bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF WOMEN’S STATUS ON INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY IN FOUR RURAL AREAS OF BANGLADESH
Authors: HOSSAIN MIAN B. , PHILLIPS JAMES F. , PENCE BRIAN 
Published: July 2006

Summary.In South Asia women are often the primary decision-makers regarding child health care, family health and nutrition. This paper examines the proposition that constraints on women’s status adversely affect the survival of their children. Survey data are used to construct indices of women’s household autonomy and authority, which are then linked to longitudinal data on survival of their children. Proportional hazard models indicate that enhanced autonomy significantly decreases post-neonatal mortality. Enhanced household authority significantly decreases child mortality. A simulation based on estimated effects of eliminating gender inequality suggests that achieving complete gender equality could reduce child mortality by nearly fifty per cent and post-neonatal mortality by one-third.
Is unilateral tonsillar enlargement alone an indication for tonsillectomy?
Authors: Sunkaraneni V S , Jones S E M , Prasai A , Fish B M 
Published: July 2006

Introduction: Unilateral tonsillar enlargement is often seen in the out-patient setting. Frequently, these patients are listed for tonsillectomy for the purpose of ruling out malignant histology. This study aims to determine the necessity for tonsillectomy.Method: This retrospective case-note review looks at all the tonsillectomies performed for histological examination at our institution over a five year period, and analyses the histological findings in those with unilateral tonsillar enlargement (UTE) alone, and those with UTE with other clinical features (history of chronic pain, dysphagia, the presence of tonsillar or peritonsillar mucosal abnormality, those with cervical lymphadenopathy). All patients who underwent tonsillectomy for the purpose of histological examination from 1 June 1998 to 30 May 2003 were identified and their notes reviewed. Exclusion criteria included cases where there were no pre-operative out-patient notes, those patients where the specimens had been sent from other hospitals, those patients who had malignancy already diagnosed, and those cases where tonsillectomy had been performed by other surgical specialties (e.g. maxillofacial, plastics). There were 1475 tonsillectomies, of which 181 performed over this period were sent for histological analysis. After excluding those patients that did not meet our criteria, we were left with 53 patients who had UTE. The primary outcome measure was the rate of malignancy in the two groups.Results: Of these, 33 had UTE alone, 20 had associated clinical features. In the former group, none of the patients were found to have malignancy. In the latter, nine (45 per cent) had a malignancy. Fisher's exact test was used to test for differences between the UTE alone group versus the UTE plus other features group (p<0.001).Discussion: The prevalence of malignancy in tonsils which exhibit asymmetry with no other clinical features is very low; in our study it was zero. However, other studies have found a small percentage representing underlying malignancy. In view of this, we feel that a ‘watch and wait’ policy is initially more appropriate, and if symptoms or signs are progressive, tonsillectomy should then be advised.
Effect of laser ripple on the beat wave excitation and particle acceleration
Authors: CHAUHAN P. K. , MAHMOUD S. T. , SHARMA R. P. , PANDEY H. D. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract.This paper presents the effect of ripple on the plasma wave excitation process and acceleration of electrons in a laser produced plasma. The plasma wave is generated by the beating of two coaxial lasers of frequencies ω1 and ω2, such that ω1-ω2≅ωp. One of the main laser beams also has intensity spikes. The nonlinearity due to the relativistic mass variation depends not only on the intensity of one laser beam but also on the second laser beam. Therefore the behavior of the first laser beam affects the second laser beam, hence cross-focusing takes place. Owing to the interaction of ripple and the main laser beams, the ripple grows inside the plasma. The behavior of the ripple in the plasma affects the excitation of the electron plasma wave as well as the electron acceleration. The amplitude of the electron plasma wave and the electron energy are calculated, in the presence of ripple.
Operating instructions for intelligent agent coordination
Authors: VIROLI MIRKO , RICCI ALESSANDRO , OMICINI ANDREA 
Published: July 2006

In contrast to standard approaches based on agent communication languages (ACLs), environment-based coordination is emerging as an interesting alternative for structuring interactions in multiagent systems (MASs). In particular, the notion of coordination artifacts has been proposed as an engineering methodology to build runtime abstractions effectively providing collaborating agents with specifically designed coordination tasks.In this paper, we study the semantics for the interaction of agents with coordination artifacts playing the same role of ACL semantics, that is, supporting semantic interoperability between agents developed by different parties through the connection between rationality and interaction. Our approach is rooted on the notion of operating instructions of coordination artifacts, which—as with a manual for a human exploiting a device—describe the interaction protocols the agent can follow as well as the mentalistic semantics of each single interaction. By tackling some of the most relevant issues raised in the context of ACL semantics, our framework allows intelligent, BDI-like agents to carry on complex interactions through coordination artifacts in a rational way.
Substance abuse among medical practitioners
Authors: SERRY NATHAN , BALL J. RICHARD B. , BLOCH SIDNEY 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper reviews the literature relating to the prevalence, causes and treatment of substance abuse and psychiatric illness among doctors. Possible aetiological and pathogenic factors influencing drug‐dependent doctors are discussed and some problems which arise in the management of these doctors are raised. Local studies in relation to certain personality factors in medical students, to cause of death in a medical cohort, and preliminary impressions from a study of substance‐abusing doctors are reported.
Early warning indicators of changes in patterns of drug use in Australia
Authors: PEDIC FADIL , FLAHERTY BRUCE 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis report examines potential sources for a data system to serve as an ‘early’ warning of changes in drug use in the community. The system would measure changes in drug use to allow the managers of drug and alcohol programmes to adapt their services to meet the changing needs of their clients. The topic was addressed by identifying the ‘dimensions of drug use’ relevant to early warning. Three criteria for inclusion in an early warning network were identified: timeliness, volume of data, and complementarity with other indicators. Each indicator was evaluated against the early warning criteria and dimensions of drug use issues. The result was a list of six indicators which could form an early warning network in Australia: a collection based on general hospital casualty reports, ambulance officer reports of drug overdoses, telephone advice service data, data from key informants, profiles of clients in drug dependence treatment centres and the users of needle exchange centres.
Recreational drug use in New Zealand
Authors: Black Steve , Casswell Sally 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA general population sample of 5126 New Zealanders aged 15‐45 was surveyed in late 1990 to determine their use of alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, and other illicit drugs. The results show that alcohol and tobacco are the most commonly used drugs. Cannabis had been tried by 43% of the sample, and this level of use appears similar to that in Australia and the United States. Hallucinogens were the next most common illicit drug and had been tried by 8% of the sample. Again the New Zealand rates appear similar to those for the United States or Australia. Much lower levels of use were reported for stimulants, opiates, tranquillizers and solvents than for other illicit drugs. The New Zealand prevalence rates for these substances are lower than those in the United States. The rates for these other classes of drugs are more similar to Australia, but may be slightly lower for stimulants, tranquillizers and solvents.
Transmitter amino acid neurochemistry in chronic alcoholism with and without cirrhosis of the liver
Authors: Thomas Gregory J. , Dodd Peter R. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractNeurotransmitter receptor studies are beginning to be applied more widely to human brain tissue obtained at autopsy. By taking tissue from well‐documented cases which have been extensively characterized on histological and morphometric criteria, it is becoming possible to make clinicopathological correlations in studies of the effects of chronic alcohol abuse. Recent findings of alterations in the nature and amounts of amino acid neurotransmitter receptors in alcoholism are summarized, with special emphasis on the effects of chronic severe liver disease. There are selective changes in receptors in the superior frontal cortex of alcoholics. There is a marked increase in the density of the GABA binding site, and a lesser change in the density of the ‘central‐type’ benzodiazepine site, on the GABAA‐benzodiazepine receptor complex. In contrast, glutamate receptors may be much less affected. Together with morphological and cognitive studies, the results suggest that the superior frontal cortex is preferentially damaged in chronic alcoholism. An increase in ‘central‐type’ benzodiazepine sites in both superior frontal cortex and motor cortex in cirrhotic alcoholics may reflect a more global brain damage, as observed in morphological studies. However, it should be noted the changes in [3H]GABA/muscimol binding were less pronounced in cirrhotic alcoholics than in non‐cirrhotic alcoholics.
Alcohol dehydrogenases: gene multiplicity and differential functions of five classes of isozymes
Authors: Holmes Roger 
Published: July 2006

AbstractMammalian alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs) constitute an enzyme family of multiple forms (isozymes) which are differentially distributed throughout the body. Subunit types α, β and γ in dimeric combinations constitute the isozymes of human liver class I ADH, and are >94% homologous in structure. Human π and χ subunits form homodimeric Class II and III ADH isozymes. π‐ADH is liver specific whereas χ‐ADH is widely distributed throughout the body. A sixth human ADH subunit (designated μ or σ), forming a new dimeric human stomach ADH, has been recently reported as Class IV ADH. Evidence for a seventh human ADH subunit has also been described, designated as Class V, the transcripts having been reported in the stomach and liver. All five classes of ADH represent isozymes which are homologous but exhibit at least 30% sequence differences in primary srtructure. Kinetic analyses of four of these classes of ADH indicated differential functions, serving either in the oxidative or reductive mode. Studies from various laboratories indicate the following respective functions: oxidation of aliphatic and aromatic alcohols—liver Class I and Class II, and stomach Class IV ADHs; reduction of peroxidic aldehydes—Classes I, II and IV; ‘biogenic’ alcohol oxidation—Classes I and II; and glutathione‐dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase‐Class III.
Brief or minimal intervention for ‘alcoholics’? The evidence suggests otherwise
Authors: MATTICK RICHARD P. , JARVIS TRACEY 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe evidence on the relative impact of intensive intervention(s) and brief advice for alcoholic populations has been interpreted as indicating that there is little advantage for the intensive form of treatment over brief advice. The current review suggests that this conclusion is based on studies with serious and important methodological flaws, and that a slightly different, qualified interpretation is appropriate. There is evidence that intensive intervention does benefit alcohol‐dependent patients, although it seems likely that the less alcohol‐dependent (problem or excessive) drinkers do not require such intense intervention(s). There is also reasonable evidence that at the end of intervening with people with alcohol problems there should be some continued assistance (ie ‘aftercare’) available to extend the intervention, and this assistance should be structured and scheduled. [Mattick P., Jarvis T. Brief or minimal intervention for ‘alcoholics’? The evidence suggests otherwise. Drug Alcohol Rev 1994;13:137–144.]
A summary of the recommendations for smoking cessation interventions: the quality assurance in the treatment of drug dependence project
Authors: MATTICK RICHARD P. , BAILLIE ANDREW , DIGIUSTO EROL , GOURLAY STEVEN , RICHMOND ROBYN , STANTON HARLEY J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis report presents outlines for approaches to smoking cessation. These recommendations are based on a meta‐analysis of the treatment‐outcome literature, a survey of current treatment practices and the views of a panel of experts. Face‐to‐face intervention to assist smokers to stop smoking needs to be considered in the context of a public policy approach to reducing the prevalence of smoking. The nature of face‐to‐face interventions is determined by the time available to practitioners. Where there is no time to intervene (e.g. in some primary health care settings) quality self‐help materials should be prominently displayed. Where there is only 10 minutes or less, attention should be focused on personalizing the health effects of smoking, providing firm advice to quit, providing self‐help material, setting a quit date (if appropriate), identifying social support for cessation and organizing a follow‐up visit. If there is more time to intervene (up to one hour) the previous techniques can be expanded on and supplemented with nicotine replacement and discussion of methods for dealing with high‐risk situations. Longer interventions would use all of these methods, presenting them in more detail, and may also address stress management and minimization of weight gain. [Mattick RP, Baillie A, Digiusto E, Gourlay S, Richmond R, Stanton HJ. A summary of the recommendations for smoking cessation interventions: The quality assurance in the treatment of drug dependence project. Drug Alcohol Rev 1994;13:145–151.]
Results of screening for excessive drinkers in four Sydney teaching hospitals
Authors: BELL ALISON , RICHMOND ROBYN , HEATHER NICK , ROLLNICK STEPHEN 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn‐patients from selected wards at four Sydney teaching hospitals were screened using a self‐completed general health questionnaire. Screening was carried out between January 1990 and December 1991 as part of a larger study of brief interventions for excessive alcohol consumers detected in the general hospital setting. Comparison with other screening studies of excessive drinkers in hospitals is difficult, due to factors such as the different screening instruments used and the varying population targeted. However, similar trends among excessive drinkers were found, such as age and gender factors. The routine employment of simple screening instruments to detect excessive drinkers among hospital in‐patients is once more urged. [Bell, A, Richmond, R, Heather, N, Rollnick, S. Results of screening for excessive drinkers in four Sydney hospitals. Drug Alcohol Rev 1994;13:179–184.]
The human toxicity of marijuana: a critique of a review by Nahas and Latour
Authors: CHRISTIE MACDONALD J. , CHESHER GREGORY B. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA review entitled “The human toxicity of marijuana” was published in 1992 in the Medical Journal of Australia. The authors claimed that the adverse effects of cannabis use have been trivialized and that the effects are much more serious than earlier reported. We have made a careful study of this review and examined the claims made. We compared the claims of the authors with the information contained in the documents they cited and found that at least 28 of the 35 citations in this article were cited inaccurately. Five of these publications were misquoted, or the findings of the study were not fully reported. Twenty‐three citations contained other errors, leaving only six to eight (two citations could not be retrieved because of their obscurity) accurate citations among 35. All of these inaccuracies operate in the direction of finding an adverse effect of marijuana. [Christie M, Chesher GB. The human toxicity of marijuana: a critique of a review by Nahas and Latour. Drug Alcohol Rev 1994;13:209–216.]
Estimated and measured blood alcohol levels in the night‐time driving population
Authors: KLOEDEN CRAIG N. , MOORE VIVIENNE M. , MCLEAN A. JACK 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe aim of this study was to compare drivers' subjective estimates of their blood alcohol concentration (BAC) with their measured BAC. As part of a night‐time survey of drinking and driving in the Adelaide metropolitan area, 13 951 drivers were approached at intersections between 10 p.m. and 3 a.m. and asked to provide a breath alcohol sample. In addition, drivers were given a reply‐paid mail questionnaire which sought their own estimate of their BAC. The 5765 replies were compared with the measured BACs. It was found that drivers with low measured BACs tended to over‐estimate their BAC while drivers with high BACs tended to under‐estimate; the error in the estimates increased as measured BAC increased. These errors were similar for males and females and did not vary with age group. These results emphasize the need for the wider adoption of reliable means by which people can assess their own BAC more accurately. [Kloeden CN, Moore VM, Mclean AJ. Estimated and measured blood alcohol levels in the night‐time driving population. Drug Alcohol Rev 1994;13:239–245.]
Measuring factors that influence the response of medical practitioners and social workers to problem drinkers: a pilot study
Authors: GORMAN D. M. , JACOBS LYNN M. , McALPINE DONNA 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIt is increasingly recognized that factors such as professionals' empathy, willingness to intervene, self‐efficacy and role legitimacy influence the initial engagement of clients into treatment and the nature of any subsequent therapeutic relationship. These factors are difficult to measure using questionnaires, and for this reason qualitative research techniques are frequently used in this field of inquiry. The present methodological study is based on in‐depth interviews conducted with 16 medical practitioners and 12 social workers, and attempts to overcome one of the main limitations associated with qualitative data—that is, the difficulty of reducing such complex material to a numerical value suitable for quantitative analysis. The interview technique and rating system described were most successful in achieving this in the case of self‐efficacy and least successful in the case of empathy. Possible reasons for this are discussed. It is concluded that the technique described has the potential to elicit detailed data concerning the interactions of medical practitioners and social workers with problem drinkers, and that this material can be reliably rated in a manner that is not unduly time‐consuming and burdensome to researchers. [Gorman DM, Jacobs LM, McAlpine D. Measuring factors that influence the response of medical practitioners and social workers to problem drinkers: a pilot study. Drug Alcohol Rev 1994;13:269–276.]
Science signals a new understanding of marihuana
Authors: CHESHER GREGORY B. , CHRISTIE MACDONALD J. , MORGAN JOHN P. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSome recent scientific advances in the study of the cannabinoids are outlined. The mode of action of marihuana and the cannabinoids has now been described. They belong to a new class of drug that acts on a hitherto undescribed neuro‐physiological system. An endogenous neurotransmitter or neuromodulator for this system has been isolated, identified and named “anandamide”. These findings throw new light and imbue new confidence for the future of the therapeutic application of compounds derived from and related to the cannabinoids and anandamide. An outline is also provided of the current knowledge and future potential of cannabinoids in therapeutics. The effect of the current legal classification of the cannabinoids on the research and development of these compounds is discussed. [Chesher GB, Christie MJ, Morgan JP. Science signals a new understanding of marihuana. Drug Alcohol Review 1994;13:307–317.]
The impact of alcohol and other drug abuse on the American family
Authors: STRAUSSNER SHULAMITH LALA ASHENBERG 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe changing economic and social conditions, the availability of a greater variety of substances and the abuse of these substances by adolescents, by women and by the elderly are bringing new pressures on society in general and on family life in particular. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the impact of various substances on the family in today's post‐industrial American society and point out its implications for clinical treatment, research and prevention. [Straussner SLA. The impact of alcohol and other drug abuse on the American family.Drug Alcohol Rev1994;13:393–399]
Empowering family and friends: a new approach to the secondary prevention of addiction
Authors: ORFORD JIM 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper presents a typology and transactional model of how close relatives cope with excessive drinking, drug‐taking or gambling in the family. These are illustrated with four examples taken from a series of research projects in which relatives have been interviewed to understand better how they react and respond. Such information is the groundwork for a World Health Organization initiative to help primary health care workers respond to the needs of relatives. The philosophy behind this initiative, and the steps that primary health care workers might take, are outlined. It is proposed that such workers can help close relatives to find the best coping methods in their circumstances, and that this approach might constitute an important, and hitherto neglected, form of secondary prevention. [Orford J. Empowering family and friends: a new approach to the secondary prevention of addiction. Drug Alcohol Rev 1994;13:417–429]
Family‐centred practice in the interface between child welfare and the alcohol and drug field
Authors: SCOTT DOROTHY A. , CAMPBELL LYNDA M. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractRecently publicized cases of child abuse and neglect have highlighted the complexity of interaction between professionals in the alcohol and drug field and those in the child welfare field. Despite exhortations to practitioners in both fields to see their clients from a “family‐centred perspective”, a range of psychological, ethical, conceptual, professional and organizational factors mean that this often remains an elusive goal. In this paper the obstacles to adopting a family‐centred approach which cuts across different professions and fields of service are identified. These factors interact in complex ways and although workers feel the tensions, it is difficult for them to perceive the set of constraints as a whole from the vantage point of an actor in the process. By identifying and analysing these obstacles workers in both fields may be better able to collaborate in maximizing the opportunities which also exist for family‐centred practice. [Scott DA, Campbell LM. Family‐centred practice in the interface between child welfare and the alcohol and drug field.Drug Alcohol Rev1994;13:447–454]
{μ-2-[1-(N,N-Dimethylamino)ethyl]ferrocene-1,1′-diylbis(diphenylphosphine)-κ2
P:P′}bis[thiocyanatogold(I)]
Authors: Sam Zolisa A. , Elmroth Sofi K. C. , Roodt Andreas , Muller Alfred J. 
Published: July 2006

The title compound, [Au2Fe(C38H37NP2)(SCN)2], is a dinuclear gold(I) complex containing an unsymmetrical bidentate ferrocenyl–phosphine ligand. Selected geometrical parameters for the compound are Au—P = 2.265 (2) and 2.260 (3) Å, Au—S = 2.327 (3) and 2.313 (3) Å, and P—Au—S = 175.61 (9) and 176.86 (9)°.