bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kinetic Models for Thermal Inactivation of Multiple Pectinesterases in Citrus Juices
Authors: CHEN C.S. , WU M.C. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTFirst‐order kinetic model of a two‐component system was applied to investigate heat inactivation of multiple pectinesterases in citrus juices. The conventional log‐linear model was applied to determine D‐ and z‐values of thermolabile and thermostable pectinesterases in citrus juices, respectively, for use in the two‐component model. A parameter for concentration of enzyme populations in the juice was included in the model. The two‐component model predicted results were in better agreement with the observed heat pasteurization curves than those predicted by the log‐linear kinetic model. The two‐component model is especially useful for optimizing temperature‐time conditions for pasteurizing citrus juices.
Effective Partition Constant of Solute between Ice and Liquid Phases in Progressive Freeze‐Concentration
Authors: MIYAWAKI OSATO , LIU LING , NAKAMURA KOZO 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTProgressive freeze‐concentration was effectively applied to concentrate glucose in a model solution. Effective partition constants of the solute between the liquid and solid phases were determined experimentally. The constant was strongly dependent on the stirring rate at the ice front and the advance rate of the ice front. Increasing stirring rate and reduced rate of advance lowered the effective partition constant: an improvement in freeze concentration performance. A concentration polarization model was useful to describe the effects of the operating conditions on the effective partition constant.
Rapid CO2 Evolution Method for Determining Shelf Life of Refrigerated Catfish
Authors: CHEW S‐Y. , HSIEH Y‐H. P. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTThe feasibility of a CO2 evolution method using an IR analyzer to evaluate the shelf life of refrigerated (4deg;C) catfish was investigated. Aerobic plate count (APC), and isoelectric focusing (IEF) of samples were compared with the CO2 evolution rate (CER) determinations. The increase in CER (25.78 to 195.63 Lg−1h−1) for farm raised catfish stored from 0 to 10 days correlated highly with APCs (4.32 to 10.24 log CFU g−1). The IEF data also confirmed the APC and CER results. Catfish spoilage was evident after 6 days at 4°C. Direct measurement of CER is a rapid and effective method to determine the microbial quality of catfish.
Cooked Color in High pH Beef Patties as Related to Fat Content and Cooking from the Frozen or Thawed State
Authors: BERRY B. W. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTBeef patties were processed from high pH (>6.0) beef to contain 5, 10, 15, 20 or 25% fat. Patties were cooked to 71°C from the frozen or thawed state before evaluating color. Neither fat content nor state of patties when cooked exerted any major influence on color, but linear effects (p<0.01) in association with increased fat content included higher L* values and hue angles and lower a* values (15.2% reduction). Higher values for L*, b* (but not for 5% fat patties), and hue angles were observed for patties cooked thawed rather than frozen. The use of high pH beef lessened the effects of increased fat and cooking from the thawed state on increased brown color in cooked patties.
Functional, Textural and Microstructural Properties of Low‐fat Bologna (Model System) with a Konjac Blend
Authors: CHIN K.B. , KEETON J.T. , LONGNECKER M.T. , LAMKEY J.W. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTThe form (dry vs prehydrated) and level (0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5%) of a konjac blend (KB) were evaluated to determine their effects on the characteristics of a low‐fat bologna model system (LFBMS). The system had a pH range of 6.01 to 6.12, moisture 74 to 76%, fat < 2.0% and protein 17 to 18%. Prehydrated KB had higher (p<0.05) texture profile analysis (TPA) hardness values than dry addition, whereas lower TPA values (p<0.05) were observed as the level of KB increased. In microstructural observation, the addition of prehydrated KB gels caused the protein matrix to appear more swollen in structure as compared to that after inclusion of a dry powder.
Low‐fat Bologna In A Model System With Varying Types And Levels Of Konjac Blends
Authors: CHIN K.B. , KEETON J.T. , LONGNECKER M.T. , LAMKEY J.W. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTA low‐fat bologna model system (LFBMS) with a konjac blend (KB) level of 0.5% had higher moisture content and shear stress values (p<0.05) than a 1.0% KB. Increasing moisture:protein (M:P) ratios from 5.0 to 6.0 had the greatest effect on chemical and physical parameters. Three konjac types (KSS, KHC and KNC) had varying effects on these parameters. Allo‐Kramer shear, texture profile analysis (TPA) and torsion tests indicated that LFBMS with a 0.5% konjac level and a M:P ratio of 6.0 or a 1.0% konjac level and M:P ratios of 5.5 or 6.0 yielded similar products to the control (30% fat).
Porosity of Whey Protein‐Based Microcapsules Containing Anhydrous Milkfat Measured by Gas Displacement Pycnometry
Authors: MOREAU D.L. , ROSENBERG M. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTPorosity characteristics of spray‐dried microcapsules consisting of whey proteins and anhydrous milkfat were investigated by gas displacement technique, using helium and nitrogen as displacing gases. Microcapsules exhibited molecular‐sieve type porosity. True and apparent densities as well as porosity characteristics were affected by wall solids concentration and by core load. Results indicated that about 10% of capsule volume was not accessible to helium. Pore volume inaccessible to nitrogen penetration was affected by core load and solid concentration. Results suggested that porosity, and hence gas‐permeation into microcapsules, could be tailored by adjusting microcapsules composition.
Whey Protein Edible Film Structures Determined by Atomic Force Microscope
Authors: LENT L. E. , VANASUPA L. S. , TONG P. S. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTAtomic force microscopy was used to study edible films produced from whey proteins. The films were imaged under ambient conditions with no special sample preparation. Low resolution imaging of areas from 10 μm to 150 μm on a side was performed in the contact mode. Higher resolution scans of 350 nm to 2,700 nm required use of the noncontact imaging mode. Features about the same size as the primary protein in whey, beta‐lactoglobulin (7 nm), were identified in the film samples. Molecular aggregates in the range of 1 μm, reported in other studies using transmission electron microscopy of whey protein gels, were combined in results from atomic force microscopy.
Factors Affecting Pink Discoloration in Annatto‐colored Pasteurized Process Cheese
Authors: SHUMAKER E. K. , WENDORFF W. L. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTThe effects of cooking temperatures, cooling rates, pH, types of emulsifying salts, age of cheese, and sources of colorant were evaluated. Annatto emulsions showed less stability during continuous heating than annatto solutions or suspensions. Increased cooking temperatures resulted in slight decreases in Hunter a and b values, and overall decreases in hue angles. Emulsifying salt blends with increased amounts of sodium citrate resulted in decreased hue angles. Process cheeses made with more than 25% colored cheese showed lower hue angles than those samples made with uncolored cheese only. Whey powder as a source of added solids in process cheese food promoted discoloration, with acid whey resulting in the most pinking.
Extrusion of Apple Pomace Facilitates Pectin Extraction
Authors: HWANG JAE‐KWAN , KIM CHUL‐JIN , KIM CHONG‐TAI 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTTwin‐screw extruder was employed to disintegrate apple pomace (AP) to facilitate production of apple pectins by hot water extraction. AP was extruded under different conditions of screw speed, 250‐350 rpm; feed rate, 30‐40 kg/h; moisture, 20‐30%. The yield of water soluble polysaccharides (WSP) increased with increasing specific mechanical energy (SME), but intrinsic viscosity decreased with increasing SME. Considering both the WSP yield (g/dL) and intrinsic viscosity (dL/g), a dimensionless term, product yield ∞ intrinsic viscosity (Y[]), was an objective function for optimizing conditions for the solubilization of AP polysaccharides. Y[] of pectins in extruded WSP ranged 0.59‐1.34, while acid extracted WSP had Y[] of 1.12. Extruded WSP with Y[] comparable to acid extraction was obtained in the SME ranges of 110‐170 kWh/h.
Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration Ceramic Membranes for Apple Juice Clarification
Authors: FUKUMOTO L.R. , DELAQUIS P. , GIRARD B. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTDepectinized control (CTJ) and ascorbic acid treated (AAJ) apple juices were filtered through microfiltration (MF, 0.2 m) and ultrafiltration (UF, 0.02 m) ceramic tubular membranes. Under optimal conditions (8 m/s, 414 kPa and 50°C), the UF membrane resulted in higher steady state flux and less fouling than the MF membrane for both juices. AAJ produced by addition of AA at milling had lower flux for both MF and UF. The chemical, physical and sensory properties of apple juices from MF and UF membranes were similar and changes during storage were comparable.
Quality and Shelf‐life of Fresh Cut Carrot Slices as Affected by Slicing Method
Authors: BARRY‐RYAN CATHERINE , O'BEIRNE DAVID 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTThe effects of slicing method on the quality and storage‐life of modified atmosphere packaged carrot slices were determined using microscopy, sensory evaluation, microbial counts and a range of physical and chemical tests. Slicing caused physical damage, physiological stress and enhanced microbial growth. The severity of these effects were in the order of blunt machine blade > sharp machine blade > razor blade. These findings provide insights into the magnitude and basis of slicing effects and also confirm the importance of gentle processing and the use of a sharp blade.
Decontamination of Inoculated Beef with Sequential Spraying Treatments
Authors: DELMORE L.R. GRAVES , SOFOS J.N. , SCHMIDT G.R. , SMITH G.C. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTSpray‐washing/rinsing treatments utilizing warm/hot water and/or acetic acid solution were evaluated separately and in sequence for their efficacy in reducing microbial contamination on beef tissue inoculated with Escherichia coli. Treatments reduced the aerobic plate (APC) and E. coli counts of the samples inoculated to have 5.0‐7.4 log CFU/cm2 (APC) by 1.1 to 4.3 logs. Similarly, most treatments reduced APC and total coliform counts of samples inoculated to have 1.8‐3.7 log CFU/cm2 (APC) by 0.1 to 1.7 logs. Combinations involving 3 or 4 treatments were more effective in reducing bacterial contamination than single‐ or 2‐treatment combinations.
Potato Peel Extract a Nonmutagenic Antioxidant with Potential Antimicrobial Activity
Authors: DE SOTILLO D. RODRIGUEZ , HADLEY M. , WOLF‐HALL C. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTFreeze‐dried water extract of potato peels (pp), containing chlorogenic, caffeic, gallic, and protocatechuic acids, was tested for effectiveness as a natural antioxidant. The pp was prepared from peel waste of Russet Burbank potatoes. Safety concerns regarding the use of pp in foods were investigated. The pp was examined for mutagenic activity using the in vitro Salmonella typhimurium‐ Escherichia coli microsome assay and found to be nonmutagenic. Plate count of pp revealed <10 CFU/g. The antibacterial activity of the pp was species dependent. It was effective only at high concentration against gram negative and one gram positive bacteria but it was bacteriostatic.
Control of Listeria monocytogenes in Vacuum‐Packaged Pre‐Peeled Potatoes
Authors: JUNEJA VIJAY K. , MARTIN STEFAN T. , SAPERS GERALD M. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTGrowth of Listeria monocytogenes on the surface of fresh peeled potatoes, treated with sulfite or a commercial browning inhibitor (CBI), packaged under vacuum and stored at 4,15 and 28°C was determined. At 4°C, L. monocytogenes did not grow in all treated potatoes even after 21 days. At 15°C, L. monocytogenes grew to 7 log10 CFU/g within 12 days in the potatoes treated with sulfite or CBI. At 28°C, L. monocytogenes population was greater than 3 log10 CFU/g by 24 h in all samples regardless of treatment. Sulfites or a CBI appeared to provide a measure of safety in pre‐peeled potatoes packaged under vacuum when kept at proper refrigeration temperatures.
α‐Tocopherol Content and Oxidative Stability of Egg Yolk as Related to Dietary α‐Tocopherol
Authors: CHEN J.Y. , LATSHAW J. D. , LEE H. O. , MIN D. B. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTHens fed diets with 0.0, 7.5, 15.0, 30.0, 60.0 and 120.0 mg supplemental α‐tocopherol/kg feed produced egg yolks with 25,30,35,45,50 and 75 μg/g yolk, respectively. The correlation coefficient between dietary α‐tocopherol (mg/kg diet) and egg yolk α‐tocopherol (μg/g egg yolk) after 28 days feeding was 0.99. The supplemented dietary α‐tocopherol had an effect on the α‐tocopherol in egg yolk (p<0.05). The oxidative stability of yolk was determined by measuring the oxygen and volatile compounds in the headspace of bottled yolk. α‐Tocopherol had an effect on the stability of yolk as an antioxidant at 25, 45 and 50 μg/g yolk and a prooxidant at 75 μg/g or above (p<0.05). The addition of 60.0 mg α‐tocopherol/kg diet resulted in the best egg yolk stability. The correlation coefficient between headspace oxygen disappearance and volatile compound formation in the headspace of bottled egg yolk was 0.84.
Stress and coping of Hong Kong Chinese family members during a critical illness
Authors: Chui Winter Y‐Y , Chan Sally W‐C 
Published: January 2007

Aim.  The present study aimed to investigate the stress and coping strategies of Hong Kong Chinese families during a critical illness and to examine the relationships between stress and coping.Background.  Admissions to intensive care unit are usually an unanticipated event, which imposes stress on the family. Family's wellness is one of the significant factors affecting patient's well‐beings. Much work has been conducted in Western societies. Stress and coping in Chinese families of critically ill patients have rarely been discussed.Method.  Structured face‐to‐face interviews were conducted, using the Impact of Events Scale and the Family Crisis Oriented Personal Evaluation Scales. A convenience sample of 133 participants was recruited from a regional hospital in Hong Kong. Many were patients’ children with age between 30 and 49. A total of 39·1% (n = 52) of the participants were males and 60·9% (n = 81) were females.Results.  The participants experienced high level of stress (mean = 25·1, SD = 8·3). Higher level of stress were experienced by female (t = −4·6; d.f. = 1, 131; P = 0·00), those with lower educational attainment (F = 3·0; d.f. = 2, 130; P = 0·05) and those whose relatives were admitted to the intensive care unit unexpectedly (t = −2·2; d.f. = 1; P = 0·03). Patients’ length of stay in the unit was significantly correlated with levels of stress (r = 0·5, P < 0·00). Level of stress had significant correlation with coping strategies utilization (r = 0·5, P < 0·00). Reframing strategies were frequently used whereas the passive appraisal strategies were least used. Family members used positive‐coping strategies, which concurred with the Chinese stress–coping pattern ‘fatalistic voluntarism’.Relevance to clinical practice.  This study contributes to the understanding of Hong Kong Chinese families’ stress and coping during a critical illness. Comprehensive assessments of family members’ psychosocial needs are important to plan appropriate interventions to alleviate their stress and strengthen their coping skills. The findings will serve as guidance for nurses in delivering culturally sensitive and competent interventions.
The attitudes of casualty nurses in Taiwan to patients who have attempted suicide
Authors: Sun Fan‐Ko , Long Ann , Boore Jennifer 
Published: January 2007

Aims and objectives.  The aims of this study were to investigate a sample group of casualty nurses’ attitudes towards patients who have attempted suicide in the middle of Taiwan and to identify factors contributing to their attitudes towards attempted suicide.Design.  A quantitative study using a questionnaire containing 22 statements with a five‐point Likert‐type scale was developed from the Domino's Suicide Opinion Questionnaire, and from a comprehensive analysis of research literature on the area of attitudes towards suicide.Methods.  The questionnaire was distributed to casualty nurses (n = 155) to investigate their attitudes toward patients who have attempted suicide. Seven large hospitals in the middle of Taiwan were targeted.Results.  This sample group of casualty nurses from the middle of Taiwan held positive attitudes toward patients who have attempted suicide. In addition, three statistically significant differences were identified: (i) The higher the level of nursing education the more positive the nurses’ attitudes towards patients who had attempted suicide. (ii) The casualty nurses who did not have a religion held more positive attitudes towards suicidal behaviour than those who followed a religion. (3) Casualty nurses who had suicide care experience with 1–10 patients had more positive attitudes towards suicidal patients than nurses who had nursed above 10 patients who had attempted suicide.Conclusions.  The results indicated that casualty nurses in Taiwan require further education on and training in all aspects of suicide to foster more positive attitudes towards patients who attempt suicide.Relevance to clinical practice.  The role of casualty nurses is pivotal to the front‐line care of people who are suicidal and their attitudes play a major part in the provision of effective care.
Patient concerns posthaemorrhagic stroke: a study of the Internet narratives of patients with ruptured arteriovenous malformation
Authors: Stone Sharon Dale 
Published: January 2007

Aims.  To identify and describe the experiences and concerns of a sample of young haemorrhagic stroke patients who experienced a ruptured arteriovenous malformation and determine whether there are gender differences.Background.  Patients with arteriovenous malformation haemorrhage tend to be young adults, but little is known about their experiences and concerns. Some research suggest that there is a need to take gender into account when investigating their experiences and concerns.Design.  A content analysis of a sample of narratives posted by survivors of an arteriovenous malformation haemorrhage on an Internet site, to determine the extent to which writers discuss similar concerns and experiences.Methods.  The sample consists of 83 narratives. The author and a research assistant carefully considered the content of each narrative, created categories based upon this reading and then coded men and women's narratives separately, according to the topic discussed.Results.  Five main categories of topics were identified: ‘symptoms’, ‘doctors and hospitals’, ‘rehabilitation and recovery’, ‘disabilities’ and ‘miscellaneous reflections’. The latter category contained the sub‐categories ‘arteriovenous malformation website’, ‘thanks’, ‘life now’ and ‘feelings’. Narratives varied greatly regarding how much each topic was addressed, but there were few gender differences. Overall, most attention was paid to discussing doctors and hospitals and most writers also paid significant attention to the importance of being able to share experiences with other survivors.Conclusions.  For these narrators, the experience of being evaluated and treated for arteriovenous malformation haemorrhage is traumatic, leaves a lasting impact and men and women share similar concerns and experiences. Narrators show a need to talk about their experiences, especially with others who may share similar experiences.Relevance to clinical practice.  Knowing the concerns and perspectives of a sample of arteriovenous malformation patients may help nurses anticipate the concerns of their own haemorrhagic stroke patients and help improve patients’ psychosocial well‐being.
Older men's experiences of sleep in the hospital
Authors: Lee Chau Yuen , Low Lisa Pau Le , Twinn Sheila 
Published: January 2007

Aim and objectives.  The aim of this study was to examine the sleep experiences of older patients during a period of hospitalization on an extended care ward.Background.  Hospital wards have been demonstrated as environments that are not conducive to sleep for patients. Findings highlight the difficulties of falling asleep and getting insufficient sleep as the major causes of sleep disturbances. Such studies limit themselves to patients of Intensive Care Units and acute care settings. Relatively little is known about understanding the sleep experiences of older patients whilst hospitalized on extended care wards.Method.  An exploratory qualitative design was used with a convenience sample of six Chinese male informants, recruited from an extended care ward of a Rehabilitation Hospital in Hong Kong. Multiple data collection methods were used, including repeated semi‐structured interviews and a one‐week sleep diary.Results.  The findings demonstrated that all informants experienced dynamic changes in their sleeping patterns during hospitalization, resulting in sleep disruption and deprivation. The public nature of the ward environment and perceived sense of helplessness significantly interfered with sleep. Some cultural beliefs and practices were perceived by older patients to be associated with the quality of their sleep experiences.Conclusion.  The findings contributed to an understanding of the sleep experiences of older patients during hospitalization.Relevance to clinical practice.  Implications for nursing practice indicate the significance of including focused sleep assessment of patients during admission into the ward, so strategies perceived by older patients as being able to improve sleep would be included as part of the usual ward routine and nursing practice, where possible.