bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inactivation of 12 viruses by heating steps applied during manufacture of a hepatitis B vaccine
Authors: Lelie P. N. , Reesink H. W. , Lucas C. J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe efficacy of two heating cycles (90 sec at 103°C and 10 hr at 65°C) used during manufacture of a plasma‐derived hepatitis‐B vaccine was validated for the inactivation of 12 virus families. A period of 15 min warming up to 65°C had already completely inactivated representatives of nine virus families, ie, poxvirus (vaccinia), picornavirus (encephalomyocarditis virus), togavirus (sind bis virus), coronavirus (mouse hepatitis virus), orthomyxovirus (influenza virus), rhabdovirus (vesicular stomatitis virus), herpes virus (cytomegalovirus), lentivirus (human immunodeficiency virus), and retrovirus (murine leukemia virus). After prolonged heating at 65°C or heating for 90 sec at 103°C, parvovirus (canine parvovirus) and the phage phiX174 were also completely inactivated. Papovavirus represented by simian virus 40 (SV‐40) was the most heat‐resistant virus evaluated. The infectivity of SV‐40 was reduced by 104 Tissue Culture Infectious Doses (TCID50) per ml after 90 sec at 103°C, but a marginal residual activity (<5 TCID50 per ml) was observed. Subsequent pasteurization for 10 h at 65°C did not further reduce the infectivity of SV‐40. This study shows that the two heat‐inactivation steps used during the production of this vaccine kill a wide variety of viruses that might be present in human blood.
Incidence and prognosis of cytomegalovirus infections following allogenic bone marrow transplantation
Authors: Guyotat D. , Gibert R. , Chomel J. , Archimbaud E. , Bossard S. , Maupas J. , Fiere D. , Aymard M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe incidence and the outcome of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections were evaluated in 83 adult recipients of allogenic bone marrow transplantation. Virological and serological surveillance was performed weekly for 3 months posttransplant, and then every other week or every month until 1 year. CMV infection occurred in 45 patients, with a cumulative risk of 62% at 1 year and 66% at 2 years. In multivariate analysis, two factors significantly influenced the incidence of CMV infection: patients with pretransplant positive anti‐CMV titres had a risk of infection of 72% at 1 year versus 33% for patients with negative titres. Patients with acute myeloid leukemia were also infected more frequently (85% at 1 year) than patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (56%), chronic granulocytic leukemia (45%), or aplastic anemia (47%). In both univariate and multivariate analysis, CMV infection was not associated with a worse prognosis. However, 5 (out of 10) cases of lethal interstitial pneumonitis were associated with CMV, and two patients died of possible CMV encephalitis. All these patients had been suffering from severe acute or chronic graft versus host disease.
Prevalence of CMV antibodies among women of childbearing age in different social environments in southern Israel
Authors: Urkin J. , Sarov B. , Naggan L. , Haikin H. , Sarov I. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe prevalence rate of IgG antibodies to cytomegalovirus (CMV) was determined in a sample of 567 women of childbearing age in the southern part of Israel by the immunoperoxidase assay to membrane antigen (IPAMA) technique. Urban Jewish women of Afro‐Asian origin showed significantly higher rates of seropositivity than urban Jewish women of European‐American origin (80% vs 65%, respectively, P < 0.001), closely resembling the level of CMV seropositivity found in Afro‐Asian and European‐American countries in the same age and sex population groups. The Bedouin women showed slightly lower rates of CMV seropositivity (75%) than Jewish women of Afro‐Asian origin. Particularly high rates of CMV seropositivity were detected in women who live in a kibbutz environment: 96% in women of Afro‐Asian origin and 80% in women of Euro‐American origin. Multiple discriminant analysis also singles out the kibbutz environment as a major contributor to the variance between the groups tested (P < 0.003).
Ethiopian national hepatitis B study
Authors: Kefene Hailu , Rapicetta M. , Rossi G. B. , Bisanti L. , Bekura D. , Morace G. , Palladino P. , Di Rienzo A. , Conti S. , Bassani F. , Bertolaso G. , Pasquini P. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA nationwide seroepidemiological study of hepatitis B markers prevalence was conducted in Ethiopia on 5,270 young males from all regions of the country.Overall prevalence rates were 10.8% for HBsAg and 73.3% for “at least one marker positive”; a remarkable geographical and ethnic variability of marker prevalence was observed, reflecting the wide differences existing in Ethiopia in sociocultural environment and activities such as tribal practices and traditional surgery. Sexual practices and medical exposure also play some role as determinants of hepatitis B marker prevalence in Ethiopia. General preventive measures, with particular reference to health education, by affecting incriminating habits and practices could have some impact on infection rates in Ethiopia, in the absence of a vaccination strategy presently unrealistic in this region of the world.
Immune response to hepatitis B revaccination
Authors: Jilg Wolfgang , Schmidt Marion , Deinhardt Friedrich 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTwo hundred and twelve individuals who failed to respond or responded poorly to hepatitis B vaccination or whose anti‐HBs levels had dropped below 10 IU/L at follow‐up were revaccinated. Only 18% of initial nonresponders, but 96% of those who responded initially, developed anti‐HBs above 10 IU/L after revaccination. In 85% of vaccinees, anti‐HBs titres after a fourth immunization were significantly higher than after completion of the first full immunization course, and despite a steeper decline of antibody levels after revaccination, anti‐HBs seemed to persist better than after the initial course of three inoculations. All individuals who responded initially and in whom anti‐HBs had become undetectable developed antibodies. Response to booster doses was seen after three to five days, and a fifth inoculation given to 23 individuals induced even better responses.
Incidence and significance of hepatitis B core antibody in a healthy blood donor population
Authors: Kitchen A. D. , Harrison T. J. , Meacock T. J. , Zuckerman A. J. , Harrison J. F. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTo determine the current incidence of hepatitis B core antibody (anti‐HEk) in a healthy blood donor population, 1,893 donors were screened for anti‐HBc. Forty‐one (2.16%) were found to be initially positive and 35 (1.85%) repeatably positive. Sera from the repeatably positive donors were further screened for hepatitis B surface antibody (anti‐HBs), and hepatitis B virus DNA (HBV DNA) by dot hybridisation. The repeatably positive donors were subsequently recalled for further investigation, and their peripheral blood lymphoyctes were also screened for HBV DNA by dot hybridisation. Eighteen (51.4%) of the anti‐HBc‐positive donors were also anti‐HBs‐positive. HBV DNA was not detected in the serum or the lymphocytes of any of the anti‐HBc‐positive donors.
Evaluation of different DNA‐DNA hybridisation techniques in detection of HPV 16 DNA in cervical smears and biopsies
Authors: Cornelissen Marion T. E. , Van Der Velden Ko J. , Walboomers Jan M. M. , Briët Maarten A. , Smits Henk L. , Van Der Noordaa Jan , Schegget Jan Ter 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe sensitivities of dot blot hybridisation and in situ filter hybridisation for the detection of HPV DNA were compared. Dot blot hybridisation was 10–50 times more sensitive than in situ filter hybridisation in detecting HPV 16 DNA in the cervical cancer cell lines SiHa and CaSki. Cervical smears collected from 51 women with a history of one or more abnormal cervical smears were tested by both hybridisation techniques for the presence of HPV 16 DNA; 11 were positive in the in situ filter hybridisation, 35 in the dot blot hybridisation. Thirty‐five cervical biopsies available from this group of 51 women were processed for dot blot hybridisation 30 of the 35 cases the results of this hybridisation corresponded with the results of the dot blot hybridisation on the smears.
Human parvovirus infection in haemophiliacs first infused with treated clotting factor concentrates
Authors: Corsi O. Bartolomei , Azzi A. , Morfini M. , Fanci R. , Ferrini P. Rossi 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA group of 27 first infused haemophiliacs was studied for association between heat‐treated clotting factor concentrates and transmission of human parvovirus B19. The prevalence rate of B19 antibody, detected by the Immunoelectroosmophoresis (IEOP) reaction, was 55.5% in this group of first infused subjects, significantly higher than the 29.3% of the control group of 58 healthy blood donors but lower than the 93.3% of antibody positive subjects in a group of 30 haemophiliacs multitreated with unheated products. Five of 17 B19 antibody negative patients produced human parvovirus IgM, detectable by radioimmunoassay, after the first treatment with heated concentrates; two of them developed viraemia 6 and 10 days, respectively, after the first infusion dose. These results lead to the conclusion that human parvovirus is transmissible by blood derivatives even when they have been exposed to steam‐ or dry‐heat treatment.
Reactivation of chronic type B hepatitis: The effect on expression of serum HBV‐DNA and Pre‐S encoded proteins
Authors: Hess Georg , Gerken Guido , Weber Christian , Manns Michael , Büschenfelde Karl‐Hermann Meyer Zum 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHepatitis B markers were studied in seven patients with reactivated liver disease. Reactivation of chronic type B hepatitis, as indicated by the reappearance of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) in the serum, was characterised by the appearance of hepatitis B virus‐DNA (HBV‐DNA) in the serum. The expression of pre‐S 1 encoded protein remained unchanged in five of seven patients, and poly‐HSA as a marker for pre‐S 2 encoded protein remained detectable in six of seven patients before and after reactivation of chronic hepatitis. The level of serum HBV‐DNA correlated well with the level of liver enzymes, which rose from normal to various levels after reactivation of the liver disease. The data suggest that inflammatory activity of the liver disease is not related to the expression of pre‐S encoded protein but to viral replication. Possibly pre‐C and C‐gene encoded antigens, which are produced together with viral nucleic acid and expressed on the surface of HBV‐infected liver cells, play the key role in liver damage believed to be mediated by cytotoxic T cells.
Cytomegalovirus infection and viral‐induced transformation of human endothelial cells
Authors: Smiley M. Lynn , Mar Eng‐Chun , Huang Eng‐Shang 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHuman cytomegalovirus (CMV) has been associated with vascular pathology. In vivo, CMV is present in vessel wall cells during acute and chronic infections as well as in atherosclerotic lesions. CMV nucleic acids and proteins have also been detected within Kaposi's sarcoma lesions. Because of these associations, we studied the interaction of CMV with human endothelial cells with particular attention to its oncogenicity in this cell type. Our data demonstrate that human endothelial cells are permissive to viral replication but that the viral replication cycle is delayed compared with fibroblast cells. Persistent infections can result with minimal cytopathology. CMV can transform these cells to anchorage‐independent growth, and noninfectious virus is still capable of inducing this transforming event. Our results demonstrate that productive or persistent CMV infection of endothelial cells and viral‐induced transformation can occur, thus providing an in vitro correlate of in vivo events.
Junin virus‐induced delayed‐type hypersensitivity suppression in adult mice
Authors: Campetella O. E. , Barrios H. A. , Galassi N. V. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractJunin virus (JV) infection of suckling mice leads to lethal meningoencephalitis consistent with a delayed‐type hypersensitivity (DTH)‐like immune response. In contrast, there are no central nervous system (CNS) alterations, and high antibody titers are induced in resistant adult mice. As a possible explanation, JV infection in adult mice may provoke DTH depression. Thus in this work we study the alterations induced by JV in the immune response of adult mice by using sheep red blood cells (SRBC) as an unrelated indicator antigen.JV infection was found to abrogate DTH significantly, regardless of SRBC priming time, virus strain attenuation, and viral route of inoculation. The effect proved viral dose‐dependent and required live and infectious virus. However, the humoral response to SRBC, as determined by splenic “plaque‐forming cell” count was found higher than controls. These results are consistent with adult mouse response to JV infection. In contrast to the guinea pig model, there is no destruction of immunocompetent cells. T‐cell percentage in the spleen was high, suggesting involvement with DTH‐suppressive action. We suggest that the immune response to SRBC in adult infected mice may be used for understanding the mechanisms involved in resistance.
Effects of long‐term acyclovir chemosuppression on serum IgG antibody to herpes simplex virus
Authors: Erlich Kim S. , Hauer Laurie , Mills John 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPatients with severe or frequent recurrent genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection can be managed either by treating each recurrence with acyclovir or by suppressing recurrences with daily administration of the drug. To determine the effects of long‐term acyclovir therapy on the immune response to HSV, we studied the change in IgG antibody concentration to HSV in 46 individuals with recurrent genital HSV‐2 infection who received acyclovir for 1 year, Twenty‐seven subjects received daily acyclovir chemosuppression, while 19 subjects received daily placebo (with acyclovir administered intermittently only during recurrences). Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody to HSV was determined before medication began, at completion of 1 year of therapy, and 22 weeks following the first untreated HSV recurrence. Daily acyclovir chemosuppression for 1 year reduced mean IgG antibody concentration by 10% from baseline values (P > 0.01), whereas in patients receiving intermittent therapy no significant decline was observed. In both groups, however, the first untreated recurrence produced a rise in mean antibody concentrations. We conclude that prolonged daily acyclovir chemosuppression reduces humoral immunity to HSV, but antibody concentrations increase following the first untreated recurrence.
Acute sporadic non‐A, non‐B hepatitis in Greece
Authors: Tassopoulos Nicolaos C. , Alikiotis Michael , Limotirakis Fragiscos , Nicolakakis Panayiotis , Mela Haroula , Paralogou‐Ioannides Melpomeni 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe influence of non‐A, non‐B (NANB) agent(s) on the aetiology of acute sporadic viral hepatitis and its possible transition to chronic hepatitis were studied. Acute sporadic NANB hepatitis was diagnosed in 134 (13.5%) of the 993 Greek adults who were admitted consecutively to the Western Attica General Hospital from February 1986 to September 1987. The male to female ratio was 2.1:1, and the mean age of the patients was 39.7 ± 17.5 years (range: 16–77 years). Serological markers of past hepatitis B virus infection were detected in 32.1% of the patients. Possible risk factors occurring within 6 months of the onset of hepatitis were parenteral drug abuse in 43 (32.1%), blood transfusions in 26 (19.4%), possibly iatrogenic in 22 (16.4%), homosexual practice in one (0.7%) and no recognized risk factors in 42 (31.4%) patients. The most common source of infection was parenteral drug abuse (65%) in patients less than 30 years old and unknown (41.9%) in patients older than 30 years old. Chronic hepatitis, defined by biochemical criteria, was observed in 55.6% of the cases irrespective of the risk factor.These data show that parenteral drug abuse made a significant contribution to the spread of NANB agent(s) but not homosexual practice and that the rate of chronicity was high.
Primary respiratory syncytial virus infection in mice
Authors: Graham Barney S. , Perkins Mark D. , Wright Peter F. , Karzon David T. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA mouse model of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is described. A high‐titered, large‐volume inoculum results in replication of RSV to a high titer in lungs of BALB/c mice. Mice older than 15 weeks of age are more susceptible to RSV infection. Titers up to 106.9 plaque‐forming units (pfu)/gram lung can be attained in 32‐week‐old mice. Older mice experience a clinical illness manifested by ruffled fur, reduced activity, and weight loss. Lung histology of older mice infected with RSV shows bronchiolitis and increased number of lymphocytes and macrophages in alveolar spaces compared with that of mice less than 8 weeks old. This model will serve as the basis for investigating immunodeterminants of recovery and protection from RSV infection.
Papillomavirus and cervical cancer: A clinical and laboratory study
Authors: Zhang W‐H. , Coppleson M. , Rose B. R. , Sorich E. A. , Nightingale B. N. , Thompson C. H. , Cossart Y. E. , Bannatyne P. M. , Elliott P. M. , Atkinson K. H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIt is now widely accepted that HPV types 16, 18, 31, and 33 are associated with the development of high grade intraepithelial neoplasia and malignant lesions in the cervix. On this basis, the identification of HPV types in cervical scrape samples has been advocated as a supplement to cytological screening tests. However, little is known of the distribution of the virus at different sites in the lower female genital tract or of how this distribution may change during the natural course of HPV infection. In this survey, HPV DNA dot hybridizations and, in some instances, Southern blot hybridizations with mixed HPV 6/11 and 16/18 probes were undertaken to detect HPV DNA in cervical scrapes and biopsies of the cervix, vagina, and vulva. A total of 92 women attending a Sydney hospital were screened: 59 of these patients had cervical disease, either invasive cervical carcinoma (CaCx) or cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), grades I‐III. A group of 33 women who lacked evidence of cervical abnormalities served as controls. HPV DNA, predominantly type 16/18, was detected in the cervical biopsies of 96% of the CaCx patients, 80% of the CIN III patients, and 65% of the CIN I‐II patients. In contrast only 9% of the cervical biopsies from the control group contained detectable HPV 6, 11, 16, or 18 DNA. A high proportion of the women with cervical abnormalities had evidence of concurrent vaginal and/or vulval papillomavirus involvement. The significance of these findings for routine screening and subsequent management of patients with HPV‐associated cervical disease is discussed.
Acute and chronic hepatitis delta virus infection: Direct or indirect effect on hepatitis B virus replication?
Authors: Farci Patrizia , Karayiannis Peter , Lai M. Eliana , Marongiu Francesco , Orgiana Giuseppina , Balestrieri Angelo , Thomas Howard C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn a large population of patients, chronic hepatitis delta virus (HDV) infection was usually associated with absence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication. However, acute HDV superinfection progressing to chronic HDV infection in two hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)‐positive HBV carriers and coinfection in two other patients who progressed to chronic HBV (HBeAg‐positive) and HDV infection was associated with continuing high‐level HBV replication for several years. Thus HDV infection does not always inhibit HBV replication. The hypothesis that the different effects of HDV coinfection and superinfection on HBV replication may stem from variability in the capacity of the host to produce and respond to interferon is discussed.
Investigation of hospital‐acquired rotavirus gastroenteritis using RNA electrophoresis
Authors: Clark J. D. , Hill S. M. , Phillips A. D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractRotavirus is a common cause of diarrhea both in the community and in the hospital. Because of this, it may be difficult to determine whether crossinfection has occurred in the hospital, an important finding as review of hygienic techniques and ward closure may be indicated. We therefore investigated the use of Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) of the rotavirus RNA genome as a means of distinguishing between rotavirus strains in order to assess its role in the evaluation of apparent hospital‐acquired rotavirus diarrhoea.Suspected examples of hospital‐acquired rotavirus gastroenteritis were studied on an infectious diseases ward and a general infant ward. PAGE analysis demonstrated that crossinfection had not occurred on the infectious diseases ward, even though this was indicated clinically; a single source outbreak involving 11 patients was confirmed on the general infant ward, as all cases showed an identical rotavirus electropherotype. Following ward closure an endemic rotavirus electropherotype was detected, which affected 17 patients over a 3‐month period.Electrophoresis of rotavirus RNA is a useful and practical technique in the analysis of hospital‐acquired gastroenteritis and can indicate appropriate clinical action.
Detection of enterovirus RNA in experimentally infected mice by molecular hybridisation: Specificity of subgenomic probes in quantitative slot blot and in situ hybridisation
Authors: Zhang H. Y. , Yousef G. E. , Bowles N. E. , Archard L. C. , Mann G. F. , Mowbray J. F. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSubgenomic cDNA clones representing defined regions of the genome of Coxsackie B3 virus were used as hybridisation probes to detect RNA of various enteroviruses in cell culture and mouse model systems. Radiolabelled probes were used in slotblots to quantitate the RNA in samples; biotinylated probes were used to localise virus RNA at the cellular level by in situ hybridisation with monolayers of infected cells or thin sections of tissue samples. Probes derived from the 5′ or 3′ terminal regions of Coxsackie virus RNA, which are highly conserved in the genus Entero‐virus, detected RNA of various serotypes in infected cell cultures, but failed to hybridise with hepatitis A virus (HAV) RNA. Although HAV is clearly a Picornavirus, our data support the view that its taxonomic position within the enteroviruses should be reconsidered. The biotinylated probes were also used to detect in situ virus RNA in paraffin‐embedded tissue samples from experimental mouse models of Coxsackie B3 virus‐induced myocarditis or Coxsackie B1 virus‐induced myositis. Since the integrity of the tissues was preserved during the process, and viral RNA was localised in the affected muscle fibres, this has enabled us unequivocally to relate the infecting virus to the underlying tissue injury.