bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Indian Patriots on Last Stand Hill
Authors: Elliot Michael A 
Published: January 2007

This article seeks to illuminate the ways that the public history of the nineteenth-century Indian Wars continue to matter in twenty-first century formulations of the relationship between indigenous peoples of North American and the United States. It pursues this topic by focusing on a single event, the 2003 dedication of a new memorial at the Little Bighorn Battlefield commemorating the lives those who fought there. Situating the history of commemoration at the battlefield within the larger history of "Custerology," the article pays particular attention to articulations of national patriotism. Such patriotism at the Little Bighorn involves not only allegiance to the United States, but also to the specific tribal nations of the American Indians who come there. The article contends that the dedication of the Indian memorial at the Little Bighorn reveals an articulation of anti-American Americanism. Unlike forms of postnational cosmopolitanism, this kind of patriotism is thoroughly saturated by national allegiances, even if those allegiances may seem to be in logical contradiction with one another.	"Indian Patriots on Last Stand Hill" unravels these forms of patriotism by attending to the speeches, ceremonies, and architecture of memorialization at the Little Bighorn Battlefield. It describes the dramas of reconciliation that were staged there in the early twentieth century, as well as the conflicts over commemoration that took place from the 1970s to the 1990s. Crucial to all of these acts is the unique texture of defeat at the Little Bighorn: The United States can claim the status of the defeated in the battle, whereas American Indian nations have the moral authority of the defeated in their longer struggles against colonization. As a corollary, the Little Bighorn is also a place where both sides claim victory—the United States in its territorial consolidation of the North American plains, and the Indian nations in the battle of the Little Bighorn itself. This peculiar configuration of victory and defeat creates the possibility for the Little Bighorn to function as a place where both Indians and non-Indians can converge to articulate the contradictions of the status of Indian nations and Indian people in the contemporary United States.
Predicting Diagnosed Depression and Anti-depressant Treatment in Institutionalized Older Adults by Symptom Profiles: A Closer Look at Anhedonia and Dysphoria
Authors: Stones Michael J. , Clyburn Leah D. , Gibson Margaret C. , Woodbury M. Gail 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to examine the relationships of diagnosis and treatment of depression with anhedonic and dysphoric symptom presentation, using the Minimum Data Set 2.0. Participants were from two sectors of long-term care: 70 nursing home residents and 92 residents in a Veterans' Care Service. The samples differed in their sex distribution and in cognition. A series of logistic regressions that controlled for demographics, type of facility, and cognition showed that dysphoric symptoms predicted diagnosed depression, whereas anhedonic symptoms predicted anti-depressant medication use without a concomitant diagnosis. The findings are consistent with a hypothesis that, in long-term care settings, anhedonic symptoms contribute less to a diagnosis of depression than do dysphoric symptoms. However, findings that anhedonic symptoms relate to treatment have implications for care-planning protocols.
Confidence in Argument
Authors: Adler Jonathan E. 
Published: January 2007

When someone presents an argument on a charged topic and it is (credibly) alleged that the arguer has a strong personal interest and investment in the conclusion, the allegation, directed to the reception or evaluation of the argument, typically gives rise to two seemingly conflicting reactions:I. The allegation is an unwarranted diversion (a species ofargumentum ad hominemorgenetie fallacy).The prejudices or biases of the arguer are irrelevant to thecogencyof the argument. ('Cogency’ is used broadly to refer both to correct support relations, validity, in the case of deductive arguments, and to the soundness, warrant, and relevance of the premises.) In particular, it is a distraction from the crucial judgment of whether the argument is cogent to press the question of whether the arguer truly holds his conclusion on the grounds that he offers, or whether he believes it on some illicit or suspect basis (prejudice, ideology, self-interest, wishful thinking, bias).
Family structure and income inequality in families with children, 1976 to 2000
Authors: Martin Molly A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractUsing 24 years of data from the March supplements to the Current Population Survey and detailed categories of family structure, including cohabiting unions, I assess the contribution of changes in family structure to the dramatic rise in family income inequality. Between 1976 and 2000, family structure shifts explain 41% of the increase in inequality, but the influence of family structure change is not uniform within this period or across racial-ethnic groups. In general, the estimated role of family structure change is inversely related to the magnitude of the changes in inequality. Furthermore, by including cohabitation, I find lower levels of total inequality and a weaker role for demographic shifts in family structure for trends in income inequality.
History with a Mission: Abraham Kawadza and Narratives of Agrarian Change in Zimbabwe
Authors: Leedy Todd H. 
Published: January 2007

He was the first man who was clever enough to realize he could sell some green maize at the mine in Penhalonga… Even to build the good houses, you had to come and copy from Kawadza. To buy ploughshares, they had to come and copy from Kawadza… Even those who bought cars, they had to copy from Kawadza… Chief Gandanzara used to walk on foot whenever he wanted to meet anyone. But because of seeing Kawadza riding a horse, he himself decided to ride on a horse… We can say in Mani-caland, or we can say in Zimbabwe, most of the good things were started with Kawadza.Histories of Africa produced during the colonial period generally begin with the premise that indigenous societies existed in a timeless, static condition. The sort of broad social changes that formed the very basis of history had seemingly never occurred within Africa. Therefore history in Africa began with early European contacts and colonial-era accounts proceeded to chronicle the variety of European activities in Africa. Even more than most Europeans in the colonies, missionaries viewed themselves as direct agents of change and therefore creators of history. Their personal accounts, usually written for public consumption back home, inevitably included both struggles and successes inherent to mission work. More specifically, in their accounts of agricultural change among African societies, missionaries frequently attempted to script for themselves the central role as protagonists driving a story of progress and civilization. In order to highlight the problematic nature of missionary accounts and their influence on other interpretations, I examine here a variety of historical sources relating to Abraham Kawadza. His life experiences support a self-peasantization approach to rural history that challenges any mission-centric interpretation of agrarian change in colonial Zimbabwe.
Cued Speeches: the Emergence ofShaurias Colonial Praxis in German East Africa, 1850–1903
Authors: Pesek Michael 
Published: January 2007

In 1891 the German explorer Theodor Bumiller wrote an angry letter from the shores of Lake Nyassa (modern Lake Malawi) to the Committee of the German Anti Slavery Lottery, the financiers of his expedition. The goal of the expedition was to bring a steamship onto the lake to fight alleged slave hunters. The initiator and leader of the expedition was no less a person than Hermann von Wissmann, then the empire's most popular explorer and conqueror and first Governor of German East Africa. Bumiller had been Wissmann's long-standing friend and companion on several expeditions. Since the very first days, there had been disputes over the equipping and organization of the expedition. In all previous letters that Wissmann and Bumiller had written to the committee, they had responded to reproaches of throwing the lottery's money around by arguing that Africa is not Europe and there were many eventualities with which nobody was able to reckon, if being on an expedition.However, a member of the expedition, a certain Captain Max Praeger, whose duty was to navigate the steamer on the lake, had sent a report, in which he had sharply criticized both Wissmann and Bumiller. Bumiller answered with the argument that Praeger was not in a position to give an expert opinion on the expedition, because he was not a trueAfrikaner, a person who has gained first-hand experiences of the African continent and its people. Praeger, Bumiller sneered, was only sitting on the steamer's deck and thus having no contact with Africans. To Bumiller, what qualified anAfrikaneras expert on Africa were eye-to-eye encounters with African people.
Justice Not Done : The Hanging of Elizabeth Workman
Authors: Gaffield Scott M. 
Published: January 2007

RésuméDans l'histoire judiciaire du Canada, une seule femme fut exécutée contre la recommandation du jury : Elizabeth Workman. Pendue en 1873 à Sarnia, en Ontario, cette mère de classe ouvrière et immigrante avait été condamnée du meurtre de son époux. Cet article vise à approfondir notre compréhension de la pendaison d'Elizabeth Workman en répondant à un ensemble de questions reliées : Pourquoi fut-elle condamnée? Pourquoi le jury recommanda-t-il qu'elle soit graciée? Pourquoi cette recommandation ne fut-elle pas acceptée? Pour répondre de manière fondée à ces interrogations, un corpus substantiel de sources primaires et secondaires a été consulté, incluant le dossier judiciaire, des données de recensements, des quotidiens locaux ainsi que des travaux scientifiques plus récents sur le contexte social et légal du procès et de l'exécution. Ces données suggèrent qu'EIizabeth Workman est devenue la seule femme à être exécutée contrairement à la recommandation d'un jury suite à une convergence d'actions individuelles, du contexte social et de la culture et pratique légales.
The Use and Abuse of the Cultural Defense
Authors: Renteln Alison Dundes 
Published: January 2007

RésuméInvoquer la défense culturelle est devenue une stratégie judiciaire populaire bien que controversée. Expliquant dans un premier temps que la portée de la défense culturelle est plus vaste que généralement comprise et qu'elle sert aussi bien à atténuer des sentences, à créer des exceptions à des politiques établies qu'à augmenter les montants de dommage et intérêts accordés, j'identifie ensuite les principes normatifs qui justifient ce type de défense. Même si elle peut être appuyée fondé sur des principes, si la défense culturelle a une chance d'être adoptée formellement, des politiques doivent être établies pour prévenir des abus. Je propose des critères d'application de la défense culturelle qui sont illustrés par quelques cas. La présentation d'exemples où la défense culturelle est appropriée est suivie d'une démonstration des abus potentiels, à partir de cas particuliers dans lesquels les arguments culturels avancés ne remplissaient pas les critères du test proposé. L'article se termine sur des recommandations pour assister les tribunaux à trouver les experts qui peuvent authentifier les requêtes culturelles.
Legal Consciousness and Resistance in Carribean Seasonal Agricultural Workers
Authors: Smith Adrian A. 
Published: January 2007

RésuméOn considère que les travailleurs des Antilles du Commonwealth qu'embauchent les producteurs agricoles au Canada en vertu du Programme canadien des travailleurs agricoles saisonniers ignorent tout des normes du travail en vigueur. Cet état de fait constitue non seulement une affirmation empirique concernant l'ignorance et la connaissance du droit, mais aussi une affirmation théorique concernant le rôle du droit dans les relations capitalistes, et surtout la façon dont il façonne les consciences et les comportements. Le cas des travailleurs agricoles saisonniers présente une occasion intéressante d'appliquer les études sur la conscience du droit. En s'appuyant sur les assises de ce nouveau domaine en émergence qui examine la conscience du droit chez les non-juristes, le présent article conteste l'aspect à la fois empirique et théorique de l'affirmation relative à l'ignorance du droit. Les nouvelles études en conscience du droit font l'objet d'une révision importante pour expliquer le ro1e du droit dans l'énoncé des règles de base d'un capitalisme libéral. En ce sens, cet article ouvre la voie à des études subséquentes sur le rapport qui existe entre la résistance du travailleur agricole saisonnier et le droit.
Doing Justice After Conflict : The Case for Ghana's National Reconciliation Commission
Authors: Ameh Robert Kwame 
Published: January 2007

RésuméLe Ghana a rejoint le groupe des démocraties en transition en créant la Commission de réconciliation nationale (CRN), qui débuta ses travaux en 2002. Elle reçut le mandat d'enquêter sur les atrocités et violations des droits humains passées, de recommander des compensations adéquates pour les victimes et de réconcilier la nation. Or, les attentes et la confiance des Ghanéens en la capacité de la CRN de guérir les blessures du passé, mettre un terme au cycle de vengeance et de vendettas et de réconcilier la nation furent partagées depuis que la Commission termina ses travaux et remit son rapport, en octobre 2004. Cet article prend position pour la Commission de réconciliation nationale au Ghana, soutenant qu'elle est la meilleure parmi les solutions possibles pour traiter des violations passées des droits humains au Ghana.
Entre éthique, justice et politique : la demande de pardon des États. Le cas des Unangan (Aléoutes) de l'Alaska
Authors: de la Casinière Annik Chiron 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis paper deals with the official apology offered by governments to peoples or groups, often a minority of their own nation, who were once victims of a crime against humanity. After staying six months in Alaska with the Unangan people who, in 1988 for the first time in the country's history, received from the American Congress official apologies and financial compensation for their evacuation and internment during WWII, I have returned with a significant amount of data. They tend to show that if such apologies, although considered unanimously as a positive gesture, are not accompanied by certain essential conditions, they are viewed mainly as a political strategy and comedy. Furthermore, if this evolution results directly from recently-acquired historical, legal and political consciousness of peoples, especially of Aboriginal peoples, it represents a new kind of test for individuals and groups in our democracies who are really concerned with common welfare.
Long-Term Health Outcomes Associated with Detectable Troponin I Concentrations
Authors: Kavsak Peter A , Newman Alice M , Lustig Viliam , MacRae Andrew R , Palomaki Glenn E , Ko Dennis T , Tu Jack V , Jaffe Allan S 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Background: Recent data suggest that older men with detectable cardiac troponin I (cTnI) concentrations that remain below the 99th percentile concentration cutoff are at increased risk for subsequent cardiovascular events. We designed this study to extend this observation by examining risk prediction in both men and women presenting to an emergency department with chest discomfort.
Methods: We obtained data for all-cause mortality and hospital discharges associated with either acute myocardial infarction (AMI) or congestive heart failure (CHF) for up to 8 years after the initial presentation in 448 patients who originally presented in 1996 with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). We performed retrospective analysis for cTnI (AccuTnI™; Beckman Coulter) in frozen plasma samples based on the patients’ reported time from onset of symptoms. Peak cTnI concentration was used for risk assessment.
Results: Patients with cTnI concentrations ≥0.02 μg/L (i.e., limit of detection), including those whose peak values remained below the 99th percentile (0.04 μg/L), were at greater risk for death and AMI/CHF readmissions at 2, 5, and 8 years of follow-up compared with those with peak cTnI &lt;0.02 μg/L. All results were statistically significant (P &lt;0.05) except for death within 2 years among patients with normal but detectable cTnI (0.02 to 0.03 μg/L), relative to the group with values &lt;0.02 μg/L. Kaplan–Meier analyses indicated that both men and women with cTnI ≥0.02 μg/L had worse outcomes (P &lt;0.001).
Conclusion: Both men and women who present with possible ACS with detectable cTnI concentrations that remain below the 99th percentile are at a greater risk for future adverse events.
A Meta-Analysis of Human Embryonic Stem Cells Transcriptome Integrated into a Web-Based Expression Atlas
Authors: Assou Said , Le Carrour Tanguy , Tondeur Sylvie , Ström Susanne , Gabelle Audrey , Marty Sophie , Nadal Laure , Pantesco Véronique , Réme Thierry , Hugnot Jean-Philippe , Gasca Stéphan , Hovatta Outi , Hamamah Samir , Klein Bernard , De Vos John 
Published: January 2007

AbstractMicroarray technology provides a unique opportunity to examine gene expression patterns in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). We performed a meta-analysis of 38 original studies reporting on the transcriptome of hESCs. We determined that 1,076 genes were found to be overexpressed in hESCs by at least three studies when compared to differentiated cell types, thus composing a “consensus hESC gene list.” Only one gene was reported by all studies: the homeodomain transcription factor POU5F1/OCT3/4. The list comprised other genes critical for pluripotency such as the transcription factors NANOG and SOX2, and the growth factors TDGF1/CRIPTO and Galanin. We show that CD24 and SEMA6A, two cell surface protein-coding genes from the top of the consensus hESC gene list, display a strong and specific membrane protein expression on hESCs. Moreover, CD24 labeling permits the purification by flow cytometry of hESCs cocultured on human fibroblasts. The consensus hESC gene list also included the FZD7 WNT receptor, the G protein-coupled receptor GPR19, and the HELLS helicase, which could play an important role in hESCs biology. Conversely, we identified 783 genes downregulated in hESCs and reported in at least three studies. This “consensus differentiation gene list” included the IL6ST/GP130 LIF receptor. We created an online hESC expression atlas, http://amazonia.montp.inserm.fr, to provide an easy access to this public transcriptome dataset. Expression histograms comparing hESCs to a broad collection of fetal and adult tissues can be retrieved with this web tool for more than 15,000 genes.Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Modeling hydrodynamics of gas–liquid airlift reactor
Authors: Talvy Samuel , Cockx Arnaud , Liné Alain 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis article deals with the physical modeling and numerical simulation of two‐phase bubbly flow in an airlift internal loop reactor. The objective is to show the ability of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to correctly simulate hydrodynamics and axial dispersion in such a bubbly reactor. The modeling of two‐phase bubbly flow is based on the so‐called two‐fluid model derived from Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes equations in two‐phase flow. From the local perspective, CFD leads to the distributions of phases, interfacial area, and velocity field in the whole volume of the airlift. Numerical simulations are discussed after comparison with experimental data. Sensitivity analysis is then presented to highlight the main parameters that must be taken into account in two‐fluid modeling, especially in terms of interfacial transfer of momentum and turbulence. Once local hydrodynamics has been discussed and validated, the axial dispersion is then addressed. The axial dispersion coefficient is estimated from simulation of transport equation of salt concentration. Given the time evolution of the concentration, measured by a “numerical” probe located in computed airlift reactor, it is possible to numerically estimate the axial dispersion in the airlift, in the same way as in the experiments. The axial dispersion coefficient determined after simulation is compared with the experimental one and the ability of CFD to simulate mixing time and axial dispersion is shown. In addition, a physical analysis of axial dispersion is proposed. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Optimal design of an integrated fermentation process for lactic acid production
Authors: Lin Hsun‐Tung , Wang Feng‐Sheng 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIn this work, we considered a multistage integrated continuous fermentation process for producing lactic acid. Each stage consists of a mixing tank, a bioreactor, a cell‐recycle unit, and an extractor. A generalized mathematical model was formulated to express the integrated process. We have compared the overall productivity and conversion of the integrated process with those of two simplified processes. From the design equations, three processes have an identical overall conversion. However, the proposed process has the greatest overall productivity. A specific kinetic model for lactic production was applied to the integrated process to formulate it as a flexible or fuzzy optimization problem to find the maximum overall productivity and conversion with interval residual and supplied glucose constraints. Four optimization problems were considered to determine the optimal stages, operating conditions, and design variables. If the decision variables excluded the working volume ratio and flow rate ratio in the optimization problem, four stages were required to yield the maximum overall productivity and near complete overall conversion. However, if both operation variables were considered as the decision variables in the optimization problem, three stages were sufficient to achieve the identical overall productivity. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Aminocarbonyloxymethyl Ester Prodrugs of Flufenamic Acid and Diclofenac: Suppressing the Rearrangement Pathway in Aqueous Media
Authors: Ribeiro Lina , Silva Nuno , Iley Jim , Rautio Jarkko , Järvinen Tomi , Mota‐Filipe Hélder , Moreira Rui , Mendes Eduarda 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAminocarbonyloxymethyl ester prodrugs are known to undergo rearrangement in aqueous solutions to form the corresponding N‐acylamine side product via an O → N intramolecular acyl transfer from the carbamate conjugate base. Novel aminocarbonyloxymethyl esters of diclofenac and flufenamic acid containing amino acid amide carriers were synthesized and evaluated as potential prodrugs displaying less ability to undergo rearrangement. These compounds were prepared in reasonable yield by a four‐step synthetic method that uses the appropriate N‐Boc‐protected amino acid N‐hydroxysuccinimide ester and secondary amine and chloromethyl chloroformate as key reactants. Their reactivity in pH 7.4 buffer and 80% human plasma at 37°C was assessed by RP‐HPLC. The aminocarbonyloxymethyl esters containing a secondary carbamate group derived from amino acids such as glycine or phenylalanine were hydrolyzed quantitatively to the parent drug both in non‐enzymatic and enzymatic conditions, with no rearrangement product being detected. The oral bioavailability in rats was determined for selected diclofenac derivatives. These derivatives displayed a bioavailability of 25 to 68% relative to that of diclofenac, probably due to their poor aqueous solubility and lipophilicity. These results suggest that further optimization of aminocarbonyloxymethyl esters as potential prodrugs for non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs require the use of amino acid carriers with ionizable groups to improve aqueous solubility.