bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Jobs with Equality
Authors: Kenworthy Lane 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Economic and social shifts have led to rising income inequality in the world's affluent countries. This is worrisome for reasons of fairness and because inequality has adverse effects on other socioeconomic goods. Redistribution can help, but government revenues are threatened by globalization and population aging. A way out of this impasse is for countries to increase their employment rate. Increasing employment enlarges the tax base, allowing tax revenues to rise without an increase in tax rates; it also reduces welfare state costs by decreasing the amount of government benefits going to individuals and households. The question is: can egalitarian institutions and policies be coupled with employment growth? For two decades conventional wisdom has held that the answer is no. This book provides an assessment of the experiences of rich nations since the late 1970s. It examines the impact on employment of six key policies and institutions: wage levels at the low end of the labor market, employment protection regulations, government benefit generosity, taxes, skills, and women-friendly policies. The analysis includes twenty countries, with a focus on Australia, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The book concludes that there is some indication of tradeoffs, but that they tend to be small in magnitude. There is no parsimonious set of policies and institutions that have been the key to good or bad employment performance. Instead, there are multiple paths to employment success. The comparative experience suggests reason for optimism about possibilities for a high-employment, high-equality society.
Toward a High‐Employment, High‐Equality Society
Authors: Kenworthy Lane 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the book's findings, recommends some strategies for combining low inequality with high employment, and considers some potential objections and alternatives. It argues that there is no silver bullet for a country wishing to be a high-equality, high-employment society. Each country is different in its existing configuration of institutions and policies, and in its citizens' preferences about equality and employment. Thus, there is no one-size-fits-all reform package that will yield optimal results for every nation. Given the considerable uncertainty regarding the best course of action for any particular country, governments and other economic actors have little option but to experiment. Success requires learning from the experiences of other countries, learning from one's own past, and continuous experimentation and adjustment.
Why Should We Care About Inequality?
Authors: Kenworthy Lane 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter addresses the following questions: why should citizens and policy makers should want low inequality? Why should we object to inequality? Should we focus on equality of opportunity or equality of outcomes? Why not focus on poverty instead? Why emphasize incomes rather than wealth or material wellbeing? It argues that there is good reason to desire low inequality in and of itself — not instead of, but in addition to, high absolute incomes for those at the low end of income distribution.
Sources of Equality and Inequality: Wages, Jobs, Households, and Redistribution
Authors: Kenworthy Lane 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter argues that in thinking about income inequality, our focus should be on the distribution of post-tax-post-transfer income among households, rather than the distribution of earnings among individuals or the distribution of market income among households. It explores the chief determinants of cross-country and over-time differences in post-tax-postt-ransfer household income inequality. It examines the impact of individual earnings, employment patterns within and across households, household composition and structure, and government redistribution. It is shown that for the countries that have been most successful at limiting inequality, redistribution has been especially significant. Keeping individual earnings inequality in check is likely to be increasingly difficult and that household structure and composition are very difficult for policy makers to influence.
Measuring and Analyzing Employment Performance
Authors: Kenworthy Lane 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter describes a way to conceptualize and measure employment performance. It argues that to assess employment performance since the late 1970s, the most useful measure is employment change. This means change in the employment rate, not change in the number of people employed. It would be helpful to adjust this for work hours, but data limitations prevent that and the best available data suggest that doing so would not change the story much in any event. The chapter also outlines a strategy for analyzing the impact of equality-enhancing institutions and policies on employment performance.
Low‐End Wages
Authors: Kenworthy Lane 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter examines the effect of wage levels at the low end of the labor market on employment. The focus is on low-end service jobs. These have been a major source of employment growth in many of the countries that have achieved rising employment rates during the past several decades. Because productivity in these jobs tends to be low and difficult to increase, the question is whether relatively high wages will substantially reduce employer demand for labor. Within the United States, this has been the key question at issue in the recurring debate over whether, and to what degree, the statutory minimum wage should be increased.
Taxes
Authors: Kenworthy Lane 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Tax rates and tax structures differ markedly across the rich countries, and play a key role in reducing inequality but may also reduce employment. This chapter addresses the following questions: do taxes reduce inequality directly, or do they contribute to redistribution chiefly by providing the revenue for transfers? To what extent does globalization constrain governments' ability to maintain large and progressive tax systems? Have countries been moving toward more or less redistributive types of taxation? Do taxes in fact impede employment? The chapter argues that a tax policy conducive to low income inequality and high employment should have four principal features: taxes should generate a high level of revenues, in order to finance generous transfers and services; the tax system should be progressive, or at worst minimally regressive; payroll and consumption taxes should be moderate, so as not to impede employment growth in low-end services; and to encourage investment and entreneurship and prevent capital flight, there should be a relatively low statutory rate and a not-too-high effective tax rate on capital.
Skills
Authors: Kenworthy Lane 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Educational attainment is a good predictor of individuals' employment and earnings. In the standard view, this is because education is a useful measure of skills, which in turn are a key determinant of a person's productivity. In theory, equalizing skills could therefore lead to both high employment and a relatively equal distribution of earnings. This chapter assesses this supposition, drawing on both individual- and country-level data.
Biomolecular pleiomorphism probed by spatial interpolation of coarse models
Authors: Rusu Mirabela , Birmanns Stefan , Wriggers Willy 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
In low resolution structures of biological assemblies one can often observe conformational deviations that require a flexible rearrangement of structural domains fitted at the atomic level. We are evaluating interpolation methods for the flexible alignment of atomic models based on coarse models. Spatial interpolation is well established in image-processing and visualization to describe the overall deformation or warping of an object or an image. Combined with a coarse representation of the biological system by feature vectors, such methods can provide a flexible approximation of the molecular structure. We have compared three well-known interpolation techniques and evaluated the results by comparing them with constrained molecular dynamics. One method, inverse distance weighting interpolation, consistently produced models that were nearly indistinguishable on the alpha carbon level from the molecular dynamics results. The method is simple to apply and enables flexing of structures by non-expert modelers. This is useful for the basic interpretation of volumetric data in biological applications such as electron microscopy. The method can be used as a general interpretation tool for sparsely sampled motions derived from coarse models.
Contact: wriggers@biomachina.org
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Interaction of membrane‐bound islet amyloid polypeptide with soluble and crystalline insulin
Authors: Knight Jefferson D. , Williamson Jessica A. , Miranker Andrew D. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractIslet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP, also known as amylin) is the major protein component of pancreatic amyloid fibers in type II diabetes and is normally cosecreted with insulin from the β‐cells of the pancreas. IAPP forms amyloid fibrils rapidly at concentrations well below those found in vivo, yet progression of type II diabetes occurs over many years. Insulin, a known inhibitor of IAPP fibrillogenesis, exists as a dense crystalline or near‐crystalline core in the secretory vesicle, while IAPP localizes to the region between the crystal and the secretory vesicle membrane. In vitro, IAPP fibrillogenesis is both accelerated by lipid membranes and inhibited by monomeric insulin. In this work, we investigate insulin–IAPP–lipid interactions in vitro under conditions chosen to approximate native secretory vesicle physiology and the amyloid disease state. The effect of insulin on IAPP fibrillogenesis is investigated using fluorescence spectrometry. Additionally, interactions of IAPP and lipids with crystalline insulin are studied using fluorescence microscopy. We find that, while soluble states of insulin and IAPP do not interact significantly, large assemblies of either insulin (crystals) or IAPP (fibers) can lead to stable IAPP–insulin interactions. The results raise the possibility of multiple physiological interactions between these two β‐cell hormones.
Development of tRNA synthetases and connection to genetic code and disease
Authors: Schimmel Paul 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe genetic code is established by the aminoacylation reactions of aminoacyl tRNA synthetases, where amino acids are matched with triplet anticodons imbedded in the cognate tRNAs. The code established in this way is so robust that it gave birth to the entire tree of life. The tRNA synthetases are organized into two classes, based on their active site architectures. The details of this organization, and other considerations, suggest how the synthetases evolved by gene duplications, and how early proteins may have been statistical in nature, that is, products of a primitive code where one of several similar amino acids was used at a specific position in a polypeptide. The emergence of polypeptides with unique, defined sequences—true chemical entities—required extraordinary specificity of the aminoacylation reaction. This high specificity was achieved by editing activities that clear errors of aminoacylation and thereby prevent mistranslation. Defects in editing activities can be lethal and lead to pathologies in mammalian cells in culture. Even a mild defect in editing is casually associated with neurological disease in the mouse. Defects in editing are also mutagenic in an aging organism and suggest how mistranslation can lead to mutations that are fixed in the genome. Thus, clearance of mischarged tRNAs by the editing activities of tRNA synthetases was essential for development of the tree of life and has a role in the etiology of diseases that is just now being understood.
Mycoviruses of filamentous fungi and their relevance to plant pathology
Authors: PEARSON MICHAEL N. , BEEVER ROSS E. , BOINE BARBARA , ARTHUR KIEREN 
Published: September 2008

SUMMARYMycoviruses (fungal viruses) are reviewed with emphasis on plant pathogenic fungi. Based on the presence of virus‐like particles and unencapsidated dsRNAs, mycoviruses are common in all major fungal groups. Over 80 mycovirus species have been officially recognized from ten virus families, but a paucity of nucleic acid sequence data makes assignment of many reported mycoviruses difficult. Although most of the particle types recognized to date are isometric, a variety of morphologies have been found and, additionally, many apparently unencapsidated dsRNAs have been reported. Until recently, most characterized mycoviruses have dsRNA genomes, but ssRNA mycoviruses now constitute about one‐third of the total. Two hypotheses for the origin of mycoviruses of plant pathogens are discussed: the first that they are of unknown but ancient origin and have coevolved along with their hosts, the second that they have relatively recently moved from a fungal plant host into the fungus. Although mycoviruses are typically readily transmitted through asexual spores, transmission through sexual spores varies with the host fungus. Evidence for natural horizontal transmission has been found. Typically, mycoviruses are apparently symptomless (cryptic) but beneficial effects on the host fungus have been reported. Of more practical interest to plant pathologists are those viruses that confer a hypovirulent phenotype, and the scope for using such viruses as biocontrol agents is reviewed. New tools are being developed based on host genome studies that will help to address the intellectual challenge of understanding the fungal–virus interactions and the practical challenge of manipulating this relationship to develop novel biocontrol agents for important plant pathogens.
Seasonal inventory and status of flying insects, in Kihansi Gorge, Tanzania
Authors: Msyani Edward K. , Lazaro Johanna , Castor Oliver Nyakunga , Chambegga Omoury Amiri 
Published: September 2008

AbstractSampling of flying insects in Kihansi Gorge was conducted in six micro‐habitats namely Lower, Upper, Main, Mid‐Gorge and Mhalala Spray Wetlands and adjacent forest. The four traps used were, malaise, pitfall, light and artificial substrate sampler, besides sweep netting and beating. In the wet season, 65,549 flying insects (65.13%) were recorded when compared to 35,633 flying insects (34.87%) in dry season. At its peak, 29,783 flying insects (29.15%) were recorded at the start of wet season (December 2004). The abundance value was significant (χ2 = 1794.98, d.f. = 5, P ≤ 0.001). The favourable weather condition at the beginning of the wet season might have triggered emergence of high numbers of winged insects like ants, to facilitate migration through dispersal and reproduction, and some aquatic insects (Plecoptera, Odonata and Trichoptera) moulted and entered into terrestrial life to raise terrestrial abundance. No association was recorded between abundance of flying insects and amphibians (Kihansi Spray Toad; Nectophynoides asperginis), for Mid‐Gorge and Main Spray Wetlands (r = −0.71, n = 4, P = 0.147 and r = −0.69, n = 5, P = 0.201) respectively.
Use of pharmacokinetic/ pharmacodynamic modelling for starting dose selection in first‐in‐human trials of high‐risk biologics
Authors: Agoram Balaji M. 
Published: September 2008

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • Recent regulatory guidance has highlighted the importance of using pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic (PK–PD) modelling in the selection of starting doses in first‐in‐human trials of high‐risk biologics.• However, limited examples exist in literature illustrating this procedure. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • An interpretation of the recommended dose‐selection methodology and the minimum anticipated biological effect level (MABEL) principle, contained in the updated European Medicines Agency guidance on risk‐mitigation strategies for first‐in‐human studies, is presented.• Some literature and simulation‐based examples of the application of PK–PD modelling principles to starting dose selection using in vitro and in vivo data under the MABEL paradigm are highlighted, along with the advantages and limitations of this approach.AIMS To illustrate the use of pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic (PK–PD) models to select rational starting doses in clinical trials within the minimum anticipated biological effect level (MABEL) principle using literature data and through simulations.METHODS The new European Medicines Agency guidance on starting dose selection of high‐risk biologics was analysed considering the basic pharmacological properties and preclinical testing limitations of many biologics. The MABEL approach to dose selection was illustrated through simulations and through literature‐reported examples on the selection of starting doses for biologics such as antibodies based on in vitro biomarker data, in vivo PK and PK–PD data.RESULTS Literature reports indicating the use of preclinical pharmacological and toxicological data to select successfully safe starting doses in line with the MABEL principle are summarized. PK–PD model‐based simulations of receptor occupancy for an anti‐IgE antibody system indicate that the relative abundance of IgE in animal models and patients and the turnover rate of the IgE–antibody complex relative to the off‐rate of the antibody from IgE are important determinants of in vivo receptor occupancy.CONCLUSIONS Mechanistic PK–PD models are capable of integrating preclinical in vitro and in vivo data to select starting doses rationally in first‐in‐human trials. Biological drug–receptor interaction dynamics is complex and multiple factors affect the dose–receptor occupancy relationship. Thus, these factors should be taken into account when selecting starting doses.
Mothering in the context of domestic violence: the pervasiveness of a deficit model of mothering
Authors: Lapierre Simon 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTDespite growing concerns with the situation of children exposed to domestic violence, and although women have been seen as central in the welfare of their children, limited attention has been paid to the issue of mothering in this context. This paper examines how concerns regarding abused women's mothering have been articulated in the academic literature on children's exposure to domestic violence, and argues that the dominant discourse in this area has been characterized by a deficit model of mothering. Implications of the pervasiveness of a deficit model for child welfare policies and practices are highlighted. Finally, this paper identifies key elements that should be considered in the development of a feminist perspective on mothering in the context of domestic violence, which could lead to less blaming and more supportive practices.
Lessons learnt? Abuse in residential child care in Scotland
Authors: Sen Robin , Kendrick Andrew , Milligan Ian , Hawthorn Moyra 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTThis paper draws on work carried out by Sen, Kendrick, Milligan and Hawthorn commissioned as pert of the Historic Abuse Systemic Review by the Scottish Executive in 2007. It considers the evidence‐based regarding abuse in residential child care from 1945 with a specific focus on Scotland. It reviews the context set for residential child care post‐1945 by the Clyde and Curtis reports, outlines how the residential child care sector developed following this, provides an overview of evidence and awareness of abuse in residential child care establishments after the 1948 Children's Act, giving particular consideration to the public inquiries and reviews of residential child care which there have been in Scotland, explores research evidence regarding the safety of convictions of residential child care workers found guilty of child abuse, and provides an overview of the main policy and practice developments which there have subsequently been in Scotland. The paper concludes by considering the progress that has been made in developing safeguards in Scotland and identifying areas where further research and development are required.
Allergen specific responses in cord and adult blood are differentially modulated in the presence of endotoxins
Authors: Eiwegger T. , Mayer E. , Brix S. , Schabussova I. , Dehlink E. , Bohle B. , Barkholt V. , Szépfalusi Z. 
Published: September 2008

SummaryBackground
Endotoxins are common contaminants in allergen preparations and affect antigen‐specific cellular responses. Distinct effects of endotoxin on cells in human umbilical cord and adult blood are poorly defined.Objectives
To examine the effect of endotoxins in allergen preparations on cellular responses in human cord and peripheral blood (PB).Methods
The endotoxin content in β lactoglobulin (BLG), the peanut allergen Ara h 1 and the major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1 was assessed. Proliferation and cytokine response of mononuclear cells towards contaminated and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐free allergens were evaluated at different time‐points. Fractions of contaminated BLG were generated and assayed on their immuno‐stimulatory capacity. The involvement of toll‐like receptor (TLR) 2 and 4 was investigated by blocking antibodies and TLR‐transfected human embryonic kidney cells.Results
The proliferative response of cord blood (CB)‐derived mononuclear cells towards allergen‐preparations at day 3 was related to the level of LPS contamination. At day 7, proliferation was also detected in the absence of endotoxin. Cytokine production in CB was strongly affected by the content of endotoxin, TLR‐4 dependent and not related to the allergen content. Allergen‐ and endotoxin‐induced proliferative responses were generally significantly higher in CB than in adult blood.Conclusion
Endotoxins in allergen preparations confound allergen‐specific cellular responses. The impact of these contaminations varies with the blood source (CB vs. PB), the type of allergen and is time‐ and dose‐dependent.