bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Environmental factors associated with stress in mothers of preterm newborns
Authors: Trombini E , Surcinelli P , Piccioni A , Alessandroni R , Faldella G 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAim: In this study the effects of environmental and structural features of two different neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) settings on the time course of psychological distress in mothers of preterm infants were investigated.Methods: Levels of psychological distress in 21 mothers of premature infants hospitalized in the NICU of the Salesi Hospital were compared with levels of psychological distress in 21 mothers of premature infants from the NICU of the Sant'Orsola Hospital at three different times during hospitalization.Results: Data showed that mothers from the NICU of the Salesi Hospital, where there is no presence of any specialized figure and the access for parents to the unit is ruled by time schedules, reported higher levels of psychological distress than mothers from the NICU of the Sant'Orsola Hospital, characterized by the continuous presence and contact with the medical staff, which included physiotherapists and clinical psychologists, and free access to the unit for parents. Moreover, levels of psychological distress increased over time in mothers from the Salesi Hospital while levels of distress decreased or were simply maintained over time in mothers from the Sant'Orsola Hospital.Conclusions: The present findings suggest that providing mothers with the opportunity of discussing the infant's clinical state with health professionals and receiving psychological support on a regular basis may reduce stressful feelings.
Trends in childhood mortality from 1969 to 2004 in Finland
Authors: Lantto Marjo , Renko Marjo , Uhari Matti 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAim: The aim was to evaluate the trends in childhood mortality in Finland from 1969 to 2004. We especially wanted to find out whether the decline in mortality is continuous and whether there are still deaths that could be prevented.Methods: We analyzed mortality data obtained from the official cause of death statistics in Finland from 1969 to 2004. Annual mortality rates were calculated in proportion to those at risk of dying. Comparison of cause specific mortality rates was conducted for neonatal group and children aged 1 month to 15 years.Results: Annual neonatal mortality declined from 11.13‰ in 1969 to 2.46‰ in 2004. The leading causes of death were perinatal disorders and congenital malformations. Mortality among children aged 1 month to 15 years declined from 0.67‰ in 1969 to 0.23‰ in 2004, with accidents the leading cause of death, although congenital malformations, tumours and haematological diseases, and infectious diseases were significant causes as well. There was a notable peak in total mortality in 2004, as 44 Finnish children died in the Asian tsunami in December of that year.Conclusion: Childhood mortality in Finland has decreased significantly during recent decades. Prevention programmes should be directed towards reducing mortality from accidents by promoting traffic safety and ensuring a safer environment. Even though child mortality is very low in Finland at present, continued reductions can still be achieved.
An Examination of the NANDA International Taxonomy for Domain Completeness, Ontological Homogeneity, and Clinical Functionality
Authors: Von Krogh Gunn 
Published: May 2008

PURPOSE.  This study aims to examine the taxonomy of NANDA International Nursing Diagnoses: Definitions and Classification 2007–2008 for domain completeness and ontological homogeneity of the hierarchical structure. METHODS.  The taxonomy was analyzed using nursing theories representative of different paradigms and included descriptions of the theories, categorization, and systems of concepts regarding patient phenomena. FINDINGS.  At present the taxonomy does not meet the criteria for domain completeness because the domain level is not all‐inclusive. There are also problems regarding affiliation and natural relationships between domains and class level. Furthermore, some of the concepts seem misplaced in the taxonomic structure. CONCLUSIONS.  The taxonomy should be restructured to establish domain completeness and an appropriate ontological correspondence among domains, classes, and concepts. HENSIKT.  Å undersøke om taksonomien til NANDA International Nursing Diagnoses: Definitions and Classification 2007–2008 dekker sykepleiens gjenstandsområde og om den hierarkiske strukturen i taksonomien er ontologisk homogen. METODE.  Taksonomien ble analysert ved hjelp av sykepleieteorier som representerer forskjellige paradigmer i sykepleie, deres beskrivelser, kategoriseringer og begrepsbruk i forhold til pasientfenomener. FUNN.  På nåværende tidspunkt dekker ikke taksonomien sykepleiens gjenstandsområde fullt ut fordi kategoriseringen ikke er uttømmende på domenenivå. Det er også problemer knyttet til slektskap og naturlig relasjon mellom domene‐og klassenivået i taksonomien. Videre ser noen begreper ut til å være plassert feil i taksonomien. KONKLUSJON.  Taksonomien bør restruktureres slik at den dekker sykepleiens gjenstandsområde fullt ut og slik at den hierarkiske strukturen oppnår tilfredstillende ontologisk homogenitet.
Dynamical friction of radio galaxies in galaxy clusters
Authors: Nath Biman B. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The distribution of luminous radio galaxies in galaxy clusters has been observed to be concentrated in the inner region. We consider the role of dynamical friction of massive galaxies (M∼ 1012.5M⊙), assuming them to be hosts of luminous radio galaxies, and show that beginning with a Navarro–Frenk–White density profile of a cluster of mass Mcl∼ 1015M⊙ of concentration c∼ 5 and collapsing at z∼ 1, the density profile of radio galaxies evolves to a profile of concentration c∼ 25, as observed, in a time-scale of t∼ 3–5 Gyr.
MAGIC J0616+225 as delayed TeV emission of cosmic rays diffusing from the supernova remnant IC 443
Authors: Torres Diego F. , Rodriguez Marrero Ana Y. , De Cea del Pozo Elsa 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
We present a theoretical model that explains the high-energy phenomenology of the neighbourhood of the supernova remnant IC 443, as observed with the Major Atmospheric Gamma Imaging Cherenkov (MAGIC) telescope and the Energetic Gamma-Ray Experiment Telescope (EGRET). We interpret MAGIC J0616+225 as delayed TeV emission of cosmic rays diffusing from IC 443 and interacting with a known cloud located at a distance of about 20 pc in the foreground of the remnant. This scenario naturally explains the displacement between EGRET and MAGIC sources, their fluxes, and their spectra. We compare this model with others recently presented, and discuss how it can be tested with observations by the Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope.
Recognition by medical and nursing professionals of malnutrition and risk of malnutrition in elderly hospitalised patients
Authors: ADAMS Naomi E. , BOWIE Alison J. , SIMMANCE Natalie , MURRAY Michael , CROWE Timothy C. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractObjective:  To determine the prevalence of malnutrition in a population of elderly hospitalised patients and to explore health professionals' perceptions and awareness of signs and risks of malnutrition and treatment options available.Subjects and design:  One hundred elderly patients and 57 health professionals from medical wards of a tertiary teaching hospital. Quantitative and qualitative study design using a validated malnutrition assessment tool (Mini Nutritional Assessment) and researcher‐designed questionnaire to assess health professionals' knowledge of nutrition risk factors.Main outcome measures:  Mini Nutritional Assessment score, nutrition risk category and themes in health professionals' knowledge and awareness of malnutrition and its risk factors.Results:  Thirty per cent of patients were identified as malnourished while 61% were at risk of malnutrition. Documentation by health professionals of two major risk factors for malnutrition—recent loss of weight and appetite—were poor with only 19% and 53% of patients with actual loss of weight or appetite, respectively, identified by staff and only 7% and 9% of these patients, respectively, referred for dietetic assessment. While health professionals' knowledge of important medical risk factors for malnutrition was good, their knowledge of malnutrition risk factors such as recent loss of weight and loss of appetite was poor. Medical staff focused on biochemical factors when assessing nutrition status, while nursing staff focused on skin integrity and turgor.Conclusion:  Malnutrition in elderly hospitalised patients remains a significant problem with low rates of recognition and referral by medical and nursing staff. Considerable scope exists to develop training and education tools and to implement an appropriate nutrition screening policy to improve referral rates to dietitians.
Nutritional status and dietary intake of outpatients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: HUMPHREYS Karen , CROSS Giordana , FRITH Peter , CAFARELLA Paul 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAim:  To determine, in Australian chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) outpatients, the prevalence of nutritional depletion, adequacy of dietary intake and relationship between nutritional depletion and clinical indicators.Methods:  Cross‐sectional study of 66 stable COPD outpatients (mean forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) of 60% predicted (95% confidence interval 54, 67) ). Nutritional status was assessed using body mass index (BMI) and fat‐free mass index (FFMI). Four‐day estimated food records were compared with the new Australian Nutrient Reference Values. Clinical indicators included respiratory function and quality of life (QoL) using the St George Respiratory Questionnaire.Results:  Thirty per cent of subjects (n = 20) were nutritionally depleted (BMI < 20 kg/m2 and/or FFMI < 16.7 kg/m2 (male) or <14.6 kg/m2 (female) ). Low FFMI despite normal/high BMI was present in 20% of subjects (n = 13). Many subjects were not meeting estimated requirements for energy (n = 43 of 57), calcium (n = 47), fibre (n = 47), folate (n = 37), magnesium (n = 28) and zinc (n = 14). Nutritionally depleted subjects had significantly lower respiratory function (FEV1 (% predicted) (P = 0.003) and FEV1/forced vital capacity (%) (P = 0.038) ), while QoL scores were not significantly different.Conclusion:  While nutritional depletion is a recognised complication of COPD that is predictive of early mortality, this is the first nutritional analysis of stable ambulatory COPD patients in Australia. One‐third of this sample was nutritionally depleted, characterised particularly by low fat‐free mass. Intake of energy and several nutrients was also inadequate. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of nutritional depletion are required, as it is highly prevalent in this population and associated with poorer outcomes.
Dietary approaches for weight loss with increased intakes of fruit, vegetables and dairy products
Authors: BOOTH Alison , NOWSON Caryl , WORSLEY Anthony , MARGERISON Claire , JORNA Michelle 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAim:  To assess the effectiveness of specific advice for increasing fruit, vegetable and dairy intake in free‐living men participating in a weight loss study.Methods:  Subjects were randomised to one of two 12‐week weight loss diets, either the WELL with daily targets of four serves of fruit, four serves of vegetables and three serves of dairy or a low fat diet (LF) with general advice to increase fruit and vegetable intake. Three‐day food group diaries and a food frequency questionnaire assessed intake.Results:  Fifty‐four overweight/obese male adults completed the study (WELL, n = 27; LF, n = 27; body mass index (mean ± standard deviation), 30.4 ± 2.5 kg/m2; age, 47.7 ± 9.5 years). There was no difference in mean weight change between groups (WELL, −4.8 ± 3.3 kg; LF, −4.6 ± 3.1 kg). Subjects on the WELL diet had greater (mean difference ± standard error) fruit (0.7 ± 0.2 serves/day), vegetable (1.2 ± 0.2 serves/day) and dairy (1.1 ± 0.1 serves/day) intakes than the LF group (measured by the food group diaries) (all P < 0.01). The WELL group reached the daily target for fruit from week 1 (4.7 ± 1.4 serves/day), vegetables by week 6 (4.1 ± 1.5 serves/day) and for dairy by week 8 (3.0 ± 0.8 serves/day).Conclusions:  Providing specific dietary targets to men for weight loss appears to promote greater consumption of fruit, vegetable and dairy foods than providing general dietary advice. Meeting dietary targets appears to require different adjustment periods depending on the food type.
A quality improvement nutrition screening and intervention program available to Home and Community Care eligible clients
Authors: LEGGO Marion , BANKS Merrilyn , ISENRING Elisabeth , STEWART Lynette , TWEEDDALE Margaret 
Published: May 2008

AbstractObjective:  To develop and implement a nutrition screening and dietetic referral system for Home and Community Care (HACC) eligible clients.Design:  Quality improvement project utilising a prospective, observational design.Setting:  Sixteen Australian organisations caring for HACC eligible clients.Subjects:  One thousand one hundred and forty‐five HACC eligible clients (mean age 76.5 ± 7.2 years) were screened for nutritional risk during 2003–2005.Interventions:  Nutrition screening was conducted by trained project officers, allied health staff, community care coordinators and nursing staff using a modified version of the malnutrition screening tool (MST). Dietitians performed a nutrition assessment using the scored Patient Generated‐Subjective Global Assessment (PG‐SGA) and provided individualised nutrition counselling for those identified to be at risk of malnutrition and agreeing to treatment.Results:  According to the MST, 170 clients (15%) were identified as being at risk of malnutrition. Of these, 75 (44%) agreed to the dietetic referral and PG‐SGA assessment, and 57 were subsequently assessed as malnourished (PG‐SGA category B or C), suggesting a malnutrition prevalence between 5% and 11%. Of the 34 malnourished clients receiving multiple dietetic reviews (mean 4.1 ± 2.0 per client), 28 improved, with 17 achieving a well‐nourished PG‐SGA A rating.Conclusion:  The development and implementation of a nutrition screening and referral system can identify HACC eligible clients who would benefit from services provided by a dietitian. Further research should identify the reasons why some HACC eligible clients are reluctant to be referred to a dietitian.
Potential benefits of improved protein intake in older people
Authors: DAWSON Beryl , TAYLOR Jayne , FAVALORO Emmanuel J. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAgeing is associated with an increased incidence of diabetes, impaired immunity and numerous physiological, social and economic changes. Another under‐recognised change to significantly impact on health outcomes and quality of life is the drastic loss of lean body mass. New concepts have recently emerged which indicate that different types of protein sources supply constituents differentially according to digestion rate, and that amino acids have roles additional to muscle synthesis. This review explores the benefits of higher protein intakes in older people and how the protein source may provide differential benefits. In particular, whey protein is more quickly digested than either casein or soy, and provides a faster and potentially greater net source of available nutrients and essential amino acids essential for maintaining better health.
Health and environmental implications of the CSIRO Total Wellbeing Diet
Authors: RUSSELL Geoff , FERRIE Suzie 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Total Wellbeing diet allows high intakes of meat and fish with emphasis on red meat. A person following this diet could be eating 200 g of red meat per day or more. The evidence for the link between red and processed meat and colorectal cancer has been strengthened by recent studies. The production of red meat consumes large amounts of water, and generates high levels of greenhouse gas emissions. The Australian Guide to Healthy Eating recommends three to four serves (each 65–100 g) of red meat per week. Compared with the lower end of this range (three servings (70 g) of red meat per week), consumption of 200 g red meat per day would use an extra 15 000 L of water in a week, and generate an extra 4.3 tonnes of greenhouse gas in a year. Thus, there are compelling health and environmental reasons for avoiding this diet in its usual form.
Estimated nutrient intake of urban Indigenous participants enrolled in a lifestyle intervention program
Authors: LONGSTREET Diane , HEATH Deanne , SAVAGE Ida , VINK Robert , PANARETTO Kathryn 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAim:  The present study evaluates the reported nutrient intake of adult urban Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people who participated in a medically based lifestyle intervention program.Methods:  The analysis was based on dietary records from all Indigenous participants (n = 100) enrolled in a 2003–2005 prospective lifestyle intervention study that followed a cohort of overweight (body mass index > 25) participants served by the Townsville Aboriginal and Islanders Health Service, Queensland, Australia. Standardised multiple‐pass 24‐hour dietary recalls were collected at baseline and 12‐month program completion. Changes in pre‐ and post‐program reported intake were evaluated using a paired‐sample t‐test. The Mann–Whitney test was used to compare baseline intake with an age and gender‐matched sample created from 1995 National Nutrition Survey data.Results:  The cohort was 88% female with a mean age of 44.4 ± 1.3 standard error of the mean. Dietary intake improved between baseline and program completion. At baseline, there was a high prevalence of reported intakes below the Estimated Average Requirement for vitamin A, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, folate, vitamin C, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, iron and zinc. Compared with the median Australian intake, the Indigenous intake was significantly higher in protein and cholesterol; however, vitamin A, vitamin C, niacin, potassium, magnesium, iron and fibre were lower.Conclusions:  The present study found the intake in a cohort of Indigenous people was significantly different than the previously measured Australian nutrient intake. The nutrient patterns observed in the present study may be associated with the excess chronic disease burden experienced by Australian Indigenous populations.
Effectiveness of propolis and calcium hydroxide as a short‐term intracanal medicament against Enterococcus faecalis: A laboratory study
Authors: Awawdeh Lama , AL‐Beitawi Maha , Hammad Mohammad 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of propolis‐based intracanal medicament against Enterococcus faecalis using infected dentine models, and to compare its antimicrobial efficacy with that of the non‐setting calcium hydroxide paste when used as a short‐term medication for 1 and 2 days. A total of 50 dentine discs of 7‐mm length was obtained from extracted human teeth. Five dentine discs were kept sterile to serve as a negative control. The remaining 45 were contaminated with E. faecalis and divided into two groups (n = 20) in addition to five discs that served as a positive control. The discs were treated as follow: 20 discs were filled with propolis, while the other 20 discs were filled with non‐setting calcium hydroxide. Microbiological sampling was performed utilising sterile paper point, headstrom file and disc immersion. Results showed that propolis was significantly more effective than non‐setting calcium hydroxide against E. faecalis after short‐term application, which made comparison from this prospect unlevelled. The most effective microbiological sampling technique was abrading the lumen with headstrom file. Propolis is very effective as intracanal medicament in rapidly eliminating E. faecalis ex vivo.
Susceptibility of Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis to Chitosan, Chlorhexidine gluconate and their combination in vitro
Authors: Ballal N. V. , Kundabala M. , Bhat K. S. , Acharya S. , Ballal M. , Kumar R. , Prakash P. Y. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to analyse the sustain release of Chlorhexidine with Chitosan and to investigate the antimicrobial activity of 2% Chlorhexidine gel, 2% Chitosan gel and their combination against Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis. Sustain release of Chlorhexidine with Chitosan was determined using UV spectrophotometer. Then the inoculae of these organisms were used to make the lawn culture on sabouraud's dextrose agar and blood agar plates. Wells were prepared in these lawn cultures and filled with 2% Chlorhexidine gel, 2% Chitosan gel and their combination. The agar plates were incubated overnight at 37°C and the zone of inhibition was examined after 48 h. Release of Chlorhexidine with Chitosan was better than plain Chlorhexidine release. Combination of Chlorhexidine and Chitosan showed maximum inhibitory zone for C. albicans (25.2 mm) and E. faecalis (26.0 mm). Plain Chlorhexidine gel showed intermediate inhibitory zone for C. albicans (20.6 mm) and E. faecalis (21.4 mm) and plain Chitosan gel showed minimum inhibitory zone for C. albicans (16.6 mm) and E. faecalis (11.0 mm). Carbopol which served as control did not have any antimicrobial effect. The present study suggests that 2% Chlorhexidine gel in combination with 2% Chitosan gel has the highest antimicrobial effect against C. albicans and E. faecalis compared with 2% Chlorhexidine gel or 2% Chitosan gel alone.
Endodontic re‐treatment associated with the elimination of amalgam root‐end filling through sinus tracts: A report of two cases
Authors: Soares Janir Alves , Nunes Eduardo , Silveira Frank Ferreira , Santos Suelleng Maria Cunha , Oliveira Maiolino Thomaz Fonseca 
Published: May 2008

AbstractTwo patients presented with complaints of recurrent drainage of purulent exudate from sinus tracts, inflammation and pain after endodontic re‐treatment of the maxillary left (Case 1) and right (Case 2) lateral incisors. The periapical lesions persisted after apical curettage, apicectomy and root‐end filling with silver amalgam. Radiographic examination exposed the poor quality of the endodontic treatments and the silver amalgam root‐end fillings, which were associated with periapical radiolucent areas in both teeth. The sinus tract persisted after root canal cleaning and shaping, followed by a calcium hydroxide root canal dressing. The root‐end fillings were periapically dislodged with endodontic K‐files, and showed progressive displacement by sinus tracts up to elimination in the oral cavity. Follow ups of 42 and 65 months post procedure revealed clinical disappearance of the symptoms, sinus tracts and exudates, and radiographs revealed that the repair process of the periapical radiolucent areas was quite advanced.