bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An In-Vitro Study of Microleakage Around Class V Cavities Bonded with a Self-Etching Material Versus a Conventional Two-Bottle System
Authors: Salim Sinan , Santini Ario , Husham Alyaa 
Published: July 2006

Objective To evaluate the microleakage around class V restorations restored with either a self-etching adhesive system or a conventional two-bottle adhesive system used with ‘total etch’ technique, and their recommended resin-based composites (RBC). Methods Two types of adhesive systems were used. A self-etching adhesive, Etch and Prime 3.0 (Degussa AG, Hanau, Germany), and a conventional two-bottle adhesive, Gluma Solid Bond (Heraeus Kulzer, Dormagen, Germany). The bonding systems were used in strict accordance with the manufacturers’ instructions, except that, with the two-bottle adhesive system, the cavities were filled with either a ‘wet’ or a ‘dry’ bonding technique, subsequent to acid-etching with 20% phosphoric acid. Etch & Prime 3.0 was used in conjunction with Degufill Mineral (Degussa, Hanau, Germany) RBC and Gluma Solid Bond with Flow Line RBC (Heraeus Kulzer, Dormagen, Germany). Standardised bucco-cervical cavities were prepared on the buccal and lingual surfaces of 15 extracted maxillary first premolar teeth; all cavity margins were in enamel. Ten of the resulting cavities (Group A) were restored using Etch & Prime 3.0 and Degufill Mineral, ten (Group B) using Gluma Solid Bond (Wet Bond), and ten (Group C) using Gluma Solid Bond (Dry Bond). Leakage scores at occlusal and gingival margins were calculated after thermocycling 500 times between baths, held at 5°C and 55°C, respectively, with 30 seconds dwell time in both. Data were analysed by the Fisher Exact Test. Results There was no statistically significant difference between the self-etching adhesive and conventional two-bottle adhesive systems at either the occlusal or the gingival margins. With the self-etching adhesive, there was no statistically significant difference in leakage scores between occlusal and gingival margins. There was a statistically significant difference between the occlusal and the gingival margins when a ‘wet’ or ‘dry’ bonding technique was used with the conventional two-bottle adhesive system. Conclusions The results suggest that the application of a conventional two-bottle bonding system used with a ‘total etch’ technique is better than that of a self-etching adhesive system. With the former, the use of a ‘wet’ bonding does not give better results than a ‘dry’ bonding technique.
Changing World of Neuroscience and Clinical Practice: A Personal Perspective Part 2 — Adult Brain Injury
Authors: Ewing Jan 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn the previous issue of Brain Impairment, Ewing (2006) described developments in the knowledge base underpinning clinical neuropsychology and implications for paediatric brain injury. This article discusses new research regarding post-injury recovery in the adult brain and its implications for clinical practice.
Oxidation Testing of Long-Life Turbine Oil Fluids. Can We Do Better?
Authors: Chasan DE , DiFrancesco SR , Ribeaud M 
Published: July 2006

AbstractFour turbine oils formulated with varying types and concentrations of antioxidants were aged via D 943 exposure and examined extensively at 1000, 2000, 5000, and 10 000 h. Acid number, Rotary Pressure Vessel Oxidation Test (RPVOT), High Pressure Differential Scanning Calorimetry (HPDSC)RP, and sludge determinations were made at each time interval. Only a combined evaluation of the test results for the 10 000 h oil samples (a “Total Oxidation Products” approach) gave a reasonable estimation of the true oxidative state of the fluids. One shorter term test, ASTM D 6514, was found to give a fair prediction of the overall quality of the fluids at 10 000 h.
ASTM G 175 Interlaboratory Study on Forced Ignition Testing
Authors: Smith SR , Stoltzfus JM 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
ASTM G 175 is a standard test method for evaluating the ignition sensitivity and fault tolerance of oxygen regulators used for medical and emergency applications. To show the ASTM G 175 test method was repeatable at different laboratories, a series of interlaboratory tests were performed on medical oxygen regulators in late 2002. These tests were performed on six regulator designs at three laboratories. Three of the regulator models employed a compressed gas association (CGA) 870-style connection and the other three regulator models used a CGA 540-style connection. Five of the regulators were commercially available and the other one was a CGA 870-style regulator that was intentionally designed to tail the test. The results of the round robin tests are presented and discussed.
Binary rare earth Laves phases — an overview
Authors: Gschneidner, Jr. Karl A. , Pecharsky Vitalij K. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The rare earth metals form the largest subset of the AB
2 Laves phase compounds. The rare earth element (R) is always the larger A metal, and they form Laves phases with most of the Group 7–10 elements, plus Mg and Al. As with all Laves phases, the rare earth RB
2 compounds conform with the size rule which had been established in the mid 1930s. Electron concentration effects have also been observed in the RB
2 phases. A number of anomalies and unusual behaviors have been discovered over the years: the La deficiency in “LaNi2” and of R in other “RNi2” Laves phase compounds; the crystal structure sequence in the RMn2 compound series; the relationship between the Debye temperature and the radius ratio; the Ce valence in the CeB
2 compounds; and the thermodynamic nature of the magnetic transition in the RCo2 phases.
High-pressure crystal chemistry of binary intermetallic compounds
Authors: Demchyna Roman , Leoni Stefano , Rosner Helge , Schwarz Ulrich 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Effects of high pressure on intermetallic compounds are reviewed with regards to structural stability and phase transitions. Changes of bonding properties and electronic structure are examplified by means of the elemental metals caesium and titanium, the latter forming an internal intermetallic compound at high pressures. After a short systematic overview regarding pressure effects, structural transformations in selected classes of intermetallic compounds like Zintl phases and AlB2-type arrangements precedes sections concerning high-pressure synthesis of Laves phases and intermetallic clathrates.
The effect of transition metal doping on thermal conductivity of YB66
Authors: Tanaka Takaho , Kamiya Koji , Numazawa Takenori , Sato Akira , Takenouchi Satoshi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The effect of transition metal doping in YB66 has been studied with respect to increase its thermal conductivity. Single crystals of YB66 doped with 4th, 5th and 6th group transition metals were grown by floating zone method. A detailed structure analysis suggested that an existing special B—B pair at the (1/4, 1/4, 1/4) site of YB66 could be attributed to a phonon scattering center that causes the amorphous-like low thermal conductivity. It was found that 5th and 6th group transition metals of V, Cr, Nb and Mo substitute the B—B pair. By contrast 4th group transition metals such as Ti and Zr were found to enter another (x, x, x) site with x ∼ 0.135. Thermal conductivity of both Nb-doped and undoped YB66 was measured in the range 4 K ≤ T ≤ 150 K. Nb doping increased thermal conductivity of YB66 with a factor of about 2.
Structural variations in Gd5Si4-xSnx: size vs. electronic effects
Authors: Mozharivskyj Yurij , Tsokol Alexandra O. , Miller Gordon J. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
X-ray single crystal diffraction studies on the Gd5Si4xSnx series with 0 ≤ x ≤ 3 revealed an increase in the interslab T—T (T = Si, Sn) dimer distances and transition from Gd5Si4-type structures for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1.5 (d
T—T = 2.49–2.71 Å) to the Pu5Rh4-type structure for x = 2 (d
T—T = 3.04 Å). The Ti5Ga4-type structure, which is a stuffed version of the hexagonal Mn5Si3 structure, was observed for the Gd5SiSn3 sample (x = 3). Tight-binding linear-muffin-tin-orbital (TB-LMTO) calculations on Gd5Si2Sn2 show that the interslab (T1—T1) dimer stretching and the structural transition from the Gd5Si4-type to the Pu5Rh4-type results from the influence of the 5p atomic orbital energy and the larger size of the Sn atoms on the electronic structure, as compared to the Si and Ge atoms in Gd5Si4 and Gd5Si2Ge2.
Tin flux synthesis of rare-earth metal silicide compounds RESi1.7 (RE = Dy, Ho): a novel ordered structure derived from the AlB2 type
Authors: Roger Jérome , Babizhetskyy Volodymyr , Jardin Régis , Guérin Roland , Moinet Claude , Burkhardt Ulrich , Halet Jean-Francois 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The binary rare-earth metal silicides RESi1.7 (RE = Dy, Ho) were prepared by tin flux synthesis between 800–1000 °C. Single crystals were obtained after electrochemical dissolving of molten ingots. Their crystal structures were determined from single-crystal X-ray data: orthorhombic symmetry, space group Imm2; unit cell parameters a = 19.144(1), b = 8.2562(3), c = 6.6571(3) Å and a = 19.063(1), b = 8.2120(2), c = 6.6313(2) Å for DySi1.7 and HoSi1.7, respectively. They represent a new ordered structure type, which is a derivative of the defect AlB2 type. The main structural feature is the occurrence of a vacancy ordering in the two-dimensional planar network of silicon atoms, leading to rows of edge-shared twelve-membered rings separated by distorted hexagonal rings. Structural comparison with the parent hexagonal silicide Yb3Si5 (Th3Pd5 type), the structure of which has been re-determined on single crystal, is also given.
Ge40.0Te5.3I8: synthesis, crystal structure, and properties of a new clathrate-I compound
Authors: Kovnir Kirill A. , Abramchuk Nikolay S. , Zaikina Julia V. , Baitinger Michael , Burkhardt Ulrich , Schnelle Walter , Olenev Andrei V. , Lebedev Oleg I. , Van Tendeloo Gustaaf , Dikarev Evgeny V. , Shevelkov Andrei V. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A new clathrate phase with the composition Ge40.0Te5.3I8 has been prepared and its structure determined from single crystal X-ray data. It crystallizes in the cubic space group Pm-3n with unit cell parameter a = 10.815(1) Å and Z = 1 (R = 0.031 for 272 independent reflections and 19 variables). Germanium and tellurium form a cationic clathrate framework hosting the guest iodine anions in cages of two different shapes. The cationic framework features a joint occupation on two of the three independent sites by germanium and tellurium, leading to the formation of Ge—Ge and Ge—Te bonds and vacancies on the third position. Electron diffraction and high-resolution electron microscopy reveal that the bulk material is not uniform; it contains domains showing a tendency for segregation of tellurium and germanium within the 4-fold positions of the space group P23, which is a subgroup of Pm-3n. Ge40.0Te5.3I8 is a diamagnetic semiconductor with a band gap of about 0.8 eV and its composition agrees with the Zintl formalism for the charge-balanced compounds.
Geometric variations and electron localizations in intermetallics: PbFCl type compounds
Authors: Nuss Jürgen , Wedig Ulrich , Jansen Martin 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The structural relations of the intermetallic compounds Cu2Sb, Mn2Sb, Fe2As, Mn2As, Cr2As, Sc2Sb as well as of YTiSi and ZrSiS, all adopting the PbFCl structure, are discussed. In the course of these investigations, the crystal structures of Mn2Sb, Mn2As and Fe2As have been redetermined and refined from single crystal data. Bandstructures have been calculated in the framework of Density Functional Theory. The bonding properties are compared on the basis of partial densities of states, of the Crystal Orbital Hamilton Population (COHP) and of the Electron Localization Function (ELF). The trend of the d electrons to become more localized with increasing number leads to different bonding conditions in the compounds discussed.
Accumulation and elimination of dietary arsenobetaine in two species of fish, Atlantic salmon (Salmo salarL.) and Atlantic cod (Gadus morhuaL.)
Authors: Amlund Heidi , Francesconi Kevin A. , Bethune Claudette , Lundebye Anne-Katrine , Berntssen Marc H. G. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractDespite the fact that marine fish contain relatively high concentrations of the naturally occurring arsenic compound arsenobetaine, little is known about the disposition of arsenobetaine in fish. We investigated the accumulation, distribution, and elimination of dietary arsenobetaine in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.), with the focus on muscle, liver, and kidney tissues. The fish were exposed to dietary arsenobetaine (24.7 ± 0.6 μg As/g feed) for three months, followed by a three-month depuration period. The two species showed marked differences in the accumulation and elimination of arsenobetaine. Total arsenic concentrations in Atlantic salmon increased significantly in muscle, liver, and kidney, whereas in Atlantic cod, a significant increase in total arsenic concentration was observed only in muscle. Elimination kinetics in muscle were distinct between the two species, with elimination half-lives from muscle tissue estimated at approximately 77 d in Atlantic cod and 37 d in Atlantic salmon, resulting in an absorption efficiency approximately twofold higher in Atlantic cod (15 ± 1%) compared to that in Atlantic salmon (8 ± 1%). The differences in arsenobetaine disposition studied in Atlantic salmon and Atlantic cod contribute to explain the differences in arsenic levels observed among marine fish.
Partitioning of polychlorinated biphenyls between Arctic seawater and size-fractionated zooplankton
Authors: Sobek Anna , Reigstad Marit , Gustafsson Örjan 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Concentrations of hydrophobic organic contaminants in zooplankton have been hypothesized to be governed by either near-equilibrium partitioning with surrounding water, growth dilution, or biomagnification. Concentrations of 17 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured in size-fractionated zooplankton, in phytoplankton (&gt;0.7 μm), and in the dissolved water phase (&lt;0.7 μm) in the surface water of the northern Barents Sea marginal ice zone east and north of Spitsbergen (Norway) and in the central Arctic Ocean at 89°N. The linear partition model was used to indirectly assess if PCBs were equilibrated between water and the extractable organic matter (EOM) of zooplankton. As an independent test, the relation between the EOM-normalized partition coefficient (log KEOM) and trophic level (TL) of the zooplankton (based on δ15N) was investigated. All log K–log KOW regressions were significant (n = 18, p &lt; 0.05, r2 = 0.65–0.95), being consistent with near-equilibrium partitioning and indirectly suggesting the absence of biomagnification. No correlation was found between log KEOM and TL, further supporting the apparent absence of biomagnification in zooplankton. One implication of these results is a reduced uncertainty in modeling of food web uptake, in which kinetic parameterizations of biodilution or biomagnification in zooplankton may be replaced by a simpler parameterization based on equilibrium partitioning.
Mobilization of chrysene from soil in a model digestive system
Authors: Minhas Jaswinder K. , Vasiluk Luba , Pinto Linda J. , Gobas Frank A. P. C. , Moore Margo M. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Accurate estimates for the oral bioavailability of hydrophobic contaminants bound to solid matrices are challenging to obtain because of sorption to organic matter. The purpose of this research was to measure the bioavailability of [14C]chrysene sorbed to soil using an in vitro model of gastrointestinal digestion and absorption to a surrogate intestinal membrane, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) thin film. The [14C]chrysene moved rapidly from soil into the aqueous compartment and reached steady state within 2 h. Equilibrium was reached in the EVA film within 32 h. Aging the spiked soil for 6 or 12 months had no effect on chrysene mobilization. This was supported by the finding that the data best fit a one-compartment model. Despite significant decreases in [14C]chrysene mobilization when water or nonneutralized gastrointestinal fluids were used in place of the complete medium, the equilibrium concentration of [14C]chrysene in EVA film remained the same in all conditions. Thus, the driving force for uptake was the fugacity gradient between the aqueous phase and the EVA film. Cultured human enterocytes (human colorectal carcinoma cell line [Caco-2 cells]) had a higher lipid-normalized fugacity capacity than EVA film, but the elimination rate constants were the same, suggesting that the rate was controlled by the resistance of the unstirred aqueous layer at the membrane–water interface.
Removal and biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by Selenastrum capricornutum
Authors: Chan Sidney Man Ngai , Luan Tiangang , Wong Ming Hung , Tam Nora Fung Yee 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The removal and degradation of a mixture of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), namely phenanthrene (PHE), fluoranthene (FLA), and pyrene (PYR), by a green microalgal species, Selenastrum capricornutum, at different initial cell densities were studied. The PAH removal efficiency increased with the initial cell density, and 96% of PHE, 100% of FLA, and 100% of PYR in the medium were removed by live S. capricornutum at the density of 1 × 107 cells/ml in 4 d, whereas less than 50% of PAHs were removed at the lowest cell density (5 × 104 cells/ml) in 7 d. The removal mechanisms included initial adsorption onto the cell walls of both live and dead cells, and the adsorbed PAHs were then absorbed and degraded in live cells only. Among different PAHs in a mixture, irrespective of whether they were added to medium at the same or different concentrations, the removal preference by live S. capricornutum was in the descending order of PYR &gt; FLA &gt; PHE, whereas the biodegradation rates followed the descending order of FLA &gt; PYR &gt; PHE. Initial findings regarding PAH metabolites revealed that PHE was converted into four different monohydroxyphenanthrenes and two dihydroxyphenanthrenes, whereas FLA and PYR were converted into three hydroxylated derivatives through the monooxygenase pathway. The presence of dihydroxylated PAHs suggested that the dioxygenase pathway also might have taken place at the same time.
Risk assessment of the National Institute of Standards and Technology petroleum crude oil standard water accommodated fraction: Further application of a copepod-based, full life-cycle bioassay
Authors: Bejarano Adriana C. , Chandler G. Thomas , He Lijian , Cary Tawnya L. , Ferry John L 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) petroleum crude oil was used to generate NIST water-accommodated hydrocarbon fractions (WAFs) for standardized assessment of crude oil effects on the copepod Amphiascus tenuiremis. Effects were assessed using a 96-well microplate, full life-cycle test. Briefly, nauplii (age, 24 h) were reared individually to adults (n ≥ 120 nauplii/treatment) in microplate wells containing 200 μl of treatment solution (seawater control [0%] or 10, 30, 50, or 100% NIST-WAF). Nauplii were monitored through development to adulthood, and mature virgin male:female pairs mated in wells containing original treatments (&lt;30 d). A second bioassay using 0, 10, 30, and 50% WAFs (n ≥ 60 nauplii/treatment) was conducted to assess the effects of ultraviolet (UV) light on naupliar endpoints (&lt;16 d). In the first experiment, nauplius-to-copepodite survival in exposures to 100% WAF was 27% ± 6% lower than in controls (92% ± 1%), but copepodite-to-adult survival was greater than 90% across all treatments. Analysis of development curves showed that nauplii in the 10% WAF developed into copepodites 25% faster, whereas nauplii in the 50 and 100% WAFs developed 17% slower, than controls. Copepodite development into male and female copepods was significantly delayed (2 and 4 d, respectively) in the 100% WAF compared to controls. Although none of the WAF exposures had significant effects on fertilization success or total viable production (p &gt; 0.05), embryo hatching in the 100% WAF was significantly less (70.0% ± 21.2%) than that in controls (87.0% ± 19.4%). Results from the UV bioassay showed that relatively short exposures (&lt;14 d) to 30 and 50% WAFs in the presence of UV light caused negative effects on copepod survival and development. Naupliar-stage survival and developmental endpoints were the most sensitive indicators of exposure to the NIST crude oil WAF.
Trends in metals in urban and reference lake sediments across the United States, 1970 to 2001
Authors: Mahler Barbara J. , van Metre Peter C. , Callender Edward 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Trends in metals concentrations in sediment cores from 35 reservoirs and lakes in urban and reference settings were analyzed to determine the effects of three decades of legislation, regulation, and changing demographics and industrial practices in the United States on concentrations of metals in the environment. Decreasing trends outnumber increasing trends for all seven metals analyzed (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Hg, Ni, and Zn). The most consistent trends are for Pb and Cr: For Pb, 83% of the lakes have decreasing trends and 6% have increasing trends; for Cr, 54% of the lakes have decreasing trends and none have increasing trends. Mass accumulation rates of metals in cores, adjusted for background concentrations, decrease from the 1970s to the 1990s, with median changes ranging from −46% (Pb) to −3% (Hg and Zn). The largest decreases are from lakes in dense urban watersheds where the overall metals contamination in recently deposited sediments has decreased to one-half its 1970s median value. However, anthropogenic mass accumulation rates in dense urban lakes remain elevated over those in lakes in undeveloped watersheds, in some cases by as much as two orders of magnitude (Cr, Cu, and Zn), indicating that urban fluvial source signals can overwhelm those from regional atmospheric sources.
Elevated organochlorines in the brain–hypothalamic–pituitary complex of intersexual shovelnose sturgeon
Authors: Koch Brian T. , Garvey James E. , You Jing , Lydy Michael J. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Organochlorine compounds (OCs), including polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides, were used on lands adjacent to the Middle Mississippi River (MMR; USA) from 1930 through 1988, and they continue to occur in MMR fish. These compounds are estrogenic and/or antiandrogenic, and they alter hormone production and reception within the brain and gonads of male fish, resulting in intersexuality and/or suppressed gonadal development. To assess how OCs affect reproduction of MMR fish, we quantified OC accumulation, intersexuality, and gonadal development in male shovelnose sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus platorynchus) throughout the MMR during the spring of 2003. Gonads were observed for intersexual characteristics, weighed to calculate the gonadosomatic index (GSI), and examined histologically. Tissue accumulation of OCs was quantified in gonads, brain–hypothalamic–pituitary (BHP) complex, and fillets. Four of 48 mature males were identified macroscopically as intersexuals, and a fifth was found through histology (a 10.4% incidence). Intersexuals accumulated higher concentrations of OCs in the BHP complex compared with those of mature males. In addition, GSI and OC accumulation within the BHP complex, gonads, and fillets of mature males were negatively related. Exposure to OCs before or during sexual differentiation likely induces intersexuality in MMR shovelnose sturgeon, and exposure throughout gonadal maturation inhibits gonadal development.