bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular Structure of Copper Nitrito Complex as the Reaction Intermediate of Dissimilatory Reduction of NO2−
Authors: Komeda Nobutoshi , Nagao Hirotaka , Adachi Gin-ya , Suzuki Masatatsu , Uehara Akira , Tanaka Koji 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Electrochemical reduction of NO2− by [Cu(tpa)(H2O)](ClO4)2 (tpa = tris[(2-pyridyl)methyl]amine) under the controlled potential electrolysis at −0.40 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) in H2O (pH 7.0) catalytically produced N2O with concomitant NO evolution. As the precursor of NO evolution, [Cu(tpa)(ONO)]PF6 was characterized by X-ray crystallography.
Synthesis and Fluorescence Properties of Divalent Europium -Poly(Methacrylate Containing [2.2.2] Cryptand) Complexes
Authors: Higashiyama Nobuyuki , Takemura Kazuki , Iwamura Ryo , Kimura Keiichi , Adachi Gin-ya 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Methacryloyloxymethyl-4,7,13,16,21,24-hexaoxa-1,10-diazabicyclo[8.8.8]hexacosane (MA[2.2.2]) has been synthesized and polymerized singly or copolymerized with methyl methacrylate (MMA). Complexes of these cryptand-attaching polymers with divalent europium ions exhibited blue luminescence located at ca. 450 nm. Encryptation of Eu2+ resulted in a large shift to lower wave number up to ca. 30–60 cm−1, in the infrared absorptions due to cryptand’s C-O-C stretching vibrations. The photophysical properties confirmed 1 : 1 stoichiometry of the Eu2+ cryptate.
Separation of Weak Acids and Bases by Neutralization Dialysis
Authors: Igawa Manabu , Tanabe Hideo , Ida Takahiro , Yamamoto Fumiko , Okochi Hiroshi 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Neutralization dialysis is a very effective deionization method and the transport of weak acids and bases is also facilitated by the neutralization reaction in the system. The transport rates of weak acids and bases increased with the increase of their dissociation constants.
Effect of In3+ in Nano-Scale CdS-Catalyzed Photoreduction of CO2
Authors: Kanemoto Masashi , Nomura Makoto , Wada Yuji , Akano Tohru , Yanagida Shozo 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
In3+-modified hexagonal CdS nanocrystallites prepared from Cd(ClO4)2·6H2O and H2S in N,N-dimethylformamide catalyze photoreduction of CO2 in the presence of a small quantity of In3+ under visible light, leading to the competitive formation of HCOO− with CO without loosing the quantum yield for the CO2 reduction obtained with unmodified hexagonal CdS nanocrystallites.
Generation of α-Radicals of Acetic Acid Derivatives from α-Stannyl Ester and Amide and Their Reactions with Electron-Rich Olefins
Authors: Kohno Yasushi , Narasaka Koichi 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Oxidation of α-tributylstannyl ester and amide with CeIV compounds generates α-radicals of acetic acid derivatives with the elimination of the stannyl group. The radicals thus generated react with various electron-rich olefins to give the corresponding addition products in good yield.
A New Transformation, α-Hydroxylation, of Pyridoxylidene-Amino Acid Mediated on Co(III) Complex
Authors: Jitsukawa Koichiro , Yamamoto Tetsuya , Masuda Hideki , Einaga Hisahiko 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Transformation of amino acid to α-hydroxy amino acid has been discovered in the Co(III) complex with pyridoxylidene-amino acid ligand, which has been discussed on the basis of the 1H-NMR and FAB mass spectroscopic data and X-ray crystallographic analysis.
Formation of Novel Trinuclear Ruthenium Alkoxo Complexes and a Tetrameric Ruthenium Hydroxo Complex. Crystal Structure of [(η5-C5Me5)Ru]3(μ3-O)(μ3-OiPr) and [(η5-C5Me5)Ru(μ3-OH)]4
Authors: Suzuki Hiroharu , Kakigano Takeaki , Igarashi Minoru , Usui Akira , Noda Kazumi , Oshima Masato , Tanaka Masako , Moro-oka Yoshihiko 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The dinuclear μ-carboxylatoruthenium complex [(η5-C5Me5)Ru(μ-OCOCF3)(μ-H)]2 (1) reacts with alkali metal alkoxide ROM (R = iPr, tBu; M = Na, K) to give novel trinuclear μ3-alkoxo-μ3-oxoruthenium complexes {(η5-C5Me5)Ru}3(μ3-O)(μ3-OR) (R = iPr, tBu). The tetrameric μ-hydroxoruthenium complex [(η5-C5Me5)Ru(μ3-OH)]4 is synthesized by treating 1 with potassium hydroxide. The structures of the complexes have been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction studies.
Dynamics in N2 Uptake by New Ruthenium(II) Tertiary Polyamine Complexes in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Takahashi Toshikazu , Hiratani Kazuhisa , Kasuga Kazuyuki , Kimura Eiichi 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
When Ti(III)Cl3 was injected to aqueous 1 mM HCl solutions of trans-[Ru(III)Cl2L1]+ (L1 = 2,5,9,12-tetramethyl-2,5,9,12-tetraazatridecane) under N2, almost quantitative N2 uptake by the reduced ruthenium(II) complex was observed. The first order initial rate constant 2.6 ± 0.3 × 10−4 s−1 was obtained which is the highest value among those so far reported. Much lower rate constants and absorption ratios were observed for homologous ruthenium tertiary polyamine complexes.
Reduction of Nitrobenzene on Solid Polymer Electrolyte Composite Electrodes Using a Hydrocarbon Sulfonate Ion-Exchange Membrane
Authors: Inaba Minoru , Fukuta Kenji , Ogumi Zempachi , Takehara Zen-ichiro 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Solid polymer electrolyte composite electrodes using a hydrocarbon sulfonate ion-exchange membrane, Selemion® CMV, were prepared (Cu-Selemion). Nitrobenzene was electroreduced on Cu-Selemion. At current densities greater than 32 mA cm−2, the current efficiency for aniline production decreased significantly because of hydrogen evolution. The reaction selectivity and the mass transport rate were improved by Nafion coating on Selemion. With Nafion-modified Cu-Selemion, aniline was obtained selectively and the current efficiencies for aniline production were as high as 90% up to 70 mA cm−2.
Quantitative in vitro Renaturation of Subtilisin BPN’ without the Aid of Pro-sequence
Authors: Matsubara Mamoru , Kurimoto Eiji , Kojima Shuichi , Miura Kin-ichiro , Sakai Tomoya 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
We demonstrate for the first time in vitro refolding of subtilisin BPN’. The presence of 2 M potassium acetate in renaturation solution was found to recover about 30% of native enzyme activity. Further, supplementation with Streptomyces subtilisin inhibitor(SSI) to the refolding medium lead to quantitative refolding of subtilisin as measured by subtilisin-SSI complex formation.
Effect of Acetonitrile Completely Suppressing Trans-to-cis Photoisomerization of Styrylpyrene Substituted with a Nitro Group
Authors: Kikuchi Yoshihiko , Okamoto Hiroaki , Arai Tatsuo , Tokumaru Katsumi 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Acetonitrile completely suppresses trans-to-cis isomerization of 1-[2(4-nitrophenyl)ethenyl]pyrene.
Structure and Properties of a Compound Formed by the Reaction of Molybdenum(II) Trifluoroacetate with 4,4′-Bipyridine
Authors: Handa Makoto , Yamada Kori , Nakao Tadahiro , Kasuga Kuninobu , Mikuriya Masahiro , Kotera Takanori 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The reaction of molybdenum(II) trifluoroacetate with 4,4′-bipyridine (bpy) in acetonitrile gave a pale yellow compound. The X-ray structural analysis of the compound showed that it consists of linear-chains formulated as [Mo2(O2CCF3)4·bpy]n and Mo2(O2CCF3)4·(bpy)2 dimers in the crystal.
A Convenient Synthesis of α,α′-Bis(substitutedbenzylidene)cycloalkanones
Authors: Nakano Taich , Migita Toshihiko 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The Cp2TiPh2-catalyzed reaction of cyclopentanone or cyclohexanones with benzaldehydes brought about the cross-aldol condensation to give the corresponding 2,5-bis(substitutedbenzylidene)cyclopentanones or 2,6-bis(substitutedbenzylidene)cyclohexanones in good yields under milder conditions than those previouly reported.
A Method for the Cyclic Enone Synthesis Using Lithium Chloride – Hexamethylphosphoramide System
Authors: Ozaki Yutaka , Kubo Ayako , Kim Sang-Won 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Cyclic enones were obtained from the reactions of β-keto esters with acyclic α,β-unsaturated ketones by using lithium chloride in hexamethylphosphoramide. The products were brought about via the Michael addition, decarboxylation, and the aldol condensation.
Massenmord und Militäropposition. Zur jüngsten Diskussion über den Widerstand im Stab der Heeresgruppe Mitte
Authors: Graml Hermann 
Published: April 2006

Vorspann
Am Anfang waren zwei Dokumente und eine Frage: Ab wann wußten führende Vertreter des deutschen militärischen Widerstands von dem im Sommer 1941 beginnenden Massenmord an den Juden und wie reagierten sie darauf? Johannes Hürter, der diese beiden Dokumente entdeckte, hat dazu im Juliheft 2004 der VfZ Stellung bezogen, Gerhard Ringshausen (Januarheft 2005) hat ihn kritisiert, Felix Römer (Juliheft 2005) unterstützt. Daher ist es nun an der Zeit, diese Fragen in einem umfassenden Kontext zu diskutieren.
Der Weltfußballverband FIFA im 20. Jahrhundert. Metamorphosen eines „Prinzipienreiters“
Authors: Eisenberg Christiane 
Published: April 2006

Vorspann
Der Weltfußballverband FIFA ist 2006, dem Jahr der 18. Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft, in aller Munde. Aber wer kennt seine Geschichte? Wer weiß etwas über die Grundlagen seines Erfolgs? Christiane Eisenberg macht uns mit bestimmten Organisationsprinzipien der FIFA bekannt, die seit der Gründung im Jahr 1904 gelten. Diese Prinzipien haben, so ihr Argument, dazu beigetragen, dass diese für die schönste Nebensache der Welt zuständige Autorität zu einem „global player“ avancieren konnte – und zwar nicht nur auf dem Gebiet des Sports, sondern auch der Entwicklungshilfe.
A Bayesian Analysis of Biological Uncertainty for a Whole-Lake Fertilization Experiment for Sockeye Salmon in Chilko Lake, British Columbia, and Implications for the Benefit–Cost Ratio
Authors: Maxwell Marla Rae , Peterman Randall M. , Bradford Michael J. , MacIsaac Erland A. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Chilko Lake in British Columbia, Canada, was fertilized with nitrogen and phosphorus in the late 1980s and early 1990s to increase abundance and harvests of adult sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka. Because of the short, 5-year duration of this program and the large inherent natural variation in adult recruits produced per spawner both before and during lake fertilization, there is considerable uncertainty about the efficacy of that fertilization. Recent analyses suggest a high probability that more adult sockeye salmon were produced per spawner from fertilization than would have been produced without fertilization, but the confidence interval on that increase is large. Furthermore, no economic analysis has been done to determine the effect of the large biological uncertainties on the benefit–cost (BC) ratio of the project. We filled this need by using Bayesian statistical analysis to estimate uncertainty in the parameters of four models that reflected different hypotheses about the biological effects of fertilization on sockeye salmon. We then used those estimated posterior probability distributions for (1) additional sockeye salmon recruits that were attributable to fertilization and (2) the resulting economic BC ratio. This ratio took into account costs of fertilization as well as costs and benefits of harvesting additional fish. We found evidence of biological and net economic benefits for the Chilko Lake fertilization project. Depending on the model, the posterior probability was at least 81% that the abundance of adult sockeye salmon increased owing to fertilization and at least 84% that the BC ratio was greater than 1.0 (mean BC ratio = 27). Nevertheless, considerable uncertainty remains because the 95% probability interval was large for the BC ratio. The breadth of the distribution for the BC ratio was probably underestimated because of uncertainties (omitted here) concerning various economic components of our analysis as well as the costs and benefits of the indirect effects of fertilization.
Influence of body size on swimming performance of four species of neonatal natricine snakes acutely exposed to a cholinesterase-inhibiting pesticide
Authors: Hopkins William A. , Winne Christopher T. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractLocomotor performance is an important fitness-related trait in reptiles because of its potential influence on prey capture and predator avoidance. Because cholinesterase-inhibiting pesticides disrupt neuromuscular signaling, reduction in performance seems to be a logical translation of this biochemical disruption to the organism level. In the present study, we compared the swimming performance of four species of natricine snakes acutely exposed to a formulation of carbaryl to determine whether neonatal body size or skin permeability influences responsiveness. Exposure to high concentrations of carbaryl (2.5–5.0 mg/L) resulted in reduced swimming performance in all four species of snakes, and species responded similarly to the pesticide once body size was accounted for allometrically. Using traditional methods in physiological ecology to estimate skin permeability (a parameter that influences the dose of contaminant absorbed), we found that water flux across the integument also scaled allometrically with body surface area and, therefore, was similar among species after controlling for this relationship. We suggest that future studies examining the effects of repeated low-dose exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors on performance parameters will be useful in assessing the ecological significance of our findings.
Effects of the organophosphate paraoxon-methyl on survival and reproduction ofDaphnia magna: Importance of exposure duration and recovery
Authors: Duquesne Sabine , Reynaldi Sebastián , Liess Matthias 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine the influence of exposure duration (1 h, 24 h, continuous) to paraoxon-methyl on the magnitude of lethal and sublethal effects, the shape of the concentration-response relationships and the recovery processes in Daphnia magna. Survival was more severely reduced in the continuous than in the pulse exposure regimes. The lethal concentrations (3d median lethal concentration [LC50] values) were 233, 2.33, and 1.14 μg/L after 1-h, 24-h, and continuous exposure, respectively. The shapes of the concentration-response relationships for survival were significantly different after 1 h of exposure than after 24-h and continuous exposure. Indeed, the slopes of the curves defined by the ratios LC90/LC10 (ratio of 90 and 10% lethal concentrations) were 100, 1.74, and 1.97 for 1-h, 24-h, and continuous exposure, respectively. The large difference between 1 h and longer durations of exposure shows that the population is partially affected (10–90%) over a much broader range of concentrations when exposure is short. Negative effects on reproductive outputs occurred mostly at concentrations affecting partly the survival and therefore also over a broad range of concentrations after 1 h of exposure. However, these effects were only transient in the pulse exposure regimes as individual performances recovered. By contrast, reproductive outputs of survivors exposed continuously remained impaired. These results suggest that a refined risk assessment should consider exposure duration because it influences the magnitude of effects and recovery.
Effects of sediment-bound zinc contamination on early life stages of the mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus L.) in the Christina Watershed, Delaware, USA
Authors: Guy Christopher Paul , Pinkney Alfred Eli , Taylor Malcolm Herbert 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
During the last century, the Christina River, the major estuarine river system in New Castle County (DE, USA), has received loadings of organic and inorganic chemicals, primarily from manufacturing facilities. Among the most abundant chemicals is zinc, which has accumulated in sediments at concentrations as high as 5,440 mg/kg. We studied the possible effects of zinc on early life stages of the mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus), a resident species in the river and watershed. We conducted three different types of exposures. The first was a 96-h median lethal concentration (LC50) test with larvae exposed to waterborne zinc. The second was a larval exposure with zinc-spiked sediments (obtained from the relatively uncontaminated Magothy River in Anne Arundel County, MD, USA). The third was an embryo–larval exposure with Christina River sediments having a gradient of zinc concentrations. The average 96-h LC50 with newly hatched yolk sac larvae was 970 μg/L. In the larval tests, the average 7- and 21-d LC50s were 1,154 and 1,012 mg/kg, respectively. In the embryo–larval test, no significant difference was found in survival at concentrations between 38.8 and 1,098 mg/kg. However, significant reductions were observed in condition factor at concentrations of 582, 799, and 1,098 mg/kg. We calculated an average no-observed-effects concentration of 579 mg/kg and an average lowest-observed-effects concentration of 849 mg/kg for larval survival. Based on these results, we suggest that zinc in the Christina River may be affecting early life stages of the mummichog.
Alteration of dissolved cadmium and zinc uptake kinetics by metal pre-exposure in the black sea bream (Acanthopagrus schlegeli)
Authors: Zhang Li , Wang Wen-Xiong 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWe first examined the uptake kinetics of Cd and Zn in the juvenile marine black sea bream (Acanthopagrus schlegeli) over a wide range of ambient Cd and Zn concentrations, and the relationships with metal accumulation (uptake rate and amount of nonexchangeable surface binding) were established for different fish tissues. Both Cd and Zn accumulation in the body increased linearly with exposure time after the initial metal surface binding. The dissolved Cd and Zn uptake rate constants were 2.64 and 6.50 L/kg/d, respectively, and the kinetics followed a first-order process. No evidence of biphasic transport was found, in contrast to the situation in freshwater fish. Viscera were the most important sites of metal uptake, and gills were the second most important sites. The black sea breams were then acclimated at different Cd or Zn concentrations from either waterborne or dietary source for one week, and the alteration of metal uptake kinetics or subcellular distribution and metallothionein (MT) induction were further quantified. The Cd body burden was enhanced up to 8.6- and 49-fold after waterborne and dietary Cd pre-exposure, respectively. Cadmium pre-exposure also altered the tissue-specific subcellular Cd distribution and significantly elevated tissue MT levels. In contrast, the black sea breams were able to regulate Zn accumulation, and waterborne or dietary Zn pre-exposure had only weak influences on Zn body burden and redistribution. Both Cd and Zn pre-exposures enhanced the metal uptake rate constants, whereas the nonexchangeable surface bindings were less impacted by these pre-exposures. We demonstrated a positive relationship between the Cd uptake rate and Cd or MT concentration in the fish. Pre-exposure to metals may substantially modify the kinetics of metal uptake.
Contaminated sediment testing with the bivalveMulinia lateralis: Culture refinement for organism availability
Authors: Cripe Geraldine M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAvailability of test species for estuarine benthic assessment is limited; therefore, a method was developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for using the dwarf surf clam (Mulinia lateralis) to identify adverse biological effects of bulk estuarine sediments. A multilaboratory evaluation of the draft method resulted in favorable responses from the participants with respect to general testing and handling of the clam. However, availability of good-quality test organisms was limited. An investigation of culture techniques determined that culture vessel topography dramatically influenced survival, because larvae accumulated in bottom depressions. Conditioning of brood stock was enhanced by algae naturally containing both 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 fatty acids. Survival of larvae to metamorphosis at 14 d postspawn was greatly increased by maintenance at a lighting of 734 lux with addition of gradually increasing amounts of Isochyris galbana and Chaetoceros calcitrans. Greater than 50% survival of 600 juveniles to testing size by 14 d postmetamorphosis was accomplished by intermittent delivery of algae 12 times per day in a total of 13 L of seawater. By 21 d postmetamorphosis, an additional 27% achieved testable size. As a result of identification of these culture parameters, test bivalves can be readily available to improve predictions of adverse biological effects on benthic communities beyond those presently determined through amphipod exposures.
Alternative approaches can greatly reduce the number of fish used for acute toxicity testing
Authors: Hoekzema Conny C. , Murk Albertinka J. , van de Waart Beppy J. , van der Hoeven Jan C. M. , de Roode Daphne F. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Acute toxicity tests with algae, daphnids, and fish are required for the classification and environmental risk assessment of chemicals. The degree of risk is determined by the lowest of these acute toxicity values. Many ecotoxicological programs are seeking to reduce the numbers of fish used in acute toxicity testing. The acute threshold test is a recently proposed strategy that uses, on average, only 10 (instead of 54) fish per chemical. We examined the consequences of reducing the number of fish used in toxicity testing on the ultimate outcome of risk assessments. We evaluated toxicity data sets for 507 compounds, including agrochemicals, industrial chemicals, and pharmaceuticals from our internal database. Theoretical applications of the acute threshold test gave similar results to those obtained with the standard fish median lethal concentration (LC50) test but required only 12% as many fish (3,195 instead of 27,324 fish used for all compounds in the database). In 188 (90%) of the 208 cases for which a complete data set was available, the median effect concentration for algae or daphnids was lower than the LC50 for fish. These results show that replacement of the standard fish LC50 test by the acute threshold test would greatly reduce the number of fish needed for acute ecotoxicity testing without any loss of reliability.
Population growth ofDaphnia magnaunder multiple stress conditions: Joint effects of temperature, food, and cadmium
Authors: Heugens Evelyn H. W. , Tokkie Lonneke T. B. , Kraak Michiel H. S. , Hendriks A. Jan , van Straalen Nico M. , Admiraal Wim 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAquatic organisms in the field often are exposed to combinations of stress factors of variousorigins. Little is known of the interaction between different types of stressors; hence, the predictability of their joint effects is low. Therefore, the present study analyzed the joint effects of temperature, food, and cadmium on the population growth rate of the water flea Daphnia magna. The results revealed that temperature, food, and cadmium, as well as their interactions, were important factors that influenced life-history parameters and, as a consequence, the population growth rate of D. magna. In general, population growth rate increased at high temperature and food level but decreased when cadmium was present. The positive effect of temperature on population growth rate was smallest at limiting food levels. Negative effects of cadmium on the growth rate were enhanced at elevated temperatures, whereas high food levels protected the daphnids from adverse effects of cadmium. To avoid over- or underestimation regarding the toxicity of substances to field populations, results of standard toxicity tests should be applied in a location-specific way.