bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Time course of serum testosterone and luteinizing hormone levels after cessation of long‐term luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone agonist treatment in patients with prostate cancer
Authors: Kaku Haruki , Saika Takashi , Tsushima Tomoyasu , Ebara Shin , Senoh Takashi , Yamato Toyoko , Nasu Yasutomo , Kumon Hiromi 
Published: December 2005

AbstractIntroductionIn order to elucidate the influence of hormone‐releasing hormone (LH‐RH) agonist therapy cessation on pituitary/testicular function and its clinical implications, we investigated prospectively hormonal (luteinizing hormone: LH; testosterone: T) responses in patients with prostate cancer who received long‐term LH‐RH 10 agonist therapy.Patients and MethodsA consecutive 32 patients who had received LH‐RH agonist therapy over 24 months were enrolled. As a baseline, T and LH were measured at the time of LH‐RH agonist therapy cessation, monthly for 3 months, and subsequently, every 3 months.ResultsThe median duration of LH‐RH agonist therapy was 30 months (24–87 months) with median follow‐up duration of 24 months following cessation. All patients had castrated T levels and suppressed LH levels at baseline. Median duration of castrated T levels following cessation was 6 months. Median time to normalization of T levels was 24 months. LH levels returned to normal within 3 months in all cases. Patients who received androgen deprivation therapy for 30 months or longer required a longer time for recovery of T levels. Patients over 65 years of age showed a statistically significant longer time for recovery of T levels (P = 0.0167).ConclusionsLong‐term LH‐RH agonist therapy has remarkable effects on serum T level that last for a significant time after cessation, a fact that should be applied to the interpretation of both PSA and serum T levels after cessation of androgen deprivation therapy. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An evaluation of multi-annual management strategies for ICES roundfish stocks
Authors: Kell L.T. , Pilling G.M. , Kirkwood G.P. , Pastoors M.A. , Mesnil B. , Korsbrekke K. , Abaunza P. , Aps R. , Biseau A. , Kunzlik P. , Needle C.L. , Roel B.A. , Ulrich C. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Current scientific management objectives for ICES roundfish stocks are to ensure conservation of the biological resource and do not explicitly consider economic or social objectives. For example, there are currently no objectives to maximize the sustainable yield or to reduce variability in total allowable catches (TACs). This is despite the fact that the current system can result in wide annual fluctuations in TAC, limiting the ability of the fishing industry to plan for the future. Therefore, this study evaluated management strategies that stabilized catches by setting bounds on the interannual variability in TACs. An integrated modelling framework was used, which simulated both the real and observed systems and the interactions between system components. This allowed the evaluation of candidate management strategies with respect to the intrinsic properties of the systems, as well as our ability to observe, monitor, assess, and control them. Strategies were evaluated in terms of risk (measured as the probability of spawning-stock biomass falling below a biomass threshold for the stock) and cumulative yield. In general, bounds on interannual TAC change of 10% and 20% affected the ability to achieve management targets, although the outcome of applying TAC bounds could not have been pre-judged because results were highly dependent on the specific biology of the stock, current status, and the interaction with assessment and management. For example, for North Sea haddock, management became less responsive to fluctuations resulting from large recruitment events. Simulated target fishing mortality levels were rarely achieved, regardless of the TAC bound applied, and actual fishing mortality rates oscillated around the target. In the longer term, more restrictive bounds resulted in oscillations of greater amplitude and wavelength in yield and SSB. Bounds had less effect when a stock was close to the biomass corresponding to the target F. Risk for stocks that are declining or currently at low abundance may be greater, because if bounds restrict the extent to which TACs can be reduced each year, they could lead to collapse of the stock and the loss of all future revenue. However, for a recovered stock or one at high abundance, the loss of yield as a result of bounds would be smaller than that caused by the total collapse of the fishery. At low stock size or if the stock was declining, catches should be changed more rapidly than when the stock was increasing or at a high level, especially high stock sizes acting as an insurance against uncertainty. Therefore, rebuilding strategies, and strategies aimed at maintaining the stock above prescribed limits, should be considered separately.
The development and overwintering survival of free-living larvae of Haemonchus contortus in Sweden
Authors: Troell K. , Waller P. , Höglund J. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractFive complimentary studies were undertaken with the overall aim to examine the ability of free-living stages of Haemonchus contortus to over-winter and tolerate cold stress. Two studies deal with the development and long-term survival of eggs and infective larvae of two geographically different isolates (Kenya and Sweden). Eggs and larvae were monitored in climatic chambers at temperatures that fluctuated daily between −1°C and 15°C, or at constant temperatures of 5°C and 15°C. The development from egg to larvae was dependent on temperatures over 5°C. The long time survival was favoured at lower temperatures. Furthermore, the overwintering capacity of the free-living stages of these isolates was estimated under Swedish field conditions. Two groups of lambs were experimentally infected with different isolates, and kept separated on previously ungrazed plots. In early May the following year, two parasite-naive tracer lambs were turned out on each of the plots to estimate the pick up of overwintered larvae. This experiment was replicated in central and southern Sweden. In addition, two experiments were performed in 2003 on pasture previously grazed by naturally infected sheep. One trial was on a pasture in southern Sweden grazed by a commercial flock, where extreme numbers of H. contortus were found towards the end of the grazing season 2002. The other study was on a pasture plot in central Sweden grazed by a hobby flock in 2002, where three of six lambs died due to haemonchiasis. Overwintered H. contortus was recorded on three of four experimental sites. Worm burdens were in all instances extremely low. No differences in development and survival were found between the isolates. Consequently, overwintering on pasture is of no practical significance in the transmission of H. contortus between grazing-seasons in Sweden.
Population and seasonal distribution of Procamallanus daccai in Eutropiichthys vacha in Kaptai Lake, Chittagong, Bangladesh
Authors: Hafizuddin A.K.M. , Bashirullah A.K. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe population and seasonal distribution of Procamallanus daccai (Nematoda: Procamallanidae) in Eutropiichthys vacha (Siluridae) from the Kaptai Lake were studied for a period of 20 months during 1986–1987. A total of 208 fish were necropsied and 5652 worms were recovered, of which 2392 were from 87 infected male fish and 3260 were from 89 infected female fish. Prevalence values varied from 50% to 95%. The intensity and abundance of nematodes fluctuated over the study period and are statistically significant (F=14.87, P<0.0001), and showed a seasonal preference for the summer period (F=33.39, P<0.05). The mean intensity was the highest in the smallest size group at 66.3±12.7 which gradually decreased to 4±1.89 in the largest size group. No significant differences were found between parasites from male and female hosts, except in the summer. Male parasites were less abundant in the population. Female worms were grouped into immature, maturing and gravid and all these stages were present throughout the year. The highest occurrence of both immature and gravid P. daccai was found during the months of February to April each year. Peak recruitment seems to occur during this period due to the presence of high quantities of immature worms.
Molecular characterization of Anisakis pegreffii larvae in Pacific cod in Japan
Authors: Abe N. , Ohya N. , Yanagiguchi R. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractIt is now recognized that the morphospecies Anisakis simplex is not a single species but a complex composed of three sibling species, A. simplex sensu stricto, A. pegreffii and A. simplex C. In Japan, A. simplex-like larvae have been isolated from a variety of fish and humans, but the larvae collected have been identified as A. simplex by only light microscopy. Therefore, the epidemiology of the A. simplex complex, composed of three sibling species, is still unclear in Japan. In the present study, 26 A. simplex-like larval isolates were obtained from two Pacific cod landed in Hokkaido, Japan, and examined genetically by PCR–RFLP and direct sequencing of the ITS region of rDNA. Among the 26 isolates, 24 were identified as A. simplex sensu stricto, the other two as A. pegreffii. The present study is the first to confirm the distribution of A. pegreffii in Japan, and to detect A. pegreffii larvae in Pacific cod.
Biological variation between two Brazilian geographical isolates of Echinostoma paraensei
Authors: Júnior A. Maldonado , Zeitone B.K. , Amado L.A. , Amado I.F. , Machado-Silva J.R. , Lanfredi R.M. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe biological behaviour and morphometric data from two allopatric isolates of Echinostoma paraensei (Rio Bonito – RB and Sumidouro – SU) collected from naturally infected Nectomys squamipes from two secluded Atlantic Forest fragments were studied. Mice that had been experimentally infected with ten encysted metacercariae of each isolate were monitored weekly in two trials to analyse worm burden and the kinetics of worm distribution along the intestine. The total number of uterine eggs, wet weights and measurements of the worms and body, acetabulum, testes and ovaries were also analysed. The RB isolate showed a higher worm burden, 7.7±0.8, and a longer life span, 16 weeks, compared to a worm burden of 5.8±1.1 and life span of 9 weeks for the SU isolate. Worms of the RB isolate were clustered in the duodenum and in the bile duct while the SU isolate worms were dispersed along the small intestine of infected mice. Both isolates developed similarly as regards morphometric data and wet weight, although the total number of uterine eggs was greater in RB. The degree of intraspecific variation observed in the worm distribution along the intestine, worm burden and life span raises questions regarding the use of these criteria for species differentiation. These findings suggest that variation in biological parameters found between the E. paraensei isolates could result from geographical isolation and, in particular, the environmental conditions of transmission. Further studies on E. paraensei polulations from different forest fragments will contribute towards an understanding of the speciation of this parasite.
Compatibility of entomopathogenic nematodes with fipronil
Authors: García del Pino F. , Jové M. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe survival and infectivity of infective juveniles (IJs) of three species of entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema carpocapsae Weiser, S. arenarium (Artyukhovsky) (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae), were determined after exposure to different concentrations (250, 500, 1000 and 2000 ppm) of fipronil, an insecticide acting on the GABA receptors to block the chloride channel. Heterorhabditis bacteriophora was very tolerant to all concentrations of fipronil, with the highest mortality of 17% being observed at 2000 ppm of fipronil after 72 h exposure. Steinernema carpocapsae showed a similar response, with the highest mortality of 11.25% of IJs being observed after 72 h exposure to 2000 ppm of fipronil. Steinernema arenarium was, however, more sensitive to fipronil, and at 2000 ppm mortality rates of 94.6% and 100% were observed after 24 and 72 h, respectively. Fipronil had negligible effects on the infectivity of the three nematode species tested. The IJs which survive exposure to all concentrations of fipronil tested can infect and reproduce in Galleria larvae. The moderate effects on entomopathogenic nematodes of a lower fipronil concentration (250 ppm) and the field rates (12–60 ppm) of fipronil used as insecticide, suggest that direct mixing of entomopathogenic nematodes and fipronil at field rates is a viable integrated pest management option.
Field and experimental studies on Dicrocoelium dendriticum and dicrocoeliasis in northern Spain
Authors: Manga-González M.Y. , González-Lanza C. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe transmission, control and the relationship between Dicrocoelium dendriticum and its definitive (sheep and cattle) and intermediate (molluscs and ants) hosts under natural and experimental conditions are described. Eleven species of molluscs and four of ants were found infected with larval D. dendriticum in León province, north-west Spain. Infected ants were observed between April and November and in tetania at 7.5–26.9°C. The highest shedding of eggs by sheep and cattle was detected in winter. Two treatments applied in November and January were the most effective. In experimentally infected molluscs, the parasite was not visible under the stereomicroscope, at least until 50 days post-infection (p.i.). The prepatent period in experimentally infected lambs was 49–79 days p.i. The number of eggs per gram increased with the days p.i. and the parasite burden. The aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, leukocyte and neutrophil values of infected lambs increased, but those of lymphocytes decreased. Using the enzyme-linked immunosorbert assay technique, the IgG antibody response to excretory–secretory and somatic antigens of D. dendriticum was positive from day 30 p.i., although the maximum antibody levels were observed on day 60 p.i. The number of worms per lamb ranged between 30 and 2063. Cholangitis and cholangiectasia of the septal bile and hepatic ducts were observed. The best enzymatic systems for adult and larval D. dendriticum characterization were lactate dehydrogenase, glucose phosphate isomerase and phosphoglucomutase. Genetic variability of adult D. dendriticum was high using the random amplified polymorphic DNA technique.
The Temperature-Dependent Change in Methylation of theAntirrhinumTransposon Tam3 Is Controlled by the Activity of Its Transposase
Authors: Hashida Shin-Nosuke , Uchiyama Takako , Martin Cathie , Kishima Yuji , Sano Yoshio , Mikami Tetsuo 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe Antirrhinum majus transposon Tam3 undergoes low temperature–dependent transposition (LTDT). Growth at 15°C permits transposition, whereas growth at 25°C strongly suppresses it. The degree of Tam3 DNA methylation is altered somatically and positively correlated with growth temperature, an exceptional epigenetic system in plants. Using a Tam3-inactive line, we show that methylation change depends on Tam3 activity. Random binding site selection analysis and electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed that the Tam3 transposase (TPase) binds to the major repeat in the subterminal regions of Tam3, the site showing the biggest temperature-dependent change in methylation state. Methylcytosines in the motif impair the binding ability of the TPase. Proteins in a nuclear extract from plants grown at 15°C but not 25°C bind to this motif in Tam3. The decrease in Tam3 DNA methylation at low temperature also requires cell division. Thus, TPase binding to Tam3 occurs only during growth at low temperature and immediately after DNA replication, resulting in a Tam3-specific decrease in methylation of transposon DNA. Consequently, the Tam3 methylation level in LTDT is regulated by Tam3 activity, which is dependent on the ability of its TPase to bind DNA and affected by growth temperature. Thus, the methylation/demethylation of Tam3 is the consequence, not the cause, of LTDT.
Conceptual Representations of Action in the Lateral Temporal Cortex
Authors: Kable Joseph W. , Kan Irene P. , Wilson Ashley , Thompson-Schill Sharon L. , Chatterjee Anjan 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Retrieval of conceptual information from action pictures causes greater activation than from object pictures bilaterally in human motion areas (MT/MST) and nearby temporal regions. By contrast, retrieval of conceptual information from action words causes greater activation in left middle and superior temporal gyri, anterior and dorsal to the MT/MST. We performed two fMRI experiments to replicate and extend these findings regarding action words. In the first experiment, subjects performed conceptual judgments of action and object words under conditions that stressed visual semantic information. Under these conditions, action words again activated posterior temporal regions close to, but not identical with, the MT/MST. In the second experiment, we included conceptual judgments of manipulable object words in addition to judgments of action and animal words. Both action and manipulable object judgments caused greater activity than animal judgments in the posterior middle temporal gyrus. Both of these experiments support the hypothesis that middle temporal gyrus activation is related to accessing conceptual information about motion attributes, rather than alternative accounts on the basis of lexical or grammatical factors. Furthermore, these experiments provide additional support for the notion of a concrete to abstract gradient of motion representations with the lateral occipito-temporal cortex, extending anterior and dorsal from the MT/MST towards the peri-sylvian cortex.
An Effect of Dopamine Depletion on Decision-making: The Temporal Coupling of Deliberation and Execution
Authors: Pessiglione Mathias , Czernecki Virginie , Pillon Bernard , Dubois Bruno , Schüpbach Michael , Agid Yves , Tremblay Léon 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
When a decision between alternative actions has to be made, the primate brain is able to uncouple motor execution from mental deliberation, providing time for higher cognitive processes such as remembering and reasoning. The mental deliberation leading to the decision and the motor execution applying the decision are likely to involve different neuronal circuits linking the basal ganglia and the frontal cortex. Behavioral and physiological studies in monkeys indicate that dopamine depletion may result in a loss of functional segregation between these circuits, hence, in interference between the deliberation and execution processes. To test this hypothesis in humans, we analyzed the movements of parkinsonian patients in a go/no-go task, contrasting periods of uncertainty with periods of knowledge about the rule to be applied. Two groups of patients were compared to healthy subjects: one group was treated with dopaminergic medication and the other with deep brain stimulation; both groups were also tested without any treatment. In healthy subjects, the movement time was unaffected by uncertainty. In untreated patients, the movement time increased with uncertainty, reflecting interference between deliberation and execution processes. This interference was fully corrected with dopaminergic medication but was unchanged with deep brain stimulation. Moreover, decision-related hesitations were detectable in the movements of dopamine-depleted patients, revealing a temporal coupling of deliberation and execution. We suggest that such coupling may be related to the loss of dopamine-mediated functional segregation between basal ganglia circuits processing different stages of goal-directed behavior.
Graded Visual Attention Modulates Brain Responses Evoked by Task-irrelevant Auditory Pitch Changes
Authors: Yucel Gunes , Petty Christopher , McCarthy Gregory , Belger Aysenil 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Previous studies suggested that auditory change-specific neural responses are attention-independent and reflect central auditory processing. The automaticity of the brain's response to infrequent changes in pitch within a series of auditory tone pips was examined in parallel functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and event-related potential (ERP) studies. Subjects performed a continuous perceptual-motor visual tracking task at two levels of difficulty while simultaneously hearing a series of task-irrelevant standard tone pips and infrequent pitch-deviant tones. fMRI results revealed that the unattended pitch-deviant tones strongly activated superior temporal and frontal cortical regions. These activations were significantly modulated by the tracking difficulty of the primary task. ERP results revealed that the amplitude of the scalp-negative component evoked by deviant tones (MMN) was attenuated during the more difficult tracking task. Our results demonstrate that the brain's response to task-irrelevant sensory changes is strongly influenced by intermodal attentional demands.
Phase Synchronization Analysis of EEG during Attentional Blink
Authors: Nakatani Chie , Ito Junji , Nikolaev Andrey R. , Gong Pulin , Leeuwen Cees van 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
The attentional blink (AB) phenomenon occurs when perceivers must report two targets embedded in a sequence of distracters; if the first target precedes the second by 200-600 msec, the second one is often missed. We investigated AB by measuring dynamic cross-lag phase synchronization for 565 electrode pairs in 40-Hz-range EEG. Phase synchrony, on average, was higher in experimental conditions, where two targets are reported, than in control conditions, where only the second target is reported. The effect occurred in electrode pairs covering the whole head. Timing of the synchrony was crucial: Brief episodes of enhanced synchrony occurred 100-500 msec before expected target onset in AB conditions where the second target was correctly reported. These results show that intrinsic brain dynamics produce anticipatory synchronization in transient assemblies of cortical areas. Enhanced levels of anticipatory synchronization occur in response to the demands of the task in conditions where the system's limited capacity is under strain.
The Effect of Globalization on National Income Inequality
Authors: Bussmann Margit , Oneal John , de Soysa Indra 
Published: December 2005

AbstractWe assess the effect of globalization on income inequality within countries, focusing on the influence of accumulated foreign direct investment stocks. We analyze data on inequality and foreign investment for 72 countries, 1970-90, incorporating in our tests the Kuznets (1955) curve, the character of political institutions, and various other aspects of the economy and society emphasized in previous research. Our results indicate that globalization does not increase national income inequality. The ratio of foreign direct investment to gross domestic product is unrelated to the distribution of incomes in both developing and developed countries. The share of income received by the poorest 20% of society also is unaffected by foreign investment. Nor are alternative measures of economic openness – the trade-to-GDP ratio and Sachs and Warner's (1995) measure of free trading policies – associated with greater income inequality. If foreign investment increases average incomes in developing countries, as recent research indicates, and does not increase inequality, it must benefit all strata of these societies, including the poor.