bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diffusion Tensor Measures of the Corpus Callosum in Adolescents With Adolescent Onset Alcohol Use Disorders
Authors: De Bellis Michael D. , Van Voorhees Elizabeth , Hooper Stephen R. , Gibler Nicole , Nelson Lauren , Hege Steve G. , Payne Martha E. , MacFall James 
Published: January 2008

Background:  In adults, myelination injury is associated with alcoholism. Maturation of the corpus callosum is prominent during adolescence. We hypothesized that subjects with adolescent‐onset alcohol use disorders (AUD; defined as Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders‐IV alcohol dependence or abuse) would have myelination mircostructural differences compared to controls.Methods:  Adolescent subjects (25 males, 7 females) with an AUD (16.9 ± 1.2 years), who were recruited from substance abuse treatment programs and had co‐morbid mental disorders, and 28 sociodemographically similar healthy controls (17 males, 11 females; 15.9 ± 1.1 years) underwent a 3.0 T MRI diffusion tensor imaging scan.Results:  Measures of rostral body fractional anisotropy (FA) were higher in the AUD group than in the control group. Compared to controls, mean diffusivity (MD) was lower, while FA was higher, in the AUD group in the isthmus region. Anterior corpus callosum mircostructural development differed in adolescents with AUD, as age was positively (not negatively) associated with rostrum MD and age was negatively (not positively) associated with rostrum FA. There were sex by group interactions in that control females had higher posterior midbody FA when compared to female adolescents with AUD.Conclusions:  Lower MD and higher FA values in the AUD group suggest pre‐morbid vulnerability for accelerated prefrontal and temporo‐parietal myelin maturation that may enhance the risk for adolescent AUD. Significant (and opposite to developmentally expected) correlations were seen between anterior corpus callosum MD and FA measures and age in the AUD group, suggesting neurotoxic effects of alcohol on adolescent corpus callosum microstructure. As seen in adults, female adolescents with AUD may be especially vulnerable to corpus callosum mircostructural injury. Further diffusion tensor imaging studies of corpus callosum maturation in children at familial risk for alcoholism, and in those with AUD, need to be done to elucidate these mechanisms.
Association of the ε2 Allele of Apoe Gene to Hypertriglyceridemia and to Early‐Onset Alcoholic Cirrhosis
Authors: Hernández‐Nazará Zamira H. , Ruiz‐Madrigal Bertha , Martínez‐López Erika , Roman Sonia , Panduro Arturo 
Published: January 2008

Background:  The diverse incidence of alcoholic cirrhosis around the world and the fact that not all alcoholic drinkers develop liver disease indicates that genetic and environmental factors play an important role in the development of liver cirrhosis. Lipids participate in early stages of alcoholic cirrhosis. Therefore variations in the plasma lipid profile due to primary (genetic) or secondary (environmental) dyslipidemia could affect the development of liver disease. The aim of this study was to analyze the lipid profile and apolipoprotein E (APOE) polymorphism in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis (AC) and determine the risk associated with genotype polymorphism with the onset of alcoholic cirrhosis.Methods:  In a case and control study, 86 patients with AC divided into hyperlipidemic (H) and non‐hyperlipidemic (non‐H) groups, and 133 healthy individuals (C) matched by age and sex were studied. Lipid profile and liver function tests were measured by enzymatic methods. The APOE genotypes were identified by PCR‐RFLP′s.Results:  A statistically significant increase of the APOE*2 allele and genotypes 2/2, 2/3, and 2/4 was present in AC patients compared to C group. A hyperlipidemic state characterized by increased levels of triglycerides and apolipoprotein B (APOB) and a decrease of high density lipoprotein‐cholesterol (HDL‐c) was detected in young‐aged patients (31.2 ± 6.2 years old vs. 46.3 ± 12.5 years old). In this group, hypertriglyceridemia was closely associated to APOE*2 allele and to an early onset of liver cirrhosis. By contrast, APOE*4 allele was associated with a longer duration of alcohol intake (>20 years) in the non‐H group.Conclusions:  This study shows the association of hypertriglyceridemia and APOE allele with the early onset of alcoholic liver cirrhosis, and the interaction between environmental factors, such as duration of alcohol abuse and amount of alcohol intake, and genetic factors (APOE*2 allele) on the hypertriglyceridemic process.
The Effect of Acute Ethanol Intoxication on Salivary Proteins of Innate and Adaptive Immunity
Authors: Waszkiewicz Napoleon , Szajda Sławomir Dariusz , Jankowska Anna , Zwierz Piotr , Czernikiewicz Andrzej , Szulc Agata , Zwierz Krzysztof 
Published: January 2008

Background: Human salivary proteins: peroxidase, lysozyme, lactoferrin, and IgA, participate in the protection of oral tissues, as well as upper digestive and respiratory tracts, against a number of microbial pathogens. In the current study, we investigated the effect of acute consumption of a large dose of ethanol on representative human salivary proteins of the innate and adaptive immune systems.Methods: Eight healthy male volunteers drank an average of 2.0 g (1.4 to 2.5 g/kg) body weight of ethanol, in the form of vodka, in the 6‐hour period. Samples of resting whole saliva were collected 12 hours before, then 36 and 108 hours after, the alcohol consumption. The levels of total protein, immunoglobulin A, lysozyme and lactoferrin as well as peroxidase activity were determined in saliva.Results: At 36 hours after alcohol consumption, salivary protein and lysozyme concentrations as well as peroxidase activity were significantly decreased (p = 0.002,p = 0.043, andp = 0.003, respectively), in comparison to the values obtained at 12 hours before drinking. Between 36 and 108 hours after alcohol consumption, the salivary protein and lysozyme concentrations, as well as peroxidase activity showed a tendency to increase, although at 108 hours after the drinking session, the concentration of protein and peroxidase activity were still significantly lower than before drinking. There was no significant change in the level of lactoferrin, after the drinking session. The salivary concentration of IgA tended to increase at 36 hours after alcohol consumption, and at 108 hours it was significantly higher (p = 0.028), when compared to IgA concentration in the saliva collected before drinking (from 8% to 26% and 32% of total protein content, respectively).Conclusion: Our report is the first to show that acute ingestion of relatively large, yet tolerable dose of alcohol, significantly disturbs salivary antimicrobial defense system. Reduced lysozyme level and decreased peroxidase activity may contribute to increased susceptibility to infections, when acute alcohol intake coincides with exposure to pathogens.
Chronic Ethanol Consumption Decreases Murine Langerhans Cell Numbers and Delays Migration of Langerhans Cells as Well as Dermal Dendritic Cells
Authors: Ness Kristin J. , Fan Ji , Wilke Werner W. , Coleman Ruth A. , Cook Robert T. , Schlueter Annette J. 
Published: January 2008

Background:  Chronic alcoholics experience increased incidence and severity of infections, the mechanism of which is incompletely understood. Dendritic cells (DC) migrate from peripheral locations to lymph nodes (LN) to initiate adaptive immunity against infection. Little is known about how chronic alcohol exposure affects skin DC numbers or migration.Methods:  Mice received 20% EtOH in the drinking water for up to 35 weeks. Baseline Langerhans cell (LC) and dermal DC (dDC) numbers were enumerated by immunofluorescence (IF). LC repopulation after inflammation was determined following congenic bone marrow (BM) transplant and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. Net LC loss from epidermis was determined by IF following TNF‐α or CpG stimulation. LC and dDC migration into LN was assessed by flow cytometry following epicutaneous FITC administration.Results:  Chronic EtOH consumption caused a baseline reduction in LC but not dDC numbers. The deficit was not corrected following transplantation with non‐EtOH‐exposed BM and UV irradiation, supporting the hypothesis that the defect is intrinsic to the skin environment rather than LC precursors. Net loss of LC from epidermis following inflammation was greatly reduced in EtOH‐fed mice versus controls. Ethanol consumption for at least 4 weeks led to delayed LC migration into LN, and consumption for at least 8 weeks led to delayed dDC migration into LN following epicutaneous FITC application.Conclusions:  Chronic EtOH consumption causes decreased density of epidermal LC, which likely results in decreased epidermal immunosurveillance. It also results in altered migratory responsiveness and delayed LC and dDC migration into LN, which likely delays activation of adaptive immunity. Decreased LC density at baseline appears to be the result of an alteration in the skin environment rather than an intrinsic LC defect. These findings provide novel mechanisms to at least partially explain why chronic alcoholics are more susceptible to infections, especially those following skin penetration.
Short Incomplete Sagittal Fractures of the Proximal Phalanx in Ten Horses Not Used for Racing
Authors: KUEMMERLE JAN M. , AUER JÖRG A. , RADEMACHER NATHALIE , LISCHER CHRISTOPH J. , BETTSCHART‐WOLFENSBERGER REGULA , FÜRST ANTON E. 
Published: January 2008

Objective—To describe short incomplete sagittal fractures of the proximal phalanx (type Ia P1 fractures) in horses not used for racing and report outcome.Study Design—Retrospective study.Animals—Horses (n=10) with type Ia P1 fractures.Methods—Retrieved data of horses with type Ia P1 fractures were signalment, history and results of orthopedic examination. Radiographs were re‐evaluated for position and length of the fracture line, presence of osteoarthritis or subchondral cystic lesions (SCL), periosteal new bone formation and subchondral sclerosis. Conservative treatment (n=4) included box confinement for 2 months followed by 1 month of hand walking. Surgical therapy (n=6) consisted of internal fixation by screws inserted in lag fashion in 5 horses. Concurrent SCL were debrided by curettage via a transcortical drilling approach. In 1 horse, only SCL curettage but not internal fixation was performed. Outcome was assessed on a clinical and radiographic follow‐up examination in all horses.Results—Mean follow‐up time was 27 months (median, 13.5 months; range, 9 months to 9 years). All horses treated with internal fixation were sound at follow‐up and had radiographic fracture healing. Of the 4 horses managed conservatively, 3 remained lame and only 1 horse had radiographic evidence of fracture healing. Catastrophic fracture propagation occurred in 2 horses not treated by internal fixation, 20 and 30 months after diagnosis, respectively.Conclusions—Horses with a type Ia P1 fracture treated surgically had a better outcome than those managed conservatively and lack of fracture healing seemingly increases the risk of later catastrophic fracture.Clinical Relevance—Surgical repair of type Ia P1 fractures should be considered to optimize healing and return to athletic use.
A Method for Intervertebral Space Distraction Before Stabilization Combined with Complete Ventral Slot for Treatment of Disc‐Associated Wobbler Syndrome in Dogs
Authors: SHAMIR MERAV H. , CHAI ORIT , LOEB EMMANUEL 
Published: January 2008

Objective—To evaluate the use of a modified K‐wire spacer for maintaining intervertebral distraction after ventral decompression and during stabilization as a treatment for disc‐associated wobbler syndrome in large breed dogs.Study Design—A retrospective study.Animals—Dogs (n=7) with disc‐associated wobbler syndrome.Methods—Medical records (2003–2006) of dogs treated by a modified surgical method were evaluated. Data retrieved were signalment, onset and duration of clinical signs, neurologic abnormalities, diagnostic methods, surgical procedure, immediate, and long‐term (≥1 year) postoperative clinical and radiographic outcome.Results—Mean duration of clinical signs was 4.8 months. Neurologic signs included ataxia (2), ambulatory tetraparesis (2), and non‐ambulatory tetraparesis (3). Three dogs had disc protrusion in 2 sites, 2 dogs had the procedure in 1 location and stabilization of both affected sites. All dogs improved dramatically and remained for 1–3 years. One dog had recurrence of cervical discomfort 13 months later.Conclusions—Despite the limited number of dogs, overall initial successful outcome with only 1 dog having mild recurrence 13 months later supports further use and evaluation of this technique.Clinical Relevance—Distraction using a K‐wire spacer after ventral decompression followed by stabilization should be considered in dogs with disc‐associated wobbler syndrome to prevent collapse of the intervertebral space.
Tibial Osteotomies for Cranial Cruciate Ligament Insufficiency in Dogs
Authors: KIM STANLEY E. , POZZI ANTONIO , KOWALESKI MICHAEL P. , LEWIS DANIEL D. 
Published: January 2008

Objective— To review the biomechanical considerations, experimental investigations, and clinical data pertaining to tibial osteotomy procedures for treatment of cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) insufficiency in dogs.Study Design— Literature review.Methods— Literature search through Pub Med, Veterinary Information Network, Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau Abstracts, and conference proceedings abstracts (November 1977 to March 2007).Results— Reported tibial osteotomy procedures attempt to eliminate sagittal instability (cranial tibial thrust) in CrCL‐deficient stifles by altering the conformation of the proximal tibia. Functional stability can be achieved by decreasing the tibial plateau slope (cranial tibial closing wedge osteotomy [CTWO], tibial plateau leveling osteotomy [TPLO], combined TPLO and CTWO, proximal intraarticular osteotomy, chevron wedge osteotomy), altering the alignment of the patellar tendon (tibial tuberosity advancement), or both (triple tibial osteotomy). Clinical reports assessing the efficacy of these procedures frequently use subjective outcome measures, and the periods of follow‐up evaluation are highly variable. Satisfactory results have been reported in most (>75%) dogs irrespective of the type of tibial osteotomy procedure.Conclusions— Currently available data does not allow accurate comparisons between different tibial osteotomy procedures, or with traditional methods of stabilizing the CrCL‐deficient stifle. Carefully designed long‐term clinical studies and further biomechanical analyses are required to determine the optimal osteotomy technique, and whether these procedures are superior to other stabilization methods.Clinical Relevance— Limb function in dogs with CrCL insufficiency can be improved using the currently described tibial osteotomy techniques.
Osteophytosis, Subchondral Bone Sclerosis, Joint Effusion and Soft Tissue Thickening in Canine Experimental Stifle Osteoarthritis: Comparison Between 1.5 T Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computed Radiography
Authors: D'ANJOU MARC‐ANDRÉ , MOREAU MAXIM , TRONCY ÉRIC , MARTEL‐PELLETIER JOHANNE , ABRAM FRANÇOIS , RAYNAULD JEAN‐PIERRE , PELLETIER JEAN‐PIERRE 
Published: January 2008

Objective— To compare use of 1.5 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed radiography (CR) for morphologic and temporal evaluation of osteophytosis, subchondral sclerosis, joint effusion, and synovial thickening in experimentally induced canine stifle osteoarthritis (OA).Study Design— Prospective study.Animals— Dogs (n=8).Methods— CR (mediolateral and caudocranial projections) and MRI (dorsal 3D T1‐weighted gradient echo, sagittal 3D SPGR and T2‐weighted fast spin echo with fat saturation) were performed at baseline (n=8) and at week 4 (n=5), week 8 (n=8), and week 26 (n=5) after cranial cruciate ligament transection. Osteophytosis, subchondral bone sclerosis, and joint effusion were scored on CR and MRI, and synovial thickening on MRI.Results— MRI was more sensitive than CR for detection of osteophytosis and could better discriminate joint effusion from soft tissue thickening, although scores for these variables strongly correlated between modalities (ρ=0.94 [osteophytosis] and 0.80 [effusion]; P<.001). Scores for subchondral bone sclerosis also correlated (ρ=0.54, P<.004), although this variable may have been over interpreted on CR. Joint effusion and synovial thickening peaked at week 8, before partially regressing at week 26. Conversely, osteophytosis and sclerosis progressed semi‐linearly over 26 weeks.Conclusion— MRI is more sensitive than radiography in assessing onset and progression of osteophytosis in canine experimental stifle OA and provides enhanced discrimination between joint effusion and synovial thickening.Clinical Relevance— MRI is as a more powerful imaging modality that should be increasingly used in animals to assess the joint related effects of disease‐modifying OA drugs.
Design‐Inspired Innovation by James Utterback, Bengt Arne Vedin, Eduardo Alvarez, Sten Ekman, Susan Walsh Sanderson, Bruce Tether, and Roberto Verganti
Authors: Feldman Laurence P. 
Published: January 2008

Books reviewed in this issue:

Design‐Inspired Innovation
Designing Interactions
The Elegant Solution: Toyota's Formula for Mastering Innovation
Rainbows & Ratholes: Best Practices for Managing Successful Projects
Body Mass Index and Effectiveness of Reperfusion Strategies: Implications for the Management of Patients with ST‐Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Authors: MEHTA RAJENDRA H. , GITT ANSELM K. , JÜNGER CLAUS , ZEYMER UWE , SCHIELE RUDOLF , ZAHN RALF , SENGES JOCHEN ,   ON BEHALF OF THE MITRA‐PLUS REGISTRY
Published: January 2008

Background:

Fibrinolytic therapy has maximum dose limit in patients with ST‐elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Consequently, obese patients receive lower dose of fibrinolytic per kg body weight compared to lower weight patients. Whether the relatively lower dose results in lower effectiveness of fibrinolytic agents versus primary percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) in patients with higher body mass index (BMI) is not known.
Methods:

We analyzed 7,630 STEMI patients receiving primary PCI (46%) or fibrinolysis (54%) <24 hours of symptom onset from the MITRA PLUS registry. The relative effectiveness of the 2 reperfusion strategies on in‐hospital death (adjusted with propensity scores) and bleeding were studied in 3 BMI groups: I‐BMI 20–24.9 kg/m2 (n = 2,277), II‐BMI 25–29.9 kg/m2 (n = 3,763), and III‐BMI ≥30 kg/m2 (n = 1,590).
Results:

BMI was inversely related to death, shock, stroke, and bleeding in patients treated with either reperfusion strategy. However, compared with primary PCI, fibrinolysis was associated with higher adjusted death with similar relative adjusted difference in all 3 groups (group I OR 1.69, 95% CI 1.19–2.44; group II OR 1.89, 95% CI 1.39–2.56; group III OR 1.85, 95% CI 1.08–3.22).
Conclusions:

Compared with primary PCI, fibrinolysis was associated with relatively similar higher risk of death in all 3 BMI groups. Whether the differences in death between fibrinolysis and primary PCI in the high‐BMI categories can be reduced by higher fibrinolytic doses without increasing bleeding risks needs evaluation in future studies.
Short‐Term Effects of Biocorrodible Iron Stents in Porcine Coronary Arteries
Authors: WAKSMAN RON , PAKALA RAJBABU , BAFFOUR RICHARD , SEABRON RUFUS , HELLINGA DAVID , TIO FERMIN O. 
Published: January 2008

Background: Biocorrodible iron stents carry the potential to overcome limitations, such as chronic inflammation and premature recoil, posed by biodegradable polymer and magnesium alloy stents. This study aimed to test the safety and efficacy of biocorrodible iron stents in porcine coronary arteries.
Methods: Iron stents and cobalt chromium stents were randomly deployed in the coronary arteries of juvenile domestic pigs. Animals were sacrificed at 28 days, and the vessels were fixed and processed for histochemistry.
Results: At 28 days, iron stents started to show signs of degradation without evidence of stent particle embolization or thrombosis without traces of excess inflammation, or fibrin deposition. At 28 days, the surface of the iron stent struts was black to brown and the vascular wall adjacent to the iron stent had a brownish tinge. There were no statistically significant differences in any of the measured parameters between segments implanted with iron and cobalt chromium stents. There were also no adverse effects in the persistent areas.
Conclusion: The current study demonstrates that stents made of biocorrodible iron are safe. In some of the measured parameters, such as intimal thickness, intimal area, and percentage occlusion, there was a trend in favor of the iron stents.
The right to work: Linking human rights and employment policy
Authors: MUNDLAK Guy 
Published: January 2008

Abstract:This article outlines various explanations for singling out the right to work from the roster of human rights, and emphasizes the dilemmas associated with regulating the labour market as a barrier to the development of the right. It compares two frameworks that address these concerns from the contrasted perspectives of human rights and employment policy — namely, the General Comment of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, and the European Employment Strategy. While these approaches are not natural allies, they can complement each other and construct an institutional system guided by the right to work as a superordinate norm.
Informality, the State and the social contract in Latin America: A preliminary exploration
Authors: SAAVEDRA Jaime , TOMMASI Mariano 
Published: January 2008

Abstract:This article sees informality in Latin America as a reflection of dysfunctional interactions between individuals and the State and of the latter's inability to perform adequately in regard to redistribution and the provision of public goods and services. This translates into low rates of social security contribution and coverage; pervasive evasion of tax, labour and business regulations; and low levels of tax collection, law enforcement and trust in the State. The challenge for these countries, the authors argue, is to build more inclusive social contracts underpinned by realistic domestic consensus, taking account of country‐specific institutional backgrounds and prevailing social norms.