bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variations in Sugar Content and Dry Matter Distribution in Roots and their Associations with Frost Tolerance in Certain Forage Legume Species
Authors: Ratinam M. , Abd El Moneim A. M. , Saxena M. C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractEnhancement of cold tolerance is an important aspect in breeding forage legumes in view of increasing interest in extending the cultivation of these crops. Three classes of characters — morphological, morpho‐physiological and biochemical — were considered in selection for cold‐tolerance between and within forage legume species under contrasting growing conditions in the field and a plastic house.Significant correlation was found between cold damage and concentration of sugars m roots of various forage legume species which were grown under field conditions and subjected to natural frost. Both morphological as well as morpho‐physiological characters were related to cold tolerance in Lathyrus ochrus (L.) DC. This indicated that chemical constituents cannot be used as a sole criterion to select for winter‐hardy strains of this species. Root‐shoot ratio showed a consistent relationship with tolerance to cold irrespective of the growing conditions and season. Hence, sugar concentration and root‐shoot ratio are useful characters in testing species found cold tolerant by other methods. The root‐shoot ratio could be used for testing cold tolerance under controlled conditions. The number of primary branches per plant, root weight and shoot weight may be used as morphological characters in selection for cold tolerance in L. ochrus under field conditions.
Brush Clearing on Hill Land Pasture with Sheep and Goats
Authors: Magadlela A. M. , Dabaan M. E. , Bryan W. B. , Prigge E. C. , Skousen J. G. , D'Souza G. E. , Arbogast B. L. , Flores G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMuch hill land pasture in the Appalachians is brush infested. Reclamation procedures which are low cost and require low input are needed to provide hill land pasture owners with ways to maintain production on these lands. A field experiment was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of grazing either sheep (Ovis sp.) or goats (Capra sp.) separately or in combination for brush clearing on hill land pasture. Cutting or herbicide followed by grazing with sheep or goats were also compared. The experiment was conducted on a 1.8 ha powerline right of way for five years (1986 to 1990). Goats reduced brush cover from 45% to just over 15% in one year. Sheep took 3 years to bring about the same result. Cutting and herbicide application increased animal effectiveness, primarily that of sheep, but increased costs. Three year variable costs for brush clearing with goats were estimated at $33 ha‐1, sheep cost was $262 ha‐1, while cutting costs were $133 and herbicide $593 ha‐1. Brush was cleared more cost effectively and rapidly by goats, but at the end of 5 years all treatments reduced brush cover to 2%.
Further Evaluation of the Resistance of Black Barley to Water Stress: Preliminary Assessment for Selecting Drought Resistant Barley
Authors: Yasseen B. T. , Al‐Maamari B. K. S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSome parameters for screening drought resistance in barley were examined during various stages of plant development using two contrasting cultivars (local Iraqi cv. Black and Australian cv. Clipper). These parameters include leaf growth, tiller number, relative water content (RWC), proline accumulation and ionic composition. More pronounced drought resistance in Black was expressed by significantly lower reduction in leaf area, cell and tiller numbers compared with Clipper; proline concentration, RWC and ionic (N, P, K) concentration in expanded leaves, on the other hand, did not clearly distinguish the cultivars. Black was particularly drought tolerant at the post‐flowering stage.
Effect of IAA and GA3 on the Anatomical Characteristics, Straw and Fiber Yield and Quality of Flax
Authors: El‐Shourbagy M. N. , A Bahia , Ghaffar Abdel , El‐Naggar R. A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIAA and GA3 had increased the stem thickness by increasing that of cortex, phloem fibers and xylem. Each had increased straw and fiber yield/plant, but the effect was more pronounced with GA3 than IAA. The percentage of long fibers, strength and fineness increased significantly with GA3. The latter two properties decreased with IAA.
On the Importance of Soil Homogeneity when Evaluating Field Trials
Authors: Becher H. H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe existence of strong heterogeneity of soils on a scale of plots for field trials is demonstrated by a trial for fodder crops on a Lithic Rendoll in Upper Bavaria, Germany. Initial basic (pH, Corg, Ccarb texture) as well as physical (saturated hydraulic conductivity, bulk density, pore size distribution) soil properties vary strongly across a single plot. Due to the great extent of these variations, the effects of preceding and succeeding crops on soil structural properties within a subplot or subsubplot can only be evaluated with high uncertainty. The effect of weather on soil structural properties during the 18 month trial period must also be considered. Therefore, (i) no sampling of the soil at the end of the trial was done, and (ii) surveying the soil before designing field trials is recommended.
Influence of Heat Stress on Growth and Leaf Epicuticular Structure of Cabbages
Authors: WELKER O. A. , FURUYA S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThese studies demonstrate that epicuticular wax may effect the water balance of cabbage under high temperature conditions. In ten week old leaves we did not observe that the cristalline structured wax of the variety Kinsyun was reduced as in three week old leaves compared to Sousyu at high day and night temperatures. Neither the wax structure nor the amount of surface wax of eight varieties could be correlated with their ability to build a head. That head formation of the heat tolerant Sousyu stopped at 27/29°C (day/night) suddenly after starting between leaf stage 11 and 15 could not be explained with differences in the optimum of the photosynthesis or water stress.Growth parameters such as leaf number, length, area and dry weight of additional varieties, Akiou and Braunschweiger, first recommended for summer growing in warm areas and later in a temperate climate, were determined after three month exposure to mean temperature regimes of 27/29, 27/24 and 24/24°C in growth cabins.
Salinity Tolerance of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) with Reference to Endogenous and Exogenous Abscisic Acid
Authors: BOHRA J. S. , DÖRFFLING H. , DÖRFFLING K. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractExperiments conducted m a phytotron on three rice varieties of different salinity tolerance revealed an increase in the content of endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) with increasing NaCl salinity in IR20 (semi salt‐tolerant), but in Pokkali (salt‐tolerant) and IR28 (salt‐sensitive) the increase in ABA content was marginal. Under sahnity stress, in general, 5 weekly sprayings of ABA (10‐4 mol L‐1) decreased Na and K concentrations in the shoot to the extent of 29.5 % and 3.3 %, respectively. However, ABA application significantly improved the K/Na ratio as well as the chlorophyll fluorescence decrease ratio (Rfd, indicator for potential photosynthetic activity), the number of green leaves per plant and the shoot dry weight. The response of IR20 and IR28 to ABA application was significantly better than that of Pokkali. Increasing salinity caused marked nutrient imbalances, decreased Rfd values and shoot dry weight. The results are discussed in relation to possible mechanism of salinity tolerance.
Einfluß eines Wachstumsregulators auf die ‘Sink’‐Kapazität von Raps (Brassica napus L.)
Authors: Fisahn J. , Höfner W. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract Influence of a Plant Growth Regulator on the ‘Sink’ Capacity of Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.)A pot experiment was carried out to examine the effect of the plant growth regulator Triapenthenol (RSW) on the apical dominance of oilseed rape and its corresponding effect on the plant's ‘sink’ capacity. RSW's influence on the number of flower primordia, flowers, pods, yield and yield structure of the whole plant and of different fractions of the plant (main shoot, lateral shoots 1–3, lateral shoots >3; 1st, 2nd and 3rd‐order lateral shoots) and its effect on gibberellin content and shoot height was measured.RSW diminished dominance of the main shoot and of 1st‐order lateral shoots: the initiation of flower primordia was increased to about 34% and 116%, respectively, in fraction lateral shoots higher than 3 and 3rd‐order lateral shoots. Buds developed in a more synchronized pattern leading to a significantly improved number of flowers and pods in fraction lateral shoots higher than 3. Despite an increased number of pods per plant, grain yield remained unchanged because of a decrease in the number of seeds per pod and an unaffected thousand‐kernel weight.A decreased content of gibberelhn A19 (GA19), GA20, GA1 and GA8 was evident after application of RSW, and a correlation between gibberellin‐content and shoot height was found.The results of this study suggest that high levels of such GAs, that primarily promote shoot elongation and strengthen the apical dominance within the plant, limit the plant's ‘sink’ capacity. These effects may be due to a gibberellin‐promoted auxin‐synthesis.
Effect of Water Regimes and Moisture Stress at Different Growth Stages on Nodule Dynamics, Nitrogenase Activity and Nitrogen Fixation in Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill)*
Authors: Sridhara S. , Thimmegowda S. , Prasad T. G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe effect of water regimes and soil moisture stress on total nodule number, effective nodule number, nodule dry weight, nitrogenase activity and nitrogen fixation in soybean was studied. The effective nodule number, nodule weight, nitrogenase activity and nitrogen fixation increased due to increase in water regimes from 0.4 to 0.6 Cumulative Pan Evaporation (CPE). The stress during either flowering or pod filling reduced the effective nodule number, nodule weight, nitrogenase activity and nitrogen fixation. The amount of nitrogen fixed was maximum with 0.8 CPE (50.09 kg ha‐1 season‐1) followed by 0.6 CPE (42.08 kg ha‐1 season‐1) and 0.4 CPE (33.04 kg ha‐1 season‐1). The amount of nitrogen fixed was reduced by 17.71 % and 26.39 % due to stress during flowering and pod filling respectively compared to normal irrigation.
Accumulation of Biomass and Nitrogen During Plant Growth in Highly Diverging Genotypes of Winter Wheat
Authors: Bertholdsson N.‐O. , Stoy V. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractData are presented on the accumulation of nitrogen and total biomass into wheat plants at different stages in their ontogeny. Five genotypes of highly diverging origin and with widely deviating grain protein contents were cultivated at different nitrogen regimes (ranging between 0 and 150 kg N ha‐1). Growth curves as polynomials were calculated from representative subsamples of plant material collected from each plot at weekly intervals, commencing early in the vegetative stage and ending at complete maturity. Dry weights and nitrogen contents were determined for above‐ground plant parts and for grains, when present, and were expressed per nr ground area. During the first 2 years total green areas were estimated as well and leaf area indices (LAIs) calculated and fitted to polynomials. The results from these trials revealed that the two American high‐protein genotypes Goertzen 5559 and Frontiersman produced distinctly less biomass (mainly carbohydrates) than the Swedish genotypes Folke, Solid, and Lantvete during the later phases of growth. The lower biomass production of the American types after anthesis appeared to be more due to a decreased photosynthetic activity and less to a decrease in green area. It was also found that the American genotypes had a higher efficiency in remobilizing previously produced and stored assimilates than the modern Swedish cultivars Folke and Solid, which were more dependent on current photosynthesis. With respect to uptake of nitrogen into biomass there was very little variation between the genotypes at the early stages of plant life, but later on clear differences developed between the American and Swedish genotypes. Thus the former accumulated considerably less nitrogen than the latter, but since the differences between the two groups were still more pronounced regarding accumulation of biomass the American types exhibited higher concentrations of nitrogen in total biomass towards the end of the growing season. This higher concentration of N seems to indicate an increased relative ability for the American types to take up nitrogen from the soil during the grain filling phase but it is uncertain whether a causal relationship actually exists with the ability to accumulate protein in the grains. Estimates of the efficiency to redistribute nitrogen to the grain did not show any significant differences between the five genotypes and the most probable explanation for the high grain protein values of the American genotypes therefore seems to be their relatively low production of carbohydrates (and biomass). In a subsequent paper results horn a comprehensive field trial concerning grain and straw yields, structural yield components, soil analyses, etc. will be presented which further corroborate these conclusions.
Storage of Non‐structural Carbohydrates in Sweet Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.]: Comparison of Sterile and Fertile Lines
Authors: Fortmeier R. , Schubert S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe accumulation of soluble carbohydrates in vegetative parts of sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.) represents an intermediate reserve pool for grain filling as well as an irreversible storage up to maturity. In order to study the effect of Sterility on soluble sugar accumulation in vegetative parts, two cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) lines of sweet sorghum were compared with their corresponding fertile mamtainers for non‐structural carbohydrate concentrations in shoots. Plants were harvested at four different physiological stages. The lines showed significant differences in the yield of non‐structural carbohydrates. At maturity, the yields of soluble carbohydrates from vegetative parts of the two sterile lines were 93 % and 43 % higher than the yield of the two corresponding fertile lines. At that stage, sucrose represented about 80 % of total soluble carbohydrates and the higher yield of soluble carbohydrates of sterile lines was mainly due to the higher yield of sucrose. This indicates that the yield of extractable carbohydrates, especially sucrose, in vegetative parts of sweet sorghum could be considerably improved by using sterile lines which are utilized in hybrid production.
Distribution Pattern of Free Proline in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Grown under Low Light Irradiance
Authors: Singh V. P. , Voleti S. R. , Rao Ch. N. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe variation in free proline levels of two rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars grown under normal and low light intensities was studied. The aim of the present investigation was to find the distribution pattern of free proline in the whole plant. Free proline levels were determined in Flag leaves, culm and pollen grains, milky, dough and mature grains of Swarnaprabha (SP) and Ratna cultivars. The Flag leaf of Ratna had higher proline levels compared with (SP) under both light levels. Among the parts studied, pollen grains had the maximum free proline content in both the cultivars. Low light irradiance did not alter free proline levels of pollen grains in both the cultivars, indicating that proline could be important for the pollination process. Milky, dough and mature grains had lower proline levels under low light. The varietal, treatment and their interaction was not significant for mature grains of both low light tolerant ‘SP’ and standard Ratna Cultivars. It was indicated that low light stress is unique with regard to free proline.
Effect of Elevated CO2 on the Photosynthesis, Growth and Water Relation of Brassica Species Under Moisture Stress
Authors: Uprety D. C. , Mishra R. S. , Abrol Y. P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAn attempt has been made to study the interactive effect of elevated CO2 and moisture stress on photosynthesis, growth and water relations of Brassica species using open top chambers. It was observed that plants responded to elevated CO2 significantly under moisture stress condition mitigating the adverse effects on photosynthesis and growth of Brassica species. Relatively drought susceptible species, viz. B. campestris and B. nigra, responded to elevated CC2 markedly as compared to less sensitive B. carinata and B. juncea plants. The water status of plants significantly improved under elevated CO2 concentration possibly by increasing stomatal resistance and/or by increased root growth.
Influence of Biopost and Organo upon Flue‐cured Tobacco Grown on Semigley I. Leaf Yield and Participation of Particular Tobacco Classes
Authors: BUTORAC A. , BUTORAC J. , MESIĆ M. , TURŠIĆ I. , BAŠIĆ F. , VULETIĆ N. , BERDIN M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractInvestigations were carried out on semigley in the central River Drava valley (Northern Croatia) with the aim of establishing the fertilizing value of biopost, as a representative of organic fertilizers, and of organo, as a representative of organic‐mineral fertilizers, in comparison with mineral fertilizers and stable manure, the latter two being compared with each other as well regarding the yield and quality of flue‐cured tobacco leaf. Efficiency of the fertilizer types and rates applied was strongly affected by very adverse meteorological conditions, which often showed characteristics of severe drought. Nevertheless, under such conditions and despite the minimum rates applied, biopost and organo had a positive effect on the yield and quality of the flue‐cured tobacco leaf. In all cases, they had an obvious advantage over mineral fertilization, offering distinct possibilities of their application in the growing of flue‐cured tobacco. However, owing to its better fertilizing efficiency, combined organic and mineral fertilization might be justified, certainly also with respect to the economic aspect of the problem. The positive influence of biopost and organo on the higher participation of quality classes of flue‐cured tobacco leaf in comparison with mineral fertilization is indisputable despite the occasionally prevailing effects of fluctuating weather conditions during the investigation period. In other words, harmonic organic, even organic‐mineral, fertilization should be preferred to mineral fertilization alone.
Yields of Dry Matter and Nitrogen in Highly Diverging Genotypes of Winter Wheat in Relation to N‐uptake and N‐utilization
Authors: Bertholdsson N.‐O. , Stoy V. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe aim of the investigation was to find out if certain North American genotypes of winter wheat with exceptionally high grain protein concentrations (GPCs) are characterized by an extraordinary ability to take up and/or distribute nitrogen from the soil to the grains. Two of these genotypes were grown in a field trial in southern Sweden together with three ‘normal’ Swedish genotypes (two modern cultivars and one old landrace). They were compared with respect to accumulation of dry matter and nitrogen in both grains and straw when cultivated at three levels of N‐fertilization (0.75 and 150 kg N ha‐1)‐ The results of this trial demonstrated that the yields of above‐ground biomass (BY) and grain (GY) were significantly lower for the American genotypes than for the Swedish ones. Also the nitrogen yields in biomass (NBY) and grain (NGY) were significantly lower in the American types but the difference between the two groups was not so pronounced as with respect to dry matter yields. The American types were thus superior to the Swedish ones in relative ability to take up nitrogen but not in absolute terms. The GPCs of the American wheats were very high also under Swedish growth conditions but a regression analysis of the relation between GPC and GY revealed a very strong negative correlation between these parameters (r = ‐0.95 at 0 N and r= ‐0.99 at 150 N). The correlation between GPC and HI was highly negative, too, (r = ‐0.83 at 0 N and r = 0 89 at 150 N).The specific ability to take up nitrogen was determined by estimating the changes in soluble soil nitrogen (NO3+ NH4) in the unfertilized plots during the vegetation period. These measurements indicated that the American types were less effective in retrieving nitrogen from the soil than the Swedish ones. The analysis of the soil in the fertilized plots also demonstrated that the American types were slightly inferior to the others in their ability to recover externally applied nitrogen. The efficiency to utilize absorbed N for production of above‐ground and grain biomass was also estimated from the experimental data. The results demonstrated very clearly that the American genotypes exhibited a considerably lower nitrogen utilization efficiency than the Swedish types. Also the efficiency to allocate absorbed nitrogen into the grains (expressed as nitrogen harvest index, NHI) was examined and was found to be nearly identical for all genotypes and almost independent of the level of N fertilization. It is therefore claimed that the results reported in the present communication confirm the conclusions from part I of this investigation, namely that the main reason for the high GPCs in the American genotypes investigated here are their relatively low dry matter production in the grain filling period. This fact does not exclude, however, that other high‐protein genotypes may carry genes which in appropriate crosses can combine high‐yielding ability with an improved GPC.
Changes in Growth, Ions and Metabolites in Two Callus Lines of Vigna radiata which Differ in Salt Tolerance
Authors: Gulati A. , Jaiwal P. K. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractNaCl‐resistant (selected at 300 mM NaCl) and non‐selected cell lines of Vigna radiata were compared for growth, various ions and metabolites at weekly intervals up to 28 days of culture in the presence or absence of NaCl (0–300 mM). The sale‐resistant line grew significantly better than the non‐selected line at NaCl concentrations higher than 50 mM. The resistant line accumulated significantly more Na+ and maintained higher levels of K+ under NaCl stress than the non‐selected line. Both lines accumulated various metabolites, e.g. protein, proline and soluble amino‐nitrogen under stress, but this accumulation was greater in the non‐selected line than in the resistant one. On the other hand, total content of reducing sugars and sucrose (soluble sugars) was significantly higher in the latter than the former. Moreover, the concentration of soluble sugars in resistant calli was much higher than the other intracellular metabolites. Thus, sugars and ions are likely the major osmoregulants in the resistant line of V. radiata under salt stress.
PIEteR: a Field‐specific Production Model for Sugar‐beet Growing
Authors: Smit A. B. , Struik P. C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractPIEteR is a field‐specific production model for sugar‐beet growing. It can provide quantitative information about the technical, economic and environmental consequences of plant density, nitrogen application and harvest date. Its core is a growth model that simulates rates of emergence, development, and root and sugar production, corrected for non‐optimal water availability. Although PIEteR is not yet able to simulate extreme situations correctly, it is a good basis for the further development of a decision‐support system.