bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of CD10 immunochemistry in differentiating hepatocellular carcinoma from metastatic carcinoma of the liver
Authors: Ahuja A. , Gupta N. , Kalra N. , Srinivasan R. , Chawla Y. , Rajwanshi A. 
Published: July 2008

Background:  Differentiation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) from metastatic carcinoma in liver may be difficult on fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), especially when both appear as moderate to poorly differentiated tumours. A panel of immunocytochemical stains is frequently used in case of diagnostic difficulty. Recently, CD10 immunostain with a canalicular staining pattern has been shown to be a specific marker for hepatocytic differentiation.Objective:  The present study was designed to assess the value of CD10 immunostain in distinguishing HCC from metastatic carcinoma in material obtained by FNAC of liver masses.Materials and methods:  Formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded cell blocks of 22 cases (7 cases of HCC and 15 cases of metastatic carcinoma), direct acetone‐fixed smears and destained smears of 28 cases (18 cases of HCC and 10 cases of metastatic carcinoma) prepared from FNAC of the liver were immunostained using monoclonal antibody against CD10.Results:  Seventeen (68%) of twenty‐five cases of HCC were positive for CD10 with a canalicular staining pattern. Among them 7 (70%) of 10 cases were well‐differentiated HCC and 10 (66%) of 15 cases were moderate to poorly differentiated HCC. Of 25 cases of metastatic carcinoma, four (16%) were positive for CD10 with a cytoplasmic (three cases) and membranous staining (one case) pattern.Conclusion:  CD10 immunostaining is useful in discriminating HCC and metastatic carcinoma of the liver and is easily applied on cell blocks as well as FNAC smears.
Diagnostic accuracy of fine‐needle aspiration cytology in histological grade 1 breast carcinomas: are we good enough?
Authors: Karimzadeh M. , Sauer T. 
Published: July 2008

Background:  Fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of both palpable and non‐palpable breast carcinomas has a high accuracy and sensitivity in dedicated centres. It is generally thought that low‐grade carcinomas have a distinctly lower sensitivity due to discrete cellular atypia that may be difficult to appreciate. Grade 1 carcinomas make up about 45% of screening‐detected breast carcinomas and about 20% of symptomatic breast cancers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic sensitivity of grade 1 carcinomas and identify the critical features in the cytological diagnostic work‐up of these tumours.Methods:  There were FNAC smears from 494 histologically confirmed grade 1 carcinomas diagnosed during 1996–2004. The cytological diagnoses were compared with the histology.Results:  A definitive malignant diagnosis (absolute sensitivity) was given in 382 cases (77.3%). Equivocal or suspicious diagnoses were given in 75 (15.2%), benign or probably benign (false negative) in 24 (4.8%). Thirteen cases (2.6%) were unsatisfactory. Complete sensitivity was 92.7%. Invasive ductal carcinomas comprised 81.3% of all cases; absolute sensitivity for these was 80.9%. Invasive lobular and tubular carcinomas comprised 7.3% and 5.9% of cases, respectively; absolute sensitivity for these diagnosis was 50.0% and 57.1%, respectively, significantly lower than for other subtypes (P ≤ 0.0001) whereas the difference for complete sensitivity was less but still significant (P = 0.017). Absolute and complete sensitivities were lower for tumours less than 1 cm size compared with more than 1 cm (P ≤ 0.00001).Conclusion:  Preoperative FNAC diagnosis of grade 1 breast carcinoma has a high sensitivity, especially in ductal carcinomas. Invasive lobular and tubular carcinomas were less likely to receive a definite preoperative diagnosis. The main reason for not reaching a definitive malignant diagnosis was sampling error due to small tumours less than 1 cm in diameter, irrespective of tumour subtype.
Prospective study of urine cytology screening for BK polyoma virus replication in renal transplant recipients
Authors: Koukoulaki M. , O’Donovan M. , Pursglove S. , Alexopoulou D. , Hadjiconstantinou V. , Drakopoulos S. 
Published: July 2008

Objective:  BK virus (BKV) may be associated with interstitial nephritis in renal transplant recipients and this can lead to irreversible chronic allograft dysfunction. Early diagnosis of BKV nephropathy determines its progress because no specific antiviral therapy exists. Urine cytology, detection of viral DNA in urine or blood and renal biopsy are the main diagnostic tools. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of urine cytology for diagnosis of BKV replication in renal graft recipients.Patients and methods:  We studied 32 de novo renal transplant recipients prospectively with sequential urine samples for a period of 1 year. Thin‐Prep methodology was used to prepare the slides. Cytology results were correlated with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in urine and blood.Results:  Decoy cells indicative of BKV infection were detected in 14 (7.3%) of the 190 urine samples derived from 11 recipients. In three cases with positive decoy cells, BK viraemia and viruria were simultaneously identified. In a further three cases, BKV active replication was confirmed in urine by both cytology and PCR.Conclusions:  Urine cytology is an easy and rapid method of detecting decoy cells in cases where renal biopsy is not possible. However, the low incidence of detection of decoy cells in the present study, together with poor correlation with PCR results, questions its sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing BKV reactivation.
Diagnostic value of clot examination for malignant cells in serous effusions
Authors: Jalal R. , Aftab K. , Hasan S. H. , Pervez S. 
Published: July 2008

Objective:  To assess the diagnostic value of clot examination for satisfactory processing and confirmation of malignancy in serous effusions in routine cytological evaluation and compare the results with those of conventional smear and cell block preparations.Methodology:  Body cavity fluids (n = 600) received in our laboratory were processed according to a pre‐designed protocol for the study as follows: Day1: on receipt of the specimen, smears were made and a cell block was prepared from the sediment. Day2: after overnight sample storage of the remaining specimen at 2–8 °C all fluids were examined for the presence of a clot at the bottom of the container. Fluids in which clot had formed were fixed in formalin. The clot was then placed on a lens paper, wrapped and processed routinely. Diagnostic yields were compared.Results:  In this study, we included 600 cases of serous fluids from pleural, pericardial and peritoneal effusions. In 73% (n = 437) of samples, clot formation was seen, while in 27%, (n = 163) no clot had formed. Routine smear and cell block preparations showed malignant cells in 9.6% (n = 42). However, with the addition of the clot preparation, the number of cases in which atypical/malignant cells were seen increased from 42 to 85 (19.4%), with a P < 0.001. Special stains and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were also performed on clot preparations in 10 difficult cases.Conclusion:  Clot preparation from body cavity fluids on the second day can be used as an adjunct to smear and routine cell block preparation to improve the accuracy and yield of the cytological diagnosis and may also be of great help for special studies such as IHC staining.
Temporal dynamics of dissolved oxygen in a floating–leaved macrophyte bed
Authors: GOODWIN KARA , CARACO NINA , COLE JONATHAN 
Published: July 2008

Summary1. Oxygen concentrations in shallow vegetated areas of aquatic systems can be extremely dynamic. In these waters, characterizing the average oxygen content or frequency of low oxygen events (hypoxia) may require high frequency measurements that span seasons and even years. In this study, moored sondes were used to collect 15‐min interval dissolved oxygen (DO) readings in an embayment of the tidal Hudson River with dense coverage by an invasive floating leaved plant (Trapa natans) and in adjacent open waters. Measurements were made from late spring to summer over a 2‐year period (2005, 2006).2. Oxygen concentrations were far more dynamic in the vegetated embayment than in the adjacent open waters and while hypoxic conditions never occurred in the open waters, they occurred frequently in the vegetated site. Overall the vegetated site was hypoxic (DO < 2.5 mg L−1) 30% of the time and had an average oxygen concentration of 5.1 mg L−1. Oxygen concentration was significantly (P < 0.0001, anova) related to season, year and tide. Low tide periods during summer of 2006 had the lowest average oxygen concentration and the highest frequency of hypoxia.3. The greater hypoxia in summer than spring is related to changes in plant morphology. In the spring and early summer when plants are submersed hypoxia occurs at lower frequency and duration than in the summer when dense floating vegetation covers the water. The tidal pattern in oxygen is related to hydrologic exchange with the non‐vegetated open waters. Year‐to‐year variation may be related to relatively small changes in plant biomass between years.4. Oxygen concentrations in aquatic systems can be critical to habitat quality and can have cascading impacts on redox sensitive nutrient and metal cycling. For some systems with dynamic oxygen patterns neither weekly spot sampling nor short‐duration, high‐frequency measurements may be sufficient to characterize oxygen conditions of the system.
Biocompatibility of various root canal filling materials ex vivo
Authors: Scotti R. , Tiozzo R. , Parisi C. , Croce M. A. , Baldissara P. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractAim  To evaluate the biocompatibility of a resin‐based endodontic filler (RealSeal) using the indirect cytotoxicity test.Methodology  Human gingival fibroblasts were cultured ex vivo. Pellets of the materials to be tested were incubated for 24, 48, and 72 h at 37 °C under sterile conditions to obtain their eluates. The fibroblasts were exposed to either diluted (50%) or undiluted eluates for 24 h. A culture medium with foetal calf serum was added to the control wells. Cell viability was estimated by 3‐[4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl]‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide method. The data concerning cell viability were statistically analyzed using one‐way anova test and Bonferroni multiple comparisons test.Results  Eluates obtained after 24 h of incubation with the resin filler did not reduce cellular viability. An increase in cellular viability, as compared with control cells, was observed in the gutta‐percha group. The undiluted eluate from the polyether material was cytotoxic, causing an 82 ± 4% decrease in cellular viability. Eluates obtained after 48 h of incubation with the resin filler increased cellular viability, whereas the polyether significantly reduced viability. Gutta‐percha did not cause any detectable change. After 72 h of incubation the eluate of the resin filler caused an increase in cellular viability, as did gutta‐percha, whereas polyether caused a significant decrease.Conclusions  RealSeal resin filler was nontoxic in this laboratory model. Further investigations are necessary to verify its usefulness in clinical applications.
Research‐related activities in community‐based child health services
Authors: Comino Elizabeth J. , Kemp Lynn 
Published: July 2008

AbstractTitle.  Research‐related activities in community‐based child health services. Aim.  This paper is a report of a study to describe current research‐related activities within community‐based child health services in a large urban health service.Background.  In recent years, increased participation in research‐related activities has accompanied implementation of evidence‐based practice in hospital‐based services. Little is known about participation in these activities in community‐based health services.Methods.  We undertook a descriptive study of current research‐related activities by staff working in community‐based child health services in an urban setting in Australia in 2006–2007. Research‐related activities were defined as reflective practice, quality improvement, evaluation and research.Results.  Staff reported that research‐related activities usually comprised reflective practice or quality improvement. These activities worked best when there were sufficient staff within teams and a stable environment. Evaluation was confined to activities closely related to quality improvement. Participation in research was limited. Our consultation revealed a need for sustained investment to build organizational and workforce capacity, and resource support and infrastructure to encourage participation in research‐related activities.Conclusion.  Increased focus on evidence‐based practice has created expectations that community‐based child health service staff will utilize and contribute to research evidence. Whilst there is interest among community‐based child health service staff in participating in research‐related activities, investment in leadership, skill development, infrastructure, resource and novel ways to enhance research output within these services are needed to increase participation in research‐related activities, and the evidence base for community‐based child health services.
Effect of PETTLEP imagery training on performance of nursing skills: pilot study
Authors: Wright Caroline , Hogard Elaine , Ellis Roger , Smith Dave , Kelly Conleth 
Published: July 2008

AbstractTitle.  Effect of PETTLEP imagery training on performance of nursing skills: pilot study. Aim.  This article is a report of a study to evaluate the effect of PETTLEP‐based imagery training on nursing skill performance.Background.  Imagery structuring has been demonstrated to facilitate the development of psychomotor skills in sporting performance. A form of imagery structuring known as PETTLEP was employed in this study. PETTLEP (an acronym for its procedures) involves preparation through focussing on physical characteristics, the environment, the task itself, timing, learning, emotion and perspective.Methods.  A pilot study was conducted, using experimental design, and the data were collected in 2005. Participants in the experiment were 56 pre‐registration students from one university in the United Kingdom. Half of the students received training for two basic nursing skills using PETTLEP procedures, and scores were compared for two objective structured clinical examinations.Results.  Students who received PETTLEP training for blood pressure measurement performed statistically significantly better than those who did not (F = 4·62 P = <0·05). The training did not have a statistically significant effect for aseptic techniques. We suggest that the psychomotor element in aseptic techniques was not as important as that involved in blood pressure measurement.Conclusion.  PETTLEP imagery should be explored further as a method to help nursing students acquire skills that have a psychomotor component.
Swedish language Person‐centred Climate Questionnaire – patient version: construction and psychometric evaluation
Authors: Edvardsson David , Sandman Per‐Olof , Rasmussen Birgit 
Published: July 2008

AbstractTitle. Swedish language Person‐centred Climate Questionnaire – patient version: construction and psychometric evaluationAim. This paper is a report of a study to construct and evaluate psychometric properties of the Swedish language patient version Person‐centred Climate Questionnaire.Background. Person‐centred care is widely described as a preferred model of care as it uses the individual person’s perspective as point of departure. However, the concept is elusive and lacks definition and a means of measurement.Method. A preliminary item pool generated from qualitative studies was distributed to a sample of hospital patients (n = 544) and subjected to item analysis and reduction using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. The psychometrical properties of the final questionnaire were evaluated using statistical estimates of validity and reliability.Results. The final 17‐item questionnaire consists of three factors explaining 65·1% of the total variance in data, and shows satisfactory goodness‐of‐fit in confirmative factor analyses. The factors were labelled safety, everydayness and hospitality. Content and construct validity was estimated as satisfactory by Delphi assessment, factor and item analysis. Cronbach’s alpha was satisfactory for the total scale (0·93), and also for the three subscales: safety 0·94, everydayness 0·82 and generosity 0·64.Conclusion. The Person‐centred Climate Questionnaire is a valid and reliable contribution for assessing to what extent the climate of hospital environments is person‐centred. The instrument enables descriptions and comparisons of environments, exploration of correlates between person‐centredness and patient outcomes and/or measure results of various interventions.
Perceptions of filial piety among Taiwanese university students
Authors: Tsai Hsiu‐Hsin , Chen Mei‐Hui , Tsai Yun‐Fang 
Published: July 2008

AbstractTitle.  Perceptions of filial piety among Taiwanese university students. Aim.  This paper is a report of a study to explore the perceptions of filial piety among university students in Taiwan.Background.  Young Asians have been more influenced than their parents by recent social and economic developments, creating an intergenerational gap in attitudes towards filial piety. This gap directly influences expectations about ways of caring for ageing parents and intergenerational well‐being. Resolving these differences depends on intergenerational communication.Methods.  Data were collected in four audiotaped focus group interviews with 40 students (37 females, three males, average age = 21·3 years) at two universities in northern Taiwan during 2006. Transcripts were analysed by thematic analysis.Findings.  Taiwanese university students are likely to practise filial duty differently from their parents, but this does not mean they are less filial. Five major themes indicated that participants viewed filial piety as following cultural traditions, reciprocating parents’ love and care, loving parents from the heart, achieving intergenerational well‐being, but practising filial piety would depend on future circumstances.Conclusion.  The findings reflect a shift from their parents’ views, particularly the filial practice of living with one’s older parents. These young adults loved and respected their parents, but would consider alternative living situations for them, depending on future circumstances. As considering an alternative to culturally traditional filial practice may have an impact on intergenerational well‐being, we suggest that nurses could act as a bridge to facilitate communication between the two generations.
Patient safety culture in nursing: a dimensional concept analysis
Authors: Feng Xianqiong , Bobay Kathleen , Weiss Marianne 
Published: July 2008

AbstractTitle.  Patient safety culture in nursing: a dimensional concept analysis. Aim.  This paper is a report of a dimensional concept analysis of patient safety culture in nursing.Background.  Patient safety is an important issue in healthcare organizations. As the release of Institute of Medicine reports in the United States of America, substantial interest has arisen in studying patient safety culture; however, the concept remains poorly defined.Data sources.  Multiple databases, including CINAHL, MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Anthropological Index Online, were searched from 1970 to 2006. A keyword search method was employed followed by a combined key word search.Review methods.  A concept analysis based on Caron and Bowers’ method was carried out using 45 papers, three books and three theses after examination of the abstracts to identify definitions, dimensions, perspectives and consequences needed for content and dimensional analyses.Findings.  Nurses’ shared values, beliefs and behavioural norms towards patient safety were identified as the overarching dimensions of the patient safety culture. The four sub‐dimensions of patient safety culture were synthesized as system, personal, task‐associated and interaction. Two main philosophical perspectives, functional and interpretative, were added to the analysis and further clarification was provided.Conclusion.  It is expected that understanding the nature, as well as the key elements of the concept, would assist with analysing the existing safety culture and help to determine the strategies to build or shape the safety culture.
Patients bringing information to primary care consultations: a cross‐sectional (questionnaire) study of doctors' and nurses' views of its impact
Authors: Dilliway Greg , Maudsley Gillian 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjectives  To explore the perceived frequency and impact of patients bringing health information from the Internet to primary care consultations.Method  A questionnaire was sent to all general practitioners (GPs) and practice nurses (nurses) in a primary care trust in the North‐west of England.Results  The response was 52.3%, more nurses responding than GPs (61.2% vs 46.8%). A substantial majority (93.9% and 78.0%) had experienced patients bringing such information in the last 6 months, which often lengthened the consultations. Significantly more nurses than GPs felt that the information helped the consultation (87.1% vs 37.7%), but also reported that patients bringing such information was off‐putting (21.9% vs 6.3%).Conclusions  Both GPs and nurses experienced patients bringing health information to consultations and significantly differed in their views about whether it helped or hindered. Primary care staff should anticipate patients' use of the Internet for health information and should actively manage patients introducing it into the consultation.
Critical appraisal of the literature on economic evaluations of substitution of skills between professionals: a systematic literature review
Authors: Dierick‐van Daele Angelique T. M. , Spreeuwenberg Cor , Derckx Emmy W. C. C. , Metsemakers Job F. M. , Vrijhoef Bert J. M. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective  Substitution of skills has been introduced to increase health service efficiency, but little evidence is available about its cost‐effectiveness. This systematic review aims to identify economic evaluations of substitution between professionals, to assess the quality of the study methods applied and to value the results for decision making.Methods  Publications between January 1996 and November 2006 were searched in Medline, Cochrane, Cinahl, database of Health Technology Assessments, EPOC and Embase. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), cost–benefit analysis, interrupted time series design and systematic reviews were selected. The methodological quality of the papers was reviewed, using the critical appraisal of Drummond and the EPOC list.Results  Eleven studies were finally included of 7605 studies: three cost‐effectiveness studies, three cost‐minimization studies and five studies related to partial economic evaluations. Small numbers of participating professionals and several limitations in the cost valuation and the measurement of costs were identified.Conclusions  Several potential limitations influence the validity and generalizability. Full economic evaluations per se are of limited value for making decisions about substitution of skills. The tenuous relationship between structural, process and outcome variables is not sufficient investigated. For meaningfully placing the costs and consequences of substitution of skills in the context of health care and generating relevant data for decision making, it is strongly recommended to combine an economic evaluation (RCT) with an observational longitudinal study.