bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early Siberians from Lake Baikal and Alaskan population affinities
Authors: Laughlin W. S. , Okladnikov A. P. , Derevyanko A. P. , Harper A. B. , Atseev I. V. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAmong the materials excavated by the 1975 joint USSR–USA team in Siberia are two burials from Shaman's Cape, Olkhon Island, Lake Baikal. One is a middle‐aged male of the Serovo culture, 6,000 B.C., and the other is a young male of the Glaskovo culture of 2,000 B.C. This later burial displays an unusual pathology affecting the nose and post‐cranial regions of the pelvic girdle and lower limbs. Osteon analysis confirms the determination of age at death and illustrates the difference between normal and pathological bone.Numerous cultural materials were associated with these burials, including harpoon heads, knives, a compound fishhook and a pestle with the Serovo man, and nephrite ornaments with the Glaskovo man.The skulls, though far apart in time, are pronouncedly Mongoloid and alike in their low cranial vaults. A low, broad and inclined ascending ramus resembles Chukchi, Eskimos and Aleuts. These two specimens document the Mongoloid character of the early inhabitants of Lake Baikal.
Prehistoric New World population size: Historical review and current appraisal of North American estimates
Authors: Ubelaker Douglas H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPrehistoric North American tribal population estimates recently submitted for publication in the Handbook of North American Indians are markedly higher than those estimates published by Mooney in 1928 and subsequently used by Kroeber (1939) and others. Although these estimates reflect the current trend among prehistorians to accept larger prehistoric population estimates than suggested by Mooney, they fall considerably short of those recently predicted by Borah (1964) and Dobyns (1966).
Aboriginal New World epidemiology and medical care, and the impact of Old World disease imports
Authors: Newman Marshall T. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractVarious workers, including T. D. Stewart, claim that the aboriginal Americas were relatively disease‐free because of the Bering Strait cold‐screen, eliminating many pathogens, and the paucity of zoonotic infections because of few domestic animals. Evidence of varying validity suggests that precontact Americans had their own strains of treponemic infections, bacillary and amoebic dysenteries, influenza and viral pneumonia and other respiratory diseases, salmonellosis and perhaps other food poisoning, various arthritides, some endoparasites such as the ascarids, and several geographically circumscribed diseases such as the rickettsial verruca (Carrion's disease) and New World leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis. Questionably aboriginal are tuberculosis and typhus. Accordingly, virtually all the “crowd‐type” ecopathogenic diseases such as smallpox, yellow fever, typhoid, malaria, measles, pertussis, polio, etc., appear to have been absent from the New World, and were only brought in by White conquerors and their Black slaves.My hypothesis is that native American medical care systems—especially in the more culturally advanced areas—were sufficiently sophisticated to deal with native disease entities with reasonable competence. But native medical systems could not cope with the “crowd‐type” disease imports that struck Indian and Eskimos as “virgin field” populations. Reanalysis of native population losses through a genocidal combination of disease, war, slavery and attendant cultural disruption by Dobyns, Cook and others strongly suggest that traditional estimates underplayed the death toll by a factor of the general order of ten. This would make for an immediately pre‐contact Indian population of some 90–111 million instead of the traditional 8–11 million. Evidence is growing that Indians may have been no more susceptible to new pathogens than are other “virgin soil” populations, and thus their immune systems need not be considered less effective than those in other people. Present‐day high mortality rates in Indians of both continents from infectious disease imports may be more socioeconomic than anything else.
Intentional cranial deformation in the preColumbian populations of ecuador
Authors: Munizaga Juan R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractUsing 151 crania, 8 Preceramic, 86 Formative, 29 Regional Developmental, 28 Integration Period and some isolated skulls from Ecuador I can clarify some origins and diffusion of American cranial deformation. To Imbelloni's classification of Tabular erecta, Tabular obliqua, and Annular I add a new type, Cuneiform, marked by flattening of the entire occiput (not just the upper, membraneous‐derived bone) without evidence of counter pressure in front. The Cuneiform type starts in Guayas about 2000 B.C. (perhaps the earliest in America) with diffusion to coastal Peru in Chavin times. Tabular erecta, of coastal origin between Manabi province and the Guyas river basin, about 1,000 B.C., also spreads to coastal Peru. Tabular obliqua appears in Esmeraldas province probably from Mexico 2000 years ago, and diffuses south into Chile. Annular type starts early in the Southern Andes and appears late in the highlands of Ecuador.
Within and between race distances in population studies based on discrete traits of the human skull
Authors: Ossenberg Nancy S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA battery of 24 discrete cranial traits has been tested for its power to discriminate within‐ and between‐race distances for the two principal North American indigenous populations: Indian (7 samples, N = 366) and Eskimo (7 samples, N = 451). One of the Indian samples, Dakota Sioux, has been split according to tribal subdivisions, the intra‐tribal mean distance providing a parameter of very close relationship. In addition, two Negro samples provide a parameter of relationship phylogenetically remote from the Amerinds.Separate male‐female analysis of the three largest samples indicates that distances for pooled samples are not seriously affected by the sex component.Within‐race distances (C. A. B. Smith's Measure of Divergence, MD), are smaller than between‐race at the .00001 level of significance (Mann‐Whitney U test) for both Indian‐Eskimo and Amerind‐Negro comparisons. The features most powerful for Indian‐Eskimo discrimination are revealed by their percent contribution to the mean of 49 MD's. The African heritage of American Blacks is reflected in a characteristic Negro pattern of trait frequencies different from the Amerind.This battery of features yields valid taxonomical information useful in conjunction with other physical data to reconstruct affinities of extinct populations.
The skeletal biology of the Virginia Indians
Authors: Ortner Donald J. , Corruccini Robert S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractStatistical analysis of one eastern and two western Virginia Indian skeletal samples reveals a general association between geographical and biological distance. However, the data suggest the importance of gene flow as a factor in minimizing local microdifferentiation. Females appear to contribute a disproportionate share to gene flow. This may be attributed to the widespread and apparently frequent practice of acquiring females and children through capture during recurring warfare.
A unique course in anthropology
Authors: Morse Dan , Stoutamire James , Duncan Jack 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe course in forensic anthropology presented at Florida State University is designed to train criminal investigators in the application of physical anthropological and archaeological techniques to the investigation of buried bodies. Modification of archaeological field techniques by experimentation using artificial graves allows the recovery of fragile and easy to overlook evidence and ensures the recovery of all possible material for analysis by the physical anthropologist. An introduction to physical anthropology enables the criminal investigator to effectively communicate his needs and understand the type of information required for adequate identification of remains by a physical anthropologist.
Palmar flexion creases and dermatoglyphics among diabetic patients
Authors: Eswaraiah G. , Bali R. S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPalmar dermatoglyphics and flexion creases of 108 male and 65 female patients diagnosed as having diabetes mellitus have been analysed. The control population consists of 536 males and 234 females from the same population. Palmar flexion creases were analysed according to the method suggested by Bali and Chaube ('71). The flexion creases of diabetic patients and the control population are significantly different. The differences between main line formulae in diabetes and controls are significant among males. The differences between C‐line types of patients and controls are significant among both sexes. Axial triradii are significant among female patients and controls. The patterns in the interdigital areas IV and II are significantly lower among male and female patients respectively from their controls.
Gm and Inv studies on baboons,Papio cynocephalus: Analysis of serum samples from Kenya, Ethiopia and South Africa
Authors: Steinberg Arthur G. , Olivier Thomas J. , Buettner‐Janusch John 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSerum samples from 526 baboons (Papio cynocephalus) from 10 troops from the Laikipia district of northern Kenya, from 60 baboons from two troops from the Awash National Park, central Ethiopia, and from 127 baboons from South Africa were tested for Gm and Inv allotypes. Four of the 10 troops from Kenya formed a western cluster and six formed an eastern cluster. The clusters were separated by approximately 10 miles.The samples were tested for Gm (1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 21, 24) and for Inv (1, 2, 3). All samples were negative for Gm (2, 6, 14, 16, 24). All from Kenya and Ethiopia were negative for Inv (2), and all were positive for Gm (11, 17) and for Inv (3). The south African samples differed from the others in that 10 were negative for Gm (11) and four were positive for Inv (2). Taking all animals into account, polymorphism was present for Gm (1, 3, 5, 11, 13, 15, 21) and for Inv (1, 2). No two Kenya troops had the same array of phenotypes or of haplotypes, but the four western troops were more similar to each other than to the six eastern troops. Three haplotypes were present in the eastern troops that were not present in the western troops and five were present in the western troops that were not present in the eastern troops. Five haplotypes appeared in at least some troops of each cluster of troops. The samples from each of the two troops from Ethiopia show the same three phenotypes but with significantly different frequencies.It is suggested that the variation in haplotype frequencies observed among the 10 troops from Kenya is the result of a founder effect deriving largely from fission of a large troop into two smaller troops.The data show that speculations about the evolutionary origin of the allotypes are premature. For most species, too few animals have been tested and except for those in this study their origins are not known. Finally, the samples have been from too restricted an area.
Split‐line patterns of the mandible following masseterectomy in adult and growing monkeys
Authors: Madeira Miguel C. , Matheus Maria Tereza G. , de Oliveira J. Americo , Watanabe Ii‐Sei 
Published: February 2006

AbstractArchitectural changes of the mandibular ramus following masseterectomy were analyzed by means of the split‐line technique in both adult and growing monkeys. The right masseter muscle was resected in ten tufted capuchin monkeys(Cebus apella) and they were sacrificed following a 12‐month period. Along with modifications in the shape of the mandible, the masseterectomy induced structural changes as revealed by alterations in the split‐line patterns. These changes were much more evident in the adult animals. In growing monkeys, intrinsic forces determine an architecture of mandibular growth, represented by the direction of the splits. This is not influenced by the lack of mechanical factors like muscle action. Conversely, the final fibrous architecture of the bone in the adult monkey may be modified by extrinsic mechanical factors.
The dichotomous pattern of craniofacial expansion during aging
Authors: Israel Harry 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe craniofacial skeleton expands during adult life and previous investigations have demonstrated non‐uniformity in continuing growth. This report confirms the fact that sella turcica, frontal sinus and the skull tables remodel at a rate per unit time which is twice the amount of the anterior‐posterior skull diameter. The dual enlargement pattern occurs in both males and females and has been observed longitudinally from the third through the eighth decades of life. Though associations in the continuing growth process of separate anatomical parts throughout the human skeleton remain obscure, the degree to which components vary within the craniofacial system is now clearly evident.
Chemical and physical methods in dating human skeletal remains
Authors: Facchini F. , Pettener D. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractChemical and physical methods for dating skeletal remains were examined. Benzidine reaction, ultra‐violet fluorescence, specific gravity and supersonic conductivity were carried out on 71 dated skeletal findings distributed over the span of the last 3,500 years. Results given by benzidine reaction and ultra‐violet fluorescence basically coincide, and positive readings were obtained up to about 200–350 years. Values measured in specific gravity and supersonic conductivity testing show a parallel trend, pointing out a clear difference between samples of the three first centuries and the ones belonging to more ancient periods examined.
A descriptive and comparative study of the deciduous dentition of prehistoric Ohio Valley Amerindians
Authors: Sciulli Paul W. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe deciduous dentition of 58 individuals from groups of prehistoric Ohio Valley Amerindians (2,000 B.C.‐1,600 A.D.) was measured for antero‐posterior and bucco‐lingual dimensions and scored for morphological characteristics and macroscopic pathology. Only five dimensions of the posterior teeth and the frequency of severe linear enamel hypoplasia showed significant differences in the groups. In all cases focal agriculturalists exhibited smaller teeth and a higher frequency of severe linear enamel hypoplasia.These findings are explained as the result of changing diet and food preparation techniques, and/or sampling bias in the earlier burial cult groups where primarily higher status individuals may be the representatives.Comparison of metric and morphological characteristics of the deciduous dentition in the prehistoric Amerindians and roughly contemporaneous European groups indicates morphological characteristics are the better means of discrimination.
Fluctuating dental asymmetry: Variation among skeletal populations
Authors: Perzigian Anthony J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractRecent investigations have shown that nongenetic, environmental factors can adversely affect dental growth and produce bilateral asymmetries in tooth size. When asymmetries do not favor either side, i.e., absence of directional asymmetry, the condition is termed fluctuating asymmetry.Fluctuating asymmetry of the mesiodistal and buccolingual dimensions of the total permanent dentition was compared among human skeletal populations which differ socio‐economically and nutritionally. Odontometric data were collected from prehistoric hunters (Indian Knoll site), later aboriginal farming groups (Campbell and Larson sites), and a modern cadaver population (Hamann‐Todd). The magnitude of asymmetry is expressed by the familiar correlation coefficient, r. The proportion, then, of intra‐individual variation due to fluctuating asymmetry is equal to 1‐r.With Wilcoxon's signed ranks test on the correlation coefficients no significant sex difference was shown within populations. Among groups, though, Indian Knoll was the most odontometrically asymmetrical; moreover, within Indian Knoll, the taller and ostensibly better nourished individuals had larger, less asymmetrical teeth than the shorter individuals. These results suggest that environmentally mediated growth disturbance may be sensitively reflected by dental asymmetry. A population exhibiting other signs of severe growth disturbance, e.g., enamel hypoplasia and Harris lines, was the most dentally asymmetrical.
Patterns of fight interference in free‐ranging rhesus monkeys
Authors: Kaplan Jay R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractRhesus monkeys occasionally break up fights among conspecifics and this phenomenon may be called “interference.” The present study describes the patterns of interference in a group of free‐ranging rhesus monkeys and evaluates the effect of this behavior onMacaca mulattasocial organization. Data were collected at Cayo Santiago.Strong sexual differences were found in the patterning of interference behavior. Females tended to help victims of aggression and animals from the interferer's own genealogy, especially juveniles. In addition, females were likely to interfere as subordinate to the target animal. Natal and non‐natal males oriented toward unrelated adult females and generally only interfered in fights if dominant to the target animal. Further, the males helped victims of aggression significantly less often than females did. Contrary to expectation, the dominant males were noteworthy neither for the quantity nor the effect of their interference. In general, the findings reinforce the notion that females are the stable and central part of a rhesus monkey social group. The findings also suggest that interference plays a role in the maintenance of group stability and cohesion.
Principal component analysis of the elongation of metacarpal and phalangeal bones
Authors: Takai Shozo 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA hypothesis that the first principal component computed from the covariance matrix of logarithms reflected the specific growth rates of corresponding bones was taken to analyze the growth pattern of the tubular bones of the hand. The total length of 19 tubular bones of the right hand was measured on standardized radiographs of Japanese children (33 boys, 33 girls). Metacarpals in boys and bones of the fifth digit in girls showed higher growth coefficients. The second, third and fourth proximal, and the third and fourth middle phalanges showed lower coefficients for both sexes. These observations suggest the signs of proximal row dominance in boys and of fifth ray dominance in girls in the elongation of the hand bones. A marked sex difference was found in the fifth middle phalanx. In girls the growth coefficients of this bone was much larger than any other bones, but was moderate in boys.
The deflecting wrinkle on the teeth of Icelanders and the Mongoloid dental complex
Authors: Axelsson Gudjón , Kirveskari Pentti 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThree local populations from Northeast Iceland are surveyed for the occurrence of the deflecting wrinkle of the metaconid on second deciduous and first permanent lower molars. The trait occurs more frequently on dm2 than on M1, and no sexual dimorphism is found, as expected. However, the frequencies are clearly within those predicted by the Mongoloid dental complex for Mongoloid populations. It is therefore suggested that the inclusion of the deflecting wrinkle in the Mongoloid dental complex be re‐evaluated, and the racial diagnostic value of the trait taken with reservation.
Function and fusion at the mandibular symphysis
Authors: Beecher Robert M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this investigation is to determine the functional significance of a fused mandibular symphysis, characteristic of all Anthropoidea. The trait may date to the origins of the suborder. A histological study of 11 prosimian species determined the anatomy of the symphysis. A cinefluorographic film ofGalago crassicaudatus mastication was studied to identify movements at the symphysis.A similar pattern of fibrocartilage and ligaments characterizes all prosimians studied. These tissues are arranged to resist (a) movements seen during mastication inG. crassicaudatus, i.e., antero‐posterior shear and spreading of the inferior borders of the symphysis and (b) hypothesized dorso‐ventral shear resulting from the transfer of force from the balancing side muscles to the bite point.Partial fusion of the symphysis was found in the folivorous speciesLemur fulvus, L. macaco, Propithecus verreauxi, andHapalemur griseus. Only those tissues associated with resisting occlusally or dorso‐ventrally directed forces were calcifying or ossifying. This research suggests that the added occlusal force necessary for leaf‐eating has resulted in the evolution of varying degrees of symphyseal fusion in the above species. It is suggested that the protoanthropoids also ate tough foods that required relatively large bite forces.
Some notes on the vértesszöllös occipital
Authors: Wolpoff Milford H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAn examination of the Vértesszöllös occipital bone indicates the need for taking its condition and preservation as well as certain aspects of its morphology into account prior to a metric assessment of its features. This analysis confirms the presence ofextrasutural bones on the lambdoidal suture as well as somedistortion in the sagittal curvature of this region. The advisability of using the endocranial sutures as well as other data fordefining lambda in cases such as this is discussed, and a procedure for determining theposition of opisthion is indicated. A metric and morphological analysis is used to support the claim that the specimen can be considered a large late representative ofHomo erectus in Europe.
Rocker jaws
Authors: Houghton Philip 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMost adult Polynesian mandibles are of the rocker form. Polynesian crania possess a very open cranial base angle and a large upper facial height. The mandibular growth rotations necessary to maintain occlusion in the presence of this cranial morphology lead to development of an exceptionally closed ramus‐body angle, with consequent loss of the antegonial notch and appearance of the rocker form.
Genetic studies of free‐ranging macaques of Cayo Santiago I. Description of the population and some nonpolymorphic red cell enzymes
Authors: Buettner‐janusch John , Sockol Marlene 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPhenotypes of eight red cell enzymes at nine genetic loci were determined in the semi‐free‐ranging population of rhesus macaques,Macaca mulatta, that inhabit Cayo Santiago. The following enzymes were examined electrophoretically: adenosine deaminase, glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase, glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase, indophenol oxidase, lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase‐1, phosphoglucomutase‐2, and purine nucleoside phosphorylase. Hemolysates from at least 372 animals were analyzed, and no variants of the enzymes were observed with the exception of malate dehydrogenase. Three animals displaying a variant form of malate dehydrogenase were found.