bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
BROAD FEATURES OF THE SYSTEM OF ANGIOSPERMS
Authors: Cronquist Arthur 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe angiosperms are treated as a division Magnoliophyta, with two classes, the Magnoliatae (dicotyledons) and Liliatae (monocotyledons). Takhtajan's six subclasses of Magnoliatae are accepted with only minor alteration. These are the Magnoliidae, Hamamelidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, and Asteridae. His four subclasses of Liliatae—the Alismatidae, Arecidae, Commelinidae, and Liliidae—are also accepted, but with a major transfer of the Zingiberales, Bromeliales, Juncales, and Cyperaceae from the Liliidae to the Commelinidae. The aquatic ancestry of the Liliatae has had a profound influence on the subsequent evolutionary history of the group. Loss of cambium, loss of vessels (except for some vestiges in the root), and reduction of the leaf to a phyllode are all probably associated with the ancestral aquatic habitat. The fact that habitai differences are often taxonomically more important among the monocots than they usually are among the dicots reflects the evolutionary difficul. ties under which monocots labor. The single cotyledon of monocots is considered to have arisen by lateral fusion of two, followed by reduction of one of the lobes, and the sheath‐blade structure of the leaves is considered to reflect the cotyledonary structure.
HALOPHYTUM AMEGHINOI: A BETALAIN‐CONTAINING AND P‐TYPE SIEVE‐TUBE PLASTID SPECIES
Authors: Hunziker Juan H. , Behnke H.‐D. , Eifert Imre J. , Mabry Tom J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe discovery of betalains and specific P‐type sieve‐tube plastids in Halophytum, a genus which has been treated as both a member of Chenopodiaceae as well as a distinct family, confirms the alignment of the genus with the nine betalain‐containing families of the Centrospermae all of which have characteristic P‐type sieve‐tube plastids.
NAMES AND TYPES IN CORTADERIA STAPF (GRAMINEAE)
Authors: Connor H. E. , Edgar Elizabeth 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAll valid names in Cortaderia Stapf (nom. cons.) are typified and recent treatments of the genus are substantially upheld. Taxa in Section Cortaderia are more precisely defined with no major nomenclatural changes except that C. jubata (Lem.) Stapf is regarded as the valid name for plants formerly known as “C. quila (Nees) Stapf”. In Section Bifida, C. aristata and C. trianae are regarded as synonyms of C. bifida, and C. sodiroana as synonymous with C. nitida; C. minima is regarded as a synonym of C. pilosa. The new combination C. archboldii (Hitchcock) Connor and Edgar is based on Danthonia archboldii from New Guinea. The genus is gynodioecious though in some species of Section Cortaderia only female plants are found.
SUBGENERIC AND SECTIONAL NAMES: THEIR STARTING POINTS AND EARLY SOURCES
Authors: Brizicky George K. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBecause of the great difficulties associated with the determination of the correct names of infrageneric taxa of vascular plants, the development of the concepts of subgenus and section (sectio) and the use of these terms are traced from the time of Linnaeus to the mid‐nineteenth century. It is argued that the year 1805, which marked the mass introduction of subgenera (by Persoon) and of sections (by A. P. de Candolle) should be adopted as the starting point for the valid publication of names of taxa of vascular plants between the ranks of genus and species. (See Taxon 17: 659. December, 1968, for the formal proposal for the adoption of 1 January 1805 as starting point).A number of nomenclaturally important taxonomic works and floras of the nineteenth century which have become sources of confusion in regard to subgeneric and sectional names are also considered more or less in chronological sequence. Included are works by Persoon, S. F. Gray, Mertens, W. D. J. Koch, Dumortier, Link, Reichenbach, Torrey, A. Gray, Endlicher, K. Koch, Dippel, and von Post & Kuntze. It is concluded that subgeneric and sectional names must be interpreted in terms of the word actually used to denote the rank of the taxon to which the name is applied and not in terms of the author's concept of infrageneric categories: what the author actually did is of greater importance than his guessed intentions. Hence, although Endlicher, for example, possibly intended to recognize several infrageneric ranks, his failure to indicate the rank of his generic subdivisions has to be decisive.
CARLO ALLIONI AND HIS AUCTARIUM AD SYNOPSIM METHODICAM STIRPIUM HORTI REG. TAURINENSIS
Authors: Tjaden W. L. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe most important and best‐known work of the Italian doctor and naturalist Carlo Allioni (1728–1804) is his profusely illustrated folio‐sized Flora Pedemontana (1785). Many new specific names proposed by him, and commonly cited as having their first publication in this work, were, however, published earlier in his Auctarium ad Synopsim Methodicam Stirpium Horti Reg. Taurinensis, a paper issued first as an independently paged preprint in 1773, and then as a contribution to the fifth volume of the Royal Society of Turin's Miscellanea Taurinensia between 1774 and 1776. This 1773 publication establishes the priority of a number of names which, had they in fact first appeared in Flora Pedemontana (1785), would be superseded by other names published in the meantime; it preserves, for example, Carlina acanthifolia All. (1773) against C. chardousse Vill. (1779), and Primula hirsuta All. (1773) against P. rubra J. F. Gmel. (1775). Allioni's paper in all contains 76 validly published new specific names, of which only two were cited as from Miscellanea Taurinensia in the Index Kewensis, and none at all from the 1773 preprint; nearly half of the names were referred in Index Kewensis to Flora Pedemontana, nearly a quarter to authors other than Allioni, and the remainder were not included at all. In recent years the existence of these early Allioni names has become more widely known, and some have been adopted in modern works like Flora Europaea; but even here the names are referred to Miscellanea Taurinensia, not to the 1773 preprint which is their real first place of publication. Although most of these Allioni names are based on European plants, a few refer to extra‐European species.An outline of the history of Allioni's paper and of the belated and gradual spread of knowledge of its existence is given below. This account is entirely the responsibility of the author. Mr. J. E. Dandy, of the British Museum (Natural History), has, however, very kindly assisted him with the factual detail and also has appended an annotated list of the new names contained in Allioni's paper; and his colleague Dr. W. T. Stearn has pointed to the existence of a copy of the 1773 preprint in Linnaeus's library and contributed a note on its date of publication. In view of the rarity of this work arrangements are being made for a photographic facsimile to be published in the Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History.
A REAPPRAISAL OF THE APPLICATION OF SPECIFIC EPITHETS OF THE TYPE SPECIES OF MORAEA AND DIETES (IRIDACEAE)
Authors: Barnard T. T. , Goldblatt P. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe type species of two Iridaceous genera, Moraea and Dietes are currently known by incorrectly applied epithets. The early nomenclatural history of these two species, Moraea vegeta L. (= M. tristis (L.f.) Ker = M. juncea L. sensu N. E. Br.) and Dietes iridioides (L.) Klatt (= D. vegata (L.) N. E. Br.) is examined and the restoration of the correct epithets proposed. A third species M. juncea L. is rejected as it is not possible to identify this plant.
PETAL AND POLLEN CAROTENOIDS OF TWO POLYMNIA ***SPECIES AND THEIR HYBRIDS
Authors: Wells James R. , Fox Denis L. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryYellow carotenoids were recovered quantitatively from fresh petals of Polymnia maculata, P. uvedalia, and their reciprocal hybrids, as well as from fresh pollen of each parent and one of the hybrid plants. Thin‐layer chromatographic resolution, spectrophotometric measurements, partitional segregation both before and following saponification, chemical exploration for relative position of hydroxyl groups and for the presence of epoxy structures, and establishment of co‐sorbability of comparative fractions led to several conclusions: (1) The prominent fraction in all four experimental categories of petal carotenoids is a variously esterified polyhydroxy, monoepoxy derivative of α‐carotene; this, with minor, allied congeners of other esterified xanthophylls, constituted some 94 to 98% of total petal carotenoids. (2) The minor remaining, persistently epiphasic component yielded two chief fractions: a non‐epoxy and an epoxy‐carotene derivative. (3) Pollen samples each yielded a single molecular species of carotenoid which was an epiphasic, non‐saponifiable, non‐epoxy compound suggesting a dehydrocarotene derivative. (4) The relatively simple carotenoid complexes recovered from the reproductive parts of both supposed species of Polymnia, as well as from their hybrids, are so closely similar as to lend support to the alternative view that they may be conspecific.
CHROMOSOME NUMBERS, PHYLOGENY, PHYTOGEOGRAPHY OF THE ANNONACEAE AND THEIR BEARING ON THE (ORIGINAL) BASIC CHROMOSOME NUMBER OF ANGIOSPERMS
Authors: Walker James W. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryChromosome numbers are summarized within a novel taxonomic framework for the 22 genera of the primitive angiosperm family Annonaceae in which they are known. Chromosomal data are shown to be consistent with the author's concept of the phylogeny of the family, as independently determined from a study of pollen and floral morphology. This independently derived infrafamilial phylogeny suggests that there have been minimally 12 separate changes in base chromosome number within the family. Evidence is strong for considering x = 7 as the base chromosome number for the family, with parallel ascending aneuploidy: n = 7→8→9. Considerable parallel polyploidy has occurred on the older x = 7, polyploidy has occurred at least once on x = 8, while the most recent aneuploid number, x = 9, has not produced any polyploids as far as is known. Chromosome numbers, as well as pollen and floral morphology, are adduced to support the author's conclusion that the Annonaceae are of New World (and/or possibly African) origin. The significance of chromosome evolution within the Annonaceae is discussed as it bears on the choice of the basic chromosome number for the angiosperms (x = 7). Finally, the first chromosome count, n = 8, is presented for the annonaceous genus Desmopsis Saff.
EVOLUTION OF THE ARABIS HIRSUTA GROUP IN CENTRAL EUROPE
Authors: Titz Walter 
Published: April 2006

SummaryCytological, cytogenetical, ecological, geographical and morphological aspects of differentiation in the Arabis hirsuta species aggregate are summarized in order to elucidate the evolution and phylogeny of this group in Central Europe. All species involved are self‐compatible. A. planisiliqua (Pers.) Reichenb. (s.l.), A. sagittata (Bertol.) DC. and A. allionii DC. (s.l.) are in the main diploids (2n = 16), and have originated by divergent differentiation. A. hirsuta (s. str.) is an allotetraploid (2n = 32); its possible descent from A. sagittata (Bertol.) DC. × A. ciliata Clairv. is discussed. The latter diploid species must be placed outside of the aggregate; nevertheless, experimental production of the hybrid with A. sagittata and its polyploidization has succeeded. The synthesized allotetraploid is rather similar to A. hirsuta (s. str.) but not identical with it. Further investigations are in progress.
HERBARIUM BLACKWELLIANUM EMENDATUM ET AUCTUM … NORIMBERGAE, 1747‐1773
Authors: Tjaden W. L. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryIt is suggested by Stafleu in Taxonomic Literature, entry 96, that Herbarium Black‐wellianum may have been published in instalments. This is confirmed by reviews and by some of the six “prefaces”, which are actually epilogues issued on completion of the text for each nominal one hundred plates. Further, from 1750 onwards the text was published after the plates. Approximate dates of publication of plates and of text are given. The work should not therefore be quoted as being published in six parts or centuries but in forty eight (?) instalments of plates, with the text accompanying some of these instalments.
THE HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF BOTANIC GARDENS IN S.E. ASIA
Authors: Holttum R. E. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryTropical botanic gardens remain important for their records of local floras and as bases for continued monographic work. This work is still far from complete in the equatorial tropics, and it is the essential basis for all other study of plants, whether scientific or technological. The gardens also remain important as collections of living plants for botanical study of all kinds (especially for genetics and plant breeding) and for local education. A closer association of the gardens with universities is desirable, so that academic botanists may be fully aware of the range of local plants available for investigation. There is much still to be understood about the physiological adaptations of plants in the ever‐wet tropics, a subject hardly dealt with in text‐books of plant physiology published in temperate regions.
NOMENCLATURE AND TAXONOMY OF THE TRIBE IXECHINEAE (BOLETACEAE)
Authors: Wolfe Carl B. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe tribe name Ixechineae (Boletaceae) is validly published having been invalidly published by Heim (1939). A discussion of the infratribal taxonomy of Ixechineae is presented. Two genera, Ixechinus Heim ex Horak and Mucilopilus Wolfe, are recognized in the Ixechineae. Fistulinella Hennings is not considered in this work to be taxonomically synonymous with either Ixechinus or Mucilopilus since Fistulinella violates the circumscriptions of both of these genera. Furthermore, Fistulinella also violates the circumscription of Ixechineae and, therefore, cannot be included in this tribe. Because of the uncertainty of some character states of Fistulinella, it must be placed among the Genera Incertae Sedis of the Boletaceae.
DALBERGIAS IN HORTUS MALABARICUS
Authors: Thothathri K. , Nair K. K. N. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe taxonomy and nomenclature of Rheede's names, Pongam seu Minan, Tsjeria‐Cametti‐Valli, Noel‐Valli, Karin‐Tagera and Ana‐Mullu in Hortus Malabaricus (1686–88), are discussed. A new combination, Dalbergia horrida (Dennst.) Mabberly var. glabrescens, is proposed.
OREOMUNNEA VS. OREAMUNOA: THE ORTHOGRAPHY OF A GENERIC NAME
Authors: Wilbur Robert L. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryArticle 73 of the ICBN requires that the orthography of the endemic, ditypic Mexican and Central American genus of the Juglandaceae, long known as a section of the genus Engelhardia, should be Oreamunoa Oerst. rather than Oreomunnea as originally published and as almost invariably adopted today.
PATTERNS OF VARIATION IN NORTH TEMPERATE TAXA WITH A WIDE DISTRIBUTION
Authors: Valentine D.H. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryOur knowledge of patterns of variation and evolution in groups of allied species of the north temperate flora is gradually increasing; but relatively few groups have been studied cytotaxonomically or analysed genomically. Data for three groups of species, in the genera Viola, Maianthemum and Polypodium, are reviewed, and resemblances and differences between them discussed. The importance of further biosystematic work of this kind, including ecological as well as taxonomic studies, and organised on an international basis, is pointed out.
THE CORRECT NAMES FOR PEARL MILLET AND YELLOW FOXTAIL
Authors: Terrell Edward E. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryNomenclatural histories and usages are discussed for five binomials used for pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoideum, P. typhoides, P. spicatum, P. glaucum, P. americanum) and two binomials used for yellow foxtail (Setaria glauca, S. lutescens). Linnaean and pre‐Linnaean concepts of Panicum glaucum L. and Panicum americanum L. are reviewed in detail. The controversial basionym, Panicum glaucum, is applied to yellow foxtail, in agreement with Linnaeus's treatment in the second edition of Species Plantarum. The name Panicum americanum clearly referred to pearl millet. A commonly‐used combination, Pennisetum americanum (L). K. Schumann, is incorrect because Schumann did not accept it. The correct names are Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke (pearl millet) and Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv. (yellow foxtail).
ITINERARIO BOTANICO DE G. ANDRIEUX EN MEXICO
Authors: Sousa S. Mario 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe great importance of G. Andrieux's botanical collections, not so much by their number, but by the period and area they cover, is discussed. The numerical sequence of the collections is explained and the itinerary shown and illustrated by a map. An index to localities is included with original notes from the label data providing exact geographical location.
RHAGADIOLUS: A MISUNDERSTOOD GENUS
Authors: Meikle R. D. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA review of the genus Rhagadiolus indicates that the two species Rhagadiolus edulis Gaertner and R. stellatus (L.) Gaertner have been widely misunderstood and should be maintained as distinct. It is also demonstrated that Rhagadiolus Scop. (1754) and Rhagadiolus A.‐L. Jussieu (1789) are taxonomically distinct, and that the generic name must be conserved if it is to continue to be used in its current sense.
ON THE SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF LIAGOROPHILA (ACROCHAETIACEAE, RHODOPHYTA)
Authors: Garbary David 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAccording to recent interpretations, all genera in the Acrochaetiaceae other than the monotypic Liagorophila Yamada have been synonymized with Audouinella Bory. In this report the taxonomic relationships of these taxa are examined. None of the characteristics previously used to distinguish Liagorophila are considered adequate, and L. endophytica is transferred to Audouinella. Since the specific epithet endophytica has been used previously m Audouinella, the name Audouinella yamadae, nom. nov., is proposed for this alga.
NOTE ON THE LECTOTYPIFICATION OF THE NAMES CACALIA L., MATRICARIA L. AND GNAPHALIUM L.
Authors: Jeffrey C. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe lectotype species of the names Cacalia L., Matricaria L., and Gnaphalium L. are shown correctly to be C. alpina L., M. recutita L., and G. uliginosum L. respectively.
HERBARIA OF ALLAN CUNNINGHAM, ROBERT HEWARD AND OTHERS AT THE CHELSEA PHYSIC GARDEN, LONDON
Authors: Mabberley D. J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAn herbarium of Australian plants, compiled by Heward from Cunningham specimens and preserved at the Chelsea Physic Garden, refers to Cunningham's paper on the Blue Mountains Flora (1825). Overlooked binomials for Australian plants from this and other publications are listed and other herbaria at Chelsea described.
PROPOSAL FOR A NEW PALAEOBOTANICAL APPENDIX FOR THE INTERNATIONAL CODE OF BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE
Authors: Hughes Norman F. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryPalaeobotanists and palaeopalynologists are faced with increasingly time‐consuming difficulties and partial failures when continuing to handle their data for palaeobiologic or for stratigraphic purposes in the traditional manner required by the nomenclature framework of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN). The ICBN was developed for normal (Recent) data on living plants, but the entirely different nature and attributes of fossil data call for separate specially designed arrangements. A proposal is therefore made here for a new appendix to ICBN setting out the distinctions and providing more flexible rules (articles) for nomenclature and thus for the taxonomy of fossils of any size, scope, or preservation.The logical needs for nomenclature and data‐handling of plant fossils are very much simpler than the sum of the seventy‐five articles of the ICBN; the same can be said equally for fossil animals. Although ultimately a separate Code may be necessary, an appendix which is compatible with the main code and which can be developed independently appears to be the most useful present advance.
ON ABBOTIA PERESTENKO, 1975 (RHODOPHYTA)
Authors: Abbott Isabella A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAbbotia araneosa Perestenko is transferred to Neodilsea (Dumontiaceae, Cryptonemiales) pending post‐fertilization studies. The genus name is antedated by Abbotia Rafinesque (Juncaginaceae) and Abbottia F. von Müller (Rubiaceae).
A COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR PRINTING HERBARIUM LABELS
Authors: Vitt Dale H. , Horton Diana G. , Johnston Peter 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA computer program which prints herbarium labels has been constructed. Individual labels consist of a maximum of 12 lines, each of 40 spaces. However, labels with varying amounts of information can be printed. A cost analysis indicates that the computer printed labels are approximately half the cost and are of superior or equivalent quality when compared with xerox duplicated or magnetic‐card typed labels. This program is available from the authors.
THE CONTROVERSIAL TYPIFICATION OF THE LINNAEAN GENUS TRICHOMANES (HYMENOPHYLLACEAE)
Authors: Sermolli Rodolfo E. G. Pichi 
Published: April 2006

SummaryTwo divergent opinions have been expressed on the typification of Trichomanes L. Some authors select T. scandens L. as the type on the basis of the first designation of a lectotype by J. Smith in 1875, and according to the taxonomic treatment of the genus after the date of its publication by Linnaeus. Other authors designate T. crispum L. as the type on the basis of the elements studied by Linnaeus up to the time in which the genus was validly published and of the indications to be found in his publications which enable us to ascertain his intent in establishing the genus. The arguments in favour of either lectotypification are thoroughly examined and the nomenclatural consequences of the designation of T. scandens or T. crispum are envisaged. The conclusion is reached that the examination of Linnaeus's publications offers sufficient elements for an objective lectotypification of Trichomanes on T. crispum.
ERRONEOUS CITATIONS OF VENEZUELAN LOCALITIES
Authors: Steyermark Julian A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe misapplication of the citation of three historically important type localities in Venezuela is noted as of frequent occurrence in monographs. The localities referred to are Colonia Tovar, collected by August Fendler, San Carlos de Río Negro, collected by Richard Spruce, and Roraima, collected by Robert Schomburgk, the principal collectors involved in these citations. The correct localities are indicated as being in the Estado Aragua for Colonia Tovar, and Venezuela for San Carlos de Río Negro and Roraima.