bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermo-elastic Characteristics of Thermal Barrier Coating in a Gas Turbine Combustion Chamber with an Intermediate FGM Layer
Authors: Sultana Afsana , Alam Md Ahad Bin , Ali Md Afsar 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This study is focused on the analysis of thermos-elastic characteristics of a gas turbine combustion chamber, where the inner surface experiences a higher temperature while the outer region of the wall should be thermally conductive to dissipate the heat of combustion. Using a single material is not suitable to ensure the above two requirements simultaneously. Instead of using a single material, a layered combustion chamber with high-temperature material at the inner region and thermally conductive material at the outer region can be a solution. This produces the problem of a sharp interface where disbonding occurs due to high thermal stresses. The problem of sharp interface can be eliminated by using a functionally graded material (FGM) layer in between the inner and outer layers of the combustion chamber. The present study considers a gas turbine combustion chamber consisting of three layers: the inner layer is used as a thermal barrier coating, the intermediate layer is a smooth transition from the inner layer to the outer layer, and the outer layer is a thermally conductive material. ANSYS simulation is used for the analysis of thermos-elastic characteristics of the combustion chamber with homogeneous and FGM intermediate layers. The effect of linear and nonlinear material distributions in the FGM layer on the thermos-elastic characteristics is studied. A comparison of results reveals that thermal stress smoothly changes from the inner layer to the outer layer in the case of the FGM intermediate layer compared to the homogeneous intermediate layer. This suggests that a combustion chamber with an FGM intermediate layer is more reliable than a homogeneous intermediate layer.
Texture feature similarity-based roughness intelligent evaluation: a case study applied to milled surfaces
Authors: Man Tianxue , Zhou Yuqing , Sun Bingtao , Ren Yan , Sun Weifang , Xiang Jiawei 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Surface roughness is of great significance in maintaining mechanical performance and improving the reliability of the equipment. However, fast surface roughness evaluations that are sufficiently stable and efficient for engineering in situ use have not yet been realized. To address this issue, an image-driven roughness intelligent method is proposed in this research. By evaluating the texture similarity intelligently between the testing image and the reference image, the surface roughness of the testing image can be acquired. Firstly, with a proposed adaptive texture extraction method, the texture feature of an image can be extracted even under a complex background. Secondly, by establishing the graph structure of the texture grayscale features, the similarity between different images is evaluated. Finally, by establishing a sparrow-optimized support vector machine regression method, the mapping relationship between the similarity and the surface roughness can be acquired. The experimental results indicate that the proposed method for intelligent evaluation of roughness has superior prediction performance (the average relative prediction error of Ra and Rz are 8.8156% and 8.0571%, respectively). Therefore, this work provides a useful tool for non-contact detection of workpiece surface roughness.
Fault diagnosis of three-cylinder mud pump based on transfer learning
Authors: Yan Chang , Liu Zhiliang , Liao Feilong , Zhang Jiyang , Dai Menghang 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Mud pumps serve as vital components within the circulating system of oil drilling platforms, primarily facilitating the circulation of drilling fluid. With the rapid advancement of deep learning technology, there has been a growing focus on fault diagnosis techniques for mud pumps based on deep learning methodologies. However, existing deep learning approaches often struggle with fault diagnosis of mud pumps under varying operational conditions, as adjustments to the working conditions are necessary in real-time based on drilling depth. To address this challenge, this study introduces an enhanced transfer learning method for diagnosing faults in mud pumps across different operating conditions. Initially, the collected vibration data undergoes resampling to standardize frequency, followed by the utilization of the short-term autocorrelation method to discern phase information of signal impact. Leveraging this phase information, the signal is segmented into distinct segments with uniform phases, thereby minimizing distribution discrepancies between the source and target domains. Subsequently, the transformer is employed as a feature extractor for the model. Finally, a deep sub-domain adaptation network is employed to facilitate transfer from the source domain to the target domain. Validation of the proposed method was conducted using an experimental dataset, with results demonstrating its efficacy compared to other contemporary approaches.
Introduction
Authors: Brinkmann Matthias 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This introductory chapter describes the main lines of the book’s argument. Extant theories of political legitimacy, resting on consent, democracy, or public justification, are unpersuasive. Instead, we should move towards a liberal instrumentalist view, on which political institutions are legitimate if they promote justice best. Conceptually, legitimacy ought to be distinguished from authority and political obligation and defined as the permissibility of exercising power. Methodologically, we should be sceptical of appeal to intuition when thinking about political legitimacy, and approach the topic with a mixture of revisionist and preservationist attitudes. The chapter ends with a summary of the book.
An Abstract Theory of Justice
Authors: Brinkmann Matthias 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter outlines an abstract theory of justice which forms the basis of the instrumentalist view defended in the rest of the book. The theory is based on two foundational features of individuals, their welfare and their dignity. These features contribute to the hybrid structure of the resulting theory of justice, which recognizes both constraints (actions that should never be done) and aims (outcomes that we should try to bring about). The chapter sketches the outlines of an argument why, on this theory of justice, substantive components of justice will be more important than procedural components.
In their own words: a qualitative survey of healthcare providers’ experiences with personal protective equipment during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Becene Iris , Shah Aarushi , Nguyen Katie , West Madeline , Berrill Jane , Stuart Jennifer , Borba Christina , Rich-Edwards Janet 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Background
At the beginning of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, healthcare personnel (HCP) faced a dire shortage of personal protective equipment (PPE). This shortage has been identified as a major source of distress among HCP during the early COVID-19 pandemic, though the specific consequences of this shortage have not been identified in the qualitative literature.

Methods
We sought to fill this gap by conducting a qualitative analysis of PPE related free-text comments from online surveys completed by 923 HCP during Spring 2020.

Results
We found that HCP used words such as “required” and “had” to describe how their use of non-standard PPE was imposed on them by their workplace, suggesting that they felt little control over their protection at work. HCP described cleaning PPE with novel methods, such as bleach, alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, and UV light, in addition to creating their own PPE out of materials such as garbage bags, sheets, and cloth. Furthermore, HCP expressed frustration with PPE policies at their workplaces, which continued throughout the early pandemic due to the rapidly changing guidelines and the inability to express their opinions to their institutions. The combination of these concerns left HCP scared of being infected with COVID-19 while at work and subsequently infecting their loved ones at home.

Conclusion
It is critical that healthcare institutions understand HCP’s experiences with and feelings towards PPE, as providing the proper protection is vital in ensuring an adequate HCP workforce.
Update on Blindness From Filler: Review of Prognostic Factors, Management Approaches, and a Century of Published Cases
Authors: Doyon Valerie C , Liu Chaocheng , Fitzgerald Rebecca , Humphrey Shannon , Jones Derek , Carruthers Jean D A , Beleznay Katie 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Vision loss secondary to aesthetic filler treatment is a rare but disastrous complication. The aim of this review was to update the published cases of blindness after filler injection that have occurred since our group published reviews of 98 cases in 2015 and an additional 48 cases in 2019. A literature review was performed to identify all cases of visual complications caused by filler injection published between September 2018 and March 2023. The cases were analyzed independently and in combination with previously reviewed cases. Analyses were based on the number of cases with data available. A total of 365 new cases of partial or complete vision loss after filler injection were identified. The sites that were highest risk were the nose (40.6%), forehead (27.7%), and glabella (19.0%). The filler injected was hyaluronic acid in 79.6% of cases. The most common associated signs were ptosis (56.2%), ophthalmoplegia (44.1%), pain (31.2%), and skin changes (73.2%). Strokelike features were seen in 19.2% of cases. Of the cases reporting visual outcomes (318), 6.0% experienced complete vision recovery, 25.8% had partial improvement in visual acuity, and 68.2% had no vision recovery. Partially preserved visual acuity at onset was a significant predictor of visual improvement (P &lt; .001). The 3 most common treatments were subcutaneous hyaluronidase at or near the filler site (70.1%), systemic steroids (57.3%), and intraarterial thrombolytic therapy (56.0%). No treatments were significantly associated with visual improvement (P &gt; .05). Although blindness and stroke from fillers is a rare complication, practitioners who inject filler should have a thorough knowledge of prevention and management strategies.

Level of Evidence: 3
Identifying Levels of Competency in Aesthetic Medicine: A Questionnaire-based Study
Authors: Cotofana Sebastian , Mehta Tristan , Davidovic Kristina , Swift Arthur , Rohrich Rod J , Biesman Brian S , Gold Michael , Nikolis Andreas , Dayan Steven , Alfertshofer Michael 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Background
In 2022, the US experienced a significant increase in demand for minimally invasive aesthetic procedures, underscoring its rising acceptance amid an unregulated educational environment for practitioners. The absence of standardized educational pathways and quality control in aesthetic medicine, primarily provided by nonacademic institutions, highlights a critical need for establishing educational standards to ensure practitioner competence and patient safety.

Objectives
The aim of this study was to identify levels of competency for the aesthetic practitioner and necessary achievement milestones during the educational path from novice to expert injector.

Methods
A total of n = 386 international study participants responded to an online questionnaire regarding their experience in aesthetic medicine practice. The questionnaire comprised 58 questions focusing on professional data, the perceived difficulty of injection, and risk for the occurrence of adverse events for specific facial regions in soft tissue filler and toxin injections.

Results
Regardless of medical specialty and experience level, averages of 3.85 (1.8) years, 786.4 (2628) filler injections and 549.9 (1543) toxin injections were estimated to progress from novice to advanced injector, while averages of 6.10 (3.7) years, 1842.2 (4793) filler injections, and 1308.5 (3363) toxin injections were estimated to advance from advanced to expert injector. The nose and the perioral region have been ranked as the facial regions where it is most difficult to achieve a perfect aesthetic outcome and with the greatest risk for the occurrence of adverse events for filler and toxin injections, respectively.

Conclusions
In this study we establish an educational framework in aesthetic medicine by defining the progression from novice to competent and expert injector levels, suggesting 4 years of practice and over 790 filler and 550 neuromodulator injections for competence, and at least 6 years with 1840 filler and 1310 neuromodulator injections for expertise. We also identify critical facial regions for targeted treatments by different expertise levels.

Level of Evidence: 4
Mark4 ablation attenuates pathological phenotypes in a mouse model of tauopathy
Authors: Sultanakhmetov Grigorii , Limlingan Sophia Jobien M , Fukuchi Aoi , Tsuda Keisuke , Suzuki Hirokazu , Kato Iori , Saito Taro , Weitemier Adam Z , Ando Kanae 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Accumulation of abnormally phosphorylated tau proteins is linked to various neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease and frontotemporal dementia. Microtubule affinity-regulating kinase 4 (MARK4) has been genetically and pathologically associated with Alzheimer’s disease and reported to enhance tau phosphorylation and toxicity in Drosophila and mouse traumatic brain-injury models but not in mammalian tauopathy models. To investigate the role of MARK4 in tau-mediated neuropathology, we crossed P301S tauopathy model (PS19) and Mark4 knockout mice. We performed behaviour, biochemical and histology analyses to evaluate changes in PS19 pathological phenotype with and without Mark4. Here, we demonstrated that Mark4 deletion ameliorated the tau pathology in a mouse model of tauopathy. In particular, we found that PS19 with Mark4 knockout showed improved mortality and memory compared with those bearing an intact Mark4 gene. These phenotypes were accompanied by reduced neurodegeneration and astrogliosis in response to the reduction of pathological forms of tau, such as those phosphorylated at Ser356, AT8-positive tau and thioflavin S-positive tau. Our data indicate that MARK4 critically contributes to tau-mediated neuropathology, suggesting that MARK4 inhibition may serve as a therapeutic avenue for tauopathies.
Investigating the brain’s neurochemical profile at midlife in relation to dementia risk factors
Authors: Dounavi Maria-Eleni , McKiernan Elizabeth , Langsen Michael , Gregory Sarah , Muniz-Terrera Graciela , Prats-Sedano Maria Angeles , Mada Marius Ovidiu , Williams Guy B , Lawlor Brian , Naci Lorina , Mackay Clare , Koychev Ivan , Malhotra Paresh , Ritchie Karen , Ritchie Craig W , Su Li , Waldman Adam D , O’ Brien John T 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Changes in the brain’s physiology in Alzheimer’s disease are thought to occur early in the disease’s trajectory. In this study our aim was to investigate the brain’s neurochemical profile in a midlife cohort in relation to risk factors for future dementia using single voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Participants in the multi-site PREVENT-Dementia study (age range 40–59 year old) underwent 3T magnetic resonance spectroscopy with the spectroscopy voxel placed in the posterior cingulate/precuneus region. Using LCModel, we quantified the absolute concentrations of myo-inositol, total N-acetylaspartate, total creatine, choline, glutathione and glutamate-glutamine for 406 participants (mean age 51.1; 65.3% female). Underlying partial volume effects were accounted for by applying a correction for the presence of cerebrospinal fluid in the magnetic resonance spectroscopy voxel. We investigated how metabolite concentrations related to apolipoprotein ɛ4 genotype, dementia family history, a risk score (Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Aging and Incidence of Dementia -CAIDE) for future dementia including non-modifiable and potentially-modifiable factors and dietary patterns (adherence to Mediterranean diet). Dementia family history was associated with decreased total N-acetylaspartate and no differences were found between apolipoprotein ɛ4 carriers and non-carriers. A higher Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Aging, and Incidence of Dementia score related to higher myo-inositol, choline, total creatine and glutamate-glutamine, an effect which was mainly driven by older age and a higher body mass index. Greater adherence to the Mediterranean diet was associated with lower choline, myo-inositol and total creatine; these effects did not survive correction for multiple comparisons. The observed associations suggest that at midlife the brain demonstrates subtle neurochemical changes in relation to both inherited and potentially modifiable risk factors for future dementia.
A model of ionization-induced reactions in CH4/N2 clusters in Titan's atmosphere: theoretical insights into mono- and divalent states
Authors: Matsubara Toshiaki 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
We propose a model for ionization-induced reactions between N2 and CH4, the main components of Titan's atmosphere, and examine their mechanism using quantum mechanical and molecular dynamics methods. Bimolecular CH4–N2 clusters form through collision, and their conformation depends on the encounter cross section due to weak intermolecular interaction. These clusters acquire a driving force through vertical ionization because the vertically ionized structure is not situated at the minimum of the potential energy surface in the ionized state. This leads to multiple reactions, overcoming energy barriers in the process. In the divalent state, a robust attractive interaction occurs between CH4 and N2 through charge transfer. Subsequently, the H4C–N2 covalent bond forms prior to reactions, resulting in the production of N2H+, CH3+, CH3N2+, and CH2N2+; otherwise only N2H+, CH3+, and CH2+ are generated. In contrast, when ionized to a monovalent state, although dissociation of N2H+ and isomerization to CH3NHN+ and CH3NNH+ occurs, a significant portion dissociates into CH4+ and N2 without undergoing further reactions. Additionally, the generation of N2H+ and CH3+ is limited in the monovalent state, primarily due to a lower driving force and the absence of Coulombic explosion. Our computational results highlight the pivotal role of divalent reactions within Titan's atmosphere, which are more efficient than monovalent reactions.
Investigating the different mechanisms in related neural activities: a focus on auditory perception and imagery
Authors: Gu Jin , Deng Kexin , Luo Xiaoqi , Ma Wanli , Tang Xuegang 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Neuroimaging studies have shown that the neural representation of imagery is closely related to the perception modality; however, the undeniable different experiences between perception and imagery indicate that there are obvious neural mechanism differences between them, which cannot be explained by the simple theory that imagery is a form of weak perception. Considering the importance of functional integration of brain regions in neural activities, we conducted correlation analysis of neural activity in brain regions jointly activated by auditory imagery and perception, and then brain functional connectivity (FC) networks were obtained with a consistent structure. However, the connection values between the areas in the superior temporal gyrus and the right precentral cortex were significantly higher in auditory perception than in the imagery modality. In addition, the modality decoding based on FC patterns showed that the FC network of auditory imagery and perception can be significantly distinguishable. Subsequently, voxel-level FC analysis further verified the distribution regions of voxels with significant connectivity differences between the 2 modalities. This study complemented the correlation and difference between auditory imagery and perception in terms of brain information interaction, and it provided a new perspective for investigating the neural mechanisms of different modal information representations.
Localizing apraxia in corticobasal syndrome: a morphometric MRI study
Authors: Constantinides Vasilios C , Paraskevas George P , Velonakis Georgios , Stefanis Leonidas , Kapaki Elisabeth 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Apraxia localization has relied on voxel-based, lesion-symptom mapping studies in left hemisphere stroke patients. Studies on the neural substrates of different manifestations of apraxia in neurodegenerative disorders are scarce. The primary aim of this study was to look into the neural substrates of different manifestations of apraxia in a cohort of corticobasal syndrome patients (CBS) by use of cortical thickness. Twenty-six CBS patients were included in this cross-sectional study. The Goldenberg apraxia test (GAT) was applied. 3D-T1-weighted images were analyzed via the automated recon-all Freesurfer version 6.0 pipeline. Vertex-based multivariate General Linear Model analysis was applied to correlate GAT scores with cortical thickness. Deficits in imitation of meaningless gestures correlated with bilateral superior parietal atrophy, extending to the angular and supramarginal gyri, particularly on the left. Finger imitation relied predominantly on superior parietal lobes, whereas the left angular and supramarginal gyri, in addition to superior parietal lobes, were critical for hand imitation. The widespread bilateral clusters of atrophy in CBS related to apraxia indicate different pathophysiological mechanisms mediating praxis in neurodegenerative disorders compared to vascular lesions, with implications both for our understanding of praxis and for the rehabilitation approaches of patients with apraxia.
Forecasting Hepatitis C Virus Status for Children in the United States: A Modeling Study
Authors: Hood Robert B , Norris Alison H , Shoben Abigail , Miller William C , Harris Randall E , Pomeroy Laura W 
Published: April 2024

AbstractBackgroundVirtually all cases of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in children in the United States occur through vertical transmission, but it is unknown how many children are infected. Cases of maternal HCV infection have increased in the United States, which may increase the number of children vertically infected with HCV. Infection has long-term consequences for a child's health, but treatment options are now available for children ≥3 years old. Reducing HCV infections in adults could decrease HCV infections in children.MethodsUsing a stochastic compartmental model, we forecasted incidence of HCV infections in children in the United States from 2022 through 2027. The model considered vertical transmission to children &lt;13 years old and horizontal transmission among individuals 13–49 years old. We obtained model parameters and initial conditions from the literature and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's 2021 Viral Hepatitis Surveillance Report.ResultsModel simulations assuming direct-acting antiviral treatment for children forecasted that the number of acutely infected children would decrease slightly and the number of chronically infected children would decrease even more. Alone, treatment and early screening in individuals 13–49 years old reduced the number of forecasted cases in children and, together, these policy interventions were even more effective.ConclusionsBased on our simulations, acute and chronic cases of HCV infection are remaining constant or slightly decreasing in the United States. Improving early screening and increasing access to treatment in adults may be an effective strategy for reducing the number of HCV infected children in the United States.