bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Artificial periodontal defects and frequency of tooth brushing in beagle dogs
Authors: Corba N. H. C. , Jansen J. , Fidler V. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract This investigation was designed to determine the influence of different frequencies of tooth brushing on artificial periodontal defects in the beagle dog shortly after creation.In 12 beagle dogs, periodontal defects were created using elastic bands placed in the sulci below the gingival margin after having cut the dento‐gingival fibres to the level of the alveolar bone. This active phase of creating defects lasted for 6 weeks. 6 premolars in the lower jaw were used (2P2, 3P3, 4P4). After removal of the elastic bands, the 12 dogs were distributed into 3 groups of 4 dogs each. Each group was brushed with a certain frequency, i.e., 7 times, 3 times or once a week. Plaque index, gingival index and probing depth, using a constant force probe, were assessed interproximally. The experiment lasted for 24 weeks.For hypothesis testing, a brushing effect was calculated for each dog. Furthermore, an analysis was performed based on the absolute scores at week 24. From the statistical analysis, it was concluded that in artificially‐induced periodontal defects in beagle dogs immediately after creation, brushing 7 times a week is superior to brushing 3 times a week to establish and maintain gingival health.
Experimental gingivitis and frequency of tooth brushing in the beagle dog model
Authors: Tromp J. A. H. , van Rijn L. J. , Jansen J. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The aim of this experiment was to study clinical parameters when 3 different frequencies of tooth brushing were applied to sites of experimental gingivitis in beagle dogs. 12 beagle dogs, at the start of the experiment 2 years of age, were used. After a thorough cleaning, the maxillary left and right first, second and third premolars were brushed daily for a period of 8 weeks. Subsequently, for 4 weeks, all brushing was omitted in order to establish an experimental gingivitis. After this pre‐experimental period, the dogs were distributed into 3 groups of 4 dogs each: one group was brushed 7 times a week, a second was brushed 3 times a week and the third group was brushed only once a week. Brushing was carried out for 24 weeks, only on the right sides of the upper jaws, the left upper jaws serving as controls. At regular intervals, plaque index, gingival index and probing depths were assessed. A brushing effect was calculated for each dog, to include information on all within‐dog and between‐dog variations.The present study demonstrated that only by brushing every day can clinically healthy gingivae be obtained in the beagle dog model with experimental gingivitis at baseline. The state of gingival health at baseline may be used to determine the frequency of brushing necessary to create or maintain healthy gingivae.
Immunohistological identification of cell subsets in human gingival after local treatment for gingivitis or periodontitis
Authors: Jully Jean Marie , Béné Marie Christine , Martin Gérard , Faure Gilbert 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The cellular infiltrate present in human diseased gingiva was analyzed in biopsies from 12 patients with gingivitis or periodontitis. The samples studied had been obtained in the course of surgery at inflammatory sites remaining after institution of periodontal treatment.Histological and immunological techniques were used to identify macrophages, B‐cells, plasma‐cells, T‐cells and T cell subsets, as well as cells expressing class II HLA membrane antigens.T‐cells appeared as the predominant population, but plasma‐cells were also visualized in nearly all samples. Both OKT4+ and OKT8+ cells were seen in all cases, the latter being more numerous in periodontitis patients. Interdigitating‐like cells were observed, positively labelled for class II antigens, as well as macrophages which were more numerous in periodontitis patients.These results suggest the participation of all components of the immune response in gingival disease, in a way resembling chronic recurrent inflammatory diseases.
The extent and severity index: a simple method for use in epidemiologic studies of periodontal disease
Authors: Carlos James P. , Wolfe Mary D. , Kingman Albert 
Published: December 2005

Abstract Periodontal indices such as the PI, PDI and CPITN ignore a substantial amount of the information ordinarily available in epidemiologic studies of periodontal disease. The extent and severity index (ESI) is an attempt to preserve the maximum amount of information from a clinical examination consistent with the need to achieve a reasonable degree of data reduction. The ESI uses estimates of attachment (eve/ from probing measurements of 14 sites in one maxillary quadrant and 14 in the contralateral mandibular quadrant. The index is calculated to summarize jointly the extent and the average severity of disease within the group being studied.Application of this bi‐variate statistic to a set of epidemiologic data was carried out to illustrate its use. This analysis suggested that disease extent and disease severity are not highly redundant measures and thus provide independently meaningful information.The ESI is a simple, reproducible method which appears to yield an informative description of the periodontal disease status of a population. Use of the index requires only minimal training of examiners. The index is intended to permit direct comparisons among epidemiologic studies of different populations and by different investigators.
Design and analysis considerations for a longitudinal study of periodontal disease
Authors: Feldman Roy S. , Alman John E. , Chauncey Howard H. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract Perception and concern for the health changes in our aging population led the Veterans Administration to initiate an interdisciplinary and longitudinal investigation of the aging process, the Veterans Administration Normative Aging Study, in 1963. A cohort of the 2,280 healthy men of this study self‐selected to enroll in the dental longitudinal study, an investigation of oral health in these healthy males. In 1968, 1,221 men between the ages of 25 and 75 began with a baseline cycle of 5 general series of examinations, including an interim health history and survey of dietary habits; masticatory performance and taste thresholds; salivary analyses; oral cytologic and radiographic survey and comprehensive clinical data on caries and periodontal status.Design considerations for the Dental Longitudinal Study included prospective planning of specific oral variables to be recorded, and provision of collection techniques to allow for additional analyses based on a wide menu of retrospective data. The volunteer cohort was screened to obtain men who met stringent general health criteria, who represented wide socioeconomic ranges and would likely remain geographically stable. Importantly, enrollment in the parent study was without regard for dental status or oral health.Administrative design considerations included orderly transfer for exam data to machine‐readable format by use of optical scan forms designed to register specific oral variables, with security preserved for the primary source records and rapid record retrieval. Additional data collection requiring manual coding was designed to transfer spreadsheets of clinical impressions and diagnoses to computer retrieval protocols. Provisions for recording of exceptional circumstances, i.e., salient oral pathology, were recognized and the optical scan forms modified to index and retrieve such cases.Clinical examination design considerations included independence of oral examination from the radiographic survey and reading, and isolation of each cycle of tests from any other. Attempts to contain examiner variability included use of a solo examiner and radiographic reader with a two‐stage calibration series of exercises to achieve reproducibility. To date, 725 men have been examined over 4 cycles of investigation encompassing baseline and 3 longitudinal examinations, each at 3‐year intervals. The specific indexes scored in this study were designed to evaluate dental and periodontal status on a population of almost epidemiologic proportions while retaining clinically relevant methodologies. The Dental Longitudinal Study continues as an ongoing investigation of the distribution, determinants, changes and interrelationships observed in oral health, function and disease. Cross‐sectional and longitudinal analysis has proceeded to correlate oral health with habit histories, loss of teeth, restorative dental experience, drug intake and other variables of contemporary life.
Indicators of periodontal disease activity: an evaluation
Authors: Fine Daniel H. , Mandel Irwin D. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract It is becoming increasingly apparent that the traditional clinical criteria are inadequate for: (a) determining active disease sites in periodontitis, (b) monitoring quantitatively the response to therapy or (c) measuring the degree of susceptibility to future breakdown. In an attempt to develop objective measures, a wide varity of studies have been undertaken using saliva, blood, plaque and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) as the specimen source. Examination has included: (a) specific bacteria and their products; (b) host cells and their products (enzymatic and antibacterial, both immunologic and non‐immunologic); (c) products of tissue injury derived from local epithelial and connective tissues and bone. Although most of the work to date has failed to provide reliable aids to the clinician, refinements in techniques for sampling and the availability of more sophisticated analytic techniques give cause for optimism.Methods proposed for detection of disease‐associated bacteria in subgingival plaque vary in their sensitivity and specificity. Dark field microscopy shows some correlation with existing disease; however, the limited specificity of this method imposes severe restrictions on its usefulness. Highly specific polyclonal and monoclonal antisera to suspected pathogens Bacteroides gingivalis and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans have been developed and improved methods of identification of these microbes in plaque by ELISA immunofluorescence and flow cytometry are under development.With respect to the host response, a strong correlation between antibody patterns to specific bacteria and periodontal disease categories appears to be emerging. Although most studies have focused on serum antibody derived from peripheral blood, a shift to detection of local antibody response appears to be likely. Techniques of measurement that are exquisitely sensitive have been developed for detection of major immune recognition proteins such as antibody and complement in crevicular fluid. Research efforts attempting to correlate local antibody response to local disease activity are underway.Measurement of GCF flow rate, endotoxin, H2S, butyrate and a variety of enzymes (e. g., collagenase, arylsulfatase, B‐glucuronidase) show good correlation with levels of gingivitis. In periodontitis, the most promising markers of tissue breakdown are prostaglandins of the E series, the enzymes collagenase and aspartate aminotransferase, sulfated glycosaminoglycans, osteoclastic activating factor and bone resorptive capacity of crevicular cells. Assay of the migration of crevicular leucocytes in vivo can serve as an indicator of a defect in host resistance. Experimental study in animal models with histological correlates and prospective studies on humans with standardized clinical correlates are needed to validate these objective measurements.
Calculus revisited
Authors: Mandel Irwin D. , Gaffar Abdul 
Published: December 2005

Abstract. Although there is no doubt that gingivitis can develop in the absence of supragingival calculus, it is not clear to what extent the presence of mineralized deposit enhances gingival inflammation. Partial inhibition of plaque mineralization can be accomplished by chemical agents, but there has been no demonstration in humans of a reduction in gingivitis. It remains to be established what level of inhibition (if any) is required to have more than a cosmetic effect.Since the accepted scenario is that apical growth of supragingival plaque precedes the formation of subgingival calculus, there is no longer an issue of whether subgingival calculus is the cause or the result of periodontal disease. Subgingival mineralization results from the interaction of subgingival plaque with the influx of mineral salts that is part of the serum transudate and inflammatory exudate. This chronology, however, should not be the basis for relegating calculus to the ash heap. Morphologic and analytical studies point to the porosity of calculus and retention of bacterial antigens and the presence of readily available toxic stimulators of bone resorption. When coupled with the increased build up of plaque on the surface of the calculus, the combination has the potential for extending (beyond that of plaque alone) the radius of destruction and the rate of displacement of the adjacent junctional epithelium. The centrality of thorough scaling and root planing in the successful maintenance of periodontal health supports the view that subgingival calculus contributes significantly to the chronicity and progression of the disease, even if it can no longer be considered as responsible for initiation.
The nature of the inflammatory infiltrates in childhood gingivitis, juvenile periodontitis and adult periodontitis: immunocytochemical studies using a monoclonal antibody to HLA Dr
Authors: Gillett Roy , Cruchley Alan , Johnson Newell W. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract. Routinely fixed and processed gingival biopsies from childhood gingivitis, juvenile periodontitis and chronic adult periodontitis patients have been stained immunocytochemically with a monoclonal anti HLADr antibody to aid in the identification and quantification of cell types in the inflammatory infiltrates. Using immunoperoxidase staining and morphological criteria, 9 cell types were quantified in 30 patients.Lesions in the 3 groups were found to differ widely both in size and composition. In the small childhood gingivitis lesions, most cells were small lymphocytes, over half of which were HLADr positive, whereas in juvenile periodontitis biopsies, well over half the infiltrate was plasma cells. The chronic adult periodontitis samples showed greater variability in composition between these 2 extremes, perhaps reflecting differences in disease activity. These results suggest that, when disease is quiescent, the volume of inflamed gingival connective tissue is small and is dominated by B‐small lymphocytes, whilst on activation, the lesion increases in size and much of the B‐lymphocyte population is transformed to plasma cells.This view corroborates the results of other workers with regard to juvenile periodontitis, but suggests a different interpretation of the quiescent lesion of childhood gingivitis from that current in the literature.
Experimental gingivitis around deciduous teeth in children with Down's syndrome
Authors: Reuland‐Bosma Wimke , van Dijk Johan , van der Weele Leo 
Published: December 2005

Abstract. Epidemiological studies have shown that there is a high prevalence and rapid progression of periodontal disease in children with Down's Syndrome (DS). In this respect, DS children exhibit a markedly different response compared with healthy children. In order to understand the reasons for this difference, a controlled study was set up to determine the extent and the quality of the differences in the early periodontal tissue response towards dental plaque in the deciduous dentition of DS children and matched control children.In a preliminary investigation, the gingival health was estimated by determining the bleeding tendency. 9 healthy children were selected from a group of 14 and matched with 9 DS children with respect to plaque development, sulcus depth and age. The DS children had a higher bleeding tendency than the matched controls. In the DS children, moreover, a correlation was found between bleeding tendency and age. No such correlation was found in the controls.After a period of intensive oral hygiene, all cleaning of teeth was discontinued for 21 days. The amount of plaque according to the plaque index, the gingival health according to the gingival index, and the amount of crevicular leucocytes and gingival exudate were assessed at days 0, 7, 14 and 21.During the experimental phase of the study, the amount of plaque increased at a similar rate in both groups. In the DS children, the development of gingival inflammation started earlier and was more extensive. It increased after day 14, whereas in the control children, the gingival inflammation seemed to stabilize at this time. The results of the present experimental study thus confirm earlier results from epidemiological studies. The amount of gingival exudate was very low in both groups, but in the DS group it increased after day 14. In contrast to the DS children, the amount of crevicular leukocytes increased significantly in the control children from day 0 to day 21, the highest score being found on day 14. On day 7, a significantly larger amount of crevicular leucocytes was found in the DS children than in the controls. The findings of this study suggest that DS children have a different leucocyte response together with a more extensive gingival inflammation than normal children.
Clinical alterations in relation to the morphological composition of the subgingival microflora following scaling and root planing
Authors: Müller Hans‐Peter , Hartmann Jürgen , Flores‐de‐Jacoby Lavinia 
Published: December 2005

Abstract. The aim of the present study was to relate shifts in the composition of subgingival plaque in periodontal pockets to alterations of the clinical periodontal conditions following a single course of subgingival scaling and root planing during a period of professional supragingival plaque control. For this purpose, 36 pairs of contralateral periodontal pockets in 10 subjects with moderately advanced periodontitis were assessed for the degree of gingival inflammation, probing pocket depths, bleeding on probing, attachment levels and the amount of supragingival plaque. In addition, samples of subgingival plaque were analyzed morphologically by dark‐field microscopy. All patients received detailed information about proper oral hygiene and every 1–2 weeks, professional removal of supragingivally located deposits. When the oral hygiene standard had been sufficiently improved, 1 course of subgingival scaling on 1 side of each jaw only (test side) was carried out. Clinical and microbiological examinations were repeated after the scaling as well as after 2 and 6 months, while patients were recalled for supragingival prophylaxis every 2nd to 4th week.Our data showed that a single course of subgingival scaling and root planing resulted in reduced probing depths, a gain in clinical attachment and a shift in the composition of the subgingival microflora to a composition found in relatively healthy periodontal conditions. In relatively shallow pockets, however, a possible influence of repeated sampling on the subgingival microflora could not be ruled out. Bleeding on gentle probing was a reliable parameter for predicting a subgingival microflora where motile bacteria hold an increased portion. The differences in the subgingival microflora between sites exhibiting gain in clinical attachment after 6 months and non‐responding sites, could not be confirmed statistically.
Influence of plasma components on luminol‐enhanced chemiluminescence from peripheral granulocytes in juvenile periodontitis
Authors: Åsman Björn , Bergström Kurt , Wijkander Peter , Lockowandt Birgitta 
Published: December 2005

Abstract. The generation rate of free oxygen radicals as measured by maximal light intensity of luminol‐enhanced chemiluminescenee from peripheral blood granulocytes (PMN) stimulated with differently opsonized Staphylococcus aureus was studied in 13 patients with juvenile periodontitis (JP) and pair‐matched, healthy controls. Plasma proteins related to inflammation were also assayed. When stimulated with bacteria opsonized with autologous serum, the PMN from the JP patients showed a more intensive chemiluminescenee than did their pair‐matched controls (p<0.0005). The difference was consistent but slightly reduced when using, heat‐treated serum (p<0.006) or heterologous gammaglobulin (p<0.19) for opsonization. When testing freeze preserved sera from 11 of the compaired pairs, the sera from JP patients induced a slightly higher chemiluminescence in PMN from a healthy donor (p<0.031).Protein analysis of the patient sera revealed a slightly higher concentration of complement 4 (p<0.032) and IgM (p<0.030) when compared with their respective pair‐matched healthy controls.The influence of other blood components contaminating our assay system was checked on healthy PMN cells. Lymphocytes, platelets, relevant amounts of ADP and serum had no effect on the chemiluminescence.In conclusion, the increased chemiluminescence of peripheral blood granulocytes from patients with juvenile periodontitis seems to be related mainly to the cells. The association with free oxygen radicals and their tissue‐damagemg potency might be a contributing factor in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease.
The relationship of sanguinaria extract concentration and zinc ion to plaque and gingivitis
Authors: Southard G. L. , Parsons L. G. , Thomas L. G. , Boulware R. T. , Woodall I. R. , Jones B. J. B. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The effects of sanguinaria extract and zinc chloride on plaque growth and gingivitis inhibition were assessed on subjects with initially plaque‐free tooth surfaces using a series of oral rinses in a single‐blind, crossover, no‐oral‐hygiene study lasting 2 weeks. A placebo oral rinse containing no sanguinaria or zinc chloride (A), and test rinses containing 150 μg/ml sanguinaria and 0.2% zinc chloride (B), 300 μg/ml sanguinaria and no zinc chloride (C), and 300 μg/ml sanguinaria and 0.2% zinc chloride (D) were evaluated. Subjects using the higher concentration rinses C and D had significantly lower plaque scores than rinse A at 7 and 14 days (p<0.05 for C, p<0.01 for D). However, groups C and D were not significantly different from each other. Group D had significantly lower plaque (p<0.05) and gingivitis (p<0.01) scores than group B. Subjects who used rinse B and placebo rinse A had the highest plaque and gingivitis scores and comparison of these two groups revealed no significant difference. At the end of 14 days, the % distribution of 0 plaque and gingivitis scores was greatest among subjects using rinses C and D. Subjects in these 2 groups also had the lowest incidence of plaque and gingivitis scores of 2+.It is concluded that the effects of sanguinaria rinses on developing plaque and gingivitis are influenced more by sanguinaria concentrations than the presence or absence of zinc ion, but that zinc ion may provide a mild enhancement of sanguinaria effectiveness against gingivitis.