bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Night, day, sunrise, sunset: do fish under snow and ice recognize the difference?
Authors: JURVELIUS JUHA , MARJOMÄKI TIMO J. 
Published: July 2008

Summary1. Although boreal lakes are ice‐covered for several months annually, little is known about the behaviour of fish under ice. To consider the reasons for diel vertical migrations (DVM) it is important to compare periods under ice as opposed to under open water. Echosounding provides a tool for non‐intrusive continuous monitoring of fish, even in winter.2. Changes in the vertical distribution of fish through six 48‐h periods were monitored using a stationary, mounted echosounder that beamed vertically either from the bottom up or from the surface down from February to April, 2003. The up‐beaming and down‐beaming transducers were run alternately for 24 h each over the 48‐h period. Standard echo analysis software was used to detect fish traces and estimate the vertical and temporal distribution of fish abundance. Fish were sampled with a winter seine.3. Prominent diel vertical migration in response to changing light level was detected throughout the study period (late winter to spring). Fish were highest in the water column at sunset and sunrise. In daylight, most detected fish were well below 10‐m depth. The number of fish detected was greatest during the night when they occurred throughout almost the whole water column, sometimes with a considerable number very close to the ice. Fish were mostly vendace and whitefish.4. It became evident from data from the up‐beaming transducer that at night fish may occupy the layer closest to the surface. These fish would not have been detected if we had only used the down‐beaming transducer. The overall pattern of DVM in winter was very similar to that in summer. The results support the suggestion that DVM is a genetically fixed behavioural trait responding to the contemporary level of illumination.
Impacts of agricultural land use on ecosystem structure and whole‐stream metabolism of tropical Cerrado streams
Authors: GÜCKER BJÖRN , BOËCHAT IOLA G. , GIANI ALESSANDRA 
Published: July 2008

Summary1. The tropical Cerrado savannah, the second‐largest South American biome, is undergoing the most rapid land‐use change in South America, including a wholesale shift from native vegetation to pasture and cropland. However, the consequences of this development for aquatic ecosystem functioning remain unclear. In this study, we investigated how agriculture affects chemical, physical and biological characteristics of headwater streams in the Brazilian Cerrado, and how these changes relate to an important ecosystem function, i.e. ecosystem metabolism.2. Three paired samplings of pristine and agricultural streams were conducted considering the most abundant morphotypes of Cerrado streams. Nutrient concentrations, stream morphometry and hydrodynamics, sediment transport, as well as benthic microbial biomass (BMB), and its chlorophyll a (Chl‐a) content were measured. In parallel, whole‐stream gross primary production (GPP) and community respiration (CR) were estimated using a diel open‐channel dissolved O2 change technique.3. Agricultural streams had consistently higher nutrient concentrations, less variability in channel morphology, smaller channel cross‐sectional areas, smaller transient storage zones, higher current velocities and higher boundary shear stresses than pristine streams. At base flow, agricultural streams exhibited a midstream band of shifting sediments, while pristine streams had stable sediments. Both agricultural and pristine streams were dominated by thick microbial mats. Due to differences in hydrodynamics and sediment stability, these microbial mats covered the entire stream bed in pristine streams, but were restricted to the stream margins in agricultural streams.4. As a result, BMB of agricultural streams was diminished by a factor of 7.5 compared to pristine streams. Interestingly, CR of agricultural streams was diminished only by a factor of 2.0, because higher BMB‐specific respiration efficiencies, potentially due to increased nutrient availability, compensated for lower BMB due to physical stress. Similarly, the 3.3‐fold elevated GPP in agricultural compared to pristine streams was only to a minor degree due to increased benthic Chl‐a, but mainly a result of 2.4‐fold higher Chl‐a‐specific primary production efficiencies, potentially due to increased nutrient availability.5. In conclusion, agriculture impacted the studied Cerrado streams through two antagonistic mechanisms: physical stress resulted in decreased BMB and whole‐stream CR by preventing BMB accrual in the central streambed, but higher nutrient availability led to increased primary production and respiration efficiencies in marginal zones, as well as higher whole‐stream GPP. Finally, measures of whole‐stream metabolism were useful indicators of stream ecosystem health and allowed for the differential assessment of the effects of physical stress and eutrophication.
Virulent Salmonella enterica infections can be exacerbated by concomitant infection of the host with a live attenuated S. enterica vaccine via Toll‐like receptor 4‐dependent interleukin‐10 production with the involvement of both TRIF and MyD88
Authors: Foster Gemma L. , Barr Tom A. , Grant Andrew J. , McKinley Trevelyan J. , Bryant Clare E. , MacDonald Andrew , Gray David , Yamamoto Masahiro , Akira Shizuo , Maskell Duncan J. , Mastroeni Pietro 
Published: July 2008

SummaryDuring systemic disease in mice, Salmonella enterica grows intracellularly within discrete foci of infection in the spleen and liver. In concomitant infections, foci containing different S. enterica strains are spatially separated. We have investigated whether functional interactions between bacterial populations within the same host can occur despite the known spatial separation of the foci and independence of growth of salmonellae residing in different foci. In this study we have demonstrated that bacterial numbers of virulent S. enterica serovar Typhimurium C5 strain in mouse tissues can be increased by the presence of the attenuated aroA S. Typhimurium SL3261 vaccine strain in the same tissue. Disease exacerbation does not require simultaneous coinjection of the attenuated bacteria. SL3261 can be administered up to 48 hr after or 24 hr before the administration of C5 and still determine higher tissue numbers of the virulent bacteria. This indicates that intravenous administration of a S. enterica vaccine strain could potentially exacerbate an established infection with wild‐type bacteria. These data also suggest that the severity of an infection with a virulent S. enterica strain can be increased by the prior administration of a live attenuated vaccine strain if infection occurs within 48 hr of vaccination. Exacerbation of the growth of C5 requires Toll‐like receptor 4‐dependent interleukin‐10 production with the involvement of both Toll/interleukin‐1 receptor‐domain‐containing adaptor inducing interferon‐β and myeloid differentiation factor 88.
‘Immunization’ against airborne tuberculosis by an earlier primary response to a concurrent intravenous infection
Authors: Jung Yu‐Jin , LaCourse Ronald , Ryan Lynn , North Robert J. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryTuberculosis in mice is a lung disease. Airborne infection of this host species with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) resulted in 20 days of Mtb growth in the lungs before further growth was inhibited and the level of infection stabilized. Inhibition of Mtb growth was associated with the production of interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ)‐producing T cells in the lymph nodes and spleen and with the progressive accumulation of these cells in the lungs. Production of IFN‐γ‐producing T cells was not discernable until about day 15 of infection, presumably because Mtb did not disseminate from the lungs to the draining lymph nodes and spleen until after an approximate 10‐day delay. By contrast, in mice infected via the intravenous (i.v.) route, the spleen became infected almost immediately, resulting in much earlier production of IFN‐γ‐producing T cells and earlier control of spleen and lung infection. In mice infected concurrently via both routes, earlier generation of immunity to the i.v. infection resulted in earlier accumulation of IFN‐γ‐producing T cells in the lungs and earlier control of lung infection that was initiated via the airborne route. This protection against airborne infection afforded by an earlier primary immune response is equivalent to that expressed by mice vaccinated with bacillus Calmette–Guérin or certain other vaccines.
Morphological aspects of dental hard tissues in primary teeth from preterm infants
Authors: RYTHÉN MARIANNE , NORÉN JÖRGEN G. , SABEL NINA , STEINIGER FRANK , NIKLASSON AIMON , HELLSTRÖM ANN , ROBERTSON AGNETA 
Published: July 2008

Background.  Preterm children with very low birth weight suffer from several neonatal and post‐natal complications that may affect the mineralization of the teeth. Clinical studies have shown enamel aberrations in both dentitions.Aims.  The aims of this study were to describe enamel histo‐morphology in primary teeth, and investigate the relationship between medical history and morphological appearance.Design.  Dental enamels in 44 exfoliated primary teeth, from 14 children with a gestational age below 29 weeks and with a very low birth weight, were investigated, using polarized light microscopy (POLMI) and under a scanning electron microscope (SEM).Results.  The neonatal line was found in 1/3 of the sections located coronally of the crown. In the post‐natal enamel, 31 teeth showed a degree of porosity higher than 5% with a varying extension. More than half of the teeth showed one or more increment lines. The SEM analysis confirmed the POLMI findings with irregular prisms covered with a structure‐less film.Conclusions.  Enamel from primary teeth of preterm children was found to have a high frequency of mineralization disturbances found in POLMI and SEM. The morphological features of the enamel from preterm children do not reflect the disturbances on general growth and development occurred during the neonatal period.
Caries prevalence and background factors in Swedish 4‐year‐old children – a 40‐year perspective
Authors: STECKSÉN‐BLICKS CHRISTINA , KIERI CATARINA , NYMAN JOHN‐ERIK , PILEBRO CARIN , BORSSÉN EVA 
Published: July 2008

Background.   Periodic and well‐controlled studies of caries and background factors are important for organizing dental care and how prevention should be addressed.Aims.   The aims of this study were to compare data on caries prevalence and background factors in 4‐year‐old children from 2007 with data collected periodically between 1967 and 2002 with the same methods and criteria, and to compare immigrant and non‐immigrant children concerning caries prevalence and background factors.Design.   A cross‐sectional study in 4‐year‐old children living in Umeå, northern Sweden (n = 218), was performed. Caries recordings included both cavitated and non‐cavitated caries lesion, and bite‐wing radiographs were used on indications. Data on oral hygiene, use of fluorides, general health, and medication and sugar consumption were collected using the same questions and questionnaire as in the previous studies.Results.   In 2007, 38% of the children displayed caries compared to 46% in 2002. The distribution of decayed, missing, or filled surfaces–primary teeth values was statistically significantly different in 2007 compared to 2002 (P < 0.05). The intake frequency of sugary between‐meal products was generally lower, and toothbrushing frequency was higher in 2007 compared with data from the 2002 study. In children with immigrant background, the frequency of toothbrushing was statistically significantly lower, and snacking was more common (P < 0.05). Sixteen per cent had immigrant background and 59% had caries compared to 32% in the rest of the cohort (P < 0.01).Conclusion.   Important changes in caries prevalence of 4‐year‐old children have taken place since 2002 concurrently with a decreased intake of sugary between‐meal products and increased toothbrushing frequency. Immigrant background had a significant association with caries prevalence in 2007.
Intraoral condition in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis compared to controls
Authors: LEKSELL EVA , ERNBERG MALIN , MAGNUSSON BO , HEDENBERG‐MAGNUSSON BRITT 
Published: July 2008

Aims.  The aims of this study were to compare the periodontal conditions in children and adolescents with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) in comparison to age‐matched healthy individuals, and to describe intraoral health in relation to medical assessments.Design.  Forty‐one JIA patients, 10–19 years old, were compared to 41 controls. Plaque, calculus, probing depth, bleeding on probing, clinical attachment loss, as well as mucosal lesions were registered. Marginal bone level was recorded on radiographs. A questionnaire was included. Data were analysed with chi‐squared test, Fisher's exact test, and Mann–Whitney U‐test (P < 0.05).Results.  The JIA patients reported pain from jaws (P = 0.001), hands (P = 0.001), and oral ulcers (P = 0.015) more often than controls. They avoided certain types of food because of oral ulcers (P = 0.037). The frequencies of sites with plaque (32% vs. 19%, P = 0.013), calculus (11% vs. 5%, 5 = 0.034), bleeding on probing (26% vs. 14%, P < 0.01), and probing depth 2 mm (32% vs. 2%, P < 0.001) were higher among JIA patients. No sites with attachment loss or reduced marginal bone level were observed.Conclusions.  These obtained results are probably because of joint pain, making it difficult to perform oral hygiene as well as the use of medication and general disease activity.
Microsatellites and allozymes as the genetic memory of habitat fragmentation and defragmentation in populations of the ground beetleCarabus auronitens(Col., Carabidae)
Authors: Drees Claudia , Matern Andrea , Rasplus Jean‐Yves , Terlutter Heinrich , Assmann Thorsten , Weber Friedrich 
Published: July 2008

AbstractAim This paper has three aims: (1) to reconstruct the population history of a flightless silvicolous (forest) ground beetle in a region where strong anthropogenic activity has altered the connectivity of the landscape; (2) to estimate the effects of both contemporary and historical landscape structure on the genetics of populations; and (3) to investigate the reasons for clinal variation in one gene locus found in an earlier study carried out in the same geographical location.Location Münster (Westphalia), north‐west Germany.Methods We investigated 26 populations of the ground beetleCarabus auronitensFabricius, 1792 by analysing seven polymorphic microsatellite loci and an allozyme locus. Samples of at least 16 individuals per site were studied. These were obtained from dry pitfall traps placed at 23 sites and from three additional (refuge) populations. We used regression and correlation analyses to investigate the effects of both historical and contemporary landscape structure on the allele frequency distributions of the investigated loci. Spatial autocorrelation analysis was used to study possible clinal variations, and admixture rates were calculated in order to assess the genetic influence of populations from possible refuges. Possible reasons for the development of the cline were examined using simulation models.Results The allele frequency distributions at the investigated loci could not be explained by selection or isolation by distance. We found clinal variation in 50% of the investigated loci and our simulations indicated that this was unlikely to have developed by chance. Admixture rates show significant influences of the investigated refuge populations on the populations under study.Main conclusions The findings strongly suggest that the clinal variation is secondary. It results from recolonization of the area byC. auronitensfrom multiple refuges after anthropogenic landscape changes caused forest fragmentation and led to species isolation.
Behaviour problems and adults with Down syndrome: childhood risk factors
Authors: McCarthy J. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractBackground  Studies of people with intellectual disability suggest that several individual characteristics and environmental factors are associated with behaviour disorder. To date there are few studies looking at risk factors within specific syndromes and the relationship between early risk markers and later behaviour disorder. The key aim of the study was to determine if childhood risk factors were predictors of severe behaviour disorder in young adults with Down syndrome.Materials and methods  A longitudinal cohort study of 50 people with Down syndrome was assessed with the same behavioural measure used in both childhood and adult life. The early risk factors which were assessed included childhood functioning, childhood psychopathology and early family environment as determined by measures of parental mental health, quality of parental marriage and social background.Results  Childhood psychopathology and functioning were associated with severe behaviour disorder in adult life whereas childhood family environment was not.Conclusions  Children with Down syndrome at risk for severe behaviour disorder in adult life may be identified in childhood and appropriate interventions offered to reduce their risk.
Interferon Gamma Receptor 1 Gene Polymorphism in Patients with Tuberculosis in China
Authors: Ding S. , Li F. , Wang J. , Xu K. , Li L. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe aim of the study was to examine the influence of the CA microsatellite polymorphisms of interferon gamma receptor 1 on patients with tuberculosis (TB) in the south‐eastern Chinese population. Genomic DNA from patients with TB (n = 155) and ethnically matched controls (n = 89) were genotyped by short tandem repeat‐PCR method. The allele frequency of (CA)25 was 1.70‐fold higher among patients than that among controls (95% CI 1.07–2.70) (P = 0.025). Compared with the non‐(CA)25/non‐(CA)25 reference group, the risk to TB of the carriers of (CA)25/(CA)25 genotypes were 6.46‐fold (95% CI 1.40–29.74) (P = 0.0017) higher. On the contrary, the allele frequency of (CA)26 was 0.29‐fold lower in patients than that in controls (95% CI 0.11–0.76) (P = 0.012). Genotypes with (CA)26 allele were at 0.35‐fold (95% CI 0.13–0.98) (P = 0.045) lower to the risk of TB, compared with that of the non‐(CA)26/non‐(CA)26 in the reference group. The above results indicated that the allele (CA)25 appeared to be susceptible to TB, while the allele (CA)26 to be protective towards TB. Our data also suggest that the CA repeat was a highly polymorphic marker and could be used for linkage and association analysis.
Clinical Evaluation of Proinflammatory Cytokine Inhibitors (sTNFR I, sTNFR II, IL‐1 ra), Anti‐inflammatory Cytokines (IL‐10, IL‐13) and Activation of Neutrophils after Burn‐induced Inflammation
Authors: Sikora J. P. , Chlebna‐Sokół D. , Andrzejewska E. , Chrul S. , Polakowska E. , Wysocka A. , Sikora A. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe study was aimed at evaluating the involvement of sTNFR I, sTNFR II, IL‐1 ra, IL‐10, IL‐13 and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) development in severely burned children and at assessing the prognostic value of the immunological markers studied. The study comprised 37 patients (17 burned children and 20 controls). Serum levels of the markers determined by means of ELISA and respiratory burst of neutrophils as well as p55 and p75 tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) receptor expression using flow cytometry were evaluated twice. The burned children presented significantly higher levels of IL‐10 and cytokine inhibitors within the first 6–24 h after injury compared with controls (P < 0.05). The decreased oxygen metabolism of neutrophils and increased TNF‐α receptor expression were found on admission. Moreover, a significant decrease in initially high sTNFR I, sTNFR II, IL‐1 ra, IL‐10, IL‐13 concentrations (P < 0.05) and reduced expression of TNF‐α receptors (P < 0.05) were observed after burn therapy, whereas ROS generation evidently augmented (P < 0.05). Four of our children who developed hypovolaemic shock revealed a significantly lower ROS generation and higher concentrations of soluble TNF‐α receptors and IL‐1 ra together with IL‐10, IL‐13 compared with children with good outcome (P < 0.05). Our results revealed the involvement of both ROS, soluble TNF‐α receptors and IL‐1 ra in the development of SIRS in burned children; their monitoring allows for an assessment of the systemic inflammatory reaction activity. The neutrophil BURSTTEST and IL‐1 ra might have been clinically helpful markers of SIRS prognosis.
Responses to Rituximab Vary Among Follicular Lymphoma B Cells of Different Maturation Stages
Authors: Mattila A. M. , Meri S. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe chimeric anti‐CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab has been used for the treatment of non‐Hodgkin’s lymphomas with varying responses. Rituximab has been demonstrated to act by direct complement‐dependent cytotoxity (CDC) and by inducing apoptosis, complement‐, and antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxity. In the present study, we determined whether rituximab’s effector mechanisms differed between two human follicular lymphoma cell lines that originate from different maturation stages of B cell germinal centre (GC) development. The tested HF‐1 and HF‐4b lymphoma cells represent GC centrocytes and centroblasts, respectively. Both cell lines responded to rituximab treatment by undergoing apoptosis yet the HF‐1 cells were more sensitive. A major difference was seen in the proliferation response as only the proliferation of HF‐1 cells was inhibited by rituximab. In the presence of normal human serum (NHS) rituximab almost completely inhibited DNA synthesis and induced necrosis of both cell lines because of CDC. Our results show that the CD20‐positive HF‐1 and HF‐4b cells respond differentially to rituximab‐induced apoptosis and inhibition of proliferation but similarly to complement‐mediated killing. The increased sensitivity of the HF‐1 cell line to apoptosis and inhibition of proliferation may reflect a tendency of centrocytic cells for negative selection and a role for CD20 in this process.
Diagnostic Potential of Ag85C in Comparison to Various Secretory Antigens for Childhood Tuberculosis
Authors: Kumar G. , Dagur P. K. , Singh M. , Yadav V. S. , Dayal R. , Singh H. B. , Katoch V. M. , Sengupta U. , Joshi B. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractChildhood tuberculosis is difficult to diagnose. A rapid, simple and relatively inexpensive diagnostic test will be crucial to future control efforts. Therefore, efficacy and diagnostic potential of different secretory antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (CFP‐10, Ag85complex, Ag85 A, B, C) and their combinations along with ESAT‐6 in the detection of antibody profiles of childhood tuberculosis cases were evaluated using ELISA technique and reactivity was compared with the gold standards (smear, culture and IS6110 targeted PCR). In the present study, 88 fresh, untreated childhood tuberculosis (TB) cases, 17 children undergoing anti‐tubercular therapy, 17 children having disease other than TB and 25 healthy children were included. ROC curve analysis was used to calculate the sensitivity and specificity of each antigen for antibody detection. Ag85C was found to be showing highest sensitivity of 89.77% and specificity of 92% among all the antigens used (P < 0.0001). Positivity with antigen was 95% in smear and culture negative patients. Antibody reactivity was noted in 92.62% of patients who were positive for IS6110 by PCR. Cocktail of all the antigens showed 67.1% sensitivity and 80% of specificity. Sensitivity of 29.55%, 57.95%, 64.77% and specificity of 80%, 72%, 64% was observed using CFP‐10, Ag85complex and Ag85B. Low reactivity of 31.82% in patients and least specificity of 24% was noted with Ag85A. Our finding demonstrates the potential of Ag85C in the detection of antibody in childhood TB cases and this antigen showed good concordance with PCR positivity.