bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Weekly Changes in Basal Metabolic Rate with Eight Weeks of Overfeeding
Authors: Harris Ann M. , Jensen Michael D. , Levine James A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The contribution of basal metabolic rate (BMR) to weight gain susceptibility has long been debated. We wanted to examine whether BMR changes in a linear fashion with overfeeding. Our hypothesis was that BMR does not increase linearly with 1000‐kcal/d overfeeding in lean healthy subjects over 8 weeks. The null hypothesis states that BMR increases linearly with 1000‐kcal/d overfeeding in lean healthy subjects.Research Methods and Procedures: Initially, 16 lean healthy sedentary subjects completed 2 weeks of weight maintenance feeding at the General Clinical Research Center. The subjects were then overfed by 1000 kcal/d over 8 weeks. BMR was measured under standard conditions each week using indirect calorimetry.Results: Baseline BMR was 1693 ± 154.5 kcal/d. BMR increased from 1711 ± 201.3 kcal/d at week 1 of overfeeding to 1781 ± 171.65 kcal/d at the second week of overfeeding (p = 0.05). BMR fell during the third week of overfeeding to 1729 ± 179.5 kcal/d (p = 0.05). After 5 weeks of overfeeding, BMR reached a plateau. Thereafter, there was no further change. Comparison of BMR with weeks of overfeeding was significantly different compared with the linear model (p < 0.05).Discussion: Increases in BMR in lean sedentary healthy subjects with 1000‐kcal/d overfeeding are not linear over 8 weeks. There seems to be a short‐term increase in BMR in the first 2 weeks of overfeeding that is not representative of longer‐term changes.
Value of Heartburn for Diagnosing Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Severely Obese Patients
Authors: Ortiz Vicente , Ponce Marta , Fernández Alberto , Martínez Beatriz , Ponce Jose Luis , Garrigues Vicente , Ponce Julio 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To evaluate the prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in severely obese patients and the association between symptoms and objective data of GERD in this population.Research Methods and Procedures: A total of 158 consecutive severely obese patients (BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2) were prospectively evaluated. Symptoms were evaluated by a structured clinical questionnaire. Objective assessment was made by ambulatory 24‐hour esophageal pH monitoring and endoscopy. GERD was defined by the presence of symptoms or complications (esophagitis). The clinical criterion defining GERD was the presence of at least two episodes of heartburn per week.Results: The mean age of the 138 patients subjected to complete study was 42.6 ± 10.2 years, with a BMI of 50.1 ± 6.9 kg/m2 (range, 40.6 to 69.4 kg/m2); 78% were women. The prevalence of GERD evaluated by symptoms and/or esophagitis was 33.3% (46/138). Clinical criteria of GERD were present in 31/138 cases (22.5%), and 26 (18.8%) had esophagitis. In 69/138 patients (50%), pHmetry was abnormal. Fifty‐three patients with esophagitis and/or abnormal pHmetry were asymptomatic. The sensitivity of heartburn as a diagnostic criterion of GERD in patients with severe obesity was 29.3%, with a specificity of 85.7%. No significant association was observed between severe obesity grade and the prevalence of symptoms and/or objective data.Discussion: Asymptomatic gastroesophageal reflux (abnormal esophageal acid exposure and/or reflux esophagitis) is more common than symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux in severely obese patients. Increased BMI is not associated with a greater prevalence of GERD in these patients.
Are the Eating and Exercise Habits of Successful Weight Losers Changing?
Authors: Phelan Suzanne , Wyatt Holly R. , Hill James O. , Wing Rena R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The purpose of this study was to examine whether the diet and exercise behaviors of successful weight losers entering the National Weight Control Registry (NWCR) have changed between 1995 and 2003.Research Method and Procedures: Participants (N = 2708) were members of the NWCR who enrolled in intermittent years since 1995. Participants had lost an average of 33.1 kg and maintained a 13.6‐kg loss for 5.8 years before enrollment. Evaluations of diet and physical activity were conducted at entry into the NWCR and prospectively over 1 year.Results: From 1995 to 2003, the daily percentage of calories from fat increased from 23.8% to 29.4%, saturated fat intake increased from 12.3 to 154.0 g/d, and calories from carbohydrate decreased from 56.0% to 49.3% (p < 0.0001). The proportion consuming <90 grams of carbohydrate (considered a low‐carbohydrate diet) increased from 5.9% to 17.1% (p = 0.0001). Physical activity was elevated in 1995 (mean = 3316 kcal/wk) but comparable in all other years (mean = 2620 kcal/wk). Stepwise regression collapsing across cohorts indicated that weight regain over 1 year was related to higher levels of caloric intake, fast food consumption, and fat intake and lower levels of physical activity (p < 0.03).Discussion: The macronutrient composition of the diet of NWCR members has shifted over the past decade. Still, only a minority consumes a low‐carbohydrate diet. Despite changes in the diet over time, the variables associated with long‐term maintenance of weight loss were the same: continued consumption of a low‐calorie diet with moderate fat intake, limited fast food, and high levels of physical activity.
Waist Circumference Correlates with Metabolic Syndrome Indicators Better Than Percentage Fat
Authors: Shen Wei , Punyanitya Mark , Chen Jun , Gallagher Dympna , Albu Jeanine , Pi‐Sunyer Xavier , Lewis Cora E. , Grunfeld Carl , Heshka Stanley , Heymsfield Steven B. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Percent fat is often considered the reference for establishing the magnitude of adipose tissue accumulation and the risk of excess adiposity. However, the increasing recognition of a strong link between central adiposity and metabolic disturbances led us to test whether waist circumference (WC) is more highly correlated with metabolic syndrome components than percent fat and other related anthropometric measures such as BMI.Research Methods and Procedures: BMI, WC, and percent fat, measured by DXA, were evaluated in 1010 healthy white and African‐American men and women [age, 48.3 ± 17.2 (standard deviation) years; BMI, 27.0 ± 5.3 kg/m2]. The associations of BMI, WC, and percent fat with age and laboratory‐adjusted health risk indicators (i.e., serum glucose, insulin, triglycerides, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, blood pressure) in each sex and ethnicity group were examined.Results: For 18 of 24 comparisons, the age‐ and laboratory‐adjusted correlations were lowest for percent fat and in 16 of 24 comparisons were highest for WC. Fifteen of the between‐method differences reached statistical significance. With health risk indicator as the dependent variable and anthropometric measures as the independent variable, the contribution of percent fat to the WC regression model was not statistically significant; in contrast, adding WC to the percent fat regression model did make a significant independent contribution for most health risk indicators.Discussion: WC had the strongest associations with health risk indicators, followed by BMI. Although percent fat is a useful measure of overall adiposity, health risks are best represented by the simply measured WC.
Association of Glucocorticoid Receptor Polymorphism A3669G in Exon 9β with Reduced Central Adiposity in Women
Authors: Syed Akheel A. , Irving Julie A. E. , Redfern Christopher P. F. , Hall Andrew G. , Unwin Nigel C. , White Martin , Bhopal Raj S. , Weaver Jolanta U. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe glucocorticoid receptor (GR) may be a common link between human obesity/metabolic syndrome and Cushing's syndrome. The effects of glucocorticoids are mediated through the functional isoform, GRα. An alternative isoform, GRβ, behaves as a dominant negative inhibitor of GRα and has been implicated as a contributing factor to glucocorticoid resistance. A naturally occurring ATTTA to GTTTA single nucleotide polymorphism (A3669G) located in the 3′ end of exon 9β results in increased stability of GRβ mRNA and increased GRβ protein expression. Enhanced GRβ expression may result in greater inhibition of GRα transcriptional activity, resulting in glucocorticoid insensitivity. To test the hypothesis that the 3669G allele would result in a phenotype less likely to express features of glucocorticoid excess, we studied the prevalence of this polymorphism and its relationship with obesity and features of the metabolic syndrome in 322 Europid and 262 South‐Asian subjects in northeast England. We report evidence that 3669G allele is associated with reduced central obesity in Europid women and a more favorable lipid profile in Europid men. These data suggest that the 3669G allele may attenuate the undesirable effects of glucocorticoids on fat distribution and lipid metabolism, although its penetrance may vary in different ethnic groups.
Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in 2‐ to 6‐year‐old Italian Children
Authors: Maffeis Claudio , Consolaro Alessandro , Cavarzere Paolo , Chini Lorenza , Banzato Claudia , Grezzani Alessandra , Silvagni Davide , Salzano Giuseppina , De Luca Filippo , Tatò Luciano 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To assess the prevalence of overweight and obesity in 2‐ to 6‐year‐old Italian children and to compare the prevalence between the north and the south of the country.Research Methods and Procedures: This was a cross‐sectional study of 2150 subjects (M/F: 1137/1013), 5.36 ± 0.83 years of age. The sampling areas were Verona (north Italy) and Messina (south Italy). We used definitions of overweight and obesity using BMI values, with cut‐off values proposed by the International Obesity Task Force.Results: The prevalence of overweight was 16.6% (males: 13.9%, females: 19.6%), and it was higher in the south (males: 17.8%, females: 22.4%) than in the north (males: 11.3%, females: 17.9%). The prevalence of obesity was 8.0% (males: 8.3%, females: 7.7%), and it was higher in the south (males: 12.3%, females: 10.7%) than in the north (males: 5.7%, females: 5.8%). Using the Centers for Disease Control reference charts, the prevalence of overweight and obesity of Italian children was close to that reported in children living in the United States (32% vs. 32.7%, respectively).Discussion: The prevalence of overweight and obesity in young Italian children is very high, and it is rapidly growing. In the south of the country, the prevalence is higher than in the north.
Obesity as an Obstetric Risk Factor: Does It Matter in a Perinatal Center?
Authors: Stepan Holger , Scheithauer Susann , Dornhöfer Nadja , Krämer Thomas , Faber Renaldo 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjectives: Obesity before and during pregnancy is associated with several obstetrics risk factors for both mother and fetus. The aim of this retrospective study was to analyze the influence of BMI before pregnancy on distinct perinatal parameters.Research Methods and Procedures: The study includes 5067 singleton pregnancies from 2001 to 2004 at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Leipzig. The study group was divided into BMI groups: <18.5, ≥18.5 to <25, ≥25 to <30, ≥30 to <35, ≥35 to <40, and ≥40 kg/m2. Analysis of perinatal data included rate of intrauterine death, rate of cesarean section and shoulder dystocia, time of hospital stay for mother and newborn, and gestational age of delivery. Neonatal outcome variables included percentage of newborns weighing >4000 grams, rate of umbilical cord pH <7.10, and rate of 1‐, 5‐, and 10‐minute Apgar scores of <8.Results: There was no difference in the gestational age at delivery among the groups. In the group with BMI ≥30 kg/m2, the cesarean section rate was significantly elevated to 25.1%, with a more dramatic increase up to 30.2% in the group with BMI ≥35 kg/m2 and 43.1% in the group with BMI ≥40 kg/m2, mainly because of a higher number of secondary cesarean sections. Although newborns of obese women showed worse initial neonatal adaptation, the 10‐minute Apgar values did not differ among the groups. The higher rate of operative deliveries and the trend to an increased rate of shoulder dystocia did not influence duration of the hospital stay for mothers and newborns or morbidity of both.Discussion: A high pre‐pregnancy BMI is clearly associated with a higher rate of cesarean section deliveries. However, under the compensating conditions of a tertiary perinatal center, overall morbidity of mothers and newborns seems not to be increased.
Moderate‐to‐Vigorous Physical Activity among Children: Discrepancies in Accelerometry‐Based Cut‐off Points
Authors: Guinhouya Comlavi B. , Hubert Hervé , Soubrier Stéphane , Vilhelm Christian , Lemdani Mohamed , Durocher Alain 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To highlight the discrepancies in accelerometry cut‐off points of moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity (MVPA) according to the definitions of Puyau et al. (MVPAP) and Trost et al. (MVPAT).Research Methods and Procedures: Forty‐five children from 8 to 11 years old were monitored with the ActiGraph (ActiGraph, LLC, Fort Walton Beach, FL) for 3 consecutive days. Daily time spent at MVPA obtained with MVPAP was compared with that obtained with MVPAT using variability, regression, and agreement statistics. Data were then discussed with regard to physical activity recommendations.Results: The mean daily time spent at MVPAP (28 ± 18 minutes) was significantly lower (p < 10−4) than that spent at MVPAT (141 ± 39 minutes). The coefficient of determination between the two definitions was low (R2 = 0.49 ± 0.71). There was a lack of agreement between the two definitions, with a mean error or bias of 113 min/d. Thirty‐four point eight percent and 100% of children underwent 30‐minute MVPA/d with MVPAP and MVPAT definitions, respectively.Discussion: Comparability between studies devoted to describing children's physical activity or to assessing interventions may lack consistency according to the definition, with a real risk of misclassification.
Increased Extravasation of Macromolecules in Skeletal Muscles of the Zucker Rat Model
Authors: St‐Pierre Philippe , Bouffard Lucie , Papirakis Marie‐Eve , Maheux Pierre 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Assess whether changes in permeability of the muscle regional microcirculation occur in the obese Zucker rat model.Research Methods and Procedures: Capillary permeability to albumin was assessed in vivo in Zucker rats (n = 15) and lean controls (n = 15) by quantifying the extravasation of albumin‐bound Evans Blue (EB) in different organs. Unanaesthetized animals were injected with EB 20 mg/kg in the caudal vein, and EB was extracted by formamide from selected organs collected after exsanguination.Results: Relative to control animals, Zucker rats had higher body weight (Δ = +33%; p < 0.001), plasma triglycerides (Δ = +244%; p < 0.001), and insulin (Δ = +240%; p < 0.001) concentrations. Plasma glucose concentrations were not different between the two groups (p = not significant). Using the EB technique, we showed a 30% to 50% (p < 0.01) increase in the extravasation of EB in the obese rats, regardless of the skeletal muscle group studied. This increase in skeletal muscle vasopermeability was not paralleled by any increase in the expression of the muscle endothelium—nitric oxide (NO) system because the total NO synthase (NOS) activity in skeletal muscle of the obese Zucker rat was significantly lower (p < 0.001), as was the endothelial NOS immunoreactive mass (p < 0.001), compared with lean controls.Discussion: In conclusion, there seems to be dissociation between capillary permeability and local regulation of microcirculation in skeletal muscles of the obese Zucker rat. It is suggested that the increase in skeletal muscle vasopermeability (extravasation of macromolecules) is a compensation for the loss of NO‐dependent vasodilation and capillary recruitment noted in this model of obesity and insulin resistance.
Elevated Serum Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein‐4 and Chronic Inflammation in Overweight Subjects
Authors: Hashimoto Izumi , Wada Jun , Hida Aya , Baba Masako , Miyatake Nobuyuki , Eguchi Jun , Shikata Kenichi , Makino Hirofumi 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Chronic inflammation observed in obesity has been reported to be implicated in the development of atherosclerosis. We screened candidate chemokines that link chronic inflammation and obesity.Research Methods and Procedures: Japanese overweight (n = 39, BMI 28.7 ± 0.65 kg/m2) and normal‐weight (n = 24, BMI 22.3 ± 0.45 kg/m2) subjects were enrolled. Using antibody‐based protein microarray, spot intensities of monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)‐4, eotaxin, and eotaxin‐2 correlated with anthropometric parameters. We further measured serum concentration of these chemokines and mRNA levels in adipose tissues obtained from volunteers.Results: Serum MCP‐4 levels showed positive correlation with BMI (r = 0.318, p = 0.014), waist (r = 0.316, p = 0.018), and waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR) (r = 0.264, p = 0.049). Furthermore, MCP‐4 correlated with homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (r = 0.392, p = 0.002), high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hsCRP) (r = 0.350, p = 0.006). In step‐wise multiple regression analyses, hsCRP independently correlated with MCP‐4 levels. The expression of MCP‐4 mRNA in visceral adipose tissue positively correlates with BMI. Serum eotaxin levels correlate with BMI (r = 0.262, p = 0.045) and WHR (r = 0.383, p = 0.003). Serum eotaxin‐2 levels correlated with BMI (r = 0.464, p < 0.001), waist (r = 0.333, p = 0.017), and WHR (r = 0.278, p = 0.048). However, eotaxin and eotaxin‐2 levels did not show significant correlation with hsCRP.Discussion: Serum levels of MCP‐4, eotaxin, and eotaxin‐2, which belong to CC chemokine family and share CC chemokine receptor 3, correlated with BMI. These chemokines, especially MCP‐4, may be critical molecules that link obesity and chronic inflammation.
Body Mass Effects of a Physical Activity and Healthy Food Intervention in Middle Schools
Authors: Haerens Leen , Deforche Benedicte , Maes Lea , Stevens Veerle , Cardon Greet , De Bourdeaudhuij Ilse 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To evaluate the effects of a 2‐year middle school physical activity and healthy food intervention, including an environmental and computer‐tailored component on BMI and BMI z‐score in boys and girls.Research Methods and Procedures: A random sample of 15 schools with seventh and eighth graders was randomly assigned to three conditions: an intervention with parental support group, an intervention‐alone group, and a control group. Weight and height were measured at the beginning and end of each school year to assess BMI and BMI z‐score. A physical activity and healthy food program was implemented over 2 school years.Results: In girls, BMI and BMI z‐score increased significantly less in the intervention with parental support group compared with the control group (p < 0.05) or the intervention‐alone group (p = 0.05). In boys, no significant positive intervention effects were found.Discussion: This was the first study evaluating the effectiveness of an intervention combining environmental changes with personal computer‐tailored feedback on BMI and BMI z‐score in middle school children. After 2 school years, BMI and BMI z‐score changed in a more positive direction in girls as a result of the intervention with parental support.
Exposed and embedded corrections in aphasia therapy: issues of voice and identity
Authors: Simmons‐Mackie Nina , Damico Jack S. 
Published: April 2008

Background:Because communication after the onset of aphasia can be fraught with errors, therapist corrections are pervasive in therapy for aphasia. Although corrections are designed to improve the accuracy of communication, some corrections can have social and emotional consequences during interactions. That is, exposure of errors can potentially silence the ‘voice’ of a speaker by orienting to an utterance as unacceptable. Although corrections can marginalize speakers with aphasia, the practice has not been widely investigated.Aims:A qualitative study of corrections during aphasia therapy was undertaken to describe corrections in therapy, identify patterns of occurrence, and develop hypotheses regarding the potential effects of corrections.Methods & Procedures:Videotapes of six individual and five group aphasia therapy sessions were analysed. Sequences consistent with a definition of a therapist ‘correction’ were identified. Corrections were defined as instances when the therapist offered a ‘fix’ for a perceived error in the client's talk even though the intent was apparent.Outcomes & Results:Two categories of correction were identified and were consistent with Jefferson's (1987) descriptions of exposed and embedded corrections. Exposed corrections involved explicit correcting by the therapist, while embedded corrections occurred implicitly within the ongoing talk. Patterns of occurrence appeared consistent with philosophical orientations of therapy sessions. Exposed corrections were more prevalent in sessions focusing on repairing deficits, while embedded corrections were prevalent in sessions focusing on natural communication events (e.g. conversation). In addition, exposed corrections were sometimes used when client offerings were plausible or appropriate, but were inconsistent with therapist expectations.Conclusions:The observation that some instances of exposed corrections effectively silenced the voice or self‐expression of the person with aphasia has significant implications for outcomes from aphasia therapy. By focusing on accurate productions versus communicative intents, therapy runs the risk of reducing self‐esteem and communicative confidence, as well as reinforcing a sense of ‘helplessness’ and disempowerment among people with aphasia. The results suggest that clinicians should carefully calibrate the use of exposed and embedded corrections to balance linguistic and psychosocial goals.
Multiple voices in clinical discourse and as clinical intervention
Authors: Hengst Julie A. , Duff Melissa C. , Prior Paul A. 
Published: April 2008

Background: Grounded in sociocultural theories of language development and use, this paper explores the concept of dialogic voice. Building on the term ‘dialogue’, dialogic voice points to the fundamentally social nature of language‐in‐use. From this perspective, language emerges from specific histories and thus carries the multiple voices of previous speakers. People draw on these voices to think about and represent the world, communicate with others, construct their own identities, and engage in play. Prior (2001) identified three key dimensions of dialogic voicing: typified social voices, re‐envoicing others' words and acts, and personalized voice.Aims: To present a theoretical framing for dialogic voice; to detail the dimensions of dialogic voice; and to offer a preliminary analysis of dialogic voicing in clinical discourse.Methods & Procedures: Data consisted of ten treatment sessions for a 67‐year‐old man with amnesia and aphasia, using a collaborative barrier task protocol. Discourse analysis and selective coding were used to identify the three dimensions of dialogic voice in both clinician and client utterances.Outcomes & Results: During this collaborative task, the client and clinician produced an array of voices, including: (1) typified social voices to display professional expertise, family identities, and shared interests; (2) re‐envoicing others' words and acts in both task and non‐task interactions; and (3) personalized voicing, displayed mostly in the client's discourse.Conclusions: Attention to dialogic voicing offers a way to see and reflect on the heterogeneity of discourse and the multiple identities that clinicians and clients alike can, and do, display in clinical settings. Tracing the complex interplay of multiple voices provides us with insights into rich communicative environments that, from a sociocultural perspective, provide opportunities for initiating change in the communicative practices of clients, their communicative partners, and ultimately clinical practice itself.