHATIB OMAR 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe paper introduces the notion of offline justification for answer set programming (ASP). Justifications provide a graph-based explanation of the truth value of an atom with respect to a given answer set. The paper extends also this notion to provide justification of atoms during the computation of an answer set (on-line justification) and presents an integration of online justifications within the computation model of Smodels. Offline and online justifications provide useful tools to enhance understanding of ASP, and they offer a basic data structure to support methodologies and tools for debugging answer set programs. A preliminary implementation has been developed in – .
Interprétation de l'arithmétique dans certains groupes de permutations affines par morceaux d'un intervalle
Authors: Altinel Tuna , Muranov Alexey 
Published: January 2009

RésuméL'arithmétique est interprétée dans tous les groupes de Richard Thompson et de Graham Higman, aussi bien que dans d'autres groupes des permutations affines par morceaux d'un intervalle qui généralisent les groupes de Thompson et de Higman. En particulier, les théories élémentaires de tous ces groupes sont indécidables. De plus, le groupeFde Thompson et certaines de ses généralisations interprètent l'arithmétique sans paramètres.
PresqueCp-représentations et (ϕ,Γ)-modules
Authors: Berger Laurent 
Published: January 2009

RésuméOn associe deuxyy presqueCp-représentations à un (ϕΓ)-module, et on en calcule les dimensions et les hauteurs. Comme corollaire, on obtient un résultat de pleine fidélité pour lesBe-représentations.
SECISaln, a web-based tool for the creation of structure-based alignments of eukaryotic SECIS elements
Authors: Chapple Charles E. , Guigó Roderic , Krol Alain 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Summary: Selenoproteins contain the 21st amino acid selenocysteine which is encoded by an inframe UGA codon, usually read as a stop. In eukaryotes, its co-translational recoding requires the presence of an RNA stem–loop structure, the SECIS element in the 3 untranslated region of (UTR) selenoprotein mRNAs. Despite little sequence conservation, SECIS elements share the same overall secondary structure. Until recently, the lack of a significantly high number of selenoprotein mRNA sequences hampered the identification of other potential sequence conservation. In this work, the web-based tool SECISaln provides for the first time an extensive structure-based sequence alignment of SECIS elements resulting from the well-defined secondary structure of the SECIS RNA and the increased size of the eukaryotic selenoproteome. We have used SECISaln to improve our knowledge of SECIS secondary structure and to discover novel, conserved nucleotide positions and we believe it will be a useful tool for the selenoprotein and RNA scientific communities.
Availability: SECISaln is freely available as a web-based tool at http://genome.crg.es/software/secisaln/.
Contact: charles.chapple@crg.es
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
‘Double water exclusion’: a hypothesis refining the O-ring theory for the hot spots at protein interfaces
Authors: Li Jinyan , Liu Qian 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Motivation: The O-ring theory reveals that the binding hot spot at a protein interface is surrounded by a ring of residues that are energetically less important than the residues in the hot spot. As this ring of residues is served to occlude water molecules from the hot spot, the O-ring theory is also called ‘water exclusion’ hypothesis. We propose a ‘double water exclusion’ hypothesis to refine the O-ring theory by assuming the hot spot itself is water-free. To computationally model a water-free hot spot, we use a biclique pattern that is defined as two maximal groups of residues from two chains in a protein complex holding the property that every residue contacts with all residues in the other group.
Methods and Results: Given a chain pair A and B of a protein complex from the Protein Data Bank (PDB), we calculate the interatomic distance of all possible pairs of atoms between A and B. We then represent A and B as a bipartite graph based on these distance information. Maximal biclique subgraphs are subsequently identified from all of the bipartite graphs to locate biclique patterns at the interfaces. We address two properties of biclique patterns: a non-redundant occurrence in PDB, and a correspondence with hot spots when the solvent-accessible surface area (SASA) of a biclique pattern in the complex form is small. A total of 1293 biclique patterns are discovered which have a non-redundant occurrence of at least five, and which each have a minimum two and four residues at the two sides. Through extensive queries to the HotSprint and ASEdb databases, we verified that biclique patterns are rich of true hot residues. Our algorithm and results provide a new way to identify hot spots by examining proteins' structural data.
Availability: The biclique mining algorithm is available at http://www.ntu.edu.sg/home/jyli/dwe.html.
Contact: jyli@ntu.edu.sg
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Computing Response Metrics for Online Panels
Authors: Callegaro Mario , DiSogra Charles 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
As more researchers use online panels for studies, the need for standardized rates to evaluate these studies becomes paramount. There are currently many different ways and conflicting terminology used to compute various metrics for online panels. This paper discusses the sparse literature on how to compute response, refusal, and other rates and proposes a set of formulas and a standardized terminology that can be used to calculate and interpret these metrics for online panel studies. A description of and distinction between probability-based and volunteer opt-in panels is made since not all metrics apply to both types. A review of the existing discussion and recommendations, mostly from international organizations, is presented for background and context. In order to propose response and other metrics, the different stages involved in building an online panel are delineated. Metrics associated with these stages contribute to cumulative response rate formulas that can be used to evaluate studies using online probability-based panels. (Only completion rates can be calculated with opt-in panels.) We conclude with a discussion of the meaning of the different metrics proposed and what we think should be reported for which type of panel.
Evaluation of the continuum of gambling problems using the DSM‐IV
Authors: Strong David R. , Kahler Christopher W. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTAims  To assess the measurement properties of the 10 symptoms of pathological gambling defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM‐IV) in a general population survey, including examination of unidimensionality and relative severity of the symptoms and their typical patterning.Design  We conducted a Rasch model item–response analysis of data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC).Setting  The NESARC surveyed a nationally representative sample from the United States.Participants  Participants were 11 153 individuals who reported gambling more than five times in a single year.Measurements  The NESARC survey employed the Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disability Interview Schedule‐DSM‐IV version (AUDADIS‐IV).Findings and conclusions  DSM‐IV problem gambling symptoms were strongly unidimensional and maintained a reliable ordering across a broad range of the problem gambling continuum, indicating that the 10 symptoms can be used to create an additive index of problem severity. The DSM‐IV‐based symptom index appeared to have sufficient reliability to separate life‐time pathological gamblers from other gamblers using the current diagnostic threshold of five or more symptoms. However, the DSM‐IV symptom index did not have sufficient reliability to separate further among groups of gamblers who reported fewer than five symptoms. After equating for the level of gambling problem severity, the likelihood of reporting certain symptoms was biased across groups characterized by their age and gender. Implications for understanding the construct of gambling problems severity and use of symptom counts as a continuous index are discussed.
Prognostic factors in the surgical treatment of patients with oral carcinoma
Authors: Patel Rajan S. , Clark Jonathan R. , Dirven Richard , Wyten Rebecca , Gao Kan , O’Brien Christopher J. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe aim of the study was to analyse the clinical outcome of patients treated surgically for oral carcinoma. A retrospective cohort study was undertaken of 356 patients with oral cavity cancer whose clinicopathological information had been collected prospectively onto a dedicated head and neck database. Disease recurrence and survival were assessed. Neck metastases occurred in 42% of patients. Tumour thickness (both 2 and 5 mm) predicted the presence of nodal metastases. Both pathological T stage (P < 0.001) and tumour thickness cut‐off of 5 mm (P = 0.03) were independent predictors of disease‐specific survival. With a median follow up of 41 months, overall survival at 5 years was 59% and disease‐specific survival was 73%. Patients with thick tumours have a high risk of nodal metastases and this supports the liberal use of elective selective neck dissection in patients with clinically negative necks.
Mutant p53 and cyclin A1 protein expression in primary laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas do not correlate to second primary tumours of the head and neck*
Authors: Farhadieh Ross D. , Smee Robert , Rees Charles G. G. , Salardini Arash , Eggleton Sarah , Yang Jia‐Lin , Russell Pamela J. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBackground:  Field cancerization is a feature of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. No biological marker in the index tumour has been correlated to the development of second primary tumours (SPT). Cyclin A1 is a cell cycle regulator and a downstream target of p53. This study assessed predictive correlation of cyclin A1 and mut‐p53 with clinicopathological parameters and occurrence of (SPT) 7in the head and neck.Methods:  Using immunohistochemistry 106 patients treated for primary laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma were investigated for expression of cyclin A1 and mut‐p53.Results:  Expression of cyclin A1 and mut‐p53 were noted in 83 of 106 (78.3%) and 25 of 106 (23.6%) patients. There was a weak but significant correlation between mut‐p53 and cyclin A1 (r = 0.301, P = 0.002) expression. During the follow‐up period (median 41.0 months (range 1–205 months)), 21 of 106 (19.8%) patients developed an SPT. There was no statistically significant correlation between the markers investigated and disease recurrence, SPT diagnosis or clinicopathological parameters.Conclusion:  Second primary tumours are an intriguing problem in treatment of HNSCC and a predictive marker identifying those greatest at risk would be a leap forward.
Melanoma antigen‐1 mRNA combined with α‐fetoprotein mRNA levels in peripheral blood of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a predictor of postoperative recurrence or metastasis?
Authors: Zhang Yuqing , Song Tianqiang , Meng Lingxin , Wu Xiongzhi , Ba Yi , Li Qiang 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBackground:  The aim of the study was to identify whether melanoma antigen (MAGE)‐1 mRNA and α‐fetoprotein (AFP) mRNA expressed in peripheral blood could be used to predict the recurrence and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after hepatectomy.Methods:  One hundred and forty‐two HCC patients underwent hepatectomy. The control group includes 27 patients with chronic virus hepatitis and cirrhosis and 10 healthy volunteers. Peripheral blood samples were collected on the seventh day before operation, seventh day after operation and 30th day after operation. MAGE‐1 mRNA and AFP mRNA were tested by nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Median follow up was 25.5 months (range 4–40 months). Patient survival, disease‐free survival and clinicopathological features were compared between patients with positive and negative MAGE‐1 mRNA and/or AFP mRNA.Results:  The expression of MAGE‐1 mRNA and/or AFP mRNA in peripheral blood was closely correlated to the pathological stage and the positive ratio of tumour cells in the peripheral blood (P < 0.01). There was recurrence and/or metastasis after operation in 55 of 142 HCC patients. Among the 55 patients who had recurrence or metastasis, MAGE‐1 mRNA and/or AFP mRNA in peripheral blood were persistently detected after operation in 38 patients and MAGE‐1 mRNA and AFP mRNA turned to positive after operation in 14 patients. In contrast, no recurrence was found in 62 patients whose MAGE‐1 mRNA and/or AFP mRNA turned to negative after operation. 88.1% (52 of 59) of patients with MAGE‐1 mRNA and/or AFP mRNA persistently positive after operation showed recurrence or metastasis, whereas only 3.6% patients (3 of 83) with the negative of MAGE‐1 mRNA and/or AFP mRNA after operation showed recurrence or metastasis (P < 0.001).Conclusion:  Melanoma antigen‐1 mRNA combined with AFP mRNA in peripheral blood after hepatectomy is more sensitive and specific than AFP mRNA singly for predicting the recurrence and metastasis of the HCC patients, whereas preoperative transient detection is not.
Poles Apart? EU Enlargement and the Labour Market Outcomes of Immigrants in the United Kingdom
Authors: Drinkwater Stephen , Eade John , Garapich Michal 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe United Kingdom was one of only three countries to allow migrants from accession countries to enter their labour markets more or less without restriction following European Union enlargement in May 2004. Therefore, it is important to establish the characteristics and labour market performance of migrants from these countries who have subsequently entered the United Kingdom. We principally analyse Labour Force Survey data to compare the labour market outcomes of recent migrants from Poland and other accession countries to those of earlier migrant cohorts from these countries as well as to those of other recent migrants to the United Kingdom. We find that the majority of post‐enlargement migrants from the new member states have found employment in low paying jobs, despite some (especially Poles) possessing relatively high levels of education. It follows that recent Polish migrants typically have lower returns to their education than other recent arrivals. Migrants from the new member states who arrived immediately prior to enlargement have similar characteristics and labour market outcomes, apart from displaying a higher propensity to be self‐employed. These results are discussed in the context of policy changes, migration strategies, assimilation effects and possible impacts on the sending countries.
The Integration of Immigrants in Northern Sweden: A Case Study of the Municipality of Strömsund
Authors: Cvetkovic Anita 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe aim of this study was to examine the integration process with regard to an integration and voluntary re‐settlement project in a rural area in northern Sweden. The project was an attempt to use existing resources in the municipality to attract people with an immigrant background to move from segregated urban environments to a rural municipality. Potential settlers were also recruited abroad. The empirical data were based on eight group interviews with recently arrived immigrant families, and eleven individual interviews with people who played an active role in the project organisation. The results showed that the new families had been integrated into the community to the extent promised by the local authority. The process was facilitated by the resources provided by both parties, but it did not involve significant costs. The immigrants were motivated to move because they wanted a new lifestyle, while the local community was motivated to provide a supportive structure for the new inhabitants because of an awareness of the imminent demographic crisis facing the community due to depopulation. The integration process was strongly influenced by the implicit criteria on which the newcomers were recruited.
Including trace gas fluxes in estimates of the carbon mitigation potential of UK agricultural land
Authors: Smith P. , Goulding K.W.T. , Smith K.A. , Powlson D.S. , Smith J.U. , Falloon P. , Coleman K. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract. A number of changes in agricultural land‐management show some potential as carbon mitigation options. However, research has focused on CO2‐carbon mitigation and has largely ignored potential effects of land management change on trace gas fluxes. In this paper, we attempt for the first time, to assess the impact of these changes on fluxes of the important agricultural greenhouse gases, methane and nitrous oxide, in the UK.The estimates presented here are based on limited evidence and have a great (unquantifiable) uncertainty associated with them, but they show that the relative importance of trace gas fluxes varies enormously among the scenarlos. In some, such as the application of sewage sludge, woodland regeneration and bioenergy production scenarios, the inclusion of estimates for trace gas fluxes makes only a small (<10%) difference to the CO2‐C mitigation potential. In the animal manure and agricultural extensification scenarios, including estimates of trace gas fluxes has a large impact, increasing the CO2‐C mitigation potential by up to 50%. In the no‐till scenario, the carbon mitigation potential decreases significantly due to a sharp increase in N2O emissions under no‐till.When these land‐management options are combined for the whole agricultural land area of the UK, including trace gases has an impact on estimated mitigation potentials, and depending upon assumptions for the animal manure scenario, the total mitigation potential either decreases by about 10% or increases by about 30%, potentially shifting the mitigation potential of the scenario closer to the EU's 8% Kyoto target for reduction of CO2‐carbon emissions (12.52 Tg C yr−1 for the UK).
Has the Boom in Incapacity Benefit Claimant Numbers Passed Its Peak?*
Authors: Anyadike‐Danes Michael , McVicar Duncan 
Published: January 2009

AbstractJust over 2.5 million people of working age were on the incapacity benefit register in Great Britain in 2006, twice as many as 15 years earlier, and we explore the factors contributing to that huge growth. Using a simple model linking ‘inflow’ to the size of the register via a pair of persistence parameters (‘short’ and ‘long’ term), we show that the principal driver of numbers up to the mid‐1990s was inflow, but since then it has been the steep rise in ‘average duration’ from below four to more than six years. For women the lengthening time on the register mainly reflects a rise in short‐term persistence (survival on the register from one to two years), whilst for men the increase in long‐term persistence (survival on the register after two years) was more important. We also use the model to discuss the likelihood that the British government will achieve its target of reducing incapacity benefit numbers by 1 million by 2016.
Fiscal Decentralisation and Empowerment: Evolving Concepts and Alternative Measures*
Authors: Boex Jameson , Simatupang Renata R. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractDecentralisation reforms are among the most common and significant public sector reforms, particularly in developing and transitional countries around the world. Despite the importance of the topic to policy practitioners and academic researchers alike and the extensive empirical research on the topic, there is consensus in the literature that the measures of decentralisation that are currently used are unsatisfactory. In response, we propose an alternative measure of fiscal decentralisation based on the notion that decentralisation is more than simply the inverse of centralisation. Following Bahl (2005), we consider fiscal decentralisation as ‘the empowerment of people by the [fiscal] empowerment of their local governments’. Accordingly, we develop a measure of fiscal empowerment that allows us to quantify fiscal decentralisation as the gain in empowerment due to devolution and we analyse the proposed measures of empowerment and decentralisation for a cross‐section of developing, transitional and industrialised countries.
Keeping up or Falling behind? The Impact of Benefit and Tax Uprating on Incomes and Poverty*
Authors: Sutherland Holly , Hancock Ruth , Hills John , Zantomio Francesca 
Published: January 2009

AbstractEach year, the government decides how much to raise benefits and tax allowances. In the UK, the basis for these upratings is rarely debated, yet has major long‐term consequences for the relative living standards of different groups as well as for the public finances. This paper considers the medium‐term implications of present uprating policies, which vary across parameters of the tax–benefit system. Continuing these policies for 20 years, other things staying the same, would result in a near doubling of the child poverty rate alongside a substantial gain to the public finances. At the same time, pensioners are largely protected by the earnings indexation of pensioner benefits including, in time, the basic state pension. We show how difficult it will be to meet the UK child poverty targets unless the greater inequality inherent in the current regime for uprating payments and allowances is redressed.
Attitudes towards Tax Levels: A Multi‐Tax Comparison*
Authors: Hammar Henrik , Jagers Sverker C. , Nordblom Katarina 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWe analyse Swedes' opinions about the levels of 11 different taxes to see which taxes people are most averse to and why. The most unpopular tax is the real estate tax, while the corporate tax is the least unpopular. We find a strong self‐interest effect in tax attitudes and that knowledge and education increase support for corrective taxes.