bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Efficient and Green Method for the Synthesis of Oxindole Derivatives in Water
Authors: Srihari G , Marthanda Murthy M 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
An environmentally benign method for the synthesis of 3,3-di(3-indolyl)- and 3,3-di(2-pyrrolyl)oxindoles by using various isatins, indoles, and pyrrole in water in excellent yields and high regioselectivity without using any catalyst.
Controlled Homeotropic and Homogeneous Orientations for Nanoscale Phase-separated Domain of Light-emitting Amphiphilic Block Copolymer Bearing a 2,5-Diarylthiazole Moiety
Authors: Mori Atsunori , Shikuma Junichi , Kinoshita Motoi , Ikeda Tomiki , Misaki Masahiro , Ueda Yasukiyo , Komura Motonori , Asaoka Sadayuki , Iyoda Tomokazu 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
An amphiphilic block copolymer composed of poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(methacrylate ester) bearing a donor–acceptor-type 2,5-diarylthiazole in the side chain is prepared by atom-transfer radical polymerization. The precursor 2,5-diarylthiazole monomer is prepared by transition-metal-catalyzed CH arylation reactions. A thin film of the block copolymer formed by spin coating exhibited nanoscale phase separation with homeotropically oriented domains, while a film formed by the friction transfer method showed domains with homogeneous orientation confirmed by AFM. Spectroscopic studies of the film, utilizing the luminescent characteristics of 2,5-diarylthiazole, showed polarized light emission as a result of the liquid crystalline ordering.
The effectiveness of single session therapy in child and adolescent mental health. Part 2: An 18‐month follow‐up study
Authors: Perkins Ruth , Scarlett Graeme 
Published: February 2008

Objectives. This study examines whether the short‐term benefits of planned single session therapy (SST), previously demonstrated for child and adolescent clients with mental health problems, are maintained over an 18‐month period. It also investigates the impact of an initial 6‐week delay on therapy, and the impact of additional therapy during the 18‐month period.Design. The study is an 18‐month follow‐up to a cross‐sectional clinical study involving treatment of outpatients at a public mental health clinic, over 14 months. All clients had been administered SST. Measures used were those used in the original study, which had a 1‐month post‐SST follow‐up.Method. Each client was assessed using the DSMD, CSQ‐8 and the frequency and severity of the major presenting problem. Analysis was performed using repeated measures t tests and one‐way repeated measures ANOVA.Results. The study found that the short‐term benefits of SST (measured 1‐month after therapy) were maintained 18 months after the initial consultation. Delay of treatment (by 6 weeks) did not appear to impact either the short‐term or longer‐term results. An additional finding was that about 60% of the group made significant clinical improvement after one session of therapy. In the other cases, one or more extra sessions were provided to consolidate change or maintain improvements.Conclusions. The previously demonstrated short‐term benefits of SST, for children and adolescents with a range of mental health problems, were shown to be maintained over an 18‐month period. However, some clients may benefit from booster sessions. Overall, SST appears to be an empirically supported, cost effective, and beneficial form of therapy for children and adolescents with mental health problems.
Processing of Emotional Faces in Children and Adolescents With Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Benoit Kristy E. , McNally Richard J. , Rapee Ronald M. , Gamble Amanda L. , Wiseman Amy L. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to test whether children and adolescents with anxiety disorders exhibit selective processing of threatening facial expressions in a pictorial version of the emotional Stroop paradigm. Participants named the colours of filters covering images of adults and children displaying either a neutral facial expression or one displaying the emotions of anger, disgust, or happiness. A delay in naming the colour of a filter implies attentional capture by the facial expression. Anxious participants, relative to control participants, exhibited slower colour naming overall, implying greater proneness to distraction by social cues. Children exhibited longer colour-naming latencies as compared to adolescents, perhaps because young children have a limited ability to inhibit attention to distracting stimuli. Adult faces were associated with slower colour naming than were child faces, irrespective of facial expressions in both groups, possibly because adults provide especially salient cues for children and adolescents. Inconsistent with prediction, participants with anxiety disorders were not slower than healthy controls at naming the colours of filters covering threatening expressions (i.e., anger and disgust) relative to filters covering faces depicting happy or neutral expressions.
A Case Study of Trichotillomania With Social Phobia: Treatment and 4-Year Follow-up Using Cognitive–Behaviour Therapy
Authors: Javidi Zhila , Battersby Malcolm , Forbes Angus 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThis article describes a case study that demonstrates an innovative combination of predominantly behavioural techniques in the treatment of trichotillomania (TTM) preceded by social phobia. Outcomes are reported to 4-year follow-up. A master's qualified cognitive–behavioural nurse therapist administered the course of treatment over 1 year and followed the client for 4 years. A combination of exposure and response prevention, habit reversal and serial photography for TTM urges, exposure for social phobia, cognitive restructuring and problem solving were utilised. These treatments were provided sequentially and concurrently. Pre and posttreatment and repeated outcome measures were applied in three domains. The client received a total of 23 treatment sessions over 1 year and follow-up over 4 years. During treatment, discharge and follow-up improved outcomes in TTM and social phobia were achieved and maintained at 4 years. Benefits accrued beyond the presenting conditions to have a major positive impact on the client's life. Theoretical implications for the classification of TTM are discussed.
Postacute Programming for Community Integration: A Scoping Review
Authors: McColl Mary Ann 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThere has been a dramatic increase in recent years in the literature available on community integration among people with acquired brain injuries. At the same time, however, clinicians are calling for information that has utility in the complex environment of community practice. The study was a scoping review to address the question:What is known from the existing literature regarding the best ways to promote community integration in the postacute phase of brain injury recovery?From a preliminary pool of 925 studies identified by electronic searching of 5 databases in a 15-year time window, a final set of 30 was selected for further review, referring to 25 distinct programs. This scoping review has shown that there are 5 types of programs typically offered to survivors of brain injuries to assist with community integration: supported employment, traditional rehabilitation, environmental adaptation, support development and transitional living. These 5 approaches were primarily used to address 2 aspects of community integration: traditional rehabilitation was most commonly used to promote independent living, and supported employment was the most common approach used to promote productive occupation. Themes that emerged from the review were the need for highly individualised programming, in vivo approaches, tailored supports, early intervention and a focus on participation. Methodologically, the study represents an important acknowledgment of the valuable information that is available in the literature in descriptive and small sample research.
‘Look Mum, No Hands!’ Having Fun and Staying Safe Are Not Incompatible Outcomes of Exercising Choice
Authors: Evans Ian M. , Bingham Amie O. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThis study was designed to investigate the effects of giving choices on the level of enjoyment experienced by children with severe disabilities in a recreational activity, without compromising safety. The children were attending a horse-riding program, designed to be both therapeutic and enjoyable. Initial observations, however, indicated that the lack of choices, and the high level of physical assistance provided to the children resulted in minimal benefit or pleasure for the children. In the role of consultants, we introduced a simple intervention in which two meaningful riding routines were taught and choices of game activities were offered during the riding itself. Affording choices (intervention condition) and program-as-usual (control condition) were randomly alternated within riding sessions. The children's indices of pleasure increased over sessions as they mastered basic riding routines. Seven of the 8 children showed differential increases in enjoyment during the choice condition, without an increase in unacceptably risky behaviour. The study demonstrated the value for leisure programs of emphasising choice and autonomy within safety margins, although there is likely to be an additional, and desirable, influence on the children's enjoyment by virtue of their selecting their preferred or more successful activities when offered choices.
The East Flanders Prospective Twin Study
Authors: Derom Robert 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe East Flanders Prospective Twin Survey, started in 1964, realised for the first time a population-based register of all multiple births in the Belgian Province of East Flanders, characterized by the systematic examination of the placenta and the accurate determination of zygosity based on blood groups, DNA and structure of fetal membranes. For decades, it has been the only register to include chorionicity in same-sex pairs of twins, an irreplaceable tool allowing almost certain diagnosis of monozygosity and the timing of the division of the zygote.in monozygotic twins. We showed that twins and triplets are far from being an homogenised group and demonstrated differences between these groups important enough to introduce these variables in the standard methodology of twin research. Examples are: Weinberg rule, sex ratio and duration of gestation.
Heritability of Intelligence
Authors: Jacobs Nele , van Os Jim , Derom Catherine , Thiery Evert 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThis article discusses findings of two recent studies conducted in collaboration with the East Flanders Prospective Twin Survey in the field of cognitive ability. The first study examined the effect of chorion type on heritability estimates of intelligence in children. The second study investigated the causes of association between child psychopathology and lower cognitive ability. Findings of these studies are discussed in the light of the current view on cognitive ability (or ‘g’) and recommendations for future research are made.
Gestation and Birthweight in Dizygotic Twins: Girls Call the Tune
Authors: Loos Ruth J. F. , Derom Catherine , Eeckels Roger , Derom Robert , Vlietinck Robert 
Published: February 2008

AbstractUnlike-sex twins provide a unique natural experiment to investigate the influence of sex on gestation. Our data showed that length of gestation of unlike-sex pairs is similar to that of female same-sex pairs, and significantly (0.4 wks,p= .02) longer than that of male same-sex pairs. Birthweight of female unlike-sex twins was similar to female same-sex twins, but male unlike-sex twins weighed 78 g more than male same-sex twins (p= .001). These data show that in unlikesex pairs it is the girl that prolongs gestation for her brother, resulting in a higher birthweight than that of same-sex boys.
An experimental study of the effects of moisture variations and gradients in the joint area in steel-timber dowel joints
Authors: Sjödin Johan , Serrano Erik 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
This experimental study examines the influence of moisture variations on the load-bearing capacity of steel-timber dowel joints. The glulam specimens used to manufacture the joints were first exposed to controlled climate changes. After being stored in the climate chambers, holes were drilled and dowels were inserted. Then, the joints were loaded to failure. The main aim of this study was to investigate how and to what extent moisture variations and gradients in the joint area affects the load-bearing capacity in tension parallel to the grain. The load-bearing capacity was found to be reduced under these conditions when compared to reference joints. Moreover, the brittleness of the joints increased with the time the joints had been exposed to drying. Moisture-induced stresses and cracks in the joint area were found to be a possible explanation of the results. A similar interpretation was given in other studies where other structural timber elements have been studied. This raises an important question of how such moisture effects should be considered in design codes. One possibility is to include the influence of moisture-induced stresses in the k
mod factor used in Eurocode 5. Another way could be to consider this type of moisture effect as an equivalent mechanical load case.
A multivariate approach to the acetylated poplar wood samples by near infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Çelen İpek , Harper David , Labbé Nicole 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) wood flour was chemically modified with acetic anhydride at varying times and initial moisture contents at a constant temperature. All samples exhibited increasing weight gains in the range of 5–16% with increasing reaction or treatment time. The acetylated poplar wood flour was characterized by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. Principal component analysis performed on the spectral data revealed clusters according to the esterification level. Partial least squares regression models developed from NIR data were able to predict the weight gain and the percentage of reacted OH groups. The correlations show that there is a direct and linear relationship between the spectra and the weight percentage gain and, therefore, the degree of acetylation.
Effect of thermo-mechanical refining pressure on the properties of wood fibers as measured by nanoindentation and atomic force microscopy
Authors: Xing Cheng , Wang Siqun , Pharr George M. , Groom Leslie H. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Refined wood fibers of a 54-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) mature wood were investigated by nanoindentation and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The effect of steam pressure, in the range of 2–18 bar, during thermo-mechanical refining was investigated and the nano-mechanical properties and nano- or micro-level damages of the cell wall were evaluated. The results indicate that refining pressure has important effects on the physical and mechanical properties of refined fibers. No obvious damage was observed in the cell walls at pressures between 2 and 4 bar. Nano-cracks (most less than 500 nm in width) were found in fibers at pressures in the range of 6–12 bar, and micro-cracks (more than 5 μm in width) were found in fibers subjected to pressures of 14 and 18 bar. The damages caused at higher pressures were more severe in layers close to the lumen than on the fiber surfaces. Under special circumstances, the S3 layer was heavily damaged. The natural shape of the cross sectional dimensions of the cell walls was not changed at lower pressures (2 and 4 bar), but, as pressure was increased, the fibers tended to collapse. At pressures around 18 bar, the lumina were augmented again. The nano-mechanical properties in terms of elastic modulus and hardness were obviously decreased, while nanoindentation creep increased with refining pressure.
A Novel Screening Method for Cell Wall Mutants in Aspergillus niger Identifies UDP-Galactopyranose Mutase as an Important Protein in Fungal Cell Wall Biosynthesis
Authors: Damveld Robbert A , Franken Angelique , Arentshorst Mark , Punt Peter J , Klis Frans M , van den Hondel Cees A M J J , Ram Arthur F J 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
To identify cell wall biosynthetic genes in filamentous fungi and thus potential targets for the discovery of new antifungals, we developed a novel screening method for cell wall mutants. It is based on our earlier observation that the Aspergillus niger agsA gene, which encodes a putative α-glucan synthase, is strongly induced in response to cell wall stress. By placing the agsA promoter region in front of a selectable marker, the acetamidase (amdS) gene of A. nidulans, we reasoned that cell wall mutants with a constitutively active cell wall stress response pathway could be identified by selecting mutants for growth on acetamide as the sole nitrogen source. For the genetic screen, a strain was constructed that contained two reporter genes controlled by the same promoter: the metabolic reporter gene PagsA-amdS and PagsA-H2B-GFP, which encodes a GFP-tagged nuclear protein. The primary screen yielded 161 mutants that were subjected to various cell wall-related secondary screens. Four calcofluor white-hypersensitive, osmotic-remediable thermosensitive mutants were selected for complementation analysis. Three mutants were complemented by the same gene, which encoded a protein with high sequence identity with eukaryotic UDP-galactopyranose mutases (UgmA). Our results indicate that galactofuranose formation is important for fungal cell wall biosynthesis and represents an attractive target for the development of antifungals.
Statistical Power of Expression Quantitative Trait Loci for Mapping of Complex Trait Loci in Natural Populations
Authors: Schliekelman Paul 
Published: February 2008

AbstractA number of recent genomewide surveys have found numerous QTL for gene expression, often with intermediate to high heritability values. As a result, there is currently a great deal of interest in genetical genomics—that is, the combination of genomewide expression data and molecular marker data to elucidate the genetics of complex traits. To date, most genetical genomics studies have focused on generating candidate genes for previously known trait loci or have otherwise leveraged existing knowledge about trait-related genes. The purpose of this study is to explore the potential for genetical genomics approaches in the context of genomewide scans for complex trait loci. I explore the expected strength of association between expression-level traits and a clinical trait, as a function of the underlying genetic model in natural populations. I give calculations of statistical power for detecting differential expression between affected and unaffected individuals. I model both reactive and causative expression-level traits with both additive and multiplicative multilocus models for the relationship between phenotype and genotype and explore a variety of assumptions about dominance, number of segregating loci, and other parameters. There are two key results. If a transcript is causative for the disease (in the sense that disease risk depends directly on transcript level), then the power to detect association between transcript and disease is quite good. Sample sizes on the order of 100 are sufficient for 80% power. On the other hand, if the transcript is reactive to a disease locus, then the correlation between expression-level traits and disease is low unless the expression-level trait shares several causative loci with the disease—that is, the expression-level trait itself is a complex trait. Thus, there is a trade-off between the power to show association between a reactive expression-level trait and the clinical trait of interest and the power to map expression-level QTL (eQTL) for that expression-level trait. Gene expression-level traits that are most strongly correlated with the clinical trait will themselves be complex traits and therefore often hard to map. Likewise, the expression-level traits that are easiest to map will tend to have a low correlation with the clinical trait. These results show some fundamental principles for understanding power in eQTL-based mapping studies.
Dietary Change and Adaptive Evolution of enamelin in Humans and Among Primates
Authors: Kelley Joanna L , Swanson Willie J 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Scans of the human genome have identified many loci as potential targets of recent selection, but exploration of these candidates is required to verify the accuracy of genomewide scans and clarify the importance of adaptive evolution in recent human history. We present analyses of one such candidate, enamelin, whose protein product operates in tooth enamel formation in 100 individuals from 10 populations. Evidence of a recent selective sweep at this locus confirms the signal of selection found by genomewide scans. Patterns of polymorphism in enamelin correspond with population-level differences in tooth enamel thickness, and selection on enamel thickness may drive adaptive enamelin evolution in human populations. We characterize a high-frequency nonsynonymous derived allele in non-African populations. The polymorphism occurs in codon 648, resulting in a nonconservative change from threonine to isoleucine, suggesting that the allele may affect enamelin function. Sequences of exons from 12 primate species show evidence of positive selection on enamelin. In primates, it has been documented that enamel thickness correlates with diet. Our work shows that bursts of adaptive enamelin evolution occur on primate lineages with inferred dietary changes. We hypothesize that among primate species the evolved differences in tooth enamel thickness are correlated with the adaptive evolution of enamelin.
Microarray Analysis of Replicate Populations Selected Against a Wing-Shape Correlation inDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Weber Kenneth E , Greenspan Ralph J , Chicoine David R , Fiorentino Katia , Thomas Mary H , Knight Theresa L 
Published: February 2008

AbstractWe selected bidirectionally to change the phenotypic correlation between two wing dimensions in Drosophila melanogaster and measured gene expression differences in late third instar wing disks, using microarrays. We tested an array of 12 selected lines, including 10 from a Massachusetts population (5 divergently selected pairs) and 2 from a California population (1 divergently selected pair). In the Massachusetts replicates, 29 loci showed consistent, significant expression differences in all 5 line-pair comparisons. However, the significant loci in the California lines were almost completely different from these. The disparity between responding genes in different gene pools confirms recent evidence that surprisingly large numbers of loci can affect wing shape. Our results also show that with well-replicated selection lines, of large effective size, the numbers of candidate genes in microarray-based searches can be reduced to realistic levels.