bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recombinant Aequorin‐Based Systems for Biomarker Analysis
Authors: Rowe Laura , Teasley Krystal , Dikici Emre , Qu Xiaoge , Ensor Mark , Deo Sapna , Daunert Sylvia 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Detection methods utilized in the development of biosensors and biochips often require labeling strategies. Commonly employed labels include radioisotopes, enzymes, and fluorohphores. Bioluminescent proteins offer an alternative labeling option and are becoming increasingly popular because of their versatility, sensitivity, and nontoxicity. Bioluminescent labels emit light of varying colors as a method of releasing the energy that is produced by their specific chemical reactions. Aequorin is an example of one such bioluminescent protein which has been studied extensively and used in a variety of bioanalytical techniques. In this chapter, we describe the qualities of aequorin and the potential that it has as a generic label. This chapter also details several aequorin‐based immunoassays that have been developed for the monitoring of biomarkers important to both hormonal disorders and cardiovascular disease. Lastly, we discuss the progress and the pitfalls associated with developing multianalyte detection schemes and robust sensing technologies based on bioluminescent, aequorin labeling.
Electrochemical Polymerization for Preparation of Electrochemical Sensors
Authors: Weetall Howard H. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractMolecular imprinted polymers (MIPs) have been prepared using a variety of monomeric substrates for the production of polymers containing imprints of small molecules. We have shown that in some cases, the MIP is not an imprinted polymer but an ion‐specific system. Preparation of MIPs using resorcinol/phenylenediamine produces, analyte‐specific electrodes that act as MIPs but appear more like organic ion exchange electrodes. These data suggest that greater care must be taken in future studies of MIPs with regard to mechanism of action.
Immobilization of Biomolecules by Electropolymerized Films
Authors: Cosnier Serge 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
The concepts and recent advances in procedures based on electropolymerized films for the immobilization of biological entities such as peptides, enzymes, antibodies, antigens, oligonucleotides, and microorganisms are described. The biomolecule immobilization is classified as adsorption, entrapment, covalent binding, and affinity interactions between biomolecules and films. A chronological evolution of these concepts of biosensor fabrication based on electropolymerized films is presented along with recently opened research directions.
Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy for Biomolecular Immobilization and Imaging
Authors: Szunerits Sabine 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
An important and challenging area of analytical chemistry is the in vivo or in vitro collection of chemical information from biological samples. Biological samples are heterogeneous and require, in numerous cases, a localized measurement of specific analytes to obtain a better and more detailed understanding of the function of the living organs. This spatial prerequisite is often coupled with a demand for high temporal resolution and minimal perturbation of the assessed microenvironment by the analytical technique. Both requirements were essential driving forces leading to the development of miniaturized analytical probes, in particular electrochemical sensors and microelectrodes. These analytical probes are used as scanning tips in scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). SECM is a noncontact scanning probe technique and, since its development in 1989, has proved to be a promising imaging technique for the study of biological systems. Compared to conventional optical microscopic techniques such as fluorescence spectroscopy or other near‐field scanning techniques, SECM has proved to be more efficent in locating biocatalytic reactions, in characterizing bioreactions kinetically, in determining local enzyme activity as well as in offering original approaches for protein and cell studies and is the focus of this chapter.
Modeling of Biosensor Interfaces
Authors: Lyons Michael E. G. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Approaches to the mathematical modelling of biosensor interfaces are examined. The important example of amperometric enzyme electrodes is treated in detail. In particular the solution phase transport and direct electrode kinetics of electroenzymes are described in terms of a simple model in which the steady state reaction/diffusion equation for enzyme is solved subject to physically realistic boundary conditions. The modelling of immobilized redox enzymes on self assembled monolayers is also discussed. In both of these examples limiting expressions for the reaction flux are derived and the kinetic possibilities discussed geometrically in terms of kinetic case diagrams. The development of mathematical models for the description of transport and kinetic processes involving enzymes immobilized within conducting polymer films is briefly addressed.
Conductometric Enzyme Biosensors
Authors: Dzyadevych Sergei V. , Arkhypova Valentyna N. , Soldatkin Alexey P. , El'skaya Anna V. , Martelet Claude , Jaffrezic‐Renault Nicole 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
The theoretical principles of the conductometric method of measurements, the potentialities for the registration of enzymatic reactions, and examples of the application are shown. Various conductometric transducers for designing biosensors are described as well as methods of immobilization of an active material on the transducer surface, schemes, and methods of measurement. Some examples of conductometric enzyme biosensors are presented; their advantages and drawbacks together with prospects of further development are discussed.
Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) Spectroscopy in Biosensing
Authors: Vaskevich Alexander , Rubinstein Israel 
Published: February 2008

AbstractMethods based on localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) spectroscopy have been gaining popularity in recent years as promising transducers for label‐free biosensors. LSPR biosensing is based on the sensitivity of the localized plasmon absorbance of metal nanostructures to changes in the dielectric properties of the contacting medium. In the common scheme, a biological recognition interface is constructed on the metal nanostructure; specific binding of a bioanalyte is transduced into an optical signal, i.e., change in the plasmon absorbance (wavelength, intensity). A noted advantage of LSPR sensing is the relative simplicity of the experimental setup and measurements. In this chapter, different LSPR biosensing systems are reviewed in a comparative manner, with emphasis on basic characteristics such as system construction, refractive index sensitivity, distance sensitivity, measured parameters, and actual performance.
Chemiluminescent Optical Fiber Immunosensor
Authors: Herrmann Sebastien , Marks Robert S. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Numerous efforts are made among the scientific community to develop serological diagnostic tools that could be cheap, fast and easy to perform but with comparable sensitivity to current bulky routine laboratory tests. Chemiluminescent optical fiber immunosensors are biosensors that can fit these expectations. These devices include an ELISA‐type assay based on immobilized bioreceptors onto a surface of an optical fiber. Upon recognition of the target biomolecules, a chemiluminescent signal derived from an enzymatic reaction is captured by the fiber and transduced to a photon counting system. These immunosensors proved already to be very efficient for pathogens or tumor markers detection.
Bioluminescent Whole‐Cell Optical Fiber Sensors
Authors: Polyak Boris , Marks Robert S. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract

In order to assess the potential hazards inherent in contaminated soils and aquifers, it is essential that their toxicity, including genotoxicity, be properly evaluated. While several methodologies exist for rapid testing of acute toxicity, there is a lack of “user friendly” bioassays for genotoxicity (mutagenicity, etc.) monitoring. A novel approach has recently been proposed, in which genetically engineered bacteria are used as test organisms. In these bacteria, bioluminescence (
lux
) genes are fused to promoters of genes that are involved in the defense against various types of stress (i.e., DNA damage, heat shock or protein damage, heavy metal and oxidative stress). In the presence of damaging agents, therefore, when these genes are induced, the bacteria emit light in a dose‐dependent manner. This application has been adapted to field measurements by immobilizing these reporter cells on optical fibers in order to create self‐contained optrode sensors.
Dual Polarization Interferometry: A Real‐Time Optical Technique for Measuring (Bio)molecular Orientation, Structure and Function at the Solid/Liquid Interface
Authors: Cross Graham H. , Freeman Neville J. , Swann Marcus J. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
The measurement of proteins, their structure, and function is a crucial step in the characterization, understanding, and utilization of many biological processes. Highly sophisticated structural and functional measurement techniques have been developed over the last 40 years as separate techniques. X‐ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and neutron reflectivity have provided structural measurements, while techniques such as surface plasmon resonance (SPR) or microcalorimetry have provided functional data. Dual polarization interferometry (DPI) is a bench‐top surface analytical technique capable of providing real‐time measurements of molecular (multi)layer dimensions. This enables both structural and functional aspects of biomolecular layers to be determined. Thus molecular immobilization, orientation, assembly, interactions, and stability can be probed, with applications, for example, in biomolecular interactions, drug discovery, sensor surface design, biofouling, and biocompatibility. While generally applicable to a wide range of physicochemical measurement, this chapter gives a few examples of biological applications, highlighting the complementarities of the structural and functional data, rather than mass based response alone, for which there are many other examples.
Grating‐Based Optical Biosensors
Authors: Erdélyi Katalin , Frutos Anthony G. , Ramsden Jeremy J. , Szendro˝ István , Voirin Guy 
Published: February 2008

Abstract

Introduction

The Physical Objects Measurable with Grating‐Based Optical Sensors

Particles

Thin Films

Living Cells

Applications to Areas of Human Activity

Medicine

Environment

Process Monitoring

Military

Space

Incoupling Mode Sensors

The Optical Theory of

OWLS

(Optical Waveguide Lightmode Spectroscopy)

The Structure of the Planar Grating Coupler Sensor Chip

Instrumentation

Sensor Fabrication

Immunosensors Based on

OWLS

Detection

OWLS

Assays on Living Cells

Electrochemical‐

OWLS

, Fluoro‐

OWLS

Outcoupling Mode Sensors

Chirped Grating Couplers (
CGS
) Light Pointer

Wavelength‐Interrogated Optical Sensing
(

WIOS

)

Combination of Wavelength‐Interrogated Optical Sensing and Fluorescence Detection

Array Sensors

Resonant Waveguide Grating
(

RWG

) Sensors

Referencing

Sensor Fabrication

Applications
Holographic Sensors
Authors: Lowe Christopher R. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Holographic Transduction

Holographic Recording Materials

Analyte‐Responsive Holographic Sensors

Gases

Water and Solvents

p
H

Ions

Ionic Strength

Enzymes and Enzymatic Reactions

Metabolite Sensors

Glucose

Lactate

Bacteria

Summary
Love Wave Biosensors
Authors: Melzak Kathryn A. , Gizeli Electra 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Love wave sensors are acoustic devices that employ Love waves, propagating shear‐horizontal acoustic waves that are confined to the surface region of a substrate by a waveguide with an intrinsic shear acoustic speed lower than that of the substrate. In common with many other acoustic sensors, the principle of measurement is that the propagation of the acoustic wave through the solid medium of the sensor is affected by changes in the adjacent medium that contains the analyte of interest. Characterizing the way this interaction is analyzed and used in the process of extracting information about the sample, is a problem of several parts. The fundamental physical questions are about the manner in which the wave propagates and the manner in which this propagation is affected by changes in the medium adjacent to the sensor; an additional challenge for biosensors is to quantify these changes by using well‐characterized chemical and biological samples. Additional practical considerations involve the design of the Love wave device, the measurement of the wave propagation, and the development of a biorecognition layer specific to the analyte of interest. In general, on the basis of the system's sensitivity, detection limit, and applicability to biological sensing, it appears that the Love wave biosensor can become a competitive system to currently available optical and acoustic instruments.
Magnetic Acoustic Resonator Sensor (MARS)
Authors: Araya‐Kleinsteuber Bernardita , Stevenson Adrian C. , Lowe Christopher R. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThis section presents a novel technique that could be considered as the next generation of quartz crystal microbalance. The magnetic acoustic resonator sensor (MARS), uses a planar spiral coil to vibrate a single quartz crystal from 6 MHz to 1.1 GHz to obtain multifrequency acoustic spectra. The use of a noncontacting coil, instead of electrodes, allows the selection of harmonics at various frequencies, which in turn allows the control of the evanescent field at the sensor surface, so the biophysical properties of the solid–liquid interface can be investigated in greater detail.
Thermal Biosensor and Microbiosensor Techniques
Authors: Xie Bin , Danielsson Bengt 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThis chapter describes principles and features of thermal biosensors and microbiosensors and includes a discussion of different thermal transducers. A number of instrumental concepts are described in detail from larger flow injection instruments to miniaturized devices and chip designs with thermal arrays. A thermal–electrochemical hybrid sensor is also presented. The chapter contains many descriptions of actual assays from different fields, such as process and in vivo monitoring, multianalyte determination, operation in organic solvents, and environmental analysis.
Microcalorimetry and Related Techniques
Authors: Cooper Alan 
Published: February 2008

AbstractDirect determination of heat effects from biomolecular processes has significant potential for noninvasive biosensor and biomolecular analysis procedures requiring no additional labeling or attachment procedures. This chapter describes current instrumental techniques in isothermal titration (ITC), differential scanning (DSC), pressure perturbation (PPC) and photocalorimetry, together with examples of some relevant applications. Some developments and associated problems in calorimeter‐on‐a‐chip and related devices are discussed.
Polymer‐Based Microsystem Techniques
Authors: Schuenemann Matthias , Harvey Erol C. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractOne of the greatest challenges in developing low‐cost, disposable polymer microfluidic biosensors is to select a set of manufacturing processes that can be readily scaled in volume for each of the development stages. For prototyping and small to medium series production, laser‐cutting channels and structures into thin polymer layers proved to be a flexible and versatile technology, whereas for later development stages leading up to preclinical trials, replication techniques such as microinjection molding and hot embossing are more suitable to achieve the required production volumes. This chapter discusses manufacturing concepts, material selection, microfabrication, surface modification, and bonding techniques for highly miniaturized polymer biosensors and bioanalytical systems.
Microelectrochemical Systems
Authors: Evans Stuart A. G. , Murphy Lindy J. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
The small physical size and low detection limits achievable with microelectrodes make them appealing for a diverse range of applications including analytical chemistry and biochemistry. This review describes typical methods of microelectrode fabrication and a summary of their application in the fields of sensors, biosensors, and scanning electrochemical microscopy.
Chemical and Biological Field‐Effect Sensors for Liquids—A Status Report
Authors: Poghossian Arshak , Schöning Michael J. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractBasic concepts, functional principles, and current trends in research and development of semiconductor‐based field‐effect chemical sensors and biosensors are described. The presented sensor devices summarize the following: ISFETs (ion‐sensitive field‐effect transistor), capacitive EIS (electrolyte‐insulator‐semiconductor) sensors and LAPS (light‐addressable potentiometric sensor) structures.
Nanobiolithography of Biochips
Authors: Gheber Levi A. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract

The maturation of arrayed biosensors (mainly DNA microarrays, known as
DNA chips
) has demonstrated the power of the parallel approach to sensing in general and biosensing in particular. The ability to ask thousands of questions and obtain simultaneous answers enables high‐throughput screening of potential drugs, diagnosis of genetically derived disorders, and basic genome research. The promise of the biochip, though, goes much further and farther: online monitoring of drinking water and food quality, point‐of‐care diagnosis, biodefense, and other futuristic applications. To reach there, though, there is a need to almost completely transform the existing technology, which at present is highly localized to large research laboratories, big pharmaceutical companies, or advanced medical centers.

Several aspects must be considered simultaneously (a step‐by‐step improvement of existing technology is likely to fail): the “spot” size needs to be reduced by several orders of magnitude, reporting and reading systems must be integrated, sample preparation and handling subsystems should also be integrated, the devices need to be increasingly autonomous and have communication abilities, and label‐free detection methods need to be developed to enable on‐line operation.
One possible avenue, nanobiolithography, has gained much attention during the past years. We review the problems and possible ways to solve them, using state‐of‐the‐art nanobiolithography techniques.
Protein Chips and Detection Tools
Authors: Yokoyama Kenji , Hiratsuka Atsunori , Kinoshita Hideki , Usui Keisuke , Suzuki Yoshio 
Published: February 2008

AbstractProtein chips and detection tools for proteins are described. A protein microarray as a typical detection chip for protein analysis is briefly introduced. Two‐dimensional electrophoresis systems are introduced. Authors have developed two kinds of 2D electrophoresis systems, for instance, on‐chip 2D electrophoresis system integrating isoelectric focusing and SDS‐PAGE and a high‐throughput fully automated 2D electrophoresis system. A novel fluorescent dye for staining proteins in a 2D electrophoresis gel is also described.
Biosniffers (Gas‐Phase Biosensors) as Artificial Olfaction
Authors: Mitsubayashi Kohji 
Published: February 2008

Abstract

Biochemical gas sensors (called
biosniffers
have been developed as one of the gas‐phase bioassay approaches by using biological recognition systems such as drug metabolizing enzymes. Various kinds of volatile chemicals are analyzed by the biosniffers, with excellent gas selectivity being attributable to biological interactions such as enzyme specificity. The biochemical sniffers have been used for environmental assessment and human odor analysis as physiological and dental diagnoses. Potential application of the biosniffers includes not only its use, instead of sniffer dogs, in the detection of illegal drugs, nerve gases, and disaster victims but also artificial olfaction for smell informatics (smell communication, biometrics, etc.).
Fiber‐Optic Array Biosensors
Authors: Gašparac Rahela , Walt David R. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
The pursuit of next generation biosensors that provide a high level of multiplexing at a reasonable cost is a high priority in the biosensing community. Biosensors based on optical fibers can detect numerous species accurately and inexpensively. Both single optical fibers and optical fiber arrays have been used for biosensing based on biological recognition events. This chapter reviews progress and developments in the past decade on fiber‐optic array platforms used for nucleic acid, enzyme, whole‐cell, and immunoassay (antibody/antigen) biosensing.
Surface Plasmon Resonance Array Devices
Authors: Suzuki Masayasu , Iribe Yasunori , Tobita Tatsuya 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
In this chapter, we describe a high‐resolution surface plasmon resonance (SPR) imaging system combined with a novel microwell array chip. Our developed microwell array chip consists of highly integrated microwells on a metal (Au, Ag, or Al) film–coated glass substrate (SF6). Well size was designed to the size of a single B cell. When silver film and short‐wavelength light were used, the largest brightness gradient was obtained. Mouse immunoglobulin G (IgG) was detected in the microarray. This result shows the possibility of real‐time monitoring for antibody production by B lymphocytes in microwell arrays.
An Electrochemical Biochip Sensor for the Detection of Pollutants
Authors: Popovtzer Rachela , Shacham‐Diamand Yosi , Rishpon Judith 
Published: February 2008

AbstractIn this chapter we will introduce the general concept of cell‐based biochip sensors. We will focus on the development of cell‐based biochip sensor for the detection of acute toxicity in water, which was performed at Tel Aviv University.
Field‐Operable Biosensors for Tropical Dispatch
Authors: Ionescu Rodica E. , Yavelsky Victoria , Amir Tamar , Gavrielov Natalie , Lobel Leslie 
Published: February 2008

AbstractGlobalization is a primary factor aiding spread of emerging infectious diseases. Thus, detection of pathogens is more critical than in the past, as recent outbreaks of SARS along with emergence of antibiotic‐resistant microorganisms have demonstrated. Owing to the increasing need for detection of infectious agents in the field, and in third world countries, field operability of detection systems is becoming key for surveillance in endemic regions of the world. As such this chapter presents currently available technologies that can be employed in such portable detection systems to help meet the emerging disease challenges of the coming years.
Lateral‐Flow Immunochromatographic Assays
Authors: Davies R. J. , Eapen S. S. , Carlisle S. J. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThis overview of lateral‐flow immunochromatographic assays covers the development of the first of such tests for pregnancy, their general mode of operation and the role of, and interplay between, their different components. Emerging materials and issues related to the wider range of biofluids these devices are now designed to work with are also discussed. This assay platform has existed for almost 20 years and despite efforts to improve upon it, its ability to produce an accurate and rapid result in the hands of both professional and naïve user 8 will ensure that its spectrum of applicability widens.