bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Taking Stock and Looking Ahead
Authors: Flanagan Robert J. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis final chapter summarizes the findings of the earlier analyses of the impact of globalization on labor conditions and considers the principles that should inform future policies to improve labor conditions. Broadly speaking, the evidence indicates that international trade, international migration, and the activities of multinational companies generally advance working conditions and labor rights around the world. In contrast, some policy proposals, such as the use of trade sanctions against countries that do not adopt international labor standards, are likely to worsen rather than improve labor conditions. A very useful guide to policy choice is to favor policies that expand, rather than contract, opportunities for target groups. The chapter reviews a number of targeted incentive policies that satisfy this principle in general and in particular areas such as child labor and forced labor.
Kings, Priests, and Sages
Authors: Kalmin Richard 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This chapter continues the examination of rabbinic depictions of the past and the light they shed on the rabbinic present. It describes the differences between Palestinian and Babylonian rabbinic narratives that purport to portray events of the second Temple period. It shows that Babylonian portrayals emphasize the importance of rabbis, especially at the expense of kings, in particular depicting sages rather than kings in control of the priests and the Temple cult. Palestinian rabbinic portrayals, on the other hand, tend to assign to rabbis a less prominent role and allow for a greater role for kings.
Anxious Rabbis and Mocking Nonrabbis
Authors: Kalmin Richard 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This chapter examines traditions that depict rabbis as sensitive to the fact that their statements appear, or might appear, to nonrabbis to fly in the face of common sense or to contradict the everyday functioning of the world or the meaning of scripture. It addresses the questions: what happens when rabbinic sources acknowledge that a rabbi says or does something that was or might be construed as ludicrous or far-fetched? Is the rabbi ridiculed, and if so, what is his reaction? Does the ridicule provoke anxiety, defensiveness, and/or a desire for revenge? It is shown that Palestinian rabbinic sources tended to be more attuned than Babylonian rabbinic sources to the reactions, whether real or anticipated, of nonrabbis to their statements. Palestinian rabbis tended to be more aware than Babylonian rabbis that their actions and opinions could or did provoke ridicule among nonrabbis. In a significant number of cases — all having to do with the rabbis' worries about their status in the eyes of nonrabbis, and/or rabbinic self-consciousness about nonrabbinic reaction to their statements — Palestinian rabbis revealed their insecurity and discomfort and attempted to demonstrate the reliability of their opinions and interpretations in the face of nonrabbinic ridicule. As a result, Palestinian rabbis, more than their Babylonian counterparts, told stories that vindicated rabbis who were the objects of nonrabbinic ridicule and depicted their antagonists receiving their just desserts.
Idolatry in Late Antique Babylonia
Authors: Kalmin Richard 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This chapter argues that Persian attitudes and practices with regard to idols and idol worship had a significant impact on Babylonia, constituting another respect in which Babylonia was more Persian than Roman during the period under discussion. Specifically, it is argued that the Babylonian Talmud attests to a distinction between Parthian and Sasanian Babylonia that corresponds to and provides a measure of confirmation of scholarly claims regarding the different policies of the Parthian and Sasanian dynasties with respect to idols.
The Phenomenal Conception
Authors: Stoljar Daniel 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe question “what is the problem of experience” can be divided into two: what is the topic of the problem of experience, and what problem or problems are we raising about the topic. In this chapter, the author identifies the topic: events of experience whose defining characteristic is that there is something it is like to undergo them. Conceiving of experiences this way leaves open many issues that are philosophically controversial, issues such metaphysics of mind, ontology, qualia, consciousness, access versus phenomenal consciousness, and the diaphanousness or transparency of experience.
General Plausibility
Authors: Stoljar Daniel 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe next three chapters turn from E1 to E2, and discuss the case for believing the ignorance hypothesis in the first place. This chapter starts by emphasizing our ignorance in general, our ignorance of experience in particular, the way in which the assumption of ignorance explains a philosophical predicament that otherwise remains elusive, and the way in which the ignorance hypothesis is suggested by the basic structure of the logical problem. The epistemic view is also compared and contrasted with McGinn’s mysterianism.
A Priori Entailment
Authors: Stoljar Daniel 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
In this chapter, an analogous argument in the case of the a priori entailment view is advanced. On the one hand, the mere idea of priori entailment will not answer the argument — further material needs to be added. On the other hand, an examination of what this further material might be yields the result that either the a priori entailment view has no answer to the arguments, or else collapses into the epistemic view.
Introduction
Authors: Meech John L. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
After his encounter with the risen Christ, St. Paul had to retell Israel’s story, and in so doing, his own understanding of self and community underwent a profound shift. Is it possible that the strong tie between Paul’s understanding of self, community, and the community’s story is something we should bracket or, as Rudolf Bultmann says, demythologize? Rather, this book asserts that two conversations in philosophy and theology can mutually contribute to our present understanding of the self in community: Paul Ricoeur’s hermeneutics of the self, and the new perspective debate in biblical studies about the meaning of law, works, faith and justification in St. Paul’s letters. With respect to the first conversation, the chapter places Paul Ricoeur’s hermeneutics of the self in the context of theological debates about selfhood. With respect to the second conversation, the chapter demonstrates how the book’s interpretation of the Pauline texts draws critically from the new perspective studies within a Lutheran framework that is responsive to critics of the new perspective.
A Short Life in Brief
Authors: Nevin Thomas R. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This chapter chronicles the life of St. Thérèse. Thérèse was born in 1873, in the Norman town of Alençon, when her father was well into his fiftieth year. He and his wife, Zé lie, had lost four of their children. The five who survived were all girls, Thérèse being last, the benjamine. In May 1885, she had asked her father's permission to enter Carmel, and he gave it. Thérèse survived the first years in Carmel by reading San Juan de la Cruz for her own purposes. With delicate equipoise and missionary zeal she was able to carry on conventual life and daily tasks, working in the refectory for two years (1889-1891), and she served in the sacristy (February 1891-February 1893). On June 9, 1895, Thérèse composed the most important of all her recorded prayers, the sacrificial offering of herself to God's compassionate love, Offrande de moi-même comme Victime d'Holocauste à l'Amour Miséricordieux du Bon Dieu.
Perfecta Caritas
Authors: Nevin Thomas R. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Thérèse's stature as a theologian. Thérèse of Lisieux became a doctor of the church in the centenary year of her death, 1997. She stands with only two other women in this position: Teresa of Avila, so declared in 1970 with Catherine of Siena. The criteria for this exalting appointment center upon writings that reflect profound learning and deep sanctity so as to instruct the faithful in future generations. Thérèse did not just much teach Christian doctrine she embodied Christian life. She was not a souffleur of Christianity but someone who loved Christ and could see Christ in others. She could do so only in her weakness and littleness and that is what so oddly and surely proclaims her magnificence.
Deadly Vices
Authors: Taylor Gabriele 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis book focuses on the vices, which in Christian theology were most commonly selected as bringing death to the soul. These are sloth, envy, avarice, pride, anger, lust, and gluttony. The discussions concentrate on the essence of each vice, and treat their possessors as personifications. They will show a structural resemblance to each other, but there is no suggestion that all vices are of that type. It is shown that vices are harmful to their possessor, and negative support is given for some central claims of an Aristotelean-type virtue-theory.
‘Deadly Sins’
Authors: Taylor Gabriele 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This chapter explores the particular vice of acedia or sloth. Sloth is a paralyzing vice, with the slothful carrying the burden of a useless self. Awareness of this condition explains occurrent moods of indolence, hopelessness, and despair. If, like Oblomov, they manage nonetheless to achieve a relatively contented state of mind then this is because they have found some mental busyness and are given to idle daydreams, which may, at least for periods of time, conceal their burden from themselves.
The Problem of Moral Knowledge
Authors: Thomas Alan 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter discusses the philosophies of Harman and Mackie with a view to highlighting six claims of central concern: (1) whether issues of objectivity should be raised ‘reflexively’ at the meta-level of enquiry; (2) whether the best account of objectivity will essentially vindicate itself in its own terms; (3) the reducibility of moral properties figuring in moral explanations; (4) whether moral explanations are ever the best explanations of belief; (5) the appropriateness in this context of a causal theory of knowledge; and (6) whether the concepts deployed in morality are to a certain extent local or perspectival in the sense of tied in to our particular sensibilities. It is argued that the framework of minimalism about truth is the best way of prosecuting debates over objectivity.
Moral Belief and the Possibility of Error
Authors: Thomas Alan 
Published: September 2006

AbstractA contextualist defence of cognitivism is open to the charge that it cannot supply a convincing theory of error for when moral judgements diverge. This chapter rebuts this concern: conditions have been set out for when apparent conflict between moral views really is such, or, alternatively, whether we should accept different diagnoses in any particular case. If a conflict between moral beliefs is genuinely a case of conflict, then various explanations have been supplied for why this might be so that do not, as yet, directly draw on the idea of moral error. This is to make the task facing a theory of moral error more manageable. In developing such a theory, it was argued that it is not a defect of cognitivism but a strength that it can explain moral error. The issue of social criticism was considered and a model described for the criticism of ideological beliefs that was, to a certain extent, independent of the truth of cognitivism.
The Development of Traditional Industries in Modern Japan: A Statistical Exposition
Authors: Matsumoto Takanori 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This chapter assesses the quantitative position of ‘traditional’ industries in the economy. Traditional industry — which accounted for the largest number of gainfully occupied workers — developed steadily in the modern era and continued to provide opportunities to workers that were not absorbed by the modern industrial sector. The role of the traditional commerce and service industries is emphasized, which functioned as a ‘buffer’ for economic fluctuations. The regional diversity of these industries is also analyzed using the statistical method of principal component analysis.
The Role of “Early Factories” in Japanese Industrialization
Authors: Takeuchi Johzen 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This chapter deals with the manufacturing industry for Western products that emerged after the opening of the treaty ports. These goods include brushes, buttons, matches, knitted goods, soaps, and bicycles. Although the modern factories that made these products played significant roles in the early stages of industrialization, they eventually went into decline. The combination of modern technology and traditional skills formed another route to industrialization in modern Japan.
Factory Girls in an Agrarian Setting circa 1910
Authors: Sasaki Jun 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This chapter looks into the working conditions in a rural weaving factory during the early 20th century. Based on the attendance books of workers, it is shown that the days and hours actually worked by female workers in the factory were strongly influenced by the labour demand from agriculture, as well as the housework demands of their household. The introduction of machines into rural factories did not mark the major divide that is commonly assumed by economic historians.
The Export-oriented Industrialization of Japanese Pottery: The Adoption and Adaptation of Overseas Technology and Market Information
Authors: Yamada Takehisa 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This chapter discusses the export-oriented industrialization of pottery industry in modern Japan, focusing on the introduction and adoption of advanced technologies from Western countries. Special attention is given to newly established, innovative, and modernized firms that promoted the export-oriented production. The role of research and training institutions, supported by central and local governments and trade associations, is also emphasized to explain the activities of these firms.
The Development of a Rural Weaving Industry and its Social Capital
Authors: Matsuzaki Hisami 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter examines a rural weaving district within the context of ‘regional community’. The activities of traders in the Isezaki weaving district, including clothiers, factors, and local bankers, were strongly influenced by motives embedded in the regional community. Though the concept of ‘social capital’ is applied to interpret the findings in this chapter, the positive and negative effects of industry-community relationships on the development of the industrial district are also identified.
The Role of 401(k) Accumulations in Providing Future Retirement Income
Authors: Holden Sarah , VanDerhei Jack 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAs defined contribution plans are increasingly being offered as the primary employer-sponsored pension, it is of interest to ask whether these accumulations are likely to yield sufficient retirement income. This chapter uses a projection model to explore alternative future scenarios for retirees who had 401(k) plans available to them over their full working careers. It also assesses the impact of ‘catch-up’ contributions, saving through an individual retirement account when an employer does not offer a 401(k) plan, and changing retirement ages.
The UK Approach to Insuring Defined Benefit Pension Plans
Authors: McCarthy David , Neuberger Anthony 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter models the UK’s recently-established Pension Protection Fund (PPF) established to guarantee defined benefit pensions. It shows that the PPF is likely to face many years of low claims interspersed irregularly with periods of very large claims. There is a significant chance that these claims will be so large that the PPF will default on its liabilities, leaving the government with no option but to bail it out. This is because of the double impact of a fall in equity prices on the PPF, which would render sponsor firms more likely to default and make defaulted plans more likely to be underfunded. The chapter derives a fair premium for this insurance under different circumstances, estimates the extent of cross-subsidies in the PPF between strong and weak sponsors, and shows that risk rated premiums are unlikely to have a substantial effect on either the size or the lumpiness of claims unless they are so powerful that they force weaker sponsors to cut fund deficits and improve the match between assets and liabilities.
Dimensions of 401(k) Plan Design
Authors: Mitchell Olivia S. , Utkus Stephen P. , Yang Tongxuan (Stella) 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter explores why employers or plan sponsors design their 401(k) plans the way they do. Drawing on a rich dataset of over five hundred 401(k) plans, it shows that these plans are principally a form of tax-motivated compensation under the restriction of federal non-discrimination rules. In other words, to appeal to better-paid workers, employers offer more generous monetary and non-monetary plan design features. At the same time, complex federal tax rules restrict pay discrimination in favor of the highly-paid employees.
Rethinking the informal economy: linkages with the formal economy and the formal regulatory environment
Authors: Chen Martha Alter 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis paper explores the relationship of the informal economy to the formal economy and to the formal regulatory environment. It begins with a comparison of the earlier concept of the ‘informal sector’ with the new expanded concept of the ‘informal economy’, which includes microentrepreneurs, own account operators, informal wage workers, and industrial outworkers. It argues that (a) most informal enterprises and workers are intrinsically linked to formal firms; (b) different segments of the informal economy are over-regulated, de-regulated, or under-regulated; and (c) there are benefits and costs to both formality and informality. The paper concludes that the appropriate role for government is (i) to ensure that the formal regulatory environment is not biased in favour of formal firms and workers over informal enterprises and workers (or vice versa) and (ii) to regulate the commercial and employment relationships between formal firms, informal enterprises, and informal wage workers.
Social capital, survival strategies, and their potential forpost-conflict governance in Liberia
Authors: Sawyer Amos 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Post-conflict reconstruction strategies typically focus on identifying and repairing formal governing institutions and physical infrastructures, and tend to ignore the informal arrangements that sustain people over years of state failure. This paper shows how informal institutions were critical to the survival of local people during state collapse and violent conflicts in Liberia. It argues that there are very healthy informal arrangements that can become important building blocks in post-conflict governance arrangements if used to buttress formal institutions, and that unlocking such capital is important in enabling people to make transitions from short-term survival strategies to more productive long-term arrangements. Failure to recognize these assets have frequently led to the presumption of a social capital deficit and, therefore, the need to look externally for such a resource.
Formalizing the informal: is there a way to safely unlock human potential through land entitlement? A review of changing land administration in Africa
Authors: Wily Liz Alden 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This paper looks at how rural land rights are being formalized in Africa. It argues that highly significant improvements are emerging under the current wave of land reform. In a rising number of states, customary land holders can now register their ownership directly without having their rights converted into European-derived forms like freehold or leasehold. The registration process is also decentralizing nearer to landholders. However, the process is too focused upon individually owned properties like houses and farms, when it is common properties that are most at risk from involuntary loss. This inattention is depriving communities of critical resources to livelihood and opportunities to benefit from their rising values.
Third Force Politics
Authors: Whiteley Paul , Seyd Patrick , Billinghurst Antony 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis book examines the recovery of the British Liberal Democrat Party, emphasizing the role of the grassroots party members in shaping this recovery. A number of factors have contributed to the party’s resurgence, including the performances of its main rivals, the Conservative and Labour parties, and the decline in partisan attachments throughout the entire electorate. However, evidence shows that the grassroots party has played the decisive role in bringing this about. The key players are the men and women who joined the party as members, and then actively worked on its behalf by campaigning or standing in local and national elections when the political climate was cold. A major focus of the book is to examine these people. The future electoral prospects for the party are also discussed, including the question of whether or not it can replace its rivals as the second, or even the first, party of British electoral politics.
3 Ideology and the Party Members
Authors: Whiteley Paul , Seyd Patrick , Billinghurst Antony 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter begins by examining if there is evidence that a set of belief structures underlies the attitudes of party members. This is followed by an analysis of the sources of ideological variations in the grassroots party, paying particular attention to the social characteristics of members, as well as their political experiences and political roots. It is shown that there is a distinctive set of principles underlying Liberal Democrat political ideology. The ideology centres around individual freedom and tolerance in relation to lifestyle issues, a belief in redistribution and social equality, a commitment to free markets and a positive attitude to internationalism, as exemplified by members’ views of the European Union (EU).
8 Thought Before Language
Authors: Devitt Michael 
Published: September 2006

AbstractStarting from the appealing folk idea that “language expresses thought”, this chapter argues that the psychological reality of language should be investigated from a perspective on thought. The idea also leads to the view that conceptual competence partly constitutes linguistic competence, and so is ontologically prior to it. Following Grice, and despite the claims of linguistic relativity, the chapter argues that thought is explanatorily prior to language. These ontological and explanatory priorities have some interesting temporal consequences. Based on these priorities, it is argued that our theoretical interest in thought is prior to that in language.
10 Thought and the Language Faculty
Authors: Devitt Michael 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter argues that the view that conceptual competence is part of linguistic competence is not undermined by the well-known dissociation of cognitive impairment and linguistic impairment. In light of the evidence from brain impairment and the proposal that the structure rules of thought are similar to those of the language, the chapter proposes that there is little or nothing to the language faculty. A critical view is taken of Chomsky’s apparently very different views of thought and its relation to language, and of some puzzling claims he makes against linguistic conventions and in favor of an interest in idiolects. These criticisms lead to the conclusion that the primary concern in linguistics should be with linguistic expressions that share meanings in idiolects. These views are developed by contrasting them with Rey’s antirealism about linguistic entities.