bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adverse Drug Event Reporting in Intensive Care Units: A Survey of Current Practices
Authors: Kane-Gill Sandra L , Devlin John W 
Published: July 2006

Background: With the incidence of adverse drug events (ADEs) and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) higher in the intensive care unit (ICU) than other areas of the hospital, it is suspected that ADE/ADR surveillance systems differ between ICU and non-ICU areas. However, there is a lack of information about ADE/ADR identification, reporting, and evaluation strategies in the ICU. Understanding the frequency with which institutions incorporate standardized operational ADE/ADR definitions, triggers, and evaluation tools in this population will facilitate benchmarking between hospitals. Objective: To determine whether ADE/ADR identification, reporting, and evaluation strategies differ between ICU and non-ICU populations and to characterize ADE/ADR reporting strategies in the ICU. Methods: A validated survey was mailed to pharmacy directors at 590 randomly selected hospitals in the US having at least one ICU. A reminder was sent one week after the surveys were mailed. Five weeks later, a second survey was mailed to hospitals that did not respond. Results: The response rate was 22% (132/590); institutions were predominantly community (68.2%), with 199 or fewer (54.5%) operational beds and 19 or fewer (60.6%) ICU beds. ICU types included mixed medical/surgical (62.1%), medical (48.5%), surgical (31.8%), coronary (29.5%), neonatal (22.7%), and cardiothoracic (15.2%). Operational definitions for ADEs and ADRs varied little between ICU and non-ICU areas, as 92.4% of institutions used the same term for both settings. Triggers were used to identify ADE/ADRs hospital-wide (75%) and were usually the same between ICU and non-ICU areas (88.6%). ADE reporting was nearly always voluntary (94.7%), using paper reports (88.6%), phone calls (22.7%), e-mail (12.1%), Intranet (12.1%), Web-based/Internet (10.6%), or PDA (1.5%). Only 22% of hospitals tracked ICU-specific data. Conclusions: ADE identification, reporting, and evaluation strategies are similar between ICU and non-ICU areas. Few institutions currently track ICU-specific ADE/ADR data. The institution of ICU-specific ADE detection and prevention strategies may improve the safety of critically ill patients.
Why Molecular Chaperones Buffer Mutational Damage: A Case Study With a Yeast Hsp40/70 System
Authors: Bobula Joanna , Tomala Katarzyna , Jez Elzbieta , Wloch Dominika M , Borts Rhona H , Korona Ryszard 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe malfunctioning of molecular chaperones may result in uncovering genetic variation. The molecular basis of this phenomenon remains largely unknown. Chaperones rescue proteins unfolded by environmental stresses and therefore they might also help to stabilize mutated proteins and thus mask damages. To test this hypothesis, we carried out a genomewide mutagenesis followed by a screen for mutations that were synthetically harmful when the RAC–Ssb1/2 cytosolic chaperones were inactive. Mutants with such a phenotype were found and mapped to single nucleotide substitutions. However, neither the genes identified nor the nature of genetic lesions implied that folding of the mutated proteins was being supported by the chaperones. In a second screen, we identified temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants, a phenotype indicative of structural instability of proteins. We tested these for an association with sensitivity to loss of chaperone activity but found no such correlation as might have been expected if the chaperones assisted the folding of mutant proteins. Thus, molecular chaperones can mask the negative effects of mutations but the mechanism of such buffering need not be direct. A plausible role of chaperones is to stabilize genetic networks, thus making them more tolerant to malfunctioning of their constituents.
Site-Specific Amino Acid Frequency, Fitness and the Mutational Landscape Model of Adaptation in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1
Authors: da Silva Jack 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Analysis of the intensely studied HIV-1 gp120 V3 protein region reveals that the among-population mean site-specific frequency of an amino acid is a measure of its relative marginal fitness. This surprising result may arise if populations are displaced from mutation–selection equilibrium by fluctuating selection and if the probability of fixation of a beneficial amino acid is proportional to its selection coefficient.
Poly(4‐vinylpyridine) and Quadrapure TU as Selective Poisons for Soluble Catalytic Species in Palladium‐Catalyzed Coupling Reactions – Application to Leaching from Polymer‐Entrapped Palladium
Authors: Richardson John M. , Jones Christopher W. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractPoly(4‐vinylpyridine) and Quadrapure TU were successfully used as poisons for palladium‐catalyzed Heck couplings of iodoarenes and n‐butyl acrylate using a poly(urea) entrapped palladium precatalyst, Pd‐EnCat 40, in a variety of reaction solvents and conditions. These results suggest that all of the Heck coupling takes place outside the poly(urea) matrix via a soluble palladium species leached from the solid. This observation is consistent with previous conclusions that leached species are also solely active when using other supported catalysts such as Pd/C or with supported palladacycles. Control experiments including poisoning by Hg(0), hot filtration, 3‐phase tests, and monitoring of reaction kinetics after recycle support this conclusion. The quantity of PVPy or Quadrapure TU needed for quenching depends on the amount of palladium that is leached and thus applying these poisons to other palladium catalysts in which the amount of soluble palladium is unknown requires an initial trial and error approach.
Asymmetric Hydrogenation of β‐Keto Esters Using Chiral Diphosphonites
Authors: Reetz Manfred T. , Li Xiaoguang 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe BINOL‐derived diphosphonite having an achiral backbone based on diphenyl ether is a readily accessible and cheap ligand for the enantioselective Ru‐catalyzed hydrogenation of β‐keto esters (ee=95–99 %).
Gene for the serotonin transporter and ADHD: No association with two functional polymorphisms
Authors: Wigg Karen G. , Takhar Amandeep , Ickowicz Abel , Tannock Rosemary , Kennedy James L. , Pathare Tejaswee , Malone Molly , Schachar Russell , Barr Cathy L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractEvidence from both human and animal studies implicates the serotonergic system in the development of attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) including positive association studies for several key serotonergic genes. The serotonin transporter (HTT) regulates the availability of serotonin by reuptake of the neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft. Several studies have reported an association of this gene to ADHD, specifically the long variant of a common insertion/deletion polymorphism located in the promoter of this gene that results in increased transcription and higher HTT expression. An additional study found no evidence for an association with this polymorphism. Recently, an A/G single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was found within the promoter polymorphism with functional studies indicating that the long variant containing the G allele at this site behaves like the short variant. This previously unidentified functional change may have confounded earlier association studies. We investigated the relationship of several variants to ADHD: the promoter polymorphisms, SNP in the 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR) with a reported association to ADHD and a rare, non‐synonymous coding SNP. These polymorphisms were genotyped in 209 ADHD families identified through an affected proband. We did not find evidence for an association of these polymorphisms, or haplotypes of these polymorphisms, to ADHD in this sample. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Crosstalk of sterol‐dependent and non‐sterol‐dependent signaling in human monocytes after in vitro addition of LDL
Authors: Seres Ildikó , Fóris Gabriella , Kovács Éva , Páll Dénes , Varga Zsuzsa , Balogh Zoltán , Paragh György 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to investigate low density lipoprotein (LDL)‐induced, non‐sterol‐dependent signaling and its possible role in cholesterol balance. LDL in 10 µg ml−1concentration could induce inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and Ca2+signal generation through a pertussis toxin (PT) sensitive G protein in human monocytes. The increase in [Ca2+]i was derived from the intracellular pools. LDL also induced activation and translocation of protein kinase C (PKC) into the cell membrane, by processes, which were significantly inhibited in the first 20 min by preincubation with PT and PKC‐inhibitor H‐7. The PKC‐activating phorbol‐12‐myristate‐13‐acetate (PMA), differently from LDL, enhanced the LDL‐receptor (LDL‐R)‐mediated binding and degradation of [125I]LDL, but inhibited endogenous cholesterol synthesis, and both effects were inhibited by H‐7. The LDL‐induced inhibition of binding and degradation of [125I]LDL was not affected by H‐7, whereas decreased cholesterol synthesis was counteracted by H‐7. These results suggest the existence of a non‐sterol‐dependent signal pathway of LDL‐Rs, by which endogenous cholesterol synthesis, that is, the [14C]acetate incorporation, is regulated through PKC activation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of shock wave lithotripsy on nitric oxide and malondialdehyde levels in plasma and urine samples
Authors: Aksoy Hülya , Aksoy Yılmaz , Turhan Hamdullah , Keleş Sait , Ziypak Tevfik , Özbey Isa 
Published: July 2006

AbstractShock wave lithotripsy (SWL) is accepted as the first treatment choice for most urinary stones, but it has adverse effects on the kidneys. The mechanisms underlying shock wave‐induced renal injury have been discussed and include shear stress, thermal and cavitation effects and free radical formation. We investigated the effects of SWL on plasma and urinary nitrite, a stable metabolite of nitric oxide (NO), and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations. Between February and October 2004, 12 men and 8 women with renal calculi were treated using a Dornier MPL‐9000 lithotriptor. The ages ranged from 22 to 45 years (average age: 33.7 years). Plasma and urinary NO and MDA levels were analysed before, immediately after, 30 and 60 min and 24 h after SWL. Plasma NO levels were higher than baseline levels immediately, and at 30, 60 min and 24 h after treatment (p = 0.016, p = 0.031, p = 0.033 and p = 0.045, respectively). Simultaneously, the mean urinary NO levels also showed significant elevation after SWL compared with baseline values, except for 24 h (p = 0.021, p = 0.023 and p = 0.048, respectively). The mean levels of plasma MDA showed statistically significant elevation immediately, and 30 and 60 min after SWL termination compared with pre‐SWL values (p = 0.012, p = 0.008 and p = 0.012, respectively). Urinary MDA levels obtained immediately (p = 0.035), and 30 (p = 0.006) and 60 (p = 0.045) min after SWL were increased compared to pre‐SWL values. We speculate that SWL treatment causes oxidative stress caused by renal ischemia‐reperfusion (I/R) injury. Additionally, the increase of NO production may have prevented renal damage caused by vasoconstriction. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of acute swimming exercise on lactate levels and its relation with zinc in pinealectomized rats
Authors: Baltaci Abdulkerim Kasim , Cumraligil Burhan , Kilic Mehmet , Kaya Oktay 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIt is argued that melatonin secreted from the pineal gland regulates the levels of zinc, which is an important trace element. Decreases in zinc levels of pinealectomized rats supports this relationship. There is an increasing amount of evidence suggesting that the pineal gland can have important effects on physical activity. The objective of the present study was to explore the changes in serum lactate levels in pinealectomized rats subjected to acute swimming exercise and its relation with zinc. Forty adult male rats of Spraque Dawley strain were equally allocated to four groups. Group 1: General Control Group. Group 2: Pinealectomized Control Group. Group 3: Swimming Control Group. Group 4: Pinealectomized Swimming Group. Serum zinc, melatonin and lactate levels were determined in the blood samples collected from the animals by a decapitation method. Zinc and melatonin levels were higher in Group 1 than in Groups 2, 3 and 4 (p < 0.01), higher in Group 3 than in Groups 2 and 4 (p < 0.01) and higher in Group 2 than in Group 4 (p < 0.01). The highest lactate levels were found in Group 4 (p < 0.01). Lactate levels in Group 3 were higher than those in Groups 1 and 2 (p < 0.01), while the levels in Groups 1 and 2 did not differ. Pinealectomy results in a significant increase in lactate levels in rats subjected to an acute swimming exercise. This increase in lactate levels may be associated with the decrease observed in zinc levels after pinealectomy. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiple‐Functional Capsule Catalysts: A Tailor‐Made Confined Reaction Environment for the Direct Synthesis of Middle Isoparaffins from Syngas
Authors: He Jingjiang , Liu Zhenlin , Yoneyama Yoshiharu , Nishiyama Norikazu , Tsubaki Noritatsu 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA capsule catalyst for isoparaffin synthesis based on Fischer–Tropsch reaction was designed by coating a H‐ZSM‐5 membrane onto the surface of the pre‐shaped Co/SiO2 pellet. Morphological and chemical analysis showed that the capsule catalyst had a core‐shell structure. A compact, integral shell of H‐ZSM‐5 crystallized firmly on the Co/SiO2 substrate without crack. Syngas passed through the zeolite membrane to reach the Co/SiO2 catalyst to be converted, and all hydrocarbons formed with straight chain structure must enter the zeolite channels to undergo hydrocracking as well as isomerization in this tailor‐made confined reaction environment. A narrow, anti‐Anderson–Schultz–Flory law product distribution was observed on these capsule catalysts. Contrary to a mechanical mixture of H‐ZSM‐5 and Co/SiO2, C10+ hydrocarbons were suppressed completely on this novel capsule catalyst, and the selectivity of middle isoparaffins was considerably improved. The carbon number distribution of the products depended on the thickness of the zeolite membrane, and it was possible to selectively synthesize specified distillates, such as gasoline‐range, or heavier hydrocarbons from syngas directly, by simply adjusting the thickness of the zeolite membrane of the capsule catalyst. This kind of capsule catalysts can be extended to various consecutive reaction systems as the shell and core components are independent catalysts for different reactions. At the same time, shape selectivity and space‐confined effects can be expected for the reactant, intermediates and product of the sequential reactions.
Kramers–Kronig transformation of experimental electronic circular dichroism: Application to the analysis of optical rotatory dispersion in dimethyl‐L‐tartrate
Authors: Polavarapu Prasad L. , Petrovic Ana G. , Zhang Peng 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWhen a limited region of the experimental electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectrum is subjected to Kramers–Kronig (KK) transformation, the resulting optical rotatory dispersion (ORD) may or may not reproduce the experimentally measured ORD in the long‐wavelength nonresonant region. If the KK transform of experimentally measured ECD in a limited wavelength region reproduces the experimentally measured ORD in the long‐wavelength nonresonant region, then that observation indicates that the ORD in the long‐wavelength nonresonant region should be satisfactorily predicted from the correspondingly limited number of electronic transitions in a reliable quantum mechanical calculation. On the other hand, if the KK transform of experimentally measured ECD in a limited region does not reproduce the experimentally measured ORD in the long‐wavelength nonresonant region, then it should be possible to identify the ECD bands in the shorter wavelength region that are responsible for the differences between experimentally observed ORD and KK‐transformed ECD. This approach helps to identify the role of ECD associated with higher energy‐excited states in the nature of ORD in the long‐wavelength nonresonant region. These concepts are demonstrated here by measuring the experimental ECD and ORD for dimethyl‐L‐tartrate in different solvents. While ECD spectra of dimethyl‐L‐tartrate in different solvents show little variation, ORD spectra in the long‐wavelength nonresonant region show marked solvent dependence. These observations are explained using the difference between experimental ORD and KK‐transformed ECD. Quantum mechanical predictions of ECD and ORD are also presented for isolated (R, R)‐dimethyl tartrate at the B3LYP/aug‐cc‐pVDZ level. Chirality, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of vasopressin in the forebrain of spotted hyenas
Authors: Rosen Greta J. , De Vries Geert J. , Villalba Constanza , Weldele Mary L. , Place Ned J. , Coscia Elizabeth M. , Glickman Steve E. , Forger Nancy G. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe extreme virilization of the female spotted hyena raises interesting questions with respect to sexual differentiation of the brain and behavior. Females are larger and more aggressive than adult, non‐natal males and dominate them in social encounters; their external genitalia also are highly masculinized. In many vertebrates, the arginine vasopressin (VP) innervation of the forebrain, particularly that of the lateral septum, is associated with social behaviors such as aggression and dominance. Here, we used immunohistochemistry to examine the distribution of VP cells and fibers in the forebrains of adult spotted hyenas. We find the expected densely staining VP immunoreactive (VP‐ir) neurons in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei, as well as an unusually extensive distribution of magnocelluar VP‐ir neurons in accessory regions. A small number of VP‐ir cell bodies are present in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis; however, there are extensive VP‐ir fiber networks in presumed projection areas of these nuclei, for example, the subparaventricular zone and lateral septum, respectively. No significant sex differences were detected in the density of VP‐ir fibers in any area examined. In the lateral septum, however, marked variability was observed. Intact females exhibited a dense fiber network, as did two of the four males examined; the two other males had almost no VP‐ir septal fibers. This contrasts with findings in many other vertebrate species, in which VP innervation of the lateral septum is consistently greater in males than in females. J. Comp. Neurol. 498:80–92, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synaptic input to OFF parasol ganglion cells in macaque retina
Authors: Bordt Andrea S. , Hoshi Hideo , Yamada Elizabeth S. , Perryman‐Stout Wendy C. , Marshak David W. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA Neurobiotin‐injected OFF parasol cell from midperipheral macaque retina was studied by reconstruction of serial ultrathin sections and compared with ON parasol cells studied previously. In most respects, the synaptic inputs to the two subtypes were similar. Only a few of the amacrine cell processes that provided input to the labeled OFF parasol ganglion cell dendrites made or received inputs within the series, and none of these interactions were with the bipolar cells or other amacrine cells presynaptic to the OFF parasol cell. These findings suggest that the direct inhibitory input to OFF parasol cells originates from other areas of the retina. OFF parasol cells were known to receive inputs from two types of diffuse bipolar cells. To identify candidates for the presynaptic amacrine cells, OFF parasol cells were labeled with Lucifer yellow by using a juxtacellular labeling technique, and amacrine cells known to costratify with them were labeled via immunofluorescent methods. Appositions were observed with amacrine cells containing immunoreactive calretinin, parvalbumin, choline acetylatransferase, and G6‐Gly, a cholecystokinin precursor. These findings suggest that the inhibitory input to parasol cells conveys information about several different attributes of visual stimuli and, particularly, about their global properties. J. Comp. Neurol. 498:46–57, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Physiological and morphological characterization of parvalbumin‐containing interneurons of the rat basolateral amygdala
Authors: Rainnie Donald Gordon , Mania Irakli , Mascagni Franco , McDonald Alexander Joseph 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe basolateral amygdala (BLA) is critical for the generation of emotional behavior and the formation of emotional memory. Understanding the neuronal mechanisms that contribute to emotional information processing in the BLA will ultimately require knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of its constituent neurons. Two major cell classes exist in the BLA, pyramidal projection neurons and nonpyramidal interneurons. Although the properties of projection neurons have been studied in detail, little is known about the properties of BLA interneurons. We have used whole‐cell patch clamp recording techniques to examine the physiological properties of 48 visually identified putative interneurons from the rat anterior basolateral amygdalar nucleus. Here, we report that BLA interneurons can be differentiated into four electrophysiologically distinct subtypes based on their intrinsic membrane properties and their response to afferent synaptic input. Interneuron subtypes were named according to their characteristic firing pattern generated in response to transient depolarizing current injection and were grouped as follows: 1) burst‐firing interneurons (n = 13), 2) regular‐firing interneurons (n = 11), 3) fast‐firing interneurons (n = 10), and 4) stutter‐firing interneurons (n = 14). Post hoc histochemical visualization confirmed that all 48 recorded neurons had morphological properties consistent with their being local circuit interneurons. Moreover, by using triple immunofluorescence (for biocytin, calcium‐binding proteins, and neuropeptides) in conjunction with patch clamp recording, we further demonstrated that over 60% of burst‐firing and stutter‐firing interneurons also expressed the calcium‐binding protein parvalbumin (PV+). These data demonstrate that interneurons of the BLA show both physiological and neurochemical diversity. Moreover, we demonstrate that the burst‐ and stutter‐firing patterns positively correlate with PV+ immunoreactivity, suggesting that these neurons may represent functionally distinct subpopulations. J. Comp. Neurol. 498:142–161, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.