bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Complete Oxidation of Ethylene at Temperatures below 100 °C over a Pt/Ce0.64Zr0.16Bi0.20O1.90/γ-Al2O3 Catalyst
Authors: Imanaka Nobuhito , Masui Toshiyuki , Terada Asako , Imadzu Hayato 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A Pt/Ce0.64Zr0.16Bi0.20O1.90/γ-Al2O3 catalyst was prepared in order to establish complete oxidation of ethylene at temperatures below 100 °C. Ethylene was completely oxidized over the catalyst as low as at 65 °C, while over Pt/γ-Al2O3, which has been well known as an active oxidation catalyst, complete oxidation was achieved at 145 °C.
Micrometer-scaled Channel Lengths of Organic Field-effect Transistors Patterned by Using PEDOT/PSS Microfibers
Authors: Yan Hu , Kagata Tsubasa , Mori Yusaku , Harashina Yuko , Hara Yusuke , Okuzaki Hidenori 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
We have easily fabricated channel patterns of organic field-effect transistors (OFET), in which channel lengths were ca. 5 μm, by using wet-spun poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT/PSS) microfibers with diameters of ca. 5 μm. Pentacene-based OFETs with a bottom-contacted configuration, fabricated on the channel patterns, showed a hole mobility of 10−3 cm2 V−1 s−1 simply reflecting FET characteristics of the pentacene, and showed large current of 8 μA (VDS=−50 V; VG=−50 V) reflecting shorter channel length of the devices.
Overall Water Splitting by RuO2-loaded Hexagonal YInO3 with a Distorted Trigonal Bipyramid
Authors: Arai Naoki , Saito Nobuo , Nishiyama Hiroshi , Shimodaira Yoshiki , Kobayashi Hisayoshi , Inoue Yasunobu , Sato Kazunori 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
RuO2-loaded hexagonal YInO3 consisting of a distorted InO5 trigonal bipyramid was found to be photocatalytically active in the water-splitting reaction. The characteristic role of the InO5 structure in the photocatalytic performance is described.
Basal phenotype: a powerful prognostic factor in small screen-detected invasive breast cancer with long-term follow-up
Authors: Evans A J , Rakha E A , Pinder S E , Green A R , Paish C , Ellis I O 
Published: December 2007

Objective: To assess the frequency and prognostic significance of a basal phenotype in a group of women with screen-detected invasive breast cancers with long-term follow-up and to focus particularly on women with small ( < 15 mm) breast cancers. Methods: The study group was derived by finding women common to a consecutive series of 1944 invasive breast cancers diagnosed in Nottingham between 1986 and 1998 with a known basal phenotype status and a prospectively collected database of all screen-detected breast cancers. In total, 356 women constituted the study group. Pathological and radiological features were recorded. Basal cell markers used were CK5/6 (cloneD5/16134) and CK14 (clone LL002). Tumours were classified as of basal phenotype if > or = 10% staining was seen with either marker. Results: Of all screen-detected lesions, 43 (12%) had a basal immunophenotype and 313 (88%) were non-basal. There were 15 (35%) and 40 (13%) breast cancer deaths in the basal group and nonbasal groups, respectively ( P = 0.0006). On univariate analysis, nodal stage, histological grade, lympho-vascular invasion (LVI) status, invasive size and basal phenotype had prognostic significance. On multivariate analysis, basal phenotype, LVI and nodal stage maintain prognostic significance. Of the 189 women with < 15 mm lesions, eight of 20 (40%) of the basal group and eight of 169 (5%) of the non-basal group died of breast cancer ( P < 0.0001). On multivariate analysis, basal phenotype was the only factor to maintain independent prognostic significance. Conclusions: Basal phenotype is a powerful prognostic factor for women with small screen-detected invasive breast cancer.
Cost-effectiveness analysis for determining optimal cut-off of immunochemical faecal occult blood test for population-based colorectal cancer screening (KCIS 16)
Authors: Chen Li-Sheng , Liao Chao-Sheng , Chang Shu-Hui , Lai Hsin-Chih , Chen Tony Hsiu-Hsi 
Published: December 2007

Objectives: We aimed to determine the optimal cut-off of the immunochemical faecal occult blood test (iFOBT) by using cost-effectiveness analysis. Methods: A total of 22,672 subjects aged 50 years or older were invited to have an uptake of iFOBT. We collected data from screen-detected cases for the cut-off above 100 ng/mL and obtained interval cancers from a nationwide cancer registry for a cut-off below 100 ng/mL. We found a total of 65 colorectal cancer (CRC) cases, including 43 detected by screen and 22 diagnosed between screens (interval cases). The optimal cut-off was first determined by receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis. Formal economic evaluation was further applied to identifying the optimal cut-off by assessing the minimum incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER), an indicator for cost per life year gained (effectiveness), given a series of cut-offs of iFOBT, ranging from 30 to 200 ng/mL compared with no screening. Results: ROC curve analysis found the optimal cut-off of iFOBT to be 100 ng/mL at which the sensitivity, false-positive and odds of being affected given a positive result were 81.5% (70.2%–89.2%), 5.7% (5.4%–6.0%) and 1.24 (1.19–1.32), respectively. The area under ROC curve was 0.87 (0.81–0.93). In economic appraisal, the screening programme irrespective of any cut-off dominated (less cost and more effectiveness) over the control group. The optimal cut-off (the lowest ICER) was 110 ng/mL at which an average of 0.054 life year was gained and that of 950 (&dollar;US) was saved. Conclusions: We used cost-effectiveness to identify 110 ng/mL as the optimal cut-off of iFOBT in a Taiwanese population-based screening for CRC. Our model provides a useful approach for health policy-makers in designing population-based screening for CRC to determine the optimal cut-off of iFOBT when cost and effectiveness need to be taken into account.
Results from the UK NHS breast screening programme 2000–05
Authors: Bennett R L , Blanks R G , Patnick J , Moss S M 
Published: December 2007

Objective: To present results from the UK NHS breast screening programme (NHSBSP) for the six-year period from 1 April 1999 to 31 March 2005, and to compare these with targets. Methods: Data are collected annually from all UK screening units on standard KC62 return forms. Results: The prevalence of screen-positive cancer (cancer detection rate) has increased at both rounds during the six-year period. At the incident round, cancer detection rates increased by 24%, from 5.4 per 1000 in 2000 to 6.7 per 1000 in 2005 and the detection of small cancers (≤ 10 mm) has increased by 40%. Generally, quality measures in the programme continue to improve. However, while rates of recall at the incident screen decreased from 3.8% in 2000 to 3.6% in 2005, at the prevalent round, in 2005, 22% of units continued to recall more than 10% of women to assessment. Conclusions: The results suggest that the performance of the programme continues to improve. In the future, analysis of data on interval cancers will assist the interpretation of cancer detection rates.
Factors associated with referral compliance of abnormal immunochemical faecal occult blood test
Authors: Li Chia-Ming , Shiu Ming-Neng , Chia Shu-Li , Liu Jen-Pei , Chen Tony Hsiu-Hsi , Chie Wei-Chu 
Published: December 2007

Objective: This study investigated factors associated with the referral compliance of positive immunochemical faecal occult blood test (iFOBT). Setting: Data were from a subset of people who received iFOBT at Taipei county of Taiwan in 2005. Methods: All subjects with positive iFOBT were referred to hospital for further diagnostic examinations. In total, 226 such subjects who did not accept referral within 60 days were identified as the non-compliant group from the record of Public Health Bureau. Frequency-matched 219 subjects were sampled from the 599 people who accepted referral within 60 days as the compliant group. Telephone interviews were performed according to questionnaire designed basically under the Health Belief Model. Multiple logistic regression was used to assess effects of possible associated factors for referral compliance. Results: A total of 145 persons in the compliant group and 115 persons in the non-compliant group completed the interview. Factors including 'perceived susceptibility' and 'cue to action: information' were positively associated with, while 'casual personality' was negatively associated with referral compliance. Conclusions: Three factors in Health Belief Model were associated with referral compliance after positive FOBT.
Scheduling mammography screening for the early detection of breast cancer in Korean women
Authors: Lee Soon Young , Jeong Seong Hwa , Kim Jinheum , Jung Sang Hyuk , Song Keun Bae , Nam Chung Mo 
Published: December 2007

Objective: To propose an efficient screening schedule for breast cancer among Korean women using the stochastic model in which the age-specific incidence rate was considered. Setting: Female breast cancer data in the Korea Central Cancer Registry 2002. Methods: The stochastic model was based on the threshold method, in which the schedule is determined by a pre-specified threshold value. The threshold value was defined as the probability of being in a preclinical state of breast cancer at age 40 years. The sensitivity of the mammography was specified as 0.7. Two models for mean sojourn time (MST) in the preclinical state were considered; MSTs for Model I were 2 (ages < 50 years), 3 (ages 50–59 years), and 4 years (ages ≥ 60 years), and MSTs for Model II were 3, 4, and 5 years for the corresponding age groups. Results: The threshold method for Model I generated 19 examinations within the screening ages of 40–69 years. Each screening time was determined at ages 40.0, 41.6, 43.2, 44.8, 46.0, 47.2, 48.4, 49.6, 50.7, 51.7, 52.7, 53.7, 54.7, 56.2, 57.8, 59.4, 61.3, 63.1, and 64.9 years. The schedule sensitivity of Model I was 64.2%, which was higher than that (57.5%) of the biennial periodic schedule. Model II included 11 screenings between the ages of 40 and 69 years and also showed a higher schedule sensitivity, especially for women aged 40 years as compared with the biennial screening. Conclusions: This finding suggests that the threshold screening schedule for breast cancer increase the schedule sensitivity by reflecting the age-specific incidence rate of a population.
Differential Bone Metabolism Between Postmenopausal Women With Osteoarthritis and Osteoporosis
Authors: Jiang Lei-Sheng , Zhang Zi-Ming , Jiang Sheng-Dan , Chen Wei-Hua , Dai Li-Yang 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A comparative study of bone metabolism between postmenopausal women with osteoarthritis and osteoporosis showed that differential levels of bone remodeling markers, leptin, free leptin index, and osteoprotegerin might partly contribute to the proposed inverse relationship in bone mass between postmenopausal women with osteoarthritis and osteoporosis.
Introduction: Osteoarthritis (OA) and osteoporosis (OP) are two common disorders affecting the quality of life in the elderly. The association between OA and OP has always been debated. The objective of this study was to compare bone metabolism between postmenopausal women with OA and OP.
Materials and Methods: A total of 120 postmenopausal women with OA and OP (n = 60, respectively) were included in this comparative study. Anthropometric parameters and BMD at the spine and the proximal femur were measured. Serum leptin, soluble leptin receptor (sLR), osteoprotegerin (OPG), and bone remodeling markers, including bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP), osteocalcin (OC), deoxypyridinoline cross-links (DPD), and cross-linked N-telopeptides of type I collagen (NTX), were quantified with commercial ELISA or EIA kits. Free leptin index (FLI) was also calculated by the ratio between serum leptin and sLR levels.
Results: Postmenopausal women with OA had higher body weight, body mass index, fat mass, and percentage of fat than those suffered from OP. Compared with the patients in OP group, the patients in OA group had significantly higher BMD values at all sites measured. Higher serum leptin and FLI and lower OPG levels were shown in the OA group (leptin: 31.22 ± 6.4 versus 26.50 ± 9.27 ng/ml, p &lt; 0.001; FLI: 3.20 ± 1.02 versus 2.50 ± 0.95, p &lt; 0.05; OPG: 4.75 ± 1.97 versus 6.96 ± 2.75 pM, p &lt; 0.001), whereas lower serum OC and higher urine DPD were noted in the OP group (OC: 16.45 ± 8.45 versus 13.06 ± 6.25 ng/ml, p &lt; 0.05; DPD: 10.83 ± 7.12 versus 15.29 ± 6.65 nM BCE/mM Cr, p &lt; 0.001). Serum OPG levels negatively correlated with BMD at all sites assessed. However, no correlation was found between leptin and BMD. Only in the OA group di positive correlations exist between FLI and Z-score at the femoral neck and Ward's triangle region. After stepwise regression analysis, it was found that differential factors were able to predict the variance of BMD at different sites to a certain extent.
Conclusions: Our study suggests that there are significant differences in bone metabolism between postmenopausal women with OA and OP and provides evidence for the inverse relationship between OA and OP. Differential levels of bone remodeling markers, leptin, FLI, and OPG may partly contribute to the proposed inverse relationship. Roles of leptin and its soluble receptor in bone metabolism regulation should be explored further.
Overexpression of Smurf2 Stimulates Endochondral Ossification Through Upregulation of β-Catenin
Authors: Wu Qiuqian , Chen Di , Zuscik Michael J , O'Keefe Regis J , Rosier Randy N 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Ectopic expression of Smurf2 in chondrocytes and perichondrial cells accelerated endochondral ossification by stimulating chondrocyte maturation and osteoblast development through upregulation of β-catenin in Col2a1-Smurf2 embryos. The mechanism underlying Smurf2-mediated morphological changes during embryonic development may provide new mechanistic insights and potential targets for prevention and treatment of human osteoarthritis.
Introduction: Our recent finding that adult Col2a1-Smurf2 mice have an osteoarthritis-like phenotype in knee joints prompted us to examine the role of Smurf2 in the regulation of chondrocyte maturation and osteoblast differentiation during embryonic endochondral ossification.
Materials and Methods: We analyzed gene expression and morphological changes in developing limbs by immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, Western blot, skeletal preparation, and histology. A series of markers for chondrocyte maturation and osteoblast differentiation in developing limbs were examined by in situ hybridization.
Results: Ectopic overexpression of Smurf2 driven by the Col2a1 promoter was detected in chondrocytes and in the perichondrium/periosteum of 16.5 dpc transgenic limbs. Ectopic Smurf2 expression in cells of the chondrogenic lineage inhibited chondrocyte differentiation and stimulated maturation; ectopic Smurf2 in cells of the osteoblastic lineage stimulated osteoblast differentiation. Mechanistically, this could be caused by a dramatic increase in the expression of β-catenin protein levels in the chondrocytes and perichondrial/periosteal cells of the Col2a1-Smurf2 limbs.
Conclusions: Ectopic expression of Smurf2 driven by the Col2a1 promoter accelerated the process of endochondral ossification including chondrocyte maturation and osteoblast differentiation through upregulation of β-catenin, suggesting a possible mechanism for development of osteoarthritis seen in these mice.
Low-Grade Metabolic Acidosis May Be the Cause of Sodium Chloride–Induced Exaggerated Bone Resorption
Authors: Frings-Meuthen Petra , Baecker Natalie , Heer Martina 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Stepwise increase in NaCl intake in healthy male test subjects led to a low-grade metabolic acidosis. This was most likely the cause for increased bone resorption during high sodium chloride intake, as determined by analyzing bone resorption markers.
Introduction: We examined the effect of increased dietary sodium chloride (NaCl) on bone metabolism and acid-base balance.
Materials and Methods: Subjects were nine healthy men (mean age, 25.7 ± 3.1 yr; mean body weight [BW], 71.5 ± 4.0 kg). During the first period (6 days), subjects received 0.7 mEq NaCl/kg BW per day (phase 1), during the second period (6 days) 2.8 mEq NaCl/kg BW per day (phase 2), during the third period (10 days) 7.7 mEq NaCl/kg BW per day (phase 3), and during the fourth period (6 days) 0.7 mEq NaCl/kg BW per day (phase 4).
Results: Twenty-four-hour urinary excretion of calcium and sodium rose significantly with increasing NaCl intake (p &lt; 0.001 for both). Urinary excretion of bone resorption markers C- and N-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX, NTX) increased from phase 2 to phase 3 (CTX, p = 0.013; NTX, p &lt; 0.001) and decreased from phase 3 to phase 4 (CTX, p &lt; 0.001; NTX, p = 0.002). Bone formation markers N-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, and osteocalcin remained unchanged from low to high NaCl intake. Blood pH levels decreased (p = 0.04) between phases 1 and 3. Blood bicarbonate (HCO3−) and base excess (BE) decreased from phases 1 to 3 (p &lt; 0.001 for both) and from phases 2–3 (HCO3−, p = 0.003; BE, p = 0.015). Nearly all bone resorption markers and acid-base variables reached their baseline levels in phase 4.
Conclusions: We conclude that low-grade metabolic acidosis may be the cause of NaCl-induced exaggerated bone resorption.
Enhancing data‐based fault isolation through nonlinear control
Authors: Ohran Benjamin J. , Peña David Muñoz de la , Christofides Panagiotis D. , Davis James F. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis work focuses on a broad class of nonlinear process systems subject to control actuator faults and disturbances and proposes a method for data‐based fault detection and isolation that explicitly takes into account the design of the feedback control law. This method allows isolating specific faults in the closed‐loop system; fault detection is done using a purely data‐based approach and fault isolation is achieved using the structure of the closed‐loop system as induced by an appropriately designed controller. This is achieved through the design of nonlinear model‐based state‐feedback control laws that decouple the dependency between certain process state variables in the closed‐loop system. In this sense, the proposed approach constitutes a departure from the available data‐based fault detection and isolation techniques which do not take advantage of the design of the feedback control law to enforce a closed‐loop system structure that enhances fault isolation. The theoretical results are demonstrated through simulations of a CSTR and a gas‐phase polyethylene reactor. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Morphological population balance for modeling crystal growth in face directions
Authors: Ma Cai Y. , Wang Xue Z. , Roberts Kevin J. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractA morphological (or polyhedral) population balance (PB) model is presented for modeling the dynamic size evolution of crystals grown from solution in all crystal growth directions. The morphological PB approach uses the crystal shape information for a single crystal obtained from morphology prediction, or experiment as the initial face locations, as well as face growth rates to predict the shape evolution of the crystal population. For each time instant during the crystallization process, the prediction uses its shape at the previous time moment, and the growth rate for the specific crystal habit plane. The methodology is demonstrated through a study of potash alum (KAl (SO4)2·12H2O), for which literature data is available for comparison and validation. The discretization method, method of classes, was used to convert the equations to ordinary differential form with the computational domain being discretized into small meshes. The ordinary differential equations (>1.5 million) were then solved simultaneously using the Runge‐Kutta‐Fehlbergh 4th/5th‐order solver with automatic time‐step control. The results obtained clearly demonstrate that the morphological PB model developed can predict crystal growth and surface area of individual habit faces in detail, together with crystal shape and size evolution. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Synthesis and characterization of bacterial cellulose/alginate blend membranes
Authors: Phisalaphong Muenduen , Suwanmajo Thapanar , Tammarate Pramote 
Published: December 2007

AbstractBacterial cellulose and alginate in an aqueous NaOH/urea solution were used as substrate materials for the fabrication of a novel blend membrane. The blend solution was cast onto a Teflon plate, coagulated in a 5 wt % CaCl2 aqueous solution, and then treated with a 1% HCl solution. Supercritical carbon dioxide drying was then applied for the formation of a nanoporous structure. The physical properties and morphology of the regenerated bacterial cellulose and blend membranes were characterized. The blend membrane with 80% bacterial cellulose/20 wt % alginate displayed a homogeneous structure and exhibited a better water adsorption capacity and water vapor transmission rate. However, the tensile strength and elongation at break of the film with a thickness of 0.09 mm slightly decreased to 3.38 MPa and 31.60%, respectively. The average pore size of the blend membrane was 10.60 Å with a 19.50 m2/g surface area. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Modeling changes in the modulus of poly(ε‐caprolactone) due to hydrolysis and plasticization
Authors: Aitchison G. A. , Walker G. S. , Jones I. A. , Rudd C. D. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe evolution of the flexural modulus of poly(ε‐caprolactone), prepared with a tin(II) 2‐ethylhexanoate catalyst, was measured in terms of the polymer molecular weight and moisture content. Changes in the polymer molecular weight were observed, but these did not result in a loss of modulus. Fickian diffusion was used to characterize the absorption of moisture into the polymer. The maximum moisture content and moisture diffusivity constant of the polymer were determined to be 0.62% and 2.039 × 10−5 mm2/s, respectively. Reductions in the polymer modulus from 0.5 to 0.4 GPa were attributed to water plasticization. An empirical expression for the polymer modulus as a function of immersion time was developed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Adsorption of hexavalent chromium on cationic starches with different degree of crosslinking
Authors: Sidlauskiene D. , Klimaviciute R. , Zemaitaitis A. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe influence of the degree of crosslinking in the association with the degree of cationization on the adsorption of Cr(VI) by crosslinked cationic starches (CCS) was examined. The amount of adsorbed Cr(VI) depends on the preparation of CCS before adsorption experiments (dry or preswollen CCS) and has a higher value when dry CCS are used. The amount of crosslinks in CCS needed to reach the maximum effectiveness of the cationic groups of CCS in the binding of Cr(VI) depends also on the form in which CCS are used. The adsorption capacity for Cr(VI) decreases both with dry and preswollen CCS when the adsorption temperature increases. The thermodynamic parameters are calculated. The negative values of ΔG° and ΔH° indicated that the adsorption process in both cases was spontaneous and exothermic. If preswollen CCS is used, the entropy change has a positive value and indicates that the randomness of the system increases, whereas the negative value of entropy change when Cr(VI) species are adsorbed by dry CCS shows that in this case the order of the system increases like in the classical adsorption process. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008