bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Speckle observations with PISCO in Merate: IV. Astrometric measurements of visual binaries in 2005
Authors: Scardia M. , Prieur J.‐L. , Pansecchi L. , Argyle R.W. , Sala M. , Basso S. , Ghigo M. , Koechlin L. , Aristidi E. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractWe present relative astrometric measurements of visual binaries made during the second semester of 2005, with the speckle camera PISCO at the 102 cm Zeiss telescope of Brera Astronomical Observatory, in Merate. Our sample contains orbital couples as well as binaries whose motion is still uncertain. The purpose of this long term program is to improve the accuracy of the orbits and determine the masses of the components.We performed 130 new observations of 120 objects, with most of the angular separations in the range 0″.1–4″, and with an average accuracy of 0″.01. Most of the position angles could be determined without the usual 180. ambiguity with the application of triple‐correlation techniques, and their mean error is 0°8. We have found a possible new triple system: ADS 11077.The measurements of the closest binaries were made with a new data reduction procedure, based on model fitting of the background of the auto‐correlations. As this procedure proved to be very efficient, we have re‐processed the old observations of close binaries made with PISCO in Merate since 2004. We thus improved 20 measurements already published and obtained 7 new measurements for observations that were previously reported as “unresolved”.We finally present revised orbits for ADS 684, MCA 55Aac (in the Beta 1 Cyg–Albireo multiple system) and ADS 14783 for which the previously published orbits led to large residuals with our measurements and for which the new observations made since their computation allowed a significant improvement of those old orbits. The sum of the masses that we derived for those systems are consistent with the spectral type of the stars and the dynamic parallaxes are in good agreement with the parallaxes measured by Hipparcos. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Validation of the Lower Gastrointestinal Electronic Referral Protocol
Authors: John S K P , George S , Howell R D , Primrose J N , Fozard J B J 
Published: January 2008

Abstract

Background
Recognition of people presenting to the general practitioner with symptoms suggestive of colorectal cancer varies considerably, as do the subsequent patterns of referral and treatment. The Lower Gastrointestinal Electronic Referral Protocol (e-RP) was developed to be used alongside the national Choose and Book programme. This paper addresses the validation of the e-RP.

Methods
The e-RP was validated using three datasets: 100 consecutive patients with colorectal cancer, 100 2-week wait (TWW) suspected cancer referrals and 100 routine referrals. The actual destination of referred patients, their clinical diagnosis and referral urgency were compared with destination and referral urgency assigned by the e-RP.

Results
Some 43·0 per cent of patients with colorectal cancer were actually referred through the TWW system and the e-RP successfully upgraded 85·0 per cent of these patients as TWW referrals (Pearson χ2 = 9·76, 1 d.f., P = 0·002). The e-RP also redirected three of four patients with colorectal cancer in routine referrals to TWW clinics. Right-sided cancers were appropriately directed to colonoscopy as the first contact in secondary care or to outpatients for investigation of a palpable mass. Most patients with left-sided cancers were directed to flexible sigmoidoscopy clinics.

Conclusion
A dedicated referral protocol addressing all colorectal symptoms would significantly improve the overall yield of colorectal cancers through the TWW route and reduce delays in patient pathways with ‘straight to test’ in secondary care.
Surgical approaches to peritonitis (Br J Surg 2007; 94: 1317–1318)
Authors: Fujita T 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The Editors welcome topical correspondence from readers relating to articles published in the Journal. Responses should be sent electronically via the BJS website (www.bjs.co.uk). All letters will be reviewed and, if approved,appear on the website. A selection of these will be edited and published in the Journal. Letters must be no more than 250 words in length.
Switchable C‐ and N‐Bound Isomers of Transition‐Metal Cyanocarbanions: Synthesis and Interconversions of Cyclopentadienyl Ruthenium Complexes of Phenylsulfonylacetonitrile Anions
Authors: Naota Takeshi , Tannna Akio , Kamuro Shigeaki , Hieda Masayuki , Ogata Kazuki , Murahashi Shun‐Ichi , Takaya Hikaru 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe synthesis, structure, and dynamic behavior of bistable C‐ and N‐bound isomers of transition‐metal cyanocarbanions are described. A series of C‐bound cyclopentadienyl (Cp) ruthenium phosphane complexes, [Ru{CH(CN)SO2Ph}(Cp)L1L2] (3), and their N‐bound isomers, [Ru+(Cp)(NCCH−SO2Ph)L1L2] (4), were prepared by treating [RuCl(Cp)(PR3)2] with the sodium salt of phenylsulfonylacetonitrile and performing ligand‐exchange reactions with the resulting compounds. Structural characterization by X‐ray diffraction indicates that the cyanocarbanion moiety of 3 has an α‐metalated structure, whereas that of 4 has a zwitterionic, end‐on structure. Heating these complexes in aprotic solvents gives rise to irreversible linkage isomerization between C‐ and N‐bound isomers, in which the relative thermal stabilities vary greatly depending on the steric and electronic nature of the ligands. Mechanistic studies of N‐to‐C isomerization revealed that the reaction proceeds irreversibly in a unimolecular manner without the formation of coordinatively unsaturated species. A metal‐sliding process, which occurs over the CCN π‐conjugated surface of the cyanocarbanion moiety, was suggested by results from kinetic studies and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. C‐to‐N isomerizations proceed by the above‐mentioned intramolecular process, with a temperature‐dependent contribution from the formation and cleavage of μ2‐C,N coordination dimers [{Ru{CH(CN)SO2Ph}(Cp)(PPh3)}2] (15 and 16).
Organization of pERK‐immunoreactive cells in trigeminal spinal nucleus caudalis and upper cervical cord following capsaicin injection into oral and craniofacial regions in rats
Authors: Noma Noboru , Tsuboi Yoshiyuki , Kondo Masahiro , Matsumoto Mitsuhiko , Sessle Barry J. , Kitagawa Junichi , Saito Kimiko , Iwata Koichi 
Published: January 2008

AbstractTo define the somatotopic arrangement of neurons in the trigeminal spinal subnucleus caudalis and upper cervical cord activated by acute noxious stimulation of various orofacial sites, pERK expression was analyzed in these neurons. After capsaicin injection into the tongue, lower gum, upper and lower lips, or mental region, pERK‐like immunoreactive (pERK‐LI) cells were distributed mainly in the dorsal half of the trigeminal spinal nucleus interporalis (Vi) and caudalis (Vc) transition zone (Vi/Vc zone), middle Vc, and Vc and upper cervical cord transition zone (Vc/C2 zone). pERK‐LI cells were distributed throughout the dorsal to ventral portion of the Vi/Vc zone, middle Vc, and Vc/C2 zone following capsaicin injection into the anterior hard palate, upper gum, buccal mucosa, or vibrissal pad and in the ventral portion of the Vi/Vc zone, middle Vc, and Vc/C2 zone following snout, ophthalmic, or ocular injection of capsaicin. The rostrocaudal distribution area of pERK‐LI cells was more extensive from the Vi/Vc zone to the Vc/C2 zone after intraoral injection than that after facial injection, and the rostrocaudal distribution of pERK‐LI cells from the Vi/Vc zone to the Vc/C2 zone had a somatotopic arrangement, with the snout being represented most rostrally and ophthalmic, ocular, or mental regions represented most caudally. These findings suggest that the pERK‐LI cells expressed from the Vi/Vc zone to the Vc/C2 zone following injection of capsaicin in facial and intraoral structures may be differentially involved in pain perception in facial and intraoral sites. J. Comp. Neurol. 507:1428–1440, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of latent transforming growth factor beta binding proteins in the rat brain
Authors: Dobolyi Arpád , Palkovits Miklós 
Published: January 2008

AbstractTransforming growth factor‐betas are expressed in the brain, have neuroprotective functions, and may be involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. Their intracellular processing, secretion, and extracellular activation requires latent transforming growth factor‐beta binding proteins (LTBPs) as demonstrated in peripheral organs. Here, we first report that the four types of LTBPs are expressed in the rat brain based on reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and that the subtypes have different topographical distributions based on in situ hybridization histochemistry. LTBP‐1 has a high expression level in several brain regions including choroid plexus, cerebral cortex, medial amygdaloid nucleus, anteromedial and midline thalamic nuclei, medial preoptic area, arcuate and dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei, superior olive, and area postrema. LTBP‐3 and ‐4 are the most widely distributed LTBPs. Both are abundant in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, hypothalamus, amygdala, brainstem motor nuclei, and area postrema. In addition, LTBP‐3 mRNA is also abundant in the choroid plexus, globus pallidus, anterior and reticular thalamic nuclei, mamillary body, substantia nigra, red nucleus, pontine nuclei, some brainstem sensory nuclei, and reticular formation, while LTBP‐4 is more abundant in the hippocampus and the parabrachial nuclei. In contrast, the expression of LTBP‐2 is restricted to cerebral cortex, CA1 neurons of the hippocampus, and perifornical/lateral hypothalamic areas. The hypothalamic cells were identified by double in situ hybridization histochemistry as orexin‐synthesizing neurons, demonstrating that LTBP expression can be very specifically regulated. Our data demonstrate that each type of LTBPs have highly distinct distributional patterns suggesting that the expression of LTBPs are specifically regulated in the brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 507:1393–1408, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of glycine immunoreactivity in the brain of adult sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus). Comparison with γ‐aminobutyric acid
Authors: Villar‐Cerviño Verona , Barreiro‐Iglesias Antón , Anadón Ramón , Rodicio María Celina 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe distribution of glycinergic cells in the brain of nonmammalian vertebrates is still unknown. Lampreys are the most primitive extant vertebrates, and they may provide important data on the phylogeny of this system. Here, we studied for the first time the distribution of glycine immunoreactivity in the sea lamprey brain and compared it with γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)‐ergic populations. Most glycine‐immunoreactive neurons were found at midbrain and hindbrain levels, and most of these cells did not exhibit GABA immunoreactivity. We describe glycine‐immunoreactive cell populations in the olfactory bulbs, the preoptic nucleus, and the thalamus of the sea lamprey, which is in striking contrast to their lack in the mammalian forebrain. We also observed glycine‐immunoreactive populations in the optic tectum, the torus semicircularis and the midbrain tegmentum, the isthmus, the octavolateral area, the dorsal column nucleus, the abducens nucleus, the trigeminal motor nucleus, the facial motor nucleus, and the rhombencephalic reticular formation. In these populations, colocalization with GABA was observed in only some cells of the tegmental M5 nucleus, ventral isthmus, medial octavolateral nucleus, dorsal column nucleus, and lateral reticular region. The present results allow us to conclude that the distribution of glycine‐immunoreactive cells changed notably from lamprey to mammals, with a decrease in glycinergic populations in the forebrain and a specialization of brainstem cell groups. Although knowledge of the glycinergic populations in lampreys is important for understanding the early evolution of this system, there is a notable gap of information regarding its organization in brains of other nonmammalian vertebrates. J. Comp. Neurol. 507:1441–1463, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tapasin shapes immunodominance hierarchies according to the kinetic stability of peptide – MHC class I complexes
Authors: Thirdborough Stephen M. , Roddick Joanne S. , Radcliffe Joanna N. , Howarth Mark , Stevenson Freda K. , Elliott Tim 
Published: January 2008

AbstractPeptide loading of MHC class I molecules involves multiple cofactors including tapasin. We showed previously in vitro that tapasin edits the peptide repertoire by favoring the binding of peptides with slow dissociation rates. Here, using tapasin‐deficient mice and a DNA vaccine that primes directly, we confirm that tapasin establishes hierarchical responses in vivo according to peptide‐MHC stability. In contrast, this hierarchy is lost when the peptides are cross‐presented via an alternative DNA vaccine. By regulating transgene expression, we found that the dominant response modifier was antigen persistence. Our findings reveal strategies for activating T cells against low‐affinity peptides, of potential importance for patients with repertoires narrowed by deletional tolerance.
Motivations underlying attitudes: regulatory focus and majority versus minority support
Authors: Falomir‐Pichastor Juan M. , Mugny Gabriel , Quiamzade Alain , Gabarrot Fabrice 
Published: January 2008

AbstractDrawing on regulatory focus theory, the present work examined the motivations underlying intergroup attitudes expressed under conditions of majority versus minority support. In two studies, participants expressed their attitudes towards equality and non‐discrimination of foreigners and were informed that the equality and non‐discrimination principle was supported by either a majority or a minority. Regulatory focus was assessed as the extent to which participants felt promotion‐related and prevention‐related emotions when acting either inconsistently or consistently with the egalitarian principle. Results provided evidence supporting the hypothesis that attitudes are related to prevention emotions when supported by a majority, but to promotion emotions when supported by a minority. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A mimetic finite difference discretization for the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations
Authors: Abbà A. , Bonaventura L. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe results of a mimetic finite difference discretization of the three‐dimensional, incompressible Navier–Stokes equations are compared with more traditional finite difference schemes. The proposed method handles both momentum advection and diffusion in a vorticity‐preserving manner and allows for simple treatment of rigid wall boundary conditions. The results obtained in various tests demonstrate the advantages of the proposed method. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical coupling of 2.5D reservoir and 1.5D wellbore models in order to interpret thermometrics
Authors: Amara M. , Capatina D. , Lizaik L. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis paper deals with the numerical coupling of an axisymmetric reservoir model, governed by Darcy–Forchheimer's equation together with a nonstandard energy balance, and a quasi‐1D wellbore model described by the compressible Navier–Stokes equations. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An examination of acute changes in serotonergic neurotransmission using the loudness dependence measure of auditory cortex evoked activity: effects of citalopram, escitalopram and sertraline
Authors: Guille Valérie , Croft Rodney J. , O'Neill Barry V. , Illic Susan , Phan K. Luan , Nathan Pradeep J. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractObjectiveThe underlying effect of serotonergic neurotransmission has been implicated in several psychiatric disorders. The inability to routinely and non‐invasively determine the integrity of the serotonergic system in vivo has limited our understanding of disorders with a putative serotonergic abnormality. The loudness dependence of the auditory evoked potential (LDAEP) has been proposed as a reliable measure of central serotonin function in humans. While animal studies suggest that the LDAEP is sensitive to changes in central serotonin neurotransmission, evidence in humans has been indirect and inconsistent. The aim of this study was to assess the sensitivity of the LDAEP to acute augmentation in central serotonergic neurotransmission in humans.MethodsThe study used a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled cross‐over design, in which healthy subjects were tested under four acute treatment conditions, with pharmacologically equivalent single doses of placebo, escitalopram (10 mg), citalopram (20 mg) and sertraline (50 mg) to examine the direct effect of acute enhancement of synaptic serotonin on the LDAEP. Furthermore, the outcome of the serotonergic modulatory effects on the LDAEP was also examined using two methods (dipole source analysis (DSA) vs. scalp analysis).ResultsEscitalopram, citalopram and sertraline had no effects on the LDAEP and were independent of the analysis method used.ConclusionThese findings question the sensitivity of the LDAEP to acute changes in serotonin neurotransmission and its validity as a reliable measure of central serotonin function in humans. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of chromatic induction in infancy
Authors: Okamura Hiromi , Kanazawa So , Yamaguchi Masami K. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe perception of colour in an embedded field is affected by the surround colour. This phenomenon is known as chromatic induction. In the present study we investigated whether the colour perception by infants aged 5–7 months could be affected by the surround colour. In Experiments 1 and 2 each stimulus was composed of an array of six squares in tandem. The colour appearance of the array in the familiarization stimulus was established by chromatic induction. In Experiment 1 we used familiarization stimuli that were perceived as two‐colour array with a two‐colour surround. In Experiment 2 we used a familiarization stimulus that was perceived as a uniform‐colour array with a two‐colour surround. In the test phase, the uniform‐colour array and the two‐colour array were presented on a white uniform‐colour surround in both experiments. The results showed that in Experiment 1 the 5‐ and 7‐month‐old infants had novelty preference for the uniform‐colour test array. This suggested that the infants' colour perception could be affected by surround colour. The results of Experiment 2 showed that the 7‐month‐olds showed a novelty preference for the two‐colour test array, but the 5‐month‐olds showed no novelty preference. This suggested that 7‐month‐olds' colour perception could be affected by surround colour, but that of 5‐month‐olds could not. We discuss the contradiction of the results between Experiments 1 and 2. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shared challenges in object perception for robots and infants
Authors: Fitzpatrick Paul , Needham Amy , Natale Lorenzo , Metta Giorgio 
Published: January 2008

AbstractRobots and humans receive partial, fragmentary hints about the world's state through their respective sensors. These hints—tiny patches of light intensity, frequency components of sound, etc.—are far removed from the world of objects which we feel and perceive so effortlessly around us. The study of infant development and the construction of robots are both deeply concerned with how this apparent gap between the world and our experience of it is bridged. In this paper, we focus on some fundamental problems in perception which have attracted the attention of researchers in both robotics and infant development. Our goal was to identify points of contact already existing between the two fields, and also important questions identified in one field that could fruitfully be addressed in the other. We start with the problem of object segregation: how do infants and robots determine visually where one object ends and another begins? For object segregation, both the fields have examined the idea of using ‘key events’ where perception is in some way simplified and the infant or robot acquires knowledge that can be exploited at other times. We propose that the identification of the key events themselves constitutes a point of contact between the fields. Although the specific algorithms used in robots do not necessarily map directly to infant strategies, the overall ‘algorithmic skeleton’ formed by the set of algorithms needed to identify and exploit key events may in fact form the basis for mutual dialogue. We then look more broadly at the role of embodiment in humans and robots, and see the opportunities it affords for development. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
International variation in rates of uptake of preventive options in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers
Authors: Metcalfe Kelly A. , Birenbaum‐Carmeli Daphna , Lubinski Jan , Gronwald Jacek , Lynch Henry , Moller Pal , Ghadirian Parviz , Foulkes William D. , Klijn Jan , Friedman Eitan , Kim‐Sing Charmaine , Ainsworth Peter , Rosen Barry , Domchek Susan , Wagner Teresa , Tung Nadine , Manoukian Siranoush , Couch Fergus , Sun Ping , Narod Steven A. ,   and the Hereditary Breast Cancer Clinical Study Group
Published: January 2008

AbstractSeveral options for cancer prevention are available for women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation, including prophylactic surgery, chemoprevention and screening. The authors report on preventive practices in women with mutations from 9 countries and examine differences in uptake according to country. Women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation were contacted after receiving their genetic test result and were questioned regarding their preventive practices. Information was recorded on prophylactic mastectomy, prophylactic oophorectomy, use of tamoxifen and screening (MRI and mammography). Two thousand six hundred seventy‐seven women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation from 9 countries were included. The follow‐up questionnaire was completed a mean of 3.9 years (range 1.5–10.3 years) after genetic testing. One thousand five hundred thirty‐one women (57.2%) had a bilateral prophylactic oophorectomy. Of the 1,383 women without breast cancer, 248 (18.0%) had had a prophylactic bilateral mastectomy. Among those who did not have a prophylactic mastectomy, only 76 women (5.5%) took tamoxifen and 40 women (2.9%) took raloxifene for breast cancer prevention. Approximately one‐half of the women at risk for breast cancer had taken no preventive option, relying solely on screening. There were large differences in the uptake of the different preventive options by country of residence. Prophylactic oophorectomy is now generally accepted by women and their physicians as a cancer preventive measure. However, only the minority of women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation opt for prophylactic mastectomy or take tamoxifen for the prevention of hereditary breast cancer. Approximately one‐half of women at risk for breast cancer rely on screening alone. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical multiphoton tomography
Authors: König Karsten 
Published: January 2008

AbstractClinical multiphoton tomography and two‐photon microendoscopy provide clinicians and researchers with high‐resolution in vivo optical biopsies based on two‐photon autofluorescence, second harmonic generation, and fluorescence lifetime imaging. This review reflects state of the art technology and reports on applications in the fields of early stage melanoma detection, skin aging, nanoparticle imaging, tissue engineering, and in situ screening of pharmaceutical and cosmetical products. So far, more than 500 patients and volunteers in Europe, Asia, and Australia have been investigated with these novel molecular imaging tools. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)