bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Ammonia Infusion on Plasma Glucagon, Insulin, and Amino Acids in Intact, Pancreatectomized, and Adrenalectomized Dogs
Authors: Strombeck Donald R. , Rogers Quinton R. , Stern Judith S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Ammonium salts were infused in intact, pancreatectomized, and adrenalectomized dogs to produce coma-inducing amounts of plasma ammonia. Changes in intact dogs included hyperglycemia, hyperglucagonemia, hyperinsulinemia, and decreases in plasma concentrations of glutamine, alanine, threonine, glycine, lysine, valine, proline, serine, arginine, leucine, isoleucine, and methionine. Urinary excretion of catecholamines increased more than 20-fold, whereas plasma hydrocortisone concentrations were essentially unchanged. In pancreatectomized dogs, ammonia infusions caused hyperglycemia, a mild hyperglucagonemia, and no changes in plasma amino acid concentrations, other than a decrease in alanine and an increase in taurine. In adrenalectomized dogs, ammonia infusion resulted in normoglycemia, hyperglucagonemia (comparable with that seen in intact dogs), hyperinsulinemia (2 to 3 times that seen in intact dogs), and decreased plasma concentrations of alanine, isoleucine, leucine, and valine. Finally, propranolol administration did not affect ammonia-induced glucagon and insulin release.
The endocrine portion of the pancreas appears to mediate the major effects of ammonia on plasma amino acid values. The effect of ammonia in stimulating glucagon release may occur by an α-adrenergic pathway or by direct stimulation of pancreatic islet cells.
Complications of Bladder Distention During Retrograde Urethrography
Authors: Barsanti J. A. , Crowell W. , Losonsky J. , Talkington F. D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A severe, ulcerative cystitis that resulted in macroscopic hematuria occurred in 8 of 20 healthy dogs undergoing a series of diagnostic tests. Four of the remaining 12 dogs had mild bladder lesions consisting of submucosal edema and hemorrhage. Nine of the 20 dogs developed urinary tract infection after the procedures. These complications seemed associated with the radiographic technique of retrograde urethrography performed when the urinary bladder was distended.
To test this hypothesis, retrograde urethrography was performed on 5 additional dogs. With the bladder undistended, no complications occurred. However, distention of these same dogs’ bladders for 1 minute or less with sterile lactated Ringer’s solution administered through a Foley catheter in the penile urethra resulted in a macroscopic hematuria in all 5 dogs which persisted for 24 hours. A microscopic hematuria continued for 5 days. One dog developed a bacterial urinary tract infection. A severe fibrinopurulent cystitis was present at necropsy of 2 dogs 2 days after distention. The morphologic changes in the bladder gradually diminished over 7 days, but mild submucosal edema and hemorrhage were still present when 2 dogs were necropsied, 7 days after distention.
These studies indicated that retrograde urethrography in dogs may be complicated by hemorrhagic cystitis and urinary tract infection if performed with urinary bladder distention.
Tissue Sources and Clinical Application of Four Enzymes in Phocid Seals
Authors: Austin Thomas , Geraci J. R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Tissue distribution and plasma activity values of creatine kinase (ck), aldolase (als), γ-glutamyltransferase (ggt), and leucine aminopeptidase (lap) were determined in 6 ringed seals, Phoca hispida, and in 7 harp seals, P groenlandica. Muscle tissues had the highest activity of ck and als, though high activity of als was also in most other tissues. The lap and ggt were mostly concentrated in the kidneys; tissue lap activity was generally low. Reference plasma values were determined in 17 ringed and 15 harp seals. The ck and ggt, respectively, are recommended for monitoring exertional stress and hepatobiliary dysfunction in phocid seals.
Electrophysiologic Studies of a Combination of Secobarbital and Dibucaine for Euthanasia of Dogs
Authors: Wallach Marshall B. , Peterson Karen E. , Richards Richard K. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A combination of secobarbital and dibucaine was compared with secobarbital and with dibucaine, given iv, for euthanasia of dogs. The secobarbital-dibucaine combination was the most effective, as determined by latency to electrical silence of the eeg and ecg, as well as by visual observation of the behavior of the animal. The combination product produced a quiet and rapid death, according to all electrophysiologic changes that were monitored, whereas the barbiturate resulted in prolonged myocardial activity. Dibucaine alone is not desirable for use for euthanasia.
Specular Microscopic Observations of Clinically Normal Feline Corneal Endothelium
Authors: Peiffer Robert L. , DeVanzo Robert J. , Cohen Kenneth L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Endothelial specular microscopy and pachometry were performed on right and left eyes of 11 anesthetized young adult American Shorthair cats with clinically normal eyes. Endothelial cells of the central cornea formed a mosaic-like pattern of hexagonal cells 15 to 20 µm in diameter; the average number of cells per millimeter2 was 2,668 ± 211 sd. Corneal thickness was 0.56 mm ± 0.06 sd.
Effect of Vaccinal Serum Antibodies on Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Viral Infection in Calves
Authors: Mohanty S. B. , Rockemann D. D. , Davidson J. P. , Sharabrin O. I. , Forst S. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A moderate level of serum antibodies elicited in calves by a killed bovine respiratory syncytial viral vaccine did not cause exacerbation of a mild respiratory tract disease after challenge infection of these calves. Control calves inoculated with the virus had clinical signs of disease and the noninoculated control calves remained normal.
Haloxon: Critical Tests of Antiparasitic Activity in Equids
Authors: Lyons E. T. , Drudge J. H. , Tolliver S. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Critical tests were conducted in 14 naturally infected equids (13 horses and 1 pony) to evaluate the antiparasitic activity of haloxon. Single doses were administered by stomach tube to 3 horses and 1 pony (60 mg/kg of body weight), by addition to the feed of 3 horses (60 mg/kg), and intraorally by powder gun to 7 horses (65 mg/kg).
Haloxon was efficacious (99% to 100%) against infections of Parascaris equorum, Oxyuris equi (mature and immature), and Strongylus vulgaris at both dosage levels. Probstmayria vivipara parasites were removed in 1 horse treated at 60 mg/kg by stomach tube and S equinus was removed (1 specimen) in 1 horse treated at 65 mg/kg with the powder gun. Removal activity against small strongyles varied from 67% to 92%, and averaged 88% in the aggregate. Removal of S edentatus fluctuated from 2% to 100%, and was 49% in the aggregate. Haloxon was generally ineffective against Gasterophilus intestinalis and G nasalis, except that it seemed active against 2nd instar G intestinalis when administered at the 60 mg/kg dosage rate in feed and at the 65 mg/kg dosage rate by powder gun.
The compound was inactive against Trichostrongylus axei, Habronema muscae, Draschia megastoma, Anoplocephala perfoliata, and A magna. Clinical signs of toxicosis were not observed after treatment.
Problems were not encountered in administration of haloxon directly into the back of the mouth with the powder gun.
Controlled Tests of Ivermectin Against Migrating Strongylus vulgaris in Ponies
Authors: Slocombe J. O. D. , McCraw B. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Twelve pony foals were reared worm-free and inoculated with Strongylus vulgaris. On day 7 after inoculation, 6 ponies were given ivermectin im at a dose of 200 μg/kg of body weight and on day 28 were necropsied. Ivermectin was effective in eliminating early 4th-stage S vulgaris larvae and reducing clinical signs associated with acute arteritis. After administration of the anthelmintic, signs of toxicosis were not observed.
Comparative Titration of Anaplasma marginale Antibodies by Card Agglutination and Complement-Fixation Tests
Authors: Amerault Thomas E. , Rose Joseph E. , Kuttler Kenneth L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The card agglutination test for anaplasmosis was improved so that bovine serum could be titrated for Anaplasma antibodies. The modified test was validated when its results on 1 set of serum samples were compared with the results furnished by the complement-fixation test on the same set. The samples tested were from cows inoculated with an Anaplasma vaccine or with either 1 of 2 virulent strains of Anaplasma marginale. A correlation coefficient of 0.60 was calculated between the values of the titers furnished by the 2 tests, and regression equations were calculated and used to estimate the serum titer in 1 test from a titer measured in the other. The results indicate that the simple card agglutination test can yield titers comparable with those of the complement-fixation test.
Mitogen and Mixed Lymphocyte Culture Responses of Isolated Bovine Lymphocyte Subpopulations
Authors: Belden E. Lee , Strelkauskas Anthony J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Examinations were made of the mitogen and mixed lymphocyte culture (mlc) responses of subpopulations of bovine lymphocytes isolated by density sedimentation following sequential E-rosetting with aminoethylisothiouronium bromide- and neuraminidase-treated sheep erythrocytes (Eaet, En). These procedures consistently separated 3 populations of E-rosetting T cells from a 4th population of non-E-rosetting cells (B and null cells). The isolated B and null cell population did not respond to phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, or pokeweed mitogen and responded minimally in mixed lymphocyte culture. Conversely, isolated T cells responded well to each of these stimuli. Moreover, differences in responsiveness were found among the 3 T-cell populations isolated by differential rosetting. T cells with receptors for both Eaet and En rosette formation were the most responsive to the mitogens used and demonstrated maximum activity in mlc. T cells with only Eaet receptors had equivalent activity in mlc and less activity in response to mitogens. Cells with only En receptors were the least active T-cell population in these assays. The different reactivities of these T-cell populations in lymphoproliferative assays indicated that they represent distinct subsets of bovine T cells.
Effect of Histamine and Prostaglandin E2 on Gastric Blood Flow in Swine
Authors: Zamora C. S. , Reddy V. K. , Johnson P. , Gallagher L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Gastric blood flow was measured by the radioactive microspheres entrapment technique following the iv infusions of saline solution, histamine, or prostaglandin E2 and histamine to young pigs. Pigs treated with histamine (2 μg/kg/minute for 60 minutes) had significantly higher blood flow to the gastric mucosa (P < 0.025), particularly to the region of the proper gastric (fundic) glands (P < 0.01), than did the saline-treated pigs. When prostaglandin E2 (1μg/kg/minute for 60 minutes) was infused simultaneously with histamine, there was a slight, but not significant, decrease (P < 0.10) in mucosal blood flow to the region of the proper gastric glands. Analysis of the percentage distribution of blood flow indicated that the increase in blood flow to the region of the proper gastric glands after histamine infusion may be due to a redistribution of blood flow from the cardiac gland region.
Occurrence and Evaluation of a Reflex-Evoked Muscle Potential (H Reflex) in the Normal Dog
Authors: Sims Michael H. , Selcer Robert R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Reflex-evoked muscle potentials (remp) were recorded in 13 adult dogs and 6 pups at 1, 4, and 12 weeks of age. The remp was recorded in a forelimb interosseous muscle in response to stimulation of the ulnar nerve at a proximal (elbow) and distal (radiocarpal joint) location. The reflex potential appeared after the direct-evoked muscle potential (demp) and its latency increased (in contradistinction to that of the demp) when the point of stimulation was moved from a proximal to a distal site. The threshold for the reflex potential was low and in most instances, lower than that for the demp. As stimulus intensity was increased above remp threshold, the amplitude of the reflex potential increased to a maximum which most often occurred before attainment of demp maximum amplitude. With stimuli supramaximal to the remp, there was a slight decrease in amplitude of the reflex potential, but it remained, even at intensities supramaximal for the demp. In none of the dogs and pups was the remp threshold at a level maximal or supramaximal for the demp.
The latency, duration, and amplitude for both remp and demp were recorded, and recruitment curves were plotted for each type of potential in adults. Motor and sensory nerve conduction velocities (mncv and sncv) were calculated based on demp and remp latencies, respectively. The sncv was not different from mncv in pups between 1 and 12 weeks of age, nor was it lower (mean ± sem = 58.3 ± 3.9 m/s) than mncv (63.1 ± 2.5 m/s) in adults.
An estimation of the lower motor neuron population participating in the remp (proximal site) in adult dogs and pups was calculated, based on mean remp/demp values. The mean for the adult dogs was 7.9 ± 1.6%. In the pups, the values were 31.5 ± 11.3%, 1.0 ± 0.5, and 2.6 ± 1.4% at 1, 4, and 12 weeks, respectively.
After acute unilateral deafferentation of spinal nerves C-5 through T-3 in 4 adult dogs, the remp could no longer be recorded ipsilaterally, whereas the demp was unaltered. Thus, the remp was not only shown to be spinal in origin, but reflexive as well. Additional observations comply with criteria which indicate that this reflex is the equivalent in most ways to the H reflex in persons and therefore probably is monosynaptic.
Serum Biochemical Changes in Dogs with Experimental Leptospira interrogans Serovar icterohaemorrhagiae Infection
Authors: Navarro Carlos E. Kantek , Kociba Gary J. , Kowalski Joseph J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Inoculation of 2 groups of dogs with 1 x 109 and 4 x 109 Leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae produced disease varying from transient fever to uremia and death. Clinical signs of disease in the severely affected dogs were fever, dehydration, depression, and icterus. Laboratory changes in serum of infected dogs included increased urea nitrogen, creatinine, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase. Chloride concentration decreased in the serum of dogs with severe disease. The icterus in the infected dogs did not appear to be related to hemolytic anemia.
Collateral Ligaments of the Canine Stifle Joint: Anatomic and Functional Analysis
Authors: Vasseur Philip B. , Arnoczky Steven P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The anatomic features and functions of the collateral ligaments of the canine stifle joint were investigated, using cadaver specimens. The structure of the collateral ligaments was examined by dissection, with attention given to the spatial relationships existing between the collateral ligaments and their neighboring structures, such as the menisci and joint capsule. The relative tension of the ligaments was determined by identifying the points of attachment with lead markers and taking a series of radiographs of the joint throughout its range of motion. The distance between the points was measured, and the change in length was determined as a function of joint position. Measurements of internal and external rotation, varus angulation, and valgus angulation were made before and after severance of one or both ligaments. The medial collateral ligament was taut in extension, with only the caudal portion of the ligament becoming lax in flexion. The lateral collateral ligament was also taut in extension; however, its entire bulk became lax as the joint was flexed. In extension, the ligaments were primary restraints preventing varus and valgus angulation, and they functioned to limit internal and external rotation of the tibia. In flexion, the cranial portion of the medial collateral ligament remained taut and prevented external rotation of the tibia, whereas the relaxation of the lateral collateral ligament allowed the tibia to rotate internally, with further rotation limited by the cruciate ligaments.
Distribution of Antibodies to Rotavirus in Serum and Lacteal Secretions of Naturally Infected Swine and Their Suckling Pigs
Authors: Hess R. Guenter , Bachmann Peter A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Rotavirus antibodies were demonstrated in lacteal secretions and sera of 20 parturient sows and in sera of their newborn by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay blocking technique, using bovine rotavirus cell culture antigen and monospecific antibody to bovine rotavirus.
Antibodies to rotavirus occur in the 3 immunoglobulin (Ig) classes IgM, IgA, and IgG in lacteal secretions. High and long-persisting antibody activity was mainly associated with the IgA class. The IgM and IgG decreased to undetectable concentrations in most sows during the 14-day investigation period. Serum antibodies of newborn pigs nursing their dams also decreased rapidly during this time.
The heterologous enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay blocking technique was a reliable and rapid procedure for the demonstration of rotavirus antibodies.
Ivermectin: Controlled Test of Anthelmintic Activity in Dairy Calves with Emphasis on Dictyocaulus viviparus
Authors: Lyons E. T. , Tolliver S. C. , Drudge J. H. , LaBore D. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Twelve dairy calves, naturally infected with lungworms and gastrointestinal parasites, were selected for a controlled test with single doses of ivermectin, administered subcutaneously, at the dose rate of 200 μg/kg. Specific interest was on efficacy of ivermectin against lungworms (Dictyocaulus viviparus), with ancillary interest directed on abomasal parasites. Ivermectin was administered to 6 calves, and the vehicle only, to 6 calves. At necropsy, 7 days after treatment, lungworms were not recovered from any of the treated calves; nontreated calves, given the vehicle only, were infected with 1 to 46 lungworms each.
Removal efficacy against adult Ostertagia ostertagi was 99%. Fourth-stage Ostertagia spp and Trichostrongylus spp and mature Trichostrongylus axei, present in low numbers, were all removed. The fecal egg count for gastrointestinal parasites indicated all eggs, except for a few Nematodirus eggs, were cleared from treated calves. One treated calf showed signs of irritation of the neck at injection site for a short time after treatment and 1 treated calf had a slight indurated area at injection site at necropsy.
Efficacy of Levamisole Against Abomasal Nematodes and Lungworms in Dairy Calves: Preliminary Tests Indicating Reduced Activity for Ostertagia ostertagi
Authors: Lyons E. T. , Tolliver S. C. , Drudge J. H. , Hemken R. W. , Button F. S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Dairy calves (n = 18) were used in controlled tests to evaluate activity of levamisole against abomasal nematodes and lungworms. Two formulations of levamisole, injectable (experiment A) and bolus (experiment B), were given in single doses at rates of 6 mg/kg of body weight and 5.4 to 10.2 mg/kg (5.4, 7.6, 8.0, 8.8, or 10.2 mg/kg), respectively. Experiment A included 4 treated and 4 nontreated calves and experiment B consisted of 5 treated and 5 nontreated calves.
Aggregate removals of Ostertagia spp (4th stage), O ostertagi (adult), Trichostrongylus spp (4th stage), and T axei (adult) were 0%, 54%, 86%, and 95%, respectively, for injectable-treated calves and were 0%, 23%, no data, and 85%, respectively, for bolus-treated calves. Haemonchus spp, present in small numbers, were completely removed from treated calves in experiment A.
Several possible explanations are discussed regarding poor removal activity of levamisole by both formulations against O ostertagi. Removal activity was 95% and 100% against Dictyocaulus viviparus for injectable-treated and bolus-treated calves, respectively.
Radiolabeled Substrate Assay to Measure Inhibition of Growth of Haemophilus somnus by Normal Bovine Serum
Authors: Simonson R. R. , Maheswaran S. K. , Ward G. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An assay was developed to measure the inhibition of cell division of Haemophilus somnus by normal bovine serum. Dilution plate counts, turbidometric measurements, and release of radiolabeled cell constituents were found to be time-consuming or difficult to perform and reproduce. This assay determined the inhibitory effect of normal serum on population growth, by measuring the relative rate of macromolecular (DNA) synthesis in exponential cultures. This method was simple to perform and gave reliable results in 1 day. When this assay was used, a significant difference (P < 0.025) in serum susceptibility was demonstrated between a H somnus isolate recovered from the trachea of a healthy calf and an isolate recovered at necropsy from a brain lesion of a cow. The implication of this finding, in relation to the pathogenicity of the organism, it briefly discussed.
Detection of Mycoplasma bovis Specific IgG in Bovine Serum by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Authors: Boothby J. T. , Jasper D. E. , Rollins M. H. , Thomas C. B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was optimized for detection of Mycoplasma bovis-specific IgG in bovine serum. The test is rapid, reproducible, convenient, and sensitive. With this assay, the serum from naturally infected and immunized calves demonstrated the presence of antibodies early in infection and rapid increase in titers during the infection. Cross-reactivity of bovine serum with mycoplasma antigens of bovine, caprine, avian, and environmental sources was tested with this assay system. Cross-reaction was measurable in all instances, with the strongest reaction measured between M bovis and M agalactiae.
Serotypes of Previously Unclassified Isolates of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae from Swine in the United States and Puerto Rico
Authors: Wood R. L. , Harrington R. , Haubrich D. R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Serotypes of 46 previously unclassified isolates of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae from porcine tissues in the United States and serotypes of 31 isolates of the organism from porcine tissues received from Puerto Rico were determined. The 46 isolates from the United States were classified in serotype 21. Four isolates (from Georgia, Minnesota, Ohio, and Oklahoma) were tested and found to be pathogenic for swine. Serotypes 1 (subtypes 1a and 1b), 2, 5, 6, and 21 were found in porcine tissues from Puerto Rico. The relative frequency of the various serotypes was similar to that previously reported in the United States.
Quantitative Evaluation of Neutrophilic Chemotaxis in Beagles
Authors: Latimer Kenneth S. , Crane L. Stanley , Prasse Keith W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A quantitative evaluation of neutrophilic chemotaxis was performed, using neutrophils from 12 healthy Beagles. Dextran sedimentation, differential centrifugation, and hypotonic lysis allowed separation of a neutrophil-rich cell suspension. Chemotaxis was studied, using blind-well chambers with 3-μm (apd) polycarbonate filters. A frozen (—80 C) bank of pooled normal canine serum was used as the chemotactant, and the chemotactant properties of the serum were destroyed by heat inactivation at 56 C for 30 minutes. Based on membrane and lower blind-well chamber solution neutrophil counts, a method was devised to distinguish between normal neutrophilic chemotaxis, normal neutrophilic chemotaxis with decreased neutrophilic adherence, and defective neutrophilic chemotaxis.