bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of volatile compounds from supercritical extracted soybeans by headspace gas chromatography and thermal desorption of a polymer adsorbent
Authors: Snyder Janet M , King Jerry W 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSoybean flakes were extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide to produce a solvent‐free, good‐quality soybean oil. Volatile compounds from the supercritical fluid extracted (SFE) oil and from a hexane‐extracted crude soybean oil were analyzed by dynamic headspace gas chromatographic methods to determine qualitative differences between the extraction methods. The major difference in the volatile profiles was the higher concentration of hexane in the solvent‐extracted oil. During the SFE process, volatile compounds were trapped on a porous polymer trap attached at the exhaust port of the SFE apparatus. The volatile profile obtained from the sorbent trap was found to be similar to the headspace profile from the SFE/soybean oil removed during the same extraction. In addition, crude soybean oil was heated in a stirred reactor and the volatiles, which were stripped by supercritical carbon dioxide in an attempt to improve oil properties, were collected on sorbent traps and analyzed by the above method for comparison. The described methodology permits the characterization of volatiles and semivolatiles in SFE soybean oil and can be used to monitor the extraction and quality of the resultant oil.
Effects of water stress on the post‐harvest quality of two leafy vegetables, telfairia occidentalis and pterocarpus soyauxii during storage
Authors: Nwufo M I 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of water stress (excessive water loss) on the post‐harvest quality of two leafy vegetables, Telfairia occidentalis and Pterocarpus soyauxii, at ambient (30–35°C) and low temperature (10°C) was investigated in south‐eastern Nigeria. The effect of seal‐packaging the vegetables in polyethylene and paper bags on quality decline of the leafy vegetables was also monitored. Unsealed leaves of T occidentalis and P soyauxii rapidly lost water during storage at either ambient or low temperature. There were decreases in the chlorophyll, protein and ascorbic acid contents in the stressed leaves. Packaging of the leaves in polyethylene bags alleviated these losses. Sealing of the leaves in polyethylene bags also alleviated water stress.
Terminalia chebula seed oil—a minor source of 12‐hydroxyoctadec‐cis‐9‐enoic acid: Natural products as a source for the food and agricultural industries
Authors: Hosamani Kallappa M 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTerminalia chebula, Retz seed oil belonging to the Combretaceae plant family, was found to contain 12‐hydroxyoctadec‐cis‐9‐enoic acid (20.5% of the total silylated methyl esters) previously hitherto unknown in the Terminalia genera. The identification and characterisation was based on thin‐layer chromatography, ga:‐liquid chromatography, and ultraviolet, infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectral analysis, and chemical degradations.
Nitrate and nitrite in fresh vegetables from queensland
Authors: Lyons David J , Rayment George E , Nobbs Peter E , McCallum Leith E 
Published: November 2006

AbstractVegetables were collected near peak harvest from the main production regions in Queensland and were analysed for residues of nitrate and nitrite. A small sample of hydroponic produce was also included in the survey. Nitrite‐N from 1 to 4 mg kg‐1 was found only in dwarf beans and in lettuces. Levels of nitrate in potatoes, cabbages and beets were higher than those reported in other surveys and exceeded threshold limits set in one other country. The median nitrate‐N concentration measured in hydroponic lettuce (465 mg kg‐1 nitrate‐N) was more than twice the median concentration for field‐grown lettuce. Poor correlation between total N and nitrate in vegetables raises doubts about the use of total N alone as an indicator of N status.
Meat pigment determination by phase partitioning in triton x‐114 and oxidation with sodium nitrite
Authors: Garrido Dolores , Perez Ana , Alvaro Sánchez‐Ferrer 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA method is described for determining the total pigment content of pork meat by oxidizing the pigments to metmyoglobin with sodium nitrite and using the non‐ionic detergent Triton X‐114. This detergent is used to solubilise and to increase the absorptivity of the myoglobin at the Soret band (A409). In addition, Triton X‐114 has the property of separating into two dear phases in equilibrium, one detergent‐rich and the other depleted, when the temperature is increased to 37°C. This phase separation removes all the non‐specific turbidity of the meat, which is one of the main problems encountered in determining pigment concentration and a source of inaccuracy. This method, called the Nit409/TX‐114 method, can be used in routine analysis for determing total pigment concentration in pork meat since it is accurate and rapid, and involves no toxic reagents or specialized equipment. The method can also be used to measure pigment in other meat types, even those with low pigment levels.
The effect of field drying on the non‐structural carbohydrate composition in vetch hay
Authors: Treviño Jesús , Centeno Carmen , Ortiz Luis , Caballero Rafael 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCommon vetch (Vicia sativa L) was harvested and allowed to dry in the open air. The composition of fresh forage in non‐structural carbohydrates varied markedly between years, the contents of sugars and starch in both leaves and stems being much higher in 1990‐91 than 1991‐92. Field drying produced a significant decrease in the amounts of these carbohydrates. The total losses of sugars and starch in hay, expressed as losses of dry matter, ranged from 28 to 15 g kg‐1, depending on the year.
Isolation and purification of three antifungal proteins from sorghum endosperm
Authors: Kumari Sunitha R , Chandrashekar A 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThree proteins potently inhibitory to the growth of Fusarium moniliforme, the grain mould pathogen have been identified from sorghum endosperm, using aqueous extraction, gel filtration and ion‐exchange chromatography coupled with bioassay. The aqueous extract (Tris buffer, pH 6.8) of sorghum endosperm flour was separated into two fractions by passing through Sephadex G‐50. The void volume fraction, showing antifungal activity was further fractionated by ion‐exchange chromatography on SP Sephadex C‐50. The most potent fraction was that which bound to the SP Sephadex column at pH 6.0. A less potent fraction with an 18 kDa protein as major component was released on shifting the pH to 8.5. The bound fraction at pH 8.5 was a much more potent inhibitor of fungal growth than the unbound fraction; and it was composed of two major polypeptides with molecular weights of 26 and 30 kDa. All three polypeptides were separated on SDS‐PAGE gels, transferred onto Immobilon and tested for antifungal activity. The test showed that the 26 and 30 kDa proteins retained the antifungal activity even after electrotransfer. Antibodies raised against the electroeluted proteins were shown to abolish the antifungal activity of the endosperm extracts. These proteins appeared only in the endosperm of sorghum grains as revealed by dot immunobinding assay. The 26 and 30 kDa antifungal proteins were also present in pearl millet and maize, while the 18 kDa protein was found only in sorghum. Cross‐reactivity of antibodies with the aqueous extracts of wheat, rice and ragi was not seen.
A simple conceptual model for predicting the dissolution of phosphate rock in soils
Authors: Robinson J Stephen , Syers J Keith , Bolan Nanthi S 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLaboratory experimental and literature data were integrated to develop a simple, conceptual model to describe and predict the dissolution of a reactive phosphate rock (Gafsa phosphate rock, GPR) in soils. The model showed that initial solution Ca concentration strongly influences the time required for a single application of GPR (at 30 kgP ha−1) to dissolve. The model predicts that all of the GPR will dissolve within a year of application in an unlimed, acid (pHw4.5) loam. However, if the soil has previously been limed to (pHw5.8, and contains permanent charge only, the model predicts that only about 50% of the GPR would have dissolved by the end of the second year after application. On the other hand, if a previously limed soil ((pHw5.8) contains variable‐charge components, the model predicts that virtually all of the GPR would have dissolved in this soil by the end of the second year after application. These results emphasise that, even in the presence of a high proton supply, solution Ca has an overriding influence on the dissolution of GPR. The faster rate of GPR dissolution in the limed soil with variable charge, compared to that in the limed soil with permanent charge only, demonstrates the ability of the variable‐charge component of soil to act as a sink for some of the lime‐derived Ca. According to the solubility product principle, this allows more GPR to dissolve. Because of the generally stronger buffering of soil for P than for Ca, a relatively large proportion of any P removed by leaching and plant uptake is buffered by the sorbed phase. Consequently, the influence of leaching and plant uptake on GPR dissolution is attributed primarily to the removal of the relatively less‐strongly buffered Ca.
α‐Amylase inhibitors in chick pea (cicer arietinum L)
Authors: Mulimani Veerappa H , Rudrappa G , Supriya D 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe α‐amylase inhibitory activity of 28 varieties of chick pea (Cicer arietinum L) was determined, and KGT/GBS‐8 was found to have the greatest activity (81.4 units g−1). The inhibitor was heat labile and the inhibitory activity decreased during germination.
Breaking of structural dormancy in seeds of Tetrapleura tetraptera by Aspergillus niger
Authors: Ukpong Emaeyak N , Odoemena C S , Ekpo G 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAspergillus niger (strain UUF9202) significantly reduced the dormancy period and boosted aggregate germination percentage (AGP) in seeds of Tetrapleura tetraptera. A net reduction in mean germination time (MGT) to 12 days and an increase from 0 to 42% AGP were obtained in 32 days. The optimal spore inoculum of the fungus was 8.5 × 10≥10 ml−1 per 100 seeds in 96 h pregermination incubation. The potential of some physical factors in combination with this fungal concentration in enhancing AGP was evaluated. The treatments were as follows: (i) hot water scarification at 30°C, 50°C, 80°C and 100°C plus A niger; and (ii) nicking by decoating at either the micropylar or chalazal ends plus A niger. Micropylar scarification plus A niger gave the highest AGP (94%) followed by chalazal scarification plus A niger (86%) and hot water dip at 80°C + A niger (82%). The control seeds which were soaked in presterilised (by autoclaving at 121°C for 15 min) A niger spore suspension at 30°C gave zero germination.
Immunochemical identification of irradiated chicken eggs
Authors: Kume Tamikazu , Ishii Tetsuya , Matsuda Tsukasa 
Published: November 2006

AbstractImmunoblotting analysis was used for the identification of irradiated chicken egg. Immunoreactivity of egg‐white proteins with specific antibodies was decreased by irradiation, but was still detectable even after irradiation at a higher dose (50 kGy). Sodium dodecyl sulphate‐polyacrylamine gel electrophoresis of irradiated egg white showed that the partial fragmentation of egg‐white proteins was induced by irradiation at 10 kGy. Furthermore, some antigenic peptide fragments with a molecular mass of 30 k Da or less were clearly detected in the irradiated egg white by immunoblotting analysis using antibodies to egg‐white proteins. Such fragments produced by irradiation were also detectable in egg irradiated at 2 kGy, the dose necessary to kill Salmonella, and in cooked egg (heated at 100°C for 15 min) after irradiation. These results proved that the immunoblotting would be a useful method for the identification of irradiated egg.
The relationships between gas production and chemical composition of 23 browses of the genus Sesbania
Authors: Nsahlai I V , Siaw Deka , Osuji P O 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis study evaluated the differences in the gas produced by Sesbania accessions and related gas production to macro‐constituents and tannin content of the browse species. Fresh samples were incubated in triplicate (about 200 mg per syringe) in a medium prepared from sieved rumen liquor harvested from two rumen‐fistuiated cows fed native pasture hay ad libitum and 2.0 kg cottonseed cake per head per day. Sesbania species had similar rates of gas production but differed (P < 0.001) in the volume of gas produced. The ranking order for gas production was S grandiflora > S sesban > S keniensis > S goetzei. There was little variation in the gas production parameters within S grandiflora and S goetzei. But the variation was large within S sesban. Regression analysis showed that the rate of gas production was negatively affected (P < 0.025) by the lignin content of the browses, but the volume of gas produced was negatively related to the neutral detergent fibre, hemicellulose, lignin and insoluble proanthocyanidins content of browses. Ouster analysis showed a broad agreement between gas production constants, macro‐constituents and tannin contents in classifying accessions into high or low nutritive value groups.
Oxidation and transformation of elemental sulphur in soils
Authors: He Zhen‐Li , O'Donnell Anthony G , Wu Jinshui , Syers J Keith 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe oxidation of35S‐S0(35S‐S0, sulphur flowers) added to four cultivated soils was well described using first‐order kinetics. The half‐life (tl/2) of35S‐S0ranged from 12 days in a paddy soil to 176 days in an Ultisol. During the early phase of oxidation, a large proportion of the oxidised S was incorporated into organic fractions. After the first week any additional35S‐S0oxidised remained primarily as SO‐S in most of the test soils. The amount of KH2PO4‐ extractable35S‐SO‐S as a percentage of total oxidised35S‐S was at a maximum when approximately half of the added35S‐S0was oxidised. By the end of the 56‐day incubation period, with the exception of the Ultisol, 54–70% of the oxidised35S‐S in the test soils was present as35S‐SO‐S. The remaining oxidised S is presumed to have been converted into organic matter fractions. This35S‐organic‐S could be fractionated into the 0.1 M KH2PO4‐extractable organic‐ S (5–13% of total oxidised35S‐S) and the 0.01 M NaOH‐extractable organic‐S (14–23% of total oxidised35S‐S). With the exception of the Ultisol where the undetermined organic S was about 36%, the amounts of unaccounted for S (not directly measured), in all soils were very small (typically less than 4%).
Equilibrium moisture characteristics of dehydrated food constituents as studied by a modified inverse gas chromatographic method
Authors: Lagoudaki Maria , Demertzis Panagiotis G 
Published: November 2006

AbstractComputerised inverse gas chromatography was used to study the combined effects of moisture and temperature on the water sorption of potato starch, egg albumin and wheat gluten. A moisture increase resulted in typical BET‐II sorption isotherms. The water sorption isotherms of the three food constituents determined at 22, 30, 37 and 45°C showed that water sorption is favoured at low temperatures. A comparison between the computerised inverse gas chromatographic and the static gravimetric methods at 30°C showed that the former was faster and that the sorption isotherms of the two methods correlated well. BET, GAB, Freundlich, Chung‐Pfost, Smith and ‘Local’ isotherm models were tested to fit the data. Goodness of fit, standard deviation and applicable range of water activity (aw) indicated that GAB and ‘Local’ isotherm models could explain the data well over a wide aw range to 0.80. The heats of sorption of the three substrates were also calculated.
Quality of dried apricots: Effect of storage temperature, light and SO2 content
Authors: Rosselló Carmen , Mulet Antonio , Simal Susana , Torres Antonia , Cañellas Jaime 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEffects of storage temperature, light and SO2 content on the quality of dehydrated apricots (moisture content of c 180 g water kg−1) were investigated. The samples, with SO2 contents, 300 and 1400 mg kg−1, were stored for 9 months at 4, 11°C and at room temperature (20–25°C). Colour, browning, texture, soluble sugars and protein content were periodically determined. In samples with high SO2 content stored at different temperatures and samples with low SO2 which were refrigerated, the quality remained almost constant, meeting market requirements at the end of 9 months storage. Non‐refrigerated samples, with a low SO2 content suffered intense browning reactions during storage, with losses of 15–26 units for L*, a* and b, as well as losses in soluble sugars (150 g kg−1). Protein could not be detected at the end of the storage and furfural content was high (18–23 mg kg−l). The presence or absence of light did not appear to influence the quality of the product.
Analysis of proanthocyanidins in coffee pulp
Authors: De Colmenares Nélida González , Ramírez‐Martínez Jose R , Aldana Jose O , Clifford Michael N 
Published: November 2006

AbstractData are presented for the condensed tannins content of pulp prepared immediately from die cherries of three cultivars of freshly harvested coffee beans, and for the pulp after drying. The data have been interpreted with reference to purified quebracho profisetinidins (3.13–6.17% on a dry basis (db)) and to the E% values of the anthocyanin pigments formed by oxidative depolymerisation (0.60–1.19% db). Pulp from a yellow‐fruited cultivar was significantly richer (P < 0.001) than pulp from the associated red‐fruited cultivar. In contrast to previous reports the presence has been established of condensed tannin in the pulp at the time the cherry was harvested although an increase was observed on subsequent drying. Prodelphinidins could not be detected, but the presence of procyanidins was confirmed. Analysis of procyanidin dimer‐rich and procyanidin oligomer‐rich fractions suggested that while dimers dominate in undried pulp, dimers may be converted to oligomers during drying. Measurements of haemoglobin precipitation (relative astringency) were generally consistent with increased tannin content/polymerisation after drying but little interaction with methylene blue was detectable in any sample.
The nutritional value of roselle seed meal in laying hen diets
Authors: Backeit Mohammed H , El Zubeir El Fadil A , Jubarah Salah K 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects of feeding mechanically extracted roselle seed meal (RSM) to laying hens at dietary levels up to 200 g kg−1 were studied over a 14‐week period. RSM contains 491.1 g crude protein, 59 g ether extract, 169.6 g crude fibre, 113.5 g ash, 6.8 g calcium, 6.6 g total phosphorus and 0.6 g magnesium kg−1. From chemical analyses the metabolisable energy content of RSM would be expected to be 10.07 MJ kg−1 but a high value (11.63 MJ kg−1) was obtained for true metabolisable energy using chick growth assay. As the inclusion rate of RSM increased rate of lay, feed intake and egg weight were increased (P < 0.01). The dietary treatments had no significant effects on feed conversion ratio, mortality, shell thickness, albumen height, and yolk colour.
Relationship between rate of post mortem pH fall and ageing of Longissimus muscle in pietrain pigs
Authors: Fernandez X , Culioli J , Gueblez R 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwenty‐six pietrain pigs exhibiting wide variability in pH45 (pH value 45 min post mortem) values were used to assess the mechanical behaviour of cooked and raw Longissimus muscle at 24 h and 8 days post mortem. Rheological behaviour was studied in compression under strain conditions which allow specific determination of myofibrillar resistance. The muscles were divided into three groups on the basis of pH45 values: (Severe pale, soft and exudative (PSE), pH45 = 5.49 ± 0.03 (n = 9); PSE pH45 = 5.78 ± 0.04 (n = 10); Normal, pH45 = 6.35 ± 0.05 (n = 7). The three groups did not differ significantly for ultimate pH (pHu = 5.57 ± 0.02 for the 26 muscles). A lower mechanical resistance of raw samples was found in the Normal group, regardless of the time post mortem. Although this difference was not significant, a significant relationship was found between this trait and pH45 at both times post mortem (r = −0.43, P < 0.05, at 24 h and r = −0.44, P < 0.05, at 8 days post mortem). However, no significant effect of pH45 was found on the mechanical resistance of cooked muscles. The relative decrease in myofibrillar strength after an 8‐day ageing period was not affected by pH45 but this was due to the fact that the three groups exhibited different starting points. Mechanical resistance of raw and cooked muscles at 24 h post mortem were significantly related to pHu (r = −0.55, P < 0.01, and r = −0.49, P < 0.05, respectively). The present results show that after an 8‐day ageing period, PSE muscles are not fully aged.
Quality changes in HTST processing of rice parboiling
Authors: Pillaiyar P , Singaravadivel K , Desikachar H S R 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPaddy soaked to saturation level, when treated at a high temperature for a short time in a mechanical sand roaster is parboiled and dried in a single pass of 47 s duration. The extent of drying depends on the sand temperature. The sand temperature is critical as it decides the associated quality changes in the milled rice. Even at a sand temperature of 125°C, paddy could fully be parboiled but with mild effect. The parboiling became severe at high temperatures. Roasting the soaked paddy at 250°C, reduced the cooking time of the resultant milled rice. A sand temperature of 125–150°C was considered suitable for producing normal parboiled rice by this technique.
Nonprotein nitrogen content of defatted jojoba meals
Authors: Wolf Walter J , Schaer Mardell L , Abbott Thomas P 
Published: November 2006

AbstractExtraction of defatted jojoba meals with 0–5 M triehloroacetic acid solutions revealed a minimum solubility of nitrogenous compounds in the range of 0.5–2 M. This minimum was assumed to correspond to the nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) fraction. Trichloroacetic acid concentrations of 0.8–1.0 M were found to be optimal for NPN determination. NPN values for laboratory‐prepared meals ranged from 21 to 29% of the total nitrogen for undecorticated (with seed coat) meals and from 21 to 30% for decorticated (without seed coat) meals. Commercial presscakes and presscake fines ranged from 15 to 20% of total nitrogen as NPN. These lower values apparently reflect heat treatments received by the presscakes during commercial expelling of the jojoba liquid wax esters, In aqueous dispersions of unheated jojoba meals, nitrogenous compounds exhibited a minimum solubility of 23–45% of total nitrogen at pH 3–4, the apparent isoelectric region of the storage proteins. In some meals NPN comprised up to 100% of the nitrogen soluble at this minimum; thus, low yields of recoverable meal nitrogen in the form of protein isolates are predicted. The NPN fraction was characterized by amino acid analysis and gel electrophoresis and found to contain free amino adds, peptides, and polypeptides of 6–10 kDa. Simmondsin and its derivatives are estimated to make up about one‐third of the NPN.