bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
163 Growth trends in Bos grunniens raised in pasture-based systems in Eastern Kentucky
Authors: Lee Amanda L , Lehmkuhler Jeffrey W , McCarty Mary , Dike Gregory 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Bos grunniens (yak) are well-adapted to the rugged, high-altitude regions of central Asia where they are utilized for a variety of purposes. While the species is well-researched in its native land, limited research has been conducted in North America. The objective of this on-farm project was to evaluate performance of male and female growing yaks in pasture-based systems over two years. Grazing periods were 138 and 151 d for Yr 1 and Yr 2, respectively. The same plots were grazed both years, and pasture areas were approximately 0.49 ha each with three animals grazing each pasture in Yr 1 and two animals grazing each pasture in Yr 2. Pastures were comprised mostly of cool-season grasses with intermittent legumes and weeds. Yaks were assigned to one of four pastures based on sex with a total of six males (beginning weight 132.8 ± 13.5 kg) and six females (beginning weight 124.3 ± 34.4 kg) being grazed in Yr 1, and four males (beginning weight 157.3 ± 15.0 kg) and four females (beginning weight 160.9 ± 26.4 kg) being grazed in Yr 2. Animals in Yr 1 averaged 432 d of age, and animals in Yr 2 averaged 710 d of age at the start of the respective grazing periods. Pasture samples were collected throughout the study to assess nutritive value; botanical composition, presence of endophyte and concentration of ergovaline were also assessed. Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) samples collected at the end of the grazing period in Yr 2 averaged 32.65% infection and 146 ppb ergovaline. Data were analyzed using proc mixed procedure of SAS with sex and year as main effects and pasture as a random effect where α = 0.05. In Yr 1, males gained at a greater rate than females (0.45 kg/d vs. 0.23 kg/d; P = 0.0026). In Yr 2, a similar difference was observed for seasonal gains with males gaining 0.61 kg/d and females gaining 0.25 kg/d (P = 0.0003). A difference was also observed between growth rates of males in Yr 1 compared with males in Yr 2 (0.45 kg/d vs. 0.61 kg/d; P = 0.0024), but this difference was not observed in females. Gender can impact body weight gain in Bos grunniens raised in pasture-based systems with males gaining more rapidly than females.
160 Comparison of native to introduced mixed warm-season grass pastures on heifer weight gain and fecal egg count
Authors: Moss Nate T , Wray Eva M , Tucker Chris , Gadberry Shane 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare summer body weight gain and fecal egg count change of spring weaned heifers grazing either native grass (NG; predominately big bluestem [Andropogon gerardii)) or mixed warm-season grass (MWS; predominately bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) and crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis)]. Pastures (n = 3 per treatment and 2.02 ha each) were continuously stocked with 10 heifers each in yr 1 and 2, respectively. All pastures received 56 kg/ha N mid-May. Grazing began at the end of May and all pastures were grazed for 84 d. Heifers were previously treated with an anthelmintic at weaning (benzimidazole in yr 1 and macrocyclic lactone plus benzimidazole in yr 2). Dependent responses were analyzed for the fixed effect of treatment, year, and their interaction and random effect of pasture. Pasture was the experimental unit. Fecal egg counts as eggs per gram were transformed to a log base 10 value (log10:epg). Average daily gain differed between treatments by year (P = 0.05). In yr 1, NG gained 0.22 kg/d more than MWS; whereas, in yr 2, NG gained 0.11 kg/d more than MWS. Heifers grazing NG were 15.9 ± 3.52 kg heavier than MWS by d 84 (P = 0.01). Change in fecal egg count differed by year (P &lt; 0.001) and tended to be less for NG compared with MWS (P = 0.11). Native grass fecal egg count change was 45% of MWS. Impact of forage system on internal parasite load may be attributed to canopy structure. Native grasses averaged 67 and 81 ± 2.3 cm at the beginning of grazing in yr 1 and 2, respectively (P = 0.01). Native grass height in yr 1 and yr 2 was similar (P = 0.68) by wk 12 and averaged 41 ± 3.2 cm. By comparison, grazing in the MWS system would be much closer to the soil surface. Initial forage mass and forage mass change was greater in NG than MWS and differed by year (treatment × year P = 0.02 and 0.05, respectively). While this study demonstrated beneficial responses to grazing NG over MWS during summer months, further information regarding how these summer forage options compare under varied stocking rate and grazing duration is warranted.
132 Effects of supplementing corn silage to fall-calving cows grazing tall fescue on cow and calf performance and physiology
Authors: Banks James , Warner Jason , Fike Karol E , Farney Jaymelynn K 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The objective was to test the effect of fescue varieties and supplemental feeding of cows grazing fescue pastures during the growing season on cow and calf performance and physiology. Multiparous and primiparous Angus crossbred cows (n= 45) averaging 151 ± 7 d of gestation at trial initiation, were stratified and assigned to pasture treatment based on estimated calving date and parity. Treatment design was a 2 x 2 factorial with two types of fescue pasture (toxin producing or non-toxin producing) and two levels of supplemental corn silage (non-supplemented or supplemented at 1% of BW DM basis). Each treatment replicate (pasture, n = 3 or 4 pastures per treatment) was stocked with 3 cows. There were seven replicates of non-toxin-producing fescue (5 ppm ± 2.50 SEM ergot alkaloids; 38.6% endophyte infection), and eight replicates of toxin producing K31 fescue pastures (507 ppm ± 0.82 SEM ergot alkaloids; 92.5% endophyte infection). Cows were fed corn silage (38% DM, 7.83% CP DM basis) daily in fenceline bunks and feeding amount was adjusted at weigh dates to maintain 1% of BW DM basis. Cows were weighed on two consecutive days at initiation and upon conclusion of the study after being fed similar diets for 4 d to minimize variation in ruminal fill. Body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS), hair score (HS), hair length (HL), and rump fat (RF) measurements were taken at initiation (the middle of the second trimester), trial mid-point (beginning of third trimester), and approximately 2 wk before estimated parturition. Cows remained on experimental pastures through parturition. Data were analyzed as a mixed model with pasture as experimental unit and cows within pasture as subsamples. Initial cow BW and BCS were 558 ± 11 kg (SEM), and 4.9 ± 0.08 (SEM), respectively. For all measures of interest there were no significant interactions observed (P &gt; 0.16). Supplemental feeding tended (P = 0.07) to increase BW gain and rump fat (P = 0.05) regardless of fescue type. Cows grazing toxic fescue tended (P = 0.12) to have a longer hair coat. Likewise, cows grazing toxic fescue had less change in overall HS (P = 0.02). Supplemental feeding of corn silage to cows at 1% of BW DM basis while grazing fescue did not significantly affect gain differences or reduce visible symptoms typical of fescue toxicosis when grazing during the growing season.
133 Effects of supplementing corn silage to fall-calving heifers and cows grazing bermudagrass on cow and calf performance and physiology
Authors: Banks James , Warner Jason , Fike Karol E , Farney Jaymelynn K 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The objective was to test the effect of supplemental feeding of corn silage to cows grazing bermudagrass pastures on cow and calf performance and physiology. In a completely randomized design, multiparous and primiparous Angus-crossbred cows (n = 24) grazed bermudagrass pastures assigned to one of two levels of supplemental feeding (non-supplemented or supplemented at 1% of BW on a DM basis of corn silage) during the growing season. Each replicate (pasture, n = 4 per treatment) was stocked with 3 cows. Cows averaged 155 ± 14 d of gestation at trial initiation. Cows were fed corn silage (38% DM, 7.83% CP DM basis) daily in fenceline bunks, and supplementation rate was adjusted throughout the trial to maintain 1% of BW. Cows were weighed on two consecutive days at both initiation and conclusion of the trial and cows were maintained on similar diets for 4 d prior to collecting weights to minimize variation in ruminal fill. Body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS), hair score (HS), hair length (HL), and rump fat (RF) measurements were collected at initiation (the middle of the second trimester), trial mid-point (beginning of third trimester), and approximately 2 wk before estimated parturition. Cows were removed from experimental pastures upon trial conclusion and relocated to calving pastures consisting of tame grasses (&gt;65% bermudagrass). Data were analyzed as a mixed model with pasture as experimental unit and cows within pasture as subsamples. Cows began the trial at an average BW of 549 ± 22 kg (SEM) and an average BCS of 5.2 ± 0.17 (SEM). Supplementation of second and third trimester pregnant cows on bermudagrass did not influence BW gain, BCS, HS, or HL (P &gt; 0.27). Rump fat tended (P = 0.15) to be increased with supplemental feeding. Supplemental feeding of corn silage on warm season perennial grass during the growing season did not appear to impact late gestation cow performance at the level fed in this study.
135 Effects of intratesticular injectable zinc as an alternative castration method compared to banding one week post weaning in beef bulls: effects on health, inflammation, behavior, and growth during the backgrounding period
Authors: Solice Lauren K , Sims Reagan N , Kegley Beth B , Gadberry Shane , Powell Jeremy G , Dridi Sami , Greene Elizabeth S 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Castration is a widely practiced management strategy that results in temporary pain with adverse effects on growth performance. Therefore, humane alternatives must be investigated. Male beef calves (n = 81) were stratified by weaning weight and allocated to 1 of 8 pens. Pens were assigned randomly to treatment: 1) banded (B; n = 42) or 2) a 1 mL intratesticular Zn (100 mg Zn) injection (Z; n = 39). Two pens from each treatment were selected for blood collection (B, n = 22; Z, n = 19); the alternative pens were assigned to behavior measurements (5 calves/pen; B, n = 10; Z, n = 10). Behavior data were collected for 1 wk post-castration using accelerometers (HOBOware Lite software). Blood was collected daily on d 0 through d 7 post-castration, and every 28 d for the remainder of the backgrounding phase for complete blood cell counts, serum haptoglobin (Hp), and serum testosterone. Testicular width and BW were also measured. All blood and growth parameters were analyzed using the MIXED procedures of SAS while GLIMMIX was used for behavioral analysis. Body weights did not differ due to treatment throughout the 140-d backgrounding phase (P ≥ 0.39). Overall ADG was greater for Z calves compared with B calves (P = 0.05). Serum testosterone concentrations were greater in Z calves compared with B calves throughout the 140-d trial (P ≤ 0.02). Testicular width in Z calves peaked numerically on d 3 and declined to baseline measurements by d 113 (P = 0.67). Intratesticular Zn castrated calves spent more time lying flat on their side compared with B calves 1 d post-castration (P = 0.03) until d 3 and 4 where B calves spent more time lying on their side compared with Z calves (P ≤ 0.02). Banded calves spent more time standing the first 2 d post-castration compared with Z calves (P ≤ 0.01). On d 3, 4, 5, and 6, Z calves spent more time standing (P ≤ 0.01) while B calves spent more time laying on their sternum (P ≤ 0.03). Banded calves had decreased Hp concentrations on d 1, 2, 3, 7, and 28 compared with Z calves (P ≤ 0.01). Total white blood cell concentrations, both proportion and concentration of neutrophils, and proportion of lymphocytes were greater in Z calves compared with B calves on d 1, 2, and 3 (P ≤ 0.01). Although growth performance was not hindered by the Zn intratesticular injection castration method, it did cause behaviors indicative of pain and resulted in an acute inflammatory and immune response compared with banded calves. Therefore, castrating with an intratesticular injection of Zn may not be a sufficient alternative to conventional methods.
139 Impact of supplementing rumen-protected methionine during the periconceptional period in the post-weaning period in female calves
Authors: Heredia Daniella C , Tarnonsky Federico , Lopez-Duarte Maria C , Venturini Mauro , Ojeda Oscar A , Luchini Daniel D , Hansen Peter J , Pringle Dean , DiLorenzo Nicolas , Gonella-Diaza Angela M 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This study aimed to identify the impact of supplementing rumen-protected methionine (RPM) during the periconceptional period on beef cows in their progeny. Evidence suggests that changes in maternal nutrition in the periconceptional period have effects during the postnatal growth phase in cattle. We hypothesized that feeding RPM during the periconceptional period would program bovine gestation to enhance progeny growth. A total of 114 beef cows were fed a roughage-based diet and randomized to receive corn gluten supplemented with 15 g of RPM (Smartamine M, Adisseo) or not (CON) from d -7 to +7 relative to artificial insemination (AI) with female sex-sorted semen. Pregnancy diagnoses were conducted using transrectal ultrasonography 30 and 60 d after AI. Female calves (n = 34) remained with their dams until weaning. A month after weaning, calves were weighed every 14 d during an 8-mo period, and wither height (WH), body length (BL), and heart girth (HG) were measured. Dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG), and residual feed intake (RFI) were measured during a 56-d performance test. At the end of the performance test, the 12th rib back fat (BF), ribeye area (REA), intramuscular fat (IMF), and rump fat (RF) were determined via ultrasound. A treatment-by-day interaction tendency (P = 0.10) was observed in HG, having larger HG in the RPM treatment from d 336-adj of age (CON = 154.52 ± 1.46 cm; RPM = 158.36 ± 1.34 cm). During the performance test, animals in the RPM treatment were heavier (CON = 437.25 ± 2.46 kg; RPM = 442.79 ± 2.34 kg; P = 0.01) at the end of the test. However, no treatment difference (P &gt; 0.05) was observed in DMI (CON = 12.06 ± 0.19 kg/d; RPM = 12.14 ± 0.18 kg/d), ADG (CON = 1.50 ± 0.03 kg; RPM = 1.55 ± 0.03 kg) and RFI (CON = -0.12 ± 0.15; RPM = 0.11 ± 0.14). No treatment difference (P &gt; 0.05) was observed in BF, REA, and IMF. However, RF was greater in the control treatment (CON = 1.16 ± 0.07 cm; RPM = 0.91 ± 0.06 cm), and a tendency of having a thicker BF in control was observed (Table 1). In conclusion, supplementing RPM enhanced final body weight during the performance test; furthermore, a treatment-by-day interaction tendency was observed in HG. On the contrary, CON progeny had more RF and a tendency to have a thicker BF.
140 High-resolution characterization of the gut microbiota of neonatal dairy calves using full-length 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing
Authors: Hawkins Jalyn G , Carpenter Shelby , Woody Mackenzie , Hardin Colby , Brett Jim , McGee Marcus , Smith Trent , Fan Peixin 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The gut microbiota has a crucial role in preventing pathogen colonization and training the immune system. An imbalanced gut microbiota tends to induce calf diarrhea, which can lead to dehydration and metabolic acidosis. Therefore, it is urgent to identify critical factors that influence the establishment of gut microbiota in the early stages of development in dairy calves. Most previous research relied on short-read-based partial 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to study calf microbiota, which has limited taxonomic resolution. The aim of our study is to obtain a species-level characterization of calf gut microbiota using long-read based full-length 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and investigate the factors that affect the gut microbiota composition in the early stages of development in dairy calves. We collected fecal samples from the recto-anal junction of 25 Holstein-Angus crossed calves at d 4 and d 14 after birth. The calves were raised in individual outdoor hutches from birth and fed milk replacer twice daily. The gut microbiota was analyzed using full-length 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing on an Oxford Nanopore sequencer. The results revealed that the gut microbial diversity measured by Chao 1 (P &lt; 0.001) and Shannon index (P &lt; 0.001) significantly increased from d 4 to d 14. We identified 15 and 36 core bacterial species (prevalence ≥ 80%) in d 4 and d 14 gut microbiota, respectively, and both stages share 7 bacterial species: Bacteroides fragilis, Butyricicoccus pulicaecorum, Enterocloster bolteae, Escherichia coli, Lachnoclostridium sp YL32, Rumiococcus gnavus and Streptococcus equinus. The calf gut microbiota was dominated by Bacteroides fragilis (18%), Escherichia coli (13%), Ruminococcus gnavus (10%) and Butyricicoccus pulicaecorum (6%) species on d 4, and Megamonas rupellensis (18%) and Fusobacterium varium (6%) species (relative abundance &gt; 5%) on d 14. Notably, we found a significant impact of hutch location on the composition of gut microbiota, particularly on d 4, but the impact was reduced on d 14. Moreover, there were 4 dystocia calves among the 25 calves, which had a significantly lower Shannon index (P = 0.046) compared with 4 paired normal calves of similar age and sex, and location balanced. In conclusion, this study provides a species-level resolution of gut microbiota for neonatal dairy calves and indicates a potential impact of dystocia on early microbiota development. Additionally, calf microbiota composition is influenced by environmental factors, likely the soil microbiota where hutches were located, with a more substantial effect on the microbiota at an earlier age.
147 Effects of grazing dairy-beef and native beef crossbred steers on native range with supplementation on growth
Authors: Grote Ally J , Grigsby Zane N , Fanning Tom , Turner Dusty , Beck Paul A 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Our objective was to evaluate the effects of grazing dairy-beef crossbred and native beef crossbred steers on native range with supplementation on growth. Dairy-beef (DB) steers (n = 75) were acquired and transported 214 km from Buffalo Feeders at Buffalo, OK. Native beef (NB) steers (n = 75) were acquired and transported 647 km from Capitol Land and Livestock at Schwertner, TX. All steers were transported to the Marvin Klemme Range Research Station in Bessie, OK. Steers were rested for 48 h and received ad libtum access to mixed grass hay and water. Steers were allocated by BW and randomly assigned to pasture based on a stocking rate of 2.43 ha/animal. Animals grazed 3 native pastures (pasture 1; n = 39, pasture 2; n = 52, pasture 3; n = 59), and pastures were balanced for breed type (pasture 1; DB = 21; NB = 18, pasture 2; BD = 26; NB = 26, pasture 3; DB = 28; NB = 31). Steers were supplemented with extruded 100% DDGS cubes (MasterHand Milling, Lexington, NE) at 0.45 kg per animal per day for the first 53 d. As forage maturity increased and 53-d body weights (BW) were taken, supplementation increased to 1.13 kg per animal per day. Initial BW was 8 ± 3 kg greater (P = 0.01) in DB steers than the NB steers. Native beef steers weighed 16 ± 4 kg heavier (P &lt; 0.01) on d 60 and weighed 24 ± 5 kg heavier (P &lt; 0.01) at final BW than the DB steers. Average daily gain for NB steers was greater (P &lt; 0.01) by 0.46 ± 0.04 kg in the first 53 d and was greater (P = 0.01) by 0.11 ± 0.04 kg for d 53 to 145 than DB. Native beef steers also had a greater (P &lt; 0.01) overall ADG by 0.22 ± 0.02 kg. There were no differences (P = 0.55) in breed for those treated and re-retreated for issues such as pinkeye, foot rot, and BRD. Based on these results, breed of cattle grazing native rangeland in Southwestern Oklahoma with supplementation had an impact on performance, but no impact on treatment of respiratory and non-respiratory issues.
150 Effects of diet type on performance and methane yield in replacement beef heifers
Authors: Briggs Emma A , Horton Kade , Moore Mikyla F , Crosswhite Justin , Foote Andrew P , Goad Carla , Rolf Megan M , Lalman David L 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to determine the relationships among enteric gas production, body weight (BW) gain, and feed intake for growing heifers consuming two energy divergent diets. Fifty-five fall born yearling Angus and Angus cross heifers were used in a 157-d experiment. Heifers were fed two consecutive diets at the Oklahoma State University Range Cow Research Center. Heifers were sorted into one of two drylot pens based on BW. Each drylot pen was equipped with individual intake monitoring system (C-Lock Inc., Rapid City, SD) with a stocking rate of 3.3 heifers per feeder. The first intake segment (HAY) was initiated with a 21 d of adaptation followed by 70 d of data collection. Heifers were offered ad libitum access to long stem unprocessed bermudagrass hay and a salt/mineral/vitamin supplement. After the HAY period, heifers were adapted to a 50% forage, 50% concentrate diet (TMR) during a 14-d adaptation period, followed by 52-d of data collection. Means and standard deviations for phenotypic traits of DMI, ADG, RFI, and CH4 were 6.7 ± 0.7 kg, 0.44 ± 0.13kg, and 194.6 ± 17.56 g/d respectively for HAY and 14.3 ± 1.34 kg, 1.72 ± 0.20 kg, and 280 ± 24.69 g/d respectively for TMR. Pearson correlations between diets for DMI, ADG, and CH4 were 0.32, -0.16, and 0.29, respectively. Coefficient of variation for DMI was 10.8% for HAY and 9.4% for TMR. Coefficient of variation for ADG was 29.9% for HAY and 11.6% for TMR. Methane intensity was calculated as CH4, g/day divided by DMI, kg/d resulting in 29.6 ± 3.5 and 19.9 ± 2.2 g CH4/kg DMI for HAY and TMR, respectively. In summary, HAY DMI was moderately and positively correlated with TMR DMI while ADG was not correlated among the two diet types. The HAY diet generated less total daily CH4, although more CH4 per unit of feed intake.