bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tilt Training: A New Treatment for Recurrent Neurocardiogenic Syncope and Severe Orthostatic Intolerance
Authors: ECTOR HUGO , REYBROUCK TONY , HEIDBÜCHEL HEIN , GEWILLIG MARC , VAN DE WERF FRANS 
Published: July 2006

Medical treatment of neurocardiogenic syncope is insufficient in many cases. We have observed a therapeutic effect of repeated head‐up till testing. Therefore, we have started a program of tilt training for heavily symptomatic patients. After hospital admission, they were tilted daily (60° inclination) until syncope, or until a duration of 45–90 minutes (90 sessions in 13 patients). The mean tilt tolerance, at the first diagnostic head‐up tilt table test, was 22.3 minutes (st. dev. 10.9). Before hospital discharge, 12/13 patients could sustain the full duration of tilt table testing without any symptom. In one patient syncope persisted. The patients were instructed to continue a program of daily tilt training at home, by standing against a wall for 30 minutes, one or two times per day. This resulted in a complete disappearance of syncope in all 13 patients.Orthostatic intolerance and the excessive autonomic reflex activity of neurocardiogenic syncope can be remedied by a program of continued tilt training, without the administration of drugs.
Wavelength and Atrial Vulnerability: an Endocavitary Approach in Humans
Authors: GRAUX PIERRE , CARLIOZ ROLAND , RIVAT PHILIPPE , BERA JÉROME , GUYOMAR YVES , DUTOIT ALBERT 
Published: July 2006

If atrial vulnerability parameters are well defined, wavelength (WL) measurement (conduction velocity x refractory period), has never been assessed through an endocavitary electrophysiological exam.We investigated 30 patients (14 female, mean age 63.4 ± 13 y.o.), 10 with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF group), 10 with ischemic cerebral injury (ICI group) by comparison with 10 controls (C group).The upper to lower right atrium conduction time and velocity were measured in the right atrium with a decapolar electrode catheter applied along the free wall. Others parameters correlated to atrial excitability were also taken into account: effective (ERP) and functional refractory periods (FRP); spontaneous or paced atrial electrogram (AI) or extrastimulated atrial electrogram (A2) widths, ERP/ A2 ratio, provocative atrial testing. Measurements were taken in sinus rhythm and in 600 – 460 ms paced cycle lengths. If ERP, FRP, Al widths are the same in the 3 groups, PAF and ICI groups have a significant increased conduction time and lower conduction velocity, leading to a shorter A1 WL during 600 and 460 ms paced rhythms (p 0.05) and A 2 WL during 460 ms paced rhythm. The provocative testing was positive in 60% of PAF and ICI groups, and there is a significant correlation between arrhythmia induction and 600 ms A1 WL or 460 ms A2 WL.This electrophysiological study suggests the possibility of an approach in humans of wavelength concept and proves the presence of correlation between a short wavelength and atrial spontaneous or induced arrhythmias. A no‐arrhythmia band (A1 WL > 17 cm during 600 ms paced rhythm, Al WL > 16 cm or A2 WL > 12cm during 460 ms paced rhythm) and a fibrillation‐band (A1 WL < 12 cm during 600 and 460 ms pacing, A 2 WL < 7 cm during 460 ms pacing) can be defined. Therefore, the ICI group has the same atrial pattern as the AF group.
Replacing Abdominally Implanted Defibrillators: Effect of Procedure Setting on Cost
Authors: VORPERIAN VICKEN R. , LAWRENCE SHERI , CHLEBOWSKI KAREN 
Published: July 2006

Although most ICDs are currently placed using a pectoral approach, there exists a large population of patients with abdominally implanted ICDs who will require device replacement due to a depleted battery. The purpose of this study was to compare the cost, convalescence, and complication rate of replacing abdominally implanted ICDs in the OR versus the EP laboratory. Between August 1993 and September 1994, we prospectively enlisted nine consecutive patients who presented for their second ICD generator replacement and who had a prior generator replacement in the OR 3–4 years earlier. The mean age of the patients was 63 ± 17 years and their mean ejection fraction was 37%± 15%. ICD replacement was performed in the EP laboratory and consisted of explanting the old device, electronic interrogation the lead system, and confirmation of defibrillation thresholds prior to implanting a new device. Local anesthesia was provided by lidocaine infiltration and sedation was achieved with intravenous (IV) midazolam and fentanyl.Following the procedure, the patients were returned to an outpatient monitored setting for 4 hours and were then discharged. Comparisons of the health care charges for the same procedure performed in the two different settings revealed a significant reduction in physician fees (from $3,621 ±$556 to $2,179 $577, P < 0.05), in hospital charges (from $5,811 ±$1,102 to $2,306 ± 696, P < 0.05), and in total charges (from $9,431 ±$1,375 to $4,541 ±$1,010, P < 0.05), exclusive of ICD cost, when the procedure was formed on an outpatient basis in the EP laboratory. Inpatient days averaged 3.0 ± 0.3 when the procedure was performed in the OR. On long‐term follow‐up there were no complications following abdominal ICD generator replacement in the OR (mean follow‐up, 39 ± 2 months) or in the EP laboratory (mean follow‐up, 42 ± 4 months). Thus, ICD replacements in the EP laboratory cost less than in the OR due to significantly lower physician fees, hospital charges, and a shorter postprocedural convalescence.
The Chironomidae of the exposed zone of Øvre Heimdalsvatn
Authors: Aagaard Kaare 
Published: July 2006

A total of 67 species of chironomids were caught in emergence traps placed at the shoreline. Additional larval records increase the number of species to be at least 75, a high number of species possibly explained by the exposed nature of the lake, which also provides habitats for lotic forms.The species composition and relative abundance of the four main groups of Chironomidac indicate that Øvre Heimdalsvatn is a subarctic lake, with a strong oligotrophic character. The emergence period starts in mid‐June and lasts to mid‐September. Diversity studies show similarity with mountain lakes in France and with the Bodensee, but the equilability in Øvre Heimdalsvatn is lower.The chironomid faunal composition of Øvre Heimdalsvatn seems to be determined by abiotic ecological factors and not the history of distribution.
Habitat distribution and conservation of land bird populations in northern Norway
Authors: Järvinen Olli , Väisänen Risto A. 
Published: July 2006

About 300 km line transect censuses of breeding land birds were made in northern Norway in 1974–76. The data (1020 pairs in 26 samples) were grouped into seven major habitats: stony ground and oceanic heath (C1), continental dry heath (C2). “′2Calcarius heath”, dry peatland, wet peatland (C5), meagre and average birch forest, and rich birch forest (C7). Bird density ranged from 22 pairs km−2 (C2) to 364 pairs km−2 (C7), but most habitats had 67–96 pairs km−2. The bird communities are described.Defining the Optimal habitat for a species as the maximum‐density habitat, the 43 species observed were found to comprise three major groups: tundra species (optimal habitat C1), peatland species (C5) and forest species (C7). Species whose central range includes northern Norway had a broader habitat amplitude than those with a southern or a very northern distribution. A new index was devised for the evaluation of the conservational importance of a habitat or a species. From the North European standpoint. C1 is certainly the most important habitat in northern Norway, as C1 supports many species which are rare in other parts of North Europe. However, population trends should also be taken into account when conservational preferences are judged.
Light penetration in different types of lakes in Central Finland
Authors: Eloranta Pertti 
Published: July 2006

Light penetration measurements of blue (Schott filter BG 12), green (VG 9), and red (RG 630) light was made in 30 Finnish lakes with different degree of humus content and eutrophy for the comparison of the structure of phytoplankton communities and the light environment in the waters.The relations between Secchi disc visibility and the penetrations of different spectral regions and relations between the light conditions and the colour of the water was examined.The increase of ɛmin m−1 caused by humus material is 0.008 In units per colour unit (mg Pt l−1). The optical depth was especially in brown waters smaller than calculated by Formula after Talling (1965).
Chironomid communities as water quality indicators
Authors: Saether Ole A. 
Published: July 2006

Recent mathematical indices summarizing biological communities of indicators are recapitulated. Improvements of these indices based on weighting according to width of trophic ranges of each species are suggested. Their principle deficiencies, however, are pointed out.Revised lists of characteristic profundal as well as littoral and sublittoral chironomids in Nearctic and Palearctic lakes show that at least 15 characteristic chironomid species communities can be delineated, 6 in each of the oligotrophic and the eutrophic ranges and 3 in the mesotrophic range. It is proposed that these communities be lettered consecutively in the Greek alphabet from α (alpha) to o (omikron). A key to the 15 divisions based on the species associations in the profundal zone of harmonic lakes is put forward. There is very good correlation between the 15 divisions and the ratios of average total phosphorus to mean lake depth and average chlorophyll a to mean lake depth.The ratio of chironomids to oligochaetes and the distribution patterns of single species have proven useful in pin‐pointing localized areas of pollution. The primary mechanism governing the distribution of chironomid communities in oligotrophic and mesotrophic lakes appears to be the availability of food materials rather than the annual hypolimnetic oxygen concentration. In eutrophic lakes the relationships between organic matter accumulation and oxygen levels are so interdependent as to be inseparable.
The breeding biology of the starling Sturnus vulgaris in northern Finland
Authors: Ojanen Mikko , Orell Markku , Hirvelä Juhani 
Published: July 2006

The breeding biology of the starling Sturnus vulgaris was studied in three populations in northern Finland, with additional reference localities in nearby areas. Results from a total of 329 nests are presented from years 1962‐1976.The onset of laying in the Oulu area took place on 5 May, the median date being 10 May, about one week later than in southern Finland and 2–3 weeks later than in central Europe. The clutch‐size was 5.29 ± 0.05 in the first nests and 5.06 ± 0.26 in later ones. Incubation time was 12.1 ± 0.6 d. An average of 3.31 ± 0.10 fledglings was produced per pair, 3.69 ± 0.08 in succesful clutches, which is significantly less than usually reported from central Europe. Most of the losses were due to starvation of the young.No second broods were observed in the Oulu area, and repeated nesting was not common, probably because of the general late start of laying.The reasons for the recent decline in several Finnish starling populations do not lie in the production capacity but must be sought for elsewhere.
Benthic resting periods of pelagic cyclopoids in an oligotrophic lake
Authors: Sarvala Jouko 
Published: July 2006

The benthic resting stages of pelagic cyclopoids were studied in the oligotrophic lake Pääjärvi (maximum depth 87 m), southern Finland. Stage 5 copepodids of Thermocyclops oithonoides were found in the bottom from September to April, with highest abundances in the littoral at 1–2 m. Dormant Mesocyclops leuckarti (mainly stage 5 copepodids) were found from mid‐August so April, with a strong concentration at the depth of 1.5 m, and resting stage 4 copepodids of Cyclops kolensis from mid‐summer to late winter at the depths of 1–13 m. Single stage 4 and 5 copepodids of C. strenuus and C. lacustris were also found in the bottom during autumn and winter. Available information on the periodicity of these species conforms well with the hypothesis of a temperature‐adjusted photoperiodic control of diapause.In the sediment, the resting stages of pelagic cyclopoids were confined to the uppermost 2–3 cm, C. kolensis penetrating slightly deeper than the smaller Thermocyclops and Mesocyclops species.Losses during the resting period were highest in T. oithonoides, in which the seasonal mortality rates were significantly correlated with temperature. Its overall mortality was slightly lower at 2 m than at 13 or 40 m. C. kolensis had the lowest mortality, with no clear relation to temperature.The mean winter biomass of the benthic resting stages of pelagic cyclopoids exceeded that of the true benthic copepods, and the winter losses of the former were equal to about one fifth of the total annual production of the true benthic copepods.
Variation in body size, hair length, and hair density in the deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus along an altitudinal gradient
Authors: Wasserman David , Nash Donald J. 
Published: July 2006

Wasserman, D. and Nash, D. J. 1979. Variation in body size, hair length, and hair density in the deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus along an altitudinal gradient. – Holarct. Ecol. 2: 115‐118.Deer mice Peromyscus maniculatus were captured along an altitudinal gradient that extended from 1524 m up to 3353 m in central Colorado during August and early September 1976. No differences were found in mean body weight along the altitudinal, gradient. Mean hair length was found to increase along the gradient up to an altitude of 2438 m where it leveled off. Hair density was higher in mice captured at 3353 m than at 1524 m. This suggests that Bergmann's Rule was not found along the altitudinal gradient and that insulation was modified in response to the cooler conditions that exist at, high altitude.
Biometry and biology of Constempellina brevicosta (Chironomidae) in a subarctic lake
Authors: Grimås Ulf , Wiederholm Torgny 
Published: July 2006

Grimås, U. and Wiederholm, T. 1979. Biometry and biology of Constempellina brevicosta (Chironomidae) in a subarctic lake. – Holarct. Ecol. 2: 119‐124. Constempellina brevicosta Edw. made up about 50% of the chironomids emerging from the littoral of Lake Blåsjön. The lake is impounded for hydroelectrical purposes. Constempellina was less abundant at an earlier, smaller amplitude of water level fluctuations in the same lake and much less abundant in a nearby natural lake. The species is able to survive in a frozen substratum on ice‐covered bottoms. Records of early life stages and emergence data indicated a one‐year life cycle with peak emergence from the littoral zone occurring in mid July. Statistical comparisons were made of size characteristics with respect to time and site of emergence and swarming. Swarming individuals were found to be significantly larger than emerging ones as measured in length of body, wing, tibia, and tarsi. Individuals swarming from mid July to August were successively smaller in all characters except basal antennal segments. Individuals swarming in June were smaller than those occurring somewhat later. The changes in size seem to reflect differences in larval habitat, with early summer material emanating from areas exposed to winter freezing. Males swarming at different sites at the same date were similar in all respects except for body size. Individuals emerging from different depths within the littoral zone at a single date were different in most respects, those from more shallow areas being smaller. Linear regression of swarm material from different dates showed a positive correlation for most characters. The correlations were particularly strong, and applied to all characters, when the early summer material was excluded. Mean AR values were successively lower throughout the season and positively correlated with size. Mean LR values were slightly higher in early summer than later. The LR values varied independantly of size. AR and LR values in swarm material varied between extremes for single individuals which were usually within 20% of the arithmetic mean, or 0.92–1.36 for AR and 0.78–1.06 for LR. Confidence limits for population estimates were within 0.04 units of the means.
Nutrient cycling in two Danish beech forests growing on different soil types
Authors: Astrup Mette , Bülow‐Olsen Anne 
Published: July 2006

In two mature Danish beech forests, one growing on fertile mull, the other on acid mor, cycles through vegetation of Ca, Mg, K, Na, Mn and P are followed. Nutrient content is measured in precipitation, throughfall, stem flow, litter and herbage as well as in soil pool (0–10 cm).In both forests, Na is found to pass vegetation in highest rate compared to soil pool, On acid mor, trees accumulate amounts of nutrients comparable to the amounts falling in precipitation, but on fertile mull trees accumulate more of all nutrients than that which falls in precipitation, with the exception of Mn.P seems to be the limiting growth factors for trees on acid mor, and none of the nutrients investigated seems to limit growth on fertile mull.
Phytoplankton diversity in Lake Norrviken 1961–1975
Authors: Tinnberg Lena 
Published: July 2006

Five common indices were compared to see which of them would be most suitable in the study of long time changes in a phytoplankton community.Margalefs index d showed the same course during the year as did the number of species. This is also valid for Brillouin's, Shannon's, Simpson's and McIntosh's indices when based on number of individuals. Brillouin's and Shannon's indices based on cell number were found to differ from the diversity values obtained by Simpson's and McIntosh's indices depending on their different sensitivity to the two components of diversity, species richness and species evenness.Diversity indices including species richness and evenness (e.g. all except Margalef's) are recommended, but their different sensitivity to their species richness and evenness component should not be overlooked.A description of the phytoplankton composition should always be given together with diversity indices. This is very important since any index used gives no information on the species and their ecology.
Microfungi of a Danish Beech forest Microbiology of a Danish beech forest II
Authors: Holm Esther , Jensen Vagn 
Published: July 2006

The fungal flora in different parts of a beech forest ecosystem was investigated through a four year period as part of an IBP project. Both colony counts and direct measurements of fungal mycelium indicated that a vast majority of the fungal biomass is concentrated in the upper horizons of the soil, especially in the mull layer. The litter also contained large amounts of fungi when calculated per g dry weight, but still the litter fungi accounted for only a quite small percentage of the total fungal biomass. The fungi growing in direct contact with the living plants, i.e. in the rhizosphere and phylloplane, also accounted for only a few per cent of the total amount of fungi in the ecosystem.On basis of direct measurements of fungal mycelium the total biomass was estimated to be about 100 g dry wt per m2. However, no attempts were made to distinguish between living and dead hyphae, and a large proportion of the observed hyphae may very well be dead or inactive.Qualitative studies revealed that the upper soil layers not only contained the largest amounts of fungal mycelium, but also by far the highest species diversity. Other parts of the ecosystem, e.g. the phylloplane, were often strongly dominated by one or a few species, whereas soil always contained a large variety of different types.
Densities and energetics of two streamliving larval populations of Sericostoma personatum (Trichoptera)
Authors: Iversen Torben Moth 
Published: July 2006

Two populations of Sericostoma personatum Spence were studied during one year in two first order woodland streams, varying in water flow and temperature regime. The life cycles look two and three years, respectively.Numbers in drift varied with water flow, and daily elimination rates of about 1% due to catastrophic drift were found in one of the streams. Differences in elimination rates between the two populations are discussed in relation to predation, catastrophic drift, and quantity of food present during the year.The production was about 0.9 g AFDW m‐2 yr‐1 in both streams, 20–22% of which was production of cases. P/B ratios were 2.4 and 3.8, and reflect differences in life cycle.Total potential leaf consumption was estimated to about 50 g AFDW m‐2 yr‐1 in both streams, which makes up about 10% of yearly leaf input. The seasonal pattern of the consumption is discussed in relation to biomass, temperature and leaf input. There was little agreement between the patterns of leaf input and leaf consumption.
Climatic fluctuations and forestry in Lapland
Authors: Pohtila Eljas 
Published: July 2006

Climatic fluctuation is a serious problem for forestry in Lapland. Some indications about the nature and causal relationships of such fluctuation have been discussed. Cyclic variation can be explained by a “memory” in the atmosphere, variation in the Moons's gravitation, and solar activity.The index of atmospheric circulation over the northern hemisphere was the most effective climatic parameter in explaining the growth variation of Scots pine.
Release of plant nutrients from decomposing leaf litter in a South Swedish beech forest
Authors: Staaf Håkan 
Published: July 2006

Weight loss and dynamics of plant nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Na, Zn and Cu) in leaf litter were studied in a mature beech forest in South Sweden, using the litter bag technique. An initial decomposition period of about 12 to 18 months was characterized by an absolute net increase of N, P, and S contents in litter, followed by a period of net release of these elements. This development, which was most obvious for N and P, was interpreted as a change from a phase where decomposer activity was limited by the availability of nutrient elements to an energy‐limited phase. A net release of nitrogen did not occur until after two years of decomposition, and a transfer of nitrogen and phosphorus between different litter layers is here proposed to work as a retention mechanism.Potassium and sodium were quickly leached from the litter, while release of magnesium, calcium, and initially also manganese, was more associated to organic matter weight loss. Iron, zinc and copper were all strongly accumulated in the litter material. This is explained by mineral soil admixture for the former element and by atmospheric fall‐out in combination with the chemical complex formation character for the latter two elements.Finally, the importance of the different release processes in the total nutrient recycling of the forest is discussed.
Browse supply in lowland forests of eastern Poland
Authors: Borowski Stanislaw , Dzięciolowski Ryszard 
Published: July 2006

Browse supplies in different growth stages of 4 forest associations and forest site types were estimated. Two ecological situations were compared: exclusion from browsing and unrestrained access of ungulate animals. Harvest technique was applied. Three big forest tracts in eastern Poland provided study locations. Results were tested with the use of analysis of variance. The fresh mixed coniferous forest revealed the highest species diversity in the understorey and regeneration zone, while fresh coniferous forest had the lowest.No obvious influence of animal exclusion upon the number of plant species was found. Altogether, 41 plant species were found in the understorey and regeneration zones. In young plantations shoot weight was higher than in thickets, pole‐sized and timber stands. Shoots clipped in autumn were heavier than those clipped in spring. The browse biomass varied from 400‐600 kg ha‐1in poor communities to 2–3 tonnes ha‐1in the most productive ones. Generally, low (5%) utilization of browse by ungulates was found.