bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Zuclopenthixol acetate in Viscoleo® ‐ a new drug formulation
Authors: Amdisen A. , Nielsen M.S. , Dencker S.J. , Fensbo C. , Ahlfors U.G. , Gravem A. , Baastrup P.C. , Bjerkenstedt L. , Gunby B. , Wiesel F‐A. , Lindholm H. , Rafaelsen O.J. , Fredslund‐Andersen K. , Thomsen N.J. , Rosell I. , Pakarinen P. , Harma P. , Amthor K.F. , Kastberg S. , Abelskov J. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT— Eighty‐three acutely disturbed, psychotic patients were included in an open multicentre study. The aim of the study was to evaluate the clinical effect of zuclopenthixol acetate in Viscoleo® (CPT‐A). Each patient received from one to four intramuscular injections of CPT‐A during the 6‐day study period. The duration of action after one injection was between 2 and 3 days and doses from 50 mg to 150 mg were sufficient for most patients.Treatment with CPT‐A caused a pronounced and rapid reduction of the psychotic symptoms. At the end of the 6‐day test period the mean total score on BPRS in acute non‐manic and exacerbated chronic patients was reduced by more than 50 per cent. In acute manic patients the mean total score on BRMS was reduced by 57 per cent already 1 day after injection. Rapidly after the injection of CPT‐A a useful short‐acting sedation can be expected, but the risk for oversedation even after a second injection is low. The frequency of unwanted effects, including extrapyramidal reactions, was low and the severity of symptoms was most often mild. With a rapid onset of action, a duration of effect of 2 to 3 days, and few and mild side effects, CPT‐A offers advantages over the neuroleptic preparations conventionally used in the initial treatment of acutely disturbed, psychotic patients.
Major depression, parental mental disorder and early family relationships
Authors: Hällström T. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT— Sixty middle‐aged urban women with a major depressive episode diagnosed in a community survey were compared with those 400 participants of the study who had no history of major depression. The study design is retrospective.The depressed women's parents had been in contact with psychiatric services twice as often as those of never depressed women. The rate of paternal alcoholism was however the same in both groups. As compared with the controls, women with major depression reported significantly more often frequent corporal punishment, poor relationship with mother, having been misunderstood by parents, and unhappy childhood.
Electrodermal activity in relation to diagnostic subgroups and symptoms of depressive patients
Authors: Thorell L. H. , Kjellman B. F. , D'Elia G. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe electrodermal activity (EDA) in 59 depressive patients was investigated during stimulation with neutral tone stimuli. The patients were classified according to six dichotomies: 1) dysthymic disorder vs major depressive episode (DSM‐III); 2) melancholic vs nonmelancholic major depressive episode (DSM‐III); 3) endogenous vs nonendogenous (Newcastle scale); 4) high vs low inhibition; 5) psychomotor inhibition vs agitation; and, 6) indices of high vs low hypothalamic distrubance.The low EDA usually found in depressive patients seems to be more pronounced in endogenous patients and in patients with symptoms of inhibition. Relationships between indices of hypothalamic dysfunction and low EDA were found, but lacked homogeneity. Early debute and long duration of current depression were related to small magnitude of the skin conductance response.
Patterns of response to neuroleptic treatment: Factors influencing the amelioration of individual symptoms in psychotic patients
Authors: Axelsson R. , Öhman R. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTFifty‐three patients with acute psychotic disorders (diagnosed according to DSM‐III) were treated with thioridazine alone and observed during periods of up to 2 months. The amelioration of paranoid ideas and hallucinations (target symptoms) and of concentration difficulties, disorientation, reduced appetite, and reduced sleep (additional symptoms) was studied by repeated psychopathology ratings (CPRS). The patients were classified as “fast, slow or partial responders” according to the therapeutic effect registered on each target symptom. Paranoid ideas disappeared completely after less than 3 weeks of treatment in 28% of the patients (fast responders) and after more than 3 weeks in 32% (slow responders). Hallucinations disappeared significantly faster than paranoid ideas; 47% of the patients were completely free from hallucinations after less than 2 weeks of treatment (fast responders) and 38% after more than 2 weeks (slow responders). The following factors were significantly correlated to positive treatment effects of thioridazine: 1) diagnosis involving a brief history of psychotic symptoms before admisson; 2) a low CPRS score for paranoid ideas on admission; 3) presence of disorientation on admission; 4) normal appetite on admission, and 5) rapidly reached optimal serum concentration of the drug.
Severe akathisia causing neuroleptic failure: An indication for lithium therapy in schizophrenia?
Authors: Shalev A. , Hermesh H. , Munitz H. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTSeveral neuroleptics recurrently failed to ameliorate psychosis in three schizophrenic patients. Failures were caused by recurrent intractable akathisia, unresponsive to diazepam and trihexyphenidyl. Lacking this extrapyramidal side effect, lithium carbonate was tried and proved an effective antipsychotic. It is suggested that in schizophrenic psychosis lithium is a rational therapeutic option in cases of neuroleptic intolerance and failures due to akathisia.
Long‐term treatment with benzodiazepines: Theoretical, ideological and practical aspects
Authors: Nagy Adam 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe prevalence of anxiety disorders in a psychiatric sense is 5–10%. If all available data are summed up, it seems evident that about half of these disorders have a prolonged, often chronic course, and thus require some form of long‐term or continuous treatment. Accomplishment of long‐term treatment will often be prevented by a general fear of dependence and abuse, risk factors that have been strongly emphasized. General restrictivity has also been urged regarding the dosage level, often resulting in a sub‐optimal treatment, more harmful than beneficial to the patient. The prescription figures for anxiolytics in relation to the prevalence and course of anxiety disorders do not suggest an unreasonably high prescription rate, on the contrary, the prescribed amount would not be sufficient for treating more than 2.5 % of the population.
Antidepressant drugs in anxiety disorders
Authors: Modigh Kjell 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe efficacy of tricyclic antidepressants and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI) in the treatment of panic syndromes(panic disorder and agoraphobia with panic attacks) and obsessive‐compulsive disorders is reviewed. Imipramine has been reported as significantly more effective against panic attacks than placebo or other psychoactive drugs in 12 of 16 studies. Clomipramine has been found superior to placebo or other psychoactive drugs in 5 controlled studies. The effectivenessof these drugs is also reflected in a large number of open trials. The MAOUI phenelzine has been reported to be effectivein 5 controlled studies. Clomipramine is the best documented drug in the treatment of obsessive‐compulsive disorders. Itseffectiveness has been documented in 7 controlled studies. Most investigators consider the effects in panic syndromes as well as in obsessive‐compulsive disorders to be unrelated to the antidepressant effect.
Adrenocorticotropin and cortisol response to lysine vasopressin in relation to the outcome of the dexamethasone suppression test in major depressive disorder
Authors: Akner G. , Ljunggren J.‐G. , Kjellman B.F. , Undén F. , Wetterberg L. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT— The pathophysiology behind the abnormalities of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal cortex axis found in patients with major depressive disorder was studied by the use of the vasopressin test. The response of plasma adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and cortisol to the injection of 10 IU lysine‐vasopressin (LVP) was investigated in 18 patients meeting the DSM‐III criteria for major depressive episode. The response was correlated to the outcome of the dexamethasone suppression test (DST) with the use of two different cut‐off points, 139 nmol/1 and 200 nmol/1 respectively.The results show that no significant difference was found in ACTH or cortisol response between patients having a normal or abnormal DST. The results do not seem to support the hypothesis that the abnormalities of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal cortex axis involve a hypersecretion of corticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF) and a subsequent desensitization of the corticotrophs to CRF‐stimulated ACTH release.
Mental health in young people in relation to child welfare and institutional care in childhood
Authors: Almqvist F. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThis study shows that children with experience of child welfare and institutional care are clearly more disturbed than their peers who lived without external intervention and with their original families. The results indicate that child welfare intervention has only been of limited help to disadvantaged children especially for children with psychiatric and educational problems. Preventive measures have to be extended and psychotherapeutic interventions intensified before child welfare can compensate the handicaps and drawbacks of seriously disadvantaged children and secure the quality of life for them.
Factorial structure and factor reliability of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression
Authors: O'Brien K. P. , Glaudin V. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTIdentical principal components factor analyses of total Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression scores were conducted for two separate sub‐samples (N = 183 and N = 182) drawn from the same clinic population of moderately depressed outpatients. A comparison of the two factor analyses revealed substantial agreement for four factors across the two sub‐samples (i.e., four factors from the first sub‐sample correlated at least 0.80 with a homologous dimension in the second sub‐sample). The four factors were labelled Somatic Complaints, Anorexia, Sleep Disturbance, and Agitation/Retardation. Some additional factors emerged in the analysis of one sub‐sample but failed to appear in the other. Overall, these results suggest that the HRS exhibited a relatively stable factorial structure based on a large sample of outpatients with unipolar depressive disorders. Methodological problems with earlier research are discussed in light of the current findings.
Urinary phenylacetic acid excretion in depressive patients
Authors: González‐Sastre F. , Mora J. , Guillamat R. , Queraltó J. M. , Álvarez E. , Udina C. , Massana J. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTPhenylacetic acid (PAA), a metabolite of phenylethylamine, has been found in the urine of depressed patients at lower levels than in control subjects. It has been suggested that the determination of PAA in urine could be used as a biological marker of the depressive condition. In this study the levels of PAA in urine were investigated by gas‐liquid chromatography in 39 patients diagnosed as having major depression according to DSM‐III criteria, and in 32 healthy subjects. The values found in the patients were markedly lower than in controls. No relationship was found between the decrease of PAA excretion and weight loss. Using a discriminant equation, a value of 69% was obtained for both sensitivity and specificity. The results suggest that the determination of urine PAA could be a biological parameter comparable to the dexamethasone suppression test.
PET determination of regional cerebral glucose metabolism in alcohol‐dependent men and healthy controls using 11C‐glucose
Authors: Wik G. , Borg S. , Sjögren I. , Wiesel F.‐A. , Blomqvist G. , Borg J. , Greitz T. , Nybäck H. , Sedvall G. , Stone‐Elander S. , Widen L. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTRegional brain glucose metabolism was determined in 9 male alcohol‐dependent inpatients and 12 male healthy controls. All the patients were socially impaired by the alcohol abuse. All the subjects had abstained from alcohol and drugs for more than four weeks before entering the study. Brain glucose metabolism was determined by positron emission tomography (PET) with 11C‐glucose as the tracer. Regions of interest were drawn on displayed computed tomographic (CT) images of the brain. Regions were transferred to corresponding PET slices, allowing the determination of regional glucose metabolism. In the healthy volunteers there was a reduction in glucose metabolism with age. In 11 of the 19 brain regions examined, the alcoholics had a 20% to 30% lower glucose metabolism than the controls. This was true for both cortical and subcortical structures. The distribution of relative regional metabolic rates indicated that parietal cortical areas were most affected. Atrophic changes as shown by CT were not correlated to the reduced metabolism in the alcohol‐dependent patients.
Pattern reversal visual evoked potential among men at risk for alcoholism
Authors: Pollock V. E. , Volavka J. , Gabrielli W. F. , Mednick S. A. , Knop J. , Goodwin D. W. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe biological sons of male alcoholics, deemed to be at high risk (HR) for the development of alcoholism, were compared to control males, aged 18 to 21, using measures of the visual evoked potential elicited by checkerboard pattern reversal. Overall, the HR and control groups were not distinguished on the basis of visual evoked potential measures acquired from the occipital scalp region; however, when comparisons were restricted to right‐handed subjects, the HR subjects showed more symmetry in a positive component with approximate latency of 242 ms compared with control subjects. The results are discussed in relation to hemispheric differences and alcoholism.
Relationship of age to TSH response to TRH in depressed men
Authors: Wahby V. S. , Ibrahim G. A. , Giller E. L. , Martin R. P. , Saddik F. W. , Singh S. P. , Mason J. W. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe relationship between age and TSH response to TRH was studied in 40 men with unipolar major depressive disorder (range 24–65 years, mean 44.7 years) and 36 healthy male volunteers of similar ages. Both groups were subdivided into younger and older than 40 years of age. “Blunted” TSH response to TRH was observed in 58% of depressed men and in 28% of controls, using a dTSH maximum of ≤ 6 μU/ml as a cut‐off criterion. Older healthy men had a higher blunting rate (40%) than the younger group (19%). In depressed patients, by contrast, the blunting rate was 50% in the older group and 65% in the younger group. Higher mean maximum dTSH, higher basal TSH and lower mean circulating FT4 levels were also noted in older depressed men, suggestive of a subtle thyroid subsensitivity to TSH stimulation and subclinical primary hypothyroidism that may have contributed to the depression. Age is known to be a confounder of TRH test results. There may be a subset of depressed patients over 40 where the confounding effect of age is associated with an exaggerated, rather than decreased TSH response to TRH.
An ethological description of depression
Authors: Pedersen J. , Schelde J. T. M. , Hannibal E. , Behnke K. , Nielsen B. M. , Hertz M. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTDuring the last 20 years ethological psychiatric research has developed a working method for the systematic and quantitative recording and analysis of the nonverbal behaviour of psychiatric patients in their actual hospital environment. In this study this method was used to follow changes in the behaviour pattern of 5 depressed, hospitalized patients during their entire hospital stay. Parallel to ethological recording, patients were rated according to Hamilton twice a week. The patients who were most depressed at admission showed the greatest behavioural changes; the changes were most conspicuous in the behavioural elements representing social contact and communication. One patient who obviously developed a new depression during the observation period without this being recognized by the Hamilton rating or the clinical control, seemed to have been better described by the behaviour recording. This study shows that ethological psychiatric methods are very suitable for obtaining a better basis for the observations of the staff in the ward environment.
Psychiatric aspects of Down's syndrome
Authors: Lund J. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTIn a survey study of psychiatric morbidity, based on a representative sample from the Danish mental retardation register, 44 adults with Down's syndrome (DS) were compared with 258 other mentally retarded adults. Assessed by the parameters psychiatric disorder, behaviour problems, neurotic triats, and deviant social interaction, the DS group functioned better on all parameters. However, male and female DS patients were very different, the females constituting a superior well‐functioning group while the males had major problems in every area. High prevalence rates of dementia and infantile autism were found in the DS group. General function rapidly decreased with age in DS patients.
Offspring of women with nonorganic psychosis: mother‐infant interaction and fear of strangers during the first year of life
Authors: Persson‐Blennow I. , Binett B. , McNeil T. F. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTMother‐infant interaction characteristics at six ages during the first year of life were studied in relationship to the development of the infant's fear of strangers (FOS) during the first year. Among 46 offspring of women with psychosis history, a failure to develop the expected FOS was associated with antecedent negative qualitative aspects of interaction such as increased maternal tension, reduced harmony in feeding and increased infant crying. Among 80 low‐risk control infants, a failure to develop FOS was associated with an antecedent quantitative reduction in social contact within the mother‐infant pair. At a case level, an absence of FOS overlapped little with anxious attachment to the mother, and these two developmental phenomena bear partially different relationships to the mother‐infant interaction characteristics.
Prospective studies on a lithium cohort
Authors: Vestergaard P. , Poulstrup I. , Schou M. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTA cohort of manic‐depressive patients given prophylactic lithium treatment were examined before treatment started and at intervals during treatment for up to 7 years. The mean lithium dosage was 23.2 mmol/d and the mean serum lithium concentration 0.68 mmol/1. About 40% of the patients were entirely free of side effects, as compared with 10% among patients treated previously with higher lithium doses and serum lithium concentrations. Tremor complaints were presented by 5% of the patients before and by 15% during lithium treatment. The frequency fell with continued treatment, and after a few years it was not higher than before treatment started. Tremor complaints were positively correlated with age and with the use of neuroleptics and antidepressants. The tremorigenic effects of lithium and antidepressants seemed to potentiate each other. Tremor complaints were more frequent at serum lithium levels over than under 0.7 mmol/1. Body weight increased during the first 1–2 years of lithium treatment and then remained constant. The average gain was 4 kg. Weight gain was positively correlated with the patients’ body weight before treatment and with the concurrent administration of antidepressant drugs. The frequency of diarrhea complaints (loose stools, defecation urge) rose from 1% to 6% during the first 6 months of lithium treatment and then leveled off. The frequency rose steeply at serum lithium values over 0.8 mmol/1.During lithium administration about one tenth of the patients had psychological complaints, which might or might not have been caused by the treatment: memory impairment and concentrating difficulty, tiredness and “greyness of life”, in a few cases altered taste or lowered libido and potency.
A prospective study of postpartum psychoses in a high‐risk group
Authors: McNeil T. F. , Blennow G. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTSomatic complications of labor and delivery and offspring abnormality were studied in relationship to the development of 24 postpartum psychotic episodes (PPPs) occurring among index women with a history of nonorganic psychosis. The 24 PPP cases were compared with 60 index cases not developing PPPs. Nonsignificant trends were found towards increased rates of induction of labor, fetal distress, instrumental deliveries and offspring abnormality among cases with PPP onset within 3 weeks of delivery. Instrumental delivery was the only complication that tended to have occurred with increased frequency among cases with PPP onset after 3 weeks.
Intimacy and mental disorder in late middle age Report of the TURVA project
Authors: Salokangas R. K. R. , Mattila V. , Joukamaa M. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThis study, which was carried out as part of the TURVA project on psychosocial adaptation in old age, is concerned with the significance of social support to people approaching retirement age. The population consisted of 200 urban dwellers and 189 rural dwellers, who were studied at the age of 62. The subjects were either about to retire in the near future or had already retired, and it was assumed that this event causes a certain amount of stress, which may lead to mental disturbance regardless of the amount of social support available to the individual. Intimate relationship and close friendship served as the measures of social support. Mental disturbances were assessed on the basis of the General Health Questionnaire (36‐item version) and the number of psychic and especially depressive symptoms. The prevalence of mental disturbance and depressive symptoms was lowest in those people who lived in a close marital relationship and who also described their spouse as empathic. Psychic symptoms were most common in those people who said their relationship to their spouse was distant and who described them as unempathic. The subjects who were not married fell in‐between these 2 groups regardless of whether they had an intimate relationship with someone of the opposite sex. A positive marital relationship seemed to provide a shield against depression, while a negative marital relationship tended to make the individual more vulnerable to depression. The role of a close non‐marital friendship depended on the respondent's sex. In women, it was associated with a high prevalence of depressive symptoms. The interpretation offered is that women are more inclined than men to share their emotional troubles over a wider network of human relationships. For men, contradictions in a close relationship tended to be more serious and problematic.
Women with nonorganic psychosis: psychiatric and demographic characteristics of cases with versus without postpartum psychotic episodes
Authors: McNeil T. F. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTWithin a sample of 88 reproducing women with nonorganic psychosis, psychiatric and demographic characteristics were compared for women having only postpartum psychotic episodes (PPPs), women never having PPPs, and women having both PPPs and other psychotic episodes. Cases with only PPPs or both PPPs/other episodes most frequently had affective disorders. Cases with no PPPs most frequently had schizophrenia. Even with diagnosis controlled, cases with only PPPs were comparatively high in social class and in age at initial illness onset and were less severely ill than others. Cases with both PPPs/other episodes had the opposite characteristics. Cases never having PPPs had an intermediary position between the other two groups. PPPs in patients having only PPPs bore a special relationship to parity, not seen in other patients. PPPs appear to be associated with two different types of clinical/demographic patterns, depending upon whether the PPPs occur in isolation or as part of another illness pattern.