bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preferences based on spectral differences in acoustic signals in four species of treefrogs (Anura: Hylidae)
Authors: Gerhardt H. Carl , Martínez-Rivera Carlos C. , Schwartz Joshua J. , Marshall Vincent T. , Murphy Christopher G. 
Published: August 2007

SUMMARYFrogs have two inner ear organs, each tuned to a different range of frequencies. Female treefrogs (Hylidae) of three species in which males produce calls with a bimodal spectrum (Hyla chrysoscelis, H. versicolor, H. arenicolor) preferred alternatives with a bimodal spectrum to alternatives with a single high-frequency peak. By contrast,females of H. avivoca, in which males produce calls with a single,high-frequency peak, preferred synthetic calls with a single high-frequency peak to calls with a bimodal spectrum. These results are consistent with the expectations of the matched-filter hypothesis and run counter to the predictions of the pre-existing bias hypothesis. At moderate to high playback levels (85–90 dB), females of H. avivoca and of two of three mtDNA-defined lineages of H. versicolor preferred unimodal signals with a high-frequency peak to those with a low-frequency peak. Females of H. chrysoscelis, H. arenicolor and the third lineage of H. versicolor did not show a preference, indicating that receiver mechanisms may be at least as evolutionarily labile as call structure. Spectral-peak preferences of gray treefrogs from Missouri, USA were intensity-dependent. Whereas females chose low-frequency calls at 65 dB spl, there was either no preference (H. chrysoscelis) or a preference for high-frequency calls (H. versicolor) at 85 and 90 dB spl. These non-linear effects indicate that there is an increasing influence of high-frequency energy on preferences as females approach calling males, and these results serve to emphasize that playback experiments conducted at a single level may have limited generality.
Increased non-linear locomotion alters diaphyseal bone shape
Authors: Carlson Kristian J. , Judex Stefan 
Published: August 2007

SUMMARYComparative studies of vertebrate morphology that link habitual locomotor activities to bone structural properties are often limited by confounding factors such as genetic variability between groups. Experimental assessment of bone's adaptive response to altered activity patterns typically involves superimposing exercise onto a normal locomotor repertoire, making a distinction between qualitative changes to locomotor repertoires and quantitative increases in activity level difficult. Here, we directly tested the hypothesis that an increase in turning activity, without the application of exercise per se, will alter femoral cross-sectional shape. Thirty day-old female BALB/cByJ mice (n=10 per group) were single-housed for 8 weeks in custom-designed cages that either accentuated linear or turning locomotion or allowed subjects to freely roam standard cages. Consistent with a lack of difference in physical activity levels between groups, there were no significant differences in body mass, femoral length, midshaft cortical area,and individual measures of mediolateral (ML) and anteroposterior (AP) bending rigidity. However, the ratio of ML to AP diaphyseal rigidity, an indicator of cross-sectional shape, was significantly greater (P&lt;0.05) in turning subjects than in linear or control subjects. Considering that across all groups mice were genetically identical and had equivalent levels of bone quantity and physical activity, differences in femoral shape were attributed to qualitative differences in locomotor patterns (i.e. specific locomotor modes). These data indicate that increased turning can alter distribution of bone mass in the femoral diaphysis, and that turning should be considered in efforts to understand form–function relationships in vertebrates.
Small but powerful: the oribatid miteArchegozetes longisetosusAoki (Acari, Oribatida) produces disproportionately high forces
Authors: Heethoff Michael , Koerner Lars 
Published: August 2007

SUMMARYWe investigated the holding and pulling forces generated by claws of the microarthropod Archegozetes longisetosus (Chelicerata, Acari,Oribatida) on three substrates with different roughness(Ra=0.05 μm, 1 μm, 30 μm). Holding forces were measured perpendicular to the substrate using a strain gage force transducer;pulling forces were measured parallel to the substrate using an analytical scale. We found a significant positive correlation of surface roughness and the forces generated. Mites produced holding forces on horizontal rough surfaces (Ra=30 μm) of up to 1180 times their weight;on vertical rough surfaces (Ra=30 μm) they can pull with 530 times their weight, effectively involving only two pairs of legs. The relative forces are five times higher than theoretically expected for organisms of this size (&lt;1 mm, 100 μg) and higher than any relative forces reported for insect claws. Muscles involved in claw action produced stresses up to 1170 kN m–2, a value that is only excelled by decapod crustacean claw closer muscles. Ours is the first study of performance by chelicerate apoteles and claws and also the first to measure forces generated by any microarthropod.
An experimental study of the dual-fuel performance of a small compression ignition diesel engine operating with three gaseous fuels
Authors: Stewart J , Clarke A , Chen R 
Published: August 2007

A dual-fuel engine is a compression ignition (CI) engine where the primary gaseous fuel source is premixed with air as it enters the combustion chamber. This homogenous mixture is ignited by a small quantity of diesel, the ‘pilot’, that is injected towards the end of the compression stroke. In the present study, a direct-injection CI engine, was fuelled with three different gaseous fuels: methane, propane, and butane. The engine performance at various gaseous concentrations was recorded at 1500 r/min and quarter, half, and three-quarters relative to full a load of 18.7 kW. In order to investigate the combustion performance, a novel three-zone heat release rate analysis was applied to the data. The resulting heat release rate data are used to aid understanding of the performance characteristics of the engine in dual-fuel mode. Data are presented for the heat release rates, effects of engine load and speed, brake specific energy consumption of the engine, and combustion phasing of the three different primary gaseous fuels. Methane permitted the maximum energy substitution, relative to diesel, and yielded the most significant reductions in CO2. However, propane also had significant reductions in CO2 but had an increased diffusional combustion stage which may lend itself to the modern high-speed direct-injection engine.
Real-time in vivo imaging by high-speed spectral optical
coherence tomography
Authors: Wojtkowski Maciej , Bajraszewski Tomasz , Targowski Piotr , Kowalczyk Andrzej 
Published: August 2007

An improved spectral optical coherence tomography technique is used to
obtain cross-sectional ophthalmic images at an exposure time of
64 µs per A-scan. This method allows real-time
images as well as static tomograms to be recorded in
vivo.
Einleitung / Editorial
Authors: Pollmann Karla 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Augustin ist wohl der einflußreichste Kirchenlehrer des Lateinischen Westens, und seine Gedanken vermögen immer noch zu inspirieren, zu beunruhigen oder auch zu Widerspruch herauszufordern. Kaum jemand, der sich auch nur ansatzweise mit seiner Gedankenwelt auseinandersetzt, vermag ihr gleichgültig gegenüberzustehen. Diese imposante Stellung Augustins in der (nicht nur europäischen) Geistesgeschichte ist im wesentlichen unbestritten, jedoch nur zu Teilen erforscht. Daher befaßt sich ein interdisziplinäres und internationales, vom britischen Leverhulme Trust gefördertes und an der University von St Andrews (Schottland) beheimatetes Projekt „After Augustine. A Survey of His Reception from 430 to 2000“ mit dieser Thematik, wobei ein möglichst breites Spektrum der Rezeption Augustins durch die Jahrhunderte auch über die Theologie hinaus abgedeckt werden soll. Weitere Informationen zu diesem Projekt finden sich auf der Website www.st-and.ac.uk/classics/after-augustine. Im Rahmen dieses Projektes fand im Mai 2006 an der Universität von St Andrews ein Workshop unter dem Titel „Probing Augustine in the 21st Century – Icon or Taboo?“ statt. Es hatte zum Ziel, aktuelle Forschungspositionen zu Augustin zu skizzieren, wobei besonderes Augenmerk darauf gerichtet werden sollte, inwieweit zum einen Augustins Werke selbst die Sichtweise der Forschung in ihrer Beurteilung beeinflussen, und inwieweit zum anderen diese Beurteilung auch von vorgefaßten Meinungen oder Wertvorstellungen bestimmt werden kann. Drei der dort gehaltenen Vorträge sind in diesen Band aufgenommen worden (Baker-Brian, Elliott, Lössl). Die restlichen Beiträge wurden im Nachhinein rekrutiert, um auf einer umfassenderen chronologischen Basis noch weitere Aspekte einbeziehen zu können.
Augustin-Rezeption im Reich der Vandalen. Die Altercatio sancti Augustini cum Pascentio Arriano
Authors: Heil Uta 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
The essay deals with the so called Altercatio sancti Augustini cum Pascentio Arriano, a dialogue of an unknown author, and describes how the information of the preserved correspondence between Augustine and Pascentius (ep. 238–341) was used to create a dialogue between these combatants, supervised by a iudex Laurentius. Augustine and Pascentius were discussing the “Arian” question in many aspects as one can see from their extant letters, but the author of the Altercatio mainly concentrated on the term “homoousios” and made ‘Augustine’ successfully defending this term against “homoian” criticism. In all probability the Altercatio was written during the time of the Vandal kingdom in North-Africa at the end of the 5th century (the ascription to Vigil of Thapsus must remain undecided) and can be judged as a hint at the growing prestige of Augustine in this region.
Das Symbolum Quicumque als Kompilation augustinischer Tradition
Authors: Drecoll Volker Henning 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
The article aims to analyse the origin of the so-called Athanasianum or Symbolum Quicumque. The text, whose extraordinary reception from the 8th century onwards is clear from the various manuscripts and commentaries of this time, has to be dated before the first reference to it in 670 (or perhaps even before 630). For establishing the terminus post quem, a detailed analysis of the verbal parallels in Augustine and the various authors of the 5th and 6th century has been done again. This leads to the conclusion that the text is for the most part a compilation of verbal quotes of Augustine and Augustinian theologians. Especially those authors who tried to ‘compress’ the trinitarian and christological theology of Augustine as Vincentius, Fulgentius and even Caesarius, are used, nearly no expression of the text cannot be found in these Augustinian traditions. As Caesarius (even Sermo 10) does not seem to be the first witness of the Symbolum Quicumque, but one of its sources, even the famous prologue of the manuscript of Zwiefalten is not originally by Caesarius, but uses the Caesarian-Augustinian tradition stating that the prologue is written by Augustine himself. The manuscript shows clearly the purpose of the compilation, i.e. the aim to establish an Augustinian “standard level” for the clergy. So the text is not only a reception of Augustine, but in the same instance an important multiplication of this Augustinian tradition. This is a very useful example for describing the focus of a modern “Dogmengeschichte” – searching for the concepts and theological thoughts that were not only conditioned by, but even shaping the cultural frame-work and the Christian identity (or identities) of their time.
Effects of Specimen Size and Some Other Factors on the Strength and Deformation of Granular Soil in Direct Shear Tests
Authors: Wu Po-Kai , Matsushima Kenichi , Tatsuoka Fumio 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Four direct shear (DS) apparatuses having different sizes with the specimen lengths ranging from 40 to 800 mm were constructed in the study. The vertical and shear stresses acting on the shear zone were measured as accurately as possible confirming its importance. Noticeable effects of specimen shape were observed. The effects of specimen size were evaluated by performing constant pressure DS tests on a fine poorly graded sand (Toyoura sand) in the small, semimedium, medium and large DS apparatuses and a well-graded sandy gravel in the medium DS apparatus. The residual shear strength of Toyoura sand was independent of the specimen size and initial density. Due likely to specimen size effects on both progressive failure and boundary mechanical restraint, the peak strength decreased with an increase in the specimen size. As the specimen size increased with dense Toyoura sand and as the particle size increased in the medium DS tests, the shear displacement at the peak stress and the ultimate volume increase at the residual state consistently increased while the postpeak strain softening became slower. These specimen size effects can be attributed to the thickness of shear zone and the number of shear bands included in the shear zone.
Effectively Estimating In situ Porosity of Pervious Concrete from Cores
Authors: Haselbach Liv M. , Freeman Robert M. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Pervious concrete is an alternative pavement material which may help reduce nonpoint source pollution problems. The porosity of pervious concrete is an important parameter used for both pavement and environmental design and is dependent on field placement techniques. It is recommended that porosity be tested on field-placed specimens. It has been noted that some of the concrete is knocked out while coring from field-placed samples which may affect the porosity. This paper researches a methodology for estimating the in situ porosity of pervious concrete from the porosities of cores taken from the field based on aggregate size, core size and porosity.
Acceleration of Sensory Neural Regeneration and Wound Healing with Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Immunodeficient Rats
Authors: Imaizumi Toshifumi , Akita Sadanori , Akino Kozo , Hirano Akiyoshi 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
The sensory nerve is highly involved in lower extremity wound healing. In diabetic and vascular diseases, impaired nerve function and blood flow delay wound healing. Tissue regeneration using adult stem cells is a targeted therapeutic modality in disorders of nerve and blood supply. Effective delivery using an autologous vascularized fascial flap as a vehicle of stem cells leads to severed sensory nerve recovery, local tissue blood flow, and wound healing. Human MSCs (hMSCs) were transfected with green fluorescent protein (GFP) cDNA and tested for efficiency and proliferation in vitro. The nude rat model with femoral vessel and saphenous nerve severance and ligation was wrapped with a vascularized epigastric flap for GFP-hMSC, fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), or a combination of both after 2 weeks. Maximum nerve conduction velocity recovered to 70% of the presurgical level in the GFP-hMSC- and FGF-2-treated group at 2 weeks. Blood flow and nerve conduction velocity were positively correlated at 1 week. Wound healing in the ipsilateral paw had significantly improved by 1 week. Histologically, blood vessels and nerves are very organized, and regenerated neuron immunoreactivity of GAP-43 and a nerve regrowth marker of S-100 were remarkable in the human GFP (hGFP)-hMSC and FGF-2-treated group at 2 weeks; therefore, sensory nerve regeneration, blood flow, and wound healing were improved by the administration of stem cells and FGF-2 via a vascularized flap. This may be implicated in clinical denervated and reduced circulation tissue wound healing.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
The Pennsylvanian (Moscovian) Izvarino Section, Donets Basin, Ukraine: A Multidisciplinary Study on Microfacies, Biostratigraphy (Conodonts, Foraminifers, and Ostracodes), and Paleoecology
Authors: Fohrer Beate , Nemyrovska Tamara I. , Samankassou Elias , Ueno Katsumi 
Published: August 2007

The mid-Moscovian Izvarino section, Donets Basin, eastern Ukraine, exhibits a complete sedimentological record of siliciclastics (sandstones, siltstones, and calcareous shales) with limestone intercalations and, rarely, coal seams. A multidisciplinary study including microfacies analysis, systematic paleontology (conodonts, fusulinoideans, and ostracodes), biostratigraphy, and paleoecology was focused on the limestones, from limestone L4through limestone M1, and the adjacent marine shales. Based on sedimentology and fossil associations, the cyclic sediments of the Izvarino section were interpreted as entirely marine deposits of open- and shallow-marine, nearshore and offshore environments with variable terrigenous input.The well-preserved ostracode faunas are dominated by representatives of the families Amphissitidae, Hollinellidae, Healdiidae, Cavellinidae, and Paraparchitidae. The total fauna is 18 species, of which four are new:Hollinella (Hollinella) granulobaFohrer, n. sp.,Hollinella(Praehollinella)kamenkaFohrer, n. sp.,Jordanites krasnodonensisFohrer, n. sp., andAsturiella donbassicaFohrer, n. sp. The conodont fauna includes 21 species belonging to nine genera and includes one new species:Idiognathodus izvaricusNemyrovska, n. sp. The conodont faunas are dominated by idiognathodontids. Representatives ofDiplognathodusandNeognathodusplay a subordinate role. A total of 56 fusulinoidean species referable to 20 genera has been identified; one is new:Eostaffella brazhnikovaeUeno, n. sp.Conodont and fusulinoidean biostratigraphy led to surprising differences in the age assignment of the Izvarino section and its correlation with the nearby Moscow Basin, Russia. The interval studied is lower Kashirian (Tsninskaya) to middle Kashirian (Narskaya), according to conodonts. It extends to the base of the Podolskian, however, according to fusulinoideans. This discrepancy is possibly related to problems in correlation of the type sections in the Moscow Basin. It calls for reexamination of the mid-Moscovian boundary interval and shows the limits of interbasinal correlations based on a single fossil group.
A new species of Stephanostomum Looss, 1899 (Digenea, Acanthocolpidae) with a bizarre oral sucker: S. adlardi sp. nov. from the common coral trout Plectropomus leopardus (Lacepède, 1802) (Perciformes, Serranidae) from Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef
Authors: Bray Rodney , Cribb Thomas , Waeschenbach Andrea , Littlewood D. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA new species of Acanthocolpidae, Stephanostomum adlardi is described from the serranid Plectropomus leopardus from Lizard Island in the northern Great Barrier Reef. It differs from all previously described acanthocolpids in the structure of the oral sucker which is extended into dorsal and ventral lobes each bearing a row of spines. A phylogenetic tree estimated from combined nuclear small and partial large ribosomal RNA gene sequences shows that, despite the unusual oral sucker structure, the species is a true member of the genus Stephanostomum. The molecular results also suggest that Monostephanostomum nolani is derived from within Stephanostomum.
A new species of Ascarophis (Nematoda, Cystidicolidae) from the stomach of the marine scorpaeniform fish Hoplichthys citrinus from a seamount off the Chesterfield Islands, New Caledonia
Authors: Moravec František , Justine Jean-Lou 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA new species of parasitic nematode, Ascarophis (Similascarophis) richeri sp. nov. (Cystidicolidae), is described from the stomach of the marine scorpaeniform fish Hoplichthys citrinus Gilbert (Hoplichthyidae) (prevalence 19%, intensity 1–8 nematodes per fish) collected in the region of the Chesterfield Islands (Coral Sea, west of New Caledonia) in October 2005. The new species, studied using both light and scanning electron microscopy, is characterized mainly by the structure of the mouth (highly reduced pseudolabia, high pseudolabial terminal projections, no submedian labia, well-developed, bilobed sublabia), bifurcate deirids, the length of the spicules (663–729 μm and 105–108 μm) and the presence of filaments on both egg poles (2–5 on each). Similascarophis Muñoz, González et George-Nascimento, 2004 is considered a subgenus of Ascarophis van Beneden, 1871 to accommodate the species characterized by highly reduced pseudolabia. Presence of the new species in fish from Seamount Nova (Lord Howe Rise) but not from the Chesterfield plateau suggests that it is endemic to this seamount, a case already encountered for many benthic invertebrates.
Redescription of Pseudogilquinia pillersi (Southwell, 1929) (Cestoda, Trypanorhyncha) from serranid and lethrinid fishes from New Caledonia and Australia
Authors: Beveridge Ian , Chauvet Claude , Justine Jean-Lou 
Published: August 2007

AbstractPseudogilquinia pillersi (Southwell, 1929), a poorly known species of trypanorhynch, is redescribed from plerocerci collected from Epinephelus coioides (Hamilton, 1922), Epinephelus malabaricus (Bloch et Schneider, 1801) (Serranidae) and Plectropomus laevis (Lacépède, 1801) (Serranidae) off New Caledonia. These were compared with specimens from Lethrinus atkinsoni Seale, 1910 and Lethrinus miniatus (Forster, 1801) (Lethrinidae) off the north-east coast of Australia as well as syntypes from Protonibea diacantha (Lacépède, 1802) from Sri Lanka. Although size differences were found in parts of the scolex as well as in the sizes of the tentacular hooks, the hook arrangements were identical in all specimens. The differences observed were attributed provisionally to intra-specific variation across a wide geographic and host range.
Detection of molecular markers for chloroquine and pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine resistance in imported cases of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Poland
Authors: Myjak Przemysław , Nahorski Wacław , Szostakowska Beata , Żarnowska-Prymek Hanna , Pietkiewicz Halina 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe identified mutations in the pfcrt, dhfr and dhps genes of Plasmodium falciparum show a very high correlation with resistance to chloroquine, pyrimethamine and sulfadoxine, the drugs that are still used as malaria chemoprophylaxis or treatment. We undertook a molecular screening of 82 Polish P. falciparum isolates, mainly imported from different countries of sub-Saharan Africa to assess their molecular drug-resistance profiles. Only 4 isolates showed no mutations in the three analyzed gene fragments. In the remaining isolates from one to six mutations in one or more examined genes were found. Different mutations in the pfcrt, dhfr and dhps genes were found in ca. 76%, 80% and 70% of P. falciparum isolates, respectively. About forty our patients used chloroquine or pyrimethamine + sulfadoxine as malaria chemoprophylaxis and/or antimalarial treatment, but without success. In all but 5 of the P. falciparum isolates obtained from these persons, mutations associated to resistance of the parasite to chloroquine and the antifolate drugs were found.