bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of XRF, Inter-Element Corrections, and Sample Preparation Effects in the 100-Year Evolution of ASTM Standard Test Method C114
Authors: Anzelmo John A. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
The interconnection between, and evolution of, manufacturing trends, raw materials, XRF Instrumentation, XRF software capabilities, XRF Standard Reference Materials, and ASTM Standard Test Method for Chemical Analysis of Hydraulic Cement (C114), Rapid Method Qualification, is followed to show why certain XRF specimen preparation methods and inter-element correction methods were adequate at one time, but may not be adequate any longer, depending on many different variables unique to each plant location and business model. All of the above variables have changed over time, and the reasons why they have changed, and where they are going is explained. The theoretical basis for methods used during certain time frames is explained, and illustrated by example. From the trends observed in the variables previously listed, a conclusion about the direction of the modern cement laboratory in the near future is proposed.
Solving crystal structures of metal and chemical hydrides
Authors: Cerný Radovan 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
The methods of structural characterization of metal and chemical hydrides are reviewed. The existing difficulties and problems are outlined and possible solutions presented. It is shown that powder diffraction, and especially the Direct Space Method, is essential component of hydride research. Crystal structures containing as many as 55 independent atoms (including hydrogen) have been fully characterized using powder diffraction. This is of great importance, because rapid collection of powder data thanks to modern synchrotron and neutron time-of-flight sources opens the possibility for fast in-situ studies, mapping of phase transitions induced by the temperature, pressure, hydrogen content, and chemical reactions. The progress in structural characterization of hydrides goes hand in hand with the progress in the powder diffraction methodology.
Light metal borohydrides: crystal structures and beyond
Authors: Filinchuk Yaroslav , Chernyshov Dmitry , Dmitriev Vladimir 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Experimental structures of M(BH4)n, where M is a 2nd–4th period element, are reviewed with a particluar emphasize on crystal chemistry. It is shown that except certain cases, the BH4 group has a nearly ideal tetrahedral geometry. Correction of the experimentally determined H-positions allows to compare directly the results obtained by different diffraction techniques and by theoretical calculations. Analysis of coordination geometries for M and BH4, and of mechanisms of phase transitions in LiBH4, suggest that the directional BH4 … M interaction is at the origin of structural complexity of borohydrides. The ways to influence their stability by chemical modification are discussed. Study of structural evolution with temperature and pressure is shown to be the way to access fundamental information on structural stability of these systems.
Pair Distribution Functions and Reverse Monte Carlo modelling of disordered metal hydrides
Authors: Sorby Magnus H. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Total X-ray and neutron scattering experiments aim to measure both diffuse scattering and, in the case of crystalline samples, Bragg scattering on an absolute scale. The total scattering data can be transformed to the Pair Distribution Function (PDF) which shows short-range correlations between the atoms. Reverse Monte Carlo (RMC) modelling is a technique to make three-dimensional model of the atomic arrangements from total scattering data or PDFs. These models are not constrained by space group symmetry, and can give structural insight that is not available from the time- and space averaged models obtained from Bragg scattering alone.
RMC modelling has been used to investigate the short-range structure correlations of the disordered crystalline metal deuterides α-VD0.8}, β-VD{0.5} and ZrCr2D4. It was found that the local structures are similar to those found in corresponding ordered low-temperature phases at length scales up to 3–4 Å and that abnormally short D–D separations do not occur despite very short separation between possible D sites. For amorphous metal hydrides, RMC modelling shows that the local atomic configurations can differ substantially from those found in the corresponding crystalline phases.
The crystal structure of α-MgD2 under high pressure by neutron powder diffraction
Authors: Kohlmann Holger , Zhao Yusheng , Nicol Malcolm F. , McClure Jason 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
The crystal structure of rutile-type magnesium deuteride, α-MgD2, has been studied by in situ neutron powder diffraction at room temperature and pressures up to 9.3 GPa. The bulk modulus B
0 = 49(2) GPa is about half, the linear compressibilities (0.0063/GPa along a and 0.0041/GPa along c) are about twice and the variation of the free positional parameter x about six times the values for the isostructural magnesium fluoride, indicating the strong polarizability of the deuteride anion. Under pressure the MgD6 octahedra are more compressed (four Mg–D distances at 199(1), two at 173(1) pm) than at ambient pressure (195.1(1), 194.8(2) pm) and the structural arrangement becomes more CaCl2 like, although no structural phase transition has been observed.
The Interaction of knotted1 and thick tassel dwarf1 in Vegetative and Reproductive Meristems of Maize
Authors: Lunde China , Hake Sarah 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
In Arabidopsis, SHOOT MERISTEMLESS (STM) and CLAVATA1 (CLV1) competitively regulate meristem homeostasis. Here, we explore the interaction of their maize homologs knotted1 (kn1) and thick tassel dwarf1 (td1). kn1 mutants form fewer lateral organs and td1 inflorescences are fasciated with additional floral organs. Double mutants show kn1 epistatic to td1 in seedling and ear development but dose-sensitivity exists later to promote leaf initiation. Thus kn1 and td1 function in a pathway to maintain meristem homeostasis but their products may interact with different partners during development.
Reduced Fertility of Drosophila melanogaster Hybrid male rescue (Hmr) Mutant Females Is Partially Complemented by Hmr Orthologs From Sibling Species
Authors: Aruna S , Flores Heather A , Barbash Daniel A 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
The gene Hybrid male rescue (Hmr) causes lethality in interspecific hybrids between Drosophila melanogaster and its sibling species. Hmr has functionally diverged for this interspecific phenotype because lethality is caused specifically by D. melanogaster Hmr but not by D. simulans or D. mauritiana Hmr. Hmr was identified by the D. melanogaster partial loss-of-function allele Hmr1, which suppresses hybrid lethality but has no apparent phenotype within pure-species D. melanogaster. Here we have investigated the possible function of Hmr in D. melanogaster females using stronger mutant alleles. Females homozygous for Hmr mutants have reduced viability posteclosion and significantly reduced fertility. We find that reduced fertility of Hmr mutants is caused by a reduction in the number of eggs laid as well as reduced zygotic viability. Cytological analysis reveals that ovarioles from Hmr mutant females express markers that distinguish various stages of wild-type oogenesis, but that developing egg chambers fail to migrate posteriorly. D. simulans and D. mauritiana Hmr+ partially complement the reduced fertility of a D. melanogaster Hmr mutation. This partial complementation contrasts with the complete functional divergence previously observed for the interspecific hybrid lethality phenotype. We also investigate here the molecular basis of hybrid rescue associated with a second D. melanogaster hybrid rescue allele, In(1)AB. We show that In(1)AB is mutant for Hmr function, likely due to a missense mutation in an evolutionarily conserved amino acid. Two independently discovered hybrid rescue mutations are therefore allelic.
The Strength of Selection Against the Yeast Prion [PSI+]
Authors: Masel Joanna , Griswold Cortland K 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
The [PSI+] prion causes widespread readthrough translation and is rare in natural populations of Saccharomyces, despite the fact that sex is expected to cause it to spread. Using the recently estimated rate of Saccharomyces outcrossing, we calculate the strength of selection necessary to maintain [PSI+] at levels low enough to be compatible with data. Using the best available parameter estimates, we find selection against [PSI+] to be significant. Inference regarding selection on modifiers of [PSI+] appearance depends on obtaining more precise and accurate estimates of the product of yeast effective population size Ne and the spontaneous rate of [PSI+] appearance m. The ability to form [PSI+] has persisted in yeast over a long period of evolutionary time, despite a diversity of modifiers that could abolish it. If mNe &lt; 1, this may be explained by insufficiently strong selection. If mNe &gt; 1, then selection should favor the spread of [PSI+] resistance modifiers. In this case, rare conditions where [PSI+] is adaptive may permit its persistence in the face of negative selection.
Chemical analysis of endolymph and the growing otolith: Fractionation of metals in freshwater fish species
Authors: Melancon Sonia , Fryer Brian J. , Markham James L. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
The fractionation of metals from water to otolith is an area of research that has received relatively limited attention, especially in freshwater systems. The objectives of the present research were to study the metal partitioning between otolith and endolymph of two freshwater species: Lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush), and burbot (Lota lota). We also included the chemical analyses of water and blood from fish of the same species collected in the same area but during different years. These results provide insight regarding the partition of metals between water and fish. This is one of the first studies to provide a range of trace metal concentrations for endolymph and the growing otolith (both aragonite and vaterite) and to directly measure otolith—endolymph partition coefficients for freshwater fish. The trace elements (Mg, Sr, and Ba) most often used as otolith elemental tracers were the ones with the lowest uptake from water to blood. We found that endolymph and whole blood had similar metal concentrations, with Mg and Fe being the only elements enriched in whole blood. Results showed few significant differences in trace metal content between wild lake trout and burbot endolymph (except for K, Mg, and Ba), but significant differences existed between their aragonitic otoliths. These results suggest two different crystallization processes in these species or the presence of different proteins (and/or organic matrices) that would selectively influence elemental incorporation in the otoliths.
The aims of galliforms release and choice of techniques
Authors: Sokos Christos K. , Birtsas Periklis K. , Tsachalidis Efstathios P. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractRelease of Galliformes species is common management practice in Europe and North America. Here, we attempt to synthesise available information on the release of wild‐caught and captive‐reared galliforms, and discuss how rearing and release techniques affect release success. Galliforms are released into the wild to increase hunted populations with after‐hunting‐season releases, to establish new populations, to augment threatened populations, and to be used for ‘put and take’ shooting. We conclude that the release of artificially reared galliforms after the hunting season is not suitable practice to increase an already viable population. Release for ‘put and take’ shooting is an alienated form of hunting, and it raises ethical questions. ‘Put and take’ should be strictly examined in the context of wildlife conservation, hunting culture, philosophy and economy. In the case of population establishment and augmentation, translocation of wild‐caught birds is by far the best choice. The alternative choice is release of naturally or semi‐naturally reared birds and anti‐predator trained birds. Galliform release should not be a stereotyped process with many failures, but rather a practice in which correct techniques are used for the pursued aim.
Reproduction parameters of the Iberian hare Lepus granatensis at the edge of its range
Authors: Fernandez Alfonso , Soriguer Ramón , Castien Enrique , Carro Francisco 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIn order to provide a basis for the sustainable exploitation of the heavily hunted Iberian hare Lepus granatensis, we compared its reproductive parameters at the northern edge of its range, where it occurs at low densities, with those reported in other studies elsewhere within the species' range. Monthly samples totalling 212 Iberian hares (104 males and 108 females) were collected in the province of Navarra during November 2001 ‐ December 2002. Reproductive parameters varied only slightly from season to season. Sexually competent males, defined by the presence of epididymal spermatozoa, were present in all bimonthly periods. Reproductively active adult females were also present in all the bimonthly periods, although a slight seasonality was detected: the highest incidence of pregnancy and lactation (100%) occurred in March‐April, while the lowest incidence of adult females that were neither pregnant nor lactating (15%) occurred in September‐December. Mean annual litter size was 2.09 and the theoretical value of annual young production per female was estimated to be 16.1, which is much higher than estimates reported in studies of L. granatensis in Portugal and southern Spain. In Navarra, which is at the northern limit of the species' range, densities are low due to intense hunting. However, the observed reproductive potential was surprisingly high and facilitates recruitment to the population which could, to a certain extent, make up for the high hunting pressure in the area.
Receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) and soluble RAGE (sRAGE): cardiovascular implications
Authors: Lindsey Jason B , Cipollone Francesco , Abdullah Shuaib M , Mcguire Darren K 
Published: January 2009

Disorders of glucose metabolism are associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) complications, including coronary, peripheral and cerebral arterial disease, that account for the majority of morbidity and mortality among patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). These associations between glucose and CVD risk extend continuously well below the glycaemic thresholds established for the diagnosis of diabetes, including significantly increased risk associated with impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, and even high normal glucose concentrations. While these epidemiological observations have established a clear association between cardiovascular disease and dysglycaemia and suggest a direct causal link, the mechanisms by which hyperglycaemia may contribute to the development, progression and instability of atherosclerosis remain unclear. A number of recent advances in the realm of vascular biology have identified several novel, plausible pathways that might link hyperglycaemia with atherosclerosis, individually or in aggregate. Key among them are the interaction between advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and the receptor for AGEs (RAGE), which exists as a trans-membrane signalling receptor and as a circulating form, soluble RAGE (sRAGE). The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the present understanding of RAGE and sRAGE, their plausible role linking perturbed glucose metabolism with the development, progression and instability of atherosclerosis, and the potential therapeutic implications of modulation of this biological system.
Circulating soluble CD36 is associated with glucose metabolism and interleukin-6 in glucose-intolerant men
Authors: Handberg Aase , Lopez-Bermejo Abel , Bassols Judit , Vendrell Joan , Ricart Wifredo , Fernandez-Real Jose M 
Published: January 2009

Recently, soluble CD36 (sCD36) levels were reported to be elevated in type 2 diabetes, and to be tightly correlated with insulin resistance. Our aim was to obtain further insight into the relationship between insulin sensitivity, low-grade inflammation and sCD36. We studied glucose-tolerant (n=90) and glucose-intolerant (n=57) moderately obese men. Insulin sensitivity was measured by the frequent sample intravenous glucose tolerance test, and sCD36 by an in-house ELISA assay. In glucose-intolerant subjects, sCD36 was negatively associated with insulin sensitivity and positively with interleukin-6 (IL-6), fasting glucose, fasting triglycerides, fat-free mass and platelet count. On multiple linear regression analyses, insulin sensitivity contributed 22% of sCD36 variance, independent of age, body mass index (BMI) and IL-6, in glucose-intolerant subjects. The level of sCD36 in subjects with glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1C) above the mean was higher than in those with HbA1C values below the mean. Insulin sensitivity is a predictor of sCD36 in men with impaired glucose tolerance. IL-6 is related to sCD36 but does not predict sCD36 independent of insulin sensitivity and BMI.
Is nuclear magnetic resonance lipoprotein subclass related to diabetic retinopathy? The multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA)
Authors: Kreis Andreas J , Wong Tien Yin , Islam FM Amirul , Klein Ronald , Klein Barbara EK , Cotch Mary Frances , Jenkins Alicia J , Shea Steven , Wang Jie Jin 
Published: January 2009

Objective To examine the associations between nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) defined lipoproteins and diabetic retinopathy (DR) in a population-based sample of adults with type 2 diabetes. Research design and methods In all, 921 persons with diabetes in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) were included. DR was assessed from retinal photographs. Lipoproteins were measured by NMR spectroscopy. Results After controlling for age, race/ethnicity, study centre and diabetes and vascular risk factors, no consistent patterns of associations between NMR-defined lipoprotein particle concentrations and subclass with DR were evident. Conclusion The lack of association between NMR-defined lipoproteins and DR does not support clinical use of NMR spectroscopy for management of patients with DR.
Contestation over Resources: The Farmer-Miner Dispute in Colonial Zimbabwe, 1903-1939
Authors: Musemwa Muchaparara 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
The formative years of settler occupation in colonial Zimbabwe were characterised by conflict at various levels of the economic and governmental structures. While historians have explored some of these conflicts, the history and environmental implications of the long-standing dispute between miners and farmers over timber, water, grazing rights and land damage caused by mining operations on farms on the Gold Belt, have received astonishingly little attention from either historians or other social scientists. Focusing on the period, 1903-1939, the study argues that when farmers raised concerns about miners' activities, this was not about 'precautionary stewardship' of the environment designed to stop entrepreneurial practices harmful to the environment. This was a struggle over the ownership of the means of production by two competing forms of capitalism - a characteristic intra-class as well as intra-racial conflict. This dispute simultaneously represents an ecological narrative of settler colonisation and entrenchment in colonial Zimbabwe.
Book Reviews
Authors: Musemwa Muchapara , Satya Laxman D. , Robin Libby , Balzaretti Ross , Dobrovolny Susanne 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Diana K. Davis, Resurrecting the Granary of Rome: Environmental History and French Colonial Expansion in North Africa (MUCHAPARARA MUSEMWA)
Neena Ambre Rao, Forest Ecology in India: Colonial Maharashtra, 1850-1950 (LAXMAN D. SATYA)
Paige West, Conservation is our Government Now: The Politics of Ecology in Papua New Guinea (LIBBY ROBIN)
John Elder, Pilgrimage to Vallombrosa. From Vermont to Italy in the Footsteps of George Perkins Marsh (ROSS BALZARETTI)
Gregory S. Aldrete, Floods of the Tiber in Ancient Rome (SUSANNE DOBROVOLNY)
The use of higher dose clofarabine in adults with relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: McGregor Bradley A. , Brown Alexander W. , Osswald Michael B. , Savona Michael R. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe standard dose of clofarabine is 52 mg/m2 for pediatrics and 40 mg/m2 in adults. Clofarabine dosed at 52 mg/m2 was used in adult patients with refractory ALL to maximize response before allo‐HSCT. All patients had a significant response to therapy. Published pharmacokinetic analysis revealed no difference in peak plasma or intracellular concentrations at clofarabine dosed above 40 mg/m2, yet inhibition of replication in leukemia cells was only sustained over 24 hr at 55 mg/m2. Despite this, there have been no reports of high dose clofarabine used in this setting. Our experience implies that there may be a niche role for clofarabine in reducing disease burden before allo‐HSCT for adults with relapsed ALL. Am. J. Hematol., 2009. Published 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Size‐Dependent Ordering of Liquid Crystals Observed in Polymeric Capsules with Micrometer and Smaller Diameters
Authors: Gupta Jugal K. , Sivakumar Sri , Caruso Frank , Abbott Nicholas L. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWässrige Dispersionen von polymerverkapselten Flüssigkristall(LC)‐Tröpfchen mit definierten Grenzflächen und Größen im Mikro‐ und Submikrometerbereich zeigen eine größenabhängige LC‐Anordnung. Der konkurrierende Einfluss von Größe und Grenzflächeneigenschaften auf die LC‐Anordnung wurde untersucht, sodass solche LC‐Tröpfchen in der Photonik oder Sensorik zur Anwendung kommen könnten.magnified image
Brückenschlag in der Katalyse: Immobilisierung von molekularen Katalysatoren in funktionellen Materialien
Authors: Thomas Arne , Driess Matthias 
Published: January 2009

AbstractZwei Welten vereint: Viel Forschungsarbeit wurde bereits investiert, um das Potenzial molekularer Katalysatoren mit dem funktioneller Trägermaterialien zu verbinden. Ein Ansatz zur Vereinigung von Homogen‐ und Heterogenkatalysatoren ist die Einbettung eines metallorganischen Katalysators in eine Metallmatrix. Dies führt zu definierten Kompositmaterialien, die als Heterogenkatalysatoren zur Hydrierung von Styrol und Diphenylacetylen verwendet wurden.magnified image
Supramolecular “Double‐Propeller” Dimers of Hexanuclear CuII/LnIII Complexes: A {Cu3Dy3}2 Single‐Molecule Magnet
Authors: Novitchi Ghenadie , Wernsdorfer Wolfgang , Chibotaru Liviu F. , Costes Jean‐Pierre , Anson Christopher E. , Powell Annie K. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractVerstärkt magnetisch: Eine außergewöhnliche supramolekulare Organisation führt zu einem zwölfkernigen dimeren {Cu3Dy3}2‐Cluster mit der Form eines Doppelpropellers (siehe Bild). Sowohl die intramolekularen als auch die supramolekularen Verknüpfungen der CuDy‐Einheiten scheinen für die beobachtete drastische Veränderung des Einzelmolekülmagnetismus ausschlaggebend zu sein.magnified image
Artificial Ribozyme Switches Containing Natural Riboswitch Aptamer Domains
Authors: Wieland Markus , Benz Armin , Klauser Benedikt , Hartig Jörg S. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractRNA‐Lego: Die Verwendung von natürlichen RNA‐Schalter‐Aptameren in synthetischen RNA‐Schaltern (siehe Bild) dürfte die Bandbreite künstlicher RNA‐Regulatoren enorm vergrößern. Es wird gezeigt, dass Thiaminpyrophosphat‐Aptamere in gentechnisch veränderten Funktionseinheiten als hochempfindliche Schalter der Genexpression in nichtmodifizierten Organismen eingesetzt werden können. Der Ansatz illustriert, dass intrinsische Metabolite als externe Effektoren zellulärer Funktionen nutzbar sind.magnified image