bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High performance liquid chromatography analyses of emulsifiers: I. Quantitative determinations of mono‐ and diacylglycerols of saturated fatty acids
Authors: Riisom T. , Hoffmeyer L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method is described for the separation of mono‐, di‐, and triacylglycerols of fatty acids on a 25‐cm column packed with 10 μm LiChrosorb DIOL. The acylglycerols are eluted isocratically with isooctane‐isopropanol (95:5) within 10 min, and the components monitored by UV‐absorption at 213 nm. The applicability of the method for the quantitative determination of the mono‐ and diacylglycerol content of fully hardened monoglycerides using an internal standard method has been demonstrated. The method shows excellent reproducibility and accuracy with standard deviations of a distilled monoglyceride containing 92.1% monoacylglycerols and 6.5% diacylglycerols of 0.70% and 0.42%, respectively. The method is applicable to other types of emulsifiers, for instance, acetylated monoglyceride emulsifiers and propylene glycol esters of fatty acids.
Plasticizing effect of acetylated castor oil on castor oil‐based, moisture‐cured polyurethane film
Authors: Mukherjea R. N. , Saha K. K. , Sanyal S. K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMoisture‐cured polyurethane films have been prepared by reaction between toluene diisocyanate and castor oil or derivatives such as castor oil diethanol amide, castor oil monoglyceride, ethylene glycol monoricinoleate, and propylene glycol monoricinoleate. Effect of acetylated castor oil as an internal plasticizer on the resulting urethane films has been studied. Catalytic effect of 3–5% triethanol amine on curing of plasticized films has been noted. Plasticized polyurethane films show good tensile strength (105–550 kg/cm2) and elongation (15–215%) properties, having high melting point (210–272 C) and good resistance to solvents and chemicals.
Whole‐plant oils, potential new industrial raw materials
Authors: Buchanan R. A. , Otey F. H. , Russell C. R. , Cull I. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn an extensive screening program, 14 plant species have been identified which have good potential as hydrocarbon‐ and rubber‐producing crops. These plants contain from 5 to 10% oil plus polymeric hydrocarbon on a dry weight basis. Since their dry matter yield should be 11,200 to 22,400 kg/ha/year, they would produce several times as much oil as conventional oilseed crops. In these plants, the oil is not concentrated in storage organs, i.e., seed or fruit tissue, but is distributed throughout the whole plant. Several species are lactiferous, with oil as a major component of the latex. A few which are of primary interest as potential new sources of natural rubber produce an equal yield of by‐product oil. A prominent feature of most whole‐plant oils is their large component of nonglyceride esters. Such oils could become valuable new feedstocks for production of plasticizers for rubber and plastics and new sources of waxes, long chain alcohols, sterols, terpenes, fatty acids, and other products. A petroleum refinery could be operated on whole‐plant oils, and some species are being referred to as potential “gasoline trees.”
Compositional studies on technical cashew nutshell liquid (cnsl) by chromatography and mass spectroscopy
Authors: Tyman J. H. P. , Wilczynski D. , Kashani M. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe composition of technical cashew nutshell liquid (CNSL), Anacardium occidentale, from four different sources has been examined. The C15 component phenols cardanol, cardol, 2‐methyl cardol, and traces of anacardic acid have been determined by gas liquid chromatography (GLC), after hydrogenation and methylation, on the stationary phases Dexsil 300, SE52, SE30, and OV17, or alternatively the acetylated (unsaturated) phenols on Dexsil 300, SE52, or SE30. After thin layer chromatographic (TLC) separation of the component phenols, their saturated (15:0), monoene (15:1), diene (15:2), and triene (15:3) constituents have been determined by mass spectrometry (MS). In both the GLC and the MS procedures, the results have been corrected for differing relative responses. The more highly polymeric material present in technical CNSL from different sources has been determined by molecular distillation and by TLC. The fractions obtained by molecular distillation have been analyzed by GLC, the results of which show there is present some low polymeric material less volatile than the C15 component phenols, but the major portion of technical CNSL is volatile and can be analyzed by GLC.
Bromination‐dehydrobromination of long chain α,β‐unsaturated acid
Authors: Ahmad M. U. , Ahmad M. S. , Osman S. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe bromination‐dehydrobromination of trans‐2‐octadecenoic acid (1a) gave a mixture of rearranged products, (3a), 34.5% and (5a, 49.2%). A vicinal diol (4a), 8.7% was obtained as a minor side product. It is proposed that in the formation of 3a and 5a, the allenic intermediate 7a is involved which is derived from the expected acetylenic intermediate 6a by the usual base‐catalyzed acetylene‐allene rearrangement. The structures of individual reaction products were established by elemental analyses as well as by spectral studies.
Determination of sodium sulfate in anionic surfactants by nonaqueous titration
Authors: Yamaguchi Shinichiro 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA convenient and easy method was developed for nonaqueous titrimetric determination of sodium sulfate in the presence of sulfonate and sulfate type anionic surfactants. Sodium sulfate and the anionic surfactants were converted to sulfuric acid and the corresponding organo‐sulfonic or organo‐sulfuric acids by the addition of an excess of perchloric acid. The resulting acid mixture was then titrated in methanol with cyclohexylamine. The sulfate content was calculated from the difference of the two end points of the differentiating titration curve. For the determination of sodium sulfate in typical anionic surfactants, the relative standard deviation varied from 0.7 to 2.0% at the 0.3–10% sodium sulfate levels. The method provides a rapid and precise determination of inorganic sulfates in sulfonated or sulfated materials.
Surfactant analysis by high performance liquid chromatography: I. A rapid analysis for mixtures of amphoteric surfactants and soap
Authors: Parris Nicholas 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA method has been developed for the rapid and direct analysis of amphoteric surfactants (sulfobetaines) in combination with mixtures of coconut and tallow soaps, with the aid of reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The mobile phase consisted of methanol‐water (85:15, v/v) with 0.2% by volume acetic acid (pH ≐ 4). At this pH, tallow and coconut soap mixtures are analyzed as the fatty acids and are conveniently separated from the sulfobetaine. A typical HPLC analysis of such mixtures requires 25 min.
Accuracy of the Surgeons’ Clinical Prediction of Perioperative Complications Using a Visual Analog Scale
Authors: Woodfield John C. , Pettigrew Ross A. , Plank Lindsay D. , Landmann Michael , van Rij Andre M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractBackgroundThe ability to predict who will develop perioperative complications remains difficult because the etiology of adverse events is multifactorial. This study examines the preoperative and postoperative ability of the surgeon to predict complications and assesses the significance of a change in prediction.MethodsThis was a prospective study of 1013 patients. The surgeon assessed the risk of a major complication on a 100‐mm visual analog scale (VAS) immediately before and after surgery. When the VAS score was changed, the surgeon was asked to document why. Patients were assessed up to 30 days postoperatively.ResultsSurgeons made a meaningful preoperative prediction of major complications (median score = 27mm vs. 19mm, p < 0.01), with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.74 for mortality, 0.67 for major complications, and 0.63 for all complications. A change in the VAS score postoperatively was due to technical reasons in 74% of stated cases. An increased VAS score identified significantly more complications, but the improvement in the discrimination was small. When included in a multivariate model for predicting postoperative complications, the surgeon’s VAS score functioned as an independent predictive variable and improved the predictive ability, goodness of fit, and discrimination of the model.ConclusionsClinical assessment of risk by the surgeon using a VAS score independently improves the prediction of perioperative complications. Including the unique contribution of the surgeon’s clinical assessment should be considered in models designed to predict the risk of surgery.
Separation of milk fat triacylglycerols by argentation thin‐layer chromatography
Authors: Robinson N. P. , MacGibbon A. K. H. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractArgentation thin‐layer chromatography was investigated as a method of obtaining detailed compositional information about milk fat. A modified argentation thin‐layer chromatography procedure, developed to optimize the separation of the complex mixture of total milk fat triacylglycerols, provided nine different groups of triacylglycerols, based on both the degree of unsaturation and the total length of fatty acid groups. Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis was performed to determine the composition of each band. Separation on the basis of chainlength was most pronounced among the fully saturated triacylglycerol groups, as evidenced by the high level of C4:0 and C6:0 in bands 7 and 8, respectively. For the cis‐monoenoic triacylglycerols, the separation of C4:0 and C6:0 was less distinct. The cis,cis dienes and other dienoic, trienoic, or tetraenoic species were principally observed in two bands of retention factor <0.08 on the chromatography plate. Minimal cross‐contamination of bands was observed, with the exception of the lowest of the trisaturate bands, band 7, in which trans‐monoenes were found to be present. Three samples from different points of the New Zealand dairy season were separated by argentation thin‐layer chromatography, and their FAME distributions were measured. In addition to differences in the masses of band extracts from these samples, levels of C10:0 and C12:0 in all bands, and levels of monounsaturates in the dienoic and trienoic bands, were found to differ. These changes were generally consistent with a pattern of decreasing fat hardness over the November to March period of a typical dairy season.
Determinants of adolescents’ active defending and passive bystanding behavior in bullying
Authors: Gini Gianluca , Albiero Paolo , Benelli Beatrice , Altoè Gianmarco 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe literature on participant roles in bullying lacks empirical studies that seek to explain what differentiates defenders from outsiders (or passive bystanders). The present study tested a conceptual model in which two personal characteristics of early adolescent students (empathy and perceived social self‐efficacy) were considered as possible determinants of their participant behavior in bullying episodes. A total of 294 Italian early adolescents (mean age=13.3 years, range: 12–14) participated in the study. The structural equation modeling showed that high levels of empathic responsiveness were positively associated with both active defending and passive bystanding behavior, as assessed through peer nominations. In contrast, high levels of social self‐efficacy were associated with helping behavior, whereas low levels of social self‐efficacy were associated with passive bystanding behavior. Results are discussed in terms of theoretical and practical implications for researchers and educational practitioners.
Demineralized Bone Matrix and Fat Autograft in a Rabbit Model of Frontal Sinus Obliteration
Authors: Altman Jason I. , Eloy Jean Anderson , Hoch Benjamin L. , Munoz Carla M. , Shohet Michael R. 
Published: July 2007

OBJECTIVEIn this study, we investigate the efficacy of demineralized bone matrix (DBM) as a material for frontal sinus obliteration in a rabbit model.STUDY DESIGN AND SETTINGTwenty‐four New Zealand White rabbits were divided into four groups, and the study was carried out to two time periods. Twelve rabbits underwent frontal sinus obliteration with fat autograft, and 12 rabbits underwent the procedure with DBM. At 12 weeks, six control and six study rabbits were killed. The remaining 12 rabbits were killed at 36 weeks. All specimens underwent radiologic evaluation with spiral CT followed by histologic examination for evidence of bony growth.RESULTSSinuses obliterated with DBM showed replacement of the sinus cavity by trabecular bone. Histology demonstrated significant progressive replacement of DBM by cancellous bone from 12 weeks (53.3%) to 36 weeks (78.8%). There were no complications observed as a result of the materials used.CONCLUSION AND SIGNIFICANCEDBM is a prospective material for frontal sinus obliteration. Long‐term studies and human trials will further elucidate the role of this material.
Single-molecule fluorescence to study molecular motors
Authors: Park Hyokeun , Toprak Erdal , Selvin Paul R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMolecular motors, which use energy from ATP hydrolysis to take nanometer-scale steps with run-lengths on the order of micrometers, have important roles in areas such as transport and mitosis in living organisms. New techniques have recently been developed to measure these small movements at the single-molecule level. In particular, fluorescence imaging has contributed to the accurate measurement of this tiny movement. We introduce three single-molecule fluorescence imaging techniques which can find the position of a fluorophore with accuracy in the range of a few nanometers. These techniques are named after Hollywood animation characters: Fluorescence Imaging with One Nanometer Accuracy (FIONA), Single-molecule High-REsolution Colocalization (SHREC), and Defocused Orientation and Position Imaging (DOPI). We explain new understanding of molecular motors obtained from measurements using these techniques.
Immuno-capture PCR method for detecting Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli from watermelon
Authors: Xiao Wang , Le Zhang , Fu-Shou Xu , Li-Han Zhao , Guan-Lin Xie 
Published: August 2007

AbstractAn immuno-capture polymerase chain reaction (IC-PCR) method for detection of Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli (AAC), the causal organism of bacterial fruit blotch (BFB) of watermelon, was developed by combining the immunosorbent enrichment (ISE) method with classical PCR and comparing with the direct PCR and growth check methods. The results showed that all A. avenae subsp. citrulli strains tested have produced 360 bp specific fragments using IC-PCR and direct PCR methods, while other strains from 10 different genera showed negative PCR results. The minimum detection concentration was about 50–100 cfu/ml and 104 cfu/ml, respectively. The IC-PCR sensitivity was 100 times higher than that of direct PCR. The examination of seven batches of different melon seeds from the markets by IC-PCR showed that one cantaloupe, two honeydew melon and two watermelon seed varieties carried the pathogen, indicating that the IC-PCR is an accurate, sensitive, rapid and low-cost technique.
Black muntjac fibroblast cell culture and interspecies embryo reconstruction in vitro
Authors: Jun-Shun Fang , Yong Tao , Mei-Ling Zhang , Jian-Ming Liu , Wei Han , Zhi-Zhong Zhang , Xiao-Rong Zhang 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe black muntjac (Muntiacus crinifrons) is a critically endangered mammalian species, confined to a narrow region of south-eastern China. In the present study, the homogeneous ear fibroblast cells of a black muntjac were respectively cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) (low glucose), DMEM (high glucose) and RPMI-1640. The population doubling time of subcultured cells was not significantly different between the three different media, but cell growth was greater in DMEM (low glucose). The interspecies embryos were reconstructed using the fibroblasts of black muntjac as donors and enucleated goat or rabbit oocytes as recipients and their blastocyst rates were 0 and 11.5%, respectively. The results demonstrated that the two cytoplasts could support reprogramming of the ear fibroblasts of black muntjac, but the developmental potential of the reconstructed embryos was different.
Outcomes for and Risk Factors Associated With Vancomycin-ResistantEnterococcus faecalisand Vancomycin-ResistantEnterococcus faeciumBacteremia in Cancer Patients
Authors: Ghanem G. , Hachem R. , Jiang Y. , Chemaly R. F. , Raad I. 
Published: August 2007

Objective.Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are a major cause of nosocomial infection. We sought to compare vancomycin-resistant (VR)Enterococcus faecalisbacteremia and VREnterococcus faeciumbacteremia in cancer patients with respect to risk factors, clinical presentation, microbiological characteristics, antimicrobial therapy, and outcomes.Methods.We identified 210 cancer patients with VRE bacteremia who had been treated between January 1996 and December 2004; 16 of these 210 had VRE. faecalisbacteremia and were matched with 32 patients with VRE. faeciumbacteremia and 32 control patients. A retrospective review of medical records was conducted.Results.Logistic regression analysis showed that, compared with VRE. faecalisbacteremia, VRE. faeciumbacteremia was associated with a worse clinical response to therapy (odds ratio [OR], 0.3 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.07-0.98];P= .046) and a higher overall mortality rate (OR, 8.3 [95% CI, 1.9-35.3];P= .004), but the VRE-related mortality rate did not show a statistically significant difference (OR, 6.8 [95% CI, 0.7-61.8];P= .09). Compared with control patients, patients with VRE. faecalisbacteremia were more likely to have received an aminoglycoside in the 30 days before the onset of bacteremia (OR, 5.8 [95% CI, 1.2-27.6];P= .03), whereas patients with VRE. faeciumbacteremia were more likely to have received a carbapenem in the 30 days before the onset of bacteremia (OR, 11.7 [95% CI, 3.6-38.6];P<.001). In a multivariate model that compared patients with VRE. faeciumbacteremia and control patients, predictors of mortality included acute renal failure on presentation (OR, 15.1 [95% CI, 2.3-99.2];P= .004) and VRE. faeciumbacteremia (OR, 11 [95% CI, 2.7-45.1];P<.001). No difference in outcomes was found between patients with VRE. faecalisbacteremia and control patients.Conclusions.VRE. faeciumbacteremia in cancer patients was associated with a poorer outcome than was VRE. faecalisbacteremia. Recent receipt of carbapenem therapy was an independent risk factor for VRE. faeciumbacteremia, and recent receipt of aminoglycoside therapy was independent risk factor forE. faecalisbacteremia.
Bayesian inference for dynamic transcriptional regulation; the Hes1 system as a case study
Authors: Heron Elizabeth A. , Finkenstädt Bärbel , Rand David A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMotivation: In this study, we address the problem of estimating the parameters of regulatory networks and provide the first application of Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods to experimental data. As a case study, we consider a stochastic model of the Hes1 system expressed in terms of stochastic differential equations (SDEs) to which rigorous likelihood methods of inference can be applied. When fitting continuous-time stochastic models to discretely observed time series the lengths of the sampling intervals are important, and much of our study addresses the problem when the data are sparse.Results: We estimate the parameters of an autoregulatory network providing results both for simulated and real experimental data from the Hes1 system. We develop an estimation algorithm using MCMC techniques which are flexible enough to allow for the imputation of latent data on a finer time scale and the presence of prior information about parameters which may be informed from other experiments as well as additional measurement error.Availability: supplementary information is submitted with the article.Contact: B.F.Finkenstadt@Warwick.ac.ukSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Data-based identifiability analysis of non-linear dynamical models
Authors: Hengl S. , Kreutz C. , Timmer J. , Maiwald T. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMotivation: Mathematical modelling of biological systems is becoming a standard approach to investigate complex dynamic, non-linear interaction mechanisms in cellular processes. However, models may comprise non-identifiable parameters which cannot be unambiguously determined. Non-identifiability manifests itself in functionally related parameters, which are difficult to detect.Results: We present the method of mean optimal transformations, a non-parametric bootstrap-based algorithm for identifiability testing, capable of identifying linear and non-linear relations of arbitrarily many parameters, regardless of model size or complexity. This is performed with use of optimal transformations, estimated using the alternating conditional expectation algorithm (ACE). An initial guess or prior knowledge concerning the underlying relation of the parameters is not required. Independent, and hence identifiable parameters are determined as well. The quality of data at disposal is included in our approach, i.e. the non-linear model is fitted to data and estimated parameter values are investigated with respect to functional relations. We exemplify our approach on a realistic dynamical model and demonstrate that the variability of estimated parameter values decreases from 81 to 1% after detection and fixation of structural non-identifiabilities.Availability: Our algorithm is written in Matlab and R. It is available from the authors on request. An implementation of ACE, written in Matlab as well as in C, is available online at www.stefanhengl.deContact: hengl@fdm.uni-freiburg.deSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Flavitrack: an annotated database of flavivirus sequences
Authors: Misra Milind , Schein Catherine H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMotivation: Properly annotated sequence data for flaviviruses, which cause diseases, such as tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), dengue fever (DF), West Nile (WN) and yellow fever (YF), can aid in the design of antiviral drugs and vaccines to prevent their spread. Flavitrack was designed to help identify conserved sequence motifs, interpret mutational and structural data and track evolution of phenotypic properties.Summary: Flavitrack contains over 590 complete flavivirus genome/protein sequences and information on known mutations and literature references. Each sequence has been manually annotated according to its date and place of isolation, phenotype and lethality. Internal tools are provided to rapidly determine relationships between viruses in Flavitrack and sequences provided by the user.Availability: http://carnot.utmb.edu/flavitrackContact: chschein@utmb.eduSupplementary information: http://carnot.utmb.edu/flavitrack/B1S1.html