bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Sulphur and Foliar‐applied Chemicals on Cold Tolerance in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)
Authors: Rao S. S. , Sahu M. P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn a field study it was observed that sulphur fertilization of chickpea at 100 kg S ha−1 imparted cold tolerance under low temperature stress conditions. Further, foliar sprays of DMSO, H2SO4, KCl and H3BO3 proved effective in alleviating cold injury. Glucose spray also showed efficacy in this regard. The effects of sulphur fertilization and foliar applied DMSO and H2SO4 were largely associated with improved sulphur nutrition of plants, while improvement in K content under KCl treatment and B content under H3BO3 treatment was responsible for cold tolerance effects. Improvement in overall soluble carbohydrate and protein status of plants was held responsible for glucose effects possibly associated with osmoregulation.
Einfluß des Stickstoffangebotes auf Substanzbildung, Erntegewicht und Qualität der Zuckerrübe unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Temperatur und Globalstrahlung in Gefäßversuchen
Authors: Bürcky K. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract Influence of nitrogen supply on dry matter production, yield and quality of sugar beet with special reference to temperature and irradiance in pot experiments The influence of nitrogen on yield and quality of sugar beet has been studied in many experiments. In comparison, little is known about the changes in sugar beet metabolism caused by increasing the nitrogen supply. The experiments described in this series of papers deal with the influence of nitrogen supply on mineral metabolism. This first paper describes the influence of nitrogen on dry matter production, yield and quality of beet with special reference to temperature and irradiance. The experiments, conducted in 1988 and 1989 using sand culture in pots, included five nitrogen levels. These treatments were sampled five times during the season and at harvest time. Overall, in 1989 sugar yield (g/pot) was 30 to 50 % greater than in 1988. In 1989 there was only a little more irradiance and duration of sunshine (7 and 11 % respectively) than in 1988, and the larger yield in 1989 was probably caused by a bright period of four weeks in May/June. Where least nitrogen was supplied, deficiency symptoms appeared in early June. When this happened an ammonium‐urea solution was added to the leaves: it increased growth, but not enough to equal the white sugar yield of the treatment where the sand was given the same amount of N at the beginning of the season.
Role of Sulphydryl Compounds in Improving Dry Matter Partitioning and Grain Production of Maize (Zea mays L.)
Authors: Sahu M. P. , Solanki N. S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThree sulphydryl compounds, viz., 2‐mercaptoethanol, 2‐mercaptoethylamine and thiourea, were tested for improving dry matter partitioning and grain production of maize in field culture. The chemicals were applied ca. 0.1 % concentration as foliar spray at grain formation stage. Mercaptoethanol, mercaptoethylamine and thiourea increased grain yield ha−1 by 18.1, 29.2 and 34.1 %, respectively compared with water control Significant improvement in harvest index, a measure of dry matter partitioning for grain production, was also noted with the spray chemicals but stover and biological yields ha−1 remained uninfluenced. Foliar spray of 0.1 % urea did not have any effects on the above parameter and thus the effects of thiourea were largely a function of sulphydryl group. It is suggested that sulphydryl compounds have a considerable potential for increasing grain production of maize and perhaps of similar other cereals.
Influence of Stubble Thickness, Carbohydrate Content and Leaf Senescence on Ratoon Rice
Authors: Balasubramanian R. , Balakrishnan K. , Manoharan S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractExperiment conducted with nine rice varieties during Pishanum season of 1989–90 revealed that Co 37 performed better in ratoon crop and recorded 3.2 t/ha grain yield. It was evident that the ratooning ability was influenced by stem thickness of stubble, carbohydrate content and leaf senescence of main crop. The study also suggests that by maintaining higher seed size and productive tiller in ratoon crop, there is ample possibilities to increase grain yield.
Effects of Simulated Hail Damage on the Yield of Forage Maize
Authors: Trappeniers G. , Ledent J. F. , Fayt O. , Nijs A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractHail damage was simulated with defoliation, leaf tearing and damage to ears and stems, applied at five stages and three levels of intensity on forage maize grown in Belgium. Leaf tearing alone had little effect on total dry matter yield. Decrease of yield was the highest when treatments were applied around tasseling‐anthesis. Effects on total dry matter content were small.
Green Area Duration during the Grain Filling Period of an Argentine Wheat Cultivar as Influenced by Sowing Date, Temperature and Sink Strength
Authors: Slafer G. A. , Miralles D. J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe effects of sowing date, air temperature during the grain filling period, sink‐strength, and then‐interactions on the wheat green area (leaves, leaf sheaths and peduncles) duration from anthesis to total senescence were determined under field conditions at Buenos Aires (Argentina). The individual grain weight was determined as an average of either all grains or basal grains of the spikelets 7 and 8 through the treatments.The delayed sowing date reduced the period of leaf senescence when it was regarded as calendar time between anthesis to maturity, but it did not affect that period regarded as thermal time. Similarly, the increased temperature has also increased the rate of senescence. On the other hand, the sink strength did not affect the green area duration; since neither the rate nor the period of senescence was altered.Similarly, both sowing date and mean temperature decreased the individual grain weight, but the sink strength did not affected the weight of the basal grains, which could be interpreted as the effects of the other two factors were independent to the availability of assimilates per grain.The effect of increased grain filling temperature on reducing grain weight did not operate via reducing the availability of assimilates although it also reduced the total grain area duration. We observed that the increased temperature decreased the individual grain weight of the basal grains at any source sink ratio.
Forage Yield and Sucrose Response of Rhodes and Ruzi Grass to Cutting Height and Cutting Frequency Under Irrigation
Authors: Bebawi F. F. , Gaiballa A. K. , Neugebohrn L. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe development of irrigated pastures in the Sudan is still at its infancy. The present study determined the influence of 2 cutting heights (2.5 and 5.0 cm) and 4 cutting frequencies (4‐, 6‐, 8‐, and 10‐week) on forage yield as dry matter and forage sucrose of Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana Kunth. cv. Massaba) and Ruzi grass (Brachiaria ruziziensis Germain et Everard cv. Congo Signal) under irrigated conditions. Forage yield interactions involving species X cutting height X cutting frequency were significant. These yield interactions were attributed to differences in growth period and growth rhythm of the two species. On average, Rhodes exhibited a short growth period (13 months) compared to Ruzi grass (20 months). Forage yield and forage sucrose were, on average, superior in Ruzi compared to Rhodes grass. Forage yield and forage sucrose averaged 5.2 t ha−1 and 7.2 % fw sucrose in Ruzi compared to 2.8 t ha−1 and 6.9 % fw sucrose in Rhodes grass. Forage yield and forage sucrose of both species were negatively correlated with cutting frequency. The highest forage yield may be obtained at an 8‐week cutting frequency in Rhodes (45.6 t ha−1 yr−1) compared to a 10‐week cutting frequency in Ruzi grass (88 t ha−1 yr−1). Results suggest that very high forage yields as dry matter and forage sucrose of Rhodes and Ruzi grass may be possible under irrigated conditions in the Sudan at a cutting frequency of between 8 to 10 weeks.
Dense Cultivation and Fertilization for Higher Yield of Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.)
Authors: Shalaby A. S. , Razin A. M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) plants were spaced at 15, 30 or 45 cm distances in a clay‐loamy soil. They received different levels of nitrogen and phosphorus, besides a constant level of potassium. The results showed, that the wider spacing promoted the growth and production of herb and oil per plant, however dense cultivation significantly increased the yields of herb and oil per unit area. In all cases, the applied fertilization treatments significantly increased the productivity per unit area. Dense cultivation accompanied with higher levels of fertilization proved to be very usefull. The essential oil content was not influenced by either the plant spacing or fertilization treatments applied in this study.
Effects of the Application of Amorphous Silica on Transpiration and Photosynthesis of Soybean Plants Under Varied Soil and Relative Air Humidity Conditions
Authors: Küpfer C. , Kahnt G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn epidermal cell walls of soybean leaves treated with amorphous silica accumulation of silica could be detected by means of electron microscopy and electron probe microanalysis. This changed the physical properties of the cell wall and affected the cuticular transpiration and uptake of CO2: When the soil in which the plants were grown was dry (60% of the field capacity) and relative air humidity was below 50 %, the loss of water through the cuticle was smaller than the loss of CO2 uptake. This caused a higher grain yield under the conditions of temporarily restricted low air humidity.
Effect of Water Stress on the Lipid and Fatty Acid Composition of Sweet Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)
Authors: El Sayed H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) plants were grown under field irrigation and dryland conditions. Stress was imposed 12 d after planting by withholding water for 8 d, and seedlings were harvested for analysis 20 d after planting. In stressed plants, leaf water potential dropped from ‐0.65 to ‐ 1.03 MPa and water saturation deficit increased by 40 %; plant height did not show a significant reduction. The fresh and dry weights of stressed seedlings and their ratio decreased. The total lipid and total phosphorus contents of stressed seedlings decreased by about 43 % and 71 %, respectively, in comparison to the contents of the watered seedlings. The diacylglycerol, free fatty acid and total polar lipid contents decreased significantly with stress, the last mentioned by more than 50 % in phospholipid levels. Glycolipid levels; were unchanged and the amount of triacylglycerol increase by about 30 % over the control.Despite the differences found in the fatty acid composition of various lipid classes and between treatments, the degree of unsaturation did not change significantly either in control or stressed seedlings. Under stress conditions, free sterol levels increased without showing any change in the ratio of ‘more planar’ to ‘less planar’ sterols. The increase in free sterols and the decrease in phospholipid levels under water deficit conditions raised the sterol/phospholipid molar ratio 3‐fold. The different responses of the lipid classes to water deficits and their possible significance are discussed.
Pre‐anthesis Interaction of Cytokinins and ABA in the Transport of 14C‐sucrose to the Ear of Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Borkovec V. , Procházka S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe effect of the application of abscisic acid (ABA, 10−4 mol 1−1), benzyl adenine (BA, 10−6 mol ‐ 1−1), N6‐m‐hydroxybenzyl‐adenosine (HBA, 10−6 mol ‐ 1−1) and combinations of these cytokinins with ABA on the transport of 14C‐sucrose into the developing kernels of winter wheat, their number and mass, was studied. Growth substances were applied in the period 10 to 5 days before anthesis and their effects were examined 4 and 18 days after anthesis on ears that were detached 10 days before anthesis and then cultivated on a complete nutrient solution. The stimulating effect of HBA on the transport of 14C‐sucrose, number of kernels and their mass was higher than that of BA. ABA partly decreased the stimulating effect of cytokinins and reduced up to several days after anthesis the transport of 14C‐sucrose to the developing kernels, their number and mass. The results revealed that a higher level of cytokinins in the period before anthesis could effectively interact with the inhibiting effect of ABA in that period and influence the accumulation of assimilates in the kernels.
Effect of Post‐Planting Residue Applications and Tillage on Nitrogen Accumulation and Partitioningin Maize (Zea mays L.)
Authors: Olness A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractEffects of a tillage‐surface crop residue combination on nitrogen (N) accumulation by maize were examined using a replicated field experiment. Crop residues, < 70 % surface cover, were applied a few days aftei planting conventional‐ and ridge‐tillage treatments. With < 30 % surface cover, total accumulated‐N decreased from about 4 to 2 g plant−1 as the plant population density (PPD) increased from 4 to 7 plants m−2 With < 70 % surface cover, total N accumulated averaged about 3 g plant−1 over the PPD range of 4 to / plants m−1. At a PPD of about 5.5 plants m−2, equal amounts of N were accumulated by plants in al treatments. Nitrogen accumulation was periodically monitored and fitted to a diphasic tanh(k[time]) model About 1.8 to 2.6 g of N and about 0.70 to 1.4 g of N were accumulated before and after anthesis respectively. Maximum N accumulation rates averaged about 92 and 60 mg plant−1 day−1 during vegetativt and reproductive growth‐stages, respectively. Total N accumulation during the vegetative growth‐stag declined exponentially as PPD increased; this may reflect a crop demand‐soil supply relationship.
Untersuchungen zur Optimierung der N‐Aufnahme von Winterweizenbeständen durch ergänzende Düngungmaßnahmen
Authors: Fischbeck G. , Dennert J. , Muller R. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract Investigations on supplemental N‐fertilizer application for the optimum course of N‐uptake into winter wheat stands During a period of 5 years 14 N‐fertilization field trials with winter wheat have been carried out in which N‐uptake and biomass production in 6 growth stages were analysed. By comparison with non‐optimal variants of N‐supply a critical range for N‐uptake has been recognized which centered around an optimum value of 86 kg biomass N/ha at growth stage EC32. In connection with intensified N‐uptake during later growth stages, this has allowed full exploitation of the wheat yield potential without substantial decrease of the N‐harvest index.Field trials on two different soil types (Parabraunerde and humose Auenrendzina), different dates of sowing and long year stands in wheat monoculture as well as applications of N‐fertilizers containing dicyandiamid for delay of nitrification showed differences in efficiency as related to the fertilizer dosages but no systematic deviation from the optimum course of N‐uptake for full exploitation of yield potential.Provided that excessive fertilizer dosages before EC32 had been avoided, it seems possible to adjust the reuptake of winter wheat stands close to its optimum within an error of not more than 30 kg fertilizer N/ha by growth stage oriented splittings of fertilizer application and adequate account of soil‐N supply and weather conditions during early growth stages.Full exploitation of the wheat yield potential has been possible in all trials without significant losses in N‐use efficiency if optimal splittings and dosages of supplemental N‐fertilizers were provided.
The Effect of Different Preceding Crops on the Development, Growth and Yield of Winter Barley
Authors: Christen O. , Sieling K. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractReliable estimations of the yield response of winter barley to different preceding crops are necessary for the design of crop rotations.The grain yield and yield components of winter barley (cv. Tapir) following either rapeseed, oats, wheat or barley were determined in five years of field experiments on a sandy loam (Luvisol) at the Hohenschulen experimental station near Kiel, Germany, F.R. The growth, development and incidence of take‐all (Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici) was measured in a total of three years. On average over the five years barley grown after oats yielded 0.8 t per ha (11 %) more than barley following wheat which was mainly due to a higher number of ears per m2. Barley following either oats or rapeseed produced a higher dry weight and a larger number of tillers per m2 compared with barley grown after wheat or barley. This effect was already‐present at the sampling date before winter. Take‐all ratings were constantly higher in barley following a susceptible crop, but only reached a severe level late in the season and therefore could not explain the observed differences in growth, development and subsequently grain yield. Since no other pathogens affected the development other non‐pathogenic causes must be considered as main causes for the described observations and yield differences.
Stoffbildung, CO2‐Gaswechsel, Kohlenhydrat‐ und Stickstoffgehalt von Winterweizen bei erhöhter CO2‐Konzentration und Trocken‐streß
Authors: Müller J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract Dry Matter Production, CO2 Exchange, Carbohydrate and Nitrogen Content of Winter Wheat at Elevated CO2 Concentration and Drought Stress Methods of mathematical modelling and simulation are being used to an increasing degree in estimating the effects of rising atmospheric CO2 concentration and changing climatic conditions on agricultural ecosystems. In this context, detailed knowledge is required about the possible effects on crop growth and physiological processes. To this aim, the influence of an elevated CO2 concentration and of drought stress on dry matter production, CO2 exchange, and on carbohydrate and nitrogen content was studied in two winter wheat varieties from shooting to milk ripeness. Elevated CO2 concentration leads to a compensation of drought stress and at optimal water supply to an increase of vegetative dry matter and of yield to the fourfold value. This effects were caused by enhanced growth of secondary tillers which were reduced in plants cultivated at atmospheric CO2 concentration. Analogous effects in the development of ear organs were influenced additionally by competitive interactions between the developing organs. The content and the mass of ethanol soluble carbohydrates in leaves and stems were increased after the CO2 treatment and exhausted more completely during the grain filling period after drought stress. Plants cultivated from shooting to milk ripeness at elevated CO2 concentration showed a reduced response of net photosynthesis rate to increasing CO2 concentration by comparison with untreated plants. The rate of dark respiration was increased in this plants.
Intercropping and Poultry Manure Effects on Yields of Corn, Watermelon and Soybean Grown in a Calcareous Soil in the Jordan Valley
Authors: Sharaiha R. K. , Hattar B. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis study was conducted at the University of Jordan Research Station in the central Jordan Valley during 1988 and 1989 summer growing seasons, to determine the potential and response of summer crops to intercropping system and to poultry manure addition. Corn, soybean and watermelon were grown as sole crops and as intercrops in three paired combinations (corn: watermelon, corn: soybean, watermelon: soybean) with three levels of poultry manure (0, 20, 40 t/ha). The crop yields and land equivalent ratios (LERs) were determined for all treatments. The highest yields for the two cropping systems were obtained in response to the highest poultry manure addition. Corn gave the highest yield when intercropped with soybean, where increases in yield of 45 % and 66 % were obtained over those of corn sole crop at the same level of poultry manure (40 t/ha), in 1988 and 1989 seasons, respectively. Soybean gave the highest yield when grown with corn leading to an increase of 35 % and 34 % over soybean sole crop grown at the same level of poultry manure (40 t/ha) in 1988 and 1989, respectively. Watermelon gave the highest yield when grown with soybean, giving an increase which ranged from 390 to 920 kg ha−1over the yield of sole cropping system under the same level of poultry manure (40 t/ha). The LER values for all intercrop treatments were greater than 1.0 which gave clearly an indication for the superiority of the intercropping over the sole cropping system especially when 40 t ha−1poultry manure was added.
Automatische Erkennung von zehn Unkrautarten mit Hilfe digitaler Bildverarbeitung und Fouriertransformation
Authors: Gerhards R. , Nabout A. , Sökefeld M. , Kühbauch W. , Eldin H. A. Nour 
Published: April 2008

Abstract Automatic identification of 10 weed species in digital images using Fourier descriptors and shape parameters Plant species discrimination in mixed plant communities has recently become possible using transforms and shape parameters to classify digital images. In the present study image analysis techniques were used to identify weeds commonly found in winter cereal fields. Those species included Veronica hedenfolia L., Thlaspi arvense Beauv., Alopecurus myosuroides L., Apera spica‐venti L., Poa annua L., Stellaria media L., Capsella bursa‐pastoris L., Lamium purpureum L., Matricaria chamomilla L. and Galium aparine L. Images of several growth stages of these weeds were photographed using a Still Videokamera, binarified, the shape extracted and then Fourier descriptors and shape parameter were calculated for each weed. Classified digital images of each species were stored on the computer. A separate set of photographic images of these 10 weeds were used to test the ability of the classified images for plant identification.The average rate of correct identification was 81.9 % ranging from 41.6 % to 100 %.
Dynamisches Entscheidungsmodell zur Lenkung von Unkrautkontrollmaßnahmen in Wintergetreide mit Hilfe digitaler Bildverarbeitung
Authors: Gerhards R. , Kühbauch W. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract Dynamic decision model for weed control methods in cereals by means of digital image analysis Field experiments were conducted to study weed‐crop competition in winter wheat, ‐barley and ‐rye. Weed cover and crop cover was determined over time by digital image analysis of slides taken in the field. The relation of percentage weed coverage and crop coverage was most suitable to quantify the competition of weed population on the crop. In addition the model “UNPROG” was established to predict yield losses caused by weed competition and to estimate the profitability of chemical or mechanical weed control. The model was tested on 22 farms in Nordrhein‐Westfalia in autumn 1991 and spring 1992. In 65 out of 72 field plots (92 %) of winter cereals “UNPROG” gave correct prediction with respect to necessity of weed control.
Photosynthesis as Influenced by Assimilate Level in Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)
Authors: Mitra Surma , Srivastava G. C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe regulation of photosynthesis by its assimilates was investigated in sunflower by altering the assimilate level in leaves by girdling, detopping, shading and defoliation. The level of assimilates like sucrose accumulated in leaves did not inhibit photosynthesis or Rubisco activity. Starch levels also did not have an influence on the photosynthetic rate.