bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Endocrine disruptor chemicals as a rising compliance issue
Authors: Jarrett Robert E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCertain classes of chemicals foreign to the human body can interfere with endocrine hormonal systems. Hormones are the master controllers of biochemical processes. A wide range of pathological conditions can ensue at all stages of life. Research has shown these or similar chemicals to be increasing in natural and man‐made environments. Some research indicates that wildlife is exhibiting the destructive effects of hormone disruption caused by man‐made chemicals. The claim is made that human health is already being adversely affected. Many information gaps exist. Major research and screening programs are under way around the world that could well lead to banning or curtailed use for many heavily used chemicals. Makers and users of chemicals can avoid the embarrassing surprises experienced with previous new environmental issues and control programs by joining in the ongoing issue‐framing scientific, legislative, and regulatory processes.
Sustaining DOD ranges: A national environmental challenge
Authors: Borthwick Jesse O. , Beshore Eric A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractOver the last 30 years, the Department of Defense's (DOD's) Environmental Program has evolved through three distinct phases: planning, cleanup, and compliance. Increased concerns by regulators and the public over environmental and safety issues have recently brought increased attention to munitions and range management. Munitions management and western land withdrawals have been the DOD's range focus for the last five years in order to meet congressional mandates. Munitions management emphasis has yielded such direction as the Military Munitions Rule, DOD Directives 4715.11 “Environmental and Explosive Safety Management on Department of Defense Active and Inactive Ranges,” AF Instruction 13–212, and the developing Munitions Action Plan (MAP) and draft Range Rule. While munitions safety and environmental impact on our ranges are very important, they are only the most publicized of the numerous interrelated range challenges, such as noise and encroachment. DOD rangeland withdrawals have introduced new range management requirements. Numerous DOD ranges have come under attack with some actually being shut down. Attempts to establish new ranges have faced stiff opposition resulting in significant changes, decreased capabilities, and greatly increased costs. New weapon systems are being developed with increased range and autonomy that drive the need for expanded range capabilities. These events all highlight the fundamental role comprehensive range planning must fill to support sustainable ranges within DOD. This article proposes an overarching companion document to the draft MAP: a Range and Airspace Action Plan (RAAP). Three keys to the RAAP comprehensive sustainable range planning are presented: defining ranges comprehensively, documenting current range environmental impacts through National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), and comprehensive planning for a sustainable future.
Military training ranges as a source of environmental contamination
Authors: Cook David S. , Spillman Eric 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWith land use becoming an ever more pressing issue for the Department of Defense (DOD), the possibility of environmental contamination from normal training operations must be addressed. This article examines the potential for contamination from the propellants, explosives, and pyrotechnics (PEP) associated with military training; includes a synopsis of some of the studies conducted to date; touches on the fate and transport of PEPs; and discusses the DOD approach to investigating the potential for contamination from normal training. While DOD is attempting to proactively address potential problems, one thing has become clear: better communication, both internal and external to DOD, is a must.
Achieving integrated life‐cycle hazardous material management within the U.S. army Europe and seventh army
Authors: Werle Christopher P. , Preston Kurt T. , Lafalce Dawn S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHigh cost and potential liabilities associated with hazardous material (HM) use and resulting hazardous waste (HW) generation remain a concern within the Army in Europe. Numerous efforts are ongoing to improve operations and reduce the risk associated with HM/HW management. One such effort, an investigation initiated by Headquarters, U.S. Army Europe (USAREUR) examines the benefit to be gained by integrating traditional “pharmacy” business practices in the existing supply system rather than building a parallel system for HM/HW management. With expertise from the Logistics Management Institute (LMI), USAREUR examined its logistics system, the inherent life‐cycle management processes, and its ability to support proven HM/HW management and environmental pollution prevention (P2) principles. The goal was to blueprint the current system and examine the potential for building improved HM/HW management into the Army logistics system rather than graft management schemes external to the logistic system for HW/HM management.
Electrochemical treatment and minimization of defense‐related wastes
Authors: Pillay Gautam , Billingsley Steven R. , Balkey James J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe U.S. Departments of Energy (DOE) and Defense (DOD) generate hazardous wastes as a result of routine operations. Waste types range from solvents, fuels, lubricants, and sludges to streams containing mixtures of these and other inorganic and organic compounds, along with potentially radioactive materials. Many of these compounds are amenable to treatment by electrochemical processes that destroy hazardous organic contaminants in aqueous streams at ambient temperatures and pressure. It is also possible to separate the radioactive components of these wastes from solution using electrochemical processes.In this article, we discuss the environmental factors and issues associated with electrochemical waste treatment processes. We summarize the federal regulations that compel government agencies to conduct environmental management activities. Applications of electrochemical processes to waste treatment and waste minimization at DOE and DOD sites are presented, and issues associated with acceptance of these processes are addressed.
Making NEPA more effective and economical for the new millennium
Authors: Hansen Roger P. , Wolff Theodore A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis article focuses on a ten‐element strategy for “streamlining” the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) process in order to achieve the Act's objectives while easing the considerable burden on agencies, the public, and the judicial system. In other words, this article proposes a strategy for making NEPA work better and cost less. How these ten elements are timed and implemented is critical to any successful streamlining.The strategy elements discussed in this paper, in no particular order of priority, are as follows: (1) integrate the NEPA process with other environmental compliance and review procedures; (2) accelerate the decision time for determining the appropriate level of NEPA documentation; (3) conduct early and thorough internal environmental impact statement (EIS) (or environmental assessment [EA]) scoping before public scoping or other public participation begins; (4) organize and implement public scoping processes that are more participatory than confrontational; (5) maintain an up‐to‐date compendium of environmental “baseline” information; (6) prepare more comprehensive, broad‐scope “umbrella” EISs that can be used effectively for tiering; (7) encourage preparation of annotated outlines with detailed guidance that serve as a “road map” for preparation of each EIS or EA; (8) decrease the length and complexity of highly technical portions of NEPA documents; (9) increase and systematize NEPA compliance outreach, training, and organizational support; and (10) work diligently to influence the preparation of better organized, shorter, and more readable NEPA documents.
The U.S. Air force embraces ecosystem management through a landscape assessment in the front range of the rocky mountains
Authors: Armstrong John , McDermott James R. , Ripley J. Douglas 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThrough a cooperative partnership of several government agencies, conservation organizations, and interested private citizens, the Air Force Academy is working in cooperation with the Colorado Natural Heritage Program to complete a landscape analysis of a portion of the Colorado Front Range. The project area includes the Monument Creek Watershed, comprising all Air Force Academy lands and surrounding lands of the Rampart Range, from the confluence of Monument Creek at Fountain Creek north to the Palmer Divide and from the Rampart Range Road east to the Monument Creek watershed boundary. Desired future conditions as well as management strategies to achieve them will be developed through this collaborative partnership planning process. When completed in 2001, the results of this project will represent an important contribution to Air Force and Department of Defense continuing efforts to implement ecosystem‐based natural and cultural resources management strategies on military lands.
The beach ridges at Santa, Peru: El Niño, uplift, and prehistory
Authors: Sandweiss Daniel H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRecent work on the beach ridges at Santa, Peru (9° s latitude) upholds an earlier hypothesis, based on sedimentary evidence, that the ridges were formed by massive sediment pulses during rains associated with major incursions of the warm water El Niño countercurrent. The ridges can therefore be used to date major El Niño events. The alternate hypothesis for the Santa ridge origin cited minor sequential uplift as the causal factor; this hypothesis has been disproven, though one previously unreported uplift event at about 4200 years B.P. has been identified at Santa. In general, landscape alteration processes such as El Niño floods and tectonic uplift affect human populations, and accurate chronologies of these events are necessary to interpret the archaeological record. Geoarchaeological research offers the key to constructing landscape alteration chronologies, which are also of use to geologists for studies of earthquake prediction, sedimentation processes, and paleoclimatology.
El Niño flood deposits at Batán Grande, northern Peru
Authors: Craig Alan K. , Shimada Izumi 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRecent construction of a 10 × 3 irrigation canal across the Batán Grande–Poma archaeological complex of northern Peru provided an opportunity for inspection of soil profiles and detailed sampling along a five km transect bisecting an important concentration of ceremonial structures built during the past 3000+ years. From laboratory analysis of 80 soil samples we conclude no long‐term irrigation agriculture was practiced in this area and it was unimportant as a resource base. Stratigraphic studies indicate few sediments survive from the 1925 El Niño event, but a massive bed attributable to prehistoric slack‐water flood sediments has been identified and can be bracketed between ca. A. D. 650–1000 by associated diagnostic funerary ceramics. Other flood deposits representing the same or different events are described, but we conclude intervalley correlations will be difficult until more precise dating methods are available.
Florisbad—New investigations at a middle stone age Hominid Site in South Africa
Authors: Kuman Kathleen , Clarke R. J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFirst results of renewed excavations at the Middle Stone Age spring site of Florisbad are reported. Seven meters of deposits dating possibly from the later mid‐Pleistocene to the mid‐Holocene contain several cultural phases and record alternating periods of increased spring flow versus more stabilized conditions. The archaic Homo sapiens cranium discovered in 1932 and the Florisian Land Mammal Age fauna retrieved from the springs are argued to derive from the earliest deposits, estimated to be ca. 100,000–200,000 years old. In an Upper Pleistocene layer beyond the range of Carbon‐14 dating, a Middle Stone Age occupation floor has been excavated. This we interpret as a multiple‐occupation kill, butchery, or scavenging site. The presence of a hearth, of chipping debris under 10 mm in size, and the limited displacement of artifacts which have been refitted as conjoining pieces demonstrate a minimally disturbed, primary context site.
Prehistoric shore environments, shellfish availability, and shellfish gathering at Franchthi, Greece
Authors: Shackleton J. C. , Van Andel Tj. H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPeople who exploit marine resources choose among them according to technological, economic, and social considerations. Prehistoric selectivity in their exploitation has often been postulated, but can be established only by comparing the archaeological record with an estimate of the kinds and quantities available in the environments of the time. Only then can those factors be considered that might have influenced their choice, a subject which is the domain of the archaeologist.In Franchthi Cave, a thick Upper Paleolithic through Neolithic sequence (ca. 23,000–5000 yrs B.P.) of occupational deposits has been excavated. As might be expected at a site now only a few meters from the sea, this sequence has yielded ample evidence for the use of marine resources, though only from ca. 11,000 B.P. onward. Moreover, the marine molluscan record exhibits drastic changes in composition over time, implying either major variation in availability or selective collecting.A marine geophysical study supplemented by an examination of present shore environments in the area has permitted the reconstruction of the changing coastal environments since ca. 20,000 B.P., thus providing an estimate of the probably available shellfish resources. Comparison with the molluscan assemblages found in the cave demonstrates that only during the latest Paleolithic and most of the Neolithic were the collected shellfish reasonably representative of what should have been available in the area. At other times the inhabitants made highly specialized, seemingly idiosyncratic choices from the spectrum of available species.
Composition and origin of material in pre‐columbian pottery, San Salvador Island, Bahamas
Authors: Mann C. John 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThin‐section analysis and X‐ray diffraction analysis indicates that pre‐Columbian Indian pottery of San Salvador Island, Bahamas is composed of angular fragments of invertebrate shells bound by clay and quartz. The source of the clay and quartz apparently was soil formed from dust accumulating over thousands of years by atmospheric deposition of material transported from North Africa. No evidence of biogenic siliceous material is found in pottery sherds native to the island. An atmospheric origin for the clay and quartz is supported strongly by clay/quartz ratios and quartz particle sizes in atmospheric dust presently being transported from North Africa compared to a soil (paleosol?) sample from Pigeon Creek Indian Site, San Salvador Island.
An approach to the use of packaged statistical programs for cluster, classification, and discriminant analysis of trace element data
Authors: Vitali Vanda , Franklin Ursula M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to present an approach to be taken when using packaged statistical programs for the evaluation of multivariate data, in particular those programs designed for clustering, classification, and discrimination purposes. A systematic step‐by‐step approach is outlined starting with those steps which should be conducted in order to assure that the assumptions underlying the statistical analyses are satisfied. The use of various methods and computational options in cluster, classification, and discriminant analysis is then discussed. Finally the need for an assessment of the results in view of the overall knowledge of the problem is pointed out.
Late quaternary environmental history of the southern Levant
Authors: Goldberg Paul 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe Late Quaternary history of northern Sinai and the western Negev is inferred from a number of stratigraphic sequences rich in prehistoric and archaeologic remains. Exposures are abundant along the wadi courses which drain the highlands westward to the Mediterranean. Earliest deposition is represented by coarse, well rounded gravels containing Middle Paleolithic artifacts and is dated to ca. 90,000 to 70,000 B.P. These are overlain by finer grained sands, silts, and clays, ultimately of eolian origin, but re‐deposited by low energy stream flows under marshy conditions. These containin situUpper Paleolithic (ca. 40,000 to 22,000 B.P.) and Epi‐Paleolithic (ca. 15,000 to 12,000 B.P.) sites; commonly an erosional phase (ca. 22,000 to 15,000 years ago) separates the two groups of industries. In areas closer to the coast, temporally equivalent deposits are predominantly sandy, reflecting their proximity to the source in western and northern Sinai. The Holocene is generally characterized by downcutting but deposition of fluviatile and eolian silts is well documented during the Chalcolithic (ca. 6,000 B.P.). The last depositional event is the accumulation of 3–4 m of fluviatile silts containing Byzantine artifacts and radiocarbon dated between ca. 1750–600 B.P.). Whereas most of the sequences can be explained in climatic terms, the Byzantine or “Historical Fill” may have an anthropogenic origin.
Rates of fluvial sedimentation: Implications for archaeological variability
Authors: Ferring C. Reid 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRates of fluvial sedimentation exhibit spatial and temporal variability that is important with respect to the study of prehistoric archaeological sites. Sedimentation rates within fluvial basins vary in response to internal dynamics, geomorphic controls, and external factors including climate and tectonics. Fluvial rates of sedimentation may be estimated using sedimentary, pedogenic, biogenic, and radiometric evidence. Holocene rates of sedimentation vary by three orders of magnitude, as shown by radiometric data from numerous localities in North America. Sedimentation rates define rates of matrix accumulation in archaeological sites. These act as controls on site construction and site modification. Artifact densities, spatial patterning, and preservation are all conditioned by rates of matrix accumulation. These dimensions of prehistoric sites are critical to the evaluation of variability within and between archaeological sites and to the study of past settlement/subsistence systems.
New evidence from the southeastern U.S. for eustatic components in the late Holocene Sea levels
Authors: Colquhoun Donald J. , Brooks Mark J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractChanges in Holocene sea level through time have been attributed to eustatic, isostatic, and neotectonic processes. Eustatic changes imply global expression through linkage in world climate, or changes in ocean water or basin volume, while isostatic adjustment and neotectonic distortion involve regional or local geophysical parameters which must be ascertained. A Holocene sea level curve is being developed for the southeastern United States through a study of marsh stratigraphy and archaeologic sites located in marsh and interriverine areas. The curve is evaluated in light of intensive investigations of regional and local tectonic elements. Both major and some minor trends in sea level change are shown to include significant eustatic components.
reconstruction of the holocene coastline of mesopotamia
Authors: Cooke Gary A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAt the end of the last glacial period, a major marine transgression inundated the head of the Persian Gulf to a position as much as 400 km inland from the present shoreline. After 6000 B.P., the Shatt al‐Arab delta prograded southward to its current position. These events had a profound impact on our knowledge of early human occupation and the development of civilization in the Tigris‐Euphrates valley. The former settlements of people living on the pre‐6000 B.P. coastal plains are today either under the waters of the Gulf or under sediments of the lower alluvial plain.
Provenance of sand temper in Hohokam Ceramics, Arizona
Authors: Lombard James P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSand temper compositions of regionally distinct Hohokam pottery sherds were determined by detailed point counts using sedimentary petrographic methods. Different temper compositions from different sites were compared with maps of sand composition zones within the geographic range of the pottery in order to establish the probable provenance of each sherd. A number of probable instances of intraregional pottery exchange were identified. The larger number of sand sources in undecorated vs. decorated pottery at each site suggests that undecorated pottery was made in more places than decorated vessels, and may have been traded differently as well. Petrographic analysis of temper is a useful method for studying exchange of homogeneous pottery in geologically diverse areas, and for investigating prehistoric Hohokam interaction in the Tucson and Red Rock Basins on a scale not possible with traditional archaeological techniques.
Growth increment and stable isotope analysis of marine bivalves: Implications for the geoarchaeological record of El Niño
Authors: Rollins Harold B. , Sandweiss Daniel H. , Brand Uwe , Rollins Judith C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe 1982–1983 El Niño event afforded the opportunity to develop criteria for the recognition of ancient El Niños using mollusks from archaeological sites along coastal South America. A combination of growth increment and stable isotope analyses indicated that elevated sea surface temperatures during large scale El Niños leave a record decodable from the growth patterns of selected bivalve shells. The intertidal venerid Chione subrugosa displayed a pronounced break in the valve margin profile following the 1982‐1983 event but provided an inconsistent stable isotope pattern. The subtidal carditid Trachycardium procerum, on the other hand, preserved a discernible and diagnostic growth interruption as well as an expected trend in stable isotope indicators of salinity and temperature change.We conclude that some of the major culturally disruptive El Niño events can be recognized in the geoarchaeological record by these techniques, especially if ancillary information, such as faunal distribution patterns, are also considered. Perhaps the most serious constraint upon application of this approach involves microstratigraphic resolution of shell midden deposits. Stratigraphic sampling of midden material should be accompanied, if possible, by sampling of proximal natural strata. The chances of discovery of major El Niño perturbations in the geoarchaeological record of shell middens is enhanced by the catastrophic nature of such events and by the indication that major El Niños have a high probability of being closely spaced in time.
Sidescan sonar applications in limnoarchaeology
Authors: Duck Robert W. , McManus John 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSidescan sonar, a well known marine geophysical exploration technique, widely utilized in maritime archaeology, has great potential as a reconnaissance tool in limnoarchaeological surveys. Its application in the identification of manmade structures on the floor of a flooded valley (Glenfarg Reservoir, Scotland) and the location of nearshore settlements (crannogs) in a natural water body (Loch Tay, Scotland) are described and discussed. It is suggested that sidescan sonar is a more efficient method of underwater archaeological reconnaissance than diver surveys.