bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanism of Propene–Deuterium Addition and Exchange Reaction over Silica-Supported ZrO2
Authors: Naito Shuichi , Tanimoto Mitsutoshi 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
The mechanism of propene–deuterium reaction over unsupported and silica-supported ZrO2 catalysts was studied with kinetic investigation as well as microwave spectroscopic analysis of monodeuteriopropene. Unsupported ZrO2 exhibited the identical catalytic behavior for C3H6–D2 reaction with other oxide catalysts previously reported: Only propane-d2 was selectively formed in the addition process, with no hydrogen exchange in propene. By supporting on silica, the rate of C3H6–D2 reaction increased considerably, with the decrease of activation energy. Hydrogen exchange in propene proceeded simultaneously with addition via associative mechanism through propyl and isopropyl intermediates. Small particles of ZrO2 were proposed as active sites of this characteristic catalytic behavior.
Preparation, Characterization, and Solid State Thermal Studies of Nickel(II) Iodide Complexes of Ethane-1,2-diamine and Its Derivatives
Authors: Das Debasis , Ghosh Ashutosh , Chaudhuri Nirmalendu Ray 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
[NiL3]I2·2H2O [L = N–methylethane–1,2–diamine (meen) and 2-methylpropane-1,2-diamine (ibn)], [NiL3]I2 [L = ethane–1,2–diamine (en), N-ethylethane-1,2-diamine (eten), N-propylethane-1,2-diamine (pren), and propane-1,2-diamine (pn)], [NiL2(H2O)2]I2 (L = meen and eten), and [Ni2L2]I2 [L = N-isopropylethane-1,2-diamine (ipren) and ibn] have been synthesized from solution and characterized. [NiL2I2] (L = en, meen, eten, and pren] and [Ni(ibn)2]I2 have been isolated in the solid state from their corresponding parent tris(diamine) complex by temperature arrest technique. [NiL2(H2O)2]I2 (L = meen and eten) upon heating undergo deaquation-anation reaction. All the diamine species excepting [Ni(ipren)2]I2 and [Ni(ibn)2]I2 which possess square-planar geometry, are octahedral and both the diaqua and diiodobis(diamine) species possess trans-octahedral geometry showing variation only in [Ni(en)2I2], which is having cis-octahedral geometry. [Ni(meen)2I2] and [Ni(eten)2I2] show irreversible endothermic phase transitions (160—190 °C; ΔH = 5.65 kJ mol−1 and 204—225 °C; ΔH = 4.23 kJ mol−1, respectively) without any visual color change with retention of trans-octahedral configuration. In case of [Ni(eten)2I2] the post phase species reverts to the original diaqua species, [Ni(eten)2(H2O)2]I2 on keeping in open atmosphere whereas the rehydrated species of its meen analogue, [Ni(meen)2(H2O)2]I2 after deaquation does not show the phase transition. On the other hand, corresponding pren analogue shows reversible endothermic phase transition (68—111 °C; ΔH = 2.42 kJ mol−1 for heating and 98—77 °C; ΔH = −1.4 kJ mol−1 for cooling). The occurrence of this type of phase transition is due to the conformational changes in the diamine chelate rings. The square-planar [Ni(ibn)2]I2 undergoes time dependent reversible phase transition (232—248 °C; ΔH = 5.99 kJ mol−1) without any visual color change retaining the original geometry. Here also conformational changes in chelate rings are assumed to be responsible for this transition.
Regioselective Preparation of Diethyl 3,4-Disubstituted 1,5-Dihydro-5-oxo-2H-pyrrol-2-ylphosphonates and Their Coupling with Aldehydes. Application to the Synthesis of C/D-Rings Component of Phycocyanobilin
Authors: Ngwe Hla , Kinoshita Hideki , Inomata Katsuhiko 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Diethyl 3,4-disubstituted 1,5-dihydro-5-oxo-2H-pyrrol-2-ylphosphonates were regioselectively prepared by acidic hydrolysis of diethyl 3,4-disubstituted 5-bromo-2-pyrrolylphosphonates. The resulting 1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-ones readily underwent the coupling reaction with various aldehydes to afford the corresponding 1,5-dihydro-5-methylene-2H-pyrrol-2-ones including pyrromethenone derivatives in good yields. A series of these reactions was successfully applied to the synthesis of C/D-rings component of phycocyanobilin.
Visible Spectra of Methyl Red in Benzene–Water Microemulsions
Authors: Barman Tapash K , Paul Babul C , Ismail Kochi 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Visible absorption spectra of Methyl Red in buffered benzene–water microemulsions (MEs) stabilized by sodium dodecyl sulfate and 1-butanol were recorded at 25 °C and at various pH values. Three compositions of the ME were used with R = 24, 32, and 48 where R is the water (aqueous buffer)-to-surfactant molar ratio. pKaof Methyl Red is found to be 6.12, 6.38, and 6.6 in MEs of R = 24, 32, and 48, respectively. The effective dielectric constant of the ME is estimated to be about 45 ± 3.
Formation of Intercalation Compounds of a Layered Sodium Octosilicate with n-Alkyltrimethylammonium Ions and the Application to Organic Derivatization
Authors: Endo Kimiharu , Sugahara Yoshiyuki , Kuroda Kazuyuki 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
In this study, n-alkyltrimethylammonium ions ([CnH2n+1N(CH3)3]+; n = 12,14,16,18) were intercalated in the interlayer space of layered sodium octosilicate (Na2Si8O17·nH2O) via an ion-exchange reaction. The interlayer space was further modified by grafting of the trimethylsilyl groups via a reaction between a dodecyltrimethylammonium–octosilicate intercalation compound and chlorotrimethylsilane.
Anaesthesia for elective inguinal hernia repair in rural Ghana - appeal for local anaesthesia in resource-poor countries
Authors: Wilhelm T J , Anemana S , Kyamanywa P , Rennie J , Post S , Freudenberg S 
Published: August 2006

Local anaesthesia has been identified as the most favourable anaesthesia for elective inguinal hernia repair with respect to complication rate, cost-effectiveness, and overall patient satisfaction. Operation theatre notes in all seven hospitals in the Northern Region in Ghana over the period of 1 year were reviewed. Only 22.4% out of 1038 repairs were performed under local anaesthesia while predominantly spinal and general anaesthesia were used (48.0 and 29.6%, respectively). African surgeons chose local anaesthesia far less frequently than visiting overseas surgeons (15.6 versus 27.7%, respectively). All surgeons in resource-poor countries should be encouraged to use local anaesthesia more frequently for elective inguinal hernia repair. Valuable resources in sub-Saharan African hospitals could be saved, especially if used in combination with outpatient surgery. The technique should be taught in teaching institutions. A simple step-by-step technique is described.
International health links: an evaluation of partnerships between health-care organizations in the UK and developing countries
Authors: Baguley Dave , Killeen Tim , Wright John 
Published: August 2006

Increasingly, international health links are evolving between UK health-care institutions and those in developing countries, the core aims of which are to seek the transfer of ideas, knowledge, skills and training. This study aimed to evaluate established health links, what constitutes them and how they are supported. Benefits and challenges associated with the links, as perceived both by link coordinators in the UK and their overseas partners, were explored. Fourteen links between health-care organizations in the UK and those in developing countries were identified and interviews were successfully conducted with 22 link coordinators: 13 in the UK and nine in developing countries. The interviews indicated that health links offer mutual benefits to both partners in terms of shared skills and the promotion of global awareness. Links can act as important catalysts; stimulating increases in institutional capacity for research and training. They provide opportunities for personal and professional development of staff and promote the development of friendships and supportive networks between diverse communities. Many of the health links showed signs of evolving from uniprofessional links between individual institutions into broader, multidisciplinary community partnerships. The main challenges facing health links arise from cultural differences, funding problems, communication difficulties and bureaucracy. There was broad agreement that greater recognition of the value and importance of health links by the NHS and closer collaboration between government departments to provide support and resources could promote wider and more effective link partnerships.
Pharmacotherapy Interventions Undertaken by Pharmacists in the Fleetwood Phase III Study: the Role of Process Control
Authors: Lapane Kate L , Hughes Carmel M 
Published: August 2006

Background: The Fleetwood Model incorporates prospective review, direct communication with the prescriber, and formalized pharmacotherapy planning in patients at highest risk for medication-related problems. Objectives: To describe the intervention activities performed by consultant pharmacists and dispensing pharmacists in the context of the Fleetwood Phase III Study. Methods: We report on a total of 4272 residents living in 12 nursing homes included in the intervention arm of the demonstration project. The intervention period was January through December 2004. Using pharmacotherapy planning software with a Web-based interface, daily interchange of information from the commercial pharmacy software, as well as laptop-based software for use in the nursing homes, pharmacists documented the reason for the intervention, the level of service, and the extent to which the recommendations were accepted. Results: There were 2118 Fleetwood interventions performed on 4272 residents (intervention rate: 9.48/100 resident months), with 81% of interventions performed by consultant pharmacists. The top 5 reasons for Fleetwood interventions by dispensing pharmacists were: missing information/clarification needed (19.8%), drug–age precautions (14.4%), excessive duration alert (9.5%), suboptimal regimen (8.7%), and laboratory test needed (7.3%). The top 5 reasons for involvement of the consultant pharmacists were: laboratory test needed (13.1%), missing information/clarification needed (13%), unnecessary drug (10.3%), product selection opportunity (10.3%), and excessive duration alert (9.1%). Conclusions: Extending the federally mandated medication review process in nursing homes to incorporate elements of the Fleetwood Model is possible. The recommendation acceptance rates for pharmacist interventions are high.
Brazilian synchrocyclotron light
Authors: BURGOS MARCELO BAUMANN 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACT
The National Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS) is one of the ten institutes linked to the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) and one of the most important investments made in the last two decades by the Brazilian federal government in civil Science and Technology (S&T). The issue I address involves the understanding of how the Synchrotron Project materializes. Such objective implies revisiting the long negotiation process, which lasts through two political regimes and five different governments; and which faced resistance even from scientists and researchers
My hypothesis is that the institutionalization of the Synchrotron Project becomes viable thanks to a process that goes from the permeability of the LNLS negotiation process to the imposed transformations by the transition to the democratic regime.
Political storms, financial uncertainties, and dreams of “big science:” The construction of a heavy ion accelerator in Argentina
Authors: DE MENDOZA DIEGO HURTADO , VARA ANA MARIA 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACT
Experimental nuclear physics in Argentina entered the era of so-called “big science” with a project to build a 20 MeV tandem-type accelerator for heavy ions. Promoted by the group of nuclear physicists of Argentina's National Atomic Energy Commission (CNEA), the TANDAR (TANDem ARgentino) project was presented to CNEA's Navy authorities during a democratic period of complete turmoil and a deep economic crisis. Most of its construction took place during eight years of brutal military dictatorship (1976–1983), leading to its inauguration in the first years of a new democratic government (1986). This article narrates how the project was envisioned, planned, and executed, and discusses the distortion of the usual meaning of “big science” when applied to a “peripheral” context.
Adverse Drug Reactions Among Children Over a 10-Year Period
Authors: Le Jennifer , Nguyen Thuy , Law Anandi V. , Hodding Jane 
Published: August 2006

OBJECTIVES. This study was designed to evaluate (1) the incidence and common types of adverse drug reactions among hospitalized children, (2) the frequency of adverse drug reaction reporting by health care providers, and (3) the follow-up processes resulting from adverse drug reactions.METHODS. A retrospective cohort study of pediatric patients who experienced an adverse drug reaction between January 1, 1995, and December 31, 2004, was conducted at a community-based, tertiary care, children's teaching hospital.RESULTS. A total of 1087 adverse drug reactions were reported; the overall incidence was 1.6%. The severity of most adverse drug reactions was low (levels 1–3: 89%; high levels 4–6: 11%). Adverse drug reactions with low severity were significantly more common in both the general pediatric unit and the NICU. Adverse reactions resulting from use of antibiotics (particularly penicillins, cephalosporins, and vancomycin) were usually mild. In contrast, adverse drug reactions rated high in severity were significantly more common among reactions that led to hospital admission or occurred during surgery and among certain drug classes, including anticonvulsants and antineoplastic agents. Adverse drug reactions were reported by pharmacists (89%), nurses (10%), and physicians (&lt;1%). Although documentation of physician notification occurred for 93% of adverse drug reactions, only 29% of cases were documented in the patient's medical chart, 13% included follow-up education for individuals involved, and 10% were updated in the allergy profile of the hospital computer system.CONCLUSION. Measures to improve detection and reporting of adverse drug reactions by all health care professionals should be undertaken, to enhance our understanding of the nature and impact of these reactions in children.
Comparison of Respiratory Physiologic Features When Infants Are Placed in Car Safety Seats or Car Beds
Authors: Kinane T. Bernard , Murphy Joan , Bass Joel L. , Corwin Michael J. 
Published: August 2006

OBJECTIVE. The objective of this study was to compare the respiratory physiologic features of healthy term infants placed in either a car bed or a car safety seat.METHODS. Within the first 1 week of life, 67 healthy term infants were recruited and assigned randomly to be monitored in either a car bed (33 infants) or a car safety seat (34 infants). Physiologic data, including oxygen saturation and frequency and type of apnea, were obtained and analyzed in a blinded manner.RESULTS. The groups spent similar amounts of time in the devices (car bed: 71.6 minutes; car seat: 74.2 minutes). The mean oxygen saturation values were not different between the groups (car bed: 97.1%; car seat: 97.3%). The percentages of time with oxygen saturation of &lt;95% were also similar for the 2 groups (car bed: 18.3%; car seat: 11.8%). In both groups, a number of infants spent high percentages of study time with oxygen saturation of &lt;95%. The 6 infants with the most time at this level were all in the car safety seat group (54%–63% of study time). Values for the 6 infants in the car bed group with the most time at this level were lower (20%–42%). This difference in the duration of oxygen saturation of &lt;95% was not statistically significant. The mean end-tidal carbon dioxide levels and the numbers of episodes of apnea were similar for the 2 groups.CONCLUSIONS. The respiratory physiologic features of infants in the 2 car safety devices were observed to be similar. Of note, substantial periods of time with oxygen saturation of &lt;95% were surprisingly common in both groups.
Preoperative Anxiety, Postoperative Pain, and Behavioral Recovery in Young Children Undergoing Surgery
Authors: Kain Zeev N. , Mayes Linda C. , Caldwell-Andrews Alison A. , Karas David E. , McClain Brenda C. 
Published: August 2006

OBJECTIVE. Findings from published studies suggest that the postoperative recovery process is more painful, slower, and more complicated in adult patients who had high levels of preoperative anxiety. To date, no similar investigation has ever been conducted in young children.
METHODS. We recruited 241 children aged 5 to 12 years scheduled to undergo elective outpatient tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. Before surgery, we assessed child and parental situational anxiety and temperament. After surgery, all subjects were admitted to a research unit in which postoperative pain and analgesic consumption were assessed every 3 hours. After 24 hours in the hospital, children were discharged and followed up at home for the next 14 days. Pain management at home was standardized.
RESULTS. Parental assessment of pain in their child showed that anxious children experienced significantly more pain both during the hospital stay and over the first 3 days at home. During home recovery, anxious children also consumed, on average, significantly more codeine and acetaminophen compared with the children who were not anxious. Anxious children also had a higher incidence of emergence delirium compared with the children who were not anxious (9.7% vs 1.5%) and had a higher incidence of postoperative anxiety and sleep problems.
CONCLUSIONS. Preoperative anxiety in young children undergoing surgery is associated with a more painful postoperative recovery and a higher incidence of sleep and other problems.
Concepts of the Advantages and Disadvantages of Teenage Childbearing Among Pregnant Adolescents: A Qualitative Analysis
Authors: Rosengard Cynthia , Pollock Lealah , Weitzen Sherry , Meers Ann , Phipps Maureen G. 
Published: August 2006

OBJECTIVE. We sought to enhance our understanding of pregnant adolescents’ concepts of the advantages and disadvantages of teen pregnancy and childbearing.
METHODOLOGY. This is a qualitative study of 247 pregnant adolescents recruited during their first prenatal health care visit to a women's primary care clinic in Providence, Rhode Island. Participants responded in writing to open-ended questions assessing their ideas about what was advantageous and disadvantageous about having an infant during their teen years rather than waiting until they were older. Themes and patterns in responding were coded, and subgroup differences based on age, ethnicity, intendedness of current pregnancy, and pregnancy/parenting history were assessed.
RESULTS. Themes related to advantages of teen pregnancy included enhancing connections, positive changes/benefits, and practical considerations. Themes related to disadvantages included lack of preparedness, changes/interference, and others’ perceptions. Differences among groups based on age, ethnicity, intendedness of the current pregnancy, and pregnancy/parenting history were examined and noted.
CONCLUSIONS. Pregnant adolescents do not represent a homogeneous group. Considering differences in how pregnancy and childbearing are conceptualized along developmental, cultural, attitudinal, and experiential lines will strengthen our ability to tailor pregnancy-prevention messages.
Risk Factors for Invasive, Early-Onset Escherichia coli Infections in the Era of Widespread Intrapartum Antibiotic Use
Authors: Schrag Stephanie J. , Hadler James L. , Arnold Kathryn E. , Martell-Cleary Patricia , Reingold Arthur , Schuchat Anne 
Published: August 2006

OBJECTIVE. The goal was to evaluate risk factors for invasive Escherichia coli infections in the first week of life (early onset), focusing on the role of intrapartum antibiotic use.
METHODS. We conducted a retrospective case-control study. Between 1997 and 2001, case infants, defined as infants &lt;7 days of age with E coli isolated from blood or cerebrospinal fluid, were identified in selected counties of California, Georgia, and Connecticut by the Active Bacterial Core Surveillance/Emerging Infections Program Network. Control infants (N = 1212) were identified from a labor and delivery record review of a stratified random sample of live births at the same hospitals in 1998 and 1999.
RESULTS. Surveillance identified 132 E coli cases, including 68 ampicillin-resistant cases. The case fatality rate was 16% (21 of 132 cases). Two thirds of case infants were preterm, and 49% (64 of 132 infants) were born at ≤33 weeks of gestation. Fifty-three percent of case mothers (70 of 132 mothers) received intrapartum antibiotic therapy; 70% of those received ampicillin or penicillin. Low gestational age (≤33 weeks), intrapartum fever, and membrane rupture of ≥18 hours were associated with increased odds of early-onset E coli infection. Results were similar when case subjects were limited to those infected with ampicillin-resistant strains. Exposure to any intrapartum antibiotic treatment, β-lactam antibiotic treatment, or ≥4 hours of intrapartum antibiotic therapy was associated with increased odds of E coli infection and ampicillin-resistant infection in univariate analyses. Among preterm infants, intrapartum antibiotic exposure did not remain associated with either outcome in multivariable models. Among term infants, exposure to ≥4 hours of intrapartum antibiotic therapy was associated with decreased odds of early-onset E coli infection.
CONCLUSIONS. Exposure to intrapartum antibiotic therapy did not increase the odds of invasive, early-onset E coli infection. Intrapartum antibiotic therapy was effective in preventing E coli infection only among term infants.
Vitamin D Deficiency in Breastfed Infants in Iowa
Authors: Ziegler Ekhard E. , Hollis Bruce W. , Nelson Steven E. , Jeter Janice M. 
Published: August 2006

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this work was to assess the vitamin D status of breastfed infants living in Iowa (latitude: 41°N).METHODS. Blood samples and dietary records from 84 breastfed infants participating in another study were used for a survey of vitamin D status at 280 days of age. The vitamin D status of those (35 infants) who did not receive preformed vitamin D at 280 days of age (unsupplemented infants) was assessed longitudinally between 112 days and 15 months of age. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D and, in most cases, parathyroid hormone and alkaline phosphatase were determined.RESULTS. At 280 days of age, 10% of breastfed infants were vitamin D deficient (25-hydroxyvitamin D &lt;11 ng/mL). Deficiency was significantly more prevalent among dark-skinned infants and during winter and occurred exclusively in unsupplemented infants. During winter, 78% of unsupplemented infants were vitamin D deficient. During summer, only 1 infant who had dark skin pigmentation was vitamin D deficient. Longitudinal assessment of unsupplemented infants similarly showed that the majority of breastfed infants were vitamin D deficient during winter. Severe deficiency (25-hydroxyvitamin D &lt;5 ng/mL) was common and was accompanied by elevation of parathyroid hormone and alkaline phosphatase. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency decreased with age but was still 12% at 15 months of age if no preformed vitamin D was received.CONCLUSIONS.Vitamin D deficiency, including severe deficiency, was common among breastfed infants in Iowa who did not receive preformed vitamin D. Deficiency occurred mostly during winter but was not completely absent during summer. It affected infants with light as well as dark skin pigmentation. Consumption of preformed vitamin D from vitamin supplements or formula is effective in preventing vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D supplementation should be provided to all breastfed infants.