bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shift in Virulence of Soybean Cyst Nematode is Associated with Use of Resistance from PI 88788
Authors: Niblack T. L. , Colgrove A. L. , Colgrove K. , Bond J. P. 
Published: February 2008

The soybean cyst nematode (SCN) is the most economically important pathogen of soybean in the United States. Most of the SCN-resistant cultivars being grown in this region have resistance derived from a single source, Plant Introduction (PI) 88788. A survey conducted in 2005 showed that 83% of the soybean hectarage in Illinois is infested with SCN, with average population densities high enough to cause significant yield suppression (2,700 eggs/100 cm3 soil). Further characterization of these populations showed that 70% have adapted to PI 88788 at some level, reducing the effectiveness of using SCN-resistant cultivars as a crop management tool. Rotation with alternative sources of resistance is recommended as a means to slow the adaptation to PI 88788. Accepted for publication 11 October 2007. Published 18 January 2008.
Phytophthora ramorum Infects Hazelnut, Vine Maple, Blue Blossom, and Manzanita Species in California
Authors: DiLeo Matthew V. , Bienapfl John C. , Rizzo David M. 
Published: February 2008

Phytophthora ramorum was isolated from symptomatic tissue of California hazelnut, vine maple, blue blossom, and two species of manzanita. This is the first report of these plant species as natural hosts of P. ramorum. The native ranges of these new host species overlap considerably with regions that are highly favorable to P. ramorum epidemics. It is unknown how these newly-identified hosts affect the epidemiology of sudden oak death in California ecosystems or the spread of P. ramorum into un-infested areas. Accepted for publication 15 November 2007. Published 18 January 2008.
Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Phytophthora ramorum Infecting Rhododendron, Camellia, Pieris, and Viburnum
Authors: Tjosvold S. A. , Koike S. T. , Chambers D. L. 
Published: February 2008

Fungicides were evaluated for pre- and post-infection control of ramorum blight, caused by Phytophthora ramorum, on Rhododendron cvs. Cunningham's White and Irish Lace, Camellia japonica, Pieris japonica, and Viburnum tinus. Cyazofamid, dimethomorph, mefenoxam, pyraclostrobin, and fenamidone applied as foliar sprays consistently provided preventative control as indicated by reduced lesion size compared to water controls. These fungicides provided preventative activity for at least 28 days in the tested species except in Rhododendron where fungicides were active for at least 14 days following application. With preventative fungicide applications, the pathogen was recovered from most fungicide-treated leaves by isolation onto selective media. Dimethomorph consistently reduced the percent recovery from diseased Rhododendron leaves. With post-infection treatments, the fungicides did not significantly reduce lesion growth and percent recovery of the pathogen. The pathogen was recovered from lesions consistently at least 6 weeks after fungicide application in Rhododendron regardless of treatment on intact and fallen diseased leaves. However, the cultures resulting from isolations of diseased tissue treated with cyazofamid and dimethomorph were significantly slower growing than those cultures from other fungicide treatments. P. ramorum management issues relating to fungicide use in commercial nurseries are discussed Accepted for publication 12 October 2007. Published 8 February 2008.
Evaluation of Chemical Agents for the Control of Phytophthora ramorum and Other Species of Phytophthora on Nursery Crops
Authors: Linderman Robert G. , Davis E. Anne 
Published: February 2008

Phytophthora diseases occur frequently in nurseries, and the recent incidence of ramorum blight, caused by P. ramorum, on nursery crops has underscored the need for improved management strategies against all Phytophthora diseases. We evaluated several chemicals that target Oomycete pathogens, inoculating detached rhododendron or lilac leaves removed from plants previously treated with various chemicals, or chemically-treated leaves on intact plants. Results indicated that Subdue MAXX (drench or foliar application) was the most effective chemical in suppressing infections caused by all species of Phytophthora tested (P. ramorum, P. citricola, P. citrophthora, and P. nicotianae) except P. citrophthora; with P. ramorum, it was active for at least 6 weeks after spray application. More chemicals were effective when sporangial rather than mycelial plug inoculum of P. ramorum was used, including Aliette, Ranman, Stature DM, and Fenamidone. All chemicals tested were fungistatic, not fungicidal. These tests indicate that several materials inhibit infection by Phytophthora species, and that the detached leaf test is effective in evaluating efficacy of chemical agents for the suppression of Phytophthora pathogens from nurseries. Accepted for publication 10 November 2007. Published 11 February 2008.
QoI Resistance of Plasmopara viticola and Erysiphe necator in the Mid-Atlantic United States
Authors: Baudoin Anton , Olaya Gilberto , Delmotte François , Colcol Jeneylyne F. , Sierotzki Helge 
Published: February 2008

Of 20 Plasmopara viticola isolates collected in four locations in Virginia and northwest North Carolina in 2005, 16 were resistant to QoI fungicides. The resistance factor was over 100, and label rates of formulated azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin provided little or no control of these isolates. Additional sampling in 2006 revealed at least 15 additional vineyards with QoI-resistant P. viticola in Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania. Of 22 isolates of Erysiphe (Uncinula) necator collected in 2005 from five Virginia locations, 20 isolates from 4 locations showed resistance to QoI fungicides. The G143A mutation for resistance was detected in several isolates of both pathogens. This is the first detection of this type of resistance in P. viticola in North America, and the second North American report of QoI resistance in E. necator. Accepted for publication 26 November 2007. Published 11 February 2008.
First Report of Stem Rot of Dracaena Caused by Aspergillus niger in Iran
Authors: Abbasi Mehrdad , Aliabadi Faezeh 
Published: February 2008

Specimen plants of Dracaena sanderiana showing stem rot symptoms were collected from a local market in Tehran. Aspergillus niger was isolated from all diseased plants. Healthy greenhouse plants were inoculated and developed disease symptoms. The authors were able to isolate A. niger from all inoculated plants. This is believed to be the first report of A. nigercausing stem rot of D. sanderiana in Iran. Accepted for publication 26 November 2007. Published 12 February 2008.
Association of the variable number of tandem repeats polymorphism in the promoter region of the SMYD3 gene with risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in relation to tobacco smoking
Authors: Wang Haijian , Liu Yang , Tan Wen , Zhang Yang , Zhao Naiqing , Jiang Yan , Lin Chengzhao , Hao Bingtao , Zhao Dan , Qian Ji , Lu Daru , Jin Li , Wei Qingyi , Lin Dongxin , He Fuchu 
Published: February 2008

The etiology of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) has been shown to be multifactorial, including genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors, such as tobacco smoking. A variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) polymorphism in the promoter region of SMYD3, a recently characterized histone lysine methyltransferase gene that is implicated in cell proliferation and carcinogenesis, has been shown to be functional, but its association with cancer risk has not been well established because of apparently discrepant results in different populations. In this case‐control study, we genotyped 567 patients with newly diagnosed ESCC and 567 healthy controls and found an increased ESCC risk (odds ratio [OR] = 1.42, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.05–1.91) associated with the common SMYD3 VNTR genotype. Stratification analysis revealed that the increased risk was limited to smokers (OR = 1.99; 95% CI = 1.27–3.12). Furthermore, compared with the reference group of non‐smokers carrying the homozygous or heterozygous genotype, ORs (95% CI) of the wild genotype for non‐smokers, smokers who smoked <25, and ≥25 pack‐years were 1.03 (0.70–1.53), 2.80 (1.66–4.70), and 4.76 (2.67–8.46), respectively (P < 0.001 for trend test), suggesting an interaction between this genetic polymorphism and smoking status. These findings provide additional evidence that the common VNTR polymorphism in the promoter region of SMYD3 gene may be a susceptibility factor for human cancers such as ESCC by interacting with tobacco carcinogens. (Cancer Sci 2008; 99: 787–791)
Outcome of unrelated donor stem cell transplantation for children with severe aplastic anemia
Authors: Perez‐Albuerne Evelio D. , Eapen Mary , Klein John , Gross Thomas J. , Lipton Jeffery M. , Baker K. Scott , Woolfrey Anne , Kamani Naynesh 
Published: February 2008

SummaryFor children with severe aplastic anemia (SAA) who fail immunosuppressive therapy and lack a human leucocyte antigen (HLA)‐matched sibling donor, unrelated donors provide a source of hematopoietic stem cells. Data from 195 children with acquired SAA who underwent unrelated donor transplantation between 1989 and 2003 were analyzed. Neutrophil recovery (86% at day‐28) was higher with total body irradiation‐containing conditioning regimen and in younger recipients (aged ≤16 years) receiving grafts from older donors (aged >40 years). Recovery was lower after mismatched transplants and transplantations prior to 1997. Mortality rates were higher after mismatched transplants, in recipients with a poor performance score, and when the interval between diagnosis and transplantation was longer than 4 years. When restricted to donor‐recipient pairs with allele‐level HLA typing (8‐loci;n = 118), mortality rates were also higher after mismatched transplants and older recipients receiving grafts from older donors; 5‐year probabilities of overall survival after HLA‐A, ‐B, ‐C, ‐DRB1 matched and mismatched transplants adjusted for donor and recipient age were 57% and 39%, respectively (P = 0·008). The data suggest that unrelated donor transplantation is an acceptable alternative for children; early referral for transplantation and identification of an HLA‐matched (allele‐level) donor offers the best outcome.
The Common Assessment Framework: does the reality match the rhetoric?
Authors: Gilligan Philip , Manby Martin 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTThe Common Assessment Framework (CAF) is an important part of the procedures envisaged in the government's Every Child Matters: Change for Children (ECM: CFC) programme. Implementation of CAF, in particular, raises many important questions, not least those arising from the inconsistencies apparent between government rhetoric around the development of multi‐agency services provided to all children with ‘additional’ needs and the actual experiences of children, young people, parents/carers and practitioners in ‘real world’ situations. This paper explores the extent to which the actions of practitioners and the experiences of service users with regard to CAF mirror or differ from those which would be expected in view of the content of government guidance and policy documents. The data used is taken from an evaluation of CAF processes in two locations in northern England over a period of 6 months. It concludes that very small numbers of children and young people actually received the service; that, despite genuine enthusiasm from practitioners for them to be so, the processes observed could not yet be described as fully ‘child centred’; that fathers were insufficiently involved; and that CAF was, in reality, another service ‘rationed’ according to resources available and according to agencies' priorities.
The fine‐scale population dynamics of spruce budworm: survival of early instars related to forest condition
Authors: RÉGNIÈRE JACQUES , NEALIS VINCE G. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract1. A lagged, density‐dependent relationship between survival of early instars and host‐tree condition is revealed during outbreaks of spruce budworm,Choristoneura fumiferanaClem. Persistent damage to hosts leads to deterioration of the stand.2. Resource limitation affects survival during early‐instar dispersal of spruce budworm. Impediments to distinguishing these events with estimates of survival were overcome with a simple model that describes the dispersal and survival processes. The model was used to analyse a recent 15‐year population series from Black Sturgeon Lake and two historical datasets from Green River, in Canada.3. Defoliation‐induced damage to the trees resulted in increased losses of spring‐emerging larvae that are dispersing in search of feeding sites. Losses were further exacerbated by biotic factors such as maternal fecundity, rates of infection by the pathogen,Nosema fumiferanae, and by weather‐related effects on the foraging period.4. Survival of early‐stage budworm larvae in persistent outbreaks declined and the likelihood of other density‐related factors such as rate of mortality from natural enemies increased. These results may reconcile outstanding differences in interpretation of the role of the forest resource in spruce budworm population dynamics and point to a common process linking the dynamics of other well‐known budworm species.
Testing the nutrition hypothesis for the adaptive nature of insect galls: does a non‐adapted herbivore perform better in galls?
Authors: DIAMOND SARAH E. , BLAIR CATHERINE P. , ABRAHAMSON WARREN G. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract 1. The nutrition hypothesis for the adaptive nature of galls states that gall‐inducing insects control the nutrient levels in galls to their own benefit. Although the nutrition hypothesis is widely accepted, there have been few empirical tests of this idea.2. A novel method is presented for testing the nutrition hypothesis that links manipulation of gall nutrient levels by the gall inducer to herbivore performance. The effects of adaptation and nutritional advantage are separated by using a herbivore that is adapted to a host plant susceptible to galling but one which never enters the gall environment.3. Hellinsia glenni (Cashatt), a plume moth (Pterophoridae) and one of its host plants provide an excellent system for testing the nutrition hypothesis because H. glenni larvae feed internally on the relatively nutrient‐poor stems of a goldenrod, Solidago gigantea, but do not venture into the nutrient‐rich galls induced on that plant by a tephritid fly, Eurosta solidaginis. The nutrition hypothesis was tested by transplanting early‐instar H. glenni larvae into galls and stems of S. gigantea to determine if the larvae transplanted to galls would perform better compared with those larvae transplanted to stems.4. The results support the nutrition hypothesis for the adaptive nature of galls. Hellinsia glenni achieved greater final mass in the gall environment compared with the final mass larvae achieved in the stem environment. There was also evidence that the quality of gall tissue is controlled by the gall inducer, which has not been previously demonstrated for mature E. solidaginis galls.
Asymmetrical costs of sexual conflict in the seaweed fly, Coelopa frigida
Authors: MEADER STEPHEN J. , GILBURN ANDRE S. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract 1. Sexual conflict can play an important role in the evolution of animal life‐history characteristics, including lifespan. Seaweed flies show an increase in mortality rates when exposed to brown algae. The seaweed stimulates females to oviposit and males to mount females. Females typically respond to male mounts by performing a violent rejection response.2. Here the contribution of sexual conflict to the increase in mortality seen in the presence of seaweed was determined. The survival of single and mixed sex pairs of flies was followed in the presence and absence of seaweed.3. The two sexes showed differential survival rates, with females living longer in the absence of seaweed. The presence of seaweed reduced survival in both sexes. In the presence of seaweed, female survival was lower when paired with a male. Over 40% of the reduction in survival in females in the presence of seaweed appears to be attributable to sexual conflict.4. The presence of a female did not significantly affect male survival. Thus the mortality cost of being in the presence of the opposite sex and seaweed appears highly asymmetric.5. In the presence of seaweed, female survival was lower when females were paired with small males. Small males exhibit higher levels of harassment of females, thus it is argued that pre‐copulatory sexual conflict is the probable cause of the increased mortality cost to females of being in the presence of both males and seaweed.
The effect of hind‐tibial spurs on digging rate in female eastern cicada killers
Authors: COELHO JOSEPH R. , HOLLIDAY CHARLES W. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract 1. The function of the large hind‐tibial spurs of female eastern cicada killer wasps (Sphecius speciosus), thought to be adaptations to digging, was examined by measuring the effect of spurs on digging rate.2. Spurs were removed from one group of wasps and left intact in control specimens.3. Wasps with intact spurs removed soil from the burrow at a rate of 0.98 ± 0.11 (16) g dry mass min−1 [mean ± SEM (N)]. Removal of spurs results in an average digging rate just over one‐half that, 0.54 ± 0.13 (9) g min−1.4. The difference in digging rate was primarily because of a twofold greater mass of soil unloaded by intact wasps each time they exited the burrow, rather than the rate at which such loads were delivered.5. Such inefficiency results in an estimated additional 8.2 h requirement to fully excavate an average burrow, or a 1–4% reduction in time available for foraging in spur‐ablated wasps.6. Calculations suggest that the time lost to digging would result in a 3.9–19.5% reduction in foraging success for spurless females.7. These temporal and resulting foraging advantages of hind‐tibial spurs presumably provided selection pressure for their evolution from smaller, pre‐existing setae.
Changing temperature regimes have advanced the phenology of Odonata in the Netherlands
Authors: DINGEMANSE NIELS J. , KALKMAN VINCENT J. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract 1. Responses of biota to climate change have been well documented for a restricted number of taxa. This study examined shifts in phenology of 37 species of the aquatic insect order Odonata in the Netherlands over the last decade.2. The present study shows that adults of the Dutch dragonflies and damselflies have advanced their flight dates over recent years due to complex effects of changing temperature regimes on the timing of adult flight dates.3. Flight dates did not respond to changes in autumn/winter temperatures, advanced with increases in spring temperatures of the focal and previous year, and delayed with increases in summer temperatures of the previous year. Climate change consequently advanced the flight dates of the Odonata because only spring temperatures have increased during the study period.4. The findings imply that climate change can evoke strong phenological responses in aquatic insects. Moreover, shifts in phenology due to climate change are likely to vary both spatially or temporally, depending on the exact nature of climate change.
Phytoplankton equilibrium phases during thermal stratification in a deep subtropical reservoir
Authors: BECKER VANESSA , HUSZAR VERA LÚCIA M. , NASELLI‐FLORES LUIGI , PADISÁK JUDIT 
Published: February 2008

Summary1. Equilibrium and non‐equilibrium hypotheses have often been used to explain observations in community ecology. Published case studies have demonstrated that steady state phytoplankton assemblages are more likely to occur in deep lakes than in shallow mixed ones.2. Phytoplankton seasonal succession was studied by weekly sampling in Faxinal Reservoir (S Brazil), a subtropical deep, clear, warm monomictic and slightly eutrophic reservoir. This study demonstrated an alternation of steady and non‐steady state phases of phytoplankton assemblages with different dominant species during the steady states.3. During the studied period, three steady states were identified with different dominant algal species: Anabaena crassa (Cyanobacteria), Nephrocytium sp. (green algae) and Asterionella (diatoms).4. Each steady state in Faxinal Reservoir developed under stratified conditions of the water column according to the predictions of the disturbance concepts. Apparently, the major forces driving the development and persistence of these steady‐state phases were closely related to thermal stratification and its consequences.5. This study is the first report on development of more than one steady state within a year in a stratified water body. The development of three steady states might be the result of the relatively long stratification period in the Faxinal Reservoir and to its unique geochemical features.
Population size, weight distribution and food in a persistent population of the rare medicinal leech, Hirudo medicinalis
Authors: ELLIOTT J. M. 
Published: February 2008

Summary1. It is important for species recovery and conservation management projects to know the minimum viable population size for rare and endangered species, such as the medicinal leech, Hirudo medicinalis. Therefore, using a catch‐removal method, this study estimated every two years (1986, 1988, 1990, 1992) the total number of medicinal leeches in a tarn in the English Lake District, and the number of mature adults in the population.2. Four samples were taken each year in June and July, when water temperatures exceeded 20 °C. Population size was estimated both by maximum likelihood and regression methods. All leeches were weighed alive and size groups were separated by polymodal frequency analysis. A small sample of the blood meal in each leech gut was taken before the leeches were returned to the tarn, and was used to estimate the proportion of mammalian and non‐mammalian blood in the meals.3. Both methods of estimation produced similar values, increasing confidence in the population estimates. Values for the total population in June and July varied among years from 248 to 288, the maximum value being only 16% higher than the minimum. Values for the number of mature leeches varied from 48 to 58 (19–20% of the total population), and this was an estimate of the effective population size.4. There were four size groups. The largest mature leeches (live weight >5 g) in group IV formed only 1% of the population, and the smallest (0.02–0.5 g) in group I 14–17%. Most leeches were in two overlapping groups of immature (64–67% of population) and mature (18%) leeches with size ranges of 0.4–3.4 g and 2.5–5 g respectively. The percentage of leeches in each size group was very consistent among years. Blood meals were found in 38–44% of the leeches in group I, 45–50% in group II, 70–75% in group III, and 100% in group IV, but mammalian blood was present only in larger mature leeches (>3.5 g).5. Medicinal leeches were first detected in the tarn in 1980 and are still present in 2007, so the population has persisted for at least 27 years. Compared with minimum viable population sizes for other species, including many endangered species, values for this medicinal leech population are extremely low, but may be typical of some rare freshwater invertebrates in isolated habitats.