bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Media reports of links between MMR and autism: a discourse analysis
Authors: O'Dell Lindsay , Brownlow Charlotte 
Published: November 2005

SummaryThis paper details an analysis of BBC reporting of the proposed links between MMR and autism. The study aimed to identify main issues arising from the media reports into the link between MMR and the development of autism, and how these contribute to common understandings about people with autism. The study employed a form of discourse analysis to discuss how the media debates represent people with autism and perceived risks from the MMR vaccination. Sources were collected from the BBC website, and comprised of both Internet pages and reports from radio programmes broadcast by the BBC. The analysis focuses on reports around the time of the British Prime Minister's (and his family's) decision to not disclose whether their youngest son was given the disputed triple vaccine. A key issue arising from the analysis is the ways in which science is used to argue for both the safeness of the vaccine and also the dangerousness of it. Within the media debate of the safeness/dangerousness of the vaccine priority is accorded to the experiences of families who feel directly affected by the dangerousness of the vaccine. Thus whilst scientific explanation retains its powerful position in validating and legitimating the ‘truth’ in this instance experiential knowledge takes priority. The reports draw on parental fear of ‘damage’ to their children, where ‘damage’ is constituted as the onset of autism following vaccination. Implicit within the debate is the notion that an autistic child/adult is less acceptable than a (supposedly) ‘normal’ child. The issues emerging from the analysis are in sharp contrast to our previous research with adults with autism. While the development of an autistic identity is often seen as a problem for parents and ‘experts’ researching autism, such identities can be highly valued by those so labelled.
Clinical evolution of luminal and perianal Crohn's disease after inducing remission with infliximab: how long should patients be treated?
Authors: DOMÈNECH E. , HINOJOSA J. , NOS P. , GARCIA‐PLANELLA E. , CABRÉ E. , BERNAL I. , GASSULL M. A. 
Published: November 2005

SummaryBackground:  Few data are available regarding the evolution of Crohn's disease after discontinuing a successful course of infliximab.Aim:  To evaluate clinical outcome of Crohn's disease after induction of remission with three infliximab infusions (luminal disease) and after maintenance of remission with 1‐year course of infliximab every 8 weeks (luminal and perianal).Methods:  Twenty‐three patients with active luminal Crohn's disease who responded to three infusions of infliximab (0, 2, and 6 weeks), and 23 patients with sustained response to infliximab every 8 weeks during 1 year, were included. Patients were followed‐up until relapse or for at least 6 months after infliximab discontinuation. Clinical outcomes and factors associated to relapse were evaluated.Results:  In luminal Crohn's disease, a three‐infusion infliximab regimen achieved a sustained response in most patients, especially if a complete response occurred at the time of the third infusion. In patients treated for 1‐year, infliximab discontinuation was also successful, with a cumulative probability of being free of relapse of 69% at 12 months. In perianal disease, early relapse was the rule after stopping infliximab treatment, with only 34% of patient maintaining remission at 1 year.Conclusions:  Short regimens of infliximab might be evaluated in patients with luminal Crohn's disease. However, infliximab discontinuation is not recommended in perianal Crohn's disease, because of a high rate of early relapse.
Least‐squares wave‐path migration
Authors: Liu Yike , Sun Hongchuan , Chang Xu 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACTWe present a new least‐squares migration method called least‐squares wave‐path migration. The proposed method combines an iterative conjugate‐gradient solver with a stationary‐phase wave‐path migration operator. Numerical tests demonstrate that (i) least‐squares wave‐path migration is computationally more efficient than and almost as accurate as Kirchhoff least‐squares migration, and (ii) many of the artefacts seen in wave‐path migration images are suppressed after several conjugate‐gradient iterations. Previous results have shown that 3D wave‐path migration is up to 100 times faster than a standard 3D Kirchhoff migration, but sometimes at the cost of reduced quality. With the proposed least‐squares wave‐path migration method, the image quality in wave‐path migration can be improved at an acceptable increase in computational cost.
Mapping the geometry of an aquifer system with a high‐resolution reflection seismic profile
Authors: Francese Roberto , Giudici Mauro , Schmitt Douglas R. , Zaja Annalisa 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACTA high‐resolution P‐wave seismic reflection survey was conducted in the area of Lambro Park within the city of Milan (northern Italy). Several high permeability channel sequences were identified and the stratigraphy of the infill was accurately mapped. The seismic signature imaged a previously undefined unit and also established the lateral correlation of some depositional units within the three major aquifer groups along the survey line.The complexity of the acoustic framework and the reduced depth of the source location limited effective elastic‐wave generation. The geological setting also caused propagation of strong coherent noise patterns. Further interference, observed in the recorded data, was due to the traffic noise from the nearby highway. The attenuation of the undesired events required the design of specific filters and their multistep implementation.The results of forward modelling based on borehole information and of noise tests were crucial factors in the design of the processing parameters and in the stratigraphic interpretation of the final stacked section.
Thermal management for premature births
Authors: Bredemeyer Sandie , Reid Shelley , Wallace Michele 
Published: November 2005

Aim.  This paper reports an audit of the effect on admission temperatures of using occlusive polyethylene wrap applied immediately after the birth of extremely premature infants.Background.  Use of occlusive polyethylene wrap during the early postnatal management of the premature infant reduces evaporative and convective heat loss.Method.  Retrospective preintervention audit was carried out, followed by the introduction of occlusive polyethylene wrap for thermal management during resuscitation and early stabilization. Prospective postintervention audit was then performed. The preintervention (control) group infants were immediately dried with prewarmed towels and resuscitated under radiant heat. Infants in the intervention group were managed under radiant heat, were not dried but were immediately enclosed in an occlusive polyethylene wrap.Results.  The demographic characteristics of the two groups were comparable. Use of occlusive polyethylene wrap resulted in higher admission temperatures for infants less than 27 weeks gestation (z = 108·50, P < 0·01). There was no statistically significant improvement in admission temperatures for 27–29 week infants. The rate of hypothermia on admission (<35·6°C per axilla) was lower in the intervention group (χ2 = 5·12, d.f. = 1, P = 0·02), but more infants recorded temperatures exceeding 37·2°C during the first 12 hours (χ2 = 23·45, d.f. = 1, P < 0·01). There were no other adverse effects noted.Conclusion.  Use of occlusive polyethylene wrap improved admission temperatures for infants less than 27 weeks gestation. This intervention is easy to implement and does not interfere with resuscitation. However, removal of the wrap should be considered following admission to a closed care system in the neonatal intensive care unit because, in the intervention group, hyperthermia in the first 12 hours was a potential side effect.
Determinants of parental behaviour when children undergo day‐care surgery
Authors: Tourigny Jocelyne , Chapados Claire , Pineault Raynald 
Published: November 2005

Aims.  This paper reports an investigation of the nature and strength of parental beliefs about their participation in their children's day‐care surgery as well as demonstrated parental behaviours during the immediate postrecovery period.Background.  Parents want to participate in their children's hospital care but their behaviour does not reflect their intention. Parents’ beliefs about their role in the hospital may be a factor influencing the way they help their children at the course of a day‐care surgery.Research methods.  A descriptive correlative design was used. French and English speaking parents of 3–12‐year old children were asked to complete a self‐administered questionnaire which comprised 42 items measuring the intensity of attitudes, norms and sense of control and their influence in predicting their intention to participate in hospital care. Parents’ behaviours during the first hour following the child's return from the recovery room were video‐recorded.Results.  A total of 220 parents participated in the study. Parental beliefs about participation in care were quite strong in terms of subjective norms, sense of control and attitude, predicting 64% of their intention to participate. Parents demonstrated mostly attitude type behaviours, while the level of demonstrated helping behaviours was somewhat low.Conclusions.  Parents can be valuable partners in ambulatory care settings. Clinicians and health care managers should aim at establishing a true partnership with parents, in order to improve the quality of care given to children and their family in hospital and at home.
Culture and ageing: reflections on the arts and nursing
Authors: Wainwright Steven P. , Williams Clare 
Published: November 2005

Aim.  In this paper, we focus on ageing as an area in which nursing, society and the humanities can be profitably conjoined. We illustrate our argument with three case studies of ageing: in painting, opera and ballet.Background.  There has been a recent spectacular increase in papers devoted to the relatively new field of the medical humanities. We argue for a similar renaissance in thinking about the connections between the arts and nursing.Discussion.  First, we consider the paintings of J.M.W. Turner (1775–1851) as examples of loss, ageing and death. Second, we draw upon Leoš Janáček's opera ‘The Makropulos Case’ (1926) as a focus for debate about human mortality. Third, we review some ethnographic research on the balletic body as an example of cultures of youthful ageing.Conclusion.  A focus on the embodiment of vulnerability is a productive catalyst for research on the intimate connections between self and society, biology and culture, and reason and emotion. Such a research agenda would be the hallmark of a holistic approach to the arts and nursing.
The integrative review: updated methodology
Authors: Whittemore Robin , Knafl Kathleen 
Published: November 2005

Aim.  The aim of this paper is to distinguish the integrative review method from other review methods and to propose methodological strategies specific to the integrative review method to enhance the rigour of the process.Background.  Recent evidence‐based practice initiatives have increased the need for and the production of all types of reviews of the literature (integrative reviews, systematic reviews, meta‐analyses, and qualitative reviews). The integrative review method is the only approach that allows for the combination of diverse methodologies (for example, experimental and non‐experimental research), and has the potential to play a greater role in evidence‐based practice for nursing. With respect to the integrative review method, strategies to enhance data collection and extraction have been developed; however, methods of analysis, synthesis, and conclusion drawing remain poorly formulated.Discussion.  A modified framework for research reviews is presented to address issues specific to the integrative review method. Issues related to specifying the review purpose, searching the literature, evaluating data from primary sources, analysing data, and presenting the results are discussed. Data analysis methods of qualitative research are proposed as strategies that enhance the rigour of combining diverse methodologies as well as empirical and theoretical sources in an integrative review.Conclusion.  An updated integrative review method has the potential to allow for diverse primary research methods to become a greater part of evidence‐based practice initiatives.
The strength of trophic cascades across ecosystems: predictions from allometry and energetics
Authors: SHURIN JONATHAN B. , SEABLOOM ERIC W. 
Published: November 2005

Summary

Top‐down control of trophic structure is often highly variable both within and among ecosystems. We explored the roles of relative body sizes of predators and prey, their metabolic types, the production‐to‐biomass ratio (P : B) of plants, and system productivity in determining the strength of the indirect effects of predators on plants.
We used a well‐studied food chain model with three trophic levels that is parameterized based on allometric relationships for rates of ingestion and metabolic efficiency. The model predicts that invertebrate and ectotherm predators and herbivores should propagate cascades to a greater degree than vertebrates and endotherms because of their higher metabolic efficiency.
Increasing the herbivore‐to‐plant body‐size ratio strengthened the effects of cascades, while predator body‐size was predicted to have no effect. Increasing system productivity or plant P : B magnified cascades. Because herbivore : plant body size ratios and plant P : B are both generally greater in aquatic than terrestrial systems (especially those with unicellular producers), the model predicts stronger cascades in water than on land. This prediction is supported by a recent cross‐system comparison of trophic cascade experiments.
We discuss features of natural systems that are not incorporated into the model and their implications for the intensity of trophic cascades across ecosystems.
The characterization of low‐angle boundaries by EBSD
Authors: BATE P. S. , KNUTSEN R. D. , BROUGH I. , HUMPHREYS F. J. 
Published: November 2005

SummaryA method of accurately measuring misorientations by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), which is an extension of that proposed by Wilkinson and based on the comparison of diffraction patterns, is described. The method has been applied to linescans, and found to improve the angular resolution by a factor of more than 30. The consequent improvement in determining misorientation axes is also analysed. Small changes of orientation very close to some low‐angle boundaries were investigated and found to be artefacts of the analysis. Measurements of the area from which diffraction patterns are generated show this to be much larger than the effective spatial resolution of EBSD, and it is concluded that this may be a limiting factor in the use of EBSD for microstructural characterization.
Direct preparation of particles from liquid suspension for ESEM or SEM analysis
Authors: WIGHT S. A. , HOLBROOK R. D. 
Published: November 2005

SummaryA simplified method for the preparation of particles from liquid suspensions has been developed. Particles are deposited directly on carbon planchets for rapid analysis by environmental scanning electron microscopy or by conventional scanning electron microscopy after an additional drying step. This is accomplished by filtering the liquid through thin carbon planchets. Three different grades of graphite were investigated for their suitability as the source material for these planchets. The high quality isomolded graphite is recommended for the filtration and direct observation of particles by electron microscopy. This technique is demonstrated for particles in hydraulic fluid and aquatic suspended particulate material from a natural water source.
Spatial segregation of two common Gobius species (Teleostei: Gobiidae) in the northern Adriatic Sea
Authors: Herler Jürgen , Patzner Robert A. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe habitat characteristics and spatial segregation of the two common gobies Gobius fallax Sarato, 1889 and Gobius auratus Risso, 1810 were investigated by fish frequency and abundance estimates through visual counts in the northern Adriatic Sea. The latter species is represented by a recently described, unusual colour morph in the northern Adriatic Sea. Gobius fallax was observed at five of the nine locations examined and its abundance did not differ between two of three transect locations at Piran (Slovenia) and at the western coast of Cres (Kvarner region, Croatia). Gobius auratus was not found in the Gulf of Trieste but was present at several Kvarner locations, and co‐occurred with G. fallax at one location at Cres. Both inhabit rocky substrates but they show different preferences for substrate inclinations and bathymetric segregation. Gobius fallax was most frequent between 2 and 8 m depth and was most abundant on substrate inclining less than 30°. Its highest abundance over entire transects was 0.3 indiv.·m−2 but within certain transect sections this increased to 1.25 indiv.·m−2. Gobius auratus attained its highest abundance in depths below 8 m and at substrate inclinations between 30 and 90°. This species attained its highest values at the western coast of Cres, where it reached a maximum of 1.5 indiv.·m−2 over entire transects but even up to 3.0 indiv.·m−2 in certain transect sections. At Krk, the maximum abundance over entire transects was only 0.3 indiv.·m−2.
Cytokines and leptin correlation in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: Biochemical evaluation in south Indian population
Authors: RAVISHANKAR RAM MANI , SUNDARARAMAN PULLIANGUDI GOKULAKRISHNAN , MAHADEVAN SELVI , MALATHI RAGHUNATHAN 
Published: November 2005

Background:  In polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the leptin (OB protein) is related to reproductive function and inflammatory response. Leptin and cytokines have been thought to be putative local regulators in PCOS.Methods:  To examine the relationship between serum leptin and serum interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) levels in underweight, overweight, obese and morbidly obese PCOS and non‐PCOS subjects compared with normal weight, regularly menstruating women.Results:  Leptin levels are highly correlated with TNF‐α, IL‐6 and IL‐8. There is a significant dependent increase with the degree of obesity, but in underweight PCOS subjects, leptin levels are elevated irrespective of the body mass index.Conclusion:  The present study showed that leptin levels were elevated in underweight and morbidly obese PCOS subjects. This could be the result of impaired expression of leptin in PCOS, leading to leptin resistance. As a result of this regulation, TNF‐α, IL‐6 and IL‐8 were also elevated in morbidly obese and underweight PCOS subjects. In obese subjects, where there was an increase in adipose mass, increased levels of leptin were observed and this was attributed to the inflammatory properties while increasing the adipose mass. Serum IL‐6 and IL‐8 circulate at high levels and are more important systemically. They are, perhaps, the hormonal factors that induce leptin and insulin resistance in underweight PCOS subjects. Therefore, leptin and inflammatory markers were acting at paracrine and endocrine levels in PCOS subjects. (Reprod Med Biol 2005; 4: 247–254)
New plication technique for the treatment of congenital penile curvature
Authors: KATO TOSHIHIKO , NAGAO KOICHI , ISHII NOBUHISA , MIURA KAZUKIYO 
Published: November 2005

Introduction:  Conditions that cause curvature of the erect penis also lead to difficulties with intercourse. The present study presents an effective surgical treatment for congenital penile curvature.Methods:  Between March 1996 and August 2004, 49 patients were diagnosed with congenital penile curvature at the Toho University Omori Hospital Reproduction Center, Tokyo. Of these, 27 eligible patients underwent surgical treatment. The operative technique used involved the tunica albuginea being exposed and a number of vertical incisions were made through its superficial layers. The superficial layer of the tunica albuginea was then resected using scissors. Inverted plication sutures were then placed in the raw surface of the corpus cavernosum using 2‐0 nylon. In addition, 2‐0 polyglactic acid (Vicryl) sutures were placed on either side of each nylon suture knot.Results:  Of a total of 49 patients, 27 eligible patients underwent surgical treatment with no serious postoperative complications. All 27 patients were able to sustain intercourse. There were no new cases of erectile dysfunction, penile pain or penile shortening. There were no recurrences of penile curvature.Conclusions:  This new partial thickness shaving, inverted sutures reinforced with dissolving sutures plication method is an extremely effective surgical treatment for congenital penile curvature, with a superior safety profile. (Reprod Med Biol 2005; 4: 255–258)
Transferrin and inhibin mRNA in mature pig Sertoli cells
Authors: KANEMATSU NOBUE , NAKAJIMA IKUYO , HAGA KIYONORI , SUTO MADOKA 
Published: November 2005

Aims:  There is increasing concern about the effect of environmental toxins and endocrine disrupters on human spermatogenesis but ethical considerations prohibit direct research. Therefore, we developed a method of isolating mature pig Sertoli cells and studying the levels of mRNA of transferrin and inhibin, markers of Sertoli cell function, using real‐time polymerase chain reaction analysis.Methods:  Sertoli cells from mature Meishan boars were isolated and cultured. The mRNA was isolated from the cells after 3 days of treatment with follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone and β‐estradiol. The amounts of transferrin and inhibin mRNA were analyzed by real‐time polymerase chain reaction and the relative level of mRNA was calculated.Results:  FSH tended to increase the levels of transferrin and inhibin mRNA, as did the combinations of FSH and the steroids. The effect of testosterone and β‐estradiol alone on the level of mRNA was less than that of FSH. Beta‐estradiol treatment resulted in a dose‐dependent decrease in mRNA.Conclusion:  The Sertoli cell culture used in the present study appears to have a normal secretory function because the mRNA levels of both markers increased after FSH treatment. The suppressive effect of β‐estradiol on inhibin mRNA level suggests that β‐estradiol has an effect on the function of Sertoli cells. (Reprod Med Biol 2005; 4: 259 –264)