bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in Personality Response Ratings Induced by Smoking Marihuana
Authors: Abel Ernest L. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryDespite the fact that the use of marihuana (cannabis sativa, L.) dates back to the third millenium B.C. and that at present there art reportedly more than 200 million users of marihuana, the effects of this substance on Humans are still a source of controversy. Some of the effects attributed to its usage are its potential for “destroying the will”, “loss of self‐control”, failure of memory, instigating crimes of violence suck as murder or rape. While there hose been some attempts to experimentally assess the effects of marihuana on humans, more often than not, the subjects used in these studies have been inmates of penal institutions (e.g. 5–6–7—surely not a representative sample of the majority of marihuana users. In contrast, the following study involves a preliminary assessment of the psychological reactions which occur in normal volunteer subjects after they have smoked marihuana.
Diagnostic Tests in Alcoholism
Authors: Benjafield J. G. , Rutter L. F. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe biochemical, physiological and psychological features of metabolic and endocrine disorders prevalent in alcoholics, in conjunction with reactions to carbohydrate, amino acid and nicotinic acid tolerance tests, suggest a means of distinguishing the alcoholism from heavy drinking.Case and family histories, considered in relation to genetic factors, dermatoglyphics and diet preferences, provide additional data which are of value in diagnosis, assessment of predisposition to addiction, and choice of treatment.
Social Characteristics of Addiction to Heroin
Authors: Merry Julius 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe social backgrounds of 63 heroin addicts and 63 non‐addict personality disorders are compared. Backgrounds of both groups are disturbed. Common to both groups is an unstable home in childhood. The backgrounds of 20 female addicts and 20 healthy primiparae are compared and a marked contrast in stability is demonstrated. It is suggested that the spread of addiction will be contained more by stabilizing the family structure than by treatment of the addict.
Some Characteristics of an Ex‐Addict Self‐Help Therapeutic Community and its Members
Authors: Weppner Robert S. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryPeople who joined Matrix House, an autonomous self‐help group at the Lexington, Kentucky, Federal Narcotics Hospital, tended to be dissimilar to a white “street” addict on a number of variables. Proportionately, they came from a higher socio‐economic background; they were more often young, white, and single males; they were inclined toward “less complicated” kinds of crime while on the streets; they were less criminally oriented in that they had fewer arrests and spent less time incarcerated; they had somewhat shorter addiction careers; and finally they abused different types of drugs, primarily psychedelics. Overall, the Stayers seemed to differ from a sample of 267 STs (other Lexington patients) and the Leavers were more similar to the STs, which may partially account for the fact they left Matrix House. The main point derived from this study is that Matrix House, as a self‐help modality which could have drawn its members from a fairly representative population of narcotics addicts, attracted only a certain type, as indicated above. It tended to choose people who had similar characteristics, or perhaps conversely, only a certain type of individual chose this self‐help modality. Unfortunately, whatever the characteristics of an individual who entered this treatment modality, on the average he only remained a short five months.
Misuse of Heroin and Methadone in the City of Oxford
Authors: Arroyave Fernando , Little Doreen , Letemendia Felix , de Alarcon Richard 
Published: January 2006

SummaryHome Office statistics provide some evidence of the rapid growth of heroin abuse. In 1960 there were 63 known addicts in the age group 34 years and under, and by 1968, when notification of addiction to heroin was made compulsory under the Notification of Addicts' Act, the number had risen to 2,294. The use of methadone (“Physeptone”) both in withdrawal and in long‐term maintenance therapy, has resulted in cases of additional dependence.The aim of this paper is to present an enumerative survey of abuse of these two drugs by persons of 30 years of age and under, known to have resided at some time within the Oxford City boundaries during the year 1969. The initial model for this study was that published by de Alarcon and Rathod in 1968.1
The Heroin Overdose as a Method of Attempted Suicide
Authors: Friedman Richard C. , Friedman Judith Green , Ramirez Terry 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThirteen of 103 patients at a methadone maintenance clinic admitted taking 33 heroin overdoses during their lives. Historical reconstruction revealed that most overdoses were covert suicide attempts. Only 12% were accidents due to variability of street samples. 38% of the covert suicide attempts were related to incarceration and the role of jail in contributing to the etiology of suicidal behavior in addicts is noted. Five cases are presented illustrating the causes of overdose in this group.
Attitude Manipulation in Restricted Environments: IV. Psychologically Addicted Smokers Treated in Sensory Deprivation *
Authors: Suedfeld Peter , Ikard Frederick F. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryFive psychologically addicted smokers with smoking rates of between 30–50 cigarettes per day, underwent a procedur consisting of 24 hours of sensory deprivation with periodic taped messages. Two of the subjects were given “booster” sessions two months later. All five subjects reported that their craving for cigarettes disappeared during and for some days after the treatment, and all showed significant reductions in smoking rate (75–100 per cent) for at least two weeks afterwards. Three subjects have quit smoking and have each gone at least one month without any cigarettes or craving for cigarettes.
The First 100 Referrals to a Scottish Drug Addiction Treatment Centre*
Authors: Woodside Moya 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis is a report on the first 3 years' experience at the Drug Addiction Treatment Centre which was established at the Royal Edinburgh Hospital in April, 1968, The statutory requirements, and the hospital polity for dealing with persons addicted to dangerous drugs are outlined, followed by a demographic and social analysis of the 100 probands including childhood circumstances, work record, delinquent background, and known record of non‐drug offences. Drug taking habits are surveyed, together with medical and pyschiatric complications reported. The reasons given for coming to hospital, and the attitudes of these drug‐takers are presented in detail, showing the problems of management to which they give rise. Local difficulties impeding social rehabilitation are also discussed. It is questioned whether hospital addiction centres, as at present organised, can be effective in the treatment of young unmotivated drug misusers.
Dependence on Analgesics in Analgesic Nephropathy
Authors: Murray Robin M. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryFifty‐one patients with analgesic nephropathy were studied over 3 years. Askit Powders and Codeine Co. were the main preparations they had abused, and the average amount they admitted was 6 daily for 20 years. The cause of analgesic nephropathy is dependence on analgesics, the characteristics of which include 1 A need to continue taking the analgesics. 2 A tendency to slowly increase the dose, partly owing to tolerance and partly to treat symptoms the analgesic ingestion has caused, 3 A psychic dependence which results from appreciation of the psychotropic effects of the compound analgesics. 4 Severe withdrawal effects are rare. 5 The dependence causes a characteristic “syndrome of analgesic abuse.”
The Intensity of the Addictive Drive or What Price Pleasure?
Authors: Tozman Seymour , Kramer Steven S. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper makes observation as to the nature and intensity of the addictive drive. Three cases of addicts displaying physical mutilations of various sorts are described and others alluded to, wherein the addict failed to remove himself from a life‐threatening situation. The recklessness of addictive behavior and its relationship to a drive state based on biological and pharmacological principles is discussed.
A Follow‐up Study of Nineteen Alcoholic Patients Treated by Means of Tetraethyl‐Thiuram Disulfide (Antabuse) Implants
Authors: Obholzer A. M. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryOver a period of 11 months 20 implants were performed on 19 patients suffering from alcoholism. It was the aim of this study to assess the efficacy of this technique as a form of treatment for alcoholism as well as assessing the complications thereof.
Public Health Implications of the Enroll and Clayson Licensing Reports*
Authors: Glatt M. M. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIt is well known and emphasized by the Erroll Committee itself that “the picture …, particularly over the last 20 years, is of rising overall consumption, accompanied by an increase in alcoholism death rates and in offences of drunkenness…”, and among the young in the last few years not only a rise in drunkenness offences but also in the rates of alcoholism. (Glass 1972). Further research in this field is obviously necessary, but from the public health point of view one may seriously question whether this is the best time to recommend a marked relaxation of licensing laws, and increase the availability of drink, venues, hours and opportunities for drinking, for all age groups, thus making drink more widely available and socially more acceptable.
Self‐Reported Unpleasant Effects from Illicit Use of Fourteen Substances
Authors: Patterson Carroll D. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractOver a six month period, 19,948 new military inductees were confidentially surveyed about their previous illicit usage of fourteen substances. Of these men, 6,203 (32%) indicated usage, at least once, of one or more of the fourteen substances. Of the 6,203 users, sixteen percent reported that they had experienced an unpleasant effect from their drug use upon one or more occasions. The substance most often mentioned as causing unpleasant effects was LSD, followed at some distance, in second and third place, by heroin and STP.The average number of other drugs used by those reporting unpleasant effects varied from 7.6 in the heroin users to 1.4 in the marihuana users.
The Choice of Intoxicant Among the Chinese
Authors: Singer K. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe choice of alcohol and narcotics and the prevalence pattern of dependence en these substances among the Chinese are found tit differ significantly from those in the West. Possible factors responsible for the distinctive pattern in the Chinest are considered. Probably significant are cultural ideology sanctioning acquiescence, moderation, propriety conformity and intellectual control; historical events leading to easy availability of opiates over a long period; and, a high level of social pathology associated with culture change, economic hardship and easy accessibility to drugs.
Measures Associated with Outcome on One Year Follow‐up of Male Alcoholics
Authors: Adamson John D. , Fostaiowsky Robert T. , Chebib Farouk S. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryFifty‐two alcoholics were studied at a time when they were receiving treatment either as hospital in‐patients or as residents in a rehabilitation facility. Information was obtained regarding past and present social level and functioning and drinking history. The subjects also completed a motivation checklist and an affect checklist. A particular focus of the investigation was to investigate the proposition that anomy would be associated with poor prognosis.A year later 38 subjects were successfully followed up; 13 were abstinent and 25 had resumed drinking. Of many life history variables only level of education and residential stability were found to be significantly associated with outcome. Measures of anomy derived from principal component analysis of the motivation checklist likewise were not significantly associated with outcome. However, a discriminant function, composed of variables from the motivation and affect checklists, completely separated the two outcome groups. When this function was applied to the subjects who were not followed up most were predicted to have returned to drinking. While the specific discriminant function derived here might not apply to other populations, it is proposed that the results here demonstrate that attitudinal measures are better predictors of outcome than are life history variables. Suggestions are made regarding further research in this area.
Some Notes on Milieu Management for Drag Addicts*
Authors: Sorensen Andrew A. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryAlthough many milieu management systems for the treatment of drug addicts constitute an extended drug subculture, many systems do not. Observations from a treatment program of the latter sort indicate that integration of residents in suck programs with non‐addict community persons is antithetical to the development of an extended drug subculture.It is recommended that in a society characterized by extensive use of psychoactive drugs and a diversity of ethnic groups, therapeutic communities oriented to abstinence from addictive drugs be viewed as a responsibly conceived avenue of treatment for some addicts. Furthermore, it is recommended that these treatment facilities, and the society in general, demonstrate increased sensitivity to the cultural identities of all addicts and ex‐addicts.
Dependence on Alcohol and Drugs following Treatment for Neurosis
Authors: Sims Andrew 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA 12 year follow‐up study was carried out on a sample of 146 patients treated in hospital for neurosis. 10 per cent of these patients were found to show evidence of alcohol or drug abuse at follow‐up. These tended to be patients with worse social adjustment at the time of admission to hospital and they tended to have a much worse outcome at follow‐up than the rest of the ex‐neurotic patients. Severely neurotic patients are considered to be “at risk” for development of dependence and abuse. From studying individual case histories the progression from neurosis to dependence is demonstrated.
Some Shortcomings of Methadone Maintenance
Authors: Harms Ernest 
Published: January 2006

SummaryMore careful examination of methadone patients evidences that they have not less severe after‐effects than have the heroin addicts, Difference is that the symptoms after methadone intake are not as clearly observable than those after heroin use. The most disagreeable of the after‐effect of methadone is profuse sweating. As a very helpful remedy has been established one drop of Tine. Phosphoric Acid with each dose of methadone. (A similar addiction is administered by the softdrink industry to stop perspiration.)
Types of Arrests Recorded for Methadone Maintenance Patients Before, During, and After Treatment
Authors: Schut Jacob , Steer Robert A. , Gonzalez Frank I. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe police records of 65 male heroin addicts were compared before and after admission to a methadone maintenance program for occurrences of (1) violence, (2) property, and (3) drug related arrests. Occurrences of arrests for all three categories of crime decreased while the men were in treatment, and the police records of 19 men who prematurely left treatment indicated that their incidences of arrests for violence, property, and drug related crimes did not increase after leaving the program. The conclusions were drawn (1) that male addicts' incidences of arrests are reduced after admission to a methadone maintenance program and (2) that dropouts from methadone maintenance have incidences of arrests comparable to those incurred while in treatment.
Notes Toward the Analysis of Loss of Control in Normal and Pathological Drinkers
Authors: Storm Thomas , Cutler Ronald 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe general distribution of alcohol consumption and its responsiveness to price variations relative to disposable income suggest that there is no qualitative distinction between alcoholics and other heavy drinkers. The disease concept of alcoholism and the notion of loss of control, on the other hand, imply such a distinction. A reinterpretation of loss of control is offered which assumes that loss of control exists but does not distinguish between pathological and non‐pathological drinkers. The notion of control and some speculations about factors affecting the frequency and success of controls are discussed.
A Study into the Aetiology of Delirium Tremens
Authors: Whitwell F. D. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA group of 60 members of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) were examined by an individually administered questionnaire to look for factors positively correlated with the occurrence of Delirium Tremens (DTs). The main factors found to be positively correlated with DTs were (i) more serious social consequences of alcoholism; (ii) lower social class. There was no relationship to (i) duration of drinking (ii) type of drink consumed. The possible significance of these findings with reference to aetiology is discussed.
Alcoholics' Perceptions of Selected Counseling Techniques
Authors: Obitz Frederick W. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryFifty male alcoholics were shown motion picture films of a directive and a non‐directive therapist counseling the same client. After viewing the films the subjects rated the therapists on thirty‐two variables using a seven point rating scale. Subjects perceived the non‐directive technique as more socially desirable but preferred the directive technique in working on their own problems. It was suggested that a method of preferential selection of therapists by alcoholic clients might contribute to increasing the length of stay in treatment and provide an effective model for matching individual treatment modalities with individual client needs.
Selected Demographic Characteristics and Patterns of Drug Abuse among Treated Addicts from a Suburban Community *†
Authors: Copemann Chester D. , Shaw Paula L. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe nemesis of drug addiction, once regarded as a black, lower class, urban problem, is now considered a problem affecting all ethnic and socioeconomic groups, as well as suburban communities. Current statistics on drug addiction, however, are based primarily on urban populations and reflect little knowledge of drug use in the suburbs.This paper presents not only a description of those individuals entering treatment at the Alba‐Neck Halfway House, which is located in a suburban area on Long Island, New York, but it also compares those addicts who dropped out of treatment prematurely, with those addicts who completed treatment.
On Understanding and Treating Narcotic Dependence: A Neuropsychopharmacological Perspective
Authors: Ng Lorenz K. Y. , Szara Stephen , Bunney William E. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe etiology of narcotic dependence in man is multifactorial and complex. Social, psychological and pharmacological factors all play important roles in Ike genesis of this disorder. Viewed from a scientific standpoint, addiction to narcotics is a remarkable phenomenon; that a foreign substance (the narcotic drug) with no known biological function can produce a “hunger” of such intensity that the drive for the toxic foreign substance displaces all other basic needs and responsibilities. Such a profound alteration of human behavior by a foreign chemical may originated in some important biochemical events somewhere in the body. This review examines the psycho‐pharmacological and biochemical factors that may be pertinent and the interaction of these fators which may contribute to the phenomenon of narcotic‐seeking behavior. Rational guidelines for new and improved biomedical modalities for treatment of narcotic dependence are suggested by past and ongoing research.
Young Drug and Alcohol Casualties Compared: Review of 100 Patients at a Scottish Psychiatric Hospital
Authors: Plant Martin A. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe case notes of 100 young drug and alcohol abusers attending a psychiatric hospital were reviewed. Only two of the study group were recorded by the hospital as dependent upon both drugs and alcohol. Case notes revealed that an additional 32 individuals abused both drugs and alcohol, often taking these in conjunction. It was concluded that many of the study group were multi‐problem patients whose general lifestyles were more problematic than the varied substances they abused.
Abuse of Stimulant Drugs in Nigeria
Authors: Oviasu V. O. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryAbuse of drugs is becoming more common in Nigeria. This article reviews 491 casts of abuse of amphetamines and proplus (caffeine) seen at the Usetu Nervous Diseases Clinic, Benin City during the period 1969 to 1972. Of the 360young people (322 males and 38 females) abusing amphetamine, 67–2 per cent were wider the age of 20, and 80 per cent of them were students attending secondary grammar schools. Of the 131 young people (116 males and 15 females) abusing proplus 76–3 per cent of them were under the age of 20, and 95–4 per cent of them were students.Amphetamine has turned out to be the most popular stimulant drug abused in Nigeria, The pattern of abuse in Nigeria is described and the ways in which it is different from the pattern seen in the United Kingdom is discussed. The case of availability of drugs playing a major role in the abuse of these drugs is emphasized.Only 2 per cent of the total 491 young people came from homes where the stability had been interrupted by death, divorce or parental separation before they were ten years old.The psychiatric illness associated with abuse of amphetamines and proplus are mentioned.The similarity between some of the symptomatology found in this series and the “brain fag syndrome” is pointed out and the question of whether abuse of stimulant drugs may be a factor in the causation of “brain fag” is raised.The need for early preventive measures to reduce the incidence and consequences of drug abuse is emphasized.
Prevalence of Self‐Reported Drug Use among London Undergraduates
Authors: Somekh David 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe results of a sample survey of self‐reported drug use by under‐graduates carried out between May 1971 and April 1972 are presented. A response rate of 65per cent to an anonymous questionnaire was obtained.A third of the sample of 1113 reported that they had ‘ever used’ controlled drugs with half of these reporting that they had only used cannabis and with 2 per cent reporting not having used this drug. Eight per cent of the self‐reported drug users said they had tried hallucinogens, mainly LSD. The social science students reported the highest incidence of drug use in all three undergraduate years, compared with the students in the physical science, arts and medical faculties. Rather more than half the self‐reported drug users had used drugs before coming to university. The heads of department in each faculty who were interviewed did not consider that drug use was a problem in respect to academic work. However, concern is expressed about the small proportion of students (less than 10 per cent to the total) who admitted to polydrug use, including regular cannabis use, and who, while at the greatest risk of adverse reactions to drug use, may be unwilling to seek the assistance of the Student Health Service.