bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Salicylic acid‐mediated and RNA‐silencing defense mechanisms cooperate in the restriction of systemic spread of plum pox virus in tobacco
Authors: Alamillo Josefa M. , Saénz Pilar , García Juan Antonio 
Published: August 2006

SummaryPlum pox virus (PPV) is able to replicate in inoculated leaves of Nicotiana tabacum, but is defective in systemic movement in this host. However, PPV produces a systemic infection in transgenic tobacco expressing the silencing suppressor P1/HC‐Pro from tobacco etch virus (TEV). In this work we show that PPV is able to move to upper non‐inoculated leaves of tobacco plants expressing bacterial salicylate hydroxylase (NahG) that degrades salicylic acid (SA). Replication and accumulation of PPV is higher in the locally infected leaves of plants deficient in SA or expressing TEV P1/HC‐Pro silencing suppressor. Accumulation of viral derived small RNAs was reduced in the NahG transgenic plants, suggesting that SA might act as an enhancer of the RNA‐silencing antiviral defense in tobacco. Besides, expression of SA‐mediated defense transcripts, such as those of pathogenesis‐related (PR) proteins PR‐1 and PR‐2 or alternative oxidase‐1, as well as that of the putative RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase NtRDR1, is induced in response to PPV infection, and the expression patterns of these defense transcripts are altered in the TEV P1/HC‐Pro transgenic plants. Long‐distance movement of PPV is highly enhanced in NahG × P1/HC‐Pro double‐transgenic plants and systemic symptoms in these plants reveal that the expression of an RNA‐silencing suppressor and the lack of SA produce additive but distinct effects. Our results suggest that SA might act as an enhancer of the RNA‐silencing antiviral defense in tobacco, and that silencing suppressors, such as P1/HC‐Pro, also alter the SA‐mediated defense. Both an RNA‐silencing and an SA‐mediated defense mechanism could act together to limit PPV infection.
Cross‐talk between ethylene and drought signalling pathways is mediated by the sunflower Hahb‐4 transcription factor
Authors: Manavella Pablo A. , Arce Agustín L. , Dezar Carlos A. , Bitton Frédérique , Renou Jean‐Pierre , Crespi Martin , Chan Raquel L. 
Published: August 2006

SummaryHahb‐4 is a member of the Helianthusannuus (sunflower) subfamily I of HD‐Zip proteins that is transcriptionally regulated by water availability and abscisic acid. Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants overexpressing this transcription factor (TF) exhibit a characteristic phenotype that includes a strong tolerance to water stress. Here we show that this TF is a new component of ethylene signalling pathways, and that it induces a marked delay in senescence. Plants overexpressing Hahb‐4 are less sensitive to external ethylene, enter the senescence pathway later and do not show the typical triple response. Furthermore, transgenic plants expressing this gene under the control of its own inducible promoter showed an inverse correlation between ethylene sensitivity and Hahb‐4 levels. Potential targets of Hahb‐4 were identified by comparing the transcriptome of Hahb‐4‐transformed and wild‐type plants using microarrays and quantitative RT‐PCR. Expression of this TF has a major repressive effect on genes related to ethylene synthesis, such as ACO and SAM, and on genes related to ethylene signalling, such as ERF2 and ERF5. Expression studies in sunflower indicate that Hahb‐4 transcript levels are elevated in mature/senescent leaves. Expression of Hahb‐4 is induced by ethylene, concomitantly with several genes homologous to the targets identified in the transcriptome analysis (HA‐ACOa and HA‐ACOb). Transient transformation of sunflower leaves demonstrated the action of Hahb‐4 in the regulation of ethylene‐related genes. We propose that Hahb‐4 is involved in a novel conserved mechanism related to ethylene‐mediated senescence that functions to improve desiccation tolerance.
The evolutionary history of the common chloroplast genome ofArabidopsis thalianaandA. suecica
Authors: JAKOBSSON M. , SÄLL T. , LIND‐HALLDÉN C. , HALLDÉN C. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe evolutionary history of the common chloroplast (cp) genome of the allotetraploidArabidopsis suecicaand its maternal parentA. thalianawas investigated by sequencing 50 fragments of cpDNA, resulting in 98 polymorphic sites. The variation in theA. suecicasample was small, in contrast to that of theA. thalianasample. The time to the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) of theA. suecicacp genome alone was estimated to be about one 37th of theTMRCAof both theA. thalianaandA. suecicacp genomes. This corresponds toA. suecicahaving a MRCA between 10 000 and 50 000 years ago, suggesting that the entire species originated during, or before, this period of time, although the estimates are sensitive to assumptions made about population size and mutation rate. The data was also consistent with the hypothesis ofA. suecicabeing of single origin. Isolation‐by‐distance and population structure inA. thalianadepended upon the geographical scale analysed; isolation‐by‐distance was found to be weak on the global scale but locally pronounced. Within the genealogical cp tree ofA. thaliana, there were indications that the root of theA. suecicaspecies is located among accessions ofA. thalianathat come primarily from central Europe. Selective neutrality of the cp genome could not be rejected, despite the fact that it contains several completely linked protein‐coding genes.
Effect of temperature on biology and population growth parameters ofAphis gossypiiGlover (Hom., Aphididae) on greenhouse cucumber
Authors: Zamani A. A. , Talebi A. A. , Fathipour Y. , Baniameri V. 
Published: August 2006

Abstract: Temperature‐dependent development, survivorship and reproduction of the cotton aphid,Aphis gossypiionCucumis sativusL. were evaluated at six constant temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35°C). Developmental periods of immature stages varied from 20.70 days at 10°C to 3.81 days at 30°C. The population failed to survive at 35°C. As temperature increased, the intrinsic rate of increase (rm) followed a typical asymmetrical dome‐shape pattern, with maximum value of 0.419/day at 25°C. Survival of immature stages differed from 55.97% to 93.14% within the range of 10–30°C. The average adult longevity ranged from 8.56 days at 30°C to 17.00 days at 25°C. Three mathematical models were compared for accuracy in predicting the developmental rate ofA. gossypii, and estimating its temperature thresholds and optima. The developmental threshold was estimated to be 6.19°C, and the thermal constant was 97.09 degree‐days, using the linear model. The Briere 2 and Lactin 2 models were accepted for success to satisfy criteria of goodness‐of‐fit (residual sum of square and coefficient of determination) and estimable temperature threshold parameters and highly recommended for the description of temperature‐dependent development ofA. gossypii. No other data are available in using nonlinear models to describe the relationship between temperature andA. gossypiidevelopment.
Life history of Axinoscymnus cardilobus (Col., Coccinellidae), a predator of Bemisia tabaci (Hom., Aleyrodidae)
Authors: Huang Z. , Ren S.‐X. , Yao S.‐L. 
Published: August 2006

Abstract:  Axinoscymnus cardilobus is an indigenous coccinellid predator in South China, which feeds on many whitefly species. Its development, consumption rate, survivorship, longevity and fecundity on a diet of eggs and nymphs of Bemisia tabaci were evaluated. Larval consumption decreased sharply as instars of B. tabaci become bigger, and development time of beetle larvae was significantly different when fed on different stages of B. tabaci. The sex ratio was 0.44. The performances were better after feeding on whitefly eggs than nymphs. Axinoscymnus cardilobus showed good potential for biological control of B. tabaci, especially in greenhouse situations.
WHAT'S IN A SIGN ? TRADEMARK LAW AND ECONOMIC THEORY
Authors: Ramello Giovanni B. 
Published: August 2006

Abstract The aim of this paper is to summarize the extant theory as it relates to the economics of trademark, and to give some suggestions for further research with reference to distinct streams of literature. The proposed line of study inevitably looks at the complex relationship between signs and economics.Trademark is a sign introduced to remedy a market failure. It facilitates purchase decisions by indicating the provenance of the goods, so that consumers can identify specific quality attributes deriving from their own, or others', past experience. Trademark holders, on their part, have an incentive to invest in quality because they will be able to reap the benefits in terms of reputation.In other words, trademark law becomes an economic device which, opportunely designed, can produce incentives for maximizing market efficiency. This role must, of course, be recognized, as a vast body of literature has done, with its many positive economic consequences.Nevertheless, trademark appears to have additional economic effects that should be equally recognized: it can determine the promotion of market power and the emergence of rent‐seeking behaviours. It gives birth to an idiosyncratic economics of signs where very strong protection tends to be assured, even though the welfare effects are as yet poorly understood. In this domain much remains to be done and the challenge to researchers is open.
INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY: A SUSTAINABILITY AGENDA
Authors: Marinova Dora , Raven Margaret 
Published: August 2006

Abstract The paper argues that the current ways of protecting intellectual property are limited in their scope for recognizing indigenous rights to indigenous knowledge. Indigenous knowledge is often defined as being holistic and collectively owned, and an appropriate protection should allow for maintaining the cultural and physical environment that has generated it.After examining the failure of the patent system to recognize indigenous input (using examples from the US Patent and Trademark Office), the analysis is directed towards alternatives. The world's first case of indigenous intellectual accreditation through the partnership between Mt Romance (Australian sandalwood company), Aveda (US‐based multinational cosmetics corporation) and the Kutkabubba community (represented by the Songman Circle of Wisdom), is presented. The accreditation allows for the indigenous people to be recognized as traditional owners of the land, and for their care and knowledge about the sandalwood trees. It also gives them a share of the profits made from the contemporary use of the pure sandalwood oil.The paper argues that sustainability, and indigenous sustainability in particular, provides a conceptual framework for a change in the way of protecting intellectual property. This implies that appropriate policies should be put in place for businesses to feel responsible towards the community.
UNIVERSITY RESEARCH, INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS AND EUROPEAN INNOVATION SYSTEMS
Authors: Verspagen Bart 
Published: August 2006

Abstract This paper surveys the literature on university patenting. From the point of view of the economic theory of patents, it is argued that patenting knowledge developed by university researchers is paradoxical: patents are normally intended to stimulate knowledge development by providing property rights, but universities operate also under a different incentive scheme, i.e. they receive public funds to perform socially useful knowledge. In the debate surrounding the so‐called Bayh‐Dole Act in the USA, it has, however, been argued that patents on university inventions may be necessary to stimulate technology transfer from universities to private firms. The first part of the paper addresses two major questions. First, what is the economic logic of Bayh‐Dole, and, second, what were the effects on universities and the knowledge they develop?In the second part, the paper addresses the issue of whether ‘Bayh‐Dole‐like’ legislation would be beneficial for European countries. In a number of European countries, a suggestion has been made that this could enhance knowledge transfer from the public to the private sector. Using a new database resulting from a survey among patent inventors in six European countries, an assessment is given of the degree of university patenting in Europe. Because university researchers are often involved in patented inventions without the university being listed as a patent applicant, statistics based on the patent office databases alone often underestimate university patenting in Europe. The paper ends with a discussion of how this ‘European practice’ of university patenting affects public–private knowledge transfer in Europe, and how this compares to the effects of the Bayh‐Dole Act in the USA.
Vocal behaviour and neighbour spatial arrangement during vocal displays in eagle owls (Bubo bubo)
Authors: Delgado M. M. , Penteriani V. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractWe quantified temporal and spatial patterns of adult eagle owl Bubo bubo vocal behaviour throughout an entire year. The duration of adult eagle owl vocal displays showed significant differences during different periods of the year: there was one major peak in the pre‐laying period, when duets of mates were also more frequent. The daily distribution of adult vocalizations showed a similar pattern among the different periods, with vocal activity being most intense at sunset and sunrise. Analyses of the characteristics of call posts showed that the choice of such focal points was guided by the trade‐off between the need to defend the territory and within‐pair communication inside the core areas, as well as efficient communication with neighbours.
Emotions in Continental Philosophy
Authors: Solomon Robert C. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractAlthough the topic of emotions was long ignored in British and American analytic philosophy and psychology, it remained a rich and exciting subject in Continental Philosophy. Kierkegaard and Nietzsche celebrated the passionate life. In phenomenology Martin Heidegger, Max Scheler, Emmanuel Levinas, Jean‐Paul Sartre, Maurice Merleau‐Ponty, Gabriel Marcel, and Paul Ricoeur all made major contributions. Heidegger pursued a highly original thesis concerning the vital role of moods in human life, notably angst and boredom. Jean‐Paul Sartre added the tantalizing thesis that our emotions are strategies to help us cope with the difficulties in life. Max Scheler gave us the stunning expression, “the emotional a priori,” the idea that emotions are basic structures of human existence. In this essay, I want to expand on the contributions of the classic phenomenologists and existentialists and do more of what they were doing by way of an “original” project of phenomenological investigation. (This follows publication of the first two volumes of a three‐part study of the emotions, Not Passion's Slave and In Defense of Sentimentality, both published by Oxford University Press.)
Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite DNA markers in the brown sole, Pleuronectes herzensteini
Authors: KIM S. G. , MORISHIMA K. , ARAI K. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractNew microsatellite DNA markers from brown sole were developed and characterized. Fourteen primer sets were designed from 40 microsatellite regions. Eight of 14 loci exhibited variations comprising 8–31 alleles. Observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.611 to 0.833 and from 0.647 to 0.968 among 36 individuals, respectively. Phz3, Phz8 and Phz12 significantly deviated from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, and there was a significant linkage disequilibrium between Phz2 and Phz12. Seven of eight loci conformed to the Mendelian manner of inheritance in a full‐sib family. Seven to four loci of three related species were cross‐amplified by primers for brown sole.
Double‐masked randomised placebo‐controlled trial of the effect of prismatic corrections on rate of reading and the relationship with symptoms
Authors: O'Leary Claire I. , Evans Bruce J. W. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractPractitioners’ decisions on when to intervene in decompensated heterophoria are often based on symptoms, which are in some cases an unreliable indicator of whether an intervention will be helpful. The aim of our study was to determine when prismatic corrections improve performance at a measure of dynamic visual function: the Wilkins Rate of Reading Test (WRRT). All participants manifested an aligning prism (associated heterophoria) on the near Mallett Unit of 0.5Δ or greater. There were 80 participants, of whom 58 had exophoria, 15 esophoria, and seven hyperphoria. The effect of the aligning prism on the WRRT was compared with a control lens using a double‐masked randomised design. For exophoria, an aligning prism of 2Δ and above has a sensitivity of 67% and a specificity of 79% for improving performance at the WRRT by 5% or more. It is not possible from our data to achieve a good compromise between sensitivity and specificity for the other types of heterophoria. Patients in the horizontal (but not vertical) heterophoria groups had significantly more symptoms than a control group. The patients whose visual performance is improved by prismatic correction are not necessarily those who report the most symptoms. Our data suggest that exophoric patients of any age are likely to have improved visual performance with an intervention if they have an aligning prism of 2Δ or more, even in the absence of symptoms. We stress that although the Mallett Unit Fixation Disparity test provides useful information, its results need to be considered in the overall context of the patient's symptoms, lifestyle, and the results of other optometric tests. Although this study evaluated prismatic corrections, we note that interventions for decompensated heterophoria include not only prismatic corrections, but also eye exercises and refractive modification.
Subtle binocular vision anomalies in migraine
Authors: Harle Deacon E. , Evans Bruce J. W. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractA literature review reveals old references to an association between migraine headache and binocular vision anomalies, but a lack of scientific evidence evaluating these claims. In a masked case control study, we investigated binocular vision using standard clinical tests in people with migraine and in controls. Some test results suggest that heterophoria and fixation disparity are more common in the migraine group. The migraine group also had slightly reduced stereopsis. We found significant correlations between some migraine variables and some binocular vision variables (e.g., duration of worst headache and impaired stereopsis) but our analyses do not suggest that a causal relationship is likely. In conclusion, people with migraine have on average a slightly higher prevalence of heterophoria and aligning prism, and reduced stereopsis compared with controls. However, the differences are subtle and our data do not support the use of binocular vision interventions prescribed solely on the basis of the presence of migraine.
Are pregnant Australian women well informed about prenatal genetic screening? A systematic investigation using the Multidimensional Measure of Informed Choice
Authors: ROWE Heather J. , FISHER Jane R. W. , QUINLIVAN Julie A. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractBackground:  Ethical practice requires that decisions to participate in medical care be well informed. Investigations into prenatal genetic screening for Down syndrome have assessed women's knowledge but have not examined whether being well informed about the potential consequences of screening, such as subsequent diagnostic testing, diagnosis and termination, is associated with psychological distress for women.Aims:  To assess informed choice to participate in second trimester maternal serum screening (2MSS) in pregnant women using a validated measure and to compare anxiety levels in women who were well informed versus poorly informed.Methods:  A prospective cohort study where pregnant women completed the Multidimensional Measure of Informed Choice and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale immediately prior to the offer of 2MSS. Follow‐up questionnaires assessing psychological symptomatology were completed at 20 and 30 weeks gestation.Results:  Only 37% of decisions were informed; those who participated in screening were more likely to have made an informed decision than those who did not (P = 0.01); 31% did not know that miscarriage was a possible consequence of diagnostic testing subsequent to an increased risk screening result and only 62% correctly identified that termination of pregnancy would be offered if Down syndrome were to be diagnosed. Short‐term anxiety levels in those who were well informed were not significantly different from those who were poorly informed (P = 0.14).Conclusions:  Health promotion strategies, which are readily applicable in clinical settings and address diverse learning needs and attitudes of pregnant women, are needed. The impact of antenatal screening on other dimensions of pregnancy psychology remains to be investigated.
Acral keratosis with eosinophilic dermal deposits: a distinctive clinicopatholgic entity or colloid milium redux?
Authors: Saeed Sadia , Sagatys Elizabeth , Morgan Michael B. 
Published: August 2006

Aims: The differential diagnosis of acral keratoses is broad. Encompassing a variety of infectious, heritable and degenerative disorders, emphasis upon the clinical setting and histologic subtlety are often required to arrive at the correct diagnosis. Herein, we report on a series of adult patients who presented with agminated or solitary papules of the distal finger found on histologic examination to contain amorphous eosinophilic deposits.Results: The eosinophilic deposits were found in close proximity to the overlying epithelium and devoid of apoptotic keratinocytes, plasma cells, or vascular thickening reminiscent of amyloidosis or hyalinosis cutis. Special and immunostains yielded eosinophilic material that was elastin and Protein P negative. Despite a similar histomorphologic appearance to colloid milium, typical clinical features of this entity were not present.Conclusion: The etiologic significance of this condition is unknown. Potential sources of the material and a discussion of the differential diagnosis follow.
Pathology of post‐kala‐azar dermal leishmaniasis: a light microscopical, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural study of skin lesions and draining lymph nodes
Authors: Ismail Ahmed , Gadir A. Fattah A. , Theander Thor G. , Kharazmi Arsalan , El Hassan Ahmed M. 
Published: August 2006

Background:  Whereas the clinical manifestations and treatment of post‐kala‐azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) have been adequately described before, the pathology received little attention, particularly the African form of PKDL which shows some clinical differences from the disease in India. Therefore, our aim was to characterize the pathology and the immunohistopathology in PKDL lesions and correlate the histopathological findings with the clinical features of the disease.Methods:  Biopsies of skin lesions were examined for histopathological changes in formalin‐fixed tissues and for cell phenotypes and adhesion molecules by immunohistochemistry.Results:  The epidermis showed various changes in different combinations. The dermis was infiltrated by lymphocytes and macrophages, but plasma cells were scanty or absent. The majority of cells were CD3 T cells, with a preponderance of CD4 over CD8 cells. Degenerating basal keratinocytes expressed HLA‐DR, ICAM‐1 and Leishmania antigen and closely interacted with CD4 T cells. Regional lymph nodes showed hyperplasia of the B‐ and T‐cell zones.Conclusions:  The inflammatory reaction in PKDL lesions is in response to Leishmania parasites and/or antigen. The majority of cells are CD4 T cells. Degeneration of the basal keratinocytes is probably due to the action of cytotoxic CD4 T cells interacting with leishmania‐expressing epidermal cells.