bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A study of attitudes and use of the plate model among various health professionals giving dietary advice to diabetic patients
Authors: Nydahl Margaretha , Gustafsson Inga‐Britt , Eliasson Margit , Karlström Brita 
Published: March 2008

The aims of this study were to determine how well different health professionals follow the recommendations concerning the plate model after being taught its principles and to obtain information regarding their attitudes towards this model and its use in dietary education.To determine whether the energy and nutrient intake of the participants changed after they had been taught the principles of the plate model, they were asked to record their food intake at a lunch before and after receiving the information. It was found that (i) their energy intake decreased from 1830 ±625 to 1715 ±670 kj between the first and second recordings (non‐significant change), (ii) between the first and second recordings there was a significant decrease in protein intake from 19.7±6.4 to 17.7±6.8 g (P<0.05) and in cholesterol intake from 60 ±20 to 50 ± 20 mg (P<0.001), (iii) the total fat intake remained unchanged, while the relative intake of polyunsaturated fat increased significantly, from 5±3 to 8±4 energy% (P<0.001) and (iv) with regard to vitamins, the ascorbic acid intake was significantly higher at the second recording, 65 ±22 mg, than at the first. 58 ±18 mg (P<0.05).In a questionnaire that was distributed to each participant, the majority listed numerous advantages of using the plate model and planned to include this teaching aid when giving dietary advice to diabetic patients and to patients of other categories. Further studies are required, however, to evaluate the plate model as a practical tool in patient education.
The contribution of breakfast to micronutrient adequacy of the Irish diet
Authors: Sommerville Jill , O'Reagan M. 
Published: March 2008

A 7‐day diet history was completed by 1213 subjects in Ireland between the ages of 8 and 80 years. Subjects were divided into breakfast skippers, cereal eaters or non‐cereal eaters.Ninety‐seven per cent of the population ate breakfast. Sixty‐eight per cent were breakfast‐cereal consumers and of these 62% ate breakfast six to seven times per week. The contribution which breakfast cereal makes to the total daily nutrient intake was calculated for males and females separately, and also for the two age‐groups 8–18 years and >18 years. Iron intakes were lower than the RNI for all females but cereal consumers appeared more likely to achieve their RNI than breakfast skippers and non‐cereal consumers. Breakfast‐cereal consumers had significantly higher intakes of vitamins B, B12, niacin, folate, B12, vitamin D, calcium and iron. For females not consuming a breakfast cereal, mean nutrient intakes of folate and calcium were lower than the RNI. From this study, it appears that breakfast cereal consumption makes a significant contribution to nutrient intake in the Irish diet.
Sustained post‐ingestive action of dietary fibre: effects of a sugar‐beet‐fibre‐supplemented breakfast on satiety
Authors: Burley Victoria J. , Paul Andrew W. , Blundell John E. 
Published: March 2008

Eighteen non‐obese male and female subjects attended the Human Appetite Research Unit on two separate occasions in order to consume a control or a fibre‐supplemented breakfast. Each breakfast consisted of orange juice, milk, grilled tomato, butter, jam, breakfast cereal, bread, crispbread and English sausages and was served with a hot beverage. The latter four foods were prepared with and without the addition of sugar‐beet fibre which generated an additional non‐starch polysaccharide content of 29 g.Following consumption of these breakfasts, subjects recorded their perceived level of hunger on an hourly basis using 100‐mm visual analogue scales. Direct assessment of motivation to eat was made by the administration of an ad libitum test lunch (4 J h after breakfast). Further food intake was recorded by the subjects in a food diary for 36 hours.At the ad libitum test lunch a 14% lower energy intake was observed following the high‐fibre breakfast (4345 vs. 4178 kj, t‐2.59 17 d.f. P<0.01). Following the ad libitum lunch meal the difference in energy intake, as recorded in the food diaries after the two breakfasts was sustained. These data clearly suggest that sugar‐beet fibre has a potent action upon satiety and merits further investigation with regard to its use in the treatment and/or prevention of obesity. The study indicates that the prolongation of satiety by fibre observed in our previous studies is not limited to foods naturally high in fibre but can also be a function of foods into which fibre has been incorporated. The results demonstrate that one high‐fibre meal can exert effects upon appetite which are sustained for many hours.
Diet and Refsum's disease. The determination of phytanic acid and phytol in certain foods and the application of this knowledge to the choice of suitable convenience foods for patients with Refsum's disease
Authors: Brown P. June , Mei Guam , Gibberd F. B. , Burston D. , Mayne P. D. , McClinchy Jane E. , Sidey Margaret 
Published: March 2008

One hundred and fifty‐one foods were analysed for phytanic acid and 57 foods for free phytol. Foods analysed included examples from all major food groups, beverages and confectionery.No significant amount of phytanic acid was found in any food of purely vegetable origin. The sources of phytanic acid in the UK diet were confirmed to be foods derived from ruminant animals and fish. They include beef, lamb and products containing the milk fats of cows, sheep and goats. All fish were found to contain phytanic acid roughly in proportion to their fat content. Domestic and commercial fat blends containing animal fats (chiefly hydrogenated fish oils) and baked goods made from these fats contained phytanic acid: pure vegetable fat blends and foods containing them did not.Free phytol was found in small amounts in a variety of foods but not in sufficient quantity to warrant the exclusion of any one item from the diet of patients with Refsum's disease.
The effect of dietary supplementation in continuing‐care elderly people: nutritional, anthropometric and biochemical parameters
Authors: Hankey C. R. , Summerbell J. , Wynne H. A. 
Published: March 2008

The effectiveness of dietary supplementation for frail elderly subjects in continuing care was assessed by using nutritional measures of anthropometry and biochemistry and an 8‐week period of nutritional supplementation.Of 20 recruits six died and the remaining subjects were divided into treatment and control groups. The treatment group were supplemented with a nutritionally complete drink. Build Up, 2 units daily, and up to 1500 k) daily from glucose polymer. Food intake was measured for 3 days at the start and end of the study using validated food‐intake records.Significant differences were seen in anthropometric measures triceps skin fold thickness and arm muscle circumference in the supplemented cohort (P<0.05), but for no other anthropometric and biochemical measures. Glucose polymer intake varied greatly between individuals, range 539–1396 kJ, mean 931 kJ ± 113.7.Before supplementation dietary intake did not reach current recommendations for most nutrients, but after supplementation only vitamin D intake was inadequate. The study concludes a role exists for dietary supplementation in frail elderly, but further studies to outline benefits and optimum methods are required.
Clinical trial of a paediatric enteral feed
Authors: Finch H. E. , Lawson M. S. 
Published: March 2008

A paediatric enteral feed, Paediasure, was given to children aged 1–8 years needing nutritional support. Those who had more than 60% of their energy from Paediasure were included in the trial which ran for 1–3 months. Anthropometric measurements were done at the start and at the end of the trial. Nutritional evaluations of Paediasure were made and compared with other enteral feeds.It was found that children's growth was satisfactory on Paediasure, that it was well tolerated and palatable if given orally. Paediasure has a high‐nutrient density so when given at low volumes (which are required for overweight and some very underweight patients) the recommended nutrient intakes (RNI) are more likely to be met than if other enteral feeds are used.
The intake of nutrients by Northumbrian adolescents from one‐parent families and from unemployed families
Authors: Moynihan P. J. , Adamson A. J. , Skinner R. , Rugg‐Gunn A. J. , Appleton D. R. , Butler T. J. 
Published: March 2008

In order to tailor nutrition health education to ‘at risk’ groups, areas of nutritional insufficiency in the diets of such groups need to be identified. Low income and poor nutritional knowledge may predispose children from one‐parent families and/or unemployed families to a poor diet. The present study compared intakes of nutrients between Northumbrian adolescents from one‐parent and two‐parent families and between Northumbrian adolescents from unemployed and employed families. In 1990, 379 children aged 11–12 years completed two 3‐day dietary records, and were interviewed by a dietitian to verify the information given. Information on the employment status and number of parents of these children was obtained by questionnaire.Compared to girls from employed families, girls from unemployed families had significantly higher intakes of energy, fat and carbohydrate. Boys from unemployed families had significantly lower intakes of iron and vitamin C than boys from employed families. Daily intake of energy and fat were significantly greater in girls from single‐parent families compared to girls from two‐parent families. No differences in intake of nutrients were observed between boys from one‐ and two‐parent families. No additive effect of being from both an unemployed and single‐parent family was observed.
Dietary beliefs, practices and attitudes of adults in an inner city population
Authors: Griffiths S. , Chipperfield B. , Todd S. , Rushton C. , McCarthy M. 
Published: March 2008

Dietary data from a representative sample of 1396 adults (603 males, 793 females) aged 18 years and over in the inner London district of Bloomsbury and Islington were analysed using five sets of questions from the 1990 Bloomsbury and Islington Health and Lifestyle Survey. Six qualitative dietary indicators were developed from two sets of food frequency questions to give score ratings for intakes of saturated fat, positive healthy choices for fat, high fibre starchy foods, fruit and vegetables, sugar, and an index of healthy dietary practice. These indicators along with the data from the remaining three sets of questions were analysed to examine the dietary beliefs, attitudes and practices of different age and sex groups in the study population.About one‐third of men and a fifth of women over 18 years old had poor dietary practice, while a fifth of men and two‐fifths of women had good dietary practice. Younger (age 18–29) and older (age 60 +) groups had poorer dietary practice than adults of middle age. The younger adults with poor dietary practice were more likely to want to change to a healthy diet than older people, whereas a higher proportion of older adults (men aged over 45, women over 60) than younger adults showed a low level of awareness of what a healthy diet comprises.For health promotion intervention, all men, especially those aged 18–29 and over 45 years and women aged 18–29 and over 60 years need to be targeted for some change in dietary practice. These groups and middle aged (30–44 years) men in particular may benefit from a change of belief or attitude towards diet.Limitations of the survey questionnaire, and thus the dietary indicators used for analysis are discussed, and suggestions for planning future survey work of this kind are made.
Changes in the diets of university students over a six‐year period (1986–1991)
Authors: Eves Anita , Kipps Michael , Parlett Graham 
Published: March 2008

First year students from six consecutive years (1986–1991) completed one week weighed dietary surveys. From these data, dietary intakes of a variety of nutrients were determined. Data were compared with literature values for other young adults; with recommended daily amounts (RDA) in place at the time, and where appropriate with more recent dietary reference values (DRV).Results show that nutrient intakes, including alcohol intakes, of students were generally similar to those of other young adults, and close to RDAs. Female students tended to eat a smaller proportion of their energy as fat, and their total energy intake showed a consistent decrease across the years studied. This could reflect the ever increasing emphasis on a slim female shape, and is notable as these females did not consider themselves to be on weight‐reducing diets. Intakes of minor nutrients showed few differences compared with other young adults, although a large variation in intakes was noted. On average, most vitamin intakes were above the RDA, but vitamin A intake amongst females was declining, and in latter years was below the RDA. Female intakes of riboflavin also tended to be low. Contrary to suggestions of low calcium intakes amongst adolescents, students were consuming more than the RDA, and more calcium than other young adults. A large proportion of the females, in all years, were not reaching the RDA for iron, suggesting the possibility of iron‐deficiency anaemia if intakes remain low.
Management of self‐starvation: a greater role for the nutritionist?
Authors: Dalzell A. M. , Wilcox J. , Patrick M. K. , Shepherd R. W. 
Published: March 2008

There are no reports of controlled trials of management practices in anorexia nervosa, and a paucity of follow‐up data. We investigated the nutritional requirements of four adolescent females with the condition, and describe a management approach based on nutritional principles. The aim was to reverse the initial state of catabolism by enteral nutrition prior to any negotiation regarding oral energy consumption.The median age of presentation was 14.15 years (range 14–16.1 years). All girls had abnormal perceptions relating to food and phenotype. The median weight loss in the preceding 6 months was 27% (range 21–33%). At presentation the median energy intake was 2710 kJ per day (range 2083–4166 kJ) and represented a median of 26% of that expected. The mean initial energy requirements to reverse the state of severe malnutrition were 14 634 kJ per day. The median time to regain 50% of lost weight was 44 days.Energy requirements in this disease have been underestimated by both patients and caregivers. Supplementing oral intake with energy‐dense defined formulae delivered by nasogastric tube is a safe and rapid method of achieving nutritional rehabilitation in the early stages of self‐starvation.
Evidence of continuing ‘deprivational’ vitamin D deficiency in Asians in the UK
Authors: Iqbal S. J. , Garrick D. P. , Howl A. 
Published: March 2008

In view of the large Asian population in Leicester and the continuing uncertainty about the level of vitamin D deficiency in this group, a preliminary study was undertaken to review the results of all 25(OH) vitamin D assays which had been performed in the previous 2 years with reference to the ethnic origin of the patients.Results indicated that not only were more assays performed on Asian patients but also that these patients were significantly more likely to have low or undetectable levels of 25(OH) vitamin D. Over 50% of Asian patients screened had subnormal levels of 25(OH) vitamin D. Within the Asian group, women of child‐bearing age appeared in substantial numbers amongst those who had low 25(OH) vitamin D levels. The study indicates a continuing problem of vitamin D deficiency in Asians which requires further study.
A 3‐month survey of enteral tube feeding and parenteral feeding: a baseline for improvement
Authors: Frost G. , Stanford J. , Masters K. , Taylor T. , Ward L. , Walters J. R. F. 
Published: March 2008

This paper presents the results of a 3‐month survey of tube feeding and parenteral nutrition in hospital in‐patients, undertaken to provide information for the development of guidelines by the Hospitals Nutritional Advisory Group and a baseline for future monitoring. This represents the first steps in the audit cycle. The results highlighted the following problems.

Total parenteral nutrition is often continued after bowel sounds have returned.
Enteral tube feeding is often instituted for only a very short period of time and may be of little nutritional benefit to the patient.
Significantly lower amounts of energy and nitrogen are received by the patients in the enterally tube‐fed group than is indicated by their estimated energy and nitrogen requirements.
The medical staff noted the start of feeding in 60% of the case notes, however, the aims of feeding and the reason for commencing feeding were never documented. Nutritional aims were defined in the case notes by dietitians for all tube‐fed and 18 of the 20 patients who were parenterally fed.
Nutritional assessment of the iron status in a group of institutionalized elderly people in Madrid (Spain)
Authors: Ortega R. M. , Turrero E. , Andres P. , Moreiras O. , Gaspar M. J. 
Published: March 2008

The iron status of a group of 73 institutionalized elderly people, 20 men and 53 women, aged 68–95 years, was evaluated by means of dietary, haematological and biochemical parameters.Nutritional analysis revealed an average iron intake of 8.6 mg/day, which was below the recommended amount in 78% of the cases. However, the intakes of haem iron and of several promoters of iron absorption (as vitamin C and meat) were quite satisfactory.Haematological and biochemical data revealed that 7.3% of the elderly had abnormal values for mean corpuscular volume and for transferrin saturation and were considered to have an impaired iron status; 4.9% had deficient haemoglobin values and an impaired iron status and suffered from anaemia. Based on dietary, haematological and biochemical data, women and those aged a 80 years presented a worse iron status than males and those aged ≥ 80 years.The present findings show the importance of describing the nutritional status of the elderly population. Utilized in this way nutritional intervention can be used as an important clinical tool not only to prevent the occurrence of morbidity and mortality, but also, to enhance the quality of life of the elderly.
Dietary sources of iron in English adolescents
Authors: Moynihan P. J. , Anderson C. , Adamson A. J. , Rugg‐Gunn A. J. , Appleton D. R. , Butler T. J. 
Published: March 2008

Adolescents have been identified as a group in which iron intake may be inadequate. Previous studies have reported values for total iron intake but few have reported iron intake from different dietary sources. Information on the proportion of dietary iron provided by different food groups provides a clearer insight into the adequacy of the diet and assists health education.This paper reports the contribution of different food groups to total iron intake in 379, 11 to 12‐year‐old, adolescents. Each child completed two 3‐day dietary records between January and July 1990, and was interviewed by one dietitian to clarify information recorded. Food tables were used to calculate nutrient intake.Total iron intake was 11.7 mg/day in boys and 11.2 mg/day in girls. The four most important sources of iron were meat and meat products (18.7%), breakfast cereals (14.8%), bread (11.9%) and potatoes (11.1%). Vegetables contributed only 3.4%. An appreciable amount of iron was derived from chocolate (4.1%). Less ‘desirable’ foods i.e. crisps, chips and chocolate together accounted for 13% of the total iron intake. The contribution to total iron intake by each source was similar for boys and girls.
Which way to treat obesity? Emotional, eating and behavioural issues in dieting
Authors: Vigus Jane , Tata Philip , Judd Pat , Bowyert Carole , Evans Elizabeth 
Published: March 2008

The roles of psychological and other factors in the treatment of obesity were examined in the context of a Community‐based Slimming Group (CSG), where some regular attenders appeared not to be benefiting as expected from the weight loss programme.A sample of 47 women from the CSG, who were about to embark on a 6 week weight loss programme, completed a series of questionnaires examining factors such as anxiety, depression, self‐efficacy, binge eating and nutritional knowledge. Weight changes were recorded over the course of the programme and at follow up approximately 1 year later. As a basis for comparison similar data were collected from a sample of post obese (PO) women who had at one time had a body mass index (BMI) in the same range as the CSG.Subjects attending the CSG showed a mean weight loss of 1.6 kg over the 6 week programme. This was greatest in those who were only slightly overweight, had not been to the group previously and showed only limited nutritional knowledge at baseline. Seventy per cent regained much if not all the weight or more over the subsequent year (mean weight gain 3 kg), with high levels of anxiety and binge eating the predominant psychological features of the least successful. Large initial weight loss was predictive of good short term success but a poorer long term prognosis. In general the CSG at baseline exhibited greater psychological problems and binge eating behaviour than the PO group, who (on average) showed normal psychological profiles and eating behaviour. However the means disguised a small number of PO women with quite severe psychological and eating problems.Overall results revealed a complex interrelationship between psychological problems, binge eating, dieting behaviour and weight.
The nutritional implications of food wastage in continuing care wards for elderly patients with mental health problems
Authors: Fenton Julie , Eves Anita , Kipps Michael , O'Donnell Catherine C. 
Published: March 2008

Long‐stay wards, where patients are permanently resident, have a responsibility to ensure that the diet that they provide is adequate to meet their residents' needs. The diets of long‐stay, elderly patients with mental health problems were assessed and compared with dietary reference values. The nutritional value of the food supplied from the kitchen and the ward, the food served to the patient and the food consumed by the patient was evaluated.Results showed that food wastage, as service losses and plate waste, had nutritional implications. In the cases of vitamin C, riboflavin, vitamin B6, vitamin A, calcium, iron, copper, zinc and total energy, the amounts available to patients were adequate. After service losses and plate waste however, intakes were found to be low. In other cases the food available would not have supplied adequate amounts of the nutrients, even if no losses had occurred (folate, vitamin D, magnesium, potassium, iodine, selenium and dietary fibre). Actual intakes of some nutrients, notably heat labile vitamins, may be lower than recorded owing to the effects of catering practices (e.g. warm‐holding). Low intakes usually resulted from a combination of service losses and plate waste. Plate waste occurred for a number of reasons, including inappropriate eating utensils, unfamiliar or disliked foods and insufficient time for meals.