bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING ASSESSMENT OF THE CORTICAL REPRESENTATION OF ORAL VISCOSITY
Authors: DE CELIS ALONSO BENITO , MARCIANI LUCA , HEAD KAY , CLARK PAUL , SPILLER ROBIN C. , RAYMENT PIP , ABLETT STEVE , FRANCIS SUE , GOWLAND PENNY A. 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACT Viscosity, taste and aroma are key attributes of food. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is increasingly used to investigate the cortical brain response to taste and aroma; however hitherto, the response to food viscosity has been the subject of only one fMRI study. This study aims to investigate the cortical response to oral viscosity in humans using wide brain coverage and multi‐echo acquisition techniques to improve sensitivity across a range of brain regions to confirm and extend previous findings. The stimulus used was an alginate gel compared to a water control. Activation was detected by group analysis in the right postcentral gyrus/somatosensory cortex, in the right rolandic operculum/parietal operculum cortex and in a more anterior part of the left insula. No activation was detected in the orbitofrontal cortex. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSRecent neuroimaging studies have begun to unravel the cortical representation of taste and aroma stimuli, detecting brain activation in primary sensory and secondary association areas, as well as those cortical areas associated with reward and emotional behavior. Functional magnetic resonance imaging techniques, as shown here, can be easily extended to the study of the cortical response to oral viscosity, thus adding a unique tool to the field of texture studies.
Meaning and Interpretation: Can Brandomian Scorekeepers be Gadamerian Hermeneuts?
Authors: Lafont Cristina 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIn his bookTales of the Mighty DeadBrandom engages Gadamer's hermeneutic conception of interpretation in order to show that his inferentialist approach to understanding conceptual content can explain and underwrite the main theses of Gadamer's hermeneutics which he calls ‘the gadamerian hermeneutic platitudes’. In order to assess whether this claim is sound, I analyze the three types of philosophical interpretations that Brandom discusses:de re,de dicto, andde traditione, and argue that they commit him to an ‘ecumenical historicism’ that is directly at odds with the hermeneutic approach. Although the variety ofde reinterpretation that Brandom denominatesde traditionecomes indeed very close to the Gadamerian approach, I conclude that if Brandomian scorekeepers were to adopt it, they could become Gadamerian hermeneuts, but once they did, they would not be able to go back to their scorekeeping practices as described by Brandom.
The Rise of the Non‐Metaphysical Hegel
Authors: Lumsden Simon 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThere has been a resurgence of interest in Hegel's thought by Anglo‐American philosophers in the last 25 years. That expansion of interest was initiated with the publication of Charles Taylor's Hegel (1975). That work stills stands as one of7 the important branches of Hegel interpretation. However the dominance of the strongly metaphysical interpretation of Hegel, which dominated the understanding of Hegel until the 1980s, and of which Taylor's work represents the culmination, has now, at least among the major interpreters of Hegel, given way to what has come to be known as the non‐metaphysical reading of Hegel. This article charts the emergence and development of the non‐metaphysical Hegel, which takes his thought to be a continuation of the Kantian project of critically examining the presuppositions of any normative claim. This article provides an overview of the latest developments in Hegel research, primarily focusing on the English‐language literature. Recent research has placed Hegel's concerns at the centre of contemporary debates in analytic philosophy, particularly concerning the status of norms, the ‘space of reasons’ and the ‘myth of the given’. This research has in turn been influential on the two most important figures in English‐language Hegel scholarship (Robert Pippin and Terry Pinkard). The article will position this new wave of Hegel scholarship and its influence in relation to the metaphysical interpretation of Hegel and will also provide a brief overview of Hegel's reception in French post‐structuralism, which has largely accepted and promoted a view of Hegel as a metaphysician.
The theory of gerotranscendence as applied to gerontological nursing – Part I
Authors: Wadensten Barbro 
Published: November 2007

Introduction. This article outlines the theory of gerotranscendence – a psychosocial theory of ageing developed by Lars Tornstam, a Swedish Sociology professor.Description of the theory. Through his theory of gerotranscendence, Tornstam has introduced a new understanding of ageing, stating that human development is a life‐long process that continues into old age and that, when optimized, ends in a new perspective. The theory of gerotranscendence focuses on two phenomena: the old person and the ageing process itself. The theory describes both the experience of growing old and the characteristics of a normal and positive old age.Foundation and empirical base of the theory. The theory is based on both the ideas and theories of others as well as on empirical studies.Relevance of the theory and its application in nursing. The theory of gerotranscendence could provide new key concepts for understanding the developmental process of ageing and the transition into old age. This theory facilitates the possibility of structuring care for older people in addition to guiding it. Because the theory describes development and the meaning of development in older age, it is possible to discuss how care of older people could be structured as well as how staff caring for older people could promote the process of ageing.
Priestly Sacrifice in the Hebrew Bible: A Summary of Recent Scholarship and a Narrative Reading
Authors: Janzen David 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe field of Hebrew Bible/Old Testament has come to no consensus on the meaning of sacrifice in ancient Israel. The most influential theory of the meaning of biblical sacrifice, at least in the Priestly Writing (P) of the Pentateuch, is that of Jacob Milgrom. Milgrom argues that the purification sacrifice, as presented by P in Leviticus 1–7, is key to understanding P's sacrificial system, as its blood provided a ritual detergent on the altar for Israel's unintentional sins and impurities, thus permitting the continued presence of God in the sanctuary. Milgrom's theory has recently come under challenge, and a reading of P's narrative throughout the entire Pentateuch, and not only in Leviticus 1–7, shows that, for the Priestly Writing, sacrifice seems to draw Israel's attention to the differences between the divine and human realms, and thus points to Israel's moral failings in relationship to the divine law, as well as to the punishment Israel will suffer for this failure.
The Impact of Higher Education on Egalitarian Attitudes and Values: Contextual and Cultural Determinants
Authors: Chatard Armand , Selimbegovic Leila 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIn the present paper, we revisit the question of the impact of higher education on students’ egalitarian attitudes and values. Research in this domain indicates that students tend to become more egalitarian and tolerant with higher education, but there are also differences depending on academic disciplines. Two main hypotheses aiming to explain why students’ egalitarian attitudes differ as a function of academic disciplines are discussed: self‐selection and socialization. Previous research yielding results in support of each of these hypotheses is reviewed. After pointing to some inconsistencies in the results, we consider recent research suggesting that cultural norms, namely, individualism and collectivism, may moderate the impact of higher education on attitudes. Individual factors, such as self‐selection, seem to play a more prominent role than collective factors, such as socialization, in individualist cultures (e.g. North America, Australia), where most research has been conducted. In contrast, socialization appears to have a stronger impact than individual factors in collectivist cultures (e.g. Eastern Europe, Africa).
The Unnoticed Absence of Emotion in Autobiographical Memory
Authors: Beike Denise R. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractMemory for one's own life experiences, or autobiographical memory, is impressive in its accuracy and flexibility. A memory is constructed anew at each recollection through a process of finding and temporarily joining together specific details about location, sensory experiences, and other details. Curiously missing, however, are emotional details. Although emotional experiences are well remembered, the emotional aspect of an experience is neither retained in its full intensity nor reexperienced during recollection. The adaptive benefits of omitting emotion from autobiographical memory include uninterrupted goal pursuit and emotional stability. But most people make metacognitive errors that convince them that autobiographical memories generally do contain emotion. Possible causes of these errors include naïve theories, motivation to believe that one is healthy, filling in current emotion for remembered emotion, and biased sampling of memories.
Faulty Self‐Assessment: Why Evaluating One's Own Competence Is an Intrinsically Difficult Task
Authors: Carter Travis J. , Dunning David 
Published: November 2007

AbstractPeople's perception of their competence often diverges from their true level of competence. We argue that people have such erroneous view of their competence because self‐evaluation is an intrinsically difficult task. People live in an information environment that does not contain all the data they need for accurate self‐evaluation. The information environment is insufficient in two ways. First, when making self‐judgments, people lack crucial categories of information necessary to reach accurate evaluations. Second, although people receive feedback over time that could correct faulty self‐assessments, this feedback is often biased, difficult to recognize, or otherwise flawed. Because of the difficulty in making inferences based on such limited and misleading data, it is unreasonable to expect that people will prove accurate in judgments of their skills.
Notes for a Critical Personality Psychology: Making Room under the Critical Psychology Umbrella
Authors: Ouellette Suzanne C. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractInspired by the liberation psychologist Martin‐Baró who provocatively defined personality asthat of which individuals can be robbed in conditions of social injusticeand research psychologists in training whose appreciation of the possibilities of personality psychology has been limited by the dominance of trait approaches, this paper claims that we need and can practice acritical personality psychology. Conceptual and methodological tools for such an enterprise are identified in two arenas of current research: the study of narratives and new forms of history in personality psychology. Withincritical personality psychology, personality is understood to be an expression of (i) a multifaceted organization that includes individual, interpersonal, social, cultural, and political contexts; (ii) individual and social change; and (iii) the moral dimensions of human psychology. Notes on future directions draw on areas of inquiry within and outside personality psychology to insure a place under the critical psychology umbrella.
On the Perils of Glorifying the In‐group: Intergroup Violence, In‐group Glorification, and Moral Disengagement
Authors: Castano Emanuele 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe moral disengagement strategies that individuals use when appraising misdeeds committed by their in‐groups (e.g., nations) are discussed, with a particular focus on the process of dehumanization of the victims. The glorification of the in‐group is identified as a main determinant of the use of such strategies, which, in turn, affect behavioral intentions related to punishment of perpetrators and reparations to victims. It is further discussed whether such moral disengagement strategies are prompted by a need to prevent the emergence or diminish the impact of negative emotions (such as shame and guilt) that are likely to be experienced by the individuals because of their connection with the in‐group. Possible policy implications of this analysis are suggested.
Classical and Modern Methods of Psychological Scale Construction
Authors: Simms Leonard J. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractScale construction is a growth enterprise in the psychological literature. Unfortunately, many measures promise much but are severely limited by the inadequacies of their conceptualization and execution. In this paper, a model for developing psychological scales is presented that is rooted in the traditions of construct validity and classical test theory but informed by modern psychometric methods. Construct validity is conceptualized as a guiding principle in each of three phases of scale development, focused on (i) construct conceptualization and development of the initial item pool, (ii) item selection and structural validity, and (iii) assessment of external validity vis‐à‐vis other measures and relevant nontest criteria.
The Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory as a Culturally Relevant Personality Measure in Applied Settings
Authors: Cheung Fanny , Fan Weiqiao , To Clara 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis paper introduces the development of the Cross‐Cultural (Chinese) Personality Assessment Inventory (CPAI) as a culturally relevant measure for personality assessment in collectivistic cultures. In addition to universal personality traits, the CPAI included indigenously derived scales that assessed the relational aspects of personality. We reported three studies that illustrated the usefulness of these indigenous scales in Chinese organizational settings. The Interpersonal Relatedness factor scales on the CPAI contributed additional value beyond scales from the universal factors of Social Potency and Dependability in profiling MBA students at senior‐level positions, in assessing hotel workers’ customer orientation, and in predicting senior executives’ leadership behaviors.
The endogenous danger signal, crystalline uric acid, signals for enhanced antibody immunity
Authors: Behrens Marshall D. , Wagner Wolfgang M. , Krco Christopher J. , Erskine Courtney L. , Kalli Kimberly R. , Krempski James , Gad Ekram A. , Disis Mary L. , Knutson Keith L. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Studies have shown that the immune system can recognize self-antigens under conditions (eg, cell injury) in which the self-tissue might elaborate immune-activating endogenous danger signals. Uric acid (UA) is an endogenous danger signal recently identified to be released from dying cells. Prior work has shown that UA activates immune effectors of both the innate and adaptive immune system, including neutrophils and cytotoxic T-cell immunity. However, it was unclear whether UA could enhance antibody immunity, which was examined in this study. When added to dying tumor cells or with whole protein antigen, UA increased IgG1-based humoral immunity. Further, UA blocked growth of tumor in subsequent tumor challenge experiments, which depended on CD4, but not CD8, T cells. Sera derived from UA-treated animals enhanced tumor growth, suggesting it had little role in the antitumor response. UA did not signal for T-cell expansion or altered tumor-infiltrating leukocyte populations. Consistent with the lack of T-cell expansion, when applied to dendritic cells, UA suppressed T-cell growth factors but up-regulated B cell–activating cytokines. Understanding the nature of endogenous danger signals released from dying cells may aid in a better understanding of mechanisms of immune recognition of self.
Cost of diabetes care in out-patient clinics of Karachi, Pakistan
Authors: Khowaja Liaquat A , Khuwaja Ali K , Cosgrove Peter 
Published: November 2007

Abstract

Background
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a growing epidemic and the cost of treating diabetes is largely increasing. The objective of this study was to estimate the cost-of-illness of DM among attendees of out-patient clinics in Karachi, Pakistan. This is the first study conducted from a societal perspective to estimate the cost of managing diabetes in Pakistan.

Methods
A prevalence-based 'Cost-of-Illness' study for diabetes care was conducted in six different out-patient clinics of Karachi, Pakistan from July to September 2006. A pre-tested questionnaire was administered to collect the data from 345 randomly selected persons with diabetes.

Results
The annual mean direct cost for each person with diabetes was estimated to be Pakistani rupees 11,580 (US$ 197). Medicines accounted for the largest share of direct cost (46%), followed by laboratory investigations (32%). We found that increased age, the number of complications and longer duration of the disease significantly increase the burden of cost on society (p < 0.001). Comparing cost with family income it was found that the poorest segment of society is spending 18% of total family income on diabetes care.

Conclusion
This study concluded that substantial expenditure is incurred by people with diabetes; with the implication that resources could be saved by prevention, earlier detection and a reduction in diabetes co-morbidities and complications through improved diabetes care. Large scale and cost-effective prevention programs need to be initiated to maximise health gains and to reverse the advance of this epidemic.
Alterations of GPI transamidase subunits in head and neck squamous carcinoma
Authors: Jiang Wei-Wen , Zahurak Marianna , Zhou Zeng-Tong , Park Hannah Lui , Guo Zhong-Min , Wu Guo-Jun , Sidransky David , Trink Barry , Califano Joseph A 
Published: November 2007

AbstractBackgroundGPI anchor attachment is catalyzed by the GPI transamidase (GPIT) complex.GAA1, PIG-TandPIG-Uare the three of five GPIT subunits. Previous studies demonstrated amplification and overexpression of GPIT subunits in bladder and breast cancer with oncogenic function. We performed an analysis of these subunits in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).ResultsTo evaluateGAA1, PIG-TandPIG-Uin HNSCC, we used quantitative PCR (QPCR) and quantitative RT-PCR (QRT-PCR) to determine the copy number of those genes in primary tumors and the matching lymphocytes in 28 patients with HNSCC and quantified RNA expression of those genes in 16 primary HNSCC patients and 4 normal control tissue samples.GAA1showed a significant increase in normalized mRNA expression, 2.11 (95% CI: 1.43, 2.79), in comparison to that of normal controls, 0.43 (95% CI: -0.76, 1.61), p = 0.014 (Mann-Whitney test). The mean genomic copy number ofGAA1was significantly increased in HNSCC, 0.59 (95% CI: 0.50, 0.79), in comparison to lymphocyte DNA, 0.35 (95% CI: 0.30, 0.50), p = 0.001(paired t-test).ConclusionAn increased expression level and elevated copy number forGAA1suggest a role for this GPI anchor subunit in HNSCC.
Castleman's disease in the head of the pancreas: report of a rare clinical entity and current perspective on diagnosis, treatment, and outcome
Authors: Wang Hongbei , Wieczorek Rosemary L , Zenilman Michael E , Desoto-Lapaix Fidelina , Ghosh Bimal C , Bowne Wilbur B 
Published: November 2007

Abstract

Background
Castleman's disease of the pancreas is a very rare condition that may resemble more common disease entities as well as pancreatic cancer.

Case presentation
Here we report the case of a 58-year-old African American male with an incidentally discovered lesion in the head of the pancreas. The specimen from his pancreaticoduodectomy contained a protuberant, encapsulated mass, exhibiting microscopic features most consistent with localized/unicentric Castleman's disease. These included florid follicular hyperplasia with mantle/marginal zone hyperplasia along with focal progressive transformation of germinal centers admixed with involuted germinal centers.

Conclusion
To date, eight cases of Castleman's disease associated with the pancreas have been described in the world literature. We report the first case of unicentric disease situated within the head of the pancreas. In addition, we discuss the diagnostic dilemma Castleman's disease may present to the pancreatic surgeon and review current data on pathogenesis, treatment, and outcome.
Unbiased characterization of genotype-dependent metabolic regulations by metabolomic approach in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Kusano Miyako , Fukushima Atsushi , Arita Masanori , Jonsson Pär , Moritz Thomas , Kobayashi Makoto , Hayashi Naomi , Tohge Takayuki , Saito Kazuki 
Published: November 2007

Abstract

Background
Metabolites are not only the catalytic products of enzymatic reactions but also the active regulators or the ultimate phenotype of metabolic homeostasis in highly complex cellular processes. The modes of regulation at the metabolome level can be revealed by metabolic networks. We investigated the metabolic network between wild-type and 2 mutant (methionine-over accumulation 1 [mto1] and transparent testa4 [tt4]) plants regarding the alteration of metabolite accumulation in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Results
In the GC-TOF/MS analysis, we acquired quantitative information regarding over 170 metabolites, which has been analyzed by a novel score (ZMC, z-score of metabolite correlation) describing a characteristic metabolite in terms of correlation. Although the 2 mutants revealed no apparent morphological abnormalities, the overall correlation values in mto1 were much lower than those of the wild-type and tt4 plants, indicating the loss of overall network stability due to the uncontrolled accumulation of methionine. In the tt4 mutant, a new correlation between malate and sinapate was observed although the levels of malate, sinapate, and sinapoylmalate remain unchanged, suggesting an adaptive reconfiguration of the network. Gene-expression correlations presumably responsible for these metabolic networks were determined using the metabolite correlations as clues.

Conclusion
Two Arabidopsis mutants, mto1 and tt4, exhibited the following changes in entire metabolome networks: the overall loss of metabolic stability (mto1) or the generation of a metabolic network of a backup pathway for the lost physiological functions (tt4). The expansion of metabolite correlation to gene-expression correlation provides detailed insights into the systemic understanding of the plant cellular process regarding metabolome and transcriptome.