bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermal and mechanical properties of poly(methyl methacrylate) and ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer blends
Authors: Poomalai P. , Ramaraj B. , Siddaramaiah  
Published: June 2007

AbstractA series of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) blends have been prepared with different compositions viz., 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt % ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer by melt blending method in Haake Rheocord. The effect of different compositions of EVA on the physico‐mechanical and thermal properties of PMMA and EVA copolymer blends have been studied. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) has been employed to investigate the phase behavior of PMMA/EVA blends from the point of view of component specific interactions, molecular motions and morphology. The resulting morphologies of the various blends also studied by optical microscope. The DSC analysis indicates the phase separation between the PMMA matrix and EVA domains. The impact strength analysis revealed a substantial increase in impact strength from 19 to 32 J/m. The TGA analysis reveals the reduction in onset of thermal degradation temperature of PMMA with increase in EVA component of the blend. The optical microscope photographs have demonstrated the PMMA/EVA system had a microphase separated structure consisting of dispersed EVA domains within a continuous PMMA matrix. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Infliximab and methotrexate as induction therapy in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: van der Bijl A. E. , Goekoop‐Ruiterman Y. P. M. , de Vries‐Bouwstra J. K. , ten Wolde S. , Han K. H. , van Krugten M. V. , Allaart C. F. , Breedveld F. C. , Dijkmans B. A. C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy of infliximab plus methotrexate (MTX) as induction therapy in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA).MethodsDisease‐modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD)–naive patients with active, early RA who were included as group 4 of the BeSt study were initially treated with infliximab (3 mg/kg) in combination with MTX (25 mg/week). The Disease Activity Score (DAS) was measured every 3 months. In patients with persistent low disease activity (DAS ≤2.4) for at least 6 months, the infliximab dosage was tapered and finally discontinued; the MTX dosage then was tapered to 10 mg/week. In patients with a DAS of >2.4, the infliximab dosage was increased (maximum 10 mg/kg), and they were subsequently switched to another DMARD. Except for intraarticular administration, corticosteroids were not permitted. Functional ability and the modified Sharp/van der Heijde score were determined after 2 years of therapy.ResultsOf the 120 patients, 67 responders (56%) had persistent low disease activity and discontinued infliximab after a median of 9.9 months, with a median MTX dosage of 10 mg/week after 2 years. Ten other patients experienced a disease flare after discontinuation and resumed infliximab after a median of 3.7 months. Thirteen patients did not achieve persistent low disease activity and received infliximab at various dosages. Treatment was unsuccessful in 30 patients. In the 67 responders, the progression of joint damage was lower than in the 30 patients in whom treatment failed.ConclusionFifty‐six percent of patients with active early RA, initially treated with infliximab plus MTX, could discontinue infliximab after achieving a DAS of ≤2.4. Low disease activity was maintained in these patients while the MTX dosage was tapered to 10 mg/week.
Relationship between change in skin score and disease outcome in diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis: Application of a latent linear trajectory model
Authors: Shand Lynne , Lunt Mark , Nihtyanova Svetlana , Hoseini Mansour , Silman Alan , Black Carol M. , Denton Christopher P. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractObjectiveTo explore the relationship between changes in the severity of skin disease and morbidity and mortality in patients with diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis (dcSSc).MethodsFrom a large single‐center cohort, we identified 225 patients with dcSSc for whom serial clinical information was available from within 24 months of the onset of the first non–Raynaud's phenomenon manifestation of SSc. The end points analyzed included death and heart, lung, kidney, and gastrointestinal tract involvement. Latent linear trajectory modeling (LTM) was applied to identify patients with a similar trajectory of modified Rodnan skin thickness score (MRSS) changes over the first 3 years of followup. Clinical outcomes were compared between 3 different LTM subgroups.ResultsLTM permitted classification of 131 patients (58%) into 1 of 3 subgroups with different skin score trajectories. Survival was lowest in the subgroup of patients who had a high baseline skin score and experienced little improvement during followup (P = 0.003). However, the frequency of clinical end points was similar in the subgroup with the most favorable trajectory (i.e., a low initial MRSS and subsequent improvement) and the subgroup with a high baseline MRSS and no improvement. Interestingly, the end point frequency was greatest in the subgroup with a high initial MRSS and subsequent improvement, suggesting that sustained severe skin disease does not necessarily predict the number of visceral complications, and that the relationship between the skin score and internal organ involvement in dcSSc is more complex than previously thought.ConclusionAlthough mortality was highest among patients with the worst skin‐related outcomes, no simple relationship between burden of disease and change in skin score was observed.
Angiopoietin 1 directly induces destruction of the rheumatoid joint by cooperative, but independent, signaling via ERK/MAPK and phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase/Akt
Authors: Hashiramoto Akira , Sakai China , Yoshida Kohsuke , Tsumiyama Ken , Miura Yasushi , Shiozawa Kazuko , Nose Masato , Komai Koichiro , Shiozawa Shunichi 
Published: June 2007

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether angiopoietin 1 (Ang‐1) potentiates overgrowth of the synovium and joint degradation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and to clarify the cell‐signaling mechanisms of Ang‐1 in the rheumatoid joint.MethodsExpression of Ang‐1, TIE‐2 (a receptor for Ang‐1), and matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP‐3) was studied by immunohistochemistry. Activation of the ERK/MAPK and phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3‐kinase/Akt pathways and of NF‐κB was determined by Western blotting and an NF‐κB p65 DNA binding activity assay, respectively. Induction of apoptosis was evaluated by nuclear staining, cell viability assay, and Western blotting of caspases. Synovial cell migration was evaluated by actin polymerization, Western blotting of Rho family proteins, and affinity purification with Rhotekin‐Rho and p21‐activated kinase 1. Matrix degradation was examined by induction of proMMP‐3 secretion from synovial cells followed by in vitro cartilaginous matrix degradation assay.ResultsAng‐1 stimulated the ERK/MAPK and PI 3‐kinase/Akt pathways in a cooperative but independent manner, which enhanced rheumatoid synovium overgrowth and joint destruction. In addition, Ang‐1 activated NF‐κB via Akt to promote cell growth, but also inhibited cell apoptosis via ERK and Akt. Ang‐1 directly potentiated the extension of synovial cells in an ERK‐ and Akt‐dependent manner by up‐regulating Rho family proteins, which attenuated Rac signaling and led to membrane ruffling. Ang‐1 induced proMMP‐3 secretion from synovial cells, which resulted in direct degradation of the cartilaginous matrix.ConclusionAng‐1 stimulates the ERK/MAPK and PI 3‐kinase/Akt pathways cooperatively, but in a manner independent of each other, to directly potentiate synovium overgrowth and joint destruction in RA. In addition to inflammatory cytokines, Ang‐1/TIE‐2 signaling appears to be an independent factor that contributes to the destruction of the rheumatoid joint.
Glucosamine for pain in osteoarthritis: Why do trial results differ?
Authors: Vlad Steven C. , LaValley Michael P. , McAlindon Timothy E. , Felson David T. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractObjectiveInvestigators in trials of glucosamine report a range of estimates for efficacy, making conclusions difficult. We undertook this study to identify factors that explain heterogeneity in trials of glucosamine.MethodsWe searched for reports of trial results in Ovid Medline, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and proceedings of scientific conferences. We selected reports of randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trials of glucosamine for pain from osteoarthritis of the knee or hip. We extracted data regarding features of design, subjects, and markers of industry involvement, including industry funding, whether a drug was supplied by industry, industry participation, and industry‐affiliated authorship. We examined which factors best accounted for differences in the effect sizes of studies grouped by these characteristics, and we examined changes in I2, a measure of heterogeneity.ResultsFifteen trials met our inclusion criteria. The summary effect size was 0.35 (95% confidence interval 0.14, 0.56). I2 was 0.80. Except for allocation concealment, no feature of study design explained this substantial heterogeneity. Summary effect sizes ranged from 0.05 to 0.16 in trials without industry involvement, but the range was 0.47–0.55 in trials with industry involvement. The effect size was 0.06 for trials using glucosamine hydrochloride and 0.44 for trials using glucosamine sulfate. Trials using Rottapharm products had an effect size of 0.55, compared with 0.11 for the rest.ConclusionHeterogeneity among trials of glucosamine is larger than would be expected by chance. Glucosamine hydrochloride is not effective. Among trials with industry involvement, effect sizes were consistently higher. Potential explanations include different glucosamine preparations, inadequate allocation concealment, and industry bias.
Proteomic study of salivary peptides and proteins in patients with Sjögren's syndrome before and after pilocarpine treatment
Authors: Peluso G. , De Santis M. , Inzitari R. , Fanali C. , Cabras T. , Messana I. , Castagnola M. , Ferraccioli G. F. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the effect of pilocarpine on the salivary peptide and protein profile in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS) and to study the differences between patients with primary SS, patients with SS associated with other rheumatic diseases, and healthy control subjects.MethodsSaliva specimens were obtained from 9 primary SS patients, 9 secondary SS patients, and 10 healthy controls. Samples were analyzed for levels of 62 different salivary proteins using high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry using a spectrometer equipped with an electrospray ionization source. In 6 of the primary SS patients, saliva was collected at 30 minutes, 60 minutes, and 24 hours after taking 5 mg of pilocarpine.ResultsBefore pilocarpine, ∼60% of salivary proteins in samples from primary SS patients were not identifiable or showed lower levels than those in healthy controls. After 30–60 minutes following pilocarpine treatment, approximately one‐third of the less represented proteins was found in a similar percentage of primary SS patients and controls. Almost all of the proteins that were detectable at lower levels in primary SS patients compared with controls reached levels similar to those in controls at 30–60 minutes after pilocarpine. The parotid gland proteins had the best response to pilocarpine. Primary SS patients were characterized by higher α‐defensin 1 levels and by the presence of β‐defensin 2. Secondary SS patients showed an intermediate protein profile between that of the primary SS patients and the controls.ConclusionPilocarpine partially restored the levels and numbers of identifiable proteins in saliva from patients with primary SS. Higher levels of α‐defensin 1 and the presence of β‐defensin 2 in the saliva of patients with primary SS could be markers of oral inflammation in this patient group.
Representation of concept relations using the TOSAR system of the IDC: Treatise III on information retrieval theory
Authors: Fugmann Robert , Nickelsen Herbert , Nickelsen Ingeborg , Winter Jakob H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSuccessful information retrieval from a mechanized file is heavily dependent on the fidelity of the representation of concepts in the particular language of the system and on the predictability of this representation.If an index language is employed, predictability is guaranteed and the quality of the retrieval is predominantly governed by the fidelity of the representation, i.e., by the extent to which conceptual distortion of the concepts to be represented can be avoided. The various index languages vary widely with respect to their fidelity. Differences in their performance are correspondingly great.The lack of fidelity in most of the present day indexing languages is due mainly to insufficient representation of the relationships among concepts. We describe a new graphical method of storing and retrieving concept relations of various kinds. The points of such a graph are occupied by concepts, and the connecting lines between these points represent concept relations. In a special field of chemistry, these graphs also serve as a kind of presentation of the essentials of a document to the reader that is much more lucid than a natural language text.
Patent office classification: Its whats and whys
Authors: Glickert Peter 
Published: June 2007

AbstractTo meet statutory requirements for searches, which are unique in their intellectual complexity and in their recall, precision and speed demands, the U.S. Patent Office has developed and maintains a manually‐accessed classification system for its 20 million patent documents. This ever‐expanding system has operated successfully for more than 75 years, and also performs administrative and awareness functions.
Cold type composition: Its impact on library and information science
Authors: Law Gordon T. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractCold type composition is a method of producing typescript and/or graphic information by means of inputting coded text into core memory and retrieving via programs written to highlight or extract specific elements of text. Such technology represents a significant advancement in information transfer because of 1. the incredible speed with which “printed” matter may be produced, and 2. the variety of publications made possible by massaging data bases already converted to machine readable form. This paper examines the two fundamentally different technologies of “CRT” and “Photon” composition in order to analyze their impact on library and information science. The author concludes we are on the verge of an information revolution which will allow for integration of knowledge to an unprecedented degree…provided the information community becomes aware of these implications, and rigorously questions present means of bibliographic control.
A general statistical model for increasing efficiency and confidence in manual data collection systems through sampling
Authors: Lied Terry R. , Tolliver Don L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThrough utilization of effective sampling procedures, libraries may obtain substantial savings in terms of data collection costs. A theoretical statistical sampling model is presented, and two types of random sampling techniques are empirically compared as to their effectiveness, in estimating a library usage parameter. Implications are drawn for the possible use of these techniques in a library setting.
Optimal storage of books by size: An operations research approach
Authors: Gupta Surendra Mohan , Ravindran Arunachalam 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper considers the optimal storage of books by size in libraries. A network model is developed to determine the optimum number of shelf heights to use which will minimize the shelving cost for a given collection of books. The model is analyzed and solved by a well known operations research technique of finding the shortest path in a directed network. Results of an experimental study to apply this model to a sample collection of books from the Purdue University Library are discussed.
Title versus title/abstract text searching in SDI systems
Authors: Maloney Ruth Kay 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe terms from 228 individual SDI profiles of 104 research chemists were matched against the citations retrieved by these profiles in eight consecutive runs of Basic Journal Abstracts to determine the number of citations that would have been retrieved for each individual user if titles only had been searched. Computing the data as a ratio of title hits to total hits, the mean percentage of retrieval of citations if only titles are searched when compared with searching of titles and abstract text was 27.0%. This represents an average loss of 73% of the potential output to the individual SDI user. One can expect a higher level of retrieval by titles alone if only a single term is required for a match than in searches requiring more than one term to be present to constitute a match (39% compared with 16.8% in this study).
A theory of term importance in automatic text analysis
Authors: Salton G. , Yang C. S. , Yu C. T. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA good deal of work has been done over the years in an attempt to use statistical or probabilistic techniques as a basis for automatic indexing and content analysis. (1–10) Unfortunately, many of these methods are lacking in effectiveness, and the more refined procedures are computationally unattractive.A new technique, known as discrimination value analysis, ranks the text words in accordance with how well they are able to discriminate the documents of a collection from each other; that is, the value of a term depends on how much the average separation between individual documents changes when the given term is assigned for content identification. The best words are those which achieve the greatest separation.The discrimination value analysis is computationally simple, and it assigns a specific role in content analysis to single words, juxtaposed words and phrases, and word groups or thesaurus categories. Experimental results are given showing the effectiveness of the technique.
Symbiotic development of thesauri and information systems: A case history
Authors: Wall Eugene 
Published: June 2007

AbstractWith respect to information storage and retrieval, a thesaurus is a means to various ends. This paper describes these desired ends (and the utility of a thesaurus with respect thereto) and provides a case history of symbiotic development of an information system (for financial information) and its thesaurus. In this connection, the DISCLOSURE data base publication system and thesaurus are described, and the applications of the thesaurus both to the data base system and to retrieval applications are described. The history of thesaurus development, its present status, its planned future, and its costs vs. its benefits are summarized.
Performing evaluation studies in information science
Authors: Swanson Rowena Weiss , Mayer Joseph 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper considers conceptual and methodological components of information science evaluation studies. The paper discusses the judgmental process of evaluation and the scientific nature of evaluation study in the context of purpose statements; criteria; the selection of variables and data collection and analysis techniques; and requirements of validity, reproducibility and reliability. Industrial value analysis/engineering methodology is described and related to assessments of information products and services. The state‐of‐the‐art of evaluation study in information science is analyzed with respect to 1. the scope of evaluation studies; 2. the use of laboratory‐type environments; 3. the use of surrogate judges; 4. selection of variables; 5. frequency of study; and 6. comparability of study results. Evaluation study is seen as essential to the management of information centers and systems and as having appreciable growth potential.
Speakers at the 1972 gordon research conference: Their backgrounds and literature records as selection aids for “out‐of‐specialty” scientists and others
Authors: Jackson Eugene B. , Jackson Ruth L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe scientist and the information officer/librarian need assistance in filtering out the important authors on and sources for information in crucial current areas of scientific research. The persons selected to give papers at Gordon Research Conferences and the vehicles they choose to publish in regularly provide such filters in over 70 areas of current science. Further, the literature of the GRC conference subjects form consistent patterns within subject disciplines. Cross‐citation patterns may be used to determine whether conferences are “open” or “closed”. Important gaps still exist in biographical tools of scientists.
User training for on‐line information retrieval systems
Authors: Moghdam Dineh 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe early 1970's have clearly shown a trend toward the use of on‐line systems as the ideal medium for information retrieval. The emphasis placed on direct access by the practitioners in the field, rather than delegated searches through information specialists, leads to the growing need for an efficient design in training transient user groups. Printed manuals, live help, audiovisual presentations and on‐line instruction have all been used with varying degrees of success. The author contends that the use of computer‐assisted in‐ struction in conjunction with the on‐line information retrieval system is the most promising form of instruc‐ tion in that the medium itself, as well as the message, may be used to acquaint the novice searcher with an interactive userhystem interface.
A probabilistic approach to automatic keyword indexing. Part I. On the Distribution of Specialty Words in a Technical Literature
Authors: Harter Stephen P. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe problem studied in this research is that of developing a set of formal statistical rules for the purpose of identifying the keywords of a document‐words likely to be useful as index terms for that document. The research was prompted by the observation, made by a number of writers, that non‐specialty words, words which possess little value for indexing purposes, tend to be distributed at random in a collection of documents. In contrast, specialty words are not so distributed.In Part I of the study, a mixture of two Poisson distributions is examined in detail as a model of specialty word distribution, and formulas expressing the three parameters of the model in terms of empirical frequency statistics are derived. The fit of the model is tested on an experimental document collection and found to be acceptable for the purposes of the study. A measure intended to identify specialty words, consistent with the 2‐Poisson model, is proposed and evaluated.
Machine‐assisted indexing of scientific research summaries
Authors: Hunt Bernard L. , Snyderman Martin , Payne William 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe Smithsonian Science Information Exchange operates a large interdisciplinary information storage and retrieval system covering current and recently concluded research. It annually collects and indexes more than 100,000 summaries of research projects, and then retrieves selected summaries in response to specific requests for information. With the objective of improving its manual subject indexing effort, the Exchange has developed a computer system which indexes word combinations in each summary according to a Classifying Dictionary, prior to review by its professional staff. The combination creates a man‐machine team which is believed to produce more consistent indexing, quicker and at less cost, while maintaining the scientific quality of current indexing practices. The system differs from some other machine approaches by condensing the multitude of text possibilities into restricted and ordered hierarchies. This article discusses the original aims of the system, its operation and the early experience with its implementation.