bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dabska tumor (Endovascular papillary angioendothelioma) of testis: a case report with brief review of literature
Authors: Bhatia Alka , Nada Ritambra , Kumar Yashwant , Menon Prema 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The Dabska tumor also known as Endovascular papillary angioendothelioma is a rare type of hemangioendothelioma characterized by intraluminal papillary endothelial structures. Most of these are superficial in location but occurrence in deeper tissues is also known. We describe case report of testicular Dabska tumor in a child presenting as inguinal hernia. To the best of our knowledge this is the first case report describing the occurrence of this rare entity in testis.
NEW FINDING OF THREE KINDS OF GLASSY STATE POR CYCLOHEXENE AS A SINGLE COMPOUND
Authors: Haida Osamu , Suga Hiroshi , Seki Syûzô 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Three kinds of glassy state of cyclohexene were discovered. Two of them are of crystalline phase, and were prepared in situ in calorimeter cell by different thermal treatments. These Tg values were 81 K (crystal-I) and 83 K (crystal-II), respectively. The glassy liquid was also prepared by vapor condensation method, its Tg being 78 K (DTA-value).
Sand-Production Simulation in Heavy-Oil Reservoirs
Authors: Zhang Liangwen , Dusseault Maurice B. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryA new sand-production model is developed based on interparticle contact-force variations at the discrete micromechanical level, scaled up to the macroscopic level. Two mechanisms for sand production are expected in the field: dynamic detachment (plucking of particles) and equilibrium yield (shear dilation followed by liquefaction at ~50% porosity). The model discussed in this paper describes the sand-production mechanism in the dynamic detachment process. Within the new model formulation, sand production arises because of either a large porosity gradient or a large pressure gradient. The 1D steady-state solution of the new model is also presented; it may be used for simple sensitivity analysis for parameters such as field stress and pressure-depletion effect.
Nanometer-scale displacement sensing using self-mixing interferometry with a correlation-based signal processing technique
Authors: Hast J. , Okkonen M. , Heikkinen H. , Krehut L. , Myllylä R. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA self-mixing interferometer is proposed to measure nanometre-scale optical path length changes in the interferometer’s external cavity. As light source, the developed technique uses a blue emitting GaN laser diode. An external reflector, a silicon mirror, driven by a piezo nanopositioner is used to produce an interference signal which is detected with the monitor photodiode of the laser diode. Changing the optical path length of the external cavity introduces a phase difference to the interference signal. This phase difference is detected using a signal processing algorithm based on Pearson’s correlation coefficient and cubic spline interpolation techniques. The results show that the average deviation between the measured and actual displacements of the silicon mirror is 3.1 nm in the 0–110 nm displacement range. Moreover, the measured displacements follow linearly the actual displacement of the silicon mirror. Finally, the paper considers the effects produced by the temperature and current stability of the laser diode as well as dispersion effects in the external cavity of the interferometer. These reduce the sensor’s measurement accuracy especially in long-term measurements.
Refrigeration oils for use with non‐CFC, non‐ozone‐depleting refrigerants — key performance and retrofitting issues
Authors: Johnston G. J. , Shim J. , Brechot P. D. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper compares the performance of polyol ester base fluids — in key areas such as miscibility, stability, transport property, and antiwear protection — with other candidate oils proposed for use with HFC‐134a and with naphthenic oils conventionally employed with ozone‐depleting CFC refrigerants such as CFC‐12. The data demonstrate that properly selected polyol ester‐based fluids meet key lubricant requirements for use with ‘ozone friendly’ refrigerant HFC‐134a. In addition, the paper describes key issues in retrofitting existing CF C/naphthenic oil‐based systems to run with HFC‐134a and polyol ester.
High‐temperature vapour‐phase lubrication
Authors: Rao Arvind M. N. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAlthough it is recognised that the move towards cleaner burning, higher efficiency engines requires operating temperatures in excess of 500°C, there are currently few practical means available to achieve this. Therefore, the development of cleaner, more efficient engines requires the use of new lubrication technologies. Any potential lubricant and lubrication technology must address the changing needs of the original equipment manufacturers (OEMs). Specifically, this should include material and fuel compatibility, increased lubrication performance at elevated temperatures and pressures, ashless deposits, reduced particulate emissions, and biodegradability. Over the past six years, various organisations have addressed many of these needs and have successfully demonstrated the use of phosphate esters as candidate vapour phase (VP) lubricants. With the correct choice of lubricant, VP lubrication has been effective in reducing friction and minimising wear of ferrous‐rich stainless and tool steels, alloys, ceramics and composites, at temperatures up to 670°C, under both sliding and rolling contact. This paper details the development of VP lubrication, and of sers some insights into materials and lubricant selection, and some examples of successful applications.
A study of the tribological behaviour of heterocyclic derivatives as additives in rape seed oil and mineral oil
Authors: Huang W. J. , Wu X. H. , Zeng Y. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe tribological properties of two novel heterocyclic derivatives as additives in rape seed oil and in mineral oil were investigated using a four‐ball machine. The morphologies and chemical features of the worn steel surfaces were observed and examined by means of X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Both heterocyclic compounds improved the load‐carrying and extreme‐pressure capacities and the friction‐reducing and antiwear properties of rape seed oil more than they improved those of the mineral oil. Surface analyses of the rubbed surfaces revealed the formation of a protective film containing FeSO4, organosulphur compound, FeS2, polymerised ester, and organonitrogen compound when the surfaces were lubricated by rape seed oil containing the additives. The protective film formed during sliding processes contributed to the increase in the wear resistance.
Mathematical model for the thickening power of viscosity index improvers: Application to engine oil formulations
Authors: Bourgognon H. , Rodes C. , Neveu C. , Huby F. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIt is essential for a lubricating oil blender to be able to quantify the contribution that each component entering in a formulation makes to the viscosity of the finished product. In this context several studies have been devoted to the modelling of the thickening power of different types of polymers at both high (100 °C and 40°C) and low (−15°C) temperature in base oils of various origins and viscosities. To complement these earlier investigations, it is necessary to quantify the effect of the additive package on the viscosity of the formulation. For this purpose, the effect of several DI packages of different performance levels has been investigated in order to derive appropriate mathematical models representing the contribution of these packages to oil viscosity.
A study of the influence of lanthanum fluoride on the tribological properties of bonded solid film lubricants and its mechanism of function
Authors: Feng B. , Zhao J. Z. , Nie M. D. , Dang H. X. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe influence of lanthanum fluoride (LaF3) on the characteristics of phenolepoxy‐bonded MoS2 dry films was investigated. The functional mechanism was specifically studied using several analytical means. The results showed that the wear life of dry films containing a certain amount of LaF3 was considerably increased over that of the films without LaF3. However, the effect of LaF3 on the friction coefficient of the dry films was shown to be negligible. It was found that the addition of LaF3 is effective in reducing the oxidation tendency of MoS2 in the films during the friction process. The reason for this is investigated by the authors.
Future directions of fundamental research in additive tribochemistry
Authors: Wei Dan‐Ping 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper reviews briefly the present state of fundamental research, in tribochemistry of load‐carrying additives, including oiliness agents, organolsulphur, organochlorine, organophosphorus, organic borates and organometallic compounds. The emphasis is on the weak areas of investigation. It is revealed that the least understood mechanisms, such as the effect of additives on fretting wear, additive‐material compatibility, the efficacy of antifatigue additives and the action of water‐based fluid additives in metalworking, are the concern of overlapping spheres of learning. A cooperative effort by chemists, metallurgists and mechanical engineers would help overcome the difficulties posed by problems in areas beyond individual expertises. Some research projects for the future are also suggested.
Tribochemistry in ceramic lubrication
Authors: Qunji Xue , Jianjum Weii 
Published: July 2006

AbstractEffective lubrication systems are crucial to the successful application of ceramic materials in many advanced technologies. A review is given here of the tribochemistry of ceramic lubrication, including the effects of water, water‐based lubricants, hydrocarbons, additives and solid lubricants, on the friction and wear properties of ceramics, the tribochemical mechanisms of ceramics with lubricants and the wear mechanisms of ceramics. Finally, some suggestions about further study of ceramic lubrication are offered.
The antiwear and extreme pressure action mechanism of CeF3 in grease
Authors: Yafeng Lain , Qunji Xue , Xushou Zhang 
Published: July 2006

AbstractCerium (III) fluoride as an antiwear or extreme pressure additive has been used in grease and bonded solid film lubricant, but its action mechanism has not been clarified. In this paper, the tribological characteristics of lithium grease containing CeF3, CaF2, SbF3, CeO2 and graphite fluoride ((CF)n) were evaluated with an SRV tester. The results show that pastes containing CaF2 and (CF)n give good antiwear and anti‐friction performance, but do not possess extreme pressure properties. Adding CeO2 to grease offers no benefit to the antiwear and anti‐friction performance of the paste. Paste containing SbF3 has poor lubricating properties. XPS analysis shows that the good antiwear and extreme pressure properties of paste containing CeF3 can be attributable to the formation of a physically adherent film and a chemical reaction film on the rubbing surface. Thermogravimetry shows that CeF3 acts as an agent for the slow release of the fluorine element.
Extracted waxes from a lubricant oil base stock and their relation to composition and flow properties
Authors: Khan H. U. , Sikora A. , Nautiyal S. P. , Anwar M. , Agrawal K. M. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe phase transition temperatures and associated enthalpies of extracted waxes from an IN range lubricant oil base stock and its fractions in the boiling range 247–546°C, were determined by DSC. X‐ray diffractograms of these samples, showing the variation in intensity with angle 2θ at 5°C and 24°C, were also obtained. The thermal parameters of the extracted waxes were correlated with the composition and flow properties of the base oil sample. The crystallisation behaviour of these waxes conforms to the hydrocarbon type component analysis of the base stock and its fractions, obtained by mass spectroscopy. The key n‐alkanes present in the extracted waxes, and that would be necessary in tailoring a suitable pour‐point depressant for the base oil, have also been predicted.
The assessment of ZnDTP tribochemical reactivity by electrochemical simulation
Authors: Ozimina Dariusz 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper presents the results of experiments on zinc dithio‐phosphate (ZnDTP) tribochemical reactivity with the surface of 100Cr6 bearing steel using an electrochemical simulation method. The paper presents some basic assumptions used in electrochemical simulation of antifriction additive reactivity on metal surfaces, and some observations on the individual character of the initial layer formation and its effect upon the subsequently formed layers.ZnDTP reactivity with a non‐reacting gold surface was used as a reference. The in situ formation of boundary layers is demonstrated using electrochemical scanning tunnelling microscopy (ESTM). This shows the changes taking place in surface topography during the formation of the surface layers.On the basis of these experiments, important information was obtained about ZnDTP reactivity with metal surfaces and is presented here.
Role of alkyl moieties in the antiwear and antioxidant performance of alkyl phosphorodithioates
Authors: Sharma M. , Bansal V. , Ray S. S. , Sarin R. , Tuli D. K. , Bhatnagar A. K. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractPhosphorodithioate derivatives having different alkyl substitu‐ents have been synthesised, while keeping the core phosphorus‐sulphur moiety intact. The change in antiwear, extreme‐pressure, and antioxidant properties with the variation in sub‐stituents at oxygen and at sulphur linkages in the phosphorodithioates has been studied. The role of the heteroatoms with regard to the alkyl substituents has been examined. The experimental data show that the chemical structure of an additive influences its physicochemical and tribological properties.
The tribochemical performance of nano/micrometre borate modified by an N‐containing compound as an oil additive
Authors: Qiao Yulin , Liu Weimin , Xu Binshi , Ma Shining , Xue Qunji 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAn N‐modified nano / micrometre borate (MNMB) as an oil additive was synthesised by an ultrasonic dispersion and emulsion reaction in the microemulsion phase. The particles of the MNMB additive were between 20 and 500 nm in diameter. The tribological properties of the MNMB as an oil additive were investigated using a four‐ball tester. The results reveal that the MNMB possesses good tribological properties. When the boron concentration is 0. 05 wt. %, the wear‐scar diameter is smallest and the seizure load is highest. The antiwear and extreme‐pressure properties of the MNMB were best at a viscosity of 65. 3 mms2. Small‐area X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) indicate that the MNMB additive can form a tribological mixed reaction film containing C, O, B, N, and Na on a rubbing surface. The elemental boron exists in four different chemical states, but is mainly present in the form of BN on the rubbing surface.
Molecular spectroscopic studies of the effect of base oils on additive—additive interactions
Authors: Sarpal A. S. , Bansal V. , Sastry M. I. S. , Mukherjee S. , Kapur G. S. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe effect of different types of base oil of API Groups I to V, such as mineral based (solvent refined, hydrofinished, hydro‐cracked/ wax isomerised) and synthetic based (polyalphaolefin and ester), on the interaction of zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP) with polyisobutylene succinimide (PIBS) has been studied by variable‐temperature (VT) IR and 31P NMR spectro‐scopic techniques. Since ZDDPs are known to exist in monomeric and polymeric forms and as neutral and basic salts, and their functioning is temperature dependent, the structural changes observed in the NMR and IR spectra of the ZDDP—PIBS system in different base oils have been addressed with this in mind. The strength and composition of ZDDP—PIBS complexes has been explained in terms of the degree of solvation provided by the medium (base oil) in which they are present, and thermodynamic parameters ΔH and ΔS estimated from the VT IR spectra. The results indicate that the complexes are stronger and stable in polar base oils, such as from Groups I and V. The equilibrium shifts towards the neutral form of ZDDP in polar base oils. The results have been substantiated by correlating the variation in the shift and width of IR and 31P NMR signals to the stability of the complexes and low values of ΔH and ΔS. Polar solvents, such as methanol and tetrahydro‐furan, also favour the formation of the neutral form of ZDDP and stronger complexes between PIBS and ZDDP, in a manner similar to that observed for polar base oils.
Parametric elastohydrodynamic study of a linear contact applied to SiC lubricated with a low‐viscosity fluid
Authors: Francisco A. , Blouin A. , Frěne J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractCeramic materials are often used in tribological applications because of their good mechanical properties. Silicon carbide (SiC) has a low density, high Young's modulus, high corrosion resistance, and very low friction in water. It is a very good candidate for replacing waterproof oil‐lubricated bearings in water pumps and for applications when water is used as a lubricant. In such applications the SiC dissolves very slowly in water to form silicilic acid. After running in, journal and bearing surfaces look like mirrors with very low roughness and very small friction coefficient.This paper reports on a parametric study to model the cylinder—plane configuration, which is then utilised in the specific case of SiC in water. The study was carried out in order to reduce the number of parameters and to ensure good precision of the results. The numerical model is applied to an SiC contact with a very low‐viscosity lubricant (water) using elastohydrodynamic (EHD) conditions. Multigrid techniques for the Reynolds equation and multilevel, multi‐integration methods for the elasticity equations are used to solve the EHD problem. These results are given in non‐dimensional form using the Moes parameters M and L for several velocities and loads. Comparison is made between the two‐ and three‐dimensional cases in order to assess the effects for the cylinder ends.
Micro‐mechanism of initiation of sliding
Authors: Kato Koji , Kanno Seiichiro 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn order to understand the effects of contact shape and sliding direction on tangential coefficient a VTR (Video Tape Recorder) computer system has been developed to visualise the micro‐slip distribution at the contact interface, during the process of micro displacement, before macro sliding.It is shown that micro‐slip distribution is strongly affected by the shape of the contact area and the sliding direction, which gives a good explanation of the observed relationships between tangential coefficient (defined as tangential force divided by normal load) and tangential displacement.It is suggested, as a result, that the VTR‐computer system developed in this study allows useful observation and understanding of the micro‐mechanism of initiation of macro sliding.
Comparison of two stick‐slip testers and recommendations for repeatable and significant stick‐slip testing
Authors: Van de Velde F. , De Baets P. , Van Geeteruyen C. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractBecause of the interaction of the large number of parameters influencing stick‐slip, it is very difficult to perform repeatable and reproducible tests that define the anti‐stick‐slip properties of lubricants. In order better to understand the difficulties encountered in stick‐slip testing, an overview of the influencing parameters, with a discussion of each parameter, is given in this paper.Some modifications of the reciprocating stick‐slip tester that was used in the ASTM test procedure before the latter was withdrawn, in order to improve the repeatability of its test results, are discussed. The significance of the results is checked by comparison with a rotary stick‐slip tester.Finally, recommendations for correct stick‐slip testing and interpretation of stick‐slip results are presented.
Technical note the triboelectrochemical cell: A new apparatus for tribocorrosion studies
Authors: Takadoum J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis technical note gives details of a new testing for looking at tribocorrosion, a joint mechanical/electrochemical process, allowing evaluation of the joint action of corrosion and wear. The new apparatus, called a ‘triboelectrochemical cell’, is demonstrated in use, and some results are given for nickel, tested in H2SO4 solution.
The effect of abradant particle comminution on the intensity of three‐body abrasion
Authors: Scieszka S. F. , Jadi A. S. M. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAn attempt has been made to understand why testing involving abradant particles leads to inconsistent results, despite identical test conditions. The work undertaken involved experiments on a rubber wheel abrasion tester (RWAT), and found comminution of the abradant to be the omitted factor: careful examination of the abradant particles after each test revealed that, even for the lowest load, the particles did not remain unbroken. The results obtained showed that at least part of the variation between tests carried out under nominally identical conditions can therefore be ascribed to ignoring the effects of size reduction. The paper concludes by recommending some changes in standard procedure.
New field and engine test data to demonstrate the wear protection benefits of a unique boundary chemistry (UBC)
Authors: Shaub Hal , Leggett Ken , Pandosh John , Perrin Keith , Searle Anne , Sprague Stan 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe wear protection performance of unique boundary chemistry (UBC), both while in the engine and after removal, was tested with reference to commercial API SG, API SH/ILSAC GF‐1, and API SJ/ILSAC GF‐2 quality oils in two 80,450 km field tests, in modified and standard sequence tests, and in radiotracer engine studies.The radiotracer tests of UBC added to an API SJ/ILSAC GF‐2 quality oil replicated previously published results of wear reductions achieved in a comparison of an API SH/ILSAC GF‐1 oil with and without UBC.In extended Sequence IIIE runs, two engines, each lubricated with the same API SH/ILSAC GF‐1 oil, were unable to complete the tests as a result of excessive oil consumption due to hot stuck rings. In contrast, two Sequence IIIE engines lubricated with the same API SH/ILSAC GF‐1 oil treated with UBC completed the extended test without incident, even though the UBC‐treated API SH/ILSAC GF‐1 oil replaced the API SH/ILSAC GF‐1 oil for the first oil drain interval only.A fully formulated SAE 5W–30 oil, which contained a full complement of UBC (20%), met all the requirements of API SH/ILSAC GF‐1 quality and gave very low average and maximum cam and cam plus lifter wear on standard ASTM Sequence VE and IIIE tests. The same API SH/ILSAC GF‐1 oil without UBC gave somewhat higher wear on both tests, but both oils met API SH/ILSAC GF‐1 requirements.Wear metals analysis of a field test of 36 taxicabs, which compared an API SJ/ILSAC GF‐2 quality oil to the same oil treated with UBC for the first drain interval, and also to a UBC‐treated oil at every oil change, showed a reduction in the rate of used oil Fe accumulation for both methods of UBC treatment. This test also revealed a striking impact on Fe levels from Si found in used oil samples during an episode of Si contamination in local gasoline supplies.Finally, in a field test of 10 taxicabs, with parts measured before and after testing, wear reductions were observed in rings and bearings in UBC‐treated cabs compared to those with API SG oil alone.