bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chloride Contamination in Alum Creek, Central Ohio
Authors: Pettyjohn Wayne A. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTPeriodically, Alum Creek at the Westerville water treatment plant contains excessive concentrations of chloride, producing a salty taste. The chloride is not removed during the water treatment process. Uncontaminated surface water and ground water throughout Alum Creek basin contain less than 25 mg/l of chloride. Larger concentrations are related to man's activity in the basin, particularly oil production.The chloride content in samples of contaminated surface water ranged from 26 to nearly 28,000 mg/l while samples from oil‐field brine pits ranged between 3,000 and 57,000 mg/l.Even a brief examination of the data indicates that most of the chloride contamination in Alum Creek is due to (1) the discharge of oil‐field brines directly into the mainstem or its tributaries in the upper reaches of the basin or (2) to the discharge of contaminated ground water into streams. In many areas, the highly mineralized ground water that is now seeping into the streams may have been contaminated a decade ago.
Hexavalent Chromium in the Ground Water in Paradise Valley, Arizona
Authors: Robertson Frederick N. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTHexavalent chromium (Cr+6) of natural origin has been found in the ground water in Paradise Valley, Maricopa County, Arizona. The concentrations exceed 0.05 milligrams per liter, the U.S. Public Health Service's upper limit for Cr+6.Paradise Valley is a northwest‐trending, down‐faulted basin of about 225 square miles that is located in the semi‐arid Basin and Range physiographic province. The accumulation of fine‐grained sediments (in part gypsiferous) near the center of the basin indicates that the material was deposited in a playa‐type sedimentary environment.The Cr+6 is present in the ground water in a 75‐square mile area and forms an elongate northwest‐trending pattern in the southern part of the basin. The largest Cr+6 concentrations are located in the approximate center of this pattern and decrease toward the margins. The Cr +6 distribution in the ground water corresponds to the location of the fine‐grained part of the alluvial deposits; the highest Cr +6 concentrations are associated with the finest‐grained sediments. Evidence indicates that the Cr+6 is fairly evenly distributed vertically in the ground water, at least throughout the finer‐grained part of the aquifer system.Thermodynamic calculations and Eh and pH measurements of the ground water indicate that the water containing Cr +6 is oxidizing and alkaline enough to account for the observed concentrations. An alkaline environment, largely a result of primary silicate hydrolysis in the fine‐grained sediments, allows chemical oxidation of the trivalent chromium to the soluble Cr+6
A Simple Computer Program for the Determination of Aquifer Characteristics from Pump Test Data
Authors: Holzschuh Joseph C. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTA computer program, based on the Hantush inflection method and designed for “desk top” computers is presented. The method assumes a leaky, isotropic, homogeneous aquifer of infinite areal extent. The language employed is BASIC, an interactive language used on the Wang Model 2200 programmable calculator. The program can be easily adapted to FORTRAN IV for use on larger machines.
Environmental Effects of Highway Deicing Saltsa
Authors: Roth D. , Wall G. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe application of deicing salts is usually a highly successful strategy in improving driving conditions but the environmental impact of such actions may be a cause for concern. Since cheap, harmless and efficient alternatives to salt are not currently available it is suggested that moderation and regulation of salt applications are necessary if harmful side‐effects of deicing salts are to be minimized.
Quality of Ground Water in the Coastal Aquifer Near Visakhapatnam, India
Authors: Sarma V. V. Jagannadha , Krishnaiah N. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTA study of the quality of ground water from 250 open wells in the coastal aquifer of Kaniti‐Paravada near Visakhapatnam, India brings out the fact that the occurrence of highly brackish waters in certain localized pockets is due to the hydrogeological processes going on in the area and not due to the influence of the sea. The phenomenon is verified by determining standard ratios of tracing sea‐water contamination like Ca/Mg, Cl/HCo3’and TA/TH. Conductivity and sodium adsorption ratio are also determined for finding out the alkali hazard, to supplement the observations.
Hydrology and Chemistry of Ground Water a in Puna, Hawaiia
Authors: Druecker Michael , Fan Pow‐foong 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTPresented is an analysis of the hydrology and chemistry of the ground water of the Puna District, Hawaii, based on data from 16 drilled wells, ten test wells, two shafts and four exploratory thermal wells. Ground water occurs as (1) perched water located north of Mountain View; (2) dike water located along the east rift zone of Kilauea, and (3) basal water occurring throughout most of the district, except where dike water is present. The east rift zone serves as a barrier to ground‐water movement, as demonstrated by the difference in basal water‐table levels on the two sides of the rift zone. Salinity and temperature of the basal ground water varies greatly north and south of the rift zone due to differences in precipitation, sea‐water intrusion, volcanic activity, flow rates, permeability, and discharge.Basal ground‐water type is predominantly sodium chloride. Water samples taken from thermal test well no. 3 showed dissolved silica values two to three times higher than the 49 mg/l average for the rest of the island. Hydrologic and geologic conditions in and around Kilauea's east rift zone support the possibility of accumulations of superheated ground water. The mixing of waters of different composition at depth proved to be the most difficult problem encountered in estimating deep groundwater temperatures.
Wastewaters in the Vadose Zone of Arid Regions: Hydrologic Interactionsa
Authors: Mann John F. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTIn truly arid regions there is essentially no direct penetration of rainfall. Recharge to ground water is not only infrequent, but extremely localized, occurring only where surface runoff has been channelized or ponded. Over those vast desert areas covered by sparse xerophytic vegetation, the scant rainfall has little or no chance of becoming ground‐water recharge. Such water is quickly dissipated by capillarity‐assisted evaporation, or through rapid evapotranspiration by short‐lived annuals. Where perennial xerophytes cover the ground surface, the extensive shallow root systems quickly utilize all of the rainfall stored in the soil. Beneath the infrequently moistened soil zone is the lower part of the vadose zone, extending to water tables which are usually at depths of tens to hundreds of feet. Almost always these vadose zones have moisture contents well below field capacity.Regardless of the cause, these dry vadose zones are capable of holding additional water, at least up to field capacity. And no water‐carried pollutants can reach the water table from the ground surface until a pre‐wetted path has been formed for the entire vertical distance. A practical use of this water‐holding capacity can be made in the design of wastewater tailings ponds, with predictable safety and with great economic benefit. However, only in predictable geologic conditions, and in limited amounts can the use of this water‐holding capacity be recommended. On the other hand, to make no use whatsoever of these great natural dry sponges would be an economic waste.
Ground‐Water Pollution Aspects of Land Disposal of Sewage from Remote Recreation Areasa
Authors: Johnson Nils , Urie Dean H. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTLocal ground‐water pollution problems are often associated with disposal of sewage from remote recreational areas. Ground water in these areas is routinely used for domestic purposes without treatment. Sewage treatment facilities are often prohibitively expensive. Transporting sewage to municipal sewage treatment facilities is often equally costly, or adequate facilities are not available.A soil incorporation method was tested at two field sites in Michigan's Upper Peninsula to evaluate its impact on ground‐water quality; Liquefied campground sewage was injected at 15 cm (6 in.) depths using a liquid manure system. Average dosage levels were 2.7 metric tons per hectare (1.2 ton/acre) of dry sewage solids. The application rate was equivalent to a fertilization rate of 116 kg/ha (104 Ib/a) of total nitrogen. Field tests were conducted on adjacent strips of Kalkaska sand soils in 1973, 1974, and 1975.Changes in ground‐water quality in the zone immediately beneath the water table were evaluated by analyzing samples from randomly located wells. Test wells were located directly beneath the treated area and up to 30.5 m (100 ft.) away in the direction of ground‐water flow. Nitrate levels in ground water at 3.6 m (12 ft.) depths were higher than control levels from the treated zone to the limit of the test well sampling. Levels of nitrate did not exceed the limits for potable water (10 mg/1 NO3‐N). No fecal coliform organisms were detected in ground‐water samples. Laboratory tests of the filtration capability of the A and B horizons indicated a high level of filtration of polio virus.Fertilization with sewage increased the biomass of native herbaceous vegetation by 410 percent. Nitrogen content of the treated vegetation was 63 percent above controls. Approximately 48 percent of the added nitrogen fertilizer was incorporated in herbaceous foliage at the end of the first growing season.Site selection guidelines for use by National Forests include remote location of incorporation sites, no potable‐water sources within one‐half mile downgradient from the site, infiltration rates between 5 and 25 inches per hour, slopes less than 5 percent, and dosage rates which will not exceed 50 kg/ha (56 lb/a) of mineralized nitrogen per year. Injection depths should provide complete soil coverage but sewage should be placed above the B horizon for maximum use of nutrients by plants.The soil incorporation method has been approved for selected sites by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, with ground‐water monitoring required at each site.
The Contribution of Fertilizer to the Ground Water of Long Islanda
Authors: Baier Joseph H. , Rykbost Kenneth A. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTIn 1973, the Suffolk County Department of Environmental Control in cooperation with Cornell University began a study on nitrogen (N) fertilization of potatoes and turfgrasses. The research and demonstration project has shown that current practices result in substantial N losses; and, in many cases, excessive use of N reduces crop yields and turf quality. Annual N losses of 50 lbs. per acre (55.5 kg‐N/ha) are sufficient to cause a concentration in the aquifer's surface layer of 10 mg/1 nitrate‐N (New York State Drinking Water Standard).The eastern portion of Long Island supports a productive agricultural industry whose main crop is potatoes. Ground‐water surveys have shown that the aquifer system of this area is contaminated with nitrate nitrogen. The average potato grower applies 200 to 250 lb‐N/a (222 to 278 kg‐N/ha) at planting time; and depending upon a number of factors, N recovered in harvested tubers varies from 75 to 150 lb‐N/a (83 to 167 kg‐N/ha). Losses to the ground water could vary from 50 to 175 lb‐N/a (55.5 to 194 kg‐N/ha). The study has shown that the application of 150 lb‐N/a (167 kg‐N/ha) can still maintain maximum potato yields and keep the N loss to ground water below 50 lb‐N/a (55.5 kg‐N/ha) by improving nitrogen‐use efficiency. This is done through splitting N applications so that one‐third to one‐half is applied at planting and the remainder is applied prior to the period of rapid crop growth and nutrient uptake. On‐farm demonstration plots are being used to convince growers to reduce N rates and adopt more efficient application methods.The western portions of Long Island are highly urbanized and turfgrasses may be fertilized at rates up to 350 lb‐N/a (389 kg‐N/ha). Potential leaching losses are high for turfgrass as N is not recovered in harvested plant materials. Experiments are underway to establish rates of biomass N buildup under several fertilization regimes. Preliminary results indicate that N‐use efficiency increases with more frequent but smaller N applications. Encouraging the use of low maintenance turf species appears to be the best long‐term solution.
Design and Optimization of Ground‐Water Monitoring Networks for Pollution Studiesa
Authors: Pfannkuch H. O. , Labno B. A. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe successful design and operation of a ground‐water monitoring and surveillance system are based on a stepwide process of obtaining hydrogeologic information.Because of the inherent uncertainty and inhomogeneity of natural hydrogeological systems, the true monitoring network cannot be specified before some basic knowledge about system configuration and dynamics is known.Forethought, planning and incorporation of design criteria as part of the initial phase of project management establishes the monitoring network strategy. Optimization of the monitoring network takes place through the completion of the following five phases: (1) preliminary network design and information gathering, (2) initial installation and testing, (3) completion and verification, (4) operational, and (5) project termination.Experience gained from monitoring the conditions at the University of Minnesota's chemical and special waste disposal site resulted in the design and optimization procedure. Concern for possible ground‐water contamination led to analysis of surface and subsurface, physical and chemical conditions. Subsequently a monitoring system was established to meet project objectives. No degradation of the ground water was found during the five‐year study.
Transient Spherical Flow to a Cavity Well of Finite Diametera
Authors: Jaiswal C. S. , Chauhan H. S. , Ghildyal B. P. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe system of flow into a nonpenetrating well with hemispherical bottom of finite radius in a finite deep artesian aquifer of infinite radial extent is analyzed. The solution is obtained in terms of error function. A method has been suggested for determination of transmissivity, storage coefficient and depth of aquifer from pump‐test data of such wells discharging at constant rate. For small values of radial distance to aquifer depth ratio and for small duration test, only a few terms are required in the present solution as compared to the solution of Hantush (1957) developed for such wells.
Phosphate Removal by Sands and Soils
Authors: Tofflemire T. J. , Chen M. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTPhosphate retention by soils is especially important for tile fields and rapid infiltration systems near lakes where eutrophication is a problem. The use and application of the phosphate adsorption isotherm test to estimate a soil's phosphate removal ability will be discussed. In New York State, the till soils had a greater phosphate retention ability than the outwash soils. Within the tills and within the outwashes, the more acid soils had a greater phosphate retention than the more basic or calcareous soils. The B horizon of many of the soils had a high phosphate capacity. However, this is often neglected in rapid infiltration systems because the waste water is discharged below the B horizon. The phosphate removal in column studies and field studies in rapid infiltration systems was found greater than predicted by the rapid isotherm test. Intermittent sand filters with two feet sand and underdrains were found to have a limited ability to remove phosphate. Methods to predict and design for phosphate retention by sands and soils are described.
Cambrian Stratigraphic Nomenclature and Ground‐Water Prospecting Failures on the Hualapai Plateau, Arizona
Authors: Huntoon Peter W. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe best potential aquifers underlying the 600 mi 2 Hualapai Plateau of northwestern Arizona are (1) the Cambrian Rampart Cave Member of the Muav Limestone and (2) interbedded Tertiary sedimentary and volcanic rocks that locally fill old canyons on the plateau. These target aquifers have been identified on the basis of spring locations on the flanks of the plateau, primarily along the walls of the Grand Canyon to the north and east. Total ground‐water discharge from springs along the plateau is approximately 4 ft3/sec.To date the largest production from a test well on the plateau is 120 gal/min from Tertiary rocks. The Cambrian rocks have frustrated development in part because of small permeabilities, small recharge (0.1 in/yr minimum), and the fact that the rocks are well drained.The complex stratigraphic nomenclature used to describe the Cambrian rocks in the region has inadvertently contributed to prospecting failures. The Cambrian section is characterized by thick interbedded limestones and shales, with the basal limestone being the principal target aquifer. These relationships have not been adequately conveyed to managers and drillers, with the result that critical test holes have been terminated in shales that overlie the target aquifer. Dry holes have been the result.
Appropriate Technology for Artificial Aquifers
Authors: Helweg Otto J. , Smith George 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper suggests a labor‐intensive water‐supply technique that may be classified as appropriate technology in that it conserves energy and capital (scarce inputs in developing countries) and utilizes labor (an abundant input in these same countries). The problem of collecting rain during the wet season for use during the rest of the year is compounded by evaporation and infiltration losses. Lining a shaped reservoir in a slough or gully can eliminate the infiltration losses; filling the same reservoir with uniform sand and a gravel mulch can greatly reduce the evaporation losses. Thus one creates an artificial aquifer with an appropriate technology which can supply filtered water under gravity flow with minimal maintenance.
Use of Tracers to Confirm Ground‐Water Flowa
Authors: Aulenbach Donald B. , Bull Jeffrey H. , Middlesworth Bradford C. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTBoth rhodamine WT and tritium were found to be satisfactory tracers to determine the direction and velocity of flow of the secondary treated effluent from the Lake George Village Sewage Treatment Plant which is applied to natural delta sand beds by the rapid infiltration technique. The average vertical velocity in the unsaturated portion of the sand bed was approximately 0.85 m/day (2.8 ft/day). The horizontal flow in the saturated aquifer reached between 10 and 12 m/day (33–40 ft/day). The velocity appeared to decrease with distance from the sand infiltration beds, although this may have been the result of a change in direction of the major portion of the ground‐water flow with the observation well not being in direct line of the direction of flow. Unfortunately, the dye could be traced only slightly less than half the distance from the sand infiltration beds to the seepage area adjacent to West Brook. Thus, a positive determination that the seepage consists primarily of sewage effluent and the ultimate time of flow to the seepage could not be determined in this study.
A Model Aquifer System for Biological Compatibility Studies of Proposed Deep Well Disposal Systemsa
Authors: Horvath E. , Elkan G. H. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTA model system was developed for the purpose of studying the biological compatibility of aqueous industrial waste and subterranean disposal zones for injected waste. The model design incorporated devices for; anaerobic, aseptic compositing of effluent samples; collection of gases generated in the model elements; isolation of model elements against downstream contamination; and imposition of a normally‐distributed waste concentration profile in the feed stream. The finished model was, with the exception of operating pressure, physically and chemically similar to an existing waste disposal aquifer, and waste degradation and population growth data obtained on the model correlated with observations of the same parameters made in the real aquifer.
The Winters Doctrine: Historical Perspective and Future Applications of Reserved Water Rights in Arizona
Authors: Foster Kennith E. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTLike many States in the American West, Arizona is flooded with conflicting claims to water, a very scarce resource. Conflicts arising from water‐rights claims by mining, agricultural and municipal entities are a traditional part of life in Arizona. Indian water‐rights claims, however, are a relatively recent development which introduce a significant and troublesome new factor into an already delicate water‐supply‐and‐demand management matrix. These claims are the topic of this paper.Any discussion about legal bases of Indian water‐rights claims must begin with an understanding of the U.S. Supreme Court's 1908 decision in the Winters case. In that decision the Court ruled that the U.S. government impliedly reserved water rights for the Indians of the Fort Bethold Reservation in Montana when it withdrew the lands from public domain. The Winters case and subsequent Indian water‐rights litigation are reviewed and the impacts on Arizona water‐rights claims are projected.Finally, the author suggests that the federal government must develop substitute water sources or augment water supplies for Indians if it is to fulfill its trustee role as defined in Winters doctrine adjudication. Five recommendations are presented for review in considering the possibilities of the two alternatives for government action relevant to solving complex water‐rights conflicts in Arizona, recommendations which may be applicable to similar problems in other water‐poor regions in the American West.
Aquifer Storage of Heated Water: Part II — Numerical Simulation of Field Results
Authors: Papadopulos S. S. , Larson S. P. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTNumerical simulation models of the simultaneous transport of water and heat in porous media offer a useful technical tool for the evaluation of aquifers for the storage of heat energy. During the past several years, such models have been developed in the U.S. Geological Survey and in other institutions and have been tested by comparing computed results with analytical solutions. To more completely assess the performance of these simulation models, the U.S. Geological Survey and the Energy Research and Development Agency co‐funded Auburn University to conduct a field experiment of heat storage in an aquifer near Mobile, Alabama. The data collected during the experiment were analyzed, and a simulation model of the aquifer system was constructed. Simulation of the experiment history indicates that the model can satisfactorily reproduce the observed behavior of the system. Heat capacity of the aquifer matrix and anisotropy of the aquifer permeability were found to be significant system parameters. An extensive evaluation of parameter sensitivity was not possible because experimental problems resulted in some unreliable data, but the utility of numerical models for simulating thermal energy storage in aquifers was clearly demonstrated.