bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Natural History of Infixation
Authors: Yu Alan C. L. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This book presents a cross-linguistic study of the phenomenon of infixation, typically associated in English with words like nullim-bloody-possiblenull, and found in all the world's major linguistic families. Infixation is a central puzzle in prosodic morphology: the book explores its prosodic, phonological, and morphological characteristics; considers its diverse functions, and formulates a general theory to explain the rules and constraints by which it is governed. The book examines 154 infixation patterns from over a hundred languages, including examples from Asia, Europe, Africa, New Guinea, and South America. It compares the formal properties of different kinds of infix, explores the range of diachronic pathways that lead to them, and considers the processes by which they are acquired in first language learning. A central argument of the book concerns the idea that the typological tendencies of language may be traced back to its origins and to the mechanisms of language transmission. The book thus combines the history of infixation with an exploration of the role diachronic and functional factors play in synchronic argumentation: it is an exemplary instance of the holistic approach to linguistic explanation.
What is infixation?
Authors: Yu Alan C. L. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of the nature of infixation from both descriptive and theoretical perspectives. It lays out the basic properties of the two main approaches to infixation: Phonological Readjustment and Phonological Subcategorization. It shows that the Phonological Readjustment approach includes much that is local and parochial, and should be discarded in favour of principles of broad applicability.
Subcategorization in context
Authors: Yu Alan C. L. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter presents a concrete, crucially holistic, model for understanding the distributional properties of infixes. There are three main components to this model. Section 3.1 offers a formal theory of phonological subcategorization and, by extension, morphological subcategorization that can express the full range of subcategorization relations in language. Section 3.2 shows that such a theory is possible if the present theory of phonological subcategorization is situated within a declarative unification-based framework of grammatical analysis. Section 3.3 argues that the model must also include a theory of how phonological subcategorization interacts with grammar-external constraints imposed on morphological learning and morphological change. Section 3.4 shows that a proper understanding of the synchronic typology of infix distribution requires the theory of affix placement, indeed of grammar as a whole, to be embedded within a temporal axis.
Ancient Greek Accentuation
Authors: Probert Philomen 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe accentuation of many categories of ancient Greek word appears arbitrary, but this book points to some striking correlations between accentuation and a word’s synchronic morphological transparency, and between accentuation and word frequency that give clues to the prehistory of the accent system. Bringing together comparative evidence for the Indo-European accentuation of the relevant categories with recent insights into the effects that loss of transparency and word frequency have on language change, the book uses the synchronically observable correlations to bridge the gap between the accentuation patterns reconstructable for Indo-European and those directly attested for Greek from the Hellenistic period onwards. As well as yielding a better understanding of the history of Greek accentuation, this study produces some more general discoveries. The notion that recessive accentuation is the most globally regular — in the terms of some ‘default’ — accentuation for ancient Greek, current in work on Greek phonology, turns out to have implications for the history of the language since the synchronic patterns point to a process by which words originating in non-recessive morphological categories often became recessive after their morphological analysis was lost. Both this loss of analysis and the subsequent change in accentuation are inhibited under certain conditions relating to a word’s frequency. The study yields new insights into the role of frequency in language change, and into some aspects of Indo-European accentuation.
Continuity and Change in Greek Accentuation
Authors: Probert Philomen 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe evidence for ancient Greek accentuation is tantalizingly achronological, and there is no direct evidence until the Hellenistic period. This chapter surveys the indirect evidence pointing to elements of continuity between different periods in the history (or prehistory) of the Greek accent system up to the Hellenistic period, and to elements of change. Evidence for continuity is drawn from comparisons with accentuation in other Indo-European languages, especially Vedic Sanskrit; from comparison between the accent systems attested for different Greek dialects; and from the relative chronology of the law of limitation and quantitative metathesis. Significant prehistoric Greek innovations are the law of limitation; the recessive accentuation of the finite verb; and the accent shifts described by Wheeler’s law, Vendryes’ law, and Bartoli’s law. Wheeler’s law is treated in particular detail.
Indo-European Poetry and Myth
Authors: West M. L. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The Indo-Europeans — speakers of the prehistoric parent language from which most European and some Asiatic languages are descended — most probably lived on the Eurasian steppes some five or six thousand years ago. This book investigates their traditional mythologies, religions, and poetries, and points to elements of common heritage. In The East Face of Helicon (1997), the author of this present work showed the extent to which Homeric and other early Greek poetry was influenced by Near Eastern traditions, mainly non-Indo-European. This book presents a foil to that work by identifying elements of more ancient, Indo-European heritage in the Greek material. Topics covered include the status of poets and poetry in Indo-European societies; metre, style, and diction; gods and other supernatural beings, from Father Sky and Mother Earth to the Sun-god and his beautiful daughter, the Thunder-god and other elemental deities, and earthly orders such as Nymphs and Elves; the forms of hymns, prayers, and incantations; conceptions about the world, its origin, mankind, death, and fate; the ideology of fame and of immortalization through poetry; the typology of the king and the hero; the hero as warrior; and the conventions of battle narrative.
Military Manpower
Authors: Oliver G. J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe command structure and infrastructure of the fortified garrisons reveals how the defence of rural Attica was a central focus for the Athenian polis in the early Hellenistic period, particularly given the absence of state control over the harbours of Piraeus. The deployment of manpower, evolving in the late Classical and early Hellenistic period, complements these two areas. Epigraphical evidence from the fortress demes and from the city of Athens reveals a great deal about how the polis organized and deployed soldiers, particularly its own citizens. This chapter argues that the polis depended considerably on those citizens in both major military operations and garrison duties in Attica.
7 The Rise of Bank‐Related Corporate Revival Funds
Authors: Yanagawa Noriyuki 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter explores the dramatic growth of corporate revival funds in Japan. These funds are made up of private equity and represent an alternative to main bank intervention in promoting corporate restructuring. Moreover, corporate revival funds have contributed to the reduction of non-performing loans in the banking sector. These funds now play an active role in promoting M&A activities. Many of these emerging funds specialized on corporate revival are, in fact, closely related to Japanese banks. While revival funds were nearly all managed by foreign companies before 2000, new government related funds have also emerged, such as the Industrial Revitalization Corporation fund. This development raises questions as to how bank funds' activities are distinct and may complement traditional forms of bank monitoring over client firms. The chapter argues that a potential merit of bank related funds is to diminish moral hazard problems by separating rehabilitation activities from the banks.
14 Organizational Diversity and Institutional Change: Evidence from Financial and Labor Markets in Japan
Authors: Sako Mari 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Japan's economic success has been attributed largely to the nature of its national institutions and economic systems, such as relational banking, lifetime employment, and relational contracting in intermediate product markets. These institutions and systems were tightly linked to facilitate governing the Japanese economy, but more diverse patterns of organizing have become evident since the 1990s. For instance, in financial markets, venture capital funds and IPOs (initial public offerings) have appeared alongside relational banking to finance start-ups. In labour markets, non-standard forms of employment have come to be a significant alternative to the lifetime employment norm. It is clear that the Japanese business system is becoming more diverse from within. But when, why, and how has such organizational diversity come about in Japan? And is such diversity a sign of gradual breakdown of the system, or has it become the very characteristic of the Japanese system? If it is the former, what is the process by which we should expect the emergence of a new system? If the latter, how much diversity can be sustained within a system?
The New Old Economy
Authors: Whitford Josh 
Published: September 2007

AbstractAmerican manufacturing is in crisis: the sector lost three million jobs between 2000 and 2003 as the American trade deficit shot to record highs. Manufacturers have increasingly decentralized productive responsibilities to armies of supplier firms, both domestically and abroad. Many have speculated as to whether or not manufacturing is even feasible in the United States, given the difficulties. This book examines the issues behind this crisis, looking at the emergence of a ‘new old economy’, in which relationships between firms have become much more important. It shows that discussion of this shift, in the media and in the academic literature, hits on the right issues — globalization, de-industrialization, and the outsourcing of production in marketized and in network relationships — but in an overly polarized way that obscures as much as it enlightens. Drawing on the results of interviews conducted with manufacturers in the American Upper Midwest, the book shows that the range of possibilities is more complex and contingent than is usually recognised. Highlighting heretofore unexamined elements of constraint, contradiction, and innovation that characterize contemporary network production models, the book shakes received understandings in economic and organizational sociology, comparative political economy, and economic geography to reveal ways in which the American economic development apparatus can be adjusted to better meet the challenges of a highly decentralized production regime.
3 Defining Environmental Justice in the USA
Authors: Schlosberg David 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines the definitions of justice by both academics of, and groups within, the environmental justice movement in the US. After a brief description of the types of groups and organizations that make up the environmental justice movement in the US, the chapter goes into detail describing equity-based, recognition-focused, procedural, and capability-oriented frames of justice from both the movement itself and the literature about it.
Japanese Business Groups: Continuity in the Face of Change
Authors: Ahmadjian Christina L. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter describes the recent changes in Japanese keiretsu. Japan’s home-grown banking crisis began in the early 1990s, even before the Asian Crisis, when the stock market and real estate markets declined dramatically after the burst of the asset bubble in the late 1980s. Several banks went bankrupt and some high-profile inter-group bank mergers occurred. The tightening of requirements for consolidated accounting also made it harder for firms to manage their earnings by allocating gains and losses among group firms. Moreover, increased foreign ownership helped loosen inter-firm ties between keiretsu firms. This chapter examines the ownership and director ties of keiretsu firms to find out whether the keiretsu form was disrupted due to this series of events. The conclusion is that, although some peripheral relationships have been disrupted, the relationships among core firms have remained robust despite these changes.
Malaysian Business Groups: The State and Capital Development in the Post-Currency Crisis Period
Authors: Gomez Edmund Terence 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter on Malaysian business groups demonstrates how much Malaysia was influenced by East Asian corporate models, specifically the chaebol and the keiretsu, in the way the national economy developed. In addition, affirmative action policies favoring indigenous Malays, known as Bumiputeras, contributed to the rise of several major business groups. Businesses run by the ethnic Chinese had to accommodate the state in order to survive and expand, which led to these entrepreneurs building connections with politicians. The Asian Crisis had a profound impact on domestic capitalists, especially well-connected ones. Some leading Bumiputeras capitalists lost control of their corporate assets since they were burdened with enormous debts and depended too much on state leaders. Their corporate activities were often influenced by politicians and affected by political crises. As a consequence, business groups with better political connections thrived. Others, with the wrong connections, lost their businesses.
Predicting Party Sizes
Authors: Taagepera Rein 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
For a given electoral system, what average number and size distribution of parties can we expect? This book makes specific predictions that agree with world averages. The basic factors are assembly size and district magnitude (the number of seats allocated in the district). While previous models tell us only the direction in which to change the electoral system, the present ones also tell us by how much they must be changed so as to obtain the desired change in party system and cabinet duration. These are quantitatively predictive logical models. Combined with known particularities of a country, these models can be used for informed institutional design. Allocation of seats among countries in the European Parliament is also put on a logical basis.
5 Deviation from Proportional Representation and Proportionality Profiles
Authors: Taagepera Rein 
Published: September 2007

AbstractExcessive deviation from proportional representation may hurt the democratic legitimacy of the regime. The simplest way to measure the deviation from PR is to add all the differences between seat and vote shares of each party, then divide by two. Proportionality profiles are a way to show which parties are advantaged and which are disadvantaged. Volatility of votes from one election to the next can be measured the same way as the deviation from PR.
6 Openness to Small Parties: The Micro‐Mega Rule and the Seat Product
Authors: Taagepera Rein 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The micro-mega rule says that for representation of small parties, it helps to have large assembly sizes, large district magnitudes, and large quotas or large gaps between divisors in seat allocation formulas. Conversely, large parties would prefer small assemblies, magnitudes and quotas — but only if they are absolutely certain to stay large. Worldwide tendency has been to play it safe and move toward more inclusive representation. The number of parties increases with increasing ‘seat product’ — the number of seats in the assembly times the number of seats in the average district — unless the seats are allocated by plurality in multi-seat districts.
13 The Law of Minority Attrition
Authors: Taagepera Rein 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe more important levels have fewer positions, and the share of minorities goes down. The law of minority attrition is a quantitatively predictive logical model that expresses it more precisely. A party with a small share of seats gets an even smaller share of seats, and the precise figure depends on assembly size and the total number of voters. The law of minority attrition might also help determine which part of the ‘rubber ceiling’ on women's advancement is natural and which part is socially imposed.
15 Thresholds of Representation and the Number of Pertinent Electoral Parties
Authors: Taagepera Rein 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe nationwide threshold of minimal representation is the average vote share needed to win one seat in the assembly. It is close to 38% divided by the square root of the seat product (assembly size times district magnitude). If greater inclusion of political minorities is desired, this threshold can be lowered by increasing district magnitude and/or assembly size. The number of serious or pertinent parties might be close to square root plus fourth root of district magnitude, plus one.
16 Seat Allocation in Federal Second Chambers and the Assemblies of the European Union
Authors: Taagepera Rein 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe number of seats in the European Parliament roughly equals the cube root of the population of the European Union. This theoretically based ‘cube root law of assembly sizes’ also fits most national assemblies, and it could be made the official norm for the EP. Allocation of EP seats and Council of the EU voting weights among member states has for forty years closely approximated the distribution a ‘minority enhancement equation’ predicts, solely on the basis of the number and populations of member states plus the total number of seats/voting weights. This logically founded formula could be made the official norm, so as to save political wrangling. It may also be of use for some other supranational bodies and federal second chambers.
Introduction
Authors: Hinzen Wolfram 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter reviews current 20th-century philosophical and biological traditions that deny human nature as a valid concept of inquiry. These include most traditions of both continental and analytic philosophy; various versions of evolutionary psychology and ‘New Synthesis’ biology; functionalism; and eliminative materialism. Opposing all of these traditions, the chapter also introduces the notion of human mind design as an empirical topic for rational inquiry similar to that of early modern ‘natural philosophy’.
Prior to Function
Authors: Hinzen Wolfram 
Published: September 2007

Abstract‘Prior to function’ are structural preconditions that enter into the ordinary use of language, such as its communicative use. This dependence does not allow the explanation of language as a function of its communicative use. Claims of the social-externalist and Wittgenstein notwithstanding, the minimalist and internalist project is consistent with Wittgenstein's aims. The chapter rehearses well-known facts about the acquisition of language that set some boundary conditions for any theory of language.
Beyond the Autonomy of Syntax
Authors: Hinzen Wolfram 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter argues that syntax in the sense of the generative tradition has never been autonomous. The non-Chomskyan assumption that it is or has been, found for example in Jackendoff's views of the architecture of the language faculty, is criticized. The generative project, if one looks at its evolution, reflects a coherent move towards making independently motivated structural conditions on syntax explanatory for structural aspects of linguistic meaning. The status of ‘semantics’ is discussed in this light. Generative grammar in its technical aspects is introduced from the bottom-up, isolating various components to analyse their semantic effects, i.e., their causal role in the emergence of a systemic semantics of the kind that human language exhibits. Non-functional rationalizations of movement are discussed.
Good Design!
Authors: Hinzen Wolfram 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter asks how far the project of vindicating best design considerations can be carried, as well as the project of naturalizing meaning by reducing it to independently motivated structural conditions on syntax. That syntax may, in a formulation of Uriagereka, ‘carve the path interpretation must blindly follow’, hence that semantics emerges in the strict confines of structures projected by the computational system of language, is argued to be the philosophical essence of the Minimalist Project. No such optimism is at this point warranted for the study of human lexical concepts, which remain a murky and perhaps scientifically inaccessible topic. The need for a reconceptualization of philosophical epistemology (a theory of knowledge) is explored. While it is a surprising that our minds may exhibit conditions of best design and that there is likely ‘knowledge by nature’ in Plato's sense, little if anything follows from our capacity to ground such knowledge in some ‘foundations’, let alone in the external conditions that the philosophical tradition has largely made responsible for the origin of meaning.
Case and Aspect in Slavic
Authors: Richardson Kylie 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis book focuses on some of the most puzzling case marking patterns in the Slavic languages and ties this pattern to different types of aspectual phenomena. It demonstrates that the accusative versus lexical case marking contrast on an internal argument with two-place verbs is directly linked to whether the lexical/semantic aspect of a so-called ‘base’ verb is compositional or not. It also shows that the instrumental versus case agreement dichotomy on a predicate in depictive, participle, and copular constructions in the East Slavic languages is linked to a grammatical aspect contrast, namely to whether the eventuality denoted by a predicate is bounded or unbounded in time.
6 Concluding Remarks
Authors: Richardson Kylie 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter summarizes the main syntactic claims in the book, namely that the accusative case is linked to the status of ν as [quantized] (a feature which signals that the event structure of a ‘base’ verb is compositional), and the instrumental case on a predicate in East Slavic is the morphological manifestation of a [+bounded] aspectual phrase in the syntax.
Toleration and the Specter of Heresy in Milton's England
Authors: Loewenstein David 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter discusses the spectre of heresy in Milton's England and the significant impact it had on the bitter struggle over religious toleration. Under examination is the rhetoric of fear, hysteria, and savagery that characterized the assault on toleration by orthodox godly writers, including Presbyterian heresiographers who abhorred religious schism and sectarianism. Radical religious writers as diverse as John Goodwin, William Walwyn, and John Milton responded with ingenuity to the intense fears that toleration was unleashing religious chaos. As this chapter reveals, Walwyn and Milton show the greatest linguistic suppleness and conceptual imagination as they interrogate orthodox visions of the terrifying growth of heresy in the midst of the English Revolution's deepening crisis over religious toleration. Positioning Milton in relation to his radical religious contemporaries, this chapter illuminates the complexity and originality of his responses, expressed in his densely imagistic prose, to the spectre of heresy.