bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TYPES OF AGRARIAN REFORM AND THEIR CONTRADICTIONS: THE CASE OF CHILE*
Authors: Kay Cristobal 
Published: August 2008

SUMMARYThe purpose of this article is to analyze the limitations and contradictions of agrarian reforms. Basically two types of agrarian reforms are distinguished: reformist and radical. Both types are analysed by drawing on the Chilean experience. The aims and the implementation of each type of agrarian reform are presented before proceeding to their assessment. The contradictions which emerge between the economic, social and political consequences of the two types of agrarian reform are highlighted. Finally the analysis of the peasants' estates seizures in the Melipilla region during the Allende government shows the high degree of organization and class consciousness achieved by the peasantry, but above all it reveals the limitations and contradictions of the “Chilean road to Socialism”.RÉSUMÉLe but de cet article est d'analyser les limites et les contradictions des réformes agraires. Fondamentalement, deux types de réformes agraires sont distingués: le type réformiste et le type radical. Ces deux types sont analysés sur la base de l'expérience chilienne. L'appréciation de chaque type de réforme agraire est précédée par une présentation de ses buts et de sa mise en oeuvre. Les contradictions entre les conséquences économiques, sociales et politiques des deux types de réformes sont mises en évidence. Finalement l'analyse des occupations de propriétés foncières par les paysans dans le région de Melipilla sous le gouvernement Allende révèle le haut degré d'organisation et de conscience de classe atteint par la classe paysanne. Mais elle révèle surtout les limites de la ≪voie chilienne vers le socialisme≫.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGAbsicht dieses Artikels ist es, die Grenzen und Widersprüche von Agrarreformen zu analysieren. Grundsätzlich können zwei Typen unterschieden werden: der reformistische und der radikale. Beide Typen werden am Beispiel der chilenischen Erfahrung untersucht. Die Ziele und die Durchführung jedes Typs werden vor der eigentlichen Analyse erläutert.Die Widersprüche, welche zwischen den wirtschaftlichen, sozialen und politischen Konsequenzen der zwei Typen von Agrarreformen sichtbar werden, werden stark hervorgehoben. Abschließend zeigt die Analyse der Beschlagnahmung des bäuerlichen Grundbesitzes in der Melipilla‐Region während der Zeit der Allende‐Regierung den hohen Grad der Organisation und des Klassenbewußtseins unter den Bauern, aber vor allem auch offenbart sie die Grenzen und Widersprüche des “Chilenischen Weges des Sozialismus”.
Contact dermatitis in car repair workers
Authors: Attwa E , El‐Laithy N 
Published: August 2008

AbstractBackground  Occupational contact dermatitis (OCD) is a common skin disorder with a poor prognosis.Objectives  The objectives of this study were to (1) estimate the prevalence of CD among car repair workers, (2) study some risk factors associated with CD, and (3) conduct an intervention skin care education program.Subjects and methods  A cross‐sectional study was conducted in 87 car repair workers with regular and direct exposure to chemicals at the industrial zone in Zagazig City, Egypt and 76 unexposed assembly booksellers. All workers were subjected to a questionnaire and clinical examination, and those who were diagnosed clinically as CD were patch tested. Intervention study with a skin care education program was carried out on 47 car repair workers. Re‐evaluation of the intervention group after 5 months was done.Results  The total prevalence of CD among car repair workers (18.4%) was significantly higher compared with their controls (3.9%), with the highest prevalence among car mechanics (24.1%) and painters (20.7%); 16.1% of them reported recurrent dermatitis in the last 12 months. Nickel accounted for most positive patch test reactions (33.3%). A significant association was noticed between the prevalence of CD and age, smoking, atopic background and duration of work. After the intervention study, a significantly higher knowledge level about CD was reported.Conclusion  The most important risk factors for OCD among the car repair workers are atopic background and long duration of work. Skin care education program is an important tool for prevention of CD and control of exposure to substances hazardous to the skin.Conflicts of interestNone declared
Breaking bad news of cancer to people with learning disabilities
Authors: McEnhill Linda S 
Published: August 2008

Accessible summaryWhen some one gets cancer the doctor, most times, tells them about it and does not keep it a secret.Because this can be very upsetting, the government pays for special training to help doctors and nurses to do this well.The training does not include anything about the needs of people with learning disabilities.Some people with learning disabilities were asked whether the doctor had told them when they were ill, and most of them said ‘no’.Learning disability staff need to help doctors and nurses understand how to speak to people with learning disabilities. People with learning disabilities need to understand about their illness and be involved in decisions about their treatment.SummarySince the 1970s, medical staff have routinely disclosed the diagnosis of cancer to their patients. However, this has often been carried out unskilfully causing distress to the patient and impairing their ability to comply with treatment. In response, the government has invested in ‘Advanced Communication Skills training’ for oncology staff. Despite the subsequent advances made in communicating with the general public, this article will show that a small‐scale audit of people with learning disabilities demonstrated that often doctors do not communicate directly with people with learning disabilities about serious illness. It will also suggest that, the current ‘breaking bad news’ models do not meet the communication needs of people with learning disabilities. This article explores the findings of the audit and its implications for practice and ends by sign posting to useful resources for communicating the bad news of a life‐threatening illness to people with learning disabilities.
Doing research on people with learning disabilities, cancer and dying: ethics, possibilities and pitfalls
Authors: Tuffrey‐Wijne Irene , Bernal Jane , Hollins Sheila 
Published: August 2008

Accessible summary

We have done research about cancer, death and dying. People with learning disabilities who had cancer were in our studies. This paper is about making sure that our research is ethical. This means that we don’t want to cause any harm (or make people upset) when we do the research. We ask:

How do we find people to be in our studies?
What should we do if people cannot understand the research they are in?
What should we do if people do not want us to use a made‐up name in our writing?
What should we do if, during the research, we see that people with learning disabilities are not treated right?
What is the relationship with the researcher? Is the researcher a nurse, a helper or a friend?

SummaryThere has been increasing recognition of the fact that people with learning disabilities can and should be involved as active participants in research. However, in the area of cancer and palliative care, they continue to be protected and excluded from contributing to expanding our knowledge base and the shaping of care provision. This paper explores the issues involved in including people with learning disabilities as participants in research around cancer, death and dying. It stems from the authors’ own experience of conducting research around cancer and palliative care, where people with learning disabilities were the key informants. Methodological issues include the choice of methodology and problems around recruiting a sample. Ethical issues include informed consent, participants’ requests to forego anonymity, observation of sub‐optimal care and issues around the boundaries between the roles of researcher and clinician.
MINERO‐PETROGRAPHIC AND GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF ‘GRECO SCRITTO’ MARBLE FROM CAP DE GARDE, NEAR HIPPO REGIUS (ANNABA, ALGERIA)*
Authors: ANTONELLI F. , LAZZARINI L. , CANCELLIERE S. , DESSANDIER D. 
Published: August 2008

This work presents the results of the first mineralogical, petrographical and geochemical characterization of the marble quarried from the Cap de Garde headland, not far from Annaba (Algeria). This site is traditionally held by archaeologists to be the main source of supply of the so‐called ‘greco scritto’ marble, which was much used by the Romans for architectural and decorative–ornamental purposes, locally from the first century bc, and in Rome and central and southern Italy from the late Flavian period until the fourth century ad. The databank relating to the quarried material, created here for the first time, is used to establish the origin of ‘greco scritto’ found in six important Roman cities of North Africa: Hippo Regius and Cuicul (Djemila), in Algeria; Volubilis, in Morocco; Cyrene, in Libya; and Carthage and Utica in Tunisia. The results of this archaeometric study support the hypothesis (already put forward by authors) that the ‘greco scritto’used in the Roman Mediterranean originated from different sites, and suggest the existence of a number of North African quarries, also in the vicinity of Annaba.
Differences in the Inflammatory Response between Patients with and Those without Diabetes Mellitus after Coronary Stenting
Authors: PAIVA MARIA SANALI M. O. , SERRANO, Jr CARLOS V. , NICOLAU JOSÉ CARLOS , JALBUT BRUNA O. , FERNANDES JULIANO L. , DE LEMOS JAMES A. , BLOTTA MARIA HELOÍSA S. L. , DE OLIVEIRA RÔMULO T. D. , DE OLIVEIRA ITAMAR R. , DE OLIVEIRA LUDMILLA DA A. R. R. , RAMIRES JOSÉ ANTÔNIO F. 
Published: August 2008

Background: Patients with diabetes mellitus who undergo coronary stenting are at increased risk of restenosis. It is known that inflammation plays a crucial role in restenosis.
Objective: We assessed the inflammatory response to elective coronary stent implantation (CSI) in stable diabetic and nondiabetic patients.
Methods: C‐reactive protein (CRP), soluble (s) P‐selectin, and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule (sICAM)‐1 plasma levels were determined in diabetic (n = 51) and nondiabetic (n = 56) patients before and 48 hours and 4 weeks after bare metal stenting (BMS).
Results: Diabetic patients presented significantly higher inflammatory marker levels before and after CSI. Nonetheless, diabetic and nondiabetic patients had postintervention peak of markers attained within 48 hours. At baseline, diabetic and nondiabetic patients presented CRP levels of 5.0 ± 20.1 (P ≤ 0.04) and 3.8 ± 9.4 μg/ml and, at 48 hours postintervention, 22.0 ± 20.2 (P = 0.001; P = 0.002) and 12.6 ± 11.3 (P ≤ 0.0001) μg/ml. Regarding sP‐selectin, diabetic and nondiabetic patients obtained levels of, at baseline, 182 ± 118 (P ≤ 0.04) and 105 ± 48 ng/ml and, at 48 hours, 455 ± 290 (P = 0.001; P ≤ 0.01) and 215 ± 120 (P ≤ 0.04) ng/ml. For diabetic and nondiabetic patients, sICAM‐1 levels were, at baseline, 248 ± 98 (P ≤ 0.04) and 199 ± 94 ng/ml and, at 48 hours, 601 ± 201 (P = 0.001; P ≤ 0.01) and 283 ± 220 (P = 0.001) ng/ml. At 4 weeks, for all patients, markers returned to preprocedural levels: versus before PCI: *P = 0.001, §P ≤ 0.0001; versus nondiabetic patients: #P ≤ 0.04, ¶P = 0.002, ϒP ≤ 0.01.
Conclusions: Diabetic and nondiabetic patients exhibited a temporal inflammatory response after an elective BMS. However, diabetic patients present higher preprocedural levels of CRP, sP‐selectin, and sICAM‐1 and reveal a further exacerbated inflammatory response after intervention. The differences in inflammatory response may have implications in restenosis within these two sets of patients.
Remodelling of human osteoarthritic cartilage by FGF‐2, alone or combined with Sox9 via rAAV gene transfer
Authors: Cucchiarini Magali , Terwilliger Ernest F. , Kohn Dieter , Madry Henning 
Published: August 2008

AbstractCompensating for the loss of extracellular cartilage matrix, as well as counteracting the alterations of the chondrocyte phenotype in osteoarthritis are of key importance to develop effective therapeutic strategies against this disorder. In the present study, we analysed the benefits of applying a potent gene combination to remodel human osteoarthritic (OA) cartilage. We employed the promising recombinant adeno‐associated virus (rAAV) vector to deliver the mitogenic fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF‐2) factor, alone or simultaneously with the transcription factor Sox9 as a key activator of matrix synthesis, to human normal and OA articular chondrocytes. We evaluated the effects of single (FGF‐2) or combined (FGF‐2/SOX9) transgene expression upon the regenerative activities of chondrocytes in three‐dimensional cultures in vitro and in cartilage explants in situ. Single overexpression of FGF‐2 enhanced the survival and proliferation of both normal and OA chondrocytes, without stimulating the matrix synthetic processes in the increased pools of cells. The mitogenic properties of FGF‐2 were maintained when SOX9 was co‐overexpressed and concomitant with an increase in the production of proteoglycans and type‐II collagen, suggesting that the transcription factor was capable of counterbalancing the effects of FGF‐2 on matrix accumulation. Also important, expression of type‐X collagen, a marker of hypertrophy strongly decreased following treatment by the candidate vectors. Most remarkably, the levels of activities achieved in co‐treated human OA cartilage were similar to or higher than those observed in normal cartilage. The present findings show that combined expression of candidate factors in OA cartilage can re‐establish key features of normal cartilage and prevent the pathological shift of metabolic homeostasis. These data provide further motivation to develop coupled gene transfer approaches via rAAV for the treatment of human OA.
The effect of bias on the magnitude of clinical outcomes in periodontology: a pilot study
Authors: Fenwick Julie , Needleman Ian G. , Moles David R. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractAim: To investigate potential effect of bias on magnitude of outcomes.Material and Methods: Randomized‐controlled trials (RCTs) from the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were searched. Methodological quality of RCTs was assessed in terms of allocation concealment and examiner masking. Meta‐regression analyses were used to determine associations between the quality assessments and magnitude of treatment outcomes on probing depth and attachment level.Results: Thirty‐five RCTs were identified from five systematic reviews. Adequate allocation concealment and examiner masking were found in 24% and 64% of trials respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in the magnitude of treatment outcomes comparing adequate versus inadequate or unclear allocation concealment, nor comparing adequate and inadequately examiner masked trials. However, a retrospective power calculation indicated 265 RCTs would be needed to demonstrate a statistically significant effect for the impact of bias on CAL as an outcome measure for a 0.5 mm exaggeration of mean difference between test and control.Conclusions: There is insufficient evidence to support or refute the theory that the bias from improper methods of allocation concealment and examiner masking affect the magnitude of clinical outcomes in periodontology trials. The pilot data provide a baseline for sample size calculations in future research.
Crucial role of peripheral κ‐opioid receptors in a model of periodontal disease in rats
Authors: Pacheco C. M. F. , Queiroz‐Junior C. M. , Maltos K. L. M. , Caliari M. V. , Pacheco D. F. , Duarte I. D. G. , Francischi J. N. 
Published: August 2008

Background and Objective: Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory condition of the tooth supporting tissues, the periodontium. Opioids have been shown to account for the relief of various chronic and acute inflammatory conditions. The aim of the present study was to investigate the participation of peripheral opioid receptors in development of periodontal disease.Material and Methods: Morphine and selective agonists and antagonists of opioid receptors were used in an experimental model of ligature‐induced periodontal disease in rats. To evaluate the development of disease, the loss of fiber attachment, alveolar bone and number of cells in periodontal tissues were assessed. Measurements of these indicators were obtained by morphometric analysis of histological sections of periodontal‐diseased tissues stained with hematoxylin and eosin.Results: Local administration of either morphine or a selective κ‐opioid agonist for three consecutive days from the onset of periodontal disease reduced the loss of periodontal tissues, without changing the number of leukocytes in inflamed periodontium. Nor‐binaltorphimine, a selective κ‐antagonist, reversed the beneficial effects of both morphine and the compound U‐50,488 in this model. The use of either an agonist or an antagonist of δ‐opioid receptors, however, did not affect disease progression.Conclusion: Our results showed that the beneficial effect of opioids in periodontal disease depended mainly on the activation of specific κ‐opioid receptors located in the periphery. Activation of such receptors could be considered in the management of periodontal disease, since it would not present the classical central side‐effects associated with opioid use.
Naringenin inhibits human osteoclastogenesis and osteoclastic bone resorption
Authors: La V. D. , Tanabe S. , Grenier D. 
Published: August 2008

Background and Objective:  Naringenin, a naturally occurring flavonoid, possesses a wide range of pharmacological properties. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of naringenin on human osteoclastogenesis and osteoclastic bone resorption.Material and Methods:  Naringenin was tested in a human osteoclastogenesis model using primary osteoclast precursor cells activated by receptor activator of nuclear factor‐κB ligand (RANKL) and macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (M‐CSF) for 6 days. Osteoclastogenesis was assessed by determining the number of tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)‐stained multinuclear cells, while the secretion of factors involved in osteoclastogenesis was assessed using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays. The effect of naringenin on bone resorption was investigated using an OsteoAssay human bone plate coupled with an immunoassay to evaluate the release of helical peptide 620–633 from the α1 chain of type I collagen.Results:  Naringenin was non‐toxic at the highest concentration used (50 μg/ml). Naringenin (10, 25 and 50 μg/ml) significantly inhibited osteoclastogenesis (by 29 ± 5, 57 ± 8 and 96 ± 1%, respectively). Naringenin also markedly inhibited the secretion of interleukin (IL)‐1α (by 59%), IL‐23 (by 87%) and monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (by 58%). Lastly, naringenin (10, 25 and 50 μg/ml) significantly decreased the release of helical peptide 620–633, an indicator of bone resorption activity (by 44 ± 0.5, 73 ± 0.5 and 86 ± 1%, respectively).Conclusions:  Naringenin can inhibit human osteoclastogenesis and osteoclastic bone resorption. It thus holds promise as a therapeutic or preventive agent for bone‐related diseases such as periodontitis.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Are Anti‐Beta2‐Glycoprotein‐I Antibodies Markers for Recurrent Pregnancy Loss in Lupus Anticoagulant/Anticardiolipin Seronegative Women?
Authors: Alijotas‐Reig Jaume , Casellas‐Caro Manel , Ferrer‐Oliveras Raquel , Llurba‐Olive Elisa , Hermosilla Eduard , Vilardell‐Tarres Miquel , Cabero‐Roura Lluis 
Published: August 2008

Problem  Anti‐beta2‐Glicoprotein‐1 antibodies (anti‐β2GPI‐ab) have been related to recurrent miscarriage (RM) with conflicting results. The aim was to evaluate the role of anti‐β2‐GPI‐ab as unique biological marker in RM related to antiphospholipid (aPL).Method of study  A cohort study that included 59 cases, divided in two groups, was designed: group 1 comprised 43 pregnant women with ‘obstetric’ antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) and group 2 included 16 cases with similar complaints but only having repeatedly anti‐β2‐GPI‐ab. Previous thrombosis and/or inherited thrombophilia were excluded. Lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin antibodies (aCA), anti‐β2‐GPI‐ab, and other autoantibodies were analyzed. Miscarriages, premature births, pre‐eclampsia, live births, placental and systemic thromboses were studied.Results  No differences in previous obstetric complications were detected (P = 1.00–0.164). After the treatment, differences in number of obstetric complications were not seen (P = 1.00). Live births were similar in two groups (88.4% and 93.7%; P = 1.00). Placental thrombosis was equal in both groups, 93.3% versus 80% (P = 1.00).Conclusion  These results suggest that anti‐β2‐GPI‐ab may be considered a biological marker for obstetric APS.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Distribution and Maturity of Dendritic Cells in Diseases of Insufficient Placentation
Authors: Scholz Christoph , Toth Bettina , Santoso Laura , Kuhn Christina , Franz Maximilian , Mayr Doris , Jeschke Udo , Friese Klaus , Schiessl Barbara 
Published: August 2008

Problem  The immunological equilibrium at the feto‐maternal interphase contributes towards late gestational diseases like growth restriction (IUGR) pre‐eclampsia (PE) and hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelets (HELLP)‐syndrome. The state of activation of decidual dendritic cells (DC) has emerged as one of the central players influencing this immunological equilibrium.Method of study  Paraffin‐embedded tissue sections from 27 pregnancies were immunostained for DC markers DEC‐205, DC‐SIGN, DC‐LAMP and costained for DC‐SIGN/CD56 and DC‐SIGN/ vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) ‐1 and ‐2. We investigated placental tissue of IUGR fetuses and of patients who developed PE or HELLP‐syndrome as well as placental tissue derived from normal pregnancies.Results  We found that expression of DEC‐205 and DC‐SIGN was significantly upregulated in HELLP placentas, whereas expression of DC‐LAMP was abrogated almost entirely. Costaining showed an interaction between DC‐SIGN+ DC and natural killer cells as well as costaining of VEGFR‐1 and ‐2 and DC‐SIGN. Pre‐eclamptic and IUGR placentas showed no significant change in any of the investigated markers compared to normal controls.Conclusion  Our data suggest a participation of DC‐mediated immunological mechanisms in HELLP syndrome.