bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predicting possible zonisamide hypersensitivity syndrome
Authors: Neuman Manuela G. , Shear Neil H. , Malkiewicz Izabella M. , Kessas Mona , Lee Amy W. , Cohen Lawrence 
Published: July 2008

Abstract:  Zonisamide (ZNS) is an anticonvulsant (AC) that contains a sulpha moiety potentially triggering hypersensitivity syndrome reactions (HSR). The lymphocyte toxicity assay (LTA) is an in vitro drug rechallenge test, which is believed to reflect a decreased capacity of the individual to detoxify reactive metabolites. The study examined whether cross‐reactivity is present between ZNS and other AC and/or sulphonamides and if this HSR may be predicted using the LTA. The second aim was to determine age‐related differences in ZNS‐induced HSR. LTA was previously validated in patients who received sulphamethoxazole (SMX) or AC.Methods:  Forty adult patients who displayed clinical HSR to SMX (20) or AC (20) participated in the study. Each group was represented with an equal number of individuals above and below the age of 60. LTA‐SMX, LTA‐AC and LTA‐ZNS from 20 patients who previously presented a clinical reaction to one of the drugs and who had a positive LTA result to the specific drug were compared with 20 individuals who received the same drugs but did not present reactions. Binary logistic regression was used to evaluate the statistical significance.Results:  In vitro results correlated with the clinical diagnosis. LTA presented a significant difference (P < 0.0001) between control and hypersensitive patients. In each age group, only a single patient had a severe clinical manifestation of SMX‐HSR. These individuals tested positive to both SMX and ZNS.Conclusions:  Sulphamethoxazole‐HSR but not AC‐HSR patients may present a cross‐reactivity to ZNS‐HSR. The use of LTA to predict a possible ZNS reaction is recommended for SMX‐sensitive individuals who prescribed ZNS.
Effect of chlorhexidine mouth rinse on Streptococci counts of tooth‐tissue‐borne palatal expander biofilm
Authors: Maruo IT , Rosa EAR , Maruo H , Tanaka O , Guariza Filho O , Ignácio SA , Camargo ES 
Published: July 2008

Structured AbstractAuthors –  Maruo IT, Rosa EAR, Maruo H, Tanaka O, Guariza Filho O, Ignácio SA, Camargo ESObjectives –  To assess total Streptococci (TS) counts and biofilm mass over tooth‐tissue‐borne palatal expander (TTBPE), as well as the effect of chlorhexidine (CHX) mouth rinse on these variables.Design –  A cross‐sectional study design employed clinical procedures and laboratorial techniques.Setting and Sample Population –  Patients who had TTBPE removal indicated were divided into two groups: a CHX group (n = 26) in which three times a day of 0.2% CHX digluconate mouth rinses were prescribed 7 days before TTBPE removal; and a control (CON) group (n = 25) in which no antimicrobial treatment was applied.Experimental Variable –  ‘Gender’, ‘Age’, and ‘TTBPE wear time’ were recorded. After TTBPE removal, biofilm mass was determined by the difference between (TTBPE + biofilm) and (TTBPE only) masses. TS counts were determined by biofilm suspension followed by progressive dilutions and culture on Mitis Salivarius agar with incubation at 37°C for 72 h.Outcome Measure –  Biofilm mass (mg) and Colony Forming Units of TS / mg of biofilm (CFU‐TS / mg) were calculated.Results –  Total Streptococci mean values in CHX (6.77 × 106CFU‐TS / mg) were statistically lower (p < 0.01) than those in CON (3.82 × 107CFU‐TS / mg), but there was no statistical difference (p > 0.05) between CHX (168.88 mg) and CON (182.04 mg) masses nor statistical correlation (p > 0.05) between biofilm mass and CFU‐TS / mg in the two groups.Conclusion –  Chlorhexidine reduces the TS counts in TTBPE, but has no effect on biofilm mass.
Low‐energy laser stimulates tooth movement velocity via expression of RANK and RANKL
Authors: Fujita S , Yamaguchi M , Utsunomiya T , Yamamoto H , Kasai K 
Published: July 2008

Structured AbstractAuthors –  Fujita S, Yamaguchi M, Utsunomiya T, Yamamoto H, Kasai KObjective –  Recent studies have demonstrated that low‐energy laser irradiation stimulates bone formation in vitro and in vivo. However, very little is known about the effects of laser irradiation on osteoclastogenesis. The receptor activator of the nuclear factor‐kB (RANK) / RANK ligand (RANKL) / osteoprotegerin (OPG) system is essential and sufficient for osteoclastogenesis. The present study was designed to examine the effects of low‐energy laser irradiation on expressions of RANK, RANKL, and OPG during experimental tooth movement.Design –  To induce experimental tooth movement in rats, 10 g of orthodontic force was applied to the molars. Next, a Ga–Al–As diode laser was used to irradiate the area around the moved tooth and the amount of tooth movement was measured for 7 days. Immunohistochemical staining with RANK, RANKL, and OPG was performed. Real time PCR was also performed to elucidate the expression of RANK in irradiated rat osteoclast precursor cells in vitro.Results –  In the irradiation group, the amount of tooth movement was significantly greater than in the non‐irradiation group by the end of the experimental period. Cells that showed positive immunoreactions to the primary antibodies of RANKL and RANK were significantly increased in the irradiation group on day 2 and 3, compared with the non‐irradiation group. In contrast, the expression of OPG was not changed. Further, RANK expression in osteoclast precursor cells was detected at an early stage (day 2 and 3) in the irradiation group.Conclusion –  These findings suggest that low‐energy laser irradiation stimulates the velocity of tooth movement via induction of RANK and RANKL.
Histological analysis of orthodontic root resorption in rats treated with the cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) inhibitor celecoxib
Authors: Gameiro GH , Nouer DF , Pereira‐Neto JS , De Araújo Magnani MBB , De Andrade ED , Novaes PD , De Arruda Veiga MCF 
Published: July 2008

Structured AbstractAuthors –  Gameiro GH, Nouer DF, Pereira‐Neto JS, de Araújo Magnani MBB, de Andrade ED, Novaes PD, de Arruda Veiga MCFIntroduction –  It has been reported that anti‐inflammatory drugs used for treatment of pain and discomfort related to orthodontic treatment could slow down tooth movement. However, the effect of these drugs on orthodontic root resorption is not well understood.Objectives –  The aim of this study was to investigate whether the COX‐2 inhibitor celecoxib offers some protection against orthodontically induced root resorption.Design –  Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: Groups I and II were treated with saline and celecoxib (10 mg / kg), respectively for 3 days. Groups III and IV were treated with saline and celecoxib for 14 days. The upper left first molars of all rats were moved mesially for 14 days with 50 g of force. An area including the disto‐apical aspect of the mesial root of the first molar was processed for histological and histochemical techniques with tartarate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP).Outcome Measure –  The degree of root resorption was measured using an image analysis system with a grid‐sheet superimposed in the root were resorption lacunae were counted. The number of TRAP‐positive cells on the tooth root surface defined as odontoclasts were also evaluated.Results –  The results revealed that there were no significant differences in the degree of root resorption and in the number of odontoclasts on the root between the four groups studied.Conclusion –  The short and long‐term celecoxib administration did not suppress the root resorption in case of experimental orthodontic force application.
Hemimandibular elongation: treatment and long‐term follow‐up
Authors: Deleurant Y , Zimmermann A , Peltomäki T 
Published: July 2008

Structured AbstractAuthors –  Deleurant Y, Zimmermann A, Peltomäki TObjective –  To study long‐term changes in the mandibular asymmetry of patients with hemimandibular elongation (HE) treated with two‐phase surgical orthodontic approach.Design –  Descriptive clinical study.Setting and Sample Population –  Private practice setting. Seven (six females) out of 47 diagnosed and treated patients for severe mandibular asymmetry were included with the following criteria: diagnosis of HE based on clinical, radiological and single photon emission computed tomography bone scintigraphic studies, good quality orthopantomograms (OPT) available at six time‐points, two‐phase surgical treatment (high condylectomy, HC, and orthognathic surgery, OS) and measurements of maximal mouth opening (MMO) available.Method –  Mandibular ramus height and corpus length were measured on OPTs at six time‐points. Ratios between the affected/non‐affected sides were calculated.Results –  All patients had progression of mandibular asymmetry before any operation, which finding together with the scintigraphy resulted to the decision to perform HC. Thereafter ramus and corpus asymmetry decreased compared with the initial measurements. After OS, stable symmetry of corpuses and alignment of skeletal and dental midlines were obtained. MMO reduced on average 50% after HC, regained 20% after OS and recovered almost totally at the last follow‐up.Conclusions –  High condylectomy to stop excessive growth and OS to correct facial asymmetry is considered successful and necessary treatment for patients with HE. MMO can well recover after surgical traumas. Orthodontists should consider mandibular asymmetry as abnormal and need for surgical treatment if asymmetry is progressive and the ratio between affected/non‐affected sides approaches 10%.
A three‐dimensional look for facial differences between males and females in a British‐Caucasian sample aged 15½ years old
Authors: Toma AM , Zhurov A , Playle R , Richmond S 
Published: July 2008

Structured AbstractAuthors –  Toma AM, Zhurov A, Playle R, Richmond SBackground –  Optical surface scanning accurately records the three‐dimension (3D) shape of the face non‐invasively. Many software programs have been developed to process and analyze the 3D data, enabling the clinicians to create average templates for groups of subjects to provide a comparison of facial shape.Objective –  Differences in facial morphology of males and females were identified using a laser scan imaging technology.Subjects and Methods –  This study was undertaken on 380 British‐Caucasian children aged 15 and a half year old, recruited from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). 3D facial images were obtained for each individual using two high resolution Konica/Minolta laser scanners. The scan quality was assessed and any unsuitable scans were excluded from the study. Average facial templates were created for males and females, and a registration technique was used to superimpose the facial shells of males and females so that facial differences can be quantified.Results –  Thirty unsuitable scans were excluded from the study. The final sample consisted of 350 subjects (166 females, 184 males). Females tend to have more prominent eyes and cheeks in relation to males with a maximum difference of 2.4 mm. Males tend to have more prominent noses and mouths with a maximum difference of 2.7 mm. About 31% of the facial shells match exactly (no difference), mainly in the forehead and chin regions of the face.Conclusions –  Differences in facial morphology can be accurately quantified and visualized using 3D imaging technology. This method of facial assessment can be recommended and applied for future research studies to assess facial soft tissue changes because of growth or healthcare intervention.
Towards understanding the mass–metallicity relation of quasar absorbers: evidence for bimodality and consequences
Authors: Bouché Nicolas 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
One way to characterize and understand H i-selected galaxies is to study their metallicity properties. In particular, we show that the metallicity of absorbers is a bivariate function of the H i column density (NH i) and the Mg ii equivalent width (Wλ2796r). Thus, a selection upon Wλ2796r is not equivalent to a H i selection for intervening absorbers. A direct consequence for damped absorbers with log NH i &gt; 20.3 that falls from the bivariate metallicity distribution is that any correlation between the metallicity [X/H] and velocity width (using Wλ2796r as a proxy) cannot be interpreted as a signature of the mass–metallicity relation akin to normal field galaxies. In other words, damped Lyα absorber (DLA) samples are intrinsically heterogeneous and the [X/H]–Wλ2796r or [X/H]–Δv correlation reported in the literature arises from the H i cut. On the other hand, a sample of Mg ii-selected absorbers, which are statistically dominated by lowest NH i systems (sub-DLAs) at each Wλ2796r, is found to have a more uniform metallicity distribution. We postulate that the bivariate distribution [[X/H](NH i, Wλ2796r)] can be explained by two different physical origins of absorbers, namely sight lines through the interstellar medium of small galaxies and sight lines through the out-flowing material. Several published results follow from the bivariate [X/H] distribution, namely (i) the properties of the two classes of DLAs, reported by Wolfe et al. and (ii) the constant dust-to-gas ratio for Mg ii absorbers.
Are oxygen and neon enriched in PNe and is the current solar Ne/O abundance ratio underestimated?
Authors: Wang W. , Liu X.-W. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
A thorough critical literature survey has been carried out for reliable measurements of oxygen and neon abundances of planetary nebulae (PNe) and H ii regions. By contrasting the results of PNe and of H ii regions, we aim to address the issues of the evolution of oxygen and neon in the interstellar medium (ISM) and in the late evolutionary phases of low- and intermediate-mass stars (LIMS), as well as the currently hotly disputed solar Ne/O abundance ratio. Through the comparisons, we find that neon abundance and Ne/O ratio increase with increasing oxygen abundance in both types of nebulae, with positive correlation coefficients larger than 0.75. The correlations suggest different enrichment mechanisms for oxygen and neon in the ISM, in the sense that the growth of neon is delayed compared to oxygen. The differences of abundances between PNe and H ii regions are mainly attributed to the results of nucleosynthesis and dredge-up processes that occurred in the progenitor stars of PNe. We find that both these α-elements are significantly enriched at low metallicity (initial oxygen abundance ≲8.0) but not at metallicity higher than the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC). The fact that Ne/O ratios measured in PNe are almost the same as those in H ii regions, regardless of the metallicity, suggest a very similar production mechanism of neon and oxygen in intermediate-mass stars (IMS) of low initial metallicities and in more massive stars, a conjecture that requires verification by further theoretical studies. This result also strongly suggests that both the solar neon abundance and the Ne/O ratio should be revised upwards by ∼0.22 dex from the Asplund, Grevesse & Sauval values or by ∼0.14 dex from the Grevesse & Sauval values.
Mapping the Mahāyāna: Some Historical and Doctrinal Issues
Authors: D’Amato Mario 
Published: July 2008

AbstractBuddhism is often characterized as divided into two forms: Mahāyāna and H?nayāna. But how should this distinction be understood? In this article, I offer the reader a sense of how the contours of the Mahāyāna have been drawn from a historical and doctrinal perspective. I discuss three theories regarding the origins of the Mahāyāna, and elucidate an account of the Mahāyāna from a significant Mahāyāna treatise. I also comment on the use of the terms ‘Mahāyāna’ and ‘H?nayāna’, and conclude with some thoughts on a conundrum regarding the Mahāyāna's own self‐understanding.
Urban Myths: Popular Culture, the City and Identity
Authors: Milestone Katie 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis article uses Manchester (England) as a case study to examine some relationships between the city and the popular culture that emerges from, or seeks to represent, this city. We focus on post‐war popular culture that has been widely disseminated such as film, television and popular music. The article considers whether these examples of popular culture reflect wider urban, social and cultural change and discuss what impact this popular culture has had on changing the landscape and fortunes of the city. In particular, we discuss the case study of Manchester's popular culture in terms of ideas about place‐based identities and social class. We consider popular culture in terms of de‐industrialising Manchester through to regenerated Manchester. The paper concludes by discussing the possibility that the city centre of Manchester has become gentrified and considers the impact that this is having on popular culture.
Dragonfly community re‐organisation in boreal forest lakes: rapid species turnover driven by climate change?
Authors: FLENNER IDA , SAHLÉN GÖRAN 
Published: July 2008

Abstract. Climate change affects many ecosystems on earth. If not dying out or migrating, the species affected have to survive the altered conditions, including changes in community structure. It is, however, usually difficult to distinguish changes caused by a changing climate from other factors.Forestry is considered to be the major disturbance factor in Swedish forests. Here, we use forest lake data sets from 1996 and 2006 which include species abundance data for dragonfly larvae, water plant structure, forest age and forestry measures during a period of 25 years: from 1980 to 2005. Hence, we were able to discriminate between forestry effects and changes in species composition driven by recent climate change.We explored effects on regional species composition, species abundance and ecosystem functions, such as changes in niche use, utilising dragonflies (Odonata) as model organisms.Our results show that dragonflies react rapidly to climate change, showing strong responses over such a short time span as 10 years. We observed changes in both species composition and abundance; former rare species have become more frequent and now occur in lakes of a wider quality range, while former widespread species have become more selective in their choice of waters. The new communities harbour about the same number of species as before, but seen from a regional perspective, diversity is reduced.We predict that the altered species composition and abundance might raise new demands in conservation planning as well as altering the ecological functions of the aquatic systems.
Grazing impacts on moth diversity and abundance on a Scottish upland estate
Authors: LITTLEWOOD NICK A. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract.

Livestock grazing is the most important direct management impact on grasslands in upland areas of the UK. For phytophagous species, such as Lepidoptera, the impact is primarily through grazing altering the species composition and structure of the vegetation. However, specific impacts related to different grazing regimes are not well understood for this group of insects.
Within a replicated controlled grazing experiment, nocturnal adult moths were sampled by light trapping in the fifth year after establishment. Sampling effort was standardised between the four grazing treatments by simultaneously using identical traps in each treatment.
The highest‐intensity grazing treatment produced the lowest moth abundance and species richness. Ungrazed and low‐intensity sheep grazing treatments produced the highest moth abundance and species richness.
Moths that feed exclusively on graminoids and moths that overwinter as larvae were disproportionately well represented in the ungrazed treatment.
A sub‐set of species for which large declines have recently been documented in the UK were most abundant in the ungrazed treatment. However, they made up the largest proportion of the overall assemblage in the high‐intensity grazing treatment.
Increased grazing inversely affects moth abundance and species richness. However, effects are not even across all moth species. An absence of grazing is likely to negatively affect the abundance of some moths, especially those that overwinter in the egg stage.
A biogeographical study of the threatened ant Dinoponera lucida Emery (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae) using a cytogenetic approach
Authors: MARIANO CLÉA DOS SANTOS FERREIRA , POMPOLO SILVIA DAS GRAÇAS , BARROS LUÍSA ANTÔNIA CAMPOS , MARIANO‐NETO EDUARDO , CAMPIOLO SOFIA , DELABIE JACQUES HUBERT CHARLES 
Published: July 2008

Abstract.

Ants of the genus Dinoponera belong to a convergent group, in which there is no morphologically specialized caste of reproducing females and reproduction is by fertilized workers known as gamergates. Dinoponera lucida Emery, which is native to Brazilian Atlantic rain forest, is included on the official list of Brazilian fauna species threatened with extinction, due to habitat fragmentation, loss of their natural habitat and to peculiarities in their biology.
Karyotype variation was studied among D. lucida populations in the states of Bahia and Espirito Santo, Brazil. The cytogenetic study was carried out on brain ganglia and/or on male and/or female gonads. Banding techniques, such as sequential staining with DA/CMA3/DAPI fluorochromes and FISH, were also applied.
The diploid chromosome numbers ranged from 106 to 120. Variations in the karyotype were detected in the populations from Bahia, while in Espirito Santo the karyotypes were the same everywhere. Most of the chromosomes were small in size and acrocentric, except for a differentiated pair (AMt). This pair exhibited polymorphism in the different populations.
The karyotype variation detected in D. lucida suggested that the original population has previously been divided into two allopatric populations distributed in two different refugial areas of Atlantic rain forest in the early Quaternary. They probably developed in parallel and differentiated in karyotype composition. When the Atlantic rain forest regained its continuous distribution along with the Brazilian coast, the two groups came to occupy the continuous area of occurrence of the species that is seen today.
Parasitism of the beech leaf‐miner weevil in a woodland: patch size, edge effects and parasitoid species identity
Authors: WOODCOCK B. A. , VANBERGEN A. J. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract.Deciduous woodlands are a key habitat for the diversity of invertebrates within the primarily agricultural landscape of lowland Scotland. Little is known, however, of the contribution that within‐site heterogeneity plays in maintaining invertebrate diversity within these habitats. We consider how habitat heterogeneity affects the beech leaf‐mining weevil,Rhynchaenus fagiL. (Curculionidae, Coleoptera), and its associated polyphagous parasitoids.This was carried out by investigating host density and parasitism rates of the weevil as it fed on 88 beech treesFagus sylvaticaL. (Fagaceae) occurring in patches within a birch woodland. We aimed to assess how patch site, isolation and patch quality influenced parasitism rates and parasitoid diversity.Herbivore leaf‐mine abundance was greatest where beech trees were located on the edge. Parasitism rates were also affected by the location of the host insect at the woodland edge and interior. Depending on parasitoid species identity, parasitism rates showed independent, direct, and inverse responses to the density of leaf mines. Parasitism rates showed direct and inverse responses to the patch sizes of beech trees, while overall parasitoid diversity was negatively correlated with patch size.Heterogeneity in the location of the beech trees within this birch woodland plays a key role in determining local patterns of parasitism rates and parasitoid diversity. It is suggested that within‐site variation in the area of high quality resource patches, represented by the beech trees, was key to structuring these parasitoid communities. Niche separation was promoted by individual species’ capacity to locate host insects in this spatially complex habitat.