bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comment on “Antarctic drill extracts new core for climate studies”
Authors: Waddington E. D. , Grootes P. M. , Denton G. H. , Drewry D. J. 
Published: October 2006

The March 15 issue of Eos reported completion of a new ice core drilled to bedrock in Antarctica (Antarctic drill extracts new core for climate studies, Eos, 75(11), 129). A paleoclimate record over a large part of the last ice age—possibly 60,000 years or longer—is expected from the site, identified in the article as McMurdo Dome.We wish to clarify two points. First, the 200,000 year paleoclimate record reported in the March 15 story is incorrect. Second, we wish to forestall future confusion in the literature in regard to the name McMurdo Dome used in the Eos article. On the basis of an airborne radio‐echo sounding survey, Drewry [1980] first recognized the existence of an ice dome of approximately 30×80 km on the East Antarctic Plateau west of the Dry Valleys. Because the dome is the source of Taylor Glacier in Taylor Valley, he called the feature Taylor Dome. However, in the absence of an official name, the variant, McMurdo Dome, was also used in the literature [Denton et al., 1989], and for operations and field planning within the U.S. Antarctic Program.
Solar activity and geomagnetic storms: The corpuscular hypothesis
Authors: Cliver E. W. 
Published: October 2006

An earlier article published in the December 6, 1994, issue of Eos traced the history of solar‐terrestrial relations from 1852, when Sabine discovered that the 11‐year sunspot and geomagnetic activity cycles waxed and waned in unison, to the early 1890s. The narrative here picks up in 1892, a year of fomentation that led to the development of the corpuscular hypothesis by Maunder, Birkeland, Chapman, Ferraro, and others.Magnetism was “in the air” in 1892. This seminal year for solar activity saw several remarkable developments, not all of which were positive or bore immediate fruit, but each provided stimulus and a basis for subsequent progress.
What a baby
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event that stretched from 1990 until the middle of last year was not just the longest observed in 130 years of record‐keeping. It was probably a once‐in‐two‐thousand‐years event, according to two scientists at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). It was, perhaps, a harbinger of global climate change in progress.Using records from Darwin, Australia and from Tahiti, Kevin Trenberth and Timothy Hoar of NCAR's Climate and Global Dynamics Division found that from December 1989 to May 1995, pressures averaged 0.94 millibars above the 100‐year average (1882–1981). Using those same records, the researchers developed a statistical model of El Niño and simulated seasonal fluctuations over the course of a million years.
Geophysical science in the 1996 budget
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

President Clinton released on February 6 his fiscal year 1996 budget for $1.6 million. In light of the prevailing move toward a leaner government, science and technology seemed to fare relatively well with a $72.9 billion slice of the pie, which would essentially keep spending at current levels barring inflation.Director of the office of Science and Technology Policy Jack Gibbons commented that the budget—which amounts to a real cut of about 3%—“reflects the President's commitment to investing in science and technology and education.”
WMO summit on exchange of weather data may yield to status quo
Authors: Wakefield Julie 
Published: October 2006

A stalemate may seal the stormy debate over the free exchange of weather data at the upcoming Congress of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) that begins May 26 in Geneva, U.S. officials say. The central conflict is how to maintain open access for academics while allowing government and industry players to have commercialism.European nations are pushing for a vote on a proposal to develop a two‐tiered system for the exchange of international meteorological data. The first‐tier data—to include mainly synoptic‐scale information—would be freely exchanged internationally; distribution of the second‐tier data would be regulated by guidelines established by WMO.
Scholer begins 1995”1997 tenure at GRL
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Manfred Scholer of the Max‐Planck‐Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik has been named European Regional Editor of Geophysical Research Letters to serve with Vincent Courtillot. He brings to this GRL editorship valuable experience as an associate editor for the Journal of Geophysical Research—Space Physics from 1986 to 1988. He received a citation for excellence in reviewing of JGR in 1991.Scholer's breadth of knowledge in space physics is wide; his research area ranges from solar physics, heliospheric physics, and galactic cosmic ray physics to the study of the magnetosphere and ionosphere. Other research interests include spacecraft data analysis, theory, and numerical modeling, particularly numerical modeling of space physics processes. He served as coinvestigator on the ISEE‐1, ISEE‐3 (ICE), and the SAMPEX missions, and is currently the coinvestigator on the Cluster and SOHO missions.
Meeting zeros in on past global change in western North America
Authors: Anderson Roger Y. , Dunbar Robert B. 
Published: October 2006

A major effort is under way to reconstruct past changes in climate in western North America to address uncertainties in predicting physical and biologic responses to climate change at societal timescales. Sixty scientists from an array of disciplines recently met in Albuquerque to explore the reconstruction and modeling methods that can maximize the scientific return of this effort. Paleoclimate transects are one strategy for organizing climate‐related research.Past Global Changes (PAGES), a core projectof the International Geosphere‐Biosphere Program, is using several paleoclimate transects which will eventually comprise a global network of paleoclimatological sites. PEP‐I—which this article discusses—is comprised of North and South America, PEP‐II covers Australia and Asia, and PEP‐III includes Africa and Europe.
Smith accepts JGR‐Oceans editorship
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Walker O. Smith, Jr. has accepted the title of biological oceanography editor for the Journal of Geophysical Research—Oceans, serving a term of 1995–1998. Smith received his Ph.D. from Duke University in 1976 and is currently professor and associate director of the Graduate Program in Ecology at the University of Tennessee.As a graduate student, Smith worked in a study of coastal upwelling ecosystems, and from that training learned the value of collaborative, interdisciplinary approaches to oceanographic problems.
New geomagnetic activity index series published for 1844–1880
Authors: Nevanlinna Heikki 
Published: October 2006

Between 1820 and 1840 a number of geomagnetic observatories and stations was established throughout the world. From these early foundations the present network was built. The Helsinki magnetic observatory, one of the early stations, was built in 1838 by the Finnish scientific community. The observatory operated continuously until it was closed in 1912. Yet, until our 2‐year project to examine and archive its carefully collected data, most of its 70‐year data record had not been studied.We have now archived all 900,000 declination results made at Helsinki from 1844 to 1909 and the data are available to interested researchers over the Internet and on diskette. In examining the data, we found that the magnetic field variations were recorded so reliably that the D‐series forms a rather homogeneous database [Nevanlinna et al., 1993]. The Helsinki data set, spanning five solar cycles, gives valuable information about geomagnetic activity and secular variations for a period from which little useful magnetic data exist from other observations.
AGU Front Range Meeting draws a crowd
Authors: Rush Sandra 
Published: October 2006

Student involvement was high at the 1995 annual Front Range Branch AGU meeting, held at Colorado State University in Fort Collins earlier this year. A number of professors incorporated the meeting into their class agendas, and student presenters represented universities from the Front Range Rocky Mountain area and from as far away as Puerto Rico.The 2‐day meeting was highlighted by a panel discussion on “Scientific Issues in Developing countries,” which served as the theme of the second day of the meeting. The convener of the meeting was Jorge A. Ramirez of Colorado State University.
Boundary between paleoplates investigated with several techniques
Authors: Livelybrooks Dean W. , Banks Roger J. 
Published: October 2006

Beginning in the Cambrian and continuing into Silurian times the Iapetus Ocean separating Avalonia and Laurentia was consumed by subduction beneath Avalonia and possibly beneath Laurentia. Paleontological evidence found in Lower Paleozoic rocks collected in the Southern Uplands of Scotland and in the Lake District in England confirms that the boundary separating the paleoplates, the Iapetus Suture, lies between the two geological provinces, but it is obscured by the Carboniferous and younger sediments of the Northumberland Trough.The results of three different geophysical techniques—reflection seismics, magnetotellurics, and magnetic variation measurements—have been combined in a single interpretation to illuminate the crustal structure associated with this ancient convergence zone [Banks et al., 1995”. High‐quality seismic reflection profiles acquired in the North Sea (NEC, Figure 1a) and the Irish Channel just off the coast of Britain give tantalizing evidence for northward dipping, midcrustal structures that have been identified as the Iapetus Suture (IN and IS, Figure 1b).
Active hydrothermal system drilled at the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge
Authors:   ODP Leg 158 Shipboard Scientific Party
Published: October 2006

Between September and November 1994, drilling documented for the first time the sequence of events that led to the growth of a massive sulfide deposit on the seafloor and revealed the subsurface nature of a volcanic‐hosted hydrothermal system on a mid‐ocean ridge.The drilling was conducted at the Trans‐Atlantic Geotraverse (TAG) active hydrothermal mound at 26°08′N on the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge (Figure 1) by Leg 158 of the Ocean Drilling Program. Drilling penetrated the mound and reached a depth of 125 m below the seafloor near the center of the mound, revealing the structure of the underlying zone of altered basalts through which the hydrothermal fluids flowed to the surface.
Researchers advance continental drilling for paleoclimate records
Authors: Colman Steven M. 
Published: October 2006

Paleoclimate records can be used to achieve truly global reconstructions of past climates. They reveal changes on time and spatial scales that are pertinent to human activities and provide a record of how climate change has affected landscapes, fauna, and vegetation.An international group of scientists representing 15 countries met in Potsdam, Germany, from June 30 to July 2,1995, to discuss continental drilling for paleoclimate records. The participants agreed that now is the time to energize and organize the continental paleoclimate community. As climate‐simulation models become more advanced and marine and ice core records improve, a network of high‐quality, continental paleoclimate records is especially important.
Mussel watch
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Contamination of U.S. coastal areas may be decreasing as a result of environmental regulations that have banned or curtailed toxic chemicals, concludes a report by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The report, “Recent Trends in Coastal Environmental Quality: Results from the Mussel Watch Project,” presents results of analyzing chemical concentrations found in mussel and oyster tissues collected every year since 1986.These mollusks are collected once a year at more than 240 sites nationwide and analyzed for over 70 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, chlorinated pesticides, butyltins, and toxic trace elements such as copper, cadmium, and lead. The report states that from 1986 to 1993 there were many more decreases than increases in chemical concentrations in coastal regions. These decreasing trends were not unexpected; all of the monitored chlorinated hydrocarbons have been banned for use in the United States, and tributyltin has been banned as a biocide on recreational boats.
Are magnetic storms hazardous to your health?
Authors: Roederer Juan G. 
Published: October 2006

In recent years, solid scientific evidence has been obtained indicating that certain species of migratory birds, fish and insects can sense the Earth's magnetic field and use this information for orientation and navigation [e.g., Beason and Nichols, 1984; Kirschvink, 1994]. The primary field‐sensing units (magnetosomes) in brain cells may be quite sensitive: some bees have been found to respond to magnetic field intensity changes of only a few tens of nanotesla.Studies claiming that natural, solar variability‐driven time variations, of the Earth's magnetic field can affect living organisms are on less solid ground. This subject is now loosely called biogeomagnetics; it does not include the politically sensitive topic of power‐line and domestic ELF (extreme low frequency) field effects. Scores of biomedical scientists and clinicians throughout the world are involved in this research and have become steadfast users of solar‐terrestrial data. In recent years, the Scientific Committee on Solar‐Terrestrial Physics (SCOSTEP) of the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) has been asked repeatedly to include biogeomagnetics among its international projects, but has refused. A commissioned report on this topic to SCOSTEP is available on request from Juan Roederer.
New database documents the magnetic character of the Arctic and North Atlantic
Authors: Macnab Ron , Verhoef Jacob , Roest Walter , Arkani‐Hamed Jafar 
Published: October 2006

Magnetic observations of the Arctic and North Atlantic Oceans and adjacent land areas have been compiled in a new database that offers an unprecedented look at the magnetic anomalies over the continents and oceans of the study area. The most visible result of this compilation is the shaded relief map shown in Figure 1, which offers one of the most complete and coherent perspectives to date of the region's magnetic character. When combined with other types of observations, this information promises to shed new light on the breakup of the continents and the creation of the seafloor.Another product of the compilation is a grid of magnetic anomalies with wavelengths shorter than 400 km. Defined at regular intervals of 5 km, these grid values are well suited to quantitative tectonic investigations and to the automated production of accurate maps. Upon conclusion of the project in the first quarter of 1996, a digital version of the final grid will be released into the public domain for free and unrestricted use by investigators, along with full documentation and regional magnetic anomaly maps.
Scientists must be constituents
Authors: Thomas Dave 
Published: October 2006

Former House Speaker Tip O'Neill often used the phrase: “All politics is local.” According to Anne Marcantognini, deputy chief of staff for the Science Committee of the U.S. House of Representatives, that is a saying that American scientists should take to heart.Meeting recently with AGU's Committee on Public Affairs (COPA), Marcantognini emphasized the central role that scientists must play in stating the case for federal spending on research. She reminded COPA members that the effort to balance the federal budget by 2002 has brought almost about every federal program under intense scrutiny. And while support for basic research remains an important part of the initiatives of the House Science Committee, every dollar spent these days must be fully justified.
Unexpected shock rocks an “aseismic” area
Authors: Stiros Stathis C. 
Published: October 2006

A strong earthquake with surface wave magnitude 6.6 hit the small town of Grevena in northwest Greece on May 13, 1995. This unexpected earthquake surprised the seis‐mological community: it damaged more than 5,000 houses and caused more than half a billion dollars damage, but no deaths.This event was just one of the frequent, strong (M≥6.0) earthquakes that hit Greece but cause relatively few deaths. There are two main reasons for this phenomenon: houses in most parts of Greece are designed to withstand earthquakes, and epicenters of most shocks are in the sea. Seismic waves are therefore attentuated when they reach inhabited areas. This event was even more remarkable, however. Where in the past, most of the epicenters of the shocks were in the sea, and the seismic waves were attenuated when they reached inhabited areas, in the case of the recent Grevena earthquake, the epicenter of the shock was inland, close to inhabited areas, while most of the houses were old and of low strength. Yet, the earthquake occurred on a nice spring Saturday morning, and most people alerted by a small foreshock were luckily outside of the buildings that collapsed. This event proves that lack of fatalities does not necessarily suggest weak earthquake magnitude. This is an important consideration to keep in mind when evaluating the 2500‐year record of seismicity in Greece and other areas.
Lucien J. B. LaCoste (1908–1995)
Authors: Harrison Chris 
Published: October 2006

Lucien LaCoste, an inventor and gravity meter builder whose work is of major importance to both the research community and the exploration industry, died recently after a long, rich career. Can you imagine this happening today… brilliant young faculty member abandons a secure academic career to form a company with his senior professor, then dominates a major competitive field of geophysics for 50 years through sheer creative genius, while maintaining complete independence and the highest standards of integrity? It is the stuff that dreams are made of.LaCoste was attracted to the University of Texas at Austin by the quality of the tennis program there, which was arguably the best in the country in the late 1920s. He lettered in tennis three times, developed an interest in physics, and obtained his doctorate in 1933. He then went to the California Institute of Technology to study quantum mechanics, a move calculated to bring him back to Texas as a member of the faculty, as quantum mechanics was a new field with few qualified instructors.
Pacific Ocean influences atmospheric carbon dioxide
Authors: Meyers Steven D. , O'Brien James J. 
Published: October 2006

A question germane to the study of climate is: When does an El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event occur?The Japanese Meteorological Agency(JMA) considers an El Niño (the warm extreme of the ENSO cycle) to be underway when sea surface temperature (SST) in the tropical Pacific Ocean is a minimum of 0.5°C warmer than normal for at least six consecutive months. This definition does not account for what causes the El Niño: a large, down‐welling Kelvin wave propagating eastward across the equatorial Pacific Ocean [Busalacchi and O'Brien, 1981]. A new definition of El Niño based on sea level (SL) takes this into account and modifies our understanding of the global climate cycle. (Sea level at tropical locations such as Galapagos Islands can be used as a surrogate variable for thermocline depth.)
Imaging the San Andreas Fault with explosion and earthquake sources
Authors: Thurber C. , Lutter W. , Roecker S. , Ellsworth W. 
Published: October 2006

Mounting evidence suggests that fault zone heterogeneity may play a crucial role in the localization of rupture in earthquakes [Aki, 1995]. The heterogeneity can take several forms: spatial variations in physical properties (elastic properties, pore fluid pressure, etc.) or complexity in the fault surface (bends, offsets, etc.). High‐resolution, three‐dimensional models of the P and S wave velocity (Vp and Vs) structure and accurate hypocenters provide tools for studying the effects of fault zone heterogeneity on rupture localization.A dense, passive array of 48 seismic instruments was deployed south of Hollister, California, from mid‐November 1994 to late May 1995. The array obtained local‐earthquake seismograms for high‐resolution, three‐dimensional imaging of the (Vp and Vs) structure in the San Andreas fault zone. In mid‐May, anactive seismic experiment was also carried out. Figure 1 shows a 7‐km wide, 3‐ to 4‐km deep zone of very low Vp imaged during the experiment. The zone is bounded on the southwest by the San Andreas fault and the adjacent Northern Gabilan Range. The San Andreas fault appears to be approximately vertical to at least 5 km depth (the limit of good model resolution), contrary to an existing model based on gravity data.
Debate heating up
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

From a bird's eye view, 1995 was an average year for global temperatures, marked by a sudden, late‐year cooling trend. From the ground, it was one of the hottest years on record.Using microwave sounding units on NOAA satellites, atmospheric scientist John Christy and colleagues at the University of Alabama‐Huntsville's Earth System Science Lab found that the average global temperature (from the surface to 6‐km elevation) for 1995 was 0.027°C above “normal.” Normal is defined as the average of temperatures from 1981 to 1991. According to Christy, 1995 was the eighth warmest year at the surface since satellite temperature data were first collected, in 1979. However, temperatures over the northern hemisphere plummeted 0.7°C from November to December, the largest 1‐month hemispheric change on record. The previous record was a 0.51°C warming trend over the southern hemisphere in September–October 1984.
The what, where, when, and why of magnetospheric substorm triggers
Authors: Spence Harlan E. 
Published: October 2006

Over the past three decades, terrestrial magnetospheric physics has had a unifying and hotly debated focus: the magnetospheric substorm. A magnetospheric substorm is a three‐phase phenomenon [McPherron, 1979] in which energy is first extracted from the solar wind flow, transported, and stored within the Earth's magnetospheric magnetic fields (growth phase). The stored magnetic energy is then converted and released explosively within the magnetosphere and auroral ionosphere (expansion phase). Then the magnetosphere and auroral ionosphere relax, entering a quiescent state (recovery phase).Understanding of this global process has unified the magnetospheric and auroral communities by providing the “big picture” of magnetospheric dynamics as a backdrop against which unrelated areas of more focused research may be put in context. The topic debated in the accompanying articles centers on one aspect of magnetospheric substorms, namely what triggers the expansion phase. The companion papers present two perspectives on substorm triggers: one advocates a trigger that is driven by an external change in the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), while the other argues that external triggers are just one of many mechanisms that lead to the expansion phase, including internal instabilities.