bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
N250 ERP Correlates of the Acquisition of Face Representations across Different Images
Authors: Kaufmann Jürgen M. , Schweinberger Stefan R. , Burton A. Mike 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
We used ERPs to investigate neural correlates of face learning. At learning, participants viewed video clips of unfamiliar people, which were presented either with or without voices providing semantic information. In a subsequent face-recognition task (four trial blocks), learned faces were repeated once per block and presented interspersed with novel faces. To disentangle face from image learning, we used different images for face repetitions. Block effects demonstrated that engaging in the face-recognition task modulated ERPs between 170 and 900 msec poststimulus onset for learned and novel faces. In addition, multiple repetitions of different exemplars of learned faces elicited an increased bilateral N250. Source localizations of this N250 for learned faces suggested activity in fusiform gyrus, similar to that found previously for N250r in repetition priming paradigms [Schweinberger, S. R., Pickering, E. C., Jentzsch, I., Burton, A. M., & Kaufmann, J. M. Event-related brain potential evidence for a response of inferior temporal cortex to familiar face repetitions. Cognitive Brain Research, 14, 398–409, 2002]. Multiple repetitions of learned faces also elicited increased central–parietal positivity between 400 and 600 msec and caused a bilateral increase of inferior–temporal negativity (&gt;300 msec) compared with novel faces. Semantic information at learning enhanced recognition rates. Faces that had been learned with semantic information elicited somewhat less negative amplitudes between 700 and 900 msec over left inferior–temporal sites. Overall, the findings demonstrate a role of the temporal N250 ERP in the acquisition of new face representations across different images. They also suggest that, compared with visual presentation alone, additional semantic information at learning facilitates postperceptual processing in recognition but does not facilitate perceptual analysis of learned faces.
Stop and Go: The Neural Basis of Selective Movement Prevention
Authors: Coxon James P. , Stinear Cathy M. , Byblow Winston D. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Converging lines of evidence show that volitional movement prevention depends on the right prefrontal cortex (PFC), especially the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). Selective movement prevention refers to the rapid prevention of some, but not all, movement. It is unknown whether the IFG, or other prefrontal areas, are engaged when movement must be selectively prevented, and whether additional cortical areas are recruited. We used rapid event-related fMRI to investigate selective and nonselective movement prevention during performance of a temporally demanding anticipatory task. Most trials involved simultaneous index and middle finger extension. Randomly interspersed trials required the prevention of one, or both, finger movements. Regions of the right hemisphere, including the IFG, were active for selective and nonselective movement prevention, with an overlap in the inferior parietal cortex and the middle frontal gyrus. Selective movement prevention caused a significant delay in movement initiation of the other digit. These trials were associated with activation of the medial frontal cortex. The results provide support for a right-hemisphere network that temporarily “brakes” all movement preparation. When movement is selectively prevented, the supplementary motor cortex (SMA/pre-SMA) may participate in conflict resolution and subsequent reshaping of excitatory drive to the motor cortex.
The Main Sources of Intersubject Variability in Neuronal Activation for Reading Aloud
Authors: Kherif Ferath , Josse Goulven , Seghier Mohamed L. , Price Cathy J. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
The aim of this study was to find the most prominent source of intersubject variability in neuronal activation for reading familiar words aloud. To this end, we collected functional imaging data from a large sample of subjects (n = 76) with different demographic characteristics such as handedness, sex, and age, while reading. The subject-by-subject error variance was estimated from a one-sample t test (on all 76 subjects) and was reduced to a lower dimension using principal components decomposition. A Gaussian Mixture Model was then applied to dissociate different subgroups of subjects that explained the main sources of variability in the data. This resulted in the identification of four different subject groups. The comparison of these subgroups to the subjects' demographic details showed that age had a significant effect on the subject partitioning. In addition, a region-by-group dissociation in the dorsal and the ventral inferior frontal cortex was consistent with previously reported dissociations in semantic and nonsemantic reading strategies. In contrast to these significant findings, the groupings did not differentiate subjects on the basis of either sex or handedness, nor did they segregate the subjects with right- versus left-lateralized reading activation. We therefore conclude that, of the variables tested, age and reading strategy were the most prominent source of variability in activation for reading familiar words aloud.
Functional Neuroanatomy of Mental Rotation
Authors: Milivojevic Branka , Hamm Jeff P. , Corballis Michael C. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Brain regions involved in mental rotation were determined by assessing increases in fMRI activation associated with increases in stimulus rotation during a mirror-normal parity-judgment task with letters and digits. A letter–digit category judgment task was used as a control for orientation-dependent neural processing unrelated to mental rotation per se. Compared to the category judgments, the parity judgments elicited increases in activation in both the dorsal and the ventral visual streams, as well as higher-order premotor areas, inferior frontal gyrus, and anterior insula. Only a subset of these areas, namely, the posterior part of the dorsal intraparietal sulcus, higher-order premotor regions, and the anterior insula showed increased activation as a function of stimulus orientation. Parity judgments elicited greater activation in the right than in the left ventral intraparietal sulcus, but there were no hemispheric differences in orientation-dependent activation, suggesting that neither hemisphere is dominant for mental rotation per se. Hemispheric asymmetries associated with parity-judgment tasks may reflect visuospatial processing other than mental rotation itself, which is subserved by a bilateral fronto-parietal network, rather than regions restricted to the posterior parietal.
An Improved Method for Estimating Global Evapotranspiration Based on Satellite Determination of Surface Net Radiation, Vegetation Index, Temperature, and Soil Moisture
Authors: Wang Kaicun , Liang Shunlin 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
A simple and accurate method to estimate regional or global latent heat of evapotranspiration (ET) from remote sensing data is essential. The authors proposed a method in an earlier study that utilized satellite-determined surface net radiation (Rn), a vegetation index, and daytime-averaged/daily maximum air temperature (Ta) or land surface temperature (Ts) data. However, the influence of soil moisture (SM) on ET was not considered and is addressed in this paper by incorporating the diurnal Ts range (DTsR). ET, measured by the energy balance Bowen ratio method at eight enhanced facility sites on the southern Great Plains in the United States and by the eddy covariance method at four AmeriFlux sites during 2001–06, is used to validate the improved method. Site land cover varies from grassland, native prairie, and cropland to deciduous forest and evergreen forest. The correlation coefficient between the measured and predicted 16-day daytime-averaged ET using a combination of Rn, enhanced vegetation index (EVI), daily maximum Ts, and DTsR is about 0.92 for all the sites, the bias is −1.9 W m−2, and the root-mean-square error (RMSE) is 28.6 W m−2. The sensitivity of the revised method to input data error is small. Implemented here is the revised method to estimate global ET using diurnal Ta range (DTaR) instead of DTsR because DTsR data are not available yet, although DTaR-estimated ET is less accurate than DTsR-estimated ET. Global monthly ET is calculated from 1986 to 1995 at a spatial resolution of 1° × 1° from the International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project (ISLSCP) Initiative II global interdisciplinary monthly dataset and is compared with the 15 land surface model simulations of the Global Soil Wetness Project-2. The results of the comparison of 118 months of global ET show that the bias is 4.5 W m−2, the RMSE is 19.8 W m−2, and the correlation coefficient is 0.82. Incorporating DTaR distinctively improves the accuracy of the estimate of global ET.
Evaluation of TRMM Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) and Its Utility in Hydrologic Prediction in the La Plata Basin
Authors: Su Fengge , Hong Yang , Lettenmaier Dennis P. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Satellite-based precipitation estimates with high spatial and temporal resolution and large areal coverage provide a potential alternative source of forcing data for hydrological models in regions where conventional in situ precipitation measurements are not readily available. The La Plata basin in South America provides a good example of a case where the use of satellite-derived precipitation could be beneficial. This study evaluates basinwide precipitation estimates from 9 yr (1998–2006) of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA; 3B42 V.6) through comparison with available gauged data and the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) semidistributed hydrology model applied to the La Plata basin. In general, the TMPA estimates agreed well with the gridded gauge data at monthly time scales, most likely because of the monthly adjustment to gauges performed in TMPA. The agreement between TMPA and gauge precipitation estimates was reduced at daily time scales, particularly for high rain rates. The TMPA-driven hydrologic model simulations were able to capture the daily flooding events and to represent low flows, although peak flows tended to be biased upward. There was a good agreement between TMPA-driven simulated flows in terms of their reproduction of seasonal and interannual streamflow variability. This analysis shows that TMPA has potential for hydrologic forecasting in data-sparse regions.
Effects of Spatial Aggregation of Initial Conditions and Forcing Data on Modeling Snowmelt Using a Land Surface Scheme
Authors: Dornes Pablo F. , Pomeroy John W. , Pietroniro Alain , Verseghy Diana L. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Small-scale topography and snow redistribution have important effects on snow-cover heterogeneity and the timing, rate, and duration of spring snowmelt in mountain tundra environments. However, land surface schemes (LSSs) are usually applied as a means to provide large-scale surface states and vertical fluxes to atmospheric models and do not normally incorporate topographic effects or horizontal fluxes in their calculations
A study was conducted in Granger Creek, an 8-km2 catchment within Wolf Creek Research Basin in the Yukon Territory, Canada, to examine whether inclusion of the effects of wind redistribution of snow between landscape units, and slope and aspect in snowmelt calculations for tiles, could improve the simulation of snowmelt by an LSS.
Measured snow accumulation, reflecting overwinter wind redistribution of snow, was used to provide initial conditions for the melt simulation, and physically based algorithms from a small-scale hydrological model were used to calculate radiation on slopes during melt. Based on consideration of the spatial distribution of snow accumulation, topography, and shrub cover in the basin, it was divided into five landscapes units (tiles) for simulation of mass and energy balance using an LSS during melt. Effects of averaging initial conditions and forcing data on LSS model performance were contrasted against distributed simulations. Results showed that, in most of the cases, simulations using aggregated initial conditions and forcing data gave unsuccessful descriptions of snow ablation whereas the incorporation of both snow-cover redistribution and slope and aspect effects in an LSS improved the prediction of snowmelt rate, timing, and duration.
Verification of The Weather Channel Probability of Precipitation Forecasts
Authors: Bickel J. Eric , Kim Seong Dae 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
The Weather Channel (TWC) is a leading provider of weather information to the general public. In this paper the reliability of their probability of precipitation (PoP) forecasts over a 14-month period at 42 locations across the United States is verified. It is found that PoPs between 0.4 and 0.9 are well calibrated for near-term forecasts. However, overall TWC PoPs are biased toward precipitation, significantly so during the warm season (April–September). PoPs lower than 0.3 and above 0.9 are not well calibrated, a fact that can be explained by TWC’s forecasting procedure. In addition, PoPs beyond a 6-day lead time are miscalibrated and artificially avoid 0.5. These findings should help the general public to better understand TWC’s PoP forecasts and provide important feedback to the TWC so that they may improve future performance.
Collective Leadership Effects on Student Achievement
Authors: Leithwood Kenneth , Mascall Blair 
Published: August 2008

Purpose: This study aimed to estimate the impact of collective, or shared, leadership on key teacher variables and on student achievement. As well, it inquired about the relative contribution of different sources of such leadership and whether differences among patterns of collective leadership were related to differences in student achievement.Methods: Evidence included 2,570 teacher responses from 90 elementary and secondary schools in which four or more teachers completed usable surveys. Student achievement data in language and math averaged over 3 years were acquired through school Web sites. Data were analyzed using path-analytic techniques.Findings: Collective leadership explained a significant proportion of variation in student achievement across schools. Higher-achieving schools awarded leadership influence to all school members and other stakeholders to a greater degree than that of lower-achieving schools. These differences were most significant in relation to the leadership exercised by school teams, parents, and students. Principals were awarded the highest levels of influence in schools at all levels of achievement.Implications: Influence seems to be an infinite resource in schools. The more those in formal leadership roles give it away, the more they acquire.
Electromagnetic Stress Sensor for Bridge Cables and Prestressed Concrete Structures
Authors: Bouchilloux P. , Lhermet N. , Claeyssen F. 
Published: August 2008

This paper presents the design, construction, and test results of an electromagnetic stress sensor. The sensor uses the reverse magnetostrictive effect found in high elastic limit steels such as those used in cables and in prestressed concrete. This effect is characterized by the variation in the steel's magnetic permeability as a function of its internal stress. Consequently, the internal stresses in these high elastic limit steels can be found by measuring their permeability. The permeability can be measured indirectly by measuring the inductance of a coil placed around or near the cable. We designed a prototype of the sensor with a finite element program. We also used this program to optimize the sensing coil and the measurement frequency and to design the magnetic shielding around the sensor. We built and tested the prototype in our laboratory. We evaluated the precision, accuracy, linearity, and reliability of the sensor, and also the influence of external thermal and magnetic perturbations on the sensor measurements. This paper provides experimental data demonstrating that the prototype meets the desired performance criteria. The major advantages of this sensor are its robustness and its ability to operate continuously for several decades, even in hostile environments. Also, this sensor can be either embedded in or added to the structure (e.g., bridge cables and nuclear plant concrete foundations), which makes the task of monitoring stresses easier and less expensive.
Multiple sclerosis: chemokine receptor expression on circulating lymphocytes in correlation with radiographic measures of tissue injury
Authors: Fox RJ , Kivisakk P , Fisher E , Tucky B , Lee JC , Rudick RA , Ransohoff RM 
Published: August 2008

Background Leukocytes expressing inflammatory chemokine receptors (CKRs), most consistently CCR2, CCR5, and CXCR3, have been identified in multiple sclerosis (MS) tissue lesions and provide attractive therapeutic targets. Our previous studies found large inter-individual differences in expression of these CKRs but stable levels over time within subjects. This observation suggests a CKR “set-point” within individuals, which might relate to inflammatory injury in MS. We evaluated the correlation between CKR levels and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures of disease activity. Methods Fifty-five relapsing remitting MS (RRMS) and secondary progressive MS (SPMS) patients were prospectively followed with annual CKR and MRI studies. Multiparameter flow cytometry was used to determine CCR2, CCR5, and CXCR3 expression on CD4 and CD8 cells. Simultaneous cranial MRIs were performed, and quantitative measures of T2, T1, and gadolinium lesions, brain parenchymal fraction (BPF), and whole brain and fractionated magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) were performed using automated software. Spearman’s rank correlations evaluated the relationship between CKR levels and MRI measures. Results Significant correlations were observed between CXCR3 expression on CD8 cells and measures of new (T1) and total (T1, T2) lesion volumes, lesion MTR, and BPF; higher levels of CXCR3 expression were correlated with greater injury on MRI (| r| = 0.27–0.42). In contrast, CD4 cell CKR expression was only minimally correlated with MRI measures. Conclusions Over 2 years, we observed significant correlations between the percent of CD8 cells expressing CXCR3 and MRI measures of MS inflammatory activity and tissue destruction. These observations are consistent with a pathogenic role for cytotoxic T cells in MS brain and have significant implications regarding T-cell targeted therapeutic strategies.
Outcome measures for trials of remyelinating agents in multiple sclerosis: retrospective longitudinal analysis of visual evoked potential latency
Authors: Niklas A , Sebraoui H , Heß E , Wagner A , Then Bergh F 
Published: August 2008

Objective Visual evoked potentials (VEP) may be suitable surrogate outcome measures in multiple sclerosis (MS) remyelination trials. The extent of spontaneous changes of subclinically delayed VEP is unknown, whereas VEP improve after acute optic neuritis (ON). Methods In all, 124 patients with three VEP recordings at least 3 months apart: 71 patients with MS who had never suffered clinical ON; 53 patients with ON (isolated ON or ON as an attack of MS at first recording). Latencies of P100 were analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance. Results Eyes of patients with MS had a mean P100 latency of 110.2 ms, worsening mildly over time ( n = 104 eyes, P = 0.022). MS patients' eyes with subclinical demyelination (delayed P100 latency at first recording >116 ms) showed no significant evidence of remyelination ( n = 24 eyes, P = 0.27). By contrast, in ON patients' affected eyes, mean P100 latency decreased ( P = 0.001), whereas unaffected eyes remained stable ( P = 0.26). Clinically non-affected eyes from both diagnostic groups with subclinically prolonged latencies remained stable ( n = 32: mean P100 at 124.8 ± 10.7, 123.5 ± 13.6, and 122.8 ± 13.1 ms; P = 0.57), whereas non-affected eyes with normal latency at baseline deteriorated slightly ( P = 0.001). A subgroup with more homogeneously defined follow-up periods confirmed this observation. Non-affected eyes selected for stability (difference <5 ms) between first and second recording deteriorated (normal baseline, n = 66 eyes, P = 0.013) or remained stable (prolonged baseline, n = 18 eyes, 95% confidence interval of change –5.42 to +6.89 ms, P = 0.805). Conclusion Prolonged P100 latencies in eyes never affected by clinical ON remain stable and thus can be used as surrogate outcome measure for remyelination trials.
Managing care of type 2 diabetes. Learnings from T2ARDIS*
Authors: Bottomley Julia M ,   T2ARDIS Steering Committee and UK Centres
Published: August 2008

The T2ARDIS* survey reported total resource use in the NHS and Social Services for people with type 2 diabetes. Patients and methods Cross-sectional postal survey data were acquired from a random sample of people diagnosed with type 2 diabetes from population-wide diabetes registers. Aggregated resource use, implications for healthcare management, and costs in the NHS and Social Services were considered. The data were compared to resource data in the general population to determine the impact of developing diabetic complications, particularly vascular disease. Implications for services were also considered. Results At a population level, on average one in four patients reported microvascular complications, one in 10 macrovascular complications and one in 14 reported both. Compared to the general population, people with type 2 diabetes were admitted to hospital more often and stayed longer as in-patients. This trend was similar for out-patient care. Across the whole cohort, more than 40% of the NHS cost was due to in-patient care. Diabetic complications increased costs in the NHS and Social Services, costs of insulin products and other drugs. The average annual spend on oral antidiabetic drugs accounted for only 2% of NHS costs for diabetes. Conclusion Most of the costs of care for the person with type 2 diabetes are borne by the NHS and the hospital sector. T2ARDIS* has probably under-estimated costs of the co-morbidity of type 2 diabetes. Complications significantly increase costs across all sectors. Evidence indicates that preventing the vascular complications of diabetes could avoid or delay hospitalisations and disability. Targeting resources should optimise the use of available services.
Comparison of the postprandial glucose and insulin profiles with nateglinide and gliclazide in type 2 diabetic patients
Authors: Schweizer Anja , Ball Michele , Owens David R , Cressier Floriane , Holmes David O , Brunel Patrick 
Published: August 2008

Aim The aim of this study was to compare glucose, insulin and proinsulin profiles during nateglinide and gliclazide treatment over an extended postprandial period. Materials and methods This double-blind crossover trial was conducted in 23 type 2 diabetic patients (mean HbA1C 6.6%; range 6.0—7.4%) who received, for one week each, nateglinide 120 mg t.i.d., gliclazide 80 mg b.i.d. and placebo, with a one week wash out period between treatments. Results The 2-hour postprandial glucose concentration was markedly lower with nateglinide than with gliclazide (5.83 vs. 7.21 mmol/L; p<0.05), as was the post-meal peak glucose elevation (8.63 vs. 9.72 mmol/L; p=0.085), which was associated with earlier, higher and shorter-lived insulin and proinsulin secretory responses. However, 0—7-hour AUCs during standardised meal test for glucose and insulin between the two drugs did not statistically differ. No symptomatic hypoglycaemic events occurred during the 7-hour test period. Conclusion Nateglinide was more effective than gliclazide in controlling postprandial hyperglycaemia and showed a faster effect on insulin and proinsulin secretion.