bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Equifinality of basal ice facies from an Antarctic cold-based glacier
Authors: Sleewaegen Suzanne , Denis Samyn  , Fitzsimons Sean J. , Lorrain Reginald D. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThree debris-bearing ice facies were recognized at the base of Suess Glacier, a cold-based glacier damming a lake in Taylor Valley, South Victoria Land, Antarctica. These facies are termed “amber ice”,“solid facies” and “basal stratified facies”. This paper uses stable-isotope composition (δD and δ18O), gas content and gas composition (CO2, O2 and N2) to develop an understanding of the processes responsible for the formation of these facies. The basal ice is characterized by a striking difference in ice properties between the innermost end of a 25 m long tunnel dug 200 m upstream from the glacier front and the front itself. At the glacier front, co-isotopic data plot along a well-defined freezing slope (S = 5.6), whereas, inside the tunnel, the isotopic data offset from the freezing slope and from the local meteoric water-line (which has a slope of 8.2). CO2 concentrations rise from a minimum of about 1000 ppmv in the tunnel to about 220000ppmv at the front. Taken together, these characteristics strongly suggest an increasing contribution of liquid water in the formation of basal ice towards the glacier terminus. We therefore conclude that visually similar basal ice facies can have different origins.
Plane ice-sheet flow with evolving and recrystallizing fabric
Authors: Staroszczyk Ryszard 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA plane, gravity-driven, steady flow of a polar ice sheet over a horizontal bedrock, with no-slip basal conditions, is considered. The ice is modelled as a linearly viscous, incompressible and anisotropic fluid, with evolving orthotropic fabric depending on local strain rates and deformations. For prescribed free-surface elevation and non-uniform temperature field, the ice velocities required to maintain the assumed geometry are calculated by using the finite-element method. The focus is on the mechanism of dynamic (migration) recrystallization occurring near the base ofan ice sheet and leading to significant weakening, and ultimately to the complete loss, of the anisotropic fabric developed in the upper part of the ice cap. The weakening of the fabric with increasing strain rate and temperature is modelled by means of a scaling function depending continuously on a single effective strain-rate invariant. The results of numerical calculations demonstrate the effect of the recrystallization process on the overall flow rate of the ice sheet, and normalized velocity and strain-rate depth profiles are compared for flows with and without recrystallization involved to illustrate the effect of this mechanism on the large-scale behaviour of polar ice sheets.
Studying the effects of strain heating on glacial flow within outlet glaciers from the Heimefrontfjella Range, Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica
Authors: Pohjola Veijo A. , Hedfors Jim 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA one-dimensional numerical thermodynamic model is used to study the effects of strain heating on temperature profiles along the flowline of two outlet glaciers in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, flowing down a steep escarpment. Measurements of ice surface velocities on the glaciers show higher speeds than surface speeds calculated using Glen’s flow law. These calculations are based on ice-temperature distributions excluding strain heating in the general heat equation. The incorporation of strain heating in the general heat equation produces higher ice temperatures, and calculated ice surface speeds that are close to the measured values. It is found that relatively short-scale temporal and spatial steps in basal topography are enough to drive the ice flow into a positive feedback loop as long as the bedrock step produces a stress that overcomes the advection of cool ice from the surface. In this case, where surface temperatures are –25°C, stresses of 0.4 MPa are enough to drive the base of the ice to the melting point within 102 years.
Investigating the ratio of basal drag and driving stress in relation to bedrock topography during a melt season on Storglaciären, Sweden, using force-budget analysis
Authors: Hedfors Jim , Peyaud Vincent , Pohjola Veijio A. , Jansson Peter , Pettersson Rickard 
Published: November 2007

AbstractWe apply the force-budget technique using the isothermal block-flow model, on Storglaciaren, Sweden, to investigate the ratio between basal drag and driving stress in relation to a bedrock ridge in the bed topography during a peak melt season. The input data consist of glacier surface velocities collected using differential global positioning system surveying of a stake net and geometry from previous radar soundings and digitized ice surface maps. The study focuses on the effects of transverse bedrock ridges upon basal stress conditions. The pattern of the calculated ratio of basal drag and driving stress shows a rhythmical position of relatively high and low basal drags on the stoss and lee sides, respectively, of the bedrock thresholds. One of the zones of low basal drag corresponds to the location where the highest basal sliding rate has been measured previously by borehode deformation studies. This zone also aligns with the area where the drainage system is suggested to change from englacial to subglacial.
Seasonal variation of snow-surface elevation in North Greenland as modeled and detected by satellite radar altimetry
Authors: Li Jun , Zwally H. Jay , Cornejo Helen , Yi Donghui 
Published: November 2007

AbstractComparison of the distribution of seasonal variations in surface elevation derived from a firn-densification–elevation model with observed variations derived from ERS-1/-2 satellite radar altimetry shows close similarity in the patterns of the amplitude of the variations over the North Greenland ice sheet. The amplitudes of the seasonal variations decrease from west to east and from south to north, determined by the accumulation rate and the surface-temperature distribution pattern. Several methods of estimating the amplitude of the seasonal variation in the observations are compared, including the use of a three-frequency sinusoidal function derived from the modeled seasonal variation that is asymmetric. The resulting correlation coefficient between the observed amplitude, estimated with the three-frequency function, and the modeled amplitude is 0.66 and the slope is 0.7. Residual differences may be caused by interannual variability in accumulation and temperature and other approximations in the model.
Dynamics and mass balance of the ice-sheet/ice-shelf regime at Nivlisen, Antarctica, as derived from a coupled three-dimensional numerical flow model
Authors: Paschke Birgit , Lange Manfred A. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe aim of this study is to derive basic ice dynamics for Nivlisen, a relatively small ice shelf in Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica, and its drainage area. Therefore, the adaptation of an existing three-dimensional numerical flow model (Sandhäger, 2000) was undertaken, which had been applied previously to Ekstromisen and its drainage system. Compared to that region, Nivlisen and its drainage area represent a significantly more complicated geometrical situation. This has consequently large impacts on the flow regime, i.e. several modifications are necessary and reasonable. The diagnostic modelling is carried out in order to derive the current ice dynamics. The resulting ice-flow velocities seem to be too small compared to typical values for such glaciers. Therefore, the basal temperature at some gridpoints was set to pressure-melting point to obtain more realistic results. Furthermore, the use of a spatially varying parameter to describe basal sliding is advisable. Presenting the numerical results, the focus lies on the modelled ice-velocity field. The mass-balance quantities are calculated from the simulated velocity distribution and the underlying ice-geometry models derived from different datasets. The diagnostic results will serve as the basis for future prognostic modelling studies.
Elucidating changes in the degree of tracer dispersion in a subglacial channel
Authors: Schuler Thomas , Fischer Urs H. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractTracer injections into a subglacial channel at Unteraargletscher, Switzerland, were repeated at intervals of about 2 hours over two diurnal discharge cycles in August and September 2000. Records of dye concentration reveal a pronounced hysteresis in the velocity–dispersion relationship, thereby indicating alterations in the drainage system. Theoretical considerations for Röthlisberger channels suggest an evolution of the conduit cross-section in response to a diurnally varying discharge. We studied the relation between conduit cross-section and tracer dispersion with numerical tracer experiments. The velocity field for steady flow through a given conduit geometry is calculated using a commercial flow solver. Tracer transport is represented by a scalar volume which is advected by the velocity field. Experiments were conducted for several scenarios by varying flow velocity, conduit geometry and conduit roughness. Results show only a weak dependence of dispersion on conduit size. In contrast, changes in roughness of the conduit walls reveal a strong effect on tracer dispersion. Therefore, to explain the observed hysteresis in the velocity–dispersion relationship, we suggest that the evolution of a subglacial flow path might involve changes in roughness.
Estimation of water content in a temperate glacier from radar and seismic sounding data
Authors: Benjumea Beatriz , Macheret Yury Ya. , Navarro Francisco J. , Teixidό Teresa 
Published: November 2007

AbstractRadio-wave velocity measurements in temperate and polythermal glaciers, combined with dielectric mixture formulae by Looyenga or Paren, have been used during the last decade to estimate the water content in temperate ice. We have used a similar mixture formula by Riznichenko, but based on elastic properties of the material, to estimate the water content from seismic velocity data. To compare the suitability of the two methods, we have used seismic and radar data from a temperate glacier on an Antarctic island. The estimated water contents are within 0.4–2.3% (average 1.2 ±0.6%) when radio-wave velocities are used, and within 0.9–3.2% (average 2.2±0.9%) when seismic velocities are used. These results are similar to those directly measured from ice cores and to those estimated from radar data on other temperate glaciers. The water-content estimates from seismic data are higher than those from radar data, which we attribute to the different behaviour of seismic and radar velocities as functions of density. Near-surface conditions (ice–firn conditions, presence of crevasses, etc.) have a strong influence on the propagation of elastic and electromagnetic waves, and thus on the accuracy of the velocity determinations and water-content estimates, and so should not be disregarded.
Strain-rate formulation of ice fabric evolution
Authors: Morland Leslie W. , Staroszczyk Ryszard 
Published: November 2007

AbstractReorientation of individual crystal-glide planes as isotropic surface ice is deformed during its passage to depth in an ice sheet, lattice rotation, creates a fabric and associated anisotropy. A simple macroscopic description is that these material glide planes are rotated towards planes normal to an axis of compression, and away from planes normal to an axis of extension, inducing an instantaneous orthotropic viscous response with reflexional symmetries in the planes orthogonal to the current principal stretch axes. An orthotropic viscous law is presented for the strain rate expressed in terms of the deviatoric stress, the deformation, and three structure tensors based on the principal stretch axes. This anisotropic relation is expressed in terms of a single fabric response function in addition to the isotropic ice viscosity. The predicted responses in uniaxial compression and simple shear are determined. While the uniaxial response yields an explicit relation between the axial strain rate and stress, it is found that the shear response is governed by three, complicated, coupled relations between the shear strain rate and three deviatoricstress components. The new result derived here is the solution of this system: an explicit relation between the shear strain rate and shear stress. Correlation of these relations with idealized uniaxial and shear responses is then used to determine the required fabric function in the model law.
Science goals for a Mars polar-cap subsurface mission: optical approaches for investigations of inclusions in ice
Authors: Carsey Frank , Mogensen Claus T. , Behar Alberto , Engelhardt Hermann , Lane Arthur L. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe Mars polar caps are highly interesting features of Mars and have received much recent attention, with new and exciting data on morphology, basal units and layered outcroppings. We have examined the climatological, glaciological and geological issues associated with a subsurface exploration of the Mars North Polar Cap and have determined that a fine-scale optical examination of ice in a borehole, to study the stratigraphy, geochemistry and geochronology of the ice, is feasible. This information will enable reconstruction of the development of the cap as well as understanding the properties of its ice. We present visible imagery taken of dust inclusions in archived Greenland ice cores as well as in situ images of accreted lithologic inclusions in West Antarctica, and we argue for use of this kind of data for Mars climate reconstruction as has been successful with Greenland and Antarctic ice-core analysis.
A description of crevasse formation using continuum damage mechanics
Authors: Pralong Antoine , Funk Martin , Lüthi Martin P. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractContinuum damage mechanics describes the progressive deterioration of material subjected to loading. Jointly used with a level-set method, it proves to be a promising approach to computing the interface motion of a damaged material. For polycrystalline ice, a local isotropic damage evolution law (generalized Kachanow’s law) applied to Glen’s flow law allows the description of tertiary creep and facilitates the modeling of crevasse opening using a failure criterion based on damage accumulation. The use of a level-set method permits the description, in a continuum approach, of the motion of a fractured glacier surface. Using these methods, a model is developed. The ability of this model to describe phenomena connected to crevasse opening is presented. The rupture of a large ice block from a hanging glacier is computed and analyzed. The regular acceleration of such an unstable ice block prior to its collapse is calculated and compared to the acceleration function obtained from observations. A good agreement between the two acceleration functions was found.
A surface motion survey of Black Rapids Glacier, Alaska, U.S.A.
Authors: Fatland Dennis R. , Lingle Craig S. , Truffer Martin 
Published: November 2007

AbstractWe describe a derivation of surface velocities and associated errors for Black Rapids Glacier, Alaska, U.S.A., using single-orbital-path synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR). The technique described is adapted to small temperate glaciers with complex flow patterns. We also describe a motion anomaly, apparent in the InSAR phase signal, that persisted on Black Rapids Glacier for at least 78 days during winter 1991/92 and recurred in 1996. This anomaly is interpreted using a basal hydrology hypothesis in which a hydraulic head is maintained at the glacier bed at close to the overburden pressure. This permits a cumulative influx of 1.6 × 106 m3 of water under the glacier, a sort of shallow subglacial lake, that migrates downstream at an average rate of 30 m d− 1 over 78 days. The motion anomaly is speculated to be an unsuccessful bid for surge initiation.
Basal melt beneath Whillans Ice Stream and Ice Streams A and C, West Antarctica
Authors: Joughin Ian R. , Tulaczyk Slawek , Engelhardt Hermann F. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractWe have used a recently derived map of the velocity of Whillans Ice Stream and Ice Streams A and C, West Antarctica, to help estimate basal melt. Ice temperature was modeled with a simple vertical advection–diffusion equation,“tuned” to match temperature profiles. We find that most of the melt occurs beneath the tributaries, where larger basal shear stresses and thicker ice favor greater melt (e.g. 10–20mm a−1). The occurrence of basal freezing is predicted beneath much of the ice plains of Ice Stream C andWhillans Ice Stream. Modeled melt rates for when Ice Stream C was active suggest there was enough meltwater generated in its tributaries to balance basal freezing on its ice plain. Net basal melt for Whillans Ice Stream is greater due to less steep basal temperature gradients. Modeled temperatures on Whillans Ice Stream, however, were constrained by a single temperature profile at UpB. Basal temperature gradients for Whillans branch 1 and Ice Stream A may have conditions more similar to those beneath Ice Streams C and D, in which case, there may not be sufficient melt to sustain motion. This would be consistent with the steady deceleration of Whillans Ice Stream over the last few decades.
The role of lateral and vertical shear in tributary flow toward a West Antarctic ice stream
Authors: Hulbe Christina L. , Wang Weili , Joughin Ian R. , Siegert Martin J. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractNarrow lateral shear margins are the most distinctive visual feature of the West Antarctic ice streams. Large shear stresses within these layers support the majority of the gravitational driving stress within a fast-flowing ice stream. The present contribution looks upstream, to the tributaries that feed ice-stream onsets, and considers the effects of both horizontal and vertical shear on their flow. Numerical and direct simulations of vertical and horizontal shear are used. Vertical shear, simulated using an anisotropic flow law, is of particular interest. We conclude that by isolating overlying ice from large-amplitude variations in bed elevation,“vertical shear margins” play an important role in sustaining relatively rapid tributary flow.
Recent behaviour of Glaciar Upsala, a fast-flowing calving glacier in Lago Argentino, southern Patagonia
Authors: Skvarca Pedro , Raup Bruce , Angelis Hernan de 
Published: November 2007

AbstractSequential optical images of high spatial resolution were used for the first time to derive surface ice velocities of Glaciar Upsala, a fast-moving fresh-water calving glacier in southern Patagonia. Cross-correlation methods applied to four Landsat ETM+ images acquired in 2000–01 yielded average velocities of around 1600 m a−1, similar to values measured in the field in November 1993. The derived velocities show almost no seasonal variation for the analyzed calving termini. During the period of satellite coverage, clear readvances were detected in the autumn–winter period, followed by recessions during summers. Between 24 April 1999 and 14 October 2001, the glacier front has been fluctuating seasonally within about 400 m, in contrast to the previous dramatic recession. During the last 2.5 years, Glaciar Upsala west terminus had a net advance of around 300 m. In addition, the available satellite images allowed us to determine recent calving speeds and confirm the improved calving-rate/water-depth relationship, recently proposed by incorporating new data from Patagonian glaciers.
Surge-front propagation and velocities during the early-1993–95 surge of Bering Glacier, Alaska, U.S.A., from sequential SAR imagery
Authors: Roush James J. , Lingle Craig S. , Guritz Richard M. , Fatland Dennis R. , Voronina Vera A. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe initiation and propagation of the 1993–95 surge of Bering Glacier, Alaska, U.S.A., was observed using ERS-1 synthetic aperture radar(SAR) imagery. Images were acquired before and during the surge, between November 1992 and October 1993. Terrain-corrected and co-registered imagery was used to measure the propagation of the surge front. Surface undulations interpreted to be evidence of accelerated flow, indicating surge initiation in late winter, were observed in the 26 March 1993 image. From 19 May to 25 August 1993, the mean propagation velocity of the surge front was 90 m d−1. The surge reached the terminus shortly after 25 August 1993. The central area of the calving terminus then advanced into proglacial Vitus Lake at a mean rate of 19 md−1 between 9 August and 18 October 1993. Feature matching was used to measure discrete velocity vectors between 9 August and 13 September; the vectors were kriged onto a uniform grid and used to compute the principal strain rates. Shattering of the calving front and dramatically increased iceberg calving were accompanied by high compressive strain rates immediately up-glacier from the calving front.
The initiation of glacier surging at Fridtjovbreen, Svalbard
Authors: Murray Tavi , Luckman Adrian , Strozzi Tazio , Nuttall Anne-Marie 
Published: November 2007

AbstractGlacier surges in Svalbard have long durations and multi-year terminations, but much less is known regarding surge initiation in the archipelago. Fridtjovbreen, a 12 km long glacier in central Spitsbergen, advanced ∼ 2.8 km during a surge in the 1990s at a maximum rate of ∼ 4. 2 m d–1 . Differential dual-azimuth satellite radar interferometry (SRI) is used to produce ten snapshots of three-dimensional surface dynamics and four digital elevation models covering the period October 1991–October 1997. The glacier velocity rose slowly and uniformly until June 1995. It then increased dramatically to a measured maximum of ∼ 2.5 m d–1 during February and May 1996, and by October 1997 it had dropped. We attempt to evaluate errors in the calculated velocities. Systematic errors are evaluated using the apparent displacement of bedrock, ∼0.03 m d–1 . Errors arise from assumptions during processing, for example that ice-flow direction does not change during the surge. Two independent measurements using dual-azimuth processing show the mean absolute change in flow direction was ∼1.2°. This study covers fast-flow initiation and peak flow, but not the deceleration phase. The SRI observations show a progressive acceleration phase to the surge, with no evidence of a surge front propagating down-glacier.