bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morphological and histological organization of the pyriform appendage of the tetrabranchiateNautilus pompilius(Cephalopoda, Mollusca)
Authors: Spintzik Jessica , Springer Jochen , Westermann Bettina 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe pyriform appendage, an organ only found in nautiloid cephalopods was investigated with histological, histochemical and ultrastructural methods in order to characterize the anatomical and the cytological structure of this organ. The pyriform appendage is situated within the genital septum and lies in close contact with the ventricle of the heart. The proximal side ends blindly near the gonad whereas the distal side is developed into a duct. The duct was observed to open into the mantle cavity in juvenile and adultNautilus pompiliusof both sexes. Injections of India ink in the heart demonstrate that the organ is supplied with hemolymph from an artery that extends from the heart. The pyriform appendage is a hollow organ consisting mainly of glandular tissue. The lumen is covered with a columnar epithelium, the tunica mucosa, consisting of only one cell type containing vacuoles with different inclusions. Underneath the tunica mucosa is the tunica muscularis, which is embedded in connective tissue and folded, enlarging the internal surface. A cuboidal tunica serosa surrounds this organ. The vacuoles and the secretory products contain neutral mucopolysaccharides, glycoproteins and glycolipids. Acid phosphatase and serotonin were localized in the tunica mucosa. Acetylcholinesterase, catecholamines and the tetrapeptide FMRF‐amide were demonstrated within the nerve endings of the tunica muscularis indicating a dual “cholinergic‐aminergic” neuroregulation, possibly modulated by FMRF‐amide. These findings suggest that the pyriform appendage is not a rudimentary organ but instead has distinct biological functions in nautiloid cephalopods, possibly in intraspecific communication. J. Morphol. 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The chiton stylus canal: An element delivery pathway for tooth cusp biomineralization
Authors: Shaw Jeremy A. , Macey David J. , Brooker Lesley R. , Stockdale Edward J. , Saunders Martin , Clode Peta L. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractA detailed investigation of the stylus canal situated within the iron mineralized major lateral teeth of the chiton Acanthopleura hirtosa was undertaken in conjunction with a row‐by‐row examination of cusp mineralization. The canal is shown to contain columnar epithelial tissue similar to that surrounding the mineralized cusps, including the presence of iron rich particles characteristic of the iron storage protein ferritin. Within the tooth core, a previously undescribed internal pathway or plume is evident above the stylus canal, between the junction zone and mineralizing posterior face of the cusp. Plume formation coincides with the appearance of iron in the superior epithelium and the onset of mineralization at tooth row 13. The plume persists during the delivery of phosphorous and calcium into the tooth core, and is the final region of the cusp to become mineralized. The presence of the stylus canal was confirmed in a further 18 chiton species, revealing that the canal is common to polyplacophoran molluscs. These new data strongly support the growing body of evidence highlighting the importance of the junction zone for tooth mineralization in chiton teeth, and indicate that the chemical and structural environment within the tooth cusp is under far greater biological control than previously considered. J. Morphol. 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stereological estimation of the surface area and oxygen diffusing capacity of the respiratory stomach of the air‐breathing armored catfish Pterygoplichthys anisitsi (Teleostei: Loricariidae)
Authors: da Cruz André Luis , Pedretti Ana Carolina Elias , Fernandes Marisa Narciso 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe stomach of Pterygoplichthys anisitsi has a thin, translucent wall and a simple squamous epithelium with an underlying dense capillary network. In the cardiac and pyloric regions, most cells have short microvilli distributed throughout the cell surface and their edges are characterized by short, densely packed microvilli. The mucosal layer of the stomach has two types of pavement epithelial cells that are similar to those in the aerial respiratory organs. Type 1 pavement epithelial cells, resembling the Type I pneumocyte in mammal lungs, are flat, with a large nucleus, and extend a thin sheet of cytoplasm on the underlying capillary. Type 2 cells, resembling the Type II pneumocyte, possess numerous mitochondria, a well‐developed Golgi complex, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and numerous lamellar bodies in different stages of maturation. The gastric glands, distributed throughout the mucosal layer, also have several cells with many lamellar bodies. The total volume (air + tissue), tissue, and air capacity of the stomach when inflated, increase along with body mass. The surface‐to‐tissue‐volume ratio of stomach varies from 108 cm−1 in the smallest fish (0.084 kg) to 59 cm−1 in the largest fish (0.60 kg). The total stomach surface area shows a low correlation to body mass. Nevertheless, the body‐mass‐specific surface area varied from 281.40 cm2 kg−1 in the smallest fish to 68.08 cm2 kg−1 in the largest fish, indicating a negative correlation to body mass (b = −0.76). The arithmetic mean barrier thickness between air and blood was 1.52 ± 0.07 μm, whereas the harmonic mean thickness (τh) of the diffusion barrier ranged from 0.40 to 0.74 μm. The anatomical diffusion factor (ADF = cm2 μm−1 kg−1) and the morphological O2 diffusion capacity (DmorpholO2 = cm3 min−1 mmHg−1 kg−1) are higher in the smallest specimen and lower in the largest one. In conclusion, the structure and morphometric data of P. anisitsi stomach indicate that this organ is adapted for oxygen uptake from air. J. Morphol. 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Choanocyte ultrastructure in Halisarca dujardini (Demospongiae, Halisarcida)
Authors: Gonobobleva Elisaveta , Maldonado Manuel 
Published: December 2008

AbstractUnderstanding poriferan choanocyte ultrastructure is crucial if we are to unravel the steps of a putative evolutionary transition between choanoflagellate protists and early metazoans. Surprisingly, some aspects of choanocyte cytology still remain little investigated. This study of choanocyte ultrastructure in the halisarcid demosponge Halisarca dujardini revealed a combination of minor and major distinctive traits, some of them unknown in Porifera so far. Most significant features were 1) an asymmetrical periflagellar sleeve, 2) a battery of specialized intercellular junctions at the lateral cell surface complemented with an array of lateral interdigitations between adjacent choanocytes that provides a particular sealing system of the choanoderm, and 3) a unique, unexpectedly complex, basal apparatus. The basal apparatus consists of a basal body provided with a small basal foot and an intricate transverse skeleton of microtubules. An accessory centriole, which is not perpendicular to the basal body, is about 45°. In addition, a system of short striated rootlets (periodicity = 50–60 nm) arises from the proximal edge of the basal body and runs longitudinally to contact the nuclear apex. This is the first flagellar rootlet system ever found in a choanocyte. The accessory centriole, the rootlet system, and the nuclear apex are all encircled by a large Golgi apparatus, adding another distinctive feature to the choanocyte cytology. The set of distinct features discovered in the choanocyte of H. dujardini indicates that the ultrastructure of the poriferan choanocyte may vary substantially between sponge groups. It is necessary to improve understanding of such variation, as the cytological features of choanocytes are often coded as characters both for formulation of hypotheses on the origin of animals and inference of phylogenetic relationships at the base of the metazoan tree. J. Morphol., 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vitro use of autologous dendritic cells improves detection of T cell responses to hepatitis B virus (HBV) antigens
Authors: Carotenuto Patrizia , Artsen Andrè , Niesters Hubert G. , Osterhaus Albert D. , Pontesilli Oscar 
Published: December 2008

AbstractT lymphocyte responses to hepatitis B virus (HBV) core antigen (HBcAg) are vigorous and easily detectable in vitro during recovery from acute hepatitis B but significantly weaker in patients with chronic HBV infection. In contrast, T cell responses to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) are almost undetectable during infection and even in a substantial fraction of subjects receiving vaccination with HBsAg. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the use of dendritic cells (DCs) in an in vitro assay could increase the detection of HBV‐specific T cells in these conditions. Autologous monocyte‐derived DCs, compared to direct HBsAg addition to the cultures, increased the stimulation of HBs‐ specific T cells. These were detected in 73% of healthy subjects who had recently received hepatitis B vaccine and in 43% of patients recovering from acute hepatitis B. Likewise, proliferation in response to DC‐presented HBcAg was detected in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from the majority of chronic hepatitis B patients. A longitudinal evaluation of HBc‐specific T cell responses during and after a 1‐year treatment with pegylated interferon (IFN)‐α showed that HBc‐specific CD4+ T cell responses had no correlation with sustained virus suppression whereas CD8+ T cell responses were more frequently detected in patients able to control HBV replication after therapy interruption. The use of autologous DCs as antigen‐presenting cells appears applicable to clinically relevant in vitro evaluation of T cell responses, particularly in those conditions characterized by low frequency of circulating antigen‐specific cells and suboptimal in vivo activation. J. Med. Virol. 81:332–339, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis C infection in cyprus: Evidence of polyphyletic infection
Authors: Demetriou Victoria L. , van de Vijver David A.M.C. ,   The Cyprus HCV Network, Kostrikis Leondios G. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe genetic diversity of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) in Cyprus is investigated for the first time in this study. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the CORE‐E1 and NS5B regions of the HCV genome was performed on blood plasma samples obtained from 77 HCV patients in Cyprus, collected during 2005–2008. The amplified products were sequenced and compared to reference HCV strains of known genotype and subtype in order to classify the isolates found in this study. Genotype could be determined for all strains, and subtype for all but four isolates. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 51 patients were genotype 1, of which 38 were subtype 1b, 9 were 1a, and 1 was unclassified, one patient was genotype 2c, 13 were genotype 3a, nine were genotype 4, of which six were subtype 4a, and three were of unclassified subtype, one was genotype 5a, two patients seem to carry a possible 2k/1b recombinant strain, and no genotype 6 strains were found. This study demonstrated a genetic heterogeneity of HCV infection in Cyprus, with five of the six known HCV genotypes on the island, including unclassified isolates in genotypes 1 and 4, and also the apparent introduction of the 2k/1b recombinant strain in intravenous drug users. J. Med. Virol. 81:238–248, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prevalence of HHV‐6 integrated chromosomally among children treated for acute lymphoblastic or myeloid leukemia in the Czech Republic
Authors: Hubacek Petr , Muzikova Katerina , Hrdlickova Alena , Cinek Ondrej , Hyncicova Katerina , Hrstkova Hana , Sedlacek Petr , Stary Jan 
Published: December 2008

AbstractChromosomal integration of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV‐6) is a novel situation found in a small percentage of individuals. While active HHV‐6 infection is treatable using antivirals, the abnormally high level of HHV‐6 DNA found in chromosomal integration of HHV‐6 (CI‐HHV‐6) is not affected by such drugs. Stored DNA samples taken originally for detection of fusion genes and minimal residual disease from 339 pediatric patients treated for leukemia in the Czech Republic between the years 1995–2007 were tested retrospectively. Using real‐time quantitative PCR technology, the quantity of HHV‐6 DNA detected was normalized to 100,000 human genome equivalents as assessed by quantitation of the albumin gene. HHV‐6 DNA was detected in 107 samples from 91 patients (26.8%). In the majority of samples (99) only a minute level of normalized viral copies (NVCs) (median 1.84 NVCs) was detected. A high viral load of approximately 100,000 NVCs was detected in 5 patients (1.5%; median 140,150 NVCs), in all of whom were confirmed subsequently CI‐HHV‐6 by a detection of HHV‐6 DNA in hair follicles or in the nails. In all but one patient with HHV‐6 variant B, variant A of the virus was detected. None of the patients with CI‐HHV‐6 had complications attributable to HHV‐6 infection. The prevalence of CI‐HHV‐6 in childhood leukemia does not differ from that published for other patients or healthy populations. Where high levels of HHV‐6 DNA are present, CI‐HHV‐6 should be confirmed as soon as possible so that potentially toxic but ineffective antiviral treatment can be stopped. J. Med. Virol. 81:258–263, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Seroepidemiology of EBV and interpretation of the “isolated VCA IgG” pattern
Authors: De Paschale Massimo , Agrappi Carlo , Manco Maria Teresa , Mirri Paola , Viganò Egidio Franco , Clerici Pierangelo 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe presence of VCA IgG in the absence of VCA IgM and EBNA‐1 IgG antibodies makes classifying EBV infection more difficult as this serological picture can be seen in the case of past infection with EBNA‐1 IgG loss or non‐appearance, or acute infections with the early disappearance or delayed onset of VCA IgM. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of this pattern in 2,422 outpatients with suspected EBV infection examined in 2005–2006, and to interpret its significance by means of immunoblotting. One hundred and seventy‐seven (7.3%) of the patients were VCA IgG‐positive, VCA IgM‐negative and EBNA‐1 IgG‐negative, 15 of whom (8.5%) presented with heterophile antibodies. Analysis by age class showed that the prevalence of isolated VCA IgG ranged from 4.5% in the subjects aged 1–10 years to 9% in those aged >60 years. Immunoblotting allowed 18.9% of the cases to be classified as acute and 81.1% as past infections, the latter being observed in about 37% of the patients aged less than 10 years and in 100% of those aged >30 years. Therefore, in our case series, the presence of isolated VCA IgG was associated usually with past infection, particularly among adults. In children aged less than 10 years, it was associated mainly with acute infection but as past infection may be present in about one‐third of such children, this possibility should not be overlooked. J. Med. Virol. 81:325–331, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic diversity and zoonotic potential of human rotavirus strains, 2003–2006, hungary
Authors: Bányai Krisztián , Bogdán Ágnes , Domonkos Gertrud , Kisfali Péter , Molnár Péter , Tóth András , Melegh Béla , Martella Vito , Gentsch Jon R. , Szűcs György 
Published: December 2008

AbstractRotavirus strain surveillance is being conducted in many countries before and after introduction of newly licensed vaccines to assess the impact of the vaccines on rotavirus strains. Here we describe a strain surveillance study in the Budapest area of Hungary (2003–2006) based on RNA profile analysis, genotyping by multiplex PCR and nucleotide sequencing. Among 1,983 G‐typed rotaviruses we identified G1 (22%), G2 (4.8%), G3 (3.5%), G4 (18.5%), G6 (1.1%), G8 (<0.1%, n = 1), G9 (42%), and G12 (3.4%) specificities. Information on P genotype incidence was determined for a subset of samples (n = 814). In addition to the globally important strains, a variety of uncommon antigen combinations were also found, for example, P[9],G3; P[14],G6; or P[14],G8. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the VP7, VP4, VP6, and NSP4 genes of selected strains with uncommon antigen combinations demonstrated high similarity with certain bovine, porcine, feline, equine, and lapine rotaviruses, respectively. Continued surveillance is needed to assess the role of animal rotaviruses in human diseases. J. Med. Virol. 81:362–370, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
DSCG Reduces RSV‐induced illness in RSV‐infected mice
Authors: Hashimoto Koichi , Mori Syuichi , Hashimoto Yuko , Kaneko Hisatoshi , Ishibashi Kei , Ishioka Ken , Kawasaki Yukihiko , Peebles Ray Stokes , Munakata Mitsuru , Hosoya Mitsuaki , Suzutani Tatsuo 
Published: December 2008

AbstractRespiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the pathogens generally associated with the common cold, lower respiratory infection, and exacerbation of asthma. Disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) is a safe and widely used drug for the prevention of bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis attacks. The effect of DSCG on acute upper respiratory tract viral infections remains controversial. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of DSCG on parameters of RSV induced‐illness. Using a well‐characterized murine model of RSV infection, the effect of DSCG on RSV‐induced illness was evaluated by body weight, respiratory function, viral replication, level of IFN‐γ in lungs, serology, and histopathology. Mice treated with DSCG were protected against RSV‐induced weight loss. The baseline Penh in RSV‐infected mice treated with DSCG was less than that in mice treated with saline. In methacholine challenge, the increase in Penh in RSV‐infected mice treated with DSCG was suppressed to the same level as that in the mock‐infected group. Further, there were no differences in viral replication between the mice treated with DSCG and those treated with saline, and the level of inflammation observed in the lungs in RSV‐infected mice treated with DSCG was not as severe as that in mice treated with saline. These findings indicate that DSCG may be an effective agent for the prevention of RSV induced disease and the relief of symptoms of RSV infection. J. Med. Virol. 81:354–361, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Case report: Eastern equine encephalitis virus imported to the UK
Authors: Harvala Heli , Bremner John , Kealey Susan , Weller Belinda , McLellan Stuart , Lloyd Graham , Staples Erin , Faggian Federica , Solomon Tom 
Published: December 2008

AbstractEastern equine encephalitis (EEE) is rare, but the most severe of the mosquito‐borne encephalitides in the United States with a high case fatality rate of 30%. Here, we present a patient with EEE. EEE virus causes sporadic human disease in the Eastern parts of the United States, but the case we describe was a Scottish tourist who acquired the disease from mosquito bites while in holiday in the United States. This is a first report of an imported case to Europe. J. Med. Virol. 81:305–308, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Typing of human papillomavirus in women with cervical lesions: Prevalence and distribution of different genotypes
Authors: Sandri Maria Teresa , Riggio Daniela , Salvatici Michela , Passerini Rita , Zorzino Laura , Boveri Sara , Radice Davide , Spolti Noemi , Sideri Mario 
Published: December 2008

AbstractHuman papillomavirus (HPV) are distributed widely and persistent infection with high‐risk (HR) HPV is recognized as a necessary cause of cervical cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the distribution of different HR‐HPV genotypes in 199 women with cervical pre‐invasive lesions undergoing conservative treatment. A Linear Array HPV Genotyping Test was used to identify individual HPV genotypes in cervical samples. It was observed that the most prevalent HPV genotypes were HPV 16 (52.6%), HPV 51 (13.5%), and HPV 31 (10.9%); HPV 18 was found in 7.3% of the patients. Stratifying the different HPV genotypes according to the severity of the cervical lesion, a strong association between the increasing severity of the histological diagnosis and the detection of more carcinogenic HR‐HPV type was found, and in all but one cervical intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 3 the presence of at least one HR‐HPV could be detected, with more than 70% of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 3 patients bearing HPV 16. Multiple infections, comprising between 2 and 6 HPV types, were found in 43% of patients; however, the presence of more than 1 HR‐HPV type was not associated with an increased risk of high grade lesions. In conclusion, this data show that HPV 16, 51, 31, 52, and 18 were the prevalent types found in patients with cervical lesion undergoing conservative treatment, with a high prevalence of HPV 16 in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 3 patients. No association between multiple infection and severity of the lesion could be found. J. Med. Virol. 81:271–277, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of genotype P[9]G12 rotavirus strains from argentina: High similarity with Japanese and Korean G12 strains
Authors: Castello Alejandro A. , Nakagomi Toyoko , Nakagomi Osamu , Jiang Baoming , Kang Jung O. , Glass Roger I. , Glikmann Graciela , Gentsch Jon R. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe circulation of the unusual P[9]G12 strains was previously reported in suburban Buenos Aires, Argentina and in Far Eastern Asian countries. To examine genetic relationships of these strains the genes coding VP7, VP4, and NSP1 from two Argentine, one Japanese and one Korean P[9]G12 isolates were sequenced and their overall genome relatedness was determined by liquid hybridization. In addition, liquid hybridization was used to compare this group of strains to the previous G12 isolates L26 and Se585, and prototype Wa, DS‐1, and AU‐1 strains. The genomes of the Argentinean, Japanese and Korean strains were virtually indistinguishable by hybridization assays, suggesting very high sequence relatedness for all 11 segments. Hybridization assays also demonstrated that these four strains belong to the AU‐1 genogroup and that their genetic relationship with rotaviruses L26 and Se585 is limited to the VP7 gene. The VP7, VP4, and NSP1 genes of the Argentinean, Japanese and Korean strains were highly homologous to each other and to Thai strain T152 (∼99% identity). These results together with the report of a similar strain detected during 2003 in Brazil are consistent with a recent importation and dissemination of the G12 strains from Far Eastern countries into South America. Increasing reports from several regions of the world demonstrating a variety of different G12 reassortant strains suggests that routine surveillance for this serotype should be conducted to determine its potential for global emergence. J. Med. Virol. 81:371–381, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.