bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fungi have three tetraspanin families with distinct functions
Authors: Lambou Karine , Tharreau Didier , Kohler Annegret , Sirven Catherine , Marguerettaz Mélanie , Barbisan Crystel , Sexton Adrienne C , Kellner Ellen M , Martin Francis , Howlett Barbara J , Orbach Marc J , Lebrun Marc-Henri 
Published: February 2008

Abstract

Background
Tetraspanins are small membrane proteins that belong to a superfamily encompassing 33 members in human and mouse. These proteins act as organizers of membrane-signalling complexes. So far only two tetraspanin families have been identified in fungi. These are Pls1, which is required for pathogenicity of the plant pathogenic ascomycetes, Magnaporthe grisea, Botrytis cinerea and Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, and Tsp2, whose function is unknown. In this report, we describe a third family of tetraspanins (Tsp3) and a new family of tetraspanin-like proteins (Tpl1) in fungi. We also describe expression of some of these genes in M. grisea and a basidiomycete, Laccaria bicolor, and also their functional analysis in M. grisea.

Results
The exhaustive search for tetraspanins in fungal genomes reveals that higher fungi (basidiomycetes and ascomycetes) contain three families of tetraspanins (Pls1, Tsp2 and Tsp3) with different distribution amongst phyla. Pls1 is found in ascomycetes and basidiomycetes, whereas Tsp2 is restricted to basidiomycetes and Tsp3 to ascomycetes. A unique copy of each of PLS1 and TSP3 was found in ascomycetes in contrast to TSP2, which has several paralogs in the basidiomycetes, Coprinus cinereus and Laccaria bicolor. A tetraspanin-like family (Tpl1) was also identified in ascomycetes. Transcriptional analyses in various tissues of L. bicolor and M. grisea showed that PLS1 and TSP2 are expressed in all tissues in L. bicolor and that TSP3 and TPL1 are overexpressed in the sexual fruiting bodies (perithecia) and mycelia of M. grisea, suggesting that these genes are not pseudogenes. Phenotypic analysis of gene replacementmutants Δtsp3 and Δtpl1 of M. grisea revealed a reduction of the pathogenicity only on rice, in contrast to Δpls1 mutants, which are completely non-pathogenic on barley and rice.

Conclusion
A new tetraspanin family (Tsp3) and a tetraspanin-like protein family (Tpl1) have been identified in fungi. Functional analysis by gene replacement showed that these proteins, as well as Pls1, are involved in the infection process of the plant pathogenic fungus M. grisea. The next challenge will be to decipher the role(s) of tetraspanins in a range of symbiotic, saprophytic and human pathogenic fungi.
Response to Neoadjuvant Therapy and Long-Term Survival in Patients With Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Authors: Liedtke Cornelia , Mazouni Chafika , Hess Kenneth R. , André Fabrice , Tordai Attila , Mejia Jaime A. , Symmans W. Fraser , Gonzalez-Angulo Ana M. , Hennessy Bryan , Green Marjorie , Cristofanilli Massimo , Hortobagyi Gabriel N. , Pusztai Lajos 
Published: February 2008

Purpose Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is defined by the lack of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2) expression. In this study, we compared response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and survival between patients with TNBC and non-TNBC. Patients and Methods Analysis of a prospectively collected clinical database was performed. We included 1,118 patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy at M.D. Anderson Cancer Center for stage I-III breast cancer from 1985 to 2004 and for whom complete receptor information were available. Clinical and pathologic parameters, pathologic complete response rates (pCR), survival measurements, and organ-specific relapse rates were compared between patients with TNBC and non-TNBC. Results Two hundred fifty-five patients (23%) had TNBC. Patients with TNBC compared with non-TNBC had significantly higher pCR rates (22% v 11%; P = .034), but decreased 3-year progression-free survival rates (P < .0001) and 3-year overall survival (OS) rates (P < .0001). TNBC was associated with increased risk for visceral metastases (P = .0005), lower risk for bone recurrence (P = .027), and shorter postrecurrence survival (P < .0001). Recurrence and death rates were higher for TNBC only in the first 3 years. If pCR was achieved, patients with TNBC and non-TNBC had similar survival (P = .24). In contrast, patients with residual disease (RD) had worse OS if they had TNBC compared with non-TNBC (P < .0001). Conclusion Patients with TNBC have increased pCR rates compared with non-TNBC, and those with pCR have excellent survival. However, patients with RD after neoadjuvant chemotherapy have significantly worse survival if they have TNBC compared with non-TNBC, particularly in the first 3 years.
Radiation Effects on Poly(cyclohexane carbonate)
Authors: Ma Qingwei , Zhang Yumei , Gao Fengxiang , Wang Xianhong , Zhao Xiaojiang 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
For the first time, the effects of γ-rays radiation (60Co) on poly(cyclohexane carbonate) in air and N2 atmosphere were investigated. The analysis of the molecular weights and molecular structure of the irradiated samples indicated that chain-scission reactions occurred, whereas cross-linking reactions were absent during the radiation procedure. From the number-average molecular weight (Mn) data of the irradiated samples, the radiation chemical yields G(s) were calculated to be 2.0 scission/100 eV in air and 1.1 scission/100 eV in N2. The mechanism of the irradiated degradation reaction was also discussed.
Physical Properties of Substituted 1,3-Dioxolan-2-ones
Authors: Hagiyama Kousuke , Suzuki Keita , Ohtake Manabu , Shimada Miki , Nanbu Noritoshi , Takehara Masahiro , Ue Makoto , Sasaki Yukio 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
The use of a simple 1,3-dioxolan-2-one (EC) moiety allows us to investigate the substituent effect on the physical properties as highly polar solvents. We describe the temperature dependence of mass densities (ρ), refractive indexes (nD), relative permittivities (εr), and dynamic viscosities (η) of EC, 4-methyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one (MeEC), 4-ethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one (EtEC), 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one (FEC), and 4-methoxymethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one (MMEC). Both εr and η of MMEC and FEC are higher than those of EC at low temperatures.
Fabrication of Electroactive Layer-by-layer Films with Myoglobin and Zirconium Phosphate Nanosheets
Authors: Yang Xiushuang , Chen Xu , Zhang Jiahui , Yang Wensheng 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Electroactive multilayer films composed of exfoliated nanosheets of α-zirconium phosphate and myoglobin (Mb) have been fabricated on the surface of glassy carbon electrodes through electrostatic layer-by-layer self-assembly technique. Direct electron-transfer process of Mb immobilized in the film was investigated.
Tuning the Hoechst Dye into Color-changing Fluorescent pH Indicator in an Acidic Range
Authors: Sando Shinsuke , Narita Atsushi , Hayami Masayoshi , Aoyama Yasuhiro 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
We developed a new fluorescent pH indicator from a common Hoechst 33258 fluorescent dye. Unlike the parent compound, the improved Hoechst probe, wherein two methyl substituents were introduced into the terminal phenol ring, is fluorescent in an aqueous solution at neutral pH, and showed a unidirectional wavelength shift in the fluorescence emission spectra on lowering the pH. Thus, the probe can be used as a blue/green color-changing fluorescent pH indicator in an acidic range.
Novel Fluorescent Aluminum Complexes Based on N-Hydroxy-3,6-diaryl-4-phenyl-2-pyridone Ligands
Authors: Minakata Satoshi , Inada Hiroshi , Komatsu Mitsuo , Kajii Hirotake , Ohmori Yutaka , Tsumura Manabu , Namura Kiyoyuki 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Novel fluorescent aluminium complexes of N-hydroxy-3,6-diaryl-4-phenyl-2-pyridone derivatives were synthesized and their fluorescent properties were investigated. The complexes having a trifluoromethyl group and a methoxy group at the para-position on the 3- and 6-phenyl groups exhibit purple fluorescence in the solid state.
Direct Asymmetric Aminoxylation Reaction Catalyzed by Axially Chiral Amino Acids
Authors: Kano Taichi , Yamamoto Akihiro , Mii Haruka , Takai Jun , Shirakawa Seiji , Maruoka Keiji 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Binaphthyl-based amino acids were prepared and applied for the direct asymmetric aminoxylation of aldehydes with nitrosobenzene. The reaction catalyzed by (S)-1e proceeded smoothly to give the aminoxylated product in good yield and enantioselectivity. This method represents a rare example of the direct asymmetric aminoxylation by a non-proline-type catalyst.
First Observation of the Matrix-isolated FTIR Spectrum of Vaporized Ionic Liquid: An Example of EmimTFSI, 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide
Authors: Akai Nobuyuki , Kawai Akio , Shibuya Kazuhiko 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
The FTIR spectrum of vaporized ionic liquid has been measured with a low-temperature rare-gas matrix-isolation technique for the first time. 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, EmimTFSI, was employed as thermally vaporizable ionic liquid. The matrix-isolated IR spectrum was found to be different from either the IR spectrum of neat ionic liquid or the theoretically simulated stable 1:1 ion-pair spectrum. This observation may suggest that the vaporized ionic liquid has a certain structure different from either the liquid phase or theoretically expected ion-pair form.
Synthesis and Properties of 3,8-Bis[4-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)phenyl]-1,10-phenanthroline for Phosphorescent OLEDs
Authors: Ge Ziyi , Hayakawa Teruaki , Ando Shinji , Ueda Mitsuru , Akiike Toshiyuki , Miyamoto Hidetoshi , Kajita Toru , Kakimoto Masa-aki 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
A novel bipolar molecule, 3,8-bis[4-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)phenyl]-1,10-phenanthroline (CZPT) was synthesized and employed as the host in phosphorescent organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs). A maximum luminance of 7000 cd/m2 was achieved using fac-tris(2-phenylpyridine)iridium (Ir(ppy)3) as the emitting material.
Photophysical and Photocatalytic Properties of β-Sulfonatoporphycenes
Authors: Baba Tatsushi , Shimakoshi Hisashi , Endo Ayataka , Adachi Chihaya , Hisaeda Yoshio 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
The photophysical properties and photooxidation ability of the β-sulfonatoporphycenes are reported. The photophysical parameters depend on the number of substitutions. The disulfonated porphycene 2 is expected to be a new photosensitizer due to its high catalytic activity and photostability.
In Vitro Gene Delivery by pDNA/Chitosan Complexes Coated with Anionic PEG Derivatives that Have a Sugar Side Chain
Authors: Hashimoto Mayu , Koyama Yoshiyuki , Sato Toshinori 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
We developed pDNA/chitosan complexes coated with sugar-modified PEG-A/Cs, which are poly(ethylene glycol) derivatives with a side chain of carboxylic acid and sugar. The cationic pDNA/chitosan complexes were coated with anionic sugar-modified PEG-Cs, and anionic ternary complexes were formed. Coating the pDNA/chitosan complexes with maltose- or lactose-modified PEG-A/C (Mal–PEG-A/C or Lac–PEG-A/C, respectively) greatly promoted their stability in water and transfection efficiency in vitro.
Platinum(II)-catalyzed Annulation of 5-Methyl-5-hexen-1-ols with Aldehydes
Authors: Miura Katsukiyo , Horiike Makoto , Inoue Gen , Ichikawa Junji , Hosomi Akira 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
In the presence of catalytic amounts of PtCl2 and AgOTf, 5-methyl-5-hexen-1-ol reacted with aldehydes to give 2,3-disubstituted tetrahydropyrans in moderate to high yields with trans-stereoselectivity. Use of 5-methyl-5-hexen-1-ols bearing a methyl group at the C1-, C2-, or C3-position led to highly stereoselective synthesis of trisubstituted tetrahydropyrans.
Calcium and Vitamin D Supplementation Decreases Incidence of Stress Fractures in Female Navy Recruits
Authors: Lappe Joan , Cullen Diane , Haynatzki Gleb , Recker Robert , Ahlf Renee , Thompson Kerry 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Introduction: Stress fractures (SFx) are one of the most common and debilitating overuse injuries seen in military recruits, and they are also problematic for nonmilitary athletic populations. The goal of this randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study was to determine whether a calcium and vitamin D intervention could reduce the incidence of SFx in female recruits during basic training.
Materials and Methods: We recruited 5201 female Navy recruit volunteers and randomized them to 2000 mg calcium and 800 IU vitamin D/d or placebo. SFx were ascertained when recruits reported to the Great Lakes clinic with symptoms. All SFx were confirmed with radiography or technetium scan according to the usual Navy protocol.
Results: A total of 309 subjects were diagnosed with a SFx resulting in an incidence of 5.9% per 8 wk. Using intention-to-treat analysis by including all enrolled subjects, we found that the calcium and vitamin D group had a 20% lower incidence of SFx than the control group (5.3% versus 6.6%, respectively, p = 0.0026 for Fisher's exact test). The per protocol analysis, including only the 3700 recruits who completed the study, found a 21% lower incidence of fractures in the supplemented versus the control group (6.8% versus 8.6%, respectively, p = 0.02 for Fisher's exact test).
Conclusions: Generalizing the findings to the population of 14,416 women who entered basic training at the Great Lakes during the 24 mo of recruitment, calcium and vitamin D supplementation for the entire cohort would have prevented ∼187 persons from fracturing. Such a decrease in SFx would be associated with a significant decrease in morbidity and financial costs.
Bim, Bak, and Bax Regulate Osteoblast Survival
Authors: Liang Min , Russell Graham , Hulley Philippa A 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Introduction: Osteoblasts depend on a constant supply of prosurvival signals from their microenvironment. When trophic factors become limited by injury or disease, cells undergo apoptosis. This study establishes the regulation and function of Bim, Bak, and Bax in this response.
Materials and Methods: MBA-15.4 murine osteoblasts and primary human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs) were subjected to growth factor depletion by serum starvation (1% FCS or serum withdrawal). Protein phosphorylation, activation, or expression was quantified by Western blotting and gene expression by real-time PCR. Regulation of apoptosis in response to serum depletion was determined using siRNA specific for Bim, Bak, or Bax, followed by TUNEL staining. Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA after multiple experimental repeats.
Results: Serum depletion strongly induced expression of the proapoptotic protein Bim in both hBMSC and MBA-15.4 osteoblasts. Detailed analysis of the mouse line showed that both mRNA and protein levels rose from 2 h to peak between 16 and 24 h, in conjunction with activation of caspase 3 and rising levels of apoptosis. Both actinomycin D and cycloheximide prevented this increase in Bim, indicating transcriptional regulation. Serum deprivation caused immediate and sustained decreases in phosphorylation of prosurvival kinases, ERK and PKB, preceding upregulation of Bim. Pathway inhibitors, U0126 or LY294002, strongly increased both Bim mRNA and protein, confirming that both kinases regulate Bim. These inhibitors also induced osteoblast apoptosis within 24–72 h. JC-1 tracer detected mitochondrial potential disruption after serum deprivation, indicating involvement of the intrinsic pathway. Moreover, activation-associated conformational changes were detected in the channel-formers, Bax and Bak. Selective knockdown of Bim or Bak by siRNA protected osteoblasts from serum depletion-induced apoptosis by 50%, whereas knockdown of Bax alone or Bak and Bax together reduced apoptosis by 90%.
Conclusions: Our data indicate that Bim, Bak, and Bax actively mediate osteoblast apoptosis induced by trophic factor withdrawal. The complex upstream regulation of Bim may provide targets for therapeutic enhancement of osteoblast viability.
Genetic Disruption of All NO Synthase Isoforms Enhances BMD and Bone Turnover in Mice In Vivo: Involvement of the Renin-Angiotensin System
Authors: Sabanai Ken , Tsutsui Masato , Sakai Akinori , Hirasawa Hideyuki , Tanaka Shinya , Nakamura Eiichiro , Tanimoto Akihide , Sasaguri Yasuyuki , Ito Masako , Shimokawa Hiroaki , Nakamura Toshitaka , Yanagihara Nobuyuki 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Introduction: NO is synthesized by three different NO synthase (NOS) isoforms, including neuronal (nNOS), inducible (iNOS) and endothelial NOS (eNOS). The roles of NO in bone metabolism have been extensively investigated in pharmacological studies and in studies with NOS isoform–deficient mice. However, because of the nonspecificity of agents and compensation among the NOS isoforms, the ultimate roles of endogenous NO are still poorly understood. To address this point, we successfully generated mice in which all three NOS genes are completely disrupted. In this study, we examined whether bone metabolism is abnormal in those mice.
Materials and Methods: Experiments were performed in 12-wk-old male wildtype, singly nNOS−/−, iNOS−/−, and eNOS−/− and triply n/i/eNOS−/− mice. BMD was assessed by DXA. The kinetics of osteoblastic bone formation and those of osteoclastic bone resorption were evaluated by measurements of morphological and biochemical markers.
Results: BMD was significantly higher only in the triply NOS−/− mice but not in any singly NOS−/− mice compared with the wildtype mice. Markers of osteoblastic bone formation, including bone formation rate, mineral apposition rate, and serum alkaline phosphatase concentration, were also significantly larger only in the triply NOS−/− mice compared with wildtype mice. Furthermore, markers of osteoclastic bone resorption, including osteoclast number, osteoclast surface, and urinary deoxypyridinoline excretion, were again significantly greater only in the triply NOS−/− mice. Importantly, the renin-angiotensin system in bone was significantly activated in the triply NOS−/− mice, and long-term oral treatment with an angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor blocker normalized this pathological bone remodeling in those mice.
Conclusions: These results provide the first direct evidence that genetic disruption of the whole NOS system enhances BMD and bone turnover in mice in vivo through the AT1 receptor pathway, showing the critical role of the endogenous NO/NOS system in maintaining bone homeostasis.
Mutations in the Insulin-Like Factor 3 Receptor Are Associated With Osteoporosis
Authors: Ferlin Alberto , Pepe Anastasia , Gianesello Lisa , Garolla Andrea , Feng Shu , Giannini Sandro , Zaccolo Manuela , Facciolli Arianna , Morello Roy , Agoulnik Alexander I , Foresta Carlo 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Introduction: Insulin-like factor 3 (INSL3) is produced primarily by testicular Leydig cells. It acts by binding to its specific G protein–coupled receptor RXFP2 (relaxin family peptide 2) and is involved in testicular descent during fetal development. The physiological role of INSL3 in adults is not known, although substantial INSL3 circulating levels are present. The aim of this study was to verify whether reduced INSL3 activity could cause or contribute to some signs of hypogonadism, such as reduced BMD, currently attributed to testosterone deficiency.
Materials and Methods: Extensive clinical, biochemical, and hormonal study, including bone densitometry by DXA, was performed on 25 young men (age, 27–41 yr) with the well-characterized T222P mutation in the RXFP2 gene. Expression analysis of INSL3 and RXFP2 on human bone biopsy and human and mouse osteoblast cell cultures was performed by RT-PCR, quantitative RT-PCR, and immunohistochemistry. Real-time cAMP imaging analysis and proliferation assay under the stimulus of INSL3 was performed on these cells. Lumbar spine and femoral bone of Rxfp2-deficient mice were studied by static and dynamic histomorphometry and μCT, respectively.
Results: Sixteen of 25 (64%) young men with RXFP2 mutations had significantly reduced BMD. No other apparent cause of osteoporosis was evident in these subjects, whose testosterone levels and gonadal function were normal. Expression analyses showed the presence of RXFP2 in human and mouse osteoblasts. Stimulation of these cells with INSL3 produced a dose- and time-dependent increase in cAMP and cell proliferation, confirming the functionality of the RXFP2/INSL3 receptor–ligand complex. Consistent with the human phenotype, bone histomorphometric and μCT analyses of Rxfp2−/− mice showed decreased bone mass, mineralizing surface, bone formation, and osteoclast surface compared with wildtype littermates.
Conclusions: This study suggests for the first time a role for INSL3/RXFP2 signaling in bone metabolism and links RXFP2 gene mutations with human osteoporosis.
Chromosome 9p21.3 Coronary Heart Disease Locus Genotype and Prospective Risk of CHD in Healthy Middle-Aged Men
Authors: Talmud Philippa J , Cooper Jackie A , Palmen Jutta , Lovering Ruth , Drenos Fotios , Hingorani Aroon D , Humphries Steve E 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Background: We investigated whether chromosome 9p21.3 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), identified in coronary heart disease (CHD) genome-wide association scans, added significantly to the predictive utility for CHD of conventional risk factors (CRF) in the Framingham risk score (FRS) algorithm.
Methods: In the Northwick Park Heart Study II of 2742 men (270 CHD events occurring during a 15-year prospective study), rs10757274 A&gt;G [mean frequency G = 0.48 (95% CI 0.47–0.50)] was genotyped. Using the area under the ROC curve (AROC) and the likelihood ratio (LR) statistic, we assessed the discriminatory performance of the FRS based on CRFs with and without genotype.
Results: rs10757274 A&gt;G was associated with incident CHD, with an effect size as reported previously [hazard ratio in GG vs AA men of 1.60 (95% CI 1.12–2.28)], independent of CRFs and family history of CHD. Although the AROC for CRFs alone [0.62 (95% CI 0.58–0.66)] did not increase significantly (P = 0.14) when rs10757274 A&gt;G genotype was added [0.64 (95% CI 0.60–0.68)], including genotype gave better fit (LR P = 0.01) and including rs10757274 moved 369 men (13.5% of the total) into more accurate risk categories. To model polygenic effects, 10 hypothetical, randomly assigned gene variants, with similar effect size and frequencies were added. Two variants made significant AROC improvements to the FRS prediction (P = 0.01), whereas further variants had smaller incremental effects (final AROC = 0.71, P &lt;0.001 vs CRFs; LR vs CRFs P &lt;0.0001).
Conclusions: Although overall, rs10757274 did not add substantially to the usefulness of the FRS for predicting future events, it did improve reclassification of CHD risk, and thus may have clinical utility.
Personality and Birth Order in Monozygotic Twins Adopted Apart: A Test of Sulloway's Theory; Research Reviews: Twin Births and Cancer Risk in Mothers, Male Sexual Dysfunction, Twin Study of Ultimatum Game Behavior; Human Interest: ‘The Land of Twins’, Twin-Like Reunion-I, Twin-Like Reunion-II
Authors: Segal Nancy L. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractA brief overview of Sulloway's (1996) theory of birth order and personality is presented. A reared apart twin approach for testing his personality findings regarding openness to experience and conscientiousness in first borns and later borns is described. This is followed by summaries of three recent twin studies. The topics include cancer risk in mother of twins, sexual dysfunction in males and responder behavior during ultimatum games. This article concludes with a discussion of twinning rates and rituals among the Yoruba of western Nigeria, and descriptions of two unusual reunions between siblings and twins.