bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prediction of the Loading Along the Leg During Snow Skiing
Authors: Quinn TP , Mote CD 
Published: March 2009

The complete force and moment on each cross section of the leg between the ski boot top and the knee during normal skiing were predicted from measurements of the force and moment under the toe and heel of the boot and the flexion of the ankle. The force and moment components predicted at the base of the boot were significantly different from those predicted at sites of potential injury at the boot top and the knee. The extreme torsional and extreme varus-valgus moments predicted at the knee over all subjects tested were 70 Nm and 149 Nm, which are within the estimated range of the ultimate strength of the knee without support from contracted muscles crossing the knee.
Regression analyses were used to find the force components at the base of the boot that best predict the bending and torsional moments at the boot top and knee. The torsional moments at the boot top and knee are better predicted by the medial-lateral force at the toe than by the medial-lateral force at the heel. The varus-valgus moment at the boot top and knee are better predicted by the resultant medial-lateral force component at the base of the boot than by the medial-lateral force at the toe or by the medial-lateral force at the heel. The set of forces that includes the force normal to the ski at the toe, the force normal to the ski at the heel and the component of the total force normal to the ski directed perpendicular to the leg was better at predicting the anterior-posterior bending moments at the boot top and knee than the force normal to the ski at the heel or the force normal to the ski at the toe or a linear combination of those two forces.
Injury Mechanisms of the Ankle Joint in High Ski Boots: Photoelastic and Mechanical Investigations on the Human Bone Specimen
Authors: Plitz W , Kuhn V , Maier A , Carl C , Hagena F-W 
Published: March 2009

A special testing device was developed to simulate the different kinds of injuries and to determine the necessary or originating forces and moments. By means of this testing device it was possible to adjust the following parameters referring to the ankle joint in accordance with the possible positioning in the various kinds of high ski boots—dorsal flexion, pronation or supination, and load, dependent on the skier's weight.
Afterward, the injury mechanism was induced by means of a continuous outer or inner rotation of the fixed lower leg. Starting from the Genetic Classification of ankle joint injuries according to Lauge-Hansen, which describes their origin and pattern, the following problem arose: Is this Genetic Classification of fractures in the ankle joint area also wholly valid in the case of an “arthrodesian” effect in the high ski boot? In order to answer this question, tests were performed on human bone specimen. The load characteristics and the directions of the application of force were determined in preliminary tests in ordef to obtain well-aimed clinical patterns of injuries in fracture tests. For this purpose, photoelastic examinations were carried out by means of photoelastic bone coating and polarized light.
The results of our tests so far are: Torsion of the lower leg relative to the tarsus may occur in the high ski boot even if the boot is optimally fastened; considering the special situation of the high ski boot, the cases of simple eversion and inversion should be added to the classification based on Lauge-Hansen; injuries induced with fixed positions of pronation and supination have proved to be just like those of free movement.
3-D Video Motion Analysis on the Slope—A Practical Way to Analyze Motion Patterns in Alpine Skiing
Authors: Schaff P , Hauser W 
Published: March 2009

A detailed knowledge of motion patterns in sport is the basis for injury prevention, as well as performance enhancement. During the last two decades, enormous progress has been made in the field of video technology (U-matic, VHS, SVHS), that is now an alternative to 16 mm film. The goal of this study is to use a new SVHS video analysis system (Peak Performance System) on the slope for analyzing three different skiing techniques and revealing the practicality, accuracy and reliability of such a technique under extreme field conditions. Demonstrating each of the techniques, three different skiers were measured ten times, by using a 3-D camera setup with three synchronized video cameras. Sampling rate was set to 50 Hz. The calibration was done by using a theodolite and a calibration frame (cube) for smaller fields of view. The total time to set up the whole field was found to be one hour. In order to have a large enough picture to digitize, we chose only one turn to be in the field of view.
We found significant differences between the techniques in vertical acceleration, upper body rotation and angular displacement of the knee joint. By means of a computer animated stick figure, we could optically demonstrate the differences after rotating the figure into the proper position. Splitting the screen in up to four quadrants allowed comparison of the different techniques on screen.
The results lead to the conclusion that such a technique is a reliable, practical tool to establish a risk discrimination for the knee between different techniques. In addition there is valuable information that can be used to enhance the performance of the skier as well as lead to injury prevention.
Tobogganing Injuries in Australia
Authors: Sherry E , Biankin AV 
Published: March 2009

People come to the snow fields either to ski or to enjoy the snow-covered environment. The latter group includes people who toboggan.
In Australia, many people have either never seen snow or are at the beginner's stage of skiing. However, this is changing as cheap package bus tours to ski resorts now put snowrelated sports within the economic grasp of more people. Many of these newcomers view tobogganing as a safer introduction to snow sports. Although it is easier and cheaper, it may not be safer.
We collected detailed data on 77 tobogganing injuries from the 1985 season. This data included basic epidemiological information on the Australian tobogganist including determination of the mechanism of injury. The average age of the injured tobogganist was 18.2 (range 4 to 62), 49% were male, 50% were injured within 1 h of this activity, most (84%) had never snow skied, and 65% were unaware of the hazards of tobogganing.
Of the 77 injuries, 24 (31.2%) were to the lower spine and pelvis and, except for one, were only soft tissue injuries with no neurological signs. One was an acetabular fracture of the pelvis; 21 (27%) injured their lower limbs; 9 were contusions, 1 was a tibial plateau fracture, 7 were fractured ankles, 3 were ankle sprains and 1 minor fracture; 20 (26%) suffered head and face injuries; and 4 suffered a fractured nose and 16 had lacerations/contusions. Ten (13%) injured their upper limb, two (3%) were fractures, and two (3%) had soft tissue injuries of their cervical spine. No serious head or spinal injuries were seen (that is, no neurological signs).
Adverse snow and weather conditions appeared to play a minimal role in the causation of injuries (5%); 65% of injuries were due to loss of control, while 19.5% were due to natural hazards such as rocks or ditches. Of injuries, 10.5% were tobogganists hit by tobogganists as they walked back up the slope dragging their toboggan.
Tobogganing in Australia is not the sophisticated Northern hemispheric equivalent seen at the Winter Olympics. The vehicle available here is a cheap, plastic shell, square and shallow (measuring 80 by 38 by 63 cm) with an attached rope to pull it up the slope but with no steering or braking controls. Tobogganists mostly sit with their spine flexed and their feet either within or extending outside the toboggan. On contested slopes, collisions may occur with the ground, rocks, flora, other tobogganists, and pedestrians. The operator uses his legs to brake, curls his hands out over the side of the vehicle to secure himself, and his pelvis rests flat against the hard toboggan surface.
We conclude that tobogganing is a perilous introduction to snow-related sports, and it is not as safe as skiing. There is a need to provide a more controllable vehicle and tobogganist education with regard to the possible dangers.
Testing Methods in Fretting Fatigue: A Critical Appraisal
Authors: Vincent L , Berthier Y , Godet M 
Published: March 2009

Fatigue damage in fretting after crack formation is only initiated under very specific conditions of both amplitude and load. Experience shows, that for a given load the velocity difference between the core of the rubbing specimen and the friction pads is accommodated as amplitude increases through the three following mechanisms: 1. Elastic displacements in homogeneous rubbing solids (or first bodies) is a non-destructive process which will not alter specimen life. 2. Elastic displacements in cracked rubbing solids (or first bodies) can lead to fatigue failure. This mechanism is dangerous as it can lead to failure and thus to life reduction. 3. Shear in debris beds (third-bodies), formed by particles detached from first-bodies. In most instances, these beds protect the rubbing surfaces and prevent or at least retard crack formation and thus fatigue.
The significant drop in life observed experimentally in modified fatigue machines is noted only because the conditions which lead to Mechanism 2 above are often favored in this type of device. An original static fretting fatigue approach is proposed.
Variables of Fretting Process: Are There 50 of Them?
Authors: Dobromirski JM 
Published: March 2009

It has been reported that up to 50 variables might influence the magnitude and rate of the fretting process.
Predictions of the fatigue strength under fretting conditions were reported to be successful when based on “stress models” (e.g., the fracture mechanics approach). These predictions use only a few variables of the fretting process such as external load, contact pressure, coefficient of friction, and the amplitude of relative slip.
A concept of “primary” and “secondary” sets of fretting variables has been proposed. The “primary” set of variables includes the coefficient of friction, magnitude of slip and contact pressure acting at the fretting interface. The “secondary” set of variables affects the fretting process through changes these variables cause in the “primary” set of variables.
The coefficient of friction has been identified as the main variable of the fretting process. Analysis of the literature shows that the effect which many other variables have on the fretting process can be explained by the changes these variables cause in the value of the coefficient of friction.
The Development of a Fretting Fatigue Experiment with Well-Defined Characteristics
Authors: Hills DA , Nowell D 
Published: March 2009

It is shown that many of the unknowns present in a rotating-bending fretting fatigue experiment, fitted with a clamped bridge arrangement, may be avoided by moving to an entirely different geometry, based on a standard uniaxial tensile test specimen. A pair of cylinders is pressed against this specimen, producing a Hertzian contact, and a shear force is developed by impeding axial displacement. The apparatus is run in the partial-slip regime so that the relative displacement within the contact may be calculated.
The well-defined geometry permits a rigorous analysis of contact pressure, shear traction distribution, interior stress fields, and crack tip stress intensity factors for any cracks present. Explicit equations for these quantities are developed which enable the physical parameters responsible for crack initiation, development, and early propagation to be readily obtained. Refinements to the classical contact calculations include analysis of the effects of using elastically dissimilar contacting elements, the influence of the thickness of the specimen, and the effect of surface roughness on the contact pressure and the interior stress field. A size effect discovered using this apparatus described is also reported.
Fretting Fatigue Analysis of Strength Improvement Models with Grooving or Knurling on a Contact Surface
Authors: Hattori T , Nakamura M , Ishizuka T 
Published: March 2009

Previously the authors introduced a fretting fatigue evaluation method using stress analysis and fracture mechanics analysis of the contacting structures. Using this method the fretting fatigue limit can be estimated by comparing the calculated stress intensity factor of the crack which originates at the contact edge with the material's threshold stress intensity factor range.
In this paper the authors apply this fretting fatigue strength evaluation method to fretting fatigue strength improvement models with grooving or knurling on a contact surface. These estimated results are compared with the experimental results of a fretting fatigue test using grooving or knurling pad type specimens. The strength improvement of these two models can be confirmed analytically and experimentally. Finally, the optimization of groove shapes such as the radius and depth of a groove are discussed using the above evaluation method.
The Application of Electrochemical Techniques to Evaluate the Role of Corrosion in Fretting Fatigue of a High Strength Low Alloy Steel
Authors: Price S , Taylor DE 
Published: March 2009

An experimental assembly has been developed to enable aqueous fretting fatigue tests to be performed with an orthogonally crossed cylinder arrangement of fatigue specimen and fretting pad. The equipment has been employed in a study of the fretting fatigue behavior of the high strength, low alloy steel, Corten A, in both air and synthetic seawater environments.
The use of impressed cathodic protection has identified electrochemical dissolution processes as having a significant influence on fatigue life. Normal corrosion fatigue in seawater produces a 60% reduction in fatigue life compared to that in air, while the imposition of fretting causes a further 24% reduction in fatigue life.
The initiation sites of fretting fatigue cracks occur at the boundary between slip and non-slip regions in both air and aqueous environments. Cracks propagate at an oblique angle to the surface of the fatigue specimen. On leaving the zone of influence set up by the alternating shear stress, the cracks propagate perpendicular to the applied cyclic stress.
The NIH Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee: An Example of the Self-Regulatory Process
Authors: McGarrity GJ 
Published: March 2009

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) first developed guidelines for the safe laboratory use of recombinant DNA in 1976. The NIH organized the Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee (RAC) to advise and guide work in this area. The RAC consists of biomedical researchers and members from the general public.
The NIH guidelines have been modified several times since 1976 as new data have become available. This flexibility has enabled the RAC to keep pace with the rapid developments occurring in research and development in this area. The scope, content, and methods of revision of the NIH guidelines are described. The scope and objectives of the RAC are also described. Available data suggest that the RAC has made significant contributions to the field and has created a high degree of confidence among scientists and the public.
Design Criteria for Safety in the Isolation and Purification of Antibiotics and Biologically Active Compounds
Authors: Paul EL 
Published: March 2009

A summary is presented of safety-related design considerations and practices in the isolation and purification of antibiotics and other biologically active compounds from fermentation broths, as practiced by Merck & Co., Inc., in current production operations.
Profiles of physical activity are established on process streams, isolated intermediates, and the final bulk active compound. Design criteria for worker protection are developed based on these profiles.
Community Awareness: Cooperation or Confrontation
Authors: Hyer WC 
Published: March 2009

A current, well-thought-out community awareness program should be part of the management plan of every bioprocessing facility.
The enactment of Title III, “Emergency Planning and Community Right-To-Know,” of the federal Superfund Amendment and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (SARA) indicates a fundamental shift towards more involvement on the part of local citizens with manufacturing facilities which they believe might impact upon their safety and health.
This paper discusses how public expectations of industry have been shifting over the past four decades, points out trends which will lead to a greater importance of community awareness, delineates five different situations in which community awareness plays a major role, and offers suggestions for developing an effective community awareness program.
Building Deck Waterproofing from the Point of the Specifier's “Pencil”
Authors: Racusin RG 
Published: March 2009

Basic concepts of building deck waterproofing stem from the need for economic use of limited land resources, from the advantage of thermal efficiency inherent with underground structures, and from esthetic considerations in architectural design. Plaza or terrace construction is simply a roof uniquely designed to accommodate other uses—pedestrian promenades, recreational and entertainment functions, and exhibition or parking areas—over occupied space. The most frequent problem in these types of construction is the failure to meet the fundamental need to keep water from leaking into the space below.
This paper addresses only the specification of quality and technical aspects of the design for the installation of waterproofing systems for horizontal applications. The specifier's selection of the waterproofing membrane depends on the type of substrate and on the nature of anticipated overlying components including membrane protection, insulation, drainage provisions, and wear surface, and on ambient climatic conditions and geographic location The wear surface can be monolithic or unitized.
The specifier should include requirements to protect components prior to installation and to prevent damage to the completed waterproofing membrane and overlying components.
Preconstruction quality assurance should include materials manufacturers and their applicators coordinating the surface treatment of substrate construction in order to assure compatibility of the substrate with the waterproofing membrane, and certifying the components and materials to be used. Contractor quality control should be specified to include continuous inspection of the application procedures and documentation of the installation.
The specifications must be coordinated and complementary with the drawings and details to avoid ambiguity, vagueness, and contradiction. The selected system of waterproofing membrane and related components should dictate the appropriate type of specification.
The histories of several projects will illustrate aspects of specifying building deck water-proofing.
Sources of nonpropnetary information for the design and installation of waterproofing systems include ASTM standards and the publications of trade organizations for architects, engineers, specifiers, applicators, and manufacturers. Components for the waterproofing system can be specified by use of generic standards or proprietary identifications.
Test Methods Used in ASTM Specifications for Liquid-Applied Elastomeric Membranes for Waterproofing Concrete
Authors: Evans RM 
Published: March 2009

There are two types of waterproofing membranes, each designed to meet the special problems of concrete. The tests required by the two ASTM specifications for membranes—C 836 with a separate wearing course and C 957 with an integral wearing course—reflect the real life requirements of concrete surfaces.
Because concrete shrinks when weak, it tends to crack. Both specifications have tests to measure the ability to bridge cracks that open after the floor is laid and coated. Because concrete is very alkaline, both tests require tests of adhesion to concrete after water immersion. These same tests reflect the ability to penetrate and strengthen the powdery surface of the concrete.
A major application of waterproofings with an integral wearing course is the decks of parking garages. For this usage, tests of abrasion resistance, water and chemical resistance, and weather resistance are included in ASTM C 957.
This paper describes and critiques the rationale for these tests.
Damage Measurements on Optical Materials for Use in High-Peak-Power Lasers
Authors: Rainer F , Brusasco RM , Campbell JH , De Marco FP , Gonzales RP , Kozlowski MR , Milanovich FP , Morgan AJ , Scrivener MS , Staggs MC , Thomas IM , Velsko SP , Wolfe CR 
Published: March 2009

Recently, we have expanded our efforts to develop state-of-the-art optical components for use in large-scale, high-peak-power, solid state lasers. Laser-induced damage to many of these components sets critical constraints on construction costs and limits the peak powers attainable in current and proposed devices. Increasing the damage threshold whenever possible by improving materials fabrication technology is therefore the ultimate goal of our work. The optical components and technological developments we are investigating are: Highly reflective mirrors • Kilo-layer coatings fabricated by high-temperature, plasma chemical vapor deposition (PCVD) • Laser conditioned physical-vapor-deposition (PVD) coatings • Multi-layer sol-gel coatings Anti-reflective coatings • Single layer sol-gel coatings deposited on substrates and non-linear crystals Non-linear crystals • High purity KDP, LAP and related frequency conversion crystals Substrates and laser hosts • High threshold surface preparation techniques • High threshold bulk materials Polarizers • Advanced PVD multi-layer coatings
Our research has resulted in an extensive database of laser-damage measurements. We present summaries of these measurements with particular emphasis on those taken at 1064 nm and 355 nm.
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Roofing: Preliminary Field Test Results
Authors: Foltz S , Bailey DM 
Published: March 2009

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) single-ply roofing systems have been installed at three U.S. military facilities for a ten year evaluation. This paper reports preliminary results through the first six years of testing. The test is part of long-term research by the U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (USA CERL) to identify alternatives to conventional built-up roofing for military construction and reroofing.
Membrane samples were taken periodically based on a schedule of every six months for the first two years and annually during the next four years. Laboratory testing was performed by the U. S. Bureau of Reclamation using American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) methods in most cases. A total of ten tests measuring mechanical and physical properties of the membranes and the seams were performed on each set of samples. Four other tests were done on a limited basis.