bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High performance liquid chromatography of oxygenated cholesterols and related compounds
Authors: Tsai Lee‐Shin , Hudson C. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTwenty‐four oxygenated cholesterols and structurally related compounds were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography with silicic acid column and various mobile phases. Hexane–propanol was superior to hexane/tetrahydrofuran and hexane/ethyl acetate for the separation of oxygenated cholesterols. The retention volumes of oxygenated cholesterols depended on the characteristics of the substituting group, its position of substitution, as well as its orientation. The effect of various functional groups at different positions on cholesterol molecules, in general order of decreasing retention volumes, were: hydroxy on the ring, carbonyl on the ring, epoxy on the ring, hydroxy on the side chain, and carbonyl on the side chain. Synergistic effect of multiple hydroxyl substitutions on cholesterol was observed.
Determination of volatile N‐nitroso compounds in various samples of edible vegetable oils and margarine (commercially available products)
Authors: Hedler L. , Schurr C. , Marquardt P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe examination of samples of various commer‐cially available vegetable oils (olive oil, sunflower oil, thistle oil, linseed oil, plant germ oil, etc.) and of various samples of margarine for the presence of vola‐tile N‐nitroso‐compounds yielded the following results. By means of the above mentioned procedure (gas liquid chromatography — AFID gas liquid chromatography — TEA), N‐nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) was found to be present in 21 of 61 dif‐ferent samples of vegetable oil, in concentrations ranging from < 1 μg/kg to 23 μg/kg. 18 samples con‐tained N‐nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) in concentra‐tions varying between < 1μg/kg and 27.8 μg/kg. 37 out of 107 different samples of margarine were shown to contain N‐nitroso compounds. N‐nitroso‐dimethylamine was found to be present in 15 samples. The range of concentrations determined was between < 1 μg/kg and 5.8 μg/kg. 33 samples con‐tained N‐nitrosodiethylamine in concentrations varying between < 1 μg/kg and 7.5 μg/kg.
Concentration of tocopherols from soybean sludge by supercritical carbon dioxide
Authors: Lee H. , Chung B. H. , Park Y. H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA supercritical fluid extraction method has been applied to test the feasibility of tocopherol concentration from soybean sludge with carbon dioxide at temperatures and pressures ranging from 35 to 70°C and 200 to 400 bar, respectively. The supercritical solubility of the esterified soybean sludge was over 4–6 times greater than that of the original soybean sludge. By a simple batch‐type one‐stage method the tocopherols in the esterified soybean sludge could be concentrated up to 40 wt%. The overall results of the present study show that soybean sludge initially containing about 13–14 wt% tocopherols may require a countercurrent multistage column to be highly and effectively concentrated.
Influence of hydrophobe type and extent of branching on environmental response factors of nonionic surfactants
Authors: Kravetz L. , Salanitro J. P. , Dorn P. B. , Guin K. F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA number of ethoxylated nonionic surfactants differing in hydrophobe branching and chainlengths have been evaluated for environmental responses. Screening biodegradation tests show that those nonionics having more than one methyl group per hydrophobe degrade considerably slower than those having less extensive branching. Continuous flow‐through activated sludge tests, simulating actual waste treatment, show that the more highly branched nonionics biodegrade more slowly and less extensively than those with less hydrophobe branching. In addition, treated effluents originating from influents containing the more highly branched nonionics tend to be more surface active and more toxic to aquatic species than those originating from influents containing surfactants with less hydrophobe branching. Under conditions simulating plant stress, such as high surfactant concentrations in the influent or low temperature, biodegradation of the highly branched nonionics was considerably less extensive, while biodegradation of the linear nonionics was not affected to any measurable degree compared to more normal operating conditions.
NMR study on sulfonation of internal olefins
Authors: Yoshimura Haruo , Endo Yoshihisa , Hashimoto Shigeru 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTerminal olefins can be converted into the corresponding sulfonates by sulfonation with SO3 followed by hydrolysis, the products are used as detergent ingredients. Although internal olefins were also expected to be good feed stocks, it was difficult to convert them into the corresponding sulfonates with as good of a yield as that of terminal olefins under the same synthesis conditions.Our studies have been carried out in order to clarify the reason for poorer conversion of the internal olefins. It was found by a nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic study that the major components of the sulfonated intermediate of internal olefins wereβ‐sultones, the amounts of which were usually very small in sulfonated terminal olefins. A portion of theseβ‐sultones was desulfonated, depending on temperature, to the original olefins and the corresponding sulfate salts during alkaline hydrolysis. The prevention of desulfonation of theβ‐sultones in the hydrolysis process was one of the most important aspects for the production of internal olefin sulfonates.Finally, by keeping the hydrolysis temperature below 35°C, the conversion of internal olefins into sulfonates was achieved with the same yield as that of conventional terminal olefins.
Fatty acid composition of some pine seed oils
Authors: Wolff Robert L. , Bayard Corinne C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe fatty acid composition of seeds from seven species of the genusPinus (P. pinaster, P. griffithii, P. pinea, P. koraiensis, P. sylvestris, P. mughus, andP. nigra) was established. Pine seeds are rich in oil (31–68% by weight) and contain several unusual polymethylene‐interrupted unsaturated fatty acids with acis‐5 ethylenic bond. These are thecis‐5,cis‐9 18:2,cis‐5,cis‐9,cis‐12 18:3,cis‐5,cis‐11 20:2, andcis‐5,cis‐11,cis‐14 20:3 acids, with a trace ofcis‐5,cis‐9,cis‐12,cis‐15 18:4 acid. Their percentage relative to total fatty acids varies from a low of 3.1% (P. pinea) to a high of 30.3% (P. sylvestris), depending on the species. The majorcis‐5 double bond‐containing acid is generally thecis‐5,cis‐9,cis‐12 18:3 acid (pinolenic acid). In all species, linoleic acid represents approximately one‐half the total fatty acids, whereas the content of oleic acid varies in the range 14–36% inversely to the sum of fatty acids containing acis‐5 ethylenic bond. The easily available seeds fromP. koraiensis appear to be a good source of pinolenic acid: their oil content isca. 65%, and pinolenic represents about 15% of total fatty acids. These values appear to be rather constant.Pinus pinaster, which is grown on several thousand acres in the southwest of France, is an interesting source ofcis‐5,cis‐11,cis‐14 20:3 acid (7% in the oil, which isca. 35% of the dehulled seed weight), an acid sharing in common three double bonds with arachidonic acid. Apparently,P. sylvestris seed oil contains the highest level ofcis‐5 double bond‐containing acids among pine seed oils that have ever been analyzed.
Configurational purity of lesquerolic acid
Authors: Sonnet Philip E. , Hayes Douglas 
Published: July 2007

AbstractConversion of the methyl ester of lesquerolic acid, (R)‐14‐hydroxy‐Z‐11‐eicosenoic acid, to a carbamate with (S)‐1‐(1′‐naphthyl)ethylisocyanate gave a single diastereomer. Comparisons of elution orders of the relevant diastereomers obtained from the racemic ester and from a sample of lesquerolic acid synthesized from ricinoleic acid, (R)‐12‐hydroxy‐Z‐9‐octadecenoic acid, were consistent with the original assignment of (R)‐configuration for the longer‐chain acid. Although the configuration had not been in doubt, this work demonstrates the configurational purity of the lesquerolic acid.
Solvent extraction engineering and design
Authors: Becker K. W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMany component parts of solvent extraction plants are standardied. However, factors such as different raw materials, meal and oil product requirements, company marketing practices, local economic conditions, future design considerations, layout requirements, individual company standardization programs, utilities characteristics and structural considerations always vary from plant to plant. Therefore, the design of solvent extraction plants can never be completely standardized. Economic considerations must be given for each individual case for steam economizing facilities, mineral oil recovery systems, integration of a new plant with existing plant facilities, and location and availability of existing facilities. Safety and housekeeping cannot be separated from good design. An unprofitable and unsafe plant is never a bargain.
Automated quantitative analysis of isolated (nonconjugated) trans isomers using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy incorporating improvements in the procedure
Authors: Sleeter Ronald T. , Matlock Mark G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA method for determining the isolated (nonconjugated)trans isomer content of fats and oils was developed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), which permits automatic sample analysis and calculation of percenttrans content. Integrated band areas were used as a measure of the intensity of the band associated with thetrans C=C double bond. Measured band areas for samples with known percenttrans content were fit with a second order polynomial, resulting in a correlation coefficient of 0.99998 and a standard error of estimate of 0.11 over the range of 0 to 50%trans content. This technique also allows the analysis of neat samples, a significant improvement over current procedures in that it eliminates the need for dilution by volatile solvents and any attendant errors.
Preparation and surfactant properties of diglycerol esters of fatty acids
Authors: Kumar T. Naveen , Sastry Y. S. R. , Lakshminarayana G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFatty acid mono‐ and diesters of diglycerol constitute the major portion of commercial polyglycerol esters; hence, their composition influences the performance of the latter as emulsifiers. The correlation of structure of the fatty acids in the mono‐ and diesters with surfactant properties is of interest. Linear diglycerol was isolated from polymerized glycerol by acetonation, fractional distillation and regeneration. Diglycerol mono‐ and diesters of undecenoic, lauric, stearic, oleic and ricinoleic acids were prepared by reacting diglycerol and fatty acids in a refluxing mixture of acetonitrile‐tetrahydrofuran (75:25) in the presence of p‐toluenesulfonic acid and molecular sieves. Mono‐ and diesters were separated by silica gel column chromatography, and their purities were ascertained by thin layer chromatography and determination of saponification value. The structures were confirmed by periodic acid oxidation, chemical‐ionization mass spectrometry and 13 C‐NMR spectroscopy. Surfactant properties of the esters were determined. Monoesters showed higher ability in surface tension reduction, emulsification and foaming than the diesters. Short‐chain fatty acid esters showed better surfactant properties than the long‐chain fatty acid esters. The presence of a central double bond in the lipophilic part of the monoesters reduced emulsion stability. The presence of a hydroxy group in acyl chain retarded foaming and surface tension reducing power.
A colorimetric method for determining free fatty acids in vegetable oils
Authors: Baker Doris 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA rapid method is presented for determining free fatty acids in vegetable oils. The method utilizes the reaction of fatty acids with cupric acetate to form salts whose blue color in benzene solution may be measured colorimetrically. When 65 samples of crude soybean oil were tested by this colorimetric method and the results compared with the results of titration with standard alkali, the correlation was 0.992 with a standard deviation of 0.08% free fatty acid (F.F.A.).
Isolation of a natural isomer of linoleic acid from a seed oil,
Authors: Hopkins C. Y. , Chisholm Mary J. 
Published: July 2007

Abstracttrans‐10‐trans‐12‐Octadecadienoic acid was found to be a component of the glyceride oil of the seeds ofChilopsis linearis (Cav.) Sweet. It was isolated by fractional crystallization of the acids at low temperatures. Identification was made by absorption spectra, by the adduct with maleci anhydride, and by identification of degralative products.The conjugated triene of the oil was also isolated and identified astrans‐9‐trans‐11‐cis‐13octadecatrienoic acid. in two samples of seed, the diene acid constituted about 9% of the oil and the triene acid 18% and 25%.
Antioxidant effect and antimicrobial activity of phenolic sulfides
Authors: Asakura Kouichi , Matsumura Shuichi , Yoshikawa Sadao , Kawada Kazuo , Uchibori Tsuyoshi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSome phenolic compounds containing both phenolic hydroxyl groups and sulfide groups in the molecules were prepared by Michael addition and radical addition reactions of ethanethiol and ethanedithiol witho‐, m‐ andp‐vinylphenol. The antioxidant effect of these products on the autoxidation of lard was examined by an oven test at 60°C. The antimicrobial activities of these products were evaluated by an agar dilution method. Three kinds of gram‐positive and three kinds of gram‐negative bacterial strains, as well as six kinds of fungal strains were used for the test. It was found that the Michael addition products showed considerably better antioxidant effects than BHT, whereas the radical addition products did not show any antioxidant effect. The antioxidant effects of these compounds were influenced by the positions of the sulfide groups in their molecules. The phenolic sulfides tested in this report showed good antimicrobial activities against bacteria and fungi.
Kinetics of demulsification of food protein‐stabilized oil‐in‐water emulsions
Authors: Elizalde B. E. , Pilosof A. M. R. , Dimier L. , Bartholomai G. B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDemulsification of food protein stabilized oil‐in‐water emulsions was determined as a function of time. Demulsification conformed to the empirical equation q′‐Q t/(B+t), where q′ is the increase in moisture content of the down layer of emulsions at time t, Q is the maximum increase in moisture content, and B is the time required to gain Q/2. Emulsions separate water according to a second order rate law, which would indicate that flocculation is the rate determining step in demulsification.
Cholesterol oxides III. Autoxidation of cholesterol in sodium stearate and sodium linoleate dispersions
Authors: Zulak I. M. , Maerker G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCholesterol dispersed in water with sodium stearate at 80°C did not autoxidize in 24 hr when the cholesterol/dispersant ratio was 0.35 or below. At ratios of 0.44 and above, however, autoxidation proceeded smoothly but ceased after 60–70% of the cholesterol was oxidized. Replacement of sodium stearate as dispersant with sodium linoleate caused cholesterol to be oxidized at a cholesterol/dispersant ratio of 0.07, and gave a longer induction period and a higher conversion to 5,6‐epoxide.
Synergistic stabilization of perfluorocarbon‐pluronic F‐68 emulsion by perfluoroalkylated polyhydroxylated surfactants
Authors: Zarif Leila , Manfredi Alexandre , Varescon Christian , Blanc Maurice Le , Riess Jean G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractOne of the most serious limitations of the first generation of fluorocarbon emulsions destined to serve as injectable oxygen carriers (blood substitutes) is their insufficient, stability. Considerable stabilization of such emulsions has now been achieved by using a combination of Pluronic F‐68, a polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene block polymer, and of a perfluoroalkylated polyhydroxylated surfactant (PPFS) comprising a C6F13 or C8F17 fluorophilic tail and a hydrophilic head derived from maltose or xylitol. These new surfactants are either soluble in water or dispersible in an aqueous Pluronic F‐68 solution. The tensions at the surface of these solutions and dispersions and at their interface with a typical fluorocarbon, F‐decalin, are discussed. A strong stabilizing effect on F‐decalin emulsions was obtained when small amounts of PPFS were incorporated, the total amount of surfactant used remaining constant. For 20% w/v emulsions, the maximum stabilizing effect was reached when 20–30% of PPFS were present, resulting after one year at 25°C in an up to 10 times smaller increase in particle size than for a reference emulsion prepared with Pluronic F‐68 alone. The effect is even stronger with more concentrated 50% w/v emulsions, reaching a stabilizing ratio of 17 after one year for a one‐to‐one PPFS/Pluronic F‐68 combination. None of the PPFS, when taken alone, permitted the preparation of stable emulsions. The characteristic U‐shape taken after aging, by the particle size vs PPFS/Pluronic F‐68 ratio curves demonstrates a strong synergistic effect of the two surfactants. They also permitted the selection of optimal formulations for the emulsions. The evolution of the particle sizes against time for such formulations was followed for 20% and 75% w/v concentrated F‐decalin emulsions at 4°C, 25°C and 50°C. The best emulsion in terms of stability was obtained with the xylitol derivative C8F17CH=CHCH2OCH2(CHOH)4H; most significantly, temperature, from 4 to 50°C, had little or no effect on the aging of this emulsion over a two month period.
Hydrogenation of dienes with cationic rhodium complexes
Authors: Van Der Plank P. , Van Der Ent A. , Onderdelinden A. L. , Van Oosten H. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMethylcis‐9,cis‐12‐octadecadienoate (methyl linoleate;c9,c12), itst10,t12 andt10,c12 isomers and methylcis‐9‐octadecenoate (methyl oleate;c9) were hydrogenated with rhodium complexes, the active species of which consisted of [RhL2]+ and [RhL2H2]+ with ligands L=P(C2H5)2C6H5 (catalyst A) P(i‐C4H9)3 (catalyst B) and P(CH3)3 (catalyst C). Using these catalysts the influence of steric effects on the reaction mechanism of hydrogenation of dienes was studied. The reactions were carried out in 2‐propanol at atmospheric hydrogen pressure and ambient temperature. During hydrogenation ofc9 on catalysts A and B, geometrical isomerization mainly occurred, whereas on catalyst C some positional isomerization also took place.C9,c12 was almost exclusively hydrogenated via conjugated intermediates on catalyst A. On catalyst C, one of the double bonds was hydrogenated directly, in most cases. In the absence of hydrogen, catalysts A and B conjugatedc9,c12 very fast. The conjugation activity of catalyst C was much lower. Catalyst C showed a high 1,5‐shift activity for the conjugatedcis, trans andtrans, cis intermediates during hydrogenation, in contrast to catalysts A and B, which showed a poor activity in this respect.T10,t12 was hydrogenated almost exclusively via 1,4‐addition of hydrogen to thecisoid conformation, whereas only a slight preference was found in this mechanism over 1,2‐addition for the hydrogenation oft10,c12. On the sterically unhindered catalysts A and C thetrans double bond int10,c12 was preferentially hydrogenated whereas on catalyst B, with its bulky ligands, thecis double bond was reduced faster than thetrans double bond.
Soap‐based detergent formulations: XXVI. Hard water detergency of soap‐lime soap dispersant combinations with builders and inorganic salts
Authors: Noble W. R. , Linfield W. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBlends of soap and 3 lime soap dispersants—the sulfated tallow alkanolamide (TAM), the coconut‐oil‐derived amido sulfobetaine (CAHSB) and the cocoamido betaine (CAB)—were formulated with 3 builders—sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP), trisodium nitrilotriacetate (NTA) and trisodium 2‐oxa‐1,1,3‐propane tricarboxylate (OPT). Varying amounts of sodium sulfate were added to these formulations, and the effects of builders and sodium sulfate on detergency at 300 ppm water hardness were studied. At levels below 60%, STPP was not an effective builder for TAM formulations. Dilution of STPP‐built TAM formulations with sodium sulfate substantially decreased detergency. Detergency of TAM formulations was improved by incorporation of NTA or OPT and such formulations could tolerate dilution with sodium sulfate without serious loss in detergency. NTA or STPP improved the detergency of CAB formulations but OPT did not. Addition of sodium sulfate caused some loss in detergency in all CAB formulations. Addition of STPP to CAHSB formulations caused a slight loss in detergency, but addition of NTA or OPT had no appreciable effect. Dilution of STPP‐built CAHSB formulations with sodium sulfate affected detergency adversely, although not as severely as in STPP‐built TAM formulations. Dilution of NTA‐or OPT‐built CAHSB formulations with sodium sulfate had little effect on detergency. CAB and particularly CAHSB are superior to TAM in dispersing lime soap curd. Therefore, addition of NTA, STPP, or OPT to the amphoteric formulations did not affect detergency to the same extent as in TAM formulations. Further evidence of the superiority of amphoteric lime soap dispersing agents (lsda) in dispersing lime soap curd was provided by the effectiveness of soap, CAHSB, silicate formulations in detergency studies at 1,000 ppm water hardness.
Modification of selected indian vegetable fats into cocoa butter substitutes by lipase‐catalyzed ester interchange
Authors: Sridhar R. , Lakshminarayana G. , Kaimal T. N. B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA few solid and semi‐solid fats of tree origin in India, namely sal (Shorea robusta), kokum(Garcinia indica), mahua (Madhuca latifolia), dhupa (Vateria indica) and mango (Mangifera indica), were chosen for modification into cocoa butter substitutes by lipase‐catalyzed ester interchange with methyl palmitate and/or stearate. Hexane solutions of mixtures of fat and methyl ester(s) in various molar proportions were passed through a column of Lipozyme™, a lipase fromMucor miehei immobilized on a macroparticulate ion‐exchange resin. The interesterified fats were purified by extraction with 95% ethanol followed by silica column chromatography. Interesterified dhupa, kokum and sal fats compared well with cocoa butter in the total fatty acid composition and the 2‐position of triacylglycerols, as well as glyceride composition. In particular, interesterified kokum fat resembled cocoa butter well in solid fat content and peak melting temperature as determined by differential scanning calorimetry.
A water slurry method of extracting aflatoxin from peanuts
Authors: Whitaker T. B. , Dickens J. W. , Monroe R. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA water slurry method in which 1100 g of comminuted peanuts was blended with 1500 ml of tap water for 3 min in a blender and the aflatoxin in a 130‐g portion of the water slurry was extracted by solvent according to methods similar to those used in Method II of AOAC was compared to the method presently used by the Food Safety and Quality Service, USDA. The proposed water slurry method requires only 180 and 60 ml per sample, respectively, of methanol and hexane compared to the 1650 and 1000 ml, respectively, required by the FSQS method. Blending comminuted peanuts with water reduced the average particle size and distributed the contaminated particles throughout the slurry. Ninety‐four percent of the blended particles passed a sieve with 149‐μ openings compared to only 66% of the unblended product. Variance among analyses with the FSQS method did not differ significantly from the variance among analyses with the slurry method. However, analyses with the slurry method averaged 16% more aflatoxin than with the FSQS method.