bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF NOREPINEPHRINE ON THE MORPHOLOGY AND SOME ENZYME ACTIVITIES OF PRIMARY MONOLAYER CULTURES FROM RAT BRAIN
Authors: Narumi S. , Kimelberg H. K. , Bourke R. S. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—Addition of norepinephrine or isoproterenol to primary cultures started from the brains of 1‐3 day old rats caused up to 200‐fold increases in cAMP levels, which reached a maximum by 5‐10 min and then declined. This effect was studied in detail for norepinephrine. The rise in cAMP levels was followed by morphological changes, in which up to 65% of the cells exhibited an astrocyte‐like morphology, and 2‐3 fold increases in carbonic anhydrase and (Na+‐K+) ATPase activities. However, morphological transformation also occurred after much smaller increases in total cAMP levels. These effects on cell morphology and enzyme activities reached a maximum 1‐2 h after addition of norepinephrine and then declined. Carbonic anhydrase activity was found both in the particulate and post 100,000 g supernatant fractions from homogenates of these cultured cells, and in the latter case the activity was activated 3‐fold by addition of cAMP. The significance of these obscrvations on the cellular localization of, and functional role for similar increases in cAMP in brain tissue is discussed.
Neutral and Acid Sphingomyelinases of Rat Brain: Somatotopographical Distribution and Activity Following Experimental Manipulation of the Dopaminergic System In Vivo
Authors: Sperker Erich R. , Spence Matthew W. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract:The activities of neutral, magnesium‐stimulated, and acid Sphingomyelinases were measured in five regions of rat brain. Neutral enzyme activity was 2‐3‐fold higher in striatum than in parietal cortex and 13‐fold higher than in cerebral white matter. Acid sphingomyelinase activity was more evenly distributed throughout these regions. Striatal neutral sphingomyelinase activity was not affected by treatment of rats with reserpine or haloperidol and was reduced (16%) by 6‐hydroxydopamine. Striatal acid sphingomyelinase was unaffected by reserpine and 6‐hydroxydopamine, and was increased (17%) by haloperidol. We conclude that neutral, magnesium‐stimulated sphingomyelinase activity differs in various regions of rat brain and is particularly enriched in the corpus striatum. However, it appears to be a constitutive component of tissue rather than a readily modulated regulatory element of the catecholaminergic system.
Expression of a Human Cocaine‐Sensitive Dopamine Transporter in Xenopus laevis Oocytes
Authors: Bannon Michael J. , Xue Chang‐Hong , Shibata Kazuhiko , Dragovic Ljubisa J. , Kapatos Gregory 
Published: October 2006

Abstract:The human dopamine transporter was expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes following injection of mRNA isolated from human brain substantia nigra. The specific accumulation of [3H]dopamine into these oocytes was time and Na+ dependent. Furthermore, [3H]dopamine accumulation was prevented by coincubation of oocytes with dopamine (100 μM) or with the dopamine uptake inhibitors GBR 12909 (1 μM) or cocaine (3 μM). In contrast, oocyte injection of mRNA isolated from human globus pallidus, an area devoid of dopamine neuron perikarya, did not elicit expression of the dopamine transporter. Oocyte expression of the human dopamine transporter can be used for the further characterization and cloning of this low‐abundance membrane protein.
Inhibition of β Hemolytic Streptococci Fibrinolysin by Trypsin Inhibitor (Antiprotease)
Authors: Mirsky I. Arthur 
Published: October 2006

Crystalline "trypsin-inhibitor" of pancreatic origin and the antitrypsin of soybean origin completely inhibit the fibrinolytic activity of cultures of β hemolytic streptococci, of filtrates of such cultures and of concentrates of such filtrates. It is suggested that the streptococcal fibrinolysin is a protease and that it may be related to trypsin.
The author wishes to acknowledge gratefully the cooperation of Lieutenant Colonel Robert L. King, Lieutenant Colonel E. D. Embree and Captain Edward Freis.
Experimental Diabetes and Diet
Authors: Houssay B. A. , Martínez C. 
Published: October 2006

In the experiments described the following observations have been made:
(1) The toxic and diabetogenic action of alloxan increases in rats fed a low protein diet and even more so in the case of a high lard or ox fat diet.
(2) The action of these fat diets was corrected by the addition of methionine, thiouracil, or coconut oil, but there was no modification either by addition of choline or sulfonamide or by increase in the protein proportion.
(3) In rats fed other high fat diets (olive oil, butter) the actions of alloxan were not modified, but there was a slight diminution when high oleomargarine or corn oil diets were fed. However, complete protection was observed when a high coconut oil diet was administered.
(4) The unfavorable effect of the high lard diet was observed also on the initiation and evolution of diabetes due to subtotal pancreatectomy. Contrarily, feeding a high protein diet and especially treatment with thiouracil had a favorable effect.
(5) Diabetes appeared first in subtotal pancreatectomized rats which were overfed, then in those which ate ad libitum, and finally in those which were underfed. Diabetes appeared in rats fed a single meal before it did in those eating the same amount of food divided into three meals.
Goals and Trends of Research in Geology and Geography
Authors: Rich John L. 
Published: October 2006

Summarizing in a few words the essence of the preceding analysis of goals and trends in research in Geology and Geography, we may say that the goal in Geology is a knowledge and understanding of the earth and of its history. In Geography it is a knowledge and understanding of the natural and human environments, to the end that they may best be utilized toward better living in the broadest sense.
Trends in research in these sciences that seem not altogether desirable are those toward overorganization of research and overdirection from others than the ones who are to do the work; toward indiscriminate fact-gathering; toward lessening of critical analysis of, and discussion of, papers given at meetings and of the published results; and toward premature publication and excessive volume of publications resulting from the prevailing practice of soliciting papers for scientific meetings.
Changes in methods of financing of research resulting from a great decrease in endowment incomes are noted, together with a strong tendency to look toward the Federal Government for the financing of university research, in spite of the obvious dangers to university freedom which such financing involves.
Radiocarbon Dates of Pre-Mankato Events inEastern and Central North America
Authors: Flint Richard Foster , Rubin Meyer 
Published: October 2006

1) A group of samples from horizons previously correlated with the upper part of the Cary substage confirms the correlation as reasonable and is consistently related in time to the dates of the peat layer at Two Creeks and subsequent Mankato events.
2) A major glaciation affected the Great Lakes region beginning 25,000 or more yr ago and reaching its maximum extent about 18,000 yr ago. It is represented by drift correlated in Ohio with the Cary substage and, at least in part, with the Tazewell substage; in Illinois and adjacent states it is correlated with most of the Tazewell substage and with the Farmdale loess.
3) The ecology and other associations implied by the dated samples are more consistent with glacial than with nonglacial conditions.
4) The lower till at Sidney, Ohio (W-188), on which is developed a soil considered a correlative of the Fox series soil on gravels and also buried by till of the major glaciation of 25,000 to 18,000 yr ago, indicates an earlier glaciation extensively exposed in Ohio and believed to be an early Wisconsin event.
Table 2. List of samples and dates arranged by age groups.
[See table in the PDF file]
5) An earlier glaciation, or glaciations, is implied at several localities by peat, gyttja, or wood more than 30,000 yr old, overlain by till.
6) The time interval between the middle group and the old group of samples, which has been determined within conservative radiocarbon limits to be greater than 3000 yr, is possibly of the order of 16,000 yr, as suggested by the depth of leaching at Sidney, Ohio.(The ages of all the samples discussed are listed in Table 2.)
7) An attempt should now be made to fix more closely the dates of the old samples and to reexamine in the field the stratigraphic sequence in the light of the radiocarbon dates discussed.
Mammalian Viruses and Rickettsiae
Authors: Hoyer Bill H. , Bolton Ellis T. , Ormsbee Richard A. , LeBouvier George , Ritter Daniel B. , Larson Carl L. 
Published: October 2006

Techniques of column chromatography with cellulose ion exchangers have been successfully applied to mammalian viruses and rickettsiae. Recovery of virus is excellent, and appreciable purification in terms of phosphorus and protein removal has been demonstrated.
Elution characteristics of poliovirus (types 1, 2, and 3), and Coxsackie A9 virus are similar, whereas those of ECHO-13 and Colorado tick fever differ from them as well as from each other.

Elution diagrams of preparations of ECHO-13 and polio 2 viruses grown on P
32
-labeled tissue cultures show a high degree of correlation between the distribution of titratable virus and the distribution of radioactivity.

A single adsorption and elution of Q fever or epidemic typhus fever rickettsiae results in a striking degree of purification, as demonstrated by electron micrographs.
The chromatographic behavior of the animal viruses and rickettsiae appears to depend more upon the chemical nature of the surfaces of these infectious agents than upon their size.

The chromatographic procedure described may prove useful in the preparation of purified, P
32
-labeled, fully infectious animal viruses for further fundamental research. It may also prove useful for the removal of unwanted host materials in the preparation of vaccines.
Deposition of Strontium-90 through October 1958
Authors: Eisenbud Merril 
Published: October 2006

It is estimated that the global deposition of strontium-90 increased from 1.9 to 2.6 megacuries during the period from June 1957 to October 1958. During this time the stratospheric reservoir of strontium-90 increased from 1.4 to 4.3 megacuries. Approximately 90 percent of the deposition of debris now stored in the stratosphere will have occurred by 1970.
In 1958, the strontium-90 content of powdered milk in the New York area averaged 5.9 micromicrocuries per gram of calcium in comparison with 3.9 micromicrocuries per gram of calcium for the previous year. For this region of the country, the strontium-90 content of milk appears to be increasing in proportion to the strontium-90 content of the soils from which the cows derive their forage.
The upper limit of foreseeable contamination in milk can be estimated by assuming that this proportionality will continue until all of the strontium-90 has been deposited from the upper atmosphere. This procedure should yield estimates which tend to err on the side of safety. In this manner, it is estimated that the maximum foreseeable sustained level of milk contamination in the New York area is 11 micromicrocuries per gram of calcium. A child deriving its calcium from dairy sources may be expected to develop a skeleton having 5.5 micromicrocuries per gram of calcium. This estimate is double that made in June 1957 and reflects the increased stratospheric inventory due to U.S.S.R. detonations in 1958.
The radiological dose to the skeleton from natural sources such as cosmic rays, radium, potassium, and so forth, is approximately 125 millirems per year. A skeletal burden of 5.5 micromicrocuries of strontium-90 per gram of calcium will deliver a dose of approximately 5.5 millirems per year to the bone marrow. The maximum foreseeable dose from strontium-90 in the New York area is thereby estimated to be about 5 percent of the dose due to natural radioactivity.
Who Participates in Local Politics and Why
Authors: Dahl Robert A. 
Published: October 2006

A survey of registered voters in New Haven in 1959 indicated that only a few citizens participate much in local affairs by any action other than voting, and that variations in participation are related to variations in resources, political confidence, alternative opportunities, and rewards.
The more resources one has (income, education, occupational standing, social standing, and so on), the more one is likely to participate. However, because the number of better-off citizens is small, citizens with smaller resources generally outnumber the better-off citizens at every level of political participation.
The more confident one is of his capacity to be effective in political matters, the more one participates actively in local affairs. This relationship tends to strengthen the influence of middle-class citizens and to weaken the influence of working-class citizens.
The fewer the alternatives a citizen has to politics as a means to achieve his goals, the more likely he is to participate actively. Thus, in New Haven, Negroes are among the most active participants in local affairs.
The greater the rewards a citizen receives or expects to receive from politics, the greater is his participation. Thus, the more "concerned" he is over politics, the greater is his participation. And the more "problems" he thinks the community is faced with, the greater is his participation likely to be.
Heterochromatin, Satellite DNA, and Cell Function
Authors: Yunis Jorge J. , Yasmineh Walid G. 
Published: October 2006

With the assumption that a portion that comprises some 10 percent of the genomes in higher organisms cannot be without a raison d'être, an extensive review led us to conclude that a certain amount of constitutive heterochromatin is essential in multicellular organisms at two levels of organization, chromosomal and nuclear. At the chromosomal level, constitutive heterochromatin is present around vital areas within the chromosomes. Around the centromeres, for example, heterochromatin is believed to confer protection and strength to the centromeric chromatin. Around secondary constrictions, heterochromatic blocks may ensure against evolutionary change of ribosomal cistrons by decreasing the frequency of crossing-over in these cistrons in meiosis and absorbing the effects of mutagenic agents. During meiosis heterochromatin may aid in the initial alignment of chromosomes prior to synapsis and may facilitate speciation by allowing chromosomal rearrangement and providing, through the species specificity of its DNA, barriers against cross-fertilization.
At the nuclear level of organization, constitutive heterochromatin may help maintain the proper spatial relationships necessary for the efficient operation of the cell through the stages of mitosis and meiosis. In the unicellular procaryotes, the presence of a small amount of genetic information in one chromosome obviates the need for constitutive heterochromatin and a nuclear membrane. At higher levels of organization, with an increase in the size of the genome and with evolution of cellular and sexual differentiation, the need for compartmentalization and structural components in the nucleus became imminent. The portion of the genome that was concerned with synthesis of ribosomal RNA was enlarged and localized in specific chromosomes, and the centromere became part of each chromosome when the mitotic spindle was developed in evolution. Concomitant with these changes in the genome, repetitive sequences in the form of constitutive heterochromatin appeared, probably as a result of large-scale duplication. The repetitive DNA's were kept through natural selection because of their importance in preserving these vital regions and in maintaining the structural and functional integrity of the nucleus.
The association of satellite (or highly repetitive) DNA with constitutive heterochromatin is understandable, since it stresses the importance of the structural rather than transcriptional roles of these entities. Nuclear satellite DNA's have one property in common despite their species specificity, namely heterochromatization. In this sense the apparent species specificity of satellite DNA may be the result of natural selection for duplicated short polynucleotide segments that are nontranscriptional and can be utilized in specific structural roles.
The Crisis in American Archeology
Authors: Davis Hester A. 
Published: October 2006

The current crisis in American archeology has been brought about by a combination of the greatly increased rate of destruction of unique, irreplaceable archeological information and material, and the lack of adequate funding for salvage of what is being destroyed. Since World War II, land alteration has increased almost geometrically. Land leveling, urban development, inexperienced or ignorant diggers, commercial dealers in Indian relics—these and many other agents of destruction are obliterating traces of the past. Anything that disturbs the ground where people once lived destroys forever whatever information is left about them and their way of life. Interpretations of man's cultural development through time, of his ability to cope with and use the environment wisely, and of a long, fascinating, and irreplaceable heritage are only possible if the evidence left in the ground is undisturbed and is properly recorded when it is excavated.
The problem of the destruction of archeological sites and information is a complex one, with no single solution. A combination of increased support for archeological research through increased funding, and development of a knowledgeable, interested public will go a long way toward assuring this country that a significant portion of the past will be available for the benefit of future generations. If solutions are not sought and found now, it will be too late—we will have committed ourselves, irretrievably and irreversibly, to the future, without benefit or knowledge of the mistakes and the lessons of the past.
From Mars with Love
Authors: Young Richard S. , DeVincenzi Donald L. 
Published: October 2006

1) Sample return missions from Mars are feasible in the 1980's.
2) The least expensive missions (direct sample return without sterilization) may be criticizable because of the possibility of back-contamination, although upgrading the handling and containment facilities could make unsterile return acceptable.
3) Sample sterilization decreases the total scientific value appreciably, depending on the measurements to be made. Geology is least affected and biology and organic chemistry are most affected.
4) Quarantine in earth orbit, in the same sense as for the lunar samples, would not be feasible without very large increases in cost. Orbital quarantine facilities, either automated or manned, would be very expensive, risky, and of limited use because of size limitations.
5) Orbital quarantine may be feasible if the sample is split, part of it sterilized and returned to the earth for study, and the remainder studied for pathogenicity in the automated mode as best we can in the limited space available in orbit. Ground studies of sterilized material plus "live" studies in orbit may convince us of the safety of returning the remaining sample to the earth under carefully prescribed conditions.
6) Additional unmanned, Viking-type missions to Mars can add considerably to our knowledge about a martian biota, or its absence, and thus increase the likelihood of being able to return an unaltered sample safely to the earth.
Science Advice in the White House? Continuation of a Debate
Authors: Skolnikoff Eugene B. , Brooks Harvey 
Published: October 2006

Thus, we are skeptical of the commonly stated arguments for re-creation of a science office at the White House, but are ultimately convinced that such an office is justified. A three-man CST is a reasonable proposal, although the detailed structure is less critical than the mandate given to the office, and the general understanding within government of its functions and limitations and of its relationship to the President.
To give it permanence, the office should be grounded in a science policy management and oversight function that is critically needed today. That kind of strong office could lead a president to use it as his personal science advisory staff, but the decision must be made anew by each president. The President does have other ways of obtaining scientific advice, although the right kind of science office would be a preferable route in our view.
The importance of such an office being able to present its analyses and recommendations in policy terms useful to other policy-makers cannot be overestimated. This has important implications for the kind of competence required to staff and work with such a council; it also requires recognition of the fact that policy-relevant studies and advice can never be value-free, even when carried out by scientists and engineers.
And finally, such a council could bring intensive and continuous attention to the international dimension of U.S. science policy, which seems to us to be particularly neglected.
It is not yet clear whether there will be any structural changes in the new Administration. But it is not too soon to be clearer about the essential factors that should underlie a sensible proposal for this or the next Administration.