bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation on load-dependent roughness variations
Authors: Ciulli E , Pugliese G , Bassani R 
Published: May 2007

In order to investigate the level of influence of roughness in the evaluation of the dimensionless film thickness Λ a study has been started to find a simplified but sufficiently general method to take into account the roughness variations of bodies, even with different characteristics, because of varying load. The investigation is based on a linear measured roughness profile. In this work, a model developed for the approximation of measured profiles through parabolas and formulas used for solving the contact mechanics problem are reported. The first results obtained with some specimens, used in previous works for experimental investigations on non-conformal line contacts, are presented. The specimens' surfaces are analysed both by a three-dimensional computer-controlled stylus profilometer and by an apparatus that allows investigations also under loaded conditions using optical interferometry. A way to compare the experimental and the theoretical results, in order to make some necessary verifications correlating line and surface aspects, is indicated. A first estimation of the variation of Λ under load is finally made. The method developed for the evaluation of roughness variations under load seems to furnish reasonable results in quite good agreement with the experimental ones. The results obtained with the investigated non-conformal line contacts, presenting characteristics in not complete agreement with the model-based hypotheses, give a certain confidence about the applicability of this simplified methodology to different kinds of contacts.
Optimization of the tribological performance of rectangular seals in automotive transmissions
Authors: Gronitzki M , Poll G. W. G. 
Published: May 2007

Rectangular seals - a special type of face seals - are currently used in rotating connections of automatic automotive transmissions (double clutch transmissions, continuously variable transmissions, and 6-automated transmission) for the oil pressure supply of rotating control and actuator elements. Friction losses of several kilowatts can occur in the sealing system, causing a considerable reduction in efficiency. As a result of ongoing progress in power train design, sliding speeds and fluid pressures continue to increase. Therefore, due to friction related temperature rise in the sealing contact, extensive oil carbonization may occur. For both the reasons, developing friction optimized seals is crucial. For cost and design reasons grey cast iron rings are more and more substituted by modern, high temperature resistant thermoplastics. These materials also exhibit better friction and wear performance which can further be improved by adding polytetrafluorethylen or graphite. Because of their lower stiffness compared with metallic components, special thoughts have to be given to the design of thermoplastic rectangular seals. This paper describes how an improved geometry with optimized friction and wear performance was achieved by combining experimental investigations and numerical calculations on thermomechanical deflections.
A predictive analysis of long-term friction and wear characteristics of metal-on-metal total hip replacement
Authors: Dowson D , Wang F. C. , Wang W. Z. , Jin Z. M. 
Published: May 2007

There has been a major revival of interest in metal-on-metal total hip replacements in recent years, particularly for younger and more active patients [1, 2]. Theoretical and experimental studies have confirmed that wear in both the running-in and steady-state regimes can be reduced considerably through careful design and manufacture. It has been amply demonstrated that large diameter femoral heads are advantageous, primarily because they are tribologically beneficial through improvements in lubrication and hence reduced wear in a mixed lubrication regime. This has permitted major improvements to be introduced and it has also facilitated the introduction of satisfactory surface replacement as well as large diameter monolithic implants with greater resistance to dislocation. Design guides have been emerging [3] as lubrication and structural analyses have advanced. The main driver has been the need to minimize wear in both running-in and steady-state phases of implant function and hence to reduce as much as possible the total volumetric wear and the number of tiny, nanometre sized wear particles. The achievable wear rates in well designed metal-on-metal implants are now so low that the tribologically predicted wear lives are exceedingly attractive. Attention is therefore turning to the question of long-term bearing performance and the possibility that gradual extension of the nominal contact patch will result in large frictional torques capable of disrupting the implant fixation. The potential longevity of metal-on-metal hip replacements implies that clinical experience of such effects will take a long time to emerge. Likewise laboratory simulator tests would have to extend over, say, at least 10-50 million cycles. This is expensive and generally limited to simulation of a repetitive walking cycle of operation, rather than a more representative reflection of random daily cycles of function. The alternative, but clearly tentative approach is to attempt a predictive analysis based upon developing tribological analysis and information on the wear performance of implants in simulators over much shorter periods, typically 5 million cycles. In this paper, a simple, but inevitably tentative predictive analysis of the volumetric wear; diameter of the nominal wear patch; head penetration, and frictional torque are all estimated over timescales of several tens of millions of loading cycles, equivalent to many decades of service in the body. Both boundary and fluid-film lubrication conditions are considered.
Influence of surface structure on wetting of coated offset papers
Authors: Tåg Carl-Mikael , Järn Mikael , Granqvist Björn , Järnström Joakim , Peltonen Jouko , Rosenholm Jarl Björn 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
To obtain more knowledge of the properties affecting print quality and adhesion characteristics in the printing process, attention has been directed to the nature of surface energy. The aim was to compare different surface-energy calculation models and to investigate the influence of surface roughness on wetting of coated offset papers. The wetting process was studied by static contact angle measurements using a series of reference liquids. Topographical characterization was carried out using atomic force microscopy. Surface energy components were determined using different calculation models. The determination can be considerably simplified using a mono-monopolar model, which has been proven in previous studies. The surface energy components were derived from both apparent and topography-corrected contact angles. The surface topography had a significant effect on wetting of the samples studied.
Serum chemistry alterations in Alaskan sled dogs during five successive days of prolonged endurance exercise
Authors: McKenzie Erica C. , Jose-Cunilleras Eduard , Hinchcliff Kenneth W. , Holbrook Todd C. , Royer Christopher , Payton Mark E. , Williamson Kathy , Nelson Stuart , Willard Michael D. , Davis Michael S. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Objective—To determine the impact of successive days of endurance exercise on select serum chemistry values in conditioned Alaskan sled dogs.
Design—Prospective cohort study.
Animals—10 conditioned Alaskan sled dogs.
Procedures—All dogs ran 160 km/d for 5 consecutive days. Serum was obtained prior to exercise and immediately after each exercise run; all samples were obtained before dogs were fed. Serum electrolyte, mineral, protein, total bilirubin, urea nitrogen, creatinine, and cardiac troponin-I concentrations and serum alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransfer-ase, creatine kinase, and aspartate aminotransferase activities were measured. Data were analyzed by means of analysis of covariance for a randomized complete block design with dog as a blocking variable, time as a covariate, and distance run as the treatment of interest. Least square mean values were compared with values obtained prior to exercise, and linear and quadratic contrasts were examined.
Results—Serum globulin concentration was low prior to exercise (mean ± SD, 2.2 ± 0.3g/dL) and progressively decreased as exercise continued. Exercise was associated with increases in serum chloride, urea nitrogen, and cardiac troponin-I concentrations and serum alanine aminotransferase, creatine kinase, and aspartate aminotransferase activities and with pro-gressive decreases in serum potassium, total protein, and albumin concentrations.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that multiple successive days of endurance exercise resulted in mild aberrations in serum chemistry variables in conditioned sled dogs. Changes likely reflected the metabolic stresses of prolonged endurance exercise as well as dietary composition. Hypoglobulinemia in resting, conditioned sled dogs may reflect the immunosuppressive or catabolic effects of intense endurance training.
Survival rate and short-term fertility rate associated with the use of fetotomy for resolution of dystocia in mares: 72 cases (1991–2005)
Authors: Carluccio Augusto , Contri Alberto , Tosi Umberto , De Amicis Ippolito , De Fanti Claudio 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Objective—To determine survival rate, complications, and short-term fertility rate after fetotomy in mares.
Design—Retrospective study.
Animals—72 mares with severe dystocia.
Procedures—Records from 1991 to 2005 were searched for mares with dystocia in which a fetotomy was performed. Data relating to presentation and position of foals; survival rate, complications, and short-term fertility rate in mares; and 45-day pregnancy rate in mares bred 2 to 3 months after fetotomy were recorded.
Results—Anterior fetal presentation was detected for 54 of 72 (75%) mares, posterior presentation was detected for 13 (18.1%), and transverse presentation was detected for 5 (6.9%). One fetus in anterior presentation was hydrocephalic. Survival rate after fetotomy was 95.8%. Complications included retained fetal membranes (5.5%), laminitis (6.9%), vaginal and cervical lacerations (2.8%), and delayed uterine involution (2.8%). Mares bred 2 to 3 months after fetotomy had good short-term fertility, with a mean pregnancy rate of 79.4% at 45 days after breeding.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The survival rate was high, compared with rates reported after cesarean section, and short-term fertility rate was similar to those reported for mares that had a controlled vaginal delivery or cesarean section. Fetotomy performed by a skilled veterinarian on a nonviable fetus should be considered as a means of quick and safe correction of dystocia that does not necessarily impair short-term fertility in affected mares.
Unusual history and initial clinical signs of Mycoplasma bovis mastitis and arthritis in first-lactation cows in a closed commercial dairy herd
Authors: Wilson David J. , Skirpstunas Ramona T. , Trujillo Jessie D. , Cavender Kimberly B. , Bagley Clell V. , Harding Robert L. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Case Description—9 first-lactation dairy cows in a closed dairy herd had swelling in the forelimbs and forelimb lameness. Mycoplasmal arthritis and mastitis were diagnosed.
Clinical Findings—Swelling of the carpal joint, diffuse subcutaneous edema from the carpal to metacarpophalangeal joints, and forelimb lameness were evident in 9 first-lactation cows 7 to 21 days after parturition. Diagnostic testing revealed that 3 of 3 bulk-tank milk samples, 3 milk samples from cows with clinical mastitis, 2 fluid samples obtained from arthritic joints, and samples from the lungs and spleen of a cow that had died yielded positive results for Mycoplasma spp. Nucleic acid sequence analysis performed by use of a PCR assay on the joint fluid and lung tissues confirmed infection with Mycoplasma bovis.
Treatment and Outcome—Affected cows were treated by IM administration of flunixin meglumine and dexamethasone for 3 days. All cows were nonresponsive to treatment (3 cows died, and the other 6 were culled). Follow-up culture for Mycoplasma spp of milk samples from the bulk tank and from all lactating cows was recommended to screen for chronic subclinical carriers.
Clinical Relevance—Mycoplasmal infections may cause unusual initial clinical signs or an atypical history. When dairy cattle, including those residing in closed herds, have lameness, swelling of the carpal or metacarpophalangeal joints, edema of the distal portions of the forelimbs, or polyarthritis, infection with Mycoplasma spp should be investigated. Delay in diagnosis of mycoplasmal infections in dairy herds can result in substantial financial loss and the establishment of chronic subclinical carriers.
Consommation d'un supplément d'acide folique en période périconceptionnelle:évaluation d'une campagne de promotion
Authors: Bélanger Marie-Claude R. , Grégoire Jean 
Published: May 2007

Periconceptional folic acid intake: evaluation of a promotional programThis study evaluates the efficacy of a regional program promoting periconceptional folic acid intake. Data were collected through a self-administrated questionnaire among 721 (405 for phase I; 316 for phase II) primiparous women. For phase I, 26.1% (CI [Confidence Interval] 95%: 21.9% – 30.4%) of respondents took an adequate periconceptional folic acid supplement, whereas this proportion was 31.6% (CI 95%: 26.5% – 36.7%) for phase II (p > 0.05). For phase I, 62.0% (CI 95%: 57.3% – 66.7%) of women recognized the role of folic acid. For phase II, this proportion significantly rose to 70.9% (CI 95%: 65.9% – 75.9%). Regional activities promoting periconceptional folic acid intake, if maintained, should be modified to significantly increase the proportion of women taking an adequate amount of folic acid.
Mealtimes as Active Processesin Long-term Care Facilities
Authors: Gibbs-Ward Amie J. , Keller Heather H. 
Published: May 2007

Mealtimes are central to the nutritional care of residents in long-term care facilities. There has been little Canadian research to guide interdisciplinary practice around mealtimes. This study included a grounded theory approach to explore mealtime experiences of 20 people with dementia living in two long-term care facilities, and the meal-related care they received from registered nurses, health care aides, and dietitians. Theoretical sampling directed the collection and analysis of data from mealtime observations in special care units and key informant interviews with care providers. The constant comparison method was used to analyze and conceptualize the data. A substantive theory emerged with three key themes:Each mealtime is a unique process embedded within a long-term care facility's environment. Residents are central to the process through their actions (i.e., arriving, eating, waiting, socializing, leaving, and miscellaneous distracted activities). Internal (i.e., residents’ characteristics) and external (i.e., co-resident, direct caregiving, indirect caregiving, administrative, and government activities) influences affect residents’ actions at mealtimes.The theory suggests that optimal mealtime experiences for residents require individualized care that reflects interdisciplinary, multi-level interventions.
Gender and Nutrition Management in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Wong Mildred , Gucciardi Enza , Li Louisa , Grace Sherry L. 
Published: May 2007

Purpose: The literature suggests that adherence to dietary recommendations may differ between women and men with type 2 diabetes due to family obligations and spousal support. Methods: To assess division of household labour between spouses, retrospective chart review of 561 individuals who attended the Diabetes Education Centre at the Toronto Western Hospital was performed. Qualitative interviews were also performed with 12 married clients (six female and six male) and seven spouses of clients (three female, four male) to understand how the sharing of household labour influences adherence to nutrition guidelines in type 2 diabetes. Results: Results indicate a significant gender difference in responsibility for meal preparation (χ2(3)=140.64, p<.001) and grocery shopping (χ2(3)=88.24, p<0.001), with women more often engaging in these household activities than men. Male clients are more likely to be actively supported by their wives in the form of meal preparation and verbal encouragement, while female clients are only passively supported by their husbands. Conclusions: The results suggest that diabetes educators should recognize gender differences in household labour and support when counselling their clients to ensure that both men and women have the help they need to successfully manage their diabetes.
Learning Opportunity and Preparedness for Practice: Perceptions from Dietetics Programs in Canada
Authors: Rose Maureen , Mcalpine Lynn , Strychar Irene 
Published: May 2007

Purpose: This study determined dietetics trainees’ and program coordinators’ perceptions about trainees’ preparedness to practice, based on Dietitians of Canada’s 145 competency statements. Depth and breadth of learning opportunity were also determined with definitions of these two concepts based on Elliott’s view of professional education and practice. Methods: Research questions were: 1. How prepared were trainees for practice? 2. What were the depth and breadth of learning opportunity in assessment, planning, implementation and evaluation? 3. How many learning opportunities were there in professional practice and communication? 4. Did responses vary between integrated programs and internships or between trainees and program coordinators? Results: Of 313 trainees, 168 (54%) responded and 23 (72%) of 32 coordinators responded. Preparedness was rated as “well prepared” or better for 25 (56%) of the 45 main competencies. For every competency, preparedness ratings were higher in integrated programs than in internships. Learning opportunities were rated as sufficient in depth and breadth or number for 88 (61%) of the 145 competency statements. Low ratings for preparedness were accompanied by low ratings for depth and/or breadth or number of learning opportunities. Conclusions: The notion of depth and breadth is useful as a framework to assess learning opportunities for developing entry-level competence.
Nutrient Inadequacyin Obese and Non-Obese Youth
Authors: Gillis Linda , Gillis Aubrey 
Published: May 2007

Purpose: In this study, the Dietary Reference Intake standards were used to evaluate the prevalence of inadequate intakes of micronutrients in obese and non-obese youth.Methods: Dietary intake was analyzed with a dietary history taken by a registered dietitian. The obese group (n=156) had a body mass index (BMI) above the 95thpercentile for age and sex. The non-obese group (n=90) was between the tenth and 85thBMI percentiles.Results: In the obese subjects, the prevalence of inadequate intakes was 81% for vitamin E and 27% for magnesium; the proportions with intakes below the Adequate Intakes (AIs) for calcium and vitamin D were 55% and 46%, respectively. The obese children consumed 124% of estimated need for energy, 32% of which came from fat. The non-obese had a similar prevalence of inadequate intakes (vitamin E, 93%; magnesium, 29%; calcium, 51%; vitamin D, 44%). They consumed 107% of estimated need for energy, and 31% of energy came from fat. For both groups, all other nutrient intakes were adequate.Conclusions: Even though children may consume an excess of energy, they may not be meeting all of their micronutrient needs.
The Relationship Between Price, Amounts of Saturated and Trans Fats, and Nutrient Content Claims on Margarines and Oils
Authors: Ricciuto Laurie , Ip Hedy , Tarasuk Valerie 
Published: May 2007

Purpose: Modifications to the amount and type of fat in the diet are recommended as strategies to help reduce heart disease risk. Individuals can choose from a variety of margarines and oils to alter their intakes of different types of fats, and nutrient content claims on product labels (e.g., ‘low in saturated fat’) can help them quickly identify healthful products. However, margarines and oils vary in price. Methods: To examine the relationship between the price and amounts of saturated and trans fats in margarines and oils, and the relationship between price and the presence of nutrient content claims, price and label information were recorded for margarines (n=229) and oils (n=342) sold in the major supermarkets within the Greater Toronto Area. Results: Linear regression analysis revealed a negative relationship between the price and amounts of saturated fat and trans fats in margarines, but not in oils. Margarines with a nutrient content claim were significantly more expensive than were those without a claim. Conclusions: The findings for margarines are of particular concern for lower income groups for whom budgetary constraints result in the purchase of lower priced foods, and also raise important questions about the usefulness of nutrient content claims in guiding food selections.
Dietary Practices of Women Diagnosed with Environmental Sensitivity
Authors: Glanville N. Theresa , Crawley P. Elizabeth 
Published: May 2007

Purpose: Food avoidance is central to the treatment of environmental sensitivity (ES), a chronic, often debilitating, multisystem disorder characterized by adverse reactions to non-noxious levels of environmental substances. Because prolonged food avoidance could impact nutritional health, the purpose of this research was to assess adequacy and quality of diets consumed by women diagnosed with ES. Methods: Twelve women aged 37 to 50 recruited from the Nova Scotia Environmental Health Clinic completed a fourday food record during the spring and summer of 1998. Results: When adequacy of nutrient intake was assessed by comparison to the Estimated Average Requirement, the most limited nutrients in the diet were folate, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and magnesium. Only one woman exceeded the Adequate Intake for calcium. When diet quality was assessed using the Healthy Eating Index, the majority of women (75%) scored in the “needs improvement” category; intake of milk and dietary variety scored the lowest. Women consumed very few servings from “other foods”, defined in the food guide as foods containing mostly sugar and mostly fat. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that women diagnosed with ES would benefit from counselling on ways to increase dietary variety, which would lead to improved nutrient intake, and ways to increase calcium intake.