bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Buffalopox: an emerging and re-emerging zoonosis
Authors: Singh R. K. , Hosamani M. , Balamurugan V. , Bhanuprakash V. , Rasool T. J. , Yadav M. P. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractOutbreaks of buffalopox or pox-like infections affecting buffaloes, cows and humans have been recorded in many parts of the world. Since the first outbreak in India, a large number of epidemics have occurred. Unlike in the previous years, generalized forms of the disease are now rare; however, there are severe local forms of the disease affecting the udder and teats, leading to mastitis thereby undermining the productivity of milk animals. The causative agent buffalopox virus (BPXV) is a member of theOrthopoxvirus, and is closely related to Vaccinia virus (VACV), the type-species of the genus. Earlier studies with restriction fragment length polymorphism and recent investigations involving sequencing of the genes that are essential in viral pathogenesis have shown that BPXV is phylogenetically very closely related to VACV and may be considered as a clade of the latter. The review discusses the epidemiology, novel diagnostic methods for the disease, and molecular biology of the virus, and infers genetic relationships of BPXV with other members of the genus.
Endothelial cells as active participants in veterinary infections and inflammatory disorders
Authors: Behling-Kelly E. , Czuprynski C. J. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractEndothelial cells were once viewed as relatively inert cells lining the vasculature. They are now recognized as active and responsive regulators of coagulation, platelet adhesion, fluid homeostasis, wound healing, leukocyte extravasation and vascular tone. Endothelial cells play a key role in the host response to infectious agents by regulating leukocyte trafficking, producing inflammatory cytokines and presenting antigen in association with major histocompatibility class II (MHC II) molecules. A number of infectious agents have a tropism for endothelial cells. Infection of endothelial cells can promote thrombosis, vascular leakage, and increased adherence and emigration of leukocytes. Furthermore, activation of a systemic inflammatory response, in the absence of direct endothelial cell infection, can also lead to endothelial cell dysfunction. The purpose of this review is to highlight the interactions between endothelial cells and infectious or inflammatory agents that contribute to coagulation disturbances, vasculitis and edema. A select group of viral and bacterial pathogens will be used as examples to demonstrate how endothelial cell dysfunction contributes to the pathogenesis of infectious and inflammatory disorders.
Evaluating neuronal and glial growth on electrospun polarized matrices: bridging the gap in percussive spinal cord injuries
Authors: Chow Woon N. , Simpson David G. , Bigbee John W. , Colello Raymond J. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractOne of the many obstacles to spinal cord repair following trauma is the formation of a cyst that impedes axonal regeneration. Accordingly, we examined the potential use of electrospinning to engineer an implantable polarized matrix for axonal guidance. Polydioxanone, a resorbable material, was electrospun to fabricate matrices possessing either aligned or randomly oriented fibers. To assess the extent to which fiber alignment influences directional neuritic outgrowth, rat dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) were cultured on these matrices for 10 days. Using confocal microscopy, neurites displayed a directional growth that mimicked the fiber alignment of the underlying matrix. Because these matrices are generated from a material that degrades with time, we next determined whether a glial substrate might provide a more stable interface between the resorbable matrix and the outgrowing axons. Astrocytes seeded onto either aligned or random matrices displayed a directional growth pattern similar to that of the underlying matrix. Moreover, these glia-seeded matrices, once co-cultured with DRGs, conferred the matrix alignment to and enhanced outgrowth exuberance of the extending neurites. These experiments demonstrate the potential for electrospinning to generate an aligned matrix that influences both the directionality and growth dynamics of DRG neurites.
EMBRYOTOXICITY OF PHOMOPSIN IN RATS
Authors: Peterson JE 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe effect of phomopsin, the mycotoxin of Phomopsis leptostromiformis responsible for lupinosis, was examined in pregnant rats and their embryos. A Single injection at the rate of 0·025–0·4 mg/kg was administered on days 6, 8, 10, 12 or 14 of pregnancy or repeated Injections at the daily rate of 0·03 or 0· 09 mg/kg were given on days 6·10 or 11·15. Effects on embryonic development were examined on day 20. A single dose of 0·4 mg/kg or repeated doses of 0·09 mg/kg caused heavy embryonic mortality. Repeated doses of 0·03 mg/kg over days 6·10 caused a lower mortality. Foetuses that survived the higher dose rates were severely retarded in their growth and skeletal ossification was irregular. The incidence of other developmental defects was too low for phomopsin to be unequivocally implicated. The dose levels used induced lesiona of lupinosis of varying severity in the dams. Toxicity for dams and embryos was greater when the total dose was administered over 5 days than after a single injection.
UPTAKE AND TOXICITY OF SAFRANINE AND TRIPHENYLMETHYLPHOSPHONIUM ION IN HUMAN TUMOUR CELLS
Authors: Parsons PG , Musk P 
Published: August 2007

SummaryDespite having lower cell membrane potentials, four human melanoma cell lines and HeLa cells accumulated the membrane probe triphenylmethyl‐phosphonium ion (TPMP, 2 μM) 2–10 fold more rapidly than human fibroblasts, and did not reach equilibrium during the 2 h incubation period studied. The difference was not due to drug toxicity, although at much higher levels of TPMP (>20 μM) selective killing of melanoma cells compared with fibroblasts was observed. Some dependence of TPMP accumulation upon membrane potential was indicated by inhibition of uptake in fibroblasts depolarised by culture in calcium‐deficient medium. Melanoma cells exhibited no change in TPMP uptake or membrane potential under these conditions. Uptake of safranine, an indicator of mitochondrial membrane potential, did not follow the TPMP pattern. Thus, the anomalous accumulation of TPMP by human tumour cells appeared to result from either carrier‐mediated transport or rapid intracellular metabolism and could not be used to determine cell membrane potentials.
TRANSFER OF SENSITISED LYT 2+ CELLS TRIGGERS ACUTE REJECTION OF PANCREATIC ISLET ALLOGRAFTS
Authors: Prowse Stephen J , Warren Hilary S , Agostino Michael , Lafferty Kevin J 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe cellular requirements for rejection of cultured islet allografts, a tissue expressing only class I alloantigens, have been studied. The results obtained show that sensitised Thy 1+, Lyt 2+ lymphocytes and not Lyt 2− lymphocytes trigger acute graft rejection.
INDUCTION OF T CELL HYPORESPONSIVENESS TO BEBARU IN MICE, AND ABNORMALITIES IN THE IMMUNE RESPONSES OF PROGENY OF HYPORESPONSIVE MALES
Authors: Müllbacher A , Ashman RB , Blanden RV 
Published: August 2007

SummaryNon‐specific hyporesponsiveness of cytotoxic T cells to alphaviruses and alloantigens was induced in male mice by multiple, large injections, starting at birth, of gamma‐inactivated alphavirus, stock‐grown in outbred mouse brains. Offspring of matings between 2 out of 17 treated males and normal females also exhibited significant non‐specific hyporesponsiveness (in comparison with normal control mice), without prior exposure to gamma‐inactivated alphavirus stock.
CHARACTERIZATION OF LEANYER VIRUS: RESEMBLANCE TO BUNYAVIRUS
Authors: Stuckly Keith G , Wright Peter J 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe properties of Leanyer virus, isolated in Northern Australia in 1974, were compared with those of Bunyamwera virus. Leanyer virus replicated in BHK‐21 and Vero cells. In sucrose gradients it had a density of 1·17 g/cm3 and sedimented with the same S value as Bunyamwera virus. The diameter of negatively stained virions was approximately 110 nm. Three species of RNA sedimenting at 30S (L), 26S (M) and 14S (S) and four virion proteins (L, G1, G2, N) were detected in preparations of purified virions. The results were consistent with the classification of Leanyer virus as a member of the family Bunyaviridae, possibly within the Bunyavirus genus.
THE MAPPUTTA GROUP OF ARBOVIRUSES: ULTRASTRUCTURAL AND MOLECULAR STUDIES WHICH PLACE THE GROUP IN THE BUNYAVIRUS GENUS OF THE FAMILY BUNYAVIRIDAE
Authors: Newton Susan E , Short Nicholas J , Irving Anne‐Marie , Dalgarno Lynn 
Published: August 2007

SummaryWe have characterized members of the Mapputta group of ‘bunya‐virus‐like’ viruses in terms of morphology, structure, ultrastructural development and virus‐directed RNA and protein synthesis. Our primary study has been with Maprik virus (MPK) as a representative of the group. The MPK virion is uniformly spherical (≃ 90 nm diameter) and possesses a membrane envelope. Virus maturation is by budding into small vesicles in the perinuclear region. During infection of BHK cells which is cytopathic, maximum viral RNA synthesis is ≃ 20% of RNA synthesis in uninfected cells without actinomycin D. In Aedes alboplctus cells, where high initial titres are followed by a persistent infection, maximum viral RNA synthesis is only 1·5% of levels in control cells. MPK virions contain three RNA species. MPK generates four virus‐specific RNAs (L, M, S1 and S2) and three nucleocapsid species in infected BHK cells. Six virus‐specific polypeptides are present in infected cells; the four largest correspond to L (a probable transcriptase component), G1 and G2 (envelope proteins) and N (the nucleocapsid protein), respectively. These results and complementary studies with Trubanaman and Gan Gan viruses indicate that the members of the Mapputta serogroup can be placed in the bunyavirus genus of the family Bunya‐viridae.
BLOCKADE OF CARDIAC NERVES BY INTRAPERICARDIAL LOCAL ANAESTHETICS IN THE CONSCIOUS RABBIT
Authors: Dorward PK , Flaim M , Ludbrook J 
Published: August 2007

SummaryLocal anaesthetic drugs were instilled into the pericardial sac of conscious rabbits through a chronically implanted catheter. Twenty mg of procaine HCl always caused complete blockade of cardiac vagal and sympathetic efferent nerves, tested by eliciting the baroreceptor‐heart rate reflex, and abolished the reflex depression of renal sympathetic nerve activity elicited by impeding left ventricular outflow. It also slowed heart rate by a direct effect on the sinoatrial pacemaker. When the same dose of procaine was given intravenously there were only transient changes in blood pressure, heart rate and the baroreceptor‐heart rate reflex. Lignocaine HCl and bupivacaine HCl were relatively less effective in blocking cardiac sympathetic efferent nerves. Intrapericardial procaine can be used in conscious animals to elucidate the part played by the cardiac receptor reflexes in control of the circulation.
TRYPSIN‐CHYMOTRYPSIN INHIBITORS FROM THE TICK, BOOPHILUS MICROPLUS
Authors: Willadsen P , McKenna RV 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe eggs of the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus, contain at least two proteolytic enzyme inhibitors which have been purified and partially characterized. One of these is closely related to an inhibitor from larval ticks previously purified. It is similar in general properties, in amino acid composition and it cross‐reacts immunologically with the larval protein. The egg and larval proteins are, however, largely or completely stage‐specific. The significance of this to the study of She host‐parasite interaction is discussed.
THE ENZYMES OF PYRIMIDINE BIOSYNTHESIS IN BABESIA BOVIS AND BABESIA BIGEMINA
Authors: Gero Annette M , O'Sullivan William J , Wright Ian G , Mahoney David F 
Published: August 2007

SummaryAll six enzymes of de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis leading to the formation of UMP have been demonstrated in whole homogenates from two bovine Babesia species, B. bovis and B. bigemina. The specific activities of the respective enzymes were of the same order of magnitude as observed for the related parasite, Plasmodium berghei. The results indicate that both these parasites have the potential of obtaining their pyrimidine requirements by de novo synthesis.Subcellular fractionation established that dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme of the pathway, was of a particulate nature. Mammalian respiratory chain inhibitors and ubiquinone analogues caused inhibition of the Babesia dihydroorotate dehydrogenase. As observed for other eukaryotic systems, the dehydrogenase appears to be linked to a respiratory chain via ubiquinone.
THE EFFECT OF SPLENECTOMY ON THE PRODUCTION OF ABLASTIN AND THE TERMINATION OF THE PARASITAEMIA IN RATS INFECTED WITH TRYPANOSOMA LEWISI
Authors: Drew PA , Jenkin CR 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThis study investigated the effect of splenectomy on the production of ablastin and the elimination of Trypanosoma lewisi from the circulation of infected Porton rats. Rats were splenectomized or sham‐splenectomized either before or at various stages during the infection and the course of the parasitaemia compared with untreated control animals. Ablastin titres in the serum were measured by a sensitive in vitro assay and were found to be the same in all the rats, regardless of the nature or timing of the operation. Splenectomized animals eliminated the parasite more slowly from the circulation than either the sham‐splenectomized animals or unoperated controls. It is concluded that the presence of the spleen enables the rat to clear the parasite more rapidly from the circulation, but that the spleen is not essential for the production ablastin during the infection.
TRANSFERABLE ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE IN A GENERAL HOSPITAL: A TWO YEAR SURVEY
Authors: Ackerman VP , Groot Obbink DJ , Sivertsen Terri 
Published: August 2007

SummaryFor two years transferable antibiotic resistance (TAR) was studied by replicator methods in strains of Enterobacteriaceae isolated in a 900‐bed hospital. Transfer to an Escherichia coli recipient was demonstrated in 21% of 7,800 Enterobacteriaceae. It was most common in Klebsiella (37% of isolates) and least in Acinetobacter (6%). The mean number of phenotypic resistance markers (RMs) transferred was higher from Klebsiella pneumoniae or Enterobacter cloacae than from E. coli or P. mirabilis. K. pneumoniae and E. cloacae especially transferred 7 or more RMs much more often than other species. Some RMs were associated with a particular species, e.g. streptomycin with E. coli, kanamycin or gentamicin with E. cloacae and kanamycin with P. mirabilis. The same was true of certain patterns of resistance transfer, e.g. Ap‐Km and P. mirabilis, Ap‐Sm and E. coli, Ap‐Km‐Gm‐Tm‐Cm and K. pneumoniae. However, many of the commonest resistance phenotypes were transferred from several species and from several biotypes within any given species. Resistance patterns transferred from E. coli were detected sporadically throughout, whereas many of those transferred from Klebsiella, Enterobacter or Proteus were found only for a limited time.
COMPARISON OF MAMMARY GLAND FUNCTION DURING THE OVULATORY MENSTRUAL CYCLE AND ACUTE BREAST INFLAMMATION IN WOMEN
Authors: Prosser CG , Hartmann PE 
Published: August 2007

SummaryStudies were undertaken to characterize the changes in the milk composition which occur 5–6 days before and 6–7 days after ovulation in lactating women. The composition of the milk at these times was compared to that from women with an acute inflammation (mastitis) in the breast to clarify the nature of the mechanism which caused the change in milk composition during the ovulatory menstrual cycle.The composition of breast milk taken from 2 women from days −8 to −3 and days 4 to 9, relative to the day of ovulation, showed significant (p < 0·05) increases in Na and Cl and a decrease in glucose. The concentration of albumin and total protein in the milk was unchanged. In contrast, the milk composition from 3 women who developed an inflammation in the one breast during lactational amenorrhea showed significant (p < 0·05) increases in the concentrations of Na, Cl, total protein and albumin in the milk from the affected breast as compared to the normal breast. The concentration of glucose was not significantly altered.The differences between the composition of milk during the menstrual cycle and during acute breast inflammation are exemplified by a further woman who developed an inflammation in the right breast only on day 7 after ovulation, which coincided with the post‐ovulatory change in milk composition. The concentration of albumin in the milk from the affected breast was significantly (p < 0·01) increased during the period of inflammation, while it remained stable in the milk from the normal breast. The other constituents showed the normal alterations associated with the luteal phase of the cycle.While the changes in the concentrations of the ions and albumin in the milk from the affected breast are consistent with the existence of a paracellular pathway between the cells, the changes during the menstrual cycle are not. It is suggested that the milk compositional changes which occur during the cycle are caused by a decrease in the mammary uptake of glucose, with a subsequent reduction in the synthetic activity of the gland.
HOST DEFENCES IN THE UPPER GENITAL TRACT OF THE FEMALE: STUDIES IN A MURINE SYSTEM
Authors: Sorrell Tania C , Baker Pamela A , Chow Anthony W 
Published: August 2007

SummaryMechanical and cellular factors which maintain sterility in the fallopian tube were studied in virgin, BALB/c mice. Quantitative cultures of homogenates from ovary/periovarian sac, fallopian tube and uterine horn were obtained at various times after intratubal injection of 6 × 107 Escherichia coli (E. coli) by micropuncture.Immediately post‐injection, significantly higher bacterial counts were obtained from fallopian tube than from uterine horn, indicating a functional barrier at the uterotubal junction. Viable E. coli were usually absent from the genital tract within 7 days. Reduction in bacterial counts was significant at 24 h post‐injection. Ligation of the uterine horn and/or induction of leucopenia prior to injection were associated with decreased bacterial clearance at 24 h. Histology of samples from normal, injected mice revealed marked polymorphonuclear leucocyte (PMNL) infiltration in response to E. coli, confirmed by quantitation of intralumenal PMNL. By 72 h post‐injection, viable E. coli and PMNL containing phagocytosed particles were prominent in vaginal washings. No inflammatory response was elicited in leucopenic mice.We conclude that clearance of E. coli from the fallopian tube depends primarily on excretion through the lower genital tract and PMNL‐associated bacterial activity.
COMPETITIVE RADIOIMMUNOASSAYS USING HYBRIDOMA AND ANTI‐IDIOTYPE ANTIBODIES IN IDENTIFICATION OF ANTIBODY RESPONSES TO, AND ANTIGENS OF, SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM
Authors: Mitchell Graham F , Garcia Edito G , Cruise Kathy M 
Published: August 2007

SummaryA hybridoma‐derived monoclonal antibody, 1.134, with apparent specificity for Schistosoma japonicum adult worms has immunodiagnostic potential for schistosomiasis japonica in the Philippines. Sera from known infected individuals will inhibit the binding of 125I‐labelled 1.134 to a crude adult worm extract (AWE) in a competitive radioimmunoassay (CRIA), although a 10% false negative rate has been noted. Another monoclonal antibody, P.41, which produces circumoval precipitation (COP) reactions with S. japonicum eggs was shown previously not to he useful in identification of heavily infected individuals using a CRIA with extracted egg antigens (EA). However, the 125I‐P.41/EA assay has now been demonstrated to be capable of detecting a small subset of infected persons. Thus, four infected individuals with serum COP reactions shown to be consistently of the bleb type only (and with no segmented precipitates seen in the optimized COP test) have serum inhibitory activity in the P.41 CRIA. These same sera are negative in the I.134 CRIA.Unsuccessful attempts have been made to substitute a large Pool of affinity purified anti‐I.134 idiotypic (Id) antibodies for antigen (i.e. AWE) in the immunodiagnostic I.134 CRIA. However, anti‐Id CRIAs have been shown to be useful in monitoring the isolation of target antigens of hybridoma anti‐schistosome antibodies. The availability of a range of hybridoma antibody‐based CRIAs will greatly Facilitate the quantitative analysis of anti‐S. japonicum antibody specificities in sera from clinically defined patient groups and the isolation of antigens of immunoparasitological interest.
INHIBITION BY LANTHANUM OF THE CALCIUM PARADOX PHENOMENON IN RAT HEART
Authors: Hunt William G , Willis Roger J 
Published: August 2007

SummaryInjury is sustained by isolated hearts on repletion with calcium after a short period of perfusion with calcium‐free medium at 37°. A possible mechanism for the ‘calcium paradox’ is that exposure to a calcium‐free medium removes extracellular calcium rendering the sarcolemma more permeable to calcium. On calcium repletion, cell injury is triggered by calcium influx. Since lanthanum is known to displace calcium from extracellular pools in heart, it was used in an attempt to modulate the injury of the calcium paradox. The presence of 10 μM lanthanum in the calcium‐free perfusion fluid was found to inhibit totally protein release normally produced by subsequent calcium exposure. When lanthanum was added after the calcium‐free period and before calcium repletion, protein release was only partly prevented. This shows that a change in membrane properties occurred during the calcium‐free perfusion period which could be prevented, but not reversed, by the addition of lanthanum.
THE NEUROHYPOPHYSIAL AXONS IN NORMAL AND DEHYDRATED RATS: AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY INCLUDING ZIO‐STAINING METHOD
Authors: Loesch Andrzej 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe neurohypophysial axons from normal rats and those dehydrated for 4 and 12 days were investigated by means of conventional glutaraldehyde fixation and the zinc‐iodide‐osmium (ZIO) staining technique. Conventionally fixed axons from dehydrated rats revealed depletion of dense core of neurosecretory granules, more frequent occurrence of microvesicles, proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum or accumulation of lysosomes. It has been disclosed that the ZIO reaction product has the ability to stain microvesicles (normal rats) and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, some neurosecretory granules and some parts of stromal inclusion at the release site (dehydrated rats). Quantitative data are also presented. They indicate a significantly decreased number of both neurosecretory granules (NSG) and ZIO‐positive microvesicles (MV) in dehydrated rats. Equally, the value of the median of the MV/NSG ratio was significantly increased from 1·38 in normal rats to 5·50 and 7·50 in rats dehydrated for 4 and 12 days, respectively. Thus, the possible involvement of ZIO‐positive microvesicles in a process associated with neurosecretion is suggested. While in normal rats a correlation was found between the number of neurosecretory granules and the area of sectioned profiles of the axons, no evidence was obtained for it in 12‐day dehydrated rats. Conversely, no evidence for a relationship between the axon area and the number of ZIO‐positive microvesicles was obtained in normal rats, while in rats dehydrated for 12 days a correlation was found.
LIMITATIONS OF STANDARD FILTRATION TECHNIQUES IN MEASURING SPECIFIC BINDING OF TRANSPORTED SUBSTRATES TO RENAL PLASMA MEMBRANES
Authors: Miller John H , Wesniewski Jerome W 
Published: August 2007

SummaryUnder equilibrium conditions, the specific binding of 14C‐α‐methyl‐D‐glucoside and 14C‐p‐aminohippurate to brushborder and basolateral membranes of rabbit kidney cortex could not be quantitated using standard filtration techniques. It was concluded that the low receptor affinities of these transported solutes and the masking of bound isotopic counts by vesicular uptake prevented accurate measurement of specific binding activities.