bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interactions between toothbrush and toothpaste particles during simulated abrasive cleaning
Authors: Lewis R , Dwyer-Joyce R. S. 
Published: November 2006

Most people clean their teeth using toothpaste, consisting of abrasive particles in a carrier fluid, and a filament-based toothbrush to remove plaque and stain. In order to optimize cleaning efficiency, it is important to understand how toothbrush filaments, abrasive particles, and fluid interact in a tooth cleaning contact. Work has been carried out to visualize, simulate, and model the processes in teeth cleaning. Laboratory cleaning contacts were created between a toothbrush and a transparent surface. Video and short-duration flash photography were used to study the processes by which a toothbrush traps abrasive particles, loads them against the counterface, and removes material. Small abrasive particles tend to be trapped at the contact between the filament tip and the counterface, while larger particles are trapped by clumps of filaments or at the contact with the side of a bent filament. Measurements of brush friction force were recorded during cleaning for a range of operating conditions. The presence of abrasive particles in the cleaning mixture increased the coefficient of friction, but the absolute particle concentration showed a lesser effect. It is surmised that only a few particles carry any load and cause any abrasion; increasing the particle concentration does not directly increase the number of load bearing particles. Abrasive scratch tests were also carried out, using polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) as a wearing substrate. The scratches produced during these tests were studied. The microscopy images were used to deduce how the filaments deflect and drag, and how particles are trapped by filaments and scratch the surface. Again, it was observed that few of the brush filaments loaded particles to produce scratches, and that when a filament changes direction of travel the trapped particle is lost. Results of these studies were used to develop both qualitative and quantitative models of the process by which material is removed in teeth cleaning. The quantitative model contains, by necessity, several empirical factors, but nonetheless predictions compare well with in vitro wear results from the literature. The results were also used to draw some broad conclusions on appropriate brushing techniques for optimum tooth cleaning.
Regio- and Stereoselective Ring Opening of Epoxides and Aziridines Using Zirconyl Chloride: An Efficient Approach for the Synthesis of β-Chlorohydrins and β-Chloroamines
Authors: Das Biswanath , Krishnaiah Maddeboina , Venkateswarlu Katta 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Zirconyl chloride mediated regio- and stereoselective ring opening of epoxides and aziridines at room temperature affords the corresponding β-chlorohydrins and β-chloroamines, respectively in high yields.
Preparation of a Carboxylate-binding Mononuclear Iron(II) (−)-Sparteine Complex with Structural Distortion and Its Reaction with Oxidants
Authors: Okumura Takeshi , Hayami Shinya , Ozawa Tomohiro , Funahashi Yasuhiro , Maeda Yonezo , Masuda Hideki 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
A novel iron complex with a distorted coordination geometry, [FeII((−)-sp)(OBz)2] (1) ((−)-sp = (−)-sparteine, OBz = benzoate anion), was prepared and structurally characterized by X-ray analysis. The stoichiometric reaction of 1 and mCPBA (m-chloroperbenzoic acid) degraded EtCN to CN− and CH3CHO. In CH2Cl2, a very short-lived intermediate species was generated, exhibiting an intense absorption band at 420 nm (ε ≈ 2000 M−1·cm−1) and a weak absorption band at 870 nm (ε ≈ 100 M−1·cm−1).
Criterion Test for Method Selection in Determining the Bulk Specific Gravity of Hot-Mix Asphalt
Authors: Williams BA , Bausano JP , Williams RC 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
A number of test methods are available to measure the bulk specific gravity of compacted hot-mix asphalt (HMA). The most commonly used test method, ASTM D 2726 [1], was designed for use with specimens that do not contain open or interconnected air voids such as dense-graded HMA mixtures. Coarse and open-graded HMA mixes are known for their open or interconnected void space. The current method for addressing coarse and open-graded mixes, ASTM D 1188 [2], can lead to erroneous bulk specific gravity measurements. Thus a nondestructive vacuum sealing method (ASTM D 6752) [3] was developed to address HMA mixtures that contain open or interconnected air voids. The objective of this research is to define the point at which the vacuum sealing method (ASTM D 6752) [3] more accurately measures the bulk specific gravity of an HMA specimen as compared to the conventional test (ASTM D 2726) [1] utilizing the saturated surface dry (SSD) method. Permeability (ASTM PS 129-01) [4] measures an HMA mixture's ability to allow moisture to pass through it, which in turn is related to the mixture's connectivity of void space. For this reason permeability was chosen as the fundamental property to investigate. ASTM PS 129-01 [4] is hypothesized as a criterion test for method selection in determining the appropriate bulk specific gravity test for coarse-graded HMA mixtures. One hundred and thirty-four field compacted roadway cores from 28 paving projects throughout the State of Michigan were evaluated using the vacuum sealing method and conventional SSD method of determining the bulk specific gravity of compacted HMA. These cores were then tested using a falling head permeability apparatus. It was determined that the bulk specific gravity of compacted HMA fine-graded mixes using the vacuum sealing method and conventional method are statistically the same. There is a difference in bulk specific gravity measurements when using the two bulk specific gravity tests on coarse-graded mixtures for roadway cores when the air void level is above 5.1 %. Thus the air void/permeability relationship was used to determine the coefficient of permeability at which the vacuum sealing method provides a more accurate measurement of the bulk specific gravity. This value was found to be 3.7×10-6 cm/s.
Posttournament Survival and Dispersal of Adult Striped Bass
Authors: Young Shawn P. , Isely J. Jeffery 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
We conducted a telemetry study from November 2004 to June 2005 at J. Strom Thurmond Reservoir in South Carolina and Georgia to quantify posttournament survival of striped bass and their dispersal from tournament weigh-in sites. During November–December 2004, 30 adult striped bass weighing 1.0–10.0 kg were angled, held in “striped bass tube” live-holding systems for 2–5 h, transported to a predetermined weigh-in and release site, and surgically implanted with telemetry transmitters. All striped bass survived transport, recovered from the surgical procedure, and were immediately released. The postrelease survival rate after 120 d was 87%. Surviving striped bass dispersed from the release site within 2–9 d. Fifty-four percent returned to their capture sites. Capture, holding, displacement, and weigh-in appeared to have no long-term adverse affects on behavior. Live release of striped bass may now be a viable option after tournaments during periods of cool water temperatures.
Effects of Wildfire and Subsequent Hydrologic Events on Fish Distribution and Abundance in Tributaries of North Fork John Day River
Authors: Howell Philip J. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Recent large wildfires in western states have fueled increasing concerns of resource managers and the public about the effects of fire, including risks to fish, particularly endangered species. However, there are few empirical studies on the response of fish to fire and none that include anadromous species. The Tower Fire was one of four large fires in the upper John Day River basin in Oregon in 1996. Much of the area burned at moderate to high severity, consistent with the pattern of increasing fire severity and size projected for the region. Intense spring storms in 1997 and 1998 triggered large floods, landslides, and debris torrents that affected streams within and downstream of the fire. We investigated the effects of the fire and ensuing floods on fish distribution and abundance in three streams immediately after the fire through 2003. Immediately after the fire, no fish were found in moderate- and high-intensity burn areas. Fish began to repopulate defaunated reaches the year after the fire, and within 4 years distribution of juvenile steelhead (anadromous rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss) and resident rainbow trout was similar to that before the fire. Juvenile spring Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha also began to use lower reaches of one of the streams after the flood, which had eliminated a culvert near the mouth of the stream suspected to be a barrier. Densities in most burned reaches and in unburned reaches downstream of the fire have rebounded to levels similar to or greater than densities in reference streams outside of the fire. An isolated introduced population of brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis also recovered. Thus, despite the size and severity of the fire, postfire hydrologic events, and human-induced changes to watersheds, fish populations were highly resilient.
Random versus Fixed-Site Sampling When Monitoring Relative Abundance of Fishes in Headwater Streams of the Upper Colorado River Basin
Authors: Quist Michael C. , Gerow Kenneth G. , Bower Michael R. , Hubert Wayne A. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Native fishes of the upper Colorado River basin (UCRB) have declined in distribution and abundance due to habitat degradation and interactions with nonnative fishes. Consequently, monitoring populations of both native and nonnative fishes is important for conservation of native species. We used data collected from Muddy Creek, Wyoming (2003–2004), to compare sample size estimates using a random and a fixed-site sampling design to monitor changes in catch per unit effort (CPUE) of native bluehead suckers Catostomus discobolus, flannelmouth suckers C. latipinnis, roundtail chub Gila robusta, and speckled dace Rhinichthys osculus, as well as nonnative creek chub Semotilus atromaculatus and white suckers C. commersonii. When one-pass backpack electrofishing was used, detection of 10% or 25% changes in CPUE (fish/100 m) at 60% statistical power required 50–1,000 randomly sampled reaches among species regardless of sampling design. However, use of a fixed-site sampling design with 25–50 reaches greatly enhanced the ability to detect changes in CPUE. The addition of seining did not appreciably reduce required effort. When detection of 25–50% changes in CPUE of native and nonnative fishes is acceptable, we recommend establishment of 25–50 fixed reaches sampled by one-pass electrofishing in Muddy Creek. Because Muddy Creek has habitat and fish assemblages characteristic of other headwater streams in the UCRB, our results are likely to apply to many other streams in the basin.
Fishing for SNPs: A Targeted Locus Approach for Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Discovery in Rainbow Trout
Authors: Sprowles A. E. , Stephens M. R. , Clipperton N. W. , May B. P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe combination of whole‐genome sequencing efforts and emerging high‐throughput genotyping techniques has made single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) a marker of choice for molecular genetic analyses in model organisms. This class of marker holds great promise for resolving questions of phylogeny, population structure, introgression, and adaptive genetic variation. Fifty‐five polymerase chain reaction primer pairs were used to target variable regions of the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss genome, 48 of which were designed from information found in publicly available DNA sequence databases. Forty of these primer pairs yielded sequenceable products. These sequences were compared across 1−10 individual fish from each of the following representative subspecies and strains: Sacramento redband trout O. mykiss stonei, California golden trout O. mykiss aguabonita, Little Kern golden trout O. mykiss whitei, coastal rainbow trout O. mykiss irideus, and the Mount Shasta hatchery strain. A total of 208 SNPs were identified in 37 loci, and a range of 75–128 SNPs were observed in pairwise comparisons of any two representative trout groups. As a test of high‐throughput genotyping, the TaqMan 5′ nuclease assay was used to genotype 335 fish representing 14 populations at SNP LDH‐156*, enabling us to characterize allelic frequencies in larger sample sizes and additional populations of each subspecies.
Enhancing the Regenerative Potential of Guided Tissue Regeneration to Treat an Intrabony Defect and Adjacent Ridge Deformity by Orthodontic Extrusive Force
Authors: Ogihara Shigeki , Marks Manuel H. 
Published: November 2006

Background: The biologic potential of the periodontal ligament (PDL) can be harnessed to solve complex clinical problems involving several dental disciplines. The purpose of this case report is to demonstrate that orthodontic extrusive force can enhance the regenerative potential of guided tissue regeneration (GTR) to eliminate an intrabony defect and augment a ridge deformity.Methods: Regenerative therapy by open debridement with particulate anorganic cancellous bovine‐derived bone xenograft (BDX), bioabsorbable membrane, and minocycline root conditioning was carried out. Eight weeks after the initial surgery, orthodontic extrusion and uprighting simultaneously were initiated.Results: Radiographs and reentry documentation demonstrated that orthodontic extrusive force could enhance the regenerative potential of GTR. Consequently, the intrabony defect and alveolar ridge were successfully treated.Conclusion: This case report demonstrates that orthodontic‐regenerative combined therapy can resolve complex clinical problems involving several dental disciplines.
The Influence of Cyclosporin A on Mechanical Retention of Dental Implants Previously Integrated to the Bone: A Study in Rabbits
Authors: Sakakura Celso E. , Margonar Rogerio , Sartori Rafael , Morais Juliana A.N.D. , Marcantonio Elcio 
Published: November 2006

Background: Immunosuppressive agents may induce severe changes on bone metabolism and may impair the osseointegration process during the implant healing. No data are available concerning the influence of cyclosporin A on dental implants previously integrated to the bone. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of cyclosporin A administration on the mechanical retention of bone previously integrated to dental implants.Methods: Eighteen female New Zealand rabbits were submitted to an implant surgery. Each animal received one commercial dental implant of 10 × 3.75 mm. After 12 weeks of an undisturbed healing period, six animals were randomly sacrificed and the removal torque test was performed (group A). In addition, six animals were submitted to a daily injection of cyclosporin A in a dosage of 10 mg/kg (group C), and six animals received saline solution as a control (group B). After 12 weeks of cyclosporin A administration, groups B and C were sacrificed and submitted to a removal torque test in which higher values can be interpreted as higher mechanical bone retention to the implant surface or higher osseointegration.Results: The removal torque results were 30.5 (±9.8) Ncm for group A, 50.17 (±17.5) Ncm for group B, and 26 (±7.8) Ncm for group C. The statistical analysis showed significant differences between groups A and B (P <0.05) and groups B and C (P <0.01).Conclusion: Cyclosporin A administration may impair the mechanical retention of dental implants previously integrated to the bone.
Quality of Trials in a Systematic Review of Powered Toothbrushes: Suggestions for Future Clinical Trials
Authors: Robinson Peter G. , Damien Walmsley A. , Heanue Michael , Deacon Scott , Deery Christopher , Glenny Ann Marie , Worthington Helen , Shaw William 
Published: November 2006

Background: This study aimed to assess the quality of reports of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing manual and powered toothbrushes and provide advice on how future trials might be improved.Methods: Studies were identified in the Cochrane systematic review of RCTs comparing powered versus manual toothbrushes. Reports were assessed against predefined criteria on the design of the studies to determine the effectiveness of the brushes in everyday home use and on their methodological quality.Results: Only 42 of 297 identified studies satisfied the inclusion criteria and were eligible for inclusion in the review. Many studies were excluded for more than one reason. Fifteen studies employed split‐mouth designs that may have changed toothbrushing behavior. Of 42 included RCTs, the generation of randomization sequence was adequate in 15 trials and concealment of allocation was adequate in 16 trials. Intention‐to‐treat analysis was reported in only five studies. Plaque data were reported using 10 different indices and gingivitis with nine indices. Only 12 trials lasted 3 months or longer, and there were no data on the benefits of powered toothbrushes for periodontal attachment.Conclusions: Some designs created an artificial research environment that may have undermined the findings. Authors of toothbrush trials should consider the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials statement. Greater standardization of the indices used is required. Trials of longer duration would enhance the evaluation of powered toothbrushes. Data on thresholds for clinically significant differences in plaque and gingivitis levels would help to determine whether oral hygiene aids provide important health benefits.
Root Coverage With a Coronally Positioned Flap Used in Combination With Enamel Matrix Derivative: 18‐Month Clinical Evaluation
Authors: Pilloni Andrea , Paolantonio Michele , Camargo Paulo M. 
Published: November 2006

Background: Ginigival recession can be successfully treated with coronally positioned flaps. Twelve‐month data failed to demonstrate that topical application of enamel matrix derivative (EMD) used in combination with the coronally positioned flap enhances clinical outcomes of the surgical technique used alone. This study was designed to examine the effects of EMD combined with the coronally positioned flap over an 18‐month postoperative period.Methods: Thirty patients presenting with Miller Class I or II gingival recessions on single‐rooted teeth participated in this parallel‐design clinical study. Six weeks after phase I therapy, recession areas were surgically treated with a coronally positioned flap for root coverage. Teeth in the experimental group received EMD treatment of the exposed root, whereas control teeth did not. Clinical parameters evaluated at baseline and 18 months postoperatively included gingival recession, clinical attachment level, probing depth, and the apico‐coronal dimension of the keratinized tissue.Results: Compared to baseline, 18‐month measurements showed a significant reduction in probing depth, gain in attachment level, and decrease in gingival recession for control and experimental groups. When the results of the two treatment groups were compared, the experimental group presented with significantly greater root coverage than the control group (2.66 ± 0.61 mm versus 1.73 ± 0.70 mm, respectively), more gain in clinical attachment than the control group (2.80 ± 0.76 mm versus 2.06 ± 0.70 mm, respectively), and a greater gain in the apico‐coronal dimension of the keratinized tissue than the control group (0.13 ± 0.06 mm versus −0.06 ± 0.01 mm, respectively).Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that topical application of EMD is beneficial in augmenting the effects of the coronally positioned flap in terms of amount of root coverage, gain in clinical attachment, and in increasing the apico‐coronal dimension of the keratinized tissue.
Characterization of Minocycline Transport by Human Neutrophils
Authors: Walters John D. 
Published: November 2006

Background: Tetracyclines are used in periodontal therapy as antimicrobial agents and as inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases. Neutrophils appear to accumulate minocycline and other tetracyclines through a mechanism that has not been fully characterized.Methods: The transport of minocycline and other tetracyclines by isolated human neutrophils was characterized by measuring the increase in cell‐associated fluorescence.Results: Quiescent neutrophils took up minocycline through a saturable, concentrative, sodium‐dependent mechanism with a Michaelis constant (Km) of 153 μg/ml (501 μM) and a maximal velocity of 240 ng/minute/106 cells. The efficiency of minocycline transport was not influenced significantly by a two‐unit variation in extracellular pH and was not enhanced upon cell activation with phorbol myristate acetate. Neutrophil incubation in medium containing 10 μg/ml minocycline, doxycycline, or tetracycline yielded steady‐state intracellular/extracellular concentration ratios of ∼64.0, 7.5, or 1.8, respectively. The dilution of extracellular minocycline or doxycycline triggered efflux from cells loaded with these antibiotics. Minocycline transport was competitively inhibited by the organic cations carnitine, diphenhydramine, and verapamil, but penicillin and other organic anions failed to produce inhibition.Conclusion: Transport of tetracyclines by neutrophils could potentially enhance the effectiveness of these agents in periodontal therapy by enhancing or sustaining their therapeutic levels at inflammatory sites and by enhancing the killing of phagocytosed bacterial pathogens.
Effects of Endogenous and Exogenous Prostaglandin E2 on the Proliferation and Differentiation of a Mouse Cementoblast Cell Line (OCCM‐30)
Authors: Mada Y. , Miyauchi M. , Oka H. , Kitagawa M. , Sakamoto K. , Iizuka S. , Sato S. , Noguchi K. , Somerman M.J. , Takata T. 
Published: November 2006

Background: Cementum formation is considered to be a critical event for successful regeneration of periodontal tissues. Cementoblasts share many characteristics with osteoblasts. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is an important local factor in bone metabolism. Although the effects of PGE2 on osteoblasts are well known, its effects on cementoblasts have not yet been established. We examined the effects of PGE2 on proliferation and differentiation in a mouse cementoblast cell line, OCCM‐30 cells.Methods: OCCM‐30 cells were treated with three concentrations of PGE2 (10, 100, and 1,000 ng/ml). Cell number, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and expression for mineralization‐related genes were determined. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) and receptor activator of nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB) ligand (RANKL) expression were also examined by real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results: The addition of PGE2 at the highest dose used in this study suppressed cell proliferation of OCCM‐30 cells. The expression of mineralization‐related marker mRNA, such as type 1 collagen, ALP, bone sialoprotein (BSP), and osteocalcin (OCN), was constitutively detected in OCCM‐30 cells. PGE2 dose dependently stimulated ALP activity and BSP‐mRNA expression in OCCM‐30 cells at day 3. Transcripts for OPG and RANKL and the protein level of OPG in culture media were upregulated with PGE2 stimulation.Conclusion: These results demonstrate that PGE2 suppressed cementoblast proliferation but stimulated ALP activity and the BSP‐mRNA level, suggesting a role of PGE2 in controlling cementoblast differentiation, and further indicate that PGE2 modulates RANKL and OPG expression in cementoblasts; the increase of OPG secreted from cementoblasts with PGE2 stimulation may be essential to protect the root surface from resorption.