bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Eigenvalues of Euclidean random matrices
Authors: Bordenave Charles 
Published: July 2008

AbstractWe study the spectral measure of large Euclidean random matrices. The entries of these matrices are determined by the relative position of n random points in a compact set Ωn of ℝd. Under various assumptions, we establish the almost sure convergence of the limiting spectral measure as the number of points goes to infinity. The moments of the limiting distribution are computed, and we prove that the limit of this limiting distribution as the density of points goes to infinity has a nice expression. We apply our results to the adjacency matrix of the geometric graph. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2008
Integrating testing with reliability
Authors: Schneidewind Norman 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe activities of software testing and reliability are integrated for the purpose of demonstrating how the two activities interact in achieving testing efficiency and the reliability resulting from these tests. Integrating means modeling the execution of a variety of tests on a directed graph representation of an example program. A complexity metric is used to construct the nodes, edges, and paths of the example program. Models are developed to represent the efficiency and achieved reliability of black box and white box tests. Evaluations are made of path, independent path, node, program construct, and random tests to ascertain which, if any, is superior with respect to efficiency and reliability. Overall, path testing has the edge in test efficiency. The results depend on the nature of the directed graph in relation to the type of test. Although there is no dominant method, in most cases the tests that provide detailed coverage are better. For example, path testing discovers more faults than independent path testing. Predictions are made of the reliability and fault correction that results from implementing various test strategies. It is believed that these methods can be used by researchers and practitioners to evaluate the efficiency and reliability of other programs. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detrusor wall thickness as a test for detrusor overactivity in women
Authors: Lekskulchai O. , Dietz H. P. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjectiveThe measurement of detrusor wall thickness has been used as a screening test for detrusor overactivity and bladder outlet obstruction in men and women. The aim of this study was to determine, using receiver–operating characteristics (ROC) analysis, the diagnostic value of detrusor wall thickness in predicting detrusor overactivity in women.MethodsThe records of 686 women who attended a tertiary urodynamics service from November 2002 to January 2006 were retrospectively reviewed. The patients had undergone an interview, clinical examination, multichannel urodynamic studies and translabial ultrasound examination. Detrusor wall thickness measurements were taken at the bladder dome, after bladder emptying. ROC analysis was used to identify the optimal cut‐off of detrusor wall thickness in predicting detrusor overactivity.ResultsAverage detrusor wall thickness in the detrusor overactivity group was 4.7 ± 1.9 mm (mean ± SD), compared to 4.1 ± 1.6 mm in the non‐detrusor overactivity group (P < 0.001). Using a cut‐off of detrusor wall thickness of 5.0 mm gave a sensitivity of 37% and a specificity of 79% for diagnosing detrusor overactivity. The ROC analysis revealed an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.606 (95% CI, 0.56–0.65).ConclusionsThere is a statistically significant association between detrusor wall thickness and detrusor overactivity (P < 0.001). However, ROC analysis demonstrated that detrusor wall thickness as measured by translabial ultrasound is of little use as a diagnostic test for detrusor overactivity, giving an AUC of only 0.606. Measurement of detrusor wall thickness should therefore not be used as a diagnostic parameter for detrusor overactivity in women. Copyright © 2008 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heart stroke volume and cardiac output by four‐dimensional ultrasound in normal fetuses
Authors: Molina F. S. , Faro C. , Sotiriadis A. , Dagklis T. , Nicolaides K. H. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo establish reference intervals for fetal heart stroke volume and cardiac output with gestation.MethodsFetal heart ventricular volumes were measured using the four‐dimensional (4D) spatiotemporal imaging correlation (STIC) ultrasound technique in 140 normal singleton pregnancies at 12–34 weeks' gestation. The Virtual Organ Computer‐aided AnaLysis (VOCAL) technique was used to obtain a sequence of six sections of each ventricular volume in systole and diastole. Each volume was obtained after a 30° rotation from the previous one around a fixed axis extending from the apex of the heart to the point that divides symmetrically each atrioventricular valve. The contour of each ventricle was drawn manually and the 4D volumes of the left and right ventricle in systole and diastole were estimated. The stroke volume for each ventricle was then calculated by subtracting the one in systole from the one in diastole and the cardiac output was calculated by multiplying the stroke volume by the fetal heart rate. In 50 cases the stroke volumes were measured by the same sonographer twice and the intraobserver agreement of measurements was calculated.ResultsThe left and right stroke volume and cardiac output increased exponentially with gestation, from respective mean values of 0.02 mL, 0.01 mL, 2.39 mL/min and 1.80 mL/min at 12 weeks to 0.30 mL, 0.32 mL, 43.46 mL/min and 46.72 mL/min at 20 weeks, and 2.07 mL, 2.67 mL, 284.71 mL/min and 365.99 mL/min at 34 weeks. The ratio of right to left stroke volume increased significantly with gestation from about 0.97 at 12 weeks to 1.13 at 34 weeks. In the Bland–Altman test, the mean percentage difference and 95% limits of intraobserver agreement for left stroke volume and right stroke volume were − 2.1 (−18.4, 14.2)% and − 0.8 (−16.4, 18.0)%, respectively.ConclusionsIn normal fetuses the stroke volume and cardiac output increase between 12 and 34 weeks' gestation. The extent to which, in pathological pregnancies, possible deviations in these measurements from normal prove to be useful in the prediction of outcome remains to be determined. Copyright © 2008 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal ultrasonographic diagnosis of persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous
Authors: Katorza E. , Rosner M. , Zalel Y. , Gilboa Y. , Achiron R. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractPersistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV) is a rare developmental malformation of the eye characterized by the presence of a vascular membrane located behind the lens. We report, for the first time in the literature, the identification on ultrasound examination of bilateral cataract and thickened hyaloid artery–lens junction, leading to a diagnosis of bilateral PHPV, in a fetus at 23 weeks' gestation. Histological examination at postmortem confirmed the prenatal diagnosis of bilateral PHPV and cataract. A thorough ultrasound examination of the fetal eye in cases with cataract is recommended. Copyright © 2008 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Progression of Doppler abnormalities in intrauterine growth restriction
Authors: Turan O. M. , Turan S. , Gungor S. , Berg C. , Moyano D. , Gembruch U. , Nicolaides K. H. , Harman C. R. , Baschat A. A. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo identify the sequence of progression of arterial and venous Doppler abnormalities from the onset of placental insufficiency in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR).MethodsProspective observational study of singletons with IUGR (abdominal circumference < 5th percentile) who underwent serial standardized umbilical artery (UA), middle cerebral artery (MCA), ductus venosus (DV) and umbilical vein (UV) Doppler surveillance. Time intervals between progressive Doppler abnormalities and patterns of deterioration were related to UA Doppler status and gestational age.ResultsSix hundred and sixty‐eight longitudinal examinations were performed in 104 fetuses, identifying three patterns of progression: (1) Mild placental dysfunction (n = 34) that remained confined to the UA/MCA. The UA became abnormal at a median of 32 weeks' gestation but the pulsatility index never exceeded 3 SD above normal. Progression took a median of 33 days, requiring delivery at a median of 35 weeks. (2) Progressive placental dysfunction (n = 49). Initially normal UA Doppler PI at 29 weeks' gestation increased beyond 3 SD, progressing to abnormal MCA, absent/reversed UA diastolic flow, abnormal DV, UV pulsations in 9‐day intervals requiring delivery by 33 weeks. (3) Severe early‐onset placental dysfunction (n = 21). Markedly elevated UA PI established by 27 weeks' gestation was associated with rapid (7‐day intervals) progression to abnormal venous Doppler with median delivery at 30.6 weeks. Gestational age at onset, time to delivery and progression intervals were different between patterns (all P < 0.05).ConclusionThe characteristics of cardiovascular manifestations in IUGR are determined by the gestational age at onset and the severity of placental disease. Recognition of these factors is critical for planning fetal surveillance in IUGR. Copyright © 2008 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Uterine artery Doppler at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks and 21 + 0 to 24 + 6 weeks in the prediction of pre‐eclampsia
Authors: Plasencia W. , Maiz N. , Poon L. , Yu C. , Nicolaides K. H. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the performance of screening for pre‐eclampsia by uterine artery pulsatility index (PI) at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks' gestation and the change in uterine artery PI between 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 and 21 + 0 to 24 + 6 weeks.MethodsIn 3107 singleton pregnancies attending for routine care at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 and 21 + 0 to 24 + 6 weeks' gestation we recorded maternal characteristics and medical and obstetric history, and measured uterine artery PI. The distributions of uterine artery PI were made Gaussian after logarithmic transformation and the log of the ratio of uterine artery PI at 21 + 0 to 24 + 6 weeks to that at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks was calculated. Multiple regression analysis was used to determine which of the maternal variables and Doppler findings were significant predictors of early and late pre‐eclampsia. The performance of screening was described by receiver–operating characteristics curves.ResultsPre‐eclampsia developed in 93 (3.0%) pregnancies, including 22 (0.7%) in which delivery was before 34 weeks (early pre‐eclampsia) and 71 (2.3%) with delivery at 34 weeks or more (late pre‐eclampsia). Seventy‐three (2.3%) women developed gestational hypertension, 346 (11.1%) delivered small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA) babies with no hypertensive disorders and 2595 (83.5%) were unaffected by pre‐eclampsia, gestational hypertension or SGA. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that maternal variables, uterine artery PI at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks and the change in uterine artery PI between 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 and 21 + 0 to 24 + 6 weeks' gestation provided significant independent contributions to the prediction of pre‐eclampsia. For a false positive rate of 5% the predicted detection rates of early and late pre‐eclampsia were 90.9 and 31.0%, respectively. The same performance of screening was achieved by reserving second‐trimester testing for only the 20% of women at the highest risk after first‐trimester screening.ConclusionThe decrease in uterine artery PI between 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 and 21 + 0 to 24 + 6 weeks is steeper in pregnancies with a normal outcome than in those developing pre‐eclampsia. Effective screening for pre‐eclampsia can be achieved by the Doppler measurement of uterine artery PI at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks and the change in PI between 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 and 21 + 0 to 24 + 6 weeks. Copyright © 2008 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Internal fixation of proximal humeral fractures with a Polarus humeral nail
Authors: Koike Yoichi , Komatsuda Tatsuro , Sato Katsumi 
Published: July 2008

Abstract

Background
Proximal humeral fractures occur frequently. Displaced or unstable fractures require open reduction and internal fixation. Our objective was to investigate the clinical and radiographic results of the internal fixation using Polarus humeral nails for fractures of the proximal humerus.

Materials and methods
From January 2001 to April 2006, 54 shoulders of 54 patients (44 females, 10 males) underwent the intramedullary fixation using Polarus humeral nail. Mean age of the patients was 66-year-old (39–89) at the time of the surgery. Fracture-type by Neer classification was 2-part (29 shoulders), 3-part (22 shoulders) and 4-part (3 shoulders). The clinical and radiological outcomes were evaluated.

Results
All the shoulders after osteosynthesis obtained bone-union. There was no osteonecrosis of the humeral head. Functional outcome measured by JOA score averaged 81 points. Totally 43 patients (79%) had satisfactory to excellent results. Varus deformity was seen in 4 shoulders (8%) and the deformity of the greater tuberosity in 4 (8%).

Conclusion
The Polarus intramedullary humeral nail is effective for the treatment of proximal humeral fractures.
Within-brood social status and consequences for winter hierarchies amongst Mallard Anas platyrhynchos ducklings
Authors: Poisbleau Maud , Guillemain Matthieu , Demongin Laurent , Carslake David , David Joan 
Published: July 2008

AbstractJuveniles of many birds establish dominance hierarchies within family social units, only to leave and compete to acquire dominance status in new social groups. Little is known about the role of sex, body mass, size or experience during the duckling period on subsequent dominance rank and adult social relationships. We used captive MallardAnas platyrhynchosducklings to test for the role of individual characteristics and growth parameters in establishing within-brood hierarchies, the maintenance of within-brood hierarchies in the subsequent wintering group and differences in social ranks between broods. Strong stable linear hierarchies were present within each brood and, later, within each phase of the winter. There was a reorganisation of the hierarchical order between the duckling period and early winter, but only few modifications afterwards during the winter. None of the tested “hatching”, “duckling” and “adult” traits explained either the within-brood or the winter hierarchies, but winter rank was related to brood of origin with ducklings from the same brood having similar social ranks. These differences between broods were maintained through the whole winter in most cases, though one brood drastically progressed in the hierarchy during late-winter. These results suggest that the factors affecting the establishment of social relationships within broods differ from those in winter groups, and that brood-related mechanisms influence social relationships during winter. We discuss our results in the light of direct and indirect maternal influence.
Interspecific dominance and asymmetric competition with respect to nesting habitats between two snowfinch species in a high‐altitude extreme environment
Authors: Zeng Xianhai , Lu Xin 
Published: July 2008

AbstractInterference competition over shared resources is expected to be intensive in harsh environments between phylogenetically and morphologically similar species. We document interspecific dominance and nest habitat selection by two pika‐burrow nesting Montifringilla species, white‐rumped snowfinches M. taczanowskii (WRS), and rufous‐necked snowfinches M. ruficollis (RNS), which commonly inhabit alpine meadows in the northeastern Tibetan plateau. Relative to the critical point (<0.60) for coexistence, high overlaps (0.68–0.86) between the two species in egg‐laying date, nest site distribution and nesting burrow attributes suggested strong interspecific competition over these niches. This is also predicted by the ratios of inter‐species body mass (1.4) and linear dimensions (1.1–1.2) below the minimum value (2.0 and 1.3) for stable coexistence of closely related species. Larger‐sized WRS was behaviorally dominant over pikas and over small‐sized RNS. Being dominant, WRS established nesting territories in areas with moderately steep slopes from which they required most of the food resources during the breeding season; in contrast, RNS exhibited no territoriality and had to nest at margins between WRS's territories and fed at dispersed sites. For the same reason, WRS mainly used active, and RNS used inactive, pika burrows. The asymmetric competition over nesting habitats could contribute to the relatively high nesting success and breeding density of the superior species. We argue that there is a spectrum in interspecific competition strength, from stable coexistence to complete exclusion along a gradient of increased environmental harshness, and the guild of the two snowfinch species is at a mediate position of the spectrum.
Dietary Conjugated Linoleic Acid Renal Benefits and Possible Toxicity vary with Isomer, Dose and Gender in Rat Polycystic Kidney Disease
Authors: Ogborn Malcolm R. , Nitschmann Evan , Goldberg Aviva , Bankovic‐Calic Neda , Weiler Hope A. , Aukema Harold M. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractConjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is anti‐proliferative and anti‐inflammatory in the Han:SPRD‐cy rat model of kidney disease. We used different doses of CLA and examined effects on renal histological benefit, the renal PPARγ system and hepatic and renal levels of CLA isomers. Male and female offspring of Han:SPRD‐cy heterozygotes were fed diets with 0, 1 or 2% CLA isomer mixture for 12 weeks before dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry, harvest of renal and hepatic tissue for histologic and lipid analysis. Both CLA diets reduced body fat content in both genders but did not change lean body mass. CLA produced a dose dependent reduction in female renal cystic change. CLA reduced fibrosis, but this reduction was significantly less with higher dose in males. CLA reduced macrophage infiltration, tissue oxidized LDL content and proliferation of epithelial cells. Serum creatinine rose significantly in female animals fed CLA diets. CLA treatment did not change PPARγ activation. A significant negative correlation with renal content of the 18:2 c9,t11 isomer and the sum of histologic effects was identified. CLA reduces histologic renal injury in the Han:SPRD‐cy rat model probably inversely proportionate to c9,t11 renal content. Possible functional CLA toxicity at high dose in female animals warrants further exploration.
Pharmakogenetik der oralen Antikoagulation mit Cumarinen
Authors: Oldenburg J. , Rost S. , Seidel H. , Watzka M. , Müller-Reible C.R. 
Published: July 2008

ZusammenfassungDie Klonierung desVKORC1-Gens hat maßgeblich zu einem besseren Verständnis des Vitamin-K-Zyklus beigetragen. Das VKORC1-Protein konnte als der molekulare Zielort (Target) der Cumarine identifiziert werden. Mutationen und SNP innerhalb der translatierten und nichttranslatierten Regionen desVKORC1-Gens verursachen eine partielle bis totale Cumarinresistenz oder -sensitivität. Die Verfügbarkeit einer molekulargenetischen Diagnostik (VKORC1,CYP2C9) und einer Laboranalytik mittels HPLC (zur Bestimmung des Cumarin-, Vitamin-K- und Vitamin-K-Epoxid-Spiegels) ist hilfreich in der Detektion hereditärer und erworbener Einflussgrößen der Cumarintherapie und könnte zukünftig für eine individualisierte, risikoärmere orale Antikoagulationstherapie zum Einsatz kommen.
What happened in the sixties?
Authors: AGAR JON 
Published: July 2008

AbstractIn general history and popular culture, the long 1960s, a period roughly beginning in the mid-1950s and ending in the mid-1970s, has been held to be a period of change. This paper offers a model which captures something of the long 1960s as a period of ‘sea change’ resulting from the interference of three waves. Wave One was an institutional dynamic that drew out experts from closed and hidden disagreement into situations where expert disagreement was open to public scrutiny. Wave One also accounts for the multiplication of experts. Wave Two consisted of social movements, institutions and audiences that could carry public scrutiny and provide a home for sea-change cultures. In particular, Wave Two provided the stage, audience and agents to orchestrate a play of disagreeing experts. Wave Three was marked by an orientation towards the self, in diverse ways. Modern science studies is a phenomenon of Wave Three. All three waves must be understood in the context of the unfolding Cold War.
‘Greenwich Observatory Time for the public benefit’: standard time and Victorian networks of regulation
Authors: ROONEY DAVID , NYE JAMES 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe widespread adoption of standard time in Britain took more than fifty years and simple public access to a representation of it took longer still. Whilst the railways and telegraph networks were crucial in the development of standardized time and time-distribution networks, very different contexts existed, from the Victorian period onwards, where time was significant in both its definition and its distribution. The moral drive to regulate and standardize aspects of daily life, from factory work to the sale of liquor, led to time being used as a tool for control. Yet, as a tool, it was problematic, both in its own regulation and in the regulation of its distribution. Companies such as the Standard Time Company, in creating businesses out of time distribution, found themselves at the heart of discussions of time and standards, acting, as they did, as a nexus between the nation's master timekeeper, the Royal Observatory, and London public houses, Lancashire cotton mills and myriad small businesses. We can see this network both literally, in electric wires, clocks, batteries and relays, and metaphorically, transmitting Victorian moral concerns of ‘power’ and ‘intelligence’ between imperial state and individual. Naturally enough, the network itself was as contested as the message it transmitted.
Coupled Langmuir and nonlinear ion acoustic waves in the presence of non-thermal electrons
Authors: ALINEJAD H. , ROBINSON P. A. , SKJAERAASEN O. , CAIRNS I. H. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractA new set of equations describing the coupling of high-frequency electrostatic waves with ion fluctuations is obtained taking into account a non-thermal electron distribution. It is shown that there exist stationary envelope solitons which have qualitatively different structures from the solutions reported earlier. In particular, the Langmuir field envelopes are found with similar width and strong field intensities in comparison to the isothermal case. It is also shown that the presence of the fast or non-thermal electrons significantly modifies the nature of Langmuir solitons in the transition from a single-hump solution to a double-hump solution as the Mach number increases to unity. The low-frequency electrostatic potential associated with the high-frequency Langmuir field has the usual single-dip symmetric structure whose amplitude increases with increasing Mach number. Furthermore, the dip at the center of the double-hump Langmuir soliton is found to become smaller as the proportion of non-thermal electrons increases.