bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Subjective health in old age from a salutogenic perspective
Authors: Wiesmann Ulrich , Niehörster Gabriele , Hannich Hans‐Joachim 
Published: February 2009

Objective We applied Antonovsky's salutogenic model to healthy ageing. Basically, salutogenic theory states that generalized resistance resources build‐up the sense of coherence which in turn determines an individual's health level. Specifically, we explored the status of the sense of coherence as a mediator variable.Design and Method We conducted a cross‐sectional questionnaire study with 387 volunteering elders (73.4% women and 22.2% nursing home residents) at the mean age of 74 (SD=7.58) years. We assessed 19 bio‐psychosocial resources, the sense of coherence, and three subjective health measures – psychological health, symptom reporting, and physical health. As nursing home residents were generally inferior, our study controlled for dependent living.Results Resources, sense of coherence, and subjective health were significantly inter‐related. A regression showed that optimism, self‐esteem, low depressive mood, self‐efficacy, and social support predicted the sense of coherence significantly. Predicting psychological health and symptom reporting, the sense of coherence remained significant when resources were added in the final step of the regression. This pattern was not found for physical health. Mediator analyses using Preacher and Hayes' paradigm showed that every eligible resource influenced both psychological health and symptom reporting, but not physical health, indirectly via the sense of coherence.Conclusion The sense of coherence is largely shaped by individual difference variables. As a mediator variable, it strongly accounts for the relation between resources and psychogenic aspects of health, whereas its relative significance for physical health is not corroborated. Our findings emphasize the importance of resource‐oriented health care for elders.
MicroRNAs: Novel Biomarkers for Human Cancer
Authors: Bartels Claudine L , Tsongalis Gregory J 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Background: MicroRNAs (miRNAs), small RNA molecules of approximately 22 nucleotides, have been shown to be up- or downregulated in specific cell types and disease states. These molecules have become recognized as one of the major regulatory gatekeepers of coding genes in the human genome.
Content: We review the structure, nomenclature, mechanism of action, technologies used for miRNA detection, and associations of miRNAs with human cancer. miRNAs are produced in a tissue-specific manner, and changes in miRNA within a tissue type can be correlated with disease status. miRNAs appear to regulate mRNA translation and degradation via mechanisms that are dependent on the degree of complementarity between the miRNA and mRNA molecules. miRNAs can be detected via several methods, such as microarrays, bead-based arrays, and quantitative real-time PCR. The tissue concentrations of specific miRNAs have been associated with tumor invasiveness, metastatic potential, and other clinical characteristics for several types of cancers, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and breast, colorectal, hepatic, lung, pancreatic, and prostate cancers.
Summary: By targeting and controlling the expression of mRNA, miRNAs can control highly complex signal-transduction pathways and other biological pathways. The biologic roles of miRNAs in cancer suggest a correlation with prognosis and therapeutic outcome. Further investigation of these roles may lead to new approaches for the categorization, diagnosis, and treatment of human cancers.
Assessment of Neutron Irradiation-Induced Grain Boundary Embrittlement by Phosphorous Segregation in a Reactor Pressure Vessel Steel
Authors: Kimura A , Shibata M , Kasada R , Fujii K , Fukuya K , Nakata H 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe materials used were two sorts of reactor pressure vessel steels (RPVSs), which contain different amounts of impurity phosphorous (P) and copper (Cu). The specimens for Charpy V-notch impact tests and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) were irradiated in the Japan Materials Test Reactor (JMTR) at 290°C up to fluences of 6 × 1021 and 1 × 1024 n/m2 using a multi-division temperature control capsule which enables removal of a part of the sub-capsules during operation of the reactor.Neutron irradiation resulted in a significant shift in the ductile-brittle transition temperature (DBTT) accompanied by a large irradiation hardening in the high P and high Cu steel. The AES measurements following the irradiations revealed that almost no phosphorous segregation occurred at grain boundaries. The DBTT shifts by neutron irradiation were reasonably interpreted in terms of a so-called hardening mechanism. The SEM observations of the fractured surface indicated that a very small amount of grain boundary fracture was induced at the irradiation conditions, and resultantly no grain boundary embrittlement was observed.Based on the results of irradiation experiments as well as long-term thermal aging experiments beyond 16 000 h, neutron irradiation-induced grain boundary embrittlement is considered to rarely happen to the RPVS that contains 110 wppm of phosphorous.
Technological Application of Auger Electron Spectroscopy
Authors: Gjostein NA , Chavka NG 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A brief review of the principles of Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) is given. The application of AES to a series of technological problems including fracture surface analysis, weathering of glass, vacuum brazing of aluminum alloys, paint adhesion on metal surfaces, and behavior of a friction material is described.
Impurity Segregation to Grain Boundaries
Authors: Joshi A , Stein DF 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Minute quantities of impurities present in a material can have a major influence on the mechanical, chemical, or electrical properties of materials when they are segregated in localized regions. Since grain boundaries are often the preferred regions for segregation, it is not surprising that the properties of grain boundaries differ from the bulk resulting in such phenomena as intergranular fracture and intergranular corrosion. The objectives of this paper are to demonstrate the usefulness of Auger spectroscopy in determining segregation, the role of segregation in the deterioration of properties, and to discuss our present understanding of the mechanisms for segregation.
A Tension-Compression Test Fixture to Determine Bauschinger Effect
Authors: Hoge KG , Brady RL , Cortez R 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A tension-compression alignment fixture has been designed for an MTS universal test machine. Bending stresses in the specimen are eliminated by rotation and displacement adjustments to the fixture. Lost motion is reduced by preloading in compression all mating parts of the fixture. Results of the Bauschinger effect on several metals are described.
Materials for Diffusion and Epitaxy
Authors: Gittler FL 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Most semiconductor devices are built in the epitaxial layer on a silicon wafer. The properties of the starting epitaxial material are important, because they help to determine the final device parameters. In order to obtain good epitaxial material, the reactants and dopants used must be of known purity. Analytical methods are not sufficiently sensitive and a Use Test has been attempted. Section 5.2 of ASTM Committee F-1, on Materials for Diffusion and Epitaxy, is at this time designing and evaluating an epitaxial reactant purity evaluator. A cleaning method has been devised, which is an important step in the Use Test.
Effect of Pyrolytic Temperatures on the Longitudinal Strength of Dry Douglas-Fir
Authors: Schaffer EL 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Compressive and tensile strength of dry Douglas-fir was measured through rapid constant deformation rate tests at temperatures from 25 to 288°C, at initial thermoequilibrium and after 2 h of heating.
The tensile strength decreased slowly with increasing temperatures to 175°C. Above 175°C, the tensile strength reduces rapidly. This is attributed to alteration of the cellulosic fraction of wood.
The compressive strength decreases more uniformly with temperatures increasing to 288°C due to changes occurring in all three basic wood components with change in temperature.
A first-order reaction equation for bond rupture/formation was adopted to describe the response. Including only terms for bond rupture resulted in good correlation to the observed strength response at reaching thermoequilibrium.
Some Studies of the Influence of Localized and Gross Plasticity on the Monotonic and Cyclic Concentration Factors
Authors: Leis BN , Gowda CVB , Topper TH 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The variation in monotonic and cyclic concentration factors (namely, Kt, Kε, Kσ) due to localized and gross plasticity is presented and discussed for two alloys of contrasting stress-strain behavior, an aluminum alloy 2024 T351 and a mild steel SAE 1015. Thin plates with circular and elliptical holes made of these alloys were subjected to monotonic and cyclic straining in a servo controlled testing machine.
Predominant in the monotonic behavior of the concentration factors is the rapid increase in strain concentration factor in notched mild steel plates, attributed to the unrestrained plastic flow (Lüders deformation) characteristic of this material. Such behavior is compared to the response of the continuously strain hardening aluminum alloy when subjected to a similar nominal strain history. The dominant feature of the cyclic behavior is the variation in the notch strains as influenced by the overall hardening or softening phenomenon which accompanies cyclic plastic deformation.
With the aid of these results, the accuracy of the Neuber rule is checked and restrictions to its application in fatigue life predictions of notched members using smooth specimen data are presented.
The Influence of a Dispersion on the Ductility and Fracture Behavior of Iron
Authors: Place TA , Lund JA 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Iron and iron-thoria strips were produced by a technique involving coprecipitation, hydrogen reduction, compaction, and hot rolling. Flat specimens of iron and two thoria dispersion strengthened alloys were pulled in tension at temperatures in the range 77 to 373 K. The low temperature ductility of the hot-rolled powder compacts was improved by the dispersion, and the ductile brittle transition temperature was reduced. The onset of mechanical twinning, discontinuous yielding, and Luders band failures was suppressed to lower temperatures in the dispersion hardened material. The necking and fracture behavior was strongly influenced by the dispersion. Stringers of thoria particles acted as crack initiation sites, particularly if they lay transverse to the loading direction.
The Effect of Very Short Time-at-Temperature on the Yield Stress of 6061-T651 Aluminum
Authors: Babcock SG , Norvey DB , Green SJ , Holt DL 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper describes the experimental methods and the results of an investigation of the effect of short time-at-temperature (achieved by using high heating rates) on the yield stress of 6061-T651 aluminum in uniaxial tension. Specimens were heated to 260°C at rates from about 10−3 to 103°C/s and then immediately pulled to failure at a constant strain rate of about 10/s. These heating rates, which correspond to approximate times-at-temperature in the range of 10−1 to 105 s, produce a large change in yield stress between times-at-temperature of 102 to 105 s. This change is explained in terms of precipitate coarsening and is substantiated by metallographic evidence. Extrapolation to times-at-temperature in the order of 10−5 s is discussed, and it is suggested that at these rates changes in yield stress would be due to strain rate effects only.
Armco Iron: New Concept and Broad-Data Base Justify Its Use as a Thermal Conductivity Reference Material
Authors: Lucks CF 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA new treatment for the data generated over a period of almost 40 years, including results of a recently completed round robin, indicate no reason for not continuing the use of Armco iron as a thermal conductivity reference material in the temperature range 80 to 925 K. The correlation of thermal conductivity and temperature divided by electrical resistivity is linear in this temperature range with changes in slope at reasonable magnetic transition temperatures for α-Fe2O3 and Fe3C. The small amounts of the two compounds present coupled with electrical resistivity trends for the impurity elements hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen suggest the thermal and electrical transport properties are measurably influenced by a semicontinuous or continuous network of hydrogen and iron compounds in the grain boundaries.Improved results are effected in the use of Armco iron as a reference material in the range 80 to 925 K by the use of three equations correlating thermal conductivity and temperature divided by electrical resistivity. The equations provide a tool for monitoring changes in thermal conductivity during use of the iron as a reference material and a means of adjusting thermal conductivity values for the normal compositional variations of Armco iron.
The Effect of the Intermediate Principal Stress on Triaxial Fatigue of 7075-T6 Aluminum Alloy
Authors: Findley WN , Tracy JF 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Fatigue tests of 7075-T6 aluminum alloy under synchronous pulsating triaxial stresses were performed with three different values of the intermediate principal stress. Thick-walled tubes were subjected to internal pressure plus axial stress such that the state of stress at the inner surface was as follows: in the first case, the intermediate principal stress was a compression equal to the internal pressure; in the second, it was a tension equal to the internal pressure; and in the third, it was a tension equal to the hoop stress at the inner surface. Results showed no effect of the intermediate principal stress.
Flow and Fracture of High Strength Steels in Torsion
Authors: Chait R 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The torsional flow and fracture characteristics of several high strength steels are examined. Comparison is made to flow curves obtained in uniaxial tension. It is noted that the flow curve obtained in torsion may not necessarily duplicate the flow curve determined in tension. It is suggested that lack of agreement may be due to the presence of microcracks. Nonuniform deformation localizes the formation of microcracks. It is shown that the tendency to deform locally is influenced not only by strength level but by the value of the strain hardening exponent as well. Torsional strains are also presented and compared to corresponding tensile fracture strain data. It is noted that the value of the torsional fracture strain may be low and less than the tensile fracture strain despite a fracture surface which appears ductile.
Fatigue Properties of a Tin-Modified Copper Nickel Alloy (CA-725)
Authors: Fox A 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The reversed bending fatigue properties of a Cu-9Ni-2Sn alloy, designated CA-725, were studied as they might be influenced by prior cold rolling and by the orientation of the normal stress with respect to the direction of rolling. The fatigue strength of this alloy was found to increase as a function of prior cold work for cold reductions ranging from 21 to 95 percent. In this respect this material is different from 5 percent tin phosphor bronze (CA-510) and 12 percent nickel silver (CA-762) for which no further improvement in fatigue strength is noted in the range of cold reductions 50–70 percent. For cold reductions greater than 37 percent (hard temper) the fatigue strength for material stressed at 90 deg to the direction of rolling is consistently higher than for material stressed in the parallel direction. This anisotropic effect becomes more pronounced with increasing prior cold work.
A Laboratory Method of Preparing Isotropic Samples of Clay
Authors: Khera RP 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A method of preparing isotropic clay soil samples in the laboratory is given, where consolidation is accomplished under hydrostatic pressure. Direct shear tests were performed on specimens trimmed at different inclinations to the physical horizontal from the block samples prepared by this method. The ratio of undrained shear strengths in any direction to that in the vertical direction was found to be practically equal to one. Similar tests performed on specimens trimmed from samples of the same clay consolidated one-dimensionally showed this ratio to be maximum for horizontally trimmed specimens. Thus, for laboratory investigation, where isotropic test specimens are desired, soil samples should be consolidated hydrostatically and not one-dimensionally as the latter yields anisotropic samples.
Confidence Limits of Stress Values Measured by X-Ray Diffraction
Authors: Kurita M 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The confidence limits of stress values measured by X-ray diffraction are usually determined from the equation of the t distribution for the linear regression analysis. Experimentation has shown that not all of the four assumptions on which the equation is based hold for X-ray stress measurement. X-ray residual stress measurement on a quenched structural steel was repeated 65 times. A slight failure of the assumption of linearity of the sin2ψ diagram gives confidence limits of the stress determined from the equation 1.5 to 6 times larger than the actual values depending on the preset times used. However, the confidence limits of the stress determined from the equation derived analytically from X-ray counting statistics agree very closely with the actual values. The standard error of the confidence limits determined from this equation is much smaller than that determined from the equation of the t distribution by a factor of 1∕15 to 1∕67.
High Pressure Fatigue Testing with Results for Tubing and Fittings
Authors: Findley WN , Reed RM 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Means are described for raising by a factor of about three the allowable cyclic pressure provided by a high pressure fatigue machine for fatigue testing of thick-walled tubes. Fatigue test results are given for 7.9- and 6.4-mm high pressure tubing of 316 (Unified Numbering System [UNS] S31600) stainless steel, crosses, tees, and seals.
Prediction of the Shift in the Brittle-Ductile Transition Temperature of Light-Water Reactor (LWR) Pressure Vessel Materials
Authors:   Metal Properties Council Subcommittee 6 on Nuclear Materials
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This report presents the results of an investigation undertaken by The Metal Properties Council Subcommittee 6 on Nuclear Materials and ASTM Subcommittee E10.02 on Behavior and Use of Metallic Materials in Nuclear Systems to determine the feasibility of establishing standard design curves for the purpose of predicting changes in the toughness properties of reactor pressure vessel materials as a result of exposure to neutron irradiation. It is based on a statistical treatment of irradiation data available as of November 1977. Since the conclusion of the analytical phase of the MPC-ASTM effort, more data have been published (particularly from commercial surveillance programs) that would statistically enhance various ranges within the present analysis. Some of the recently acquired data suggest a saturation effect and nickel contribution on radiated material behavior. For these and other reasons, the expressions presented in this report should be re-evaluated on a periodic basis as new data become available.
One of the important products of the MPC-ASTM effort is the computer data bank. It has been carefully scrutinized by members of the MPC and ASTM and its applicability for the present study was unmatched. The periodic updating and expanding the data bank should be considered for future analyses involving revisions to the present study or in conjunction with studies aimed at determining the response of the Charpy upper shelf energy to neutron radiation exposure or both.
This report represents the opinion of MPC Subcommittee 6 concerning the predictability of the shift in the brittle-ductile transition temperature based on data available as of November 1977. The data are presented as three sets of curves: total data base, experimental data, and surveillance data. The selection of the appropriate set of curves for a given application is left to the discretion of the user. Similarly, the use of the family of mean curves versus the family of bounding curves is also left to the discretion of the user.
The MPC Subcommittee 6 has recommended that this report together with its Appendix be evaluated by ASTM Subcommittee E10.02 with respect to development of a Standard Practice. Furthermore, the Subcommittee has also recommended that the ASTM Standard Practice should clearly state that the Standard Practice be used until surveillance data from a specific plant become available, at which time, the specific plant surveillance information should be controlling.
Summary Report of Round Robin Testing by the ASTM Task Group E24.01.06 on Rapid Loading Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness KIc Testing
Authors: Shoemaker AK , Seeley RR 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A task group designated ASTM E24.01.06 conducted round robin tests to estabish guidelines for preparing a test specification for rapid-loading plane-strain fracture-toughness testing, KIc( ) (the time of the test from zero to maximum load, in milliseconds, is included in the parentheses). Procedures described in ASTM Test for Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness of Metallic Materials (E 399) were adhered to in the program. KIc( ) tests of A533 Class steel were conducted at −18 (0) and −51°C (−60°F) for loading times as short as about 1 ms using compact tension and bend specimens with 25, 38, and 51 mm (1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 in.) thickness in high-speed closed-loop testing machines and with quasi-impact and impact testing methods.
Although the recommended test procedure will only be for testing specimens with clip gages and will exclude quasi-impact and impact testing, the test results show that additional programs could extend the method to include quasi-impact and impact testing. The round robin test results show that the procedures outlined in the recommendations of this report should give reproducible KIc( ) results consistent with the data scatter expected for fracture toughness testing of temperature- and strain-rate sensitive steels.
A Basis for Predicting Longtime Behavior from Short-Time Tests of Geothermal Sealants
Authors: Kearsley EA 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The failure of sealants aging in geothermal downwell atmospheres is usually a result of the cumulative effects of both the forming of cross-links and their destruction in the rubbery sealant materials. Methods are discussed to distinguish between these mechanisms using measurement of stress relaxation and permanent set. Some data on oxidative aging of natural rubber are recalled as a paradigm of chemically degrading elastomers and some simple scaling laws are described which (when they can be established) are useful for predicting longtime behavior from short-time tests.