bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The impact of fishing‐induced mortality on the evolution of alternative life‐history tactics in brook charr
Authors: Thériault Véronique , Dunlop Erin S. , Dieckmann Ulf , Bernatchez Louis , Dodson Julian J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAlthough contemporary trends indicative of evolutionary change have been detected in the life‐history traits of exploited populations, it is not known to what extent fishing influences the evolution of alternative life‐history tactics in migratory species such as salmonids. Here, we build a model to predict the evolution of anadromy and residency in an exploited population of brook charr, Salvelinus fontinalis. Our model allows for both phenotypic plasticity and genetic change in the age and size at migration by including migration reaction norms. Using this model, we predict that fishing of anadromous individuals over the course of 100 years causes evolution in the migration reaction norm, resulting in a decrease in average probabilities of migration with increasing harvest rate. Moreover, we show that differences in natural mortalities in freshwater greatly influence the magnitude and rate of evolutionary change. The fishing‐induced changes in migration predicted by our model alter population abundances and reproductive output and should be accounted for in the sustainable management of salmonids.
A review of quantitative genetic components of fitness in salmonids: implications for adaptation to future change
Authors: Carlson Stephanie M. , Seamons Todd R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSalmonine fishes are commonly subjected to strong, novel selective pressures due to anthropogenic activities and global climate change, often resulting in population extinction. Consequently, there is considerable interest in predicting the long‐term evolutionary trajectories of extant populations. Knowledge of the genetic architecture of fitness traits is integral to making these predictions. We reviewed the published, peer‐reviewed literature for estimates of heritability and genetic correlation for fitness traits in salmonine fishes with two broad goals in mind: summarization of published data and testing for differences among categorical variables (e.g., species, life history type, experimental conditions). Balanced coverage of variables was lacking and estimates for wild populations and behavioral traits were nearly absent. Distributions of heritability estimates were skewed toward low values and distributions of genetic correlations toward large, positive values, suggesting that significant potential for evolution of traits exists. Furthermore, experimental conditions had a direct effect on h2 estimates, and other variables had more complex effects on h2 and rG estimates, suggesting that available estimates may be insufficient for use in models to predict evolutionary change in wild populations. Given this and other inherent complicating factors, making accurate predictions of the evolutionary trajectories of salmonine fishes will be a difficult task.
Potential for anthropogenic disturbances to influence evolutionary change in the life history of a threatened salmonid
Authors: Williams John G. , Zabel Richard W. , Waples Robin S. , Hutchings Jeffrey A. , Connor William P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAlthough evolutionary change within most species is thought to occur slowly, recent studies have identified cases where evolutionary change has apparently occurred over a few generations. Anthropogenically altered environments appear particularly open to rapid evolutionary change over comparatively short time scales. Here, we consider a Pacific salmon population that may have experienced life‐history evolution, in response to habitat alteration, within a few generations. Historically, juvenile fall Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from the Snake River migrated as subyearlings to the ocean. With changed riverine conditions that resulted from hydropower dam construction, some juveniles now migrate as yearlings, but more interestingly, the yearling migration tactic has made a large contribution to adult returns over the last decade. Optimal life‐history models suggest that yearling juvenile migrants currently have a higher fitness than subyearling migrants. Although phenotypic plasticity likely accounts for some of the change in migration tactics, we suggest that evolution also plays a significant role. Evolutionary change prompted by anthropogenic alterations to the environment has general implications for the recovery of endangered species. The case study we present herein illustrates the importance of integrating evolutionary considerations into conservation planning for species at risk.
Evolutionary consequences of habitat loss for Pacific anadromous salmonids
Authors: McClure Michelle M. , Carlson Stephanie M. , Beechie Timothy J. , Pess George R. , Jorgensen Jeffrey C. , Sogard Susan M. , Sultan Sonia E. , Holzer Damon M. , Travis Joseph , Sanderson Beth L. , Power Mary E. , Carmichael Richard W. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractLarge portions of anadromous salmonid habitat in the western United States has been lost because of dams and other blockages. This loss has the potential to affect salmonid evolution through natural selection if the loss is biased, affecting certain types of habitat differentially, and if phenotypic traits correlated with those habitat types are heritable. Habitat loss can also affect salmonid evolution indirectly, by reducing genetic variation and changing its distribution within and among populations. In this paper, we compare the characteristics of lost habitats with currently accessible habitats and review the heritability of traits which show correlations with habitat/environmental gradients. We find that although there is some regional variation, inaccessible habitats tend to be higher in elevation, wetter and both warmer in the summer and colder in the winter than habitats currently available to anadromous salmonids. We present several case studies that demonstrate either a change in phenotypic or life history expression or an apparent reduction in genetic variation associated with habitat blockages. These results suggest that loss of habitat will alter evolutionary trajectories in salmonid populations and Evolutionarily Significant Units. Changes in both selective regime and standing genetic diversity might affect the ability of these taxa to respond to subsequent environmental perturbations. Both natural and anthropogenic and should be considered seriously in developing management and conservation strategies.
Big dams and salmon evolution: changes in thermal regimes and their potential evolutionary consequences
Authors: Angilletta Michael J. , Ashley Steel E. , Bartz Krista K. , Kingsolver Joel G. , Scheuerell Mark D. , Beckman Brian R. , Crozier Lisa G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDams designed for hydropower and other purposes alter the environments of many economically important fishes, including Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). We estimated that dams on the Rogue River, the Willamette River, the Cowlitz River, and Fall Creek decreased water temperatures during summer and increased water temperatures during fall and winter. These thermal changes undoubtedly impact the behavior, physiology, and life histories of Chinook salmon. For example, relatively high temperatures during the fall and winter should speed growth and development, leading to early emergence of fry. Evolutionary theory provides tools to predict selective pressures and genetic responses caused by this environmental warming. Here, we illustrate this point by conducting a sensitivity analysis of the fitness consequences of thermal changes caused by dams, mediated by the thermal sensitivity of embryonic development. Based on our model, we predict Chinook salmon likely suffered a decrease in mean fitness after the construction of a dam in the Rogue River. Nevertheless, these demographic impacts might have resulted in strong selection for compensatory strategies, such as delayed spawning by adults or slowed development by embryos. Because the thermal effects of dams vary throughout the year, we predict dams impacted late spawners more than early spawners. Similar analyses could shed light on the evolutionary consequences of other environmental perturbations and their interactions.
Evolutionary effects of alternative artificial propagation programs: implications for viability of endangered anadromous salmonids
Authors: McClure Michelle M. , Utter Fred M. , Baldwin Casey , Carmichael Richard W. , Hassemer Peter F. , Howell Philip J. , Spruell Paul , Cooney Thomas D. , Schaller Howard A. , Petrosky Charles E. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMost hatchery programs for anadromous salmonids have been initiated to increase the numbers of fish for harvest, to mitigate for habitat losses, or to increase abundance in populations at low abundance. However, the manner in which these programs are implemented can have significant impacts on the evolutionary trajectory and long‐term viability of populations. In this paper, we review the potential benefits and risks of hatchery programs relative to the conservation of species listed under the US Endangered Species Act. To illustrate, we present the range of potential effects within a population as well as among populations of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) where changes to major hatchery programs are being considered. We apply evolutionary considerations emerging from these examples to suggest broader principles for hatchery uses that are consistent with conservation goals. We conclude that because of the evolutionary risks posed by artificial propagation programs, they should not be viewed as a substitute for addressing other limiting factors that prevent achieving viability. At the population level, artificial propagation programs that are implemented as a short‐term approach to avoid imminent extinction are more likely to achieve long‐term population viability than approaches that rely on long‐term supplementation. In addition, artificial propagation programs can have out‐of‐population impacts that should be considered in conservation planning.
Development of eight polymorphic microsatellites for a Zn/Cd hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii Hance (Crassulaceae)
Authors: HUANG HUI‐RUN , SHU WEN‐SHENG , MAO ZHI‐BIN , GE XUE‐JUN 
Published: April 2008

Abstract Sedum alfredii is a Zn/Cd hyperaccumulator distributed in East Asia. A total of eight polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed. These loci were screened in 25 individuals from one heavy metal‐tolerant population and one nontolerant population, respectively. The average allele number of these markers was 5.25 per locus, ranging from two to nine. Population‐specific alleles were found at each locus. The observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.000 to 0.640 and from 0.451 to 0.819. Significant deviation from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium was detected at both the species and the population level. No significant linkage disequilibrium was detected at population level.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in Pimelodus maculatus (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae)
Authors: PAIVA ANA LUIZA B. , KALAPOTHAKIS EVANGUEDES 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTo evaluate genetic variability in Pimelodus maculatus, a small migratory catfish common in South America, we isolated and characterized several microsatellite markers from individuals collected from a population in the River Grande (Brazil). A total of 11 loci were obtained and analyzed. All the loci were polymorphic, with the number of alleles ranging from three to 27 per locus. Observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.5 to 0.89 and from 0.53 to 0.95, respectively. These polymorphic markers can be used as effective tools to study the genetic structure in populations of this species.
PPAR γ regulates MITF and β‐catenin expression and promotes a differentiated phenotype in mouse melanoma S91
Authors: Grabacka Maja , Placha Wojciech , Urbanska Krystyna , Laidler Piotr , Płonka Przemysław M. , Reiss Krzysztof 
Published: April 2008

SummaryMelanoma represents one of the most rapidly metastasizing, hence deadly tumors due to its high proliferation rate and invasiveness, characteristics of undifferentiated embryonic tissues. Given the absence of effective therapy for metastatic melanoma, understanding more fully the molecular mechanisms underlying melanocyte differentiation may provide opportunities for novel therapeutic intervention. Here we show that in mouse melanoma S91 cells activation of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) γ induces events resembling differentiation, such as growth arrest accompanied by apoptosis, spindle morphology and enhanced tyrosinase expression. These events are preceded by an initial transient increase in expression from the Microphthalmia‐associated transcription factor gene, (MITF) promoter, whereas exposure to a PPAR γ ligand‐ ciglitazone that exceeds 8 h, causes a gradual decrease of MITF, until by 48 h MITF expression is substantially reduced. Beta‐catenin, an MITF transcriptional activator, shows a similar pattern of decline during ciglitazone treatment, consistent with previous reports that activated PPAR γ inhibits the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway through induction of β‐catenin proteasomal degradation. We suggest that the PPAR γ‐mediated β‐catenin down‐regulation is likely to be responsible for changes in MITF levels. The data suggest that PPAR γ, besides its well‐established role in mesenchymal cell differentiation towards adipocytes, might regulate differentiation in the melanocytic lineage.
TBX3 and its splice variant TBX3 + exon 2a are functionally similar
Authors: Hoogaars Willem M.H. , Barnett Phil , Rodriguez Mercedes , Clout Danielle E. , Moorman Antoon F.M. , Goding Colin R. , Christoffels Vincent M. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryTbx3, a member of the conserved family of T‐box developmental transcription factors, is a transcriptional repressor required during cardiogenesis for the formation and specification of the sinoatrial node, the pacemaker of the heart. Both the TBX3 and the highly related TBX2 genes are also associated with several cancers, most likely as a consequence of their powerful anti‐senescence properties mediated via suppression p14Arf and p21CIP expression. In melanoma, the TBX2 gene is frequently amplified and inhibition of Tbx2 function leads to senescence and up‐regulation of p21CIP, a Tbx2 target gene. Tbx3 + 2a is a splice variant containing an extra 20 amino acids encoded by exon 2a inserted into the highly conserved T‐box DNA‐binding domain. We find here that Tbx3 + 2a is evolutionary conserved and that similar insertions are largely absent from the T‐box domains of other T‐box factors. Tbx3 + 2a has been reported to lack DNA‐binding ability and act as a functional antagonist of Tbx3. By contrast, we now demonstrate that both Tbx3 and Tbx3 + 2a bind the consensus T‐element, the p21CIP1 promoter, and the Nppa cardiac target gene. Both isoforms also function as repressors of p21CIP1 and Nppa promoter activity and interact with homeobox factor Nkx2‐5. When ectopically expressed in the embryonic heart of mice, Tbx3 and Tbx3 + 2a both suppressed chamber formation and repressed expression of cardiac chamber markers Nppa and Cx40. The results suggest that in the assays used, Tbx3 and Tbx3 + 2a are functionally equivalent and that like Tbx2, Tbx3 may also function as an anti‐senescence factor in melanoma.
Role of nodal signaling and the microenvironment underlying melanoma plasticity
Authors: Postovit Lynne‐Marie , Margaryan Naira V. , Seftor Elisabeth A. , Hendrix Mary J. C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe incidence of melanoma has increased dramatically over the last 50 yr, and although melanoma accounts for only 10% of all skin cancers, it is responsible for over 80% of skin cancer deaths. Recent studies have uncovered critical molecular events underlying melanocytic transformation and melanomagenesis. Among these noteworthy observations are the acquisition of stem cell‐associated proteins, such as the Notch receptors and Nodal, which have also been implicated in melanoma progression. For example, we have demonstrated that Nodal expression is limited to invasive vertical growth phase and metastatic melanoma lesions, and that inhibition of Nodal signaling promotes the reversion of metastatic melanoma cells toward a more differentiated, less invasive non‐tumorigenic phenotype. In addition, molecular cross‐talk exists between the Notch and Nodal signaling pathways. Interestingly, the acquisition of stem cell‐associated plasticity is often acquired via epigenetic mechanisms, and is therefore receptive to reprogramming in response to embryonic microenvironments. Here, we review the concept of melanoma plasticity, with an emphasis on the emerging role of Nodal as a regulator of melanoma tumorigenesis and progression, and present findings related to epigenetic reprogramming.
Stress Analyses of Flip TAB Interconnects in Multi-Chip Module
Assembly
Authors: Nagaraj Ben , Mahalingam Mali 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Flip Tape Automated Bond (FTAB) interconnect is one of the leading candidates for device to substrate interconnection in a high performance Multi-Chip Module (MCM). The TAB interconnect becomes a structural member in the MCM assembly, bearing both “mechanical” and “thermal” loads. Further, to accomplish high thermal performance in the assembly, physical contact to the device may be made under substantial contact pressures. The device may be supported by elastic structures to redistribute the interconnect forces. Finite Element Methods (FEM) are used to analyze the structural behavior of TAB interconnects under (i) the applied mechanical load to the device and (ii) the thermal loads due to the heat dissipation in the device. Variation of the force components on the TAB interconnects and the maximum failure criterion based on the stresses in the interconnects are reported. Effect of the support area and the modulus of the supporting element on the interconnects are discussed. Generic design guidelines are presented for flip TAB interconnect based MCM assembly.
Statistical Energy Analysis for Electronic Equipment
Authors: Lu L. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Vibration response of electronic equipment analyzed by a simple mathematical model or a finite element model can only provide a limited system response calculation. Application of the Statistical Energy Analysis (SEA) was extended to the calculation of the vibrations of individual components. In order to demonstrate the applicability of SEA to instrumentation vibration analysis at high frequency ranges, an 8-component electronic box was chosen for test and analysis. There was good agreement between tested and analytical results in the frequency averaged sense.
FINDING NORMALIZED EQUILIBRIUM IN CONVEX-CONCAVE GAMES
Authors: FLÅM S. D. , RUSZCZYŃSKI A. 
Published: April 2008

This paper considers a fairly large class of noncooperative games in which strategies are jointly constrained. When what is called the Ky Fan or Nikaidô-Isoda function is convex-concave, selected Nash equilibria correspond to diagonal saddle points of that function. This feature is exploited to design computational algorithms for finding such equilibria. To comply with some freedom of individual choice the algorithms developed here are fairly decentralized. However, since coupling constraints must be enforced, repeated coordination is needed while underway towards equilibrium. Particular instances include zero-sum, two-person games — or minimax problems — that are convex-concave and involve convex coupling constraints.
FRIENDLINESS AND RECIPROCITY IN EQUILIBRIUM SELECTION
Authors: DE MARCO GIUSEPPE , MORGAN JACQUELINE 
Published: April 2008

A concept of altruistic behavior (called friendly behavior) has been defined and used for equilibrium selection in some bargaining models in Rusinowska (2002), "Refinements of Nash Equilibria in view of Jealous and Friendly Behavior of Players", International Game Theory Review, 4, 281–299. In this paper, the situation in which every player has friendly behavior is incorporated into the general context of normal form games by introducing a new refinement concept (called friendliness equilibrium). Existence, properties and connections with another refinement concept, introduced by the authors in a previous paper and which captures an idea of reciprocal altruism, are investigated. Examples and counterexamples are given illustrating concepts, results and links with other classical refinement concepts.
FREE ROTA–BAXTER ALGEBRAS AND ROOTED TREES
Authors: EBRAHIMI-FARD KURUSCH , GUO LI 
Published: April 2008

A Rota–Baxter algebra, also known as a Baxter algebra, is an algebra with a linear operator satisfying a relation, called the Rota–Baxter relation, that generalizes the integration by parts formula. Most of the studies on Rota–Baxter algebras have been for commutative algebras. Two constructions of free commutative Rota–Baxter algebras were obtained by Rota and Cartier in the 1970s and a third one by Keigher and one of the authors in the 1990s in terms of mixable shuffles. Recently, noncommutative Rota–Baxter algebras have appeared both in physics in connection with the work of Connes and Kreimer on renormalization in perturbative quantum field theory, and in mathematics related to the work of Loday and Ronco on dendriform dialgebras and trialgebras.This paper uses rooted trees and forests to give explicit constructions of free noncommutative Rota–Baxter algebras on modules and sets. This highlights the combinatorial nature of Rota–Baxter algebras and facilitates their further study. As an application, we obtain the unitarization of Rota–Baxter algebras.
Significance of Additive Content on the Properties of Electrodeposited Ni-Al2O3 Nanocomposite Coatings
Authors: Injeti Gurrappa , Jitendra Verma , Rama Krishna Vemula 
Published: April 2008

The present paper explains the efforts made in synthesizing Ni- Al2O3 nonocomposite coatings with enhanced properties by	varying the additive concentration systematically. Microstructural, morphological and microhardness measurements revealed that the optimized additive concentration helped in improving the coatings properties considerably. The ceramic particles were distributed uniformly over nanocrystalline nickel matrix for the optimized additive concentration as evidenced from different characterization techniques. It was stressed that the addition of optimum content of additive is	highly essential in order to obtain nanocomposite coatings with enhanced properties. Finally, the mechanism involved in improving the enhanced properties of nanocomposite coatings was described.
The Erosion of Democracy
Authors: de Beistegui Miguel 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis paper analyzes the reasons behind what it calls the erosion of democracy under George W. Bush's presidency since September 11, 2001, and claims that they are twofold: first, the erosion in question can be attributed to a crisis of the state and the belief that security is its only genuine function. In other words, the erosion of democracy is an erosion of the very idea of the public sphere (which, following Hegel, I call "ethical life") beyond security and war. Secondly, the erosion of the ethical sphere goes hand in hand with an extraordinary resurgence of what, still following Hegel, I call "morality," and which privileges the subjective over the objective, or moral (and even religious) feeling over institutions and the law.