bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Post–Uruguay Round price linkages between developed and developing countries: the case of rice and wheat markets
Authors: Yavapolkul Navin , Gopinath Munisamy , Gulati Ashok 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe Uruguay Round Agreement on agriculture attempted to lower distortions in global agricultural markets. However, the significant fall in commodity prices in the late 1990s may have reduced the incentives for both developed and developing countries to better integrate into world markets. This study analyzes price linkages and adjustment between developed and developing countries during the post–Uruguay Round period. Prices of two key commodities, long‐grain rice and medium‐hard wheat, are assembled for major exporters and producers. Results of multivariate cointegration analysis suggest partial market integration between developed and developing countries in the post–Uruguay Round period. Developed countries are found to be price leaders in these two markets, and in most cases, changes in their prices have relatively large impacts on those of the developing countries. Developing countries (e.g., Vietnam and Argentina) have faced considerable price adjustment due to changes in the developed countries' prices.
Food consumption dynamics: a nonparametric approach using maximum entropy estimation
Authors: Stokes J. R. , Frechette D. L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWe model dynamic consumer choice in a stochastic optimal control framework and show conditions under which observable market share data possess the Markov property. Using 30 years of annual aggregate milk consumption data differentiated by fat content, maximum entropy is used to estimate nonstationary transition probabilities showing how consumer tastes and preferences have changed over time. The maximum entropy approach allows for the estimation of a 4 × 4 transition probability matrix for each year of the sample. Results suggest that skim milk was an absorbing state over most of the sample but that the trend toward skim milk has decelerated and possibly reversed itself since 1998. Our approach provides a useful complement to existing parametric approaches to demand analysis when data are limited or the problem is ill‐posed.
Differences in Trait Anger Among Children with Varying Levels of Anger Expression Patterns
Authors: Rice Marti , Howell Carol 
Published: April 2006

PROBLEM:  Little research has been done with children to determine effects of using various patterns of anger expression on trait anger. The purpose was to examine differences in trait anger of children who indicated high, moderate, or low use of three patterns of anger expression. METHODS:  A convenience sample of 1,060 third through sixth graders completed trait anger and patterns of expressing anger instruments. FINDINGS:  High users of anger‐out (anger expressed outwardly) had the highest trait anger for every grade while high users of anger‐reflection/control had the lowest. CONCLUSIONS:  Anger‐reflection/control may be more effective than anger‐out in reducing trait anger in school‐age children.
Aromatherapy, Used as an Integrative Tool for Crisis Management by Adolescents in a Residential Treatment Center
Authors: Fowler Nancy A. 
Published: April 2006

PROBLEM:  Little is known about the acceptance and effectiveness of aromatherapy as a complementary support for agitated and aggressive adolescents. METHODS:  Chi‐square test was applied to satisfaction surveys, administration records of p.r.n. medication, aromatherapy, and seclusion/ restraint data.FINDINGS:  Seventy‐seven percent of the population accepted and used aromatherapy for crisis management. A trend indicates this population uses less p.r.n. medication for crisis management.CONCLUSIONS:  This adolescent population was receptive to using less invasive tools for crisis management. A longitudinal study is needed to determine the long‐term efficacy of this treatment modality.
Effectiveness of a Serpentine Inlet Duct Flow Control Technique at Design and Off-Design Simulated Flight Conditions
Authors: Scribben Angie Rabe , Ng Wing , Burdisso Ricardo 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAn experimental investigation was conducted in a static ground test facility to determine the effectiveness of a serpentine inlet duct active flow control technique for two simulated flight conditions. The experiments used a scaled model of a compact, diffusing, serpentine, engine inlet duct developed by Lockheed Martin with a flow control technique using air injection through microjets at 1% of the inlet mass flow rate. The experimental results, in the form of total pressure measurements at the exit of the inlet, were used to predict the stability of a compression system through a parallel compressor model. The inlet duct was tested at cruise condition and angle of attack flight cases to determine the change in inlet performance due to flow control at different flight conditions. The experiments were run at an inlet throat Mach number of 0.55 and a resulting Reynolds number, based on the hydraulic diameter at the inlet throat, of 1.76*105. For both of the flight conditions tested, the flow control technique was found to reduce inlet distortion at the exit of the inlet by as much as 70% while increasing total pressure recovery by as much as 2%. The inlet total pressure profile was input in a parallel compressor model to predict the changes in stability margin of a compression system due to flow control for design and off-design flight conditions. Without flow control, both cases show a reduction in stability margin of 70%. With the addition of flow control, each case was able to recover a significant portion (up to 55%) of the undistorted stability margin. This flow control technique has improved the operating range of a compression system as compared to the same inlet duct without flow control.
Retrieval with gene queries
Authors: Sehgal Aditya K , Srinivasan Padmini 
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Background
Accuracy of document retrieval from MEDLINE for gene queries is crucially important for many applications in bioinformatics. We explore five information retrieval-based methods to rank documents retrieved by PubMed gene queries for the human genome. The aim is to rank relevant documents higher in the retrieved list. We address the special challenges faced due to ambiguity in gene nomenclature: gene terms that refer to multiple genes, gene terms that are also English words, and gene terms that have other biological meanings.

Results
Our two baseline ranking strategies are quite similar in performance. Two of our three LocusLink-based strategies offer significant improvements. These methods work very well even when there is ambiguity in the gene terms. Our best ranking strategy offers significant improvements on three different kinds of ambiguities over our two baseline strategies (improvements range from 15.9% to 17.7% and 11.7% to 13.3% depending on the baseline). For most genes the best ranking query is one that is built from the LocusLink (now Entrez Gene) summary and product information along with the gene names and aliases. For others, the gene names and aliases suffice. We also present an approach that successfully predicts, for a given gene, which of these two ranking queries is more appropriate.

Conclusion
We explore the effect of different post-retrieval strategies on the ranking of documents returned by PubMed for human gene queries. We have successfully applied some of these strategies to improve the ranking of relevant documents in the retrieved sets. This holds true even when various kinds of ambiguity are encountered. We feel that it would be very useful to apply strategies like ours on PubMed search results as these are not ordered by relevance in any way. This is especially so for queries that retrieve a large number of documents.
Do teachers have more health problems? Results from a French cross-sectional survey
Authors: Kovess-Masféty Viviane , Sevilla-Dedieu Christine , Rios-Seidel Carmen , Nerrière Eléna , Chan Chee Christine 
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Background
Although only a few studies have been published on teachers' health, certain ideas are widely accepted, such as for example, the preconceived notion that teachers suffer from an excessively high rate of mental health problems. The objective of this study is to compare teachers' mental and physical health to that of a control group.

Methods
A cross-sectional postal survey was conducted among a sample of 3,679 teachers and 1,817 non-teachers aged 20 to 60 years old.

Results
No lifetime prevalence of any psychiatric disorder (with the exception of undifferentiated somatoform disorder in men) or mean scores of psychological distress were found to be significantly higher in teachers. However, multiple analyses, adjusted for all confounding variables, revealed a higher risk of lifetime anxiety disorders in male teachers. On the other hand, significant differences were observed for some physical ailments: a higher lifetime prevalence of rhinopharyngitis/laryngitis in both male and female teachers, of conjunctivitis and lower urinary tract infection in male teachers and of bronchitis, eczema/dermatitis and varicose veins in female teachers. No significant difference was found for chronic pain between the two groups.

Conclusion
Teachers do not seem to have poorer mental health. However, their physical condition is characterized by a higher prevalence of health problems related to the ENT tract, and to a lesser extent, depending on the gender, to skin, eyes, legs and lower urinary tract.
“Tout mon office:” Body Politics and Family Dynamics in the verse epîtres of Marguerite de Navarre*
Authors: Middlebrook Leah 
Published: April 2006

“Voylà tout mon office. “— Marguerite de Navarre, Epître 12 (16)1Among the writings of Marguerite de Navarre, the intimate epîtres she exchanged with her mother, Louise de Savoie, and brother, François I are relatively unknown. Of moderate literary interest, these poems are most important for the insight they provide into the role of the princess in the complex negotiation of gender and power that was necessary when women sought powers of rule. The epîtres reveal a “division of labor” in the representation of femininity: through the symbolism of the family “trinité” the family distanced Louise from the constraints of gender and embodied existence, displacing the physical and symbolic burden of female flesh onto Marguerite.
Labyrinth Dances in the French and English Renaissance
Authors: Greene Thomas M. 
Published: April 2006

Some descriptions of ballets performed at the late Valois court in France draw upon accounts of choreographic and equestrian maze-like performances extending back into early antiquity. Common elements include a convoluted complexity in the dancers’ movements, repeated reversals, and a series of patterns variously reformed after regular interruptions. The practice of medieval dances at Easter upon the labyrinth designs of one or more French cathedrals may also have exercised an influence on Renaissance dancing. A sonnet by Ronsard describing a labyrinthine ballet invites at least two metaphysical interpretations. Neoplatonic theories of magic are apparently reflected in the choreography by Balthazar de Beaujoyeulx for hisBalet Comique de la Royne. Labyrinth dances in Ben Jonson's masques are associated with Orphic cosmogony. The description of an angelic labyrinth dance in Milton'sParadise Lostleads to historical and theoretical questions concerning the intermittent persistence of the phenomenon.“Here's a maze trod indeed Through forth-rights and meanders!“— The Tempest
French Nationality Laws Imposing Nationality at Birth
Authors: McGovney D. O. 
Published: April 2006

France has had a richer legislative experience in matters of nationality than any other country. Scarcely a decade has passed since the Revolution in which some project for legislation has not been proposed, and during the intervals between these projects the subject has been kept alive by very intelligent discussion on the part of statesmen and writers. A resumé of French legislation will indicate the trend of thought in France and throw light upon the policies behind the present law. In so brief a summary as is here presented it will be impossible, however, to refer to the numerous proposals which never passed beyond the stage of debate. We shall confine ourselves to the laws as adopted, and these will suffice for our purpose.The law existing in France immediately anterior to the Revolution conferred French nationality on persons (1) born on French soil; (2) born in a foreign country of a French father who had not established his domicile in that country nor lost his intent to return, provided the person so born returned to France.
Studies on the Eastern Question
Authors: Scelle G. 
Published: April 2006

In states which possess a written constitution and a constituent power, constitutional laws are, as early writers on international law expressed it, fundamental laws. In them is the source of the several governmental powers; they determine the form of the state, and of its organs and their functions, and they regulate the exercise of the legislative power. Briefly, they are the fundamental and the essential act of national sovereignty, the expression of the will of a self-organizing people.Unlike other provinces detached from the Ottoman Empire and endowed with autonomy, the Island of Crete, for example, which the Powers furnished with a constitution prepared by themselves, Bulgaria received at Berlin the power to undertake the elaboration of its own constitution.
Principles of International law Applied by the Spanish Treaty Claims Commission
Authors: Crandall Samuel B. 
Published: April 2006

The treaty of peace, concluded at Paris, between the United
States and Spain, December 10, 1898, provided, in Article VII, as
follows:The United States and Spain mutually relinquish all claims for indemnity, national and individual, of every kind, of either Government or of its citizens or subjects, against the other Government that may have arisen since the beginning of the late insurrection in Cuba, and prior to the exchange of ratifications of the present treaty, including all claims for indemnity for the cost of the war. The United States will adjudicate and settle the claims of its citizens against Spain relinquished in this article.
State Loans in Their Relation to International Policy
Authors: Drago Luis M. 
Published: April 2006

The Argentine Republic, like all America, was deeply moved by the military steps taken by England, Germany and Italy in the month of December, 1902, against Venezuela for the settlement of claims of various sorts. Among these claims, arising some from special contracts and others from material injuries sustained by the subjects of the nations mentioned in the revolutionary commotions and civil wars of the unfortunate Republic, was made to figure the collection of the deferred interest on the foreign public debt, outstanding in the form of bonds issued by the Venezuelan government for the construction of railways and other public works. The coercive measures adopted assumed at one time a character of extreme violence, the Powers going so far as to seize the Venezuelan fleet, bombard the cities of La Guerra, Puerto Cabello and Maracaibo and establish a rigorous blockade of the coast.It was at this moment of veritable consternation for America that the Argentine Republic sent to its Minister in Washington the note of December 29, 1902, that has given rise to most important controversies and debates, which now, after the lapse of so long an interval, are far from exhausted.
The French Spoliation Claims
Authors: King George A. 
Published: April 2006

The first article on this subject in the April number of The American
Journal of International Law (pp. 359–380), dealt with the general
principles upon which these claims have been held by the Court of Claims to
have been in their origin valid international demands against France, and to
have been assumed as obligations of the United States by force of the treaty
of September 30, 1800, the ratifications of which were exchanged July 31,
1801.
The present article will be devoted to a review of some of the rules on
which the Court of Claims proceeded in the details of its
allowances.
The Doctrine of Servitudes in International Law
Authors: Potter Pitman B. 
Published: April 2006

The doctrine of servitudes as it stands at present in international law is in a very incoherent state. From the Roman law the concept, with an elaborate set of rules for its operation but with no philosophic or theoretical development, was transmitted at the time of “the Reception” to the semi-feudal jus publicum of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the doctrine was taken over by the developing jus gentium.This experience, this double growing over from private law to public law and thence to international law, has sadly shattered the doctrine. The modifications made by feudal and dynastic and mercantilist manipulation have warped the concept out of all symmetry. Indeed, it is possible that traits picked up en route have ruined the doctrine for modern use.
The French Spoliation Claims
Authors: King George A. 
Published: April 2006

From time to time the cases known by the generic name of French Spoliation Claims come up for discussion in Congress and in the press and are often debated without any very definite conception of their origin or basis. It may seem strange that claims against the government whose inception is connected with the very beginning of our national existence should still be the subject of consideration as present demands against the government, both before the courts and in the legislative forum.But dilatoriness in dealing with matters of private right between the citizen and the government seems to have become traditional. Not until 1885 was there any tribunal before which these claims could be prosecuted. Even under the Act of 1885, as will be seen hereafter, a decision of the court has not the legal effect of a final judgment. Hence, it is that the liability of the government for the payment of these claims settled by unanimous judicial decision a quarter of a century ago is often reopened in Congress and the press and the subject threshed out anew, often in apparent ignorance of the laborious investigation long since made by the Court of Claims into the history and basis of these claims, and the result of that investigation as announced in a number of thorough and well-reasoned opinions.
The United States and the Permanent Court of International Justice
Authors: Borel Eugène 
Published: April 2006

From the day on which the United States of America declared that it would not become a party to the League of Nations, the thoughts of many people have naturally turned to the situation created by this abstention, the seriousness of which was necessarily clear to everyone.Some think that the matter should be taken lightly. In their opinion the attitude of the United States can only be transitory and at some future time, which may, however, be still far distant, the country will modify its decision and make up its mind to occupy the place reserved for it in the League of Nations. Others allow themselves to be misguided by a different hope. According to them the League of Nations cannot live and will sooner or later disappear to make place for another grouping of nations which would win the approval and adhesion of the American Republic. Between these extreme views there lie the proposals of those who seek relief in the present situation, basing their expectations either upon such a revision of the Covenant as would satisfy the United States or upon the creation of a world association which would join the United States, the present League of Nations and other states not yet belonging thereto into one great group.
International Traffic Law: Its Forms and Requirements
Authors: Holländer Ernst 
Published: April 2006

Traffic and trade among peoples are the prerequisites to any international law. Essentially distinct from them, however, are the right of peoples to traffic and trade with each other and the rules of law governing such international traffic. The aggregate of these rules constitutes the international traffic law.For a hundred years or longer there have been legal rules regulating international traffic, but in no case was any attempt made to cover more than specific questions as they presented themselves for solution, no need being felt as yet among the peoples for a systematic regulation of the law as a whole.
Taking Over and Return of Dutch Vessels, 1918-1919
Authors: Wilson George Grafton 
Published: April 2006

In modern times of war belligerents usually have need of exceptional facilities for transportation. The taking over of private means of transportation belonging to the citizens of the belligerents has been common. The seizure of means of land transportation, whoever may be the owner, has long been common and was often called the exercise of the right of angary. With the development of maritime transportation, vessels were appropriated for war use. During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries there was little question as to the right of angary. With the opening of the nineteenth century the right was questioned, as treaties had begun to prescribe that the right would not be exercised. Some treaties made specific mention of the use of vessels, etc., for military purposes, as the treaty between Prussia and Salvador, 1870, Article VI:The citizens or subjects of each country cannot respectively be subjected to any embargo, nor can they be detained with their vessels, cargoes, merchandise, and effects for any military expedition, nor for any public use, unless there has been previously fixed by the interested parties themselves or by experts on their behalf, a sufficient indemnification in all cases, according to usage, both for the service imposed upon them, and for the damages, losses, and delays occasioned thereby or resulting therefrom.
National Courts and Human Rights—The Fujii Case
Authors: Wright Quincy 
Published: April 2006

In the case of Sei Fujii v. The State, the District Court of Appeals of California held that a State statute which prohibited aliens ineligible to citizenship from acquiring land within the State was “in direct conflict with the plain terms” of provisions concerning human rights in the United Nations Charter, a treaty binding upon the United States. Consequently, land granted to a Japanese in 1948 did not escheat to the State. The case involves important questions of United States constitutional law, of international law, and of legal policy.On the issue of constitutional law the opinion follows a long and unbroken tradition that if State legislation conflicts with obligations undertaken by the United States in a treaty, the legislation will not be applied by the courts. The terms of Article 6, paragraph 2, of the Constitution are unambiguous:
… all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land; and the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding.