bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acclimation of Russian forests to recent changes in climate
Authors: LAPENIS ANDREI , SHVIDENKO ANATOLY , SHEPASCHENKO DMITRY , NILSSON STEN , AIYYER ANANTHA 
Published: November 2005

AbstractAssessments made over the past few decades have suggested that boreal forests may act as a sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide. However, the fate of the newly accumulated carbon in the living forest biomass is not well understood, and the estimates of carbon sinks vary greatly from one assessment to another. Analysis of remote sensing data has indicated that the carbon sinks in the Russian forests are larger than what has been estimated from forest inventories. In this study, we show that over the past four decades, the allometric relationships among various plant parts have changed in the Russian forests. To this end, we employ two approaches: (1) analysis of the database, which contains 3196 sample plots; and (2) application of developed models to forest inventory data. Within the forests as a whole, when assessed at the continental scale, we detect a pronounced increase in the share of green parts (leaves and needles). However, there is a large geographical variation. The shift has been largest within the European Russia, where summer temperatures and precipitation have increased. In the Northern Taiga of Siberia, where the climate has become warmer but drier, the fraction of the green parts has decreased while the fractions of aboveground wood and roots have increased. These changes are consistent with experiments and mathematical models that predict a shift of carbon allocation to transpiring foliage with increasing temperature and lower allocation with increasing soil drought. In light of this, our results are a possible demonstration of the acclimation of trees to ongoing warming and changes in the surface water balance. Independent of the nature of the observed changes in allometric ratios, the increase in the share of green parts may have caused a misinterpretation of the satellite data and a systematic overestimation by remote sensing methods of the carbon sink for living biomass of the Russian forest.
Projected changes in mineral soil carbon of European croplands and grasslands, 1990–2080
Authors: SMITH JO , SMITH PETE , WATTENBACH MARTIN , ZAEHLE SÖNKE , HIEDERER ROLAND , JONES ROBERT J.A. , MONTANARELLA LUCA , ROUNSEVELL MARK D.A. , REGINSTER ISABELLE , EWERT FRANK 
Published: November 2005

AbstractWe present the most comprehensive pan‐European assessment of future changes in cropland and grassland soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks to date, using a dedicated process‐based SOC model and state‐of‐the‐art databases of soil, climate change, land‐use change and technology change. Soil carbon change was calculated using the Rothamsted carbon model on a European 10 × 10′ grid using climate data from four global climate models implementing four Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) emissions scenarios (SRES). Changes in net primary production (NPP) were calculated by the Lund–Potsdam–Jena model. Land‐use change scenarios, interpreted from the narratives of the IPCC SRES story lines, were used to project changes in cropland and grassland areas. Projections for 1990–2080 are presented for mineral soil only.Climate effects (soil temperature and moisture) will tend to speed decomposition and cause soil carbon stocks to decrease, whereas increases in carbon input because of increasing NPP will slow the loss. Technological improvement may further increase carbon inputs to the soil. Changes in cropland and grassland areas will further affect the total soil carbon stock of European croplands and grasslands. While climate change will be a key driver of change in soil carbon over the 21st Century, changes in technology and land‐use change are estimated to have very significant effects.When incorporating all factors, cropland and grassland soils show a small increase in soil carbon on a per area basis under future climate (1–7 t C ha−1 for cropland and 3–6 t C ha−1 for grassland), but when the greatly decreasing area of cropland and grassland are accounted for, total European cropland stocks decline in all scenarios, and grassland stocks decline in all but one scenario. Different trends are seen in different regions. For Europe (the EU25 plus Norway and Switzerland), the cropland SOC stock decreases from 11 Pg in 1990 by 4–6 Pg (39–54%) by 2080, and the grassland SOC stock increases from 6 Pg in 1990 to 1.5 Pg (25%) under the B1 scenario, but decreases to 1–3 Pg (20–44%) under the other scenarios. Uncertainty associated with the land‐use and technology scenarios remains unquantified, but worst‐case quantified uncertainties are 22.5% for croplands and 16% for grasslands, equivalent to potential errors of 2.5 and 1 Pg SOC, respectively. This is equivalent to 42–63% of the predicted SOC stock change for croplands and 33–100% of the predicted SOC stock change for grasslands. Implications for accounting for SOC changes under the Kyoto Protocol are discussed.
Identification of a novel protein, CRR7, required for the stabilization of the chloroplast NAD(P)H dehydrogenase complex in Arabidopsis
Authors: Kamruzzaman Munshi M. , Kobayashi Yoshichika , Shikanai Toshiharu 
Published: November 2005

SummaryAn Arabidopsis thaliana mutant, crr7 (chlororespiratory reduction), was isolated using chlorophyll fluorescence imaging to detect reduced activity in NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (NDH). The chloroplast NDH complex is considered to have originated from cyanobacteria in which the NDH complex is involved in respiration, photosystem I (PSI) cyclic electron transport and CO2 uptake. In higher plants the NDH complex functions in PSI cyclic electron transport within the chloroplast. Despite exhaustive biochemical approaches, the entire subunit composition of the NDH complex is unclear in both cyanobacteria and chloroplasts. In crr7 accumulation of the NDH complex was specifically impaired. In vivo analysis of electron transport supported the specific loss of the NDH complex in crr7. CRR7 (At5g39210) encodes a protein of 156 amino acids, including a putative plastid target signal, and does not contain any known motifs. In contrast to CRR2 and CRR4, involved in the expression of chloroplast ndh genes, CRR7 is conserved in cyanobacterial genomes. Although CRR7 did not contain any transmembrane domains, it localized to the membrane fraction of the chloroplast. CRR7 was unstable in the crr2‐2 mutant background, in which the expression of ndhB was impaired. These results strongly suggest that CRR7 is a novel subunit of the chloroplast NDH complex.
Factors influencing factor VIII activity in frozen plasma
Authors: Swärd‐Nilsson A.‐M. , Persson P.‐O. , Johnson U. , Lethagen S. 
Published: November 2005

Backgrounds and Objectives  Fresh frozen human plasma is an important raw material in the production of coagulation factor concentrates used in patients with haemorrhagic disorders. The aim of the study was to determine how the handling of plasma influences the recovery of coagulation factor VIII activity (FVIII:C), i.e. the influence of time between donation and freezing, of the freezing time and of the ice front velocity. We also studied a tentative eutectic point in human plasma.Materials and Methods  Aliquots of plasma from 12 different donors were kept at room temperature for 2, 4 and 6 h before start of freezing. We achieved fast freezing with a freezer that blows cooled air at a high velocity on the plasma containers. Freezing times were 0·5, 1, 4 and 24 h. Temperature was registered continuously during freezing. Plasma and NaCl solutions were frozen slowly to investigate the eutectic point.Results  Storage at room temperature for 6 h caused a small but statistically significant decrease in FVIII:C. Slow freezing with programmed freezing times of 4 and 24 h caused a more pronounced drop in FVIII:C as compared to that of 30 and 60 min. We found no eutectic point in plasma or in plasma with addition of 2 % (w/v) NaCl.Conclusion  For an optimal yield of FVIII, freezing should start within 4 h after plasma donation. We propose the use of the term ‘ice front velocity’ instead of ‘freezing speed’, taking into consideration that the volume and shape of plasma containers may differ. We found only a marginal loss of FVIII:C when the ice front velocity was 26 mm/h or faster, but a significant loss when it was 9 mm/h or slower. We recommend freezing times of 60 min or shorter. We were not able to demonstrate any eutectic point in human plasma. We therefore recommend that the term eutectic point should not be used as a reference temperature in guidelines on plasma handling.
Up to 21‐day banked red blood cells collected by apheresis and stored for 14 days after automated wash at different times of storage
Authors: Grabmer C. , Holmberg J. , Popovsky M. , Amann E. , Schönitzer D. , Falaize S. , Hanske H. , Pages E. , Nussbaumer W. 
Published: November 2005

Background and Objectives  A closed‐system technology (ACP‐215, Haemonetics, Braintree, MA) enables automated washing and extended storage of frozen red blood cells (RBC). This technology was applied to wash banked RBC for removal of undesirable protein and metabolites before transfusion. We studied protein and metabolite depletion as well as RBC metabolism and viability up to 14 days postwash with regard to various pre‐storage times.Materials and Methods  Thirty RBC units were collected by means of apheresis and subdivided into three arms based on prewash storage time period (6 days/group 1, 14 days/group 2, 21 days/group 3). Wash efficacy (protein depletion, IgA), RBC metabolism (pH, lactate, potassium, haemolysis) and cell viability (ATP) were analysed immediately and 14 days after washing.Results  Total protein and IgA postwash were lowered by automated wash in all groups and uniformly met EC guidelines. Potassium (mmol/l) was below 1·2 mmol/l postwash and significantly below prewash values in all groups, even after 14 days of storage (prewash vs. postwash; P < 0·05). RBCs washed after 14 and 21 days, respectively, showed significantly lower pH values and lower ATP content than RBCs washed after only 6 days of storage. Haemolysis rate remained significantly below 0·8%, the maximum level recommended by the EC guidelines, immediately and 14 days after washing in all units.Conclusion  Our data confirm that RBC units banked up to 21 days can be effectively protein‐ and potassium‐depleted with the ACP‐215 independent from prewash storage time. With respect to high ATP levels and pH, postwash storage of 2 weeks should be limited to units not older than 7 days before wash. This new washing technology ensures better standardization in washed RBC and provides blood centres with a logistical alternative to 24‐h washed RBC products.
The Role of First Line of Defence Mechanisms in the Pathogenesis of Cellulitis in Broiler Chickens: Skin Structural, Physiological and Cellular Response Factors
Authors: Olkowski A. A. , Wojnarowicz C. , Chirino‐Trejo M. , Wurtz B. M. , Kumor L. 
Published: November 2005

SummaryThe present study examined several basic attributes of first‐line defence mechanisms in the skin as potential factors that may explain the susceptibility of broiler chickens to cellulitis. The variables including structural characteristics of the skin, physicochemical properties and cellular responses to the challenge with pathogens were compared between two categories of chickens, a strain of fast‐growing commercial broiler chickens (susceptible to cellulitis) and leghorn chickens (resistant to cellulitis). There were substantial differences between leghorns and broilers with regard to physiological characteristics of the skin. Broiler skin was more amenable to injury and the wound‐healing process was slow. Compared with leghorns, the lesions resulting from sub‐dermal challenge in broilers were more severe and disseminated over a larger area. Mobilization of phagocytic cells (heterophils and macrophages) in leghorns was brisk even in the areas distant from the site of infection, whereas only few heterophils were recruited in the skin of broilers. The functional competence of heterophils in broilers was inferior when compared with leghorns. Based on the present finding, the predisposition of broilers to cellulitis appears to be primarily associated with the inferior first line of defence of their skin. Broilers in commercial situations may be at higher risk to succumb to even minor infection and eventually develop cellulitis because: (1) structural weaknesses of the skin may predispose broilers to skin injury and thus the risk of skin infection by pathogens is increased; (2) broiler skin surface is more likely to provide a conducive environment for colonization of Escherichia coli; (3) in the event of infection, poor recruitment of phagocytic cells to the site of infection may readily lead to widespread colonization of the tissue by pathogens causing cellulitis and (4) poor functional quality of the phagocytic cells that are mobilized compromise the ability of the host to contain the spread of infection.
Abundance of mRNA of Growth Hormone Receptor and Insulin‐Like Growth Factors‐1 and ‐2 in Duodenal and Colonic Biopsies of Dogs with Chronic Enteropathies*
Authors: Spichiger A. C. , Allenspach K. , Ontsouka E. , Gaschen F. , Morel C. , Blum J. W. , Sauter S. N. 
Published: November 2005

SummaryRepair processes of the inflamed intestine are very important for dissolution of chronic enteropathies (CE). Therefore, we examined the mRNA abundance of growth hormone receptor (GHR), insulin‐like growth factors (IGF)‐1 and ‐2 in duodenal and colonic biopsies of dogs with CE such as food‐responsive diarrhoea (FRD) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) before and after treatment as compared with each other and healthy dogs. A clinical score (Canine IBD Activity Index = CIBDAI) was applied to judge the severity of CE. Biopsies of duodenum and colon from client‐owned dogs with CE were sampled before (FRDbef,n = 5; IBDbef,n = 5) and after treatment (FRDaft,n = 5; IBDaft,n = 5). Intestinal control samples were available from a homogenous control population (n = 15; C). Intestinal samples were homogenized, total RNA was extracted, reverse transcribed and analysed by real‐time polymerase chain reaction to measure mRNA levels of GHR, IGF‐1 and IGF‐2. Results were normalized with glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase as housekeeping gene. The CIBDAI decreased during the treatment period in FRD and IBD (P < 0.01). In duodenum, GHR mRNA levels were higher in all groups than in C (P < 0.001). Duodenal IGF‐1 mRNA levels in FRDaftand IBDafttended to be higher than in C (P < 0.1). The IGF‐2 mRNA abundance in FRDaftwas higher than in C (P < 0.05) in duodenum. In colon, mRNA levels of IGF‐1 in IBDaftwere higher than in FRDaft(P < 0.05) and levels differed between IBDaftand C (P < 0.05). In conclusion, mRNA levels of GHR, IGF‐1 and IGF‐2 in the gastrointestinal tract were increased during CE when compared with gastrointestinally healthy dogs. The data suggest that GHR, IGF‐1 and IGF‐2 are involved in gastrointestinal repair processes.
The Occurrence of Nymphal Stage of Linguatula serrata in Water Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis): Nymphal Morphometry and Lymph Node Pathology
Authors: Sivakumar P. , Sankar M. , Nambi P. A. , Praveena P. E. , Singh N. 
Published: November 2005

SummaryThe mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) of buffaloes (n = 100) were examined for the presence of parasitic infection. The nymphal stage of Linguatula serrata was observed in two buffaloes. A single white‐coloured nymph with transversely striated spines on a segmented body, two pairs of oral suckers and hooks was observed in the MLN. The morphometrics of the nymphs were studied. The affected lymph nodes were grossly enlarged with cyst and showed pathological lesions of fibroblastic reaction with a mild underlying inflammatory zone.
Computed and conventional chest radiography: A comparison of image quality and radiation dose
Authors: Ramli K , Abdullah BJJ , Ng K‐H , Mahmud R , Hussain AF 
Published: November 2005

SummaryThe aim of this study was to compare the image quality and entrance skin dose (ESD) for film‐screen and computed chest radiography. Analysis of the image quality and dose on chest radiography was carried out on a conventional X‐ray unit using film‐screen, storage phosphor plates and selenium drum direct chest radiography. For each receptor, ESD was measured in 60 patients using thermoluminescent dosemeters. Images were printed on 35 × 43 cm films. Image quality was assessed subjectively by evaluation of anatomic features and estimation of the image quality, following the guidelines established by the protocols of the Commission of the European Communities. There was no statistically significant difference noted between the computed and conventional images (Wilcoxon rank sum test, P > 0.05). Imaging of the mediastinum and peripheral lung structures were better visualized with the storage phosphor and selenium drum technique than with the film‐screen combination. The patients’ mean ESD for chest radiography using the storage phosphor, film‐screen combination and selenium drum was 0.20, 0.20 and 0.25 mGy, respectively, with no statistically significant difference with P > 0.05 (χ2 tests).
Clinical characteristics of children with snakebite poisioning and management of complications in the pediatric intensive care unit
Authors: Ozay Gonca , Bosnak Mehmet , Ece Aydin , Davutoglu Mehmet , Dikici Bunyamin , Gurkan Fuat , Bosnak Vuslat , Haspolat Kenan 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
Background
: Venomous snakebite is an emergency condition with high morbidity and mortality in childhood. Nearly all venomous snakes in Turkey are members of the Viperidae family and show poisonous local and hematotoxic effects.
Methods
: A total of 77 children (mean age 9.9 ± 2.9 years; age range 3–14 years) with venomous snakebites were investigated. General characteristics of the children, species of the snakes, localization of the bite, clinical and laboratory findings, treatment approaches, complications and prognosis were evaluated.
Results
: The male to female ratio was 1.4. Ninety‐one per cent of cases were from rural areas. Most of the bites were seen in May and June. Mean duration between snakebites and admissions to our department was 13 ± 6.5 h. According to a clinical grading score, 57.1% of patients presented to us as grade II. Mean leukocyte count, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, creatinine phosphokinase and protrombin time levels were above the normal ranges and mean activated partial tromboplastin time was below the normal range. Platelet counts inversely correlated with the grading score and duration of hospitalization. The most common complication that occurred during the treatment was tissue necrosis (13%). The mean hospital stay time was 6.3 ± 6 days. Three children with disseminated intravascular coagulation died. Fasciotomies were performed to seven (9.1%) children due to compartment syndrome. Of 10 children with tissue necrosis, three (3.9%) had finger amputation and seven (9.1%) had toe amputation. Higher grading score on admission, platelet count below 120 000/mm3, AST over 50 IU/L and existence of evident ecchymosis were found as significant risk factors for development of serious complications by logistic regression analysis.
Conclusions
: Snakebite poisoning is an emergency medical condition that is particularly important in childhood. The envenomations are still considerable public health problems with a high morbidity and mortality in rural areas of Turkey.
The efficacy of two different lipid‐based amphotericin B in neonatal Candida septicemia
Authors: Cetin Hasan , Yalaz Mehmet , Akisu Mete , Hilmioglu Suleyha , Metin Dilek , Kultursay Nilgun 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
Background
: Fungal sepsis is becoming more frequent in neonatal intensive care units (NICU) and has a high mortality rate due to the invasive nature of the disease and to the insufficiency of low doses and high incidence of renal problems with effective doses of amphotericin B. New generation lipid formulated amphotericin B preparations may be more efficient because they are less toxic to be applied in target doses. However, there is limited experience in neonates and preterm infants.
Methods
: The charts of 917 patients admitted to NICU between 2001 and 2003 were reviewed and the data of 21 patients with systemic Candida infection, requiring different amphotericin B therapy, were analyzed.
Results
: Infants with fungal septicemia were treated with amphotericin B lipid complex (Abelcet®)(n = 10) and liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome®)(n = 9) for a mean duration of 21 and 18 days. The mean gestational age of the patients was 30.9 ± 4.2 weeks and mean birth weight was 1536 ± 714 g. Two patients in the Abelcet® group and one patient in the AmBisome® group died during therapy. Fungal eradication was achieved in 16 surviving infants and mean eradication time was 8.1 ± 2.6 days and mean duration of therapy was 19.2 ± 4.1 days. Mortality rates related to treatment failure were similar being 20% in the Abelcet® group and 11% in the AmBisome® group. No patient showed severe side‐effects from the antifungal therapy; the incidence of minimal side‐effects were similar in both groups and they were elevated serum transaminase levels in six patients, increased serum creatinine in one patient and hypokalemia in one patient.
Conclusion
: Both preparations have the same benefits for the treatment of neonatal fungal sepsis and they can be used safely in neonates including very low birth weight infants. However, the clinician must keep in mind the cost of treatment.
Foreign body aspiration in children
Authors: Midulla Fabio , Guidi Roberto , Barbato Angelo , Capocaccia Paolo , Forenza Nicola , Marseglia Gianluigi , Pifferi Massimo , Moretti Corrado , Bonci Enea , De Benedictis Fernando Maria 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
Background
: The aim was to investigate the role of physical and radiological findings before bronchoscopy in the diagnosis of foreign body aspiration (FBA).
Methods
: We retrospectively reviewed the clinical records for 82 patients (mean age 26.4 ± 21.4 months, range 9 months to 13.5 years; 49 males) with a history suggestive of foreign body aspiration.
Results
: The presence of a foreign body in the airways was confirmed in 70 children (85.4%) (mean age 25 ± 14.1 months, 45 boys). Of the 70 children, 63 patients (90%) were under 3 years of age, with a peak incidence during the second year. Of the 70 foreign bodies retrieved, 46 (60%) were vegetable and 35 (76%) of these were nuts. In 42% of the patients the foreign body was located in the right bronchial tree. The most frequent physical findings observed in our patients were persistent cough (75%), localized decreased breath sound (62.8%) and localized wheezing (30%). The clinical triad (concomitant cough, localized wheezing and decreased breath sound) was present in 11 patients (15.7%). All clinical findings had a high positive predictive value with poor sensitivity. In 11 patients (20%) chest X‐rays were normal. Five foreign bodies (9.1%) were radiopaque. The most frequent radiological findings observed were localized air trapping (43.6%), followed by atelectasis (40%). The diagnostic sensitivity was 80% and the specificity 33% for the presence of a single positive radiological finding.
Conclusions
: Our study confirmed that clinical symptoms and radiological findings before bronchoscopy have a low diagnostic value in children with a history of FBA.