bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Honeybee odometry and scent guidance
Authors: Vladusich Tony , Hemmi Jan M. , Zeil Jochen 
Published: March 2006

SUMMARY
We report on a striking asymmetry in search behaviour observed in honeybees trained to forage alternately at one of two feeder sites in a narrow tunnel. Bees were trained by periodically switching the position of a sucrose reward between relatively short and long distances in the tunnel. Search behaviour was examined in the training tunnel itself and in a fresh tunnel devoid of scent cues deposited by bees during training. Bees tested in the fresh tunnel exhibited a bias towards the shorter site, while bees tested in the training tunnel searched closer to the longer site. In additional experiments, we manipulated the position of scent cues, relative to the training location, in the testing tunnel. Bees generally searched at the site to which they were trained rather than at the position of the scent. Our data argue strongly against the hypothesis that bees rely exclusively on deposited scent to accurately localise a food source in natural foraging environments. We instead conclude that odometry and scent guidance contribute to honeybee food search in a manner reflecting the significance and relative reliability of sensory information.
Odours detected by rhinophores mediate orientation to flow in the nudibranch mollusc,Tritonia diomedea
Authors: Wyeth Russell C. , Willows A. O. Dennis 
Published: March 2006

SUMMARYTritonia diomedea is a useful neuroethological model system that can contribute to our understanding of the neural control of navigation. Prior work on both sensory and locomotory systems is complemented by recent field experiments, which concluded that these animals primarily use a combination of odours and water flow as guidance cues. We corroborate these field results by showing similar navigation behaviours in a flow tank. Slugs crawled upstream towards both prey and conspecifics, and turned downstream after crawling into a section of the flow tank downstream of a predator. Controls without upstream odour sources crawled apparently randomly. We then tested whether these behaviours depend on odours detected by the rhinophores. Outflow from a header tank was used to generate prey, predator and unscented control odour plumes in the flow tank. Slugs with rhinophores crawled upstream towards a prey odour plume source, turned downstream in a predator odour plume, and showed no reaction to a control plume. Slugs without rhinophores behaved similarly to controls, regardless of odour plume type. Finally, we used extracellular recordings from the rhinophore nerve to demonstrate that isolated rhinophores are chemosensitive. Afferent activity increased significantly more after application of all three odour types than after unscented control applications. Responses were odour specific. We conclude that rhinophores mediate orientation to flow, and suggest that future work should focus on the integration of mechanosensation and chemosensation during navigation in T. diomedea.
Assimilation experiments with CHAMP GPS radio occultation measurements
Authors: Healy S. B. , Thépaut J.‐N. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractA one‐dimensional bending‐angle observation operator for assimilating GPS radio occultation (RO) measurements has been integrated into the ECMWF four‐dimensional variational assimilation (4D‐Var) system. We have performed forecast impact experiments with 60 days of CHAMP RO measurements, in addition to the latest set of conventional and satellite data that are assimilated operationally, including radiances from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder. It is demonstrated that the CHAMP measurements provide extremely good temperature information in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. In the southern hemisphere (SH), they produce a clear, statistically significant improvement in the r.m.s. forecast fit to radiosonde measurements over the day 1 to day 5 forecast range at 300, 200, 100 and 50 hPa. An improved r.m.s. fit to radiosondes is also evident at 100 hPa in the tropics. However, the observations degrade the 500 hPa geopotential height (500Z) field in the SH. This appears to be mainly caused by erroneous surface pressure increments in Antarctica. As a result, we have modified the GPS tangent‐linear and adjoint routines, prior to the evaluation of the model‐level pressures and geopotential heights, in order to remove the sensitivity of the model geopotential height values to the surface pressure. This improves the SH 500Z forecast scores, although a small degradation is still evident at the day 1 and day 2 forecast range.A simple method for estimating the degrees of freedom for signal (DFS) of a large variational assimilation system is noted and applied to estimate the DFS of the CHAMP measurements assimilated during a 12‐hour assimilation window. The CHAMP measurements increase the total DFS of the 4D‐Var system by ∼4%, and the DFS per CHAMP bending‐angle profile is ∼34. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society
Origins of the reversed flow over the windward Alpine foothills during MAP IOP3 and IOP8
Authors: Asencio N. , Stein J. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe synoptic‐scale situations during the two Intensive Observing Periods (IOPs) of the Mesoscale Alpine Programme (MAP) characterized by persisting precipitation and down‐valley flow as observed by the Doppler on the wheel radar (DOW) over the two Alpine valleys (Toce and Ticino) were investigated. The first period (IOP3, 24–27 September 1999) was characterized by a south‐westerly flow and convective precipitation, whereas the second period (IOP8, 20–21 October 1999) by a down‐valley flow and stratiform precipitation. During IOP3, the down‐valley northerly flow over the north‐western part of the Po valley was confined within a thin layer of 200–300 m depth. During IOP8, the northerly flow extended from the Alps foothills to the Ligurian sea in a deep layer of 1–2 km height. The Meso‐NH numerical model with a 2.5 km horizontal mesh grid reproduced the characteristics of both cases from the valley scale to the meso‐β scale. Sensitivity experiments were, furthermore, performed in order to highlight the relationships between wet or dry drainage flow channelled by the Alpine orography, mesoscale upstream flow blocked by the Alps, and a regional cold pool at the foothills inside the Po valley. During IOP8, the diabatic processes were dominant at local scales in confirmation of Steiner results based on the DOW observations and they were significant at regional scales upstream of the Alps by maintaining a cold pool over the Po valley. The IOP3 low‐level flow reversal occurred as the flow began to cross over the Alps instead of turning around. A downslope flow is associated with the blocked‐regime period upstream of the Alps. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society
Sensitivity studies of developing convection in a cloud‐resolving model
Authors: Petch J. C. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractCloud‐resolving models (CRMs) remain an important tool for providing detailed process information about convection. In this short paper I focus on the development of deep convection and consider what can be considered a minimum expense benchmark simulation for comparison with a numerical weather‐prediction model. To decide this a range of sensitivity studies are presented to aspects of the experimental set‐up which strongly impact the computational expense. Many of the sensitivities shown in these CRM experiments are quite different to those seen in previous papers which have tended to focus more on deep active convection. Here it is shown that for the case‐study presented a minimum expense benchmark simulation must be a 3D simulation. A 200 m horizontal grid length and a domain of 25 km are also required to capture the most important processes. Copyright © 2006 Crown copyright
Thyroglobulin (Tg) Recovery Testing with Quantitative Tg Antibody Measurement for Determining Interference in Serum Tg Assays in Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma
Authors: Persoon Adrienne CM , Links Thera P , Wilde Juergen , Sluiter Wim J , Wolffenbuttel Bruce HR , van den Ouweland Johannes MW 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Background: Thyroglobulin (Tg) measurements are complicated by interference from Tg autoantibodies (TgAbs) or heterophilic antibodies (HAMAs). We used a new automated immunochemiluminometric assay (ICMA) with Tg recovery (TgR) on the Nichols Advantage® platform to reassess the clinical utility of recovery testing in detecting interference in serum Tg measurement in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma.
Methods: We used 2 TgAb methods to detect Tg measurement interference with TgR and quantitative TgAb measurement in sera from 127 patients. In a limited number of samples, we used an RIA as comparison method because it appeared to be minimally affected by TgAb.
Results: Prevalence of TgAbs was 13% (17 of 127) in either 1 or both TgAb assays. A compromised TgR (&lt;70%) corresponded with TgAb positivity in either TgAb assay for 10 of 11 samples (91%), whereas a normal TgR (≥70%) corresponded with TgAb negativity in both assays for 95 of 101 samples (94%). In 6 TgAb-positive sera with TgR within the reference interval, there were no discrepancies between RIA and ICMA results. We obtained discordant RIA and ICMA results for 6 of 9 TgAb-positive sera with decreased TgR. In 1 TgAb-negative sample, the Tg result was falsely increased because of interference by HAMAs, as shown by an overrecovery of 126%.
Conclusions: The Nichols Advantage TgR assay is a valuable complementary method to overcome the technical problem of interference by TgAbs or HAMAs in TgAb assays. Further studies are needed to confirm the potential added value of this TgR assay.
Durability Testing of Polyurethane Foam Sealant in the Window-Wall Interface
Authors: Braun RG , Garcia J 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
In late 1990, the National Research Council of Canada (NRC-CNRC) and the Canadian Construction Materials Centre of Canada (CCMC) set about developing a durability protocol for aerosol foam sealants. Major input for this effort was supplied by Dr. Mark Bomberg then on the NRC-CNRC staff. At that time a major manufacturer of aerosol foam sealant wished to address some developing concerns whether foam sealant used around the perimeter of windows and doors during their installation was really durable. The manufacturer completed the durability testing according to the established NRC protocol. Now the protocol is also part of a new Standard CAN/ULC-S710.1 and CAN/ULC-S711.1. This paper will describe that testing as it was completed at the third party laboratory, Air-Ins Inc., of Montreal, Canada using criteria from the 1995 National Building Code of Canada [1]. The data obtained also formed the basis for CCMC Evaluation report 13074-R [2].
Analysis of Surface Inertial Profiles Measured on Jointed Portland Cement Pavements
Authors: Gagarin N , Mekemson JR 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The feasibility of measuring slab curling using high-speed profilers was assessed by the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center of the Federal Highway Administration. The primary objectives of the study were to: (1) measure the surface profile of the concrete slabs using state-of-the-art profiling technology, (2) establish a standard procedure to identify warping and curling of the slabs using the measured surface profiles, (3) relate the changes in pavement surface profiles to the change in surface temperature, (4) determine the relationship between changes in pavement surface profile, roughness, premature transverse cracking, and construction condition, and (5) establish a standard procedure to analyze the condition of joints, including rotation and faulting, and determine the relationship between joint condition, and roughness. The paper discusses data mining on a database of 16 000 slabs measured during four time windows in a 24-h period. A visualization of all parameters and samples at all four times of the day show the groups of slabs which have cracked and are likely to crack shown by the divergence from the normal response measured in most slabs.
Wind Tunnel Evaluation of Drift Reduction Potential and Spray Characteristics with Drift Retardants at High Operating Pressure
Authors: Guler H , Zhu H , Ozkan E , Derksen R , Krause C 
Published: March 2006

AbstractAlthough considerable research has been done on effectiveness of drift retardants for many years, answers to some questions are still unclear to applicators. Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate drift potentials associated with off-target ground and airborne spray deposits discharged with a hollow cone nozzle spraying three different drift retardants at a high operating pressure and various wind velocities in a wind tunnel. Droplet sizes and spray widths were also determined with a laser imaging system and a portable spray patternator. At 1655 kPa pressure and 4.65 L/m flow rate, the volume median diameters of droplets from the hollow cone nozzle discharging spray mixtures containing water only, polyvinyl polymer, nonionic colloidal polymer and polyacrylamide polymer drift retardants were 201, 222, 239, and 210 μm, respectively. The major spray pattern width was not changed after drift retardants were added into the spray carrier. For the wind velocity from 1 to 5 m/s in the wind tunnel, the polyacrylamide drift retardant produced the highest airborne deposit among the three drift retardants, followed by polyvinyl, and then nonionic colloidal. Also, the polyacrylamide drift retardant produced the highest ground drift potential, followed by nonionic colloidal and then polyvinyl. According to the results from this laboratory study, both nonionic colloidal and polyvinyl polymer drift retardants reduced the drift potential compared to the spray carrier containing water only.
Investigation of Oxygen-Acetylene Flashback Reactions in Welding Hoses
Authors: Newton BE , Pryor D , Chiffoleau GJA , Beeson H 
Published: March 2006

AbstractA common concern in the welding industry is the development of conditions wherein an oxygen-acetylene (i.e., oxyacetylene) flashback reaction can propagate into a welding hose causing it to burst due to the rapid localized pressurization associated with an oxygen-acetylene deflagration-to-detonation transition. The investigation of a recent welding hose fire resulted in testing to evaluate the conditions under which detonations could be generated within welding hoses and the conditions in which welding hoses would burst when exposed to these events. This paper reports on elements of the welding hose fire investigation, the conditions for flashback reactions to develop, and the analytical work performed during the accident reconstruction to characterize deflagration-to-detonation transition within typical welding hoses. This paper also suggests physical and chemical criteria that are characteristic to welding hose ruptures due to flashback detonations.
The Influence of Initial Crack Length on Critical Stress Intensity FactorK1
Authors: Abril ER 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIt is postulated that initial crack length always affects the critical propagation of a crack, except when absolutely elastic materials are considered. The reason for this statement is explained, and a new fracture mechanics theory is presented and experimentally justified, complementing previous works in which it was partially developed.The main innovation presented in this paper is a new fracture mechanics method, called “Limit Line Replacement,” which is thought to be applicable to any type of structure, provided some experimental verification is made.This basis of the method consists in the acceptance that the critical crack length of a cracked structure subjected to fatigue always can be obtained experimentally, if the maximum and the minimum fatigue loads are known.From this critical crack length, the life of a structure can be estimated experimentally if under similar conditions, the number of required cycles is measured.
The Mental Health of Married, Cohabiting, and Non–Coresident Parents With Infants
Authors: DeKlyen Michelle , Brooks-Gunn Jeanne , McLanahan Sara , Knab Jean 
Published: March 2006

Objectives. We compared recent parents (married, cohabiting, not cohabiting but romantically involved, and not romantically involved) to examine the association between mental health problems and relationship status. Methods. We analyzed data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study that followed a cohort of approximately 4900 births in large US cities. Our study included a large oversample of nonmarital births (n=3700) and interviews with both mothers and fathers. We used the Composite International Diagnostic Interview Short Form to assess depression and generalized anxiety 1 year after the birth. Self reports were used to measure heavy drinking, illicit drug use, incarceration, and partner violence. Results. Unmarried parents reported more mental health and behavioral problems than did married parents, and unmarried parents whose relationships ended before the birth reported more impairment compared with other groups of unmarried parents. Conclusions. A substantial number of children are born to unmarried parents and are at risk for poor parenting and poor developmental outcomes. Government initiatives aimed at increasing marriage rates among low-income couples need to consider the mental health status of unmarried parents.
Associations of Maternal Age- and Parity-Related Factors With Trends in Low-Birthweight Rates: United States, 1980 Through 2000
Authors: Yang Quanhe , Greenland Sander , Flanders W. Dana 
Published: March 2006

Objectives. We assessed the effects of changes in the maternal age–parity distribution and age-and parity-specific low-birthweight rates on low-birthweight trends in the United States. Methods. We used natality file data from 1980 through 2000 to assess very-low-birthweight and low-birthweight rates among singleton live-born infants. Results. Changes in age-and parity-specific low-birthweight rates were the main contributor to the overall trend in rates. However, changes in the age–parity distribution, primarily delayed childbearing, had a smaller but noticeable impact. The very-low-birthweight rate increased 27% among Black women, and changes in the age–parity distribution were associated with, on average, more than 20% of the increased rate during the 1990s. Among His-panic and non-Hispanic White women, on average, more than 10% of the rate increase observed during the 1990s was associated with changes in the age–parity distribution. Conclusions. Assuming minimal changes in age-specific rates, delayed childbearing may play an increasingly important role in low-birthweight trends in the United States.
Asthma Prevalence Among US Adults, 1998–2000: Role of Puerto Rican Ethnicity and Behavioral and Geographic Factors
Authors: Rose Deborah , Mannino David M. , Leaderer Brian P. 
Published: March 2006

Objectives. We analyzed asthma prevalence among US adults by age, gender, race, Puerto Rican ethnicity, and other demographic, behavioral, health, and geographic variables. We hypothesized that high prevalences would be observed among Puerto Ricans and in the Northeast census region. Methods. We used data from the 1998 through 2000 US National Health Interview Surveys. Information on lifetime history of asthma and asthma in the past year was collected from 95615 adults. We calculated weighted prevalence estimates and odds ratios from logistic regression. Results. Of US adults, 8.9% had ever been diagnosed with asthma, and 3.4% had experienced an episode in the past 12 months. Asthma diagnosis rates were highest among Puerto Ricans (17.0%) and lowest among Mexican Americans (3.9%); rates were 9.6% and 9.2% among non-Hispanic Blacks and non-Hispanic Whites, respectively. Geographically, asthma prevalence was highest in the West (10.5%) and lowest in the Northeast (8.6%). Puerto Ricans in all regions had high asthma rates. Conclusions.final logistic regression model included race/ethnicity, obesity, poverty, female gender, and cigarette smoking. Higher asthma rates were confirmed among Puerto Ricans but not in the Northeast region.
A Nationwide Population-Based Study Identifying Health Disparities Between American Indians/Alaska Natives and the General Populations Living in Select Urban Counties
Authors: Castor Mei L. , Smyser Michael S. , Taualii Maile M. , Park Alice N. , Lawson Shelley A. , Forquera Ralph A. 
Published: March 2006

Objectives. Despite their increasing numbers, little is known about the health of American Indians/Alaska Natives living in urban areas. We examined the health status of American Indian/Alaska Native populations served by 34 federally funded urban Indian health organizations. Methods. We analyzed US census data and vital statistics data for the period 1990 to 2000. Results. Disparities were revealed in socioeconomic, maternal and child health, and mortality indicators between American Indians/Alaska Natives and the general populations in urban Indian health organization service areas and nationwide. American Indians/Alaska Natives were approximately twice as likely as these general populations to be poor, to be unemployed, and to not have a college degree. Similar differences were observed in births among mothers who received late or no prenatal care or consumed alcohol and in mortality attributed to sudden infant death syndrome, chronic liver disease, and alcohol consumption. Conclusions. We found health disparities between American Indians/Alaska Natives and the general populations living in selected urban areas and nationwide. Such disparities can be addressed through improvements in health care access, high-quality data collection, and policy initiatives designed to provide sufficient resources and a more unified vision of the health of urban American Indians/Alaska Natives.
Service Uptake and Characteristics of Injection Drug Users Utilizing North America’s First Medically Supervised Safer Injecting Facility
Authors: Wood Evan , Tyndall Mark W. , Qui Zhenguo , Zhang Ruth , Montaner Julio S. G. , Kerr Thomas 
Published: March 2006

In 2003, the city of Vancouver, British Columbia, opened North America’s first government-sanctioned safer injecting facility, where injection drug users (IDUs) can inject preobtained illicit drugs under the supervision of nurses. Use of the service by IDUs was followed by measurable reductions in public drug use and syringe sharing. IDUs who are frequently using the program tend to be high-intensity cocaine and heroin injectors and homeless individuals. The facility has provided high-risk IDUs a hygienic space where syringe sharing can be eliminated and the risk of fatal overdose reduced. Ongoing evaluation will be required to assess its impact on overdose rates and HIV infection levels, as well as its ability to improve IDU contact with medical care and addiction treatment
Fertility Regulation and Reproductive Health in the Millennium Development Goals: The Search for a Perfect Indicator
Authors: Dixon-Mueller Ruth , Germain Adrienne 
Published: March 2006

Although several key elements of sexual and reproductive health are included in the United Nations Millennium Development Goals, a measure of women’s capacity to regulate their fertility safely and effectively is missing. We considered the usefulness of 3 pairs of indicators in monitoring this component of reproductive health: contraceptive prevalence and total fertility; unmet need for contraception and unplanned births; and unsafe abortion and abortion mortality. A single measure of contraceptive use is insufficient. The risks women face from unplanned births and unsafe abortion should also be incorporated into the monitoring process, either directly within the Millennium Development Goals framework or as a parallel effort by reporting governments and other agencies.