bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metal Vinylidenes as Catalytic Species in Organic Reactions
Authors: Trost Barry M. , McClory Andrew 
Published: January 2008

AbstractOrganic vinylidene species have found limited use in organic synthesis owing to their inaccessibility. In contrast, metal vinylidenes are much more stable and may be readily accessed through transition‐metal activation of terminal alkynes. These electrophilic species may be trapped by a number of nucleophiles. Additionally, metal vinylidenes can participate in pericyclic reactions and processes that involve migration of a metal ligand to the vinylidene species. This Focus Review addresses the reactions and applications of metal vinylidenes in organic synthesis.
Hemin reduces cellular sensitivity to imatinib and anthracyclins via Nrf2
Authors: Nagai Tadashi , Kikuchi Satoru , Ohmine Ken , Miyoshi Takuji , Nakamura Makiko , Kondo Takahito , Furuyama Kazumichi , Komatsu Norio , Ozawa Keiya 
Published: January 2008

AbstractHeme plays an important biomodulating role in various cell functions. In this study, we examined the effects of hemin on cellular sensitivity to imatinib and other anti‐leukemia reagents. Hemin treatment of human BCR/ABL‐positive KCL22 leukemia cells increased IC50 values of imatinib, that is, the drug resistance, in a dose‐dependent manner without any change in the BCR/ABL kinase activity. Imatinib‐induced apoptosis was also suppressed by hemin treatment in KCL22 cells. Hemin treatment increased the activity of γ‐glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ‐GCS) light subunit gene promoter, which contains a Maf recognition element (MARE). Protein levels of γ‐GCS and heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1), two MARE‐containing genes, were also increased after hemin treatment. Knockdown of Nrf2 expression by RNA interference largely abolished the effect of hemin on imatinib‐treated cells, suggesting that Nrf2 recognition of MARE is essential for the hemin‐mediated protective effect. Similar to hemin, treatment of cells with δ‐aminolevulinic acid (δ‐ALA), the obligatory heme precursor, also increased IC50 values of imatinib. In contrast, inhibition of cellular heme synthesis by succinylacetone increased the sensitivity of cells to imatinib in two imatinib‐resistant cell lines, KCL22/SR and KU812/SR. Hemin treatment also decreased the sensitivity of cells to four anthracyclins, daunorubicin, idarubicin, doxorubicin, and mitoxantrone, in BCR/ABL‐negative leukemia U937 and THP‐1 cells, as well as in KCL22 cells. These findings thus indicate that cellular heme level plays an important role in determining the sensitivity of cells to imatinib and certain other anti‐leukemia drugs and that the effect of heme may be mediated via its ability to upregulate Nrf2 activity. J. Cell. Biochem. 104: 680–691, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Convergence and superconvergence analysis of an anisotropic nonconforming finite element methods for semisingularly perturbed reaction–diffusion problems
Authors: Zhu Guoqing , Chen Shaochun 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe numerical approximation by a lower‐order anisotropic nonconforming finite element on appropriately graded meshes are considered for solving semisingular perturbation problems. The quasi‐optimal‐order error estimates are proved in the ε‐weighted H1‐norm valid uniformly, up to a logarithmic factor, in the singular perturbation parameter. By using the interpolation postprocessing technique, the global superconvergent error estimates in ε‐weighted H1‐norm are obtained. Numerical experiments are given to demonstrate validity of our theoretical analysis. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Porotic lesions in immature skeletons from Stara Torina, late medieval Serbia
Authors: Djuric M. , Milovanovic P. , Janovic A. , Draskovic M. , Djukic K. , Milenkovic P. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractPorotic lesions of immature skeletons have been attracting scientific attention for more than a century. These changes have been documented worldwide and are considered to be one of the indicators of health and/or nutritional status of past human populations. These lesions have frequently been referred to as a nutritional stress indicator, a manifestation of iron‐deficiency anaemia, and a condition caused by chronic infections. In this study, 327 immature skeletons from the medieval graveyard of Stara Torina (Serbia) were examined for macroscopic signs of four types of porotic lesions: cribra orbitalia, femoral cribra, humeral cribra, and porotic hyperostosis. Femoral cribra was observed in 83.25% of femora, humeral cribra in 58.46% of cases, cribra orbitalia in 46.12% of orbits, while porotic hyperostosis was recorded in only 2.94% of skulls. The majority of skeletons affected by cribra presented symmetrical lesions. Association between all types of cribra was recorded in 33.33% of skeletons. Historical data supported the hypothesis that the investigated population was exposed to frequent infections, especially parasitic ones, which led to the development of porotic bone lesions via several mechanisms: parasite‐induced blood loss and diarrhoea (both iron and magnesium malabsorption) or anaemia as a hepcidin‐mediated body adaptive response to infection. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Copolymer of acrylonitrile/acrylic acid solid surface film dendrigrafted with citric acid
Authors: Akbari Somaye , Kish Mohammad H , Entezami Ali A 
Published: January 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: The aim of the present work was to improve the properties of acrylic polymer, which is a major fibre‐forming polymer. Acrylonitrile/acrylic acid copolymer, P(AN/AA), was chosen for this purpose and it was intended to study the condition for the formation of hydroxyl groups through the formation of hyperbranched polymers.RESULTS: The synthesis of a dendritic polymer of citric acid (CA) in the solid phase on a P(AN/AA) core is described. The product was analysed using the elemental analysis technique and 1H NMR. Dendritic molecules were grown by a reaction between the carboxylic acid of acrylic acid and hydroxyl group of CA activated by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. Products were analysed using Fourier transform infrared and NMR spectroscopy.CONCLUSION: The formation of CA dendrigraft on P(AN/AA) films in a heterogeneous system is possible. The percentage conversion of the copolymer reaction with CA was calculated based on the NMR results. The percentage conversion showed a gradual reduction with an increase in step numbers. The contact angle of water on the films was affected by the percentage conversion of the reactions. A calculation scheme is presented to show that the low degree of conversion leads to an increase in hydrophobic groups. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
The effects of temperature, humidity and rainfall on captan decline on apple leaves and fruit in controlled environment conditions
Authors: Xu Xiang‐Ming , Murray Roy A , Salazar Jose D , Hyder Kieran 
Published: January 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: Captan is an important fungicide for controlling diseases in horticultural crops. Predicting its dissipation is important for estimating dietary risks and optimising pesticide application. Experiments were conducted to determine the relationship of captan loss on apple leaves with temperature, humidity and rainfall, and to investigate captan loss on fruit in dry conditions.RESULTS: There was large unit‐to‐unit variability in captan residues in spite of the controlled application. Temperature and humidity had negligible effects on captan loss. Captan loss is predominately due to washoff by rain, although a certain proportion of captan may bind to the plant surface tightly and hence may not be readily removed by rain. About 50% of captan can be washed off by as little as 1 mm of rain after an application, and the loss appeared not to relate to the amount of rain. Under dry conditions, daily loss of captan is estimated to be around 1% on both fruit and leaves, giving a half‐life of ca 70 days.CONCLUSIONS: Captan loss on leaf and fruit surfaces is primarily due to rain washoff. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Comparison of dose responses and resistance ratios in four populations of the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), to 20 insecticides
Authors: He Yue Ping , Gao Cong Fen , Chen Wen Ming , Huang Li Qin , Zhou Wei Jun , Liu Xu Gan , Shen Jin Liang , Zhu Yu Cheng 
Published: January 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: Chemical control is a major strategy for suppressing the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis (Walker). Owing to their high toxicity and increasing resistance development in the target insect, many insecticides will be phased out entirely in 2007 in China. Alternatives with relatively low toxicity are urgently needed to replace traditional chemicals for rice stem borer control. In this study, the authors examined four field populations of C. suppressalis for their toxicological responses to more than 20 insecticides, including a few low‐toxicity organophosphates and many novel pesticides. Interpopulation resistance levels to 12 conventional insecticides were also compared.RESULTS: Based on LD50 values, the rice stem borer was most sensitive to avermectins and fipronil (LD50 < 1 ng larva−1). The stem borers exhibited the least sensitivity to endosulfan (LD50 > 100 ng larva−1) and monosultap (LD50 > 1000 ng larva−1). Insect growth regulators and chitin synthase inhibitors showed great efficacy against C. suppressalis, especially against populations that had developed resistance to conventional insecticides. Four field populations showed variable tolerance levels to many insecticides. LYG05 was the most susceptible population, only with a low level of resistance to monosultap (RR = 6.6). NC05 and GL05 populations exhibited intermediate tolerance levels with RR values up to 20.4 and 52.8 respectively. RA05 was the most resistant population to many insecticides, with resistance ratios up to 76.2.CONCLUSION: The results from this study provide valuable information for selection and adoption of new alternative insecticides and for resistance management of the rice stem borer. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
A Bayesian approach estimating treatment effects on biomarkers containing zeros with detection limits
Authors: Chu Haitao , Nie Lei , Kensler Thomas W. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractOften in randomized clinical trials and observational studies in occupational and environmental health, a non‐negative continuously distributed response variable denoting some metabolites of environmental toxicants is measured in treatment and control groups. When observations occur in both unexposed and exposed subjects, the biomarker measurement can be bimodally distributed with an extra spike at zero reflecting those unexposed. In the presence of left censoring due to values falling below biomarker assay detection limits, those unexposed with true zeros are indistinguishable from those exposed with left‐censored values. Since interventions usually do not enhance or eliminate exposure, they do not have any impact on those unexposed. Thus, only the subset of individuals who are exposed should be used to make comparisons to estimate the effect of interventions. In this article, we present Bayesian approaches using non‐standard mixture distributions to account for true zeros. The performance of the proposed Bayesian methods is compared with the maximum likelihood methods presented in Chu et al. (Stat. Med. 2005; 24:2053–2067) through simulation studies and a randomized chemoprevention trial conducted in Qidong, People's Republic of China. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The results of Chiari pelvic osteotomy in adolescents with a brief literature review
Authors: Karami Mohsen , Fitoussi Franck , Ilharreborde Brice , Penneçot Georges-François , Mazda Keyvan , Bensahel Henri 
Published: January 2008

Purpose Chiari medial displacement osteotomy is a procedure that uses the cancellous bone of the ilium to contain the femoral head and bear weight. It is the most contraversial osteotomy of the hip joint. This study was therefore conducted to determine the results of this osteotomy with mid-term follow-up in children. Methods From 1995 to 2004, 20 Chiari pelvic osteotomies (in 18 patients) were performed. There were 15 male and 3 female patients. The average age at operation was 12.6 years and the mean follow-up was 54 months. The operative technique was as described by Chiari. An iliofemoral approach was used without utilizing a traction table. If there was anterior or anterolateral uncoverage of the femoral head, bone graft augmentation was performed. Results The angle of the osteotomy averaged 12°, with the distance from the acetabulum averaging 3.2 mm. The average displacement was 42%. Of the 20 Chiari osteotomies, 11 were categorized as excellent, 8 as good and one as fair in terms of clinical and radiological results. Student's t test statistics showed improvements in all radiologic parameters of the hip joint (Sharp angle, center-edge angle and coverage of the femoral head). Graft resorption was observed in 25% of the patients. Conclusion There are very rare indications of Chiari osteotomy in patients younger than 10 years. Because of the high rate of graft resorption, Chiari osteotomy should be the last treatment option when there is anterior or anterolateral uncoverage of the hip joint.
Delayed surgical treatment of supracondylar humerus fractures in children using a medial approach
Authors: Eren Abdullah , Güven Melih , Erol Bülent , Çakar Murat 
Published: January 2008

Purpose The appropriate management of supracondylar humerus fractures in children is frequently delayed due to various factors, and there is still no agreement on the treatment of choice. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of delayed treatment of displaced supracondylar humerus fractures on the treatment results and complication rate. Methods A total of 31 children with supracondylar humerus fractures who had not received adequate treatment for their displaced fractures were included in this study. The conditions leading to delayed treatment mainly included severe swelling or skin problems around the elbow and the health facility problems unique to our district. The mean delaying time was 6 days (range 2–19 days). There were 24 males and 7 females with a mean age of 7 years (range 1–13 years). The fractures were classified as type III-A ( n = 15; 48%) and type III-B ( n = 16; 52%) according to Gartland. Surgical treatment consisting of sentiment manual reduction through a medial approach and percutaneous cross-pinning was applied to all. No image intensifier was used during the procedures. A long-arm splint was used for post-operative immobilization. Results The average hospital stay was 2 days (range 1–3 day) and the patients were followed clinically and radiographically for an average of 4 years (range 2–11 years). Pins were removed at the end of the third week post-operatively, at which time the range of motion exercises were begun. None of the patients required physical therapy and full functional recovery was achieved within 3 months in 29 (93.5%) patients and within 5 months in the remaining 2 (6.5%). Two (6.5%) pre-operative nerve injuries (1 interosseous, 1 ulnar) were resolved spontaneously within 3 months post-operatively. At the final follow-up, 7 (22.5%) patients had cubitus varus deformity. Except for 2 (6.5%) pin-tract infections, which were resolved by oral antibiotics and pin removal, none of the patients had early or late complications, not even neurological deficit or myositis ossificans. Conclusions Delayed presentation of displaced supracondylar humerus fractures in children did not increase complication rates or unsatisfactory results following an open reduction. Medial approach and cross-pinning is an effective and reliable treatment method for these fractures.
Treatment of fixed knee flexion deformity and crouch gait using distal femur extension osteotomy in cerebral palsy
Authors: de Morais Filho Mauro C. , Neves Daniella Lins , Abreu Fábio Peluzo , Juliano Yara , Guimarães Leandro 
Published: January 2008

Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the results of distal femur extension osteotomy and medial hamstring lengthening in the treatment of fixed knee flexion deformity in patients with spastic diparetic cerebral palsy. Methods A retrospective study was done in a group of 12 diparetic cerebral palsy patients. A distal femur extension osteotomy was performed as part of multilevel surgery on lower limbs. The fixed knee flexion deformity was measured during physical examination, whereas hip and knee flexion in the stance phase and anterior pelvic tilt were both analyzed at kinematics. The pre- and post-surgery results were compared and analyzed statistically. A medical record review was done in order to identify the complications. The mean follow-up was 28 months. Results A significant reduction of fixed knee flexion deformity at physical examination and knee flexion in the stance phase at kinematics was observed, but with no decrease in hip flexion. As a non-desired effect, there was an increase in anterior pelvic tilt after surgical procedures. With regard to complications, a single patient had skin breakdown at a calcaneous area on one side and the recurrence of deformity was seen in 27% of cases. Conclusions In this study, in which fixed knee flexion deformity did not exceed 40° before surgery, the distal femur extension osteotomy was effective in increasing knee extension in the stance phase. However, an increase in anterior pelvic tilt, deformity recurrence and necessity for walking aids are possible complications of this procedure.
The marine midge Pontomyia (Chironomidae) with a description of females of P.oceana Tokunaga
Authors: CHENG LANNA , HASHIMOTO H. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractA key is provided to both sexes of the four species of Pontomyia; cottoni Womersley, natans Edwards, oceana Tokunaga, pacifica Tokunaga. This genus is widespread in the western Pacific Ocean. Adult females are vermiform. Adult males have normal halteres but reduced wings; they are unusual among Chironomidae in having bare, not plumose antennae.
A new species of Acyrthosiphon (Homoptera, Aphididae) from Primula in Britain
Authors: MARTIN J. H. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract Acyrthosiphon auriculae sp.n. is described from Primula (garden auricula) in Britain. It is close to the A.malvae group but has only eight chromosomes (2n ‐ ♀). Results from rearing experiments using excised leaf cultures suggest that auriculae has strong host‐plant preferences; it may have originated from a montane region in Europe.
The Madagascan click‐beetle genusCrepicardus(Elateridae) and its relationship to the Pyrophorinae
Authors: CALDER ANDREW A. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe genusCrepicardusis endemic to Madagascar. Ten species are here recognized and redescribed; a key for their identification is given. The genus falls into three distinct species groups and one unassigned species: theklugii‐group (klugiiCastelnau,madagscariensisFleutiaux,cribricollisFleutiaux), thecandezei‐group (candezeiFairmairestat.rev.,raffrayiFairmaire,nigerCandèze,puncticollisFleutiaux), thetrisulcatus‐group (trisulcatusCandèze,mocquerysiFleutiaux) andfleutiauxiGirard.Crepicardus costicollis(Castelnau) is again placed as a junior synonym ofC.klugii(Castelnau) andcandezeiFairmaire restored to specific status. Lectotypes are designated forklugiiCastelnau,costicollisCastelnau,candezeiFairmaire,raffrayiFairmaire,nigerCandèze andmocquerysiFleutiaux. On the basis of adult charactersCrepicardusis here assigned to the PyrophorinaesensuStibick (1979) and its systematic position is discussed in relation to the widespread Pyrophorinae.
A new genus of podonomine midge (Chironomidae) from Bhutan
Authors: CHAUDHURI P.K. , GHOSH M. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractA new monobasic genus of Podonominae, Neopodonomus, and its type‐species, N. similis are described from nine males and four females collected in Bhutan. This represents the first record of Podonominae from the Oriental region.
A taxonomic and biological review of the tetramoriine ant genus Rhoptromyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Authors: BOLTON BARRY 
Published: January 2008

AbstractAvailable data on the tetramoriine ant genusRhoptromyrmexMayr are reviewed. The genus is redefined for all castes and the monotypic genusHagioxenusForel, formerly placed in theMonomorium‐group, is synonymized withRhoptromyrmex. Anew species(caritus)is described from Uganda and keys to known workers, females and males are presented. Nest founding by the females, two of which appear autoparasitic and two of which are inquilines, is discussed and the evolutionary pathway of inquilines reviewed. Current taxonomic data on all species are summarized.
Larval structures of oxytorines and their significance for the higher classification of some Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera)
Authors: WAHL DAVID B. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe phylogenetic relationships of the Acaenitinae, Oxy‐torinae, and some of their component taxa, especially Cylloceria and Microleptes, are considered in light of new data from larval morphology. The Acaenitinae and Oxytorinae are sister‐groups; the enigmatic oxytorine genus Microleptes is analysed with regard to its larval characters and is placed in to its own subfamily, the Microleptinae. The possibility that the Oxytorinae may be paraphyletic with respect to the Orthocentrinae is discussed. Re‐examination of original slide mounts of last‐instar larval remains has revealed errors in past studies; all previously published material, and several taxa whose larvae were hitherto unknown, are figured.
Agra, arboreal beetles of Neotropical forests:feisthameligroup systematics (Carabidae)
Authors: ERWIN TERRY L. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract.This paper is the sixth in a series designed to cover taxonomically all species groups ofAgra, whose cumulative ranges extend from southernmost Texas to northernmost Argentina. Thefeisthameli, mixta, virgataandohausigroups constitute theFeisthameliSection of the genus. Thefeisthameligroup consists of seventeen species which have a composite range extending from Guatemala to Bolivia and southeastern Brazil.Among this group, nine new species are described from the following type localities:chapada(BRAZIL, Chapada de GuimaráTes),phite(BOLIVIA, Provencia de Gutierrez),para(BRAZIL, Pará),rubra(BRAZIL, Para, SáTo Félix do Xingu),dation(BRAZIL, Minas Gerais, Teófilo Otoni),tuitis(PERU, San Martin, Tarapoto),memnon(BRAZIL, Espírito Santo, SáTo Mateus),lata(BOLIVIA, Santa Cruz),magdalena(COLOMBIA, Santander). A dot map illustrates the range of each taxon.Distribution and relationships are discussed in general, but detailed cladistic analysis is deferred until taxonomy of other sections is completed. Species distributions correspond in part to pleistocene refuges suggested by other authors based on other classes of organisms; however, more species occur outside such centres than in them.
Revision of the braconid genusPhysaraiaShenefelt (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea)
Authors: DONALDSON J. S. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe genusPhysaraiaShenefelt (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is revised to include twenty‐two species: twenty entirely Afrotropical; one Afrotropical and Palaearctic, and one Indo‐Australian. Eleven species,achterbergi, aporia, empeyi, fanitalis, laticlavia, lundi, nana, nigricephala, sarisa, simplexandsolanicolaare described as new, and eight established species,bilobata(Cameron),capensis(Enderlein),caudata(Szépligeti),excisa(Szépligeti),furcata(Guérin‐Méneville),melanocera(Cameron),sulphurea(Szépligeti) andsumatrana(Enderlein) are redescribed.P. longiseta(Szépligeti) is synonymized withP. furcataandP. caudatavar.bimaculata(Fahringer) andP. trimaculata(Cameron) are synonymized withP. bilobata, P. furcatavar.fasciativentris(Enderlein) is considered to be synonymous with the type species.