bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SHORT REVIEWS AND NOTICES
Authors: Matthews Victoria 
Published: May 2008

A CONCISE GUIDE TO THE FLOWERS OF BRITAIN and Europe. Oleg Polunin. xix + 107 pp., 192 plates of colour photographs. Oxford University Press, Oxford and New York. 1987.FLOWERS OF GREECE AND THE BALKANS, A field guide. Oleg Polunin. xv + 592 pp., 82 plates of colour photographs, several pages of line drawings. Oxford University Press, Oxford and New York. 1987.the englishman's flora. Geoffrey Grigson. 478 pp., 44 black and white woodcuts. Phoenix House, London. 1987.bee orchids. Stephen Blackmore. ISBN 0 85263 745 4.buttercups. Stephen Blackmore. ISBN 0 85263 763 2.willows of the British isles. Theresa Brendall. ISBN 0 85263 765 9.All 24 pp., illustrated in colour and black and white. Shire Publications Ltd., Princes Risborough. 1985.
EMPIRICAL TEST OF A MODEL RELATING MAGNITUDE AND CATEGORY SCALES
Authors: Eisler Hannes 
Published: May 2008

Eisler, H. Empirical test of a model relating magnitude and category scales. Scand. J. Psychol., 1962, 3, 88–96.—The function K =αlog(φ+ q/k) +β seems to describe the relation between category scale values K and subjective magnitudes φ. The additive constant q/k is obtained from the Sds of the magnitude estimates.The model was empirically confirmed for the loudness and softness of white noise scaled by the methods of magnitude estimation and category rating.
CONCRETE TRANSITIVITY OF LENGTH: A METHOD OF ASSESSMENT
Authors: Jensen Jørgen Aage 
Published: May 2008

The problem of assessing concrete transitivity of length is explored with a non‐verbal design employing nine sets of three sticks each. A training phase is used to establish the relevant variable to which the subjects must attend, to obtain a bead. A test phase consists of eight trials, in which the elements A, B, and C, are displayed in a systematic variation. A subject is said to display transitivity, when he more than five times in the eight trials chooses the largest of three sticks, A, on the basis of the information A > B and B 7< C.In a group of 20 children, varying in age between 52 and 80 months, half of the group, which is socio‐economically upper‐middle class, displayed transitivity. However, the youngest child displaying transitivity with six correct test‐trials was 5 1/2 years old. The youngest child displaying transitivity with eight correct trials was 6 1/4 years old.
Facial reactions to auditory stimuli: Sex differences
Authors: DIMBERG ULF 
Published: May 2008

This study explored whether males and females differ in facial muscle activity when exposed to tone stimuli with different intensity. Males and females were repeatedly exposed to 95 dB and 75 dB 1000 Hz tones while their facial electromyographic (EMG) activity from corrugator and zygomatic muscle regions were measured. Skin conductance responses were also measured.It was found that 95 dB but not 75 dB tones evoked increased corrugator activity. This effect differed significantly between males and females. Thus, it was only females that reacted with a significant increased corrugator response to the high intensity tone. While facial responses differed between the sexes, the skin conductance response patterns did not. Consistent with previous research it is concluded that females are more facially expressive than are males.
Facial reactions to facial expressions in subjects high and low in public speaking fear
Authors: DIMBERG ULF , CHRISTMANSON LEIF 
Published: May 2008

This study investigated whether subjects high and low in public speaking fear react with different facial electromyographic (EMG) activities when exposed to negative and positive social stimuli. A High‐fear and Low‐fear group were selected by help of a questionnaire and were exposed to slides of angry and happy faces while facial‐EMG from the corrugator and zygomatic muscle regions were measured. The subjects also rated the stimuli on different emotional dimensions.Consistent with earlier research it was found that Low fear subjects reacted with increased corrugator activity to angry faces and increased zygomatic activity to happy faces. The High fear group, on the other hand, did not distinguish between angry and happy faces. Rating data indicated that the High fear group perceived angry faces as being emotionally more negative.The present results are consistent with earlier studies, indicating that the facial‐EMG technique is sensitive to detect differential responding among clinical interesting groups, such as people suffering from social fears.
Forms, uses and functions of children's favourite objects
Authors: JONSSON CARL‐OTTO , REIMBLADH‐TAUBE GUNNEL , SJÖSWÄRD EVA 
Published: May 2008

In this study, the notion of a favourite object is used as a heuristic concept for things that children are occupied with and absorbed by. According to earlier studies, favourite objects can be grouped into four categories: forerunners of transitional objects, primary and secondary transitional objects, and favourite toys. This initial classification was compared to results of cluster analyses of characteristics of favourite objects among 32 preschool and 30 primary school children, corroborating the initial classification and specifying the typology. The distribution of types of objects was different for the two groups of children, but was not dependent on age within groups or, for the preschool children, on mental development. These results indicate that changes of favourite objects with mental maturation are slow.The softness of the material of primary and secondary transitional objects and the preference for objects that could be kept close to the body suggest that the comforting character of these favourite objects has its root in the child's self‐soothing actions with the object.
Adaptation of the Alcohol Expectancy Questionnaire (AEQ‐A): A short version for use among 13‐year‐olds in Norway
Authors: AAS HENRIK 
Published: May 2008

An adaptation of a Norwegian modified short version of Christiansen & Goldman's Alcohol Expectancy Questionnaire for Adolescents (AEQ‐A) was examined in this survey. Subjects were 924 Norwegian seventh graders, with an average age of 13.3 years. From the original 90 items, 27 items representing all seven original scales were used in this study. Factor analysis did not create any preferred new factor solution compared to Christiansen & Goldman's original factors. Internal consistency of the seven AEQ‐A scales ranged from 0.37 to 0.72 on Cronbach's alpha. All seven AEQ‐A scales correlated significantly with self‐reported alcohol use as was expected, and this study also replicated the relative importance of the social enhancement scale. This was the first study using AEQ‐A in a non‐English‐speaking culture. The generalizability of alcohol outcome expectancies was strongly supported.The present study indicates that the Norwegian version of AEQ‐A possesses a level of concurrent validity and internal reliability that is acceptable compared to the original scales, and can serve as a useful instrument in behavioral research on alcohol use among Norwegian adolescents in the years to come.
New morbidity‐problems and peer relations in a sample of Swedish primary school children: A follow‐up from the first to third grade
Authors: RYDELL ANN‐MARGRET 
Published: May 2008

The stability in the new morbidity‐problem domains motor skills, reading/writing ability, behavioral–psychological–social function and concentration ability in school, and the stability of peer status and peer preferences as well as relationships between peer status and problems among boys and girls was studied in a sample of 81 Swedish primary school children. The children were rated by teachers and made peer nominations six months after school start, and in the third grade.There was considerable stability in problems, while the stability in peer status was modest. There were marked gender differences. Boys in contrast to girls improved in motor skills from the first to the third grade, and boys had more concentration problems and multiple problems than girls in both grade 1 and 3. In the first grade, low peer acceptance in boys was accompanied by low motor skill. In the third grade, low peer acceptance in boys was accompanied by deficient concentration ability and externalizing problems. For girls, few relationships between low peer acceptance and problems emerged. Various explanations for these findings are discussed.
Syntactic context effects on word recognition: A developmental study
Authors: HYÖNÄ JUKKA , LINDEMAN JOHANNA 
Published: May 2008

In the present study, grammatical context effects on word recognition were examined among skilled and less skilled second and sixth grade readers. Of particular interest was how the word decoding ability may correlate with the grammatical context effect. For this purpose the rich case‐marking system of the Finnish language was exploited. Recognition latencies for sentence‐final nouns were measured as a function of their syntactic agreement with the preceding adjective. The naming and lexical decision tasks were used as critical measures.The study showed a clear syntactic context effect for each of the four experimental groups. The magnitude of the observed syntactic effect was substantially larger compared to earlier results. Furthermore, the effect emerged both in naming and lexical decision. In naming, less skilled 2nd grade decoders were more affected by grammatical incongruency than their more competent peers, whereas in lexical decision the skilled 6th graders differed from other groups by showing a smaller syntactic effect. The results are discussed in the light of Stanovich's interactive‐compensatory model of word recognition.
Skilled speechreading: A single‐case study
Authors: LYXELL BJÖRN 
Published: May 2008

In a case study the cognitive characteristics of a skilled visual speechreader (SJ) was examined and compared to a control group. SJ is a 56 year old woman, skilled in visual speechreading. She differs from most of the 119 individuals in the control group, as she uses a particular speechreading strategy in which she attempts to repeat overtly each spoken word as soon as it has been uttered, and to summarize and fill in missing pieces of information whenever it is possible (e.g., during pauses) during the conversation.SJ outperformed the control group on three types of tasks; a reading span task, performance in the asymptote level in the serial position curve, and verbal inference‐making. SJ's results were discussed with respect to (a) how they relate to the general case (i.e., models based on group‐data) and to (b) her speechreading strategy. From a clinical perspective it was suggested that it might be possible to practice the strategy as such, but any possible improvement is dependent on the individual's capability to process information in this way.
Governance and Participation in Local Welfare: The Case of the Italian Piani di Zona
Authors: Bifulco Lavinia , Centemeri Laura 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis article analyses four cases of governance in Italian local welfare systems. Following Law 328/2000, the design and management of the social services system in Italy involve different public responsibility levels, mainly regional and municipal. In order to manage social policies, Italian municipalities have to join in new inter‐municipal groupings called ‘Piani di Zona’ (Area Plans). Moreover, the law provides for engaging in these Plans even local third‐sector organizations and citizens. The article attempts to highlight the implications of this complex system that is leading local authorities to open new governance arenas. We hereby present the results of a research project on two Piani di Zona in the Region of Lombardy (Northern Italy) and on two in the Region of Campania (Southern Italy), carried out by means of institutional analysis. We particularly focus on the dynamics of participation triggered by the Piani di Zona. Our hypothesis is that the role of public administration is a fundamental variable to understand the different ways of participating. In this sense, we discuss the dynamics of local governance by relaying them to four main questions: who participates in what, where and how?
Central versus Local Service Regulation: Accounting for Diverging Old‐age Care Developments in Sweden and Denmark, 1980–2000
Authors: Rauch Dietmar 
Published: May 2008

Abstract In Sweden and Denmark, the development of old‐age care has followed markedly divergent paths over the past 20 years. In both countries, the level of old‐age care universalism was exceptionally high in the early 1980s. Since then it has dropped sharply in Sweden, while remaining constantly high in Denmark. These divergent trends are clearly irreconcilable with the common image of a coherent Scandinavian welfare state model, and they seem hard to explain with reference to traditional approaches of comparative social policy. This article attempts to account for the divergent developments by focusing on the balance of old‐age care regulation between central and local government. The main finding is that only in Sweden has the central regulation of old‐age care been weak and unspecific. As a consequence, Swedish municipalities have enjoyed sufficient autonomous, regulatory competence to exercise certain local retrenchment measures in times of austerity, thereby eventually causing a nationwide weakening of old‐age care universalism. By contrast, municipalities in Denmark have been much more tightly bound by central state regulations which have prevented them from imposing similar retrenchment measures in the old‐age care sector; consequently, Denmark's level of old‐age care universalism has remained comparatively high.
ON THE FIRST–ORDER EFFICIENCY AND ASYMPTOTIC NORMALITY OF MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD ESTIMATORS OBTAINED FROM DEPENDENT OBSERVATIONS
Authors: Heijmans R.D.H. , Magnus J.R. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract.In this paper we study the first–order efficiency and asymptotic normality of the maximum likelihood estimator obtained from dependent observations. Our conditions are weaker than usual, in that we do not require convergences in probability to be uniform or third–order derivatives to exist.The paper builds on Witting and Nolle's result concerning the asymptotic normality of the maximum likelihood estimator obtained from independent and identically distributed observations, and on a martingale theorem by McLeish.
Changing Patternsn of Negro Employment
Authors: KIFER ALLEN 
Published: May 2008

SummaryAlthough the Negro worker has been vulnerable to forces which have made him the “last hired, first fired” in the American labor market, he has at times been highly regarded and sought out by employers. A considerable ebb and flow of job opportunities for Negroes has been the result. Recognition of his recently acquired political power may provide the means for stabilizing his position.
Membership Participation and Centralized Control
Authors: ROGOW ROBERT 
Published: May 2008

SummaryThe union faces severe economic and political problems: it is becoming increasingly expensive to perform important union functions, membership losses are difficult to replace, job mortality is high, firm size is small, membership income is modest, skill level is low, and the union has minority status in almost all of its industries.The policy response to financial pressure is to encourage members to volunteer to perform many union functions which the union can not otherwise afford. Policies supportive of this goal include supply of a broad array of services at union headquarters, insistence that members pay dues in person, insistence on meeting attendance, and emphasis on the steward and crew and the role of the experienced member.The political pressure is weakened union authority. Unusual heterogeneity among employers, occupations, and members, plus an unavoidably decentralized collective bargaining situation, present strong centrifugal tendencies. Major variations in occupation, skills, income level, union background, job security, and ethnic and cultural identification contribute to a diversity of interests and loyalties. A tendency for the membership to be clustered or differentiated by character of their employment also adds a potential threat of balkanization by local.The policy response to political pressure has been the effort to centralize authority and initiative. For example, the 1,000‐member General Council has been granted almost unlimited governmental authority. The Council is the channel for downward communication flow; the related structuring, sequencing, and common agendas of all union meetings also keep initiative and authority at the Districtwide level. Additional centralizing aspects include the absence of constitutional restraints on leadership freedom of action; the lack of restraints from the international union; emphasis on crew and steward, rather than on local and local officer; the discouragement of electoral conflicts inherent in the application of the “majority rule”; the preferred ballot position of Districtwide candidates; the Districtwide vote required for the four “regional” leaders; and the offsetting of decentralized collective bargaining with an array of control devices.Meeting attendance, dues payments (without benefit of checkoff), and electoral participation are unusually high. However, volunteer offices are difficult to fill; experienced occupants are difficult to hold. There is little volunteer participation in organizing and collective bargaining and participation is way below the level prescribed by union policy pronouncements.Areas of inconsistency, if not conflict, exist between the two major strands of policy, i.e., encouragement of membership participation, on the one hand, and centralization of authority, on the other. Centralization makes it more difficult to involve members in union affairs. De‐emphasis of the role of the local officer and organizer in favor of stewards and vice‐presidents has minimized potential divisive influences, but at the cost of inhibiting volunteer leadership activity.
The Impact of Socialism on Work Stoppages
Authors: GIFFORD ADAM 
Published: May 2008

SummaryThe impact of socialism on work stoppages in 15 industrialized countries for the years 1956–1965 was tested using three measures of socialism: (1) the proportion of tangible wealth owned by the state, (2) the ratio of public welfare expenditures to gross national product, and (3) whether or not the socislist party was in power. Results of the analyses performed show that socialism a p peared to have little impact on work stoppage rates among the countries.
Economic Dualism and Employment Stability
Authors: BUCHELE ROBERT 
Published: May 2008

SummaryFactor analysis of the three‐digit census industry characteristics data for mining, construction, manufacturing, and communication, transportation, and public utilities reveals a sharp core‐periphery dichotomy in industrial structure. Regression analysis of four different measures of employment stability over four different time periods supports the contention that the circumstances of employment in core industries foster employment stability. These results are quite robust, holding for various different measures of employment stability and phases of the business cycle. They constitute strong evidence of the existence of industrial dualism and of its importance for theories of labor turnover and unemployment and for policies aimed at promoting employment stability.
Compensating Wage Differentials versus Efficiency Wages: An Empirical Study of Job Autonomy and Wages
Authors: ARAI MAHMOOD 
Published: May 2008

Efficiency wage theory as incorporated in the shirking model predicts that firms may substitute wage premiums for costly monitoring. This means that wage premiums should be expected for loosely monitored workers. By regarding extensive monitoring as a lack of job autonomy, efficiency wage theory predicts a positive relation between autonomy and wages. The theory of compensating wage differentials, however, predicts a negative relation between autonomy and wages. When workers prefer autonomous jobs, employers have to offer higher wages for less autonomous jobs in order to recruit labor.Swedish micro data are analyzed in order to examine the predictions of these theories. A proxy for the monitoring problem of the firm measures workers' possibilities of effort variation. Since this proxy is autonomy, it enables us to test the two rival hypotheses on the relation between job autonomy and wages. We find a positive relation in the private sector as predicted by the efficiency wage hypotheses and a negative relation in the case of the public sector, which accords with the theory of compensating wage differentials.
Selected by the Institute of Industrial Relations Library University of California at berkely
Authors: HUWE TERENCE K. , KIMBALL JANICE 
Published: May 2008

Cold war in the working class: the rise and decline of the United Electrical workers. By Ronald L. Filippelli and Mark D. McColloch. Common Sense for Uncommon Times: The Power of Balance in Work, Family, and Personal Life. By Mark S. Guterman. From Downsizing to Recovery: Strategic Use of the Outplacement Option. By Richard Knowdell, Elizabeth Branstead, and Milan Moravec. Heroes of Unwritten Story: The UAW, 1934–39. By Henry Fruas. Internal Company Investigations and the Employment Relationship. By Warren Freedman. Labor Economics and Industrial Relations: Markets and Institutions. Edited by Clark Kerr and Paul D. Staudohar. New Frontiers in European Industrial Relations. Edited by Anthony Ferner and Richard Hyman. The New Left and Labor in the 1960s. By Peter B. Levy. Roberts' Dictionary of Industrial Relations. Prepared by the Industrial Relations Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Joyce M. Najita, Director. Studies in Labour Economics. Edited by Erkin I. Bairam. Waterfront Workers of New Orleans: Race, Class, and Politicsl 1863–1993. By Eric Arnesen.
Selected by the Institute of Industrial Relations Library University of California at Berkeley
Authors: HUWE TERENCE K. , KIMBALL JANICE 
Published: May 2008

The CZO, 1935–1955. By Robert H. Zieger. Cold War in the Working Class: The Rise and Decline of the United Electrical Workers. By Ronald L. Filippelli and Mark D. McColloch. Common Sense and a Little Fire: Women and Working‐class Politics in the United States, 1900–1965. By Annelise OrleckDark Sweat, White Gold: California Farm Workers, Cotton, and the New Deal. By Devra Weber Employment Contracts: New Zealand Experiences. Edited by Raymond Harbridge.Goodyear Invades the Backcountry: The Corporate Takeover of a Rural Town. By Bryan D. Palmer Militancy, Market Dynamics, and Workplace Authority: The Struggle over Labor Process Outcomes in the US. Automobile Industry, 1946 to 1973. By James R. Zetka, Jr. A Mouthful of Rivets: Women at Work in World War II. By Nancy Baker Wise and Christy Wise Multinationals and Employment: The Global Economy of the 1990s. Edited by Paul Bailey, Aurelio Parisotto and Geoffrey Renshaw. On Different Planes: An Organizational Analysis of Cooperation and Conflict Among Airline Unions. By David J. Walsh. The Struggle for the Breeches: Gender and the Making of the British Working Class. By Anna Clark Trade Unionists Against Terror: Guatemala City, 1954–1985. By Deborah Levenson‐Estrada. Training for Employment in Western Europe and the United States. By J. R. Shackleton. Women in Trade Unions: Organizing the Unorganized. Edited by Margaret Hosmer Martens and Swasti Mitter. The Work of Strangers: A Survey of International Labour Migration. By Peter Stalker. Workplace Industrial Relations and the Global Challenge. Edited by Jacques Belanger, P. K. Edwards, and Larry Haiven.