bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bounds on the Chabauty–Kim Locus of Hyperbolic Curves
Authors: Betts L Alexander , Corwin David , Leonhardt Marius 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Conditionally on the Tate–Shafarevich and Bloch–Kato Conjectures, we give an explicit upper bound on the size of the $p$-adic Chabauty–Kim locus, and hence on the number of rational points, of a smooth projective curve $X/{\mathbb{Q}}$ of genus $g\geq 2$ in terms of $p$, $g$, the Mordell–Weil rank $r$ of its Jacobian, and the reduction types of $X$ at bad primes. This is achieved using the effective Chabauty–Kim method, generalizing bounds found by Coleman and Balakrishnan–Dogra using the abelian and quadratic Chabauty methods.
Chlamydia trachomatis Seroassays Used in Epidemiologic Research: A Narrative Review and Practical Considerations
Authors: Waters Mary Bridget , Hybiske Kevin , Ikeda Ren , Kaltenboeck Bernhard , Manhart Lisa E , Kreisel Kristen M , Khosropour Christine M 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) is a sexually transmitted infection that can lead to adverse reproductive health outcomes. CT prevalence estimates are primarily derived from screening using nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs). However, screening guidelines in the United States only include particular subpopulations, and NAATs only detect current infections. In contrast, seroassays identify past CT infections, which is important for understanding the public health impacts of CT, including pelvic inflammatory disease and tubal factor infertility. Older seroassays have been plagued by low sensitivity and specificity and have not been validated using a consistent reference measure, making it challenging to compare studies, define the epidemiology of CT, and determine the effectiveness of control programs. Newer seroassays have better performance characteristics. This narrative review summarizes the “state of the science” for CT seroassays that have been applied in epidemiologic studies and provides practical considerations for interpreting the literature and employing seroassays in future research.
Increased risk of fragility fractures in patients with primary biliary cholangitis
Authors: Lim Jihye , Kim Ye-Jee , Kim Sehee , Choi Jonggi 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Large-scale studies on the risk of fragility fractures in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) are limited due to low incidence. We aimed to investigate whether PBC is associated with fragility fractures using real-world nationwide data. The Korean National Health Insurance Service claims data from 2007 to 2020 were analyzed in this population-based cohort study. Patients with PBC (n = 4951) were matched with controls (n = 19 793) using a 1:4 ratio based on age, sex, and follow-up duration. The primary outcome was fragility fracture, which comprised fractures of the vertebra, hip, distal radius, and proximal humerus. The incidence rates (IRs) and hazard ratios (HRs) were determined to assess the impact of PBC on fragility fractures. During the median follow-up period of 5.37 years, 524 patients in the PBC group had fragility fractures (IR, 18.59/1000 person-years [PYs]). After adjusting for covariates, PBC increased the risk of fragility fractures by 1.63-fold (95% confidence interval, 1.20–2.22; P = .002). The vertebra and hip were particularly susceptible to fracture in patients with PBC, with adjusted HRs of 1.77 and 2.23, respectively. In the subgroup analysis, the risk of fragility fracture was 2.53-fold higher in men and 1.59-fold higher in women with PBC than that in the respective matched control groups. Considering the morbidity and mortality related to fragility fractures, increasing awareness of fragility fracture risk and implementing appropriate preventive measures in patients with PBC are imperative.
Horizontal Agreements—Cartels and Collusion
Authors: Jones Alison , Sufrin Brenda , Dunne Niamh 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines how EU competition law applies both to undertakings operating cartels and to undertakings that tacitly coordinate their behaviour on a market. It starts by looking at the difference between ‘explicit’ and ‘tacit’ collusion in the light of the theory of games and the ‘prisoners’ dilemma’. The chapter then deals with cartels and other agreements akin to cartels, or which may facilitate explicit or tacit collusion on a market. Next, it considers the problem of tacit collusion and whether, in particular, Articles 101 and 102 operate as effective mechanisms for dealing with the oligopoly problem. The chapter also considers other options that EU competition law might offer to deal with tacit collusion, either ex ante or ex post, such as the use of the concept of collective dominance and sector enquiries under Regulation 1/2003, art 17.
International Aspects
Authors: Jones Alison , Sufrin Brenda , Dunne Niamh 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the issue of jurisdictional problems in competition law, at the ‘internationalisation’ of competition law and the efforts to deal with competition issues at a global level to match the global operations of undertakings on world markets.. It looks first at the question of extraterritoriality in public international law, particularly the concept of objective territoriality. It considers the distinction between prescriptive jurisdiction and enforcement jurisdiction and how these might apply to competition law. It then looks at the development of the effects doctrine in US law and the concept of comity, and at the position of foreign plaintiffs in US courts. It considers how the EU takes jurisdiction by the application of the single economic entity doctrine and by the development of the implementation doctrine and the qualified effects doctrine. The chapter concludes by examining how international cooperation seeks to help solve jurisdictional problems. It looks at the bilateral agreements into which the EU has entered, and the multilateral cooperation to which the EU is party, including cooperation within UNCTAD, the OECD, the WTO and the International Competition Network (ICN).
Unusual metallic state in superconducting A15-type La4H23
Authors: Guo Jianning , Semenok Dmitrii , Shutov Grigoriy , Zhou Di , Chen Su , Wang Yulong , Zhang Kexin , Wu Xinyue , Luther Sven , Helm Toni , Huang Xiaoli , Cui Tian 
Published: April 2024

ABSTRACT
Hydride superconductors continue to fascinate the communities of condensed matter physics and material scientists because they host the promising near room-temperature superconductivity. Current research has concentrated on the new hydride superconductors with the enhancement of the superconducting transition temperature (Tc). The multiple extreme conditions (high pressure/temperature and magnetic field) will introduce new insights into hydride superconductors. The study of transport properties under very high magnetic fields facilitates the understanding of superconductivity in conventional hydride superconductors. In the present work, we report experimental evidence of an unusual metal state in a newly synthesized cubic A15-type La4H23 that exhibits superconductivity with a Tc reaching 105 K at 118 GPa. A large negative magnetoresistance is observed in strong pulsed magnetic fields in the non-superconducting state of this compound below 40 K. Moreover, we construct the full magnetic phase diagram of La4H23 up to 68 T at high pressure. The present work reveals anomalous electronic structural properties of A15-La4H23 under high magnetic fields, and therefore has great importance with regard to advancing the understanding of quantum transport behaviors in hydride superconductors.
Ethno-Racial and Credit Worthiness Disparities in Access to Mortgage Credit
Authors: Loya José 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The mortgage industry is central to ethno-racial stratification in homeownership access. Ample research demonstrates that unequal treatment of minorities has created major differences in the access and exclusion of low-cost loan products in the housing market. While numerous studies have documented the disadvantages Black and Latino homebuyers face, these studies have been limited in their assessment of credit worthiness in accessing a mortgage. This study draws on the annual dataset from the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act from 2018 and 2019 to assess ethno-racial disparities in mortgage outcomes by debt-to-income (DTI) levels. I demonstrate that DTI levels vary tremendously by ethno-racial groups. In addition, I show that loan rejections and high-cost loan originations are highest among Blacks and Latinos across DTI levels compared to White applicants. Depending on the adverse loan outcome, Asians perform similarly or slightly underperform compared to Whites. These trends are particularly true when examining high-cost loan originations as Blacks and Latinos with excellent credit worthiness perform similarly as Whites and Asians with below-average credit worthiness. Implications for ethno-racial stratification are discussed.
The Test–Retest Reliability of Pain Outcome Measures in People With Phantom Limb Pain
Authors: Graham Andrew N. , Ryan Cormac G. , MacSween Alasdair , Atkinson Greg , Smith Sally , Martin Denis J. 
Published: April 2024

Objectives:
To quantify the test–retest reliability of 3 patient-reported outcome measures of pain for people living with phantom limb pain (PLP) and assess the impact of test–retest errors on future research and clinical decisions.

Methods:
Thirty-nine participants (30 males), mean (SD) age: 55 (16), mean (SD) years postamputation: 6.8 (8.3), reported their PLP levels on a visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain intensity, the revised short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ-2), and a pain diary, on 2 occasions 7 to 14 days apart. Mean systematic change, within-subjects SD, limits of agreement (LOA), coefficient of variation, and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were quantified alongside their respective 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs).

Results:
Systematic learning effects (mean changes) were not clinically relevant across the VAS, SF-MPQ-2, and pain diary. Within-subject SDs (95% CI) were 11.8 (9.6-15.3), 0.9 (0.7-1.2), and 8.6 (6.9-11.5), respectively. LOA (95% CI) were 32.6 (26.5-42.4), 2.5 (2-3.3), and 23.9 (19.2-31.8), respectively. ICCs (95% CI) were 0.8 (0.6-0.9), 0.8 (0.7-0.9), and 0.9 (0.8-0.9), respectively, but may have been inflated by sample heterogeneity. The test–retest errors allowed detection of clinically relevant effect sizes with feasible sample sizes in future studies, but individual errors were large.

Discussion:
For people with PLP, a pain intensity VAS, the SF-MPQ-2, and a pain diary show an acceptable level of intersession reliability for use in future clinical trials with feasible sample sizes. Nevertheless, the random error observed for all 3 of the pain outcome measures suggests they should be interpreted with caution in case studies and when monitoring individuals’ clinical status and progress.
Attempted retrieval of guidewire fragment using the twisting wire technique causes coronary perfusion: Case report
Authors: Zhang Zi-Wei , Pan Xiao-Juan , Zou Ji-Hong , Qi Feng 
Published: April 2024

Rationale:
Guidewire fracture is one of the biggest risks of percutaneous coronary intervention, twisting wire technique is very useful for retrieving the fractured wire, but the potential risks have been inadequately reported. Herein, we present a case of retrieval of guidewire fragments using the twisting wire technique that causes coronary perfusion.

Patient concerns:
A 37-year-old male patient was admitted to our hospital for elective percutaneous coronary intervention of the left circumflex coronary artery.

Clinical findings:
For chronic total occlusion of the distal left circumflex coronary artery, antegrade recanalization by wire escalation, and parallel wire techniques were attempted. However, we shockingly found that the BMW guidewire, anchored in the right coronary artery, spontaneously fractured from the proximal right coronary artery, and a lengthy fragment of the guidewire remained in the coronary.

Diagnoses, interventions, and outcomes:
Many attempts were made to retrieve the remnant guidewire including the twisting wire technique, which leads to the perforation of the coronary.

Outcomes:
Finally, percutaneous retrieving procedures were stopped in favor of surgical extraction via a small coronary arteriotomy. This procedure was successful.

Lessons:
To the best of our knowledge, the present case is the first reported spontaneous fracture of the guidewire. Leaving such a lengthy remnant guidewire in the artery, or leaving stenting over the wire, would impose a high risk of coronary thrombosis, perforation, and embolization. Yet, the perforation of the artery that occurred in this case, which could have had life-threatening consequences, resulted from our attempts to retrieve the guidewire using the twisting wire technique.
Metacarpophalangeal joint reconstruction using a costal osteochondral graft: A case report
Authors: Ho Chien-Liang , Lee I-Ying , Hsu Hsiu-Yun , Kuo Li-Chieh , Fang Jing-Jing 
Published: April 2024

Rationale:
The conventional treatment of giant cell tumors is intralesional curettage with local adjuvant therapy. Because hand tumors have a high local recurrence, the primary goal for treating tumors of the hand is to eradicate the lesion.

Patient concerns:
To preserve the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint function as well as avoid further recurrence after surgery.

Diagnoses:
The giant cell tumor invades the patient’s MCP joint in an index proximal phalanx.

Interventions:
Using computer-aided design and three-dimensional printing techniques, we reformed the original shapes of the MCP joint and its peripheral bone to replica models. The surgeon then performed an en bloc resection and proximal phalanx with MCP joint reconstruction by fabricating the patient’s costal osteochondral graft during the operation.

Outcomes:
After 6 months of rehabilitation, the patient’s finger functions could pinch and grasp objects naturally. At the 1-year follow-up, the range of motion of the MCP, proximal interphalangeal, and distal interphalangeal joints improved from flexion of 35° to 60°, 75° to 85°, and 60° to 80°, respectively. The hand function achieved the mean performance of non-preferred hands for young females at the postoperative 3-year follow-up.

Lessons:
The customized prototyping technique has the potential to replica the original patient’s bony graft to reach the goal of minimizing the defects at the donor site and maximizing the function of the reconstructed MCP joint.
Lysine and salt-sensitive hypertension
Authors: Dissanayake Lashodya V. , Palygin Oleg , Staruschenko Alexander 
Published: April 2024

Purpose of review
Salt-sensitive (SS) hypertension and its associated kidney damage have been extensively studied, yet proper therapeutic strategies are lacking. The interest in altering the metabolome to affect renal and cardiovascular disease has been emerging. Here, we discuss the effect and potential mechanism behind the protective effect of lysine, an essential amino acid, on the progression of SS hypertension.

Recent findings
We have recently demonstrated that administering lysine in an SS rodent model can control the progression of hypertension. Both the animal and pilot human studies showed that lysine can efficiently inhibit tubular reabsorption of albumin and protect the kidneys from further damage. In addition, we conducted multilevel omics studies that showed increased lysine conjugation and excretion, leading to the depletion of harmful metabolites and an increase in useful ones.

Summary
Lysine's twofold action involves both mechanically flushing protein from proximal tubules to shield the kidneys and initiating metabolic adaptations in the kidneys. This results in a net positive impact on SS hypertension. While further research is necessary to apply the current findings in clinical settings, this study offers some evidence suggesting that lysine supplementation holds promise as a therapeutic approach for hypertensive kidney disease.
APOE and familial hypercholesterolemia
Authors: Civeira Fernando , Martín César , Cenarro Ana 
Published: April 2024

Purpose of review
Autosomal dominant hypercholesterolemia is a common cause of cardiovascular disease. In addition to the classic genes that cause hypercholesterolemia, LDLR, APOB and PCSK9, a new locus has emerged as a candidate to be the cause of this hyperlipidemia, the p.(Leu167del) mutation in the APOE gene.

Recent findings
Various studies have demonstrated the involvement of the p.(Leu167del) mutation in the APOE gene in hypercholesterolemia: Studies of family segregation, lipoprotein composition by ultracentrifugation and proteomic techniques, and functional studies of VLDL-carrying p.(Leu167del) internalization with cell cultures have demonstrated the role of this mutation in the cause of hypercholesterolemia. The phenotype of individuals carrying the p.(Leu167del) in APOE is indistinguishable from familial hypercholesterolemia individuals with mutations in the classic genes. However, a better response to lipid-lowering treatment has been demonstrated in these APOE mutation carrier individuals.

Summary
Therefore, APOE gene should be considered a candidate locus along with LDLR, APOB, and PCSK9 to be investigated in the genetic diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolemia.
Familial hypercholesterolemia-Plus: is the metabolic syndrome changing the clinical picture of familial hypercholesterolemia?
Authors: Brunham Liam R. 
Published: April 2024

Purpose of review
The purpose of this review article was to describe recent advances in our knowledge about how diabetes and metabolic syndrome are changing the face of familial hypercholesterolemia.

Recent findings
Heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, most commonly caused by disruption to LDL receptor function, leads to lifelong elevation of LDL cholesterol and increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Familial hypercholesterolemia was originally described as a form of ‘pure’ hypercholesterolemia, in the sense that levels of LDL were uniquely affected. Studies of familial hypercholesterolemia among individuals of predominantly Western European descent conformed to the perception that individuals with familial hypercholesterolemia tended to be lean and otherwise metabolically healthy. More recently, as we have studied familial hypercholesterolemia in more diverse global populations, we have learned that in some regions, rates of diabetes and obesity among familial hypercholesterolemia patients are very high, mirroring the global increases in the prevalence of metabolic disease.

Summary
When diabetes and metabolic disease coexist, they amplify the cardiovascular risk in familial hypercholesterolemia, and may require more aggressive treatment.
High-Flow Nasal Cannula Versus Nasal Prong Bubble Continuous Positive Airway Pressure in Children With Moderate to Severe Acute Bronchiolitis: A Randomized Controlled Trial*
Authors: Maya Malini , Rameshkumar Ramachandran , Selvan Tamil , Delhikumar Chinnaiah Govindhareddy 
Published: April 2024

OBJECTIVES:
To compare high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) versus nasal prong bubble continuous positive airway pressure (b-CPAP) in children with moderate to severe acute bronchiolitis.

DESIGN:
A randomized controlled trial was carried out from August 2019 to February 2022. (Clinical Trials Registry of India number CTRI/2019/07/020402).

SETTING:
Pediatric emergency ward and ICU within a tertiary care center in India.

PATIENTS:
Children 1–23 months old with moderate to severe acute bronchiolitis.

INTERVENTION:
Comparison of HFNC with b-CPAP, using a primary outcome of treatment failure within 24 hours of randomization, as defined by any of: 1) a 1-point increase in modified Wood’s clinical asthma score (m-WCAS) above baseline, 2) a rise in respiratory rate (RR) greater than 10 per minute from baseline, and 3) escalation in respiratory support. The secondary outcomes were success rate after crossover, if any, need for mechanical ventilation (invasive/noninvasive), local skin lesions, length of hospital stay, and complications.

RESULTS:
In 118 children analyzed by intention-to-treat, HFNC (n = 59) versus b-CPAP (n = 59) was associated with a lower failure rate (23.7% vs. 42.4%; relative risk [95% CI], RR 0.56 [95% CI, 0.32–0.97], p = 0.031). The Cox proportion model confirmed a lower hazard of treatment failure in the HFNC group (adjusted hazard ratio 0.48 [95% CI, 0.25–0.94], p = 0.032). No crossover was noted. A lower proportion escalated to noninvasive ventilation in the HFNC group (15.3%) versus the b-CPAP group (15.3% vs. 39% [RR 0.39 (95% CI, 0.20–0.77)], p = 0.004). The HFNC group had a longer median (interquartile range) duration of oxygen therapy (4 [3–6] vs. 3 [3–5] d; p = 0.012) and hospital stay (6 [5–8.5] vs. 5 [4–7] d, p = 0.021). No significant difference was noted in other secondary outcomes.

CONCLUSION:
In children aged one to 23 months with moderate to severe acute bronchiolitis, the use of HFNC therapy as opposed to b-CPAP for early respiratory support is associated with a lower failure rate and, secondarily, a lower risk of escalation to mechanical ventilation.
Heterogeneous Uptake of 68Ga-DOTATATE and 18F-FDG in Initial Diagnosed Neuroendocrine Tumors Patients
Authors: Zhou Yi , Li Li , Wang Hui , Huang He-xiao , Cao Dan , Ke Neng-wen , Su Ming-gang , Tian Rong 
Published: April 2024

Purpose
This study was designed to assess the uptake heterogeneity in neuroendocrine tumor (NET) patients at initial diagnosis with dual-tracer PET imaging and the staging changes and prognostic value it brings to explore the indication of the use of dual-tracer PET.

Methods
Fifty-one newly diagnosed patients with pathologically confirmed NET who underwent 18F-FDG and 68Ga-DOTATATE PET imaging between January 2020 and September 2022 were enrolled. Dual-tracer uptake patterns were classified into 3 groups: A. 68Ga-DOTATATE positive and 18F-FDG negative, B. 68Ga-DOTATATE positive and 18F-FDG positive, and C. 68Ga-DOTATATE negative and 18F-FDG positive. Descriptive statistics were used to evaluate the heterogeneity of dual-tracer uptake patterns among different grading (G) groups, between primary and metastatic lesions, and staging changes. Moreover, dual-tracer uptake patterns, grade, age, sex, and stage were compared with progression-free survival (PFS) by Cox regression.

Results
In the different G groups, none of the patients with dual-tracer uptake pattern A had grade 3 histology, but 57% of patients with grade 1 disease had FDG avidity (25% of them resulting in dual-tracer uptake pattern C). Patients with no metastasis were well differentiated, but one of them presented with dual-tracer uptake pattern C. Different uptake patterns were also observed between primary and metastatic lesions, particularly 44% of patients with dual-tracer uptake pattern A of primary with FDG avidity of metastases. Moreover, 9 (17.6%) had new lesions detected by additional 18F-FDG PET imaging, and 3 of them (5.9%) had clinical stage changed accordingly. The Cox regression test showed that the dual-tracer uptake patterns were significantly correlated with PFS by univariate and multivariate analyses (P = 0.026 and 0.039, respectively), whereas the grade and stage did not correlate with survival (all P>0.05).

Conclusion
The current study has proven the uptake heterogeneity of the NET at initial diagnosis and demonstrated the staging and prognostic value of dual-tracer PET imaging. Our preliminary results have confirmed the importance of dual-tracer imaging modalities and concluded that dual-tracer PET imaging could be considered as prognostic tool for all patients with an initial diagnosis of NET.