bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ground‐Water Lake Relationships and Ground‐Water Quality in the Sand Plain Province of Wisconsin—Nepco Lake
Authors: Karnauskas Robert J. , Anderson Mary P. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTNepco Lake is a 494‐acre impoundment in the sand plain province of central Wisconsin, an area characterized by a close relationship between ground water and surface water. A study of the ground‐water flow pattern and ground‐water quality in the vicinity of Nepco Lake was conducted for an 11‐month period from June 1976 to April 1977.The ground‐water flow system around Nepco Lake is different from systems for natural lakes previously reported in the literature, in that there are no strong vertical head gradients in the nearshore areas. This phenomenon may be typical for impounded lakes. Other aspects of the study included a survey of the water quality within the watershed and the calculation of water budgets for the lake. Variations in water quality can be related to changes in the texture of the aquifer or the nature of the flow system or both. Water budget calculations indicate that direct ground‐water discharge into the lake is relatively small compared to surface‐water contributions. Nevertheless, ground water in the Nepco Lake Watershed should be carefully managed because of the close relationship between ground water and surface water in this area.
Type‐Curve Analysis of Time‐Draw down Data for Partially Penetrating Wells in Unconfined Anisotropic Aquifers
Authors: Lakshminarayana V. , Rajagopalan S. P. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTWith the aid of a computer, and using an iterative alternating‐direction implicit method, a numerical solution is sought for the unsteady‐state radial flow to partially penetrating wells pumping at a constant rate from an unconfined anisotropic aquifer. These solutions are used to generate a series of theoretical type curves valid for individual aquifer‐test situations characterized by particular combinations of two constants Q = (Pr/Pz) (m/rw)2 and C2= (Sy/Ssm) and particular well penetration. The aquifer‐test data requirements are the time‐drawdown data and at least two pairs of observation wells, one of the pair tapping well‐screen depths and the other tapping water‐table depths. The parameters that are identified are the lateral permeability, vertical permeability, specific storage and specific yield of the aquifer. The use of the type curves is illustrated by an example.
Fossil Ground‐Water Gradients in Arid Regional Sedimentary Basins
Authors: Lloyd John W. , Farag Mohamed H. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe hypothesis that present‐day ground‐water gradients in arid regional sedimentary basins are a decay feature of very old recharge mounds is examined using a resistance network analogue. A longitudinal section model of a conceptual basin with some specific control of aquifer permeability and ground‐water age is used.With reasonable combination of aquifer permeability and specific yield it is shown that an acceptable head decay could have occurred over the past 10,000 years to produce the present‐day gradient. In the model adopted, decreasing permeability with depth was found to be required to accord with 14C ground‐water age data.Although the model is not considered to be definitive for any particular aquifer the results show that fossil gradient conditions could exist in the regional basins for long periods and should be taken account of in ground‐water resources assessments.
Waste Injection into a Two‐Phase Flow Field: Sand‐Box and Hele‐Shaw Models Study
Authors: Peterson Frank L. , Williams John A. , Wheatcraft Stephen W. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTSand‐box and Hele‐Shaw models were used to study waste water injection into two‐phase ground‐water bodies. Two types of experiments were conducted: “static” experiments in which there was no movement of the fresh ground‐water body with respect to the underlying salt water prior to waste injection, and “dynamic” experiments in which a fresh ground‐water flow field was present prior to and during waste injection. During every experiment conducted in this study, buoyant plumes of injected effluent, which were clearly distinct from the resident aquifer liquids, formed and migrated upward into the lower portion of the fresh‐water body. Three injection parameters exerted significant control on the movement of the injection plumes; the rate of effluent injection and the strength of the ambient fresh‐water flow field significantly influenced both the vertical and lateral migration of the plumes, and the depth of effluent injection (with respect to the salt/ fresh‐water interface) influenced the over‐all shape of the plumes as well as the lateral migration of the plumes. The principal means of plume movement in these experiments appears to be by fluid displacement processes, rather than by dispersion processes.
Hydrology of Small Oceanic Islands — Influence of Atmospheric Pressure on the Water Table
Authors: Vacher H. L. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThere is a spectrum of sea‐level fluctuations that affect the water table of a small, permeable oceanic island. At the high‐frequency end of the spectrum are the semi‐diurnal and diurnal components of the astronomical tides. Also affecting sea‐level elevation are atmospheric pressure and the temperature and salinity (hence density) of the ocean column.Changes in atmospheric pressure cause sea‐level changes on the order of up to about 30 cm, by what oceanographers call the “inverted barometer effect.” As a result, pressure changes, like tides, generate waves that migrate across the water table. Amplitudes of the resultant pressure‐related water‐table fluctuations diminish inland. However, owing to the relatively long period of the pressure‐related fluctuations, their inland attenuation is far less than that of the hydraulically analogous tides. In fact, in Bermuda for example, the pressure‐related water‐table fluctuations completely dominate water‐table statistics that reflect day‐to‐day changes in elevation.Because a drop in pressure and corresponding rise in the water table accompanies passage of a storm front, which also brings a rainfall, there is commonly a coincidental, and very misleading, correlation between rainfalls and water‐table rises. In island and coastal settings, non‐tidal sea‐level changes and their effect on the water table must be taken into account, if recharge is to be correctly evaluated from water‐table data.
Model Aids Planners in Predicting Rising Ground‐Water Levels in San Bernardino, Californiaa
Authors: Hardt William F. , Hutchinson Craig B. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe city of San Bernardino is in a semiarid inland valley about 60 miles (100 kilometers) east of Los Angeles. The southern part of the city is traversed by the San Jacinto fault. Adjacent to the upgradient (northeast) side of the fault is a 10 square mile (26 square kilometers) area which contains a zone in the alluvial ground‐water basin that formerly was under artesian pressure and consisted of swampy lands with a history of flowing wells, springs, and ground‐water discharge to Warm Creek.Since about 1945, water levels have declined more than 100 feet (30 meters), and the swampy lands have dried up and are now highly urbanized. Basin replenishment by artificial recharge of imported northern California water at the base of the San Bernardino Mountains may cause ground‐water levels to rise again in the area that was formerly swampy land. If this should happen, building foundations and basements could be subjected to structural damage and flooding by renewed flowing of unplugged artesian wells.The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the San Bernardino Valley Municipal Water District, is developing a two‐layer digital model to aid in predicting the rate and extent of the rise in water levels. The solution to the mathematical equations used in the model was approximated numerically by the Galerkin finite‐element method. The water district desires to evaluate water management alternatives, such as varying location, distribution, amounts of recharge, and pumping centers, to avoid excessive water level rises that could indicate an overfilling of the basin and could cause damage.
Ground‐Water Pollution — A Limited Problema
Authors: Clark D. Theodore 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTFew would argue that ground‐water pollution is a problem and that serious ground‐water pollution problems do exist. As serious as some isolated ground‐water pollution problems are, regionally and nationally, it is only a limited problem. An industrial landfill may result in a leachate plume contaminating ground water over an area of up to several square miles downgradient from the disposal site. Municipal landfills or chemical/petroleum spills can result in polluted ground water over areas measured in square miles. Surrounding these areas of ground‐water pollution, however, are tens and hundreds of square miles of area where the ground water moving through the aquifers maintains its natural good quality. The ratio of good quality to contaminated water is such that ground‐water pollution can really only be considered as a limited problem.The problem will most likely remain limited as existing and future regulations continue to restrict the poor disposal practices that have been responsible for much of the past and existing pollution problems. Technology has advanced to the point that with proper management and sound governmental regulations, control, isolation and cleanup of contamination sources and areas of polluted ground water can be so effective that migration of the pollution front can be stopped and actually reversed with time.The same technology that provided us with the new chemicals and the wastes that show up in water analyses, has also provided us with the means of detecting many more contaminants at much lower levels of concentration in a water sample than was possible 50, 25 or even 10 years ago. One must thus ask, has ground‐water pollution really become a national crisis, or do we just know more about an old problem made apparently more complicated by our own technological advances?
The Federal Ground‐Water Protection Program — A Reviewa
Authors: Kimm Victor J. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe Nation's ground‐water resources constitute a vast and often unprotected resource. The Environmental Protection Agency is about to launch a number of programs designed to protect what is, in many cases, a virtually non‐renewable resource. Separate regulatory activities mandated under the Safe Drinking Water Act, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act and the Clean Water Act must be carefully coordinated if they are to be effective.The current implementation efforts within the agency are being framed in view of our major principles which will be the focus of public comment in the months ahead. These principles are:First, the administration of the related programs will be a cooperative effort involving Federal, State and local governments, all of which must participate in formulating the program if it is to be effective.Second, the focus of the programs will be on the prevention of contamination rather than on its treatment at the point of withdrawal.Third, the applicable standards will be based primarily on technology rather than ambient ground‐water quality considerations since the effects of discharges upon ambient quality are complex, difficult to predict, and of long duration.Fourth, there is a need to balance environmental protection, energy development and continued economic prosperity objectives so that the resulting programs fully protect public health while being realistically implementable.All of us—government, industry and citizens, through acts of commission or omission—have contributed to the potential problem. We must work together if we are to get on with the important task of protecting the quality of the Nation's ground‐water resources.
The Federal Ground‐Water Protection Program — Today's Hopea
Authors: Sever Charles W. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe necessary administrative mechanisms for protection of our underground drinking water sources, and coordination of natural resource and energy development and environmental quality programs, should be provided by a federal ground‐water control program, else today's underground contaminant disposal activities will be tomorrow's undoing. Federal regulations, however, must provide flexibility to States and industry to find the least costly means of meeting national environmental goals.A growing body of literature clearly documents cases of underground drinking water source contamination, sometimes severe, from a large variety of conditions and practices. Existing studies also indicate that this problem is pervasive: aquifers have been adversely affected in every region of the country.A federal ground‐water protection program which (1) reflects consideration of total long‐range natural resource protection and environmental quality benefits, (2) regulates in a manner so that the benefits to the environment generally exceed the regulatory costs and (3) encourages more efficient ways of meeting environmental goals in the least costly manner can and must be developed by the Environmental Protection Agency. Without an effective Federal ground‐water protection program, the underground contamination problem will likely worsen.
State Ground‐Water Protection Programs — A National Summarya
Authors: Bartelt Richard E. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTIn order to discuss the adequacy or inadequacy of State ground‐water protection programs, it is helpful to establish a base line which may be used as a frame of reference for the discussion. To provide that frame of reference, the 50 States were contacted and representatives were questioned as to the nature and extent of their existing ground‐water programs. The survey of States produced a wealth of information relative to the structure of various State programs and this information is presented graphically in the neutral presentation. The subject of multiple agency involvement is addressed.In addition to looking at the structure of State programs, information was collected regarding the nature of existing State statutes and regulations. Tabulation and interpretation of this information is provided to illustrate how the institutions are providing for the protection of our ground‐water resources. In addition to evaluating the various types of statutes, existing enforcement mechanisms were researched and are presented for review. Graphic presentations of the national data base are used and again several States’procedures are reviewed in detail. The topic of ground‐water quality standards was specifically addressed during interviews in order to note the extent of this developing regulatory technique.
State Ground‐Water Protection Programs — Adequatea
Authors: Ross Edwin H. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTAn assessment of the adequacy of State involvement should include a historical perspective of resource management in the nation. A review of the record indicates that up until the 70's, Federal policy was virtually nonexistent with respect to ground‐water protection programs.Efforts of the ground‐water industry and related scientific community to gain legislative action has, within the last few years, shown progress within State government. The Federal EPA, in response to efforts of the only significant constituency, the NWWA, is now requiring ground‐water protection in their regulations.Institutional arrangements, whether national, State or local, will at least for some years to come by political necessity require central involvement of the States in ground‐water protection.The legislative and executive branch in many States have shown their willingness to act; however, without an active political constituency, legislative appropriations are provided after actual problems arise due to drought or contamination problems. Rainfall provides extra time to address quantity problems but there may not be a second chance to protect ground‐water quality. These branches of government have the monetary and legal authority to act once the need is demonstrated. The record of the judicial branch indicates a need for the legislative and executive branch to design and manage programs that will avoid the necessity of court action. Continued advocacy efforts for ground‐water protection programs yet remains the responsibility of the water well industry and a small ground‐water technical constituency. The public and the politicians need to be further informed and educated about the need for ground‐water protection.
State Ground‐Water Protection Programs — Inadequatea
Authors: Dawson James W. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe primary reason State ground‐water protection programs are inadequate is that the resource is misunderstood, surrounded by misconceptions and, due to its occurrence, is “out of sight and out of mind.” To most people, ground water is a very elusive and somewhat magical resource, whose significance in the over‐all picture of water resources has not been realized by those who have the power and authority to rectify the present state of affairs. The need for adequate protective legislation and sufficient financial and manpower resources commitment is even more difficult to justify because there has not, to date, been a citizenry outcry for such measures.To ascertain the status of current State ground‐water protection programs, a survey of State legislation concerning ground water was undertaken; additionally, a questionnaire was sent to the agency in each State responsible for administration of ground‐water protection programs. The results of this survey indicate that most States have broad authority over ground‐water resources through general water resources legislation, but the majority do not have specific ground‐water protective legislation. In many cases, the broad legislative authority is inadequate or, if legislation is adequate, implementation of legislative mandates is not sufficient to provide adequate protection. Lack of ground‐water quality and quantity data is severe to the point that many agencies do not have a realistic characterization or identification of the ground‐water resources they are to protect.
The 208 Planning Approach to Ground‐Water Protection — A Foot in the Doora
Authors: Wallace Donna 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe benefits of employing the 208 planning approach in the protection of surface water or ground water are twofold—one, involvement of the public early in the planning process and two, determination of solutions that are implementable. With increased public awareness precipitated by the required involvement in Water Quality Management Planning (WQMP), the ensuing public interest will ultimately force ground‐water issues which have been neglected for many years. The preparation of a “5‐Year Strategy” in each State coupled with USEPA's new emphasis on aquifer protection as a priority issue will provide the mechanisms for funding ground‐water planning under 208 programs. As the cry for ground‐water management planning is adopted by the public as well as technicians, emphasis will shift and programs will develop. In addition, planning programs under 208 are usually regional in nature in contrast with the ground‐water studies in recent years which have been site‐specific, directed toward the identification and alleviation of local problems. Since the management approach requires that the evaluation of available alternatives include those mechanisms necessary to implement the recommendations, viable alternatives without either management agencies or financial considerations will not be acceptable. Therefore, the strength of the WQMP approach to ground‐water protection lies in those concepts that make planning under 208 a new breed of governmental program.
Waterborne Disease — A Status Report Emphasizing Outbreaks in Ground‐Water Systemsa
Authors: Craun Gunther F. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTA total of 192 outbreaks of waterborne disease affecting 36,757 persons were reported in the United States during the period 1971‐1977. More outbreaks occurred in nonmunicipal‐water systems (70%) than municipal‐water systems; however, more illness (67%) resulted from outbreaks in municipal systems. Almost half of the outbreaks (49%) and illness (42%) were caused by either the use of untreated or inadequately treated ground water. An unusually large number of waterborne outbreaks affected travelers, campers, visitors to recreational areas, and restaurant patrons during the months of May‐August and involved nonmunicipal‐water systems which primarily depend on ground‐water sources. The major causes of outbreaks in municipal systems were contamination of the distribution system and treatment deficiencies which accounted for 68% of the outbreaks and 75% of the illness that occurred in municipal systems. Use of untreated ground water was responsible for only 10% of the municipal system outbreaks and 1% of the illness. The major cause of outbreaks in nonmunicipal systems was use of untreated ground water which accounted for 44% of the outbreaks and 44% of the illness in these systems. Treatment deficiencies, primarily inadequate and interrupted chlorination of ground‐water sources, were responsible for 34% of the outbreaks and 50% of the illness in nonmunicipal‐water systems.
Waterborne Disease — Historical Lessona
Authors: Markwood Ira M. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTWhile it is true that waterborne diseases are still with us, and probably always will be, we cannot classify them as a current threat in the sense that they were 100 years ago. The discovery that chlorine would disinfect water supplies removed these diseases from a “current threat” category to the “historical lesson” category. We are not faced with unknowns which we are unable to attack. We have only to look at what others have done to protect themselves and follow the same or improved practices.If the record of waterborne outbreaks in public water supplies in this country from the end of World War II up to the present is examined, it will be found that all are caused by breakdowns in disinfection procedures or carelessness. The record is replete with statements such as “improper disinfection after repair,”“breakdown or lack of disinfecting equipment,”“back siphonage,” and other similar statements all pointing to failure to follow practices which the history of water treatment has shown to be necessary for protection against waterborne disease. Carelessness allows recurrence of disease outbreaks. If the lessons of history were followed, the conquest of waterborne disease transmission by public water systems could be complete.
Changing Patterns of Ground‐Water Use in the United Statesa
Authors: Zaporozec Alexander 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe increasing use of ground water and its true role as a source of water supplies in the United States have sometimes been interpreted incorrectly. The total use of ground water has indeed increased tremendously during the last 20 years (by almost 80%), but so has the total use of water (over 70%). And ground water is still far from being a primary source of water supplies. In 1975, only 20% of the total amount of water withdrawn in the United States for various uses came from ground‐water sources.Statistical analysis of ground‐water data for the period 1950‐1975 has shown that the ground‐water usage is changing only very slowly. Relation of ground‐water use to total water use expressed in percent was used as an indicator of changes of ground‐water use patterns. This percentage has not changed significantly, and it has fluctuated around 19%. In 1975, only 6 States used more ground water than surface water for their water supplies, and in 23 States ground‐water use was less than 10% of total use. Even more unfavorable is the magnitude of change in ratio of ground‐water use relative to total water use. From 1955 to 1975 only 13 States show an increase in the ratio. In 28 States the ratio has decreased, and in 7 it has remained the same.