bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mohs for head and neck mucosal cancer: Report on 111 patients
Authors: Davidson Terence M. , Haghighi Parviz , Astarita Robert , Baird Stephen , Seagren Stephen 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMicroscopically Oriented Histologic Surgery (MOHS) has been applied to primary epidermoid cancers of the mucosal tissues of the head and neck since 1979. In that time we have treated 170 patients and maintained excellent records, losing no patients to follow‐up. One hundred three patients have been followed for 2 years. Of this group, only nine patients have developed local recurrences; three were salvaged, six were not.This presentation reviews the concept of MOHS and its application to head and neck mucosal lesions. The results are analyzed, and conclusions are drawn regarding what we have learned about the biologic behavior of head and neck tumors and the role of MOHS in treating these neoplasms.
The sternocleidomastoid myoperiosteal flap for esophagopharyngeal reconstruction and fistula repair: Clinical and experimental study
Authors: Friedman Michael , Toriumi Dean M. , Chilis Thomas , Strorigl Terri , Skolnik Emanuel 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDespite advances in head and neck surgery, reconstruction of the pharynx and cervical esophagus continues to be troublesome. Classic pedicled flaps are often too bulky and difficult to position for repair of pharyngeal and esophageal fistulas. An ideal flap would be local, well‐vascularized, compact, and capable of being sutured into a tension‐free, watertight seal. In selected cases, the sternocleidomastoid myoperiosteal flap can meet these requirements in a single‐stage procedure for repair of fistulas as well as selected cases of primary pharyngeal reconstruction.The use of this flap is described in five patients. Two patients underwent laryngectomy with partial pharyngectomy that left inadequate mucosa for primary closure. A sternocleidomastoid myoperiosteal flap was used to add width to the remaining mucosa. Both patients healed within 3 weeks and remained stricture free. Three other patients who underwent radiation followed by tumor resection and standard primary closure of the pharynx developed fistulas. Two fistulas were repaired successfully with the sternocleidomastoid myoperiosteal flap, and both patients were able to eat a general diet on the eighth postoperative day. Reconstruction was also performed in dogs to histologically evaluate the epithelialization capacity of the periosteum. There was total epithelialization of the flap at 4 weeks after reconstruction.
Bionic larynx: Electronic control of the reimplanted organ in the dog
Authors: Broniatowski Michael 
Published: October 2006

AbstractComplete rehabilitation of paralyzed head and neck structures has been difficult, and attempts at reinnervation of striated muscles have not consistently succeeded. Recent studies have shown that disabled muscles can be electronically “paced.” This, together with recent developments in microelectronics, has led to the concept of the Bionic Larynx. The current experiments involve transposed nerve‐muscle pedicles used to selectively reinnervate larynges which were denervated, entirely detached from the animal except for their vascular supply, and then reimplanted. These pedicles were later stimulated using a potentially implantable “pacing unit.” It was possible to selectively control the critical functions of the larynx, using as stimuli physiological events that are preserved even when the vocal folds are paralyzed or uncoordinated. Although laryngeal transplantation in humans remains theoretical, these studies show that it could be feasible in the future.
Injection of fat for soft tissue augmentation
Authors: Wetmore Stephen J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPerinephric rabbit fat was divided into small particles with scissors and razor blades and then injected subcutaneously into the donor rabbit. The injected fat was compared with surgically implanted fat. Subcutaneous augmentation with both types of fat resulted in similar findings. Grossly, 40% of injection and implantation sites were palpable after 16 to 36 weeks of observation. Histologically, fat was present at practically every site, but with a variable amount of fat cell destruction.This study demonstrates that the author's method for dividing and injecting fat produces comparable results in terms of soft tissue augmentation to those obtained by surgically implanting fat. Although injected fat does not fulfill the criteria as the ideal substance for soft tissue augmentation, fat injection may prove to be a clinically useful means for improving body contour.
In Situ hybridization and immunohistochemical study of human papillomavirus infection in adult laryngeal papillomas
Authors: Tsutsumi Kouichiro , Nakajima Takashi , Gotoh Masahiro , Shimosato Yukio , Tsunokawa Youko , Terada Masaaki , Ebihara Satoshi , Ono Isamu 
Published: October 2006

AbstractRoutinely processed paraffin sections from 20 patients with adult laryngeal papillomas were examined for the presence of human papillomavirus type 11 (HPV‐11) DNA and its specific mRNA by in situ hybridization methods using 35S‐labeled RNA probes. Immunohistochemical techniques were also used to identify papillomavirus genus‐specific common antigen (pgsantigen). HPV‐11 DNA signals and/or papillomavirus genus‐specific common antigen were detected in all eight samples of multiple laryngeal papilloma. On the other hand, in 12 samples of single laryngeal papilloma, neither papillomavirus genus‐specific common antigen nor HPV‐11 DNA were detected. Four patients were positive for both HPV‐11 DNA and pgs‐antigen. In three of these four patients, HPV‐11 mRNA signals were also detected. These results provided direct evidence of the association of HPV and adult multiple laryngeal papilloma.
Remodeling and Vascular Spaces in Bone
Authors: Eriksen Erik Fink , Eghbali-Fatourechi Guiti Z , Khosla Sundeep 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
In recent years, we have come to appreciate that the close association between bone and vasculature plays a pivotal role in the regulation of bone remodeling and fracture repair. In 2001, Hauge et al. characterized a specialized vascular structure, the bone remodeling compartment (BRC), and showed that the outer lining of this compartment was made up of flattened cells, displaying all the characteristics of lining cells in bone. A decrease in bone turnover leads to a decrease in surfaces covered with remodeling compartments, whereas increased turnover causes an increase. Immunoreactivity for all major osteotropic growth factors and cytokines including osteoprotegerin (OPG) and RANKL has been shown in the cells lining the BRC, which makes the BRC the structure of choice for coupling between resorption and formation. The secretion of these factors inside a confined space separated from the bone marrow would facilitate local regulation of the remodeling process without interference from growth factors secreted by blood cells in the marrow space. The BRC creates an environment where cells inside the structure are exposed to denuded bone, which may enable direct cellular interactions with integrins and other matrix factors known to regulate osteoclast/osteoblast activity. However, the denuded bone surface inside the BRC also constitutes an ideal environment for the seeding of bone metastases, known to have high affinity for bone matrix. Reduction in BRC space brought about by antiresorptive therapies such as bisphosphonates reduce the number of skeletal events in advanced cancer, whereas an increase in BRC space induced by remodeling activators like PTH may increase the bone metastatic burden. The BRC has only been characterized in detail in trabecular bone; there is, however, evidence that a similar structure may exist in cortical bone, but further characterization is needed.
Recovery From Skeletal Fluorosis (an Enigmatic, American Case)
Authors: Kurland Etah S , Schulman Rifka C , Zerwekh Joseph E , Reinus William R , Dempster David W , Whyte Michael P 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
A 52-year-old man presented with severe neck immobility and radiographic osteosclerosis. Elevated fluoride levels in serum, urine, and iliac crest bone revealed skeletal fluorosis. Nearly a decade of detailed follow-up documented considerable correction of the disorder after removal of the putative source of fluoride (toothpaste).
Introduction: Skeletal fluorosis, a crippling bone disorder, is rare in the United States, but affects millions worldwide. There are no data regarding its reversibility.
Materials and Methods: A white man presented in 1996 with neck immobility and worsening joint pains of 7-year duration. Radiographs revealed axial osteosclerosis. Bone markers were distinctly elevated. DXA of lumbar spine (LS), femoral neck (FN), and distal one-third radius showed Z scores of +14.3, +6.6, and −0.6, respectively. Transiliac crest biopsy revealed cancellous volume 4.5 times the reference mean, cortical width 3.2 times the reference mean, osteoid thickness 25 times the reference mean, and wide and diffuse tetracycline uptake documenting osteomalacia. Fluoride (F) was elevated in serum (0.34 and 0.29 mg/liter [reference range: &lt;0.20]), urine (26 mg/liter [reference range: 0.2–1.1 mg/liter]), and iliac crest (1.8% [reference range: &lt;0.1%]). Tap and bottled water were negative for F. Surreptitious ingestion of toothpaste was the most plausible F source.
Results: Monitoring for a decade showed that within 3 months of removal of F toothpaste, urine F dropped from 26 to 16 mg/liter (reference range: 0.2–1.1 mg/liter), to 3.9 at 14 months, and was normal (1.2 mg/liter) after 9 years. Serum F normalized within 8 months. Markers corrected by 14 months. Serum creatinine increased gradually from 1.0 (1997) to 1.3 mg/dl (2006; reference range: 0.5–1.4 mg/dl). Radiographs, after 9 years, showed decreased sclerosis of trabeculae and some decrease of sacrospinous ligament ossification. DXA, after 9 years, revealed 23.6% and 15.1% reduction in LS and FN BMD with Z scores of +9.3 and +4.8, respectively. Iliac crest, after 8.5 years, had normal osteoid surface and thickness with distinct double labels. Bone F, after 8.5 years, was 1.15% (reference range, &lt;0.1), which was a 36% reduction (still 10 times the reference value). All arthralgias resolved within 2 years, and he never fractured, but new-onset nephrolithiasis occurred within 9 months and became a chronic problem.
Conclusions: With removal of F exposure, skeletal fluorosis is reversible, but likely impacts for decades. Patients should be monitored for impending nephrolithiasis.
Achieved Versus Intended Pulse Oximeter Saturation in Infants Born Less Than 28 Weeks' Gestation: The AVIOx Study
Authors: Hagadorn James I. , Furey Anne M. , Nghiem Tuyet-Hang , Schmid Christopher H. , Phelps Dale L. , Pillers De-Ann M. , Cole Cynthia H. ,   and the AVIOx Study Group
Published: October 2006

OBJECTIVE. The objective of this study was to document pulse oximeter saturation levels achieved in the first 4 weeks of life in infants who were born at &lt;28 weeks' gestation, compared with the levels that were targeted by local policy, and examine factors that are associated with compliance with the target range.
METHODS. Infants who were &lt;28 weeks' gestation and ≤96 hours of age were enrolled in a prospective, multicenter cohort study. Oximetry data were collected with masked signal-extraction oximeters for a 72-hour period in each of the first 4 weeks of life. Data were compared with the pulse oximeter saturation target range prescribed by local institutional policy. Factors that were associated with intended range compliance were identified with hierarchical modeling.
RESULTS. Fourteen centers from 3 countries enrolled 84 infants with mean ± SD birth weight of 863 ± 208 g and gestational age of 26 ± 1.4 weeks. Oxygen saturation policy limits ranged between 83% and 92% for lower limits and 92% and 98% for upper limits. For infants who received respiratory support, median pulse oximeter saturation level achieved was 95%. Center-specific medial levels were within the intended range at 12 centers. Centers maintained infants within their intended range 16% to 64% of the time but were above range 20% to 73% of the time. In hierarchical modeling, wider target ranges, higher target range upper limits, presence of a policy of setting oximeter alarms close to the target range limits, and lower gestational age were associated with improved target range compliance.
CONCLUSIONS. Success with maintaining the intended pulse oximeter saturation range varied substantially among centers, among patients within centers, and for individual patients over time. Most noncompliance was above the intended range. Methods for improving compliance and the effect of improved compliance on neonatal outcomes require additional research.
A Delphi Approach to Reach Consensus on Primary Care Guidelines Regarding Youth Violence Prevention
Authors: De Vos Edward , Spivak Howard , Hatmaker-Flanigan Elizabeth , Sege Robert D. 
Published: October 2006

OBJECTIVE. Anticipatory guidance is a cornerstone of modern pediatric practice. In recognition of its importance for child well being, injury prevention counseling is a standard element of that guidance. Over the last 20 years, there has been growing recognition that intentional injury or violence is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among youth. The US Surgeon General identified youth violence as a major public health issue and a top priority. Yet, only recently has the scope of injury prevention counseling been expanded to include violence. Pediatric health care providers agree that youth violence–prevention counseling should be provided, yet the number of topics available, the already lengthy list of other anticipatory guidance topics to be covered, developmental considerations, and the evidence base make the selection of an agreed-on set a considerable challenge. The purpose of this study was to systematically identify and prioritize specific counseling topics in violence prevention that could be integrated into anticipatory guidance best practice.DESIGN. A modified electronic Delphi process was used to gain consensus among 50 national multidisciplinary violence-prevention experts. Participants were unaware of other participants' identities.METHODS. The process consisted of 4 serial rounds of inquiry beginning with a broad open-ended format for the generation of anticipatory guidance and screening topics across 5 age groups (infant, toddler, school age, adolescent, and all ages). Each subsequent round narrowed the list of topics toward the development of a manageable set of essential topics for screening and counseling about positive youth development and violence prevention.RESULTS. Forty-seven unique topics were identified, spanning birth to age 21 years. Topics cover 4 broad categories (building blocks): physical safety, parent centered, child centered, and community connection. Participants placed topics into their developmentally appropriate visit-based schedule and made suggestions for an appropriate topic reinforcement schedule. The resulting schedule provides topics for introduction and reinforcement at each visit.CONCLUSIONS. The Delphi technique proved a useful approach for accessing expert opinion, for analyzing and synthesizing results, for achieving consensus, and for setting priorities among the numerous anticipatory guidance and assessment topics relevant for raising resilient, violence-free youth.
The Influence of Head Growth in Fetal Life, Infancy, and Childhood on Intelligence at the Ages of 4 and 8 Years
Authors: Gale Catharine R. , O'Callaghan Finbar J. , Bredow Maria , Martyn Christopher N. ,   the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children Study Team
Published: October 2006

OBJECTIVE. We investigated the effects of head growth prenatally, during infancy, and during later periods of development on cognitive function at the ages of 4 and 8 years.METHODS. We studied 633 term-born children from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children cohort whose head circumference was measured at birth and at regular intervals thereafter. Their cognitive function was assessed with the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence at the age of 4 years and with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children at the age of 8 years. Linear regression analysis was used to calculate postnatal head growth between successive time points, conditional on previous size, and to examine the relationship between head growth during different periods of development and later IQ.RESULTS. When the influence of head growth was distinguished for different periods, only prenatal growth and growth during infancy were associated with subsequent IQ. At 4 years, after adjustment for parental characteristics, full-scale IQ increased an average of 2.41 points for each 1-SD increase in head circumference at birth and 1.97 points for each 1-SD increase in head growth during infancy, conditional on head size at birth. At 8 years, head circumference at birth was no longer associated with IQ, but head growth during infancy remained a significant predictor, with full-scale IQ increasing an average of 1.56 points for each 1-SD increase in growth.CONCLUSION. The brain volume a child achieves by the age of 1 year helps determine later intelligence. Growth in brain volume after infancy may not compensate for poorer earlier growth.
Gestational Age and Birth Weight in Relation to School Performance of 10-Year-Old Children: A Follow-up Study of Children Born After 32 Completed Weeks
Authors: Kirkegaard Ida , Obel Carsten , Hedegaard Morten , Henriksen Tine Brink 
Published: October 2006

BACKGROUND. Children born extremely premature (&lt;28 weeks) or with a very low birth weight (&lt;1500 g) have a poorer school performance than children born at term with a normal birth weight. Much less is known about children of higher gestational ages and birth weights. We studied gestational age after 32 completed weeks and birth weight in relation to the child's school performance at the age of 10 years.METHODS. We performed a follow-up study of 5319 children born between January 1990 and June 1992. We got the information on birth weight and gestational age from birth registration forms; when the children were between 9 and 11 years of age, we gathered information about their school performance (reading, spelling, and arithmetic) from questionnaires completed by the parents and the children's primary school teachers.RESULTS. The association between birth weight and reading, as well as spelling and arithmetic disabilities, showed a graded relationship, with children who weighed &lt;2500 g having the highest risks. Even children who weighed between 3000 and 3499 g had an increased risk of all 3 learning disabilities compared with children who weighed between 3500 and 4000 g. This association persisted after adjustment for potential cofounders and when the analyses were restricted to children born at term (39–40 weeks of gestation), suggesting that the association could not be explained by a low gestational age. Compared with children born at term, reading and spelling difficulties were more often found among children born at gestational age 33 to 36 weeks and 37 to 38 weeks, whereas there was no relation between gestational age and arithmetic difficulties.CONCLUSIONS. Gestational age and birth weight were associated with school performance in the 10-year-old child and the association extended into the reference range of both birth weight and gestational age.
Food-Related Advertising on Preschool Television: Building Brand Recognition in Young Viewers
Authors: Connor Susan M. 
Published: October 2006

OBJECTIVES. This study used content analysis to explore how much and what type of advertising is present in television programming aimed at toddlers and preschool-aged children and what methods of persuasion are being used to sell products and to promote brands to the youngest viewers.METHODS. Four randomly selected, 4-hour blocks (9 am to 1 pm) were recorded in spring 2005 from each of 3 stations airing programming aimed specifically at toddlers and preschool-aged children (Public Broadcasting Service, Disney, and Nickelodeon). All content that aired in the spaces between programs was examined. Data recorded for food-related advertisements included the primary appeals used to promote products or brands, whether advertisements were aimed at children or adults, whether advertisements used primarily animation or live action, whether advertisements showed food, and whether licensed characters were used.RESULTS. In 96 half-hour blocks of preschool programming, the 3 stations had a total of 130 food-related advertisements (1.354 food advertisements per half-hour). More than one half of all food advertisements (76 of 130 advertisements) were aimed specifically at children, and the majority of those were for fast food chains (50 advertisements) or sweetened cereals (18 advertisements). The primary advertising appeals used associated products with fun and happiness and/or with excitement and energy. Fast food advertisements in particular seemed to focus on building brand recognition and positive associations, through the use of licensed characters, logos, and slogans.CONCLUSIONS. The majority of child-oriented food advertisements viewed seemed to take a branding approach, focusing on creating lifelong customers rather than generating immediate sales. Promotional spots on advertisement-supported (Nickelodeon) and sponsor-supported (Public Broadcasting Service and Disney) networks took similar approaches and used similar appeals, seeming to promote the equation that food equals fun and happiness.
Association Between Television, Movie, and Video Game Exposure and School Performance
Authors: Sharif Iman , Sargent James D. 
Published: October 2006

BACKGROUND. The relationship between media exposure and school performance has not been studied extensively in adolescents.OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this work was to test the relative effects of television, movie, and video game screen time and content on adolescent school performance.METHODS. We conducted a population-based cross-sectional survey of middle school students (grades 5–8) in the Northeastern United States. We looked at weekday television and video game screen time, weekend television and video game screen time, cable movie channel availability, parental R-rated movie restriction, and television content restriction. The main outcome was self-report of school performance (excellent, good, average, or below average). We used ordinal logistic-regression analysis to test the independent effects of each variable, adjusting for demographics, child personality, and parenting style.RESULTS. There were 4508 students who participated in the study; gender was equally represented, and 95% were white. In multivariate analyses, after adjusting for other covariates, the odds of poorer school performance increased with increasing weekday television screen time and cable movie channel availability and decreased with parental restriction of television content restriction. As compared with children whose parents never allowed them to watch R-rated movies, children who watched R-rated movies once in a while, sometimes, or all of the time had significantly increased cumulative odds of poorer school performance. Weekend screen time and video game use were not associated with school performance.CONCLUSIONS. We found that both content exposure and screen time had independent detrimental associations with school performance. These findings support parental enforcement of American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines for media time (particularly weekdays) and content limits to enhance school success.