bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Haematological changes and state of hydration during delirium tremens and related clinical states
Authors: Hemmingsen R. , Kramp P. 
Published: August 2007

In order to obtain some information about the state of hydration and possible haematological changes in patients with delirium tremens (grade 3) and related clinical states (grade 2) various clinico‐chemical variables were measured at the time of admission and repeatedly until clinical recovery from the psychotic state. In grade 3 patients plasma protein concentration, blood haemoglobin concentration, blood haematocrit and erythrocyte count decreased between admission and recovery probably reflecting a slight haemodilution. The changes were all within the normal range for the variables and there was thus no indication of hypo‐ or hypervolemia. Delirium tremens patients without concomitant somatic diseases should not be routinely treated with intravenous fluid therapy. In grade 2 patients no statistically significant changes occurred in the above mentioned variables.In the grade 3 patients there was a dramatic (100 %) increase in plasma iron concentration between admission and the subsequent morning and this was probably related to the elimination of ethanol from the body. In grade 2 patients, where the initial blood alcohol concentration was lower than in grade 3 patients, no change in plasma iron concentration occurred.A statistically significant increase in reticulocyte count between admission and recovery in both grade 3 and grade 2 patients probably reflected the recovery of haemopoietic tissue from the insult of the preceding ethanol intoxication. The same may be true for the prevailing anisocytosis, whereas the trend towards leucocytosis may be due to unspecific stress during the ethanol withdrawal reaction.The rapid changes in some of the clinico‐chemical variables stress the importance of initiating investigational procedures immediately at the hour of admission.
Erythrocyte COMT‐activity in patients with affective disorders
Authors: Fauhndrich E. , Coper H. , Christ W. , Helmchen H. , Müller‐Oerlinghausen B. , Pietzcker A. 
Published: August 2007

COMT enzyme characteristics (Km, V, ratio of meta/paramethylation) were determined in the red blood cells of 20 patients with endogenous depression, in 20 healthy controls matched as to age and sex, as well as in 10 patients with mania, and 10 patients with neurotic depression. Assessment was done twice, i.e. before and after remission in patients with endogenous depression and in the manic patients. If male and female patients are considered together there was no statistical difference between the COMT charateristics of these patients groups, either before or after remission. Only the bipolar patients showed a higher COMT‐activity (V) than their individually matched controls.If, however, only the female patients are taken into consideration, COMT‐activity of the patients with endogenous depression vs. controls is significantly increased by 60%. This difference can be demonstrated also after remission (“free interval”) though statistical significance is reached only for the unipolar group. Further in vitro experiments indicate that antidepressant drugs do not possess a relevant influence on COMT‐activity. Ranking the mean COMT‐values leads to the following order: matched controls < neurotic depression < unipolar depression < biopolar depression, which would be in good agreement with theoretical expectations based on the amine hypothesis of depression.Compared with normal male subjects COMT‐activity of female controls is significantly lower. On the other hand, the female patients with endogenous depression show a significantly higher enzyme activity than the corresponding male patients.
The temporo‐spatial context
Authors: León C. A. 
Published: August 2007

This study deals with the role of time or space factors in bringing about depressive disorders. Anniversaries, dates or sensory perceptions associated with a depressive experience are seen to act as cues which can automatically unchain a depressive response at a later occasion. In a series of 53 patients suffering with different types of depressive disorders, a group of 18 (one third) were identified as presenting this kind of response.Clinical illustrations and descriptive characteristics are presented, together with an attempt at explanation of some of the mechanisms involved.
A relation between seasonal temperature and the birth rate of schizophrenic patients
Authors: Hare E. , Moran P. 
Published: August 2007

The relation between schizophrenia birth rates and environmental temperature was studied in patients born in England and Wales during 1921–1955 and first admitted there in 1970–1977. A methodological difficulty due to varying age‐incidence was avoided by the use of indices independent of yearly changes in rates.Birth rates in the second quarter and in the first half of the year showed high negative correlations with mean temperatures of the first quarter and first half of the year. Comparison of years with the coldest and with the warmest seasons showed the schizophrenia birth rate to be consistently higher in the coldest years. No comparable relations between birth rates and temperature were found for patients with affective psychosis, neurosis or personality disorder.The findings indicate an association between schizophrenia birth rates and temperature of a kind similar to that between infant death rates and temperature during the years 1921–55. Some implications are discussed.
A double blind comparison of zimelidine and amitriptyline in endogenous depression
Authors: Montgomery S. A. , McAuley R. , Rani S. J. , Roy D. , Montgomery D. B. 
Published: August 2007

In a randomised double‐blind group comparison study of 40 patients with endogenous depression zimelidine appeared to be as effective an antidepressant as amitriptyline at 4 and 6 weeks using the Hamilton Rating Scale (HRS) and the Montgomery and Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). At 2 weeks there was a significantly better response (P< 0.05) on zimelidine compared to amitriptyline on the clinician's global scale and 4 out of 10 items on the MADRS suggesting an early onset of action. A significantly better response to zimelidine was seen on the item somatic anxiety (HRS) while the effect on sleep and appetite was better in the amitriptyline group. There were significantly more side effects, raw and corrected, in the amitriptyline‐treated group.High steady state plasma concentrations of norzimelidine (>800 nmol/l) which were significantly correlated with age (r = 0.8) were associated with a significantly poorer response suggesting that a lower dose than 200 mg in older patients may be appropriate.
Comparison of the cardiovascular effects of amitriptyline and zimelidine using thoracic impedance cardiography
Authors: Christie J. E. , Brown D. 
Published: August 2007

Twelve depressed patients were allocated to amitriptyline (7 days 75 mg nocte, increasing to 150 mg nocte) or zimelidine (100 mg nocte increasing to 200 mg nocte) in a randomised double‐blind design. Cardiovascular assessment was made at pre‐drug, 7 and 14 days using thoracic impedance cardiography, a non‐invasive technique for measurement of both cardiac output (CO) and systolic time intervals.Neither drug significantly changed systolic time intervals. Amitriptyline 75 mg significantly reduced stroke volume (SV) (sitting P <0.02, standing P <0.01) with a similar trend at 150 mg. Zimelidine tended to increase SV. Heart rate (HR) was increased by amitriptyline 75 mg (P <0.02) but zimelidine induced no consistent changes in HR. Amitriptyline 75 mg in the standing data reduced CO (P <0.005). In contrast zimelidine 100 mg increased sitting CO (P <0.05) and this trend was seen at 200 mg in both sitting and standing data. The results suggest that zimelidine has low cardiotoxicity and may have a role in the treatment of depressed patients with cardiovascular disease.
Cardiovascular, sedative and anticholinergic effects of amitriptyline and zimelidine in young and elderly volunteers
Authors: Swift C. G. , Haythorne J. M. , Clarke P. , Stevenson I. H. 
Published: August 2007

Single doses of amitriptyline (50 mg) and zimelidine (100 mg) were administered orally to 4 young and 4 elderly healthy volunteers (aged 21–26 and 68–75 respectively) in a comparative study of the two drugs. Systolic time intervals, supine and standing blood pressure, salivary flow and indices of sedation were measured at regular intervals up to 6 hours post dose.No conclusive changes in the QS2 interval, left ventricular ejection time (LVETc), LVET index, pre‐ejection period (PEPc), resting heart rate, or blood pressures were observed with either drug.Salivary flow was reduced by about 40% at 3.5 hours and 50% at 5.5 hours after ingestion of amitriptyline. No change in salivary flow was observed after zimelidine (significant difference between treatments; P <0.01 at 3.5 and 5.5 hours).Subjective drowsiness as measured by visual analogue ratings was significantly greater for amitriptyline at 3.5 hours (P <0.01). Postural sway was also increased by amitriptyline but not zimelidine (difference between treatments significant at 3.5 and 5.5 hours; P <0.01 and 0.05 respectively). Auditory reaction time increased with amitriptyline, the difference between treatments achieving significance at 5.5 hours.No differences in response to either drug between young and elderly volunteers were demonstrable in these small groups, although variability was greater in the older group.Possible implications of these findings for the treatment of depression in the elderly are discussed.
Zimelidine and amitriptyline in the treatment of depressive illness in general practice
Authors: Loudon J. B. , Tiplady B. , Ashcroft G. W. , Waddell J. L. 
Published: August 2007

Depressive patients seen at hospital clinics are likely to be unrepresentative in terms of treatment response. In this study patients were always seen at their general practitioners’ surgeries for assessment by specialists after selection as being in need of antidepressant treatment. The Research Diagnostic Criteria for major or minor depressive illness and a Hamilton Depression (Ham‐D) score of at least 10 were required for inclusion, using the Present State Examination as a basis for interview. Patients were seen at weekly intervals, alternately by practitioner and assessor for further Ham‐D ratings, completion of the Kellner Sheffield Self‐Rating test (KSSRT), event record and side effect checklist.Patients were randomly and blindly allocated to either zimelidine or amitriptyline dispensed identically at dosages of 100 mg and 75 mg at night, rising to 200 mg and 150 mg after two weeks. At four weeks there was no significant difference between the improvement found with zimelidine and amitriptyline or either the Ham‐D or the KSSRT. Amitriptyline patients tended to gain and zimelidine patients to lose weight; difference significant. Other amitriptyline side effects were not found in those taking zimelidine, the latter tending to suffer diarrhoea. Preliminary analysis shows no relationship between clinical response and plasma level of either compound.
Zimelidine: Comparison of different dosage regimes in general practice
Authors: Watson Joyce M. , Tiplady Brian 
Published: August 2007

Various studies have demonstrated that depressive symptoms are a frequent and important problem in general practice. Zimelidine has been shown to have effective antidepressant activity.A controlled double‐blind trial was set up to compare the efficacy and side effects of zimelidine when given as a single daily dose (200 mg night or morning) and when given as a divided dose (100 mg b.d.). These three dosage schedules were studied.The trial was conducted among patients attending their general practitioners and suffering from a depressive disorder. Using one of the three dosage schedules, these patients were treated with zimelidine for a minimum period of 6 weeks. Symptom severity was measured by means of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and the side effects assessed using an adverse event record and a symptom checklist.The findings are discussed.
A neurochemical theory of appetite and weight changes in depressive states
Authors: Hopkinson G. 
Published: August 2007

The literature concerning appetite and weight changes in depressive illness is reviewed. Diminished appetite and weight loss have for about 100 years been regarded as prominent symptoms of depressive illness. A tendency for some depressives to gain weight has also been recognized. About 85 % of depressives lose weight and 15 % gain weight. There appears to be a tendency for weight gain to be commoner in milder depressions. Carbohydrate craving is also described in association with some depressed states.The neurochemical control of appetite in health is surveyed. Norepinephrine appears to be necessary for the intake of food, and drugs which raise intrasynaptic levels of norepinephrine stimulate feeding. Serotonin seems to be associated with satiety and in experimental animals decreased intrasynaptic levels of serotonin produce carbohydrate hunger.The neurochemical control of appetite is discussed in relation to the amine theories of depression. A number of hypotheses are drawn from this discussion.
Five‐year mortality in a 70‐year‐old urban population in relation to psychiatric diagnosis, personality, sexuality and early parental death
Authors: Persson G. 
Published: August 2007

In 1971–1972 a systematic, representative sample of 70‐year‐olds living in Gothenburg, Sweden, was studied. The study included a psychiatric examination, during which the subjects were questioned concerning important aspects of their life history, and mental symptoms during the previous month. Any mental signs observed were recorded. Symptoms and signs were rated on rating scales, and summed up in diagnoses. The subjects also filled in three different personality inventories. The examination was performed in 166 men and 226 women. In 1976–1977 we ascertained from parish records which subjects had died before reaching the age of 75. Thirty‐two men and 23 women had died. Associations between the psychiatric variables and mortality were studied.There was a positive association in men between mortality and organic psycho‐syndromes. There was a positive, but nonsignificant association with indications of previous alcohol abuse. There was no association with anxiety, depressive and obsessive compulsive neuroses or with personality deviations and few associations with personality dimensions and psychogenic needs. There was a positive association in married men between mortality and early cessation of sexual intercourse. There was also a positive association in men between mortality and loss of parents by death before the age of 16.
The risk of assaultive behavior in suicidal patients
Authors: Tardiff K. 
Published: August 2007

This study assessed the occurrence of assaultive behavior in a group of suicidal patients who were in psychiatric hospitals, many for long periods of time. Of the 94 suicidal patients, 42 (45%) patients physically assaulted other persons at least once in the 3 months preceding the survey. Although many patients manifested active psychotic psychopathology at the time of the survey, there were no significant differences between assaultive and non‐assaultive suicidal patients in terms of the presence of psychosis. The sex, race, primary psychiatric diagnosis, and length of stay of patients also were not related to the occurrence of assaultive behavior in suicidal patients.Only youth and the presence of seizure disorders were related to increased risk of assaultive behavior in hospitalized suicidal patients. The author compares the findings of this study to his previous study of concurrent assault and suicide just before or at the time of admission to psychiatric hospitals.
Serum lithium concentrations around the clock with different treatment regimens and the diurnal variation of the renal lithium clearance
Authors: Lauritsen B. J. , Mellerup E. T. , Plenge P. , Rasmussen S. , Vestergaard P. , Schou M. 
Published: August 2007

The serum lithium concentration was determined around the clock in patients treated with conventional tablets given once daily, in the evening, and in patients treated with slow‐release tablets given twice daily, in the morning and in the evening. Curve shapes differed markedly in the two groups, with much wider variation of serum concentrations in the former than in the latter. The data were used to calculate for the two patient groups the ratio of the mean serum lithium concentration over the 24‐h day to the serum lithium concentration in blood samples drawn 12 h after the last intake of lithium.Around‐the‐clock determinations of the patients' renal lithium clearance showed about 20 % lower values during the night than during the day.
Open clinical study of cis(Z)‐clopenthixol
Authors: Sechter D. , Caillard V. , Cuche H. , Deniker P. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe antipsychotic effect and tolerance of cis(Z)‐clopenthixol were studied in 13 patients with acute exacerbation of chronic schizophrenia. Seven patients were with CGI registered as improved after 28 days of treatment while 2 did not complete test treatment and the remaining 4 patients were considered unchanged. Significant average reductions of the initial total BPRS‐score were registered throughout, while with NOSIE‐30 a significant score reduction was seen only at day 28. The frequency of single side effects fell progressively during the treatment period. Dosages were individual and ranged at day 28 from 30 to 350 mg.
A double‐blind clinical investigation of cis(Z)‐clopenthixol and clopenthixol in chronic schizophrenic patients
Authors: Heikkilä L. , Karsten D. , Valli K. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe therapeutic effect of the neuroleptic cis(Z)‐clopenthixol has been compared with that of clopenthixol in mainly chronic schizophrenic patients in a double‐blind 8‐week trial. Forty‐nine of the 54 patients in the trial received clopenthixol in the pre‐trial period. Ratings with CGI and a single side effects form were done at weeks 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8. The registration of therapeutic effect at week 8 indicated a symptomatological status quo in both groups of patients while there was a tendency of slightly less interference by cis(Z)‐clopenthixol with patient's functioning than by clopenthixol. The ratio of therapeutically equipotent cis(Z)‐clopenthixol/clopenthixol doses was found to be 1:2. It is suggested that long‐term treatment with clopenthixol advantageously may be replaced by cis(Z)‐clopenthixol.
A double‐blind comparison of the effects of haloperidol and cis(Z)‐clopenthixol in senile dementia
Authors: Götestam K. G. , Ljunghall S. , Olsson B. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe therapeutic effects in senile dementia of haloperidol and cis(Z)‐clopenthixol were compared in a double‐blind, double‐dummy clinical 8‐week study in 47 demented patients after wash‐out periods of 3 weeks or less. Forty patients, most of whom received 0.5 mg haloperidol or 5 mg cis(Z)‐clopenthixol, completed the study in which assessments with the geriatric rating scales of Gottfries‐Cronholm and Crichton in addition to CGI were done at weeks ‐3, 0, 1, 2, 4, and 8. With the Gottfries‐Cronholm Scale few significant changes from week 0 were seen in the two groups of patients. Significant deteriorations at weeks 1 and 8 in the haloperidol group were, however, registered. The only significant difference between the two groups of patients regarded motor activity which was most positively influenced by cis(Z)‐clopenthixol. Accordingly, most results suggesting a difference between the two test drugs were in the favour of cis(Z)‐clopenthixol. With the Crichton and the CGI scales changes in the over‐all impression of the patients were very few. Side effects were mild and transient.
Cortical and central atrophy in chronic schizophrenia
Authors: Okasha A. , Madkour O. 
Published: August 2007

CT of the brain was carried out in 43 chronic schizophrenics of more than 5 years' duration and less than 60 years of age, and 39 normal controls matched for age, sex and education. There was no statistical difference between controls and schizophrenics as regards cortical atrophy (as measured by the interhemispheric and Sylvian fissures and mean sulcal width). Highly significant differences were found regarding central atrophy. Third ventricle measurements were normal in 9.3%, there was slight enlargement in 37.2%, moderate in 48.8% and extreme in 4.7% The cella media index denoting lateral ventricle dilatation showed changes in 46.5%, slight in 9.3% and the remaining 44.2% were normal.This study shows that a large number of chronic schizophrenics have an associated central atrophy.
Practical problems in psychiatric field surveys
Authors: Davidian H. 
Published: August 2007

The value of epidemiological studies in psychiatry, particularly field surveys, becomes increasingly evident, not only because they produce opportunities to study the associations between population characteristics and disease, but also for the assessment of the community needs for psychiatric facilities.The field survey in psychiatry is also that aspect of the epidemiological study which can provide valuable knowledge about human personality, in both health and disease. This knowledge can be obtained from data derived from demographic studies, community attitudes towards mental illness, and first‐hand impressions.The scope of these investigations is very wide, since the patient is being studied in relation to his surroundings and in a sociocultural setting, which includes numerous factors and variables. Although these factors very often represent a hindrance to the application of known methods and means of study, they could be overcome by taking into consideration the sociocultural condition of societies.The present paper gives a short description of problems which have been encountered in a number of field surveys in Iran. An examination of these problems may be of help when planning mental health surveys of cultural groups similar to those of Iran.
Father/son relationship during the preschool years: An integrative review with special reference to recent Swedish findings
Authors: Nettelbladt P. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThis review is an attempt to integrate Anglo‐American and Swedish studies on father/son relationships. The puerperal period, infancy and early childhood are surveyed. Swedish studies do not support specific stereotyped bonding in the puerperal period. The review confirms the bidirectional nature of the father/son relationship. Thus, counteridentification, i.e. the father's identification with his son, and identification during the oedipal phase, i.e. the son's identification with his father, seem to be essential components in the father/son relationship. However, studies on parent‐infant behaviour indicate that different parental roles exist early in infancy. Also, attachment studies point to the specificity of the father/son relationship before the oedipal phase. It is concluded that the major importance of the father/son relationship during the preschool years is to facilitate the son's masculine identification.
Do brain damage and liver disease interrelate in advanced abusers of alcohol?
Authors: Elton M. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTIn a consecutive material comprising 43 alcoholics immediately prior to pension, due to their abuse, the interrelations between different symptoms of dysfunction of the brain and liver were studied. Signs of brain damage used were: psychometric test, delirium tremens and withdrawal seizures. Liver disease was examined by biopsy and liver function tests. The signs of dysfunction were compared with drinking pattern, amount of alcohol consumption and duration of abuse. The group was fairly homogeneous with respect to these variables. The patients showed a considerable degree of brain and liver damage, but relevant significant correlations between the criteria of brain and liver disease could not be demonstrated. This may support the hypothesis that the brain and the liver, in the same individual, react differently to alcohol.