bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Iron on the Primary Root Elongation of Arabidopsis during Phosphate Deficiency
Authors: Ward James T. , Lahner Brett , Yakubova Elena , Salt David E. , Raghothama Kashchandra G. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Root architecture differences have been linked to the survival of plants on phosphate (P)-deficient soils, as well as to the improved yields of P-efficient crop cultivars. To understand how these differences arise, we have studied the root architectures of P-deficient Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana Columbia-0) plants. A striking aspect of the root architecture of these plants is that their primary root elongation is inhibited when grown on P-deficient medium. Here, we present evidence suggesting that this inhibition is a result of iron (Fe) toxicity. When the Fe concentration in P-deficient medium is reduced, we observe elongation of the primary root without an increase in P availability or a corresponding change in the expression of P deficiency-regulated genes. Recovery of the primary root elongation is associated with larger plant weights, improved ability to take up P from the medium, and increased tissue P content. This suggests that manipulating Fe availability to a plant could be a valuable strategy for improving a plant's ability to tolerate P deficiency.
The Stomata of the Fern Adiantum capillus-veneris Do Not Respond to CO2 in the Dark and Open by Photosynthesis in Guard Cells
Authors: Doi Michio , Shimazaki Ken-ichiro 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The stomata of the fern Adiantum capillus-veneris lack a blue light-specific opening response but open in response to red light. We investigated this light response of Adiantum stomata and found that the light wavelength dependence of stomatal opening matched that of photosynthesis. The simultaneous application of red (2 μmol m−2 s−1) and far-red (50 μmol m−2 s−1) light synergistically induced stomatal opening, but application of only one of these wavelengths was ineffective. Adiantum stomata did not respond to CO2 in the dark; the stomata neither opened under a low intercellular CO2 concentration nor closed under high intercellular CO2 concentration. Stomata in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), which were used as a control, showed clear sensitivity to CO2. In Adiantum, stomatal conductance showed much higher light sensitivity when the light was applied to the lower leaf surface, where stomata exist, than when it was applied to the upper surface. This suggests that guard cells likely sensed the light required for stomatal opening. In the epidermal fragments, red light induced both stomatal opening and K+ accumulation in guard cells, and both of these responses were inhibited by a photosynthetic inhibitor, 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea. The stomatal opening was completely inhibited by CsCl, a K+ channel blocker. In intact fern leaves, red light-induced stomatal opening was also suppressed by 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea. These results indicate that Adiantum stomata lack sensitivity to CO2 in the dark and that stomatal opening is driven by photosynthetic electron transport in guard cell chloroplasts, probably via K+ uptake.
An Evaluation of the Basis and Consequences of a Stay-Green Mutation in thenavel negraCitrus Mutant Using Transcriptomic and Proteomic Profiling and Metabolite Analysis
Authors: Alós Enriqueta , Roca María , Iglesias Domingo José , Mínguez-Mosquera Maria Isabel , Damasceno Cynthia Maria Borges , Thannhauser Theodore William , Rose Jocelyn Kenneth Campbell , Talón Manuel , Cercós Manuel 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA Citrus sinensis spontaneous mutant, navel negra (nan), produces fruit with an abnormal brown-colored flavedo during ripening. Analysis of pigment composition in the wild-type and nan flavedo suggested that typical ripening-related chlorophyll (Chl) degradation, but not carotenoid biosynthesis, was impaired in the mutant, identifying nan as a type C stay-green mutant. nan exhibited normal expression of Chl biosynthetic and catabolic genes and chlorophyllase activity but no accumulation of dephytylated Chl compounds during ripening, suggesting that the mutation is not related to a lesion in any of the principal enzymatic steps in Chl catabolism. Transcript profiling using a citrus microarray indicated that a citrus ortholog of a number of SGR (for STAY-GREEN) genes was expressed at substantially lower levels in nan, both prior to and during ripening. However, the pattern of catabolite accumulation and SGR sequence analysis suggested that the nan mutation is distinct from those in previously described stay-green mutants and is associated with an upstream regulatory step, rather than directly influencing a specific component of Chl catabolism. Transcriptomic and comparative proteomic profiling further indicated that the nan mutation resulted in the suppressed expression of numerous photosynthesis-related genes and in the induction of genes that are associated with oxidative stress. These data, along with metabolite analyses, suggest that nan fruit employ a number of molecular mechanisms to compensate for the elevated Chl levels and associated photooxidative stress.
Hydrophile scanning as a complement to alanine scanning for exploring and manipulating protein–protein recognition: Application to the Bim BH3 domain
Authors: Boersma Melissa D. , Sadowsky Jack D. , Tomita York A. , Gellman Samuel H. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAlanine scanning has been widely employed as a method of identifying side chains that play important roles in protein–protein and protein–peptide interactions. Here we show how an analogous and complementary technique, hydrophile scanning, can provide additional insight on such interactions. Mutation of a wild‐type residue to alanine removes most of the side‐chain atoms, and the effect of this removal is typically interpreted to indicate contribution of the deleted side chain to the stability of the complex. Hydrophile scanning involves systematic mutation of wild‐type residues to a cationic or anionic residue (lysine or glutamic acid, in this case). We find that the results of these mutations provide insights on interactions between polypeptide surfaces that are complementary to the information obtained via alanine scanning. We have applied this technique to a peptide that corresponds to the BH3 domain of the pro‐apoptotic protein Bim. The wild‐type Bim BH3 domain binds strongly to the anti‐apoptotic proteins Bcl‐xL and Mcl‐1. Combining information from the alanine, lysine, and glutamic acid scans has enabled us to identify Bim BH3 domain mutants containing only two or three sequence changes that bind very selectively either to Bcl‐xL or Mcl‐1. Our findings suggest that hydrophile scanning may prove to be a broadly useful tool for revealing sources of protein–protein recognition and for engineering selectivity into natural sequences
The structural basis of proteolytic activation of bovine glutamate dehydrogenase
Authors: Carrigan John B. , Engel Paul C. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIn this work, we re‐examine the previously reported phenomenon of the creation of a superactive glutamate dehydrogenase by proteolytic modification by chymotrypsin and explore the various discrepancies that came to light during those studies. We find that superactivation is caused by cleavage at the N terminus of the protein and not the C‐terminal allosteric site, as has previously been suggested. N‐terminal sequencing reveals that TLCK‐treated chymotrypsin cleaves bovine glutamate dehydrogenase at phenylalanine 10. We suggest that trypsin contamination in nontreated chymotrypsin may have led to the production of the larger 4–5 kDa digestion product, previously misinterpreted as having caused the activation. In line with some previous studies, we can confirm that GTP inhibition is attenuated to some extent by the proteolysis, while ADP activation is almost abolished. Utilizing the recently solved structures of bovine glutamate dehydrogenase, we illustrate the cleavage points.
On the head morphology ofTetraphalerus, the phylogeny of Archostemata and the basal branching events in Coleoptera
Authors: Beutel Rolf G. , Ge Si‐qin , Hörnschemeyer Thomas 
Published: May 2008

AbstractInternal and external features ofTetraphalerus bruchiwere studied using X‐ray microtomography (µ‐CT) and other techniques, and head structures were described in detail. µ‐Ct is highly efficient for the assessment of anatomical data. A data matrix with 90 morphological characters of recent and fossil beetles was analyzed with different approaches (parsimony, Bayesian analysis). The results of the parsimony analysis resulted in the following branching pattern: (†Tshekardocoleidae + (†Permocupedidae, †Rhombocoleidae + (†Triadocupedidae + ((Adephaga + (Myxophaga + Polyphaga))) + Archostemata s.str. [including Jurodidae]))).Sikhotealiniais placed as sister group of †Jurodes(Jurodidae), and Jurodidae as sister group of the remaining Archostemata (Bayesian analysis) or of a clade comprising Micromalthidae, Crowsoniellidae, †Ademosynidae, †Schizophoridae and †Catiniidae. The monophyly of Ommatidae and Cupedidae is well supported andPriacmais placed as the sister group of all other Cupedidae. Important events in the early evolution of Coleoptera are the shortening of the elytra and the transformation of the elytral venation (Coleoptera excluding †Tshekardocoleidae), the formation of a closed subelytral space (Coleoptera excluding †Tshekardocoleidae and †Permocupedidae), the reduction of two apical antennomeres, and the loss of the broad prothoracic postcoxal bridge (Coleoptera excluding †Tshekardocoleidae, †Permocupedidae and †Rhombocoleidae). Plesiomorphic features preserved in extant Archostemata are the tuberculate cuticle, the elytral pattern with parallel longitudinal ribs and window punctures, a mesoventrite with a transverse ridge, triangular mesocoxae with a distinct meron, and the exposed metatrochantin. The fossils included in the analyses do not only contribute to the reconstruction of character evolution but also influence the branching pattern. An understanding of the major evolutionary events in Coleoptera would not be possible without considering the rich fossil record of Permian and Mesozoic beetles.© The Willi Hennig Society 2007.
Presumed interaction of fusidic acid with simvastatin
Authors: Burtenshaw A. J. , Sellors G. , Downing R. 
Published: May 2008

SummaryA 63‐year‐old man was admitted 6 weeks after an elective abdominal aortic aneurysm repair following which methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) had been cultured from the aneurysmal sac. He had been commenced on a course of fusidic acid at discharge in addition to his ongoing statin prescription and presented 4 weeks later with symptoms consistent with rhabdomyolysis. Severe rhabdomyolysis was confirmed and despite prolonged and complicated critical care management, his treatment was unsuccessful. Extensive investigations ruled out other known causes of this clinical presentation and failed to identify any other precipitating cause of rhabdomyolysis. We believe the most likely cause was hepatic inhibition of the CYP3A4 hepatic isoenzyme by fusidic acid resulting in an acute severe rise in plasma simvastatin level and extensive myocellular damage. Increasing MRSA colonisation and infection rates together with increased statin usage have the potential to increase the incidence of this presumed drug interaction.
Fatal peri‐operative acute tumour lysis syndrome precipitated by dexamethasone
Authors: McDonnell C. , Barlow R. , Campisi P. , Grant R. , Malkin D. 
Published: May 2008

SummaryA 3‐year‐old patient presented for elective adenotonsillectomy to treat symptomatic obstructive sleep apnoea. The patient had not been assessed at a pre‐operative anaesthesia clinic but had undergone uneventful general anaesthesia twice in the previous two years. An uneventful operative course was complicated by the development of clinical instability over the first 6 h postoperatively culminating in cardiorespiratory arrest. Subsequent investigation demonstrated the acute development of tumour lysis syndrome in the setting of a new onset, undiagnosed acute leukaemia. The patient died on the third postoperative day. The use of dexamethasone for prophylaxis against postoperative nausea and vomiting was the likely aetiology of the acute tumour lysis syndrome in this case. This is the first documented peri‐operative death due to tumour lysis syndrome after adminstration of dexamethasone. We discuss the various problems encountered with this case and review the recent literature and case reports on tumour lysis syndrome in the operating theatre.
Paediatric day‐case surgery: an audit of unplanned hospital admission Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow*
Authors: Blacoe D. A. , Cunning E. , Bell G. 
Published: May 2008

SummaryAudit of unplanned hospital admission provides information to guide quality improvement measures and is a crude indicator of quality of care in ambulatory surgery. Our objectives were to re‐audit factors relating to this outcome. Previous audit conducted in this unit revealed an unplanned admission rate of 3.7%. Data were collected between April 2000–March 2004. Of 13 592 day surgery patients, 238 (1.8%) unplanned admissions occurred. The admission rate displayed a falling trend and represented a significant improvement over the previous audit (p < 0.001). Unplanned admissions were most commonly caused by nausea/vomiting 23.5% (n = 56), postoperative bleeding 13.9% (n = 34), and unexpected extent/difficulty of procedure 11.8% (n = 28). Of all admissions, 18.5% (n = 44) were following orchidopexy, 16.4% (n = 39) following circumcision, and 12.6% (n = 30) following dental extraction. This audit shows that the unplanned admission rate is low and falling, and compares favourably with other units. Measures have been implemented targeting patients at high risk of admission.
The impact of head position on the cuff and tube tip position of preformed oral tracheal tubes in young children
Authors: Jordi Ritz E.‐M. , Von Ungern‐Sternberg B. S. , Keller K. , Frei F. J. , Erb T. O. 
Published: May 2008

SummaryHead and neck movements affect both the length of the trachea and the position of tracheal tubes. This is of relevance when using cuffed tubes because changes in the position of the tube tip may not be equal to changes in the position of the cuff. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of head and neck movement on the position of the tube tip and the cuff of newly designed, oral preformed tracheal tubes in children. The tracheas of 128 children aged 1–8 years were intubated with preformed oral tubes. The distances ‘carina‐to‐tracheal tube tip’ and ‘vocal cords‐to‐tube tip’ were measured endoscopically. These measurements were performed with the head and neck in a functional neutral position (110°), during neck flexion (80°) and neck extension (130°). Tracheal length was dependent on head and neck position: neck extension elongated the trachea (p < 0.0001), and neck flexion shortened the trachea (p < 0.0001). Neck flexion moved the tube inward and resulted in endobronchial displacement in two patients. Neck extension moved the tube outwards. While no cuff was positioned between the vocal cords, cuff movement to the cricoid area occurred frequently. Complex interactions during head and neck movement along with the fixed insertion depth of preformed tubes often cause inadvertent malpositioning of the tube tip and cuff. Further changes to tube and cuff lengths might improve the safety of oral preformed tubes in children.
The Pentax‐AWS® rigid indirect video laryngoscope: clinical assessment of performance in 320 cases*
Authors: Suzuki A. , Toyama Y. , Katsumi N. , Kunisawa T. , Sasaki R. , Hirota K. , Henderson J. J. , Iwasaki H. 
Published: May 2008

SummaryThe Pentax‐AWS® airway scope system is a rigid indirect video laryngoscope with integrated tube guidance. Laryngoscopy and intubation are visualised using a built in LCD monitor which displays the view obtained by a CCD camera mounted in the tip of the laryngoscope. We describe its clinical performance in 320 patients. The Pentax‐AWS significantly improved the laryngeal view compared to the Macintosh laryngoscope. Forty‐six patients (14%) who were classified as Cormack Lehane glottic view grade 3 or 4 using the Macintosh laryngoscope were classified as grade 1 (45 cases) or 2a (1 case) using the Pentax‐AWS airway scope. Laryngeal views measured by percentage of glottic opening score were improved significantly using the Pentax‐AWS. Intubation using the Pentax‐AWS was successful in all cases, 96% at the first and 4% at the second attempt. The mean (SD) time required to place the tracheal tube was 20 (10) s. The Cormack Lehane grade obtained with the Macintosh blade did not affect the total time to correctly position the tube using the Pentax‐AWS. Intubation difficulty scale (score = 0 in 305 patients, score = 1 in 14 and score = 2 in one patient) indicates that tracheal intubation was performed easily in most cases. The Pentax‐AWS not only improves the laryngeal view, but its tube guide also facilitates rapid, easy and reliable tracheal intubation under vision. It can be useful in routine anesthesia care and may be advantageous in the situation of unanticipated difficult intubation.
The effect of mannitol on renal function following cardio‐pulmonary bypass in patients with normal pre‐operative creatinine*
Authors: Yallop K. G. , Sheppard S. V. , Smith D. C. 
Published: May 2008

SummaryMannitol is often added to the cardiopulmonary bypass pump prime to reduce the incidence of renal dysfunction, but studies so far have been inconclusive. Urinary excretion of microalbumin and retinol binding protein are more sensitive than routine biochemical tests of renal function after cardiac surgery. We performed a double‐blind, randomised, controlled trial in cardiac surgical patients with pre‐operative plasma creatinine < 130 μmol.l−1. Twenty patients received 0.5 g.kg−1 of mannitol in the pump prime, whereas 20 control patients received an equivalent volume of Hartmann’s solution. Blood and urine samples were taken on the day before surgery and daily for 5 days postoperatively for measurement of plasma urea and creatinine, urinary creatinine, retinol binding protein and microalbumin. We found no differences between the mannitol and control patients for any measured variable, and conclude that mannitol has little impact on renal function in patients with normal pre‐operative plasma creatinine concentrations.
Acute passive cigarette smoke exposure and inhaled human insulin (Exubera®) pharmacokinetics
Authors: Fountaine Robert , Milton Ashley , Checchio Tina , Wei Greg , Stolar Marilyn , Teeter John , Jaeger Rudolph , Fryburg David 
Published: May 2008

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • Active cigarette smoking is associated with increased permeability of the pulmonary alveolar epithelium, resulting in faster absorption of inhaled drugs such as Exubera® (EXU). Absorption of EXU is increased approximately twice to four times as much in chronic smokers compared with nonsmokers.• The rate of clearance of radioaerosols such as technetium‐labelled diethylenetriamine penta‐acetic acid is decreased in response to passive smoke exposure. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • Passive smoke exposure causes a decrease in lung permeability, an effect opposite to that of active smoking.• Acute passive smoke exposure results in a decrease in EXU bioavailability and does not create a risk of hypoglycaemia.• These results are consistent with previous studies of radioaerosol lung clearance.AIMSRelative to nonsmokers, the bioavailability of inhaled human insulin (Exubera®; EXU) is markedly increased in chronic smokers. The pharmacokinetics of EXU following passive cigarette smoke exposure is unknown.METHODSIn an open‐label, crossover study, healthy nonsmoking volunteers received two treatments in randomized sequence separated by a 2‐week wash‐out: (i) EXU 3 mg with no passive smoke exposure and (ii) EXU 3 mg after passive smoke exposure (atmospheric nicotine levels 75–125 μg m−3) for 2 h. Blood samples were obtained at prespecified times up to 6 h after EXU administration.RESULTSTwenty‐seven subjects completed both study periods. Mean plasma insulin AUC0−360 decreased by 17% [ratio 83%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 68.8, 99.5] and mean Cmax by 29% (ratio 71%, 95% CI 59.8, 83.1) after passive cigarette smoke exposure. The median (range) tmax was 60 min (20–120 min) and 75 min (20–360 min) in the EXU with no exposure and EXU passive exposure groups, respectively. EXU was well tolerated.CONCLUSIONSUnlike active chronic smoking, acute passive cigarette smoke exposure modestly decreases EXU bioavailability and thus should not increase hypoglycaemia risk. These results are consistent with those from published literature involving technetium‐labelled diethylenetriamine penta‐acetic acid and suggest that passive cigarette smoke exposure causes an acute decrease in lung permeability vs. active smoking, which causes an increase in permeability.
Diclofenac readily penetrates the cerebrospinal fluid in children
Authors: Kokki Hannu , Kumpulainen Elina , Laisalmi Merja , Savolainen Jouko , Rautio Jarkko , Lehtonen Marko 
Published: May 2008

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT• Diclofenac, a nonselective nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug,, exerts analgesic action both in the peripheral tissues and in the central nervous system by inhibiting cyclooxygenase enzymes COX‐1/2, but central nervous system penetration of diclofenac has not been evaluated in humans.WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS• Diclofenac penetrates the cerebrospinal fluid rapidly, and after a single intravenous dose of 1 mg kg−1, sufficient concentrations to inhibit COX‐1/2 are sustained for up to 4 h.AIMSThe primary aim was to study the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) penetration of intravenous diclofenac in children. The secondary aim was to evaluate the plasma diclofenac concentration at the onset of wound pain after inguinal surgery in children.METHODSA total of 31 children (24 boys) aged 3 months to 12 years received a single intravenous injection of diclofenac 1 mg kg−1. Paired CSF and blood samples were obtained 5 min to 22 h (median 69 min) later. In children having inguinal surgery a second blood sample was obtained at the time that the children felt wound pain for the first time after surgery. Diclofenac concentrations in CSF, plasma and protein free plasma were measured by gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection.RESULTSIn the 28 CSF samples obtained at 5 min to 3 h 43 min after injection, diclofenac concentrations ranged between 0.5 and 4.7 μg l−1. At 5.5 h the CSF concentration was 0.1 μg l−1, and no diclofenac was detected in the two CSF samples obtained at 22 h. The median of plasma diclofenac concentration at the time when pain returned after inguinal surgery was 104 μg l−1(range 70–272 μg l−1). No serious or unexpected adverse effects were reported.CONCLUSIONSDiclofenac penetrates the CSF rapidly, and a sufficient concentration to inhibit cyclooxygenase enzymes is sustained for up to 4 h.