bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors Influencing Perceptions of Breast Cancer Genetic Counseling among Women in an Urban Health Care System
Authors: Ford Marvella E. , Alford Sharon Hensley , Britton Diandra , McClary Beth , Gordon Howard S. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe study assessed perceptions of breast cancer genetic counseling. Focus groups were conducted with twenty women (ages < = 50 years) in a Midwestern, urban health system identified as at above average risk of developing hereditary breast cancer and referred for breast cancer genetic counseling following mammography. All participants associated the words “breast cancer” with fear. African American women who received breast cancer genetic counseling may have channeled their fear into increased vigilance related to breast health. African American women who did not receive breast cancer genetic counseling were most knowledgeable about it. In contrast, Caucasian women who did not receive it reported uncertainty about the role of genetic counseling and testing in assessing breast cancer risk, mistrust in medical professionals, and lack of trust in the accuracy of genetic tests. The results could be used to help develop interventions to improve informed decision‐making regarding breast cancer genetic counseling.
A trematode infection with no effect on reproductive success of a sand‐bubbler crab
Authors: Koga Tsunenori 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe infection effects of the parasitic digenean trematode on the body weight and reproductive success of the sand‐bubbler crab were examined.Gynaecotyla squatarolae(Trematoda: Microphallidae) infects the body cavity ofScopimera globosa(Decapoda: Scopimeridae) and uses the crab as its second intermediate host. The parasites infected all reproductive crabs examined to varying degrees. Larger crabs of both sexes had more parasites than smaller ones, probably because body size reflects age, and older crabs had a longer period of exposure to infection. Males had more parasites than females, probably because of sexual difference in acting time on the surface. Ovigerous females stay in closed burrows and do not act on the surface during incubation, and so have less chance of infection than males. The quantity of infecting parasites did not explain variations in either body weight or reproductive success of individual crabs in a field experiment. The life history of this parasite, relative body size of the crabs, and cost and the possible benefit of manipulation for the parasite may explain these results.
Nanoparticles for Applications in Cellular Imaging
Authors: Thurn K Ted , Brown EricMB , Wu Aiguo , Vogt Stefan , Lai Barry , Maser Jörg , Paunesku Tatjana , Woloschak Gayle E 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
In the following review we discuss several types of nanoparticles (such as TiO2, quantum dots, and gold nanoparticles) and their impact on the ability to image biological components in fixed cells. The review also discusses factors influencing nanoparticle imaging and uptake in live cells in vitro. Due to their unique size-dependent properties nanoparticles offer numerous advantages over traditional dyes and proteins. For example, the photostability, narrow emission peak, and ability to rationally modify both the size and surface chemistry of Quantum Dots allow for simultaneous analyses of multiple targets within the same cell. On the other hand, the surface characteristics of nanometer sized TiO2allow efficient conjugation to nucleic acids which enables their retention in specific subcellular compartments. We discuss cellular uptake mechanisms for the internalization of nanoparticles and studies showing the influence of nanoparticle size and charge and the cell type targeted on nanoparticle uptake. The predominant nanoparticle uptake mechanisms include clathrin-dependent mechanisms, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis.
Combination of TLC Blotting and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry for Analysis of Peroxidized Cholesterol
Authors: Minami Yuko , Yokoi Sayuri , Setoyama Mari , Bando Noriko , Takeda Sayaka , Kawai Yoshichika , Terao Junji 
Published: August 2007

AbstractWe have established a sensitive and convenient method for analysis of cholesterol hydroperoxides (Chol‐OOHs) as trimethylsilyloxyl derivatives using diphenylpyrenylphosphine (DPPP)‐thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) blotting and gas chromatography–electron ionization–mass spectrometry/selected‐ion monitoring (GC–EI–MS/SIM). Chol‐OOH standards were prepared by photosensitized oxidation and azo radical‐induced peroxidation of cholesterol. Trimethylsilyloxyl derivatives of cholesterol 5α‐hydroperoxide (Chol 5α‐OOH), cholesterol 7α‐hydroperoxide (Chol 7α‐OOH), and cholesterol 7β‐hydroperoxide (Chol 7β‐OOH) could be separated from one another in the SIM chromatogram using a fragment ion with elimination of trimethylsilanol from the molecular ion. This method was used to characterize peroxidized cholesterol from azo radical‐exposed human low‐density lipoprotein and UVA‐irradiated human keratinocytes in the presence of hematoporphyrin. Finally, we succeeded in the quantification of each Chol‐OOH isomer present in hairless mouse skin with and without UVA irradiation by use of β‐sitosterol hydroperoxide as internal standard. The accumulation of Chol 5α‐OOH with Chol 7α/βOOH in the skin indicates that singlet molecular oxygen (1O2) participated in the peroxidation of skin cholesterol, because Chol 5α‐OOH is known to be a 1O2 specific cholesterol peroxidation product. We concluded that the combination of DPPP‐TLC blotting and GC–EI–MS/SIM is useful for quantifying peroxidized cholesterol in biological samples and confirming the participation of 1O2 in oxidative stress.
Differential maturation of chloride homeostasis in primary afferent neurons of the somatosensory system
Authors: Gilbert Daniel , Franjic‐Würtz Christina , Funk Katharina , Gensch Thomas , Frings Stephan , Möhrlen Frank 
Published: August 2007

AbstractRecent research into the generation of hyperalgesia has revealed that both the excitability of peripheral nociceptors and the transmission of their afferent signals in the spinal cord are subject to modulation by Cl− currents. The underlying Cl− homeostasis of nociceptive neurons, in particular its postnatal maturation, is, however, poorly understood. Here we measure the intracellular Cl− concentration, [Cl−]i, of somatosensory neurons in intact dorsal root ganglia of mice. Using two‐photon fluorescence‐lifetime imaging microscopy, we determined [Cl−]i in newborn and adult animals. We found that the somatosensory neurons undergo a transition of Cl− homeostasis during the first three postnatal weeks that leads to a decline of [Cl−]i in most neurons. Immunohistochemistry showed that a major fraction of neurons in the dorsal root ganglia express the cation–chloride co‐transporters NKCC1 and KCC2, indicating that the molecular equipment for Cl− accumulation and extrusion is present. RT‐PCR analysis showed that the transcription pattern of electroneutral Cl− co‐transporters does not change during the maturation process.These findings demonstrate that dorsal root ganglion neurons undergo a developmental transition of chloride homeostasis during the first three postnatal weeks. This process parallels the developmental “chloride switch” in the central nervous system. However, while most CNS neurons achieve homogeneously low [Cl−]i levels – which is the basis of GABAergic and glycinergic inhibition – somatosensory neurons maintain a heterogeneous pattern of [Cl−]i values. This suggests that Cl− currents are excitatory in some somatosensory neurons, but inhibitory in others. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that Cl− homeostasis in somatosensory neurons is regulated through posttranslational modification of cation–chloride co‐transporters.
Experimental observations of the merger of co-rotating wake vortices
Authors: BERTÉNYI T. , GRAHAM W. R. 
Published: August 2007

The interaction and merger of a pair of co-rotating vortices has been studied experimentally in a wind tunnel. The vortices are generated using two separate wings, allowing both initial circulation ratio and initial separation to be varied. At the nominal test speed of 30 ms−1, the circulation-based Reynolds number is typically 6.4 × 104. Mean crossflow velocities at stations downstream are obtained with a traverse-mounted yaw meter. The vortex interaction is characterized by fitting Lamb–Oseen profiles to the measured, azimuthally averaged, tangential velocity profiles.It is found that the merger process differs in several important respects from lower-Reynolds-number studies. First, the separation of the vortices decreases continually throughout the initial, ‘viscous growth’, phase, instead of remaining constant. Second, the vortex core growth in this phase appears to be greater than can be accounted for by turbulent diffusivity, even after correcting for the effects of wandering. Finally, the time to merger lies well below that predicted by expressions based on the lower-Reynolds-number observations, and is further reduced when the circulation ratio departs from unity. We conclude that the enhanced core growth is probably due to the short-wavelength ‘elliptic’ instability that has already been observed in some high-Reynolds-number experiments. The mechanism behind the decrease in separation, which is a crucial factor in the reduced merger time, is three-dimensional, but, beyond this, remains unknown.
Direct numerical simulations of two- and three-dimensional turbulent natural convection flows in a differentially heated cavity of aspect ratio 4
Authors: TRIAS F. X. , SORIA M. , OLIVA A. , PÉREZ-SEGARRA C. D. 
Published: August 2007

A set of complete two- and three-dimensional direct numerical simulations (DNS) in a differentially heated air-filled cavity of aspect ratio 4 with adiabatic horizontal walls is presented in this paper. Although the physical phenomenon is three-dimensional, owing to its prohibitive computational costs the majority of the previous DNS of turbulent and transition natural convection flows in enclosed cavities assumed a two-dimensional behaviour. The configurations selected here (Rayleigh number based on the cavity height 6.4 × 108, 2 × 109 and 1010, Pr = 0.71) are an extension to three dimensions of previous two-dimensional problems.An overview of the numerical algorithm and the methodology used to verify the code and the simulations is presented. The main features of the flow, including the time-averaged flow structure, the power spectra and probability density distributions of a set of selected monitoring points, the turbulent statistics, the global kinetic energy balances and the internal waves motion phenomenon are described and discussed.As expected, significant differences are observed between two- and three-dimensional results. For two-dimensional simulations the oscillations at the downstream part of the vertical boundary layer are clearly stronger, ejecting large eddies to the cavity core. In the three-dimensional simulations these large eddies do not persist and their energy is rapidly passed down to smaller scales of motion. It yields on a reduction of the large-scale mixing effect at the hot upper and cold lower regions and consequently the cavity core still remains almost motionless even for the highest Rayleigh number. The boundary layers remain laminar in their upstream parts up to the point where these eddies are ejected. The point where this phenomenon occurs clearly moves upstream for the three-dimensional simulations. It is also shown that, even for the three-dimensional simulations, these eddies are large enough to permanently excite an internal wave motion in the stratified core region. All these differences become more marked for the highest Rayleigh number.
Persons and the metaphysics of resurrection
Authors: BAKER LYNNE RUDDER 
Published: August 2007

AbstractTheories of the human person differ greatly in their ability to underwrite a metaphysics of resurrection. This paper compares and contrasts a number of such views in light of the Christian doctrine of resurrection. In a Christian framework, resurrection requires that the same person who exists on earth also exists in an afterlife, that a post-mortem person be embodied, and that the existence of a post-mortem person is brought about by a miracle. According to my view of persons (the constitution view), a human person is constituted by – but not identical to – a human organism. A person has a first-person perspective essentially, and an organism has interrelated biological functions essentially. I shall argue for the superiority the constitution view as a metaphysical basis for resurrection.
Augustine's rejection of the free-will defence: an overview of the late Augustine's theodicy
Authors: COUENHOVEN JESSE 
Published: August 2007

AbstractAugustine is commonly considered the greatest early proponent of what we call the free-will defence, but this idea is deeply misleading, as Augustine grew increasingly dissatisfied with the view from an early point in his career, and his later explorations of the implications of his doctrines of sin and grace led him to reject free-will theodicies altogether. As a compatibilist, however, he continued to reject the idea that God is responsible for the advent of evil. His alternative was his often misunderstood claim that the primal sin had a ‘deficient’ cause, together with a version of what Alvin Plantinga has nominated the ‘felix culpa’ approach. Thus, Augustine was actually the free-will defence's first major Christian detractor, and by the end of his career he had become its greatest critic.
Divorcing theism from infallibilism: a reply to Robert Oakes
Authors: BLAAUW MARTIJN 
Published: August 2007

AbstractRobert Oakes has argued that theism defeats the ‘doctrine of public-world fallibilism’. That is, Oakes has argued that theism supports infallibilism about public-world beliefs such as ‘There is an olive on the floor’, or ‘I have two hands’. Given the enormous discussion of radical scepticism in the recent epistemological literature, this argument is well worth investigating. In this short note, however, I argue that the argument Oakes presents is unconvincing. The truth of theism does not support public-world infallibilism.
Astrology and the Sibyls: John of Legnano's De adventu Christi and the Natural Theology of the Later Middle Ages
Authors: Smoller Laura Ackerman 
Published: August 2007

ArgumentMedieval authors adopted a range of postures when writing about the role of reason in matters of faith. At one extreme, the phrase “natural theology” (theologia naturalis) was used, largely pejoratively, to connote something clearly inferior to revealed theology. At the other end, there was also a long tradition of what one might term “the impulse to natural theology,” manifested perhaps most notably in the embrace of Nature by certain twelfth-century authors associated with the school of Chartres. Only in the fifteenth century does one find authors using natural reason to investigate religious truths who also employ the term “natural theology,” now in a positive light, for their activities. Among such thinkers, astrology and eschatology frequently played an important role. In that respect, the writings of fourteenth-century Bolognese jurist John of Legnano offer an important example of the place of astrological, prophetic, and apocalyptic material in late medieval natural theology. In his 1375 treatise De adventu Christi, Legnano demonstrated that ancient poets, pagan seers such as the Sibyls, and non-Christian astrologers had all predicted, like Old Testament prophets, the virgin birth of Christ. For Legnano, not simply was Creation part of God's revelation, but, equally importantly, the very categories of reason and revelation blur in a way that points toward the works of Renaissance humanists and lays a foundation for a model of natural vaticination that showed reason's capability to reach fundamental religious truths.
The Uses of Natural Theology in Seventeenth-Century England
Authors: Mandelbrote Scott 
Published: August 2007

ArgumentThis essay describes two styles of natural theology that emerged in England out of a debate over the correct interpretation of divine evidences in nature during the seventeenth century. The first style was exemplified in the work of John Wilkins and Robert Boyle. It stressed the lawful operation of the universe under a providential order. The second, embodied in the writings of the Cambridge Platonists, was more open to evidence for the wondrousness of nature provided by the marvelous and by spiritual phenomena. Initially appearing to be alternative and complementary arguments for orthodoxy, these two approaches to natural theology underwent different transformations during the ensuing decades. In the process, a natural theology predicated on the intellectual demonstration of divine power through the argument from design came to predominate over alternative strategies that placed greater emphasis on the wondrousness of nature.
Miracles, Science, and Testimony in Post-Tridentine Saint-Making
Authors: Vidal Fernando 
Published: August 2007

ArgumentSeeing a prodigious cure happen and then testifying about it certainly differs from attending an air pump experiment in order to bear witness to it. Yet early-modern saint-making and the “new” or “experimental philosophy” shared juridical roots, and thereby an understanding of the role of testimony for the establishment of “matters of fact” and for the production of legitimate knowledge. The reforms carried out after the Council of Trent, especially during Urban VIII's pontificate (1623–1644), of the juridical procedures for saint-making in the Catholic Church implied a new attitude towards the examination of proposed miracles. Most of these miracles were healings. While the appeal to medical expertise had long been common, and skepticism had often manifested itself regarding cures or extraordinary bodily phenomena, both were now given formal status. Miracle inquests henceforth leaned towards refuting miraculousness by means of natural explanations. The procedure was systematized in a treatise published in the 1730s by Prospero Lambertini (later pope Benedict XIV). The combination of Lambertini's work with the canonization causes in which he acted as the “devil's advocate” in charge of disputing arguments favorable to a sainthood candidate allows for a reconstruction of the interplay between the juridical and scientific economies of saint-making, and of the role of testimony in the production of trust and evidence.
In Search of the “Sea-Something”: Reason and Transcendence in the Frend/De Morgan Family
Authors: Richards Joan L. 
Published: August 2007

ArgumentThis paper traces the changing fortunes of natural theology in two generations of an English family. The group is represented in the first generation by the Unitarian radical, William Frend, and in the second by the spiritualist Sophia Frend De Morgan and her husband, the mathematician Augustus De Morgan. The Frend/DeMorgans were distinguished from the naturalistic Darwins by their commitment to reason; they were a quintessentially urban group whose impulses to natural theology flowed from a God they encountered through their minds. For William Frend, natural theology was rooted in a tightly disciplined, linguistic view of reason that linked theological and mathematical understandings; in the De Morgan's generation, however, understandings of mathematics and of language changed in ways that undercut the power of Frend's reasoned approach. In its rise and fall this family story of reasoned theology is co-temporal with the natural theology that was wrecked on the rocks of Darwinian evolutionary theory.
THE METAPHORICAL UNDERPINNINGS OF AZTEC HISTORY
Authors: Umberger Emily 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe article discusses the 1473 civil war between the two polities that formed the capital of the Aztec empire, Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco, as presented in the Codex Durán. I argue that the literal, European-style rendition of the events of the war includes remnants of the pre-Conquest symbolic thought behind those events' original choreography. The remnants indicate that the war was staged to follow the outlines of the story of the battle between the god Huitzilopochtli (“Hummingbird, Left”) and his sister Coyolxauhqui (“Bells, Painted”) at the mountain site of Coatepetl (“Serpent Mountain”), an allegory for the rise and fall of powerful rulers. I also suggest that the enemy king and his second in command, after being thrown from the Tlatelolco Templo Mayor, were buried in the funerary vessels beside the Great Coyolxauhqui Stone discovered in 1978 at the base of the Tenochtitlan Templo Mayor, proved by the war to be the “true” and only Coatepetl.
EFFIGY VESSELS, RELIGIOUS INTEGRATION, AND THE ORIGINS OF THE CENTRAL MEXICAN PANTHEON
Authors: Carballo David M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractInvestigations into the evolution of early religious institutions should emphasize how the ritual manipulation of symbolically charged objects generated shared understandings regarding divine entities among religious communities of practice. This study demonstrates that the origins of two distinctively central Mexican deities—the Old God of Fire and the Storm God—can best be understood through contextual analysis of effigy vessels depicting them during later Formative periods (ca. 600b.c.–a.d. 100). By presenting new examples of such effigy vessels and assembling contemporary counterparts from other central Mexican sites, we can better appreciate the Formative religious integration of the region and its legacy for the religious systems of later societies. Specifically, the primacy of the Old God of Fire and the Storm God to Aztec dedicatory offerings, and the private/domestic associations of the former and public/monumental associations of the latter at Teotihuacan were elaborations on patterns apparent in Formative ritual practices.
PERFORMING POWER
Authors: Stockett Miranda K. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractArchaeological research can draw on material remains to understand the ways that individuals may have expressed their identities in pursuit of specific goals. Here ritual performances in ancient Mesoamerica are considered for their role in shaping identities deployed to gain social and political power. The Late to Terminal Classic period (a.d.650–960) site of Las Canoas, Honduras, is offered as a case study. In particular, the monumental Main Plaza Group at Las Canoas is examined as a spatial setting for the performance of rituals involving the use of incense burners and ceramic anthropomorphic figurines. These performances are argued to have facilitated the efforts of certain members of the community to take advantage of shifting political and economic alliances in the region and make a bid for power. Ultimately, however, their efforts to establish spiritual and political leadership did not endure.
DEDICATORY BURIAL/OFFERING COMPLEXES AT THE MOON PYRAMID, TEOTIHUACAN
Authors: Sugiyama Saburo , Luján Leonardo López 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA series of highly elaborated burial/offering complexes have been discovered recently in association with seven superimposed monumental constructions at the Moon Pyramid. The archaeological contexts excavated during the past seven years indicate that these dedicatory complexes were symbols of a state religious ideology and communicated sociopolitical information on behalf of ruling elites. Rich artifacts made of obsidian, greenstone, shell, pyrite, ceramics, wood, and textile, as well as abundant skeletal remains of sacrificed animals and human beings, stand out in these unusual ritual deposits. Many of the offerings possess strong connotations of warfare and ritual sacrifice. After describing the five burial/offering complexes and discussing their possible function and religious significance, we conclude that, when the expanding Teotihuacan state orchestrated these monumental constructions, the most important ritual paraphernalia was buried in the new enlargement programs to express the ideology of sacred rulership.