bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First Report of Myrothecium roridum Causing Myrothecium Leaf Spot on Salvia spp. in the United States
Authors: Mangandi J. A. , Seijo T. E. , Peres N. A. 
Published: May 2007

The genus Salvia includes at least 900 species distributed worldwide. Wild species are found in South America, southern Europe, northern Africa, and North America. Salvia, commonly referred to as sage, is grown commercially as a landscape plant. In August 2006, pale-to-dark brown, circular leaf spots 5 to 20 mm in diameter with concentric rings were observed on Salvia farinacea ‘Victoria Blue’. Approximately 5% of the plants in a central Florida nursery were affected. Lesions were visible on both leaf surfaces, and black sporodochia with white, marginal hyphal tuffs were present mostly on the lower surface in older lesions. Symptoms were consistent with those of Myrothecium leaf spot described on other ornamentals such as gardenia, begonia, and New Guinea impatiens (4). Isolations from lesions on potato dextrose agar produced white, floccose colonies with sporodochia in dark green-to-black concentric rings. Conidia were hyaline and cylindrical with rounded ends and averaged 7.4 × 2.0 μm. All characteristics were consistent with the description of Myrothecium roridum Tode ex Fr. (2,3). The internal transcribed spacer regions ITS1, ITS2, and the 5.8s rRNA genomic region of one isolate were sequenced (Accession No. EF151002) and compared with sequences in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database. Deposited sequences from M. roridum were 96.3 to 98.8% homologous to the isolate from salvia. To confirm pathogenicity, three salvia plants were inoculated by spraying with a conidial suspension of M. roridum (1 × 105 conidia per ml). Plants were covered with plastic bags and incubated in a growth chamber at 28°C for 7 days. Three plants were sprayed with sterile, distilled water as a control and incubated similarly. The symptoms described above were observed in all inoculated plants after 7 days, while control plants remained symptomless. M. roridum was reisolated consistently from symptomatic tissue. There are more than 150 hosts of M. roridum, including one report on Salvia spp. in Brunei (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of Myrothecium leaf spot caused by M. roridum on Salvia spp. in the United States. Even the moderate level disease present caused damage to the foliage and reduced the marketability of salvia plants. Therefore, control measures may need to be implemented for production of this species in ornamental nurseries. References: (1) D. F. Farr et al. Fungal Databases. Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory. Online publication. ARS, USDA, 2006, (2) M. B. Ellis. Page 449 in: Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook. Macmillan Publishing, NY, 1985. (3) M. Fitton and P. Holliday. No. 253 in: CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria. The Eastern Press Ltd. Great Britain, 1970. (4) M. G. Daughtrey et al. Page 19 in: Compendium of Flowering Potted Plant Diseases. The American Phytopathological Society. St. Paul, MN, 1995.
Cervical screening performance in general practice. An evaluation in a single health district
Authors: HAVELOCK C. M. 
Published: May 2007

This paper describes a study of cervical screening in 50 general practices in the East Berkshire Health District over a period of 2½ years. Six practices organized their own practice based screening scheme. Thirty‐nine participated in a district organized scheme and five did not actively participate in any scheme.The proportion of women screened was highest among the practices which organized their own scheme. These practices were large, in non‐urban locations and employed a practice nurse. In contrast, practices which had a poor record of screening were small, single handed, in an urban location and were unwilling to participate in a district call scheme or organize their own scheme.It is recommended that the practices which are prepared to organize their own screening programmes should be encouraged to do so. The resources which are saved could then be more usefully spent on providing assistance to the practices which do not offer a cervical screening service to women on their practice lists.
Evaluation of fine needle aspiration of the male breast for the diagnosis of gynaecomastia
Authors: MARTIN‐BATES E. , KRAUSZ T. , PHILLIPS I. 
Published: May 2007

Fine needle aspiration of the male breast can present problems of diagnosis because the cytological presentation of gynaecomastia can be confused with that of adenocarcinoma. We reviewed breast aspirates from 24 male patients in order to determine the accuracy of cytology as a method of diagnosing gynaecomastia.Discrepancies were observed between the original cytology reports on one hand and the review cytology and biopsies on the other. Of the 24 aspirates from the male breast, the cytology was reported as negative in 16 cases, suspicious in three cases and malignant in five. In four cases of the negative group, a specific diagnosis of gynaecomastia was made. In two of the negative cases the subsequent biopsies revealed adenocarcinoma. Of the five cases reported on the original cytology as adenocarcinoma, two on review showed the features of florid gynaecomastia and this was confirmed on biopsy and three confirmed the initial diagnosis of adenocarcinoma.The cytological features of gynaecomastia which distinguish it from adenocarcinoma are discussed.
Extraction of DNA from exfoliative cytology specimens and its suitability for analysis by the polymerase chain reaction
Authors: JACKSON D. P. , PAYNE J. , BELL S. , LEWIS F. A. , TAYLOR G. R. , PEEL K. R. , SUTTON J. , QUIRKE P. 
Published: May 2007

The extraction of DNA from archival exfoliative cytology samples would allow the molecular biological analysis of this readily available material using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We have quantitatively and qualitatively studied the extraction of DNA from a variety of cytological preparations.For both fresh and archival cervical smears, overnight incubation with proteinase K produces high yields of high molecular weight DNA, but simply boiling the samples produces DNA suitable for PCR amplification of a single copy gene.Increasing the proteinase K incubation to several days allows the extraction of DNA from fixed and stained archival cytology slides from a variety of sites. The extracted DNA was again suitable for PCR analysis.Fresh and archival cytological material can be utilized for molecular biological study of disease processes using PCR. Archival cytological material is probably the best source of DNA and RNA after stored frozen tissue.
Evaluation of Immunocytochemical Staining As A Method of Improving Diagnostic Accuracy In A Routine Cytopathology Laboratory
Authors: WAZIR J. F. , MARTIN‐BATES E. , WOODWARD G. , COLEMAN D. V. 
Published: May 2007

Immunocytochemical stains in a routine cytopathology laboratory can be used to distinguish between benign and malignant cells, and to identify tumour type. In our laboratory 30 problematic cases were selected for immunocytochemical stains and the results analysed in this paper. the following markers were used: cytokeratin (CAM5.2), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), kappa and lambda light chains, leucocytic common antigen (LCA), chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), prostate specific antigen (PSA), L26, UCHL1, S100‐protein and vimentin.Twelve FNA (four lymph nodes, one parotid swelling, two from lungs, two from pleura and chest wall, one from lumbar region, two from soft tissue masses), and 18 effusions (12 pleural effusions, five ascitic fluids, one pericardial effusion) were investigated. We found immunocytochemical stains of value in formulating the cytological diagnosis in 11/12 of FNA and 15/18 of effusions.
Dna Ploidy Studies of Benign and Malignant Tumours: Comparison of Flow Cytometry and Image Analysis Techniques Using Two Types of Cytological Specimen
Authors: COHEN C. , TICKMAN R. J. , DEROSE P. B. , WHITAKER B. P. 
Published: May 2007

DNA ploidy studies were carried out on Feulgen stained smears and cytocentrifuge preparations from 35 malignant tumours and four benign neoplasms using the CAS image analyser. the smears were prepared from scrapings from fresh tumour tissue whereas the cytocentrifuge preparations were prepared from single nuclear suspensions from paraffin‐embedded cell blocks from the same tumour. Histograms obtained by image analysis of the tumour scrapes were compared with those obtained on the cytocentrifuge preparations. Concordant results were obtained in four benign tumours (100%) and 32 malignant tumours (91%).The results obtained by image analysis were also compared with results obtained by flow cytometry of the tumour tissue. Discordant results were obtained for three malignant tumours. Possible reasons for the discrepancy include sampling error, tumour heterogeneity and selective loss of cell populations during processing.
The Effect of Filtration On the Cellular Components In Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid
Authors: MILMAN N. , JACOBSEN G. K. , FAURSCHOU P. , GRAUDAL N. , JØRGENSEN A. 
Published: May 2007

The effect of filtration through two layers of cotton gauze on the cellular composition of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid was studied in 25 patients with pulmonary disease. There was no significant difference between median total cell count in unfiltered and filtered BAL (P= 0.73) or in the distribution of neutrophils or eosinophils. the percentage of bronchial epithelial cells was significantly higher in unfiltered than in filtered BAL (P= 0.02). Furthermore, differential cell counts showed a significantly lower percentage of alveolar macrophages (P= 0.04), and a significantly higher percentage of lymphocytes (P=0.04) in unfiltered compared with filtered BAL. Thus, gauze filtration results in a loss of bronchial epithelial cells and lymphocytes, and is not recommended in the routine analysis of cellular components in BAL fluid.L'effet de la filtration à travers deux couches de gaze de coton sur la composition cellulaire du liquide de lavage broncho‐alvéolaire (LBA) a étéétudié chez 25 patients atteints d'une pathologie pulmonaire. Aucune différence significative entre les échantillons filtrés et non filtrés n'a été trouvée en ce qui concerne la numération cellulaire totale moyenne (P=0.73) et la distribution des polynucléaires neutrophiles et eosinophiles. Le pourcentage de cellules épithéliales bronchiques est significativement plus élevé dans les échantillons non filtrés que dans ceux qui ont été filtrés (P= 0.02). Par ailleurs, le comptage differentiel montre un pourcentage plus faible de macrophages alveolaires (P=0.04) et un pourcentage plus élevé de lymphocytes (P= 0.04) dans les LBA non filtrés. La filtration à travers la gaze a pour résultat une perte des cellules épithéliales bronchiques et des lymphocytes et n'est donc pas à recommander pour l'analyse de routine des composants cellulaires du liquide de lavage broncho‐alvéolaire.Die Auswirkung einer Filtration von BAL‐Material durch doppelte Baumwollgaze wurde am Material 25 Patienten untersucht. Es bestand kein signifikanter Unterschied der Zellzahl von gefiltertem und ungefiltertem Material (P= 0.73) oder im Abteil der Neutrophilen und Eosinophilen. Das Abteil des Bronchial epithelien war jedoch in ungefiltertem Material signifikant höher (P= 0.02). Differentialauszählungen zeigten einen signifikant geringeren Anteil an Alveolarmakrophagen (P= 0.04) und einen signifikant erhöhten an Lymphozyten (P= 0.04) in unfil‐triertem Material. Die Filtration führt also zu einem Verlust an Bronchialepithelien und Lymphozyten und ist deshalb für Routine‐untersuchungen von BAL nicht zu empfehlen.
Examination of cytological smears and clot sections prepared from pleural fluids: a comparative study
Authors: DHUNDEE J. , COTTER M. , GIBBS A. R. 
Published: May 2007

Between January 1989 and May 1990, the Department of Cytology of Llandough Hospital examined 784 pleural fluid cytological preparations, 99 of which were also examined as paraffin wax sections of clots that had formed. to assess whether this practice yields worthwhile information, we reviewed the cytology and clot sections of 99 patients with pleural effusions and correlated the results with subsequent histology and review of clinical case notes. the specificities of each method separately and when combined was high: 92% clot section, 85% smear cytology and 85% combined. the sensitivity using clot section alone was 49%, smear cytology alone 46% and in combination, 54%. Analysis showed no significant difference between these sensitivities. When pleural fluid clot formation occurs, we recommend the continued examination of clot sections, since it yields an increase in positive diagnoses, albeit not statistically significant.Entre janvier 1989 et mai 1990, 784 préparations cytologiques de liquides pleuraux ont été examinées dans le département de Cytologie de l'Hôpital Llandough. Parmi ces 784 cas, 99 contenaient un coagulum qui a fait l'objet également de coupes histologiques apres inclusion en paraffine. Afin de déterminer si cette pratique apporte une information intéressante, la cytologie de ces 99 patients et les coupes obtenues á partir du coagulum ont été revues, puis les résultats one été corrélés avec les résultats histologiques et avec I'analyse des données cliniques. Les valeurs de la spécificité de chacune des méthodes et des deux méthodes associées sont élevées: 92% pout les coupes du coagulum, 85% pour la cytologie d'étalement et 85% pour les deux méthodes combinées. Les valeurs pour la sensibilité sont de 49% pour les coupes de coagulum, de 46% pour la cytologie seule et de 54% en combinant les deux methodes. L'analyse ne met pas en évidence de différence significativé de sensibilitk entre les méthodes. Lorsqu'un coagulum s'est formé dans un liquide pleural, nous recornmandons de poursuivre la pratique de l'inclusion en paraffine et de coupe de ce coagulum puisque cette pratique aboutit à une augmentation du taux de diagnostics positifs, même si la différence n'est pas démontrée statistiquement.Das zytologische Labor des Llandough Hospitals untersuchte zwischen Januar 1989 und Mai 1990 784 Pleurapunktate. Von 99 wurden ausserdem paraffinge‐schnittone Clotpräparate angefertigt. Um den Wert dieses Verfahrens zu überprüfen wurden diese Ergebnisse mit späteren histologischen Proben und der Patientengeschichte korreliert. Die Spezifitaten betrugen: 92% für Clot, 85% für Ausstriche und 85% für die Kombination. Die Sensitivitäten: 49% für Clot, 46% für Ausstriche und 54% für die Kombination. Die Unterschiede sind statistisch nicht signifikant, trotzdem sollten Gerinnsel bei Vorhandensein histologisch verarbeitet werden.
Can early subclinical gait changes in children with haemophilia be identified using the GAITRite®walkway
Authors: BLADEN M. , ALDERSON L. , KHAIR K. , LIESNER R. , GREEN J. , MAIN E. 
Published: May 2007

Summary. Development of haemophilic arthropathy has long‐term implications for functional mobility in people with haemophilia, but early manifestations are often asymptomatic and difficult to identify. Earlier identification of joint damage may improve outcomes. The aim of this case note review was to determine whether the GAITRite®system (electronic pressure sensitive walkway) could identify early changes in gait patterns in boys with haemophilia compared with their peers.Clinic data from medical and physiotherapy notes of boys with severe haemophilia were compared with data from age and leg length‐matched controls. Data from two consecutive walks at preferred speed were collected on all participants using the GAITRite®system.Clinic assessment notes from 26 boys (aged 7–17 years) with severe haemophilia were identified. Of these, 20 boys had no evidence of joint pathology on assessment and six boys had radiographic evidence of arthropathy. When these data were compared with normal controls, there were statistically significant increases in swing time, stance time, single support and double support in the asymptomatic group (P < 0.01) suggesting subtle early compensatory changes in gait pattern. The children with arthropathy had additional significant differences in their gait compared with matched controls. These differences included normalized velocity, step length, stride length, step time and base of support (P < 0.01).The GAITRite®system appears sensitive enough to identify early subtle changes in gait and differentiate between asymptomatic boys with haemophilia and those with arthropathy in comparison with a matched control group. The electronic walkway is an accessible and portable means of providing quantitative gait analysis in the clinical environment. This is an important finding as early identification of gait changes may provide clinicians with the opportunity to intervene with the aim of arresting progression of joint damage.
A novel ATP‐binding cassette transporter from Leishmania is involved in transport of phosphatidylcholine analogues and resistance to alkyl‐phospholipids
Authors: Castanys‐Muñoz Esther , Alder‐Baerens Nele , Pomorski Thomas , Gamarro Francisco , Castanys Santiago 
Published: May 2007

SummaryATP‐binding cassette (ABC) transporters represent an important family of membrane proteins involved in drug resistance and other biological activities. The present work reports the characterization of the first ABC subfamily G (ABCG)‐like transporter, LiABCG4, in the protozoan parasite Leishmania. LiABCG4 localized mainly to the parasite plasma membrane. Overexpression of this half‐transporter reduced the accumulation of phosphatidylcholine analogues and conferred resistance to alkyl‐phospholipids. Likewise, when expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the protein localized to the yeast plasma membrane and conferred resistance to alkyl‐phospholipids. Post‐Golgi secretory vesicles isolated from a LiABCG4‐overexpressing yeast mutant contained the leishmanial ABC transporter and exhibited ATP‐dependent, vanadate‐sensitive transport of phosphatidylcholine analogues from the cytosolic to the lumenal leaflet of the vesicle membrane. Cross‐linking showed dimerization of LiABCG4. These results suggest that LiABCG4 is involved in the active transport of phosphatidylcholine and resistance to alkyl‐phospholipids in Leishmania.
Oscillating focus of SopA associated with filamentous structure guides partitioning of F plasmid
Authors: Hatano Toshiyuki , Yamaichi Yoshiharu , Niki Hironori 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe F plasmid is actively partitioned to daughter cells by the sopABC gene. To elucidate the partitioning mechanisms, we simultaneously analysed movements of the plasmid and the SopA ATPase in single living cells. SopA, which is a putative motor protein assembled densely near nucleoid borders and formed a single discrete focus associated with less dense filamentous distribution along the long axis of the cell. The dense SopA focus oscillates between cell poles. The direction of the plasmid motion switches as the SopA focus switches its position. The velocity of the plasmid motion stays constant while it oscillates moving towards the SopA focus. The low density filamentous distribution of SopA persisted throughout the SopA oscillation. The focus associated with filamentous distribution of SopA was also observed in a cell without nucleoid. The SopA filament may guide the movement of the plasmid as a railway track and lead it to cell quarters.
Class I and class II lysyl‐tRNA synthetase mutants and the genetic encoding of pyrrolysine in Methanosarcina spp.
Authors: Mahapatra Anirban , Srinivasan Gayathri , Richter Kerstin B. , Meyer Andrew , Lienard Tanja , Zhang Jun Kai , Zhao Gang , Kang Patrick T. , Chan Michael , Gottschalk Gerhard , Metcalf William W. , Krzycki Joseph A. 
Published: May 2007

Summary Methanosarcina spp. begin methanogenesis from methylamines with methyltransferases made via the translation of UAG as pyrrolysine. In vitro evidence indicates two possible routes to pyrrolysyl‐tRNAPyl. PylS ligates pyrrolysine to tRNAPyl. Alternatively, class I and class II lysyl‐tRNA synthetases (LysRS1 and LysRS2) together form lysyl‐tRNAPyl, a potential intermediate to pyrrolysyl‐tRNAPyl. The unusual possession of both LysRS1 and LysRS2 by Methanosarcina spp. may also reflect differences in catalytic properties. Here we assessed the in vivo relevance of these hypotheses. The lysK and mtmB transcripts, encoding LysRS1 and monomethylamine methyltransferase, were detectable in Methanosarcina barkeri during early log growth on trimethylamine, but not methanol. In contrast, lysS transcript encoding LysRS2 was detectable during log phase with either substrate. Methanosarcina acetivorans strains bearing deletions of lysK or lysS grew normally on methanol and methylamines with wild‐type levels of monomethylamine methyltransferase and aminoacyl‐tRNAPyl. The lysK and lysS genes could not replace pylS in a recombinant system employing tRNAPyl for UAG suppression. The results support an association of LysRS1 with growth on methylamine, but not an essential role for LysRS1/LysRS2 in the genetic encoding of pyrrolysine. However, decreased lysyl‐tRNALys in the lysS mutant provides a possible rationale for stable transfer of the bacterial lysS gene to methanoarchaea.
Scl1‐dependent internalization of group A Streptococcus via direct interactions with the α2β1 integrin enhances pathogen survival and re‐emergence
Authors: Caswell Clayton C. , Lukomska Ewa , Seo Neung‐Seon , Höök Magnus , Lukomski Slawomir 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe molecular pathogenesis of infections caused by group A Streptococcus (GAS) is not fully understood. We recently reported that a recombinant protein derived from the collagen‐like surface protein, Scl1, bound to the human collagen receptor, integrin α2β1. Here, we investigate whether the same Scl1 variant expressed by GAS cells interacts with the integrin α2β1 and affects the biological outcome of host–pathogen interactions. We demonstrate that GAS adherence and internalization involve direct interactions between surface expressed Scl1 and the α2β1 integrin, because (i) both adherence and internalization of the scl1‐inactivated mutant were significantly decreased, and were restored by in‐trans complementation of Scl1 expression, (ii) GAS internalization was reduced by pre‐treatment of HEp‐2 cells with anti‐α2 integrin‐subunit antibody and type I collagen, (iii) recombinant α2‐I domain bound the wild‐type GAS cells and (iv) internalization of wild‐type cells was significantly increased in C2C12 cells expressing the α2β1 integrin as the only collagen‐binding integrin. Next, we determined that internalized GAS re‐emerges from epithelial cells into the extracellular environment. Taken together, our data describe a new molecular mechanism used by GAS involving the direct interaction between Scl1 and integrins, which increases the overall capability of the pathogen to survive and re‐emerge.
Book Reviews
Authors: BEERMAN HERMAN 
Published: May 2007

DERMATOLOGIC IMMUNOLOGY AND ALLERGY. Julius Stone, ed. 1984 YEARBOOK OF DERMATOLOGY. Arthur J. Sober and Thomas B. Fitzpatrick. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF ORAL MUCOUS MEMBRANE LESIONS. L. Ashamallah. CURRENT TOPICS IN PATHOLOGY: DERMATOPATHOLOGY. C. L. Berry, E. Crundmann, and W. H. Kirsten. THE DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF EARLY LEPROSY. Stanley G. Browne.