bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Growth Kinetics of GaP Layers in Liquid Phase Electroeptiaxy (LPEE) from Limited and Unlimited Source
Authors: Ivashchenko A. I. , Kopanskaya F. Ya. , Kuzmenko G. S. , Molodyan I. P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractGrowth kinetics of GaP layers in two LPEE modifications has been experimentally studied. In the first modification the vapour phase is employed as a source of crystallization. In the second case the losses of the solute during crystallization are not compensated.It has been found that growth kinetics can be treated in the frame work of the model where the growth rate is governed by mass‐transport in liquid phase. It's shown that electromigration gives the main contribution to mass‐transport at the considered experimental conditions.The quantitative estimations of the effective mass‐transport parameters for phosphorus in gallium melt in the range 800 to 1050°C have been obtained.
Influence of defect‐matrix modulus effect on elastic interaction of point defects
Authors: Seifert W. , Michel B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAn attempt is made to take into account the surface influence upon the mechanical energy of point defects and volume defects in an isotropic elastic solid. In addition the defect‐matrix modulus effect is also considered which is usually neglected. A theorem is investigated refering to the sign of interaction energy between defect and surface. An axisymmetric finite element program (FEM) is applied to carry out numerical calculations. The application of this method to probelms in structural physics (microphysics of solids) seems to be very useful.
Quantitative analysis of the fibre texture of zirconium by time‐of‐flight neutron diffraction
Authors: Feldmann K. , Betzl M. , Walther K. , Matz W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractQuantitative analysis of the fibre texture of zirconium has been performed by the neutron time‐of‐flight method. On the pulsed reactor IBR‐30 16 diffraction spectra were measured for each of the three deformation states of the sample. Pole figures and inverse pole figures have been determined from the experimental spectra for all deformation states investigated. The development of preferred orientation of the (1010) lattice plane in the direction of the fibre axis in dependence on increasing deformation has been found.
Microstructures on {111} faces of stannic iodide single crystals
Authors: Desai C. C. , Rai J. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSingle crystals of stannic iodide (SnI4) havebeen grown using the controlled reaction between SnCl2 and KI by diffusion process in silica gel medium. Orange to reddish octahedral stannic iodide crystals up to 3–4 mm in size have been grown at room temperature. Optical studies have been made on the various surface structures of {111} faces of the asgrown crystals. On octahedral faces of these crystals, triangular‐shaped hillocks with growth layers in the 〈110〉 directions have been observed. Occasionally, growth spirals on octahedral faces have also been reported. Close loops of growth fronts have been investigated and have been interpreted. It has been suggested that two‐diemensional nucleation, spreading and pilling up of triangular growth layers is mainly responsible for the growth and occasionally the growth is due to screw dislocations. The implications are discussed.
Characteristic temperature fields of crystal growth calculated with the aid of heat flow potentials
Authors: Tänzer D. , Geil W. , Fischbeck H. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn order to grow monocrystals of larger and larger diameters, more detailed knowledge about the steady state temperature field and its effects on the growing crystal is needed. It can be acquired from experimental data only by means of a subtilized numerical analysis. A mathematical model based on closed‐form solutions for the steady state cylindrical case is given. Using the so called “heat flow potential” defined in KIRCHHOFFS sense, any temperature dependence of the heat conductivity k can exactly be taken into account. It can be shown that the problem treated is linear and is generally of the Laplace type. So, the temperature field T(r, z) in cylindrical coordinates r, z can be calculated if the surface temperature function T(r0, z), the shape of the growth interface and the temperature‐dependent heat conductivity k(T) are known. Numerical examples of temperature fields of silicon crystal growth processes are presented.
Forecast evaluation and improvement using theil's decomposition
Authors: Ahlburg Dennis A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractForecasters are concerned with the accuracy of a forecast and whether the forecast can be modified to yield an improved performance. Theil has proposed statistics to measure forecast performance and to identify components of forecast error. However, the most commonly used of Theil's statistics have been shown to have serious shortcomings. This paper discusses Theil's decomposition of forecast error into bias, regression and disturbance proportions. Examples using price expectations and new housing starts data are given to show how decomposition suggests a linear correction procedure that may improve forecast accuracy.
Integrating time‐series and end‐use methods to forecast electricity sales
Authors: Fischler Edward B. , Nelson Robert F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTwo types of forecasting methods have been receiving increasing attention by electric utility forecasters. The first type, called end‐use forecasting, is recognized as an approach which is well suited for forecasting during periods characterized by technological change. The method is straightforward. The stock levels of energy‐consuming equipment are forecast, as well as the energy consumption characteristics of the equipment. The final forecast is the product of the stock and usage characteristics.This approach is well suited to forecasting long time periods when technological change, equipment depletion and replacement, and other structural changes are evident. For time periods of shorter duration, these factors are static and variations are more likely to result from shocks to the environment. The shocks influence the usage of the equipment. A second forecasting approach using time‐series analysis has been demonstrated to be superior for these applications.This paper discusses the integration of the two methods into a unified system. The result is a time‐series model whose parameter effects become dynamic in character. An example of the models being used at the Georgia Power Company is presented. It is demonstrated that a time‐series model which incorporates end‐use stock and usage information is superior—even in short‐term forecasting situations—to a similar time‐series model which excludes the information.
Forecasting donors and donations
Authors: Britto Mark , Oliver Robert M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe authors propose and evaluate a statistical model to make forecasts of donors, gifts and cumulative private donations to an educational fund. Within‐season forecasts and confidence intervals are based on binomial counts of donors and a compound Poisson distribution for cumulative donations. Forecasts for the 1984‐1985 fiscal year are based on data obtained in the previous two years. The effects of different promotional campaigns are studied.
The importance of non‐linearities in large forecasting models with stochastic error processes
Authors: Hall S. G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper considers the consequences of the stochastic error process in large non‐linear forecasting models. As such models are non‐linear, the deterministic forecast is neither the mean nor the mode of the density function of the endogenous variables. Under a specific assumption as to the class of the non‐linearity it is shown that the deterministic forecast is actually the vector of marginal medians of the density function. Stochastic simulation techniques are then used to test whether one large forecasting model actually lies within this class.
Business cycle forecasting
Authors: Westlund Anders H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBusiness cycle forecasting involves several different methodological problems. Some of these are discussed in the current issue of this journal and are introduced in this paper. The forecasting approach itself often focuses on turning points in the business cycle and a number of papers in this issue examine this particular aspect of business cycle forecasting. For example, a Bayesian technique for detecting changing random slopes in leading composite indexes is discussed. Business survey data are often used in the process of forecasting business cycles. A Kalman filtering procedure is suggested to make business survey information useful in predicting changes in industrial production. Other data issues of relevance to this topic that are discussed include the preliminary data and revision problem. Methodology for using high‐frequency data and for converting high‐frequency to low‐frequency data is also presented. A number of the papers discuss the analysis of dynamic structures, such as the existence of time‐varying dynamics, and the use of vector‐autoregressive (VAR) models. Finally, a few comments are made on general structural variability aspects, related to business cycle forecasting.
A query‐based parallel logic simulation algorithm
Authors: Kudoh Tomohiro , Kimura Tetsuro , Amano Hideharu , Terasawa Takuya 
Published: July 2007

AbstractLOGIQUE (LOGIc simulation with QUEry) is a parallel logic simulation algorithm for parallel machines with a shared memory. In order to make the best use of the parallelism, queries are issued aggressively. The large overhead in the traditional query‐based parallel discrete event simulation (PDES) algorithm is reduced by replacing the query message with a reference to the shared variables. LOGIQUE has been implemented on a multiprocessor and used to simulate logic circuits. The results, which demonstrate the efficiency of LOGIQUE, are presented.
A method of generating stone wall patterns
Authors: Miyata Kazunori 
Published: July 2007

AbstractRecently, several kinds of mapping technology, e.g., texture mapping and bump mapping, have played a very important role in the achievement of more realistic image synthesis. The textures to be mapped often are obtained by using an optical scanner or a video camera. However, it is difficult to obtain a suitable image by taking a photograph. It is considered very important to be able to generate easily a variety of textures and patterns as required.This paper proposes a new method of generating stone wall patterns as a specific case of a generalized texture generator. The advantage of the method is that it allows the user to generate a variety of stone wall pictures by specifying a few simple parameters. The method is applied to a visual simulation system to represent such stone textures as walls, pavements, and steps. Some illustrated examples of its applications also are given.
An improved √N algorithm for mutual exclusion in decentralized systems
Authors: Fuchi Takeshi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAn algorithm is proposed which realizes mutual exclusion in a computer network system where communications are conducted by messages only without using a shared memory. With this method, and by transferring a token representing the exclusion the exclusion right, the mutual exclusion is realized.A node wanting to execute a critical section first sends messages requesting exclusion to a set of nodes (members) assigned to it. The members keep this message, after receiving a finish exclusion message from some other node, transfer the exclusion request messages to the sender. The node receiving the token processes the critical section, and when finished, sends finish exclusion messages to the members. The members return information on nodes requesting exclusion known to them. According to this information, the next receiver of the token is determined. By contriving the selection of members and gathering information on nodes requesting exclusion, the mutual exclusion can be realized using √N + 1 or more but less than or equal to 3√N + 1 messages.
The γ–ω hough transform: Linearizing voting curves in an unbiased ϱ–θ parameter space
Authors: Wada Toshikazu , Fujii Takahiro , Matsuyama Takashi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe Hough transform is an effective method for detecting figure elements in images corrupted by noise. Voting on the feature points in the image space is performed in the parameter space, after which the points in the parameter space with many votes are focused on in order to detect the figure elements. In the Hough transform, the parameter space is partitioned into elements called cells where the votes are accumulated. However, when the subject is a digital image, if the parameter space is not sampled appropriately, a bias arises in the number of votes accumulated in the cells. In this paper, we present a sampling method for the parameter space that does not produce distortion in the ρ–θ parameter space used in line detection, and we construct a γ–ω space where no bias in the number of votes arises even when sampling is uniform. The γ–ω parameter space corresponds to the ρ–θ parameter space and has the features of no bias in the number of votes and voting loci, which are segmented lines. In addition, the characteristics of the γ–ω parameter space, where the feature points and voting loci are easily converted from one to the other, are used, and a verification method for the line segments is proposed that does not scan the image space again. By combining the line detection method that uses the γ–ω parameter space and this verification method, stable line detection becomes possible.
A knowledge‐based system for envisioning network flow
Authors: Kurokawa Hiroshi , Babaguchi Noboru , Tezuka Yoshikazu 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper proposes a system called NEVIS (network envisioning system), which envisions a network flow by using a knowledge engineering technique based on qualitative reasoning. NEVIS models the network based on queueing theory. For the server that is the major component of the network, its state is defined for each domain knowledge, and the transition between states is defined based on a change of flow by generation of an event. The state transition is estimated by qualitative reasoning. To avoid ambiguity, quantitative information is added so that an accurate result of reasoning is obtained. The function of NEVIS are to estimate the propagation of the effect of the event by introducing a time concept, to generate a display and explanation for the change of state, and to improve the state of the network through an interaction with its user. Those functions help the user's understanding about the operation of the network. The effective use of the network as well as the means to cope with the event can be planned reflecting the request from the user.
Fast contour line extraction algorithm with selective thresholding according to line continuity
Authors: Nishimura Takashi , Fujimoto Tsuyoshi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper describes a new contour line extraction algorithm which makes better contour line continuation and accelerates processing speed.When obtaining a contour line from an original gray‐scale image, the contour line extraction algorithm generally requires the following conditions:
extracted contour lines representing a good feature of the original image;
less invalid data such as noise;
contour line width is one pixel thickness; and
better contour connectedness.
Many contour line extraction algorithms have been proposed. However, usually the user has employed the contour line extraction algorithm selecting by experience and a sixth sense. In the conventional method, differential operators are carried out on an original image with thresholding at a given value. Afterward, a thinning operation is carried out to obtain a one‐pixel thickness contour line. However, this process takes considerable computing time because the thinning process needs recursive processing.The new algorithm presented here carries out the process which performs the edge detection and thinning operation simultaneously eliminating the extra step. The process is effectively integrated in two ways: one is maximum point extraction in the differential image; and the other is the thresholding by introducing the selection of threshold values by using observance of the contour line connectedness in the differential image.As a result, the proposed algorithm is 10 times faster than the conventional methods in processing speed, and provides almost the same quality in contour line image.
Analysis of MRI antenna loaded by an elliptical subject
Authors: Ochi Hisaaki , Yamamoto Etsuji , Sawaya Kunio , Adachi Saburo 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPreviously, the authors developed a computer code for obtaining the current distribution on the MRI antenna loaded by a man model with an arbitrary geometry and material properties by incorporating the impedance method into Richmond's method. By this method, the relation between the position of the feeding point and the sensitivity of the 1.5 T‐MRI antenna loaded by an elliptic cylindrical subject is discussed theoretically. It is found that the sensitivity of the antenna fed at the angle of 45 degrees measured from the minor axis of the ellipsoid of the subject is different from that of the antenna fed at the angle of ‐ 45 degrees because the elliptic polarization is produced inside the antenna.
Analysis of radio frequency magnetic field penetration in a body within magnetic resonance imaging antenna
Authors: Ochi Hisaaki , Yamamoto Etsuji , Sawaya Kunio , Adachi Saburo 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe authors have previously developed a computer code for obtaining the current distribution on the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) antenna loaded by a male model with an arbitrary geometry and material properties by incorporating the impedance method into the method of Richmond. Using this method, RF magnetic field penetration in a biological body within an MRI antenna is discussed theoretically. It is found that the RF magnetic field produced by the current in the body does not cancel the incident RF magnetic field produced by the current on the MRI antenna, since the phase difference between these magnetic fields deviates from 180°.
Zero‐one quadratic programming algorithm for resource leveling of manufacturing process schedules
Authors: Takamoto Masanori , Yamada Naoyuki , Kobayashi Yasuhiro , Nonaka Hisanori , Okoshi Shigeru 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn industrial plant construction scheduling, it is necessary to minimize the fluctuation or the maximum peak of the fluctuation or the maximum peak value of the daily resources amount, which is calculated as the sum of daily resources for each process. Minimization of the fluctuation or the maximum peak value corresponds to leveling the pile of resources. To perform this resource leveling, we need to decide on an objective function which is a monotone function that simply increases with the degree of resources leveling and then solve the optimization problem by fixing the process start dates while minimizing the objective function. Industrial plant construction is, however, in many cases a large‐scale scheduling with an entire period of more than 1000 days and more than 100 processes, so it is very difficult to obtain a global optimization solution. In this study, we have developed an algorithm which solves a large‐scale optimization problem to level necessary resources. This algorithm can quickly search for a good suboptimal solution close to the global optimal solution of a 0–1 quadratic programming problem. The algorithm searches by repeating a pivot operation using variable selection rules for resources leveling. We applied this algorithm to largescale scheduling for an actual plant construction schedule, and successfully obtained a practical suboptimal solution within a few minutes (CPU power: 28MIPS). The results suggest that the algorithm is practical for resources leveling of large‐scale construction scheduling.
Evaluation of an environment for supporting development of a three‐dimensional image processing system VISUAL by development of virtual space manipulating system
Authors: Kitagawa Eiji , Toriwaki Jun‐Ichiro , Okada Minoru , Yokoi Shigeki 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper improves and evaluates the performance of VISUAL, an environment supporting development of a 3‐D image processing system. A system of manipulating virtual space with VISUAL is developed and the easiness of system development is evaluated and its problems are shown. The concurrent interface with the 3‐D virtual space by two or more operators also is evaluated and it is found that users can develop a system efficiently with VISUAL.
Topic‐focusing mechanism for speech recognition based on probabilistic grammar and topic‐markov model
Authors: Kawabata Takeshi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSpeech conversion can be considered as the most comfortable means of information transmission between the human and the machine. To realize such a mechanism, there must be a technique for efficient natural language processing.This paper proposes a new topic‐control mechanism based on the statistical technique as a means to ameliorate the complexity of the natural language processing. The input speech is analyzed using the predictive CFG. The sequence of generated grammatical rules in used to drive HMM, and the topic is identified as the bias of the state distribution. Conversely, the bias of the distribution is reflected dynamically on the probabilities of the grammatical rules, thus, recognition search space is narrowed. Using the large‐scale dialogue database, the reduction effect for the perplexity to the text data input is evaluated, and it is verified that the proposed method has a high power to narrow the search space.
Mauritius: class forces and political power
Authors: Seegobin Ram , Collen Lindsay 
Published: July 2007

A long‐awaited General Election was held in Mauritius on 20 December 1976. The two major parties which contested the election were the governing Labour Party (in office since 1953) and the Mouvement Militant Mauricien (MMM). Since they first became constitutionally overdue in 1972, the Labour Party has had to postpone elections repeatedly. Village and municipal elections were cancelled to prevent embarrassing landslides to the MMM, a party founded in 1969, two years after the last General Election. Since 1970 when the MMM challenged the Labour Party in a ‘safe’ seat and won with a 68% majority, by‐elections also have been cancelled.
Despite allying with an opposition right‐wing party, the Parti Mauricien Social Democrate (PMSD), and enforcing a ‘State of Emergency’ since 1971, the Labour Party had, by the end of 1976, exhausted its constitutional manoeuvres. It neither had a sufficient internal consensus nor the authority to govern extra‐constitutionally — so the election was held. One month before the election it was anticipated that the right‐wing parties would use violence to provoke an extra‐constitutional intervention. Much credit must be given to workers who mobilised against violence in order to allow the legal challenge to take place.
In the event MMM won 34 seats in the 70‐seat House, just two short of an absolute majority. The Labour Party and its allies (28 seats) and the PMSD (8 seats), after a week of post‐electoral crisis in the power bloc, combined in a coalition to force out the MMM. The knife‐edge election and the insecure coalition government have raised once again the possibilities and limitations of ‘the parliamentary road’.
The final emergence of Mauritius as an African country was formally heralded by Prime Minister Ramgoolam heading the OAU. But more substantively Mauritius is linked intimately to the political economy of Southern Africa, particularly through South Africa's heavy involvement in the Mauritian tourist industry. In this Briefing two local correspondents examine the relationship between political power and class forces in Mauritius.