bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Costly Information Acquisition in Decentralized Markets: Experimental Evidence
Authors: Asparouhova Elena , Bossaerts Peter , Yang Wenhao 
Published: March 2024

This study tests the rationality of the decisions to purchase information, the informational efficiency of prices, and the optimality of the resulting allocations in decentralized markets with a series of laboratory experiments. The theory predicts that markets with dispersed information and natural buyers and sellers converge to a fully revealing equilibrium. It is profitable to pay for information, and as such, the Grossman-Stiglitz paradox does not emerge. Statistically significant improvements in both price efficiency and allocative efficiency are documented across trading periods. In contrast to the theory, which predicts that the higher the number of informed agents, the stronger the individual incentives to invest in information, the and the more data present the opposite result. The price of information is higher when there are fewer informed agents. The result can be explained by boundedly rational decision making. This paper was accepted by Yan Chen, behavioral economics and decision analysis. Funding: This work was supported by the National Science Foundation [Price Quality in Dark Markets Grant 1426428]. Supplemental Material: The online appendix and data files are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4976 .
All-optical instantaneous RF signal frequency measurement system based on a linear ACF with a steep slope
Authors: Zhi Kun , Huang Chongjia , Chan Erwin H. W. , Hao Peng , Wang Xudong 
Published: March 2024

A new microwave photonic structure for measuring the frequency of an RF signal, to the best of our knowledge, is presented. The frequency of an unknown RF signal can be determined by simply measuring the system output optical powers. The proposed frequency measurement system can be designed so that the ratio of the two system output optical powers as a function of the RF signal frequency or the amplitude comparison function (ACF) has a steep linear slope over a wide frequency range. This enables the RF signal frequency to be measured in high resolution and high accuracy. The proposed frequency measurement system has a simple and compact structure, and is free of high-speed photodetectors as well as RF components and instruments. It also has a fast response time compared to many reported photonics-based frequency measurement systems. A proof-of-concept experiment is carried out. Experimental results show a linear ACF with a slope of more than 4.4 dB/GHz over a frequency measurement range of 5–26 GHz and a frequency measurement accuracy of better than ±0.1GHz.
Hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma has superior overall survival compared with other etiologies
Authors: Yen Yi-Hao , Kee Kwong-Ming , Hu Tsung-Hui , Tsai Ming-Chao , Kuo Yuan-Hung , Li Wei-Feng , Liu Yueh-Wei , Wang Chih-Chi , Lin Chih-Yun 
Published: March 2024

Background
Whether the etiology of chronic liver disease (CLD) impacts the overall survival (OS) of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unclear. We aim to clarify this issue.

Materials and methods
Between 2011 and 2020, 3941 patients who were newly diagnosed with HCC at our institution were enrolled in this study. In patients with multiple CLD etiologies, etiology was classified using the following hierarchy: hepatitis C virus (HCV) > hepatitis B virus (HBV) > alcohol-related > all negative. All negative was defined as negative for HCV, HBV, and alcohol use disorder.

Results
Among 3941 patients, 1407 patients were classified with HCV-related HCC, 1677 patients had HBV-related HCC, 145 patients had alcohol-related HCC, and 712 patients had all-negative HCC. Using the all-negative group as the reference group, multivariate analysis showed that HBV is an independent predictor of mortality (hazard ratio: 0.856; 95% confidence interval: 0.745–0.983; p = 0.027). Patients with HBV-related HCC had superior OS compared with patients with other CLD etiologies (p<0.001). Subgroup analyses were performed, for Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stages 0–A (p<0.001); serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels≧20 ng/ml (p<0.001); AFP levels < 20 ng/ml (p<0.001); age > 65 years (p<0.001); and the use of curative treatments (p = 0.002). No significant difference in OS between HBV and other etiologies was observed among patients aged ≤ 65 years (p = 0.304); with BCLC stages B–D (p = 0.973); or who underwent non-curative treatments (p = 0.1).

Conclusion
Patients with HBV-related HCC had superior OS than patients with other HCC etiologies.
Multidimensional evaluation of the early emergence of executive function and development in Bangladeshi children using nutritional and psychosocial intervention: A randomized controlled trial protocol
Authors: Shama Talat , O’Sullivan Justin M. , Rahman Navin , Kakon Shahria H. , Tofail Fahmida , Hossain Md Iqbal , Zeilani Mamane , Haque Rashidul , Gluckman Peter , Forrester Terrence , Nelson Charles A. 
Published: March 2024

Introduction
Reversing malnutrition-induced impairment of cognition and emotional regulation is a critical global gap. We hypothesize that brain-targeted micronutrient supplemented nutritional rehabilitation in children with moderate acute malnutrition, followed by 2 years micronutrient supplementation will impact on the cognition and emotion regulation of these children.

Methods
The primary outcome of this prospective, randomized controlled trial is to study the development of executive functions (EFs) and emotion regulation (ER) in this cohort. Moderate acute malnourished (MAM; WLZ/WHZ <-2 and ≥-3 z-score, and/or 11.5 cm ≤ MUAC < 12.5cm; n = 140)children aged around one year (11m-13m) in Mirpur, Dhaka, Bangladesh will be randomized (1:1) to receive either locally produced Ready to Use Supplementary Food (RUSF) or Enhanced Ready to Use Supplementary Food (E-RUSF) until anthropometric recovery (WLZ/WHZ > -1SD), or for 3 months after enrollment (whichever is earlier). The randomized MAMs groups will be given either Small Quantity Lipid Based Nutrient Supplement (SQLNS) or Enhanced Small Quantity Lipid Based Nutrient Supplement (E-SQLNS), respectively until the end of the 2-year follow up period. Standard psychosocial stimulation will be provided to the MAMs intervention groups. Biological samples will be collected, anthropometric and neurocognitive assessments will be performed at 2 (22m-26m) and 3 (34m-38m) years of age. Two control groups will be recruited: 1), non-malnourished one-year (11m-13m) old children (WLZ/WHZ score>-1SD; n = 70); and 2) three—year (34m-38m) old children (n = 70) with untreated MAM (WHZ <-2 and ≥-3 z-score, and/or 11.5≤MUAC<12.5 cm). The 3-year-old MAM reference group will be assessed once and provided with 2 months of nutritional rehabilitation support (RUSF Nutriset’s Plumpy’Sup™).
Integrated chronic care models for people with comorbid of HIV and non-communicable diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa: A scoping review
Authors: Chireshe Rumbidzai , Manyangadze Tawanda , Naidoo Keshena 
Published: March 2024

Background
Integrated health care is an approach characterized by a high degree of collaboration and communication among health professionals. Integration of HIV/NCD is recommended to enhance the quality of healthcare services being provided. Duplication of limited resources is minimized, and a holistic care approach is promoted by shifting from acute and reactive care to care that embraces patient-centredness that includes promotive health and disease surveillance. The high burden of HIV disease in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) combined with the increasing prevalence of chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) necessitates a review of how health systems has been doing to deliver quality integrated care for people living with HIV (PLWH) and comorbid chronic NCDs.

Methods
A scoping review was conducted to identify and describe all publications on integrated chronic care management models at the primary care level in the SSA context, particularly those that addressed the care of PLHIV with co-morbid chronic NCDs. The inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, and duplicates were removed.

Results
A total of twenty-one articles were included in the final review. Integrated healthcare systems were reported in only eight SSA countries–(South Africa, Uganda, Kenya, the United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Zimbabwe and Swaziland). Integrated care systems adopted one of three health models. These included added-on NCD services to previously dedicated HIV care facilities, expansion of primary care facilities to include HIV care and establishment of integrated care services. Short-term benefits included staff capacitation, improved retention of patients and improved screening and detection of NCDs. However, the expansion of existing services resulted in an increased workload with no additional staff. A significant positive change noted by communities was that there was less or no stigmatisation of people living with HIV when attending dedicated HIV clinics.

Conclusion
Evidence of integrated healthcare services for PLWH and co-morbid of NCDs in SSA is scanty. Data on some short-term benefits of integrated care was available, but evidence was absent on the long-term outcomes. Randomized clinical trials with clearly defined comparator groups and standardized measures of HIV and NCD outcomes are needed to demonstrate non-inferiority of integrated against non-integrated care.
Bacterial DNA Translocation Is Associated With Overt Hepatic Encephalopathy and Mortality in Patients With Cirrhosis
Authors: Thanapirom Kessarin , Suksawatamnuay Sirinporn , Wejnaruemarn Salisa , Thaimai Panarat , Siripon Nipaporn , Ananchuensook Prooksa , Sriphoosanaphan Supachaya , Vanichanan Jakapat , Treeprasertsuk Sombat , Poovorawan Yong , Komolmit Piyawat 
Published: March 2024

INTRODUCTION:
Data on the relationship between bacterial translocation, hepatic encephalopathy (HE), and mortality are scarce. This study aimed to assess the association between bacterial DNA (bactDNA) translocation, inflammatory response, ammonia levels, and severity of HE in patients with cirrhosis, as well as the role of bactDNA translocation in predicting mortality.

METHODS:
Cirrhotic patients without bacterial infection were prospectively enrolled between June 2022 and January 2023. Grading of HE was classified by the West Haven Criteria and Psychometric Hepatic Encephalopathy Score ≤ −5.

RESULTS:
Overall, 294 cirrhotic patients were enrolled, with 92 (31.3%) and 58 (19.7%) having covert and overt HE, respectively. BactDNA translocation was detected in 36.1% of patients (n = 106). Patients with overt HE had more bactDNA translocation and higher serum lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and ammonia levels than those without HE. Patients with detectable bactDNA had higher white cell counts and serum LBP and IL-6 levels than those without. By contrast, bactDNA, serum LBP, and soluble CD14 levels were comparable between patients with covert HE and those without HE. The multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that bactDNA translocation (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.49, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.22–5.11), Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score (HR = 1.12, 95% CI: 1.09–1.16), age (HR = 1.05, 95% CI: 1.000–1.002), and baseline IL-6 (HR = 1.001, 95% CI: 1.000–1.002) were independent factors associated with 6-month mortality.

DISCUSSION:
Apart from hyperammonemia, bactDNA translocation is a possible factor associated with overt HE in cirrhotic patients. BactDNA translocation and IL-6 are independent factors associated with 6-month mortality.
Situativität, Funktionalität und Vertrauen: Ergebnisse einer szenariobasierten Interviewstudie zur Erklärbarkeit von KI in der Medizin
Authors: Marquardt Manuela , Graf Philipp , Jansen Eva , Hillmann Stefan , Voigt-Antons Jan-Niklas 
Published: March 2024

A central requirement for the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in medicine is its explainability, i. e., the provision of addressee-oriented information about its functioning. This leads to the question of how socially adequate explainability can be designed. To identify evaluation factors, we interviewed healthcare stakeholders about two scenarios: diagnostics and documentation. The scenarios vary the influence that an AI system has on decision-making through the interaction design and the amount of data processed. We present key evaluation factors for explainability at the interactional and procedural levels. Explainability must not interfere situationally in the doctor-patient conversation and question the professional role. At the same time, explainability functionally legitimizes an AI system as a second opinion and is central to building trust. A virtual embodiment of the AI system is advantageous for language-based explanations
Realizacja prawa do diagnozy przez lekarza
Authors: Szudejko Piotr 
Published: March 2024

The subject of the article is a presentation of the concept of the patient’s subjective right to a doctor’s diagnosis.The starting point is a discussion of the clinical diagnostic process currently used in medicine, as well as the clinical decision-making. In the literature, a fairly widely accepted division of clinical diagnostics is used, which breaks diagnostics down into the following elements: subjective examination (interview conducted with the patient or their family), physical examination (determining symptoms using basic methods) and additional examination (using technological advances to determine symptoms, e.g. CT scan). It is indicated that legal provisions do not take into account the abovementioned division, which may cause interpretation difficulties when assessing the possibility of factual guardian consenting to the medical examination. Also, the clinical decision-making stage has been distinguished, which is the basis for the herapeutic decision and, consequently, determines the success of treatment. Next, the patient’s right to information on their health is discussed, which is considered a part of a broader right to information about oneself. Justifications for medical truthfulness are presented as well as an exception to this rule – the so-called therapeutic privilege. Next, the postulated right to diagnosis is discussed, which consists of the following specific rights: the right to form a diagnosis, the right to be informed of a diagnosis, the right to information about the impossibility of a diagnosis, and finally, the right to remain in ignorance. Legal provisions and principles of medical deontology, from which the above law can be derived, are also discussed. The conclusion of the article is that the right to a diagnosis can be justified on the basis of the currently applicable laws and in this respect no legislative initiative is necessary.
Hydrogen in metallic alloys ─ embrittlement and enhanced plasticity: a review
Authors: Gavriljuk Valentin G. , Shyvaniuk Vladyslav M. , Teus Sergey M. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The evolution of ideas concerning the nature of hydrogen embrittlement of engineering metallic materials is described based on a number of the proposed hypotheses and corresponding experiments. The main attention is paid to two of them, namely hydrogen-enhanced decohesion (HEDE) and hydrogen-enhanced localized plasticity (HELP). Recent attempts to interconnect the both models as HELP + HEDE and HELP-mediated HEDE ones are also estimated. A conclusion is made that HELP model is preferential for understanding the entire array of experimental data with a caveat that it is necessary to consider the chemical nature of hydrogen atoms and view them not only as point defects. Based on the studies of hydrogen effect on the atomic interactions in iron, nickel, titanium, and its alloys, it is shown that the electron approach to HELP phenomenon adequately describes two competitive features of hydrogen behavior in metals: increased brittleness and enhanced plasticity. Due to the increase in the concentration of free electrons, hydrogen decreases the elasticity moduli, which causes the crystal lattice to soften. For this reason, the formation of hydrogen atmospheres around the dislocations decreases the start stress of dislocation sources, as well as line tension of emitted dislocations, enhancing thereby their mobility, and weakens repulsion between dislocations in their pile-ups. The range of temperatures and strain rates in which hydrogen embrittlement occurs is controlled by the enthalpies of hydrogen atoms’ diffusion and their binding to dislocations. The resulting consequences for mechanical properties depend on the short-range atomic order, SRO, which inherently occurs in the metallic solid solutions and localizes plastic deformation both in the cases of short-range atomic ordering and of short-range atomic decomposition. Hydrogen enhances slip localization because of its different solubility in the submicrovolumes of short-range decomposed solid solutions. If SRO is absent or not remarkably formed, the hydrogen-increased concentration of free electrons results in enhanced plasticity. Available positive hydrogen effects on the plasticity of titanium β-alloys and austenitic steels are presented and interpreted.
The Impact of “Scratch” on Student Engagement and Academic Performance in Primary Schools
Authors: Belessova Damira , Ibashova Almira , Zhidebayeva Aziza , Shaimerdenova Guldana , Nakhipova Venera 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the impact of the Scratch programming environment on student engagement and academic performance in primary informatics education. The research was conducted over three academic years (2020–2023) in educational organizations (ADAN and Navoiy schools) involving 170 first and third-grade students. The Student Engagement Instrument (SEI) was used to assess cognitive, emotional, and behavioral engagement, and academic performance was evaluated based on trimester grades in informatics. The results indicated significant improvement in both student engagement and academic performance post-implementation of Scratch. Cognitive, emotional, and behavioral engagement scores showed a marked increase, from an average SEI score of 3.3 to 4.0 for first graders and 3.7 to 4.4 for third graders. Similarly, academic performance demonstrated a considerable enhancement, with average grades rising from 53.5 to 80.3 for first graders and 57.3 to 84.5 for third graders over four trimesters. Teachers’ observational data, complemented by qualitative focus group discussions, reinforced these findings.
Forecasting changes in precipitation and temperatures of a regional watershed in Northern Iraq using LARS-WG model
Authors: Muhaisen Nasser Kh. , Khayyun Thair Sh. , Al Mukhtar Mustafa , Hassan Waqed H. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Regions characterized by an arid or semi-arid climate are highly susceptible to prospective climate change impacts worldwide. Therefore, evaluating the effects of global warming on water availability in such regions must be accurately addressed to identify the optimal operation policy of water management facilities. This study used the weather generator model LARS-WG6.0 to forecast possible variations in precipitation and temperature of the Mosul Dam Reservoir in northern Iraq. Future climate change was predicted using three greenhouse gas emission scenarios (i.e., RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5) for four time intervals (2021–2040, 2041–2060, 2061–2080, and 2081–2100) using five Global climate models (GCMs): CSIRO-Mk3.6.0, HadGEM2-ES, CanESM2, BCC-CSM1-1, and NorESM1-M. The model’s calibration and validation were conducted using data from 2001 to 2020 from eight meteorological stations in the study area. The results showed that the weather generator model’s performance was outstanding in predicting daily climate variables. The results also showed that the highest increase in maximum and minimum temperatures was 5.70°C in July and 5.30°C in September, respectively, for the future period 2081–2100 under RCP8.5. The highly forecasted minimum and maximum temperatures were extracted from the CanESM2 and HadGEM2-ES GCM models. It was demonstrated that the study region would experience different patterns of precipitation change during the wet seasons in the evaluated periods. Finally, the variations in precipitation and temperatures in the Mosul dam region would significantly impact the amount of freshwater obtained in these areas due to rising loss rates of evaporation. This could lead to a water shortage and mismanagement of the sustainable operations of the dam.
Study of two glycosyltransferases related to polysaccharide biosynthesis in Rhodococcus jostii RHA1
Authors: Cereijo Antonela Estefania , Ferretti María Victoria , Iglesias Alberto Alvaro , Álvarez Héctor Manuel , Asencion Diez Matías Damian 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The bacterial genus Rhodococcus comprises organisms performing oleaginous behaviors under certain growth conditions and ratios of carbon and nitrogen availability. Rhodococci are outstanding producers of biofuel precursors, where lipid and glycogen metabolisms are closely related. Thus, a better understanding of rhodococcal carbon partitioning requires identifying catalytic steps redirecting sugar moieties to storage molecules. Here, we analyzed two GT4 glycosyl-transferases from Rhodococcus jostii (RjoGlgAb and RjoGlgAc) annotated as α-glucan-α-1,4-glucosyl transferases, putatively involved in glycogen synthesis. Both enzymes were produced in Escherichia coli cells, purified to homogeneity, and kinetically characterized. RjoGlgAb and RjoGlgAc presented the “canonical” glycogen synthase activity and were actives as maltose-1P synthases, although to a different extent. Then, RjoGlgAc is a homologous enzyme to the mycobacterial GlgM, with similar kinetic behavior and glucosyl-donor preference. RjoGlgAc was two orders of magnitude more efficient to glucosylate glucose-1P than glycogen, also using glucosamine-1P as a catalytically efficient aglycon. Instead, RjoGlgAb exhibited both activities with similar kinetic efficiency and preference for short-branched α-1,4-glucans. Curiously, RjoGlgAb presented a super-oligomeric conformation (higher than 15 subunits), representing a novel enzyme with a unique structure-to-function relationship. Kinetic results presented herein constitute a hint to infer on polysaccharides biosynthesis in rhodococci from an enzymological point of view.
Income Inequality and External Wealth of Nations
Authors: Carrera Jorge , Montes-Rojas Gabriel , Panigo Demian , Toledo Fernando 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
We study the relationship between income inequality and external wealth using dynamic panel data models with 5-years average observations to consider the slow motion of available data in the case of 88 emerging and developing economies for the period 1970–2020. We find evidence of a significant positive association between inequality indicators and net external wealth. This relationship is statistically significant for all income inequality measures and net external wealth variables. If the Top 1 of the richest individuals in a given country increments their share by 1 % point this will produce an average same-year increment in net foreign assets of 0.45 % in terms of the country’s GDP. The long-run effect is more than double in magnitude (1.05 % of GDP). For the Top 10, the long-run effect increases tenfold (11.6 % of GDP). When disaggregated into foreign assets and liabilities, we find a heterogeneous behavior of the financial elites. These findings reveal that financialized elites have a greater propensity to accumulate external wealth than the rest of the population.