bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scientific publications from departments of clinical physiology and nuclear medicine in Denmark. A bibliometric analysis of ‘impact’ in the years 1989–1994
Authors: Hansen H. B. , Brinch K. , Henriksen J. H. 
Published: May 2008

Summary. This study reports a bibliometric analysis of scientific publications emanating from departments of clinical physiology and nuclear medicine, Denmark, during the years 1989–1994. The total number of publications during this period was 860 (763 scientific journal papers, 71 book/book chapters and 26 theses). Whereas the number of publications per year (188–113) decreased significantly with time (r= ‐0.94, P < 0.02), the number of authors (mean 4·41) was almost constant over time. University/university‐related departments accounted for 96% of the papers. Only 8% of the papers resulted from a collaboration between two or more departments of clinical physiology and nuclear medicine, but the collaboration with other medical specialities and institutions was much greater (85%). The 763 papers were published in 239 different scientific journals, 80% in journals with an official ‘impact factor,’ a bibliometric measure of quality (the average number of times a paper is cited in a journal in the publishing year and the subsequent year). Twenty per cent (20%) and 8.4% were printed in journals with an impact factor, respectively, of above 2.1 (the 500 journals most cited) and 3.7 (the 200 most cited), which is significantly above the national average (16.6% and 6.0%, P < 0.001). The ‘cumulated impact’ (i.e. the impact of all papers) showed a borderline significant decrease over time (r= ‐0.77, P= 0.1), whereas the average impact per paper (1.53) remained almost constant and was significantly above the national average (1.10, P < 0.001). A close relationship was found between the number of papers from a department and its cumulated impact (r= ‐0.97, P < 0–001).It is concluded that the total number of scientific papers from Danish departments of clinical physiology and nuclear medicine fell in the period, whereas the volume of quality, as assessed on the cumulated impact, only fell with borderline significance, and the impact per paper was almost constant from 1989 to 1994, and was above the national average.
Race, social relationships, and mental health
Authors: KIECOLT K. JILL , HUGHES MICHAEL , KEITH VERNA M. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractResearchers often assume that the extent, quality, and effectiveness of personal relationships explain why African Americans have relatively good mental health despite experiencing high levels of stress. This study tests this assumption using data from the 1990–1992 National Comorbidity Survey. Few racial differences emerge in patterns of social relationships, and the nature and quality of social relationships do not explain African Americans’ resiliency on mental health. Several aspects of social relationships benefit African Americans’ mental health more than Whites’, but these moderating effects are insubstantial. Hence, the data do not support the assumption. If social relationships help explain the lack of racial differences in mental health, their nature and effects must be more adequately conceptualized.
Perceptions of Quality‐of‐Life Effects of Treatments for Diabetes Mellitus in Vulnerable and Nonvulnerable Older Patients
Authors: Brown Sydney E. S. , Meltzer David O. , Chin Marshall H. , Huang Elbert S. 
Published: May 2008

OBJECTIVES: To assess whether patient perceptions of treatments for diabetes mellitus differ according to clinical criteria such as limited life expectancy and functional decline (i.e., vulnerability).DESIGN: Cross‐sectional survey.SETTING: Clinics affiliated with two Chicago‐area hospitals.PARTICIPANTS: Patients aged 65 and older living with type 2 diabetes mellitus (N=332).MEASUREMENTS: Utilities (quantitative measures of preference on a scale from 0 to 1, with 0 representing a state equivalent to death and 1 representing life in perfect health) were assessed for nine hypothetical treatment states using time trade‐off questions, and patients were queried about specific concerns regarding medications. Vulnerability was defined according to the Vulnerable Elders Scale.RESULTS: Thirty‐six percent of patients were vulnerable. Vulnerable patients were older (77 vs 73) and had diabetes mellitus longer (13 vs 10 years; P<.05). Vulnerable patients reported lower utilities than nonvulnerable patients for most individual treatment states (e.g., intensive glucose control, mean 0.61 vs 0.72, P<.01), but within group variation was large for both groups (e.g., standard deviations >0.25). Although mean individual state utilities differed across groups, no significant differences were found in how vulnerable and nonvulnerable patients compared intensive and conventional treatment states (e.g., intensive vs conventional glucose control). In multivariable analyses, the association between vulnerability and individual treatment state utilities became nonsignificant except for the cholesterol pill.CONCLUSION: Older patients' preferences for intensity of treatment for diabetes mellitus vary widely and are not closely associated with vulnerability. This observation underscores the importance of involving older patients in decisions about treatment for diabetes mellitus, irrespective of clinical status.
Evolution of latex and its constituent defensive chemistry in milkweeds (Asclepias): a phylogenetic test of plant defense escalation
Authors: Agrawal Anurag A. , Lajeunesse Marc J. , Fishbein Mark 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA tremendous diversity of plants exude sticky and toxic latex upon tissue damage, and its production has been widely studied as a defensive adaptation against insect herbivores. Here, we address variation in latex production and its constituent chemical properties (cardenolides and cysteine proteases) in 53 milkweeds [Asclepiasspp. (Apocynaceae)], employing a phylogenetic approach to test macroevolutionary hypotheses of defense evolution. Species were highly variable for all three traits, and they showed little evidence for strong phylogenetic conservatism. Latex production and the constituent chemical defenses are thus evolutionarily labile and may evolve rapidly. Nonetheless, in phylogenetically independent analyses, we show that the three traits show some correlations (and thus share a correlated evolutionary history), including a positive correlation between latex exudation and cysteine protease activity. Conversely, latex exudation and cysteine protease activity both showed a trade‐off with cardenolide concentrations in latex. We also tested whether these traits have increased in their phenotypic values as the milkweeds diversified, as predicted by plant defense escalation theory. Alternative methods of testing this prediction gave conflicting results – there was an overall negative correlation between amount of evolutionary change and amount of latex exudation; however, ancestral state reconstructions indicated that most speciation events were associated with increases in latex. We conclude by (i) summarizing the evidence of milkweed latex itself as a multivariate defense including the amount exuded and toxin concentrations within, (ii) assessing the coordinated evolution of latex traits and how this fits with our previous notion of ‘plant defense syndromes’, and finally, (iii) proposing a novel hypothesis that includes an ‘evolving community of herbivores’ that may promote the escalation or decline of particular defensive strategies as plant lineages diversify.
Host plant odor extracts with strong effects on oviposition behavior in Papilio polyxenes
Authors: Heinz Cheryl A. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractOvipositing females of the black swallowtail butterfly, Papilio polyxenes Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae: Papilioninae), have an innate response to contact chemical cues, but it was not known how naïve females would respond to volatile host plant chemicals. Naïve and experienced females were tested in a free‐flight experiment using model plants and volatile extracts from two hosts, carrot [Daucus carota L. (Apiaceae)] and poison hemlock [Conium maculatum L. (Apiaceae)], and one non‐host, fava bean [Vicia faba L. (Fabaceae)]. Naïve females responded to both host plant extracts with more approaches and landings than to non‐host extracts, with poison hemlock receiving more responses than carrot. Females experienced with one of the two host plants also approached and landed frequently on extracts of host plants, but poison hemlock again received more approaches and landings, regardless of a female's host plant experience. Female P. polyxenes thus respond specifically to volatile extracts of their host plants, even in the absence of both relevant contact chemical cues and adult host plant experience.
Energy Requirements of Pregnancy
Authors: DURNIN J. V. G. A. 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACT.The energy requirements of pregnancy is a topic of considerable uncertainty because the apparent energy costs—to supply the energy required for the changes in maternal and fetal tissues and to cover the increase in BMR (basal metabolic rate), amounting to the equivalent of an extra 250–300 kcal/d—are rarely paralleled by actual findings. However few studies have investigated this problem in a controlled, longitudinal, and statistically acceptable fashion. In the present study, measurements of energy intake, BMR, body weight and fatness, physical activity, and mechanical efficiency of movement, were made on 162 women in Scotland at 2 to 4 weekly intervals throughout pregnancy and data from 98 of these women were also obtained in the pre‐pregnant state. Data from a parallel study in Holland are also given. The gains in body weight, fatness, the fetal and placental weights, and the increase in BMR were all at the normal expected values. However, increases in energy intake were of the order of only 100 kcal/d during the second and third trimesters. Comparatively small reductions in physical activity, which would be very difficult to measure precisely, are described which could account for the difference between actual energy intakes and the energy costs of pregnancy.
Patient assessment and diagnosis in implant treatment
Authors: Zitzmann NU , Margolin MD , Filippi A , Weiger R , Krastl G 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAs in any dental treatment procedure, a thorough patient assessment is a prerequisite for adequate treatment planning including dental implants. The literature was searched for references to patient assessment in implant treatment up to September 2007 in Medline via PubMed and an additional handsearch was performed. Patient assessment included the following aspects: (1) evaluation of patient's history, his/her complaints, desires and preferences; (2) extra‐and intra‐oral examination with periodontal and restorative status of the remaining dentition; (3) obligatory prerequisites were a panoramic radiograph and periapical radiographs (at least from the adjacent teeth) for diagnosis and treatment planning. Additional tomographs are required depending on the anatomic situation and the complexity of the planned restoration; (4) study casts are needed especially in more complex situations also requiring a diagnostic set‐up, which can be tried‐in and transferred into a provisional restoration as well as into a radiographic and surgical template. The current review clearly revealed the necessity for a thorough, structured patient assessment. Following an evaluation, a recommendation is given for implant therapy or, if not indicated, conventional treatment alternatives can be presented.
Diagnosis and management of peri‐implant diseases
Authors: Heitz‐Mayfield LJA 
Published: May 2008

AbstractPeri‐implant diseases are inflammatory lesions which may affect the peri‐implant mucosa only (peri‐implant mucositis) or also result in loss of supporting bone (peri‐implantitis). Peri‐implantitis may lead to loss of the implant. Diagnosis of peri‐implant disease requires the use of conventional probing to identify the presence of bleeding on probing, and suppuration, both signs of clinical inflammation. Radiographs are required to detect loss of supporting bone. Baseline probing measurements and radiographs should be obtained once the restoration of the implant is completed to allow longitudinal monitoring of peri‐implant conditions. Two cross‐sectional reports from Sweden indicate that the prevalence of peri‐implant disease is high. Smokers and patients who have a history of periodontitis are more at risk for peri‐implant disease. The main goal of treatment of peri‐implant disease is to control the infection and to prevent disease progression. A number of studies have documented the successful treatment of peri‐implant mucositis combining mechanical debridement and chemical plaque control. There is evidence supporting antimicrobial treatment regimens in combination with non‐surgical or surgical debridement for peri‐implantitis treatment. Long‐term data to support these treatment protocols is limited. Whilst it is possible to treat peri‐implantitis, prevention is the goal of supportive therapy.
Pneumocystis murinaInfection and Cigarette Smoke Exposure Interact To Cause Increased Organism Burden, Development of Airspace Enlargement, and Pulmonary Inflammation in Mice
Authors: Christensen Paul J. , Preston Angela M. , Ling Tony , Du Ming , Fields W. Bradley , Curtis Jeffrey L. , Beck James M. 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by the presence of airflow obstruction and lung destruction with airspace enlargement. In addition to cigarette smoking, respiratory pathogens play a role in pathogenesis, but specific organisms are not always identified. Recent reports demonstrate associations between the detection ofPneumocystis jiroveciiDNA in lung specimens or respiratory secretions and the presence of emphysema in COPD patients. Additionally, human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals who smoke cigarettes develop early emphysema, but a role forP. jiroveciiin pathogenesis remains speculative. We developed a new experimental model using immunocompetent mice to test the interaction of cigarette smoke exposure and environmentally acquiredPneumocystis murinainfection in vivo. We hypothesized that cigarette smoke andP. murinawould interact to cause increases in total lung capacity, airspace enlargement, and pulmonary inflammation. We found that exposure to cigarette smoke significantly increases the lung organism burden ofP. murina.Pulmonary infection withP. murina, combined with cigarette smoke exposure, results in changes in pulmonary function and airspace enlargement characteristic of pulmonary emphysema.P. murinaand cigarette smoke exposure interact to cause increased lung inflammatory cell accumulation. These findings establish a novel animal model system to explore the role ofPneumocystisspecies in the pathogenesis of COPD.
Finasteride Does Not Increase the Risk of High-Grade Prostate Cancer: A Bias-Adjusted Modeling Approach
Authors: Redman Mary W. , Tangen Catherine M. , Goodman Phyllis J. , Lucia M. Scott , Coltman Charles A. , Thompson Ian M. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Finasteride taken for 7 years in the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT) reduced the risk of prostate cancer by 25%, but with an apparent increased risk of high-grade disease. Subsequent analyses found that finasteride biases toward improved prostate cancer detection and accuracy in prostate cancer grading at biopsy. In our first analysis of the present study, we accounted for these biases in estimating the effect of finasteride on the risk of overall and high-grade prostate cancer. This analysis used PCPT data that included 3-month longer collection of endpoints than in the original report with observed prostate cancer rates of 22.9% (4.8% with high grade; placebo) versus 16.6% (5.8% with high grade; finasteride). Based on these updated results, the bias-adjusted prostate cancer rates are estimated to be 21.1% (4.2% high grade; placebo) and 14.7% (4.8% high grade; finasteride), a 30% risk reduction in prostate cancer [relative risk (RR), 0.70; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.64-0.76; P &lt; 0.0001] and a nonsignificant 14% increase in high-grade cancer (RR, 1.14; 95% CI, 0.96-1.35; P = 0.12) with finasteride. We then estimated rates of high-grade prostate cancer based on an analysis that incorporated grading information from radical prostatectomies in 500 subjects diagnosed with cancer. The resulting estimates were high-grade cancer rates of 8.2% (placebo) versus 6.0% (finasteride), a 27% risk reduction (RR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.56-0.96; P = 0.02) with finasteride. Our third analysis examined the impact of biopsy sensitivity on the relative risk of high-grade prostate cancer and found that differential sensitivity of biopsy between the treatment arms can have a significant impact on risk ratio estimates. These collective results suggest that the observed, unadjusted higher risk of high-grade disease with finasteride seems to have been due to facilitated diagnosis resulting primarily from increased biopsy sensitivity with finasteride. Therefore, men undergoing regular prostate cancer screening or who express an interest in cancer prevention should be informed of the opportunity to take finasteride for preventing prostate cancer.
Issues and Strategies for Outer Continental Shelf Claims
Authors: Rothwell Donald R. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS or the Commission) is a specialist body with a limited mandate with the potential to have a significant impact upon the dynamic of the law of the sea in coming decades as more coastal States seek to claim outer continental shelves (OCS). By the end of 2007, the Commission had received nine submissions but made only three recommendations. Many coastal States will be lodging OCS submissions in the coming years, raising issues as to the Commission's workload and capacity to efficiently consider each submission. Coastal States need to be mindful not only of the legal but also of the practical and strategic issues that are emerging in OCS submissions, including how many of them can meet the May 2009 submission cut-off. Making a partial OCS claim may be one approach. A review is undertaken of relevant State and Commission practice to date.
Light Reflection from Water Waves: Suitable Setup for a Polarimetric Investigation under Controlled Laboratory Conditions
Authors: Ottaviani Matteo , Stamnes Knut , Koskulics Jeff , Eide Hans , Long Steven R. , Su Wenying , Wiscombe Warren 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The reflection of sunlight from a wavy water surface, often referred to as sun glint, is a well-known phenomenon that presents challenges but also hitherto untapped opportunities in remote sensing based on satellite imagery. Despite being extensively investigated in the open ocean, sun glint lacks a fundamental characterization obtained under controlled laboratory conditions. A novel apparatus is presented, which is suitable for highly time-resolved measurements of light reflection from different computer-controlled wave states, with special emphasis on the detection of the polarization components. Such a system can help establish a link between the evanescent “atomic glints” from a single wave facet and the familiar sunglint pattern obtained by time averaging over a surface area containing many facets.
Comparative Studies for the Assessment of the Quality of Near-Real-Time GPS-Derived Atmospheric Parameters
Authors: Pacione R. , Vespe F. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAccurate and frequent sampling of atmospheric parameters, such as water vapor, is important for enabling reliable weather forecasts and global climate studies over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. Recent developments in global positioning system data processing have allowed the estimation of zenith total delay (ZTD), the delay of the neutral atmosphere, with a high degree of accuracy using continuously operating GPS networks. From this delay integrated water vapor can be derived by means of additional meteorological information, in particular observed pressure or numerical weather prediction model pressure. Comparisons with other independent techniques must be performed to evaluate the quality of atmospheric parameters directly estimated or retrieved from the GPS system. In this work the accuracy of GPS atmospheric parameter, namely, zenith total delay, delivered in near–real time from a European ground-based network of permanent GPS receivers has been assessed. It is compared to other GPS solutions, radiosonde profiles, and High-Resolution Limited-Area Model (HIRLAM)-derived ZTD. Intercomparisons between results from different GPS analysis centers in the framework of the Targeting Optimal Use of GPS Humidity Measurements in Meteorology (TOUGH) project show a mean ZTD station bias at the level of ±6 mm with a related standard deviation of about 7–8 mm. In the comparison with radiosondes, an overall ZTD bias of about 7 mm with a standard deviation of 9 mm is detected. Finally, the comparison of ZTD near–real time against the HIRLAM models has an average bias of about −4.8 mm and a standard deviation of 11.5 mm.
Microphysical Retrievals from Dual-Polarization Radar Measurements at X Band
Authors: Gorgucci Eugenio , Chandrasekar V. , Baldini Luca 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The recent advances in attenuation correction methodology are based on the use of a constraint represented by the total amount of the attenuation encountered along the path shared over each range bin in the path. This technique is improved by using the inner self-consistency of radar measurements. The full self-consistency methodology provides an optimization procedure for obtaining the best estimate of specific and cumulative attenuation and specific and cumulative differential attenuation.
The main goal of the study is to examine drop size distribution (DSD) retrieval from X-band radar measurements after attenuation correction. A new technique for estimating the slope of a linear axis ratio model from polarimetric radar measurements at attenuated frequencies is envisioned. A new set of improved algorithms immune to variability in the raindrop shape–size relation are presented for the estimation of the governing parameters characterizing a gamma raindrop size distribution.
Simulations based on the use of profiles of gamma drop size distribution parameters obtained from S-band observations are used for quantitative analysis. Radar data collected by the NOAA/Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL) X-band polarimetric radar are used to provide examples of the DSD parameter retrievals using attenuation-corrected radar measurements. Retrievals agree fairly well with disdrometer data. The radar data are also used to observe the prevailing shape of raindrops directly from the radar measurements. A significant result is that oblateness of drops is bounded between the two shape models of Pruppacher and Beard, and Beard and Chuang, the former representing the upper boundary and the latter the lower boundary.
A New Method for Measuring Flow Structure in the Benthic Boundary Layer Using an Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter
Authors: Inoue Tetsunori , Nakamura Yoshiyuki , Sayama Mikio 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
A new system for precise measurement of vertical profiles of mean and turbulent flow structure immediately above the sediment–water interface is introduced. This system has an acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV) attached to an elevation system to allow for the precise measurement of the vertical profiles of three-component velocities in the range of 0.1–27 cm above the sediment surface in the field. This system enables an onboard operator to accurately measure height and move the ADV vertically to any point. The system was applied to in situ measurements of velocity profiles immediately above the sediment. The shear velocity, Reynolds stress value, roughness height, turbulent kinetic energy, and dissipation rate of turbulent energy were calculated and compared with often-cited values. The results showed the same flow properties as those from laboratory experiments and literature values. The advantages and disadvantages of the system are discussed.