bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microwave surgery in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Zhou Xin‐Da , Tang Zhao‐You , Yu Ye‐Qin , Ma Zeng‐Chen , Xu Dong‐Bo , Zheng Ya‐Xin , Zhang Bo‐Henc 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMicrowave surgery was employed for the treatment of 50 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and liver cirrhosis, including hepatectomy in 46 patients and in situ coagulation of tumor in 4 patients. In the study, 2,450 MHz microwaves were generated and transmitted to a monopolar needle electrode. For hepatectomy, the needle electrode was inserted into the liver parenchyma to coagulate the liver tissue and this was repeated at 1 cm intervals along the line where incision is anticipated. For unresectable HCC, the needle electrode was directly inserted into HCC to coagulate the cancer in situ. The average amounts of blood loss and blood transfusion for 46 hepatectomies using microwave were 215 ± 189 ml and 274 ± 261ml, respectively. Eighteen patients (39.1%) did not need blood transfusion. A significant lower volume of blood loss and blood transfusion was observed in comparison with 46 matched conventional hepatectomies, 652 ± 1,008 ml and 841 ± 878 mi, respectively, all being P < 0.01. There were no operative mortality and complications, such as delayed bleeding, bile leakage, and abdominal infection. These results indicate that microwave surgery can be utilized safely and effectively in the field of liver surgery.
Evaluation of preoperative transcatheter arterial embolization in the treatment of resectable primary liver cancer
Authors: Nagasue Naofumi , Kohno Hitoshi , Uchida Masaaki 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe effects of preoperative transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) and intra‐arterial injection of Lipiodol were retrospectively evaluated in patients with resectable hepatocellular carcinoma experienced during two different periods of time. In the TAE study, there were 31 patients with TAE and 107 patients without TAE. In the Lipiodol study, 60 patients had received Lipiodol injection and 68 patients served as controls. Curative hepatic resection was performed in all cases. As such preceding treatments had been performed at other hospitals, two comparing groups were fairly randomized in both the TAE and the Lipiodol study. Preoperative TAE did not influence the postoperative morbidity and mortality rates, cause of late death, and long‐term survival rate in overall patients, but seemed to produce a better survival in noncirrhotic patients. Antitumor effect by Lipiodol injection was found in that the cancer free survival rate was significantly better in the group with Lipiodol injection. However, the overall 5‐year survival rate was significantly better in the group without Lipiodol (67%) than in the group with Lipiodol (26%). The present study may indicate that preoperative TAE or Lipiodol injection should not be routinely performed. Such treatments may produce a substantial benefit only in selected patients with good hepatic functional reserve.
Role of liver transplantation in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Iwatsuki Shunzaburo , Starzl Thomas E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe results obtained by liver transplantation (TX) (n = 105) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) were compared with those achieved by hepatic resection (HX) (n = 76). Overall 1‐ to 5‐year survival rates after TX were 66%, 49%, 39%, 36%, and 36%, and those after HX were 71%, 55%, 47%, 37%, and 33%, respectively. The survival rates after TX and HX correlated well with pTNM stages, and the overall survival rates were similar in each stage between the TX and the HX group. However, when HCC was associated with cirrhosis of the liver, the survival rates after TX were significantly higher than those after HX at each stage of pTNM classification. Tumor recurrence rate was high both after TX (43%) and HX (50%), particularly in stage IV‐A. Tumor recurrence rate was significantly lower after TX than after HX in HCCs of stages II and III. Liver TX has established its definite role in the treatment of HCC, particularly in the presence of hepatic impairment or cirrhosis of the liver.
Comparison of hepatic resection and transplantation in the treatment of liver cancer
Authors: Bismuth Henri , Chiche Laurence 
Published: February 2007

AbstractOne hundred twenty cirrhotic patients underwent hepatic resection (n = 60) or transplantation (n = 60) for hepatocellular carcinoma. Overall 3‐year survival and survival without recurrence were 50% and 23% in the resection group compared to 47% and 44% in the transplantation group. Several characteristics of the tumors have been studied in order to determine prognostic factors in both groups. Thus, results for 3‐year survival without recurrence following transplantation in patients with tumors > 3 cm/one or two nodules (83%) were superior to those following transplantation in patients with tumors larger than 3 cm or three or more nodules (37%) (P < 0.02) and to those following resection (10%). Thus, for patients with small tumors, until now the best candidates for resection, transplantation appears to have significantly better results. Conversely, for larger lesions, with three or more nodules, transplantation, in view of the critical donor situation, is probably not indicated.
Embryologic concepts in the APUD system
Authors: Delcore Romano , Friesen Stanley R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe amalgamation of the neural and endocrine physiologic mechanisms for functional homeostasis as a neuroendocrine system is brought into focus in this chapter on the embryologic concepts in the APUD system. The neuroendocrine system, now regarded as the third division of the nervous system, is a regulatory mechanism that links the functions of the autonomic nerves and the endocrine cells throughout the body. The current realization that both neural and endocrine actions are often involved in the clinical manifestations of many syndromes is clarified by the theories on the embryologic origin of the APUD system described here. Relevant historical developments, as well as cytochemical discoveries, have been gradually integrated into the evolving theories of the embryologic origin of the APUD system. These theories have not been without controversy, but new developments stimulate new concepts and, as new investigative tools have produced a plethora of new information that continues to push investigators, basic and clinical into new horizons, earlier theories have been modified and new theories have been developed. These theories are reviewed in chronological order in this chapter.
Physiology of the APUD system
Authors: Demeure Michael J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe characteristic biochemical pathway of the APUDoma cell, namely amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation, are illustrated by the examples of serotonin and catecholamine metabolism. Increasing understanding of the origins of APUDomas as well as the biochemistry and physiology of the hormones they produce, has led to improved methods of detection, imaging and treatment of afflicted patients.
Screening and surgical intervention in the multiple endocrine neoplasia patient
Authors: Pasleka Janice L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPersons with multiple endocrine neoplasias (MEN) are a unique group of patients that present with various APUDomas. Screening of family members can lead to early detection of these tumors and possible cure of potentially fatal tumors. Screening for the MEN syndromes at present is limited to provocative and biochemical parameters. The gene(s) responsible for these syndromes have not, as of yet, been characterized but in the future will add greatly to the ability to identify these patients early. Early surgical intervention of these APUDomas, has lead to an improved prognosis for these tumors. The screening and the surgical approach to each syndrome are outlined.
Controversies in surgical therapy for APUDomas
Authors: Fraker Douglas L. , Norton Jeffrey A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractLocation of gastrinomas by means of portal venous sampling is a technique in which venous blood from various sites in the portal system around the pancreas and duodenum is obtained and assayed for gastrin levels. A gradient of 50% or greater compared to systemic gastrin levels from a given location regionally identifies the site of gastrin overproduction, thereby locating the tumor. The only area in which venous sampling may help, in the authors' opinion, is in the small subset of patients who have occult gastrinoma not imaged with any other modality, in the body or tail of the pancreas that cannot be found with intraoperative ultrasound or palpation. It is considered that a secretin angiogram is equally effective and is a simpler procedure. Similarly, in insulinoma regional location of the tumor by means of a calcium angiogram has eliminated the usefulness of portal venous sampling.Controversial areas of surgical treatment of APUDomas often reflect a balance between the risks and benefits of aggressive surgery, as data to support an aggressive surgical approach to obtain improved survival often do not exist. For example, if patients with occult MTC can undergo cervical reexploration with minimal or no morbidity the potential benefit of removing malignant disease, warrants this approach. Similarly, if patients with MEN‐1 can be explored safely with resection of pancreatic and duodenal tumors, then this position can be defended. On the other hand, if a subgroup of patients with MEN‐2 and pheochomocytomas can be spared bilateral adrenalectomy without compromising their long‐term outcome in terms of disease‐free survival, then this conservative approach is warranted. For all of these controversial areas long‐term follow‐up of these patients with relatively indolent malignancies may support other current therapeutic recommendations.
Metastatic proclivities and patterns among APUD cell neoplasms
Authors: Moffat Frederick L. , Ketcham Alfred S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractNeoplasms of APUD cell origin are quite variable in their metastatic behavior. Whereas pituitary and parathyroid tumors almost never metastasize, all oat cell lung cancers, malignant melanomas, trabecular carcinomas of the skin and medullary thyroid cancers are capable of dissemination. The metastatic proclivity of individual carcinoids, pancreatic and extrapancreatic islet cell tumors, and paragangliomas is much less predictable. In particular, there are no reliable histological markers of risk for lymphatic or hematogenous dissemination. The behavior of many carcinoids, islet cell carcinomas and paragangliomas is relatively indolent, even when metastatic disease is already present. However, unresectable distant metastases, especially liver involvement, connote a poor prognosis. Mortality is more often related to uncontrolled tumor growth and metastasis than to associated endocrinopathies. Curative or debulking surgical resection should be aggressively pursued as recent data show that worthwhile clinical disease‐free survival can be realized in at least some patients.
Venous access in pediatric oncology patients
Authors: Albanese Craig T. , Wiener Eugene S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractLong‐term central venous access is an integral part of the management of many, but not all children with cancer. The proper selection of those children who require this access and which access device (external vs. totally implanted) is best suited to that child is important to minimize complications and obtain optimal results.Although most of these devices can be expected to last the duration of the treatment protocol or the patient's life, complications (infection, occlusion, dislodgment) occur with higher than desired frequency, infection being the most common. No measures are clearly beneficial in preventing infection, but most infections can be treated successfully without device removal. Premature removal or dislodgment occurs more frequently with external catheters and may be minimized by techniques used at insertion. Occlusion, detected early, can be successfully managed by clot lysis in most children.
Radical surgery for abdominal neuroblastoma
Authors: Kiely Edward M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRadical operation predominantly for those with stages 111 and IV, i.e., locally advanced and /or metastatic abdominal neuroblastoma, is described. Generally the surgery has been performed when tumour shrinkage has been achieved by means of chemotherapy, and metas‐tases have been ablated. The author compares his results in 46 patients with those of 34 patients undergoing less aggressive surgery performed by a number of surgeons, with similar results. Given the difficulties inherent in performing curative resection for disseminated abdominal neuroblastoma, the surgeon needs to be convinced that hidher efforts are worthwhile. The results reported here do not provide such reassurance.
Current biologic and therapeutic implications in the surgery of neuroblastoma
Authors: Azizkhan Richard G. , Haase Gerald M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAdvances in the understanding of neuroblastoma biology have helped distinguish those patients who require maximum therapy from those who do not. However, management of children with advanced disease remains a significant problem. New more intensive multiagent chemotherapy, ablative chemoradiotherapy with bone marrow transplantation, radiolabelled monoclonal antibody technology and a host of biologic response modifiers are currently being intensively studied. Nevertheless, surgery remains crucial for diagnosis, for providing adequate tissue for biological and histopathologic staging, for primary and secondary resections as well as restaging after therapy. Major surgical questions remain to be addressed in cooperative group studies.
On the estimation of survival
Authors: Henson Donald Earl , Ries Lynn A. Gloeckler 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe advantages and disadvantages of the different methods for calculating survival according to the TNM (Topography, Lymph Node, and Metastasis) are described. Methods include the observed, relative, and conditional survival rates. For large cohorts, relative survival calculated by the life table method is most useful. Conditional survival, which requires long‐term follow‐up, is clinically the most informative. In addition, follow‐up methods employed by tumor registries are considered. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.This article is a U.S. Government work and, as such is in the public domain in the United.
Residual tumor (R) classification and prognosis
Authors: Hermanek Paul , Wittekind Christian 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe tumor status following treatment is described by the residual tumor (R) classification: R0, no residual tumor; R1, microscopic residual tumor; R2, macroscopic residual tumor. Residual tumor may be found in the area of primary tumor and its regional lymph nodes and/or at distant sites. The R classification reflects the effects of treatment and influences further treatment planning. Furthermore, the R classification is a strong predictor of prognosis. An acceptable long‐term prognosis can be expected only in R0 patients. Although there exist clear correlations between stage and R classification the differences in prognosis of R0 versus R1,2 cannot be explained by differences in stage alone. The prognostic significance of R classification is demonstrated by respective data for non‐small cell lung carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma of oesophagus, gastric carcinoma, ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas, colorectal carcinoma, lung and liver metastases. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Influence of extent of disease, histology, and demographic factors on lung cancer survival in the seer population‐based data
Authors: Ries Lynn A. Gloeckler 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRates calculated from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program are used to show variations in lung cancer survival by prognostic factors with an emphasis on the extent of disease and demographic variables. The analysis is based on 52,755 histo‐logically confirmed cases of invasive lung cancer diagnosed from 1983 through 1987 and 51,377 cases diagnosed from 1977 through 1982.Females survived better than males. In general, white patients survived better than blacks. However, if both race and sex are considered together, black females survived better than white males and white females had the highest rates and black males the lowest. Age, however, proved to be the strongest predictor of survival of the demo‐graphic variables. Young females (< 45 years) with non‐small cell lung cancer had an 81% 5‐year relative survival rate compared to 44% for those 75 years and over.Survival for small cell lung cancer was lower than that for any other histologic type even when stratified on stage of disease (stages I and II, all stages). Survival for stages III and IV did not vary by histologic type. The histologic grade showed prognostic value only for patients assigned stage I.More detailed extent of disease information was used to show how often specific sites of distant metastases are seen at diagnosis. It also demonstrated the inter‐relationship of the different extent of disease variables and their effect on outcome. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.This article is a U.S. Government work, and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Staging and survival of patients with renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Guinan Patrick , Frank Walter , Saffrin Robert , Rubenstein Marvin 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe staging of renal cell carcinoma was initiated in the United States with the systems of Flocks and Robson. The development of the TNM system began in Europe, evolved through several stages and is now being employed throughout the world. The predictive value of the current TNM system is supported by patient survival data. Practitioners treating renal cell carcinoma are encouraged to utilize the TNM classification. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Staging of prostate cancer
Authors: Bostwick David G. , Myers Robert P. , Oesterling Joseph E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe clinical and pathologic staging of prostate cancer involves determination of the anatomic extent and burden of tumor based on the best available data. Two major classification schemes are currently used: the modified American system and the TNM system [primary tumor (T), regional lymph node (N), and metastases (M)]. Both systems stratify patients according to the method of tumor detection, separating nonpalpable “incidental” prostate cancers detected during transurethral resection for clinically benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and palpable cancers detected by digital rectal examination. These staging systems also recognize nonpalpable tumors detected by an elevated serum prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) level or an abnormal transrectal ultrasound image. Current staging is limited by a significant level of clinical understaging (up to 59%, in our experience) and over‐staging (up to 5%) according to comparison with pathologic examination of resected specimens. Proposed improvements in staging include preoperative systematic sextant biopsies to assess tumor volume, volume‐based prognostic index, and a multiple prognostic index. In this report, we evaluate the current aspects of clinical and pathologic staging of prostate cancer with emphasis on the early stages in which there is the greatest chance of cure. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Artificial neural networks for cancer research: Outcome prediction
Authors: Burke Harry B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe use of artificial neural networks in biological and medical research has increased tremendously in the last few years. Artificial neural networks are being used in cancer research for image processing, the analysis of laboratory data for breast cancer diagnosis, the discovery of chemotherapeutic agents, and for cancer outcome prediction. A neural network generalizes from the input data to patterns inherent in the data, and it uses these patterns to make predictions or to classify. This paper explains how neural networks work, and it shows that a neural network is more accurate at predicting breast cancer patient outcome than the current staging system. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Activation of oncogene c‐Ha‐ras in gastric cancer of chinese patients
Authors: Deng Guoren , Eh Zheng , Xu Yi , Lu Youyong 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA transforming gene was cloned from a focus of rat fibroblast cell line Rat 1 transfected with DNA of a gastrocarcinoma cell line. The transforming gene is the activated form of oncogene c‐Ha‐ras, and the lesion was identified as a single nucleotide substitution at codon 12 by sequencing. We further used polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐restriction analysis to detect the mutations at codon 12 of c‐Ha‐ras. By using this method, 11 cases out of 24 solid tumors and 3 cell lines of gastric cancer were shown to contain mutations, and there was a strong correlation between mutations and metastasis and survival of the patients. The role of the activated c‐Ha‐ras in tumorigenesis of stomach cancer was further proved through the assay in which the malignant phenotypes of the c‐Ha‐ras‐transformed cells were partially inhibited by blocking the c‐Ha‐ras expression with antisense oligonucleotides or exogenous plasmid expressing antisense RNA. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Radioimmunoguided surgery in gastric cancer using 131‐I labeled monoclonal antibody 3H11
Authors: Xu Guangwei , Zhang Meiying , Liu Baoguo , Li Zhenfu , Lin Baohe , Xu Xiaobao , Jin Maolin , Li Jiyou , Wu Jian , Dong Zhiwei 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA clinical trial of radioimmunoguided surgery (RIGS) using 131‐I labeled monoclonal antibody (MAb) 3H11 was performed on 25 cases with gastric cancer in this study. The results showed that the route of the administration of radiolabeled MAb is the key point of successful RIGS for gastric cancer. The RIGS in 19 cases in the group of submucosal injection via endoscope was very satisfying. For the detection of metastatic lymph nodes, the sensitivity rate of RIGS was 99.2% (118/119), the specificity, 97.7% (43/44), and the accuracy 98.8% (161/163). The accuracy rate in detecting tumor infiltration of the gastric wall was 95.9% (94/98), the sensitivity 94.6% (35/37), and the specificity 96.7% (59/61). Thus, the use of RIGS may improve the radical resectability rate and possibly the overall survival rate in patients with gastric cancer. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Photodynamic therapy for upper gastrointestinal tumours over the past 10 years
Authors: Jin Maolin , Yang Boqin , Zhang Wei , Wang Yanmeng 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA total of 207 patients with advanced upper gastrointestinal tumors were treated with photodynamic therapy (PDT) from 1982 to 1992. This paper reports on the effectiveness and evaluates the follow‐up survey of the results. The patients were aged 29‐91 years, of whom 189 were men and 18 women. Forty‐eight to 72 hr prior to irradiation, 5 mg/kg of HpD was injected intravenously. An argon pumped dye laser was used with an output beam of 630 nm. The entire tumour received an estimated energy dose of 200‐250 J/cm2. The diagnosis of cancer was confirmed by biopsy and histological examination. Of the 207 cases treated, 45 had cancer of the esophagus, 123 had cancer of the cardia, and 39 had cancer of the stomach. Response to PDT was seen in 146 patients (70.5%), with CR in 31 patients who were followed up for 6 months to 10 years. Seven of the latter patients (22.6%) survived more than 5 years and are still under close follow‐up. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.