bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incorporation of laurate and hydroxylaurate into phosphatidylcholines and acylglycerols in castor microsomes
Authors: Lin Jiann‐Tsyh , Wani Seiji , He Xiaohua , Nguyen Tasha , McKeon Thomas A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBecause castor produces oil with a high content of hydroxyl FA (90% ricinoleate), we were interested in determining the flexibility of castor seed microsomes in incorporating other hydroxyl FA into castor oil. To this end, we incubated the [14C]‐labeled 12:0 FA laurate (La), 11‐hydroxylaurate, and 12‐hydroxylaurate with castor microsomes that were capable of synthesizing castor oil. The molecular species of PC and acylglycerols (AG) incorporating these nonendogenous FA of castor were identified by reversed‐phase C8 and C18 HPLC, respectively. [14C]Laurate was incorporated into the molecular species of PC and AG at levels of 10 and 4%, respectively, that of [14C]ricinoleate. Similar to those from the incorporation of six [14C]FA reported previously [ricinoleate (R), oleate (O), linoleate (L), linolenate (Ln), stearate (S), and palmitate (P)], the molecular species of PC incorporating [14C]laureate were LLa‐PC>PLa‐PC>OLa‐PC>LnLa‐PC>SLa‐PC>RLa‐PC. The molecular species of AG incorporating [14C]laurate were RRLa>LaLa>RLa>RLLa>ROLa>LOLa>LLLa>LLa>LLnLa>RSLa>OOLa. The retention times for lipids incorporating laurate were similar to those of lipids incorporating linolenate, because the equivalent carbon numbers of laurate and linolenate are the same. Relative retention times of the molecular species of PC and AG containing laurate are also reported here. The incorporation of 11‐hydroxylaurate and 12‐hydroxylaurate into PC and AG was not detected.
Oxidation stability of methyl esters studied by differential thermal analysis and rancimat
Authors: Polavka J. , Paligová J. , Cvengroš J. , Simon P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe oxidation stability of methyl esters derived from fresh rapeseed oil and waste frying oil, used as alternative biodiesel fuels, both distilled and undistilled, unstabilized and stabilized by pyrogallol and BHT, was studied by differential thermal analysis (DTA) under nonisothermal conditions at various heating rates and by the Rancimat test under isothermal conditions at 110°C. The results obtained by both techniques are compared. Both techniques show that oxidation stability increases considerably with the addition of antioxidants and that pyrogallol is very efficient. Distillation of the methyl esters prepared from rapeseed oil decreases their oxidation stability, obviously owing to the removal of natural antioxidants. The stability of methyl esters prepared from the waste frying oil is determined mainly by the history of the oil. From the DTA measurements, the kinetic parameters of an Arrhenius‐like equation describing the temperature dependence of the oxidation induction period were obtained. The parameters enable one to assess the protective factor of antioxidants for temperatures outside the measuring region, estimate the residual stability, and model the process of biodiesel oxidation under nonisothermal conditions.
Isomerization of α‐pinene, limonene, α‐terpinene, and terpinolene on sulfated zirconia
Authors: Comelli Nora A. , Ponzi Esther N. , Ponzi Marta I. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTransformations of α‐pinene, limonene, terpinolene, and α‐terpinene were studied in liquid phase on sulfated zirconia having 15% H2SO4, with the aim of identifing the pathway of α‐pinene isomerization. The principal products obtained in α‐pinene isomerization were camphene, tricyclene, limonene, and terpinolene; the concentration maxima observed at 120°C and 180 min were 53, 6.1, 7.7, and 3.0%, respectively. The principal products formed in the limonene transformation after a 20‐min reaction time were terpinolene, α‐terpinene, and γ‐terpinene; then the concentration of these products decreased. The terpinolene reaction yielded principally m‐cymenene, whereas the α‐terpinene transformation produced p‐cymene. Studies of the initial rates of transformation of terpenes indicate a very high rate for α‐pinene, intermediate for limonene and α‐terpinene, and very low for terpinolene. The scheme proposed to interpret the results of the α‐pinene isomerization reaction on sulfated zirconia is in agreement with reaction schemes proposed by A. Allahverdiev, S. Irandoust, and D. Y. Murzin (Isomerization of α‐Pinene over Clinoptilolite.
Conversion of oils and fats using advanced mesoporous heterogeneous catalysts
Authors: Mbaraka Isa K. , Shanks Brent H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractNatural oils and fats are emerging as a biobased alternative feedstock to conventional crude oil in the production of chemicals and transportation fuel. However, many of these biobased chemicals are not currently cost competitive with petrochemicals because of high raw material and production costs. To improve the economic outlook of the biobased chemicals, the use of suitable catalysts becomes imperative. Recently, the discovery of advanced material synthesis strategies such as supramolecular‐assembled mesoporous materials has created new opportunities in tailoring catalyst properties specifically for the conversion challenges encountered with oils and fats. These nanostructured materials have a combination of extremely high surface areas and flexible pore sizes that makes them attractive for catalysis applications. This article reviews the application of this new class of advanced materials for the conversion of oils and fats to biobased chemicals.
Effect of substrate on sophorolipid properties
Authors: Glenns Robert N. , Cooper David G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis research demonstrates that the formation of a crystalline sophorolipid product, by Candida bombicola can be attributed to two overlapping types of discrimination by the enzymes of this yeast. The first of these is a preference for direct incorporation of hydrocarbons having a chain length between 15 and 18 carbon atoms if these are in the medium. The second is a preference for the formation of the diacetylated lactone structure if hydroxycarboxylic acids that are 16 or 17 carbon atoms long are attached to the disaccharide. The combined effect is to produce a product mixture that contains a large amount of a single structure of sophorolipid that can result, in a crystalline product if either hexadecane or heptadecane is the sole lipophilic carbon source. Surface tension measurements of the various components isolated from the sophorolipid mixtures showed that the mono‐and diacetylated lactones were the most effective surfactants. This is consistent with literature reports that the lactone form of the sophorolipids is more useful for a number of applications than the open acidic structure. The surface tension behavior of some of the sophorolipids demonstrated patterns similar to those usually observed for carboxylic acids and other sparingly soluble amphipathic compounds.
Use‐dependent inhibition of hHCN4 by ivabradine and relationship with reduction in pacemaker activity
Authors: Thollon C , Bedut S , Villeneuve N , Cogé F , Piffard L , Guillaumin J‐P , Brunel‐Jacquemin C , Chomarat P , Boutin J‐A , Peglion J‐L , Vilaine J‐P 
Published: November 2006

Background and purpose:Ivabradine, a specific and use‐dependent I
f inhibitor, exerts anti‐ischaemic activity purely by reducing heart rate. The aim of this work was to characterize its effect on the predominant HCN channel isoform expressed in human sino‐atrial nodes (hSAN), to determine its kinetics in HCN channels from multicellular preparations and rate‐dependency of its action.Experimental approach:RT‐PCR analysis of the four HCN channel isoforms was carried out on RNAs from hSAN. Patch‐clamp and intracellular recordings were obtained from CHO cells stably expressing hHCN4 and isolated SAN, respectively. Beating rate of rat isolated atria was followed using a transducer.Key results:hHCN4 mRNAs were predominant in hSAN. Ivabradine induced a time‐dependent inhibition of hHCN4 with an IC50 of 0.5 μM. In rabbit SAN, ivabradine progressively reduced the frequency of action potentials: by 10% after 3 h at 0.1 μM, by 14% after 2 h at 0.3 μM and by 17% after 1.5 h at 1 μM. After 3h, ivabradine reduced the beating rate of rat right atria with an IC30 of 0.2 μM. The onset of action of ivabradine was use‐dependent rather than time‐dependent with slower effects than caesium, an extracellular I
f blocker. Ivabradine 3 μM decreased the frequency of action potentials in SAN from guinea‐pig, rabbit and pig by 33%, 21% and 15% at 40 min, respectively.Conclusions and implications:The use‐dependent inhibition of hHCN4 current by ivabradine probably contributes to its slow developing effect in isolated SAN and right atria and to its increased effectiveness in species with rapid SAN activity.British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 150, 37–46. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706940
Genetic analyses of thiopurine methyltransferase polymorphisms in Greenlandic and Danish populations
Authors: TOFT NINA , NYGAARD ULRIKKA , GREGERS JANNIE , SCHMIEGELOW KJELD 
Published: November 2006

Abstract Aim: To determine the frequency of thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) low‐activity alleles in the Greenlandic and Danish populations. Methods: 142 Greenlandic individuals and 200 Danish blood donors were screened for the TPMT G460A and A719G low‐activity alleles. Results: Thiopurine methyltransferase low‐activity alleles were significantly higher in the Greenlandic compared to the Danish population, being 8.1% (95% CI 4.9–11.3) and 3.5% (95% CI 1.7–5.3) (p<0.01), respectively. Except for one Danish patient with an A719G allele (TPMT*3C), all the aberrant alleles were compound G460A and A719G alleles (TPMT*3A). Conclusion: In the Danish population, the incidence of thiopurine methyltransferase low‐activity alleles was found to be similar to other Caucasian populations previously described. In contrast, the Greenlandic population showed a significantly higher frequency of thiopurine methyltransferase low‐activity alleles.
Epilepsy with a de novo missense mutation in the sodium channel a1 subunit: A case report
Authors: STEFANAKI EVANGELIA , AGGELAKOU VASILIKI , ORFANOU M. , KOKORI E. , BOUTOUFIANAKIS S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMost epilepsies are characterized as “idiopathic” because of the lack of a known cause. Nevertheless, recently, there has been significant progress in the molecular genetics of idiopathic epilepsy. Mutations in gene‐encoding ion channels were found to be the underlying disorder in all idiopathic epilepsies with a known molecular basis. Missense mutations in the voltage‐gated sodium channel a1 subunit gene (SCN1A) were firstly identified in patients with generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus additional symptoms (GEFS+). Subsequently, mutations of SCN1A were also found in patients with severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy (SMEI) or Dravet syndrome, and in patients with borderline SMEI (SMEB), a milder form of Dravet syndrome. We describe a case of a new missense de novo mutation of SCN1A in a child with the clinical features of borderline SMEI syndrome.
Socioeconomic determinants of infant mortality: A worldwide study of 152 low-, middle-, and high-income countries
Authors: Schell Carl Otto , Reilly Marie , Rosling Hans , Peterson Stefan , Mia Ekström Anna 
Published: November 2006

Background: To reach the Millennium Development Goals for health, influential international bodies advocate for more resources to be directed to the health sector, in particular medical treatment. Yet, health has many determinants beyond the health sector that are less evident than proximate predictors. Aim: To assess the relative importance of major socioeconomic determinants of population health, measured as infant mortality rate (IMR), at country level. Methods: National-level data from 152 countries based on World Development Indicators 2003 were used for multivariate linear regression analyses of five socioeconomic predictors of IMR: public spending on health, GNI/capita, poverty rate, income equality (Gini index), and young female illiteracy rate. Analyses were performed on a global level and stratified for low-, middle-, and high-income countries. Results: In order of importance, GNI/capita, young female illiteracy, and income equality predicted 92% of the variation in national IMR whereas public spending on health and poverty rate were non-significant determinants when adjusted for confounding. In low-income countries, female illiteracy was more important than GNI/capita. Income equality (Gini index) was an independent predictor of IMR in middle-income countries only. In high-income countries none of these predictors was significant. Conclusions: The relative importance of major health determinants varies between income levels, thus extrapolating health policies from high- to low-income countries is problematic. Since the size, per se, of public health spending does not independently predict health outcomes, functioning health systems are necessary to make health investments efficient. Potential health gains from improved female education and economic growth should be considered in low- and middle-income countries
SURFACE AREA AND ITS EFFECT ON EXCHANGE CAPACITY OF MONTMORILLONITE*
Authors: Johnson A. L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe particle size and exchange capacity of several samples of montmorillonite were measured. It is shown that the particle size does influence the exchange capacity. Based on recent observations of thickness of particles, the surface area can be calculated more precisely; this in turn can be related to the exchange capacity. This relationship and that existing for kaolinite are compared. It is shown that the exchange capacity is directly related to the broken Si—O, Al—O, or Al—OH linkages.
The t(14;19)(q32;q13)‐positive small B‐cell leukaemia: a clinicopathologic and cytogenetic study of seven cases
Authors: Huh Yang O. , Abruzzo Lynne V. , Rassidakis George Z. , Parry‐Jones Nilima , Schlette Ellen , Brito‐Bapabulle Vasantha , Matutes Estella , Wotherspoon Andrew , Keating Michael J. , Medeiros L. Jeffrey , Catovsky Daniel 
Published: November 2006

SummaryThe t(14;19)(q32;q13), involving the BCL3 locus at chromosome 19q13 and the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene at 14q32, is a rare recurrent cytogenetic abnormality identified in B‐cell neoplasms, most of which have been classified as chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) in the literature. We describe the clinicopathological, immunophenotypic and cytogenetic findings in seven patients with B‐cell neoplasms associated with t(14;19)(q32;q13). There were five men and two women, with a median age of 48 years (range 33–68). All had absolute lymphocytosis, six had lymphadenopathy, and one had splenomegaly. Lymphocytes in blood and bone marrow aspirate smears were predominantly small and cytologically atypical. Flow cytometric immunophenotyping showed an atypical immunophenotype with low CLL scores. The growth pattern in bone marrow biopsy specimens was interstitial to diffuse; immunohistochemical stains were positive for bcl3 and negative for cyclin D1. Lymph node biopsy specimens of two patients revealed total architectural effacement by neoplasm with proliferation centres. In addition to t(14;19), cytogenetic studies demonstrated trisomy 12 in five patients. These results suggest that B‐cell neoplasms with the t(14;19)(q32;q13) present frequently as leukaemia composed of small B‐lymphocytes and share many features with CLL. However, these neoplasms also differ from CLL cytologically and in their immunophenotype.
Minimal residual disease in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: is it ready for primetime?
Authors: Nabhan Chadi , Coutré Steven , Hillmen Peter 
Published: November 2006

SummaryNew therapeutic modalities have substantially improved response rates and outcomes in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), yet the mindset remains that palliation is the only goal of therapy because the disease is considered incurable. Ultimately, all patients relapse despite achieving an initial response, as minimal residual disease (MRD) persisting after therapy eventually evolves into morphological and clinical recurrence. The emergence of immune‐based combination therapies capable of inducing molecular remissions, the availability of highly sensitive assays that detect MRD, and emerging data showing a longer duration of response or longer survival in patients with no detectable disease, suggest that eradicating MRD may be a reasonable option for some patients. Moreover, novel biological prognostic markers have divided CLL into favourable and unfavourable subtypes, arguing in favour of defining different goals of therapy for different patients. Clinicians are increasingly challenged with the task of how best to incorporate MRD assessment into clinical practice, especially in an era when these novel prognostic factors exist. This review summarises the current understanding of MRD from a clinical standpoint, suggests that MRD eradication maybe a reasonable option for some patients, and argues in favour of designing large randomised studies to determine whether MRD‐negative remission improves outcome.
Intestinal helminth co-infection has a negative impact on both anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis immunity and clinical response to tuberculosis therapy
Authors: Resende Co T , Hirsch C S , Toossi Z , Dietze R , Ribeiro-Rodrigues R 
Published: November 2006

Summary
The impact of intestinal helminth infection on Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB)-specific immune responses during active tuberculosis (TB) is not known. We investigated the role of intestinal helminth infection in anti-MTB immunity by evaluating both cellular phenotype and cytokine profiles in patients with TB and patients with concomitant TB and intestinal helminth infection (TB + Helm) during TB therapy. Twenty-seven per cent of TB patients enrolled for the study were co-infected with at least one intestinal helminth. At baseline, absolute frequencies of leucocytes, monocytes and eosinophils from TB and TB + Helm patients differed from healthy subjects. Concomitant intestinal helminth infection in TB + Helm patients had a negative impact (P &lt; 0·05) on absolute frequencies of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, natural killer (NK) T and CD4+ CD25high T cell subsets when compared to either TB patients or healthy controls. Differences in CD4+ T cell frequencies were accompanied by lower interferon (IFN)-γ and elevated and sustained interleukin (IL)-10 levels in whole blood (WB) cultures from TB + Helm compared to TB patients. In addition to a depressed anti-MTB immunity, TB + Helm patients also presented with more severe radiological pulmonary disease, with a significant difference (P = 0·013) in the number of involved lung zones at the end of TB treatment. The above data may indicate that concomitant intestinal helminth infection in patients with newly diagnosed TB skews their cytokine profile toward a T helper 2 response, which could favour persistent MTB infection and a more protracted clinical course of the disease.
Protein array autoantibody profiles for insights into systemic lupus erythematosus and incomplete lupus syndromes
Authors: Li Q-Z , Zhou J , Wandstrat A E , Carr-Johnson F , Branch V , Karp D R , Mohan C , Wakeland E K , Olsen N J 
Published: November 2006

Summary
The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence and clinical significance of a spectrum of autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus and incomplete lupus syndromes using a proteome microarray bearing 70 autoantigens. Microarrays containing candidate autoantigens or control proteins were printed on 16-section slides. These arrays were used to profile 93 serum samples from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE (n = 33), incomplete LE (ILE; n = 23), first-degree relatives (FDRs) of SLE patients (n = 20) and non-autoimmune controls (NC; n = 17). Data were analysed using the significance analysis of microarray (SAM) and clustering algorithms. Correlations with disease features were determined. Serum from ILE and SLE patients contained high levels of IgG autoantibodies to 50 autoantigens and IgM autoantibodies to 12 autoantigens. Elevated levels of at least one IgG autoantibody were detected in 26% of SLE and 19% of ILE samples; elevated IgM autoantibodies were present in 13% of SLE and 17% of ILE samples. IgG autoantibodies segregated into seven clusters including two specific for DNA and RNA autoantigens that were correlated with the number of lupus criteria. Three IgG autoantibody clusters specific for collagens, DNA and histones, were correlated with renal involvement. Of the four IgM autoantibody clusters, two were correlated negatively with the number of lupus criteria; none were correlated with renal disease. The IgG : IgM autoantibody ratios generally showed a stepwise increase in the groups following disease burden from NC to SLE. Insights derived from the expanded autoantibody profiling made possible with the antigen array suggest differences in autoreactivity in ILE and SLE. Determining whether the IgM aurotreactivity that predominates in ILE represents an early stage prior to IgG switching or is persistent and relatively protective will require further longitudinal studies.
Interferon-β and adhesion molecules (E-selectin and s-intracellular adhesion molecule-1) are detected in sera from patients with retinal vasculitis and are induced in retinal vascular endothelial cells by Toll-like receptor 3 signalling
Authors: Lee M T , Hooper L C , Kump L , Hayashi K , Nussenblatt R , Hooks J J , Detrick B 
Published: November 2006

Summary
Retinal vasculitis is a major component of ocular inflammation that plays a role in retinal tissue damage in patients with idiopathic uveitis and Behçet's disease. Here we show that type 1 interferons (IFN α/β) were not detected in sera from normal individuals but were identified in up to 46% of the sera from retinal vasculitis patients. The predominant form of IFN observed was IFN-β, which was detected in 39% of Behçet's disease patients and 47% of idiopathic uveitis patients. Seven patients whose sera contained IFN-β were monitored prospectively. IFN-β was shown to be present for 6–12 months in all seven of the sera samples tested. Furthermore, the adhesion molecule profile identified in this study was strikingly different when Behçet's and uveitis patient sera were compared to sera from normal controls. Sera from Behçet's disease patients contained significantly elevated levels of the soluble adhesion molecules, sE-selectin and s-intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), whereas sera from patients with idiopathic uveitis contained significantly increased sE-selectin. In vitro studies evaluating the cell source of these cytokines revealed that polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid (poly I:C) activated retinal vascular endothelial cells produce sE-selectin, sICAM-1 and IFN-β. Production of these molecules was inhibited by pretreatment with anti-Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR-3) antibody. In conclusion, IFN-β, sE-selectin and sICAM-1 are elevated in patients with retinal vasculitis and are induced in retinal vascular endothelial cells in vitro by activating the innate immune system through TLR-3. Further analysis of innate immune signalling may prove to be a novel target for future studies on pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic approaches in retinal vasculitis.