bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Labor force participation and family formation: A study of working mothers
Authors: Theodore Groat H. , Workman Randy L. , Neal Arthur G. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Drawing upon a sample of 638 mothers aged 18 to 40, with at least some marital work experience, significant associations were found between the extent, kind, and timing of employment and a series of family formation variables. Generally lower fertility, longer first birth intervals, and earlier use of birth control were associated with the longest work durations, the highest status jobs, and work before the birth of the first child. The data failed, however, to differentiate desired family size.
Legal Abortion and Fertility in Maryland, 1960–1971
Authors: Rosenwaike Ira , Melton Robert J. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
In the brief period between 1967 and 1971 about one-third of the state legislatures passed abortion reform bills, and in states such as Maryland the number of legal abortions soared. Maryland with its good reporting system for legal abortions, as well as its demographic representativeness, appears to offer an ideal “test situation” for assessing the impact on fertility of the new liberalization. Data on live births and reported induced abortions to residents of the state have been compiled and analyzed in an effort to interpret the recent changes in birth rates. Variables examined include maternal age, birth order, race, and legitimacy.
Since 1968, Maryland, along with higher than national average abortion ratios, has experienced a rate of decline in fertility greater than that for the nation. In addition, most of the age and parity groups with high abortion ratios show fertility declines greater than those for groups not using abortion as extensively, Nevertheless, because a number of different factors simultaneously influence fertility, it is hazardous to make accurate cause-and-effect statements on the relationship of any single one of these to the observed change.
Economic Development and Fertility Change in Mexico, 1950–1970
Authors: Hicks W. Whitney 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
This paper is an attempt to isolate the determinants of fertility in Mexico. Of the variables included, two are significant in accounting for differences in the level of completed fertility in the 32 “states” in 1970. They are the share of the labor force in agriculture, which is directly related to fertility, and the percentage of the population speaking an indigenous language, which shows an inverse relationship.
The most important factors acting to reduce total fertility rates over time are increases in life expectancy and declines in the share of the labor force in agriculture. However, based on the estimated linear relationship, these two variables by themselves are not adequate to achieve a rapid decline in fertility in the future.
Modeling and Forecasting Populations by Time Series: The Swedish Case
Authors: Saboia Joao L. M. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Time series analysis techniques are used to model and to forecast populations. An autoregressive (AR) and a moving average (MA) model, which seem to fit the population of Sweden very well, are found. Forecasts are calculated using both models and are compared with the forecasts obtained by other methods. This comparison is very favorable for the time series models. Although our study is confined to the mid-year population of Sweden, there are good reasons to expect that the technique can be successfully applied to other population parameters.
The Social Ecology of Madrid: Stratification in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Abrahamson Mark , Johnson Paul 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
This paper examines the characteristics of residential zones in Madrid, Spain. The primary difference between zones is found to lie in a new bourgeoisie life-style dimension. Working women are found to be the best indicator of this dimension, which also involves servants, natives of Madrid and high degrees of literacy. Fertility-related considerations, however, are unrelated to working women, and this is explained as due to the availability of domestic help and “women-oriented” working arrangements. Fertility and socioeconomic status are found to be interrelated and constitute a second dimension of residential segregation. In conclusion, Madrid is examined in relation to both more and less industrialized cities, leading to a further modification of social area theory contentions concerning the ecology of stratification in developing cities.
Marital instability and the economic status of women
Authors: Hoffman Saul 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
This paper uses longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to examine the relationship between changes in marital status and economic status. Differences between men and women and between whites and blacks are also considered. A major finding is that, after adjusting for changes in family size, the economic status of divorced or separated men improves, while that of women declines. Components of income change are discussed, with special emphasis on changes in the labor force and welfare status of women who were divorced or separated during the analysis period. Finally, data on the magnitude and distribution of alimony/child-support payments are presented.
The Formal Dynamics of Controlled Populations and the Echo, the Boom and the Bust
Authors: Lee Ronald 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
This paper analyzes the pattern of fluctuations of births in an age-structured population whose growth is subject to environmental or economic constraint. It synthesizes the traditional demographic analysis of age-structured renewal with constant vital rates and the economic analysis which treats population change endogenously. When cohort fertility depends on relative cohort size, or when period fertility depends on labor force size, fluctuations of forty or more years replace the traditional “echo” or generation-length cycle. Twentieth-century U. S. fertility change agrees well with the theory, as the “Easterlin Hypothesis” suggests; but the period model fits better than the cohort model.
The Measurement of Family Size Preferences and Subsequent Fertility
Authors: Coombs Lolagene C. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
A new method for measuring preferences for number of children is presented and related to the subsequent fertility of a panel of married women over a five-year period. TheI-scales, developed on the basis of unfolding theory, reflect the individual’s utility function for children. They differ from global stated preferences and are more fine-grained measures, sensitive to variations from a first choice. Scales obtained at an initial interview were found to be consistently predictive of fertility in the prospective period, net of a number of other variables usually associated with differential fertility. Their potential both as independent and dependent variables in research is discussed.
Natural Population Decrease in Iowa Counties
Authors: Chang H. C. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
As a follow-up on the studies by Dorn and Beale, this paper examines differences between Iowa counties with natural decrease and those with natural increase and analyzes the part that migration and fertility played in bringing about an excess of deaths over births in Iowa counties. The county groups are distinctly different in demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Out-migration as a mode of response adopted by the rural population in Iowa is by far the most dominant factor leading to natural decrease. Sustained net out-migration is more likely to touch off natural decrease in counties of comparatively low fertility than in those with higher fertility. Low fertility is, therefore, a contributing factor to the imbalance between births and deaths, but the amount of influence of fertility adjustment over the fertility differentials among county groups cannot be ascertained in this study because of the correlation between fertility and Catholic Church membership in counties. The data of this study were obtained from the population censuses and vital statistics.
Annexation as a factor in the growth of U.S. cities, 1950–1960 and 1960–1970
Authors: Klaff Vivian Z. , Fuguitt Glenn V. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
The incidence of annexation, the growth in the original area and in the area annexed, and the proportion of growth due to annexation between 1950 and 1970 are analyzed for U.S. cities grouped by size, metropolitan status, and region of the country. Over this period, annexation was a principal means of population growth for incorporated places outside the Northeast. Though often associated with metropolitan growth, annexation was even more important in the growth of nonmetropolitan cities. Overall growth differences by size of place, metropolitan status, and decade (1950–1960 or 1960–1970) could not be explained by the incidence and nature of annexation.
Is Nonmetropolitan America being repopulated? The evidence from Pennsylvania’s minor civil divisions
Authors: Zelinsky Wilbur 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
We analyze population change and net migration, by age and sex, from 1940 to 1970, for 1,834 Nonmetropolitan Pennsylvania Minor Civil Divisions (MCD’s) classified by residence, population potential, socioeconomic status, and distance from metropolitan centers. Our analysis indicates, as expected, reconcentration of residents from both urban and remoter nonmetropolitan localities into exurban peripheries 25 to 35 miles from metropolitan centers. Since 1960, however, a “turnaround” appears in many truly rural tracts, which have been experiencing an influx or retention of persons 35 years of age and older. Statistical explanations are strongest for males in poor, isolated places, weakest for more accessible, socioeconomically advanced places and their female inhabitants. Throughout the study period and area, nonurban MCD’s register more positively than the rural.
Effects of various factors on selection for family planning status and natural fecundability: A simulation study
Authors: Barrett John C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe effect of various factors on selection for family planning status and for natural fecund ability is studied in a simulation that incorporates a beta distribution of fecundability among women. The mean fecundabilities of current spacers, current limiters, current nonusers, and pregnant women are compared. These ratios are influenced by duration of marriage and by desired number of children. Effects of different levels of contraception are measured. Another strategy, spacing the last two wanted births, is also studied. It is found that breast-feeding status has little effect on fecundability selection. The women usually found to have greatest fecundability are not those recently pregnant at durations of marriage five and ten years, unless they wanted fewer than two children, but rather those who are using contraception to limit the number of children.
Influence of instantaneous fertility decline to replacement level on population growth: An alternative model
Authors: Mitra S. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
If age-specific birth rates m, of a stable population drop abruptly tomx/R0, whereR0 is the net reproduction rate, then, according to Keyfitz, the size of the ultimate stationary population relative to.that at the beginning of the process is given byI =be00R0 − 1)/(rμR0, whereb andr are the birth rate and the rate of growth, respectively, of the stable population,e00 the life expectancy at birth, andμ the average age at childbirth in the resulting stationary population. Noting that the decline inmx need not necessarily be uniform, investigation has been carried out to examine the effect on Iwhen fertility decline is more rapid at higher ages. In particular, the effect of the reduced age-specific rates such asmxe−rx (which also produces a stationary population) has been analyzed, and simplifications of the results carried out separately for three different models of the net maternity function. It has also been shown that when m, drops abruptly to somemx*, where the form ofmx* need not be specified except for the restriction that the resulting population will be stationary, the value of the index can be approximately obtained fromI* =be00 (1 -rμ/2), whereμ is the average age at childbearing of the initial stable population.
Sensitivity analysis of discrete-time interregional population systems
Authors: Liaw Kao-Lee 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
This paper shows analytically how (a) the long-run growth rate and (b) the long-run proportional distribution of an interregional population system with a time-homogeneous structural matrix are affected by small changes or errors in (a) the natural growth rates of individual regions and (b) the interregional migration rates. Furthermore, the analytic results are applied to an eight-region Canadian population system. Finally, it is claimed that the method introduced here can be easily applied to sensitivity analysis of both the intrinsic growth rate and the “stable” age-composition of the Leslie model with respect to changes in age-specific birth and survival rates.
Race and intra-urban migration
Authors: Freeman Linton C. , Sunshine Morris H. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Data from the urban renewal experience in Syracuse, New York are used to examine the impact of race on patterns of intra-urban migration. The results show that, overall, the migration patterns exhibited an exponential decay in frequency with increasing distance. Both blacks and whites display this pattern, but blacks tend to cluster more closely around the point of origin. Indirect evidence is developed to show that this phenomenon is due to blacks and whites having different access to information about housing, which ultimately maintains housing segregation.
The effects of demographic factors, family background, and early job achievement on age at marriage
Authors: Hogan Dennis P. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
National data for ever-married men aged 20 to 65 in March 1973 are utilized to estimate least squares and log-linear structural equation models of age at marriage. We demonstrate that most characteristics of family background (including both the family structure and its socioeconomic standing) are irrelevant in their effect on age at marriage. Intercohort trends are not explicable with reference to the changing socioeconomic, ethnic, or nativity compositions of the cohorts. Regional differences in age at marriage have persisted over the years in only slightly diminished form and cannot be explained by reference to the nativity, ethnic, or socioeconomic compositions of the regions. Early job status relates only weakly to age at marriage. Only those activities that are time-consuming or otherwise disruptive of the smooth operation of normal life-cycle processes during the transition from adolescence to adulthood (such as college attendance and service in the military) seriously affect the age at which a man marries.
The urban distribution of headquarters and branch plants in manufacturing: Mechanisms of metropolitan dominance
Authors: Lincoln James R. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
The proposition that ties between home offices and branch plants constitute a form of metropolitan dominance is evaluated by examining the dependence of these two forms of manufacturing organization on selected characteristics of the 110 largest SMSAs. The predictor variables in the analysis are measures of industry composition, population size, and regional location, factors which past research has shown to be indicators of rank in an urban hierarchy of dominance. The data generally support the hypothesis in revealing that headquarters locate in large, diversified urban areas, whereas branch plant employment is highest in small, economically specialized places. Both headquarters and branch plant activity proved to be associated with the percent of the SMSA labor force employed in manufacturing, however. The suggestion drawn from earlier studies, that specialization in metropolitan financial-commercial functions should be related to the headquarters’ presence, receives only mixed and ambiguous support in this investigation.
Estimating demographic characteristics using the ratio-correlation method
Authors: Martin Julia H. , Serow William J. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Studies of the relative accuracy of methods of estimating the population at the substate level have generally found that the greatest degree of accuracy is provided by the ratio-correlation, or regression, method. This paper reports on research aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of this method in estimating the age and race composition of populations at the substate level. In addition to the basic multiple regression equation, variants such as stratification and the averaging of estimates from simple regression equations are also tested. Surprisingly, for Virginia localities the most satisfactory results are generated by the nonstratified multiple regression equation.
The relation of psychological, social, and economic variables to fertility-related decisions
Authors: Jaccard James J. , Davidson Andrew R. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
To test a recent model of social behavior, a questionnaire was designed and administered to 270 married women in a midwestern city. A stratified random sample was obtained, comprising a 2 × 3 factorial design (Catholic vs. Protestant and high vs. middle vs. low socioeconomic status). It was hypothesized that an individual’s intention to engage in a fertility-related behavior would be highly correlated with (a) her beliefs about the consequences of performing that behavior weighted by the value of those consequences, and/or (b) her beliefs about what relevant others think she should do and her motivation to comply with those others. The data strongly supported this hypothesis for each of three different behaviors. Analysis of variance revealed a significant religious differential for intentions to have a two-child family (Catholics were less likely to intend to have a two-child family than Protestants). This differential was further examined in terms of the proposed model of behavior.
Net immigration of gainful workers into the united states, 1870–1930
Authors: Schachter Joseph 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
This paper presents a socioeconomic occupational grouping of the foreign-born gainful workers of the United States at each census from 1870 through 1930. This series is then used to estimate the net immigration of gainful workers into the United States during each of the six decades from 1870 to 1930 cross classified by occupational group and sex. The following three conclusions are then drawn from the above two series.
First, the socioeconomic position of the foreign-born population of the United States remained relatively stable from 1870 to 1910 but then increased appreciably from 1910 to 1930. Second, although most of the contribution that immigration made to the United States labor force was in the form of semiskilled and unskilled workers, the relative importance of professional, clerical, and skilled workers increased almost continuously from 1870 to 1930. Third, the “new immigration” was not less skilled than the “old immigration”. On the contrary it was actually more skilled than the “old immigration”.
The living arrangements of separated, widowed, and divorced mothers
Authors: Sweet James A. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
When her marriage is disrupted a woman must make some decision about where to live. A basic component of residential choice is the decision whether to live alone as the head of a household, to move in with other relatives, or to share a household with nonrelatives. Such a choice is constrained by the availability of relatives, and by whether or not the woman can afford to live alone. The question of living arrangements is one important component of the economic status of women experiencing marital disruption, and the choice between heading a household or sharing someone else’s household influences the differential incidence among population subgroups of the female-headed family.
The living arrangements of mothers without husbands are investigated cross-sectionally using the 1/1000 sample of the 1960 census. Attention is focused on what characteristics (age, family composition, education, race, and income) are associated with household headship. Among women who are not household heads, we examine the type of living arrangement from data on “relationship to head of household”. The paper includes some discussion of the ambiguity of the income-living-arrangements relationship, and some discussion of the “tenure” status (owner versus renter) of women in disrupted marital statuses.
Patterns of family location
Authors: Guest Avery M. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Theoretical propositions from human ecology are used to develop a model that explains the centralization or decentralization of various types of families, such as married couples with children, in the Cleveland, Ohio, Metropolitan Area. The model shows how proximity to the Central Business District affects neighborhoods in terms of three characteristics: Age or period of development, both internal and external housing Space, and Site features such as industrial and recreational activity. These structural characteristics are seen, in turn, as the causes of the location of families in relationship to the center of Cleveland. Of the three characteristics, Space generally plays the most important and Site the least important role in determining the location of types of families. However, the location of most types of families is affected by a variety of interrelation-ships among neighborhood characteristics.
Demographic Transition: A Forcing Model
Authors: Loschky David J. , Wilcox William C. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Transition Theory provides the theoretical underpinning for many explanations for past population changes and, more importantly, for many population projections. Our paper proves, through the use of symbolic logic, that Transition Theory does not contain principles strong enough to support population projections. Such projections, consequently, must be based upon their author’s intuition rather than a reasoned application of Transition Theory. We follow our proofs with a brief discussion of various ways in which the Theory may be modified. Our emphasis is upon and only upon the logical characters of these modifications.
The Life-Cycle Squeeze: The Interaction of men’s Occupational and Family Life Cycles
Authors: Oppenheimer Valerie Kincade 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis paper is concerned with analyzing one structural source of pressure for wives to contribute to family income. This is the “life-cycle squeeze”—the situation where a man’s resources are inadequate to meet the needs engendered by the number and ages of his children. Studies of how economic needs vary by family life-cycle stage indicate that one high point of need occurs when men are in their forties and early fifties. However, 1960 Census data on earnings patterns by age indicate that in only relatively high-level professional, managerial and sales occupations do average earnings peak at the same time family income needs are peaking. For most blue-collar and many medium- and low-level white collar occupations, median earnings are highest for younger men, and men at an age when family costs are at their maximum are earning somewhat less, on the average. As a consequence, the families of such men run the risk of a deterioration in their level of living unless an additional income is brought into the household.