bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Upgrading the AOCS infrared trans method for analysis of neat fats and oils by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Sedman J. , van de Voort F. R. , Ismail A. A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAn automated protocol for the direct, rapid determination of isolated trans content of neat fats and oils by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was devised, based on a simple modification of the standard AOCS trans method, eliminating the use of CS2 and methylation of low trans samples. Through the use of a commercially available, heated transmission flow cell, designed specifically for the analysis of neat fats and oils, a calibration (0–50%) was devised with trielaidin spiked into a certified, trans‐free soybean oil. The single‐beam spectra of the calibration standards were ratioed against the single‐beam spectrum of the base oil, eliminating the spectral interference caused by underlying triglyceride absorptions, facilitating direct peak height measurements as per the AOCS IR trans method. The spectrometer was preprogrammed in Visual Basic to carry out all spectral manipulations, measurements, and calculations to produce trans results directly as well as to provide the operator with a simple interface to work from. The derived calibration was incorporated into the software package, obviating the need for further calibration because the program includes an automatic recalibration/standardization routine that automatically compensates for differences in optical characteristics between instruments, instrument drift over time, and cell wear. The modified AOCS FTIR analytical package was evaluated with Smalley check samples for repeatability, reproducibility, and accuracy, producing SD of ± 0.07, 0.13, and 0.70 trans, respectively, the FTIR predictions being linearly related to the Smalley means (r=0.999; SD=± 0.46), and well within one SD of the Smalley sample means. Calibration transfer was assessed by implementing the calibration on a second instrument and reanalyzing the Smalley check samples in cells of two different pathlengths (25‐ and 50‐µm). There were no statistically significant differences between the FTIR trans predictions obtained for the Smalley samples from the two instruments and two cells, indicating that the software was able to adjust the calibrations to compensate for differences in instrument response and cell pathlength. The FTIR isolated trans analysis protocol developed by the McGill IR Group has the benefit of being based on the principles of an AOCS‐approved method, matches its accuracy, and allows the analysis to be performed on both neat fats and oils, producing trans predictions in less than 2 min per sample. It is suggested that this integrated approach to trans analysis, which requires a minimum level of sample manipulation and operator skill, be considered as a modification of the proposed Recommended Practice CD14b‐95.
Effect of feeding muscovy ducklings different protein sources: Performance, θ‐3 fatty acid contents, and acceptability of their tissues
Authors: El‐Deek Ahmed A. , Barakat Mona O. , Attia Youssef A. , El‐Sebeay Ashraf S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractOne hundred Muscovy ducklings, 5‐wk‐old, from each gender were assigned to five dietary treatments. Each treatment of each sex contained two replicates of 10 ducklings each. Ducks were fed, from 4–9 wk of age, five isonitrogenous diets that differed in protein source, i.e., commercial protein concentrate (CPC), soybean meal, meat meal (MM), herring fish meal (HFM), and mixed herring fish and meat meals (HFM + MM). At the end of the experiment, four ducks per treatment were slaughtered for carcass evaluation and the fatty acid profiles of their meat, adipose tissue, and plasma. Final body weight of both sexes showed no difference among protein sources, although males fed CPC or MM diets had the largest weight gain. No differences in feed consumption and conversion between sexes were shown, although differences in θ‐3 fatty acid consumption due to protein source were significant. Feeding fish meal reduced the sensory acceptance of meat, whereas the plant protein diet improved it. Total lipid and cholesterol contents of the meat of males showed no differences between protein sources. Correlation between θ‐3 fatty acid consumption and plasma cholesterol was negative (r=0.91; P=0.03). Moreover, correlation between plasma cholesterol and plasma lipid was positive (r=0.97; P=0.01). Feeding fish meal enriched total unsaturated fatty acid of adipose tissues, θ‐3 fatty acid of adipose and meat tissues, and total unsaturated fatty acid of thigh meat. Total unsaturated fatty acid and θ‐3 fatty acid of blood plasma from females were also enriched by feeding fish meal‐containing diets.
Lipids and biopackaging
Authors: Callegarin Francesca , Quezada Gallo Jesus‐Alberto , Debeaufort Frédéric , Voilley Andrée 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPackaging is important to preserve food quality. It is a barrier to water vapor, gas, aroma, and solute migration between the food and the environment. With the recent increase in ecological consciousness, research has turned toward finding biodegradable materials. The different kinds of biopackaging are discussed with special focus on edible films. The aim of this review is to focus on the influence of lipids used in edible films, mainly for their efficiency as water‐vapor barriers. The structure, degree of saturation, chainlength, physical state, shape and dimension of crystals, and distribution of lipids into the film influence the functional properties of the film. In general, the performance of edible films is lower than that of synthetic films, but their main advantage is to be easily, fully, and rapidly biodegradable.
Viscosities of fatty acids, triglycerides, and their binary mixtures
Authors: Valeri Daniella , Meirelles Antonio J. A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractViscosity data have been obtained as a function of temperature for seven fatty acids (pelargonic, capric, lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, and oleic) and four triglycerides (tricaprilin, tripalmitin, tristearin, and triolein) and their binary mixtures at temperatures from above their melting points to 90°C. The viscosity measurements were performed by using Cannon Fenske glass capillary kinematic viscometers. Modified versions of the Andrade equation were used to correlate the kinematic viscosities of pure fatty acids and pure triglycerides. The MacAllister method was used for their binary mixtures. The correlation constants are valuable for designing or evaluating chemical process equipment, such as heat exchangers, reactors, distillation columns, and process piping.
Offset printing inks based on rapeseed oil and sunflower oil. Part II: Varnish and ink formulation
Authors: Sabin Pascale , Benjelloun‐Mlayah Bouchra , Delmas Michel 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTwo sets of variable oil length, alkyd resins modified by sunflower oil (SOA) and by rapeseed oil (ROA), were evaluated in offset formulations with mineral oils as diluent. The more suitable alkyds for this kind of application were determined. In a second experiment, hydrocarbon solvents were substituted by the fatty acid methyl esters derived from rapeseed oil or sunflower oil to produce ecologically friendly offset printing inks. Finally, the ROA and the SOA were associated with the methyl esters derived from the same vegetable oil. New properties of the varnishes composed of a vegetable diluent were evaluated. The quickset formulations with the methyl esters do not need important modifications, as opposed to the heatset formulations.
Esterification patterns of lipases for synthesizing tricaproylglycerols in organic solvent
Authors: Kwon Dae Young , Song Hyo Nam , Yoon Suk Hoo 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTo investigate the synthetic patterns of triglyceride (triacylglycerol) by lipases in organic solvent, esterification patterns of triglyceride, diglyceride, and monoglyceride were monitored at various reaction times with 10 lipases. As a model study, tricaprin was synthesized from glycerol and capric acids (C10:0) in isooctane. Lipases that were known to give nonspecific hydrolysis in aqueous solvent, such as lipase from Candida cylindracea, Lipase OF‐360 (from C. rugosa), and Lipase MY (C. rugosa) showed nonspecific synthesis of tricaprin in organic solvent (Group I). There are two groups for esterifying trigly cerides in organic solvent with 1,3‐specific lipases: one consists of the lipases from Rhizomucor miehei, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Lipase PS), and Chromobacterium viscosum (Lipase CV) (Group II), and another (Group III) is represented by Lipase AP (Aspergillus niger), Lipase FAP‐15 (Rhizopus javanicus), and Lipase D (R. delemar). Although both groups showed 1,3‐specific hydrolysis in aqueous solvent, Group III has stricter 1,3‐specificity for the synthesis of tricaprin from dicaprin.
Degradation of α‐linolenic acid during heating
Authors: Hénon G. , Kemény Zs. , Recseg K. , Zwobada F. , Kövári K. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDegummed bleached rapeseed oil was heated at 210, 220, and 230°C for up to 86 h under reduced pressure with nitrogen stripping. No significant change of total linoleic acid content was found, but a decrease of the total linolenic acid content was observed under extreme conditions. The degradation rate of linolenic acid is described as a function of heating time and operating temperature. Linolenic acid degradation can be predicted for any set of conditions by the established model. No significant degradation of linolenic acid can occur under standard deodorization conditions.
Fatty methyl ester hydrogenation to fatty alcohol part I: Correlation between catalyst properties and activity/selectivity
Authors: Rieke Ross D. , Thakur Deepak S. , Roberts Brian D. , White Geoffrey T. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFatty alcohols, derived from natural sources, are commercially produced by hydrogenation of fatty acids or methyl esters in slurry‐phase or fixed‐bed reactors. One slurry‐phase hydrogenation of methyl ester process flows methyl esters and powdered copper chromite catalyst into tubular reactors under high hydrogen pressure and elevated temperature. In the present investigation, slurry‐phase hydrogenations of C12 methyl ester were carried out in semi‐batch reactions at nonoptimal conditions (i.e., low hydrogen pressure and elevated temperature). These conditions were used to accentuate the host of side reactions that occur during the hydrogenation. Some 14 side reaction routes are outlined. As an extension of this study, copper chromite catalyst was produced under a number of varying calcination temperatures. Differences in catalytic activity and selectivity were determined by closely following side reaction products. Both activity and selectivity correlate well with the crystallinity of the copper chromite surface; they increase with decreasing crystallinity. The ability to follow the wide variety of side reactions may well provide an additional tool for the optimized design of hydrogenation catalysts.
Effect of repeated heating on thermal behavior of crude palm oil
Authors: Haryati T. , Che Man Y. B. , Swe P. Z. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThermal behavior of crude palm oil (CPO) is important to determine the optimal fractionation process and product yield. In this study, the effects of repeated heating on thermal behavior of CPO were examined by differential scanning calorimetry. CPO was heated at 80°C for 5 min, and heating was repeated five times to simulate the common conditions experienced by an oil before reaching the refinery. The result revealed that the thermal behavior of CPO changed after heating. The change, however, occurred only in the behavior of the high‐melting stearin peak but not in the low‐melting olein peak. Overheating split the stearin peak at 17.30°C to two peaks at 18.88 and 17.30°C and formed a new peak at 11.28°C. Apparently, a new substance has been synthesized.
Glycerolysis of fats and methyl esters
Authors: Noureddini H. , Medikonduru V. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe glycerolysis of methyl esters and triglycerides with crude glycerol, a coproduct from the transesterification of triglycerides, was studied. Three procedures were followed for this conversion. The first procedure was a one‐step glycerolysis with methyl esters. The second procedure was a two‐step process. This procedure involved an initial partial glycerolysis with methyl esters, followed by fat glycerolysis. The third procedure was a simultaneous glycerolysis with methyl esters and triglycerides. In the glycerolysis with methyl esters, the removal of methanol is vital to the production of mono‐ and diglycerides. Methanol was removed either by drawing vacuum on the reactor or by stripping methanol out by means of an inert carrier gas (nitrogen). Different molar ratios of methyl esters to glycerol were tested in the first two processes. At low concentration of methyl esters, total conversion of methyl esters to mono‐ and diglycerides was achieved. As the concentration of methyl esters was increased, the conversion of methyl esters to mono‐ and diglycerides was decreased. Furthermore, the ratio of mono‐ to diglycerides was also higher at lower concentrations of methyl esters. The conversion of triglycerides in the two‐step process with crude glycerol was similar to a one‐step fat glycerolysis with pure glycerol. The composition of different components and the ratio of mono‐ to diglycerides were also comparable.
Use of soy protein concentrates and lecithin products in diets fed to coho and atlantic salmon
Authors: Brown P. B. , Wilson K. A. , Hodgin Y. , Stanley J. D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAquacultural production is increasing in most parts of the world, establishing new and rapidly growing markets for various oil products. One of the more interesting nutritional requirements for aquatic animals is lecithin or phosphatidylcholine. In this paper, lecithin in aquaculture is reviewed with emphasis on freshwater fish and crayfish. Further, new data on use of lecithin and two soy protein concentrates in diets fed to coho and Atlantic salmon are presented. Juvenile coho and Atlantic salmon were fed either solvent‐extracted soybean meal (SBM) or Promocalf® at 30% of the diet, Promoveal® at 10, 20 or 30% of the diet, or one of three new lecithin products at a constant level of 3% of the diet. Juvenile coho salmon fed SBM, Promocalf®, or Promoveal® at 30% of the diet exhibited depressed weight gain and an elevated feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to fish fed a positive control diet. Fish fed 10 or 20% Promoveal® had similar weight gain and FCR compared to fish fed the control diet. Coho salmon fed either of the three lecithin products (Aqualipid®, Blendmax®, or Centrol®) had similar weight gains and FCR values compared to fish fed the control diet. Whole‐body proximate components were not as responsive to dietary treatments as weight gain and FCR data. Juvenile Atlantic salmon exhibited depressed weight gain only when fed 30% Promocalf® and all three lecithin products. Further, whole‐body crude protein concentrations in fish fed the three lecithin products were depressed.
Effect of fatty acid composition of phospholipids on their antioxidant properties and activity index
Authors: Nwosu Chigozie Victor , Boyd Leon C. , Sheldon Brian 
Published: May 2007

AbstractVarious phospholipids may act as antioxidants or prooxidants. This study investigated the effects of three phospholipid classes and their fatty acid composition on antioxidant activity. Antioxidant properties of sphingomyelin, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylethanolamine from salmon and menhaden oil were measured by oxidation induction time. An antioxidant activity index was determined in these systems with the Rancimat 617. Fatty acid profiles of the individual phospholipids and total oils were determined by gas‐liquid chromatography before and after oxidation. The index was significantly (P<0.05) influenced by the headgroup and fatty acid composition of the phospholipid. Lipids with a choline headgroup had oxidation induction times greater than 60 h in the salmon oil system. The choline‐containing phospholipid also offered better (P<0.05) protection from oxidation to the n‐3 and total polyunsaturated fatty acids in salmon oil. Phospholipids containing more saturated fatty acids had longer oxidation induction times (>84 h) and higher antioxidant index (>9). Chainlength of the fatty acids may have contributed to the observed index, as phospholipids with longer chains (i.e., C18 and above) had longer oxidation induction times. Phospholipids tested in this study had little or no antioxidant activity in menhaden oil, nor did they offer protection to n‐3 or total polyunsaturated fatty acids in this oil. These findings suggest that fatty acid profiles of individual oils may influence the antioxidant index of each phospholipid.
Oxidative stabilities of soybean oils with elevated palmitate and reduced linolenate contents
Authors: Shen Nuo , Fehr Walter , Johnson Lawrence , White Pamela 
Published: May 2007

AbstractOils from soybean lines, developed to contain different amounts of palmitate (16:0) and linolenate (18:3), were evaluated for oxidative stability. Oils were extracted in the laboratory from the soybean seeds and refined, bleached, and deodorized. Two replications, separated at the point of conditioning, were evaluated for each genotype, including Hardin 91 (normal beans), P9322 (10.6% 16:0 and <2.6% 18:3), A91‐282036 (26.3% 16:0 and 9.8% 18:3), and HPLL (23.2% 16:0 and 3.5 % 18:3). Elevating 16:0 and/or lowering 18:3 increased the oxidative stability of soybean oils as measured by peroxide values. Soybean oils with elevated 16:0 had higher solidification temperatures than did oils with normal 16:0 content, and soybean oils with low 18:3 content had higher solidification temperatures than did oils with normal 18:3 contents.
The role of silica gel in lipase‐catalyzed esterification reactions of high‐polar substrates
Authors: Castillo Edmundo , Dossat Valérie , Marty Alain , Condoret J. Stéphane , Combes Didier 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe crucial role of silica gel in lipase‐catalyzed esterification reactions using adsorbed high‐polar substates was established. It was found that in these kinds of reactions, the presence of silica gel‐adsorbed substrates did not alter the kinetic mechanisms of the synthesis of acylglycerides but improved significantly the conversion yields. An explanation for the critical role of silica gel in these kinds of reactions was proposed whereby the silica gel behaves as a “polar substrate reservoir” and plays a protective role for the immobilized enzyme avoiding its blockage. In this way it was shown that the use of silica gel facilitates reactions at high glycerol concentrations without alteration of reaction rates or conversion yields. It also was demonstrated that highly hydrophilic polyols enhanced blockage of the enzyme. The importance of the presence of an organic solvent in the reaction medium was shown to have a critical role in the conversion yields of the reactions tested. Finally, the influence of different supports used for adsorption of the substrates was compared with respect to their efficiency in protecting the enzymatic activity.
Utilization of rice hull ash as a support material for immobilization of Candida cylindracea lipase
Authors: Tantrakulsiri Jitawan , Jeyashoke Narumon , Krisanangkura Kanit 
Published: May 2007

AbstractRice hull ash was heated in a muffle furnace at 700°C for 2 h and metallic oxides were leached with 10% sulfuric acid. The acid‐activated ash was then examined for immobilization of Candida cylindracea lipase. Immobilization was carried out by direct addition of the enzyme solution to the activated ash suspended in hexane. The immobilized lipase retained 30% of its hydrolytic activity, but thermal stability was greatly increased. Half‐lives of the immobilized enzyme at 50, 60, and 70°C were 45, 17, and 4 min, respectively. Optimal pH of the immobilized enzyme was 7.2. The apparent Km and Vmax for olive oil were 41 mM and 99.5 µmol/h‐mg solid, respectively.
A preliminary study on platelet aggregation in postmenopausal women consuming extra‐virgin olive oil and high‐oleic acid sunflower oil
Authors: Sánchez‐Muniz F. J. , Oubiña P. , Benedí J. , Ródenas S. , Cuesta C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of two monounsaturated fatty acid‐rich oils, extravirgin olive oil (EVOO) and high‐oleic sunflower oil (HOSO), on platelet aggregation in 14 postmenopausal women (aged 62.9 ± 1.8 yr) with high‐fat dietary habits. Both oils contained oleic acid as the major compound (≈76% of total fatty acids), but the content of palmitic and linoleic acids and many minor compounds was significantly different. These oils were used as the only culinary fats during two 28‐d periods, and represented ≈62% of the total lipid intake (≈46% of total energy consumption). Other dietary components were matched. The daily energy contribution of saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids to the total energy consumption was 11.8, 28.5, and 2.8%, respectively, during the EVOO dietary period and 10.3, 27.8, and 4.6%, respectively, with HOSO. Aggregation in platelet‐rich plasma was measured after addition of ADP. Platelet aggregation (expressed as cm/5 min) was significantly lower after the EVOO diet than after HOSO (2.1 ± 1.1 and 3.0 ± 1.4, respectively; P<0.05). Although maximal aggregation time was 40.2% higher in HOSO than in EVOO, the difference was not significant. Independent of serum cholesterol level, platelet aggregation tended to be different on the EVOO diet when women were classified according to cholesterol levels: <220 mg/dL or ≥220 mg/dL. Results suggest that other compounds present in the oils aside from the fatty acids may play an important role in modulating platelet aggregation in these postmenopausal women.
Dietary arachidonic acid and hepatic desaturation of fatty acids in obese zucker rats
Authors: Blond Jean Paul , Durand Georges , Bézard Jean 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe effect of low levels of dietary arachidonic acid (20:4n‐6) on Δ6 desaturation of linoleic acid (18:2n‐6) and α‐linolenic acid (18:3n‐3), and on Δ5 desaturation of dihomo‐γ‐linolenic acid (20:3n‐6) were studied in liver microsomes of obese Zucker rats, in comparison with their lean littermates. Fatty acid composition of serum total lipids and of phospholipids from liver microsomes and from total heart and kidney was determined to see whether modifications of desaturation rate, if any, were reflected in the tissue fatty acid profiles. Animals fed for 12 wk on a balanced diet, containing 20:4n‐6 and 18:2n‐6, were compared to those fed 18:2n‐6 only. The low amount of dietary 20:4n‐6 greatly inhibited Δ6 desaturation of 18:2n‐6 and Δ5 desaturation of 20:3n‐6, whereas Δ6 desaturation of 18:3n‐3 was slightly increased in obese rats. Inhibition of the biosynthesis of long‐chain n‐6 fatty acids by dietary arachidonic acid was only slightly reflected in the 20:4n‐6 content of liver microsome phospholipids. On the contrary, the enrichment of serum total lipids and heart and kidney phospholipids in this fatty acid was pronounced, more in obese than in lean animals. Our results show that, although the desaturation rate of the n‐6 fatty acids in liver microsomes was greatly decreased by the presence of arachidonic acid in the diet, the tissue phospholipid content in arachidonic acid was not depressed. The potentiality of synthesis of eicosanoids of the 2 family from this fatty acid is consequently not lower, especially in obese rats, in which certain tissues are deficient in arachidonic acid, in comparison with their lean littermates.