bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Urban Forests and Carbon Markets: Buyers' Perspectives
Authors: Poudyal Neelam C. , Siry Jacek , Bowker J.M. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Currently, carbon credit prices frequently do not reflect the type and location of offset projects. Because of the social image and ancillary benefits, buyers may place higher value on credits sourced from certain types of projects such as urban forestry. This study surveyed carbon credit buyers participating in the Chicago Climate Exchange to assess their preferences for credits from various offset projects. Specifically, it evaluated the desirability of carbon credits sourced from urban forestry projects and analyzed buyers' preferences, motivations, and attitudes toward a price premium for credits from urban forests. Results indicate that the buyers are largely interested in knowing the type and location of offset projects. Locally generated credits were strongly preferred to those produced farther away, and credits sourced from urban forestry projects were more desirable than those sourced from other common projects currently in the market, such as methane capture or agriculture. Buyers indicated environmental and social benefits, offset quality, environmental responsibility, and public image as motivations for preferring credits sourced from urban forestry projects, for which they were also willing to pay a modest price premium. Furthermore, significant differences in preferences and willingness to pay were observed between buyers with different corporate goals, emission levels, and geographical scope of operation.
Visualizing Urban Forestry: Using Concept Maps to Assess Student Performance in a Learning-Centered Classroom
Authors: Thompson Jan R. , Licklider Barb L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Assessment of student performance in learning-centered classrooms should be closely aligned with that pedagogical approach and should promote student learning. Although most college professors desire students to learn course content deeply and be able to use their learning afterward, students often learn only “for the test.” To encourage students to take responsibility for constructing their own knowledge and to increase the likelihood that they will use it in their future roles as professionals, we developed a protocol for a semester final exam in which students generate concept maps describing their learning during an urban forestry course. To successfully complete this assignment, students must illustrate hierarchies and connections among course topics and information into creative schema. Student narratives describing their maps provide further evidence of learning and thinking about course content. This method of assessment emphasizes student responsibility for learning and has proven to be effective for both instructor and students.
Assessing Embedded Geospatial Student Learning Outcomes in Forestry and Natural Resources Curricula
Authors: Carr John David , Cheshire Heather M. , Hess George R. , Bailey Donna , Devine Hugh A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
We developed an approach for assessing student learning of geospatial objectives embedded across undergraduate forestry and natural resources curricula at North Carolina State University. Our main goals were to characterize student attainment of geospatial outcomes and improve student learning based on those findings. Several instruments, including tracking questions, rubrics, questionnaires, and surveys, were used to facilitate the process. Although initial results from a longitudinal survey show a marked increase in student exposure to and awareness of geospatial tools and technologies, tracking questions, rubrics, and questionnaires show that geospatial learning is taking place below our intended performance target. These findings have allowed us to identify avenues for improving student attainment of geospatial learning outcomes, such as articulating standard geospatial objectives, improving our assignment and instructional techniques, and establishing performance standards. The assessment methods presented could be adapted to assess aspects of other curricula and courses.
Pacific Rim Forestry
Authors: Brandeis Thomas , Kuegler Olaf , Pattison Robert , Jonsson Örjan , Halperin James , McGinely Kathleen , Carpenter Constance , Friday Kathleen , Robertson Guy , Dudley Nicklos , James Robert , Sniezko Richard , Cannon Philip , Schenck Susan , Yeh Aileen , Jones Tyler , Kaufmann Michael , Borthakur Dulal , Falanruw Marjorie , Jaji Haroun-Al-Rashid , Kildisheva Olga , Hamzeh Bassam , Davis Anthony S. , Motanic Donald , Hughes Flint , Asner Greg , Uowolo Amanda , Mascaro Joseph , Diarra Gaoussou , Questad Erin , Cordell Susan , Kinney Kealohanuiopuna , Kellner James , Thaxton Jarrod , Asner Greg , Gallaher Timothy , Kaufman Andy , Koch Nicholas , Michler Charles , Giardina Christian , Friday James , Robinson Mike , Litton Creighton , Ingersoll Anthony , Masuda Bob , Iwashita Darcey , Friday James , Idol Travis , Lowell Eini , Wiedenbeck Jan , Sprecher Melissa Irene , Mann Sheri S. , Henshaw John , Robinson Mike , Perry Cheyenne , Leary James , Ostertag Rebecca , Cordell Susan , Michaud Jene , Schulten Jodie , Cole T. Colleen , Leary James , Pinto Jeremy , Davis Anthony S. , Conry Paul 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
68Stakeholders' questions about subtropical and tropical forests can be as diverse and unique as the forests themselves. Obtaining the information needed to begin answering these questions requires innovation and adaptation of existing forest mensuration and inventory techniques that were developed primarily for use in temperate and boreal forests with a strong forest industry presence. Five cycles of forest inventory and monitoring in Puerto Rico and two cycles in the US Virgin Islands under the Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program highlight the commonalities and differences between working in these subtropical forests and the temperate forests of the continental United States. Additionally, the Caribbean implementation of the FIA program has often taken a different approach from that used in the Pacific Islands territories. We can improve on delivery of forest resource information to island stakeholders by studying these experiences. By sharing the lessons learned with other Pacific Rim countries engaging in forest inventory and monitoring, we can learn from each other.
Public Lands Management Issues
Authors: Radtke Klaus , Oswald Brian , Getz-Smeenk Alette , Short Paula , McCreary Sarah , Stringer Joe , Whitall Debra , Stringer Joe , Stringer Joe , Henshaw John , Kaulukukui Jody , Wolfe Ron , Boutin Tom , Richert Cal , Kleinhenz Brian , Arney Kenneth , Wight Bruce , Hoge David , Dondero John , Gaines Glen , Eckhoff Mike , McClellan Michael , LaBau Vernon J. , Schultz Courtney , Nie Martin 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
139Living more safely at the wildland-urban interface (WUI) requires a basic understanding of fire behavior, preplanning, constant maintenance/vigilance, and deciding when to stay or evacuate so as not to fall victim to the predictable fire-flood cycle. Sitting and construction of neighbors' homes, their distances from adjacent structures, and the continuous maintenance of their property is also critical in creating a more fire-safe environment. This author draws upon his over forty years of professional and personal experience in behind-the-scenes fire research and investigation and pre- and post-fire inspections of thousands of structures. An overview of such research is presented along with key fire-safety principles. Twelve cases are then presented in which homes were saved in wildland fires either unattended or attended, inclusive of those in the middle of fire storms, as well as houses that were lost. Case-specific information is presented on how and why they were saved or why they burned. Preventable tragic civilian losses of life are also included in these studies. In almost all instances loss of homes and life could have been predicted, as was done informally by scientists, inclusive of this author, prior to the 1978 California fires, and therefore prevented. Continued poor landuse planning and lack of acknowledging that structural and landscape fuels are indistinguishable from native fuels to the advancing flame fronts or firebrands has now led to forced mass evacuations during fires to reduce or eliminate the loss of lives. This greatly increases the probability of home losses as limited fire-fighting personnel can rarely attend to such abandoned structures. The end result is that limited resource management funds are shifted to wildland fire fighting in an often futile attempt to protect developments at the WUI from being consumed during predictable wildland fire disasters.
Control Work Against Bark Beetles in Western Forests and an Appraisal of its Results
Authors: Craighead F. C. , Miller J. M. , Evenden J. C. , Keen F. P. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Has control work against bark beetles paid? Approximately one million dollars have been expended on a number of control projects. This article is a discussion of the economics of control work and is a candid appraisal of what the money has bought in the way of values saved and of experience gained for guiding future control efforts. With bark beetles still important factors, the recommendations for control policies here offered are particularly timely.
Seeding Depth--Its Influence on Establishment of Direct-Seeded Pine in the South Carolina Sandhills
Authors: Shipman R. D. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Field and greenhouse studies were undertaken in 1960 to determine the effects of seeding depth on the germination and establishment of direct-seeded longleaf and slash pines in the South Carolina Sandhills. Based upon data on seedling survival, optimum seeding depths were determined.Under field conditions the recommended depth tolerance for longleaf pine was 1/4 to 3/4 inch, and for slash pine 1/2; to 3/4 inch. In the greenhouse, under a controlled environment, the optimum seeding depth for longleaf pine was between 1/8 and 1/2 inch, and for slashpine between 1/8 and 3/4; inch. Since the differences in optimum depths between the field and greenhouse trials can be attributed primarily to the added effects of seed displacement due to wind and water erosion, the above field depths are recommended for Sandhill sites. To improve seedlingsurvival and to obtain adequate stocking, it is apparent that seed coverage is required when direct-seeding pine on cleared or furrowed sandy sites. Mechanical refinement of seeding machines to allow for correct seed placement is an important factor in achieving this objective. These investigationsalso showed that seed of both species germinated more rapidly at the recommended depths of sowing and not only began germination sooner, but maintained this advantage at the termination of a 50-day growth period.
Bias in Estimating Recreationists' Length of Stay from Sample Interviews
Authors: Lucas Robert C. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Estimating recreational use of relatively unsupervised areas objectively depends upon sampling. Most land managers count visitors, and multiply by an estimate of length of stay to obtain man-days. Estimates of length of stay from on-site samples are biased upwards, however, becausethe probability of a visitor falling in the sample is a function of length of stay. Estimates of the attitudes or characteristics of recreationists based on interviews are also biased if the characteristics are associated with length of stay, as seems likely. The sample apparently cannot bedrawn to produce an unbiased estimate directly, but a simple weighting procedure gives the desired estimate. The procedure requires multiplying the number and total days stayed of the samples with a stay of X days by 1/X, and totaling the products. The sample must be drawn with replacement.If the weighted total of days stayed is multiplied by the inverse of the sampling rate, an estimate of total man-days is obtained. Dividing this estimate by the average length of stay gives an estimate of visits. This procedure is believed to be more efficient than starting with visits.
Expectations from Intensive Culture on Industrial Forest Lands
Authors: DeBell D. S. , Brunette A. P. , Schweitzer D. L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A nationwide survey of industrial forest managers showed that use of most cultural practices is increasing markedly, that anticipated investments in such practices are estimated to increase annual harvests through 1985 by 14 percent above the 1970 level, and that research and development is most desired on problems related to genetics, site preparation, fertilization, and commerical thinning.
Yield Differences between Research Plots and Managed Forests
Authors: Bruce David 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Differences between timber yields on small research plots and on managed forests are due mainly to differences in definition of forested area, in scale and quality control of management treatments, and in uniformity of the stands. In large areas where management has not yet made stands uniform, research results may serve only as general guides to potential growth. The manager who is practicing some degree of intensive forestry can often find research data on which to base accurate estimates of growth and yield. To apply the information, he must exclude unproductive areas from estimates of his acreage, monitor stands for damage, and supervise treatments efficiently. There is, however, no single magic number that adjust for differences in growth between research plots and larger managed forests.
Indexes to Forestry Literature--A Bibliographic Appraisal
Authors: Oyler David K. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
To retrieve literature on impact of forests and forest industry on the environment, nine abstracting and indexing sources were searched for the years 1970 through 1972. Citations unique to a single source accounted for 74.7 percent or 718 of the total 961 citations. The most productive source, the Bibliography of Agriculture, indexed 466 or 48.5 percent of all citations and 282 or 39.2 percent of all unique citations. The greatest overlap occurred between the Bibliography of Agriculture and Forestry Abstracts: 123 citations or 26.4 percent of the total coverage represented by the Bibliography of Agriculture.
Rotation Flexibility and Allowable Cut
Authors: Johnson K. Norman , Bell Enoch F. , Burkhardt Alfred F. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In most national forests in which regenerated stands will have considerably higher volumes than present stands, large increases in harvest during the first decade can be attained, under nondeclining yield, by allowing variable rotations for regenerated timber starting at age of first commercial thinning. Where regenerated volumes will not exceed those of existing stands, the increase will be negligible. Whatever minimum age is used, variable rotations will facilitate attainment of nondeclining yield over the entire planning horizon.
Sustained Yield of What?
Authors: Brown Thomas C. , Carder D. Ross 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The National Forest Management Act (NFMA) legitimizes the land-management planning process for multiple-use administration of our national forests. Because confusion exists regarding Forest Service sustained yield management, and because the planning process must provide sufficient flexibility for the product mix to respond to ever-changing needs, we suggest that the policy focus be shifted from individual outputs toward a maximum sustained yield of the total value of forest output. The shift is feasible within the NFMA's direction for timber management and would improve the basis for integrated multiple-use management.
Regional Dendrology: An Innovative Approach to a Traditional Subject
Authors: Brown Kenneth M. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Dendrology lectures are traditionally organized so that forest tree species are presented in taxonomic order. Although this approach is logical to the botanist, it may not be the best way to introduce forestry students to the subject. It is suggested here that species be covered in groups which correspond to the major forest regions of North America. A principal advantage is that ecological rather than phylogenetic relationships can be emphasized. As a result, regional dendrology is appropriate for forestry students and others who must ultimately understand the mechanics of stand dynamics and the biological basis for silviculture.
Jack Pine Seeding on a Wisconsin Forest
Authors: Nelson David E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Scarification, with natural or artificial seeding, was employed on 662 acres to establish new stands of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) in northwestern Wisconsin. Twleve out of 16 stands of mature jack pine were regenerated by scarifying the soil with a dozer blade prior to clear cutting. Seven out of nine non-stocked areas were successfully scarified and direct-seeded. Four stripcuts scarified after cutting, with reliance on seedfall from the adjacent uncut strips, were unsuccessful.
Sweetfern Blister Rust Found in Young Loblolly Pine Plantations in Maryland and Delaware
Authors: Artman J. D. , Reeder T. N. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Sweetfern blister rust caused by Cronartium comptoniae Arth. has been found on young loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., on Maryland's Eastern Shore and in Delaware. This paper is apparently the first report of the organism in Delaware and on loblolly pine in Maryland. Only one of the two known alternate hosts was found: sweetfern, Comptonia peregrina (L.) Coult., seemed to flourish on droughty soils following intensive site preparation for planting. In one 4-year-old plantation, 21 percent of the trees had single or multiple branch infections and an additional 25 percent had stem infections.
Problems in Legislating Federal Forest Policy
Authors: Vaux Henry J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Since forest acreage is limited, provision of material needs conflicts with aspirations for environmental quality. In debating national policy, Congress should consider that designating some sites for timber growing would be just as reasonable as setting others apart for wilderness. The various claims on the available acreage must be brought into balance without transferring the problem from public lands to private ones.
Genetically Proven Douglas-Fir Christmas Trees
Authors: Silen Roy R. , Wilson Boyd C. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Seed was collected in 1964 from 100 wind-pollinated Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) parent trees from four sites, two near Corvallis, Oregon, and two near Shelton, Washington. By 1974, eight commercial Christmas tree growers in Oregon and Washington had cultured, harvested, and marketed progenies grown in designed tests. Financial returns on progenies of the 10 best parents showed discounted gains of 18 percent in selling price but net returns were increased 58 percent because rapid growth was a major factor in profitability. Upright branching and dense, dark foliage contributed most to upgrading the trees. Seedlings from top-ranking parents are in commercial production, and second-generation breeding has begun.
World Forestry: FAO and the American Forester
Authors: McCarty Harry J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
FAO, the largest employer of foresters for international projects, has a field staff of 231, of whom 23 are Americans. The United States ranks second, behind the United Kingdom, in providing these experts to FAO. The field staff administers 122 forestry projects in 70 countries and offices throughout the world. In addition, foresters are required to fill UN volunteer and associate expert positions and to serve as consultants on its field staff.
USDA Combined Forest Pest Research and Development Program
Authors: Ketcham David E. , Shea Keith R. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Late in 1974 the U.S. Department of Agriculture activated the Combined Forest Pest Research and Development Program to provide technology for minimizing intolerable losses from the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis (Zimm.), Douglas-fir tussock moth, Orgyia pseudotsugata (McD.), and gypsy moth, Porthetria dispar (L.). Participating are departmental agencies, state agricultural experiment stations and forestry organizations, universities, and industry. This is the first time an interagency research program has been administered directly from the office of the secretary of agriculture. Significant progress has been made during the first three years.
How Reliable Are Woodland Owners' Intentions?
Authors: Turner Brian J. , Finley James C. , Kingsley Neal P. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Between surveys in 1970 and 1974, the proportion of Delaware landowners who said that they never planned to harvest timber remained constant (58 percent), but 35 percent of the individual owners had changed their minds about either harvesting or not harvesting. Forty-one percent were consistently opposed to harvesting, but they had only 15 percent of the state's growing stock. Rates of change in intention and ownership suggest that eventually most of the growing stock will be harvested, although at any one time about a third of the total volume may be off the market.
Multi-resource Management Research in the Southwest--The Beaver Creek Program
Authors: Carder D. Ross 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
On the Beaver Creek watershed in Arizona, the U.S. Forest Service and other agencies have shown that conversion of pinyon-juniper stands to grass will improve livestock forage but will increase streamflow only if the unwanted vegetation is removed with herbicides. Thinning overdense ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.) stands increases yields of water and forage as well as wood. Recently the research has been expanded to provide decision-making procedures useful in multi-resource management.
USDA Douglas-fir Tussock Moth Research and Development Program
Authors: Campbell Robert W. , Wright Kenneth H. , McFadden Max W. , Dewey Jerald E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The Douglas-fir tussock moth, Orgyia pseudotsugata (Mcd.), is an economically important defoliator of Douglas-fir and true firs in western North America. Periodic outbreaks have been recorded in most western states and British Columbia. In 1974 the U.S. Department of Agriculture initiated the four-year Expanded Douglas-fir Tussock Moth Research and Development Program to provide: (1) a short-range opportunity to summarize and put into use existing methods to reduce damage, and (2) a longer range opportunity to develop knowledge necessary to prevent or suppress future outbreaks. Program objectives have been met on schedule through the first three years, and the task in the fourth year is to document and disseminate the findings.
U.S. Geological Survey Land-Use and Land-Cover Classification System
Authors: Witmer Richard E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The land-use and land-cover classification system proposed for review in U.S. Geological Survey Circular 671 was devised to provide a logical framework for land-use and land-cover information derived from remotely sensed data as well as to serve as the classification system for a national inventory. Review comments from federal, state, local, and other potential users were incorporated into USGS Professional Paper 964, the final version of the classification. The classification system is a combination of inductive processes (capabilities for interpreting remote-sensor images) and deductive processes (division of the landscape as related to resource information needs). Specifications have been devised in order to put it to use in a national inventory. To date, 11 states have participated in matching-funds cooperative agreements for land-use and cover mapping, and several federal and regional agencies are using the system, maps, and data.
Economic Assessment of Intensive Culture of Short-Rotation Hardwood Crops
Authors: Rose Dietmar W. , DeBell Dean S. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Hardwood crops coppiced on 4- and 10-year cycles at spacings of 4 by 4 feet and 12 by 12 feet, respectively, appear economically feasible, while two-year coppice rotations do not. Short-rotation culture merits serious consideration and operational testing by industrial land managers.