bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parenteral ambroxol treatment causes xanthine and calcium oxalate stones in rats
Authors: Drewa Tomasz , Misterek Bartosz , Pachnowska Hanna , Wolski Zbigniew , Mikulska‐Jovanovic Magdalena , Drewa Joanna 
Published: May 2007

Introduction:  Ambroxol (ABX) is known to promote bronchial secretion and is used as an expectorant. This study was undertaken to document the connection between ambroxol parenteral treatment and bladder stones in rats.Material and Methods:  Forty‐five wild rats (Rattus sp.) were divided into three equal groups. Rats from the first and second groups received ABX s.c. during 2 weeks in total doses of 30 mg/kg per 24 h and 60 mg/kg per 24 h, respectively. Rats from the control group received 1 mL of injection solution s.c. One month after the treatment termination, animals were sacrificed and urinary tracts without urethra were dissected. Stones found in the bladders were measured, weighed and chemically analysed. Voiding cystography was performed to exclude pathology of the lower urinary tract. Photo documentation was produced.Results:  From the first and second groups, 33% and 47% of rats, respectively, had solitary stones in the bladder. In one case from the second group, there was a huge stone in the bladder and urethra. There were no stones in rats from the control group. The mean length of stones was 1.38 ± 0.23 mm and 1.41 ± 0.60 mm in the first and second groups, respectively. Mean stone weight was 1.2 ± 0.2 × 10−3 g and 1.44 ± 0.54 × 10−3 g. Stones were composed of 67% of xanthine and 33% of calcium oxalate.Conclusions:  Ambroxol parenteral treatment caused xanthine and oxalate stone formation. Attention should be paid to the possibility of urinary stone formation after long‐term ABX treatment.
Treatment of men with urethritis negative for Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma parvum and Ureaplasma urealyticum
Authors: Maeda Shin‐Ichi , Tamaki Masayoshi , Kubota Yasuaki , Nguyen Phuoc Ba , Yasuda Mitsuru , Deguchi Takashi 
Published: May 2007

Objective:  Some patients with symptomatic non‐gonococcal urethritis (NGU) are negative for Chlamydia trachomatis, mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas. The optimal antimicrobial chemotherapy for such NGU has not fully been elucidated, though many studies of antimicrobial chemotherapies for C. trachomatis‐positive NGU have been performed. We assessed the efficacy of antimicrobial agents that are active against C. trachomatis on non‐mycoplasmal, non‐ureaplasmal and non‐chlamydial NGU (NMNUNCNGU).Methods:  One hundred men whose first‐pass urine samples were negative for C. trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma parvum, and Ureaplasma urealyticum were treated with levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, minocycline, or clarithromycin for 7 days. Urethritis symptoms and the presence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) in urethral smears were assessed before and after treatment.Results:  Eighty‐eight (88.0%) of 100 men with NMNUNCNGU showed no signs of urethral inflammation after treatment, but two men complained of some symptoms of urethritis. Twelve (12.0%) of 100 men had significant numbers of PMNL in urethral smears, but five of these 12 men had no symptoms of urethritis. The efficacy for normalization of urethral smears was 90.7% for clarithromycin, 89.7% for levofloxacin, 87.5% for gatifloxacin, and 75.0% for minocycline. The 12 men who showed signs of urethral inflammation were retreated with levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, minocycline or clarithromycin for an additional 7 days. The 10 men who returned after the second treatment had negative urethral smears.Conclusion:  Our present findings suggest that antimicrobial agents active against C. trachomatis are effective against NMNUNCNGU and that a 7‐day treatment regimen with an appropriate antimicrobial agent may be sufficient to manage patients with NMNUNCNGU.
Modeling the norketamine metabolite in children and the implications for analgesia
Authors: HERD DAVID W. , ANDERSON BRIAN J. , HOLFORD NICHOLAS H.G. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryBackground:  Norketamine, a metabolite of ketamine, is an analgesic with a potency one‐third that of ketamine. The aim of this study was to describe norketamine pharmacokinetics in children in order to predict time–concentration profiles for this metabolite after racemic ketamine single dose and infusion administration. The possible analgesic potential resulting from norketamine concentration may then be predicted using simulation.Methods:  Ketamine and norketamine data were available from two sources: (i) children presenting for procedural sedation in an emergency department given ketamine 1–1.5 mg·kg−1 IV as a bolus dose; and (ii) a literature search of those studies describing ketamine and norketamine time–concentration profiles after either IV or IM single‐dose ketamine in adults and children. A population pharmacokinetic analysis was undertaken using nonlinear mixed effects models (NONMEM). A two‐compartment (central, peripheral) linear disposition model was used to fit the parent drug. An additional metabolite compartment was linked to the central compartment by series of intermediate compartments to account for norketamine delayed formation. Norketamine volume of distribution was fixed equivalent to central volume. Simulation was used to predict norketamine time–concentration profiles in children given either ketamine as an i.v. bolus 2 mg·kg−1 or as an analgesic infusion 0.2 mg·kg−1·h−1 for 24 h.Results:  The analysis comprised 621 observations from 70 subjects. There were 57 children (age 8.3, sd: 3.5 years, range: 1.5–14; weight 32.5, sd: 15.6 kg, range: 10.8–74.8) and 13 adults. Population parameter estimates for the parent drug, standardized to a 70 kg person using allometric models were central volume (V1) 22 (BSV 89.6%) l.70 kg−1, peripheral volume of distribution (V2) 129 (30.9%) l.70 kg−1, clearance other than that metabolized to norketamine (CLother) 47.8 (37.7%) l·h−1·70 kg−1 and intercompartment clearance (Q) 216 (54.5%) l·h−1·70 kg−1. The norketamine formation clearance (CL2M) was 12.4 (127%) l·h−1·70 kg−1, elimination clearance (CLM) was 13.5 (145%) l·h−1·70 kg−1, and the rate constant for intermediate compartments was 26.5 (59.1%) h−1.Conclusions:  Ketamine has a longer elimination half‐life (2.1 h) than norketamine (1.13 h). Simulation suggested that norketamine contributes to analgesia for 4 h after 2 mg·kg−1 i.v. bolus, provided the assumption that a norketamine concentration above 0.1 mg·l−1 contributes analgesia is true. Similarly, the norketamine metabolite may contribute to analgesia for 1.5 h after low‐dose infusion (0.2 mg·kg−1·h−1) cessation.
A 6‐year review of surgical morbidity and oncological outcome after high anterior resection for colorectal malignancy with and without splenic flexure mobilization
Authors: Katory M. , Tang C. L. , Koh W. L. , Fook‐Chong S. M. C. , Loi T. T. , Ooi B. S. , Ho K. S. , Eu K. W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractObjective  High anterior resection (HAR) for colorectal cancer is traditionally performed with routine mobilization of the splenic flexure. This is a retrospective review of mortality and morbidity following HAR in which the splenic flexure has been preserved.Method  From a prospective database, all patients who had undergone elective HAR for colorectal cancer between 1999 and 2005 were identified. Morbidity, mortality, pathology and survival data for patients having HAR with and without splenic flexure mobilization were analysed.Results  A total of 707 patients were identified. Five hundred and thirty‐one had HAR with preservation of the splenic flexure. In these patients outcome was: anastomotic leak (0.4%), wound infection (3.6%), anastomotic stricture (0.4%) and 30‐day mortality (0.9%). No statistical significant difference was found for postoperative morbidity (P = 0.1926), 30‐day mortality (P =0.3285), lymph node harvest (P = 0.2127) or survival (P = 0.1457) compared with patients in whom the splenic flexure was mobilized. Longitudinal resection margins were greater following HAR with splenic flexure mobilization (P < 0.0001).Conclusion  No morbidity, oncological or survival disadvantage in performing splenic flexure preserving HAR was found.
Spontaneous preterm birth of liveborn infants in women at low risk in Australia over 10 years: a population‐based study
Authors: Tracy SK , Tracy MB , Dean J , Laws P , Sullivan E 
Published: May 2007

Objectives  To describe a 10‐year trend in preterm birth.Design  Population‐based study.Setting  Australia.Population  All women who gave birth during 1994–03.Methods  The proportion of spontaneous preterm births (greater than or equal to 22 weeks of gestation and less than 37 completed weeks of gestation) was calculated by dividing the number of women who had a live spontaneous preterm birth (excluding elective caesarean section and induction of labour) by the total number of women who had a live birth after spontaneous onset of labour (excluding elective caesarean section and induction of labour). This method was repeated for the selected population of women at low risk.Main outcome measure  Preterm birth rates among the overall population of women; preterm birth among all women with a spontaneous onset of labour; and preterm birth in a selected population of women who were either primiparous or multiparous, non‐Indigenous; aged 20–40 years and who gave birth to a live singleton baby after the spontaneous onset of labour.Results  Over the 10‐year study period, the proportion of all women having a live preterm birth in Australia increased by 12.1% (from 5.9% in 1994 to 6.6% in 2003). Among women with a spontaneous onset of labour, there was an increase of 18.3% (from 5.7 to 6.7%). Among the selected population of low‐risk women after the spontaneous onset of labour, the rate increased by 10.7% (from 5.6 to 6.2%) among first time mothers and by 19.2% (4.4–5.2%) among selected multiparous women.Conclusions  Over the 10‐year period of 1994–03, the rate of spontaneous preterm birth among low‐risk women having a live singleton birth has risen in Australia.
Number of children and coronary heart disease risk factors in men and women from a British birth cohort
Authors: Hardy R , Lawlor DA , Black S , Wadsworth MEJ , Kuh D 
Published: May 2007

Objective  To examine the association between number of children and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors in women and men.Design  Prospective cohort study.Setting  Britain.Sample  A total of 2977 individuals (51% women) from the Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development, a birth cohort study of individuals born in Britain in 1946 and followed up regularly throughout life.Main outcome measures  Blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), waist to hip ratio (WHR), total, high‐density lipoprotein and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1C) measured at age of 53 years.Results  Number of children showed no consistent relationship with CHD risk factors at age 53 years in either men or women, and no obvious and consistent sex differences were observed. Mean BMI (95% CI) increased with increasing numbers of children (P = 0.01) in women from 27.4 kg/m2 (26.6–28.2) in those with one child to 28.6 kg/m2 (27.6–29.6) in those with four or more children. WHR and type II diabetes in women and HbA1C in men were the only other risk factors exhibiting a linearly increasing trend with increasing number of children. These associations were largely explained by adjustment for behavioural and lifestyle variables.Conclusion  Our findings suggest that any association between number of children and CHD risk factors is a result of lifestyle and behaviours associated with family life rather than being as result of the biological impact of pregnancy in women.
A randomised placebo‐controlled trial to determine the effect of iron supplementation on pregnancy outcome in pregnant women with haemoglobin ≥ 13.2 g/dl
Authors: Ziaei S , Norrozi M , Faghihzadeh S , Jafarbegloo E 
Published: May 2007

Objective  To study the effect of iron supplementation on pregnancy outcome in pregnant women with haemoglobin (Hb) ≥13.2 g/dl.Design  A randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial.Setting  Routine health services.Population  Seven hundred and twenty‐seven pregnant women with Hb ≥13.2 g/dl in the early stage of the second trimester.Methods  Each woman took one tablet of 50 mg of ferrous sulphate daily in the case group (n = 370) or placebo in the control group (n = 357) throughout pregnancy.Main outcome measures  Pregnancy outcome.Results  While there were no significant differences in demographic and obstetric characteristics between the two groups before any intervention, small‐for‐gestational‐age birth rate and the number of women with hypertension disorder increased significantly in the case group in comparison with the control group (57 [15.7%] versus 36 [10.3%], P = 0.035, 10 [2.7%] versus 3 [8%], P = 0.05, respectively).Conclusions  Our finding proves that routine iron supplementation in nonanaemic women is not rational and may be harmful.
Placenta weight percentile curves for singleton deliveries
Authors: Thompson JMD , Irgens LM , Skjaerven R , Rasmussen S 
Published: May 2007

Objective  To produce population‐based, gender‐ and gestational‐age‐specific centile curves for placental weight.Design  Population study.Setting  Medical Birth Registry of NorwayPopulation  All singleton live births in Norway from 1 January 1999 to 31 December 2002.Methods  In a cohort of children born in Norway, placental weights and the ratio of the birthweight to the placental weight were analysed to produce percentile curves.Main outcome measures  Placental weight, birthweight‐to‐placental weight ratio.Results  Tables and figures are presented for placental percentiles curves according to gestational age and gender. Also, tables and figures are presented for the ratio of birthweight to placental weight.Conclusions  To our knowledge, this is the first time that population percentile curves have been produced for placental weights and hence for the ratio of birthweight to placental weight. These percentile curves may act as a reference for other populations as well until population‐specific curves can be produced.
Obstetric fistulae: a study of women managed at the Monze Mission Hospital, Zambia
Authors: Holme A , Breen M , MacArthur C 
Published: May 2007

Objective  The objective of this study was to describe and compare characteristics of women with obstetric fistula.Design  Retrospective cross‐sectional study.Setting  Zambia’s primary fistula repair centre, Monze Mission Hospital.Sample  All women, August 2003 to December 2005.Method  Review of case notes to obtain data on socio‐demographic and obstetric characteristics, causative pregnancy, clinical details, and treatment. Comparison of characteristics with national data was undertaken.Results  Of 259 women, 239 had socio‐demographic and obstetric records and 254 had surgical records. Educational status and height of women were significantly below the national averages, while antenatal care uptake (97.5%) and proportion from the Northern Province were significantly above. Most women (77.9%) weighed ≤50 kg. Median age at marriage was 18 and at development of fistula was 22 years. 15.1% of women were divorced, 49.0% were primiparous, and 27.6% were parity four +. 67.5% of women had spent 2 days or longer in labour. Delays in receiving emergency obstetric care (EmOC) were experienced at home (67.5%) and at clinics (49.4%), usually due to transport difficulties. 89.1% delivered in a health facility, 50.2% of deliveries were by caesarean section, and 78.1% of babies were stillborn. 72.9% of repairs were successful, 17.3% resulted in residual stress incontinence, and 9.8% failed. Failure was significantly associated with previous repair.Conclusion  More obstetric fistulae occur in areas where early marriage and pregnancy before pelvic maturity is attained is common and where obstetric care is inaccessible. In this study, age at marriage and fistula development was older than usually found, which may indicate that poor access to EmOC contributes more to this problem within Zambia.
Triangulating Patient and Clinician Perspectives on Clinically Important Differences in Health‐Related Quality of Life among Patients with Heart Disease
Authors: Wyrwich Kathleen W. , Metz Stacie M. , Kroenke Kurt , Tierney William M. , Babu Ajit N. , Wolinsky Fredric D. 
Published: May 2007

Objective. To use triangulation methodology to better understand clinically important differences (CIDs) in the health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) of patients with heart disease.Data Sources/Study Setting. We used three information sources: a nine‐member expert panel, 656 primary care outpatients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and/or congestive heart failure (CHF), and the 46 primary care physicians (PCPs) treating these outpatients. From them, we derived CIDs for the Modified Chronic Heart Failure Questionnaire (CHQ) and the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36‐Item Health Status Survey, Version 2 (SF‐36).Study Design. The expert physician panel employed Delphi and consensus methods to obtain CIDs. The outpatients received bimonthly HRQoL interviews for 1 year that included the CHQ and SF‐36, as well as retrospective assessments of HRQoL changes. Their PCPs assessed changes in the patient's condition at follow‐up clinic visits that were linked to HRQoL assessments to determine change over time.Data Collection/Extraction Methods. Patient‐ and PCP‐assessed changes were categorized as trivial (no change), small, moderate, or large improvements or declines. Moderate or large changes in HRQoL reflect the added risk or investment associated with some treatment modifications. Estimates for each categorization were calculated by finding the mean change scores within anchored change classifications.Principal Findings. The small CID for the CHQ domains was consistently one to two points using the patient‐assessed change categorizations, but small CIDs varied greatly for the SF‐36. PCP‐assessed changes differed substantially from patient estimates for both the CHQ and SF‐36, while the panel‐derived estimates were generally larger than those derived from patients.Conclusions. Triangulation methodology provides a framework for securing a deeper understanding of each informant group's perspective on CIDs for these patient‐reported outcome measures. These results demonstrate little consensus and suggest that the derived estimates depend on the rater and assessment methodology.
Survival and factors affecting survival in small ruminants and camelids attacked by dogs: 62 cases (1994–2004)
Authors: Dukti Sarah A. , Southwood Louise L. , Van Metre David C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractObjective: To determine the survival rates and factors affecting survival in small ruminants and camelids attacked by dogs.Design: Retrospective study.Setting: Two university teaching hospitals.Animals: Thirty goats, 28 sheep, 3 alpacas, and 1 llama.Measurements and main results: Medical records were reviewed to obtain signalment, time between injury and admission, hospitalization length, lesion site, treatment, complications, survival rate, and cost. Follow‐up information was obtained by telephone conversation with the owner. Sixty‐two patients met the inclusion criteria. Six animals were euthanized at admission and thus excluded. Of the 56 animals that were treated, 43 (77%) were discharged, 5 (9%) died, and 8 (14%) were euthanized. Animals that had thoracic or abdominal injuries, required surgery, or received more potent analgesic therapy were less likely to survive to discharge from hospital compared with animals that did not. Complications developed in 50 (82%) animals. Animals with respiratory complications were also less likely to survive to discharge from hospital than animals that did not. Long‐term follow up was available on 38/43 (88%) animals that were discharged. Thirty‐five of 38 (92%) animals were discharged and recovered from their injuries and 5 animals had long‐term complications.Conclusions: Small ruminants and camelids that are attacked by dogs have a good prognosis for short‐term survival. Short‐term survival is affected by lesion location and complications.
Successful treatment of severe salt intoxication in a dog
Authors: Pouzot Céline , Descone‐Junot Christelle , Loup Julien , Goy‐Thollot Isabelle 
Published: May 2007

AbstractObjective: To report successful treatment of severe salt intoxication and hypernatremia in a dog.Case summary: A 5‐year‐old intact female Doberman Pinscher was admitted to the intensive care unit with a history of seizures and coma. The owner had administered approximately 100 g of cooking salt to induce vomiting following ingestion of a nontoxic dose (10 g) of chocolate. Upon admission, the dog was comatose with intermittent seizures and vomiting. Diagnostic tests confirmed salt intoxication (Na: 200 mEq/L, Cl: 180 mEq/L) and metabolic acidosis (pH: 7.18; pCO2: 39 mmHg; HCO3: 14.3 mmol/L). Immediate treatment included intravenous fluid therapy, an anticonvulsant, antiemetic, diuretic, low molecular weight heparin, and supplemental oxygen. A fluid therapy protocol was initiated to decrease serum sodium concentration by approximately 2 mEq/L/hr. After 24 hours of intensive care, the patient regained consciousness and volume and acid‐base abnormalities improved. The patient developed a variety of abnormal clinical signs as a result of the severe hypernatremia. After 5 days of treatment, the serum sodium concentration returned to the established reference range. The patient recovered completely in 10 days.New information provided: Severe hypernatremia due to salt ingestion is a rare condition in dogs. All dogs in previous case reports of salt intoxication have died. This case report is the first to report survival of a dog with severe salt intoxication.
Administration of acepromazine maleate to 31 dogs with a history of seizures
Authors: McConnell Janice , Kirby Rebecca , Rudloff Elke 
Published: May 2007

AbstractObjective:To retrospectively evaluate the incidence of seizures in dogs presenting with a history of seizures that were treated with acepromazine (ACE) during hospitalization.Design:Retrospective study.Setting:Privately owned emergency and referral hospital.Animals:Thirty‐one client‐owned dogs.Interventions:Administration of ACE.Measurements and main results:The medical records from dogs with an acute or chronic seizure history that received ACE were reviewed. Factors evaluated included presenting complaint, seizure history, ACE dosage, duration of observation, seizure activity, and other medications used. Thirty‐one dogs qualified for the study: 20 males and 11 females. Age range was 3 months to 14.9 years. Presenting complaint was seizure in 28/31 dogs. There was a prior history of seizures in 22/31 dogs, and 15/22 were currently on antiseizure medication. ACE was given 1–5 times per dog. Mean ACE dose was 0.029 mg/kg IV (range: 0.008–0.057 mg/kg;n=46), 0.036 mg/kg IM (range: 0.017–0.059 mg/kg;n=14), 0.53 mg/kg PO (n=2). Twenty‐seven dogs did not seizure after administration of ACE within the observation period (mean: 16.4 hours, range: 0.25–66 hours). Twenty‐five dogs received antiseizure medication before ACE. Eight seizure episodes occurred in 4 dogs (all of whom presented for seizures) within 0.3–10 hours after ACE administration.Conclusions:There was no observed correlation between ACE administration in dogs with a seizure history and the recurrence of seizure activity during hospitalization. The time from ACE administration to seizure activity was greater than expected for measurable effects to be seen in 1 dog (10 hour). Further studies with a larger group and alternative ACE doses are needed to more thoroughly evaluate the safety of short‐term ACE use in dogs with a seizure history.