bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Producing the City: Bird's-Eye Views of Habsburg Spain
Authors: Camino Mercedes 
Published: April 2007

Though often produced with a propagandist aim, many an early modern bird's-eye view can be seen as a contradictory cultural product. For example, the Spanish views commissioned by the Habsburg rulers did not contribute to buttressing the system they were meant to dignify. Instead, the views of Anton van den Wyngaerde in the 1560s and those reproduced in the Civitates orbis terrarum (1578-1612) both reflect and construct a sense of local pride in the context of a totalitarian state aspiring to uniformity and social control. The vindication of fragmentation against the state's notion of unity is only one of the paradoxes embedded in the production of bird's-eye views. The fact that the views highlight royal palaces, the houses of the nobility, and church buildings does not disguise the fact that there is no all-embracing concept of urban planning that would render those cities ideal in the eye of the beholder. Moreover, the different angles of vision and the presence of the draftsmen also convey an idea of hegemony that highlights the individual subject, undermining the notion of that subject's subordination. This is further corroborated by the shifting position of the viewer, who can occupy the position of the artist and who, as an urban dweller, is also the object of study, that is to say, the sight.
Preliminary Checklist of Pre-Twentieth-Century Women in Cartography
Authors: Hudson Alice , Ritzlin Mary 
Published: April 2007

This article serves as an introduction to a checklist of the names of nearly 300 women involved with maps and map-making up to the year 1900. It outlines the categories considered, the sources the authors consulted in compiling the checklist, and some of the problems encountered. Many aspects of women's work with maps are considered, including women engaged in the printing and allied trades, women travellers and explorers whose books contained maps, authors of atlases and of geographies and histories containing maps, and others. The authors regard the checklist as a work in progress, and they invite comments, corrections and suggestions from readers. The purpose of the checklist is to provide a handy reference for those interested in cartographic history or in women's history.
Automatic Processes in Database Building and Subsequent Automatic Abstractions
Authors: Richardson D. 
Published: April 2007

One of the difficulties in building an effective system for spatial and attribute generalization is the predominance of the conventionally based generalization paradigm. This is exemplified by numerous attempts at reproducing rules derived from manual environments and re-building them in a GIS or CIS. What is often lacking is an understanding of what generalization achieves in its various forms. There is no doubt that the representation issue in generalization is of critical importance, since it is through the representation that we communicate visually. However, with access to databases and high-level programming tools, the quality, consistency, and reliability of the information warrants far greater emphasis than has been given in the past. Re-addressing generalization from a database perspective shifts the focus in model development from cartographic representation issues to geographic information. However, doing so places demands on operational mapping organizations for database building, data classification, and subsequent feature coding. Recently, techniques have been developed to automatically classify, code, and build databases. Since the impediment to generalization has rested partially in establishing a logical database, the approach discussed in this chapter is to identify techniques that allow users to create the database automatically, without having to code the features interactively. Three different data sets being used for experimentation include hydrography, transportation networks, and land-cover. The models differ somewhat, given the nature of the object categories. Hydrographic and transportation-network features can be classified and coded using a rule base and graph theory, while land cover can be handled using classification and aggregation hierarchies. The objective of this research is to load unclassified categories of features, derive a series of classifications automatically, build a database automatically, and subsequently generalize the data using the derived database to any smaller scale of representation. The objective of this chapter is to present the methodologies required to achieve the research goals and to illustrate the results.
Mapping the Wilderness: Toponymic Constructions of Cradle Mountain/Lake St Clair National Park, Tasmania, Australia
Authors: Melville Angela 
Published: April 2007

This article traces the history of naming Cradle Mountain/Lake St. Clair (CM/LSC) National Park, in central western Tasmania, Australia, and, in doing so, will argue that toponyms constitute, rather than merely reflect, the landscape. The first official toponyms of the area were chosen by surveyors who visited the region in the early nineteenth century. These toponyms provide an insight into the European colonization of white settler nations, including the colonists’ desire to draw allegories between the newly discovered landscape and their European homeland. The surveyors were followed by local snarers, trappers, and farmers, and later by bushwalkers, and, through the toponyms given to CM/LSC, it is possible to consider the ways in which each of these groups has used this landscape.The article also examines other ways of knowing the landscape that are not necessarily reflected in the official toponyms. The construction of landscape through social practices such as naming is embedded within relationships of power, and this article will examine some of the ways in which the official toponyms may be contested. In particular, it will examine the differences between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ways of naming, and thus knowing, landscapes.
The Sausage of Local Convex Hulls of a Curve and the Douglas-Peucker Algorithm
Authors: Normant François , Van De Walle Axel 
Published: April 2007

We investigate the problem of the simplification of a curve from a geometrical and fractal viewpoint. We consider that the best methods are those that keep an estimated value of the fractal dimension constant, before and after simplification, and that consider local details during processing.We propose here both a simplification method and a simplification criterion, based on a new algorithm for computing the fractal dimension introduced by Tricot (1994). We cover the curve with overlapping convex sets of constant breadth (the ϵ-sausage of convex structuring elements) and retain the points of the original curve that lie on the boundary of this covering set. This algorithm is both accurate and universal, and does not imply the need to make any arbitrary hypotheses regarding the structure of the curve.We will show experimentally that the well-known Douglas-Peucker method shares some very interesting geometrical properties with this algorithm and thus has the ability to preserve the fractal dimension when evaluated with a lower cutoff equal to the threshold distance.
An Interactive Approach to Analytical Relief Shading
Authors: JENNY BERNHARD 
Published: April 2007

The software currently available for analytical relief shading does not generally permit local adaptations of the light direction, the simulation of aerial perspective, and other necessary techniques developed for manual relief shading. To remedy this deficiency, a program for computer-assisted relief shading has been developed that allows users to locally adapt shading characteristics, permitting seamless interactive control over the entire process. The grey values of the image are determined by a combination of aspect-based shading for steep regions, diffuse reflection for lowlands, and a bright grey tone for flat areas. Furthermore, an algorithm for the simulation of aerial perspective is presented. Tests with the program have shown that, with minimal investment of time, the quality of analytically produced shaded relief can be improved significantly. Using the proposed techniques and software presented herein, experienced cartographers can transfer their manual relief-shading knowledge and experience to the digital realm. L'estompage est un moyen de visualisation du relief en cartographie qui peut ªtre produit de manire traditionnelle (dessin manuel) ou par des calculs informatiques. Les logiciels d'estompage existants actuellement ne permettent pas d'adaptations locales de direction de la lumire. La simulation de perspective arienne ou des modifications manuelles y sont galement impossibles. Pour combler ces lacunes, un programme d'estompage assist par ordinateur t dvelopp. Il permet l'utilisateur d'adapter localement les estompages gr¢ce un contr´le interactif de l'intgralit du processus. Les valeurs de gris du relief y sont dfinies partir d'une combinaison de deux mthodes : l'estompage des pentes raides est calcul partir de l'orientation du relief, et l'estompage des surfaces plus planes est calcul partir de la rflexion diffuse de la lumire. Par ailleurs, un nouvel algorithme pour la simulation d'effets de perspective arienne t utilis afin d'amliorer ces estompages. Contrairement d'autres programmes du mªme type, il s'est avr que les cartographes ayant une solide exprience manuelle des techniques d'estompage, peuvent ici facilement transfrer leurs connaissances au monde digital.
The Social and Political Context of Disease Outbreaks: The Case of SARS in Toronto
Authors: Salehi Roxana , Ali S. Harris 
Published: April 2007

Dans cette étude, nous avons utilisé un cadre théorique relevant de l'écologie politique afin de construire un modèle critique et systémique pour expliquer comment il est possible de gérer une maladie infectieuse émergente, comme le SRAS, dans notre univers mondialisé. Nous espérons qu'un tel modèle contribuera à la mise en place de politiques de gestion des risques plus réalistes. Nous commençons par établir et analyser les interactions qui, dans l'environnement social et humain, ont facilité l'apparition de l'épidémie de SRAS dans un contexte local, celui de Toronto. Ensuite, nous montrons que cette épidémie a mis en lumière les insuffisances profondément ancrées du système actuel de gestion mondiale de la santé. Nous mettons l'accent sur le fait que, en cette ère de mondialisation, il est imprudent de trop concentrer efforts sur le plan local. L'analyse des épidémies doit plutôt se faire dans une perspective mondiale, et doit tenir compte du fait que les liens entre les pays développés et les pays en développement relèvent de l'écologie politique.We adopt a political ecology framework to delineate a critical and systemic model that explains how an emerging infectious disease (EID), such as SARS, is dealt with in our globalized world. It is our hope that such a model will contribute to the development of more realistic risk-management policies. First, we focus on identifying and analyzing particular social and human-environment interactions that facilitated the spread of SARS within a local Toronto context. Second, we describe how the SARS outbreak brought to light the deeply rooted inadequacies involved in the current system of global health governance. We stress that in our globalized world it is unwise to focus too narrowly on the local context. The analysis of disease outbreaks must adopt a global perspective that considers the political ecological nature of the relationships between the developed and developing world.
Algebraic Models for Feature Displacement in the Generalization of Digital Map Data Using Morphological Techniques
Authors: LI ZHILIN , SU BO 
Published: April 2007

Feature displacement is one of the many operations (or operators) in map-data generalization. It has become a priority item on the research agenda. This paper describes some algebraic models (or mathematical models) for this operation. These models are based on the operators developed in mathematical morphology, which is a science dealing with form, shape, and structure of objects. Feature displacements can be classified into two groups, i.e., feature translation and feature modification. For the first type, a set of structuring elements (key elements in morphological operators) are developed. Using this set of structuring elements, the two basic morphological operators, i.e., dilation and erosion, can be used for translating features in any of the eight directions, freely. Translation of features in other directions can be achieved by a combination of these eight directions. For the second type of feature displacement, a number of models have been developed to suit different cases, i.e., an area feature and a linear feature, two linear features, etc. These models have also been tested using various examples. The results show that these techniques are very promising.
Semantics of Parallel Object Hierarchies in a Multi-Scale Environmental Decision-Support System for Watershed Management
Authors: Bishr Yaser , Molenaar M. , Radwan M. 
Published: April 2007

Multi-scale representations in GIS traditionally refer to the spatial resolution of geographic objects. That approach stems from the fact that GIS is often used as a mapping tool, with emphasis on the graphical representation of objects. Currently, GIS is not only a mapping tool but also a component that plays an important role in Spatial Decision-Support Systems (SDSSS). Environmental decision making (EDM) in general and watershed management in particular are applications that can benefit from SDSS. These applications may involve agencies of several kinds (e. g., economic, environmental, social) and several levels of decision-making authority (e.g., local, regional, and national). In this context, there is a need for terrain object representations that can he used by various agencies, and at different levels. Inter-agency representations are analogous to the differing semantic descriptions of real-world entitics that appear in various databases, necessitated by different applications. Multi-level representations are analogous to the various levels of abstraction of a real-world entity used within one project. Each agency and/or level of decision making encountered in watershed management may have its own SDSS. A high level of communication between them is required to allow seamless sharing of data and knowledge. In this chapter, we show that services must he shared on the semantic level, rather than the syntactic level, to achieve that objective. An example of three parallel object hierarchies required for watershed management (WSM) will he demonstrated. The concept presented will provide an extension of GIS theory, and will formalize the link between semantically dissimilar hierarchies.
CONSENSUS OR CONFUSION: CARTOGRAPHERS' KNOWLEDGE OF GENERALIZATION
Authors: RIEGER MONIKA K , COULSON MICHAEL R C 
Published: April 2007

Cartographers' knowledge of cartographic generalization must be captured and compared in order to understand the process and to make this knowledge available for use in cartographic expert systems. The interactive knowledge elicitation program, KSSO, was used to elicit this knowledge from 23 cartographers. The elicitations provided insights into each subject's understanding of generalization, and a comparison of the responses of a subgroup of these subjects revealed areas of agreement and disagreement in the concepts these cartographers held regarding generalization and its procedures. There is a lack of standardization among the entire group with regards to their definitions of generalization procedures. As well, there are major areas of disagreement and little agreement among the conceptual systems of a subgroup of these experts with regards to six common generalization procedures. This lack of consensus about generalization can be a serious impediment to the successful implementation of knowledge-based systems for automated generalization. Further research is necessary into how cartographers understand generalization, and the terminology of generalization should be standardized and the concepts underlying generalization need to be clarified by the cartographic community.
Cartographic Characteristics of Current Christian Pilgrimage Maps of The Holy Land
Authors: Collins-Kreiner Noga 
Published: April 2007

This article investigates some aspects of the cartography of current Christian pilgrimage maps of the Holy Land, using the research method of cartographic content analysis. It was found that uniform characteristics occur in the cartographic representations of Christian pilgrimage to the Holy Land. The maps are designed to convey a Christian-religious message, are politically and religiously biased, and lead to misinformation and misinterpretation. Another conclusion is that a complex continuum can be derived in which the features that characterize the maps — secularism and tourism as opposed to devoutness, holiness and pilgrimage — can be rated. This is important because it allows us to classify and to analyze the maps for practical purposes on the basis of their position on the continuum. Pilgrimage maps were found to have a special cartographic status because of their subjective nature and their attempt to combine a contemporary reality with a tradition of maps of the ancient Holy Land. After the recognition of the biases in the maps, they should be examined for their practical implications: the influence of the different messages on Israel's ability to attract various groups of pilgrims.
Maori Maps
Authors: Kelly Jan 
Published: April 2007

This paper examines the making of maps by Maori, the indigenous people of New Zealand. Four maps made at the point of contact with Europeans are examined cartographically for their symbolism, selection of elements, and use of text, and historically for the circumstances in which each was made. The maps show an instinctive facility with mapmaking and reveal elements that differ from European maps being made at the same time. They appear also to be sketches made to accompany more detailed oral maps. The oral sayings are then examined for evidence of a tradition of mapmaking that had no, or only transitory, material form. The discussion demonstrates that Maori had an acute geographical and navigational facility and were able to relate their own sense of being, expressed in cosmology, genealogy, history, and lived experience, in the oral map that is laid on the landscape. They were able also to readily communicate the map to an incoming culture that possessed a different language, history, and perception, and had different needs. While there are apparently no 'Maori maps' in the material historical record that predate European arrival, it is felt that the maps made at the point of contact reflect a long tradition of mapmaking.
Adaptive control for synchronization of time‐delayed complex networks with multi‐weights based on semi‐linear hyperbolic PDEs
Authors: Yang Chengyan , Qiu Jianlong 
Published: March 2024

SummaryThis paper studies the adaptive synchronization of complex spatio‐temporal networks modeled by semi‐linear hyperbolic partial differential equations (CSTNSLHPDEs) as well as considering time‐invariant and time‐varying delays in a one‐dimensional space. Firstly, a distributed adaptive controller is proposed, where different nodes are with different adaptive gains. Secondly, four cases, CSTNSLHPDEs with time‐invariant delays and one single weight, with time‐invariant delays and multi‐weights, with time‐varying delays and one single weight, and with time‐varying delays and multi‐weights, are successively analyzed, and synchronization conditions of these four cases are obtained by using the proposed distributed adaptive controller. In the end, examples illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed distributed adaptive controller.
Controlling Unintentional Defects Enables High‐Efficient Antimony Selenide Solar Cells
Authors: Mo Anming , Feng Yang , Yang Bingxin , Dang Wei , Liang Xiaoyang , Cao Wenjie , Guo Yingnan , Chen Tao , Li Zhiqiang 
Published: March 2024

AbstractDeep‐level defects in semiconductor materials usually induce carrier trapping and non‐radiative recombination. However, defects caused by unintentional contaminants in antimony selenide (Sb2Se3) solar cells have rarely been reported. Herein, the correlation between defect properties and unintentional impurities in the Sb2Se3 absorber is investigated, which is prepared by injection vapor deposition with Sb2Se3 source purities ranging from 99.9% to 99.9999%. The analysis of deep‐level transient spectra reveals that an increase in impurity concentration does not result in new defect types. Nevertheless, the higher impurity level causes an increase in both the defect density and the capture cross section of the original defect. To address this challenge, defect engineering is developed to regulate the growth of the Sb2Se3 absorber. This strategy completely suppresses deepest defect states E3, a mixture of intrinsic defect (SbSe) and impurity Si related defect. As a result, the carrier lifetime increases significantly from 0.37 to 3.4 ps. This enables to fabricate Sb2Se3 solar cells with a power conversion efficiency of 10.41%. This work uncovers the characteristics of unintentional contaminant‐related defects, and provides a strategy for fabricating highly efficient Sb2Se3 solar cells with low‐purity source materials.
Anti‐Swelling Gel Wearable Sensor Based on Solvent Exchange Strategy for Underwater Communication
Authors: Jiang Xinyu , Zhou Xun , Ding Kexin , Li Xusheng , Huang Bin , Xu Wenlong 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThe application of gel wearable sensors in aquatic environments is very promising, however, the preparation of underwater gel sensors with excellent anti‐swelling properties and sensing performance remains a great challenge. In this paper, a solvent exchange strategy is proposed to fabricate an anti‐swelling gel, in which the hydrophobic segments are induced to gather and microphase separation occurs inside the gel. The prepared gel possesses excellent anti‐swelling performance (swelling ratio of 4.79%), good mechanical properties (tensile strain of 712%), high sensitivity (GF = 1.07), and high linearity (R2 = 0.998, 0 to 70% strain range). Moreover, it can achieve high stability (more than 90 days) and fatigue resistance (1000 cycles at 50% strain) as an underwater sensor. Therefore, the designed underwater gel strain sensors can be utilized for monitoring human motion information, underwater distress and smart alarms, revealing the great potential application in the field of underwater strain sensors.