bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficient Cellulase Production by the Filamentous Fungus Acremonium cellulolyticus
Authors: Ikeda Yuko , Hayashi Hiroyuki , Okuda Naoyuki , Park Enock Y. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractCellulase production was investigated in a culture of a strain of Acremonium cellulolyticus. The medium components were optimized for the improvement of cellulase production. The maximum production of cellulolytic enzymes was obtained in a medium containing (grams per liter) 50 Solka Floc, 5 (NH4)2SO4, 24 KH2PO4, 4.7 potassium tartrate hemihydrate, 1.2 MgSO4·7H2O, 1 Tween 80, 4 urea, 0.01 ZnSO4·7H2O, 0.01 MnSO4·6H2O, and 0.01 CuSO4·7H2O, with a pH of 4.0. In the flask culture, 15.5 filter paper units (FPU)/mL of maximum cellulase activity was obtained, 17.42 FPU/mL in a 7‐L bioreactor, and 13.08 FPU/mL in a 50‐L scale bioreactor for 4–8 d at 30 °C. Average production rates were 1.94 FPU/mL·d in flasks, 2.86 FPU/mL·d in the 7‐L bioreactor, and 2.56 FPU/mL·d in the 50‐L bioreactor. Cellulase production on a small scale was successfully reproduced in the 50‐L pilot scale bioreactor. Saccharification activity from A. cellulolyticus was compared with cellulolytic enzymes produced by other strains. The A. cellulolyticus culture broth had a comparable saccharification yield in comparison with those of other Trichoderma enzymes (GC220 or Cellulosin T2) under the same total cellulase activity. Its saccharification yield (percent of released reducing sugar to used dried substrate) was 60%, and its glucose content was 83%.
Effect of Different Carbon Sources on the Production of Succinic Acid Using Metabolically Engineered Escherichia coli
Authors: Andersson Christian , Hodge David , Berglund Kris A. , Rova Ulrika 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSuccinic acid (SA) is an important platform molecule in the synthesis of a number of commodity and specialty chemicals. In the present work, dual‐phase batch fermentations with the E. coli strain AFP184 were performed using a medium suited for large‐scale industrial production of SA. The ability of the strain to ferment different sugars was investigated. The sugars studied were sucrose, glucose, fructose, xylose, and equal mixtures of glucose and fructose and glucose and xylose at a total initial sugar concentration of 100 g L−1. AFP184 was able to utilize all sugars and sugar combinations except sucrose for biomass generation and succinate production. For sucrose as a substrate no succinic acid was produced and none of the sucrose was metabolized. The succinic acid yield from glucose (0.83 g succinic acid per gram glucose consumed anaerobically) was higher than the yield from fructose (0.66 g g−1). When using xylose as a carbon source, a yield of 0.50 g g−1 was obtained. In the mixed‐sugar fermentations no catabolite repression was detected. Mixtures of glucose and xylose resulted in higher yields (0.60 g g−1) than use of xylose alone. Fermenting glucose mixed with fructose gave a lower yield (0.58 g g−1) than fructose used as the sole carbon source. The reason is an increased pyruvate production. The pyruvate concentration decreased later in the fermentation. Final succinic acid concentrations were in the range of 25–40 g L−1. Acetic and pyruvic acid were the only other products detected and accumulated to concentrations of 2.7–6.7 and 0–2.7 g L−1. Production of succinic acid decreased when organic acid concentrations reached approximately 30 g L−1. This study demonstrates that E. coli strain AFP184 is able to produce succinic acid in a low cost medium from a variety of sugars with only small amounts of byproducts formed.
Depletion of the thioredoxin homologue tryparedoxin impairs antioxidative defence in African trypanosomes
Authors: Comini Marcelo A. , Krauth-Siegel R. Luise , Flohé Leopold 
Published: January 2007

In trypanosomes, the thioredoxin-type protein TXN (tryparedoxin) is a multi-purpose oxidoreductase that is involved in the detoxification of hydroperoxides, the synthesis of DNA precursors and the replication of the kinetoplastid DNA. African trypanosomes possess two isoforms that are localized in the cytosol and in the mitochondrion of the parasites respectively. Here we report on the biological significance of the cTXN (cytosolic TXN) of Trypanosoma brucei for hydroperoxide detoxification. Depending on the growth phase, the concentration of the protein is 3–7-fold higher in the parasite form infecting mammals (50–100 μM) than in the form hosted by the tsetse fly (7–34 μM). Depletion of the mRNA in bloodstream trypanosomes by RNA interference revealed the indispensability of the protein. Proliferation and viability of cultured trypanosomes were impaired when TXN was lowered to 1 μM for more than 48 h. Although the levels of glutathione, glutathionylspermidine and trypanothione were increased 2–3.5-fold, the sensitivity against exogenously generated H2O2 was significantly enhanced. The results prove the essential role of the cTXN and its pivotal function in the parasite defence against oxidative stress.
Stigma in Food Service Work: How it Affects Restaurant Servers' Intention to Stay in the Business or Recommend a Job to Another
Authors: Wildes Vivienne J. 
Published: January 2007

Researchers have separately discussed the relationships between stereotype behaviour and behavioural intent. Other researchers have described the negative image of service work. The research for this study explored the notion that occupational stigma caused people to leave their jobs as restaurant servers. Two hundred and forty-one restaurant servers completed the Stigma Consciousness Questionnaire (SCQ) to provide mean scores on both individual and group levels for the expectation of being stereotyped because of their job as food servers. Regression analysis provides data indicating that restaurant servers who feel stigmatised because of their work will not only leave the restaurant industry, but also will not recommend a job in the restaurant industry to a friend or family member. Additional information points to studies that show 70 per cent of those under the age of 36 intend to leave the restaurant industry within two years; that 30 per cent of all respondents to the survey intend to stay in the restaurant industry for more than five years; and that 27 per cent categorised their job as professional. Recommendations from this study suggest that managers create a campaign to promote the positive attributes of work in the food service industry to help overcome employee attrition. It is also suggested that those who are high in stigma consciousness who also intend to stay in the restaurant industry be recruited as spokes-people for the industry.
Understanding Resort Visitors through Segmentation
Authors: Inbakaran Robert , Jackson Mervyn 
Published: January 2007

Tourist hotel resorts have been considered as indispensable elements in the major tourism industry component of accommodation for several decades. Tourist hotel resorts are sought after by various segments of domestic and overseas tourists all over the world for various holiday purposes. There have been several focused tourism research contributions over the last two decades about their location, life-cycle stages, service quality and management. Few researchers, however, have focused their research on the resort hotel guests' resort selection preferences, satisfaction by resort service, opinion on resort holiday and preference for quality of resort guest activities. This paper tries to fill this vacuum in the resort tourism literature by exploring the visitors' views on resort selection, satisfaction, opinion and preferences. The research attempted to profile 776 visitors holidaying in resorts in selected resorts of Australia through a well-structured, four-page questionnaire divided into five parts containing 18 questions focusing on their reasons for resort selection, resort satisfaction, resort opinion and resort preferences under subtitles. The research also focused on their gender, age, level of education, occupation, life-cycle category, residency, nationality, postcode, years of patronisation, intimate selection choices and willingness to recommend their experiences. An attempt was made to profile the resort visitors through a cluster analysis in order to understand the underlying dimensions on the basis of the above-mentioned factors, segmenting them into identifiable groups. Four discernable clusters of resort visitors and their distinguishing characteristics were identified on the basis of their demographics. Further, through a one-way ANOVA analysis the clusters are compared with each other for further understanding and clarity. The results shows that the gender factor does not have much influence whereas life-cycle, education and age have considerable influence in segmenting the resort clientele. The four clusters were correlated with the selection, satisfaction, opinions and preferences. The results will be discussed in terms of future resort developments, themes, generating resort activities focusing on young families and service quality.
Biosynthesis of gossypol in cotton.
Authors: Mao YingBo , Lu Shan , Wang LingJian , Chen XiaoYa 
Published: January 2007

Abstract

Cotton plants accumulate gossypol and related sesquiterpenoids in pigment glands as their defensive machinery against pathogens and herbivores. However, the accumulation of gossypol, which is toxic and antispermatogenic, also makes it hard to use cottonseeds for human and animal consumption. Detailed understanding of gossypol biosynthesis and its regulation should provide better strategies for resolving this problem. Recent progresses have been made to dissect gossypol pathway at molecular level. Genes encoding farnesyl diphosphate synthase (geranyltranstransferase), (+)-δ-cadinene synthase (CDN1 or CAD1), (+)-δ-cadinene-8-hydroxylase (CYP706B1), and
S
-adenosyl-L-Met: desoxyhemigossypol-6-O-methyltransferase, have been isolated, and their expression patterns analysed. A WRKY transcription factor from
Gossypium arboreum
, GaWRKY1, was found to activate CDN1-A gene expression through binding to W-box palindrome on the CDN1-A promoter. A laccase, GaLAC1, which might be involved in the later steps of gossypol biosynthesis, was also identified. In addition, a necrosis- and ethylene-inducing protein from
Verticillium dahliae
, VdNEP, was found to be involved in the interaction between cotton plants and the fungal pathogen. The expression of these genes has been studied under different developmental stages, and under treatment of fungal elicitor preparation. Antisense inhibition of CDN1 gene expression has reported to result in reduced gossypol accumulation in cottonseed to a varied degree. (+)-δ-Cadinene-8-hydroxylase, encoded by a single copy gene in the cotton genome, might be a better alternative for genetic engineering to specifically deplete gossypol biosynthesis/accumulation from cottonseeds.
Current status, likely migration and strategies to mitigate the threat to wheat production from rzace Ug99 (TTKS) of stem rust pathogen.
Authors: Singh R. P. , Hodson D. P. , Jin Yue , Huerta-Espino J. , Kinyua M. G. , Wanyera R. , Njau P. , Ward R. W. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract

Stem or black rust, caused by
Puccinia graminis tritici
, has historically caused severe losses to wheat (
Triticum aestivum
) production worldwide. Successful control of the disease for over three decades through the use of genetic resistance has resulted in a sharp decline in research activity in recent years. Detection and spread in East Africa of race TTKS, commonly known as Ug99, is of high significance as most wheat cultivars currently grown in its likely migration path, i.e. to North Africa through Arabian Peninsula and then to Middle East and Asia, are highly susceptible to this race and the environment is conducive to disease epidemics. Identifying/developing adapted resistant cultivars in a relatively short time and replacing the susceptible cultivars before rust migrates out of East Africa is the strategy to mitigate potential losses. Although several alien genes will provide resistance to this race, the long-term strategy should focus on rebuilding the 'Sr2-complex' (combination of slow rusting gene Sr2 with other unknown additive genes of similar nature) to achieve long-term durability. A Global Rust Initiative has been launched to monitor the further migration of this race, facilitate field testing in Kenya or Ethiopia of wheat cultivars and germplasm developed by wheat breeding programmes worldwide, understand the genetic basis of resistance especially the durable type, carry out targeted breeding to incorporate diverse resistance genes into key cultivars and germplasm, and enhance the capacity of national programmes. A few wheat genotypes that combine stem rust resistance with high yield potential and other necessary traits have been identified but need rigorous field testing to determine their adaptation in target areas.
TILLInG and its potential for plant agriculture.
Authors: Ritchie R. D. , Nielsen N. C. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract

Targeting Induced Local Lesions In Genomes (TILLInG) is a reverse genetic strategy, which combines traditional mutagenesis with high-throughput molecular biology protocols. TILLInG was first established in
Arabidopsis thaliana
when other reverse genetic strategies did not produce acceptable results. TILLInG libraries have been established in several species and more are in progress. Time must be invested in creating a good TILLInG population, such that the mutation frequency is balanced with lethality. In addition, the DNA must be stable. The number of examples of the usefulness of TILLInG libraries is continually growing. While there are some disadvantages, most can be overcome. The flexibility of TILLInG has established it as a useful strategy with great potential to advance agriculture.
Crop research to benefit poor farmers in marginal areas of the developing world: a review of technical challenges and tools.
Authors: Bellon M. R. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Despite great successes in crop research for the developing world, many poor farmers in marginal areas have not benefited. There is increasing recognition that crop research can and should benefit these farmers. This paper reviews some of the key technical issues related to the challenge of formulating and carrying out crop research that is targeted, relevant and appropriate to these farmers, with a particular emphasis on crop improvement. It examines the reasons that underpin the lack of research impacts, and some of the key challenges and tools available to make this happen. The challenges include breeding for marginal environments, incorporating risk and vulnerability as important dimensions of crop research, recognizing the demand for multiple traits and diverse varieties, as well as addressing neglected and underutilized species important to the poor. The tools are comprised of a combination of crop environmental classification systems with poverty mapping to target and prioritize research at the global and national levels, the use of participatory research approaches, particularly in plant breeding, as well as non-market valuation methodologies to make research products relevant and appropriate to the poor at the local level. The paper briefly examines the promise of modern biotechnology.
Population responses to natural and human‐mediated disturbances: assessing the vulnerability of the common hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius)
Authors: Lewison Rebecca 
Published: January 2007

AbstractVulnerable wildlife populations can face a suite of anthropogenic activities that may threaten their persistence. However, human‐mediated disturbances are likely to be coincident with natural disturbances that also influence a population. This synergism is often neglected in population projection models. Here I evaluate the effects of natural (rainfall fluctuation) and human disturbances (habitat loss and unregulated hunting) using a multi‐matrix environmental state population model for the common hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius). By evaluating each disturbance type (natural and human) alone and then together, I explicitly consider the importance of incorporating realistic environmental variability into population projection models. The model population was most strongly affected by moderate habitat loss, which yielded the highest probability of crossing the risk thresholds over the 60 year time period, although these probabilities were relatively low (≤0.31). However, the likelihood of crossing the risk thresholds were two to five times as high when human‐mediated and natural disturbances were considered together. When these probabilities were calculated per year of the simulation, the results suggested that even relatively mild human disturbances, when considered in conjunction with realistic natural disturbance, resulted in a high probability (>0.50) of substantial declines within decades. The model highlights the importance of integrating realistic natural disturbances into population models, and suggests that, despite locally abundant populations, protected hippopotamus populations may decline over the next 60 years in response to a combination of environmental fluctuations and human‐mediated threats.
Research Review: In a rush to permanency: preventing adoption disruption
Authors: Coakley Jennifer F. , Berrick Jill D. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTSince the late 1990s, US, UK and Canadian policy have increasingly focused on improving permanency outcomes for looked‐after children. Although the ideal permanency outcome of reunification is attained for about half of the children entering out‐of‐home care, an increasing number of children are adopted each year. The vast majority of adoptions are stable and secure, but concerns about adoption disruption haunt child welfare workers when making this important permanency decision. Despite a variety of definitions employed in the literature, adoption disruption is a general term used to describe the failure or breakdown of an adoptive child’s placement. Studies dating back to the 1970s have reported adoption disruption rates and the characteristics associated with those involved in such cases. This paper reviews available research, principally from the United States, and offers possible explanations for the wide range of reported disruption rates in the literature. After reviewing the research, practice implications for improving adoption outcomes and suggestions for future research are presented.
Understanding family support provision within the context of prevention: a critical analysis of a local voluntary sector project
Authors: Artaraz Kepa , Thurston Miranda , Davies Sarah 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper presents a model of service process for a family support service at the preventative level as part of a wider debate about child welfare systems in the UK and beyond. The paper places the debate about the shape of preventative family support services within the policy context and uses it to critique various models of service provision, principally the ‘child rescue’ paradigm. From this, the paper explores the characteristics that constitute a complex, yet preventative, family support service. This model is then illustrated using empirical evidence collected from the evaluation of a voluntary and community sector project in the North West of England that describes the service process and some of its characteristics. The paper argues that the model of family support presented has implications for the type of service process that can effectively put the theory into practice. Finally, questions for further research are defined in relation to the implications that this model poses for professional–user relationships and for the professional forms that can deliver preventative family support.
Expression of cytokeratin 20 in urine cytology smears: a potential marker for the detection of urothelial carcinoma
Authors: Bhatia A. , Dey P. , Kumar Y. , Gautam U. , Kakkar N. , Srinivasan R. , Nijhawan R. 
Published: January 2007

Background:  Urine cytomorphology is one of the oldest methods for screening and monitoring patients with transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). Sensitivity of urine cytology is relatively low. Ancillary techniques on urine sample may increase the sensitivity.Aim:  To explore the utility of cytokeratin 20 (CK20) immunostaining in identifying malignant cells in urine cytology smears.Materials and methods:  Fourteen cases each of confirmed TCC and benign urinary cytology along with five cases of atypical cells in urine were immunostained with a monoclonal CK20 antibody. Of 14 cases of TCC, 12 showed strong positive staining with the antibody. All benign cases were negative except for a few cases in which the umbrella cells were weakly to moderately positive. In all five cases of atypical urine cytology the atypical cells stained positive with the antibody. These cases were later confirmed as TCC on histopathology of bladder wall biopsy.Conclusion:  CK20 is an important biomarker that can be used to identify TCC in urine cytology smears. It is particularly useful in those cases where malignancy cannot be confirmed by morphology alone.
Angiogenesis in preinvasive, early invasive bronchial lesions and micropapillomatosis and correlation with EGFR expression
Authors: Meert A‐P , Feoli F , Martin B , Ninane V , Sculier J‐P 
Published: January 2007

Aims:  To study the association between morphological changes of the bronchial epithelium and its angiogenic status evaluated by microvessel count (MVC), in order to gain a better understanding of bronchial carcinogenesis. Also, to correlate MVC with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression.Methods and results:  Eighty‐three biopsy specimens were assessed for MVC: four normal bronchial epithelia, 23 hyperplasias, 26 metaplasias, two mild dysplasias, five moderate dysplasias, nine severe dysplasias, three carcinomas in situ, six early invasive squamous cell carcinomas (EIC) and five cases of micropapillomatosis. We observed a statistically significant difference in terms of MVC between EIC and all other subgroups and between micropapillomatosis and all other subgroups. There was also a statistically significant difference between micropapillomatosis and EIC. We did not observe any difference in MVC between normal mucosa, metaplasias, hyperplasias, dysplasias or carcinoma in situ. EGFR expression was higher in severe dysplasia, carcinoma in situ and EIC, whereas it was very low in micropapillomatosis. A statistically significant difference was observed in the expression profile of EGFR vs. MVC. EGFR expression was increased in severe dysplasia, whereas an increase in MVC occurred only in EIC.Conclusion:  During bronchial carcinogenesis, except for micropapillomatosis, EGFR expression appears to be a prerequisite for neoangiogenesis in bronchial carcinogenesis.