bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of administration of isoflurane at approximately the minimum alveolar concentration on depression of a nociceptive withdrawal reflex evoked by transcutaneous electrical stimulation in ponies
Authors: Spadavecchia Claudia , Levionnois Olivier , Kronen Peter W. , Leandri Massimo , Spadavecchia Luciano , Schatzmann Urs 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Objective—To investigate effects of isoflurane at approximately the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) on the nociceptive withdrawal reflex (NWR) of the forelimb of ponies as a method for quantifying anesthetic potency.
Animals—7 healthy adult Shetland ponies.
Procedure—Individual MAC (iMAC) for isoflurane was determined for each pony. Then, effects of isoflurane administered at 0.85, 0.95, and 1.05 iMAC on the NWR were assessed. At each concentration, the NWR threshold was defined electromyographically for the common digital extensor and deltoid muscles by stimulating the digital nerve; additional electrical stimulations (3, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 mA) were delivered, and the evoked activity was recorded and analyzed. After the end of anesthesia, the NWR threshold was assessed in standing ponies.
Results—Mean ± SD MAC of isoflurane was 1.0 ± 0.2%. The NWR thresholds for both muscles increased significantly in a concentration-dependent manner during anesthesia, whereas they decreased in awake ponies. Significantly higher thresholds were found for the deltoid muscle, compared with thresholds for the common digital extensor muscle, in anesthetized ponies. At each iMAC tested, amplitudes of the reflex responses from both muscles increased as stimulus intensities increased from 3 to 40 mA. A concentration-dependent depression of evoked reflexes with reduction in slopes of the stimulus-response functions was detected.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Anesthetic-induced changes in sensory-motor processing in ponies anesthetized with isoflurane at concentrations of approximately 1.0 MAC can be detected by assessment of NWR. This method will permit comparison of effects of inhaled anesthetics or anesthetic combinations on spinal processing in equids.
Effect of meloxicam and butorphanol on minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in rabbits
Authors: Turner Patricia V. , Kerr Carolyn L. , Healy Amanda J. , Taylor W. Michael 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Objective—To determine the effects of meloxicam and butorphanol on minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane (MACISO) in rabbits.
Animals—10 healthy young adult female rabbits.
Procedure—Rabbits were anesthetized with isoflurane on 3 occasions in a blinded, randomized complete block design to determine the MACISO associated with administration of meloxicam (0, 0.3, or 1.5 mg/kg, PO) and butorphanol (0.4 mg/kg, IV). The MACISO was determined by use of a paw clamp technique as the end-tidal concentration of isoflurane halfway between the values that allowed or inhibited purposeful movement. Rectal temperature, end-tidal CO2 concentration, heart rate, oxygen saturation, and arterial blood pressure were measured to evaluate cardiopulmonary function.
Results—Mean ± SE MACISO in saline (0.9% NaCl) solution–treated rabbits was 2.49 ± 0.07% and was not significantly different from that associated with administration of meloxicam at 0.3 mg/kg (2.56 ± 0.07%) or 1.5 mg/kg (2.66 ± 0.07%). Butorphanol significantly reduced the MACISO to 2.30 ± 0.07% when administered with saline solution alone, 2.27 ± 0.07% when administered with 0.3 mg of meloxicam/kg, and 2.33 ± 0.07% when administered with 1.5 mg of meloxicam/kg. The percentage reduction in MACISO was significantly greater for rabbits that received butorphanol and meloxicam at either dose, compared with butorphanol and saline solution.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that meloxicam does not have a direct isoflurane-sparing effect and does not interfere with the anesthetic-sparing effect of butorphanol in rabbits.
Gait abnormalities caused by selective anesthesia of the suprascapular nerve in horses
Authors: Devine Dustin V. , Jann Henry W. , Payton Mark E. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Objective—To assess gait abnormalities associated with selective anesthesia of the suprascapular nerve (SSN) achieved by use of perineural catheterization and thereby determine the function of that nerve as it relates to gait in horses.
Animals—3 adult horses with no preexisting clinically apparent lameness at a walk.
Procedure—Each horse was anesthetized; the right SSN was exposed surgically for placement of a perineural catheter to permit delivery of 1 mL of 2% mepivacaine hydrochloride. Six hours after recovery from anesthesia, each horse was videotaped while walking (50-step data acquisition period) before and after administration of mepivacaine. Videotapes were reviewed and the proportion of abnormal steps before and after selective SSN anesthesia was assessed. A step was considered abnormal if a marked amount of scapulohumeral joint instability (ie, lateral luxation of the proximal portion of the humerus) was observed during the weight-bearing phase of the stride.
Results—Clinically apparent gait dysfunction was detected in all 3 horses following perineural administration of the local anesthetic agent. Anesthesia of the SSN resulted in scapulohumeral joint instability as evidenced by consistent lateral excursion of the shoulder region during the weight-bearing phase of gait at a walk. The proportion of abnormal steps before and after SSN anesthesia was significantly different in all 3 horses.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—These data support the role of the SSN in shoulder joint stability in horses and define SSN dysfunction as 1 mechanism by which the syndrome and gait dysfunction clinically referred to as sweeny may develop.
Indirect fluorescent antibody testing of cerebrospinal fluid for diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis
Authors: Duarte Paulo C. , Ebel Eric D. , Traub-Dargatz Josie , Wilson W. David , Conrad Patricia A. , Gardner Ian A. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Objective—To assess the use of CSF testing with an indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) for diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) caused by Sarcocystis neurona.
Sample Population—Test results of 428 serum and 355 CSF samples from 182 naturally exposed, experimentally infected, or vaccinated horses.
Procedure—EPM was diagnosed on the basis of histologic examination of the CNS. Probability distributions were fitted to serum IFAT results in the EPM+ and EPM-horses, and correlation between serum and CSF results was modeled. Pairs of serum-CSF titers were generated by simulation, and titer-specific likelihood ratios and post-test probabilities of EPM at various pretest probability values were estimated. Post-test probabilities were compared for use of a serum-CSF test combination, a serum test only, and a CSF test only.
Results—Post-test probabilities of EPM increased as IFAT serum and CSF titers increased. Post-test probability differences for use of a serum-CSF combination and a serum test only were ≤ 19% in 95% of simulations. The largest increases occurred when serum titers were from 40 to 160 and pre-test probabilities were from 5% to 60%. In all simulations, the difference between pre- and post-test probabilities was greater for a CSF test only, compared with a serum test only.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—CSF testing after a serum test has limited usefulness in the diagnosis of EPM. A CSF test alone might be used when CSF is required for other procedures. Ruling out other causes of neurologic disease reduces the necessity of additional EPM testing.
Urodynamic and morphologic changes in the lower portion of the urogenital tract after administration of estriol alone and in combination with phenylpropanolamine in sexually intact and spayed female dogs
Authors: Hamaide Annick J. , Grand Jean-Guillaume , Farnir Frédéric , Le Couls Gaël , Snaps Frédéric R. , Balligand Marc H. , Verstegen John P. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Objective—To compare the urodynamic and morphologic effects of the administration of estriol alone and in combination with phenylpropanolamine on the lower portion of the urogenital tract in female dogs.
Animals—3 sexually intact and 3 spayed female Beagles without urinary incontinence.
Procedure—Dogs received estriol (2 mg, PO) once daily for 7 days followed by estriol (2 mg, PO) and phenylpropanolamine (1.5 mg/kg, PO) once daily for 7 days. Urethral pressure profilometry, diuresis cystometry, and vaginourethrography were performed before treatment (day 0) and at days 7 and 14. The maximum urethral pressure (MUP) and closure pressure (MUCP), urethral functional and anatomic profile lengths, integrated pressure (IP), plateau, distance before MUP, maximum meatus pressure, threshold pressure, threshold volume, compliance, urethral length, and vaginal length and width were measured.
Results—Before treatment, no urodynamic differences were observed between the 2 groups; however, vaginal length and width were significantly shorter in spayed dogs. Compared with day 0 values, estriol treatment significantly increased MUP, MUCP, and IP values at day 7, but at day 14, this effect decreased despite phenylpropanolamine administration. No morphologic changes from baseline were detected after either treatment in any dog.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Data suggest that estriol mainly acts on the urethral sphincter mechanism by increasing urethral resistance in sexually intact and spayed female dogs without urinary incontinence. Administration of estriol and phenylpropanolamine did not increase the urethral resistance more than estriol alone. The urodynamic effects of estriol in female dogs with urinary incontinence remain to be elucidated.
Clinical signs and results of treatment in cats with patellar luxation: 42 cases (1992–2002)
Authors: Loughin Catherine A. , Kerwin Sharon C. , Hosgood Giselle , Ringwood P. Brendon , Williams Jamie , Stefanacci Joseph D. , McCarthy Robert J. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Objective—To describe clinical signs and results of treatment in cats with patellar luxation.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—42 cats in which patellar luxation had been diagnosed on the basis of results of palpation of the stifle joints.
Procedures—Degree of luxation was graded on a scale from 1 to 4, and severity of lameness was graded on a scale from 0 to 5. Radiographs of stifle joints were evaluated for signs of osteoarthritis. Long-term function was classified as poor, fair, good, or excellent.
Results—34 cats had bilateral luxation and 8 had unilateral luxation. Only 7 (17%) cats had a history of trauma. Mean age of the cats was 3.3 years, and mean weight was 4.26 kg (9.4 lb); 26 (62%) were domestic shorthairs. Seventy-three of the 76 (95%) affected joints had medial patellar luxation. Luxation grades could be assigned to 65 joints, with grade 2 (30 joints) and 3 (22 joints) luxation being most common. Lameness grades could be assigned to 73 joints, with grade 1 lameness (27 joints) most common. Outcome was excellent for 8 of 17 joints treated without surgery and for 23 of 35 joints treated surgically. Complications attributable to surgery were reported in 8 cats.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Patellar luxation should be considered as a cause of hind limb lameness in cats. Low-grade luxation can be associated with lameness of the same severity as high-grade luxation. Surgical correction of patellar luxation in cats with grade 2 or 3 lameness can result in a favorable outcome.
Cholecystoenterostomy for treatment of extrahepatic biliary tract obstruction in cats: 22 cases (1994–2003)
Authors: Buote Nicole J. , Mitchell Susan L. , Penninck Dominique , Freeman Lisa M. , Webster Cynthia R. L. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Objective—To identify factors associated with outcome in cats with extrahepatic biliary tract obstruction (EHBTO) that undergo biliary diversion surgery.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—22 cats.
Procedures—Medical records of cats with surgically confirmed EHBTO that underwent cholecystoenterostomy were reviewed.
Results—Clinical signs and physical examination findings included vomiting, anorexia, icterus, lethargy, weakness, and weight loss. Common clinicopathologic abnormalities included high serum hepatic enzyme activities and serum bilirubin concentration. Abdominal ultrasonography was performed in 21 cats, and all 21 had findings consistent with EHBTO. Eleven of 15 cats in which blood pressure was monitored had intraoperative hypotension. Eighteen cats had anemia following surgery, and 14 cats had persistent hypotension. Extrahepatic biliary tract obstruction was a result of neoplasia in 9 cats and chronic inflammatory disease in 13. Fourteen cats survived long enough to be discharged from the hospital, but only 6 survived > 6 months after surgery, all of which had chronic inflammatory disease. Median survival time for cats with neoplasia (14 days) was significantly shorter than that for cats with inflammatory disease (255 days). No other variable was associated with outcome.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that cats with EHBTO secondary to neoplasia have a poorer prognosis than cats with EHBTO secondary to chronic inflammatory disease. However, the overall prognosis for cats with EHBTO undergoing cholecystoenterostomy must be considered guarded to poor, and the incidence of perioperative complications is high.
Characterization of granular flow of wet solids in a bladed mixer
Authors: Lekhal Azzeddine , Conway Stephen L. , Glasser Benjamin J. , Khinast Johannes G. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractIn this study, we measure instantaneous, average, and fluctuating velocity fields at exposed surfaces for dry and wet grains in a vertical cylindrical mixer, agitated by four pitched blades. When the material is dry, the free surface of the granular bed deforms, rising where the blades are present, and falling between blade passes. Although average velocities are predominantly azimuthal, instantaneous velocities tracked in time reveal three‐dimensional particle circulations, including significant periods of particle motion in the opposite direction to that of the blades, indicative of bed penetration. When moisture is added to the solid particles, the flow dynamics change from a regime dominated by the motion of individual grains to a regime controlled by the motion of small clumps that form as a result of the cohesive forces. This transition is characterized by a reduced particle–particle collision frequency and exhibits a sharp decrease in the granular temperature at the free surface. This transition is also characterized by an increase in bed porosity, which is attributed to increased cohesiveness arising from liquid bridges. A Fourier transform analysis conducted on the tangential component of the velocities (dominant flow) shows that a group of high frequencies exceeding the blade rotation frequency become significant with added moisture. These are characteristics of the large number of wet agglomerates flowing between successive blade passes. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Crashworthiness of various random chopped carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composite materials and their strain rate dependence
Authors: Jacob George C. , Starbuck J. Michael , Fellers John F. , Simunovic Srdan , Boeman Raymond G. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe ACC (Automotive Composite Consortium) is interested in investigating the use of random chopped fiber reinforced composites as crash energy absorbers primarily because of the low costs involved in their manufacture thus making them cost effective for automotive applications. Although many scientists have investigated the energy absorption characteristics in various continuous fiber reinforced composite materials and their dependence on strain rate, there is very little literature available on the energy absorption and crushing characteristics of random chopped fiber reinforced composite materials and their strain rate dependence. Therefore, the primary goal was to determine the crashworthiness of various random chopped carbon fiber composite material systems. To meet this goal, first an experimental set up was developed for discerning the deformation behavior and damage mechanisms that occur during the progressive crushing of composite materials. The three different random chopped carbon reinforced epoxy composite material systems studied were P4, HexMC, and CCS100. Quasi‐static progressive crush tests were then performed on these random chopped carbon fiber composite plates to determine their crashworthiness. In addition, an attempt was made to investigate and characterize the strain rate effects on the energy absorption of a random chopped carbon fiber P4 composite. The specific energy absorption was found to increase with increasing loading rate from 15.2 to 762 cm/min. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 1477–1486, 2006
Localization of CD44 and hyaluronan in the synovial membrane of the rat temporomandibular joint
Authors: Suzuki Akiko , Nozawa‐Inoue Kayoko , Amizuka Norio , Ono Kazuhiro , Maeda Takeyasu 
Published: May 2006

AbstractPrevious studies have pointed out a lack of adhesion structures in the synovial lining layer of the rat temporomandibular joint (TMJ) despite showing an epithelial arrangement. CD44, a major cell adhesion molecule, plays crucial roles as an anchor between cells and extracellular matrices by binding hyaluronan (HA) for the development of organs or the metastasis of tumors. The present study examined the localization of CD44 in the synovial membrane of the rat TMJ by immunocytochemistry for OX50, ED1, and Hsp25, which are markers for the rat CD44, macrophage‐like type A, and fibroblast‐like type B synoviocytes, respectively. Histochemistry for HA‐binding protein (HABP) was also employed for the detection of HA. OX50 immunoreactions were found along the cell surface and, in particular, accumulated along the surface of the articular cavity. Observations by a double immunostaining and immunoelectron microscopy revealed that all the OX50‐immunopositive cells were categorized as fibroblastic type B cells, which had many caveolae and a few vesicles reactive to intense OX50. However, the macrophage‐like type A cells did not have any OX50 immunoreaction in the synovial lining layer. A strong HABP reaction was discernable in the extracellular matrix surrounding both OX50‐positive and ‐negative cells in the synovial lining layers, exhibiting a meshwork distribution, but weak in its sublining layer. This localization pattern of CD44 and HABP might be involved in the formation of the epithelial arrangement of the synovial lining layer. Furthermore, OX50 immunonegativity in the type A cells suggests their low phagocytotic activity in the rat TMJ under normal conditions. Anat Rec Part A 288A:646–652, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Influence of Cluster Size on the Structures and Stability of Trimetallic Nitride Fullerenes M3N@C80
Authors: Gan Li‐Hua , Yuan Ruo 
Published: May 2006

AbstractTo provide insight into the influence of encaged clusters on the structures and stability of trimetallic nitride fullerenes (TNFs), extensive density functional theory calculations were performed on Sc3N@C80, Y3N@C80, and La3N@C80 as well as their encaged clusters. The calculated results demonstrated that both Sc3N and Y3N units are planar, whereas La3N units are pyramidal inside C80‐Ih, and that both of the Y3N@C80 and La3N@C80 cages deform considerably in the planes of Y3 and La3. The calculated results suggest that M–cage attraction/repulsion and M–M repulsion interactions determine the geometries of these three complex molecules and the dynamics of the corresponding encaged clusters. These calculated findings distinctly reveal the influence of the size of the encaged clusters on the structures and stability of TNFs and may rationalize their significant differences in yields and chemical reactivity.
New tools for visualization and analysis of morphogenesis in spherical embryos
Authors: Tyszka J. Michael , Ewald Andrew J. , Wallingford John B. , Fraser Scott E. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractTexture rendering of three‐dimensional Surface Imaging Microscopy (SIM) date acquired in a fixed late gastrula stage Xenopus laevis embryo. The rendering at center has been section to show the internal surfaces of the blastocoel and archenteron. The surrounding images show central coronal, sagittal, and equitorial sections through the same date. The original SIM spatial resolution was approximately 1.7 microns in each dimension. See Tyszka et al., Developmental Dynamics 234:974–983. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
CD4 T cell help is required for primary CD8 T cell responses to vesicular antigen delivered to dendritic cells in vivo
Authors: Serre Karine , Giraudo Laurent , Siret Carole , Leserman Lee , Machy Patrick 
Published: May 2006

AbstractInsight into the mechanisms by which dendritic cells (DC) present exogenous antigen to T cells is of major importance in the design of vaccines. We examined the effectiveness of free antigen as well as antigen with lipopolysaccharide, emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant, and antigen encapsulated in liposomes in activating adoptively transferred antigen‐specific CD4 and CD8 T cells. When contained in liposomes, 100‐ to 1000‐fold lower antigen amounts were as efficient in inducing proliferation and effector functions of CD4 and CD8 T cells in draining lymph nodes as other antigen forms. CD11c+/CD11b+/CD205mod/CD8α– DC that captured liposomes were activated and presented this form of antigen in an MHC class I‐ and class II‐restricted manner. CD4 T cells differentiated into Th1 and Th2 effector cells. Primary expansion and cytotoxic activity of CD8 T cells were CD4 T cell‐dependent and required the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP). Finally, adoptively transferred CD4 and CD8 T cells were not deleted after primary immunization and rapidly responded to a secondary immunization with antigen‐containing liposomes. In conclusion, encapsulation of antigen in liposomes is an efficient way of delivering antigen to DC for priming of both CD4 and CD8 T cell responses. Importantly, primary CD8 T cell responses were CD4 T cell‐dependent.
2‐(4‐methylphenyl)‐1,3‐selenazol‐4‐one induces apoptosis by different mechanisms in SKOV3 and HL 60 cells
Authors: Ahn Hak Jun , Koketsu Mamoru , Yang Eun Mi , Kim Yong Man , Ishihara Hideharu , Yang Hyun Ok 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWe examined the ability of the synthetic selenium compound, 2‐(4‐methylphenyl)‐1,3‐selenazol‐4‐one (hereafter designated 3a), to induce apoptosis in a human ovarian cancer cell line (SKOV3) and a human leukemia cell line (HL‐60). Flow cytometry showed that 3a treatment induced apoptosis in both cell lines to degrees comparable to that of the positive control, paclitaxel. Apoptosis was measured by PS externalization, DNA fragmentation and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). However, analysis of the mechanism of action revealed differences between the responses of the two cell lines. Treatment with 3a arrested the cell cycle and induced caspase‐3 activation in HL‐60 cells, but not in SKOV3 cells. In contrast, 3a treatment induced apoptosis through translocation of AIF, a novel pro‐apoptotic protein, in SKOV3 cells, but not in HL‐60 cells. Collectively, our data demonstrated that 3a induced apoptosis in both cell lines, but via different action mechanisms. J. Cell. Biochem. 99: 807–815, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.