bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamical Balances and Tropical Stratospheric Upwelling
Authors: Randel William J. , Garcia Rolando , Wu Fei 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The dynamical balances associated with upwelling in the tropical lower stratosphere are investigated based on climatological 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) and NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data. Zonal mean upwelling is calculated from momentum balance and continuity (“downward control”), and these estimates in the deep tropics are found to be in reasonable agreement with stratospheric upwelling calculated from thermodynamic balance (and also with vertical velocity obtained from ERA-40). The detailed momentum balances associated with the dynamical upwelling are investigated, particularly the contributions to climatological Eliassen–Palm (EP) flux divergence in the subtropics. Results show that the equatorward extension of extratropical waves (baroclinic eddies and, in the NH, quasi-stationary planetary waves) contribute a large component of the subtropical wave driving at 100 hPa. Additionally, there is a significant contribution to subtropical forcing from equatorial planetary waves, which exhibit a strong seasonal cycle (a reversal in phase) in response to latitudinal migration of tropical convection. The observed balances suggest that the strong annual cycle in upwelling across the tropical tropopause is forced by subtropical horizontal eddy momentum flux convergence associated with waves originating in both the tropics and extratropics.
Southern Hemisphere Synoptic Behavior in Extreme Phases of SAM, ENSO, Sea Ice Extent, and Southern Australia Rainfall
Authors: Pezza Alexandre Bernardes , Durrant Tom , Simmonds Ian , Smith Ian 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The association between Southern Hemisphere cyclones and anticyclones and the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), southern annular mode (SAM), Antarctic sea ice extent (SIE), and rainfall in Perth and Melbourne is explored. Those cities are, respectively, located in the southwestern and southeastern corners of Australia, where substantial decreasing rainfall trends have been observed over the last decades. The need for a more unified understanding of large-scale anomalies in storm indicators associated with the climate features itemized above has motivated this study. The main aim is to identify cyclone-anomalous areas that are potentially important in characterizing continental rainfall anomalies from a hemispheric perspective, focusing on midlatitude Australia. The study covers the “satellite era” from 1979 to 2003 and was conducted for the southern winter when midlatitude rainfall is predominantly baroclinic.
The results indicate a well-organized hemispheric cyclone pattern associated with ENSO, SAM, SIE, and rainfall anomalies. There is a moderate large-scale, high-latitude resemblance between La Niña, negative SAM, and reduced SIE in some sectors. In particular, there is a suggestion that SIE anomalies over the Indian Ocean and Western Australia sectors are associated with a large-scale pattern of cyclone/anticyclone anomalies that is more pronounced over the longitudes of Australia and New Zealand. Spatial correlation analysis suggests a robust link between cyclone density over the sectors mentioned above and rainfall in Perth and Melbourne. Statistical analyses of rainfall and SIE show modest correlations for Perth and weak correlations for Melbourne, generally corroborating the above.
It is proposed that SAM and SIE are part of a complex physical system that is best understood as a coupled mechanism, and that their impacts on the circulation can be seen as partially independent of ENSO. While SAM and SIE have greater influence on the circulation affecting rainfall in the western side of Australia, ENSO is the dominant influence on the eastern half of the country. A contraction of the sea ice seems to be accompanied by a southward shift of high-latitude cyclones, which is also hypothesized to increase downstream cyclone density at midlatitudes via conservation of mass, similarly to what is observed during the extreme positive phase of the SAM. These associations build on previous developments in the literature. They bring a more unified view on high-latitude climate features, and may also help to explain the declining trends in Australian rainfall.
Observed Changes in Return Values of Annual Temperature Extremes over Argentina
Authors: Rusticucci Matilde , Tencer Bárbara 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Extreme temperature events are one of the most studied extreme events since their occurrence has a huge impact on society. In this study, the frequency of occurrence of absolute extreme temperature events in Argentina is analyzed. Four annual extremes are defined based on minimum and maximum daily data: the highest maximum (minimum) temperature of the year, and the lowest maximum (minimum) temperature of the year. Applying the extreme value theory (EVT), a generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution is fitted to these extreme indices and return values are calculated for the period 1956–2003. Its spatial distribution indicates that, for warm extremes, maximum temperature (Tx) is expected to be greater than 32°C at least once every 100 yr throughout the country (reaching values even higher than 46°C in the central region), while minimum temperature (Tn) is expected to exceed 16°C (reaching 30°C in the central and northern regions). Cold annual extremes show larger gradients across the country, with Tx being lower than 8°C at least once every 100 yr, and Tn lower than 0°C every 2 yr, with values even less than −10°C in the southwestern part of the country.
However, the frequency of occurrence of climatic extremes has changed throughout the globe during the twentieth century. Changes in return values of annual temperature extremes due to the 1976–77 climatic shift at six long-term datasets are then analyzed. The lowest Tx of the year is the variable in which the 1976–77 shift is less noticeable. At all the stations studied there is a decrease in the probability of occurrence of the highest Tx if the study is based on more recent records, while the frequency of occurrence of the highest Tn increases at some stations and decreases at others. This implies that in the “present climate” (after 1977) there is a greater frequency of occurrence of high values of Tn at Observatorio Central Buenos Aires and Río Gallegos together with a lower frequency of occurrence of high values of Tx, leading to a decrease in the annual temperature range.
The most noticeable change in return values due to the 1976–77 shift is seen in Patagonia where the 10-yr return value for the highest Tn increases from 13.7°C before 1976 to 18.6°C after 1977. That is, values of the highest Tn that occurred at least once every 10 yr in the “past climate” (before 1976) now happened more than once every 2 yr.
Evaluating the Performance of Land Surface Models
Authors: Abramowitz Gab , Leuning Ray , Clark Martyn , Pitman Andy 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
This paper presents a set of analytical tools to evaluate the performance of three land surface models (LSMs) that are used in global climate models (GCMs). Predictions of the fluxes of sensible heat, latent heat, and net CO2 exchange obtained using process-based LSMs are benchmarked against two statistical models that only use incoming solar radiation, air temperature, and specific humidity as inputs to predict the fluxes. Both are then compared to measured fluxes at several flux stations located on three continents. Parameter sets used for the LSMs include default values used in GCMs for the plant functional type and soil type surrounding each flux station, locally calibrated values, and ensemble sets encompassing combinations of parameters within their respective uncertainty ranges. Performance of the LSMs is found to be generally inferior to that of the statistical models across a wide variety of performance metrics, suggesting that the LSMs underutilize the meteorological information used in their inputs and that model complexity may be hindering accurate prediction. The authors show that model evaluation is purpose specific; good performance in one metric does not guarantee good performance in others. Self-organizing maps are used to divide meteorological “‘forcing space” into distinct regions as a mechanism to identify the conditions under which model bias is greatest. These new techniques will aid modelers to identify the areas of model structure responsible for poor performance.
The Depth-Dependent Current and Wave Interaction Equations: A Revision
Authors: Mellor George L. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis is a revision of a previous paper dealing with three-dimensional wave-current interactions. It is shown that the continuity and momentum equations in the absence of surface waves can include waves after the addition of three-dimensional radiation stress terms, a fairly simple alteration for numerical ocean circulation models. The velocity that varies on time and space scales, which are large compared to inverse wave frequency and wavenumber, is denoted by ûα and, by convention, is called the “current.” The Stokes drift is labeled uSα and the mean velocity is Uα ≡ ûα + uSα. When vertically integrated, the results here are in agreement with past literature.Surface wind stress is empirical, but transfer of the stress into the water column is a function derived in this paper. The wave energy equation is derived, and terms such as the advective wave velocity are weighted vertical integrals of the mean velocity. The wave action equation is not an appropriate substitute for the wave energy equation when the mean velocity is depth dependent.
Empirical Correction of a Coupled Land–Atmosphere Model
Authors: DelSole Timothy , Zhao Mei , Dirmeyer Paul A. , Kirtman Ben P. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
This paper investigates empirical strategies for correcting the bias of a coupled land–atmosphere model and tests the hypothesis that a bias correction can improve the skill of such models. The correction strategies investigated include 1) relaxation methods, 2) nudging based on long-term biases, and 3) nudging based on tendency errors. The last method involves estimating the tendency errors of prognostic variables based on short forecasts—say lead times of 24 h or less—and then subtracting the climatological mean value of the tendency errors at every time step. By almost any measure, the best correction strategy is found to be nudging based on tendency errors. This method significantly reduces biases in the long-term forecasts of temperature and soil moisture, and preserves the variance of the forecast field, unlike relaxation methods. Tendency errors estimated from ten 1-day forecasts produced just as effective corrections as tendency errors estimated from all days in a month, implying that the method is trivial to implement by modern standards. Disappointingly, none of the methods investigated consistently improved the random error variance of the model, although this finding may be model dependent. Nevertheless, the empirical correction method is argued to be worthwhile even if it improves only the bias, because the method has only marginal impacts on the numerical speed and represents forecast error in the form of a tendency error that can be compared directly to other terms in the tendency equations, which in turn provides clues as to the source of the forecast error.
Binary Interaction between Typhoons Fengshen (2002) and Fungwong (2002) Based on the Potential Vorticity Diagnosis
Authors: Yang Chung-Chuan , Wu Chun-Chieh , Chou Kun-Hsuan , Lee Chia-Ying 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
A cyclonic loop was observed in the track of Typhoon Fungwong (2002) when it was about 765 n mi from Supertyphoon Fengshen (2002). It is shown that Fungwong’s special path is associated with the circulation of Fengshen, and such an association is regarded as an indication of binary interaction. In this paper, the binary interaction between Fengshen and Fungwong is studied based on the potential vorticity diagnosis. The impacts of large-scale flow fields on their motions are also investigated. Furthermore, the sensitivity of the storm characteristics to the binary interaction is demonstrated by the mesoscale numerical model simulations with different sizes and intensities for the initial bogused storms. Results of the study show that before Fungwong and Fengshen interacted with each other, their motions were governed by the large-scale environmental flow, that is, mainly associated with the subtropical high. During this binary interaction, Fungwong’s looping is partly attributed to Fengshen’s steering flow. This pattern shows up first as a case of one-way interaction in the early period, and then develops into a mutual interaction during the later stages. The numerical experiments show the sensitivity of the storm size and intensity to the binary interaction, implicating that a good representation of the initial storm vortex is important for the prediction of binary storms. Further analyses also indicate the influence of the monsoon trough and subtropical high systems on the binary interaction. These results provide some new insights into the motions of nearby typhoons embedded in the monsoon circulation.
Atmospheric Moisture and Cloud Cover Characteristics Forecast by AMPS*
Authors: Fogt Ryan L. , Bromwich David H. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System (AMPS) forecasts of atmospheric moisture and cloud fraction (CF) are compared with observations at McMurdo and Amundsen–Scott South Pole station (hereafter, South Pole station) in Antarctica. Overall, it is found that the model produces excessive moisture at both sites in the mid- to upper troposphere because of a weaker vertical decrease of moisture in AMPS than observed. Correlations with observations suggest AMPS does a reasonable job of capturing the low-level moisture variability at McMurdo and the upper-level moisture variability at South Pole station. The model underpredicts the cloud cover at both locations, but changes to the AMPS empirical CF algorithm remove this negative bias by more than doubling the weight given to the cloud ice path.
A “pseudosatellite” product based on the microphysical quantities of cloud ice and cloud liquid water within AMPS is preliminarily evaluated against Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) imagery during summer to examine the broader performance of cloud variability in AMPS. These comparisons reveal that the model predicts high-level cloud cover and movement with fidelity, which explains the good agreement between the modified CF algorithm and the observed CF. However, this product also demonstrates deficiencies in capturing low-level cloudiness over cold ice surfaces primarily related to insufficient supercooled liquid water produced by the microphysics scheme, which also reduces the CF correlation with observations.
The results suggest that AMPS predicts the overall CF amount and high cloud variability notably well, making it a reliable tool for longer-term climate studies of these fields in Antarctica.
Epidemiology of myelodysplastic syndromes and chronic myeloproliferative disorders in the United States, 2001-2004, using data from the NAACCR and SEER programs
Authors: Rollison Dana E. , Howlader Nadia , Smith Martyn T. , Strom Sara S. , Merritt William D. , Ries Lynn A. , Edwards Brenda K. , List Alan F. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Reporting of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs) and chronic myeloproliferative disorders (CMDs) to population-based cancer registries in the United States was initiated in 2001. In this first analysis of data from the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries (NAACCR), encompassing 82% of the US population, we evaluated trends in MDS and CMD incidence, estimated case numbers for the entire United States, and assessed trends in diagnostic recognition and reporting. Based on more than 40 000 observations, average annual age-adjusted incidence rates of MDS and CMD for 2001 through 2003 were 3.3 and 2.1 per 100 000, respectively. Incidence rates increased with age for both MDS and CMD (P < .05) and were highest among whites and non-Hispanics. Based on follow-up data through 2004 from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program, overall relative 3-year survival rates for MDS and CMD were 45% and 80%, respectively, with males experiencing poorer survival than females. Applying the observed age-specific incidence rates to US Census population estimates, approximately 9700 patients with MDS and 6300 patients with CMD were estimated for the entire United States in 2004. MDS incidence rates significantly increased with calendar year in 2001 through 2004, and only 4% of patients were reported to registries by physicians' offices. Thus, MDS disease burden in the United States may be underestimated.
Implementation of a community liaison pharmacy service: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Vuong Tam , Marriott Jennifer L , Kong David C M , Siderov Jim 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Objective
The aim of this study was to provide a pharmacy service to improve continuity of patient care across the primary-secondary care interface.

Setting
The study involved patients discharged from two acute-care tertiary teaching hospitals in Melbourne, Australia, returning to independent living.

Methods
Consecutive patients admitted to both hospitals who met the study criteria and provided consent were recruited. Recruited patients were randomised to receive either standard care (discharge counselling, provision of compliance aids and communication with primary healthcare providers when necessary) or the intervention (standard care and a home visit from a community liaison pharmacist (CLP) within 5 days of discharge). Participant medication was reviewed during the visit according to set protocols and compliance and medication understanding was measured. All participants were telephoned 8–12weeks after discharge to assess the impact of the intervention on adherence and medication knowledge.

Key findings
The CLP visited 142 patients with a mean time of 4.2 days following hospital discharge (range = 1–14 days). Consultations lasted 15–105 min (mean, 49 min; SD, ± 21 min). The CLPs retrospectively coded 766 activities and interventions that occurred during home visits, subsequently categorised into three groups: counselling and education, therapeutic interventions and other interventions. No statistical difference was detected in the number of medications patients reported taking at follow-up: the mean value was 7.72 (SD, ± 3.27) for intervention patients and 7.55 (SD, ± 3.27) for standard-care patients (P = 0.662). At follow-up self-perceived medication understanding was found to have improved in intervention patients (P &lt; 0.001) and significant improvements from baseline in medication adherence were found in both standard-care (P &lt; 0.022) and intervention (P &lt; 0.005) groups; however, adherence had improved more in intervention patients.

Conclusion
The community liaison pharmacy service provided critical and useful interventions and support to patients, minimising the risk of medication misadventure when patients were discharged from hospital to home.
Antenatal oral glucose-tolerance test values and pregnancy outcomes
Authors: Elnour Asim Ahmed , McElnay James C 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of the present study was to explore the impact of individual blood glucose values (n = 4; i.e. fasting and 1, 2 and 3 h following oral glucose administration) obtained during antenatal oral glucose-tolerance testing, together with two different sets of criteria used for diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) — Carpenter and Coustan Criteria (CCC) and National Diabetes Data Group (NDDG) criteria — in predicting pregnancy outcomes and maternal insulin need.SettingAl Ain Hospital, United Arab Emirates.MethodThis observational uncontrolled cohort study gained its study subjects from a randomised, controlled, longitudinal, prospective clinical trial performed at Al Ain Hospital, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates. The eligible population was made up of all women (n = 720) who participated in an early screening programme for GDM. Those who had a positive oral glucose-tolerance test (OGTT) based on CCC were included in the study (n = 165). All recruited women with GDM were followed from time of recruitment to 6months postpartum. The sources of information used were maternal and neonatal medical records and laboratory findings for women both antenatally and postnatally.ResultsThe maternal and neonatal outcomes indicated that the number of abnormally elevated antenatal OGTT values obtained during the diagnosis of GDM was significantly correlated with development of a number of pregnancy complications. Data analysis also indicated that the number of abnormal diagnostic antenatal OGTT values using CCC was significantly correlated with development of postpartum diabetes mellitus (P = 0.044) within 6months of delivery. The number of abnormal OGTT values significantly contributed to insulin need during the index pregnancy (P &lt; 0.05). The CCC approach was more sensitive than the NDDG methodology for predicting the onset of GDM and a number of the associated complications.ConclusionsThe study highlighted the importance of abnormal values for antenatal OGTT in identifying the need for insulin management in women with GDM.
Synthesis and Properties of 1-(4-Aminophenyl)-2,4-dicyano-3-diethylamino-9,9-diethylfluorenes: Potential Fluorescent Material
Authors: Chen Xiao-Hang , Zhao Zujin , Liu Yang , Lu Ping , Wang Yan-Guang 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Four new fluorenes bearing two electron donors and two electron acceptors were synthesized and found to emit blue fluorescence in both solution and solid states.
Angular Dependence of Rotational and Vibrational Energy of Desorbing CO2 in CO Oxidation on Pd Polycrystalline and Pd(111) Surfaces
Authors: Yamanaka Toshiro 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Angular dependence of rotational and vibrational temperatures of product CO2 were studied in CO oxidation on a Pd polycrystalline surface by means of chemiluminescence measurements. Rotational temperature (Trot) and vibrational temperature (Tvib) showed minimum values at the surface normal and significantly increased as the desorption angle increased. Trot and Tvib became higher when the ratio of exposure of O2 to that of CO increased. These angular dependences are quite different from those on Pd(111).
Spontaneous Rapid Growth of Triruthenium Cluster Multilayers on Gold Surface. Cyclic Voltammetric In Situ Monitoring and AFM Characterization
Authors: Michi Takayuki , Abe Masaaki , Takakusagi Satoru , Kato Masako , Uosaki Kohei , Sasaki Yoichi 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
An in situ approach for rapid growth of multilayers of redox-active triruthenium cluster complexes has been developed under electrochemical potential control of the gold electrode, the formation process being successfully probed by cyclic voltammetry and AFM images.
Hydrophilicity-controllable Microporous Hybrid Materials by Anion Exchange
Authors: Miyake Junpei , Chujo Yoshiki 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Poly(acrylic acid) (PAA)/silica hybrids having imidazolium chloride [IL(Cl−)] moieties could be prepared by utilizing ionic interactions between anionic carboxylic acid groups of PAA and cationic imidazolium groups of silica phase. By removing PAA from the obtained hybrids, we could obtain hydrophilicity-controllable microporous hybrids by means of anion-exchange reaction of imidazolium moieties.
Glucose Responsive Two-step Release of Hydrogel-immobilized Protein
Authors: Murota Kazutoshi , Sakamoto Seiji , Kudo Kazuaki 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
We designed a two-step-release system that enables protein release from hydrogel in response to glucose. In the system, one of the heterodimeric coiled-coil forming peptides was initially fixed to a hydrogel via a boronate–diol interaction. The peptide was specifically released from the hydrogel by externally incoming glucose. As a result, a protein immobilized in another hydrogel was librated owing to the displacement by the peptide at its hydrogel-bound coiled-coil moiety.