bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ACTIVE IMMUNISATION OF HORSES AGAINST TETANUS INCLUDING THE BOOSTER DOSE AND ITS APPLICATION
Authors: Liefman C. E. 
Published: March 2008

Successful active immunisation of horses against tetanus is dependent on a number of factors of which the toxoid preparation used, its method of application and the ability of the individual horse to respond are fundamental. Two immunisation schedules using an aluminium‐based toxoid preparation were examined and the protection determined by monitoring the level of antitoxin afforded by each schedule. The results obtained demonstrated that 2 doses of this toxoid are necessary to ensure 12 months protection in all horses. These results are discussed in relation to the factors involved in active immunisation against tetanus.Reference is also made to the occurrence of a transient phase of reduced levels of antitoxin following booster doses of toxoid in immunised horses during which it is considered these horses could become more susceptible to tetanus. The effect of a booster dose on immunised horses was examined and while there can be a reduction in the level of antitoxin in some immunised horses following this dose its effect is minimal, short‐lived and for all practical purposes can be disregarded. The application of the booster dose in practice is also discussed.
ISOLATION OFCHLAMYDIA PSITTACIFROM CATS WITH CONJUNCTIVITIS
Authors: Studdert M. J. , Studdert V. P. , Wirth H. J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Chlamydia psittaci was repeatedly demonstrated in stained smears of conjunctival scrapings from a group of cats in a single household and in 5 instances the organism was isolated by yolk sac inoculation of 6‐day‐old specific pathogen free, embryonated hen eggs. Thirteen of 15 cats in the cattery developed conjunctivitis at various times over a 9‐month period. The outstanding features of the disease were its severity, chronicity and refractoriness to treatment. Prolonged (2 week) treatment with tetracycline was required to effect clinical recovery. Nine of 14 cats in the household developed significant complement‐fixing (CF) antibody titres (>128) to the chlamydia group antigen. A single serum from the owner had a titre of 32 although no associated illness was recognised.Of 134 serums collected from random source cats aged 1 month to 16 years, 17 (12.7%) also contained CF antibody to chlamydia group antigen.This is the first report of the isolation of chlamydia from cats with conjunctivitis outside North America and the first report to indicate general incidence figures for chlamydia infection of cats where vaccination is not used.
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE AUSTRALIAN V4 STRAIN OF NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS AS A VACCINE BY SPRAY, AEROSOL AND DRINKING WATER ADMINISTRATION
Authors: Ibrahim A. Latif , Chulan Ungku , Babjee A. Mustaffa 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY An Australian strain of Newcastle disease virus, was evaluated for use as a vaccine following its administration by drinking water, aerosol and spray to chickens at 1 and 21 days of age. Haemagglutination inhbition antibody was produced and persisted for 11 weeks. Aerosol vaccination induced higher levels of haemagglutination inhibition antibody than the other methods of vaccination. No respiratory disease was observed following vaccination.Chickens vaccinated by aerosol and spray were fully protected when challenged at 5, 7 and 11 weeks of age with virulent Newcastle disease virus. Mortality of 10 to 30 per cent was observed in chickens vaccinated by drinking water and intranasally following challenge.
A COMPARISON OF FLUORIMETRIC AND COLORIMETRIC METHODS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF α‐MANNOSIDASE ACTIVITY IN BOVINE PLASMA
Authors: Embury D. H. , Whiting C. E. , Sinclair A. J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY This paper compares both manual colorimetric and fluorimetric methods for the assay of acidic α‐mannosidase activity in bovine EDTA plasma. The effect of variable blood volumes per 10 ml blood collecting tube has been investigated, and the colorimetric assay conditions adjusted (for example, zinc concentration in pre‐incubation buffer) to cope with low blood volumes resulting in high EDTA/plasma ratios. We have shown that with non‐haemolysed EDTA plasma samples, the two methods give similar results, but for haemolysed samples, the colorimetric method yields significantly lower results than those obtained fluorimetrically.Using the manual fluorimetric method, samples can be assayed more rapidly and simply than by using the colorimetric method. This provides definite advantages in a laboratory receiving variable numbers of samples, or which cannot afford the high cost of automated equipment.
IMMUNISATION AGAINST EXPERIMENTAL STAPHYLOCOCCAL MASTITIS IN SHEEP – EFFECT OF CHALLENGE WITH A HETEROLOGOUS STRAIN OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Authors: Watson D. L. , Kennedy J. W. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Ewes were immunised in late pregnancy with killed Staphylococcus aureus vaccines prepared from organisms grown either under in vitro (vaccine T) or in vivo (Vaccine V) cultural conditions; other ewes were immunised with a live S. aureus vaccine and a further group remained non‐vaccinated controls. The animals given either of the killed vaccines developed highest titres of agglutinating antibody in serum; there were only trivial levels of agglutinating antibody in milk from ewes in each treatment group. Ewes immunised with the live vaccine developed significantly greater levels of opsonins in serum than did those immunised with the killed vaccines or non‐immunised controls.AT 30 to 35 days post‐partum the ewes were challenged by intramammary infusion of one million S. aureus of a strain different to the vaccination strain. In 4 of the 5 control ewes this resulted in the development of acute mastitis and a precipitous decline in milk production, whereas there was a considerable degree of resistance recorded in animals in each of the vaccinated groups. On criteria of milk production data, bacteriological status of milk and clinical signs of acute mastitis it was apparent that animals which had been immunised with the live vaccine were better protected from challenge than those immunised with either killed vaccines T or V.
PROTOZOAN AND VIRAL INFECTIONS OF FERAL CATS
Authors: Coman B. J. , Jones E. H. , Westbury H. A. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Identification of protozoan oocysts and serological tests were used to determine the prevalence of infections among 300 mainly adult feral cats in three different habitat types in south‐eastern Australia.Oocysts of Isospora rivolta and Isospora felis were recovered from 3% and 4% respectively of 300 feral cat samples. Haemagglutination inhibition antibody to Toxoplasma gondii was detected in 20% of 75 cat sera tested.A high prevalence of specific antibody to feline panleukopaenia virus (79%) and feline calici virus (77%) was demonstrated but the prevalence of antibody to feline herpes virus was low (11%). 15 strains of feline calici virus were isolated from pharyngeal swabs. There were no other virus isolations from the 60 pharyngeal and rectal swabs taken.These viral and protozoan infections could not be linked with any obvious pathological conditions. Most cats were in good condition with light to moderate fat stores in depot areas. Limb fractures and other skeletal abnormalities occurred infrequently. Major tooth damage or absence of important teeth was evident in about 20% of 164 animals examined. There was no correlation between major tooth damage and poor body condition.
CASE REPORTSMELIOIDOSIS WITH ACUTE MENINGOENCEPHALOMYELITIS IN A HORSE
Authors: Ladds P. W. , Thomas A. D. , Pott B. 
Published: March 2008

A case of acute meningoencephalomyelitis caused by infection with Pseudomonas pseudomallei is described. Clinically there was inability to stand, opisthotonus, facial paralysis and nystagmus, rapidly progressing to violent struggling.Gross examination revealed malacia and haemorrhage in the medulla oblongata and adjacent spinal cord. Microscopically there were disseminated focal neutrophilic accumulations in affected areas, perivascular cuffing with mononuclear cells and lymphocytes and marked oedema. Intracellular bacteria were identified in sections stained by the Giemsa method.
EFFECT OF CALVING SUPERVISION UPON THE CALVING PERFORMANCE OF HEREFORD HEIFERS
Authors: Hodge P. B. , Wood S. J. , Newman R. D. , Shepherd R. K. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY The calving performance of 268 two‐year‐old Hereford heifers was studied in 2 commercial herds and at a research station to compare supervision and non‐supervision during calving. Supervision in the 3 herds involved twice‐daily paddock inspections of calving heifers using a vehicle and the provision of obstetrical aid to those in difficulty. The unsupervised controls were inspected once weekly and were not assisted.The supervised heifers experienced a higher incidence of live‐natural births and fewer dead calves compared with the unsupervised heifers. Dam survival rates were significantly (p < 0.05) increased in all supervised treatments. Calving supervision was justified by higher survival of both heifers and calves as well as humane considerations. It was endorsed as a worthwhile management practice in commercial herds with significant levels of dystocia in calving heifers.
A RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE FOR PELVIMETRY OF UNANAESTHESTISED EWES AND A COMPARISON OF THREE METHODS OF ESTIMATING THE AREA OF THE PELVIC INLET
Authors: HAUGHEY K. G. , GRAY C. H. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY A radiographic procedure is described which enables reliable estimation of the area of the pelvic inlet of up to 150 ewes per seven‐hour day by combining use of a specialized radiographic table, immobilisation of the subject with a blindfold and 2 restraining belts, and a mobile condenser‐discharge x‐ray generator powered by a domestic electrical supply or a portable generator. Six pelvic dimensions, the distances between the medial ischiatic tuberosities, the lateral ischiatic tuberosities, the length of the pubic symphysis, the acetabular, transverse and conjugate diameters and the area of the pelvic inlet computed as the product of the transverse and conjugate diameters (pelvic axes), were estimated by three methods which allowed for magnification resulting from the dimensions of interest lying at varying heights above the film. The estimates were compared by linear regression analysis with their respective values obtained directly from the pelves dissected after slaughter, method A. Method B was isometric, using a perspex vaginal isometer with radiopaque calibrations. Methods C and D applied the theorem of similar triangles. Method C assumed that the dimensions of interest lay in a horizontal plane halfway through the dorso‐ventral or lateral thickness of the subject when thickness was measured on a level with the femoral greater trochanters. Method D assumed that the dimensions of interest lay in the same horizontal plane as the height of the subject's anus above the table top when measured in sternal or lateral recumbency. The test subjects were groups of aged, non‐pregnant Dorset Horn or Merino ewes.Method B estimated the pelvic axes unreliably in both breeds. Method D, although almost as reliable as method C in Dorset Horn ewes, was not used in merinos because it was cumbersome. Method C was preferred because the estimates were highly correlated with the exact values for both breeds and it was the easiest to apply since measuring body thickness was essential for calculating exposures. Using method C, R values in Dorset Horns for the transverse and conjugate diameters, and the area of the pelvic inlet, were 0.96, 0.78 and 0.81 respectively. For Merinos the corresponding values were 0.88, 0.80 and 0.84 respectively. As method C over‐estimated the area of the pelvic inlet, a prediction equation was derived to minimise this tendency, resulting in revised estimates, accurate within 2.7% and 3.9% respectively, of the values obtained at the autopsy of the merino and Dorset Horn test subjects. All methods were unsatisfactory for estimating dimensions other than the transverse and conjugate diameters, and the area of the pelvic inlet. The procedure recommended has been used in several breeding flocks to determine the role of mature maternal pelvic size in feto‐pelvic disproportion, birth injury to the fetal central nervous system and repeated maternal rearing failure.
Experimental colibacillosis in gnotobiotic piglets exposed to 3 enterotoxigenic serotypes
Authors: TZIPORI S. , CHANDLER D. , SMITH M. , MAKIN T. , HALPIN C. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Three strains of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) (064:KSNT, K88ac; 020:KSNT, K88ac and 08:K85ab, K99) originally cultured from outbreaks of diarrhoea in piglets a few hours old, were administered orally to gnotobiotic piglets. There was a marked age‐related difference in the clinical response to infection between the 3 strains although they all produced heat‐stable toxin. All 3 strains produced severe clinical signs of depression, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhoea, followed by dehydration and death in one‐day‐old piglets. In piglets infected at 3 days of age the two K88+ ETEC caused diarrhoea and death but the K99+ ETEC induced moderate diarrhoea only. In piglets infected at 7 days of age, the 064 strain produced severe diarrhoea and death, the 020 strain caused mild diarrhoea in 3 of 6 piglets with one death while the 08 strain caused no illness.Pathological changes in the intestinal tract associated with these infections were minimal, or absent. Immunofluorescent staining with homologous hyperimmune sera demonstrated adherence of the 3 ETEC strains to the brush border of small intestinal epithelial cells. Fluorescing organisms were observed in all infected piglets irrespective of the severity of clinical signs but the degree and extent of colonisation varied with the age of the piglets and the infecting strain. This may explain the difference in clinical response between the 3 strains.
The role of the differential complement fixation test, using rough and smooth brucella antigens, in the anamnestic test
Authors: ALTON G. G. , CORNER L. A. , PLACKETT P. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY To assess the ability of the differential complement fixation test to distinguish vaccinal reactors from infected cattle, approximately 1,000 heifers were tested by the complement fixation test (CFT) using rough and smooth brucella antigens, before the injection of 45/20 vaccine and at 3 and 6 or 10 weeks after vaccination. Before vaccination 91.5% of heifers were negative to the rough antigen but 0.6% were positive with high titre (128). By 10 weeks after injection of 45/20 vaccine 97.6% of heifers were positive to the rough CF antigen, at 8, a majority reaching 128.Nineteen pre‐vaccinal reactors to the standard CFT were killed and Brucella abortus was isolated from the tissues of 14. Twenty‐six post‐vaccinal reactors were killed and B. abortus was isolated from the tissues of 8. In the 22 B. abortus infected animals the differential CFT classified 9 correctly as infected, 5 incorrectly as vaccination reactions and 8 as inconclusive. The differential CF was ineffective in distinguishing titres resulting from vaccination with 45/20 vaccine from those due to infection.
Effect of colostrum deprivation of goat kids on the natural transmission of caprine retrovirus infection
Authors: ELLIS T. , ROBINSON W. , WILCOX G. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY An investigation was conducted to determine if depriving goat kids of colostrum and rearing them away from the herd would prevent transmission of caprine retrovirus infection. Twenty‐four newborn goat kids were deprived of colostrum and reared on cow's milk away from their dams from an endemically infected goat herd. Twenty‐three colostrum‐deprived kids had no evidence of retrovirus infection at birth. One kid had sucked briefly and obained some colostrum resulting in passive transfer of antibody but it did not develop evidence of infection. Nineteen showed no serological evidence of infection over the 370 days of the study. One colostrum‐deprived, segregated goat was subsequently found to be infected and developed arthritis‐synovitis. Three had doubtful positive response in one or 2 serological tests during the period but no evidence of infection in leucocyte co‐cultures.Cells centrifuged from colostrum of infected goats were co‐cultivated with foetal goat synovial membrane cultures. Caprine retrovirus was isolated from cells in the colostrum from the 3 goats examined.
Differentiation of meat according to species by the electrophoretic separation of muscle lactate dehydrogenase and esterase isoenzymes and isoelectric focusing of soluble muscle proteins
Authors: SLATTERY W. J. , SINCLAIR A. J. 
Published: March 2008

Species identification of fresh meat can be readily achieved by serological techniques with the limitation that closely related species, such as sheep/goat, cattle/buffalo and horse/donkey, cannot be differentiated.We have examined electrophoretic techniques with particular reference to the identification of meat from closely related species. The results showed that beef and buffalo meat and meat from red and grey kangaroos could be clearly distinguished by isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gel or agarose in the pH range 5.5 to 8.5. Sheep and goat meat, and horse and donkey meat could not be differentiated by this technique, but were clearly distinguished from each other by their esterase isoenzyme profiles obtained after electrophoretic separation on cellulosic membrane strips. Results from this latter technique were available in one hour.We believe that species identification of fresh meat should involve an initial screening test by serological techniques followed by confirmation of the identity of suspect samples by electrophoretic techniques.
The effect of route of infection and strain of virus on the pathology of Australian infectious bronchitis
Authors: RATANASETHAKUL C. , CUMMING R. B. 
Published: March 2008

The pathogenesis of infectious bronchitis in 4‐week‐old chickens was studied following administration of Australian T strain of IBV by the aerosol, conjunctival, intranasal, in‐contact and drinking water routes.Infected birds showed similar patterns of clinical signs, gross and histopathological lesions. While the birds infected by the aerosol route had earlier and slightly more severe respiratory tract disease it was concluded that the pathogenesis of infectious bronchitis virus nephritis was not significantly influenced by the route used to infect the birds.In a second experiment, pathological changes produced in chickens infected with Australian S, A, A3 and T strains of IBV were compared in 18‐day‐old chickens infected by the aerosol route and housed in cold and warm environments. All 4 strains produced respiratory reactions and kidney lesions, and these changes were more severe and of longer duration in both respiratory tract and kidneys in the birds housed in a cold environment than those receiving supplementary heat.The viruses differed in their virulence for the trachea and kidney and the effect of a virus on the respiratory trace was independent of the effect of that virus on the kidney.
Clinical features therapy and epidemiology of tiger snake bite in dogs and cats
Authors: BARR S. C. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Snake bite was diagnosed in 125 dogs and 115 cats over 10 years. Young sporting dogs and young cats were mainly affected. More dogs (48%) were seen in contact with tiger snakes than cats (7%). One hundred and four (84%) dogs and 89 (76%) cats were bitten in the warmer months of the year (October to March). As the incidence rose in September /October, dogs were bitten on days when the temperature was near 20°C or over.The commonest presenting signs were dilated pupils and absences of pupillary light reflex. Dyspnoea, hypothermia, hindleg ataxia and glycosuria were common features in cats. Vomiting, tachypnoea, hyperthermia and complete flaccid paralysis were often seen In dogs. The overall recovery rate after administering antivenene was 90% for cats and 83% for dogs. Death from anaphylaxis as a result of giving antivenene occurred in 3 cats and one dog. Dogs treated soon after being bitten recovered more rapidly. There was no correlation between the bite‐to‐treatment period and the treatment‐to‐recovery period for cats.
The iodine status of grazing sheep as monitored by concentrations of iodine in milk
Authors: AZUOLAS J. K. , CAPLE I. W. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY The iodine nutrition of grazing ewes was assessed from milk iodine concentrations. In 54 flocks sampled throughout Victoria, the mean milk iodine concentrations in ewes ranged from 79 to 1831 μg/1. In 2 flocks where newborn lambs had goitre the concentrations in ewes ranged from 45 to 98 μg/1.A marked seasonal variation was apparent when ewes in a flock were sampled at monthly intervals over 2 years. Milk iodine concentrations were highest at the end of summer, and were lowest in spring.In grazing ewes the milk iodine concentrations remained relatively constant throughout the day. In ewes given single oral doses of up to 2 mg iodine, milk iodine concentrations increased to maximum within 5 h, the increment being related to the dose administered, and decreased to pretreatment concentrations within 24 h. Milk iodine concentrations in ewes given 1 ml iodised oil intramuscularly remained significantly higher than untreated ewes in the same flock for 16 months after treatment. The effectiveness of the single injection was still apparent after 2 consecutive pregnancies in the ewes.
The effect of polyethylene intramammary devices on the somatic cell count and milk production of dairy cows
Authors: STEPHENS L. R. , BROWNING J. W. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Polyethylene intramammary devices (IMO) were inserted into all 4 quarters of 15 multiparous dairy cows. Fifteen cows, matched for parity and production, were controls.The insertion of IMD's was easily achieved and produced no adverse effects. Throughout the 150‐day test period, the mean somatic cell count of cows with IMD's in situ was 216,000 cells per ml, compared with 119,000 cells per ml in controls (P<0.01). Total production of milk, butterfat and protein was not significantly different between the 2 groups. The new infection rate was too low to allow assessment of the value of the IMD for mastitis prevention.
Experimentally induced severe canine parvoviral enteritis
Authors: O'SULLIVAN G. , DURHAM P. J. K. , SMITH J. R. , CAMPBELL R. S. F. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYSevere enteritis was produced in recently weaned, 8‐week old pups 3 to 9 days after being given parvovirus by mouth. The most severe manifestations of disease were observed 7 days after infection, when one pup died. Viraemia was detected on days 4 and 5 and a severe leucopenia was present 6 to 8 days after infection. Antibody was demonstrated in serum 4 days after infection, high titres being present 3 days later.Sequential pathological studies revealed necrosis of Peyer's patches on day 3. Between days 5 and 7 typical lesions of the disease became widespread with necrosis of tonsil and thymus being prominent. By the fifth day after infection viral inclusion bodies were numerous. Virus isolation from tissues was greatest at this stage and had diminished by the seventh day. Although tissue repair was well advanced by the tenth day thymic necrosis remained prominent and villous atrophy was still present on day 13. Based on these findings a possible pathogenesis is discussed.