bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Describing the issues of knowledge management in R&D: towards a communication and analysis tool
Authors: Kerssens‐Van Drongelen Inge C. , De Weerd‐Nederhof Petra C. , Fisscher Olaf A. M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn this article, a comprehensive descriptive model of R&D knowledge management is presented and its use illustrated. Knowledge is defined as: information internalized by means of research, study or experience, that has value for the organization. First, the issue of knowledge management is placed in the context of R&D management, and set alongside what has been written in R&D management literature about topics such as information management, information technology in R&D, technology transfer, communication and organizational learning. Then, we present our descriptive model, and apply it in a case study concerning a Dutch multinational in the chemical industry. The model served as an aid to identify bottlenecks, and was a useful starting point for formulating improvement plans, some of which are presented. The paper concludes with an evaluation of the model as a communication and analysis tool, and ideas for further improvement.
Dutch Women are Liberated, Migrant Women are a Problem: The Evolution of Policy Frames on Gender and Migration in the Netherlands, 1995–2005
Authors: Roggeband Conny , Verloo Mieke 
Published: May 2007

Abstract Over the past decade, there has been a major shift in Dutch gender equality policy to an almost exclusive focus on migrant women. Simultaneously, the focus of ‘minority policies’ has shifted more and more towards gender relations. The appearance of migrant women at the top of the political agenda is remarkable. In this article we examine how this construction of migrant women as a political problem has come about, and consider its implications. As we argue, the dominant policy frames of emancipation and individual responsibility are reinforcing a dichotomy between the autochthonous ‘us’ and the allochthonous ‘them’. As the problem is increasingly defined as a cultural one, it is implicitly stated that there is no problem with the dominant culture and society. Barriers for participation are exclusively located in the migrant (Muslim) culture. In this view, Muslim migrants should first change their culture before they can fully integrate in Dutch society.
FRIL: A Support Logic Programming System
Authors: Graham Ian 
Published: May 2007

FRIL: A Support Logic Programming System is principally an extension of Prolog designed to facilitate the modelling of uncertainty in applications which are suitable for Prolog and need to allow for probabilistic, evidential or vague reasoning. This review was carried out on an Amstrad 1640HD. The product runs on IBM PC, XT, AT and PS/2 computers and compatibles running MS‐DOS 3.0 or higher, with 640 Kb RAM. It also runs on a variety of workstations and minicomputers such as the Sun and VAX range. Prices of currently available versions are as follows:

PC single user: £495
PC single user with expanded memory (2 Mb): £995
PC networks (up to ten PCs): £1495
SUN, Apollo HP300 workstations: £2500
MicroVax and VAX workstations (UNIX or VMS): £5000
VAX 11/730, 11/750, 11/780 (UNIX or VMS): £6000.

The product is available from FRIL Systems Ltd, Bristol ITeC, St Anne's House, St Anne's Road, Bristol BS4 4AB, England. Telephone: (0272) 713481. FRIL Systems launched version 4.0 of FRIL in late 1988.
LAZARUS: the Linguistic (Aramaic) Zoological Animation and ResUscitation System
Authors: Rugg G. , Phibes T.A.D. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract: Knowledge‐based systems have previously been restricted to capturing the knowledge of living human experts and, in the medical domain, to delaying the onset of death in living patients. The system described in this paper overcomes both these restrictions by providing knowledge‐based support for the reanimation of dead patients, who may also be domain experts.There is a well‐established literature on raising the dead to life and an extensive literature on counselling patients who have undergone traumatic experiences. Examination of this literature suggests that the actual reanimation process is a relatively simple process, so the system concentrates on the counselling and care aspects. Results so far are encouraging.The next version of the system is intended to include a natural language interface to handle the English‐Aramaic interpretation which is expected to be necessary for the actual reanimation process: this version will require further funding and clearance from the appropriate ethical committees. Both of these are expected to present few difficulties.The success of this system demonstrates that application of proven KBS techniques to a domain previously considered intractable can produce surprisingly fast and impressive results; to date, over 90% of system modules have been successfully tested. It is likely that this success could be replicated in other areas and this is currently the subject of further study by the authors (Rugg & Phibes 1993b).
Three levels of benefits in expert systems
Authors: Basden Andrew 
Published: May 2007

Abstract: This paper is not about knowledge representation, nor knowledge structures, nor knowledge elicitation, nor even expert systems methodology. It is about the use of expert systems in their working context. Little has been written about the usage of expert systems from a theoretical point of view. What has been written from a practitioner's point of view often lacks structure, and thus can make only minor contributions to understanding and predicting the usage of expert systems.In an attempt to fill this gap, this paper proposes a model of benefits of expert systems. The model has three levels and benefits of various kinds are classified into three types. The paper presents a deductive argument for the model, rather than an inductive one, since full empirical studies have yet to be carried out. However, a case study is outlined that indicates the applicability of the model.
SOCIAL JUSTICE
Authors: SCHEDLER GEORGE 
Published: May 2007

CONCLUSIONSocial justice (which includes retributive and distributive justice) is most clearly satisfied by a system of Divine rewards and punishments: an omnipotent, omniscient, perfectly just Being could determine in each case how much effort was made and effect the appropriate distribution of rewards and punishments. A correct understanding of social justice naturally leads us to suppose that there is an afterlife, a God, a free choice — though it is logically possible at least that social justice could be satisfied in some future (very advanced) human society.There will still be those who have their doubts about the correctness of any view according to which justice cannot be attained by fallible creatures who have an incomplete knowledge of one another's behaviour. But, surely, these doubts are not sufficient to discredit my view. There is no a priori reason for rejecting such a view. There is nothing about our use of the term ‘justice’ and its cognates which implies that such a view is mistaken. (Otherwise the statement “There is no justice in this world’ would be meaningless.) To the contrary, there are widely held religious views, Christian as well as non‐Christian, which take this view quite seriously. If there is no a priori reason for rejecting this view, then there must be some independent reason for rejecting it. In other words, we need some independent reasons for believing that social justice can be attained by fallible creatures with limited knowledge. The mere fact that we might feel uncomfortable with my theory is not reason enough to reject it.Finally, those who do experience this discomfort might ask themselves whether such discomfort stems from their moral experience or whether they are simply intent on finding justice in imperfect human institutions.
Folate deprivation increases presenilin expression, gamma‐secretase activity, and Abeta levels in murine brain: potentiation by ApoE deficiency and alleviation by dietary S‐adenosyl methionine
Authors: Chan Amy , Shea Thomas B. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFolate deficiency has been associated with age‐related neurodegeneration. One direct consequence of folate deficiency is a decline in the major methyl donor, S‐adenosyl methionine (SAM). We demonstrate herein that dietary deficiency in folate and vitamin E, coupled pro‐oxidant stress induced by dietary iron, increased presenilin‐1 expression, gamma‐secretase activity, and Abeta levels in normal adult mice. These increases were potentiated by apolipoprotein E deficiency as shown by treatment of transgenic mice homozygously lacking murine apolipoprotein E. Dietary supplementation with SAM in the absence of folate attenuated or alleviated these deleterious consequences. These findings link nutritional and genetic risk factors for age‐related neurodegeneration and underscore that dietary supplementation with SAM may be useful to augment therapeutic approaches.
Microsatellite markers for the endangered European mink (Mustela lutreola) and closely related mustelids
Authors: CABRIA M. T. , GONZÁLEZ E. G. , GÓMEZ‐MOLINER B. J. , ZARDOYA R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe European mink (Mustela lutreola L., 1761) is an endangered carnivore species whose populations suffered a severe decline during the last century. The genotyping of eight polymorphic microsatellite loci revealed a relatively low number of alleles per locus (two to eight), as well as low levels of polymorphism (observed and expected heterozygosity values per locus were 0.49 and 0.54, respectively). Cross‐specific polymerase chain reaction amplifications were successful in seven closely related mustelid species suggesting that these loci may be useful not only for assessing genetic variability in European mink populations but also for determining potential hybridization events between M. lutreola and other mustelid species.
Isolation and characterization of 12 microsatellite loci for population studies of Sulawesi tarsiers (Tarsius spp.)
Authors: MERKER S. , DRILLER C. , PERWITASARI‐FARAJALLAH D. , ZAHNER R. , ZISCHLER H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis study reports the development and characterization of the first 12 microsatellite markers for tarsiers. Nine loci were isolated from Dian's tarsier, Tarsius dianae and three from the Philippine tarsier, Tarsius syrichta. The 12 markers were used to screen 40 individuals of Dian's tarsier and 40 individuals of the Lariang tarsier, Tarsius lariang for allelic diversity. This suite of highly polymorphic microsatellites provides the first chance to genetically study parentage patterns in tarsiers.
Mineralogy and petrology of a piemontite‐bearing schist, western Otago, New Zealand
Authors: KAWACHI YOSUKE , GRAPES RODNEY H. , COOMBS DOUGLAS S. , DOWSE MARTIN 
Published: May 2007

Abstract. Pink piemontite‐spessartine‐bearing and grey‐green spessartine‐bearing manganiferous quartzose schists derived from siliceous pelagites, and green quartzofeldspathic schists, are described from the greenschist facies of the Haast Schist terrane, near Arrow Junction, western Otago. Electron microprobe data are reported for sphene, spessartine‐rich garnet, manganoan epidote, piemontite, tourmaline, phengitic muscovite, chlorite, albite, haematite, rutile, manganoan calcite and chalcopyrite.Metamorphism occurred at about 6.4kbar, 400°C. Xco2 was above the quartz‐rutile‐calcite‐sphene buffer (Xco2± 0.02) throughout the recorded metamorphic history of the piemontite schists. It dropped from above to below this critical buffering value in a spessartine‐rich schist and it was close to or below the buffering value in the quartzofeldspathic schists. Production of piemontite required high fO2, believed to be inherited from MnOx in the parent pelagite. Substantial loss of O2 (e.g. minimum of 0.19% by weight in one rock) during diagenesis and/or metamorphism is inferred. In the grey‐green schists this inhibited piemontite formation. Slight loss of O2 and Ca2+ accompanied minor late‐stage replacement of piemontite by second generation spessartine. Observed zoning and mineral replacements indicate rise of temperature, drop in pressure, or invasion by solutions of lower fO2 and XCO2 equilibrated with surrounding schists.The detailed chemistry of the minerals studied correlates with available Mn and with bulk‐rock (Fe3+ x 100)/(Fe2++ Fe3+). The oxidation ratio ranges from 24 in average green quartzofeldspathic schist, through 78 in average grey‐green manganiferous quartzose schist, to almost 100 in some piemontite‐bearing schists. As Fe2+ gives way to Fe3+, Mg/Fe ratios tend to rise in chlorite, phengite, tourmaline, spessartine, and calcite, Mn increases and Ti decreases in haematite, Mn increases in spessartine and calcite, and Fe increases in rutile. Available divalent cations are depleted relative to Al; chlorite is more aluminous, and phengite more paragonitic than in typical Haast schists.
The muscovite‐melt bathograd and low‐P isograd suites in north‐central Wopmay Orogen, Northwest Territories, Canada
Authors: ST‐ONGE MARC R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn north‐central Wopmay Orogen, syntectonic low‐P(Buchan‐type) suites of mineral isograds outline regional metamorphic temperature culminations that are associated, at the higher structural levels, with emplacement of early Proterozoic plutons in the west part of a deformed and eastward transported continental margin prism. The mapped isograds mark the first occurrence of biotite, staurolite, andalusite, sillimanite, sillimanite‐K feldspar and K feldspar‐plagioclase‐quartz ± muscovite (granitic) pods in metapelites, with increasing proximity to the plutons.Microprobe analyses and field observations have resulted in the formulation of reactions for the ‘ideal’pelitic system K2O‐Na2O‐FeO‐MgO‐Al2O3‐SiO2‐H2O‐Al2O3‐SiO2‐H2O, to account for the various mineral assemblages of each metamorphic zone. A P‐T petrogenetic grid showing erosion surface P‐T curves for the northern Wopmay Orogen pelites, compiled on the basis of the mapped isograds and the inferred reaction(s) for each metamorphic zone, documents a variation in exposed metamorphic pressure ranging between 2 and 4 kbar.The configuration of a new bathograd, based on the invariant model reaction sillimanite + K feldspar + plagioclase + biotite + quartz + vapor ± muscovite + liquid and interpolated across three metamorphic suites, is consistent with a major regional structure culmination and with independently determined pressures obtained from anorthite‐grossular‐quartz‐Al2SiO5 geobarometry. The positive correlation between the configuration of the bathograd and the structural and pressure culmination points to the pressure‐dependence of anatectic‐granitic‐pod mineral associations.
Stability relations of Mn–Fe–Al piemontite
Authors: KESKINEN MARY , LIOU J.G. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Comparison of the stability relations of Fe‐piemontite, Pm17Ps17Cz66 (Ca2Al2Mn0.5 Fe0.5Si3O12(OH)), with similar experimentally determined results on Pm33Cz67 suggests that, at moderate fo2, addition of Fe to piemontite raises its thermal stability and slightly decreases its sensitivity to oxygen fugacity. Reversal study of the reaction: Fe‐piemontite + quartz = garnet (Gr33Sp27And40) + anorthite + fluid at Pfluid= 2 kbar in cold‐seal apparatus using solid oxygen buffers was completed. The data indicated breakdown of Pm17Ps17Cz66 at 645°± 10° C along the Cu2O–CuO buffer, 477°± 10° C along the Cu–Cu2O buffer, and 365°± 10° C for the hematite‐magnetite buffer. Mn‐free clinozoisite and epidote have been shown to be stable to much higher temperatures than piemontite at moderate fo2 (< Cu–Cu2O). At very high fo2, however, the presence of Mn+3 in a distorted octahedral site may permit persistence of piemontite to higher temperatures than Mn‐poor epidote minerals.The compositional range of natural Fe–Mn–Al piemontites supports these results. Cation partitioning from piemontite‐bearing parageneses also indicates crystallization at high fo2, but application of the cited results should be made with caution. Synthetic phases were too fine‐grained for optical or microprobe analysis, and reaction was often incomplete. The assumption that all Fe + Mn was contained in piemontite and garnet, respectively, in the low‐ and high‐temperature assemblages is supported by the cell dimensions for these synthetic minerals, which are close to predicted values. The reaction is pseudo‐univariant, as solid solution in garnet and piemontite would be fo2‐dependent in a more complex chemical system. Although bulk rock and fluid compositions may also have a marked effect on the stability of natural epidote–piemontite, fo2 is the major control on Fe : Mn : Al in epidote minerals.
Temporal and compositional differences between subsolidus and anatectic migmatite leucosomes from the Quetico metasedimentary belt, Canada
Authors: SAWYER E.W. , BARNES S.‐J. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Migmatites in the Quetico Metasedimentary Belt contain two types of leucosome: (1) Layer‐parallel leucosomes that grew during deformation and prograde metamorphism. These are enriched in SiO2, Sr, and Eu, but depleted in TiO2, Fe2O3, MgO, Cs, Rb, REE, Sc, Th, Zr, and Hf relative to the Quetico metasediments. (2) Discordant leucosomes that formed after the regional folding events when metamorphic temperatures were at their peak. These are enriched in Rb, Ba, Sr and Eu, but display a wide range of LREE, Th, Zr, and Hf contents relative to the Quetico metasediments.Layer‐parallel leucosomes formed by a subsolidus process termed tectonic segregation. This stress‐induced mass transfer process began when the Quetico sediments were deformed during burial, and continued whilst the rocks were both stressed and heterogeneous. Subsolidus leucosome compositions are consistent with the mobilization of quartz and feldspar from the host rocks by pressure solution. The discordant leucosomes formed by partial melting of the Quetico metasediments, possibly during uplift of the belt. The range of composition displayed by the anatectic leucosomes arises from crystal fractionation during leucosome emplacement. Some anatectic leucosomes preserve primary melt compositions and have smooth REE patterns, but those with negative Eu anomalies represent fractionated melts, and others with positive Eu anomalies represent accumulations of feldspar plus trapped melt.
Porphyroblast inclusion trails: the key to orogenesis
Authors: BELL T. H. , JOHNSON S. E. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTDetailed microstructural analysis of inclusion trails in hundreds of garnet porphyroblasts from rocks where spiral‐shaped inclusion trails are common indicates that spiral‐shaped trails did not form by rotation of the growing porphyroblasts relative to geographic coordinates. They formed instead by progressive growth by porphyroblasts over several sets of near‐orthogonal foliations that successively overprint one another. The orientations of these near‐orthogonal foliations are alternately near‐vertical and near‐horizontal in all porphyroblasts examined. This provides very strong evidence for lack of porphyroblast rotation.The deformation path recorded by these porphyroblasts indicates that the process of orogenesis involves a multiply repeated two‐stage cycle of: (1) crustal shortening and thickening, with the development of a near‐vertical foliation with a steep stretching lineation; followed by (2) gravitational instability and collapse of this uplifted pile with the development of a near‐horizontal foliation, gravitational spreading, near‐coaxial vertical shortening and consequent thrusting on the orogen margins. Correlation of inclusion trail overprinting relationships and asymmetry in porphyroblasts with foliation overprinting relationships observed in the field allows determination of where the rocks studied lie and have moved within an orogen. This information, combined with information about chemical zoning in porphyroblasts, provides details about the structural/metamorphic (P‐T‐t) paths the rocks have followed.The ductile deformation environment in which a porphyroblast can rotate relative to geographic coordinates during orogenesis is spatially restricted in continental crust to vertical, ductile tear/transcurrent faults across which there is no component of bulk shortening or transpression.
Mass transfer and preferred orientation development during extensional microcracking in slate‐belt folds, Elura Mine, Australia
Authors: ROO J. A. DE 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTMicrostructures in slate belt rocks at the Elura Mine, near Cobar, south‐eastern Australia, indicate that volume loss by syntectonic dissolution is coupled with mass accretion by reprecipitation of the dissolved material in dilational sites. The mass accretion is sustained primarily by repetitive tensile microfracturing at high pore‐fluid pressures. Oriented growth in the inter‐ and intragranular microcracks is locally host‐controlled, creating lattice‐ and shape‐preferred orientations. The grain‐scale crack‐seal features throughout the rock reflect rhythmic fluid pressure fluctuations; a balance is achieved between the fracture‐induced permeability (and consequent flushing rates), and the rate of fluid build‐up in a relatively sealed environment.Instability in the balancing factors can lead to localization and intensification of tensile failure (and hence, tension vein formation) in the grain aggregate. Growth of veins by crack‐seal also reflects a steady state, but with more localized fluctuations of fluid flow on the aggregate scale. Still larger imbalances between flushing and fluid accumulation (i.e. pressure variations) induce breccia veining. The larger pressure gradients over greater distances, associated with dilation localization (from pervasive microfracturing to spaced breccia domains), allow fluid channelling with an increased potential for chemical fluid/rock disequilibrium. Therefore, large breccia vein systems tend to be sites of extensive fluid/rock interaction and replacement, as spectacularly illustrated by the syntectonic sulphide orebodies at Elura. The huge amounts of silicate, carbonate and sulphide accumulated during folding at Elura illustrate the large scale of source and sink couples possible in solute mass transfer.
Metastable growth of corundum adjacent to quartz in a spinel‐bearing quartzite from the Archaean Napier Complex, Antarctica
Authors: MOTOYOSHI Y. , HENSEN B. J. , MATSUEDA H. 
Published: May 2007

In a granulite‐facies spinel‐bearing quartzite, corundum, orthopyroxene and sapphirine (and rarely cordierite and sillimanite) form partial rims separating spinel from quartz. Textures indicate the reactions:spinel + quartz = orthopyroxene + corundum, andspinel + quartz = orthopyroxene + sapphirine.Thus, corundum and sapphirine are produced by reactions involving quartz. The low Al‐content of the orthopyroxene (0.5–2.8 wt %) and low values for Mg–Fe distribution coefficient for spinel–sapphirine and spinel–orthopyroxene reflect low‐temperature conditions during formation of the reaction products. Absence of zoning in spinel and a constant Mg–Fe distribution coefficient for spinel–sapphirine and spinel–orthopyroxene, over a compositional range, indicate Mg–Fe equilibration. It is suggested that stable reactions such as spinel + quartz = cordierite or spinel + quartz = garnet + sillimanite were over‐stepped and that metastable reactions give rise to the anomalous juxtaposition of corundum + quartz.