bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS FOR INTRAOCULAR LENS IMPLANTATION*
Authors: FRACO B. A. CRAWFORD , FRACO D. V. KAUFMAN 
Published: November 2007

AbstractSuccessful implantation of prosthetic devices depends upon their freedom from postoperative inflammation and infection. Techniques and lessons learned in orthopaedic and other implant surgery should be applied to intraocular lens implantation. The avoidance of contamination by particles and micro‐organisms is one essential principle of the surgical procedure. Practical steps are described to reduce both types of contamination. These measures taken together are recommended for adoption as a standard of environmental safety for lens implantation.
INTRAOCULAR LENS IMPLANTATION: SHOULD WE ABANDON INTRACAPSULAR SURGERY?
Authors: FRCS HUNG CHENG 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe most important late complication of a longitudinal study of iris‐supported lens was bullous keratopathy. Endothelial cell loss after using the closed chamber technique for lens insertion was more than halved.The cell loss rate after intracapsular extraction with a Federov I lens was compared with that after extracapsular extraction with an indocapsular lens. The intermediate results did not show any significant difference between groups and there were eyes in both groups with a large initial loss which appeared to lose cells at a faster rate.
CLINICAL MANAGEMENT IN THE FACE OF THE UVEAL MELANOMA CONTROVERSY
Authors: FRACO A. B. L. HUNYOR 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe modalities used to diagnose choroidal melanoma are described. The use of these procedures has reduced the misdiagnosis rate from 20% in the 1960s to less than 5% today. Observation and reinvestigation of small tumours is recommended. Surgery may cause dissemination of tumour emboli, which may be prevented by gentle handling of tissue, use of intravenous mannitol and hypotensive anaesthesia. Measures other than enucleation are available to treat choroidal melanoma, but few tumours meet the criteria for their use.
BARDET‐BIEDL SYNDROME
Authors: FRACS C. G. KEITH 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe Bardet‐Biedl syndrome is characterized by five main features: obesity, Polydactyly, pigmentary retinopathy, mental deficiency and hypogonadism; recently a sixth feature, renal disease, has been described. It was formerly known as the Laurence‐Moon‐Biedl syndrome, but Laurence and Moon described a different entity in which the main feature was paraplegia. Fourteen cases have been seen: all had pigmentary retinopathy which, in most cases, was severe and tended to affect central vision early in life. All had subnormal intelligence, twelve were obese, ten had Polydactyly, eight hypogonadism, and two had renal disease. The condition was thought to be rare, but this may have been due to the failure to diagnose incomplete or partial cases. It is suggested that the prevalence is 1:160 000 of the population.
NEOVASCULAR GLAUCOMA ASSOCIATED WITH OCULAR HYPOPERFUSION SECONDARY TO CAROTID ARTERY DISEASE
Authors: FRACO RALPH A. HIGGINS 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThree cases of neovascular glaucoma associated with ocular hypoperfusion secondary to carotid artery disease are reported. In two cases, anastomosis of the internal and external carotid artery systems via a superficial temporal artery to the middle cerebral artery (Yasargil procedure) resulted in resolution of the rubeosis, relief of the ocular pain and improvement of the circulation of the globe. The third case, which did not have this procedure, resulted in a blind eye with severe rubeotic glaucoma.
A SIMPLIFIED CRYOTHERAPY TECHNIQUE FOR TRICHIASIS AND DISTICHIASIS
Authors: FRACO M. R. DELANEY , FRACO P. A. ROGERS 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA simplified cryotherapy technique for the treatment of trichiasis and distichiasis is described. The success rate of aberrant lash ablation with one treatment was 82%; this was increased to 95% with a repeat treatment. There have been minimal long‐term side effects. This paper shows that a simplified time‐based technique without the use of a thermocouple has produced results similar to other series using thermocouple control. A nitrous oxide cryo unit was used in a double freeze‐thaw cycle to treat the area of aberrant lash growth. The times in the double freeze‐thaw cycle found to be effective were 45 seconds freezing with a four‐minute thaw in the first cycle and a repeat freezing cycle of 45 seconds' duration.
SOME ASPECTS OF EARLY‐ONSET ESOTROPIA
Authors: HARCOURT BRIAN 
Published: November 2007

AbstractEarly‐onset estropia comprises a heterogenous group of conditions. It is very important that all the features of the strabismus should be determined from the very earliest stage. Only then can appropriate treatment and an accurate prognosis be given and the outcome of management evaluated adequately. Key words: esotropia, accommodative, V‐pattern, congenital, infantile, small‐angle.
OCULAR RIGIDITY AND INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE IN KERATOCONUS
Authors: BROOKS ANNE M. V. , ROBERTSON IAN F. , MAHONEY ANNE‐MARIE 
Published: November 2007

AbstractEighty‐five patients with keratoconus and 20 normal controls were studied. Ocular rigidity, calculated using the Friedenwald nomogram, correlated with corneal thinning (p < 0.001) and area of cone (p = 0.05). Schiøtz pressures with increasing weights fell more than normal in Grades 0 to 3 keratoconus, but returned to normal following corneal grafting, as did ocular rigidity. Goldmann applanation pressures were low over the apex of the cone, varying most in eyes with lowest ocular rigidity and with greatest corneal thinning, but also in large sagging cones which had only minimal corneal thinning. Pressures by Mackay‐Marg tonometry were normal in keratoconus. The axial length of eyes with keratoconus even after corneal grafting was longer than normal and correlated with myopia.It is concluded that abnormalities of ocular rigidity, Schiøtz and Goldmann pressures in keratoconus are determined by abnormal corneal rigidity. If corneal rigidity is low or corneal thinning is present, Goldmann applanation pressures are falsely low and Mackay‐Marg tonometry more closely approximates the true intraocular pressure. The cone develops by stretching with limited loss of tissue and the lower rigidity and reduced apical stress decrease the likelihood of rupture.
VISUAL ACUITY IN THE PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILD AGED FOUR TO TWELVE YEARS: A REVIEW OF AMBLYOPIA TREATMENT IN THIS AGE GROUP AT PRINCESS MARGARET HOSPITAL
Authors: BREMNER MARY H. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA survey of the incidence in Western Australia of amblyopia assessed through the school vision screening programme and Princess Margaret Hospital (PMH) eye clinics shows the figure to be 0.12%, being new cases detected in primary school children each year.Occlusion methods of treatment for amblyopia acceptable in the younger age‐group are much less tolerated by both parents and child in the school‐age group. The PMH series involving 240 children between the ages of four and 12 years showed that an amblyopic eye with macula or paramacula fixation can be successfully treated up to the age of 10 years without constant occlusion. Also, eccentric fixation can be cured up to the 7th birthday, but no alternative has been found for the mandatory constant occlusion.Medical, developmental and behavioural problems can influence the management and response in the four to twelve‐year‐old child; if these are not recognized and the child treated as a whole during the critical stages of natural development of the visual system, these children can be left with an unnecessary visual disadvantage for the next 70 years of their life.
MASSIVE CHOROIDAL HAEMORRHAGE AS A COMPLICATION OF KRYPTON RED LASER PHOTOCOAGULATION FOR DISCIFORM DEGENERATION
Authors: GOLE G. A. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA 78‐year‐old man with perifoveal subretinal neovascularization originally treated with krypton red laser was re‐treated. An attempt was made to produce a “chalky white” burn at the site of the neovascular frond. Immediately after a bum, a brisk choroidal haemorrhage followed, apparently from a ruptured choroidal vessel. Bleeding occurred subretinally and into the vitreous, blinding the patient. While the krypton red laser carries advantages over the argon laser in the treatment of subretinal neovascular fronds, this case indicates that hard burns with the krypton laser carry a risk of massive subretinal haemorrhage.
CLINICAL EXPERIENCE WITH THE OTAGO PHOTOSCREENER
Authors: MOLTENO A. C. B. , SANDERSON G. F. , HOARE‐NAIRNE J. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe Otago Photoscreener provides a sensitive indication of whether or not an infant is able to fix and focus binocularly on nearby objects. This instrument was designed for mass screening to identify infants with strabismus and/or amblyopia who do not fix and focus binocularly. This communication reports the authors' experience with the machine in the diagnosis and treatment of strabismus and amblyopia.
CYTOGENESIS IN THE DEVELOPING RETINA OF THE CAT
Authors: RAPAPORT DAVID H. , ROBINSON STEPHEN R. , STONE JONATHAN 
Published: November 2007

AbstractCytogenesis in the cat retina was studied using tritiated pH) thymidine autoradiography and nuclear stains. Three zones of cell division were recognized. In the first zone cell cleavage occurs at the outer limiting membrane. The distribution of these mitotic figures is uniform as early as an embryonic age of 29 days (E29) until E50. At about E50 a “cold spot”, made apparent by the absence of mitotic figures, is evident at the site of the developing area centralis. This spreads to encompass the whole retina by postnatal day 10 (P10). A second zone of cell division was recognized by the presence in the developing inner nuclear layer of 3H‐thymidine labelled nuclei which do not migrate to the outer limiting membrane (ventricular surface) to divide. Some of these labelled nuclei are located in regions of the retina where cytogenesis at the ventricular surface has ceased. A third zone was observed in the optic nerve fibre/ganglion cell layers from about E54 until beyond the first postnatal month. This activity gives rise to vascular endothelial cells in the nerve fibre/ganglion cell layers. Once established, the developing vascular cells invade the inner plexiform and inner nuclear layers to form the deeper capillary net.
LASER THERAPY FOR GLAUCOMA
Authors: MISHIMA SAIICHI , KITAZAWA YOSHIAKI , SHIRATO SHIROAKI 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThree laser techniques for the treatment of glaucoma are described. The short‐burn technique of argon laser iridotomy permitted perforation of the peripheral iris in one session without serious complications, thereby alleviating pupillary block in angle‐closure glaucoma. The rates of successful intraocular pressure (IOP) control and visual acuity loss due to cataract progression were similar in laser iridotomy and surgical iridectomy. The tonographic outflow facility remained unchanged after argon laser iridotomy.Techniques of argon laser trabeculoplasty (AL TJ to the anterior and posterior aspects of the trabecular band were evaluated. The anterior ALT gave fewer complications, but a lower IOP control rate than the posterior ALT. Posterior ALT over 180° with about 50 burns gave fewer complications than treatment over 360° with about 100 burns, yet the final effects in IOP control were better after the 180° than after the 360° treatment.Nd‐YAG laser irradiation can separate dysgenetic iris insertion from the trabecular band in developmental glaucoma without serious complications. This Nd‐YAG laser goniotomy may be useful for the treatment of juvenile primary developmental glaucoma.
THE CAT AS A MODEL FOR VISUAL DEPRIVATION
Authors: CLELAND B. G. , CREWTHER S. G. , CREWTHER D. P. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractBoth behavioural and neurophysiological changes can be observed in cats that have experienced interference with their normal visual environment. This visual deprivation may result from alterations to the path of light forming the normal image on the retina, and includes changes that cause the image to fall on an inappropriate part of the retina so that normal binocular interactions are affected. While some neurophysiological changes can be observed at the level of the lateral geniculate nucleus they become more prominent as information reaches the visual cortex, where cells commonly receive neural excitation from both eyes and require the information to come from corresponding parts of the two retinas and that the stimulus should have appropriate orientation and direction of movement. Many of the observations of deprivation in animals have clear parallels in the human environment.
ACUTE ORBITAL MYOSITIS: A CASE REPORT
Authors: LOCKIE PATRICK 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA case of acute orbital myositis is presented in this report. CT scanning provided an immediate diagnosis and hence institution of treatment. There was a typically rapid response to steroids. A previous presentation, prior to the advent of CT, had been misdiagnosed as Tolosa‐Hunt syndrome.Orbital pseudotumor can be acute or chronic, and acute orbital myositis is now regarded as one of five subtypes of the former.
OCULAR INVOLVEMENT IN THE ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS)
Authors: McCLUSKEY P. J. , WAKEFIELD D. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) has reached epidemic proportions in the USA and the incidence of this potentially fatal viral infection is increasing rapidly in Australia. The loss of normal cellular immunity in affected individuals predisposes them to severe opportunistic infections and neoplasms, especially Kaposi's sarcoma. Both of these pathological processes may affect the eye, and ocular involvement with an opportunistic infection or malignancy may be the first clue to the presence of AIDS. We present here the first Australian report of a patient with AIDS presenting with ocular involvement. The case is discussed in relation to current concepts of AIDS.
OPHTHALMOLOGY IN AFRICA
Authors: BOLLIGER PETER A. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractProblems of prevention and treatment of blindness in Africa are discussed with particular reference to Tanzania. Cataract accounts for fully half this blindness, and present measures to treat it are totally inadequate.The relationship between measles and vitamin A deficiency is discussed. Measles with its attendant corneal destruction accounts for most blindness in children.Blinding trachoma is seen as a community disease needing a community approach to factors such as waste disposal, water supply and cyclic reinfection.Primary eye care is seen as the key, through education at village level, to prevention and treatment of blindness. Training of village health workers is the essential first step.
Abstracts from the Publications of the Late Sir Norman McAlister Gregg
Authors: HERTZBERG R. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis paper contains Abstracts from publications of the late Sir Norman McAlister Gregg, published in 1941 and 1944, in which he demonstrated the association between rubella in pregnancy and defects in the baby. Besides cataract and retinopathy with which ophthalmologists are familiar, there occur deafness, deafmutism, cardiac defects, mental retardation, pulmonary and renal abnormalities and diabetes.
PIGMENTARY GLAUCOMA: A CLINICAL REVIEW OF ANTERIOR SEGMENT PIGMENT DISPERSAL SYNDROME
Authors: GILLIES W. E. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractSixty‐eight cases (44 males, 24 females) of anterior segment pigment dispersal syndrome are reviewed. Five patients had no rise in intraocular pressure, 38 had ocular hypertension and 25 had glaucoma as shown by optic disc cupping and field loss. All cases had heavy deposition of pigment in the drainage angle together with Krukenberg spindles and/or light reflux through the iris. Other evidence of anterior segment pigment dispersal was common. The condition was commonest in young adult males, but could present at any age and in women. Medical treatment was often successful initially, but continued to control pressure in only 17 of 42 patients.Laser trabeculoplasty helped some patients. Drainage operations of various types were successful in 19 of 23 cases. Iris angiography showed evidence of vascular hypoperfusion of the iris which probably precedes pigment dispersal and suggests that the ultimate aetiology may be a congenital deficiency of the mesodermal support tissues of the iris. Some degree of iris stromal atrophy is also common and may become marked. Pigment dispersal from the pigment epithelium of the iris occurs in susceptible individuals and may be associated with the insertion of the dilator muscle. The term anterior segment pigment dispersal seems appropriate as the condition is limited to the anterior segment.
TRUE EXFOLIATION OF THE LENS CAPSULE. A CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL REPORT
Authors: ANDERSON I. L. , BOCKXMEER F. M. VAN 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA case of true senile exfoliation of the lens capsule is reported. Electron microscopic examination of the capsule confirmed capsular delamination. The proteins in the remaining sample of exfoliated capsule and in normal capsules were analysed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of the dissociating agent, sodium dodecyl sulphate, and under reducing conditions (SDS–PAGE). Densitometry scans of electrophoretograms indicated the virtual absence of a 58 kilodalton (kDa) component and approximately half the level of a 74 kDa component in the exfoliated capsule relative to normal capsule. The remaining protein components detected were of identical molecular weight and abundance compared with the normal lens capsule.
CLINICAL USE OF THE WIDE FIELD SPECULAR MICROSCOPE
Authors: STASIUK RONALD M. , ROBERTSON IAN F. , REINEHR DOUGLAS P. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe Pocklington (Keeler‐Konan) wide field specular microscope has been in use for 18 months at the Corneal Diseases Unit, The Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne.In this study, the microscope has been applied clinically to assess the state of the corneal endothelium and to evaluate comparative endothelial cell density and morphology in certain anterior segment microsurgical procedures. The clinical conditions studied are primary posterior chamber intraocular tens implantatbn, secondary intraocular lens implantation, intraocular lens exchange, and penetrating keratoplasty.
ANDREW SEXTON GRAY (1826–1907). A FOUNDER OF AUSTRALIAN OPHTHALMOLOGY: HIS LIFE AND TIMES
Authors: LOWE RONALD F. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractAndrew Sexton Gray was born in Limerick, Ireland, medically trained in Dublin, and was assistant to William Wilde, the distinguished oculist and aurist. He migrated to Victoria in 1859, was surgeon to a railway's construction company, then in 1862 began practice as a surgeon and oculist in Melbourne. In 1863 he founded a charitable eye and ear hospital, and had a very active, long life devoted mostly to ophthalmology. The hospital progressively expanded and became the centre for training for many ophthalmologists, as well as the nucleus for the cohesion of Victorian ophthalmology. History shows Andrew Sexton Gray to have been a founder of Australian ophthalmology.
INFECTION AFTER RETINAL DETACHMENT SURGERY
Authors: HADDEN OSMOND BRUCE 
Published: November 2007

Abstract In 250 consecutive retinal detachment operations performed by the author, there were 14 cases (56%) of infection of the scleral buckle The commonest infecting organism was Staphylococcus aureus.The surgery in these infected cases took longer than average, and utilized more than the usual amount of silicone sponge, a higher proportion were reoperations After an average follow‐up of 22 months, only six of the 14 had vision of 6/36 or better and of these, two had persisting inferior traction detachments.On the basis of this study and others, the preferred management of infected scleral buckles is to remove the sponge as soon as the diagnosis is made The risk of redetachment is a lesser evil than the sequelae of prolonged inflammation which include traction retinal detachment, massive perirebnal proliferabon, and premacular fibrosis.
RESULTS OF VITRECTOMY IN CHILDREN
Authors: MANNING L. M. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThough vitrectomy results in the general population are being well established, the results in children particularly of amblyopic age are still largely unknown This paper details the results in 44 children aged one month to 13 years, of whom 28 were seen years of age or less The most frequent indication for vitrectomy was penetrating ocular trauma (61%) Of the total 44 cases, 28 (63%) were rendered unilaterally aphakic, 18 of these being less than 7 years old Improvement in vision occurred in 34 (77%) of the 44 patients, and 10 (23%) remained unchanged In the 18 children aged one month to seven years who became unilaterally aphakic, 11 (61%) improved and seven (39%) remained unchanged The management of amblyopia and contact lenses in children is stressed These results indicate that vitreous surgery plays a significant role in the restoration of vision in children.
BASIC ASPECTS AND PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN RETINAL DETACHMENT SURGERY
Authors: FOULDS WALLACE S. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractFactors responsible for retinal attachment include structural factors such as the integrity of the retina and the interdigitation of receptor cells with the retinal pigment epithelium combined with dynamic factors which include the movement of water from the vitreous to the choroid under the influence of colloid osmotic pressure in the presence of an intact posterior blood‐ocular barrier.In successful retinal detachment surgery an intact cortical vitreous is important. Retinal detachments can be subdivided into simple or complex according to the degree of vitreous abnormality present. Complex detachments demand vitreous surgery and the use of vitreous substitutes. Silicone oil may have a dual role in the eye, tamponade of retinal breaks and waterproofing of the retina with which it is in contact, so reducing transretinal water movement and lightening the load on the mechanisms responsible for retinal reaffachment.
SUCCESSFUL MEDICAL TREATMENT OF A CORNEAL ULCER DUE TO ACANTHAMOEBA POLYPHAGA
Authors: JACKSON THOMAS N. , HEINZE JULIAN B. , TUXEN JEAN , WEINER JOHN M. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract A 19‐year‐old man, who was a soft contact lens wearer for correction of myoia, presented with right corneal ulceration. The diagnosis of Acanthamoeba polyphaga infection was made by culture and serology. In‐vitro sensitivity tests suggested that the organism was sensitive to Neosporin (polyrnyxin, neomycin and gramicidin) and natamycin. Topical therapy with these agents resulted in complete healing of the corneal ulcer in two months. To our knowledge, our patient is the only case of successful medical treatment of this condition that has achieved a good visual result.
DERMIS‐FAT GRAFT: EVOLUTION OF A LIVING PROSTHESIS
Authors: MARTIN PETER A. , ROGERS PETER A. , BILLSON FRANK 
Published: November 2007

AbstractOver the past two years 15 dermis‐fat grafts were performed Ten were primary grafts, two were implanted because of migrated implants, two for extruding implants and one to correct deep superior sulcus recession.Our experience showed dermis‐tat grafts to be an effective method of correcting orbital volume deficit, of maintaining satisfactory prosthetic motility and of preventing the development of conjunctival deficiency.In primary dermis‐tat grafts fat atrophy was less than 70%, whilst in secondary implants fat atrophy was less than 30% Complications were minimal in our small series