bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chronic Intracerebroventricular Administration of Recombinant CART(42–89) Peptide Inhibits Food Intake and Causes Weight Loss in Lean and Obese Zucker (fa/fa) Rats
Authors: Larsen Philip J. , Vrang Niels , Petersen Poul Christian , Kristensen Peter 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Hypothalamic neuropeptide CART (cocaineamphetamine‐regulated transcript) is a leptin‐dependent endogenous satiety factor in the rat, and single central injections of recombinant CART(42–89) lowers food intake in rats and mice. To assess the potential role of CART as a long‐term regulator of food intake, we investigated the effects of continuous infusion of recombinant CART(42–89) on food consumption and body weight.Research Methods and Procedures: Two doses of CART(42–89) were tested: 12 or 4.8 μg/d. Adult male, both lean (+/?) and Zucker (fa/fa) obese, rats were equipped with intracerebroventricular cannulae in the right lateral ventricle. The cannulae were connected to subcutaneously placed osmotic mini‐pumps. Pumps were filled with either CART(42–89) or vehicle (50 mM phosphate‐buffered saline, pH 7.4). The pumps delivered a continuous infusion of CART(42–89) or vehicle, and food intake and body weight were followed for 10 days (12 μg/d) or 7 days (4.8 μg/d). Animals given the low dose had the pump removed on Day 7, and from half of the group, trunk blood was collected after decapitation, whereas the other half of the group had their mini‐pumps removed and were followed for another 7 days before being decapitated.Results: Animals receiving the high doses displayed overt motor disturbances, whereas the low dose was devoid of such behavioral side effects. Both doses significantly lowered food intake with maximal effect on days 3 to 5 of the infusion period. The high dose of CART decreased body weight of normal animals to 85% of initial weight at days 3 to 5, whereas the weight of Zucker (fa/fa) obese rats dropped to 95% of the initial weight. In animals receiving 4.8 μg/d, moderate effects on body weight were seen between days 4 and 6 of the treatment period, but soon after termination of the treatment animals regained lost weight. To assess the biological activity of the contents of the osmotic mini‐pumps, the pumps were removed from the subcutaneous implantation site, and 5 μL of their contents were injected intracerebroventricularly to naïve animals kept on a restricted feeding schedule. The content of pumps from animals receiving 4.8 μg/d of CART(42–89) potently inhibited food intake, confirming full biological activity despite being kept for 7 days at body temperature.Discussion: Due to obvious effects on motor behavior, it is impossible with certainty to conclude that the observed effects on feeding and body weight are primary interference with satiety centers or secondary to effects on locomotor pathways. Also, the present experiments suggest that hypothalamic appetite‐regulating neurons are subject to pharmacological desensitization upon prolonged exposure to CART peptide. The underlying mechanism of such desensitization is as yet unknown.
Influence of Body Composition on the Accuracy of Reported Energy Intake in Children
Authors: Fisher Jennifer O. , Johnson Rachel K. , Lindquist Christine , Birch Leann L. , Goran Michael I. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Mis‐reporting dietary intake is a substantial barrier to understanding the role of dietary behavior in disease. Work with adults indicates that heavier individuals under‐report dietary intake and that under‐reporting may be macronutrient‐specific. Whether weight status and macronutrient intake influence the accuracy of dietary reports among children, however, is less clear. This research evaluated children's dietary reporting accuracy as a function of their relative weight, body composition, and macronutrient intake.Research Methods and Procedures: Participants included 146 4‐ to 11‐year‐old children. Reported energy intake was determined by interviewing children in the presence of parents, using three multiple pass, 24‐hour recalls. Children were classified as having had an under‐reported, accurately reported, or over‐reported dietary intake relative to total energy expenditure, as measured by doubly labeled water. Reporting accuracy was examined as a function of children's body weight, body composition (using dual energy x‐ray absorptiometry), and macronutrient intake.Results: Average reported intake was, on average, 14% greater than children's estimated expenditure (p < 0.01). Reporting accuracy varied as a function of children's relative weight and body composition; under‐reporting tended to occur among heavier children, having the highest body fat content (p < 0.0001) and relative weight (p < 0.0001).Discussion: These findings suggest that weight status influences the accuracy of dietary reports made by children and their parents. More research is needed to address possible psychological and social factors that introduce bias in reporting children's dietary data.
Weight Loss, Weight Maintenance, and Improved Cardiovascular Risk Factors after 2 Years Treatment with Orlistat for Obesity
Authors: Rössner Stephan , Sjöström Lars , Noack Rudolf , Meinders A. Edo , Noseda Giorgio ,   on behalf of the European Orlistat Obesity Study
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To determine the effect of orlistat, a new lipase inhibitor, on long‐term weight loss, to determine the extent to which orlistat treatment minimizes weight regain in a second year of treatment, and to assess the effects of orlistat on obesity‐related risk factors.Research Methods and Procedures: This was a 2‐year, multicenter, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study. Obese patients (body mass index 28 to 43 kg/m2) were randomized to placebo or orlistat (60 or 120 mg) three times a day, combined with a hypocaloric diet during the first year and a weight maintenance diet in the second year of treatment to prevent weight regain. Changes in body weight, lipid profile, glycemic control, blood pressure, quality of life, safety, and tolerability were measured.Results: Orlistat‐treated patients lost significantly more weight (p < 0.001) than placebo‐treated patients after Year 1 (6.6%, 8.6%, and 9.7% for the placebo, and orlistat 60 mg and 120 mg groups, respectively). During the second year, orlistat therapy produced less weight regain than placebo (p = 0.005 for orlistat 60 mg; p < 0.001 for orlistat 120 mg). Several obesity‐related risk factors improved significantly more with orlistat treatment than with placebo. Orlistat was generally well tolerated and only 6% of orlistat‐treated patients withdrew because of adverse events. Orlistat leads to predictable gastrointestinal effects related to its mode of action, which were generally mild, transient, and self‐limiting and usually occurred early during treatment.Discussion: Orlistat administered for 2 years promotes weight loss and minimizes weight regain. Additionally, orlistat therapy improves lipid profile, blood pressure, and quality of life.
Relationship of 30‐Year Changes in Obesity to Sleep‐Disordered Breathing in the Western Collaborative Group Study
Authors: Carmelli Dorit , Swan Gary E. , Bliwise Donald L. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Obesity is an important etiologic factor in sleep‐disordered breathing (SDB), but the extent to which changes in obesity across adult life contribute independently to SDB in old age has not been studied. In this study, we examined the association between changes in obesity from midlife to late adulthood and overnight recording of respiration during sleep.Research Methods and Procedures: Subjects in this study are from the Western Collaborative Group Study, a longitudinal cardiovascular epidemiological study that began in 1960 through 1961. Overnight sleep recordings were obtained from 281 male participants in the 1995 through 1996 follow‐up of the Western Collaborative Group Study. Subjects were 75 to 91 years old when assessed for SDB as indexed by the respiratory disturbance index and an oxygen desaturation index (O2DI). Long‐term changes in anthropometrics were evaluated and examined in relation to SDB severity.Results: Over the 30 years of follow‐up, body mass index and waist circumference increased significantly for this sample and were associated with SDB severity as indexed by respiratory disturbance index and O2DI. Waist circumference at baseline and gain in waist circumference over the 30 years of follow‐up (both p = 0.01) were significantly and independently associated with SDB severity as assessed by O2DI. However, percentage of variance as accounted for by waist circumference was modest.Discussion: This study supports the hypothesis that gain in waist circumference over adult life is significantly associated with SDB severity in older men.
Expressions of Leptin and Insulin‐Like Growth Factor‐I Are Highly Correlated and Region‐Specific in Adipose Tissue of Growing Rats
Authors: Villafuerte Betty C. , Fine Jacqueline B. , Bai Yaohui , Zhao Weidong , Fleming Shea , DiGirolamo Mario 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Anatomically distinct adipose tissue regions differ in their predominant modality of growth (i.e., cellular hypertrophy vs. hyperplasia). We examined site‐specific patterns of expression of two genes whose products, leptin and insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I), could be involved in mediating differential growth and metabolism of white adipose tissue. We also related these patterns of expression to measures of adipose depot cellularity.Research Methods and Procedures: Male Wistar rats were fed ad libitum and studied from ages 7 weeks to ∼12 months. Terminal measures of body weights; weights, composition, and cellularity of four white adipose depots; circulating leptin and IGF‐I; and adipose depot‐specific expression levels of leptin and IGF‐I were measured in subsets of rats at 7, 12, 22, 42, and 46 weeks of age.Results: Both leptin and IGF‐I mRNAs are quantitatively expressed in a depot‐specific manner, in the following order: retroperitoneal ≅ epididymal > mesenteric > subcutaneous inguinal. Furthermore, there is a marked correlation between the expressions of these hormones in the various regions of adipose tissue of rats during the first year of life. The mechanisms that underlie the parallel expressions of leptin and IGF‐I appear to be related to fat‐cell volume.Discussion: Because both leptin and IGF‐I have been implicated in the regulation of energy homeostasis and are both expressed in adipose tissue, the depot‐specific linkage between the two genes suggests interaction at the autocrine level. This interaction may have an important role in determining functional properties particular to individual adipose depots.
Hypertension and Type 2 Diabetes Comorbidity in Adults in the United States: Risk of Overall and Regional Adiposity
Authors: Okosun Ike S. , Chandra K. M. Dinesh , Choi Simon , Christman Jacqueline , Dever G. E. Alan , Prewitt T. Elaine 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To evaluate the impact of generalized, abdominal, and truncal fat deposits on the risk of hypertension and/or diabetes and to determine whether ethnic differences in these fat patterns are independently associated with increased risk for the hypertension–diabetes comorbidity (HDC).Research Methods and Procedures: Data (n = 7075) from the Third U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used for this investigation. To assess risks of hypertension and/or diabetes that were due to different fat patterns, odds ratios of men and women with various cut‐points of adiposities were compared with normal subjects in logistic regression models, adjusting for age, smoking, and alcohol intake. To evaluate the contribution of ethnic differences in obesity to the risks of HDC, we compared blacks and Hispanics with whites.Results: Generalized and abdominal obesities were independently associated with increased risk of hypertension, diabetes and HDC in white, black, and Hispanic men and women. The risk of HDC due to generalized, truncal, and abdominal obesities tended to be higher in whites than blacks and Hispanics. In men, the contribution of black and Hispanic ethnicities to the increased risk of HDC due to the various obesity phenotypes was ∼73% and ∼61%, respectively. The corresponding values for black and Hispanic women were ∼115% and ∼125%, respectively.Conclusions: In addition to advocating behavioral lifestyles to curb the epidemic of obesity among at‐risk populations in the United States, there is also the need for primary health care practitioners to craft their advice to the degree and type of obesity in these at‐risk groups.
Sex Differences in Obese Children and Siblings in Family‐based Obesity Treatment
Authors: Epstein Leonard H. , Paluch Rocco A. , Raynor Hollie A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The primary goal was to evaluate sex differences in child weight control programs that targeted increasing physical activity (increase) or the combination of reducing sedentary behavior and increasing physical activity (combined). A second goal was to evaluate the benefits of family‐based interventions on nontargeted siblings.Research Methods and Procedures: Sixty‐seven families with obese children and 89 siblings were randomized to interventions that targeted increasing physical activity (increase) or the combination of reducing sedentary behavior and increasing physical activity (combined). Targeted participants and nontargeted siblings were followed for 1 year.Results: At 12 months, boys showed significantly better percentages of overweight changes (−15.8%) for the combined treatment than girls (−1.0%), with no significant differences for the increase intervention for boys (−9.3%) or girls (−7.6%). Boys adhered to treatment better than girls (p < 0.01). Adherence and predilection for physical activity were significant predictors of targeted child weight loss at 1 year in multiple regression analysis. Predictors of sibling weight loss included age, number of siblings, targeted child percentage of overweight change, and the interaction of group assignment by same sex of treated sibling.Discussion: Gender may influence response to programs that attempt to decrease sedentary behavior, and generalization of treatment effects to siblings may depend on the intervention and characteristics of the siblings.
Body Dissatisfaction and Binge Eating in Obese Women: The Role of Restraint and Depression
Authors: Wardle Jane , Waller Jo , Rapoport Lorna 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: This study examined the association between body dissatisfaction and binge eating, and the mediating role of restraint and depression among obese women.Research Methods and Procedures: Participants were obese women taking part in a cognitive‐behavioral treatment program who completed self‐report measures at baseline (n = 89) and post‐treatment follow‐up (n = 69).Results: At baseline, body dissatisfaction was strongly correlated with binge eating score. This was partly a direct effect and partly mediated by depression. No mediating effect of restraint was observed. Over the treatment period, a reduction in body dissatisfaction was associated with a reduction in binge‐eating score. As in the cross‐sectional data, there was evidence for mediation by change in depression with the greatest improvement in binge eating among those who became more restrained and less depressed.Discussion: These results suggest that it would be valuable to address psychological well‐being, and especially body image, as part of the management of binge‐eating behavior in obesity.
Overeating: The Health Risks
Authors: Prentice Andrew M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractOvereating is a relative term. It refers to the consumption of an energy intake that is inappropriately large for a given energy expenditure, thus, leading to obesity. There are several key environmental and cultural factors that have converged in the past few decades to markedly increase the risk of both active and passive (inadvertent) overeating. Chief among these are the increased availability and promotion of cheap energy‐dense diets (usually high in fat) and the transition toward extremely sedentary lifestyles. The importance of considering these factors together must be stressed. Data ranging from highly controlled metabolic studies to large‐scale epidemiological and ecological analysis illustrate the strong interactions between diet and physical activity in relationship to the over‐consumption of energy. Overeating of certain specific dietary components may also lead to health risks. Obvious examples are saturated and trans‐fatty acids. More recently attention has switched to high glycemic foods and to n‐6 fatty acids. Theories that excess consumption of these may be independent risk factors for obesity and ill health remain controversial but merit closer examination and additional research. The main barriers to changing widely prevalent overeating include the following: public and corporate ignorance about the effects of energy‐dense diets in inducing passive over‐consumption, commercial willfulness concerning energy density and portion sizes, and public ignorance about the profound health effects of inactive lifestyles. These represent key targets for the design of public health initiatives.
Obesity‐Related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors in Obese and Non‐obese Urban Philadelphia Female Adolescents
Authors: Gordon‐Larsen Penny 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjectives: To examine relationships between knowledge, attitudinal and behavioral factors, and obesity and to determine how these factors influence obesity status in west Philadelphia female adolescents.Research Methods and Procedures: A matched‐pairs study was conducted with 32 stature‐ and age‐matched pairs of obese (body mass index and triceps skinfold ≥95th percentile of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I) and non‐obese (body mass index and triceps skinfold between the 15th and 85th percentiles of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I) female African American adolescents (aged 11 to 15 years), selected from a school‐based study sample, based on obesity status and matching criteria. Adolescents were compared on the following measures: physical activity, inactivity, dietary intake, eating attitudes, health behavior knowledge, body image, self‐esteem, and maturation status. Differences between obese and non‐obese females were tested using paired t tests and Wilcoxon matched‐pairs signed‐rank tests.Results: Physical activity, inactivity, and perception of ideal body size emerged as the most important contributory factors to obesity status. There were no statistically significant matched‐pair differences in macronutrient and micronutrient intakes, self‐esteem, eating attitudes, health behavior knowledge, or maturation status of these adolescents. Obese adolescents had significantly lower levels of physical activity, higher inactivity, and a larger perception of ideal body size than non‐obese adolescents.Discussion: Knowledge and attitudinal factors (with the exception of perception of ideal body size) had far less association with obesity than activity‐related behavioral factors. These findings suggest that future intervention strategies should pay particular attention to physical activity, inactivity, and body image attitudes.
Liquid Meal Replacements and Glycemic Control in Obese Type 2 Diabetes Patients
Authors: Yip Ian , Go Vay Liang W , DeShields Scott , Saltsman Pamela , Bellman Mindy , Thames Gail , Murray Shanna , Wang He‐Jing , Elashoff Robert , Heber David 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Although weight management is an important component in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, there has been concern about the use of liquid meal replacements (MRs) in treating obese patients with type 2 diabetes because of the sugar content of the MRs. The goal of this study was to evaluate the safety and feasibility of using MRs for weight loss in obese patients with type 2 diabetes.Research Methods and Procedures: Seventy‐five subjects with type 2 diabetes, treated only with oral agents, were recruited for this 12‐week clinical study. Subjects were randomized into three groups using either a MR containing lactose, fructose, and sucrose, a MR in which fructose and sucrose were replaced with oligosaccharides (sugar‐free Slim‐Fast), or an exchange diet plan (EDP) using the proportion of macronutrients recommended by the American Diabetes Association.Results: Fifty‐seven patients (41 MR and 16 EDP) finished the study. None developed serious adverse effects, including major hypoglycemic reactions. Weight losses in the MR 1 and MR 2 groups were comparable (6.4% and 6.7%, respectively) and greater than the weight loss in the EDP group (4.9%). Fasting glucose level was significantly reduced in the MR group compared with the EDP group (p = 0.012). There was a significant reduction in the MR group in total cholesterol and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol that was not seen in the EDP group.Discussion: We have shown that liquid MRs are a safe and effective weight loss tool for obese subjects with type 2 diabetes, and can result in improvements in body weight, glucose, insulin, hemoglobin A1c and lipid levels.
Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA), Body Fat, and Apoptosis*
Authors: Miner Jess L. , Cederberg Chris A. , Nielsen Merlyn K. , Chen Xiaoli , Baile Clifton A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The objective of the study was to determine if consumption of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) by mice could induce apoptosis in adipose tissue. Other objectives were to determine the influence of feeding mice CLA for ≤2 weeks on body fat, energy expenditure, and feed intake.Research Methods and Procedures: A mixture of CLA isomers (predominantly c9,t11 and t10,c12) was included in the AIN‐93G diet at 0, 1, and 2%, and fed to mice for 12 days (Trial 1), or was included at 2% and fed to mice for 0, 5, and 14 days (Trial 2). Feed intake was measured daily and energy expenditure was determined by direct calorimetry on day 9 in Trial 1. Retroperitoneal fat pads were analyzed for apoptosis by determination of DNA fragmentation.Results: Dietary CLA reduced feed intake by 10% to 12% (p < 0.01), but either did not influence or did not increase energy expenditure as indicated by heat loss. Body weight was not influenced by consumption of CLA in Trial 1 but was increased (p < 0.01) by CLA in Trial 2. Weights of retroperitoneal, epididymal, and brown adipose tissues were lower (p < 0.01) in animals fed CLA, although liver weight was increased (p < 0.10; Trial 1) or not changed (Trial 2). Analysis of retroperitoneal fat pad DNA from both trials indicated that apoptosis was increased (p < 0.01) by CLA consumption.Discussion: These results are interpreted to indicate that CLA consumption causes apoptosis in white adipose tissue. This effect occurs within 5 days of consuming a diet that contains CLA.