bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Continuing Education for Northwestern Silviculturists
Authors: Beaufait William R. , Twombly Asa D. , Blake George M. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The Northern Region was the first in the USDA Forest Service to provide continuing education for and certification of silviculturists. Classes have been held yearly since 1973; a cycle of instruction consists of three four-week sessions. The Pacific Northwest Region followed in 1978, with a cycle of six two-week sessions. Both programs were planned in close coordination with universities, which provide the classrooms and most of the teachers. Instruction is on the graduate level, emphasizing physical and biological principles and their application in practical silviculture.
Forest Technician School Enrollment and Employment of Graduates, 1979-1980
Authors: Coufal James E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A survey located 73 two-year forest technician schools in 28 states during 1979-1980. Total enrollment was 4,000 to 4,800 students, with 1,500 to 1,800 graduates expected in 1980. Of 1979 graduates, 73 percent had found jobs in forest technology by early 1980, and 11 percent had other employment. For the third straight year, industry was the main employer.
Electric Fencing to Prevent Deer Browsing on Hardwood Clearcuts
Authors: Brenneman Ronnie 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
From August 1979 through September 1981, two electric fences were used in Allegheny hardwood clearcuts in northern Pennsylvania to prevent browsing by white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). A five-strand vertical fence, 58 inches high, and a "figure four" three-strand fence, 43 inches high, were used. The fences were charged with a battery-powered energizer having a maximum output of 5,800 volts. Average time between battery charges was about six weeks. More than 33 percent of all the seedlings in the unfenced portion of one clearcut were browsed annually while inside the fence no browsing was detected. At least one deer penetration occurred at each fence, but the effect of browsing on forest regeneration inside the fences was negligible. The "figure four" fence was not as effective as the five-strand vertical fence in preventing deer browsing. Materials cost $0.14 to $0.18 per linear foot, compared with $0.45 per linear foot for conventional 8-foot-high woven wire fencing.
Wilderness Recreational Carrying Capacity: Are Numbers Necessary?
Authors: Washburne Randel F. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In most wildernesses, where there is currently no need to reduce amounts of use, setting numerical carrying capacities is not helpful. Such capacities are intended to be indicators of overuse; when use reaches capacity, wilderness values are in imminent danger. However, amount of use is only one factor weakly related to wilderness conditions. In most situations, setting standards and monitoring specific conditions would be more effective than calculating use capacities. Such monitoring would seem to meet requirements of the National Forest Management Act pertaining to wilderness management.
Forest Service Funding under RPA
Authors: Le Master Dennis C. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
As appraised on various bases of comparison, funding for the USDA Forest Service has increased since passage of the Resources Planning Act. The increases have been proportionally greater than those for the federal government as a whole. The Bureau of Land Management in the U.S. Department of the Interior made equal gains in its overall appropriations but not in funding for land management. The Forest Service increases were, however; spread unevenly among the bureau's major activities, being larger for land management than for research and state and private forestry. And there is no evidence that RPA improved the balance of funding among the individual resources in the National Forest System.
Ecological Forest Site Classification
Authors: Barnes Burton V. , Pregitzer Kurt S. , Spies Thomas A. , Spooner Vera H. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
An ecological method of multi-factor site classification, operational in southwestern Germany for over 30 years, was applied on the Cyrus H. McCormick Experimental Forest in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Strong interrelationship was found among physiography, soils, and vegetation, and these factors were used simultaneously in the field to distinguish and map ecosystems that recur in the landscape. Such ecosystem units form the basis for intensive multiple-use management. The method illustrates an alternative to single-factor and component methods and indicates the trend toward integration of the important factors in classifying and mapping ecosystems.
Land-Use Planning Strategies for Foresters
Authors: Knudson Douglas M. , Larson Geri B. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The growing importance of land-use planning affects foresters and forestry. Foresters are particularly well trained to participate in many phases of such activity, but have seldom been involved with local comprehensive plans. Expansion of state efforts, however, has touched the interests of many foresters, both as planners and as affected parties. The forestry profession can contribute to the processes and opportunities in various multi-property planning programs. A variety of alternative strategies that are now being used affect forestland use and management.
Grand Experiment: State Forest Resources Planning
Authors: Brooks Peter R. , Hendren Kenneth H. , McCann Brian D. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Planning as a profession has come only recently to comprehensive forest resource management. State government planning programs for forest use, management, and protection have major differences from those directed at air and water quality. State forest resources planning has been, to date, chiefly inspired by federal support. Its processes usually emphasize comprehensiveness, a focus on issues, public participation, and direct links with state agency budgets. The occurrence and scope of accompanying state forest resources assessments vary widely. Forest resources planning is now being carried out in 47 states, but only 4 states have supporting legislation. Budgets and staffs are generally small, but hopes for future growth are large.
Ambiguities and Pitfalls in Forest Productivity Taxation
Authors: Klemperer W. David 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A productivity tax accurately based on a typical forest valuation formula could be more discouraging to purchase of bare land than an unmodified ad valorem tax. This possibility occurs because the common productivity valuation approach capitalizes mean annual value increment and gives the combined value of land and timber in a fully regulated forest. In terms of present value on one acre, the burden on land purchase and reforestation decisions tends to be heightened because productivity taxes are distributed more toward rotation-start than the ad valorem tax. In addition, improper procedures for selecting the capitalization rate often cause productivity valuations to vary inversely with the inflation rate.
Erosion on Logging Roads in Northwestern California: How Much is Avoidable?
Authors: McCashion John D. , Rice Raymond M. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A study was made on 344 miles of logging roads in northwestern California to assess sources of erosion and the extent to which road-related erosion is avoidable. At most, about 24 percent of the erosion measured on the logging roads could have been prevented by conventional engineering methods. The remaining 76 percent was caused by site conditions and choice of alignment. On 30,300 acres of commercial timberland, an estimated 40 percent of the total erosion associated with management of the area was found to have been derived from the road system.
Comparison of Five Metric Basal Area Factors
Authors: Fountain Michael S. , Hunt Ellis V. , Hassler Curt C. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Five metric basal area factors (1, 2, 2.5, 3, and 4) were compared at three sampling intensities (10, 20, and 40 points) for a 16.14-hectare pine-hardwood stand in Arkansas. Only 5 of the 15 possible combinations of basal area factors and sample intensities appeared to provide reasonable estimates of the true basal area distribution. These were factors 1, 2, 2.5, and 3 at 40 points each, and factor 1 at 20 points.
Biomass Consumption and Smoke Production by Prehistoric and Modern Forest Fires in Western Washington
Authors: Fahnestock George R. , Agee James K. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Wild and prescribed fires currently burn about 20,100 ha per year in Washington west of the Cascade Crest: prehistoric wildfires burned an estimated 19,200 ha per year. Modern burning consumes 38 g/m²/yr of fuel; the estimated prehistoric rate was 35 g/m²/yr over a 50-percent larger forestland base. Total fuel consumption and smoke production from forestland therefore have declined by about 22 percent. Impairment of visibility in prehistoric times by forest fire smoke was probably slight except during infrequent major fires. Today visibility is slightly to moderately impaired more often, but smoke palls of prehistoric magnitude are unlikely to occur. The ability to compare prehistoric and modern conditions should facilitate air quality planning and management.
Mississippi's Severance Tax and Forest Resource Development Program
Authors: Weaver G. H. , Bullard Steven H. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Mississippi's Forest Resource Development Program was the second state-sponsored forestry assistance program in the United States. It was authorized by the legislature in 1974 in response to concerns over long-term availability of softwood timber. It is funded by a severance tax levied at the point of first processing. Since inception, 152,295 acres have been treated under the program. Severance tax rates were established in 1974 and remained constant until 1981. Costs rose rapidly during these years, and the only way to increase funds for the program was to cut more timber or raise the fixed tax rates, as was done in 1981. Such problems would be avoided of severance taxes were levied on the basis of current product value.
Temporary Campsite Closures in the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness
Authors: Cole David N. , Ranz Beth 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Overused campsites near a Montana lake were closed to allow vegetation to recover, but examinations after five and eight years showed that little recovery had occurred. Lack of success is attributed to slow rates of natural recovery, poor compliance with the closures, and failure to apply active measures to assist revegetation.
Site Comparisons for Upland Oaks and Yellow-Poplar in the Central States
Authors: Carmean Willard H. , Hahn Jerold T. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Observations of species pairs on 540 plots in Indiana, Ohio, and West Virginia indicated that on good or superior sites yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) consistently has a higher 50-year site index than black oak (Quercus velutina), white oak (Q. alba), scarlet oak (Q: coccinea), chestnut oak (Q. prinus), and northern red oak (Q. rubra). Scarlet oak has higher site indices than the other oaks, and white oak has lower indices. On poor sites, the oaks outgrew yellow-poplar. These findings are generally consistent with reports from other studies elsewhere in the eastern hardwood region. From a graph of the data, site index for species absent from a stand can be estimated from species that are present.
Stand Damage from Whole-Tree Harvesting in Vermont Hardwoods
Authors: Kelley Ronald S. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Damage to residual trees was assessed for two shelterwood cuts and two thinnings in stands of northern hardwoods mixed with spruce. Whole trees were skidded by feller-buncher plus grapple skidder, except for one thinning where trees were felled by chain saw and skidded with a cable skidder. The latter treatment appeared to offer no advantage in reducing the incidence of wounding. From 27 to 47 percent of the residual trees in each treatment were wounded, with the greatest damage in the thinned areas where cutting was the most intense. For all treatments. skidding of whole trees accounted for at least two-thirds of the wounds. Amounts of damage appeared to vary among the three machine operators employed to do the cutting.
Whole-Tree Utilization System for Thinning Young Douglas-Fir
Authors: Kammenga Jerry J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The Washington State Department of Natural Resources is commercially thinning naturally established 40-year-old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) stands which were once considered too small to be merchantable. Efficient, cost-effective thinning is accomplished by whole-tree chipping in the woods. The logging system includes a portable chipper, a chain-flail delimber, two rubber-tired grapple skidders, and three rubber-tired or tracked tree-to-tree feller-bunchers with accumulators. This system provides total utilization of the harvested material. An average of 100 to 125 green tons of pulp chips with less than 7-percent bark can be produced in an eight-hour shift. Approximately 1,000 stems per acre, averaging 4 inches in diameter at breast height, are removed to leave 200 of the best trees. This stocking gives adequate growing space and provides operational maneuverability. The feller-buncher operators are trained to select trees by following rules that describe leave trees. Stand damage can be kept within acceptable limits, preferably under 5 percent of the leave trees, by requiring prelocated skid trail systems and rub trees. Successful tree selection and avoidance of stand damage depend upon operator cooperation.
Diffusion of a Campsite Inventory System
Authors: Watson Alan E. , Roggenbuck Joseph W. , Muth Robert M. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Telephone interviews indicated that most forest managers who used the Code-A-Site campsite inventory system first learned of it through memos from a superior Forest Service office or at a training session. These information channels, and discussions with colleagues, were most frequently used to gather additional information. Adopters of Code-A-Site participated in a greater number of professional meetings, training sessions, and conferences outside their region than did nonadopters. Among adopters, those who were older and had more experience tended to decide upon using Code-A-Site earlier. Distance from the Pacific Northwest. where the innovation originated, tended to slow its rate of diffusion and adoption.
World Forestry: Private Nonindustrial Forest Ownership and Public Programs in Eastern Canada
Authors: Lortie Marcel 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A symposium in late 1981 provided information on organizational efforts among owners and on governmental assistance programs. In four eastern provinces having sizable areas of private nonindustrial forests, owners have organized themselves in various ways and for varying purposes. The methods and purposes of organization differ in each province. In varying ways also, provincial authorities have developed assistance programs. One bar to intensive management of nonindustrial tracts is the low stumpage price on crown lands.
Shaping Stands to Enhance Habitat Diversity
Authors: Marcot Bruce G. , Meretsky Vicky J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The shape of forest stands or openings is a facet of habitat diversity and can be silviculturally manipulated and related to use by wildlife. One index assesses stand shape by relating perimeter to area. A means to determine useful values of the index considers distance to the edge from points within the stand. The shape of existing or proposed stands can be assessed for adequacy of meeting particular wildlife management goals.
World Forestry: Forestry Education in France
Authors: Chavet Michel H. R. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Forestry education in France is largely dominated by the civil service, which is by far the largest forestry employer as well as the main supplier of instructors. The system is an elitist one: Foresters obtain high positions largely on the basis of their education. Forest industry is not an important employer of forestry graduates and therefore has little to say about the educational program. Nor do private landowners or consultants bear any influence on forestry curricula. Elitism may be a less effective educational policy than the more democratic system in the United States.
Plantation Birch: What Works, What Doesn't
Authors: Hoyle Merrill C. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In a 10-year pilot test of plantation management in the White Mountains of New Hampshire, fertilization and brush control caused small or no increases in height or diameter growth of yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis); mortality was 50 percent and a high proportion of the stems were of poor quality. In contrast, paper birch (B. papyrifera) showed increases of 16 percent in height over the control and 75 percent in diameter growth. As a result, basal-area growth of paper birch increased by 282 percent. Paper birch mortality was 10 percent, and all stems were of high quality. Estimates are that paper birch could average 52 feet in height and 13 inches in diameter at 30 years. The conclusion is that paper birch is well suited to intensive plantation management and that yellow birch is not.
Predicting 25th-Year Diameters of Thinned Stump Sprouts of Northern Red Oak
Authors: Johnson Paul S. , Rogers Robert 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Simulated estimates of 25th-year diameters are given for northern red oak (Quercus rubra) stump sprouts in southwestern Wisconsin. The model shows that diameters of individual stems can be maximized by early clump thinning to one stem. Specific gains will depend on crop stem diameters, age, relative basal area (ratio of individual stem to total clump basal area) after thinning, and site quality.
Estimating Monetary Values for Use Permits on Western Rivers
Authors: Shelby Bo 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Allocation of public resources requires information about values, but nonmarket commodities such as recreation do not have convenient monetary indicators. In an effort to establish monetary values, recreation economists have developed two major approaches to nonmarket valuation, both of which have drawbacks. The study described here uses sales of outfitting businesses to estimate the value of river running permits. Information from four western rivers suggests that access rights have considerable monetary value, and that values are highest on rivers where available permits are most fully used.
Overtopping by Successional Coast-Range Vegetation Slows Douglas-Fir Seedlings
Authors: Howard Kerry M. , Newton Michael 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In the Coast Range of Oregon, plants that formed ground cover or encroached from the side did not affect growth of planted Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings five and seven years after planting. Overtopped seedlings, however, were smaller and grew more slowly than those unshaded by adjacent vegetation. Use of Large transplants coupled with control of overtopping vegetation is advantageous where bracken and woody competitors abound.
Managing for Applications, Not Just for Research and Development
Authors: Callaham Robert Z. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Application of technology generated by research and development brings about change through acceptance and specific use of new knowledge and methodology. The application phase of innovation has attributes and managerial implications that are quite different from the research or development phases. Effectiveness depends heavily on person-to-person contact among participants, and the linkers or liaison agents who bring people and ideas together tend to work in informal ways that program managers must understand.
Machine Performance and Site Disturbance in Skidding on Designated Trails
Authors: Olsen Eldon D. , Seifert Jon C. W. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Four machines were observed during over-story removal of conifer stands in Idaho by two methods: skidding of whole trees on undesignated trails, and skidding of tree lengths on trails designated in advance. A rubber-tired skidder handling whole trees had the lowest costs, $19 per cunit at an average skidding distance of 530 feet, and the highest production, 37.1 cunits per day. Least production, 22.6 cunits per day, was with a crawler tractor of low horsepower. A crawler of medium power and a torsion-bar track machine were intermediate in cunit production. Output was generally increased when tree lengths were skidded on designated trails, but costs per cunit varied with machine productivity. Designation of trails somewhat lessened the damage to advance reproduction and reduced the roaded area by almost half.
How Much is an Evening Grosbeak Worth?
Authors: Takekawa John Y. , Garton Edward O. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Birds consume large numbers of the western spruce budworm (Choristoneura occidentalis), a forest insect which defoliates economically valuable stands. We estimated the economic value of bird predation on two stands in north-central Washington by substituting the cost to spray with insecticides to produce the same mortality rate as birds cause. It would cost at least $1,820 per square km per year over a 100-year rotation. This figure may be used to appraise the value of individual predator species, such as the voracious evening grosbeak (Hesperiphona vespertina), to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of biological control with birds, and to assess silvicultural treatments and other practices which affect both bird and insect numbers.
Domestic Fuelwood Utilization and Resource Management in Colorado
Authors: Betters David R. , Wilcox William R. , Ryan Phyllis P. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Questionnaires sent to households and fuelwood dealers throughout the state indicated that during the 1979-80 heating season Colorado households burned more than 900,000 cords--making fuelwood the largest market for the state's timber. Demand was greatest in the heavily populated Front Range region where most of the wood was burned in a fireplace. An overwhelming majority of households collected their own fuelwood. Though 70 percent of the forested land is in federal ownership, about half of the fuelwood was obtained from private lands. Fuelwood markets offer opportunities for more intensive forest management.
Does Wilderness Designation Lead to Increased Recreational Use?
Authors: McCool Stephen F. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A study of recreation users in the Rattle-snake National Recreation Area and Wilderness prior to and following congressional designation of the area reveals little support for the commonly held belief that designation of areas inevitably leads to dramatic increases in visitor use. Results from the study suggest that changes in use patterns are probably more complex than once believed and that causal factors inducing such changes are many.
Quantifying Residue after an Intermediate Harvest of a Second-Growth Redwood Stand
Authors: Woodward Roy A. , Henry Norman 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Logging residue was examined following an intermediate harvest that removed 40 percent of the basal area of a mature second-growth coast redwood stand. Tree pieces at least 1.5 inches in diameter and 4 feet in length qualified as residue. Cable logging produced 844 cubic feet of residue per acre, 22 percent more than tractor logging--possibly because of crushing and breakage by tractors during skidding. The authors conclude that low volumes and present markets make it uneconomical to use residue for building materials or fuel.