bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Information technology‐based standardized patient education in psychiatric inpatient care
Authors: Anttila Minna , Koivunen Marita , Välimäki Maritta 
Published: October 2008

AbstractTitle.  Information technology‐based standardized patient education in psychiatric inpatient care Aim.  This paper is a report of a study to describe nurses’ experiences of information technology‐based standardized patient education in inpatient psychiatric care.Background.  Serious mental health problems are an increasing global concern. Emerging evidence supports the implementation of practices that are conducive to patient self‐management and improved patient outcomes among chronically ill patients with mental health problems. In contrast, the attitude of staff towards information technology has been reported to be contradictory in mental health care.Method.  After 1 year of using an Internet‐based portal (Mieli.Net) developed for patients with schizophrenia spectrum psychosis, all 89 participating nurses were asked to complete questionnaires about their experiences. The data were collected in 2006. Fifty‐six participants (63%) returned completed questionnaires and the data were analysed using content analysis.Findings.  Nurses’ experiences of the information technology‐based standardized patient education were categorized into two major categories describing the advantages and obstacles in using information technology. Nurses thought that it brought the patients and nurses closer to each other and helped nurses to provide individual support for their patients. However, the education was time‐consuming.Conclusion.  Systematic patient education using information technology is a promising method of patient‐centred care which supports nurses in their daily work. However, it must fit in with clinical activities, and nurses need some guidance in understanding its benefits. The study data can be used in policy‐making when developing methods to improve the transparency of information provision in psychiatric nursing.
How people live with or get over being suicidal: a review of qualitative studies
Authors: Lakeman Richard , FitzGerald Mary 
Published: October 2008

AbstractTitle. How people live with or get over being suicidal: a review of qualitative studiesAim. To systematically review qualitative research which addresses how people live with suicidality or recover a desire to live.Background. Suicide is a pressing social and public health problem. Much emphasis in suicide research has been on the epidemiology of suicide and the identification of risk and protective factors. Relatively little emphasis has been given to the subjective experiences of suicidal people, but this is necessary to inform the care and help provided to individuals.Data sources. Electronic searches of CINAHL Plus with full text, Medline and PsychArticles (included PsycINFO, Social Services Abstracts and Sociological abstracts) were undertaken for the period from 1997 to April 2007. In addition, the following journals were hand searched (1997–2007): ‘Mortality’, ‘Death Studies’, ‘Archives of Suicide Research’ and ‘Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention’.Method. A systematic review of the literature and thematic content analysis of findings. The findings were extracted from selected papers and synthesized by way of content analysis in narrative and tabular form.Findings. Twelve studies were identified. Analysis revealed a number of interconnected themes: the experience of suffering, struggle, connection, turning points and coping.Conclusions. Living with or overcoming suicidality involves various struggles, often existential in nature. Suicide may be seen as both a failure and a means of coping. People may turn away from suicide quite abruptly through experiencing, gaining or regaining the right kind of connection with others. Nurses working with suicidal individuals should aspire to be identified as people who can turn people’s lives around.
Development and psychometric testing of the Nursing Workplace Relational Environment Scale (NWRES)
Authors: Duddle Maree , Boughton Maureen 
Published: October 2008

Aims and objectives.  The aim of this study was to develop and test the psychometric properties of the Nursing Workplace Relational Environment Scale (NWRES).Background.  A positive relational environment in the workplace is characterised by a sense of connectedness and belonging, support and cooperation among colleagues, open communication and effectively managed conflict. A poor relational environment in the workplace may contribute to job dissatisfaction and early turnover of staff.Design.  Quantitative survey.Method.  A three‐stage process was used to design and test the NWRES. In Stage 1, an extensive literature review was conducted on professional working relationships and the nursing work environment. Three key concepts; collegiality, workplace conflict and job satisfaction were identified and defined. In Stage 2, a pool of items was developed from the dimensions of each concept and formulated into a 35‐item scale which was piloted on a convenience sample of 31 nurses. In Stage 3, the newly refined 28‐item scale was administered randomly to a convenience sample of 150 nurses. Psychometric testing was conducted to establish the construct validity and reliability of the scale.Results.  Exploratory factor analysis resulted in a 22‐item scale. The factor analysis indicated a four‐factor structure: collegial behaviours, relational atmosphere, outcomes of conflict and job satisfaction which explained 68·12% of the total variance. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the NWRES was 0·872 and the subscales ranged from 0·781–0·927.Conclusion.  The results of the study confirm the reliability and validity of the NWRES. Replication of this study with a larger sample is indicated to determine relationships among the subscales.Relevance to clinical practice.  The results of this study have implications for health managers in terms of understanding the impact of the relational environment of the workplace on job satisfaction and retention.
Patient participation in emergency care – a phenomenographic analysis of caregivers’ conceptions
Authors: Frank Catharina , Asp Margareta , Dahlberg Karin 
Published: October 2008

Aims and objectives.  The aim of this study was to describe caregivers’ conceptions of patient participation in an emergency care unit.Background.  Patient participation is an important goal in health care. Patients who are given the opportunity to participate in care situations are able to influence care in a way that is more beneficial to them. Patients’ participation in caring has been studied in different contexts, but little health care research has been conducted into patient participation in the emergency care unit. Patients treated in emergency care units sometimes express dissatisfaction with their care situation and it would therefore be important to find out how caregivers in emergency care experience patient participation.Design.  A phenomenographic research method based on life world theory was used in the study.Method.  Data were collected from 11 caregivers with experience of working in an emergency department. The caregivers were from different professions: three physicians, four nurses and four auxiliary nurses.Results.  The caregivers’ conceptions of patient participation can be divided into three different descriptive categories: caregivers offer the opportunity for participation, patients demand participation and mutual participation.Conclusions.  The study adds knowledge that caregivers’ different qualitative conceptions of patient participation are mainly conditional from caregivers.Relevance to clinical practice.  Mutual participation is perceived occasionally and often unexpectedly, when the right circumstances occur, despite international and national guidelines that lay down the need for patient participation.
A review of quality assessment of the methodology used in guidelines and systematic reviews on oral mucositis
Authors: Potting Carin , Mistiaen Patriek , Poot Else , Blijlevens Nicole , Donnelly Peter , Van Achterberg Theo 
Published: October 2008

Aims and objectives.  The objective of this study was to identify and to assess the quality of evidence‐based guidelines and systematic reviews we used in the case of oral mucositis, to apply general quality criteria for the prevention and treatment of oral mucositis in patients receiving chemotherapy, radiotherapy or both.Design.  Systematic review.Methods.  Literature searches were carried out in several electronic databases and websites.Publications were included if they concerned oral mucositis involving adults treated for cancer and had been published after 1 January 2000. As far as systematic reviews were concerned, the article had to report a search strategy, if the search was minimally conducted in the database PubMed or Medline and the articles included in the review were subjected to some kind of methodological assessment.The Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Education (AGREE) instrument was used to assess the quality of the guidelines and the Overview Quality Assessment Questionnaire (OQAQ) was used for the quality of systematic reviews.Results.  Thirty‐one articles met the inclusion criteria of which 11 were guidelines and 20 were systematic reviews. Nine of the 11 guidelines did not explicitly describe how they identified, selected and summarised the available evidence. Reviews suffered from lack of clarity, for instance, in performing a thorough literature search. The quality varied among the different guidelines and reviews.Conclusion.  Most guidelines and systematic reviews had serious methodological flaws.Relevance to clinical practice.  There is a need to improve the methodological quality of guidelines and systematic reviews for the prevention and treatment of oral mucositis if they are to be used in clinical practice.
A hybrid zone provides evidence for incipient ecological speciation inHeliconiusbutterflies
Authors: ARIAS CARLOS F. , MUÑOZ ASTRID G. , JIGGINS CHRIS D. , MAVÁREZ JESÚS , BERMINGHAM ELDREDGE , LINARES MAURICIO 
Published: October 2008

AbstractInHeliconiusbutterflies, it has been proposed that speciation occurs through a combination of divergence in ecological habitat preferences and mimetic colour patterns. Here we test this hypothesis by investigating a parapatric form of the widespread speciesHeliconius erato. Mendelian (colour patterns) and molecular genetic data permit us to address hypotheses about introgression and genetic differentiation between different populations. Combined analysis of colour pattern, microsatellite loci and mitochondrial DNA showed thatHeliconius erato venusandHeliconius erato chestertoniiform a bimodal hybrid zone implying partial reproductive isolation. In a sample of 121 individuals collected in sympatry, 25% were hybrids representing a significant deficit of heterozygotes compared to the Hardy–Weinberg expectation. Seven microsatellite loci, analysed for a subset of these individuals, showed marked differentiation between the parental taxa, and unambiguously identified two genotypic clusters concordant with our phenotypic classification of individuals. Mitochondrial DNA analysis showedH. erato venusas a monophyletic group well differentiated fromH. erato chestertonii, implying a lack of historical introgression between the populations.Heliconius erato chestertoniiis therefore an incipient species that maintains its integrity despite high levels of hybridization. Moreover,H. erato chestertoniiis found at higher altitudes than other races ofH. eratoand has a distinct colour pattern and mimetic relationship. Hence, there are now two examples of parapatric incipient species related toH. erato,H. himeraandH. erato chestertonii, both of which are associated with higher altitudes, more arid habitats and distinct mimetic relationships. This implies that parapatric habitat adaptation is a likely cause of speciation in this group.
The RNase E of Escherichia coli is a membrane‐binding protein
Authors: Khemici Vanessa , Poljak Leonora , Luisi Ben F. , Carpousis Agamemnon J. 
Published: October 2008

SummaryRNase E is an essential endoribonuclease involved in RNA processing and mRNA degradation. The N‐terminal half of the protein encompasses the catalytic domain; the C‐terminal half is the scaffold for the assembly of the multienzyme RNA degradosome. Here we identify and characterize ‘segment‐A’, an element in the beginning of the non‐catalytic region of RNase E that is required for membrane binding. We demonstrate in vitro that an oligopeptide corresponding to segment‐A has the propensity to form an amphipathic α‐helix and that it avidly binds to protein‐free phospholipid vesicles. We demonstrate in vitro and in vivo that disruption of segment‐A in full‐length RNase E abolishes membrane binding. Taken together, our results show that segment‐A is necessary and sufficient for RNase E binding to membranes. Strains in which segment‐A has been disrupted grow slowly. Since in vitro experiments show that phospholipid binding does not affect the ribonuclease activity of RNase E, the slow‐growth phenotype might arise from a defect involving processes such as accessibility to substrates or interactions with other membrane‐bound machinery. This is the first report demonstrating that RNase E is a membrane‐binding protein and that its localization to the inner cytoplasmic membrane is important for normal cell growth.
Translation initiation factor IF1 of Bacillus stearothermophilus and Thermus thermophilus substitute for Escherichia coli IF1 in vivo and in vitro without a direct IF1–IF2 interaction
Authors: Kapralou Stavroula , Fabbretti Attilio , Garulli Chiara , Spurio Roberto , Gualerzi Claudio O. , Dahlberg Albert E. , Pon Cynthia L. 
Published: October 2008

SummaryBacterial translation initiation factor IF1 is homologous to archaeal aIF1A and eukaryal eIF1A, which form a complex with their homologous IF2‐like factors (aIF5B and eIF5B respectively) during initiation of protein synthesis. A similar IF1–IF2 interaction is assumed to occur in all bacteria and supported by cross‐linking data and stabilization of the 30S–IF2 interaction by IF1. Here we compare Escherichia coli IF1 with thermophilic factors from Bacillus stearothermophilus and Thermus thermophilus. All three IF1s are structurally similar and functionally interchangeable in vivo and in vitro. However, the thermophilic factors do not stimulate ribosomal binding of IF2ΔN, regardless of 30S subunits and IF2 origin. We conclude that an IF1–IF2 interaction is not universally conserved and is not essential for cell survival.
A RING‐finger protein regulates carotenogenesis via proteolysis‐independent ubiquitylation of a White Collar‐1‐like activator
Authors: Silva Fátima , Navarro Eusebio , Peñaranda Ascensión , Murcia‐Flores Laura , Torres‐Martínez Santiago , Garre Victoriano 
Published: October 2008

SummaryProtein ubiquitylation plays a major role in the regulation of cellular processes mainly through proteasome‐dependent degradation, although it has become increasingly clear that it is also involved in other processes. In the fungus Mucor circinelloides, blue light regulates carotene biosynthesis, with this response controlled by crgA and mcwc‐1c genes. CrgA shows characteristics of ubiquitin ligases and represses carotenogenesis in the dark, whereas mcwc‐1c is a white collar 1‐like gene required for its light induction. Another two white collar 1‐like genes have been identified in M. circinelloides: mcwc‐1a, which is involved in phototropism, and mcwc‐1b, of unknown function. Analysis of double knockout mutants generated for crgA and every mcwc‐1 gene demonstrated that crgA and mcwc‐1c regulate carotenogenesis by independent pathways. It was also shown that the effect of crgA on carotenogenesis is mediated by mcwc‐1b, which acts as a carotenogenesis activator. CrgA is involved in proteolysis‐independent mono‐ and di‐ubiquitylation of MCWC‐1b, which results in its inactivation. Regulation of carotenogenesis in M. circinelloides by proteolysis‐independent ubiquitylation suggests that this mechanism of control could be more widespread than previously thought.
Complex extracellular interactions of proteases and a protease inhibitor influence multicellular development of Streptomyces coelicolor
Authors: Kim Dae Wi , Hesketh Andy , Kim Eun Sook , Song Ju Yeon , Lee Dae Hoon , Kim In Seop , Chater Keith F. , Lee Kye Joon 
Published: October 2008

Summary Streptomyces coelicolor produces an extracellular protease inhibitor protein, STI (Streptomyces trypsin inhibitor). We show that post‐growth elimination of STI is needed for colonies to develop aerial mycelium efficiently. Inactivation of STI, and thus the normal progression of colony development, at least partly involves an extracellular protease specified by gene SCO5913. Two‐hybrid analysis identified two possible targets of STI inhibition (the products of SCO1355 and SCO5447), both extracellular proteases containing a domain homologous with the P‐domain of eukaryotic convertases, proteases that mediate the processing of many precursors with important cellular or developmental roles. At least the SCO1355 protease is needed for the normal progression of development. Two components of the proposed cascade are dependent on the tRNA for the rare UUA (leucine) codon, which is specified by the developmental gene bldA. A model is presented that links intracellular regulatory events with an extracellular protease cascade to facilitate normal development.
Yersinia enterocolitica type III secretion of YopR requires a structure in its mRNA
Authors: Blaylock Bill , Sorg Joseph A. , Schneewind Olaf 
Published: October 2008

Summary Yersinia type III secretion machines transport substrate proteins into the extracellular medium or into the cytoplasm of host cells. Translational hybrids, involving genes that encode substrates as well as reporter proteins that otherwise cannot travel the type III pathway, identified signals that promote transport of effector Yops into host cells. Signals for the secretion of substrates into high calcium media were hitherto unknown. By exploiting attributes of translational hybrids between yopR, whose product is secreted, and genes that encode impassable proteins that jam the secretion machine, we isolated yopR mutations that abolish substrate recognition. Similar to effector Yops, an N‐terminal or 5′ signal in codons 1–11 is required to initiate YopR into the type III pathway. YopR secretion cannot be completed and translational hybrids cannot impose a block without a second signal, positioned at codons 131–149. Silent mutations in the second signal abrogate function and the phenotype of other mutations can be suppressed by secondary mutations predicted to restore base complementary in a 3′ stem‐loop structure of the yopR mRNA.
Evaluation of tissue collection for postmortem studies of bipolar disorder
Authors: Deep‐Soboslay Amy , Iglesias Bianca , Hyde Thomas M , Bigelow Llewelyn B , Imamovic Vesna , Herman Mary M , Kleinman Joel E 
Published: October 2008

Objectives:  Postmortem human brain is a valuable resource for studying the neuropathology, neurochemistry, and molecular pathways of genes associated with bipolar disorder (BPD), yet available, well‐characterized BPD brain tissue appears scarce. We set out to evaluate BPD postmortem brain collections in order to identify both successful methods as well as barriers to collection.Methods:  We conducted a literature review of postmortem studies of BPD over the past 30 years, compared and contrasted characteristics of established BPD collections, and identified possible barriers specific to BPD brain collection based on our experience at the NIMH Brain Collection.Results:  Currently, 80% of postmortem BPD studies were derived from just two brain repositories worldwide: the Stanley Brain Collection (69%) and Harvard Brain Tissue Resource Center (HBTRC) (11%) (combined subjects n = 72). The NIMH Brain Collection collected BPD cases four times less frequently than cases with schizophrenia, despite similar prevalence rates for these disorders. Only 53% of cases referred to the NIMH collection as BPD met DSM‐IV criteria, with inadequate documentation and comorbid substance abuse as primary confounds for diagnosis in the remaining 47% of cases.Conclusions:  Accurate identification and diagnosis of BPD is a central obstacle to BPD brain collection. Comorbid substance abuse and manner of death are two of many critical factors to consider in BPD postmortem studies. Difficulties in BPD brain collection, coupled with the cessation of brain collection by the Stanley Brain Collection, make the need for alternative BPD brain sources imperative. Recommendations for future BPD tissue collection are offered.
Lack of insight may predict impaired decision making in manic patients
Authors: Adida Marc , Clark Luke , Pomietto Pascale , Kaladjian Arthur , Besnier Nathalie , Azorin Jean‐Michel , Jeanningros Régine , Goodwin Guy M 
Published: October 2008

Objectives:  The tendency to engage in risky behaviours is a core feature of the manic episodes of bipolar disorder. The aim of this study was to establish whether this characteristic can be quantified with a laboratory measure of decision making [the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT)] and to determine clinical correlates of the IGT performance in mania.Methods:  Inpatients with acute mania (n = 45) and healthy volunteers (n = 45) were assessed on the IGT. Affective symptomatology was assessed with the Young Mania Rating Scale and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, and item scores were subjected to factor analysis. Multivariate regression was used to assess clinical predictors of impaired decision making in the manic patients.Results:  On the IGT, manic patients selected more cards from the risky decks than healthy controls, and showed little capacity to learn from incurred losses. In a multivariate analysis, impaired decision making ability in the manic patients was significantly predicted by a symptom factor associated with lack of insight.Conclusions:  Manic patients clearly show defects in decision making, which are strongly related to their lack of insight. Neural circuitry supporting effective decision making, including the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and somatosensory cortex, may be implicated in the pathophysiology of acute mania.
Induction of RNA‐mediated Multiple Virus Resistance to Potato virus Y, Tobacco mosaic virus and Cucumber mosaic virus
Authors: Zhu Chang‐Xiang , Song Yun‐Zhi , Yin Guo‐Hua , Wen Fu‐Jiang 
Published: October 2008

Abstract Potato virus Y (PVY), Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) are three major tobacco viruses, which are widely spread and cause serious damage to tobacco. We sub‐cloned the cDNA fragments from the 5′ ends of the coat protein (CP) gene of PVY, TMV and CMV, with lengths of 200, 200 and 250 bp, respectively. The three cDNA fragments were cloned into one chimeric cDNA, and introduced into the binary vector pROKII in a way of inverted repeat which was supposed to form a hairpin RNA (hpRNA) after transcription. The corresponding construct pRHPTC was introduced into tobacco NC89 via Agrobacterium tumefaciens, and 1018 transgenic tobacco plants were obtained. Resistance assay indicated that up to 18% of the transgenic plants were immune to co‐infection with PVY, TMV and CMV. Molecular analysis demonstrated that multiple virus resistance was RNA‐mediated and stably inherited in T2 progeny.