bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Planetesimal formation via fragmentation in sel-gravitating protoplanetary discs
Authors: Rice W. K. M. , Lodato G. , Pringle J. E. , Armitage P. J. , Bonnell I. A. 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
An unsolved issue in the standard core accretion model for gaseous planet formation is how kilometre-sized planetesimals form from, initially, micron-sized dust grains. Solid growth beyond metre sizes can be difficult both because the sticking efficiency becomes very small, and because these particles should rapidly migrate into the central star. We consider here how metre-sized particles evolve in sel-gravitating accretion discs using simulations in which the gravitational influence of the solid particles is also included. Metre-sized particles become strongly concentrated in the spiral structures present in the disc and, if the solid to gas density ratio is sufficiently high, can fragment because of their own sel-gravity to form planetesimals directly. This result suggests that planetesimal formation may occur very early in the star formation process while discs are still massive enough to be sel-gravitating. The dependence of this process on the surface density of the solids is also consistent with the observation that extrasolar planets are preferentially found around high-metallicity stars.
Predictions for a planet just inside Fomalhaut's eccentric ring
Authors: Quillen Alice C. 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
We propose that the eccentricity and sharpness of the edge of Fomalhaut's disc are due to a planet just interior to the ring edge. The collision time-scale consistent with the disc opacity is long enough that spiral density waves cannot be driven near the planet. The ring edge is likely to be located at the boundary of a chaotic zone in the corotation region of the planet. We find that this zone can open a gap in a particle disc as long as the collision time-scale exceeds the removal or ejection time-scale in the zone. We use the slope measured from the ring edge surface brightness profile to place an upper limit on the planet mass. The removal time-scale in the chaotic zone is used to estimate a lower limit. The ring edge has eccentricity caused by secular perturbations from the planet. These arguments imply that the planet has a mass between that of Neptune and that of Saturn, a semi-major axis of approximately 119 au and longitude of periastron and eccentricity, 0.1, the same as that of the ring edge.
Three intervening galaxy absorbers towards GRB 060418: faint and dusty?
Authors: Ellison Sara L. , Vreeswijk Paul , Ledoux Cédric , Willis Jon P. , Jaunsen Andreas , Wijers Ralph A. M. J. , Smette Alain , Fynbo Johan P. U. , Møller Palle , Hjorth Jens , Kaufer Andreas 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
We present an analysis of three strong, intervening Mg II absorption systems (zabs = 0.603, 0.656, 1.107) towards the optical afterglow of gamma-ray burst (GRB) 060418. From high-resolution Ultraviolet and Visual Echelle Spectrograph (UVES) spectra we measure metal column densities and find that the highest redshift absorber exhibits a large amount of dust depletion compared with damped Lyman absorbers (DLAs) seen in quasi-stellar object (QSO) spectra. The intervening zabs = 1.107 absorber is also unusual in exhibiting a clear 2175-Å bump, the first time this feature has been definitively detected in a GRB spectrum. The GRB afterglow spectrum is best fitted with a two-component extinction curve: a Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) extinction law at z = 1.49 (the redshift of the host) with E(B−V) = 0.07 ± 0.01 and a Galactic extinction curve at z∼ 1.1 with E(B−V) = 0.08 ± 0.01. We also present a moderately deep New Technology Telescope (NTT) R-band image of the GRB 060418 field and spectroscopy of four galaxies within 1 arcmin. None of these objects has a redshift that matches any of the intervening absorbers, and we conclude that the galaxies responsible for the two intervening Mg ii absorbers at z∼ 0.6 have luminosities .
Research use in the care of older people: a survey among healthcare staff
Authors: Boström Anne‐Marie , Wallin Lars , Nordström Gun 
Published: August 2006

Background.  Sweden has one of the largest proportions of older people in the world. To manage the healthcare needs of an aging population, there has been an alteration from hospital care to community‐based care. In these settings, the majority of staff is enrolled nurses (EN) and nurse aides (NA) without university education.Aim and design.  The overall aim of this cross‐sectional survey was to explore staff perceptions of factors related to research utilization in the care of older people.Method.  Questionnaires covering research utilization and demographics were sent to all staff (n = 132) working in seven units in older people care. The response rate was 67% (n = 89). The respondents consisted of ENs/NAs (n = 63), Registered Nurses (RN) and rehabilitation professionals (RP) as physiotherapists and occupational therapists (RN/RP n = 26).Results.  Most of staff reported positive attitudes towards research. The RNs/RPs stated more often than the ENs/NAs that they wanted to base their practice on research (81% vs. 25%; P = 0.001). The RNs/RPs also reported a greater extent of research use in daily practice (54% vs. 17%; P = 0.001). Support from colleagues (77% vs. 22%; P < 0.001) and unit managers (73% vs. 10%; P < 0.001) for implementing research findings was also more frequently reported by the RNs/RPs compared with the ENs/NAs. The majority of the ENs/NAs stated Do not know on many items concerning attitudes towards research, support for research utilization and actual use of research.Conclusions.  Despite overall positive attitudes towards research, the majority of staff did not use research findings in daily practice. This was particularly valid for the EN/NA group.Relevance to clinical practice.  There is an urgent need for managers and others in the care of older people to develop strategies for implementing evidence‐based practice that involves the EN/NA group.
Discharging older people from hospital to home: what do we know?
Authors: Coffey Alice 
Published: August 2006

Aims and objectives.  The aim of this literature review was to examine empirical research to date on hospital discharge and illuminate areas in need of further exploration.Background.  Discharging older people from hospital has long been associated with difficulties and complications. With a steady increase in the ageing population in Ireland and their use of acute hospital services, the successful management of hospital discharge is now a central concern to health service management.Methods.  Using a seven‐step approach by Stolz et al. [Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences (2004) Vol. 18, 111–119] a keyword database search was conducted which revealed 44 studies that matched the author's inclusion criteria.Results.  These studies uncover aspects of the discharge process that are in need of further research, and particularly suggest more rigour in the measurement of hospital discharge outcomes.Relevance to clinical practice.  This review focuses on a very important clinical issue given the predicted increase in the use of acute services by older people and the known vulnerabilities of the interface between hospital and community settings.
The risk to enduring relationships following the move to a care home
Authors: Cook Glenda 
Published: August 2006

Aim.  To explore findings from a study which investigated the meanings that older people attributed to their experiences of living in a care home and consequently the risks that they identify in this.Background.  There is evidence from this and other studies that being able to engage in long‐time friendships is important to older people. The move to a care home has the potential to disrupt these relationships and there is a risk of breakdown of the friendships that have been valued throughout life.Method.  A hermeneutic inquiry that explored the meaning that eight older people ascribed to their life in the care home. This paper focuses on the narratives that concerned relationships with long‐time friends and the risks to these relationships.Results.  The paper highlights the importance of engaging in meaningful relationships with other people. The participant's stories illuminated the importance of maintaining friendships following the move to a care home and how these had had a positive impact on their lives in that setting. With advancing age and increasing frailty the participants were acutely aware that their friendships were vulnerable to breakdown and they implemented a range of strategies to sustain their relationships with these people.Conclusion.  The findings point to the importance of acknowledging the value of long‐time friendships to older people and the need to support them in their efforts to sustain these relationships and reduce risks to them.
Risk factors for elder abuse and neglect: brief descriptions of different scenarios in South Africa
Authors: Marais Sandra , Conradie Gerna , Kritzinger Andrienetta 
Published: August 2006

Aim.  To describe various situations in which older people in South Africa are vulnerable.Background.  Poverty compromises the health of many older people in South Africa but the circumstances and ways in which this is managed and risk thought of is poorly understood. This paper presents three scenarios that describe individual studies and provide insight into the factors influencing the lives of some older people.Method.  Scenario 1 concerns people with dementia. Pilot work has collected interview data from four people with dementia, their four informal carers and three hospital nursing staff.Scenario 2 concerns an analysis of data collected routinely as part of the Halt Elder Abuse Line, a telephone‐based service for people to report abuse.Scenario 3 concerns an interview study with farm workers who have retired and who are vulnerable to being displaced from the farms.Conclusion.  A variety of policy, social and individual factors result in older people being vulnerable and continuing research is required to further develop an understanding of these dynamics of risk to promote changes to current policy and practices.
Design of a Compliant Mechanism to Modify an Actuator Characteristic
to Deliver a Constant Output Force
Authors: Pedersen C. B. W. , Fleck N. A. , Ananthasuresh G. K. 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Topology and size optimization methods are used to design compliant mechanisms that produce a constant output force for a given actuator characteristic of linearly decreasing force versus displacement. The design procedure consists of two stages: (i) topology optimization using two-dimensional (2-D) continuum parametrization, and (ii) size optimization of the beam-element abstraction derived from the continuum topology solution. The examples considered are based upon electrostatic microactuators used widely in microsystems. The procedure described here provides conceptual as well as practically usable designs for compliant transmission mechanisms with a constant output force characteristic. For any given topology design, the maximum achievable constant force over a given displacement range is determined. Ideal rigid-body and spring-equipped mechanisms are analyzed and their features are used to compare with the compliant solutions obtained.
OHMIC CONTACTS TO SIC
Authors: ROCCAFORTE FABRIZIO , LA VIA FRANCESCO , RAINERI VITO 
Published: August 2006

In this chapter, the most significant results obtained in the last decade in the field of ohmic contacts to SiC are reviewed. First, the basic concepts related to the physics of ohmic contacts and to the contact resistance measurement techniques are briefly reported. Then, some aspects concerning the formation of low resistance (10-5-10-6 Ω cm 2) ohmic contacts on n-type and for p-type SiC are discussed, focusing on Ni -based and Al/Ti -based contacts. Examples of innovative applications on practical devices are also reported, as the simultaneous formation of ohmic contacts on n- and p-type SiC for vertical power MOS devices, obtained adding Al to a standard Ni contact, and a single-metal technology for ohmic and rectifying contacts in MESFETs, using Ti or Ni without post-deposition annealing.
In Between Military and Militia: The Dynamics of the Security Forces in the Communal Conflict in Ambon
Authors: Azca Muhammad Najib 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis article presents and discusses the role of the security forces in the communal conflict in Ambon, Indonesia. Though it shares the view articulated by many scholars and social obervers that the security forces played partisan roles in prolonging the Ambon conflict, it criticizes the tendency to overstate their role and see them as a single homogenous actor. Based on extensive research and fieldwork, this paper argues that the dynamics of the role of the security forces in the conflict in Ambon evolved in concert with the dynamics of the conflict itself and was influenced by both local and national factors and their respective actors. It also examines the issue in the context of civil-military relations in the aftermath of the collapse of the authoritarian regime, with particular attention paid to its impact on security sector reform.
Why the Madurese? Ethnic Conflicts in West and East Kalimantan Compared
Authors: De Jonge Huub , Nooteboom Gerben 
Published: August 2006

AbstractAround the recent turn of the century, violent clashes between Madurese and other ethnic groups took place in the provinces of West and Central Kalimantan. At least 1200 Madurese were killed, with several hundred thousands internally displaced. However, in the provinces of South and East Kalimantan, which also have Madurese minorities, such eruptions of violence did not occur. To reach a better understanding of the background, conditions and causes of such ethnic violence, we have compared the relationships between the Madurese and other population groups in conflict-ridden West Kalimantan and conflictfree East Kalimantan. The comparison shows that there are significant dissimilarities between the two regions with regard to the ethnic composition of the population, cultural attitudes, access to natural resources and political competition. Together with the negative characteristics attributed to the Madurese by other groups, these can largely explain why this minority, during the recent regime change, became the target of the frustrations and aspirations of others in the western part of Kalimantan but not in the eastern part.
Just Talk? Anthropological Reflections on the Object of Media Studies in Indonesia
Authors: Hobart Mark 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis article sets out to reflect critically on the object of study in media and communication studies. It argues that not only the conventional analytical categories but also the modes of explanation and interpretation used are both problematic and Eurocentric, because they are mediated by a whole series of industrial and intellectual practices which have remained unacknowledged. The article aims to show how taking media-related practices as an object of study, requires radical revision to much of media studies. Central among these practices is commentary of various kinds. The mass media spend much time commenting on themselves and one another, just as research through questionnaires, focus groups and interviews are invitations to participants to comment. Commenting in its many forms emerges therefore as an important way of indicating how articulation, a central concept in media and cultural studies, works. Drawing on examples from Indonesia, an analysis of commentary provides a way of understanding how audiences relate to media production, not least because people talk about the mass media and how they are implicated, or perhaps even disarticulated by the media. In failing to appreciate how commentary works, media scholars are complicit in this process of disarticulation, a notion elaborated in the article.
Nationalist and Separatist discourses in cyclical violence in Papua
Authors: Widjojo Muridan 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis article is an attempt to review the cyclical history of violence in Papua, Indonesia. I analyse the ways in which the Indonesian security forces employ nationalist discourse to justify conduct in Papua that includes obstructing justice and intimidating human rights advocates. The birth of the human rights movement in Papua in the mid 1990s in many ways has challenged this security approach. Human rights advocates not only expose excessive violent behaviour on the part of the military during 'secret' operations, but also question the high military troop levels and the conduct of the national police in Papua. The advent of Reformasi in 1998 revived all over the province the demands for secession that had been dormant during the 1980s and 1990s. This has served the army as a pretext to maintain its strong presence in Papua. My main argument is that both the pro-independence Papuans and the security forces have a vested interest in keeping the secession issue as the dominant discourse on Papua. From the early 1960s to 2003, the security forces have been able to argue that the state is under threat of separatism. In turn, the violence and impunity Papuans endure provides the basis for their ever-growing discourse of independence.
Fear and Uncertainty: Local Perceptions of the Sorcerer and the State in an Indonesian Witch-hunt
Authors: Herriman Nicholas 
Published: August 2006

AbstractIn 1998, around one hundred alleged sorcerers were killed in Banyuwangi District, East Java. Most scholars treated the killings as a conspiracy. My evidence indicates that local residents have been killing 'sorcerers' for at least the past half century. Rather than a conspiracy, the increased numbers of killings in 1998 can be attributed to: 1. A perception that the reform movement ca 1998 incorporated violence against sorcerers, as much as social or political protest; 2. Attempts by officials to safely relocate 'sorcerers', by identifying those to be relocated. Officials thereby inadvertently confirmed the identities of 'sorcerers' and gave encouragement to potential killers; 3. A perception that officers of the police and army were afraid they would be accused of human rights violations if they prevented local residents killing 'sorcerers'.
Of Spontaneity and Conspiracy Theories: Explaining Violence in Central Kalimantan
Authors: Bouvier Hélène , Smith Glenn 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe massacres in Sampit, Central Kalimantan in 2001 were the latest in a series of horrific clashes between Madurese migrants and indigenous peoples, which, since 1996, killed thousands and displaced hundreds of thousands, the primary victims being Madurese. As in earlier clashes, a relatively minor incident or an isolated killing served as the trigger to a conflict more profoundly rooted in interethnic grievances, historical injustices, growing ethnic empowerment, and burgeoning political competition in Indonesia's transition to decentralized governance. The article compares and evaluates Dayak and Madurese accounts of the violence, its background and causes, focusing on a key period when latent tensions transformed into mass killings. Two different theories emerge, each positing a conspiracy: the Dayaks regarded the Madurese as out to take over the province and the Madurese accused the Dayaks of plotting to take over their land and jobs. The Dayak theory further sees the problem as one of cultural incompatibility and claims that the Dayak people spontaneously rose to pre-empt the threat posed by the Madurese. This notion that the violence was caused by cultural factors was factored into government policy and peace initiatives, and was to affect the prospects for reconciliation and return of the displaced. The authors suggest these understandings of violence played a key role in determining how the reconciliation process was run.
The level of knowledge of South African pupils regarding HIV/AIDS
Authors: Strydom Herman , Strydom Corinne 
Published: August 2006

English Participants were not well informed regarding HIV/AIDS and many misconceptions existed. The current publicity given to HIV/AIDS can lead to desensitization instead of addressing the real issues. Programmes in this regard should rather focus on life skills as such, in which HIV/AIDS plays a major role. French Les participants étaient mal informés sur le VIH/SIDA et véhiculaient plusieurs conceptions erronées sur le sujet. La publicité courante concernant le VIH/SIDA peut mener à une désensibilisation plutôt que de confronter le problème dans sa réalité. Les programmes à cet effet devraient plutôt mettrent l'emphase sur des habiletés de survie pour lesquelles le VIH/SIDA joue un rôle majeur. Spanish Se halló que los participantes no estaban bien informados respecto a VIH/SIDA y que tenían muchas nociones equivocadas. La publicidad que se da ahora a VIH/SIDA puede llevar a la de-sensitización en vez de ayudar a bregar con los problemas reales. Los programas relacionados con estos problemas deberían enfocarse en la adquisición de destrezas para la vida, entre las cuales destrezas para bregar con VIH/SIDA tienen un lugar importante.
Community economic development
Authors: Chan Raymond K.H. 
Published: August 2006

English Community economic development has attracted increasing attention in Hong Kong as a strategy for tackling economic problems. This article analyzes its applications and limitations in Hong Kong. Such initiatives are thriving though the income generated is small. Appropriate business strategies, capacity building, and strong community links are crucial for its success. French L'économie sociale est une avenue de plus en plus considérée à Hong Kong pour relever les défis des problèmes économiques. Cette recherche analyse les applications et les limites de cette stratégie à Hong Kong. Les initiatives qui en découlent foisonnent même si les revenus produits sont restreints. Des stratégies commerciales appropriées, le renforcement des capacités et de solides liens communautaires sont des facteurs clés de succès. Spanish En el Hong Kong hay cada vez más interés por el desarrollo económico comunitario como estrategia para bregar con problemas económicos. Se analizan la aplicabilidad y las limitaciones de esta estrategia. Este tipo de iniciativas está floreciendo, aunque los ingresos que se generan son peque·os. Para el éxito de estas iniciativas es esencial que haya estrategias de negocios adecuadas, capacitación, y conexiones fuertes en la comunidad.
Effect of Talc and Synthetic Sodium Aluminum Silicate (SSAS) on the Properties of PC/PMMA Blend
Authors: Mahanwar P. A. , Bose Suryasarathi , Raghu H. 
Published: August 2006

The advent of plastics and the wide range of fillers that are available have made modifications as precise as the tailored resins themselves. To modify the properties of polymer either by using fillers or by preparation of polymer blends gives rise to new materials with tailored properties. More complex, three-component systems, obtained by the addition of inorganic filler to an immiscible blend may be of interest. Blends of polycarbonate (PC) with poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) exhibit improved toughness characteristics via a two-phase structure. In this investigation the effect of talc and synthetic sodium aluminum silicate (SSAS) as fillers on properties of PC/PMMA blends has been examined. The neat blends of PC at different concentrations of PMMA were studied for their mechanical, electrical, and rheological properties. It was observed that 75/25 PC/PMMA blend showed more improved properties than that of individual polymers and hence was used to study the effect of filler loading on mechanical, electrical, and rheological properties.