bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of medetomidine administration on bispectral index measurements in dogs during anesthesia with isoflurane
Authors: Greene Stephen A. , Tranquilli William J. , Benson G. John , Grimm Kurt A. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To determine the relationship between bispectral index (BIS) and minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) multiples of isoflurane after IM injection of medetomidine or saline (0.9% NaCl) solution in anesthetized dogs.Animals—6 dogs.Procedure—Each dog was anesthetized 3 times with isoflurane. First, the MAC of isoflurane for each dog was determined by use of the tail clamp method. Second, anesthetized dogs were randomly assigned to receive an IM injection of medetomidine (8 µg·kg–1) or an equal volume of isotonic saline (0.9% NaCl) solution 30 minutes prior to beginning BIS measurements. Last, anesthetized dogs received the remaining treatment (medetomidine or isotonic saline solution). Dogs were anesthetized at each of 4 MAC multiples of isoflurane. Ventilation was controlled and atracurium (0.2 mg/kg followed by 6 µg/kg/min as a continuous infusion, IV) administered. After a 20-minute equilibration period at each MAC multiple of isoflurane, BIS data were collected for 5 minutes and median values of BIS calculated.Results—BIS significantly decreased with increasing MAC multiples of isoflurane over the range of 0.8 to 2.0 MAC. Mean (± SD) MAC of isoflurane was 1.3 ± 0.2%. During isoflurane-saline anesthesia, mean BIS measurements at 0.8, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 MAC were 65 ± 8, 60 ± 7, 52 ± 3, and 31 ± 28, respectively. During isoflurane-medetomidine anesthesia, mean BIS measurements at 0.8, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 MAC were 77 ± 4, 53 ± 7, 31 ± 24, and 9 ± 20, respectively.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—BIS monitoring in dogs anesthetized with isoflurane has a predictive value in regard to degree of CNS depression. During isoflurane anesthesia, our results support a MAC-reducing effect of medetomidine. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:316–320)
Serum immunoglobulin E against storage mite allergens in dogs with atopic dermatitis
Authors: Arlian Larry G. , Schumann R. Jeffrey , Morgan Marjorie S. , Glass Robert L. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To determine the prevalence of serum IgE against the storage mitesAcarus siro,Blomia tropicalis, andTyrophagus putrescentiaein a population of dogs with atopic dermatitis.Sample Population—Sera from 84 dogs with atopic dermatitis residing in various regions of the United States and Europe.Procedure—Immunoblotting of sera from atopic dogs was used to identify proteins in mite extracts that bound IgE.Results—94% of the dogs had serum IgE against proteins in extracts of 1 or more of the storage mite species. Ninety-five, 92, and 89% of the storage mite-sensitive dogs had serum IgE against proteins in extracts ofA siro,B tropicalis, andT putrescentiae, respectively. Eighty-two percent had serum IgE against at least 1 protein in all 3 species. Most of the major allergens had molecular weights > 80 kd. A greater percentage of the dog sera had IgE against storage mite proteins, compared with proteins of the house dust mitesDermatophagoides farinaeandD pteronyssinus.Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Many dogs with atopic dermatitis have serum IgE against many allergens of storage mites. Most of these allergens, like allergens of dust mites, had molecular weights > 80 kd. Storage mite sensitivity in dogs may be as important, if not more important, than dust mite sensitivity. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:32–36)
Evaluation of the effects of inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme with enalapril in dogs with induced chronic renal insufficiency
Authors: Brown Scott A. , Finco Delmar R. , Brown Cathy A. , Crowell Wayne A. , Alva Roberto , Ericsson Glenn F. , Cooper Tanya 
Published: January 2006

Abstract

Objective—To determine whether the angiotensin
converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril would lower
systemic arterial and glomerular capillary pressure
and reduce the magnitude of renal injury in a canine
model of renal insufficiency.

Animals—18 adult dogs that had renal mass reduced
by partial nephrectomy.

Procedure—After surgical reduction of renal mass
and baseline measurements, dogs in 2 equal groups
received either placebo (group 1) or enalapril (0.5
mg/kg, PO, q 12 h; group 2) for 6 months.

Results—Values for systemic mean arterial blood
pressure determined by indirect and direct measurement
after 3 and 6 months of treatment, respectively,
were significantly lower in group 2 than in group 1.
During treatment, monthly urine protein-to-creatinine
ratios were consistently lower in group 2 than in
group 1, although values were significantly different
only at 3 months. At 6 months, significant reduction
in glomerular capillary pressure in group 2 was detected,
compared with group 1, but glomerular filtration
rate in group 2 was not compromised. Glomerular
hypertrophy, assessed by measurement of planar surface
area of glomeruli, was similar in both groups.
Glomerular and tubulointerstitial lesions were significantly
less in group 2, compared with group 1.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Data suggest
that inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme was
effective in modulating progressive renal injury, which
was associated with reduction of glomerular and systemic
hypertension and proteinuria but not glomerular
hypertrophy. Inhibition of angiotensin converting
enzyme may be effective for modulating progression
of renal disease in dogs. (Am J Vet Res 2003;64:321–327)
Prevention of persistent infection in calves by vaccination of dams with noncytopathic type-1 modified-live bovine viral diarrhea virus prior to breeding
Authors: Dean Hansi J. , Hunsaker Breck D. , Bailey O. Dale , Wasmoen Terri 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To determine the ability of a modified-live virus (MLV) bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) type 1 (BVDV1) vaccine administered to heifers prior to breeding to stimulate protective immunity that would block transmission of virulent heterologous BVDV during gestation, thus preventing persistent infection of a fetus.Animals—40 crossbred Angus heifers that were 15 to 18 months old and seronegative for BVDV and 36 calves born to those heifers.Procedure—Heifers were randomly assigned to control (n = 13) or vaccinated (27) groups. The control group was administered a multivalent vaccine wherein the BVDV component had been omitted. The vaccinated heifers were administered a single dose of vaccine (IM or SC) containing MLV BVDV1 (WRL strain). All vaccinated and control heifers were maintained in pastures and exposed to BVDV-negative bulls 21 days later. Thirty-five heifers were confirmed pregnant and were challenge exposed at 55 to 100 days of gestation by IV administration of virulent BVDV1 (7443 strain).Results—All control heifers were viremic following challenge exposure, and calves born to control heifers were persistently infected with BVDV. Viremia was not detected in the vaccinated heifers, and 92% of calves born to vaccinated heifers were not persistently infected with BVDV.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—These results document that vaccination with BVDV1 strain WRL protects fetuses from infection with heterologous virulent BVDV1. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:530–537)
Glomerular lesions in dogs infected with Leishmania organisms
Authors: Zatelli Andrea , Borgarelli Michele , Santilli Roberto , Bonfanti Ugo , Nigrisoli Evandro , Zanatta Renato , Tarducci Alberto , Guarraci Aurelio 
Published: January 2006

Abstract

Objective—To histologically identify glomerular
lesions in dogs infected with Leishmania organisms.

Animals—41 dogs (17 sexually intact males and 14
sexually intact and 10 ovariohysterectomized females)
that had positive results when tested for leishmaniosis
as determined by use of serologic evaluation (indirect
fluorescent antibody test, titers of 1:80 to 1:640)
and direct microscopic identification of the protozoal
organisms.

Procedure—Urine samples were collected by use of
cystocentesis and examined by qualitative SDSagarose
gel electrophoresis (AGE). All dogs had nonselective
(glomerular) or mixed (glomerular and tubular)
proteinemia. Specimens were obtained from each
dog during ultrasound-assisted renal biopsy and used
for histologic examination. Each specimen was
stained with H&E, periodic acid–Schiff, Goldner's
trichrome, methenamine silver, and Congo Red
stains. Specimens were adequate for evaluation
when they contained at least 5 glomeruli/section,
except for specimens stained with Congo Red in
which 1 glomerulus/section was adequate.

Results—Examination of renal biopsy specimens
revealed various glomerular lesions in all dogs and
interstitial or tubular (or both) lesions in 23 of 41
(55%) dogs.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Glomerular
lesions that develop in dogs during infection with
Leishmania organisms can be classified histologically
as mesangial glomerulonephritis, membranous
glomerulonephritis, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis,
and focal segmental glomerulonephritis.
Tubulointerstitial histopathologic conditions were not
observed as the primary lesion, despite being evident
in 23 of 41 (55%) dogs. Use of SDS-AGE for qualitative
evaluation of proteinuria and successive collection
of specimens during renal biopsies following
diagnosis of nonselective glomerular proteinuria provides
the possibility for early identification of renal
lesions. (Am J Vet Res 2003;64:558–561)
Estimation of receiver-operating characteristic curves to determine accuracy of a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the serodiagnosis of Brucella infection in domestic water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and cattle
Authors: Fosgate Geoffrey T. , Adesiyun Abiodun A. , Hird David W. , Johnson Wesley O. , Hietala Sharon K. , Schurig Gerhardt G. , Ryan Joseph 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To estimate receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves for a competitive ELISA (c-ELISA) that is used in serodiagnosis of brucellosis in water buffalo and cattle, to determine the most appropriate positive cutoff value for the c-ELISA in confirmation of infection, and to evaluate species differences in c-ELISA function.Sample population—Sera from 4 herds of cattle (n = 391) and 4 herds of water buffalo (381).Procedure—Serum samples were evaluated forBrucella-specific antibodies by use of a c-ELISA. On the basis of previous serologic test results, iterative simulation modeling was used to classify animals as positive or negative forBrucellainfection without the use of a gold standard. Accuracy of c-ELISA for diagnosis of infection was compared between cattle and water buffalo by comparison of areas under ROC curves.Results—A positive cutoff value of 30% inhibition for c-ELISA yielded sensitivity and specificity estimates, respectively, of 83.9 and 92.6% for cattle and 91.4 and 95.4% for water buffalo. A positive cutoff value of 35% inhibition yielded sensitivity and specificity estimates, respectively, of 83.9 and 96.2% for cattle and 88.0 and 97.4% for water buffalo. Areas under ROC curves were 0.94 and 0.98 for cattle and water buffalo, respectively.Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—ROC curves can be estimated by use of iterative simulation methods to determine optimal cutoff values for diagnostic tests with quantitative outcomes. A cutoff value of 35% inhibition for the c-ELISA was found to be most appropriate for confirmation ofBrucellainfection in cattle and water buffalo. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:57–64)
Assessment of acid-base status and plasma lactate concentrations in arterial, mixed venous, and portal blood from dogs during experimental hepatic blood inflow occlusion
Authors: Nemec Alenka , Pečar Jani , Seliškar Alenka , Kompan Lidija , Butinar Janoš 
Published: January 2006

Abstract

Objective—To determine the effects of extended
experimental hepatic blood flow occlusion (ie, portal
triad clamping [PTC]) in dogs by measuring acid-base
status and plasma lactate concentrations in arterial,
mixed venous, and portal blood and evaluating the
relationship between metabolic and concurrent
hemodynamic changes.

Animals—6 healthy Beagles.

Procedure—During anesthesia with isoflurane, cardiac
output and arterial blood pressure were measured.
Arterial, mixed venous, and portal blood samples
were collected simultaneously for blood gas
analyses and plasma lactate measurements before
PTC and at 8-minute intervals thereafter.

Results—PTC resulted in severe hemodynamic and
metabolic alterations. Eight minutes after PTC, significant
decreases in cardiac index from a baseline value
of 3.40 ± 0.27 to 1.54 ± 0.26 L/min/m2 and in mean
arterial blood pressure from a baseline value of 74 ± 6
to 43 ± 6 mm Hg were recorded. After PTC, results
indicative of lactic acidosis were found in portal blood
at 16 minutes, in mixed venous at 32 minutes, and in
arterial blood at 48 minutes. Significant differences in
measured variables were also found between arterial
and portal blood samples, between mixed venous
and portal blood samples, and between arterial and
mixed venous blood samples after PTC, compared
with differences at baseline.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Analysis of
mixed venous blood is preferable to analysis of arterial
blood in the assessment of metabolic derangement.
In a clinical setting, occluded portal blood is
released to the systemic circulation, and the degree
of reperfusion injury may depend on the metabolic
status of pooled portal blood. (Am J Vet Res 2003;64:599–608)
Dimensions and histologic characteristics of the small intestine of dogs during postnatal development
Authors: Paulsen Daniel B. , Buddington Karyl K. , Buddington Randal K. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To quantify dimensions of the small intestine of dogs and describe changes in histologic characteristics of the mucosa during postnatal development.Sample Population—Gastrointestinal tract tissues obtained from 110 Beagles (15 adult females and 95 puppies of both sexes).Procedure—Several variables (length, total weight, mucosal weight, and nominal surface area) of the small intestine were measured in puppies at birth but before suckling; 1 day after birth and subsequent suckling, 21, 42, and 63 days after birth, and in the adult dams of the puppies. Tissue structure was examined and quantified at each time point by use of routine histologic examination and ocular micrometry of formalin-fixed specimens stained with H&E.Results—Small intestinal dimensions increased throughout development with the greatest proportional changes during the first day after birth and onset of suckling. Villus height decreased during suckling but had consistent values from 42 days after birth to maturity, whereas crypt depth increased from birth to maturity. Vacuolated enterocytes were evident from birth to 21 days but not thereafter.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Increases in intestinal dimensions provide growing dogs with a greater capacity for digestion and absorption. Changes in mucosal architecture and cell populations coincided with shifts in dietary inputs. These findings may assist in the diagnosis of small intestinal diseases and nutritional responses during growth and development of dogs. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:618–626)
Activities of gastric, pancreatic, and intestinal brush-border membrane enzymes during postnatal development of dogs
Authors: Buddington Randal K. , Elnif Jan , Malo Christiane , Donahoo Jillian B. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To measure activities of digestive enzymes during postnatal development in dogs.Sample Population—Gastrointestinal tract tissues obtained from 110 Beagles ranging from neonatal to adult dogs.Procedure—Pepsin and lipase activities were measured in gastric contents, and amylase, lipase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin activities were measured in small intestinal contents and pancreatic tissue. Activities of lactase, sucrase, 4 peptidases, and enteropeptidase were assayed in samples of mucosa obtained from 3 regions of the small intestine.Results—Gastric pH was low at all ages. Pepsin was not detected until day 21, and activity increased between day 63 and adulthood. Activities of amylase and lipase in contents of the small intestine and pancreatic tissue were lower during suckling than after weaning. Activities of trypsin and chymotrypsin did not vary among ages for luminal contents, whereas activities associated with pancreatic tissue decreased between birth and adulthood for trypsin but increased for chymotrypsin. Lactase and γ-glutamyltranspeptidase activities were highest at birth, whereas the activities of sucrase and the 4 peptidases increased after birth. Enteropeptidase was detected only in the proximal region of the small intestine at all ages.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Secretions in the gastrointestinal tract proximal to the duodenum, enzymes in milk, and other digestive mechanisms compensate for low luminal activities of pancreatic enzymes during the perinatal period. Postnatal changes in digestive secretions influence nutrient availability, concentrations of signaling molecules, and activity of antimicrobial compounds that inhibit pathogens. Matching sources of nutrients to digestive abilities will improve the health of dogs during development. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:627–634)
Postnatal development of nutrient transport in the intestine of dogs
Authors: Buddington Randal K. , Malo Christiane 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To measure nutrient absorption by the intestine during postnatal development of dogs.Animals—110 Beagles ranging from neonatal to adult dogs.Procedure—Rates of absorption for sugars (glucose, galactose, and fructose), amino acids (aspartate, leucine, lysine, methionine, and proline), a dipeptide (glycyl-sarcosine), and linoleic acid by the proximal, mid, and distal regions of the small intestine were measured as functions of age and concentration (kinetics) by use of intact tissues and brush-border membrane vesicles. Absorption of octanoic acid by the proximal portion of the colon was measured in intact tissues.Results—Rates of carrier-mediated transport by intact tissues decreased from birth to adulthood for aldohexoses and most amino acids but not for fructose and aspartate. Kinetics and characteristics of absorption suggest that there were changes in the densities, types, and proportions of various carriers for sugars and amino acids. Saturable absorption of linoleic acid in the small intestine and octanoic acid in the proximal portion of the colon increased after weaning.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Rates of absorption decreased between birth and adulthood for most nutrients. However, because of intestinal growth, absorption capacities of the entire small intestine remained constant for leucine and proline and increased for glucose, galactose, fructose, aspartate, and proline but were less than predicted from the increase in body weight. Although postnatal ontogeny of nutrient absorption was consistent with changes in the composition of the natural and commercial diets of growing dogs, rates of amino acid and peptide absorption were lower than expected. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:635–645)
Pharmacokinetics and anesthetic and cardiopulmonary effects of propofol in red-tailed hawks ( Buteo jamaicensis ) and great horned owls ( Bubo virginianus )
Authors: Hawkins Michelle G. , Wright Bonnie D. , Pascoe Peter J. , Kass Philip H. , Maxwell Lara K. , Tell Lisa A. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To determine induction doses, anesthetic constant rate infusions (CRI), and cardiopulmonary effects of propofol in red-tailed hawks and great horned owls and propofol pharmacokinetics in the owls during CRI.Animals—6 red-tailed hawks and 6 great horned owls.Procedure—The CRI dose necessary for a loss of withdrawal reflex was determined via specific stimuli. Anesthesia was induced by IV administration of propofol (1 mg/kg/min) and maintained by CRI at the predetermined dose for 30 minutes. Heart and respiratory rates, arterial blood pressures, and blood gas tensions were obtained in awake birds and at various times after induction. End-tidal CO2(ETCO2) concentration and esophageal temperature were obtained after induction. Propofol plasma concentrations were obtained after induction and after completion of the CRI in the owls. Recovery times were recorded.Results—Mean ± SD doses for induction and CRI were 4.48 ± 1.09 mg/kg and 0.48 ± 0.06 mg/kg/min, respectively, for hawks and 3.36 ± 0.71 mg/kg and 0.56 ± 0.15 mg/kg/min, respectively, for owls. Significant increases in PaCO2, HCO3, and ETCO2in hawks and owls and significant decreases in arterial pH in hawks were detected. A 2-compartment model best described the owl pharmacodynamic data. Recovery times after infusion were prolonged and varied widely. Central nervous system excitatory signs were observed during recovery.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Effects on blood pressure were minimal, but effective ventilation was reduced, suggesting the need for careful monitoring during anesthesia. Prolonged recovery periods with moderate-to-severe excitatory CNS signs may occur in these species at these doses. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:677–683)
Influence of age of horse on results of quantitative electromyographic needle examination of skeletal muscles in Dutch Warmblood horses
Authors: Wijnberg Inge D. , Franssen Hessel , Kolk Johannes H. van der 
Published: January 2006

Abstract

Objective—To determine the influence of age on
results of quantitative analysis of electromyographic
(EMG) needle examination in the subclavian, triceps,
and lateral vastus muscles of Dutch Warmblood horses.

Animals—7 healthy young Dutch Warmblood horses
(range, 13 to 18 months old), 7 healthy adult Dutch
Warmblood horses (range, 4 to 10 years old), and 7
healthy elderly Dutch Warmblood horses (range, 18 to
21 years old).

Procedure—An EMG needle examination was performed
to evaluate insertional activity, spontaneous
activity, and motor unit action potential (MUAP) variables.
Although all horses were conscious, young
horses were sedated prior to examination.

Results—Mean insertional activity in young horses
was significantly lower than in elderly horses.
Pathologic spontaneous activity was rarely found in
young and adult horses but was frequently evident in
all muscles in all elderly horses. The MUAP duration
and amplitude were significantly lower in all muscles
of young horses, compared with values for adult and
elderly horses. The MUAP duration and number of
phases and turns were significantly lower in adult
horses than in elderly horses. Group differences for
percentages of polyphasic and complex MUAPs were
also found. The 95% confidence intervals for MUAP
duration, MUAP amplitude, and number of phases
and turns for the subclavian, triceps, and lateral vastus
muscles were significantly lower in young horses
than in adult or elderly horses.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Age of the
horse being examined should be considered when
EMG examination is performed. (Am J Vet Res
2003;64:70–75)
Familial footpad hyperkeratosis and inheritance of keratin 2, keratin 9, and desmoglein 1 in two pedigrees of Irish Terriers
Authors: Schleifer Sebastian G. , Versteeg Serge A. , Oost Bernard van , Willemse Ton 
Published: January 2006

Abstract

Objective—To investigate the possibility that variants
in the acidic or basic keratin genes or in desmoglein 1
may cause the clinical manifestation of familial footpad
hyperkeratosis in Irish Terriers.

Animals—11 dogs belonging to 2 related affected
pedigrees of Irish Terriers.

Procedure—Genomic DNA was extracted from blood
samples obtained from each dog. The DNA markers
linked to the genes keratin 2, keratin 9, and
desmoglein 1 were amplified by use of a polymerase
chain reaction technique, and length of the products
was determined by use of an automatic DNA analyzer.

Results—All tested markers yielded information.
None of the markers (genotype) cosegregated with
the clinical status of the dogs (phenotype) in the 2
pedigrees.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Mutations in
the genes encoding keratin 2 and 9 as well as
desmoglein 1 are highly unlikely to be the primary
cause of familial footpad hyperkeratosis in Irish
Terriers. (Am J Vet Res 2003;64:715–720)