bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Occurrence of Echinococcus multilocularis (Cestoda, Taeniidae) in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from Western Ukraine
Authors: Kharchenko Vitaliy , Kornyushin Vadim , Varodi Erika , Malega Oleksandr 
Published: April 2008

AbstractEchinococcus multilocularis was found for the first time in red foxes in the L’vivska and Volynska regions (Western Ukraine). Prevalence was 36% and intensity was 11–731 parasites. The material was identified as E. multilocularis on morphological characters. It is presumed that this infection of foxes with E. multilocularis occurred locally and, probably, can be considered as a consequence of the expansion of the range of the parasite.
Isolation of the cDNAs encoding secreted and membrane binding proteins from egg of Schistosoma japonicum (Chinese strain)
Authors: Yu Chuanxin , Zhang Fengxue , Yin Xuren , Kikuchi Mihoko , Hirayama Kenji 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe granulomatous reaction which occurs around egg trapped in the intrahepatic venules ultimately may lead to fibrosis, which is the main pathogenesis of schistosomiasis. The excreted proteins from eggs play an important role during this process, and they may be a target for developing new strategies to control the hepatic pathogenesis caused by schistosome infection. In this study, fifteen genes encoding secreted or membrane binding protein were identified with the signal sequence trapping method by retrovirus mediated expression screening (SST-REX) of cDNAs from the egg of Schistosoma japonicum (Chinese strain).
One century of vegetation change on Isla Persa, a nunatak in the Bernina massif in the Swiss Alps
Authors: Vittoz Pascal , Bodin Jeanne , Ungricht Stefan , Burga Conradin A. , Walther Gian‐Reto 
Published: April 2008

AbstractQuestion:How did the vascular plant species composition of a nunatak in the alpine vegetation belt change over a time span of 100 years?Location:A 5.6‐ha nunatak, Isla Persa in the Swiss Alps, that remained ice‐free during the last maximum glacier advance in the 1850s and is today partly covered with climactic alpine grassland and dwarf heath shrubs.Methods:Floristic inventories in 1906, 1927, 1972, 1995, 2003 and 2004 and a comparative analysis of the species composition over the period 1906–2004.Results:31 species that were not recorded in the first inventory were found in the following surveys. However, among them only six were common by 2004. Generally, the new species prefer warmer conditions than those previously present and most newcomers are associated with montane or sub‐alpine grasslands and woodlands. In particular, the observed increase of Vaccinium myrtillus and the arrival of shrub and tree species further substantiate a trend towards vegetation composition of the lower altitudinal belt. Ferns represented 26% of the newcomers, probably due to the high dispersal ability of their lightweight spores. The observed species enrichment was globally small compared to previously inventoried summits.Conclusion:Floristic change strongly suggests warmer climatic conditions as the main factor contributing to species compositional change. The relative stability of species richness may be explained by several factors: the isolation of the nunatak and the difficulties for plants to reach the site, the colder local climate, a limited available species pool and interactions of established alpine plants with newly immigrating taxa. Supplementary data collected at a similar altitude would be necessary to better understand the influence of climate change on alpine grasslands.
Solvent‐free one‐pot synthesis of some azo disperse dyes under microwave irradiation: Dyeing of polyester fabrics
Authors: El‐Apasery Morsy A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe one‐pot synthesis of some azo disperse dyes were carried by heating of aniline, sodium nitrite, potassium hydrogen sulfate with active methylene compounds under focused microwave heating in absence of the solvent. Also, by heating of diazoaminobenzene with active methylene in acetic acid solution, in the presence of few drops of hydrochloric acid, were described. Syntheses of novel heterocyclic aromatic compounds as potential intermediates for preparation of azo disperse dyes were studied. The dyeing of polyester fabrics with disperse dyes by the use of high‐temperature dyeing method at 130°C and carrier dyeing method were also used. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Preparation of polylactide‐based microspheres enclosing acetamiprid and evaluation of efficacy against cotton aphid by soil application
Authors: Takei Takayuki , Yoshida Masahiro , Hatate Yasuo , Shiomori Kouichiro , Kiyoyama Shiro , Tsutsui Toshio , Mizuta Kei 
Published: April 2008

AbstractConcern for the environment has increased interest in reducing the amount of pesticides applied to agricultural land. This can be accomplished by immobilization of the pesticides in polymer supports, which prevents volatilization, degradation and leaching losses, and provides controlled release of the pesticides. In the present study, acetamiprid, a novel pesticide, was enclosed in polylactide (PLA)‐based microspheres using solvent evaporation method via oil‐in‐oil (O/O) emulsion. Amount of acetamiprid released from PLA microspheres was less than 5% in phosphate buffered saline. On the other hand, incorporation of water‐soluble polymer, such as poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and poly(oxyethylene) diglycolic acid, into the PLA microspheres resulted in increased amount of released acetamiprid (∼70%). Planting hole application by greenhouse pot test demonstrated that the efficacy of the PLA/PEG microspheres enclosing acetamiprid against cotton aphids was superior to that of PLA microspheres enclosing acetamiprid. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Antimicrobial properties and elution kinetics of linezolid‐loaded hip spacers in vitro
Authors: Anagnostakos Konstantinos , Kelm Jens , Grün Sandra , Schmitt Eduard , Jung Wolfgang , Swoboda Stefanie 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBacterial adhesion to and ‐persistence on antibiotic‐loaded bone cement is an increasing problem. New antibiotics with good antimicrobial and pharmacokinetic properties (e.g. linezolid) may be the solution to this problem; however, few data concerning linezolid‐loaded acrylic cement are currently available. Ten gentamicin‐linezolid‐loaded hip spacers (1 g gentamicin/2.4 g linezolid/80 g PMMA; five spacers including a metallic endoskeleton, five with no metallic components) were tested in vitro against a strain of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus with regard to antibiotic release and bacteria growth inhibition. Daily, the antibiotic elution was determined by high liquid performance chromatography (linezolid) and fluorescence polarization immunoassay (gentamicin), the bacteria growth inhibition photometrically at 546 nm. All spacers demonstrated growth inhibition for 8 days. Peak average concentrations were reached for both agents on day 1 (gentamicin−35.10 μg/mL [24.10–52.52], linezolid−36.28 μg/mL [22.87–71.76]). After 8 days, 0.97% [0.93–1.05%] of the initial amount of linezolid and 3.13% [2.85–3.31%] of gentamicin were meanly released from spacers containing a metallic endoskeleton. In those containing of simple cement these values were 1.22% [0.91–1.59%] and 2.67% [2.12–2.73%], respectively. Linezolid demonstrated acceptable elution kinetics from bone cement; however, further experimental research and animal studies should clarify any possible side effect of linezolid‐loaded cement media before definitive use in the clinical practice. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2008
Enzymatic biodegradation of HEMA/bisGMA adhesives formulated with different water content
Authors: Kostoryz Elisabet L. , Dharmala Kiran , Ye Qiang , Wang Yong , Huber Jesse , Park Jong‐Gu , Snider Grant , Katz J. Lawrence , Spencer Paulette 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDentin adhesives may undergo phase separation when bonding to wet demineralized dentin. We hypothesized that adhesives exhibiting phase separation will experience enhanced biodegradation of methacrylate ester groups. The objective of this project was to study the effect of enzyme‐exposure on the release of methacrylic acid (MAA) and 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) from adhesives formulated under conditions simulating wet bonding. HEMA/bisGMA(2,2‐bis[4(2‐hydroxy‐3‐methacryloyloxy‐propyloxy)‐phenyl] propane), 45/55 w/w ratio, was formulated with different water content: 0 Wt % (A00), 8 wt % (A08), and 16 wt % (A16). After a three day prewash, adhesive discs were incubated with/without porcine liver esterase (PLE) in phosphate buffer (PB, pH 7.4) at 37°C for 8 days. Supernatants were collected daily and analyzed for MAA and HEMA by HPLC. For all formulations, daily MAA release in the presence of PLE was increased compared to MAA release in PB. HEMA release in the presence of PLE was not detected while HEMA release was consistently measured in PB. A08 and A16 released significantly larger amounts of HEMA compared to A00. Analysis of the cumulative release of analytes showed that the leachables in PLE was significantly increased (p < 0.05) as compared with that released in PB indicating that MAA release was not only formed from unreacted monomers but from pendant groups in the polymer network. However, the levels of analytes HEMA in PB or MAA in PLE were increased in A08 and A16 as compared with A00, which suggests that there could be a greater loss of material in HEMA/bisGMA adhesives that experience phase separation under wet bonding conditions. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2009
A differential environmental game with coupling constraints
Authors: Tidball Mabel , Zaccour Georges 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWe consider a finite‐horizon two‐player differential game where the players face a common terminal environmental constraint. Our aim is to verify whether the result obtained in a static context, namely, that the Pareto‐optimal cooperative solution can be attained as a normalized noncooperative Rosen equilibrium, can be generalized to a dynamic setting. We show that this is not the case. However, we provide a taxation mechanism of players' emissions that forces them to implement the less‐polluting cooperative strategies. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A combined experimental, theoretical, and Van't Hoff model study for identity methyl, proton, hydrogen atom, and hydride exchange reactions. Correlation with three‐center four‐, three‐, and two‐electron systems
Authors: Buck Henk M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWe have studied carbon transfer reactions following an SN2 reaction profile. With ab initio calculations and experimental geometries concerning the nature of the various complexes indicated as stable, intermediate, and transition state we were able to show the additional value of van't Hoff's tetrahedral configuration by changing its geometry via a trigonal pyramid into a trigonal bipyramid. The ratio of the apical bond and corresponding tetrahedral bond distances is then nearly 1.333. The relevance of this approach has also been shown for identity proton‐(hydrogen atom‐, and hydride‐) in‐line reactions. The use of this geometrical transmission will be demonstrated for the hydrogen bonding distances in e.g., DNA duplexes and other biological (supra) molecular systems. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008
Wake meandering: a pragmatic approach
Authors: Larsen Gunner C. , Madsen Helge Aa. , Thomsen Kenneth , Larsen Torben J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe phenomenon of wake meandering is long known empirically, but has so far not been treated in a satisfactory manner on the wind turbine load modelling side. We present a consistent, physically based theory for wake meandering, which we consider of crucial importance for the overall description of wind turbine loadings in wind farms. In its present version, the model is confined to single wake situations—including a simple heuristic description of wake interaction with a reflecting surface. Contrary to previous attempts to model wind turbine wake loading, the present approach opens for a unifying description in the sense that turbine power and load aspects can be treated simultaneously. This capability is a direct and attractive consequence of the model being based on the underlying physical process, and it potentially opens for optimization of wind farm topology, wind farm operation, as well as control strategies for the individual turbine.The application of the proposed dynamic wake meandering methodology with existing aeroelastic codes is straightforward and does not involve any code modifications. The strategy is simply to embed the combined effect of atmospheric turbulence, added wake turbulence and the intermittent ‘turbulence contribution’, caused by wake meandering, in files replacing the traditional turbulence file input to aeroelastic computations. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Competitive hydrogenation rates of isomeric methyl octadecenoates
Authors: Scholfield C. R. , Mounts T. L. , Butterfield R. O. , Dutton H. J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractHydrogenation rates of isomeric methyl octadecenoates were compared by reducing mixtures containing a small weight of one radioactively labeled isomer and a much larger weight of another unlabeled isomer. As hydrogenation proceeded, samples were removed for analysis by a gas chromatograph, coupled with an ionization chamber so that mass peaks measured reduction of the unlabeled isomer and radioactive peaks of the labeled isomer. The ratio of hydrogenation rates best fitting these data was calculated with a digital computer. Reductions were made at atmospheric pressure generally with either nickel at 140C or platinum at 50C. A few were made with palladium at 50C. Methyl oleate hydrogenated more rapidly than methyl elaidate and thecis‐15‐isomer more rapidly than oleate. Other variations among the positionalcis isomers investigated were small.
1,3‐Diacyl derivatives of imidazolidine and hexahydropyrimidine: I. Preparation by novel method and characterization
Authors: Mod Robert R. , Magne Frank C. , Sumrell Gene 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe reaction of formaldehyde and diamides of 1,2‐diamines in acetic acid containing a trace of hydrochloric acid was found to give 1,3‐diacyl derivatives of imidazolidine in high yield. The similar reaction of formaldehyde and diamides of 1,3‐propylenediamine gave high yields of 1,3‐diacylhexahydropyrimidines. Attempts to extend this reaction to other aldehydes than formaldehyde failed, as did attempts to condense formaldehyde with a diamide which would give a four‐membered or seven‐membered ring system, the diamide being recovered unchanged in each instance. Twenty‐two new compounds were prepared and characterized.
Functional antibody deficiency in a patient with type I Gaucher disease
Authors: Jariwala S. P. , Fodeman J. , Hudes G. , Ahuja K. , Rosenstreich D. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryGaucher disease (GD), the most common lysosomal storage disorder, demonstrates an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance. The genetic defect in GD leads to decreased production of the lysosomal enzyme glucosylceramide hydrolase, thereby resulting in the deposition of glucosylceramide sphingolipids within multiple organ systems. Although the precise mechanisms remain unclear, GD is usually associated with chronic antigenic stimulation and hyperimmunoglobulinaemia. We report a novel case of type I GD coexisting with relatively low serum immunoglobulins, impaired antibody production, and recurrent bacterial infections in a 62‐year‐old male. The patient had been diagnosed with GD 30 years previously and had subsequently started enzyme replacement therapy. Since being diagnosed with GD, the patient had suffered from repeated episodes of acute bronchitis and a recent severe bout of community‐acquired pneumonia that required a lengthy hospitalization. On our initial evaluation, the patient had laboratory testing that demonstrated: decreased serum IgG, IgG2, and IgA levels; reduced absolute CD3+/CD4+, CD3+/CD8+, and lymphocyte counts; low IgG titres to pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine; and decreased anti‐tetanus antibodies. Lymphocyte function analysis demonstrated a normal response to phytohaemagglutinin, and decreased responses to concanavalin A and pokeweed mitogen. Repeat testing after 6 months revealed normal serum immunoglobulin levels and mitogenic responses. Although the explanation for our observed transient hypogammaglobulinaemia remains unclear, this patient's clinical constellation (i.e. repeated infections, hypogammaglobulinaemia and lymphopenia, decreased post‐vaccination titres, and impaired responses to some mitogens) shares overlapping features with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID).
Shannon entropy for stationary processes and dynamical systems
Authors: HAMDAN D. , PARRY W. , THOUVENOT J.-P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWe consider stationary ergodic processes indexed by $\mathbb Z$ or $\mathbb Z^n$ whose finite-dimensional marginals have laws which are absolutely continuous with respect to Lebesgue measure. We define an entropy theory for these continuous processes, prove an analogue of the Shannon–MacMillan–Breiman theorem and study more precisely the particular example of Gaussian processes.
The ‘Minority Problem’ and National Classification in the French and Czechoslovak Borderlands
Authors: ZAHRA TARA 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn the aftermath of the First World War, a so-called ‘minority problem’ loomed large in European politics. This problem was understood, moreover, to be peculiar to central and eastern Europe. In fact, however, linguistic diversity was not a unique feature of the east, but also an ongoing challenge in states that had long claimed to have a unified national culture. This article compares policies of national classification and minority rights in France and Czechoslovakia after the First World War. It suggests that even as east/west binaries structured the unequal application of new international minority rights protections, France, rather than Czechoslovakia, implemented a more radical and racist policy of forcible national classification.
EGFR in gastric carcinomas: prognostic significance of protein overexpression and high gene copy number
Authors: Kim M A , Lee H S , Lee H E , Jeon Y K , Yang H K , Kim W H 
Published: April 2008

Aims:  Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression has been observed in a variety of solid tumours with the potential of new targeted therapeutic agents. The aim was to evaluate the EGFR status of gastric carcinoma (GC) using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).Methods and results:  The EGFR status was evaluated in GC tissues from 511 patients using IHC and FISH. In addition, the clinicopathological characteristics were examined and the results were compared with the EGFR status. One hundred and forty cases (27.4%) showed EGFR overexpression by IHC. EGFR overexpression was associated with older age (P = 0.001), moderately or poorly differentiated histology (P = 0.001) and higher stage disease (P = 0.046). Sixteen cases (3.1%) showed high polysomy and 12 cases (2.3%) had gene amplification by FISH. The correlation between IHC and FISH results was statistically significant (P < 0.001). The patients with GC who had EGFR overexpression had an unfavourable prognosis and multivariate analysis showed that EGFR overexpression was a possible independent unfavourable prognostic factor.Conclusions:  EGFR overexpression was observed in a subset of cases with GC and was associated with an unfavourable prognosis. It will be important to evaluate EGFR status to interpret future clinical trials properly using EGFR targeted agents.
A perspective on learning for Intelligent Educational Systems
Authors: Cumming G. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract In this paper two observations are the starting points for a proposal as to how learning, rather than computing considerations, can be made the main focus in the development of Intelligent Educational Systems (IESs). These observations are: a) the predominant use of computers in education is for the running of general tool software; and b) the symbolic approach to Artificial Intelligence is being questioned from a situated cognition perspective.Learning interactions are seen as consisting of a Task Level, and a higher‐level Discussion Level comprising planning and evaluation of, and reflection about, Task Level activity. It is proposed that IESs should be developed by adding a module to support Discussion Level interaction with the learner. The Mayday project is described, in which expert human teachers are being studied as they support Discussion Level with a learner working at computer‐based lexical activities. It is argued that such studies of human learning is a necessary step towards the development of the proposed IESs.
Towards the architecture of an instructional multimedia database
Authors: Verhagen P. W. , Bestebreurtje R. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract  The applicability of multimedia databases in education may be extended if they can serve multiple target groups, leading to affordable costs per unit for the user. In this contribution, an approach is described to build generic multimedia databases to serve that purpose. This approach is elaborated within the ODB Project (‘Instructional Design of an Optical DataBase’); the term optical refers to the use of optical storage media to hold the audiovisual components. The project aims at developing a database in which a hypermedia encyclopedia is combined with instructional multimedia applications for different target groups at different educational levels. The architecture of the Optical Database will allow for switching between application types while working (for instance from tutorial instruction via the encyclopedia to a simulation and back). For instruction, the content of the database is thereby organized around so‐called standard instruction routes: one route per target group. In the project, the teacher is regarded as the manager of instruction.From that perspective, the database is primarily organized as a teaching facility. Central to the research is the condition that the architecture of the Optical Database has to enable teachers to select and tailor instruction routes to their needs in a way that is perceived as logical and easy to use.
Treatment of chronic hepatitis C with interferon: how long should a lasting response last if a lasting response could last?
Authors: Ryff J.‐C. 
Published: April 2008

Summary. In chronic hepatitis C infection to document spontaneous remission or response to treatment, more than one parameter is required. Both the activity of liver disease and of viral replication need to be recorded. The former is most accurately done by liver biopsy. The number of such biopsies which a patient or physician are willing to have performed is necessarily limited, such that serum‐ALT has traditionally been used as surrogate marker. Viral replication can be quantified using a standardized and validated polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test system. Drawing on a database of over 2300 patients with documented chronic hepatitis C for whom data were recorded longitudinally for up to 5 years, a proposal is presented on how to document more precisely quality of response and its duration. Using both biochemical and virological parameters quantified repeatedly at regular intervals, three response patterns can be described, and less frequent histological assessments are used for confirmation:non‐response, where no relevant changes are seen in either parameter;transient response that consists of a response induction, usually biochemical in nature, accompanied by a transient decrease in viral replication only. This response is subsequently lost either during (breakthrough) or after the end of treatment (relapse);finally, a durable response is defined by a rapid return to normal or fall to undetectable levels, as a rule within 2 weeks to 3 months, of serum ALT and hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA that is sustained until the end of the follow‐up period (up to 5 years).