bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparation of Guanine and Diaminopurine from Biuret. Part III
Authors: Lagoja Irene M. , Herdewijn Piet 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBecause of their potential prebiotic origin and relative chemical stability, urea, biuret, formic acid, and glycine amide might have played a role in the assembly process of purine bases. In this paper, we describe a short reaction path to purine nucleobases from these acyclic precursors. The formation of different purines was verified by UV and NMR spectroscopy, as well as by mass spectrometry.
The effect of the hypnotic‐suggestive communication level of advertisements on their effectiveness
Authors: Kaplan Oren 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAdvertising is mentioned sometimes as a hypnotizing experience. The present study investigated this claim by developing and implementing a questionnaire for measuring the level of hypnotic‐suggestive communication in advertisements. The results demonstrated that this level is a crucial variable for advertising effectiveness and for the evaluations of the advertised brand. Copyright © 2007 British Society of Experimental & Clinical Hypnosis. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role of the Oriented Attachment Mechanism in the Phase Transformation of Oxide Nanocrystals
Authors: Ribeiro Caue , Vila Cristiane , Milton Elias de Matos José , Bettini Jefferson , Longo Elson , Leite Edson R. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract“Bottom‐up” methods to obtain nanocrystals usually result in metastable phases, even in processes carried out at room temperature or under soft annealing conditions. However, stable phases, often associated with anisotropic shapes, are obtained in only a few special cases. In this paper we report on the synthesis of two well‐studied oxides—titanium and zirconium oxide—in the nanometric range, by a novel route based on the decomposition of peroxide complexes of the two metals under hydrothermal soft conditions, obtaining metastable and stable phases in both cases through transformation. High‐resolution transmission electron microscopy analysis reveals the existence of typical defects relating to growth by the oriented attachment mechanism in the stable crystals. The results suggest that the mechanism is associated to the phase transformation of these structures.
Multisensory convergence in auditory cortex, II. Thalamocortical connections of the caudal superior temporal plane
Authors: Hackett Troy A. , De La Mothe Lisa A. , Ulbert Istvan , Karmos George , Smiley John , Schroeder Charles E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractRecent studies of macaque monkey auditory cortex have revealed convergent auditory and somatosensory activity in the caudomedial area (CM) of the belt region. In the present study and its companion (Smiley et al., J. Comp. Neurol. [this issue]), neuroanatomical tracers were injected into CM and adjacent areas of the superior temporal plane to identify sources of auditory and somatosensory input to this region. Other than CM, target areas included: A1, caudolateral belt (CL), retroinsular (Ri), and temporal parietotemporal (Tpt). Cells labeled by injections of these areas were distributed mainly among the ventral (MGv), posterodorsal (MGpd), anterodorsal (MGad), and magnocellular (MGm) divisions of the medial geniculate complex (MGC) and several nuclei with established multisensory features: posterior (Po), suprageniculate (Sg), limitans (Lim), and medial pulvinar (PM). The principal inputs of CM were MGad, MGv, and MGm, with secondary inputs from multisensory nuclei. The main inputs of CL were Po and MGpd, with secondary inputs from MGad, MGm, and multisensory nuclei. A1 was dominated by inputs from MGv and MGad, with light multisensory inputs. The input profile of Tpt closely resembled that of CL, but with reduced MGC inputs. Injections of Ri also involved CM but strongly favored MGm and multisensory nuclei, with secondary inputs from MGC and the inferior division (VPI) of the ventroposterior complex (VP). The results indicate that the thalamic inputs of areas in the caudal superior temporal plane arise mainly from the same nuclei, but in different proportions. Somatosensory inputs may reach CM and CL through MGm or the multisensory nuclei but not VP. J. Comp. Neurol. 502:924–952, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
GABAergic phenotype of periglomerular cells in the rodent olfactory bulb
Authors: Panzanelli P. , Fritschy J.M. , Yanagawa Y. , Obata K. , Sassoè‐Pognetto M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractPeriglomerular (PG) cells in the rodent olfactory bulb are heterogeneous anatomically and neurochemically. Here we investigated whether major classes of PG cells use γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) as a neurotransmitter. In addition to three known subtypes of PG cells expressing tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), calbindin D‐28k (CB), and calretinin (CR), we identified a novel PG cell population containing the GABAA receptor α5 subunit. Consistent with previous studies in the rat, we found that TH‐positive cells were also labeled with antibodies against GABA, whereas PG cells expressing CB or the α5 subunit were GABA‐negative. Using GAD67‐GFP knockin mice, we found that all PG cell subtypes expressed GAD67‐GFP. Calretinin labeled the major fraction (44%) of green fluorescent protein (GFP)‐positive cells, followed by TH (16%), CB (14%), and the α5 subunit (13%). There was no overlap between these neuronal populations, which accounted for ≈85% of GAD67‐GFP‐positive cells. We then demonstrated that PG cells labeled for TH, CB, or CR established dendrodendritic synapses expressing glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) or the vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter, VGAT, irrespective of their immunoreactivity for GABA. In addition, CB‐, CR‐, and TH‐positive dendrites were apposed to GABAA receptor clusters containing the α1 or α3 subunits, which are found in mitral and tufted cells, and the α2 subunit, which is expressed by PG cells. Together, these findings indicate that all major subtypes of PG cells are GABAergic. In addition, they show that PG cells provide GABAergic input to the dendrites of principal neurons and are interconnected with other GABAergic interneurons, which most likely are other PG cells. J. Comp. Neurol. 502:990–1002, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sugar Balls: Synthesis and Supramolecular Assembly of [60]Fullerene Glycoconjugates
Authors: Kato Haruhito , Böttcher Christoph , Hirsch Andreas 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe synthesis and characterization of fully deprotected C60 glycoconjugates 4 and 17 is reported. Bis(α‐D‐mannopyranosyl)malonamide 4 was obtained by using nucleophilic cyclopropanation chemistry, which in general is a very versatile method for fullerene functionalization. Fullerene sugar 17 contains two dendritic α‐D‐mannopyranosides that are connected through two adjacent imino bridges to the all‐carbon framework. In this adduct‐type of C60, which represents a 1,9‐dihydro‐1a‐aza‐1(2)a‐homo(C60‐Ih)[5,6]fullerene derivative, the entire 60‐π‐electron system of the fullerene core is retained. This architecture allows the basic cleavage of the acetyl protection groups of precursor adduct 16 without destruction of the core structure of the fullerene sugar. Dendritic glycoconjugate 17 containing six deprotected sugar building blocks is very soluble in water. The amphiphilic nature of 17 with its cone‐shaped structure forces the formation of small supramolecular aggregates in aqueous solutions to shield the hydrophobic fullerene units from the water subphase. DOSY NMR spectroscopy and TEM investigation reveal micellar sugar balls with an extremely narrow size distribution of around 4 nm.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
On‐capillary sample cleanup method for the electrophoretic determination of carbohydrates in juice samples
Authors: Morales‐Cid Gabriel , Simonet Bartolomé M. , Cárdenas Soledad , Valcárcel Miguel 
Published: April 2007

AbstractOn many occasions, sample treatment is a critical step in electrophoretic analysis. As an alternative to batch procedures, in this work, a new strategy is presented with a view to develop an on‐capillary sample cleanup method. This strategy is based on the partial filling of the capillary with carboxylated single‐walled carbon nanotube (c‐SWNT). The nanoparticles retain interferences from the matrix allowing the determination and quantification of carbohydrates (viz glucose, maltose and fructose). The precision of the method for the analysis of real samples ranged from 5.3 to 6.4%. The proposed method was compared with a method based on a batch filtration of the juice sample through diatomaceous earth and further electrophoretic determination. This method was also validated in this work. The RSD for this other method ranged from 5.1 to 6%. The results obtained by both methods were statistically comparable demonstrating the accuracy of the proposed methods and their effectiveness. Electrophoretic separation of carbohydrates was achieved using 200 mM borate solution as a buffer at pH 9.5 and applying 15 kV. During separation, the capillary temperature was kept constant at 40°C. For the on‐capillary cleanup method, a solution containing 50 mg/L of c‐SWNTs prepared in 300 mM borate solution at pH 9.5 was introduced for 60 s into the capillary just before sample introduction. For the electrophoretic analysis of samples cleaned in batch with diatomaceous earth, it is also recommended to introduce into the capillary, just before the sample, a 300 mM borate solution as it enhances the sensitivity and electrophoretic resolution.
Site‐specific protein immobilization in a microfluidic chip channel via an IEF‐gelation process
Authors: Shi Mianhong , Peng Youyuan , Yu Shaoning , Liu Baohong , Kong Jilie 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA novel strategy for site‐specific protein immobilization via combining chip IEF with low‐temperature sol–gel technology, called IEF–GEL here, in the channel of a modified poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) microfluidic chip is proposed in this work. The IEF–GEL process involves firstly IEF for homogeneously dissolved protein in PBS containing alumina sol and carrier ampholyte with prearranged pH gradient, and then gelation locally for protein encapsulation. The process and feasibility of proposed IEF–GEL were investigated by EOF measurements, fluorescence microscopic photography, Raman spectrum and further demonstrated by glucose oxidase (GOx) reactors integrated with end‐column electrochemical detection. Site‐controllable immobilization of protein was realized in a 30 mm long microfluidic chip channel by the strategy to create a ∼1.7 mm concentrated FITC‐BSA band, which leads to great improvement of the elute peak shape, accomplished with remarkably increased sensitivity, ∼20 times higher than that without IEF–GEL treatment to GOx reactors. The kinetic response of GOx after IEF–GEL treatment was also investigated. The proposed system holds the advantages of IEF and low‐temperature sol–gel technologies, i.e. concentrating the protein to be focused and retaining the biological activity for the gel‐embedded protein, thus realizes site‐specific immobilization of low‐concentration protein at nL volume level.
Parallel numerical simulation for the coupled problem of continuous flow electrophoresis
Authors: Chau M. , Spiteri P. , Boisson H. C. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe performance of parallel subdomain method with overlapping is analysed in the case of the 3D coupled boundary‐value problem of continuous flow electrophoresis which is governed by Navier–Stokes equations coupled with convection–diffusion and potential equations. Convergence of parallel synchronous and asynchronous iterative algorithms is studied. Comparison between implemented explicit and implicit schemes for the transport equation is made using these algorithms and shows that both methods provide similar results and comparable performances. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Are there predictors of outcome in depressed elderly nursing home residents during treatment with mirtazapine orally disintegrating tablets?
Authors: Nelson J. Craig , Holden Karen , Roose Steven , Salzman Carl , Hollander Steven B. , Betzel James V. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBackgroundTreatment studies of depression in residential care are limited. Reports of predictors of response are rare. In the largest nursing home prospective antidepressant trial reported, we examined predictors of response.MethodsThis was a 12‐week open‐label study of mirtazapine orally disintegrating tablets performed in 30 US nursing homes. Subjects were men and women aged ≥70, with a Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE) score ≥10, who had a depressive disorder that required antidepressant treatment. Mirtazapine was started at 15 mg at bedtime, and adjusted to 15–45 mg/day. A 16‐item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale was used to assess depression at baseline, weeks 2, 4, 8, and 12 or early termination.ResultsOne hundred and twenty‐four patients received at least one dose of study drug and of these, 119 had at least one post‐drug assessment. Mean age was 82.9 years and 72% were female. Response rates at 12 weeks were 47% on the HAMD and 54% on the CGI. Age, sex, MMSE score, medical burden, history of prior depression, and baseline HAMD severity were not significantly associated with HAMD response (≥50% improvement) and in most cases correlations were trivial, <0.1. Advanced age, medical burden, and cognitive impairment did not predict adverse events.ConclusionsIn this sample of depressed nursing home residents treated with mirtazapine orally disintegrating tablets, advanced age, medical illness, and cognitive impairment did not predict response. The findings suggest that these variables need not be viewed as obstacles to treatment. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ursane‐Type Triterpene Saponins from Zygophyllum geslini
Authors: Smati Dalila , Mitaine‐Offer Anne‐Claire , Miyamoto Tomofumi , Hammiche V. , Lacaille‐Dubois Marie‐Aleth 
Published: April 2007

AbstractFour new ursane‐based triterpene glycosides, compounds 1–4, as well as the known glycosides zygophylosides E, G, and H, and 3‐O‐(β‐D‐quinovopyranosyl)quinovic acid 28‐(O‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl) ester, were isolated from the BuOH‐soluble fraction of the MeOH/H2O 7 : 3 extracts of Zygophyllum geslini (roots or aerial parts). Their structures were established mainly by 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR techniques, in combination with HR‐MS analysis and acid hydrolysis.
Synthesis of Acyclic Nucleosides with N‐[(Benzyloxy)(aryl)methyl] Substituents as Potential HEPT, EBPU, and TNK‐651 Analogues
Authors: Khalafi‐Nezhad Ali , Rad Mohammad Navid Soltani , Moosavi‐Movahedi A. A. , Kosari M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe syntheses of the novel acyclic nucleosides 5a–5m, carrying different N‐[(benzyloxy)(aryl)methyl] substituents, are described (Scheme). These compounds could be prepared in medium‐to‐good yields by either direct or silyl‐assisted coupling of the electrophiles 6 with either purine or pyrimidine nucleobases, or with different imidazole derivatives. The reactivity of the positively charged electrophilic intermediates derived from 6 upon Cl− abstraction was rationalized by ab initio HF/6‐311G quantum‐mechanic calculations. The positive charge was found to be dispersed differently, depending on the electronic properties of the aryl substituents.
Chemical Constituents of Polyalthia nemoralis
Authors: He Xiu‐Feng , Wang Xiao‐Ning , Fan Cheng‐Qi , Gan Li‐She , Yin Sheng , Yue Jian‐Min 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThree new natural products, the taraxastane‐type triterpenoid 1, the azafluorene‐based constituent 2‐hydroxyonychine (2), and the diterpenoid nemoralisin (3) were isolated from the EtOH extract of Polyalthia nemoralis, along with five known compounds. The structures of the new compounds were established by in‐depth spectroscopic and mass‐spectrometric analyses, as well as by chemical transformation.
A Synthesis Detour to Planar‐Diastereoisomeric Ferrocene Derivatives around an Unexpected Rearrangement of ortho‐Lithiated Kagan's Template [S(S)]‐(p‐Tolylsulfinyl)ferrocene
Authors: Weber Immo , Heinemann Frank W. , Zenneck Ulrich 
Published: April 2007

AbstractUsually, ortho lithiation of Kagan's template 1 and quenching with electrophiles leads highly diastereoselectively to planar‐chiral 1,2‐disubstituted ferrocenes. Surprisingly, lithiation of 1 with lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) followed by addition of paraformaldehyde afforded regioisomer (+)‐{[S(S)]‐[4‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)phenyl]sulfinyl}ferrocene (2), which was converted to (+)‐{[S(S)]‐{4‐{2‐[(methylsulfonyl)oxy]ethyl}phenyl}sulfinyl}ferrocene (3) (Scheme 1). The desired diastereoisomer (l)‐1‐(hydroxymethyl)‐2‐(p‐tolylsulfinyl)ferrocene (5) in turn could also be obtained by ortho lithiation of 1 with LDA but by quenching with DMF to yield aldehyde 4 first, which then was reduced with NaBH4 to 5. Finally, target compound (l)‐1‐[(dimethylamino)methyl]‐2‐(p‐tolylsulfinyl)ferrocene (6) was obtained by substitution of the OH group of 5 under mild conditions or directly by ortho lithiation of 1 with lithio‐2,4,6‐triisopropylbenzene (=2,4,6‐triisopropylphenyl)lithium; LTP) followed by quenching with N,N‐dimethylmethyleneiminium chloride. At low temperatures, reaction of 1 with LDA leads, via the preferred diastereoisomeric transition state ‘exo’‐7 and under extrusion of a (diisopropylamine)lithium complex of type 8, in a highly selective manner, to diastereoisomeric ortho‐lithiated chelate (l)‐9 (Scheme 2). The reaction of 1 to 2 is explained by a rearrangement of (l)‐9 to {[S(S)] [4‐(lithiomethyl)phenyl]sulfinyl}ferrocene 10, which is acid‐catalyzed by coordinated diisopropylamine in complexes of type 8. This rearrangement is not observed if LTP is used as base or, in case LDA is applied, if the electrophile is sufficiently reactive at low temperatures.
Spatial productivity along a canal irrigation system in Pakistan
Authors: Latif Muhammad 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis study was undertaken to investigate the impact of location on productivity of the farmers along an irrigation network in Pakistan. Data were collected from 54 tertiary canals situated along six secondary canals: two each at the head, middle and tail end of the main canal. Results revealed that location of the farms has a significant impact on farmers' productivity on different reaches along all the irrigation channels, i.e. the main canal, the secondary and the tertiary canals. The productivity of the tail‐reach farmers varies from one‐third to one‐half of their head‐ reach counterparts. The overall finding of this study is that location of the water users along the canal irrigation system has a significant impact on their income as well as productivity, and these parameters decrease with increase in distance from the head of the irrigation canals. The reduced canal water supply at the lower reaches of the irrigation system forced these water users to pump more groundwater, resulting in a many times increase in their irrigation costs. Additionally, groundwater quality deteriorates all along the irrigation channels (i.e. along the main canal, the secondary and tertiary canals), compounding the misery of the downstream farmers by degrading productivity of their lands because of increased soil salinity. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A discrete‐choice model with social interactions: with an application to high school teen behavior
Authors: Soetevent Adriaan R. , Kooreman Peter 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWe develop an empirical discrete‐choice interaction model with a finite number of agents. We characterize its equilibrium properties—in particular the correspondence between interaction strength, number of agents, and the set of equilibria—and propose to estimate the model by means of simulation methods. In an empirical application, we analyze the individual behavior of high school teenagers in almost 500 school classes from 70 schools. In our baseline model endogenous social interaction effects are strong for behavior closely related to school (truancy), somewhat weaker for behavior partly related to school (smoking, cell phone ownership, and moped ownership) and absent for behavior far away from school (asking parents' permission for purchases). Intra‐gender interactions are generally much stronger than cross‐gender interactions. In a model with school‐specific fixed effects social interaction effects are insignificant, with the exception of intra‐gender interactions for truancy. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The welfare cost of means‐testing: pensioner participation in income support
Authors: Hernandez Monica , Pudney Stephen , Hancock Ruth 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWe estimate parametric and semi‐parametric binary choice models of benefit take‐up by British pensioners and use a revealed preference argument to infer the cash‐equivalent value of disutility arising from stigma or complexity of the claims process. These implicit costs turn out to be relatively small, averaging about £3–4 per week across Income Support recipients. Using the Foster–Greer–Thorbecke measure of poverty among pensioners, we find that allowing for implicit claim costs incurred by benefit recipients raises the measured degree of poverty by not more than 13%. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Habits and heterogeneity in demands: a panel data analysis
Authors: Browning Martin , Collado M. Dolores 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWe examine demand behaviour for intertemporal dependencies, using Spanish panel data. We present evidence that there is both state dependence and correlated heterogeneity in demand behaviour. Our specific findings are that food outside the home, alcohol and tobacco are habit forming, whereas clothing and small durables exhibit durability. We conclude that demand analyses using cross‐section data that ignore these effects may be seriously biased. On the other hand, the degree of intertemporal dependence is not sufficiently strong to make composite ‘consumption’ significantly habit forming, as has been suggested in some recent analyses. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unemployment and liquidity constraints
Authors: Hajivassiliou Vassilis A. , Ioannides Yannis M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWe present a dynamic framework for the interaction between borrowing (liquidity) constraints and deviations of actual hours from desired hours, both measured by discrete‐valued indicators, and estimate it as a system of dynamic binary and ordered probit models with panel data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. We analyze a household's propensity to be liquidity constrained by means of a dynamic binary probit model. We analyze qualitative aspects of the conditions of employment, namely whether the household head is involuntarily overemployed, voluntarily employed, or involuntarily underemployed or unemployed, by means of a dynamic ordered probit model. We focus on the possible interaction between the two types of constraints. We estimate these models jointly using maximum simulated likelihood, where we allow for individual random effects along with an autoregressive process for the general error term in each equation. A novel feature of our method is that it allows for the random effects to be correlated with regressors in a time‐invariant fashion. Our results provide strong support for the basic theory of constrained behavior and the interaction between liquidity constraints and exogenous constraints on labor supply. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.