bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Splat formation in plasma-spray coating process
Authors: Mostaghimi Javad , Chandra Sanjeev 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The paper describes recent developments in modeling formation of plasma-spray coatings. This is a stochastic process in which particle-impact conditions, thermophysical properties, substrate topology, and temperature all play important roles in determining the structure of coating. Specific attention is paid to the simulation of droplet impact and solidification under plasma-spraying conditions. Results of 3-dimensional models show that on a flat surface solidification may cause splashing and break-up of the impacting particle. Undercooling effects result in faster solidification and, thus, smaller extent of spreading. More recent works investigate the effect of surrounding gas on dynamics of impact. It is shown that this could result in entrapment of a bubble under the droplet.
Comparative characterization of high-density plasma reactors using emission spectroscopy from VUV to NIR
Authors: Pu Yi-Kang , Guo Zhi-Gang , Kang Zheng-De , Ma Jie , Guan Zhi-Cheng , Zhang Guang-Yu , Wang En-Ge 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Emission spectroscopy is used to investigate the effect of inert gas mixing in nitrogen plasmas generated in inductively coupled plasma (ICP) and electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma sources. Vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) emission of resonance lines is used to determine concentration of atomic nitrogen while electron temperature is obtained from optical emission spectra. It is found that electron temperature can be either raised or reduced effectively by mixing helium or argon in a nitrogen discharge. Electron-electron collisions and superelastic collisions involving metastable species are key factors in electron temperature tuning.
Plasma synthesis of catalytic thin films
Authors: Thomann A.-L. , Rozenbaum J. P. , Brault P. , Andreazza C. , Andreazza P. , Rousseau B. , Estrade-Szwarckopf H. , Berthet A. , Bertolini J. C. , Aires F. J. Cadete Santos , Monnet F. , Mirodatos C. , Charles Christine , Boswell R. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Plasma sputter deposition is introduced in the field of catalyst preparation. It is shown that growth kinetics and morphologies are determined by ion to neutral flux ratio and kinetic energies of sputtered atoms. Catalytic activity of such catalysts compares very well with classical catalysts.
Genetic diversity and conservation of endangered animal species
Authors: Zhang Ya-ping , Wang Xiao-xia , Ryder Oliver A. , Li Hai-peng , Zhang He-ming , Yong Yange , Wang Peng-yan 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The loss of biodiversity resulting from extinctions is receiving increasing attention. Over several thousands of animal species have been evaluated and recognized as endangered species. Inbreeding depression has been demonstrated in many wild animal species. Here we sequenced 655-978 bp mitochodrial D-loop region of 32 individuals from four regional giant panda populations. Sixteen haplotypes were observed. AMOVE analysis demonstrated that genetic differentiation was not significant in the overall population, except the Qingling population. The current panda population may recover from a recent severe bottleneck that occurred about 43 000 years ago. Combining with our results on two endangered snub-nosed monkey species and one common hare species, different scenarios for low genetic variation have been discussed. Our results suggest that low genetic variation does not necessary result from a recent bottleneck, and it is not necessarily an indication of the level of endangerment.
Information essential for characterizing a flow-based analytical system (IUPAC Technical Report)
Authors: Zagatto Elias A. G. , van Staden Jacobus F. , Maniasso Nelson , Stefan Raluca I. , Marshall Graham D. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Essential aspects for characterization of a flow-based analytical procedure or system are discussed in order to permit the composition of a checklist that will lead to a protocol for reporting results and systems in flow analysis. Aspects more related to chromatographic procedures are not considered. The intent is to present normalized proposals in the field of flow analysis for practitioners and developers.
Future requirements in the characterization of continuous fiber-reinforced polymeric composites (IUPAC Technical Report)
Authors: Moore D. R. , Cervenka A. J. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Characterization of continuous fiber-reinforced composites is examined in terms of processing, properties, and structure. Five processing and five property topics are then examined in terms of reviewing some of the historic background in these areas with the aim of identifying current issues and requirements for the future. The topics covered in the processing section are: polymeric matrix, impregnation, interfacial effects, residual stresses, and pre-preg tack. In the mechanical properties section the topics are: choice of standard, recycling and reusability, durability, environmental strength, and toughness. The paper provides a ten-point plan for future requirements.
Nomenclature for the C60-Ih and C70-D5h(6) fullerenes (IUPAC Recommendations 2002)
Authors: Powell W. H. , Cozzi F. , Moss G. P. , Thilgen C. , Hwu R. J.-R. , Yerin A. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Fullerenes are a new allotrope of carbon characterized by a closed-cage structure consisting of an even number of three-coordinate carbon atoms devoid of hydrogen atoms. This class was originally limited to closed-cage structures with 12 isolated five-membered rings, the rest being six-membered rings.
Although it was recognized that existing organic ring nomenclature could be used for these structures, the resulting names would be extremely unwieldy and inconvenient for use. At the same time it was also recognized that established organic nomenclature principles could be used, or adapted, to provide a consistent nomenclature for this unique class of compounds based on the class name fullerene. However, it was necessary to develop an entirely new method for uniquely numbering closed-cage systems.
This paper describes IUPAC recommendations for naming and uniquely numbering the two most common fullerenes with isolated pentagons, the icosahedral C60 fullerene and a D
5h-C70 fullerene. It also describes recommendations for adapting organic nomenclature principles for naming fullerenes with nonclosed-cage structures, heterofullerenes, derivatives formed by substitution of hydrofullerenes, and the fusion of organic rings or ring systems to the fullerene cage. Finally, this paper suggests methods for describing structures consisting of two or more fullerene units and for denoting configurations of chiral fullerenes and their derivatives.
Harmonized guidelines for single-laboratory validation of methods of analysis (IUPAC Technical Report)
Authors: Thompson Michael , Ellison Stephen L. R. , Wood Roger 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Method validation is one of the measures universally recognized as a necessary part of a comprehensive system of quality assurance in analytical chemistry. In the past, ISO, IUPAC, and AOAC International have cooperated to produce agreed protocols or guidelines on the "Design, conduct and interpretation of method performance studies" [1], on the "Proficiency testing of (chemical) analytical laboratories" [2], on "Internal quality control in analytical chemistry laboratories" [3], and on "The use of recovery information in analytical measurement" [4]. The Working Group that produced these protocols/guidelines has now been mandated by IUPAC to prepare guidelines on the single-laboratory validation of methods of analysis. These guidelines provide minimum recommendations on procedures that should be employed to ensure adequate validation of analytical methods.
A draft of the guidelines has been discussed at an International Symposium on the Harmonization of Quality Assurance Systems in Chemical Laboratory, the proceedings from which have been published by the UK Royal Society of Chemistry.
Studies on biodegradable poly(hexano-6-lactone) fibers. Part 3. Enzymatic degradation in vitro (IUPAC Technical Report)
Authors: Hayashi Toshio , Nakayama Kazuo , Mochizuki Masatsugu , Masuda Toshiro 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Poly(hexano-6-lactone) (PCL*) fibers were enzymatically degraded by a hydrolase in vitro. The extent of degradation of PCL fibers was examined by weight loss, mechanical properties loss such as tensile strength and ultimate elongation decreases, and visual observations by scanning electron microscopy. The in vitro degradation of PCL fibers was carried out using a lipoprotein lipase
(Lipase-PS) as a hydrolase. The kinetic study on the weight loss of PCL fiber accompanying the enzymatic degradation suggested that the degradation of PCL fibers gradually takes place from the surface, not bulk degradation. The rate of degradation was found to depend on draw ratio and crystallinity of the PCL fibers. The strength loss of PCL fibers in the course of degradation took place faster than the weight loss of PCL fibers. Sonic velocity measurements as well as dynamic mechanical properties of PCL fibers were also examined as a function of weight loss of sample fibers with Lipase-PS treatments. It was shown that sonic velocity and value of loss tangent d changed steeply for undrawn PCL fiber in the first step with enzymatic digestion.
Cascade mechanism in a self-regulatory endocrine system. Modeling pulsatile hormone secretion
Authors: Dumrongpokaphan Thongchai , Lenbury Yongwimon 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Many endocrine systems have been found to incorporate some form of cascade mechanism into their operation. Such a mechanism involves an amplification system where an initial reaction gives rise to the generation of multiple second reactions, each of which sets off multiple third reactions, and so on. Examples will be presented, with special attention paid to the hypothalamus­pituitary­testicular axis. The production and secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) is governed by the medial-basal region of the hypothalamus. It is well known that the release of LH is a highly regulated process determined by negative and positive feedback, as well as neural components. The presence of gonadatropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) on specific adenohypophyseal cell membrane receptors results in the release of LH, which is then transported systemically to the Leydig cells of the testes. All the factors governing the release of these hormones, as well as a biochemical description of their actions, have not been completely elucidated, nor is the mechanism behind the pulsatile fashion in which the decapeptide GnRH and LH are released clearly explained. We describe how such a cascade mechanism in a self-regulatory system may be modeled and analyzed by a singular perturbation approach, identifying conditions that give rise to episodic hormone secretion or activity. Insightful and valuable interpretations can be made from such analysis of the cascade system.
Microbial computational genomics of gene regulation
Authors: Collado-Vides Julio , Moreno-Hagelsieb Gabriel , Medrano-Soto Arturo 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Escherichia coli is a free-living bacterium that condensates a large legacy of knowledge as a result of years of experimental work in molecular biology. It represents a point of departure for analyses and comparisons with the ever-increasing number of finished microbial genomes. For years, we have been gathering knowledge from the literature on transcriptional regulation and operon organization in E. coli K-12, and organizing it in a relational database, RegulonDB. RegulonDB contains information of 20­25 % of the expected total sets of regulatory interactions at the level of transcription initiation. We have used this knowledge to generate computational methods to predict the missing sets in the genome of E. coli, focusing on prediction of promoters, regulatory sites, regulatory proteins, operons, and transcription units. These predictions constitute separate pieces of a single puzzle. By putting them all together, we shall be able to predict the complete set of regulatory interactions and transcription unit organization of E. coli. Orthologous genes in other genomes of known co-regulated sets of genes in E. coli, along with their corresponding predicted operons, and their predicted transcriptional regulators, shall permit the extension of the previous goal to many more microbial genomes.
Modeling genome structure and function
Authors: Samudrala Ram 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The ongoing genomics revolution has led to the creation and enumeration of all the genes encoded within several organisms. The next steps are to catalog all proteins, their structures, and their functions in different contexts. At the same time, scientists have been pursuing experimental and theoretical approaches to integrate this information to gain understanding of the behavior of entire systems. In this work, we provide a framework for obtaining structures for all tractable protein sequences encoded by a genome, and using the resulting structures to aid in understanding function. Our aim is to integrate the output produced with other genomic and proteomic data to create a comprehensive picture of systems and organismal biology.
Molecular basis of sweet taste in dipeptide taste ligands
Authors: Goodman M. , Valle J. R. Del , Amino Y. , Benedetti E. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
In this presentation, we describe an integrated approach for the molecular basis for sweet taste among dipeptide-based ligands. By comparing the results obtained from X-ray diffraction studies with the conformations from NMR analysis and molecular modeling, we have observed recurring topochemical motifs that agree with previous models for sweet taste. In our examination of the unexplored D zone of the Tinti­Nofre model, we have uncovered a sweet potency enhancing effect of a new set of aralkyl-substitutions on dipeptide ligands, which reveals the importance of aromatic­aromatic interactions in maintaining high potency.
Genetics of sweet taste preferences
Authors: Bachmanov Alexander A. , Reed Danielle R. , Li Xia , Beauchamp Gary K. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Inbred mouse strains display marked differences in avidity for sweet solutions due in part to genetic differences among strains. Using several techniques, we have located a number of regions throughout the genome that influence sweetener acceptance. One prominent locus regulating differences in sweetener preferences among mouse strains is the saccharin preference (Sac) locus on distal chromosome 4. Afferent responses of gustatory nerves to sweeteners also vary as a function of allelic differences in the Sac locus, suggesting that this gene may encode a sweet taste receptor. Using a positional cloning approach, we identified a gene (Tas1r3) encoding the third member of the T1R family of putative taste receptors, T1R3. Introgression by serial back-crossing of a chromosomal fragment containing the Tas1r3 allele from the high sweetener-preferring strain onto the genetic background of the low sweetener-preferring strain rescued its low sweetener-preference phenotype. Tas1r3 has two common haplotypes, one found in mouse strains with elevated sweetener preference and the other in strains relatively indifferent to sweeteners. This study, in conjunction with complimentary recent studies from other laboratories, provides compelling evidence that Tas1r3 is equivalent to the Sac locus and that the T1R3 receptor (when co-expressed with taste receptor T1R2) responds to sweeteners. However, other sweetness receptors may remain to be identified.
Discovery of terpenoid and phenolic sweeteners from plants
Authors: Kinghorn A. Douglas , Soejarto Djaja Djendoel 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Several plant-derived compounds of the terpenoid and phenolic types have commercial use as sweeteners. In our research program directed toward the discovery of additional sweet compounds of these chemical classes, candidate sweet plants for laboratory investigation may be selected after scrutiny of the available literature, as a result of making inquiries in the field, and/or from a limited amount of organoleptic testing. Sweet-tasting plants are extracted according to a standard protocol, and preliminary safety testing is conducted before crude extracts or pure compounds are tasted. The practicality of using Mongolian gerbil electrophysiological and behavioral assays to monitor plant extracts and pure isolates has been examined. A number of sweet-tasting, plant-derived terpenoids and phenolics have been isolated and characterized, including the bisabolane sesquiterpenoids, hernandulcin and
4β-hydroxyhernandulcin, the labdane diterpene glycoside, gaudichaudioside A, the oleanane triterpenoid glycoside, periandrin V, the cycloartane triterpene glycosides, abrusosides A­E, the 3,4-seco-dammarane triterpene glycosides, pterocaryosides A and B, the semisynthetic dihydroflavonol, dihydroquercetin 3-acetate (4'-methyl ether), and the proanthocyanidin, selligueain A. Most of these new compounds are prototype "high-intensity" sweeteners that may be worthy targets for chemical synthesis or for semi-synthetic modification to produce substances with enhanced sweetness properties.
Licorice root. A natural sweetener and an important ingredient in Chinese medicine
Authors: Kitagawa Isao 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
This paper reviews our investigations on the chemical constituents of several kinds of botanically identified licorice roots, which led to the characterization of 13 then-new glucuronide-saponins named licorice-saponins (A­L), apioglycyrrhizin, and araboglycyrrhizin, together with glycyrrhizin and 18α-glycyrrhizin and also of 49 kinds of phenolic compounds and their glycosides (11 then-new). The restoration-promoting activity of licorice-saponin B2 for CCl4-intoxicated hepatocyte function and the structure­sweetness relationship of saponins were discussed. Biologically interesting, but isolable in minor quantities, several licorice-saponins were favorably synthesized from abundantly available glycyrrhizin. With 15 saponins and 49 phenolic compounds (including their glycosides) at hand, chemical evaluation of licorice root processings was undertaken. It was shown that the cortex contained a rich amount of phenolic compounds, whereas the xylem was rich in phenolic glycosides and the saponins contained were richer in the xylem than in the cortex. It was also found that roasted licorice root contained an increased amount of glycyrrhetic acid monoglucuronide, which was secondarily formed from glycyrrhizin through thermal hydrolysis and was known to taste 5 times sweeter than glycyrrhizin.
Chemistry of phenolic compounds of licorice (Glycyrrhiza species) and their estrogenic and cytotoxic activities
Authors: Nomura Taro , Fukai Toshio , Akiyama Toshiyuki 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The genus Glycyrrhiza consists of about 30 species in which G. glabra, G. uralensis, G. inflata, G. aspera, G. korshinskyi, and G. eurycarpa are generally recognized as licorice because of their sweet taste. Except G. korshinskyi, we examined isoprenoid-substituted phenols of these licorices. Each plant could be characterized by some isoprenoid phenols. We also investigated the biological activities of the Glycyrrhiza phenols. In the course of screening phytoestrogen in medicinal plants, six Glycyrrhiza phenols exhibited the binding affinities for the bovine uterine estrogen receptor. The affinity of a dihydrostilbene with two 3-methyl-2-butenyl (prenyl) groups, gancaonin R, was higher than those of isoflavone phytoestrogens (genistein and daidzein) in dietary foods. The affinities of the other five phenols, a flavanone (liquiritigenin), two prenylflavanones (isobavachin and sigmoidin B), a prenylated coumestan (glycyrol), and a pyranoisoflav-3-ene (glabrene), were similar to that of the dietary isoflavone, genistein or daidzein. Cytotoxic activities of the Glycyrrhiza phenols against human oral tumor cell lines and HIV-infected MT-4 cells were also reviewed.
Design and synthesis of new sweeteners
Authors: Machinami Tomoya , Fujimoto Takashi , Takatsuka Aya , Mitsumori Takeshi , Toriumi Takako , Suami Tetsuo , Hough Leslie 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Sweet taste induction by alkyl 2,3-di-O-(l-aminoacyloxy)-α-d-glucopyranosides requires a combination of hydrophobic α-alkoxy and hydrophilic vicinal, diequatorially oriented, l-aminoacyloxy units. Pyranoside chair conformations afford the preferred stereochemical arrangements of these residues for optimum interaction with the receptor. For the design of new sweeteners based on sweetness inhibitors, the introduction of a di-O-aminoacyloxy unit as the hydrogen-bonding component was applied to effect their intertransformation. Thus, the known sweetness inhibitor, methyl 4,6-dichloro-4,6-dideoxy-α-d-galactopyranoside, was successfully transformed into sweet-tasting 2,3-di-O-(l-aminoacyl) derivatives. The inhibition of the 4,6-dichloro derivative is therefore competitive. Amongst the related amino-chloro-deoxysugars, methyl 6-chloro-6-deoxy-2,3-di-O-(l-alanyl)-α-d-gluco-pyrano side was found to be a full agonist. Our studies were then extended to disaccharide derivatives based on trehalose. This approach led to new highly intense sweeteners, as dimeric forms of the full agonist 2,3,2',3'-tetra-O-(l-alanyl)-6,6'-dichloro-6,6' -dideoxytrehalose. The derivatives with effective hydrophobic groups on the C-6 and C-6' positions, were found to be up to 800­1000 times sweeter than sucrose.
Novel functions and applications of trehalose
Authors: Higashiyama Takanobu 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Trehalose is a disaccharide with important functional properties. Although these properties have been recognized for many years, trehalose was not produced on an industrial scale. Recently, a novel enzymatic system for the production of trehalose was developed, and the cost has been dramatically reduced enough to permit widespread application. In the present study, the stabilization mechanism of unsaturated fatty acids by trehalose was found. Furthermore, possible suppressive effects of trehalose on osteoporosis development emerged from our experiments. Trehalose is also expected to be used for various applications in the fields of cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.
Erythritol. Functionality in noncaloric functional beverages
Authors: de Cock Peter , Bechert Claire-Lise 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Noncaloric functional beverages are a key segment in the rapidly growing functional food market. Erythritol, an all-natural bulk sweetener, offers sensorial as well as functional benefits for use in such beverages. It can improve taste quality by adding body and mouthfeel, and it is capable of masking unwanted off-flavors often associated with intense sweeteners. In addition, erythritol can strengthen the functional concept since it is noncaloric, noncariogenic, and nonglycemic, and it has antioxidant properties.
Fischer carbene complexes. A new tool for heterocyclic synthesis
Authors: Barluenga José 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
This short review covers our contribution in the field of the application of group 6 Fischer carbene complexes toward the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds. Alkenyl and alkynyl carbene complexes are suitable partners in [2+2], [3+2], [4+2], and [4+3] cycloaddition reactions. Moreover, chiral alkenyl carbene complexes react in sequential processes involving an initial Michael addition of a ketone lithium enolate to afford lactones with up to five consecutive stereogenic centers. Based on this strategy, we have devised a new method for the enantioselective synthesis of eight-membered carbocycles.