bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Islet‐1: A Potentially Important Role for an Islet Cell Gene in Visceral Fat
Authors: Li Haiyan , Heilbronn Leonie K. , Hu Dachun , Poynten Ann M. , Blackburn Miriam A. , Shirkhedkar Deepali P. , Kaplan Warren H. , Kriketos Adamandia D. , Ye Jiming , Chisholm Donald J. 
Published: January 2008

Objective: To examine differences in gene expression between visceral (VF) and subcutaneous fat (SF) to identity genes of potential importance in regulation of VF.Methods and Procedures: We compared gene expression (by DNA array and quantitative PCR (qPCR)) in paired VF and SF adipose biopsies from 36 subjects (age 54 ± 15 years, 15 men/21 women) with varying degrees of adiposity and insulin resistance, in chow and fat fed mice (± rosiglitazone treatment) and in c‐Cbl−/− mice. Gene expression was also examined in 3T3‐L1 preadipocytes during differentiation.Results: A twofold difference or more was found between VF and SF in 1,343 probe sets, especially for genes related to development, cell differentiation, signal transduction, and receptor activity. Islet‐1 (ISL1), a LIM‐homeobox gene with important developmental and regulatory function in islet, neural, and cardiac tissue, not previously recognized in adipose tissue was virtually absent in SF but substantially expressed in VF. ISL1 expression correlated negatively with BMI (r = −0.37, P = 0.03), abdominal fat (by dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry, r = −0.44, P = 0.02), and positively with circulating adiponectin (r = 0.33, P = 0.04). In diet‐induced obese mice, expression was reduced in the presence or absence of rosiglitazone. Correspondingly, expression was increased in the c‐Cbl−/− mouse, which is lean and insulin sensitive (IS). ISL1 expression was increased sevenfold in 3T3‐L1 preadipocytes during early (day 1) differentiation and was reduced by day 2 differentiation.Discussion: An important developmental and regulatory gene ISL1 is uniquely expressed in VF, probably in the preadipocyte. Our data suggest that ISL1 may be regulated by adiposity and its role in metabolic regulation merits further study.
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Pediatric Obesity‐prevention Counseling: National Prevalence of Clinician Practices
Authors: Branner Christopher M. , Koyama Tatsuki , Jensen Gordon L. 
Published: January 2008

Objective: To assess the frequency of clinician‐reported delivery of obesity‐prevention counseling (OPC) at well‐child visits; evaluating for racial/ethnic discrepancies.Methods and Procedures: Combined, weighted well‐child visit data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) and National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS) from 2001 to 2004 were analyzed for patients aged 4–18 years. Obesity‐prevention counseling was defined as the combined delivery of diet/nutrition and exercise counseling. Patients receiving over‐ or underweight related diagnoses were excluded. Counseling frequencies were calculated. Multivariate logistic regression models examined the relationship of OPC with race, ethnicity, region, provider, sex, age, and payor type.Results: Of 55,695,554 (weighted) visits, 24.4% included OPC (90.8% of these from NAMCS). 15.4% of Hispanic patients received OPC compared to 28.8% of non‐Hispanics. Frequencies were similar between Whites and Blacks (25.0 and 27.1%). Patients with private insurance received more counseling (26.9%) than Medicaid (19.1%) or self‐pay (15.1%). In logistic regression models, non‐Hispanics were more likely to receive OPC (odds ratio (OR) = 1.94; confidence interval (CI) = 1.13–3.32), and patients in the West were less likely to receive OPC (OR = 0.39; CI = 0.18–0.85). Payor type was not predictive in regression analysis. Patients in hospital‐based practices received less OPC (11.9% vs. 25.7% with OR = 0.40; CI =0.22–0.74).Discussion: Obesity prevention, like treatment, is a complex and multifactorial process. With the documented racial and ethnic disparities in rates of pediatric obesity, reasons for discrepancies in the provision of OPC must be further investigated as preventive strategies are formulated.
Effect of Orlistat on Eating Behavior Among Participants in a 3‐year Weight Maintenance Trial
Authors: Svendsen Mette , Rissanen Aila , Richelsen Bjørn , Rössner Stephan , Hansson Fredrik , Tonstad Serena 
Published: January 2008

Objective: To examine the effect of orlistat on dietary restraint, disinhibition, hunger, and binge eating and to understand the relation between changes in eating behavior and weight maintenance.Methods and Procedures: Subjects were 306 women and men (age: 19–45 years; BMI: 37.5 ± 4.1 kg/m2) included in the Scandinavian Multicenter study of Obese subjects with the Metabolic Syndrome, a 3‐year clinical trial of orlistat or placebo following an 8‐week very low energy diet (VLED). Outcomes were changes in weight and in the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) and Binge Eating Scale (BES) between screening and 17 and 33 months after randomization. As reported previously, weight gain following VLED was lower in subjects treated with orlistat than with placebo.Results: Compared to screening results, dietary restraint was increased and disinhibition, hunger, and binge eating were decreased in both groups. These changes were similar in both groups with the exception of the hunger score at month 33 that was reduced more in the placebo than in the orlistat group (difference between groups −1.1 (95% CI (−2.0, −0.2)) P = 0.014). In multivariate analyses, scores for restraint, disinhibition and binge eating were associated with weight loss after adjustment for BMI, gender, age, and treatment (all P ≤ 0.002, model R 2 = 0.12–0.17).Discussion: Orlistat did not affect eating behavior differently in any substantial way than the placebo did in this long‐term weight maintenance trial. The results indicate that increased restraint and decreased disinhibition and binge eating are important for sustained weight maintenance in obese subjects with the metabolic syndrome.
Headaches in Overweight Children and Adolescents Referred to a Tertiary‐care Center in Israel
Authors: Pinhas‐Hamiel Orit , Frumin Katia , Gabis Lidia , Mazor‐Aronovich Kineret , Modan‐Moses Dalit , Reichman Brian , Lerner‐Geva Liat 
Published: January 2008

Objective: To assess the association between obesity and primary headaches in children and adolescents.Methods and Procedures: In a prospective study, the short‐questionnaire version based on existing International Headache Society diagnostic criteria was administered. Two hundred and seventy‐three children and adolescents (61% females) aged 9–17 years were assessed. One hundred and sixteen (42.5%) subjects were of normal weight, 45 (16.5%) were at risk for overweight (BMI >85th and <95th percentile for age and gender) and 112 (41%) were overweight (BMI ≥95th percentile). The outcome measures were prevalence of headaches, type of headaches, association between headaches and elevated blood pressure in overweight subjects.Results: Headache was reported in 39 (14.3%) subjects, with a similar rate in females (14.5%) and males (14%). Among 39 subjects with headaches, 20 (17.9%) were overweight, 7 (15.6%) were at risk for overweight and 12 (10.3%) were normal‐weight children. Among females, 7.7% of normal‐weight group suffered from headaches, compared with 14.8% of the at risk for overweight group and 20.3% of the overweight group (P for trend 0.04). Among males, the occurrence of headaches was similar in all three weight groups (P = 0.96). The occurrence of headaches increased from 10.6% among children aged 9–11 years to 21.8% in the 15–18 years age group (P < 0.05). In multivariate analysis, a significant independent risk for headaches was present in overweight females (odds ratio (OR) = 3.93, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.28–12.1) and in adolescents aged 15–18 years (OR = 2.62, 95% CI 1.07–6.45).Elevated blood pressure was not independently associated with headaches. Of the 15 children with migraine, 12 were either at risk for overweight or overweight.Discussion: Overweight females had an almost fourfold excess risk of headaches when compared with normal‐weight girls.
Visceral Fat, Waist Circumference, and BMI: Impact of Race/ethnicity
Authors: Carroll Joan F. , Chiapa Ana L. , Rodriquez Mayra , Phelps David R. , Cardarelli Kathryn M. , Vishwanatha Jamboor K. , Bae Sejong , Cardarelli Roberto 
Published: January 2008

Objective: BMI and waist circumference are used to define risk from excess body fat. Limited data in women suggest that there may be racial/ethnic differences in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) at a given BMI or waist circumference. This study tested the hypothesis that racial/ethnic differences exist in both men and women in the relationship of anthropometric measures of body composition and computed tomography (CT)‐determined VAT or subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT).Methods and Procedures: Subjects included 66 African American, 72 Hispanic, and 47 white men and women, aged ≥45. Waist circumference and BMI were measured using standard methods. Total abdominal and L4L5 VAT and SAT were measured using CT.Results: Among both men and women, groups did not differ in waist circumference or BMI. White men had greater L4L5 VAT than African‐American men, and both white and Hispanic men had greater total VAT than African‐American men. Among women, Hispanics and whites had greater L4L5 VAT than African Americans, and Hispanics had greater total VAT than African Americans. The slope of the linear relationship between BMI or waist circumference and VAT was lower in African Americans than in Hispanics and/or whites.Discussion: Middle‐aged and older African‐American men and women had lower VAT despite similar BMI and waist circumference measurements. Altered relationships between anthropometric measures and VAT may have implications for defining metabolic risk in different populations. Different waist circumference or BMI cutoff points may be necessary to adequately reflect risk in different racial/ethnic groups.
A Prospective Study of Dairy Consumption in Relation to Changes in Metabolic Risk Factors: The Hoorn Study
Authors: Snijder Marieke B. , van Dam Rob M. , Stehouwer Coen D.A. , Hiddink Gerrit J. , Heine Robert J. , Dekker Jacqueline M. 
Published: January 2008

Objective: Higher dairy consumption has been suggested to reduce the risk of obesity and metabolic disturbances. The aim of our study was to investigate the prospective association between dairy consumption and changes in weight and metabolic disturbances.Methods and Procedures: Baseline dairy intake (servings/day) was assessed by a semi‐quantitative food‐frequency questionnaire in 1,124 participants of the Hoorn Study. Linear and logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate the association between dairy intake and 6.4‐year change in weight, fat distribution, and metabolic risk factors (glucoses, lipids, blood pressure) and the incidence of metabolic syndrome (MS).Results: Baseline dairy consumption was not associated with changes in fasting and post‐load glucose concentrations, serum lipid levels (high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol, and triglycerides), or blood pressure, nor with the risk of developing the MS in 6.4 years (odds ratio with 95% confidence interval was 0.86 (0.52–1.42) comparing highest with lowest quartile of dairy consumption). In subjects with BMI < 25 kg/m2, higher dairy consumption was significantly associated with an increase in BMI, weight, waist, and a decrease in high‐density lipoprotein.Discussion: Our results do not support the hypothesis that a higher dairy consumption protects against weight gain and development of metabolic disturbances in a Dutch elderly population.
Compliance, Behavior Change, and Weight Loss With Orlistat in an Over‐the‐Counter Setting
Authors: Schwartz Susan M. , Bansal Vidhu P. , Hale Cecilia , Rossi Maureen , Engle Janet P. 
Published: January 2008

Objective: The study was conducted to provide information on how consumers would use orlistat 60 mg, especially in terms of product dosing, in a setting without physician supervision.Methods and Procedures: A 3‐month, open‐label, naturalistic study was conducted in an over‐the‐counter (OTC) setting in 18 pharmacies. Consumers ≥18 years were allowed to purchase orlistat packages containing a bottle of orlistat 60 mg plus educational materials, which provided lifestyle information and tools to encourage successful weight loss. Data were collected at pharmacy visits and during telephone interviews at 14, 30, 60, and 90 days after enrollment.Results: A total of 237 subjects purchased and used the product, and completed at least one interview. Most subjects followed the dosing directions and took two to three capsules per day with meals throughout the study. The majority of subjects took a daily multivitamin, as directed. Approximately, 80% of subjects used the educational materials and found them useful or very useful. Over the study duration, most subjects reported following a diet and 51% of subjects reported more frequent or longer exercise than at enrollment. Approximately, 80% of subjects indicated they were satisfied or very satisfied with the weight loss achieved; measured and self‐reported relative median weight loss was ∼5% after ≥60 days of using orlistat. Most common adverse events were gastrointestinal (GI), and majority of subjects did not interrupt or discontinue orlistat due to these GI events.Discussion: These results demonstrate that orlistat 60 mg can be used appropriately and safely and with high consumer satisfaction without physician supervision or dietary counseling. Collectively, results indicate that orlistat 60 mg is an appropriate weight loss therapy in the OTC environment.
No Evidence of an Effect of Alterations in Dietary Fatty Acids on Fasting Adiponectin Over 3 Weeks
Authors: Lithander Fiona E. , Keogh Geraldine F. , Wang Yu , Cooper Garth J.S. , Mulvey Tom B. , Chan Yih‐Kai , McArdle Brian H. , Poppitt Sally D. 
Published: January 2008

Objective: Little is known about the effects of alterations in fatty acid classes on adiponectin, a hormone secreted by the adipocyte known to be important in the development of diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Any factor, including diet, that may positively influence adiponectin gene expression or increase circulating levels might be useful for improving such metabolic abnormalities. We investigated the effects of alterations in dietary fatty acid saturation on fasting serum adiponectin and associated peptides.Methods and Procedures: Double‐blind, randomized, crossover, 2 × 3‐week residential intervention trial where 18 mildly hyperlipidemic adult men were provided with a high saturated:unsaturated fat (SFA:USFA) and lower SFA:USFA treatment separated by an uncontrolled 4‐week washout. Only fatty acid profile was altered between treatments. Fasting blood samples were collected on days 0, 1, 7, 14, 21, 22 of each intervention period for the measurement of adiponectin, tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), high‐sensitivity C–reactive protein (hsC‐RP), leptin, and ghrelin.Results: Body weight was kept constant (±1 kg) throughout each treatment. There was no detectable difference in fasting adiponectin at baseline (mean day 0 + day 1) between the treatment groups (mean ± s.d.; highSFA:USFA = 7.0 ± 1.7 vs. lowSFA:USFA = 6.7 ± 1.4 μg/ml, P > 0.05). There were neither significant between‐treatment effects of fatty acid saturation (diet × time, P > 0.05) on serum adiponectin nor any significant between‐treatment effects on serum TNF‐α, IL‐6, hsC‐RP, leptin, or ghrelin (P > 0.05).Discussion: Fasting serum adiponectin was not detectably affected by alterations in dietary fatty acid profile in mildly hyperlipidemic men. There was no evidence that an increase in SFA content of the diet significantly worsened fasting serum adiponectin over a 3‐week intervention period.
Adiponectin and Resistin Response in the Onset of Obesity in Male and Female Rats
Authors: Ribot Joan , Rodríguez Ana M. , Rodríguez Enrique , Palou Andreu 
Published: January 2008

Objective: Studying the sex‐dependent response of adiponectin and resistin adipose tissue expression and circulating levels in the onset of dietary obesity.Methods and Procedures: Male and female 4‐week‐old Wistar rats were fed a control or cafeteria (CAF) diet for 15 days. Body weight and energy intake were monitored. Gonadal (visceral), retroperitoneal (visceral) and inguinal (subcutaneous) white adipose tissue (WAT) depots were collected. Serum adiponectin and resistin and tissue mRNA levels were analyzed by western blot and reverse transcription—PCR, respectively. Serum levels of insulin, tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNFα), and glucose were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and by a glucose sensor. Insulin resistance was assessed by the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA).Results: Energy intake and adipose‐tissue weight were significantly increased in the CAF rats, with higher increase in visceral than in subcutaneous fat, especially in females. The effective production of adiponectin and resistin (total levels adjusted per WAT weight) was decreased in the CAF groups, more markedly in females for adiponectin. This decrease was associated with the tendency to lower WAT mRNA levels for resistin, but not for adiponectin. Insulin levels were not significantly altered. Fasting glucose was slightly increased in CAF females. HOMA score was not significantly increased by CAF feeding, although it tended to be increased in a few CAF females.Discussion: Decrease of WAT adiponectin and resistin‐effective production seems an early response to obesity development under a high‐fat (CAF) diet, with sex‐associated differences. This can probably be related to a physiological role of both adipokines modulating the insulin signaling system.
Using experiments in corporate strategy research
Authors: Croson Rachel , Anand Jaideep , Agarwal Rajshree 
Published: January 2008

AbstractResearch in corporate strategy has come a long way since its early days as a purely case‐based investigation. Today, corporate strategy theory draws not only on ideas from many disciplines, but has also developed its own concepts to better describe and predict strategic behavior. Methodologically, however, modern corporate strategy research relies primarily on observational methods using large data sets, developed either from primary or archival sources. We argue for an increased use of experiments to address the current integrative and interdisciplinary theory in corporate strategy and to complement existing methods. We review the few experiments in corporate strategy research, and describe the advantages and limitations of the experimental method.
Partners in power: job mobility and dynamic deal‐making
Authors: Checkley Matthew , Steglich Christian 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis research considers how the connectedness of venture capital (VC) firms changes with the job mobility of managers between those firms. A continuous‐time Markov chain model is developed to test whether managers are able to ‘drag’ prior inter‐firm relational ties with them as they move between employing firms. The findings support the hypothesis that increasing the stock of managers is material to creating inter‐firm ties. However, managers are not found to drag their prior links to new network positions. This result is consistent with an institutional view of VC syndication, suggesting that inter‐firm relations are other than managerial in nature.
Prevalence, abundance, and distribution of Lepeoptheirus salmonis (Krøyer, 1837) and Caligus elongatus (Nordmann, 1832) on wild sea trout Salmo trutta L.
Authors: Urquhart K. , Pert C. C. , Kilburn R. , Fryer R. J. , Bricknell I. R. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Urquhart, K., Pert, C. C., Kilburn, R., Fryer, R. J., and Bricknell, I. R. 2008. Prevalence, abundance, and distribution of Lepeoptheirus salmonis (Krøyer, 1837) and Caligus elongatus (Nordmann, 1832) on wild sea trout Salmo trutta L. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 171–173. Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer, 1837) and Caligus elongatus (Nordmann, 1832) were found on 100% and 90%, respectively, of 30 wild sea trout from the east coast of Scotland. Mean abundances of the same two sea lice were 7.8 and 7.7, respectively. The distribution of the two species of sea louse differed, however, with a greater proportion of L. salmonis in the posterior and anterior dorsal regions, and a greater proportion of C. elongatus in the caudal and posterior ventral regions.
Genetic differentiation in pointing dog breeds inferred from microsatellites and mitochondrial DNA sequence
Authors: Parra D. , Méndez S. , Cañón J. , Dunner S. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryRecent studies presenting genetic analysis of dog breeds do not focus specifically on genetic relationships among pointing dog breeds, although hunting was among the first traits of interest when dogs were domesticated. This report compares histories with genetic relationships among five modern breeds of pointing dogs (English Setter, English Pointer, Epagneul Breton, Deutsch Drahthaar and German Shorthaired Pointer) collected in Spain using mitochondrial, autosomal and Y‐chromosome information. We identified 236 alleles in autosomal microsatellites, four Y‐chromosome haplotypes and 18 mitochondrial haplotypes. Average FST values were 11.2, 14.4 and 13.1 for autosomal, Y‐chromosome microsatellite markers and mtDNA sequence respectively, reflecting relatively high genetic differentiation among breeds. The high gene diversity observed in the pointing breeds (61.7–68.2) suggests contributions from genetically different individuals, but that these individuals originated from the same ancestors. The modern English Setter, thought to have arisen from the Old Spanish Pointer, was the first breed to cluster independently when using autosomal markers and seems to share a common maternal origin with the English Pointer and German Shorthaired Pointer, either via common domestic breed females in the British Isles or through the Old Spanish Pointer females taken to the British Isles in the 14th and 16th centuries. Analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequence indicates the isolation of the Epagneul Breton, which has been formally documented, and shows Deutsch Drahthaar as the result of crossing the German Shorthaired Pointer with other breeds. Our molecular data are consistent with historical documents.