bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vanillin
Authors: Vidal Jean‐Paul 
Published: May 2006

Abstract

Vanillin (3‐methoxy‐4‐hydroxy‐benzaldehyde) is found as a natural product, glucovanillin, in
green
vanilla beans in the form of its β‐
D
‐glucoside. The extract, as such, has an inconsistent quality and price and its use has given way to production of synthetic vanillin, derived from catechol. It can also be obtained from lignin in sulfite wastes treated with alkali, and from guaiacol, where its impurities, by comparison, are odorless.

Physical properties, solubility data, and data about particle‐size distribution, taste and flavor, and available grades of Rhovanil Extra Pure vanillin of Rhodia are given. Chemical reactions, such as decomposition, are discussed.
Uses as a flavor enhancer in numerous food products, and as a key part of flavor compounding are mentioned. The four principal notes in flavor perception are classified to show the role played by vanillin in flavor compounding. Uses in baking, chocolate, vanillin sugar, and as a palatability enhancer in animal feed are discussed.
Use in perfumery of a vanilla‐like product is examined, with its important role in the field of aroma description. Many vanillin uses in perfumery are touched on, as are some in flavor‐masking, pharmaceuticals, agrochemical products, and in antiultraviolet protection. Analysis and determination techniques are discussed. Vanillin in the diet shows no significant health or carcinogenic risk to humans.
Adaptive two‐stage Kalman filter in the presence of unknown random bias
Authors: Kim Kwang Hoon , Lee Jang Gyu , Park Chan Gook 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe well‐known conventional Kalman filter gives the optimal solution but requires an accurate system model and exact stochastic information. In a number of practical situations, the system model has unknown bias and the Kalman filter with unknown bias may be degraded or even diverged. The two‐stage Kalman filter (TKF) to consider this problem has been receiving considerable attention for a long time. Until now, the optimal TKF for system with a constant bias or a random bias has been proposed by several researchers. In case of a random bias, the optimal TKF assumes that the information of a random bias is known. But the information of a random bias is unknown or incorrect in general. To solve this problem, this paper proposes two adaptive filters, such as an adaptive fading Kalman filter (AFKF) and an adaptive two‐stage Kalman filter (ATKF). Firstly, the AFKF is designed by using the forgetting factor obtained from the innovation information and the stability of the AFKF is analysed. Secondly, the ATKF to estimate unknown random bias is designed by using the AFKF and the performance of the ATKF is verified by simulation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genetic basis of olfactory communication in primates
Authors: Mundy Nicholas I. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe genes involved in olfactory communication in mammals via the vomeronasal system are summarized, and studies investigating these genes in primates are reviewed. Only five potentially functional vomeronasal receptor genes (V1RL s) have been found in humans, and only one of these (V1RL1) has been studied in other primates. V1RL1 has become a pseudogene repeatedly during primate evolution, but patterns of natural selection on primate V1RL genes demonstrate that this gene family diverged under natural selection throughout at least part of primate evolution. Evolution of the TRP2 gene, which encodes for an ion channel that is important in vomeronasal organ (VNO) signalling, strongly suggests that this signalling function was lost in ancestral Catarrhines. Overall, much work remains to be done to elucidate the repertoire of genes that are involved in pheromonal communication, particularly in Strepsirhines. Such studies promise unique insights into the evolution of this modality. Am. J. Primatol. 68:559–567, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Individual olfactory signatures in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)
Authors: Smith Tessa 
Published: May 2006

AbstractIndividual discrimination is likely a prerequisite for most primate social interactions. Olfactory cues are one set of stimuli used by primates to discriminate between individuals. Despite the importance of these olfactory signatures, there is little published research assessing the existence or function of individually unique odors among primates. This review systematically assesses behavioral and biochemical aspects of individual odors in a New World primate, the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).There are three objectives to this review: First, behavioral evidence for odors unique to the individual is evaluated in the context of results demonstrating that marmosets are able to discriminate between the scents from a familiar and a novel individual conspecific in behavioral bioassays under a variety of conditions. Second, biochemical evidence for individual scent signatures is debated with reference to studies examining qualitative and quantitative differences between the chemical compositions of scent‐mark pools from adult females. A combined gas chromatography (GC) and mass spectrometry (MS) analysis demonstrated that each female had a unique ratio of highly volatile chemicals in the scent mark that could affect individual discrimination. Finally, the possible adaptive significance of individual odors in marmosets is debated. Individual odors may play a key role in regulating both female intrasexual competition and intersexual communication by providing a basis for the assessment of individual quality. Am. J. Primatol. 68:585–604, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Scent marking in sifaka: no one function explains it all
Authors: Lewis Rebecca J. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractVarious hypotheses to explain possible functions of scent‐marking have been put forth and basically fall into five categories: territorial demarcation, ownership of resources, mate attraction, noncombative fighting, and self‐advertisement. Verreaux's sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi verreauxi), like many prosimians, use scent‐marking as one form of communication. The goal of this study was to determine the function of scent‐marking in sifaka. All‐occurrence of scent‐marks, scent‐mark context, and scent‐mark style were collected on 23 sifaka in the Kirindy Forest of western Madagascar for 7 months (September 2001–March 2002). Scent‐mark rates were collected using continuous focal animal sampling from November 2000–March 2002. Home range data were collected using monthly censuses and instantaneous focal sampling throughout the 17 months. Scent‐marking behavior was exhibited almost exclusively by adults. Scent‐mark rates were not related to the number of resident adult males, number of resident adult females, rank, or group size. The majority of scent‐marks occurred in the perimeter of the home range; however, less than a quarter of the home range was used by only a single group. Sifaka did not preferentially mark food trees, mark during the mating season, or mark during intergroup encounters. The results from this study indicate that none of the five hypothesized functions best explains all scent‐marking in Verreaux's sifaka. Rather, scent‐marking may serve different functions for different individuals. Am. J. Primatol. 68:622–636, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Scent marking in two western Amazonian populations of woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha)
Authors: Di Fiore Anthony , Link Andres , Stevenson Pablo R. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWe describe patterns of scent marking observed in two wild populations of lowland woolly monkeys that were the subjects of long‐term studies in the westernmost portion of the Amazon basin. The woolly monkeys engaged primarily in two types of scent marking: chest rubbing and anogenital rubbing. In both study populations, males and females performed both types of scent marking, but males chest‐rubbed more commonly than females, while females engaged in more anogenital rubbing. We evaluated two nonexclusive hypotheses for the function of scent marking by woolly monkeys: 1) that scent marking is used in sociosexual contexts, and 2) that scent marking is used to convey information about occupancy of or willingness to defend an area from conspecifics in other social groups. We found no association between the occurrence of scent‐marking behavior and location within the home range, but did find that scent marking occurred more commonly than expected on days when copulations, mating solicitations, and intergroup encounters were observed. Additionally, mating activity and chest rubbing were highly correlated across the yearly cycle, even when the potentially confounding variable of ripe fruit availability was controlled for. In woolly monkeys, overt male–male competition is rare and female choice is an important part of the mating system. Our results are most consistent with the idea that scent marking plays a role in advertising male quality or competitive ability, and perhaps in coordinating mating activity. Am. J. Primatol. 68:637–649, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evidence for the ecological self: English‐speaking migrants' residual links to their homeland
Authors: Ward Catherine , Styles Irene 
Published: May 2006

AbstractAttachment to the homeland may have far‐reaching consequences after migration. Researchers have reinterpreted Bowlby's (1969) attachment theory from the perspective of cognitive psychology, emphasizing the role of human interactions in the formation of self and affective regulation (Fogany et al., 2002). Further, the importance of interactions with the non‐human environment in establishing a sense of self (ecological self) has been propounded (Niesser, 1991; Spizform, 2001). The present study employed a cross‐sectional, naturalistic design using qualitative and quantitative methodologies to study the impact of migration on 154 British women currently living in Western Australia. A subset of interview data from 40 women are reported. Findings indicated these migrants maintain a strong, emotionally charged bond or “residual link” to non‐human as well as human elements of their homeland, irrespective of satisfactory or unsatisfactory settlement. These findings seem to provide evidence of the ecological self, which could also help explain the negative reactions many people experience following migration. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
50 Hz magnetic fields of constant or fluctuating intensity: Effects on immunocyte hsp70 in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis
Authors: Malagoli Davide , Gobba Fabriziomaria , Ottaviani Enzo 
Published: May 2006

AbstractEffects of a single 30 min exposure to a 50 Hz, 400 µT sinusoidal extremely low frequency magnetic field (ELF MF) on hsp70 expression in immunocytes from the bivalve Mytilus galloprovincialis was investigated using RT‐PCR and immunoblot approaches. The results indicate that in M. galloprovincialis immunocytes hsp70 expression was unaltered at both transcriptional and translational level after exposure to constant or fluctuating intensity MFs. Bioelectromagnetics 27:427–429, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative real‐time analysis of HIV‐1 gene expression dynamics in single living primary cells
Authors: Sáez‐Cirión Asier , Nicola Marie‐Anne , Pancino Gianfranco , Shorte Spencer L. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractStudies on the regulation of viral transcription upon infection of the target cells have provided important information on the viral and host factors that influence pathogenesis. However, these studies have been limited so far to steady‐state analysis of gene expression. Here we report an image based photon‐counting method that allows real‐time quantitative imaging of viral gene expression in infected single cells. Employing an HIV‐1 vector bearing the firefly luciferase reporter gene, we exploited a single cell photon imaging methodology (a customized and highly sensitive imaging microscope) to measure viral gene expression following integration into a host genome in situ. Our approach reveals real‐time dynamics of viral gene expression in living HIV natural target cells (primary human CD4 T cells and macrophages), and promises itself as a powerful tool for quantitative studies on a wide variety of virus‐host cell interactions.
Risk factors for tumour present in a circumferential line of resection after excision of rectal cancer
Authors: Chapuis P H , Lin B P C , Chan C , Dent O F , Bokey E L 
Published: May 2006

Abstract

Background
Transected tumour in a circumferential line of resection after excision of rectal cancer carries a high likelihood of local recurrence. The aim of this study was to identify independent risk factors for transected tumour and to examine their temporal variability.

Methods
Data were drawn from a comprehensive, prospective hospital registry of all resections for rectal cancer from January 1971 to July 2004. Transected tumour was defined as tumour present histologically in a line of resection and was assessed in all specimens.

Results
Transection occurred in 129 of 1613 patients (8·0 (95 per cent confidence interval 6·7 to 9·4) per cent). The following variables were independently associated with transected tumour: tumour perforation, a non-restorative operation, tumour adherence, non-standardized operative technique, preoperative radiotherapy, male sex, histological involvement of an adjacent organ or tissue, high-grade tumour and venous invasion. The mean number of risk factors per patient per year and the annual percentage of patients with transection varied distinctly over the history of the database.

Conclusion
The varying prevalence of risk factors, both within and between hospitals and patient series, should be taken into account if the rate of transection is to be regarded as an index of the quality of surgery.
A QM/MM Study of Cisplatin–DNA Oligonucleotides: From Simple Models to Realistic Systems
Authors: Robertazzi Arturo , Platts James A. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractQM/MM calculations were employed to investigate the role of hydrogen bonding and π stacking in several single‐ and double‐stranded cisplatin–DNA structures. Computed geometrical parameters reproduce experimental structures of cisplatin and its complex with guanine–phosphate–guanine. Following QM/MM optimisation, single‐point DFT calculations allowed estimation of intermolecular forces through atoms in molecules (AIM) analysis. Binding energies of platinated single‐strand DNA qualitatively agree with myriad experimental and theoretical studies showing that complexes of guanine are stronger than those of adenine. The topology of all studied complexes confirms that platination strongly affects the stability of both single‐ and double‐stranded DNAs: PtNH⋅⋅⋅X (X = N or O) interactions are ubiquitous in these complexes and account for over 70 % of all H‐bonding interactions. The π stacking is greatly reduced by both mono‐ and bifunctional complexation: the former causes a loss of about 3–4 kcal mol−1, whereas the latter leads to more drastic disruption. The effect of platination on Watson–Crick GC is similar to that found in previous studies: major redistribution of energy occurs, but the overall stability is barely affected. The BH&H/AMBER/AIM approach was also used to study platination of a double‐stranded DNA octamer d(CCTG*G*TCC)⋅d(GGACCAGG), for which an experimental structure is available. Comparison between theory and experiment is satisfactory, and also reproduces previous DFT‐based studies of analogous structures. The effect of platination is similar to that seen in model systems, although the effect on GC pairing was more pronounced. These calculations also reveal weaker, secondary interactions of the form Pt⋅⋅⋅O and Pt⋅⋅⋅N, detected in several single‐ and double‐stranded DNA.
Triply Fused ZnII–Porphyrin Oligomers: Synthesis, Properties, and Supramolecular Interactions with Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWNTs)
Authors: Cheng Fuyong , Zhang Sheng , Adronov Alex , Echegoyen Luis , Diederich François 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe photophysical, electrochemical, and self‐assembly properties of a novel triply fused ZnII–porphyrin trimer were investigated and compared to the properties of a triply fused porphyrin dimer and the analogous monomer. The trimer exhibited significantly red‐shifted absorption bands relative to the corresponding monomer and dimer. Electrochemical investigations indicated a clear trend in redox properties amongst the three porphyrin structures, with the lowest oxidation potential and the lowest HOMO–LUMO gap exhibited by the triply fused trimer. This electrochemical behavior is attributed to the extensive π‐electron delocalization in the trimeric structure relative to the monomer and dimer. Additionally, it was found that the trimer forms extremely strong and nearly irreversible supramolecular interactions with single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), resulting in stable solutions of porphyrin–nanotube complexes in THF. Formation of these complexes required the addition of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) to the solvent. This allowed the oligomers to make close contact with the nanotubes, enabling the formation of stable supramolecular assemblies. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to observe the supramolecular porphyrin–nanotube complexes and revealed that the porphyrin trimer formed a uniform coating on the SWNTs. Height profiles indicated that nanotube bundles could be exfoliated into either individual tubes or very small bundles by exposure to the porphyrin trimer during sonication.
Toward the Synthesis of the Antibiotic Branimycin: Novel Approaches to Highly Substituted cis‐Decalin Systems
Authors: Mulzer Johann , Castagnolo Daniele , Felzmann Wolfgang , Marchart Stefan , Pilger Christian , Enev Valentin S. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractA variety of highly functionalized cis‐decalin systems have been prepared by means of the stereoselective transannular Diels–Alder (TADA) reaction of a (Z,E,Z,Z)‐tetraene macrolide, and by means of intramolecular nitrile oxide olefin (INOC) or ring‐closing metathesis (RCM) annulations to quinic acid derivatives.
Synthesis of Size‐Controlled Acid‐Resistant Hybrid Calcium Carbonate Microparticles as Templates for Fabricating “Micelles‐Enhanced” Polyelectrolyte Capsules by the LBL Technique
Authors: Li Xiaodong , Hu Qiaoling , Yue Linhai , Shen Jiacong 
Published: May 2006

AbstractSize‐controlled, low‐dispersed calcium carbonate microparticles were synthesized in the presence of the amphiphilic block copolymer polystyrene‐b‐poly(acrylic acid) (PS‐b‐PAA) by modulating the concentration of block copolymer in the reactive system. This type of hybrid microparticles have acid‐resistant properties. By investigating the aggregation behaviors of PS‐b‐PAA micelles by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the mechanism of hybrid calcium carbonate formation illustrated that the block copolymer served not only as “pseudonuclei” for the growth of calcium carbonate nanocrystals, but also forms the supramicelle congeries, a spherical framework, as templates for calcium carbonate nanocrystal growth into hybrid CaCO3 particles. Moreover, this pilot study shows that the hybrid microparticle is a novel candidate as a template for fabricating multilayer polyelectrolyte capsules, in which the block copolymer is retained within the capsule interior after core removal under soft conditions. This not only facilitates the encapsulation of special materials, but also provides “micelles‐enhanced” polyelectrolyte capsules.
Synthesis of Li[(Ni0.5Mn0.5)1‐xLix] O2 by Emulsion Drying Method and Impact of Excess Li on Structural and Electrochemical Properties.
Authors: Myung Seung‐Taek , Komaba Shinichi , Kurihara Koutarou , Hosoya Kiyoharu , Kumagai Naoaki , Sun Yang‐Kook , Nakai Izumi , Yonemura Masao , Kamiyama Takashi 
Published: May 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Stereoselective Synthesis of 2,5‐Di‐ and 2,2,5‐Trisubstituted Pyrrolidines by Allylation Reaction of Acyliminium Ion.
Authors: Shinada Tetsuro , Hamada Makoto , Kawasaki Masanori , Ohfune Yasufumi 
Published: May 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Hetero‐Diels—Alder Reaction Catalyzed by Self‐Organized Polymeric Rare Earth Complexes under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Ishida Shuichi , Hayano Tetsuji , Furuno Hiroshi , Inanaga Jinji 
Published: May 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Direct HPLC enantioseparation of chiral aptazepine derivatives on coated and immobilized polysaccharide‐based chiral stationary phases
Authors: Cirilli Roberto , Orlando Viviana , Ferretti Rosella , Turchetto Luciana , Silvestri Romano , De Martino Gabriella , La Torre Francesco 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe direct HPLC enantioseparation of Mianserin and a series of aptazepine derivatives is accomplished on polysaccharide‐based chiral stationary phases (CSPs). The resolutions are performed on the coated‐type Chiralcel OD and Chiralpak AD CSPs and on the first commercially available immobilized‐type Chiralpak IA CSP, in normal‐phase and polar‐organic modes. The complete separation of enantiomers of all racemates investigated was successfully achieved under at least one of CSP/eluent combinations employed. Pure alcohols such ethanol or 2‐propanol, with a fixed percentage of DEA added, serve as valuable alternatives to the more common n‐hexane‐based normal‐phase eluents in resolution of Mianserin on the AD CSP. In order to study the chiroptical properties of aptazepine derivatives, chromatographic resolutions are carried out at semipreparative scale using Chiralpak AD and Chiralpak IA as CSPs. Nonconventional dichloromethane‐based eluents have permitted to expand the chiral resolving ability of the immobilized Chiralpak IA CSP and to perform mg‐scale enantioseparations with an analytical‐size column. Assignment of the absolute configuration of the separated enantiomers is empirically established by comparing their chiroptical data with those of structurally related Mianserin. Chirality, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Elucidation of the enantioselective recognition mechanism of a penicillin G acylase‐based chiral stationary phase towards a series of 2‐aryloxy‐2‐arylacetic acids
Authors: Massolini Gabriella , Fracchiolla Giuseppe , Calleri Enrica , Carbonara Giuseppe , Temporini Caterina , Lavecchia Antonio , Cosconati Sandro , Novellino Ettore , Loiodice Fulvio 
Published: May 2006

AbstractA series of structurally related 2‐aryloxy‐2‐arylacetic acids (1–3, 5–16) together with a thioisostere derivative (4) have been synthesized and characterized by GC‐MS and 1H NMR. The designed compounds were analyzed on a Penicillin G Acylase chiral stationary phase (PGA‐CSP) and the influence of the structure variations on retention and enantioselectivity was investigated. The chromatographic study includes the direct separation of the enantiomers of the synthesized compounds and the determination of the elution order of selected racemic mixtures. 10 out of 16 racemates were separated; high chromatographic enantioseparation factors (α > 2) were achieved for some compounds. For the enantiomers of four compounds whose absolute configuration was known (1, 3, 12, 16), the elution order was R:S with the exception of 2‐(4‐chloro‐phenoxy)phenylacetic acid (1), for which the elution order was reversed. Preliminary molecular modeling studies suggest that both polar and charge‐transfer interactions as well as steric effects play an important role in determining the retention factors and the enantioselectivities observed. Chirality, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.