bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment and compensation of inconsistent coupling conditions in point‐receiver land seismic data
Authors: Bagaini Claudio , Barajas‐Olalde César 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTWe introduce a method to detect and compensate for inconsistent coupling conditions that arise during onshore seismic data acquisitions. The reflected seismic signals, the surface waves, or the ambient‐noise records can be used for the evaluation of the different coupling conditions of closely spaced geophones. We derive frequency‐dependent correction operators using a parametric approach based upon a simple model of the interaction between geophone and soil. The redundancy of the measurements available permits verification of the assumptions made on the input signals in order to derive the method and to assess the validity of the model used. The method requires point‐receiver data in which the signals recorded by the individual geophones are digitized.We have verified the accuracy of the method by applying it to multicomponent ambient‐noise records acquired during a field experiment in which the coupling conditions were controlled and modified during different phases of the experiment. We also applied the method to field data, which were acquired without the coupling conditions being controlled, and found that only a few geophones showed an anomalous behaviour. It was also found that the length of the noise records routinely acquired during commercial surveys is too short to provide enough statistics for the application of our method.
Head, Face, and Eye Injuries in Scholastic and Collegiate Lacrosse
Authors: Lincoln Andrew E. , Hinton Richard Y. , Almquist Jon L. , Lager Sean L. , Dick Randall W. 
Published: January 2007

Background Risks and mechanisms of head, face, and eye injuries in high school and college lacrosse are not well documented. Purpose To identify (1) primary mechanisms of head, face, and eye injuries in lacrosse and (2) differences in injury risk between the men's and women's game and between high school and collegiate levels. Study Design Descriptive epidemiological study. Methods The authors gathered data on 507 000 girls’ and boys’ high school and 649 573 women's and men's college lacrosse athletic exposures using sport-specific injury surveillance systems over 4 seasons. They identified the most common scenarios for head, face, and eye injuries. Results The high school girls’ head, face, and eye injury rate (0.54 per 1000 athletic exposures) was significantly higher (incident rate ratio, 1.42; 95% confidence interval, 1.09-1.86) than that for boys (0.38 per 1000 athletic exposures); college women (0.77 per 1000 athletic exposures) sustained a higher rate of injuries (incident rate ratio, 1.76; 95% confidence interval, 1.42-2.19) than did men (0.44 per 1000 athletic exposures). Concussions constituted a higher percentage of injuries among boys (73%) and men (85%) than among girls (40%) and women (41%). Men sustained few facial injuries, whereas a substantial proportion of women's injuries involved the face and orbital area. Conclusion Although permitting only incidental contact, women's lacrosse had higher rates of head, face, and eye injuries at both the high school and collegiate levels. Concussion was the most common injury. For men, the primary injury mechanism was player-to-player contact; women's injuries primarily resulted from stick or ball contact. High school injury rates were lower than were college rates, but the nature of injuries, body parts affected, and mechanisms were similar.
The Functions of Committee Change in State Legislatures
Authors: Freeman Patricia K. , Hedlund Ronald D. 
Published: January 2007

Little research has focused on the changes made in individual legislative committees through time. In this study we do a committee-by-committee analysis to determine the extent to which various committees were added, dropped, or had jurisdictional change in each chamber of eighteen states over a twenty-year period (1971-91). Using propositions adopted from organizational theory, we predict that committees are altered to help the legislature respond to both exter nal pressures and internal tensions. Two types of data are used to test our hypotheses: a longitudinal analysis of committee listings for each of the eighteen study states and individual level committee request data from four states. We find that professionalized legislatures make more committee changes and exhibit more commonality in the types of changes made than nonprofessional legislatures. The committees dropped in legislatures are requested less than the committees added. These findings reinforce the conclusions of others that committees have political as well as policy-making functions. While the stability of professional legislatures has been emphasized, our findings point to the adaptive function of organizational change.
Regulation of spindle orientation and neural stem cell fate in the Drosophila optic lobe
Authors: Egger Boris , Boone Jason Q , Stevens Naomi R , Brand Andrea H , Doe Chris Q 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Background
The choice of a stem cell to divide symmetrically or asymmetrically has profound consequences for development and disease. Unregulated symmetric division promotes tumor formation, whereas inappropriate asymmetric division affects organ morphogenesis. Despite its importance, little is known about how spindle positioning is regulated. In some tissues cell fate appears to dictate the type of cell division, whereas in other tissues it is thought that stochastic variation in spindle position dictates subsequent sibling cell fate.

Results
Here we investigate the relationship between neural progenitor identity and spindle positioning in the Drosophila optic lobe. We use molecular markers and live imaging to show that there are two populations of progenitors in the optic lobe: symmetrically dividing neuroepithelial cells and asymmetrically dividing neuroblasts. We use genetically marked single cell clones to show that neuroepithelial cells give rise to neuroblasts. To determine if a change in spindle orientation can trigger a neuroepithelial to neuroblast transition, we force neuroepithelial cells to divide along their apical/basal axis by misexpressing Inscuteable. We find that this does not induce neuroblasts, nor does it promote premature neuronal differentiation.

Conclusion
We show that symmetrically dividing neuroepithelial cells give rise to asymmetrically dividing neuroblasts in the optic lobe, and that regulation of spindle orientation and division symmetry is a consequence of cell type specification, rather than a mechanism for generating cell type diversity.
Evaluation of metered dose inhaler (MDI) formulations of ciclosporin
Authors: Marijani Rukia , Shaik Madhu Sudhan , Chatterjee Abhijit , Singh Mandip 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Our purpose was to evaluate metered dose inhaler (MDI) formulations of ciclosporin (cyclosporine) for aerodynamic properties, chemical stability and bioactivity. Ciclosporin formulations (0.1, 0.5 and 1.0% w/w) were prepared in hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) propellants (134a and 227) containing 3 and 6% ethanol. Aerodynamic properties of the MDI formulations were analysed using an eight-stage Andersen cascade impactor and respirable mass and non-respirable mass, mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) and geometric standard deviation (GSD) were determined from the impaction profiles. The chemical stability of 0.1% ciclosporin in HFA 227 containing 3% ethanol formulation stored at room temperature and 40°C was evaluated by HPLC at 0, 14, 30 and 90 days. The bioactivity of ciclosporin MDI formulations was evaluated by determining the ciclosporin-mediated inhibition of interleukin-2 (IL-2) release from human Jurkat cells stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). As ethanol concentration increased from 3 to 6%, respirable mass decreased from 2.3 mg per five actuations to 0.04 mg per five actuations for HFA 227 formulations, and from 1.5 mg to 0.09 mg per five actuations for HFA 134a formulations. The MMAD for both HFA 134a and 227 formulations increased with an increase in ciclosporin concentration. HPLC analysis showed ciclosporin to be extremely stable in HFA 227 at room temperature and 40°C. Stimulation of Jurkat cells with PMA released significant amounts of IL-2, which was inhibited by ciclosporin in a dose-dependent manner. This study shows the feasibility of developing chemically stable and bioactive HFA-based MDI formulations of ciclosporin.
The influence of non-disintegrating tablet dimensions and density on their gastric emptying in fasted volunteers
Authors: Podczeck F , Course N C , Newton J M , Short M B 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
The aim of this work was to identify the influence of tablet density on their gastric emptying in fasted subjects and to compare the findings with those of a previous study using the same subjects with tablets of a larger diameter. Tablets of 6.6 mm diameter and densities of 1.41 and 2.85 g cm−3 were labelled with 99mTc and 111In. They were coated with ethyl cellulose to ensure that they remained intact within the gastrointestinal tract. Their position within the gastrointestinal tract of fasted healthy subjects was monitored with a double-headed gamma camera at 1-min time intervals. The median gastric emptying time and the interquartile range were derived from the Bernoulli random event distribution. It was found that the dense tablets had a significantly longer gastric emptying time than the light tablets. Comparison with the results from the previous study gave a clear indication that irrespective of tablet density, the 6.6-mm tablets had longer gastric emptying times than the 12.0-mm tablets.
Uptake characteristics of liposomes by rat alveolar macrophages: influence of particle size and surface mannose modification
Authors: Chono Sumio , Tanino Tomoharu , Seki Toshinobu , Morimoto Kazuhiro 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
The influence of particle size and surface mannose modification on the uptake of liposomes by alveolar macrophages (AMs) was investigated in-vitro and in-vivo. Non-modified liposomes of five different particle sizes (100, 200, 400, 1000 and 2000 nm) and mannosylated liposomes with 4-aminophenyl-α-D-mannopyranoside (particle size 1000 nm) were prepared, and the uptake characteristics by rat AMs in-vitro and in-vivo were examined. The uptake of non-modified liposomes by rat AMs in-vitro increased with an increase in particle size over the range of 100–1000 nm, and became constant at over 1000 nm. The uptake of non-modified liposomes by AMs after pulmonary administration to rats in-vivo increased with an increase in particle size in the range 100–2000 nm. The uptake of mannosylated liposomes (particle size 1000 nm) by rat AMs both in-vitro and in-vivo was significantly greater than that of non-modified liposomes (particle size 1000 nm). The results indicate that the uptake of liposomes by rat AMs is dependent on particle size and is increased by surface mannose modification.
Enantioselectivity of thalidomide serum and tissue concentrations in a rat glioma model and effects of combination treatment with cisplatin and BCNU
Authors: Murphy Susan , Boyle Frances M , Davey Ross A , Gu Xiao-Qing , Mather Laurence E 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Thalidomide is currently under evaluation as an anti-angiogenic agent in cancer treatment, alone and in combination with cytotoxic agents. Thalidomide is a racemate with known pharmacologic and pharmacokinetic enantioselectivity. In a previous study with thalidomide combination chemotherapy, we found evidence of anti-tumour synergy. In this study, we examined whether the synergy involved altered pharmacokinetics of thalidomide enantiomers. Adult female F344 rats were implanted with 9L gliosarcoma tumours intracranially, subcutaneously (flank), or both. Effectiveness of oral thalidomide alone, and with intraperitoneal BCNU or cisplatin combination chemotherapy, was assessed after several weeks treatment. Presumed pseudo steady-state serum, tumour and other tissues, collected after treatment, were assayed for R- and S-thalidomide by chiral HPLC. Both serum and tissue concentrations of R-thalidomide were 40–50% greater than those of S-thalidomide. Co-administration of BCNU or cisplatin with thalidomide did not alter the concentration enantioselectivity. Poor correlation of concentration with subcutaneous anti-tumour effect was found for individual treatments, and with all treatments for intracranial tumours. The consistency of the enantiomer concentration ratios across treatments strongly suggests that the favourable anti-tumour outcomes from interactions between thalidomide and the cytotoxic agents BCNU and cisplatin did not have altered enantioselectivity of thalidomide pharmacokinetics as their basis.
Study of potential systemic oxidative stress animal models for the evaluation of antioxidant activity: status of lipid peroxidation and fat-soluble antioxidants
Authors: Hermans Nina , Cos Paul , De Meyer Guido R Y , Maes Louis , Pieters Luc , Berghe Dirk Vanden , Vlietinck Arnold J , De Bruyne Tess 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Although many compounds have already been tested in-vitro to determine their antioxidant profile, it is necessary to investigate the in-vivo effect of potential antioxidants. However, representative models of systemic oxidative stress have been poorly studied. Here, different potential systemic oxidative stress animal models have been investigated. These included a vitamin E-deficient rat, a diabetic rat and an atherosclerotic rabbit model. Plasma/serum malondialdehyde was measured as a parameter of oxidative damage. Plasma/serum fat-soluble antioxidants were determined as markers of antioxidant defence. We demonstrated that vitamin E-deficient rats were not suitable as a model of systemic oxidative stress, whereas diabetic and atherosclerotic animals showed increased systemic oxidative damage, as reflected by significantly augmented plasma/serum malondialdehyde. Moreover, plasma coenzyme Q9 increased by 80% in diabetic rats, confirming systemic oxidative stress. In view of these observations and economically favouring factors, the diabetic rat appeared to be the most appropriate systemic oxidative stress model. These findings have provided important information concerning systemic oxidative stress animal models for the in-vivo study of antioxidants.
Prednisolone phosphate-containing TRX-20 liposomes inhibit cytokine and chemokine production in human fibroblast-like synovial cells: a novel approach to rheumatoid arthritis therapy
Authors: Harigai Takashi , Hagiwara Hitomi , Ogawa Yumi , Ishizuka Takanobu , Kaneda Shinichi , Kimura Junji 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
To evaluate the potential of using prednisolone phosphate (PSLP)-containing 3,5-dipentadecyloxybenzamidine hydrochloride (TRX-20) liposomes to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA), we examined their ability to bind human fibroblast-like synovial (HFLS) cells and their effects in these cells. To test for binding, Lissamine rhodamine B-1, 2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (rhodamine)-labelled PSLP-containing TRX-20 liposomes were added to HFLS cells, and the fluorescence intensity of the rhodamine bound to the cells was evaluated. Rhodamine-labelled PSLP-containing liposomes without TRX-20 were used as a negative control. To evaluate the uptake of liposomes by the HFLS cells, we used TRX-20 liposomes containing 8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (HPTS) and p-xylene-bis-pyridinium bromide (DPX), and observed the cells by fluorescence microscopy. The effects of the PSLP in TRX-20 liposomes on HFLS cells were assessed by the inhibition of the production of two inflammatory cytokines (interleukin 6 and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor) and one inflammatory chemokine (interleukin 8). The interaction of the PSLP-containing TRX-20 liposomes with HFLS cells was approximately 40 times greater than that of PSLP-containing liposomes without TRX-20. PSLP-containing TRX-20 liposomes bound to HFLS cells primarily via chondroitin sulfate. TRX-20 liposomes taken up by the cell were localized to acidic compartments. Furthermore, the PSLP-containing TRX-20 liposomes inhibited the production of the inflammatory cytokines and the chemokine more effectively than did the PSLP-containing liposomes without TRX-20. These results indicate that PSLP-containing TRX-20 liposomes show promise as a novel drug delivery system that could enhance the clinical use of glucocorticoids for treating RA.
Advances in Adhesive Joining of Carbon Fibre/Polymer Composites to Steel Members for Repair and Rehabilitation of Bridge Structures
Authors: Hollaway L. C. , Zhang L. , Photiou N. K. , Teng J. G. , Zhang S. S. 
Published: January 2007

Generally, it is relatively easy to obtain a high joint strength with most modern bonding systems if these are cured under ideal factory conditions. However, civil engineering construction joints are cured on site and are required to last the lifetime of the structural member in harsh environmental conditions. This implies that site joints might not be constructed and cured as well as those fabricated in the factory. The paper compares two possible methods for bonding an FRP composite patch/plate to a steel adherend suitable for construction sites. The first method utilises the accepted technique of bonding two dissimilar materials using a two-part cold cure adhesive. The second method employs a pre-impregnated FRP composite plate in conjunction with a compatible film adhesive; these comparisons are undertaken by examining the results of double-strap butt joint tests. A possible site technique using the pre-impregnated FRP composite to upgrade a steel beam whilst it is under a low frequency vibration load is investigated; this represents the repair of a steel bridge constantly under traversing traffic. The butt joint test results show that on average, the pre-impregnated composite in conjunction with the film adhesive leads to a failure load which is 15% higher than that of the cold setting adhesive technique. The results of the rehabilitated beam tests show that the bonded joint between the pre-impregnated CFRP composite and the steel adherend did not suffer any significant damage from the low frequency vibrations imposed upon the steel beam during the cure period.
Autochthony and the Crisis of Citizenship: Democratization, Decentralization, and the Politics of Belonging
Authors: Geschiere Peter , Jackson Stephen 
Published: January 2007

Abstract:The recent upsurge of “autochthony” and similar notions of belonging is certainly not special to Africa. All over the world, processes of intensifying globalization seem to go together with fierce struggles over belonging and exclusion of “strangers.” A central question in the contributions to this special issue concerns the apparent “naturalness” of autochthony in highly different settings. How can similar slogans seem so self-evident and hence have such mobilizing force under very different circumstances? Another recurrent theme is the somewhat surprising “nervousness” of discourses on autochthony. They seem to promise a basic security of being rooted in the soil as a primal form of belonging. Yet in practice, belonging turns out to be always relative: there is always the danger of being unmasked as “not really” belonging, or even of being a “fake” autochthon. A comparative perspective on autochthony—as a particular pregnant form of entrenchment—may help to unravel the paradoxes of the preoccupation with belonging in a globalizing world.
Sons of Which Soil? The Language and Politics of Autochthony in Eastern D.R. Congo
Authors: Jackson Stephen 
Published: January 2007

Abstract:The recent wars in the DR Congo have led to a marked upsurge in both elite and popular discourse and violence around belonging and exclusion, expressed through the vernacular of “autochthony.” Dangerously flexible in its politics, nervous and paranoid in its language, unmoored from geographic or ethno-cultural specificity, borrowing energy both from present conflicts and deep-seated mythologies of the past, the idea of autochthony has permitted comparatively localized instances of violence in the DRC to inscribe themselves upward into regional, and even continental logics, with dangerous implications for the future. This article analyzes how the “local”/“stranger” duality of autochthony/allochthony expresses itself in the DRC through rumors, political tracts, and speeches and how it draws energy from imprecise overlaps with other powerful, preexisting identity polarities at particular scales of identity and difference: local, provincial, national, regional. Across each, autochthony operates as a loose qualifier, a binary operator: autochthony is adjectival, relational rather than absolute, policing a distinction between in and out, and yet not indicating, in itself, which in/ou t distinction is intended. Thus many speak of “Sons of the Soil,” but of which soil, precisely? The slipperiness between different scales of meaning permits the speaker to leave open multiple interpretations. This indefiniteness is a paradoxical source of the discourse's strength and weakness, suppleness and nervousness, its declarative mood and attendant paranoia.
Transplants and Transients: Idioms of Belonging and Dislocation in Inner-City Johannesburg
Authors: Landau Loren B. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract:South Africa's economic and political liberalization have engendered new patterns of immigration and urbanization that find South Africans and foreign migrants converging on the streets of inner-city Johannesburg. As they interact, citizens and non-nationals have developed competing idioms for relating to one another and the space they share. For South Africans, this often means appealing to a nativist idiom that locates commonality amidst an allochthonous citizenry while attempting to prohibit foreign transplantation. Non-nationals counter this with an idiom of permanent transit, a way of positioning themselves as outsiders lodged in a superior and unrooted state. These idioms represent competing visions for the inner city's future. For South Africans, the idiom is a generative node of modern nationalist formation. For those permanently passing through the city, it is an idiom of a denationalized “nowhereville.”
Effet du vieillissement sur le traitement du langage non-littéral
Authors: Champagne Maud , Jean-Louis Seendy , Joanette Yves 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTCommunication abilities are known to decline with age. In daily life, such abilities are frequently of the non-literal type, which require more cognitive resources to be processed. Since these resources tend to diminish with age, this study seeks to identify a possible effect of age on non-literal language abilities. Forty young and 40 older adults of two different education levels were compared on their non-literal and literal language abilities. Results suggest that age does not affect the processing of non-literal language but could affect some preliminary components of the task, thought to require more cognitive resources. This study does not provide direct evidence to suggest that elderly participants experience specific difficulties in processing non-literal language.
Margaret Crukshank. Learning to Be Old: Gender, Culture, and Aging. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2003.
Authors: David Paula 
Published: January 2007

RÉSUMÉDans une perspective interprétative féministe, Cruikshank se penche sur les questions de race, de genre, d'ethnicité, de santé et de spiritualité liées au monde des personnes âgées. L'auteur fournit une description très vivante des questions traitées et présente des points de vue qui sont suffisamment arrêtés pour stimuler le débat, et suffisamment documentés pour être crédibles. Il s'agit d'une approche à la fois critique et créative, qui définit un éventail de construits sociaux ayant un impact positif sur un vieillissement sain et intégré, tout en soulignant la nécessité d'un changement profond du contexte culturel. Bien qu'il défie les normes reçues, ce livre n'en constitue pas moins une ode au vieillissement et fournit des arguments convaincants en faveur de l'optimisme et de la croissance personnelle.