bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Persistence of American Indian Health Disparities
Authors: Jones David S. 
Published: November 2006

Disparities in health status between American Indians and other groups in the United States have persisted throughout the 500 years since Europeans arrived in the Americas. Colonists, traders, missionaries, soldiers, physicians, and government officials have struggled to explain these disparities, invoking a wide range of possible causes. American Indians joined these debates, often suggesting different explanations. Europeans and Americans also struggled to respond to the disparities, sometimes working to relieve them, sometimes taking advantage of the ill health of American Indians. Economic and political interests have always affected both explanations of health disparities and responses to them, influencing which explanations were emphasized and which interventions were pursued. Tensions also appear in ongoing debates about the contributions of genetic and socioeconomic forces to the pervasive health disparities. Understanding how these economic and political forces have operated historically can explain both the persistence of the health disparities and the controversies that surround them.
Medicaid Status and Stage at Diagnosis of Cervical Cancer
Authors: O’Malley Cynthia D. , Shema Sarah J. , Clarke Lisa S. , Clarke Christina A. , Perkins Carin I. 
Published: November 2006

Objectives. We examined whether Medicaid beneficiaries are more likely to be diagnosed with late-stage cervical cancer than women not enrolled in Medicaid.Methods. Using the California Cancer Registry–Medicaid linked file, we identified 4682 women diagnosed during 1996–1999 with invasive cervical cancer. Multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between late-stage diagnosis and prediagnosis Medicaid status.Results. Late-stage disease was diagnosed in 51% of Medicaid and 42% of non-Medicaid women. Relative to women without Medicaid coverage, adjusted odds ratios for late-stage diagnosis were 2.8 times higher among women enrolled in Medicaid at the time of their diagnosis and 1.3 times higher among those intermittently enrolled before being diagnosed. Vietnamese women were less likely than White women to have advanced disease; the adjusted odds for women in other racial/ethnic groups did not differ from those among Whites. Women of low socioeconomic status and older women were at increased risk.Conclusions. Women intermittently enrolled in Medicaid or not enrolled until their diagnosis were at greatest risk of a late-stage diagnosis, suggesting that more outreach to at-risk women is needed to ensure access to screening services.
Ascertainment of Hispanic Ethnicity on California Death Certificates: Implications for the Explanation of the Hispanic Mortality Advantage
Authors: Eschbach Karl , Kuo Yong-Fang , Goodwin James S. 
Published: November 2006

Objectives. We determined the size and correlates of underascertainment of Hispanic ethnicity on California death certificates. Methods. We used 1999 to 2000 vital registration data. We compared Hispanic ethnicity reported on the death certificate to Hispanic ethnicity derived from birthplace for the foreign-born and an algorithm that used first and last name and percentage of Hispanics in the county of residence for the US-born. We validated death certificate nativity by comparing data with that in linked Social Security Administration records. Results. Ethnicity and birthplace information was concordant for foreign-born Hispanics, who have mortality rates that are 25% to 30% lower than those of non-Hispanic Whites. Death certificates likely underascertain deaths of US-born Hispanics, particularly at older ages, for persons with more education, and in census tracts with lower percentages of Hispanics. Conservative correction for under-ascertainment eliminates the Hispanic mortality advantage for US-born men. Conclusions. Hispanic ethnicity is accurately ascertained on the California death certificate for immigrants. Immigrant Hispanics have lower age-adjusted mortality rates than do non-Hispanic Whites. For US-born Hispanics, the mortality advantage compared with non-Hispanic Whites is smaller and may be explained by underreporting of Hispanic ethnicity on the death certificate.
Angle between the patellar ligament and tibial plateau in dogs with partial rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament
Authors: Schwandt Christian S. , Bohorquez-Vanelli Alejandra , Tepic Slobodan , Hassig Michael , Dennler Renate , Vezzoni Aldo , Montavon Pierre M. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Objective—To measure the angles between the patellar ligament and the tibial plateau and between the patellar ligament and the common tangent at the tibiofemoral contact point (TFCP) in stifle joints of dogs with partial rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) for comparison with data obtained for stifle joints in dogs with intact CrCLs.
Sample Population—60 stifle joints of 54 dogs with surgically confirmed partial CrCL rupture.
Procedures—Mediolateral radiographic views of the stifle joints were obtained, and the angles between the patellar ligament and the conventionally defined tibial plateau (angle γ) and between the patellar ligament and the common tangent to the TFCP (angle α) were measured at incidental stifle joint flexion (angle β) by 2 independent observers. Data underwent linear regression analysis and were compared with findings in joints of dogs without degenerative joint disease.
Results—In stifle joints of dogs with a partial rupture of the CrCL, angles γ and α were 5° and 2° larger than each corresponding angle in healthy canine joints. At 100° of flexion, the patellar ligament was perpendicular to the conventionally defined tibial plateau. At 110° of flexion, the patellar ligament was perpendicular to the common tangent at the TFCP.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In dogs, stifle joints with partially ruptured CrCLs have marginally larger angles between the patellar ligament and the tibial plateau, compared with joints with intact CrCLs; at equivalent angles of flexion, comparatively greater shear force affects the CrCLs in stifle joints with partial CrCL ruptures.
Effects of the bronchoalveolar lavage procedure on lung function in horses with clinical exacerbation of recurrent airway obstruction
Authors: Léguillette Renaud , Lavoie Jean-Pierre 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate whether bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) alters respiratory mechanics of horses with recurrent airway obstruction (ie, heaves) over a 48-hour period.
Animals—6 horses affected with heaves.
Procedures—Horses were subjected to a complete BAL procedure, which included sedation with xylazine and butorphanol, intratracheal administration of lidocaine, and instillation and aspiration of two 250-mL boluses of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution through an endoscope (study 1). To evaluate the effects of saline solution, horses were subjected to the same procedure without saline solution instillation and aspiration (study 2). Lastly, the endoscope was similarly introduced into the lower airways, without sedation or saline instillation and aspiration (study 3). Respiratory mechanics were performed at baseline (time 0) and at 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours after each procedure.
Results—In study 1, BAL induced a significant decrease in pulmonary resistance lasting up to 6 hours. This may have resulted from clearance of mucus in large airways. We also observed a significant increase in lung elastance and transpulmonary pressure at 12 hours after BAL in all 3 studies, which may be attributed to a circadian effect.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Our results indicate that the temporal effects of BAL procedures on lung mechanics should be taken into account when designing research protocols involving horses with heaves. Future studies should address the immediate effects of BAL on lung function.
The effects of revisionism on remembered emotion: the valence of older, voluntary immigrants' pre‐migration autobiographical memories
Authors: Schrauf Robert W. , Hoffman Lesa 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPrior research on remembered emotion demonstrates effects of revisionism in memory. The positivity bias describes preferential recall for positive emotions and the fading affect bias describes greater fading of negative versus positive emotion over time. Such effects predict that older adults would remember childhood and youth more positively than later adulthood. However, economic immigrants, whose childhood and youth reflect experiences of poverty and unemployment, may not show the effects of such revisionism. This study examined the remembered emotion of immigrant and non‐immigrant older Puerto Ricans whose early years corresponded to hard times on the island. Multilevel modelling showed that both groups exhibited the effects of the positivity and fading affect biases, but immigrants remembered childhood and youth more negatively than non‐immigrants. This suggests both accurate memory for a more negative past as well the effects of additional revisionism whereby a valued and chosen present is preferentially compared to the past. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flow instabilities, energy levels, and structure in stirred tanks
Authors: Kilander Jesper , Svensson Fredrik J. E. , Rasmuson Anders 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn this study, the spatial distribution and significance of macro instabilities in two cylindrical tanks of different size, and one square tank, stirred with standard six bladed Rushton impellers, are investigated. The instabilities of the flow structure are investigated by searching for significant frequencies using the Lomb algorithm on instantaneous velocity data collected using laser Doppler anemometry at various locations in the tanks. The investigation of the energy levels shows that the harmonics of the blade passage differ in both magnitude and spatial distribution for different tank sizes, geometries, and energy input. Several significant dimensionless frequencies, that is, frequency Strouhal numbers, are detected and identified both in relative magnitude and spatial range. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) and starch composite films: Study of their physicomechanical, thermal, and swelling properties
Authors: Ramaraj B. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractCrosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) was blended with 10, 20, 40, and 50 wt % starch by a solution‐casting process. The solution‐cast films were dried, and then their physicomechanical properties including tensile strength, tensile elongation, tensile modulus, tear strength and density, and burst strength and density were tested. Thermal analysis was performed by differential scanning calorimetry. A moisture analysis of the PVA/starch films was performed and their moisture content determined. Also investigated were the films'resistance to solubility in water, 5% acetic acid, 50% ethanol, and sunflower oil and their swelling characteristics in 50% ethanol and sunflower oil. The prepared PVA/starch blends showed significant improvement in tensile modulus and in resistance to solubility in water, 5% acetic acid, and 50% ethanol. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 1127–1132, 2007
Solution properties of triphenylsilyl cellulose
Authors: Bontea Danut 
Published: October 2006

AbstractFive samples of triphenylsilyl cellulose (TPSC) are characterized in solution by osmometry, viscometry, and size exclusion chromatography. The isolated and purified cellulose ethers are prepared in a N,N‐dimethylformamide and pyridine medium under heterogeneous starting conditions and a nitrogen atmosphere by silylation of activated celluloses with triphenylchlorosilane at 115–120°C. TPSCs are characterized by their polydispersities and degrees of substitution by osmometry and viscometry in various solvents. The Mark–Houwink–Sakurada equation coefficients are evaluated in 1,1,1‐trichloroethane, chloroform, and o‐xylene at 30°C and in o‐xylene over a temperature range of 30–70°C. Values of 2.12–2.18 are obtained for exponent a. This indicates, in combination with low values of the preexponential factor (on the order of 10−12), strong stiffness of the macromolecular chains. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 1257–1261, 2007
Preparation and thermal, electrical, and morphological properties of multiwalled carbon nanotubeand epoxy composites
Authors: Yuen Siu‐Ming , Ma Chen‐Chi M. , Wu Hsin‐Ho , Kuan Hsu‐Chiang , Chen Wei‐Jen , Liao Shu‐Hang , Hsu Chia‐Wen , Wu Han‐Lang 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMultiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)/epoxy composites are prepared, and the characteristics and morphological properties are studied. Scanning electron microscopy microphotographs show that MWCNTs are dispersed on the nanoscale in the epoxy resin. The glass‐transition temperature (Tg) of MWCNT/epoxy composites is dramatically increased with the addition of 0.5 wt % MWCNT. The Tg increases from 167°C for neat epoxy to 189°C for 0.5 wt % CNT/epoxy. The surface resistivity and bulk resistivity are decreased when MWCNT is added to the epoxy resins. The surface resistivity of CNT/epoxy composites decreases from 4.92 × 1012 Ω for neat epoxy to 3.03 × 109 Ω for 1 wt % MWCNT/epoxy. The bulk resistivity decreases from 8.21 × 1016 Ω cm for neat epoxy to 6.72 × 108 Ω cm for 1 wt % MWCNT/epoxy. The dielectric constant increases from 3.5 for neat epoxy to 5.5 for 1 wt % MWCNT/epoxy. However, the coefficient of thermal expansion is not affected when the MWCNT content is less than 0.5 wt %. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 1272–1278, 2007
Conducting blends obtained from maleic acid/dodecylhydrogensulfate‐doped polyaniline and polyvinyl chloride by solution processing
Authors: Amarnath Chellachamy A. , Palaniappan Srinivasan , Rannou Patrice , Pron Adam 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSolution processible polyaniline, obtained by our newly developed method via emulsion polymerization in the presence of maleic acid and sodium lauryl sulfate with benzoyl peroxide as the oxidizing/polymerizing agent, has been used for the fabrication of conductive blends with poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), covering the conductivity range from 10−5 to 5 × 10−3 S/cm and showing the percolation threshold for the electrical conductivity fp = 0.039. The fabricated blends combine good mechanical properties with enhanced electrical conductivity, since up to conducting phase content f = 0.231, their mechanical properties remain essentially the same and characteristic of pure PVC. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements show a single glass‐transition temperature (Tg) increasing with growing content of the rigid conductive phase in the blend. This effect can be taken as an evidence of good miscibility of both components of the blend with phase separation at a submicrometric level. The latter has been confirmed by scanning electron microscopy studies showing a necklace‐like morphology which assures the continuity of the conductive phase. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 1113–1119, 2007
Polyacrylic acid grafting onto isotactic polypropylene fiber: Methods, characterization, and properties
Authors: Bhattacharya S. D. , Inamdar M. S. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe graft copolymerization of acrylic acid onto isotactic polypropylene has been investigated. The grafting was carried out using benzoyl peroxide initiator. Grafting is essentially a surface phenomenon and takes place, mostly, in amorphous region of the fiber. Emphasis, therefore, was placed on various pretreatment techniques for swelling of the fiber, viz, pretreatment with toluene and 1,1′2,2′tetrachloroethane, ultrasound, and photoirradiation. Process parameters, characterization study such as IR spectroscopy, TGA, and DTA, and properties such as tensile properties, melting temperature, dyeability towards basic dyes, and ion exchange properties were investigated. Benzene was found to be the most suitable solvent for initiator as against the acetone. Tenacity was found to be increased with increase in graft yield and reached to maximum at about 5% graft add‐on, and then decreased with further increase in graft add‐on. Proportionally, a converse effect was reported in the study of elongation to break. Thermal stability of polypropylene was found to be improved because of grafting. The grafted polypropylene also showed satisfactory dyeability toward basic dyes and also exhibits very good ion exchange properties. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 1152–1165, 2007
Characterization by dilute solution and rheological methods of polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate) produced with a tetrafunctional peroxide initiator
Authors: Scorah M. J. , Tzoganakis C. , Dhib R. , Penlidis A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPolystyrene (PS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) samples produced by the bulk homopolymerization of styrene and methyl methacrylate with a tetrafunctional peroxide initiator (JWEB50) are characterized in detail by various solution and rheological methods. For comparison purposes, “linear” PS and PMMA samples were produced under similar conditions with a monofunctional initiator (TBEC). The four sample types were characterized by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) setups to determine molecular weight, radius of gyration, and intrinsic viscosity distributions. Contraction factors were calculated and indicated evidence of branching for polystyrene produced with JWEB50 while no such effects were observed with PMMA. The rheological behavior of the samples was subsequently investigated by performing oscillatory shear and creep experiments. Compared to the “linear” material, samples produced with JWEB50 exhibited a reduction in zero‐shear viscosity that was attributed to long‐chain branching. Retardation spectra were calculated based on creep data and converted to dynamic compliances that were then combined with the oscillatory data. This provided master curves spanning a much wider frequency range than could be obtained experimentally. Examination of various viscoelastic functions showed evidence of long‐chain branching for both polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate) samples produced with JWEB50. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 1340–1355, 2007
Hydroxychloroquine in lupus pregnancy
Authors: Clowse Megan E. B. , Magder Laurence , Witter Frank , Petri Michelle 
Published: October 2006

AbstractObjectiveHydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is often needed to manage disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) during pregnancy. The purpose of this study was to examine lupus activity and pregnancy outcomes in women with SLE treated or not treated with HCQ during pregnancy.MethodsThis was a prospective study of pregnancies in women with SLE who were evaluated between 1987 and 2002. The pregnancies were divided into 3 groups: no HCQ exposure during pregnancy (163 pregnancies), continuous use of HCQ during pregnancy (56 pregnancies), or cessation of HCQ treatment either in the 3 months prior to or during the first trimester of pregnancy (38 pregnancies). The pregnancy outcomes, fetal outcomes, and lupus activity during pregnancy were compared among these groups.ResultsThe rates of miscarriage, stillbirth, pregnancy loss, and congenital abnormality were not statistically different among the 3 groups. The degree of lupus activity during pregnancy, however, was significantly higher in women who stopped taking HCQ. These women had a higher degree of lupus activity, as measured by the physician's estimate of lupus activity and the SLE Disease Activity Index, as well as an increased rate of flare, during pregnancy. More serious lupus complications, such as proteinuria and thrombocytopenia, were not significantly higher in women who stopped taking HCQ. Women who continued taking HCQ were maintained on a lower average dose of prednisone during pregnancy.ConclusionWe recommend the continuation of HCQ treatment during pregnancy. Our findings are consistent with prior reports of the absence of fetal toxicity. Similar to studies of nonpregnant women, the cessation of HCQ treatment during pregnancy increases the degree of lupus activity.
Overexpression of phosphorylated STAT‐1α in the labial salivary glands of patients with Sjögren's syndrome
Authors: Wakamatsu Ei , Matsumoto Isao , Yasukochi Takanori , Naito Yusuke , Goto Daisuke , Mamura Mizuko , Ito Satoshi , Tsutsumi Akito , Sumida Takayuki 
Published: October 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo clarify the molecular mechanisms of Sjögren's syndrome (SS), we analyzed the functional role of the STAT‐1 gene, one of the interferon‐γ (IFNγ)–inducible genes, in labial salivary glands (LSGs) from SS patients.MethodsThe expression of STAT‐1 messenger RNA (mRNA) was examined by real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis, and the phosphorylation of STAT‐1 protein (Tyr701 and Ser727 pSTAT‐1) was investigated by Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses. The expression of IFNγ‐inducible 10‐kd protein (IP‐10), IFN regulatory factor 1 (IRF‐1), and Fas was also examined by real‐time PCR and immunohistochemical analyses.ResultsSTAT‐1α and STAT‐1β mRNA were highly expressed in LSGs from SS patients. The level of STAT‐1α protein in SS LSGs was higher than that in 3 control LSGs, whereas STAT‐1β protein was not clearly detected by Western blot analysis. Moreover, Tyr701 and Ser727 pSTAT‐1α proteins were specifically detected in SS LSGs. Immunohistochemical analysis showed localization of Tyr701 pSTAT‐1 in infiltrating lymphocytes and the adjacent ductal epithelium from SS patients. Ser727 pSTAT‐1 was localized only in the ductal epithelium of SS LSGs. The STAT‐1–inducible genes IP‐10 and IRF‐1 and the Fas genes were highly expressed in SS LSGs and were colocalized with Ser727 pSTAT‐1–positive, but not Tyr701 pSTAT‐1–positive, cells.ConclusionWe found evidence of the up‐regulation of STAT‐1α mRNA and protein in LSGs from SS patients, as well as the presence of pSTAT‐1α in ductal epithelium from SS patients. Our findings suggest that STAT‐1α, especially Ser727 pSTAT‐1, may function as a key molecule in the pathogenesis of SS.
Identification of immunodominant CD4+ T cell epitopes in patients with Yersinia‐induced reactive arthritis by cytometric cytokine secretion assay
Authors: Thiel Andreas , Wu Peihua , Lanowska Malgorzata , Dong Jun , Radbruch Andreas , Sieper Joachim 
Published: October 2006

AbstractObjectiveIn reactive arthritis (ReA), a bacteria‐specific T cell response to the triggering microbe is detected in synovial fluid. So far, direct characterization of bacteria‐specific T cells and identification of the immunodominant fine specificities remain difficult due to the lack of appropriate techniques. The aim of the present study was to directly determine the fine specificity of CD4+ T cells specific to ReA‐associated bacteria‐derived protein.MethodsIn 2 patients with Yersinia‐induced ReA, live Yersinia Hsp60–specific CD4+ T cells were directly isolated from synovial fluid after stimulation with Yersinia‐derived protein Hsp60 using a cytometric cytokine secretion assay. Generated short‐term T cell lines were then tested in vitro for their peptide epitope specificity. Also, direct cross‐reactivity of one line with Chlamydia‐ and human‐derived Hsp60 was assessed.ResultsGenerated short‐term CD4+ T cell lines were highly antigen‐specific and revealed single immunodominant peptide epitopes that were confirmed by direct testing with single peptides in both peripheral blood and synovial fluid cells. Yersinia Hsp60–specific T cells of one patient cross‐reacted directly with human Hsp60.ConclusionOur results demonstrate the feasibility of direct assessment of live, potentially pathogenic, antigen‐specific interferon‐γ+ CD4+ T cells taken from inflammatory lesions of patients with rheumatic diseases such as ReA. This might have implications not only regarding pathogenesis, but also in the design of new immunotherapies.