bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Conjugated Linoleic Acid and Fatty Acid Positional Distribution on Physicochemical Properties of Structured Lipids
Authors: Rocha‐Uribe A. , Hernandez E. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractSpecific structured lipids (SSL), previously produced by enzymatic acidolysis of coconut oil with different levels of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) as fatty acid (FA), using a sn‐1, 3 specific immobilized lipase, were used to prepare randomized structured lipids (RSL). A fraction of each SSL was subjected to chemical interesterification with sodium methoxide catalyst in order to modify the FA positional distribution and produce the corresponding RSL. Both families of structured lipids (SL) containing CLA were physicochemically characterized. Then, analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to evaluate the effects of CLA content (10, 20, 30 and 40%) and FA positional distribution (specific and randomized) on physicochemical properties of SL. Free fatty acids (FFA), peroxide value (PV) and p‐anisidine value (p‐AV) were not significantly affected by either CLA content or distribution. As expected, the iodine value (IV) and saponification value (SV) were influenced by CLA content but not by FA positional distribution, while oxidative stability index (OSI) was affected by both factors. Dropping point (DP), cloud point (CP) and solid fat content (SFC) decreased with the increase of CLA, while viscosity increased with the level of CLA. The FA positional distribution affected practically all the evaluated physical properties of SL, except CP and DP.
Pubertal timing and its link to behavioral and emotional problems among ‘at‐risk’ African American adolescent girls
Authors: Carter Rona , Jaccard James , Silverman Wendy K. , Pina Armando A. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractUsing an ‘at‐risk’ sample of African American girls, the present study examined the link between girls' retrospective reports of pubertal timing, girls' perceived relative pubertal timing, and their behavioral and emotional problems as rated by the girls themselves (N = 102; 11–17 years), as well as teachers and parents. Structural equation modeling results indicated that the girls' retrospective reports of menarche were significantly related to their perceived relative menarche, whereas the girls' retrospective reports of development of their breasts were not related to their perceived relative development of breasts. Girls who perceived their breasts developing early relative to their peers were more likely to engage in delinquent behaviors according to teacher report. Significant effects of teacher reported adolescent internalizing problems also were found for girls who retrospectively reported either early or late development of breasts. The study's findings underscore the importance of teasing apart the effects of different indicators of girls' pubertal development on psychosocial adjustment and including teachers' reports of girls' emotional and behavioral problems, particularly among girls with the additional risks associated with residing in an economically disadvantaged urban setting.
Time Out: An Analysis
Authors: Dillon Kimberly Anne 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTENSURING PATIENT SAFETY in the OR includes performing a time out to help prevent wrong site surgery. The circulating nurse, in the role of patient advocate, usually is the OR team member who initiates the time out.A CORRECTLY PERFORMED TIME OUT includes verifying the correct patient; procedure; site (eg, organ, limb, vertebral level, laterality); surgeon; and position, as well as that proper equipment, instrumentation, and implants are available. Unacceptable time outs can be categorized as borderline, contrary, related, illegitimate, or invented cases.HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS should follow the Joint Commission's Universal Protocol and should have tools in place to ensure that patients will undergo correct site surgery. AORN J 88 (September 2008) 437–442. © AORN, Inc, 2008.
Laparoscopic‐Assisted Colon Surgery
Authors: Hageman Danny , Caillet Victoria , Kostohryz Jeff , Madick Sue 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTLAPAROSCOPIC‐ASSISTED colon surgery is a safe alternative to conventional open colectomy. Using the laparoscopic approach, the surgeon uses tools through port sites to mobilize the section of colon to be removed, avoiding a large laparotomy incision. Usually, two to three 5‐mm port sites and one 10‐mm or 12‐mm port site are created.ALTHOUGH THIS PROCEDURE often requires a small incision to remove the diseased portion of the colon, the incision is much smaller, causing less postoperative pain and shortening the hospital stay. This leads to a faster return to activities of daily living for the patient. AORN J 88 (September 2008) 403–412. © AORN, Inc, 2008.
Evaluating a Case Study Using Bloom's Taxonomy of Education
Authors: Larkin Brenda G. , Burton Karen J. 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTTHE JOINT COMMISSION recognizes effective communication among caregivers as an important factor for ensuring patient safety, especially at times when the patient's care is handed off from one caregiver or service to another.THIS CASE STUDY reviews the course of treatment for one patient throughout the perioperative continuum, including the postoperative unit where a pre‐arrest situation developed.A WORKSHOP USING BLOOM'S TAXONOMY of Educational Objectives enabled staff members to more clearly understand the patient's situation. It also allowed the participants to gain an increased understanding of significant data and has been strategic in preventing patient complications. AORN J 88 (September 2008) 390–402. © AORN, Inc, 2008.
Perioperative Nursing Competency
Authors: Stobinski James X. 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTOR MANAGERS FACE INCREASING pressure to ensure nursing competency.SUBSPECIALTY EDUCATION programs provide a critical foundation upon which eventual clinical competency will be built, but the relationship between competency and clinical performance is not yet well understood.A VARIETY OF PERIOPERATIVE nursing subspecialty programs are described in the literature. These programs were examined in the context of the theoretical connection between education, clinical experience, and nursing competency.AORN J88 (September 2008) 417–436. © AORN, Inc, 2008.
Young people making sense of pain: Cognitive appraisal, function, and pain in 8–16 year old children
Authors: Huguet Anna , Eccleston Christopher , Miró Jordi , Gauntlett‐Gilbert Jeremy 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTRecurrent pain is a common childhood problem which for some becomes chronic and is associated with severely impaired functioning. Relationships of psychological variables with impaired functioning have rarely been investigated in samples of children reporting pain in non‐clinical settings. The aim of this study was to examine the role of cognitive appraisal in the relationship between chronic pain and level of functioning in a normal school‐attending population of children who report pain as a common experience. Five hundred and sixty one schoolchildren aged between 8 and 16 years and their parents participated in a cross‐sectional interview and questionnaire study. Child functioning was measured in two ways: self‐reported quality of life, and self‐reported functional disability associated with pain. Results showed a consistent pattern across both specific measures of functioning used. Catastrophic appraisals of pain can explain partially the functional impairment found in a sample of normal schoolchildren with chronic pain. Positive expectations about ability, the responsibility to exert control over the pain, and the belief that medication and doctors will help to control the pain, were found to be protective of normal functioning in chronic pain. Cognitive factors were found to mediate but not moderate the relationship between pain and disability, and quality of life.
Painful or painless lower limb dysesthesias are highly predictive of peripheral neuropathy: Comparison of different diagnostic modalities
Authors: Scherens Andrea , Maier Christoph , Haussleiter Ida Sybille , Schwenkreis Peter , Vlckova‐Moravcova Eva , Baron Ralf , Sommer Claudia 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTDysesthesias of the lower limbs are a common complaint of patients and may be indicative of peripheral neuropathy. Here we investigated the prevalence and type of neuropathy in patients presenting with this complaint and compared the diagnostic performance of different diagnostic modalities. Forty‐two patients were recruited prospectively and underwent a clinical examination, nerve conduction studies, quantitative sensory testing (QST), and skin biopsy at the dorsum of the foot. All patients had a correlate for their dysesthesias in at least one diagnostic modality. Most patients (>90%) had signs of small fiber loss or dysfunction. In about half of all patients large fibers were also affected. Nerve conduction studies were abnormal in 23/42 patients (54.8%). Cold or warm detection thresholds in QST were abnormal in 15/42 (35.7%) patients. Decreased intraepidermal nerve fiber density (IENFD) was found in 37 patients (88.1%), including some patients with normal QST findings. Nearly all patients with pathological QST had a reduced IENFD, indicating a high positive predictive value (93%) of QST in screening for reduced IENFD as correlate for neuropathy. Therefore in all patients with lower limb dysesthesias of unknown origin, the non‐invasive methods of NCS and QST should be used and potentially complemented by skin biopsy.
The primacy of mania: A reconsideration of mood disorders
Authors: Koukopoulos Athanasios , Ghaemi S. Nassir 
Published: September 2008

AbstractIn contemporary psychiatry, depression and mania are conceived as different entities. They may occur together, as in bipolar disorder, or they may occur separately, as in unipolar depression. This view is partly based on a narrow definition of mania and a rather broad definition of depression. Generally, depression is seen as more prominent, common, and problematic; while mania appears uncommon and treatment-responsive. We suggest a reversal: mania viewed broadly, not as simply episodic euphoria plus hyperactivity, but a wide range of excitatory behaviors; and depression seen more narrowly. Further, using pharmacological and clinical evidence, and in contrast to previous theories of mania interpreted as a flight from depression, we propose the primacy of mania hypothesis (PM): depression is a consequence of the excitatory processes of mania. If correct, current treatment of depressive illness needs revision. Rather than directly lifting mood with antidepressants, the aim would be to suppress manic-like excitation, with depression being secondarily prevented. Potential objections to, and empirical tests of, the PM hypothesis are discussed.
Patterns of agreement among parent, teacher and youth ratings in a referred sample
Authors: Salbach-Andrae Harriet , Lenz Klaus , Lehmkuhl Ulrike 
Published: September 2008

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to investigate the degree of agreement among parents, teachers and adolescents with respect to the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), the Teacher's Report Form (TRF), and the Youth Self Report (YSR). In addition we evaluated the suitability of these three forms (CBCL, TRF and YSR) in terms of their contribution to understanding internalizing and externalizing disorders in youths being referred to a child and adolescent unit of a psychiatric care facility.MethodsA total of 611 patients aged 11–18 years (mean age 13.0, SD 1.6) were assessed using the CBCL, the TRF and the YSR.ResultsIntraclass coefficients (ICC) showed low to moderate agreement among informants. Furthermore, the level of agreement was generally less among patients suffering from internalizing disorders than for young patients who displayed externalizing disorders. Logistic regression revealed that the TRF internalizing syndrome scale, the CBCL internalizing syndrome scale and gender were relevant prognostic factors for the occurrence of internalizing disorders in youth. The YSR internalizing syndrome scale, on the other hand, was not a relevant factor among adolescents of a clinical target population. Likewise, only the TRF externalizing syndrome scale, the CBCL externalizing syndrome scale and gender were relevant prognostic factors for the occurrence of externalizing disorders in youth.ConclusionsParticularly the CBCL and TRF are useful instruments in assessing internalizing and externalizing disorders in adolescents referred to a mental health setting.
Midlife activity predicts risk of dementia in older male twin pairs
Authors: Carlson Michelle C. , Helms Michael J. , Steffens David C. , Burke James R. , Potter Guy G. , Plassman Brenda L. 
Published: September 2008

BackgroundThis was a prospective study of dementia to elucidate mechanisms of disease risk factors amenable to modification and specifically to determine whether midlife cognitive and physical leisure activities are associated with delayed onset or reduced risk of dementia within older male twin pairs.MethodsThe co‐twin control design used prospectively collected exposure information to predict risk of dementia 20 to 40 years later. The subjects were community‐dwelling and nursing home residents living throughout the continental United States. We studied 147 male twin‐pairs who were discordant for dementia or age of dementia onset and were members of the National Academy of Sciences–National Research Council Twin Registry of World War II veterans and participants in the Duke Twins Study of Memory in Aging. The main outcome measure was diagnosed dementia by using a two‐stage screen and full clinical evaluation. Conditional odds ratios were estimated for the association between midlife leisure activities and late‐life dementia.ResultsGreater midlife cognitive activity was associated with a 26% risk reduction for dementia onset. Protective effects were most robust in monozygotic twin pairs, where genetic and early‐life influences were most tightly controlled, and for activities that were often cognitive and social in nature. Cognitive activity was particularly protective among monozygotic twin pairs carrying the apolipoprotein E ε4 allele, with a 30% risk reduction. Midlife physical activity did not modify dementia risk.ConclusionsParticipation in a range of cognitively and socially engaging activities in midlife reduced risk for dementia and AD in twins discordant for onset, particularly among twin pairs at elevated genetic risk, and might be indicative of an enriched environment.
Topical Hemostatic Agents in Surgery: A Surgeon's Perspective
Authors: Samudrala Srinath 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTGOOD HEMOSTASIS IN SURGERY can provide multiple advantages to the patient, surgical team, and health care facility. Active and passive hemostatic agents have been widely used for many years and have extensive history supporting effective and safe use in a wide variety of surgical procedures.THE TYPE OF SURGICAL PROCEDURE, type of bleeding, hemostatic agent availability, and patient characteristics will influence the choice of topical hemostatic agent that is used by the surgeon. By actively participating in the coagulation cascade, active topical hemostatic agents are more able to meet the criteria of an ideal hemostatic agent in cases of oozing blood and minor bleeding during surgical procedures. Active agents can be used alone or in combination with passive agents.FAMILIARITY WITH THE PRODUCTS used to achieve hemostasis and their preparation can facilitate optimal use by surgical teams. AORN J 88 (September 2008) S1‐S11. © AORN, Inc, 2008.
A Dutiful Child: The Implications of Article 31 of the African
Children's Charter
Authors: Sloth-Nielsen J , Mezmur BD 
Published: September 2008

AbstractEach right has a corresponding duty. The African Children's Charter,
under article 31, imposes a range of duties on children. Understandably, it
could become contentious when an instrument on the rights and welfare of
children expressly imposes duties on them. After setting the platform for
discussion by highlighting international experiences and outlining the African
concept of human rights, this article critically examines and attempts to
clarify the precise meaning, content, conditions of compliance and application
of those duties for children. By way of conclusion, it suggests that article 31
represents a valuable addition to the international human rights agenda, and
that a purposeful interpretation of its constituent parts reveals that children
should be required to play a role at family, community, national and continental
levels, in accordance with their age and maturity as they grow up, as part and
parcel of their heritage, empowerment and developing citizenship.
Sexual Harassment in the Workplace in South Africa: The Unlimited Vicarious Liability of Employers?
Authors: Ntsanyu Nana Constantine 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe South African Supreme Court of Appeal and Constitutional Court have ruled that the employer is vicariously liable for sexual violence perpetrated by his employee on a co-employee or on a third party in the workplace or in what can be considered as an extension of the workplace. This is similar to the current position in the United Kingdom. This article questions the rationale of holding employers vicariously liable for intentional acts of employees such as sexual harassment. In a bid to justify their position, these courts have adopted a sort of vicarious liability with no outer limit that is both needless and tortuous. This article submits that the law imposes a duty on employers to protect their employees and that this unwarranted development of vicarious liability could be avoided if due regard is given to the prescribed direct (and strict) liability of the employer.
Physical processes in laser interaction with porous low-density materials
Authors: Borisenko N.G. , Bugrov A.E. , Burdonskiy I.N. , Fasakhov I.K. , Gavrilov V.V. , Goltsov A.Yu. , Gromov A.I. , Khalenkov A.M. , Kovalskii N.G. , Merkuliev Yu.A. , Petryakov V.M. , Putilin M.V. , Yankovskii G.M. , Zhuzhukalo E.V. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractNew results obtained in experiments on laser irradiation (I = 5 × 1013 W/cm2, λ = 1.054 µm) of low-density (2–10 mg/cm3) porous materials (agar, triacetate cellulose, and foam polysterene) are presented and discussed from the standpoint of optimum porous material utilization in target designs for inertial confinement fusion. The influence of low-density material microstructure of irradiated samples on the absorption of laser radiation and the energy transfer processes was investigated using X-ray and optical diagnostic methods with high temporal and spatial resolution.
Angular distributions of ions emitted from laser plasma produced at various irradiation angles and laser intensities
Authors: Láska L. , Jungwirth K. , Krása J. , Krouský E. , Pfeifer M. , Rohlena K. , Velyhan A. , Ullschmied J. , Gammino S. , Torrisi L. , Badziak J. , Parys P. , Rosinski M. , Ryć L. , Wolowski J. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractAngular distributions of currents and velocities (energies) of ions produced at various target irradiation angles and laser intensities ranged from 1010 W/cm2 to 1017 W/cm2 were analyzed. It was confirmed that for low laser intensities the ion current distributions are always peaked along the target normal. However, at laser intensities comparable to or higher than 1014 W/cm2, the preferred direction of ion emission strongly depends on the irradiation geometry (laser focus setting, the irradiation angle), and can be off the target normal. This is very likely caused by the non-linear interaction of the laser beam with produced plasma, in particular, by the action of ponderomotive forces and the laser beam self-focusing.
Matrix‐guided cartilage regeneration in chondral defects
Authors: Wegener Bernd , Schrimpf Florian M. , Pietschmann Mathias F. , Milz Stefan , Berger‐Lohr Meike , Bergschmidt Philipp , Jansson Volkmar , Müller Peter E. 
Published: September 2008

Small cartilage defects treated with microfracture show comparable clinical results to those treated with ACI (autologous chondrocyte implantation). Unfortunately, the regenerative tissue generated by microfracture treatment does not exhibit the structure and function of hyaline articular cartilage. Adult mesenchymal stem cells are supposed to be capable of differentiating according to mechanical stimuli, e.g. into chondrocytes, thus generating hyaline cartilage. The treatments used so far, such as the microfracture procedure, are only able to induce mechanically insufficient fibrocartilage. The purpose of the present study was to test the influence of a resorbable implant manufactured from PGLA (polyglycollic‐co‐lactic acid) fleece in combination with microfracture in the weight‐bearing area of the femoral condyle of mature sheep on cartilage repair. Artificial chondral defects (diameter: 8 mm) were created and treated with microfracture, with a PGLA implant alone or with a combination of both (n=6 for each group). Untreated empty defects served as controls. Under thorough pain control, full weight bearing was permitted immediately after the operation. After 12 weeks, the animals were killed and the operated knees were removed and histologically processed. First, the degree of covering of the defect with regenerative tissue was measured; then, the quality of the regenerate was evaluated using the score of O'Driscoll, Keeley and Salter [(1986) J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 68, 1017–1035], which was modified to include histochemical labelling results. The combination of PGLA implant and microfracture led to a significant improvement of the quality of the regenerate when compared with microfracturing alone.
Palmitoylation of stathmin family proteins domain A controls Golgi versus mitochondrial subcellular targeting
Authors: Chauvin Stéphanie , Poulain Fabienne E. , Ozon Sylvie , Sobel André 
Published: September 2008

Background information. Precise localization of proteins to specialized subcellular domains is fundamental for proper neuronal development and function. The neural microtubule‐regulatory phosphoproteins of the stathmin family are such proteins whose specific functions are controlled by subcellular localization. Whereas stathmin is cytosolic, SCG10, SCLIP and RB3/RB3′/RB3″ are localized to the Golgi and vesicle‐like structures along neurites and at growth cones. We examined the molecular determinants involved in the regulation of this specific subcellular localization in hippocampal neurons in culture.Results. We show that their conserved N‐terminal domain A carrying two palmitoylation sites is dominant over the others for Golgi and vesicle‐like localization. Using palmitoylation‐deficient GFP (green fluorescent protein) fusion mutants, we demonstrate that domains A of stathmin proteins have the particular ability to control protein targeting to either Golgi or mitochondria, depending on their palmitoylation. This regulation involves the co‐operation of two subdomains within domain A, and seems also to be under the control of its SLD (stathmin‐like domain) extension.Conclusions. Our results unravel that, in specific biological conditions, palmitoylation of stathmin proteins might be able to control their targeting to express their functional activities at appropriate subcellular sites. They, more generally, open new perspectives regarding the role of palmitoylation as a signalling mechanism orienting proteins to their functional subcellular compartments.