bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RESPONSE OF PLASMA TESTOSTERONE, URINARY 17‐OXOSTEROIDS, OESTROGENS, AND ANDROSTERONE PLUS AETIOCHOLANOLONE TO HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN IN DEXAMETHASONE‐SUPPRESSED MEN
Authors: METCALF M. G. , COWLES R. J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe administration of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) to dexamethasone‐suppressed men caused parallel changes in the concentration of plasma testosterone and in the urinary output of androsterone+aetiocholanolone, total 17‐oxosteroids and oestrogens. Discrepant results occurred in only four of the thirty‐seven men tested. With these exceptions, the response to HCG could be followed as well by measuring androsterone+aetiocholanolone, 17‐oxosteroid or oestrogen excretion rates as by following plasma testosterone levels. The most sensitive index of response was the rate of appearance of oestrogens in urine, and the next that of androsterone+aetiocholanolone.
CORTISOL BINDING CAPACITY AND OESTROGEN CONCENTRATIONS IN MATERNAL AND CORD PLASMA IN PREGNANCIES WITH NORMAL AND ANENCEPHALIC FETUSES
Authors: CAWOOD MARION L. , HEYS R. F. , OAKEY R. E. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe cortisol binding capacity of maternal and cord plasma samples obtained at delivery from fifteen women and their normal infants and from seven women and their anencephalic infants was measured at 4°C by a gel filtration technique. The concentration of oestrogen in these samples was measured by radioimmunoassay.There was no significant difference (t test) between the cortisol binding capacity of peripheral plasma from women with normal infants (1.5±0.24 μmol/l, mean ± SD) and from those who delivered anencephalic infants (1.35 ± 0.30μmol/l), nor between the cortisol binding capacity of cord plasma from anencephalic infants (0.47 ± 0.04 μmol/l) and that of normal infants (0.37 ± 0.10 μmol/l). However, mean oestrogen concentrations in maternal and cord plasma from the pregnancies with an anencephalic fetus were significantly lower (P<0.01) than in the corresponding samples from normal pregnancy.It is concluded that oestrogen concentrations in maternal and cord plasma in normal pregnancy at delivery are much greater than those required to account for the increase in plasma cortisol binding capacity. Since plasma cortisol binding capacity in pregnancy with an anencephalic fetus is not diminished, the reduced excretion of corticosteroids relative to normal pregnancy in this condition is unlikely to be due to alterations in cortisol metabolism associated with a lower plasma cortisol binding capacity.
CONGENITAL BILATERAL ANORCHIA IN CHILDHOOD: A CLINICAL, ENDOCRINE AND THERAPEUTIC EVALUATION OF TWENTY‐ONE CASES
Authors: AYNSLEY‐GREEN A. , ZACHMANN M. , ILLIG R. , RAMPINI S. , PRADER A. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYAn evaluation of twenty‐one boys, including a discordant pair of identical twins, is presented in whom bilateral anorchia was found with a negative family history and without history of breech presentation or of postnatal testicular trauma, torsion or orchitis. The most likely cause is prenatal testicular torsion. The incidence of the condition in our hospital is 1 in 177 cases of cryptorchidism. Prepubertal growth was normal beofore treatment, and testosterone replacement therapy allowed a normal pjubertal growth spurt and skeletal maturation. Although demonstrable basal urinary tstosterone was found in the subjects with a postpubertal bone age, most patients tested showed no increase after stimulation with human chorionic gonadotrophin. In the presence of a normal penis and scrotum, such findings, together with a high basal FSH and an increased response of plasma LH to LHRH, make surgical exploration unnecessary. In the rare patient who shows a positive but subnormal response of testosterone to HCG, Leydig cells are presumed to be present either ectopically or in rudimentary testes, and further surgical exploration is indicated.Anorchia, or absence of the testes, may be congenital or acquired postnatally through trauma or testicular torsion. Several conditions may mimic congenital anorchia, the most common being virilization of a female fetus as a result of congenital adrenal hyperplasia, meternal androgen ingestion, or by maternal androgen secreting tumours.Congenital anorchia has been said to occur in 1 in 20 000 male subjects (Bobrow & Gough, 1970) but despite this estimated prevalence there have been only eighty or so cases reported in the literature during the last 100 years. We have investigated twenty‐one additional cases, and wish now to report our observations. The reasons for the study are, first, that the number of cases, the largest series reported, allowsa thorough clinical and therapeutic evaluation; second, to report results on the testosterone response to human chorionic gonadotrophin administration and the luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone
HORMONAL AND METABOLIC RESPONSES TO GLUCAGON IN DIABETES MELLITUS
Authors: SIMPSON R. W. , HOCKADAY T. D. R. , ALBERTI K. G. M. M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe metabolic and hormonal responses to glucagon (1 mg, subcutaneous) were studied in twelve diabetic and twelve non‐diabetic subjects. Diabetics showed a GH response, which although commencing slightly earlier, did not otherwise differ from that of the controls. There was the expected diminished insulin response to glucagon among the patients on oral agents. The GH response to glucagon in the diabetics began before there was any significant fall in blood glucose (BG). The hyperglycaemic response in the diabetics peaked later, was greater in amplitude and was more prolonged. In this group both pyruvate and lactate changes were delayed and diminished in amplitude. The diabetics showed a biphasic response of both acetoacetate and 3‐hydroxybutyrate to glucagon; a small transient significant rise in the first 2 h followed by a second rise after 3 h. In contrast the controls showed a significant fall in these metabolites during the initial 2 h, before a rise after 3 h. The significance of these hormonal and metabolic responses is discussed.
BROMOCRIPTINE SUPPRESSION OF PLASMA GROWTH HORMONE IN ACROMEGALY
Authors: DUNN P. J. , DONALD R. A. , ESPINER E. A. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYTwelve acromegalic patients were studied in one or more of three protocols to establish the response of plasma growth hormone (hGH) concentrations to (a) a single oral test dose of bromocriptine, (b) incremental dose therapy from 10 mg/day to 40 mg/day over 4 weeks, and (c) sustained therapy with 20 mg/day over a 3 month period. Ten of the patients studied had previously been treated by yttrium implantation, external pituitary irradiation or surgical hypophysectomy. A high incidence of side effects including postural hypotension, hallucinations and peripheral vasospasm was noted reducing the numbers of patients completing the three protocols. Suppression of hGH concentrations was disappointing; significant reductions in hGH concentrations occurred in five of eleven patients in response to a single test dose of bromocriptine, and in only one of seven patients treated with the drug over a sustained period. An impression of clinical improvement was gained in one patient, but there was no associated reduction in plasma hGH concentrations. It seems likely that acromegalic patients who have failed to respond to conventional treatment may be more resistant to bromocriptine therapy.
COMPARISON BETWEEN THE PLASMA INSULIN AND GLUCOSE RESPONSES TO FIVE DIFFERENT INSULIN REGIMES IN DIABETIC PATIENTS
Authors: GOKAL R. , HARDING P. , TURNER R. C. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYDiurnal plasma insulin and glucose concentrations were studied in six diabetic patients, each treated with five different insulin regimes. Subcutaneous soluble insulin was too slow and long acting for physiological replacement of the normal insulin response to meals, but the peak insulin levels were higher than the postprandial levels of normal subjects. Intramuscular insulin, though absorbed more quickly than subcutaneous insulin, was not clinically advantageous. Three rather than two injections of soluble insulin gave improved blood glucose control but two combined injections of short and medium acting insulins gave nearly as good results. A long acting insulin was needed to prevent raised plasma glucose levels overnight.
A NEW THEORETICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE BINDING OF THYROID HORMONES BY SERUM PROTEINS
Authors: PRINCÉ H. P. , RAMSDEN D. B. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA theoretical model is proposed which describes the binding of thyroid hormones to serum proteins in terms of easily determined parameters. Not only free hormone concentration but also the distribution of hormone among various binding sites may be computed. The mathematical approach is capable of dealing with models of differing complexity of binding from simple‘one binding site per protein molecule’systems to those involving‘negative co‐operativity'. The approach gives predictions of thyroid function parameters which are in good agreement with those observed in practice.
MEASUREMENT OF THE 24 HOUR INTEGRATED PLASMA CONCENTRATION OF GROWTH HORMONE, IN ASSESSING THE RESPONSE OF ACROMEGALIC PATIENTS TO TREATMENT
Authors: DAGGETT P. R. , NABARRO J. D. N. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe integrated concentration of growth hormone (ICGH) has been measured in fourteen acromegalic patients, and compared with the basal plasma growth hormone concentration (BGH). Seven patients were treated by trans‐sphenoidal pituitary surgery, and in these, similar percentage reductions of BGH and ICGH occurred after treatment. The other seven patients were treated with bromocriptine alone, and in these the percentage reduction of ICGH was significantly less than that of BGH. Measurements of basal plasma growth hormone concentration may be unreliable in assessing the response of acromegalic patients to treatment with bromocriptine. The ICGH can be measured easily on a single blood specimen obtained by continuous sampling over 24h, and may be more reliable for this purpose.
THYROID HORMONE KINETICS: IMPROVED METHOD FOR QUANTITATIVE SEPARATION AND MEASUREMENT OF THE VARIOUS RADIOIODINATED SPECIES IN SERUM AFTER RADIOIODOTHYRONINE INJECTION
Authors: AICKIN C. M. , FRASER S. , COOPER E. , HALL G. , BURKE C. W. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYAn accurate and reproducible method for measurement of radioactive species in blood after in vivo injection of labelled iodothyronines is described. By extraction with high‐affinity antisera, radioactive reverse T3 and T3 are separated from serum quantitatively. Radioiodide is quantitatively separated from radio‐thyronine species and serum proteins by Sephadex G50 filtration. The residual mixture of radio‐T4 and iodoprotein is quantitatively resolved by ion‐exchange adsorption. Minimal misclassification of radiospecies occurs, and can be corrected for. Mean recoveries of various radiospecies added to serum were: radioiodide 98.9%, radio‐rT3 87.6%, radio‐l‐T3 94.5%, radio‐T4 98.0% and radioiodoprotein 94.5%. The performance of the method is superior to that of chemical methods such as trichloracetic acid precipitation, ion‐exchange or alkaline Sephadex extraction, and chromatographic separation.
LUTEINIZING HORMONE, FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE AND TESTOSTERONE IN NORMAL AND IMPOTENT MEN FOLLOWING LHRH AND HCG STIMULATION
Authors: DELITALA G. , MASALA A. , ALAGNA S. , LOTTI G. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe effect of synthetic LHRH on plasma concentrations of LH, FSH, testosterone and testosterone response to i.v. HCG was studied in fifteen normal men and in fifteen men with impotence.The mean basal concentrations of LH, FSH and testosterone in the men with impotence were not significantly different from those of the normal group. A normal response of gonadotrophins and testosterone was also observed. It is concluded that a normal pituitary sensitivity to synthetic LHRH and a normal response to endogenous and exogenous gonadotrophins exist in this particular disorder.
LINEAR GROWTH AND PUBERTAL DEVELOPMENT IN TREATED CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA DUE TO 21‐HYDROXYLASE DEFICIENCY
Authors: GHALI ISIS , DAVID MICHEL , DAVID LOUIS 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY21 years experience with management of seventeen cases of congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21‐hydroxylase deficiency has been analysed with respect to growth, bone maturation and related events at puberty: age at menarche and the occurrence of menstrual irregularities, this study showed that growth retardation is still a problem; that irregular treatment and prolonged exposure to adrenal androgens or oestrogens, may lead to disturbance in hypothalamo‐pituitary‐gonadal function and may be the cause of delayed menarche, or menstrual irregularities in the case of the female. In males the start of puberty and its completion was within the normal range.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE RESPONSE TO lα‐HYDROXYVITAMIN D3 IN PATIENTS WITH RENAL BONE DISEASE
Authors: KANIS J. A. , RUSSELL R. G. G. , NAIK R. B. , EARNSHAW M. , SMITH R. , HEYNEN G. , WOODS C. G. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYTwenty‐three patients with bone disease and chronic renal failure were treated for periods of 4–28 months with lα‐hydroxyvitamin D3 (1α‐OHD3). Improvements in bone histology were consistently seen in patients with features both of osteitis fibrosa and osteomalacia but were not invariably observed in patients with osteitis fibrosa or osteomalacia alone (37 and 50% improved respectively). Several factors influencing the outcome of treatment were assessed on the basis of histological responses in bone. A low level of plasma calcium before treatment, rather than the dose of lα‐OHD3 tolerated, was the major detectable factor which favourably affected the histological outcome. Other factors examined, including initial plasma concentrations of phosphate, immunoreactive parathyroid hormone and alkaline phosphatase, and treatment with haemodialysis or dietary supplements of calcium did not apparently influence the response.
THE EFFECT OF l α–HYDROXY VITAMIN D3 ON CALCIUM AND MINERAL CONTENT OF BONE IN RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY
Authors: JUNOR B. J. R. , CATTO G. R. D. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYTen patients with renal osteodystrophy were treated with l α‐hydroxy vitamin D3 for 18 months. The effect of treatment was measured by a number of different methods and bone mass assessed by mineral and neutron activation analysis. In the majority of patients, raised serum levels of parathyroid hormone and alkaline phosphatase, histological features and radiological changes returned to normal. These effects were inconsistent in patients with a raised serum calcium level before starting treatment. In general, in patients without evidence of severe hyperpara‐thyroidism there was a reduction in the rate of fall or an increase in the mineral and calcium content of the bone.
ADRENAL ANDROGENS IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC MARKED ELEVATION OF PROLACTIN
Authors: PARKER L. N. , CHANG SUCKJOO , ODELL W. D. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYIt has been postulated, based on data in animals and the fact that the cortisol‐adrenal androgen ratio is different before and after adrenarche, that prolactin (Prl) may modulate adrenal androgen secretion. As one way of testing this hypothesis, cortisol, androstenedione (A), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA), and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHAS) were measured by radioimmunoassay in the sera of thirteen patients with suspected or proven pituitary tumours and marked chronic elevations of serum Prl (range 68–990 ng/ml, mean 198.9 ng/ml). Values for cortisol, A, DHA, and DHAS were not significantly different between the groups of normal controls and patients with elevated Prl concentrations. This is interpreted as negative evidence for the theoretical connection between Prl and adrenal androgen secretion.
ADRENAL AND GONADAL STEROIDS IN GIRLS DURING SEXUAL MATURATION
Authors: GENAZZANI A. R. , PINTOR C. , FACCHINETTI F. , CARBONI G. , PELOSI U. , CORDA R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe peripheral venous plasma concentrations of gonadotrophins (LH and FSH), prolactin (Prl), cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA), dehydroepiandrosterone‐sulphate (DHA‐S), pregnenolone (Δ5P), progesterone (P), 17‐hydroxyprogesterone (17P), androstenedione (A), testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and oestradiol (E2) were measured in girls at different stages of sexual development (from P1 to P4–5 according to Tanner, 1962). Both gonadotrophins increase progressively during sexual maturation, to reach the highest concentrations in P4–5. However, the FSH values were significantly lower in these P4–5 pre‐menarchal girls than those found in adult women in the early follicular phase. No significant changes were found in plasma Prl, cortisol and 17P levels during pubertal development; in contrast, plasma concentrations of DHA tripled from P1 to P4–5, reaching adult levels. A progressive rise was also found in DHA‐S plasma levels. A significant, but less evident increase was found in Δ5P and P plasma concentrations, from group P1 to P4–5. A, T and DHT levels rose progressively and significantly from P1–2 to the end of sexual maturation. In the case of E2, only a moderate increase was found during pubertal development.All these data indicate that during pubertal development, there is a progressive reduction in the sensitivity towards oestrogen of the hypothalamic centres controlling gonadotrophin secretion.Prl does not seem to be involved in human sexual maturation, while important changes have been found in adrenal androgens. The constant levels of 17P and cortisol, in comparison with the behaviour of DHA, DHA‐S, T and A, seem to indicate that during this period of life, the adrenal gland is stimulated by unknown factors other than ACTH, acting on the adrenal androgen‐producing cells and responsible for the reported rises in plasma adrenal androgens.
EFFECTS OF IODIDES ON THE HYPOTHALAMIC‐PITUITARY‐THYROID AXIS IN NEUROLOGICAL ENDEMIC CRETINISM: EVIDENCE FOR COMPENSATED THYROIDAL FAILURE IN ADULT LIFE
Authors: MEDEIROS‐NETO G. A. , HOLLANDER C. S. , KNOBEL M. , IMAI I. , KATAOKA K. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThyroid function studies, performed after iodide administration to five patients with neurological endemic cretinism, were indicative of hypothyroidism. All five subjects had either a low serum thyroxine (T4) or a high basal thyrotrophin (TSH) level and a clearly exaggerated TSH response to thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH). These findings are in sharp contrast with those we have previously described in goitrous patients without cretinism from the same geographical area. One interpretation of our observations is that there is an underlying mild defect in thyroid hormone synthesis in endemic cretinism predisposing to iodine induced hypothyroidism.
HYPOTHALAMIC FUNCTION IN MEN WITH HYPOGONADOTROPHIC HYPOGONADISM
Authors: WINTERS S. J. , MECKLENBURG R. S. , SHERINS R. J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYTo determine whether hypothalamic function is normal in patients with idiopathic gonadotrophin deficiency, nine men with this syndrome were studied. Water conservation after overnight dehydration, thermoregulatory responses to a cold (10°C) environmental stress and prolactin secretion following chlorpromazine stimulation were investigated. In response to dehydration, maximal urinary osmolality was 1058 ± 135 mOsm/kg (mean ± SD) and no patient showed further increase after exogenous vasopressin administration. The patients responded to the cold stimulus by vigorous shivering and maintained their core body temperatures. Basal concentrations of prolactin which were 12.7 ± 4.6 ng/ml increased by 15 ng/ml following Thyrotrophin‐releasing hormone in six of seven men tested, indicating normal pituitary reserve. Prolactin concentrations doubled in seven of eight men who received chlorpromazine. All responses were indistinguishable from those of normal men. While a diminished secretion of gonadotrophin releasing hormone by the hypothalamus remains the most plausible cause of idiopathic gonadotrophin deficiency, our data indicate that the associated hypothalamic functions tested are intact in men with this syndrome.
PROTEIN HORMONES IN CEREBROSPINAL FLUID: EVIDENCE FOR RETROGRADE TRANSPORT OF PROLACTIN FROM THE PITUITARY TO THE BRAIN IN MAN
Authors: ASSIES JOHANNA , SCHELLEKENS ANDRIES P. M. , TOUBER JAN L. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYPlasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of two hormones of similar molecular size, pituitary prolactin (PRL) and human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS), and of the bigger hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) were measured in six pregnant women without pituitary disease. For all three hormones, the plasma and CSF levels were closely correlated. The plasma/CSF concentration ratio for hCG (571 ± 378, mean ± SD) was significantly different (P < 0.01) from the hCS ratio (24.6 ± 6.1); the hCS ratio was significantly different (P < 0.005) from the PRL ratio (7.2 ± 1.5). We conclude that (1) the CSF concentration of a protein hormone depends on the plasma concentration and on its molecular size, and (2) pituitary hormones reach the CSF not only via filtration of peripheral blood at the choroid plexuses, but also more directly via retrograde transport from the pituitary to the brain.
BROMOCRIPTINE SUPPRESSION OF THE THYROTROPHIN RESPONSE TO THYROTROPHIN RELEASING HORMONE
Authors: YAP P. L. , DAVIDSON N. McD. , LIDGARD G. P. , FYFFE J. A. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA single oral dose of 5 mg of bromocriptine significantly lowered the TSH response to 200 μg TRH intravenously in eight healthy men compared with control experiments in the same subjects. This finding may be relevant in chronic bromocriptine therapy.
THYROGLOBULIN OF VARYING MOLECULAR SIZES WITH DIFFERENT DISAPPEARANCE RATES IN PLASMA FOLLOWING SUBTOTAL THYROIDECTOMY
Authors: FELDT‐RASMUSSEN ULLA , PETERSEN P. H. , NIELSEN H. , DATE J. , MADSEN C. M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYTo investigate the possible presence of thyroglobulin (Tg) of different molecular sizes in plasma, blood specimens were drawn from patients during and after surgery for thyroid adenoma. Tg was measured in all serum samples by a radioimmunoassay. Selected samples were fractionated on a sepharose CL‐6B column, and the fractions were assayed for Tg antigen.In serum drawn at maximum Tg concentration, molecular weights of Tg antigen ranging from 660,000 (19S) to less than 100,000 were found. 6 h later the Tg antigen of mol. wt. < 100,000 could not be detected, and after 3 days only 19S Tg was present. Correspondingly the plasma Tg concentration vs. time curve showed a biphasic course from which two half‐lives could be estimated. For 19S Tg, ta1/2, had a mean value of 4.3 days, whereas the over‐all half‐life for the mixture of smaller molecules, tb1/2. had a mean value of 3.7 h.The smaller molecules also showed different antigenic reactivity in the assay indicating an altered structure of the molecules. The assumption that this might be due to lack of sialic acid would explain the faster catabolic rate.Preliminary results from this study have been presented at the 11th FEBS Meeting in Copenhagen, 1977, and at the European Thyroid Association 8th Meeting in Lyon, 1977.