bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sexual Differentiation in the Neonate: Rodent vs. Primate Comparisons
Authors: Manson Jeanne M. 
Published: November 2007

There are some similarities and differences in the process of sexual differentiation during development in rodents and primates. The most obvious difference is in the timing of the critical periods for morphogenesis of the reproductive tract and sexual differentiation of the central nervous system (CNS). In primates these events occur late in the first trimester while in rodents they occur in the perinatal period. The gonadal hormones involved in morphogenesis of the male reproductive tract are identical for all mammalian species studied. Testosterone is the androgen that induces differentiation of the seminal vesicles, vas deferens, and epididymis, while dihydrotestosterone (DHT) promotes differentiation of the external genitalia, urethra, and prostate. Estrogens, derived from aromatization of testosterone, are the proximal determinants of male sexual differentiation of the CNS in rodents. In nonhuman primates, however, a nonaromatizable androgen, DHT, produces the same effect as testosterone on sexually differentiated behaviors in female offspring. Studies of male patients with 5α-reductase deficiency have suggested that maturation of male gender identity and psychosexual behavior in humans is critically dependent on testosterone but not on normal levels of DHT in prenatal and prepubertal life. Gender identity does not appear to be unalterably fixed in humans until the time of puberty and even at this and later times environmental factors have a strong impact.
Mechanistic Insights Gained from an Analysis of Carcinogenic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons with the Computer Automated Structure Evaluation System
Authors: Rosenkranz Herbert S. , Klopman Gilles 
Published: November 2007

The Computer Automated Structure Evaluation System (CASE) was used to identify the structural components responsible for either the mutagenicity or the carcinogenicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). These were found not to overlap and some of the structural components were endowed with much more biological activity than others. A study was then undertaken to determine whether these structural features could explain the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA). It was found that the structures identified by CASE could explain the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity qualitatively as well as quantitatively. Moreover, the identified structures were entirely consistent with recent findings on the metabolism and DNA adduct formation of DMBA. These results are taken to indicate that CASE can be used to identify the structures in a molecule (e.g., PAH) that are sites of metabolism. Laboratory studies can then focus on that portion of the molecule.
A Chronic Inhalation Toxicity Study of Diesel Engine Emissions and Coal Dust, Alone and Combined
Authors: Lewis T. R. , Green F. H.Y. , Moorman W. J. , Burg J. R. , Lynch D. W. 
Published: November 2007

To evaluate the potential health hazards of diesel engine emissions in underground coal mines, inhalation studies were performed using three species of animals. A wide range of toxicological responses was measured. Exhaust was provided by a 425 in.3 displacement four-cycle, water-cooled, naturally aspirated diesel engine (Caterpillar Model 3304) equipped with a water scrubber. Exposures were 7 h/day, 5 days/week, for periods up to 24 months. Micronized coal dust was generated using a Wright dust feeder. Four exposures were evaluated: (1) filtered ambient air, (2) 2 mg/m3 diesel particulate, (3) 2 mg/m3 respirable coal dust, and (4) 1 mg/m3 each of 2 and 3. Gaseous and vapor concentrations were similar in both exposures employing diesel exhaust. Male cynomolgus monkeys, Fischer-344 male and female rats, and female CD-1 mice were the experimental subjects. Monkeys were sacrificed at 24 months, rats at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months, and mice at 1, 3, and 6 months. Gross morphology and histopathology demonstrated that both diesel and coal dust particles are deposited in the lungs and retained in alveolar tissue. Alveolar type II cell hyperplasia and pulmonary lipidosis occurred in rats, being most evident in rats exposed to diesel exhaust alone. There was, however, no evidence of emphysema or chronic bronchitis, and only minimal fibrosis was seen in association with the retained particulate. Both particulates affected the defense mechanisms of the lung. Exposure to coal dust activated responses associated with phagocytosis, whereas exposure to diesel exhaust depressed them. Severity of influenza challenge increased concomitantly with decreased interferon production in diesel-exposed mice. Exposure to diesel emissions did not result in genotoxic effects as measured by increases in sister chromatid exchange, chromosomal aberrations, micronucleus testing, and urine genotoxic assays. Pulmonary function studies in monkeys showed mild obstructive airway disease in coal dust, diesel exhaust, and the combined exposed animals. This effect was most pronounced in monkeys exposed to diesel exhaust. Evidence of restrictive lung disease was not seen in any group. Clearance of F3O4 particles appeared to be stimulated by exposure to diesel exhaust in the first 3 months, but long-term clearance of diesel particulate appeared to be inhibited. No evidence was found for increases in tumorogenicity (rats) or induction of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in the lung or liver (rats). Humoral and cellular immunities were not significantly affected by exposure (rats). No adverse seminal effects were observed in monkeys exposed for 2 years. There was no frank evidence of chronic toxicity as demonstrated by changes in mortality, body weight gains, organ-body weight ratios, or clinical parameters in rats or monkeys. Synergistic effects between diesel exhaust and coal dust were not demonstrated.
Analysis of the FDA GLP Compliance Audit Findings from 1979 to 1985
Authors: Dewoskin Robert S. , Schroeder Robert S. , Barkalow Robert E. 
Published: November 2007

An independent panel of quality assurance professionals evaluated the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's FD483 forms. FD483 forms are used during laboratory site visits to document adverse findings. Findings were ranked for severity and identified as specific deviations from the good laboratory practice regulations. No trends were observed in the number or severity of the FD483 findings over a 7 year period. There was, however, considerable year-to-year variability in the types of facilities inspected and in the kinds of GLP deviations observed. Only 4% of the FD483s were judged as having an overall severity that would likely result in a disqualified study. The few academic and government laboratories that were evaluated generally fared poorly. A total of 225 FD483s were issued to 137 different laboratories. Of the 225 FD483s issued, 65% were issued to only 58 facilities during the initial and subsequent site visits. The general conclusion is that more detailed information and a longer time frame are needed to observe trends in GLP compliance for different types of facilities and subsections of the GLPs. To allow a fair appraisal of the GLP compliance effort, research is needed to develop new and more consistent auditing methods that measure successful remedial actions and that provide testing facilities with information on how FD483 findings translate into GLP deviations and how deviations are ranked for severity.
Mini‐Malapropisms
Authors: AITCHISON JEAN 
Published: November 2007

This paper is a linguistic analysis of malapropisms produced by children. A comparison of these with the “target” words indicated a clear ordering of importance of the features which, for children, constitute the resemblance of one word to another.This feature ordering appeared to be a strategy relating to word storage as well as decoding and (perhaps) encoding procedures. The order found was, however, only a statistical probability, not an absolute rule, and could be disturbed by phonetic and other factors.It is suggested that some dysphasics may have faulty decoding and storage strategies, so that words are decoded and stored as a jumble, rather than as a series of features carefully layered in order of importance.
Principles and Detailed Description of Construction of The Queensland University Aphasia Test. (Q.U.A.T.)
Authors: JORDAN J. M. , TYRER J. H. 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe principles and a detailed description of the Queensland University Aphasia Test (Q.U.A.T.) are given, including the schematic language model on which the various Sub‐tests of the Q.U.A.T. are based. The channels of communication used in each of the 30 Sub‐tests are specified, as well as the reason for inclusion of each Sub‐test. An account is provided of the variables considered, in the attempt to control the level of difficulty of the various Sub‐items within a given Item. Sub‐items of equal difficulty would form the basis for later construction of Parallel Forms of the Q.U.A.T.
Case Studies of Three “XXYY” Children
Authors: GARVEY MAUREEN , KELLETT BRENDA 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThree children with XXYY chromosome anomalies whose initial presenting symptom in speech therapy clinic was lack of a phonological system, are studied developmentally, psychologically and socially. Speech and language development are looked at in detail. Similarities and differences in their psycholinguistic abilities are discussed. Speech therapy methods are described. It is concluded that the laying down of kinaesthetic patterns is essential for the development of a phonological system in such children.
Stimulus Complexity, State and Infants' Auditory Behavioural Responses
Authors: BENCH JOHN , MENTZ LUTGEN 
Published: November 2007

SummaryFor some time it has been known that “complex” sound stimuli are more effective than pure tones in eliciting behavioural and other responses from infants aged 0–6 months. We have recently studied this issue in some detail, and confirm that stimulus complexity defined in terms of frequency bandwidth is of major importance in eliciting behavioural responses from infants aged 1 week, 6 weeks and 6 months. We have also found that the human voice is effective for 6 month old infants but apparently not for babies aged 1 and 6 weeks. These findings are modified by the baby's state of wakefulness, the effects of which are also considered. Comments are made on the implications of our data for clinical audiological assessments.
The written syntax of an English deaf child: an exploration in method
Authors: IVIMEY GEOFFREY P. 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe language of severely deaf children is frequently very deviant in terms of the normal language used by their hearing contemporaries. Some researchers have asserted that the deaf have poor or no linguistic competence, or that they find difficulty in using what they do have to understand and produce sentences. In this paper a purely linguistic method of investigation is described that enables us to examine and describe in detail the structure of the syntactic knowledge of deaf children. The child described in this paper is shown to possess a complex set of syntactic rules, both basic and transformational, which are used to produce totally novel utterances. This deaf child does have linguistic competence of no mean order. However the linguistic rules that she uses appear to have little relationship to those used by the surrounding normally hearing speech community.
Phonemic Synthesis in Poor Readers
Authors: LEVI GABRIEL , MUSATTI TULLIA 
Published: November 2007

SummaryPoor and normal reader performance in oral phonemic synthesis test and in writing and reading tests are compared. Substantial correlation between oral phonemic synthesis test and writing and reading tests suggest that poor readers evidence a specific linguistic disability, even in exclusively oral performance. Poor readers are to be considered as children who are incapable of re‐utilizing oral language and of translating it into written language.
Categories of Aphasia: a cluster‐analysis of Schuell test profiles
Authors: POWELL GRAHAM E. , CLARK ELIZABETH , BAILEY STELLA 
Published: November 2007

SummarySchuell test scores obtained from 86 aphasic cases were submitted to cluster‐analysis, which is a mathematical and statistical way of picking out groups of subjects with similar profiles. The number of groups thus obtained was four, these groups being aligned along a dimension of severity. This finding therefore contradicts Schuell's claim that her test yields seven groups defined by symptomological pattern. However, it was found that the seven Schuell types bore a loose but systematic relationship to our four types (that we have labelled Severe, High‐moderate, Low‐moderate, and Mild) and it was also noted that Schuell herself had considered collapsing her types onto a severity‐based system. Having described a typology far more mathematically sound than Schuell's, the theoretical implications of the results were discussed.
Inappropriate abstraction in speech‐assessment procedures
Authors: CARNEY EDWARD 
Published: November 2007

SummaryAssessment of speech based on data recorded in terms of phonemes or distinctive features is shown to be unsafe, because the level of abstraction can obscure the phonetic facts. One American scheme of distinctive feature assessment is considered in detail. A comparison is made between distinctive feature gradings of speech errors, E.A.T. gradings and gradings made from structuralist criteria. The conclusion is that deviancy is such a complex notion that the therapist must take into account a number of different assessment criteria. The theoretical linguist cannot provide an automatic fail‐safe device for speech assessment.Several colleagues have been kind enough to criticize this paper. I am particularly grateful for the detailed comments of Alan Cruttenden and William Haas.
Implications of Respirometric Evaluation for Diagnosis and Management of Vocal Fold Pathologies
Authors: AMERMAN JAMES D. , WILLIAMS DAVID K. 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of the respirometer as a clinical tool in the diagnosis and management of laryngeal disease. Airflow measurements of an adult male with a vocal fold polyp are reported. A respirometric voice profile for this client was developed over a 14‐week period representing 13 preoperative test sessions and one postoperative test session. The findings indicate that a respirometric voice profile may aid the voice pathologist in determining the effectiveness of ongoing therapy procedures and help provide more objective criteria in determining whether to continue or terminate voice therapy. Results suggest that the respirometer is sensitive to small changes in laryngeal function.
The Long Term Use of an Automatically Triggered Auditory Feedback Masking Device in the Treatment of Stammering
Authors: DEWAR ANN , DEWAR A. D. , AUSTIN W. T. S. , BRASH H. M. 
Published: November 2007

SummaryPortable and Clinical Bench models of an automatically triggered auditory feedback masking device, the “Edinburgh Masker”, and their usage are described. The device was found to be effective in abolishing or greatly reducing stammering in 89% of 195 cases. The effectiveness of the portable device has continued in the majority of users during periods of observation of up to three years. In a follow‐up study of 67 subjects with six months or more experience of the Masker, 82 % considered it to be of “considerable” or “great” benefit and 67% stated that, as the result of using the device, their unaided speech fluency had improved. No undesirable side‐effects have been observed.
Speech Pathology Considerations in the Management of Transsexualism—A Review
Authors: OATES JENNIFER M. , DACAKIS GEORGIA 
Published: November 2007

AbstractSpeech pathologists who may be called upon to assist the transsexual in developing verbal communication skills which are consistent with society's perception of the individual's desired gender, often do not have a full understanding of transsexualism and the management of these clients. The present paper discusses the nature of transsexualism, the highly structured gender reassignment programmes in Melbourne, Australia, and the management of the communication problems of such individuals. Particular emphasis is given to empirical data on sex‐associated speech and language characteristics as a basis for speech pathology intervention. Although some specific guidelines are presented for the clinician, it is emphasised that the validity and efficacy of management procedures remains limited until a more comprehensive data base on sex markers in speech is delineated and until speech pathologists publish evaluative reports of their intervention techniques.
Speech Therapists and Volunteers—Some Comments on Recent Investigations of their Effectiveness in the Treatment of Aphasia
Authors: PRING T. R. 
Published: November 2007

SummaryTwo recent studies (Meikle et al. (79), David et al. (82)) have compared the efficacy of aphasia therapy offered by speech therapists and by unqualified volunteers finding no difference in the progress of patients assigned for treatment to these two groups. This conclusion is however based upon the acceptance and not the rejection of the null hypothesis. Since the study of treatment efficacy is principally handicapped by the large variability of both patients and their response to treatment this appears to be an unsatisfactory methodology. Further examination of these papers reveals a number of factors which may favour the null hypothesis. The conclusion drawn from this research is therefore both unfair and disheartening to the speech therapy profession. Furthermore since the methodological problems encountered in these studies are likely to be common to all group studies of treatment, the investigation of specific treatments with individual patients is recommended as a better approach to the problem.
The Treatment of Stammering: A Multi‐Modal Approach in an In‐Patient Setting*
Authors: RUSTIN LENA , KUHR ARMIN 
Published: November 2007

SummaryAn in‐patient programme for adult stammerers is described. The treatment took place on a behaviour therapy ward in a hospital setting. It consisted of specific speech technique training, time‐out procedures, monitoring by nursing staff, self monitoring and transfer (generalisation) procedures.
Examining Early Intentional Communication in Down's Syndrome and Nonretarded Children
Authors: COGGINS TRUMAN E. , CARPENTER ROBERT L. , OWINGS NATHANIEL O. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis study examined the communicative intentions encoded by a group of normally developing preschool children and a group of Down's syndrome children matched for cognitive level and general linguistic abilities. The results revealed no significant differences between groups with respect to their use of a variety of intentional communicative behaviours. These findings suggest that young retarded children at a two‐word stage of linguistic development may be as flexible and diverse in their use of language during social interactions as are nonretarded children.
Speech Changes Following Orthodontic Treatment With The Functional Regulator
Authors: TEKIELI MARY ELLEN , RUSCELLO DENNIS M. , KERR MICHAEL P. , MOORE ROBERT N. 
Published: November 2007

SummaryCleft palate children exhibiting maxillary segment collapse underwent orthodontic treatment with the Functional Regulator (FR). Audio and video recordings of speech were obtained periodically in conjunction with appliance management. Judges evaluated the recordings obtained with and without the FR in place by assessing speech intelligibility, resonance and nasal emission. Results indicated: a) changes in maxillary width and cross‐bite relationships were not clinically significant; b) articulation, hypernasality and nasal emission were judged to be significantly more severe during appliance wear; c) video taped speech samples were judged to be significantly less intelligible than audio taped samples; d) a substantial amount of accommodation to the FR occurred at one‐two weeks post insertion, but maximum improvement in speech intelligibility occurred over the period evaluated; and e) good speech production skills prior to orthodontic treatment minimised the adverse effect of the FR on speech intelligibility.
The Language Development of Pre‐Preschool Hearing Children of Deaf Parents
Authors: MURPHY JUDITH , SLORACH NEIL 
Published: November 2007

AbstractOral language skills were studied in the communication of hearing children of deaf parents. Six children, who were in their pre‐preschool year, were given a battery of tests. A 45 minute session of each child's speech was tape‐recorded. The children's oral utterances were then compared with what is known about early utterances of children growing up in a hearing environment.The results indicated that the children's cognitive development is far ahead of their language development. This was reflected in the creation of sentences which were syntactically deviant. The children had poor vocabulary development, and compensated by frequent use of the words “thing” and “there”. The present study found a significant correlation between the extra help these children were receiving (from playgroup, kindergartens, relatives and neighbours) and their cognitive development; and also between the extra help and their development of semantic relations.
The role of repeated and echoed utterances in communication with a blind child
Authors: Kitzinger Mary 
Published: November 2007

AbstractBlind children have been observed to have a tendency towards a superficial fluency in language with much repetition of inappropriate phrases. Conversations with a three year old blind child are recorded and analysed according to the function of the utterances. (e.g. question, comments) and the originality of the utterance (e.g. repeated, echoed). Communicative styles varied but echoing constituted a substantial proportion of Betty's utterances. On examination these were found to have significant communicative value and were not inappropriate. The implications of this finding for promoting blind children's language are discussed.
Some developmental and behavioural characteristics of seven‐year‐old children with delayed speech development
Authors: Silva Phil A. , Justin Chris , McGee Rob , Williams Sheila M. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract872 seven year old children were investigated in respect of motor development, language and reading development, intelligence and some behavioural problems. Two speech‐delayed groups were distinguished, one with low IQ and one with normal IQ. Their differential characteristics are described.
From acquisition theories to intervention strategies: An experiment with mentally handicapped children
Authors: Martin Heather , McConkey Roy , Martin Susan 
Published: November 2007

AbstractAn intervention programme, to facilitate children's use of Agent + Action + Object sentences and based around specially made toys, was designed to encompass recent thinking on children's natural language acquisition, in particular the importance of providing a linguistically responsive environment. Two groups of children were involved. One group only played with the toys but the other received sentence models in response to their play actions. Rather surprisingly both groups showed improvements on post‐training assessments and these were maintained four weeks later. It is argued that children must be capable of understanding and identifying relationships among people, objects and events before they can use sentence structuring rules generatively. In future, language intervention programmes should focus more on developing such understanding and rather less on eliciting speech.