bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Drosophilaasterlessand Vertebrate Cep152 Are Orthologs Essential for Centriole Duplication
Authors: Blachon Stephanie , Gopalakrishnan Jayachandran , Omori Yoshihiro , Polyanovsky Andrey , Church Allen , Nicastro Daniela , Malicki Jarema , Avidor-Reiss Tomer 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe centriole is the core structure of centrosome and cilium. Failure to restrict centriole duplication to once per cell cycle has serious consequences and is commonly observed in cancer. Despite its medical importance, the mechanism of centriole formation is poorly understood. Asl was previously reported to be a centrosomal protein essential for centrosome function. Here we identify mecD, a severe loss-of-function allele of the asl gene, and demonstrate that it is required for centriole and cilia formation. Similarly, Cep152, the Asl ortholog in vertebrates, is essential for cilia formation and its function can be partially rescued by the Drosophila Asl. The study of Asl localization suggests that it is closely associated with the centriole wall, but is not part of the centriole structure. By analyzing the biogenesis of centrosomes in cells depleted of Asl, we found that, while pericentriolar material (PCM) function is mildly affected, Asl is essential for daughter centriole formation. The clear absence of several centriolar markers in mecD mutants suggests that Asl is critical early in centriole duplication.
Pregnancy of unknown location: an evidence‐based approach to management
Authors: Sagili Haritha , Mohamed Kamel 
Published: October 2008

As women are presenting to early pregnancy assessment units at increasingly earlier gestations and are having earlier scans, the incidence of pregnancy of unknown location (PUL) is increasing.
Although the vast majority will be failing PULs or intrauterine pregnancies, a small subset will be ectopic pregnancies; it is the detection of women in this group that poses the greatest challenge.
Conservative management of PUL results in lower rates of unnecessary intervention, as the condition often resolves spontaneously; the difficulty is in determining which ones will not.

Learning objectives:

To learn about the definition and clinical outcomes.
To appreciate the role of biochemical tests and ultrasound in the assessment of women with PUL.
To learn about conservative, medical and surgical management options.

Ethical issues:

Is destroying a viable intrauterine pregnancy an acceptable cost for treating all ectopic pregnancies, given the limitations of diagnosis in PUL?

Please cite this article as: Sagili H, Mohamed K. Pregnancy of unknown location: an evidence‐based approach to management. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 2008;10:224–230.
The medical profession and the media
Authors: Melville‐Brown Amber 
Published: October 2008

In a climate of public obsession with private lives, the medical profession represents a rich source of human‐interest stories.
Preparation is necessary when dealing with the media.
Engaging with the media as a medical expert can serve to educate the public and boost the reputation of both individual and profession.

Learning objectives:

To gain practical guidance on how to deal with the media.
To understand ways in which engaging with the media can be detrimental to the medical profession.
To learn how to reduce the likelihood of damage from media involvement.

Ethical issues:

What professional guidelines are there?
How do issues of patient confidentiality affect engagement with the media?

Please cite this article as: Melville‐Brown A. The medical profession and the media. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 2008;10:244–250.
Effectiveness of Fish Screens to Prevent Entrainment of Westslope Cutthroat Trout into Irrigation Canals
Authors: Gale Steven B. , Zale Alexander V. , Clancy Christopher G. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Irrigation canals entrain anadromous and potamodromous salmonids of all life stages during their annual migrations. Fish screens may reduce or eliminate entrainment, but few studies exist on their benefits and these studies have evaluated effects on anadromous populations only. The benefits of fish screens for nonanadromous salmonids are largely unknown. Postspawn adult and downstream-migrating juvenile westslope cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi are potentially entrained into irrigation canals on Skalkaho Creek, Montana. We quantified entrainment rates into the canals using telemetry and driftnetting before (2003) and after (2004) installation of fish screens on three canals. No radio-tagged adults were entrained in 2003, but most adults were residents and therefore did not migrate past the canals. In 2004, 79% of the radio-tagged adult migratory fish were entrained at either screened or unscreened canals, but all those entrained in screened canals were successfully bypassed back to Skalkaho Creek. The uppermost (Highline) canal entrained about 71% of age-0 westslope cutthroat trout moving downstream in 2003. Without the screen, 38% of age-0 fish would have been entrained in the canal during 2004. In total, 6,034 age-0 westslope cutthroat trout were bypassed by all three screens. Most age-0 westslope cutthroat trout entrained at screened canals were successfully bypassed, whereas those entrained at unscreened canals were lost to the population. Fish screens were an effective management tool that reduced or eliminated entrainment at Skalkaho Creek and may be useful elsewhere to curtail entrainment of migratory inland salmonids.
Physiological Response of Some Economically Important Freshwater Salmonids to Catch-and-Release Fishing
Authors: Wedemeyer Gary A. , Wydoski Richard S. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Catch-and-release fishing regulations are widely used by fishery resource managers to maintain both the quantity and quality of sport fish populations. We evaluated blood chemistry disturbances in wild brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis, brown trout Salmo trutta, cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii, and Arctic grayling Thymallus arcticus that had been hooked and played for 1–5 min in waters of the intermountain western United States. A hatchery stock of brown trout was included for comparison. To assess time needed for recovery, additional test groups were played for 5 min and then released into net-pens, where they were held for up to 72 h. The osmoregulatory and metabolic disturbances associated with catch-and-release fishing under the conditions we tested were minimal and judged to be well within normal physiological tolerance limits. In fish that were held for recovery, the blood chemistry alterations that did occur appeared to be related to stress from confinement in the net-pens. Our results confirm the results of previous studies, showing that prerelease air exposure and handling cause more physiological stress than does either hooking per se or playing time. Fishery managers must be aware of the differences in the perceptions, attitudes, and values of different societal groups, some of which feel that catch-and-release fishing should be banned because it is cruel to the animals. On the basis of brain anatomy, it seems highly unlikely that fish experience pain in the same manner as humans experience it, because fish lack a neocortex, the brain structure that enables the sensation of pain in higher vertebrates. However, independent of the neurobiological argument, our results indicate that under conditions similar to those tested, fish subjected to catch and release are neither suffering nor particularly stressed. Improved education programs about the relatively benign physiological effects of catch-and-release fishing as a fishery management practice would be beneficial to anglers and the nonfishing public alike.
Understanding Smith-Root LR-24 Equipment Specifications
Authors: Kolz A. Lawrence 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
This study developed a graphic technique to assist electrofishing personnel in their understanding of the specifications and operational limitations of the Smith-Root LR-24 backpack electrofisher. No electrical measurements or complicated calculations were necessary to create this visual analysis; the technical information was simply taken from the advertised specifications for the LR-24. The resulting graphic was empirically validated by means of comparative data obtained with the electrofisher adjusted to deliver its maximum output voltage, current, and power while it was wired to electrical loads of known resistance. In additional, the results from this study show how the power ratings of the LR-24 are inherently dependent on the resistance of the electrical load and the duty cycle of the pulsed DC waveform. It was concluded that the area outlined on a four-parameter graph adequately portrays the operational limits of the LR-24. This graphic approach can be extended to other types and models of electrofishing equipment.
Children's Secondhand Smoke Exposure in Private Homes and Cars: An Ethical Analysis
Authors: Jarvie Jill A. , Malone Ruth E. 
Published: October 2008

Secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure is a known cause of disease among nonsmokers, contributing to lung cancer, heart disease, and sudden infant death syndrome, as well as other diseases. In response to the growing body of scientific literature linking SHS with serious diseases, many countries, states, and cities have established policies mandating smoke-free public spaces. Yet thousands of children remain unprotected from exposure to SHS in private homes and cars. New initiatives targeting SHS in these spaces have raised ethical questions about imposing constraints on private behavior. We reviewed legislation and court cases related to such initiatives and used a principlist approach to analyze the ethical implications of policies banning smoking in private cars and homes in which children are present.
Canadian Military Personnel's Population Attributable Fractions of Mental Disorders and Mental Health Service Use Associated With Combat and Peacekeeping Operations
Authors: Sareen Jitender , Belik Shay-Lee , Afifi Tracie O. , Asmundson Gordon J. G. , Cox Brian J. , Stein Murray B. 
Published: October 2008

Objectives. We investigated mental disorders, suicidal ideation, self-perceived need for treatment, and mental health service utilization attributable to exposure to peacekeeping and combat operations among Canadian military personnel. Methods. With data from the Canadian Community Health Survey Cycle 1.2 Canadian Forces Supplement, a cross-sectional population-based survey of active Canadian military personnel (N = 8441), we estimated population attributable fractions (PAFs) of adverse mental health outcomes. Results. Exposure to either combat or peacekeeping operations was associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (men: PAF = 46.6%; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 27.3, 62.7; women: PAF = 23.6%; 95% CI = 9.2, 40.1), 1 or more mental disorder assessed in the survey (men: PAF = 9.3%; 95% CI = 0.4, 18.1; women: PAF = 6.1%; 95% CI = 0.0, 13.4), and a perceived need for information (men: PAF = 12.3%; 95% CI = 4.1, 20.6; women: PAF = 7.9%; 95% CI = 1.3, 15.5). Conclusions. A substantial proportion, but not the majority, of mental health–related outcomes were attributable to combat or peacekeeping deployment. Future studies should assess traumatic events and their association with physical injury during deployment, premilitary factors, and postdeployment psychosocial factors that may influence soldiers’ mental health.
Basic Principles of Electrical Network Reliability Optimization in Liberalised Electricity Market
Authors: Oleinikova I. , Krishans Z. , Mutule A. 
Published: October 2008

Basic Principles of Electrical Network Reliability Optimization in Liberalised Electricity MarketThe authors propose to select long-term solutions to the reliability problems of electrical networks in the stage of development planning. The guide lines or basic principles of such optimization are: 1) its dynamical nature; 2) development sustainability; 3) integrated solution of the problems of network development and electricity supply reliability; 4) consideration of information uncertainty; 5) concurrent consideration of the network and generation development problems; 6) application of specialized information technologies; 7) definition of requirements for independent electricity producers. In the article, the major aspects of liberalized electricity market, its functions and tasks are reviewed, with emphasis placed on the optimization of electrical network development as a significant component of sustainable management of power systems.
AlGaN-InGaN-GaN Near Ultraviolet Light Emitting Diode
Authors: Dimitrocenko L. , Grube J. , Kulis P. , Marcins G. , Polyakov B. , Sarakovskis A. , Springis M. , Tale I. 
Published: October 2008

AlGaN-InGaN-GaN Near Ultraviolet Light Emitting DiodeA 382-nm InGaN/AlGaN light-emitting diode (LED) was made on a sapphire substrate by metal-organic vapour phase deposition (MOCVD) technique. Growing of the undoped and Si-doped GaN and AlxGa1-xN monocrystalline layers with a surface roughness of < 1 nm required for making light emitting devices has been carried out. To enhance the LED emission efficiency, a modified symmetric composition of an active single quantum well (SQW) structure was proposed. In addition to the conventional p-doped AlGaN:Mg electron overflow blocking barrier, ann-doped AlGaN:Si SQW barrier layer in the structure was formed that was meant to act as an additional electron tunneling barrier.
Neutron Laue Diffraction in Perfect and Deformed Silicon Single Crystals Under Ultrasound Excitation
Authors: Raitman E. , Gavrilov V. , Brezgunov M. 
Published: October 2008

Neutron Laue Diffraction in Perfect and Deformed Silicon Single Crystals Under Ultrasound ExcitationThe effect of ultrasound (US) on neutron Laue's diffraction is studied for perfect and deformed crystals. In a perfect crystal the oscillations of relative diffraction intensity were observed, which depend on the ultrasound wave amplitude. In a deformed crystal the ultrasound distorts the adiabatic motion of the image points along the sheets of dispersive surface. This gives rise to the diffraction intensity behavior which sharply differs from that in the perfect crystal case. The results obtained agree well with theoretical concepts. The described effects can be used for creation of US-controlled new type neutron monochromators or choppers.
Histomorphological study of the lymphoid tissues of broiler chickens
Authors: Akter S , Khan MZI , Jahan MR , Karim MR , Islam MR 
Published: October 2008

Topology and histology were performed in the lymphoid tissues (thymus, bursa of Fabricius, spleen and cecal tonsils) of the fifteen 28-days-old "Kasilla" broilers by observation of H & E stained sections in the Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during the period from October to December 2005. In the present study, it was observed that the thymus was enclosed by a thin connective tissue capsule. Numerous fine septa of connective tissue originated from the capsule and divide the organ into incompletely separated lobules. Each lobule organized into a peripheral cortex and a central medulla. The population of the immunocompetent cells (lymphocytes and immunoglobulin containing plasma cells) in the cortex were denser rather than that of medulla of the thymic lobule. The bursa of Fabricius was consisting of long thick mucosal folds (plicae). Numerous follicles filled the lamina propria of each fold and each bursal follicle was composed a peripheral cortex and a central medulla. The population of the immunocompetent cells in the cortex of the bursal follicle were denser rather than that of medulla of the bursal follicle. The spleen was surrounded by a thick splenic capsule and there was a small number of trabeculi. The network of the splenic tissue was consisting of a network of reticular cells and fibers and was arranged into red pulps, which were scatteredly distributed within the white pulps. The white pulp was composed of network of reticular cells and reticular fibers within which the immunocompetent cells were diffusely distributed. It contained sheathed arteries and lymphatic nodules. The red pulp of the spleen was formed from venous sinuses and anastomosing cord of reticular cells, macrophages, lymphocytes and blood cells. Cecal tonsil was composed of four histological layers i.e. tunica mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and serosa. Their lining epithelium was simple columnar epithelium. More diffuse lymphoid tissue and unorganized lymphatic nodules were present both in the mucosa and submucosa of the cecal tonsil of broiler. The length and breadth of the thymic lobules were 629.30 Â± 118.95 Âµm and 376.03 Â± 98.92 Âµm, bursal follicles 468.83 Â± 52.26 Âµm and 240.70 Â± 34.19 Âµm, white pulp of the spleen 112.62 Â± 13.25 Âµm and 89.42 Â± 12.20 Âµm, lymphatic nodules of the cecal tonsil 255.20 Â± 20.46 Âµm and 186.08 Â± 24.90 Âµm respectively. The result of the present study revealed that the immunocompetent cells were arranged scatteredly or densely and as unorganized or organized lymphatic nodules in the lymphoid tissues and the length and breadth of the thymic lobule, bursal follicle, splenic white pulp and lymphatic nodule of cecal tonsils were varied within the lymphoid tissues and even one another. Key words: Histology, lymphoid tissues, immunocompetent cells, broilersDOI =	10.3329/bjvm.v4i2.1289Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2006). 4 (2): 87â92
Efficacy of some indigenous plants in controlling vector snails of trematode parasites of medical and veterinary importance
Authors: Shanta IS , Anisuzzaman A , Mohanta UK , Farjana T , Mondal MMH 
Published: October 2008

To study molluscicidal effects of some indigenous plants such as Dhol Kalmi (Ipomoea fistulosa), Lantana (Lantana camara), Rakta-karabi (Nerium indicum), Polash (Butea frondosa), Mohavringoraj (Wedelia calandulacea), Nishinda (Vitex negundo), Bishkatali (Polygonum hydropiper), Kalmi, (Ipomoea aquatica), Haicha ( Alternanthera sessilis) and Shaora (Streblus asper) were used as dusts, aquatic, ethanol and methanol extracts against Lymnaea auricularia, Lymnaea luteola and Indoplanorbis exustus to giveÂ in vitro trial from January 2006 to December 2006 in the Department of Parasitology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. All the plants in all preparations were more or less effective against the treated snails. In this study, LD50, Min.Cs100 and mortality percentage of fish (Gutum, Letidocephalus guntea, Family: Cobitidae) were determined using dust of the selected plants. LD50 was minimum in case of Haicha (14.3mg/L) followed by rakta-karabi (29.25mg/L), bishkatali (46.88mg/L), kalmi (154.69mg/L), lantana (234 mg/L) etc.Â Min.Cs100 was minimum in case of rakta-karabi (0.008%) followed by haicha (0.03%), lantana (0.06%), dholkalmi (0.25%) and kalmi (0.25%). Among the plants, lantana, haicha and kalmi had no lethal effect on fish at Min.Cs100. Shaora also had no toxic effect on fish but its both LD50 (453.13mg/L) and Min.Cs100 (1%) were very high. Present study suggests that dust of haicha, lantana and kalmi may be used @ 0.03%, 0.06% and 0.25% respectively to control snails in field level. Key words: Indigenous plants, Lymnaea auricularia, Lymnaea luteola, Indoplanorbis exustus, fish DOI = 10.3329/bjvm.v6i1.1348 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2008). 6 (1): 107-114
La france qui se vide et du rôle de la route dans ce vide
Authors: Bautier Robert-Henri 
Published: October 2008

Un instituteur de l'Aube, M. Pierre Dautriat, vient de faire paraître une monographie de sa commune, Neuville-sur-Seine , modeste village du Batséquanais, à la charnière dé la Champagne et de la Bourgogne. Ce travail de caractère Scolaire, mais préparé avec soin, nous permet de dégager certaines données chiffrées sur la décadence d'un village de la Champagne méridionale aux XIXe et XXe siècles, et par là de soulever un coin du problème, trop, mal étudié, de l'économie rurale de la Champagne contemporaine.Décadence démographique d'abord. A la veille de la Révolution, Neuville comptait 994 habitants ; ce chiffre se maintient dans la première moitié du XIXe siècle (1 018 h. en 1836), puis s'abaisse (sauf une éphémère remontée au milieu du second Empire) jusqu'à la fin du “ siècle (816 Ji. en 1896) ; coefficient de dépopulation, 20 p. 100 en 60 ans.
Comment on faisait un canal au XVIIIe siècle : Le canal de Briare
Authors: Espinas Georges 
Published: October 2008

Le canal Henri-lV on canal de Briare (1604-1943), tel est- le titre du volume dans lequel M. Pinsseau nous a retracé l∼histoire de cette voie d'eau, histoire qui est intéressante à plus d'un titre. Techniquement, c'est le premier canal de ligne de partage au monde ; économiquement, c'est un remarquable instrument du travail national ; juridiquement, il concrétise une des premières manifestations du capitalisme collectif à la fin de la société féodale ; politiquement, il démontre, par l'achèvement d'une oeuvre d'intérêt public de cette nature, la nécessité d'un véritable pouvoir, homogène et continu ; humainement, enfin, il peut être regardé comme un symbole de la science et du labeur français.L'idée première de ce canal, comme celle d-autres travaux analogues, fut due à Sully dès 1604 : ce devait être un canal à point de partage réunissant deux rivières coulant dans des bassins différents. Creusé de 1604 à 1642, il le fut en trois étapes.
Jules siegfried : un homme, une époque
Authors: Febvre Lucien 
Published: October 2008

Peu de livres plus évocateurs que celui dont André Siegried, de géographe se faisant historien, vient de doter ses lecteurs : Mes souvenirs de la troisième République ; mon père et son temps. Jules Siegfried, 1836-1922. Je n'ajoute pas : peu de livres moins difficiles à lire, car il coule de source, et c'est par la simplicité qu'André Siegfried, avec une singulière élégance, résout la difficulté. Ou les difficultés.Le père, dont il retrace à larges traits la carrière et la vie, ce Jules Siegfried, porte-parole des grands intérêts du Havre, dont les hommes de ma génération se rappellent les luttes acharnées contre le protectionnisme agrarien de Méline, cet homme ne présentait, certes pas, à ses contemporains, une figure banale et sans relief.
Le gisement d'hydrocarbures de Saint-Gaudens
Authors: Capdecomme Laurent 
Published: October 2008

La présence d'un gisement d'hydrocarbures dans la région de Saint- Gaudens a été reconnue dès le mois de juillet 1939. Son exploitation, commencée en 1942, apporte un appoint notable à nos ressources en énergie et est susceptible de stimuler, voire de transformer l'industrie du Sud-Ouest. La suite des recherches qui se poursuivent dans le bassin d'Aquitaine montrera si le gisement actuellement exploité .est isolé ou constitue un simple élément dans un ensemblfe susceptible d'influencer l'économie entière de notre pays.Rien d'étonnant à une telle découverte. Le bassin d'Aquitaine présente les caractèrs de régions pétrolières inscrites parmi les plus riches du monde : Caucase, Garpathes Orientales, Californie, Andes Orientales, Irak.
A un critique ami : A propos de Simon de Montfort
Authors: Morazé Charles 
Published: October 2008

Ciel, qu'il est difficile d'écrire l'Histoire... et de composer les Annales ! A peine un article est-il retenu par nous, amis et moins amis s'en viennent le flairer : concert d'éloges d'une part, protestations de l'autre : « Comme les Annales servent bien l'Histoire !» — « Comme les Annales trahissent malement la Science ! »Nous pourrions dire, accusant le coup : le grand tort des Annales, c'est qu'elles ne reculent jamais devant l'idée. Et qu'en la présentant avec sa force et sa faiblesse, elles acceptent d'en courir tous les risques. Elles ne disent pas, comme le prudent candidat : « Nous n'avançons rien qui vienne de nous.