bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Formation of Jets by Baroclinic Instability on Gas Planet Atmospheres
Authors: Kaspi Yohai , Flierl Glenn R. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
In this paper it is proposed that baroclinic instability of even a weak shear may play an important role in the generation and stability of the strong zonal jets observed in the atmospheres of the giant planets. The atmosphere is modeled as a two-layer structure, where the upper layer is a standard quasigeostrophic layer on a β plane and the lower layer is parameterized to represent a deep interior convective columnar structure using a negative β plane as in Ingersoll and Pollard. Linear stability theory predicts that the high wavenumber perturbations will be the dominant unstable modes for a small vertical wind shear like that inferred from observations. Here a nonlinear analytical model is developed that is truncated to one growing mode that exhibits a multiple jet meridional structure, driven by the nonlinear interaction between the eddies. In the weakly supercritical limit, this model agrees with previous weakly nonlinear theory, but it can be explored beyond this limit allowing the multiple jet–induced zonal flow to be stronger than the eddy field. Calculations with a fully nonlinear pseudospectral model produce stable meridional multijet structures when beginning from a random potential vorticity perturbation field. The instability removes energy from the background weak baroclinic shear and generates turbulent eddies that undergo an inverse energy cascade and form multijet zonal winds. The jets are the dominant feature in the instantaneous upper-layer flow, with the eddies being relatively weak. The jets scale with the Rhines length, but are strong enough to violate the barotropic stability criterion. It is shown that the basic physical mechanism for the generation and stability of the jets in the full numerical model is similar to that of the truncated model.
Relations between Annular Modes and the Mean State: Southern Hemisphere Winter
Authors: Codron Francis 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
In a zonally symmetric climatology with a single eddy-driven jet, such as prevails in the Southern Hemisphere summer, the midlatitude variability is dominated by fluctuations of the jet around its mean position, as described by the Southern Hemisphere annular mode (SAM). To study whether this result holds for a zonally asymmetric climatology, the observed variability of the Southern Hemisphere winter is analyzed. The mean state in this case is characterized by relatively weak stationary waves; yet there exist significant zonal variations in the mean strength and meridional structure of the subtropical jet stream.
As in summer, the winter SAM signature is annular in shape and the corresponding wind anomalies are dipolar; but it is associated with two different behaviors of the eddy-driven jet in different longitudinal ranges. Over the Indian Ocean, the SAM is associated primarily with a latitudinal shift of the jet around its mean position. Over the Pacific sector, it is instead characterized by a seesaw in the wind speed between two distinct latitudes, corresponding to the positions of the midlatitude and subtropical jets. Composites of eddy forcing and baroclinicity over both sectors appear consistent with the two different behaviors. As in the zonal-mean case, high-frequency eddies both force and maintain the low-frequency wind anomalies associated with the SAM. The positive feedback by eddies is, however, not local: changes in the eddy forcing are influenced most strongly by zonal wind anomalies located upstream.
Southern “Annular Modes” Simulated by a Climate Model—Patterns, Mechanisms, and Uses
Authors: Watterson I. G. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Both high-latitude (HLM) and low-latitude modes (LLM) of variability of zonal wind in the Southern Hemisphere have been identified. Through an analysis of a simulation for 1871–2200 by the CSIRO Mark 3 climate model, the extent to which these might both be described as “annular modes,” based on their statistical patterns, physical mechanisms, and usefulness in climate study, is assessed. The modes are determined as EOF1 and EOF2 of vertically integrated zonal and monthly mean zonal wind, for 1871–1970. These match well those from ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA) data and also from the earlier Mark 2 model. The mode index time series relate to largely annular patterns of local wind and surface pressure anomalies [with HLM giving the familiar southern annular mode (SAM)], and other simulated quantities. While modes calculated from 90° sectors are only moderately correlated (mostly in the polar region) for HLM, the link increases with time scale. There is little such relationship for LLM. A momentum equation analysis using daily data confirms that both zonal modes are driven by eddies, but only HLM features a positive eddy–mean flow feedback. Variation in feedback and surface damping through the seasonal cycle relate well to that in index autocorrelation, with the HLM being more persistent in summer. Stratospheric winds feature a long-lived component that tends to lead the HLM. The HLM drives sea surface temperature anomalies that persist for months, and coupling with the ocean increases variability on longer time scales. The annular variability in the warmer climate of the twenty-second century is barely changed, but the mean climate change in the far south projects strongly on the HLM. The LLM features some statistical annularity and may have some uses. However, only the HLM can be considered to be a physically based mode—the zonal-wind equivalent to the one southern annular mode.
Equatorial Jets in Decaying Shallow-Water Turbulence on a Rotating Sphere
Authors: Kitamura Yuji , Ishioka Keiichi 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Ensemble experiments of decaying shallow-water turbulence on a rotating sphere are performed to confirm the robustness of the emergence of an equatorial jet. While previous studies have reported that the equatorial jets emerging in shallow-water turbulence are always retrograde, predominance of a prograde jet, although less likely, was also found in the present ensemble experiments. Furthermore, a zonal-mean flow induced by wave–wave interactions was examined using a weak nonlinear model to investigate the acceleration mechanisms of the equatorial jet. The second-order acceleration is induced by the Rossby and mixed Rossby–gravity waves and its mechanisms can be categorized into two types. First, the local meridional wavenumber of a Rossby wave packet propagating toward the equator increases because of meridional variation of the Rossby deformation radius and/or the retrograde zonal-mean flow, resulting in a dissipation of the wave packet in the equatorial region. This mechanism always contributes to retrograde acceleration of an equatorial jet. Another mechanism is derived from the tilting of equatorial waves due to meridional shear of the zonal-mean flow. In this case, zonal-mean flow acceleration contributes to the intensification of a given basic flow.
Are Teachers of the Gifted Specialists? A Landmark Decision on Employment Practices in Special Education for the Gifted
Authors: Renzulli Joseph S. 
Published: September 2007

The relative newness of many gifted education programs and the lack of certification regulations sometimes means that teachers of the gifted must face employment insecurities that result from their lack of seniority in new instructional situations. Threatened with the termination of her teaching contract during a period of declining enrollment, a five-year gifted specialist became embroiled in a grievance procedure to determine her fitness for employment in preference to a tenured senior classroom teacher who did not have special training. Adjudication hearings involved both teachers, the Board of Education, and the American Arbitration Association. At issue were many factors that could have far reaching impact for teachers of the gifted and the field at large.
Gifted Children and Other Siblings
Authors: Evan Grenier Marcella 
Published: September 2007

This study examined sibling relationships within families where only one of two children had been labeled gifted. Twenty-seven pairs of labeled/unlabeled siblings completed a forced-choice questionnaire investigating the sibling relationship. Responses were analyzed according to label, sex, sibling position, and age gap. The area of competition was perceived differently by labeled and unlabeled siblings. Competition appeared to be beneficial to the self-image of labeled children, encouraging cooperation and communication. For unlabeled children competition had negative effects inhibiting cooperation and damaging the sibling relationship. Both labeled and unlabeled siblings perceived more friction if the gifted child was the oldest.
Perceptions of Educational Reform By Educators Representing Middle Schools, Cooperative Learning, and Gifted Education
Authors: Gallagher James J. , Coleman Mary Ruth , Nelson Susanne 
Published: September 2007

The present article describes the results of two surveys camparing the perceptions of educators of gifted students with the perceptions of mainstream educational personnel in middle schools and those specializing in cooperative learning. The results indicated a major gulf between the of mainstream educators and those of educators of the gifted. In the case of middle schools, the disagreement focused on the value of ability grouping and the social consequences of being labeled gifted. In the case of cooperative learning, there were major differences across the board on practically all items. The authors conclude that it is in the interest of all concerned to have more extensive dialogue between educators of the gifted and members of the educational reform movement.
Challenging Expectations: Case Studies of High-Potential, Culturally Diverse Young Children
Authors: Tomlinson Carol Ann , Callahan Carolyn M. , Lelli Karen M. 
Published: September 2007

For an array of complex reasons, minority students and students from low-income backgrounds are typically underrepresented in programs for learners identified as gifted. Project START, a university/school district collaboration, identified and served high-potential, low-income and/or minority, primary age students based on multiple intelligence theory. Instructional and programmatic interventions also included multicultural emphases, language immersion, use of manipulatives, participation in mentorships, and a family outreach program. This article reports findings from eight case studies of START learners, and provides insights into factors that promoted success and discouraged success for these learners, both in the regular classroom and in transition to special services for gifted learners. Minority students, particularly those from tow-income backgrounds, are typically underrepresented in programs for gifted learners (Baldwin, 1994; Frasier & Passow, 1994; U.S. Department of Education, 1993). This is the case for an array of reasons, including: limited and limiting definitions of giftedness, lack of culturally sensitive means of assessing potential, inadequate preparation of teachers in issues and practices related to an increasingly multicultural school population, and lack of awareness among teachers about ways in which potential in culturally diverse populations may be
The Self-Concept of Gifted Adolescents in a Congregated Program
Authors: Wright Paul B. , Leroux Janice A. 
Published: September 2007

A positive self-concept is one of the most important forces driving a student to achieve. This study employed a combination of the Harter Self Perception Profile for Adolescents (SPPA), used over time, and an interview technique to study 25 gifted adolescents during the transition year in a congregated (grouped) classroom for high-ability students in secondary school. The self-image of the students increased significantly in the subscales of Romantic Appeal and Close Friendship. There was also an interaction of time by gender on Behavioral Conduct. Changes in importance ratings also occurred with significant interactions of time by gender on Scholastic Competence, Behavioral Conduct, and Close Friendship. The interviews revealed that gifted students enjoyed being with their gifted peers, however, that they were conscious of being labelled as different. The descriptive study provides insights into the self-concept of students in a congregated (grouped) program.
Review: Benzodiazepines in generalized anxiety disorder: heterogeneity of outcomes based on a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials
Authors: Martin Jose Luis R. , Sainz-Pardo Maria , Furukawa Toshiaki A. , Martin-Sanchez Eva , Seoane Teresa , Galan Cristina 
Published: September 2007

No systematic review or meta-analysis using a hard outcome has been conducted on the role of benzodiazepines for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness and efficacy of benzodiazepines in the treatment of GAD based on trial drop-out rates. We used a systematic review of randomized controlled trials that compared any of the three best established benzodiazepines (diazepam, Lorazepam and aLprazolam) against placebo. Our primary outcome for effectiveness was withdrawal for any reason. Our secondary outcome tapping efficacy was withdrawal due to lack of efficacy, and that tapping side effects was withdrawals due to adverse events. We included 23 trials. Pooled analysis indicated less risk of treatment discontinuation due to lack of efficacy for benzodiazepines, compared to placebo, relative risk (RR) 0.29 (95% CI 0.18—0.45; p < 0.00001). Nevertheless, pooled analysis showed no conclusive results for risk of all-cause patient discontinuation, RR 0.78 (95% CI 0.62—1.00; p = 0.05). Meta-regression model showed that 74% of the variation in logRR across the studies was explained by year of publication ( p <0.001). This systematic review did not find convincing evidence of the short-term effectiveness of the benzodiazepines in the treatment of GAD. On the other hand, for the outcome of efficacy, this review found robust evidence in favour of benzodiazepines. Due to the heterogeneity induced by year of publication, three hypotheses are plausibLe when it comes to being able to account for the differences between efficacy and effectiveness observed in the outcomes (publication bias, quality of the trial literature and a non-differential response to the placebo effect).
New beginnings: stakeholder perspectives on the role of health trainers
Authors: South Jane , Woodward Jenny , Lowcock Diane 
Published: September 2007

Aims: First proposed in the 2004 White Paper Choosing Health, health trainers are a new addition to the public health workforce. Health trainers are recruited from local communities and provide support to enable individuals to adopt healthy lifestyles. The aim of this paper is to examine the emerging role of the health trainer in the context of one of the twelve early adopter programmes. The paper describes the support and signposting model developed in Bradford. Methods: An evaluation of the pilot scheme was undertaken using both quantitative and qualitative methods. The paper draws on two pieces of qualitative data from the evaluation. Two focus groups were held with 15 health trainers in their first months of practice. Telephone interviews were held with a sample of 16 key informants from community based placement organizations. Thematic analysis of the data was undertaken. Results: The new health trainers were very clear about their role in listening and giving support. Clients presented with a diverse range of needs and often had complex problems. The health trainers perceived that a client-centred approach was of value but there were some issues about the boundaries of appropriate advice. Outreach and networking were considered important skills. In the telephone interviews, interviewees understood the health trainer role and identified potential benefits for service users. The significance of health trainers having local knowledge was highlighted, although some organizations were able to assist with networking. The health trainer programme was seen as an additional and distinct resource complementing existing provision. Conclusion: The new role of health trainer is a significant development for the public health workforce. Health trainers can offer something quite distinctive and separate from professional advice, and there is potential to help individuals to access support and services in local communities. More research is needed on the relative value of different models of health trainer.
A clinical-scale selective allodepletion approach for the treatment of HLA-mismatched and matched donor-recipient pairs using expanded T lymphocytes as antigen-presenting cells and a TH9402-based photodepletion technique
Authors: Mielke Stephan , Nunes Raquel , Rezvani Katayoun , Fellowes Vicki S. , Venne Annie , Solomon Scott R. , Fan Yong , Gostick Emma , Price David A. , Scotto Christian , Read Elizabeth J. , Barrett A. John 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Selective allodepletion is a strategy to eliminate host-reactive donor T cells from hematopoietic stem cell allografts to prevent graft-versus-host disease while conserving useful donor immune functions. To overcome fluctuations in activation-based surface marker expression and achieve a more consistent and effective allodepletion, we investigated a photodepletion process targeting activation-based changes in p-glycoprotein that result in an altered efflux of the photosensitizer TH9402. Expanded lymphocytes, generated using anti-CD3 and IL-2, were cocultured with responder cells from HLA-matched or -mismatched donors. Optimal results were achieved when cocultured cells were incubated with 7.5 μM TH9402, followed by dye extrusion and exposure to 5 Joule/cm2 light energy at 5 × 106 cells/mL. In mismatched stimulator-responder pairs, the median reduction of alloreactivity was 474-fold (range, 43-fold to 864-fold) compared with the unmanipulated responder. Third-party responses were maintained with a median 1.4-fold (range, 0.9-fold to 3.3-fold) reduction. In matched pairs, alloreactive helper T-lymphocyte precursors were reduced to lower than 1:100 000, while third-party responses remained higher than 1:10 000. This establishes a clinical-scale process capable of highly efficient, reproducible, selective removal of alloreactive lymphocytes from lymphocyte transplant products performed under current Good Manufacturing Practice. This procedure is currently being investigated in a clinical trial of allotransplantation.
R7-binding protein targets the G protein β5/R7-regulator of G protein signaling complex to lipid rafts in neuronal cells and brain
Authors: Nini Lylia , Waheed Abdul A , Panicker Leelamma M , Czapiga Meggan , Zhang Jian-Hua , Simonds William F 
Published: September 2007

Abstract

Background
Heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory proteins (G proteins), composed of Gα, Gβ, and Gγ subunits, are positioned at the inner face of the plasma membrane and relay signals from activated G protein-coupled cell surface receptors to various signaling pathways. Gβ5 is the most structurally divergent Gβ isoform and forms tight heterodimers with regulator of G protein signalling (RGS) proteins of the R7 subfamily (R7-RGS). The subcellular localization of Gβ 5/R7-RGS protein complexes is regulated by the palmitoylation status of the associated R7-binding protein (R7BP), a recently discovered SNARE-like protein. We investigate here whether R7BP controls the targeting of Gβ5/R7-RGS complexes to lipid rafts, cholesterol-rich membrane microdomains where conventional heterotrimeric G proteins and some effector proteins are concentrated in neurons and brain.

Results
We show that endogenous Gβ5/R7-RGS/R7BP protein complexes are present in native neuron-like PC12 cells and that a fraction is targeted to low-density, detergent-resistant membrane lipid rafts. The buoyant density of endogenous raft-associated Gβ5/R7-RGS protein complexes in PC12 cells was similar to that of lipid rafts containing the palmitoylated marker proteins PSD-95 and LAT, but distinct from that of the membrane microdomain where flotillin was localized. Overexpression of wild-type R7BP, but not its palmitoylation-deficient mutant, greatly enriched the fraction of endogenous Gβ5/R7-RGS protein complexes in the lipid rafts. In HEK-293 cells the palmitoylation status of R7BP also regulated the lipid raft targeting of co-expressed Gβ5/R7-RGS/R7BP proteins. A fraction of endogenous Gβ5/R7-RGS/R7BP complexes was also present in lipid rafts in mouse brain.

Conclusion
A fraction of Gβ5/R7-RGS/R7BP protein complexes is targeted to low-density, detergent-resistant membrane lipid rafts in PC12 cells and brain. In cultured cells, the palmitoylation status of R7BP regulated the lipid raft targeting of endogenous or co-expressed Gβ5/R7-RGS proteins. Taken together with recent evidence that the kinetic effects of the Gβ5 complex on GPCR signaling are greatly enhanced by R7BP palmitoylation through a membrane-anchoring mechanism, our data suggest the targeting of the Gβ5/R7-RGS/R7BP complex to lipid rafts in neurons and brain, where G proteins and their effectors are concentrated, may be central to the G protein regulatory function of the complex.
Selection of long oligonucleotides for gene expression microarrays using weighted rank-sum strategy
Authors: Hu Guangan , Llinás Manuel , Li Jingguang , Preiser Peter Rainer , Bozdech Zbynek 
Published: September 2007

Abstract

Background
The design of long oligonucleotides for spotted DNA microarrays requires detailed attention to ensure their optimal performance in the hybridization process. The main challenge is to select an optimal oligonucleotide element that represents each genetic locus/gene in the genome and is unique, devoid of internal structures and repetitive sequences and its Tm is uniform with all other elements on the microarray. Currently, all of the publicly available programs for DNA long oligonucleotide microarray selection utilize various combinations of cutoffs in which each parameter (uniqueness, Tm, and secondary structure) is evaluated and filtered individually. The use of the cutoffs can, however, lead to information loss and to selection of suboptimal oligonucleotides, especially for genomes with extreme distribution of the GC content, a large proportion of repetitive sequences or the presence of large gene families with highly homologous members.

Results
Here we present the program OligoRankPick which is using a weighted rank-based strategy to select microarray oligonucleotide elements via an integer weighted linear function. This approach optimizes the selection criteria (weight score) for each gene individually, accommodating variable properties of the DNA sequence along the genome. The designed algorithm was tested using three microbial genomes Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the human malaria parasite species Plasmodium falciparum. In comparison to other published algorithms OligoRankPick provides significant improvements in oligonucleotide design for all three genomes with the most significant improvements observed in the microarray design for P. falciparum whose genome is characterized by large fluctuations of GC content, and abundant gene duplications.

Conclusion
OligoRankPick is an efficient tool for the design of long oligonucleotide DNA microarrays which does not rely on direct oligonucleotide exclusion by parameter cutoffs but instead optimizes all parameters in context of each other. The weighted rank-sum strategy utilized by this algorithm provides high flexibility of oligonucleotide selection which accommodates extreme variability of DNA sequence properties along genomes of many organisms.