bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vascular morphology in noninflamed healed gingiva of dogs
Authors: Hock J. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract. The objective of this study was to determine if the regular vascular network previously reported as occurring in noninflamed marginal gingiva would become re‐established following plaque control and treatment of gingiva by gingivectomy and scaling.Gingivectomies were performed on dogs with and without pre‐experimental gingivitis in order to obtain gingival specimens healed for 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Plaque was controlled using toothbrushing and topical applications of 0.2 % chlorhexidine gluconate. After 12 weeks, the animals were perfused via the carotid arteries with glutaraldehyde and Microfil® latex compound. Specimens were processed for either routine histology or examination of vascular morphology in methyl salicylate cleared tissues. The absence of inflammation in healed gingiva was evaluated clinically, using the Gingival and Plaque Indices, and histologically.Results showed that in healed clinically and histologically noninflamed gingiva, the vascular morphology was established as a series of looped vessels which could readily be distinguished from the regular network of vessels described by Hock (1975) in marginal gingiva that had neither been inflamed nor resected.
Juvenile periodontitis
Authors: Liljenberg B. , Lindhe J. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The microflora of periodontal pockets and some histopathological characteristics of adjacent tissues from individuals with clinical signs of juvenile periodontitis were studied. Adult individuals with ordinary, rapidly advancing periodontitis served as controls. All of the patients had been referred for specialist treatment. Using criteria defined by Baer (1971), the patients were assigned to one juvenile periodontitis (eight patients), one post‐juvenile periodontitis (seven patients) and one adult periodontitis group (seven patients). Only lesions around the first molars and central incisors were studied. Bacterial samples were obtained from each site and were examined by darkfield microscopy and different morphological forms identified. The soft tissue of the diseased sites was excised. The biopsies were placed in a fixative, cut in 1‐mm‐thick blocks and embedded in Epon. In semithin sections the infiltrated connective tissue (ICT) was identified and the ICT portion further processed for electron microscopy. The numeric and volumetric densities of different cells and structures of the ICT were determined using a morphometric point‐counting procedure.The results showed that juvenile periodontitis lesions are associated with a subgingival microflora, the composition of which is different from that of adult periodontitis. Thus, in patients belonging to the adult periodontitis and post‐juvenile periodontitis groups, motile microorganisms dominated the subgingival plaque samples, whereas deep pockets in juvenile periodontitis lesions contained a flora dominated by coccoid cells and straight non‐motile rods.The most pronounced difference in the composition of ICT between the juvenile on one hand and the post‐juvenile and adult periodontitis lesions on the other, was related to the amount of extracellular structures. Thus, in post‐juvenile and adult periodontitis lesions, collagen and residual tissue made up around 50% of the infiltrate. In the juvenile periodontitis lesions, however, extracellular structures occupied only around 20% of the volume. In the ICT of the juvenile periodontitis sites, around 70 % of the volume was occupied by plasma cells and blast cells. The corresponding figures for the post‐juvenile and adult periodontits sites were 50 and 30%.
The furcation problem
Authors: Wærhaug Jens 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The furcation problem was studied in a dental autopsy material, i.e. extracted teeth were examined under the stereomicroscope. The folowing conclusions were reached: extraction. Plaque and Gingival Indices, degree of mobility, and other pertinent clinical data were recorded. A landmark was made on the tooth surface at the gingival margin so as to localize the margin during the examination of the extracted tooth. Immediately following the extraction, loosely attached soft tissue between the roots and in the area of the junctional epithelium were removed; any blood was washed away. The tooth was kept in a 1 % solution of Water Blue for 10 min, rinsed in running water, and air‐dried. The teeth were examined under the stereomicroscope. The following conclusions were reached:Subgingival plaque is common, even in the absence of supragingival plaque, among patients who have started efficient supragingival plaque control but after subgingival plaque has been formed.Efficient supragingival plaque control may remove subgingival plaque as far as 2.5 mm below the gingival margin.Subgingival plaque, in the absence of supragingival plaque, is only occasionally associated with a marginal gingivitis. Subgingival plaque, in the absence of supragingival plaque, causes a clinically undetectable submarginal gingivitis which leads to destruction of the attachment apparatus and eventually to furcation involvement. Loss of attachment, whether it takes place on the outer surfaces or in the furcations, is strongly correlated with subgingival plaque and submarginal gingivitis. There is no correlation between visible supragingival plaque and loss of attachment in the furcations, nor is there any association between subingival plaque in the furcations and marginal gingivitis. The conventional Plaque and Gingival Indices do not reflect the actual conditions in advanced destructive periodontal disease, including furcation involvement. Subgingival plaque control is likely to be incomplete on the outer surfaces and is a total failure in the furcations. In established furcation involvement more attachment is likely to be lost between the roots than on the outer surfaces.An early diagnosis is essential for successful management of the furcation problem. But it is extremely difficult to make a correct diagnosis because so many of the clinical criteria are misleading and because pain often precludes the probing which is necessary to establish the extent of the lesion.Root resection can be given a logical place in the overall plaque control rationale; but the indication for this treatment is strongly dependent on the anatomy of the tooth, the age of the patient and his predisposition to destructive periodontal disease.The prognosis of root resection depends on successful endodontic treatment as well as total plaque control.Increased mobility is a very late symptom in the development of the furcation involvement and is not involved in its etiology.
Prevalence of juvenile periodontitis in Finland
Authors: Saxén Leena 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The prevalence of juvenile periodontitis was studied in Finland, in an ethnic group representing a uniform Caucasoid population. The study population consisted of the 16–year‐old subjects in the county of Uusimaa, population approximately 1,000,000. The screening study was based on the well‐organized national dental care service which provides free dental care for all, up to the age of 17. Bitewing radiographs taken of all subjects at the age of 16 were used as the basic material for screening for juvenile periodontitis. Altogether 8,096 pairs of bitewing radiographs were available from the 16–year‐old subjects born in 1960–61, representing 56 % of the total age group. The radiographs were examined by the author and 28 cases were singled out for thorough clinical and radiographic examination. The following criteria were set for juvenile periodontitis:

The patient must be in good general health
Radiographically detectable bone loss more than 2 mm must be demonstrated around more than one tooth
Local irritants must not be commensurate with the bone loss.

Eight cases among the 8,096 subjects fulfilled these criteria giving a prevalence of 0.1 %. With 95 % confidence this gives an estimate between 0.06 and 0.26 %.
Effect of stannous fluoride mouthrinse on dental plaque formation
Authors: Tinanoff N. , Hock J. , Camosci D. , Helldén L. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract A double‐blind, crossover design study was performed on 29 young adults to test the effectiveness of 0.1 % SnF2 mouthrinse (250 ppmF−) on plaque formation using clinical and microbiological criteria.Participants were assigned to either a placebo or SnF2 rinse which was used twice daily for 5 days. After an interim recovery period of 2 days, the participants used the alternate rinse in a similar manner for another 5 days. Clinical data collected at the end of each experimental period included Gingival Index (GI), and plaque scores. Supragingival plaque removed from each subject at the end of the experimental periods was weighed and then microbial enumeration was performed.Results showed that after SnF2 rinses, there were statistically significant reductions (P < 0.01) in plaque wet weight, number of bacteria per milligram plaque (CFU/mg). and total number of bacteria per sample (Total CFU). Visual plaque scores (PS) showed a significant (P < 0.05) but small reduction as a result of SnF2 rinse. No significant difference in gingival inflammation was noted.It is apparent from this study that, besides the well‐documented ability of SnF2 to increase the resistance of teeth to demineralization, this agent is capable of reducing plaque formation. Long‐term studies are indicated to examine usefulness of SnF2 in the control of early periodontal disease.
Clinical standardization of horizontal tooth mobility*
Authors: Stoller Norman H. , Laudenbach Kenneth W. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The clinical measurement of horizontal tooth mobility is discussed on the background of the current theories regarding the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. The common indices which have been designed to measure horizontal tooth mobility are discussed and critiqued. These indices are not sensitive in that they do not discriminate well between small increments in mobility. In addition, many of the indices cannot be utilized for individual teeth on a longitudinally reproducible basis.The preliminary testing of an in vitro model with mobile teeth which was designed to aid the clinician in assessing tooth mobility is described. Results indicate that the clinician may be capable of discriminating between mobilities that are in the 0.1 mm range, with the aid of the model.
Assessment of tooth mobility using small loads
Authors: Persson Rutoer , Svensson Alvar 
Published: December 2005

Abstract An apparatus for recording tooth mobility of maxillary anterior teeth using loads below 100 p in a bucco‐lingual direction is described. Strain gauges and a differential transformer are used as sensors of force and displacement. The displacement is recorded at the same location on the tooth surface and in the same direction as the loading force. Compressed air is used as the source of force. Documentation of signals is obtained by means of a two‐channel potentiometric recorder.Tooth mobility was studied in six subjects with healthy periodontal conditions and in six subjects with moderate periodontal disease. Repeated measurements under standardized conditions demonstrated a satisfactory reproducibility of the measuring method. Tooth mobility curves within the 20–80 p loading range were transformed to lines of regression. Analysis of such lines seems to provide further information of tooth mobility qualities as compared to previous methods of tooth mobility measurements.
Heredity of juvenile periodontitis
Authors: Saxén Leena 
Published: December 2005

Abstract A family study was carried out, based on the hypothesis that juvenile periodontitis is inherited in an autosomal recessive mode. Propositi were selected according to standardized criteria. Thirty‐one cases with a female/male ratio of 20 to 11 were obtained. Their first‐degree relatives were examined radiographically, mostly by orthopantomography. Sixty parents. 64 siblings (out of 66) and three children aged 13–16 were traced and examined. Neither parents nor the children showed findings suggestive of juvenile periodontitis, whereas 11 of the 64 siblings were affected.The genetic ratio was first calculated by using an a priori method assuming complete ascertainment. The result, 0.256 ± 0.061, is close to the theoretical assumption of 0.25. Since the calculation was based on the assumption that juvenile periodontitis is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, the results were also exposed to an a posteriori analysis assuming a truncate, complete ascertainment. The result. 0.268 ± 0.062, is again close to the expected ratio for autosomal recessive inheritance. A third method assuming a single, very incomplete ascertainment gave a much lower ratio. It is concluded that the results of the family study are compatible with the hypothesis that juvenile periodontitis is inherited in an autosomal recessive mode.
An analysis of factors affecting compliance with tooth‐cleaning recommendations
Authors: Rayant Garry A. , Sheiham Aubrey 
Published: December 2005

Abstract A study was undertaken on a group of patients who have had periodontal treatment in an attempt to test some of the predictions of the “Health Belief Model” (Rosen‐stock et al. 1966). This present study set out to test whether (1) persons who knew they had periodontal disease (hence considered themselves susceptible) (2) thought the condition serious and (3) had a knowledge of how to prevent the disease (4) were effectively complying with a previously prescribed oral hygiene regimen.The study was conducted at a school of dental hygiene, providing a source of patients attending specifically for periodontal care and where the format of hygiene instruction and treatment is largely standardized.A questionnaire was designed to assess (1) attitudes and beliefs (2) knowledge of the disease (3) reported behavior. Gingival health was measured using Gingival Index (Löe & Silness 1963) and patients actual behavior was measured using the Plaque Index (Silness & Löe 1964).The majority of the highly motivated patients in the study were concerned with their susceptibility to, the seriousness of, and the benefits of treatment for periodontal disease. They were stimulated to take action by a cue. bleeding gums. These findings confirm the predictions made in the Health Belief Model.However, none of the factors in the Health Belief Model were significantly associated with the gingival health status of the patients, indicating that other factors were important for patients to clean their teeth effectively. It was also shown that information is not necessary followed by a change in behavior.
Prediction of root surface caries in patients treated for advanced periodontal disease
Authors: Ravald Nils , Hamp Sven‐Erik 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The present investigation was undertaken (1) to analyze the prevalence of root surface caries prior to and after periodontal treatment and (2) to determine the feasibility of using simple clinical criteria for predicting a patient's risk of developing root surface canes following periodontal therapy.Thirty‐one patients were given advanced periodontal treatment including periodontal surgery. At baseline they were examined for oral hygiene status, periodontal status, root surface canes experience and number of lactobacilli per ml saliva as evaluated by the Dentocult® dip‐slide method. Follow‐up examinations 1, 2 and 4 years after baseline showed that a majority of the patients were treated successfully and maintained in periodontal health. Root surface caries developed in approximately two‐thirds of the patients during the 4–year observation period. However, the total increment of root lesions during these years was mostly extremely low. i.e. less than 5% of exposed root surfaces.In higher risk patients developing new root surface caries, significant correlations were demonstrated with initial pretreatment scorings for (1) their previous root surface caries experience, (2) high lactobacillus counts and (3) advancing age. In addition, root surface caries incidence and low saliva secretion rates were found to correlate significantly during the course of the study.
Studies on immunologic and inflammatory factors in saliva in patients with asthma and in patients with periodontitis
Authors: Hyyppå Tuula 
Published: December 2005

Abstract To study the salivary response in asthma and periodontitis, calcium and phosphorus concentrations were determined from parotid and whole saliva. The IgE and histamine concentrations and the activities of lysozyme and arginine aminopeptidases were assayed from whole saliva. The values were compared with those obtained from matched healthy controls (n = 20 in each group).In whole saliva the phosphorus concentrations were elevated in the asthma group and the calcium concentrations in the periodontitis group. Regarding parotid saliva no significant differences between the group? were observed.The results indicate that in patients with asthma the IgE concentrations in whole saliva were elevated, while in patients with periodontitis and in healthy controls no detectable values were obtained.Both histamine and lysozyme concentrations seemed to increase in the asthma and periodontitis groups. A slight increase was also observed in the arginine aminopeptidase activities in the saliva of patients with asthma and patients with periodontitis.
Effect of controlled oral hygiene procedures on caries and periodontal disease in adults
Authors: Axelsson P. , Lindhe J. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The present report describes the result of a clinical trial in which a group of adults have been maintained on a proper oral hygiene standard over a 6‐year period. In 1971–72, 375 individuals were recruited to a test group and 180 to a control group. During the 6 years of trial, 65 persons from the test group and 34 controls were lost. The patients were divided into three age groups; I <35 years, II 36–50 years, III >50 years. The members of the test and control groups were first subjected to a Baseline examination which included assessments of oral hygiene, gingivitis, periodontal disease and caries. Following this examination all caries lesions were treated and ill‐fitting dental restorations adjusted. Each patient was also given a detailed case presentation and a dental prophylaxis. The control group patients were not involved in any further dental health programs during the subsequent 6‐year period. Once a year, however, they were recalled to a public dental health clinic for examination and received symptomatic dental treatment. The test group participants, on the other hand, were given a preventive treatment, repeated once every 2–3 months which included (1) instruction and practice in oral hygiene techniques and (2) meticulous prophylaxis.The patients were re‐examined 3 and 6 years after the baseline examination. At the Follow‐up examinations the parameters studied at the Baseline examination were recorded again. The findings demonstrated that a preventive program which stimulates individuals to adopt proper oral hygiene habits may resolve gingivitis and prevent progression of periodontal disease and caries. Traditional dental care, on the other hand, did not prevent the progression of caries and periodontitis in adults.
Microbial etiology of periodontal disease
Authors: van Palenstien Helderman Wim H 
Published: December 2005

Abstract Longitudinal studies with humans indicate that gingivitis is associated with an increased dental plaque mass. Also, prior to the onset of gingivitis, changes in the microflora towards a more complex bacterial composition frequently occur. On the other hand, recent cross sectional cultural studies generally do not reveal clear‐cut differences between the composition of the subgingival microflora associated with healthy or inflamed gingivae. Also, some studies have demonstrated an enhanced cell‐mediated immune response during the course of gingivitis to a variety of subgingival plaque bacteria. It has also been observed that plaques allowed to form on cleaned teeth for 2 or 3 days do not differ substantially in their microbial composition. However, long‐term thorough oral hygiene performed at intervals of 48 h permits maintenance of gingival health, whereas that instituted at intervals of 72 h will lead eventually to gingivitis. Collectively, this evidence supports the concept that the etiology of gingivitis is bacteriologically nonspecific. Thus a large increase in the accumulation of bacteria on the tooth surface per se may have a greater pathogenic effect on the periodontal tissues than the relatively minor and inconsistent shifts in the microbial composition.The transition from gingivitis into periodontitis may be induced by changes in the pathogenic potential of subgingival plaque. Gram‐negative rods appear to be specifically associated with periodontitis. A growing body of evidence implicates especially Bacteriodes asaccharolyticus as one of the responsible pathogens.Juvenile periodontitis (periodontosis) seems to be a distinct disease entity. Recent findings suggest abnormalities in peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNL) of patients with juvenile periodontitis. The subgingival microflora is different from that associated with periodontitis and the findings so far implicate Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans as an important pathogen.The bacterial etiology of acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG) is still unclear. Satisfactory cultural studies have yet to be performed. The presence of spirochetes in the ulcerative lesions of the junctional epithelium does not necessarily imply that they play an important role in this disease entity.Future research on the bacteriology of periodontal disease should concentrate on longitudinal studies; particular attention should be paid to the change of gingivitis into periodontitis whereby animals as well as humans can be used. Improvements of sampling methods as well as precise and simple identification techniques of microorganisms are required.