bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Macromolecular connections of active zone material to docked synaptic vesicles and presynaptic membrane at neuromuscular junctions of mouse
Authors: Nagwaney Sharuna , Harlow Mark Lee , Jung Jae Hoon , Szule Joseph A. , Ress David , Xu Jing , Marshall Robert M. , McMahan Uel Jackson 
Published: February 2009

AbstractElectron tomography was used to view macromolecules composing active zone material (AZM) in axon terminals at mouse neuromuscular junctions. Connections of the macromolecules to each other, to calcium channels in the presynaptic membrane, and to synaptic vesicles docked on the membrane prior to fusing with it during synaptic transmission were similar to those of AZM macromolecules at frog neuromuscular junctions previously examined by electron tomography and support the hypothesis that AZM regulates vesicle docking and fusion. A species difference in the arrangement of AZM relative to docked vesicles may help account for a greater vesicle‐presynaptic membrane contact area during docking and a greater probability of fusion during synaptic transmission in mouse. Certain AZM macromolecules in mouse were connected to synaptic vesicles contacting the presynaptic membrane at sites where fusion does not occur. These secondary docked vesicles had a different relationship to the membrane and AZM macromolecules than primary docked vesicles, consistent with their having a different AZM‐regulated behavior. J. Comp. Neurol. 513:457–468, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Close homologue of adhesion molecule L1 promotes survival of Purkinje and granule cells and granule cell migration during murine cerebellar development
Authors: Jakovcevski Igor , Siering Janina , Hargus Gunnar , Karl Nicole , Hoelters Laura , Djogo Nevena , Yin Shengming , Zecevic Nada , Schachner Melitta , Irintchev Andrey 
Published: February 2009

AbstractSeveral L1‐related adhesion molecules, expressed in a well‐coordinated temporospatial pattern during development, are important for fine tuning of specific cerebellar circuitries. We tested the hypothesis that CHL1, the close homologue of L1, abundantly expressed in the developing and adult cerebellum, is also required for normal cerebellar histogenesis. We found that constitutive ablation of CHL1 in mice caused significant loss (20–23%) of Purkinje and granule cells in the mature 2‐month‐old cerebellum. The ratio of stellate/basket interneurons to Purkinje cells was abnormally high (+38%) in CHL1‐deficient (CHL1−/−) mice compared with wild‐type (CHL1+/+) littermates, but the γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic synaptic inputs to Purkinje cell bodies and dendrites were normal, as were numbers of Golgi interneurons, microglia, astrocytes, and Bergmann glia. Purkinje cell loss occurred before the first postnatal week and was associated with enhanced apoptosis, presumably as a consequence of CHL1 deficiency in afferent axons. In contrast, generation of granule cells, as indicated by in vivo analyses of cell proliferation and death, was unaffected in 1‐week‐old CHL1−/− mice, but numbers of migrating granule cells in the molecular layer were increased. This increase was likely related to retarded cell migration because CHL1−/− granule cells migrated more slowly than CHL1+/+ cells in vitro, and Bergmann glial processes guiding migration in vivo expressed CHL1 in wild‐type mice. Granule cell deficiency in adult CHL1−/− mice appeared to result from decreased precursor cell proliferation after the first postnatal week. Our results indicate that CHL1 promotes Purkinje and granule cell survival and granule cell migration during cerebellar development. J. Comp. Neurol. 513:496–510, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Color processing in the medulla of the bumblebee (Apidae: Bombus impatiens)
Authors: Paulk Angelique C. , Dacks Andrew M. , Gronenberg Wulfila 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe mechanisms of processing a visual scene involve segregating features (such as color) into separate information channels at different stages within the brain, processing these features, and then integrating this information at higher levels in the brain. To examine how this process takes place in the insect brain, we focused on the medulla, an area within the optic lobe through which all of the visual information from the retina must pass before it proceeds to central brain areas. We used histological and immunocytochemical techniques to examine the bumblebee medulla and found that the medulla is divided into eight layers. We then recorded and morphologically identified 27 neurons with processes in the medulla. During our recordings we presented color cues to determine whether response types correlated with locations of the neural branching patterns of the filled neurons among the medulla layers. Neurons in the outer medulla layers had less complex color responses compared to neurons in the inner medulla layers and there were differences in the temporal dynamics of the responses among the layers. Progressing from the outer to the inner medulla, neurons in the different layers appear to process increasingly complex aspects of the natural visual scene. J. Comp. Neurol. 513:441–456, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preparation of Buckypaper–Copper Composites and Investigation of their Conductivity and Mechanical Properties
Authors: Byrne Michele T. , Hernandez Yenny R. , Conaty Thomas , Blighe Fiona M. , Coleman Johnathan N. , Gun'ko Yurii K. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBuckypaper‐metal composites are prepared by substrate‐enhanced electroless deposition of copper onto strips of buckypaper (see picture). Electrical conductivity and mechanical properties of these buckypaper‐copper composites at different copper content are investigated. The conductivity is shown to increases by up to 350 %, and the Young's modulus and the ultimate tensile strength of the composites by 282 % and 290 % respectively over pristine buckypaper.magnified image
Preservation of the Morphology of a Self‐Encapsulated Thin Titania Film in a Functional Multilayer Stack: An X‐Ray Scattering Study
Authors: Perlich Jan , Memesa Mine , Diethert Alexander , Metwalli Ezzeldin , Wang Weinan , Roth Stephan V. , Timmann Andreas , Gutmann Jochen S. , Müller‐Buschbaum Peter 
Published: February 2009

AbstractLooks matter: Generally, the morphology of titania thin films is crucial for their performance, hence much effort is spent to tailor the desired morphology. X‐ray scattering enables the monitoring of the crystalline titania layer morphology during build‐up of the functional multilayer stack (see Figure). Herein evidence is provided that the morphology is preserved throughout the fabrication process.magnified imageTailoring of the titania morphology is achieved by the combination of a triblock copolymer, acting as structure‐directing agent, and a sol–gel chemistry enabling the incorporation of the provided inorganic material (titania) into the selected phase of the triblock copolymer. Spin‐coating of the solution on FTO‐coated glass, followed by plasma etching and calcination of the thin film results in the formation of self‐encapsulated crystalline titania nanostructures. The fabricated nanostructures are coated stepwise with dye, conductive polymers and gold forming a functional multilayer stack. An advanced small‐angle scattering technique probing the sample with X‐ray synchrotron radiation under grazing incidence (GISAXS) is employed for the characterization of the preparation route, as scattering allows accessing the structure inside the multilayers. The tailored titania morphology is preserved during the preparation route towards the functional multilayer stack of a photovoltaic demonstration cell. Two clearly distinguishable structures originate from the substrate and the titania templated by the triblock copolymer; hence the other layers induce no additional structures. Therefore, this investigation provides the evidence that the effort spent to tailor the morphology is justified by the preservation of the self‐encapsulated titania morphology that is created by the structure‐directing agent throughout the functional multilayer stack build‐up.
Preparation and characterization of Nd doped gadolinium gallium garnet nanopowders and crystals
Authors: Lipińska L. , Ryba‐Romanowski W. , Rzepka A. , Ganschow S. , Lisiecki R. , Diduszko R. , Pajączkowska A. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe structural and optical features of gallium gadolinium garnet (GGG) nanopowders doped with neodymium were investigated. Nanopowders of GGG:Nd were prepared by modified sol‐gel method using acetic acid as complexing agent. This way permitted to incorporate large amounts of dopant (up to 10 %) without destroying garnet structure. Small single crystals of Nd:GGG were grown by a μ‐pulling down method and spectroscopic features of nanopowders and their single crystal counterparts were compared. It has concluded that the Nd3+ ions are located preferentially in the same type of sites in crystal lattices of GGG:Nd nanopowders and their single crystal counterparts. In addition, it follows from the perfect agreement of emission wavelengths and line width recorded for nanopowders and single crystal samples that the crystal lattice of GGG in nanopowders is not distorted. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Flux growth and characterization of Ti‐ and Ni‐doped forsterite single crystals
Authors: Bloise A. , Barrese E. , Apollaro C. , Miriello D. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractForsterite monocrystals doped with Ti and Ni were grown by the flux growth technique. A suitable mixture of flux (MoO3, V2O5, Li2CO3) and nutrient was slowly cooled down to 750 °C from 1250 °C or 1350 °C. The crystals were then characterized by powder and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Variations observed in crystal size were attributed by both the varying experimental conditions in which they had been obtained, and to the amount of Ni substituted for Mg in the structure. High abundances of doped forsterite required a cooling rate of 1.8 K h‐1. These synthetic, well‐characterized Ti and Ni doped forsterite crystals may have potential for exploitation in industrial fields. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Thermoelectric properties of Tl‐doped Bi2Se3 single crystals
Authors: Janíček P. , Drašar Č. , Beneš L. , Lošťák P. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe single crystals of the ternary system based on Bi2‐xTlxSe3 (nominaly x = 0.0‐0.1) were prepared using the Bridgman technique. Samples with varying content of Tl were characterized by the measurement of lattice parameters, electrical conductivity σ⊥c , Hall coefficient RH (B∥c), and Seebeck coefficient S (ΔT ⊥c). The measurements indicate that by incorporating Tl in Bi2Se3 one lowers the concentration of free electrons and enhances their mobility. This effect is explained in terms of the point defects in the crystal lattice – formation of substitutional defects thallium on the site of bismuth TlBi and the decrease of concentration of selenium vacancies VSe+2. We also discuss the temperature dependence of the power factor σS2 of the samples. Upon the thallium doping we observe a significant increase of the power factor compare to the parental Bi2Se3. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Two Cyano‐Functionalized, Cadmium‐Containing Ionic Liquids
Authors: Tang Sifu , Mudring Anja‐Verena 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe new ionic liquids 3‐cyanomethyl‐1‐methylimidazolium tetrachlorocadmate (1) and 3‐(4‐cyanobutyl)‐1‐methylimidazolium tetrachlorocadmate (2) were obtained from the reaction of the respective alkylimidazolium chlorides with cadmium chloride in 2:1 molar ratios. Structural characterization of 1 by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction reveals the existence of [CdCl4]2– tetrahedra and substantial C–H···Cl hydrogen bonding. Although compound 1 melts congruently at 105 °C, once molten it can be retained as a liquid at room temperature. Compound 2 just forms a glass upon solidification at approximately –42 °C.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Rhodium Complexes and Their Reactions with H2 and with CO
Authors: Yu Xiao‐Yan , Sun Hongsui , Patrick Brian O. , James Brian R. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe NHC‐RhI complexes [RhCl(COE)(NHC)]2 1 and 2 [COE = cyclooctene, NHC in 1 = N,N‐bis(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)imidazol‐2‐ylidene (IPr) and, in 2, N,N‐bis(2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl)imidazol‐2‐ylidene (IMes)] react with H2 in hexane to give the dimeric, mono‐carbene dihydrido species [Rh(H)2Cl(NHC)]2 (NHC = IPr (3), IMes (4)). In the presence offurther NHC, the bis‐carbene dihydrido species Rh(H)2Cl(NHC)2 are formed; a crystal structure of the IPr complex 5 is analogous to that of the known IMes analogue. The dihydride‐mixed‐carbene species Rh(H)2Cl(IPr)(IMes) (5a) was also observed but not isolated. A benzene solution of 5 under D2 slowly generates the corresponding dideuteride. Reactions of the mono‐carbenes (1/3, or 2/4) with CO in hexane afford the respective dicarbonyl complexes RhCl(CO)2(NHC) [NHC = IPr (6), IMes (7)], while CO reactions with the bis‐carbene dihydrides give, respectively, the mono‐carbonyl complex RhCl(CO)(IPr)2 (8) and the known IMes analogue. All the complexes are characterized by elemental analysis, 1H and 13C{1H} NMR and IR spectroscopies and, in the case of 5, by X‐ray crystallography. The catalytic activities of 5 and the previously reported Rh(H)2Cl(IMes)2 for hydrogenation of COE and 1‐octene (and isomerization of the latter) are shown to be poor.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Multi‐Tier Dendrimers with an Aromatic Core
Authors: Haridas V. , Sharma Yogesh K. , Naik Sarala 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWe report various multi‐tier designer dendritic molecules that incorporate an aromatic core and heterocyclic and peptide units. The 5‐(azidomethyl)benzene‐1,3‐dicarbonyl unit was chosen as the scaffold as this unit allows two identical units and a reactive end to be incorporated, thus generating a dendron suitable for dendrimer synthesis. The design and synthesis of dendrimers with multi‐tier architectures will be useful for generating dendritic structures with various functions.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Synthesis of Three C‐Glycoside Analogues of UDP‐Galactopyranose as Conformational Probes for the Mutase‐Catalyzed Furanose/Pyranose Interconversion
Authors: Caravano Audrey , Vincent Stéphane P. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractUDP‐galactopyranose mutase (UGM) catalyzes the isomerization of UDP‐galactopyranose (UDP‐Galp) into UDP‐galactofuranose (UDP‐Galf), an essential step of the mycobacterial cell wall biosynthesis. In order to probe the UGM binding pocket, we synthesized the α‐ and β‐C‐glycosidic analogues of UDP‐galacopyranose along with the corresponding UDP‐exo‐galactal. Preliminary inhibition evaluation indicated that UDP‐exo‐galactal inhibits UGM with a binding affinity similar to that of UDP‐α‐C‐galactopyranose.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Carbonylative Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling of Arylboronic Acids with Aryl Iodides Catalyzed by the MCM‐41‐Supported Bidentate Phosphane Palladium(II) Complex
Authors: Cai Mingzhong , Zheng Guomin , Zha Lingfang , Peng Jian 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe first heterogeneous carbonylative Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reaction of arylboronic acids with aryl iodides under an atmospheric pressure of carbon monoxide has been achieved in anisole at 80 °C in the presence of a catalytic amount of an MCM‐41‐supported bidentate phosphane palladium(II) complex (MCM‐41‐2P‐PdII), yielding unsymmetrical biaryl ketones in good‐to‐high yields. This polymeric palladium catalyst exhibited higher activity and selectivity than [PdCl2(PPh3)2] and can be reused at least 10 times without any decrease in activity. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Stereoselective Synthesis of 2,6‐Disubstituted‐4‐Aryltetrahydropyrans Using Sakurai–Hosomi–Prins–Friedel–Crafts Reaction
Authors: Reddy Udagandla C. , Bondalapati Somasekhar , Saikia Anil K. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe reaction of aldehydes with allyltrimethylsilane in arene solvents gives symmetrical 2,6‐disubstituted‐4‐aryltetrahydropyrans in good yields. The reaction is highly stereoselective. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Novel technique to improve the fault detection sensitivity in transformer maintenance test
Authors: Al‐Ammar E. A. , Karady G. G. , Sim H. J. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractEarly detection of incipient faults in transformer windings is important, so that required corrective measures can be taken to help prevent interruption during operation. Low voltage impulse (LVI) and sweep frequency response analysis (SFRA) tests have been widely adopted within the industry to determine a transformer winding's deformation. However, these tests have drawbacks, including limited frequency ranges for the LVI test and time‐consuming measurements for the SFRA test. To obtain better signature analysis in the transformer maintenance test, especially detection of minor faults, this paper suggests a new input signal using a pulse sequence (PS) in the transfer function (TF) analysis. The results of the PS test are compared against the LVI and SFRA tests to complete the assessments, which are derived from experimental works on the 25 kVA distribution transformer. It is concluded that the PS method improves fault detection sensitivity significantly. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distinct patterns of DNA copy number alterations associate with BRAF mutations in melanomas and melanoma‐derived cell lines
Authors: Greshock J. , Nathanson K. , Medina A. , Ward M. R. , Herlyn M. , Weber B. L. , Zaks T. Z. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA majority of malignant melanomas harbor an oncogenic mutation in either BRAF or NRAS. If BRAF and NRAS transform melanoma cells by a similar mechanism, then additional genetic aberrations would be similar (or random). Alternatively, distinct mutation‐associated changes would suggest the existence of unique cooperating requirements for each mutation group. We first analyzed a panel of 52 melanoma cell lines (n = 35, 11, 6 for BRAF*, NRAS*, and BRAF/NRASwt/wt, respectively) by array‐based comparative genomic hybridization for unique alterations that associate with each mutation subgroup. Subsequently, those DNA copy number changes that correlated with a mutation subgroup were used to predict the mutation status of an independent panel of 43 tumors (n = 17, 13, 13 for BRAF*, NRAS*, and BRAF/NRASwt/wt, respectively). BRAF mutant tumors were classified with a high rate of success (74.4%, P = 0.002), whereas NRAS mutants were not significantly distinguished from wild types (26/43, P = 0.12). Copy number gains of 7q32.1‐36.3, 5p15.31, 8q21.11, and 8q24.11 were most strongly associated with BRAF* tumors and cell lines, as were losses of 11q24.2‐24.3. BRAF* melanomas appear to be associated with a specific profile of DNA copy number aberrations that is distinct from those found in NRAS* and BRAF/NRASwt/wt tumors. These findings suggest that although both BRAF and NRAS appear to function along the same signal transduction pathway, each may have different requirements for cooperating oncogenic events. The genetic loci that make up this profile may harbor therapeutic targets specific for tumors with BRAF mutations. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Screening for mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review
Authors: Lonie Jane A. , Tierney Kevin M. , Ebmeier Klaus P. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjectivePatients with mild cognitive impairment account for a significant number of referrals to old age psychiatry services and specialist memory clinics. The cognitive evaluation of such patients is commonly restricted to brief dementia screens, with no consideration to their suitability for assessing MCI. Here, we review the utility of such cognitive screens for MCI and provide an overview of validated instruments.MethodsWe identified papers published after Petersen and colleagues 1999 MCI criteria (Petersen et al., 1999) and examining face‐to‐face cognitive screening for MCI from publication databases using combinations of the search terms ‘mild cognitive impairment’ and ‘cognitive screening’. We also combined the former search with the names of 39 screening tests recently identified in a relevant review (Cullen et al., 2007).ResultsFifteen cognitive screening instruments were identified, 11 cover a restricted range of cognitive domains. High sensitivity and specificity for MCI relative to healthy controls were reported for two comprehensive and two noncomprehensive screening instruments, adequate test‐retest and inter‐rater reliability for only one of these. With the exception of three studies, sample sizes were universally small (i.e. n ≤ 100), and prognostic values were reported for only two of the identified 15 screening measures. Sensitivities of the full domain measures were universally high, but information about their specificity against psychiatric and non‐progressive neurological conditions and predictive validity is lacking.ConclusionSeveral cognitive screening instruments afford the clinician the ability to detect MCI, early AD, and in some cases non‐AD dementia, but they cannot currently be used to make reliable inferences about the course and eventual outcome of MCI. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vigorous activation of monocytes in juvenile autoimmune liver disease escapes the control of regulatory T-cells #
Authors: Longhi Maria Serena , Mitry Ragai R. , Samyn Marianne , Scalori Astrid , Hussain Munther J. , Quaglia Alberto , Mieli-Vergani Giorgina , Ma Yun , Vergani Diego 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Interface hepatitis, the histological lesion typical of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), is composed of CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes and of innate immunity cells, particularly monocytes. Studies in AIH have focused on autoreactive CD4 and CD8 T cells and impairment of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (T-regs), whereas little is known about the role of monocytes and their relationship with T-regs. We have investigated 51 patients with autoimmune liver disease (AILD) and 27 healthy subjects, finding that monocytes were higher in number (P = 0.044), had a more vigorous spontaneous migration (P < 0.0005 in patients with inactive disease [ID], and P < 0.001 in those with active disease [AD]), displayed a higher tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) over interleukin (IL)-10 production (P = 0.07 in ID and P = 0.0005 in AD), and expressed higher levels of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 (P = 0.048 in ID and P = 0.03 in AD). Addition of conventional T-regs (cT-regs) in AILD enhanced monocyte migration (P = 0.05 in ID and P = 0.08 in AD), magnified TNF-α over IL-10 production (P = 0.0005 in ID and P = 0.006 in AD), and markedly increased TLR4 expression levels (P = 0.01 in ID and P = 0.004 in AD), whereas in normal subjects it either restrained or left unchanged monocyte function. Because a CD127-negative subpopulation within CD4+CD25+ T cells exerts the strongest regulatory activity, we performed additional experiments using purified CD4+CD25+CD127− T cells (true T-regs [tT-regs]). Addition of tT-regs to monocytes decreased monocyte migration (P = 0.03) and promoted IL-10 production (P = 0.009), leaving unchanged TLR4 expression in healthy subjects, whereas in patients with AILD it induced only a marginal increase in IL-10 production (P = 0.045 in ID and P = 0.13 in AD). Conclusion: Monocyte overactivation and inability of cT-regs and tT-regs to restrain it may contribute to the loss of immune tolerance and perpetuation of the autoimmune attack in AILD. (Hepatology 2009.)