bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hughes’ syndrome: The antiphospholipid syndrome. A historical view
Authors: Hughes Graham RV 
Published: March 2009

In the 15 years since our description of the antiphospholipid syndrome, it has become recognised as an important disease, not only in the world of lupus but in the broader areas of obstetrics, neurology and vascular disease. Although advances have been made in the understanding of the interactions of antibodies, protein co-factors, clotting molecules, endothelium and platelets, much still needs to be learnt about management where strokes, in particular, continue to cause significant morbidity.
Structural Integrity of Fasteners
Authors: Toor PM 
Published: March 2009

Description
The first publication of its kind offering the latest information on fatigue and fracture behavior, as well as evaluation standards and design criteria for safe, sturdy industrial fasteners. Features current data from leading designers, researchers and analysts active in the field.
Thirteen peer-reviewed papers cover a comprehensive range of topics including fatigue, fracture mechanics, stress analysis testing, stress intensity factors, failure evaluation and design criteria for fasteners.
The papers are divided into four major categories: Fatigue in Fasteners; • Failure Evaluation and Criteria; • Fracture Mechanics in Fasteners; • and Structural Integrity Criteria for Fasteners.
Effects of Mechanical Stiffness and Vibration on Wear
Authors: Bayer RG 
Published: March 2009

Description
The most current data available on the impact of vibrations and stiffness on test apparatus and machine wear. This comprehensive volume includes wide-ranging examples of machine wear, current experimental and analysis techniques to investigate these effects, as well as an extensive bibliography on the subject. Specific areas addressed:
• How vibrations can reduce or increase wear and friction
• Methods to study vibration effects
• Self-induced vs.machine-induced vibrations
• Evaluating different design parameters on bearing load dynamics
• Increasing spindle life in grinding machines
• Orthopedic biomaterial wear tests
•The effects of ultra sonic vibration on tool life.
Results of ISO CORRAG Program: Processing of One-Year Data in Respect to Corrosivity Classification
Authors: Knotkova D , Boschek P , Kreislova K 
Published: March 2009

Elaboration and publishing of four International Standards Organization (ISO) standards, 9223 to 9226, covering the classification system and criteria, the prognostic guiding corrosion values, and the methods to be used for atmospheric corrosivity derivation, were a result of an extensive international cooperation. During this standardization procedure, the international testing program, ISOCORRAG, started with the aim to work out a database for statistical verification of the classification methods.
The outcome of this broad common testing, evaluation, and statistical analysis of the data is presented in the ISO technical report elaborated in ISO/TC 156/WG 4, and in this paper.
Broad acceptance of ISO standards, 9223 to 9226, was supported by new agreements between ISO/TC 156/WG 4, ISO/TC 35/SC 14, and CEN/TC 262/WG 3.
Weathering of Various Sealants in the Field — A Comparison
Authors: Gorman PD 
Published: March 2009

Many controlled environment tests have been performed trying to predict weathering of sealants in the field. This paper will look at over 220 samples of sealants cut from field sites. The sealants range in age from one to 33 years. The samples are compared for weathering characteristics of sealants on different building elevations, painted versus unpainted sealants, polysulfides versus polyurethanes or silicones, and a variety of joint sizes. Field adhesion tests were done on each sample. Durometer (Shore A) hardness data shows relative hardness of the samples.
Most samples were taken from the desert climate of El Paso, Texas. High ultra violet radiation and heat in this area give insight to compare against earlier laboratory studies. Lack of ambient or surface moisture on samples that exhibited “reversion” suggests that this phenomenon can occur without moisture.
The information collected here will provide field data for future studies on the subject of sealant weathering. It also offers a valuable data base for evaluating other publications on the subject.
Effects of Natural and Artificial Weathering on Building Sealants
Authors: Beech J , Beasley J 
Published: March 2009

A variety of commercial sealant products have been studied at BRE over the past 20 years, during which changes in key properties have been measured in samples exposed to artificial laboratory ageing and weathering, and to natural weather in England and in more severe climates abroad. Most recently the results of a detailed study of cure and durability of sealant products have been reported at ASTM Symposia in 1992 and 1993.
The results of this laboratory study have been compared with data obtained from samples exposed to natural weather in a temperate climate in Southern England and a middle eastern climate for 6½ years and in a tropical climate for 4 years. Highly significant correlations have been found between modulus changes after exposure for 40 and 52 weeks in an accelerated weathering apparatus, and the effects of weather in all three climates. The implications for the prediction of the durability of sealants from laboratory test data are discussed, and recommendations made for suitable test regimes in relation to the climates to which the sealants were exposed.
Property Database on Shape Memory Alloys for Engineering Design
Authors: Tang W , Sandström R 
Published: March 2009

Shape memory alloys (SMAs) as functional materials have many unique characteristics that are quite different from traditional engineering materials. They require an entirely new philosophy of engineering and design. The most fundamental descriptors of property are transformation temperatures, recovery stress, and stress rate rather than yield strength, modulus, and ductility for engineering materials. A particular feature of SMAs is that their properties are very sensitive not only to the intrinsic parameters, such as alloy system, composition, and lattice structure, but to the external conditions, namely, thermomechanical treatments, training history, working environmental temperature, etc. Any minor change of these parameters may largely influence the behavior of an SMA. This has been taken into account when representing and evaluating SMA properties.
Published data for SMAs have been collected and evaluated with the emphasis on transformation temperatures, stress rate, recovery stress, recovery strain, and superelastic behavior as well as their changes with thermal and stress cycling. Some engineering design principles are discussed for different application categories that are defined by their SMA functions. Furthermore, a user interface that allows easy access to the properties and related metadata is described.
Shoreline Oiling Conditions in Prince William Sound Following the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
Authors: Neff JM , Owens EH , Stoker SW , McCormick DM 
Published: March 2009

Following the Exxon Valdez oil spill of March 24, 1989, in Prince William Sound, Alaska, Exxon conducted comprehensive, systematic shoreline surveys in cooperation with federal and state authorities to obtain information on the distribution and magnitude of shoreline oiling and to identify natural and cultural resources requiring special protection. Similar joint surveys were performed during the springs of 1990, 1991, and 1992 on all Prince William Sound and Gulf of Alaska shorelines that were suspected of having remnants of weathered oil and that would benefit from further cleanup.
The extent of oiling declined substantially between 1989 and 1992: in 1989, survey teams found oil on about 16% (783 km) of the approximately 5 000 km of shoreline in Prince William Sound; in the spring of 1991, they found oil on about 96 km; and, in May 1992, on only about 10 km of shoreline in the sound. During this period, most of the oil was located in the biologically least productive upper intertidal and supratidal zones.
In the springs of 1990, 1991, and 1992, isolated pockets of subsurface oil were found, chiefly in small scattered zones in coarse cobble/boulder sediments in the upper intertidal or supratidal zones. In 1991, about one-third of the subdivisions in Prince William Sound with surface oil also contained some subsurface oil. The areal extent of this subsurface oil declined by nearly 70% between 1991 and 1992, from about 37 000m2 to about 12 000m2. Moreover, where subsurface oil remained in 1992, it was present in lesser amounts.
Rates of oil removal were greatest on coastal sections treated early in the spring and summer of 1989. Where shoreline treatment was delayed, the subsequent rate of removal of oil from the shore by natural processes was slower.
Absolute Längenmessungen mittels optischer Interferometrie – Rückführbarkeit auf das Meter nach SIAbsolute Length Measurement by Means of Optical Interferometry – Traceability to the SI Meter
Authors: Schödel René , Meiners-Hagen Karl , Nicolaus Arnold , Abou-Zeid Ahmed 
Published: March 2009

Zusammenfassung
In diesem Beitrag wird die Realisierung absoluter Längenmessungen und die Rückführung auf die SI-Basiseinheit Meter beschrieben. Es werden die wichtigsten Einflussgrößen auf gemessene Längen von Maßverkörperungen und auf Entfernungen freier Strecken diskutiert. Beispiele aus verschiedenen Bereichen zeigen die Fortschritte der letzten Jahre in der interferentiellen Längenmessung der PTB.
Integrated Method for Designing Valuable Flexibility in Oil Development Projects
Authors: Babajide Abisoye , de Neufville Richard , Cardin Michel-Alexandre 
Published: March 2009

Summary
This paper presents an integrated method for identifying and inserting valuable flexibility into major projects. It builds upon recent work that (1) documents how errors in estimates can bias the selection of design concepts, (2) shows how concept flexibility can improve the project performance, and (3) usefully illustrates the probability distribution of outcomes. It involves: (1) developing and evaluating a base case design, (2) exploring the outcomes this design might generate, (3) identifying opportunities for flexible design, and (4) evaluating and selecting the most valuable flexibility to incorporate into the design. It embodies a paradigmatic change in the way designers deal with uncertainty: instead of basing a design on fixed assumptions and then testing its sensitivity to risks, the approach recognizes risks in the design process and thereby develops valuable flexibility that increases the expected value of projects. A case study of an oil platform development in the Gulf of Mexico demonstrates the method.
Submarine Debris Flow Impact on Pipelines: Numerical Modeling of Drag Forces for Mitigation and Control Measures
Authors: Zakeri Arash , Höeg Kaare , Nadim Farrokh 
Published: March 2009

Summary
Provision of mitigative and control measures are necessary for a pipeline to survive in a debris flow event, but the forces in the soil-structure interaction must be estimated for the design. Based on physical experiments in a flume and numerical analyses, this paper presents a method for estimating the impact drag force on laid-on-seafloor and suspended (free-span) pipelines. The method may be applied in practice to a wide range of debris flow impact situations. Two conceptual mitigative and control measures for design against submarine debris flow impact are discussed: the berm-protected laid-on-seafloor pipeline and the cable-controlled pipeline system. The latter may be applied to both the pipeline-on-seafloor and suspended pipeline situations. The observations from a laboratory flume experiment with a model pipe protected by an upstream berm, as well as complementary computational fluid dynamics (CFD) numerical analyses results are presented. The results from the flume experiment show that there is a possibility to protect a pipeline provided the protective structure can withstand the basal shear and lift forces induced by the water and debris flows on its surfaces. The results may be used for conceptual and preliminary design purposes, and the analysis methodology may be tailored to other situations or the detailed design. The feasibility of the two conceptual mitigative and control measures is briefly discussed.
Activation of Hemiaminal Ethers by Chiral Brønsted Acids for Facile Access to Enantioselective Two‐Carbon Homologation Using Enecarbamates
Authors: Terada Masahiro , Machioka Kyoko , Sorimachi Keiichi 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAn enriching experience: Chiral phosphoric acids have been used to catalyze the title transformation for aromatic and aliphatic hemiaminal ethers. The process affords the corresponding products in good to high enantioselectivity (see scheme; Boc=tert‐butoxycarbonyl, G=aromatic group). The method enables facile access to highly enantioenriched 1,3‐diamine derivatives.magnified image
Zwangbeanspruchung massiver Kraftwerks‐Bodenplatten infolge der Hydratationswärme
Authors: Tue Nguyen Viet , Schlicke Dirk , Schneider Holger 
Published: March 2009

AbstractMit dem Ziel einer sicheren und wirtschaftlichen Auslegung von Bodenplatten zukünftiger Neubauvorhaben untersuchte die Universität Leipzig im Auftrag der VATTENFALL EUROPE GENERATION AG & Co. KG die Zwangbeanspruchungen massiver Bodenplatten (d > 1,50 m) infolge des Abfließens der Hydratationswärme.Neben der messtechnischen Erfassung und Analyse der Beanspruchungen einer massiven Bodenplatte im jungen Betonalter wurden mit Hilfe der Finiten‐Element‐Methode Nachrechnungen durchgeführt. Auf Grundlage einer hydratationsgradabhängigen Beschreibung des Materialverhaltens im Erhärtungsprozess konnte in der Nachrechnung sowohl für die Temperatur‐ als auch für die Spannungsgeschichte eine gute Übereinstimmung mit den Messergebnissen erreicht werden.Die Untersuchungsergebnisse zeigen, dass in massiven Bodenplatten der zentrische Zwang nicht maßgebend für die Ermittlung der Mindestbewehrung zur Begrenzung der Rissbreite infolge des Abfließens der Hydratationswärme ist.
Non‐invasive brain stimulation in the detection of deception: Scientific challenges and ethical consequences
Authors: Luber Bruce , Fisher Carl , Appelbaum Paul S. , Ploesser Marcus , Lisanby Sarah H. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractTools for noninvasive stimulation of the brain, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), have provided new insights in the study of brain–behavior relationships due to their ability to directly alter cortical activity. In particular, TMS and tDCS have proven to be useful tools for establishing causal relationships between behavioral and brain imaging measures. As such, there has been interest in whether these tools may represent novel technologies for deception detection by altering a person's ability to engage brain networks involved in conscious deceit. Investigation of deceptive behavior using noninvasive brain stimulation is at an early stage. Here we review the existing literature on the application of noninvasive brain stimulation in the study of deception. Whether such approaches could be usefully applied to the detection of deception by altering a person's ability to engage brain networks involved in conscious deceit remains to be validated. Ethical and legal consequences of the development of such a technology are discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kinetics and Reactor Modeling of Hydrogen Production from Glycerol via Steam Reforming Process over Ni/CeO2 Catalysts
Authors: Adhikari S. , Fernando S. D. , Haryanto A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAs a result of skyrocketing prices, environmental concerns and depletion associated with fossil fuels, renewable fuels are becoming attractive alternatives. In this respect, the demand for biodiesel has increased tremendously in recent years. Increased production of biodiesel has resulted in a glut of glycerol that has reduced the demand for this once valuable commodity. Consequently, finding alternative uses for glycerol is a timely proposition. One alternative is producing renewable hydrogen from this cheap commodity. Only a handful of studies have been conducted on producing hydrogen from glycerol. Previous studies have mainly focused on finding effective catalysts for glycerol steam reforming. This paper extends previous knowledge by presenting kinetic parameters in relation to glycerol steam reforming over Ni/CeO2 and a reactor modeling. The study found that the activation energy and the reaction order for the glycerol steam reforming reaction over Ni/CeO2 catalyst were 103.4 kJ/mol and 0.233, respectively.
A Study on CO2 Absorption Kinetics by Aqueous Solutions of N,N‐Diethylethanolamine and N‐Ethylethanolamine
Authors: Vaidya P. D. , Kenig E. Y. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractN‐Ethylethanolamine (EEA) and N,N‐diethylethanolamine (DEEA) represent promising candidate alkanolamines for CO2 removal from gaseous streams, as they can be prepared from renewable resources. In this work, the reaction rate constant for the reaction between CO2 and EEA was determined from the absorption rate measurements of CO2 in a blend comprising DEEA, EEA and H2O. A stirred‐cell reactor with a plane, horizontal gas‐liquid interface was used for the absorption studies. While the DEEA concentration in the formulated solution was varied in the range of 1.5–2.5 kmol/m3, the initial EEA concentration was 0.1 kmol/m3. A zwitterion mechanism for EEA and a base‐catalyzed hydration mechanism for DEEA were used to describe the reaction kinetics. At 303 K, the second‐order reaction rate constant for the CO2 reaction with EEA was found to be 8041 m3/(kmol s). The liquid‐side mass transfer coefficient was also estimated, and its value (0.004 cm/s) is in line with those typical of stirred‐cell reactors.
Synthesis and Structure–Activity Relationships of 1‐Benzyl‐4,5,6‐trimethoxyindoles as a Novel Class of Potent Antimitotic Agents
Authors: Lai Mei‐Jung , Kuo Ching‐Chuan , Yeh Teng‐Kuang , Hsieh Hsing‐Pang , Chen Li‐Tzong , Pan Wen‐Yu , Hsu Kuang‐Yang , Chang Jang‐Yang , Liou Jing‐Ping 
Published: March 2009

AbstractCombretastatin A‐4 derivatives: A series of combretastatin A‐4‐derived 1‐benzyl‐4,5,6‐trimethoxyindoles was designed and prepared as a novel class of potent antimitotic agents acting through the colchicine binding site on the microtubule.magnified imageA series of 1‐benzyl‐4,5,6‐trimethoxyindoles was designed and prepared as a novel class of potent antimitotic agents acting through the colchicine binding site of tubulin. Compounds 10 and 11 showed excellent antiproliferative activity with mean IC50 values of 26 and 27 nM, respectively, in a diverse set of human cancer lines from different organs, including a MDR+ line. They also displayed substantial antitubulin efficacy with IC50 values of 3.5 and 2.6 μM, respectively, representing an improvement over colchicine (IC50=4.3 μM).
Selective Capture of Water Using Microporous Adsorbents To Increase the Lifetime of Lubricants
Authors: Ng Eng‐Poh , Delmotte Luc , Mintova Svetlana 
Published: March 2009

AbstractLong live lubricants: The selective capture of water from lubricants using nanosized microporous aluminophosphate (AEI) and aluminosilicate materials was studied. Nearly 98 % of the moisture was removed from the lubricating oil under ambient conditions, resulting in a significant improvement in the lubricating service lifetime. Moreover, both the lubricant and the microporous sorbents can be recovered and reused.magnified imageThe selective capture of water from lubricants using nanosized microporous aluminophosphate and aluminosilicate materials was studied with an aim to increase the lifetime of the lubricating mineral oil. The amount of water present in oxidized lubricating oil before and after treatment with microporous materials was studied by FTIR spectroscopy and determined quantitatively using the Karl Fischer titration method. Nanosized aluminophosphate revealed a high selectivity for water without adsorbing other additives, in contrast to nanosized aluminosilicates which also adsorb polar oxidation products and ionic additives. About 98 % of the initial moisture could be removed from the lubricating oil under ambient conditions, resulting in a significant improvement in the lubricating service lifetime. Moreover, no by‐products are formed during the process and both the lubricant and the sorbents can be recovered and reused, thus the method is environmentally friendly.
IL‐10 interferes directly with TCR‐induced IFN‐γ but not IL‐17 production in memory T cells
Authors: Naundorf Sandra , Schröder Martina , Höflich Conny , Suman Nimisha , Volk Hans‐Dieter , Grütz Gerald 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIL‐10 is a potent immunoregulatory and anti‐inflammatory cytokine. However, therapeutic trials in chronic inflammation have been largely disappointing. It is well established that IL‐10 can inhibit Th1 and Th2 cytokine production via indirect effects on APC. Less data are available about the influence of IL‐10 on IL‐17 production, a cytokine which has been recently linked to chronic inflammation. Furthermore, there are only few reports about a direct effect of IL‐10 on T cells. We demonstrate here that IL‐10 can directly interfere with TCR‐induced IFN‐γ production in freshly isolated memory T cells in the absence of APC. This effect was independent of the previously described effects of IL‐10 on T cells, namely inhibition of IL‐2 production and inhibition of CD28 signaling. In contrast, IL‐10 did not affect anti‐CD3/anti‐CD28‐induced IL‐17 production from memory T cells even in the presence of APC. This might have implications for the interpretation of therapeutic trials in patients with chronic inflammation where Th17 cells contribute to pathogenesis.
Synthesis of Copper(I) Complexes of N‐Heterocyclic Carbene–Phenoxyimine/amine Ligands: Structures of Mononuclear Copper(II), Mixed‐Valence Copper(I)/(II), and Copper(II) Cluster Complexes
Authors: Simonovic Stevan , Whitwood Adrian C. , Clegg William , Harrington Ross W. , Hursthouse Michael B. , Male Louise , Douthwaite Richard E. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractCopper(I) bromide complexes (2a and 2b) of NHC–phenolimine ligand precursors {3‐[(1R,2R)‐2‐{[1‐(3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐2‐hydroxyphenyl)meth‐(E)‐ylidene]amino}cyclohexyl]‐1‐isopropyl‐4‐phenyl‐3H‐imidazol‐1‐ium bromide (1a) and 3‐[(1R,2R)‐2‐{[1‐(2‐hydroxyphenyl)meth‐(E)‐ylidene]amino}cyclohexyl]‐1‐isopropyl‐4‐phenyl‐3H‐imidazol‐1‐ium bromide (1b), respectively} have been prepared. Complexes 2a and 2b exhibit copper coordination only through the carbene carbon atom (C) and do not spontaneously eliminate HBr to give additional phenoxyimine (NO) bonds, which is attributed to intramolecular hydrogen bonding. Crystallisation of 2a and 2b gives 2a′ and 2b′, respectively, that contain (C) copper(I) bromide and (NO)2 copper(II) coordination. Complex 2b′ also exhibits intermolecular CuIBr interactions giving a Cu2Br2 bridge that links two molecules of 2b′ resulting in an ellipse motif. Reduction of the ligand precursor imine group of 1a allows synthesis of silver(I) and copper(I) NHC–phenolamine complexes 6 and 7, respectively, that also retain the phenol hydrogen atom. Attempts to selectively prepare 2a′ gave a copper(II) complex 9 that exhibits an (NO)2CuII structure with pendant imidazolium salt groups. Reaction between the silver(I) bromide derivative of 1a and CuCl2·2H2O gives a complex derived from a Cu6(O)(OH)4Cl3 core and two (NO) and one (CNO) ligands, respectively. The use of 2a and 7 as precatalysts for 1,4‐conjugate addition to enones and aziridination of alkenes was studied, showing that, whilst both catalysts are active, enantioselectivities are low, which is attributed to the lack of Cu‐(NO) coordination. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)