bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Les « ressortissants » dans les analyses des politiques publiques
Authors: Warin Philippe 
Published: October 2008

Public policy « beneficiaries »
The term « beneficiaries » is commonly used in public policy analysis. In its generally accepted meaning, it refers to the diversity of target groups and individuals. This survey of French and English language literature captures peculiarities but no real differences in the meanings given to this term by the various analytical approaches : groups or individuals are always perceived as contributing (or meant to contribute) to the production of public choices or modes of public action. This observation leads to a criticism of the tacit concept of demo­cracy underlying these approaches, which prevents the identification of « beneficiaries » as « political subjects ».
Les approches cognitives des politiques publiques : perspectives américaines
Authors: Sabatier Paul A. , Schlager Edella 
Published: October 2008

Cognitive approaches to public policy processes : american perspectives
This article first proposes a simple classification of types of policy learning, as well as several criteria for evaluating a variety of theoretical perspectives. It then applies these criteria to a variety of American and European perspectives dealing with cognitive aspects of the policy pro­cess. Much of the American literature, particularly large-N comparative policy studies and ins­titutional rational choice, accord only a minimal role to cognition and learning. At the other extreme are a number of approaches that accord a primordial role to policy ideas. In the process, however, they often neglect institutional and socio-economic factors and aren't clear enough to be falsifiable. In the middle are several theoretical frameworks which attempt both to incorporate cognitive and non-cognitive determinants of public policy processes and to meet traditional scientific criteria of clarity and falsifiability. The paper concludes with several methodological suggestions for improving the study of cognitive processes in public policy-making.
Vie privée, vie familiale et droits de l'homme
Authors: Meulders-Klein Marie-Thérèse 
Published: October 2008

The concept of « private life » and its legal protection have émergea only late and progressively in European and American Private Law from the end of the XIXth century on. Its acknowlegment as a constitutional and a fundamental Human Right came only after the Second World War, especially with the European Convention on Human Rights (art. 8) and the Griswold case (1965) in the Case-Law of the American Supreme Court, followed by an extensive interprétation.
However it is unanimously admitted that it is impossible to give a clear definition of « private life » because it is too vague. Moreover, the American concept of Privacy is ambiguous since it covers at the same time secrecy and intimacy, and individual liberty of choice in sexual and other private matters.
On the other hand, « family life », which is equally protected by article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights, implies the existence of a family network and the protection of family relationships.
This paper examines the hypothesis of potential conflicts between the Right of Privacy (i. e. individual freedom) of each member of the group and the Right to Family life ofthe others and explores the question whether article 8 of the European Convention implies the positive duty of the State to protect the family members against one another.
Additionnally it compares the individualistic American model of Privacy with the more balanced European model of respect for private life and Family life.
Historique et destinée de la codification américaine
Authors: Herman Sahel 
Published: October 2008

Aux États-Unis, l'expérience de la codification peut être successivement envisagée dans trois phases : une attirance évidente (1800-1865) ; une réaction allergique (1865-1910) et depuis 1945, une intégration subreptice. Rebelles à l'Ancien Régime du roi Georges, les américains applaudirent également la Révolution Française et la promulgation du Code civil français sans comprendre le rôle d'un tel code comme droit et source de droit. Leur faible compréhension peut être résumée par la formule du juge Holmes selon laquelle les solutions générales ne résolvent pas les cas particuliers.
Après presqu'un siècle de scepticisme à l'égard de la codification, les juristes américains ont manifesté, par leur Uniform Commercial Code et une riche jurisprudence commerciale, un penchant pour la codification à la condition toutefois qu'elle soit revue et corrigée à la mode américaine.
Droit et langue
Authors: Chatillon Stéphane 
Published: October 2008

Following the development of international relations, lawyers and linguists have to face the diversity of law Systems and of languages, which is together a wealth and a drawback. This situation is an everyday 's reality in family law, business law and public law, as well in the European frame as in the world frame. Each language carries its own law concepts, whose pure equivalent are not always the apparently corresponding concepts in the other language.
In a negotiation — in order to avoid any litigation resulting from a misunderstanding — or in a law suit — so that the dispute, subject matter of the trial or of the arbitration, is exactly appreciated by the judges or the arbitrators — the parties, their counsels, the judges, the arbitrators must know what is expressed, without focussing on the apparent meaning of the words, but knowing what they mean in each culture.
In each situation, the exact meaning of the used tenus must be known, uppermost when they are translated. We must keep in mind that, when a language is spoken in several countries, the various national versions of this language are not always the same (the French language in France is not the same as in Belgium, Switzerland or Canada, the Germon language in Germany is not the same as in Switzerland or Austria). Moreover, the use of a third language, more particularly English, which is now the « international lingua franca » involves many risks, this language carrying the concepts of « common law » and having in addition different national versions, like « British English » and « American English ».
Thanks to the « Babel of Laws and Languages » comparatists and linguists have a fine future.
Frequency of erythrocyte pyruvate kinase deficiency in Chinese infants
Authors: Wu Zi‐Liang , Yu Wei‐Dong , Chen Shun‐Cun 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe incidence of deficiency of the enzyme pyruvate kinase (PK) in Chinese infants was determined. Both the standard assay of erythrocyte pyruvate kinase enzyme activity and a fluorescent screening test (standardized) were used. The results of these two tests were compared. Of 1,159 infant cord blood samples studied, 26 (or 2.2%) had abnormally low levels of PK activity using the screening test, as did 24 of the samples tested by the enzyme assay. The results indicate that the frequency of a defective PK gene in the population of Guangzhou is significantly lower (p < .05) than the previously reported defective gene frequency of 3.4% in Hong Kong. They also demonstrate the critical importance of standardization of the screening test, if most accurate estimates of gene frequency are to be derived by using this test.
Molecular characterization of a patient with an interstitial 1q deletion [del(1)(q24.1q25.3)] and distinctive skeletal abnormalities
Authors: Descartes Maria , Hain Julie Zenger , Conklin Michael , Franklin Judy , Mikhail Fady M. , Lachman Ralph S. , Nolet Serge , Messiaen Ludwine M. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractHere we report on a patient with an interstitial deletion on the long(q) arm of chromosome 1 who presents with a unique constellation of anomalies including brachydactyly type E, Müllerian agenesis, growth hormone deficiency, as well as other abnormalities. We present the clinical details of this patient's presentation, the skeletal findings, and provide characterization of the deletion at the molecular level. We postulate that these skeletal anomalies are distinctive to 1q deletions involving the 1q24q25 region. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bilateral perisylvian polymicrogyria, periventricular nodular heterotopia, and left ventricular noncompaction in a girl with 10.5–11.1 Mb terminal deletion of 1p36
Authors: Saito Shoji , Kawamura Rie , Kosho Tomoki , Shimizu Takashi , Aoyama Koki , Koike Kenichi , Wada Takahito , Matsumoto Naomichi , Kato Mitsuhiro , Wakui Keiko , Fukushima Yoshimitsu 
Published: October 2008

AbstractMonosomy 1p36 is a common subtelomeric microdeletion syndrome, characterized by craniofacial dysmorphisms, developmental delay, mental retardation, hypotonia, epilepsy, cardiovascular complications, and hearing impairment; deleted regions have been mapped within 10.0 Mb from the telomere in most documented cases. We report on a girl with a 10.5–11.1 Mb terminal deletion of 1p36 shown by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). She had three distinct structural abnormalities: bilateral perisylvian polymicrogyria, periventricular nodular heterotopia, and left ventricular noncompaction. She died in early infancy with intractable epilepsy, progressive congestive heart failure and pulmonary hypertension. To date, this is the first case with monosomy 1p36, complicated by this combination of manifestations; she is also the first who had possibly a simple terminal deletion of 1p36 and died in early infancy. An atypically large deletion in this patient might be the basis for the development of these features and the severe clinical course. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Properties of poly(ethylene 1‐octene)‐g‐maleic anhydride copolymers prepared via solvothermal process
Authors: Qi Rongrong , Liu Qiaochu , Wang Yanling , Huang Mark 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe poly(ethylene 1‐octene)‐g‐maleic anhydride copolymers (POE‐g‐MAH) with high grafting degree (GD) (>9%) have previously been obtained by a solvothermal method in our laboratory. It is found that the low GD (less than 2.5%) did not change the bulk properties of polyolefine elastomers (POE). Thereforefore, it is worth further understanding whether a high GD POE‐g‐MAH copolymer differs from the pure POE in its comprehensive properties and performance. In this article, POE‐g‐MAH with different GDs were synthesized and characterized by thermogravimetric analyze (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), wide angle X‐ray diffraction spectroscopy (WAXD), and dynamic rheological testing. The results show that the thermal decomposition temperature, melting points, the crystallization temperatures, and the crystallinities were decreased by the increasing GD. By WAXD, three peaks respectively, attributed to the amorphous phase, the (110) and (200) interferences of the orthorhombic unit cell were detected, and they also decreased by the increasing GD. And the POE‐g‐MAH copolymers had higher storage modulus (G′), loss modulus (G″), and complex viscosity (η*) than those of pure POE. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Multifaceted Palladium Catalysts Towards the Tandem Diboration–Arylation Reactions of Alkenes
Authors: Penno Dirk , Lillo Vanesa , Koshevoy Igor O. , Sanaú Mercedes , Ubeda M. Angeles , Lahuerta Pascual , Fernández Elena 
Published: October 2008

AbstractNovel Pd26+ compounds have been synthesized in high yield. These compounds and their Pd24+ counterparts as synthetic precursors mediate the diboration of vinylarenes and aliphatic 1‐alkenes, and under mild and basic reaction conditions they produce a variety of 1,2‐diboronate esters with excellent conversions and chemoselectivities. The presence of bis(catecholato)diboron (B2cat2) favours the reduction of PdIII to PdII, while the catalytic precursor of PdII is transformed into Pd0‐nanoparticles. An “in situ” catalytic tandem reaction has been designed to transform the diboronate intermediates into the monoarylated product, which after oxidative workup, provides the carbohydroxylated adduct. Eventually, the same catalyst performs both sequences with total conversion from the alkene.
Racial disparities and treatment trends in a large cohort of elderly African Americans and Caucasians with colorectal cancer, 1991 to 2002
Authors: White Arica , Liu Chih‐Chin , Xia Rui , Burau Keith , Cormier Janice , Chan Wenyaw , Du Xianglin L. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND.Racial differences have been demonstrated in patients who receive treatment for colorectal cancer. However, little is known about whether these disparities have changed over time. The objective of this study was to determine whether racial disparities in receiving standard therapy have declined between 1991 and 2002.METHODS.The study population consisted of 59,803 Caucasians and African Americans aged ≥65 years who were diagnosed with colorectal cancer (American Joint Committee on Cancer stages I, II, and III) between 1991 and 2002 and were identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program/Medicare‐linked database. Standard therapy for colorectal cancer was defined based on the Physician Data Query guidelines from the National Cancer Institute. The crude and age‐ and sex‐adjusted percentages and the odds ratios (ORs) of receiving standard therapy were reported.RESULTS.From 1991 to 2002, the percentage of patients who did not receive standard therapy for colorectal cancer decreased for both Caucasians (from 24.5% to 22.4%) and African Americans (from 30.4% to 26.4%). Overall, African Americans were 16% less likely to receive standard therapy for colorectal cancer (OR, 0.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.78‐0.90) than Caucasians, but the difference was not significant after the analysis was adjusted for other factors (OR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.88‐1.05). The gap for not receiving standard therapy was relatively stable, peaked in 1997 (7.2%), and decreased from 1999 to 2002 (from 7.1% to 4%).CONCLUSIONS.The percentage of patients receiving standard therapy for colorectal cancer increased over time, but disparities remained and decreased in recent years. Future studies should include other ethnic groups and should incorporate provider and system factors that may contribute to treatment disparities. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Synthesis of the 3′‐C‐Hydroxymethyl‐Branched Locked Nucleic Acid Thymidine Monomer
Authors: Kumar Surender , Sharma Pawan K. , Stein Paul C. , Nielsen Poul 
Published: October 2008

AbstractA 3′‐C‐hydroxymethyl‐branched Locked Nucleic Acid (LNA) monomer 3 was synthesized from diacetone‐α‐D‐glucose taking advantage of a stereoselective Grignard reaction for the introduction of a vinyl group, an aldol/Cannizzarro sequence for introducing the 4′‐substituent, oxidative cleavage of the vinyl group using a RuO4‐based protocol, Vorbrüggen‐type nucleobase coupling and finally the ring closure by ether formation giving the bicyclic skeleton. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Melanoma of the upper aerodigestive tract: A review of 21 cases
Authors: Panje William R. , Moran William J. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIn this report 21 cases of primary malignant melanoma arising from the mucosa of the upper aerodigestive tract are reviewed. The patients ranged in age from 30 to 86; mean age was 67 years. There were 10 men and 11 women. All but one patient were white. Sites of involvement were: nose and paranasal sinuses, oral cavity and labial mucosa, parotid duct, and larynx. Surgery was the primary method of treatment. The 2‐year survival rate was 44% (7/16) and the 5‐year survival rate was 13% (2/15). Regional metastases were seen in 19% (4/21) while distant metastases was seen in 55% (11/21). The local recurrence rate was 69% (11/16). Distant metastases were usually associated with uncontrolled disease at the primary site. This fact as well as the low incidence of regional metastases lead us to conclude that better local control rather than regional lymphatic control is necessary if decreased distant metastases and increased survival are to be achieved.
Correlation of dna flow cytometric results and other prognostic factors in primary breast cancer
Authors: Feichter G. E. , Mueller A. , Kaufmann M. , Haag D. , Born I. A. , Abel U. , Klinga K. , Kubli F. , Goerttler K. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe percentage of cells in S‐phase and DNA‐ploidy have been measured in 300 primary mammary carcinomas by means of DNA‐flow cytometry (FCM). The data were compared with the age and menopausal status of the patients as well as with the size, regional lymph‐node involvement, histologic type, grade and concentration of estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR) receptors of the tumors. A DNA‐diploid distribution of the G0/1 ‐peak was found in 37.6% of the cases. The mean percentage of S‐phase fractions was 4.83. DNA‐aneuploid tumors had significantly higher amounts of S‐phase fractions (6.12%) than DNA‐diploid tumors (2.66%). There was also a significant correlation between the DNA measurement data (DNA‐ploidy and S‐phase fractions) and histologic grade, as well as the content of ER and PR, but not between DNA‐ploidy, S‐phase fractions, tumor size (T) and evidence of axillary lymph‐node metastases. DNA‐FCM gives a biological characterization of the tumor in addition to the histopathologic examination. The method can be used as a routine procedure because of the reliability and reproducibility of the results as well as the short time needed for the measurements.
Activation of telomerase and cyclooxygenase‐2 in PDGF and FGF inhibition of C2‐ceramide‐induced apoptosis
Authors: Chien Chih‐Chiang , Shen Shing‐Chuan , Yang Liang‐Yo , Wu Chin‐Yen , Liau Jiun‐Shiang , Chen Yen‐Chou 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIn the present study, the roles of telomerase and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF's) and fibroblast growth factor‐2 (FGF‐2's) effects against C2‐ceramide‐induced cell death were investigated. C2‐ceramide reduced the viability of NIH3T3 cells in a condition without calf serum (CS) in accordance with decreasing telomerase activity according to the TRAP assay. The addition of CS significantly protected cells from C2‐ceramide‐induced apoptosis through increased telomerase activity, and the phosphorylations of PDGF and the FGF‐2‐like receptor in NIH3T3 cells were detected. Adding PDGF and FGF‐2 decreased the cytotoxic effect elicited by C2‐ceramide through stimulating telomerase activity, which was blocked by adding a telomerase inhibitor (TI). Activations of ERKs and JNKs were detected in PDGF‐ and FGF‐2‐treated NIH3T3 cells, and the telomerase activities induced by PDGF and FGF were respectively inhibited by the addition of the ERK inhibitor, PD98059, and the JNK inhibitor, SP600125. Accordingly, induction of cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) protein expression and PGE2 production was detected in PDGF‐ and FGF‐2‐treated NIH3T3 cells, and the telomerase activities stimulated by PDGF and FGF were reduced by adding a specific COX‐2 inhibitor, NS398, through a decrease in PGE2 production. Incubation of cells with PGE2 or the EP1 agonist, 17‐PT, but not the EP2 agonist, sulprostone, the EP3 agonist, butaprost, or the EP4 agonist, PGE1 alcohol, significantly enhanced the telomerase activity of NIH3T3 cells. PGE2 protection of NIH3T3 cells against C2‐ceramide‐induced cell death was identified by the MTT and LDH‐release assays, and it was inhibited by adding the EP1 antagonist, SC‐19220. Ceramide metabolites including ceramide‐1‐phosphate (C1P) and sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P), and a standard control of exogenous ceramide C2‐dihydroceramide show no effect on the telomerase activity and viability of NIH3T3 cells. The involvement of COX‐2/PGE2‐mediated telomerase activation by PDGF and FGF‐2 against C2‐ceramide‐induced cell death is first demonstrated herein. J. Cell. Physiol. 218: 405–415, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
ω‐Di‐(trideuteromethyl)‐tocotrienols as probes for membrane orientation and dynamics of tocotrienols
Authors: West Ryan , Wang Yongsheng , Atkinson Jeffrey 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe study of the dynamic and structural role of lipids in membranes is commonly accomplished using 2H NMR and neutron diffraction. This necessarily requires the availability of specifically deuterated lipids. Our interest in the behaviour of tocopherols and tocotrienols in phospholipid membranes has shown that the tocotrienols, unsaturated forms of vitamin E, have very different effects on membrane properties as judged by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). We report here the preparation of deuterated forms of α‐, β‐, and γ‐tocotrienols where the terminal methyl groups on the isoprenoid side chains have been replaced with trideuteromethyl groups, thus incorporating six deuterium atoms per molecule. Starting from the naturally occurring tocotrienols, the terminal alkene can be selectively hydrobrominated with NBS, transformed to a diol and oxidatively cleaved to give a chain truncated aldehyde. The full chain length is then restored by reaction with the ylide formed by deprotonation of triphenyl‐(1,2,2,2‐tetradeutero‐1‐trideuteromethyl‐ethyl)‐phosphonium bromide. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Deterioration of diabetic retinopathy during growth hormone therapy in a pan‐hypopituitary diabetic patient
Authors: Bhake R , Evans A 
Published: October 2008

AbstractDiabetic retinopathy remains the leading cause of blindness in the developed world, resulting in significant morbidity for the diabetes population subset and, as yet, the specific pathogenesis remains elusive. Endogenous growth hormone (GH) is believed to play a role in the development of retinal new vessels that characterise proliferative retinopathy. Both endogenous GH and its active protein insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF‐1) have been found to be at high levels in diabetes, especially in patients with suboptimal glycaemic control. Recombinant human GH (rhGH) was licensed for adult therapeutic use in 1996. Its role in retinopathy is inconclusive. There are reports of rhGH administration being associated with proliferative retinopathy in non‐diabetic patients. In a case series of 85 non‐diabetic children on rhGH therapy, they were screened prospectively for the development of proliferative retinopathy and were found to have none. On the contrary, however, proliferative retinopathy has been reported to have developed in a diabetic woman who developed GH deficiency and was not on replacement therapy.Our case is that of proliferative retinopathy during treatment with rhGH, in a known diabetic patient. There are no previous case reports of worsening of stable background diabetic retinopathy during rhGH treatment. In the current era of diabetes, new agents are overwhelming the therapeutic menu but are limited in their use due to unforeseen outcomes. This is another therapeutic option which calls for caution in its prudent use until further studies demonstrating the role of GH and/or IGF‐1 in developing proliferative retinopathy are available. We would therefore advise baseline and ongoing periodic screening for the development of new retinopathy in diabetic patients who have coexistent GH deficiency and in whom therapy with recombinant GH is contemplated. Copyright ©2008 John Wiley & Sons.
The Dislocation Image Force in Cubic Polycrystals
Authors: Head A. K. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe image force on a screw dislocation in an anisotropic cubic polycrystal is examined as a function of elastic anisotropy and Burgers vector. For iron it is shown that the screw glide dislocation is always repelled from a grain boundary but for copper there can be either an attraction or repulsion depending on the misorientation across the grain boundary.