bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Aldicarb and some other Nematicides on Growth of Sugar Beet in Heterodera schachtii‐infested Soil
Authors: Dunning R. A. , Winder G. H. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe vigour and yield of sugar beet grown on Heterodera schachtii‐infested soils, with organic matter contents of 14 to 68 per cent, were increased by aldicarb granules applied in the seed furrow in field trials in eastern England in 1968 to 1970. Sugar yields were smallest on the most heavily infested sites; yield increases on plots treated with aldicarb were greatest at doses ranging from 11 to 31 oz active ingredient/ acre (770–2,170 g/ha), but increases were not enough to ensure a satisfactory crop. Post‐crop numbers of cyst eelworm were not decreased by treatment. Other candidate nematicides ‐ chlorfenvinphos, diazinon, fensulfothion, methomyl, ‘Neosar’, oxamyl, pirimiphos‐methyl, ‘Prophos’, thionazin, RD 18502, C14421 and R17210‐had no beneficial effect and several, especially at higher doses, were phytotoxic.
Repellents, Synthetic Pyrethroids, and Organophosphorus Compounds as Seed Dresangs against Wheat Bulb Fly (Leptohylemyia coarctata (Fall.)
Authors: GRIFFITHS D. C. , JEFFS K. A. , SCOTT G. C. , MASKELL F. E. , MATHIAS P. L. , ROBERTS P. F. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYNew insecticides, some in novel formulations, and insect repellents were tested during 1968–71 as seed dressings to protect winter wheat against attack by wheat bulb fly larvae. Preliminary tests in the laboratory were followed by trials in fields in the Midlands and eastern England. The synthetic pyrethroid insecticide resmethrin at one per cent active ingredient to weight of seed significantly decreased attack by wheat bulb fly in one trial on a sandy clay loam but not on other soils or in other years. The best protection against attack in the field was given by the organophosphorus insecticides C8874 (O,O‐diethyl O‐2,5‐dichloro‐4‐iodophenyl thiophosphate) and C18244 (O‐ethyl‐O‐(2,5‐dichloro‐4‐iodophenyl) ethyl thiophosphohate). These compounds were more eflective than chlorfenvinphos used as a standard but are unlikely to be developed further in this country.Using polyvinyl acetate formulations, much larger amounts of pyrethroids could be applied to the seeds without decreasing plant emergence, but insect control was not improved. Pre‐treatment with liquid paraffin,‘Lutanol M40’(polyvinyl methyl ether) or ‘Polyvis 200’(polybutene) improved adhesion of γ‐BHC powder to seed, but effects on plant emergence and on insect control need more testing. A uniform seed to seed distribution of liquid insecticide was obtained by dipping seeds in dilute emulsions of ethion, but these seeds germinated less well than seeds treated with a commercial powder formulation of the same insecticide.Seed dressings of the insect repellents ‘Deet’(N,N‐diethyl m‐toluamide), MGK 11 (2,3:4,5‐bis(2‐butylene) tetrahydro‐2‐furaldehyde) or MGK 874 (2‐hydroxyethyl‐n‐octyl sulphide) failed to protect winter wheat from attack by wheat bulb fly in the field.
A Companson between the ODCB Technique and Heat Extraction of Soil Cores for Estimating Leatherjaket Populations
Authors: SHAW M. W. , BLASDALE P. , ALLAN R. M. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYTwo methods of sampling leathetjackets (larvae of Tipula spp.) were compared during the two winters of 1965–66 and 1966–67.in north‐east Scotland. The core method using dry heat extraction gave a signifi‐cantly higher estimate of population than the orthodichlorobenzene (ODCB) technique from October to February, particularli in 1965–66. A comparison over three years in general survey work gave few significant deferences, but 49 out of 64 lields sampled showed a larger population when estimated by coring.
A Comparison between a Laboratory Test and a Glasshouse Test for Detecting Pleospora bjoerlingii Infection on Garden Beet Seed
Authors: SHARP M. K. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYA glasshouse method was used to assess the total hazard from P. bjoerlingii to six known infected beet seed samples, and the results were compared with laboratory tests on both pretreated and untreated seed using the method of Mangan (1971) The results showed that the use of untreated seed in the Mangan test gave a clearer indication of potential crop hazard than did the use of treated seed. The glasshouse method involved growing for 5 to 6 wk after sowing in molochite, which enables total recovery of unemerged seed.
Chemical Control of the Chrysanthemum Leaf Miner, Phytomyza syngenesiae (Hardy) (Diptera: Agromyzidae)
Authors: GURNEY BARBARA , HUSSEY N. W. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYSprays (0·1 per cent) of bromophos or dioxathion afforded complete protection against both feeding ptmctures and mines of Phytomyza syngenesiae and could be used with parasites and predators. Other effective chemicals were azinphosr‐methyl, bendiocarb, carbophenothion, cartap, dimethoate and pirimicarb.
The Development and Control of Carnation Rust (Uromyces dianthi)
Authors: HILL S. A. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryCarnation rust continues to cause crop losses despite improved methods for control of the glasshouse environment which should enable the prevention of infection.The rapid development of the disease in the crop beneath ventilators compared with that in areas of crop not subject to surface moisture was demonstrated, and at the same time the effect of fungicidal sprays was observed.Dithiocarbamate sprays applied at weekly intervals prevented the build up of the disease and gave better control than fortnightly sprays of a systemic material oxycarboxin, or of tetrachloroisophthalonitdle. A single drench application of oxycarboxin gave no control of the disease.
The Distribation of Eggs of Acleris comariana (Lepidoptera: Tortriddae) on Strawberry Plants
Authors: ALFORD D. V. , DOCKERTY A. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYSignificantly more eggs of Acleris comariana (Lienig and Zeller) were laid on the lower than on the upper surface of strawberry leaves (cv. Cambridge Favourite); most were found on the proximal half of the leaflets. Eggs were only noted on leaf laminae; none was found on petioles, stipules or stolons. Eggs were located on plants of all sizes, from well‐established mother plants to young runners, but most frequently occurred on older plants and on inedium‐sized leaves.
Field Srudies of Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe crucifearum on Brussels Sprouts
Authors: DIXON G. R. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYIn Brussels sprouts, Erysiphe critciferarum was found to penetrate deeply into the bads as well as infect the leaves and stems. Differences in the susceptibility of cultivars was evident in the field, and resistant cultivars included Bintree, Fasko 48, Frigostar, Groeningse Late, Leda, Solid Line and Triumph. Some cultivars had high levels of infection on the buds and low levels on the leaves, and other cultivars vice versa. Passage of infected buds through a mechanical stripper did not remove all infected bud‐leaves, and with highly susceptible cultivars it would be necessary to hand trim the buds also. In cold weather powdery mildew caused additional blemishing of the sprout buds since the areas around mycelial colonies turned black. A key for assessing the percentage leaf area infected is described.
Fumigation of Field Beans against Ditylenchus dipsaci
Authors: POWELL D. F. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYField beans (Vicia faba) were fumigated with methyl bromide at 18°C to control stem eelworm (Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kühn) Filipjev). Dosages of up to 2,000 mg.hr/l. failed to kill all the eelworms in their most resistant condition and produced a small but significant decrease in the percentage of normally germinating seeds, while a dosage sufficient to give a complete kill of eelworms caused a substantial decrease in germination. Nevertheless, standard commercial treatment of 1,000 mg.hr/l. should give a good control under normal conditions.
Laboratory Observations on the Distribution ofAgriolimax reticulatus (Müll.) in Different Aggregate Fractions of Garden Loam
Authors: STEPHENSON J. W. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe choice of resting places in bare soil of both immature and mature slugs Was influenced by the size of the soil aggregates. A moderate to coarse soil was preferred and it is suggested that response to contact stimuli may be partly responsible for this behaviour. Soil composed of fine aggregates was preferred for egg‐laying sites.
The Effect of Ethirimol Seed Dressings on Yield of Spring Barley grown with Different Amounts of Nitrogen Fertilizer 1969–71
Authors: JENKYN J. F. , MOFFATT J. R. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYEthirimol seed dressings usually increased the yields of Zephyr and Sultan barley more than those of other cultivars less susceptible to mildew. However, Julia and Vada also responded well, especially in experiments where brown rust was common. Julia and Vada have some resistance to foliage diseases other than mildew and this may affect their apparent response to fungicides applied to control mildew. Different amounts of nitrogen fertilizer affected the benefit from ethirimol seed dressings as well as total yield.
The Natural Mortality of Wheat Bulb Fly Pupae, Leptohylemyia coarctata (Fall.) (Dipt., Anthomyiidae)*
Authors: RYAN M. F. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe effect of predators and parasites on the mortality of wheat bulb by pupae was studied in the field at Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, from 1964 to 1966. In two populations of pupae studied, 34 and 27 per cent were destroyed by predators, possibly carabid beetles. In two other populations, losses of 15–61 per cent and 29 per cent were also ascribed to predators. A fualher 0·5–5·8 per cent of pupae were killed by parasitic Hymenoptera.
The Role of Graminaceous Species in the Epidemiology of Sieptoria tritici on Wheat
Authors: BROKENSHIRE T. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYGraminaceous species and cultivars were screened under glasshouse conditions for reaction to inoculum of Septoria tritici. An agar plate test was used to record positive infections and successful isolations were subcultured on to Czapek Dox V‐8 agar under continuous near‐ultraviolet irradiation to induce spore production for pathogenicity tests on the wheat cv. Maris Ranger. Koch's postulates were followed for each graminaceous isolate. S. tritici was recorded on 11 species, but pycnidial development was restricted to eight species. Differences in reaction to S. tritici were observed within barley and tall fescue cultivars. All graminaceous isolates were pathogenic on wheat seedlings and significant differences in pathogenicity were recorded. The ro1e of graminaceous species as alternative hosts in the epidemiology of S. tritici on wheat is discussed.
Colorado Beetles Reported in England and Wales, 1974
Authors: SEYMOUR P. R. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYIn 1974, 59 adults of the Colorado beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), were found, of which 46 were alive. A large proportion were associated with Spanish endives (21) and Portuguese timber (19). No beetles were found on French wheat.
Straw‐borne Inoculum of Septoria nodorum and S. tritici in relation to Incidence of Disease on Wheat Plants
Authors: HOLMES S. J. I. , COLHOUN J. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYPycnidia developed within 21 days on pieces of straw inoculated with Septoria nodorum or S. tritici when these were placed among wheat seedlings in the field in mid‐November. As a result of inoculation In this manner infection of young plants readily occurred, although plants In control plots 12 m away remained healthy. S. nodorum can be transported across paths 0·92 m wide and relatively free from vegetation. The possibility of spores of S. nodorum and S. tritici being transported in water droplets for longer distances is discussed.
Effects of Benomyl and Other Fungicides on Take‐all, Eyespot and Sharp Eyespot Diseases of Winter Wheat
Authors: PREW R. D. , McINTOSH A. H. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYIn field trials at Rothamsted, benomyl, thiabendazole, oxycarboxm and ‘Plondrel’ were tested as sprays or seed dressings on winter wheat. None of the treatments affected take‐all (Gaeumannomyces graminis) but benomyl and thiabendazole sprays decreased eyespot (Cercosporella herpotrichoides) and increased sharp eyespot (Rhizoctonia solani). Further field and glasshouse experiments confirmed that sharp eyespot was increased by the application of benomyl and showed that it was also increased by the absence of C. herpotrichoides.
Larval Emergence from Cysts of Twelve Isolates of Heterodera rostochiensis and H. pallida reared on Resistant and Susceptible Tomatoes
Authors: ELLIS P. R. , HESLING J. J. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYIn laboratory tests cysts of 12 isolates of potato cyst eelworms Heterodera rostochiensis Woll. and H. pallida Stone reared on Lycopersicon peruvianum B6001 (which is resistant to H. rostochiensis) and L. esculentum (tomato)‘Ailsa Craig’ were subjected to hatching stimulation in potato‐root diffusate. Larval emergence from isolates in which H. pallida predominated was more rapid than that from isolates in which H. rostochiensis predominated. Possible reasons for this difference are discussed.
Rearing Tipula oleracea (Diptera, Tipulidae) in Laboratory Cultures
Authors: CARTER J. B. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARY Tipula oleracea L. was cultured in the laboratory at 20°C, producing five to six generations per year and, for example, 20,000 surplus insects for experimental purposes. The eggs were kid in agar and the larvae were reared in sand and Fed dried, powdered grass. Small insects such as sciarids contaminated the culture but were controlled by mechanical separation and heat treatment of the sand. This method has been used to rear T. oleracea through 35 generations.
Potato Seed Tubers do not Transmit Top‐roll
Authors: GIBSON R. W. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYWhen progeny tubers from potato plants affected with top‐roll were used as seed, the resulting plants showed neither top‐roll nor decreased yield. This is consistent with the hypothesis that top‐roll is caused by aphid feeding rather than by an aphid‐borne pathogen.
Arabis Mosaic Vims, a Cause of Chlorotic Symptoms in Leaves of Fraxinus excelsior L.
Authors: COOPER J. I. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYArabis mosaic virus (AMV) was detected in leaves of four Fraxinus excelsior L. trees showing chlorotic mottling, chevrons or oak‐leaf patterns and growing in soil infested with virus‐carrying Xiphinema diversicaudatum Micol. Using an isolate of AMV from ash, inoculated leaves of F. excelsior seedlings developed chlorotic local lesions and a transient chlorotic chevron formed in two leaflets on one of 18 systemically infected plants. Two of 10 F. ornus L. seedlings inoculated and systemically infected with the same ash isolate of AMV developed mild chlorotic mottle symptoms.
Experiments on the Control of Slugs in Potatoes by means of Molluscicidal Baits
Authors: RaynerPL J. M. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYField experiments ia several counties in England in 1968–70 demonstrated that three per cent metaldehyde or four per cent methiocarb baits applied in the spring, before or soon after planting potatoes, could reduce slug damage to the ware crop by 50 per cent. Better control was achieved by applications made in July, August or September, although this was not always adequate.
Blackleg of Potatoes: Induction through Tuber InocuIation
Authors: ERINLE I. D. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYSeed tubers of cv. Majestic were inoculated with isolates of Erwinia carotovora from the Canary Isles, Egypt and the United Kingdom in order to determine which of the isolates could induce blackleg in progeny plants. This technique was found to be very reliable for differentiating between the blackleg pathogen, E. carotovora var. atroseptica and the taxonomically similar pathogen, E. carotovora van carotovora. Study of certain strains of E. carotovora from the Canary Isles, Egypt and Northern Ireland emphasized the importance of relating physiological and pathological characteristics in the understanding of intraspecific variation within this group of bacteria.
Population Studies of Stem Eelworm (Ditylenchus dipsaci) in Microplots, Field Plots and Fields in the North of England under Different Crop Rotations
Authors: WILSON W. R. , FRENCH N. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYObservations of soil populations of Ditylenchus dipsad (Kühn) Filipjev were made in the north, of England from 1963 to 1969. Samples were taken in spring and autumn or winter from the same 14 commercial fields where oat cultivars susceptible to D. dipsad had been damaged previously by this pest, from field plots under different rotations and different weed control programmes. and from microplots under different crop rotations.In fields and field plots growing cereals, populations generally increased during summer and decreased during winter. Large increases occurred, when oats were grown. With swedes, potatoes and ley, slight reductions occurred daring summer and larger reductions during winter. Seven of the 14 sites contained populations below detectable levels after 2–8 years without an oat crop; in the remainder, detectable numbers were still present 1–7 years after an oat crop. Field plots receiving no herbicide maintained larger soil populations of D. dipsaci. Approximately 40–60 per cent of oat plants were damaged in crops grown after one or two years’ barley and about 20 per cent after three years’ barley whether or not herbicides had been applied.In microplots kept weed free, three years of barley, grass, or barley/ grass rotation, three or four years’ fallow or three or four years’ weeds reduced soil levels of D. dipsaci by 99–100 per cent. After all these rotations one oat crop increased the soil population to detectable levels and a second oat crop showed symptoms of damage.
A Comparison of Maturation Feeding of the Elm Bark Beetles Scofytus scofytus (F.) and S. multistriatus (Marsh.) on English Eta (Ulmus pracera Salisb.) and six otter Elm Taxa
Authors: WALKER C. , ROSS RUTH 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYIn laboratory experiments elm bark beetles (Scolytus scolytus and S. multistriatus) were allowed to choose between English elm and one of six other taxa (Smooth‐leaved, Wheatley, Wych, Huntingdon, Commelin 274 and Cornish) for maturation feeding. Preference was sometimes shown for English elm over Huntingdon and Commelin elms and, on one occasion, Wheatley elm was fed on more than English. However, there was no consistent pattern. Sufficient feeding occurred on all taxa to enable spores of the Dutch elm disease fungus (Ceratocystis ulmi) to be introduced to the twigs.
Wheat Debris as an Inoculum Source for Seedling Infection by Septoria tritici
Authors: BROKENSHIRE T. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYWheat debris was found to be a possible inoculum source for early seedling infection by Septoria tritici. After 50 days, spores from buried debris showed less than 10 per cent viability whilst those from surface debris showed 70 per cent viability. Pathogenicity on wheat seedlings declined with viability. Samples of surface debris from a naturally infected winter wheat crop showed pycnidiospore viability and pathogenicity on wheat seedlings six months after harvest. Maximum pycnidiospore production, on debris occurred after a period of high humidity. Spore production on debris occurred in cycles; the number of cycles and intensity of sporulation depended on the wheat cultivar. Possible control measures to limit disease carry‐over on debris are discussed.
Biological Studies and Chemical Control of Brown Scale (Parthenolecanium corni (Bouché)) on Red Currant
Authors: WARDLOW L. R. , LUDLAM F. A. B. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYIn 1972 and 1973 biological observations were made on brown scales infesting red currant bushes in a plantation in Kent. Scales matured between the end of May and the second week of June, eggs were first found at the end of June and larvae hatched during the first week of August each year; these times are about one month later than previously recorded. Up to 2,011 eggs were found under a single mature scale. In chemical control tests in the same plantation, tar oil winter wash gave good control of the pest; lime sulphur winter wash was less effective but reduced the numbers of scales significantly. Spring application of dimethoate, Fenitrothion or malathion killed most overwintered scales, but endosulfan was ineffective. Suspensions of malathion, dimethoate, diazinon, fenitrothion, demeton‐S‐methyl, dichlorvos, tar oil or lime sulphur killed 92–100 per cent of larvae on the foliage.
Some New Viruses of Grasses and their Relationship with Phleum Mottle Virus
Authors: CATHERALL P. L. , CHAMBERLAIN JUDITH A. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYCocksfoot mild mosaic and two hitherto unreported viruses, one from bromegrasses and one from Holcus lanatus, were isolated from grasses collected in north and mid Wales. All had isometric particles c.28 nm in diameter and were transmissible by sap inoculation, but they differed in their host‐range and symptomatology. Serologically, none were identical, but all were sufficiently closely related to each other and to phleum mottle virus to be considered as strains of a single virus.
Growth of Erwinia carotovora var. atroseptica and E. carotovova var. carotovora in Potato Stems
Authors: ERINLE I. D. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe growth of Erwinia carotovora var. atroseptica and E. carotovora var. carotovora in stems of potato cultivars Majestic and Red Craigs Royal is reported. At high daily maximum temperatures, all isolates grew logarithmically for varying periods. Thereafter E. carotovora var. atroseptica populations generally increased and incited blackleg, while E. carotovora var. carotovora remained stationary or fell and either failed to incite blackleg or brought about a fast soft rotting (hollowing‐out) of the stems. Growth of either variety, especially of E. carotovora var. carotovora was retarded at lower daily maximum temperatures. There was a reduced growth in Red Craigs Royal compared with Majestic.For the blackleg symptom to appear in Majestic, a threshold population of c. 108 bactcria/g of stem was considered a pre‐requisite.
Effect of Heat Treatment of Potato Tubers on Oospora pustulans
Authors: HIDE G. A. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYTreating potato tubers in warm water or warm air tilled infections caused by Oospora pustulans. Control was better on tubers lifted and treated in August than in September, but some early‐lifted tubers were damaged or killed. Infections on progeny tubers after lifting were also fewer from treated seed.Heating also decreased Helminthosporium solani on treated tubers and Rhizoctonia solani on progeny tubers.
Observations on Mildew Development in Winter Cereals: 1968–73
Authors: JENKYN J. F. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYMildew on winter cereals in autumn was increased by early sowing and proximity to infected plots sown earlier but, in all years, very little could be detected during late winter and early spring, even where there had been much in autumn. Differences in amounts of autumn mildew between plots, whether due to different sowing dates or proximity to areas of differently treated stubble, did not persist beyond spring, and in summer there was usually most mildew on, those crops sown late which had earlier been least infected.
Protection of Pruning Wounds on Apple Trees from Nectria galligena Bres. using Modified Priming Shears
Authors: SEABY D. A. , SWINBURNE T. R. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYA device is described which, fitted to conventional pruning shears, applied a small quantity of fungicide to the surfaces of pruning wounds on apple trees. Of a number of fungicides tested in conjunction with the shears plienylmercuric nitrate (PMN) was found to be the most effective protectant against subsequent infections by Nectria galligena.The data presented showed that both pruning early in the season and well above the bud reduced infection.Wounds became increasingly resistant to infection with age and very few lesions developed from inoculation of wounds 30 days old. The protestant action of PMN remained effective throughout this period.