bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CONFLICT AND SOCIAL CHANGE: THE CASE OF AN ISRAELI VILLAGE1
Authors: DESHEN SHLOMO A. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryConflict and Social Change: The Case of an Israeli VillageSome aspects of a village of immigrants from the island of Djerba (Tunisia) in Israel are described. The village is of the moshav type where Israeli authorities endeavour to transform immigrant groups into cooperative farming communities, a situation of directed change. The particular village under discussion poses a sociological question: although efforts to introduce agriculture have largely failed, the villagers have congregated into a tightly‐knit community reminiscent of the ideal moshav. Such a combination is not usual on the Israeli immigrant moshav scene.The empirical findings are discussed in terms of conflict between the agents of change and their objects, the villagers. The analysis points out that such conflict is latent in a situation of directed change because of the basic duality of agents and objects of change, which implies efforts of the former to change accepted custom of the latter. The eruption of actual conflict as well as its precise nature depends on the particular case. The paper demonstrates the relevance of an analys of the relations between agents and objects of change, to a fuller understanding of the effects of projects of directed change upon a community. It is suggested that these relations have ramified effects; their study is proposed as a fruitful approach in research on directed change.
OUTDOOR RECREATION IN SWEDEN
Authors: NORRBOM CLAES‐ERIC 
Published: March 2008

SummaryOutdoor Recreation in SwedenThe author presents a report on outdoor recreation in Sweden. There is a demand for more and better outdoor recreation facilities within day‐use range of the urban population, and the demand is growing so rapidly that the final pattern cannot be discerned as yet.At present there are about 300,000 summer homes in Sweden, and according to forecasts this number will double in the next five years. They have multiplied in the metropolitan regions and along the coastline to such an extent that the supply of land for the purposes of nature conservation and recreation areas is seriously threatened.The report stresses the responsibilities of national and local government in making opportunities for outdoor recreation available to more and more people. A primary task will be to delimit the areas of land and water that will be needed in the long run.
THE INTERACTION OF SOCIAL CHANGE AND PHYSICAL PLANNING1
Authors: PRILLEVITZ F. C. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe Interaction of Social Change and Physical PlanningIn the introduction some remarks are made concerning the necessity of physical planning. Various definitions of physical planning are discussed leading to the conclusion that the execution of a policy invariably means a synthesis of physical elements, social aims and economic forces.Following the introduction a paragraph is devoted to the social changes which affect the physical lay‐out of our countries. Demographic, economic and social changes are reviewed. It is concluded that far‐reaching urbanization will be the result of these changes. This urbanization, in juxtaposition to all the changes already taking place, will lead to the fact that agriculture will be pressed even harder and be confronted with the necessity to adapt. It is noted that demands are made upon rural areas from the urban regions. The countryside will be, next to an area of agrarian production, a recreation area and spatially an open area. This necessitates a change of policy with regard to agriculture and rural areas. The various ways in which this can be done are demonstrated by the Dutch situation. The country is divided into primarily agriculture areas, agricultural‐recreational areas, agricultural areas in the urban sphere, and buffer zones. Special attention is paid to the legislation on physical planning in general and on rural reconstruction in particular.The paper ends with the confirmation that there is a definite interaction between physical planning and social change. Finally, it is emphasized that co‐ordination of the various policies carried out by ministries, provinces and municipalities is an absolute necessity for really satisfactory physical planning.
NEEDED RESEARCH ON ADOPTION MODELS1
Authors: BOHLEN JOE M. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryNeeded Research on Adoption ModelsThis paper outlines the development and present conventional form of the models of adoption. The five stage model of awareness, information, evaluation, trial and adoption, has been logically derived from assumptions about the process by which the human personality develops and how man responds to stimuli received: man is a telic being, an acting being and an organising being. The consequent operational model of adoption is also, for heuristic purposes, presented in five stages although it should not be concluded that the actual processes duplicate this. After dealing with characteristics of practices which affect their adoption, the paper concludes by considering the limitations of the model, and consequently suggesting required research. In particular, the model is too general for universal application, while its emphasis on a process leading to adoption has obscured the significance of optimum adoption and the factors related thereto. More research is also required concerning the detailed nature of each stage.
INDUSTRIALIZATION WITHOUT DEVELOPMENT: A COMMENT ON AN ITALIAN CASE STUDY
Authors: Furnari Mena 
Published: March 2008

SummaryINDUSTRIALIZATION WITHOUT DEVELOPMENT: A COMMENT ON AN ITALIAN CASE STUDYThe changes in economic and social structure of Southern Italy have determined a situation very different from the image made famous by the studies carried out in the fifties. A problem that deserves attention is the lag between economic growth and social development. This issue has been faced in a research publication by Hytten and Marchioni through an intensive study of an Italian town invested by a process of industrialization. The authors discard the socio‐cultural interpretation of underdevelopment and attribute it to the colonialist attitude that has characterized industrial intervention in Southern Italy.This character of industrialization has implied a class alliance between the advanced industrial capitalist forces and the local reactionary bourgeoisie, whose patterns, particularly patronage have been exploited by the industry settled in the town. A contradiction, particularly in the conclusions, is that the authors propose reformist solutions which do not question the logic of the system, though they have found the causes of underdevelopment in the class structure of the system.RésuméINDUSTRIALISATION SANS DEVELOPPEMENT: A PROPOS DE L'ETUDE d'un CAS ITALIENLes changements de la structure économique et sociale de l'Italie du Sud ont déterminé une situation très diverse de l'image rendue fameuse par les études des années y o. Un problème qui devrait attirer l'attention est la disparité entre la croissance économique et le développement social. Ce thème a été affronté dans la recherche récente de Hytten et Marchioni, à travers l'étude intensive d'une petite ville investie d'industrialisation. Les auteurs écartent l'interprétation socioculturelle du sous‐développement et attribuent l'absence de développement social à l'attitude colonialiste qui a caractérisé l'industrialisation du midi italien.Ce caractère de l'industrialisation a impliqué une alliance de classe entre les forces capitalistes industrielles avancées et la bourgeoisie réactionnaire locale dont les modèles, surtout le clientélisme, ont été exploités par la grande industrie insérté dans la ville. Une contradiction surtout dans les conclusions est que les auteurs, ayant individualisés les causes du sous‐développement dans la structure de dasse du système, proposent des solutions réformistes qui ne contestent pas la logique du système.
THE EXTENSION OFFICER IN PERSONAL DISCUSSION1
Authors: Pieper A. Houttuyn 
Published: March 2008

SummaryTHE EXTENSION OFFICER IN PERSONAL DISCUSSIONThe paper contains an exploratory effort to analy the factors which determine the effectiveness of personal discussion as an extension method. The basic data for the paper consist of an inquiry among a small number of farmers and extension workers, ad hoc observations during a workshop on methods of personal discussion at Wageningen, and experience. The point of departure for an analysis of the extension agent's behaviour in personal discussion is the client's expectations regarding his behaviour. A number of such expectations among Dutch farmers are presented.From these expectations, a number of variables (15) are developed which describe the conditions under which personal discussion occurs. These conditions allow the formulation of a number of sub‐roles ‐ appropriate for the conditions ‐ which the extension worker can enact in personal discussion. The sub‐roles presented are:1. one who asks for information;2. one supplying information;3. one supplying cut and dried advice;4. one who sustains the client's confidence in what he intended doing anyway;5. one who helps the client to think rationally;6. one who helps the client to overcome his emotions. Awareness of such sub‐roles will allow the extension worker to play the appropriate one for the conditions which are present and to choose deliberately among the alternatives available.The paper ends with some practical suggestions on how best to conduct a personal dipssion.RésuméLE CONSEILLER AGRICOLE ET L'ENTRETIEN DE CONSEILCet article constitue une première analyse des facteurs conditionnant l'eficacité de l'entretien en tant que méthode de vulgarisation. Les données de base ont été fournies par une enquête réalisée sur un petit nombre d'agriculteurs et de conseillers, par des observations faites dans un groupe de travail à Wageningen sur les méthodes de contact et d'entretiens, par l'expérience. Cette analyse du comportement du conseiller au cours des entretiens a pour base l'ensemble des attentes des clients dont certaines sont évoquées dans cet article.L'analyse de ces attentes a mis en évidence un certain nombre de variables (15), caractéristiques des conditions dans lesquelles l'entretien intervient. La détermination de ces situations permet la formulation de rôles composants appropriés, que le conseiller peut mettre en jeu au cours de l'entretien. Les rôles composants présentés sont:1) celui qui demande de l'information,2) celui qui fournit de l'information,3) celui qui fournit la solution détaillée,4) celui qui aide le client à prendre confiance en lui‐même et à réaliser ce que ce dernier avait l'intention de faire,5) celui qui aide le client à penser rationnellement,6) celui qui aide le client à surmonter ses émotions.La prise de conscience de ces rôles composants permettra au conseiller de jouer celui qui convient à chaque situation et de choisir délibéré‐ment parmi les alternatives disponibles.L'artide se termine par quelques suggestions pratiques concernant la conduite de tels entretiens.
ON THE CAUSES OF IRISH EMIGRATION
Authors: Bovenkerk Frank 
Published: March 2008

“The famine started the exodus more than a century ago. Is the racial (sic) memory of it still continuing it? Has it set up some unfathomed psychosis deep down in the Celtic psyche which fills the heart of the Gael with an insatiable restlessness, a cosmic wanderlust, a sort of demi‐urge that goads him to the waiting ship and far‐distant shore?”SummaryON THE CAUSES OF IRISH EMIGRATIONIn this paper several generally accepted reasons for Irish emigration (population density, poor marriage prospects for females and internal family pressures) will be rejected. Today's emigration has its own structure and its own contemporary causes. It is argued that emigrating is not any longer final in character, but can better be described as migrant labour. On the basis of a statistical analysis and the results of sociological fieldwork in a rural trade centre in S. W. Ireland it is shown that economic factors and the standard motive of adventure are most important in explaining why the Irish emigrate nowadays. The relation between these two types of factors is one between necessary and sufficient conditions.RésuméCet article réfute plusieurs des causes généralement acceptées de l'émigration irlandaise (densité démographique, espérance de mariage faible pour les jeunes filles et pressions familiales). L'émigration actuelle a ses propres structures et ses causes spkcifiques. L'auteur dtmontre que l'émigration ne présente plus un caractère définitif mais constitue une migration temporaire de travail. Des analyses statistiques et une recherche sociologique menée dam une ville située dans une zone rurale du sud‐ouest de l'Irlande, ont montré que les facteurs économiques et l'aspiration classique è l'aventure constituent des facteurs trés importants des migrations irlandaises actuelles. La relation entre ces deux types de motivations est une entre conditions ntcessaires et suffisantes de la migration.LES CAUSES DE l'EMIGRATION IRLANDAISE
EXPLORATIONS INTO THE FUTURE OF AGRICULTURE IN WESTERN EUROPE1
Authors: Jansen Anton J. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryEXPLORATIONS INTO THE FUTURE OF AGRICULTURE IN WESTERN EUROPEThis article presents the general outline of a cross‐national research project into the future of agriculture in Western Europe. In the first phase of this project, research has been mainly entrusted to workshops which contributed to the elaboration of four alternative ways of viewing the priorities for the future development of agriculture.RÉSUMÉEXPLORATIONS DU FUTUR DU l'AGRICULTURE EN EUROPE OCCIDENTALECet article présente les grandes lignes d'un projet de recherche international portant sur l'avenir de l'agriculture en Europe Occidentale. La première phase de ce travail a été principalement constituée par la réalisation d'ateliers de créativité qui ont permis l'élaboration de quatre images alternatives du developpement de l'agriculture.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGERKUNDUNGEN DER ZUKUNFT DER L ANDWIRTSCHAFT IN WESTEUROPADer Artikel stellt die allgemeinen Umrisse eines übernationalen Forschungsprojekts über die Zukunft der Landwirtschaft in West‐europa dar. In der ersten Phase dieses Projektes war die Forschung vor allern in die Hände von Arbeitsgruppen gelegt, die zur Ausarbeitung von vier alternativen Wegen für die Prioritäten der zukünftigen Entwicklung der Landwirtschaft beigetragen haben.
CAPITALIST FARMERS IN THE BRITISH CLASS STRUCTURE1
Authors: Bell Colin , Newby Howard 
Published: March 2008

SummaryCAPITALIST FARMERS IN THE BRITISH CLASS STRUCTUREThis paper presents, in a modified Weberian framework, an approach to the study of capitalist farmers in the British class structure. Their market situation is principally analysed in terms of the outcome of pressure group activity vis‐a‐vis the state. A typology is derived for their work situation based upon the degree of market‐orientation and the degree of direct involvement in husbandry. This typology can be related to the legitimating strategies which farmers choose to operate over their employees. The analysis of their status situation emphasises the declining coherence of the evaluating criteria on which status is based and illustrates the limitations of existing occupational prestige studies with regard to farmers.RÉSUMÉAGRICULTEURS CAPITALISTES ET CLASSES SOCIALES EN GRANDE‐BRBTAGNEUtilisant come cadre de travail la théorie wébérienne quelque peu modifiée, les auteurs présentent une étude préliminaire des agriculteurs capitalistes en Grande‐Bretagne. Leur situation par rapport au marché est analysée en terme de résultat de l'activité d'un groupe de pression vis‐à‐vis de l'Etat. A partir de cela, les auteurs établissent une typologie de la situation des agriculteurs vis‐à‐vis de leur travail, fondée à la fois sur leur niveau de participation directe à la conduite de leur exploitation, et l'orientation plus ou moins marquée de cette dernière vers l'économie de marché. Cette typologie peut être mise en relation avec les stratégies que développent les agriculteurs vis‐à‐vis de leurs ouvriers. L'analyse de leur status social met l'accent sur la cohérence, sans cesse décroissante, des critères d'évaluation du status et illustre les limites des études actuelles sur la place d'agriculteurs dans la société en fonction de la relation prestige social ‐ profession.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGKAPITALISTISCHE FARMER IN DER ERITISCHEN KLASSENSTRUKTURDer Artikel präsentiert in einem modifizierten Weberschen Rahmen den Zugang zu einer Studie der kapitalistischen Farmer in der britischen Klassenstruktur. Ihre Marktsituation wird zuerst nach dem Ergebnis der Aktivität als Druckgruppe gegenüber dem Staat analysiert. Eine Typologie wird aus ihrer Arbeitssituation abgeleitet, die sich auf den Grad der Marktorientierung und der direkten Beschäftigung mit der Agrarproduktion gründet. Diese Typologie kann zu den legitimierenden Strategien in Beziehung gesetzt werden, die die Farmer gegenüber ihren Arbeitern und Angestellten wählen. Die Analyse ihrer Statussituation unterstreicht die sich abschwächende Kohärenz der Bewertungsmerkmale, auf denen der Status basiert, und illustriert die Begrenzungen der bisherigen Studien über Berufs‐prestige von Farmern.
DIE ERWERBSTÄTIGKEIT VON EHEMÄNNERN UND EHEFRAUEN IN STADT UND LAND
Authors: KRUELL MARIANNE 
Published: March 2008

SummaryAn empirical research study of urban and rural families showed ‐ contrary to the hypothesis ‐ that urban married women are not in all aspects more “professionally emancipated” than their rural peers. In the town the difference between married men and women is in fact larger than in the village regarding the general employment ratio, income and parttime employment. Educational differences between the groups are similar for town and countryside; the general educational level being substantially lower in the villages. The hypothesis was confirmed only regarding economic activity outside the home and the “occupational prestige”, measured by occupational position. In town, the difference between married men and women in employment away from the home is smaller than in the village. A larger percentage of married women in town than of men are in white‐collar jobs, while this difference is smaller in the countryside. These results do not, however, lead to the conclusion, that urban married women are qualitatively or quantitatively more occupationally minded than rural wives.ZusammenfassungAnhand einer empirischen Untersuchung in Stadt‐ und Landfamilien der BRD 1970 wurde ermittelt, daß ‐ im Gegensatz zu einer hypothetischen Erwartung ‐ Ehefrauen in der Stadt nicht in allen Aspekten stärker “beruflich emanzipiert” sind als auf dem Land. In der Stadt ist der Unterschied zwischen verheirateten Männern und Frauen hinsichtlich der allgemeinen Beteiligung am Erwerbsleben, des Einkommens und der Teilzeitbeschäftigung sogar größer als auf dem Land. Die Bildungsunterschiede zwischen den Vergleichsgruppen sind etwa gleich groß in Stadt und Land, wobei allerdings das Bildungsniveau auf dem Land sehr viel niedriger ist. Die Hypothese wurde lediglich bestätigt bezüglich der außerhäuslichen Tätigkeit und des “Berufsprestiges”, gemessen an der Stellung im Beruf. In der Stadt ist der Unterschied zwischen Ehemännern und ‐frauen hinsichtlich außerhäuslicher Tätigkeit nicht so groß wie auf dem Land. Von den Ehefrauen sind in der Stadt erheblich mehr als Angestellte tätig als von den Ehemännern, während dieser Unterschied auf dem Land geringer ist. Diese Ergebnisse lassen jedoch nicht den Schluß zu, daß, im Gegensatz zum Land, in der Stadt eine qualitativ und quantitativ stärkere Berufsbezogenheit der Ehefrauen anzutreffen sei.
CHANGES IN THE STRUCTURE OF THE MINORITY VILLAGES IN ISRAEL‐OUTLINES AND REASONS
Authors: BAR‐GAL Y. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe objective of this article is to describe the type of changes taking place in the structure of the minority villages in Israel7 and the reasons for these changes. The villages are tuning from traditional villages with the structure of a closed core, into an open settlements where the built‐up area is continuously growing creating new residential areas. The structural changes are followed by technological changes within the village. Infrastructure systems are being built ‐ water, electricity, roads, telephone, sewerage, etc. and the standard of the public services is rising. Because of the changes ‐ in the employment division, the involvement with the Jewish population, the rise in the standard of living, the new expectations of the population, and primarily the rapid increase, but still remaining within the framework of the village ‐ it is possible to change the function of the village from a traditional agricultural village into an urban settlement which provides services on a high standard, and, to a certain extent, independent of the cities nearly. The progress made is a result of the struggle between these encouraging development and those who delay it. It is assumed that as time passes, the barriers will be lowered and will not prevent the needed development, and additional villages will become settlements bearing a special urban character.ZusammenfassungDas Ziel dieser Arbeit besteht darin, die Veränderungen in der Struktur der von Minderheiten bewohnten Dörfer in Israel und deren Gründe zu kategorisieren. Die Dörfer wandeln sich von traditionellen Dörfern mit der Struktur eines geschlossenen Kerns in offenere Siedlungen bei denen die Neubaugebiete ständig wachsen und neue Wohngebiete entstehen. Den Strukturveränderungen folgen technologische Veränderungen innerhalb der Dörfer. Es werden Infrastruktunysteme erstellt, ‐ z. B. Wasser, Elektrizität, Strassen, Telephon, Kanalisation ‐ und das Niveau der öffentlichen Dienstleistungen steigt. Aufgrund dieser Veränderungen ‐ in der Beschäftigung, dem Kontakt mit der jüdischen Bevolkerung, der Steigerung des Lebensstandards, der neuen Erwartungshaltung der Bevölkerung und in erster Linie des schnellen Wachstums innerhalb des Dorfes ‐ ist es möglich, die Funktion des Dorfes von einem traditonellen, von der Landwirtschaft bestimmten Dorf in eine städtische Siedlung mit einem hohen Dienstleistungsstandard und einer gewissen Unabhängigkeit von den nahen Städten zu verändern. Das Ausmass des Fortschritts, der gemacht wird, ist das Ergebnis des Konflikts zwischen denen, die die Entwicklungen fördern und denen, die sie hemmen. Es wird angenommen, dass im Verlaufe der Zeit die Hindernisse abgebaut werden und sie nicht länger die benötigte Entwicklung aufhalten so dass immer mehr Dörfer zu Siedlungen mit einem spezifisch urbanen Charakter werden.