bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Traces of Experience: The Texts of Testimony
Authors: Eaglestone Robert 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter analyses the generic features of testimonial writing, while taking into account their historical ranges and differences. These features include the use of history (as a rhetorical style, as documentation, as a grammar, and in ironic juxtaposition); the choice of narrative frames (described and formal, inserted tags, frames of seeing and knowing, allegories of failed understanding, Memory of the dead); epiphanies; interruptions; over-identification; and lack of closure. Having outlined this provisional taxonomy, these are explored as trauma narratives, and the similarities between these narratives and postmodern fiction are examined. It is argued that these testimonies best hold the memory of the Holocaust.
‘Faithful and Doubtful, Near and Far’: Memory, Postmemory, and Identity
Authors: Eaglestone Robert 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter analyses the relationship between literature, identity, and memory in relation to the Holocaust. It develops the concept of postmemory as a central factor on the work of ‘second generation’ survivors, especially in the work of Alain Finkielkraut, Anne Karpf, and Leon Wieseltier. The aesthetics of postmemory is analysed. It is argued that postmemory is a specific form of textual memory that is tied to ideas of mourning and community: it paradoxically both forms and ruptures ideas of community, and is as oriented to the future as it is to the past. It also does not appeal principally to historical truth but instead to an ethical, existential sense of truth. These narratives have deep similarities to the thought of Emmanuel Levinas and Jacques Derrida.
Holocaust Reading: Memory and Identification in Holocaust Fiction, 1990–2003
Authors: Eaglestone Robert 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines Holocaust fiction from 1990 onwards. It discusses the definitions of Holocaust fiction, and argues that the definition should be much broader than is generally recognised, by both finding often ignored writing about the Holocaust (for example, by C. S. Forester) and suggesting that much writing has the Holocaust implicitly in mind It argues that Holocaust fiction is a temporal category, not one based on content, and represents a way of approaching texts. Rather than simply naming a genre with special senses of filiation and affiliation, identification wordliness, historicity, public and political concern, use of narrative time, authenticity, and the right of an author to write on these subjects, this chapter explores these in the work of Emily Prager, Lily Brett, Anne Michaels, Jonathan Safran Foer, and the false memoir of Benjamin Wilkomirski.
Against Historicism: History, Memory, and Truth
Authors: Eaglestone Robert 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter offers a new way to understand the relationship between history and truth, drawing on Martin Heidegger and Emmanuel Levinas. It argues that debates about history and representation, about history and memory, about whether history is an art or a science, are really debates about the sort of truth to which history aspires. Drawing on Bernard Williams and Donald Davidson, it argues that there are two rival conceptions of truth: truth as correspondence, and following Heidegger, that this relies upon the second sense of truth, truth as uncovering. The chapter then reinterprets Heidegger's understanding of truth in the light of Levinas's ethical philosophy, and argues for a new, ethical understanding of the role of history (history without historicism). It offers two examples of thinkers who implicitly draw on these distinctions, Isaiah Berlin and Hayden White.
The Postmodern, the Holocaust, and the Limits of the Human
Authors: Eaglestone Robert 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter looks at the impact of the Holocaust, and Levinas and Derrida's response to it, on the category of the human. Drawing on Heidegger's Letter on Humanism, Giorgio Agamben's work on the Holocaust is analysed in the light of Levinas and Derrida. The issues raised at the start of the book about identification are then considered. Drawing on a range of thinkers (Jean-Luc Nancy, Phillipe Lacoue-Labarthe, Paul Gilroy) and testimonies, it is argued that it is the shifting patterns of identification that are crucial in relation to understanding both the Holocaust and its impact on the contemporary world, especially in relation to race. The chapter concludes by suggesting that Levinas and Derrida's thought offers a rigorously reflective and easily lost ‘postmodern humanism’.
The Vocabulary of the Liberal Arts
Authors: Burton Philip 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter considers Augustine's use of Greek and Latin terminology in the technical register of the Seven Liberal Arts (grammar, rhetoric, dialect, arithmetic, geometry, music, and philosophy). It is argued that despite his notional assent to the equality of all languages, Augustine in practice often uses Greek to express a liberal art when viewed negatively. At the same time, he takes advantage of the wider semantic range of the different Latin translations to demystify the arts, encouraging his reader to see them not as the prerogative of the educated few, but as something capable of being practised in the everyday life of everyone.
4 Talking Books
Authors: Burton Philip 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter considers the relationship between the spoken and the written word in the Confessions, a work in which the importance of books and reading is widely acknowledged. Alongside the familiar Platonic unease about the use of books, Augustine inherits also a long prehistory of ambivalence in Jewish and Christian sources. Books are rehabilitated through an elision of the difference between the hermeneutic processes of reading and hearing; by the end of the work, God himself can be visualized as a Christian codex.
The Paralinguistic
Authors: Burton Philip 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines the relative status of language and other, similar activities: singing, weeping, groaning, and laughter. The proper manner and degree in which the wise man or woman should indulge in these had been a recurrent theme of classical literature since Homer; again, this had for Augustine been overlaid by the Christian Scriptures, and by some three hundred years of exegesis. It is argued that the paralinguistic activities in the Confessions not only help structure the work, but also represent a careful negotiation of the classical and Christian grammars of the emotions.
Grammatical categorization: Subject–Auxiliary Inversion
Authors: Goldberg Adele 
Published: September 2007

AbstractA recognition of general properties of categorization can be used to illuminate the functional underpinnings of aspects of grammar that appear at first to be arbitrary syntactic facts. One such case, that of Subject-Auxiliary Inversion (SAI) is investigated in this chapter which builds on previous accounts that have offered insightful generalizations about the function of SAI constructions. It is argued that a case that is apparently somewhat exceptional — that of exclamatives — is actually strongly motivated as well. Formal restrictions on SAI are addressed and accounted for by a functional account. The implication of this work is that synchronic functional motivations often lurk behind seemingly syntactic brute facts, and can be used to explain many aspects of grammar that appear otherwise to be wholly idiosyncratic.
Americanizing British Engineering? Strategic Debate, Selective Adaptation, and Hybrid Innovation in Post-War Reconstruction, 1945–1960
Authors: Zeitlin Jonathan 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter seeks to sketch out the contours of British debates about Americanization and reconstruction in a key sector of manufacturing: the engineering or metalworking industries. Its central concerns are threefold. First, contrary to the claims of some recent historians such as Corelli Barnett, it highlights the determined efforts during the immediate post-war years — above all by the Attlee Labour governments — to push British industry towards the adoption of American-style mass-production and management methods. Second, it re-examines contemporary objections to these proposals and reassesses the practical impact of them on the reconstruction of British engineering. It is shown that there were significant practical obstacles in both the short- and long-term to the wholesale adoption of the American model. Often, too, however, British manufacturers selectively adapted elements of US techniques to fit with their existing production strategies; in some cases, moreover, their creative modifications of transatlantic methods generated innovative hybrid forms of flexible manufacturing which anticipated in important respects those later made famous by the Japanese. The chapter calls into question the causal link between the limits of post-war Americanization and the subsequent decline of British manufacturing.
Creative Cross-Fertilization and Uneven Americanization of Swedish Industry: Sources of Innovation in Post-War Motor Vehicles and Electrical Manufacturing
Authors: Glimstedt Henrik 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
By emphasizing the rigid character of centralized bargaining, many students of Sweden's political economy end up by wrongly characterizing its national industry as ‘Fordist’. By contrast, this chapter argues that the strategic responses to increased competitiveness actually varied across sectors. In motor vehicles and electrical engineering, the experience of diversity of market realities, heterogeneous institutions, and conflicting political goals forced enthusiastic proponents of Americanization to modify or abandon their view on the fundamentals of industrial efficiency. Pressure from customers for innovation, small batch production, adaptation, and successive upgrading of existing products created obstacles to standardization. It was not until increased liberalization of world trade and competitive pressures began to make themselves felt in export as well as domestic markets that the ambiguities of Swedish industrial practices became manifest, spurring national industry to redefine its identity through a process of strategic debate and selective adaptation.
Dynamics of the Greek ‘Breakthrough’: the dialogue between philosophy and religion
Authors: Humphreys S. C. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter traces the construction in the 6th-5th centuries BCE of the opposition between rationality and irrationality, associated with the development of prose as a medium for the rational logos, which generated changes in conceptions of poetry and of religion. The chapter stresses that the emergence of polemical rationalism did not eliminate religious thought (let alone poetry) from the mainstream of Greek culture. Rather, it produced tendencies to rationalize cult in the public sphere through the introduction of deified personifications such as Peace or Concord, and in unofficial circles by the systematization of astrology and the interpretation of omens. It also stimulated more abstract, ‘philosophical’ conceptions of the divine, and an interest in the psychology of ‘possession’ (love, poetic inspiration, madness, drunkenness). Euripides is valued as a religious thinker, and Lycurgus as a reformer of Athenian ritual.
Lycurgus of Boutadai: an Athenian aristocrat
Authors: Humphreys S. C. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter follows the career of this Acropolis priest and statesman who dominated Athenian politics after the battle of Chaeronea. Although he symbolically associated himself with the golden age of Pericles, his practice was deeply conservative. The values of citizenship were promoted in his court speeches in eisangelia cases, where he acted as a self-appointed public prosecutor, and in rituals displaying the epheboi as an image of citizen manhood; but much of the business earlier debated in the Assembly was diverted to commissions of nomothetai. The work of the historian Phanodemos as one of Lycurgus’ associates and the contribution of other members of the Athenian elite to the ‘Lycurgan’ reform programme are re-evaluated. A long appendix discusses work done on the period during the last twenty years, especially in relation to Athens’ recovery of Oropos.
Information, Finance, and Markets
Authors: Greenwald B. , Stiglitz J. E. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter provides a formal model for incorporating finance within the theory of the firm and for a more nuanced reading of the evolution of capitalistic economies. Financial markets emerged as mechanisms for ensuring the fulfilment of promises made for a return in the future in exchange for money today. The ensuing difficulties were met in part by legal changes, such as the development of limited liability and enforceable fraud standards, along with pragmatic advances in such areas of accountability as accountancy and auditing. Nonetheless, tensions remain due largely to information asymmetry problems and enforcement of difficulties. Given differing rates of return across sectors, the firm takes on the role of an important financial institution. An evolutionary process results in which deficiencies in the market give rise to new contract forms and their exploitation by some participants in the market, thus producing still newer arrangements. The evolution of financial instruments necessarily remains intertwined with the evolution of the firm.
Biotechnology in the UK: good but not great
Authors: Casper Steven 
Published: September 2007

AbstractNational institutional frameworks within the UK are oriented towards the promotion of radically innovative industries such as biotechnology. While the UK does have the best performing European biotechnology industry, it lags far behind the productivity of the US industry. The chapter argues that national institutional incentives within the UK are appropriate for biotechnology. However, public policy within the country has not developed an adequate system of commercializing science. Drawing on a case study of the Cambridge UK technology cluster, potential policies that could improve the performance of UK biotechnology sector are discussed.
Why Simpler Syntax?
Authors: Culicover Peter W. , Jackendoff Ray 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter begins with a discussion of the simpler syntax hypothesis (SSH). It argues that given some phenomenon that has provided putative evidence for elaborate syntactic structure, there exists numerous examples which involve semantic or pragmatic factors, and such factors are either impossible to code uniformly into a reasonable syntactic level, or impossible to convert into surface structure by suitably general syntactic derivation. The Bare Argument Ellipsis, goals of linguistic theory, the architecture of grammar, and core grammar and its relation to universal grammar, are discussed.
Basic Clause Structure
Authors: Culicover Peter W. , Jackendoff Ray 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter develops a competence theory of the syntax-semantics interface. The interface is described in terms of how semantics is mapped to syntax. Thus, the problem to be addressed is: given a conceptual structure CS that needs to be expressed linguistically, how do the interface and the autonomous principles of syntax construct a syntactic structure SS in correspondence with CS? The opposite direction, mapping from syntax to semantics, will be shown to follow unproblematically from eventual formulation of the principles.
The Grammatical Function Tier
Authors: Culicover Peter W. , Jackendoff Ray 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines the standard constructions that motivated transformational grammar in the first place, the most notable of which are passive and raising (more generally, ‘argument movements’ or ‘A-movements’). It is argued that the system of so-called A-movements, the counterpart of the manipulations of RG, is essentially confined to subject and object positions, and excludes obliques. The grammatical function (GF) tier and raising, passive, binding reflexes in the GF-tier, and ways in which CS can be mapped to syntax are discussed.
Bare Argument Ellipsis and its Relatives
Authors: Culicover Peter W. , Jackendoff Ray 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter discusses elliptical constructions. Topics covered include nonsentential utterance types, problems for a syntactic account of bare argument ellipsis, reasons to believe syntax is involved in BAE, generalizations behind indirect licensing, a mechanism for indirect licensing, sluicing and sluice-stranding, and gapping.
VP Ellipsis and its Relatives
Authors: Culicover Peter W. , Jackendoff Ray 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter focuses on a second major class of fragment constructions, those that stand in freely for canonical VPs. Within this class there are two major types, VP ellipsis (1a) and do X anaphora (1b); X happen anaphora (1c) is a variant of the latter. Pseudo-gapping (1d) is still another type. Within NPs, one-anaphora (1e) has characteristics parallel to do X anaphora. Two recent arguments that there is syntactic structure in the ellipted (that is, invisible) part of the ellipsis construction are considered. A summary of both Chapters 7 and 8 is presented.
The View from the Periphery: The English Comparative Correlative
Authors: Culicover Peter W. , Jackendoff Ray 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe two major themes of this study are the importance of ‘peripheral’ phenomena to linguistic theory and the pervasiveness of syntax-semantics mismatches, in violation of Interface Uniformity. This chapter illustrates both of these themes through an exploration of a construction of English called the Comparative Correlative (CC). Topics covered include CC construction, evidence for the left-subordinate hypothesis, evidence for the paratactic hypothesis, internal structure of CC clauses, binding, and extraction from CC.
The End of the Medieval Monarchy, 1513–1536
Authors: Lockhart Paul Douglas 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter discusses the reign of Christian II (1513-23). Christian II presents something of a puzzle to Danish historians. On the one hand, he was a reformer, a ‘progressive’ whose policies showed a genuine concern for the peasantry and burghers of Denmark; on the other, he was a brutal tyrant, who flouted tradition and law, and cut down those who dared to stand in his way. The failed revolution of Christian II; the victory of Duke Friedrich; and interregnum, civil war, and restoration, are discussed.
Inductive Arguments
Authors: Swinburne Richard 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Inductive arguments are arguments from premises which add to the probability of conclusion and may render it probable overall (that is, more probable than not). This book considers how far arguments from contingent phenomena (such as the existence of the universe and its conformity to natural laws) render probable the existence of God. They are all arguments to God as the purported explanation of the phenomena. The structure of such probabilistic argument is elucidated by the probability calculus.
The Nature of Explanation
Authors: Swinburne Richard 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
There are two kinds of explanation of phenomena — scientific explanation in terms of laws of nature and initial conditions, or (on a preferable analysis of laws of nature) in terms of objects and their powers and liabilities; and personal explanation in terms of persons, their powers, intentions, and beliefs. Some observable phenomena are explained as brought about by persons, others as brought about by natural laws. But there can only be two explanations of a phenomena if one explains the operation of the factors involved in the other. Explanations of phenomena as brought about by God are personal explanations.
The Balance of Probability
Authors: Swinburne Richard 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
If we ignore religious experience, there is enough evidence considered in this book, to make the existence of God as probable as not. Theism is a simple hypothesis which leads us to expect many phenomena which are not otherwise to be expected. The principle of credulity considered in Chapter 13 has the consequence that we ought to believe that what we appear to experience is really there unless there is considerable counter-evidence. Hence, the religious experience (of ourselves or others) when added to the other evidence makes it probable on balance that there is a God.
7 The Church and the Family
Authors: Waters Brent 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines the inherent tension between the church as eschatological witness and the family as providential witness. It is argued, however, that the distinctive and complementary nature of each respective witness — as disclosed in the vocations of singleness and marriage — applies this tension in a constrictive manner. The principal indicators of this tension are identified in an overview of the eschatological witness of the church, followed by discussions which argue that the church is not a family, and the family is not a church.
Ussher and the Shaping of Irish Protestant Theology
Authors: Ford Alan 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
During the James' reign, Ussher and his fellow Irish protestants set out to domesticate European Calvinism and, in particular, Calvinist anti-Catholicism. The latter formed the main, almost the sole focus of research in the new university. Whole sets of lectures were devoted to refuting the chief enemy, Bellarmine. The errors of the Rhemist translation of the bible were demonstrated. The consonance between protestant beliefs and those of the early church was exhaustively and exhaustingly ‘proved’ through extensive patristic research, culminating in Ussher's first publication: Gravissimae quaestionis, de Christianarum ecclesiarum... continua successione & statu, historica explicatio (1613). The legitimacy of the protestant line of descent was traced through the mediaeval heretics, the pope's real antichristian identity was exposed, and the whole historical and theological edifice was underpinned and explained by God operating in history in a pattern which was foretold in the apocalyptic books of the bible. The Irish protestant theologians promulgated and popularized this fiercely anti-Catholic religious polemic through print, manuscript, and teaching.
Theology and Politics: 1615–25
Authors: Ford Alan 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
By the latter part of the second decade of the 17th century, Ussher was an established academic, a dominant force in Irish protestant intellectual life. Rather than remaining as Professor in Trinity, however, he expanded his horizons, first by making his way in intellectual and political circles in England, where he pursued his studies and academic contacts. During his regular visits, he came to the notice of James I and became associated with the Bohemian party in parliament, pressing for firmly protestant foreign policy to defend Frederick of Bohemia against Spanish aggression. Ussher was chosen in 1621 to preach before the Commons, which called for a delicate balancing act between the King and Ussher's political friends. Second, Ussher sought promotion within Ireland, gaining the see of Meath in 1621 and becoming a member of the Irish privy council.