bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Separation and determination of glycolipids from edible plant sources by high‐performance liquid chromatography and evaporative light‐scattering detection
Authors: Sugawara Tatsuya , Miyazawa Teruo 
Published: November 2006

AbstractGlycolipids from edible plant sources were accurately quantified by silica‐based, normal‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography using an evaporative light‐scattering detector. Five major glycolipid classes (acylated steryl glucoside, steryl glucoside, ceramide monohexoside, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, and digalactosyldiacylglycerol) were separated and determined with a binary gradient system consisting of chloroform and methanol/water (95∶5, vol/vol) without any interference from other lipid classes and pigments. The described method was applied to 48 edible plants available in Japan including cereals, legumes, vegetables, and fruits. Examined plant species contained glycolipids in wide concentration ranges, such as 5–645 mg/100 g tissue.
Effect of the nonenzymatic glycosylation of high density lipoprotein‐3 on the cholesterol ester transfer protein activity
Authors: Lemkadem B. , Loiseau D. , Larcher G. , Malthiery Y. , Foussard F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis study examines the relationship between high density lipoprotein‐3 (HDL‐3) glycation and cholesteryl ester transfer mediated by cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP). HDL‐3 were glycated with various glucose concentrations (0–200 mM) for 3 d at 37°C with sodium cyanoborohydride as reducing agent and antioxidants. About 47% of the lysine residues were glycated in the presence of 200 mM glucose, resulting in an increase in the cholesterol ester (CE) transfer of about 30%. Apparent kinetic parameters [expressed as maximal transfer (appTmax) and CE concentration at half of Tmax (appKH)] of CETP activity with glycated HDL‐3 showed conflicting and paradoxical data: an increase in CETP activity associated with a decrease of CETP affinity. These alterations were not due to a change in HDL‐3 lipid and protein composition nor to a peroxidative process but were associated with an increase in HDL‐3 electronegativity and a decrease of HDL‐3 fluidity. This study suggests that glycation modifies the apolipoprotein's conformation and solvation which are major determinants of interfacial properties of HDL‐3. These modifications in turn affect CETP reactivity.
Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on plasma membrane fluidity of aortic endothelial cells
Authors: Hashimoto Michio , Hossain Md. Shahdat , Yamasaki Hiroshi , Yazawa Kazunaga , Masumura Sumio 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe investigated the relative effects of n−3 eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20∶5n−3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22∶6n−3) on the plasma membrane fluidity of endothelial cells (EC) cultured from the thoracic aorta by determining fluorescence polarization of 1,6‐diphenyl‐1,3,5‐hexatriene (DPH) and its cationic derivative trimethylamino‐DPH (TMA‐DPH). Fluidity assessed by TMA‐DPH demonstrated no significant differences in plasma membranes of vehicle (dimethyl sulfoxide; DMSO)‐, EPA‐, and DHA‐treated EC. Plasma membrane fluidity assessed by DPH polarization, however, was significantly higher in the order of DHA>EPA>DMSO. Total cholesterol content decreased significantly by 28.4 and 15.9% in the plasma membranes of DHA‐ and EPA‐treated cells, respectively. Total phospholipid content remained unaltered in the plasma membranes of the three groups of cells; however, the molar ratio of total cholesterol to phospholipid decreased significantly only in the membranes of DHA‐treated EC. The unsaturation index in the plasma membranes of EPA‐ and DHA‐treated cells increased by 35.7 and 64.3%, respectively, compared with that in the plasma membranes of control cells. The activities of catalase and glutathione peroxidase in the whole‐cell homogenates, and levels of lipid peroxides in either the whole‐cell homogenates or in plasma membrane fractions were not altered in EPA‐ or DHA‐treated EC. These results indicate that the influence of DHA is greater than that of EPA in increasing plasma membrane fluidity of vascular EC. We speculate that the greater effect of DHA compared to EPA is due to its greater ability to decrease membrane cholesterol content or the cholesterol/phospholipid molar ratio, or both, and also to its greater ability in elevating the unsaturation index in the plasma membranes of EC.
Atorvastatin and simvastatin have distinct effects on hydroxy methylglutaryl‐CoA reductase activity and mRNA abundance in the guinea pig
Authors: Conde Karin , Roy Suheeta , Freake Hedley C. , Newton Roger S. , Fernandez Maria Luz 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects of atorvastatin and simvastatin on hydroxy methylglutary (HMG)‐CoA reductase activity and mRNA abundance were studied in guinea pigs randomized to three groups: untreated animals and those treated with 20 mg/kg of atorvastatin or simvastatin. Guinea pigs were fasted for 0, 6, 12, or 18 h in an attempt to remove the drug from their systems. Reductase activity and mRNA levels were analyzed after each time point. Reductase inhibitor treatment resulted in 50–60% lower cholesterol concentrations compared to untreated guinea pigs (P<0.0001), while plasma triacylglycerol (TAG) concentrations did not differ among groups. Plasma cholesterol and TAG were 50–70% lower after 18 h fasting in the three groups (P<0.001). In the nonfasting state, simvastatin and atorvastatin treatment did not affect HMG‐CoA reductase activity compared with untreated animals. However, after 6 h of fasting, simvastatin‐treated guinea pigs had higher HMG‐CoA reductase activity than untreated animals (P<0.01), suggesting that the drug had been removed from the enzyme. In contrast, atorvastatin‐treated guinea pigs maintained low enzyme activity even after 18 h of fasting. Further, HMG‐CoA reductase mRNA abundance was increased by sevenfold after atorvastatin treatment and by twofold after simvastatin treatment (P<0.01). These results suggest that sinvastatin and atorvastatin have different half‐lives, which may affect HMG‐CoA reductase mRNA levels. The increase in reductase activity by simvastatin during fasting could be related to an effect of this statin in stabilizing the enzyme. In contrast, atorvastatin, possibly due to its longer half‐life, prolonged inhibition of HMG‐CoA reductase activity and resulted in a greater increase in mRNA synthesis.
Nondestructive NMR determination of oil composition in transformed canola seeds
Authors: Hutton William C. , Garbow Joel R. , Hayes Thomas R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMagic‐angle spinning (MAS) 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a convenient method for nondestructive, quantitative characterization of seed oil composition. We describe results for intact hybrid and transformed canola seeds. The MAS 13C NMR technique complements and agrees with gas chromatography results. The spectral resolution approaches that of neat, liquid oils. MAS 13C NMR data allow quantitative analysis of major oil components, including saturates and oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acyl chains. 13C NMR directly and quantitatively elucidates, triglyceride regiochemistry and acyl chain cis‐trans isomers that cannot be quickly detected by other methods. MAS 13C NMR can serve as the primary method for development of near‐infrared seed oil calibrations. These NMR methods are nondestructive and attractive for plant‐breeding programs or other studies (e.g., functional genomics) where loss of seed viability is inconvenient.
A rapid and quantitative method for total fatty acid analysis of fungi and other biological samples
Authors: Sönnichsen M. , Müller B. W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA quantitative method for the one‐step esterification and determination of absolute amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids in biotechnologically produced fungal mycelia is proposed. A system of two internal standards was used to quantify the total fatty acid content of the samples by gas chromatography. The degree of methylation of the analyzed fatty acids was calculated using the internal standards, and subsequently this quotient was used to validate the derivatization and extraction reactions. By utilizing this degree of methylation, the corrected amounts of the various fatty acids in the sample can be calculated.
Sex‐and age‐related differences in ceramide dihexosides of primary human brain tumors
Authors: Yates Allan J. , Franklin Teresa K. , Scheithauer Berndt W. , Burger Peter C. , Pearl Dennis K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractNeutral glycolipids (NGL) are promising diagnostic markers of human gliomas, but differences in NGL with age and sex have not been examined. Previous work demonstrated that ceramide dihexosides (CDH) levels in mouse kidney are age‐ and sex‐dependent, probably due to levels of sex hormones. We quantitated CDH in 181 human gliomas and found significant differences with sex and age, particularly menopause and male puberty. This emphasizes the importance of assessing results of studies on glycolipids in disease states with respect to age and sex in order to avoid erroneous conclusions concerning the relationship of glycolipid composition with diagnosis and pathogenesis.
Dietary α‐linolenate suppresses endotoxin‐induced platelet‐activating factor production in rat kidney
Authors: Oh‐hashi Kentaro , Takahashi Tetsuya , Tanabe Akiko , Watanabe Shiro , Okuyama Harumi 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn comparison with dietary high‐linoleate safflower oil, high α‐linolenate perilla oil decreased alkylacyl‐and alkenylacyl‐glycerophosphocholine (GPC) content in rat kidney by roughly 30 and 25%, respectively. The fatty acid composition was also modified by high α‐linolenate oil; arachidonic acid (AA) level in alkylacyl‐GPC, a platelet‐activating factor (PAF) precursor, decreased by 30% along with concomitant increases in the n‐3 fatty acid levels. PAF contents under resting conditions were similarly low in the two dietary groups. Fifteen minutes after endotoxin administration, PAF and lyso‐PAF contents increased significantly, and the PAF content in the high α‐linolenate group was 60% lower than in the high linoleate group; the lyso‐PAF contents also tended to be lower. Lyso‐PAF acetyltransferase and CoA‐independent transacylase activities in kidney microsomes increased significantly after endotoxin administration, while PAF acetylhydrolase activity in the cytosol was relatively unchanged. The lyso‐PAF acetyltransferase and PAF acetylhydrolase activities did not differ between the two dietary groups, but the CoA‐independent, transacylase activity was roughly 30% lower in the high α‐linolenate group. In agreement with in vitro study, our present study demonstrates that dietary high α‐linolenate suppresses PAF production in rat kidney during systemic endotoxemia, and which is mainly due to the decrease in alkylacyl‐GPC content, altered fatty acid compositions of the precursor lipids and lower CoA‐independent transacylase activity.
Effects of Pinus pinaster and Pinus koraiensis seed oil supplementation on lipoprotein metabolism in the rat
Authors: Asset Gaëlle , Staels Bart , Wolff Robert L. , Baugé Eric , Madj Zouher , Fruchart Jean‐Charles , Dallongeville Jean 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to assess the effect of vegetal oils obtained from Pinus pinaster and P. koraiensis seeds on plasma lipoprotein levels and apolipoprotein (apo) gene expression in rats. These oils contain two particular fatty acids of the Δ5‐unsaturated polymethylene‐interrupted fatty acid (Δ5‐UPIFA) family: all‐cis‐5,9,12‐18:3 (pinolenic) and/or all‐cis‐5,11,14‐20:3 (sciadonic) acids. Rats were fed for 28 d a diet containing 5% (w/w) oil supplement. Two control diets were prepared to match the fatty acid composition of P. pinaster or P. koraiensis oils with the exception of Δ5‐UPIFA, which were replaced by oleic acid. Pinus pinaster seed oil decreased serum triglycerides by 30% (P<0.02), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)‐triglycerides by 40% (P<0.01), and VLDL‐cholesterol by 33% (P<0.03). Pinus koraiensis seed oil decreased serum triglycerides by 16% [not statistically significant (ns)] and VLDL‐triglycerides by 21% (ns). Gel permeation chromatography and nondenaturating polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed a tendency of high density lipoprotein to shift toward larger particles in pine seed oil‐supplemented rats. Finally, P. pinaster seed oil treatment was associated with a small decrease of liver apoC‐III (P<0.02) but not in apoE, apoA‐I, or apoA‐II mRNA levels. The levels of circulating apo were not affected by pine seed oil supplementation. In conclusion, P. pinaster seed oil has a triglyceride‐lowering effect in rats, an effect that is due to a reduction in circulating VLDL.
Differences in the sterol composition of dominant antarctic zooplankton
Authors: Mühlebach Anneke , Albers Carola , Kattner Gerhard 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe composition of free sterols was determined in Antarctic zooplankton species with various feeding behaviors. In the Southern Ocean, the dominant calanoid copepods Calanoides acutus, Calanus propinquus, Metridia gerlachei, and Euchaeta antarctica were investigated during different seasons and compared with the euphausiids Euphausia superba, E. crystallorophias, and Thysanoessa macrura. In addition, the Arctic copepods Calanus hyperboreus, C. glacialis, and C. finmarchicus were studied for comparison. Analyses were performed using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The zooplankton species exhibited a simple sterol content of up to six sterols. In the copepods, cholest‐5‐en‐3β‐ol (22.1 to 60.5%, range of sample means), cholesta‐5,24‐dien‐3β‐ol (22.3 to 45.2%), and cholesta‐5,22E‐dien‐3β‐ol (4.3 to 33.4%) contributed most, while in euphausiids the sterol composition was less complex with cholest‐5‐en‐3β‐ol always accounting for more than 75% of the total. Although sterols are membrane constituents and are expected not to vary considerably, differences in the abundance of sterols were observed between the species and the seasons. In herbivorous copepods, cholesta‐5,24‐dien‐3β‐ol increased by a factor of 1.5 to about 45% during the main feeding period in summer; this sterol is a metabolic precursor of cholest‐5‐en‐3β‐ol in the process of the dealkylation of dietary C‐24 alkylated phytosterols. Cholest‐5‐en‐3β‐ol decreased by the same proportion. Omnivorous and carnivorous copepods showed average levels of cholesta‐5,24‐dien‐3β‐ol below 25%. These changes in sterol composition between copepod species seem to reflect their different feeding modes.
Mitochondrial membrane composition of two arctic marine bivalve mollusks, Serripes groenlandicus and Mya truncata
Authors: Gillis Todd E. , Ballantyne James S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe phospholipid and fatty acid composition of gill mitochondria membranes from two Arctic marine bivalve mollusks, Mya truncata and Serripes groenlandicus, were examined. These animals were collected from the Arctic Ocean, where waters remain below 0°C throughout the year. In both species, the primary membrane phospholipids were phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylethanolamine. Although a low ratio of bilayer‐stabilizing phospholipids to bilayer‐destabilizing phospholipids is frequently associated with cold acclimation in temperate species, this ratio is very different between the two species. The monounsaturated fatty acid 20∶1 was abundant in the membranes of both Arctic species equaling 13.0% of the fatty acid composition in S. groenlandicus, and 17.7% in M. truncata. Polyunsaturated fatty acids were relatively low in the Arctic species, equaling 35.9% of total membrane fatty acids compared to that of temperate zone mollusks. It is suggested that monoenes are common in the tissues of Arctic species since they play a role in maintaining membrane function at subzero temperatures.
Influences of subzero thermal acclimation on mitochondrial membrane composition of temperate zone marine bivalve mollusks
Authors: Gillis Todd E. , Ballantyne James S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe phospholipid and phospholipid fatty acid composition of gill mitochondrial membranes from two temperate zone marine bivalve mollusks, the quahog, Mercenaria mercenaria, and the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica, were examined after acclimation to 12 and −1°C. Cardiolipin (CL) was the only phospholipid with proportions altered upon acclimation to −1°C, increasing 188% in the mitochondrial membranes of M. mercenaria. Although the ratio of bilayer stabilizing to destabilizing lipids is frequently associated with cold acclimation in ectothermic species, no change was found in this ratio in either of the species. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were found only to increase in C. virginica with cold acclimation, with total n‐3 PUFA increasing in the phospholipid phosphatidylethanolamine, total n‐6 PUFA increasing in CL, and total PUFA increasing in phosphatidylinositol. Monounsaturated fatty acids, not PUFA, were found to have increased in M. mercenaria, with 18:1n−9 increasing by 150% in CL, and 20∶1 increasing in both CL and phosphatidylcholine, by 146 and 192%, respectively. These manipulations of membrane phospholipid and fatty acid composition may represent an attempt by these species to help maintain membrane function at low temperatures.
Use of knockout technology to resolve pharmacological problems
Authors: Docherty J R 
Published: November 2006

Knock‐out (KO) mouse technology has given pharmacologists a powerful tool to study function in the absence of selective antagonists or inhibitors. Such KO technology can confirm predicted function, serendipitously reveal unrecognized function, or help define the mode of action of a drug. In this issue, Liles et al. demonstrate, employing mice unable to synthesize noradrenaline due to the KO of the dopamine‐β‐hydroxylase gene, that the sympathomimetic actions of ephedrine are directly, rather than indirectly, mediated. This may end 50 years of debate about the actions of ephedrine.British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 150, 1–2. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706941
Stimulation of epithelial CB1 receptors inhibits contractions of the rat prostate gland
Authors: Tokanovic S , Malone D T , Ventura S 
Published: November 2006

Background and purpose:This study investigated whether stimulation of cannabinoid receptors influences smooth muscle contractility in the rat prostate gland.Experimental approach:Immunohistochemistry was used to characterize and localize cannabinoid receptors in the rat prostate gland. Isolated organ bath experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of cannabinoids on prostate contractility.Key results:Immunohistochemical studies of the rat prostate yielded positive immunoreactivity for the CB1 receptor, but not the CB2 receptor. Double labelling revealed that CB1 receptors were not colocalized with α‐actin in the smooth muscle layer but were primarily expressed within the epithelial lining of the prostatic acini. The cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN 55,212‐2 (10 nM – 10 μM) inhibited contractile responses to electrical‐field stimulation (10 Hz, 0.5 ms, 60 V for 2 s per minute) in a concentration‐dependent manner. The CB1 selective antagonists, SR141716 (1 μM) and LY 320135 (1 μM), reversed the WIN 55,212‐2‐mediated inhibition but the CB2 selective antagonist, SR144528 (1 μM), did not. Furthermore, the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin (0.1 μM) caused significant reversal of the WIN 55,212‐2 mediated inhibition of contractile responses, whereas the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N
‐nitro‐L‐arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L‐NAME, 1 mM) did not. Prostaglandin E2 (10 nM – 10 μM), produced a similar concentration‐dependent inhibition to WIN 55,212‐2.Conclusions and implications:WIN 55,212‐2, an agonist at cannabinoid receptors, causes inhibition of smooth muscle contraction in the rat prostate by activating epithelial CB1 receptors. This inhibition is mediated via the cyclooxygenase pathway.British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 150, 227–234. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706952
Increased platelet aggregation in vivo in the Zucker Diabetic Fatty rat: differences from the streptozotocin diabetic rat
Authors: Paul W , Queen L R , Page C P , Ferro A 
Published: November 2006

Background and purpose:Diabetes mellitus, especially type 2, is associated with increased arterial thrombosis. Our aims were (i) to characterize and compare platelet aggregation in vivo and in vitro in a type 2 diabetes model; and (ii) to determine whether these results differ from those in a type 1 diabetes model.Experimental approach:Platelet aggregation to ADP in lean or obese Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rats and in streptozotocin (STZ)‐treated or control Wistar rats was measured in vitro, using Born aggregometry, and in vivo, by 111Indium‐labelled pulmonary platelet accumulation.Key results: In vivo, ADP responses were higher in obese (type 2 model) than lean ZDF rats. However, in vitro, ADP aggregation did not differ between platelet‐rich plasma from ZDF lean or obese rats; nor was any difference seen in ADP responses when platelets from either lean or obese ZDF rats were suspended in plasma from obese or lean ZDF rats, respectively. In vivo, ADP responses were similar in STZ treated (type 1 model) and control rats whereas, in vitro, isolated platelets from STZ diabetic rats were more responsive to ADP aggregation than controls. Platelets from control or STZ‐treated rats suspended in plasma from STZ‐treated rats exhibited reduced ADP aggregation, compared to when suspended in plasma from control rats.Conclusions and implications:The platelet aggregation results obtained in vitro do not reflect those in vivo, therefore in vitro aggregation data should be interpreted with caution. Moreover, both in vitro and in vivo, different diabetic models exhibit important differences in platelet responsiveness.British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 150, 105–111. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706957
Association analysis of adiponectin and somatostatin polymorphisms on BTA1 with growth and carcass traits in Angus cattle
Authors: Morsci N. S. , Schnabel R. D. , Taylor J. F. 
Published: November 2006

SummaryThis study tested positional candidate genes adiponectin (ADIPOQ) and somatostatin (SST) for effects on carcass traits in a commercially relevant cattle population. Both genes are located within a region of BTA1 previously reported to harbour quantitative trait loci (QTL) that affect marbling, quality grade, yield grade, ribeye area and weaning weight in Bos taurus × Bos indicus crosses. Except for the first intron of ADIPOQ, both genes, including over 2 kb upstream of the promoters, were sequenced in five registered Angus sires to identify polymorphisms. A variable copy duplication and three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in ADIPOQ and one SNP in SST were genotyped and tested for association with 19 traits in a 14‐generation pedigree of 1697 registered Angus artificial insemination sires representing all the major USA lineages of the breed. Linear models that parameterized predicted genetic merits in terms of allele substitution effects were fit by weighted least squares, and goodness‐of‐fit tests were employed to differentiate causal mutations or polymorphisms in strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) with causal mutations from markers in weak LD with QTL. We confirmed the presence of QTL affecting marbling, ribeye muscle area and fat thickness in the vicinity of SST and ADIPOQ on BTA1 in Angus; excluded SST as underlying the ribeye muscle area QTL; and excluded ADIPOQ as underlying the marbling score QTL. However, association analysis provides very limited information about QTL location and has little intrinsic value when performed in the absence of linkage or LD analysis using flanking marker data to localize the QTL effect relative to positional candidate genes.