bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation Of Gas Storage Well Completions With Well Logs
Authors: Smith B.A. , Neal M.R. 
Published: December 2007

This paper was prepared for the 45th Annual Fall Meeting of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, to be held in Houston, Tex., Oct. 4–7, 1970. Permission to copy is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words. Illustrations may not be copied. The abstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgment of where and by whom the paper is presented. Publication elsewhere after publication in the JOURNAL OF presented. Publication elsewhere after publication in the JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY or the SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL is PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY or the SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL is usually granted upon request to the Editor of the appropriate journal provided agreement to give proper credit is made. provided agreement to give proper credit is made. Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the Society of Petroleum Engineers office. Such discussion may be presented at the above meeting and, with the paper, may be considered for publication in one of the two SPE magazines.

Abstract
Many of the problems connected with the underground storage of natural gas, in both aquifer and depleted reservoirs, can be solved by the proper application of modern wireline logging tools.
Well logs are useful in gas storage wells for the location and inventory of gas-bearing zones, determination of levels where gas enters or is produced from the formation, determining well deliverability, and the location of casing leaks as well as points where the pipe is defective due to corrosion. logs run after the well is completed can help to evaluate the effectiveness of a stimulation process or the mechanical integrity of the completion. logs run at intervals, as the storage well is produced, can define changes in gas saturation movement produced, can define changes in gas saturation movement of fluid contacts, and growth of the gas bubble, thus permitting a periodic inventory.
Major changes in injection patterns and withdrawal rates are usually symptoms of problems. Suitable logging programs can help define these problems and indicate the remedial action necessary to bring the field back to maximum efficiency.
The open-hole logs and the logs run immediately after completion provide valuable background information for the interpretation of logs run later in the life of the well. In existing storage fields, where background information is not available, data must be gathered in order to help define the existing problems. A thorough evaluation of the existing subsurface hardware must also be made.
Small-diameter tools and pressure-control systems are available with which most logging operations may be made in either tubing or casing without interrupting the well operation.
Field examples from gas storage projects in several different areas are used to illustrate the interpretation techniques.
A Pragmatic Approach to Risked Production Forecasting
Authors: Singleton Ian 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Short term production forecasts (up to 18 months) have tended to be single point production forecasts with no estimate of the possible range of outcomes. In addition these forecasts have tended to be mainly concerned with reservoir potential and have not fully incorporated well, facility and export performance.
This paper describes how improved understanding of the uncertainty in production can be quantified and how this information can be used to improve field management.
The method was developed for a prolific North Sea field however the concept is applicable to all fields.
Present Situation and Development Tendency of China's Petroleum Market
Authors: Shaohuai Zhang , Jian Hu 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The paper presents an analysis and evaluation of the current situation and developmental trend of the petroleum market of China. The authors believed that the marketing deformation of petroleum industry and development of petroleum market of China is restricted by the change of whole economic system in China. This paper discussed the aspects of changes of Petroleum Market and predicted the developmental trend of China's petroleum market, which includes the relationship between supply and demand, price fluctuation and characteristics of petroleum source allocations, etc.
Simulation of Surface Light Hydrocarbon Recovery Process in the Compositional Simulation
Authors: Huan Guan Ren , Wang He Mei 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper describes phase behavior simulation of complex process station in the light and volatile oil reservoir simulation, using equation of state method. The technology process of the station includes two-stage separation, crude oil stabilization, three-phase separation, shallow cooling, deethanization and debutaiuzation. In the new compositional model, the simulation of surface complex process station is considered with combination of reservoir simulation based on uniform parameters of equation of state. The differential flash method and nested successive substitute iteration method have be used for solving dynamic phase equilibrium problem for deethanizer and debutanizer in the simulator. The simulator also considered process and product quality controls. The simulator provides calculation results for production of stabilized oil, sale dry gas, light oil, naphtha and LPG. It is very useful for light oil and volatile oil reservoir simulation.
Optimization of a Mature Waterflood in the Long Beach Unit: Government and industry Joint Venture
Authors: Leone Joseph A. , Hemphlll James R. , Woodling Gary S. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The Long Beach Unit with 3 billion bbls of oil originally in place, is a part of the giant Wilmington Oil Field, the 4th largest field in the United States. In 1989, ARCO approached the City of Long Beach and State of California with a proposal to provide technology and capital needed to redevelop the field. The optimized waterflood program (OWP) agreement took effect on January 1, 1992 and today the LBU is producing more than 25% above the oil rate predicted from the base case decline. In addition, substantial reductions in both drilling and operating costs have been achieved. This paper discusses all aspects of the OWP agreement, including negotiations, technical studies, implementation, management philosophy and critical keys to success.
Managing Remote Field Operations In The Cooper-Eromanga Basin, Australia
Authors: Taylor Neale F. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The remote, desert location of the Cooper-Eromanga Basin in central Australia provides an ongoing challenge to maintain cost effective operations and development.
The uniqueness comes from the lack of regional infrastructure typical of similar, mature, remote, onshore operating provinces in the USA and Canada, the large scale and sparseness of the operations, and the harshness of the arid environment. It is hoped this paper will provide insights to operating in remote locations, including the inland basins of China.
Operating costs have been reduced in real terms and examples are given of the innovations and technologies being used to achieve continuous improvement. Benchmarking indicates lower costs to look-a-like areas in the USA/Canada; operating efficiencies offset the costs of additional infrastructure. The future will require additional cost reductions to avoid erosion of profitability due to declining oil volumes and increasing numbers of facilities.
The key to success is in recognising the need for change and challenging every aspect of the operation. Gains are likely to come from a myriad of small improvements rather than a few large gains.
Outlines and Structural Features of the Simple Development Engineering for W 10—3 North Marginal Oil Field
Authors: Guowei Gu , Guanqun Lin , Dongyuan Zhang 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The simple development engineering project of W10-3 North (W10-3 N) oil field has its own significance in the history of the simple oil field development for China's offshore oil industry and is a crystal of research fruits on " early production system" in the offshore engineering field of China. This article introduces the development of the marginal oil fields and the conversions of the two production platforms from drilling rigs and their engineering features. It provides necessary and referable information for understanding the cases of the simple development engineering for marginal oil field in Beibu Gulf and the conversions of jack—up rigs "Nai Hia No. 1" (NH1) and "Bo Hai No. 6" (BH6) to double purpose of drilling and production rigs.
Key words: marginal oil field, simple development engineering
The Computer Simulation of the Interaction Between Roller Bit and Rock
Authors: Ma Dekun , Zhou Desheng , Deng Rong 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
In this paper, the surface of each tooth of roller bits is represented by scores of points, whose 3-D compound coordinates are used to reflect the shape and size of the tooth. Thus, the cutting structure of the bit together with their movement is represented by the time-sequence of the coordinates of the several thousand points. Hence, the computer simulates the roller bit.
In the simulation, the bottom hole that changes with drilling is represented, according to the sequence of time, as a series of time points. And the bottom hole at each time point is represented, according to space, as tens of thousands of points, whose 3-D compound coordinates are used to express the shape and size of the bottom hole at an arbitrary time. The changes of the bottom hole with drilling are described by a recurrence model made up of the bottom hole at each time point. Hence the reproduction of the bottom hole is on computer.
The well bore is dealt with the same principle as the bottom hole.
The interaction between the roller bit and the rock is represented by the balance model of the vertical and the lateral interactions
The index, inclination, the shape and size of rock fragile breakage by a contacting tooth at any time are calculated by the fragile criterion model and the rock breakage model. The craters with various shapes are formed by the rock fragile breakage and the amount of the rock occupied by the tooth directly.
BRIAS, the simulation software thus set up, can be used to analyse all the interactions in the process of drilling. Detailed experiment data have proved that the simulation software is able to well reflect the effects of the subtle differences of bit structure, WOB and rock properties upon the rotation rate and the torque of the bit.
Innovative Approach in Slim Hole Drilling
Authors: Schenato Adelmo , Calderoni Angelo , Grandi Maurizio , Cesaroni Renzo 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The engineering and design of an innovative drilling rig, particularly tailored for cheap / slim hole drilling in mature areas, is presented in the paper along with results obtained by the prototype in field trials.
The project has been defined according to a specific scenario in Italy, which includes marginal gas fields both onshore and offshore. The market is very mature and standard rigs, suitable for slim hole application, are in keen competition, nevertheless the candidate fields are not economically developable if conventional technologies are applied. The ongoing project activity focuses the attention to land operations although offshore can be very attractive for the proposed technological solution.
Innovation has been targeted not only to reduce dimensions and volumes related to the drilling activity but it considered the requirements of high mobility (situations where drilling time is comparable to mob-demob) and reduction in personnel.
The main innovative features concern the hoisting equipment and the automatic pipe handling including a vertical pipe racking system.
The technology has been implemented from an existing water well rig in use since several years, obviously not applicable as it was to oilfield operations. The prototype was assembled in order to provide adequate information regarding equipment reliability, necessary improvements and limits of the proposed technology to design and build a target rig.
Results are related to the experience gained in drilling three wells in a very well known area.
Use of Corner Point Geometry in Reservoir Simulation
Authors: Ding Y. , Lemonnier P. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
At the present time, field-scale reservoir simulations are usually carried out with Cartesian grids. However, the use of these grids does not permit a good representation of reservoir geological features and reservoir description. Different approaches have been investigated to overcome the disadvantages of Cartesian grids. The corner point geometry (distorted grids) is often used as an alternative for complex full-field studies. This approach can better adapt the grid to reservoir boundaries, faults, horizontal wells and flow patterns and is easily used in standard finite difference reservoir simulators. The key problems for this technique are the preservation of the accuracy of fluid flow modelling and well treatment. In this paper, we will present a technique well suited to the corner point geometry and discuss its application range. Results are presented for test cases, comparing different control-volume type approximations.
Simulation of Black Oil Reservoir on Distributed Memory Parallel Computers and Workstation Cluster
Authors: Zhiyuan Ma , Fengjiang Jing , Xiangming Xu , Jiachang Sun 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper describes parallel linear solvers of LSOR and preconditioned ORTHOMIN ( K ) on parallel computer based on T8OO Transputers and SUN workstation cluster ( with Ethernet network).
Both Algorithms show a high degree of parallel efficiency on Transputers, whereas only full impliicit method and large petroleum reservoir problems can observe a high efficiency on SUN workstation cluster.
The key issure in parallelization of reservoir simulator on workstation cluster is the improvement of communication speed.
Testing the Yacheng 13-1 Gas Reservoir: Design, Conduct, Analysis and Impact on Field Management
Authors: Kamal M. M. , Brown D. S. , Haaland K. S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Properly designed, conducted and analyzed transient tests can be used to determine reservoir behavior and well conditions and estimate reservoir properties needed for field management. Testing the Yacheng 13-1 wells provides a case history for achieving these objectives under conditions of high temperature. The Yacheng wells encountered natural gas at a temperature of 350°F (177°C) and a pressure of about 5600 psi. This paper discusses the testing process and the experience of ARCO China in testing the Yacheng 13-1 development wells. This experience shows the key items needed to assure a successful test in a difficult environment.
The key items are determining the test objectives, designing a test that would achieve these objectives, estimating the pressure and temperature of the well during the test, selecting the proper tools and equipment to obtain the needed measurements, carefully coordinating the tasks between operating and service companies personnel, monitoring the test data in real-time to change the test procedure if needed, analyzing the data to estimate the well/reservoir system properties and finally, using the results to update the testing procedures for subsequent wells.
The tests performed included modified isochronal, drawdown and buildup tests. Tests had to be designed such that PVT-quality samples could be obtained to help design the production and transportation facilities. Carefully designing and conducting the tests, aided by the ability to perform real-time analysis to alter the testing procedure, enabled the operator to obtain the needed information about the well/reservoir system. The paper shows how the information is intended to be used in managing the field.
The Rheology of Chinese XD and ZW BorateCrosslinked Fracturing Fluids and their Proppant Transport Capability
Authors: Zhao Zhong-yang , Cui Mingyue , Conway Michael W. , Chang Frank F 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Fracturing and Acidizing Technical Service Center (FATSC) of CNPC and STIM-LAB Inc.jointly studied "Xiando"( XD) and "Zhaoren" ( ZW) polymers to understand their theological properties and their proppant transport capabilities when crosslinked with borate ions. A series of bench top tests were conducted on XD, ZW, and guar, including residue measurement, base gel viscosity, and single particle settling, to help define the crosslinker concentration required to optimize the fluid systems. A rheometrics pressure rheometer(RPR)was used to measure the viscoelasticity of the borate crosslinked fluids, anda large scale rheology simulator was used to observe the dynamic proppant transport under shear conditions.
In the steady shear mode, the RPR measured three different regions in the shear stress-shear rate plots, including a shear thinning region at low shear rates, a shear thickening region at intermediate shear rates, and a shear thinning region at high shear rates. The 0.6%(50 1b/1000 gal) XD and ZW base gel showed the same characteristics as typical thin polymer solutions. When crosslinked with borate at low temperature, the storage modulus G' values showed good elastic properties for the fluids. At temperatures up to 66 °C, the G’Values are higher than 19 dynes/cm2, which is proposed by de Kruijf[1]
to be the minimum for a crosslinked fluid to have good proppant transportcapability.
Large scale rheology simulation and proppant transport visualization showed the XD-borate crosslinked fluid system caused very low pressure drops in the pipe rheometer, indicating XD's good friction reduction characteristics. The friction of XD base fluid is only 20% of that of water. The observation in the slot rheometer indicated excellent proppant transport capability. There was no observed bulk settling and little movement between particles. The pressure drops of ZW-borate system in pipes and slot were higher, although the proppant transport was almost perfect. There was slight interparticle movement but no bulk settling observed.
Two case studies are presented to show the successful applications of XD-zirconium-borate and ZW-borate systems to Chinese oilfields.
Application of Pressure Transient Test Normalized Graph Analysis in China's Oilfields
Authors: Hui-nong Zhuang , Neng-qiang Liu 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Based on the further study on pressure transient testing theory in various formation, the paper drew up 80 pieces of normalized graph. By combing the pressure log-log curve and semi-log pressure curve, the graphs use brief words to describe the flow characteristics by segments. 112 field testing examples optimized from 10 large and middle scale oil and gas fields in China are given to do compare explaination.( This paper will introduce partly) Among the 80 normalized graph, 49 graphs aimed at homogeneous formation and give out a "Location analysis method". So the homogeneous model is classified by figure parameter CDe2S and positional parameter kh/µC and result in a classified table. From the table, we can easily find the law of radial flow section apparence from the testing information in order to improve the quality of well testing. The other normalized graphs are aimed at the double porosity model, fractured formation model, boundary interference model, composite system, partial penetration formation and stimulated formation. By using this graphic analysis method, the geologists and reservoir engineers can get a visable and clear physics concept related to the formation characteristics. By combining the well testing information and geology, geophysics, well logging and well completion information, the paper will be a great help in improving the well testing interpretation quality and the application level of well testing information in oil and gas engineering.
Renewed Exploration and Appraisal of the Viking Area: A Case Study
Authors: Palmer John R. , Tyberø Geir , Riches Hugh A. , Dudley Graham , Marsh Marcus M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
First production from the Viking fields began in 1972 and at its peak a total of 13 platforms produced at rates up to 950 million cubic feet per day from 20 wells and was supplying 12% of the United Kingdom’s natural gas requirements. In addition, several prospects were drilled in the early 1970’s but, due to disappointing results, were viewed as un-economic and consequently were not pursued for development.
Since discovery in the late 1960’s of the Viking A and B fields and associated satellites, exploration and appraisal within the Viking contract area has identified five possible new gas accumulations named the Viking Extensions. Appraisal of these extensions commenced with the remapping of the Viking contract area with proprietary 2D seismic data acquired in 1983 and 1987, supplemented with traded seismic data from adjacent block operators.
However it was only the re-negotiation of the gas sales contract and the removal of the Gas Levy in 1992 that provided favourable marketing conditions for the development of additional Viking gas production and initiated the current appraisal programme for remaining reserves. This programme began with acquisition of a 3D seismic survey in 1993 and these data and subsequent drilling have resulted in very promising initial results. It is expected that as this latest evaluation of the Viking extensions and remaining exploration prospects reaches it’s full conclusion, between 750 and 1000 Bcf of additional gas reserves will have been realised. This will provide the opportunity for many more years of renewed life from one of the oldest producing areas in the North Sea.
Casing Damage Caused by Jet Perforating
Authors: Godfrey W.K. , Methven N.E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This investigation has confirmed and extended the work by Bell and Shore, on casing damage by perforating. Perforating with the hollow carrier jet causes only slight deformation and, does not damage the casing. The expendable jet causes more deformation and possible damage in the form of cracks and possible damage in the form of cracks and splits. Tests under down-hole conditions show that expendable jets do not cause damage to (1) high-strength casing without flaws even when nonsupported, or (2) high-strength casing with flaws (laps and seams) that is well supported. The decreasing trend of casing deformation with increasing strength factor continues to hold through the high-strength P-110 and V-150 casing. The casing deformation P-110 and V-150 casing. The casing deformation decreases as the cement support changes from non- to semi- to well-supported. In scaled model test, 6 or fewer perforations/ft do not reduce the collapse resistance of casing significantly.
In the field, we recommend that the hollow-carrier jet gun be used for perforating low-strength, poorly supported or old, corroded casing. Expendable jet guns with nominal charges will not cause damage if the casing strength factor is high and the casing is well supported.

Introduction
Casing damage caused by gun perforating has been investigated by several authors. Their reports have not agreed entirely and of course their work could not be comprehensive enough to cover every field condition. The work by Bell and Shore is the most complete. Our work was undertaken to check and extend the study by Bell and Shore and thereby extend our knowledge of casing damage by jet perforating.