bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Telling in the Plural: From Grammar to Ideology
Authors: Margolin Uri 
Published: December 2005

This article aims to provide a definition, description, and typology of collective narrative agents and of collective narratives. A collective narrative agent occurs in a given narrative if three conditions are satisfied:(a) the argument position in numerous narrative propositions is occupied by an expression designating a group of some kind; (b) the predicate position in these propositions is occupied by predicates that designate the group's holistic attributes or collective actions; (c) the group as such fulfills a range of thematic roles in the narrated sequence. A narrative is a collective narrative if a collective narrative agent occupies the protagonist role. The difference between standard and collective narratives resides therefore in the reversal of the usual proportion between individual and collective agents. Not every collection of individuals (e.g., Zola's crowds) qualifies as a collective agent. To qualify, the collection must act as a plural subject or we-group, capable of forming shared group intentions and acting on them jointly. A different type of collective agent is a community: a group with a shared sense of identity. At the extreme end stands the group as a corporate entity, a totally impersonal network of positions and roles that creates the impression of an independent entity with a will of its own.With respect to individual group members, the narrative adopts a collective perspective on them. The individual is accordingly presented as part of a collectivity or a social self, its actions those of a role bearer within a group, and the relations be-tween any two individuals defined via a plural subject category. With respect to the group as a collective narrative agent,the portrayal of its physical, verbal, and mental activities oscillates between two poles: description in group-as-a-whole terms and in individuals-as-group-members terms. Both individual and collective levels exist concurrently and are irreducible to each other, so that an unresolved tension between the two is a basic feature of collective narration. The tension increases as one moves from the representation of physical action to that of speech, where the employment of direct discourse features for the speech of many is problematic. The greatest difficulty is encountered on the level of mental activity or experientiality, because exact inner verbalization varies from one group member to another. The article further discusses collective narrators, narratees, and the appropriation of collective narratives by actual world individuals and groups, using the Passover Haggadah as a primary example.
A Staggered Orientalism: The Cape-to-Cairo Imaginary
Authors: Merrington Peter 
Published: December 2005

Cecil Rhodes's vision of an all-British “Cape-to-Cairo” road,rail, and telegraph route is addressed by a reconstruction of the cultural matrix that appears to have held this concept before the public eye for nearly five decades. This cultural matrix constitutes a kind of colonial and imperial imaginary, which generated a particular founding myth for the colonial state of the Union of South Africa in 1910 and which also lent to foreign visitors,tourists, and immigrants a readily understood interpretation of South Africa and the Cape as “Mediterranean” rather than as“African.”This essay approaches the material from four broad emphases: first, the neo-Hegelian tropology of pre–World War I Oxford idealist philosophy,which celebrates the “dawning of consciousness” in the subcontinent with the advent of union in 1910 and which the essay relates to Hegel's views on Africa and Egypt; second, the ubiq-uitous influence of Freemasonry in Britain and the British Empire at the turn of the nineteenth century, in particular Freemasonry's concern with Egyptology; third, the varied impulses behind the concept of the Cape as Mediterranean, from climate to architecture, tourism, and ethnography; and fourth, the mutually supporting roles of journalism, travel, and performance in rehearsing a national act of identity formation.The Cape-to-Cairo idea coincides with the historical moment of the forging of union. It also coincides with a period of transition in Western culture from the late Victorian age to modernism. This essay suggests that these broad issues of national identity formation and of simultaneous transition between two different cultural milieus, which are evident as much in the dominant nations of Europe at the time as they are in the making of South Africa, may be tracked in a reconstruction of the complex of cultural epiphenomena that surrounded and propagated for several decades the fantasy of the Cape-to-Cairo axis.
Fiction and Silence as Testimony: The Rhetoric of Holocaust in Dan Pagis
Authors: Yacobi Tamar 
Published: December 2005

In both real-life and fictional testimony, the problems of reliability-judgment multiply when witnesses report events that count as extraordinary. Historians and other judges then suspect the teller of misrepresentation. On such testimonies there accordingly converge the issues of reliability and rhetoric, truth and persuasion, norm and narrative discourse. To illustrate them, my essay juxtaposes the testimonial viewpoints and practices of two survivors of the Nazi camps: Primo Levi and Dan Pagis. The two may seem poles apart: while Levi is considered the quintessential witness, Pagis chose silence, just as his poems of fantasy stand opposed to Levi's documentary prose. Yet the comparison remains illuminating because even the divides prove thematic, central, and even dynamic, in that the writers undergo a symmetrical change. While the early Levi is relatively optimistic about the success of his project, his last book, The Drowned and the Saved,expresses a great disillusionment about his life's work as a witness to the Holocaust. The change can be traced, first, to his growing doubts about the reliability of witnesses, and second, to the reactions of readers, which made him question the very human capacity to understand whatever lies beyond one's own horizon of experience. Over the years, either party to the dialogue has turned out, or become, unequal to its demanding role.Pagis's alternative strategy of communication—fictional, poetic,implicit—is the focus of the argument. The Holocaust surfaces as late as his third book, mainly in a small group of poems. Their dense and subtle poetic composition functions for rhetorical, notably testimonial ends. Equally important is the fictionalizing of both the world and the discourse about it. A twofold dialogic process (inset versus framing) ensues, whereby we catch a glimpse of Pagis's own viewpoint on the subject he otherwise avoided. In rejecting typical witnessing material and techniques, Pagis changesthe very priorities of representation, from the standard problematic frontal attack to a defamiliarizing obliquity heightened by the resources of fantasy. Likewise with the shift from victim/victimizer relations as witnessed nowadays by a participant to their earliest precedents in the Abel/Cain affair and, more generally, to their sources in a God-created humankind. By this boldest departure, the target of attack itself ascends, or extends, from earth to heaven, and with it everything else. This strategy is exemplified and further generalized from the two poems that not only carry it to a limit but also thematize the issue of testimony in the process, beginning with their titles:“Testimony” and “Another Testimony.” Through such odd-looking obliquities, I conclude, Primo Levi's unachievable ideal (as opposed to his splendid documentary performance) is realized in Pagis's bold fictions of testimony.
Why Medicare Cannot Promulgate a National Coverage Rule: A Case ofRegula Mortis
Authors: Foote Susan Bartlett 
Published: December 2005

For over twenty-five years, Medicare has tried to promulgate a rule to implement the broad congressional directive to pay only for items and services that are “reasonable and necessary” A rule would clarify legal authority and describe specific criteria for evaluation of new technology in Medicare. This case study is an intractable example of a larger issue ofregula mortis or dead rule. Regula mortis occurs when a mobilized interest group blocks legitimate administrative agency action, causing a regulatory stalemate. In this case, the medical device industry has prevented the implementation of a rule. The article diagnoses the condition of regula mortis, explains its effects in the Medicare case, and draws on principles of administrative law to propose remedies to break the logjam.While the case of coverage criteria is important in its own right, it has wider relevance. All health systems must grapple with the challenge of evaluating new technologies. Medicare efforts provide a starting point for the policy discussion. In our current political environment, regula mortis may be an increasingly common phenomenon and the proposed cures for it broadly applicable.
Islamic Governance in Algeria and Sudan: A Fading Quest for a Model?
Authors: Novati Giampaolo Calchi , Bellucci Stefano 
Published: December 2005

Giampaolo Calchi Novati is emeritus professor of African Studies and director of the International Studies Centre of the University of Pavia,Italy.
Stefano Bellucci is a doctoral candidate at the University of Paris XI,Faculté de droit, économie et gestion and the American Graduate School of International Relations of Paris; he is a consultant at the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development's Development Cooperation Directorate.
Measurement of Side Friction Between Specimen and Consolidation Ring with Newly Designed Oedometer Cell
Authors: Sivrikaya O , Togrol E 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Many studies were performed to investigate the effect of the thickness of clay layer on the secondary compression. To find the stress-strain behavior of a tall specimen in the laboratory we have to face the major problem of friction. Without knowing the friction, the data obtained from the high specimen is not easy to interpret. The goal of the present paper is to explain the adoption of a new oedometer cell to measure frictional effects between the consolidation ring and specimen. It is observed that the side friction does not remain constant during the test and slightly increased with time at a decreasing rate. The amount of the side friction depends upon the level of the applied vertical consolidation stress on the specimen. Friction is found to be most significant at low stresses where the clay is still overconsolidated.
Optimum Design of the Comparative Gas Pycnometer for Determining the Volume of Solid Particles
Authors: Tamari S , López-Hernández RI 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Little is known about the optimum design of gas pycnometers, so that they can determine the volume of solid particles with the greatest accuracy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the optimum design of the “comparative” gas pycnometer. An error analysis was performed to derive a theoretical formula that relates the pycnometer's accuracy to the main sources of random error (sample-chamber, piston-chamber, and volume-controller volumes). The consequences of this formula in terms of optimizing the geometry and working conditions of the pycnometer are discussed. As for the “constant-volume” and “variable-volume” gas pycnometers, which were previously investigated, it seems possible to use commercially-available components for constructing a comparative gas pycnometer that can determine the volume of solid particles with a relative standard uncertainty smaller than 0.15 %.
Geotechnical Sensor System to Monitor Injected Liquids in Landfills
Authors: Haydar MM , Khire MV 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
A field-scale horizontal permeable blanket made up of crushed recycled glass was built in an active municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill to recirculate leachate. The permeable blanket is a new method for subsurface leachate recirculation or liquid injection. Leachate injection rates in the blanket ranged from 1.1–3.6 m3/h/m. An automated sensing system consisting of moisture content sensors, pressure transducers, and temperature sensors was designed to monitor the migration of injected leachate inside the blanket. The sensors were embedded in the blanket and connected to a data logging system. All sensors were able to detect the leachate migration within the blanket. The TDR and impedance moisture content sensors could not detect the migration of injected leachate once the surrounding medium got saturated. The pressure transducers and temperature sensors were able to detect leachate migration irrespective of the degree of saturation of the blanket. Unlike thermistor sensors, temperature readings measured by thermocouple sensors were influenced by air temperature.
Ultrasonic Synthetic Aperture Imaging for Correcting the Refraction Artifacts Applied to Angle Beam Immersion Testing
Authors: Chang Y-F , Hsu H-I 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
The ultrasonic angle beam immersion testing is a commonly used ultrasonic nondestructive testing technique for automatically detecting nonhorizontal flaws. Since the physical characteristics of the liquid of the couplant is always largely different from those of the test object, a strong refraction of ultrasound occurs at the interface if the angle of incidence is not normal. This will increase the difficulty of estimating the size and position of the flaw from the image obtained by angle beam immersion testing.
Due to the rapid progress in computer technology, the flaw image may be reconstructed with better resolution in real time (or near real time) using the digital signal processing method. Therefore, a synthetic aperture focusing technique, which corrects the refracted effect, is proposed to reconstruct the image obtained from angle beam immersion testing. After processing, the position and size of the flaw can be directly read from the processed image. Two specimens were fabricated and scanned, and the scan images were processed using this technique to verify this imaging technique. The experimental results show that the position and size of the flaw can be directly and accurately estimated from the processed image.
Testing Techniques and Tools to Determine Properties of Fiber-Reinforced Rods
Authors: Elzafraney M , Soroushian P 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite bars are corrosion-proof and provide relatively high strength levels when compared with ordinary steel reinforcement. This study aims to provide comprehensive testing techniques that cover a wide range of FRP bar properties. Techniques and tests to determine mechanical properties of FRP bars such as tensile, flexural, compressive, shear, and bond strength were the scope of this study. Linear thermal shrinkage, creep, and fatigue tests were also considered in this research. Newly-developed instruments were used to conduct the developed tests. Most of the developed and modified tests present consistent results that make them good candidates to evaluate characteristics of FRP rods.
Slot Machining Effects on Residual Stress Measurements Using the Crack Compliance Method
Authors: Milan MT , Bose Filho WW , Malafaia AMS , Pelizer BC , Silva CPO 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
The main aim of this paper was to evaluate the practical aspects and compare two of the most common machining techniques employed in the crack compliance (incremental slitting) method for the determination of residual stresses, namely wire electrodischarge machining (WEDM) and circular abrasive saws. For the circular saws, the effect of the rotational speed and blade thickness was also evaluated. Results show that the associated level of errors introduced during thin saw machining can be as low as the results obtained by WEDM machining. However, for practical reasons, WEDM machining offers a better control of cut increment length than sawing techniques. Additionally, higher rotational saw speeds are likely to introduce larger errors in strain readings probably due to higher frictional heat and plasticity generation ahead of the slot tip.
Effects of Air Void Size Distribution, Pore Pressure, and Bond Energy on Moisture Damage
Authors: Masad E , Castelblanco A , Birgisson B 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
The relationship between hot mix asphalt moisture damage, air void structure, pore pressure, and cohesive and adhesive bond energies was investigated in this study using mixes with two different aggregate types (limestone and granite). Each of the mixes was designed with varying gradations to obtain different air void distributions among specimens. Moisture damage was evaluated using parameters derived based on the principles of fracture mechanics. Air void distribution was analyzed using a probabilistic approach with the assistance of X-ray computed tomography and image analysis techniques. The cohesive and adhesive bond energies of the mix were calculated using experimental measurements of aggregate and asphalt surface energies. Permeability, which controls the ability of the water to infiltrate into and drain out of the mix, was expressed as a function of statistical parameters of the air void distribution. Ranges of air void distributions and permeability were identified for each of the limestone and granite mixes at which moisture damage was maximum. The difference in moisture damage between the granite and limestone mixes was explained based on air void distribution and cohesive and adhesive bond energies.
The Activation Energy of the Static Fatigue (Creep of Steel)
Authors: Graefe W 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
In an earlier paper [1] the relation σB = σ∞ + const. tB−1/4 has been deduced for the time dependence of the strength decrease under a static load. In the formula σ∞ means the fatigue limit and σB is the stress causing a fracture after the loading period tB. By application of this formula the activation energy of the static fatigue of glass and of the creep of steel is calculated from experimental data at different temperatures. The activation energy determined for steel corresponds to activation energy for the diffusion of sulfur in iron but corresponds also to the half of the sublimation enthalpy for iron. Therefore, the rate limiting step of the creep of steel at elevated temperatures may be a diffusion of interstitial atoms as well as a quasi-sublimation. A theoretical model is given for the defect growth due to a quasi-sublimation.
Statistical Rules for Laboratory Networks
Authors: Konnert A , Berding C , Arends S , Parvin C , Rohlfing CL , Wiedmeyer H-M , Little R , Siebelder C , Weykamp C 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Within the definition of reference methods, laboratory networks and interlaboratory studies play an important role. To maintain the quality of the results statistical rules for quality control need to be defined. In this note we review statistical rules for the evaluation of laboratories participating in interlaboratory studies as well as data evaluation rules for the calculation of consensus means. The practicality of the derived rules is elaborated for a number of recent HbAlc interlaboratory studies
On Setting Testing Rate Limitations for the Master Curve Reference Temperature,To, of ASTM E 1921
Authors: Joyce JA , Tregoning RL , Roe C 
Published: December 2005

AbstractTests conducted to identify the ductile to brittle transition in ferritic steels have historically been conducted at elevated loading rates since it was understood that this transition was very dependent on the loading rate. By testing at an elevated loading rate, the researcher identified an upper bound transition temperature that could be expected to be conservative for most structural applications. In the development of the Master Curve procedure and the To reference temperature of ASTM E 1921, Standard Test Method for Determination of Reference Temperature, To, for Ferritic Steels in the Transition Range, allowable test rates were restricted to the “quasi-static” regime typical of elastic-plastic fracture toughness standards like E 1290 and E 1820. Since this standard was developed primarily for nuclear pressure vessels in which even a pressurized thermal shock event results in relatively slow loading rates because of the large size of the structures involved, the limitation to rather slow loading rates was not considered to be important. The loading rate allowed by E 1921-03 encompasses approximately two orders of magnitude for dK/dt with dK/dt ≈ 1.0 Mpa √m/s, but the standard has not required the direct measurement of the loading rate or the reporting of the actual loading rate. The expectation is that for such a “quasi-static” loading rate the resulting To is not strongly dependent on the loading rate, and the result can be used in “quasi-static” applications without adjustment for the likely difference between test and application loading rates. Recently Hall and Yoon [1] and Wallin [2] have reported results that appear to show that tests conducted over the range of loading rates allowed by E 1921 can result in a difference in the resulting reference temperature of 30 to 50 °C. Wallin has suggested [3] reducing the allowable range of testing to a very narrow factor of 4 centered on dK/dt = 1.0 MPa√m/s, or requiring a correction procedure to account for the test machine rate used.Based on the experimental work presented in this paper, and work of Hall and Yoon [1], a revision to E 1921 was recently approved by ASTM that reduces the allowable testing range from two orders of magnitude to effectively a range of 20, with a target test rate of dK/dt ≈ 1.0 MPa√m/s with the allowable range from dK/dt ≈ 0.1 MPa√m/s to dK/dt ≈ 2.0 MPa√m/s. Work is continuing in the E08.08.03 Task Group to develop a high loading rate procedure for E 1921, so that tests can be conducted at the rate of interest for the application.In this work data are developed that shows that the E 1921-02 range is too generous, but it also implies that narrowing the present allow range by a factor of 5 from 100 to 20 is adequate to obtain a To measurement that is insensitive to the loading rate within 10°C.
Evaluation of a Diffused Oxygen Aeration System under On-Farm Harvest Conditions
Authors: Pearson Philip R , Duke Sara E , Green Bartholomew W , Minchew C Douglas , Beecham Rachel V , Kim Jin M 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
The aeration effectiveness of a diffused oxygen system was compared with that of a tractor-powered paddlewheel during eight harvests of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus at Top Cat II Fishery in Chicot County, Arkansas. Dissolved oxygen and water temperature data were collected from a grading net aerated by the diffused oxygen system, from a grading net aerated by a paddlewheel, and from the open culture pond between the two grading nets and were not significantly different. However, comparison of estimated oxygen consumption by the biomass confined in each grading net indicated that the aeration effectiveness of the diffused oxygen system equaled or exceeded that of a paddlewheel during six field trials. An informal cost comparison indicated that a diffused oxygen system can be placed in service for a smaller capital investment than a tractor-powered paddlewheel and that the hourly operating expense of the diffused oxygen system is comparable to that of the paddlewheel. Results of the study indicate that the diffused oxygen system is a viable alternative to the tractor-powered paddlewheel for aeration of channel catfish held in grading nets.