bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Green perspective of N-CDs towards energy crisis and photodegradation of toxic dyes
Authors: Sheikh Mohd Abdullah , Chandok R. S. , Abida Khan 
Published: March 2024

AbstractHere we have presented a general overview of an environmental friendly, one-step, cost-effective, and efficient microwave irradiation method for the preparation of self heteroatom doped Nitrogen doped carbon dots (N-CDs) which demonstrated an average size of less than 10 nm and an interplaner distance of 0.334 nm. These N-CDs possess 2.35 eV energy gap with 65.5% fluorescence quantum yield. The surfaces of these graphitic-like structures are doped with (S, P, K, Mg, Zn) = 1% along with the extra passivating agent nitrogen (N). They have demonstrated wider absorption (between 300 and 550 nm) and emission (between 400 and 600 nm) bands and also managed enormous active surface sites and defects, that further extend its usage in energy harvesting, storage and photo catalysis owing to their unique property of electron transport and collection system. In addition, we have prepared, tested, and optimised new TiO2/N-CDs composite as photo anode and N-CDs/CB composite as photo cathode for application in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC). The achieved power conversion efficiency of the DSSC employed photoanode N-CDs/TiO2 and counter electrode carbon black/N-CDs, demonstrated a substantial improvement, in photo current and photo voltage owing to their multiple factor visible light absorption, effective electron separation, and longer recombination time resulted a Jsc. of 22.90 mA cm2, Voc. of 0.780 V, FF. of 74% and an overall PCE of about 13.22% approximating 2.5-fold increase in power conversion efficiency as compared to that of pure TiO2 and platinum based DSSC, where Jsc. (= 10 mA cm2), Voc. (= 0.750 V) and a total of 5.42% power efficiency. Furthermore, TiO2 was modified with Heteroatom-doped N-CDs using a novel ultrasonic immersion technique, and demonstrated greater photocatalytic activity for the degradation of methylene blue (85%) with a rate constant of 0.1068 in accordance with the pure TiO2 film and N-CDs which have showed only 20% and 30% photodegradation with lower rate constants under short UV irradiation, demonstrating the formation of reactive oxygen species and H+ ions in the sample solution resulting enhanced effective mobility of electrons and holes between TiO2/N-CDs composite nanomaterial, resulted greater photo degradation.
Permissive Divergence
Authors: Graf Simon 
Published: April 2024

AbstractWithin collective epistemology, there is a class of theories that understand the epistemic status of collective attitude ascriptions, such as “the college union knows that the industrial action is going to plan” as saying that a sufficient subset of group member attitudes has the relevant epistemic status. I will demonstrate that these summativist approaches to collective epistemology are incompatible with epistemic permissivism, the doctrine that a single body of evidence may rationalize multiple doxastic attitudes. In particular, we can use epistemic permissivism to generate so-called divergence cases, which demonstrate situations in which rationality requires group-level and member-level attitudes to diverge.
Ideology from topic mixture statistics: inference method and example application to carbon tax public opinion
Authors: Puelma Touzel Maximilian , Lachapelle Erick 
Published: April 2024

AbstractPolitical opposition to fiscal climate policy, such as a carbon tax, typically appeals to fiscal conservative ideology. Here, we ask to what extent public opposition to the carbon tax in Canada is, in fact, ideological in origin. As an object of study, ideology is a latent belief structure over a set of issue topics—and in particular their relationships—as revealed through stated opinions. Ideology is thus amenable to a generative modeling approach within the text-as-data paradigm. We use the Structural Topic Model, which generates word content from a set of latent topics and mixture weights placed on them. We fit the model to open-ended survey responses of Canadians elaborating on their support of or opposition to a carbon tax, then use it to infer the set of mixture weights used by each response. We demonstrate this set, moreso than the observed word use, serves efficient discrimination of opposition from support, with near-perfect accuracy on held-out data. We then operationalize ideology as the empirical distribution of inferred topic mixture weights. We propose and use an evaluation of ideology-driven beliefs based on four statistics of this distribution capturing the specificity, variability, expressivity, and alignment of the underlying ideology. We find that the ideology behind responses from respondents who opposed the carbon tax is more specific and aligned, much less expressive, and of similar variability as compared with those who support the tax. We discuss the implications of our results for climate policy and of broad application of our approach in social science.
The Falling-Out of Nuclear Suppliers: US–France–Canada Negotiations and Debates on the ROK Nuclear Program
Authors: Choi Lyong , Lee Jooyoung 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThis article traces ROK–US negotiations for the termination of the ROK's nuclear weapons program. It was not solely an issue of ROK–US relations; France and Canada, other allies of the United States, were also involved in the ROK's nuclear weapons development. When an ally (ROK) attempted to develop nuclear weapons and another ally (France) pursued commercial interests by exporting nuclear technology, the US-led non-proliferation regime was put at risk. Therefore, the US had to coordinate the interests of its allies. In particular, it attempted to dissuade France from exporting nuclear technology with the support of another ally (Canada). By examining how the US endeavored to coordinate diverse interests, this study ultimately demonstrates that one of the prerequisites for establishing a successful non-proliferation regime led by the US was how to dissuade its ally from seeking financial gain through the export of nuclear technology and instead persuade them to support US-led non-proliferation regime building.
Are schematic diagrams valid visual representations of concepts? Evidence from mental imagery in online processing of English prepositions
Authors: Wang Menghan , Zhao Helen 
Published: April 2024

AbstractEmbodied imagery hypothesis proposes the activation of perceptual-motor systems during language processing. Previous studies primarily used concrete visual stimuli to investigate mental imagery in language processing by native speakers (NSs) and second language (L2) learners, but few studies employed schematic diagrams. The study aims to investigate mental imagery in processing prepositional phrases by English NSs and L2 learners. Using image-schematic diagrams as primes, we examine whether any mental imagery effect is modulated by target preposition (over, in), the abstractness of meaning (spatial, extended), and stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA; 1,040 ms, 2,040 ms). A total of 79 adult L2 learners and 100 NSs of English completed diagram–picture matching and semantic priming phrasal decision tasks. Results revealed interference effects on L2 processing of over phrases and under 2,040 ms SOA, but no such effects were observed in the NS group. The selective interference effects in L2 suggest different mental imagery patterns between L1 and L2 processing, and processing schematic diagram primes requires high cognitive demands, potentially leading to difficulties in integrating visual and linguistic information and making grammaticality judgments. The findings partially validate schematic diagrams as visual representations of concepts and suggest the need for further examination of schematic diagrams with varying degrees of complexity.
Age-atypical brain functional networks in autism spectrum disorder: a normative modeling approach
Authors: Jiang Anhang , Ma Xuefeng , Li Shuang , Wang Lingxiao , Yang Bo , Wang Shizhen , Li Mei , Dong Guangheng 
Published: April 2024

AbstractBackgroundDespite extensive research into the neural basis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), the presence of substantial biological and clinical heterogeneity among diagnosed individuals remains a major barrier. Commonly used case‒control designs assume homogeneity among subjects, which limits their ability to identify biological heterogeneity, while normative modeling pinpoints deviations from typical functional network development at individual level.MethodsUsing a world-wide multi-site database known as Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange, we analyzed individuals with ASD and typically developed (TD) controls (total n = 1218) aged 5–40 years, generating individualized whole-brain network functional connectivity (FC) maps of age-related atypicality in ASD. We then used local polynomial regression to estimate a networkwise normative model of development and explored correlations between ASD symptoms and brain networks.ResultsWe identified a subset exhibiting highly atypical individual-level FC, exceeding 2 standard deviation from the normative value. We also identified clinically relevant networks (mainly default mode network) at cohort level, since the outlier rates decreased with age in TD participants, but increased in those with autism. Moreover, deviations were linked to severity of repetitive behaviors and social communication symptoms.ConclusionsIndividuals with ASD exhibit distinct, highly individualized trajectories of brain functional network development. In addition, distinct developmental trajectories were observed among ASD and TD individuals, suggesting that it may be challenging to identify true differences in network characteristics by comparing young children with ASD to their TD peers. This study enhances understanding of the biological heterogeneity of the disorder and can inform precision medicine.
Early Vital Sign Thresholds Associated with 24-Hour Mortality among Trauma Patients: A Trauma Quality Improvement Program (TQIP) Study
Authors: April Michael D. , Fisher Andrew D. , Rizzo Julie A. , Wright Franklin L. , Winkle Julie M. , Schauer Steven G. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractBackground:Identifying patients at imminent risk of death is critical in the management of trauma patients. This study measures the vital sign thresholds associated with death among trauma patients.Methods:This study included data from patients ≥15 years of age in the American College of Surgeons Trauma Quality Improvement Program (TQIP) database. Patients with vital signs of zero were excluded. Documented prehospital and emergency department (ED) vital signs included systolic pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and calculated shock index (SI). The area under the receiver operator curves (AUROC) was used to assess the accuracy of these variables for predicting 24-hour survival. Optimal thresholds to predict mortality were identified using Youden’s Index, 90% specificity, and 90% sensitivity. Additional analyses examined patients 70+ years of age.Results:There were 1,439,221 subjects in the 2019-2020 datasets that met inclusion for this analysis with <0.1% (10,270) who died within 24 hours. The optimal threshold for prehospital systolic pressure was 110, pulse rate was 110, SI was 0.9, and respiratory rate was 15. The optimal threshold for the ED systolic was 112, pulse rate was 107, SI was 0.9, and respiratory rate was 21. Among the elderly sub-analysis, the optimal threshold for prehospital systolic was 116, pulse rate was 100, SI was 0.8, and respiratory rate was 21. The optimal threshold for ED systolic was 121, pulse rate was 95, SI was 0.8, and respiratory rate was 21.Conclusions:Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and SI offered the best predictor of mortality among trauma patients. The SBP values predictive of mortality were significantly higher than the traditional 90mmHg threshold. This dataset highlights the need for better methods to guide resuscitation as initial vital signs have limited accuracy in predicting subsequent mortality.
DYNAMICAL MCDUFF-TYPE PROPERTIES FOR GROUP ACTIONS ON VON NEUMANN ALGEBRAS
Authors: Szabó Gábor , Wouters Lise 
Published: April 2024

AbstractWe consider the notion of strong self-absorption for continuous actions of locally compact groups on the hyperfinite II
$_1$
factor and characterize when such an action is tensorially absorbed by another given action on any separably acting von Neumann algebra. This extends the well-known McDuff property for von Neumann algebras and is analogous to the core theorems around strongly self-absorbing C
$^*$
-dynamics. Given a countable discrete group G and an amenable action
$G\curvearrowright M$
on any separably acting semifinite von Neumann algebra, we establish a type of measurable local-to-global principle: If a given strongly self-absorbing G-action is suitably absorbed at the level of each fibre in the direct integral decomposition of M, then it is tensorially absorbed by the action on M. As a direct application of Ocneanu’s theorem, we deduce that if M has the McDuff property, then every amenable G-action on M has the equivariant McDuff property, regardless whether M is assumed to be injective or not. By employing Tomita–Takesaki theory, we can extend the latter result to the general case, where M is not assumed to be semifinite.
A NONCOMMUTATIVE ANALOGUE OF CLAUSEN’S VIEW ON THE IDÈLE CLASS GROUP
Authors: Braunling Oliver , Henrard Ruben , van Roosmalen Adam-Christiaan 
Published: April 2024

AbstractClausen a prédit que le groupe des classes d’idèles de Chevalley d’un corps de nombres F apparaît comme le premier K-groupe de la catégorie des F-espaces vectoriels localement compacts. Cela s’est avéré vrai, et se généralise même aux groupes K supérieurs dans un sens approprié. Nous remplaçons F par une
$\mathbb {Q}$
-algèbre semi-simple, et obtenons le groupe des classes d’idèles noncommutatif de Fröhlich de manière analogue, modulo les éléments de norme réduite une. Même dans le cas du corps de nombres, notre preuve est plus simple que celle existante, et repose sur le théorème de localisation pour des sous-catégories percolées. Enfin, en utilisant la théorie des corps de classes, nous interprétons la loi de réciprocité d’Hilbert (ainsi qu’une variante noncommutative) en termes de nos résultats.Clausen predicted that Chevalley’s idèle class group of a number field F appears as the first K-group of the category of locally compact F-vector spaces. This has turned out to be true and even generalizes to the higher K-groups in a suitable sense. We replace F by a semisimple
$\mathbb {Q}$
-algebra and obtain Fröhlich’s noncommutative idèle class group in an analogous fashion, modulo the reduced norm one elements. Even in the number field case, our proof is simpler than the existing one and based on the localization theorem for percolating subcategories. Finally, using class field theory as input, we interpret Hilbert’s reciprocity law (as well as a noncommutative variant) in terms of our results.
An Integrated Assessment Approach for Socio‐Economic Implications of the Desert Locust in Eastern Africa
Authors: Sokame Bonoukpoè Mawuko , Agboka Komi Mensah , Kimathi Emily , Mudereri Bester Tawona , Abdel‐Rahman Elfatih M. , Landmann Tobias , Rwaheru Mwesigwa Moses , Abdalla Osman , Mafabi Moses M. , Lubango Louis Mitondo , Tonnang Henri E. Z. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractDesert locust (Schistocerca gregaria) infestations cause significant damage to crops and pastureland, impeding food security and livelihoods globally. In recent years, some East African countries have suffered severe desert locust outbreaks, causing significant harm to agriculture and local communities. To comprehensively understand and mitigate the socio‐economic impacts of this pest, an integrated assessment approach is crucial. This study proposes an integrated assessment model that combines ecological, economic, and social dimensions to analyze the multifaceted impacts of the desert locust on the rate of urbanization changes, farming expansion, and food production and how they lead to food unavailability (demand, supply, and price) and food and nutrition insecurity in Eastern Africa. A system dynamics‐based assessment model was first developed for Sudan using the dynamic relations among the factors and their variations over time and how they affect the socio‐economic variables. The developed model was used to spatially simulate the impacts over the entire Eastern Africa. Various scenarios were further simulated and analyzed, incorporating different policy options to effectively mitigate the impacts. Results demonstrated that in all the countries, desert locusts extensively contribute to the slowing down of farming expansion and food production and supply. Consequently, these factors lead to increased urbanization rates through people rural‐urban migration and food demand at different magnitudes across different countries. By considering both short‐term and long‐term effects, this approach aims to provide policymakers, researchers, and practitioners with a holistic understanding of the complex dynamics involved and inform effective management strategies. For example, communities equipped with accurate breeding detection tools and employing an integrated pest management strategy combining chemical pesticides and biopesticides had the highest potential for effectively mitigating the future impacts of desert locusts for enhancing community livelihood.
Effect of Melt on Polycrystal Anelasticity
Authors: Yamauchi Hatsuki , Takei Yasuko 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThis study provides the quantitative assessment of the effect of melt on the polycrystal anelasticity by grain boundary sliding, which is necessary to evaluate the effect of melt on seismic wave velocity and attenuation. We measured elasticity, anelasticity, and viscosity of rock analog samples by changing temperature continuously from subsolidus to supersolidus. Our previous studies have shown that when homologous temperature exceeds 0.9, anelastic relaxation by grain boundary sliding is significantly enhanced, probably due to the increase in grain boundary disorder called pre‐melting. In this study, we found that when homologous temperature exceeds 1, grain boundary sliding is further enhanced by melt and that the viscoelastic property at supersolidus temperatures shows the combined total effect of disordered grain boundaries and melt. The relaxation strength due to melt depends on melt fraction, while that due to disordered grain boundaries does not. When melt fraction is very small (≪1%), the melt effect is negligibly small and the effect of disordered grain boundaries is dominant. Based on these experimental results, we present a new viscoelasticity model seamlessly applicable for a broad temperature range from subsolidus to supersolidus temperatures and for a broad frequency range from seismic waves to geodetic deformation. The new model covers an upper mantle region where a moderate amount of melt exists (e.g., near subduction zones). We further compare our data with those of rock samples and infer that a common physical mechanism, subsolidus and supersolidus enhancements on grain boundary sliding, may be dominant in these two data sets.
Inconsistent 3‐D Structures and Sources of Sulfate Ammonium and Nitrate Ammonium Aerosols During Cold Front Episodes
Authors: Peng Wei , Zhu Bin , Kang Hanqing , Chen Kui , Lu Wen , Lu Chunsong , Kang Na , Hu Jianlin , Chen Haishan , Liao Hong 
Published: April 2024

AbstractSince the distinct thermostability difference of sulfate ammonium and nitrate ammonium aerosols, their distributions, evolutions and sources could be unpredictable on a long‐range transport condition. Here, we highlighted the 3‐D structures and sources of SO42−, NO3− and NH4+ (SNA) during two cold front episodes in east China. Cold fronts effectively uplift and transport PM2.5 and its precursors from upstream sources to the Yangtze River Delta (YRD). Specifically, in the YRD, surface SO42− is mostly imported from the upstreams, accounting for ∼48%, significantly higher than the contribution from the YRD itself (∼29%). In contrast, NH4NO3 is thermally unstable and more easily lost in the warmer and lower boundary layer (BL) ahead of cold front. Consequently, only 20% of the total NO3− originates from upstreams, while the YRD contributes 28%. In the upper BL, the contribution of SO42− from upstreams remain high (∼49%), with only 18% originating from the YRD. However, due to the intense thermostability of NH4NO3 in colder and wetter air, the YRD’s contribution to NO3− is 27%, and upstreams contribute 20%. The physical processes exert relatively consistent effects on variations of PM2.5 and SNA concentrations. The aerosol chemical process (AERO) of (NH4)2SO4 consistently contributes positively throughout the entire BL. Conversely, the temperature‐sensitive NH4NO3 undergoes repeated dissociation/condensation and deposition, causing positive AERO contributions in upper BL and negative contributions in lower BL. Results indicate that one difference in physicochemical property of species could induce their distinct distributions and sources in large scale, and should be considered in regional air pollution control.
Bacteriophages avoid autoimmunity from cognate immune systems as an intrinsic part of their life cycles
Authors: Rostøl Jakob T. , Quiles-Puchalt Nuria , Iturbe-Sanz Pablo , Lasa Íñigo , Penadés José R. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractDormant prophages protect lysogenic cells by expressing diverse immune systems, which must avoid targeting their cognate prophages upon activation. Here we report that multiple Staphylococcus aureus prophages encode Tha (tail-activated, HEPN (higher eukaryotes and prokaryotes nucleotide-binding) domain-containing anti-phage system), a defence system activated by structural tail proteins of incoming phages. We demonstrate the function of two Tha systems, Tha-1 and Tha-2, activated by distinct tail proteins. Interestingly, Tha systems can also block reproduction of the induced tha-positive prophages. To prevent autoimmunity after prophage induction, these systems are inhibited by the product of a small overlapping antisense gene previously believed to encode an excisionase. This genetic organization, conserved in S. aureus prophages, allows Tha systems to protect prophages and their bacterial hosts against phage predation and to be turned off during prophage induction, balancing immunity and autoimmunity. Our results show that the fine regulation of these processes is essential for the correct development of prophages’ life cycle.