bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fatty acids of lard. A. Identification by gas‐liquid chromatography
Authors: Herb S. F. , Magidman Paul , Barford R. A. , Riemenschneider R. W. 
Published: June 2007

AbstratA fresh commercially rendered lard was separated into its component fatty acids by subjecting the methyl esters to gas‐liquid chromatography on nonpolar and polar columns. The lard methyl esters were first chromatographed on a silicone column. This column achieved separation of the component esters principally on the basis of chain length, and fractions which were represented by a single peak or series of peaks were collected. The collected fractions were then rechromatographed on an ethylene glycol succinate polyester column to separate and identify the saturated and the unsaturated esters. Qualitative evidence was obtained for the presence of 29 fatty acids ranging in chain length from 10 to 20 carbon atoms. Included were the esters of the following: Satrated acids (10,12,14,15,16,17,18,19,20, and 22 C‐atoms), monounsaturated acids (14,16,17,18,19, 20, and 22 C‐atoms), and polyunsturated acids (18蝘2,20蝘2,22蝘2,18蝘3,20蝘3,22蝘3,20蝘4,22蝘4,20蝘5, and 22蝘5).3. Peaks for several additional trace components were also observed.
Reactions of unsaturated fatty alcohols. XV. Styrentation of fatty vinyl ether polymers in terpene solvents
Authors: Gast L. E. , Schneider Wilma J. , Teeter H. M. , McManis G. E. , Cowan J. C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractStyrenation of fatty vinyl ether polymers in dipentene at 145舑165C gives products containing from 20 to 67% styrene by weight but little or no unreacted monomeric styrene remained. After 27 mounths no gelation occurred in these products. Apparently dipentene serves as an effective chain transfer agent during styrenation, keeps the growing polymer chains short, and reduces crosslinking reactions. The amount and type of unsaturation needed in the fatty side chains of the polymer to produce homogeneous products were studied. Ultraviolet and infrared analyses were useful in determining the function of unsaturation in these reactions.Tests on baked films from these products showed that as the amount of styrene was increased, both hardness and alkali resistance were significantly increased. Films prepared from products containing 34 and 67% styrene had Sward hardness values of 10 and 60, and alkali resistance of 33 days and over 65 days, respectively. Films from products prepared in aromatic solventsversus dipentene at the same styrene level showed no difference in hardness, but the alkali resistance of the 舠dipentene film舡 was greater.
Reactions of ozone. VII. Ozonization of fatty acids and their derivatives
Authors: Maggiolo Allison 
Published: June 2007

AbstractOzone was a useful tool very early in the history of structural studies involving fatty acids and their derivatives. More recently the productions of azelaic and pelargonic acids by the ozonolysis of oleic acid has become of commercial importance. This paper reviews the chemistry of the ozonolysis of various unsaturated fatty acids and their derivatives. The products can be varied from a single starting material depending on the manner of decomposing the intermediate ozonide. Thus, variations in starting material and variations in procedure make possible a great variety of straight chain products containing one or two functional groups such as carboxyl, aldehyde, hydroxyl, and amino.
Direct gas chromatographic examination of volatiles in salad oils and shortenings
Authors: Dupuy H. P. , Fore S. P. , Goldblatt L. A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA simple, rapid and direct gas chromatographic technique was developed for the examination of volatiles in salad oils and shortenings at the 10 ppb level without prior enrichment. The liner of the inlet of the gas chromatograph is carefully packed with volatile‐free glass wool to allow slow diffusion of the sample on the glass wool, but to prevent seepage onto the gas chromatographic column. The liner with sample is inserted in the heated inlet, and the volatiles are eluted rapidly from the samples as the carrier gas flows through the linear and sweeps the volatiles onto the column, which is temperature‐programed between 55 and 190C to resolve the volatiles. Numerous samples of salad oils and shortenings were examined, and the better quality oils had only small amounts of volatiles.
Lipid composition of selected margarines
Authors: Carpenter D. L. , Slover H. T. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractResults of analytical studies on the composition of 10 selected margarines representative of consumeravailable hard and soft types are presented. Paired hard and soft products from the same manufacturer were chosen where possible. All of the margarines were compared on the basis of total fatty acid composition, polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratios, totaltrans and thetrans content of the monoene and diene fractions, location of the double bond in the monoene isomers, per cent conjugation, distribution of the fatty acids at the 2 position of the triglycerides, tocopherol content, and the ratios of α‐tocopherol to polyunsaturated fatty acids. As expected the soft margarines contained more polyunsaturated fatty acids than their companion hard types, but all soft margarines did not contain more polyunsaturated fatty acids than all of the hard margarines. The one margarine containing safflower oil had the highest polyunsaturated to saturated ratio. Eight of the ten margarines contained more than 15%trans monoene and nine contained less than 5%trans diene. Positional isomers in the monoene fraction were Δ6 toΔ12 with thecis Δ9 isomer predominating. All of the margarines contained less than 1.9% conjugation. The percentage oftrans monoene at the 2 position was greater for some margarines than that in the total fatty acid. This was attributed to the preferential placement of polyunsaturated fatty acids at the 2 position in the original vegetable oils. The forms of tocopherol found were characteristic of the original vegetable oils. Ratios of α‐tocopherol to PUFA varied from 0.1 to 0.5 mg/g. Determination of the relationship of the amount of tocopherol content to either source or hardness is not possible on the basis of our data.
Biological studies with cyclopropenoids inactivated with fatty acids
Authors: Hopkins D. T. , Dahlgren R. R. , Davis D. , Munson A. W. , Dupuy H. P. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractCyclopropenoids inactivated by reactingSterculia foetida oil with cottonseed oil fatty acids were fed at three dietary levels to growing rats and laying hens for 4 weeks. At the termination of the experiments, all animals were autopsied and examined microscopically for pathological lesions, but no pathology that could be related to dietary treatment was observed. Hemoglobin, packed cell volume and plasma cholesterol were similar in animals fed all of the diets. Growth rate of rats and egg production of hens fed the experimental diets were similar to those of animals fed the control diet. After 3 and 6 months of storage, eggs from hens fed the inactivated cyclopropenoids were normal and showed no evidence of the unusual characteristics of cyclopropenoid feeding. Lipids of heart, liver and adipose tissues of all the rats and hens varied little from the normal fatty acid composition. Small amounts of three unidentified fatty acids were found in the adipose tissues of rats fed the higher levels of inactivated cyclopropenoids. The results of these feeding studies suggest that inactivation of cyclopropenoids with fatty acids eliminates the unusual biological effects attributable to cyclopropenoids.
Optimum blowing steam rate in deodorization and steam distillation
Authors: Chirgwin L. D. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryOn the basis of Bailey's equation for deodorization it is proposed that there is an optimum sparging rate, characteristic of each individual system, for steam distillation and its specialized forms, such as deodorization and stripping. It is suggested that the principles involved are applicable to continuous or batch systems of any size.A simple method of determining this optimum rate is described and illustrated with data from a commercial batch deodorizer.It is proposed that, under optimum conditions:

the ratio of absolute pressure (P) to the blowing steam rate (R) is at a minimum;

total distillation is at a maximum;

the linear velocity of the vapor is at a maximum; and

entrainment is disproportionately high.
It is recognized that this technically optimum blowing steam rate may not coincide with the most economical conditions of operation, depending on the characteristics of the system.It is concluded that operation at rates appreciably above the optimum can in no way be justified.
Kinetics of the aminolysis of hydrogenated tallow by allylamine and other primary amines in methanol
Authors: Jordan Edmund F. , Artymyshyn Bohdan , Roland Eddy C. , Wrigley Arthur N. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractKinetics of the aminolysis of hydrogenated tallow by allylamine in methanol solution under sodium methoxide catalysis was studied at several temperatures (60 to 90C) and catalyst concentrations. Under the experimental conditions the triglycerides were rapidly converted to the mixed methyl esters, which slowly reacted with the amine to produce the mixed amides. At constant catalyst concentration, disappearance of triglyceride was found to be first order in triglyceride and in amine. Because rate was found to be directly proportional to catalyst concentration, the experimental over‐all rate was 蜢d[Triglyceride]/dt=k3[Triglyceride] [Amine] [RO蜢], and k3 was 2.022 kg2 mole蜢2 hr蜢1. A mechanism proposed by Bunnett and Davis for ester aminolysis involving an ester‐amine complex formed in a rapid pre‐transition‐state equilibrium is consistent with thermodynamic terms which reconcile a large negative entropy of activation (蜢44.17 cal deg蜢1 equivalent蜢1) and relatively small energy of activation (11.60 kcal equivalent蜢1). Relative rate constants at 70C under sodium‐methoxide catalysis for the aminolysis of hydrogenated tallow by a variety of structurally different primary amines agreed, in general, with those found by others for the ethylene glycol‐catalyzed reaction of methyl acetate with the same amines at 25C. However, monoethanolamine reacted nineteen times faster than predicted, which suggested a mechanism involving initial attack by the alkoxy anion of the ethanolamine in the rate detering step, followed by rapid, base‐catalyzed, acyl acyl oxygen‐to‐nitrogen (O薔N) migration. The velocity constants and thermodynamic constants reported enable prediction of the time required for specific yields under a variety of experimental conditions.
LAS removal across an institutional trickling filter
Authors: Kumke G. W. , Renn C. E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractField studies with a low‐rate trickling filter have shown a paraffin‐derived LAS surfactant to be removed nearly as efficiently as the rest of the organics contained in an institutional sewage. A nondomestic cracked‐wax‐derived LAS surfactant, which was fed over a second two‐month period for reference purposes, was removed at a somewhat lower rate. These tests were conducted at the New Jersey Colony at New Lisbon during the period April to August, 1965.
Elaboration of aflatoxin on cottonseed products byAspergillus flavus
Authors: Mayne R. Y. , Pons W. A. , Franz A. O. , Goldblatt L. A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn controlled laboratory experiments heat sterilized and unautoclaved glanded and glandless whole cottonseed or decorticated kernels and sterilized cottonseed meals were found to be utilized as substrates by an aflatoxin elaborating strain ofA. flavus with the production of high levels of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2. Gossypol pigments in cottonseed products are apparently not a barrier to either mold invasion or aflatoxin production. Cottonseed hulls, lint cotton, and cottonseed linters were found to be poorly utilized as substrates for either mold growth or aflatoxin production.
Methyl glucoside fatty acid diesters
Authors: Gibbons J. P. , Swanson C. J. 
Published: June 2007

Summary and ConclusionProcedures are described for the preparation of methyl glucoside diesters by direct esterification, using a ratio of one mole of methyl glucoside with two moles of fatty acids. Rate studies indicated that lead or stannous soaps are more effective catalysts than the sodium soaps for speeding up tis esterification. With equal molar quantities of methyl glucoside and fatty acid, the lead and the sodium soap catalysts give products containing predominantly diester and half the methyl glucoside remaining unreacted. Under the same conditions stannous soap catalysis gives high yields of monoesters containing only very small percentages of unreacted methyl glucoside. From the standpoint of speed of reaction, color of the final produets, ease of removal of catalyst from the ester products, and catalyst cost, litharge is the preferred cytalyst for the preparation of methyl glucoside diesters.Properties of various methyl glucoside fatty acid diesters, prepared on a laboratory scale, are given. Du Noü;y surface‐tension measurements indicate that small quantities of the methyl glucoside dilaurate, dicaprate, or dioleate are quite effective in lowering the surface tension of water.
Properties of ethoxylate derivatives of norrandom alkylphenols
Authors: Smithson L. H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPerformance evaluation data for highly biodegradable C8蜢C18 nonrandom lȷnear alkylphenol ethoxylates and ethoxysulfates are presented for typical heavy‐ and light‐duty detergent formulations. The effect of the derivatives' molecular weight on performance characteristics is discussed, including variations in the hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts of the molecule.
Effect of cotton substrate characteristics upon surfactant adsorption
Authors: Ginn M. E. , Kinney F. B. , Harris J. C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIt is shown that the reported differences in anionic surfactant adsorption on cotton can be largely attributed to the presence of variable amounts of natural wax on the fiber surface. High adsorption values with peaks near critical micelle concentration (cmc) result from surfactant adsorption on the wax surface. Wax‐free surfaces fail either to show the same high maxima or the same relative magnitude of adsorption. At surfactant cmc the adsorption relationship for waxy cotton (millimoles/g. of cotton) cationic: nonionic: anionic was roughly 66 to 17 to 74. For dewaxed cotton, this became 40 to 10 to nil.Confirming the findings of others, no adsorption by cotton of sodium tripolyphosphate occurs either with waxy or wax‐free cotton. Also addition of tripolyphosphate decreased the adsorption of several anionic surfactants.At concentrations greater than cmc and at sufficiently‐high solution temperature, anionic surfactants can solubilize cotton wax, leaving a less waxy substrate upon which adsorption is then reduced.
The reaction of picric acid with epoxides. II. The detection of epoxides in heated oils
Authors: Fioriti J. A. , Bentz A. P. , Sims R. J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA colorimetric method, based upon the reaction of the oxirane group with picric acid, was used to determine the epoxide content of heated vegetable oils. The picration method is particularly suitable for measuring small quantities of epoxide because it is much more sensitive than the common titrimetric methods, and it is not subject to interference from cyclopropene, conjugated dieneols, or ॅ, ॆ‐unsaturated carbonyls.Thin‐layer chromatography was used to separate mixtures of picrated, epoxidized methyl esters. Separation ofcis‐ andtrans‐methyl epoxystearate, methyl epoxyoleate, and methyl diepoxystearate in a mixture of these four esters was achieved in this manner. The presence of saturatedcis‐ andtrans‐epoxystearates and unsaturated epoxides was demonstrated in heated vegetable oils.
Lipids in wheat from various classes and varieties
Authors: Pomeranz Y. , Chung Okkyung , Robinson R. J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractLipids were extracted with petroleum ether and with water‐saturated n‐butanol from 8 hard red winter, 5 hard red spring, and one each from soft red, durum, and club wheat varieties from 2 harvests. The butanol‐extracted lipids were fractionated into nonpolar and polar lipids by silicic acid column chromatography, and the two major fractions were subfractionated by thin‐layer chromatography. Durum wheats contained the highest lipid contents, and the highest concentration of nonpolar lipids. The breadmaking wheat varieties had a lipid content which was consistent for the 2 years examined. The total and nonpolar lipid contents of hard red spring wheats were higher than of hard red winter wheats. The polar lipid contents of wheats from the two classes were essentially equal. Total lipid contents were substantially higher in wheats than in flours milled from the wheats. Nonpolar lipids constituted about one‐half of the flour lipids and two‐thirds of the wheat lipids. Concentrations of triglycerides were higher in wheat than in flour nonpolar lipids. Glycolipids were present in comparable concentrations in wheat and in flour polar lipids; concentration in polar lipids of phosphatidyl choline was higher and of other phospholipids was lower in wheat than in flour polar lipids.
Origins and assessment of snowball Earth hypotheses
Authors: HARLAND W. BRIAN 
Published: June 2007

Brian Harland was for many years an editor of this journal. He was also a seminal figure in the origins of the current ‘snowball Earth’ debate, having recognized in 1964 the significance of coupling emerging palaeomagnetic data on palaeolatitude with his interpretations of diamictites. Harland worked extensively in the Arctic and knew well many of the workers involved in the arguments surrounding the origin of diamictites. He thus had a unique perspective on the evidence and the disputes surrounding it. This was his last paper but he was not able to complete it before he died. However, with the help of Professor Ian Fairchild to whom we are indebted, the editors have lightly revised this work which is presented as the personal view of one of the key figures with a very broad stratigraphic appreciation of the problems of ‘snowball Earth’.Records of Precambrian glaciation onwards from the late nineteenth century led to the concept of one or more major ice ages. This concept was becoming well advanced by the mid 1930s, particularly through the compilation of Kulling in 1934. Even so tillite stratigraphy shows that glaciation was exceptional rather than typical of Earth history. Some Proterozoic tillites, sandwiched between warm marine facies, indicate low, even equatorial palaeolatitudes as determined magnetically, and more recently led to ideas of a snow- and ice-covered ‘snowball Earth’. However, interbedded non-glacial facies as well as thick tillite successions requiring abundant snowfall both militate against the hypothesis of extreme prolonged freezing temperatures referred to here as an ‘iceball Earth’ in which all oceans and seas were sealed in continuous ice cover. On the other hand tropical environments were interrupted by glaciation several times in the Proterozoic, something that did not recur in the Phanerozoic. The term ‘snowball Earth’ is consistent with the established view of extremely widespread Proterozoic glaciation, but the ‘iceball Earth’ version of this is not compatible with the geological record.
Is ELF a variety of English?
Authors: Prodromou Luke 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThis article discusses recent attempts to describe English as a lingua franca (ELF). In it, I will consider claims made for ELF as a variety of English ‘with a life of its own’, which is said to be emerging among users of English for whom it is not their mother tongue. I examine a number of weaknesses in the case made for ELF by a school of thinking in mainland Europe, focusing on: the role of the native speaker in ELF; the relationship between ELF and Standard English; and the search for a grammatical common core for contexts in which English is used as an international lingua franca. The article draws on research which suggests that the aspect of Standard English which may be inappropriate for ELF is not in the grammatical system but the area of idiomaticity. I conclude with a consideration of the pedagogic implications of the ELF debate.
dPattern: transcription factor binding site (TFBS) discovery in human genome using a discriminative pattern analysis
Authors: Bae Seung-Hee , Tang Haixu , Wu Jing , Xie Jun , Kim Sun 
Published: June 2007

AbstractMotivation: Transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) are typically short in length, thus search with a profile model from known TFBSs produces many false positives. When combined with additional information, gene expression data in this article, sensitivity and specificity of TFBS search can be improved significantly.Results: By modifying our previous REFINEMENT approach, we developed dPattern that searches for occurrences of TFBSs in the promotor regions of up/down regulated or random genes.Availability: http://platcom.org/projects/dpatternContact: sun.kim@acm.org or sunkim2@indiana.edu
The MiSink Plugin: Cytoscape as a graphical interface to the Database of Interacting Proteins
Authors: Salwinski Lukasz , Eisenberg David 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Summary: The MiSink Plugin converts Cytoscape, an open-source bioinformatics platform for network visualization, to a graphical interface for the database of interacting proteins (DIP: http://dip.doe-mbi.ucla.edu). Seamless integration is possible by providing bi-directional communication between Cytoscape and any Web site supplying data in XML or tab-delimited format.
Availability: MiSink is freely available for download at http://dip.doe-mbi.ucla.edu/Software.cgi
Contact: lukasz@mbi.ucla.edu