bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Validity of Steady-State Upscaling Techniques
Authors: Jonoud S. , Jackson M. D. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractSteady-state upscaling techniques are attractive because they are quick and simple to implement; unlike dynamic methods, there is no need for fine grid simulation and the upscaled properties are not case dependant. They are based on the assumption that either capillary forces (capillary equilibrium limit, CL) or viscous forces (viscous limit, VL) dominate flow. However, the reservoir conditions for which these assumptions are valid have not been clearly defined. It is generally supposed that the CL method is valid at ‘low’ flow rates over ‘small’ lengthscales, while the VL method is valid at ‘high’ flow rates over ‘large’ lengthscales. These qualitative criteria are difficult to properly apply and can be easily violated, yielding significant errors in predicted reservoir performance.We have identified a comprehensive suite of dimensionless groups which can be used to define the validity of steady-state methods. The groups account for the effect of heterogeneity, as well as the other parameters which control the balance between capillary and viscous forces. Numerical simulations have been used to identify the range of values for these groups over which steady-state methods are valid. Our results yield a practical set of quantitative criteria which can be used to determine the validity of steady-state upscaling methods for a wide range of geological models. They capture the effects of capillary trapping and are valid regardless of fluid mobility, wettability or end-point saturation.We test our criteria against three realistic models of small-to intermediate-scale geological heterogeneity. We find that the criteria do a good job of predicting the range of validity for each method, and are conservative in all cases, suggesting that if they are met then steady-state upscaling techniques can be applied with confidence, and may still be valid for slightly less restrictive conditions. However, in the models investigated, we find that the validity of the CL method is restricted to very low flow rates which are unlikely to be encountered in most production scenarios. This is because the CL method overestimates the amount of capillary trapping. In general, VL upscaling is valid over a much more reasonable range of reservoir flow rates.
Hydrodynamic Modelling of the Hydrocarbon Migration and Accumulation in the Lublin Basin
Authors: Zawisza L. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Analysis of pressure and water chemistry data from the Devonian and Carboniferous formations of the Lublin Basin indicates that two regional fluid flow systems are operating within this basin. The Devonian basin is the juvenile basin with compaction-induced centrifugal, lateral water movement (before invasion by meteoric waters), and may be classified as prospective. The Carboniferous basin is an intermediate basin with centripetal water movement, artesian properties and invasion of meteoric water.
In this paper author presents the hydrodynamic modelling of hydrocarbon migration and accumulation in the Lublin Basin, Poland. The pressure and water chemistry data have been used to identify hydrocarbon traps within the Devonian and Carboniferous sequences.
A New Continuous Guidance Tool Used for High Accuracy Directional Surveys
Authors: Camden David John , Gartner Jean-Eugene , Moulin Pierre Alexis 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
In recent years, it has become increasingly important to determine, with a high degree of precision, the bottom hole location and trajectory of a well. Optimum reservoir drainage from deviated wells drilled from a single platform; successful relief well positioning for blowouts; and the demands made to comply with ecological or environmental conservation, all depend on a high level of accuracy in measuring the geometric parameters of boreholes.
The Guidance Continuous (GCT*) Tool has been built to fill this need. It is a 92 mm diameter cased hole tool equipped with the most advanced guidance components on the market. Comparison tests have shown it to at least an order of magnitude better than similar guidance systems.
Computations of the well trajectory are carried out by real-time software and the CSU" surface computer can be used to generate all the required listings, plots and projections of the well in given planes. The gyroscope central to the device is mounted on a motorized inertial platform allowing two degrees of freedom and giving very high overall accuracy. Quality control features such as the "closure" - the horizontal distance between the starting point of the survey and the final point, at the same depth, on the return survey - are an integral part of the design. Finally, the GCT tool is self-calibrating and needs no preset geographical references.
Molecular Interpretation of Several Different Properties of Flow of Coiled Polymer Solutions Through Porous Media in Oil Recovery Conditions
Authors: Chauveteau Guy 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A systematic laboratory study of the various mechanisms possibly acting on the properties of flexible polymer solutions flowing through porous media was performed in order to interpret at a molecular level the phenomena pieviously observed, such as dilatant behavior, hydrodynamic retention and the variations of both mobility and permeability reductions as a function of pore size and adsorption properties.
The bulk rheological properties were studied in non-inertial shear and partly elongational flows through channels having well-known dimensions. The dilatant behavior can be explained by the coil-slretch transition of macromolecules in elongational parts of flow. This stretching gives a detectable increase in viscous friction and thus the onset of dilatancy as soon as the product of Eouse relaxation time and maximum stretch rate is greater than 4. At higher stretch rates,the highly elongated state of macromolecules induces very high viscous friction, causing the strong dilatancy observed.In porous media, the shear predeformation of macromolecules before they arrive in elongational zones explains why the onset of dilatant behavior occurs at relatively lowef de-Pornation rates than in straight channels with varying cross sections.
Hydrodynamic retention Las been observed beyond the onset of dilatant behavior in systems having pore dimensions much greater than the molecular size. This hydrodynamic retention could be explained by the migration of macromolecules possibly induced by both non-uniformity of velocity gradient field and differences in entropy between the zones where molecules are stretched and those where they are still coiled.
In the absence of adsorbed layer effects, the relative apparent viscosity or mobility reduction in fine pores at low deformation rates is always less than the bulk relative viscosity and decreases with pore size. This phenomenon is due to the existence of a depleted layer near the wall. An analytical relation is proposed to calculate apparent viscosity as a function of pore size and polymer solution characteristics.
In presence of adsorption at the pore wall, the maximum permeability reduction can be calculated by assuming the existence of an impermeable adsorbed layer, the hydrodynaeiic thickness of which is slightly hi^hèy than twice the gyration radius of the macromolecules. Thus, the permeability reduction is relatively slight in the absence of microgels at low flow rates, but increases at high flow rates, which contributes to increase the overall dilatant beiiavior. The ratio between mobility and permeability reduction at low flow rates is always less than the relative viscosity and decreases with pore size, which shows the existence of a depleted layer above" the adsorbed polymer,
Microemulsion Rheology: Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Regimes
Authors: Bennett Karl E. , Davis H. Ted , Macosko Chris W. , Scriven L. E. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Viscosity measurements are reported for micro-emulsions formed with pure and commercial surfactants. Approximate viscosities were measured with the multiphase rolling ball viscometer. Viscosities as functions of shear rate were measured on a cone-and-plate rheometer with an environmental chamber designed to control both temperature and evaporation.
At a fixed shear rate or shear stress, microemulsion viscosity often goes through two maxima as the salinity of the mixing brine increases and the microemulsion passes from a water-continuous to an oil-continuous phase. Microemulsions near these maxima were found in the present study to exhibit non-Newtonian behavior: under shear their viscosity decreases by as much as a factor of six. Away from the maxima, microemulsion appeared to be substantially Newtonian.
Shear-history effects were observed for several microemulsions even though temperature, environment and experimental procedure were carefully controlled.
Improving the Injectability of High Salinity Brines for Disposal or Waterflooding Operations
Authors: Raber Ellen , Thompson Robert E. , Smith Floyd H. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This work is part of a study conducted by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) to improve the performance of brine injection wells at Gulf Coast Strategic Petroleum Reserve Sites. Our involvement established that granular media filtration, when used with proper chemical pretreatments, provides an effective and economical method for removing particulates from hypersaline brines. This treatment allows for the injection of 200,000 B/D with significantly increased well half-lives of 30 years.
The Effects of Weight Material Type and Mud Formulation on Penetration Rate Using Invert Oil Systems
Authors: Rupert J. Paul , Pardo Carlos W. , Blattel Steven R. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The penetration rates of invert oil mud systems in Mancos Shale have been measured using the full-scale wellbore simulator at the Drilling Research Laboratory. Experimental parameters were 1.) weight material type - high specific gravity (ilmenite) vs conventional (barite); 2.) fluid formulation - low colloid type (relaxed filtrate) vs conventional (low filtrate) and 3.) bit type - synthetic diamond insert blank vs conventional (three-cone roller). In addition to laboratory data, field case history data for corresponding systems have been studied. Maximum penetration rates were observed for the minimum solids system, especially when used in conjunction with the synthetic diamond insert bit.
Numerical Simulation of Gas Injection in Oil Reservoirs
Authors: Utseth Rolf H. , MacDonald Robert C. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Modeling of gas injection into an undersaturated oil reservoir using current simulation technology relies on the validity of assuming instantaneous equilibrium between the oil and the gas phases. This assumption makes the calculated performance highly sensitive to the size of the grid blocks. In particular, the calculated breakthrough time of the injected gas is underestimated. This is primarily due to the equilibrium assumption that requires the gas to saturate the oil in each individual grid block before flowing to the next block.
A method is presented that treats the transient resolutioning of gas in oil within the framework of a practical reservoir simulation model. The inclusion of nonequilibrium mass transfer requires that the simulator include one mass balance equation for each component in each phase. A heuristic mass transfer model that governs the amount of gas transfered the oil phase is described. Parameters to the heuristic mass transfer model are determined from considerations of formation geology and the diffusion-convection characteristics of the hydrocarbon reservoir system.
The results from the simulation model were compared to solutions obtained by conventional variable bubble-point models, and it was found that the performance, as estimated by the conventional simulators, is highly sensitive to the thickness of the blocks used to represent the reservoir. In order to verify the solutions obtained by the proposed model, comparisons were made to runs made with a high resolution reservoir model including both diffusion and convection effects. It was shown that the heuristic model relating the interphase mass transfer to the composition of the phases, is capable of efficiently simulating the gas injection process.
Co-Generation: A New Energy System to Generate Both Steam & Electricity
Authors: Carraway Paul M. , Kloth Terry L. , Bull Autry D. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Tenneco has become increasingly active in exploring the use of new oil field methods for generating energy. One of the methods is the co-generation of both steam and electricity in conjunction with thermal oil production operations in the Kern River Field in California.
This paper discusses the installation and operation of a co-generation system at Tenneco's Fee "C" Lease, whereby hot combustion gas from a turbine fueled by gas or lease crude will be used to generate steam for enhanced recovery, with the same turbine providing the power to generate electricity for sale to a utility. It will summarize the history of the project, some of the contractual requirements, the physical layout of the system, component descriptions, environmental considerations, and the composition of the final system.
Analytical and Experimental Investigations of Rock Cutting Using Polycrystalline Diamond Compact Drag Cutters
Authors: Swenson Daniel Vernon , Wesenberg Donald L. , Jones Adrian K. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The development of analytical techniques describing rock fracture during drilling would make possible a more rational approach to the design of drills and bits. In this paper we describe progress toward this goal based on finite element and experimental investigations of the rock cutting process for a single drag bit. The material model used for rock in the analysis includes fracturing due to both tensile and shear stresses. Results capture the essential features of drilling observed in the laboratory and indicate expected differences between unconfined laboratory tests and downhole drilling.
Instrumented Diamond Bit Testing Defines Pressure Drops and Hydraulic Distribution While Drilling at Simulated Depth in Shale
Authors: Tibbitts Gordon A. , Black Alan D. , Walker Bruce , Williams C. Ray 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Two conventional 7-7/8 inch diameter natural stone surface set diamond bits were instrumented and used to drill shale in controlled laboratory tests at simulated conditions. The designations assigned to these bits in accordance to the International Association of Drilling Contractors are D333 and D323. The D333 bit is recommended for soft to medium formations whereas the D323 bit is recommended for medium to medium hard formations. Each bit has a different hydraulic design. The D333 is a radial flow design, whereas the D323 has a forced flow or "feeder-collector" hydraulic design.
Miniature pressure transducers were mounted at different locations on the bit crowns. While drilling under a wide range of simulated conditions, output from these transducers were recorded. From this data, an understanding of the magnitude and distribution of pressures at the bit face was obtained. An analysis of the data showed that a substantial amount of hydraulic energy is expended at or near the crowfoot or center of the bits. Also, an estimate of pump-off force (or hydraulic lift) as a function of pressure drop was obtained from the pressure distribution data. The work presented in this paper was sponsored by the Department of Energy, Office of Fossil Energy, Bartlesville Energy Technology Center in Bartlesville, Oklahoma.
A Steady-State Technique for Measuring Oil-Water Relative Permeability Curves at Reservoir Conditions
Authors: Braun Edward M. , Blackwell Robert J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A steady-state technique for measuring oil-water relative permeability curves is presented. The technique allows measurements to be made on preserved core samples at reservoir temperature and pressure, using reservoir fluids. Live oil and brine are circulated simultaneously through the core in a closed system, and relative permeability data are taken when conditions in the core have stabilized. A series of five to ten flow rate ratios is normally used, providing data at saturations ranging from irreducible water to residual oil. Saturations are determined by monitoring the oil content of a high-pressure oil-water separator in the system.
The technique is particularly useful for heterogeneous cores and cores with mixed wettability, where dynamic displacement tests can give inaccurate relative permeability data. The use of reservoir conditions and live fluids is preferred because the true wettability of reservoir rocks may not be preserved in tests performed with dead crude or at room temperature.
Data is presented which demonstrates the application of this steady-state technique to the study of relative permeability hysteresis.
The Underground Natural Gas Storage in the FR Germany as a Result of the Increasing Energy Demand
Authors: Lindemann Norbert W. B. , Carlson Uwe 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Over the past 12 years the natural gas consumption of the Federal Republic of Germany increased from 8 × 109 m3 to 60 × 109 m3. To date approx. 70 % of this quantity is imported. Imports, however, require more or less constant delivery rates. For the compensation of fluctuations in seasonal demand adequate storage capacities must be provided. Underground storages have been constructed since about 1950 but their capacities are still far behind the rapidly increasing demand. The distribution of existing storages and those under construction are described, considering the trend of natural gas consumption during the recent past as well as the energy economical prognosis at about 9 × 109 m3 and the necessity for future construction of new storages shown.
Comparison of Two Phase Liquid Holdup and Pressure Drop Correlations Across Flow Regime Boundaries for Horizontal and Inclined Pipes
Authors: Arya Atul , Gould Thomas L. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
During the last decade the interest in two-phase flow through horizontal and inclined pipes has increased considerably. Design engineers are primarily concerned with the calculation of pressure drop in two-phase lines and prediction of liquid holdup (in-situ liquid volume fraction), in order to size flow lines and calculate slug catcher size. These calculations are also important for the design of surface facilities such as pumps, compressors and separators.
Due to the complex nature of the different flow patterns which exist in two-phase flow, very few theoretical mechanistic models have been developed. However, a large number of empirical correlations are available in the literature to calculate pressure drop and liquid holdup. Of this large number, only a few pressure drop correlations compute holdup, friction and acceleration gradients based on the flow patterns within the pipe1, 3, 4, 5, 6. Once the correct flow pattern is determined at a specified flow rate, pressure and temperature, the appropriate holdup and friction correlations are evaluated for the corresponding flow regime. The method for calculating the acceleration pressure gradient also depends on flow regime in some cases.

LIQUID HOLDUP AND PRESSURE DROP CORRELATIONS
Equations describing the pressure drop of a two-phase system are generally developed based on a single flow equation representing homogeneous mixture properties. The general pressure gradient equation is given as:
Transient Pressure Analysis: Finite Conductivity Fracture Case Versus Damaged Fracture Case
Authors: Cinco-Ley Heber , Samaniego-V. Fernando 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This work presents the basic pressure behavior differences between a finite conductivity fracture and different types of damaged fractures.
Two kinds of fracture damage conditions are studied: a) a damaged zone around the fracture, and b) a damaged zone within the fracture in the vicinity of the wellbore. The first case is caused by the fracturing fluid loss in the formation and the last case is originated by crushing, embedding or loss of propant within the fracture in the vicinity of the wellbore.
This paper emphasizes that although finite fracture conductivity and fracture damage condition are both flow restrictions, their effects on transient pressure behavior are quite different at early time.
Type curves and both linear flow and bilinear flow graphs can be used to identify different cases when applied properly.
Cleanup of Groundwater Contaminated by Underground Coal Gasification
Authors: Raber Ellen , Thompson Robert E. , Smith Floyd H. , Duval Virgil L. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Bench scale laboratory experiments have confirmed the high adsorption capacity of bituminous activated carbon for the removal (&gt;99.9%) of organic contaminants found in groundwaters associated with underground coal gasification (UCG) sites. Based upon recent laboratory and field interpretations, engineering designs are presented for the surface treatment of groundwater contaminated by UCG operations. A methodology is suggested for consideration of other unconventional in situ treatments.
SALM Installation in Santa Barbara Channel
Authors: Hofferber John E. , Masnada Dan A. , Deacon Nancy A. , Wolfram W. Robert 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Oil and gas production has been underway in Exxon's Hondo Field since April 1981. The field is being developed using a 945-foot drilling and production platform, the Hondo Platform, and an offshore storage and treating vessel, the Exxon Santa Ynez. The dedicated 50,000 dwt vessel is moored to a single anchor leg type production riser which provides the connection to the three subsea pipelines and a power cable from the Hondo Platform. This paper presents the installation techniques used to install the Single Anchor Leg Mooring.
Evaluation and Development of Cement Systems for Geothermal Wells
Authors: Nelson Erik B. , Eilers Louis H. , Spangle Lloyd B. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Results of a three-year study concerning the cementing of geothermal wells are reported. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) funded research included some specific tasks: (1) determination of properties an adequate geothermal well must possess; (2) thorough evaluation of current high-temperature oilwell cementing technology in a geothermal context; and (3) recommendation of specific cement systems suitable for use in a geothermal well.
Deep Well Disposal of In-Situ Uranium Wastewater in the Southern Duval Mineral District
Authors: Jones Thomas A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Eight of the ten in-situ uranium mines operating in the Southern Duval Mineral District are utilizing deep well disposal for production, process, and restoration wastewaters. Seven disposal wells are currently in operation with an additional four wells proposed.
The masssive sands of the Eocene Yegua Formation form an excellent disposal reservoir confined by the thick shales of the Jackson Group. The large areal extent and uniform reservoir properties of the Yegua Formation contribute to the successful application of deep well disposal throughout the District.
The high density of abandoned oil and gas wells is a problem with deep well disposal in this area; however, the presence of these abandoned wells does not preclude the use of deep wells for disposal. Problems presented by these "artificial penetrations" of the injection zone can be minimized by judicious well site selection and by careful selection of the well completion interval. Thorough data research of surrounding wells is fundamental in optimizing the injection well design and location.
The Southern Duval Mineral District is characterized by geology having the necessary requirements for proper wastewater disposal associated with in-situ uranium mining. Deep well disposal technology has been developed to meet the specific requirements of the Southern Duval geology, and this technology is continually being refined.