bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Religion, History, and Protestant National Identity
Authors: Ford Alan 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Ussher's work had so far covered the broad sweep of western European Christian history. There remained the obvious task of applying his formidable scholarship to domestic events in early 17th century Ireland, to creating an Irish protestant history. This Ussher did in A discourse of the religion anciently professed by the British and Irish (1622), which traced the roots of the Church of Ireland back to St Patrick, and contrasted Patrick's proto-Protestantism to the antichristian Catholicism of Ussher's ‘misguided countrymen’. His skills and worldwide reputation as a scholar, linguist, historian, and theologian gave this ‘origin myth’ a powerful aura of intellectual respectability, and permanently shaped the way in which Irish Protestants saw themselves down to the late 20th century.
‘No Man Can Serve Two Masters’: The Civil War and After
Authors: Ford Alan 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The growing tensions between king and parliament gradually eliminated the middle ground upon which Ussher had sought to stand, leaving him with an uncomfortable choice between his friends in parliament and his loyalty to the King. After the King left London in January 1642, Ussher remained on, increasingly concerned at the extremism on both sides. This led to an outburst in one of his sermons at Covent Garden, when he complained at how the devil was working, sowing dissention on both sides. He refused to serve on in the Westminster Assembly and finally, in November 1641, he left London and moved to Oxford, ostensibly to pursue his studies, but in effect committing himself to the royal side in the civil war. There followed a difficult time for Ussher at the royal court in Oxford, as his loyalty was severely tested by a king determined to come to terms with the Irish ‘rebels’. In early 1645, he left Oxford and after wandering round England and Wales, eventually returned to London, where a suspicious parliament finally allowed him to take up a position in Lincoln's Inn as preacher. He preached there until 1655, the year before his death.
Overview of the US Business System
Authors: Clark Ian , Almond Phil 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines the distinctive and evolving nature of the American model of capitalism, emphasizing the links between embedded features of the US national business system through a review of its historical development. It argues that American industrial capitalism developed against a background quite different to those of European countries, with ongoing effects on the nature of product, financial and labour markets, and on prevalent patterns of production and work organization. The effects of the US business system on patterns of industrial relations, particularly the divide between welfare capitalist and New Deal firms, is also introduced. Recent challenges faced by US firms in the areas of work organization and human resource management are briefly considered. The issue of the transferability of elements of US multinatinals’ domestic management systems to foreign subsidiaries is raised.
Pay and Performance
Authors: Almond Phil , Muller-Camen Michael , Collings David G. , Quintanilla Javier 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter analyses the management of pay and performance in the case study companies, against the background of the embedded systems of the USA and the host countries. Both wage classifications and the issue of performance management are examined. Patterns of decision-making on both dimensions are found to be generally more centralized than is the case for other areas of HR policy. On the issue of wage classifications, patterns of broadbanding are examined, as well as the means by which US multinationals challenge sectorally-based pay determination in Germany. It then explores the issue of forms of individual and collective performance pay, looking at recent changes in the nature of merit pay, particularly the increasingly competitive nature of its allocation through mechanisms, such as forced distributions. It also reviews the extent to which performance management is used as a tool to ‘cull’ weaker performers, and suggests that the origins of such policies can be related to the societally-specific norm of ‘employment at will’.
The changing status of infinitivalto
Authors: Los Bettelou 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter argues that to in Old English is semantically occupying the same niche as the subjunctive ending (or, for Present-day English, the modal verb that has taken over the subjunctive function) and should be accommodated in the functional projection that accommodates the subjunctive ending and, later, the modals, say T(ense). This in effect means that there has been no change in the syntactic status of to since it stopped being a preposition in prehistoric times. In early Middle English, split infinitives become possible, a change triggered by the fact that the finite subjunctive was increasingly coming to be expressed by a free form (a modal verb) raising to T overtly, rather than by a bound form (a subjunctive ending), raising to T covertly. The overt movement of to brought it in line with the rest of its paradigm: the modal verbs.
Introduction
Authors: Patriotta Gerardo 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of the nature of knowledge in organizations, based on an essay by Czech writer Milan Kundera, which examined a novel written at the beginning of the century by Jaromir John. The frustration of the character depicted in the story is linked to the present book. The purpose and scope of the book, reasons for focusing on the automotive sector, and structure and content of the book are presented.
The Perceptual Capacity of the Soul
Authors: Gregoric Pavel 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter looks at Aristotle's account of the perceptual capacity of the soul as delineated in the treatise De Anima. Like the soul as a whole, the perceptual part of the soul is divided conceptually into the individual senses: sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch. Each of these senses receives a separate treatment in the second book of the De Anima. In the third book Aristotle deals with certain issues concerning perception in such a way that it becomes clear that the perceptual capacity of the soul is not an aggregate of the individual senses, but a unified whole. That is, Aristotle's conceptual division of the perceptual part of the soul permits it to be differentiated into distinct sense-modalities while at the same time remaining a unity.
Waking, Sleep, and Control of the Senses
Authors: Gregoric Pavel 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
In De Somno et Vigilia 2 Aristotle observes that sleep and waking are contrary states which simultaneously affect all individual senses of an animal. Aristotle argues that this occurs because there is a common sense organ which controls the peripheral sense organs in such a way that the peripheral sense organs are active or incapacitated depending on whether the common sense organ is active or incapacitated. Aristotle's argument seems to allow for the conclusion that the common sense, which is located in the common sense organ, controls the individual senses located in the peripheral sense organs. In the course of his argument Aristotle appeals to some ‘common power’ which accompanies all the senses. This power enables one to perceive that one is seeing and hearing, and to discriminate between heterogeneous special perceptibles. This chapter investigates what ‘perceiving that one is seeing and hearing’ amounts to. It is shown that perceiving that one is seeing and hearing refers to the awareness of the activity of one's own senses. This awareness characterizes the state of waking, just as its absence characterizes the state of sleep. It is argued that the ‘common power’ which enables one to be aware of the activity of one's senses is the higher-order perceptual power, i.e. the common sense. However, this conclusion has to be aligned with Aristotle's argument in De Anima III.2 in which he seems to claim that we perceive that we see by nothing other than sight, and in which he does not mention any higher-order powers or capacities.
A Brief History of Scholarship on the Greek Accent
Authors: Probert Philomen 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter provides a concise survey of scholarship on ancient Greek accentuation from antiquity to the present. Topics included are the role of the ancient grammarians in making the first generalizations about the data at their disposal; the subsequent transmission of Hellenistic doctrine on the accent; views on ancient Greek accentuation arising from discussion of ancient Greek pronunciation beginning with Erasmus, Voss, Hennin, and others; modern collectors of data (especially Göttling and Chandler); the contribution of Indo-European linguistics and the development of a historical perspective on Greek accentuation; attempts to formulate the law of limitation; and treatments of Greek accentuation in generative phonology. Generative phonology concepts that will reappear in later chapters are explained.
Introduction to Part II
Authors: Probert Philomen 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter introduces the problem addressed in Part II: why does the accentuation of some categories of Greek word appear subject to tendencies with exceptions? Historically, did exceptions arise in a previously more rule-governed system, or did tendencies to regularity develop in a previously less rule-governed system? Synchronically, what role did these ‘tendencies’ play in speakers’ competence? Two properties of the accent system are discussed as crucial to the account to be offered: the status of recessive accentuation as in some sense the most regular or default accentuation, and the way in which accentuation interacts with morphology. Finally, a question bearing on words with -ro-, -to-, -no-, and -lo-, and previous scholarship on this question, are introduced: why do adjectives with these suffixes tend to be accented differently from nouns?
Words with Suffix ‐νο‐
Authors: Probert Philomen 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter discusses the formation of words with -no-, comparative evidence for their accentuation, and descriptive accounts of their accentuation in Greek. An analysis of simplex words formed historically with -no- shows that adjectives with -no- are almost all finally accented, while the nouns are less consistent and predominantly recessive. Neuter nouns with a suffix -ano- are consistently recessive. For the other nouns with -no-, accentuation and frequency are related in the same non-linear fashion as for words with -ro- and -to-.
Words with Suffix ‐μο‐
Authors: Probert Philomen 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter discusses the formation of words with -mo-, comparative evidence for their accentuation, and descriptive accounts of their accentuation in Greek. -mo- did not productively form primary adjectives in Greek, but the few survivals of this inherited type (e.g., thermós ‘hot’) are finally accented. On the other hand, Greek has many recessive adjectives with the secondary suffixes -imo- and -umo-. Most Greek nouns with -mo- are finally accented, but some are recessive. Analysis of the nouns shows that recessive accentuation is favoured in words that have become atypical of -mo- nouns as a whole: words with a relatively rare synchronic termination, or not retaining the abstract meaning usually associated with -mo-, or no longer transparently derived from a base word.
Basil II and the Testimony of John Skylitzes: Textual Analysis
Authors: Homes Catherine 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter continues analysis of John Skylitzes' history (the Synopsis Historion) which was begun in the previous chapter. It seeks to uncover more clues about Skylitzes' methods, source materials, and preoccupations through a close comparative reading of John Skylitzes' narrative of the reign of Emperor Romanos Lekapenos (920-44) and his principal source for this period — the history known as Theophanes Continuatus. The chapter explains why the absence of any of Skylitzes' sources for the reign of Basil makes this close reading of an earlier section of the Synopsis Historion so vital. This close comparative analysis can shed light on Skylitzes' treatment of Basil II's reign, especially his preoccupation with the Byzantine aristocracy, Byzantine martial culture, and his interest in the emperor's campaigns in Bulgaria.
7 Administration and Imperial Authority on Byzantium's Western Frontiers
Authors: Homes Catherine 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Byzantine administration in the Balkans and Southern Italy. It demonstrates how the emperor's wars with Symeon Kometopoulos, the ruler of Bulgaria, provide the key context to military administration in the Balkans until the final decade of the reign. It discusses the problems that John Skylitzes' Synopsis Historion presents for understanding the scope and chronology of the wars themselves, and the administrative structures that underpinned martial action. The detailed analysis of Skylitzes' testimony earlier in the book is used to generate some new answers to the most important difficulties inherent in the Synopsis Historion. It is argued that after Basil's annexation of Bulgaria in 1018, a similar style of flexible and devolved government was pursued on the new Balkan frontier as on the eastern frontier. This situation had distinct parallels in Byzantine southern Italy.
2 The Neuter S‐stem Nouns
Authors: Meissner Torsten 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The neuter s-stem nouns constitute one of the best established word formation categories in the Indo-European languages and it is certain that they are deep-rooted in the parent language itself. The Proto-Indo-European background of these nouns is briefly assessed in this chapter, giving due regard to problems concerning their inflection and derivation. The conditions under which new s-stem neuter nouns could be formed will then be determined. In keeping with the aim of his book of looking at morphologically and semantically closely defined classes of words in the context of the language system as a whole, the most important suffixes competing with the formations in -εσ/-οζ are examined here.
Introduction
Authors: West M. L. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This introductory chapter begins with a brief discussion of Indo-European peoples, languages, and language groups. It then considers sources and methods for the study of Indo-European poetics, mythology, and religion. It is argued that comparative Indo-European mythology remains and is bound to remain a poor relation of comparative Indo-European philology. This is because people change their gods and their mythologies more readily and quickly than they change their declensions and conjugations, and more capriciously. Rules can be formulated to predict how a given Indo-European phoneme will turn out in Old High German or Pale Dry Tocharian, but the mutations of divinities or of mythical motifs are subject to no rules.
9 Cosmos and Canon
Authors: West M. L. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter discusses so-called ‘Indo-European perceptions of the world, and their codification’. The first part deals with cosmology and cosmogony. The second part deals with the forms of expression in which beliefs and opinions on these matters were typically encapsulated — not articulated poetic compositions but catechisms, proverbs, riddles, and the like.
11 King and Hero
Authors: West M. L. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter discusses Indo-European narratives of kings and heroes. Linguistic evidence shows that kingship was an Indo-European institution. However, there was no Indo-European word for ‘hero’, and the hero is a creation of narrative art. Topics covered include kings, the queen, king and horse, king and priest, qualities of a king, the hero in dialogue, the hero and women, and the hero and his son.
Humour Directed at the Persona
Authors: Plaza Maria 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter on persona-oriented humour argues that while it is a valuable insight that the persona is not identical with the author, the gap created between author and persona by humorous undercutting of the latter’s authority must not be exaggerated. By analysing the play of authority, sympathy, and distance enacted around the satiric persona, it is shown that the satirist has an aesthetic interest in a fierce struggle between persona and butt, where the outcome is not obvious. Similarly, a complex, ambivalent persona running the gamut from quasi-object to quasi-author helps in shaping a racy narrative while responsibility remains pending. Humour emerges as the ideal tool for this simultaneous subverting of the speaker and keeping him as the subject who appears to shape most of the text. The chapter explores Horace’s well-calculated self-irony, together with the rougher undermining of the speaker in Persius and Juvenal as examples.
The Signs of the World
Authors: Walker Greg 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter looks at the increasingly public divisions between the clergy and the laity, conservatives and reformers in the early years of the English Reformation. It charts the role of literary production in both fuelling the hostilities through polemical publications and in attempting to resolve them through a growing literature advocating moderation and tolerance in many aspects of public life. The drama and lyrics of John Heywood are examined as a key example of the latter.
‘Wyatt Resteth Here’
Authors: Walker Greg 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Henry Howard, the poet Earl of Surrey, his refashioning of Wyatt’s reputation and legacy after his death, and his own representation of himself as the heir to Wyatt’s poetic and cultural legacy. It examines the remarkable poetic career of Surrey himself, his dangerous mixture of political and social ambition, and his death on the orders of the king whom he so savagely condemned in a number of his later works. It examines the depths and contradictions in Surrey’s own religious position as well as those implicit in his attempts to position Wyatt as a champion of evangelical reform.
3 People of Attica
Authors: Oliver G. J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter discusses how demographic factors affected economic concerns in Attica in the early Hellenistic period. Topics covered include demography and economics, labour and manpower, the population of 4th-century Attica, movements of people, settlement and demes in early Hellenistic Attica, and change in the archeology of Attica. It is shown that there was an overall fall in the population of Attica from the 4th to the 3rd century in most categories: citizens and slaves, and possibly also foreigners. The changes in population distribution may have contributed to a weakened rural economy. If settlement decline also saw diminished cultivation of the land, productivity may have also declined.
Conclusion: War, Food, and Politics in Early Hellenistic Athens
Authors: Oliver G. J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter presents a summary of the preceding chapters. The book has covered these topics: grain supply; warfare, in particular its impact on the countryside; institutions (army, magistracies, politicians); and demography, and has tried to offer a contextual approach. It has drawn together these themes and considered how the economies of the post-classical polis of Athens had to adapt to the new conditions of the early Hellenistic era. Thus, this book is a case study of how some economic structures worked in the post-Classical polis.
Introduction
Authors: Hurst Isobel 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The extent to which Victorian women writers studied classical texts and made use of them in their writing, has been seriously underestimated. The gendering of 19th-century classical studies as masculine is strongly reinforced by fictional accounts of girls who are denied the educational opportunities granted to their brothers, but the heroines' obvious inclination and potential for classical learning reflect those of their authors, who did learn Latin and Greek. Differing access to texts and tuition made women's responses to the classics distinctive: female classicists did not spend much time composing prose or verse in the classical languages or analysing grammar, but concentrated on translating and understanding Greek and Latin texts. The licensed acquisition of a kind of knowledge, which remained overwhelmingly associated with masculine freedom and authority was a uniquely empowering experience for intelligent girls: some degree of classical education often goes together with successful literary ambitions for women writers.
Collaboration in Practice: The Cost Reduction (Incremental Innovation) Waltz
Authors: Whitford Josh 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIt has become standard practice for OEMs to expect annual cost reductions from the suppliers to whom they have increasingly devolved production and design responsibilities, often by selectively borrowing target costing techniques originally developed in Japan. These techniques are designed to ensure the protection of supplier margins need not translate into wage reductions or even into immediate changes in the organization of production, given the numerous and imaginative ways in which suppliers and OEMs can jointly develop incremental innovations of product and process to reduce total costs. This chapter uses this idea of ‘cost reduction’ as a point of entry to explain the relational intertwining of incremental innovation and interfirm collaboration.
1 Defining Environmental Justice
Authors: Schlosberg David 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter presents an introduction and overview of the book as a whole. It lays out the need to apply recent theories of justice — distributive, recognition-based, participatory, and capabilities — to environmental justice movements. It discusses the gap between the academic accounts of environmental justice (or justice among humans on environmental issues and risks) and ecological justice (or justice to non-human nature).
2 Distribution and Beyond: Conceptions of Justice in Contemporary Theory and Practice
Authors: Schlosberg David 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter explores recent theories of justice, focusing on those that move beyond a sole emphasis on the traditional distributive paradigm. Particular attention is paid to various theories of recognition, the capabilities approach, and participatory justice. Ultimately, the argument is that a thorough understanding and approach to justice requires us to see the linkages between distribution, recognition, capabilities, and participation.
7 Justice and Plurality
Authors: Schlosberg David 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter addresses the difficult question of how to reconcile the multiple and multifaceted notions of justice that exist simultaneously in environmental and ecological justice. Rather than insisting on a singular and static definition of justice, the point is that a plurality of themes is needed to apply to particular cases as the context requires. The chapter argues for a pluralist approach that allows for unity among different concerns and movements while avoiding the uniformity that is so often debilitating in constructing broad discourses and movements.