bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE INHERITANCE OF POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN DISEASE AND A POSSIBLE RELATIONSHIP TO PREMATURE BALDING
Authors: FERRIMAN D. , PURDIE A. W. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYWe have examined the prevalence of a history of hirsuties, alone or associated with oligomenorrhoea and infertility, among first degree female relatives of 284 hirsute patients with or without oligomenorrhoea, and found it to be significantly higher than that in controls (P< 0.001). The prevalence of a history of premature balding among first degree male relatives of 136 such patients was also significantly higher than that in controls (P<0.001). We found relative prevalences of the respective conditions among mothers and daughters and among fathers and brothers suggestive in both cases of modified dominant forms of inheritance. These data and evidence from the literature suggest the possible existence of a single genetically determined disorder with hirsuties, oligomenorrhoea, infertility and commonly but not invariably enlarged polycystic ovaries occurring among affected female members, and with premature balding among affected male members. The prevalence of a history of oligomenorrhoea and infertility together was also examined among first degree relatives of forty‐five non‐hirsute patients with oligomenorrhoea and enlarged ovaries demonstrated by gynaecography and found significantly greater than that in controls (P< 0.001). The prevalence among forty‐five similar patients but with gynaecographically normal‐sized ovaries was greater than that in controls but the difference fell short of significance (P= 0.06). The data suggest the existence of a genetically determined disorder consisting of oligomenorrhoea, infertility and commonly but not invariably enlarged polycystic ovaries. Again the relative prevalences among mothers and sisters suggest a modified dominant form of inheritance. Neither the prevalence of hirsuties among first degree female relatives nor of premature balding among first degree male relatives differed from controls in these non‐hirsute patients. This suggests that the two disorders are aetiologically distinct. Their possible pathogeneses, which remain obscure, are discussed. A steroid receptor organ anomaly is one possibility.
CHANGES OF URINARY CYCLIC AMP EXCRETION AND PLASMA PARATHYROID HORMONE LEVELS BEFORE AND AFTER PARATHYROIDECTOMY IN PATIENTS WITH PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
Authors: ONISHI T. , TSUJI M. , MORIMOTO S. , OKADA Y. , ARIMA M. , ITATANI H. , KINOSHITA K. , SONODA T. , KUMAHARA Y. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYUrinary cyclic AMP excretion and plasma parathyroid hormone(PTH) levels were examined in three patients with primary hyperparathyroidism before and after parathyroidectomy. Plasma PTH and urinary cyclic AMP in the individual patients decreased in parallel following parathyroidectomy. During surgery there was a statistically significant correlation between PTH levels and cyclic AMP excretion in individual patients. These findings support the claim that the rate of urinary cyclic AMP excretion reflects endogenous PTH activity in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism.
CIMETIDINE INDUCED PROLACTIN (PRL) RELEASE IN THYROID DISEASE
Authors: MACARON C. , KYNCL M. , SINGH S. P. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYEffects of acute intravenous administration of cimetidine on serum levels or PRL, TSH, LH and FSH were investigated in six healthy euthyroid, five hypothyroid and five hyperthyroid patients. Cimetidine failed to alter serum TSH levels in the hypothyroid patients. There was no change in LH and FSH levels except in two euthyroid subjects in whom significant rise in LH occurred. However, in all subjects, whether euthyroid, hypo‐ or hyperthyroid, the serum PRL concentration increased two to three fold above basal levels. The peak levels of serum PRL occurred at 15 min following the drug administration. The response was not blunted in the older age group. We conclude that unlike the TRH‐mediated PRL release, the cimetidine‐induced PRL release is independent of the levels of thyroid hormone.
FREE THYROXINE (FT4) AND FREE TRIIODOTHYRONINE (FT3) IN AUTONOMOUS THYROID NODULES
Authors: LANGER M. , MADEDDU G. , COSTANZA C. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYTotal and free thyroid hormones (T3, T4, FT3 and FT4), TSH and its response to TRH were determined in sixty‐three patients affected by autonomous thyroid nodules: mean concentrations of free T3 (FT3) were significantly higher in hot nodules (suppressing extranodular tissue on the scan) as compared to warm ones, even in those cases where total T3 and T4 were within normal ranges (hot nodules, group as a whole: 8.8 ± 3.5 pg/ml; warm nodules: 5.3 ± 1.2; hot nodules with normal total T3 and T4 concentrations: 7‐5 ± 3). Also the clinical condition of thyrotoxicosis appeared to be correlated with FT3 concentrations (toxic patients, group as a whole: 9.6 ± 4.0 pg/ml; euthyroid patients: 6.8 ± 3.1; toxic patients with normal values of T3 and T4: 8.3 ± 2.8). On the contrary the correlation of total and free thyroid hormone concentrations with the response of TSH to TRH was not significant.
TESTICULAR FUNCTION IN POST PUBERTAL MALE PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITISM
Authors: CAMPO S. , STIVEL M. , NICOLAU G. , MONTEAGUDO C. , RIVAROLA M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYTesticular endocrine function was studied in twelve post pubertal patients with male pseudohermaphroditism and 46 XY chromosomal constitution. Patients were divided into three groups, four subjects who became feminized during puberty, five who became masculinized during puberty and three who were castrated before puberty. Serum dehydroepiandrosterone, progesterone, 17‐hydroxyprogesterone, androstendione, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, LH and FSH were determined by radioimmunoassay. Patients of the first group had the clinical characteristics of testicular feminization secondary to absence of the androgen receptor. One of the five patients of the second group had deficient testosterone secretion but no enzymatic defect could be demonstrated. One of the subjects castrated before puberty had a deficiency in 17,20‐desmolase. Therefore, evidence of a failure of the fetal testes could be found in only two of the twelve patients studied.
TESTICULAR ENDOCRINE FUNCTION IN PARAPLEGIC MEN
Authors: HAYES P. J. , KRISHNAN K. R. , DIVER M. J. , HIPKIN L. J. , DAVIS J. C. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe responses of FSH and LH to the injection of LHRH were studied in fifteen paraplegic men and ten normal controls. The basal FSH levels in the paraplegic men were elevated in eight cases, basal LH being raised in nine cases. The responses of FSH were exaggerated in fourteen patients, and LH responses were exaggerated in nine patients. Only one patient was normal in respect of both hormones. Subnormal plasma testosterone was found in three patients. This depressed testicular function could not be explained as being due to spread of urinary tract infection and a direct neurological effect is the probable explanation.
SALIVARY 17α‐HYDROXYPROGESTERONE IN CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA
Authors: WALKER R. F. , HUGHES I.A. , RIAD‐FAHMY D. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA specific radioimmunoassay having the sensitivity (4 pg/tube) and precision required for the routine determinations of 17α‐hydroxyprogesterone concentrations in mixed whole saliva, parotid fluid and plasma has been developed. The correlation between 17α‐hydroxyprogesterone concentrations in matched samples of saliva and parotid fluid was excellent (r = 0.98): therefore saliva, being easier to collect, was used exclusively in later studies. The median 17α‐hydroxyprogesterone concentration in mixed whole saliva collected from thirty‐two healthy children was 390 pmol/litre ranging from 90–1520 pmol/litre. In a group (n=14) of treated CAH patients having a C21 hydroxylase deficiency, 17α‐hydroxyprogesterone showed a 20 fold greater variation, ranging from 67 pmol/litre in patients receiving excessive glucocorticoid dosage to 26300 pmol/litre in inadequately treated patients. A close correlation (r = 0.91) in 17α‐hydroxyprogesterone levels was observed in matched samples of saliva and plasma collected between 09.00 and 10.00 h from these patients. Concentrations of 17α‐hydroxyprogesterone in saliva therefore could well replace those in plasma for monitoring treatment of these patients. Matched samples of mixed whole saliva, parotid fluid and plasma were also collected from one inadequately treated female patient at frequent intervals over a 24 h period. Two other patients, one male and one female, collected matched samples at 30 min intervals for 4 h following Synacthen stimulation. The pattern of 17α‐hydroxyprogesterone in these samples suggests that salivary steroid concentrations are of potential value in assessing endocrine function in conditions such as CAH, where frequent sampling over prolonged periods is required.
HORMONE PROFILE IN PREMENSTRUAL TENSION: EFFECTS OF BROMOCRIPTINE AND DIURETICS
Authors: ANDERSCH B. , ABRAHAMSSON L. , WENDESTAM C. , ÖHMAN R. , HAHN L. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYPlasma levels of prolactin, FSH, LH, progesterone and 17–β‐oestradiol in twenty women with premenstrual tension were compared with those in twenty controls. The former group was studied also during treatment with bromocriptine. The mean prolactin level in the PMT group was lower in the follicular phase than in the luteal phase (P < 0.±01), but there was no difference between the PMT and control group in the luteal phase. No differences were found between the controls and the PMT group in FSH, LH, 17–β‐oestradiol and progesterone levels in the luteal phase. Bromocriptine suppressed prolactin concentrations (P <0.±01), but had no effect on the FSH, LH, 17‐B‐oestradiol or progesterone levels.
GLUCOSE AND FREE FATTY ACID TURNOVER IN THYROTOXICOSIS AND HYPOTHYROIDISM, BEFORE AND AFTER TREATMENT
Authors: SAUNDERS J. , HALL S. E. H. , SÖNKSEN P. H. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYGlucose and free fatty acid (FFA) turnover (RT) were measured by isotopic methods in groups of patients with thyrotoxicosis and hypothyroidism and compared with normal subjects. Patients with thyrotoxicosis were then studied after treatment with oral propranolol and again after treatment with carbimazole. Patients with hypothyroidism were studied again after treatment with thyroxine. Glucose RT was increased by about a third in thyrotoxicosis (12·7 μmol.min.−1 kg−1±1·0 SEM compared to 9·5 ± 0·5 in normal subjects) while FFA RT was doubled (12·5 μmol. min.−1 kg−1± 1·2 compared to 6·3 ± 0·9 in normals). Propranolol was without effect, but carbimazole normalized these variables. In hypothyroidism both glucose and FFA RT were normal (9·1±0·7 and 6·7 ± 0·9 respectively). Mean glucose and FFA RT both rose following thyroxine treatment, but not significantly; the post−treatment values remaining within the normal range (10·3±0·7 and 7·0±1·3 respectively). Oxidation of FFA, as estimated by I4CO2 excretion, was increased in thyrotoxicosis (42·8%±2·9 SEM compared to 34·8 ± 2·3 in normal subjects) and fell with carbimazole treatment (34·7 ± 4·1). In hypothyroid subjects FFA oxidation increased following thyroxine treatment (from 34·4 ± 3·3 to 46·2±3·6).
EVALUATION OF THE THREE HOUR METYRAPONE TEST IN ADULTS
Authors: BEST J. D. , ALFORD F. P. , DONALD R. A. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe prolonged metyrapone test is used to assess the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis. The dynamic responses of cortisol, ACTH and 11‐deoxycortisol over the 3 h of the single morning dose metyrapone test have been examined in fourteen normal adult subjects. In every case there was a rapid, sustained fall in cortisol, but the resultant ACTH responses were extremely variable and in two subjects did not exceed values obtained during the control studies. The rise in 11‐deoxycortisol was also variable and in several instances occurred without any significant elevation in ACTH. In these cases, the rise in 11‐deoxycortisol may be due to a normal level of production of steroids with a shift from cortisol to 11‐deoxycortisol induced by the metyrapone. Thus, the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis may not be adequately tested, and this together with the high incidence of unpleasant side effects, makes the 3 h oral metyrapone test unsatisfactory for routine use in adults.
INCREASE IN OXYTOCIN SECRETION AT EJACULATION IN MALE
Authors: OGAWA SATSUKI , KUDO SHINICHI , KITSUNAI YOSHIICHI , FUKUCHI SOITU 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYIn this study changes in plasma oxytocin levels were determined before and after ejaculation in patients with abnormal spermatogenesis. Plasma oxytocin levels rose significantly after ejaculation (P<0·001, n= 17) There was no obvious correlation between plasma oxytocin levels and sperm count, sperm motility or the number of abnormal forms. Oxytocin may play a role in the precipitation of ejaculation in males.
MOLECULAR WEIGHT FORMS OF IMMUNOREACTIVE CALCITONIN IN A PATIENT WITH MEDULLARY CARCINOMA OF THE THYROID: DYNAMIC STUDIES WITH CALCIUM, PENTAGASTRIN AND SOMATOSTATIN
Authors: BERTAGNA X. Y. , BLOOMGARDEN Z. T. , RABIN D. , ROBERTS L. J. , ORTH D. N. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYWe have examined the characteristics of circulating immunoreactive human calcitonin (IR‐hCT) by studying its different molecular weight (MW) forms under various secretory conditions in a patient with medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Plasma IR‐hCT (318 mg/l basal) increased 9 and 12 times, respectively, after calcium (0·3 mg/kg/min over 10 min i.v.) and pentagastrin (3·2 μg i.v.) administration. Somatostatin infusion (500 μg/h) caused a 41% decrease in plasma IR‐hCT and markedly diminished the responses to both pentagastrin and calcium. Sephadex G50 chromatography separated different IR‐hCT forms: hCT itself predominated after stimulation with either calcium or pentagastrin (52% and 62%, respectively), while it was reduced in the basal state (33%) and following somatostatin (11%); reciprocal changes were observed for the higher MW forms. Under denaturing conditions, with or without reducing agent, total plasma IR‐hCT was resolved into one major peak co‐eluting with 125I‐hCT. Thus, the hCT monomer appears to be the major secretory product of the medullary carcinoma of the thyroid studied here. The predominance of higher MW forms in the basal state reflects their slower plasma disappearance rate. These high MW forms are mainly the result of aggregation or non‐covalent protein binding of the hCT monomer.
THE DIAGNOSIS OF CUSHING'S SYNDROME USING 131I‐19‐IODOCHOLESTEROL UPTAKE AND ADRENAL IMAGING
Authors: ORTEGA D. , FOZ M. , DOMÉNECH‐TORNÉ F. M. , TRESÁNCHEZ J. M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYUptake measurements and visualization of the adrenal glands were performed using 131I‐19‐iodocholesterol in ten healthy subjects and fourteen patient suffering from Cushing's syndrome (nine hyperplasias and five adenomas). The normal range in healthy subjects (average uptake value ± 2 SD) is 0·12–0·27% for both adrenals. In patients with Cushing's syndrome the uptake values ranged from 0·321 to 1·497 %. Normal bilateral images were obtained in all the healthy subjects as well as in eight of the patients with hyperplasia, whilst the remaining patient with hyperplasia showed distinctly enlarged glands. In contrast, an image of the diseased side only was obtained in patients with adrenal adenomas. We conclude that radiocholesterol studies in Cushing's syndrome allow confirmation of the diagnosis, definition of the pathophysiologic type of disease and lateralization of adrenal adenomas.
SECRETION OF ACTH, LPH AND β‐ENDORPHIN FROM HUMAN PITUITARY TUMOURS IN VITRO
Authors: GILLIES GLENDA , RATTER SALLY , GROSSMAN ASHLEY , GAILLARD R. , LOWRY P. J. , BESSER G. M. , REES LESLEY H. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYBasal and stimulated secretion of immunoreactive ACTH, LPH and β‐endorphin from four human pituitary tumours has been studied in vitro using a superfused, isolated cell system. Chromatography of cell secretions under acid‐dissociating conditions demonstrated that the human tumour cells released immunoreactive peptides with the elution profiles of αh (1–39) ACTH, βh‐LPH, γh‐LPH and βh‐endorphin confirming that βh‐endorphin is secreted by human pituitary tumour cells and is not formed by enzymic cleavage from βh‐LPH in blood. No α‐ or βh‐MSH, nor any higher molecular weight forms of ACTH or LPH were detected. The cells from all four tumours responded to stimulation with rat stalk‐median eminence extract (SME) and synthetic AVP with a concomitant release of ACTH, β‐LPH, γ‐LPH and γ‐endorphin. In contrast to the isolated rat anterior pituitary cells, the pattern of responses to SME and AVP were indistinguishable and the release provoked by rat SME could be accounted for virtually entirely by its vasopressin content. No stimulation of release was observed when the cells were exposed to a variety of biogenic amines. Addition of hydrocortisone to the perfusion buffer of two tumours resulted in a slow inhibition of both basal and stimulated ACTH and LPH release. These data demonstrate that human pituitary tumour tissue from patients with Cushing's disease and Nelson's syndrome can be studied in vitro and that such studies may contribute to a greater understanding of the aetiology of these diseases.
HUMAN α‐LACTALBUMIN AND HORMONAL FACTORS IN PREGNANCY AND LACTATION
Authors: MARTIN R. H. , GLASS M. R. , CHAPMAN C. , WILSON G. D. , WOODS K. L. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYSerum α‐lactalbumin was monitored throughout pregnancy in twelve women and in a separate group of nineteen women during the first 3 months postpartum. During pregnancy α‐lactalbumin rose significantly until the mid trimester (P < 0·001). From then until term, concentrations remained stable. Concentrations during labour were significantly higher (P < 0·01) than those seen at term, α‐lactalbumin, 17β‐oestradiol and progesterone concentrations behaved similarly during the first week of the puerperium in both lactating (n= 10) and non‐lactating (n= 9) subjects. A large surge of α‐lactalbumin closely followed the clearance of high circulating concentrations of sex steroids in both groups. Prolactin concentrations were significantly greater (P < 0·02) in lactating subjects by the third postpartum day.By the third postpartum week α‐lactalbumin concentrations in lactating subjects had stabilized at labour levels in a milieu of high prolactin levels and depressed production on 17β‐oestradiol and progesterone. Conversely, in non‐lactating subjects α‐lactalbumin concentrations fell, as did prolactin, coincidental with a rise in 17β‐oestradiol, progesterone concentrations remaining barely detectable. The apparent control mechanisms for human α‐lactalbumin secretion and thus, lactation, are discussed in the light of the data presented.
LACK OF EFFECT OF INTRAVENOUS LHRH ON PLASMA NORADRENALINE IN MAN
Authors: JÜRGENSEN H. J. , CHRISTENSEN N. J. , LADEFOGED S. , MICIC S. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYOne hundred μg of LHRH was given intravenously to two male and two female subjects. Plasma noradrenaline did not change following LHRH, in contrast to findings reported by others. There was no change in heart rate and systolic arterial blood pressure. LH increased significantly as expected.
BROMOCRIPTINE SUPPRESSES THE THYROTROPHIN RESPONSE TO THYROTROPHIN RELEASING HORMONE DURING HUMAN PREGNANCY
Authors: YLIKORKALA O. , KIVINEN S. , RÖNNBERG L. , VIINIKKA L. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThyrotrophin (TSH) responses to 200 μg ofintra venous thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) were measured in fifteen healthy women in normal early pregnancy before and at the end of a bromocriptine treatment of 5·0–7·5 mg daily for 1–2 weeks. Bromocriptine did not change the basal levels of TSH, triiodothyrone (T3) and thyroxine (T4) during pregnancy. Before the start of bromocriptine, TRH caused a significant TSH elevation from 12·8 ±0·5 μu/ml (mean±SE) to 21·2 ±1·9 μu/ml after 20 min. During bromocriptine intake, TRH caused a TSH elevation from 11·9±0·4 μu/ml to only 15·5±1·1 μu/ml which is significantly less (P < 0·001) than before bromocriptine. Similarly, the mean maximal TSH increment of 8·4±1·5 μu/ml before bromocriptine was greater (P < 0·001) than that of 3·8±60 μu/ml during bromocriptine intake. When women were retested with TRH before and during bromocriptine after legal abortion, bromocriptine did not change the basal levels of TSH, T3 and T4 or the TSH response to TRH. Therefore, the TSH inhibition caused by bromocriptine is specifically related to the pregnancy itself, but the mechanism for this inhibition remains unknown.
THE DOSE‐RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP OF ACTH AND CORTISOL IN CUSHING'S DISEASE
Authors: WOLFSEN ADA. R. , ODELL W. D. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe dose‐response relationship between plasma ACTH and plasma cortisol was examined in normal subjects, patients with Addison's disease and patients with Cushing's disease. Plasma cortisol and ACTH levels were measured every half‐hour from 06.00 h to 10.00 h and from 16.00 h to 18.00 h during a control day and during 1 to 3 days of continuous cortisol infusion. A plot of mean morning plasma ACTH versus the log of mean plasma cortisol revealed a similar dose‐response relationship in normal and Addisonian subjects. Total plasma cortisol was four times more potent in suppressing mean morning ACTH in normal and Addisonian subjects, than in patients with Cushing's disease. When plasma cortisol was undetectable, there was no significant difference between mean morning ACTH concentrations in Addisonian patients and in adrenalectomized Cushing's patients. The glucocorticoid feedback control of ACTH in Cushing's disease had dose‐response characteristics similar to those in Addison's disease and normal subjects, except for decreased sensitivity to cortisol feedback suppression of ACTH.