bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Desirability Quotients Help Screen Investment Opportunities
Authors: Randall B. L. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper defines two new economic valuation criteria, or desirability quotients, that are shown to be especially useful in screening potential oil and gas producing property acquisitions candidates. Both quotients have been derived to provide comprehensive measures of the quality of the reserves production stream, in that they are direct functions of both the magnitude and time-distribution of reserves recovery. In addition, both quotients are unique to any previously defined valuation criteria in that they are direct, quantitative functions of simple payout time. It is demonstrated that, given a value for either desirability quotient and a value for maximum payout time, a preliminary estimate of a potential project's present worth can be generated without computing a cash flow projection.
The development of the desirability quotients parallels that of the deferment factor introduced by Brons and McGarry in the late 1950's. However, several differences have been incorporated into the derivation of the desirability quotients; namely, (1) whereas the deferment factors of Brons and McGarry were to be applied to declining rates of income, the desirability quotients are functions of production stream characteristics, thus precluding the necessity for predicting future product prices, and (2) specifically, the desirability quotients are functions of the after payout production stream; thus, opposite of most common economic valuation criteria, they are independent of the time distribution of reserves recovery during the pre-payout years, and (3) the two desirability quotients introduced in this paper, DQA and DQT, have as their denominators the acquisition cost and the total (acquisition plus lifting) cost, respectively. Hence, the desirability quotients are direct measures of the acquisition's magnitude and time distribution of after-payout reserves recovery per acquisition (or per total) dollar invested.
The application of the desirability quotients to a field of twenty hypothetical acquisitions is presented and discussed, as well as a comparison of the investment ranking behaviors of the desirability quotients to those of commonly used economic criteria. Specifically, it is shown that in the evaluation of certain types of projects under certain economic assumptions, the ranking behaviors of both desirability quotients will be virtually identical to that of the discounted profit to investment ratio, DPR. In addition, discussion of how the desirability quotients can be utilized as investment screening criteria (without the requirement of a cash flow projection) is presented.
Well Test Analysis of Dual-Porosity Systems Intercepted by Hydraulic Vertical Fractures of Finite Conductivity
Authors: Aguilera R. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Analytical solutions are presented for the analysis of dual-porosity systems intercepted by hydraulic vertical fractures of finite conductivity. The well can be in an infinite or a bounded dual-porosity system. The outer boundary can be sealed or it can be at constant pressures.
The following flow periods have been identified:
A bilinear flow period typical of finite conductivity fractures. This is recognized by a quarter slope in a conventional log-log crossplot of pressure differential vs. time. A transition period due to flow from the matrix into the natural fractures. A pseudo radial flow period recognized by a straight line in a conventional semilograthmic plot. Boundary effects which can be due to a sealed boundary or an outer boundary at constant pressure.
Recognition of these flow periods allow calculation of parameters such as omega, lambda, distance between natural fractures, permeability, fracture conductivity and half-fracture length. This is illustrated with an example.
Characterization and Significance of Natural Fractures in Mesaverde Reservoirs at the Multiwell Experiment Site
Authors: Finley S. J. , Lorenz J. C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Natural fractures dominate the permeability of tight gas reservoirs in the Mesaverde Formation of the Piceance Creek Basin, northwestern Colorado. Roughly 450 natural fractures have been detected in reservoir sandstones and siltstones in 4200 ft of core from the U.S. Department of Energy's Multiwell Experiment (MWX). Sixty percent of the fractures are calcite-mineralized, vertical extension fractures that are probably the greatest contributors to reservoir permeability. However, the contribution of the other mineralized fractures should not be discounted.
Devonian Shale Gas Development Through Multiple Completions Minimizes the Finding Cost of New Reserves
Authors: Koziar G. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Multi zone completion opportunities in the Appalachian basin are being investigated by Columbia Gas under contract to DOE to encourage exploitation of Devonian shale gas reserves into regions extending beyond the borders of historic shale production. Data presented within this paper show that Devonian shale gas potential can be economically exploited in areas removed from historic shale production through: (1) dual or multiple completion of wells targeting nonshale formations, and (2) recompletion of existing nonshale producing wells to the Devonian shale.
Combustion System Technology and Application Assessment
Authors: Williams S. J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Detailed technical and market assessments are being conducted of five advanced industrial burner technologies: radiant, pulse combustion, catalytic, oxygen/gas, and plasma burners. Using a computer simulation model, advanced and conventional technologies are being compared in thirteen process heating applications to develop ten-year market estimates of installed heating capacity and to assess changes in natural gas consumption. Preliminary results project that with advanced technologies natural gas consumption in these applications will increase 50 percent to 3,000 trillion Btu/yr by 1997 and natural gas market share will increase from 45 to 60 percent. Without the advanced technologies, natural gas consumption is projected to be 280 trillion Btu/year lower.
Multiflex Method: Innovative Approach To Meeting Tomorrow’s Consumer Gas Needs
Authors: Torbin R. N. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
GRI-sponsored research indicates that semirigid tubing systems are more cost-effective than conventional steel pipe systems for distributing natural gas inside residential dwellings. The combination of semirigid tubing and a hybrid pressure design provides the distribution system with several enhanced use features which will benefit the occupants of both single and multifamily homes. The MULTIFLEX approach makes the gas system more analogous to the household electric system. This translates into a more flexible system with three essential characteristics: expandability; accessibility; and adaptability.
Use of Gas-Infrared Hoods for Improved Quality and Productivity in the Paper and Textile Industries
Authors: Turbet C. 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARY
The recent introduction of gas-fired infrared heaters for use in the textile and papermaking industries has led to significant upgrading of the quality of the manufactured product and an often marked increase in machine productivity.
Three concrete examples are given, two in papermaking and one in the textile industry. In all three cases, users noted a clear energy savings (as high as 30%), but appreciated above all the possibility of higher machine operating speeds (5 to 10%) and the distinct improvement in quality, due to faster binding of deposited substances.
Automated Analysis of Gas Reservoirs With Edgewater and Bottomwater Drives
Authors: Olarewaju J. S. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A combination of the gas material balance equation and an analytical water influx model is presented in this paper for the analysis of gas reservoirs with edgewater and bottomwater drives. The paper presents some application of an automatic parameter estimation technique coupled with the material balance and water influx model for analyzing production data from water drive gas reservoirs. This automatic history matching technique has made it possible to accurately determine gas-in-place, aquifer radius and aquifer permeability.
A forecast of the reservoir performance can then be made using the parameters estimated from the history matching process.
Review of Methods for Measurement of Natural Gas Specific Gravity
Authors: Civan F. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Specific gravity is one of the basic properties used for characterization and measurement of natural gases. Many instruments and methods are available for measurement of specific gravity of natural gases. These devices vary in their operating principles, efficiency and accuracy. However, there are not readily available references and guidelines for the user to choose between various options for specific applications.
The present paper critically evaluates and compares the frequently used gravity measurement methods in various terms. Specifically, each method is described and its operating principle and the governing equations are analyzed, Then, an assessment of the measurement error is carried out.
The confidence limits for the random error are determined. Error analysis is presented for typical data. Finally, a comparison of various methods is presented in a systematic manner for reference.
Investigation of the Error Sources While Measuring Air Flow Rate by an Orifice Meter
Authors: Bouhroum A. , Saleh A. , Marx C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The accuracy of differential pressure flowmeters can be strongly affected by gas flow rates obtained from a pulsating source. This work discusses the error sources present when air flows through an orifice flowmeter which is installed downstream of a positive displacement rotary compressor in a gas-processing plant. Air velocity profiles were used successfully to identify the error sources, which indicate pulsation interference in a specific frequency band. This came in addition to an acoustic resonance caused by an installed pressure regulator in the flow system.
In order to improve the system the installation of the following devices were suggested:–a diffuser downstream of the orifice plate–an inline silencer to control valve noise–a pulsation damper to damp pulsation wavelengths of 7.83 and 7.33 m (23.86-23.34 ft) corresponding to frequencies of 38.67 and 41.33 Hz respectively.
LTX: Reapplication of Proven Technology
Authors: Dorsett L. R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper resurrects a proven technology which saw its zenith in the 1960s, but which, due to changes in gas contract terms, became less common. It is now virtually unknown to engineers new to the field. This is unfortunate because circumstances have changed again, allowing this field-proven process to improve economics in some areas of gas production.
Engineers familiar with modern gas plant operation, particularly cryogenic plants, are acutely aware of the need for gas dehydration. This concern for hydrate prevention carries over into low temperature separation in the field. Although thousands of low temperature wellhead gas processing units have been placed in operation, most gas engineers have not experienced the sound of intentionally formed hydrates as they ricochet around the LTX spinner chamber, nor have they seen performance data which demonstrate the significant cost effectiveness of LTX processing in the field.
The purpose of this paper is to present such data and to reintroduce this proven technology to a new generation of gas engineers. The theory and practical application of LTX processing will be explained, along with the conjunctive effects of condensate stabilization and overhead vapor recompression. In summary, the paper will demonstrate that the road to increased profits is not paved solely by new technology.
Status of Gas Storage in Salt Caverns in West Germany
Authors: Gomm H. , Quast P. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In recent years the climb in demand for gas storage space has led to the expansion of existing and construction of new cavern storage facilities. More projects are currently under discussion.
The planning and construction of gas caverns in West Germany has been the state of the art for many years. This is becoming reflected on an international scale, as evidenced by the increasing foreign orders for planning and construction work.
This paper deals in some detail with certain innovative technical developments, including newly developed methods for testing correct makeup torque as well as the tightness of pipe joints from the inside to the outside with a test gas.
Moreover, insitu large-scale tests in the areas of "stability and convergence behaviour" as well as "cavern sump sealing" and their results to date are presented.
Operational experience with gas caverns is now available for up to 2 0 years. During this period of time, some repair work to subsurface technical installations was necessary. The planning and execution of this work is described.
Differential Sensing Direct-Control Gas Storage Well Safety Valve
Authors: Gano J. C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A pneumatically governed, wireline-retrievable subsurface safety valve directly operated by local tubing pressure change at the valve has been developed for natural gas storage wells. This paper provides a detailed operating theory and description of the valve, which utilizes a control chamber volume of well-effluent to maintain a history of well bore pressure. The "memorized" pressure is constantly compared to current flowing tubing pressure via a sensing piston. When an established differential pressure value is exceeded, the sensing piston allows valve closure and control of the well. A "flapper-type" closure valve with an automatic reset mechanism allows the tool to be placed back in service with manipulation of tubing pressure.
Application of this technology is best suited to gas storage wells with a routine flow rate change caused by seasonal variation in gas demand. In these wells a fixed-rate flow sensing valve is not preferred.
The viability of this technology has been demonstrated by prototype testing in a producing gas storage well.
This new concept will be of particular interest to gas storage well operators seeking simple, subsurface-controlled well protection.
Production of Inert Gas for Partial Replacement of Natural Gas Trapped in an Underground Aquifer Storage Reservoir
Authors: Berger L. C. , Amoult J. P. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In seasonal modulation storages of natural gas In an aquifer, a varying fraction of the injected gas, the cushion gas, cannot be recovered. This cushion gas may represent more than half the total gas volume, and up to 70 % of the initial investment for the storage facility. Experimental studies, backed up by field experience, have shown that at least 20 % of the cushion gas can be replaced by a less expensive inert gas.
Different methods are available to produce an inert gas which meets the specifications required. Recovery of natural gas air combustion products (mixture of 88 % N2 and 12 % CO2) and physical separation of air components (more or less pure N2) have been selected. For the specific needs of France inert-gas injection program, the production facilities must satisfy requirements of autonomy, operating flexibility and transportability.
The technique of recovering natural gas air combustion products has been experienced in two facilities. A nitrogen production unit using the Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) technology will be put into service in July 1989. This paper discusses the principles of these two methods and reviews the operating characteristics of each facility.
A New Analytical Model of Finite-Conductivity Hydraulic Fracture in a Finite Reservoir
Authors: Olarewaju J. S. , Lee W. J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A new analytical solution for the pressure response of a well intercepting a finite-conductivity fracture is presented. We examine the effects of fracture conductivity, fracture height, drainage boundary size, wellbore storage and phase segregation on the pressure response of such wells. Example applications of the model for history matching of actual buildup examples are presented. We demonstrate that fracture length will be underestimated significantly if a type curve for an infinite-conductivity fracture with wellbore storage is used to analyze wellbore storage distorted data from a well with a finite-conductivity hydraulic fracture.
Design of Fracturing Treatments for Gas Wells Considering Gel Filter Cake Residue and Non-Darcy Flow Effects
Authors: McDaniel B. W. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
When an operator designs a hydraulic fracturing stimulation treatment, two basic design tools are available: fracture design simulators and reservoir production simulators. Essentially all other information obtained will be intended as "enhancements" to one or both of these simulators. Minifrac tests will help identify formation pressure response and fluid loss coefficients used by the desigh simulator. If a 3-D design simulator is used, stress data from microfrac tests or mechaftical properties logs will be needed. Information from previous stimulation treatments such as production results, treating pressure response, pre-frac and post-frac pressure build-ups and post-frac tracer surveys are also used to improve modeling with the simulators.
The most recently available "enhancements" for the design and production simulators are the development of more accurate and realistic data bases for fracture conductivity and non-darcy flow effects. Data are now available that were generated under test environments that better simulate in situ reservoir conditions.
This paper illustrates how treatment designs are altered when the design simulator and the reservoir simulator use the new data for conductivity and consider non-darcy flow effects. It is clear that many treatment designs have beeii too conservative as to volume of proppant considered adequate. Also, the criteria for choosing a more costly proppant than sand require conductivity data and consideration of non-darcy flow effects. By incorporating the use of computerized economic analyses, the effect of using a more accurate data base for fracture conductivity values is studied.
The use of total stimulation cost considerations in the selection process gives a more accurate assessment of the economics than previously published studies, which often have considered only one variable (such as proppant cost) in their economic analysis.
In this paper, examples are included for shallow, intermediate depth, and deeply buried gas reservoirs, with several well conditions and treatment conditions varied to broaden the application of the resulting economic analyses.
Self-Erection of Offshore Platform Workover Rigs
Authors: Huthnance W.B. 
Published: December 2007

American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc.
This paper was prepared for the 42nd Annual Fall Meeting of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, to be held in Houston, Tex., Oct. 1–4, 1967. Permission to copy is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words. Illustrations may not be copied. The abstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgment of where and by whom the paper is presented. Publication elsewhere after publication in the JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY or the SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL is usually granted upon request to the Editor of the appropriate journal provided agreement to give proper credit is made.
Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the Society of Petroleum Engineers office. Such discussion may be presented at the above meeting and, with the paper, may be considered for publication in one of the two SPE magazines.

Abstract
The heavy-duty offshore platform workover rig must be capable of working efficiently with tubing and drill pipe. It must be capable of jarring with substantial hook loads and performing drilling as well as drilling operations of all sorts in high angle directional holes.
To evaluate rig mobilization using the light lift, self-erection (platform crane) technique, Walker-Huthnance offshore Workover Company's Rig # 1 was used. This heavy-duty platform workover rig has been in operation in the Gulf of Mexico, Offshore Louisiana, since January, 1967 and has made three locational moves to date. Erection procedure, using the rig's crane, was analyzed on a recent locational move.
Cost studies reflect that considerable savings can be effected using the self-erection technique as compared with derrick barge handling. On many platforms rig layout flexibility of the multi-component, self-erected workover rig offers a decided advantage over the large component, derrick barge handled rig.
Using the self-erection technique, a rig comprised of light lift packages can be geared for a rougher sea mobilization operation than can a heavier lift rig. Although the light packaged rig has more lifts, these lifts can be handled and positioned faster than can the lifts which comprise the heavier packaged rig.
The light lift, self-erection method is an extremely versatile, safe and economical method of platform workover rig mobilization.

Introduction
Basically, there are four types of offshore well servicing units: The heavy duty platform workover rig; concentric tubing (sand wash) platform workover rig; vessel equipped with a heavy duty workover rig for small jacket type well structures; vessel equipped for concentric tubing (sand wash) work on small jacket type well structures. Although a single offshore servicing unit may be capable of functioning in more than one of these categories, economics is the limiting factor.
Pressure Transient Analysis of Coal Seams in the Presence of Multi-Mechanistic Flow and Sorption Phenomena
Authors: Ertekin T. , Sung W. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Coal seam reservoirs are characterized by their dualporosity nature. This dual-porosity reservoirs are composed of well-defined macropore and micropore structures. In contrast with conventional natural gas reservoirs where gas is stored in the internal pore structure of the reservoir rock in free state, methane gas in coal is subject to sorption phenomena. This mechanism of storage results in an adsorbed monolayer film on the coal grain surface. The dual-porosity characteristics of coal seams together with time dependent sorption phenomena make the mathematical description of methane flow in coal seams a relatively complex problem. Accordingly, analytical solution to the coalbed methane transport problem is also challenging.
The development of a pressure transient analysis technique for coalbed methane is the primary focus of this paper. As a first step toward solving this problem, a single-phase mathematical model in radial-cylindrical coordinates is formulated to describe both unsteady state sorption phenomena in the coal matrix and laminar gas transport in the fracture network. The analytical diffusion expression which is obtained from the bounded matrix cylinder is imposed as a non-uniformly distributed source function over the macropore formulation. The subsequent solution of the macropore formulation, then, represents the solution to the composite macropore/micropore coal seam reservoir.
The constant terminal rate solution is first obtained in Laplacian space for an infinite acting coal seam reservoir. This solution is, then, brought to the real time domain with the aid of a numerical Laplace inverter. The proposed semi-analytical solution is validated by collapsing the solution to continuous point source solution which is applicable for conventional natural gas reservoirs. Also, comparisons are made against available numerical solutions. A series of example problems is presented to further demonstrate the validity of the proposed solution. Along these lines, field data compiled from Mary Lee/Blue Creek Seam in Warrior Basin, Alabama and from Deep Coal Seams in Piceance Basin, Colorado are analyzed using the solution procedure presented in the paper, and good matches have been obtained.