bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of six microsatellite loci in the African wild silk moth (Gonometa postica, Lasiocampidae)
Authors: DELPORT WAYNE , FERGUSON J. WILLEM , BLOOMER PAULETTE 
Published: January 2006

AbstractSix microsatellite markers were developed for the African wild silk moth, Gonometa postica (Lasiocampidae), using an enrichment protocol. The total number of alleles ranged from three to 17 for a sample of 130 individuals across the distribution of the species. Observed levels of heterozygosity ranged from 0.17 to 0.78. Deviation from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium detected in some loci is probably the result of large interannual population size fluctuations characteristic of this species. No evidence of linkage disequilibrium was detected among loci. These loci will be useful for the inference of demographic processes in a moth species that is of potential economic importance.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellites in Pachygrapsus marmoratus (Grapsidae; Decapoda; Brachyura)
Authors: FRATINI SARA , RAGIONIERI LAPO , PAPETTI CHIARA , PITRUZZELLA GAETANO , RORANDELLI ROCCO , BARBARESI SILVIA , ZANE LORENZO 
Published: January 2006

AbstractSeven polymorphic microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized from the grapsid crab Pachygrapsus marmoratus using FIASCO (fast isolation by AFLP of sequences containing repeats) protocol. Twenty‐seven primer pairs were designed, 14 of which worked well in polymerase chain reaction (PCR), amplifying a fragment of the expected size. Variability was tested in 18 specimens collected along the coast of Tuscany (Italy). Five loci were discarded due to stutter products during their amplification, and two resulted to be monomorphic. The remaining seven loci, showed a number of alleles ranging from two to 14 and an observed heterozygosity ranging from 0.12 to 0.67.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci from a commercial cultivar of Musa acuminata
Authors: CRESTE SILVANA , BENATTI THIAGO R. , ORSI MYRIAN R. , RISTERUCCI ANGE‐MARIE , FIGUEIRA ANTONIO 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA genomic library from the commercial diploid cultivar ‘Ouro’ (Musa acuminata), enriched for CT‐ and GT‐repeats, was used to isolate and characterize 23 microsatellite loci. These loci were tested in 10 Musa genotypes, representing various Musa genomic groups with distinct ploidy level. The number of alleles per locus ranged from one to seven, and 20 loci were highly informative. Four loci appeared to amplify B genome‐specific alleles, while three loci seemed to be absent in the B genome. The polymorphism revealed by these loci will be extremely useful for genetic mapping, marker‐assisted selection, germplasm characterization and evolutionary studies in Musa.
Increased risk of extrapyramidal side‐effect treatment associated with atypical antipsychotic polytherapy
Authors: Carnahan R. M. , Lund B. C. , Perry P. J. , Chrischilles E. A. 
Published: January 2006

Objective:  To determine whether atypical antipsychotic polytherapy is a risk factor for drug treatment for extrapyramidal side‐effects (anti‐EPS drugs) and whether the risk is attributable to antipsychotic dose.Method:  We studied Iowa Medicaid beneficiaries aged 18–64 years with an active atypical and no conventional antipsychotic on January 1, 2001. The association of atypical antipsychotic polytherapy with anti‐EPS drug treatment was determined. Multiple logistic regression was utilized to adjust for covariates in two models, the first adjusting for age, sex and the specific antipsychotic(s) prescribed, and the second also adjusting for doses.Results:  Among 4400 patients, the unadjusted odds of anti‐EPS treatment were increased two‐fold with polytherapy. Polytherapy remained a risk factor in the first model (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.1–2.0), but not after adjusting for doses (OR 1.0, 95% CI 0.7–1.4).Conclusion:  Atypical antipsychotic polytherapy is a risk factor for anti‐EPS drug treatment, apparently because of higher cumulative doses.
Facial templates: a new perspective in three dimensions
Authors: Kau CH , Zhurov A , Richmond S , Cronin A , Savio C , Mallorie C 
Published: January 2006

Structured AbstractAuthors –  Kau CH, Zhurov A, Richmond S, Cronin A, Savio C, Mallorie CPurpose –  This paper describes the use of adult facial template in gender‐specific facial analysis.Subjects and Methods –  Eighty adults, mean age 24.5, were selected for the study. Laser‐scanned images of the subjects were obtained under a reproducible and controlled environment with two Minolta Vivid 900 (Osaka, Japan) optical laser‐scanning devices assembled as a stereo‐pair. A set of left and right scanned images was taken for each subject and each scan took an average of 2.5 s. These scanned images were processed and merged to form a composite three‐dimensional soft tissue reproduction of the subjects using commercially available reverse modelling software. The differences in facial morphology were measured using shell deviation colour maps. The facial template was used to compare differences between males vs. females groups and two subjects with facial disproportions.Results –  The difference between the male and female facial templates was 1.28 ± 1.02 mm. The areas of greatest deviation were at the nasal, zygomatic area and lower jaw line. The results of the surface deviation maps between the templates and subjects with facial disproportion showed that the results could be applied for orthodontic diagnosis.Conclusions –  The construction of the adult facial templates provides an interesting perspective into measuring changes in groups of patients and also acts as a useful template for the comparison of skeletal disproportion.
HLA‐G polymorphism in a Chinese Han population with recurrent spontaneous abortion
Authors: Yan W. H. , Fan L. A. , Yang J. Q. , Xu L. D. , Ge Y. , Yao F. J. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryReproduction is an important biological phenomenon posing an immunological paradox because the semiallogeneic fetus survives by evading maternal immune recognition. The detailed mechanisms behind this maternal–fetal immunotolerance remain elusive. Human leucocyte antigen (HLA)‐G, a non‐classical HLA class I antigen, initially identified as a molecule selectively expressed on extravillous cytotrophoblasts and first studied in the context of pregnancy, has long been supposed to play a critical role in fetal–maternal immunotolerance. To investigate the role of HLA‐G polymorphism in this process and whether the HLA‐G genotype is associated with an increased risk for a subsequent miscarriage, 69 women with three or more recurrent spontaneous abortions (RSA) and 146 fertile control women were genotyped for the HLA‐G locus in this study. To our knowledge, this is the first report on HLA‐G polymorphism in RSA and in normal fertile women from a Chinese Han population. Nine HLA‐G alleles were detected in the fertile control group; however, the allele HLA‐G*0103 was absent in the RSA group. No statistical significance was observed in the distribution of HLA‐G alleles between the two groups. The frequency of the null allele HLA‐G*0105 N in the RSA group and in normal fertile women is 0.7% and 1.4%, respectively. Our data suggested that there was no association of HLA‐G polymorphism with RSA.
The capture of Centaurs as Trojans
Authors: Horner J. , Wyn Evans N. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Large-scale simulations of Centaurs have yielded vast numbers of data, the analysis of which allows interesting but uncommon scenarios to be studied. One such rare phenomenon is the temporary capture of Centaurs as Trojans of the giant planets. Such captures are generally short (10–100 kyr), but occur with sufficient frequency (∼40 objects larger than 1 km in diameter every Myr) that they may well contribute to the present-day populations. Uranus and Neptune seem to have great difficulty capturing Centaurs into the 1 : 1 resonance, while Jupiter captures some, and Saturn the most (∼80 per cent). We conjecture that such temporary capture from the Centaur population may be the dominant delivery route into the Saturnian Trojans. Photometric studies of the Jovian Trojans may reveal outliers with Centaur-like as opposed to asteroidal characteristics, and these would be prime candidates for captured Centaurs.
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS FOR EINSTEIN'S FIELD EQUATIONS: MATHEMATICAL AND NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
Authors: SARBACH OLIVIER , TIGLIO MANUEL 
Published: January 2006

Outer boundary conditions for strongly and symmetric hyperbolic formulations of 3D Einstein's field equations with a live gauge condition are discussed. The boundary conditions have the property that they ensure constraint propagation and control in a sense made precise in this article the physical degrees of freedom at the boundary. We use Fourier–Laplace transformation techniques to find necessary conditions for the well posedness of the resulting initial-boundary value problem and integrate the resulting three-dimensional nonlinear equations using a finite-differencing code. We obtain a set of constraint-preserving boundary conditions which pass a robust numerical stability test. We explicitly compare these new boundary conditions to standard, maximally dissipative ones through Brill wave evolutions. Our numerical results explicitly show that in the latter case the constraint variables, describing the violation of the constraints, do not converge to zero when resolution is increased while for the new boundary conditions, the constraint variables do decrease as resolution is increased. As an application, we inject pulses of "gravitational radiation" through the boundaries of an initially flat spacetime domain, with enough amplitude to generate strong fields and induce large curvature scalars, showing that our boundary conditions are robust enough to handle nonlinear dynamics. We expect our boundary conditions to be useful for improving the accuracy and stability of current binary black hole and binary neutron star simulations, for a successful implementation of characteristic or perturbative matching techniques, and other applications. We also discuss limitations of our approach and possible future directions.
THE ELLIPTICITY PRINCIPLE FOR SELF-SIMILAR POTENTIAL FLOWS
Authors: ELLING VOLKER , LIU TAI-PING 
Published: January 2006

We consider self-similar potential flow for compressible gas with polytropic pressure law. Self-similar solutions arise as large-time asymptotes of general solutions, and as exact solutions of many important special cases like Mach reflection, multidimensional Riemann problems, or flow around corners. Self-similar potential flow is a quasilinear second-order PDE of mixed type which is hyperbolic at infinity (if the velocity is globally bounded). The type in each point is determined by the local pseudo-Mach number L, with L < 1 (respectively, L > 1) corresponding to elliptic (respectively, hyperbolic) regions. We prove an ellipticity principle: the interior of a parabolic-elliptic region of a sufficiently smooth solution must be elliptic; in fact L must be bounded above away from 1 by a domain-dependent function. In particular there are no open parabolic regions. We also discuss the case of slip boundary conditions at straight solid walls.
REFLECTIONS ON PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY: Science and Scientists
Authors: Jortner Joshua 
Published: January 2006

▪ Abstract  This is the story of a young person who grew up in Tel-Aviv during the period of the establishment of the State of Israel and was inspired to become a physical chemist by the cultural environment, by the excellent high-school education, and by having been trained by some outstanding scientists at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and, subsequently, by the intellectual environment and high-quality scientific endeavor at the University of Chicago. Since serving as the first chairman of the Chemistry Department of the newly formed Tel-Aviv University he has been immersed in research, in the training of young scientists, and in intensive and extensive international scientific collaboration. Together with the members of his “scientific family” he has explored the phenomena of energy acquisition, storage and disposal and structure-dynamics-function relations in large molecules, condensed phase, clusters and biomolecules, and is looking forward to many future adventures in physical chemistry. “What to leave out and what to put in? That's the problem.” Hugh Lofting, Doctor Dolittle's Zoo, 1925
La paradoja del racismo aversivo hacia los inmigrantes: un estudio experimental
Authors: Espelt Esteve , Javaloy Federico , Cornejo José-Manuel 
Published: January 2006

Se constata la existencia de racismo aversivo (Gaertner y Dovidio, 1986) hacia los inmigrantes en nuestro entorno social y se trata de identificar algunas características diferenciales en comparación con los estudios realizados en el contexto norteamericano. Se utilizan las escalas de Pettigrew y Meertens (1995) para distinguir entre sujetos igualitarios y prejuiciosos, y, posteriormente, se sitúa a los sujetos en una situación experimental de jurado simulado virtual. Se utiliza un diseño factorial 2x3x3 (etnia del acusado, tipo de pruebas y composición-veredicto del jurado). Los resultados indican que el racismo aversivo, característico de sujetos igualitarios, sólo se manifiesta en situaciones donde la estructura normativa es ambigua y/o existen argumentos para racionalizar sus respuestas prejuiciosas. Su mayor tiempo de respuesta en tomar decisiones hacia los inmigrantes, especialmente cuando éstas son negativas, parece reflejar su resistencia a ser considerados racistas. Las pruebas inculpatorias y exculpatorias influyen en el veredicto de manera diferente según la etnia del acusado. En el caso del inmigrante, las pruebas que le perjudican se tienen en cuenta y las que le benefician no. Ocurre lo contrario cuando se trata de un miembro del endogrupo.
MCP-1/CCR2-dependent loop for fibrogenesis in human peripheral CD14-positive monocytes
Authors: Sakai Norihiko , Wada Takashi , Furuichi Kengo , Shimizu Kazuaki , Kokubo Satoshi , Hara Akinori , Yamahana Junya , Okumura Toshiya , Matsushima Kouji , Yokoyama Hitoshi , Kaneko Shuichi 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Monocyte/macrophage (Mο) migration to sites of inflammation is a prerequisite cause of organ fibrosis. The recruitment and activation of Mo are regulated by C-C chemokines, especially monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 [(MCP-1)/CC chemokine ligand 2], which interacts with CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2). However, the mechanisms leading to fibrosis via MCP-1/CCR2 signaling in Mo remain to be investigated. The effect of MCP-1 on the expression of MCP-1, CCR2, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and type I collagen in circulating human CD14-positive Mo was investigated. In addition, the impact of MCP-1-specific or TGF-β1-specific antisense (AS) phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) was examined to explore the involvement of autocrine/paracrine production of MCP-1 and TGF-β1 by human CD14-positive Mo. Furthermore, specific CCR2 inhibitors were applied to examine the involvement of CCR2 signaling for the promotion of a fibrogenic response. The stimulation of Mo with MCP-1 increased mRNA levels of TGF-β1 and a pro-α1 chain of type I collagen (COL1A1) as well as protein synthesis. Similarly, the expression of MCP-1 and CCR2 was enhanced by the stimulation with MCP-1 in dose- and time-dependent manners. This positive loop via MCP-1 was reduced by pretreatment with MCP-1-specific AS-ODN. It was also noted that pretreatment with TGF-β1-specific AS-ODN partially reduced COL1A1 mRNA levels. Finally, transcripts of these molecules were suppressed by pretreatment with specific CCR2 inhibitors. The present study demonstrated that human peripheral CD14-positive Mo contribute directly to fibrogenesis by a MCP-1/CCR2-dependent amplification loop. These data suggest that fibrogenic processes in Mo regulated by MCP-1/CCR2 may be novel, therapeutic targets for combating organ fibrosis.
The effect of PGG-β-glucan on neutrophil chemotaxis in vivo
Authors: LeBlanc Brian W , Albina Jorge E , Reichner Jonathan S 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
The β-glucans are long-chain polymers of glucose in β-(1,3)(1,6) linkages, which comprise the fungal cell wall and stimulate cells of the innate immune system. Previous in vitro studies have shown the ability of β-glucan to increase the chemotactic capacity of human neutrophils. The current study examined an in vivo correlate of that observation by testing the hypothesis that systemic β-glucan treatment would result in enhanced migration of neutrophils into a site of inflammation and improve antimicrobial function. A model of acute inflammation was used in which polyvinyl alcohol sponges were implanted subcutaneously into the dorsum of rats. Animals treated with β-glucan showed a 66 ± 6% and 186 ± 42% increase in wound cell number recovered 6 and 18 h postwounding, respectively. Increased migration did not correlate with increased chemoattractant content of wound fluid, alterations in neutrophil-induced loss of endothelial barrier function, or changes in neutrophil adhesion to endothelial cells. Systemic administration of SB203580 abrogated the enhanced migration by β-glucan without altering normal cellular entry into the wound. Studies also showed a priming effect for chemotaxis and respiratory burst in circulating neutrophils isolated from β-glucan-treated animals. Heightened neutrophil function took place without cytokine elicitation. Furthermore, β-glucan treatment resulted in a 169 ± 28% increase in neutrophil number and a 60 ± 9% decrease in bacterial load in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of Escherichia coli pneumonic animals. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that β-glucan directly affects the chemotactic capacity of circulating neutrophils through a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent mechanism and potentiates antimicrobial host defense.
The Kupffer cell protects against acute lung injury in a rat peritonitis model: role of IL-10
Authors: Kono Hiroshi , Fujii Hideki , Hirai Yu , Tsuchiya Masato , Amemiya Hidetake , Asakawa Masami , Maki Akira , Matsuda Masanori , Yamamoto Masayuki 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
The possibility that Kupffer cells (KCs) play key beneficial and deleterious roles in multiple organ injury in sepsis has been discussed. The role of KCs in lung injury in a rat peritonitis model was investigated. Specifically, the involvement of interleukin (IL)-10, which has anti-inflammatory effects, was examined. Rats were given saline or gadolinium chloride (GdCl3), a KC toxicant, 24 h before cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Survival was assessed for 7 days after CLP. The liver, lung, and serum were harvested, and the expression of cytokines was assessed. Macrophages were isolated from each organ after CLP, and the mRNA expression of inflammatory mediators was assessed. GdCl3 treatment increased lung injury and mortality. Plasma endotoxin levels were significantly greater, whereas serum IL-10 levels were lower in the GdCl3 than in the control group after CLP. IL-10 levels were significantly greater in the aorta than the hepatic vein. The mRNA expression of IL-10 was less in KCs from the GdCl3 than the control group. In the liver, the expression of IL-10 increased rapidly and continuously, up to 9 h in the control group, but values were significantly lower in the GdCl3 group. Rabbit anti-rat IL-10 antibodies were injected just after CLP to investigate the effects of immunoneutralization of endogenously produced IL-10. In the antibody-treated group, lung injury and mortality increased compared with animals treated with rabbit immunoglobulin G. Taken together, these results indicate that KCs play a protective role in lung injury in sepsis by production of IL-10.
Platelet binding to monocytes increases the adhesive properties of monocytes by up-regulating the expression and functionality of β1 and β2 integrins
Authors: Martins Paula A da Costa , van Gils Janine M , Mol Anita , Hordijk Peter L , Zwaginga Jaap J 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Human monocytes adhere to activated platelets, resulting in the formation of platelet-monocyte complexes (PMC). Complex formation depends on the interaction between platelet-displayed P-selectin and the specific ligand for P-selectin on leukocytes, P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1). We have recently shown that monocytes within PMC have increased adhesive capacity to the activated endothelium. To better understand the effect of platelet binding on the capacity of monocytes to adhere to activated endothelium, the P-selectin-PSGL-1 interaction-induced changes in integrin functionality were studied. The binding of platelets to monocytes via P-selectin-PSGL-1 interactions was shown to increase expression and activity of α4β1 and αMβ2 integrin, with a concomitant decrease in L-selectin expression. Furthermore, the binding of platelets to monocytes resulted in increased monocyte adhesion to intercellular adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, and fibronectin. Platelet binding was also responsible for an increase in monocyte transendothelial migration. Similar effects were observed after engagement of PSGL-1 with specific antibodies or with P-selectin immunoglobulin protein. Our data suggest that platelets, by binding via P-selectin to PSGL-1 on monocytes, induce up-regulation and activation of β1 and β2 integrins and increased adhesion of monocytes to activated endothelium. Hence, monocytes within PMC are in a higher state of activation and may have, therefore, an increased atherogenic capacity.
H2 complex controls CD4/CD8 ratio, recurrent responsiveness to repeated stimulations, and resistance to activation-induced apoptosis during T cell response to mycobacterial antigens
Authors: Pichugin Alexander V , Petrovskaya Svetlana N , Apt Alexander S 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Genetic variation in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) influences susceptibility and immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in mice and humans, but connections among the severity of tuberculosis (TB), dynamic changes in T cell responses to mycobacteria, and MHC genetic polymorphisms are poorly characterized. The overall effect of the MHC genes on TB susceptibility and cellular responses to mycobacteria is moderate; thus, such studies provide reliable results only if congenic mouse strains bearing a variety of H2 haplotypes on an identical genetic background are analyzed. Using a panel of H2-congenic strains on the B10 background, we demonstrate that T cells from mice of three different strains, which are resistant to TB infection, readily respond by proliferation to repeated stimulations with mycobacterial sonicate, whereas T cells from three susceptible mouse strains die after the second stimulation with antigen. This difference is specific, as T cells from TB-susceptible and -resistant mouse strains do not differ in response to irrelevant antigens. The CD4/CD8 ratio in immune lymph nodes correlates strongly and inversely with TB susceptibility, being significantly lower in resistant mice as a result of an increased content of CD8+ cells. These differences between the two sets of mouse strains correlate with an elevated level of activation-induced T cell apoptosis in TB-susceptible mice and a higher proportion of activated CD44+CD62 ligand– T cells in TB-resistant mice. These results may shed some light on the nature of the cellular basis of MHC-linked differences in susceptibility to TB.