bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pulmonary and hematologic changes in swine with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae pneumonia
Authors: Intraraksa Yanyong , Engen Richard L. , Switzer William P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Studies were made of the physiologic changes in the lung of young growing pigs intratracheally inoculated at 5.5 to 6 weeks of age with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Hematologic changes also were studied. Studies were performed at the 4th, 5th, and 6th weeks after inoculations were done.
The inoculated pigs had a marked decrease in body weight gain. There were no significant changes in the heart rate, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature, even though at necropsy the apical, cardiac, and diaphragmatic lobes of the lungs of inoculated pigs had scattered, but well-demarcated, pneumonic lesions. The lungs were edematous and increased in weight, compared with those of control (noninoculated) pigs.
There were several changes in respiratory functions in the inoculated animals, including significant increases in esophageal pressure negativity, expiratory flow rate, tidal and minute volumes, and work of breathing and significantly less oxygen consumption. Inspiratory flow rate and airway resistance were markedly increased. The elasticity of infected lungs was reduced, as shown by notable decreases of dynamic lung compliance.
According to blood gas analyses, acid-base balance had changed in the inoculated pigs. Arterial blood pH, arterial partial pressures of O2 and CO2, and arterial concentration of HCO3− decreased. To some degree respiratory acidosis indicated by a significant decrease of base excess was evident in the blood of inoculated pigs. As a result, inoculated animals required hyperventilation (compensatory respiratory alkalosis) to maintain the pH of arterial blood near a physiologically normal value.
The pigs with mycoplasmal pneumonia showed no drastic hematologic changes. There were no apparent changes observed in rbc number, pcv, or hemoglobin concentration; the total number of wbc increased, however. The differential count revealed large increases in the number of neutrophils, small increases in number of monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils, and slight decreases in numbers of lymphocytes.
Rabbit small intestinal β-galactosidases
Authors: Toofanian F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The β-galactosidase activities of the rabbit small intestinal mucosa were studied over the pH range of 2.6 to 8.4, using different substrates, and in the presence or absence of the enzyme inhibitor p-chloromercuribenzoic acid. The results indicated the presence of 4 β-galactosidases: (i) a neutral β-galactosidase (lactase) with optimum pH of 5.8, (ii) an acid β-galactosidase I with optimum pH of 3.4, (iii) an acid β-galactosidase II with optimum pH of 4.6, and (iv) a hetero β-galactosidase with pH optimum of 7.6. Seemingly, 3 of these β-galactosidases were comparable with those in other mammals, and the 4th has not been reported in other species.
Toxicity of seeds of three Aesculus spp to chicks and hamsters
Authors: Williams M. C. , Olsen J. D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Seeds of horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum), Ohio buckeye (A glabra), and yellow buckeye (A octandra) were tested for toxicity to 2-week-old Leghorn chicks and adult female Syrian hamsters. The ld50 of the water soluble portion of alcoholic extracts of horse-chestnut seeds (for hamsters and chicks) and of dried, powdered seeds (chicks only) was determined.
The ld50 for a single dose of extract from horse-chestnut seeds was 10.6 mg/g of body weight for chicks and 10.7 mg/g of body weight for hamsters. The ld50 for chicks given 2 consecutive daily doses of horse-chestnut seed was 6.5 mg/g. Toxic signs included depression, muscular incoordination, paralysis, coma, and death. Extracts of seeds of Ohio buckeye were nontoxic to chicks and hamsters when fed at 80 mg/g. One of 5 hamsters died after dosing for 5 days with 80 mg/g of extract of seeds of yellow buckeye/g.
Dose response of topical carbamylcholine chloride (carbachol) in normotensive and early glaucomatous Beagles
Authors: Gelatt Kirk N. , Gum Glenwood G. , Wolf E. Daniel , White Marilyn M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Single-dose loading with a placebo (0.5% methylcellulose) and 0.75%, 1.5%, 2.25%, or 3% carbamylcholine chloride (carbachol) was evaluated in normotensive and glaucomatous Beagles to determine dose response. The 4 carbachol concentrations significantly (P < 0.05) lowered intraocular pressure and reduced pupil size in the normotensive and early glaucomatous Beagles at most time intervals as compared with baseline values, nontreated fellow eyes, and placebo-treated eyes. There were no significant (P < 0.24) effects on intraocular pressure or pupil size by unilateral carbachol instillations as compared with base-line values or placebo-treated eyes.
Role of prostaglandins in pathogenesis of bovine mastitis induced by Escherichia coli endotoxin
Authors: Giri S. N. , Chen Z. , Carroll E. J. , Mueller R. , Schiedt M. J. , Panico L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Four doses (5 to 100 μg, 1 dose/quarter) of Escherichia coli endotoxin were introduced into lactating mammary glands of 2 cows. There was no effect on milk prostaglandin (pg) E2 concentration, except that the concentration was increased from 200 pg/ml of milk to 1,060 pg/ml at post-treatment hour (pth) 8 in cow 1 and from 75 to 420 pg/ml at pth 4 in cow 2 after the highest dose 100 μg. Endotoxin caused a dose-dependent increase in milk pgf2α concentrations in both cows.
After the highest dose, pgf2α was maximally increased from 200 to 3,500 pg/ml at pth 4 in cow 1 and from 250 to 2,000 pg/ml in cow 2 at pth 8. The instillation of 50 μg of endotoxin in all 8 quarters of 2 more lactating cows caused no significant (P > 0.05) changes in milk pge2 and thromboxane B2 concentrations, whereas milk pgf2α was significantly increased from the base-line value of 642 to 2,683, 1,189, and 2,281 pg/ml at pth 4, 8, and 12, respectively. The 6-keto-pgf1α was also significantly increased from the base-line value of 305 to 871, 631, and 600 pg/ml at the corresponding times, respectively. A marked increase in vascular permeability, as judged by high concentrations of serum albumin in the whey, was observed as early as pth 4 and peaked at pth 12 followed by a gradual decline, although it remained significantly increased over the control for 48 hours after treatment.
Somatic cell counts in milk gradually increased and peaked at pth 12 followed by a precipitous decrease at pth 24. However, cell counts remained significantly increased over the control for 60 hours. Seemingly, metabolites of arachidonic acid might be involved in endotoxin-induced mastitis.
Natural and experimental bovine intramammary infection with Prototheca zopfii
Authors: McDonald J. S. , Richard J. L. , Cheville N. F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A naturally occurring case of chronic mastitis caused by Prototheca zopfii was detected in a dairy cow. The cow was observed for 12 weeks, and milk samples were cultured each week. Milk production was decreased, and high numbers (> 103/ml) of the organism were detected in the milk.
Six glands of 2 cows were inoculated with small numbers of P zopfii. All 3 cows were euthanatized, and at postmortem, a progressive pyogranulomatous inflammation was observed in all infected mammary glands. The organism was recovered from tissue and secretions from all inoculated glands and from lymph nodes draining these glands but not from other tissues.
Histologic examination of selected areas of canine pulmonary arteries
Authors: Keith James C. , Rawlings Clarence A. , Schaub Robert G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Selected areas of pulmonary arteries from 18 healthy mixed-breed dogs were examined using histologic staining techniques. Smooth muscle cell, collagen, and elastin content of the tunica intima and tunica media were assessed. Fifteen dogs had abnormalities of tunica intima or tunica media in at least one arterial section examined. Of all arterial sections examined, 40% had histologic changes of the tunica intima or tunica media, and 42% of these vascular lesions were in the main pulmonary artery. The most commonly occurring pathologic change was loss of smooth muscle cells and elastin of the tunica media and replacement by collagen. This lesion is similar to cystic medionecrosis of the aorta. Seemingly, a high frequency of spontaneous vascular lesions exist in pulmonary arteries of young dogs.
Postnatal development of renal tubular amino acid reabsorption in canine pups
Authors: Bovee Kenneth C. , Jezyk Peter F. , Segal Stanton C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The renal clearance of amino acids in canine pups 5 days and 3, 8, and 12 weeks of age was studied. The 5-day-old pups had incomplete reabsorption of most amino acids. At 3 weeks, fractional reabsorption of 16 of 21 amino acids was complete; between 3 and 8 weeks, an adult pattern of reabsorption was present. Seemingly, a rapid development of amino acid transport precedes anatomic development or functional maturation of other transport systems.
Serum concentration of penicillin in the horse after repeated intramuscular injections of procaine penicillin G alone or in combination with benzathine penicillin and/or phenylbutazone
Authors: Sullins Kenneth E. , Messer Nat T. , Nelson Larry 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Twenty-one adult horses were randomly assigned into 7 groups of 3 and were treated for 5 days with procaine penicillin G, benzathine penicillin, or phenylbutazone in various combinations and dosage schedules. Serum concentration of penicillin was measured serially over a 7-day period. The highest mean peak serum concentration was 2.06 μg/ml. Comparable peak values were seen 2 to 4 hours after administration of 22,000 IU of procaine penicillin G/kg of body weight given once or twice daily. A minimum serum concentration of 0.25 μg/ml was selected as adequate for efficacy against organisms that can be considered sensitive to penicillin. Once daily administration of procaine penicillin G and, although peak concentrations were lower, some regimens of procaine and benzathine penicillin G did maintain this concentration. Concurrent phenylbutazone administration did not affect serum concentration of penicillin appreciably.
Efficacy of ivermectin against Dirofilaria immitis microfilariae in naturally infected dogs
Authors: Suderman M. T. , Craig T. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Ivermectin, given in a single subcutaneous dose of 200 μg/kg, was evaluated for its efficacy against Dirofilaria immitis microfilariae in a trial with naturally infected dogs. Sodium thiacetarsamide (2.2 mg/kg) was administered twice daily for 2 days to 2 groups of 10 dogs. Two weeks later, 1 group was treated with ivermectin, and the other group was given the vehicle. Microfilariae were not detected (by blood sample concentration techniques) in 90% of the dogs 21 days after they were treated with ivermectin. Microfilariae were not detected in samples of any dog at days 28 and 35. However, 1 dog (not the one positive at day 21) had a detectable microfilaria at day 42. One dog with pretreatment ascites, exercise-induced cough, and high microfilaremial count was anorectic and depressed 2 days after treatment with ivermectin; the clinical signs were resolved 4 days later.
Efficacy of clorsulon for treatment of mature naturally acquired and 8-week-old experimentally induced Fasciola hepatica infections in cattle
Authors: Malone J. B. , Ramsey R. T. , Loyacano A. F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In a dose-titration study against experimentally induced 8-week-old Fasciola hepatica infection (study A), 20 calves were allotted to 5 groups, each of 4 calves, and treated with different doses of an injectable formulation of clorsulon or its vehicle: group 1—controls, no drug; group 2—2 mg of clorsulon/kg; group 3—4 mg of drug/kg; group 4—8 mg/kg; and group 5—16 mg/kg. Mean numbers of flukes recovered from 4 calves in each treatment group were as follows: group 1—112.2, group 2—42, group 3—4.8, group 4—3.0, and group 5—0.2. Percentages of fluke reductions for groups 2, 3, 4, and 5 (clorsulon-treated) calves were 62.6%, 95.7%, 97.3%, and 99.8%, respectively.
Against naturally acquired mature (> 14-week-old) F hepatica infections (study B), a total of 161 flukes were recovered from 7 vehicle-treated control calves (group 6; mean fluke recovery = 23) and no flukes were recovered from 9 calves (group 7) given orally a formulation containing 7 mg of clorsulon/kg of body weight. Eggs were not found in the feces of clorsulon-treated calves at 20 to 21 days after treatment as compared with a mean of 7.4 eggs per gram (epg) in group 6 (control) calves. Mean bile egg recoveries were 13,532 (456 to 66,861) from group 6 calves as compared to recovery of a total of 162 (0 to 160) eggs from 3 of the 9 treated calves.
In a field study (study C) on a herd of 153 cattle naturally infected with F hepatica, 4 of every 5 animals were given an oral formulation of clorsulon (7 mg/kg) and 1 of every 5 animals served as vehicle-medicated controls. For each replicate of 5 animals, 3 were screened for F hepatica infection (2 clorsulon-treated, 1 control) by fecal examination for presence of F hepatica eggs. Mean fecal epg counts on the day of treatment were 6.3 (96.6% prevalence) for 59 clorsulon-treated cattle (group 9) examined and 4.0 (92.9% prevalence) for 28 control cattle (group8). Posttreatment fecal epg counts 26 to 27 days later revealed no F hepatica eggs in 55 clorsulon-treated cattle and 6.9 epg (93.3% prevalence) in 30 control cattle. Follow-up epg counts on 25 fecal samples from treated cattle between January and July 1, 1983 revealed sustained negative epg counts until April 1983. Low numbers of eggs typical of Paramphistomum spp were found in treated and control cattle in both pretreatment and posttreatment fecal samples.
Animal studies of potential chronic lung disease of workers in swine confinement buildings
Authors: Donham Kelley J. , Leininger Joel R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The pathologic changes in laboratory animals housed in a swine confinement building were studied to predict potential chronic health effects on persons working in these buildings. Rabbits and guinea pigs were maintained for 12 months either in a confined nursery-grower unit (test animals) or in conventional laboratory animal housing (controls). Necropsies and histopathologic examinations were performed on animals that died prematurely or were killed at termination of the study. Blood serum from the animals was examined for antibodies to extracts from swine confinement house dust. The confinement atmosphere was monitored for environmental pollutants.
Concentrations of gases and dust in the air of the confinement building were comparable to those found in a typical swine confinement building.
Pulmonic lesions seen in the test rabbits and guinea pigs included diffuse interstitial histiocytic pneumonia. Tracheal and nasal turbinate lesions included epithelial hyperplasia and metaplasia, with submucosal infiltration of plasma cells and heterophils.
Blood from the test animals contained serum precipitins to dust extract from confinement houses. The presence of precipitins combined with the microscopic appearance of the lungs indicated that an immunologic process, such as hypersensitivity pneumonitis, may be used to explain the basis of the observed lung lesions. The tracheal and turbinate lesions are best explained as a reaction to a chronic low-grade irritation.
Genesis of QRS in the ruminant: Graphic simulation
Authors: Hamlin Robert L. , Glower Donald D. , Pimmel Russell L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Graphic simulation of ventricular activation for a typical ruminant with complete endocardial-epicardial penetration of Purkinje's fibers was performed. Voltages recorded from points on the torso simulating electrodes V10 and aVF were predicted. These compared favorably in amplitudes and durations with voltages actually recorded from typical ruminants.
Serum chemical values of gestating and lactating swine: Reference values
Authors: Reese D. E. , Peo E. R. , Lewis A. J. , Hogg A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Reference values of 18 serum constituents were determined in gestating (n = 33) and lactating (n = 13) swine. Serum concentrations of calcium, glucose, urea nitrogen, cholesterol, total protein, and globulin were lower (P < 0.10) during gestation than during lactation. Concentrations of creatinine, triglycerides, and creatine phosphokinase were higher (P < 0.10) during gestation than during lactation. Creatinine concentration increased (P < 0.05) from lactation days 14 to 26.
Serum erythromycin concentration in sheep fed two diets
Authors: Wilson Robert C. , Huber Thomas L. , Goetsch Dennis D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Serum erythromycin concentrations following a single iv injection (12.5 mg/kg) were compared in 6 sheep during feeding of a grass hay diet and a concentrate diet. The concentrate diet resulted in a mean decrease of at least 1 pH unit in forestomach fluid, but did not significantly alter either the serum drug concentrations or half-life. Variable antibacterial activity was present in forestomach fluid as early as 1 or 2 hours after injection. This study indicates that ion-trapping in forestomach fluid as a result of normal dietary changes does not require therapeutic dosage adjustment.
Hepatic metabolite concentration in lactic acidotic sheep
Authors: Huber T. L. , Wilson R. C. , McGarity S. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The concentration of hepatic metabolites associated with energy-producing pathways and hepatic oxygen consumption were measured in clinically normal and lactic acidotic sheep. Significantly (P < 0.005) lower pyruvate concentrations in livers of acidotic sheep produced significantly larger l-lactate to pyruvate concentration ratios. Glycogen concentrations were significantly (P < 0.005) lower in liver from acidotic sheep. Oxygen consumption by liver from acidotic sheep was depressed when compared with oxygen consumption by normal sheep liver. Seemingly, limited available carbohydrate substrate and not tissue oxygenation may be limiting aerobic glycolysis in liver of lactic acidotic sheep.
Pharmacokinetics of phenobarbital in dogs after multiple oral administration
Authors: Ravis W. R. , Nachreiner R. F. , Pedersoli W. M. , Houghton N. S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Sodium phenobarbital (phb) was administered orally as tablets 3 times a day to 6 healthy mature dogs of mixed breeding for 5 days at a dose of 2 mg/kg of body weight. On the 6th day, phb was administered at 9 am and venous blood samples were collected at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 23, 35, 47, 59, 71, 83, 95, 107, 119, and 131 hours. Additional phb was not given on day 6. Drug serum concentrations were described by a 1-compartment model with first-order absorption and elimination with fitted correlation coefficients of 0.991 ± 0.007 (mean ± sd). The observed phb half-lives were between 37.3 and 74.6 hours with a mean of 53.0 ± 15 hours. The calculated volume of distribution (Vd/F) was 743.6 ± 69.8 ml/kg, and the total body clearance (ClT/F) was 0.173 ± 0.053 ml/min/kg. The absorption half-life was 1.27 ± 0.21 hours. Based on the observed biological half-life after 5 days of dosing, approximately 11 days (8 to 15.5 days) of multiple dosing would be required to achieve steady-state serum concentrations. From average values, predicted maintenance doses of 1.8 mg/kg of body weight 3 times a day or 5.5 mg/kg once daily would be required to achieve average serum concentrations of 20 μg/ml. Due to intersubject variations in ClT/F, these doses would result in subtherapeutic or toxic serum concentrations in 2 of the 6 dogs. Further disposition and dosing regimen studies need to be performed during chronic phb administration in dogs to evaluate autoinduction and intersubject differences in disposition kinetics.
Campylobacter microagglutination tests of swine with proliferative enteritis
Authors: Chang Kechen , Kurtz Harold J. , Ward Gilbert E. , Gebhart Connie J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A microagglutination test was developed to determine campylobacter titers in swine with proliferative enteritis. Formalinized whole cell antigens from 24 Campylobacter isolates, including C hyointestinalis (chi), C sputorum ss mucosalis (csm), C jejuni/coli (cjc), C fetus ss fetus (cff), and C fecalis (cf), were tested with 9 rabbit antisera prepared against each of 3 strains of chi, csm, and cjc.
The chi appeared to be antigenically homogeneous. All 6 isolates of chi agglutinated with homologous antisera at high dilutions and did not react with csm antisera. Five of 6 isolates of csm agglutinated with homologous antisera, whereas 1 isolate did not. Seven strains of cjc autoagglutinated in saline solution and various antisera. One of 3 cjc antisera, however, cross-reacted with chi and csm antigens at high dilutions. The antigens from 5 strains of cff and cf did not react with chi, csm, and cjc antisera.
A survey of sera from 1,052 adult pigs from production herds indicated that the majority had high titers to chi and csm (mean, in log2: chi = 5.57, csm = 6.05). Similar titers were found in weaned pigs from 3 herds with the disease and 2 of 3 herds without the disease. Pigs with confirmed lesions of proliferative enteritis, however, had low titers (mean in log2: chi = 2.44, csm = 3.11). Agglutinating antibodies to chi and csm were transmitted from farrowing gilts to neonatal pigs via colostrum. The acquired antibodies decayed to low levels in pigs at 4 weeks of age (mean in log2: chi = 1.09, csm = 1.27).
Analytical evaluation of urinary excretion of furosemide in barrows
Authors: Ray Allen C. , Tanksley T. D. , LaRue David C. , Reagor John C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Market weight barrows were dosed with furosemide im or orally, and urine (5 barrows) and blood (1 barrow) samples were collected. Extraction procedures and high-performance liquid chromatographic conditions were modified and adapted for analysis of porcine samples. Furosemide was cleared rapidly from plasma, but could be detected in urine 4 to 5 days after administration, using fluorescent or ultraviolet detection. Fluorescent detection was the preferred method for screening for furosemide. Approximately 12% of furosemide was excreted as the glucuronide conjugate.
Neutrophil adherence and movement in poorly and well-controlled diabetic dogs
Authors: Latimer Kenneth S. , Mahaffey Edward A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Neutrophil adherence, random movement, and chemotaxis were quantitated in healthy nondiabetic dogs and in dogs with experimentally induced diabetes mellitus. On the basis of glycosylated serum protein values, the diabetic dogs were subdivided into well-controlled and poorly controlled groups. Neutrophil adherence was decreased significantly in poorly controlled diabetic dogs, but significant differences in neutrophil adherences were not found between nondiabetic and well-controlled diabetic dogs. Significant differences in neutrophil random or chemotactic movements were not found between nondiabetic and diabetic dogs. The decreased neutrophil adherence observed in poorly controlled diabetic dogs may predispose these animals to bacterial infection. Therefore, stringent regulation of blood glucose concentrations may decrease the frequency of secondary bacterial infections in spontaneous diabetes mellitus in dogs.