bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phenotype and envelope gene diversity of nef-deleted HIV-1 isolated from long-term survivors infected from a single source
Authors: Gray Lachlan , Churchill Melissa J , Sterjovski Jasminka , Witlox Kristie , Learmont Jennifer C , Sullivan John S , Wesselingh Steven L , Gabuzda Dana , Cunningham Anthony L , McPhee Dale A , Gorry Paul R 
Published: July 2007

Abstract

Background
The Sydney blood bank cohort (SBBC) of long-term survivors consists of multiple individuals infected with attenuated, nef-deleted variants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) acquired from a single source. Long-term prospective studies have demonstrated that the SBBC now comprises slow progressors (SP) as well as long-term nonprogressors (LTNP). Convergent evolution of nef sequences in SBBC SP and LTNP indicates the in vivo pathogenicity of HIV-1 in SBBC members is dictated by factors other than nef. To better understand mechanisms underlying the pathogenicity of nef-deleted HIV-1, we examined the phenotype and env sequence diversity of sequentially isolated viruses (n = 2) from 3 SBBC members.

Results
The viruses characterized here were isolated from two SP spanning a three or six year period during progressive HIV-1 infection (subjects D36 and C98, respectively) and from a LTNP spanning a two year period during asymptomatic, nonprogressive infection (subject C18). Both isolates from D36 were R5X4 phenotype and, compared to control HIV-1 strains, replicated to low levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). In contrast, both isolates from C98 and C18 were CCR5-restricted. Both viruses isolated from C98 replicated to barely detectable levels in PBMC, whereas both viruses isolated from C18 replicated to low levels, similar to those isolated from D36. Analysis of env by V1V2 and V3 heteroduplex tracking assay, V1V2 length polymorphisms, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis showed distinct intra- and inter-patient env evolution.

Conclusion
Independent evolution of env despite convergent evolution of nef may contribute to the in vivo pathogenicity of nef-deleted HIV-1 in SBBC members, which may not necessarily be associated with changes in replication capacity or viral coreceptor specificity.
Delayed presentation of an isolated gallbladder rupture following blunt abdominal trauma: a case report
Authors: Bainbridge Jonathan , Shaaban Hossam , Kenefick Nick , Armstrong Christopher P. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract

Background
Blunt injuries to the gallbladder occur rarely, and the incidence of isolated damage to the gallbladder is even smaller. We report a case of delayed presentation of isolated rupture of the gallbladder following blunt trauma to the abdomen.

Case presentation
A 65 year old lady presented through the Emergency Department with a 1 week history of blunt trauma to her abdomen. She complained of continued epigastric pain which radiated through to her back and right upper quadrant. On presentation, the patient had a low grade temperature, hypotension and mild tachycardia. Abdominal examination revealed right upper quadrant tenderness with no localised peritonism. C-reactive protein was 451. An abdominal CT showed a moderate amount of ascitic fluid in the perihepatic space. The patient underwent a laparotomy, which revealed a ruptured gallbladder with free bile. There was no evidence of any associated injuries to the surrounding organs. Partial cholecystectomy was done in view of the friable nature of the gallbladder. Post operatively, a persistent bile leak was managed successfully with endoscopic sphincterotomy and stenting.

Conclusion
Rupture of the gallbladder due to blunt injuries to the abdomen occurs from time to time and may constitute a diagnostic challenge especially with delayed presentation. Partial cholecystectomy is a safe option in cases where friability of the wall renders formal cholecystectomy inadvisable. Endoscopic sphincterotomy and stenting is a safe and effective treatment for persistent post operative bile leaks.
Development of Cerium-based Conversion Coating on AZ31 Magnesium Alloy
Authors: Salman S A , Ichino Ryoichi , Okido Masazumi 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
The use of chromate baths is being progressively restricted owing to the high toxicity of the hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) compounds. In this work, chemical conversion coating on AZ31 (3% Al, 1% Zn) magnesium alloy was performed by immersion in 5 mM Ce(NO3)3 solution with and without addition of Al(NO3)3 and Ca(OH)2. It was noted that addition of Al(NO3)3 and Ca(OH)2 to the cerium-based solution enhanced the surface properties and the corrosion resistance from anodic polarization in a 0.017 mol/L NaCl and 0.1 mol/L Na2SO4 solution at 298 K.
Electrochemical Reduction of TiO2 in Molten LiCl–Li2O
Authors: Hur Jin-Mok , Lee Su-Chul , Jeong Sang-Mun , Seo Chung-Seok 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
An investigation into the electrochemical reduction of TiO2 to Ti in molten LiCl–Li2O has been performed. Analysis of the time-dependent changes of a phase composition shows that the reduction proceeds through lithium-containing intermediates consisting of LiTi2O4 and LiTiO2. The reduction of TiO2 in molten LiCl–Li2O allows a much lower reaction temperature compared to the conventional reduction process in molten CaCl2.
Anionic Control of Autonomous Motion of Oil/Water Interface with Cationic Surfactant
Authors: Ban Takahiko , Suzuki Sho , Abe Syuichi , Shioi Akihisa 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Autonomous motions of an oil/water interface can be controlled by hydrophobicity of an anion and its chemical reaction with a cationic surfactant. Hydrophobic anions generate a rhythmical motion of the contact line, and hydrophilic anions induce the Marangoni instability. A cooperative effect of them causes an outstanding motion of the interface.
Perfluoroalkylation of α-Methylstyrene Using Titanium Oxide as a Photocatalyst
Authors: Iizuka Mari , Fukushima Shoju , Yoshida Masato 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
A redox system for fluoroalkylation with perfluoroalkyl iodide using TiO2 as a photocatalyst was developed. Photoirradiation of perfluoroalkyl iodide and α-methylstyrene in CH3CN in the presence of TiO2 and NaBF4 gave α-fluoroalkylstyrene.
Superior Electrocatalysis of Spin-coated Titanium Oxide Electrodes for the Electrochemical Ozone Production
Authors: Mohammad Ahmad M , Kitsuka Kenta , Kaneda Kazuhiro , Awad Mohamed I , Abdullah Aboubakr M , Ikematsu Mineo , Ohsaka Takeo 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
A cheap spin-coated Si/TiOx/Pt/TiOx electrode is fabricated and proved to possess an excellent catalysis for ozone electrogeneration. A high current efficiency of 2.5% was obtained at 33 mA cm−2 in 10 mM HClO4 at room temperature.
Photochromism and Chirality Propagation of Chromene Amphiphile Aggregates in Aqueous Ethanol Solutions
Authors: Kawasaki Takayoshi , Horie Sayaka , Asaoka Kentarou , Manaka Yuichi , Yonamine Yusuke , Okahata Yoshio 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Spectroscopic and morphologic characteristics of an racemic chromene cationic amphiphile 1+ having a chiral camphor sulfonate counter anion ((+) or (−) CS∗−) were studied in aggregates in aqueous ethanol solutions. The media-dependent photochromism of 1+/CS∗− and the enantio-preferential selective ring-closing process after UV irradiation were observed owing to the propagation of the chirality from the counter anion CS∗−.
On the Decline of n = 1 Research in Behaviour Change: The Rise of the Evidence-Based Practice Movement as One Explanation for the Trend
Authors: Molloy Geoffrey N. , Murphy Gregory C. , King Neville J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractParadoxically, the rise of the evidence-based practice (EBP) movement with its growing reliance on the execution of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) has been associated with a fall in the conduct of single-case research. Sharpley, among others, is concerned with this trend because it ignores the complementarity of single-case and group experimentation. We argue that the view that EBP should be founded predominantly on group data is untenable on both scientific and practical grounds.
The Impact of Ruminative Processing on the Development of Intrusive Memories
Authors: Williams Alishia D. , Moulds Michelle L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDespite substantial evidence of the detrimental effects of ruminative self-focus, paradoxically (as noted and reviewed by Watkins, 2004) there are clear suggestions that under some circumstances self-focused attention can actually promote well-being and confer benefits. We sought to replicate the findings of Watkins (2004) that adopting an abstract/analytical mode of processing following a negative event results in increased spontaneous intrusions of the event; that is, results in poor emotional processing. In the current study 57 low (BDI-II ≤ 7) and 59 high (BDI-II ≥ 12) dysphoric undergraduate participants viewed a four minute emotion-eliciting video, were randomly assigned to an analytical, experiential, or distraction processing condition, then monitored the frequency of video-related intrusions. Results indicated the effectiveness of the video in inducing moderately distressing intrusions, and suggest that the hypothesised effects of ruminative self-focus on intrusion severity may be dependent upon the self-referential nature of the material to be processed. Results did support previous findings (Williams & Moulds, 2007) that intrusion-related distress is not merely a function of intrusion frequency. Directions for future investigations of the cognitive processes that are important in the maintenance of depressive disorders are discussed.
Computational design of novel cyclic urea as HIV-1 protease inhibitor
Authors: Vijjulatha Manga , Kanth S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA series of novel cyclic urea molecules 5,6-dihydroxy-1,3-diazepane-2,4,7-trione as HIV-1 protease inhibitors were designed using computational techniques. The designed molecules were compared with the known cyclic urea molecules by performing docking studies, calculating their ADME (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion) properties and protein ligand interaction energy. These novel molecules were designed by substituting the P 1/P′ 1 positions (4th and 7th position of 1, 3-diazepan-2-one) with double bonded oxygens. This reduces the molecular weight and increases the bioavailability, indicating better ADME properties. The docking studies showed good binding affinity towards HIV-1 protease. The biological activity of these inhibitors were predicted by a model equation generated by the regression analysis between biological activity (log 1/K i ) of known inhibitors and their protein ligand interaction energy. The synthetic studies are in progress.
Electrical characteristics of HTS/manganite double layers
Authors: Nurgaliev Timur , Štrbík Vladimír , Miteva Snezhanka , Blagoev Blagoi , Mateev Emil , Neshkov Lyubomir , Beňačka Štefan , Chromik Štefan 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSuperconductor/ferromagnetic (SC/FM) Y1Ba2Cu3O7−δ /La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 (YBCO/LSMO) double layers were prepared on LaAlO3 substrates by magnetron sputtering and their electrical and microwave parameters were investigated at 77 K. In the theoretical plan, simple formulas for estimation of the sensitivity of the SC surface impedance to the concentration changes of normal charge carriers were proposed and the surface resistance R S peculiarities of both SC and FM surfaces were described. Thinner YBCO/LSMO structure was characterized by lower SC parameters and higher surface resistance R S at ∼ 4 GHz. The difference of R S of sample SC surfaces was interpreted as due to a difference between the normal charge carrier densities in these samples. R S of the FM surface was higher than that of the SC surface due to the microwave losses of the magnetic subsystem. A peak of the microwave losses, observed in the thicker double layer, was assumed to be caused by uniform FMR in the LSMO film.
Detection of IncP replicon-specific regions in DNA from Antarctic microbiota
Authors: Imperio Tatiana , Bargagli Roberto , Marri Laura 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Plasmids capable of horizontal transfer contribute to the adaptability of bacteria, as they may provide genes that enable their hosts to cope with different selective pressures. Only limited information is available on plasmids from Antarctic habitats, and up until now surveys have only used traditional methods of endogenous plasmid isolation. The method based on primer systems, designed on the basis of published sequences for plasmids from different incompatibility (Inc) groups, is appropriate to detect the replicon-specific regions of corresponding plasmids in cultured bacteria, or in total community DNA, which share sufficient DNA similarity with reference plasmids at the amplified regions. In this study, we applied broad-host-range plasmid-specific primers to DNA from microbial samples collected at six different locations in Northern Victoria Land (Antarctica). DNA preparations were used as targets for PCR (polymerase chain reaction) amplification with primers for the IncP (trfA2) and IncQ (oriV ) groups. PCR products were Southern blotted and hybridized with PCR-derived probes for trfA2 and oriV regions. This approach detected the occurrence of IncP-specific sequences in eight out of fifteen DNA samples, suggesting a gene-mobilizing capacity within the original habitats.
High ethanol tolerance of the thermophilic anaerobic ethanol producer Thermoanaerobacter BG1L1
Authors: Georgieva Tania , Mikkelsen Marie , Ahring Birgitte 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
The low ethanol tolerance of thermophilic anaerobic bacteria, generally less than 2% (v/v) ethanol, is one of the main limiting factors for their potential use for second generation fuel ethanol production. In this work, the tolerance of thermophilic anaerobic bacterium Thermoanaerobacter BG1L1 to exogenously added ethanol was studied in a continuous immobilized reactor system at a growth temperature of 70°C. Ethanol tolerance was evaluated based on inhibition of fermentative performance e.g. inhibition of substrate conversion. At the highest ethanol concentration tested (8.3% v/v), the strain was able to convert 42% of the xylose initially present, indicating that this ethanol concentration is not the upper limit tolerated by the strain. Long-term strain adaptation to high ethanol concentrations (6–8.3%) resulted in an improvement of xylose conversion by 25% at an ethanol concentration of 5% v/v, which is the concentration required in practice for economically efficient product recovery. For all ethanol concentrations tested, relatively high and stable ethanol yields (0.40–0.42 g/g) were seen. The strain demonstrated a remarkable ethanol tolerance, which is the second highest displayed by thermophilic anaerobic bacteria known to the authors. This appears to be the first study of the ethanol tolerance of these microorganisms in a continuous immobilized reactor system.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Efficient and One‐Pot Synthesis of Diarylacetylenes from the Reaction of Aryl Chlorides with 2‐Methyl‐3‐butyn‐2‐ol
Authors: Yi Chenyi , Hua Ruimao , Zeng Hanxiang , Huang Qiufeng 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAn efficient and practical synthetic method has been developed for the preparation of symmetrical diarylacetylenes from the direct reaction of aryl chlorides with 2‐methyl‐3‐butyn‐2‐ol catalyzed by palladium(II) chloride‐bis(tricyclohexylphosphine) [PdCl2(PCy3)2] under mild reaction conditions. Unsymmetrical diarylated acetylenes could be also obtained by using two different aryl chlorides simultaneously. The catalytic procedure includes a novel one‐pot palladium‐catalyzed, double Sonogashira coupling of inactivated aryl chlorides without use of copper(I) as co‐catalyst.
Highly Efficient Direct Carboxylation of Propane into Butyric Acids Catalyzed by Vanadium Complexes
Authors: Kirillova Marina V. , da Silva José A. L. , da Silva João J. R. Fraústo , Palavra António F. , Pombeiro Armando J. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA direct and highly efficient carboxylation of propane by carbon monoxide into butyric acids (mainly isobutyric and, in a smaller amount,n‐butyric), in the presence of potassium peroxodisulphate (K2S2O8) and in trifluoroacetic acid solution, has been achieved by using a vanadium catalytic system based on Ca[V{ON(CH(CH3)COO)2}2] (syntheticamavadine), its model compounds Ca[V{ON(CH2COO)2}2] or [VO{N(CH2CH2O)3}] – other simpler vanadium compounds, such as [VO(acac)2] or VOSO4, are less active. Overall yields (based on propane) of carboxylic acids up to 70 % and TON values up to 18.4×103have been reached. The effects of various factors such as the propane and carbon monoxide pressures, temperature, time, catalyst amount and radical traps have been investigated, the reactions are shown to proceed viabothC‐ andO‐centred radicals, with K2S2O8playing the role of an oxidantviaa free radical mechanism.
Hybrid Organic‐Inorganic Materials Derived from a Monosilylated Hoveyda‐type Ligand as Recyclable Diene and Enyne Metathesis Catalysts
Authors: Elias Xavier , Pleixats Roser , Man Michel Wong Chi , Moreau Joël J. E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe synthesis of a monosilylated Hoveyda‐type monomer is described as well as the preparation of several organic‐inorganic hybrid materials derived from it by sol‐gel processes and by anchoring to commercial silica gel and MCM‐41. The resulting materials were treated with first and/or second generation Grubbs’ catalyst to generate Hoveyda–Grubbs’ type alkylidene ruthenium complexes covalently bonded to the silica matrix. These materials are efficient recyclable catalysts for the ring‐closing metathesis reaction of dienes and enynes, even for the formation of tri‐ and tetrasubstituted olefins.
4,4′‐Disubstituted‐L‐proline Catalyzes the Direct Asymmetric Michael Addition of Aldehydes to Nitrostyrenes
Authors: Gu Liu‐qun , Zhao Gang 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn a search for small organic molecules as catalysts for the direct asymmetric Michael addition reaction of aldehydes to nitrostyrenes, 4,4′‐di(naphthalene‐1‐ylmethyl)‐L‐proline 1c and a catalytic amount of 4‐dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) were found to be an efficient system for the Michael addition of aldehydes to nitrostyrenes with high diastereo‐ and enantioselectivity and broad substrate range.
Fast and Chemoselective Transfer Hydrogenation of Aldehydes Catalyzed by a Terdentate CNN Ruthenium Complex [RuCl(CNN)(dppb)]
Authors: Baratta Walter , Siega Katia , Rigo Pierluigi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAromatic, aliphatic and α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes are quickly, quantitatively and chemoselectively reduced to primary alcohols with 2‐propanol using 0.05–0.01 mol % of the terdentate CNN ruthenium complex RuCl(CNN)(dppb) (1) [HCNN=6‐(4′‐methylphenyl)‐2‐pyridylmethylamine; dppb=Ph2P(CH2)4PPh2] in the presence of potassium carbonate (K2CO3; 1–10 mol %) as a weak base, affording TOF values up to 5.0×105 h−1.
Metal Triflate‐Catalyzed Regio‐ and Stereoselective Friedel–Crafts Alkenylation of Arenes with Alkynes in an Ionic Liquid: Scope and Mechanism
Authors: Yoon Mi Young , Kim Jin Hong , Choi Doo Seoung , Shin Ueon Sang , Lee Jin Yong , Song Choong Eui 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn the metal triflate‐catalyzed hydroarylation of alkynes, employing an ionic liquid dramatically enhanced the catalytic activities, resulting in broadening the scope of substrates (arenes and alkynes). In some cases, even reactions that were not possible in conventional organic solvents proceeded smoothly in ionic liquids. Moreover, the ionic liquid phase containing catalyst could be readily recovered by simple decantation of the organic layer after reaction and reused for the following runs without any significant loss of activity. Mechanistic studies including 13C NMR analysis of reaction intermediates and isotope experiments confirmed for the first time that this type of reaction proceeds via vinyl cationic intermediates.
Comparative Investigation of Hoveyda–Grubbs Catalysts bearing Modified N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands
Authors: Ledoux Nele , Linden Anthony , Allaert Bart , Mierde Hans Vander , Verpoort Francis 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper reports the structural modification of Hoveyda–Grubbs complexes through the introduction of either an N‐alkyl‐N′‐mesityl heterocyclic carbene, an N‐alkyl‐N′‐(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl) heterocyclic carbene, or an N‐alkyl‐N′‐alkyl heterocyclic carbene. The effect of the modified N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligand was investigated in representative ring‐opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP), ring‐closing metathesis (RCM) and cross metathesis (CM) reactions. A pronounced influence on both catalyst activity and selectivity was found to be exerted by the NHC amino substituents, which emphasizes that a rigorously selected steric environment is critical in olefin metathesis catalyst design.
Catalytic Synthesis of Peptide‐Derived Thiazolines and Oxazolines using Bis(quinolinolato)dioxomolybdenum(VI) Complexes
Authors: Sakakura Akira , Kondo Rei , Umemura Shuhei , Ishihara Kazuaki 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBis(2‐ethyl‐8‐quinolinolato)dioxomolybdenum(VI) (9) (1 mol %) shows remarkable catalytic activity for the dehydrative cyclization of cysteine‐containing dipeptides 1 to give the corresponding thiazolines 2 with less than 6 % epimerization at the C2‐exomethine position. For the dehydrative cyclization of threonine‐containing dipeptides 4, 1 mol % of bis(2‐phenyl‐8‐quinolinolato)dioxomolybdenum(VI) (10) gives the corresponding oxazolines 5 with retention of configuration at the 5‐position.
Synthesis and Characterization of N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Substituted Phosphine and Phosphite Rhodium Complexes and their Catalytic Properties in Hydrogenation Reactions
Authors: Herrmann Wolfgang A. , Frey Guido D. , Herdtweck Eberhardt , Steinbeck Martin 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMixed N‐heterocyclic carbene‐substituted phosphine and phosphite complexes of rhodium were prepared, starting from [Rh(COE)2Cl]2 (COE=cyclooctene) by addition of free N‐heterocyclic carbenes (NHC) and PR3. All new complexes were characterized by spectroscopy. In addition, the structures of trans‐chloro(1,3‐dicyclohexylimidazol‐2‐ylidene)‐bis(triphenylphosphite)rhodium(I) (5), chloro‐trans‐bis(1,3‐dicyclohexylimidazol‐2‐ylidene) (triphenylphosphine)rhodium(I) (6), and chloro(η4‐1,5‐cyclooctadiene)(1,3‐di‐[(1R,2S,5R)‐2‐isopropyl‐5‐menthylcyclohex‐1‐yl]imidazol‐2‐ylidene)rhodium(I) (8) were determined by single crystal X‐ray analyses. The hydrogenation of cyclohexene using molecular hydrogen has been optimized for some N‐heterocyclic carbene‐substituted phosphine and phosphite rhodium complexes by variation of the reaction conditions.
Practical Enantioselective Synthesis of β‐Lactones Catalyzed by Aluminum Bissulfonamide Complexes
Authors: Kull Thomas , Peters René 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe development of an efficient and practical aluminum‐bissulfonamide complex catalyzed enantioselective formation of β‐lactones by [2+2] cycloaddition of ketene (generated in situ from acetyl bromide by dehydrobromination) with various α‐unbranched and ‐branched aliphatic aldehydes is presented. The methodology offers the advantage of operational simplicity not only as the ligand synthesis requires just a single sulfonylation step from commercially available enantiomerically pure diamines. The products are formed in high to excellent yields with ee values typically ranging from 78 to 90 % using 10 mol % of the bissulfonamide ligand. The key finding of this work was a remarkable rate acceleration by using an aluminum/ligand ratio of 1.5:1.