bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Family Study of Pernicious Anaemia: I. AUTOANTIBODIES, ACHLORHYDRIA, SERUM PEPSINOGEN AND VITAMIN B12
Authors: Wangel A. G. , Callender S. T. , Spray G. H. , Wright R. 
Published: March 2008

Summary Anaemia was not a common finding in a study of 386 relatives and 46 spouses of patients with pernicious anaemia. When present, it was more often hypochromic than macrocytic in nature and affected women more frequently than men.The serum levels of vitamin B12 decreased with age in first‐degree relatives and were significantly lower in relatives over the age of 70 than in control subjects matched for age and sex. The serum pepsinogen also decreased with age in first‐degree relatives with achlorhydria but increased with age in relatives who secreted acid and in control subjects. The difference between relatives with and without achlorhydria was significant. Achlorhydria, which became increasingly common with age in first‐degree relatives, preceded the fill in the serum pepsinogen.The prevalence of gastric parietal cell antibodies increased with age in both first‐degree relatives and matched control subjects. It was significantly higher in the former than in the latter but of the same order in second‐degree relatives and spouses as in control subjects. Antibody to intrinsic factor was rare in the relatives and not found in spouses or control subjects. Most of the relatives with the antibody had overt or latent pernicious anaemia. Antibodies to thyroid antigens were not significantly more common in first‐degree relatives than in control subjects.In the first‐degree relatives the gastric parietal cell antibody was associated with significant reductions in the serum levels of vitamin B12 and pepsinogen and with a significant increase in the prevalence of achlorhydria. The sequence of the changes was suggestive of the gradual onset and evolution of autoimmune gastritis in a proportion of the relatives.In view of the known familial coexistence of pernicious anaemia and iron‐deficiency anaemia, and in view of the association between the latter and gastric autoimmunity, a correlation was sought between hypochromia and parietal cell antibodies in the relatives. Although a positive correlation was found further analysis suggested that it was an effect of age and did not imply a causal relationship.
The Absorption, Distribution and Utilization of Intramuscularly Administered Iron—Dextran: A Radio‐isotope Study
Authors: Will George 
Published: March 2008

Summary. The rate and completeness of absorption of iron from the injection site were studied after intramuscular administration of 59Fe‐labelled iron‐dextran and the pattern of radio‐iron distribution and utilization followed in normal subjects and patients with iron‐deficiency anaemia. In both normal and anaemic subjects the major part of iron absorption took place within 72 hours of injection; absorption continued at a slower rate for 28 days but little further iron clearance occurred thereafter.Rate and completeness of absorption were not related to the presence or absence of iron deficiency or to the haemoglobin level. In both normal and anaemic subjects there was marked individual variation in iron clearance. Active exercise was not found to lead to increased iron absorption but both rate and completeness of iron clearance were shown to be influenced by the site of injection. A study was made of iron clearance after multiple injections of iron‐dextran into the same site.Serial surface scintillation counting was carried out in both normal and anaemic subjects; in smaller numbers of subjects, serial estimations of serum‐iron levels were made and percentage incorporation of radio‐iron into haemoglobin measured.There was no evidence of significant excretion of radio‐iron in urine and faeces, and no toxic manifestations were observed.
The Effect of Small Doses of Iron on Desferrioxamine Chelation in Iron‐Deficiency Anaemia: Evidence for Ineffective Erythropoiesis
Authors: Brunström G. M. , Karabus C. , Fielding J. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. We confirm that in many patients with iron‐deficiency anaemia, desferrioxamine chelates body iron in amounts similar to normal healthy men.A short course of iron therapy (200 mg. ferrous sulphate once a day for 7 days) reduces chelation in such cases to below the normal range, i.e. into the ‘expected’ iron deficiency range.We suggest that this effect of iron is due to a reduction of intramedullary haemolysis during the transformation of ineffective erythropoiesis to normal maturation, in the same way as vitamin B12 reduces desferrioxamine iron chelation in pernicious anaemia.Sideropenia may be characterized by the differential ferrioxamine test as an Fv value below 110μg./kg. when the haemoglobin concentration is not less than 12 g. per 100ml.
Experimental Study of Aldomet‐Induced Positive Antiglobulin Reaction. I
Authors: Vyas G. N. , Sassetti R. J. , Petz L. D. , Fudenberg H. H. 
Published: March 2008

Summary:Methyldopa polymer binds to red cells. Autologous red cells coated with polymer and polymer mixed with complete Freund's adjuvant induced heterospecific immune responses in rabbits resulting in the production of antibodies against human γ‐globulin and other plasma proteins. Therefore methyldopa polymer possibly is a heterospecific hapten. The γG bound to red cells of patients on methyldopa therapy differs from native γG and shows immunologic cross‐reactivity with rabbit γG. Two possible mechanisms for producing positive antiglobulin reaction in a large number of patients (10–20 per cent) on methyldopa and infrequent haemolytic anaemia in such patients are discussed.
Alcohol Induced Alterations of Red Cell Morphology in Carriers of the Sickle Cell Trait
Authors: Rubler Shirley , Fleischer Renee Altman , Roth Eleanor 
Published: March 2008

Summary:Ten informed volunteers with SC, SA, SS and AA haemoglobin ingested 6 oz. of whiskey or its equivalent and the morphology of their circulating red cells was studied at intervals after alcohol ingestion. Unlike non‐alcoholic patients, alcoholic patients had abnormal circulating red cell forms before acute alcohol ingestion. However, only in individuals with S haemoglobin did acute alcohol ingestion induce burring as well as sickling. This effect appeared to be independent of previous alcoholic history. These changes could be reversed or prevented in vitro by the addition of Tween 80 to the incubation medium used to enhance the observed changes. The implications of these findings are discussed and the terminology of types of sickle cells interpreted according to recent knowledge relating to the evolution of these forms and their role in the production of haemolysis.
The Effects of Phenothiazines on the Sickling Phenomenon in Vitro
Authors: McFadzean J. A. , Pugh Irene M. , Squires S. L. 
Published: March 2008

Summary:This paper describes some observations on the inhibition of sickling in vitro by desmethylchlorpromazine (5185 R.P.). It was found that a final concentration of 125 μg/ml. of the drug consistently inhibited the sickling of SS blood regardless of the reducing agent employed. The same concentration inhibited the sickling of red deer blood.A concentration of 250 μg./ml. caused sickled cells to revert to a normal shape. The compound had no influence on the solubility of reduced SS haemoglobin, but influenced markedly the fragility of SS and AA red blood cells in hypotonic saline solutions.The compound influenced the rate of oxygenation of AA haemoglobin but not of SS haemoglobin.These findings are discussed in relationship to the possible mode of action of the phenothiazines in inhibiting sickling in vitro and it is suggested that 5185 R.P. acts on the cell membrane and prevents cell distortion.
A Double‐Blind Trial of a Phenothiazine Compound in the Treatment of Clinical Crisis of Sickle Cell Anaemia
Authors: MAHMOOD A. 
Published: March 2008

Summary:A double‐blind trial of 5I85 R.P. (desmethylchlorpromazine, May & Baker, Ltd) in the treatment of clinical crisis of sickle cell anaemia is reported. The compound was not found to be more effective than a placebo.
The Action of Russell's Viper Venom on Factor V and the Prothrombin‐Converting Principle
Authors: Prentice C. R. M. , Ratnoff Oscar D. 
Published: March 2008

Summary:The effect of Russell's viper venom on Factor V was studied. It was found that the venom greatly increased the activity of Factor V and that the reaction was not dependent on the presence of calcium ions. This action appeared to be responsible for the time‐consuming reaction between activated Factor X and Factor V noted previously. When the venom was neutralized with a specific antiserum after Factor X had been activated, this time‐consuming reaction was no longer noted.Factor V, treated with Russell's viper venom, was not able by itself to convert pro‐thrombin to thrombin, and could not therefore be regarded as the final prothrom‐bin‐converting principle.The prothrombin‐converting principle, containing activated Factor X, Factor V, phospholipid and calcium was able to generate thrombin from prothrombin more rapidly when Factor V had been treated with venom than when it was untreated. The explanation for this was that, in the presence of untreated Factor V, there was a lag period before detectable thrombin appeared when the principle was added to prothrombin. When Factor V had been pre‐treated with venom, thrombin generation started immediately. In this respect, there was a similarity in action between thrombin and Russell's viper venom on Factor V.It was concluded that the venom has an action on at least two clotting factors, namely X and V, and for this reason caution must be used in interpreting the results of laboratory tests involving its use.
The Periodic Acid—Schiff Reaction of Lymphocytes in Human Malignant Disease
Authors: Crowther D. , Fairley G. Hamilton , Sewell R. L. 
Published: March 2008

Summary:Increased P.A.S. scores have been found in lymphocytes from patients with untreated Hodgkin's disease whereas few patients with advanced carcinoma had high scores before treatment. Patients with Hodgkin's disease treated with radiotherapy and chemotherapy showed increased P.A.S. staining over pretreatment levels. Patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in remission and patients with advanced carcinoma also had high P.A.S. scores following treatment.Individual analysis of delayed hypersensitivity responses in patients with Hodgkin's disease and patients with advanced carcinoma revealed no correlation between this parameter of cellular immunity and the blood lymphocyte P.A.S. score. There was no correlation between the P.A.S. score and the presence of reactive hyperbasophilic lymphoid cells (plasma cells, immunoblasts and hyperbasophilic medium‐sized lymphocytes) in the lymphocyte preparations.
Serum Vitamin‐B12‐Binding Proteins in Kwashiorkor*
Authors: Grassmann R. , Retief F. P. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. In contrast with plasma albumin and transport proteins such as transferrin and ceruloplasmin, vitamin B12‐binding proteins are not decreased in Cape Coloured children with kwashiorkor. Compared with normal coloured adults the mean serum vitamin B12 was increased while the unsaturated vitamin B12 binding capacity (UBBC) was markedly increased mainly due to elevation of the alpha‐1‐globulin vitamin B12 binder (alpha‐binder). In normal coloured children the UBBC was also increased with mean alpha‐binder intermediate between values found in kwashiorkor and normal coloured adults. The mean beta‐globulin‐vitamin B12‐binder (beta‐binder) was decreased in kwashiorkor. The total serum alpha‐1 and beta‐globulins, showed poor quantitative correlation with alpha‐and beta‐vitamin B12‐binders in these patients. Urinary vitamin B12‐levels were similar in kwashiorkor, normal children and adults. In the small series of adult Cape Coloured subjects studied, serum vitamin B12 and UBBC values were higher than in white adults.The alpha‐ and beta‐binders of kwashiorkor and normal children adequately transferred 57 Co‐vitamin B12 to rat liver homogenate while the alpha‐binder of chronic myeloid leukaemia transferred less efficiently.
A Low Km Phosphoenolpyruvate Mutant in the Amish with Red Cell Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency
Authors: Oski Frank A. , Bowman Herbert 
Published: March 2008

Summary. The biochemical heterogeneity of red cell pyruvate kinase (PK)‐deficiency was demonstrated in a study of six patients with this abnormality. Three siblings of an Amish kindred were found to possess a mutant enzyme with a decreased Km phosphoenolpyruvate. In this kindred the Km PEP ranged from 0.018 to 0.024 mM (normal 0.055–0.067 mm). Two deficient patients were found to have an enzyme with a normal Km PEP, while in the sixth patient the Km PEP was increased to 0.120 mM.In all patients the red cells possessed increased quantities of the glycolytic intermediates proximal to the PK step, reduced levels of ATP and reduced glycolysis for cell age.When reconstituted haemolysates from these patients were supplemented with PK, a correction of the glycolytic rate was observed. No acceleration of glycolysis occurred in PK‐supplemented normal or reticulocyte‐rich haemolysates.These studies re‐emphasize the heterogeneity of PK deficiency and demonstrate that this deficiency alone can result in an impairment in red cell glycolysis.
Effect of Splenic X‐Irradiation on Bone Marrow Function: Experimental Studies of a Serum Mitotic Inhibitor in Rabbit and in Patients with Chronic Myelocytic Leukaemia
Authors: Maurice P. A. , Williner B. , Gindrat J. J. , Brand A. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. The effect of a selective splenic irradiation on bone marrow function was studied in rabbits given a single splenic exposure with 300 r. of X‐rays. Serum collected shortly thereafter decreased mitotic activity in suspensions of normal rabbit bone marrow. This in vitro inhibitory effect was only transiently demonstrable in the serum appearing 2 hours after irradiation and disappearing 3 hours later.Five patients with chronic myelocytic leukaemia in relapse receiving splenic radiotherapy in large single doses of 200–400 r. (surface dose) were studied along these lines. Serum collected 3 hours after X‐ray treatment was tested with suspensions of normal bone marrow and was found to decrease erythroblastic mitotic activity significantly below the control values observed with serum collected before irradiation. The magnitude of this in vitro effect was to some extent related to the spleen size and the radiation dose. No differences were observed between bone marrow suspensions incubated with pre‐irradiation leukaemic serum and normal control serum.
Microangiopathic Haemolytic Anaemia and Mucin‐forming Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Brain M. C. , Azzopardi J. G. , Baker L. R. I. , Pineo G. F. , Roberts P. D. , Dacie J. V. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. Twelve patients are described who developed well‐marked micro‐angiopathic haemolytic anaemia in association with metastatic carcinoma. The tumours originated in the stomach in six cases, in the breast in two cases, in the lung in one case and the origin was uncertain in three cases. All 11 tumours studied were found to be mucin‐secreting adenocarcinomas.Ten out of the 12 patients were thrombocytopenic. Fibrinogen metabolism was studied in four patients and in each patient the catabolism of fibrinogen was found to be greatly increased despite normal or near normal plasma fibrinogen levels and an absence of overt fibrinolysis. Fibrin degradation products were demonstrated in the serum of five out of six patients. Hyaline thrombi were seen in the small blood vessels in the kidneys and suprarenals in one patient and in the myocardium in two patients, while changes suggestive of organized thrombi were present in the interlobular arteries of the kidneys in three patients.It is thought likely that the microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia develops secondarily to intravascular coagulation brought about by thromboplastins derived from mucin‐forming tumour cells which have entered blood vessels, and that contact between circulating red cells and tumour emboli within blood vessels may be an additional cause of red‐cell damage.
Iron Metabolism and Absorption Studies in the X‐linked Anaemia of Mice
Authors: Pinkerton Peter H. , Bannerman Robin M. , Doeblin Thomas D. , Benisch Barry M. , Edwards John A. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. The X‐linked anaemia of mice (gene symbol, sla) is hypochromic and microcytic, and the stainable iron stores are reduced. Chemical estimates of total body iron content and serum iron concentration show low values and the total serum iron binding capacity is elevated in anaemic mice. Rapid plasma iron clearance and increased iron utilization provide further confirmation of iron deficiency in anaemic animals. Alterations in activity of haem‐containing enzymes have been sought in the heart, liver and kidney of anaemic mice, and slightly decreased activity found only in kidney cytochrome oxidase.The blood volume of mice with X‐linked anaemia is increased in spite of decreased red cell mass, and thus the anaemia is in part due to dilution. The cause of the increased blood volume has not been elucidated, but it may be related to splenic enlargement. In contrast to iron depleted humans and experimental animals, mice with X‐linked anaemia show impaired rather than increased intestinal iron absorption, indicating that the anaemia is a consequence of iron malabsorption. The defect in iron absorption may be an isolated one, since evidence of impaired retention of orally administered radio‐iodinated triolein, radio‐zinc, radio‐copper and radio‐cobalt has not been found. It is suggested that the genetically‐determined defect in the intestinal mucosa of mice with X‐linked anaemia may be due to deficiency of either an enzyme or a carrier substance necessary for the normal transfer of iron from the intestinal mucosal cell to the plasma.
Method to Determine the Degree of ADP‐Induced Platelet Aggregation in Circulating Rat Blood (‘Filter‐loop Technique’)
Authors: Hornstra G. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.A technique to determine experimentally induced thrombocyte aggregation continuously in circulating rat blood is described. The blood pressure is measured before and behind a microfilter which has been placed in continuity with the arterial circulation. Aggregation is induced by infusing adenosine diphosphate (ADP). The aggregates partly obstruct the filter, thus causing the blood pressure before and behind the filter to change. The degree of aggregation is calculated from these changes.On administration of ADP‐doses between 0.0175 and 0.2 μg/30 s the relationship between log ADP and the aggregation does not deviate from a straight line.When two aggregation measurements are carried out using the same ADP‐dose on the same animal, the values obtained do not differ. However, when the number of measurements on the same animal is extended further, a significant, rectilinear downward course of the aggregation is observed.
Factor V: An Activator of Factor Xa in the Absence of Prothrombin
Authors: Colman Robert W. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. Purified factor V accelerates the rate of conversion of prothrombin to thrombin by activated factor X (factor Xa) in the presence of phospholipid and calcium. Factor V potentiates the arginine esterase activity of factor Xa more than three‐fold in the presence of phospholipid and calcium but in the absence of prothrombin.The increase of factor Xa esterase activity as a function of factor‐V concentration demonstrated signoidal kinetics and a linear Hill plot, suggesting cooperative binding of factor V to multiple sites on the phospholipid micellar surface.An increase in both Km and Vm of factor Xa for tosyl l‐arginine methyl ester occurs in the presence of factor V, suggesting that factor V enhances the dissociation of the factor‐Xa substrate complex. In addition, factor V alters the catalytic efficiency of factor Xa toward various substituted basic amino acid esters.Based on these observations, a model is suggested in which factor V interacts with factor Xa on the surface of a phospholipid micelle to alter the affinity of factor Xa for certain susceptible bonds on the prothrombin molecule.
Erythrokinetic Studies in Thalassaemia
Authors: Shahid M. J. , Sahli I. T. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.Erythrocyte survival studies were performed in a group of thalassaemic patients. The survival and sites of destruction of autologous and normal donor cells were determined. These studies were repeated in patients who had undergone splenectomy. The life span of the autologous red cells was found to be invariably shortened with some evidence of splenic sequestration. On the other hand, the life span of the donor cells was normal or decreased after repeated blood transfusions.Following surgery, there was no noticeable improvement in the survival of the patient's abnormal cells, while transfused red cells now survived normally.
Immunological Studies of the Renal Erythropoietic Factor (Erythrogenin)
Authors: McDonald Ted P. , Zanjani Esmail D. , Lange Robert D. , Gordon Albert S. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.An immunological study of the renal erythropoietic factor (REF or erythrogenin) has been described. The experiments indicate that the erythropoietic activity of REF, as assayed in the polycythaemic mouse, is neutralized in vitro by addition of serum obtained from a rabbit previously immunized with a REF preparation. These anti‐REF sera had no effect on the biological activity of ESF; however, a depression in erythropoiesis was observed after injection of anti‐REF into normal mice. It is concluded that the injection of an antibody developed against the REF into normal mice interrupts normal erythropoiesis by reducing REF levels; the reduced REF levels lead to decreased amounts of ESF.
The Use of Modified Cells to Induce an Anti‐Rh Response
Authors: Gunson H. H. , Stratton F. , Phillips P. K. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY. Prior to their use for the primary immunization of Rh‐negative male volunteers, group O R2R2 cells have been coated with complement and subjected to heat treatment. Eleven out of 12 men receiving complement‐coated cells developed a serologically detectable anti‐D after a single injection, but no antibodies could be detected in the sera of six volunteers receiving heated red cells. In association with doses of untreated cells and complement‐coated cells other volunteers were given small doses of anti‐D immunoglobulin. Although seven of eight men developed anti‐D when immunoglobulin was injected at the same time as the immunizing cells, there was no apparent enhancement based on the time of appearance of the antibody after immunization. In six men, anti‐D immunoglobulin was given 1 week before the injection of R2R2 cells. None of these men developed anti‐D.Using these cells, the frequency of the immune response appears to be higher than in other studies on the primary immunization of male volunteers. However, not all the volunteers immunized in this series produced high titres of anti‐D after successive injections of Rh positive cells and the significance of this is discussed.