bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Towards an understanding of the psychological impact of natural disasters: An application of the conservation resources stress model
Authors: Freedy John R. , Shaw Darlene L. , Jarrell Mark P. , Masters Cheryl R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe current study employed the Conservation of Resources (COR) stress model as a template for understanding short‐term adjustment following a natural disaster (Hobfoll, 1989). The following three hypotheses were supported: resource loss was positively related to psychological distress; resource loss was relatively more important in predicting psychological distress than personal characteristics and coping behavior; and, resource loss constitutes a risk factor for the development of clinically significant psychological distress. The theoretical importance of the current findings is discussed, particularly the tendency within disaster literature to confound crisis experiences (e.g., terror) with resource loss experiences (e.g., loss of possessions, loss of social support) when defining degree of disaster exposure. Also, the practical importance of considering resource loss in planning intervention services is highlighted.
Twenty years of trauma: psychological abstracts 1970 through 1989
Authors: Blake Dudley David , Albano Anne Marie , Keane Terence M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe present study represents an objective assessment of the growth in trauma literature, and of the thematic trends which have been part of its historical evolution. For these purposes a systematic, manual search of Psychological Abstracts from 1970 to 1990 was conducted to identify literature on trauma‐related topics. Fifteen hundred and ninety‐six (1596) citations between 1970–1990 were identified, and a trend showing increasing numbers of trauma publications was in evidence. This increase was most apparent in literature involving war‐ and sexual abuse‐related traumatization, but not in publications about natural and technological disaster. These findings reflect a dynamic and growing field, and will provide an important benchmark for assessing the changing status of the PTSD literature.
Sexual and physical abuse histories among child and adolescent psychiatric outpatients
Authors: Threlkeld Mary E. , Thyer Bruce A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDespite linkages between physical and sexual abuse experienced by children and adolescents and subsequent emotional, behavioral and mental disorders, no prior studies have examined the sexual or physical abuse histories occurring among young clients receiving outpatient mental health services. In the present chart review study, a high prevalence of documented and suspected abuse histories were found, with significant differences among male and female, and black and white outpatients, with respect to types of abuse experienced. Recommendatations regarding further investigations in this area are discussed.
Concepts of normal bereavement
Authors: Burnett Paul , Middleton Warwick , Raphael Beverley , Dunne Michael , Moylan Ann , Martinek Nada 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis study used a 25‐item questionnaire to examine the perceptions of 128 people with a close interest in bereavement and its literature. The study is part of a project to identify key aspects and the bereavement process. Subjects were asked to rate their perceptions of key bereavement phenomena with regards their frequency in the acute and later stages of bereavement. Descriptive results are presented and discussed, and a profile of phenomena perceived to be common to both stages is outlined.
Outcome of treatment for post‐traumatic stress disorder in a primary care unit serving Vietnam veterans
Authors: Hammarberg Melvyn , Silver Steven M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractVeterans diagnosed with PTSD (PTSD in‐treatment, N = 39), newly admitted to a comprehensive 90‐day inpatient treatment program, were tracked at 4‐week intervals from admission to discharge. Two control groups were also tracked over 12‐week periods — one of previously PTSD diagnosed and treated veterans (PTSD out‐of‐treatment, N = 26), and a second that combined non‐PTSD Vietnam era veterans (N = 17) and non‐veterans (N = 16) (non‐PTSD nontreatment). As measured by the Penn Inventory for PTSD, 48% of those who completed treatment showed some or substantial gains, 39% showed no gain, and 13% reported some increase in symptoms at the time of discharge. Several patterns were observed on other assessment measures. One year follow‐up for those who completed treatment showed a return to pretreatment levels on the PTSD symptom measures employed in this study. These results are discussed in relation to other treatment program outcome studies as a baseline for further research.
Prevalence of traumatic events and post‐traumatic psychological symptoms in a nonclinical sample of college students
Authors: Vrana Scott , Lauterbach Dean 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe lifetime prevalence of traumatic events and their psychological impact were assessed in 440 undergraduate students. Eighty‐four percent of the subjects reported experiencing at least one event of sufficient intensity potentially to elicit Post‐ Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). One‐third of the sample had experienced four or more traumatic events. Subjects who had experienced trauma reported higher levels of depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptomatology than nontraumatized subjects, and these symptoms were more intense in subjects who experienced multiple traumas. Events that were particularly negative in their impact included unwanted sexual experiences and events that subjects reported were too traumatic to discuss openly. Males and females differed in their probability of experiencing some types of events and in the psychological response to certain events.
A short form of the Mississippi Scale for measuring change in Combat‐Related PTSD
Authors: Fontana Alan , Rosenheck Robert 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn large‐scale surveys or program evaluations, investigators most often wish to assess multiple domains of functioning, while at the same time minimizing the overall length of the data collection protocols. In addition, studies of treatment interventions require instruments which offer the greatest opportunity of detecting change in the variables of interest. Toward these ends, we present an 11‐item version of the Mississippi Scale for Combat‐Related PTSD. The sample was composed of 436 war zone veterans who received specialized outpatient treatment for PTSD, and who were followed up in 4‐month intervals for 1 year. Items were identified for inclusion in a short scale on half of the sample. The scale was then cross‐validated on the other half. This short form of the Mississippi Scale has good internal consistency, good correspondence with the full scale, significant sensitivity to change in symptom severity, and significant relationships between change and clinicians' ratings of improvement after 1 year, number of treatment sessions received and number of months in treatment.
The potential for faking on the mississippi scale for combat‐related PTSD
Authors: Lyons Judith A. , Rawls Rufus , Perrin Sean , Caddell Juesta M. , Pittman Rebecca L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe Mississippi Scale for Combat‐Related PTSD is widely used in the assessment of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The high face‐validity of the scale may make it vulnerable to faking, however. The present study found that the scores of individuals instructed to respond “as if” they had PTSD did not differ from the scores of veterans with PTSD. Furthermore, although veterans who were diagnosed as having PTSD were found to have significantly higher Mississippi Scale scores than those who did not meet diagnostic criteria for PTSD, the mean score for all groups (veteran and non‐veteran) exceeded the originally recommended diagnostic cut‐off score of 107. A cutoff score of 121 was found to best differentiate veterans with PTSD from veterans who did not meet diagnostic criteria for the diagnosis, with high sensitivity but relatively low specificity.
The impact of disaster support work
Authors: Hodgkinson Peter E. , Shepherd Melanie A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractLimited available evidence suggests that disaster support work may have negative effects. This study attempts to examine the impact of disaster‐related stress on helpers offering psychological support to victims of two major disasters, and to identify potential moderating factors. Sixty‐seven social workers were surveyed, measures being taken of psychological symptomatology and wellbeing, personality variables, social support, life events, and various aspects of disaster support work. Comparison with normative data suggested that subjects were experiencing significant levels of stress. Two major sources of disaster‐related stress were identified: role‐related difficulties and contact with clients' distress. Approximately one third of the variance in helper response could be explained by variables reflecting coping style, prior life events and the aforementioned aspects of disaster support work. Follow‐up data at 12 months demonstrated persisting high levels of stress.
Psychological, psychosocial, and psychophysiological sequelae in a community affected by a railroad chemical disaster
Authors: Bowler Rosemarie M. , Mergler Donna , Huel Guy , Cone James E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPsychological, psychosocial, and psychophysiological sequelae were studied in a community which had experienced a railroad chemical spill of 19,000 gallons of the toxic pesticide metam sodium. Two hundred twenty exposed residents were compared to 114 controls and paired on age, education, gender, race, and number of children. A clinical interview and physiological measurements (blood pressure, pulse, and cortisol level) were taken, the MMPI‐2, IES Scale, Mood Scale, Environmental Worry, Perceived Social Support, and Perceived Control Scale and a questionnaire were administered. Results indicated greater levels of depression, anxiety, and somatic symptoms in the spill residents in addition to greater environmental worry and lower perceived social support. Spill residents had higher blood pressure and less fluctuation of cortisol levels than controls. No difference on litigation status was obtained except on the IES, Intrusion and the POMS scales. Chemical disasters are associated with a wide variety of psychological, psychosocial, and physiological distress.
A twin study of the association of post‐traumatic stress disorder and combat exposure with long‐term socioeconomic status in vietnam veterans
Authors: McCarren Madeline , Janes Gail R. , Goldberg Jack , Eisen Seth A. , True William R. , Henderson William G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis study examines the association between post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and combat exposure with the socioeconomic status of 2210 male monozygotic veteran twin pairs in 1987. In the unadjusted analysis on individuals, modest correlations indicated that those with PTSD were more likely to have been divorced, and less likely to be currently employed or to achieve high status in income, education or occupation. In the crude analysis of veterans not suffering from PTSD, there were small positive correlations between combat level experienced and the likelihood of ever being married, ever being divorced, and the number of years employed at the current job. However, when we examined identical twins discordant for PTSD, and adjusted for pre‐military and military service factors, only unemployment remained significant. Likewise, in combat‐discordant twins, no significant effects on the socioeconomic indicators were seen. We conclude that PTSD and combat experience in Southeast Asia have not had a major impact on the socioeconomic status of veterans.
Warzone violence in Vietnam: An examination of premilitary, military, and postmilitary factors in PTSD in‐patients
Authors: Hiley‐Young Bruce , Blake Dudley David , Abueg Francis R. , Rozynko Vitali , Gusman Fred D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe impact of childhood victimization and other premilitary factors on warzone abusive violence was examined with 177 Vietnam combat veteran inpatients. Premilitary and military variables were also examined in relationship to postmilitary variables, including violence and PTSD. Statistical analyses showed that none of the premilitary variables predicted warzone violence. High combat exposure did, however, predict warzone abusive violence and PTSD. In addition, participation in warzone violence predicted postmilitary violence to self, spouse, and others. Although high rates of childhood victimization and high levels of combat exposure were found, neither predicted postmilitary violence, criminal activities, drug/alcohol problems, or suicide attempts. Low childhood adjustment ratings and school suspensions predicted adult alcohol abuse and drug abuse, respectively. These findings and their implication for treatment are discussed.
Myocardial infarction and post‐traumatic stress disorder
Authors: van Driel Ron C. , den Velde Wybrand Op 
Published: May 2007

AbstractStudies concerning the development of a post‐traumatic stress disorder related to severe illness are scarce. The confrontation with myocardial infarction may be a very stressful event. Twenty‐three patients consecutively admitted for first myocardial infarction were studied. After two years 1 of 18 survivors had been suffering from a partial post‐traumatic stress disorder. Similarities and differences in the psychological reactions following potential traumatic events are discussed.
The therapeutic use of ritual and ceremony in the treatment of post‐traumatic stress disorder
Authors: Johnson David Read , Feldman Susan C. , Lubin Hadar , Southwick Steven M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe therapeutic purposes and effects of specially designed ceremonies in the treatment of persons with post‐traumatic stress disorder are described. Ceremonies compartmentalize the review of the trauma, provide symbolic enactments of transformation of previously shattered relationships, and reestablish connections among family and with society in general. Four ceremonies used with Vietnam combat veterans are described which focus on the themes of separation from and return to the family, forgiveness of the living and releasing the dead. Ritual and ceremony are highly efficient vehicles for accessing and containing intense emotions evoked by traumatic experience. Evaluation by family and veterans judge these ceremonies to be the most effective components of treatment.
Trauma symptoms and PTSD‐like profiles in perpetrators of intimate abuse
Authors: Dutton Donald G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe presence of chronic trauma symptoms and similarity to a specific profile for post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were assessed in a group 132 wife assaultive men and 44 demographically matched controls. Men who committed intimate abuse experienced more chronic trauma symptoms than nonabusive controls. A composite profile on the MCMI‐II for wife assaulters demonstrated peaks on 82C (negative/avoidant/borderline), as have two independent studies of the profile of men diagnosed with PTSD. However, the assaultive population had higher scores on the antisocial personality scale and lower scores on anxiety and dysthymia. This PTSD ‐like profile on the MCMI‐II was associated significantly with more frequent anger and emotional abuse of the subject's partner. The trauma origin for these men may have been parental treatment: experiencing frequent trauma symptoms as an adult was significantly related to negative recollections of parental treatment, specifically parental coldness/rejection and physical abuse.
Gruesomeness, emotional attachment, and personal threat: Dimensions of the anticipated stress of body recovery
Authors: McCarroll James E. , Ursano Robert J. , Fullerton Carol S. , Oates Gary L. , Ventis W. Larry , Friedman Herbert , Shean Glenn L. , Wright Kathleen M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPrevious research has shown that exposure to grotesque death has been associated with posttraumatic stress disorder and higher levels of stress have been associated with mortuary workers who anticipated handling remains than those who did not. Additional research is presented here to further clarify the nature of the anticipated stress of handling the dead. Anticipated stress of handling human remains was rated for 13 different situations by 479 persons (384 men and 95 women) without such experience, but whose job was likely to require it. Factor analysis of their ratings revealed three psychological dimensions: the gruesomeness of the remains, an emotional link between the viewer and the remains, and personal threats to the remains handler. Suggestions for preventive measures, training, and interventions for those who may handle remains are made.
Confrontations with reality: Crisis intervention services for traumatized families after a school bus accident in Norway
Authors: Winje Dagfinn , Ulvik Annicken 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn August 1988 a Swedish schoolbus with 23 children and 11 adult passengers crashed into a tunnel wall in Norway. Twelve children and four parents died, 18 of the passengers survived. The victims' relatives (parents, spouses, siblings, and others) were transported to Norway and given a “confronting” support program at the University hospital in Bergen. The crisis intervention program is described: how the relatives were helped to confront and actively cope with some of the stressful situations from which traumatized families very often are protected. One year later 42 of the relatives answered a questionnaire evaluating the confronting support program that was offered during their stay in Norway. A majority of the respondents did not regret their participation in the program. The answers indicate that passivity and helplessness can be counteracted through a combination of confrontation with reality and emotional support.
Psychological assessment of postdisaster class action and personal injury litigants: A case study
Authors: Murphy Shirley A. , Keating John P. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe case study method is used to describe psychological assessments undertaken with victims of a combined natural/technological disaster for litigation purposes. A class action suit was filed in which the authors determined levels of traumatic stress in 27 plaintiffs as a group and relative to each other. The process was effective–the case was settled out of court in favor of the litigants. Individual litigants were satisfied with monetary awards received.
Change in rape narratives during exposure therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder
Authors: Foa Edna B. , Molnar Chris , Cashman Laurie 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper presents a coding system developed to explore changes in narratives of rape during therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) involving repeated reliving and recounting of the trauma. Relationships between narrative categories hypothesized to be affected by the treatment and treatment outcome were also examined. As hypothesized, narrative length increased from pre‐ to post‐treatment, percentage of actions and dialogue decreased and percentage of thoughts and feelings increased, particularly thoughts reflecting attempts to organize the trauma memory. Also as expected, increase in organized thoughts was correlated negatively with depression. While indices of fragmentation did not significantly decrease during therapy, the hypothesized correlation between decrease in fragmentation and reduction in trauma‐related symptoms was detected.
Factors influencing recall of childhood sexual abuse
Authors: Rogers Martha L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSelective literatures providing perspective on recall of childhood sexual abuse memories are reviewed. These include known patterns of autobiographical memories in adulthood, metacognitive mechanisms, interpersonal influences, and automatic cognitive processing which can influence judgments and reports of memory recall in children and adults. Some factors in adult experience such as mood state, presence of emotional disorders, past and current relationships, and participation in psychotherapy which can influence autobiographical memory and recall of childhood events are delineated. Available studies directly exploring recovered memories of childhood abuse are considered in light of these studies. Finally, some applications to clinical work and suggestions for future research are outlined.
An ecological view of psychological trauma and trauma recovery
Authors: Harvey Mary R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper presents an ecological view of psychological trauma and trauma recovery. Individual differences in posttraumatic response and recovery are the result of complex interactions among person, event, and environmental factors. These interactions define the interrelationship of individual and community and together may foster or impede individual recovery. The ecological model proposes a multidimensional definition of trauma recovery and suggests that the efficacy of trauma‐focused interventions depends on the degree to which they enhance the person‐community relationship and achieve “ecological fit” within individually varied recovery contexts. In attending to the social, cultural and political context of victimization and acknowledging that survivors of traumatic experiences may recover without benefit of clinical intervention, the model highlights the phenomenon of resiliency, and the relevance of community intervention efforts.
Elimination of posttraumatic symptomatology by relaxation and visual‐kinesthetic dissociation
Authors: Hossack Alex , Bentall Richard P 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFive patients suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder and experiencing persistent intrusive imagery were treated with two sessions of relaxation training followed by two sessions of the visual‐kinesthetic dissociation technique. Outcome was monitored using a multiple baseline design. Despite the briefness of the intervention, three of the patients showed an almost complete reduction in the frequency of their intrusive images and substantial changes on other measures of psychopathology. One patient showed partial improvement and one patient showed no improvement at all.
The utility of the SCL‐90‐R for the diagnosis of war‐zone related posttraumatic stress disorder
Authors: Weathers Frank W. , Litz Brett T. , Keane Terence M. , Herman Debra S. , Steinberg Howard R. , Huska Jennifer A. , Kraemer Helena C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA scale for assessing war‐zone‐related posttraumatic stress disorder (WZ‐PTSD scale) was derived from the Symptom Checklist‐90‐R by identifying items that best discriminated Vietnam theater veterans with and without PTSD (N = 202). The 25‐item WZ‐PTSD scale had excellent internal consistency, and signal detection analyses revealed that its diagnostic utility was comparable to or exceeded that of several established PTSD scales and measures of global distress. In a cross‐validation sample (N = 99), the diagnostic utility of the WZ‐PTSD scale was stable, whereas other PTSD scales performed more poorly. The WZ‐PTSD scale appears to be a valuable new measure of PTSD that can be particularly useful in archival data sets or in any situation where other PTSD measures are not available.