bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimation of actual evaporation using precipitation and soil moisture records in arid climates
Authors: Sorman A. U. , Abdulrazzak M. J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThere is little knowledge available about infiltration and evaporation processes in wadi channels in arid regions. This work was conducted to determine the actual evaporation from bare soils in wadi channels in the south‐western region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The estimation of soil evaporation is highly dependent on the availability of moisture in the upper layers of alluvial wadis, in which the areal rainfall, flood hydrograph and soil properties play a significant part.The study was conducted by estimating the actual evaporation using soil moisture data, precipitation and runoff depths in a representative basin. The results are compared with potential rates. The actual rates were 1.5 mm/day immediately after a rainy day and then decreased to 0.42 mm/day. The minimum rate was about 0.1–0.2 mm/day during the dry season. The potential rates were about 9.5 mm/day in June and July, decreasing to 3.5 mm/day in December and January.
Hydrological characteristics of a moso‐bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) forest in south china
Authors: Wang Yanhui , Liu Yongmin 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSince 1986 the multiple benefits of moso‐bamboo forest, a special forest type found mainly in south China, have been investigated in a small 11.7 ha watershed in Fenyi County, Jiangxi Province. The mean annual precipitation in the study area is 1593.3 mm. For the 0–60 cm soil layer the average soil bulk density is 1.00 g/cm3, and the mean values for other soil properties are: total porosity 71.74%; non‐capillary porosity 5.81%; and water retention capacity 430 mm. The maximum effective water retention capacity of 313 mm is 28% higher than that for Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) plantations and natural broadleaved forest in the neighbouring area. The parameters f0, fc and k, in Horton's infiltration equation, measured using the double‐ring method under drought conditions, are 29.10 mm/min, 8.28 mm/min and 0.2391, respectively. These infiltration properties are more favourable than those under nearby Chinese fir plantations.Compared with a Chinese fir plantation, the canopy interception ratio of moso‐bamboo is lower, but the stemflow ratio is higher. The annual canopy interception ratio is 11.1%. Because of snowfall, the interception ratios in January, February and March are higher, with values of 12.1–17.2%, whereas during the period of leaf fall in April, May and June the interception ratios are lower with values of 9.2–9.5%. During the other months they are relatively constant. The annual stemflow ratio is 4.4%. Again, because of snowfall, the stemflow ratios in January, February and March are lower with values of 2.8–2.9%, whereas during the remaining months they are fairly constant.Runoff analysis shows that the annual runoff ratio in this research watershed is 54.8%, but the ratio for quick runoff, composed of direct runoff and surface runoff, is only 0.8%. The upper interflow ratio is 15% and the ratio for the slow runoff composed of deeper interflow and underflow is 39%. The moso‐bamboo forest is very effective in reducing peak runoff and increasing low flows.The annual nutrient element inputs (kg/ha) to the moso‐bamboo forest ecosystem associated with throughfall and stemflow are N 17.7, P 0.38, K 56.5, Ca 31.,4, Mg 4.8 and SiO2 26.2, respectively. All the measured element inputs, with the exception of P, are higher than those associated with precipitation in the open, where typical values are N 10.1, P 0.89, K 18.8, Ca 25.8, Mg 3.1 and SiO2 10.1. The annual outputs in streamflow are N 3.0, P 0.28, K 16.6, Ca 38.9, Mg 8.3 and SiO2 125.7, indicating that for N, P and K the moso‐bamboo forest ecosystem is an accumulating system, whereas for Ca, Mg and SiO2 the reverse applies. All the pH values associated with precipitation in the open, throughfall, stemflow, surface runoff from runoff plots and streamflow in the research watershed vary between 6.45 and 7.60 and are close to neutral.
Distributed snow process modelling: An image processing approach
Authors: Davis Robert E. , McKenzie Judy Ceretha , Jordan Rachel 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAn approach to spatially distribute a snow process model by segmenting images of land cover, terrain and snow properties is reported. A small 1.7 ha study area with an existing database was selected for this preliminary evaluation. The methodology was carried out over a relatively flat valley bottom at Camp Grayling, Michigan. Meteorological measurements on two sides of the area showed only small differences, so uniform meteorological variables were assumed over the site. Initial snow cover conditions were reconstructed and were distributed over the area using snow maps and sparse snow pit measurements. One metre resolution terrain, soil, vegetation and snow type maps were individually processed into class maps. These layers were then combined to produce a segmented class map, where the attributes from the data layers were known for each class. A one‐dimensional model of snow processes was run for each class, then the results were mapped back into images. Shallow snow conditions provided high sensitivity of ablation patterns to meteorological conditions over a 72 h period. The model performance was assessed by comparing predicted and observed ablation patterns. The error in total snow‐covered area was less than 9%. However, the location errors were greater (predicted snow where no snow was observed and observed snow where no snow was predicted). Extensive error analysis was not justified because of the lack of multiple point measurements of snow properties.
Cytoskeleton and paclitaxel sensitivity in breast cancer: The role of β‐tubulins
Authors: Tommasi Stefania , Mangia Anita , Lacalamita Rosanna , Bellizzi Antonia , Fedele Vita , Chiriatti Annalisa , Thomssen Christopher , Kendzierski Nancy , Latorre Agnese , Lorusso Vito , Schittulli Francesco , Zito Francesco , Kavallaris Maria , Paradiso Angelo 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe antineoplastic effect of paclitaxel is mainly related to its ability to bind the β subunit of tubulin, thus preventing tubulin chain depolarization and inducing apoptosis. The relevance of the Class I β‐tubulin characteristics have also been confirmed in the clinical setting where mutations of paclitaxel‐binding site of β‐tubulin Class I have been related to paclitaxel resistance in non small cell lung and ovarian cancers. In the present study, we verified the hypothesis of a relationship between molecular alterations of β‐tubulin Class I and paclitaxel sensitivity in a panel of breast cell lines with different drug IC50. The Class I β‐tubulin gene cDNA has been sequenced detecting heterozygous missense mutations (exon 1 and 4) only in MCF‐7 and SK‐BR‐3 lines. Furthermore, the expression (at both mRNA and protein level) of the different isotypes have been analyzed demonstrating an association between low cell sensitivity to paclitaxel and Class III β‐tubulin expression increasing. Antisense oligonucleotide (ODN) experiments confirmed that the inhibition of Class III β‐tubulin could at least partially increase paclitaxel‐chemosensitivity. The hypothesis of a relationship between β‐tubulin tumor expression and paclitaxel clinical response has been finally verified in a series of 92 advanced breast cancer patients treated with a first line paclitaxel‐based chemotherapy. Thirty‐five percent (95% CI: 45–31) of patients with high Class III β‐tubulin expression showed a disease progression vs. only 7% of patients with low expression (35% vs. 7%, p < 0.002). Our study suggests that Class III β‐tubulin tumor expression could be considered a predictive biomarker of paclitaxel‐clinical resistance for breast cancer patients. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bone tissue engineering with human mesenchymal stem cell sheets constructed using magnetite nanoparticles and magnetic force
Authors: Shimizu Kazunori , Ito Akira , Yoshida Tatsuro , Yamada Yoichi , Ueda Minoru , Honda Hiroyuki 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAn in vitro reconstruction of three‐dimensional (3D) tissues without the use of scaffolds may be an alternative strategy for tissue engineering. We have developed a novel tissue engineering strategy, termed magnetic force‐based tissue engineering (Mag‐TE), in which magnetite cationic liposomes (MCLs) with a positive charge at the liposomal surface, and magnetic force were used to construct 3D tissue without scaffolds. In this study, human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) magnetically labeled with MCLs were seeded onto an ultra‐low attachment culture surface, and a magnet (4000 G) was placed on the reverse side. The MSCs formed multilayered sheet‐like structures after a 24‐h culture period. MSCs in the sheets constructed by Mag‐TE maintained an in vitro ability to differentiate into osteoblasts, adipocytes, or chondrocytes after a 21‐day culture period using each induction medium. Using an electromagnet, MSC sheets constructed by Mag‐TE were harvested and transplanted into the bone defect in the crania of nude rats. Histological observation revealed that new bone surrounded by osteoblast‐like cells was formed in the defect area 14 days after transplantation with MSC sheets, whereas no bone formation was observed in control rats without the transplant. These results indicated that Mag‐TE could be used for the transplantation of MSC sheets using magnetite nanoparticles and magnetic force, providing novel methodology for bone tissue engineering. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 2007
Inhibitory effects of root canal sealers on the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in lipopolysaccharide‐stimulated murine macrophage cells
Authors: Lee Dong Hee , Lim Bum‐Soon , Lee Yong‐Keun , Kim Na Ryoung , Yang Hyeong‐Cheol 
Published: February 2007

AbstractExcessive production of nitric oxide (NO) is associated with inflammation. In the present study, we examined the effects of root canal sealers (N2 Universal, Sealapex, and AH26) on NO production and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Root canal sealers decreased NO synthesis in LPS‐induced RAW 264.7 macrophages in a dose‐dependent manner. RT‐PCR and Western blot analysis demonstrated markedly lower levels of iNOS mRNA and protein in LPS‐activated macrophage cells treated with root canal sealers compared with untreated cells. From these results, we conclude that root canal sealers do not inhibit NO synthesis by direct inhibition of the enzyme, but rather through inhibition of iNOS mRNA expression (leading to a decrease in iNOS protein expression). Our data, therefore, suggest that root canal sealers may be an effective inhibitor of LPS‐induced inflammatory effects in macrophage cells. Further in vitro and in vivo studies are necessary to confirm the effects of root canal sealers on the inflammatory processes. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2007
Heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia: An autoimmune disorder regulated through dynamic autoantigen assembly/disassembly
Authors: Cines Douglas B. , Rauova Lubica , Arepally Gowthami , Reilly Michael P. , McKenzie Steven E. , Sachais Bruce S. , Poncz Mortimer 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHeparin‐induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is the most common drug‐induced, antibody‐mediated cause of thrombocytopenia and thrombosis. HIT is caused by IgG antibodies that bind to epitopes on platelet factor 4 (PF4) released from activated platelets that develop when it forms complexes with heparin. Anti‐PF4/antibodies develop in over 50% of patients undergoing surgery involving cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), an incidence 20‐fold higher than HIT. Why might this occur? Binding of HIT IgG occurs only over a narrow molar ratio of reactants, being optimal at 1 mol PF4 tetramer to 1 mol unfractionated heparin (UFH). At these ratios, PF4 and UFH form ultralarge (>670 kD) complexes that bind multiple IgG molecules/complex, are highly antigenic, and promote platelet activation. Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), which is less antigenic, forms ultralarge complexes less efficiently and largely at supratherapeutic concentrations. In transgenic mice that vary in expression of human PF4 on their platelets, antigenic complexes form between PF4 and endogenous chondroitin sulfate. Binding of HIT IgG to platelets and induction of thrombocytopenia in vivo is proportional to PF4 expression. Heparin prolongs the duration and exacerbates the severity of the thrombocytopenia. High doses of heparin, as used in CPB, or protamine, which competes with PF4 for heparin, disrupts antigen formation and prevents thrombocytopenia induced by HIT antibody. These studies may help explain the disparity between the incidence of antibody formation and clinical disease and may help identify patients at risk for HIT (high platelet PF4). They also demonstrate that this autoimmune disease can be modulated at the level of autoantigen formation and point to rational means to intervene proximal to thrombin generation. J. Clin. Apheresis. 22:, 2007 © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cyclic voltammetry modeling, geometries, and electronic properties for metallofullerene complexes with μ3‐η2:η2:η2‐C60 bonding mode
Authors: Kim Kyoung Hoon , Jung Jaehoon , Park Bo Keun , Han Young‐Kyu , Park Joon T. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractReduction potential (Ered) values have been calculated and compared with available cyclic voltammetry (CV) data for 10 metallofullerene complexes with the μ3‐η2:η2:η2‐C60 (M3C6[C60]) bonding mode. Consideration of bulk solvent effects is essential for the calculation of the Ered values. Scaling factors for the electrostatic terms of the solvation energies have been introduced to fully describe the experimental cyclic voltammograms with a small mean deviation of 0.07 V. Multiple electron reductions induce movement of the metal cluster moieties on the C60 surface, which is accompanied with the changes in some MC[C60] bonds from π‐type to σ‐type mode. However, the changes in M3C60 distances, as well as the geometric changes of M3 and C60, are small for the reductions, which is in harmony with the high chemical and electrochemical stability of the metallofullerenes. Our population analyses reveal that the added electrons are not localized at the C60 moieties, and electron population in the metal clusters is significant, more than 20% (av. 37%), for all the reductions. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the two close one‐electron redox waves in CV diagrams are strongly correlated with significant electron delocalization, about 40–80%, to the metal‐cluster moieties in these metallofullerene complexes. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 2007
Nanobeam electron diffraction and high resolution imaging analysis of InN films grown on sapphire
Authors: Liu Zongwen , Kinsey Robert J. , Durbin Steven M. , Ringer Simon P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA JEOL JEM‐3000F field emission, analytical, high‐resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) was used to study InN films grown on sapphire substrates. It was found that, while the InN films maintained the hexagonal (wurtzite) structure, InN nanodomains with a cubic (zincblende) structure were also formed in the films. Nanobeam electron diffraction techniques were applied for identification of the cubic phase. The identification of the cubic InN was confirmed by HRTEM structural imaging. The cubic InN nanodomains are 3–10 nm in diameter, and are orientated in two different orientations with their [110]cubic and [110]cubic axes parallel to each other and their (111)cubic planes parallel to the (0001)hex plane of the hexagonal InN. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evanescent fields—Direct measurement, modeling, and application
Authors: Huntington S.T. , Ladouceur F. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe evanescent field surrounding an exposed planar waveguide in silica is accurately measured using scanning near field optical microscopy (SNOM) and compared to models of the field distribution. Distortions in the field due to edge effects and the proximity of the mode to the surface are all detected. The characterized field is use to quantitatively explore the difference in collection efficiency between contact mode SNOM and intermittent contact mode SNOM. A strong correlation between tip oscillation amplitude and detection efficiency is determined. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New developments in electron energy loss spectroscopy
Authors: Keast V.J. , Bosman M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn the electron microscope, spectroscopic signals such as the characteristic X‐rays or the energy loss of the incident beam can provide an analysis of the local composition or electronic structure. Recent improvements in the energy resolution and sensitivity of electron spectrometers have improved the quality of spectra that can be obtained. Concurrently, the calculations used to simulate and interpret spectra have made major advances. These developments will be briefly reviewed. In recent years, the focus of analytical electron microscopy has moved away from single spectrum acquisition to mapping and imaging. In particular, the use of spectrum imaging (SI), where a full spectrum is acquired and stored at each pixel in the image is becoming widespread. A challenge for the application of spectrum imaging is the processing of such large datasets in order to extract the significant information. When we go beyond the mapping of composition and look to map bonding and electronic structure this becomes both more important and more difficult. Approaches to processing spectrum imaging data sets acquired using electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) will be explored in this paper. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fluorescence lifetime imaging of coral fluorescent proteins
Authors: Cox Guy , Matz Mikhail , Salih Anya 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCorals, like many other coelenterates, contain fluorescent pigments that show considerable homology with the well known green fluorescent protein of the jellyfish Aequoria. In corals, unlike jellyfish, multiple proteins are present and the range of excitations and emissions suggest the possibility of energy transfer. The occurrence of Förster resonant energy transfer (FRET) between fluorescent proteins in corals has already been reported and time‐resolved spectra have shown the effect on fluorescent lifetime, but without any spatial resolution. Lifetime confocal microscopy offers lower time resolution but excellent spatial resolution. Lifetimes of the isolated A. millepora pigments amilFP490, amilFP504, and amilFP593 (names indicate emission peaks) were 2.8, 2.9, and 2.9 ns, respectively. In the coral sample, imaging the entire emission spectrum from 420 nm, the mean lifetime was reduced to 1.5 ns, implying that FRET was occurring. Looking just at the fluorescence from FRET donors the lifetime was even shorter, at 1.3 ns, supporting this interpretation. In contrast, no reduction in lifetime is seen in the coral Euphyllia ancora, where the pigment distribution also suggests that the pigments are unlikely to be involved in photoprotection. This study set out to determine the extent of FRET between pigments in two corals, Acropora millepora and Euphyllia, ancora which differ in the arrangement of their pigments and hence possibly in pigment function. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spatial Distribution of Actin and Tubulin in Human Sperm Nuclear Matrix‐intermediate Filament Whole Mounts—A New Paradigm
Authors: Kadam Kaushiki , D'souza Serena , Natraj Usha 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSperm is a highly differentiated cell streamlined for fertilization. The function is thus heavily dependent on the cytoskeletal organization. Conventional methods limit the appreciation and correlation of this intricate cytoskeletal filament network in the context of an entire sperm. Our recent successful localization of nonmuscle myosin IIA on sperm nuclear matrix‐intermediate filament (NM‐IF) preparations from fertile men by embedment‐free electron microscopy (EF‐EM), prompted us to investigate the antigenic distribution of two major cytoskeletal proteins—actin and tubulin. The NM‐IF preparations were subjected to a cocktail of buffered paraformaldehyde (2%) with a low concentration of glutaraldehyde (0.05%). These proteins were localized by indirect immunogold technique using EF‐EM on sperm NM‐IF whole mounts. Ultrastructure analysis revealed well preserved centrioles, outer dense fibers, axonemal filaments, and submitochondrial reticulum in the sperm NM‐IF. Immunoreactive actin was localized along the length of the sperm whereas β‐tubulin was present in the axoneme alone. The spatial distribution of actin and tubulin in normal human sperm NM‐IF reported here together with that of myosin on whole mount offers a powerful technique to understand sperm cytoskeletal supramolecular structure. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Selective maximization of 31P MR spectroscopic signals of in vivo human brain metabolites at 3T
Authors: Blenman Rose‐Ann M. , Port John D. , Felmlee Joel P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPurposeTo develop a short TR, short TE, large flip angle (LFA), in vivo 31P MR spectroscopy (MRS) technique at 3T that selectively maximizes the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) of long T1 human brain metabolites implicated in bipolar disorder.Materials and MethodsTwo pulse sequences were evaluated for efficiency. Slice profiles acquired with the scaled, sinc‐shaped, radiofrequency (RF) LFA pulses were compared to those acquired with Shinnar‐Le Roux (SLR) RF LFA pulses. The SLR‐based LFA pulse sequence was used to maximize the inorganic phosphate signal in a phantom, after which volunteer metabolite signals were selectively maximized and compared to their correlates acquired with conventional spin‐echo methods.ResultsThe comparison of slice profiles acquired with sinc‐shaped RF LFA pulses vs. SLR RF LFA pulses showed that SLR‐based pulse sequences, with their improved excitation and slice profiles, yield significantly better results. In vivo LFA spin‐echo MRS implemented with SLR pulses selectively increased the 31P MRS signal, by as much as 93%, of human brain metabolites that have T1 times longer than the TR of the acquisition.ConclusionThe data show that the LFA technique can be employed in vivo to maximize the signal of long T1
31P brain metabolites at a given TE and TR. LFAs ranging between 120° and 150° are shown to maximize the 31P signal of human brain metabolites at 3T. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cyclic guanosine monophosphate signalling pathway plays a role in neural cell adhesion molecule‐mediated neurite outgrowth and survival
Authors: Ditlevsen Dorte Kornerup , Køhler Lene Boding , Berezin Vladimir , Bock Elisabeth 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) plays a crucial role in neuronal development, regeneration, and synaptic plasticity associated with learning and memory consolidation. Homophilic binding of NCAM leads to neurite extension and neuroprotection in various types of primary neurons through activation of a complex network of signalling cascades, including fibroblast growth factor receptor, Src‐family kinases, the mitogen‐activated protein kinase pathway, protein kinase C, phosphatidylinositol‐3 kinase, and an increase in intracellular Ca2+. Here we present data indicating an involvement of cyclic GMP in NCAM‐mediated neurite outgrowth in both hippocampal and dopaminergic neurons and in NCAM‐mediated neuroprotection of dopaminergic neurons. In addition, evidence is presented suggesting that NCAM mediates activation of cGMP via synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) by NO synthase (NOS) and activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase by NO, leading to an increased synthesis of cGMP and activation by cGMP of protein kinase G. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.