bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigating the existence, uniqueness, and stability of solutions in boundary value problem of fractional differential equations
Authors: Poovarasan R , Gómez-Aguilar J F , Govindaraj V 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This study uses fixed point theory and the Banach contraction principle to prove the existence, uniqueness, and stability of solutions to boundary value problems involving a Ψ-Caputo-type fractional differential equation. The conclusions are supported by illustrative cases, which raise the theoretical framework’s legitimacy. Fractional calculus is widely used in scientific fields, as seen by its applications in beam deflection analysis, groundwater pollution, and biomedical signal processing.
Design principles of voltage controlled DC-DC boost converters through the integration of PID and model predictive control
Authors: Srishti  , Padhy Prabin Kumar , Samajdar Dip Prakash 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This paper presents the design of the transfer function between the control and output variable of a DC-DC boost converter using a combination of Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) and output-based Model Predictive Control (MPC) mechanisms for eradicating the effect of the non-minimum phase (NMP) behavior on the system. This is made possible due to the existence of a right half plane (RHP) zero. It is observed that the MPC outperformed the conventionally designed PID approach by a significant margin. Based on the computed results, it can be emphasized that the combination of output-based MPC and PID controller demonstrated a strong alignment with optimal designs, exhibiting a fast convergence rate than PID and PID-IMC. Simulation results are presented to showcase the fast transient response and a high level of robustness of the proposed control methodology.
Revisiting the implications of Liouville's theorem to the anisotropy of cosmic rays
Authors: Oliveira Cainã de , Maia Leonardo Paulo , de Souza Vitor 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
We present a solution to Liouville's equation for an ensemble of charged particles
propagating in magnetic fields. The solution is presented using an expansion in spherical
harmonics of the phase space density, allowing a direct interpretation of the distribution of
arrival directions of cosmic rays. The results are found for chosen conditions of variability and
source distributions. We show there are two conditions for an initially isotropic flux of
particles to remain isotropic while traveling through a magnetic field: isotropy and homogeneity
of the sources. In case isotropically-distributed sources inject particles continuously in time, a
transient magnetic induced dipole will appear. This dipole will vanish if the system reaches a
steady-state. The formalism is used to analyze the data measured by the Pierre Auger Observatory,
contributing to the understanding of the dependence of the dipole amplitude with energy and
predicting the energy in which the quadrupole signal should be measured.
An Asymmetric Galactic Stellar Disk Traced by OB-type Stars from LAMOST DR7
Authors: Liu Xiaopeng , Tian Hao , Cui Wenyuan , Li Linlin , Liu Jiaming , Huo Zhenyan , Gao Yawei 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Using 9943 OB-type stars from LAMOST DR7 in the solar neighborhood, we fit the vertical stellar density profile with the model including a single exponential distribution at different positions (R, Φ). The distributions of the scale heights and scale length show that the young disk traced by the OB-type stars is not axisymmetric. The scale length decreases versus the azimuthal angle Φ, i.e., from

1.14

−
0.19

+
0.30

kpc with Φ = − 3° to

0.77

−
0.06

+
0.08

kpc with Φ = 9°. Meanwhile we find signal of non-symmetry in the distribution of the scale height of the north and south of the disk plane. The scale height in the north side shows signal of flaring of the disk, while that of the south disk stays almost constant around h

s
= 130 pc. The distribution of the displacement of the disk plane Z
0 also shows variance versus the azimuthal angle Φ, which displays significant differences with the warp model constrained by the Cepheid stars. We also test different values for the position of the Sun, and the distance between the Sun and the Galactic center affects the scale heights and the displacement of the disk significantly, but that does not change our conclusion that the disk is not axisymmetric.
Spatial and temporal distribution of nutrients in the Ciliwung River, DKI Jakarta
Authors: Aprilia M , Effendi H , Hariyadi S , Permatasari PA 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The Ciliwung River, one of the largest rivers to run through Jakarta, is particularly important for its water quality because it travels through the city’s center and several settlements, highly populated housing areas, and slums. The growth of algae and macrophytes, or aquatic plants, is dependent on the nutrients in the streams. These plants serve as major food sources for fish and other small invertebrates. This study aimed to describe the distribution of nutrients (ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, total nitrogen, and total phosphate) in the Ciliwung River, DKI Jakarta, in terms of both space and time. Water quality was monitored under rainy (February and June 2021) and dry (August and September 2021) conditions. The research area, which included 18 observation stations, was situated in the DKI Jakarta sector along the Ciliwung River. Geographically, all river regions’ concentrations of total nitrogen, nitrate, and total phosphate exceeded the quality criteria; however, ammonia and nitrite tended to be high and did not meet norms across the Ciliwung River area, DKI Jakarta. While ammonia concentrations were greater during the dry season and nitrate concentrations were higher during the rainy season, there was a temporary difference in the concentrations of nitrite, total nitrogen, and total phosphate between the seasons.
Classification, composition, and sources of marine litter on beach sediment of Kondang Merak Coast, Malang, Indonesia
Authors: Yona D , Arifianti D N , Sari S H J , Lestariadi R A , Amirudin A 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Marine litter pollution has been examined extensively as a significant environmental concern. Beaches are particularly vulnerable to this form of pollution since it is located between land and sea. Malang is one of the cities on Java Island, with a long coastline and numerous beautiful beaches facing the Indian Ocean. Kondang Merak Beach is a popular tourist destination among locals. However, it is under constant threat from marine litter pollution. The beach is divided into two distinct areas: the foreshore, which is influenced by sea waves and currents, and the backshore, which is significantly impacted by tourist activity. Therefore, this study aimed to examine marine litter on beach sediment and to distinguish the composition of marine litter between foreshore and backshore areas. Quadrat transects of 5 x 5 m and 50 x 50 cm were used to collect bigger and micro-size marine litter, respectively. Of the 895 litter items, 61 % were collected from the backshore and 39 % from the foreshore areas. Bigger-sized litter found in the backshore area was the result of tourism activities. On the other hand, micro-size litter in the foreshore area resulted from fragmentation from bigger-size litter.
Modelling non-Markovian noise in driven superconducting qubits
Authors: Agarwal Abhishek , Lindoy Lachlan P , Lall Deep , Jamet François , Rungger Ivan 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Non-Markovian noise can be a significant source of errors in superconducting qubits. We develop gate sequences utilising mirrored pseudoidentities that allow us to characterise and model the effects of non-Markovian noise on both idle and driven qubits. We compare three approaches to modelling the observed noise: (i) a Markovian noise model, (ii) a model including interactions with a two-level system (TLS), (iii) a model utilising the post Markovian master equation, which we show to be equivalent to the qubit-TLS model in certain regimes. When running our noise characterisation circuits on a superconducting qubit device we find that purely Markovian noise models cannot reproduce the experimental data. Our model based on a qubit-TLS interaction, on the other hand, is able to closely capture the observed experimental behaviour for both idle and driven qubits. We investigate the stability of the noise properties of the hardware over time, and find that the parameter governing the qubit-TLS interaction strength fluctuates significantly even over short time-scales of a few minutes. Finally, we evaluate the changes in the noise parameters when increasing the qubit drive pulse amplitude. We find that although the hardware noise parameters fluctuate significantly over different days, their drive pulse induced relative variation is rather well defined within computed uncertainties: both the phase error and the qubit-TLS interaction strength change significantly with the pulse strength, with the phase error changing quadratically with the amplitude of the applied pulse. Since our noise model can closely describe the behaviour of idle and driven qubits, it is ideally suited to be used in the development of quantum error mitigation and correction methods.
Non-Markovian quantum gate set tomography
Authors: Li Ze-Tong , Zheng Cong-Cong , Meng Fan-Xu , Zeng Han , Luan Tian , Zhang Zai-Chen , Yu Xu-Tao 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Engineering quantum devices requires reliable characterization of the quantum system, including qubits, quantum operations (also known as instruments) and the quantum noise. Recently, quantum gate set tomography (GST) has emerged as a powerful technique for self-consistently describing quantum states, gates, and measurements. However, non-Markovian correlations between the quantum system and environment impact the reliability of GST. To address this, we propose a self-consistent operational framework called instrument set tomography (IST) for non-Markovian GST. Based on the stochastic quantum process, the instrument set describes instruments and system-environment (SE) correlations. We introduce a linear inversion IST (LIST) to describe instruments and SE correlations without physical constraints. The disharmony of linear relationships between instruments is detected. Furthermore, we propose a physically constrained statistical method based on the maximum likelihood estimation for IST (MLE-IST) with adjustable dimensions. MLE-IST shows significant flexibility in adapting to different types of devices, such as noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices, by adjusting the model and constraints. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and necessity of simultaneously describing instruments and SE correlations. Specifically, the LIST and MLE-IST obtains significant improvement on average square error reduction in the imperfect implemented simulations by orders of −23.77 and −6.21, respectively, compared to their comparative methods. Remarkably, real-chip experiments indicate that a polynomial number of parameters with respect to the Markovian order are sufficient to characterize non-Markovian quantum noise in current NISQ devices. Consequently, IST provides an essential and self-consistent framework for characterizing, benchmarking, and developing quantum devices in terms of the instrument set.
Spatial-temporal variation and correlation between vegetation coverage and soil conservation of Ten Kongdui watershed in the Yellow River basin
Authors: Yang Zhenqi , Zeng Lingjian , Guo Jianying , Liu Xinyu 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The Ten Kongdui watershed is an essential part of the upper Yellow River baisn of China. The ecosystem in this region has low stability and hazards of sandstorm and soil erosion are serious. By studying the spatio-temporal changes and spatial correlation between vegetation cover and soil conservation, the inhibition effect of vegetation on soil erosion in time and space can be clarified, and the driving factors of soil erosion in a certain area can be further explained. The research results provide data support for artificial vegetation construction and soil erosion control in the Yellow River basin in the future. In this study, the invest model was used to calculate the soil retention of the watershed, and then the spatial autocorrelation analysis was used to analyze the vegetation coverage and soil retention in space. The relationship between changes of the vegetation coverage and soil conservation during 2000–2020 in the Ten Kongdui watershed is analyzed in this paper. The research shows that: (1) During the research period, the vegetation coverage maintained an increasing trend in Ten Kongdui watershed; (2) From 2000 to 2020, with the increased vegetation coverage, soil retention increased, indicating that increasing vegetation coverage can effectively prevent soil erosion; and (3) Vegetation coverage and soil conservation presented a local spatial auto-correlation, Moran’s I index was less than 0, but the years from 2000 to 2020 witnessed gradual growth of the correlation coefficient. There are significant differences in spatial distribution. ‘High-high’ and ‘low-low’ are sporadically distributed in the sandstorm area on the middle reaches of Kubuqi and sporadically in the hilly and gully areas on the upper reaches. Moreover, ‘high-low’ and ‘low-high’ correlation coefficients were distributed in gully areas on the upper reaches and alluvial plains on the lower reaches. The alluvial plains on the lower reaches are mainly farmland ecosystems, with a high NDVI in the growing season but poor soil erosion resistance and weak soil conservation ability. The results emphasized the importance of vegetation coverage change in space for soil conservation of different type of underlying surfaces. The vegetation coverage change effects of soil conservation in plain terrain will be muted. This work provided a certain theory and criterion for us to further research the predictive model of soil erosion .
Long-term development of loneliness in older people and associations with stringency of COVID-19 measures: an observational cohort study
Authors: Schwarzer Flurina Meier , Probst-Hensch Nicole , Kwiatkowski Marek , Höglinger Marc 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Background
Most longitudinal studies found heightened feelings of loneliness in older people in spring 2020 compared to times before the pandemic. However, longer-term effects are more disputed. We, therefore, investigated changes in loneliness in older people throughout the first 21 months of the COVID-19 pandemic in Switzerland and examined the association between the stringency of COVID-19 measures and feelings of loneliness.

Methods
We assessed loneliness (3-item University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) loneliness scale) in a nationally representative longitudinal observational online survey. Older people (65–79 years) were surveyed between March 2020 and December 2021. Proportions of people feeling lonely (UCLA loneliness scale &gt;6) were compared in two stringent phases (‘lockdown’, Oxford University stringency index ≥55) and two less restricted phases. Additionally, we explored the situation of potentially more susceptible subgroups (living alone, women, chronic and mental diseases, low educational level and low income).

Results
Phases with stringent measures were associated with higher levels of loneliness in older people. People living alone, women, people with noncommunicable or mental disease diagnoses and lower income show consistently higher levels of loneliness. However, the differences are not accentuated in phases with more stringent measures. We found little differences between subgroups with varying educational levels.

Conclusions
Even in a country with relatively less stringent COVID-19 measures like Switzerland, an increase in the proportion of older people that feel lonely could be found during phases with more stringent COVID-19 measures. Lockdown phases should, therefore, be accompanied by evidence-based interventions to relieve loneliness to avoid adverse short- and long-term consequences.
The Legal Metaverse and Comparative Taxonomy: A Reappraisal
Authors: Mattei Ugo 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The present Article revisits my “Three Patterns of Law: Taxonomy and Change in the World’s Legal Systems”—published in this very Journal a quarter century ago—which acknowledged the ideological nature of the law versus politics distinction and posited taxonomy as a means for understanding law. The original article classified law into professional law, political law, and traditional law, and heralded the tentative and dynamic natures of such classification. The two purposes of the present Article are to (i) reflect on legal transformations that have since occurred as reactions to global geopolitical, technological, and economic changes, and (ii) interrogate whether epistemological assumptions that produced the Three Patterns of Law hypothesis still hold. The question the present Article poses is whether a fourth pattern of law is now necessary to capture the new technological state of affairs and the new geopolitical balances of power: in particular, should a rule of smart law be introduced? This Article surveys some of the relevant legal transformations capable of impacting the mapping of each legal pattern to a given geography. Because the Internet (like law, religion, tradition, or language) is an informative-normative system that has produced a new frontier of development, and because of its ubiquity, I have used it as a test for the current viability of the hypothesis. I conclude that it is too early to add a fourth pattern of law; but it is, perhaps, too late to avoid a pattern of no law taking over global hegemony by substituting algorithms for lawyers.
Association between musculoskeletal pain and exposures to awkward postures during work: a compositional analysis approach
Authors: Lohne Fredrik Klæboe , Xu Kailiang , Fimland Marius Steiro , Palarea-Albaladejo Javier , Redzovic Skender 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Objectives
This study aimed to explore the association between arm elevation and neck/shoulder pain, and trunk forwarding bending and low back pain among home care workers.

Methods
Home care workers (N = 116) from 11 home care units in Trondheim, Norway, filled in pain assessment and working hours questionnaire, and wore 3 accelerometers for up to 7 consecutive days. Work time was partitioned into upright awkward posture, nonawkward posture, and nonupright time, i.e. sitting. Within a compositional approach framework, posture time compositions were expressed in terms of log-ratio coordinates for statistical analysis and modeling. Poisson generalized linear mixed models were used to analyze the relationship between arm elevation in upright postures and neck/shoulder pain, and between trunk forward bending in upright postures and low back pain, respectively. Isotemporal substitution analysis was used to investigate the association of pain assessment with the reallocation of time spent in the different postures.

Results
Time spent in awkward postures was modest, especially for the more extreme angles (60° and 90°). Adjusting for age, gender, and body mass index, our study suggested that the compositions of time spent by home care workers in awkward postures were significantly associated with pain assessment (P &lt; 0.01). Isotemporal substitution analysis showed that reallocating 5 min from upright posture with arms elevated below to above 60° and 90° was associated with a 6.8% and 19.9% increase in the neck/shoulder pain score, respectively. Reallocating 5 min from a forward bending posture while upright below to above 30°, 60°, and 90° was associated with 1.8%, 3.5%, and 4.0% increase in low back pain, respectively.

Conclusions
Although the exposure to awkward postures was modest, our results showed an association between increased time spent in awkward postures and an increase in neck/shoulder pain and low back pain in home care workers. As musculoskeletal pain is the leading cause of sickness absence, these findings suggest that home care units could benefit from re-organizing work to avoid excessive arm elevation and trunk forward bending in workers.
The HLA-I landscape confers prognosis and antitumor immunity in breast cancer
Authors: Ding Xiao-Hong , Xiao Yi , Chen Fenfang , Liu Cheng-Lin , Fu Tong , Shao Zhi-Ming , Jiang Yi-Zhou 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Breast cancer is a highly heterogeneous disease with varied subtypes, prognoses and therapeutic responsiveness. Human leukocyte antigen class I (HLA-I) shapes the immunity and thereby influences the outcome of breast cancer. However, the implications of HLA-I variations in breast cancer remain poorly understood. In this study, we established a multiomics cohort of 1156 Chinese breast cancer patients for HLA-I investigation. We calculated four important HLA-I indicators in each individual, including HLA-I expression level, somatic HLA-I loss of heterozygosity (LOH), HLA-I evolutionary divergence (HED) and peptide-binding promiscuity (Pr). Then, we evaluated their distribution and prognostic significance in breast cancer subtypes. We found that the four breast cancer subtypes had distinct features of HLA-I indicators. Increased expression of HLA-I and LOH were enriched in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), while Pr was relatively higher in hot tumors within TNBCs. In particular, a higher Pr indicated a better prognosis in TNBCs by regulating the infiltration of immune cells and the expression of immune molecules. Using the matched genomic and transcriptomic data, we found that mismatch repair deficiency-related mutational signature and pathways were enriched in low-Pr TNBCs, suggesting that targeting mismatch repair deficiency for synthetic lethality might be promising therapy for these patients. In conclusion, we presented an overview of HLA-I indicators in breast cancer and provided hints for precision treatment for low-Pr TNBCs.
SimReadUntil for benchmarking selective sequencing algorithms on ONT devices
Authors: Mordig Maximilian , Rätsch Gunnar , Kahles André 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Motivation
The Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) ReadUntil API enables selective sequencing, which aims to selectively favor interesting over uninteresting reads, e.g. to deplete or enrich certain genomic regions. The performance gain depends on the selective sequencing decision-making algorithm (SSDA) which decides whether to reject a read, stop receiving a read, or wait for more data. Since real runs are time-consuming and costly, simulating the ONT sequencer with support for the ReadUntil API is highly beneficial for comparing and optimizing new SSDAs. Existing software like MinKNOW and UNCALLED only return raw signal data, are memory-intensive, require huge and often unavailable multi-fast5 files (≥100GB) and are not clearly documented.

Results
We present the ONT device simulator SimReadUntil that takes a set of full reads as input, distributes them to channels and plays them back in real time including mux scans, channel gaps and blockages, and allows to reject reads as well as stop receiving data from them. Our modified ReadUntil API provides the basecalled reads rather than the raw signal, reducing computational load and focusing on the SSDA rather than on basecalling. Tuning the parameters of tools like ReadFish and ReadBouncer becomes easier because a GPU for basecalling is no longer required. We offer various methods to extract simulation parameters from a sequencing summary file and adapt ReadFish to replicate one of their enrichment experiments. SimReadUntil’s gRPC interface allows standardized interaction with a wide range of programming languages.

Availability and implementation
Code and fully worked examples are available on GitHub (https://github.com/ratschlab/sim_read_until).