bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differentiation of hippocampal stem cells into functional neurons: evolving our understanding of monoamine oxidase‐A inhibition
Authors: Egan Colin G 
Published: May 2006

Depression affects many millions of people worldwide and much is still unknown with respect to the mode of action of antidepressant drugs. The hippocampus has been associated with many psychiatric disorders, including clinical depression. Recently, stem cells have also been shown to reside within discrete regions of the hippocampus and can differentiate under a variety of conditions into neural cells. In this issue, Chiou et al. have elegantly demonstrated that cells isolated from the rat hippocampus, and treated with the antidepressant moclobemide, may be differentiated in vitro into neural cells exhibiting features to those of serotoninergic neurons. They have also suggested that this process was mediated, in part, through the expression of specific antiapoptotic genes (Bcl‐2 and Bcl‐XL) and via activation of extracellular‐regulated kinase. This work raises the attractive possibility that the use of antidepressants, such as moclobemide, may exert neuroprotective and potentially neurogenerative effects not just in vitro, but also in vivo, through the selected differentiation of stem cells into functional neurons. The exact mechanisms by which such antidepressants differentiate neural stem cells still remains to be fully elucidated.British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 148, 563–564. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706768
Cardioprotective effects of atrasentan, an endothelin‐A receptor antagonist, but not of nitric oxide in diabetic mice with myocyte‐specific overexpression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase
Authors: Wölkart Gerald , Stessel Heike , Saad Zora , Kirchengast Michael , Brunner Friedrich 
Published: May 2006

We investigated the roles of nitric oxide (NO) and endothelin‐1 (ET‐1) in organ dysfunction in diabetic mice with normal genotype (wild‐type, WT) or myocyte‐specific overexpression of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) (transgenic, TG) after chronic oral treatment with the endothelin‐A (ETA) receptor antagonist atrasentan.Mice were rendered diabetic by injection of 200 mg kg−1streptozotocin (STZ). Experimental groups were: untreated WT diabetic (n=9), untreated TG diabetic (n=9), atrasentan‐treated WT diabetic (n=9), atrasentan‐treated TG diabetic (n=8) and the four corresponding nondiabetic groups (n=5). Atrasentan was administered orallyviadrinking water at 3 mg kg−1per day over 28 days. All diabetic mice developed similar hyperglycaemia (27–30 mmol l−1).Atrasentan treatment significantly improved left ventricular systolic and diastolic function in response to exogenous norepinephrine, but there were no differences between genotypes.Atrasentan antagonized the diabetic impairments in endothelium‐dependent coronary relaxation and thromboxane‐receptor mediated aortic constriction. Further, it improved cardiac and renal oxidant status as evident from reduced tissue malondialdehyde levels.Atrasentan reduced diabetic urine flow, proteinuria and plasma creatinine levels, but creatinine clearance was not significantly altered.These results suggest that in experimental type 1 diabetes, blocking ETAreceptors ameliorates myocardial, coronary and renal function and improves tissue oxidant status, whereas raising myocardial NO levels has neither beneficial nor deleterious effects on diabetic cardiomyopathy in this transgenic model.British Journal of Pharmacology(2006)148, 671–681. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706772
Multidimensional spatial-spectral holographic interpretation of NMR photography
Authors: Kiruluta Andrew J. M. 
Published: May 2006

A spectral holographic interpretation arises naturally in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) photography from either the intrinsic chemical shift anisotropy of the spin system or the field inhomogeneity due to the applied spatial encoding gradients. We can thus think of NMR photography as arising from a “diffraction” off a spatial-spectral holographic grating. The spatial holographic component arises from a high dielectric constant (&gt;50) of the NMR medium at high field strength (&gt;4T) when the excitation wavelength is commensurate with the size of the NMR sample; otherwise, it is a volume spectral holographic grating. In this paper, the NMR localized spectroscopy (imaging) equation is derived from the principles of spatial-spectral holography. Holographic properties of storage and programmable time delay and time reversal are shown to follow naturally from this viewpoint and are experimentally demonstrated in an inhomogeneously broadened NMR sample. These ideas are shown to be extendable to complex signal processing functions such as recognition, correlations, and triple products.
This article is being retracted effective 8 November 2011.
Connecting stuttering management and measurement: V. Deduction and induction in the development of stuttering treatment outcome measures and stuttering treatments
Authors: Onslow Mark 
Published: May 2006

AbstractBackground: The development of evidence‐based practice, which is increasingly popular in stuttering treatment, is closely linked to the development of outcome measures.Aims: Two approaches to the development of stuttering treatment outcome measures are outlined. The first is the deductive, top‐down approach, where the development of specific outcome measures is guided by a priori general conceptualizations of the nature of the disorder. A competing approach to the development of stuttering treatment outcome measures is outlined. This is the inductive, or bottom up approach. This approach uses Baer's (1988, 1990) notion of specific complaints of clients as the starting point to develop inductive statements for use as general guidance for developing treatment outcome measures.Main Contribution: It is argued that the deductive approach to development of outcome measures has limitations. It is overly prescriptive, generating numerous and increasingly complex outcome measures that are potentially confusing for clinicians. Further, it is arbitrary and fragile, being linked to conceptualizations and theories about stuttering, which, by necessity, are limited themselves. Further, the development of numerous outcome measures is not compatible with the conduct of randomized controlled trials, which allow a maximum of two primary outcome measures. In contrast, the inductive approach to the development of outcome measures has in its favour that it is empirically driven rather than arbitrary, and that it facilitates a yoking of the development of clinical outcomes and the clinical methods to attain those outcomes. The approach is unlikely to lead to the development of fruitless treatment methods. Further, the approach is parsimonious to the extent that it is likely to produce few guiding generalities for treatment outcome assessment — perhaps as few as two in the case of adults and one in the case of preschoolers. This is well suited to the use of the randomized controlled trial as a source of evidence for treatment efficacy.Conclusions: One inductive statement that can be used to guide the development of outcome measures is that the ill effects of stuttered speech could be troubling for those who seek clinical help. The other is that those who seek clinical help are likely to experience speech‐related anxiety. Together, these sources of information provide sound guidance for the development of outcome measures relating to stuttered speech and speech‐related anxiety, and guidance for the development of treatments to offset those ill effects of the condition. Until another outcome measure can be derived from inductive processes, those treatment developments should serve all the needs of those who stutter and the clinicians who provide those needs.
M line–deficient titin causes cardiac lethality through impaired maturation of the sarcomere
Authors: Weinert Stefanie , Bergmann Nora , Luo Xiuju , Erdmann Bettina , Gotthardt Michael 
Published: May 2006

Titin, the largest protein known to date, has been linked to sarcomere assembly and function through its elastic adaptor and signaling domains. Titin's M-line region contains a unique kinase domain that has been proposed to regulate sarcomere assembly via its substrate titin cap (T-cap). In this study, we use a titin M line–deficient mouse to show that the initial assembly of the sarcomere does not depend on titin's M-line region or the phosphorylation of T-cap by the titin kinase. Rather, titin's M-line region is required to form a continuous titin filament and to provide mechanical stability of the embryonic sarcomere. Even without titin integrating into the M band, sarcomeres show proper spacing and alignment of Z discs and M bands but fail to grow laterally and ultimately disassemble.
The comparison of disassembly in the developing and mature knockout sarcomere suggests diverse functions for titin's M line in embryonic development and the adult heart that not only involve the differential expression of titin isoforms but also of titin-binding proteins.
Radiation hybrid mapping of 18 positional and physiological candidate genes for arthrogryposis multiplex congenita on porcine chromosome 5
Authors: Genini S. , Nguyen T. T. , Malek M. , Talbot R. , Gebert S. , Rohrer G. , Nonneman D. , Stranzinger G. , Vögeli P. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryWe report the chromosomal assignment of 18 porcine genes to human homologues using the INRA‐Minnesota swine radiation hybrid panel (IMpRH). These genes (CACNA1C, COL2A1, CPNE8, C3F, C12ORF4, DDX11, GDF11, HOXC8, KCNA1, MDS028, TMEM106C, NR4A1, PHB2, PRICKLE1, Q6ZUQ4, SCN8A, TUBA8 and USP18) are located on porcine chromosome 5 (SSC5) and represent positional and functional candidates for arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (AMC), which maps to SSC5. CPNE8, PRICKLE1, Q6ZUQ4 and TUBA8 were mapped to the interval for pig AMC between microsatellites SW152 and SW904. Three SNPs in TUBA8 co‐segregated with the AMC phenotype in 230 pigs of our research population without recombination and could be used as a genetic marker test for AMC. In addition, we provide evidence that a small chromosomal region of HSA22q11.2 evolutionarily corresponds to SSC5q12–q22 (and contains the human homologues of porcine SW152, Q6ZUQ4, TUBA8 and USP18), while the regions flanking HSA22q11.2 on SSC5 correspond to HSA12p13 and HSA12q12. We identified seven distinct chromosomal blocks, further supporting extensive rearrangements between genes on HSA12 and HSA22 in the AMC region on SSC5.
Estimation of the number of genetic markers required for individual animal identification accounting for genotyping errors
Authors: Weller J. I. , Seroussi E. , Ron M. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryNearly all studies that consider the power of exclusion for individual identification using genetic markers ignore the possibility of erroneous genotypes, although individual genotype error rates are approximately 1% for microsatellites. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have lower error rates, but because of their lower information content, more SNPs than microsatellites will be required to obtain the same power of exclusion for traceability. In this study, we accounted for genotyping mistakes by requiring at least two discrepancies to reject a match. Exclusion probabilities were computed analytically and by simulation. A microsatellite with five alleles was approximately comparable in exclusion power to 2–2.25 SNPs. At least eight SNPs were required to achieve a 99% probability of rejection for a match between two individuals, while with 25 SNPs there was a <1% chance for a match between any of five million individuals.
The Tabby cat locus maps to feline chromosome B1
Authors: Lyons L. A. , Bailey S. J. , Baysac K. C. , Byrns G. , Erdman C. A. , Fretwell N. , Froenicke L. , Gazlay K. W. , Geary L. A. , Grahn J. C. , Grahn R. A. , Karere G. M. , Lipinski M. J. , Rah H. , Ruhe M. T. , Bach L. H. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryThe Tabby markings of the domestic cat are unique coat patterns for which no causative candidate gene has been inferred from other mammals. In this study, a genome scan was performed on a large pedigree of cats that segregated for Tabby coat markings, specifically for the Abyssinian (T a‐) and blotched (tbtb) phenotypes. There was linkage between the Tabby locus and eight markers on cat chromosome B1. The most significant linkage was between marker FCA700 and Tabby (Z = 7.56, θ = 0.03). Two additional markers in the region supported linkage, although not with significant LOD scores. Pairwise analysis of the markers supported the published genetic map of the cat, although additional meioses are required to refine the region. The linked markers cover a 17‐cM region and flank an evolutionary breakpoint, suggesting that the Tabby gene has a homologue on either human chromosome 4 or 8. Alternatively, Tabby could be a unique locus in cats.
Changing sources of soil respiration with time since fire in a boreal forest
Authors: CZIMCZIK CLAUDIA I. , TRUMBORE SUSAN E. , CARBONE MARIAH S. , WINSTON GREGORY C. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractRadiocarbon signatures (Δ14C) of carbon dioxide (CO2) provide a measure of the age of C being decomposed by microbes or respired by living plants. Over a 2‐year period, we measured Δ14C of soil respiration and soil CO2 in boreal forest sites in Canada, which varied primarily in the amount of time since the last stand‐replacing fire. Comparing bulk respiration Δ14C with Δ14C of CO2 evolved in incubations of heterotrophic (decomposing organic horizons) and autotrophic (root and moss) components allowed us to estimate the relative contributions of O horizon decomposition vs. plant sources. Although soil respiration fluxes did not vary greatly, differences in Δ14C of respired CO2 indicated marked variation in respiration sources in space and time.The 14C signature of respired CO2 respired from O horizon decomposition depended on the age of C substrates. These varied with time since fire, but consistently had Δ14C greater (averaging ∼120‰) than autotrophic respiration. The Δ14C of autotrophically respired CO2 in young stands equaled those expected for recent photosynthetic products (70‰ in 2003, 64‰ in 2004). CO2 respired by black spruce roots in stands >40 years old had Δ14C up to 30‰ higher than recent photosynthates, indicating a significant contribution of C stored at least several years in plants.Decomposition of O horizon organic matter made up 20% or less of soil respiration in the younger (<40 years since fire) stands, increasing to ∼50% in mature stands. This is a minimum for total heterotrophic contribution, since mineral soil CO2 had Δ14C close to or less than those we have assigned to autotrophic respiration. Decomposition of old organic matter in mineral soils clearly contributed to soil respiration in younger stands in 2003, a very dry year, when Δ14C of soil respiration in younger successional stands dropped below those of the atmospheric CO2.
Trends and methodological impacts in soil CO2 efflux partitioning: A metaanalytical review
Authors: SUBKE JENS‐ARNE , INGLIMA ILARIA , FRANCESCA COTRUFO M. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractPartitioning soil carbon dioxide (CO2) efflux (RS) into autotrophic (RA; including plant roots and closely associated organisms) and heterotrophic (RH) components has received considerable attention, as differential responses of these components to environmental change have profound implications for the soil and ecosystem C balance. The increasing number of partitioning studies allows a more detailed analysis of experimental constraints than was previously possible. We present results of an exhaustive literature search of partitioning studies and analyse global trends in flux partitioning between biomes and ecosystem types by means of a metaanalysis. Across all data, an overall decline in the RH/RS ratio for increasing annual RS fluxes emerged. For forest ecosystems, boreal coniferous sites showed significantly higher (P<0.05) RH/RS ratios than temperate sites, while both temperate or tropical deciduous forests did not differ in ratios from any of the other forest types. While chronosequence studies report consistent declines in the RH/RS ratio with age, no difference could be detected for different age groups in the global data set. Different methodologies showed generally good agreement if the range of RS under which they had been measured was considered, with the exception of studies estimating RH by means of root mass regressions against RS, which resulted in consistently lower RH/RS estimates out of all methods included. Additionally, the time step over which fluxes were partitioned did not affect RH/RS ratios consistently. To put results into context, we review the most common techniques and point out the likely sources of errors associated with them. In order to improve soil CO2 efflux partitioning in future experiments, we include methodological recommendations, and also highlight the potential interactions between soil components that may be overlooked as a consequence of the partitioning process itself.
Stand age‐related effects on soil respiration in a first rotation Sitka spruce chronosequence in central Ireland
Authors: SAIZ GUSTAVO , BYRNE KENNETH A. , BUTTERBACH‐BAHL KLAUS , KIESE RALF , BLUJDEA VIOREL , FARRELL EDWARD P. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe effect of stand age on soil respiration and its components was studied in a first rotation Sitka spruce chronosequence composed of 10‐, 15‐, 31‐, and 47‐year‐old stands established on wet mineral gley in central Ireland. For each stand age, three forest stands with similar characteristics of soil type and site preparation were used. There were no significant differences in total soil respiration among sites of the same age, except for the case of a 15‐year‐old stand that had lower soil respiration rates due to its higher productivity. Soil respiration initially decreased with stand age, but levelled out in the older stands. The youngest stands had significantly higher respiration rates than more mature sites. Annual soil respiration rates were modelled by means of temperature‐derived functions. The averageQ10value obtained treating all the stands together was 3.8. Annual soil respiration rates were 991, 686, 556, and 564 g C m−2for the 10‐, 15‐, 31‐, and 47‐year‐old stands, respectively. We used the trenching approach to separate soil respiration components. Heterotrophic respiration paralleled soil organic carbon dynamics over the chronosequence, decreasing with stand age to slightly increase in the oldest stand as a result of accumulated aboveground litter and root inputs. Root respiration showed a decreasing trend with stand age, which was explained by a decrease in fine root biomass over the chronosequence, but not by nitrogen concentration of fine roots. The decrease in the relative contribution of autotrophic respiration to total soil CO2efflux from 59.3% in the youngest stand to 49.7% in the oldest stand was explained by the higher activity of the root system in younger stands. Our results show that stand age should be considered if simple temperature‐based models to predict annual soil respiration in afforestation sites are to be used.
The hydrophilic, foaming and emulsifying properties of casein concentrates produced by various methods
Authors: Roman Janesca A. , Sgarbieri Valdemiro C. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryThe hydrophilic and surfactant properties of casein concentrates made by different processes such as isoelectric precipitation and neutralization (commercial casein, CC) coagulation by rennet (casein clots, COC) and microfiltration/diafiltration (casein micelles, CM) were studied. Water absorption capacity (WAC), water solubility (WS) and water‐holding capacity (WHC) were highest for CM and lowest for COC. Solubility was higher in water and in pH 5.5, 0.10 m NaCl solution for both CM and COC. Foaming capacity was better for CM than for CC at pH 4.0 and for CC at pH 6.0 and 8.0. Foam stability was low for both CM and CC at pH 4.0 but it was high for CM at pH 6.0 and 8.0 and for CC in the absence of salt. Emulsifying capacity was higher for CC at pH 4.0 and 7.0. Stability of emulsion was high for CC at pH 4.0 and for CM at pH 7.0.
Evaluation of zinc and magnesium bioavailability from pea (Pisum sativum, L.) sprouts. Effect of illumination and different germination periods
Authors: Urbano Gloria , López‐Jurado María , Aranda Carlos , Vilchez Antonio , Cabrera Lydia , Porres Jesus M. , Aranda Pilar 
Published: May 2006

SummaryThe effect of sprouting pea seeds (Pisum sativum, L) for 2, 4 and 6 days, with and without light, on the content of zinc (Zn) and magnesium (Mg) and their nutritive utilisation by growing rats was studied. Soaking of pea seeds prior to germination caused a 49% reduction in Zn content followed by minor losses during germination. The content of Mg decreased by 6% as a result of the soaking process, and by 20–28% during germination. Sprouting for 2 and 4 days improved the bioavailability of Zn and Mg from pea seeds (from 32.2 to 88.6–108.0 μg retained Zn per day, and from 1.64 to 2.97–4.79 mg retained Mg per day in raw and sprouted pea flour diets, respectively), outweighing the reductions in Zn and Mg content because of seed soaking. The presence or absence of light during the germination process did not affect the results. We conclude that sprouting of peas for 4 days was the most effective treatment to improve the bioavailability of Zn and Mg in pea seeds.
Shelf‐life of a dragee product based on sunflower kernel depending on packaging materials used
Authors: Pajin Biljana , Lazic Vera , Jovanovic Olga , Gvozdenovic Jasna 
Published: May 2006

SummaryIn this study, we investigated the quality and shelf‐life of a dragee product obtained by coating a confectionery sunflower kernel with sugar syrup. The product was packed in oriented polypropylene/oriented polypropylene, oriented polypropylene/metallised oriented polypropylene, polyester/polyethylene and kept at room temperature in daylight for 5 months. At the beginning of the experiment, the dragee product was in the category of excellent sensory quality (total score of sensory evaluation is between 18.0 and 20.0) in terms of its colour, smell, taste, mastication and structure. During the storage, these properties changed and the product lost its stability. Peroxide value in the dragee product increased from 0.5 to 9.0 mmol O/kg during the 5 months of storage. The free fatty acid content also increased from 1.3% in fresh dragee product to 2.5% after 5 months of storage. The packaging material metallised polyester/polyethylene, labelled metPET/PE, has the lowest oxygen permeability (8.0 mL m−2/dan Δp 1 bar) and because of this it had the strongest influence in the prevention of hydrolytic and oxidative changes in the final product.