bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SOCIAL CLASS, EQUALITY AND ANTI‐SMOKING CAMPAIGNS
Authors: GRØNHAUG KJELL 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTConsumer policy is an important part of total welfare policy. A prime political goal in many societies is equality among their members. On the basis of secondary data from several countries the manifest and latent functions of anti‐smoking policies are evaluated. The main conclusion is that in several cases they contribute to increasing inequality among social groups.
THE DECONCENTRATION OF LEGISLATIVE POWER: THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMMITTEES IN THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT *
Authors: HAGGER MARK , WING MARTIN 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTWith a constitutional framework that provides only weak formal powers over the Council and Commission of the European Community, the European Parliament has adopted a constructive focus on policy control through its committee system. In this study, the organisation and powers of the committees are examined in a developmental perspective, and the manner in which they influence the policy process is analysed through a specific study of the Regional Policy and Social Affairs Committees in 1976–1977. This closer analysis uses both subjective and objective data to show: that the process of legislative scrutiny ‐ and to a lesser extent the initiative of legislation – has become a major focus of committee activity, which in turn absorbs most of the energy of MEPs; that control rests in the hands of a small number of committee members; but that party control over most of the institutional processes prevents the development of autonomous and powerful committees on the model of the U.S. Congress [1].
GURR'S “PERSISTENCE AND CHANGE” REVISITED: SOME CONSEQUENCES OF USING DIFFERENT OPERATIONALIZATIONS OF “CHANGE OF POLITY”
Authors: HARMEL ROBERT 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTT.R. Gurr's article, which appeared in the December 1974, issue of the American Political Science Review, reported several important findings from analysis of the authority characteristics of 336 polities that functioned between 1800 and 1971. While other methodological points are addressed throughout, this study is primarily a comparison of the findings of Gurr's analysis with those of two reanalyses based upon less‐inclusive conceptual and operational definitions of what constitutes system‐transforming change. Among other departures from Gurr's findings is substantially less consistent support for the hypothesis that polity durability is enhanced by coherence among authority traits. Analysis of a dynamic version of Eckstein's consonance theory reveals that incoherent historical polities which adapted in any direction were more long‐living than their non‐changing counterparts, and equally long‐living as polities with coherent authority patterns. Thus, the study revealed not only that some of Gurr's findings were dependent upon his operationalization of “end of polity”, but also the need for further examination of the data in light of discrepant findings among the three analyses.
PROPORTIONALITY PROFILES OF WEST EUROPEAN ELECTORAL SYSTEMS
Authors: TAAGEPERA REIN , LAAKSO MARKKU 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTHow proportional are the results of electoral systems designed to ensure proportional representation? How large is the deviation from proportionality for relative majority systems? Does a given system favor large, small or medium‐sized parties? Are some parties consistently advantaged? Is the system predictable or erratic? Plotting the percentage of seats–percentage of votes ratio versus percentage of votes for all parties, is found to be a simple and yet powerful graphical method to answer such questions. Application of such “proportionality profiles” to West European multi‐party systems leads to a typology of electoral systems based on their actual effect (rather than their formal procedure or intended effect). District magnitude, the number of rounds, and nationwide adjustment rules are found to be more important than formal seat distribution rules such as d'Hondt or Sainte‐Laguë.
THE RULES OF THE EUROPEAN ELECTION GAME*
Authors: AVRIL PIERRE , BEAUFAYS JEAN , BIBES GENEVIEVE , BRENNAN PAUL , CHARLOT MONICA , MENUDIER HENRI , ORENGO PHILIPPE 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTThe first European Assembly Election was not governed by a simple electoral law nor by any common electioneering policy. This article evaluates to what extent the rules of the European Election game varied from one country to the next.
European elections and the pre‐electoral period: Media use and campaign evaluations
Authors: CAYROL ROLAND 
Published: May 2006

Abstract: This article addresses the problems of the campaign period of the 1989 Euro‐elections: frequency of following the campaign, media use, preferences for various channels of communication (conversations, encounters with party workers, political meetings, mailed material, posters, advertisements, press, TV, radio). It demonstrates that, even if important national variations can be found, common socio‐economic and political stratifications are at work, across borders, on the continent.The variables of sex, occupation and political affiliations clearly play a role which frequently is transnational, and sometimes more active than the variable of nation. It is also true that, compared to the 1979 campaign, the 1989 one is marked by a problem of significant alignments: the last campaign tends to be less sexist, less ‘socially privileged’ and less biased to right wing voters than the first one. But these alignments take place among weak figures of interest and participation.
A longitudinal study of caries experience and extraction of permanent first molars in English children
Authors: Sutcliffe Philip 
Published: May 2006

AbstractOne hundred and twenty eight children in Leeds, England, initially aged 11 years, were examined annually for 6 years. The site of dental caries on 441 permanent first molars was recorded at the first examination. Twelve per cent of the teeth were caries free, 83 % had between one and three DF sites each, and 6 % had four or more DF sites. After 6 years 8 % of the originally caries free teeth had been extracted, compared with 19 % of those that initially had had up to three DF sites and 58 % of those with four or more DF sites at the first examination. With the exception of the distal surface site a consistent pattern of the prevalence of caries was seen in each of the sites in the permanent first molar teeth that were not extracted during the study. In the distal site dental caries became relatively more prevalent as the children grew older. The accumulation of similar information from other populations should provide a useful guide for the prognosis of dental caries in the permanent first molar teeth.
Co‐ordination of the school and general dental services in Rochdale, England
Authors: Doyle A. J. , Renner W. A. A. , Mellor J. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe administrative process in the implementation of a scheme of co‐operation between the school and general dental practitioner services to screen and treat children aged 14 years and above in an Area Health Authority is described. 84 % of the target group were screened in periods amounting (o 12 months. The uptake of treatment as assessed by return of notices of referral was only 1.5 %. Interview of a sample of those referred revealed that 49 % had been to a dentist within 6 months and of these 34 % would not have otherwise attended. 13 % had taken referral forms to practitioners. The implications of these findings are discussed and a more effective means of evaluating treatment uptake is proposed.
Dental health situation in privileged children in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Authors: Olsson Berit 
Published: May 2006

AbstractTwo hundred children 6–7 and 13–14 years of age from private schools in Addis Ababa were examined for oral deposits, periodontal condition, dental fluorosis, and dental caries. The findings indicated a higher level of both periodontal disease and dental caries in the privileged children than in previously surveyed nonprivileged children in Ethiopia. This difference was attributed to a higher sucrose intake in the privileged group. The findings may illustrate a dental health situation that will inevitably develop in Ethiopia with a continuous increase in the sucrose consumption.
Public opinions on dentists in Norway
Authors: Skogedal Ole , Helöe Leif Arne 
Published: May 2006

AbstractInterviews on the dentist‐patient relationship were carried out among 1,221 persons representing the dentulous part of the Norwegian population aged 15 and over. Two thirds of the interviewees said that their dentists explained the treatment plan, and of these, every second interviewee received reasons for the treatment. One third said they discussed different treatment alternatives with the dentist. One third of the respondents said that the dentist had urged them to clean their teeth thoroughly and to use fluoride. Only a minority thought that the dentist had sought to influence their dietary habits. When asked to give priority to alternative characteristics and qualities of dentists, accuracy and professional skills were those ranked the highest. Carefulness, willingness to listen and to discuss dental problems, and finally effective working habits were the qualities ranked thereafter. Out of the sample, 96% thought that their dentist did very good or good work, and 82% wanted to choose their own dentist.
Attitudes concerning water fluoridation among graduating Swedish dentists
Authors: Petterson Elof O. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe purpose of the investigation was to assess the attitudes concerning water fluoridation among Swedish dentists just having completed their dental education. All senior dental students (168) at the four Swedish dental schools were handed a questionnaire during the last week of November 1974. By the end of February 1975, 98 % of the respondents, now dentists, had returned their questionnaires. Water fluoridation was considered by the average respondent to be quite economical and effective but only slightly advisable; 72% expressed approval and support of water fluoridation; 15% expressed indecisiveness; 12% expressed negative views. The negative attitudes were associated with misconceptions concerning economy, technical efficiency, safety, and effectiveness. Many respondents, even those who expressed support of water fluoridation, displayed misconceptions concerning the effectiveness of water fluoridation in relation to topical application of fluorides and to the administration of fluoride tablets.
Recent reorganization of the Public Dental Health Service in Greenland in favor of caries prevention*
Authors: Jakobsen Jan 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe Danish dental health service in Greenland has not succeeded in its attempts to subdue a steadily growing caries problem in this rapidly changing society; surveys from 1974 and 1977 show that DMFS indices in this country are among the highest in the world. A comparison between the 1974 and 1977 surveys indicates that the DMFS indices reached a maximum around 1974. Pressing needs for other health services have left only small resources for a reorganization of the dental health service; at the same time, a certain lack of initial administrative support has hampered design and implementation of an adequate preventive program. Recently, a comprehensive plan for the training in Greenland of Greenlandic auxiliary personnel was put into effect, but at a time of economic depression. As a consequence, the dental health service now finds itself compelled to limit its previous scope of “comprehensive care”, to be able to spend a reasonable part of existing resources on preventive programs utilizing indigenous auxiliary personnel.
Interpretation of a Cauchy distribution function describing cumulative caries prevalence curves
Authors: Adler P. , Szabó Z. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe half life was used, as the common denominator, in comparing serial epidemiologic records of dental caries, and two mathematical models describing cumulative caries prevalence curves. Relying upon half spans, the connections with the caries susceptibilities of the individual teeth of the three age‐, tooth‐, and sex‐specific parameters of a transformed and modified are tan function were analyzed. The parameters a and b were directly proportional to the caries susceptibility, whereas an inverse proportionality of c was shown. The location of the inflection point of the individual curves was determined mathematically, and similarly of that point where the curve was truncated at its left tail. The cut off portion had a positive value with some teeth, indicating the latent period in the formation of a carious lesion, but a negative value with others. These truncated curves thus start from 0 prior to posteruptive tooth‐age 0; this inconsistency is due to the inherent defect of the prevalence curves. Relying upon half life spans, the connections with the caries susceptibilities Life Tables compiled by other investigators: posteruptive tooth‐age 0 was not determined by repeated serial examinations of the children in short intervals but was calculated from records with a mean interval of 13 months between successive examinations. Relying on the half life spans, and using the caries prevalence figures of the Life Tables, the exponential model preferred hitherto, and the proposed Cauchy model (with its left tail truncated) were compared. There was no overlapping between groups of teeth of clinically equal susceptibilities. An excellent fit of these two models was found with the empirical data using the least squares method, without any disadvantage of the Cauchy function. The relative increments of decay of these models, however, were properly reflected only by the Cauchy model.
Caries experience of Danish children evaluated by the Child Dental Health recording system
Authors: Schwarz Eli , Hansen Erik Randers 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this report is to describe certain features of the child dental health care in Denmark. The caries picture and the caries distribution pattern in Danish children aged 2–15 years are demonstrated and some regional variations are analyzed. The study is based on epidemiologic data collected in the school year 1977–78 from about 500 000 children being treated in accordance with the Child Dental Care Act. The data collection is being effectuated annually under a child dental health recording system, and the aim and function of this system is discussed. The mean defs‐ and DMFS‐indices are illustrated for individual age groups reflecting the natural history of dental caries. Certain trends in relation to different geographical distributional of caries and in relation to different cohorts of children from 1972 to 1977 are discussed. The analysis of the caries picture is extended by means of the distribution pattern according to caries severity zones. Finally, the use of caries epidemiologic data for planning and resource allocation purposes is illustrated and some policy implications for the development of the child dental health services in Denmark are discussed.
A 3‐year clinical trial into the effect of fluoride content and toothpaste abrasivity on the caries inhibitory properties of a dentifrice
Authors: Murray John J. , Shaw Linda 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe effect of reducing the abrasivity of toothpaste on dental caries was observed in a 3‐year clinical trial involving 1106 11–13‐year‐old Berkshire schoolchildren. The children were divided into three groups; Group 1 were allocated a low abrasivity paste containing 0.8% sodium monofluorophosphate, Group 2 a paste of conventional abrasivity also containing 0.8% sodium monofluorophosphate and Group 3 a low abrasivity non‐fluoride paste. After 3 years the net DMFS increments (clinical and radiographic scores combined) were 4.22 in Group 1, 4.72 in Group 2 and 6.43 in Group 3. The differences between Groups 1 and 3 and between Groups 2 and 3 were highly significant (P < 0.001). The mean increment in Group 1 was lower than in Group 2 but did not reach statistical significance. Reducing the abrasivity of the toothpaste had no meaningful effect on the standard of oral hygiene and prevalence of gingivitis as measured by the Gingival and Plaque Indices.
Diagonal half‐mouth recording of restorative and exodontic needs
Authors: Spencer Andrew John 
Published: May 2006

AbstractPartial recording of dental caries prevalence and incidence has been frequently recommended and employed. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the partial recording of restorative and exodonlic needs using an alternating diagonal half‐mouth examination gives results which can accurately represent complete recording. Diagonal half‐mouth recording was simulated by computer and gave results which closely represented the complete recording of the same sample of subjects. Partial recording lost a low proportion of the information collected by complete recording. Less frequently observed items of treatment showed highest proportions of information loss. If increases in the number of subjects in a sample can be achieved clue to reductions in resources required for each subject, a proportional loss of information may be turned to a proportional gain of information. Reasons for the current recommendations against a diagonal half‐mouth examination for the recording of restorative and exodontic needs are postulated and discussed.
Evaluation of a calibration trial to increase interexaminer reliability of radiographic diagnosis of approximal carious lesions
Authors: Poulsen S. , Bille J. , Rugg‐Gunn A. J. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractEighteen dentists working in the same School Dental Service participated in a calibration trial with the purpose of reducing interexaminer disagreement on radiographic diagnosis of approximal caries. The calibration program was in two stages: firstly, discussion in small groups and, secondly, the use of a reference standard. The effect of the training programs on interexaminer disagreement was limited, but a statistically significant decrease in the number of D‐surfaces recorded per child was observed. The finding that the major part of the error variance was due to random error, rather than systematic error, may explain why the calibration program was unsuccessful at reducing error.
Prevalence of dental caries among workers in the sweets industry in Israel
Authors: Anaise Joseph Z. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe purpose of the present study was to assemble data on the prevalence of dental caries among workers in the sweets industry. Three confectionaries were selected for the study. Most employees consented to be examined and were included in the study. The participants were distributed into two main groups: production line workers (228 participants) and non‐production line workers (195 participants). The control group consisted of a group of production line workers from five textile industrial establishments; 812 in all. The results indicate that the mean DMFT values recorded for the sweets industry workers were significantly higher than those recorded for the control group. Significantly higher mean DMFT values recorded in the production line workers, as compared with the non‐production line workers, in the confectionary industry were assumed to be attributed to a higher consumption of sweets and closer exposure to sugar dust. Mean DMFT values were found to increase significantly in relation to the duration of exposure to the effect of carbohydrates in both groups of workers in the sweets industry.
Caries susceptibility of permanent first and second molars in children aged 5–15 years
Authors: King Nigel M. , Shaw Linda , Murray John J. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractClinical examinations of 276 5‐year‐old children were carried out twice yearly for 2 1/2 years, and a further 1104 11‐12‐year‐old children were examined annually for 3 years. Fifty per cent of permanent first molar teeth had erupted by 6.4 years; the mean age of eruption for permanent second molar teeth was 12.2 years. One year after these mean eruption dates over 10% of first molars and 45% of second permanent molars were already carious. Although development of caries was initially slower in permanent first molars, between the ages of 7.5 and 8.5 years the caries increment rose to 18.8%. By the age of 15 years the DMF Was 92% for first and 68% for second molar teeth. The missing and filled proportion of the total DMF rose consistently. This represents the amount of treated caries and exceeded the amount of untreated caries in permanent first molars at all age levels. The rate of caries initiation in the present investigation emphasizes that restorative programmes and preventive regimens for children must be based on frequent recall examinations of not more than 6‐monthly intervals.
Longitudinal study of oral hygiene and dietary habits among immigrant children in Sweden
Authors: Aurelius Göran , Lindström Bo 
Published: May 2006

AbstractFamilies immigrating to Sweden from Finland and Southern Europe (Greece, Yugoslavia, and Turkey), as well as Swedish control families of the same social class, were interviewed twice on their children's oral hygiene and dietary habits and on the parents' knowledge of oral health. The first interview was made on the immigrants' arrival in Sweden and the second one 30 months later. The material comprised 35 Finnish, 23 South‐European and 54 Swedish families. During the observation period more immigrant than control children had complained about toothache. The frequency of toothbrushing was lower among the immigrants than among the Swedes at both interviews. The frequency of sweets consumption was significantly higher among the immigrants. Fewer immigrant than Swedish children had been examined or treated by a dentist before the first interview. There was no difference between the immigrants and the controls in channels of information about oral hygiene, the schools and the dentists being (he foremost source of information for both groups. The Swedish parents had a more competent knowledge of oral hygiene than the parents of the immigrant children. It was concluded that Finnish and South‐European immigrant children definitely have a great need of preventive dentistry.
Effects of supervised daily dental plaque removal by children after 3 years
Authors: Horowitz Alice M. , Suomi John D. , Peterson John K. , Mathews Barbara L. , Voglesong Ronald H. , Lyman Beverly A. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe benefits of a school‐based plaque removal program are presented. Children in grades 5‐8 were included in a study which was designed to determine the effect on oral hygiene, gingival inflammation and dental caries of removing dental plaque through supervised daily flossing and toothbrushing in school. A fluoride‐free dentifrice was used. Controls did not receive instruction in plaque removal procedures nor did they engage in plaque removal activities at school. For three school years the students in the treatment group practiced daily plaque removal, supervised by trained personnel. All participants were examined initially for plaque (PHP), gingival inflammation (DHC) and dental caries (DMFS). Girls in the treatment group showed a significant reduction (28%) in mean plaque scores and, for girls and boys, the mean changes in gingivitis scores were significantly reduced (40% and 17%, respectively). Adjusted mean incremental DMF surface scores were 13 % lower in the treatment group than in the control group. The difference between groups was not statistically significant and was accounted for entirely by the findings in mesial and distal surfaces (26%). This difference approached statistical significance (P= 0.07).