bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soils and stratigraphy of the laddie creek site (48BH345), an altithermal‐age occupation in the big horn mountains, wyoming
Authors: Reider Richard G. , Karlstrom Eric T. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHaploborolls and Ustifluvents with A‐C horizonation characterize Holocene soil development in alluvium and colluvium of the Laddie Creek valley. Cumulic soils with overthickened A horizons, including those of Altithermal age, have formed along the valley walls under the influence of spring activity from the Amsden Formation (Mississippian‐Pennsylvanian). Soil texture, mineralogy, and to some extent color, are inherited largely from sediment derived from the Amsden and Tensleep (Pennsylvanian) Formations. The valley was able to support human occupation during Altithermal time (ca. 7500‐4000 B.P.) because of springs emanating from the valley walls. Past spring locations are identified from soil morphology and stratigraphy. Springs are still active along the valley, although they have shifted positions many times in the past. The association of spring soils with Altithermal‐age occupation at the site (ca. 6600‐5700 B.P.) does not coincide with the caliche concept of the Altithermal paleosol in Holocene alluvial valleys in Wyoming basins as identified by Leopold and Miller. Nevertheless, early man of Altithermal time probably sought higher elevations within mountains of the region where springs offered water and the environs provided food and shelter—thus enabling human groups to survive the drought, and possible high temperatures, which seemingly prevailed in the basins and plains.
Geoarchaeology and late quaternary geomorphology of the middle south Platte River, Northeastern Colorado
Authors: Holliday Vance T. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractInvestigations were conducted along the middle South Platte River to better define the geomorphic contexts of Paleoindian sites and to reconstruct the alluvial and eolian geochronology. Paleoindian sites are associated with the Kersey terrace (the downstream equivalent of the Broadway terrace). The Kersey alluvium was deposited during Clovis occupation and the surface stabilized by 10,000 B.P. Post‐Clovis sites post‐date aggradation and stream downcutting may have started as early as 10,500 B.P. Subsequent floodplain development and downcutting formed the Kuner terrace (the possible downstream equivalent of the Piney Creek terrace) no later than 3000 B.P. and the Hardin terrace probably within the last 1000 years. Soils on the Kersey terrace are Ustochrepts (gravelly alluvium) or Haplustalfs (sandy and clayey alluvium). Soils on the Kuner terrace are cumulic Ustorthents and Ustochrepts. Soils on the Hardin terrace are Ustorthents with no obvious horizonation. Eolian sands began accumulating in the region by 10,000 B.P., but most are probably late Holocene deposits and are indicative of drier post‐Pleistocene climate. Correlations with deposits in low order tributaries and other drainages can be difficult to make a) using soils because soil development varies as a function of parent material texture and b) because aggradation and degradation may be out‐of‐phase.
The impact of fluvial processes and landscape evolution on archaeological sites and settlement patterns along the San Xavier reach of the Santa Cruz River, Arizona
Authors: Waters Michael R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe Santa Cruz arroyo in the Tucson Basin, Arizona, has undergone major environmental changes over the last 8000 years. the Holocene stratigraphy along a 15 km segment of the arroyo, known as the San Xavier reach, which traverses the San Xavier Indian Reservation was investigated in detail. the Holocene alluvial sequence reveals that aggradation occurred until 8000 yr B.P. within a braided stream, was followed by a major period of channel erosion and widening from 8000 to 5500 yr B.P., which, in turn, was followed by vertical aggradation of the floodplain and five short periods of channel cutting. Broad climatic changes are correlated with major changes in the fluvial regime and landscape. However, the cycles of arroyo cutting and filling, during the semiarid climate of the last 2500 years, were probably the result of the creation of unstable internal geomorphic conditions, flooding, and human impacts on the floodplain. the alluvial history of the San Xavier reach has had a pronounced effect on the preservation and completeness of the archaeological record. Periods of erosion have created absences or gaps in the archaeological record and deep burial has removed some of the preserved archaeological remains from view. Environmental changes on the floodplain also influenced late prehistoric Hohokam settlement and subsistence patterns in the San Xavier region.
The Coso volcanic field reexamined: Implications for obsidian sourcing and hydration dating research
Authors: Hughes Richard E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractObsidian from the Coso locality, Inyo County, California, has long been regarded by archaeologists as a single “source.” However, studies by the U.S. Geological Survey have provided evidence of geochemical variability among flows within the volcanic field. to determine whether these geochemical distinctions could be applied productively to archaeological research, nondestructive x‐ray fluorescence analyses were conducted on samples recently collected from 15 obsidian‐bearing loci. the results of this research show that geochemically distinct varieties of artifact‐quality obsidian can be recognized within the Coso volcanic field, and subsequent nondestructive x‐ray fluorescence analyses of artifacts from two nearby archaeological sites document that different geochemical varieties of obsidian were used prehistorically to manufacture tools. Implications of these results for studies of prehistoric exchange and obsidian hydration dating are discussed.
Khok Phanom Di, central Thailand: The environmental setting
Authors: Maloney B. K. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSummary pollen diagrams and carbonized particle concentration figures from cores collected very near the central Thai archaeological site of Khok Phanom Di (Ca. 4000‐1000 B.C.) located ca. 0.22 km from the Gulf of Siam and 50 km from Bangkok are presented. These pollen analyses are the first associated with an archaeological site in Thailand and reveal a change from probable shallow water marine conditions through an apparent freshwater/dryland forest phase dominated by grass pollen. Grass pollen increases first in a core nearest the site and is associated with peaks representing charcoal concentrations. Burning of mangrove vegetation by man as sea level fell appears plausible. Earlier charcoal peaks may relate to the first occupation and subsequent, very localized vegetation disturbances. Ten samples from the cores are currently being dated at Oxford using accelerator mass spectrometry. Unfortunately results are not yet available.
Analysis of North American amber by carbon‐13 NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Lambert Joseph B. , Frye James S. , Poinar George O. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAmber from the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods in North America is characterized for the first time by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Cretaceous samples from Cedar Lake in western Canada have nearly identical spectra to samples from New Jersey. There also are strong similarities between the spectra of these samples and those from Alaska and from the state of Washington. Tertiary samples from Arkansas, on the other hand, have quite distinct spectra. A common or similar paleobotanical origin is suggested for amber from diverse locations in North America, but amber also was produced from other, quite distinct trees as from Arkansas.
Geoelectric stratigraphy and subsurface evaluation of quaternary stream sediments at the Cooper Basin, NE Texas
Authors: Darwin Robert L. , Reid Ferring C. , Ellwood Brooks B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAn electrical resistivity survey of a portion of the Cooper Reservoir Basin in northeast Texas has been used to delineate the major lithostratigraphic units of Quaternary flood plain deposits and subsurface paleogeomorphic features of interest to geoarchaeologists. This investigation was conducted to evaluate the fluviatile deposits along the South Sulphur River which flows through Cooper Basin, to identify the basin morphology, and to detect buried geomorphic features. Buried stream channels were considered to be important targets since buried prehistoric site locations are thought to be related to patterns of fluvial facies. Two general techniques were used in the survey. First, soundings were conducted over borehole locations to correlate lithologies with resistivity variations. Second, multiple resistivity profiles were established along traverses across the flood plain. By repeating each traverse but with increased probe separations, a composite of profiles was developed yielding electrical cross‐sections of the subsurface. These cross‐sections were then interpreted in terms of the lithologic stratigraphy in the basin. Sounding data were evaluated using empirical methods, and profile data were evaluated qualitatively. the sounding data defined the major resistivity horizons which correlate to the primary sedimentary units in the Cooper Basin. Profile data, used to construct resistivity cross‐sections, revealed a series of buried erosional features interpreted as channel segments and allowed for the estimation of relative time boundaries within sediments buried under the flood plain as the basin evolved.
On the waterfront: Quaternary environments and the formative occupation of Southwestern Ecuador
Authors: Damp Jonathan E. , Jackson Donald , Vargas Patricia , Zambrano Pilar 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe occurrence of tectonic uplift in coastal South American prehistory is discussed and evidence of emerged shoreline features is presented for the area of the Santa Elena Peninsula in Ecuador. It is hypothesized that this activity, once thought to be exclusively Pleistocene in timing, continued on into the Holocene. Given this perspective and field data, the role of the Early Formative Period Valdivia phase (3500‐1500 B.C.) site of Real Alto is examined, as is the economic structure of Real Alto society. the pattern of site distribution and data from geological units indicate a long period of tectonic activity that restructured the Ecuadorian coastline and affected northern Andean prehistory. the implications for the origins of Valdivia and New World pottery are reconsidered in light of new information on the Quaternary environments of Ecuador.
Thin section petrography of northern Lesser Antilles ceramics
Authors: Donahue Jack , Watters David R. , Millspaugh Sarah 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThin sections from 44 sherds representing eight prehistoric sites on four islands (Barbuda, Montserrat, Anguilla, St. Martin) in the northern Lesser Antilles (West Indies) were examined using a petrographic microscope. Point counting distinguished three temper associations: (1) exclusively volcanic,(2) volcanic and carbonate, and (3) volcanic, carbonate, and grog. Exclusively volcanic or dominantly volcanic (with low carbonate) temper associations occur in all Saladoid and many post‐Saladoid sherds, with plagioclase feld‐spar and volcanic rock fragments being most abundant. Thin sections with significant carbonate content or with grog were restricted to post‐Saladoid sherds from Barbuda and to a lesser extent Anguilla. the presence of volcanic grains in sherds from the limestone islands of Barbuda and Anguilla indicates that volcanic islands in the region served as sources of pottery (or volcanic temper) for these two islands.
Settlement chronology on river terrace landforms: A New Zealand case study
Authors: Jones Kevin L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSince the first occupation of New Zealand by Polynesians 1000 years B.P., there have been three major phases of sedimentation in river valleys. These occurred in broad periods of 700 to 600 years B.P., 450 to 300 years B.P., and from 1880 to the present. This offers a useful opportunity to develop a field procedure for rapidly setting maximum ages for pre‐European settlements on river terraces. Radiocarbon dates confirm the value of the procedure. Fortified settlements on alluvium in the New Zealand North Island East Coast area date to the period after about 450 years B.P., in a chronological pattern similar to that elsewhere in New Zealand. the generalized phases of terrace age are not always easily applied to particular field situations and the real advantages of the method lie in the provision of approximate dates for surface surveys of settlement pattern.
Archaeological and geological evidence for protohistoric water management in Northeast Louisiana
Authors: Kidder Tristram R. , Saucier Roger T. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractNative North American Indians built and maintained water control and irrigation facilities, especially in the southwestern United States. However, the use of human‐made structures to manage water for agriculture and personal use is rarely documented in the Southeast. Excavations at the protohistoric period Jordan site in Louisiana demonstrate the use of earthworks, ponds, and ditches to channel and direct surface water for drainage and irrigation. The Jordan site is remarkable for its preservation, as well as for having evidence for sophisticated hydraulic engineering, but it is unlikely that it is unique in the Southeast in regard to the degree and kind of earthmoving related to water management. Archaeological and geological contexts provide the background for understanding the Jordan site features. Results of geoarchaeological subsurface investigations demonstrate the scale and nature of the site's aboriginal constructions and provide evidence that they were part of a deliberate plan to make the site area habitable during the immediate post‐contact era in the Mississippi Valley.
Gesher Benot Ya'aqov—the ‘Bar’: An acheulian assemblage
Authors: Goren‐Inbar N. , Belitzky S. , Goren Y. , Rabinovich R. , Saragusti I. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe renewed investigations of the Benot Ya'aqov site resulted in the discovery of a bar‐like depositional structure located on the eastern bank of the Jordan River (southern Hula Valley, Israel). Its interdisciplinary study resulted in the identification of four lithofacial fluvial units, all tilted (20–25 degrees dip) and all containing archaeological and paleontological finds. The structure, caused by diverse resistance of the local lithology and tectonic activity, is assigned to the Benot Ya'aqov Formation. The material culture is assigned to the Acaheulian Industrial Complex and is indicative of a continuous occupation of the Benot Ya'aqov embayment during Middle Pleistocene times.
Prehistoric settlement and landscape change on alluvial fans in the upper Mississippi river valley
Authors: Stafford C. Russell , Leigh David S. , Asch David L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractGeoarchaeological studies of alluvial fans in the northern Sny Bottom (Upper Mississippi River valley) focused on distal fan lobe processes, the effects of small‐scale landscape change on prehistoric locational decisions, and the resulting structure of the archaeological record. Aerial imagery together with coring and trenching of paleochannels on distal lobes found that frequent channel avulsion (1) produced abrupt landform/habitat changes and (2) shifted the primary loci of sediment deposition on fans through time. Analysis of wood charcoal from prehistoric occupations indicates that vegetation succession during post‐avulsion overbank aggradation along a new channel was characterized by a shift from Fraxinus‐dominated to mesophytic forest. Results also indicate that use of fans by Early Woodland (ca. 2550–2100 B.P.) and other foragers centered on portions along active channels. Shifting depositional loci on fans led to surfaces and depositional units of varying age, and hence a complex stratigraphic record of Holocene occupations.
Prehistoric soil and water detention structures (gabarbands) at Phang, Sindh Kohistan, Pakistan: An adaptation to environmental change?
Authors: Harvey Michael D. , Flam Louis 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFive gabarbands (dams), components of integrated soil and water conservation systems, were investigated in the arid region of Sindh Kohistan. The dams are associated with two prehistoric Kot Dijian settlements, Phang and Kohtrash (3200–2800 B. C.). The dams were constructed with relatively permeable materials. Three of the dams, South, East, and North, close off water gaps and a strike valley, respectively, to form a detention basin. The West Dam, located on Phang Nai, upstream of the detention basin removed the coarser sediment fraction from the flows. Spring Dam, located in a water gap to the north of the detention basin, acted as a low‐head weir to distribute flow from a perennial spring onto the floodplain of Baran Nai, where double‐cropping was probably practiced. Faulting eliminated the spring, which had probably supported the Kohtrash site, and led to construction of the detection basin for the purposes of subsurface storage of detained flows. Association of both modern and prehistoric sites with springs suggests that there has not been appreciable climate change in Sindh Kohistan in the last 5000 years. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Archaeological stone of Easter Island
Authors: Baker P. E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWith the scarcity of other resources, stone assumed great importance in the culture of Easter Island. The volcanic rocks display a compositional continuum paralleled by changes in physical characteristics. The most abundant rock type, porphyritic hawaiite, was the least useful as it is poorly jointed and difficult to work. Mugearites and benmoreites usually have a flaggy structure and were used as dressed stone in the early ahu, in the houses of Orongo and in stone implements. Rhyolitic obsidian was used for scrapers, knives, and a variety of weapons, especially the tanged mataa. Statue carving reached its zenith on Easter Island largely because of the availability of a suitable rock type, the Rano Raraku tuff. The tuff was not erupted from the present Rano Raraku crater but from another vent southeast of the surviving portion of the cone. Red scoria from Puna Pau was quarried for the topknots. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Unusual electrical resistivity effects associated with fast‐growing trees
Authors: Ellwood Brooks B. , Harrold Francis B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA series of electrical resistivity profiles have been acquired in eucalyptus groves during archaeological surveys performed in Portugal. The combination of the sandy soils in the region plus the presence of high growth eucalyptus trees yielded anomalous resistivity values which were extremely high and showed large variability. Other moderate and low growth trees did not show similar unusual resistivities. We conclude that extreme caution must be exercised when interpreting data from archaeological surveys associated with unusual soils or vegetation. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Vertical temperature structure in a cave environment
Authors: Smithson P. A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractInvestigations have been made into the vertical temperature gradients in Poole's Cavern, Derbyshire, U. K. Temperatures were recorded onto a data logger every 10 minutes at 10 sites in the cave and sampled for eight monthly periods during 1989/90. It was found that, in summer, cave temperatures were almost isothermal with a strong outflow of cool air at the cave entrance. In winter, cold air flowed into the cave whenever outside temperatures fell below those of the cave, to produce a strong inversion of temperature. Highest temperatures were found in the highest parts of the main chamber. When winds forced air into the cave entrance, the temperature gradient depended upon the relative temperature differences between outside and inside. Cluster analysis demonstrated distinct areas of similar temperature variation. In summer there were no real differences, while in winter the entrance tunnel and lower parts of the cave were markedly different from the higher parts. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Geoarchaeology of dissected loess uplands in Western Illinois
Authors: van Nest Julieann 
Published: February 2007

AbstractLate Quaternary hillslope and valley evolution of the loess‐mantled uplands between the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers has produced a landscape composed of surfaces of different ages. Archaeological remains occur in a variety of geological contexts, including intact surfaces that predate the artifacts upon them, as lag on surfaces formed by subsequent erosion, and buried within alluvium, colluvium, and upland loess soil profiles. Holocene channel belts are largely confined to trenches formed by deep stream incision during the late Pleistocene, and much of the alluvial record is intact, especially in valleys with aggraded floodplains. Modest Holocene hillslope retreat in backslope and shoulder landscape settings and temporary storage of footslope colluvium is documented at some sites. Historic land use practices have resulted in severe hillslope retreat and near complete burial of Holocene valleys with a 0.5‐1‐m‐thick veneer of historic sediment. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Was kestel really the source of TIN for ancient bronze?
Authors: Sharp W. E. , Mittwede S. K. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA site in south‐central Turkey has been proposed as the source for early bronze‐age tin. Examination of the site shows that this proposal is confounded by the presence of extensive mining and smelting activities for lead. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Analysis of the rock accretions in the lower pecos region of southwest texas
Authors: Russ Jon , Palma Russell L. , Loyd David H. , Farwell Dennis W. , Edwards Howell G. M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCalcium oxalate (whewellite) was found to be the primary component of crusts on limestone in the dry rock shelters throughout the Lower Pecos region of Texas. This material forms a translucent patina that covers the pictographs in this area. Evidence from analyses using SEM/EDS, FTIR, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, and AMS is presented that suggests the oxalate‐rich crusts were produced by metabolic activity of lichen or fungi on or near the surface of the limestone substrate. The paucity of hyphae and microbes in samples studied using SEM may indicate that the organisms responsible for the production of the oxalate are no longer present on the shelter walls. Radiocarbon ages of three oxalate samples range from 2100 to 5570 years B. P., indicating that the crust may be used for obtaining chronological information on the rock art.