bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanical Losses in Rubbers Under Loading Conditions Typical of Tires in Service
Authors: Priss L. S. , Shumskaya A. G. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Mechanical losses in rubber compounds per strain cycle are shown to be considerably greater under pulse loading, which simulates tire usage, than under sinusoidal loading. A method is suggested for using data obtained by ordinary laboratory techniques to calculate losses that would occur in an arbitrary anharmonic mode. Some data are given to show how such mechanical losses depend on formulations and processing factors of the rubber. Methods are then discussed for obtaining proper laboratory data on dynamic properties for use in optimizing formulations of tire rubbers.
Fatigue Life of Aircraft Tires
Authors: Bobo S. N. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
A study was conducted to determine if a safe upper service limit can be set for aircraft tires, based on an operation profile of the aircraft using the tires. The study consisted of three parts: development of a tire heating model, experimental confirmation, and determination of tire degradation as a function of time at temperature. Three operational profiles were identified: long, intermediate, and short haul; these stressed tires in different ways. The mathematical model, which calculated temperature as a function of time for various axial and lateral forces at different speeds, was developed and confirmed by experiment. It predicted the time at temperature of the hottest part of a tire that is exposed to the operating environment of the profiles. The impact of heating was found from a determination of ply adhesion as a function of time at temperature. The end of tire life was judged to occur when ply adhesion was degraded by 50%.
Tire Stress and Deformation from Composite Theory
Authors: Brewer H. K. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The pneumatic tire is treated as a laminated, anisotropic, toroidal shell of revolution possessing bending rigidity. The plies, which are constructed of elastic textile cords embedded in an elastic rubber matrix, are considered homogeneous and orthotropic on a macroscopic scale. The tire shell is considered to deform according to the classical Love hypothesis. The equilibrium, strain-displacement, and laminate constitutive equations governing the tire shell are reduced to a system of six first order, nonlinear, ordinary differential equations with variable coefficients which are solved numerically by a multi-segment forward integration technique. The geometrical nonlinearities due to finite displacements are accounted for by an incrementing process using transient coordinates. The theory is illustrated by a numerical calculation which shows good agreement with actual measurements.
Recent Studies of Tire Braking Performance
Authors: McCarty J. L. , Leland T. J. W. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The results from recent studies of some factors affecting tire braking and cornering performance are presented together with a discussion of the possible application of these results to the design of aircraft braking systems. The first part of the paper is concerned with steady-state braking, that is, results from tests conducted at a constant slip ratio or steering angle or both. The second part deals with cyclic braking tests, both single cycle, where brakes are applied at a constant rate until wheel lockup is achieved, and rapid cycling of the brakes under control of a currently operational antiskid system.
A Diagonally Braked Vehicle for the Investigation of Tire Traction
Authors: Yager T. J. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The development and application of a diagonally braked vehicle test technique has yielded insights into factors known to affect pneumatic tire traction such as certain tire parameters (including size, construction, and tread pattern) and pavement properties (including surface finish and the type and extent of contamination). This paper reviews the effects of tire and surface characteristics on available traction, discusses how the test results could be applied to estimate aircraft stopping performance under low traction conditions, and concludes with comments relative to possible future application of the diagonally braked vehicle.
Effect of Vehicle Suspension on Wet Tire Traction Testing
Authors: Boyd P. L. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
A pair of “intermediate” size sedans of each of the three suspension types was put through constant radius cornering and straight stopping maneuvers on wet pavements. All cars used the same original equipment tire design. Speed and acceleration were measured. All three suspension types gave equivalent cornering performance and only slight differences in stopping deceleration. But the vehicles with rear suspensions consisting of coil springs and control arms were more suitable for sudden lockup stopping because they were less prone to a severe transient condition known as “wheel hop”.
Research on Wet Tire Traction
Authors: Neill A. H. , Boyd P. L. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This paper describes experiments and methodology employed in an attempt to develop a system for the grading of wet tire traction. Data from instrumented vehicle experiments and the University of Michigan Highway Safety Research Institute mobile tire tester are used to support the conclusions. The vehicle tests include J-curve cornering and diagonal, locked-wheel braking. The maneuvers are used to generate information on tire tractive properties and their dependence on tread depth, rim size, suspension, and surface conditions. Three tire force measures obtained with the mobile tire tester, the peak longitudinal, peak free-rolling lateral, and locked-wheel longitudinal coefficients of friction, are presented for a group of 90 percent of the original equipment tire sizes in use on American cars and are rank correlated with vehicle results. The results indicate the feasibility of defining minimum wet traction levels for various tire-road interface properties.
Application of Holography to the Study of Tire Vibration
Authors: Potts G. R. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Tire vibrations were studied by applying an oscillatory load to bias, belted bias, and radial ply tires in the radial, lateral, and circumferential directions. Resonant frequencies were noted in each type of tire and the corresponding mode shapes observed with both real time and time average holography. The importance of tire vibrations in affecting vehicle ride is noted and the variables affecting these vibrations discussed.
Effects of Rotation Patterns on Tread Life Evaluation
Authors: Brenner F. C. , Kondo A. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The effects of making tread life evaluations using different patterns of rotation are reported. It is shown that the estimated average tread life for a tire was not statistically different in experiments with four tires in fixed wheel position, on fixed axles, or fully rotated to all wheel positions. The fully rotated procedure produced the same average for a pair of tires or for four tires; the variability of the data was significantly smaller than in the other rotation patterns.
Ranking Tires for Heavy Truck Steering Feel Performance Using a Simulation Model
Authors: Haas S. L. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The effects of seven different tire sets on heavy truck steering feel characteristics were demonstrated from objective testing. Also, the steering behavior and vehicle dynamics were modeled in order to determine how well the resulting simulations could rank the steering performance of the tire sets relative to the objective results.
The objective testing was performed using a 6×4 tractor with a two-axle flatbed semi-trailer. Measured data included steering wheel torque, steering wheel angle, and lateral acceleration behavior resulting from on-center-type steering tests. In addition, the hydraulic pressure from the power steering system was also measured. The tests consisted of multiple cycles at 0.2 Hz and ±0.2 g. Steering-related performance metrics were selected and calculated based on the interaction between measured parameters.
The same test procedure was also applied using an analytical model of a steering system. The input was steering wheel torque, and outputs included the road wheel angles at the steer axle, which were then fed into a commercial vehicle dynamics model providing the vehicle dynamics behavior along with feedback required for the steering model (e.g., king pin moments). Tire loads and slip angles were also provided by the vehicle dynamics model and used as input to a tire model predicting tire force and moment behavior. The related metrics were subsequently computed and compared to the measured results.
Effects of the different tire sets on steering characteristics were seen from both the objective and simulation tests. Seven performance metrics were applied in a ranking comparison between measured and modeled results. Correlation of the modeled to measured metrics ranged from R2 values of 0.40 to 0.99 for the seven metrics considered.
Rim Slip and Bead Fitment of Tires: Analysis and Design
Authors: Lee C. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
A tire slips circumferentially on the rim when subjected to a driving or braking torque greater than the maximum tire-rim frictional torque. The balance of the tire-rim assembly achieved with weight attachment at certain circumferential locations in tire mounting is then lost, and vibration or adverse effects on handling may result when the tire is rolled. Bead fitment refers to the fit between a tire and its rim, and in particular, to whether a gap exists between the two.
Rim slip resistance, or the maximum tire-rim frictional torque, is the integral of the product of contact pressure, friction coefficient, and the distance to the wheel center over the entire tire-rim interface. Analytical solutions and finite element analyses were used to study the dependence of the contact pressure distribution on tire design and operating attributes such as mold ring profile, bead bundle construction and diameter, and inflation pressure, etc. The tire-rim contact pressure distribution consists of two parts. The pressure on the ledge and the flange, respectively, comes primarily from tire-rim interference and inflation. Relative contributions of the two to the total rim slip resistance vary with tire types, depending on the magnitudes of ledge interference and inflation pressure. Based on the analyses, general guidelines are established for bead design modification to improve rim slip resistance and mountability, and to reduce the sensitivity to manufacturing variability. An iterative design and analysis procedure is also developed to improve bead fitment.
A Study of the In-Plane Force Transmission of Tires
Authors: Dorfi H. R. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
A better understanding of the tire force transmission mechanisms from footprint to spindle due to cleat impact and other road disturbances is important to improve the ride performance of the tire/vehicle system. In this study, the in-plane force transmission of tires rolling over cleats is studied using various approaches: analytical, numerical and experimental. The tire force response at the spindle is compared and several important observations are made. Results reported in the literature are critically reviewed as well.
Analysis of Tire Rolling Contact Response by REF Model
Authors: Wei Y. T. , Nasdala L. , Rothert H. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Analysis for tire dynamic response rolling over an obstacle is important to study automobile NVH (Noise-Vibration-Harshness), determine vehicle fatigue load, investigate combined longitudinal and sideslip properties, and develop ABS system on uneven roads. Based on the model of Ring on the Elastic and Viscoelastic Foundation (REF) and its analytical solution previously developed, the rolling contact problem between tire/flat and tire/cleat is dealt with in this paper. The static contact problem is treated as the first step to show the effectiveness and accuracy of the model. Then, the time domain simulation of tire rolling contact on uneven roads is conducted. Meirovitch modal analysis method and first-order matrix perturbation theory are applied to obtain the general forced response of damping REF vibration. An effective numerical quadrature method is developed to obtain the time-varying modal coordinates of the system under various loading conditions. Numerical examples of a tire rolling over a cleat are given to verify the developed method. It is found that both damping and velocity have strong effects on tire response over a cleat and the frequency of dynamic load is mainly controlled by the first tire mode.
Pattern Recognition for Classification and Matching of Car Tires
Authors: Colbry D. , Cherba D. , Luchini J. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Commercial databases containing images of tire tread patterns are currently used by product designers, forensic specialists and product application personnel to identify whether a given tread pattern matches an existing tire. Currently, this pattern matching process is almost entirely manual, requiring visual searches of extensive libraries of tire tread patterns. Our work explores a first step toward automating this pattern matching process by building on feature analysis techniques from computer vision and image processing to develop a new method for extracting and classifying features from tire tread patterns and automatically locating candidate matches from a database of existing tread pattern images.
Our method begins with a selection of tire tread images obtained from multiple sources (including manufacturers' literature, Web site images, and Tire Guides, Inc.), which are preprocessed and normalized using Two-Dimensional Fast Fourier Transforms (2D-FFT). The results of this preprocessing are feature-rich images that are further analyzed using feature extraction algorithms drawn from research in computer vision. A new, feature extraction algorithm is developed based on the geometry of the 2D-FFT images of the tire.
The resulting FFT-based analysis allows independent classification of the tire images along two dimensions, specifically by separating “rib” and “lug” features of the tread pattern. Dimensionality of (0,0) indicates a smooth treaded tire with no pattern; dimensionality of (1,0) and (0,1) are purely rib and lug tires; and dimensionality of (1,1) is an all-season pattern. This analysis technique allows a candidate tire to be classified according to the features of its tread pattern, and other tires with similar features and tread pattern classifications can be automatically retrieved from the database.
A Finite Element Model for Oven Aged Tires
Authors: Ellwood K. R. J. , Baldwin J. , Bauer D. R. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
A finite element kinetic model has been developed to interpret issues related to accelerated aging of tires. The model is based on the Basic Autoxidation Scheme and incorporates mass transport limitations related to diffusion of oxygen into the layered elastomer system. The effect of aging on transport properties, such as diffusivity, due to changes in crosslink density is also considered in the model. The extent of oxidation is calculated at different locations within the tire as a function of time, temperature, and inflation media. The extent of oxidation predicted by the model is compared to experimentally derived data such as oxygen content, crosslink density, elongation-to-break, and modulus variation.
Modeling of the Dynamic Mechanical Response of Elastomers
Authors: Bergström J. S. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The mechanical behavior of elastomers is characterized by rate- and temperature-dependence, and the stress-strain response is known to be strongly non-linear. These experimental features are well recognized and important, and have been extensively studied for more than 50 years. The understanding of the micromechanisms controlling the macroscopic mechanical behavior is much more recent, and advanced modeling tools allowing for accurate predictions of arbitrary deformation histories have only started to become available during the last few years. This paper outlines the current state of the art in finite element modeling of elastomers, and exemplifies the predictive capabilities of modern constitutive theories for filled elastomers.
Self‐organisation and material constructions
Authors: Weinstock Michael 
Published: June 2006

AbstractCellular biological materials have intricate interior structures, self‐organised in hierarchies to produce modularity, redundancy and differentiation. As Michael Weinstock explains, the foam geometries of cellular materials offer open and ductile structural systems that are strong and permeable, making them an attractive paradigm for developments in material science and for new structural systems in architecture and engineering. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Plus, plus ça change at the museum of modern art in New York
Authors: Merkel Jayne 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe selection of Yoshio Taniguchi, in 1997, to design the Museum of Modern Art's enormous expansion was generally considered conservative, if not outright old‐fashioned. When the museum reopened in November 2004, most critics described the new scheme as ‘contextual’ or ‘subtle’, and noted that the architect had said he had tried ‘to make the architecture go away’. Now that enough time has passed to blur expectations, Jayne Merkel looks at MoMA as it is today. She contends that the choice was progressive in exactly the way the museum has been all along, and that the architecture is very much there. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optically Transparent, Ultrathin Pt Films as Versatile Metal Substrates for Molecular Optoelectronics
Authors: Conoci S. , Petralia S. , Samorì P. , Raymo F. M. , Di Bella S. , Sortino S. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis contribution reports a simple, straightforward method (cool sputtering) of fabricating robust, homogeneous, conductive, and optically transparent ultrathin Pt films. Their morphological, structural, mechanical, electrical, and optical properties are reported. The morphology and structure of these Pt films are investigated by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and X‐ray diffraction. The ultrathin Pt films, approximately 20 nm thick, are characterized by a homogenous, polycrystalline structure, with a tendency to adopt a (111) texture upon the thermal treatment. Moreover, thermal treatment (annealing or flaming) of the as‐prepared films also substantially improves their chemical and mechanical robustness. F films behave as bulk Pt in terms of electrical resistivity and suitability as working electrodes in cyclic voltammetry experiments. Overall, the unique combination of these excellent features: homogeneity, robustness, and conductivity, in addition to the high optical transparency in the 300–800 nm range of the electromagnetic spectrum, make ultrathin Pt films appropriate for a variety of applications in the field of molecular optoelectronics. The formation of functional molecular self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) on these transparent, conductive films allows their optical monitoring using transmission optical spectroscopy, as well as the probing of their electrical properties. The potential of such Pt films as suitable metal substrates in opto‐ and nanoelectronics is proven by representative applications, including switching of prototypical photochromic and electrochromic species in SAMs and molecule–metal junctions.
An LMA‐Effortsimulator with dynamics parameters for motion capture animation
Authors: Chao Shih‐Pin , Yang Shi‐Nine , Lin Tsang‐Gang 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis paper presents a dynamics‐basedEffortsimulator so that a given motion can be modified according to specifiedEffortqualities. The basic idea of our approach is to establish relations betweenEffortfactors such as Space, Weight, Time, and Flow, and their corresponding dynamics parameters such as force, stiffness, inertia, damping, gravity, and etc in the simulator. Then, a motion with specifiedEffortquality can be realized by mapping it to appropriate dynamics parameters of the simulator. The proposed simulator has two merits: it is motion capture‐driven, therefore it is able to synthesize motion details and easily to be incorporated into popular motion capture applications. Besides, it is dynamics based and therefore it provides high‐level control intuition of motion dynamics in specifyingEffortqualities. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed simulator, several experimental examples are presented and their results are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bringing haptics and physical simulation together: haptic travel through physical worlds
Authors: Jorissen Pieter , De Boeck Joan , Lamotte Wim 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis paper describes our efforts in bringing haptics closer to current dynamic virtual environments (VE). These interactive 3D worlds make more and more use of physical simulations in order to increase realism. As a first step in closing the gap, we propose haptic travel that allows users to feel how their virtual representation navigates through the simulated world. In this work, we show how we coupled stable haptic rendering to physical simulation in order to achieve this. By generating a force feedback field, based on the user's input in combination with collision information provided by a rigid body simulator, we managed to provide the user with useful information on what is happening to its virtual representation. A humanoid animated character, which represents the user, is coupled to the rigid body object that represents the user in physical space. This character is animated according to the travel motions that the physical object makes, depending on user input from the haptic device. Our approach is suitable for a whole set of applications and input devices and can reduce the number of devices necessary to interact in VEs. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Understanding visuo‐motor primitives for motion synthesis and analysis
Authors: Guerra‐Filho Gutemberg , Aloimonos Yiannis 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe problem addressed in this paper concerns the representation of human movement in terms of atomic visuo‐motor primitives considering both generation and perception of movement. We introduce the concept of kinetology, the phonology of human movement, and five principles on which such a system should be based: compactness, view‐invariance, reproducibility, selectivity, and reconstructivity. We propose visuo‐motor primitives and demonstrate their kinetological properties. Further evaluation is accomplished with experiments on compression and decompression. Our long‐term goal is to demonstrate that action has a space characterized by a visuo‐motor language. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Wizard‐of‐Oz platform for embodied conversational agents
Authors: Brown Edward , Barrett Neil 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA low‐cost prototyping environment for experimenting with embodied conversational agents is discussed. The platform allows modeling and experimenting with different agent constructs and protocols prior to significant investment in the construction of the agent environment. Problems in the design of such a platform include the substantial number of agent controls needed and the flexibility required to represent the constructs of different theories, protocols and target environments as they are introduced and developed. These problems are addressed by augmenting a movie clip manager with a general drawing palette as a design tool. The result is a prototyping environment which simulates multiple agents on a desktop while allowing arbitrary notational conventions. The current version does not render multiple agents in a shared virtual environment, but the protocol‐based architecture is amenable to such extensions. In the meantime, valuable results regarding the social character of multiple agent interaction can be explored with the existing tool. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.