bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of fungi on multiplication and distribution of the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, in axenized Pinus thunbergii cuttings
Authors: Suzuki Kazuo , Sakaue Daisuke , Yamada Toshihiro , Wang Yu 
Published: March 2006

AbstractInfluence of fungi on multiplication and distribution of the pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, was investigated in Pinus thunbergii cuttings. Axenized nematodes and/or one of two fungi isolated from healthy and PWN-killed P. thunbergii were inoculated together into autoclaved cuttings. A close relationship between the existence and distribution of fungal hyphae, and the multiplication and distribution of PWN was observed. The PWN did not multiply when only axenized nematodes were inoculated in the absence of fungi. When fungi were present, PWN population size increased markedly. The number of nematodes was high at sites where fungal hyphae were distributed. It is suggested that the restriction of a large portion of the nematode population near the inoculation site during the early stage of disease development is closely related to restricted distribution of fungal hyphae.
Interactions of three species of plant-parasitic nematodes with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus macrocarpus, and their effect on grape biochemistry
Authors: Al-Sayed Al-Sayed , Kesba Hosny 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AM fungus),Glomus macrocarpus, and the nematodes, Meloidogyne incognita and Tylenchulus semipenetrans, have negative reciprocal effects on spore production, nematode development and reproduction when coinfecting grape roots. Glomus macrocarpus was antagonistic to Rotylenchulus reniformis development and reproduction whilst the nematode was synergistic to spore production. Glomus macrocarpus alone or in combination with M. incognita or T. semipenetrans increased root protein, total soluble sugars, total carbohydrates and decreased lipids and dry matter. Glomus macrocarpus together with R. reniformis decreased protein, total soluble sugars, total carbohydrates and dry matter and greatly increased lipids. Compared to the healthy control, G. macrocarpus alone or in combination with M. incognita or R. reniformis decreased the N, P and K content of leaves. Glomus macrocarpus together with T. semipenetrans improved N, P and K concentrations but the latter was still less than that of healthy plants.
Nematodes of the order Rhabditida from Andalucía Oriental: Pseudacrobeles elongatus (de Man, 1880) comb. n.
Authors: Peña-Santiago Reyes , Abolafia Joaquín 
Published: March 2006

AbstractMaterial of the nematode previously known as Heterocephalobus elongatus (and the type of the genus) was collected in four localities from the southern Iberian Peninsula and is described and illustrated. The first SEM study of the species is presented. The species is transferred to the genus Pseudacrobeles on the basis that the lateral field fades out near the phasmid. Within this genus it is classified under the subgenus Pseudacrobeles as the lip region has a triradiate symmetry. The combination Pseudacrobeles (Pseudacrobeles) elongatus (de Man, 1880) comb. n. is proposed. As a result of synonymising the type of Heterocephalobus, the genus itself becomes a junior synonym and is herein placed under the genus Pseudacrobeles, subgenus Pseudacrobeles. The species formerly listed under Heterocephalobus are returned to their original combination and listed as species incertae sedis or species inquirendae.
ADCP Measurements of Momentum Balance and Dynamic Topography in a Constricted Tidal Channel
Authors: Vennell Ross 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The dynamics of tidal flow through inlets are not fully understood; observations are scarce because of the small spatial scales over which the flow varies. This paper gives the first detailed measurements of the 2D structure of tidal currents and the dynamical terms of the momentum equation within a tidal inlet, leading to an improved understanding of the physics of tidal inlets. In the 180 cm s−1 peak flow the near-steady-state momentum balance is dominated by horizontal advection and the pressure gradient, with bottom friction playing a secondary role. At slack water, there is a balance between local acceleration and the pressure gradient. Numerical integration of the ADCP-measured terms in the momentum equation yields 60-m- resolution dynamic topography that shows a 7-cm variation at peak flood consistent with Bernoulli’s equation. The surface topography because of friction forms a linear ramp with a peak irreversible head loss of 2 cm over 600 m. Tidal velocities were extracted from the ADCP measurements by extending an existing spline analysis technique. This technique is known to be sensitive to the number and location of the nodes where weights are applied to the spline. Simulations with artificial data representative of the tidally varying ADCP measurements show that, provided there are sufficient nodes to resolve the smallest spatial scale of interest, velocities predicted by the spline technique are insensitive to the number or locations of the nodes.
When Are Eddy Tracer Fluxes Directed Downgradient?
Authors: Wilson Chris , Williams Richard G. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The mechanisms controlling the direction of eddy tracer fluxes are examined using eddy-resolving isopycnic experiments for a cyclic zonal channel. Eddy fluxes are directed downgradient on average when either (i) there is a Lagrangian increase in tracer variance or (ii) there is strong dissipation of tracer variance. The effect of the eddies on the mean tracer evolution can be described through an ensemble of eddies that each have a particular life cycle. Local examination of the eddy behavior, such as fluxes, eddy kinetic energy, and tracer variance appears complex, although the cumulative time-mean picture has coherence: eddies are preferentially formed in localized regions with downstream growth and increase in tracer variance concomitant with downgradient eddy tracer fluxes, while eventually the eddies decay with a decrease in tracer variance and upgradient eddy tracer fluxes. During spinup, tracer deformation through flow instability leads to an area-average increase in tracer variance (although locally it is increasing and decreasing with the individual eddy life cycles) and therefore an implied area-average, downgradient tracer flux. At a steady state, part of the pattern in eddy fluxes simply reflects advection of background tracer variance by the time-mean and eddy flows. The eddy flux becomes biased to being directed downgradient if there is a strong sink in the tracer, which is likely to be the case for eddy heat fluxes along isopycnals outcropping in the mixed layer or for eddy nitrate fluxes along isopycnals intersecting the euphotic zone.
Influence of Midlatitude Winds on the Stratification of the Equatorial Thermocline*
Authors: Nonaka Masami , McCreary Julian P. , Xie Shang-Ping 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The stratification of the equatorial thermocline is a key variable for tropical climate dynamics, through its influence on the temperature of the water that upwells in the eastern equatorial ocean. In this study, two types of ocean models are used, an ocean general circulation model (GCM) and a 1½-layer model, to investigate processes by which changes in the midlatitude winds affect the equatorial stratification. Specifically, the influences of anomalous mode-water formation, Ekman pumping, and entrainment in the subpolar ocean are examined. The effects of a “sponge layer” adjacent to the northern boundary of the basin are also assessed. Solutions are forced by idealized zonal winds with strong or weak midlatitude westerlies, and they are found in rectangular basins that extend from the equator to 36°N (small basin) or to 60°N (large basin). In the GCM solutions, a prominent response to reduced winds is the thinning of the mixed layer in the northwestern region of the subtropical gyre, leading to less subduction of low-potential-vorticity mode water and hence thinning of the upper thermocline in the central-to-eastern subtropics. Almost all of this thinning signal, however, recirculates within the subtropics, and does not extend to the equator. Another midlatitude response is shallowing (deepening) of the thermocline in the subtropical (subpolar) ocean in response to Ekman pumping. This, primarily, first-baroclinic-mode (n = 1) response has the most influence on the equatorial thermocline. First-baroclinic-mode Rossby waves propagate to the western boundary of the basin where they reflect as packets of coastal Kelvin and short-wavelength Rossby waves that carry the midlatitude signal to the equator. Subsequently, equatorial Kelvin waves spread it along the equator, leading to a shoaling and thinning of the equatorial thermocline. The layer-thickness field h in the 1½-layer model corresponds to thermocline depth in the GCM. Both the sponge layer and subpolar Ekman suction are important factors for the 1½-layer model solutions, requiring water upwelled in the interior ocean to be transported into the sponge layer via the western boundary layer. In the small basin, equatorial h thins in response to weakened westerlies when there is a sponge layer, but it thickens when there is not. In the large basin, equatorial h is unaffected by weakened westerlies when there is a sponge layer, but it thins when water is allowed to entrain into the layer in the subpolar gyre. It is concluded that the thinning of the equatorial thermocline in the GCM solutions is caused by the sponge layer in the small basin and by entrainment in the subpolar ocean in the large one.
Local and Equatorial Forcing of Seasonal Variations of the North Equatorial Countercurrent in the Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Yang Jiayan , Joyce Terrence M. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The seasonal variation of the North Equatorial Countercurrent (NECC) in the tropical Atlantic Ocean is investigated by using a linear, one-layer reduced-gravity ocean model and by analyzing sea surface height (SSH) data from Ocean Topography Experiment (TOPEX)/Poseidon (T/P) altimeters. The T/P data indicate that the seasonal variability of the NECC geostrophic transport, between 3° and 10°N, is dominated by SSH changes in the southern flank of the current. Since the southern boundary of the NECC is located partially within the equatorial waveguide, the SSH variation there can be influenced considerably by the equatorial dynamics. Therefore, it is hypothesized that the wind stress forcing along the equator is the leading driver for the seasonal cycle of the NECC transport. The wind stress curl in the NECC region is an important but smaller contributor. This hypothesis is tested by several sensitivity experiments that are designed to separate the two forcing mechanisms. In the first sensitivity run, a wind stress field that has a zero curl is used to force the ocean model. The result shows that the NECC geostrophic transport retains most of its seasonal variability. The same happens in another experiment in which the seasonal wind stress is applied only within a narrow band along the equator outside the NECC range. To further demonstrate the role of equatorial waves, another experiment was run in which the wind stress in the Southern Hemisphere is altered so that the model excludes hemispherically symmetrical waves (Kelvin waves and odd-numbered meridional modes of equatorial Rossby waves) and instead excites only the antisymmetrical equatorial Rossby modes. The circulation in the northern tropical ocean, including the NECC, is affected considerably even though the local wind stress there remains unchanged. All these appear to support the hypothesis presented in this paper.
Mortality and Vascular Outcomes in Patients Treated for Thyroid Dysfunction
Authors: Flynn R. W. V. , MacDonald T. M. , Jung R. T. , Morris A. D. , Leese G. P. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractContext: There are limited studies describing mortality and morbidity in patients treated for hyperthyroidism, and no data exist for people with treated hypothyroidism.Objective: The objective of the study was to describe all-cause mortality and vascular mortality and morbidity in patients after treatment for hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism.Design: This was a population-based cohort study from 1994 to 2001.Setting: The study was conducted in Tayside, Scotland.Patients: All patients were treated for thyroid dysfunction.Intervention(s): Event rates among patients with thyroid dysfunction were compared with rates in the general population. We measured standardized mortality ratio and standardized incidence ratio (SIR).Main Outcome Measure(s): The primary outcome was all-cause mortality. The secondary outcome was serious vascular event, the composite end point of nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or vascular death.Results: There were 15,889 primary hypothyroid and 3,888 hyperthyroid patients. There were 3,116,719 patient-years of follow-up in 524,152 subjects in the general population. No increase was found in all-cause mortality or serious vascular events in patients with treated hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism. Nonfatal ischemic heart disease [SIR 1.23, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.10–1.36] and dysrhythmias (SIR 1.32, 95% CI 1.11–1.57) were increased in treated hypothyroidism when adjusted for age, sex, diabetic status, and previous vascular disease. In treated stabilized hyperthyroidism, only the risk of dysrhythmias was increased (SIR 2.71, 95% CI 1.63–4.24). Risk of heart failure or cerebrovascular disease was not increased in either patient group.Conclusions: We found no increase in all-cause mortality in subjects with treated thyroid disease. However, there was increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity in patients with treated primary hypothyroidism and dysrhythmias in treated hyperthyroidism.
Surface Plasmon Resonance Imaging Studies for Proteolytic Hydrolysis of Proteins
Authors: Huang Haowen , Chen Yi 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Hydrolysis of various proteins was simultaneously studied using a surface plasmon resonance imaging technique. Poly-l-lysine has been found to be completely resistant to hydrolysis, while bovine serum albumin, casein, and lactate dehydrogenase are hydrolyzed at different rates under the attack of pepsin.
End-capping of Pseudo[2]rotaxane Composed of Alkyl(ferrocenylmethyl)ammonium and Dibenzo[24]crown-8 via Cross Metathesis Reactions
Authors: Suzaki Yuji , Osakada Kohtaro 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Pseudo[2]rotaxane, having dialkylammonium with a ferrocenyl stopper and a vinyl group as the axis component, underwent cross-metathesis reaction with acrylate esters to form ferrocene-containing [2]rotaxanes.
Synthesis and Characterization of Hollow Porous MgO Microspheres
Authors: Qin Li-rong , Zhao Jian-wei , Zhang Li-de , Zou Xian-wu 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The hollow porous MgO microspheres have been synthesized through a simple in situ chemical vapor deposition method, and the investigations reveal that Zn in raw source is key and possibly acts as an interim template in the formation of MgO hollow-sphere morphology.
A Convenient Method to Prepare Alkali- and Chloride-free Ammonium Metavanadate (NH4VO3)
Authors: Kótai László , Sajó István E , May Zoltán , Gács István , Fodor Judit 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
A convenient method for the preparation of alkali- and chloride-free ammonium metavanadate has been developed. This new process is utilizing a hydrothermal reaction of vanadium pentoxide with ammonium hydroxide or ammonium carbonate for 2 h at 120 °C in a teflon-lined stainless steel autoclave. The yields are 78 and 82%, respectively.
Synthesis and Application of Rigid Calix[4]arenes Partially Modified by Ester Functionality
Authors: Okada Yukihiro , Miao Zhihui , Mizutani Manabu , Nishimura Jun 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Ionophores 2 having ethyl acetate unit were found to extract efficiently alkali metal ions. Their ion selectivity was apparently changed by the number of ethyl acetate moieties introduced. Dendritic calixarenes were also obtained in excellent yields.
Life goals, approaches to study and performance in an undergraduate cohort
Authors: Wilding John. , Andrews Bernice. 
Published: March 2006

Background. Two main approaches to studying have been distinguished by several researchers, the deep approach and the surface approach. In addition, an achieving or strategic approach employs either deep or surface strategies, depending on the demands of the task.Aims. The present study investigated factors contributing to the choice of preferred study approach at university and relations between these factors and academic performance.Method. A questionnaire was mailed to a complete cohort of entrants in a college of London University in the UK. A further questionnaire was sent part way through the second year of the course.Results. Consistent relations were found between general life goals and approaches to study, with the deep approach being associated with altruistic life goals and the surface approach being associated with wealth and status life goals. The achieving approach was related to both types of life goal, but more strongly to wealth and status life goals. Older students, those with superior results in Advanced Level examinations, those reporting more use of the achieving approach, and those with less interest in wealth and status life goals, produced better academic results. Study approaches became more surface‐oriented and less deep and achieving‐oriented over the first year of study, but these changes were unrelated to academic performance.Conclusions. Approaches to study form part of a wider approach to life in general. Students adopting the achieving approach to study performed better. Though the achieving approach tended to weaken as the course proceeded, this change was unrelated to performance.
Parental interest in children's education, children's self‐esteem and locus of control, and later educational attainment: Twenty‐six year follow‐up of the 1970 British Birth Cohort
Authors: Flouri Eirini. 
Published: March 2006

Background.Few studies have investigated if mother's interest and father's interest in child's education are linked to educational attainment via their impact on child's self‐esteem and locus of control.Aims.(1) To investigate (after controlling for known confounding factors) the long‐term effect of mother's and father's interest in child's education at age 10 and child's locus of control and self‐esteem at age 10 in educational attainment at age 26; and (2) to explore if mother's interest and father's interest in child's education are linked to child's educational attainment via their effect in increasing child's self‐esteem and internal locus of control.Sample.The study used longitudinal data from sweeps of the 1970 British Cohort Study (BCS70). The initial sample was those 1,737 men and 2,033 women with valid data on age 10 self‐esteem, locus of control, father's interest, mother's interest, and age 26 educational attainment. Of these, 1,326 men and 1,578 women were included in the final analysis.Method.The birth to age 10 factors that were controlled for were birth weight, parental social class, socio‐economic disadvantage, emotional/behavioural problems, cognitive ability, and mother's educational attainment.Results.At the multivariate level, internal locus of control and mother's interest (but not self‐esteem) were significantly related to educational attainment in both men and women. Father's interest was a significant predictor of educational attainment only in women. Parent's interest was not linked to educational attainment via its impact on child's self‐esteem or locus of control. Self‐esteem predicted educational attainment in both genders by increasing internal locus of control, and fathers' interest predicted educational attainment in men by increasing mother's involvement.Conclusion.Although mothers' and fathers' interest in their children's education were not linked to educational attainment via their impact on children's self‐esteem or locus of control, they were significant predictors of educational attainment especially in daughters.
Vogelgrippe aktuell: Auslöser einer neuen Pandemie? Avian influenza updated: will it trigger the next pandemic?
Authors: Allwinn Regina , Varwig Domenica , Wilhelm Doerr Hans 
Published: March 2006

Zusammenfassung
Bis einschließlich 10. Januar 2006 infizierten sich in Asien rund 150 Menschen mit dem Erreger der Vogelgrippe H5N1. In sechs Ländern (Kambodscha, China, Indonesien, Thailand, Vietnam und Türkei) verstarben an der “Hühnergrippe” rund 80 Patienten. Eine Übertragung von Mensch zu Mensch scheint in Einzelfällen möglich. Eine Pandemie hat der Erreger bisher nicht ausgelöst: Er wurde nicht (effektiv) von Mensch zu Mensch übertragen.
Aktuell erscheint aber eine Ausweitung der Hühnergrippe auch in Europa denkbar. Meldungen aus Rumänien im Oktober 2005 lassen eine Ausbreitung des H5N1-Erregers bei Wasservögeln vermuten. Jetzt (Stand Januar 2006) wurden auch aus der Türkei mehrere Infektionen des Menschen, davon drei Todesfälle, bekannt.
Sorge bereitet Experten die Möglichkeit eines genetischen “Reassortment” durch eine gleichzeitige Doppel-Infektion eines Wirtes (Mensch, Schwein) mit humanen und aviären Influenza-A-Viren-Erregern. Der neue Subtyp könnte bei passender Adaption an die menschlichen Zellen zu einer neuen Pandemie führen.
Analytik modifizierter Steroidhormone mittels Flüssigkeitschromatographie/Tandem-Massenspektrometrie Analysis of modified steroid hormones using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Thevis Mario , Schänzer Wilhelm 
Published: March 2006

Zusammenfassung
Anabole Wirkstoffe wie Steroidhormone gehören zu den am häufigsten detektierten Dopingsubstanzen in Urinproben von Leistungssportlern. Klassische Nachweisverfahren basieren auf der Zielanalytik verbotener Substanzen bzw. deren Metaboliten mittels Gas-Chromatographie/Massenspektrometrie. Diese Nachweisverfahren werden heutzutage durch modernere flüssigkeitschromatographisch-massenspektrometrische Verfahren ergänzt, die sich im Besonderen für den Nachweis thermisch instabiler Steroide eignen. Tandem-Massenspektrometrie erlaubt zudem die Bestimmung strukturverwandter modifizierter Steroide, deren genaue Komposition den Dopingkontrollinstituten möglicherweise unbekannt ist, wie z.B. im Falle der sogenannten Designersteroide. Umfangreiche Studien zum Fragmentierungsverhalten bestimmter Steroidnuklei sowie sensitive und selektive Massenspektrometer haben deutlich zur Verbesserung der Nachweise verbotener Wirkstoffe in Urinproben beigetragen, indem sogenannte Precursor-Ion sowie Product-Ion Scans zur Detektion und Charakterisierung eingesetzt werden.
Effects of Steel and Tungsten Carbide Ball Indenters on Rockwell Hardness Measurements
Authors: Ma L , Low SR , Fink J 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The Rockwell hardness (HR) test is a valuable and widely used indentation hardness test for evaluating mechanical properties of metallic materials. For the Rockwell scales that use a ball indenter, either a steel or tungsten carbide (WC) ball indenter is permitted to be used in the current standards of ASTM International and the International Organization for Standardization. However, significant differences occur in Rockwell hardness tests depending on whether the ball indenter that is used is made of steel or WC. In this paper, finite element analysis is used to simulate the HR indentation process using steel and WC ball indenters on the same test materials under the same testing conditions. The effects of four different sizes of steel and WC ball indenters on different Rockwell hardness scales are studied and compared with the experimental tests. This study provides important approximations of differences between the performance of steel and WC Rockwell hardness indenters.