bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STUDIES ON THE SIGNIFICANCE OF SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTING SUBSTANCES IN THE CATTLE TICK BOOPHILUS MICROPLUS
Authors: DICKINSON R. G. , BINNINGTON K. C. , SCHOTZ MARTINA , O'HAGAN J. E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSaliva from engorged female cattle ticks contains a prostaglandin as well as a second smooth muscle contracting component. Both active components are present also in the saliva, salivary glands and haemolymph of partly‐engorged females, whereas the gut does not contain the prostaglandin. The levels of total smooth muscle contracting activity in feeding female ticks reach a maximum just prior to final engorgement, and are unaffected by the reproductive status of the female. No significant relationship was evident between the levels of total smooth muscle contracting activity in the tick and the levels of previous tick experience of the host.The results indicate that the prostaglandin is not dependent on the immune status of the host and that it is not of host origin. It is more likely that it is produced by the tick and functions in the establishment and maintenance of the feeding lesion or has a physiological role within the tick. The identity and role of the second component are unknown.
MASS REARING TYPHLODROMUS OCCIDENTALIS NESBITT (ACARINA: PHYTOSEIIDAE) FOR RELEASE IN ORCHARDS
Authors: FIELD R. P. , WEBSTER W. J. , MORRIS D. S. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTwo methods are described for mass rearing and releasing Typhlodromus occidentalis into orchards. The first involves rearing the predator on mite infested apple trees and the second consists of rearing them in a field of mite infested soy‐beans. In 1977‐78 T. occidentalis was released in approximately 3000 ha of apple and peach trees in 216 orchards. Establishment was detected on 46 of the 49 orchards examined during the winter after release. The second method had logistic advantages over the first.
IDENTIFICATION OF STORED PRODUCT CRYPTOLESTES SPP. (COLEOPTERA: CUCUJIDAE): A RAPID TECHNIQUE FOR PREPARATION OF SUITABLE MOUNTS
Authors: BANKS H. J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTreatment of Cryptolestes species in boiling chloral‐phenol, followed by mounting directly in a modified Berlese's fluid, provides a rapid method of preparation of these insects for identification. Photographs of the diagnostic genitalic structures in situ are given for specimens mounted in this way. The setation of the elytra provides a convenient additional character for the separation of the six economic species of Cryptolestes.
PARASITES and PREDATORS OF HELIOTHIS SPP. (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTU1DAE) IN COTTON IN THE NAMOI VALLEY, NEW SOUTH WALES
Authors: ROOM P. M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractFour species of Diptera and 12 species of Hymenoptera were recorded as parasites and evidence was obtained that at least 19 species of insect, five species of spider and house mice were predators of Heliothis spp. A further 12 species of predaceous insect and three species of spider were also common in unsprayed cotton. Data are presented on consumption of Heliothis eggs and small larvae by various insects and spiders in petri dishes.
THE EFFECT OF GOSSYPOL IN ARTIFICIAL DIET ON THE GROWTH and DEVELOPMENT OF HELIOTHIS PUNCTIGERA WALLENGREN AND H. ARMIGERA (HUBNER) (LEP1DOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
Authors: KAY I. R. , NOBLE R. M. , TWINE P. H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe effect of gossypol on the growth and development of Heliothis punctigera and H. armigera was investigated by incorporating gossypol in an artificial diet. Increased gossypol concentrations resulted in a decrease in the weights of larvae, pupae and adults, and an increase in the larval development period of both species. Increased gossypol concentrations extended the duration of the pupal stage of H. punctigera but slightly reduced that of H. armigera. Low gossypol concentrations had little effect on survival, but high concentrations resulted in high mortality of both species.
TOXICITY OF INSECTICIDES TO COCCINELLA REPANDA THUNBERG (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE)
Authors: Kay I. R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractCoccinella repanda larvae and adults were tested by topical application to determine their tolerance levels to nine insecticides. Based on 48 hour LD50 values the ascending order of toxicity to larvae was endosulfan, pirimicarb, thiometon, formothion. chlorpyrifos, demeton‐S‐methyl, dimethoate, phos‐phamidon and monocrotophos, and to adults the order was endosulfan, pirimicarb, formothion, chlorpyrifos, thiometon, demeton‐S‐methyl, phosphamidon, dimethoate and monocrotophos.The study was conducted as an aid in developing pest management programmes for Therioaphis trifolii f. maculata and Acrythosiphon kondoi in lucerne as C. repanda is an important predator of the aphids.
HOST PLANT RESISTANCE TO OPHIOMYIA PHASEOLI (TRYON) (DIPTERA: AGROMYZIDAE) IN PHASEOLUS VULGARIS
Authors: Rogers D. J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractFifteen entries representing thirteen cultivars of Phaseolus vulgaris were evaluated for nonpreference and antibiosis resistance to Ophiomyia phaseoli.The number of viable eggs per plant exhibited significant variation amongst the cultivars studied. No significant differences were found in the developmental period of larvae and pupae or in the size of adults emerging from the cultivars studied. Significant correlations were found between the number of viable eggs per plant and leaf hairiness, stem diameter and internode length. Low egg counts were associated with high leaf hair density, thin stems and long intemodes.
RAINFALL AS A CAUSE OF MORTALITY IN A DUNG‐BREEDING FLY
Authors: Hughes R. D. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe paper discusses the ways that rain falling on cattle dung pads may reduce the survival of the pre‐adult stages of bushfly (Afusca vetustissima Walker) developing therein.An experiment exposing infested dung pads to simulated rainfall is described. In this the egg stage of bushfly and the final period of its larval development (up to the development of the pupa within the puparium), were shown to be relatively more sensitive to rainfall than the rest of the pre‐adult stages.The mortalities seen were considerable, and if they reflect general phenomena, may account for the seasonal absence of bushfly from summer rainfall regions of Australia.
TWO NEW SPECIES OF APHIDIUS NEES (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONOIDEA: APHIDIIDAE) FROM AUSTRALIA
Authors: STARÝ PETR , CARVER MARY 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTwo new, probably exotic, species of aphidiid parasites of aphids are described: Aphidius pelargonii, parasitic in Acyrthosiphon mahae (Mosley) on Pelargonium spp. in New South Wales, Tasmania and South Australia; and Aphidius similis, parasitic in Rhopalosiphum padi (L.), R. nymphaeae (L.), Sitobion miscanthi (Takahashi) and Myzus persicae (Sulzer), and known from all the mainland states. Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson) is recorded for the first time from Australia.
DIFFICULTIES IN SEPARATING LARVAL INSTARS OF PTEROHELAEUS DARLINGENSIS CARTER (COLEOPTERA: TENEBRIONIDAE)
Authors: ALLSOPP P. G. , ADAMS G. D. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAn attempt is made to separate larval instars of Pterohelaeus darlingensis using head capsule widths but inconsistency in the rate of growth between successive stadia and possible variation in the number of stadia create overlapping of peaks in the plot of frequency distribution. An arbitrary system of division, giving four groups, using body length is proposed.
PHOTOPERIOD AS A FACTOR IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF OVERWINTERING NYMPHS OF THE AUSTRALIAN PLAGUE LOCUST, CHORTOICETES TERMINIFERA (WALKER) (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE)
Authors: WARDHAUGH K. G. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractLaboratory data show that at short daylength (11 L: 13D) the development of nymphs of Chortoicetes terminifera is delayed at the third nymphal instar. No delay in development occurs at photoperiods of 12i L: 1 li D or 15i L:8i D. The effects of short daylength are enhanced by low temperatures and are more marked in nymphs hatching from non‐diapausing eggs than in those from diapause eggs laid by the same parents. The former normally hatch before the onset of winter whereas in the latter the diapause mechanism normally prevents hatching until spring. Hitherto the slow development of overwintering nymphs has been attributed solely to the effects of low temperature.
SEASONAL ACTIVITY OF THE REPTILE TICK, A PONOMMA H YD ROSA URI (DENNY) (ACARI: IXODIDAE) IN EXPERIMENTAL ENCLOSURES
Authors: Bull C. M. , Sharrad* R. D. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn two enclosures near Adelaide. South Australia, the reptile tick, Aponomma hydrosauri, was reared on the lizard Trachydosaurus rugosits. Ticks went through one and three complete life cycles in 18 and 26 months, respectively. Feeding activity continued six months of the year but activity stopped during the cooler months of April to September.
A FURTHER NEW GENUS OF THE TRIBE ACANTHOLOPHINI (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE: AMYCTERINAE)
Authors: Baker F. H. Uther , Thompson R. T. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA new genus, Achorostoma, is erected to include a single species, Notonophes hystricosus (Boheman), which was excluded from Notonophes Sloane in a recent revision of the genus.
RESPONSE OF LARVAE OF PTEROHELAEUS DARLINGENSIS CARTER (COLEOPTERA: TENEBRIONIDAE) TO MOISTURE, TEMPERATURE AND GRAVITY
Authors: Allsopp P. G. , Adams* G. D. , Butler D. G. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn laboratory experiments larvae of Pterohelaeus darlingensis were shown to prefer soil of 20–40% moisture over a range of temperatures. A preference for low temperatures was apparent in soil of 10% moisture but there was no significant temperature preference in soil of 30% moisture. In soil of 10% moisture larvae exhibited a positive response to gravity. This downward movement was not as pronounced in soil of 30% moisture.
SOME ASPECTS OF THE BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOUR OF ADORYPHORUS COULONI (BURMEISTER) (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE: DYNASTINAE)
Authors: Hardy R. J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSome aspects of the biology and behaviour of Adoryphorus couloni, a serious pasture pest in South Eastern Australia and New Zealand, are outlined. The behaviour and reproductive development of the adults are described and compared with those of some other scarabs. Of particular note is the long duration of the adult stage, especially as this does not feed.
BEETLES OF DUNE LAKES AND PONDS IN NORTHEASTERN NEW SOUTH WALES
Authors: Timms B. V. , Watts C. H. S. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractForty‐four species of aquatic Coleoptera are recorded, many for the first time, from coastal northeastern N.S.W. Only four (Hyphydrus elegans (Montrouzier), Megaporus nativigi Mouchamps, Rhantus suturalis (Macleay) and Gyrinus convexiusculus Macleay) are relatively common, most of the remainder being recorded only once or twice. Few species show any preference for the ecological type of dune lake/pond inhabited. The number of species per locality is apparently independent of the presence of possible fish predators, but is at least partly related to habitat heterogeneity.
TWO NEW SPECIES OF AMBLYSEIUS BERLESE FROM QUEENSLAND AND NEW CALEDONIA COMPARED WITH A. LARGOENSIS (MUMA) FROM THE SOUTH PACIFIC AND A. DELEONI MUMA AND DENMARK FROM NEW SOUTH WALES (ACARI: PHYTOSEIIDAE)
Authors: SCHICHA E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBoth sexes of Amblyseius nambourensis and A. fletcheri spp. n. are described and illustrated. Both sexes of A. largoensis (Muma) and the female of A. deleoni Muma and Denmark are redescribed (no males of the latter are known from Australia). The 4 species are closely related, but can be distinguished by several morphological features.
A NEW SPECIES OF AUSTROXESTUS WOODWARD (HEMIPTERA: LYGAEIDAE: RHYPAROCHROMINAE) FROM ARNHEM LAND
Authors: Woodward T. E. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract Austroxestus monteithi sp. n., described from Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, is regarded as the sister group of A. carnarvoni Woodward from southeast Queensland and eastern New South Wales. The relationships of the 5 species of Austroxestus are discussed and an earlier key to the species is revised and extended.
NOTES ON LARVAL LUCANIDAE (COLEOPTERA)
Authors: Lawrence John F. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA review is given of previous work on larval Lucanidae, and the distribution and variation in selected larval characters are presented. The relationships among the major groups of Lucanidae are discussed, with an emphasis on the more primitive genera and the application of larval characters. A key is given to the primitive genera of Lucanidae, as well as to a few of the more well defined tribes of advanced Lucaninae.
THE DISTRIBUTION AND RECOVERY OF AERIAL ULTRA‐LOW VOLUME SPRAYS FOR CONTROLLING NYMPHS OF THE AUSTRALIAN PLAGUE LOCUST, CHORTOICETES TERMINIFERA WALKER
Authors: Nguyen N. T. , Watt J. W. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractField trials were conducted to determine the effect of a number of factors on the distribution and recovery of ULV spray droplets, emitted from a light aircraft equipped with Micronair rotary cage atomisers for the control of Australian plague locust nymphs [Chortoieetes terminifera (Walker)]. Spray deposits were sampled with small oil‐sensitive papers attached to pasture vegetation, and were analysed with a Quantimet 720 Image Analyser for droplet number and volume densities.Results indicated that volume recovery was 6 times higher in a strong (3–5 m/s) than in a light (< 1 m/s) wind, and about 3 times higher with a 50° Micronair blade angle and thus a relatively coarse droplet spectrum (volume median diameter ca 120 μm) than with a 25c setting (ca 70 μm). Aircraft flying height (either 3 or 10 m) had little influence on average recovery, though the greater altitude gave a slightly more uniform spray distribution.Subsequent trials applying fenitrothion 128% w/v at 0.3 L/ha against C. terminifera nymphal infestations confirmed the effectiveness of spraying in a strong wind using the 50° blade setting; nearly 100% mortality was recorded and treated areas were cleared of nymphal bands in 2 d. Control was unsatisfactory in the light wind trial, despite a higher applied dosage of 0.38 L/ha.
HICKMANELLA, A NEW GENUS OF SCELIONIDAE FROM AUSTRALIA (HYMENOPTERA: PROCTOTRUPOIDEA)
Authors: Austin A. D. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract Hickmanella gen. n. is erected for H. intrudens (Hickman) comb. n. and H. holoplatysa sp. n., egg parasites of salticid spiders. The range ofH, intrudens is extended to include mainland Australia. The biology of both species is briefly discussed and a key provided to distinguish them.
THE COMPARATIVE TOXICITY OF SOME INSECTICIDES TO THE POTATO MOTH PHTHORIMAEA OPERCULELLA (ZELLER) (LEPIDOPTERA: GELECHIIDAE) AND TWO OF ITS PARASITES ORGILUS LEPIDUS MUESEBECK AND COPIDOSOMA DESANTISJ ANNECKE AND MYNHARDT
Authors: Keeratikasikorn M. , Hooper G. H. S. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractOf 8 insecticides tested (DDT, endosulfan, dimethoate, azinphos‐ethyl, metamidophos, deltamethrin, fenvalerate, permethrin) the pyrethroids fenvalerate and permethrin were the least selectively toxic to 2 parasites, O. lepidus and C. desantisi, of P. operculella. All the insecticides were more toxic to the parasites than to their host. The results indicate that P. operculella is again susceptible to DDT.
TOXICITY OF INSECTICIDES TO TRIOXYS COMPLANATUS QUILIS (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE) IN LUCERNE
Authors: Franzmann B. A. , Rossiter P. D. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractResidues of field applications of insecticides (in g a. c./ha) on lucerne remained toxic to adult Trioxys complanatus for the following number of days: 1–2 for dimethoate (75) and trichlorphon (840), 2–3 for carbaryl (840) and phosphamidon (100), 3–7 for chlorpyrifos (250) and methidathion (350), > 7 for monocrotophos (100). Residues of demeton‐S‐methyl (75), endosulfan (350), pirimicarb (75) and thiometon (75) were not toxic at 1 d after treatment.Emergence of T. complanatus was recorded from mummies on lucerne sprayed in the field with 13 insecticides (the 11 previous plus acephate (750) and methomyl (300)). Only chlorpyrifos (250) and methidathion (350) produced significant mortality of parasites within mummies of 28.6% and 46.8% respectively.The results are discussed in relation to the selection of insecticides for use in the integration of chemical and biological control of the parasite's host, Therioaphis trifolii (Monell) f. maculata.
THE SUBGENUS AUSTRALOPHLEBOTOMUS THEODOR OF PHLEBOTOMUS RONDANI AND BERTÉ (DIPTERA: PSYCHODIDAE)
Authors: Lewis D. J. , Dyce A. L. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA key is given to the 8 recorded species of Australophlebotomus (6 from Australia, 2 from Papua New Guinea). Both sexes of 3 species are known. The taxonomy of 6 species is brought up to date, 2 new ones (Phlebotomus acuminatus and P. mackerrasi) are described, a taxonomic problem involving the 2 common Australian species is resolved and the known distribution of species is shown. The affinities, status, diagnosis, origin, food preferences and trophic morphology of Austratophlebotomus are discussed.
OCCURRENCE OF TERMITES (ISOPTERA) ON CRACKING CLAY SOILS IN NORTHEASTERN QUEENSLAND
Authors: Holt J. A. , Coventry R. J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThree cracking clay soils (a brown clay, a grey clay, and a black earth) in northeastern Queensland were examined for the presence of termites. Some mounds of Nasutitermes longipennis (Hill) were found in disturbed situations. On two of the soils large numbers of termites, mostly Amitermes obtusidens Mjöberg with fewer numbers of Microcerotermes serratus (Froggatt), were found in cattle dung pads and in the underlying soil. Dung beetles, however, appear to have prevented termite utilisation of the cattle dung on the third soil.
TWO NEW SPECIES OF TENUIPALPUS DONNADIEU FROM NEW SOUTH WALES (ACARI: TENUIPALPIDAE)
Authors: Gutierrez J. , Schicha E. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract Tenuipalpus banksiae and T. grevilleae spp. n. are described and illustrated from the native Australian Banksia spinulosa Sm. and Grevillea sericea (Sm.) (Proteaceae).
DIPTERA IN THE UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND DETERMINED BY FRANCIS WALKER (TEPHRITIDAE AND PLATYSTOMATIDAE)*
Authors: Hardy D. Elmo 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTwenty‐seven specimens in the University of Queensland Tephritidae collection determined by Francis Walker have been restudied and placed in their correct combinations. Eighteen species are represented, all except 2 described by Walker. Only Adrama selecta Walker, Dacus curcubitae Coquillett, Dacus determinatus Walker, Dasyneura zonata Saunders, Sophira punctifera Walker, Strumeta helomyzoides Walker and Trypeta multistriga Walker are Tephritidae. The other 11, originally described as new species of Dacus F., are Platystomatidae.
DAMAGE TO SALTBUSH BY THE COCCID PULVINARIA MASKELLI OLLIFF, AND THE ROLE PLAYED BY AN ATTENDANT ANT
Authors: Briese D. T. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractFollowing a build‐up in population of the saltbush scale Pulvinaria maskelli, the resulting damace caused to the saltbush Atriplex vesicaria was estimated to be a mean of 17% branches killed per bush. The attendant ant Iridomyrmex sp. affords a measure of protection to the scale against predators and climatic extremes, and so contributes to its damage potential.
A METHOD OF ESTIMATING POPULATION SIZE OF THE SHEEP BLOWFLY, LUCILIA CUPRINA, USING MARK‐RECAPTURE DATA CORRECTED FOR VARIATION IN CATCH AND LOSS OF MARKED INDIVIDUALS
Authors: Readshaw J. L. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA method of estimating population size, using mark‐recapture data from four classic experiments involving the sheep blowfly, is described which corrects for daily variation in catch and loss of marked flies from the sampling area. The method provides maximum and minimum estimates of population size according to the “survival” characteristics of the marked flies. It suggests a ratio of about 3.3 to 1 between the average daily catch (flies/trap/day) and fly density (flies/ha).
DIEL PATTERN OF ADULT EMERGENCE IN THE SCREW‐WORM FLY CHRYSOMYA BEZZIANA (DIPTERA: CALLIPHORIDAE)
Authors: Spradbery J. P. , Sands D. P. A. , Bakker P. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe diel pattern of emergence in native and artificially reared screw‐worm fly. Chrysomya bezziana (Villeneuve), under a natural photo‐periodic regime of LD 12:12 was described. Peak emergence was centred at dawn (0610 h) with 60%, of all emergence taking place between 0300 h and 0900 h. Less than 8% of emergence was between 1200 h and 0300 h. There was no difference in the emergence pattern of males and females or between wild and laboratory‐reared flies.
MIGRATION IN THE MACROPTEROUS FORM OF THE WINGLESS GRASSHOPPER, PHAULACRIDIUM VITTATUM (SJÖSTEDT) DURING AN OUTBREAK
Authors: Farrow R. A. , Nicolas G. , Dowse J. E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe first observations of long‐range diurnal migration by individual, long‐winged forms of Phaulacridium vittatum (the “wingless grasshopper”) were made during the Braidwood grasshopper outbreak of 1980/81. Flights were downwind at altitudes from 10–50 m and over distances from 100 to > 500 m. Spatial and temporal changes in populations over the area infested (ca 400 km2), suggested that migration resulted in a dispersal with prevailing wind of macropterous forms, from barren pastures at the centre of the infested area to more favourable pastures at its periphery. These required cumulative net displacements by individuals of not more than 10 km.
THE BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOUR OF THE CLOVER SEED MOTH COLEOPHORA FRISCHELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: COLEOPHORIDAE) IN TASMANIA
Authors: Hardy R. J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe biology and behaviour of Coleophora Coleophora frischella (L.) at Cressy, Tasmania were found to be similar in many respects to its biology and behaviour in Canterbury. New Zealand. However, the climate at Cressy was less favourable to the flowering of the insect's major host plant, Trifolium repens. and resulted in less synchronisation of insect‐host plant development than in Canterbury. As a consequence the insect completed fewer generations than at Canterbury. Parasites and predators, although more numerous than at Canterbury were far fewer than in Europe. Observations were also made on aspects of oviposition, larval feeding and the site of pupation and duration of larval stages.
IDENTIFICATION OF THE THREE SIBLING SPECIES OF ANOPHELES FARAUTI LAVERAN BY THE BANDING PATTERN OF THEIR POLYTENE CHROMOSOMES
Authors: Mahon R. J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA photographic map of the polytene chromosomes of Anopheles farauti No. 1 larvae has been prepared. Using this map to locate specific paracentric inversions, larvae of all 3 currently recognised sibling species may be reliably identified.
THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF ETIELLA BEHRII TO BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS
Authors: Cooper D. J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA bioassay was carried out to determine the susceptibility of larvae of Etiella behrii Zeller to Baccillus thuringiensis. Third instar larvae were found to be highly susceptible, with an LC50 value of 3.11 times 102 viable spores/mm2 (6.87 times 102—1.45 times 102:95% confidence limits). The results indicate that with appropriate timing of applications, B. thuringiensis could be used to control E. behrii on seed lucerne crops.
THE INFLUENCE OF TRAP DENSITY, TRAP HEIGHT, OUTSIDE TRAPS AND TRAP DESIGN ON CYDIA POMONELLA (L.) CAPTURES WITH SEX PHEROMONE TRAPS IN NEW SOUTH WALES APPLE ORCHARDS
Authors: Thwaite W. G. , Madsen H. F. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn order to standardize the use of sex pheromone traps for Cydia pomonella population monitoring in apple orchards, the influence of trap design, trap density, trap height and the use of outside traps were evaluated.The commercial Zoecon 1CP trap was more efficient than a triangular shaped metal trap. Traps at a density of 1 per ha were adequate to estimate C. pomonella populations. Traps in the upper third of apple trees caught more moths than traps at head height when the 2 were in direct competition. When the high traps were removed, however, the low traps caught nearly as many moths as both high and low traps combined. Outside traps greatly reduced the movement of moths into monitored sites and also indicated the source of migrating moths.