bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lymphocyte Activation Gene-3 Fusion Protein Increases the Potency of a Granulocyte Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor–Secreting Tumor Cell Immunotherapy
Authors: Li Betty , VanRoey Melinda , Triebel Frederic , Jooss Karin 
Published: June 2008

AbstractPurpose: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-secreting tumor cell immunotherapy, which is known to stimulate a potent and long-lasting antigen-specific immune response in combination with lymphocyte activation gene-3 fusion protein (LAG-3Ig), which has been shown to act as an adjuvant for priming T helper type 1 and cytotoxic T-cell responses.Experimental Design: Survival and immune monitoring studies were done in the B16 melanoma model. GM-CSF–secreting tumor cell immunotherapy was administered as a single s.c. injection and LAG-3Ig was administered s.c. at the immunotherapy site.Results: The studies reported here show that combining LAG-3Ig with GM-CSF–secreting tumor cell immunotherapy prolonged the survival of tumor-bearing animals compared with animals treated with either therapy alone. Prolonged survival correlated with increased numbers of systemic IFNγ-secreting CD8+ T cells and a significantly increased infiltration of activated effector CD8+ T cells into the tumor. Moreover, an increase in antigen-specific IgG1 humoral responses was detected in serum of animals injected with the combination therapy compared with animals injected with either therapy alone.Conclusion: LAG-3Ig combined with a GM-CSF–secreting tumor cell immunotherapy stimulated both cellular and humoral antitumor immune responses that correlated with prolonged survival in tumor-bearing animals.
Intertumor and Intratumor NY-ESO-1 Expression Heterogeneity Is Associated with Promoter-Specific and Global DNA Methylation Status in Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Woloszynska-Read Anna , Mhawech-Fauceglia Paulette , Yu Jihnhee , Odunsi Kunle , Karpf Adam R. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Purpose: The cancer/germline antigen NY-ESO-1 is variably expressed in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), with most tumors showing low or heterogeneous expression, which limits patient responses to NY-ESO-1 vaccine therapy. We tested the hypothesis that promoter and global genomic DNA methylation status correlates with intertumor and intratumor NY-ESO-1 expression status in EOC.
Experimental Design: We utilized 78 EOC tumors and 10 normal ovary controls for quantitative DNA methylation analyses and NY-ESO-1 expression analysis by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR. A subset of EOC tumors were used to perform microdissections of NY-ESO-1 IHC-positive and NY-ESO-1 IHC-negative tissue regions, followed by DNA methylation analyses. EOC cell lines were treated in vitro with decitabine to determine the functional contribution of DNA methylation to NY-ESO-1 gene regulation in EOC.
Results: Compared with normal ovary, bulk EOC tissues display increased NY-ESO-1 expression, reduced NY-ESO-1 promoter methylation, and reduced LINE-1 DNA methylation. However, NY-ESO-1 expression is not significantly associated with NY-ESO-1 promoter methylation status in bulk tumors. We hypothesized that this resulted from heterogeneous intratumor NY-ESO-1 expression. Supporting this idea, experiments using microdissected material revealed that intertumor and intratumor NY-ESO-1 expression heterogeneity is significantly correlated with promoter and global DNA methylation status in EOC. Moreover, decitabine treatment functionally restored NY-ESO-1 expression in nonexpressing EOC cell lines.
Conclusion: DNA methylation status is associated with both intertumor and intratumor NY-ESO-1 expression status in EOC. These findings support a novel chemoimmunotherapy approach using decitabine to augment NY-ESO-1 vaccine therapy for treatment of recurrent EOC.
The Intonation of Gapping and Coordination in Japanese: Evidence for Intonational Phrase and Utterance
Authors: Kawahara Shigeto , Shinya Takahito 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
In previous studies of Japanese intonational phonology, levels of prosodic constituents above the Major Phrase have not received much attention. This paper argues that at least two prosodic levels exist above the Major Phrase in Japanese. Through a detailed investigation of the intonation of gapping and coordination in Japanese, we argue that each syntactic clause projects its own Intonational Phrase, while an entire sentence constitutes one Utterance. We show that the Intonational Phrase is characterized by tonal lowering, creakiness and a pause in final position, as well as a distinctive large initial rise and pitch reset at its beginning. The Utterance defines a domain of declination, and it is signaled by an even larger initial rise, as well as a phrasal H tone at its right edge. Building on our empirical findings, we discuss several implications for the theory of intonational phonology.
Identification of Phonemes: Differences between Phoneme Classes and the Effect of Class Size
Authors: Wagner Anita , Ernestus Mirjam 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
This study reports general and language-specific patterns in phoneme identification. In a series of phoneme monitoring experiments, Castilian Spanish, Catalan, Dutch, English, and Polish listeners identified vowel, fricative, and stop consonant targets that are phonemic in all these languages, embedded in nonsense words. Fricatives were generally identified more slowly than vowels, while the speed of identification for stop consonants was highly dependent on the onset of the measurements. Moreover, listeners’ response latencies and accuracy in detecting a phoneme correlated with the number of categories within that phoneme’s class in the listener’s native phoneme repertoire: more native categories slowed listeners down and decreased their accuracy. We excluded the possibility that this effect stems from differences in the frequencies of occurrence of the phonemes in the different languages. Rather, the effect of the number of categories can be explained by general properties of the perception system, which cause language-specific patterns in speech processing.
Fast Lidar and Radar Multiple-Scattering Models. Part II: Wide-Angle Scattering Using the Time-Dependent Two-Stream Approximation
Authors: Hogan Robin J. , Battaglia Alessandro 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Spaceborne lidar returns from liquid water clouds contain significant contributions from photons that have experienced many wide-angle multiple-scattering events, resulting in returns appearing to originate from far beyond the end of the cloud. A similar effect occurs for spaceborne millimeter-wave radar observations of deep convective clouds. An efficient method is described for calculating the time-dependent returns from such a medium by splitting the photons into those that have taken a near-direct path out to and back from a single backscattering event (in the case of lidar, accounting for small-angle forward scatterings on the way, as described in Part I of this paper) and those that have experienced wide-angle multiple-scattering events. This paper describes the modeling of the latter using the time-dependent two-stream approximation, which reduces the problem to solving a pair of coupled partial differential equations for the energy of the photons traveling toward and away from the instrument. To determine what fraction of this energy is detected by the receiver, the lateral variance of photon position is modeled by the Ornstein–Fürth formula, in which both the ballistic and diffusive limits of photon behavior are treated; this is considerably more accurate than simple diffusion theory. By assuming that the lateral distribution can be described by a Gaussian, the fraction of photons within the receiver field of view may be calculated. The method performs well in comparison to Monte Carlo calculations (for both radar and lidar) but is much more efficient. This opens the way for multiple scattering to be accounted for in radar and lidar retrieval schemes.
Contribution of Atmospheric Circulation to Inception of the Laurentide Ice Sheet at 116 kyr BP*
Authors: Otieno Francis O. , Bromwich David H. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
The role of atmospheric circulations, yielding extremely cold summer and wet winter seasons, in the development of perennial snow cover over the inception region of the Laurentide Ice Sheet is investigated using the Community Land Model, version 3 (CLM3) with bias-corrected 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) idealized atmospheric forcing. Potential contribution of changes in frequency of these extremes under contemporary and Eemian (116 kyr BP) conditions is also examined by adjusting the atmospheric forcing.
The results confirm that colder atmospheric temperatures during the melt season are more important than extreme amounts of winter snowfall. Increases in frequency of extremely cold and persistent summer air temperatures in the contemporary climate do not produce perennial snow. An additional cooling of 4°C together with adjustments for Eemian incident radiation is required for perennial snow to start growing around Hudson Bay. Deeper snow is found over the Labrador–Ungava area, close to the North Atlantic Ocean moisture sources, compared to the Keewatin area. These areas are in agreement with the locations of the Laurentide Ice Sheet domes found from free gravity analysis.
Starting from the warm present-day atmosphere a 25% decrease in summer insolation is required for CLM3 to develop perennial snow. This suggests that cooling resulting from modest decreases in local insolation in response to Milankovitch radiation forcing was insufficient for inception at 116 kyr BP. Remote cooling or local feedbacks that amplify the impact of the modest insolation reductions are required. A large-scale atmospheric cooling appears to have played a decisive role in inception.
Statistical Analyses of Satellite Cloud Object Data from CERES. Part V: Relationships between Physical Properties of Marine Boundary Layer Clouds
Authors: Eitzen Zachary A. , Xu Kuan-Man , Wong Takmeng 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Relationships between physical properties are studied for three types of marine boundary layer cloud objects identified with the Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) footprint data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission satellite between 30°S and 30°N. Each cloud object is a contiguous region of CERES footprints that have cloud-top heights below 3 km, and cloud fractions of 99%–100% (overcast type), 40%–99% (stratocumulus type), or 10%–40% (shallow cumulus type). These cloud fractions represent the fraction of ∼2 km × 2 km Visible/Infrared Scanner pixels that are cloudy within each ∼10 km × 10 km footprint. The cloud objects have effective diameters that are greater than 300 km for the overcast and stratocumulus types, and greater than 150 km for the shallow cumulus type. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient is calculated between many microphysical/optical [effective radius (re), cloud optical depth (τ), albedo, liquid water path, and shortwave cloud radiative forcing (SW CRF)] and macrophysical [outgoing longwave radiation (OLR), cloud fraction, cloud-top temperature, longwave cloud radiative forcing (LW CRF), and sea surface temperature (SST)] properties for each of the three cloud object types. When both physical properties are of the same category (microphysical/optical or macrophysical), the magnitude of the correlation tends to be higher than when they are from different categories. The magnitudes of the correlations also change with cloud object type, with the correlations for overcast and stratocumulus cloud objects tending to be higher than those for shallow cumulus cloud objects.
Three pairs of physical properties are studied in detail, using a k-means cluster analysis: re and τ, OLR and SST, and LW CRF and SW CRF. The cluster analysis of re and τ reveals that for each of the cloud types, there is a cluster of cloud objects with negative slopes, a cluster with slopes near zero, and two clusters with positive slopes. The joint OLR and SST probability plots show that the OLR tends to decrease with SST in regions with boundary layer clouds for SSTs above approximately 298 K. When the cloud objects are split into “dry” and “moist” clusters based on the amount of precipitable water above 700 hPa, the associated OLRs increase with SST throughout the SST range for the dry clusters, but the OLRs are roughly constant with SST for the moist cluster. An analysis of the joint PDFs of LW CRF and SW CRF reveals that while the magnitudes of both LW and SW CRFs generally increase with cloud fraction, there is a cluster of overcast cloud objects that has low values of LW and SW CRF. These objects are generally located near the Sahara Desert, and may be contaminated with dust. Many of these overcast objects also appear in the re and τ cluster with negative slopes.
A Practical Pyrgeometer Using the Representative Angle
Authors: Sakai Satoshi , Ito Aya , Umetani Kazuhiro , Iizawa Isao , Onishi Masanori 
Published: June 2008

AbstractA simple directional pyrgeometer is tested and compared with a conventional standard pyrgeometer. The system presented in this article has a narrow directional response and points to the representative zenith angle of 52.5°. Because of its directional response, it can be used in a street canyon or in a forest provided that a small part of the sky is visible at the representative angle. The system can be assembled using inexpensive parts that are widely used in household appliances. As this system does not have a flat spectral sensitivity, a spectral correction method is also presented. The results show that the output of the new system agrees well with that from a conventional pyrgeometer (Kipp & Zonen CG3). The correlation coefficient is 0.995 and the standard deviation is 5.6 W m−2 for 1-h averaged values.
Statistical Properties of Rain Cells in the Padana Valley
Authors: Capsoni Carlo , D’Amico Michele , Locatelli Paolo 
Published: June 2008

AbstractA large collection of radar reflectivity maps gathered from 1988 to 1992 at the Spino d’Adda experimental station, located in the Padana Valley, has been exploited to investigate the statistical properties of rain structures and their descriptors. The results of this analysis can be of interest for meteorological, hydrological, and telecommunication applications. The authors found that the isosuperficial diameter follows an exponential distribution; when the threshold of rain intensity is increased, disappearance is dominant over fragmentation; moreover, the number of “mother cells” that generate N “daughter cells” decreases exponentially with N. To give a complete but concise characterization of the geometrical, physical, and morphological properties of rain cells, a set of analytical descriptors has been introduced and statistically defined through their probability density functions and the centrality, dispersion, and excursion parameters. As a final point, comparative statistical analyses have been performed at different thresholds for every couple of descriptors introduced, which allowed the authors to highlight correlations between them.
Inherently Conservative Nonpolynomial-Based Remapping Schemes: Application to Semi-Lagrangian Transport
Authors: Norman Matthew R. , Nair Ramachandran D. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
A group of new conservative remapping schemes based on nonpolynomial approximations is proposed. The remapping schemes rely on the conservative cascade scheme (CCS), which employs an efficient sequence of 1D remapping operations to solve a multidimensional problem. The present study adapts three new nonpolynomial-based reconstructions of subgrid variation to the CCS: the Piecewise Hyperbolic Method (PHM), the Piecewise Double Hyperbolic Method (PDHM), and the Piecewise Rational Method (PRM) for comparison with the baseline method: the Piecewise Parabolic Method (PPM). Additionally, an adaptive hybrid approximation scheme, PPM-Hybrid (PPM-H), is constructed using monotonic PPM for smooth data and local extrema and using PHM for steep jumps where PPM typically suffers large accuracy degradation because of its original monotonic filter. Smooth and nonsmooth data profiles are transported in 1D, 2D Cartesian, and 2D spherical frameworks under uniform advection, solid-body rotation, and deformational flow. Accuracy is compared via the L1 global error norm. In general, PPM outperformed PHM, but when the majority of the error came from PPM degradation at sharp derivative changes (e.g., the vicinity near sine wave extrema), PHM was more accurate. PRM performed very similarly to PPM for nonsmooth functions, but the order of convergence was worse than PPM for smoother data. PDHM performed the worst of all of the nonpolynomial methods for nearly every test case. PPM-H outperformed PPM and all of the nonpolynomial methods for all test cases in all geometries, offering a robust advantage in the CCS scheme with a negligible increase in computational time.
Eastern North Pacific Hurricane Season of 2006
Authors: Pasch Richard J. , Blake Eric S. , Avila Lixion A. , Beven John L. , Brown Daniel P. , Franklin James L. , Knabb Richard D. , Mainelli Michelle M. , Rhome Jamie R. , Stewart Stacy R. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
The hurricane season of 2006 in the eastern North Pacific basin is summarized, and the individual tropical cyclones are described. Also, the official track and intensity forecasts of these cyclones are verified and evaluated. The 2006 eastern North Pacific season was an active one, in which 18 tropical storms formed. Of these, 10 became hurricanes and 5 became major hurricanes. A total of 2 hurricanes and 1 tropical depression made landfall in Mexico, causing 13 direct deaths in that country along with significant property damage. On average, the official track forecasts in the eastern Pacific for 2006 were quite skillful. No appreciable improvement in mean intensity forecasts was noted, however.
Characteristics and clinical correlates of MPL 515W>L/K mutation in essential thrombocythemia
Authors: Vannucchi Alessandro M. , Antonioli Elisabetta , Guglielmelli Paola , Pancrazzi Alessandro , Guerini Vittoria , Barosi Giovanni , Ruggeri Marco , Specchia Giorgina , Lo-Coco Francesco , Delaini Federica , Villani Laura , Finotto Silvia , Ammatuna Emanuele , Alterini Renato , Carrai Valentina , Capaccioli Gloria , Lollo Simonetta Di , Liso Vincenzo , Rambaldi Alessandro , Bosi Alberto , Barbui Tiziano 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Among 994 patients with essential thrombocythemia (ET) who were genotyped for the MPLW515L/K mutation, 30 patients carrying the mutation were identified (3.0%), 8 of whom also displayed the JAK2V671F mutation. MPLW515L/K patients presented lower hemoglobin levels and higher platelet counts than did wild type (wt) MPL; these differences were highly significant compared with MPLwt/JAK2V617F–positive patients. Reduced hemoglobin and increased platelet levels were preferentially associated with the W515L and W515K alleles, respectively. MPL mutation was a significant risk factor for microvessel disturbances, suggesting platelet hyperreactivity associated with constitutively active MPL; arterial thromboses were increased only in comparison to MPLwt/JAK2wt patients. MPLW515L/K patients presented reduced total and erythroid bone marrow cellularity, whereas the numbers of megakaryocytes, megakaryocytic clusters, and small-sized megakaryocytes were all significantly increased. These data indicate that MPLW515L/K mutations do not define a distinct phenotype in ET, although some differences depended on the JAK2V617F mutational status of the counterpart.
Targeting the nuclear antigen 1 of Epstein-Barr virus to the human endocytic receptor DEC-205 stimulates protective T-cell responses
Authors: Gurer Cagan , Strowig Till , Brilot Fabienne , Pack Maggi , Trumpfheller Christine , Arrey Frida , Park Chae Gyu , Steinman Ralph M. , Münz Christian 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) express many endocytic receptors that deliver antigens for major histocompatibility class (MHC) I and II presentation to CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, respectively. Here, we show that targeting Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) to one of them, the human multilectin DEC-205 receptor, in the presence of the DC maturation stimulus poly(I:C), expanded EBNA1-specific CD4+ and CD8+ memory T cells, and these lymphocytes could control the outgrowth of autologous EBV-infected B cells in vitro. In addition, using a novel mouse model with reconstituted human immune system components, we demonstrated that vaccination with αDEC-205-EBNA1 antibodies primed EBNA1-specific IFN-γ–secreting T cells and also induced anti-EBNA1 antibodies in a subset of immunized mice. Because EBNA1 is the one EBV antigen that is expressed in all proliferating cells infected with this virus, our data suggest that DEC-205 targeting should be explored as a vaccination approach against symptomatic primary EBV infection and against EBV-associated malignancies.
Phoebe Lostroh
Authors: Mays Hoopes Laura L. 
Published: June 2008

Note from the Editor Educator Highlights for CBE—Life Sciences Education show how professors at different kinds of institutions educate students in life sciences with inspiration and panache. If you have a particularly creative teaching portfolio yourself, or if you want to nominate an inspiring colleague to be profiled, please e-mail Laura Hoopes at Pomona College, lhoopes@pomona.edu.
Two Neutral Open-framework Metal Phosphites with Ten-ring Channels Constructed by Three-, Four-, and Five-connected Centers
Authors: Yang Yang , Zhao Yongnan , Yu Jianguo , Pang Nan , Su Hao , Pang Sha 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Neutral open-structured metal phosphites of Al and In are hydrothermally synthesized; they are structural analogues that constructed by HPO3 and MO6 groups with intersecting eight- and 10-ring channels. The two metal sites serve as four- and five-connected centers, respectively, with the rest oxygen atoms belonging to the coordinated water molecules.
Multicomponent Molecular Layers that Exhibit Electrochemical Potential Flip on Au(111) by Use of Proton-coupled Electron-transfer Reactions
Authors: Uehara Hiromitsu , Inomata Tomohiko , Abe Masaaki , Uosaki Kohei , Sasaki Yoichi 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Interfacial ligand substitution of triruthenium(III) complexes confined on gold as a monolayer has proven to be useful to construct molecular heterostructures by quantitatively incorporating 4,4′-bipyridine-anchored diruthenium(III) complexes, whose multi-step redox sequence is reversibly tuned by proton-coupled electron-transfer reactions.
Effect of Liquid Viscosity on the Internal Fluidity of a Droplet Sliding on a Fluoroalkylsilane Coating
Authors: Sakurada Yuu , Suzuki Shunsuke , Sakai Munetoshi , Nakajima Akira , Kameshima Yoshikazu , Okada Kiyoshi 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
The effect of liquid viscosity on the internal fluidity of droplets during sliding on an inclined Si surface treated with fluoroalkylsilane (FAS) was investigated for water–glycerin mixture using particle image velocimetry (PIV). Increasing viscosity remarkably decreases the slipping motion on the solid–liquid interface and overall sliding acceleration. It affects the rolling motion, but its degree of influence is smaller than that on slipping. The viscosity had different contributions to slipping and rolling motions of the droplets.
Synthesis and Magnetic Properties of Conjugated Radical Polymer
Authors: Kato Daisuke , Inoue Katsuya , Akimitsu Jun , Abe Jiro 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
An unprecedented conjugated radical polymer, poly-BDPI-2Y, consisting of imidazolyl radical was prepared and its magnetic properties were investigated. The SQUID measurement proves the presence of the ferromagnetic fraction at 300 K.