bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Perceived Bitterness of Beer and 6‐n‐Propylthiouracil (PROP) Taste Sensitivity
Authors: INTRANUOVO LINDA R. , POWERS ALICE S. 
Published: February 2006

ABSTRACT: Pelchat and Danowski found a significantly higher proportion of nontasters of 6‐n‐propylthiouracil (PROP) among children of alcoholics than among children of nonalcoholics, suggesting a possible genetic association between alcoholism and PROP tasting ability. They suggested that nontasters may not find alcohol as bitter as tasters do and may be at greater risk for alcoholism because they like the taste of alcoholic beverages more. In the present study we tested this hypothesis by examining how nontasters, medium tasters, and supertasters of PROP judged the taste of two kinds of beer.Forty‐seven males and 53 females between the ages of 21 and 49 rated the perceived bitterness of Budweiser and Pilsner Urquell on the oral Labeled Magnitude Scale (LMS). Subjects also rated their degree of liking or disliking for the two beers on a 9‐point. Likert scale. PROP papers and the LMS were used to classify subjects into tasting groups.The results lent some support to the hypothesis in that male nontasters liked the taste of Pilsner Urquell better than male supertasters, when they tasted Pilsner Urquell after Budweiser. (This finding was not replicated for females.) Also, as subjects' ratings of bitterness for the two beers increased, their degree of liking for the taste decreased. Supertasters rated Pilsner Urquell significantly more bitter than medium tasters. Subjects were asked about their drinking habits, and supertasters reported consuming significantly less beer than nontasters when they first started drinking beer on a regular basis. There were no significant differences in current drinking behavior between tasting groups. These results suggest that supertasters are distinct from nontasters with regard to their taste for beer and may to some degree be protected against alcoholism by their dislike for bitter substances.
Oral Irritant Effects of Nicotine: Psychophysical Evidence for Decreased Sensation following Repeated Application of and Lack of Cross‐Desensitization to Capsaicina
Authors: DESSIRIER JEAN‐MARC , O'MAHONY MICHAEL , CARSTENS E. 
Published: February 2006

ABSTRACT: When delivered to the oral mucosa, a variety of naturally occurring chemicals such as capsaicin from red chili peppers, piperine from black pepper, and nicotine from tobacco, cause a diffuse burning sensation often referred to as irritation. The burning sensation evoked by capsaicin increases when delivered repeatedly at 1 min intervals (sensitization), but then decreases markedly following a 10 min rest period (self‐desensitization. It is also interesting that following desensitization by capsaicin, irritant sensations evoked by other chemicals are also reduced (cross‐desensitization), suggesting that oral irritation from some agents may be mediated by a population of capsaicin‐sensitive trigeminal polymodal nociceptors.Although nicotine is a major component in tobacco smoke, little is known about its sensory properties. Accordingly, a study of the oral irritant effects of nicotine as compared with capsaicin was initiated.Whereas capsaicin (0.5 or 3 ppm; repeated at 1 min intervals over 10 min) evoked significantly stronger sensations (sensitization), there was a significant decrement in sensations to repeated application of nicotine (0.1%). After the subjects had received either repeated capsaicin or nicotine on one side of the tongue, a rest period ensued followed by a bilateral application of either capsaicin or nicotine. Subjects were, then, asked to choose which side yielded a stronger sensation (two‐alternative forced choice). Following capsaicin pretreatment, all subjects reported that capsaicin evoked a stronger sensation on the previously unseated side (capsaicin self‐desensitization). Similar self‐desensitization was observed with nicotine. Furthermore, nicotine was reported to evoke a significantly weaker sensation on the side of the tongue pretreated with capsaicin (cross‐desensitization). In contrast, equal numbers of subjects reported capsaicin to evoke a stronger sensation on either the nicotine‐pretreated side or the untreated side, indicating an absence of cross‐desensitization. These results are discussed in terms of physiological mechanisms that might underlie the contrasting sensory effects of nicotine versus capsaicin.
Epidemiology and Control of East Coast Fever in Zambia: A Field Trial with Traditionally Managed Sanga Cattlea
Authors: MINJAUW B. , OTTE M. J. , JAMES A. D. 
Published: February 2006

ABSTRACT: The main objective of the reported field trial was to compare different East Coast Fever (ECF) control strategies for their efficacy, effect on cattle productivity and cost‐effectiveness. Five strategies were tested in groups of traditionally managed Sanga cattle over a period of 2.5 years. Two groups were under intensive tick control, one group immunized by the infection and treatment method and the other non‐immunized. Two groups were under no tick control, one group immunized and the other non‐immunized (the control group). The fifth group was under strategic tick control and was immunized against ECF.All ECF control methods tested significantly reduced mortality, but no marked differences to the control group were seen in other production parameters. No difference in mortality was observed between animals protected from ECF by immunization or by tick control. The most cost‐effective method of controlling the disease was by immunization. A financial analysis showed that under the prevailing conditions the break‐even price for immunization ranged from US$21.5 to US$25.7 depending of the proportion of reactors. The carrier state induced by immunization did not lead to a persistent high incidence of ECF in non‐immunized animals using the same grazing area.
Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia: The Costs of Control in Central/Southern Africa
Authors: WINDSOR R. S. , WOOD A. 
Published: February 2006

ABSTRACT: Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides small colony (M. mycoides) has been endemic in many parts of Africa for the greater part of this century. Because of an international vaccination campaign the disease was almost eliminated from the continent.With the deteriorating economic situation of many countries, vaccination programs have been allowed to slip; drought conditions have resulted in great movements of livestock and the disease has spread rapidly to the east and south. For Government Veterinary Departments, the implications of this resurgence of CBPP, are serious. The costs threaten to overwhelm completely under‐funded government services. Where cost‐recovery measures are introduced, the charging for vaccines may damage rapport with communities and erode the credibility of the government services. Farmers may find the loss of cattle and the costs of vaccine severe burdens which threaten their livelihoods and social well‐being (Zambia) and even, in extreme cases, their survival (Botswana). Controlling the disease today presents new possibilities which include increased cross‐border collaboration (Malawi/Tanzania), increased emphasis on monitoring (N. Zambia) and the greater involvement of communities in disease control (W. Zambia).
The PACAP Ligand/Receptor System Regulates Cerebral Cortical Neurogenesisa
Authors: DICICCO‐BLOOM EMANUEL , LU NAIRU , PINTAR JOHN E. , ZHANG JIWEN 
Published: February 2006

Abstract: The PACAP ligand/type I receptor system is expressed throughout the embryonic nervous system, suggesting roles in regulating neural patterning and neurogenesis. In the forebrain, precursors of the six‐layered cerebral cortex cease dividing in a highly reproducible spatiotemporal sequence. The time of cell cycle exit in fact determines neuron laminar fate. Our studies indicate that PACAP signaling may elicit cortical precursor withdrawal from the cell cycle, antagonizing mitogenic stimulators. PACAP inhibited embryonic day 13.5 rat cortical precursor [3H]thymidine incorporation, decreasing the proportion of mitotic cells. PACAP promoted morphological and biochemical differentiation, indicating that PACAP‐induced cell cycle withdrawal was accompanied by neuronal differentiation. In vivo, embryonic cortex contains PACAP. In culture, 85% of cells expressed PACAP while 64% exhibited receptor. Co‐localization studies indicated that PACAP ligand and receptor were expressed by the mitotic precursors that divided in response to bFGF, suggesting that precursors integrate mitogenic and anti‐mitogenic signals to determine the timing of cell cycle exit.The expression of PACAP ligand and receptor in precursors raised the possibility of autocrine function. Indeed, peptide antagonists increased proliferation, suggesting that the PACAP system is expressed to elicit cell cycle exit. During ontogeny, an inhibitory signal, such as PACAP, may be required to counter the stimulatory activity of mitogenic bFGF and IGFI whose expression during cortical neurogenesis is sustained. The dynamic interplay of positive and negative regulators would regulate the timing of cell cycle withdrawal, and thus neuronal phenotype and laminar position.
The Protective Effect of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) on Stress‐Induced Gastric Ulceration in Rats
Authors: TUNÇEL NEŞ'E , ERKASAP N˙ILÜFER , ŞAH˙INTÜRK VAROL , AK D˙ILEK DOĞRUKOL , TUNÇEL MUZAFFER 
Published: February 2006

Abstract: The pathogenesis of cold‐restraint stress ulcer involves various factors and is not completely understood. Mast cell degranulation, increased gastric muscular contractility, diminished mucosal blood flow, release of several biogenic amines, activated polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and lipid peroxidation which results from toxic oxygen molecules were suggested to be related to the production of gastric damage by cold‐restraint stress. Recent evidence strongly indicates that VIP has a modulatory effect on tissue injury.Sprague‐Dawley rats were used in two series of experiments. One set of rats was exposed to cold‐restraint stress with some of the rats pretreated with VIP. The second set of rats was exposed to cold‐restraint stress and then was administered VIP for different durations. Cold‐restraint stress induced gastric lesions and mast cell degranulation and also increased lipid peroxidation in gastric tissue. VIP prevented stress‐induced ulcers and mast cell degranulation and protected gastric tissue from lipid peroxidation. When VIP was used after induction of stress ulcer it was therapeutically beneficial.Thanks to its antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activity, VIP can be valuable in the prevention of gastric mucosal damage induced by cold‐restraint stress.
On the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus with Glucagon‐like Peptide‐1
Authors: HOLST JENS JUUL , DEACON CAROLYN , TOFT‐NIELSEN MAJ‐BRIT , BJERRE‐KNUDSEN LOTTE 
Published: February 2006

Abstract: As a therapeutic principle, the insulinotropic peptide, GLP‐1, of the secretin‐glucagon family of peptides, has turned out to possess some remarkably attractive properties, including the capability of normalizing blood glucose concentrations in patients with non‐insulin‐dependant diabetes mellitus and promoting satiety and reducing food intake in healthy volunteers. Because of rapid and extensive metabolization, the peptide is not immediately clinically applicable and, as a therapeutic principle, GLP‐1 is still in its infancy. Some possible avenues for circumventing these difficulties are the development of DPP‐IV‐resistant analogs, the inhibition of DPP‐IV, enhancement of GLP‐1 secretion, GLP delivery systems using continuous subcutaneous infusion or buccal tablets, GLP‐1 absorption, and orally active, stable analogs. It seems likely that one or more of these approaches could result in a clinically useful development program.In a previous publication, 1 we introduced the new incretin hormone, glucagon‐like peptide‐1 and presented its effects on blood glucose regulation in normal and diabetic subjects. Its role as an incretin hormone, being the most potent insulinotropic hormone known, was emphasized, and it was described how intravenous infusions of GLP‐1 can completely normalize the hyperglycemia of patients with non‐insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). It was concluded that GLP‐1 had great potential as a therapeutic agent. The present communication deals with the attempts that have been made to transform this typical peptide hormone of the glucagon‐secretin‐VIP‐PACAP family into a clinically useful therapeutic agent.
Global Spiral Patterns in Galaxies: Complexity and Simplicity
Authors: LIN C. C. 
Published: February 2006

ABSTRACT: A coherent exposition of the density wave theory of galactic spirals is presented in a recent monograph [3]. It is centered on the working hypothesis of quasi‐stationary spiral structure, a possibility first proposed by Bertil Lindblad [23]. This hypothesis has since been found to be widely applicable in a number of physical contexts, including the explanation of the Hubble classification system and other tegorical classes. Direct empirical support of this hypothesis has been provided especially by the regularity of the infrared images frequently observed in a number of galaxies (e.g., NGC 309), and by the observed amplitude modulation along the spiral arms (e.g., M51, M81, and NGC 1300). The present paper is a brief review of this theory with further clarification of the fundamentals and of certain specific issues raised in the literature.On the theoretical side, the likelihood for the validity of this hypothesis has been supported by modal studies. Emphasis is placed on the widely observed coexistence of a single regular structure in the Pop II objects and the more complex irregular structures in the Pop I objects, a contrast first discovered by Zwicky many years ago in the main disk of M51. It is pointed out that, in both barred and nonbarred spirals, this basic phenomenon may be understood by noting the fact that the microscale of the collisionless system of Pop II stars‐i.e., the diameter of the epicycle‐is typically on the same order of magnitude as the observed spacing between the spiral arms. The spiral pattern is thus a very compact structure which is unlikely to respond readily to internal and external disturbances of moderate magnitudes. This apparent robustness in structure is suggested by its observed regularity despite the impact from the coexisting Pop I objects with their strong irregular turbulent motions.This physical picture supports Oort's conjecture [28] of a limited role for tidal interaction in most of the spiral structure of galaxies. It also enables us to place in proper perspective a controversy between two schools of thought, with different emphasis placed on intrinsic mechanisms and on tidal interaction. It is primarily a matter of applicability, or frequency of occurrence of the different scenarios proposed. There is, as yet, little observational evidence presented in the literature that would support the need of an interpretation of the global spiral structure in the galactic disk in terms of a fast evolving structure recently generated from a featureless initial state through tidal interaction. Dynamically, the likelihood for realizing such a scenario is also estimated to be quite low [3, p. 130].The above discussions are placed in the context of a general point of view much advocated in current scientific literature; namely, the need to analyze alternative mathematical models for diverse physical contexts in the study of “complex” systems and to judge separately the merits of each model on the basis of its empirical confirmation in an appropriate physical context.
Algorithm for Spatial Straightness Evaluation Using Theories of Linear Complex Chebyshev Approximation and Semi-infinite Linear Programming
Authors: Zhu LiMin , Ding Ye , Ding Han 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This paper presents a novel methodology for evaluating spatial straightness error based on the minimum zone criterion. Spatial straightness evaluation is formulated as a linear complex Chebyshev approximation problem, and then reformulated as a semi-infinite linear programming problem. Both models for the primal and dual programs are developed. An efficient simplex-based algorithm is employed to solve the dual linear program to yield the straightness value. Also a general algebraic criterion for checking the optimality of the solution is proposed. Numerical experiments are given to verify the effectiveness and efficiency of the presented algorithm.
Comparative investigations of T cell receptor γ gene rearrangements in frozen and formalin-fixed paraffin wax-embedded tissues by capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Christensen M , Funder A D , Bendix K , Soerensen F B 
Published: February 2006

Aim:To compare clonal T cell receptor γ (TCRγ) gene rearrangements in frozen and formalin-fixed paraffin wax-embedded (FFPE) tissue, using capillary electrophoresis for use in diagnostics, as T cell lymphomas may be difficult to diagnose by conventional methods.Methods:The DNA for PCR was extracted from frozen and FFPE tissue, cell lines and blood. PCR primers Vγ1-8, Vγ9, Vγ10 or Vγ11 (5′ end labelled) combined with a mixture of JγP1/JγP/JγP2/Jγ2 (unlabelled) were used. Monoclonal cases were sequenced and clonality, reproducibility, sensitivity and specificity analyses were carried out.Results:In all cases the molecular test was found to be in agreement with the histological diagnosis. Discrepancies were found between frozen and FFPE tissue in 18 of 56 (32%) tests. The method was highly reproducible. The sensitivity was found to be 0.5% for cell lines and 1% for patient specimens and the specificity 100%. The junctional region between the Vγ and Jγ segments was specific for each patient.Conclusions:Capillary electrophoresis of PCR products from frozen and FFPE tissue is suitable for detecting clonal TCRγ gene rearrangements. It is important, however, to correlate the results with conventional morphological and immunohistochemical studies.
Expression of glucocorticoid receptors in non-neoplastic lymphoid follicles and B cell type malignant lymphomas
Authors: Okazaki S-I , Yamakawa M , Maeda K , Ohta N , Aoyagi M 
Published: February 2006

Objective:To evaluate the expression of human glucocorticoid receptors (hGRs), such as hGR (4H2), hGR-α, and hGR-β, in non-neoplastic lymphoid follicles and B cell type malignant lymphomas.Methods:The expression of hGRs in non-neoplastic lymphoid follicles and malignant lymphomas, including diffuse large cell lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, and follicular lymphoma, was examined immunohistochemically. HGR (4H2) expression was confirmed by double immunostaining of tissues and in isolated cells from tonsillar germinal centres, and by immunoelectronmicroscopy.Results:In secondary lymphoid follicles of any non-neoplastic diseases—such as chronic tonsillitis, reactive lymphadenitis, and Kimura’s disease—the germinal centre cells often expressed hGR (4H2) and hGR-α. Double immunocytochemical staining of isolated germinal centre cells showed that the majority of hGR (4H2) positive cells were CD20 positive B cells, and that follicular dendritic cells also expressed hGR. Immunoelectronmicroscopy revealed the presence of nuclear hGR (4H2) in the binucleated follicular dendritic cells and germinal centre cells. The frequency of hGR (4H2) expression in diffuse large B cell lymphoma was higher, that in mantle cell lymphoma was lower, and that in follicular lymphoma was intermediate among the types of malignant lymphoma. The hGR (4H2) expression was less frequent in cases of grade I follicular lymphoma.Conclusions:There are differences in hGR expression between the germinal centre and the mantle zone in non-neoplastic lymphoid follicles, and differences of hGR (4H2) expression among the types of malignant lymphoma and grades of follicular lymphoma, which probably contribute to the different steroid sensitivities.
Numerical transformation of geochemical data: 1. Maximizing geochemical contrast to facilitate information extraction and improve data presentation
Authors: Stanley Clifford R. 
Published: February 2006

Data transformation in geoscience has typically been motivated by three objectives: (1) creating normally distributed data; (2) creating data that are additive; and (3) making errors constant across the range of the data.
Historically, transformation of geochemical concentrations has been undertaken to achieve normality. Unfortunately, most geochemical distributions are multi-modal and derived from several geological sources. Thus no continuous, monotonic transformations exist that can convert these into (even approximately) normal distributions, and thus transformation for this purpose is neither generally achievable nor justified. Transformations that create additivity are rare in geochemical applications, although they are important in error treatment and lithogeochemical data analysis. These transformations effectively convert data into a form that can be sensibly manipulated, and thus facilitate subsequent data analysis. Transformation to stabilizing errors in geochemical data is also not common, although it is a useful attribute in subsequent geochemical data analysis.
Another type of data transformation, designed to maximize geochemical contrast (or maximize data variance), may be achieved by raising geochemical concentrations to a power after transforming the data to the 0 ↔ 1 interval. The power that produces the maximum variance in the transformed result creates the maximum geochemical contrast, affording the geochemist an opportunity to extract the most information from the geochemical data.
The ‘maximum data variance’ transformation is based not on the subsequent data analysis result (e.g. recognizable geochemical patterns; circular reasoning where ‘the end justifies the means’), but on an optimal property created by the transform. As a result, this transformation provides significant advantage in subsequent data analysis because results achieved are not subjective.
Numerical transformation of geochemical data: 2. Stabilizing measurement error to facilitate data interpretation
Authors: Stanley Clifford R. 
Published: February 2006

Traditional uses of data transformations in geoscience have typically been motivated by three objectives: (1) creating normally distributed data; (2) creating data that are additive; and (3) making errors constant across the data range. Part 1 of this paper discussed the transformation applicability for the first two reasons in geochemical applications, and introduced a fourth motivation whereby transformation maximizes the variance (or geochemical contrast) in the transformed data; it did not discuss transformation to stabilize measurement error.
Although transformation to stabilizing errors in geochemical data is not common, this is a useful attribute in geochemical data analysis. The transformation is dependent on the model describing the magnitude of measurement (sampling and analysis) error as a function of concentration. Models describing measurement error as a function of concentration can be used to derive a transformation that will stabilize the measurement error in the transformed variable. Poisson, binomial and hypergeometric models are typically used to describe sampling errors, whereas straight line (constant, proportional and affine) models are used to describe analytical errors. The associated variance stabilizing transformations, derived from these models, have constant propagated errors. As a result, these transformations create a ‘level playing field’ for subsequent data analysis, enabling the discovery of additional information in the data.
Homoscedastic measurement error allows the geochemist to justify use of a specific transformation based not on the subsequent data analysis results (circular reasoning; ‘the end justifies the means’), but on optimal properties created by the transformation. In this way, objective results can be achieved scientifically, providing another motivation to collect geochemical quality control data.