bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conferees examine deadly 2005 Kashmir earthquake
Authors: Yeats Robert S. , Kausar Allah Bakhsh , Nakata Takashi 
Published: October 2006

The last major urban earthquake to strike Pakistan prior to 2005 severely damaged the city of Quetta in 1935 and killed 35,000 people. In the last 70 years, although much progress has been made in studying the location of active faults and zones of seismicity in Pakistan, the general public in Pakistan has not yet fully understood or recognized the earthquake hazard.The near‐destruction of two towns—Balakot in the North‐West Frontier Province, and Muzaffarabad, the capital of Azad Jammu Kashmir Province—and the deaths of more than 70,000 people caused by the 8 October 2005 Kashmir earthquake (Mw 7.6) led the government of Pakistan to request a scientific response and plan of action.Accordingly the Geological Survey of Pakistan (GSP) organized a recent international conference, which was attended by Pakistani scientists and participants from Austria, France, India, Iran, Japan,Turkey the United Kingdom, and the United States [Kausar et al., 2006].
Fire‐made minerals found in icy comet
Authors: Zielinski Sarah 
Published: October 2006

Minerals created under high temperature conditions have been found in particles collected from the comet Wild 2 and may have come from the formation of the Sun or another solar system, NASA mission scientists said at a 13 March press conference.The Stardust spacecraft trapped the particles in an aerogel detector when it passed within 240 kilometers of the comet on 2 January 2004. Mission scientists have been processing the tiny grains, which range in size from 50 microns to less than one micron, since a few days after the Stardust return capsule landed in the Utah desert on 15 January 2006.
Lake Agassiz meltwater
Authors: Steig Eric 
Published: October 2006

TV Lowell et al., authors of “Testing the Lake Agassiz Meltwater Trigger for the Younger Dryas,” in the 4 October 2005 Eos, are to be commended for re‐examining the evidence for the role of meltwater forcing as the cause of the Younger Dryas cooling episode.Yet the article comes up short in attempting to point toward future progress on the important question of the causes of abrupt climate change.Lowell et al. neglect to address an obvious conundrum: if the Aggasiz meltwater pulse occurred at the wrong time to have caused the Younger Dryas, then it evidently did not cause any significant climate response. Does this not suggest that the assumed importance of meltwater forcing in abrupt climate change be reconsidered entirely?
Assessing global water system research
Authors: Braimoh Ademola K. , Craswell Eric T. 
Published: October 2006

Rapid growth of global change science has led to improved knowledge about interdependencies in the global water cycle and recognition that the global water system consists of physical, human, and biogeochemical components [Vörösmarty et al., 2004].Traditionally, water research is spread over a number of scientific disciplines. However, for water science to effectively inform policy for sustainable water management, research about the dynamics of water in the context of global change needs to be holistic, must integrate the existing knowledge base, and should synthesize knowledge about how the interactions between nature and society at various scales are affecting the global water system.This article assesses the level of interdisciplinarity in water science programs by comparing the activities of international waterrelated projects with the Global Water System Project (GWSP) activity profile (http://www.gwsp.org).The GWSP is a project of the Earth System Science Partnership (ESSP) comprising the International Geosphere‐Biosphere Programme (http://www.igbp.kva.se/cgi‐bin/php/frameset.php), the International Human Dimension Programme on Global Environmental Change (www.ihdp.org), the World Climate Research Programme (http://www.wmo.ch/web/wcrp/wcrp‐home.html), and the DIVERSITAS international program on biodiversity science (http://www.diversitasinternational.org/). GWSP's attributes include its scientific and policy‐informing orientation, global perspective, integrative and interdisciplinary approach, and multitemporal investigation of human impacts on water resources.
Searching for water on the Moon
Authors: Zielinski Sarah 
Published: October 2006

NASA plans to crash the upper stage of a rocket into a crater on the Moon's South Pole to look for water, the agency announced on 10 April.The Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS) was chosen by NASA as the secondary payload on the launch vehicle for the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO). LRO is scheduled to for launch in October 2008 and will create high‐resolution maps of the lunar surface for use in planning future Moon missions.
Eocene hyperthermal event offers insight into greenhouse warming
Authors: Bowen Gabriel J. , Bralower Timothy J. , Delaney Margareth L. , Dickens Gerald R. , Kelly Daniel C. , Koch Paul L. , Kump Lee R. , Meng Jin , Sloan Lisa C. , Thomas Ellen , Wing Scott L. , Zachos James C. 
Published: October 2006

What happens to the Earth's climate, environment, and biota when thousands of gigatons of greenhouse gases are rapidly added to the atmosphere? Modern anthropogenic forcing of atmospheric chemistry promises to provide an experiment in such change that has not been matched since the early Paleogene, more than 50 million years ago (Ma),when catastrophic release of carbon to the atmosphere drove abrupt, transient, hyperthermal events.Research on the Paleocene‐Eocene Thermal Maximum(PETM)—the best documented of these events, which occurred about 55 Ma—has advanced significantly since its discovery 15 years ago. During the PETM, carbon addition to the oceans and atmosphere was of a magnitude similar to that which is anticipated through the 21st century. This event initiated global warming, biotic extinction and migration, and fundamental changes in the carbon and hydrological cycles that transformed the early Paleogene world.
Ship logbooks help analyze pre‐instrumental climate
Authors: García‐Herrera Ricardo , Können Gunther P. , Wheeler Dennis A. , Prieto Maria R. , Jones Phips D. , Koek Frits B. 
Published: October 2006

The Climatological Database for the World's Oceans: 1750–1854 (CLIWOC) project, which concluded in 2004, abstracted more than 280,000 daily weather observations from ships logbooks from British, Dutch, French, and Spanish naval vessels engaged in imperial business in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.These data, now compiled into a database, provide valuable information for the reconstruction of oceanic wind field patterns for this key period that precedes the time in which anthropogenic influences on climate became evident. These reconstructions, in turn, provide evidence for such phenomena as the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation and the North Atlantic Oscillation. Of equal importance is the finding that the CLIWOC database—the first coordinated attempt to harness the scientific potential of this resource [Garcia‐Herrera et al., 2005]—represents less than 10 percent of the volume of data currently known to reside in this important but hitherto neglected source.
Senate committee recommends replacing FEMA
Authors: Zielinski Sarah 
Published: October 2006

Flaws in the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) that were exposed after Hurricane Katrina struck the U.S. Gulf Coast in August 2005 are too substantial to be fixed, and the agency should be replaced with a more capable structure, recommends a 27 April report released by the Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Government Affairs.“FEMA is discredited, demoralized, and dysfunctional. It is beyond repair. Just tweaking the organizational chart will not solve the problem,” said Committee Chair Sen. Susan Collins (R‐Maine).
Smithsonian climate change exhibits
Authors: Kumar Mohi 
Published: October 2006

Two new museum exhibits, “Arctic: A Friend Acting Strangely” and “Atmosphere: Change is in the Air” opened 15 April at the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C., in partnership with the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, NASA, and the U.S. National Science Foundation.In “Arctic: A Friend Acting Strangely,” anecdotes from indigenous polar people reveal how climate changes have affected life within the last 50 years. For example, as permafrost melts and sea ice shrinks, plant distributions and animal migration patterns are changing, severely affecting culture.
NSF Geosciences Advisory Committee solicits input
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Members of the U.S. National Science Foundation's (NSF) Geosciences Advisory Committee have requested that members of the geosciences community communicate their views and concerns to the committee in time for its next meeting on 3‐5 May in Arlington, Va.The Geosciences Advisory Committee advises the NSF Directorate for Geosciences, which supports a broad range of research focusing on understanding and predicting the Earth's environment and its habitability. At its May meeting, the committee will consider current and future geoscience plans and programs and additional issues of relevance to the community.
NASA planetary science summer school applications
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

NASA is accepting applications from science and engineering post‐doctoral and graduate students for its 18th Annual Planetary Science Summer School, which will hold two sessions this summer (24–28 July and 31 July 31–4 August) at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif.During the summer school, student teams will carry out the equivalent of an early concept study in response to a selected NASA Announcement of Opportunity prepare a proposal authorization review presentation, present it to a review board, and receive feedback.
Reevaluating Hubbert's prediction of U.S. peak oil
Authors: van derVeen C. J. 
Published: October 2006

In 1956, M. King Hubbert, chief consultant for the Shell Development Company's exploration and production research division, forecasted that U.S. oil production would peak in the early 1970s. He subsequently updated this prediction using newer data, but the predicted timing of peaking did not change significantly (see Hubbert [1982] for a review and references to earlier papers). In 1971, U.S. annual production of crude oil peaked at slightly more than three billion barrels (bbl).Yet, Hubbert's model continues to be challenged by some. For instance, according to economist Michael Lynch, president of Strategic Energy and Economic Research, Inc., Winchester, Mass., it was only after Hubbert published his predictions “that the Hubbert curve came to be seen as explanatory in and of itself, that is, geology requires that production should follow such a curve” [Lynch,2003].
Shallow seabed methane gas could pose coastal hazard
Authors: Best Angus I. , Richardson Michael D. , Boudreau Bernard P. , Judd Alan G. , Leifer Ira , Lyons Anthony P. , Martens Christopher S. , Orange Danial L. , Wheeler Simon J. 
Published: October 2006

Abnormally high levels of methane gas in seafloor sediments could pose a major hazard to coastal populations within the next 100 years through their impact on climate change and sea level rise. Marine scientists have known for many years that biogenic methane (CH4) is generated in shallow seabed sediments on continental margins, especially in rapidly deposited muddy sediments with high organic matter content (see Methane Flux Control in Ocean Margin Sediments (METROL) project in Mienert et al., [2004]).Gassy sediments are found in river deltas, estuaries, and harbors, but also in deeper waters on continental shelves and slopes. Human activities can accelerate natural seafloor gas generation by increasing the supply of sediments and organic matter from rivers through deforestation and intensive farming, and also by the disposal of human waste at sea. When this extra organic matter becomes buried to about one meter beneath the seabed, biogeochemical processes start to convert it to CH4 [Floodgate and Judd, 1992]. The impact of this extra CH4 could be felt within the next 100 years, assuming a one‐centimeter‐per‐year sediment accumulation rate.
An acoustically linked moored‐buoy ocean observatory
Authors: Frye Dan , Freitag Lee , Detrick Robert , Collins John , Delaney John , Kelley Deborah , LaBonte Alison , Brown Kevin 
Published: October 2006

A team from Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI; Woods Hole, Mass.) recently developed and successfully deployed a buoy‐based ocean observatory that uses acoustic communication to retrieve data from sensors in the water column and on the seafloor out to ranges of about three kilometers from the buoy (Figure 1).Each buoy is equipped with an Iridium satellite link that can transmit more than one megabyte of data per day to shore. The near‐real‐time data provided by this system, and two‐way communication that enables control of sensors from shore, affords new opportunities for observing episodic events—such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and phytoplankton blooms—and changing ocean conditions over seasons and years, or during times of the year when measurements from shipboard platforms are simply not possible.
Research vessels: Underutilized assets for climate observations
Authors: Gould W. John , Smith Shawn R. 
Published: October 2006

Sustained, global observations of the ocean and atmosphere, which are coordinated by the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) and the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS), include various international and national mooring networks, Argo floats, surface drifters, and measurements from satellites, volunteer observing ships (VOSs),and research vessels (R/Vs).These sustained measurements have to some extent drawn attention away from the role of R/Vs in collecting global observations, yet R/Vs' global coverage and onboard technical support make them uniquely valuable to climate observing no matter what the primary scientific discipline is for any particular cruise.Remarkably, there is no systematic compilation of global R/V tracks. This article presents documentation of R/V coverage for 1997 using the positions of about 80,000 individual meteorological reports (Figure 1) from 154 oceangoing R/Vs. If 1997 is typical, then each year R/Vs cover almost the entire globe and thus have great value since their missions often take them far from commercial shipping routes. A University of Delaware database (http://www.researchvessels.org/) shows 60 R/Vs capable of working across entire ocean basins (≥50‐meter length and 30‐day endurance).
Imaging a growing lava dome with a portable radar
Authors: Wadge Geoffrey , Macfarlane David G. , James Michael R. , Odbert Henry M. , Applegarth L. Jane , Pinkerton H. , Robertson Duncan A. , Loughlin Susan C. , Strutt Michael , Ryan Graham , Dunkley Peter N. 
Published: October 2006

The tiny Caribbean island of Montserrat has been in a state of crisis since the Soufriere Hills Volcano (SHV) began its current eruption in July 1995. With its main town, Plymouth, destroyed by pyroclastic flows in 1997, the islanders who have remained have had to rebuild their society on the northern half of the island under varying degrees of threat from the volcano to the south. During this time, the Montserrat government continues to receive advice on the volcanic hazards from the Montserrat Volcano Observatory (MVO).The continuing eruption has provided a wealth of research opportunities for many international groups who sought to study the growth and repeated partial destruction of a Peleean andesitic lava dome. There have been three episodes of dome growth: November 1995 through March 1998, November 1999 through July 2003, and August 2005 to present. Pyroclastic flows and explosions have been the main source of hazard.The pyroclastic flows have been generated mainly by gravitational collapse of the lava dome, but also by collapse of explosive ash columns. The dome collapses tend to occur from the area of the dome where new lava is being added. Similarly collapses are more likely when the rate of lava extrusion varies. Also, the propensity of explosive evacuation of the magma in the conduit is partly controlled by the magma supply rate, with high rates favoring explosions.
Chronology of the Baikal Rift System
Authors: Fedotov Andrey , San'kov Valdimir , De Batist Mark , Kazansky Aleksey , Parfeevets Anna , Mirosh‐Nitchenko Andrey , Pouls Tom 
Published: October 2006

The deepest lake in the world, Lake Baikal, Russia, lies on the intracontinental Baikal Rift system (BRS) along with the nearby Lake Khubsugul in northern Eurasia. Many questions connected with the history of the development of BRS remain open, in particular the time and causes of the formation of the recent BRS morphology. Thus, the rate of the Indo‐Asian collision, and the discovery of mantle plume intrusion on the large area of Northern and Central Mongolia and on the TransBaikal area in the vicinity of the rift, have been subjects of hot debate throughout the past 50 years of research on the formation of the intercontinental BRS.Studies by the authors of this article have focused on the southwestern BRS, particularly the Khubsugul Rift. Because of its submeridional trend, the Khubsugul Rift is believed to manifest various reactions when parameters of the tectonic stress field change due to the influence of the Indo‐Asian collision in forming the northeast compression impact or of mantle plume intrusion that forms the northwest extension stress field.
On “Carrington, Schwabe, and the gold medal”
Authors: Schröder Wilfred 
Published: October 2006

I note with interest the article by Cliver [2005] about the early solar investigations of Heinrich Schwabe and Richard Carrington and offer some further insights into Schwabe's work and its reception at the time.Schwabe commenced his observations in 1826 with a small telescope he had bought some years earlier. For more than 40 years, he observed the Sun and made meteorological notes. In his 1843 essay, he noted a sunspot cycle of about 10 years, but his result aroused little interest with contemporary astronomers. Research at the time was focused on the physics of the planets, the Moon, and other topics. Schwabe had published his data in the well‐known Astronomische Nachrichten, but not until Alexander von Humboldt republished it in his Kosmos, volume 3 (1851), did the data begin to be recognized and accepted by Schwabe's fellow scientists. Humboldt's Kosmos was a publication of considerable prestige, and it had a wide circulation among scientists and the educated public. Schwabe's work became familiar to other scientists including Carrington, Angelo Secchi,and Gustav Sporer and, as noted by Cliver, earned him the gold medal of the Royal Astronomical Society.
Filling gaps in ecosystem data
Authors: Zielinski Sarah 
Published: October 2006

Filling 10 key gaps in U.S. ecosystem data could double the number of indicators of ecosystem conditions in the nation and improve environmental decision‐making, according to a report released 13 June by the nonprofit Heinz Center for Science, Economics, and the Environment.The gaps identified by the Heinz committee, which was comprised of representatives from government, industry, academia, and nonprofit organizations, fell under the following categories: landscape pattern/remote sensing analysis; contaminants related to human exposure; nitrogen yield and load in rivers; carbon storage/soil organic matter; stream and riparian condition; groundwater levels; extent of specific key habitat elements; at‐risk species and communities; non‐native species; and biological community conditions.
Challenges for U.S. tsunami preparedness
Authors: Zielinski Sarah 
Published: October 2006

Despite recent improvements in U.S. tsunami preparedness, greater efforts are needed in tsunami hazard assessment, detection, warning, and mitigation, according to a 5 June report from the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO).In the United States, tsunami detection and warning is handled by the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), while a combination of federal, state, and local agencies manage hazard assessment and mitigation.
Connections between science and spirituality
Authors: Garen David C. 
Published: October 2006

I would like to continue the discussion of points raised in William Carter's response to Robert Frodeman's Eos Forum article [Carter, 2006; Frodeman, 2005]. I have appreciated Frodeman's work and feel that perspectives on science deriving from humanities, philosophy, and religion can add depth, insight, and meaning to our endeavors. I would like to broaden the discussion beyond just space policy to include the relationship between science in general and these, what I would call, spiritual issues.I can fully understand Carter's aversion to including religious people or perspectives in the formation of science policy. In addition to the examples he cites in which religious motivations have led to some scientifically questionable actions and policies by the U.S. government (having to do with medicine and stem cell research), I would also add the continued attempts by religiously motivated people (some with scientific credentials themselves) to discredit Darwinian evolution and instead advocate alternative models, such as ‘intelligent design,’ which make room for supernatural creation instead of, or alongside, evolutionary processes.
How should the Senator be advised?
Authors: Trapani Josh 
Published: October 2006

A primary job for Congressional staff members is to advise their bosses—senators or representatives—on issues before the U.S. Congress. As AGU's Congressional Fellow and a Senate legislative staff member, I try to provide the best possible advice to my boss, Sen. Dianne Feinstein (D‐Calif.). My struggles in this regard have taught me a lot about the thorny issues involved in the interplay of science and policy.One issue on which I was asked to advise the senator is what, if anything, to do after forests are disturbed by fires or other events. Specifically, should the burned and dead wood be logged? Some people believe it is better not to log; forests regenerate naturally and ‘salvage logging’ as it is called, is ecologically harmful. Others believe logging paves the way for faster forest and habitat restoration.
Earthquakes and archeology: Neocatastrophism or science?
Authors: Kovach Robert L. , Nur Amos 
Published: October 2006

The recent number of devastating, large earthquakes serve as a tough reminder that geophysicists remain unable, after decades of continuous and frustrating efforts, to predict not only where but also when and how big such events will be. These recent earthquakes include those in Pakistan (8 October 2005), Sumatra (26 December 2004, 3 March 2005), Iran (20 June 1990, 10 May 1997, 26 December 2003), India (29 September 1993, 26 January 2001), and Turkey (17 August 1999), and China (the 1976 Tangshan earthquake responsible for at least 300,000 fatalities).This difficulty in predicting earthquakes can be traced, in part, to the absence of sufficient temporal data about the occurrences of large past earthquakes. In this case, sufficient means a time period that spans, for a given area, several large events, typically over a period of several millennia or more. Written records can provide a more or less complete record only for the past several hundred years. Excavations across geologic faults can provide paleoseismic information but only in special geological settings. Archeological evidence for past catastrophic earthquakes has been emerging as a third important source of data that should be considered. The authors of this article have been pursuing this avenue of research for several decades.