bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Economics of IPO Stabilisation, Syndicates and Naked Shorts
Authors: Jenkinson Tim , Jones Howard 
Published: August 2007

Abstract Stabilisation is the bidding for and purchase of securities by an underwriter immediately after an offering for the purpose of preventing or retarding a fall in price. Stabilisation is price manipulation, but regulators allow it within strict limits – notably that stabilisation may not occur above the offer price. For legislators and market authorities, a false market is a price worth paying for an orderly market. This paper compares the rationale for regulators' allowing IPO stabilisation with its effects. It finds that stabilisation does have the intended effects, but that underwriters also seem to have other motives to stabilise, including favouring certain aftermarket sellers and enhancing their own reputation and profits. A puzzling aspect of stabilisation is why underwriters create ‘naked short’ positions which are loss‐making to cover when, as is usual, the aftermarket price rises to a premium. We set up a model to show that the lead underwriter may profit from a naked short at the expense of the rest of the syndicate given the way commissions are apportioned between them. We argue that a naked short mitigates the misalignment of interests which stabilisation causes between issuer and lead underwriter, although it does so at the expense of the non‐lead underwriters.
Managerial Stock Options and the Hedging Premium
Authors: Hagelin Niclas , Holmén Martin , Knopf John D. , Pramborg Bengt 
Published: August 2007

Abstract Previous studies have found mixed evidence on whether hedging increases firm value. Some studies have shown that managerial incentives may influence firm hedging. In this paper we provide evidence that when hedging is based upon incentives from managers' options, firm value decreases.
Irrevocable Commitments, Going Private and Private Equity
Authors: Wright Mike , Weir Charlie , Burrows Andrew 
Published: August 2007

Abstract This paper adds to growing interest in public to private buy‐outs and mechanisms to ensure bid success. Using a unique, hand‐collected dataset of 155 public to private buy‐outs we provide one of the first examinations of the determinants of irrevocable commitments. Irrevocable commitments involve undertakings given by existing shareholders to agree to sell their shares to the bidder before the bid to take the company private is announced. We find that, for management buy‐outs, the level of irrevocable commitments is increased by the bid premium, the reputation of the private equity backer and board shareholdings. The level of irrevocable commitments is reduced by rumours of a takeover bid and bid value. We therefore find evidence that management and private equity firms' activity prior to the bid's announcement can have an important impact on the process of going private.
Integration of CEECs into EU Market: Structural Change and Convergence*
Authors: CRESPO NUNO , FONTOURA MARIA PAULA 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe central and eastern European countries (CEECs) have gone through a dramatic process of industrial restructuring in which the Europe Agreements have played a major role. Using detailed statistics, we analyse the transformation of CEECs' export structures and whether it led to structural convergence with the remaining EU members. We also analyse structural transformation within sectors in terms of quality ranges. The results show that, in general terms, CEECs have converged both at inter‐ and intra‐sectoral levels towards pre‐existing European Union (EU) members. We discuss whether further restructuring and relocation of CEECs' industrial patterns are probable in the aftermath of EU membership.
Using pregnancy rates and perinatal mortality to evaluate the success of recovery strategies for endangered island foxes
Authors: Clifford D. L. , Woodroffe R. , Garcelon D. K. , Timm S. F. , Mazet J. A. K. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractFollowing a dramatic population decline in 1999, captive‐breeding and translocation programs were initiated to recover the Santa Catalina Island foxUrocyon littoralis. Neonatal losses during the first year of captive breeding raised concerns, but little information was available on which to base reproductive expectations in captivity, and pregnancy rates and pup mortality had not been assessed in free‐ranging foxes. In 2002 and 2003 we evaluated the relative contributions of captive breeding and translocation to population recovery by comparing pregnancy rates and perinatal mortality in free‐ranging and captive Santa Catalina Island foxes, and by comparing pregnancy rates and perinatal mortality were also compared between resident free‐ranging foxes and foxes that had been captive bred and released, or translocated as juveniles. Pregnancy rates and fetal number were determined using ultrasound. Free‐ranging pregnant foxes were followed via radiotelemetry, and a combination of camera‐traps, observation and targeted trapping was used to determine how many pups survived to weaning. Video cameras and observations were used to determine the weaning success for captive foxes. The adult pregnancy rate for free‐ranging foxes (95.0%) was higher than for adult captive foxes (47.6%;P=0.003). Perinatal mortality for pups born to free‐ranging mothers (43.2%) was higher than for pups born to captive mothers (15.0%,P=0.055). Adult pregnancy rates and perinatal mortality were 100 and 25.0% for translocated and captive‐bred foxes combined, and 92.3 and 53.6% for resident wild foxes. The average weaned litter size (±standard deviation) for free‐ranging foxes (1.8±0.6) was similar to that for captive foxes (2.1±0.4). Successful pup production by translocated and captive‐bred foxes supports the utility of these strategies to recover island foxes. Our approach, integrating veterinary and field biology techniques to assess the contributions of different management strategies to population recovery, can be utilized for other endangered species.
Reelin signals survival through Src‐family kinases that inactivate BAD activity
Authors: Ohkubo Nobutaka , Vitek Michael P. , Morishima Atsuyuki , Suzuki Yoji , Miki Tetsuro , Maeda Nobuji , Mitsuda Noriaki 
Published: August 2007

AbstractReelin plays an important role in the migration of embryonic neurons, but its continuing presence suggests additional functions in the brain. We now report a novel function where reelin protects P19 embryonal cells from apoptosis during retinoic acid‐induced neuronal differentiation. This increased survival is associated with reelin activation of the phosphatidyl‐inositol‐3‐kinase (PI3 K)/Akt pathway. When PI3 K was inhibited with LY294002, reelin failed to protect against this retinoic acid‐induced apoptosis. The protective effect of reelin includes activating the Src‐family kinases/PI3 K/Akt pathway which then led to selective phosphorylation of Bcl‐2/Bcl‐XL associated death promoter (BAD) at serine‐136, while the phosphorylation‐incompetent mutation of BAD (S136A) suppressed this protection. These and additional studies define a novel pathway where reelin binds apoE receptors, significantly activates the PI3 K/Akt pathway causing phosphorylation of BAD which helps to protect cells from apoptosing, thus serving an important role in promoting the survival of maturing neurons in the brain.
IP3 receptor/Ca2+ channel: from discovery to new signaling concepts
Authors: Mikoshiba Katsuhiko 
Published: August 2007

AbstractInositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate (IP3) is a second messenger that induces the release of Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The IP3 receptor (IP3R) was discovered as a developmentally regulated glyco‐phosphoprotein, P400, that was missing in strains of mutant mice. IP3R can allosterically and dynamically change its form in a reversible manner. The crystal structures of the IP3‐binding core and N‐terminal suppressor sequence of IP3R have been identified. An IP3 indicator (known as IP3R‐based IP3 sensor) was developed from the IP3‐binding core. The IP3‐binding core’s affinity to IP3 is very similar among the three isoforms of IP3R; instead, the N‐terminal IP3 binding suppressor region is responsible for isoform‐specific IP3‐binding affinity tuning. Various pathways for the trafficking of IP3R have been identified; for example, the ER forms a meshwork upon which IP3R moves by lateral diffusion, and vesicular ER subcompartments containing IP3R move rapidly along microtubles using a kinesin motor. Furthermore, IP3R mRNA within mRNA granules also moves along microtubules. IP3Rs are involved in exocrine secretion. ERp44 works as a redox sensor in the ER and regulates IP3R1 activity. IP3 has been found to release Ca2+, but it also releases IRBIT (IP3R‐binding protein released with IP3). IRBIT is a pseudo‐ligand for IP3 that regulates the frequency and amplitude of Ca2+ oscillations through IP3R. IRBIT binds to pancreas‐type Na, bicarbonate co‐transporter 1, which is important for acid‐base balance. The presence of many kinds of binding partners, like homer, protein 4.1N, huntingtin‐associated protein‐1A, protein phosphatases (PPI and PP2A), RACK1, ankyrin, chromogranin, carbonic anhydrase‐related protein, IRBIT, Na,K‐ATPase, and ERp44, suggest that IP3Rs form a macro signal complex and function as a center for signaling cascades. The structure of IP3R1, as revealed by cryoelectron microscopy, fits closely with these molecules.
Evaluating Florida's Medicaid Provider Services Network Demonstration
Authors: Paul Duncan R. , Lemak Christy H. , Bruce Vogel W. , Johnson Christopher E. , Hall Allyson G. , Porter Colleen K. 
Published: August 2007

Research Objective. To evaluate the design, development, and implementation of Florida's Medicaid provider service network (PSN) demonstration, and the implications of that demonstration for subsequent Medicaid Reform in Florida.Data Sources, Data Collection. Organizational analyses were based on archival and enrollment data obtained from Florida's Medicaid program and the South Florida Community Care Network, as well as key informant interviews. Closely related fiscal analyses utilized Medicaid claims data from March 1999 through October 2001 extracted from the Florida Medicaid Management Information System.Study Design. The organizational analyses reported here were based on a structured case study research design.Principal Findings. Almost every aspect of the development of the new organizational form (PSN) took longer and was more difficult than anticipated. Prior organizational experience with insurance functions proved to be an asset. While fiscal analyses indicated that the program saved the state of Florida a significant amount of money, tracking the precise origin of the savings proved to be challenging.Conclusions. By most standards, the PSN program was observed to meet its stated objectives. Based in part on this conclusion, the state chose to extend the use of PSNs within its 2006 Medicaid Reform initiative.
Liver: an alarm for the heart?
Authors: Mirbagheri Seyed Amir , Rashidi Armin , Abdi Seifollah , Saedi Daryoush , Abouzari Mehdi 
Published: August 2007

AbstractBackground/Aims: Fatty liver (FL) and coronary artery disease (CAD) have several risk factors in common, which are usually considered to account for their frequent coexistence. The independent association between FL and angiographic CAD was assessed in this case–control study by considering the contribution of their shared risk factors.Methods: Three hundred and seventeen adult patients who underwent elective coronary angiography (CAG) were recruited immediately after CAG and classified into either of the two groups A (normal or mildly abnormal CAG; n=85) or B (clinically relevant CAD; n=232). A liver sonography was performed on the same day as CAG.Results: The groups were significantly different in terms of gender, fasting blood glucose, low‐density lipoproteins, diabetes (DM), hypertension and FL. In binary logistic regression, FL was the strongest independent predictor of CAD [P<0.001, odds ratio (OR)=8.48%, 95% confidence interval (CI)=4.39–16.40], followed by DM (P=0.002, OR=2.94) and male gender (P=0.014, OR=2.31). This pattern of associations did not change after clinically significant variables (waist‐to‐hip ratio, body mass index, triglycerides and high‐density lipoproteins) were added to analysis.Conclusion: Fatty liver seems to be a strong independent alarm for the presence of significant CAD.
Up‐regulation of proproliferative genes and the ligand/receptor pair placental growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 in hepatitis C cirrhosis
Authors: Huang Xiao X. , McCaughan Geoffrey W. , Shackel Nicholas A. , Gorrell Mark D. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractBackground/Aims: Cirrhosis can lead to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Non‐diseased liver and hepatitis C virus (HCV)‐associated cirrhosis with or without HCC were compared.Method: Proliferation pathway genes, immune response genes and oncogenes were analysed by a quantitative real‐time reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and immunostaining.Results: Real‐time RT‐PCR showed up‐regulation of genes in HCV cirrhosis including the proliferation‐associated genes bone morphogenetic protein 3 (BMP3), placental growth factor 3 (PGF3), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (VEGFR1) and soluble VEGFR1, the oncogene FYN, and the immune response‐associated genes toll‐like receptor 9 (TLR9) and natural killer cell transcript 4 (NK4). Expressions of TLR2 and the oncogenes B‐cell CLL/lymphoma 9 (BCL9) and PIM2 were decreased in HCV cirrhosis. In addition, PIM2 and TLR2 were increased in HCV cirrhosis with HCC compared with HCV cirrhosis. The ligand/receptor pair PGF and VEGFR1 was intensely expressed by the portal tract vascular endothelium. VEGFR1 was expressed in reactive biliary epithelial structures in fibrotic septum and in some stellate cells and macrophages.Conclusion: PGF and VEGFR1 may have an important role in the pathogenesis of the neovascular response in cirrhosis.
Are Depression and Cognitive Performance Related in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy?
Authors: Tracy Joseph I. , Lippincott Cynthia , Mahmood Tariq , Waldron Brigid , Kanauss Kevin , Glosser David , Sperling Michael R. 
Published: August 2007

Summary
Purpose: The degree to which depression interacts with the cognitive deficits of epilepsy to alter cognitive skill and general functioning is unknown. Depression has significant negative effects on adaptive functioning including cognitive skills. Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients are known to possess cognitive dysfunction. Thus, TLE patients who are depressed may suffer a double burden of cognitive deficits.
Methods: We examined whether depressed patients show increased cognitive deficits relative to nondepressed TLE patients (n = 59). We then sought to determine if this effect varied for left versus right TLE patients utilizing preoperative depression and neuropsychological data. To accurately study the lateralization of any observed effects, we selected only patients with definitive evidence of unilateral pathology and seizure focus and utilized a two‐year seizure‐free postsurgical outcome to capture this.
Results: The data suggested that cognitive performance was not related to depression, and that depression did not reliably mediate the cognitive presentation of either our left or right TL patients. The notion of a double burden on cognition did not receive support from our data. The data did produce the expected advantage on verbal memory measures for right TLE patients.
Conclusions: The reasons for the limited statistical effects are discussed and issues in unraveling the causal relationships between depression, cognition, and TLE are considered. We discussed the potential role depression may play in the cognitive skills of TLE patients, but the major implication is that depression and neurocognitive performance appear to bear a limited relationship in the context of TLE.
Introduction of Infection Control Measures to Reduce Infection Associated With Implantable Pain Therapy Devices
Authors: Burgher Abram H. , Barnett Crawford F. , Obray Jon B. , Mauck W. David 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIntroduction:  Implantable pain therapy devices for chronic pain include spinal cord stimulators (SCS) and intrathecal drug delivery systems (IDDS). A number of different complications can occur after implantation of these devices, but among the most serious is infection. Based on Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines for prevention of surgical site infection, published literature on infection risk with implantable pain therapy devices, and recommendations from groups within our own our institution, we introduced infection control measures for all patients receiving either SCS or IDDS.Methods:  After approval from the Institutional Review Board, we performed a retrospective review of patients undergoing primary implantation of SCS or IDDS before and after introduction at our institution of safety measures designed to reduce device‐related infection. We compared infection incidence and compliance to infection precautions before and after introduction of these measures.Results:  Thirty‐four SCS or IDDS were implanted before implementation of the infection control measures and 58 were placed after. Five device‐related infections occurred. Adherence to most infection precautions improved during the study period, but 100% compliance was seen only with venue used for implantation. Infection incidence declined after introduction of the safety measures, but the reduction was not statistically significant.Conclusions:  Introduction of infection control measures for implantable pain therapy devices improved adherence to most infection precautions in our practice. Lack of specific documentation could have hindered practice surveillance within our group. A tool to document performance of infection control measures would be useful not only as a marker of compliance but could also serve as a reminder to perform certain safety measures.
Equilibrium Exhaustible Resource Price Dynamics
Authors: CARLSON MURRAY , KHOKHER ZEIGHAM , TITMAN SHERIDAN 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTWe develop equilibrium models of exhaustible resource markets with endogenous extraction choices and prices. Our analysis demonstrates how adjustment costs can generate oil and gas forward price dynamics with two factors, consistent with the behavior these commodities exhibit in the Schwartz and Smith (2000) calibration. Our two‐factor model predicts that stochastic volatility will arise in these markets as a natural consequence of production adjustments, however, and we provide supporting empirical evidence. Differences between endogenous price processes from our general equilibrium model and exogenous processes in earlier papers can generate significant differences in both financial and real option values.
Executive Financial Incentives and Payout Policy: Firm Responses to the 2003 Dividend Tax Cut
Authors: BROWN JEFFREY R. , LIANG NELLIE , WEISBENNER SCOTT 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTWe test whether executive stock ownership affects firm payouts using the 2003 dividend tax cut to identify an exogenous change in the after‐tax value of dividends. We find that executives with higher ownership were more likely to increase dividends after the tax cut in 2003, whereas no relation is found in periods when the dividend tax rate was higher. Relative to previous years, firms that initiated dividends in 2003 were more likely to reduce repurchases. The stock price reaction to the tax cut suggests that the substitution of dividends for repurchases may have been anticipated, consistent with agency conflicts.
Spiritual Identification with Christ: Jon Sobrino, the CDF and St Paul
Authors: Turner Geoffrey 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith has issued a Notification criticising Jon Sobrino's Christology. In their criticism of Sobrino's description of Jesus as a man of faith, they risk introducing a semi‐Docetism by emphasising Jesus' closeness to his divine Father and his relative distance from us. Paul, on the other hand, brings Christ and believers very close together – he gives them a ‘spiritual identification’ in a common experience of death, burial, sonship, heirdom and resurrection. A parallel is also drawn between the faith/faithfulness of Christ and all Christian believers who, according to Paul, are made righteous (justified) through their faithfulness.
A Dialogue on the Future of Nursing Practice
Authors: Lavin Mary Ann , Meyer Geralyn A. , Ellis Peggy 
Published: August 2007

PURPOSE.  The challenges of health care; its safety, effectiveness, and efficiency; the quality of care; and the outcomes patients experience are issues central to nursing practice. This centrality needs to be affirmed as the profession shapes its practice over the next 50 years. The purpose of this article is to initiate a dialogue on the future of nursing practice. METHODS.  The methods used are observation, reflection, dialogue, and proposed actions. FINDINGS.  The results of this process are preliminary. They suggest that the establishment of nursing hospitals is a distinct possibility. CONCLUSIONS.  This article concludes with a series of arguments for and against this position along with an invitation for your participation in this dialogue. NURSING IMPLICATIONS.  The major implications of this article are not “nursing” implications per se but client and patient implications and the future contribution of nursing to improved health and patient care.
The origin of large-scale H i structures in the Magellanic Bridge
Authors: Muller Erik , Bekki Kenji 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
We investigate the formation of a number of key large-scale Hi features in the interstellar medium of the Magellanic Bridge using dissipationless numerical simulation techniques. This study comprises the first direct comparison between detailed Hi maps of the Bridge and numerical simulations. We confirm that the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) forms two tidal filaments: a near arm, which forms the connection between the SMC and the Large Magellanic Cloud, and a counter-arm. We show that the Hi of the most dense part of the Bridge can become arranged into a bimodal configuration, and that the formation of a ‘loop’ of Hi, located off the north-eastern edge of the SMC, can be reproduced simply as a projection of the counter-arm, and without invoking localized energy-deposition processes such as supernova events or stellar winds.
FSR1767 – a new globular cluster in the Galaxy
Authors: Bonatto C. , Bica E. , Ortolani S. , Barbuy B. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
The globular cluster (GC) nature of the recently catalogued candidate FSR1767 is established in the present work. It turns out to be the closest GC so far detected in the Galaxy. The nature of this object is investigated by means of 2MASS colour–magnitude diagrams (CMDs), the stellar radial density profile (RDP) and proper motions (PM). The properties are consistent with an intermediate-metallicity ([Fe/H]≈−1.2) GC with a well-defined turnoff (TO), red giant branch (RGB) and blue horizontal branch (HB). The distance of FSR1767 from the Sun is d⊙≈ 1.5kpc, and it is located at the Galactocentric distance RGC≈ 5.7kpc. With the space velocity components (V, W) = (184 ± 14, −43 ± 14)kms−1, FSR1767 appears to be a Palomar-like GC with MV≈−4.7, which currently lies ≈57pc below the Galactic plane. The RDP is well represented by a King profile with the core and tidal radii Rcore= 0.24 ± 0.08pc and Rtidal= 3.1 ± 1.0pc, respectively, with a small half-light radius Rh= 0.60 ± 0.15pc. The optical absorption is moderate for an infrared GC, AV= 6.2 ± 0.3, which together with its central direction and enhanced contamination explains why it has so far been overlooked.