bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long-Term, Multicenter Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Topical Alprostadil Cream in Male Patients with Erectile Dysfunction
Authors: Rooney Michael , Pfister William , Mahoney Mary , Nelson Melissa , Yeager James , Steidle Christopher 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Alprostadil is approved for treatment of male erectile dysfunction (ED) by injection or urethral insertion. Topical delivery of alprostadil offers an improved alternative.

Aim
To evaluate the long-term safety and efficacy of topical alprostadil cream.

Methods
This was a multicenter, open-label, long-term study in 1,161 patients (998 double-blind rollover; 163 naïve) with ED. For the first 4 weeks, patients could administer eight doses of 200 mcg alprostadil to the penis meatus before intercourse (up to 2 per/week). Patients then self-selected to administer 300 or 100 mcg doses if hypo-responsive or hyper-responsive, respectively, or 200 mcg if no change, for up to 9 months (2 doses/week).

Main Outcome Measures
Safety evaluated patient/partner adverse events (AEs), changes in vital signs, clinical laboratory tests, physical examinations, and electrocardiograms. Efficacy assessed International Index of Erectile Function, Sexual Encounter Profile, Patient Self Assessment of Erection, and Global Assessment Questionnaire.

Results
Approximately 12% of patients discontinued due to hypo-/hyper-responsiveness, 16% withdrew consent for a variety of reasons, and less than 5% discontinued because of AEs. The majority of patients (73%) selected 300 mcg alprostadil as the final dose. The most common AEs involved application site burning or erythema (12.2%), meatal or glans pain (4.4%), and prolonged or painful erection (1.3%). Only 5 (0.4%) patients reported a prolonged erection of ≥4 hours (priapism). Vaginal burning or itching (2.1%) was reported most frequently by partners. The majority of patients (74%) demonstrated an overall improvement in erectile function on most end-points, especially after adjusting dose strength to their individual responsiveness.

Conclusions
Topical alprostadil cream was considered effective and safe by most patients and their partners, with most AEs limited to the application site. Dose adjustment to 300 mcg alprostadil facilitated the greatest improvement in erectile function in the majority of patients. A separate report will integrate patient data from the open-label extension and prior double-blind studies.
Treatment of Nonparaphilic Hypersexuality in Men with a Long-Acting Analog of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone
Authors: Safarinejad Mohammad R. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal).
This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor-in-Chief. Following the retraction of Dr. Safarinejad’s work by other journals, The Journal of Sexual Medicine has undertaken an extensive re-review of all papers Dr. Safarinejad published with the journal. Following an intensive re-evaluation and close scrutiny of the manuscripts, our expert reviewers raised multiple concerning questions about the methodology, results, and statistical interpretation as presented in this article. Dr. Safarinejad was contacted to provide his original data and offer explanations to address the concerns expressed by the reviewers. Dr Safarinejad chose not to respond. Consequently, we can no longer verify the results or methods as presented and therefore retract the article.
Testosterone Therapy in Women with Gynecological and Sexual Disorders: A Triumph of Clinical Endocrinology from 1938 to 2008
Authors: Traish Abdulmaged M. , Feeley Robert J. , Guay Andre T. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Although the term “medicalization” has been used by some to describe contemporary testosterone use in women with sexual disorders and testosterone deficiency syndrome, testosterone therapy for women with various gynecological and sexual disorders has been practiced since the late 1930s.

Aim
The study aimed to perform a historical review of testosterone use in women with sexual and gynecological disorders. This review is necessary to bridge important knowledge gaps in the clinical use of testosterone in women with sexual health concerns and to provoke new thoughts and understanding of the multidisciplinary role of testosterone in women’s overall health.

Methods
Review of medical literature on androgen therapy in women was carried out from 1938 through 2008.

Results
Approximately 70 years ago, clinicians from various disciplines relied on personal experience and clinical observations for outcome assessment of testosterone therapy in women. These early reports on testosterone use in women with sexual medical problems served as a foundation for the development of contemporary approaches and subsequent testosterone treatment regimens. Testosterone use was reported for sexual dysfunction, abnormal uterine bleeding, dysmenorrhea, menopausal symptoms, chronic mastitis and lactation, and benign and malignant tumors of the breast, uterus, and ovaries.

Conclusions
Health-care professionals engaged in the management of women’s health issues have observed the benefits of androgen therapy throughout much of the 20th century. Despite this clinical use of testosterone in women for more than seven decades, contemporary testosterone therapy in women is hotly debated, misunderstood, and often misrepresented in the medical community.
Ultrasonographic and Doppler Findings of Subclinical Clitoral Microtraumatisms in Mountain Bikers and Horseback Riders
Authors: Battaglia Cesare , Nappi Rossella Elena , Mancini Fulvia , Cianciosi Arianna , Persico Nicola , Busacchi Paolo 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Repeated microtraumas in horseback riders and mountain bikers are, in males, associated with perineal and scrotal lesions. No data are reported in the females.

Aim
To report five cases of clitoral microcalcifications, diagnosed by ultrasonography, in six healthy, eumenorrheic athletes, and to verify the clinical and sexual impact of the ultrasonographic findings.

Main Outcome Measures
Translabial ultrasonographic evaluation of the clitoris, Doppler analysis of dorsal clitoral arteries, and the two-factor Italian McCoy Female Sexuality Questionnaire (MFSQ)

Methods
The patients were assessed with a detailed history, and were submitted, in the periovulatory phase of the cycle (day 14), to clitoral ultrasonographic analysis and color Doppler evaluation of the dorsal clitoral arteries. The women were not sexually aroused. On the same day, in a separate room—and prior the ultrasound and Doppler examinations took place—the subjects completed the two-factor Italian MFSQ.

Results
All the patients were completely asymptomatic but reported a past history of intermittent perineal tenderness or discomfort. In five out of the six subjects, the ultrasonographic assessment of the clitoris evidenced a disseminated clitoral microlithiasis. Only the youngest (18 years old) biker showed a normal pattern of the clitoral structures. A normal clitoral body volume (0.68 ± 0.21 mL) and a normal mean dorsal artery pulsatility index (PI) was found (PI = 1.75 ± 0.32) in all the patients. The two-factor Italian MFSQ showed a mean value of 42 ± 4 (range 37–45).

Conclusions
The chronic traumatisms may be responsible, especially in well-trained riders, for microhematomas, inflammation, and/or degenerative processes at level of the clitoral structure. Further studies should be undertaken to determine the clinical significance of the described disseminated clitoral microlithiasis.
Neurotransmitter Deficiency and Reloading in Noradrenaline Depleted Rabbits
Authors: Byodeman S. , Euler U. S. von 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe vasoconstrictor effect of intermittent lumbar sympathetic stimulation of the hindleg of the rabbit, pretreated with noradrenaline (NA)‐depleting doses of decaborane or prenylamine, rapidly subsides in contrast to untreated controls. When the interval between the trains of stimuli is increased a partial recovery of the stimulation response is observed, suggesting an accumulation of transmitter, probably as a result of continuous resynthesis. Injection of NA (1–5 μg/kg) or dopamine (50–100 μg/kg) also causes an enhanced stimulus response, suggesting uptake of NA and increased rate of synthesis, respectively. An increase in stimulation response was observed after administration of dopa in prenylamine‐treated but not in decaborane‐depleted animals.
The Effect of Various Types of Fat on the Cholesterol Distribution in the Rat
Authors: Gran Fredrik C. , Nicolaysen Ragnar 
Published: December 2008

AbstractExperiments were conducted with and without addition of 1 per cent cholesterol to diets containing 20 per cent of fats of the following types: 1. corn oil, 2. 19.5 per cent hydrogenated coconut oil and 0.5 per cent corn oil, and 3. 12 per cent hydrogenated coconut oil and 8 per cent olive oil. Following a 3 weeks' pre‐experimental period on a fat free diet adult female rats were given the experimental diets for 6 weeks. In rats given cholesterol corn oil caused the well known transfer of cholesterol from plasma to the liver. In rats given diets containing cholesterol and corn oil the cholesterol content of the liver was considerably higher and serum cholesterol much lower in rats given the diet containing olive oil. The result indicate that linoleic acid probably enhances cholesterol absorption over and above the effect of oleic acid. The carcass cholesterol of rats given corn oil was slightly lower than in rats given type 2 of fat. The difference was statistically significant on cholesterol free diets. When various tissues were analysed corn oil induced transfer to other tissues than the liver could not be observed.
God Liver Oil Induced Removal of Cholesterol in Hypercholesterolemic Essential Fatty Acid Deficient Rats
Authors: Gran Fredrik C. , Nigolaysen Ragnar 
Published: December 2008

AbstractRats were given a diet free of polyenoic fatty acids and containing 1 per cent of cholesterol until 150 days old. Severe hypercholesterolemia and livers containing several per cent of cholesterol resulted. Next 80 mg of cod liver oil was given daily to each rat for 14 days. The result was that about 28 mg of cholesterol disappeared from a rat body per day. The pathways responsible were not further studied.
Responses to Linearly Rising Currents in Frog Skeletal Muscle Fibers
Authors: Knutsson E. , Skoglund C. R. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIntracellular electrodes were used for studying the responses of frog muscle fibers to linearly rising currents over a wide range of gradients (0.4–400 μA/sec) corresponding to spike latencies up to 1 sec. In fibers with normal resting potential the critical firing level showed no significant variations at different gradients. With lowering of the gradient there was a successive decrease in stimulus threshold and a moderate reduction in spike height. Even a small reduction of the resting potential resulted in typical changes of the spike responses characterized by a pronounced reduction in amplitude and increase in duration as the gradient was lowered until a minimal gradient was reached below which no spike was generated. The response patterns in normal and depolarized fibers were correlated to the slow active subthreshold processes occurring in muscle fibers during stimulation with linearly rising currents.
Regulation of Body Temperature and Heat Dissipation at Different Levels of Energy‐and Heat Production in Man
Authors: Nielsen Bodil 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn treadmill experiments the ratio between total heat production and metabolic energy production was varied by having a subject walking or running uphill, horizontally or downhill at different speeds between 2 and 14 km/hr. In the steady state of work of different intensities the body temperature (esophageal or rectal) was found to increase to levels dependent on the energy production but independent of the total heat production. At constant environmental temperature the sweat rate and the skin circulation expressed as conductance of the peripheral tissues varied in proportion to the total heat production and seemed to be independent of the internal temperature. It is concluded that the thermoregulation during work serves two purposes 1) the setting of the internal temperature at higher levels proportional to the oxygen uptake and 2) the regulation of the heat dissipation in such way that it equals the total heat production, independent of the internal temperature level.
Collagen Components in the Consecutive Extracts of Rat Skin
Authors: Heikkinen E. , Kulonen E. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe present results demonstrate that the various fractions of skin collagen are very different and that the solubility is a matter of definition. The methods of various authors for the preparation of the soluble fractions of collagen vary greatly. Standard procedures and a more defined terminology are urgently needed.
Types of Muscle Fibres in Toad Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Lännergren Jan , Smith Richard S. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAn attempt has been made to define the types of muscle fibres present in the iliofibularis muscle of Xenopus laevis. Histochemical studies were carried out on cross sections of the muscle. The variation between cells in the content of lipids, DPN‐diaphorase and succinic dehydrogenase was noted, and on this basis the fibres were classified into three main groups. Single, living fibres representing the histochemical groups were selected and their contractile behaviour in response to electrical stimulation and the application of ACh was studied. The findings indicated a relationship between the histochemical and functional properties of the muscle fibres. Fibres with a moderate content of lipid and enzymes (pale fibres) were fast fibres which fatigued rapidly on maintained stimulation. Fibres with a high content of lipid and enzymes (dark fibres) were fast fibres which did not fatigue rapidly. Fibres containing no lipid and no DPN‐diaphorase or succinic dehydrogenase (clear fibres) were slow fibres. Staining of the end‐plates on the fibres showed that fast fibres had end‐plates of varying gross morphology and with high cholinesterase activity, whereas slow fibres had ‘en grappe’ end‐plates with very low cholinesterase activity.
The Filtration Fractions of Plasma Supplying the Superficial and Deep Venous Drainage Area of the Gat Kidney
Authors: Nissen Ole I. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn 23 expts. the plasma, concentrations of protein and inulin were measured in blood collected simultaneously from an artery, from the subcapsular, and from the deep veins of the cat kidney. These concentrations allow a calculation of the filtration fractions of the plasma flows supplying, partly the superficial cortex and partly the deep cortex plus medulla. A filtration fraction averaging 0.34 was found for the plasma supplying the superficial cortex. The filtration fraction of the plasma, supplying the deep cortex and the medulla was lower; the ratio: filtration fraction in deep area/filtration fraction in superficial area (FFD/FFs) was usually 0.70 to 0.95 and the average (0.85) was significantly lower than 1.00 (p < 0.001). The existence in the deep parts of the kidney of various vessels through which the plasma (blood) may by‐pass the capillary tufts of juxtamedullary glomeruli provides the possibility of accounting for the observed deviation of FFD/FFs from 1,00 without resorting to the assumption of (basically) different filtration fractions for plasma entering glomerular tufts in deep and superficial glomeruli. A by‐pass of a magnitude sufficient to account for the deviation may also account for a medullary plasma flow as reported by others.
The Relation between Reabsorption Rate and Filtration Rate in the Superficial and Deep Venous Drainage Area of the Cat Kidney
Authors: Nissen Ole I. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn 23 expts. in cats the plasma concentrations of protein, inulin, and glucose have been measured in blood collected simultaneously from an artery and from subcapsular and deep veins of the kidney. For each venous drainage area it is possible to calculate the ratio: reabsorption rate/filtration rate on the basis of the protein and inulin concentrations in the venous plasma relative to those of the arterial plasma. In the superficial cortex the ratio between the reabsorption rate and the filtration rate was approximately 0.75, significantly lower than 1.00 (p < 0.001). In the deep cortex plus medulla the ratio between reabsorption rate and filtration rate was approximately 1.35. The ratio was significantly higher than 1.00 (p < 0.001).From the protein, inulin, and glucose concentrations it is possible to calculate the ratio: reabsorbed amount/filtered amount of glucose of the superficial cortex and of the deep cortex plus medulla. The ratio was significantly higher than 1.00 (1.13) in the superficial and lower than 1.00 (0.89) in the deep cortex plus medulla (p < 0.001). The results agree with the renal anatomy. A relatively complicated pattern emerges for the drainage of the reabsorbate from different tubule segments to the vein systems.
The Action of Adrenaline in Cardiac Muscle II
Authors: Hauge Anton , ØYe Ivar 
Published: December 2008

AbstractOxygen consumption of isolated working rat hearts at 32° C was found to be 0.56ml/min per g dry weight or about 13ml/min per 100g wet weight. Oxygen consumption during experimental asystolia varied from 0.16ml/min per g dry weight for hearts arrested with high potassium to 0.38ml/min per g dry weight for hearts arrested with citrate. Adrenaline increased the oxygen consumption in asystolic as well as in working hearts. The effect of adrenaline on basal QO2was blocked with the adrenergic β‐receptor blocking agents propranolol and dichloroisopropylamino‐ethanol, but not with the α‐receptor blocking agent phentolamine. Mechanisms through which adrenaline might affect cardiac oxygen consumption during asystolia are discussed, and it is proposed that the calorigenic effect reflects an increased utilization of ATP by several separate processes which directly or indirectly are stimulated by adrenaline.
Importance of Tissue Pressure for the Fluid Equilibrium between the Vascular and Interstitial Compartments in the Small Intestine
Authors: Wallentin Ingemar 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe effect of prolonged elevation of venous outflow pressure on the intestinal filtration capacity was studied on cats. Increases of venous outflow pressure produced a filtration of fluid from the capillaries, but the filtration rate decreased gradually with time and often a new isovolumetric state was reached. In order to study the factors causing this decrease of filtration capacity, pointing to a shift of the Starling equilibrium, an indirect method was used, consisting of stepwise raising and lowering the venous pressure. During this procedure the rate of net fluid transfer upon a given venous pressure level could differ very much, depending on whether this pressure level was reached from a lower or from a higher venous outflow pressure. The transcapillary forces, responsible for these differences of net fluid transfer, amounted to often more than 10mm Hg. This means that some factor, or factors, involved in the Starling equilibrium, must have changed by this amount. It is suggested that increasing tissue pressure is the most important counterforce during outward filtration, caused by a sudden rise of the venous outflow pressure. Evidently, the small intestine is quite well protected against edema, in spite of a very big transcapillary filtration capacity.
Reserpine and Gastrointestinal Mucosal Mast Cells1
Authors: Räsänen Toimi , Taskinen Eero 
Published: December 2008

AbstractRats were injected intra‐abdominally with 2mg/kg of reserpine once, 5 times and 9 times at 12‐hr intervals. 4 hrs after the last injection the rats were killed and the mucosal mast cells of the stomach and jejunum were counted. There was no significant change in the mucosal mast cell count after a single reserpine injection, but after repeated injections the count decreased by 82 and 90 per cent in the gastric mucosa and by 50–60 per cent in the jejunal mucosa. Nor morphologic changes indicative of degranulation occurred in the mast cells of the connective tissue in the submucosa. The mucosa of the rats given reserpine displayed mucosal lesions and the gastric juice was bloody.
Nervous Regulation of Blood Flow in the Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue in Dogs
Authors: Ngai S. H. , Rosell Sune , Wallenberg Lars R. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe subcutaneous adipose tissue in the lower abdominal region between the pubis and the pubic mammary gland was isolated from fascia and skin and prepared for direct measurement of the blood flow. Resting blood flow varied between 3 and 19ml/min ˙ 100g adipose tissue (mean 8.5ml/min ˙ 100g; n = 17). Stimulation of the nerve supplying the adipose tissue or of the sympathetic trunk induced a stimulus‐frequency related vasoconstriction which was abolished by agents with α‐receptor blocking properties. Following α‐receptor blockade the same nerve stimulation increased the blood flow to a maximum of about 25ml/min ˙ 100g. The degree of vasodilatation was also related to the stimulus frequency. Propranolol, a β‐receptor blocking agent, abolished the vasodilator response. Reflex adjustment of the peripheral vasomotor tonus upon carotid artery occlusion and activation of the sympathetic cholinergic vasodilator nerves in the hypothalamus did not appreciably change the vascular resistance in the adipose tissue.
Analysis of Odour Similarities from Electrophysiological Data
Authors: Döving Kjell B. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe activity of single units in the olfactory bulb of the frog was recorded extracellularly by means‐of microelectrodes. The electro‐olfactogram was recorded simultaneously from the olfactory epithelium. The sensory epithelium was stimulated with substances selected from a recent classification of odorous compounds to represent five of the stereochemical groups of Amoore. The effect on a bulbar unit was classified as excitatory or inhibitory. The chi‐square values and the corresponding probability values were calculated for all pairs in a given series. The statistical values were regarded to represent measurements of relatedness in olfactory stimulative properties between the tested substances. For each series the data were analysed with a nonmetric multidimensional scaling method to give spatial representations of the relatedness between the odours. The relation of the results to psychophysical findings and the classification of odours according to the stereochemical theory are discussed.