bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
BONE, SHELL, AND LITHIC EVIDENCE FOR CRAFTING IN ELITE MAYA HOUSEHOLDS AT AGUATECA, GUATEMALA
Authors: Emery Kitty F. , Aoyama Kazuo 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe site of Aguateca, Guatemala, was rapidly abandoned at the beginning of the ninth centurya.d.(approximatelya.d.830), leaving a Pompeii-style assemblage scattered on the floors of elite residences. Horizontal excavation of these residences has revealed ancient elite activity and household-level craft-production areas, including in situ evidence for the manufacture of bone and shell artifacts using stone tools. Here, bone/shell-production sequences that identify artifact-crafting stages are combined with lithic microwear analyses using high-power microscopy that identifies lithic manufacturing tools. A combined distributional analysis of lithic manufacturing tools, bone and shell debitage, and finished products reveals the location and nature of bone/shell-artifact manufacture in the households of the Classic Maya elite. The evidence indicates that Aguateca nobility carried out part-time animal-product crafting, the specific nature of which varied among households. Household room-use distributions also hint that both women and men were involved in crafting most animal products.
THE HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS OF THE MOON PYRAMID, TEOTIHUACAN
Authors: Spence Michael W. , Pereira Grégory 
Published: August 2007

AbstractBeginning with Building 4, each new version of the Moon Pyramid in Teotihuacan was initiated with a major sacrificial event. These events invariably included human victims, males ranging in age from about 14 to 60 or more years (Minimum Number of Individuals (MNI) = 37). Many display cranial modification and dental decoration. In the earliest offering, Burial 2, the lone human was merely one element in a complex tableau. In subsequent sacrifices, the human victims increased in number and became a major focus of the event. There was also a growing dichotomy among them, with numbers of decapitated victims being included in the sacrifices. Skeletal elements from the pyramid fill suggest still other rituals involving human crania (MNI = 11), but the context of these is not yet clear.
IMPLEMENTS OF STATE POWER
Authors: Carballo David M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe expansionary strategies of Teotihuacano political leaders involved the large-scale manufacture of weaponry and the production of ceremonial items representative of a coherent suite of symbols expressing themes of warfare and sacrifice. Recent excavations at the Moon Pyramid demonstrate that such production activities were undertaken next to the monument, where obsidian was reduced into dart points and eccentrics linked to militarism and sacrificial practices in the art and archaeology of the city. These craft production activities were likely directly administered by state functionaries and formed part of the physical and ideational bases of state political authority. The finished products served as means of direct military coercion and symbolic reification of state authority, materialized through the militaristic offering complexes within the major temples of the city. This study presents a detailed technological analysis of the production activities and contextualizes their social significance by examining their symbolic manipulation in the art and sacrificial offerings of Teotihuacán.
The Spirit of the Time: A Reply to Roman Herzog and Lüder Gerken
Authors: Hänsch Klaus 
Published: August 2007

Integration in the European Union jeopardizes our democracy; the European Constitution will not stop the substantial erosion of the constitutional institutions of the member states, in particular the parliaments. It will not put an end to the lack of democracy and of separation of powers, nor to inappropriate centralization. Its rejection in France and the Netherlands creates the opportunity to assign to the Union appropriate and transparent structures close to the citizens.This is heavy stuff. It is presented to us by authors who are not known to be Euro-phobes or populists. They don't lose themselves in well-meaning clouds of criticism concerning the length of the Constitution, or in putting the blame on ‘the people in Brussels’. Their concerns have to be taken seriously. That is why their suggestions need to be addressed, both as to principle and detail.
Activation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 in human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1-infected cell lines and primary adult T-cell leukaemia cells
Authors: Tomita Mariko , Semenza Gregg L. , Michiels Canine , Matsuda Takehiro , Uchihara Jun-Nosuke , Okudaira Taeko , Tanaka Yuetsu , Taira Naoya , Ohshiro Kazuiku , Mori Naoki 
Published: August 2007

HTLV-1 (human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1) is the causative agent for ATL (adult T-cell leukaemia). HTLV-1 Tax can activate the PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase)/Akt signalling pathway, which is responsible for survival of HTLV-1-infected T-cells. HIFs (hypoxia-inducible factors) are transcriptional regulators that play a central role in the response to hypoxia. Overexpression of HIF-1α in many cancers is associated with a poor response to treatment and increased patient mortality. Our objectives in the present study were to investigate whether HIF-1 was activated in HTLV-1-infected T-cells and to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of HIF-1 activation by focusing on the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway. We detected a potent pathway that activated HIF-1 in the HTLV-1-infected T-cells under a normal oxygen concentration. Enhanced HIF-1α protein expression and HIF-1 DNA-binding activity were exhibited in HTLV-1-infected T-cell lines. Knockdown of HIF-1α by siRNA (small interfering RNA) suppressed the growth and VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) expression of the HTLV-1-infected T-cell line. HIF-1 protein accumulation and transcriptional activity were enhanced by Tax, which was inhibited by dominant-negative Akt. Importantly, mutant forms of Tax that are defective in activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway failed to induce HIF-1 transcriptional activity. The PI3K inhibitor LY294002 suppressed HIF-1α protein expression, HIF-1 DNA-binding and HIF-1 transcriptional activity in HTLV-1-infected T-cell lines. In primary ATL cells, HIF-1α protein levels were strongly correlated with levels of phosphorylated Akt. The results of the present study suggest that PI3K/Akt activation induced by Tax leads to activation of HIF-1. As HIF-1 plays a major role in tumour progression, it may represent a molecular target for the development of novel ATL therapeutics.
Aldosterone and end-organ damage
Authors: Marney Annis M. , Brown Nancy J. 
Published: August 2007

Aldosterone concentrations are inappropriately high in many patients with hypertension, as well as in an increasing number of individuals with metabolic syndrome and sleep apnoea. A growing body of evidence suggests that aldosterone and/or activation of the MR (mineralocorticoid receptor) contributes to cardiovascular remodelling and renal injury in these conditions. In addition to causing sodium retention and increased blood pressure, MR activation induces oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, inflammation and subsequent fibrosis. The MR may be activated by aldosterone and cortisol or via transactivation by the AT1 (angiotenin II type 1) receptor through a mechanism involving the EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) and MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathway. In addition, aldosterone can generate rapid non-genomic effects in the heart and vasculature. MR antagonism reduces mortality in patients with CHF (congestive heart failure) and following myocardial infarction. MR antagonism improves endothelial function in patients with CHF, reduces circulating biomarkers of cardiac fibrosis in CHF or following myocardial infarction, reduces blood pressure in resistant hypertension and decreases albuminuria in hypertensive and diabetic patients. In contrast, whereas adrenalectomy improves glucose homoeostasis in hyperaldosteronism, MR antagonism may worsen glucose homoeostasis and impairs endothelial function in diabetes, suggesting a possible detrimental effect of aldosterone via non-genomic pathways.
Alterations in transpiration and stem vascular tissues of two maize cultivars under conditions of water stress and late wilt disease
Authors: Abd El‐Rahim M. F. , Fahmy G. M. , Fahmy Z. M. 
Published: August 2007

Two cultivars of maize (Zea mays), Giza 2 (G2) and Population 45 (P45), were grown under natural conditions in pots containing clay loam soil, either infested or not infested with inoculum of Cephalosporium maydis, the causal fungus of late wilt disease. When the plants were 21 days old, they were subjected to two irrigation treatments: irrigation to field capacity, and irrigation after 60% depletion of the available soil moisture at the root zone, i.e. soil moisture stress. Under nonstressed conditions plants of cultivar G2 showed a lower percentage of infection than those of P45. In stressed plants, the percentage of infection increased significantly. Compared with controls (nonstressed, healthy plants), higher percentages of plant dry mass (leaves + stem + cobs) were achieved by all treatments with G2 than with P45, which did not produce cobs under stress conditions. Nonstressed healthy plants had higher transpiration rates and relative water contents than the water‐stressed diseased plants. The leaves of diseased plants had a higher content of the amino acid proline than those of nonstressed, healthy plants, probably associated with water stress due to the disease.Infection resulted in a reduction of the number of the vascular bundles in the cross‐section of the internode. The values of the phloem area per unit leaf area were greatly reduced in water‐stressed and infected plants. In addition, many xylem vessels were occluded in diseased plants but much more in the susceptible P45 than in the moderately resistant G2. Occlusion may be the most important factor causing the symptoms of the disease.The hydraulic conductance (Kh) of the xylem tissue supplying the transpiring areas was calculated from the conduit lumen diameters using the Hagen–Poiseuille relation. The highest Kh values were obtained in the nonstressed, healthy plants, particularly those of P45; plants with both water stress and disease showed the lowest Kh values. The efficiency of xylem conductance was further examined by calculations of the leaf specific conductance and the predicted maximum pressure gradients. Conductance was strongly reduced by infection in both cultivars and there was a corresponding increase in pressure gradients. These observations were consistent with observed reduction in xylem tissues and occlusion of xylem vessels by the infection.
The (Un)Happiness of Knowledge and the Knowledge of (Un)Happiness: Happiness Research and Policies for Knowledge‐based Economies
1
Authors: Engelbrecht Hans‐Jürgen 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
This paper explores the current state and interfaces of two broad policy discourses, i.e. that of policies for knowledge‐based economies (KBEs) and policy implications of happiness research, which so far have exhibited little explicit cross‐referencing. I first review the state of ‘mainstream’ knowledge policy associated with the OECD, the related but somewhat separate literature on information society indicators, and some ‘non‐mainstream’ knowledge policy analysis. This is followed by a brief overview of some of the major policy implications and controversies in happiness research. Next, I discuss major interfaces of the two policy discourses. They mostly concern the nexus of education, work and innovation. I also illustrate the diversity of beliefs and values about some core elements of KBEs in a group of what are usually regarded as similar countries, and advocate the use of subjective variables to capture these differences. The main argument put forward in this paper is that policies for KBEs should be informed by insights from happiness research.
The Role of Knowledge Accumulation in Health and Longevity: The Puzzling Case of Suicide
Authors: Williams Ruth F. G. , Doessel D. P. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Many Western countries have experienced the ‘rectangularisation of the [demographic] survival curve’, leading to a rise in life expectancy. This process is the result of falling death rates, which leads to increasing longevity. In this article, suicide is placed within the general perspective of declining All Causes mortality. It is shown that suicide is atypical when compared with other causes of death. Which ever way it is measured, whether by an unweighted headcount measure or a weighted Potential Years of Life Lost measure, the suicide rate is not subject to secular decline. In fact, it has become (numerically) a relatively more important cause of death. This article puts some emphasis on the arguments by Joel Mokyr, an economic historian, about the importance of knowledge accumulation. It is argued that, in the case of suicide, there is a deficiency in knowledge of the causes of suicide and the prevention of suicide.
A case study of publication bias in an influential series of reviews of drug education
Authors: McCAMBRIDGE JIM 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThere has been remarkably little demonstration of the deleterious impact of publication bias within addiction science or indeed in wider healthcare policy and practice. An account is provided here of how publication bias was identified in relation to a series of drug education reviews which have been very influential on subsequent research, policy and practice. Later data analyses unpublished by the same review team demonstrated earlier findings to be unreliable. These later findings were not published. The policy context in which evidence on drug education in schools is produced is considered and the need for unbiased evidence is emphasised. A broadened conception of publication bias is proposed which takes account of the environment in which publication decision‐making occurs. It is suggested that this is particularly necessary for subjects with such direct policy relevance as the effectiveness of drug education in schools.
Patterns of alcohol intake of pregnant and lactating women in Perth, Australia
Authors: GIGLIA R. C. , BINNS C. W. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIntroduction and Aims. Australian alcohol consumption data for women during the period of pregnancy and lactation is limited. The purpose of this paper is to provide current alcohol consumption data for pregnant and lactating women in Perth, Western Australia (WA). Data were collected from 587 women between mid‐September 2002 and mid‐July 2003.Design and Methods. Women from two public hospitals with maternity wards in the Perth metropolitan area completed a self‐administered baseline questionnaire while in hospital or shortly after discharge. All women, regardless of their chosen infant feeding method, were followed‐up by telephone interview at 4, 10, 16, 22, 32, 40 and 52 weeks postpartum. Data were analysed to determine alcohol use patterns of the women during the period of pregnancy and lactation and results were compared to national guidelines for alcohol consumption.Results. Approximately 32% of women stopped drinking alcohol during pregnancy. A remaining 35% of pregnant women consumed alcohol during pregnancy, with 82.2% of these women consuming up to two standard drinks per week. At 4, 6 and 12 months postpartum, 46.7%, 47.4% and 42.3% of breastfeeding women were consuming alcohol, respectively.Discussion and Conclusions. The majority of breastfeeding women consumed up to two standard drinks per week, which is within levels recommended by national authorities. There is, however, a small proportion of women consuming alcohol at levels above national recommendations for pregnancy and lactation. The development of ‘safe’ alcohol intake practices, within national recommendations, during the postnatal period would remove any potential health risks to the infant from alcohol exposure at this vulnerable growth stage.
Attitudes and beliefs towards methadone maintenance treatment among Australian prison health staff
Authors: GJERSING LINN R. , BUTLER TONY , CAPLEHORN JOHN R. M. , BELCHER JOSEPHINE M. , MATTHEWS RICHARD 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIntroduction and Aims. Justice Health NSW has one of the most extensive prison‐based methadone programmes in the world. We examine prison health staff attitudes towards methadone treatment and compare these with community methadone staff. Design and Methods. A cross‐sectional survey of 202 staff employed by Justice Health New South Wales was undertaken in 2003. Results. The mean scores on the various sub‐scales were: abstinence‐orientation (AO) 2.9 (95% CI 2.8‐3.0); disapproval of drug use (DDU) 3.3 (95% CI 3.2–3.4); knowledge (Know) 2.7 (95% CI 2.4‐2.9); and toxicity 4.6 (95% CI 4.2–5.0). Both the AO and DDU score were correlated negatively with the Know score (r = ‐0.37 and r = ‐0.13, respectively). Prison health staff had higher AO (2.9 vs. 2.6, p < 0.001) and DDU (3.3 vs. 2.6, p < 0.001) scores, and lower Know (2.7 vs. 7.0, p < 0.001) scores than methadone staff working in the Australian community. They were more knowledgeable than US community methadone staff about the toxicity of methadone (4.6 vs. 0.0, p < 0.001). Discussion and Conclusions. This is the first survey to examine prison health staff attitudes to methadone treatment. Correctional health staff tend to be more abstinence‐orientated, more likely to disapprove of drug use, and less knowledgeable about the risks and benefits of methadone than Australian community methadone staff. The findings have important implications for training health staff working in the prison environment with regard to client retention on methadone treatment.
Feasibility and acceptability of a mental health screening tool and training programme in the youth alcohol and other drug (AOD) sector
Authors: HIDES LEANNE , LUBMAN DAN I. , ELKINS KATHRYN , CATANIA LISA S. , ROGERS NICH 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe high prevalence of co‐occurring mental health and substance use disorders in young people is well established. Despite this, there are low rates of detection of co‐occurring disorders across alcohol and other drug (AOD) services within Australia. This paper describes the development, implementation and evaluation of a mental health screening tool and training programme within the youth AOD sector. Thirty youth AOD workers received training in mental health screening, and the screening tool was subsequently piloted on 84 young people accessing two youth AOD services. Training was evaluated using measures of the trainee's mental health knowledge, attitudes, skills and confidence in mental health screening at baseline and 12‐month follow‐up. Feedback from young people supported the feasibility, acceptability and relevance of the screening tool. Evaluation of the associated training programme indicated improvements in AOD workers' mental health knowledge, skills and confidence in mental health screening. These findings provide preliminary evidence of the feasibility and acceptability of the mental health screening tool to young people and the effectiveness of the training package within the youth AOD sector.
Feasibility and outcomes of an innovative cognitive‐behavioural skill training programme for co‐occurring disorders in the youth alcohol and other drug (AOD) sector
Authors: HIDES LEANNE , ELKINS KATHRYN , CATANIA LISA S. , MATHIAS STEVE , KAY‐LAMBKIN FRANCES , LUBMAN DAN I. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThere are limited treatment options available for young drug users with comorbid mental health problems who present to alcohol and other drug (AOD) services within Australia. While there is some evidence for the use of cognitive‐behaviour therapy (CBT) in the treatment of co‐occurring disorders, CBT is rarely used to address comorbidity in the AOD sector. This paper describes the development, implementation and evaluation of a brief cognitive‐behavioural skills (BCBS) training programme for addressing comorbidity within two youth AOD services in Australia. Ten youth AOD workers completed a 2‐day training programme in the BCBS. Training was evaluated using measures of trainees' cognitive‐behavioural knowledge, attitudes towards mental health interventions and level of skills and confidence in each of the BCBS pre‐ and 6 months post‐training. The BCBS training had a positive impact on the knowledge, skills and confidence of trainees and was perceived to be highly relevant and appropriate. These findings provide preliminary support for the feasibility and effectiveness of the BCBS training programme for workers within the youth AOD sector.
Contemporary cocaine use patterns and associated harms in Melbourne and Sydney, Australia
Authors: SHEARER JAMES , JOHNSTON JENNIFER , FRY CRAIG L. , KAYE SHARLENE , DILLON PAUL , DIETZE PAUL , COLLINS LINETTE 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe aim of this paper was to explore the nature of cocaine use and harms through a cross‐sectional survey of cocaine users interviewed in the two largest Australian cities of Sydney (n = 88) and Melbourne (n = 77) between October 2004 and January 2005. The study supported previous findings that Australian cocaine users could be classified broadly into two types. The majority of cocaine users interviewed were classified as socially and economically integrated. They were young, employed, well‐educated people who generally snorted cocaine on a recreational basis, typically in conjunction with other illicit and licit drugs. A second group of socially and economically marginalised users, residing mainly in Sydney, injected cocaine often in conjunction with heroin. This group reported significantly higher levels of cocaine use, cocaine dependence, criminal behaviour and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) risk‐taking behaviour. Heroin use was found to predict independently higher levels of cocaine use, criminal behaviour, needle sharing and physical problems in this sample, suggesting that increased resources and coverage for combined heroin/cocaine users may have scope for reducing cocaine‐related problems in the Australian community.
Drink a little; take a few drugs: do nurses have knowledge to identify and manage in‐patients at risk of drugs and alcohol?
Authors: GRIFFITHS R. D. , STONE A. , TRAN D. T. , FERNANDEZ R. S. , FORD K. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIntroduction and Aims. The widespread use of alcohol and other drugs poses particular problems during hospitalisation. Although nurses have been identified as an appropriate group to screen patients and provide acute and ongoing management to people with drug and alcohol‐related problems, rates of screening are low. The aims of this study were to identify current practices for screening by nurses working in medical and surgical wards, determine their knowledge relating to problems associated with substance use and identify their self‐reported skills in managing patients with drug‐ and alcohol‐related problems. Design and Methods. A chart audit of medical records was completed and a survey was distributed to nurses working in the study wards. Results. Screening for alcohol and drug use was documented on only 22/79 medical records, and detailed information about quantity and duration of use was recorded in only nine. Overall, the nurses reported that they had little knowledge about substance use problems, and felt that they lacked skills to care adequately for these patients. Discussion and Conclusions. The results of this study suggest a need for a comprehensive training and education to ensure that nurses are familiar with policies and protocols for management of patients and to assist nurses to provide evidence‐based care and make appropriate referrals to specialist services.