bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
British American Tobacco ghost-wrote reports on tobacco advertising bans by the International Advertising Association and J J Boddewyn: Figure 1
Authors: Davis R M 
Published: March 2008

In 1983 and 1986, the International Advertising Association (IAA) published an original version and then a revision of a report entitled “Tobacco Advertising Bans and Consumption in 16 Countries,” which were edited by J J Boddewyn, a marketing professor. The reports concluded that tobacco advertising bans have not been accompanied by any significant reduction in tobacco consumption. Opponents of tobacco advertising restrictions trumpeted the IAA reports in print materials, media communications and legislative hearings during the 1980s and beyond. A new analysis of tobacco industry documents and transcripts of tobacco litigation testimony reveals that British American Tobacco ghost-wrote the IAA reports and that the Tobacco Institute (the trade association then representing the major US cigarette manufacturers) helped to arrange for Boddewyn to present the findings to the US Congress and the media. Further research on tobacco industry documents and tobacco litigation transcripts should assess whether tobacco industry sources were responsible for ghost-writing other studies favourable to the industry.
Randomised aspirin assignment and risk of adult-onset asthma in the Women’s Health Study
Authors: Kurth T , Barr R G , Gaziano J M , Buring J E 
Published: March 2008

Background:Randomised data in men show a small but significant reduction in the risk of adult-onset asthma among those given aspirin. The results from an observational study in women suggest that frequent use of aspirin decreases the risk of adult-onset asthma, but randomised data in women are lacking. A study was undertaken to test the effect of 100 mg aspirin or placebo on alternate days on the risk of adult-onset asthma in the Women’s Health Study.Methods:A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of aspirin and vitamin E was performed in apparently healthy women with no indication or contraindication to aspirin therapy and no history of asthma at study entry. Female health professionals self-reported an asthma diagnosis on yearly questionnaires.Results:Among 37 270 women with no reported history of asthma prior to randomisation and during 10 years of follow-up, there were 872 new cases diagnosed with asthma in the aspirin group and 963 in the placebo group (hazard ratio 0.90; 95% CI 0.82 to 0.99; p = 0.027). This apparent 10% lower relative risk of incident adult-onset asthma among those assigned to aspirin was significantly modified by body mass index, with no effect in women with a body mass index of ⩾30 kg/m2. The effect of aspirin on adult-onset asthma was not significantly modified by age, smoking status, exercise levels, postmenopausal hormone use or randomised vitamin E assignment.Conclusions:In this large randomised clinical trial of apparently healthy adult women, administration of 100 mg aspirin on alternate days reduced the relative risk of a newly reported diagnosis of asthma.Trial registration number:NCT00000479
LIQUEFACTION ANALYSIS: CPT VERSUS SPT RESULTS AT JFK AIRPORT
Authors: MOHAMMAD ALY M. , CRINCOLI ANTHONY , ARMFIELD KAREN C. 
Published: March 2008

The design and construction of the new JetBlue 26-gate Terminal Facility at JFK Airport in New York City, USA was a complex and interesting endeavor for the Geotechnical Engineers at DMJM Harris. Once operational, the 635,000 sq. ft. facility will operate up to 250 daily flights; an estimated 20 million passengers a year. The new Jet Blue Terminal 5 incorporates the historical TWA Terminal, designed by Eero Saarinen in 1962. The main portion of this structure is being refurbished and incorporated into the new terminal. There were many challenging features to the design of this Project; including marrying the existing historical structure to the new terminal, preventing cross contamination in the aquifers below the site and achieving a design which will perform under seismic conditions. The challenge of the evaluation of the soil under seismic conditions is discussed herein. Liquefaction under seismic conditions at JFK Airport can be a key factor to foundation design and selection. Our investigation of the site incorporated the use of both Standard Penetration Testing (SPT) and Cone Penetration Testing (CPT) to closely identify the areas subject to liquefaction risk. A correlation between the results of both the analyses was established. This enabled us to determine the thickness of liquefiable zone and develop a cost effective design solution that will perform successfully should a seismic hazard occur in the future. The methodology utilized and the correlation observed will be presented in the paper.
The Ethics of Accounting: The Search for American Soldiers Missing in Vietnam
Authors: Hawle Thomas 
Published: March 2008

This paper explores the ethical implications of the United States' ongoing search for the bodies of 1,907 servicemen unaccounted-for in Southeast Asia as a result of the Vietnam War. The essay begins by critically engaging the interpretive commitments of the accounting effort to reveal the various means by which the search secures legitimacy. This engagement enables a reassessment of the United States' insistence upon Vietnam's responsibility to account for missing Americans as a humanitarian gesture, a circumstance all the more important given the nearly 300,000 Vietnamese also missing from the war. Through the work of Emmanuel Lévinas, David Campbell, and Michael Shapiro, the essay proposes an ethical relation which not only foregrounds the Vietnamese as the basis of reflection but also suggests new interpretive possibilities concerning the bodies of absent servicemen. There is also the question of whether it is not bizarre, perhaps even morally obscene—and an insult to the bravery of the dead—to spend so much money searching for bones in a country where children die for want of antibiotics, and thousands of amputees from the war, many of them former Saigon-government soldiers who fought on the American side, hobble on crutches or go armless, because they cannot afford prosthetic devices.1
War Hurts: Vietnam Movies and the Memory of a Lost War
Authors: de Carvalho Benjamin 
Published: March 2008

You say I am the Jane Fonda of the Right? Listen, I'm not the right wing. I'm not the left wing. I love my country. I stand for ordinary Americans, losers a lot of them. They don't understand big, international politics. Their country tells them to fight in Vietnam? They fight … The men who fought for us in Vietnam got a raw deal. Their country told them to fight. They did their best! They come home and they're scorned. People spit at them … It left scars, that period, and I'm glad we've come out of it. (Sylvester Stallone)1 The phase now is to make up a tolerable explanation for Vietnam. Our appetite is for a substitute answer, not the real answer. We'll salve ourselves. (David Rabe)2
Distinct functional significance of Akt and mTOR constitutive activation in mantle cell lymphoma
Authors: Dal Col Jessica , Zancai Paola , Terrin Liliana , Guidoboni Massimo , Ponzoni Maurilio , Pavan Alessandro , Spina Michele , Bergamin Stefano , Rizzo Silvana , Tirelli Umberto , De Rossi Anita , Doglioni Claudio , Dolcetti Riccardo 
Published: March 2008

AbstractFunctional characterization of signaling pathways that critically control mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) cell growth and survival is relevant to designing new therapies for this lymphoma. We herein demonstrate that the constitutive activation of Akt correlates with the expression of the phosphorylated, inactive form of PTEN. Phosphatidyl-inositol-3 kinase (PI3-K)/Akt or mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibition decreased the growth of both primary MCL cultures and established cell lines and antagonizes the growth-promoting activity of CD40 triggering and IL-4. These effects are mediated by nuclear accumulation of the p27Kip1 inhibitor induced by down-regulation of the p45Skp2 and Cks1 proteins, which target p27Kip1 for degradation. Moreover, Akt inhibition down-regulated cyclin D1 by promoting its proteasome-dependent degradation driven by GSK-3. Intriguingly, mTOR inhibition affected cyclin D1 proteolysis only in MCL cells in which GSK-3 is under the direct control of mTOR, suggesting that different MCL subsets could be differently responsive to mTOR inhibition. Finally, PI3-K/Akt inhibitors, but not rapamycin, induced variable levels of caspase-dependent apoptosis and reduced telomerase activity. These results indicate that Akt and mTOR activation have distinct functional relevance in MCL and suggest that targeting Akt may result in more effective therapeutic effects compared with mTOR inhibition.
Cul4A is required for hematopoietic cell viability and its deficiency leads to apoptosis
Authors: Waning David L. , Li Binghui , Jia Nan , Naaldijk Yahaira , Goebel W. Scott , HogenEsch Harm , Chun Kristin T. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIn vitro studies indicate that Cul4A ubiquitin ligases target for ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis regulators of cell-cycle progression, apoptosis, development, and DNA repair. In hematopoietic cell lines, studies by our group and others showed that Cul4A ligases regulate proliferation and differentiation in maturing myeloid and erythroid cells. In vivo, Cul4A-deficient embryos die in utero. Cul4A haploinsufficient mice are viable but have fewer erythroid and primitive myeloid progenitors. Yet, little more is known about Cul4A function in vivo. To examine Cul4A function in adults, we generated mice with interferon-inducible deletion of Cul4A. Cul4A deficiency resulted in DNA damage and apoptosis of rapidly dividing cells, and mutant mice died within 3 to 10 days after induction with dramatic atrophy of the intestinal villi, bone marrow, and spleen, and with hematopoietic failure. Cul4A deletion in vivo specifically increased cellular levels of the Cul4A ligase targets Cdt1 and p27Kip1 but not other known targets. Bone marrow transplantation studies with Cul4A deletion in engrafted cells specifically isolated analysis of Cul4A function to hematopoietic cells and resulted in hematopoietic failure. These recipients died within 9 to 11 days, demonstrating that in hematopoietic cells, Cul4A is essential for survival.
Breast size, bra fit and thoracic pain in young women: a correlational study
Authors: Wood Katherine , Cameron Melainie , Fitzgerald Kylie 
Published: March 2008

Abstract

Introduction

A single sample study was undertaken to determine the strength and direction of correlations between: a) breast size and thoracic spine or posterior chest wall pain; b) bra fit and thoracic spine or posterior chest wall pain and; c) breast size and bra fit, in thirty nulliparous women (18–26 years), with thoracic spine or posterior chest wall pain, who wore bras during daytime.

Measures

Pain (Short Form McGill Pain Questionnaire), bra size (Triumph International), bra fit (Triumph International).

Results

Most (80%) women wore incorrectly sized bras: 70% wore bras that were too small, 10% wore bras that were too large. Breast size was negatively correlated with both bra size (r = -0.78) and bra fit (r = -0.50). These results together indicate that large breasted women were particularly likely to be wearing incorrectly sized and fitted bras. Negligible relationships were found between pain and bra fit, and breast size and pain. Menstrual cycle stage was moderately positively correlated with bra fit (r = 0.32).

Conclusion

In young, nulliparous women, thoracic pain appears unrelated to breast size. Bra fit is moderately related to stage of menstrual cycle suggesting that this research may be somewhat confounded by hormonal changes or reproductive stage. Further research is needed to clarify whether there is a relationship between breast size or bra fit and thoracic pain in women during times of hormonal change.
Genome assembly forensics: finding the elusive mis-assembly
Authors: Phillippy Adam M , Schatz Michael C , Pop Mihai 
Published: March 2008

AbstractWe present the first collection of tools aimed at automated genome assembly validation. This work formalizes several mechanisms for detecting mis-assemblies, and describes their implementation in our automated validation pipeline, called amosvalidate. We demonstrate the application of our pipeline in both bacterial and eukaryotic genome assemblies, and highlight several assembly errors in both draft and finished genomes. The software described is compatible with common assembly formats and is released, open-source, at http://amos.sourceforge.net.
S100A8/A9 at low concentration promotes tumor cell growth via RAGE ligation and MAP kinase-dependent pathway
Authors: Ghavami Saeid , Rashedi Iran , Dattilo Brian M , Eshraghi Mehdi , Chazin Walter J , Hashemi Mohammad , Wesselborg Sebastian , Kerkhoff Claus , Los Marek 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe complex formed by two members of the S100 calcium-binding protein family, S100A8/A9, exerts apoptosis-inducing activity against various cells, especially tumor cells. Here, we present evidence that S100A8/A9 also has cell growth-promoting activity at low concentrations. Receptor of advanced glycation end product (RAGE) gene silencing and cotreatment with a RAGE-specific blocking antibody revealed that this activity was mediated via RAGE ligation. To investigate the signaling pathways, MAPK phosphorylation and NF-κB activation were characterized in S100A8/A9-treated cells. S100A8/A9 caused a significant increase in p38 MAPK and p44/42 kinase phosphorylation, and the status of stress-activated protein kinase/JNK phosphorylation remained unchanged. Treatment of cells with S100A8/A9 also enhanced NF-κB activation. RAGE small interfering RNA pretreatment abrogated the S100A8/A9-induced NF-κB activation. Our data indicate that S100A8/A9-promoted cell growth occurs through RAGE signaling and activation of NF-κB.
Cytokines secreted by IL-2-activated lymphocytes induce endogenous nitric oxide synthesis and apoptosis in macrophages
Authors: Choi Kyoung-Seong , Song Eun-Kee , Yim Chang-Yeol 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIL-2-activated killer (LAK) cells secrete inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ and TNF-α, which can induce NO synthesis (NOS). In this study, we investigated IL-2-activated lymphocyte-mediated macrophage apoptosis via NOS. LAK cells and their culture supernatants induced NOS in murine macrophages. NOS was markedly inhibited by blocking antibodies to IFN-γ and TNF-α, suggesting the key role of these lymphocyte cytokines in mediating NOS. Endogenous NO production inhibited macrophage proliferation and induced apoptosis in concordance with p53 accumulation and caspase-3 activation, processes that were inhibited by NG-monomethyl-l-arginine (a NOS inhibitor) and 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl 3-oxide (a NO scavenger). Our study demonstrated a novel, noncontact-dependent mechanism of macrophage suppression by IL-2-activated lymphocytes: induction of growth inhibition and apoptosis of macrophages as a result of endogenous NOS induced by cytokines secreted from IL-2-activated lymphocytes.
Enhancement of nortriptyline penetration through human epidermis: influence of chemical enhancers and iontophoresis
Authors: Merino Virginia , Micó-Albiñana Teresa , Nácher Amparo , Díez-Sales Octavio , Herráez Marina , Merino-Sanjuán Matilde 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Different known percutaneous chemical enhancers and iontophoresis have been tested in-vitro to study their ability to increase transdermal absorption of nortriptyline hydrochloride (20 mg mL−1). The chemicals 1-dodecanol, Span 20, Azone, (R)-(+)-limonene or isopropyl myristate were used as an overnight pretreatment at 5% (w/w) in ethanol. Furthermore, isopropyl myristate (20%, w/w) and propylene glycol (15%, w/w) were tested in the same vehicle. Iontophoresis was applied directly to the nortriptyline hydrochloride donor solution for three different concentrations (20, 2 and 0.5 mgmL−1). The chemical enhancers slightly increased the nortriptyline transdermal flux but iontophoresis was more efficient. In this case, nortriptyline transdermal flux was concentration dependent, having a higher flux when the concentration was lowered. Therefore, iontophoresis was the most suitable technique to increase transdermal absorption of nortriptyline and it could be an alternative method to provide therapeutic concentrations of this drug in smoking cessation treatment.
Effect of chitosan crosslinking on bitterness of artemether using response surface methodology
Authors: Shah Punit P , Mashru Rajashree C , Thakkar Arti R , Badhan Atul C 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
This work examines the influence of various process parameters on artemether entrapped in crosslinked chitosan microparticles for masking bitterness. A central composite design was used to optimize the experimental conditions for bitterness masking. Critical parameters such as the amounts of artemether, chitosan and crosslinking agent have been studied to evaluate how they affect responses such as incorporation efficiency, particle size and drug release at pH 6.8. The desirability function approach has been used to find the best compromise between the experimental results. The optimized microparticles were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. Bitterness score was evaluated by human gustatory sensation test. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the crosslinking of chitosan significantly affects incorporation efficiency, particle size and drug release at pH 6.8. The bitterness score of microparticles was decreased to 0, compared with 3+ for pure artemether. The proposed method completed masked the bitter taste of artemether.
Pimaradienoic acid inhibits vascular contraction and induces hypotension in normotensive rats
Authors: Tirapelli Carlos R , Filho Mario dos Anjos Neto , Bonaventura Daniella , Melo Mirian C C , Ambrosio Sergio R , de Oliveira Ana M , Bendhack Lusiane M , da Costa Fernando B 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe present investigation was designed to investigate the effect of the diterpene ent-pimara-8(14),15-dien-19-oic acid (pimaradienoic acid, PA) on smooth muscle extracellular Ca2+ influx. To this end, the effect of PA on phenylephrine- and KCl-induced increases in cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca2+]c), measured by the variation in the ratio of fluorescence intensities (R340/380 nm) of Fura-2, was analysed. Whether bolus injection of PA could induce hypotensive responses in conscious normotensive rats was also evaluated. PA inhibited the contraction induced by phenylephrine (0.03 or 10 μmol L−1) and KCl (30 or 90 μmol L−1) in endothelium-denuded rat aortic rings in a concentration dependent manner. Pre-treatment with PA (10, 100, 200 μmol L−1) attenuated the contraction induced by CaCl2 (0.5 nmol L−1 or 2.5 μmol L−1) in denuded rat aorta exposed to Ca2+-free medium containing phenylephrine (0.1 μmol L−1) or KCl (30 μmol L−1). Interestingly, the inhibitory effect displayed by PA on CaCl2-induced contraction was more pronounced when KCl was used as the stimulant. Phenylephrine- and KCl-induced increases in [Ca2+]c were inhibited by PA. Similarly, verapamil, a Ca2+-channel blocker, also inhibited the increase in [Ca2+]c induced by either phenylephrine or KCl. Finally, bolus injection of PA (1–15 mg kg−1) produced a dose-dependent decrease in mean arterial pressure in conscious normotensive rats. The results provide the first direct evidence that PA reduces vascular contractility by reducing extracellular Ca2+ influx through smooth muscle cellular membrane, a mechanism that could mediate the hypotensive response induced by this diterpene in normotensive rats.
Pharmacological effect of capsaicin on rat avoidance behaviours elicited by sine-wave electrical stimulation of different frequencies by Neurometer
Authors: Fujiuchi Akiyoshi , Toga Tetsuo 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe Neurometer is a diagnostic device for measuring the perception and threshold of transcutaneous stimulation. It has been used in patients to selectively activate Aβ-, Aδ- and C-fibres in the primary afferents at different stimulus frequencies (2000, 250 and 5 Hz, respectively). In this study, we investigated use of the Neurometer to selectively activate nerves in conscious rats. The behavioural endpoint of paw withdrawal was used to measure the current threshold (CT). This behaviour was elicited by a lower stimulus current than other behaviours evoked by Neurometer stimulation and caused only mild stress in rats. Repeated topical application of capsaicin (four doses of 100 μg) or systemic administration of the capsaicin analogue resiniferatoxin (30 or 300 μg kg−1) increased the CT value for this behaviour at 5 Hz stimulation but not at 2000 Hz or 250 Hz. This change in CT at 5 Hz is probably due to C-fibre desensitization by the pharmacological treatments. The combination of 5 Hz sine-wave stimulation with a Neurometer and the observation of paw withdrawal behaviour make it possible to perform preclinical studies of C-fibres in animals as an alternative to the use of high- and low-rate heating of the paw.
Anti-inflammatory effects of red pepper (Capsicum baccatum) on carrageenan- and antigen-induced inflammation
Authors: Spiller Fernando , Alves Márcia K , Vieira Sílvio M , Carvalho Toni A , Leite Carlos E , Lunardelli Adroaldo , Poloni José A , Cunha Fernando Q , de Oliveira Jarbas R 
Published: March 2008

AbstractInflammation is a pivotal component of a variety of diseases, such as atherosclerosis and tumour progression. Various naturally occurring phytochemicals exhibit anti-inflammatory activity and are considered to be potential drug candidates against inflammation-related pathological processes. Capsicum baccatum L. var. pendulum (Willd.) Eshbaugh (Solanaceae) is the most consumed species in Brazil, and its compounds, such as capsaicinoids, have been found to inhibit the inflammatory process. However, the anti-inflammatory effects of C. baccatum have not been characterized. Thus, this study was designed to evaluate the effects of C. baccatum juice in animal models of acute inflammation induced by carrageenan and immune inflammation induced by methylated bovine serum albumin. Pretreatment (30 min) of rats with pepper juice (0.25–2.0 g kg−1) significantly decreased leucocyte and neutrophil migration, exudate volume and protein and LDH concentration in pleural exudates of a pleurisy model. This juice also inhibited neutrophil migration and reduced the vascular permeability on carrageenan-induced peritonitis in mice. C. baccatum juice also reduced neutrophil recruitment and exudate levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β in mouse inflammatory immune peritonitis. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the main constituent of C. baccatum juice, as extracted with chloroform, is capsaicin. In agreement with this, capsaicin was able to inhibit the neutrophil migration towards the inflammatory focus. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of the anti-inflammatory effect of C. baccatum juice and our data suggest that this effect may be induced by capsaicin. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory effect induced by red pepper may be by inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine production at the inflammatory site.