bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rapid aqueous photo‐polymerization route to polymer and polymer‐composite hydrogel 3D inverted colloidal crystal scaffolds
Authors: Liu Yuanfang , Wang Shaopeng , Krouse Justin , Kotov Nicholas A. , Eghtedari Mohammad , Vargas Gracie , Motamedi Massoud 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSuccessful regeneration of biological tissues in vitro requires the utilization of three‐dimensional (3D) scaffolds that provide a near natural microenvironment for progenitor cells to grow, interact, replicate, and differentiate to form target tissues. In this work, a rapid aqueous photo‐polymerization route was developed toward the fabrication of a variety of polymer hydrogel 3D inverted colloidal crystal (ICC) scaffolds having different physical and chemical properties. To demonstrate the versatility of this technique, a variety of polymer hydrogel ICC scaffolds were prepared, including (1) polyacrylamide (pAAM) scaffolds, (2) poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (pHEMA) scaffolds, (3) poly(2‐hydroxyethyl acrylate) (pHEA) scaffolds, and composite scaffolds including (4) pAAM‐pHEMA scaffolds, (5) pHEMA‐pMAETAC [poly(2‐methacryloyloxy) trimethyl ammonium] scaffolds, and (6) pHEA‐pMEATAC scaffolds. Templates for scaffolds incorporated both uniform sized (104 μm diameter) and nonuniform sized (100 ± 20 μm diameter) closely packed noncrosslinked poly(methyl methacrylate) beads. Human bone marrow stromal HS‐5 cells were cultured on the six different types of scaffolds to demonstrate biocompatibility. Experimental results show that cells can remain viable in these scaffolds for at least 5 weeks. Of the six scaffolds, maximal cell adhesion and proliferation are obtained on the positively charged composite hydrogel pHEMA‐pMEATAC and pHEA‐pMAETAC scaffolds. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2007
Incidental magnetization transfer effects in multislice brain MRI at 3.0T
Authors: Chang Yongmin , Bae Sung Jin , Lee Young Ju , Hwang Moon Jung , Lee Sang Heun , Lee Jongmin , Lee Sang Kwon , Woo Seongku 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the effect of incidental magnetization transfer (iMT) in multislice brain imaging at 3.0T.Materials and MethodsThe contribution of iMT to multislice brain MRI was evaluated at 3.0T. In 10 normal subjects we obtained multislice fast spin‐echo (FSE) MR images using a 16‐echo pulse train without an off‐resonance MT pulse at 3.0T and 1.5T. We quantified the extent of iMT by calculating the iMT ratio (iMTR).ResultsWe found that the iMT contrast (iMTC) has a greater effect at 3.0T. As the number of slices increased in multislice FSE imaging, the difference between two field strengths became larger. Compared to WM structures, however, the difference in iMT effect between 1.5T and 3.0T was smaller in the case of GM structures.ConclusionThe iMTC has a greater effect at 3.0T. The strength of the iMT is different for different tissue types and also varies according to the number of slices used. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Propagation of JC virus in human neuroblastoma cell line IMR‐32
Authors: Akatani Kaoru , Imai Mayumi , Kimura Michio , Nagashima Kazuo , Ikegami Nobuko 
Published: March 2007

AbstractJC virus (JCV), the causative agent of a human demyelinating disease, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, has a very narrow host range. Cells permissive for infection by JCV have been essentially limited to primary human fetal glial cells, which are difficult to obtain and maintain. In pilot studies, it was found that JCV can multiply in an established cell line of human neuroblastoma. JCV strains Mad‐1 and Tokyo‐1 were inoculated, respectively, into two cell lines, IMR‐32 (neuroblastoma) and A‐172 (glioblastoma). Viral infection with cytopathic effect was observed only in IMR‐32 cells, and the most efficient viral proliferation was obtained in cells cultured in medium containing 2% fetal calf serum (FCS). Both Mad‐1 and Tokyo‐1 strains propagated well, with the former being more efficient than the latter. Viral replication was confirmed by immunofluorescence, electron microscopy, and a hemagglutination assay. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)‐polyacrylamide gel electrophore‐sis and Western blot analysis of the purified virus revealed the characteristic JCV protein profile. Thus, IMR‐32 cells have been found to be permissive for JCV, which should provide a useful system for further studies of virus proliferation and viral tissue tropism. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Locations of antibody binding sites within conserved regions of the hepatitis C virus core protein
Authors: Sällberg Matti , Pumpen Pauls , Zhang Zhu‐Xu , Lundholm Peter , Gusars Indulis , Rudén Ulla , Wahren Britta , Magnius Lars O. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe binding sites for human antibodies recognising antigenic domains within the hepatitis C virus (HCV) core protein were analyzed using synthetic peptides. Omission peptide analogues where a pair of residues was sequentially omitted were produced corresponding to the regions 1–18, 11–28, 21–38, 51–68, and 101–118. The N‐terminal part of HCV core was found to contain three distinct antibody binding sites, which includes the previously reported one at residues 9–16. The other two were located at residues 19–26 and residues 29–34. Within the region 51–68 two overlapping sites were found, the first at residues 51–60 and the second at residues 59–68. Within the region 101–118, residues 107–114 were identified as the binding site, which contains two residues differing between genotypes I/II and III/VI. Thus the HCV core protein contains at least six distinct linear antibody binding sites, located at regions highly conserved between the genotypes of HCV. The human recognition of these regions show a variation with respect to the amino‐ and carboxy‐terminal extension of each individual binding site. These findings will have implications for the prediction of the structure of the HCV core protein, since these antibody binding sequences are likely to be more or less accessible from the exterior of either, or both, of the native HCV core and its precursor polyprotein. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification of adenoviruses in faeces from patients with diarrhoea at the hospitals for sick children, London, 1989–1992
Authors: Noel J. , Mansoor A. , Thaker U. , Herrmann J. , Perron‐Henry D. , Cubitt W. D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractFaecal samples from 137 patients that had been shown to contain adenoviruses by electron microscopy were identified in a series of enzyme immunoassays (EIA) using a single monoclonal antibody (Mab) to adenovirus 40 and four different Mabs to adenovirus 41. Adenoviruses were partially characterised by restriction enzyme analysis (REA) of DNA extracts using Smal. Samples were also run in a commercial EIA (Adenovirus IDEIA; Dako, Ltd.) which detects group antigen. The majority (84%) of adenoviruses were subgenus F: adenovirus type 41, 87 (64%) and adenovirus type 40, 28 (20.4%). Subgenus A viruses were identified in ten, (7%) patients, eight were type 31, and two type 12. The adeno IDEIA test was sensitive and specific, detecting 127 of 131 positives and giving no false‐positive results with other enteric viruses. Use of monoclonal‐based ElAs showed significant differences depending on which adeno 41 Mab was used, although the restriction patterns obtained using Smal appeared to be identical for 66 of 69 samples that produced recognisable bands. The Mab that performed best, M 4.3.1, was raised against strains obtained from children in England and detected 83 of 84 (99%) of the adenovirus 41 samples tested. In contrast Mab JH/41 raised against the prototype strain of adenovirus 41 (Tak) detected only 69 of 87 (79%). © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Studies of the pathogenesis of wild‐type virus and six temperature‐sensitive mutants of mouse cytomegalovirus
Authors: Furrarah A. M. , Sweet C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA comparison of six temperature‐sensitive (ts) mutants with the parental wild‐type (wt) virus showed that, when 1‐week‐old BALB/c mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with 300 pfu of mouse passaged virus, the viruses could be broadly categorized into two groups. Two viruses (wt and tsm6) were lethal at this dose (10 and 2 LD50 respectively); animals died within 4–6 days of inoculation and the virus became generalized infecting heart, lung, liver, spleen, kidney, and salivary glands to high titre (>4.3 log10 pfu/ g). In contrast, for viruses (tsm1,tsm3, and tsm4) not lethal at this dose (300 pfu = 0.1 to 0.25 LD50), viral replication was poor (<3.4 log10 pfu/g) except in the salivary glands (5.6 to 7.5 log10 pfu/g). Mutant tsm5 failed to replicate in any tissue while mutant tsm2, lethal at this dose (300 pfu = 1 LD50), produced levels of virus similar to those found with tsm1, tsm3, and tsm4. Comparison of all viruses at sub‐lethal doses (0.1 to 0.25 LD50) did show minor differences in their replication in heart, and in levels of virus and duration of infection in kidney and salivary glands. More marked differences were evident between the viruses in their ability to be reactivated from the latent state during immunosuppression. Wild‐type virus was most easily reactivated in that 67% of animals exhibited virus in salivary glands, heart, lung, spleen, and kidney. Mutants tsm1, tsm2, tsm3 and tsm6 could be reactivated but from fewer animals (33%, 33%, 18%, and 38% respectively) and fewer tissues. Mutants tsm4 and tsm5 could not be reactivated. Differences in the ability of the viruses to replicate in the lungs and to cause penumonitis in intranasally‐inoculated immunosuppressed mice were also seen. Although immunosuppression was necessary for the induction of severe pneumonitis, differences in severity of pneumonitis resulted from differences in the ability of the mutants to replicate in the lung in vivo. These different mutants should prove useful for examining the viral and host factors involved in CMV‐induced pneumonitis, and for examining mechanisms involved in latency and reactivation. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Antibodies to hepatitis E virus among chinese patients with acute hepatitis in Taiwan
Authors: Tsai Jung‐Fa , Jeng Jen‐Eing , Chang Wen‐Yu , Lin Zu‐Yau , Tsai Juei‐Hsiung 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis E virus (anti‐HEV) was investigated in patients with acute hepatitis, and correlated with the clinical features. Sera from 110 patients with acute hepatitis and 60 healthy controls were tested for anti‐HEV, antibody to hepatitis C virus (anti‐HCV), and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). There were significant differences in the prevalence of anti‐HEV, anti‐HCV, and HBsAg between patients and controls (21.8% vs. 0%, 16.3% vs. 1.6% and 58.1% vs. 18.0%, respectively). Anti‐HEV was detected in 6 (25.0%) of 24 patients with anti‐HCV, 6 (9.3%) of 64 patients with HBsAg, and another 6 (22.2%) of 27 patients with acute hepatitis non‐A, non‐B, non‐C. Anti‐HEV was found in 15 men and three women, whose ages ranged from 34 to 75 (median, 57) years old. The median age of patients with anti‐HEV was older than that in patients without this antibody (57 vs. 38 years; P = 0.001). The prevalence of anti‐HEV in patients with anti‐HCV alone (35.2%) was higher than that (11.1%) in patients with HBsAg alone (P = 0.03). Compared to patients without anti‐HEV, HEV‐infected patients had a higher frequency of travel to a foreign country (P = 0.0001), had a lower HBsAg rate (P = 0.019), and had higher serum alkaline phosphatase levels (P = 0.04) and gamma‐glutamyl transpeptidase levels (P = 0.01). In conclusion, HEV infection occurs in 22.2% of patients with acute hepatitis non‐A, non‐B, non‐C. HEV superinfection may occur in patients with chronic hepatitis B or C virus infection. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Antibody response to E6, E7, and L1 proteins of human papillomavirus 16 in an Italian population
Authors: Di Lonardo A. , Campo M. S. , Venuti A. , Marcante M. L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe serological response to human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) E6, E7, and L1 proteins was investigated in Italian patients with cervical cancer, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), flat cervical warts, condylomas, and in healthy individuals. Bacterially expressed β‐galactosidase fusion proteins were purified and used as antigen in Western blot assays. The HPV16 DNA status was also determined in most of the women. The incidence of antibody response to E6 and E7 proteins was higher in cervical cancer than in CIN patients. No variation of antibody titre against E6 was observed in the cervical cancer patients, while one patient in an advanced stage of disease displayed very high levels of E7 antibodies. High seroprevalence to both E6 and L1 was observed in patients with genital condylomas, but this may be due to cross‐reactivity between HPV6 or 11 antibodies and the experimental HPV16 antigens. Antibodies to L1 were detected in control women, suggesting that HPV infection is widespread. The data obtained in this study are in agreement with previous findings in Other countries. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cervical cytomegalovirus infection in prostitutes and in women attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic
Authors: Shen Chen‐Yang , Chang Shu‐Fen , Lin Hwa‐Jen , Ho Hon‐Nan , Yeh Te‐Shien , Yang Show‐Lin , Huang Eng‐Shang , Wu Cheng‐Wen 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis study aimed to determine the frequency of, and to define factors associated with, cervical shedding of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) in highly sexually active women (licensed prostitutes) and in women attending a sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic. Cervical specimens obtained from 195 licensed prostitutes and 187 STD patients aged 17‐50 years were compared for the presence of cervical CMV with specimens from 70 women of the same ages attending a gynecologic clinic. Cervical CMV was identified by the presence of a CMV specific immediate‐early gene sequence amplified by the polymerase chain reaction. Cervical CMV prevalences of 38.9% and 34.8% were found for licensed prostitutes and STD patients, respectively. These rates were significantly higher than the 24.3% cervical CMV prevalence for women attending the gynecologic clinic. The data suggest that frequent sexual contact with many sexual partners is responsible for the high frequency of cervical CMV observed in licensed prostitutes. The interaction between CMV and urogenital bacterial infections is a plausible explanation for the high cervical CMV prevalence in STD patients. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hepatitis E—An important cause of imported non‐A, non‐B hepatitis among migrant workers in Qatar
Authors: Shidrawi Ray G. , Skidmore Susan J. , Coleman Jonathan C. , Dayton Ralph , Murray‐Lyon Iain M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn 1985, Glynn et al. [Journal of Medical Virology 17:371–375] reported on epidemic viral hepatitis in Qatar and concluded that 72% (91/126) had acute enteric ally transmitted non‐A, non‐B viral hepatitis (ET‐NANBH). Most of the patients (98%) presented within 8 weeks of arrival in Qatar and were migrant workers from the Indian subcontinent. The data was reanalyzeda for evidence of infection with hepatitis E virus (HEV). Seventy‐eight of 91 (86%) of stored sera were still suitable for analysis since collection in 1981. A newly described enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for both IgG and IgM anti‐HEV was used (Abbott Laboratories, Delkenheim, Germany); 59/78 (76%) were positive for either or both assays. All but two were from the Indian subcontinent. The data suggest that HEV was the major cause of ET‐NANBH in Qatar in 1981, particularly among newly arrived migrant workers from the Indian subcontinent. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunoglobulin M and A antibodies to hepatitis C core antigen in chronic hepatitis C virus infection
Authors: Lau George K. K. , Lesniewski Richard , Johnson Rhonda G. , Davis Gary L. , Lau Johnson Y. N. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTo determine the prevalence and clinical significance of IgM and IgA antibody to hepatitis C virus (HCV) core antigen in chronic HCV infection, sera from 47 patients were tested for immunoglobulin class M (IgM) and immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibody to HCV core antigen by solid‐phase enzyme‐linked immunoassay using a re‐combinant core protein (aa1‐‐150). Results were correlated with the clinical, biochemical and histological parameters, serum HCV RNA levels (determined by branched DNA signal amplification assay), and subsequent clinical response to in‐terferon‐α therapy. IgM anti‐HCV core was detected in 11 patients (23.4 percent). There was no correlation between the presence of IgM anti‐HCV core and the clinical features (sex, age, mode of acquisition), biochemical parameters (serum ALT, AST, alkaline phosphatase, and albumin level), autoimmune markers [serum globulin levels, anti‐nuclear antibody (+ at < 1:80 in 7/47 patients)], serum HCV RNA levels, subsequent response to interferon‐α therapy, and the histological features. Immunoglobulin A anti‐HCV core was not detected in any of the patients. The presence of IgM ant‐HCV core in a proportion of patients with chronic HCV infection indicates that the presence of serum IgM anti‐HCV core may not be unique to acute HCV infection. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Case report: Psychosis associated with hepatitis B
Authors: Weber H. C. , Schoeman J. F. , Nowitz A. , Becker M. L. B. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn acute disintegrative disorder in a child with acute hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is described. Both hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and HBV‐DNA were detected in cere‐brospinal fluid (CSF) by means of enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the poly‐merase chain reaction (PCR) technique respectively. A markedly elevated level of CSF adeny‐late kinase (AK), which normalised as the patient recovered spontaneously, suggested an organic brain disorder. Demonstration of intra‐blood‐brain barrier production of IgG supported the possibility of local infection by HBV within the central nervous system. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, inc.
Atypical strain of hepatitis E virus (HEV) from North India
Authors: Chauhan Ashok , Dilawari J. B. , Kaur Upjeet , Ganguly N. K. , Bushnurmath S. , Chawla Y. K. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHepatitis E virus (HEV) infection was detected during an epidemic in North India. Virus particles present in the stool of an acutely ill patient (YAM‐67) was transmitted intravenously into rhesus monkeys (M. mulata) and orally to a human volunteer. Virus‐like particles (VLPs) of 32–34 nm were detected in the bile of monkeys and in the stools of the human volunteer by means of solid phase immune electron microscopy (SPIEM) with acute homologous and heterologous sera. The VLPs were confirmed to be HEV by a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). Virus‐like particles from human volunteer stools were passaged further into rhesus monkeys. A bimodal rise in aminotransferase levels were observed in the animals, and liver histopa‐thology indicated mild to severe form of hepatitis. Further, SPIEM and RT‐PCR analysis in monkey bile revealed presence of virus from 15 to 45 days post‐inoculation. Rechallenge of the animals 6 months after recovery with the same viral inoculum failed to produce abnormal liver function tests indicating the presence of protective immunity during this period. The VLPs in the stool from the patient (YAM‐67) with epidemic hepatitis were found to retain infectivity even after several cycles of freeze‐thawing and exposure at 37°C for 2 days. Moreover, these VLPs from the patient, human volunteer, and monkeys did not react with an anti‐HEV chimpanzee serum from NIH, Bethesda, MD. These findings indicate that this North India isolate of HEV is an atypical strain of HEV. The present study further validates that the rhesus monkey is a suitable experimental model for HEV. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Elevated rubella antibodies in patients with chronic liver disease
Authors: Kalvenes May Britt , Flø Reinhardt , Kalland Karl‐Henning , Haukenes Gunnar 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPatients with autoimmune chronic active hepatitis (AICAH) and certain other chronic liver disorders often have very high titres of haemagglutination ‐inhibition (HI) antibodies to rubella virus. In this study it is shown, using floatation centrifugation, that the high rubella HI reactivity is not caused by nonspecific lipoprotein inhibitors but rather by antibodies specific for the rubella haemagglutinin (E1 glycoprotein). After sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation of sera the major HI reactivity was recovered in the IgG containing fractions. The IgG antibody fraction was strongly reactive by an indirect enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Higher prevalence and titres of rubella antibodies were also demonstrated by the complement fixation (CF) test using a haemagglutinin‐free antigen, and by an indirect haemagglutination (IHA) test (Rubacell) using a cell‐associated antigen which is distinct from the antigens used in the HI and CF tests. This high rubella antibody response is therefore demonstrated using three distinct antigen‐antibody systems. By means of absorption experiments and radioimmunoprecipitation assays the coating antigen used in the IHA test was shown to reside in the E2 glycoprotein. The cause of this enhanced antibody response to rubella virus structural proteins remains elusive. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hepatitis C virus antibody prevalence among human immunodeficiency virus‐1‐infected individuals: Analysis with different test systems
Authors: Nübling Claudius Micha , Von Wangenheim Gudrun , Staszewski Schlomo , Löwer Johannes 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSera of 383 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐l‐infected individuals from Frankfurt (Main)/Germany were assayed by two hepatitis C virus (HCV) screening tests (Abbott second generation, Ortho second generation). This population showed a prevalence for reactivity with both tests of 20.8% (80/383). Examination of all reactive sera (91/383) by a supplemental assay (Chiron RIBA 2) gave for 46 sera a positive, for 33 sera an indeterminate, and for 12 sera a negative result. Further analysis focussed on these RIBA 2‐indeterminate and ‐negative samples. Analysis of the sera using an in‐house Western blot with three different Escherichia coli‐expressed HCV proteins revealed that none of the RIBA 2‐nega‐tive, but 24 of the 33 RIBA 2‐indeterminate sera, including 3 of 4 c33c (NSS)‐reactive samples, were reactive with a recombinant core protein. Twenty‐one of 22 c22‐3 (core) indeterminates stained the core antigen in the in‐house Western blot and 3 of them in addition a NS5 moiety. HCV‐polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was positive for 14 of the 24 RIBA 2 ‐indeterminate sera, but for none of the RIBA 2‐negative or Western blot nonreactive samples. Discrepant results between the two screening tests could not be explained by differences in the antigen compositions (i.e., a NS3‐NS4 moiety of 111 amino acids present in the Ortho enzyme‐linked immunosor‐bent assay (ELISA), not present in the Abbott or RIBA 2 assays). © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.