bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Length Variation in Age-0 Westslope Cutthroat Trout at Multiple Spatial Scales
Authors: McGrath Kathleen E. , Scott J. Michael , Rieman Bruce E. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Phenotypic diversity provides ecological and evolutionary functions, stabilizing populations in variable environments. Although benefits of larger body size in juvenile fishes are well documented, size variation may have value as well. We explored the distribution of length and length variation in age-0 westslope cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi at three spatial scales: area (102 km2), stream (101 km2), and site (100 km2). In addition, we examined relationships between length variables (mean length and interquartile range of length) and instream (temperature and conductivity) and landscape (aspect, elevation, headwater distance, and valley width) variables that were expected to be associated with fish size. Conductivity was included as a surrogate for productivity. Most variation in mean length and interquartile range of fish length was found among areas (62.2% and 62.6%, respectively). Mean length also varied among streams and sites (21.9% and 15.8%, respectively). Similarly, interquartile range of fish length varied among streams and sites (19.1% and 18.3%, respectively). Both length variables were associated with temperature and elevation. Mean fish length was also associated with conductivity, but the association between interquartile length range and conductivity was weak. We conclude that the conservation of variation in phenotypic attributes, such as length, in westslope cutthroat trout may require conservation of viable populations across broad areas and across environmental gradients that are associated with growth.
Postrelease Survival of Sailfish Caught by Commercial Pelagic Longline Gear in the Southern Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Kerstetter D. W. , Graves J. E. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The biomass levels of several target species of the Atlantic pelagic longline fishery, including various tunas of the genus Thunnus and swordfish Xiphias gladius, are estimated to be close to those required to support the maximum sustainable yield. In contrast, several species captured incidentally are severely depleted. Live release of incidental catch is one means of reducing the fishing mortality of these species without sacrificing the target catch, but the efficacy of such a measure is predicated on the assumption that postrelease survival is relatively high. Prior work has evaluated postrelease survival from pelagic longline gear for the larger istiophorid billfishes, such as blue marlin Makaira nigricans and white marlin Kajikia albida, but survival rates are unknown for sailfish Istiophorus platypterus. To estimate the postrelease survival of sailfish caught on pelagic longline gear in the southern Gulf of Mexico, short-duration pop-up satellite archival tags (PSATs) were deployed on captured sailfish for 10-d periods. Of the 29 sailfish captured, 20 (68.9%) were alive at the time of longline haulback, and the first 17 encountered alive were tagged. All tags transmitted at the preprogrammed times, and data from 15 of the 17 PSATs (88.2%) were consistent with the survival of the tagged sailfish for the 10-d tag deployment. Our results clearly demonstrate that sailfish can survive the trauma from interaction with pelagic longline gear and that management measures promoting the release of live individuals from this fishery can significantly reduce sailfish mortality without reducing the catches of target species.
Innovations in Chemotherapy for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: An Update of Recent Clinical Trials
Authors: O'Neil Bert H. , Goldberg Richard M. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader should be able to: Use the evolving treatment strategies in metastatic colorectal cancer, including key data from recent clinical trials.Prescribe biologic agents in combination with chemotherapy.Exploit strategies, such as “stop and go” dosing, that may help patients with metastatic colorectal cancer receive optimal therapy in terms of efficacy, with minimal toxicity.
CME This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.com
It has been estimated that cancer of the colon and rectum (CRC) would be diagnosed in 153,760 men and women in the U.S. alone in 2007. Approximately one in five patients has metastatic CRC (mCRC) at diagnosis, which, at best, is associated with a 5-year survival rate of just 10.3%. Oxaliplatin- and irinotecan-based combination regimens are standard first-line therapies for mCRC. Recent studies suggest that survival outcomes can possibly be further improved by adding biologic agents to chemotherapy. Novel treatment strategies are being investigated to optimize the opportunity for patients to receive and benefit from the increasing number of available active agents and to further improve the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of multiagent therapy. These include switching therapy before progression, maintenance therapy, and chemotherapy-free intervals. Recent innovations in chemotherapy for mCRC are reviewed, with a focus on emerging data that may significantly improve both survival and quality of life for patients with CRC in the future.
Drought risk management in mediterranean river basins
Authors: Iglesias Ana , Garrote Luis , Martín-Carrasco Francisco 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The Mediterranean region has an extensive hydraulic infrastructure and complex socioeconomic interactions among water users. In this region, competition for water among urban, agricultural, industrial, and environmental demands is strongest in times of water scarcity. Allocation of scarce water in the face of multiple demands is a challenging task that requires careful analysis. Precipitation decreases may likely be translated into drought periods in most cases. Nevertheless water scarcity (the shortage of water resources to serve water demands) not only depends on drought or precipitation deficits but also on water management. Adaptation options depend on the strategic contingency planning and management decisions that affect water resources systems. The risk management of water scarcity and drought depends on the level of water scarcity. Therefore, an adequate diagnosis of the water scarcity level is essential to anticipate the possible solutions. This study proposes a methodology for drought risk management based on the evaluation of 4 indicators of water scarcity to be used to define the thresholds of risk management actions. Based on the definition of thresholds, the study proposes the implementation of risk management actions that may be used for responding to each water scarcity situation.
Trust in the Health Care System and the Use of Preventive Health Services by Older Black and White Adults
Authors: Musa Donald , Schulz Richard , Harris Roderick , Silverman Myrna , Thomas Stephen B. 
Published: October 2008

Objectives. We sought to find racial differences in the effects of trust in the health care system on preventive health service use among older adults. Methods. We conducted a telephone survey with 1681 Black and White older adults. Survey questions explored respondents' trust in physicians, medical research, and health information sources. We used logistic regression and controlled for covariates to assess effects of race and trust on the use of preventive health services. Results. We identified 4 types of trust through factor analysis: trust in one's own personal physician, trust in the competence of physicians' care, and trust in formal and informal health information sources. Blacks had significantly less trust in their own physicians and greater trust in informal health information sources than did Whites. Greater trust in one's own physician was associated with utilization of routine checkups, prostate-specific antigen tests, and mammograms, but not with flu shots. Greater trust in informal information sources was associated with utilization of mammograms. Conclusions. Trust in one's own personal physician is associated with utilization of preventive health services. Blacks' relatively high distrust of their physicians likely contributes to health disparities by causing reduced utilization of preventive services. Health information disseminated to Blacks through informal means is likely to increase Blacks' utilization of preventive health services.
Road Casualties and Changes in Risky Driving Behavior in France Between 2001 and 2004 Among Participants in the GAZEL Cohort
Authors: Constant Aymery , Salmi Louis Rachid , Lafont Sylviane , Chiron Mireille , Lagarde Emmanuel 
Published: October 2008

Objectives. We investigated behavioral changes in a large cohort of drivers to identify underlying causes of the decline in road casualties in France. Methods. In 2001 and 2004, 11 240 participants used self-administered questionnaires to report attitudes toward road safety and driving behaviors. Injury road traffic collisions were recorded from 2001 to 2005 through the cohort's annual questionnaire. Results. Between 2001 and 2004, speeding and cell phone use decreased concomitantly with a decrease in injury road traffic collision rates among participants. Reported driving while sleepy remained unchanged and driving while alcohol intoxicated was reported by a higher proportion in 2004 than in 2001. Decreases in speeding between 2001 and 2004 were strongly linked with positive attitudes toward road safety in 2001. Conclusions. In this cohort, speeding and using a cell phone while driving decreased over the 2001 to 2004 period concomitantly with increases in traffic law enforcement and a dramatic decline in road mortality in France. However, the deterrent effect of traffic enforcement policies may have been reduced by negative attitudes toward traffic safety and having had a history of traffic penalty cancellations.
Ethnic Disparities in Access to Care in Post-Apartheid South Africa
Authors: Kon Zeida R. , Lackan Nuha 
Published: October 2008

Objectives. We investigated ethnic disparities in obtaining medical care among the 4 major ethnic groups (Blacks, Whites, Coloreds [i.e., those of mixed race], and Asians) in post-apartheid South Africa. Methods. Data for the study came from the 2002 Afrobarometer: Round II Survey of South Africa. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to examine differences across racial and ethnic groups in how often respondents went without medical care. Results. A total of 40.8% of Blacks and 22.9% of Coloreds reported going without medical care at some point in the past year, compared with 10.9% of Whites and 6.9% of Asians. Disparities were found not only in health but in education, income, and basic public health infrastructures. Sociodemographic characteristics and perceptions regarding democracy, markets, and civil society were similar for Blacks and Coloreds and for Whites and Asians. Conclusions. Fourteen years after the end of apartheid, Blacks and Coloreds in South Africa are still underserved and disadvantaged compared with their White and Asian counterparts, especially regarding health care.
Socioeconomic Status and Improvements in Lifestyle, Coronary Risk Factors, and Quality of Life: The Multisite Cardiac Lifestyle Intervention Program
Authors: Govil Sarah R. , Weidner Gerdi , Merritt-Worden Terri , Ornish Dean 
Published: October 2008

Objectives. We sought to clarify whether patients of low socioeconomic status (SES) can make lifestyle changes and show improved outcomes in coronary heart disease (CHD), similar to patients with higher SES. Methods. We examined lifestyle, risk factors, and quality of life over 3 months, by SES and gender, in 869 predominantly White, nonsmoking CHD patients (34% female) in the insurance-sponsored Multisite Cardiac Lifestyle Intervention Program. SES was defined primarily by education. Results. At baseline, less-educated participants were more likely to be disadvantaged (e.g., past smoking, sedentary lifestyle, high fat diet, overweight, depression) than were higher-SES participants. By 3 months, participants at all SES levels reported consuming 10% or less dietary fat, exercising 3.5 hours per week or more, and practicing stress management 5.5 hours per week or more. These self-reports were substantiated by improvements in risk factors (e.g., 5-kg weight loss, and improved blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and exercise capacity; P < .001), and accompanied by improvements in well-being (e.g., depression, hostility, quality of life; P < .001). Conclusions. The observed benefits for CHD patients with low SES indicate that broadening accessibility of lifestyle programs through health insurance should be strongly encouraged.
The Generic LNG FPSO—A Quick & Cost-Effective Way to Monetize Stranded Gas Fields
Authors: Wijngaarden W. van , Meek H. J. , Schier M. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
SBM and Linde have jointly developed a generic LNG Floating Production Storage and Offloading unit (LNG FPSO). The design uses only proven components and can handle a wide range of gas compositions. The flexibility of the concept is achieved by designing the layout and weight requirements for the most conservative scenario in the design envelope. The generic design can subsequently quickly be tailored for a specific field application. The overall topsides layout will not be changed in that process so the results of the safety studies done under the generic development will still be applicable. However, the equipment count will generally be reduced.
The generic development approach, already successfully implemented for oil FPSO's, will allow potential clients to benefit from SBM/Linde's best practices in execution and operations, as those are incorporated in the design, and from a more rapidly first gas date, as a lot of project development work has already been completed.
The LNG FPSO can be used to unlock stand-alone stranded gas fields, handle associated gas from producing oil fields or can be used in a phased development for larger gas fields by installing 2 FPSO's.
Having finalized the FEED phase of the generic LNG FPSO concept by the end of June 2008 (encompassing more than 150,000 manhours and 900+ deliverables) and the associated +/− 10% CAPEX estimate by the end of July 2008,, SBM/Linde believe that a LNG FPSO is a technically and economically feasible concept that can unlock value of gas reserves that are currently considered stranded.
Although the LNG FPSO comprises of proven components, the concept itself is novel and technically quite complex. To make such a project a success SBM and Linde operate as one fully integrated team during the complete project development, which allows to leverage each other's complementary skills, expertise and capabilities to the most. Contrary to an onshore LNG plant, space is very limited on the LNG FPSO and utmost care and creativity was required to arrive at a safe, operable and maintainable topside configuration. Further, SBM/Linde have made some creative innovative concept choices (e.g. in the area of power generation) to strike a good balance between efficiency and simplicity, and to safeguard the reliability of the facility.
Numerical Simulation of Charge Transfer in Shocked Silicon at low Pressure
Authors: Martuzans B. , Skryl Yu. 
Published: October 2008

Numerical Simulation of Charge Transfer in Shocked Silicon at low PressureA numerical method for simulation of electron and hole diffusion in silicon in the temperature gradient created by the shock load is developed. To analyze the transfer process, a complete system of electro-thermo-diffusion equations for charge carriers was solved based on the Poisson equation. The numerical solution was obtained using the difference methods developed for semiconductor devices. The comparison of the experimental results with the numerical calculation shows a good correlation, which means that the thermo-diffusion of charge carriers in the shock wave front is the main factor responsible for polarization in the shocked silicon.
Occurrence of common blood parasites of cattle in Sirajgonj sadar area of Bangladesh
Authors: Chowdhury S , Hossain MA , Barua SR , Islam S 
Published: October 2008

Â An epidemiological investigation was carried out on common blood parasites (protozoa and rickettsia) in clinically suspected (febrile, anorectic, non responsive to antibiotics therapy) cattle attended at District veterinary hospital of Sirajgong. Total 60 cattle were examined for blood parasite (protozoa and rickettsia) infection. Giemsa's stained were used on peripheral blood smears of suspected cattle. These slides were examined microscopically during September to October, 2004, of which 42 cattle (70 % of the total examined cattle) had Anaplasma infection (either Anaplasma marginale or Anaplasma centrale or both) and 2 cattle (3.3% of the total cattle) had Babesia infection but negative for other blood protozoal infection. Key words: Anaplasmosis, babesiosis, cattle, occurrence DOI = 10.3329/bjvm.v4i2.1300 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2006). 4 (2): 143-145
Isolation, identification, toxin profile and antibiogram of <i>Escherichia coli</i> isolated from broilers and layers in Mymensingh district of Bangladesh
Authors: Hossain MT , Siddique MP , Hossain FMA , Zinnah MA , Hossain MM , Alam MK , Rahman MT , Choudury KA 
Published: October 2008

The study was conducted to isolate and identify E. coli from apparently healthy broilers and layers from different poultry farms adjacent to the Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh, during the period of January to May 2006 and characterize their ability to produce enterotoxin and also the antibiogram of the isolates. A total of 110 fecal samples were collected from broiler (n=55) and layer (n=55) chickens. E. coli were isolated and identified by cultural, biochemical, motility test and the heat-stable toxins were determined by Infant Mouse Assay (IMA). In case of broilers, 35 (63.6%) samples were found positive while 31 (56.4%) from layers. The overall prevalence of E. coli was 60%. Among the isolates of E. coli, 22.86% isolates from broiler and 38.71% isolates from layer were found positive for their ability to produce enterotoxin based on mice inoculation test. The antibiotic sensitivity pattern showed that the isolates were highly sensitive to chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, kenamycin and cephalexin and an increasing trend of resistance was recorded in both broiler and layer isolates. It may be concluded from the results of this study that the high resistance of E. coli to antibiotics constitutes a threat to poultry industry in Bangladesh.Â Key words: E. coli, toxin, antibiogram DOI = 10.3329/bjvm.v6i1.1330 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2008). 6 (1): 01-05
Une capitale de la laine: Leyde
Authors: Coornaert E. 
Published: October 2008

L'industrie textile de Leyde : la plus importante des industries qui formèrent l'une des bases de la puissance hollandaise au XVIIe siècle . Dans la seconde moitié du XVIe, la ville voyait décliner sa draperie, qui s'était développée à partir du XIVe et avait eu son apogée à la fin du XVe et dans le premier tiers du XVIe . Après le siège de 1573, pour stimuler des techniques nouvelles à peine représentées jusque-là .dans ses murs, elle s'appliqua, suivant une pratique liabituelle à l'époque, à attirer des travailleurs du dehors.Elle réussit d'une façon exceptionnelle. Des régions voisines désolées par la guerre et surtout par les luttes religieuses, les immigrants affluèrent.
Comment et pourquoi finit l'esclavage antique
Authors: Bloch Marc 
Published: October 2008

Arrivés à ce moment de l'évolution1, il importe tout d'abord de prévenir une équivoque ; les sources ne s'y prêtent que trop bien.Feuilletons les chartes du xie et du xne siècle. Fréquemment nous y verrons apparaître, désignant une classe d'hommes, ce vieux mot de servus, que les dictionnaires, à juste titre lorsqu'il s'agit de textes antiques, nous ont habitués à traduire par « esclave ». Les langues vulgaires, de leur côté, nous parlent, le français de « serf », l'italien de servo, et leur accord avec le latin des actes nous assure que, toujours suspects d'excès de purisme, les notaires, cette fois du moins, en continuant d'appliquer à une réalité de leur temps un terme classique, ne faisaient «que se conformer à l'usage vivant.
L'U. N. E. S. C. O. et les sciences morales
Authors: Morazé Charles 
Published: October 2008

Je suis persuadé que beaucoup de nos lecteurs se demandent ce qu'est l'U.N.E.S.C.O. Et peut-être trouveront-ils bienvenu d'abord un petit précis de cette institution.U.N.E.S.C.O. est l'abréviation de la formule anglaise signifiant : Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'Éducation, la Science et la Culture. L'U.N.E.S.C.O., pourtant, n'est pas rattachée à l'O.N.U. Organisme indépendant, elle a son budget propre voté par des délégués des Etats membres. L'U.R.S.S., qui appartient à l'O.N.U., n'est pas entrée encore à l'U.N.E.S.C.O.L'élément permanent de l'U.N.E.S.C.O. est constitué par un secrétariat général installé à Paris, à l'hôtel Majestic. Jusqu'en octobre 1946, ce secrétariat, qui n'avait alors qu'un caractère provisoire, était installé à Londres. Ainsi s'explique l'abondance du personnel anglais actuellement en fonction dans beaucoup de postes intermédiaires de ce secrétariat général. Les emplois plus modestes sont assez largement occupés par des Français. Les postes, supérieurs font l'objet des principales délibérations internationales sur la répartition des influences.
Bedrich Mendl 28 août 1892 - 28 septembre 1940
Authors: Coornaert É. 
Published: October 2008

Parmi les trop nombreuses victimes de la tragédie qui a dévasté le monde et décimé les rangs des travailleurs intellectuels, leurs collègues et leurs amis doivent un hommage particulier à ces laborieux qui défrir chent un champ d'histoire, y dégagent des faits et des plans du passé, en tirent des explications de caractère général, et préparent pour d'autres des points de départ pour de nouvelles recherches, l'ouverture d'horizons toujours plus larges.Bedrich Mendl était de ceux-là. Il était directeur de l'Institut historique de Prague, professeur d'histoire économique et sociale à l'Université Charles IV, membre de la Commission des grands voyages et des grandes découvertes du Comité international des sciences historiques. Il a laissé plus de vingt articles et mémoires, quelques-uns consacrés à l'histoire politique, presque tous à l'histoire des finances, des métiers, de la constitution des villes. Sa curiosité de plus en plus étendue l'a conduit à étudier, longuement et solidement, un chapitre d'histoire de l'Empire romain ainsi que certains aspects du monde contemporain, mais son domaine propre était la Bohême et les provinces qui l'avoisinent, depuis le XIVe jusqu'au XVIIe siècle.
L'Amérique hispanique : De Pedro Henriquez Urena
Authors: Casanova Pablo Gonzales 
Published: October 2008

L'autre Amérique — risquons cette expression pour éviter, une fois, les formules rituelles : Amérique hispanique, Amérique ibérique, Amérique latine — l'autre Amérique est-elle, oui ou non, véritablement une? Une immense littérature, livresque ou journalistique, surtout étrangère d'ailleurs, le proclame, le répèle, le ressasse… Mais faut-il se laisser impressionner par elle et répéter la leçon insistante, ou garder son sang-froid et la voir à la fois une comme elle l'est, et diverse, comme elle l'est aussi, en fait comme un complexe continent d'histoire aux races, aux destins mêlés et distincts, divergents et convergents. L'autre Amérique est aussi une et aussi diverse que l'Europe. C'est, tout dire. Qui oublie cette vérité, qui veut, qui ose la voir monochrome, se sentira à l'aise pour parler d'elle, il est tellement plus simple d'abstraire et de tirer des lignes droites avef, une règle d'écolier. Mais ceux qui veulent voir? Ou dire ce qu'ils ont vu?— F. B.