bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Two Commonly Used Standard IVGTTs
Authors: Colman Peter G , Stewart Vicky , Kean Jan , Koschmann Marion , Alford Frank , Ward Glen , Deam David , Harrison Leonard C 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To compare the magnitude and reproducibility of the FPIR measured during two different IVGTT protocols in nondiabetic subjects.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Nine control subjects each had two pairs of IVGTTs with either a 4-min infusion of 0.5 g/kg glucose or a 1-min infusion of 0.3 g/kg glucose. Blood glucose and serum insulin were measured before and 1, 2, 3, 5, and 10 min after completion of the glucose infusion. The FPIR was measured with either 1 + 3−, 2 + 3 + 5−, or 1 + 3 + 5-min serum insulins, areas under the insulin curve (0–5 or 0–10 min), or the ratio of serum insulin to blood glucose area.

RESULTS
The FPIR was higher in eight of nine subjects with the short-infusion test, but the within-subject variation of the two methods was identical. Reproducibility was not significantly improved with an integrated insulin area or insulin-to-glucose ratio measurement.

CONCLUSIONS
Reproducibility of the FPIR measured during IVGTT is not significantly affected by the duration of the glucose infusion. However, the magnitude of the difference in FPIR observed between the two protocols highlights the need for standardization of the methodology if the IVGTT is to be used in studies of the preclinical stage of IDDM.
Assessment of Glucose Tolerance Test Criteria for Diagnosis of Diabetes in Chinese Subjects
Authors: Cockram Clive S , Lau Joseph T F , Chan Albert Y W , Woo Jean , Swaminathan Ramasamyiyer 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To examine and compare WHO diagnostic criteria for diabetes mellitus.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHOD
The relationship between FPG and 2-h glucose are examined in 680 OGTTs with a quadratic regression model and ROC analysis. Simultaneous measurements of HbA1 and fructosamine are also compared with multiple linear regression.

RESULTS
Two hundred eighteen subjects (32%) had 2-h glucose ≥ 11.1 mM, of which only 86 had FPG ≥ 7.8 mM. Only 2 subjects had FPG &gt; 7.8 mM and 2-h glucose &lt; 7.8 mM. Of subjects with 2-h glucose &lt; 7.8 mM (n = 332), only 9 had FPG &gt; 6.0 mM. From the quadratic model, the predicted FPG corresponding to 2-h glucose = 11.1 mM was 5.7 mM, whereas the predicted 2-h glucose corresponding to FPG = 7.8 mM was 15.2 mM. ROC analysis showed that, with 2-h glucose ≥ 11.1 mM as indicating diabetes, an FPG of 5.6 mM gave an intersect for sensitivity and specificity of 87%. HbA1 and fructosamine correlated more closely with 2-h glucose and area under the OGTT curve than with FPG.

CONCLUSIONS
Given that a 2-h glucose cutoff of 11.1 mM can be justified from other studies, our results suggest that the FPG cutoff of 7.8 mM when used for screening purposes should be reduced. At a suggested value of 7.0 mM, specificity remains 98.5%, whereas sensitivity increases to 57%.
Impaired Glucose Tolerance and its Relationship to ECG-Indicated Coronary Heart Disease and Risk Factors Among Chinese: Da Qing IGT and diabetes study
Authors: Pan Xiao-Ren , Hu Ying-Hua , Li Gung-Wie , Liu Ping-Am , Bennett Peter H , Howard Barbara V 
Published: March 2007

Objective— To determine the prevalence of IGT and diabetes and identify the occurrence of CVD and its risk factors.
Research Design and Methods— This study was a population-based, cross-sectional study of 110,660 residents, 25–74 yr of age of DaQing, Hei Long Jiang Province, China.
Results— Using 1985 WHO criteria, 577 (5.5/1000) subjects with IGT and 630 (6.0/1000) with newly diagnosed diabetes were identified. In addition, 190 (1.7/1000) with previously known diabetes were identified. Hypertension, obesity, and abnormal albumin excretion were twice as frequent in those with IGT as in 279 men and 240 women of similar age and sex distribution who had normal OGTTs. Plasma cholesterol and TGs were higher, and HDL cholesterol was lower in subjects with IGT than in nondiabetic subjects. Those with IGT had a prevalence of electrocardiographically recognized CHD 9.5-fold greater than the normoglycemic subjects. Subjects with IGT had higher plasma insulin concentrations, but the 1-h insulin-glucose ratio after the 75-g glucose load was lower. In a forward stepwise multiple logistic regression analysis, IGT itself remained an independent factor associated with CHD after adjustment for age, sex, cigarette smoking, plasma cholesterol, BP, and obesity.
Conclusions— Therefore, in China, IGT may occur with almost as high a frequency as diabetes and is accompanied by an increased frequency of CVD and its risk factors. Estimates from this study indicate that &gt;12.0% of all ECG-indicated CHD in the Da Qing population occurs in individuals with IGT and NIDDM. The IGT subjects identified in this survey form the cohort for a long-term follow-up and intervention study.
Prevalence of Diagnosed Diabetes Among American Indians and Alaska Natives, 1987: Estimates from a national outpatient data base
Authors: Valway Sarah , Freeman William , Kaufman Stephen , Welty Thomas , Helgerson Steven D , Gohdes Dorothy 
Published: March 2007

Objective— To estimate the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes among American Indians and Alaska Natives served by the IHS.
Research Design and Methods— This was a cross-sectional study of the 1987 IHS national outpatient data base.
Results— Prevalence rates of diagnosed diabetes determined from the IHS outpatient data base were consistent with recent studies of diabetes in different IHS areas. IHS-wide, age-adjusted prevalence was 69/100,000, or 2.8 times the U.S. rate. There was considerable variation in prevalence rates of diabetes throughout the country, with rates ranging from 15.3/100,000 in Alaska to 119.2/100,000 in southern Arizona.
Conclusions— This study documented the high prevalence of diabetes among American Indians and Alaska Natives and the wide variation in rates between different tribal groups. This study also demonstrated the feasibility of using an outpatient data base to estimate rates of disease that have uniform methods of diagnosis and result in frequent clinic visits.
Diabetes Mortality Among New Mexico's American Indian, Hispanic, and Non-Hispanic White Populations, 1958–1987
Authors: Carter Janette S , Wiggins Charles L , Becker Thomas M , Key Charles R , Samet Jonathan M 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE— To determine the diabetes-related mortality rates among New Mexico's American Indians, Hispanics, and non-Hispanic whites over a 30-yr period.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— Death certificates were used to identify diabetes as an underlying cause of death by ethnic group in New Mexico during each 5-yr period from 1958 through 1987. The age-adjusted rates were calculated by ethnic group and sex, and temporal trends were examined. Comparison was made to U.S. white age-adjusted rates during the same time period.
RESULTS— Age-adjusted diabetes mortality rates for American Indians and Hispanics increased throughout the 30-yr period, and far exceeded rates for New Mexico non-Hispanic whites and U.S. whites by the 1983–1987 time period. The rates increased most dramatically among the state's American Indians, increasing 550% among women and 249% among men. Hispanic women and men experienced increases of 112 and 140%, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS–New Mexico's American Indian and Hispanic populations have higher diabetes mortality rates than non-Hispanic whites, and American Indian mortality rates have risen dramatically over the 30-yr period included in our study. Although the high prevalence of diabetes in American Indians and Hispanics is a major contributor to these rates, other factors may also influence the reported mortality rates.
Lipid Tolerance Testing in Pregnancy
Authors: Cowett Richard M , Carr Stephen R , Ogburn Paul L 
Published: March 2007

Objective— Macrosomia in the infant of the well-controlled diabetic mother suggests that a substrate other than glucose may influence fetal growth. We hypothesized that GDM alters lipid homeostasis during pregnancy. Our objective was to determine if an LTT could assist in identification of lipid abnormalities in the GDM individual.
Research Designs and Methods— The LTT consisted of bolus infusion of 1.0 mg/kg 10% Intralipid (Cutter Vitrum, Berkeley, CA) followed by measurements of plasma glucose, insulin, glycerol, total triglycerides, and triglyceride fatty acids (18:1 and 18:2), total FFAs, and total phospholipids for 30 min before and 90 min after the bolus. The study groups were composed of 8 nonpregnant, nondiabetic subjects, 8 pregnant, nondiabetic subjects, 8 GDM patients receiving insulin, and 8 GDM patients who were diet controlled.
Results— Plasma glucose and plasma insulin concentrations did not change significantly after the bolus. No significant difference was noted in the K2 for glycerol of the nonpregnant, nondiabetic group compared with the pregnant groups. The K2 for total triglycerides, plasma triglyceride 18:1, and plasma triglyceride 18:2 indicated increased rates of disappearance of these substrates for the nonpregnant nondiabetic group compared with all pregnant groups. No significant differences were observed among the pregnant groups for any of these parameters.
Conclusions— Pregnancy may be associated with a decreased rate of triglyceride lipolysis compared with nonpregnancy. No differences in lipid metabolism were noted among normal pregnant and relatively well-controlled GDM patients.
Mortality of Mexican Americans With NIDDM: Retinopathy and other predictors in Starr County, Texas
Authors: Hanis Craig L , Chu Hsuan-Ho , Lawson Kim , Hewett-Emmett David , Barton Sara A , Schull William J , Garcia Charles A 
Published: March 2007

Objective— To determine the rate and risk factors of mortality in a cohort of Mexican Americans with NIDDM.
Research Design and Methods— A cohort of 353 Mexican Americans with NIDDM were identified between 1981 and 1986. All individuals underwent extensive evaluations that included physical, historical, ophthalmological, and laboratory assessments. This cohort was followed prospectively for a mean of 8 yr. Follow-up included mortality surveillance, death certificate extraction, and a combination of annual and intermediate examinations.
Results— The cohort experienced 67 mortality events. One-third of all deaths were premature &lt;65 yr of age) and most often were attributed to diseases of the heart (60.0%). In no case was diabetes listed as the cause of death, although it was listed as a contributing cause in 25.5% of cases. Men had a higher mortality rate than women. In both sexes, baseline retinopathy was identified as an important predictor of subsequent mortality. Mortality was significantly elevated in those with nonproliferative retinopathy and even further elevated in those with proliferative disease (relative risks of ≥ 4 for proliferative disease).
Conclusions— Mexican Americans with NIDDM are experiencing premature and excessive mortality compared with the general population. The results clearly link microvascular complications with macrovascular disease, but this link is not explained by a more untoward profile of traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Retinopathy appears to serve as an important monitor of the progression of diabetes and when identified would warrant aggressive action to inhibit or slow the processes leading to subsequent mortality.
Glucose Intolerance in Colombia: A population-based survey in an urban community
Authors: Aschner Pablo , King Hilary , Torrado Mercedes Triana De , Rodriguez Bianca Marina 
Published: March 2007

Objective— To determine the prevalence of diabetes and its relationship to age and obesity in an urban community in Colombia.
Research Design and Methods— A cluster sample of 670 adults ≥ 30 yr of age was selected from the city of Santafè de Bogotá. Classification of diabetes and IGT was according to WHO criteria.
Results— Response to the survey, conducted in 1988–1989, was 71% for men and 84% for women. Prevalence of diabetes was 7% in both sexes. Prevalence of IGT was 5% in men and 7% in women. Age-standardized prevalence of diabetes in the 30- to 64-yr age range was comparable with that reported in urban Brazilians and rural Hispanics in the U.S.. Prevalence was higher than in the white population of the U.S. but lower than in several urban U.S. Hispanic communities. Some 40% of men and 30% of women with diabetes were unaware of their condition before the survey, but all those &lt;50 yr of age were diagnosed previously. Glucose intolerance was associated with high BMI in men and with advancing age in both sexes.
Conclusions— Glucose intolerance is common in this community and will likely increase in frequency in Colombians with further urbanization and population aging.
Predictors of Microalbuminuria in Individuals with IDDM: Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study
Authors: Coonrod Beth Ann , Ellis Demetrius , Becker Dorothy J , Bunker Clareann H , Kelsey Sheryl F , Lloyd Cathy E , Drash Allan L , Kuller Lewis H , Orchard Trevor J 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To examine the relationships between microalbuminuria and the development of overt diabetic nephrology, elevated blood pressure, and a more atherogenic lipid profile; and to identify risk factors for the development of microalbuminuria in individuals with IDDM. Microalbuminuria has been associated with the subsequent development of overt diabetic nephropathy in individuals with IDDM. It is associated with elevated blood pressure and a more atherogenic lipid profile, but the temporal relationship between the development of microalbuminuria and the changes in these factors is unclear.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Baseline characteristics were examined in 256 individuals with IDDM who had normal albumin excretion (urinary AER ≤20 μg/min in ≥2 timed urine collections) and were re-examined 2 yr later.

RESULTS
At follow-up, 24 had developed microalbuminuria (AER 20–200 (Ag/min in ≥2 timed urine collections) and 1 had developed overt nephropathy (AER ≥200 μg/min). Overall, the significant independent predictors of microalbuminuria were HbA1 (P &lt; 0.001), low-density lipoprotein (P &lt; 0.01), duration of IDDM (P &lt; 0.05), and systolic blood pressure (P = 0.05). Sex-specific analyses showed HbA1 age, and baseline AER were particularly important for men; whereas, for women, the main predictors were duration of IDDM and triglycerides. Duration-specific analyses showed that HbA1 was an important predictor both for individuals with &lt; and &gt;20-yr duration. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was more important for subjects with shorter durations; whereas triglycerides were important for those with longer durations.

CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that glycemic control, age or duration of IDDM, disturbed lipids, and possibly elevated blood pressure all may contribute to the development of microalbuminuria; and, further, that the adverse cardiovascular risk profile seen in individuals with overt nephropathy may begin to develop even before the detection of microalbuminuria.
The Role of Diet Behaviors in Achieving Improved Glycemic Control in Intensively Treated Patients in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial
Authors: Delahanty Linda M , Halford Beverly N 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To determine whether specific diet-related behaviors practiced by IDDM patients in the intensive treatment group of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial were associated with lower HbAlc values.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A questionnaire addressing various aspects of their dietary behavior during the previous year in the DCCT was completed by 623 DCCT intensive treatment group subjects. The association between selfreported diet behaviors and the subject's mean HbA1c during the previous year was evaluated using a linear rank test for trend. The goal of intensive treatment was to achieve blood glucose and HbA1c levels as close to the nondiabetic range as possible without hypoglycemia.

RESULTS
Adherence to the prescribed meal plan and adjusting food and/or insulin in response to hyperglycemia were significantly associated with lower HbA1c levels. Over-treating hypoglycemia and consuming extra snacks beyond the meal plan were associated with higher HbA1c levels. Adjusting insulin dose for meal size and content and consistent consumption of an evening snack were associated, albeit to a lesser degree, with lower HbA1c.

CONCLUSIONS
The average HbA1c among intensively managed patients who reported that they followed specific diet-related behaviors was 0.25 to 1.0 lower than among subjects who did not follow these behaviors. Health-care providers may wish to use these results to focus clinical care for intensively treated IDDM patients by emphasizing counseling on meal plans, prompt response to high blood glucose levels, appropriate treatment of hypoglycemia, and consistent snacking behaviors.
Blood Pressure, Insulin, and C-Peplide Levels in San Luis Valley, Colorado
Authors: Every Nathan R , Boyko Edward J , Keane Ellen M , Marshall Julie A , Rewers Marian , Hamman Richard F 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To explore the associations between blood pressure and both fasting insulin and C-pep tide levels.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A cross-sectional analysis was conducted of 895 normoglycemic members of a bi-ethnic community in Colorado who were selected from a control group recruited for a geographically based study of diabetes mellitus prevalence and risk factors. All subjects included in this study had normal glucose tolerance as judged by a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test interpreted using World Health Organization criteria. None of the subjects were taking antihypertensive medication. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to examine relationships between fasting insulin and C-peptide levels and blood pressure.

RESULTS
Among all subjects, diastolic blood pressure was found to significantly increase with increasing levels of both hormones (insulin coefficient = 0.197, P = 0.013; C-peptide coefficient = 0.0436, P = 0.004), whereas systolic blood pressure was significantly related to fasting C-peptide level (coefficient = 0.0295, P = 0.050). These relationships were similar in magnitude for both Hispanic and non-Hispanic white subjects, but were diminished among women and subjects with a higher body mass index.

CONCLUSIONS
Higher fasting insulin and C-peptide levels are associated with higher blood pressure, but these relationships are modified by sex and degree of obesity.
Reproductive History, Glucose Tolerance, and NIDDM in Hispanic and Non-Hispanic White Women: The San Luis Valley Diabetes Study
Authors: Alderman Beth W , Marshall Julie A , Boyko Edward J , Markham Kathleen A , Baxter Judith , Hamman Richard F 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To ascertain whether childbearing would decrease oral glucosestimulated insulin and C-peptide levels and increase the risk of NIDDM and impaired glucose tolerance in a population of Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women residing in the San Luis Valley of Colorado. Several investigators have related childbearing to subsequent abnormal glucose tolerance.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
In a population-based case-control epidemiological study, diabetic patients 20–74 yr of age (n = 196) and randomly sampled control women subjects (n = 735) underwent a glucose tolerance test, a physical examination, and an in-person standardized interview. The relations between the live-birth number and fasting and oral glucose stimulated glucose, insulin and C-peptide concentrations, and NIDDM and impaired glucose tolerance were estimated using linear or logistic regression to adjust for extraneous variables.

RESULTS
In women selected as control subjects, the live-birth number was related to a significant decrease in the sum of 1- and 2-h C-peptide concentrations (coefficient = −0.077, P &lt;0.001) and the logarithm of the sum of 1- and 2-h insulin concentrations (coefficient = −0.014, P = 0.02). After adjustment for subscapular skin-fold thickness, the relative odds of NIDDM for the live-birth number, which was small and of borderline significance, diminished (odds ratio = 1.04 for one birth, P = 0.18). Findings were similar for impaired glucose tolerance.

CONCLUSIONS
Childbearing was related to lower C-peptide and insulin levels in Hispanic and non-Hispanic women of the San Luis Valley. It had little apparent effect on later risk of NIDDM or impaired glucose tolerance.
Unplanned Pregnancies in Young Women With Diabetes: An analysis of psychosocial factors
Authors: James Paula J St , Younger M Donna , Hamilton Brenda D , Waisbren Susan E 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To assess psychosocial factors related to preventing birth defects in children bom to diabetic women. Diabetic women are at high risk for bearing children with congenital anomalies associated with teratogenic effects early in pregnancy. This study focuses on factors related to the family planning behavior of diabetic women.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Sixty-six diabetic women were included in a 5-yr, prospective, longitudinal study along with 69 phenylketonuric women, who also face a high risk of bearing children with birth defects, and 68 healthy women. Annual interviews and questionnaires were administered. Women who did not want a pregnancy completed measures related to contraceptive behavior and quality of life. Areas assessed were knowledge, personality, attitudes, and social support.

RESULTS
Diabetic women were more likely to be sexually active than women with phenylketonuria. Use and type of birth control were comparable among the groups except that diabetic women used condoms more often. For diabetic women, social support and positive attitudes towards birth control were associated with consistent birth control use. Of the diabetic women, 23 became pregnant, and only 6 (26%) were planned pregnancies.

CONCLUSIONS
Birth control use by diabetic women needs to be addressed by health professionals. Attitudes about birth control of the women and those close to them appear to be important factors in consistent birth control use. Suggestions are made for addressing these factors.
An Epidemic of Childhood Diabetes in the United States?: Evidence from Allegheny County, Pennsylvania
Authors: Dokheel Tomadher M ,   The Pittsburgh Diabetes Epidemiology Research Group
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate IDDM trends in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, from 1965 to 1989.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A population-based registry established in 1976—the Allegheny County Registry—was used for this study through a retrospective chart review of all cases diagnosed in the county from 1965. Through this registry, cases of IDDM patients &lt;20 yr of age were identified. In addition, pediatricians in the county were contacted about IDDM cases they diagnosed between 1965 and 1989 in individuals &lt;20 yr of age.

RESULTS
For the first time a major increase in IDDM was seen (1985–1989). This increase in IDDM was heterogenous with the rise for males being double that for females. The increase for non-white males was considerably greater than that seen for white males, and an exceptionally large increase in the youngest age-group (0–4 yr of age) was observed.

CONCLUSIONS
Ecological analyses indicated an association between chicken pox infection and IDDM, and this suggested that at least part of the rise may be of an infectious origin.