bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Levels and Sequences of Natural Hepatitis B Virus Variants Influence the Assembly and Secretion of Hepatitis D Virus
Authors: Shih Hsuan Hui , Jeng King-Song , Syu Wan-Jr , Huang Yi-Hsiang , Su Chien-Wei , Peng Wei-Li , Sheen I-Jane , Wu Jaw-Ching 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Various domains of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) are essential for the assembly and secretion of hepatitis D virus (HDV). This study investigated the influences of the levels and sequences of HBsAg of naturally occurring HBV variants on the assembly and secretion of HDV. Six hepatitis B virus (HBV)-producing plasmids (three genotype B and three genotype C) and six HBsAg expression plasmids that expressed various HBsAg levels were constructed from the sera of HDV-infected patients. These plasmids were cotransfected with six expression plasmids of HDV of genotype 1, 2, or 4 into the Huh-7 hepatoma cell line. Serum HBsAg and HBV DNA levels were correlated with HDV RNA levels and outcomes of chronic hepatitis D (CHD) patients. The secretion of genotype 1, 2, or 4 HDV generally correlated with HBsAg levels but not with HBV genotypes or HBV DNA levels. Swapping and residue mutagenesis experiments of HBsAg-coding sequences revealed that the residue Pro-62 in the cytosolic domain-I affects the assembly and secretion of genotype 2 and 4 HDV and not those of genotype 1. The pre-S2 N-terminal deletion HBV mutant adversely affects secretion of the three HDV genotypes. In patients, serum HDV RNA levels correlated with HBsAg levels but not with HBV DNA levels. Viremia of HDV or HBV correlated with poor outcomes. In conclusion, the assembly and secretion of HDV were influenced by the amounts and sequences of HBsAg. For an effective treatment of CHD, reduction of HBsAg production in addition to the suppression of HBV and HDV replication might be crucial.
Binding of ICP4, TATA-Binding Protein, and RNA Polymerase II to Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Immediate-Early, Early, and Late Promoters in Virus-Infected Cells
Authors: Sampath Padmavathi , DeLuca Neal A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT

The binding of herpes simplex virus type 1 ICP4, TATA-binding protein (TBP), and RNA polymerase II (polII) to the promoter regions of representative immediate-early (IE) (ICP0), early (E) (thymidine kinase [tk]), and late (L) (glycoprotein C [gC]) genes on the viral genome was examined as a function of time postinfection, viral DNA replication,
cis
-acting sites for TFIID in the tk and gC promoters, and genetic background of ICP4. The binding of TBP and polII to the IE ICP0 promoter was independent of the presence of ICP4, whereas the binding of TBP and polII to the tk and gC promoters occurred only when ICP4 also bound to the promoters, suggesting that the presence of ICP4 at the promoters of E and L genes in virus-infected cells is crucial for the formation of transcription complexes on these promoters. When the TATA box of the tk promoter or the initiator element (INR) of the gC promoter was mutated, a reduction in the amount of TBP and polII binding was observed. However, a reduction in the amount of ICP4 binding to the promoters was also observed, suggesting that the binding of TBP-containing complexes and ICP4 is cooperative. The binding of ICP4, TBP, and polII was also observed on the gC promoter at early times postinfection or when DNA synthesis was inhibited, suggesting that transcription complexes may be formed early on L promoters and that additional events or proteins are required for expression. The ability to form these early complexes on the gC promoter required the DNA-binding domain but in addition required the carboxyl-terminal 524 amino acids of ICP4, which is missing the virus n208. This region was not required to form TBP- and polII-containing complexes on the tk promoter. n208 activates E but not L genes during viral infection. These data suggest that a region of ICP4 may differentiate between forming TBP- and polII-containing complexes on E and L promoters.
Geological evolution of the New Hebrides island arc
Authors: MITCHELL ANDREW HARRY GORDON , WARDEN ARTHUR JAMES 
Published: December 2007

The New Hebrides islands overlie an eastward-dipping Benioff zone and are bordered by a submarine trench. They consist of volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks, intrusions, mudstones and limestones. Eastern and Western Belts of islands containing Neogene rocks are bisected by a Central Chain of active and recently extinct volcanoes.
In the Western Belt intense early Miocene basaltic and andesitic volcanism resulted in a thick succession consisting largely of quartz-free marine volcaniclastic rocks; intrusion of hornblende andesites and diorites preceded middle Miocene block faulting and uplift. Late Miocene turbidites derived from this succession and rare tufts were faulted and eroded prior to a Pliocene transgression.
In the Eastern Belt undated basalt and andesite lavas were faulted and intruded by gabbros and norites before the middle Miocene. Emplacement of serpentinites containing amphibolite rafts pre-dated accumulation of pillow basalts and breccias of late Miocene to early Pliocene age.
Most islands of the Central Chain consist of late Pliocene to Recent subaerially-erupted basaltic lavas; some islands in the south contain similar basalts and andesites overlying thick Pliocene successions of pillow lavas and volcaniclastic rocks. Massive reef limestones deposited in all three Belts during the late Pliocene and Quaternary now form tilted plateaux and terraces.
The Western Belt was the site of an early Miocene volcanic arc; a parallel submarine trench may have existed either near the Eastern Belt, or to the west of the Western Belt. In many other island arcs volcanic episodes were contemporaneous with those in the Western Belt and Central Chain of the New Hebrides.
Diagnosis of marine and non-marine environments from the Cambro-Ordovician sandstones of Jordan
Authors: SELLEY RICHARD CURTIS 
Published: December 2007

The Precambrian shields of the Sahara and Arabia are overlain by a thick laterally extensive Cambro-Ordovician sandstone blanket. This is generally divisible into a lower coarse pebbly cross-bedded facies overlain by a finer-grained facies with a characteristic suite of trace fossils.
This paper describes the sedimentology of the Gambro-Ordovician sequence where it crops out in the Southern Desert of Jordan. The lower coarse pebbly facies consists of a complex of channels up to 300 m wide and 15 m deep with occasional shale-filled channels of similar dimensions. Three formations of this facies occur. The lowest overlies a mature pediment with residual inselbergs cut in the Precambrian basement. The succeeding two formations have channelled bases. This facies is attributed to three cycles of pedimentation and sedimentation on braided alluvial outwash plains.
The overlying facies consists of an alternation of medium grained well sorted sandstones and rare shales. The sandstones are devoid of channelling being composed of laterally extensive tabular-planar cross-bedding. The interbedded shales have sheet geometries, in contrast to the shoestring shaped shales of the facies beneath. They consist of laminated silts and microcross-laminated fine sands with a diverse suite of trace fossils.
This upper facies is attributed to deposition on a marine shelf by the alternation of migrating sand shoals and tidal flats.
A concise guide to stratigraphical procedure
Authors: HARLAND W. B. , AGER D. V. , BALL H. W. , BISHOP W. W. , BLOW W. H. , CURRY D. , DEER W. A. , GEORGE T. N. , HOLLAND C. H. , HOLMES S. C. A. , HUGHES N. F. , KENT P. E. , PITCHER W. S. , RAMSBOTTOM W. H. C. , STUBBLEFIELD C. J. , WALLACE PEIGI , WOODLAND A. W. 
Published: December 2007

The Stratigraphy Committee of the Geological Society of London presents a revision of its 1969 ‘Recommendations’ which is designed to provide a concise working guide to stratigraphical procedures.
Le Comité de Stratigraphie de la Société Géologique de Londres presente une révision de ses ‘Recommendations’ de 1969 qui est destinée à fournir un guide concis aux methodes stratigraphiques.
Die stratigraphische Kommission der geologische Gesellschaft in London stellt eine Revision ihrer ‘Empfehlungen’ von 1969 dar, die ein gestrafftes ausreichendes Handbuch zur stratigraphischen Methoden zu geben erstellt wurde.
Hydraulic fracturing and mineralization
Authors: PHILLIPS WILLIAM JOHN 
Published: December 2007

The factors relevant to the mechanism of normal faulting and brecciation are discussed. Normal faults develop as the consequence of an increase in the magnitude of the differential stress above the critical limit under the prevailing pore water conditions. The accumulation of a body of hydrothermal solution on the fault zones under pressures greater than the pore water pressure, results in the extension of the faults by hydraulic fracturing. The abrupt drop in the pressure of the hydrothermal solution when fracturing occurs, causes the bursting apart of the rock into which the hydrothermal solution has permeated under high pressure, thus forming angular breccias.
The fracture may be extended by hydraulic fracturing even though the differential stress decreases, provided the pressure of the hydrothermal solution on the fracture plane exceeds the pore water pressure by increasing amounts. Under these conditions the dip of each extension of the normal fault increases, and eventually the fracture develops as a vertical breccia zone.
Modern Arctic glaciers as depositional models for former ice sheets
Authors: BOULTON GEOFFREY STEWART 
Published: December 2007

Sedimentary sequences currently forming at the margins of Spitsbergen glaciers are identical in thickness and detail to many Pleistocene and pre-Pleistocene glacigenic sequences. The transport of considerable volumes of englacial debris leads directly to the predominance of supraglacial till deposition, giving hummocky till surfaces and till plains. The association of supraglacial outwash with flow till produces tripartite till/outwash/till sequences, and multitill sequences, which are the result of a single glacier retreat phase.
Complex tectonic structures, often with systematic regional trends are described, which are not the result of ice pushing but of downslope flow and collapse of supraglacial sequences above melting ice.
New classifications are suggested for ice-contact stratified deposits and till, both of which depend upon position of deposition, supraglacial, englacial or subglacial
It is suggested that existing models for the interpretation of ancient tills and the sequences in which they lie are often too simple and lead to erroneous stratigraphic and palaeogeographic conclusions. Till is too often interpreted solely as lodgement till, and it is suggested that many Pleistocene and earlier sequences, currently thought of as products of repeated glacier advance and readvance, may be perfectly normal products of a single retreat phase by a glacier with a thick englacial debris load.
Ways of reconstructing the structural character of ancient ice margins are presented and it is also suggested that the thermal regimes of past ice sheets can be reconstructed from the nature of their deposits. The last Pleistocene ice sheet in Britain is thought to have been composed, at its maximum extent, of cold ice in the marginal zone and temperate ice in the internal zone.
Lewisian sheets within the Moines around 'The Saddle' of northwest Scotland
Authors: SIMONY PHILIP S. 
Published: December 2007

The Lewisian-like rocks occur in the Moines in three zones as sheets up to 150 m thick and intimately interlayered with Moine schists and psammites. They include metagabbro, amphibolite, migmatite, marble and laminated hornblende schist, the latter occurring mainly at the margins of the bodies and is a tectonite derived from the other rock types during the interlayering within the Moines.
The Lewisian sheets are demonstrated to be pieces of the pre Moinian basement tectonically emplaced within the Moine cover during the first of three phases of folding which affected the area. Two northerly zones areinterpreted as the cores of fold nappes having roots to the northwest of the area while the southerly zone is at the base of a thrust sheet, and marks the continuation of the Sgurr Beag slide in The Saddle area.
Manganiferous stromatolites from the Precambrian of Botswana
Authors: LITHERLAND MARTIN , MALAN STEPHANUS P. 
Published: December 2007

S
tromatolitic fragments
were collected by one of us (S. P. M.) from the ore stock piles of the Kgwakgwe Hill Manganese working, near Kanye,
se
. Botswana, southern Africa. Unfortunately the hand cobbing destroyed the external form of the structures, and despite subsequent visits to the locality it has not been possible to find any specimens
in situ.

The manganese deposits are found in an outlier of Precambrian sedimentary rocks which is correlated (
Boocock 1965
;
Crockett 1970
) with the Black Reef and Dolomite Series of the Transvaal System (c. 2000 m.y.). Although the sequence is thin and atypical of the standard succession, the manganiferous mudstones are over-lain by an undisputed Waterberg Succession and thus the upper age limit can be established with certainty.

The following generalized stratigraphic column gives some idea of the lithologies involved as well as the stratigraphic position of the stromatolite occurrence.
The manganese ores of Kgwakgwe Hill are found in two main modes of occurrence. In the first there is the laminated varve-like shale type ore which is variable in composition due to intermixed clays and, or, iron oxides. It is interlaminated with white kaolinitic shale, chert, layers of wad, shale and sandstone. The other consists of discrete nodules of pyrolusite and nsutite set in a light yellowish ironstained mudstone. These nodules, often concentrically laminated, may constitute up to 40 % of the rock and are concentrated along the faint bedding planes of the mudstone. They vary in composition from a high grade nsutite to a ferruginous
The relationship between kink–bands and shear fractures in the experimental deformation of slate
Authors: ANDERSON T. BERNARD 
Published: December 2007

Experiments in the cleavage-parallel compression of slate demonstrate important changes in the mode of deformation with increasing confining pressure. At pressures up to 3 kb shear fractures are dominant. In the range 3.5 to 7.24 kb the rock yields through the development of an intersecting network of narrow kink-bands. The transition is reflected in a marked change in the slope of the Mohr envelope at a confining pressure of 3 kb, indicating that different failure criteria are relevant to the two types of deformation, that also give stress-strain curves of different shape.
The geometrical relationship between shear fractures and kink-bands is described in detail. The shear fractures make a much smaller angle (mean value 30.7°) with the direction of maximum compression than do the kink-bands (mean value 55.4°).
At the highest confining pressures employed (about 7 kb), there is evidence of kink-band growth by lateral migration and separation of the bounding kink-planes. At all lower pressures the length of the rotating, kinked, segment of foliation is determined at inception.
A Bouguer Anomaly Map of southern Great Britain and the Irish Sea
Authors: MAROOF SABAH I. 
Published: December 2007

A B
ouguer
anomaly map of the southern part of Great Britain and its filtered derivative are presented. Many negative Bouguer anomalies correlate with known sedimentary basins and granitic intrusions, but the granodiorites of the East Midlands are not associated with negative Bouguer anomalies.

The data used in the compilation were obtained from the following:

Bott
et al.
(1958

&
1971
) for the SW England, north Irish Sea;

Blundell
et al.
1971

for the south Irish Sea;
Griffiths and Gibb (1965)
for Wales; Institute of Geological Sciences for Northern Ireland, England; Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies for the Irish Republic; Cambridge University for the English Channel and E. E.
Cook (1965)
for the North Sea.

Each of the gravity maps obtained from the above sources was digitized by drawing square meshes. Except for a map of a small area of the North Sea, which was digitized at 16 km intervals, the gravity maps were digitized at 8 km intervals, values being interpolated by eye at sampling points. The digitized data were then used to compile a Bouguer anomaly map with a contour interval of 5 mgal. Although the various source maps used were of differing quality, surveying errors have no significant effect on the compiled map at the scale and contour interval presented.
The compiled Bouguer map (Fig. 1) contains anomalies from 16 km in wavelength. The negative anomalies are outstanding, and they correlate well with the large sedimentary basins, such as the Irish Sea basin, North Sea basin, etc. Kent
Wave conditions in Start Bay
Authors: HOLMES P. 
Published: December 2007

Wave refraction computations provide at least a qualitative description of the effects of near-shore sea-bed topography on wave conditions in the breaker zone. For Start Bay the presence of the Skerries Bank is important in that for waves travelling from the NE a considerable degree of focussing occurs. For other incident directions the wave energy is more equitably distributed along the coastline.
Inclusion of shoaling effects and, where justified, other shallow effects and, where justified, other shallow water wave phenomena provides a quantitative measure of wave conditions suitable for the prediction of sediment motion but considerable care needs to be taken in the interpretation solutions.
Small shelly fossils of late Precambrian and early Cambrian age: a review of recent work
Authors: MATTHEWS S. C. , MISSARZHEVSKY V. V. 
Published: December 2007

Stratigraphic sections in the high Precambrianlow Cambrian of Siberia are described. They have yielded the variety of fossils—archaeocyathids, gastropods, hyolithids, hyolithelminthids, poriferids, tommotiids and others—that characterize the Tommotian, Atdabanian and Lenian Stages. Some shelly fossils are found high in the Precambrian (Yudomian). The Tommotian Stage is regarded here as the lowest Cambrian unit. Trilobites first appear at the base of the Atdabanian Stage.
A selection of fossils is illustrated and briefly described. Faunas from equivalent levels in Sweden (Tommotian Stage) and England (Nuneaton: Tommotian Stage; Comley: Atdabanian Stage) are cited. Comments are offered on ranges and on distribution (it is already apparent that certain Atdabanian Stage fossils are not restricted to the “provinces” identified for trilobites). The problems of recognizing primary shell-structure, the existence of symmetry-pairings, the manner of coiling of shells and the occurrence of perforations of shells (some seemingly due to boring by predators) are also discussed.
Basins and swells and the evolution of an epeiric sea
Authors: SELLWOOD B. W. , JENKYNS H. G. 
Published: December 2007

During Pliensbachian–Bajocian times northern Europe, including Britain, was covered by an epeiric sea. Sediments formed include clays, sandstones, limestones and ironstones, usually cyclically arranged; different facies were developed synchronously in different areas. There is very little evidence, by way of slumps or turbidites, that redeposition processes were active. The sequence clay, sandstone, limestone/ ironstone is here interpreted as representative of a shallowing. Thus, at any one time, despite differing bathymetric zones, bottom slopes were apparently subdued enough to ensure that sediment displacement did not generally take place.
To reconcile the concept of Jurassic ‘basins’ and ‘swells’ with the subdued bottom slopes of the north European epeiric sea, we suggest that these structural elements were characterized by great and negligible subsidence respectively, but that sedimentation was always rapid enough to maintain a roughly level sea floor. We relate the Mendip, London Platform and Dorset coast ‘swells’ to early Jurassic positive fault motions in the basement. The Market Weighton ‘swell’ is ascribed to relative buoyant rise of a salt pillow or granitic body whose movement was probably triggered by the same motions. These, presumably extensional, tectonics were probably the driving force behind the formation of the whole north European epeiric sea and must be related, in turn, to the opening of the oceanic central Atlantic and Alpine–Mediterranean Tethys.
Implications of new palaeomagnetic results from the Carboniferous System of Britain
Authors: TURNER P. , TARLING D. H. 
Published: December 2007

The Carboniferous Limestone of the Craven Basin (northern England) gives a mean pole position of 40°N, 147°E which confirms the palaeolatitude of Britian relative to other continents at this time. A polarity scale has been constructed for the lower Carboniferous using the Avonian zonal scheme as a basis. The geomagnetic field was mostly reversed in lower Carboniferous times although brief periods normal polarity were not uncommon, particularly in mid-Viséan times.
The evidence for a world-wide polar transition during the Carboniferous has been assessed and found to rest critically on the original evidence from Australia and Africa. The newer European and North American data are best explained in terms of a slow average motion of these two continents relative to the palaeomagnetic pole. They are shown to be mainly in low latitudes but to be rotating slowly clockwise with their southern edges in essentially equatorial locations for most of the Carboniferous.
A palaeomagnetic study of part of the Lewisian complex, north-west Scotland
Authors: BECKMANN GEORGE E. J. 
Published: December 2007

Directions of magnetization have been measured in dykes and gneisses of the Central Zone of the mainland Lewisian and in the Laxford granite sheets. Nine Scourie dykes from an area around Lochinver have yielded closely grouped directions of magnetization giving a mean palaeomagnetic pole at 37.3°N, 274.8°E (dp = 6.9°, dm = 9.6°). The direction for a Scourian granulite falls very close to the mean for the dykes,
A regional difference in magnetic stability has been discovered and this, together with evidence concerning variations in the opaque minerals, has formed the basis of an interpretation in terms of metamorphic history. Stable magnetization was probably imposed in the late Laxfordian metamorphism at about 1800 Ma. Upon closure of the Atlantic Ocean there is good agreement with North American apparent polar wander paths.
Petrochemistry and tectonic significance of Dalradian metabasaltic rocks of the SW. Scottish Highlands
Authors: GRAHAM COLIN M. 
Published: December 2007

About 5 km of probable lower Cambrian metamorphosed doleritic and gabbroic sills and overlying submarine volcanics occur in the Dalradian Series of the SW. Scottish Highlands.
An altered, soda-rich group of spilitic affinity, often accompanied by epidotic segregations, is readily distinguished from unaltered basaltic compositions using chemical and modal criteria.
The metabasite suite, of strongly tholeiitic affinities, has a complex differentiation history; evolution towards extreme enrichment in Fe, Ti and P, and depletion in Ni and Cr, is achieved in part by fractionation at greater depth, and partly by differentiation within the thicker sills. Excepting rare quartz kerato-phyres, salic and felsic differentiates are lacking. Consideration of the behaviour of Ti, P, Zr and Y indicates a transitional nature between continental and oceanic tholeiites, and also derivation of the lowest lavas by tapping of the upper portions of underlying differentiating ferrogabbro sills.
Development of this thick sill-flow complex, possibly correlative with the broadly contemporaneous tholeiitic flood basalts and dyke swarms of NW. Newfoundland and Labrador, may reflect continental distension and incipient opening of a Proto-Atlantic ocean in lower Cambrian times.