bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the cox model and the regression tree procedure in analysing a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Schmoor Claudia , Ulm Kurt , Schumacher Martin 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn a clinical trial comparing different treatments the patients may be rather heterogeneous with regard to their natural prognosis. Simple overall comparison of the treatment groups may lead to a biased estimate of the treatment effect even in a well‐balanced randomized study, at least when survival time is the outcome. An adequate analysis of the treatment effect is only feasible in a multivariate framework where the important prognostic factors are accounted for and, additionally, treatment‐covariate interactions may be evaluated. Analyses using the Cox model are compared with alternative approaches based on the Classification and Regression Tree )CART( technique. Basic differences between these approaches are outlined and discussed in the context of a randomized clinical trial of chemotherapy in patients with brain tumours.
The relative importance of prognostic factors in studies of survival
Authors: Schemper M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe relative importance of prognostic factors in regression can be measured either by standardized regression coefficients or by percentages of explained variation in a dependent variable. One advantage of using explained variation is the direct comparability of qualitative prognostic factors with others, or of groups of prognostic factors. The description of relative importance can be accomplished within marginal or partial effects analyses. It is demonstrated that it is possible not only to provide a descriptive ranking of prognostic factors according to their statistically determined importance, but also to make inferences concerning their relative importance, employing bootstrap techniques and procedures for multiple comparisons. The methods presented, which are new in the context of Cox regression, are exemplified by analyses of studies of lung cancer and breast cancer.
Relationships between incidence and mortality in non‐reversible diseases
Authors: Capocaccia Riccardo 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe estimation of the incidence of chronic diseases from mortality and survival rates is shown to be attainable, under some simplifying hypotheses, through the solution of a convolution equation. Exact solutions are derived for the cases in which survival times of incident cases are exponential or gamma distributed. Applications to breast cancer, HIV infection and stomach cancer incidence in the Italian population are presented.
Job stress related to glyco‐lipid allostatic load, adiponectin and visfatin
Authors: Li Wei , Zhang Jun‐Quan , Sun Jing , Ke Ji‐Hong , Dong Zhi‐Yuan , Wang Sheng 
Published: April 2007

AbstractJob stress has been associated with an increased risk for glyco‐lipid metabolic dysfunction, which can lead to coronary artery disease, diabetes and other adverse health outcomes. We undertook a cross‐sectional study to evaluate the relationship between job stress and glyco‐lipid metabolic change in healthy industrial employees in China. Volunteers (n = 504) were investigated during the routine annual health examination period between June and August 2006. Job stress was assessed by the 22‐item Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ), which included three dimensions: job control, job demand and social support. Glyco‐lipid metabolic status was determined by the glyco‐lipid allostatic load based on the allostasis paradigm and the concept of allostatic load. There were 11 parameters comprising the glyco‐lipid allostatic load: body mass index (BMI); waist to hip ratio (WHR); high‐density lipoprotein (HDL); low‐density lipoprotein (LDL); total cholesterol (TC); triglyceride (TG); glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1C); homeostasis model assessment‐insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR); HOMA‐β‐cell function; plasma concentrations of adiponectin; and visfatin. Score points were given for values in the high‐risk quartile (0–11). Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) revealed that BMI, WHR, TG, adiponectin, visfatin and glyco‐lipid allostatic load were significantly different between high and low job stress groups after being adjusted for demographic characteristics and health‐related behaviour. Plasma adiponectin levels were negatively correlated with BMI, WHR, HbA1C, TG, IR and visfatin, and positively correlated with HDL. Plasma concentration of visfatin was positively correlated with BMI, WHR, TC and IR. Multiple stepwise linear regression analysis indicated that job control was significantly related to glyco‐lipid allostatic load, plasma adiponectin concentration and plasma visfatin concentration after controlling for demographic characteristics and health‐related behaviour. In conclusion, we found association between job stress, job control and the glyco‐lipid metabolism summary score. Plasma adiponectin and visfatin concentrations related with job stress and job control. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
International arbitration
Authors: Faure Eric 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe English arbitration procedures in GAFTA and FOSFA have been developed over 125 years, during which time contracts and procedures have been continuously revised. They have stood the test of time and, in the author's view, work well. It would be unfortunate to have to change the procedures radically, and indeed this action might seriously impair their efficiency. While it would be ideal to achieve international uniformity, there would appear to be almost insuperable obstacles in the way at the present time.
Processing peanuts and cottonseed
Authors: Garcia M. E. J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTwo cases are presented to show how the elimination of bad operational habits and the use of controlling equipment can improve the efficiency of an oil mill. The cleaning of peanuts (farmer's stock) is presented as an example of the need to use proper equipment for a given operation. A supply of good quality seed, together with the use of modern equipment, has improved the yields of oil and protein to the present values of 91% and 96% recovery, respectively. A growing fats and oils market in the Central American area and a limited supply of cottonseed are forcing the mills of Nicaragua to look for new oilseeds.
Processing high oil content seeds in continuous screw presses
Authors: Ward J. A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis paper covers a range of oilseeds from rapeseed to copra‐including groundnuts, cocoa beans, and palmkernels—and gives a very brief definition of screw press operation and its terminology. Screw press operation and its essential similarity to that of the hydraulic stroking press are discussed, including an outline of the functions of the various worm assembly stages and how they are basically achieved and essential objectives which must be met as meal passes along the barrel. Also covered are radial and axial pressure gradients within the machine and their effect on processing of high oil content seeds; rates of pressure buildup within the press and their effect on various different high oil content seeds; and materials of construction. Finally, the effect of seed pre‐treatment cooking and fines handling on the operation of a screw press on various seeds and essential differences between high pressure pressing and pre‐pressing for solvent extraction are discussed.
Continuous solvent extraction of soybeans and cottonseed
Authors: Hutchins R. P. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe current trend in soybean processing in the United States is toward ever larger capacities handled through single extractors and desolventizer‐toasters. There are 20 such plants which average over 2,000 tons per day, with the largest handling over 3,000 tons per day. Slight differences in extraction efficiency, in heat economy, in solvent loss, and in plant reliability make or lose thousands of dollars each day for such plants. The operating characteristics of these 20 plants which now crush over half of all the U.S. soybean production are detailed.Cottonseed is the most complex and variable of all the oilseeds. A review of the corresponding variation in the processing conditions required to obtain quality products is made.
Continuous solvent extraction of sunflower, seed, groundnuts, palmkernels, rapeseed, and copra
Authors: Stein W. , Glaser F. ‐W. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn principle, the oil milling process is straightforward. The wide variety of equipment in use reflects, however, a multiparametric process. The main limiting parameters are kind of seed, oil content, particle strength, particle structure, temperature, moisture, particle size, residence time, mechanical forces, etc. Additionally, the seed specific parameters vary not only between kinds of seed but also for the same seed, due to different conditions in climate, soil, and harvesting. Therefore, equipment design must be widely based on statistical averages of the limiting parameters. In other words, exact precalculation of the single technological steps is impossible. As a consequence, for more than 5,000 years, the oil milling process has been in the stage of being optimized. The acutal technical standard is very satisfying, but there is still a strong need for further research and development. Currently, as in the past, the oil milling process seems to be not so much a science as an art.
Safety in solvent extraction plants—Europe
Authors: Critchfield C. E. M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe solvent extraction process is recognized as having a high hazard potential, arising from the use of large quantities of volatile and possibly explosive liquids. However, when statistical records are studied, it is found that most accidents in this industry, as in all industry, are caused not by technological failure but by human error.However, technical precautionsmust be taken, especially those relating to the prevention of any sources of ignition which might initiate a dust or solvent explosion. To ensure complete study, the whole process must be examined so that consideration is given not only to the hazards of solvent vapor ignition but also to the equal risks of dust explosion in either seed preparation or post‐extraction processing. In this connection, it must be remembered that a major dust explosion can be equally as devastating, if not more so, as a solvent explosion.It is assumed in this paper that managers of solvent extraction plants will be aware of the relevant laws and codes of practice developed in most industrialized countries to counter these fire and explosion hazards; therefore, apart from some discussion of the problems of static electricity, rules and regulations are not duscussed in detail.Most important, because of the far‐reaching implications, is a consideration of plans for the safety education of people at all levels—a program considered by the author to be a necessary foundation for safety training.It is concluded that “safety” must no longer be mistakenly regarded as an extra work load for hard‐pressed management, but that itmust be accepted as a normal part of everyday life by people at all levels.
Processing effects on oil quality
Authors: Ohlson J. S. R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractProcessing can have rather strong effects on oil quality. It is very important to avoid deleterious factors such as long processing times, contact with oxygen, high temperature, light, and other oxidation catalysts if high quality oils are to be obtained. The initial quality of the oil‐bearing material should be very high, and the processing should be continuous and rapid.
Hydrogenation of Edible oils
Authors: Coenen J. W. E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe supply and demand of edible oils and fats is briefly reviewed, and certain trends, relevant for the application of fat modification techniques, are noted. The effect of hydrogenation conditions on a number of selectivity aspects in hydrogenation with nickel catalysts is explained in terms of mass transport effects for hydrogen and triglycerides. The effect of selectivity on stability and melting behavior is also discussed. The limitations of the existing hydrogenation process with nickel are pointed out, and possible extensions by use of other catalysts, such as sulphur poisoned nickel, copper, and chromium complexes, are mentioned. Some technological aspects of the process are briefly reviewed.
Finished oil handling and storage in the U.S.
Authors: Wright L. M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractVarious techniques are practiced in the U.S. to prevent deterioration of vegetable oils following the final stage of processing through deodorization. Because oxidation; free fatty acid development, or adulteration by impurities are the primary concerns, the general practice is to keep oils in closed vessels in an atmosphere that excludes oxygen and moisture and where temperatures are controlled at minimum levels. The technology of sparging and blanketing finished oils with nitrogen during storage and transfer from vessel to vessel is shown. Also, a typical blanketing system for a series of vessels, pressure controllers, and techniques to avoid vacuum conditions is described.
Finished oil handling and storage in Europe
Authors: Johansson Gösta M. R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractQuality characteristics of newly deodorized oils are covered. During handling and storage, the quality of the deodorized oil deteriorates. How to protect the achieved quality against oxidative deterioration and different types of contamination is discussed. The effects of temperature, oxygen, heavy metals, and antioxidants are also described.
Lecithin production and properties
Authors: Van Nieuwenhuyzen W. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSoy lecithins are important emulsifiers used in the food, feed, pharmaceutical, and technical industries. Native lecithin is derived from soybean oil in four steps: hydration of phosphatides, separation of the sludge, drying, and cooling. Such lecithin has both W/O and O/W emulsifying properties. Products with improved emulsifying properties can be obtained by modifications, involving mainly fractionation in alcohol, hydrolysis (enzymatic, acid, or alkali), acetylation, or hydroxylation. Careful processing is required to produce lecithins of a high chemical, physical, and bacteriological quality.
Use or disposal of by‐products and spent material from the vegetable oil processing industry in the U.S.
Authors: Watson Kenneth S. , Meierhoefer Curt H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractDuring processing of vegetable oils, certain by‐products and waste materials are generated. Where and how the by‐products are recovered and used and how the solid wastes are handled and disposed of are considered. Several suggestions for the future are explored.
Effect of storage on lipids of fish protein concentrate
Authors: Medwadowski Barbara , Haley Alleah , van der Veen John , Olcott H. S. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractFish protein concentrates (FPC) made from pout, alewife and Gulf menhaden were stored for 6 months at temperatures of 37 C and 50 C with no attempt to control humidity. When the amount of extractable lipid was 0.1% or less there were small changes in the lipid pattern: a small decrease in the amount of neutral lipid‐free fatty acid fraction and larger decreases in the long chain, unsaturated fatty acids (C20:5, C22:6 for pout and C20:5 for alewife). In the FPC sample containing residual lipid of about 0.5% there were decreases in the amount of lipid extractable after 6 months, appreciable in the 37 C sample, and greater in the sample stored at 50 C. These samples also showed decreases in the neutral lipid plus free fatty acid fractions and decreases in the long chain, unsaturated fatty acids C20:5 and C22:6.
Properties of aqueous solution of sodium cyclododecyl sulfate
Authors: Hikota Takeshi , Nakamura Minori , Machida Satoru , Meguro Kenjiro 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSodium cyclododecyl sulfate was prepared from cyclododecyl alcohol and chlorosulfonic acid to investigate the physical and surface active properties of the surfactant. Its Krafft point, critical micelle concentration (CMC), surface tension, emulsifying power, wetting time and dispersing power were examined and compared with those of sodium dodecyl sulfate which has a linear structure and contains the same number of carbon atoms in the hydrophobic portion. The sodium cyclododecyl sulfate, in contrast to the sodium dodecyl sulfate, had a higher (about two times) Krafft point, much larger (about 10 times) CMC, showed the same excellent wetting property, but exhibited lower emulsifying power. Also the sodium cyclododecyl sulfate is more insoluble (as shown by the Krafft point) than the sodium dodecyl sulfate, while calcium ion stability of the cyclododecyl sulfate surfactant is greater than that of the linear anionic surfactant.
Derivatives of long chain fatty acids as lubricant components
Authors: Eisner A. , Perlstein T. , Maerker G. , Stallings L. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSoaps ofcis‐9,10‐epiminostearic acid have been synthesized and tested as components of lubricating greases. The lithium, sodium and potassium soaps were obtained by the reaction ofβ‐iodocarbamates with the proper alkali metal hydroxides in the ring closure step of the iodine isocyanate (INCO) procedure for the synthesis of internal aziridines. The soaps of other metals, namely barium, lead, aluminum and indium, were prepared from the alkali metal epiminostearates by metathetical reactions. As a result of this method of preparation, the aluminum and the indium soaps were isolated as the dicarboxylates rather than as the tricarboxylates. For the purpose of comparison a sample of lithium 9,10‐epiminostearate was also prepared from theβ‐chlorocarbamate obtained by the addition of dichlorourethane (DCU) to methyl oleate. Since DCU addition is nonstereospecific, the soap obtained in this preparation was a mixture ofcis‐ andtrans‐aziridines. Evaluation of the metal soaps as grease thickeners was made. The lithium derivative showed considerable promise as thickener having additional desirable properties.
Flavors and odors of fish oils
Authors: Stansby Maurice E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractOff odors and flavors in fish oils arise from contamination from metabolites, from the spoilage of fish protein, or from oxidation products of the oil itself. The resulting odors and flavors can render the oil less desirable for many applications. Odors or flavors in the flesh of animals or poultry fed fish oil come more from the polyunsaturated nature of the fish oil than from the oxidation products or flavor and odor of the oil that is fed. Odors and flavors can be removed by refining methods or in some cases, masked by use of certain additives.
Char‐ashing of glyceride oils preliminary to the atomic absorption determination of their copper and iron contents
Authors: Evans C. D. , List G. R. , Black L. T. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTrace amounts of copper and iron were determined by char‐ashing samples of molecularly distilled glyceride oil, copper hydrogenated edible oils and salad oils with added copper salts and copper‐chromite catalysts. Char‐ashing, coupled with the atomic absorption method of analysis, gave excellent reproducibility in a salad oil for copper at 0.025 ± 0.002 ppm and for iron at 0.082 ± 0.012 ppm. Agreement was excellent between the char‐ashing method and the direct solvent method of analysis when levels of the two trace metals were high enough to be analyzed by direct atomic absorption. Copper in edible oils can be accurately analyzed at levels of less than 10 ppb by the char‐ashing technique.
A review of rapeseed oil uses for edible purposes
Authors: Riiner U. , Ohlson R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractFood technological aspects on the use of rape‐seed oil and otherCruciferae seed oils as salad oils, in margarine, shortenings and some other foods are briefly reviewed. It is concluded that these oils in hydrogenated or nonhydrogenated form may compete favorably with other vegetable oils and animal fats.
The feed value of rapeseed meal
Authors: Rutkowski Antoni 
Published: April 2007

AbstractRapeseed meal is a high protein‐containing material that can be used as a feed for livestock and poultry. Typical meal contains a little less than 40% of protein; however it also contains about 12% crude fiber and glucosinolates, specific components ofCruciferae plants. Thus it is not very popular as a protein component of high quality feed mixtures for animals, and is used mostly in ruminant feeding. The protein value of rapeseed meal is higher than that of the majority of other vegetable proteins containing both lysine and sulphur amino acids. The amino acids of isolated rapeseed protein have been shown to be similar in composition to those of soybean protein, and present in higher concentrations. Rapeseed meal, in comparison with other vegetable oil seed meals, has a relatively high content of crude fiber, lowering its value as a feed component for nonruminants and especially for poultry. The amounts of minerals Ca and P of the vitamin niacin and of choline are rather high, exceeding the amounts of these components in other valuable oil meals, i.e., soybean or sunflower. Glucosinolate derivatives occurring in rapeseed meal are goitrogenic, causing considerable changes in thyroid from initial feeding. This has a negative effect on the biological value of rapeseed as a feed component and as evidenced, among other symptoms, by slower growth of young animals and their utilization of protein. These effects are especially evident in thein the feeding of growing chickens particularly when a protein deficiency exists in the diet. The presence of glucosinolates in feed has not as yet been demonstrated definitely to have a negative effect on the nutritive value of meat and eggs. Penetration and accumulation have not been found in those products. Glucosinolates and their derivatives such as L‐5‐vinyl‐2‐oxazolidinethione and isothiocyanates are not transmitted to the milk, although the thiocyanates content of milk evidently increases when cows are fed rapeseed meal. Goitrogenic symptoms have not been detected by consumption of this milk type. In the near future, the elimination of factors limiting the feeding value of rapeseed meal, such as glucosinolates and crude fiber, through breeding of new strains of rapeseeds, will permit their use in high quality protein mixtures not only for ruminant feeding but also in poultry and swine rations.
Isomerizations accompanying friedel‐crafts alkylations of benzene by detergent range alkylating agents
Authors: McGuire S. E. , Nicks G. E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe Friedel‐Crafts alkylation of benzene with linear detergent range olefins and chloroparaffins in the presence of AlCl3 and HF catalysts was investigated. Evidence is presented to support the argument that isomerization occurs both in the alkylating agent prior to alkylation and in the product arenes following alkylation. Data on product phenylalkane isomer distributions is presented. The alkylation of benzene with 2‐hexyl‐1‐decene in the presence of AlCl3 was shown to initially yield only one phenylhexadecane isomer, probably 7‐methyl‐7‐phenylpentadecane, with subsequent product isomerization to other isomeric hydrocarbons.
Elution and analysis of volatiles in vegetable oils by gas chromatography
Authors: Dupuy H. P. , Fore S. P. , Goldblatt L. A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA simple and very sensitive technique was devised to analyze volatiles in vegetable oils by direct gas chromatography. A large sample of oil is diffused on glass wool in an injection port liner. After the liner is inserted in the injection port, the volatiles are rapidly swept into the column of the gas chromatograph for analysis.