bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Amino‐hexose‐reductones as antioxidants. I. Vegetable oils
Authors: Evans C. D. , Moser Helen A. , Cooney Patricia M. , Hodge J. E. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryAmino‐hexose‐reductones were evaluated as antioxidants in soybean, cottonseed, and corn oils and were shown to be highly effective by all oxidative and chemical tests. The activity of the eight different reductones was approximately the same in any one substrate. Slightly higher activities were given by reductones of lower molecular weight. Activity was demonstrated at concentrations as low as 0.001% and was shown to be a linear function of the concentration up to 0.02%, the approximate limit of solubility. Out‐standing features of the reductone‐treated oils were long induction periods, slow absorption of oxygen, and low rates of peroxide development. Reductones are believed not to react directly with peroxides but to prevent peroxide formation by reacting with some precursor.The combination of reductones with other antioxidants showed synergistic effects in only one sample of corn oil. The activity of combinations in soybean and cottonseed oils was for the most part strictly additive. In soybean oil, citric acid‐reductone combinations with each at the 0.01% level gave a slight improvement over the expected activity. Oils stabilized with multiple‐component, antioxidant mixtures in which an amino reductone replaced propyl gallate showed less peroxide development and were equally acceptable according to organoleptic scores. Aged oils did not show the organoleptic improvement that would be expected from the marked improvement observed in the oxidative stability. Significant improvements in flavor stability could be observed with reductones only when they were used in combination with an‐other antioxidant. Reductone‐treated soybean and cottonseed oils did not show an appreciable improvement in flavor stability. Only the di‐n‐butylamino‐and diallylamino‐reductones contributed foreign flavors to the oil. Atypical flavors are believed associated with the amine moiety of the reductone.At high temperatures and at higher concentrations of reductones a brown melanoid color develops in the oil. The anhydro derivatives developed more color than the normal reductone. The reductones do not withstand oil deodorization conditions.
Pilot‐plant preparation of edible safflower oil
Authors: Beal R. E. , Moser H. A. , Brekke O. L. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryTests conducted on a pilot‐plant scale with two lots of commercial, alkali‐refined safflower oil demonstrate that no difficulty is experienced in producing a salad oil of good, initial quality with good flavor stability when stored at 60°C. in the dark. Although results indicate safflower oil is suitable for a salad oil, they should not be construed as indicating its stability as a cooking oil since tests of this type were not conducted.The addition of citric acid improved the oxidative stability of the oil, and citric acid plus propyl gallate gave even further improvement. No significant increase in flavor stability resulted from these additives.
Quantification of N‐acetylaspartic acid in urine by LC‐MS/MS for the diagnosis of Canavan disease
Authors: Al‐Dirbashi O. Y. , Rashed M. S. , Al‐Qahtani K , Al‐Mokhadab M. A. , Kurdi W. , Al‐Sayed M. A. A. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryCanavan disease is an autosomal recessive leukodystrophy characterized by excessive excretion of N‐acetylaspartic acid (NAA) in urine. The disease is caused by deficiency of aspartoacylase, the enzyme responsible for the hydrolysis of NAA into acetate and l‐aspartate. Patients, who are often asymptomatic in their early months, show a wide spectrum of clinical presentation thereafter that includes macrocephaly, poor head control, seizures, abnormal muscle tone, optic atrophy, significant developmental delay and death. In this work, we describe a simple liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) method for the determination of NAA in urine. The internal standard d3‐NAA was added to untreated urine and the mixture was injected into the LC‐MS/MS system operated in the negative ion mode. Detection was achieved in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode by monitoring m/z 174 → 88, 174 → 130 and 174 → 58 for NAA and 177 → 89 for the internal standard. Separation was carried out on a C8 column (2.1 × 150 mm) using a mixture of acetonitrile and water (1:1 v/v) containing 0.05% formic acid at a flow rate of 0.25 ml/min. NAA was eluted at 1.6 min and the run time was approximately 2 min. Using spiked urine, the assay was linear up to 2 mmol/L with limit of quantification at 1 μmol/L (S/N = 12). NAA in patients’ urine (n = 17) ranged between 366 and 21235 mmol/mol creatinine compared to controls of <39 mmol/mol creatinine (n = 159). This LC‐MS/MS method for NAA as described involved no extraction and no derivatization, showed no interference, and gave excellent recovery with low variability and short analytical time.
Diminishing Marginal Utility of Cooling Rate Increase on the Crystallization Behavior and Physical Properties of a Lipid Sample
Authors: Humphrey K. L. , Narine S. S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIt is well established that variation of the rate of cooling (r) of a lipid sample is an effective tool to influence the crystallization process and effect changes in network structure and physical functionality. However, the extent of the physical changes does not always justify the extent to which the cooling rate must be altered. It is therefore important to understand the rates at which marginal changes in physical functionality begin to diminish, and to understand the mechanisms which introduce such limitations. A commercially available cocoa butter alternative, Temcote (Bunge Oils, Bradley, IL), was crystallized under cooling rates varying from 0.1 to 20 °C min−1. The growth mode and polymorphism of each sample was studied using DSC and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The hardness of the sample was monitored using cone penetrometry and its solid fat content (SFC) evolution was monitored using a temperature controlled pulse‐NMR. The data demonstrates that the melting profile of the sample could be greatly manipulated over a relatively narrow range of cooling rates. Large increases in cooling rate increase the final SFC of the sample by approximately 6%. Doubling the cooling rate increases the hardness of the sample 50%. Variation of the cooling rate as a tool to modify physical functionality of the network was found to be effective only for cooling rates lower than 5 °C min−1.
Stable isotope characterization of olive oils: II‐deuterium distribution in fatty acids studied by nuclear magnetic resonance (SNIF‐NMR)
Authors: Royer A. , Naulet N. , Mabon F. , Lees M. , Martin G. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSite‐specific isotope fractionation of hydrogen was investigated, at natural abundance, by deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance (SNIF‐NMR) on nearly two hundred olive oil samples. Owing to the complexity of the 2H‐NMR spectra of the mixtures of fatty acids obtained after hydrolysis of the oils, the different signals were gathered into six clusters. Knowing the contribution to the clusters of each of the four fatty acids considered (C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, and C18:2) and the composition of the fatty acids in the mixture, it is possible to compute the site‐specific isotope ratios of the clusters from the molar fractions obtained from the 2H‐NMR‐spectra and from the total isotope ratio of the mixture, determined by isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). The results are discussed in terms of geographical (country, region and elevation) and temporal (year) parameters and they are tentatively explained on a climatic basis.
Depression of pour points of vegetable oils by blending with diluents used for biodegradable lubricants
Authors: Asadauskas Svajus , Erhan Sevim Z. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractLow‐temperature properties need improvement before vegetable oils can receive wider recognition as biodegradable lubricants. Effects of dilution with major biodegradable fluids, namely poly alpha olefin (PAO 2), diisodecyl adipate (DIDA), and oleates, as well as impact of pour point depressant (PPD), were investigated. Since solidification of mixed unsaturated triacylglycerols is a complex thermodynamic process, the study was limited to pour point determinations. Vegetable oils demonstrated higher pour points with increased saturation and molecular weight. Cis unsaturation and hydroxy groups favored lower pour points. Dilution with oleates appeared less effective than dilution with PAO 2 and DIDA. Addition of 1% PPD (w/w) depressed pour points down to −33°C for canola and −24°C for high‐oleic sunflower oils. However, neither higher amounts of PPD nor incorporation of diluent produced further depression. Depression of pour points was not proportional to the amount of diluent and ceased with further dilution. Low‐temperature performance of vegetable oils limits their prospect as biodegradable lubricants, but well‐balanced usage of PPD and diluents can deliver some improvements.
High‐performance liquid chromatography and spectroscopic studies on fish oil oxidation products extracted from frozen atlantic mackerel
Authors: Saeed Suhur , Howell Nazlin K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe formation of stable hydroxy derivatives from hydroperoxides produced during the oxidation of linoleic acid methyl ester and fish oil were studied by reverse‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The oxidation products identified were mixtures of four isomeric hydroxy derivatives: 13‐hydroxy‐9‐cis,11‐trans‐octadecadienoic, 13‐hydroxy‐9‐trans,11‐trans‐octadecadienoic, 9‐hydroxy‐10‐trans,12‐cis‐octadecadienoic, and 9‐hydroxy‐10‐trans,12‐trans‐octadecadienoic acids. The presence of hydroxy compounds was confirmed by 13C NMR, which gave rise to a hydroxy carbon peak at 87 ppm, and by GC‐MS, which showed three peaks corresponding to isomeric mixtures of trimethylsilyl ethers of the oxidized linoleic acid methyl ester. The mass spectra scans of the three peaks showed that they represent isomers of molecular weight 382 and are consistent with the molecular formula C22H42O3Si. In oil extracted from stored frozen mackerel, 13‐hydroxy‐9‐cis,11‐trans‐octadecadienoic acid was more prominent compared to the model lipid systems. HPLC offered a sensitive means of detection of hydroxy compounds produced both in the initiation and latter stages of oxidation. The effect of antioxidants added to the fish mince prior to storage can also be monitored by HPLC. Thus, the monitoring of lipid oxidation hydroxy derivatives by HPLC is of practical value in the efficient processing and quality control of fish, fish oils, and other fatty foodstuffs in order to enhance the acceptability, nutritional, and safety aspects.
Immunological thresholds in neurological gene therapy: highly efficient
elimination of transduced cells might be related to the specific formation of immunological
synapses between T cells and virus-infected brain cells
Authors: Barcia Carlos , Gerdes Christian , Xiong Wei-Dong , Thomas Clare E. , Liu Chunyan , Kroeger Kurt M. , Castro Maria G. , Lowenstein Pedro R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFirst-generation adenovirus can be engineered with powerful promoters to drive expression of
therapeutic transgenes. Numerous clinical trials for glioblastoma multiforme using first
generation adenoviral vectors have either been performed or are ongoing, including an ongoing,
Phase III, multicenter trial in Europe and Israel (Ark Therapeutics, Inc.). Although in the
absence of anti-adenovirus immune responses expression in the brain lasts 6–18
months, systemic infection with adenovirus induces immune responses that inhibit dramatically
therapeutic transgene expression from first generation adenoviral vectors, thus, potentially
compromising therapeutic efficacy. Here, we show evidence of an immunization threshold for the
dose that generates an immune response strong enough to eliminate transgene expression from the
CNS. For the systemic immunization to eliminate transgene expression from the brain,
≥1×107 infectious units (iu) of adenovirus need to be used as
immunogen. Furthermore, this immune response eliminates >90% of transgene expression
from 1×107–1×103 iu of vector injected
into the striatum 60 days earlier. Importantly, elimination of transgene expression is
independent of the nature of the promoter that drives transgene expression and is accompanied
by brain infiltration of CD8+ T cells and macrophages. In conclusion, once the
threshold for systemic immunization (i.e. 1×107 iu) is crossed, the
immune response eliminates transgene expression by >90% even from brains that
receive as little as 1000 iu of adenoviral vectors, independently of the type of
promoter that drives expression.
The common Y402H variant in complement factor H gene is not associated with susceptibility to myocardial infarction and its related risk factors
Authors: Stark Klaus , Neureuther Katharina , Sedlacek Kamil , Hengstenberg Wibke , Fischer Marcus , Baessler Andrea , Wiedmann Silke , Jeron Andreas , Holmer Stephan , Erdmann Jeanette , Schunkert Heribert , Hengstenberg Christian 
Published: July 2007

Recently, the genetic variant Y402H in the CFH (complement factor H) gene was associated with an increased risk for MI (myocardial infarction) in a prospective Caucasian cohort. In another nested case-control study, however, the CFH-Y402H variant did not carry susceptibility to MI. The aim of the present study was to test for an association between the CFH-Y402H variant and MI in a large case-control sample with a familial background for CAD (coronary artery disease). A total of 2161 individuals from the German MI family study were studied by questionnaire, physical examination and biochemical analyses. MI patients (n=1188; 51.4±8.6 years at first MI) were recruited from families with at least two members affected by MI and/or severe CAD. Spouses, sisters-in-law and brothers-in-law respectively, without MI/CAD were included as unaffected controls (n=973; 56.9±9.8 years). Genotyping was performed using a TaqMan assay. The common Y402H variant in the CFH gene was not associated with classical cardiovascular risk factors (diabetes, hypercholesterolaemia, hypertension, obesity, smoking and C-reactive protein serum levels). No association was found between the CFH-Y402H variant and susceptibility to MI. Separate analyses in both men and women revealed no gender-specific influence of the gene variant on cardiovascular risk factors or MI. This investigation was unable to replicate the association between the common CFH-Y402H variant and susceptibility to MI in our large Caucasian population which is enriched for genetic factors. We conclude that the CFH-Y402H variant has no relevant risk-modifying effect in our population.
Targeting glucagon receptor signalling in treating metabolic syndrome and renal injury in Type 2 diabetes: theory versus promise
Authors: Li Xiao C. , Zhuo Jia L. 
Published: July 2007

Pancreatic bi-hormones insulin and glucagon are the Yin and Yang in the regulation of glucose metabolism and homoeostasis. Insulin is synthesized primarily by pancreatic β-cells and is released in response to an increase in blood glucose levels (hyperglycaemia). By contrast, glucagon is synthesized by pancreatic α-cells and is released in response to a decrease in blood glucose (hypoglycaemia). The principal role of glucagon is to counter the actions of insulin on blood glucose homoeostasis, but it also has diverse non-hyperglycaemic actions. Although Type 1 diabetes is caused by insulin deficiency (insulin-dependent) and can be corrected by insulin replacement, Type 2 diabetes is a multifactorial disease and its treatment is not dependent on insulin therapy alone. Type 2 diabetes in humans is characterized by increased insulin resistance, increased fasting blood glucose, impaired glucose tolerance and the development of glomerular hyperfiltration and microalbuminuria, ultimately leading to diabetic nephropathy and end-stage renal disease. Clinical studies have suggested that an inappropriate increase in hyperglycaemic glucagon (hyperglucagonaemia) over hypoglycaemic insulin (not insulin deficiency until advanced stages) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Type 2 diabetes. However, for decades, research efforts and resources have been devoted overwhelmingly to studying the role of insulin and insulin-replacement therapy. By contrast, the implication of glucagon and its receptor signalling in the development of Type 2 diabetic metabolic syndromes and end-organ injury has received little attention. The aim of this review is to examine the evidence as to whether glucagon and its receptor signalling play any role(s) in the pathogenesis of Type 2 diabetic renal injury, and to explore whether targeting glucagon receptor signalling remains only a theoretical antidiabetic strategy in Type 2 diabetes or may realize its promise in the future.
Influence of El Niño/La Niña on the western winter–spring cohort of neon flying squid (Ommastrephes bartramii) in the northwestern Pacific Ocean
Authors: Chen Xin Jun , Zhao Xiao Hu , Chen Yong 
Published: July 2007

AbstractChen, X. J., Zhao, X. H., and Chen, Y. 2007. Influence of El Niño/La Niña on the western winter–spring cohort of neon flying squid (Ommastrephes bartramii) in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 1152–1160. Ommastrephes bartramii is an oceanic squid distributed widely in the North Pacific, and its western winter–spring cohort is the target of a traditional squid fishery. Commercial fisheries data from the Chinese mainland squid-jigging fleet for the period 1995–2004 were analysed with respect to environmental variables. Sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) in the Niño 3.4 region had the strongest negative correlation with the SSTA of feeding and spawning grounds of the squid, with a time-lag of three and eight months (p < 0.05), respectively. A La Niña event would result in a decrease in squid recruitment through variability in environmental conditions on the spawning grounds, whereas an El Niño event would lead to environmental conditions favourable to squid recruitment. El Niño/La Niña events also influenced squid distribution on the feeding grounds, resulting in a northward shift of the fishing grounds in La Niña years and a southward shift in El Niño years. A multiple linear regression equation was derived to describe the dependence of the squid abundance index on environmental variables.
Changes in Nasal Cavity Dimensions in Children and Adults by Gender and Age
Authors: Samoliński Bolesław K. , Grzanka Antoni , Gotlib Tomasz 
Published: July 2007

AbstractObjective: The aim of the study was to establish the dynamics of changes in the intranasal spaces of children and adults by gender and age.Materials and methods: Each side of the nasal cavity was evaluated separately in 366 healthy subjects 9 to 74 years old. The following acoustic rhinometry parameters were analyzed: 1) I‐C, distance between the isthmus nasi (I) and the head of the inferior turbinate (C); 2) CA‐I, cross‐sectional area at the isthmus nasi; 3) CA‐C, at the head of the inferior turbinate; and 4) CA‐F, the highest point on the rhinometric curve between points I and C.Results: Before age 11 years, the intranasal spaces were slightly larger in girls than in boys. After age 11 years the nasal parameters were larger in boys than in girls. The growth rates before age 17 years were as follows: I‐C: 0.073 cm/yr, 0.135 cm/yr, CA‐F: 0.055 cm2/yr, 0.133 cm2/yr (P < .00001), and CA‐C: 0.010 cm2/yr, 0.034 cm2/yr (P < .02) in girls and boys, respectively. In subjects older than 16 years, the mean values of I‐C were 1.707 cm, 1.934 cm (P < .0001), and of CA‐C, 0.493 cm2, 0.611 cm2 (P < .0001) in women and men, respectively, and changed slightly over the year.Conclusions: The parameters of intranasal spaces depend on age and gender. The dynamics of the changes is greater in boys than in girls and usually the growth is completed by the age of 16. After this age, nasal cavities are bigger in men than in women.
Determinants of interspecific variation in population declines of birds after exposure to radiation at Chernobyl
Authors: MØLLER A. P. , MOUSSEAU T. A. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryRadiation can reduce antioxidant levels dramatically because of the use of antioxidants to eliminate free radicals produced in the presence of radiation. Antioxidants are crucial biochemicals for elimination of free radicals, which can cause permanent damage to DNA and other molecules. If antioxidants are a limiting resource, we would expect individuals of species with a high expenditure of antioxidants to suffer the most from radiation. We tested this hypothesis by investigating interspecific variation in the relationship between abundance and level of radiation in breeding birds inhabiting forests around Chernobyl, Ukraine. We used bird point counts to estimate abundance of 57 species of birds at 254 locations where background radiation levels were quantified.Migratory birds use large amounts of antioxidants during their annual migrations to neutralize free radicals, and migrants have depleted antioxidant levels upon arrival at their breeding grounds. Consistently, abundance decreased with increasing levels of radiation in species that migrated the longest distances.Bird species with long dispersal distances may experience deficiencies in antioxidant levels because of physical activity but also because of exposure to novel antigens, implying that species with long dispersal distances should suffer the most from exposure to radiation. Indeed, the slope of the relationship between abundance and radiation decreased with increasing dispersal distance.Female birds deposit large amounts of antioxidants in their eggs, with the total amount deposited often exceeding the total amount in a female's. Accordingly, the decrease in abundance with radiation level increased with relative egg size in different species.Many bird species have plumage that is coloured by carotenoids, which cannot be recovered once deposited in feathers. Therefore, bird species with carotenoid‐based plumage should show stronger declines with increasing levels of radiation than species with melanin‐based or structural coloration. In accordance with this prediction, the decline in abundance with radiation was the strongest in species of birds with carotenoid‐based plumage.Synthesis and applications. These findings highlight the importance of antioxidants for understanding the ecological consequences of radiation on the abundance of free‐living animals, showing that species using large amounts of antioxidants will be particularly susceptible to the effects of low‐level radiation.