bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE USE OF CUTTING TREATMENTS DESIGNED TO SIMULATE DEFOLIATION BY SHEEP
Authors: Morris R. M. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTA series of cutting treatments was designed to simulate the defoliation process under sheep grazing, in order to obtain more accurate measures of the production processes in the sward than can be obtained in the presence of the grazing animal. Two rotational grazing managements were simulated, together with three continuous grazing managements involving the maintenance of a roughly constant LAI within a sward, as described earlier (10). Harvested yield was measured, and the dry weight of material which died without heing harvested was estimated. From these, gross aerial growth, i.e., the amount of new living material produced in the sward, was calculated. The maximum harvested yield was obtained by rotational defoliation to 3 cm every 4 weeks, hut this was derived from the minimum gross aerial growth. Maximum gross aerial growth occurred under the simulated continuous grazing treatments at the higher levels of LAI. This difference was due largely to the death and subsequent decay of leaves. Up to 50% of the material which grew was lost in this way. The need to distinguish between growth and harvested yield when evaluating grazing managements was stressed.
THE EFFECT OF CUTTING ON THE SUBSEQUENT GROWTH OF INTRODUCED RIBGRASS (PLANTAGO LANCEOLATA) SEEDLINGS
Authors: Scarisbrick D. H. , Harvey H. J. , Ivins J. D. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTThe ability of ribgrass to germinate and subsequently develop in a sward was investigated as part of a competitive study between this species and perennial ryegrass S23. The experimental model emphasized that seedling development was greatly influenced by the frequency and the intensity of cutting to which the associated grass species was subjected.
A NOTE ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LEAF RIGIDITY AND LEAF ANATOMY OF LOLIUM PERENNE L.
Authors: Sant F. I. , Rhodes I. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTThe relationship between leaf rigidity and leaf anatomy was examined in genotypes of Lolium perenne cv. S321. Significant relationships were found between frequency of structural units per mm of leaf width and leaf rigidity. However, in cross section no relationship existed between the relative proportions of leaf tissues and leaf rigidity. The plant‐breeding implications of these results are briefly discussed.
THE POSITION IN THE PLANT AND THE DATE OF ORIGIN OF TILLERS WHICH PRODUCE INFLORESCENCES
Authors: Lambert D. A. , Jewiss O. R. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTThe dates of their first appearance and the dates of flowering were recorded monthly over three years from time of sowing for all tillers produced by S215 meadow fescue plants growing in simulated sward conditions in large concrete pots outdoors. The results are expressed and discussed in terms of the percentage contribution of inflorescences by tillers in relation to their chronological and ontogenetic age. The latter appeared the more important. The major contribution of inflorescences was made by primary tillers in the first harvest year, by secondary and tertiary tillers in the second year and by tertiary and quaternary tillers in the third year. The chronological age at which tillers could flower ranged from 3 to 33 mouths.
THE EFFECT OF STAGE OF GROWTH AT DEFOLIATION ON WHITE CLOVER IN MIXED SWARDS
Authors: Margaret Wolton K. , Brockman J. S. , Shaw P. G. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTFour experiments are described in which various defoliation methods and frequencies were imposed on grass/white‐clover swards. Clover was not reduced in any of these hy increasing the length of growth period or hy cutting at a late stage of growth, but intensive sheep grazing reduced clover compared nitb cutting and taking a silage cut in a grazing sequence improved clover yield.These results do not support the contention that cutting a mixed sward for hay or silage suppresses clover because of competition for light: with a ‘big white’ type of clover infrequent defoliation may cause no more shading than frequent. Alternatively, any additional shading may be compensated for by an increase in clover growth, stimulated hy the longer growth period.It is suggested that, in practice, competition for nutrients and moisture also contrihute towards clover suppression when swards are cut for hay or silage.
THE AD LIBITUM INTAKE AND DIGESTIBILITY OF DRIED GRASS PELLETS AND SILAGE BY SHEEP
Authors: WILKINS R. J. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTPerennial ryegrass was conserved by ensiling, or by dehydration, grinding and pelleting. the two resultant feeds were given ad lib. to wether sheep, either separately or in different proportions. Pellets were consumed in greater quantities than the silage, but were lower in digestibility. There was a rectilinear relationship between the percentage of pellets in the ration consumed and organic‐matter digestibility, but a curvilinear relationship between the percentage of pellets and organic‐matter intake. Silage intake was little affected by the feeding of pellets until more than 40% of the ration consisted of pellets. The increase in total intake with an increase in pellets above 60% was small, with the result that intake of digestible organic matter was highest when 65% pellets was fed. the results suggest that dried‐grass pellets may be a useful supplement for silage rations.
GRASS PRODUCTION ON PEAT SOILS
Authors: O'Toole M. A. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTWorld literature relating to grass production on peat soUs is reviewed. If initial nutrient deficiencies are adequately corrected the grass potential is high. DM yields of 6500 kg/ha are attainable with moderate fertilizing. A high level of output must he maintained to justify the cost of reclamation. Light applications of P and K at regular intervals, coupled with heavy stocking or frequent defoliation, prevent pasture deterioration.
THE CONSERVATION OF GRASS IN SEALED METAL AND PLASTIC CONTAINERS, WITH AND WITHOUT GROUND BARLEY MEAL
Authors: Anderson B. K. , Jackson N. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTTwo experiments are described in which ground harley meal was added to freshly‐cut grass hefore ensiling it in small air‐tight metal containers and polythene containers. The mean DM loss from the air‐tight metal containers was 1 % and from the polythene containers 18.8%. The silages were all of satisfactory fermentation quality, as assessed hy pH, voladle acids, lactic‐acid and Tolatile‐hase content. The addition of the harley meal significantly improved the nutritive content of the ensiled material, and the resulting silage in the air‐tight metal containers. Sheep were used to measure the voluntary intakes of the silages conserved in the polythene containers.
SOME ASPECTS OF THE NITROGEN: WATER INTERACTION ON GRASS SWARDS
Authors: McFeely P. C. , Tayler R. S. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTExperiments were conducted on ryegrass swards using different amounts of N fertilizer applied as a single early dressing (S) or in repeated applications during the season (R). Over three years, the yield from R was generally higher, but under dry conditions (using plot covers) S gave the greater yield. The latter result is ascribed to the bigb yield obtained from S at the first cut, at which time N uptake was not limited by a lack of soil water.Irrigation at less than the full requirement resulted in lower total yields but it increased water‐use efficiency by up to 70% (R) and 94% (S).
ANALYSES OF YIELD FROM A COMPETITION TRIAL WITH PERENNIAL RYEGRASS
Authors: Thomson A. J. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTFour varieties of perennial ryegrass, (S24, S321, S23 and Endura), were grown in monoculture and in all possible binary mixtures. Three spatial arrangements of varieties within mixtures were used. Total DM yields were recorded from nine harvests during 1969 for mooocultures and mixtures and for the mixture components.The arrangement of varieties within mixtures had no effect on the total DM yield of the mixtures. Monocultures and mixtures did not differ significantly in yield at any harvest or in annual total, bnt there were differences between monocultures at some harvests. No differences between mixtures were detected.The experiment took the form of a competition diallel in which monocultures corresponded to the parents in a genetic diallel and mixtures to the crosses between these parents. There was a significant interaction hetween the rows (i.e. main variety effects) and the columns (i.e. associated variety effects) of the diallel table only at the first harvest. The change in the competitive ability of the four varieties throughout the season was examined. The relative ranking order of varieties for competitive ability altered as the season progressed.
AN ECONOMIC INVESTIGATION INTO FARMING ON LAND RESTORED WITH PULVERIZED FUEL ASH
Authors: MorleyDavies W. , Gillhamand E. W. F. , Simpson D. T. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTAn economic survey was carried out on sites in various regions of the Central Electricity Generating Board which had been restored with pulverized fuel ash. The ohject was to investigate the degree of success which could be achieved in restoring gravel pits and other ash disposal sites to agricultural use. Almost all of the sites had been incorporated into existing holdings and nearly all had the benefit of returned topsoil. The investigation showed that such land is as productive as land of a similar but undisturbed character when both are subject to similar conditions of good husbandry. Topsoil, where available, allows for greater flexibility in husbandry matters and particularly in cultivations.
A MATHEMATICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NITROGEN INPUT AND OUTPUT IN CUT GRASS SWARDS
Authors: Brockman J. S. , Rope C. M. , Stevens M. T. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTThe importance of predicting grass N yield lies in its controlling influence on grass DM output and thus on animal production. Results from 88 experiments studying the use of fertilizer N on cut grass swards show that the major part (97%) of the variation in grass N yield could be explained in terms of fertilizer N rate, an estimate of soil N and an interaction between the two. From this, it appears that high fertilizer N recovery is associated with a high uptake of soil N and vice versa.
THE EFFECT OF TIME AND RATE OF N APPLICATION ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF GRASS SWARDS IN TWO ENVIRONMENTS
Authors: Wolton K. M. , Brockman J. S. , Shaw P. G. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTSix identical experiments (3 in Devon and 3 in Suffolk) investigated the effect of 200, 300 and 400 lb N/ac (224, 336 and 448 kg/ha), given in 1, 2, 4 or 8 equal applications, on the yield and seasonal production of perennial ryegrass swards cut every 25 days.Each rate of N Increased DM and N yields. Giving the N in 4 or 8 dressings gave higher DM, bnt rather lower N yields, than applying the N in 1 or 2 dressings. The effect on DM yield of splitting the N was most marked at 400 lb NJac (448 kgJha). Seasonal production was closely related to the time of N application and most uniform where N was given in 8 dressings.Differences between Devon and Suffolk were most evident where the N was given in 4 or 8 dressings and occurred in the second half of the season when the low rainfall in Suffolk apparently restricted N uptake and DM yield. The efficiency with which N taken up by the plant was used for DM production was affected by sunshine. It is concluded that rainfall and sunshine will limit the extent to which fertilizer N can he used to control herbage production.
THE EFFECTS OF CUTTING AND GRAZING SYSTEMS ON HERBAGE PRODUCTION FROM GRASS SWARDS
Authors: Frame J. , Hunt I. V. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTStudies were made on two perennial ryegrass–dominant swards of the effects of cutting and grazing systems of herbage production. A motor scythe was used for cutting and sheep in small enclosures for grazing. In both systems, herbage production was measured by a ground‐level sampling technique, using sheep shears, and the difference between pre‐treatment and post‐treatment herbage was expressed as ‘utilized yield’. Correction for soil contamination is ensured by quoting all results on an organic‐matter basis.Grazing treatments averaged 14–16% more organic matter and 36–45% more crude protein than cutting treatments in both experiments. These differences were ascribed to recycling of N under grazing. Infrequent defoliation gave higher yields than frequent, and severe defoliation higher yields than lenient under both cutting and grazing systems. The trends shown by cutting and grazing intensities are comparable and can be quantified.There is need to examine closely the relationships between the effects of cutting and grazing techniques on herbage production, since such knowledge would allow a more accurate prediction of the relevance to the grazing situation of results obtained under cutting.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTENSITY OF GRAZING AND THE HERBAGE CONSUMPTION AND GROWTH OF CALVES
Authors: Hodgson J. , Tayler J. C. , Lonsdale C. R. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTExperiments were conducted in 1967 and 1968 in which HerefordXFriesian (Experiment 1) and Friesian (Experiment 2) steer calves horn in April were turned out to graze at one week or 3 months of age, respectively, and maintained at three stocking densities in the ratio 1:2:3 animals per unit area. The calves grazed paddocks of S23 perennial ryegrass in rotation, and were moved when the height of grazed stubble at the medium stocking density was reduced to 8 cm. The rate of liveweight gain and herbage intake per head declined as stocking rate increased. When the results of the two experiments were compared, the weight gain of the calves was more closely related to the weight of herbage residues than to the height of the grazed sward. The rate of liveweight gain was depressed when the amount of herhage left after grazing fell helow 2000–2500 kg OM/ha (1800–2250 Ib/ac).
LAND RESTORATION WITH PULVERIZED FUEL ASH
Authors: Gillham E. W. F. , Davies W. Morley 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper describes experiments carried out with different depths of topsoil and methods of cultivation on an ash lagoon at Besthorpe, near Newark. Good yields of grass were obtained even on bare ash with suitable rates of fertilizer application. In the conditions existing at Besthorpe, the optimum depth of soil appeared to be three in. (7.62 cm), but the depth of cultivation (three in. (7.62 cm) or twelve in. (30.48 cm), die latter resulting in mixtures of soil and ash, had no significant effect.B uptake by the growing plants was markedly lower in the third year of the experiment but, apart from its possible effect on yield, it produced no ill effects.
THE CATTLE DUNG PATCH
Authors: MacDiarmid B. N. , Watkin B. R. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTSoil samples were taken at 0–1 in. (0–2.54 cm) and 1–3 in. (2.54–7.62 cm) depths on five occasions over a period of 55 days from under (3 in. (7.62 cm) radius from centre) and around (9 in. (22.86 cm), 12 in. (30.48cm) and 18 in. (45.72 cm) radius from centre) dung patches deposited on pasture. The samples were analysed for available N, K and P. There was a significant increase in the level of all three elements in the 0–1 in. samples beneath the dung patch. The increase persisted throughout the experiment. K exhibited the greatest increase, but was not detected beyond the edge of the dung patch. The increase in soil N was smaller but was detected up to 6 in. (15.24 cm) from the edge of the dung patch. P also increased, but was more variable than either N or K. Soil N, P and K did not increase in the 1–3 in. samples.The weight and fibre content of the dung patch was also measured throughout the experiment. After high initial losses (25%) the dung patch decayed only slowly.The loss of ammonia from dung patches was followed over 13 days in a separate experiment During the relatively hot weather over this period approximately 5 % of the N iu the dung was lost as ammonia, mainly in the first five days. During the experimental period of 13 days 60% of the original weight of the dung patch was lost through evaporation.The results are discussed in relation to the growth of herbage surrounding a dung patch reported in the previous paper (12).
SOME FACTORS AFFECTING MILK PRODUCTION FROM GRASSLAND AT THE HANNAH INSTITUTE, 1951–70
Authors: Castle M. E. , MacDaid Elizabeth , Watson J. N. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTA study of the relationship between some farm and grassland management factors and milk production at the Hannah Dairy Research Institute in the period 1951–70 is reported. During this period various aspects of farm management were altered, and total annual milk production was increased from 28,400 to 63,900 gal. The major factors influencing total milk production, in order of declining importance, were: the overall rate of stocking, milk yield per cow, the numher of milking cows as a percentage of all animals, and the acreage of grass as a percentage of the total farm acreage. Stocking rate and milk yield per cow together explained 85% of the total variation in annual milk production. No significant relationship was found between total milk production and weight of concentrates fed/gal, the amount of fertilizer N applied/aC, rainfall and sunshine data. It is suggested that the lack of a direct relationship between milk prodnction and the amount of fertilizer N applied resulted from the contribution of N from clover and from grazing animals.
THE EFFECT ON FATTENING STEERS OF SUPPLEMENTING SILAGE WITH DRIED GRASS OR ROLLED BARLEY
Authors: McCullough T. A. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTEighteen crossbred Aberdeen‐Angus and six Shorthorn steers with an average liveweight of 382 kg were given silage (DM content 22.3%) ad lib., supplemented with 0, 1.2, 2.4 and 3.6 kg artificially dried grass, or 1.8 kg rolled barley, per day. A digestibility study carried out on the silage and dried grass showed that the concentration of the metabolizable energy was 52.7 and 45.6 kcal/100 kcal of food, respectively. Live‐weight gain increased with each level of supplementation. Supplementation did not significantly affect the intake of silage DM, but differences in the intake of total DM were significant. The killing‐out percentages of the steers were similar. The results suggest that dried grass pellets may be a usefid supplement for a silage diet. It was shown that 1.12 kg of dried grass was equivalent to 1.80 kg rolled barley as a supplement for silage.
A PORTABLE‐CORRAL TECHNIQUE FOR MEASURING THE EFFECT OF GRAZING INTENSITY ON YIELD, QUALITY AND INTAKE OF HERBAGE
Authors: Harkess R. D. , de Battista J. , Dickson I. A. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTA grazing experiment using four stocking rates of sheep, equivalent to 34, 45, 57 and 68 sheep/ha on an assumed 200‐day grazing season, was conducted using a portable grazing corral technique. Plots were subjected to fotir grazing periods between mid May and early September. The effect of stocking rate on herbage yield and quality and the influence of these factors and feed intake on liveweights of the sheep were recorded.The mean daily herbage organic matter available over the trial was 9.6, 5.8, 3.3 and 23% of the total liveweight of the sheep at each of the four stocking rates. The highest grazing pressure led to the production of high‐quality herbage, but also led to reduced productivity, low feed intake and liveweight losses. The most lenient grazing pressure failed to provide adequate herbage utilization. Even at the most intensive stocking pressure, only 66% of the herbage available to ground level was utilized in grazings after July.Intake results suggested that sheep of 45 kg liveweight required 1000–1200 g digestible organic matter per day to maintain body weight. Despite the higher in vitro digestibility of herbage on offer at the higher stocking rates, intake was limited through lack of herbage; a high degree of correlation existed between herbage availability and herbage intake over the four stocking rates and at all grazings.It is concluded that the portable corral technique is well suited for grazing studies and the assessment of sward response to varying stocking rates and is particularly useful where facilities for more extensive studies are limited.
THE SEASONAL PATTERN OF DRY‐MATTER PRODUCTION OF GRASSES IN THE NORTH PENNINES
Authors: Morris R. M. , Thomas J. G. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTThe seasonal pattern of DM prodaction of Lolium perenne, Cynosurus cristatus. Anthoxanthum odoratum. Festuca ovina and Agrostis stolonifera. cnt to 3 cm at 6‐week intervals was studied on five sites, ranging from 49 to 303 m above sea level, in north‐west Lancashire. Total annual production declined from a mean of 704 g/m2 on the lowest site, to 553 g/m2 on the highest, largely as a result of a severe depression in the spring peak of production, i.e. from 6.7 to 2.5 g/m2 per day. Later in the year, the daily rate of DM production was similar on all sites. Species varied in their response to increased altitude; Lolium was worst affected by this and Festuca least. The significance of these results, and possible reasons for the decline in spring production are discussed.
A NOTE ON THE SUITABILITY OF THE IN VITRO DIGESTIBILITY TECHNIQUE FOR VERY SMALL PLANT SAMPLES
Authors: McLeod M. N. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTThe two‐stage in vitro digestibility technique was scaled down to use 0.1 g samples. The accuracy of predicting in vivo DM digestibility by the use of micro‐samples was studied, using 35 samples of four grass species of known in vivo digestibility. When the sample size was reduced from the normal 0.5 g to 0.1 g, the residual standard deviation of the regression relating in vitro to in vivo DM digestibility was increased from ±2.5 to ±3.4 digestibility units. Grinding the samples more finely than through a 1.0 mm screen did not improve the accuracy of predicting in vivo digestibility.It was concluded that the in vitro method may be used with micro‐samples where necessary, but with less accuracy than the macro‐technique. For maximum accuracy, the use of standards of known in vivo digestibility is necessary.
A TECHNIQUE FOR THE STUDY OF ‘FOULING’ BY GRAZING CATTLE
Authors: Smith A. , Boswell C. C. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTThe need to isolate defoliation from other influences arising from grazing cattle nsed in experiments has led to the development of a cage which allows cattle to graze, hut protects the sward from treading and the deposition of faeces and nrine. The technique is descrihed and a description given of experimental work on the harvesting of swards in the presence or absence of these other influences.
SEASONAL PATTERNS OF DIGESTIBLE ORGANIC MATTER AND PROTEIN PRODUCTION FROM GRASSES IN THE NORTH PENNINES
Authors: Thomas J. G. , Morris R. M. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTThe seasonal pattern of digestible organic matter (DOM) and crude‐protein production of Lolium perenne, Cynosurus cristatus, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Festuca ovina and Agrostis stolonifera cut to 3 cm at 6‐week intervals was studied at five sites ranging from 49 to 303 m above sea level in north‐west Lancashire for the years 1969–70.DOM production declined from 482 g/m2 on the lowest site to 220 g/m2 on the highest; similarly protein production declined from 142 g/m2 to 73 g/m2. Small but significant differences in the percentage of crude protein occurred only ia 1970, whereas DOM as a percentage of DM in the various species differed considerably between sites in both years. The significance of the results and the seasonal fluctuations in production are discussed.