bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Colour harmonization in car manufacturing processes
Authors: Andriyashin A. , Benko M. , Härdle W. , Timofeev R. , Ziegenhagen U. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractOne of the major cost factors in car manufacturing is the painting of the body and other parts such as the wing or bonnet. Surprisingly, the painting may be even more expensive than the body itself. From this point of view it is clear that car manufacturers need to observe the painting process carefully to avoid any deviations from the desired result. Especially for metallic colours where the shining is based on microscopic aluminium particles, customers tend to be very sensitive towards a difference in the light reflection of different parts of the car.The following study, carried out in close co‐operation with a partner from car industry, combines classical tests and non‐parametric smoothing techniques to detect trends in the process of car painting. The localized versions motivated by t‐test, Mann–Kendall, Cox–Stuart and a change point test are employed in this study. Suitable parameter settings and the properties of the proposed tests are studied by simulations based on resampling methods borrowed from non‐parametric smoothing.The aim of the analysis is to find a reliable technical solution which avoids any interaction from the human side. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Damping factor in Google page ranking
Authors: Fu Hwai‐Hui , Lin Dennis K. J. , Tsai Hsien‐Tang 
Published: December 2006

AbstractGoogle, the largest search engine worldwide, adopts PageRank technology to determine the rank of website listings. This paper describes how damping factor is a critical factor in changing a website's ranking in traditional Google PageRank technology. A modified algorithm based on input–output ratio concept is proposed to substitute for the damping factor. Besides there is no need to choose an optimal damping factor value, the modified algorithm has an equivalent effect on computation as the traditional Google's PageRank algorithm. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiple Targeted Therapies: Is there a Place for Vach Type‐3 or Type‐4 Design Trials
Authors: Hasenclever Dirk 
Published: December 2006

AbstractInvited comment on Vach W. and dePoint Christensen R. (2006). Making efficient use of patients in designing phase III trials investigating simultaneously a set of targeted therapies with different targets, Biometrical Journal 48, 897–907.For complexity reasons the designs proposed by Vach et al. will probably not be used in initial drug registration trials. But they may be an option for established study groups that run treatment‐optimisation or indication‐extension trials investigating targeted drugs that are already registered. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Decolourisation of a synthetic textile effluent using a bacterial consortium
Authors: Ramalho Patrícia A. C. F. , Cardoso M. Helena , Ramalho M. Teresa , Gübitz Georg M. , Cavaco‐Paulo Artur M. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIn the present study we examined the performance of a thermoalkalophilic bacterial consortium, where the predominant strain was Bacillus sp. SF, in the degradation of Reactive Black 5 (RB5). We used a reactor working in continuous mode and investigated the effects of pH, hydraulic retention time (HRT) and several added salts on colour and chemical oxygen demand (COD) reductions. For the chosen operational conditions (pH 9, 55°C and HRT of 12 h) the efficiencies achieved were 91.2 ± 0.8 % for colour removal and 81.2% for COD removal. The system tolerated, with no significant decrease in colour removal efficiency, 30 g/L Na2SO4, Na2CO3 or NaCl. The latter two salts, however, led to a reduction in COD removal of 30% and 50%, respectively. The system proved to be very effective in the decolourisation of C.I. RB5 under alkaline conditions and at a comparatively high temperature.
Recent progress in engineering α/β hydrolase‐fold family members
Authors: Qian Zhen , Fields Christina J. , Yu Ying , Lutz Stefan 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe members of the α/β hydrolase‐fold family represent a functionally versatile group of enzymes with many important applications in biocatalysis. Given the technical significance of α/β hydrolases in processes ranging from the kinetic resolution of enantiomeric precursors for pharmaceutical compounds to bulk products such as laundry detergent, optimizing and tailoring enzymes for these applications presents an ongoing challenge to chemists, biochemists, and engineers alike. A review of the recent literature on α/β hydrolase engineering suggests that the early successes of “random processes” such as directed evolution are now being slowly replaced by more hypothesis‐driven, focused library approaches. These developments reflect a better understanding of the enzymes' structure‐function relationship and improved computational resources, which allow for more sophisticated search and prediction algorithms, as well as, in a very practical sense, the realization that bigger is not always better.
Insight into the mechanism of fast movement of myosin from Chara corallina
Authors: Sumiyoshi Hiroki , Ooguchi Masami , Ooi Atsushi , Okagaki Tsuyoshi , Higashi‐Fujime Sugie 
Published: December 2006

AbstractChara myosin, two‐headed plant myosin belonging to class XI, slides F‐actin at maximally 60 μm s−1. To elucidate the mechanism of this fast sliding, we extensively investigated its mechanochemical properties. The maximum actin activated ATPase activity, Vmax, was 21.3 s−1 head−1 in a solution, but when myosin was immobilized on the surface, its activity was 57.6 s−1 head−1 at 2 mg ml−1 of F‐actin. The sliding velocity and the actin activated ATPase activity were greatly inhibited by ADP, suggesting that ADP dissociation was the rate limiting step. With the extensive assay of motility by varying the surface density, the duty ratio of Chara myosin was found to be 0.49–0.44 from velocity measurements and 0.34 from the landing rate analysis. At the surface density of 10 molecules μm−2, Chara myosin exhibited pivot movement under physiological conditions. Based on the results obtained, we will discuss the sliding mechanism of Chara myosin according to the working stroke model in terms of its physiological aspects. aspects. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
MEK/ERK regulates adherens junctions and migration through Rac1
Authors: Ray Ramesh M. , Vaidya Rajiv J. , Johnson Leonard R. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractPolyamine depletion with the ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor α‐difluoromethyl ornithine (DFMO), prevents Rac1 activation causing the formation of a thick actin cortex at the cell periphery and inhibits migration of intestinal epithelial cells. In the present study, we demonstrate that MEK activation by EGF increased Rac1 activation, dissociation of intercellular contacts, and migration in both control and polyamine‐depleted cells, while U0126, a specific inhibitor of MEK1, prevented disruption of junctions as well as EGF‐induced Rac1 activation. Constitutively active MEK1 (CA‐MEK) expression altered cell–cell contacts in control and polyamine depleted cells. The expression of constitutively active Rac1 (CA‐Rac1) restored β‐catenin to the cell periphery and prevented the formation of actin cortex and caused the appearance of F‐actin stress fibers in polyamine‐depleted cells. Inhibition of Rac activation by NSC23766, a specific inhibitor of Tiam1, an upstream guanidine nucleotide exchange factor for Rac1, reproduced the β‐catenin localization and actin structure of polyamine‐depleted cells. Tiam1 localized more extensively with β‐catenin at the cell periphery in CA‐Rac1 cells compared to vector cells. Polyamine depletion decreased the expression of E‐cadherin to a greater extent compared to β‐catenin. Subcellular fractionation further confirmed our immuno‐localization and western blotting observations. These data suggest that EGF acting through MEK1/ERK to activate Rac1 regulates cell–cell contacts. Thus, decreased migration in polyamine depleted cells may be due to the inhibition of Tiam1 activation of Rac1 and the subsequent decreased expression of β‐catenin and E‐cadherin leading to reduced cell–cell contacts. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Talin2 is induced during striated muscle differentiation and is targeted to stable adhesion complexes in mature muscle
Authors: Senetar Melissa A. , Moncman Carole L. , McCann Richard O. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe cytoskeletal protein talin serves as an essential link between integrins and the actin cytoskeleton in several similar, but functionally distinct, adhesion complexes, including focal adhesions, costameres, and intercalated disks. Vertebrates contain two talin genes, TLN1 and TLN2, but the different roles of Talin1 and Talin2 in cell adhesion are unclear. In this report we have analyzed Talin1 and Talin2 in striated muscle. Using isoform‐specific antibodies, we found that Talin2 is highly expressed in mature striated muscle. Using mouse C2C12 cells and primary human skeletal muscle myoblasts as models of muscle differentiation, we show that Talin1 is expressed in undifferentiated myoblasts and that Talin2 expression is upregulated during muscle differentiation at both the mRNA and protein levels. We have also identified regulatory sequences that may be responsible for the differential expression of Talin1 and Talin2. Using GFP‐tagged Talin1 and Talin2 constructs, we found that GFP‐Talin1 targets to focal adhesions while GFP‐Talin2 targets to abnormally large adhesions in myoblasts. We also found that ectopic expression of Talin2 in myoblasts, which do not contain appreciable levels of Talin2, dysregulates the actin cytoskeleton. Finally we demonstrate that Talin2, but not Talin1, localizes to costameres and intercalated disks, which are stable adhesions required for the assembly of mature striated muscle. Our results suggest that Talin1 is the primary link between integrins and actin in dynamic focal adhesions in undifferentiated, motile cells, but that Talin2 may serve as the link between integrins and the sarcomeric cytoskeletonin stable adhesion complexes in mature striated muscle. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tumor‐derived factors impaired motility and immune functions of dendritic cells through derangement of biophysical characteristics and reorganization of cytoskeleton
Authors: Zeng Zhu , Xu Xiaofeng , Zhang Yingyu , Xing Junjie , Long Jinhua , Gu Li , Wang Xianwei , Sun Dagong , Ka Weibo , Yao Weijuan , Wen Zongyao , Chien Shu 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe generation and progress of tumors are accompanied with a marked suppression of human immune system. To explore the mechanisms by which tumors escape from immune recognition, we studied the influences of tumor microenvironment on differentiation of dendritic cells (DCs), which play an important role in tumor immunology, by biophysical and immunological methods. It was found that the cytokines derived from tumors caused an increase in osmotic fragility and a decrease in membrane fluidity of DCs, disordering and elevated expression levels of cytoskeleton, and changes of the gene transcriptional levels and energy status of the cells. Moreover, IL‐12 production and the expression levels of some surface‐marker molecules were also suppressed. These changes led to impaired capabilities of antigen uptake, cell motility and naïve T cell activation; the abnormal biophysical characteristics of DCs may be one aspect of the immune escape mechanism of tumor. These results provide insights into the importance of the reconstruction of tumor microenvironment for immunotherapy based on the anti‐cancer activities of DCs. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reconstitution in vitro of MSP‐based filopodium extension in nematode sperm
Authors: Miao Long , Yi Kexi , Mackey Joy M. , Roberts Thomas M. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe major sperm protein (MSP) motility system in nematode sperm is best known for propelling the movement of mature sperm, where it has taken over the role usually played by actin in amoeboid cell motility. However, MSP filaments also drive the extension of filopodia, transient organelles composed of a core bundle of MSP filaments, that form in the late in sperm development but are not found on crawling cells. We have reconstituted filopodial extension in vitro whereby thin bundles of MSP filaments, each enveloped by a membrane sheath at their growing end, elongated at rates up to 17 μm/min. These bundles often exceeded 500 μm in length but were comprised of filaments only 1 μm long. The reconstituted filopodia assembled in the same cell‐free sperm extracts that produced MSP fibers, robust meshworks of filaments that exhibit the same organization and dynamics as the lamellipodial filament system that propels sperm movement. The filopodia and fibers that assembled in vitro both had a membranous structure at their growing end, shared four MSP accessory proteins, and responded identically to agents that alter MSP‐based motility by modulating protein phosphorylation. However, filopodia grew three‐ to four‐fold faster than fibers. The reconstitution of filopodial extension shows that, like the actin cytoskeleton, MSP filaments can adopt two architectures, bundles and meshworks, each capable of pushing against membranes to generate protrusion. The reconstitution of both forms of motility in the same in vitro system provides a promising avenue for understanding how the forces for membrane protrusion are produced. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Alpha‐smooth muscle actin expression enhances cell traction force
Authors: Chen Jianxin , Li Hongxia , SundarRaj Nirmala , Wang James H.‐C. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractUsing an established corneal stromal cell differentiation model, we manipulated α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA) protein expression levels in fibroblasts by treating them with TGF‐β1, bFGF, TGF‐β type I receptor inhibitor (SB‐431542), and siRNA against α‐SMA. The corresponding cell traction forces (CTFs) were determined by cell traction force microscopy. With all these treatments, we found that α‐SMA is not required for CTF induction, but its expression upregulates CTF. This upregulation involves the modification of stress fibers but does not appear to relate to non‐muscle myosin II expression or β‐actin expression. Moreover, there exists a linear relationship between α‐SMA protein expression level and CTF magnitude. Finally, CTFs were found to vary among a population of myofibroblasts, suggesting that α‐SMA protein expression levels of individual cells also vary. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Periosteal margin in soft‐tissue sarcoma
Authors: Lin Patrick P. , Pino Eduardo Diaz , Normand Anne N. , Deavers Michael T. , Cannon Christopher P. , Ballo Matthew T. , Pisters Peter W.T. , Pollock Raphael E. , Lewis Valerae O. , Zagars Gunar K. , Yasko Alan W. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractBACKGROUND.Soft‐tissue sarcomas frequently rest in contact with bone. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the risk of local recurrence for sarcomas adjacent to bone and to determine whether the periosteum provides an adequate margin of resection.METHODS.Fifty patients with soft‐tissue sarcomas abutting bone were treated at a single institution between 1990 and 2004. All patients had high‐grade, T2 (>5 cm), nonmetastatic disease in the lower extremity. Bone contact was verified by preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and/or computed tomography (CT) scans. Forty‐three of 50 patients received preoperative radiation with a mean dose of 50 Gy. In 11 cases a composite resection of bone and soft tissue was performed. In 39 cases the excision involved only soft tissue.RESULTS.True bone invasion was verified by histopathologic examination in 3 of 50 cases (6%). Local recurrence in the soft tissues developed in 8 of 50 (16%) patients. In no case did the recurrence involve destruction of cortical bone or erosion into bone. The recurrent tumor resided against the region of previous bone contact in 1 of 8 cases. There was no statistically significant difference in local recurrence between patients who had composite bone resection and patients who had soft‐tissue resection only (P = .87).CONCLUSIONS.Relatively few sarcomas are able to penetrate cortical bone. Composite bone and soft‐tissue resections are indicated primarily for frank bone invasion. In the absence of this, the periosteum is an adequate surgical margin for sarcomas treated with wide excision and radiation. Cancer 2007;109:598–602. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Testosterone replacement for hypogonadism after treatment of early prostate cancer with brachytherapy
Authors: Sarosdy Michael F. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractBACKGROUND.Controversy and a notable paucity of published clinical data best characterize the current knowledge of testosterone‐replacement therapy (TRT) for hypogonadism after treatment for early, localized prostate cancer. The objective of this study was to assess the risk of biochemical failure with TRT after treatment of early prostate cancer with permanent transperineal brachytherapy with or without external beam therapy in patients with low serum levels of testosterone and clinical symptoms of hypogonadism.METHODS.Patients who underwent prostate brachytherapy from 1996 to 2004 and received subsequent TRT for symptomatic hypogonadism were reviewed to detail cancer characteristics and treatment as well as pre‐ and post‐TRT serum testosterone and prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) values.RESULTS.Thirty‐one men received TRT after prostate brachytherapy for 0.5 to 8.5 years (median, 4.5 years), with a follow‐up that ranged from 1.5 years to 9.0 years (median, 5.0 years) postbrachytherapy. TRT was started from 0.5 years to 4.5 years (median, 2.0 years) after brachytherapy. Serum total testosterone levels ranged from 30 ng/dL to 255 ng/dL (median, 188 ng/dL) before TRT and rose to 365 ng/dL to 1373 ng/dL (median, 498 ng/dL) on TRT. Transient rises in PSA were observed in 1 patient. The most recent PSA level was <0.1 ng/mL in 23 patients (74.2%), <0.5 ng/mL in 30 patients (96.7%), and <1 ng/mL in 31 patients (100%). No patients stopped TRT because of cancer recurrence or documented cancer progression.CONCLUSIONS.For patients with low serum testosterone levels and symptoms of hypogonadism, TRT may be used with caution and close follow‐up after prostate brachytherapy. Cancer 2007;109:536–541. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Cytoarchitectonic and chemoarchitectonic subdivisions of the perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices in macaque monkeys
Authors: Saleem Kadharbatcha S. , Price Joseph L. , Hashikawa Tsutomu 
Published: December 2006

AbstractAlthough the perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices have been shown to be critically involved in memory processing, the boundaries and extent of these areas have been controversial. To produce a more objective and reproducible description, the architectonic boundaries and structure of the perirhinal (areas 35 and 36) and parahippocampal (areas TF and TH) cortices were analyzed in three macaque species, with four different staining methods [Nissl and immunohistochemistry for parvalbumin, nonphosphorylated neurofilaments (with SMI‐32), and the m2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor]. We further correlated the architectonic boundary of the parahippocampal cortex with connections to and from different subregions of anterior area TE and with previously published connections with the prefrontal cortex and temporal pole (Kondo et al. [2005] J. Comp. Neurol. 493:479–509). Together, these data provided a clear delineation of the perirhinal and parahippocampal areas, although it differs from previous descriptions. In particular, we did not extend the perirhinal cortex into the temporal pole, and the lateral boundaries of areas 36 and TF with area TE were placed more medially than in other studies. The lateral boundary of area TF in Macaca fuscata was located more laterally than in Macaca fascicularis or Macaca mulatta, although there was no difference in architectonic structure. We recognized a caudal, granular part of the parahippocampal cortex that we termed “area TFO.” This area closely resembles the laterally adjacent area TE and the caudally adjacent area V4 but is clearly different from the more rostral area TF. These areas are likely to have distinct functions. J. Comp. Neurol. 500:973–1006, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phylogenetic preservation of α3 Na+,K+‐ATPase distribution in vertebrate peripheral nervous systems
Authors: Romanovsky Dmitry , Moseley Amy E. , Mrak Robert E. , Taylor Michael D. , Dobretsov Maxim 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe α3 isoform of Na+,K+‐ATPase is uniquely expressed in afferent and efferent neurons innervating muscle spindles in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) of adult rats, but the distribution pattern of this isoform in other species has not been investigated. We compared expression of α3 Na+,K+‐ATPase in lumbar dorsal root ganglia (DRG), spinal roots, and skeletal muscle samples of amphibian (frog), reptilian (turtle), avian (pigeon and chicken), and mammalian (mouse and human) species. In all species studied, the α3 Na+,K+‐ATPase isoform was nonuniformly expressed in peripheral ganglia and nerves. In spinal ganglia, only 5–20% of neurons expressed this isoform, and, in avian and mammalian species, these α3 Na+,K+‐ATPase‐expressing neurons belonged to a subpopulation of large DRG neurons. In ventral root fibers of pigeons, mice, and humans, the α3 Na+,K+‐ATPase was abundantly expressed predominantly in small myelinated axons. In skeletal muscle samples from turtles, pigeons, mice, and humans, α3 Na+,K+‐ATPase was detected in intramuscular myelinated axons and in profiles of nerve terminals associated with the equatorial and polar regions of muscle spindle intrafusal fibers. These results show that the expression profiles for α3 Na+,K+‐ATPase in the peripheral nervous system of a wide variety of vertebrate species are similar to the profile of rats and suggest that stretch receptor‐associated expression of α3 Na+,K+‐ATPase is preserved through vertebrate evolution. J. Comp. Neurol. 500:1106–1116, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sobolev gradient preconditioning for image‐processing PDEs
Authors: Richardson W. B. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe article explores the relationship between Sobolev gradients and H−1 mixed methods for a variety of partial differential equations (PDEs) from image processing. A first‐order system least‐squares problem is used to introduce the method and compare the Euclidean with the Sobolev gradient. The standard two‐term decomposition of an image as f = u + v with u ∈ H1 and v ∈ L2 = H0 yields a second‐order linear PDE, while minimizing other Lp norms give nonlinear PDEs. Finally, a three‐term decomposition f = u + v + w with u ∈ H1, v ∈ H−1, w ∈ H0 requires the solution of a fourth‐order system with the biharmonic operator. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.