bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Leaf Chemical and Optical Properties of Metrosideros polymorpha Across Environmental Gradients in Hawaii
Authors: Martin Roberta E. , Asner Gregory P. 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTLeaf chemical, biophysical, and optical properties were measured in 13 populations of Metrosideros polymorpha across gradients of soil fertility and climate in Hawaii. Climate (predominantly temperature) caused large changes in specific leaf area (SLA) and SLA‐linked traits, including nitrogen (N) and pigment contents, as did conditions of highest soil fertility on 20 ky old substrates. When averaged by site, chemical constituent ratios containing chlorophyll (Car/Chl, Chl/N) varied more across climate than substrate gradients, while the Chl a/b ratio was similarly influenced by climate and substrate. Variations in Chl a/b ratios and SLA were similar to those found previously in a common garden of M. polymorpha taken from our climate gradient, suggesting strong genetic control over these traits. Optical reflectance indices related to photosynthetic function were closely correlated to pigment changes, varying three times more in response to climate than across substrate ages. Combined, our results suggest that variation in leaf structure, composition, and function of M. polymorpha is a result of genetic and phenotypic adaptation to environmental differences, and that these variations are greater in response to climate (especially temperature) than to soil fertility.
Molecular mechanisms of heavy metal tolerance and evolution in invertebrates
Authors: Janssens Thierry K. S. , Roelofs Dick , Van Straalen Nico M. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractFollowing the genomics revolution, our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying defenses against stress has been greatly expanded. Under strong selective pressure many animals may evolve an enhanced stress tolerance. This can be achieved by altering the structure of proteins (through mutations in the coding regions of genes) or by altering the amount of protein (through changes in transcriptional regulation). The latter type of evolution can be achieved by substitutions in the promoter of the gene of interest (cis‐regulatory change) or by altering the structure or amount of transcriptional regulator proteins (trans‐regulatory change). The metallothionein system is one of the best studied stress response systems in the context of heavy metals. Metallothionein expression is assumed to be regulated by metal transcription factor 1 (MTF‐1); however, up to now the involvement of MTF‐1 has only been proven for some vertebrates and Drosophila. Data on invertebrates such as nematodes and earthworms suggest that other mechanisms of metallothionein induction may be present. A detailed study of Cd tolerance was done for a species of soil‐living springtail, Orchesella cincta. The metallothionein gene of this species is overexpressed in metal‐exposed field populations. Analysis of the metallothionein promoter has demonstrated extensive polymorphisms that have a functional significance, as shown in bioreporter assays. In a study comparing 20 different populations, the frequency of a high‐expresser promoter allele was positively correlated with the concentration of metals in soil, especially Cd. The springtail study shows that cis‐regulatory change of genes involved in the cellular stress response may contribute to evolution of metal tolerance.
Does the grasshopper Chorthippus brunneus adapt to metal polluted habitats? A study of glutathione‐dependent enzymes in grasshopper nymphs
Authors: Augustyniak Maria , Babczynska Agnieszka , Augustyniak Michal 
Published: February 2009

AbstractGlutathione contents and activity of glutathione‐dependent enzymes in the body of insects inhabiting polluted areas depend on toxin kind, concentration and exposure time. Enzymatic response may be modified by gender, age, developmental stage and state of nutrition. Also, chronic exposure to metals in the environment may cause the selection of individuals resistant to some environmental toxins. To assess the degree of adaptation of Chorthippus brunneus to metal‐polluted habitats, we measured glutathione contents and the activity of selected glutathione‐dependent enzymes in the offspring of aging mothers which differed in time and intensity of exposure to metals in their habitats. We tested whether differences represent temporal shifts in tolerance range or were genetically preserved and inherited by future generations. We investigated insects from three populations. Two live in heavily metal‐burdened areas, exposed to metals for 170 (Szopienice) or 50 years (Olkusz) and the third inhabits an unpolluted reference site (Pilica). The most important findings were age‐by‐site interactions for all biochemical analyses. Nymphs from Szopienice had lower glutathione contents and lower glutathione‐dependent enzyme activity in comparison with nymphs from the reference site. This was especially distinct in nymphs hatched from eggs laid by young females. The offspring of aging females from Olkusz, in terms of glutathione contents and glutathione reductase activities, revealed similar patterns to those from the reference site. For the remaining parameters, enzyme activity patterns in nymphs from Olkusz were similar to those of nymphs from Szopienice.
Evaluation of growth and reproduction as indicators of soil metal toxicity to the Collembolan, Sinella curviseta
Authors: Xu Jie , Ke Xin , Krogh Paul Henning , Wang Yin , Luo Yong‐Ming , Song Jing 
Published: February 2009

AbstractLaboratory studies evaluated the sensitivity of Sinella curviseta Brook (Collembola: Entomobryidae) to selected heavy metals (Cu, Pb and Zn). Survival, reproduction and growth of S. curviseta were determined in a 4‐week exposure test in an agricultural soil amended with metals to concentrations of 100, 200, 400, 800, 1600 and 3200 mg/kg. Results showed reduction in adult survival and reproductive failure at the highest concentrations (3200 mg/kg) of Cu and Zn. EC50 reproduction values for Cu and Zn were approximately 442 and 2760 mg/kg, respectively. Application of Pb at all levels resulted in large numbers of progeny and no significant mortality compared to controls. Adult growth rate decreased for all metal treatments compared to the controls, suggesting that metals affect S. curviseta metabolism and result in slower growth. We showed that reproduction is a slightly more sensitive parameter than growth. Since a growth test needs fewer juveniles and takes less time than a reproduction test, we conclude that the two parameters are complementary and could be used for a better ecotoxicological evaluation of contaminant levels. However, relative growth and reproduction sensitivities should be tested with more chemicals before a growth test is accepted as a faster sublethal test than a reproduction test.
Host plant selection of Chrysolina clathrata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) from Mpumalanga, South Africa
Authors: Boyd Robert S. , Davis Micheal A. , Wall Michael A. , Balkwill Kevin 
Published: February 2009

AbstractHyperaccumulated elements such as Ni may defend plants against some natural enemies whereas other enemies may circumvent this defense. The Ni hyperaccumulator Berkheya coddii Roessler (Asteraceae) is a host plant species for Chrysolina clathrata (Clark), which suffers no apparent harm by consuming its leaf tissue. Beetle specimens collected from B. coddii had a whole body Ni concentration of 260 μg/g dry weight, despite consuming leaf material containing 15 100 μg Ni/g. Two experiments were conducted with adults of this beetle species: a no‐choice experiment and a choice experiment. In the no‐choice experiment we offered beetles foliage of one of four species of Berkheya: B. coddii, B. rehmannii Thell. var. rogersiana Thell., B. echinacea (Harv.) O. Hoffm. ex Burtt Davey, and B. insignis (Harv.) Thell. The two former species are Ni hyperaccumulators (defined as having leaf Ni concentration > 1 000 μg/g) whereas the latter have low Ni levels (< 200 μg/g) in their leaves. Masses of beetles were monitored for 6 days. Choice experiments used growing stem tips from the same Berkheya species, placed into Petri dishes with five Chrysolina beetles in each, and the amount of feeding damage caused on each of the four species was recorded. Beetles in the no‐choice experiment gained mass when offered B. coddii, maintained mass on leaves of the other Ni hyperaccumulator (B. rehmannii var. rogersiana), and lost mass when offered non‐hyperaccumulator leaves. In the choice test, beetles strongly preferred B. coddii to other Berkheya species. We conclude that C. clathrata may be host‐specific on B. coddii.
Cadmium regulation by Lasius niger: A contribution to understanding high metal levels in ants
Authors: Grześ Irena M. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAnts (Formicinae, Hymenoptera) are considered efficient accumulators of Zn and Cd. In this study the relationship between Cd concentrations in soil and in Lasius niger workers was assessed for 20 colonies located along a gradient of Cd pollution. As soil Cd concentration increased from 1 to 8 mg/kg, ant body Cd concentration increased rapidly to about 40 mg/kg, and remained stable at this level, through a progressive increase of soil Cd concentration from 8 to 21 mg/kg. The phase of rapid increase confirms the high ability of L. niger for Cd accumulation, while the stabilization of Cd body concentration indicates either increasing elimination rate or decreasing rate of uptake. Therefore it can be concluded that Lasius niger has a high ability to accumulate Cd, but simultaneously an ability for Cd regulation was detected.
Spatial avoidance of patches of polluted chernozem soils by soil invertebrates
Authors: Gongalsky Konstantin B. , Belorustseva Svetlana A. , Kuznetsova Daria M. , Matyukhin Alexander V. , Pelgunova Lyubov A. , Savin Fyodor A. , Shapovalov Alexander S. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractSoil invertebrates and heavy metal concentrations are heterogeneously distributed in the soil of steppe plots surrounding an iron mining enterprise in southern Russia. This study assesses whether patches of high soil invertebrate abundance coincide with patches of low concentrations of pollutants. For this aim, spatial analysis by distance indices (SADIE) was applied. Three valleys in Belogorye Nature Reserve were chosen. One valley faced the tailing pond to the north and the other two faced south‐east or south‐west. Two sampling plots were chosen in each valley, 60 m apart from each other. On every plot 16 soil cores were collected from a grid of 4 × 4 units with a 5‐m distance between each sample unit. Each soil core had an area of 76 cm2 and was 12–15 cm deep. All macroinvertebrates were hand‐sorted and identified to family. Abundance of soil invertebrates was not controlled by patches of metal concentration in the soil. Epigaeic groups, like insects and other invertebrates inhabiting the litter layer, were not directly associated with local parameters of the soil. On the contrary, belowground invertebrate abundance (elaterid larvae and earthworms) showed significant dissociation with some heavy metal (Fe, Pb, Zn) concentrations in the soil. The patchiness of soil pollution may act as a leading factor of belowground soil invertebrate distribution. The spatial structure of animal populations in industrially transformed soils needs further research.
An excess of emission in the dark cloud LDN1111 with the Arcminute Microkelvin Imager
Authors: Scaife A. M. M. , Hurley-Walker N. , Green D. A. , Davies M. L. , Grainge K. J. B. , Hobson M. P. , Lasenby A. N. , López-Caniego M. , Pooley G. G. , Saunders R. D. E. , Scott P. F. , Titterington D. J. , Waldram E. M. , Zwart J. T. L. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
We present observations of the Lynds' dark nebula LDN 1111 made at microwave frequencies between 14.6 and 17.2 GHz with the Arcminute Microkelvin Imager. We find emission in this frequency band in excess of a thermal free–free spectrum extrapolated from data at 1.4 GHz with matched uv coverage. This excess is &gt;15σ above the predicted emission. We fit the measured spectrum using the spinning dust model of Draine & Lazarian and find the best-fitting model parameters agree well with those derived from the Scuba data for this object by Visser, Richer & Chandler.
THE ATTITUDES OF EUROPEAN CONSUMERS TOWARD INNOVATION IN BREAD; INTEREST OF THE CONSUMERS TOWARD SELECTED QUALITY ATTRIBUTES
Authors: LAMBERT J.L. , LE‐BAIL A. , ZUNIGA R. , VAN‐HAESENDONCK I. , VNZEVEREN E. , PETIT C. , ROSELL M.C. , COLLAR C. , CURIC D. , COLIC‐BARIC I. , SIKORA M. , ZIOBRO R. 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT This survey concerns industrial bread making and has been carried out within the European project entitled EU‐FRESHBAKE (October 2006 to October 2009), which concerns the bake‐off technology. This technology consists in producing bread at industrial level (frozen most of the time) and to retail the bread in “baking stations” or in small vending shops. The objectives of this survey were (1) to better understand the attitude of the European innovations in bread and (2) to understand the main determinants of it. Two main categories of consumers were observed; (1) frequent (daily) buyers with a focus on quality and pleasure and (2) less frequent buyers (once a week) with a more pronounced interest in nutrition, shelf life and energy (process). The first group was named the “crust group” and the second one the “crumb group.” The “crumb group” seems to be the one that is the most interested in the outcomes of the EU‐FRESHBAKE project. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThis survey brings interesting information regarding the expectations of EU consumers toward innovation in bread making. Bread is a very symbolic food, carrying a lot of messages coming from religion, social classification and from well being.Among the key messages to be withdrawn from this survey, it appears that northern and eastern Europe, and also the young population, are expecting from bread a food that must adapt to the constrain of life. It must have a long shelf life and it must carry a nutritional value. On the other hand, French and southern Europe countries are bringing more attention to the pleasure and to the freshness of the product. There is thus a complex matrix of social and qualitative attitudes toward bread from one country to the other. Innovation can be considered as a positive image in some countries, whereas it may have a very negative image in other countries.
A Retrospective Examination of the Relationship Between Implementation Quality of the Coordinated School Health Program Model and School‐Level Academic Indicators Over Time*
Authors: Rosas Scott , Case Jane , Tholstrup Linda 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND:  Although models such as the coordinated school health program (CSHP) are widely available to address student health needs, school professionals have been unconvinced that scarce resources should be allocated to improving student health. Concern that attention may be diverted from meeting academic accountability goals is often seen as a reason not to attend to student health. Despite continuing calls for the study of multicomponent health programs in relation to educational achievement, the understanding of the extent to which adherence to the characteristics of CSHP contributes to or compromises academic outcomes over time remains incomplete.METHODS:  A retrospective study was conducted of CSHP implementation across 158 public schools in Delaware, serving grades K‐12. Using a doubly multivariate design, this study examined 3 levels of CSHP implementation across 5 school‐level academic indicators for 3 years. Indicators included school performance, school progress, and aggregated student performance in 3 content areas—reading, mathematics, and writing. Data for the years prior to, during, and following implementation of CSHP were analyzed.RESULTS:  Multivariate main effects of year by implementation level were detected. CSHP schools with high levels of implementation had better school‐level performance and progress ratings. CSHP implementation did not have an effect on reading, math, and writing indicators, though all groups showed significant improvements over time in these areas.CONCLUSIONS:  Results of this study suggest that quality implementation of CSHP does not adversely impact school‐level academic indicators over time. Moreover, findings suggest a better fit with school‐wide accountability indicators than with specific content‐based achievement indicators.
Salient Environmental and Perceptual Correlates of Current and Established Smoking for 2 Representative Cohorts of Indiana Adolescents
Authors: Seo Dong‐Chul , Bodde Amy E. , Torabi Mohammad R. 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTPURPOSE:  A secondary analysis of 2000 and 2004 Indiana Youth Tobacco Survey (IYTS) data was conducted to investigate salient environmental and perceptual correlates of adolescents’ current and established smoking while controlling for demographic variables such as gender, grade, and race/ethnicity and to compare the pattern of significant correlates between the years.METHODS:  The IYTS was an anonymous school‐based survey regarding tobacco use; familiarity with pro‐ and anti‐tobacco media messages; exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS); minors’ access to tobacco products; and general knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about tobacco. In 2000, a representative sample of 1416 public high school students in grades 9‐12 and 1516 public middle school students in grades 6‐8 (71.44% and 72.53% response rates, respectively) were surveyed. In 2004, 3433 public high school students and 1990 public middle school students (63.04% and 65.44 % response rates, respectively) were surveyed.RESULTS:  Significant predictors of adolescents’ current and established smoking habits included exposure to ETS either in homes or in cars, exposure to pro‐tobacco messages, perceived benefit of smoking, and perceived peer acceptance of smoking. The influence of exposure to pro‐tobacco messages greatly outweighed exposure to any anti‐tobacco messages.CONCLUSIONS:  The findings of this study warrant that more efforts and resources be placed on preventing youth from being exposed to ETS, and to control pro‐tobacco marketing and improve the tobacco counter‐marketing messages. The perceived benefits of smoking found here indicate that smoking for relaxation and weight control may be major influencing factors on adolescent smoking.
Potential of rainwater utilization in residential housing in Poland
Authors: Słyś Daniel 
Published: February 2009

AbstractSystems for rainwater collection, storage and utilization are commonly used in many countries as sources of reduced quality water to be used in a sanitary network system of buildings and for watering, among others. In Poland, despite its potable water resources being almost the lowest in Europe, rainwater is utilized in a very limited manner. This paper presents a simulation model, as well as the results of analysis, evaluating the potential for utilizing rainwater under Polish climatic conditions, for utilizing various parameters of rainwater‐usage systems based on the precipitation data for the last decade. The economies of applying such systems in Poland are analysed, and the factors that restrict development of water catchment methods are defined.
Promoting urinary continence with older people: key issues for nurses
Authors: Booth Jo , Kumlien Suzanne , Zang Yuli 
Published: February 2009

Urinary incontinence is one of the most common and distressing of the conditions experienced by older people. It is not just associated with physical and cognitive frailty but also features significantly in the fit community living population. Urinary incontinence is known to be hidden and under‐reported. Yet the needs of older people across the globe in relation to urinary incontinence will increase with the changing demography.Palliative strategies to contain urinary incontinence predominate in practice, although the reasons for this are not fully understood. Conservative approaches including lifestyle adjustments and behavioural therapies form the mainstay of active continence promotion but their routine use by nurses working with older people seems to be minimal. Promoting continence with older people is an area of practice long overdue for significant and sustainable practice development.
Geocoding Quality and Implications for Spatial Analysis
Authors: Zandbergen Paul A. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractMany spatial analysis techniques rely on the ability to geocode individual locations based on addresses or other descriptive information. The quality of geocoding and its effect on spatial analysis have received some attention in the literature, in particular in the field of health. This article reviews the foundation of geocoding and presents a framework for evaluating geocoding quality. Errors introduced by street gecoding include incompleteness, positional error, and incorrect assignment to geographic units. A review of empirical studies suggests that these errors are neither small nor random in nature and that substantial bias may be introduced in spatial analysis that employs the results of geocoding. Several alternatives have also emerged, including the use of address points and parcels, and these are gradually becoming more widely used. Several areas for future research on geocoding have been identified: (i) refinements of address data models to incorporate complex addressing situations; (ii) development of error propagation techniques to determine the level of geocoding quality required for a particular analysis scenario; (iii) development of measures of reliability for geocoding results; (iv) comparative analysis of geocoding quality across different jurisdictions; and (v) validation of online geocoding services and volunteered geographic information.
Multi‐Tasking: Scale in Geography
Authors: Ruddell Darren , Wentz Elizabeth A. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractGeographers are inherently focused on the integrated processes and systems that comprise the physical and social environment; however, to date, geographic research on scale has remained relatively isolated within subdisciplines. While scale has become an increasingly important research topic in the field of geography, little effort has been made to identify commonality between research themes. This article investigates scalar issues among five research themes within geography, which are physical geography, human geography, the modifiable areal unit problem, geographic information science, and nature and society. The thrust of this paper is threefold: (i) to review scalar issues among the five research themes; (ii) to discuss alternative theoretical frameworks to investigate scale; and (iii) to call for greater theoretical and methodological integration to help resolve scalar issues.