bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multivariate explanation of the 1985–1990 and 1995–2000 destination choices of newly arrived immigrants in the United States: the beginning of a new trend?
Authors: Liaw Kao‐Lee , Frey William H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper identifies the salient features in the 1985–1990 and 1995–2000 destination choices of newly arrived immigrants, and performs multivariate explanation of these choices, based on an application of a multinomial logit model to the state‐specific immigration data of the 1990 and 2000 censuses. The salient features are that: (1) the destination choice pattern of the newly arrived immigrants became more dispersed from the late 1980s to the late 1990s; (2) the change was pervasive in the sense that it was true for all combinations of five broad ethnic groups and four levels of educational attainment; (3) the change was much greater for Hispanics and Blacks than for Asians and Whites; (4) the lower the level of education, the greater the increase in dispersion; and (5) the Hispanics with the lowest education experienced the greatest increase in dispersion. Our multivariate analysis reveals that: (1) while the attraction of co‐ethnic communities as destinations remained strong for both periods, it became much less intense in the late 1990s, especially for Hispanics and Blacks; (2) the newly arrived immigrants were subject to the strong pull of higher income level in both periods; (3) the pull of employment growth became stronger and more industry‐specific from the late 1980s to the late 1990s; and (4) the pull of service employment growth, especially for the least‐educated Hispanic immigrants, became much stronger in the later period. In the context of the progressive entrenchment of neoliberalism and the major changes in immigration policies, our empirical findings suggest that the ethnically selective dispersal of immigrants in the late 1990s is probably the beginning of a new trend. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fragmentation study of a 8‐C‐glycosyl isoflavone, puerarin, using electrospray ion trap time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry at high resolution
Authors: Li Hui , Wan Leren , Hashi Yuki , Chen Shizhong 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA mass spectrometry method that combines electrospray with an ion trap time‐of‐flight mass analyzer has been used to characterize puerarin (7,4′‐dihydroxyisoflavone‐8‐C‐β‐D‐glucoside). MSn spectra (n ≤ 6) were obtained in positive and negative ion mode. The combination of accurate mass measurement in MS2 spectra and sequential MSn experiments enabled fragmentation pathways to be elucidated in detail. A novel structure for [M+H−150]+ has been found. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On hydrodynamic and acoustic modes in a ducted shear flow with wall lining
Authors: VILENSKI GREGORY G. , RIENSTRA SJOERD W. 
Published: July 2007

The propagation of small-amplitude modes in an inviscid but sheared subsonic mean flow inside a duct is considered. For isentropic flow in a circular duct with zero swirl and constant mean flow density the pressure modes are described in terms of the eigenvalue problem for the Pridmore-Brown equation with Myers' locally reacting impedance boundary conditions.The key purpose of the paper is to extend the results of the numerical study of the spectrum for the case of lined ducts with uniform mean flow in Rienstra (Wave Motion, vol. 37, 2003b, p. 119), in order to examine the effects of the shear and wall lining. In the present paper this far more difficult situation is dealt with analytically. The high-frequency short-wavelength asymptotic solution of the problem based on the WKB method is derived for the acoustic part of the spectrum. Owing to the stiffness of the governing equations, an accurate numerical study of the spectral properties of the problem for mean flows with strong shear proves to be a non-trivial task which deserves separate consideration.The second objective of the paper is to gain theoretical insight into the properties of the hydrodynamic part of the spectrum. An analysis of hydrodynamic modes both in the short-wavelength limit and for the case of the narrow duct is presented. For simplicity, only the hard-wall flow configuration is considered.
Interpretation and musical signification in acousmatic listening
Authors: Atkinson Simon 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe challenges of understanding musical meaning are considered in light of ways in which electroacoustic practice and acousmatic listening might embody yet further nuances in how music can function as a signifying system. ‘Classical’ semiotics is discussed, as well as more recent developments with post-structuralist approaches and musical semantics in other areas of music scholarship. The idea, inherited from the tradition of ‘absolute music’, that musical meaning lies exclusively in the inner operations of the musical materials and their structural organisation, is questioned. Concepts from ecologically inspired music psychology are drawn upon to highlight the importance of interpretation, as well as perception, in acousmatic listening. It is argued that if new theoretical terminologies are needed, an invaluable project would be to develop a taxonomy (and thus theoretical framework) of how sound can ‘stand for something’, i.e. function as a sign in semiotic terms. It is also argued that such terminology should not reinforce distinctions between intra- and extra-musical that feature in many theoretical constructs used in relation to this music. Consideration of the Peircean semiotic model in electroacoustic music (as well as the more widely used Saussurean one), tropology in the study of literature, and a much more widely comparative and culturally explicit approach to analysis are suggested as practical starting points. A more critical approach to the integral role of sound recording and reproduction in relation to concepts of representation is needed.
Counterpoint and quotation in Ussachevsky's Wireless Fantasy
Authors: Beaudoin Richard 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWireless Fantasy, Vladimir Ussachevsky's 4½-minute tribute to the birth of wireless radio, utilises a rich collection of sound materials, from antique spark generators and shortwave radio sounds to a recorded segment of Wagner's Parsifal. Wireless Fantasy is here examined not as much for the cultural meaning of its sources but for insight into Ussachevsky's dramatic counterpointing of those sources in real time. The analytical methodology focuses on pitch, rhythm, and timbre equally, using both standard music notation and spectral analysis to examine the contrapuntal elements in this classic electroacoustic composition. Special attention is paid to the coincidence of accent between the source materials that generates the work's climax and to the involvement of all the sources in articulating its final cadence. The larger issue of quotation within electroacoustic composition is discussed with regard to an abstract reference in the work's coda.
Spectromorphological analysis of sound objects: an adaptation of Pierre Schaeffer's typomorphology
Authors: Thoresen Lasse , Hedman Andreas 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe last fifty years has witnessed an enormous development with regard to sound production, and has opened a new world of novel aural experiences. In order to be able to articulate and discuss these experiences there is a need for a corresponding novel set of terms and concepts. Such a terminology would also be relevant for analytical and interpretive approaches to electroacoustic music, avant-garde Western music, and ethno music. Pierre Schaeffer's typomorphology, developed in the 1960s, proposed a variety of novel terms, but they have not been of widespread use, since they unfortunately did not lend themselves very well for practical analysis. The present paper intends to develop Schaeffer's approach in the direction of a practical tool for conceptualising and notating sound quality. While carefully reducing the sometimes-bewildering number of terms found in Schaeffer's work, it introduces a set of graphic symbols apt for transcribing electroacoustic music in a concise score. The analysis of sound objects calls for a specific listeners' intention, called reductive listening.
Allelic diversity of natural oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) populations detected by microsatellite markers: implications for conservation
Authors: Bakoumé Claude , Wickneswari Ratnam , Rajanaidu Nookiah , Kushairi Ahmad , Amblard Philippe , Billotte Norbert 
Published: July 2007

The allelic diversity within oil palm populations (45 native ones from 10 African countries, three breeding populations and one collection of semi-wild material) was determined using 16 microsatellite markers. A total of 209 alleles were detected, with a mean number of 13.1 alleles per locus. The mean effective number of alleles per locus (Ae) was 3.3 ± 1.3. Although the Duncan's multiple range test only separated the group of populations from Madagascar from the rest on the basis ofAe, the presence of unique and rare alleles and high values ofAesuggest that 23 of the African populations should be conserved to secure allelic diversity.
Active immunization with EPF suppresses the formation of immune ascites in BALB/c mice
Authors: QUINN KATHRYN A. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe production of early pregnancy factor (EPF) is not confined to pregnancy — EPF has been detected as a product of tumour and transformed cells in vivo and in vitro. In this study, EPF (or an EPF‐like substance) was detected also in the serum of BALB/c mice, 7 days after intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of the mineral oil pristane. Furthermore, EPF was present in serum from mineral oil–induced plasmacytoma‐susceptible mice throughout the latent period potentially leading to tumour development, peaking around the time neoplastic cells were identified in ascites. Since mineral oil–induced granuloma is essential to development of immune ascites, involvement of EPF in this process was investigated.Active immunization of BALB/c mice with EPF was shown to suppress the production of immune ascites, induced by multiple i.p. injections of antigen in complete Freund's adjuvant. Of the mice immunized with EPF (n= 19), only 47% produced ascites, compared with 94% of mice receiving saline or human chorionic gonadotrophin and 100% of mice receiving keyhole limpet haemocyanin. Further investigations revealed that ascites was only produced in mice that maintained free–circulating EPF. These mice displayed the classic mineral oil–induced granuloma covering the tissues of the peritoneum. In contrast, the serum of mice that did not produce ascites tested negative for EPF and the peritonea of these mice were devoid of the oil granuloma. These studies suggest that EPF is involved in the initiation and maintenance of the inflammatory response of the peritoneum to mineral oil.
Identification of Class I H‐2Db molecules primarily expressed by B lymphocytes in murine spleen
Authors: O'NEILL HELEN C. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryEvidence is presented which supports the phenomenon of heterogeneity amongst H‐2Db‐encoded Class I molecules. Two monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) called H 141–31 and B22–249 were used in these studies. Both bind to the ‘private’ H‐2.2 site of H‐2Db‐encodcd molecules, but the binding of B22–249 is determined by carbohydrate moieties, whereas H 141–31 appears to bind to a protein‐defined epitope. Some H‐2Db molecules, identified by the H141–31 MoAb, are primarily expressed on B lymphocytes and not T lymphocytes in spleen. The number of H‐2Db molecules which bind H141–31 on B cells was also found to be three‐to four‐fold less than the number which bound the B22–249 MOAb, B cells of two mutant strains of mice, B6‐C.H‐2bm13 and B6‐C.H‐2bm14 which harbour very few nucleotide changes in the H‐2Db gene, also show marked reduction in the binding of both antibodies. This suggests that a single common gene encodes both target molecules and that post‐translational modifications such as differential glycosylation may account for heterogeneity amongst H‐2Db molecules. This would explain the presence of the different H‐2Db molecules defined here. It follows that differences in glycosylation evidently occur both within the B cell population, since H141–31 binds to only a subset of H‐2Db molecules on B cells, and between T and B lymphocytes, since resting T cells do not bind H141–31 MoAb.
Murine candidiasis: Sex differences in the severity of tissue lesions are not associated with levels of serum C3 and C5
Authors: ASHMAN R. B. , KAY P. H. , LYNCH D. M. , PAPADIMITRIOU J. M. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryMice deficient in the fifth component of complement are known to be extremely susceptible to lethal challenge with Candida albicans. However, male mice, that have significantly higher concentrations of serum C5 than females, were markedly more susceptible to infection. This difference was observed in both susceptible (CBA/H) and resistant (BALB/c) mice. Levels of serum C3 likewise showed no correlation with susceptibility.
Temporal variations in the fine specificity of IgM anti‐fluorescyl antibodies
Authors: DALESANDRO MARGARET R. , SKEATH JAMES B. , DORER DOUGLAS R. , SNYDER MARGARET M. , OWEN JUDITH A. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThis study compares the fine specificities of the primary and secondary fluorescein (FITC)‐specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) repertoires in BALB/c mouse serum and monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) and has found reproducible, immunization‐dependent differences. FITC and four of its homologues: iodoacetamido fluorescein (IAF), dichlorotriazinyl aminofluorescein (DTAF), substituted rhodamine isothiocyanate (XRITC) and tetramethyl rhodamine isothiocyanate (TRITC), each conjugated to bovine serum albumin (BSA), were used to determine reactivity patterns of serum IgM from mice immunized once or twice with FITC‐haemocyanin (FITC‐Hy), Reactivity patterns were also obtained for 20 IgM MoAb, eight of which were produced by fusions of SP2/0 myeloma cells with splenocytes from mice immunized once (primary) and 12 from mice immunized twice (secondary) with FITC‐Hy. Each MoAb exhibited a unique line specificity pattern, evidence of extensive heterogeneity in the FITC‐specific repertoire. Reactivities of IgM MoAb with certain homologues were found to be more characteristic of either the primary or secondary response. Polyclonal serum IgM also showed reproducible immunization‐dependent variations in fine specificity. Such a pattern could result from idiotypic suppression of primary antibodies, from the expansion of subsets of IgM memory cells utilizing novel genes and/or from somatic mutation absent in primary IgM antibodies.
Effects of Freund's adjuvants on local, draining and lymphocyte populations in sheep
Authors: McCLURE S. J. , WAGLAND B. M. , EMERY D. L. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryLymphatic cannulation and serial biopsy were used to examine changes in cell lymphocyte populations after injection of adjuvant in order to explain the mechanisms of the subversive effect that Freund's adjuvants (FA) have on protective immunity against nematode parasites in sheep. Within 4 days of intradermal injection of complete or incomplete FA into sheep there was a selective depletion of the T19+ TCYγδ+ T lymphocyte subpopulation from efferent lymph draining the local lymph node. Transient depletion of CD8+, T19+ and CD5+ cells from jugular blood was evident at day 2. The adjuvant‐induced granuloma was a connective tissue/macrophage/T lymphocyte phenomenon, with no B cell follicles, and the T cell content continued to increase for the 21 days. The early granuloma (days 2–4) contained a disproportionate number of T19+γδ+ lymphocytes. It appeared that the adjuvants induced selective sequestration of this T cell subset during the initial period of granuloma formation.
Cloning and sequencing of the cDNA for ovine granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF)
Authors: O'BRIEN P. M. , ROTHEL J. S. , SEOW H‐F. , WOOD P. R. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryColony‐stimulating factors (CSFs) are not only regulators of haemopoiesis but can also enhance the function of mature myeloid cells, and are therefore potential immune adjuvants. By use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with primers based on the bovine granulocyte‐macrophage CSF (GM‐CSF) sequence, we have amplified the cDNA for ovine GM‐CSF, produced from crude mRNA extracted from alveolar macrophages. The PCR product was cloned into pUC 119, and electroporated into Escherichia coli. The complete nucleotide sequence of two clones, and the partial sequence of eight others, was determined. At the nucleotide and amino acid levels, the ovine and bovine GM‐CSF sequences are 91% and 81% homologous, respectively.
Quantitative analysis of lymphokine expression in vivo and in vitro
Authors: TROUTT ANTHONY B. , MARASKOVSKY EUGENE , ROGERS LESLEY A. , PECH MICHAEL H. , KELSO ANNE 
Published: July 2007

SummaryConstitutive lymphokine production by cells isolated from mice injected with keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH) or from mice undergoing an acute graft vs host reaction (GVHR) was very low, but could be markedly increased by T cell receptor (TCR) ligation. This suggested that in vivo levels of lymphokine production are much lower than those induced by in vitro stimulation. Serum lymphokine titres were consistent with this possibility, and analysis of lymphokine mRNA levels using S1‐nuclease protection demonstrated that in vitro‐stimulated cells from normal, KLH and GVHR mice all had markedly increased levels of lymphokine transcripts relative to levels found in vivo. A novel method combining limiting dilution analysis with polymerase chain reaction amplification of cDNA was developed that showed that these differences in levels of lymphokine production were due at least in part to differences in the frequencies of lymphokine mRNA‐containing cells. Studies of the means by which differential lymphokine production is achieved demonstrated that CD4+, CD8+ and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) clones all express a common, restricted set of lymphokines in response to a defined in vitro stimulus, but that individual in vivo primed cells can express at least seven distinct patterns of lymphokine production.
Technetium‐99 m labelling of DD‐3B6/22 antifibrin monoclonal antibody fragment Fab′ for thrombus imaging
Authors: LEE F‐T. , BONIFACE G. R. , LAMBRECHT R. M. , RYLATT D. B. , BUNDESEN P. G. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe antifibrin DD‐3B6/22 monoclonal antibody Fab′ fragment, a murine immunoglobulin, IgG3, has been labelled with technetium‐99 m (99mTc) via a transchelation reaction, to specific activity in excess of 30 mCi/mg protein. The radio labelling of Fab′ was dependent on time, temperature, pH, antibody concentrations and nature of intermediary transchelation complex used. The resultant radio conjugate was stable in vitro and in vivo. Blood clearance of 99mTc‐Fab′ in rat followed two compartment kinetics with the half time of the fast phase being 0.5 h. The main route of excretion was via the kidneys with little uptake indicated by other tissues. The results suggest that the inherent specificity of the antibody, small molecular size, rapid plasma clearance, high specific radioactivity, together with the physical properties of the 99mTc label, combine to make this labeled monoclonal antibody (MoAb), potentially suitable as a radiopharmaceutical for the scintigraphic detection of thrombi in humans.
In vivo inhibition of the rat primary antibody response to antigenic stimulation by somatostatin
Authors: EGLEZOS ANTHONY , ANDREWS PAUL V. , HELME ROBERT D. 
Published: July 2007

SummarySomatostatin inhibits in vitro lymphocyte proliferative responses from a variety of species including human, mouse and rat. The immunoinhibitory effects of somatostatin are thought to involve binding to specific cell surface somatostatin receptors on immunocompetent cells. This report describes an in vivo immuno inhibitory effect of somatostatin on the rat pophteal lymph node lymphocyte primary antibody response to sheep red blood cell (SRBC) stimulation. Infusion of somatostatin immediately following SRBC injection into the hind feet of rats had a dose‐related inhibitory effect. At the highest concentration used, 10 μmol/L, the level of inhibition was similar to that previously described following neonatal capsaicin treatment of rats. This suggests that neonatal capsaicin treatment may lead to decreased primary antibody responses to SRBC by a selective effect on tachykinin containing nerves and a lesser effect on somatostatin containing nerves. The immuno inhibitory effect of somatostatin was reversed by co infusion of neurokinin A but not substance P, both of which have been shown to stimulate this response. This suggests the possibility that multiple tachykinin receptors are involved in the modulation of the SRBC primary antibody response in vivo These results present evidence for an in vivo immunomodulatory role of somatostatin.
Immunochemotherapy of human colon carcinoma xenografts in nude mice using combinations of idarubicin‐monoclonal antibody conjugates
Authors: SMYTH MARK J. , FOSTER HAMISH McA. , ANDREW SARAH. M. , KRAUER KENIA , McKENZIE IAN F.C. , PIETERSZ GEOFFREY A. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryTumour cell heterogeneity is probably a principal cause of treatment failure and represents a formidable barrier for effective antibody‐targeted chemotherapy. Idarubicin (Ida), a more potent and less cardiotoxic analogue of daunomycin, has been demonstrated to specifically target and eradicate homogeneous, cloned, murine tumour cell populations in vitro and in vivo when coupled to monoclonal antibodies (MoAb); however, the antitumour activity of Ida‐MoAb conjugates against human tumour xenografts remains to be established. In this study, the value of cotargeting conjugates to different human tumour‐associated antigens within a solid tumour has been assessed by comparing the effects of combinations of Ida‐anti‐colon carcinoma MoAb conjugates with any one Ida‐anti‐colon carcinoma MoAb conjugate used alone. Individual Ida‐MoAb conjugates have previously been evaluated for their specific binding and cytotoxicity to one of two different human colon carcinoma xenografts (Colo 205 or LIM2210) in vitro, although their efficacy alone or in combination required assessment in vivo. Combinations of the most effective Ida‐MoAb conjugates were demonstrated to enable a greater number of complete tumour regressions than the most efficacious Ida‐MoAb conjugate administered alone in vivo; some combinations inhibited control tumour growth by up to 95%. This study suggests that Ida‐MoAb conjugates can be effective against subcutaneous human tumours in nude mice, although it is unlikely that any single conjugate will eradicate all the tumour cells in a solid tumour, and the value of ‘cocktails’ of drug‐MoAb conjugates against some xenografts (i.e. LIM2210) appears to be limited.
Interleukin‐6 production during chronic experimental infection
Authors: SAUNDERS BERNADETTE M. , LIU ZHANQI , ZHAN YIFAN , CHEERS CHRISTINA 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe appearance of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) in serum of mice was monitored during the course of chronic infection with either Brucella abortus vaccine strain 19 or a virulent Mycobacterium avium Complex (MAC) isolate. Serum IL‐6 during brucella infection was higher than during infection with MAC, despite similar numbers of bacteria. Furthermore, IL‐6 titres decreased after the peak of infection, falling to baseline levels before these chronic infections were eradicated. The ability of peritoneal cells or spleen cell suspensions to produce IL‐6 under either specific or non‐specific stimulus was greatly enhanced by infection. While production of IL‐6 by these cultures was apparently mostly independent of T cells, T cells from infected mice could produce an lL‐6 response. Thus CD4+ T lymphocytes prepared from mice which had recovered from B. abortus infection, cultured with antigen and antigen presenting cells, resulted in IL‐6 production, which was not observed in similarly cultured CD8+ T cells, indicating a role for T cells.