bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plato's Symposium
Authors: Sheffield Frisbee 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis book is concerned with Plato's examination of the nature and aims of human desire, and the role that it plays in our ethical lives. For Plato, analysing our desires is a way of reflecting on the kind of people that we are, and on our prospects for a worthwhile and happy life. This assumes that desires are the sorts of thing that are amenable to such reflection. This book considers why Plato held such a view, and in what direction he thought our desires could best be shaped. The kind of relationships which typically took place at symposia was an important way in which young men learnt how to value and desire the right kinds of things, and in the appropriate manner. They were, in short, a way in which virtue was transmitted to the young. The book argues that seen in this light, the Symposium belongs amongst those dialogues concerned with moral education. The Symposium offers a distinctive approach to central Platonic themes concerning education, virtue, epistemology, and moral psychology, one that is grounded in an account of the nature and goals of a loving relationship.
2 Socrates' Speech: The Nature ofErōs
Authors: Sheffield Frisbee C. C. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter begins with Socrates' account of the nature of eros. The first part of the chapter explores Socrates' account of eros as an intermediate psychological state. The desire for beautiful and good things confronts us with something beautiful and good that our mortal natures lack (an experience of aporia), and yet we awaken a more than human ability to transcend that nature and to strive towards a divine state of possession (euporia). The second part of the chapter explores Socrates' claim that we desire the good and beautiful things we lack in more detail. Socrates singles out wisdom as one of the most beautiful things, and goes on to sketch an account of how eros' nature manifests itself in the pursuit of wisdom. The chapter concludes by arguing that eros' intermediate nature, as manifested in the pursuit of wisdom in particular, is exemplified in the behaviour of Socrates and his alter ego Diotima at this symposium.
The Techniques of Detection
Authors: Forrest Ian 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines in detail the two main plants of detection — reporting and licensing — and episcopal expectations of popular participation are introduced. The development of laws against unlicensed preaching is described, with an examination of the statues of Thomas Arundel and William Courtenay, besides other diocesan bishops. The role of trustworthy laymen or fidedigni is introduced.
Thai Business Groups: Crisis and Restructuring
Authors: Polsiri Piruna , Wiwattanakantang Yupana 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter on Thai business groups shows an interesting case of deep state involvement and ethnic conflict. The Thai government tried to restrict ethnic Chinese businesses and to promote indigenous capital. To counter Chinese dominance, the government set up many state-owned enterprises and semi-governmental companies. Under the military regime, major profitable industries were monopolized by the state. In order to operate in this business environment, the ethnic Chinese established close ties with the politicians, particularly the military leaders. These Sino-Thai businessmen provided top government officials capital and the entrepreneurial and managerial expertise that these officials lacked. Although the Asian Crisis severely affected Thailand, Thai business groups’ ownership and governance structures did not change. Only banks and finance companies were closed down or taken over by the government and foreign financial institutions.
7 The Duvergerian Agenda
Authors: Taagepera Rein 
Published: September 2007

AbstractStarting with the characteristics of the electoral systems, the ‘Duvergerian agenda’ aims at predicting the average seat and vote share distributions of parties, the effective number of parties, and deviation from proportional representation. In the case of simple electoral systems, prediction of seat shares of parties and cabinet duration has become possible. Simple electoral systems are those that use a usual proportional representation formula or First-Past-The-Post, so that assembly size and district magnitude tell most of the story.
10 The Mean Duration of Cabinets
Authors: Taagepera Rein 
Published: September 2007

AbstractAgain the quantity to watch is the ‘seat product’. The inverse square law of cabinet durations says that the mean cabinet duration in a country is approximately forty-two years divided by the square of the effective number of parties. In institutional terms, mean cabinet duration is approximately the inverse of the cube root of the seat product. This quantitatively predictive logical model agrees with the world averages. The results are approximate, because other factors enter.
Psychology and the Problem of Industrial Civilisation
Authors: Thomson Mathew 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter analyses a key context for the previous two: the problem of industrial civilization. Psychology’s role as a tool of control and measurement is downplayed, this time through a case study of industrial psychology, its limitations, and its pretensions to humanism. The chapter also opens up the subject of interest in psychology in business and advertising, showing that workers too were excited by psychology, not just in self-development, but also for thinking about class. Finally, the chapter considers the mounting concern about work-related psychosomatic illness; barriers to the acceptance of this presented by class and attitudes towards masculinity; and the role of a somatic language of nerves and injury, as well as a class critique of mechanization and capitalism in overcoming resistance.
Medicine and the Psychological
Authors: Thomson Mathew 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter surveys the limited success of psychiatry in reaching beyond asylums through the development of psychological clinics and the promotion of ‘mental hygiene’ in the interwar years. It draws attention to a quieter but more far-reaching process of integrating a psychological dimension within general practice and general hospitals that reflected, in part, misgivings about an overly materialist medicine. This was encouraged initially by a focus on private consumers of medicine, as well as worthy shell-shock recipients, and by forms of psychotherapy and discourses that focused on the nerves, rest, and personal attention. A shift to patients who were recipients of a state service, despite psychiatric epidemiology that claimed a psychological dimension in a third of all illness, exposed limited state resources and a continuing concern about malingering that held back the development of psychological medicine, even under the National Health Service.
Mind Design and Minimal Syntax
Authors: Hinzen Wolfram 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis book introduces generative grammar as an area of study, asking what it tells us about the human mind. It lays the foundation for the unification of modern generative linguistics with the philosophies of mind and language. It introduces Chomsky's program of a ‘minimalist’ syntax as a novel explanatory vision of the human mind. It explains how the Minimalist Program originated from work in cognitive science, biology, linguistics, and philosophy, and examines its implications for work in these fields. It also considers the way the human mind is designed when seen as an arrangement of structural patterns in nature, and argues that its design is the product not so much of adaptive evolutionary history as of principles and processes that are historical and internalist in character. The book suggests that linguistic meaning arises in the mind as a consequence of structures emerging on formal rather than functional grounds. From this, the book substantiates an unexpected and deeply unfashionable notion of human nature. It also provides an insight into the nature and aims of Chomsky's Minimalist Program.
2 Preliminaries
Authors: Richardson Kylie 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter provides a detailed analysis of the terminology employed throughout the book. It illustrates that lexical/semantic aspect (i.e., whether an eventuality is telic or atelic) and grammatical/morphological aspect (the perfective-imperfective alternation in the Slavic languages) are distinct. It also defines true lexical case versus so-called structural, inherent, semantic, and default cases.
The Form of the Hexameter: The Origins of Caesura and Diaeresis
Authors: David A. P. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter draws on two strands of evidence that bear on the form of the dactylic hexameter: one from Plato (Epinomis) and Aristotle (Metaphysics), one from a modern Greek folk dance (the συρτός). When combined with the new theory of the Greek accent, a theory of hexameter form emerges, which accounts for the peculiar features of traditional hexameter structure. It predicts that there will be two kinds of caesura in the third foot, with one of them favoured; and that there will be a bucolic diaeresis. Detailed analyses of emphasis and accentual reinforcement of metre in passages from Homer reveal such a musical richness, and rhythmic and harmonic density and complexity, that the notion of ‘composition-in-performance’ becomes implausible, and suggests that Homer’s texts, like Mozart’s, were scores that needed to be practiced and prepared in order to be performed.
8 The Lyric Orchestra
Authors: David A. P. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter applies the new theory of the accent in a choral analysis of lyric verse. The first section, ‘The Lord of the Dance’, calls attention to a new relationship between the poet and his orchestra in lyric as against epic, and the implications of this new relationship for lyric usage and its interpretation. Gone is the evocative music of the noun-and-epithet phrases in favour of adjectival predication. A section on ‘Prosodic Agreement’ showcases accentual rhyme in the strophic systems of Pindar’s Olympian 1 and three heuristic principles for the choreographic analysis of lyric verse, each discussed in theory and practice: (i) ‘one syllable one step’; (ii) the dactyl as the fundamental element of all lyric rhythm in relation to the cadential cretic; and (iii) the accentual determination of ictus (distinguished from the ictual determination of quantity and accent, more characteristic of epic). A discussion of ‘period’ and ‘strophe’, highlighting the remarkable isochrony of both ancient and modern Greek dance, leads to a discussion and demonstration of the kind of poetic epiphany that choral verse can achieve.
Milton, Islam and the Ottomans
Authors: MacLean Gerald 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines Milton's relation to Islam by examining Arab-Islamic responses to Paradise Lost in the contexts of contemporary Ottoman policies and the Qur'ānic version of the double-fall. Although Milton seldom referred to Islam and was disparaging about the Ottomans, Muslim thinkers have recognized in his literary works an attitude toward religious toleration remarkably in line with their own traditions. Protestant reformers frequently cited the Ottoman state as a model of religious toleration, but for Milton, it remained a model of political tyranny. Nevertheless, while there is no evidence that Milton read the English Alcoran of 1649, his version of Satan's motives and fall from heaven closely resembles the Qur'ānic account of Iblis.
Places of Redemption
Authors: Fulkerson Mary McClintock 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The primary aim of this book is to explore the contradiction between the widely shared beliefs in the USA about racial inclusiveness and equal opportunity for all, and the fact that most churches are racially homogeneous and do not include people with disabilities. To address the problem, the book explores the practices of an interracial church (United Methodist) that includes people with disabilities. The analysis focuses on those activities that create opportunities for people to experience those who are ‘different’ as equal in ways that diminish both obliviousness to the other and fear of the other. In contrast with theology's typical focus on the beliefs of Christians, this book offers a theory of practices and place that foregrounds the instinctual reactions and communications that shape all groups. The effect is to broaden the academic field of theology through the benefits of ethnographic research and postmodern place theory.
Spherical and Exceptional Objects
Authors: Huybrechts D. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractSpherical objects — motivated by considerations in the context of mirror symmetry — are used to construct special autoequivalences. Their action on cohomology can be described precisely, considering more than one spherical object often leads to complicated (braid) groups acting on the derived category. The results related to Beilinson are almost classical. Section 3 of this chapter gives an account of the Beilinson spectral sequence and how it is used to deduce a complete description of the derived category of the projective space. This will use the language of exceptional sequences and semi-orthogonal decompositions encountered here. The final section gives a simplified account of the work of Horja, which extends the theory of spherical objects and their associated twists to a broader geometric context.
Prologue
Authors: Anderson John M. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This introductory chapter outlines the three parts of the book. Part I (Chapters 2-5) is a brief history of the tradition in the study of case that case grammar develops, and of the early developments in case grammar, including their implications for the then-current notion of ‘deep structure’. Part II (Chapters 6-9) describes modern localist case grammar and the solutions it proposes for various complexities in the implementation of a case grammar. It concludes with a rebuttal of attempts to eliminate or minimize the role of semantic (or ‘case’) relations in the grammar. Part III argues that the semantic groundedness of case is typical of syntactic categories and syntax in general, and looks at the consequences of such a notional view for concepts such as ‘universal grammar’, innateness, and linguistic creativity.
The Classical Tradition and its Critics
Authors: Anderson John M. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe pre-modern history of the study of case is the starting point for this chapter, particularly the development by philosophical grammarians of a view of inflexional case as merely one way of representing semantic (e.g., agentive) and grammatical (e.g., subject) relations; other realizations include adpositions and position. Some scholars saw almost all the relations, except the subject, as semantic; others envisaged a richer set of grammatical relations; and there were different approaches to the relationship between the semantic and the grammatical use of the same case. In the 19th century, the main approach came to be inflexional, but there was much criticism of semantic approaches to cases other than the transparently ‘local’ cases, as in Finnish. This became the dominant, autonomist (anti-notional) view of the late 20th-century since the work of the American structuralists, and it was adopted in transformational grammar.
Case Grammar and the Demise of Deep Structure
Authors: Anderson John M. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with criticisms of early case grammar (including phenomena to do with ‘holisticness’), particularly defences of ‘deep structure’ and its lexical role. It presents earlier arguments against the notion of ‘unaccusativity’ as unitary and as resolving various lexical and syntax problems in non-case-grammars, against the lexical relevance to the lexicon of grammatical relations or the configurations that define them, and against non-case-grammar formulations of syntactic processes, such as ‘raising’. It comments on the belated recognition of semantic relations as ‘thematic relations’ in the main transformational tradition, and the uncertainty of their role in linguistic formulations. It is argued that contrary to this tardy and grudging recognition, the motivations offered for a level of ‘deep structure’, including so-called ‘subject/object asymmetries’, could already be seen to be inadequate at an early stage.
The Category of Case
Authors: Anderson John M. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter identifies semantic relations as members of a functional category, functor, like finiteness and determination. Each of these functional categories may be manifested as an independent item, or morphologically, or positionally. They contrast with lexical categories, which are realized as independent items only. A representational system is presented that allows for the diversity in expression of functional categories and provides, in the case of the functor, for the co-occurrence of different representations of the same category (as in Latin In Graeciam pervēnit; ‘In Greece:ACC s/he arrived’ - preposition + case), a problem identified by Kurylowicz. Case and adpositions often express more than a semantic relation but also various dimensionalities, which is illustrated by Hjelmslev’s analysis of the complex case system of Tabassaran, which is paralleled by many adpositional systems, and represented by dimensional nominals as part of the case complex.
Mesenteric Chylothrombosis in Hyperlipidaemic Mink
Authors: Nordstoga K. , Ytrehus B. , Christophersen B. , Olivecrona G. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryIn the familial form of hyperlipoproteinaemia type I of mink (Mustela vison), mesenteric lipogranulomas are common findings in longstanding cases. Patho‐morphological studies of early stages indicated that these lipogranulomas arose from stagnant chyle. The composition of fatty acids of a newly formed mesenteric granuloma was determined, together with fatty acids in liver, plasma and the feed. The results supported the pathological observations, as the fat of the granuloma differed from that of the liver and plasma, and contained only small amounts of the endogenous arachidonic acid, while the exogenous eicosenoic acid was present in amounts comparable with the dietary fat.
Distinct, parallel pathways link the medial mammillary bodies to the anterior thalamus in macaque monkeys
Authors: Vann Seralynne D. , Saunders Richard C. , Aggleton John P. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractMammillary body neurons projecting to the thalamus were identified by injecting retrograde tracers into the medial thalamus of macaque monkeys. The source of the thalamic projections from the medial mammillary nucleus showed strikingly different patterns of organization depending on the site of the injection within the two anterior thalamic nuclei, anterior medialis and anterior ventralis. These data reveal at least two distinct modes by which the primate medial mammillary bodies can regulate anterior thalamic function. Projections to the thalamic nucleus anterior medialis arise mainly from the pars lateralis of the medial mammillary nucleus. A particularly dense source is the dorsal cap in the posterior half of the pars lateralis, a subregion that has not previously been distinguished. In contrast, neurons spread evenly across the medial mammillary nucleus gave rise to projections more laterally in the anterior thalamic nuclei. A third pattern of medial mammillary neurons appeared to provide the source of projections to the rostral midline thalamic nuclei. In contrast, the labeled cells in the lateral mammillary nucleus were evenly spread across that nucleus, irrespective of injection site. In addition to the established projection to anterior dorsalis, the lateral mammillary nucleus appears to project lightly to a number of other thalamic nuclei, including lateralis dorsalis, anterior medialis, anterior ventralis, and the rostral midline nuclei, e.g. nucleus reuniens. These anatomical findings not only reveal novel ways of grouping the neurons within the medial mammillary nucleus, but also indicate that the mammillothalamic connections support cognition in multiple ways.
CD4+CD25– effector T‐cells inhibit hippocampal long‐term potentiation in vitro
Authors: Lewitus Gil M. , Zhu Julia , Xiong Huangui , Hallworth Richard , Kipnis Jonathan 
Published: September 2007

AbstractDuring neuroinflammation T‐cells invade the CNS, and may lead to the development and progression of several pathologies, of which multiple sclerosis is the most common. In these pathologies neuroinflammation is often associated with cognitive dysfunction. Using mouse hippocampal slices, we show here that CD4+CD25– T‐cells inhibit long‐term potentiation (LTP) induced by high‐frequency stimulation. The T‐cell‐mediated inhibition of LTP can be prevented by blockade of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)A receptors. These findings provide additional insight into the multiple functions of T‐cells in CNS pathologies.
Meeting the need for emergency obstetric care in Mozambique: work performance and histories of medical doctors and assistant medical officers trained for surgery
Authors: Pereira C , Cumbi A , Malalane R , Vaz F , McCord C , Bacci A , Bergström S 
Published: September 2007

Objective  Nonphysicians in Mozambique have been performing major surgery for more than 20 years, with documented outcomes equivalent to those of specialists. The purpose of this study was to make an inventory of all government hospitals so as to document obstetric surgery performed by ‘técnicos de cirurgia’ (TCs) and to elucidate their retention at district level.Design  Cross‐sectional study of surgical procedures during 2002; longitudinal study of TCs and doctors graduating in 1987, 1988 and 1996.Setting  All 34 hospitals with an operating theatre in Mozambique.Population  Records of 12 178 major surgical obstetric operations were examined, and 59 medical officers and 34 TCs were interviewed.Methods  Analysis of all surgical registers during 2002 in all government rural, provincial, general and central hospitals in Mozambique. TCs and doctors who had graduated in the specified years were traced and interviewed; health ministry records were reviewed to confirm assignments.Main outcome measures  Proportion of major obstetric surgeries performed by TCs. Proportion of TCs and medical doctors still at rural/district level at 7 years after graduation.Results  Major obstetric surgery is conducted by nonphysicians in 57% of the 12 178 operations scrutinised. In district hospitals, they conducted 92% of 3246 operations. Retention of TCs and medical doctors at district hospital level differed markedly: after 7 years, 88% of the TCs remained in post compared with none of the medical doctors.Conclusion  Nonphysicians, trained in surgery, do most of the emergency obstetric surgery in Mozambique, and almost all of that performed in district hospitals. Nonphysicians, compared with physicians, stay longer in rural areas. After 7 years, around 90% of nonphysicians are still working in district hospitals, while almost no physicians remain there.