bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of coil and chamber structure on plasma radial uniformity in radio frequency inductively coupled plasma
Authors: ZHAO 赵 Yang 洋 , ZHOU 周 Xiaohua 晓华 , GAO 高 Shengrong 升荣 , SONG 宋 Shasha 莎莎 , ZHAO 赵 Yuzhen 玉真 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Enhancing plasma uniformity can be achieved by modifying coil and chamber structures in radio frequency inductively coupled plasma (ICP) to meet the demand for large-area and uniformly distributed plasma in industrial manufacturing. This study utilized a two-dimensional self-consistent fluid model to investigate how different coil configurations and chamber aspect ratios affect the radial uniformity of plasma in radio frequency ICP. The findings indicate that optimizing the radial spacing of the coil enhances plasma uniformity but with a reduction in electron density. Furthermore, optimizing the coil within the ICP reactor, using the interior point method in the Interior Point Optimizer significantly enhances plasma uniformity, elevating it from 56% to 96% within the range of the model sizes. Additionally, when the chamber aspect ratio k changes from 2.8 to 4.7, the plasma distribution changes from a center-high to a saddle-shaped distribution. Moreover, the plasma uniformity becomes worse. Finally, adjusting process parameters, such as increasing source power and gas pressure, can enhance plasma uniformity. These findings contribute to optimizing the etching process by improving plasma radial uniformity.
2024 roadmap on magnetic microscopy techniques and their applications in materials science
Authors: Christensen D V , Staub U , Devidas T R , Kalisky B , Nowack K C , Webb J L , Andersen U L , Huck A , Broadway D A , Wagner K , Maletinsky P , van der Sar T , Du C R , Yacoby A , Collomb D , Bending S , Oral A , Hug H J , Mandru A-O , Neu V , Schumacher H W , Sievers S , Saito H , Khajetoorians A A , Hauptmann N , Baumann S , Eichler A , Degen C L , McCord J , Vogel M , Fiebig M , Fischer P , Hierro-Rodriguez A , Finizio S , Dhesi S S , Donnelly C , Büttner F , Kfir O , Hu W , Zayko S , Eisebitt S , Pfau B , Frömter R , Kläui M , Yasin F S , McMorran B J , Seki S , Yu X , Lubk A , Wolf D , Pryds N , Makarov D , Poggio M 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Considering the growing interest in magnetic materials for unconventional computing, data storage, and sensor applications, there is active research not only on material synthesis but also characterisation of their properties. In addition to structural and integral magnetic characterisations, imaging of magnetisation patterns, current distributions and magnetic fields at nano- and microscale is of major importance to understand the material responses and qualify them for specific applications. In this roadmap, we aim to cover a broad portfolio of techniques to perform nano- and microscale magnetic imaging using superconducting quantum interference devices, spin centre and Hall effect magnetometries, scanning probe microscopies, x-ray- and electron-based methods as well as magnetooptics and nanoscale magnetic resonance imaging. The roadmap is aimed as a single access point of information for experts in the field as well as the young generation of students outlining prospects of the development of magnetic imaging technologies for the upcoming decade with a focus on physics, materials science, and chemistry of planar, three-dimensional and geometrically curved objects of different material classes including two-dimensional materials, complex oxides, semi-metals, multiferroics, skyrmions, antiferromagnets, frustrated magnets, magnetic molecules/nanoparticles, ionic conductors, superconductors, spintronic and spinorbitronic materials.
Scaling considerations and optimal control for an offshore wind powered direct air capture system
Authors: Radic Webster Stefan , Ishaq Haris , Crawford Curran 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The optimal design and operation of an offshore wind powered direct air capture (DAC) system is complex owing to the intermittent energy supply and the modularity of the units. A solid amine DAC process involves multiple individual units which undergo periodic loading to capture carbon dioxide (CO2) from ambient air, followed by regeneration to produce pure CO2 for utilisation or sequestration. The modular nature of a solid DAC process is exploited in this study to investigate the optimal design and coordinated operation of multiple DAC units mounted on a single 15 MW offshore wind turbine platform, with battery energy storage for additional short term power buffering. Important design parameters considered include the number of independently controllable units, the cyclic capacity of each unit (proportional to the amount of adsorbent) and the battery capacity and maximum power ratings. The design study results highlighted the diminishing returns to the CO2 capture rate with scaling, with a full design optimisation based upon cost estimations left for future work as the technology matures. It was found the optimal configuration was 14 DAC units, each with a cyclic capacity of 2000 kg

CO

2

, giving a total annual capture rate of 45 600 ton yr−1 and a wind utilisation factor of 96.6%. Furthermore, it was found that a rules-based control strategy based on high and low loading limits was competitive with a machine learning based controller and outperformed a model predictive control scheme.
CCUS in India: bridging the gap between action and ambition
Authors: Singh Udayan , Vishal Vikram , Garg Amit 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
India has committed to reaching net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2070. While targets for CO2 capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) technologies are not explicitly set, the Government of India’s agencies and public-sector enterprises have mentioned CCUS approaches conditionally subject to availability of feasible technology and financing. This paper aims to examine the gap between the current status of CCUS in India and the levels of deployment as projected by modeling exercises. It takes a Talanoa dialogue approach to answer the following questions on CCUS perspective in India: where are we right now, where do we need to be, and how do we get there. The current status of CO2 capture in India is at the pilot/demonstration stage, with the chemicals and steel sectors, being the most advanced. Emergence of the methanol economy as a key avenue for CO2 utilization may be seen at a large-scale. Geologic CO2 storage is at an advanced planning stage via enhanced oil recovery, and will likely be targeted over this decade. From the current and planned stage, India would likely need 400–800 Mt-CO2/year by 2050 to meet its share of the 1.5 °C carbon budget. We suggest several priority research directions for technology development across the CCUS value chain.
Ductile fracture prediction of 7A62 high-strength aluminum alloy under a wide range of stress states
Authors: Min Fanlei , Liu Huiping , Zhou Dejing 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The modified Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman (GTN) model is employed to predict the ductile fracture of 7A62 high-strength aluminum alloy under a wide range of stress states. Mechanical tests were conducted on specimens with different stress states within the range of −0.33 to 1.35 stress triaxiality, including tension, notched tension, compression, and shear. The results indicate that at high stress triaxialities (0.8 ∼ 1.35), the fracture mechanism is intergranular ductile fracture. Under moderate stress triaxialities (0.33 ∼ 0.8), the fracture mechanism involves a combination of intergranular ductile fracture, void growth, and shear fracture. At low and negative stress triaxialities (−0.33 ∼ 0.33), plastic instability occurs due to uneven stress distribution, leading to shear fracture. Fractography analysis reveals that the fractures occurring under tensile stress are associated with enriched Mn particles of approximately 200 nm. The modified GTN model accurately predicts the load-displacement response, and the fracture paths under various stress states exhibit good consistency with experimental results. This study provides reference for failure prediction in the engineering application of high-strength aluminum alloys.
Stochastic alternating structure-adapted proximal gradient descent method with variance reduction for nonconvex nonsmooth optimization
Authors: Jia Zehui , Zhang Wenxing , Cai Xingju , Han Deren 
Published: March 2024

The blocky optimization has gained a significant amount of attention in far-reaching practical applications. Following the recent work (M. Nikolova and P. Tan [SIAM J. Optim. 29 (2019), pp. 2053–2078]) on solving a class of nonconvex nonsmooth optimization, we develop a stochastic alternating structure-adapted proximal (s-ASAP) gradient descent method for solving blocky optimization problems. By deploying some state-of-the-art variance reduced gradient estimators (rather than full gradient) in stochastic optimization, the s-ASAP method is applicable to nonconvex optimization whose objective is the sum of a nonsmooth data-fitting term and a finite number of differentiable functions. The sublinear convergence rate of s-ASAP is built upon the proximal point algorithmic framework, whilst the linear convergence rate of s-ASAP is achieved under the error bound condition. Furthermore, the convergence of the sequence produced by s-ASAP is established under the Kurdyka-Łojasiewicz property. Preliminary numerical simulations on some image processing applications demonstrate the compelling performance of the proposed method.
Contrast-Enhanced Endoscopic Ultrasound Detects Early Therapy Response Following Anti-TNF Therapy in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: Ellrichmann Mark , Schulte Berenice , Conrad Claudio C , Schoch Stephan , Bethge Johannes , Seeger Marcus , Huber Robert , Goeb Madita , Arlt Alexander , Nikolaus Susanna , Röcken Christoph , Schreiber Stefan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Background and Aims
Though colonoscopy plays a crucial role in assessing active ulcerative colitis [aUC], its scope is limited to the mucosal surface. Endoscopic ultrasound [EUS] coupled with contrast-enhancement [dCEUS] can precisely quantify bowel wall thickness and microvascular circulation, potentially enabling the quantitative evaluation of inflammation. We conducted a prospective, longitudinal study to assess therapy response using dCEUS in aUC patients undergoing treatment with adalimumab [ADA] or infliximab [IFX].

Methods
Thirty ADA- and 15 IFX-treated aUC patients were examined at baseline and at 2, 6, and 14 weeks of therapy and 48 weeks of follow-up. Bowel wall thickness [BWT] was measured by EUS in the rectum. Vascularity was quantified by dCEUS using rise time [RT] and time to peak [TTP]. Therapy response was defined after 14 weeks using the Mayo Score.

Results
Patients with aUC displayed a mean BWT of 3.9 ± 0.9 mm. In case of response to ADA/IFX a significant reduction in BWT was observed after 2 weeks [p = 0.04], whereas non-responders displayed no significant changes. The TTP was notably accelerated at baseline and significantly normalized by week 2 in responders [p = 0.001], while non-responders exhibited no significant alterations [p = 0.9]. At week 2, the endoscopic Mayo score did not exhibit any changes, thus failing to predict treatment responses.

Conclusion
dCEUS enables the early detection of therapy response in patients with aUC, which serves as a predictive marker for long-term clinical success. Therefore, dCEUS serves as a diagnostic tool for assessing the probability of future therapy success.
The fundamental theorem of natural selection: the end of a story
Authors: Ewens Warren J 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The direction of research in population genetics theory is currently, and correctly, retrospective, that is directed toward the past. What events in the past have led to the presently observed genetic constitution of a population? This direction is inspired, first, by the large volumes of genomic data now available and, second, by the success of the classical prospective theory in validating the Darwinian theory in terms of Mendelian genetics. However, the prospective theory should not be forgotten, and in that theory, perhaps the most interesting and certainly the most controversial, is Fisher’s so-called “Fundamental Theorem of Natural Selection.” This article describes the history and the current status of that theorem.
Taxonomic resolution of different 16S rRNA variable regions varies strongly across plant-associated bacteria
Authors: Hrovat Katarina , Dutilh Bas E , Medema Marnix H , Melkonian Chrats 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Plant-microbiome research plays a pivotal role in understanding the relationships between plants and their associated microbial communities, with implications for agriculture and ecosystem dynamics. Metabarcoding analysis on variable regions of the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene remains the dominant technology to study microbiome diversity in this field. However, the choice of the targeted variable region might affect the outcome of the microbiome studies. In our in silico analysis, we have evaluated whether the targeted variable region has an impact on taxonomic resolution in 16 plant-related microbial genera. Through a comparison of 16S rRNA gene variable regions with whole-genome data, our findings suggest that the V1–V3 region is generally a more suitable option than the widely used V3–V4 region for targeting microbiome analysis in plant-related genera. However, sole reliance on one region could introduce detection biases for specific genera. Thus, we are suggesting that while transitioning to full-length 16S rRNA gene and whole-genome sequencing for plant-microbiome analysis, the usage of genus-specific variable regions can achieve more precise taxonomic assignments. More broadly, our approach provides a blueprint to identify the most discriminating variable regions of the 16S rRNA gene for genera of interest.
Impacts of preweaning colostrum feeding practices and health measures on dairy cow production, while accounting for genetic potential
Authors: McFarland Elizah D , Elsohaby Ibrahim , Baes Christine F , Stryhn Henrik , Keefe Gregory , McClure J T 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Calf management and health are essential for setting up the foundation of a productive cow. The objectives of this study were to estimate the impact of preweaning practices on milk production parameters while accounting for an animal’s genetic potential in New Brunswick, Canada. A retrospective cohort study was performed on 220 heifer calves from eight herds born in 2014-2015. Preweaning practices and health data were recorded by producers and reviewed by the herd veterinarian for each calf. The herd veterinarian also visited the farms to collect serum samples from calves and frozen colostrum samples. The production outcomes assessed were milk, protein and fat yields, standardized to 305 d for the first lactation (L1) and a combined group of lactations two and three (L2 + 3). The genomic potential was determined as genomic parent averages (GPA) for the associated production parameters. Analysis was performed with multivariable linear (L1) and linear mixed (L2 + 3) regression models. In L1, for every 1.0 kg increase in weaning weight, milk, protein, and fat yield increased by 25.5, 0.82, and 1.01 kg, respectively (P &lt; 0.006). Colostrum feeding time (CFT) positively impacted L1 milk and protein production, with feeding between 1-2 h of life producing the greatest estimates of 626 kg of milk and 18.2 kg of protein yield (P &lt; 0.007), compared to earlier or later CFT. Fat yield production was decreased by 80.5 kg (P &lt; 0.006) in L1 when evaluating animals that developed a preweaning disease and were not treated with antibiotics compared to healthy untreated animals. Impacts on L2 + 3 were similar across all production outcomes, with a positive interaction effect of CFT and weaning weight. Compared to CFT &lt; 1 h, the later CFT groups of 1-2 h and &gt; 2 h produced greater yield outcomes of 68.2 to 72.6 kg for milk (P &lt; 0.006), 2.06 to 2.15 kg for protein (P &lt; 0.005), and 1.8 to 1.9 kg for fat (P &lt; 0.045) for every 1 kg increase of weaning weight, respectively. The fit of all models was significantly improved with the inclusion of GPA. These results indicate that colostrum management and preweaning health measures impacted production parameters as adults. The inclusion of GPA significantly improved the accuracy of the models, indicating that this can be an important parameter to include in future studies.
TDP-43 pathology in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
Authors: Acewicz Albert , Stępień Tomasz , Grzegorczyk Michał , Ostrowski Robert P , Tarka Sylwia , Felczak Paulina , Wierzba-Bobrowicz Teresa 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a fatal, slowly progressive brain disorder caused by a mutated measles virus. Both subacute inflammatory and neurodegenerative mechanisms appear to play significant roles in the pathogenesis. TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) inclusions are a common co-pathology in several neurodegenerative disorders with diverse pathogenesis. In the present study, we examined brains of 16 autopsied SSPE patients for the presence of TDP-43 pathology and possible associations with tau pathology. Immunohistochemical staining identified TDP-43 inclusions in 31% of SSPE cases. TDP-43 pathology was widely distributed in the brains, most severely in the atrophied cerebral cortex (temporal and parietal), and most frequently as tangle- and thread-like neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions. It was associated with longer disease duration (&gt;4 years) and tau pathology (all TDP-43-positive cases had tau-positive neurofibrillary tangles). This study demonstrates for the first time an association between TDP-43 pathology and SSPE. The co-occurrence of TDP-43 and tau aggregates and correlation with the disease duration suggest that both pathological proteins are involved in the neurodegenerative process induced by viral inflammation.
Escalating climate-related health risks for Hajj pilgrims to Mecca
Authors: Yezli Saber , Ehaideb Salleh , Yassin Yara , Alotaibi Badriah , Bouchama Abderrezak 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Background
Global temperatures are on the rise, leading to more frequent and severe heatwaves with associated health risks. Heat-related illnesses (HRIs) are an increasing threat for travellers to hot climate destinations. This study was designed to elucidate the interplay between increasing ambient temperatures, incidence of HRIs and the effectiveness of mitigation strategies during the annual Hajj mass gathering over a 40-year period.

Methods
An observational study was conducted utilizing historical records spanning four decades of meteorological data, and the rates of heat stroke (HS) and heat exhaustion (HE) during the Hajj pilgrimage in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. With an annual population exceeding 2 million participants from over 180 countries, the study analysed temporal variations in weather conditions over two distinct Hajj hot cycles and correlated it with the occurrence of HS and HE. The effectiveness of deployed mitigation measures in alleviating health vulnerabilities between the two cycles was also assessed.

Results
Throughout the study period, average dry and wet bulb temperatures in Mecca escalated by 0.4°C (Mann-Kendall P &lt; 0.0001) and 0.2°C (Mann-Kendall P = 0.25) per decade, respectively. Both temperatures were strongly correlated with the incidence of HS and HE (P &lt; 0.001). Despite the intensifying heat, the mitigation strategies including individual, structural and community measures were associated with a substantial 74.6% reduction in HS cases and a 47.6% decrease in case fatality rate.

Conclusion
The study underscores the escalating climate-related health risks in Mecca over the study period. The mitigation measures’ efficacy in such a globally representative setting emphasizes the findings’ generalizability and the importance of refining public health interventions in the face of rising temperatures.
Three-Dimensional Characterization of Dry Particle Coating Structures Originating from the Mechano-fusion Process
Authors: Friebel Judith M , Ditscherlein Ralf , Ditscherlein Lisa , Peuker Urs A 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Dry particle coating processes are of key importance for creating functionalized materials. By a change in surface structure, initiated during coating, a surface property change and thus functionalization can be achieved. This study introduces an innovative approach employing 3D X-ray micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) to characterize coated particles, consisting of spherical alumina particles (d50 = 45.64 μm), called hosts, surrounded by spherical polystyrene particles (d50 = 3.5 μm), called guests. The formed structures, hetero-aggregates, are generated by dry particle coating using mechano-fusion (MF). A deeper understanding of the influence of MF process parameters on the coating structures is a crucial step toward tailoring of coating structure, resulting surface property and functionalization. Therefore, the influence of rotational speed, process time, and total mechanical energy input during MF is explored. Leveraging micro-CT data, acquired of coated particles, enables non-stereologically biased and quantitative coating structure analysis. The guest's coating thickness is analyzed using the maximum inscribed sphere and ray method, two different local thickness measurement approaches. Particle-discrete information of the coating structure are available after a proper image processing workflow is implemented. Coating efficiency and guest's neighboring relations (nearest neighbor distance and number of neighbors inside search radius) are evaluated.
Mind the gap: non-local cascades and preferential heating in high-β Alfvénic turbulence
Authors: Gorman Waverly , Klein Kristopher G 
Published: March 2024

ABSTRACT
Characterizing the thermodynamics of turbulent plasmas is key to decoding observable signatures from astrophysical systems. In magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence, non-linear interactions between counter-propagating Alfvén waves cascade energy to smaller spatial scales where dissipation heats the protons and electrons. When the thermal pressure far exceeds the magnetic pressure, linear theory predicts a spectral gap at perpendicular scales near the proton gyroradius where Alfvén waves become non-propagating. For simple models of an MHD turbulent cascade that assume only local non-linear interactions, the cascade halts at this gap, preventing energy from reaching smaller scales where electron dissipation dominates, leading to an overestimate of the proton heating rate. In this work, we demonstrate that non-local contributions to the cascade, specifically large-scale shearing and small-scale diffusion, can bridge the non-propagating gap, allowing the cascade to continue to smaller scales. We provide an updated functional form for the proton-to-electron heating ratio accounting for this non-local energy transfer by evaluating a non-local weakened cascade model over a range of temperature and pressure ratios. In plasmas where the thermal pressure dominates the magnetic pressure, we observe that the proton heating is moderated compared to the significant enhancement predicted by local models.
Pre-Modern Astronomies of Eclipses in the Near East and Europe
Authors: E. Nothaft C. Philipp 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
While the study of the solar corona is barely two centuries old, and the study of its physics even more recent, the prediction of eclipses goes back much further in time. A wide variety of theories and techniques put ancient and medieval astronomers in a position to foretell the occurrence and appearance of total solar eclipses. Geographically and chronologically, the following chapter ranges from the ancient Near East to Renaissance Europe, placing a particular focus on the status of eclipses in Hellenistic Greek and later Arabic astronomy and the transmission of the relevant knowledge and tools to Latin Europe during the Middle Ages.