bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of acute alcohol consumption and alcohol expectancy on processing of perceptual cues of emotional expression
Authors: Craig LC , Attwood AS , Benton CP , Penton-Voak IS , Munafò MR 
Published: June 2008

Abstract We recently demonstrated that alcohol elicits a difference between men and women in perceptual threshold for facial expressions of sadness. However, this study did not include a manipulation of alcohol expectancy. Therefore, we sought to determine whether these effects may be due to the expectation of having consumed alcohol. Male and female participants ( n = 100) were randomised using a balanced-placebo design to receive either an alcoholic or a non-alcoholic drink and to be told that this was alcoholic or non-alcoholic. Participants completed a psychophysical task which presented male and female faces expressing angry, happy, and sad emotions. Analysis of threshold data indicated a significant two-way interaction of drink × target emotion, reflecting a higher threshold for the detection of sad facial expressions of emotion, compared with angry or happy expressions, in the alcohol condition compared with the placebo condition. We did not observe any evidence of sex differences in these effects. Our data indicate that alcohol modifies the perceptual threshold for facial expressions of sadness. Unlike our previous report, we did not observe evidence of sex differences in these effects. Most importantly, we did not observe any evidence that these effects were due to expectancy effects associated with alcohol consumption.
The medaka novel immune-type receptor (NITR) gene clusters reveal an extraordinary degree of divergence in variable domains
Authors: Desai Salil , Heffelfinger Amy K , Orcutt Timothy M , Litman Gary W , Yoder Jeffrey A 
Published: June 2008

Abstract

Background
Novel immune-type receptor (NITR) genes are members of diversified multigene families that are found in bony fish and encode type I transmembrane proteins containing one or two extracellular immunoglobulin (Ig) domains. The majority of NITRs can be classified as inhibitory receptors that possess cytoplasmic immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motifs (ITIMs). A much smaller number of NITRs can be classified as activating receptors by the lack of cytoplasmic ITIMs and presence of a positively charged residue within their transmembrane domain, which permits partnering with an activating adaptor protein.

Results
Forty-four NITR genes in medaka (Oryzias latipes) are located in three gene clusters on chromosomes 10, 18 and 21 and can be organized into 24 families including inhibitory and activating forms. The particularly large dataset acquired in medaka makes direct comparison possible to another complete dataset acquired in zebrafish in which NITRs are localized in two clusters on different chromosomes. The two largest medaka NITR gene clusters share conserved synteny with the two zebrafish NITR gene clusters. Shared synteny between NITRs and CD8A/CD8B is limited but consistent with a potential common ancestry.

Conclusion
Comprehensive phylogenetic analyses between the complete datasets of NITRs from medaka and zebrafish indicate multiple species-specific expansions of different families of NITRs. The patterns of sequence variation among gene family members are consistent with recent birth-and-death events. Similar effects have been observed with mammalian immunoglobulin (Ig), T cell antigen receptor (TCR) and killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) genes. NITRs likely diverged along an independent pathway from that of the somatically rearranging antigen binding receptors but have undergone parallel evolution of V family diversity.
Transcriptional analysis of Mycobacterium fortuitum cultures upon hydrogen peroxide treatment using the novel standard rrn A-P1
Authors: Núñez María Carmen , Menéndez María Carmen , Rebollo María José , García María J 
Published: June 2008

AbstractBackgroundThe ability of an intracellular pathogen to establish infection depends on the capacity of the organism to survive and replicate inside the host.Mycobacterium fortuitumis a bacteria that contains genes involved in the detoxification of the oxygen reactive species such as those produced by the host during the infection. In this work, we investigate the effects of hydrogen peroxide on the transcription and expression of these genes by developing a real time quantitative PCR technique (qRT-PCR) using the ribosomal promoter region (rrnA-P1) as reference product for quantification of the mRNA levels.ResultsM. fortuitumcultures were treated with different hydrogen peroxide concentrations (0.02 to 20 mM) during several periods of time (30 to 120 minutes). The activity of the enzymes KatGII and SodA, and the transcription of corresponding genes were evaluated. The transcriptional regulatorfurAII gene was also studied.The ribosomal promoter regionrrnA-P1 was validated as referential product under the stress conditions checked by qRT-PCR.Minor changes were observed under the conditions tested except when bacteria were incubated in the presence of 20 mM hydrogen peroxide. Under those conditions, the levels of transcription of the three genes under study increased at 30 minutes of treatment. The viability of the bacteria was not influenced under the conditions tested.ConclusionIn this work, we have quantified transcriptional responses to stress suggesting that, the opportunistic pathogenM. fortuitumis more resistant and differs in behaviour in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, when compared to the major pathogenMycobacterium tuberculosisand the saprophyteMycobacterium smegmatis. Besides, we demonstrate the mycobacterial non-coding regionrrnA-P1 to be a suitable reference product in the analysis of qRT-PCR transcriptional data ofM. fortuitum.
Fonsecaea pedrosoiinfection induces differential modulation of costimulatory molecules and cytokines in monocytes from patients with severe and mild forms of chromoblastomycosis
Authors: Sousa Maria Glória Teixeira , Azevedo Conceição de Maria Pedrozo e Silva , Nascimento Rosana Cicera , Ghosn Eliver Eid Bou , Santiago Karla Leticia , Noal Vanessa , Bomfim Gisele Facholi , Marques Sirlei Garcia , Gonçalves Azizedite Guedes , Santos Daniel Wagner de Castro Lima , Almeida Sandro Rogerio 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe host defense mechanism in chromoblastomycosis has not been thoroughly investigated. It has been suggested that cell-mediated immunity in patients with long-standing chromoblastomycosis is somehow impaired. As a result, these individuals became unable to develop an efficient immune reaction. Many studies have shown that monocyte-derived macrophages exhibit critical activities in immunity to microorganisms. Moreover, the ability of cells from the monocytic lineage to process and present antigens, to produce cytokines, and to provide costimulatory signals confirms their pivotal role in the initiation of specific immune responses. In the present study, it was observed that monocytes from patients with a severe form of disease had a higher production of IL-10 and a lower expression of HLA-DR and costimulatory molecules when stimulated with specific antigen or LPS. Immune modulation with recombinant IL-12 or anti-IL-10 can restore the antigen-specific Th1-type immune response in chromoblastomycosis patients by up-regulating HLA-DR and costimulatory molecules in monocytes. Therefore, our data show that monocytes from patients with different clinical forms of chromoblastomycosis present distinct phenotypic and functional profiles. This observation suggests possible mechanisms that control the T cell response and influence their role in the development of pathology.
Whence the Law: The Politics of Women's Rights, Regime Change, and the Vestiges of Reform in the Islamic Republic of Iran
Authors: Osanloo Arzoo 
Published: June 2008

The U.S. foreign policy program favoring regime change in Iran mobilizes women's rights as a means to garner domestic sympathy for intervention. In doing so, pundits and politicians draw on epistemological assumptions that render Iranian women's lives in binary opposition to those of women in the United States and the West, often misconstruing the day-to-day realities of Iranian women's lives and discounting internal women's rights movements.
This essay considers how political characterizations of Iranian women and women in other Muslim-majority countries produce the conditions through which women's rights are understood and studied. In the highly politicized context of regime change, this essay asks: what are the effects of international pressure on local Iranian women and on their movements? Given the anti-imperialist tenor of the 1979 revolution and the centrality of women's rights therein, this essay further considers the effects of contemporary discourses of regime change that highlight women and argues that such discourses can actually hurt internal movements rather than help them.
Finally, this essay offers a different way to think about women's rights in these regions, one that involves a rethinking of the terms of the debate itself and moving beyond the binaries of East-West and premodern-modern. In the Iranian framework, we are seeing an instance of modern liberal values in a novel context—an Islamic republic. This essay calls for critical studies of women's rights and human rights that explore the international politicization of women's rights alongside new and complex state formations throughout the world.
Feminism, Torture, and the Politics of Chicana/Third World Solidarity: An Interview with Olga Talamante
Authors: Gómez Alan Eladio 
Published: June 2008

This interview brings to light the transnational and gender politics of the Chicana/o movement during the 1970s, as well as the effects of state terrorism and torture on the political trajectory of the Chicana activist and organizer Olga Talamante.
On November 10, 1974, uniformed men arrested Talamante, a Chicana activist from Gilroy, California, and thirteen young Argentine activists in Azul, Argentina. The young leftist activists had been working on health and educational projects when martial law was declared. Accused of violating the National Security Act, Talamante was subjected to four days of terror—including electric shocks, beatings, and psychological torture—and incarcerated in the earliest days of Argentina's “dirty war” of state terrorism. Born in Mexicali, Mexico, and raised in Gilroy, Talamante had attended the University of California at Santa Cruz and was involved with the student group Movimiento Estudiantil Chicana/o de Aztlán (Chicana/o Student Movement of Aztlán—MEChA), the United Farm Workers (UFW), and the women's group Chicana Consciousness. Talamante's border crossings—between Mexico and the United States and across the Americas, from agricultural fields to the university, from student politics to revolutionary movements—as well as her analysis of the effects of capitalism across the continent led her to identify Chicana/o with Mexico, Latin America, and a global imaginary. Talamante's experiences of torture and incarceration in Argentina can also be linked to the current torture scandals at Abu Ghraib, Guantánamo Bay, and other secret CIA so-called black-site prisons.
“That Was a Dirty Job!” Technology and Workplace Hazards in Meatpacking Over the Long Twentieth Century
Authors: Horowitz Roger 
Published: June 2008

Workplace dangers are inherent in the meatpacking industry because of the nature of tasks necessary to generate meat from animals that come in irregular sizes and to keep that product wholesome for consumers. While meatpacking injuries are both endemic and substantially more prevalent than in most American industries, their danger rests in their cumulative impact and not on dramatic accidents, as is the case in the mining and construction industries. Nonetheless, throughout the twentieth century, meatpacking left behind thousands of permanently damaged workers.
Traditionally the most common dangers in meatpacking were knife wounds and falls due to wet conditions. Since 1980, repetitive-motion disorders have become the most prevalent form of workplace injuries, as the danger to workers shifted from the hand holding the meat to the hand making the cuts. The increase in these forms of workplace dangers is closely associated with the collapse of union power and the sharp decline in meatpacking employment to jobs of last resort.
The current injury-and-illness reporting requirements of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) conceal the extent of workplace injuries in meatpacking. Unlike methods prevalent before 2002, injuries that do not require absence from work are exempt from reporting requirements. Similarly, firms are not required to report injuries developed through cumulative activity, such as repetitive-motion disorders. Consequently, the level of workplace dangers in meatpacking is no longer accurately reflected in government statistics.
Marine endophyte sources of new chemical natural products: a review
Authors: Jones E.B. Gareth , Stanley Susan J. , Pinruan Umpava 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
We review the occurrence of fungal endophytes in marine organisms, in particular of seaweeds and mangrove plants, and compare them to obligate or marine-derived fungi. The ability of endophytes to produce a wide range of new or novel bioactive compounds is also discussed.
Reciprocally Imprinted Genes and the Response to Selection on One Sex
Authors: Patten Manus M , Haig David 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
We explore the theoretical consequences of limiting selection to males for the evolution of imprinted genes. We find that the efficiency of male-limited selection depends on the pattern of imprinting at an imprinted locus. When selection is strong, the maternally expressed pattern of imprinting allows faster genetic change than the reciprocal, paternally expressed pattern. When selection is relatively weak, the pattern of imprinting that permits a greater rate of genetic response to selection depends on the frequency of the favored allele: the paternally expressed pattern permits faster genetic change than does the maternally expressed pattern at low frequencies of a favored allele; at higher frequencies of a favored allele, however, the maternally expressed pattern is again more conducive to a genetic response. To our knowledge, this is the first theoretical description of a difference between the two reciprocal patterns of imprinting. The selective efficiency bias we identify between the two patterns of imprinting has implications for natural and livestock populations, which we discuss.
Meiotic Recombination at the Ends of Chromosomes inSaccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Barton Arnold B , Pekosz Michael R , Kurvathi Rohini S , Kaback David B 
Published: June 2008

AbstractMeiotic reciprocal recombination (crossing over) was examined in the outermost 60–80 kb of almost all Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosomes. These sequences included both repetitive gene-poor subtelomeric heterochromatin-like regions and their adjacent unique gene-rich euchromatin-like regions. Subtelomeric sequences underwent very little crossing over, exhibiting approximately two- to threefold fewer crossovers per kilobase of DNA than the genomic average. Surprisingly, the adjacent euchromatic regions underwent crossing over at twice the average genomic rate and contained at least nine new recombination “hot spots.” These results prompted an analysis of existing genetic mapping data, which showed that meiotic reciprocal recombination rates were on average greater near chromosome ends exclusive of the subtelomeres. Thus, the distribution of crossovers in S. cerevisiae appears to resemble that found in several higher eukaryotes where the outermost chromosomal regions show increased crossing over.
Detecting Local Adaptation Using the Joint Sampling of Polymorphism Data in the Parental and Derived Populations
Authors: Innan Hideki , Kim Yuseob 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
When a local colonization in a new niche occurs, the new derived population should be subject to different selective pressures from that in the original parental population; consequently it is likely that many loci will be subject to directional selection. In such a quick adaptation event through environmental changes, it is reasonable to consider that selection utilizes genetic variations accumulated in the precolonization phase. This mode of selection from standing variation would play an important role in the evolution of new species. Here, we developed a coalescent-based simulation algorithm to generate patterns of DNA polymorphism in both parental and derived populations. Our simulations demonstrate that selection causes a drastic change in the pattern of polymorphism in the derived population, but not in the parental population. Therefore, for detecting the signature of local adaptation in polymorphism data, it is important to evaluate the data from both parental and derived populations simultaneously.
Investigation of the Properties of Non-gypsy Suppressor of Hairy-wing-Binding Sites
Authors: Kuhn-Parnell Emily J , Helou Cecilia , Marion David J , Gilmore Brian L , Parnell Timothy J , Wold Marc S , Geyer Pamela K 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Insulators define interactions between transcriptional control elements in eukaryotic genomes. The gypsy insulator found in the gypsy retrovirus binds the zinc-finger Suppressor of Hairy-wing [Su(Hw)] protein that associates with hundreds of non-gypsy regions throughout the Drosophila genome. Models of insulator function predict that the gypsy insulator forms chromatin loop domains through interactions with endogenous Su(Hw) insulators (SIs) to limit the action of transcriptional control elements. Here we study SI 62D and show that interactions occur between two SI 62D elements, but not between SI 62D and the gypsy insulator, limiting the scope of genomic gypsy insulator interactions. Enhancer blocking by SI 62D requires fewer Su(Hw)-binding sites than needed for gypsy insulator function, with these target regions having distinct zinc-finger requirements for in vivo Su(Hw) association. These observations led to an investigation of the role of the Su(Hw) zinc-finger domain in insulator function. Using a combination of in vitro and in vivo studies, we find that this domain makes sequence-dependent and -independent contributions to in vivo chromosome association, but is not essential for enhancer or silencer blocking. These studies extend our understanding of the properties of Su(Hw) and the endogenous genomic regions to which this protein localizes.
Evolution of Fitnesses in Structured Populations With Correlated Environments
Authors: Star Bastiaan , Trotter Meredith V , Spencer Hamish G 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
The outcome of selection in structured populations with spatially varying selection pressures depends on the interaction of two factors: the level of gene flow and the amount of heterogeneity among the demes. Here we investigate the effect of three different levels of spatial heterogeneity on the levels of genetic polymorphisms for different levels of gene flow, using a construction approach in which a population is constantly bombarded with new mutations. We further compare the relative importance of two kinds of balancing selection (heterozygote advantage and selection arising from spatial heterogeneity), the level of adaptation and the stability of the resulting polymorphic equilibria. The different levels of environmental heterogeneity and gene flow have a large influence on the final level of polymorphism. Both factors also influence the relative importance of the two kinds of balancing selection in the maintenance of variation. In particular, selection arising from spatial heterogeneity does not appear to be an important form of balancing selection for the most homogeneous scenario. The level of adaptation is highest for low levels of gene flow and, at those levels, remarkably similar for the different levels of spatial heterogeneity, whereas for higher levels of gene flow the level of adaptation is substantially reduced.
The Effect of Largemouth Bass Predation on Overwinter Survival of Two Size‐Classes of Age‐0 Bluegills
Authors: Shoup Daniel E. , Wahl David H. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractOverwinter mortality is an important force structuring year‐class strength of many fishes. Conventional wisdom is that overwinter mortality is primarily caused by starvation; however, recent research has demonstrated that piscivores continue to feed during winter and may also contribute to overwinter mortality of their prey populations. We conducted experiments in ten 0.04‐ha earthen ponds in central Illinois to assess the effect of predation by largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides on survival of two size‐classes (20‐30 and 40‐65 mm total length [TL]) of age‐0 bluegills Lepomis macrochirus. Bluegills (400 fish/size‐class) were stocked into each pond at the end of November. Half of the ponds also received five small (90‐124 mm TL) and four large (166‐192 mm TL) largemouth bass. Survival to the end of the 113‐d experiment was higher for large bluegills than for small bluegills in all ponds. For both bluegill size‐classes, the predator‐present treatment had higher mortality than the predator‐free treatment. Relative to the predator‐free treatment, mortality of bluegills in the predator‐present treatment increased by 16% for the large size‐class and 49% for the small size‐class. Mean length and relative condition (Kn) of both bluegill size‐classes increased by the end of the experiment in both treatments, suggesting that the observed mortality was not caused by starvation. Further exploration is needed to elucidate why bluegills in the predator‐free treatment suffered overwinter mortality despite the increase in Kn during the experiment. Length and Kn of largemouth bass increased (large size‐class) or stayed the same (small size‐class), suggesting that at least some of the predators foraged during winter. Our results indicate that size‐specific overwinter mortality of bluegills occurs at the middle latitudes of the species' range. Further, winter predation can be an important component influencing size‐specific overwinter survival and size‐structured interactions between fishes.
Longevity and Change in Shell Condition of Adult Male Snow Crab Chionoecetes opilio Inferred from Dactyl Wear and Mark‐Recapture Data
Authors: Fonseca Duane B. , Sainte‐Marie Bernard , Hazel François 
Published: June 2008

AbstractPostmolt longevity and changes in the shell condition and body integrity of male snow crab Chionoecetes opilio after their terminal molt were assessed through a mark‐recapture experiment and population censuses in a commercially unfished locality of eastern Canada. The experiment explored the value of dactyl wear as a quantitative measure and shell condition (SC; measured on a five‐stage scale) as a relative index of shell age. Males were recaptured up to 6 years after release. Much of the extensive variation in observed dactyl wear was explained by time at liberty (Δt) and male size, and the extent of change in SC was positively correlated with Δt. The conservative wear‐based estimate of male longevity was 7.7 years, a value 1‐3 years greater than previously estimated. Dactyl wear and recapture data confirmed that SC is a relative, albeit rough, index of shell age. Shell hardness was positively correlated with male size and peaked in stage 3 about 3.5 years after the terminal molt. The number of missing pereopods increased with shell age and SC stage and overall was negatively correlated with male size. The commercial value of adult males may be highest at 1‐4.5 years post‐terminal molt and the reproductive value at 2‐5.5 years.