bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE TEXT OF VELLOZO'S FLORA FLUMINENSIS AND ITS EFFECTIVE DATE OF PUBLICATION
Authors: Carauta J. P. P. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryFlora Fluminensis was written by Fra J. M. da C. Vellozo at the end of the 18th century but it was published only later, after the author's death. In 1825 three fourths of the text was printed, up to Sabbata romana, p. 1‐352, but it remained stored in the Typographia Nacional for four years. The sale of this incomplete text began on a date in 1829 that is difficult to determine precisely. Perhaps because the text remained unfinished, distribution was interrupted between 1832 and 1833, but it was reinitiated in 1834. By 1838 the book was almost out of print. The complete text was published in 1881, as a second edition. The effective date of Vellozo's species described in the first unfinished edition lies between September 7 and November 28, 1829.
LES ORIGINES ET LES PRINCIPES DU DÉVELOPPEMENT DE LA NOMENCLATURE BINAIRE EN BOTANIQUE
Authors: Váczy C. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe use of the binary nomenclature in botany, attributed to Linné, is deeply rooted as far back as in antiquity. Its beginning, principles and way of forming can be followed in the work of Theophrastos, enlarged later by Dioscorides and especially in the encyclopedian work of Plinius, in which the binary nomenclature is about 62%, certainly without genus or species concept. In the works of the above‐mentioned authors, one can recognize rudiments of the hierarchical arrangement of plant groups, antithetical keys in identifications, priority, indication of author names, antagonistic tendencies of splitting or lumping, separation of synonyms from the standardized names, as well as recognition of inadequate names.
A WORLD SCIENCE INFORMATION SYSTEM
Authors: Wysocki A. , Tocatlian J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe joint Unesco‐ICSU feasibility study for the establishment of a World Science Information System (Unisist) has been completed. The conclusion and recommendations of the study have been published. An intergovernmental conference will be convened in October 1971 with the aim of establishing and putting the system into operation.
ON THE QUESTION OF THE MUTUAL EXCLUSIVENESS OF BETALAINS AND ANTHOCYANINS
Authors: Kimler Linda , Mears James , Mabry T. J. , Rösler Heinz 
Published: April 2006

SummaryIn 1949 betalains were reported to possibly co‐occur with an anthocyanidin (cyanidin) in Carpobrotus edulis; however, upon re‐examination of this plant, only betalains and leuco‐anthocyanidins were detected. Thus, to date, all evidence indicates that the two classes of plant pigments, betalains and anthocyanins, are mutually exclusive. The detection of betalains in seven species belonging to the family Amaranthaceae and ten species of the Chenopodiaceae are also reported.
STOMATAL DEVELOPMENT IN LUDISIA DISCOLOR (ORCHIDACEAE): MESOPERIGENOUS SUBSIDIARY CELLS IN THE MONOCOTYLEDONS
Authors: Williams Norris H. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA number of recent publications have erroneously stated that the Orchidaceae are characterized by stornata that lack subsidiary cells. The situation is clarified in this article by information obtained from the study of development of the stomatal complex in Ludisia discolor and Spiranthes sp., representatives of the subfamily Neottioideae of the Orchidaceae, as well as by studies of mature stomata of five additional genera of the Neottioideae. These developmental studies document the presence of mesoperigenous subsidiary cells in the Neottioideae and also substantiate the presence of mesoperigenous subsidiary cells in at least one group of the monocotyledons.
THE COLLECTORS AND TYPE LOCATIONS OF SOME OF LABILLARDIÈRE'S “TERRA VAN‐LEU WIN” (WESTERN AUSTRALIA) SPECIMENS
Authors: Nelson E. Charles 
Published: April 2006

SummaryLabillardière visited Australia in 1792 when he collected many botanical specimens at “capite van‐Dieman” (Tasmania) and at “Baie Le Grand” (Esperance Bay) in “terra van‐Leuwin” (Western Australia). In 1804, Labilkrdière published the first part of “Novae Hollandiae Plantarum Specimen”, which contains descriptions of some of the plants that he collected in New Holland (Australia).While studying Labillardière's original description of Adenanthos obovata, it was noted that the type location was inconsistent with the present distribution pattern of that species. An examination of the areas of distribution of all the species labelled “terra van‐Leuwin” showed that some specimens could not have been collected in Western Australia. In other cases the species could be shown to have been collected in localities in Western Australia that Labillardière did not visit, and therefore must have been collected by other botanists. Thus the type locations, indicated by Labillardière, for a group of species are incorrect. An attempt has been made to correct these anomalies, and to suggest the probable collectors.
POLYPLOIDY AND EVOLUTION IN PLANTS
Authors: de Wet J. M. J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryPolyploidy played a significant role in the origin and evolution of many plant species. The primary phylogenetic effect of polyploidy is to stabilize selected hybrid genotypes. It also provides a mechanism by which daughter and parental populations become immediately isolated from each other. Isolation, however, is rarely complete, and introgression commonly takes place across partially sterile hybrids. Polyploidy also buffers genotypes against the shock of absorbing foreign genomes, making hybridization possible between species that are otherwise genetically isolated from each other. Traditional taxonomy can usually not adequately indicate the extent of variability that characterize polyploid complexes.
THE VARIATION PROBLEM: THE GENE FLOW‐VARIATION HYPOTHESIS
Authors: Soulé Michael 
Published: April 2006

SummaryPhenotypic variation is as poorly understood as it is ubiquitous. Many biologists hold simplistic and even contradictory views of the relation between genic diversity and phenotypic variation. The correlation of electrophoretically detectable enzyme polymorphisms and morphological variation in island populations of lizards is described. A model explaining the different levels of genetic‐phenetic variation among the populations is suggested by a multiple regression analysis. The principal conclusions are that gene flow between habitats significantly elevates variation, and isolation by distance results in a variation asymptote.
ON SPECIFIC SIEVE‐TUBE PLASTIDS IN CARYOPHYLLALES
Authors: Behnke H.‐D. , Turner B. L. 
Published: April 2006

SummarySieve tubes of Caryophyllales (35 species from 12 families investigated) contain specific plastids that are characterized by peripherally lying ring‐shaped bundles of proteinaceous filaments and often an additional core. In most of the families the presence of a peculiar plastid in sieve tubes coincides with the formation of betacyanins and betaxanthins, typically restricted to Caryophyllales, but there are some exceptions: Molluginaceae and Caryophyllaceae have the specific plastids but lack the special plant‐pigments; Batis, often put next to the Chenopodiaceae, has neither of them. The taxonomic value of both sieve‐tube plastids and plant pigments with special reference to Bataceae is discussed. Finally, these data are used to suggest a restructuring of the subclass Caryophyllidae.
A MORPHOLOGICAL HYPOTHESIS FOR THE ORIGIN OF HETEROSTYLY IN THE RUBIACEAE
Authors: Anderson William R. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryDimorphic heterostyly is common in the Rubiaceae, distributed throughout the family in a way that suggests that it has evolved repeatedly. In its essentials this heterostyly suggests protandry in which some plants have normal elongation of the styles and others have precocious maturation of the stigmas at a stage of arrested elongation of the styles. It is suggested that the initiation of heterostyly in this family may lie in a modification of the common protandry. High reproductive fitness of the self‐pollinating short‐styled plants would begin a shift in the population from predominant outcrossing to predominant autogamy, even though the resulting homozygosity might be disadvantageous. This shift might be halted by the addition of diallelic self‐incompatibility of the kind regularly found in heterostylous plants. The population would then achieve the stable polymorphism characteristic of dimorphic heterostyly. Additional morphological refinements might accrue in time.
A BIOSYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO GENERIC DELIMITATION IN RUELLIA (ACANTHACEAE)
Authors: Long Robert W. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryRuellia is a large, pantropical group of herbs and shrubs that has undergone a long series of changes in classification. Soon after Linnaeus's original description the genus was divided into numerous segregate genera by Nees von Esenbeck and by others. Later Bentham sunk 18 Neesian genera in his expanded concept of Ruellia, and this circumscription has come to be the accepted definition for the plants. Recently Bremekamp revived a number of old segregate groups and described several new ones. He believes Ruellia sensu lato is an unwieldy and unnatural assemblage of taxa.Experimental hybridizations have established the existence of species‐complexes (ecospecies) and species‐groups (comparia) in Ruellia. The latter are genetically isolated from other species‐groups, and taxonomically they correspond to certain segregate genera. There is evidence that North American taxa are closely related to tropical species. Since numerous species can be artificially hybridized, application of the ecotype concept may provide a practical means of identifying natural species‐groups. Present evidence suggests that Ruellia, as generally understood, is not a natural, phyletic, unit.
METCALFE AND CHALK'S ANATOMY OF THE DICOTYLEDONS AND ITS REVISION
Authors: Metcalfe C. R. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA second edition of Metcalfe and Chalk's Anatomy of the Dicotyledons is now being prepared more than 20 years after the first edition was published. The circumstances that led up to the publication of the first edition are described, partly for their historical interest and partly to show the status of systematic anatomy in relation to taxonomy that existed at the time. The second edition is being expanded to include not only the additional data concerning the histology of the vegetative organs that have accumulated since the first edition was published, but also to cover briefly the main taxonomic views concerning the interrelationships of families and other higher taxa that depend on other laboratory disciplines such as the study of palynology, embryology and chemotaxonomy etc., all of which are now accepted as forming parts of the general subject of taxonomy. In the second edition the arrangement of the families will be according to Takhtajan's system.
THE USE OF CHEMISTRY IN THE SYSTEMATICS OF THE LICHENS
Authors: Culberson William Louis 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe extracellular metabolic end‐products that accumulate on the outer surface of the cell walls of the fungal hyphae in lichens have long been used in taxonomy. Although most morphological species of lichens are chemically uniform with regard to these substances, many others are differentiated into chemical races having distinct geographic distributions. The commonest type of chemical variation, noted in hundreds of examples, is a replacement series of the main constituent substances of the medulla. The fact that major chemical races in apparently sexually reproducing, morphologically uniform or nearly uniform lichens maintain their complete identity in places where they are sympatric suggests that such races are perhaps better regarded as distinct species. Such interpretation is further supported by the recent demonstration that where six such races are sympatric in an environmentally telescoped maritime community in Britain, the chemically different plants select different habitats, resulting in conspicuous zonation but with no alteration of plant characteristics where zones overlap. Examples of the use of lichen chemistry in genus‐level taxonomy are also given.
PRESUMED TAXODIACEOUS FOSSILS FROM THE PALEOGENE OF ST. LAWRENCE ISLAND, ALASKA
Authors: Cridland Arthur A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA collection of Paleogene plants reputed to contain distichous short shoots of Taxodium and Metasequoia (Taxodiaceae) has been studied. The evidence to support this view is weak and it appears that if a genus of the Taxodiaceae is involved, Sequoia is the most likely. A number of other gymnospermous genera, both within and without the Taxodiaceae, could have produced these shoots but there is no clear evidence to decide which one of them. These plants are referred to Elatocladus Halle, a form genus for sterile coniferous and taxad shoots.
VARIATION WITHIN POPULATIONS AND CLASSIFICATION
Authors: Gilmartin Amy Jean 
Published: April 2006

SummaryVariation was measured in samples of populations of species from four plant families including tropical, temperate and cosmopolitan taxa. Populations of species of Asclepiadaceae, Bromeliaceae, Leguminosae and Umbelliferae were sampled. Employing a simple application of numerical phenetics and tested character lists, estimates of within‐group overall variation were made. The coefficients of phenetic variation (CPV) are compared among the various groups. The groups considered are populations as well as taxa at several levels in the classification hierarchy, although in all cases, individuals sampled randomly from putative populations are the operational taxonomic units (OTUs). A small number of individuals is employed with a large number of characters. This application of numerical phenetics serves both alpha taxonomic and biosystematic goals and an OTU x OTU matrix of distance values is the basis for obtaining estimates of a population's variability. The phenetic distances between OTUs are the variates. Distinct trends of within‐group variation are consistent as they were revealed in the four families. Intrapopulational coefficient of phenetic variation for populations of the tropical family Bromeliaceae is estimated as nearly double that for the other three families. The intraspecific variation as portrayed by CPV in the Asclepiadaceae and Leguminosae is about half that for the tropical family, Bromeliaceae. As sampled a clear distinction is evidenced in the change in variation between various taxonomic ranks for the families. The difference in CPV between the intrapopulational and intraspecific levels for the Leguminosae and Bromeliaceae is nearly double the difference between these two ranks for the Asclepiadaceae. Results show that the method has descriptive and heuristic value for systematics.
GENETICS OF LUPINUS VI. REPRODUCTIVE BARRIERS IN THE NANUS GROUP
Authors: Elliot Mathilde , Harding James , Mankinen C. B. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe large‐flowered species L. nanus and L. vallicola, and the small‐flowered L bicolor of Dunn's classification are fully interfertile. The large‐flowered species L. spectabilis and L. affinis are reproductively isolated from the rest of the group, but some sterile hybrids can be obtained between these two species and L. nanus. The small‐flowered species L. polycarpus and L. pachylobus are completely reproductively isolated. In the hybridizations attempted, the pollen of one species can not germinate on the stigma of the other species of the group. In the light of the results of the hybridization experiments the two subspecies of L. vallicola were placed in the species L. nanus.
LA NAISSANCE DE LA “FLORE DESCRIPTIVE ET ILLUSTRÉE DE LA FRANCE” DE L'ABBÉ HIPPOLYTE COSTE
Authors: Aymonin Gérard G. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA short review of the preparation by the publisher Paul Klincksieck (Paris) and French botanists such as Malinvaud of the basic French flora of the early 20th century, the Flore of the abbé Coste. The genesis of the first parts of the flora is described on the basis of letters from Coste, Flahault, Klincksieck and Malinvaud. Some subsequent uses of Coste's illustrations and some other projects of the publisher are discussed.
PARALLEL EVOLUTION
Authors: Went F. W. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA considerable number of instances are discussed where parallel developments outside family relationships occur, restricted in geographical distribution:

divaricate shrubs in New Zealand, with 51 species in 23 families,
the Eucalypt leaf type in Australia, occurring in 12 families,
terete and holly‐type leaves in Western Australia,
red autumn leaf coloration in Northeastern America and Japan,
leaf convergence in Mediterranean climates,
the cushion plants in Southern Patagonia,
parallels in anatomical structure in the Southwestern United States,
red tubular hummingbird flowers of the Southwestern United States.

This is contrasted with cases of convergent characters on the genus or family level, or geographically unrelated parallel development. In the discussion it is argued that such parallel development might well represent rare‐nonsexual transfer of chromosomal segments. It is obviously one of the major evolutionary mechanisms in the development of the multitude of dicotyledonous species.
GERMINAL APERTURAL FORMATION IN POLLEN
Authors: Rowley John R. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryEvolutionary proposals involving pollen grain characters have treated germinal apertures as though they were formed by one universal process and hence derivable from a common type. A review of published data on apertural formation for pollen ofSilene, Tradescantia, andNelumboand original information forEpilobiumindicates that there are several possibly distinct apertural induction processes. It would seem to be an oversimplification and perhaps misleading to ignore apertural genesis in interpretations involving relationships between taxa.
SYSTEMATICS OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC CARBON FIXATION PATHWAYS IN EUPHORBIA
Authors: Webster Grady L. , Brown Walter V. , Smith Bruce N. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryUsing the technique of carbon isotopic ratio determinations, 20 selected species of Euphorbia (s. lat.) have been investigated to determine their metabolic status. Previous work is reviewed, and as found by previous investigators, enriched 13C values ‐ indicating Crassulacean acid metabolism or C4 photosynthesis ‐ have been detected only in subgenera Euphorbia and Chamaesyce, respectively. All taxa investigated in subg. Chamaesyce except two species of subsect. Acutae show the Kranz syndrome and C4 photosynthesis; the probable phylogenetic origin of the subgenus is therefore pinpointed within this subsection. Apparently taxa with Crassulacean acid metabolism and C4 photosynthesis have arisen independently within the genus.
THE ROLE OF POLYPLOID COMPLEXES IN THE EVOLUTION OF NORTH AMERICAN GRASSLANDS
Authors: Stebbins G. Ledyard 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe evolutionary history of the grass flora of the Great Plains of North America is interpreted on the basis of the probable origin and development of eight different polyploid complexes that include common species of this flora. The related complexes of Bouteloua and Buchloc have their centers of distribution in the southwestern United States and particularly northern and central Mexico, so probably entered the Great Plains from the southwest. The genus Bouteloua has the distribution pattern of a relatively youthful complex, while Buchloe and related genera, which are mostly polyploid and are separated from each other by distinct morphological gaps, show signs of greater maturity. The complexes of Andropogon sects. Schizachyrium and Arthrolophis, as well as the genus Sorghastrum and sect. Virgata of Panicum, all have similar distribution patterns. Diploids related to the polyploids of the Great Plains exist, for the most part, either along the Gulf Coast of the southeastern United States or in more mesic regions of tropical America. These polyploids either originated in situ or entered the Great Plains from the southeast. In the tribe Stipeae, the species of Piptochaetium which are abundantly represented by fossil fruits of Pliocene age now survive only in peripheral woodlands to the eastward and mountains to the southwestward, and in the pampas of South America. They have been replaced on the North American plains by Stipa species that entered from Asia and from the mountains to the westward. A final element of the modern grasslands, consists of species assigned to the genera Agropyron and Hordeum. The species of the Great Plains probably entered that region from the western Cordillera during either late Pliocene or early Pleistocene times. These drastic changes in the grass flora of the Great Plains were brought about by equally drastic alterations in climate, edaphic conditions, and fauna of grazing herbivores that took place during the Pleistocene epoch.
TYPIFICATION OF THE NEW WORLD SUBDIVISIONS OF IPOMOEA L. (CONVOLVULACEAE)
Authors: Austin Daniel F. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe various subdivisions of the genus Ipomoea have been created largely without regard for rules of nomenclature and priority. This complex genus has been divided into an unusually large number of species groups which have been given formal names at several levels. The groups are assimilated and discussed.
TWO NEW SUPRAGENERIC TAXA IN THE MONIMIACEAE ALLIANCE (LAURALES)
Authors: Schodde Richard 
Published: April 2006

SummaryOne new family, Siparunaceae, and one new subfamily, Peumoideae (Monimiaceae), are proposed from a reappraisal of the relationships between the families of the order Laurales and within Monimiaceae s.s. Siparunaceae comprise three genera, namely Siparuna Aubl., Bracteanthus Ducke, and Glossocalyx Benth., which were hitherto included in Monimiaceae; Peumoideae is monotypic. Notes on the characters and affinities of these taxa are given and Monimiaceae are redefined.
A REAPPRAISAL OF THE GENUS ONCIDIUM SW.
Authors: Garay Leslie A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe monograph of the genus Oncidium, published by Kränzlin, in “Das Pflanzenreich IV. 50, Heft 80, 1922” has been found to be quite inaccurate and most unsatisfactory for identifications. Because accuracy is of paramount importance in taxonomy, and because this is the only available monograph of Oncidium, an attempt is made here to reappraise the whole work as well as to rearrange the species within the limits of the established sections. All existing type specimens have been studied and Kränzlin's illustrations reidentified with them. The nomenclature, whether pertaining to species or to supraspecific categories, is updated and brought in line with the requirements of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. For convenience, bibliographic references of omissions, as well as of species described since 1922, are added in the appropriate places.
THE MORPHOLOGY AND FLAVONOID CHEMISTRY OF SYNTHETIC INFRASPECIFIC HYBRIDS IN COREOPSIS MUTICA (COMPOSITAE).
Authors: Crawford Daniel J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe morphology and flavonoid chemistry of synthetic F1, first generation backcross, and F2 hybrids involving two varieties of Coreopsis mutica DC. were studied. The F1 hybrids are variable in certain morphological features, particularly with respect to characteristics of the leaves. By contrast, there is little variation in the flavonoid components of these plants. First generation backcross hybrids fall within the range of variation of the recurrent parent, but retain certain compounds which are characteristic of the non‐recurrent parent. The F2 hybrid plants are quite variable in their flavonoid components. The results of these greenhouse studies are related to observations of suspected natural hybridization and introgression.