bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Onset and remission of ovine footrot
Authors: EGERTON J. R. , RIBEIRO L. A. , KIERAN P. J. , THORLEY C. M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Sheep exposed to uncontrolled outbreaks of footrot were observed on one farm for 3 successive years and on another for one year. Observations were made from mid‐winter to early summer. In each outbreak about 70% or more of sheep exposed to footrot acquired the disease. Natural remission occurred in each outbreak and some cases healed while new cases continued to develop. A feature of all outbreaks observed was that a much higher proportion of late onset cases healed than cases which developed early in the outbreaks. By contrast, 90% of sheep already affected before spring had lesions which persisted into next summer.It is suggested that there is a spectrum of resistance to footrot among sheep. This spectrum includes animals which remain chronically infected and those that do not become infected at all. Intermediate levels of resistance are reflected firstly in the time taken by different groups of sheep, to become affected after exposure and secondly, to heal after becoming affected.
Progressive interstitial pneumonia in goats
Authors: SIMS L. D. , HALE C. J. , McCORMICK B. M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Seven Anglo‐Nubian goats, 5 months to 3 years old, developed clinical signs of increased respiratory rate, weight loss and exercise intolerance. Post‐mortem examination of the goats revealed extensive consolidation of the lungs involving all lobes. Lesions, consisting of peribronchial and perivascular lymphoid cuffing, accumulations of homogeneous eosinophilic material in alveolar spaces, alveolar epithelialisation and thickening of alveolar septa as a result of lymphocytic infiltration, were detected histologically.A syncytial forming virus was consistently isolated from affected animals in explant cultures of lung, synovial membrane and choroid plexus. This agent had similar growth characteristics to the caprine arthritis‐encephalitis (CAE) virus and the possible relationship between the respiratory disease and the diseases caused by the CAE virus is discussed.
Serum and red cell folate and serum vitamin B12 levels in horses
Authors: ROBERTS M. C. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Vitamin B12 and folate concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay in groups of horses in Queensland. Highest serum vitamin B12 levels were found in supplemented performance horses. These, together with pastured horses that included pregnant and lactating mares, had significantly greater serum folate activity than permanently stabled animals. The range of red cell folate concentrations was much narrower in horses in training than from any other group. Red cell folate may be a better indicator of a horse's folate status than the serum folate value. Vitamin B12 and folate concentrations were highest in spring and summer.Small intestinal dysfunction in 2 horses was not associated with vitamin B12 or folate malabsorption. Serum folate levels returned to normal 24 h after intramuscular injections of 75 to 150 mg folic acid, whereas serum vitamin B12 values remained elevated for at least one week following injections of 8 to 10 mg to non‐supplemented horses.
Applied serology in the latter stages of the eradication of bovine brucellosis
Authors: SUTHERLAND S. S. , MACKENZIE R. M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Late in the program to eradicate bovine brucellosis from Western Australia, Rose Bengal test (RBT) and complement fixation test (CFT) results on the serums from 2,307 cattle (from herds where infection was still present after a minimum of 3 complete herd tests) showed that 327 were positive in the CFT and 246 were positive in the RBT (p<0.001). Subsequent testing by the RBT, CFT and the indirect haemolysis test (IHLT) of 722 serums from cattle slaughtered as part of infected herds showed that of 177 cattle positive on culture, 138 were positive in all 3 tests, 9 were negative in all 3 tests and no animal positive on culture had a reaction only in the RBT.In the 177 cattle from which B. abortus was isolated, positive reactions in the CFT occurred in the serums of 159 of them. Application of the RBT as a screening test followed by a confirmatory CFT would have resulted in 149 of the 177 cattle being positive and application of the CFT/IHLT (double test) on the serums of all cattle in the herds would have resulted in 168 or the 177 being regarded as positive.
Bovine abortion associated with Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo infection
Authors: SLEE K. J. , McORIST S. , SKILBECK N. W. 
Published: March 2008

During 1981, 265 bovine abortions were investigated by serological and histological methods for evidence of leptospiral infection. Leptospires were demonstrated in the tissues of 10 foetuses by a Levaditi silver impregnation technique. Serological testing of maternal sera indicated that Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo was associated with 5 of the abortions while the remaining 5 were due to L. interrogans serovar pomona infection.In cases of abortion associated with L. interrogans serovar hardjo leptospires were readily demonstrated in foetal liver, kidney, intestine and heart. They were demonstrated less often in lung and placenta and could not be found in foetal brain. Autolysis did not appear to interfere with the demonstration of leptospires by silver impregnation. No lesions attributable to leptospiral infection were seen in placentas but mild interstitial nephritis was found in some of the foetuses.Fourteen other cows had serological evidence of recent leptospiral infection but leptospires were not detected in foetal tissues.Histological examination of silver impregnated foetal tissues in combination with the microscopic agglutination test was shown to be an effective method for diagnosing abortion associated with L. interrogans serovar hardjo in cattle.
Comparison of the immunogenicity of Newcastle disease virus strains V4, Hitchner Bl and La Sota in chickens
Authors: WESTBURY H. A. , PARSONS G. , ALLAN W. H. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe immunogenicity of three Newcastle disease virus (NOV) strains – V4, Hitchner B1 and La Sota, was assessed in chickens that had varying levels of maternal antibody to the virus. Chickens were immunised at different ages by the eye drop and aerosol methods.The immune response of chickens to similar doses of the strains was affected by the presence of maternal antibody. Both the level of maternal antibody and the strain of virus used affected the result. Strain La Sota was least affected as it took higher levels of maternal antibody to depress response to it than were required to have a similar effect on Hitchner B1 and V4. Strain V4 was the strain most affected by circulating maternal antibody.The results demonstrated that strain V4 was less immunogenic than Hitchner B1 and La Sota when used in chickens with maternal antibody to NDV.
A survey of disease in five commercial flocks of meat breeder chickens
Authors: REID G. G. , GRIMES T. M. , EAVES F. W. , BLACKALL P. J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYCauses of sickness and death in approximately 30,000 chickens in 5 meat breeder flocks were investigated between May 1979 and April 1980. Approximately 23% of disease was due to neoplasms; 81% of these were Marek's disease despite vaccination against this infection. Other frequent diagnoses included cellulitis (15%), respiratory disease (14%), lesions of the reproductive tract (11%) and tenosynovitis/arthritis (9%). Antibodies to Mycoplasma gallisepticium, avian adenovirus, infectious bursal disease virus and reticuloendotheliosis virus were present in all flocks. Antibody to Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was found in 2 flocks but titres were not considered protective against a virulent NDV challenge. Antibody to egg drop syndrome 1976 virus was found in 2 flocks comprised of the same breed of bird.
Chronic chondritis of the arytenoid cartilages in a pony mare
Authors: MACLEAN A. A. , ROBERTSON‐SMITH R. G. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe upper respiratory tract of a pony mare with marked exercise intolerance and respiratory stridor was examined with a flexible fibreoptoscope. Both arytenoids were adducted and distorted. A diagnosis of bilateral chondritis of the arytenoids was made and confirmed at autopsy after surgery to enlarge the rima glottidis was unsuccessful. Other space occupying lesions of the rima glottidis are discussed and theories on the aetiology are postulated. Aust. vet. J. 61: 27–28
Prevalence of reoviruses in commercial chickens
Authors: ROBERTSON M. D. , WILCOX G. E. , KIBENGE F. S. B. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe prevalence of reoviruses in commercial chickens with the runting/stunting syndrome, tenosynovitis, and normal chickens was investigated. Reoviruses were isolated from 3‐week‐old chickens affected with the runting/stunting syndrome and from older chickens with tenosynovitis; viruses were isolated from tissues with and without lesions. Reoviruses were also frequently isolated from rectal contents of normal 3‐week‐old chickens, and there was serological evidence of previous reovirus infection in all flocks of adult meat breeder chickens examined. The widespread occurrence of reoviruses in both normal and diseased chickens indicates that the isolation of reoviruses from tissues of chickens with lesions does not necessarily imply any aetiological relationship of reovirus with disease, even in the absence of other known causes. However, the occurrence of reovirus in normal chickens does not preclude an aetiological relationship with disease and further investigation of strain variation and possible virulence factors in avian reoviruses is required.
Molecular epidemiology and pathogenesis of some equine herpesvirus type 1 (equine abortion virus) and type 4 (equine rhinopneumonitis virus) isolates
Authors: STUDDERT M. J. , FITZPATRICK D. R. , HORNER G. W. , WESTBURY H. A. , GLEESON L. J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYRepresentative strains of EHV isolated from an aborted foetus and from a horse with rhinopneumonitis in New Zealand had restriction endonuclease ONA fingerprints typical of those usually associated with these syndromes elsewhere and now designated EHV1 and 4 respectively.EHV1 was isolated from the brain and spinal cord of a 4‐year‐old gelding that died of myeloencephalitis. A mare on the same farm, at about the same time as the gelding developed myeloencephalitis, aborted and EHV1 was isolated from the tissues of the aborted foetus. Restriction endonuclease DNA fingerprints of the viruses isolated from myeloencephalitis and abortion were indistinguishable by Bam HI but were distinguishable using Bgl I, Pvu II, Xho I and Hind III.The restriction endonuclease DNA fingerprints of 3 EHV1 strains known to cause myeloencephalitis were compared with each other and with EHV1 strains not known to be associated with myeloencephalitis. The Bgl I Pvu II and Hind III DNA fingerprints of the 3 myeloencephalogenic strains appear distinguishable from non‐myeloencephalogenic strains.Abortion was induced in a mare by intrauterine inoculation of EHV4. The Bam HI, Bgl I, Pvu II, Xho I and Hind III restriction endonuclease DNA fingerprints of the inoculum virus were indistinguishable from virus recovered from the foetus. It was concluded that passage of the virus through the foetus did not detectably alter the restriction endonuclease DNA fingerprint. Aust. vet. J. 61: 345–348
Histopathology of experimental brucellosis in rams following vaccination with Brucella ovis
Authors: RAHALEY R. S. , DENNIS S. M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYLesions induced by inoculation of Brucella ovis into the epididymis were compared in rams previously vaccinated with B. ovis bacterin and unvaccinated rams. Inoculation of killed B. ovis did not produce significant lesions in either group whereas prior vaccination exacerbated epididymal lesions following inoculation of live B. ovis. Increased numbers of neutrophils, macrophages and lymphocytes were present in the interstitium and neutrophilic infiltration of the epididymal duct epithelium and intraepithelial cyst formation was more prominent. The inflammatory response surrounding extravasated spermatozoa was more severe in vaccinated rams but it was not determined if the response was directed at spermatozoa or intermixed brucellae, or both.
A comparison of six methods used for detecting pregnancy in sheep
Authors: WATT B. R. , ANDERSON G. A. , CAMPBELL I. P. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe speed and accuracy of 4 ultrasonic devices (Scanopreg®, Pregmatic 3®, Medata® external probe and Medata® rectal probe) were compared with udder scoring and harnessed vasectomised rams as methods of pregnancy diagnosis in 177 ewes, 59 of which were non‐pregnant. When using the Scanopreg® in ewes of greater than 50 days gestation, accuracy in pregnant ewes averaged 98% and in non‐pregnant ewes 87%. The Pregmatic 3® was 97% accurate in pregnant ewes after 50 days gestation and was 96% accurate in non‐pregnant ewes. Ewes were examined at between 85 and 185 per hour using these devices. The Medata® external probe was 99% accurate in pregnant ewes of greater than 110 days gestation but less accurate in early gestation. This instrument averaged 89% accuracy in non‐pregnant ewes and an examination rate of 29 to 35 ewes per hour was achieved. The Medata® rectal probe averaged 85% accuracy in pregnant ewes after 70 days gestation. Accuracy averaged 94% in non‐pregnant ewes. Ewes were examined at between 35 and 59 per hour using this device. After 130 days gestation 84% of ewes had firm, obviously enlarged udders and another 14% had slight to moderate udder development. After 130 days gestation thick, clear udder secretions were expressed from 18% of ewes and thick, milky udder secretions were expressed from 8%. Harnessed vasectomised rams raddled one of 118 pregnant ewes (an accuracy in pregnant sheep of 99%) and raddled 53% of non pregnant ewes.It was concluded that the ultrasonic pregnancy testing devices have a commercial role, especially as aids to decision making. Udder scoring may be useful alone or in conjunction with other pregnancy diagnosis methods. Harnessed vasectomised rams are a simple inexpensive method for the diagnosis of pregnancy but they have limited value as expression of oestrus is necessary for optimal results.
The use of Clenbuterol to produce relaxation of the myometrium during Caesarean operation in cattle
Authors: HASSETT L. J. , SLOSS V. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe tocolytic drug Clenbuterol was clinically tested as a means of producing relaxation of the myometrium to facilitate exteriorisation of the uterus during Caesarean operation in 17 cows. When myometrial tone was found to be high during surgery, the intravenous injection of 10 ml of Clenbuterol resulted in a lowering of tone in less than 3 min allowing easy exteriorisation of the uterus. Alternative methods of myometrial relaxation are compared.
Some observations on the development of the long bones of ratite birds
Authors: REECE R. L. , BUTLER R. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryObservations were made on the long bones of 16 young ratite birds (10 rheas, 3 emus and 3 ostriches), from 1‐day‐old to 12 weeks of age.At hatching all long bones contained large cartilaginous cones which were continuous with the growth plates, and an osseous cortex. At one week of age ossification had commenced on the periphery of these embryonic cones and in some bones the cones had become separated from the growth plates. At 3 weeks of age the embryonic cones of cartilage were still present in the proximal and distal tibio‐tarsi and narrow cartilaginous bridges connected the cones to the growth plates. Embryonic cones were not present in other long bones of this 3‐week‐old rhea nor in the long bones of ratites 6, 8 and 12 weeks of age. Other praecocial birds such as turkey poults and chickens have cones of embryonic cartilage in their long bones at hatching and these persist in the tibio‐tarsi till one to 2 weeks of age. The presence of large cones of embryonic cartilage in the tibio‐tarsal bones of 3‐week‐old ratite birds is probably a normal phenomenon. Awareness of this feature is necessary for the correct differential diagnosis of the prevalent musculoskeletal disorders of ratite birds.
Extraskeletal osteoma in a cat
Authors: JABARA A. G. , PATON J. S. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThis paper describes a case of a benign osseous lesion which arose in the right front leg of an 8‐year‐old spayed female cat. The growth was situated in the dermal tissue above the olecranon, but not attached to it, and shelled out easily at surgery.While certain non‐neoplastic lesions, such as hamartomas or cases of heterotopic ossification, may appear histologically similar, the present case was considered to be a true tumour on the basis of the clinical, macroscopic and histological findings, and was termed an osteoma. The cat is remaining under observation, but there had been no recurrence 3½ months after surgery.
Comparison of the residual virulence of Newcastle disease vaccine strains V4, Hitchner Bl and La Sota
Authors: WESTBURY H. A. , PARSONS G. , ALLAN W. H. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe clinical response of 7‐day‐old chickens to Newcastle disease vaccine strains V4, B1 and La Sota administered by the aerosol method was used to study the residual virulence of the strains. Parameters used to assess the severity of the clinical response were the number of sneezes recorded and the weight gain of chickens in the 10 day test period. The demeanour of the chickens was also observed.Strain V4 was less pathogenic for chickens than strain B1 which was less virulent than strain La Sota. Statistically significent differences were recorded in weight gain and the number of sneezes detected in each group. An unexpected mild respiratory disease recorded in chickens dosed with strain V4 may have been associated with administration of virus as a fine particle aerosol. Aust. vet. J. 61: 47–49
The long term efficacy of a Hardjo‐pomona vaccine in preventing leptospiruria in cattle exposed to natural challenge with Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo
Authors: HANCOCK G. A. , WILKS C. R. , KOTIW M. , ALLEN J. D. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe long term efficacy of a commercially prepared bivalent vaccine against Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo and L. interrogans serovar pomona was evaluated in a group of 82 dairy heifers exposed to natural challenge with L. interrogans serovar hardjo for up to 55 weeks after calfhood vaccination. Nineteen heifers were vaccinated twice with a one‐month interval, at calfhood (9 to 10 months). A further 18 heifers received a similar calfhood vaccination regimen plus a third injection at adulthood (22 to 23 months), while 19 heifers were vaccinated twice at adulthood only and finally 22 heifers were used as unvaccinated controls.At 55 weeks after calfhood vaccination and prior to adulthood vaccination, only 2.7% of the vaccinated heifers were found to have leptospiruria compared with 58.5% of the unvaccinated heifers (p<0.0001). Microscopic agglutination (MA) titres at the same time in the unvaccinated heifers ranged from 32 to 4096 while those vaccinated at calfhood ranged from 32 to 64.Adult vaccination of infected animals did not significantly reduce leptospiruria. Prior to adulthood vaccination, 9 of 19 heifers had leptospiruria, in comparison to 4 of 15 after adulthood vaccination. At the same sampling periods 15 of 22 controls had leptospiruria in comparison to 4 of 9 subsequently tested.
Prevalence of congenital abnormalities in pigs
Authors: MULLEY R. C. , EDWARDS M. J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe prevalence of congenital defects in piglets in a large intensive piggery was determined by autopsy examination of piglets dying in the first week of life and from records kept by the farm staff. A total of 1908 piglets was examined at autopsy and 14,535 were born over the period of the survey. The prevalence of defects on this farm was estimated to be 2.9% of all piglets born, and at least one piglet with a congenital defect was found in 17.4% of litters. Of the piglets dying in the first week 9.5% had a defect and of these 8% had multiple anomalies.The mean litter size at birth for litters with a malformed piglet was 10.9 compared with 9.9 for litters without a malformed piglet. The total preweaning loss in litters containing a malformed pig was higher (29.8%) than that in litters without malformations (17.4%). The antepartum and parturient deaths in litters with a malformed piglet were 35% higher than normal litters. Parturient and anteparturient deaths amounted to 7.5% of piglets born and the total preweaning mortality was 19.9%. Sixty‐six per cent of these mortalities occurred within the first week of life.The litter size at birth increased with parity as did the prevalence of litters containing malformed piglets. Neonatal loss was about 2 pigs per litter for all parities. Litter size at birth in litters containing a malformed pig was consistently higher by one pig per litter from all parities, but parturient (7.1%) and anteparturient (1.4%) deaths were also higher in these litters than in litters without malformations (5.1% and 1.2% respectively).Of the malformed piglets observed, defects most commonly affected the musculoskeletal system (183 of 339 malformed piglets 54.0%), digestive system (54 of 339 – 15.9%) or urogenital system (51 of 339 – 15.0%). The most commonly encountered malformations were myofibrillar hypoplasia, cryptorchidism, anal atresia and skeletal defects. The population frequency of many defects such as diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, tongue hypertrophy, cranioschisis, micromelia, spina bifida and cyclopia‐rhinocephalia is reported for the first time.
Liver biopsy as a technique for assessing copper status of sheep
Authors: DONALD G. E. , PAULL D. R. , LANGLANDS J. P. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA procedure for taking biopsy samples from the ovine liver by a paracostal route is described. Samples were taken from 120 Merino rams on up to 3 occasions over a 3 month period. At the end of the period, the rams were subjected to 2 further biopsies and were then slaughtered, and the liver was removed and homogenised. Copper contents of all samples were determined.Frequency of biopsy did not affect hepatic copper concentration which was significantly overestimated by the biopsy method by approximately 5%. Variability associated with the biopsy procedure was approximately ± 30 to 40 mg Cu/kg DM (SD) and was small relative to variability between animals. Experimental designs were preferred in which samples are taken before and after treatments are applied; changes in concentration are then analysed. Such analyses eliminate errors associated with variability between animals and the small bias in the sampling procedure. Liver biopsy did not significantly reduce bodyweight or the rate of gain.
Coccidiosis associated with post‐weaning diarrhoea in beef calves in a dry tropical region
Authors: PARKER R. J. , BOOTHBY K. , POLKINGHORNE I. , HOLROYD R. G. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe roles of helminths and coccidia in post‐weaning diarrhoea in beef calves in the dry tropics were investigated. Diarrhoea occurred approximately one month after weaning in both anthelmintic treated and untreated calves. The highest numbers of coccidial oocysts were seen 29 days after weaning and 3 necropsies confirmed Eimeria zuernii coccidiosis. In the absence of wet overcrowded conditions, disease may have been precipitated by environmental interactions leading to suppression of host immunity. Other Eimeria identified were E. bukidnonensis, E. wyomingensis, E. bovis, E. auburnensis, E. cylindrica, E. ellipsoidalis and E. subspherica. The last 5 species are believed not to have been previously documented in Australia. The presence of E. canadensis was strongly suspected.