bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biology and Control of the Fall Webworm (Hyphantria cunea Drury) in the Middle‐ and East European Countries
Authors: Szalay‐Marzso L. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe fall webworm was first discovered in Hungary in 1940 and severe outbreaks occurred in 1945. This insect which goes through 7 larval instars usually has two annual generations under the conditions prevailing in the infested areas of this country. The optimal conditions are met most often in Central and South Hungary (1,950 ‐ 2,050 sunshine‐hours yearly, 17°C average temperature during the vegetation period, a humidity of 65–70% and 300–350 mm. of precipitation). Three categories of host‐plants are distinguished: first‐grade host‐plants for which the pest has a clear preference and on which it develops best; second‐grade host‐plants on which the larvae feed mostly during the outbreak years and third‐grade host‐plants on which the larvae only feed when their original host‐plants are almost completely defoliated. Special attention is paid to the natural enemies of Hyphantria cunea Drury comprising predators and parasites. From larvae and pupae 8 Tachinids, 5 Ichneumonids, 13 Chalcidids and 3 Braconids were reared. The importance of natural enemies in controlling the pest seems to be greater in North America than in Europe.Despite drastic control measures, there has been a marked increase in the dissemination of the fall webworm in Hungary in 1969 and 1970 but is was possible to reduce the crop losses. A network of survey and forecasting posts facilitates the carrying out of mechanical and chemical methods. Strict quarantine regulations are in force to keep the pest under control.
Cicadelles de la vigne
Authors: Schvester D. 
Published: April 2008

SummaireLes deux principales espèces de cicadelles de la vigne sont examinées: Empoasca flavescens F. et Scaphoideus littoralis Ball. Leur cycle évolutif dans les conditions du sud‐ouest de la France et les moyens de lutte ont été définis (seuil de nocuité, pronostic de pullulations, etc.). S. littoralis, vecteur de la flavescence dorée, a fait l'objet d'investigations sur les modalités de transmission de la maladie. Celle‐ci peut être combattue efficacement par la destruction du vecteur. Les résultats obtenus sont discutés en regard des problèmes posés par la propagation de la flavescence dorée et du comportement de son vecteur.
Les tydéidés (Acari) sur vigne
Authors: Schruft G. 
Published: April 2008

SummaireLes représentants de cette famille sont encore mal connus tant du point de vue de la systématique que du rôle qu'ils jouent sur la vigne. Les publications consultées font état de mœurs prédatrices et phytophages de certaines espèces sans que la limite entre les deux soit clairement définie. En Allemagne fédérale, deux espèces nouvelles ont été rencontrées sur la vigne: Tydeus götzi Schruft et Pronematus stärki Schruft. Il apparaît que la première est à la fois prédatrice et phytophage alors que la seconde semble exclusivement appartenir au groupe des prédateurs. T. götzi et P. stärki vivent essentiellement aux dépens des ériophyides mais semblent aussi s'en prendre aux œufs et stades postembryonnaires de Panonychus ulmi Koch. Les facteurs conditionnant la dynamique des populations des tydéidés demeurent obscurs.RésuméFaute d'études biologiques approfondies, les tydéidés rencontrés sur la vigne constituent un groupe d'acariens ma1 connu dont le &#x006f;&#x030c; de prédateur et de ravageur n'est pas céairement défini. Le manque de connaissances sur les facteurs qui déterminent la dynamique des populations évident; il pourrait dailleur conduire à une appari‐tion beaucoup plus importante de ces acariens B la suite de certaines mesures anti‐parasitaires dont les conséquences sont imprévisibles.
Effets secondaires de fongicides agissant sur les acariens (Tetranychidae; Acari) sur vigne
Authors: Schruft G. 
Published: April 2008

SummaireL'auteur donne une définition des effets secondaires et présente les expériences réalisées en plein champ, en serre et en laboratoire à l'aide de fongicides pour étudier le comportement de l'araignée rouge, Panonychus ulmi Koch. Il expose le mécanisme supposé de l'action favorisante ou inhibitrice sur les populations et en souligne l'importance sur le plan de la lutte contre les acariens.RésuméLes études bibliographiques et nos propres essais révélent que les fongicides anti‐mildiou exercent une influence sur les acariens en favorisant ou inhibant leur développement. méanisme de cette action peut ère conditionné par les méta‐bolites des composés chimiques ou par une modification physiologique qui se produit dans la plante et entrai&#x030c;e une alteration trophique des acariens. Les fongicides suscep‐tibles d'exercer un effet inhibiteur sur le développement de ces déprédateurs ouvrent de nouvelles voies en matiére de lutte antiparasitaire
Detection and Estimation of Internal Pest Infestation in Seeds by the Application of X‐ray Techniques
Authors: Fesus I. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn quarantine inspection it is particularly important to use reliable and rapid testing methods for revealing internal infestation of seeds. Generally, it is impossible to diagnose correctly hidden infestation, at a low level, by means of traditional inspection test methods. The X‐ray technique, however, has considerable merit in the rapid and objective detection of insects living inside seeds. This radiographic process, most appropriate to quarantine practice, is presented. Optimal exposures were determined for seeds of 46 plant species. The reliability of radiographic counts of infestation was controlled by a model‐experiment, in which a very high correlation (r =−0.986) was found between the rate of infestation in the samples and the number of seeds to be tested from the sample. On a certain level by the regression equation (y = 7691–2468 log. x) it is possible to determine the number of seeds which have to be tested in order to obtain the real value of infestation.
Crop Rotation and Soil Pathogens — Trends in Germany
Authors: Obst A. , Diercks R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe need to cut costs has led to a simplification of crop rotation in several fields of plant cultivation. The results of Thormann, who has grown wheat continuously on parts of his farmland for 10 years, are discussed. Also, the preliminary results of our own experiments with increasing proportions of wheat and barley suggest that more wheat and barley may be cultivated in crop rotation than is allowed according to the conventional limits determined by the increase of foot rot diseases and cereal root eelworm. Even in successive crops of maize the problem of soil‐borne pathogens can be tackled: the spread of blister smut is stopped by the control of the frit fly and by selection of tolerant varieties; root and stem rots of maize are overcome by the selection of appropriate varieties, too. On the contrary, the potato root eelworm is a serious pest in all sites of intensive potato production. Only an integrated control including the use of resistant varieties and the application of nematicides gives success. Much research work has to be done mainly to get more information on the biotical defence mechanisms of the soil.
Long‐distance Transport of Pesticides
Authors: Hurtig H. 
Published: April 2008

The controversy surrounding the continued use of certain pesticides has resulted in a new breed of ecologists who are calling for a complete rejection of today's agrochemical systems of plant and animal protection. The data obtained suggest that in the chain of events surrounding the ecological fate of pesticides, the ultimate step in global pathways of distribution involves long‐distance transport associated with low‐altitude fall‐out.Residues in the soil have varying significance depending upon various factors. The major phenomena are volatilization, photo‐decomposition, chemical decomposition (including microbial), adsorption, leaching, dilution, mechanical removal including erosion, uptake by plants and co‐distillation.Recent evidence concerning variations in the amounts of pesticides detected in the streams draining agricultural and resort areas in Ontario and emptying into the Great Lakes is discussed. There are, as yet, too few examples of mathematical models and experimental verification to enable predictions for large marine eco‐systems. However, small scale studies suggest that some persistent and non‐biodegradable pesticides which are subject to long‐distance transport do require a restricted and supervised use. An analysis of our present knowledge of the operative factors involved in predicting short and long‐distance aerial transport of pesticides is currently being undertaken in Canada. The information, assessments and recommendations are summarized in this paper.
Are Pesticides Suitable Model Substances for the Evaluation of Industrial Chemicals in the Environment?
Authors: Korte F. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDefinitions are given for the terms «environmental chemical» and «undue persistence». A suggested model for the general evaluation of environmental chemicals is a balanced combination of the evaluations of environmental radioactivity and of pesticides. The classification of environmental chemicals should be based on chemical structures only, independent of use patterns. For the evaluation of any chemical, the knowledge of its total production and of the quantitative use pattern is indispensable.
Air Pollution and Plant Health
Authors: Houten J.G. ten 
Published: April 2008

AbstractPlant injury due to chemical air pollutants (SO2, HF, NO2, ethylene, ozone and PAN) is a well‐known phenomenon in densely industrialized and urbanized areas. Studies on this subject form the major part of this publication. Less is known about the influence of air pollutants on the development of parasitic plant diseases and insect pests and only in exceptional cases has the effect of the presence of certain pathogens in plant leaves on symptom‐expression resulting from chemical air pollutants been investigated.
An Integrated Approach in the Control of Potato Root Eelworm
Authors: Hijink M.J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDuring the last decade, new control possibilities for the potato root eelworm have come to the fore, namely resistant potato varieties and soil disinfection. These have led to an integrated approach to the control of the potato root eelworm in the Netherlands. For this purpose, a number of potato rotations, aiming at the prevention or elimination of non‐detectable populations of the potato root eelworm, are prescribed for non‐infested fields. These regulations allow the farmer to grow potatoes more frequently on non‐infested soils if he uses control measures (i.e. resistant potato varieties, soil disinfection). More stringent restrictions are in force for infested fields on which the growing of susceptible crops and propagation material is, of course, prohibited.
Scientific Knowledge and Effective Chemical Soil‐disinfection
Authors: van Assche C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractFor successful soil disinfection, many integrating factors have to be taken into consideration. In this way, the kind, the composition, the formulation and the physical and chemical properties of the products are very important. The information is considered together with the soil moisture content, texture, humus content, soil density, micro‐biological activity, etc. Finally, there is the problem of reinfection as well as the advantage or disadvantage of persisting components of the fumigants on the macroflora and possibly on the microflora too.
Pathology of Meloidogyne— Galling, Giant Cell Formation, Effects on Host Physiology
Authors: Dropkin V.H. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract Gall Formation. The hypothesis that the localized tissue reaction to invasion by infective larvae results from the introduction of growth regulators by the nematodes is put forward. Critical evidence in support of the hypothesis is lacking, but there is some evidence that auxins are present in nematodes. It is suggested that Meloidogyne respond to a signal, from the plant, to release the galling stimulus. Giant Cell Formation. The organization of a localized source of proteins in the giant cells under the direction of the developing, female nematode is the outstanding characteristic of Meloidogyne infections. A number of possible mechanisms are considered. A. The nematode may remove important end‐products such as amino acids or peptides. B. The developing larva may introduce specific regulators of protein synthesis, such as nucleic acids. C. Growth regulators are known to control protein synthesis. D. The nematode may affect the permeability of the membranes, increasing the flow of important ions into giant cells. E. The carbohydrases and proteolytic enzymes of Meloidogyne may affect the patterns of wall formation and nuclear division. F. A specific inhibitor of cell wall formation could account for many of the observations. Effects on Host Physiology. An increased ratio of root/shoot weights is characteristic of Meloidogyne infections. The nematode affects top growth by altering the traffic patterns of export and import between root and stem. In the field, this is manifest as increased susceptibility to water stress, reduced top growth, and especially, increased damage to roots by other micro‐organisms.
Physiological Variation in the Genus Meloidogyne as Determined by Differential Hosts
Authors: Sasser J.N. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractFour species of root‐knot nematodes, namely Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid et White) Chitwood, M. javanica (Treub) Chitwood, M. arenaria (Neal) Chitwood, and M. hapla Chitwood have a wide host‐range and are widely distributed throughout the world. For each of the species there are certain non‐hosts and these are different for each species, thus making it possible, through the use of differential hosts, to identify the species as well as detect pathogenic variations within a species. A knowledge of the nature and extent of this variation is needed for the development of varieties which possess a broad base for resistance.
Investigations into the Wood‐pigeon Problem in Cabbage Fields during Winter
Authors: Keil W. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn Europe the population of the wood‐pigeon (Columba palumbus L.) is increasing, consequently agricultural and horticultural damage is also increasing, especially in cereal and Brassica fields. In Great Britain long‐term investigations of this problem have been made.In the Federal Republic of Germany, wood‐pigeons cause a lot of damage to cabbage fields. Farmers, in the Mainz‐Gonsenheim area, suffer damage amounting to more than DM 100,000 per annum, to their Brassica crops. This amounts to 30% of the harvest. Our Institute has started a research program to find methods of reducing the damage in cabbage fields and to test methods of controlling the pigeon populations. The investigations are supported by the Ministerium für Landwirtschaft, Weinbau und Umweltschutz in Rheinland‐Pfalz.
Dispersal of Ceratitis capitata Wied. on Procida Island 1)
Authors: Murtas I.D. de , Cirio U. , Enkerlin D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA preliminary experiment, to relate the flight capability of Ceratitis to irradiation doses and to feeding, has shown that 9 Krads is a suitable dose for control programs and that feeding the newly emerged flies seems to affect their distribution over greater distances.
Dispersion de Ceratitis capitata Wied. dans l‘île de Procida 1)
Authors: Murtas I.D. de , Cirio U. , D. Enkerlin D. 
Published: April 2008

SommaireLes recaptures ont indiqué que l'île de Procida n'est pas réellement isolée, mais les vols à aussi longue distance sont rares et l'on estime qu'ils n'exerceront pas d'influence sur les opérations de lutte. Etant donné la lente dispersion de la mouche aux endroits où les plantes‐hôtes sont nombreuses, la distance entre les différents points de lâchers ne doit pas être supérieure à 100 m. On a constaté la présence de biotopes préférentiels dans l'île.
Chemical and Biochemical Aspects of Systemic Fungicides
Authors: Kerk G.J.M. van der 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAfter a short introduction to the principles involved in the control of fungal plant diseases, the recently developed systemic fungicides are reviewed. As far as possible the site and mode of action of these compounds are indicated and discussed.There is little doubt about the substantial, future, impact of the new systemic fungicides on agricultural and horticultural practice. Nevertheless, it should be kept in mind that an uncontrolled use of these compounds is undesirable. Complications may arise as a result of the development of resistance against these compounds. Moreover, an uncontrolled use of persistent systemic fungicides may lead to unwanted ecological shifts. The importance of degradable compounds is stressed.In conclusion it can be said that, although the presently available systemic fungicides are powerful tools, they do not seem to provide the final solution to fungal plant diseases. Further breakthroughs can be expected, during the next decade.ResumePropriétiés chimiques et biochimiques des fongicides systémiquesAprès avoir traité les principes impliqués dans la lutte contre les maladies fongiques des plantes on donne un apercu des fongicides systémiques développés récemment. Le site et le mode d'action de ces composés sont indiqués dans la mesure du possible.Il est peu douteux qu'à l'avenir ies nouveaux fongicides systèmiques aient une influence profonde sur la pratique agricole et horticole. Cependant, il faut se render à l'évidence qu'un usage illimité de ces composés n'est pas souhaitable. L'apparition de souches résistantes peut présenter de graves difficultés. En outre, l'emploi inconsidéré de fongicides systémiques persistants peut conduire à des perturbations écologiques fâcheuses. L'importance de composés dégradables est mise en évidence. Une série de tableaux et de figures permet d'entrer dans les détails de plusieurs aspects chimiques et biochirniques.Les fongicides systémiques disponibles aujourd'hui sont des armes puissantes, mais ils ne constituent pas la reponse finale dans la lutte contre les maladies fongiques des plantes. D'ici une dizaine d'années, il faut s'attendre à d'autres développements dans ce domaine.
L'embryogenèse de Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal, 1889) Chitwood, 1949
Authors: Berge J. , Cuany A. 
Published: April 2008

SommaireL'embryogenèse de Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) Chitwood, espèce très répandue dans le monde entier, est étudiée en utilisant la méthode de Nigon (1965) ainsi que sa terminologie par lettres pour la désignation des cellules. L'observation de la destination des différents blastomères qui se forment est tendue difficile du fait d'un certain nombre de rotations cellulaires qui surviennent dès avant le stade morula. La formation du stade gastrula peut être divisée en trois phases, caractérisées par l'apparition de nouveaux tissus. Ces faits mis à part, l'embryogenèse est de type classique et ressemble à celle décrite par Siddiqui et Taylor (1970) à propos de Meloidogyne naasi Franklin.Un phénomène de rejet qui ne semble pas avoir été mentionné chez d'autres nématodes phytoparasites a été mis en évidence. Dans 10% des cas, on a observé, dès le début du développement de l'œuf entre 3 et 10 blastomères, des formations cytoplasmiques qui n'évoluent pas par la suite et se résorbent au moment de la différenciation de la larve L2.ResumeEmbryogenesis of Meloldogyne arenaria (Neal, 1889) Chitwood, 1949The embryogenesis of Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) Chitwood is studied, using Nigon's method (1965) and his letter terminology for the various cells.The fact that several cell rotations occur during segmentation makes it difficult to follow their movements and find their final destination. Nevertheless their evolution looks very similar to that described by Siddiqui and Taylor (1970) for M. naasi Franklin. Three distinct phases, marked by the advent of new tissues, can be seen during the gastrula stage.We observed in 10% of the eggs of M. arenaria, a phenomenon which has never been recorded in any other species of plant parasitic nematode; a part of the egg content is rejected very early in its development, forming masses which do not evo‐lute and are resorbed when the L2 larva is formed.
Experiments to Control Starling Damage at Intensive Animal Husbandry Units
Authors: Wright E.N. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDepredation by starlings (Sturnus vulgaris L.) on animal food‐stuffs at intensive rearing units poses a serious economic problem to the industry. Two solutions are possible, either to deny the birds access to the food or to reduce their numbers to the point where losses become insignificant. Proofing a small barley beef unit, housing 20 animals, with wire mesh cost about £10 and resulted in an increase of £60 in the gross profit margin over a period of four months. By contrast, an attempt to control starlings feeding at a similar unit by the use of stupefying bait was a failure. Despite prebaiting starlings rejected a bait comprising rolled oats plus 2% by weight of alpha‐chloralose. Crushed barley was substituted for rolled oats and, after some hesitation, starlings fed voraciously but dispersed widely before becoming immobilized. Collection of affected birds was difficult and time consuming. There is a small but inherent risk to non‐target species and further research is advocated.ResumeExpérience de lutte contre les dégâts causés par les étourneaux dans des fermes d'élevage intensifLes dégâts que causent ies étoumeaux à la nourriture du bétail dans les fermes d'élevage intensif posent à l'industrie un problème économique sérieux. Deux solutions sont possibles, ou bien empêcher les oiseaux d'accéder à la nourriture, ou bien réduire leur nombre jusqu'à ce que les pertes deviennent insignifiantes. Dans le premier cas, le coût de l'expérience, qui a consistéà abriter avec des filets en mailles de fer l'orge destinée a la nourriture de 20 boeufs rentrés en étable, s'est élevé a environ 120 F et a abouti à une augmentation de 720 F de la marge bénéficiaire brute pendant une période de quatre mois. En revanche, un essai de contrôle de l'alimentation des étourneaux pour la même unité par l'usage d'appâts stupéfiants a été un échec. Bien que d'abord sollicités par un premier appât normal, les étourneaux ont ensuite refusé une préparation comprenant des flocons d'avoine à laquelle on avait ajouté 2% en poids de gluco‐chloral. Les flocons d'avoine ont été remplacés par de l'orge écrasée, et après quelque hésitation, les étourneaux se sont nourris avec voracité mais ils se sont égaillés avant de s'immobiliser. Le ramassage des oiseaux atteints s'est révélé difficile et a représenté une perte de temps. En outre le risque, bien que faible pour d'autres espèces, n'en existe pas moins et une recherche plus poussée est indispensable.