bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Addressing the “elephant in the living room”
Authors: Liederbach John 
Published: January 2007

PurposeTo present systematic social observation (SSO) data concerning the work routines and citizen interactions of suburban police officers, including a detailed breakdown of how these officers spent time on their shift and the nature in which they interacted with citizens.Design/methodology/approachThis paper presents systematic social observation.FindingsIn some ways, suburban police officers behave much like other types of officers, especially the manner in which they spend time alone on shift. There appears to be some degree of variability in terms of the nature of police‐citizen encounters both within the observed group of suburban officers and between them and other types of police.Research limitations/implicationsResearchers interested in describing variations in police behavior across agencies should strive to include suburban agencies in their samples, so that it can be investigated whether or not, and to what degree, suburban community structures impact police behavior on the street.Originality/valueOf value to those involved with, or interested in, variations in police behavior across suburban communities.
Police‐citizen encounters and field citations
Authors: Brown Robert A. , Frank James 
Published: January 2007

PurposeTo provide an empirical analysis of what influences police use of field citations (tickets) against citizens in nontraffic and traffic encounters.Design/methodology/approachThe research was conducted using systematic social observations of police‐citizen encounters in Cincinnati, Ohio, from April 1997 to 1998. Multiple logistic regression models were used to examine the effects of legal and extralegal factors on the dependant variable (receipt of a citation) versus an officer doing nothing or arresting a citizen in nontraffic and traffic encounters.FindingsOfficers appear to be more likely to issue citations, as opposed to doing nothing formal or making an arrest, in traffic encounters. The extant literature's focus on citation issuance being more relevant to police behavior in traffic encounters as opposed to other routine encounters may be appropriate. When the decision rests between issuing a citation or making a full‐custody arrest in traffic encounters, white officers are more likely to arrest than their black counterparts, and black suspects were significantly more likely than Caucasians to be arrested than cited. Race of the officer or the suspect exhibited no significant effect in any of the other models estimated.Research limitations/implicationsThe study utilized data collected on police‐citizen interactions from one police agency in one jurisdiction, and the data do not come from a study designed primarily to examine citation outcomes or traffic encounters.Practical implicationsThis study would be useful to researchers examining police use of citations, officer behavior in traffic and nontraffic encounters, quantifying law in police‐citizen encounters, and race‐based policing.Originality/valueThis study provides a comprehensive review of the literature, and an empirical analysis, regarding officer decision making as it pertains to the issuing of tickets relative to other police actions (i.e. arrest) in traffic and nontraffic situations.
The impact of police culture on traffic stop searches: an analysis of attitudes and behavior
Authors: Paoline Eugene A. , Terrill William 
Published: January 2007

PurposeTo examine the extent to which cultural fragmentation among police officers results in differences in searches of suspects and their surroundings during proactive traffic stops.Design/methodology/approachCluster and multivariate analyses are performed utilizing survey and observational data collected as part of the Project on Policing Neighborhoods (POPN).FindingsDifferences in search behavior among patrol officers are found as a result of variation in cultural alignments. That is, patrol officers that adhere to the culture (in varying degrees) from an attitudinal standpoint are more likely to engage in searches than those who most ardently resist cultural attitudes.Research limitations/implicationsAlthough the classification scheme captured many of the core attitudes associated with police culture, it did not measure all of them. Also, the departments studied would compare to most American municipal police organizations, but would make poor comparisons to very large urban or small rural agencies, where culture might operate in different ways.Practical implicationsPolice administrators can use this information if they wished to alter the rate at which search behavior occurs.Originality/valueThis study fills a research void in policing by examining whether attitudinal variation in cultural commitment results in different behavioral patterns. This work also adds to a larger body of social science research by finding an attitude‐behavior relationship.
Police protective custody
Authors: Withrow Brian L. , Bolin Brien 
Published: January 2007

PurposeTo document the police protective custody (PPC) process and in doing so develop a predictive model to better inform police decision makers on the factors that are more likely to result in the state maintaining custody of a child.Design/methodology/approachData for the current study were gathered through a series of focus groups and 6,607 existing records of PPC admissions into a children's home in the Wichita Children's Home (WCH) (Kansas). Systematic predictive modeling (logistic regression) was used to differentiate between children that are likely to need continued involvement of the child welfare system and those who could remain in the custody of their families.FindingsDocuments the PPC process by which a child is referred to be housed by WCH by a law enforcement agency. Reports on the design of a decision model which identifies the factors affecting the outcome of the PPC process.Originality/valueProvides recommendations for streamlining the PPC process as well as the improvement of police policies and procedures.
The attitudes of girls toward the police: differences by race
Authors: Hurst Yolander G. , McDermott M. Joan , Thomas Deborah L. 
Published: January 2007

PurposeRecent research suggests that there is not widespread support for the police among juveniles. Unfortunately, this research typically involves either examining the attitudes of boys toward the criminal justice system, or includes gender as one of many factors that explains attitudes. The present study, using survey responses from 431 females, examines the differences in the attitudes and experiences of girls as related to the police.Design/methodology/approachData for this study were collected using self‐administered surveys distributed to 9th through 12th grade public high school students in the greater Cincinnati (Ohio) area.FindingsThe findings suggest that overall attitudes of black and white girls toward the police are significantly different from one another. Moreover, when a regression equation was estimated, race continued to be a significant predictor of less positive attitudes. However, seeing and hearing about police misconduct aimed at a third party (vicarious experiences of misconduct) was a stronger predictor of girls' attitudes toward the police.Research limitations/implicationsThis study was limited to juveniles residing in and around a metropolitan area. Future research should explore the experiences of teenagers in rural areas with the police, and how these experiences may impact on their attitudes toward law enforcement.Originality/valueHighlights the different attitudes of black and white girls towards the police.
Comparing police drug‐allegations with enumerations of drug users/sellers
Authors: Rees Davis W. , Johnson Bruce D. , Randolph Doris , Liberty Hilary James , Eterno John 
Published: January 2007

PurposeComparisons between New York Police Department (NYPD) drug‐allegation data and data from users' and sellers' self‐reports about crack, powder cocaine and heroin provided useful insights about the allocation of police resources via drug‐allegation data.Design/methodology/approachCentral Harlem was divided into 45 primary sampling units (PSUs) with two years of NYPD data organized in three strata, high, mid or low allegations/capita. In nine randomly selected PSUs (three/stratum), interviewers employed chain referral sampling, steered with a nomination technique.FindingsNYPD drug‐allegation data concurred more often with self‐report data concerning crack use/sales, but underestimated use/sales of powder cocaine and heroin. Mid‐level PSUs had proportions of crack users/sellers similar to high‐level PSUs. Mid‐ and low‐level PSUs often had high proportions of powder cocaine and heroin users/sellers.Research limitations/implicationsThe enumeration of crack users/sellers produced results similar to NYPD data because crack use/sales may be more easily detected and willingly reported by citizens, police informants and police officers. Powder cocaine and heroin use/sellers enumerated were less noted in the NYPD drug allegations.Originality/valueProvides insights into a question not addressed in previous research – how much and what kinds of drug activity are indicated by NYPD drug‐allegation data.
Policing in New Zealand:
Authors: Goddard Robert , Jaeger Sabina 
Published: January 2007

PurposeThis paper seeks to critique the Winfree and Taylor report on rural, small town, and metropolitan police in New Zealand.Design/methodology/approachCompares and contrasts the conclusions to some earlier findings of Jaeger in her research on increasing the diversity of the New Zealand police. The question asked is: “Can universal research methodology on classical policing and community policing be applied carte blanche to organizational studies in New Zealand without ‘local’ input?”.FindingsJaeger's research, through in‐depth interviews of twenty ethnic police officers, suggested possible alternative conclusions that were not apparent when Winfree and Taylor, reporting from a distance, applied detailed statistical analysis to a 1996 dataset. The paper suggests that a combination of the two approaches might lead to a more complete and truthful representation of the reality.Originality/valueCritiques an earlier report on the police in New Zealand published in Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management.
The ethics of capping non‐economic damages to control rising healthcare costs
Authors: Odom Lamar , Garcia Anthony , Milburn Pamela 
Published: January 2007

PurposeTo explore from an ethical paradigm the current research in support of and opposition to imposing caps on non‐economic damages as a means of addressing the healthcare crisis.Design/methodology/approachA review of peer‐ and non‐peer‐reviewed articles primarily covering the period from 2001‐2004, which addresses the rationale articulated in support of and in opposition to imposing caps on non‐economic damages. The articles are sorted into sections and critiqued: rationale for imposing caps, arguments against caps, ethical paradigms impacting caps, and conclusions.FindingsProvides information from the various sources. Addresses the biases that may have shaped the authors' conclusions and some of the ethical paradigms that may have impacted positions. Also demonstrates that the unbiased research seems to establish a minimal nexus between caps and the proposed impact.Research limitations/implicationsFocus is exclusively on the US healthcare and judicial system. However, findings may still have implications outside the USA in countries that have similar tort laws for addressing private wrongs.Practical implicationsA useful source of information for graduate students in public policy or healthcare management courses, or legislators looking for a quick reference to research regarding this topic area.Originality/valueThis paper fulfills an identified resource for non‐biased assessment of the problem presented and provides a critical review of the reasons articulated in support of this public policy.
The impact of corporate memory loss
Authors: Lahaie Denis 
Published: January 2007

PurposeThe author is a nursing management practitioner, whose purpose in writing this paper is twofold: to examine the impact of corporate memory loss on a health care institution, caused by increasing retirement rates of senior executives; and to use this research as an opportunity for action learning where both the author and the institution can benefit from the learning outcomes.Design/methodology/approachUsing qualitative research methods based on ethnographic interviewing techniques and grounded theory, the author interviews 12 senior executives from four diverse health care facilities. The purpose is to determine the point at which corporate memory loss, in the form of tacit knowledge in the heads of departing executives, becomes a problem for the institution.FindingsThe research determined that the requisite managerial competencies normally assumed for senior management positions are insufficient to minimize the negative impacts of corporate memory loss caused by departing senior executives. Effective knowledge management and knowledge transfer within the organization are fundamental for ongoing organizational effectiveness.Research limitations/implicationsThe research is limited to 12 senior executives. The grounded theory nature of the research provides a framework for more research in other institutions to test and further explore some of the findings.Practical implicationsOne of the most significant threats facing the majority of health care organizations related to the aging workforce is the greater number of staff who are retiring from all levels within the organization. The development of techniques to reducing the impact of corporate memory loss on the culture of an organization will increase its effectiveness, help build continuity, and provide a more secure footing for the workforce of the future.Originality/valueThe exit of knowledge workers is causing a major problem for Canada's health care organizations. This study throws more light on to this problem from the point of view of senior executives who have been specifically impacted by the problem of corporate memory loss.
Improving marketing intelligence through learning systems and knowledge communities in not‐for‐profit workplaces
Authors: Murray Peter , Carter Leanne 
Published: January 2007

PurposeThe purpose of the paper is to illustrate how marketing intelligence might be improved when an organisation's learning capacity is integrated and incorporated in well‐defined organisational subsystems in a not‐for‐profit context.Design/methodology/approachFirst, given that market orientation is primarily concerned with gathering and desseminating marketing intelligence, the paper discusses the theoretical contributions from the learning literature related to interpreting the environment. Second, while many good ideas exist in not‐for‐profit firms, ideas are seldom linked to competencies that must be tracked and developed in the workplace. A more systematic view towards competency creation will increase the unique skills of not‐for‐profits and most likely improve their performance. Third, communities of practice are introduced as a way for not‐for‐profit firms to maximise dramatically the complex relationships that exist between various stakeholders and possible institutional investors. A number of propositions are offered that support the need for communities of practice.FindingsIn relation toP1andP2, the workplace of a not‐for‐profit firm needs to be transformed. Establishing a culture of learning is the first step in making this transformation. Improving and advancing a firm's individual and organisational competencies (P3) suggests that individual and team training – depending on the type of not‐for‐profit activities – is needed. In relation toP4, the authors suggest that a firm's market orientation will be significantly improved by incorporating learning systems that resemble communities of practice.Research limitations/implicationsThe propositions for this paper now need to be developed into a number of research questions. This paper has not provided an empirical validation and is limited by the prepositions related to the model. Subsequent testing of the model will greatly enhance its generalised findings.Practical implicationsActual work practices in not‐for‐profit firms will be substantially improved, if not radically transformed, through a learning organisation culture.Originality/valueThis paper is highly valuable with very little research completed to date on this topic.
Perceived development needs of managers compared to an integrated management competency model
Authors: Viitala Riitta 
Published: January 2007

PurposeThis research sets out to achieve three goals: first, to discover the most important management development areas specified by Finnish managers; second, to discover the intentions of Finnish managers in management development on a personal level and with the support of organizations; and third, to compare the above mentioned aspects and to compare those also with competency models presented in the literature.Design/methodology/approachThe empirical data were gathered through an internet survey. The sample consists of 2,500 middle and senior managers from different industries in the Finnish private sector. Altogether 794 responses were received, giving a response rate of 32.FindingsThis study revealed that there are a lot of managers who do not have any specific development intentions for themselves. In organizations where management development was both well organized and connected to strategic management, managers were more consciously aware of the development needs at a personal as well as at a general level. Additionally the study revealed that the development intentions of the managers differed from the ideas presented by the scholars in literature on management competencies. Technical and business skills were emphasized, while social skills and intrapersonal skills were neglected.Research limitations/implicationsMore detailed qualitative study is needed in order to understand managers' personal interpretations of their development needs.Practical implicationsManagers in organizations should first be educated in management competencies, management development and learning issues, before they can become thoroughly conscious about their own competencies and development needs. Those who can provide help in these matters are human resource professionals, researchers and consultants.Originality/valueThe paper provides useful information on the development needs of management.
Configuring the structure and administration of learning management
Authors: Dealtry Richard 
Published: January 2007

PurposeExperience shows that there are problems arising from the implementation of learning management systems (LMS). Indications are that they are too e‐learning technology driven, emphasising the virtual component and neglecting the precursory development of a vibrant and committed formal learning organisation culture and infrastructure. This article aims to investigate the benefits of applying a constructivist methodology in the implementation of new LMS.Design/methodology/approachThis article is a reflective assessment on the benefits of applying a constructivist methodology when designing and implementing strategic new learning and knowledge‐based organisation development investments.FindingsThe paper reveals a corporate strategic learning management solution (SLMS) approach which is synthesised out of a successful macro‐educational intervention in the UK; that of the Foundation Degree Forward (fdf) initiative.Originality/valueThis process involves using a holistic stakeholder approach that connects with all the management, resourcing and underlying organisational activities which are essential for the creation of a well managed, cohesive and sustainable strategic learning intervention.
Learning in a network:a “third way” between school learning and workplace learning?
Authors: Bottrup Pernille 
Published: January 2007

PurposeThe aim of this article is to examine network‐based learning and discuss how participation in network can enhance organisational learning.Design/methodology/approachIn recent years, companies have increased their collaboration with other organisations, suppliers, customers, etc., in order to meet challenges from a globalised market. They form and participate in a variety of different networks in order to improve innovation, organisational learning and effectiveness. These networks can be considered as one context for learning parallel to training institutions and workplaces. In this paper characteristics of and preconditions for network‐based learning are analysed and compared with school‐based learning and workplace learning. The analysis draws on experiences from an action research project aiming at improving the occupational health and safety work within 11 Danish enterprises forming a network.FindingsNetwork learning might hold potential for forming an important supplement to school‐based learning and workplace learning. Some of the difficulties related to these two learning arenas can be reduced in a network setting, and in that way network‐based learning can help building bridges between the two “traditional” learning arenas.Originality/valueExamines network‐based learning and discusses how participation in network can enhance organisational learning.
From digital administration to organisational learning
Authors: Elkjaer Bente 
Published: January 2007

PurposeTo explore whether deliberate organisational change of a public sector organisation (a local municipality) would create an avenue for organisational learning.Design/methodology/approachA case study was set up to study the means by which the organisational change towards a digital administration was to come about. The organisational change was interpreted through the optics of theories of organisational learning. A pragmatic version of these theories is presented and applied in the study in which learning is understood as being triggered by the meeting with uncertainty and the relation between the individual and the organisation (subject‐world) as transactional (a continuous mutual formation).FindingsViewed through the lenses of a pragmatic understanding of organisational learning it is possible to extend this understanding to an understanding of organisations as arenas made up by social worlds created and held together by commitments to organisational activities. Further, elaborating the idea of learning as being triggered by the meeting with uncertainty into the organisational arena, it is possible to characterise organisational tensions made up by different commitments to the organisational change and development as tensions between social worlds. It is argued that these tensions may act as closures or openings towards organisational learning understood as the continuous transformation of the organisation.Originality/valueThis paper offers an understanding of organisational learning that ties the subject‐world, the individual‐organisation, together in a way that is coherent with the learning theory. Further, it offers possibilities for working with the enhancement of organisational learning by way of paving a way for joint critical thinking or inquiry.