bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Growth-inhibiting effects of 12 antibacterial agents and their mixtures on the freshwater microalga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata
Authors: Yang Li-Hua , Ying Guang-Guo , Su Hao-Chang , Stauber Jennifer L , Adams Merrin S , Binet Monique T 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The growth-inhibiting and binary joint effects of 12 antibacterial agents on the freshwater green alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (Korschikov) Hindák were investigated over 72-h exposures. The toxicity values (the median inhibitory concentration value, in micromoles) in decreasing order of sensitivity were triclosan (0.0018) &gt; triclocarban (0.054) &gt; roxithromycin (0.056) &gt; clarithromycin (0.062) &gt; tylosin (0.20) &gt; tetracycline (2.25) &gt; chlortetracycline (3.49) &gt; norfloxacin (5.64) &gt; sulfamethoxazole (7.50) &gt; ciprofloxacin (20.22) &gt; sulfamethazine (31.26) &gt; trimethoprim (137.78). Several of these antibacterial compounds would be toxic at the micrograms per liter concentrations reported in surface waters and sewage effluents. Simple additive effects were observed in binary mixtures of sulfonamides, and most tylosin, triclosan, or triclocarban combinations. Potentially synergistic effects were observed in binary mixtures of the same class, such as macrolides, tetracyclines, and fluoroquinolones, as well as in some combined drugs, such as trimethoprim and sulfonamides or tylosin and tetracyclines. Potentially antagonistic effects were only observed between tylosin and triclocarban, triclosan and norfloxacin, and triclocarban and norfloxacin. Although present at low concentrations in the aquatic environment, mixtures of these antibacterial agents can potentially affect algal growth in freshwater systems due to their combined action.
Protective role of vitamin E on the microcystin-induced oxidative stress in tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus)
Authors: Prieto Ana I , Jos Ángeles , Pichardo Silvia , Moreno Isabel , Cameán Ana M 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are potent hepatotoxins produced by cyanobacteria in water systems that induce oxidative stress in fish. The present study investigated the effect of vitamin E pretreatment on MC-induced oxidative damage in the liver, kidneys, and gills of tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus). Groups of fish were fed vitamin E supplements (200 or 700 mg per kilogram of diet) for 7 d or received only commercial fish food and then were exposed to a single oral dose of cyanobacterial cells (120 μg of MC-LR [2:Leu, 4:Arg] per fish), and were sacrificed in 24 h. The potential benefits of vitamin E were evaluated based on lipid peroxidation (LPO), protein oxidation, catalase (CAT, Enzyme Commission [EC] 1.11.1.6), superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1), glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9), glutathione reductase (EC 1.8.1.7), and the ratio of reduced glutathione to oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG). Microcystins induced a 1.6-fold increase in LPO values in liver, whereas vitamin E-pretreated fish showed no alteration on this biomarker. Enzyme activities levels were also ameliorated by the chemoprotectant, whereas protein oxidation and GSH/GSSG did not show any significant change. The higher vitamin E dose used proved to have the greater protective effects, particularly on the biomarkers LPO and CAT. The results show that vitamin E could have a potential use as a preventive or therapeutic measure in MC-exposed fish.
Occurrence of endocrine-disrupting pesticide residues in wetland sediments from beijing, china
Authors: Xue Nandong , Li Fasheng , Hou Hong , Li Binwen 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWetlands are important habitats and spawning grounds to a diverse wildlife population and are particularly vulnerable to adverse effects of endocrine disruptors. Many pesticides possess hormonal activity and have thus been classified as endocrine disruptors. A new analytical method based on ultrasonic-assisted extraction, solid-phase extraction, and gas chromatography technologies was developed for analysis of selected potential endocrine-disrupting pesticide residues in wetland sediment samples from northern Beijing, China. The newly developed method was a less time-consuming and less solvent-consuming way of analyzing residues without an air-drying process prior to extraction. The selected pesticides included the compounds hexachlorocyclohexane, cyclodiene, DDTs, chlordane, hexachlorobenzene, heptachlor, endrin aldehyde, heptachlor epoxide, dicofol, acetochlor, alachlor, metolachlor, chlorpyrifos, nitrofen, trifluralin, cypermethrin, fenvalerate, and deltamethrin. Characterization and identification of the selected endocrine-disrupting pesticide residues in sediments may help to assess current pollution status of endocrine-disrupting pesticides in the area. Total concentrations of pesticides ranged from 15.4 to 38.1 ng/g (dry weight) with a mean concentration of 23.7 ng/g (dry weight) for sediment samples. Although levels of all detected pesticides were below the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, USA, sediment quality criteria, considering the potential health effects of endocrine disruptors even in a trace level, the use of the pesticides in the agricultural system should be minimized and regular monitoring is needed in the area.
Chemical availability and sediment toxicity of pyrethroid insecticides toHyalella azteca: Application to field sediment with unexpectedly low toxicity
Authors: You Jing , Pehkonen Sari , Weston Donald P , Lydy Michael J 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTenax® extraction is a simple, inexpensive approach to estimate the bioavailability of hydrophobic organic contaminants from sediment. In the present study, a single-point Tenax extraction was evaluated regarding its correlation with the acute toxicity to Hyalella azteca using field-collected sediments in California, USA. Pyrethroids were believed to be the primary contributor to the observed toxicity, and a significant correlation existed between the expected toxicity (given pyrethroid concentrations) and the mortality at most sampling sites. A small subset of sites, however, showed unexpectedly low toxicity to H. azteca despite high concentrations of pyrethroids. These samples were evaluated by Tenax extraction with the expectation that this procedure, which qualifies bioavailable instead of total pyrethroid concentration in sediment, would better explain the anomalously low toxicity. The term bioavailable toxic unit was proposed to link sediment toxicity with chemical availability, and the toxicity in the 17 selected sediments was better explained using Tenax extraction. The r2 value of the regression between sediment toxicity and toxic unit for the 17 sediments increased from 0.24 to 0.60 when the Tenax-extractable concentration was used in place of the total concentration. Results also showed that adsorption to sand particles might play a controlling role in pyrethroid bioavailability and, in turn, sediment toxicity to benthic invertebrates.
A cost optimization study of flux and fouling rate for UF in the water industry
Authors: Pearce G. K. 
Published: April 2008

Designing a commercial UF/MF system is an exercise in compromise. Selecting a high flux reduces capex by minimizing the membrane area required, but increases operating costs due to the increased chemical cleaning frequency, higher waste disposal volumes, and higher operating pressure. Most commercial systems are designed to run at fluxes significantly above the critical flux, so a degree of fouling and a reliance on chemical cleaning is inherent to the design.
This paper examines the relationship between flux and membrane fouling rate through a review of experimental field data. The analysis shows that fouling rate increases exponentially with flux, with a function dependent upon the characteristics of the feed. The paper then presents the results of a cost optimization study in which Total Water Cost (TWC) is evaluated as a function of feed source and plant size for different CIP cleaning frequencies.
The minimum TWC occurs in all cases for CIP frequencies of between 1/week and 1/month. Smaller plants with low fouling feeds have an optimum near 1 CIP/week using a relatively high flux design. In contrast, feeds with higher fouling propensity, and medium or large plant sizes have a TWC optimum close to 1 CIP/month, and should use a lower design flux. It is suggested that the flux corresponding to the TWC optimum should be designated the sustainable flux.
Increasing the Longevity of Restorations by Minimal Intervention: A Two-year Clinical Trial
Authors: Moncada G. , Fernández E. , Martín J. , Arancibia C. , Mjör I. , Gordan V. V. 
Published: April 2008

Clinical Relevance
Treating defective restorations with sealants, repair or refurbishing is an effective way to preserve and treat existing restorations.
Describing Adequacy of Cure with Maximum Hardness Ratios and Non-linear Regression
Authors: Bouschlicher M. , Berning K. , Qian F. 
Published: April 2008

Clinical Relevance
Redefined hardness ratios, based on extended cure intervals and maximum hardness when used in conjunction with non-linear regression, provide a readily available and accurate characterization of the curing performance of LCU-composite combinations, which is superior to the use of traditional per-specimen hardness ratios. It is recommended that the light curing guidelines provided to clinicians should be based on this more accurate description of curing behavior.
Methine Dyes and Pigments
Authors: Berneth Horst 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.History3.Preparation4.Properties5.Uses6.Economic Aspects7.Cationic Methine Dyes7.1.Streptocyanine Dyes7.1.1.Trimethinestreptocyanine Dyes7.1.2.Pentamethinestreptocyanine Dyes and Higher Vinylogs7.1.3.Triazolium Dyes7.1.4.Aminoarylenamine Dyes7.2.Hemicyanine Dyes7.2.1.Cyclomethine Dyes7.2.2.Dimethinehemicyanine Dyes7.2.3.Higher Vinylogs of Hemicyanine Dyes7.3.Phenylogous Hemicyanine Dyes7.3.1.Zeromethine (Apocyanine) Dyes7.3.2.Phenylogous Dimethinehemicyanine Dyes7.3.3.Higher Vinylogs of Phenylogous Hemicyanine Dyes7.3.4.Phenylogous Hemicyanine Dyes with Rings in the Methine Chain7.4.Cyanine Dyes7.4.1.Zeromethinecyanine Dyes7.4.2.Monomethinecyanine Dyes7.4.3.Dimethinecyanine Dyes7.4.4.Trimethinecyanine Dyes7.4.5.Pentamethinecyanine Dyes7.4.6.Higher Vinylogs of Cyanine Dyes7.4.7.Cyanine Dyes with Rings in the Methine Chain7.4.8.Cyanine Dyes with Several Methine Chains8.Anionic Methine Dyes (Oxonols)8.1.Monomethineoxonol Dyes8.2.Trimethineoxonol Dyes and Higher Vinylogs9.Methine Dyes with Betaine Structure10.Neutral Methine Dyes10.1.Enamineneutrocyanines10.2.Aminoarylneutrocyanines10.2.1.Aminoarylneutrocyanines with Open‐Chain Terminal Groups10.2.2.Aminoarylneutrocyanines with Cyclic Terminal Groups10.3.Merocyanine Dyes10.3.1.Merocyanine Dyes with Open‐Chain Terminal Groups10.3.2.Merocyanine Dyes with Cyclic Terminal Groups
Male reproductive skew, paternal relatedness, and female social relationships
Authors: Schülke Oliver , Ostner Julia 
Published: April 2008

AbstractFemale social relationships among primates are thought to be shaped by socio‐ecological factors and phylogenetic constraints. We suggest that patterns of paternal relatedness among females influence measures of social tolerance that have been used to classify species into different social relationship categories. As kin support and kin preference have only been measured for matrilineal kin and related individuals exchange less aggression and have a higher conciliatory tendency, the observed low nepotism levels and high tolerance levels may be an artifact of hidden paternal relatedness among the nonkin category. Using comparative data on macaques, we investigate this hypothesis using male reproductive skew as a proxy for paternal relatedness. Within the limitations of the study we show that populations classified as being less nepotistic, and more tolerant exhibit higher levels of reproductive skew. This first result and the reasoning behind may motivate future students of social relationships to take paternal relatedness into consideration. Potential implications of this finding if repeated with larger samples include that variation in aspects of macaque social relationships may be explained without considering phylogeny or the strength of between‐group contest competition for food. Am. J. Primatol. 70:695–698, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of the fiber orientation on the sorption kinetics of seawater in an epoxy/glass composite: A free‐volume microprobe study
Authors: Radha J. C. , Ranganathaiah C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe conventional gravimetric method and positron lifetime spectroscopy have been used to investigate the effect of glass fiber orientation on the diffusion behavior of seawater in epoxy‐based composite samples with glass fiber orientations of 0 and 45°. The equilibrium mass uptake of seawater in 45 and 0° orientation composites has been found to be 2.77 and 1.57%, respectively. The diffusion process is non‐Fickian in a 45° fiber oriented composite, whereas it is Fickian in a 0° oriented composite. Free‐volume data for 45° fiber oriented composites indicates swelling upon the sorption of seawater leading to structural relaxation, and hence the diffusion becomes non‐Fickian. On the other hand, a 0° fiber orientation sample exhibits no swelling, and this suggests that water diffusion to the fiber–resin interface through the resin matrix is impeded by the large number of bonds. A polymer–fiber interaction parameter determined from these results also further supports the idea that interface interaction in a 45° fiber oriented composite is less than that in a 0° fiber oriented composite. Positron and gravimetric results support this argument. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Nonisothermal melt‐crystallization kinetics of isotactic polypropylene synthesized with a metallocene catalyst and compounded with different quantities of an α nucleator
Authors: Dobreva T. , López‐Majada J. M. , Pereña J. M. , Pérez E. , Benavente R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe nonisothermal crystallization kinetics of a metallocene‐made isotactic polypropylene (m‐iPP) and its compounds with 0.1 wt % and 0.3 wt % of a sorbitol derivative [1,3:2,4‐bis(3,4‐dimethylbenzylidene)sorbitol (DMDBS); an α nucleator] were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry at different cooling rates from the melt. The nucleation efficiency was proved by a significant increase in the crystallization temperatures (accompanied by a slight augmentation of the degree of crystallinity and a decrease in the crystal sizes). This increase in the crystallization temperatures led to higher amounts of fractional content in the γ polymorph, even though DMDBS was supposed to be a nucleator for the α form. The Avrami and Ozawa methods effectively described only the early stage of crystallization, whereas a combined Avrami–Ozawa method was valid for the whole crystallization process. The values of the exponent for this method decreased for nucleated samples in the later stage of crystallization, especially in the case of m‐iPP with 0.3 wt % DMDBS added (m‐iPP03). The activation energy of the process and the surface free energy were also estimated. The production of considerable proportions of the γ polymorph in m‐iPP03 corresponded to higher values of the activation energy and lower values of the surface free energy. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Large amplitude oscillatory shear experiments to investigate the nonlinear viscoelastic properties of highly loaded carbon black rubber compounds without curatives
Authors: Leblanc Jean L. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe nonlinear viscoelastic properties of two series of highly loaded carbon black natural rubber composites with filler volume fraction in the 0.148–0.309 range were investigated at 100°C through strain sweep tests at 0.5 and 1.0 Hz frequency, up to strain amplitude of around 1000%, using a commercial torsional dynamic rheometer adapted to perform so‐called Fourier Transform rheometry experiments. A series of high cis‐1,4 polybutadiene (BR)/carbon compounds with filler fractions in the 0–0.213 range was also tested for comparison. Except BR compounds with carbon black fractions below the so‐called percolation level (0.12–0.13), nonlinear viscoelastic responses were systematically observed within the experimental strain window (6–1000%). Fourier Transform treatment of recorded torque and strain signals allowed to express the material response in terms of harmonics, with the main one (i.e., at to the test frequency) corresponding to the complex modulus. The usual drop of complex modulus with increasing strain was observed and adequately analyzed with a model previously reported. The expected effect of carbon black content was observed. Highly loaded samples were found to exhibit a variation of relative torque harmonics with strain amplitude markedly different from unfilled rubbers, which lead to the development of a model, inspired by the Weibull analysis. This model explicitly considers that filler particles, dispersed in the rubber matrix, self‐organize in a structure that adds a nonlinear response to the growing nonlinearity exhibited by the polymer matrix as applied strain increases. Above a critical strain, easily determined by mathematically handling model parameters, the filler structure dislocates and the high strain nonlinear response of the matrix is asymptotically recovered. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
EFAS forecasts for the March–April 2006 flood in the Czech part of the Elbe River Basin—a case study
Authors: Younis Jalal , Ramos Maria‐Helena , Thielen Jutta 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn spring 2006, the Elbe River Basin was hit by severe snowmelt‐driven floods. This article investigates the performance of the European Flood Alert System (EFAS) forecasts for this event in the Czech part of the Elbe River Basin. EFAS runs preoperationally at the European Commission DG Joint Research Centre where it is developed and tested in close collaboration with the National Hydrological Services. The analysis shows that EFAS forecasts were able to detect a signal of probability of flooding up to 8–10 days in advance. The added value of ensemble forecasts to early flood warning is illustrated. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
New Hepatoprotective Coumarinolignoids from Mallotus apelta
Authors: Xu Jian‐Fu , Feng Zi‐Ming , Liu Jian , Zhang Pei‐Cheng 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThree new coumarinolignoids, malloapelins A–C (1–3, resp.), together with three known coumarinolignoids, cleomiscosin A (4), cleomiscosin B (5), and 5′‐demethylaquillochin (6), were isolated from the roots of Mallotus apelta Muell.‐Arg. Compounds 1–6 are three pairs of regioisomeric coumarinolignoids. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectral evidence. Compounds 3 showed promising hepatoprotective activity against D‐galactosamine‐induced toxicity in WB‐F344 rat hepatic epithelial stem‐like cells.
Determination of Trace Alkaline Phosphatase by Solid‐Substrate Room‐Temperature Phosphorimetry Based on Triticum vulgare Lectin Labeled with Fullerenol
Authors: Liu Jia‐Ming , Gao Fei , Huang Hong‐Hua , Zeng Li‐Qing , Huang Xiao‐Mei , Zhu Guo‐Hui , Li Zhi‐Ming 
Published: April 2008

AbstractFullerenol (F) shows a strong and stable room‐temperature phosphorescence (RTP) signal on the surface of nitrocellulose membrane (NCM) at λ$\rm{ _{{\rm{ex}}}^{\max } }$/λ$\rm{ _{{\rm{em}}}^{\max } }$=542.0/709.4 nm. When modified by dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid sodium salt (DBS), fullerenol emits a stronger signal. It was also found that quantitative specific affinity‐adsorption reaction can be carried out between Triticum vulgare lectin (WGA) labeled with DBS‐F and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) on the surface of NCM, and the product obtained (WGA‐ALP‐WGA‐F‐DBS) emits a strong and stable RTP signal. Furthermore, the content of ALP was proportional to the ΔIp value. Based on the facts above, a new method for the determination of trace amounts of ALP by affinity‐adsorption solid‐substrate room‐temperature phosphorimetry (AA‐SS‐RTP) was established, using fullerenol modified with DBS to label WGA. The detection limit was 0.011 fg spot−1 (corresponding concentration: 2.8×10−14 g ml−1, namely 2.8×10−16 mol l−1). This method with high sensitivity, accuracy, and precision has been successfully applied to the determination of the content of ALP in human serum survey and forecast human disease, and the results are tallied with those using alkaline phosphatase kits. The mechanism for the determination of ALP using AA‐SS‐RTP was also discussed.
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Allylic Alcohols: Boronic Acid as a Hydroxide Source
Authors: Bouziane Asmae , Hélou Marion , Carboni Bertrand , Carreaux François , Demerseman Bernard , Bruneau Christian , Renaud Jean‐Luc 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSecondary allylic alcohols were synthesized from linear allylic halides or carbonates using a catalytic amount of a ruthenium complex in the presence of boronic acid. The effects of solvent, base, ruthenium precursor, and boronic acid were fully explored, and the scope of the reaction was extended to various substrates. We also describe a preliminary investigation towards an enantioselective process.
ChemInform Abstract: On the Chemical Constituents of Dipsacus asper
Authors: Tian Xiao‐Yan , Wang Ying‐Hong , Liu Hong‐Yue , Yu Shi‐Shan , Fang Wei‐Shuo 
Published: April 2008

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Chemistry of Fluorescent Bodipy Diyes: Versatility Unsurpassed
Authors: Ulrich Gilles , Ziessel Raymond , Harriman Anthony 
Published: April 2008

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Bis(tert‐butylimido)‐bis(dialkylamido) Complexes of Molybdenum as Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) Precursors for Molybdenum Nitride: the Effect of the Alkyl Group
Authors: Miikkulainen Ville , Suvanto Mika , Pakkanen Tapani A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBis(tert‐butylimido)‐bis(diethylamido)molybdenum [(tBuN)2Mo(NEt2)2] and bis(tert‐butylimido)‐bis(di‐isopropylamido)molybdenum [(tBuN)2Mo(NiPr2)2], possible precursors for atomic layer deposition (ALD) of molybdenum nitride, are synthesized and characterized. Calorimetric studies are carried out to examine the thermal stability of the new precursor candidates. For the diethylamido complex, sufficient thermal stability is found, ALD tests are performed, and satisfactory parameters for controlled growth are identified. Films grown from bis(tert‐butylimido)‐bis(diethylamido)molybdenum and ammonia are amorphous, smooth, and conformal. The di‐isopropylamido complex shows thermal instability and a very low synthetic yield, hence it is not tested in ALD. Possible decomposition reactions of the precursors are studied by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The computational results support the low thermal stability of di‐isopropylamido complex found through calorimetric studies.