bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long‐term results with argon laser trabeculoplasty
Authors: Gillies WE , Dallison IW , Brooks AMV 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe long‐term effectiveness of argon laser trabeculoplasty (ALT) is still questioned. In order to assess the long‐term effect of ALT in our hands we reviewed the results of 102 patients who underwent ALT nine to 11 years ago. Thirty eyes of 22 patients were still available for follow‐up at 9.5 years, having a fall in intraocular pressure (IOP) from 23 ± 7 mmHg (range, 15 to 44 mmHg) before treatment to 17 + 4 mmHg (10 to 30 mmHg) at 9.5 years. A mean field loss of 39%± 29% in 21 eyes with IOP controlled in a range of 15 mmHg or less progressed another 5%+ 4% additional loss. In eight eyes whose IOP could not be controlled below 20 mmHg a mean field loss of 10%± 24% sustained an additional 22%± 24% loss. Pressure control in the range of 16 to 20 mmHg gave intermediate results for progression of field loss. Argon laser trabeculoplasty with adjunctive medical therapy continues to lower IOP long term, but IOP control at 15 mmHg or less optimally slows field loss.
Tissue plasminogen activator in the surgical management of subretinal haemorrhage
Authors: Manning Leslie M , Conrad Diana K 
Published: November 2007

AbstractWe report three cases of the use of tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) to aid the surgical removal of subretinal haemorrhage. All patients had choroidal neovascular membranes secondary to age‐related macular degeneration. The technique involved infusing a sterile solution of TPA through a small retinotomy and irrigating out the dissolved clot. The visual acuity improved in the first patient from a preoperative 6/36 to 6/18 five weeks after surgery, but subsequently deteriorated to 6/60 after six months from a new choroidal neovascular membrane (CNVM), remaining 6/60 at nine months after surgery. The second patient's visual acuity improved from count fingers to 6/24 three weeks after surgery, but subsequently deteriorated to 6/60 after four months from a new CNVM, remaining 6/60 at nine months after surgery. The third patient's visual acuity improved from count fingers to 6/36 and remains stable at 6/36, eight months after surgery. Although long‐term prognosis remains guarded, these early results suggest that TPA may have a role in the management of subretinal haemorrhage.
Reflexes and the eye
Authors: Hunyor Alex Paul 
Published: November 2007

AbstractReflexes are an essential part of protective and homeostatic function, both in general terms and with specific reference to ocular structures. A wide range of stimuli and responses, with varying degrees of central processing, is involved in such reflexes.The simplest reflexes are monosynaptic, such as the stretch or myotatic reflex. More complex polysynaptic reflexes are involved in many regulatory and protective functions ‐ these include autonomic as well as somatic reflexes. Ocular autonomic reflexes include the oculocardiac, pupillary, accommodative and lacrimatory reflexes. Ocular somatic reflexes include eyelid and extra‐ocular muscle reflexes (such as Bell's phenomenon, vestibulo‐ocular and optokinetic reflexes).An account of the above reflexes is given in the format of an essay, modified from the FRACO Part I Examination in Physiology. The topic was ‘Discuss reflex activities with particular reference to the eye’. The content is based on several of the texts recommended for the Part I Examination, as listed under references.
The importance of epidemiology in understanding eye disease
Authors: Livingston Patricia M , Taylor Hugh R 
Published: November 2007

AbstractMost leading causes of visual impairment are age related, so the health care implications of an increasing prevalence of eye disease in the elderly are significant. Epidemiological research provides the foundation to address immediate and long‐term needs associated with visual impairment and eye disease. It contributes to a community's knowledge of the presence, diagnosis, characteristics, and distribution of eye conditions affecting the elderly. Obtaining accurate epidemiological information on the extent of visual impairment and eye disease in the community is essential to determine and estimate the cost of primary and secondary eye health care needs.
Age‐related medial ectropion of the lower eyelid
Authors: O'Donnell Brett 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Background
: A simplified procedure is proposed for the repair of medial lower eyelid age‐related ectropion.
Methods
: A posterior horizontal incision is made in the medial half of the lower eyelid at the inferior border of tarsus. The lower eyelid retractors are exposed and then plicated to the tarsus without excision of posterior lamellae or the use of everting sutures. The lid is then shortened horizontally with excision of a pentagonal section or lateral tarsal strip procedure.
Results
: The procedure was performed in six patients successfully without complication.
Conclusions
: This is an effective method for repair of lower lid medial age‐related ectropion.
Occlusion therapy for strabismic amblyopia
Authors: Elder Mark J 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Objective
: To assess the outcome of occlusion therapy in strabismic amblyopia.
Methods
: The case notes of 369 children requiring strabismus surgery were reviewed.
Results
: Of 369 children requiring surgical correction for strabismus, 109 had strabismic amblyopia. All of these patients were treated with occlusion. Seventy‐eight per cent (85 of 109) had improvement of their visual acuity to within one Snellen line of the other eye. Another 11% (12 of 109) of patients genuinely failed to achieve equal acuity in both eyes despite occlusion and 11% (11 of 109) failed to improve due to poor compliance.
Conclusions
: Occlusion for six hours per day, every day, produced an effective and rapid response in most patients. There was no occlusion amblyopia. Admission to hospital for occlusion was effective in some refractory cases.
Macular holes: Pathogenesis, natural history and surgical outcomes
Authors: Luckie Alan , Heriot Wilson 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIdiopathic full‐thickness macular holes (FTMH) are a common cause of usually uniocular reduced visual acuity. The accepted pathogenesis has macular hole formation proceeding in stages from an impending hole to a FTMH, with visual acuity deteriorating to less than 6/60 in 85% of cases. Recent surgical advances in the treatment of FTMH, with excellent anatomic and visual results, have changed the surgical indications for both impending and established full‐thickness macular holes.
Construction of a cDNA library from human retinal pigment epithelial cells challenged with rod outer segments
Authors: Cavaney Dinah M. , Rakoczy Piroska E. , Constable Ian J. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract Background: To study genes expressed by retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells during phagocytosis and digestion of rod outer segments (ROS), a complementary (c)DNA library was produced using an in‐vitro model. The cDNA library can be used to study molecular changes which contribute to the development of diseases due to a failure in outer segment phagocytosis and digestion by RPE cells. Here we demonstrate a way to study genes and their functions using a molecular biological approach and describing the first step involved in this process, the construction of a cDNA library. Methods and results: Human RPE cells obtained from the eyes of a seven‐year‐old donor were cultured and challenged with bovine ROS. The culture was harvested and total RNA was extracted. Complementary DNA was transcribed from the messenger (m)RNA and was directionally cloned into the LambdaGEM‐4 bacteriophage vector successfully. Some clones were picked and the DNA extracted, to determine the size of the inserts as a measure of the quality of the library. Conclusions: Molecular biology and cell culture are important tools to be used in eye research, especially in areas where tissue is limiting and animal models are not available. We now have a ROS challenged RPE cDNA library which will be used to identify genes responsible for degrading phagocytosed debris within the retinal pigment epithelium.
Blepharophimosis syndrome: association with colobomatous microphthalmos
Authors: Lee Lawrence R. , Sullivan Timothy J. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract Objective: To highlight the association of colobomatous microphthalmos with blepharophimosis syndrome. Result: We present a case of blepharophimosis syndrome associated with bilateral optic disc, retinochoroidal and iris colobomas, and microphthalmos, in a Caucasian boy. Inheritance in this case was autosomal dominant from the maternal side. Conclusion: Colobomatous microphthalmos is an infrequent ocular abnormality in the blepharophimosis syndrome. Ophthalmologists should be aware of this association.
Haemophilus aphrophilus bleb infection after a mitomycin trabeculectomy
Authors: Macken PL , Boyd SR , Campbell I , Chang D , Rootman DS , Trope GE 
Published: November 2007

Abstract Background: Haemophilus aphrophilus is a rare cause of ocular infection. It has been reported once as a cause of late‐onset endophthalmitis in a patient with an inadvertent bleb after cataract surgery. We present a case of Haemophilus aphrophilus bleb infection after a mitomycin trabeculectomy. Methods: A 56‐year‐old woman presented with a bleb infection 10 weeks after a mitomycin C augmented trabeculectomy at a University tertiary referral practice of one of the authors (GET). The causative organism was Haemophilus aphrophilus, identified by the Toronto Public Health Laboratory, Ontario, Canada. Results: The bleb infection resolved following topical, subconjunctival and intravenous antibiotic therapy. A formal bleb revision was required to repair a persistent bleb leak. Conclusion: Patients who have had trabeculectomies augmented with mitomycin C may be predisposed to bleb infection with unusual organisms. Prompt diagnosis and treatment is necessary to control the infection. Increased awareness and communication with laboratory personnel may increase the isolation of this fastidious organism.
Penetrating ocular injury following local anaesthesia
Authors: McCombe Mark , Heriot Wilson 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA series of 13 cases of globe perforation following local ocular anaesthesia are reported. All cases were associated with cataract surgery. Perforation occurred with the retrobulbar approach in nine cases and with the peribulbar approach in two cases. In two cases the approach for local anaesthesia was not recorded. In 12 of the 13 cases, perforating wound was found in the inferotemporal quadrant. All cases were found to have vitreous haemorrhage. All cases had significant posterior segment injury. Vitrectomy was carried out in nine of the 13 cases. At final review the retina was attached in 12 of the 13 cases. A final visual acuity of between 6/9 and 6/12 was achieved in six cases, four cases had acuity of between 6/18 and 6/24 and three cases had visual result of less than 6/60.
Knowledge of glaucoma, and its relationship to self‐care practices, in a population sample
Authors: Livingston PM , Lee SE , Paola C De , Carson CA , Guest CS , Taylor HR 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Objective:
To determine the level of knowledge of glaucoma in a population‐based sample, and its relationship to self‐care practices.
Design and subjects:
A cluster random sample of the Melbourne population 40 years of age and older was interviewed. One thousand seven hundred and eleven residents living in five randomly selected Melbourne metropolitan suburbs, each consisting of two adjacent census collector districts.
Measures:
Questions were asked concerning respondents' awareness, knowledge and description of the disease. Respondents were also asked the year of their last visit to their eye health care provider.
Results:
Seventy per cent of the sample had heard of glaucoma. However, only 22% provided a description that demonstrated a reasonable understanding of the disease. A lack of awareness and knowledge of glaucoma appeared to be negatively related to self‐care practices.
Conclusion:
Serious deficiencies in the basic knowledge of glaucoma in the community was demonstrated. This has significant public health implications as only a small percentage of the at‐risk population may present themselves for assessment and treatment. Informing the community about glaucoma is an important step in promoting preventative ophthalmic care and reducing visual impairment and blindness.
Incomplete Reiter's syndrome with focal involvement of the posterior segment
Authors: Conway Robert M , Graham Stuart L , Lassere Marissa 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Purpose:
To describe an unusual variant of Yersinia‐induced, HLA‐B27 associated incomplete Reiter's syndrome with focal involvement of the posterior segment.
Methods:
Review of case records of a patient presenting with incomplete Reiter's syndrome which included a reactive arthritis with keratoconjunctivitis and anterior uveitis.
Results:
The uveitis progressed to involve the posterior segment with a vitritis and two transient white retinal spots. After resolving, a retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) defect persisted at the site of one of the lesions.
Conclusions:
While involvement of the anterior segment of the globe in Reiter's disease is well recognised, a review of the literature reveals that focal posterior involvement is a rare feature in either Reiter's syndrome or the reactive arthritis group.
Angiosarcoma of the eyelid
Authors: Bray Lindsay C , Sullivan Timothy J , Whitehead Kevin 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Background:
Angiosarcomas are uncommon malignant tumours of vascular endothelium. They frequently affect the face and scalp, but to our knowledge there are only three reports of eyelid involvement.
Methods/results:
We report a case of angiosarcoma arising from the eyelid skin in a 79‐year‐old woman. Treatment was surgical with wide excision and staged reconstruction of the defect. Systemic oncological work‐up for metastatic disease was negative. Adjuvant systemic chemotherapy and radiotherapy were considered but were not felt to be of proven benefit and were not used. The patient died seven months after presentation from a myocardial infarct.
Conclusion:
Angiosarcoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of unusual or atypical eyelid lesions. Management is wide surgical excision, although adjuvant systemic therapy should be considered in selected cases in consultation with an oncologist.
Inadvertent perforation of the globe during regional anaesthesia
Authors: Polkinghorne Philip J. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract Purpose:This retrospective study was undertaken to review the clinical signs and management of patients with perforating eye injuries associated with regional anaesthesia for ophthalmic surgery. Methods:Fifteen consecutive patients presenting with inadvertent perforation of the globe were evaluated. Eleven required vitreoretinal surgery. The indications were retinal detachment (six eyes), vitreous haemorrhage (four) and an epiretinal membrane (one eye). Results:Those eyes with retinal detachments generally had a poor functional outcome in spite of the retinae being attached in five of the six eyes. The operative findings of those eyes with vitreous haemorrhage but attached retina demonstrated varying retinal tear configurations. Conclusions:Eyes with perforating injuries following intraorbital anaesthesia are at risk of developing a retinal detachment. In those eyes presenting with dense vitreous but attached retina, consideration of vitrectomy and laser photocoagulation is advised.
A foveal‐sparing pattern of cytomegalovirus retinitis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
Authors: Luckie Alan P. , Ai Everett 
Published: November 2007

Abstract Purpose:We describe the clinical course of 12 eyes of 10 patients in whom recurrent cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis exhibited a foveal‐sparing pattern. Methods:We retrospectively reviewed the case records and photographic charts of 10 patients (12 eyes) with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), in whom recurrent CMV retinitis exhibited a foveal‐sparing pattern within 1500 mm of the foveola. Results:The site of primary retinitis was temporal in 10 eyes of nine patients in whom it was known. The median number of recurrences up to the observation of foveal‐sparing retinitis was two (range one to eight), and five patients had active CMV retinitis despite treatment for at least two continuous months. Once established, the median rate of progression in a non‐foveal vector was 2.3 times faster than toward the fovea, and the median time to reduction in acuity to < 6/30 (or death) was 11 to 14 weeks. Three eyes of three patients retained 6/30 or better acuity up to death. Foveal CMV retinitis ultimately reduced acuity to < 6/30 in five eyes. Six eyes suffered retinal detachment, involving the fovea in five, and being the primary reason for acuity of < 6/30 in four. Four patients suffered dose‐limiting toxicity. Conclusion:Foveal‐sparing CMV retinitis arises in patients with recurrent CMV retinitis resistant to treatment (‘clinically resistant’), particularly that which has arisen temporally. Despite its foveolar proximity, and ultimate significant loss of function, the pattern of progression allows for preservation of useful foveal vision for longer periods than would have been expected.
Penetrating eye injury from a rigid infant pacifier
Authors: Stubbs Anthony J M. , Aburn Neil S. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract Background:The use of infant pacifiers (dummies) is common in Australasian communities and has been reported to be associated with various injuries, but to date ocular trauma has not been reported. Case report:A 14‐month‐old child sustained a penetrating eye injury from the infant pacifier that was in his mouth during a minor fall. Only a lid laceration was detected at the time. One week later he presented with mydriasis, heterochromia and a poor red reflex. Diagnosis of a penetrating eye injury was made by examination under anaesthesia, with B‐scan ultrasonography demonstrating hypotony but no retinal detachment or intraocular foreign body. Funduscopy revealed a small inferior vitreous haemorrhage. Exploration of the globe adjacent to the lid wound showed a 6 mm laceration through the sclera plugged with prolapsed vitreous. Conclusion:Serious ocular injury may result after a minor fall with some designs of rigid infant pacifiers. Heterochromia and anisocoria noted by the mother heralded more serious ocular injury in this case. The delay in diagnosis of this injury emphasises the importance of ocular examination to exclude eye trauma when injuries occur around the orbit.
The pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy
Authors: Larkins RG , Dunlop ME , Johnson EIM 
Published: November 2007

AbstractDiabetic retinopathy remains a major cause of loss of vision. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) has implicated hyperglycaemia as a probable major direct causative factor in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. There are several plausible mechanisms by which high glucose concentrations could lead to the functional and later structural changes characterising diabetic retinopathy. These include increased activity of the aldose reductase pathway, increase de novo synthesis of diacylglycerol from glucose, causing protein kinase C activation, increased non‐enzymatic glycation and increased oxidative damage. The demonstration of the potential roles of these pathways and the subsequent effects of growth factors in enhancing angiogenesis provide potential new approaches to the prevention and treatment of diabetic retinopathy.
Transduction in human photoreceptors
Authors: Lamb TD 
Published: November 2007

AbstractPhototransduction (the process by which light triggers a neural response in retinal rod and cone photoreceptors) is now understood at a molecular level. Indeed, the G‐protein cascade of phototransduction is one of the best understood of all biological signalling pathways. The diffusional interactions of the proteins underlying the cascade are described and are briefly analysed. In response to a single activated rhodopsin (R*), formed as a result of a single photon hit, it can be shown that molecules of the G‐protein will be activated (to G*) at an approximately constant rate. This, in turn, will cause the number of activated molecules of the third protein (the effector protein, E*, a phosphodiesterase) also to rise linearly with time. These kinetics of protein activation lead to an accurate description of the time‐course of the rising phase of the photoreceptor's electrical response, both in single‐cell recordings and also in recordings of the human electroretinogram (ERG). By analysing the a‐wave of the ERG it is possible to determine the ‘amplification’ of transduction within living photoreceptors, and to begin to localise the molecular site of dysfunction is cases of photoreceptor abnormality.
Orbital colour Doppler imaging in carotid‐cavernous sinus fistula
Authors: Aung Tin , Oen F T S. , Fu E RY 
Published: November 2007

Abstract Background: Colour Doppler imaging (CDI) is a recent advance in ultrasonography that allows for colour‐encoded blood flow data of a vascular structure to be displayed simultaneously on a conventional real‐time gray‐scale B mode image. Real time A and B mode ultrasonography have been used for diagnostic evaluation of ophthalmic disorders since the early 1960s. The haemodynamic characteristics of the ophthalmic circulation have recently been studied by the use of CDI. Method: We present three cases of carotid‐cavernous sinus fistulas with different presentations. In each case, orbital CDI was used in evaluating the patient's condition. Results: Orbital CDI was successful in confirming the diagnosis in all three cases. CDI was capable of showing the haemodynamic changes in the orbital vasculature which resulated from carotid‐cavernous sinus fistula. Conclusion: This non‐invasive technique presents as an excellent alternative to invasive vascular studies such as angiography for the diagnosis and evaluation of carotid‐cavernous sinus fistulas.
Vogt‐Koyanagi‐Harada syndrome in patients of Vietnamese ancestry
Authors: Riddington Leisha , Hall Anthony JH , Tait Brian , Nicholson Ian , Varney Michael 
Published: November 2007

Abstract Background: Vogt‐Koyanagi‐Harada syndrome (VKH), is an idiopathic, multisystem inflammatory disorder primarily involving the eye. HLA typing has shown a strong association between the HLA‐DR4 antigen and people of Japanese, Han Chinese and Hispanic ancestry with VKH. This study reviewed the clinical features and HLA typing of Vietnamese patients with VKH. Patients and methods: A retrospective review of four unrelated Vietnamese patients with VKH seen in private practice and hospital clinic. The American Uveitis Society (1978) criteria for VKH diagnosis were satisfied. Standard microcytotoxic assays for Class I antigens and HLA‐DNA typing of Class II DR antigens (DRB1 genotyping) by the PCR‐SSO method were performed. Results: The clinical features of VKH in Vietnamese were comparable to those seen in other Asian races. HLA‐DR4 was present in three of the four VKH patients. Two of these patients also expressed the allele DRB1*0405. Discussion: The strong association betlNeen HLA‐DR4 and the DRB1*0405 allele and VKH seen in Japanese people, may well also exist in Vietnamese people. The HLA association suggests an immunogenetic predisposition to VKH.