bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk factors for isolation ofStaphylococcus aureusorStreptococcus dysgalactiaefrom milk culture obtained approximately 6 days post calving
Authors: Østerås Olav , Whist Anne Cathrine , Sølverød Liv 
Published: January 2008

Milk culture results at approximately 6 d post calving were assessed in a 2-year retrospective single-cohort study in 178 Norwegian herds. A combined teat dipping and selective antibiotic therapy trial was performed in these herds where cows with composite milk somatic cell count (CMSCC) >100 000 cells/ml before drying-off (geometric mean of the last three CMSCC test-days) and isolation ofStaphylococcus aureusorStreptococcus dysgalactiaewere selected for either short-acting lactation antibiotic treatment or long-acting dry cow antibiotic treatment. Milk culture results at approximately 6 d post-calving were available from 437 treated cows and 3061 non-treated cows before drying-off and separate multivariable logistic regression models were ran for these two groups. Risk factors associated with isolation ofStaph. aureus6 d post calving for non-treated cows were CMSCC >400 000 cells/ml before drying-offv. <400 000 cells/ml (Odds ratio (OR)=2·4) and clinical mastitis (CM) in the previous lactationv. non-treated (OR=1·5). Risk factors associated withStaph. aureus6 d post calving for treated cows was a CMSCC >200 000 cells/ml before drying-offv. <200 000 cells/ml (OR=2·3) and CM in the previous lactation versus non-treated (OR=1·7). For non-treated cows it was 1·7-times more likely to isolateStr. dysgalactiae6 d post-calving if the CMSCC was >50 000 cells/ml compared with <50 000 cells/ml. For treated cows it was 3·7–5·8-times more likely to isolateStr. dysgalactiae6 d post calving if given short-acting lactation formula at quarter level compared with long-acting dry cow formula used at cow level. Regular use of iodine post-milking teat disinfection (PMTD) did not influence the isolation ofStaph. aureus6 d post calving, but it was less likely to isolateStr. dysgalactiae6 d post calving if iodine PMTD was used regularly rather than irregularly. The external teat sealant had no effect on either of the two bacteria.This study indicates that the CMSCC limit for sampling cows before drying-off can be reduced to 50 000 cells/ml in herds with aStr. dysgalactiaeproblem. Iodine PMTD should also be recommended in these herds. Cows with a CMSCC >400 000 cells/ml prior to drying-off should receive long-acting dry cow formula irrespective of the milk culture result.
Influence of microorganisms on retinol isomerization in milk
Authors: Panfili Gianfranco , Fratianni Alessandra , Di Criscio Tiziana , Gammariello Daniela , Sorrentino Elena 
Published: January 2008

In order to have a deeper insight into the retinol isomerization phenomenon, in this work different milk samples have been analysed for their content of trans retinol and its cis-isomers, by means of reliable HPLC techniques. Levels of the different isomers and the degree of retinol isomerization (13-cis/all-trans ratio, %) have been monitored during milk storage at different temperatures and after addition of specific microorganisms. In raw milk stored at 4°C for 96 h the degree of retinol isomerization shifted from 1·1 to 2·3%, while in raw milk stored at 22°C for 24 h it increased from 1·1 to 12·7%. Among microorganisms tested in pasteurized milk, the most active in causing an increment in the 13-cis/all-trans ratio (%), from 3·4 to 33·4% in 8 h, was Streptococcus thermophilus. The results obtained demonstrated a relationship between microbial evolution and retinol isomerization. Therefore, the determination of retinol isomers is of importance not only for a more precise evaluation of vitamin A activity but also for the evaluation of the microbiological quality of milk.
ADHD and Stroop interference from age 9 to age 41 years: a meta-analysis of developmental effects
Authors: Schwartz K. , Verhaeghen P. 
Published: January 2008

BackgroundIn this meta-analysis, we investigated whether response inhibition is sensitive to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) status and, if so, what influence maturation has on this attentional symptom of ADHD.MethodWe examined 25 studies that reported data on the Stroop color word test in children and adults with ADHD and in age-matched controls; average ages ranged from 9 to 41 years. We utilized a hierarchical approach to analyze the strength of the Stroop effect and whether the effect varies as a function of age. Additionally, we assessed potential differences in maturation rates based on reaction time (RT) of color and color-word conditions.ResultsFirst, we found that the relationship between color-word and color RT was multiplicative, and the slope of this function (the ratio of color-word RT over color RT) was identical across age groups and ADHD status. Second, we found that although ADHD individuals were on average 1.14 times slower than age-matched controls in both the color and the color-word condition, the maturation rate was identical for both groups.ConclusionsThe results from this analysis indicate that the Stroop interference effect is not larger in ADHD individuals than in age-matched controls. Further, we did not find evidence for differential maturation rates for persons with ADHD and the control groups. The Stroop interference effect appears to be immune to age, regardless of ADHD status.
Design and Construction of a Preparative‐Scale Dynamic Field Gradient Focusing Apparatus
Authors: Tracy Noah I. , Huang Zheng , Ivory Cornelius F. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractA linear model is used to show that dynamic field gradient focusing (DFGF) can be scaled to preparative capacity, ∼O (10 mgs). This paper explains how the preparative‐scale DFGF apparatus was designed and fabricated. Scaled‐down experiments and mathematical modeling guided material selection and design changes during construction to increase the probability that the prototype preparative‐scale DFGF apparatus would perform as intended. The finished prototype successfully focused bovine hemoglobin from an initial concentration of 6.82 to 15 mg/mL and allowed for 86% recovery of injected protein.
Comparison of Accuracy and Efficiency of Directed Scanning and Group-Item Scanning for Augmentative Communication Selection Techniques With Typically Developing Preschoolers
Authors: Dropik Patricia L. , Reichle Joe 
Published: January 2008

Purpose
Directed scanning and group-item scanning both represent options for increased scanning efficiency. This investigation compared accuracy and speed of selection with preschoolers using each scanning method. The study’s purpose was to describe performance characteristics of typically developing children and to provide a reliable assessment protocol to evaluate scanning skills.

Method
Investigators examined within-participant performance on an identity matching-to-sample task using directed and group-item scanning with 13 typically developing preschoolers. Children selected line-drawn symbols from a 36-symbol display configured for each scanning method.

Results
Children were more accurate using directed than group-item scanning. They required a greater number of cursor movements to accurately select symbols with group-item than with directed scanning; however, no differences in actual selection time were apparent. Further analyses comparing performance using group-item scanning for selections requiring either a low or a high number of cursor movements revealed no differences in children’s accuracy or efficiency.

Conclusions
Children were more accurate using directed scanning to select target symbols. However, directed scanning did not afford a relative advantage in children’s selection efficiency compared with group-item scanning. Performance using group-item scanning does not appear to be affected by requisite cursor movements for selection. Limitations and educational implications are discussed.
Preparation in Augmentative and Alternative Communication: An Update for Speech-Language Pathology Training
Authors: Ratcliff Ann , Koul Rajinder , Lloyd Lyle L. 
Published: January 2008

Purpose
To report on data from the current survey about academic and clinical education in augmentative and alternative communication (AAC), as well as to compare these findings with earlier surveys in an attempt to identify any changes being made as programs in the United States implement the new certification standards of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association in the area of speech-language pathology.

Method
A survey was sent to all speech-language pathology training programs in the United States via e-mail directed to program directors or faculty teaching in AAC.

Results
A total of 168 surveys were returned, for a return rate of 57.93%. Seventy-three percent of the respondents had a separate course in AAC, and 80% indicated AAC content was infused in other courses.

Conclusions
Academic preparation in AAC, while varying across academic programs, has in general increased over the past decade. Data also suggested a continuing critical need for more academic and clinical preparation in this area.
Sustained Selective Attention Skills of Preschool Children With Specific Language Impairment: Evidence for Separate Attentional Capacities
Authors: Spaulding Tammie J. , Plante Elena , Vance Rebecca 
Published: January 2008

Purpose
The present study was designed to investigate the performance of preschool children with specific language impairment (SLI) and their typically developing (TD) peers on sustained selective attention tasks.

Method
This study included 23 children diagnosed with SLI and 23 TD children matched for age, gender, and maternal education level. The children’s sustained selective attention skills were assessed with different types of stimuli (visual, nonverbal-auditory, linguistic) under 2 attentional load conditions (high, low) using computerized tasks. A mixed design was used to compare children across groups and performance across tasks.

Results
The SLI participants exhibited poorer performance than their peers on the sustained selective attention tasks presented in the auditory modality (linguistic and nonverbal-auditory) under the high attentional load conditions. Performance was comparable with their peers under the low attentional load conditions. The SLI group exhibited similar performance to their peers on the visual tasks regardless of attentional load.

Conclusion
These results support the notion of attention difficulties in preschool children with SLI and suggest separate attentional capacities for different stimulus modalities.
Substitution Errors in the Production of Word-Initial and Word-Final Consonant Clusters
Authors: Kirk Cecilia 
Published: January 2008

Purpose
This study provides a comprehensive examination of substitutions that occur at Greenlee’s 3rd stage of cluster development (M. Greenlee, 1974). At this stage of cluster acquisition, children are able to produce the correct number of consonants but with 1 or more of these consonants being substituted for another.

Method
Participants were 11 typically developing children ages 1;5–2;7 (years;months) who were from monolingual English-speaking homes. Consonant clusters in both word-initial and word-final position were elicited using a picture identification task.

Results
Although previous studies have suggested that most cluster substitutions can be predicted from the errors children make on the corresponding singletons, our findings indicate that almost one third of substitutions in clusters are not predictable in this way. Furthermore, the majority of unpredictable substitutions produced by the children in this study resulted in clusters in which both consonants in the cluster shared the same place and/or manner of articulation. Thus, almost 70% of unpredictable substitutions appear to be motivated by assimilation within the cluster.

Conclusion
Ease of articulation provides the most convincing explanation for within-cluster assimilation.
Language and Independence in Adolescents With and Without a History of Specific Language Impairment (SLI)
Authors: Conti-Ramsden Gina , Durkin Kevin 
Published: January 2008

Purpose
Achieving behavioral independence is a key task of adolescent development. This 1 article of a companion set of 2 (the 2nd addressing the topic of parental perspectives) presents an investigation of the impact of language ability on independence.

Method
Longitudinal and follow-up data from 120 adolescents with a history of specific language impairment (SLI), as well as concurrent data on a comparison group of 118 typically developing (TD) young people, are reported. Parental and self-report measures were used to examine independent functioning related to everyday living at the end of compulsory education (16 years of age).

Results
Adolescents with SLI are less independent than their TD peers, and level of independence is associated with poor early language and poor later literacy skills.

Conclusion
Language and literacy play a larger role in adolescent independent functioning than nonverbal abilities in both TD adolescents and adolescents with SLI.
Parental Perspectives During the Transition to Adulthood of Adolescents With a History of Specific Language Impairment (SLI)
Authors: Conti-Ramsden Gina , Botting Nicola , Durkin Kevin 
Published: January 2008

Purpose
This is the 2nd article of a companion set (the 1st article being on language and independence). It presents research examining parental perspectives on aspects of impairment in their offspring involving families rearing children with specific language impairment (SLI).

Method
The same sample as that of the 1st study participated in this investigation: a total of 238 parents and their offspring (120 offspring with a history of SLI and 118 typically developing [TD] offspring). Parents were interviewed using the Transition Daily Rewards and Worries questionnaire (L. M. Glidden & B. M. Jobe, 2007; J. Menard, S. Schoolcraft, L. M. Glidden, & C. Lazarus, 2002). Measures of the adolescents’ receptive and expressive language, reading, nonverbal IQ, and socioemotional functioning were obtained.

Results
Parents of adolescents with a history of SLI had more negative expectations in the areas of future/adult life, socialization, and community resources. An exception was family relations, which was a source of reward for both sets of parents.

Conclusions
Parents of adolescents with SLI have a range of perspectives regarding their offspring; some raise concerns, some are more positive. In addition, there is striking heterogeneity in the experiences of parents in the SLI group. Variables that influence being a concerned parent involve the adolescent’s level of independence, quality of peer relations, his or her prosocial behavior, and the presence of conduct problems.
Acceptance of Noise Growth Patterns in Hearing Aid Users
Authors: Freyaldenhoven Melinda C. , Plyler Patrick N. , Thelin James W. , Muenchen Robert A. 
Published: January 2008

PurposeTo examine whether the effects of speech presentation level on acceptance of noise could differentiate full-time, part-time, and nonusers of hearing aids and whether these effects could predict hearing aid use.MethodParticipants were separated into 3 groups on the basis of hearing aid use: (a) full-time use, (b) part-time use, or (c) nonuse. Acceptable noise levels (ANLs) were measured conventionally and at 8 fixed presentation levels. The effects of presentation level on ANL were determined by calculating global ANL (ANL averaged across presentation level) and ANL growth (slope of the ANL function).ResultsGlobal ANLs were smaller for full-time users than for part-time users and nonusers; however, global ANLs were not different for part-time users and nonusers. ANL growth differentiated full-time users from nonusers only. Conventional ANL predicted hearing aid use with 68% accuracy. Compared with conventional ANL, the accuracy of the prediction for global ANL and ANL growth decreased, and the accuracy of the prediction at presentation levels of 65 to 75 dB HL was maintained.ConclusionsGlobal ANL differentiated the hearing aid groups in the same manner as conventional ANL. The effects of presentation level on acceptance of noise did not considerably increase the accuracy of the prediction compared with conventional ANL. Clinical applications are discussed.
High-Frequency Amplification and Sound Quality in Listeners With Normal Through Moderate Hearing Loss
Authors: Ricketts Todd A. , Dittberner Andrew B. , Johnson Earl E. 
Published: January 2008

Purpose
One factor that has been shown to greatly affect sound quality is audible bandwidth. Provision of gain for frequencies above 4–6 kHz has not generally been supported for groups of hearing aid wearers. The purpose of this study was to determine if preference for bandwidth extension in hearing aid processed sounds was related to the magnitude of hearing loss in individual listeners.

Method
Ten participants with normal hearing and 20 participants with mild-to-moderate hearing loss completed the study. Signals were processed using hearing aid–style compression algorithms and filtered using two cutoff frequencies, 5.5 and 9 kHz, which were selected to represent bandwidths that are achievable in modern hearing aids. Round-robin paired comparisons based on the criteria of preferred sound quality were made for 2 different monaurally presented brief sound segments, including music and a movie.

Results
Results revealed that preference for either the wider or narrower bandwidth (9- or 5.5-kHz cutoff frequency, respectively) was correlated with the slope of hearing loss from 4 to 12 kHz, with steep threshold slopes associated with preference for narrower bandwidths.

Conclusion
Consistent preference for wider bandwidth is present in some listeners with mild-to-moderate hearing loss.
Telehealth Delivery of the Camperdown Program for Adults Who Stutter: A Phase I Trial
Authors: O’Brian Sue , Packman Ann , Onslow Mark 
Published: January 2008

Purpose
This Phase I trial investigated the viability of telehealth delivery of the Camperdown Program with adults who stutter. This program involves speech restructuring.

Method
All treatment was conducted remotely with participant–clinician contact occurring by telephone and e-mail.

Results
Ten adults completed the program. The group showed an 82% reduction in stuttering frequency immediately after treatment and a 74% reduction 6 months after treatment. However, there was significant individual variation in response to the program.

Conclusion
These preliminary data suggest that telehealth Camperdown has the potential to provide efficacious treatment for clients who do not have access to traditional face-to-face treatment.
Neuroplasticity and Rehabilitation Research for Speech, Language, and Swallowing Disorders
Authors: Gonzalez Rothi Leslie J. , Musson Nan , Rosenbek John C. , Sapienza Christine M. 
Published: January 2008

Purpose
This article introduces a collection of consensus statements regarding the application of neuroplasticity principles to rehabilitation of dysphagia, dysarthria, apraxia, and aphasia.
Principles of Experience-Dependent Neural Plasticity: Implications for Rehabilitation After Brain Damage
Authors: Kleim Jeffrey A. , Jones Theresa A. 
Published: January 2008

PurposeThis paper reviews 10 principles of experience-dependent neural plasticity and considerations in applying them to the damaged brain.MethodNeuroscience research using a variety of models of learning, neurological disease, and trauma are reviewed from the perspective of basic neuroscientists but in a manner intended to be useful for the development of more effective clinical rehabilitation interventions.ResultsNeural plasticity is believed to be the basis for both learning in the intact brain and relearning in the damaged brain that occurs through physical rehabilitation. Neuroscience research has made significant advances in understanding experience-dependent neural plasticity, and these findings are beginning to be integrated with research on the degenerative and regenerative effects of brain damage. The qualities and constraints of experience-dependent neural plasticity are likely to be of major relevance to rehabilitation efforts in humans with brain damage. However, some research topics need much more attention in order to enhance the translation of this area of neuroscience to clinical research and practice.ConclusionThe growing understanding of the nature of brain plasticity raises optimism that this knowledge can be capitalized upon to improve rehabilitation efforts and to optimize functional outcome.
Translational Research in Aphasia: From Neuroscience to Neurorehabilitation
Authors: Raymer Anastasia M. , Beeson Pelagie , Holland Audrey , Kendall Diane , Maher Lynn M. , Martin Nadine , Murray Laura , Rose Miranda , Thompson Cynthia K. , Turkstra Lyn , Altmann Lori , Boyle Mary , Conway Tim , Hula William , Kearns Kevin , Rapp Brenda , Simmons-Mackie Nina , Gonzalez Rothi Leslie J. 
Published: January 2008

PurposeIn this article, the authors encapsulate discussions of the Language Work Group that took place as part of the Workshop in Plasticity/NeuroRehabilitation Research at the University of Florida in April 2005.MethodIn this narrative review, they define neuroplasticity and review studies that demonstrate neural changes associated with aphasia recovery and treatment. The authors then summarize basic science evidence from animals, human cognition, and computational neuroscience that is relevant to aphasia treatment research. They then turn to the aphasia treatment literature in which evidence exists to support several of the neuroscience principles.ConclusionDespite the extant aphasia treatment literature, many questions remain regarding how neuroscience principles can be manipulated to maximize aphasia recovery and treatment. They propose a framework, incorporating some of these principles, that may serve as a potential roadmap for future investigations of aphasia treatment and recovery. In addition to translational investigations from basic to clinical science, the authors propose several areas in which translation can occur from clinical to basic science to contribute to the fundamental knowledge base of neurorehabilitation. This article is intended to reinvigorate interest in delineating the factors influencing successful recovery from aphasia through basic, translational, and clinical research.
Swallowing and Dysphagia Rehabilitation: Translating Principles of Neural Plasticity Into Clinically Oriented Evidence
Authors: Robbins JoAnne , Butler Susan G. , Daniels Stephanie K. , Diez Gross Roxann , Langmore Susan , Lazarus Cathy L. , Martin-Harris Bonnie , McCabe Daniel , Musson Nan , Rosenbek John 
Published: January 2008

PurposeThis review presents the state of swallowing rehabilitation science as it relates to evidence for neural plastic changes in the brain. The case is made for essential collaboration between clinical and basic scientists to expand the positive influences of dysphagia rehabilitation in synergy with growth in technology and knowledge. The intent is to stimulate thought and propose potential research directions.MethodA working group of experts in swallowing and dysphagia reviews 10 principles of neural plasticity and integrates these advancing neural plastic concepts with swallowing and clinical dysphagia literature for translation into treatment paradigms. In this context,dysphagiarefers to disordered swallowing associated with central and peripheral sensorimotor deficits associated with stroke, neurodegenerative disease, tumors of the head and neck, infection, or trauma.Results and ConclusionsThe optimal treatment parameters emerging from increased understanding of neural plastic principles and concepts will contribute to evidence-based practice. Integrating these principles will improve dysphagia rehabilitation directions, strategies, and outcomes. A strategic plan is discussed, including several experimental paradigms for the translation of these principles and concepts of neural plasticity into the clinical science of rehabilitation for oropharyngeal swallowing disorders, ultimately providing the evidence to substantiate their translation into clinical practice.