bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lipid changes in maturing oil‐bearing plants
Authors: Sims R. P. A. , McGregor W. G. , Plessers A. G. , Mes J. C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFlax and safflower blossoms were tagged at the onset of fertilization. At intervals of approximately 10 days, samples of leaves, seeds, bolls, and bracts were collected, frozen in liquid nitrogen, and kept in deep‐freeze until analyzed.A comparison of the behavior during maturation of the seeds of Raja and Rocket flax and Indian safflower showed the following points of similarity and difference. Flax and safflower seed had similar patterns for changes in total extractable matter and true free and true bound lipid, dry matter, iodine absorbed by the seed oil, and isotopic carbon incorporation. The phosphorus and nitrogen contents of the free and bound lipid of flax and safflower seed had different patterns of variation. At a given stage of development, fresh flax seed tissue insafflower tissue. The effect of adverse growing conditions was reflected more clearly by the behavior of safflower than by that of flax. Raja and Rocket flax developed similarly and differed only in regard to response to climatic conditions.
The selective hydrogenation of linolenic acid
Authors: Willard John G. , Martinez Maria Luisa 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe hydrogenated samples were analyzed by ultraviolet specconditions produced mostly nonselective hydrogenation. The variables of catalyst, catalyst concentration, solvent, temperature, and pressure have very little effect on the selectivity. Large differences were found in the relative reactivities of the three double bonds in methyl linoleate. It appears that the initial reaction strongly favors the 12 position assuming a limited amount of shifting of double bonds during hydrogenation. The solvent has an appreciable effect on this selectivity, but the other variables have only minor effects.The hydrogenated samples were analyzed by ultraviolet spectroscopy. Efforts to identify the location of the double bonds by oxidative methods were unsatisfactory. Preliminary studies on the possible use of nuclear spin resonance as analytical method in fatty acid analysis look promising.
Jojoba oil wax esters and derived fatty acids and alcohols: Gas chromatographic analyses
Authors: Miwa Thomas K. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractHCl‐catalyzed ethanolysis followed by saponification readily surmounts the resistance of long chain wax esters to direct hydrolysis by alkali. Additionally, choosing ethyl instead of methyl esters allows baseline separations between long‐chain alcohols and corresponding esters in gas liquid chromatographic (GLC) analysis of total alcohol and acid components before saponification. Liquid wax esters were analyzed on a temperature‐programmed 3% OV‐1 silicone column. Geographical and genetic effects on the variability of jojoba oil composition were investigated with five different seed samples. Major constituents in jojoba seed oil from shrubs in the Arizona deserts, as indicated by GLC analyses of oil, ethanolysis product, isolated fatty alcohols and methyl esters of isolated fatty acids, were C40 wax ester 30%, C42 wax ester 50% and C44 wax ester 10%; octadecenoic acid 6%; eicosenoic acid 35%, docosenoic acid 7%, eicosenol 22%, docosenol 21% and tetracosenol 4%. Oil from smaller leaved prostrate plants growing along California’s oceanside showed a slight tendency toward higher molecular size than oils from the California desert and Arizona specimens. The wax esters are made up of a dispro‐portionately large amount of docosenyl eicosenoate and are not a random combination of constituent acids and alcohols.Lunaria annua synthetic wax ester oil was used as a model for evaluating the analytical procedures.
Introductory remarks
Authors: Arthur Jett C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSurface active agents are used in the textile industry during the processing of fibers into yarns and fabrics, the finishing of leather products and during the removal of soil from textile products by laundering or dry cleaning. In these introductory remarks to the symposium, attention is directed to the phenomena occurring at solid‐liquid interfaces during these processes. The properties of the surface active agents and the solvents used, the surface free energy and structure of the polymeric textile products and other, often poorly defined, surface chemical and physical characteristics of the products influence the interactions of these agents. The interactions of surface active agents, often derived from fats and oils, dissolved or dispersed in liquids, with textile materials, including natural products such as cotton, wool and leather, as well as man‐made fibers, are considered in this symposium.
Method of obtaining native powdered sunflower lecithin
Authors: Popov A. , Gardev M. , Yanishlieva N. , Hristova L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThermal dehydration treatment of sunflower sludge leads to a significant deterioration of the quality of the product obtained. A combined scheme is suggested for simultaneous dehydration and fatremoval from sunflower sludge at room temeperature.
The flavors of dairy fats—A review
Authors: Forss D. A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractLiterature for the three years to August 1970 dealing with the role of dairy lipids in flavors is reviewed. Subjects covered include reviews and conferences, techniques, flavor chemicals in heterogeneous media, desirable flavors and off flavors. All dairy products whose flavor is affected by or derived from lipids are included. These include low fat products such as skim milk and fermented products such as cheese.
Urethane foams from animal fats. VI. Improved properties of lard and tallow‐based foams
Authors: Scholnick F. , Saggese E. J. , Zubillaga M. , Monroe H. A. , Wrigley A. N. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractImproved properties of fire retardant urethane foams prepared from hypobrominated lard and tallow have been obtained by purification of the polyols prior to their use. Hypobromination was carried out by epoxidation of the glycerides followed by treatment with gaseous HBr. The crude derivatives were extracted with acetone and separated from unreacted saturates at 5 C. One step hypochlorination of glycerides by use of acidified sodium hypochlorite has been carried out, and subsequent purification of the polyols led to minor foam property improvement. Fire retardant foams have also been prepared from soybean oil and monoolein using both of these general methods, although the acetone extraction step could be omitted.
Economics of sunflower oil production and use in the United States
Authors: Trotter W. K. , Givan W. D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractU.S. consumption of fats and oils over the past decade increased at an annual rate of 2.8% and in 1970 reached an all‐time high of 18 billion pounds. About two thirds of U.S. consumption is in food products. Salad and cooking oils, shortening, and margarine account for the major share of food oil use. Sunflower oil is well suited for these uses especially for salad and cooking oils, and margarine, owing to its stable qualities and high ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids.With yields averaging around 1250 lb./acre and prices at 3–4 cents/lb., sunflowers have not been competitive with established crops in the southern states during the past few years. Returns from sun‐flowers in the Red River Valley, where yields have averaged around 1000 lb, appear to be more competitive with established crops than in the southern states. Some farmers in the South have achieved yields of 2000 lb. or more per acre and this seems to indicate that yields could be improved with better management. This analysis indicates that yields of 1600–2000 lb./acre, at a price of 4 cents/lb. for the seed, should permit sunflowers to compete with corn, soybeans, wheat and sorghum in a number of farming areas. As experience is gained in growing the crop and higher yielding hybrid seed is better adapted to the available region, sunflowers should become a more significant factor in the U.S. farm economy.
Synthetic detergents from animal fats. The sulfation of tallow alcohols
Authors: Weil J. K. , Stirton A. J. , Bistline R. G. 
Published: May 2007

SummarySodium oleyl sulfate (or the trans isomer) is a desirable component in a mixture of sulfated tallow alcohols, principally because of its ready solubility in water at room temperature.The use of moderate sulfating agents, which can be thought of as complexes formed with either sulfur trioxide, chlorosulfonic acid, or sulfuric acid, has been shown to give products having good detergent and surface‐active properties. Desirable properties are generally related to the purity of the product and to the extent to which side reactions at the double bond are minimized or avoided.
The determination of monoglycerides and glycerin in mixtures
Authors: Kruty Margaret , Segur J. B. , Miner C. S. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryA new method of analyzing mixtures containing monoglyceride and glycerin is presented. It is based upon oxidation of the sample with periodic acid. The new method is more rapid than the older methods because it is not necessary to separate the two layers when the glycerin is extracted from the solution of the sample. Precision of the titrations is improved because in the older methods the sample titration must equal at least 80% of the blank titration, but in the new method the sample titration can be very small and a correspondingly greater difference represents the monoglyceride or glycerin in the sample.
A method of calculating fatty acid composition from ester fractionation analysis
Authors: Jones E. W. , Maclean M. A. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe calculations involved in ester fractionation analysis require the solution of sets of three simultaneous equations. Repeated solution of these equations is avoided by obtaining expressions for the proportions of the components. Frequent analysis of similar fractions is further simplified by the preparation of tables, slide rules, or nomograms.
Fat‐based surface‐active agents
Authors: Stirton A. J. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryA review of the fat‐based anionic, cationic, and nonionic surface‐active agents, primarily those useful in aqueous solution, has shown that the natural fats and fatty acids are particularly suitable raw materials. Because of the presence of the hydrophobic chain and of a carboxyl group by means of which hydrophilic character can be imparted, a greater variety of surface active agents have been made from the fatty acids than from any other single source.The references cited include a text (44) and a symposium (28) on the chemistry and technology of surface‐active agents, and indices of trade names with a brief description of the commercial product (23, 48).
The hydrocarbons of ouricuri wax
Authors: Schuette H. A. , Khan M. Hanif 
Published: May 2007

SummarySolvent‐fractionation used in conjunction with molecular distillation and chromatographic adsorption yielded wax fractions whose separation into their components was successfully and easily accomplished. Without benefit of either molecular distillation or chromatography however, but merely by a solvent‐fractionation procedure there were isolated cerotic acid and melissyl alcohol under conditions which point to their occurrence in ouricuri wax in an ester combination.Column chromatography was found to be a remarkably successful tool in resolving the mixture of hydrocarbons which this wax contains and in establishing the homogeneity of an individual hydrocarbon. Indicated beyond a reasonable doubt is the presence of C24 and C32n paraffins; that of all the four even homologs between these limits is strongly indicated.
Comparison of some lipoxidases and their mechanism of action
Authors: Siddiqi A. M. , Tappel A. L. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe comparative properties of lipoxidases from urd beans, mung beans, wheat, and peanuts have been determined and discussed. Evidence has been presented to suggest the participation, of essential thiol groups in urd‐bean and mung‐bean lipoxidase catalysis but not in soybean, wheat, pea, and peanut lipoxidase catalysis. This suggests the possible occurrence of two types of lipoxidases in nature.On the basis of these and other available experimental results, mechanisms for lipoxidase catalysis are proposed.
Preparation and properties of sodium alkyl β‐sulfopropionates
Authors: Hikota Takeshi , Meguro Kenjiro 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA series of sodium alkyl β‐sulfopropionates containing 11 to 17 carbon atoms was prepared from β‐bromopropionic acid, sodium sulfite and even‐numbered straight chain alcohols of 8 to 14 carbon atoms. The Krafft point, critical micelle concentration (cmc), emulsifying power, calcium ion stability and resistance to acid hydrolysis were determined. Sodium alkyl β‐sulfopropionates, in which the ester linkage (hydrophilic group) is moved toward a more central position in the alkyl chain, have higher cmc values and lower Krafft points than the corresponding sodium alkyl sulfoacetates. The sodium alkyl β‐sulfopropionates were less stable toward hydrolysis than the sodium alkyl sulfoacetates because the adjacent sulfo group in the sulfoacetates protects the ester linkage through steric hindrance. The emulsifying power increases, but the calcium ion stability decreases, with increasing alkyl chain length for a series of sodium alkyl β‐sulfopropionates.
Chemical inactivation of aflatoxins in peanut and cottonseed meals
Authors: Mann G. E. , Codifer L. P. , Gardner H. K. , Koltun S. P. , Dollear F. G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractOrganic and inorganic reagents have been tested for destruction or inactivation of the aflatoxins present in peanut and cottonseed meals. The treatments were made in a special laboratory‐scale reactor, and were evaluated by determination of the aflatoxins in the products by thin layer chromatography. In some instances, a larger pilot‐plant scale reactor was used. Ammonia, methylamine, sodium hydroxide and formaldehyde reduced aflatoxin levels and appear practical for large scale treatments. Effects of various reaction parameters including time, temperature and moisture content on the efficiency of these reagents are presented.
Studies on the nutritional and physiological effects of thermally oxidized oils
Authors: Johnson O. C. , Perkins E. , Sugal M. , Kummerow F. A. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe present results indicated that the thermal oxidation products from the polyunsaturated fatty acids, primarily linoleic acid, are responsible for much of the loss of nutritional value in thermally oxidized edible oils. Oils which have a high linoleic acid content are more likely to undergo thermal oxidative damage than those with lower linoleic contents. Also the ratio of linoleic acid to total unsaturation has some effect on the nutritive stability of the oil when it has been thermally oxidized. An oil with a high iodine value but with a low linoleic acid value appears to be more stable to thermal oxidation than an oil with an iodine value one half as great but with most of the unsaturation in the oil caused by linoleic acid.The products formed during thermal oxidation which cause the loss of nutritional value are those which do not form urea‐inclusion compounds. They are probably polymeric in nature, but thermally oxidized oils also contain carboxylic acids and carbonyl groups which might cause some of the nutritional loss observed when thermally oxidized oils are fed.The rate ofin vitro hydrolysis of the thermally oxidized corn oil by pancreatic lipase, also the rate of absorption from the intestine of the male rats, were found to be decreased. However the percentage of absorption in 24 hrs. was the same with both fresh and thermally oxidized oil.The liver‐body weight ratio of rats fed a diet containing the thermally oxidized oil were found to be significantly larger than the liver‐body weight ratio in animals fed diets containing fresh oil. However the livers of animals fed the thermally oxidized oil diets did not differ in lipide percentage or total solid content, and histopathological investigations did not show any abnormal conditions.
The pigments of crude cottonseed oils. II. Nitrogen‐containing pigments derived from Gossypol
Authors: Dechary J. M. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryDark, crude cottonseed oil has been shown to contain a mixture of ninhydrin‐sensitive substances combined with gossypol. Phenylalanine, aspartic acid, and glycine have been obtained by acid hydrolysis of the addition compound, followed by paper chromatography of the hydrolysate. The presence of other amino acids was indicated, but their identification could not be established with certainty; proline and hydroxyproline were apparently absent.The possibility that part of the color of dark, crude oils arises from gossypol‐α‐amino acid interaction is discussed.
Storage of cottonseed
Authors: Norris F. A. , Hilfman Lee J. , Land C. E. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe moisture content of stored cottonseed depends on the relative humidity of the air which is in contact with it. This is an important consideration in using air to cool seed in storage since the seed may be moistened or dried as a by‐product of the cooling operation. Increasing the moisture tends to increase the FFA and refining loss and thus counteracts the effects of cooling.Cottonseed can be dried satisfactorily with dry air at ambient temperature or by hot undried air. In either case the economics are not favorable unless a relatively large amount of seed must be dried every season. Equipment and installation costs are relatively high, making carrying charges on the investment of the same magnitude as the probable loss because of deterioration.
X‐ray diffraction and melting‐point studies on some long‐chain sulfur‐containing acids
Authors: Witnauer Lee P. , Lutz David , Koenig N. H. , Swern Daniel 
Published: May 2007

SummaryX‐ray diffraction powder data and melting points have been determined on three series of crystalline long‐chain sulfur compounds, namely 11‐(n‐alkylsulfonyl)‐undecanoic acids; 11‐(n‐alkylsulfinyl) undecanoic acids; and 11‐(n‐alkylthio) undecanoic acids; where R is a selected alkyl group from methyl through undecyl. In the sulfone series the long spacings increase regularly with the increase in the number of carbon atoms in R. In contrast to unsubstituted longchain fatty acids the odd and even members fall on the same line in the plot of long spacings against carbon atoms in R. As expected, a nonalternation in melting point is observed. In both the sulfoxide and sulfide series two nonparallel straight lines are obtained, one for the even‐membered and one for the odd‐membered compounds, in the plot of long spacings against carbon atoms in R. As expected, the melting points of the sulfoxides and sulfides show an alternation. Polymorphism is more evident and complicates the interpretations most in the sulfide series and least in the sulfone series. all three series of compounds crystallized as tilted dimers.
Reactions of unsaturated fatty alcohols. VI. Guerbet reaction of soybean and linseed alcohols
Authors: Gast L. E. , Bitner E. D. , Cowan J. C. , Teeter H. M. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryBoth soybean and linseed alcohols were heated with potassium hydroxide and boric anhydride at 300°C. for 3 to 4 hrs. Products obtained under these conditions contained no unreacted starting alcohol, and each one appeared to be a mixture of condensed alcohols with average molecular weights of 720–860.Infrared spectroscopic studies and chemical analyses indicate that little or no ethers, esters, or carbonyl compounds were present in the final product from either alcohol. Such reactions as thermal cross‐linking of the unsaturated side chains probably account for higher molecular weight products than those obtained in the Guerbet reaction of stearyl alcohol.Condensed alcohols from soybean and linseed alcohol were esterified with acrylic, sorbic, maleic, and soybean fatty acids to yield products with low acid numbers. Preliminary experiments demonstrated that these alcohols and their esters showed promise as materials for protective coatings. Films from these alcohols and esters were cast from toluene containing a cobalt naphthenate drier and were baked at 150°C. for 1 hr. or at 200°C. for 20 min. All of the baked films were hard to moderately hard and showed good resistance to aqueous alkali and organic solvents. In general, films from soybean condensed alcohol and its esters were harder than those from linseed condensed alcohols, but the linseed films were superior in alkali and solvent resistance. A soybean fatty acid ester of soybean condensed alcohol air‐dried to a soft film in 3 days.
Limitations of periodate‐permanganate oxidation in determination of glyceride composition: Nonquantitative oxidation and hydrolysis of azelaoglycerides
Authors: Kaimal T. N. B. , Lakshminarayana Gollamudi 
Published: May 2007

AbstractOleic acid, methyl oleate, mono‐ and diunsaturated triglyceride concentrates, triolein,Garcinia indica fat and saffower oil were oxidized with periodate‐permanganate reagent in aqueous 60%tert‐butanol at 80 C (reflux temperature), 65 C and 28 to 30 C under different conditions. Significant proportions of unoxidized and partially oxidized compounds, mainly ketohydroxy compounds, were found in oxidation products. Hydrolysis of azelaoglycerides, particularly triazelain also occurred. The di‐ and trisaturated glyceride contents are therefore likely to be higher than the actual for all fats when determined by Youngs and Subbaram's method and for fats containing high proportions of triunsaturated glycerides by Youngs' method.
The automated determination of alkyl aryl sulfonates in spray‐dried detergents by ultraviolet absorption
Authors: Brandli E. H. , Kelley R. M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAn automated procedure has been developed for the determination of alkyl aryl sulfonates in spray‐dried detergents. It is based upon the ultraviolet absorbance of alkyl aryl sulfonates at 224 mμ. A Technicon Solid Preparative Sampler is employed to dissolve the sample, dilute it to a fixed volume and remove and aliquot for analysis. The sample aliquots are continuously fed by a Technicon Proportioning Pump to a flow cell in a recording spectrophotometer. All operations, excluding sample weighing, are automatic and analyses can be carried out continuously at the rate of 10 samples per hour. The method has been found to have a coefficient of variation of 3.5%.
Extraction of lipids from cotronseed tissue: I. Comparison of hexane‐acetone‐water, its nonqueous components and chloroform‐methanol
Authors: Jacks T. J. , Yatsu L. Y. , Hensarling T. P. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFlaked cottonseed was extracted with chloroform‐methanol‐water, chloroform‐methanol, hexane‐acetone‐water, hexane‐acetone, hexane and acetone. Amounts of total material in the miscellae were greatest with chloroform‐methanol‐water and decreased to acetone in the order given above. The first three solvents extracted 6% more neutral oil and over 100% more lipophilic phosphorus than the latter three solvents. All solvents showed similar rates of extraction, each removed over 70% of extractables with the first of four passes.
Continuous treatment of refinery waste waters
Authors: Crauer L. S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractRemoval of BOD, suspended solids and oil from vegetable oil refinery waste waters is best accomplished by isolation and treatment of the most offensive streams. This approach reduces equipment and chemical treatment requirements, recovers by‐products of value and reduces overall costs of waste treatment and operation. A continuous process for clarification of acid water stream from acidulation is given. Typical data on influent and clarified effluent streams from various refinery areas are presented, along with process parameters, chemicals and costs.