bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Chemical Treatments on Red-Rim Melania Melanoides tuberculata, an Exotic Aquatic Snail that Serves as a Vector of Trematodes to Fish and Other Species in the USA
Authors: Mitchell Andrew J. , Hobbs Melissa S. , Brandt Thomas M. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The red-rim melania Melanoides tuberculata, a subtropical and tropical snail, is a nonindigenous species that has become established and is spreading in the United States. Of concern is the potential of the red-rim melania to displace native snail populations and to transmit trematodes that cause serious problems. One of these, a fish gill trematode, Centrocestus formosanus, has negatively affected U.S. commercial and wild fish stocks, including some endangered species. The snail has an operculum that can protect it from desiccation and can remain viable for days on dry fisheries equipment. Thus, contaminated fisheries equipment is suspected as one of the ways the snail is being moved from place to place. A study was conducted to find chemical treatments that would kill 100% of the red-rim melania. Thirteen different chemicals and chemical combinations were evaluated at different concentrations and for various exposure periods. Roccal-D-Plus, Hydrothol 191, niclosamide, and Virkon showed promise in 24-h exposures at concentrations of 20 mg/L active ingredient (AI), 80 mg/L AI, 2 mg/L, and 1,600 mg/L AI, respectively. Additionally, Roccal-D-Plus killed all snails exposed to 2,000 mg/L for 1 h and to 600 mg/L for 16 h. Roccal-D-Plus has a history of use as a disinfectant for fishery equipment.
An Efficient Smolt Trap for Sandy and Debris-Laden Streams
Authors: Scace Justin G. , Letcher Benjamin H. , Noreika John 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Tripod weir and box traps are traditionally used to capture and enumerate out-migrating salmonid smolts in short-term studies and in streams where temporary or portable traps are the only practical option. Although traditional traps can be effective when conditions are ideal, they are often unable to withstand high-discharge events in streams containing a large amount of debris or sandy substrates. We created a rotary-screw trap and resistance board weir hybrid design that we evaluated along with a tripod weir and box trap, both in a 6.1-m-wide flume and in the field. The new design outperformed the tripod weir in both situations. The tripod weir failed in 10 min in the flume trial, whereas the new design was still operating at the conclusion of an 8-h trial under the same conditions. The new design operated continuously in the field during a high-discharge event that caused the tripod weir to fail. The new design also required less frequent cleaning than the tripod weir. The trap efficiency of the new design was estimated by using passive integrated transponder (PIT) tag antennas and radiotelemetry. The trap was 80% efficient (n = 40) in capturing migrating PIT-tagged individuals detected at an antenna upstream of the trap and 87.5% efficient (n = 48) at recapturing fish that had been tagged and released upstream. With its high efficiency and increased resiliency over the tripod weir, the new trap design will benefit management and research efforts in streams where traditional traps are unsuitable.
Impaired Insulin-Stimulated Phosphorylation of Akt and AS160 in Skeletal Muscle of Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Is Reversed by Pioglitazone Treatment
Authors: Højlund Kurt , Glintborg Dorte , Andersen Nicoline R. , Birk Jesper B. , Treebak Jonas T. , Frøsig Christian , Beck-Nielsen Henning , Wojtaszewski Jørgen F.P. 
Published: November 2007

OBJECTIVE— Insulin resistance in skeletal muscle is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying skeletal muscle insulin resistance and the insulin-sensitizing effect of thiazolidinediones in PCOS in vivo are less well characterized.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— We determined molecular mediators of insulin signaling to glucose transport in skeletal muscle biopsies of 24 PCOS patients and 14 matched control subjects metabolically characterized by euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamps and indirect calorimetry, and we examined the effect of 16 weeks of treatment with pioglitazone in PCOS patients.
RESULTS— Impaired insulin-mediated total (Rd) oxidative and nonoxidative glucose disposal (NOGD) was paralleled by reduced insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation at Ser473 and Thr308 and AS160 phosphorylation in muscle of PCOS patients. Akt phosphorylation at Ser473 and Thr308 correlated positively with Rd and NOGD in the insulin-stimulated state. Serum free testosterone was inversely related to insulin-stimulated Rd and NOGD in PCOS. Importantly, the pioglitazone-mediated improvement in insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism, which did not fully reach normal levels, was accompanied by normalization of insulin-mediated Akt phosphorylation at Ser473 and Thr308 and AS160 phosphorylation. AMPK activity and phosphorylation were similar in the two groups and did not respond to pioglitazone in PCOS patients.
CONCLUSIONS— Impaired insulin signaling through Akt and AS160 in part explains insulin resistance at the molecular level in skeletal muscle in PCOS, and the ability of pioglitazone to enhance insulin sensitivity involves improved signaling through Akt and AS160. Moreover, our data provide correlative evidence that hyperandrogenism in PCOS may contribute to insulin resistance.
Association Analysis Indicates That a Variant GATA-Binding Site in the PIK3CB Promoter Is a Cis-Acting Expression Quantitative Trait Locus for This Gene and Attenuates Insulin Resistance in Obese Children
Authors: Le Stunff Catherine , Dechartres Agnès , Mariot Virginie , Lotton Chantal , Trainor Cecelia , Miraglia Del Giudice Emanuele , Meyre David , Bieche Ivan , Laurendeau Ingrid , Froguel Philippe , Zelenika Diana , Fallin Dani , Lathrop Mark , Roméo Paul-Henri , Bougnères Pierre 
Published: November 2007

OBJECTIVE—In search of functional polymorphisms associated with the genetics of insulin resistance, we studied a variant in the promoter of PIK3CB, the gene coding for the catalytic p110β subunit of phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase, a major effector of insulin action.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—The rs361072 C/T variant was selected among single nucleotide polymorphisms of the PIK3CB region because we suspected that its common C allele (allelic frequency ∼50% in Europeans) could create a GATA-binding motif and was genotyped in five cohorts of obese (n = 1,876) and two cohorts of nonobese (n = 1,490) European children. To estimate insulin resistance in these children, the homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index was measured in strict nutritional conditions. GATA-binding and functional effects of rs361072 were explored in transfected cell lines and in lymphocytes from obese children.
RESULTS—The rs361072 C/T variant was associated with HOMA-IR in the obese children cohorts (1.7 × 10−12 &lt; P &lt; 2 × 10−4 for C/C vs. T/T using regression analysis). HOMA-IR averaged 3.3 ± 0.1 in C/C and 4.5 ± 0.2 in T/T obese children (P = 4.5 × 10−6 by ANOVA). C/T patients had intermediate values. As shown by the interaction between BMI and genotype (P = 2.1 × 10−9), the association of rs361072 with HOMA-IR depended on BMI and was only marginal in nonobese children (P = 0.04). At the molecular level, the C allele of rs361072 was found to create a GATA-binding site able to increase transcription of PIK3CB.
CONCLUSIONS—We postulate that the C allele of rs361072 is a causal variant capable of attenuating insulin resistance in obese children through increased expression of p110β.
Antimicrobial activity of bovine bactericidal permeability–increasing protein–derived peptides against gram-negative bacteria isolated from the milk of cows with clinical mastitis
Authors: Chockalingam Annapoorani , Zarlenga Dante S. , Bannerman Douglas D. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate antimicrobial activity of bovine bactericidal permeability–increasing protein (bBPI)–derived synthetic peptides against mastitis-causing gram-negative bacteria.
Sample Population—Bacterial isolates from the milk of cows with clinical mastitis.
Procedures—3 peptides were synthesized with sequences corresponding to amino acids 65 to 99 (bBPI65–99) or 142 to 169 (bBPI142–169) or the combination of amino acids 90 to 99 and 148 to 161 (bBPI90–99,148–161) of bBPI. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of these peptides against bacterial isolates from cows with mastitis were determined by use of a standardized broth microdilution assay. The ability of these peptides to retain their antimicrobial activity in serum and milk was also evaluated. Finally, bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-neutralizing activity of these peptides was assayed with the Limulus amebocyte lysate test.
Results—Of the 3 peptides tested, bBPI90–99,148–161 had the widest spectrum of antimicrobial activity, with MIC and MBC values ranging from 16 to 64 Mg/mL against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Enterobacter spp and from 64 to 128 Mg/mL against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. None of the peptides had any growth-inhibitory effect on Serratia marcescens. The antimicrobial activity of bBPI90–99,148–161 was inhibited in milk, but preserved in serum. Finally, bBPI142–169 and bBPI90–99,148–161 completely neutralized LPS.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—bBPI90–99,148–161 is a potent neutralizer of the highly proinflammatory molecule bacterial LPS and has antimicrobial activity against a variety of gram-negative bacteria. The ability of bBPI90–99,148–161 to retain antimicrobial activity in serum suggests a potential therapeutic application for this peptide in the management of gram-negative septicemia.
Determination and use of mechanical nociceptive thresholds of the thoracic limb to assess pain associated with induced osteoarthritis of the middle carpal joint in horses
Authors: Haussler Kevin K. , Hill Ashley E. , Frisbie David D. , McIlwraith C. Wayne 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Objectives—To establish reference mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT) values of the equine thoracic limb and to assess the use of MNT values to detect pain associated with induced osteoarthritis in the middle carpal joint.
Animals—24 adult horses.
Procedures—MNT values were evoked by a pressure algometer at 17 sites within each thoracic limb during 2 baseline sessions conducted an average of 5 days apart. Effects of age, sex, weight, and wither height on MNT values were assessed separately for each site. Tolerance of horses to the procedure was graded subjectively and correlated with MNT values. Synovitis and osteoarthritis were induced arthroscopically in the middle carpal joint of 1 randomly selected thoracic limb. The opposite limb served as a sham-operated control limb. Mechanical nociceptive threshold values were recorded weekly and correlated with clinical, radiographic, and necropsy scores measured over 10 weeks. Lower MNT values corresponded with increased pain, whereas higher MNT values indicated reduced pain.
Results—A gradual increase in MNT values was detected from proximal-to-distal sites of the thoracic limbs. High MNT values were recorded for geldings and tall horses. In general, tolerance to procedure scores was positively correlated with overall pooled MNT values within each thoracic limb. From 2 to 6 weeks after surgery, the osteoarthritic limb had significantly reduced MNT values within the carpal region. The osteoarthritic limb also had significant changes in clinical examination, radiographic, and necropsy scores, which were poorly correlated with MNT values.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Pressure algometry provided objective assessment of nociception of the thoracic limb; however, MNT values were poorly correlated with clinical variables used to assess osteoarthritis.
Comparison of the myocardial performance index derived by use of pulsed Doppler echocardiography and tissue Doppler imaging in dogs with volume overload
Authors: Hori Yasutomo , Kunihiro Shoh-ichi , Hoshi Fumio , Higuchi Sei-ichi 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Objective—To investigate the relationship between the myocardial performance index (MPI) determined by use of pulsed Doppler (PD) echocardiography and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) in the response to volume overload–related changes in left ventricle (LV) performance.
Animals—7 male Beagles.
Procedures—Dogs were anesthetized and intubated. A 6-F fluid-filled catheter was placed in the LV to measure LV peak systolic (LVPs) and LV end-diastolic (LVED) pressures. Preload was increased by IV infusion of lactated Ringer's solution (rate of 200 mL/kg/h for 60 minutes) into a cephalic vein. Transmitral flow velocities and aortic outflow were measured, and TDI velocities were obtained from the 4-chamber view.
Results—Acute volume overload induced a significant increase in heart rate, LVPs pressure, and LVED pressure, compared with baseline values. A significant decrease in the PD-MPI and TDI-MPI values and a significant correlation (r = 0.70) between PD-MPI and TDI-MPI were detected. The PD-derived A-wave velocity, ejection time, and isovolumic relaxation time (IRT) and the TDI-derived IRT, MPI, and ratio of the velocity of the E wave to the velocity of the ventricular portion of the E wave during early diastole had equal ability to predict LVED pressure (r2 = 0.63).
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The TDI-MPI was closely correlated with LV filling pressure and may be helpful in evaluating global cardiac function in dogs.
Evaluation of detailed training data to identify risk factors for retirement because of tendon injuries in Thoroughbred racehorses
Authors: Lam Kenneth K. H. , Parkin Tim D. H. , Riggs Christopher M. , Morgan Kenton L. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Objective—To identify the risk factors for premature retirement because of tendon injury in a Thoroughbred racehorse population.
Animals—175 Thoroughbred racehorses (cases) at the Hong Kong Jockey Club that were retired from racing because of tendon injury between 1997 and 2004 and for which the last preretirement exercise was at a fast pace were each matched with 3 control horses that were randomly selected from all uninjured horses that had galloped on the same date as that last exercise episode.
Procedures—Training data for all horses were examined. Conditional logistic regression analyses were performed to identify risk factors for retirement from racing attributable to tendon injury. Two multivariable conditional logistic regression models were created; each contained 8 explanatory variables.
Results—Compared with control horses, case horses were older at the time of import, accumulated more race distance soon after import, were more likely to have had previous official veterinary or ultrasonographic examinations, raced fewer times during their career, and were in training for a longer period and had exercised at a reduced intensity during the 180-day period preceding the last fast-paced work date.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In addition to identification of risk factors for tendon injury among racing Thoroughbreds, results have suggested that resources focused on obtaining accurate training data may be misdirected in the absence of internationally agreed criteria for incident tendon injury among racehorses. Nevertheless, changes in training intensity and findings of previous clinical examinations could be used to identify horses at risk of tendon injury–associated retirement.
Determination of proviral load in bovine leukemia virus–infected cattle with and without lymphocytosis
Authors: Juliarena Marcela A. , Gutierrez Silvina E. , Ceriani Carolina 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Objective—To determine proviral load in bovine leukemia virus (BLV)–infected cattle with and without persistent lymphocytosis to assess the potential of transmitting the virus.
Animals—Cattle in 6 dairy herds.
Procedures—Blood samples from infected cows were evaluated 3 times at 6-month intervals for determination of proviral load via PCR assay, serologic results via ELISA, and hematologic status via differential cell counts.
Results—Infected cattle were classified into lymphocytotic and nonlymphocytotic groups. Lymphocytotic cattle consistently had > 100,000 copies of integrated provirus/μg of DNA (ie, high proviral load) in peripheral blood leukocytes. Titers of antibodies against BLVgp51 and BLVp24 indicated a strong immune response. Nonlymphocytotic cattle comprised 2 subgroups: a group with high proviral load and strong immune response, and a group with a weaker immune response, mostly against BLVp24, and a proviral load of < 100 copies/μg of DNA (ie, low proviral load).
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results emphasized the importance of characterizing nonlymphocytotic BLV-infected cattle during eradication programs. The risk of transmitting BLV infection from nonlymphocytotic cattle may differ depending on the proviral load. Nonlymphocytotic cattle with high proviral load could be efficient transmitters (as efficient as lymphocytotic cattle), whereas nonlymphocytotic cattle with low proviral load could be inefficient transmitters under standard husbandry conditions. Because most cattle with low proviral load do not develop anti-BLVp24 antibodies, it appears that lack of an anti-BLVp24 antibody response may be a good marker of this condition.
Effect of show jumping training on the development of locomotory muscle in young horses
Authors: Rietbroek Nancy J. , Dingboom Elizabeth G. , Joosten Brian J. L. J. , Eizema Karin , Everts Maria E. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Objective—To investigate whether training for show jumping that is commenced early after birth affects the characteristics of equine locomotory muscle.
Animals—19 Dutch Warmblood horses.
Procedures—Horses were assigned to a trained or not trained (control) group. After weaning, training (free jumping [2 d/wk] that was alternated with a 20-minute period of exercise in a mechanical rotating walker [3 d/wk]) was started and continued until horses were 3 years old. Fiber type composition (determined from myosin heavy chain [MyHC] content), fiber area, diffusion index (area supplied by 1 capillary), citrate synthase activity, and Na+,K+-ATPase content were assessed in gluteus medius muscle specimens collected at 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 years.
Results—Developmental changes included an increase in MyHC fiber type IIa and a decrease in type IIad; increases in fiber area, diffusion index, and citrate synthase activity; and a decrease in Na+,K+-ATPase content. The MyHC fiber type I and type IId were detected in high and low proportions, respectively. Training increased Na+,K+-ATPase content, but did not affect other variables.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In horses, show jumping training at an early age resulted in increased Na+,K+-ATPase content of the deep portions of the gluteus medius muscle. The lack of training effects on the other muscle characteristics can partly be explained by the fact that an appropriate (aerobic) fiber type composition was already established at training commencement. These data also suggested that the developmental changes in equine muscle represent sufficient adaptation to meet the demands of this specific training.
Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in tumors and plasma from dogs with primary intracranial neoplasms
Authors: Rossmeisl John H. , Duncan Robert B. , Huckle William R. , Troy Gregory C. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Objective—To quantitatively evaluate expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in intracranial tumors in dogs and determine whether relationships exist between circulating and intratumoral VEGF concentrations and tumor type and grade.
Animals—27 dogs with primary intracranial neoplasms and 4 unaffected control dogs.
Procedures—Plasma and brain tumor samples were obtained from each dog, and plasma and intratumoral concentrations of VEGF were measured by use of an ELISA.
Results—Dogs with meningiomas (n = 11) were significantly older than dogs with oligodendrogliomas (7) or astrocytomas (9). Measurable VEGF was detected in all tumors, and a significant negative correlation between age and intratumoral VEGF concentration was detected. Age-adjusted comparisons identified significant differences in intratumoral VEGF concentrations among all tumor types; the highest VEGF concentrations were associated with astrocytomas. Within each tumor type, increasing tumor grade was significantly associated with increasing VEGF expression. Plasma VEGF concentrations were detectable in 9 of 27 dogs; the proportion of dogs with astrocytomas and a detectable circulating VEGF concentration (7/9 dogs) was significantly higher than the proportion of dogs with meningiomas (1/11 dogs) or oligodendrogliomas (1/7 dogs) with a detectable circulating VEGF concentration.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Overexpression of VEGF appears common in canine astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, and meningiomas. In the neoplasms examined, intratumoral VEGF concentrations correlated well with tumor malignancy. The VEGF expression patterns paralleled those of analogous human tumors, providing evidence that dogs are a suitable species in which to study angiogenesis and intracranial neoplasia for human application.
Pharmacokinetics and safety of penciclovir following oral administration of famciclovir to cats
Authors: Thomasy Sara M. , Maggs David J. , Moulin Nicole K. , Stanley Scott D. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Objective—To investigate penciclovir pharmacokinetics following single and multiple oral administrations of famciclovir to cats.
Animals—8 adult cats.
Procedures—A balanced crossover design was used. Phase I consisted of a single administration (62.5 mg, PO) of famciclovir. Phase II consisted of multiple doses of famciclovir (62.5 mg, PO) given every 8 or 12 hours for 3 days. Plasma penciclovir concentrations were assayed via liquid chromatography—mass spectrometry at fixed time points after famciclovir administration.
Results—Following a single dose of famciclovir, the dose-normalized (15 mg/kg) maximum concentration (Cmax) of penciclovir (350 ± 180 ng/mL) occurred at 4.6 ± 1.8 hours and mean ± SD apparent elimination half-life was 3.1 ± 0.9 hours. However, the dose-normalized area under the plasma penciclovir concentration-time curve extrapolated to infinity (AUC0→∞) during phase I decreased with increasing dose, suggesting either nonlinear pharmacokinetics or interindividual variability among cats. Accumulation occurred following multiple doses of famciclovir administered every 8 hours as indicated by a significantly increased dose-normalized AUC, compared with AUC0→∞ from phase 1. Dose-normalized penciclovir Cmaxfollowing administration of famciclovir every 12 or 8 hours (290 ± 150 ng/mL or 780 ± 250 ng/mL, respectively) was notably less than the in vitro concentration (3,500 ng/mL) required for activity against feline herpesvirus-1.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Penciclovir pharmacokinetics following oral famciclovir administration in cats appeared complex within the dosage range studied. Famciclovir dosages of 15 mg/kg administered every 8 hours to cats are unlikely to result in plasma penciclovir concentrations with activity against feline herpesvirus-1.