bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variation in Genetic Markers and Ergovaline Production in Endophyte (Neotyphodium)‐Infected Fescue Species Collected in Italy, Spain, and Denmark
Authors: Jensen Anne Mette Dahl , Mikkelsen Lisbeth , Roulund Niels 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTFestuca populations (Festuca arundinacea, Festuca pratensis, and Festuca rubra) from Italy, Spain, and Denmark were investigated for Neotyphodium infection, ergovaline production, and 14 microsatellite markers. Endophytes were detected in 57, 54, and 100% of the locations surveyed in Italy, Spain, and Denmark, respectively. This is the first report of F. arundinacea endophytes from seminatural grasslands in Denmark. Sixty‐seven percent of the F. rubra and 100% of the F. pratensis populations were infected. Ergovaline production varied, even within populations. A dendrogram based on microsatellite length polymorphisms separated endophytes of each Festuca species. In addition, Danish F. arundinacea endophytes were separate from the other F. arundinacea endophytes. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) demonstrated a pronounced genetic variation of F. arundinacea endophytes between countries and within the Italian and Spanish locations. Sampling strategy of endophyte‐infected Festuca spp. was evaluated by occurrence and genetic diversity. Sampling a large number of plants within locations for each of the “European geographical subgroups” is the suggested strategy for obtaining a genetically diverse array of Neotyphodium endophytes.
Forage Bermudagrass Cultivar Responses to Inoculations with Exserohilum rostratum and Bipolaris spicifera and Relationships to Field Persistence
Authors: Pratt R. G. , Brink G. E. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTIn the southeastern USA, bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] is a principal species to which animal wastes are applied for nutrient removal. Diseases caused by Exserohilum, Bipolaris, and Curvularia spp. may limit its effectiveness for this purpose. This study evaluated responses of seven forage bermudagrass cultivars (Alicia, Brazos, Coastal, Common, Russell, Tifton 44, and Tifton 85) to two pathogens, E. rostratum (Drechs.) Leonard & Suggs and B. spicifera (Bain) Subram., and persistence of cultivars with natural infection in the field. All cultivars were susceptible to both pathogens with foliar inoculations, but differed in degrees of susceptibility. Alicia was highly susceptible to both pathogens. Coastal was least susceptible to B. spicifera, but no cultivar was consistently least susceptible to E. rostratum Persistence of cultivars for up to 1 yr in the field differed and appeared related to both sod density and susceptibility to pathogens. Dense sods appeared to enable cultivars to generate more top growth and compensate for disease losses. Common, Coastal, and Tifton 44 bermudagrasses were most persistent in the field; Tifton 85 and Alicia were least persistent. Results indicate that resistance to dematiaceous hyphomycetous pathogens, along with a strong sod‐forming ability, is desirable in forage bermudagrass cultivars to sustain their persistence and productivity on animal waste application sites.
Interseeding Novel Cool‐Season Annual Legumes to Improve Bermudagrass Paddocks
Authors: Rao S. C. , Northup B. K. , Phillips W. A. , Mayeux H. S. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTInterseeding nontraditional, cool‐season legumes into bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] paddocks was evaluated as an approach to increasing the quality and duration of forage production and replacing a portion of the N fertilizer required in the southern Great Plains. We compared the effects of interseeding either grass pea (Lathyrus sativa L. ‘AC‐Greenfix’) or lentil (Lens culinaris Med. ‘Indianhead’) with N fertilizer rates of 0, 45, or 90 kg ha−1 N. All plots received 60 kg P205 ha−1 in early March. The legume and fertilizer treatments were imposed in mid‐March during 2001, 2002, and 2003. Forage samples were clipped from 0.25 m−2 quadrats on five sampling dates between 1 May and 15 July each year. Yield, N concentration, species composition, and in vitro digestible dry matter (IVDDM) were determined. Year, sampling date, and treatment showed significant (P < 0.05) effects, as did the two‐way interactions between all three factors. Total end‐of‐season standing dry matter of bermudagrass and grass pea was 5550 ± 423 (SEM) kg ha−1, which was similar to biomass production with 45 kg ha−1 N (5305 ± 570 kg ha−1) and less than that produced with 90 kg ha−1 N (7785 ± 725 kg ha−1). Forage N and IVDDM concentrations for the grass pea treatment were 34 and 6% higher than for bermudagrass, but N and IVDDM concentrations of the forage mixture were intermediate between the higher N rates. Although additional studies are needed to optimize management for the interseeded legumes, we conclude that this practice can improve the quality and duration of bermudagrass forage production in this region.
Broadway Theatre Myths
Authors: Moore Thomas Gale 
Published: January 2007

The theatre is an anachronism. Once the only form of dramatic entertainment, it now survives as a handicraft industry. What the assembly line did for automobiles, movies and television have done for drama. Like hand-woven sweaters, theatre has become a luxury that can be afforded only by a very few. And because its essence is live actors performing before a live audience, attempts to mechanize it are vain. Costs per spectator, and consequently ticket prices, will always be higher than movie admissions—and the aesthetic results more uncertain than in film. It is therefore a myth to suppose that the live theatre will ever be “popular.”A number of other beliefs about the theatre are likewise myths. Articles proclaim that the “theatre is dying” or “costs are pricing the theatre out of existence.”
The Artaud Experiment
Authors: Arnold Paul 
Published: January 2007

With the intransigence of an innovator who feels himself inspired, Antonin Artaud, by an imperious gesture of the pen, by an imperious gesture of the mind, wrote off about two thousand three hundred years of theatre.Of Western theatre.We are in the early thirties. This was the period when Louis Jouvet successfully produced the masterpieces of Jean Giraudoux: the period of Electra and her half-god, half-prophet Beggar, just before the Trojan War would not take place, and a little longer before Ondine would glisten in the first rays of another world. This was the period when Charles Dullin created the terrifying protagonist of Richard III, the saraband of ‘Tis a Pity She's a Whore, tragedies as frenzied as tragedies can be, in which howling, cursing, death-bed laments alternate with love songs and sweet tenderness. This was the period when George Pitoëff preserved from mere fashionable success Chekhov's Sea Gull, Three Sisters, Uncle Vanya, Ostrovsky's Storm, and an extraordinary Hamlet like Romeo.
Edward II: The Shadow of Action
Authors: Waith Eugene M. 
Published: January 2007

But what are kings, when regiment is gone, But perfect shadows in a sunshine day?The weakness of Edward II, the speaker of these lines, not only deprives him of the fascination exerted by other Marlovian heroes but affects the character of the entire play. None of the dialogue can match the glitter of the greatest speeches in Tamburlaine or Doctor Faustus or even of the remarkable opening speech of The Jew of Malta. The story of such a king inevitably lacks the magnificence radiated by one who seeks to rule the world or command the legions of hell. Yet it is a mistake to underestimate Marlowe's achievement in this play. Only Tamburlaine is more completely an artistic success. There the dramatic possibilities of what we have come to consider the typical Marlovian hero are given their logical fulfillment in a design which is both grand and neat.
Brecht, The Absurd, And The Future
Authors: Esslin Martin 
Published: January 2007

Has the avant-garde of drama in the Western world today reached a dead end? And where will the next development lead to? While it is clearly futile to try to predict the future, some speculation about likely trends might well help to put the present into perspective and, at the same time, clear our minds of some prevailing misconceptions.Above all, where does today's vanguard stand? It has more than just one spearhead. In the Anglo-Saxon countries and in France one wing of the avant-garde represents a trend that goes back to the early nineteen thirties and Brecht's Epic Theatre, which could only make its full impact felt after the downfall of Hitler (whose accession to power thirty years ago put an end to any creative experiment in Germany). The other main wing of today's avant-garde has equally remote origins. The Theatre of the Absurd is the culmination of a movement which, in surrealist painting or in the writings of Kafka and Joyce, reaches back into the nineteen twenties.
The Kathakali Theatre
Authors: Barba Eugenio 
Published: January 2007

On the southern coast of India, the three-hundred-year-old Kathakali ritual theatre still flourishes, a mixture of dance and pantomime, religious inspiration and mythological tradition. This essay is neither an aesthetic analysis of Kathakali nor a study of its origins or its relationship to other forms of Indian theatre, for my main purpose in studying Kathakali was to acquaint myself with a specific technique and assess the possibilities of adapting it for the training of European actors.According to the Kali chronogram Grahya Stutirgathaih, the gods made important contributions to the Indian theatre. Krishna appeared in Kalikut in 1657. He met a high priest and gave him a peacock feather; to celebrate this extraordinary event, the Krishnattam was created. It was a religious dance drama which glorified Krishna's exploits and the prowess of his Gopies. The spectacle soon became famous all through the state of Malabar.
The Principles of Dynamics
Authors: Larden W 
Published: January 2007

The writer is not attempting to construct a new system of dynamics, but merely to present in a clear form what he believes to be the principles of our existing system, and he ventures to hope that such a presentation may be of some use to those teachers of dynamics who are not specialists, and perhaps to older students. The paper is not intended for experts.It has appeared to him that in the various text-books written on this subject, these principles are at times forgotten, with the result that there are to be found many faults, some due to incompleteness, some to vagueness, some to reasoning in a “vicious circle,” and some to the attempt to make one equation give us two or even three unknowns.
The Aim and Methods of School Algebra
Authors: Nunn T. P. 
Published: January 2007

§ 1. Definition of aim. A distinguished psychologist recently addressed a body of our American colleagues on the teaching of physics. “Your aim in the teaching of physics,” he told them, “should be—to teach physics” The advice was excellent—especially from one who is apt to be regarded as an intellectual Strong Man, full of esoteric knowledge about the development of mental muscle. Substituting “mathematics” for “physics” we may well adopt the maxim with all its implications, negative and positive.§ 2. Negative implications. Beginning with the negative implications our amendment of Prof. Baldwin's dictum may be expanded as follows. In the first place, the central purpose in teaching mathematics is not to “train the power” of reasoning, of generalising, of “mental accuracy,” etc. The fallacies embodied in the persistent heresy of “formal training” have been repeatedly exposed, and need not detain us here. The time should soon come when an educational writer may ignore them. The chemist does not feel bound to begin his text-book by rebutting the phlogiston-theory, nor the geographer to demolish the sophistries of the flat-earthers.
The Structure of the Atom
Authors: Nicholson J. W. 
Published: January 2007

Had I been called upon to address the Association a few years earlier on a subject of this nature, my task would have been much more difficult. Model atoms were then becoming almost as numerous as the sands of the sea. The very simplicity of the quantitative phenomena shown by the simplest atoms was an obstacle to progress. For example, the simple spectrum of Hydrogen,— the so-called Balmer series,—consisting of a set of frequencies given by the formulawhere n and m take all possible integral values, was somewhat too simple if considered by itself instead of in relation to phenomena of a widely different type. And as a consequence, we had at least five completely different forms of suggested structure of a Hydrogen atom, each of which, by suitable mathematical artifices, could be made to yield such a set of frequencies.
Newton
Authors: Rouse Ball W.W. 
Published: January 2007

Isaac newton S investigations will always rank among the chief achieve¬ments of our race- It is intended in this sketch to give an outline of his life and what he did.Newton was born prematurely on the morning of Christmas Day, 1642, in the manor house of AYoolsthorpe, a tiny hamlet a few miles south of Grantham. His mother had been married less than a year, and was already a widow; her means were narrow, but when lie was three years old she espoused a neighbouring parson, it being apparently a condition of the contract that Isaac should not accompany her to her new home, but should he given by the bridegroom a field to be added to the Wools-thorpe estate His grandmother, Mrs. Ayscough, then came to live at the manor, and took charge of him : he continued with her till lie was twelve years old, attending the village schools, where lie learnt reading, writing, and arithmetic.
On the Connection between the Inscribed and Escribed Circles of a Triangle
Authors: Billups H. B. 
Published: January 2007

The chief object of this paper is to investigate a method of obtaining from any proposition connected with the inscribed circle of a plane triangle a corresponding proposition connected with one of the escribed circles of a plane triangle.If we let a, b, c represent three lengths and A, B, C three angles, with the following limitations:I. All six quantities must be positive,II. A + B + C = π,III. we can regard a, b, c, A, B, C as the sides and angles of a plane triangle, and then by the methods of Algebra and Trigonometry we can deduce a number of algebraical and trigonometrical relations connecting them.
The St. Andrew’s Cross (X) as a Mathematical Symbol
Authors: Cajori F. 
Published: January 2007

In Mathematics crosses are not signs of illiteracy, but symbols of varied productive achievement.It is well known that the St. Andrew’s cross (X) occurs as the symbol for multiplication in W. Oughtred’s Clavis Mathematicae, 1631, and also (in the form of the letter X) in an anonymous Appendix which appeared in E. Wright’s 1618 edition of John Napier’s Descriptio. This Appendix is very probably from the pen of Oughtred. The question has arisen, is this the earliest use of X to designate multiplication? It has been answered in the negative—incorrectly so, we think, as we shall endeavour to show.
Mathematics for the Study of Frequency Statistics
Authors: Sheppard W. F. 
Published: January 2007

The title of my address is “Mathematics for the Study of Frequency Statistics.”By frequency statistics I mean statistics which give the result of counting. A statement as to the number of teachers receiving annual salaries in excess of a certain amount would come under the head of frequency statistics : a statement as to the total amount paid annually to these teachers would not. The sort of thing that I have mainly in mind is a table giving the numbers of boys of specified heights, the heights being taken to the nearest inch, or the numbers of girls who, having worked a paper with full marks 100, get under 5 marks, 5 and under 10, and so on. I may mention that the word “frequency” is usually applied to the actual number in a specified category; the proportion of this number to the total is called the “relative frequency.”
On Certain Related Curves
Authors: Weatherburn C. E. 
Published: January 2007

The relation between a curve and its involute suggests the idea of a pair of curves such that the binormals of one cut the other orthogonally. Let r be the position vector of the current point P on the first curve C and t, n, b the unit vectors in the directions of the tangent, the principal normal and the binormal at P These are functions of the arc-length s of the curve. Since the binormals of C intersect the second curve C1 the position vector of the point P1 of the second curve which lies on the binormal at P is given byr1= r + ab,.....(1)in which a is a scalar.
On Sums of Digits
Authors: Goodstein Eric 
Published: January 2007

If we form the sum S(n) of the digits of a number n, and then the sum of the digits of S(n), and so on, in a finite number of steps we reach a number of one digit, R(n), which we call the reduce of n.Starting with a number prime to 9, say 2, consider the reduces of powers of 2; we obtain the sequence 2, 4, 8, 7, 5, 1, 2, 4, 8, ..., which recurs after the sixth term. Consider next a five-digit number, say 16427; from this we derive 15794 formed by replacing each digit of 16427 by the reduce of the sum of the remaining digits. Repeating the transformation, we obtain in turn 73184, 72461, 49751, 48137, 16427, the number being restored to its original value after only six transformations. It will be found that a three-digit number repeats after eighteen transformations and yet for a twenty-digit number only six transformations are needed.
The Oriental Influence on Greek Mathematics
Authors: Gillings R.J. 
Published: January 2007

The problem of finding rational integral numbers which could be made the
sides of right triangles, is said by Proclus to have been solved by Pythagoras,
by a method which is equivalent to the use of the formula,where m is any odd integer.Heath (1) quotes Proclus’ statement as follows:“The method starts from odd numbers. For it makes the odd number the smaller of the sides about the right angle; then it takes the square of it, subtracts unity, and makes half the difference the greater of the sides about the right angle; lastly it adds unity to this and so forms the remaining side the hypotenuse.”
Conics which touch five given Conics
Authors: Robson A. 
Published: January 2007

In these days of examinations and syllabuses it is perhaps not superfluous to remind teachers of the maxim that they ought to teach more than their pupils need to learn. To be an expert on circles it is necessary to study other conics, and to appreciate homographies it is as well to know something about other correspondences.The ideas of correspondence and characteristics of systems of conics are due to the French mathematician Chasles (c. 1850) and a large collection of illustrations of these subjects may be found in T. Lemoyne's Les Lieux Géométriques (Vuibert, 1923). These illustrations include, though in a summary form, the subject of the present article. Reference may also be made to the last example in C. Taylor's Ancient und Modern Geometry of Conics, and to a note in Salmon's Conic Sections.
A Proof of Cauchy’s Inequality and a New Generalization
Authors: Sinnadurai J. St-C. L. 
Published: January 2007

If a1, …, an and b1, …, bn are two sets of real numbers, then (a1b1 + … + anbb)2 ≤ (a12 + … + an2)(b12 + … + bn2), the equality holding if and only if either 3 a real number λ such that ar — λbr (r = 1, …, n) with some br ≠ 0 or b1 = … = bn = 0. Write a = (a1, …, an) and b = (b1, …, bn). Suppose a ≠ 0 and b ≠ 0, for otherwise the inequality is trivial. Write с = a — λb.Choose λ so as to make b, c=0, i.e take the equality holding if and only if e=0, i.e if and only if a=λb, 2. Suppose x1...,xn and y1 are two sets of linearly independent vectors in the space E defined on the previous note.
What Makes a Mathematician?
Authors: Smithies F. 
Published: January 2007

[The following paper is a slightly modified version of one that was presented to the Universities and Schools Committee of the Mathematical Association. It was intended as an attempt to outline the qualities of mind that are valuable in the studyof mathematics, and that one would ideally like to be possessed by potential entrants to university mathematics courses. In practice, of course, the extent to which these qualities are developed will vary a good deal from one student to another, but it is believed that they all deserve attention.The Committee would be glad to receive comments on this paper, either criticisms or amplifications, and would also be interested in receiving illustrative material for any of the points made in the paper. It is hoped ultimately to use some version of the paper as a preamble to an outline scheme of mathematical teaching for sixth forms.Comments or other material should be sent to the Secretary of the Committee, Mr. S. L. Parsonson, 57 High Street, Harrow on the Hill, HA1 3HT.]
An Old Chinese Way of Finding the Volume of a Sphere
Authors: Kiang T. 
Published: January 2007

On the reverse side of the Moon, just south of the Sea of Moscow, is a crater named Tsu Ch’ung-Chih. Who is Tsu Ch’ung-Chih? What did he do to be thus admitted to the honoured company of Maxwell and Hertz, of Mendele’ev and the Curies, of Lomonosov and Tsiolkovsky?Tsu Ch'ung-Chih was a Chinese mathematician-astronomer who nourished in the fifth century A.D. He made notable contributions to the calendar calculation and determined several constants with remarkable accuracy. For example, he gave a value of 27·21223 days for the length of the nodical month, the modern value being 27·21222 days. As another example, he found that the planet Jupiter completes seven and one-twelfth circuits of the heavens in every seven cycles of 12 years; this corresponds to a sidereal period of Jupiter of 11-859 years, which differs from the modern value by only 1 part in 4000.
Newton, the inverse square law and the direct distance law
Authors: Kilmister C. W. 
Published: January 2007

Newton was fascinated by the fact “which is very remarkable” that the two “principal cases of attractions” (i.e. the inverse square and direct distance laws) are distinguished from others in two independent ways:(i)the attraction of a spherically symmetric body at a point outside “preserves the same law of increase or decrease” as that of a point mass (call this the spherical property);(ii)a particle can move in an elliptical orbit, though with different centres of force in the two cases (call this the elliptical property).
A problem in arrangements
Authors: Caccetta L. , Wallis W. D. 
Published: January 2007

The entertaining book, There’s one born every minute, by Harry Blackstone, presents many situations where most people would intuitively be prepared to wager even money on the outcome, whereas a proper study of the probabilities concerned shows that the bet is heavily biased. One particular problem is interesting because the author claims to have sought evaluation of the probability concerned, without success. It is as follows:
From an ordinary pack of cards, three denominations (example: Ace, Queen, Nine) are selected. You win if you find two of those demoninations adjacent in a randomly-shuffled deck.
Inductio ad absurdum?
Authors: Woodall D. A. 
Published: January 2007

Suppose that Pn is some proposition about the integer n, which we want to prove for all n≥n0 (usually n0 = 0 or 1). The form of inductive argument most commonly taught in schools is the following:A. Simple induction. If Pn0 is true, and Pn ⇒ Pn+i for each n > n0, then P" is true for all n > n0