bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Images of Simón Bolívar as Reflected in Ten Leading British Periodicals, 1816-1830
Authors: Jones Calvin P. 
Published: July 2006

Simón Bolívar has sometimes been called “The George Washington of South America.” Certainly his achievements are so well known as to deserve the apt appelation “El Libertador” by which he is known by many of the neighbors of the United States of America south of the border.One of the most important propaganda influences in Bolívar's success was the achievement of a good press in nations sympathetic to his cause. He was quite reticent to see the United States in a dominant role in the future regarding the areas he was trying to free from Spanish rule. Because he believed that Britain was “ruler of the world” during this period of world history, he was particularly interested that favorable images of him should appear in the British press.
Foreign Investment in Mexico, 1876-1910: A Case Study of the Role of Regional Elites
Authors: Wasserman Mark 
Published: July 2006

FOREIGN investment, mostly from the United States, fueled the rapid growth of the Mexican economy under the regime of Porfirio Díaz. By 1910, foreigners had invested well over a billion dollars in Mexico's railroads, mines, and a variety of other undertakings. At the core of the expansion and development of foreign investment was the connection between foreign entrepreneurs and the native elite. This association, worked out over three decades, greatly affected the economic, political, and social development of the nation.The relationship between native elite and foreign entrepreneurs was based on three sets of factors. First, the native elite controlled both the government which in Mexico, on all levels, played an important role in the success or failure of any enterprise and, through their ownership of much of the nation's land and mines, the rich natural resources which foreign enterpreneurs sought to develop. Second, the native elite was willing to permit foreigners to develop the nation's resources, to participate in a wide range of economic activities, and to dominate certain sectors of the economy, such as mining. The native elite allowed this, because on one hand, one group within the elite, the cientificos, was ideologically committed to the modernization of the country and saw foreign investment as the quickest and most efficient method to modernize and, on the other hand, the traditional groups within the elite saw foreign investment as a means to increase their own incomes (through bribes, commissions, and the sale of their property) and to preserve their traditional privileges. The only conceivable alternative to the development of the nation's economy through foreign investment would have been through the expansion of direct government participation in the economy, but this would have required (apart from an implausible ideological reorientation towards the discredited conservatism of an earlier era or the exotic doctrines of European socialism) a considerable redistribution of the nation's wealth (through taxation and other means of “forced” savings) to the disadvantage of the elite. The development of Mexico's economy through foreign investment did not disturb the political status quo. Third and finally, foreign entrepreneurs had both the capital and technological know-how to develop the nation's resources, neither of which was present in Mexico.
Enrique Dupuy De Lôme and the Spanish American War
Authors: Barrón Carlos García 
Published: July 2006

WE know little in the United States about the man who, as Spain's Ambassador in 1898, dared to call President McKinley “a low politician catering to the rabble.” The purpose of this article is to shed light on Enrique Dupuy de Lôme, his views, and his hitherto unstudied role as Spain's envoy during the critical period leading up to the Spanish-American War.The first striking characteristic about our subject is his very name, being French instead of Spanish. The genealogy of the Dupuy de Lôme family originated in France in the sixteenth century. There is record of a Jean Dupuy fighting against the Turks in one of the Crusades. The Spanish branch had, up to the nineteenth century, used only the Dupuy part of the surname. Then, as evidence of his great admiration of his French uncle, the designer of France's first cruiser, Dupuy chose to reestablish the full French surname by adding the de Lôme.
Hydrodynamic‐analogy‐based model for efficiency of structured packing columns
Authors: Shilkin A. , Kenig E. Y. , Olujic Z. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA model based on the hydrodynamic analogy approach was developed for the prediction of temperature and composition profiles in structured packing distillation columns. Compared to the traditional models based on the film theory, the proposed model is more rigorous. It comprises Navier‐Stokes equations, convection‐diffusion and heat‐conduction equations to describe the transport phenomena under condition of two‐phase gas‐liquid flow in an entire separation column. As a result, modeling the column efficiency is accomplished without application of the mass‐transfer coefficients. For the model verification, total reflux distillation data for binary and multicomponent mixtures are used. Calculations with both the hydrodynamic‐analogy‐based, and the film model are performed for a wide range of operating conditions. The proposed model is shown to have a more stable performance than the traditional one. Therefore, it can be recommended for design, revamp and optimization of distillation columns equipped with corrugated sheet structured packings. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Modeling of tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily 1A mutants associated with tumor necrosis factor receptor–associated periodic syndrome indicates misfolding consistent with abnormal function
Authors: Rebelo Susana L. , Bainbridge Susan E. , Amel‐Kashipaz Mohammad R. , Radford Paul M. , Powell Richard J. , Todd Ian , Tighe Patrick J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the effect of mutations in the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily 1A (TNFRSF1A) gene on the conformation and behavior of the TNFRSF1A protein. Mutations in TNFRSF1A cause the autosomal‐dominant, autoinflammatory TNFR‐associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS).MethodsThe expression of recombinant TNFRSF1A was compared in SK–HEp‐1 endothelial cells and HEK 293 epithelial cells stably transfected with full‐length R347A or Δsig constructs of wild‐type or TRAPS‐associated mutant TNFRSF1A. TNF binding was assessed in HEK 293 cell lines expressing R347A wild‐type or mutant TNFRSF1A. Homology modeling of the 3‐dimensional structure of the ectodomains of wild‐type and mutant TNFRSF1A was performed.ResultsTRAPS‐associated mutant and wild‐type TNFRSF1A behaved differently and had different localization properties within the cell, as a direct result of mutations in the ectodomains of TNFRSF1A. From a structural perspective, mutants with a predicted structure similar to that of the wild‐type protein (e.g., R92Q) behaved similarly to wild‐type TNFRSF1A, whereas forms of TNFRSF1A with mutations predicted to drastically destabilize the protein structure (e.g., cysteine mutations) showed defects in cell surface expression and TNF binding.ConclusionThe results obtained from the in vitro experiments, in combination with the modeled structures, indicate that the phenotype and clinical differences between different TRAPS‐associated mutants of TNFRSF1A result from different conformations of the TNFRSF1A ectodomains.
Classification criteria for psoriatic arthritis: Development of new criteria from a large international study
Authors: Taylor William , Gladman Dafna , Helliwell Philip , Marchesoni Antonio , Mease Philip , Mielants Herman 
Published: July 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the accuracy of existing classification criteria for the diagnosis of psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and to construct new criteria from observed data.MethodsData were collected prospectively from consecutive clinic attendees with PsA and other inflammatory arthropathies. Subjects were classified by each of 7 criteria. Sensitivity and specificity were compared using conditional logistic regression analysis. Latent class analysis was used to calculate criteria accuracy in order to confirm the validity of clinical diagnosis as the gold standard definition of “case”‐ness. Classification and Regression Trees methodology and logistic regression were used to identify items for new criteria, which were then constructed using a receiver operating characteristic curve.ResultsData were collected on 588 cases and 536 controls with rheumatoid arthritis (n = 384), ankylosing spondylitis (n = 72), undifferentiated arthritis (n = 38), connective tissue disorders (n = 14), and other diseases (n = 28). The specificity of each set of criteria was high. The sensitivity of the Vasey and Espinoza method (0.97) was similar to that of the method of McGonagle et al (0.98) and greater than that of the methods of Bennett (0.44), Moll and Wright (0.91), the European Spondylarthropathy Study Group (0.74), and Gladman et al (0.91). The CASPAR (ClASsification criteria for Psoriatic ARthritis) criteria consisted of established inflammatory articular disease with at least 3 points from the following features: current psoriasis (assigned a score of 2; all other features were assigned a score of 1), a history of psoriasis (unless current psoriasis was present), a family history of psoriasis (unless current psoriasis was present or there was a history of psoriasis), dactylitis, juxtaarticular new bone formation, rheumatoid factor negativity, and nail dystrophy. These criteria were more specific (0.987 versus 0.960) but less sensitive (0.914 versus 0.972) than those of Vasey and Espinoza.ConclusionThe CASPAR criteria are simple and highly specific but less sensitive than the Vasey and Espinoza criteria.
Attenuation of collagen production with small interfering RNA of SPARC in cultured fibroblasts from the skin of patients with scleroderma
Authors: Zhou Xiaodong , Tan Filemon K. , Guo Xinjian , Arnett Frank C. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractObjectiveRecently, it was observed that SPARC (secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine) is overexpressed in the fibroblasts of skin biopsy specimens obtained from patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc; scleroderma), and that specific inhibition of SPARC expression in normal human fibroblasts attenuated the profibrotic effect of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ). The purpose of this study was to examine whether inhibition of SPARC with small interfering RNA (siRNA) can be used to ameliorate the overproduction of major extracellular matrix components in SSc fibroblasts.MethodsFibroblasts obtained from biopsy specimens of the unaffected skin of 3 patients with diffuse SSc and 3 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy controls were cultured and transfected with SPARC siRNA. Before and after transfection, real‐time quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction, immunostaining, and Western blotting were used to examine the transcription and/or protein levels of SPARC, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), type I collagen, type II collagen, TGFβ receptor 1 (TGFβR1), and Smad3. Student's paired t‐tests were used to determine the significance of the results.ResultsSSc fibroblasts showed overexpression of SPARC, COL1A2, COL3A1, and CTGF, which is consistent with an activated fibroblast phenotype. Upon inhibition of SPARC with siRNA, these activated SSc fibroblasts showed decreased gene expression of COL1A2, COL3A1, and CTGF (43%, 54%, and 58%, respectively). In addition, the overproduction of type I collagen protein in SSc fibroblasts was inhibited and was shown to parallel levels of SPARC expression. In contrast, the expression of TGFBR1 and Smad3 did not change significantly nor was the level of phosphorylation of Smad3 reduced upon SPARC siRNA silencing in unstimulated cultured SSc fibroblasts.ConclusionOverproduction of collagens in SSc skin fibroblasts can be attenuated through SPARC silencing. This inhibition may be associated either with direct interaction between SPARC and collagens or with inhibition of CTGF, which is a downstream effector of TGFβ signaling. However, SPARC silencing in SSc fibroblasts appears not to be associated with TGFBR1‐ and Smad3‐dependent processes. Application of SPARC silencing represents a potential therapeutic approach to SSc.
Adenosine A2A receptors in diffuse dermal fibrosis: Pathogenic role in human dermal fibroblasts and in a murine model of scleroderma
Authors: Chan E. S. L. , Fernandez P. , Merchant A. A. , Montesinos M. C. , Trzaska S. , Desai A. , Tung C. F. , Khoa D. N. , Pillinger M. H. , Reiss A. B. , Tomic‐Canic M. , Chen J. F. , Schwarzschild M. A. , Cronstein B. N. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractObjectiveAdenosine regulates inflammation and tissue repair, and adenosine A2A receptors promote wound healing by stimulating collagen matrix production. We therefore examined whether adenosine A2A receptors contribute to the pathogenesis of dermal fibrosis.MethodsCollagen production by primary human dermal fibroblasts was analyzed by real‐time polymerase chain reaction, 14C‐proline incorporation, and Sircol assay. Intracellular signaling for dermal collagen production was investigated using inhibitors of MEK‐1 and by demonstration of ERK phosphorylation. In vivo effects were studied in a bleomycin‐induced dermal fibrosis model using adenosine A2A receptor–deficient wild‐type littermate mice, C57BL/6 mice, and mice treated with adenosine A2A receptor antagonist. Morphometric features and levels of hydroxyproline were determined as measures of dermal fibrosis.ResultsAdenosine A2A receptor occupancy promoted collagen production by primary human dermal fibroblasts, which was blocked by adenosine A2A, but not A1 or A2B, receptor antagonism. Adenosine A2A receptor ligation stimulated ERK phosphorylation, and A2A receptor–mediated collagen production by dermal fibroblasts was blocked by MEK‐1 inhibitors. Adenosine A2A receptor–deficient and A2A receptor antagonist–treated mice were protected from developing bleomycin‐induced dermal fibrosis.ConclusionThese results demonstrate that adenosine A2A receptors play an active role in the pathogenesis of dermal fibrosis and suggest a novel therapeutic target in the treatment and prevention of dermal fibrosis in diseases such as scleroderma.
Ginsenoside Re and Notoginsenoside R1: Immunologic Adjuvants with Low Haemolytic Effect
Authors: Sun Hong‐Xiang , Chen Yuehua , Ye Yiping 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe further purification of the total saponins from the roots of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen by ordinary and reversed‐phase silica‐gel, as well as Sephadex LH‐20 chromatography afforded two adjuvant active dammarane‐type saponins, ginsenoside Re (1) and notoginsenoside R1 (2). These two saponins were evaluated for haemolytic activities and adjuvant potentials on the cellular and humoral immune responses of ICR mice against ovalbumin (OVA). The concentrations inducing 50% of the maximum haemolysis (HD50), using 0.5% red blood cell suspensions, were 469.6±16.9 and 420.4±22.9 μg/ml for 1 and 2, respectively. Compounds 1 and 2 significantly increased the concanavalin A (Con A)‐, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐, and OVA‐induced splenocyte proliferation in the OVA‐immunized mice (P<0.05, P<0.01, or P<0.001). The OVA‐specific IgG, IgG1, and IgG2b antibody titres in serum were also significantly enhanced by 1 and 2 compared with OVA control group (P<0.05, P<0.01, or P<0.001). The results indicate that 1 and 2 showed a slight haemolytic activity and significant adjuvant effect on specific antibody and cellular immune response against OVA in mice, and that the type of the terminal sugar of the sugar chain at C(6) of protopanaxatriol could not only affect their haemolytic activities and adjuvant potentials, but have significant effects on the nature of the immune responses. The information about this structurefunction relationship might be useful for developing semisynthetic dammarane‐type saponin derivatives with immunological adjuvant activity.
Nine New Dammarane Saponins from Gynostemma pentaphyllum
Authors: Yin Feng , Zhang Yi‐Nan , Yang Zheng‐Yi , Hu Li‐Hong 
Published: July 2006

AbstractNine new dammarane saponins, 1–9, were isolated from the MeOH extract of the aerial part of Gynostemma pentaphyllum, an edible plant of the Cucurbitaceae family, that grows wildly in China. Their structures were elucidated by 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR analysis, as well as by chemical degradation. Aglycons 21,24‐cyclopentyldammar‐25‐ene of 6 and 7, and 21,24‐cyclopentyldammarane of 8 and 9, were novel. Compounds 1, 4, and 8 showed moderate antitumor activities against stomach cancer cells SGC‐7901 and liver cancer cells BEL‐7402.
Iridoid Glucosides and Flavones from the Aerial Parts of Avicennia marina
Authors: Feng Yan , Li Xiao‐Ming , Duan Xiao‐Juan , Wang Bin‐Gui 
Published: July 2006

AbstractTwo new iridoid glucosides, namely, 2′‐O‐[(2E,4E)‐5‐phenylpenta‐2,4‐dienoyl]mussaenosidic acid (1; mussaenosidic acid=[1S‐(1α,4aα,7α,7aα)]‐1‐(β‐D‐glucopyranosyloxy)‐1,4a,5,6,7,7a‐hexahydro‐7‐hydroxy‐7‐methylcyclopenta[c]pyran‐4‐carboxylic acid) and 2′‐O‐(4‐methoxycinnamoyl)mussaenosidic acid (2), were isolated from the aerial parts of the mangrove plant Avicennia marina. Beside that, one known iridoid glucoside, 2′‐O‐coumaroylmussaenosidic acid (3) and four known flavones (flavone=2‐phenyl‐4H‐1‐benzopyran‐4‐one) including 4′,5‐dihydroxy‐3′,7‐dimethoxyflavone (4), 4′,5‐dihydroxy‐3′,5′,7‐trimethoxyflavone (5), 4′,5,7‐trihydroxyflavone (6), and 3′,4′,5‐trihydroxy‐7‐methoxyflavone (7) were also isolated and identified. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by NMR spectroscopy and by low‐ and high‐resolution mass spectrometry. The chemotaxonomic significance of these findings was discussed. In addition, each isolated compound was evaluated for the ability of α,α‐diphenyl‐β‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical‐scavenging activity.
Highly Potent Vitamin D Receptor Antagonists: Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation
Authors: Saito Nozomi , Kittaka Atsushi 
Published: July 2006

AbstractVitamin D receptor (VDR) antagonists have attracted significant levels of interest because of their potential utility in the treatment of Paget's disease, which is known as the most flagrant example of disordered bone remodeling and the second most common bone disease after osteoporosis in Anglo‐Saxons. Recent studies on Paget's disease suggested a specific increase in osteoclasts' sensitivity to the differentiation activity of active vitamin D3 as the principal mechanism for abnormal bone formation. We set out to conduct a structure–activity relationship study on the first VDR antagonists, TEI‐9647 and TEI‐9648 (25‐dehydro‐1α‐hydroxyvitamin D3‐26,23‐lactone), with the goal of improved VDR antagonistic activity. Given that both potent agonists and antagonists must have high affinity for the VDR, we hoped that our accumulated knowledge in the field of VDR agonists would help us identify potent antagonists. First 2α‐modified TEI‐9647 analogues were synthesized, and then 24‐substitution to stabilize the lactone structure under physiological conditions was investigated. Finally, 2α‐modified 24‐methyl‐, 24,24‐dimethyl‐, and 24,24‐ethano‐25‐dehydro‐1α‐hydroxyvitamin D3‐26,23‐lactone analogues were synthesized. The synthesis of the 24,24‐ethano‐TEI lactone was accomplished through Ru‐catalyzed intermolecular enyne metathesis of the alkynone CD‐ring side chain with ethylene to give a dienone, followed by regioselective cyclopropanation. It was found that 2α,24,24‐trimethyl‐TEI‐9647 (39) possessed an antagonistic activity (IC50=0.093 nM) approximately 90 times that of the original TEI‐9647 (IC50=8.3 nM).
A Targeted Protease Substrate for a Quantitative Determination of Protease Activities in the Endolysosomal Pathway
Authors: Fischer Rainer , Bächle Daniel , Fotin‐Mleczek Mariola , Jung Günther , Kalbacher Hubert , Brock Roland 
Published: July 2006

AbstractInside the cell, proteases act in concert in the degradation of proteins and peptides. In order to understand the significance of an individual proteolytic activity within an ensemble of proteases, protocols and probes are required that enable a quantitative determination of the contribution of a protease to the break‐down of a given substrate. Here we present a fluorescence resonance energy transfer‐based probe and protocols for a quantitative determination of proteolytic activities inside the endolysosomal compartment. A peptide substrate that is readily cleaved by different cathepsins is flanked by fluorescein and tetramethylrhodamine‐labeled lysine residues. Efficient endolysosomal targeting of the substrate is achieved by N‐terminal elongation with the cell‐penetrating peptide nona‐arginine. The proteasome inhibitor lactacystin has a small, but significant effect on the break‐down of the substrate, thus demonstrating that only a minor fraction of the peptide reaches the cytoplasm in its intact form. Nona‐arginine therefore constitutes a highly efficient low‐molecular‐weight moiety for targeting the endolysosomal compartment.
Metal‐Particle‐Induced, Highly Localized Site‐Specific Etching of Si and Formation of Single‐Crystalline Si Nanowires in Aqueous Fluoride Solution
Authors: Peng Kuiqing , Fang Hui , Hu Juejun , Wu Yin , Zhu Jing , Yan Yunjie , Lee ShuitTong 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA straightforward metal‐particle‐induced, highly localized site‐specific corrosion‐like mechanism was proposed for the formation of aligned silicon‐nanowire arrays on silicon in aqueous HF/AgNO3 solution on the basis of convincing experimental results. The etching process features weak dependence on the doping of the silicon wafers and, thus, provides an efficient method to prepare silicon nanowires with desirable doping characteristics. The novel electrochemical properties between silicon and active noble metals should be useful for preparing novel silicon nanostructures and also new optoelectronic devices.
Microwave Synthesis of Hybrid Inorganic–Organic Porous Materials: Phase‐Selective and Rapid Crystallization
Authors: Jhung Sung Hwa , Lee Jin‐Ho , Forster Paul M. , Férey Gérard , Cheetham Anthony K. , Chang Jong‐San 
Published: July 2006

AbstractMicrowave synthesis of two porous nickel glutarates was compared with conventional hydrothermal synthesis. The cubic nickel glutarate, [Ni20(C5H6O4)20(H2O)8]⋅40 H2O (1), was synthesized by conventional electrical heating in several hours or days, depending on synthesis temperature. Crystallization was greatly accelerated by microwave irradiation, in which more stable, tetragonal nickel glutarate, [Ni22(C5H6O4)20(OH)4(H2O)10]⋅38 H2O (2), was formed within a few minutes, suggesting the efficiency of the microwave technique in the synthesis of porous hybrid materials. The cubic phase 1 is formed preferentially at low pH, low temperature, and especially under conventional electrical heating. In contrast, the tetragonal phase 2 is obtained favorably at high pH, high temperature, and especially with microwave irradiation. This work demonstrates that the microwave method provides not only the very fast synthesis of a hybrid material, but also the possibility to discover a new porous hybrid material not yet identified by conventional hydrothermal synthesis. The hydrothermal formation of metal–organic hybrid materials in a matter of minutes is an important step towards developing commercially viable routes for producing this valuable class of materials.
Molecular Mobility of Interlocked Structures Exploiting New Functions of Advanced Biomaterials
Authors: Yui Nobuhiko , Ooya Tooru 
Published: July 2006

AbstractCyclic compounds can rotate and/or slide along a polymeric chain in a polyrotaxane structure, and the mobility of the ligands linked by the cyclic compounds is closely related to enhancing the multivalent interaction with binding sites on the receptor proteins. This concept is being exploited in more practical applications in the biomedical and pharmaceutical fields, such as a non‐viral gene carriers.