bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isolation and purification of deoxynivalenol and a new trichothecene by high pressure liquid chromatography
Authors: Bennett G. A. , Peterson R. E. , Plattner R. D. , Shotwell O. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDeoxynivalenol (3,7,15‐trihydroxy‐12,l3‐epoxytrichothec‐9‐ene‐8‐one) was extracted from corn with methanol/water (80:20, v/v) and purified by liquid:liquid partitioning and by preparative high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). This procedure was used to prepare mg quantities of toxin from field‐inoculated corn for reference standards. Analysis of the isolated deoxynivalenol by analytical HPLC, gas liquid chromatography (GLC) and gas liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GLC/MS) indicated the presence of a second compound similar to deoxynivalenol. This compound comigrates with deoxynivalenol on thin layer chromatography plates in chloroform/methanol (90:10, v/v), but can be separated by HPLC on a reverse‐phase C8 column with methanol/water (10:90, v/v). GC/MS of the compound and the trimethylsilyl ether derivative gave parent ions of m/e 280 and 424, respectively. These data and NMR data indicate that the compound is 3,15‐dihydroxy‐12,13‐epoxytrichothec‐9‐ene‐8‐one, a previously unreported trichothecene.
Isolation of altenuisol and altertoxins I and II, minor mycotoxins elaborated byalternaria
Authors: Chu F. S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA method for the isolation of milligram quantities of 3 minorAlternaria mycotoxins, altenuisol (AS), altertoxin I (AT‐I) and altertoxin II (AT‐II) was developed. Crude toxin preparation was first subjected to a preparative high pressure liquid Chromatograph step using PrepLC/System 500 and a silica gel column. The 3 minor toxins were eluted from the column with 25% ethyl acetate. Further purification of these toxins was achieved by passing the partially purified toxins through a Sephadex LH‐20 column (2.5 X 25 cm) twice. In a solvent system of hexane/methylehe chloride/methanol (1:1:1, v/v/v), AT‐I was eluted from the Sephadex column first, followed by AT‐II and AS. The distribution of variousAlternaria mycotoxins in different fractions obtained from the Sephadex step and some of the physicochemical properties of AT‐I and AT‐II are described.
Transmission and distribution of aflatoxin in contaminated beef liver and other tissues
Authors: Stubblefield R. D. , Shotwell O. L. , Richard J. L. , Pier A. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA 160‐kg Holstein steer was fed 52 mg1, equivalents/day (orally) for 5 consecutive days and then slaughtered. The liver, kidneys, spleen, heart and skeletal muscle (round) were retained and assayed for aflatoxin. The liver was cut into 14 samples and each was analyzed to determine the distribution of aflatoxin in liver. Afla‐toxin levels in samples from the edges of the liver were 44% lower than averages of all the remaining samples, which were 25.0 ng B,, 15.4 ng M1 and 47.1 ng total aflatoxin/g; however, cross‐sectional samples would give representative assay results. Lower total aflatoxin concentrations (16.0 ng, 18.5 ng and 12.9 ng/g) were found for heart, spleen and muscle, respectively. The kidneys had the highest level of aflatoxin (145.9 ng/g) with M1 levels (105.5 ng/g) 3.6 times the B, concentration (29.3 ng/g). In the other tissues, B1 concentrations were 1.6‐2.9 times greater than aflatoxin M1.
Preparation of low‐phytate rapeseed protein by ultrafiltration: II. Membrane development and testing
Authors: Siy R. D. , Talbot F. D. F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe feasibility of using ultrafiltration (UF) to eliminate phytate from aqueous sodium chloride extracts of rapeseed was studied. With a proper choice of casting solution composition and casting conditions, high flux asymmetric cellulose acetate membranes of different surface porosity capable of giving different levels of phytate‐protein separation were effectively created. The efficiency of the cast cellulose acetate membranes on phytate‐protein separation was greatly influenced by the solution pH. The presence of sodium chloride in the processed solution was important to obtain a low retention of phytate. Complete removal of phytate from rapeseed extract with little or no loss of proteins was achieved using continuous diafiltrarion.
Determination of heavy metals in a menhaden oil after refining and hydrogenation using several analytical methods
Authors: Elson CM. , Bem E. M. , Ackman R. G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA series of menhaden oils collected at various stages of processing have been analyzed for zinc, cadmium, lead, copper and arsenic by wet digestion and electrothermal atomization‐atomic absorption spectrophotometry (aas). The results are compared, for some metals, with 2 other methods of oil treatment: extraction with nitric acid and dilution with methyl isobutyl ketone. Both the extraction and dilution procedures appeared to measure only the loosely bound, inorganic portion of the metals: determination of the total metal content including organometallics required wet digestion. The crude oil contained the largest metal burden but successive refining steps reduced the metal content to a level which met the FAO/WHO Codex standards. Hydrogenation did not significantly alter the metal concentration in the oils.
Grape seed: A potential source of protein
Authors: Fantozzi P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBecause grape seed is a potential source of edible protein, it is essential to remove the polyphenols to significantly improve protein digestibility. This study describes a procedure whereby grape seed protein concentrate is significantly purified and protein digestibility is improved. The procedure involves soaking whole seeds in an alkaline solution and subsequently extracting the protein with a concentrated salt solution.
Study on neutral lipid composition of malagasy zebu fats: I. Quantitative analysis of fatty acids and sterols
Authors: Ramananarivo R. , Artaud J. , Estienne J. , Peiffer G. , Gaydou E. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe fatty acid and sterol compositions of different parts of Malagasy zebu(Bos indicus) were evaluated. Investigation by gas liquid chromatography using Carbowax 20 M revealed 35 fatty acids, mainly palmitic (24‐27%), stearic (13‐24%), and oleic (25‐37%) acids. Odd‐numbered, iso and anteiso fatty acids were also detected. Small differences in composition were observed between the hump and the kidney fats ofB. indicus. Comparison between industrial tallow ofB. indicus andB. taurus revealed slight differences in the stearic/ oleic acid ratio (0.83 and 0.46, respectively). An OV 17 column was used to separate 9 sterols, mainly cholesterol (89‐98%).β‐Sitosterol was also found at lower concentrations in all the samples.
Effect of succinylation of cottonseed flour during protein extraction on the yield and some of the properties of protein isolates
Authors: Choi Y. R. , Lusas E. W. , Rhee K. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA new method has been developed to improve extraction and recovery of protein isolates, which are highly water‐soluble, low in sensitivity to calcium precipitation and light‐colored, from defatted cottonseed flour. Optimal conditions include extraction of flour with acidified n‐butanol (pH 4.5) to remove chromophores, succinylation of proteins at pH 8.5 using succinic anhydride at a concentration of 30% on protein basis, and precipitation of protein at pH 4.5. The resulting succinylated isolates contain more hydrophobic and neutral amino acids than untreated isolates. Gel filtration chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of protein isolates (water‐, salt [4% NaCl]‐ and alkali [0.2% NaOH]‐soluble), sequentially fractionated from succinylated and untreated flours, suggest that succinylation converts much of the salt‐ and alkali‐soluble proteins to water‐soluble forms. Succinylation increases emulsion stability of isolates. The 3 succinylated isolates showed similar Chromatographie patterns on Sephadex G‐100 columns and clectrophoretic mobilities in polyacrylamide gels, whereas the corresponding 3 isolates from untreated flour had different gel patterns and mobilities. Mobilities of major protein components of the 3 isolates were increased by succinylation.
Phospholipid‐ phospholipid interaction in soybean oil
Authors: Kanamoto R. , Wada Y. , Miyajima G. , Kito M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPhospholipid‐phospholipid interaction in soybean oil is described. Phosphatidylcholine was effectively removed from soybean oil by degumming (water hydration), whereas phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidic acid were hardly hydratable. However, the degree of their hydration increased in the presence of phosphatidylcholine. The spectrophotometric assay based on charge transfer interaction between 7,7,8,8‐tetracyanoquinodimethane and phospholipids at 480 nm was used to determine the formation of phospholipid micelles in soybean oil. The critical micelle concentrations were 0.085, 0.84 and 2.6 mM for phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidic acid, respectively. Phosphatidylcholine interacted with phosphatidylethanolamine or phosphatidic acid to form mixed micelles. The critical micelle concentrations of phosphatidylcholine‐phosphatidylethanolamine mixture and phosphatidylcholine‐phosphatidic acid mixture were 0.16 and 1.3 mM, respectively. The degree of hydration of phospholipids was related to their critical micelle concentrations. Interaction of phosphatidylcholine with phosphatidylethanolamine or phosphatidic acid was confirmed by determining the changes in the chemical shifts of 31PNMR spectra.
Volatile sulfur compounds and other headspace constituents of north sea fish oils
Authors: Christensen B. W. , Kjær A. , Madsen J. Øgaard 
Published: July 2007

AbstractHeadspace fractions of industrial oils produced from North Sea fish have been studied with emphasis on their sulfur‐containing constituents, suspected inhibitors in the subsequent, catalytic oil hardening process. Fourteen individual, volatile sulfur compounds have been identified, accounting for virtually the total amount of such compounds in the volatile fraction. Sulfides, linear and cyclic di‐ and polysulfides, and a homologous series of methyl thiolesters, together make up the chemical patterns. Gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry revealed a complex, but surprisingly constant pattern of the total, volatile fractions of several North Sea fish oils. About 100 individual compounds, including those containing sulfur, have been fully or partly identified. The structural characteristics and possible origin of the various types of compounds are discussed briefly.
Wetting properties of nonionic surfactants of homogeneous structure C12H25(OC2H4)xOH
Authors: Cohen A. W. , Rosen M. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe wetting of cotton skeins by aqueous solutions of individual surfactants of structure C12H25(OC2H4)XOH, where x = 4‐8, with homogeneous head groups, and of a Poisson distribution mixture containing an average of 5.5 oxyethylene groups, has been measured at various temperatures using the Draves technique. An individual compound with a homogeneous polyoxyethylene head group is a more effective wetting agent than a Poisson distribution mixture with the same average number of oxyethylene units. Loglog plots of wetting time vs surfactant concentration are linear in the concentration range of 0.25 to 1 g/L. The best wetting agents at any temperature have slopes in the ‐1.5 to ‐1.6 range and Y‐intercepts from +0.6 to +0.7. Wetting in these systems appears to be diffusion‐controlled. The wetting time at 1 g/L concentration is a measure of the wetting effectiveness of the surfactant, because it is roughly inversely proportional to the diffusion constant of the surfactant at that concentration. For materials 30 C or more below their cloud point, temperature increase causes an increase in wetting effectiveness. As the cloud point of the surfactant solution is approached, however, both the slope and the Y‐intercept of the log‐log plot of wetting time vs surfactant concentration change sharply. The absolute value of the negative slope decreases and the positive value of the Y‐intercept increases, resulting in greatly reduced wetting effectiveness.
Hydrogenation research
Authors: Allen R. R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDuring the 33 years I have spent in industrial fats and oils research and development I have been fortunate to have both R&D managers who let me stay in the laboratory and do my own research, and capable assistants who worked with me in the laboratory. Of course, much of my work could never have been done without them, so this award is theirs, too. My laboratory assistant in Taiwan, Dorothy Chu, wrote me, “You are my boss, so it is my honor, too.” This is not just my award; you are also honoring those who worked with me during the past.
The Determination of Fatty Acid Primary Amides by Capillary Gas Chromatography
Authors: Brengartner Dennis A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA method has been developed for the determination of 12 primary amides of long‐chain fatty acids by capillary column gas chromatography. The method uses no derivatization or sample preparation other than extraction of the sample. A variety of commercial amidecontaining materials have been analyzed successfully. The amides, along with other soluble materials, are first separated from the host using refluxing 2‐propanol containing an internal standard. The fatty acid amides are then identified and measured by gas chromatography over a programmed temperature range of 200 to 260 C. The chromatograms obtained show sharp peaks, unique retention times and acceptable reproducibility for quantitation.Cis‐ trans isomers of several of the fatty acid amides were tested and found to be resolved under the conditions employed.
The effect of temperature and wax content on the appearance of turbidity in sunflowerseed oil
Authors: Turkulov J. , Dimić E. , Karlović Dj. , Vukša V. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTurbidity in refined sunflowerseed oil, caused by the presence of waxes, is a frequent occurrence. As such, it is a special problem in a number of countries where clear packaging is used for this oil. The application of cold test for the determination of sunflowerseed oil clarity is not always satisfactory, as the negative cold test is not a guarantee that the waxes are completely removed and that the oil will remain clear for a longer period. In this study, the threshold value for wax content which would cause turbidity in refined sunflowerseed oil was determined. At the same time, the influence of cooling temperature and wax content on the visible turbidity appearance rate was investigated. The results show that the turbidity threshold for the cold test is 80 mg wax/kg oil, and that the rate of the visible turbidity appearance of the oil depends both on wax content and cooling temperature.
A technique for monitoring the quality of used frying oils
Authors: Wu Pei‐fen , Nawar W. W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe objective of this work was to develop a practical method for monitoring the quality of oils during the frying process. A special effort was made to find a technique that would not be affected by dilution, since replenishment with fresh oil to varying degrees is a frequent necessity. Nine analytical methods, i.e., measurements of viscosity, polymers, change in dielectric constant, polar compounds, dimers, free fatty acids, smoke point, carbonyls and cyclic monomers, as well as certain combinations of these measurements were evaluated. Since each single method was influenced by replenishment with fresh oil, combinations of two methods were studied in an attempt to produce a single value unaffected by dilution. The ratio polymer/FOS (polymers according to Peled's technique of methylation and extraction and change in dielectric constant by Foodoil Sensor readings) proved not only to be adequate for monitoring the quality of the used oil, but also was affected minimally by replenishment.
Indian ricebran lecithin
Authors: Adhikari S. , Adhikari J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn view of the high potential of ricebran oil in India, lecithins recovered from crude and dewaxed Indian ricebran oil were analyzed and different classes characterized with the objective of effectively utilizing this valuable by‐ product. Lipid classes and individual phospholipid components were identified and estimated. Dewaxing was found to have a considerable effect on composition of the derived lecithin. The lecithin obtained from crude or dewaxed Indian ricebran oil consisted mainly of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylnositol and triglycerides, along with carbohydrates, free fatty acid, sterols and waxes (in case of crude oil). The major fatty acids of individual phospholipids were found to be palmitic, oleic and linoleic. Analytical characteristics of ricebran lecithin were shown to be comparable to local soybean lecithin. It can be expected that the gummy materials in the oil, presently lost with the soapstock during refining, could find important applications.
Quantitation in the analysis of transesterified soybean oil by capillary gas chromatography 1
Authors: Freedman B. , Kwolek W. F. , Pryde E. H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA rapid quantitative capillary gas Chromatographic method has been developed for studying transesterification of soybean oil (SBO) to fatty esters. Standard solutions containing methyl linoleate, mono‐, di‐ and trilinolein were analyzed with a 1.8 m X 0.32 mm SE‐ 30 fused silica column. The effect of carrier gas flow on reproducibility was determined. Prior to analysis, mono‐ (MG) and diglycerides (DG) were silylated with N,O‐ bis(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide.Tridecanoin was used as an internal standard. From plots of area and weight relationships, slopes and intercepts for all four compound classes were determined. Agreement between the measured and calculated compositions of the standard solutions was good; the overall standard deviation was 0.4. Slopes and intercepts also were determined for SBO and its methyl and butyl esters. Complete separation of ester, MG, DG and triglyceride was obtained in 12 min by temperature programming from 160 to 350 C. This method of analysis gave excellent results when used in a kinetic study of SBO transesterification.
Synthesis and rigorous purification of sodium alkylbenzene sulfonates
Authors: Budhram R. S. , Eisenbraun E. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe detergent properties of sodium alkylbenzene sulfonates frequently do not allow the use of conventional solvents and methods of organic chemistry for isolation and purification. The preparation of large quantities of highly purified linear and branched alkylbenzene sulfonates was achieved through purification of the corresponding methyl sulfonate ester obtained in one step by chlorosulfonation of the hydrocarbon and quenching the reaction mixture with methanol. Preparative HPLC of the methyl sulfonate ester and the use of special techniques in analytical HPLC provided highly purified sodium alkylbenzene sulfonates.
The hydrocarbon constituents of petroleum and some possible lipid precursors
Authors: Smith Harold M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis report presents a complete qualitative picture of our knowledge of the hydrocarbon composition of petroleum as of April 1965. The material is presented in detail on an imaginative map called the Hydrocarbon Hemisphere which depicts the hydrocarbons identified in petroleum. All compounds are placed on the map according to boiling point.The accompanying text illustrates by structural formulas the several types of hydrocarbons identified, presents some quantitative data, and points out the possible geochemical significance of a number of the compounds with particular reference to lipids as possible source material.
Analysis of oil content of soybeans by wide‐line NMR
Authors: Collins F. I. , Alexander D. E. , Rodgers R. C. , Silvela L. S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSamples of soybeans, ranging from single seed to 25 g, were scanned by NMR and then gravimetrically analyzed for oil content. High positive correlations of NMR and oil for single seed (r=0.998) and for 25‐g samples (r=0.999) were found. Single 30‐sec NMR scans gave accurate estimates of the oil content of sobean seeds which had been dried to less than 4% moisture content. Fifteen samples of known percentage composition, created by mixing calculated weights of soybean oil with oven dry soybean meal (made lipid‐free by petroleum ether and by carbon tetrachloride extraction), were scanned by NMR. These 15 samples, starting at 2% oil and increasing by increments of 2% oil up to 30%, had a linear relationship of NMR readouts with these known percentages of oil. These results indicate that wide‐line nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is an accurate, rapid and nondestructive tool for determining the oil content of soybean seeds. Since NMR scanning of seed does not alter its composition or destroy its viability, this method of oil analysis could accelerate the development of new soybean strains.
A detergency test based on rapid aging of unremoved sebum
Authors: Spangler W. G. , Roga R. C. , Cross H. D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA laboratory test has been developed for screening detergent compositions with respect to the removal of sebum soil in the absence of particulate soil. The fabrics are uniformly soiled with an aqueous emulsion of synthetic sebum and are then laundered under controlled conditions in a Tergo‐Tometer. The unremoved soil is rapidly aged, and the resulting yellowness is measured instrumentally.This test can be run in a minimum amount of time and with a minimum amount of equipment. It enables one to check many variables (such as sequentering capacity, temperature effects, brightener build‐up under soiled conditions, etc.) on various fabrics, with or without special treatments. The results are in terms of yellowness, which is recognized by the housewife, and are not a measurement of total soil removal. These values, when combined with grayness values derived from the sebum airborne test, are good prognosticators of practical performance.
Effect of varietal or subvarietal alterations on the high order compositeness status of fats from the same biological species. The glyceride structures of threeMyristica malabarica mace fats
Authors: Kartha A. R. S. , Narayanan R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMace fats from three morphologically indistinguishable subvarieties ofMyristica malabarica and from the same geographical area were investigated for high order compositeness (HOC) indices (2,3) by the azelaoglyceride analysis technique (1). The fats had saturated acid contents of 36.5, 43.7, and 49.8% by molecules, and the differences in the component acid compositions were adequate to establish differences in the source of biological origin in all three cases. The subvarieties thus showed uncommonly large alterations in fat metabolism genes for any particular biological species so far reported.All three fats were of the GS3 nil type, and the GS2U values of the HOC indices were +1.9, +2.6, and +1.8 respectively. These differences were within the limits of experimental error, and all three fats showed the same HOC index in spite of large differences in component acids. Subvarietal alterations involving large changes in component acids can hence take place without altering the HOC indices.This is perhaps possible only if there are separate genes controlling HOC in the fat metabolism genes complex, and these are not necessarily affected in the same manner by factors which produce changes in the genes that control component acid compositions. HOC is thus seen to be a new and independent structural feature of natural fats, which, in the future, has to be considered along with theories of bio‐esterification to give complete explanations for triglyceride structure.