bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Therapeutic efficacy and consensus among the Aluund of south-western Zaire
Authors: De Boeck Filip 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis article reconsiders John Janzen's notions of social consensus and therapeutic efficacy within a pluralistic medical framework, and combines a semantic and praxeological approach to an extended case of affliction: that of a group and its leaders being confronted with sickness and death and reacting through health-seeking strategies. First, it is argued that an understanding of representations of aetiology and their management necessitates an expansion of a narrow sociological and restorative view of the therapy management group into a broader multidimensional knowledge of the dynamics out of which the conflict or problem originated, as well as of the mode of action upon the sufferer. The possible lack of social consensus among the members of the kin diagnostic group does not imply that the therapy should be ineffective. Rather, therapeutic ritual is viewed as performative event or processual action, which realises itself through its temporal unfolding, in a creative process of meaning production which pragmatically achieves the ritual's aim.
The house-property complex and African social organisation
Authors: Oboler Regina Smith 
Published: April 2006

A feature of the ethnography of eastern and southern African cattle-keeping peoples is a high level of contradiction in the assessment of the status of women. Better understanding of the house-property complex, the property and inheritance system characteristic of these peoples, can resolve some seeming contradictions. In this system, all property (especially livestock) held by a polygynous family is divided and held separately by the nuclear family of each wife. Sons inherit from the property of their own mother's house rather than from a general pool of their father's property.The article analyses variations in the norms of the house-property complex from one society to another. The institution is said to be ‘highly developed’ if more cattle are allocated as house property than are retained in men's residual herds, if women's rights in their house property are thought of as inalienable, if wives have some recourse should their husbands appropriate their house property, and if rules preventing redistribution of property or bridewealth between houses are rarely violated.A frequently overlooked aspect of this property system is that it gives women well denned rights in property, despite public ideologies (often overstated, especially by male informants) that cattle belong to men. There are actually, in at least some societies, several named categories of cattle. In each category, different individuals have predominant rights. Women actively defend their interests in cattle in which their rights predominate, and manipulate those rights to gain their ends in social interaction. These points are illustrated with case material from Nandi District, Kenya.The degree to which women have some control over property is obscured both by culturally endorsed simplifications and by the ethnographic situation in which male ethnographers historically interviewed male informants about property holding. Nevertheless, clues to women's participation in property management may be found in many classic ethnographies, and are cited in the article.
Sierra Leonais, Créoles, Krio: la dialectique de l'identité
Authors: Goerg Odile 
Published: April 2006

The study of phenomena relating to identity has prompted new approaches to the subject on the part of historians as well as anthropologists. They include the study of ethnicity, a dynamic combination of socio-economic, religious, cultural and political factors. In this regard the population of Freetown is particularly interesting, for it stems from several discrete migrations from the end of the eighteenth century onwards. Some of the immigrants came direct from the African continent, ‘Liberated Africans’ disembarked on the Sierra Leone peninsula, while others, formerly slaves, came from the UK, North America or the West Indies. The result of this diversity of origin was the formation of a very rich and specific society, with a mixture of European, African and West Indian characteristics. Among the town dwellers are those called successively Sierra Leoneans, Creoles and Krio.Since the 1950s several studies have focused on these people. After a polemical article published in 1977, new research was undertaken. Krio identity, which is at the same time a historical theme and politically contested territory, remains at the heart of the debate. In this article, emphasis is placed on terminology, to address the question of ‘ethnicity’ as applied to those known as Creoles. What were they called by administrators or historians (past and present)? What did they call themselves? How did they react to the various attempts at categorisation? How did the names, which are the visible aspect of ethnicity, evolve? What did the terms really mean and how can one move from a given name to the object it represents? These questions take into account several points of view, from within Krio/Creole society and from outside it.
‘With a little bit of luck…’ Coping with adjustment in urban Ghana, 1975–90
Authors: Brydon Lynne 
Published: April 2006

AbstractUsing largely anecdotal evidence from field notes, the article traces Ghana's formal economic decline through the 1970s. Perceptions of striving for survival and success are sketched out during this overwhelmingly pessimistic period. There follows a description of people's views about survival and ‘the state of play’ in Ghana's economic progress in the late 1980s and early 1990s. These discursive comments are followed by some simple quantitative material about work, the availability of jobs and the structure of the labour market at the time. What becomes obvious, given that Ghanaians are actually continuing their lives much as they have in the past, is that the IMF's and World Bank's policy prescriptions and strategies for the development of manufacturing industry, for attracting the ‘world market factories’ of the multinationals, are not being achieved. Instead, Ghanaians have focused (as they always have) on strategies for networking and getting a break: striking it ‘lucky’, in fact. The relatively newly discovered volatile element in the World Bank's calculations has long been a (if not the) core factor in the plans of many small enterprises. Meanwhile Ghanaians are trying, hoping for some ‘luck’, to survive and even prosper into the next millennium.
Slavery, possession and history: the construction of the self among slave descendants in the Sudan
Authors: Makris G. P. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe aim of this article is to study theṭumburaspirit possession cult of the Sudan as a historical phenomenon directly associated with the social and political changes of the last hundred years.Ṭumburacan be found in the poor neighbourhoods and surrounding shanty towns of the big urban centres of northern Sudan. The majority of the cult's devotees are descendants of nineteenth-century African slaves who had been brought as slaves to the north from the southern and western Sudan by Arab Muslim northerners. Their conversion to Islam notwithstanding, the slaves and their descendants have always been regarded by the Arab northerners as subhumans with no religion, descent or history. Inṭumburathese claims are contested. Initiation into the cult enables the devotees to construct a positive self-identity and assert that they too are Muslims, descendants of Adam and Eve, and a social category with a specific sense of history—in other words, human beings. During the colonial and post-colonial periods the position of the slave descendants within the social formation changed considerably as new groups of people made an appearance. These were the refugees from the south who had fled famine and civil war and today populate the shanty towns that surround the capital, Khartoum, and other cities in the north. The refugees enabled the slave descendants to move away from the margins of the society and closer to their erstwhile Arab masters. This movement has triggered a process of identity transformation which has reflected on the popularity ofṭumbura, which has started to decline rapidly. At the same time the remaining groups are in a process of structural reorganisation which follows the lines ofzār borè, another, more popular, female cult practised mainly by people of Arab descent.
The Nigerian elections of 1983
Authors: Hart Christopher 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn 1979 Nigeria's military government held the first general elections for fifteen years. The politicians then resumed power under a republican constitution. The National Party of Nigeria, a conservative coalition, narrowly won the elections from four other parties and virtually controlled the next elections in 1983. There were five election rounds: for the President, for nine-teen state governers, for the Senate, for the House of Representatives and for the state assemblies. Increases over the 1979 vote in the presidential round indicated some rigging. Results in the following rounds were incredible. The root cause was northern reluctance within the National Party to honour an agreement to a southern presidential candidate at the next elections in 1987 and southern competition for the 1987 nomination. After the elections the courts failed to redress the rigging and the President to purge corrupt Ministers. The military then overthrew the government and resumed control.
What, Really, Were Gorgets?
Authors: Peets Orville H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe most unsatisfactory artifact names are those which imply some definite but essentially imaginary function. Those who use such names may confess that they have no proof of this function, but they often defend their position by citing the belief-excusable even when unfounded - that a name of such importance would not have been accepted without sufficient investigation. It is suggested that the term gorget was ultimately derived from the name applied to a metal military ornament used in the 18th century.
Kiln Firing Groups: Inter-Household Economic Collaboration and Social Organization in the Northern American Southwest
Authors: Bernardini Wesley 
Published: April 2006

AbstractRecent research on trench kilns from the Mesa Verde region of the northern American Southwest (Blinman and Swink 1997) suggests that trench kilns represent collaborative firings by groups of potters. This study presents a method for estimating the sizes of these proposed kiln firing groups. A comparative analysis between firing group sizes and the size of other contemporaneous social units provides insights into socioeconomic relationships between Mesa Verde households in both dispersed and aggregated settlement contexts. This study demonstrates that different stages of a production process may involve different production groups and highlights the utility of examining each production stage individually. It further suggests the importance of searching for archaeological evidence of production beyond residential areas to other production contexts, such as firing features, if the organization of all stages of production is to be understood.
Land-Use Dynamics and Socioeconomic Change: An Example from the Polop Alto Valley
Authors: Barton C. Michael , Bernabeu Joan , Aura J. Emili , García Oreto 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe Polop Alto valley, in eastern Spain, serves as the focus of a study of long-term temporal and spatial dynamics in human land use. The data discussed here derive from intensive, pedestrian, non-site survey. We employ the concept of artifact taphonomy to assess the various natural and cultural processes responsible for accumulation and distribution patterns of artifacts. Our results suggest that the most significant land-use changes in the Polop Alto took place at the end of the Pleistocene and accompanying the late Neolithic, while much less notable changes in land-use patterns are associated with the Middle-Upper Paleolithic transition and the initial use of domestic plants and animals in the valley.
A Painted Kiva Near Winslow, Arizona
Authors: Pond Gordon G. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn Ruin No. 2 of the Homolobi group near Winslow, Arizona, a square kiva was excavated in 1962. Paintings of two kachinas and a symbol were found on the west wall. White stripes were painted on the bench at one end of the room. The rest of the kiva exhibited characteristics typical of the region. Twenty bowls, two ladles, two ollas, and an arrow straightener were found inside the kiva. Some of the vessels were stacked with care in inverted positions, while others showed signs of blackening by fire after breakage. Most of the pottery is Jeddito Black-on-yellow of the Pueblo IV period.
Two Historical Archaeological Periods in Florida
Authors: Smith Hale G. 
Published: April 2006

In the past year through excavations of sites and examination of various collections, there have appeared elements in a late context that do not follow or conform to the archaeological traditions known for Florida up to this time. On the east coast the collections of material excavated by W. J. Winter gave us new data on the late period around St. Augustine and its cultural affiliations to the Georgia coast. This has been named the St. Augustine Period. In the excavation of a Spanish mission site3 in Jefferson County by the Archaeological Survey of the Florida Park Service there appeared elements sufficiently different in time and content to name a new period the Leon-Jefferson.Here follows a discussion and summary of the characteristics of the two periods.
The Sadiron Lamp of Kamchatka as a Clue to the Chronology of the Aleut
Authors: Quimby George I. 
Published: April 2006

Recent studies of trait distributions by Collins, de Laguna, and Heizer, have, in my opinion, demonstrated a cultural connection between southern Alaska, the Aleutian Islands, Kamchatka, and Kurile Islands. These circum- North Pacific cultural connections seem to have been established after settlement of all the areas mentioned and therefore are not properly a part of the problem of man's first entry into America.Southern Alaska, the Aleutian Islands, Kamchatka, and the Kurile Islands form a zone or rim around the North Pacific shores of Asia and America. Along this rim of the North Pacific there seems to have been a drifting of traits and trait complexes, both from America to Asia and from Asia to America. And for the most part, the cultural connections of the circum-North Pacific zone seem to have been rather independent of the diffusions and cultural development of the Bering Strait region.
Comment on an Oklahoma Pictograph
Authors: Antle H. R. 
Published: April 2006

Mr. A. T. Jackson, in his extensive report on picture-writing of Texas Indians, calls attention to twenty-three square-shouldered human figures found in the course of his survey. According to the report, thirteen Texas counties and one New Mexico county possessed this type of figure. It is mentioned that several hundred miles separate the Texas sites from the typical Southwestern culture with which they appear to be linked. The farthest east that pictographs have been found is Concho County, Texas.In March, 1939, the writer published a report on a prehistoric rock-shelter site in Pontotoc County, Oklahoma. The most outstanding feature at this site was a squareshouldered figure in one of twenty pictographs which adorn the shelter walls. It is likewise the best preserved of the group. It was suggested in the report that a Southwestern influence was responsible for the figure. Five hundred miles separate the Pontotoc County site from Concho County.
Ancient Mesoamerican Mortars, Plasters, and Stuccos: The Use of Bark Extracts in Lime Plasters
Authors: Littmann Edwin R. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractMesoamerican masons have used an extract from the bark of such trees as the chucum, chacte, chacah, and jabin in the preparation of lime plaster since prehistoric times, reportedly to increase the workability or strength of the lime and to reduce cracking in the plaster. Experiments involving the use of plasters prepared with these high tannin-content extracts show that the extracts have an effect on the properties of lime plater probably by stabilizing the system during drying.
Notes on the Archaic of the Appalachian Region
Authors: Witthoft John 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe long stratigraphic sequence of separate archaeological horizons at the mouth of the gorge of the Pee Dee River in North Carolina necessitates changing earlier reconstructions of Piedmont archaeology. The stratigraphically documented series of projectile points from this site makes it possible to separate in time the varied forms of points originally assigned to the Baden and Guilford foci. Moreover, this evidence contradicts the typological arrangements of points in terms of logical evolutionary development and suggests that Archaic sequences in other parts of the Appalachian region may have to be radically changed when stratigraphic data become available. Stratigraphy at the Duncan's Island site in Pennsylvania, though less precise than that at the Pee Dee site, indicates that the local typological reconstructions for parts of Pennsylvania are in need of revision. Basal levels at Duncan's Island produce quartzite tools of types scattered throughout central Pennsylvania and often considered to represent an extremely early Archaic industry. The concentration of quartzite tools at the DeTurk site, though not dated stratigraphically, provides typological justification for the idea that the quartzite industry may be a survival of an earlier forest-based proto-Archaic tradition.
The Chalchihuites Culture of Northwestern Mexico
Authors: Lister Robert H. , Howard Agnes M. 
Published: April 2006

For many years a Chalchihuites type of culture has been designated for a number of archaeological sites in the western parts of the states of Durango and Zacatecas, Mexico (Hrdlička 1903; Gamio 1910; Noguera 1930; Mason 1937; Brand 1939). The culture takes its name from the early-studied and partiallytested site of the same name located in northwestern Zacatecas.Chalchihuites culture has been noted by Mason to extend as far south as the great site of La Quemada, or Chicomostoc as it is also called, some 35 miles southwest of Zacatecas, Zacatecas (Mason 1937). It is prevalent in southern Durango in the vicinity of the city of Durango, and Mason and Brand believe that at Zape, Durango, 150 miles to the north, it had reached its northern limit. At Zape it had become peripheral and attenuated, having lost much of its fine quality. As more information is obtained, it is possible that the culture may be extended to a group of sites in northern Jalisco.
Suicide, Sacrifice and Mutilations in Burials at Venado Beach, Panama
Authors: Lothrop S. K. 
Published: April 2006

Venado Beach comprises a shore line facing the Pacific Ocean in the southwestern corner of the Panama Canal zone. The burials here discussed were found 100 to 200 yards from the high water mark in a band of refuse which extended across the mouth of the Mangopobre Valley. A total of 369 bodies have been recorded. Of these, 202 were excavated by the Peabody Museum of Harvard University in 1951, and 167 were unearthed by Neville A. Harte, who most generously has placed at my disposal his carefully kept field notes.The skeletal material from Venado Beach, owing to unusual soil conditions, is better preserved than any other collection yet found in the wet tropics of the New World. When studied, it should prove of general interest. We are now concerned, however, with burial techniques rather than with the bones themselves or the funeral paraphernalia which accompanied them.
Carved Atlatl from Northwest Coast
Authors: Taylor Herbert C. , Caldwell Warren 
Published: April 2006

On June 7, 1952, the writers were shown the artifact, seen in Figure 70, by Mr. and Mrs. Edwin Johnson of La Conner, Washington. According to the informants, the artifact was dredged from the mouth of the Northwest distributary of the Skagit River near its confluence with the Straits of Georgia (about forty-five miles north of Seattle).The artifact is about forty centimeters long and approximately eleven centimeters in maximal height. It is carved from wood of an unknown origin. The raised grain and deep checks suggest long continued immersion subsequent to the execution of the carving.
A Preliminary Report on Petroglyphs in Puerto Rico
Authors: Frassetto Monica Flaherty 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAntillean petroglyphic art reached its highest development in the technical excellence and lively artistic expression of the many petroglyphs in Puerto Rico. This report is the beginning of a systematic study of Puerto Rican and Antillean petroglyphs which is intended to trace stylistic developments through the Antilles to South American points of origin. Sixty surface prints were made at 13 sites in three regions of Puerto Rico, but only those from Salto Arriba, Icacos, and Caonillas are discussed in detail. The simple and accurate, though time-consuming method of surface printing is fully explained. There are two distinct local types or styles of petroglyphs in addition to the simple curvilinear and abstract designs. The swaddled infant type appears at least as early as Rouse's Period III and represents the beginning of a local petroglyph style. The later Capá type reaches its final stage during Period IV. This study confirms Rouse's placement of the Puerto Rican petroglyphs in his Periods III and IV (A.D. 350-1584), and demonstrates the development of local petroglyph styles parallel to the development and spread of Taino culture.
A Ceremonial Cave on Bonita Creek, Arizona
Authors: Wasley William W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA prehistoric ceremonial cache in the Arizona State Museum was found in 1957 by S. R. Claridge of Safford, Arizona. In 1958 additional objects were collected on a subsequent visit to the cave. The ceremonial objects include wooden flowers and cones, strings of miniature baskets, terraced wooden objects, a wooden pendant, cotton cloth, and bows and arrows. Apparently most of these objects had been stored in a Maverick Mountain Polychrome jar which had been covered with a smudged brownware bowl. The cache dates from the closing years of the 13th century or the early years of the 14th century. It probably belonged to the group of migrants from the Kayenta area who moved into Point of Pines about A.D. 1280 only to be driven from there about 20 or 30 years later.
Two “South American” Metal Techniques Found Recently in Western Mexico
Authors: Easby Dudley T. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA recent find at Uruapan, Michoacán, disclosed two metalworking techniques commonly associated with South America but not with Mexico or the intervening area: hammering or pressing a series of identical sheet-gold ornaments over a pattern or model carved in high relief and making decorative spirals of worked (as opposed to cast) gold wire. The objects and the probable methods of manufacture are considered.
Paleo-Indian Tool Types in the Great Plains
Authors: Irwin Henry T. , Wormington H. M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractInformation concerning tool types and other artifacts of seven major early complexes is presented. Thirty-four principal types are defined. These are then used to contrast and compare the assemblages and to show major changes in the period of approximately 9000 through 6000 B.C. Quantitative data are presented by means of percentages of major groups and cumulative graphs of all of the types.