bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in soil properties of an eastern Australian vertisol irrigated with treated sewage effluent following gypsum application
Authors: Hulugalle N. R. , Weaver T. B. , Ghadiri H. , Hicks A. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractHistorically many towns in inland Australia disposed of their treated sewage by pumping into local rivers. This is no longer a feasible proposition. Alternatives to river pumping include irrigation and/or aquaculture. As treated sewage effluent may contain large amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus and sodium salts, if not managed carefully, soil salinity, sodicity and nutrient accumulation could increase. The objective of this study was to evaluate if gypsum application had any effect on soil‐quality changes in a Vertisol due to irrigating a cotton–wheat rotation with tertiary treated sewage effluent. The treatments were application of 2·5 t ha−1of gypsum in June 2000 before commencing irrigation and an untreated control. Annually, between June 2000 and April 2004, irrigation water quality and soil changes in nitrate‐N, EC1:5, pH, organic carbon, Cl, dispersion index, and exchangeable cations to a depth of 1·8 m were measured and deep drainage inferred with the chloride mass balance method. Cotton lint yield and fibre characteristics were also evaluated.Irrigation with treated sewage effluent increased exchangeable Na in all depths, and exchangeable Ca and K in the clayey‐textured surface 0·6 m, but decreased exchangeable Ca and K, and SOC in the coarser clay‐loam‐textured depths > 0·6 m. Nitrate‐N leaching, associated with deep drainage had occurred, as the crops had not used all the N in irrigation water. Gypsum application decreased exchangeable Ca, increased dispersion and during the 2003–2004 season deep drainage, but had no effect on salinity, sodicity or pH. Application of commercial gypsum at sub‐optimal rates with sodium‐rich irrigation water is, therefore, unlikely to improve soil properties. Stubble incorporation before sowing cotton in 2003 appears to have mobilized gypsum applied during 2000. Gypsum application reduced cotton lint yield and fibre quality during 2003–2004. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The natural environment of Cupressus sempervirens in Greece as a basis for its use in the Mediterranean region
Authors: Brofas G. , Karetsos G. , Dimopoulos P. , Tsagari C. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThis paper studies the natural stands of Cupressus sempervirens L. in Greece. C. sempervirens stands are located on the islands of Crete, Samos, Rhodes, Kos, Symi, and Milos, while populations on the islands of Chios and Kalymnos were discovered recently. Stands in the Peloponnese and in the Ionian Islands are considered introduced and naturalized. Data on natural populations show that C. sempervirens is indifferent to physiographic factors, substrate material, and physicochemical soil properties. The species grows on sites ranging from the semiarid bioclimatic zone with warm winters, to the wet zone with cold and fairly harsh winters. According to the xerothermic index in the taxon's natural distribution area, all Mediterranean bioclimate characters may appear, from intense thermo‐Mediterranean to weak meso‐Mediterranean. Cypress participates in all the vegetation zones from the thermo‐Mediterranean to mountainous Mediterranean and a cluster analysis (TWINSPAN) of sixty‐two cypress relevés led to the recognition of six woodland types defined by species composition, and assigned to three alliances: Oleo‐Ceratonion, Quercion ilicis, and Acero‐Cupression. This great plasticity of the species with regard to natural environmental factors, together with its relative resistance to fire, renders cypress one of the most valuable forest species for a large part of the Mediterranean region. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sodicity‐induced land degradation and its sustainable management: problems and prospects
Authors: Qadir M. , Noble A. D. , Schubert S. , Thomas R. J. , Arslan A. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractCurrently at least 20 per cent of the world's irrigated land is salt‐affected. However, projections of global population growth, and of an increased demand for food and fibre, suggest that larger areas of salt‐affected soil will need to be cropped in the future. About 60 per cent of salt‐affected soils are sodic, and much of this land is farmed by smallholders. Ameliorating such soils requires the application of a source of calcium (Ca2+), which replaces excess sodium (Na+) at the cation exchange sites. The displaced Na+ is then leached from the root zone through excess irrigation, a process that requires adequate flows of water through the soil. However, it must now be recognized that we can no longer conduct sodic soil amelioration and management solely with the aim of achieving high levels of crop productivity. The economic, social, and environmental impacts of different soil‐amelioration options must also be considered. A holistic approach is therefore needed. This should consider the cost and availability of the inputs needed for amelioration, the soil depth, the level to which sodicity needs to be reduced to allow cropping, the volume and quality of drainage water generated during amelioration, and the options available for drainage‐water disposal or reuse. The quality and cost of water available for post‐amelioration crops, and the economic value of the crops grown during and after amelioration should also be taken into account, as should farmers' livelihoods, the environmental implications of amelioration (such as carbon sequestration), and the long‐term sustainable use of the ameliorated site (in terms of productivity and market value). Consideration of these factors, with the participation of key stakeholders, could sustainably improve sodic soil productivity and help to transform such soils into a useful economic resource. Such an approach would also aid environmental conservation, by minimizing the chances of secondary sodicity developing in soils, particularly under irrigated agriculture. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Er:YAG laser cavity preparation and composite resin bonding with a single‐component adhesive system: Relationship between shear bond strength and microleakage
Authors: Bertrand Marie‐France , Semez Gianfranco , Leforestier Eric , Muller‐Bolla Michèle , Nammour Samir , Rocca Jean‐Paul 
Published: May 2006

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to assess the performances of a single‐component adhesive system when an Er:YAG laser was used to prepare cavities.Study Design/Materials and MethodsShear bond strength tests were performed on composite rods bonded with a single‐component adhesive system to dentin surfaces prepared using either bur+acid, Er:YAG laser (fluence = 44 J/cm2), or Er:YAG laser+acid. Class V cavities were prepared differently according to the molar surface: buccal surfaces were prepared using a diamond bur, and lingual surfaces using the Er:YAG laser. In group 1, cavity walls were not acid treated after Er:YAG laser preparation. In group 2, only the enamel walls were acid treated. In group 3, all the enamel and dentin walls were acid treated. Microleakage was assessed using a methylene blue dye penetration method.ResultsBond strength values did not differ significantly between the three groups (P = 0.162). Better marginal adaptation was obtained between the composite resin and cavity walls when Er:YAG laser preparation was followed by a total acid etching (P = 0.008).ConclusionsOur results supported the use of single‐component adhesive systems in cavities prepared using Er:YAG laser. The step of acid etching must be maintained for the whole cavity walls in regard of the microleakage values. Lasers Surg. Med. 38:615–623, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aqueous Gels of Triblock Copolymers of Ethylene Oxide and 1,2‐Butylene Oxide (Type BEB) Studied by Rheometry
Authors: Kelarakis Antonis , Havredaki Vasiliki , Yuan Xue‐Feng , Chaibundit Chiraphon , Booth Colin 
Published: May 2006

AbstractSummary: A triblock copolymer of ethylene oxide and 1,2‐butylene oxide with hydrophilic central block and hydrophobic end blocks, denoted B10E227B10, was prepared and characterised. The frequency dependence of dynamic modulus was determined for micellar solutions in the concentration range of 8–20 wt.‐% and the temperature range of 5–70 °C, and the fluid/gel diagram was established. The results were combined with those reported previously for copolymers B12E227B12 and B12E114B12 to obtain insight into the effect of B‐block and E‐block length on the rheological properties of systems of this type. The results are discussed in terms of micelles forming bridged networks and, at higher concentrations, packing in structured gels.Temperature dependence of the logarithm of storage modulus for aqueous solutions of copolymer B10E227B10 at the concentrations (wt.‐%) indicated. Conditions: f = 1 Hz, A ≈ 0.5%.magnified imageTemperature dependence of the logarithm of storage modulus for aqueous solutions of copolymer B10E227B10 at the concentrations (wt.‐%) indicated. Conditions: f = 1 Hz, A ≈ 0.5%.
Preparation of Porous Calcium Alginate Membranes/Microspheres via an Emulsion Templating Method
Authors: Zhang Feng Ju , Cheng Guo Xiang , Gao Zhi , Li Cui Ping 
Published: May 2006

AbstractSummary: A method is presented that can produce ordered macroporous alginate membranes and microspheres with a relatively narrow pore size distribution as compared to other existing porous alginate matrix generating procedures. The calcium alginate membranes and microspheres obtained were multiporous, and the pore size could readily be adjusted in the range of 1 to 10 µm by selecting appropriate initial emulsion parameters. A preliminary set of experiments was used to determine a range of conditions suitable for the formation of stable O/W emulsions consinsting of the alginate solution, liquid paraffin and surfactants. The obtained emulsions were characterized by size distribution measurements and optical microscopy. The emulsions were used to form alginate membranes and microspheres with diameters of 150–500 µm. Subsequent work was performed to remove liquid paraffin droplets, the dispersed phase of the emulsion which acted as template in the pore‐generating process, from the final alginate membranes and microspheres. The states of templates in hydrogels and the effect of template removal on the calcium alginate structures were thoroughly investigated.Porous alginate membranes prepared via emulsion templating method.imagePorous alginate membranes prepared via emulsion templating method.
Antitumor activity of an Ets protein, PEA3, in breast cancer cell lines MDA‐MB‐361DYT2 and BT474M1
Authors: Yu Zhenming , Xia Weiya , Wang Hong‐Ying , Wang Shao‐Chun , Pan Yong , Kwong Ka Yin , Hortobagyi Gabriel N. , Hung Mien‐Chie 
Published: May 2006

AbstractPolyomavirus enhancer activator 3 (PEA3) is a member of the Ets family of transcription factors. We demonstrated in a previous study that, by downregulating the HER‐2/neu oncogene at the transcriptional level, PEA3 can inhibit the growth and development into tumors of HER‐2/neu‐overexpressing ovarian cancer cells. Here, we establish stable clones of the human breast cancer cell line MDA‐MB‐361DYT2 that express PEA3 under the control of a tetracycline‐inducible promoter. Ectopic expression of PEA3 in this cell line inhibited cell growth and resulted in cell cycle accumulation in the G1 phase. We demonstrate that expression of PEA3 in an orthotopic breast cancer model inhibited tumor growth and prolonged the survival of tumor‐bearing mice. In a parallel experiment with another breast cancer cell line, BT474M1, we were unable to obtain stable PEA3‐inducible transfectants, suggesting that PEA3 may exert a strong growth inhibition effect in this cell line. Indeed, PEA3 coupled with the liposome SN2 demonstrated therapeutic effects in mice bearing tumors induced by BT474M1. These results provide evidence for the antitumor activity of PEA3 in human breast cancers. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On non‐Newtonian incompressible fluids with phase transitions
Authors: Kim Namkwon , Consiglieri Luisa , Rodrigues José Francisco 
Published: May 2006

AbstractA modified model for a binary fluid is analysed mathematically. The governing equations of the motion consists of a Cahn–Hilliard equation coupled with a system describing a class of non‐Newtonian incompressible fluid withp‐structure. The existence of weak solutions for the evolution problems is shown for the space dimensiond=2 withp⩾ 2 and ford=3 withp⩾ 11/5. The existence of measure‐valued solutions is obtained ford=3 in the case 2⩽p< 11/5. Similar existence results are obtained for the case of nondifferentiable free energy, corresponding to the density constraint |ψ| ⩽ 1. We also give regularity and uniqueness results for the solutions and characterize stable stationary solutions. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structure elucidation of a novel group of dithiocarbamate derivatives using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Li Qin , Yang Chunhui , Ge Ze‐Mei , Li Runtao , Cui Yuxin 
Published: May 2006

AbstractCompounds 1–7 form a novel group of dithiocarbamates, first synthesized from the reaction of a series of primary amines with carbon disulfide and 3‐bromo ethyl pyruvate in the presence of anhydrous potassium phosphate. Structure elucidation of this group of compounds was accomplished using extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic studies, including 1H, 13C, COSY, NOESY, HSQC, and gHMBC experiments. The distinction between the linear structures I, II and the cyclic structure III was made mainly on the basis of the analysis of the cross peak between H‐2 and H‐4a in the COSY spectra, in combination with the long‐range correlation between H‐2 and C‐4, 6 in the gHMBC spectra. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultrasound measurement of detrusor wall thickness in healthy adults
Authors: Oelke Matthias , Höfner Klaus , Jonas Udo , Ubbink Dirk , de la Rosette Jean , Wijkstra Hessel 
Published: May 2006

AbstractAimsMeasurements of detrusor wall thickness (DWT) are used to diagnose bladder outlet obstruction (BOO). No values of DWT exist in healthy adults so far. These values, however, are necessary to judge DWT in patients with suspected BOO correctly. The aim of this study was to determine DWT in healthy adults and to investigate if bladder filling, gender, age, or body‐mass index (BMI) influences DWT.Materials and MethodsIn 55 healthy adult volunteers between 15 and 40 years of age, DWT was measured at the anterior bladder wall with a 7.5 MHz ultrasound probe and with a full bladder. In nine of those volunteers, an urodynamic investigation was performed additionally during which DWT was measured in steps of 50 ml until 300 ml and in steps of 100 ml until the maximum bladder volume.ResultsDWT decreases rapidly during the first 250 ml of bladder filling but, thereafter, remains almost stable until maximal bladder capacity. No statistical difference was found between DWT at 250 ml and DWT at a higher bladder filling. Men had a greater DWT compared to women (1.4 vs. 1.2 mm, P < 0.001). The age and BMI did not have a significant impact on DWT.ConclusionsDWT remains stable at a bladder filling of 250 ml. At this state of bladder filling, DWT between different groups are comparable. Men have to be evaluated separately from women. Neurourol. Urodynam. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cardiovascular risk of selective cyclooxygenase‐2 inhibitors and other non‐aspirin non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory medications
Authors: Velentgas Priscilla , West William , Cannuscio Carolyn C. , Watson Douglas J. , Walker Alexander M. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractPharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 10.1002/pds. 1192(in press)
Resistive loading of photovoltaic modules and arrays for long‐term exposure testing
Authors: Osterwald C. R. , Adelstein J. , Cueto J. A. del , Sekulic W. , Trudell D. , McNutt P. , Hansen R. , Rummel S. , Anderberg A. , Moriarty T. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThis paper investigates the feasibility of using fixed resistors instead of active maximum power tracking as electrical loads for long‐term exposure testing of photovoltaic modules and arrays. The method of investigation was to compare resistive versus active loading on two modules for which historic current‐voltage data over time were available. Also, a small amorphous silicon array was installed with a resistive load and the performance has been monitored versus time. The major conclusion of this work is that fixed resistive loading is an inexpensive and viable means of loading photovoltaic devices for exposure testing if the resistance value used is close to the ratio of the voltage to the current at the maximum power point under Standard Test Conditions. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Profiling the array of Cav3.1 variants from the human T‐type calcium channel geneCACNA1G: Alternative structures, developmental expression, and biophysical variations
Authors: Emerick Mark C. , Stein Rebecca , Kunze Robin , McNulty Megan M. , Regan Melissa R. , Hanck Dorothy A. , Agnew William S. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWe describe the regulated transcriptome ofCACNA1G, a human gene for T‐type Cav3.1 calcium channels that is subject to extensive alternative RNA splicing. Fifteen sites of transcript variation include 2 alternative 5′‐UTR promoter sites, 2 alternative 3′‐UTR polyadenylation sites, and 11 sites of alternative splicing within the open reading frame. A survey of 1580 fetal and adult human brain full‐length complementary DNAs reveals a family of 30 distinct transcripts, including multiple functional forms that vary in expression with development. Statistical analyses of fetal and adult transcript populations reveal patterns of linkages among intramolecular splice site configurations that change dramatically with development. A shift from nearly independent, biased splicing in fetal transcripts to strongly concerted splicing in adult transcripts suggests progressive activation of multiple “programs” of splicing regulation that reorganize molecular structures in differentiating cells. Patch‐clamp studies of nine selected variants help relate splicing regulation to permutations of the gating parameters most likely to modify T‐channel physiology in expressing neurons. Gating behavior reflects combinatorial interactions between variable domains so that molecular phenotype depends onensemblesof coselected domains, consistent with the observed emergence of concerted splicing during development. We conclude that the structural gene and networks of splicing regulatory factors define an integrated system for the phenotypic variation of Cav3.1 biophysics during nervous system development. Proteins 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ecotoxicity testing of chemicals with particular reference to pesticides
Authors: Walker Colin H 
Published: May 2006

AbstractEcotoxicity tests are performed on vertebrates and invertebrates for the environmental risk assessment of pesticides and other chemicals and for a variety of ecotoxicological studies in the laboratory and in the field. Existing practices and strategies in ecotoxicity testing are reviewed, including an account of current requirements of the European Commission for the testing of pesticides and the recent REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restrictions of Chemicals) proposals for industrial chemicals. Criticisms of existing practices have been made on both scientific and ethical grounds, and these are considered before dealing with the question of possible alternative methods and strategies both for environmental risk assessment and for ecotoxicological studies more generally. New approaches from an ecological point of view are compared with recent developments in laboratory‐based methods such as toxicity tests, biomarker assays and bioassays. With regard to the development of new strategies for risk assessment, it is suggested that full consideration should be given to the findings of earlier long‐term studies of pollution, which identified mechanisms of action by which environmental chemicals can cause natural populations to decline. Neurotoxicity and endocrine disruption are two cases in point, and biomarker assays for them could have an important role in testing new chemicals suspected of having these properties. In a concluding discussion, possible ways of improving testing protocols are discussed, having regard for current issues in the field of environmental risk assessment as exemplified by the debate over the REACH proposals. The importance of flexibility and the roles of ecologists and ecotoxicologists are stressed in the context of environmental risk assessment. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
First principles calculations of the ground state properties and structural phase transformation in ZrN
Authors: Salguero L. A. , Mancera L. , Rodríguez J. A. , Takeuchi N. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWe have studied the structural an electronic properties of ZrN using the Full Potential Linearized Augmented Plane Waves (FPLAPW) method. Four different crystal structures were considered in our study: cubic NaCl, cubic CsCl, wurtzite and zincblende. Rocksalt is the calculated ground state structure, but our calculations predict a phase transformation from NaCl to a CsCl structure at high pressure. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Metal–insulator transition induced by electronic and structural modulations in oxygen‐deficient perovskite‐type TbBaCo2O5.5
Authors: Hidaka M. , Soejima M. , Wijesundera R. P. , Soda M. , Sato M. , Choi Sun‐Hee , Sung Nark Eon , Kim Min Gyu , Lee Jay Min 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe metal–insulator (M–I) transition at about 340 K (T MI) in TbBaCo2O5.5 has been investigated by X‐ray absorption spectra near Tb‐LIII, Ba‐LII, and Co‐K edges. In the metallic and insulating phases, the high‐density unoccupied bands of Tb‐6dσ and Ba‐6dσ occupy just above a Fermi level (E F), while the positive charge‐transfer Tb‐5dn Lm and Ba‐5dn Lm bands are just below E F. The narrow positive charge‐transfer Co‐3d7(e g)L band is just below E F, where L represents a hole induced in the valence band of O‐2p. It is considered that the metallic conductivity above T MI results from the (p–d) hybridized holes in the top region of the O‐2p valence band and the hopping electrons in the bottom of the O‐2p conduction band. The spin‐state transition for Co ions in the CoO6 octahedra and the CoO5 pyramids does not occur at T MI. The local structural distortion induced around the Ba ions, but not around the Tb and Co ions, mainly affects the electronic configuration interaction between the Ba‐5d and the O‐2p orbitals in BaO. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Substantial pressure effect on the resistivity and Curie temperature for the diluted magnetic semiconductor Sb2–xVxTe3
Authors: Dyck J. S. , Ahilan K. , Aronson M. C. , Uher C. , Lošťák P. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe influence of hydrostatic pressure on the electrical resistivity ρ and ferromagnetic transition temperature T C of bulk, single crystal Sb1–x Vx Te3 with x = 0.03 is presented. Pressure strongly suppresses ρ at all temperatures, with an overall decrease of about 35% at 1.6 GPa. The peak in ρ , a signature of T C, moves to lower temperature with increasing pressure. An overall suppression of T C near 40% at 1.6 GPa is observed. The results are discussed within the context of a carrier‐mediated ferromagnetic exchange interaction. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)