bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Lost Gamblers
Authors: Griffiths Mark 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
For some, gambling is a harmless pleasure. For others it is a wrecker of lives. Charities such as Gamblers Anonymous (gamblersanonymous.org.uk) and Gamcare (Gamcare.org.uk) exist to help such people; but why do they find themselves addicted to gambling and unable to resist its allure? Gambling behaviour is complex, yet most psychological research has confined itself to narrow areas of specialisation. Dr Mark Griffiths tells us that a more integrated approach is needed to understand the power of the gamble.
Who Wins the Football?
Authors: Goddard John 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Portsmouth have dumped their manager—will it change their results? Chelsea are on a winning streak—does it mean anything? Media pundits and sports fans—and punters—devote time and energy to speculation about who will win Saturday's beautiful game. The discussions—in pubs, newspapers and dressing rooms—are usually based on subjective opinion, or evidence that is at best partial or impressionistic. Can statisticians do better? John Goddard offers a large-scale analysis of patterns in English league results from the past 35 football seasons—new managers, winning and losing streaks, home advantages and all.
Stakes and Chips
Authors: Johnson Oliver 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Gambling has provided centuries of inspiration to probabilists and statisticians. The process continues. There also exist fundamental links between betting and a newer subject, Information Theory, which began with Claude Shannon and his ground-breaking 1948 paper A Mathematical Theory of Communication.
It is a result which arises very naturally. A successful gambler and a successful data compression algorithm must both accurately estimate probability distributions. There are practical results as well as theoretical: Shannon and colleagues, including the legendary gambler and mathematician Edward Thorp, actually attempted to apply results from information theory in Las Vegas casinos and stock market transactions. Oliver Johnson examines the connections.
Career Story: The Importance of being ERNIE
Authors: Shirley Stephanie 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
ERNIE is the Electronic Random Number Indicator Equipment that caused huge interest in 1957 when it began selecting prize-winners for the new Premium Bonds, the first government-sponsored gamble in Britain in modern times. Stephanie Shirley was a young statistician working on ERNIE. Today, as Steve Shirley or Dame Stephanie, she is one of the wealthiest women in Britain—not through winning on Premium Bonds herself, but through the pioneering software company she formed which, for the first time, gave female-friendly employment to women programmers (and statisticians) who had children and dependants at home to care for. She is now a major philanthropist and a driving force for research into the social effects of the Internet and into autism. She has given more than £50 million to charities in those fields. Julian Champkin interviews her.
Teach Statistics? You Bet!
Authors: Croucher John S. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The study of statistics has a reputation among students for being difficult, irrelevant, boring and an unwanted compulsory intrusion into their studies—and that reputation is sometimes deserved. But it does not have to be that way. John Croucher used sport and gambling to transform his lecture theatre, and turned the teaching of statistics into an astonishing Australian success story.
Comparative In Vitro Efficacies of Various Catheter Lock Solutions
Authors: Sherertz Robert J. , Boger Michael S. , Collins Casey A. , Mason Lori , Raad Issam I. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT
MEDTA (minocycline-edetate calcium disodium), taurolidine (2%)-polyvinylpyrolidine (5%) (T/PVP), and ethanol as potential catheter lock solutions have a unique mechanism of action, broad-spectrum activity, and anticoagulant properties. Traditional lock solutions minocycline (M), rifampin (R), ciprofloxacin (C), and vancomycin, except pharmacologic concentrations of C and R and of M and R, were less effective than MEDTA and T/PVP.
Expansion and Diversification of Virus-Specific T Cells following Immunization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1)-Infected Individuals with a Recombinant Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara/HIV-1 Gag Vaccine
Authors: Dorrell Lucy , Yang Hongbing , Ondondo Beatrice , Dong Tao , di Gleria Kati , Suttill Annie , Conlon Christopher , Brown Denise , Williams Patricia , Bowness Paul , Goonetilleke Nilu , Rostron Tim , Rowland-Jones Sarah , Hanke Tomáš , McMichael Andrew 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTAffordable therapeutic strategies that induce sustained control of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication and are tailored to the developing world are urgently needed. Since CD8+and CD4+T cells are crucial to HIV-1 control, stimulation of potent cellular responses by therapeutic vaccination might be exploited to reduce antiretroviral drug exposure. However, therapeutic vaccines tested to date have shown modest immunogenicity. In this study, we performed a comprehensive analysis of the changes in virus-specific CD8+and CD4+T-cell responses occurring after vaccination of 16 HIV-1-infected individuals with a recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara-vectored vaccine expressing the consensus HIV-1 clade A Gag p24/p17 sequences and multiple CD8+T-cell epitopes during highly active antiretroviral therapy. We observed significant amplification and broadening of CD8+and CD4+gamma interferon responses to vaccine-derived epitopes in the vaccinees, without rebound viremia, but not in two unvaccinated controls followed simultaneously. Vaccine-driven CD8+T-cell expansions were also detected by tetramer reactivity, predominantly in the CD45RA−CCR7+or CD45RA−CCR7−compartments, and persisted for at least 1 year. Expansion was associated with a marked but transient up-regulation of CD38 and perforin within days of vaccination. Gag-specific CD8+and CD4+T-cell proliferation also increased postvaccination. These data suggest that immunization with MVA.HIVA is a feasible strategy to enhance potentially protective T-cell responses in individuals with chronic HIV-1 infection.
Comparison of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVagmVer Replication and CD4
+
T-Cell Dynamics in Vervet and Sabaeus African Green Monkeys
Authors: Goldstein Simoy , Brown Charles R. , Ourmanov Ilnour , Pandrea Ivona , Buckler-White Alicia , Erb Christopher , Nandi Jayashree S. , Foster Gabriel J. , Autissier Patrick , Schmitz Jörn E. , Hirsch Vanessa M. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT

The simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV) naturally infect a wide range of African primates, including African green monkeys (AGM). Despite moderate to high levels of plasma viremia in naturally infected AGM, infection is not associated with immunodeficiency. We recently reported that SIVagmVer90 isolated from a naturally infected vervet AGM induced AIDS following experimental inoculation of pigtailed macaques. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the replication of this isolate in two species of AGM, sabaeus monkeys (
Chlorocebus sabaeus
) and vervets (
C. pygerythrus
). Inoculation of sabaeus AGM with SIVagmVer90 resulted in low and variable primary and set-point viremia (<10
2
to 10
4
copies/ml). In contrast, inoculation of vervet AGM with either SIVagmVer90 or blood from a naturally infected vervet (Ver1) resulted in high primary viremia and moderate plateau levels, similar to the range seen in naturally infected vervets from this cohort. CD4
+
T cells remained stable throughout infection, even in AGM with persistent high viremia. Despite the lack of measurable lymphadenopathy, infection was associated with an increased number of Ki-67
+
T cells in lymph node biopsies, consistent with an early antiviral immune response. The preferential replication of SIVagmVer in vervet versus sabaeus AGM shows that it is critical to match AGM species and SIV strains for experimental models of natural SIV infection.
Receptor-Independent Infection of Murine Coronavirus: Analysis by Spinoculation
Authors: Watanabe Rie , Matsuyama Shutoku , Taguchi Fumihiro 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT
A highly neurovirulent murine coronavirus JHMV (wild-type [wt] JHMV) is known to spread from cells infected via the murine coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus receptor (MHVR) to cells without MHVR (MHVR-independent infection), whereas a mutant virus isolated from wt JHMV, srr7, spread only in an MHVR-dependent fashion. These observations were obtained by the overlay of JHMV-infected cells onto receptor-negative cells that are otherwise resistant to wt JHMV infection. MHVR-independent infection is hypothetically thought to be attributed to a naturally occurring fusion activation of the wt JHMV S protein, which did not occur in the case of srr7. Attachment of S protein on cells without MHVR during the S-protein activation process seems to be a key condition. Thus, in the present study, we tried to see whether wt JHMV virions that are attached on MHVR-negative cells are able to infect those cells. In order to make virions attach to the cell surface without MHVR, we have used spinoculation, namely, the centrifugation of cells together with inoculated virus at 3,000 rpm for 2 h. This procedure forces viruses to attach to the cell surface, as revealed by quantitative estimation of attached virions by real-time PCR and also facilitated wt JHMV infection to MHVR-negative cells, but failed to do so for srr7. Virions of both wt and srr7 attached on MHVR-negative cells by spinoculation were facilitated for infection in the presence of a soluble form of MHVR that induces conformational changes of both wt and srr7. It was further revealed that wt JHMV S1, but not srr7, was released from the cell surface when S protein was expressed on cells. These observations support the hypothesis that attachment of the virion to MHVR-negative cells is a critical step and that a unique feature of wt JHMV S1 to be released from S2 in a naturally occurring event is involved in an MHVR-independent infection.
Molecular and Biological Characterization of Deformed Wing Virus of Honeybees (
Apis mellifera
L.)
Authors: Lanzi Gaetana , de Miranda Joachim R. , Boniotti Maria Beatrice , Cameron Craig E. , Lavazza Antonio , Capucci Lorenzo , Camazine Scott M. , Rossi Cesare 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT

Deformed wing virus (DWV) of honeybees (
Apis mellifera
) is closely associated with characteristic wing deformities, abdominal bloating, paralysis, and rapid mortality of emerging adult bees. The virus was purified from diseased insects, and its genome was cloned and sequenced. The genomic RNA of DWV is 10,140 nucleotides in length and contains a single large open reading frame encoding a 328-kDa polyprotein. The coding sequence is flanked by a 1,144-nucleotide 5′ nontranslated leader sequence and a 317-nucleotide 3′ nontranslated region, followed by a poly(A) tail. The three major structural proteins, VP1 (44 kDa), VP2 (32 kDa), and VP3 (28 kDa), were identified, and their genes were mapped to the N-terminal section of the polyprotein. The C-terminal part of the polyprotein contains sequence motifs typical of well-characterized picornavirus nonstructural proteins: an RNA helicase, a chymotrypsin-like 3C protease, and an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. The genome organization, capsid morphology, and sequence comparison data indicate that DWV is a member of the recently established genus
Iflavirus
.
Double-Stranded RNA Is Produced by Positive-Strand RNA Viruses and DNA Viruses but Not in Detectable Amounts by Negative-Strand RNA Viruses
Authors: Weber Friedemann , Wagner Valentina , Rasmussen Simon B. , Hartmann Rune , Paludan Søren R. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT
Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) longer than 30 bp is a key activator of the innate immune response against viral infections. It is widely assumed that the generation of dsRNA during genome replication is a trait shared by all viruses. However, to our knowledge, no study exists in which the production of dsRNA by different viruses is systematically investigated. Here, we investigated the presence and localization of dsRNA in cells infected with a range of viruses, employing a dsRNA-specific antibody for immunofluorescence analysis. Our data revealed that, as predicted, significant amounts of dsRNA can be detected for viruses with a genome consisting of positive-strand RNA, dsRNA, or DNA. Surprisingly, however, no dsRNA signals were detected for negative-strand RNA viruses. Thus, dsRNA is indeed a general feature of most virus groups, but negative-strand RNA viruses appear to be an exception to that rule.
Validation of a Receptor–Dispersion Model Coupled with a Genetic Algorithm Using Synthetic Data
Authors: Haupt Sue Ellen , Young George S. , Allen Christopher T. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
A methodology for characterizing emission sources is presented that couples a dispersion and transport model with a pollution receptor model. This coupling allows the use of the backward (receptor) model to calibrate the forward (dispersion) model, potentially across a wide range of meteorological conditions. Moreover, by using a receptor model one can calibrate from observations taken in a multisource setting. This approach offers practical advantages over calibrating via single-source artificial release experiments. A genetic algorithm is used to optimize the source calibration factors that couple the two models. The ability of the genetic algorithm to correctly couple these two models is demonstrated for two separate source–receptor configurations using synthetic meteorological and receptor data. The calibration factors underlying the synthetic data are successfully reconstructed by this optimization process. A Monte Carlo technique is used to compute error bounds for the resulting estimates of the calibration factors. By creating synthetic data with random noise, it is possible to quantify the robustness of the model's results in the face of variability. When white noise is incorporated into the synthetic pollutant signal at the receptors, the genetic algorithm is still able to compute the calibration factors of the coupled model up to a signal-to-noise ratio of about 2. Beyond that level of noise, the average of many coupled model optimization runs still provides a reasonable estimate of the calibration factor until the noise is an order of magnitude greater than the signal. The calibration factor linking the dispersion to the receptor model provides an estimate of the uncertainty in the combined monitoring and modeling process. This approach recognizes the mismatch between the ensemble average dispersion modeling technology and matching a single realization time of monitored data.
1948–98 U.S. Hydrological Reanalysis by the Noah Land Data Assimilation System
Authors: Fan Y. , Van den Dool H. M. , Lohmann D. , Mitchell K. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Land surface variables, such as soil moisture, are among the most important components of memory for the climate system. A more accurate and long time series of land surface data is very important for real-time drought monitoring, for understanding land surface–atmosphere interaction, and for improving weather and climate prediction. Thus, the ultimate goal of the present work is to produce a long-term “land reanalysis” with 1) retrospective and 2) real-time update components that are both generated in a manner that remains temporally homogeneous throughout the record. As the first step of the above goal, the retrospective component is reported here. Specifically, a 51-yr (1948–98) set of hourly land surface meteorological forcing is produced and used to execute the Noah land surface model, all on the 1/8° grid of the North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS). The surface forcing includes air temperature, air humidity, surface pressure, wind speed, and surface downward shortwave and longwave radiation, all derived from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center For Atmospheric Research (NCEP–NCAR) Global Reanalysis. Additionally, a newly improved precipitation analysis is used to provide realistic hourly precipitation forcing on the NLDAS grid. Some unique procedures are described and applied to yield retroactive forcing that is temporally homogeneous over the 51 yr at the spatial and temporal resolution, including a terrain height adjustment that accounts for the terrain differences between the global reanalysis and the NLDAS. The land model parameters and fixed fields are derived from existing high-resolution datasets of vegetation, soil, and orography. The land reanalysis output from the Noah land surface model consists of eight energy balance components and skin temperature, which are output at 3-hourly intervals, and 15 other variables (i.e., water balance components, surface state variables, etc.), which are output at daily intervals for the period of 1 January 1948 through 31 December 1998.
Using soil moisture observations throughout Illinois over 1984–98 as validation, an improvement in the simulated soil moisture (of the Noah model versus a forerunner leaky bucket model) is illustrated in terms of an improved annual cycle (much better phasing) and somewhat higher anomaly correlation for the anomalies, especially in central and southern Illinois. Nonetheless, considerable room for model improvement remains. For example, the simulated anomalies are overly uniform in the vertical compared to the observations, and some likely routes for model improvement in this aspect are proposed.
Influence of Global Warming on Baroclinic Rossby Radius in the Ocean: A Model Intercomparison
Authors: Saenko Oleg A. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Results from eight ocean–atmosphere general circulation models are used to evaluate the influence of the projected changes in the oceanic stratification on the first baroclinic Rossby radius of deformation in the ocean, associated with atmospheric CO2 increase. For each of the models, an oceanic state corresponding to the A1B stabilization experiment (with atmospheric CO2 concentration of 720 ppm) is compared to a state corresponding to the preindustrial control experiment (with atmospheric CO2 concentration of 280 ppm). In all of the models, the first baroclinic Rossby radius increases with increasing oceanic stratification in the warmer climate. There is, however, a considerable range among the models in the magnitude of the increase. At the latitudes of intense eddy activity associated with instability of western boundary currents (around 35°–40°), the increase reaches 4 km on average, or about 15% of the local baroclinic Rossby radius. Some of the models predict an increase of the baroclinic Rossby radius by more than 20% at these latitudes under the applied forcing. It is therefore suggested that in a plausible future warmer climate, the characteristic length scale of mesoscale eddies, as well as boundary currents and fronts, may increase. In addition, since the speed of long baroclinic Rossby waves is proportional to the squared baroclinic Rossby radius of deformation, the results suggest that the time scale for large-scale dynamical oceanic adjustment may decrease in the warmer climate, thereby increasing the frequency of long-term climate variability where the oceanic Rossby wave dynamics set the dominant period. Finally, the speed of equatorial Kelvin waves and Rossby waves, carrying signals along the equator, including those related to ENSO, is projected to increase.
Differential gene transfers and gene duplications in primary and secondary endosymbioses
Authors: Zauner Stefan , Lockhart Peter , Stoebe-Maier Bettina , Gilson Paul , McFadden Geoffrey I , Maier Uwe G 
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Background
Most genes introduced into phototrophic eukaryotes during the process of endosymbiosis are either lost or relocated into the host nuclear genome. In contrast, gro EL homologues are found in different genome compartments among phototrophic eukaryotes. Comparative sequence analyses of recently available genome data, have allowed us to reconstruct the evolutionary history of these genes and propose a hypothesis that explains the unusual genome distribution of gro EL homologues.

Results
Our analyses indicate that while two distinct gro EL genes were introduced into eukaryotes by a progenitor of plastids, these particular homologues have not been maintained in all evolutionary lineages. This is of significant interest, because two chaperone proteins always co-occur in oxygenic photosynthetic organisms. We infer strikingly different lineage specific processes of evolution involving deletion, duplication and targeting of gro EL proteins.

Conclusion
The requirement of two gro EL homologues for chaperon function in phototrophs has provided a constraint that has shaped convergent evolutionary scenarios in divergent evolutionary lineages. Gro EL provides a general evolutionary model for studying gene transfers and convergent evolutionary processes among eukaryotic lineages.
Genistein inhibits radiation-induced activation of NF-κB in prostate cancer cells promoting apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle arrest
Authors: Raffoul Julian J , Wang Yu , Kucuk Omer , Forman Jeffrey D , Sarkar Fazlul H , Hillman Gilda G 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBackgroundNew cancer therapeutic strategies must be investigated that enhance prostate cancer treatment while minimizing associated toxicities. We have previously shown that genistein, the major isoflavone found in soy, enhanced prostate cancer radiotherapyin vitroandin vivo. In this study, we investigated the cellular and molecular interaction between genistein and radiation using PC-3 human prostate cancer cells.MethodsTumor cell survival and progression was determined by clonogenic analysis, flow cytometry, EMSA analysis of NF-κB, and western blot analysis of cyclin B1, p21WAF1/Cip1, and cleaved PARP protein.ResultsGenistein combined with radiation caused greater inhibition in PC-3 colony formation compared to genistein or radiation alone. Treatment sequence of genistein followed by radiation and continuous exposure to genistein showed optimal effect. Cell cycle analysis demonstrated a significant dose- and time-dependent G2/M arrest induced by genistein and radiation that correlated with increased p21WAF1/Cip1and decreased cyclin B1 expression. NF-κB activity was significantly decreased by genistein, yet increased by radiation. Radiation-induced activation of NF-κB activity was strongly inhibited by genistein pre-treatment. A significant and striking increase in cleaved PARP protein was measured following combined genistein and radiation treatment, indicating increased apoptosis.ConclusionA mechanism of increased cell death by genistein and radiation is proposed to occur via inhibition of NF-κB, leading to altered expression of regulatory cell cycle proteins such as cyclin B and/or p21WAF1/Cip1, thus promoting G2/M arrest and increased radiosensitivity. These findings support the important and novel strategy of combining genistein with radiation for the treatment of prostate cancer.