bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical impact and frequency of anatomic pathology errors in cancer diagnoses
Authors: Raab Stephen S. , Grzybicki Dana Marie , Janosky Janine E. , Zarbo Richard J. , Meier Frederick A. , Jensen Chris , Geyer Stanley J. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDTo the authors' knowledge, the frequency and clinical impact of errors in the anatomic pathology diagnosis of cancer have been poorly characterized to date.METHODSThe authors examined errors in patients who underwent anatomic pathology tests to determine the presence or absence of cancer or precancerous lesions in four hospitals. They analyzed 1 year of retrospective errors detected through a standardized cytologic–histologic correlation process (in which patient same‐site cytologic and histologic specimens were compared). Medical record reviews were performed to determine patient outcomes. The authors also measured the institutional frequency, cause (i.e., pathologist interpretation or sampling), and clinical impact of diagnostic cancer errors.RESULTSThe frequency of errors in cancer diagnosis was found to be dependent on the institution (P < 0.001) and ranged from 1.79–9.42% and from 4.87–11.8% of all correlated gynecologic and nongynecologic cases, respectively. A statistically significant association was found between institution and error cause (P < 0.001); the cause of errors resulting from pathologic misinterpretation ranged from 5.0–50.7% (the remainder were due to clinical sampling). A statistically significant association was found between institution and assignment of the clinical impact of error (P < 0.001); the aggregated data demonstrated that for gynecologic and nongynecologic errors, 45% and 39%, respectively, were associated with harm. The pairwise kappa statistic for interobserver agreement on cause of error ranged from 0.118–0.737.CONCLUSIONSErrors in cancer diagnosis are reported to occur in up to 11.8% of all reviewed cytologic‐histologic specimen pairs. To the authors' knowledge, little agreement exists regarding whether pathology errors are secondary to misinterpretation or poor clinical sampling of tissues and whether pathology errors result in serious harm. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Prostate cancer progression after therapy of primary curative intent
Authors: Soloway Mark , Roach Mack 
Published: October 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDRadical prostatectomy and radiotherapy (RT), both radical therapies, are the standard treatments of curative intent for early prostate cancer. However, these therapies are not curative in all patients and, consequently, a substantial proportion of treated patients remain at risk of disease progression and/or cancer‐related death.METHODSThis article presents contemporary data on the incidence of prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) and clinical disease progression after primary therapy of curative intent in relation to commonly assessed pretreatment or pathologic disease characteristics.RESULTSThe data highlight the substantial risk of progression for certain patient groups, such as those with Gleason score 8–10, cT3 disease, lymph node metastases, and/or pretreatment PSA levels > 20 ng/mL.CONCLUSIONSImproved and/or additional treatment options are needed for these patient groups. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Two parts of the nucleus prepositus hypoglossi project to two different subdivisions of the dorsolateral periaqueductal gray in cat
Authors: Klop Esther Marije , Mouton Leonora J. , Ehling Thomas , Holstege Gert 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe dorsolateral column of the mesencephalic periaqueductal gray (PAG) is a separate part of the PAG. Its afferent sources, efferent targets, and neurochemical properties differ from the adjacent PAG columns. The dorsolateral PAG is thought to be associated with aversive behaviors, but it is not yet understood how these behaviors are brought about. To elucidate the function of the PAG further, in the present study we investigated which brainstem regions project to the dorsolateral PAG. Wheat germ agglutinin‐horseradish peroxidase (WGA‐HRP) injections involving the dorsolateral PAG, but extending into the lateral part, resulted in many retrogradely labeled cells in the pontine and medullary tegmentum bilaterally. However, it was concluded that these neurons were labeled from the lateral PAG, because no anterograde labeling was found in the dorsolateral PAG after a large injection into the tegmentum. Retrogradely labeled cells were also found in the nucleus prepositus hypoglossi (PPH), mainly contralaterally. Injections of [3H]leucine or WGA‐HRP in the PPH resulted in anterogradely labeled fibers in the dorsolateral PAG. Two separate distribution patterns were found. The caudal and intermediate PPH projected to a small region on the dorsolateral edge of the dorsolateral column, whereas the supragenual PPH distributed labeled fibers to all other parts of the dorsolateral PAG, except the area on the dorsolateral edge. These separate PPH projections suggest that two subdivisions exist within the dorsolateral PAG. The present findings suggest a role for the dorsolateral PAG in the oculomotor system. J. Comp. Neurol. 492:303–322, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Alpha‐9 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor immunoreactivity in the rodent vestibular labyrinth
Authors: Luebke Anne E. , Maroni Paul D. , Guth Scott M. , Lysakowski Anna 
Published: October 2005

AbstractVestibular tissues (cristae ampullares, macular otolithic organs, and Scarpa's ganglia) in chinchilla, rat, and guinea pig were examined for immunoreactivity to the α9 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunit. The α9 antibody was generated against a conserved peptide present in the intracellular loop of the predicted protein sequence of the guinea pig α9 nAChR subunit. In the vestibular periphery, staining was observed in calyces around type I hair cells, at the synaptic pole of type II hair cells, and in varying levels in Scarpa's ganglion cells. Ganglion cells were also triply labeled to detect α9, calretinin, and peripherin. Calretinin labels calyx‐only afferents. Peripherin labels bouton‐only afferents. Dimorphic afferents, which have both calyx and bouton endings, are not labeled by calretinin or peripherin. In these experiments, α9 was expressed in both calyx and dimorphic afferents. A subpopulation of small ganglion cells did not contain the α9 nAChR but did stain for peripherin. We surmise that these are bouton‐only afferents. Bouton (regularly discharging) afferents also show efferent responses, although they are qualitatively different from those in irregularly discharging (calyx and dimorphic) afferents, much slower and longer lasting. Thus, regular afferents are probably more affected via a muscarinic cholinergic or a peptidergic mechanism, with a much smaller superimposed fast nicotinic‐type response. This latter response could be due to one of the other nicotinic receptors that have been described in studies from other laboratories. J. Comp. Neurol. 492:323–333, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of vitamin E and C supplementation combined with oral antidiabetic therapy on the endothelial dysfunction in the neonatally streptozotocin injected diabetic rat
Authors: Alper Gülinnaz , Olukman Murat , İrer Seda , Çağlayan Osman , Duman Erdal , Yılmaz Candeğer , Ülker Sibel 
Published: October 2005

AbstractBackgroundThis study investigates the contribution of vitamin supplementation to the efficacy of oral antidiabetic therapy on the reversal of endothelial dysfunction in a model of type‐2 diabetes in rat.MethodsDiabetes was induced by streptozotocin injection to neonatal rats which were breastfed for 4 weeks, then fed 6 weeks with normal food or food supplemented with 2% vitamin E and 4% vitamin C. Some diabetic rats were treated with gliclazide for 6 weeks. Endothelium‐dependent and ‐independent relaxations to acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) were recorded in thoracic aortic rings. Plasma insulin, HbA1c and antioxidant vitamins (A, C and E); plasma and aortic malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were determined.ResultsInduction of diabetes resulted in decreased body weight and increased blood glucose, plasma insulin and HbA1c levels compared to controls. Acetylcholine relaxation was impaired in diabetic aorta, while SNP relaxation remained unchanged. Aortic MDA level was significantly higher, while plasma vitamin levels were lower in diabetic rats. Diminished acetylcholine response, enhanced aortic MDA level and decreased plasma vitamin levels were all restored after gliclazide and/or vitamin therapy. However, vitamin supplementation in control rats significantly impaired acetylcholine relaxations and increased aortic MDA levels.ConclusionsApparently, a selective endothelial dysfunction accompanies the imbalance in oxidant/antioxidant status in the type‐2 diabetes model of rat and gliclazide and/or vitamin supplementation improves the impairment in diabetic vasculature. However, vitamin supplementation triggers oxidative stress in normal aortic tissue, thereby, leads to endothelial dysfunction; indicating that nutritional extra‐supplementation of antioxidant vitamins isn't advisable for normal subjects, although it's beneficial in disease status. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Retinoic acid signaling is required for proper morphogenesis of mammary gland
Authors: Wang Y. Alan , Shen Kate , Wang Yaolin , Brooks S.C. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractRetinoic acid (RA), a bioactive chemical compound synthesized from dietary derived vitamin A, has been successfully used as a chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agent through the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis acting via the retinoic acid receptors. Despite two decades of research on the function of retinoic acid, the physiological role of RA in mammary gland development is still not well characterized. In this report, we demonstrate that RA is required for proper morphogenesis of mouse mammary gland in a novel transgenic mouse model system. It was found that inhibition of RA signaling in vivo leads to excessive mammary ductal morphogenesis through upregulation of cyclin D1 and MMP‐3 expression. Furthermore, we show that the transgene‐induced excessive branching morphogenesis could be reversed by treatment with RA, demonstrating the direct physiological effect of RA signaling in vivo. In addition, we demonstrate that excessive branching morphogenesis in the transgenic mammary gland are cell‐autonomous and do not require stromal signals within the transgenic mammary gland. Finally, we provide evidence suggesting that retinoic acid signaling is required for appropriate mammary gland differentiation. Collectively, our data indicate for the first time that retinoic acid signaling is required to maintain the homeostasis of mammary gland morphogenesis. Developmental Dynamics 234:892–899, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Post‐embryonic expression ofC. elegansmicroRNAs belonging to thelin‐4andlet‐7families in the hypodermis and the reproductive system
Authors: Esquela‐Kerscher A. , Johnson S.M. , Bai L. , Saito K. , Partridge J. , Reinert K.L. , Slack F.J. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractMicroRNAs (miRNAs) are regulatory molecules that negatively control gene expression by binding to complementary sequences on target mRNAs. The most thoroughly characterized miRNAs,lin‐4andlet‐7, direct cell fate determination during the larval transitions inC. elegansand act as key regulators of temporal gene expression.lin‐4andlet‐7are founding members of two distinct families of miRNA genes sharing strong sequence homology primarily in the 5′ end of the mature miRNAs. In this report, we characterize the temporal and spatial expression patterns oflin‐4andlet‐7family members using northern blot analysis andmir::gfpfusion studies. Our results show thatlin‐4andlet‐7homologues possess distinct temporal and spatial expression patterns during nematode development and that known heterochronic genes regulate their expression. We find that certainlin‐4andlet‐7family members display overlapping expression patterns in the hypodermis and the reproductive system, suggesting that combinations of miRNAs from across families may control common developmental events. Developmental Dynamics 234:868–877, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A non‐canonical photopigment, melanopsin, is expressed in the differentiating ganglion, horizontal, and bipolar cells of the chicken retina
Authors: Tomonari Sayuri , Takagi Akira , Akamatsu Shino , Noji Sumihare , Ohuchi Hideyo 
Published: October 2005

AbstractVertebrate melanopsin is a photopigment in the eye, required for photoentrainment. Melanopsin is more closely related to opsin proteins found in invertebrates, than to the other photo‐pigments. Although the invertebrate melanopsin‐like protein is localized in rhabdomeric photoreceptors in the invertebrate eye, it has been shown to be expressed in a subset of retinal ganglion cells in the mouse and in horizontal cells in the frog, indicating its diversified expression pattern in vertebrates. Here we show that two types of melanopsin transcripts are expressed in the developing chicken retina. Melanopsin is firstly expressed by a small subset of ganglion cells, and then prominently expressed by horizontal cells and later by bipolar cells in the developing chicken retina. This suggests that a subset of ganglion, horizontal, and bipolar cells in the chicken retina may have rhabdomeric properties in their origins. Developmental Dynamics 234:783–790, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Steady‐State and Time‐Resolved Photophysical Studies on a Series of Gallium Phthalocyanine Monomers and Dimers
Authors: Chen Yu , Araki Yasuyuki , Hanack Michael , Fujitsuka Mamoru , Ito Osamu 
Published: October 2005

AbstractIntramolecular interaction between coplanar‐stacked phthalocyanine (Pc) and porphyrin molecules plays an importantrole in the energy‐ and electron‐transfer process. A series of results from different photophysical experiments on gallium phthalocyanine compounds are initially described. The PcGa dimer with a direct gallium–gallium bond, i.e. [tBu4PcGa]2·2dioxane, may exist in two different conformations: one in which the two phthalocyanines are poorly interacting and the other in which they are very close and strongly interacting. In the former, the emission lifetime is quite close to that of the monomer model compounds; in the latter, it is much shorter probably due to different radiative and nonradiative deactivation constants from those of the monomers. Because no significant difference between the absorption spectra of the monomer and dimer was observed in the photophysical experiments, implying that no ground‐state interaction can be assessed, the results regarding triplet excited state lifetimes of [tBu4PcGa]2·2dioxane can be attributed to strong intramolecular interactions existing only in the excited state. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Anchoring of Vanadyl Acetylacetonate onto Amine‐Functionalised Activated Carbons: Catalytic Activity in the Epoxidation of an Allylic Alcohol
Authors: Jarrais Bruno , Silva Ana Rosa , Freire Cristina 
Published: October 2005

AbstractVanadyl(IV) acetylacetonate was anchored onto two different amine‐functionalised activated carbons. The starting activated carbon supports were air (A2) and nitric acid oxidised (B1) carbons; the phenol surface groups of carbon A2 were subsequently treated with (3‐aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (A3) and afterwards the free amine groups were used for Schiff condensation with [VO(acac)2] (A4). Carbon B1, which possesses carboxylic surface groups, was treated with thionyl chloride to give surface acyl chloride groups (B2), which were then reacted with the amine groups of bis(3‐aminopropyl)amine (B3); subsequent attachment of [VO(acac)2] was also achieved by Schiff condensation between the free amine groups of the functionalised carbon and the ligand oxygen atoms (B4). All the materials were characterised by XPS, and the [VO(acac)2]‐based materials were also characterised by vanadium elemental analysis and EPR spectroscopy. A combination of all the data provides evidence for the covalent attachment of the vanadium complex onto the modified activated carbons. The catalytic activity of the [VO(acac)2]‐based materials in the epoxidation of 3‐buten‐2‐ol using tert‐butyl hydroperoxide as oxygen source was assessed and compared to that of the homogeneous phase reaction. The alkene conversion in the heterogeneous phase is similar to that observed in the homogeneous phase, although the rate of oxidation is less than half that of the homogeneous system. Material A4 exhibits higher catalytic efficiency than B4; upon reuse, both materials show no significant decrease in their catalytic properties. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Synthesis of Optically Active 6‐Alkynyl‐ and 6‐Alkylpurines as Cytokinin Analogs and Inhibitors of 15‐Lipoxygenase; Studies of Intramolecular Cyclization of 6‐(Hydroxyalkyn‐1‐yl)purines
Authors: Berg Tom Christian , Gundersen Lise‐Lotte , Eriksen Aud Berglen , Malterud Karl E. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractOptically active 6‐alkynyl‐ and 6‐alkylpurines have been synthesized. These compounds can be regarded as analogs of cytokinin plant growth hormones. The analogs were examined as growth stimulators and as inhibitors of 15‐lipoxygenase (15‐LO). The (S)‐enantiomer of 6‐(5‐hydroxy‐4‐methylpent‐1‐yl)purine exhibited profound growth stimulation activity, especially at low concentrations. 6‐(Hydroxyalkyn‐1‐yl)purines were found to cyclize by nucleophilic exo attack from the hydroxy group at the triple bond. (Z)‐Isomers were formed under acidic conditions. Plant growth stimulators and 15‐LO inhibitors were identified among the cyclization products. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Carbaporphyrinoids Containing a Pyridine Moiety: 3‐Aza‐meta‐benziporphyrin and 24‐Thia‐3‐aza‐meta‐benziporphyrin
Authors: Myśliborski Radomir , Latos‐Grażyński Lechosław 
Published: October 2005

Abstract6,11,16,21‐Tetraaryl‐3‐aza‐m‐benziporphyrin, an analog of 5,10,15,20‐tetraarylporphyrin with one of the pyrrole units replaced by a pyridine ring pointing outwards, linked at β,β′ positions, was formed by condensation of 3,5‐bis[phenyl(2‐pyrrolyl)methyl]pyridine, pyrrole and p‐tolualdehyde catalyzed by TFA. The [3+1] approach, which involved a condensation of 3,5‐bis[phenyl(2‐pyrrolyl)methyl]pyridine with 2,5‐bis[hydroxy(p‐tolyl)methyl]thiophene was applied to afford 6,11,16,21‐tetraaryl‐24‐thia‐3‐aza‐m‐benziporphyrin. Introduction of bulky substituents at ortho positions of meso‐aryl compounds, adjacent to the pyridine ring, resulted in an increase in the yield of condensation. 3‐Aza‐m‐benziporphyrins and 24‐thia‐3‐aza‐m‐benziporphyrins have the 1H NMR spectroscopic features of non‐aromatic molecules. Crystal structures of 6,21‐diphenyl‐11,16‐di‐p‐tolyl‐3‐aza‐m‐benziporphyrin and 6,21‐diphenyl‐11,16‐di‐p‐tolyl‐24‐thia‐3‐aza‐m‐benziporphyrin were determined by X‐ray crystallography. Both molecules show a similar degree of nonplanarity with the pyridine ring sharply tipped out of the N(23)X(24)N(25) plane, making room for the 6,21‐phenyl groups which are almost coplanar with the macrocycle. The protonation of 6,21‐diphenyl‐11,16‐di‐p‐tolyl‐3‐aza‐m‐benziporphyrin with trifluoroacetic acid proceeds stepwise, subsequently yielding two dicationic and one tricationic species. Protonated 6,21‐diphenyl‐11,16‐di‐p‐tolyl‐24‐thia‐3‐aza‐m‐benziporphyrinreacts reversibly with water to give 6‐hydroxy‐6,21‐diphenyl‐11,16‐di‐p‐tolyl‐24‐thia‐3‐aza‐m‐benziphlorin. The protonation of 6,21‐dimesityl‐11,16‐di‐p‐tolyl‐24‐thia‐3‐aza‐m‐benziporphyrin initiates an unprecedented process, which converts the non‐aromatic carbaporphyrinoid reversibly into the aromatic 2‐hydroxy‐6,21‐dimesityl‐11,16‐di‐p‐tolyl‐24‐thia‐3‐aza‐m‐benzichlorin. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Effects of Extended Aryl‐Substituted Bisoxazoline Ligands in Asymmetric Synthesis – Efficient Synthesis and Application of 4,4′‐Bis(1‐Naphthyl)‐, 4,4′‐Bis(2‐Naphthyl)‐ and 4,4′‐Bis(9‐Anthryl)‐2,2′‐isopropylidenebis(1,3‐oxazolines)
Authors: van Lingen Hester L. , van Delft Floris L. , Storcken Roy P. M. , Hekking Koen F. W. , Klaassen Anouk , Smits Jan J. M. , Ruskowska Patrycja , Frelek Jadwiga , Rutjes Floris P. J. T. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe steric influence of extended aryl substituents on 2,2′‐bis(1,3‐oxazoline) ligands was investigated in a series of asymmetric catalytic reactions such as Mukaiyama aldol and Michael reactions, hetero‐Diels–Alder processes, and allylic alkylation reactions. 4,4′‐(2‐Naphthyl)‐ and 4,4′‐(9‐anthryl)‐substituted isopropylidene‐bridged 2,2′‐bis(1,3‐oxazolines) were synthesized and their enantioselective and catalytic properties in combination with different metals evaluated. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Cover Picture: The Asymmetric Suzuki Coupling Route to Axially Chiral Biaryls (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 20/2005)
Authors: Baudoin Olivier 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe cover picture shows the general scheme for the asymmetric biaryl Suzuki coupling, which is surrounded by examples of axially chiral biaryls attainable by this method (bioactive natural products and chiral metal ligands). Various diastereoselective approaches with planar‐to‐axial or central‐to‐axial chirality induction, as well as diastereo‐ or enantio stereoselective approaches with chiral palladium ligands were described in recent years and are presented in the Micro review by O. Baudoin on p. 4223 ff.
Visualization of episomal and integrated Epstein‐Barr virus DNA by fiber fluorescence in situ hybridization
Authors: Reisinger Jürgen , Rumpler Silvia , Lion Thomas , Ambros Peter F. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractFor many Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV)‐associated malignancies, it is still a matter of controversy whether infected cells harbor episomal or chromosomally integrated EBV genomes or both. It is well established that the expression of EBV genes per se carries oncogenic potential, but the discrimination between episomal and integrated forms is of great relevance because integration events can contribute to the oncogenic properties of EBV, whereas host cells that exclusively harbor viral episomes may not carry the risks mediated by chromosomal integration. This notion prompted us to establish a reliable technique that not only allows to unequivocally discriminate episomal from integrated EBV DNA, but also provides detailed insights into the genomic organization of the virus. Here, we show that dynamic molecular combing of host cell DNA combined with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using EBV‐specific DNA probes facilitate unambiguous discrimination of episomal from integrated viral DNA. Furthermore, the detection of highly elongated internal repeat 1 (IR1) sequences provides evidence that this method permits detection of major genomic alterations within the EBV genome. Thus, fiber FISH may also provide valuable insights into the genomic organization of viral genomes other than EBV. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.