bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Body weight gain induced by antipsychotic drugs: mechanisms and management
Authors: Baptista T. 
Published: November 2007

Baptista T. Body weight gain induced by antipsychotic drugs: mechanisms and management.Acta Psychiatrica Scand 1999: 100: 3–16. © Munksgaard 1999.Long‐term administration of typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs (AP) induces excessive weight gain which afflicts up to 50% of patients, impairs health and interferes with treatment compliance. Basic and clinical research has shown that AP may affect body weight through diverse mechanisms. Increased appetite is probably related to the interaction of AP with neuronal receptors to dopamine, serotonin and histamine. Additional metabolic‐endocrine disruption of weight regulation may be related to the effects of AP‐induced hyperprolactinaemia on gonadal‐adrenal steroids and insulin sensitivity. In humans, programmed physical activity, dietary restriction, anorectic agents, and drugs that counteract hyperprolactinaemia have been shown to be successful in a limited number of studies. Two novel strategies could expand the available therapeutic options. First, in preclinical experiments in female rats the estradiol antagonist/agonist drug tamoxifen or estradiol itself have been shown to completely prevent the obesity provoked by the AP sulpiride, and to induce an endocrine‐metabolic milieu that seems to counteract AP‐induced obesity. Secondly, it has also been shown that oral antihyperglycaemic agents such as metformin may decrease body weight and counteract insulin resistance and hyperinsu‐linaemia which is correlated with several metabolic abnormalities in obese subjects. Lastly, estradiol replacement, tamoxifen and/or antihyperglycaemic agents are not devoid of significant side‐effects, and these drugs have not been tested in obese psychiatric patients. Therefore, further research is needed before their clinical use may be recommended.
Temperament, character and suicide attempts in anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and major depression
Authors: Bulik C. M. , Sullivan P. F. , Joyce P. R. 
Published: November 2007

Bulik CM, Sullivan PF, Joyce PR. Temperament, character and suicide attempts in anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and major depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1999: 100: 27–32. © Munksgaard 1999.Objective: We examined the relation between personality traits as measured by the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) and a reported history of suicide attempts in women with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and major depression.Method We compared the prevalence and severity of suicide attempts in women with anorexia nervosa (n = 68), bulimia nervosa (n = 152) and major depression with no history of an eating disorder (n = 59), and we examined the relation between the TCI scales and suicide attempts.Results: Comparable numbers of women across the three groups had attempted suicide. The temperament dimension of high persistence and the character dimensions of low self‐directedness and high self‐transcendence were associated with a reported history of suicide attempts.Conclusion: Suicide attempts are equally common in women with eating disorders and women with depression. Whether the observed association between temperament and suicide attempts reflects correlates, causal factors or sequelae of suicide attempts is unknown.
A study of ‘crisis cards' in a community psychiatric service
Authors: Sutherby K. , Szrnukler G. L. , Halpern A. , Alexander M. , Thornicroft G. , Johnson C. , Wright S. 
Published: November 2007

Sutherby K, Szmukler GI, Halpern A, Alexander M, Thornicroft G, Johnson C, Wright S. A study of ‘crisis cards’ in a community psychiatric service. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1999: 100: 56–61. © Munksgaard 1999.Objective: ‘Crisis cards’ state patients' treatment details and preferences in anticipation of a later occasion when the patient might be too ill to express them directly. We assessed the feasibility of introducing ‘crisis cards’, or a collaborative form of them, ‘joint crisis plans’, into a sectorized community psychiatric service.Method All patients with a psychosis and at high risk of crisis were invited to participate. Follow‐up examined patients' satisfaction and how the cards were used.Results: In total, 106 eligible patients were identified and offered a card, and 40% agreed to participate. Patients with an affective psychosis, past suicide attempts and less frequent admissions were over‐represented among those who agreed to take part. Patients chose to include a wide range of information. For participants, admissions fell by 30% in the follow‐up year.Conclusion: Crisis cards serve both a ‘manifest’, practical function (to provide important information when the patient is too ill to do so) and a ‘latent’ psychological one (positive effects on the patient's attitude to self, their illness and treatment, and their relationship with the clinical team).
Combination of antidepressants and psychological treatments for bulimia nervosa: a systematic review
Authors: Bacaltchuk J. , Trefiglio R. P. , Oliveira I. R. , Hay P. , Lima M. S. , Mari J. J. 
Published: November 2007

Bacaltchuk J, Trefiglio RP, Oliveira IR, Hay P, Lima MS, Mari JJ. Combination of antidepressants and psychological treatments for bulimia nervosa: a systematic review.Acta Psychiatr Scand 2000: 101: 256–264. © Munksgaard 2000.Background: This review assessed the effect of a combination of antidepressants plus psychological approaches compared to each single treatment for bulimia nervosa.Method: Trials were included in two meta‐analyses: single antidepressants versus combination and single psychological approaches versus combination. Methodological quality and homogeneity of results were assessed. Dichotomous outcomes were analyzed by calculating relative risks (RR).Results: Five trials were included in meta‐analysis 1 and 7 in meta‐analysis 2. Remission rates were 42% for combination versus 23% for antidepressants (RR=1.38; 95% CI = 0.98–1.93; P= 0.06) and 36% for psychological approaches compared to 49% for combination (RR = 1.21; P= 0.03). Drop‐out rates were 16%) for psychological approaches and 30% for combination (RR = 0.57; 95% CI = 0.38–0.088: P = 0.11).Conclusion: Efficacy of combined treatments was superior to single approaches. When antidepressants were combined to treatment, acceptability of psychological approaches was significantly reduced.
Antigen Capture ofPorphyromonas gingivalisby Human Macrophages Is Enhanced but Killing and Antigen Presentation Are Reduced by Endotoxin Tolerance
Authors: Muthukuru Manoj , Cutler Christopher W. 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTThe innate and the adaptive arms of the mucosal immune system must be coordinated to facilitate the control of pathogenic invasion while maintaining immune homeostasis. Toll-like receptors, able to activate the cell to produce bactericidal and inflammatory cytokines but also able to upregulate antigen (Ag)-presenting and costimulatory molecules, are particularly important in this regard. We have previously shown that the chronically infected oral mucosa is in a state of endotoxin tolerance, as evidenced by the downregulation of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 and of inflammatory cytokines and the upregulation of SH2-containing inositol phosphatase, an inhibitor of NF-κB signaling. In the present study, we hypothesized that endotoxin tolerance would influence the ability of human macrophages to engage in Ag capture and killing of the oral pathogenPorphyromonas gingivalisand to upregulate costimulatory molecules and stimulate autologous T-cell proliferation. We show that uptake, but not killing, ofP.gingivalis381 is enhanced by endotoxin tolerance. Reduced killing is possibly due to a reduction of the intracellular lysosomes. We further show that the expression of the Ag-presenting molecule HLA-DR and costimulatory molecules CD40 and CD86 is dampened by endotoxin tolerance to the constitutive level. This, along with our previous evidence for reduction in immunostimulatory cytokines, is consistent with the observed decrease in the induction of autologous CD4+T-cell proliferation by endotoxin-tolerized macrophages. Overall, these studies suggest that endotoxin tolerance, as observed in the inflamed oral mucosa, potentiates the innate Ag capture activity of macrophages but diminishes the potential of human macrophages to initiate the adaptive immune response. In conclusion, endotoxin tolerance, while helpful in bacterial clearance and in surmounting excessive inflammatory tissue damage, could potentially reduce the (protective) adaptive immune response during chronic infections such as periodontitis.
Cytotoxicity ofMycoplasma mycoidessubsp.mycoidesSmall Colony Type to Bovine Epithelial Cells
Authors: Bischof Daniela F. , Janis Carole , Vilei Edy M. , Bertoni Giuseppe , Frey Joachim 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTThe cytotoxicities of various strains ofMycoplasma mycoidessubsp.mycoidessmall colony type (SC), the agent of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), were measured in vitro using embryonic calf nasal epithelial (ECaNEp) cells. Strains isolated from acute cases of CBPP induced high cytotoxicity in the presence of glycerol, concomitant with the release of large amounts of toxic H2O2that were found to be translocated into the cytoplasms of the host cells by close contact of theMycoplasmastrains with the host cells. Currently used vaccine strains also showed high cytotoxicity and high H2O2release, indicating that they are attenuated in another virulence attribute. Strains isolated from recent European outbreaks of CBPP with mild clinical signs, which are characterized by a defect in the glycerol uptake system, released small amounts of H2O2and showed low cytotoxicity to ECaNEp cells.M. mycoidessubsp.mycoidesSC strain PG1 released large amounts of H2O2but was only slightly cytotoxic. PG1 was found to have a reduced capacity to bind to ECaNEp cells and was unable to translocate H2O2into the bovine cells, in contrast to virulent strains that release large amounts of H2O2. Thus, an efficient translocation of H2O2into host cells is a prerequisite for the cytotoxic effect and requires an intact adhesion mechanism to ensure a close contact between mycoplasmas and host cells.
Geochemical modelling of fluoride concentration changes during Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR) in the Chalk aquifer in Wessex, England
Authors: Gaus I. , Shand P. , Gale I.N. , Williams A.T. , Eastwood J.C. 
Published: November 2007

During ASR-cycle testing at a site in the confined Chalk near Lytchett Minster in Dorset, the high concentration of fluoride in the recovered water posed severe limitations on the success of the scheme. Based on physical modelling, the dual porosity character of the Chalk combined with high fluoride concentrations in the native water were identified as the key factors controlling the measured concentrations. However, mixing of water between the matrix pores and fractures was not sufficient to explain the fluoride concentration and it was concluded that there was an additional release of fluoride from aquifer interaction. This led to an additional increase in the fluoride concentration in the recovered water.
In order to investigate this hypothesis, a geochemical model incorporating reactions between the injected water, the native groundwater and the aquifer minerals was developed. The geochemical model PHREEQC-2 was set up so that it was capable of modelling ASR-cycles (including radial flow and diffusive mixing as a consequence of dual porosity). The physical aspects of the model were calibrated using a 3-D dual porosity transport model (SWIFT). Different geochemical processes (e.g. limited mineral availability, reaction kinetics) causing fluoride concentrations above those expected from dual porosity mixing were investigated. Comparing the modelled results with the observations from the test site suggested that slow dissolution of fluoride minerals (fluorite) was likely to be responsible for the additional increase in fluoride concentration in the recovered water.
Binder microstructure in lime mortars: implications for the interpretation of analysis results
Authors: Leslie Alick B. , Hughes John J. 
Published: November 2007

Many historic mortars are composed of a silicate aggregate and a lime-based (calcitic) binder. Thin section examination suggests that binder structure and composition are complex and that binder quantity can vary significantly during the lifetime of a mortar.
Lime mortar analysis for conservation purposes commonly involves the quantification of binder: aggregate ratio by weight. Many such analyses of historic mortars have generated results suggesting compositions of 1 part lime binder: 1 part aggregate, in contrast to the 1: 3 ratio commonly specified in current building work.
The high binder content can, in part, be attributed to the presence of unmixed binder. Fragments of lime that have not been fully mixed with the aggregate do not, therefore, play the part of a binder during set. There is also evidence for dissolution and re-precipitation of binder in mortars, leading to changes to binder morphology as well as net gains or losses in binder content.
The presence of both lime inclusions and dissolution / re-precipitation textures within a mortar has implications for any mortar analysis method which relates the quantity of calcium carbonate to original binder content. Examination of a mortar, preferably using a petrological microscope, is essential if any meaningful quantitative data are to be generated.
Origin and mineralogy of African red clays and Keuper Marl
Authors: Dumbleton Michael John 
Published: November 2007

Summary
African red clays and Keuper Marl are materials of contrasting origin and mineralogical composition. The red clays are residual soils produced by weathering of rocks at the land surface under relatively high temperature and rainfall and good drainage. Bases and silica are leached, leaving the soil rich in iron and aluminium. In Kenya the clay minerals and iron oxide occur respectively as metahalloysite and hematite under relatively dry conditions, and as hydrated halloysite and goethite under moister conditions. The plasticity of the clay minerals is modified by the iron oxide. Black montmorillonitic clays, rich in bases and silica, occur in association with the red clays but on lower ground.
The Keuper Marl is the product of weathering of higher land, which accumulated to a great thickness in a wide basin. Conditions of internal drainage led to enrichment of bases and silica. Calcium and magnesium are present as calcite and dolomite, and silica is present as quartz. All the clay minerals found were rich in magnesium and silica. Illite and chlorite were universal, and much of the chlorite was of the swelling type. In addition, sepiolite and palygorskite commonly occurred. Quantitative x-ray analyses showed up to 90 per cent of clay minerals, but particle-size analyses showed a much smaller proportion of clay-sized minerals, due to particle aggregation or to the occurrence of unusually large clay mineral particles.
Design and construction of a large cavity deep in the coal measures
Authors: Early Kenneth Reginald , Skipp Bryan Openshaw , Ferrier Robert 
Published: November 2007

Summary
A large underground junction was to be constructed 2750 ft deep in the new Monkton Hall Colliery in Midlothian, Scotland. The junction was to house a bunker conveyor and stringent stability requirements were called for. The local geological condition was not favourable. The geological approach to the design is discussed. The design involved shaping and an intensive rock bolting programme. Support and construction methods are given and performance is described, including results of some photoelastic stress measurements.
A study of the mechanism governing the polishing of stone in road surfaces
Authors: Maclean Donald John 
Published: November 2007

1. Introduction

O
ne
of the more important aspects of the work of the Road Research Laboratory is to develop better materials for surfacing roads. By 'better materials' is meant materials having greater resistance to cracking and deformation, greater durability against the effects of weather and greater ability to maintain an even and non-skid surface for traffic.

The surfacing materials in common use are concrete, asphalt and bituminous macadams; these consist of a mixture of mineral aggregates bound together with either Portland cement, bitumen or tar. The Laboratory is therefore concerned with obtaining an understanding of the properties of crushed rock and gravel aggregates that influence the behaviour of these surfacing materials.
This paper describes briefly the research into one important requirement of aggregates used in bituminous road surfacings. This requirement is that the exposed aggregate should not become polished by the action of traffic, since the degree of slipperiness of many types of bituminous surfacing is directly related to the extent to which the aggregate becomes polished.
2. Laboratory test

The first step was to develop a laboratory apparatus to determine how the polishing occurred. The aim was to reproduce as closely as possible the conditions of wear to which stone is subjected in the road surface. Thus, the apparatus (Pl. 1
a
) comprises a pneumatic-tyred wheel which rotates in contact with another wheel on the flat periphery of which are mounted small specimens of ⅜-in sized chipping bedded in a cement mortar (Pl. 1
b
). The wheel carrying the specimens is
Observations on small-scale structural discontinuities in the London Clay and their relationship to regional geology
Authors: Fookes Peter George , Parrish David Gordon 
Published: November 2007

Summary
The London Clay is well known as an engineering material and it is probably the most publicized example of a stiff fissured clay. Recently, growing interest has been shown in the small-scale structural discontinuities of this clay and their effects on the engineering behaviour of the material. The paper deals with observations of small discontinuities (or fissures) at sites in the London and Hampshire Basins. Orientation data from the various sites are plotted and analysed in the form of stereographic projections. The size and form of the discontinuity surfaces are considered and their distribution related to orientation and possible modes of origin. Both orientation and surface forms of discontinuities are related to the regional structure of the clay and adjacent sediments, and it is tentatively concluded that the general trends of discontinuity patterns in local areas, the local regional structure, and geological history can be correlated.
Saline ground-waters in the Carboniferous Rocks of the English East Midlands in relation to the geology
Authors: Downing Richard Allen , Howitt Frank 
Published: November 2007

Summary
The Carboniferous system in the East Midlands is comprised of a limestone-shale series or a massive limestone (the Carboniferous Limestone) overlain by a cyclic sequence of sandstones, mudstones, seat-earths and coals (the Millstone Grit and Coal Measures). The geology is described briefly and modifications are made to correlations of the Millstone Grit and Lower Coal Measures in the light of recent studies of information obtained by deep drilling for oil.
Most of the Carboniferous ground-waters discussed are saline with total concentrations ranging up to 246 000 mg/1. The concentration in all formations increases from the Eakring-Kelham Hills area towards Gainsborough, that is from SW to NE, and the variation in ionic content associated with this increase is discussed.
The ground-waters are believed to have originated from the diagenesis of Carboniferous marine and brackish waters and possibly some Permian marine waters. They have probably been concentrated by argillaceous beds acting as semi-permeable membranes and it is suggested that the increase in the Ca/Cl and Mg/Cl ratios as the total ionic concentration increases is due to the selective concentration of calcium and magnesium ions by argillaceous beds. In the south-west and south of the East Midlands the saline water has been diluted, probably by meteoric water moving through the aquifers from the outcrop areas and discharging into Permo-Triassic rocks, where these overlie Carboniferous aquifers at depth in the south-east of the region.
The stability of natural slopes in south-east England as affected by periglacial activity
Authors: Weeks Alan George 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Details are given of trial pits which have been excavated during site investigations carried out in Kent and Oxfordshire over the past two and a half years. Slip surfaces have been found to a depth of 15 ft below the existing ground-level on slopes of stiff fissured clay, where the slope angles are 3° and steeper. It is suggested that, whilst these slopes are stable under present day conditions, the slip surfaces must have been formed as the result of periglacial activity. The presence of these discontinuities, which have shearing resistances at or near their residual values (Skempton 1964), is the governing factor affecting the maximum possible natural slope angle and also the stability of any engineering works that may be constructed in the area.
In the case of the investigations in Kent it has been possible to recognize three separate periods of solifluction corresponding to the Saale Glaciation, the Main Weichselian and Zone III of the Late Glacial.
Photo-interpretation of boulder clay areas as an aid to engineering geological studies
Authors: Norman John Wakelin 
Published: November 2007

Summary
The over-all view of the environment, the exploitation of vertical scale exaggeration and the use of film sensitive to soil moisture content, enables an experienced photo-interpreter to produce information that can supplement engineering geology studies made directly at the site. Reconnaissance soil mapping can be carried out in glacial areas by geomorphological methods supported by drainage, gully, vegetal and tonal characteristics, together with rapid field checks in selected characteristic areas.
Numerical values are given for the proportion of buried bedrock features which have been detected in test areas covered with boulder clay, as well as for changes in detectability with variables such as the depth of superficial cover, the type of land use, and air photograph quality. The criteria for the identification of buried features are discussed, as well as the detection of landslides, subsidence, drainage and flooding problems, and the choice of airphoto-graph scale, materials and processes for engineering geological studies.
The degradation of Lias clay slopes in an area of the east Midlands
Authors: Chandler Richard John 
Published: November 2007

Summary
This paper presents a survey of slopes in an area of Rutland and Northamptonshire where the valley sides are formed of Upper Lias Clay capped by the Inferior Oolite. The observations support the pattern of degradation observed for natural slopes of London Clay. The slopes are considered in their regional context, from which it is seen that the steeper areas (where slides are most likely to occur) are encountered just beneath the Inferior Oolite and at valley heads. Valley asymmetry is also found, southern slopes being generally the steeper. Attention is drawn to agricultural activities which may partly or completely conceal the presence of landslides.
The hydrogeological investigation of fissure-flow by borehole logging techniques
Authors: Tate Tom Keith , Robertson Anne Shirley , Gray David Alfred 
Published: November 2007

Summary
The instrumentation and techniques developed for the investigation of fissure-flow in consolidated aquifers are described and illustrated by three case histories. The use of closed-circuit underwater television inspection of boreholes is outlined and consideration is given to the implications of flow rates by analyses of the tritium contents of some water samples.