bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Integrated Geoscience and Reservoir Simulation Study of The Liuhua 11-1 Field: South China Sea
Authors: Story Chip , Peng Pat , Heubeck Christoph , Sullivan Claire , Dong Lin Jian 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The Liuhua 11-1 Field, located 130 miles southeast of Hong Kong in 1000 feetof water, is a vuggy carbonate reservoir at shallow depths (3850 feet subsea), producing 16-22 degree oil under a very strong bottom-water drive. The fieldwas discovered in 1987 and is currently being developed with twenty-fivelong-radius horizontal wells drilled from a floating production system tied toa modular sub-sea structure. Project success is dependent on limiting waterproduction and on well productivity, which in turn makes an accurate reservoirdescription critically important.
To better define reservoir heterogeneity, a 3-D seismic survey of the Liuhuafield was acquired in July 1997. A very highresolution dataset (200+ Hz) wasobtained, and has been used in an integrated field study to evaluate the futureexploitation potential of the reservoir.
Drilling and seismic data were integrated to obtain detailed maps ofreservoir structure and stratigraphy. Petrophysical data and modeling coupledwith seismic inversion were used to obtain a 3D spatial distribution ofreservoir properties (porosity, permeability, and saturation). Coherencetechnology was used to map faults, fractures, and karst dissolution phenomenonin the reservoir. Complex attribute analysis added an additional understandingof rock matrix continuity in different parts of the reservoir. This informationhas been used to build reservoir characterization and simulation models viaseveral commercial and proprietary software systems. These models were tunedand validated using history matching and used to predict future reservoirperformance.

Introduction
The Liuhua reef complex, of which only the western part of the central corearea has been developed, has 1.2 billion barrels of highly viscous crude inplace. The reservoir carbonates are composed largely of shallow-waterforam-agal packstones and boundstones in a common agal-ball matrix.
After the initial production in 1996, it became clear that the reservoir ismuch more petrophysically heterogeneous than originally thought. In addition, many unexpected internal faults and fractures have been identified by drillingand inferred from production performance.
Flow Management: Steady-State and Transient Multiphase Pipeline Simulation
Authors: Danielson Thomas J. , Brown Lloyd D. , Bansal Kris M. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Multiphase production systems are quite complex; however, a prioriprediction of their behavior is essential for successful design and operationof offshore facilities. Steady-state and transient simulators can be viewed ascomplementary rather than competitive, and there are specific situations whereeach would be greatly favored over the other. This paper will examine thestrengths and weaknesses of both steady-state and transient simulators, andrecommend best practices for when and how each should be applied, based uponvalidation against laboratory data and field experience. The ultimate objectiveis reliable flow management design and operation through the complementary useof both steady-state and transient multiphase simulations.

Introduction
Both steady-state and transient multiphase flow simulators have found wideuse in the design and operation of offshore facilities. However, informedapplication of these tools is made difficult both by the wide variety ofsteady-state correlations available, and by the complexities arising from fullytransient simulation. Also, there is little guidance as to when steady-statecorrelations will suffice, and when transient simulations will be required. This paper attempts to address itself to these issues, and provide reasonableguidelines for the use of both steady-state and transient models, based onvalidation against laboratory data and field experience. Benchmarking studiesof steady state and transient models was done against the SINTEF large-diameter(8"), high-pressure (20 to 90 bar) Tjiller flow loop database, used to develop OLGA. The focus of this paper is on horizontal and near-horizontalpipelines.
At first glance, the decision whether to use steady-state or transient modelsmight seem a simple one. Clearly, there are many events that are inherentlytime-dependent, e.g., pipeline start-up and shutdown; obviously, in order toproperly capture these events, a transient model must be employed. Likewise, there are multiphase flows that are clearly steady-state, for example, steadyannular or bubble flow, for which a steady-state correlation would suffice.
Application of PIPESIM-FPT Link to Eclipse 100 to Evaluate Field Development Options
Authors: Venkataraman Ramachandran , Mueller J.B. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Until recently, reservoir simulation engineers have been modelingsub-surface flow of reservoir with simulators that concentrate mainly on theimpact of subsurface parameters on the production profiles. The influence ofsurface facilities on the sub-surface performance was at best included as lifttables for wells with constraints on the flowing well-head pressures etc.. Theanalysis of the performance of the surface network was left to the facilityengineers. Unfortunately this could be a serious approximation. With change influid ratios (water cuts, gas liquid ratios etc.) the surface network couldimpose significantly different well head pressures as the field gets depleted. The performance made with constant well-head pressure constraints willtherefore be very approximate. There is thus a need to develop a tool that willallow the simulation of surface networks to be linked to subsurface simulationmodels.
BHP Petroleum and Baker Jardine have developed a tool for linking Geoquest's Eclipse-100 simulator to the Baker Jardine's network simulator PIPESIM-Net. Thelinkage is achieved through the PIPESIM-FPT tool of Baker Jardine. The combined Eclipse-PIPESIM-Net model can be run in either of two modes:the model canbe run to obey the Eclipse limits orit can be run under a maximum deliverability mode.
This allows maximum flexibility in the use of the tool tostudy the performance of the models.
The software solves the network on the fly as opposed to the network modeloption in Eclipse-200 which uses tables to interpolate the pressure differencesbetween the various nodes. Thus the solutions are more accurate.
This paper describes the application of the software to study thedevelopment options of two fields. The first is an offshore oil field and thesecond is an onshore condensate reservoir. The examples bring out the utilityof the software in field development planning.
Flow Assurance for Subsea Wells
Authors: Hudson J.D. , Dykhno L.A. , Lorimer S.E. , Schoppa W. , Wilkens R.J. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The focus of flow assurance analysis and design has often been from flowlineentry to the initial separator at the production facility. This paper focuseson the flow assurance issues that pertain to the well, with emphasis on thesubsea well located in cold environments. Consideration is given to design andoperational issues that result from management of flow assurance related tohydrates, with a brief discussion of other issues, such as wax, asphaltenes, and chemical compatibility issues.

Introduction
Oil production from the deep water Gulf of Mexico has increased dramaticallyover the past several years. Similar increases are expected in the coming yearsin several locations worldwide. While development of new facilitiesinfrastructure continues in these environments, production from subsea wells indeep water regions is increasingly common. Even in cases where newinfrastructure is included in the development, often a substantial portion ofthe production is derived from subsea wells.
While flow assurance issues can have relevance in shallow water environmentsand with Direct-Vertical-Access (DVA) wells, the advent of subsea production indeeper waters has increased the importance of these concerns to system designand operations. In addition to flow assurance-related impacts on systemavailability, deep water developments may be susceptible to dramatically higherintervention costs associated with flow assurance related failures orimpairments. The importance of these issues is demonstrated to some extent bythe industry's significant investment in these technologies in the past severalyears (e.g., by Deepstar and by Petrobras).
The impact of these issues must always be seen in terms of the overallproject economics, where tradeoffs between initial capital expenses andoperating costs are considered. To do this effectively, the hardware/systemdesign and operations planning must integrate flow assurance at each stage ofdevelopment.
The need for flow assurance methodology in multiphase production lines(flowlines) is well established and some information on methodology isavailable in the literature. To date, there has been limited attention given toflow assurance concerns that are specific to subsea wells. This paper attemptsto define the flow assurance objectives for subsea wells, to indicate some ofthe design issues and operational constraints that may be inferred from theseobjectives, and to give a couple of examples of the analysis process used todefine design and operational parameters.
TRIM21 Is Essential to Sustain IFN Regulatory Factor 3 Activation during Antiviral Response
Authors: Yang Kai , Shi He-Xin , Liu Xin-Yi , Shan Yu-Fei , Wei Bo , Chen She , Wang Chen 
Published: March 2009

AbstractVirus infection induces host antiviral responses including induction of type I IFNs. Transcription factor IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) plays an essential role and is tightly regulated in this process. Herein we report that TRIM21 (tripartite motif-containing 21) is significantly induced and interacts with IRF3 upon RNA virus infection. Ectopic expression or knockdown of TRIM21 could respectively enhance or impair IRF3-mediated gene expression. Mechanistically, TRIM21 interferes with the interaction between Pin1 (peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase, NIMA-interacting 1) and IRF3, thus preventing IRF3 ubiquitination and degradation. A conserved motif in the B 30.2 domain of TRIM21 is critical for its modulation of IRF3 function, while the RING finger is dispensable. Host antiviral responses are significantly boosted or crippled in the presence or absence of TRIM21. Our results identify TRIM21 as an essential modulator of IRF3 stability and demonstrate that it positively regulates the strength and duration of primary antiviral response, thus further strengthening the notion that the TRIM family is evolutionarily integrated with innate immunity.
Histone Modifications: Chemistry and Structural Consequences
Authors: Andrews Andrew J. , Luger Karolin 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe fate of a multicellular organism, in every developmental stage of its life cycle, depends on the timed and coordinated readout of its genes. At the molecular level, this requires the accurate transcription of a subset of genes from the total complement that is present in each cell. The DNA of a single eukaryotic cell is over 2 m in length, but it compacts in the cell nucleus over 100,000 times by a hierarchical scheme of folding and compaction into a histone‐DNA assembly termed chromatin, which has profound effects on the accessibility of the DNA template. Thus, many activities that impact the level of DNA compaction are likely to be key players in the regulation of transcription, replication, repair, and recombination. The incorporation of histone variants and posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of histones (and their variants) have emerged as the primary mechanisms by which the chemical composition of chromatin may be altered, with wide‐ranging implications for chromatin structure and its interaction with other nuclear components. Currently, the known PTMs of histones can be grouped into two classes: 1) addition or modification of only a few atoms, such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and arginine deimination (and the special case of proline isomerazation) and 2) addition of higher molecular weight modifications, such as poly‐ADP ribosylation, ubiquitylation, and sumoylation. Here, we review the known effects of histone PTMs on chromatin structure and dynamics from a chemical and structural perspective.
Ion Channels: Computational Analysis
Authors: Kurnikova Maria 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIon channels are proteins that are embedded in the lipid bilayer and open water filled pores for ion conduction. This article briefly discusses applications of the methods of computational chemistry to model structure and properties of ion channels. Molecular dynamics simulations are applied to study structure–function relationships in ion channels, their interaction with the lipid bilayer, as well as some aspects of gating and selectivity. Ion permeation properties of the channels are typically modeled using coarse‐grained theories based on continuum representation of water, protein and sometimes permeating ions. In such models, interaction of ions with the environment is governed by the Poisson equation of classic electrostatics. Dynamic flow of ions is modeled by using either Brownian Dynamics (BD) [or alternatively Dynamic Monte Carlo methods (DMC)] or by using continuum diffusion formalism. A model that combines continuum diffusion formalism with the Poisson equation is termed Poisson–Nernst–Planck (PNP) theory. A generalized continuum flow theory that accounts for a single ion interaction with the environment is termed Potential of Mean Force PMP (PMFPNP). The main limitation of both BD and PNP theories stems from the rigid representation of the protein and the membrane. In many hybrid models, this limitation has been overcome.
Mass Spectrometry for Lipid Analyses
Authors: Mesaros Clementina , Blair Ian A. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The increasing recognition that lipids have important biological functions in signal transduction in addition to their structural role in cell membranes has stimulated tremendous activity in the field of lipid research. Their complex structures and the potent biological activity of many individual lipids has necessitated the development of highly specific and sensitive methodology for their analysis. Mass spectrometry (MS)‐based methodology has become the technique of choice because of its ability to conduct analyses on trace amounts of bioactive lipids. Gas chromatography (GC)‐MS was widely used for the early studies on lipid analysis, but the applicability was limited. Development of the new atmospheric pressure ionization (API) techniques and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) has significantly increased the range of lipids that can be analyzed by MS. Methodology based on these ionization techniques will continue to make an important contribution to lipid analysis for the foreseeable future.
Tetrapyrroles in Plants: Chemical Biology of Metal Insertion and Removal
Authors: Saha Kaushik , Moulin Michaël , Smith Alison G. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn plants, four types of tetrapyrroles are synthesized: heme, siroheme, chlorophyll, and phytochromobilin, all of which are within the chloroplast. A key feature of these compounds is that the cyclic tetrapyrroles coordinate a central metal ion: Mg2+in chlorophyll, and Fe2+in heme and siroheme. In contrast, bilins are made by ring opening of heme and the concomitant loss of the metal ion. Demetallation of chlorophyll also occurs but during breakdown, and the products, which are the so‐called non‐fluorescent chlorophyll catabolites (NCCs), have no known biological function. Thus, metal insertion and removal is an important aspect of tetrapyrrole metabolism. In this review, we consider how these reactions are achieved and how they are regulated, because many act at key branch points in the tetrapyrrole biosynthetic pathway. The major focus is on the chelatases, which are the insertion enzymes, because recent genetic and structural studies have demonstrated that essentially two classes exist with different evolutionary origins. Class I chelatases include Mg‐chelatase, which is the first enzyme of the chlorophyll branch; it comprises three different subunits and requires adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for activity. In contrast, Class II chelatases are exemplified by the last enzyme of protoheme biosynthesis, ferrochelatase, which is a homodimer and requires no cofactor. This article will discuss the reactions catalysed by the two enzymes, the evolutionary origin of chelatases, and how their activity regulates the flux into either chlorophyll or heme synthesis within the chloroplast.
Polymer Therapeutics
Authors: Miller Keren , Satchi‐Fainaro Ronit 
Published: March 2009

AbstractPolymer therapeutics is considered the first generation of “nanomedicines.” This family of compounds and drug‐delivery systems are based on water‐soluble polymers that can either be bioactive on their own or an inert functional part of a multifunctional complex, which includes polymer–protein conjugates, polymer–drug conjugates, polymeric micelles, polymeric drugs, and nonviral polyplexes for gene delivery.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) in Chemical Biology
Authors: Pingoud Alfred , Hahn Meinhard , Wilhelm Jochen 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a temperature‐controlled technique for amplifying DNAin vitro. It requires a DNA template; two oligodeoxynucleotide primers, which define the DNA to be amplified; the four deoxynucleoside triphosphates; and a thermostable DNA polymerase. PCR is carried out in a thermocycler, in which the DNA is subjected to cycles of denaturation of the double‐stranded DNA template; annealing of the two primers, which are complementary to the two strands of the DNA template; and DNA polymerization (primer extension). Because the product of one cycle serves as the template for the next cycle, PCR leads to the exponential amplification of the initial DNA template, which produces more than a million copies of a homogenous PCR product in 20 cycles. PCR has become an indispensable technique in all life sciences and is used extensively for research and diagnostic purposes. PCR applications include cloning of genomic DNA, preparing DNA for sequencing, site‐directed mutagenesis and recombination, genetic fingerprinting for forensic purposes, detection and identification of infectious agents, prenatal diagnosis of genetic diseases, identification of allelic sequence variations, and gene‐expression analysis.
Single‐Molecule Studies of Biomolecules
Authors: Blanchard Scott C. , Altman Roger B. , Geggier Peter , Munro James B. , Dave Richa , Feldman Michael B. , Terry Daniel S. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Imaging biological processes at the single‐molecule scale enables the direct observation of the temporal and spatial dynamics of cellular processes. This relatively new branch of biophysical investigation, which was founded on a platform of physics and chemistry research, is pushing forward the frontiers of medical science by providing unprecedented new illuminations into the molecular basis of life. Although it is far from comprehensive, this article provides the advanced reader with a review of single‐molecule methods, as well as a discussion of the aims, considerations, achievements, and future directions of this field in the context of ongoing investigations of structure–function relationships inherent to biomolecules.
Stereochemistry of Biological Molecules
Authors: Pereira Mariette M. , Vaz Winchil L. C. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe three‐dimensional spatial structure or conformation of biological molecules might be said to be at the root of what we understand as the chemistry of living matter. This conformation is dictated largely by the conformation of the building blocks that constitute the various biopolymers. The study of the three‐dimensional arrangement of atoms in a molecule is part of the area of chemistry known as stereochemistry. In this article, we present a brief history of the development of stereochemistry and discuss the basic principles of diastereoisomerism and enantiomerism. The discussion is extended to the particular cases of amino acids, carbohydrates, and phospholipids. The methodology for stereochemical designation of molecular configuration including drawing Fischer, Newman, and Haworth projections as well as the Cahn–Ingold–Prelog priority rules are discussed in appendices at the end of the article.
The Future of Information Modelling and the End of Theory: Less is Limited, More is Different
Authors: Ottchen Cynthia 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe computational design strategist Cynthia Ottchen, who was previously Head of Research and Innovation at OMA, offers insights into the future of building information modelling (BIM). Now in the Petabyte Age of the data deluge, she argues that in our adoption of BIM we have to surpass mere data collection and technical optimisation and open up new ways of thinking with the creative use of ‘soft data’. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unified Frontiers: Reaching Out with BIM
Authors: Sharples Coren 
Published: March 2009

AbstractCoren Sharples is a partner of SHoP Architects in New York where building information modelling (BIM) has become integral to the fluid promotion of communication between contractors, consultants and clients on a project. This is exemplified by two projects in the city: the reconstruction of Rector Bridge, where BIM enabled SHoP to work seamlessly with a firm of custom boat builders and other contractors, and the speculative development at 290 Mulberry Street, where it became a significant means of disseminating key data to the client for marketing and financial planning. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Automated Assessment of Early Concept Designs
Authors: Eastman Chuck 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBuilding information modelling (BIM) is a powerful tool for clients and architects alike, particularly when clients have ongoing complex programmatic requirements. Chuck Eastman describes how with his team* at the AEC Integration Laboratory at the College of Architecture at the Georgia Institute of Technology he was commissioned by the US federal government's General Service Administration (GSA) to automate the design guidelines for all US courthouses in such a way that preliminary designs by architects could be assessed and checked against specific criteria. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Enthusiastic Sceptic
Authors: Oppenheimer Nat 
Published: March 2009

AbstractNat Oppenheimer, principal of structural engineers Robert Silman Associates, is a dissenting voice among the advocates of building information modelling (BIM) ‐ an enthusiastic sceptic. Could the quest for integration be leading towards oversimplification rather than customisation and differentiation? Even towards the sort of standardisation adopted with LEED ratings in the quest for sustainability? Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pierre Thibault
Authors: Carter Brian 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAt a time when little in architectural design seems like uncharted territory, Brian Carter, Professor and Dean of the School of Architecture and Planning at the University of Buffalo, The State University of New York, goes northeast to Quebec and encounters the work of architectural explorer Pierre Thibault. He describes how Thibault sets out to develop projects in some of the most ‘remote, expansive and sparsely settled’ areas of the region, responding afresh to the landscape and its indigenous culture. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.