bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of operational modes of a wind farm on the transient stability of nearby generators and on power oscillations: a Nordic grid study
Authors: Ullah Nayeem Rahmat , Thiringer Torbjörn 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIn this work, an operational mode of variable speed wind turbines to enhance the transient stability of nearby conventional generators is presented and investigated. This mode is then tested on the CIGRÉ Nordic32 test grid which is taken as a representation of the Swedish transmission network. It is found that by incorporating the suggested mode into the control of several planned wind farms in the southern part of the Swedish grid, the transient stability of nearby conventional generators can be increased compared to the base case where no wind farms were connected. It is also concluded that care has to be taken when selecting the control mode of a wind farm (constant power factor operation or voltage control operation) in a particular situation when it is connected together with a nearby conventional synchronous generator. The interaction between the operational mode of a wind farm and the overall synchronous generator control may interact with each other and could lead to a reduction of damping of power oscillations in nearby transmission lines instead of increasing the damping. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Conservation partnerships between Zoos and Aquariums, federal and state agencies, and nongovernmental organizations
Authors: Smith Kathleen N. , Shaw James H. , Bettinger Tammie , Caniglia Beth , Carter Tracy 
Published: September 2007

AbstractPartnerships are essential for the success of conservation organizations as they strive to achieve the ultimate goal of restoring and preserving biodiversity. Now is a particularly crucial time to develop partnerships owing to increasing financial constraints on all organizations and the urgent need for species recovery and habitat preservation. This study identified characteristics of successful conservation partnerships between Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) accredited institutions and related facilities, US and international governmental agencies, and nongovernmental organizations. One hundred and five AZA accredited zoos and aquariums or related facilities participated in the preliminary survey. Staff at 75 of those zoos and aquariums were interviewed by telephone for a follow‐up survey. Respondents were asked which characteristics most contributed to the success of their past and current conservation partnerships. Data were analyzed in two ways: descriptive statistics and principal component analysis. Descriptive statistics showed that effective leadership, clear and consistent communication, and trust between partners were the top three characteristics that led to partnership success. Ineffective leadership by those in charge, lack of clear, consistent communication between partners, and unreliable or insufficient sources of funding were the top three characteristics that inhibited partnership success. Using principal component analysis, the variables for each question on the questionnaire were reduced to a smaller subset of categories. Structure, personalities, process, and commitment were the four principal components of successful conservation partnerships. The three principal components that inhibited conservation partnerships were: communication, partnership personnel, and partner inequality. Results gained from this research are sure to increase the probability of success both for conservation partnerships that have already been established and for those that may develop in the future. Zoo Biol 26:471–486, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Performance as a fish predator of largemouth bass [Micropterus salmoides (Lacepède)] invading Japanese freshwaters: a review
Authors: Takamura Kenzi 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis review focuses on how predator performance of the invasive largemouth bass [Micropterus salmoides (Lacepède)] has been, or will be, formed in Japanese freshwaters. Predation impacts of largemouth bass on fish communities appear pervasive in both Japanese as well as North American freshwaters. Factors affecting performance as a piscivorous predator are (1) light intensity and water clarity, (2) oxygen depletion, (3) prey size and gape size, (4) behavioral refuge of prey, (5) weed beds as refuge for prey fish, (6) interaction with bluegill. Size and behavioral refuges requirements are so rigorous that they may have evolved only in some North American prey fish species like bluegill; therefore, most Japanese native fish species are unlikely to be equipped with such refuges. However, refuge habitats like aquatic weed beds could develop in Japanese freshwaters, allowing prey fish species to survive under predation pressure. The density, architecture, and species composition of aquatic plants may affect their suitability as refuges. Studies in Japanese waters have suggested that the presence of rich aquatic vegetation or invasive bluegill in bass‐introduced waters have suppressed the predation impact of largemouth bass on fish communities. In addition to these environmental factors, original genotypic and phenotypic traits of the introduced largemouth bass, and hybridization between different lineages of largemouth bass or with Florida bass [Micropterus floridanus (Lesueur)] may be involved in further adaptation of invasive largemouth bass to Japanese freshwaters.
Contemporary evolution meets conservation biology II: impediments to integration and application
Authors: Kinnison Michael T. , Hendry Andrew P. , Stockwell Craig A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractConservation biology needs to be concerned not just with exogenous threats to populations, but also with the changing nature of populations themselves. In a previous review paper, we highlighted evolution in contemporary time (years to decades) as a largely overlooked aspect of population responses to environmental perturbations. We argued that these responses might affect the fate of natural, managed and exotic populations. In the present review, we discuss issues that may limit the integration of contemporary evolution into conservation biology—with the intent that recognition of these limitations may foster research, discussion and resolution. In particular, we consider (1) alternative perceptions of “evolutionary” and “ecological” time, (2) the role of contemporary evolution as an ecological process, (3) fitness as a bridge between evolution and conservation, and (4) challenges faced by conservation strategies based on gene flow estimation or manipulation. We close by highlighting some situations in which current conservation approaches and contemporary evolution may require reconciliation.
The Influence of a Continuum Background on Carrier Relaxation in InAs/InGaAs Quantum Dot
Authors: Rainò Gabriele , Visimberga Giuseppe , Salhi Abdelmajid , Todaro Maria T , De Vittorio Massimo , Passaseo Adriana , Cingolani Roberto , De Giorgi Milena 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
We have investigated the ultra-fast carrier dynamics in Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE)-grown InAs/InGaAs/GaAs quantum dots (QDs) emitting at 1.3 μm by time resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) upconversion measurements with a time resolution of about 200 fs. Changing the detection energies in the spectral region from the energy of the quantum dots excitonic transition up to the barrier layer absorption edge, we have found that, under high excitation intensity, the intrinsic electronic states are populated mainly by carriers directly captured from the barrier.
The Periodic Instability of Diameter of ZnO Nanowires via a Self-oscillatory Mechanism
Authors: Zhang Ye , Yan Youguo , Zhu Feng 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
ZnO nanowires with a periodic instability of diameter were successfully prepared by a thermal physical vapor deposition method. The morphology of ZnO nanowires was investigated by SEM. SEM shows ZnO possess periodic bead-like structure. The instability only appears when the diameter of ZnO nanowires is small. The kinetics and mechanism of Instability was discussed at length. The appearance of the instability is due to negative feed-back mechanism under certain experimental conditions (crystallization temperature, vapor supersaturation, etc).
Environmental and Genetic Variation of Soybean Tocopherol Content Under Brazilian Growing Conditions
Authors: Carrão‐Panizzi Mercedes Concórdia , Erhan Sevim Z. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractInformation about the chemical composition of soybean cultivars (cvs) and environmental impact on their composition is important for processors and exporters to meet the demand of niche markets. Tocopherol composition (α, β, γ, δ, and total), was analyzed in seeds of 89 Brazilian soybean cultivars grown under fertile soil in Ponta Grossa, Paraná state, Brazil, in 2001. A large range of variability was observed: for α‐tocopherol, 11 ppm (cv. Davis) to 191 ppm (cv. IPB‐T); for β‐tocopherol, 6 ppm (cv. IAC 1) to 64 ppm (cv. IPB‐T); for γ‐tocopherol, 304 ppm (BR62 Carla) to 1333 ppm (cv. Bienville); for δ‐tocopherol, 174 ppm (cv. UFV 15) to 580 ppm (cv.IAS‐5; and for total tocopherols, 561 ppm (cv. BRS62 Carla) to 1,983 ppm (cv. BR4‐RC). For comparison of different growing locations, cv. MG/BR 46 Conquista was grown in 16 different locations of the Minas Gerais and Goiás states (Central Region, ca. 17° South latitude). Higher content of total tocopherol was found in Conquista, Uberaba, Sacramento, and Cerrado, while lower contents were observed in Alvorada, Iraí, and Uberlândia. In the South region (ca. 23° South latitude), the cultivar IAS 5, grown in 12 different locations of Paraná and São Paulo states, showed high total tocopherol content in Londrina, Pedrinhas, Ponta Grossa, and Nuporanga, and lower amounts in Cascavel, Pirassununga, Luiziana, and Morro Agudo. Tocopherol content in soybean seeds varied due to genetic differences as well as to the local environmental factors of different growing locations.
Phytanic acid: measurement of plasma concentrations by gas–liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis and associations with diet and other plasma fatty acids
Authors: Allen Naomi E. , Grace Philip B. , Ginn Annette , Travis Ruth C. , Roddam Andrew W. , Appleby Paul N. , Key Timothy 
Published: September 2007

Epidemiological data suggest that a diet rich in animal foods may be associated with an increased risk of several cancers, including cancers of the prostate, colorectum and breast, but the possible mechanism is unclear. It is hypothesised that phytanic acid, a C20 branched-chain fatty acid found predominantly in foods from ruminant animals, may be involved in early cancer development because it has been shown to up regulate activity of α-methylacyl-coenzyme A racemase, an enzyme commonly found to be over-expressed in tumour cells compared with normal tissue. However, little is known about the distribution of plasma phytanic acid concentrations or its dietary determinants in the general population. The primary aim of the present cross-sectional study was to determine circulating phytanic acid concentrations among ninety-six meat-eating, lacto-ovo-vegetarian and vegan women, aged 20–69 years, recruited into the Oxford component of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Oxford). Meat-eaters had, on average, a 6.7-fold higher geometric mean plasma phytanic acid concentration than the vegans (5·77v.0·86 μmol/l;P < 0·0001) and a 47 % higher mean concentration than the vegetarians (5·77v.3·93 μmol/l;P = 0·016). The strongest determinant of plasma phytanic acid concentration appeared to be dairy fat intake (r0·68;P < 0·0001); phytanic acid levels were not associated with age or other lifestyle factors. These data show that a diet high in fat from dairy products is associated with increased plasma phytanic acid concentration, which may play a role in cancer development.
High folic acid increases cell turnover and lowers differentiation and iron content in human HT29 colon cancer cells
Authors: Pellis Linette , Dommels Yvonne , Venema Dini , Polanen Ab van , Lips Esther , Baykus Hakan , Kok Frans , Kampman Ellen , Keijer Jaap 
Published: September 2007

Folate, a water-soluble B vitamin, is a cofactor in one-carbon metabolism and is essential for DNA synthesis, amino acid interconversion, methylation and, consequently, normal cell growth. In animals with existing pre-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions, folic acid supplementation increases the tumour burden. To identify processes that are affected by increased folic acid levels, we compared HT29 human colon cancer cells exposed to a chronic supplemental (100 ng/ml) level of folic acid to cells exposed to a normal (10 ng/ml) level of folic acid, in the presence of vitamin B12and other micronutrients involved in the folate–methionine cycle. In addition to higher intracellular folate levels, HT29 cells at 100 ng folic acid/ml displayed faster growth and higher metabolic activity. cDNA microarray analysis indicated an effect on cell turnover and Fe metabolism. We fully confirmed these effects at the physiological level. At 100 ng/ml, cell assays showed higher proliferation and apoptosis, while gene expression analysis and a lower E-cadherin protein expression indicated decreased differentiation. These results are in agreement with the promoting effect of folic acid supplementation on established colorectal neoplasms. The lower expression of genes related to Fe metabolism at 100 ng folic acid/ml was confirmed by lower intracellular Fe levels in the cells exposed to folic acid at 100 ng/ml. This suggests an effect of folate on Fe metabolism.
AVIS: AJAX viewer of interactive signaling networks
Authors: Berger Seth I. , Iyengar Ravi , Ma’ayan Avi 
Published: September 2007

AbstractMotivation: Increasing complexity of cell signaling network maps requires sophisticated visualization technologies. Simple web-based visualization tools can allow for improved data presentation and collaboration. Researchers studying cell signaling would benefit from having the ability to embed dynamic cell signaling maps in web pages.Summary: AVIS is a Google gadget compatible web-based viewer of interactive cell signaling networks. AVIS is an implementation of AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript with XML) with the usage of the libraries GraphViz, ImageMagic (PerlMagic) and overLib. AVIS provides web-based visualization of text-based signaling networks with dynamical zooming, panning and linking capabilities. AVIS is a cross-platform web-based tool that can be used to visualize network maps as embedded objects in any web page. AVIS was implemented for visualization of PathwayGenerator, a tool that displays over 4000 automatically generated mammalian cell signaling maps; NodeNeighborhood a tool to visualize first and second interacting neighbors of yeast and mammalian proteins; and for Genes2Networks, a tool to connect lists of genes and protein using background protein interaction networks.Availability: A demo page of AVIS and links to applications and distributions can be found at http://actin.pharm.mssm.edu/AVIS2. Detailed instructions for using and configuring AVIS can be found in the user manual at http://actin.pharm.mssm.edu/AVIS2/manual.pdfContact: avi.maayan@mssm.edu
The 5th I. E. Melhus Graduate Student Symposium: Today's Students Preparing to Meet Tomorrow's Challenges in Epidemiology and Plant Disease Management
Authors: Nutter Forrest W. 
Published: September 2007

The Irving E. Melhus Graduate Student Symposium is a prestigious annual event that takes place as part of the American Phytopathology Society (APS) annual meeting and is co-sponsored by the APS Epidemiology Committee and the APS Foundation. The I.E. Melhus symposia feature graduate students competitively chosen to present their thesis research results. Criteria for selection include evaluation of the significance of the contribution towards improving our understanding of plant pathology, their communication skills, and letters of nomination. Accepted for publication 24 April 2007. Published 26 July 2007.
An Application of Space-Time Analysis to Improve the Epidemiological Understanding of the Papaya-Papaya Yellow Crinkle Pathosystem
Authors: Esker Paul D. , Gibb Karen S. , Dixon Philip M. , Nutter Forrest W. 
Published: September 2007

Yellow crinkle disease of papaya is a serious threat to papaya production in Australia. Space-time point pattern analysis was used to study the spatial and temporal dependence of two phytoplasma strains that cause yellow crinkle: tomato big bud (TBB) and sweet potato little leaf V4 (SPLL-V4). Incidence data for both phytoplasma strains were obtained from a field study conducted in Katherine, NT, Australia, between January 1996 and May 1999. The primary ecological and epidemiological question of interest was to elucidate the scale of spatial or spatio-temporal aggregation of phytoplasma-infected papaya plants. The hypothesis was that there would be a contagion process, where TBB- and SPLL-V4-infected papaya would be aggregated and not random. To test this hypothesis, a point pattern spatial analysis using Monte Carlo simulation was initially applied to the incidence data. Results of this analysis suggested that SPLL-V4 infected papaya plants displayed aggregation with spatial dependence up to 30 m (10 to 15 plants along or across rows), whereas there was not strong evidence to suggest that TBB-infected papaya plants were aggregated. However, when a space-time point pattern analysis was subsequently used to simultaneously test for the interaction between space and time, there was strong evidence (P < 0.01 for SPLL-V4 and P < 0.10 for TBB) to suggest a space-time interaction for both SPLL-V4 and TBB. For SPLL-V4, a space-time risk window of approximately 10 months and 20 m was detected, whereas for TBB, this risk window was 5 months and 10 m. The results of these studies support the hypothesis that papaya infection by both phytoplasma strains appears to be the result of a contagion process, providing support for the contention that insect vectors are the most likely mechanism for acquisition, dispersal, and transmission. Accepted for publication 26 April 2007. Published 26 July 2007.
Addressing the Gaps in our Knowledge of Grapevine Downy Mildew for Improved Forecasting and Management
Authors: Kennelly Megan M. , Gadoury David M. , Wilcox Wayne F. , Magarey Peter A. , Seem Robert C. 
Published: September 2007

The complex interactions of Plasmopara viticola with environment and host make grapevine downy mildew an ideal candidate for disease forecasting. However, a forecasting model is only as good as the knowledge used to build it, and DMCast is no exception. We addressed some knowledge gaps concerning this disease: (i) initial timing and span of primary infection; (ii) survival of the lesions and sporangia; and (iii) critical period of fruit susceptibility. Experiments revealed that, though emerging shoots are susceptible earlier than previously thought, primary infection frequently occurs near the confluence of a specific host phenological stage and certain weather conditions. Primary infection also may trigger new epidemics later in the season than was traditionally hypothesized. Lesions declined with repeated sporulation cycles but, contrary to prior reports, not age alone. Sporangia died within 8 h on dry, warm days but retained high viability on cooler days. With controlled inoculations, we determined that in the New York climate, fruit of several cultivars (Chardonnay, Riesling, Concord, and Niagara) become resistant to infection by 2 to 3 weeks post-bloom. These studies have clarified several knowledge gaps and long-held assumptions that have direct implications for improving disease forecasting and disease management. Accepted for publication 14 March 2007. Published 26 July 2007.
Temporal Dynamics of Septoria Leaf Spot of Blueberry and its Relationship to Defoliation and Yield
Authors: Ojiambo Peter S. , Scherm Harald , Brannen Phillip M. 
Published: September 2007

In field trials on Premier rabbiteye blueberry in Georgia, onset of Septoria leaf spot (caused by Septoria albopunctata) occurred between late April and mid-June. Average disease severity increased sigmoidally until late September, after which it declined due to the abscission of severely affected leaves. Disease severity was highest on early-emerging leaves and on those located on shoots closer to the ground. Pycnidiospore inoculum was present throughout the season, and leaves became infected by S. albopunctata season-long. Disease severity, defoliation, flower bud set, and next season's yield were interrelated; severely affected leaves abscised earlier in the fall than those with low disease severity, and shoots with severely diseased leaves and/or high levels of defoliation had reduced flower bud set. Furthermore, such shoots consistently had low yields the following year. The results form the basis for identifying disease levels that can be tolerated during specific periods of crop development without negatively impacting flower bud set and yield. Accepted for publication 15 March 2007. Published 26 July 2007.
Plant Pathogens at Work: Progress and Possibilities for Weed Biocontrol Classical versus Bioherbicidal Approach
Authors: Yandoc-Ables C. B. , Rosskopf E. N. , Charudattan R. 
Published: September 2007

Weed biological control using plant pathogens has been successfully implemented for a number of important invasive weeds. Both the classical and bioherbicide approaches have shown promise depending on the characteristics of the target weed. Bioherbicidal activity can be improved with research on formulation and application technology. Other approaches that have improved weed control efficacy for both classical biological control agents and bioherbicides include using a combination of pathogens and insects. Accepted for publication 9 April 2007. Published 22 August 2007.
Comparative Host Susceptibility and Sporulation Potential of Phytophthora ramorum
Authors: Linderman Robert G. , Davis E. Anne 
Published: September 2007

Phytophthora ramorum, causal agent of ramorum blight of woody shrub species, has caused serious damage to cultivars and species of camellia in commercial nurseries. Reports of relative susceptibility of camellia to P. ramorum have indicated a range from high to low susceptibility, both in nurseries and under experimental conditions. We inoculated a series of cultivars of camellia to determine their relative susceptibility to infection, and then compared lesion size to the capacity of the pathogen to produce sporangia on the lesions. We found, as did others, a wide range of susceptibility among cultivars, but lack of correlation between susceptibility (lesion size) and potential to produce sporangia that might spread the pathogen within the nursery. These results indicate that on some cultivars the pathogen might produce small or inconspicuous lesions, yet still produce copious numbers of sporangia that could spread the disease, both within the nursery and from nursery to nursery. Accepted for publication 10 April 2007. Published 22 August 2007.