bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical application of C18 and C20 chain length polyunsaturated fatty acids and their biotechnological production in plants
Authors: Griffiths G. , Morse N. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA potential revolution in FA therapies is on the horizon. In recent years, the full magnitude of various FA treatments and their overall importance to health has become increasingly apparent. Fetal and infant nutrition studies have clearly shown that FA status at birth can have life‐long health implications affecting eye and brain function, insulin resistance, and blood pressure control. As well, nutrition studies have identified dietary imbalances and deficiencies that have the potential to alter the health of future generations severely and to promote progression of age‐related degenerative disorders.Mixtures of naturally occurring FA have shown promise as therapeutic agents for a diverse range of health conditions including atopic eczema, rheumatoid arthritis, cardiovascular disease, and neurological problems. Through the 1990s, the creation of technologies to concentrate and formulate pharmacologically active individual FA components as well as tailored combinations propelled development of this new drug category. However, high production costs and government regulatory encumbrance limited the expansion of this emerging pharmaceutical sector. Fortunately, many countries are now creating regulatory frameworks that are better suited for product evaluation and control of the manufacturing FA products than historical drug models, and hence expansion in this area is now anticipated.
Influence of chemical refining on the major and minor components of rice brain oil
Authors: Van Hoed V. , Depaemelaere G. , Ayala J. Vila , Santiwattana P. , Verhe R. , De Greyt W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects of each individual step of the chemical refining process on major and minor components of rice bran oil were examined. In comparison with common vegetable oils, rice brain oil contains a significantly higher level of several bioactive minor components such as γ‐oryzanol, tocotrienols, and phytosterols. Alkali treatment or neutralization results in a significant loss of oryzanol. In addition, it gives rise to a change in the individual phytosterol composition. After bleaching, some isomers of 24‐methylenecycloartanol were detected. Because of their relatively high volatility, phytosterols and tocotrienols are stripped from the rice brain oil during deodorization and concentrated in the deodorizer distillate. At the same time, oryzanol is not volatile enough to be stripped during deodorization; hence, the oryzanol concentration does not change after deodorization. Complete refining removed 99.5% of the FFA content. Depending on the applied deodorization conditions, trans FA can be formed, but the total trans content generally remains below 1%.
Measurement of soybean fatty acids by near‐infrared spectroscopy: Linear and nonlinear calibration methods
Authors: Kovalenko Igor V. , Rippke Glen R. , Hurburgh Charles R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA key element of successful development of new soybean cultivars is availability of inexpensive and rapid methods for measurement of FA in seeds. Published research demonstrated applicability of NIR spectroscopy for FA profiling in oilseeds. The objectives of this study were to investigate the applicability of NIR spectroscopy for measurement of FA in whole soybeans and compare performance of calibration methods. Equations were developed using partial least squares (PLS), artificial neural networks (ANN), and support vector machines (SVM) regression methods. Validation results demonstrated that (i) equations for total saturates had the highest predictive ability (r2=0.91–0.94) and were usable for quality assurance applications, (ii) palmitic acid models (r2=0.80–0.84) were usable for certain research applications, and (iii) equations for stearic (r2=0.49–0.68), oleic (r2=0.76–0.81), linoleic (r2=0.73–0.76), and linolenic (r2=0.67–0.74) acids could be used for sample screening. The SVM models produced significantly more accurate predictions than those developed with PLS. ANN calibrations were not different from the other two methods. Reduction in the number of calibration samples reduced predictive ability of all equations. The rate of performance degradation of SVM models with sample reduction was the lowest.
Effects of expeller‐pressed/physically refined soybean oil on frying oil stability and flavor of french‐fried potatoes
Authors: Warner K. , Dunlap Christopher 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTo determine effects of expeller pressing/physical refining of soybean oil (SBO) on frying, studies were conducted with expeller‐pressed, physically refined, bleached, deodorized SBO (EPSBO); hexane‐extracted, refined, bleached, deodorized SBO+TBHQ; and hydrogenated SBO (HSBO). Oils contained citric acid and dimethylpolysiloxane and were used for 35 h of frying french‐fried potatoes. Polar compound levels in EPSBO were similar to SBO+TBHQ or HSBO. Flavor quality of potatoes was evaluated by trained, experienced, analytical sensory panelists. In early frying stages, potatoes fried in EPSBO had significantly lower intensities of fishiness than potatoes fried in SBO+TBHQ. Potatoes fried in HSBO were described as “hydrogenated”. Because of differences in flavor intensities and types, potatoes prepared in EPSBO had significantly better quality scores than those fried in SBO+TBHQ or HSBO during the first 15 h of frying. During later stages (25 and 35 h), potatoes fried in EPSBO had significantly better quality scores than potatoes fried in HSBO. Variations in minor oil constituents may partly explain these differences. EPSBO had less total tocopherols and phytosterols than did SBO at 0‐time. During frying, TBHQ in SBO and Maillard reaction products in EPSBO probably inhibited tocopherol loss and therefore improved quality.
Comparison of membrane extraction with traditional extraction methods for biodiesel production
Authors: He H. Y. , Guo X. , Zhu S. L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThree traditional methods for the refining step in biodiesel production were compared: (i) washing with distilled water; (ii) washing with acid (HCl); and (3) dissolving and extracting in a solvent (hexane or petroleum ether) and then washing with distilled water. Biodiesel with a high purity (97.5%) could be obtained by all three methods, but serious emulsification occurred during the refining processes, which led to high refining losses. A novel refining method was developed by using hollow fiber membrane extraction, and polysulfone was selected as the most suitable membrane. This process effectively avoided emulsification during refining and decreased the refining loss. The purity of the biodiesel obtained was about 99%; and other properties, such as density, kinematic viscosity, water content, and acid value, conformed to the standards.
Accumulation of phospholipids and glycolipids in seed kernels of different sunflower mutants (Helianthus annuus)
Authors: Salas Joaquín J. , Martínez‐Force Enrique , Garcés Rafael 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPhospholipids are essential components of the oil bodies present in seeds, and they are also the main components of the commercial seed lecithins used in many food formulas. In the present study, we analyzed the characteristics of the polar lipid fraction of seeds from different sunflower FA mutants. In sunflower seeds the accumulation of polar lipids reaches a maximum 25 d after anthesis before diminishing during the final stages of maturation and desiccation. We have developed an HPLC method, using ELSD, that produces optimal separation of all polar seed lipids. This method improves the results that could be obtained with previous HPLC methods and hence, we have used it to analyze the polar lipid fraction of sunflower seeds. We show that this fraction comprises phospholipids and glycolipids, of which PC is the most abundant species. Moreover, we found that the relative polar lipid content in control and mutant seeds is similar, suggesting that the mutant traits do not affect polar lipid synthesis. The degradation of polar lipids in isolated seeds was also examined and we found that the PC and PE present in developing sunflower seed kernels were rapidly degraded owing to the activity of D‐type phospholipases.
Purification of arachidonic acid from fungal single‐cell oil via Al2O3‐supported CuSO4 column chromatography
Authors: Zhang Yun‐Xiao , Tao Jing‐Chao , Wang Le 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA new method has been proven successful to obtain high‐purity arachidonic acid (AA), an important human nutrient, from fungal single‐cell oil via Al2O3‐supported CuSO4 column chromatography; the stationary phase is stable and readily reusable. In the first step, the mixed FA extracted from saponified fungal single‐cell oil, containing 47.3% AA, were purified via urea inclusion to afford a fraction of PUFA containing 74.9% AA with an 85.9% yield. The enriched AA fraction was subsequently passed through an Al2O3‐supported CuSO4 column with a hexane/acetone eluent to provide AA with 90.8% purity at a 46.5% yield. The total yield for the two‐step process was 39.9%.
Niflumic acid inhibits chloride conductance of rat skeletal muscle by directly inhibiting the CLC‐1 channel and by increasing intracellular calcium
Authors: Liantonio A , Giannuzzi V , Picollo A , Babini E , Pusch M , Conte Camerino D 
Published: November 2006

Background and purpose:Given the crucial role of the skeletal muscle chloride conductance (gCl), supported by the voltage‐gated chloride channel CLC‐1, in controlling muscle excitability, the availability of ligands modulating CLC‐1 are of potential medical as well as toxicological importance. Here, we focused our attention on niflumic acid (NFA), a molecule belonging to the fenamates group of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAID).Experimental approach:Rat muscle Cl−conductance (gCl) and heterologously expressed CLC‐1 currents were evaluated by means of current‐clamp (using two‐microelectrodes) and patch‐clamp techniques, respectively. Fura‐2 fluorescence was used to determine intracellular calcium concentration, [Ca2+]i, in native muscle fibres.Key results:NFA inhibited native gCl with an IC50of 42 μM and blocked CLC‐1 by interacting with an intracellular binding site. Additionally, NFA increased basal [Ca2+]iin myofibres by promoting a mitochondrial calcium efflux that was not dependent on cyclooxygenase or CLC‐1. A structure‐activity study revealed that the molecular conditions that mediate the two effects are different. Pretreatment with the Ca‐dependent protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor chelerythrine partially inhibited the NFA effect. Therefore, in addition to direct channel block, NFA also inhibits gCl indirectly by promoting PKC activation.Conclusions and Implications:These cellular effects of NFA on skeletal muscle demonstrate that it is possible to modify CLC‐1 and consequently gCl directly by interacting with channel proteins and indirectly by interfering with the calcium‐dependent regulation of the channel. The effect of NFA on mitochondrial calcium stores suggests that NSAIDs, widely used drugs, could have potentially dangerous side‐effects.British Journal of Pharmacology(2007)150, 235–247. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706954
Elevated pressure selectively blunts flow‐evoked vasodilatation in rat mesenteric small arteries
Authors: Christensen F H , Hansen T , Stankevicius E , Buus N H , Simonsen U 
Published: November 2006

Background and purpose:The present study investigated mechanisms underlying impaired endothelium‐dependent vasodilatation elicited by elevating the intraluminal pressure in rat mesenteric small arteries.Experimental approach:Arterial segments (internal diameter 316±2 μm, n=86) were mounted in a pressure myograph. The effect of elevating pressure from 50 to 120 mmHg for 1 h before resetting it to 50 mmHg was studied on endothelium‐dependent vasodilatation.Key results:In arteries constricted with U46619 in the presence of indomethacin, shear stress generated by flow, evoked vasodilatation that was abolished by an inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO) synthase, asymmetric dimethylarginine (1 mM), whereas acetylcholine‐induced vasodilatation was unchanged. After elevation of intraluminal pressure for 1 h and then resetting it to 50 mmHg, vasodilatation induced by shear stress and the NO donor, S‐nitrosopenicillamine was inhibited, while vasodilatation induced by a guanylyl cyclase activator, BAY 412272, and acetylcholine was unaltered. Superoxide levels sensitive to polyethylene glycol superoxide dismutase were increased in segments exposed to elevated pressure. A superoxide scavenger, tempol (300 μM), a general endothelin receptor antagonist, SB 217242 and the selective ETA receptor antagonist, BQ 123 preserved shear stress‐evoked vasodilatation.Conclusions and Implications:The present study shows that transient exposure to an elevated intraluminal pressure selectively inhibits flow‐evoked NO‐mediated vasodilatation, probably through activation of endothelin receptors and increased formation of superoxide. In contrast, elevation of pressure did not affect the acetylcholine‐evoked endothelium‐derived hyperpolarizing factor type vasodilatation in mesenteric small arteries.British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 150, 80–87. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706965
Little or no ability of obestatin to interact with ghrelin or modify motility in the rat gastrointestinal tract
Authors: Bassil A K , Häglund Y , Brown J , Rudholm T , Hellström P M , Näslund E , Lee K , Sanger G J 
Published: November 2006

Background and purpose:Obestatin, encoded by the ghrelin gene may inhibit gastrointestinal (GI) motility. This activity was re‐investigated.Experimental approach:Rat GI motility was studied in vitro (jejunum contractility and cholinergically‐mediated contractions of forestomach evoked by electrical field stimulation; EFS) and in vivo (gastric emptying and intestinal myoelectrical activity). Ghrelin receptor function was studied using a GTPγS assay and transfected cells.Key results:Contractions of the jejunum or forestomach were unaffected by obestatin 100 nM or 0.01–1000 nM, respectively (P>0.05 each; n=4‐18). Obestatin (0.1‐1 nM) reduced the ability of ghrelin 1 μM to facilitate EFS‐evoked contractions of the stomach (increases were 42.7±7.8% and 21.2±5.0 % in the absence and presence of obestatin 1 nM; P<0.05; n=12); higher concentrations (10–1000 nM) tended to reduce the response to ghrelin but changes were not statistically significant. Similar concentrations of obestatin did not significantly reduce a facilitation of contractions caused by the 5‐HT4 receptor agonist prucalopride, although an inhibitory trend occurred at the higher concentrations (increases were 69.3±14.0% and 42.6±8.7% in the absence and presence of 1000 nM obestatin; n=10). Obestatin (up to 10 μM) did not modulate recombinant ghrelin receptor function. Ghrelin increased gastric emptying and reduced MMC cycle time; obestatin (1000 and 30,000 pmol kg−1 min−1) had no effects. Obestatin (2500 pmol kg−1 min−1, starting 10 min before ghrelin) did not prevent the ability of ghrelin (500 pmol kg−1 min−1) to shorten MMC cycle time.Conclusions and implications:Obestatin has little ability to modulate rat GI motility.British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 150, 58–64. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706969
A novel locust (Schistocerca gregaria) serine protease inhibitor with a high affinity for neutrophil elastase
Authors: Brillard-Bourdet Michèle , Hamdaoui Ahmed , Hajjar Eric , Boudier Christian , Reuter Nathalie , Ehret-Sabatier Laurence , Bieth Joseph G. , Gauthier Francis 
Published: November 2006

We have purified to homogeneity two forms of a new serine protease inhibitor specific for elastase/chymotrypsin from the ovary gland of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria. This protein, greglin, has 83 amino acid residues and bears putative phosphorylation sites. Amino acid sequence alignments revealed no homology with pacifastin insect inhibitors and only a distant relationship with Kazal-type inhibitors. This was confirmed by computer-based structural studies. The most closely related homologue is a putative gene product from Ciona intestinalis with which it shares 38% sequence homology. Greglin is a fast-acting and tight binding inhibitor of human neutrophil elastase (kass=1.2×107 M−1·s−1, Ki=3.6 nM) and subtilisin. It also binds neutrophil cathepsin G, pancreatic elastase and chymotrypsin with a lower affinity (26 nM≤Ki≤153 nM), but does not inhibit neutrophil protease 3 or pancreatic trypsin. The capacity of greglin to inhibit neutrophil elastase was not significantly affected by exposure to acetonitrile, high temperature (90 °C), low or high pH (2.5–11.0), N-chlorosuccinimide-mediated oxidation or the proteolytic enzymes trypsin, papain and pseudolysin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Greglin efficiently inhibits the neutrophil elastase activity of sputum supernatants from cystic fibrosis patients. Its biological function in the locust ovary gland is currently unknown, but its physicochemical properties suggest that it can be used as a template to design a new generation of highly resistant elastase inhibitors for treating inflammatory diseases.
ATPase activity associated with the magnesium chelatase H-subunit of the chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway is an artefact
Authors: Sirijovski Nick , Olsson Ulf , Lundqvist Joakim , Al-Karadaghi Salam , Willows Robert D. , Hansson Mats 
Published: November 2006

Magnesium chelatase inserts Mg2+ into protoporphyrin IX and is the first unique enzyme of the chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway. It is a heterotrimeric enzyme, composed of I- (40 kDa), D- (70 kDa) and H- (140 kDa) subunits. The I- and D-proteins belong to the family of AAA+ (ATPases associated with various cellular activities), but only I-subunit hydrolyses ATP to ADP. The D-subunits provide a platform for the assembly of the I-subunits, which results in a two-tiered hexameric ring complex. However, the D-subunits are unstable in the chloroplast unless ATPase active I-subunits are present. The H-subunit binds protoporphyrin and is suggested to be the catalytic subunit. Previous studies have indicated that the H-subunit also has ATPase activity, which is in accordance with an earlier suggested two-stage mechanism of the reaction. In the present study, we demonstrate that gel filtration chromatography of affinity-purified Rhodobacter capsulatus H-subunit produced in Escherichia coli generates a high- and a low-molecular-mass fraction. Both fractions were dominated by the H-subunit, but the ATPase activity was only found in the high-molecular-mass fraction and magnesium chelatase activity was only associated with the low-molecular-mass fraction. We demonstrated that light converted monomeric low-molecular-mass H-subunit into high-molecular-mass aggregates. We conclude that ATP utilization by magnesium chelatase is solely connected to the I-subunit and suggest that a contaminating E. coli protein, which binds to aggregates of the H-subunit, caused the previously reported ATPase activity of the H-subunit.
Kostmann syndrome or infantile genetic agranulocytosis, part one: Celebrating 50 years of clinical and basic research on severe congenital neutropenia
Authors: CARLSSON GÖRAN , ANDERSSON MATS , PÜTSEP KATRIN , GARWICZ DANIEL , NORDENSKJÖLD MAGNUS , HENTER JAN‐INGE , PALMBLAD JAN , FADEEL BENGT 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCongenital neutropenia in man was first reported 50 years ago by the Swedish paediatrician Rolf Kostmann. He coined the term “infantile genetic agranulocytosis” for this condition, which is now known as Kostmann syndrome. Recent studies have demonstrated a lack of antibacterial peptides and severe periodontitis in these patients despite recombinant growth factor treatment. Moreover, an increased degree of apoptosis of myeloid progenitor cells in the bone marrow has been shown. Conclusion: Future studies should aim to clarify the underlying molecular genetic defect in Kostmann syndrome.
MECHANISM OF EROSION OF NOZZLES IN OPEN‐HEARTH LADLES*
Authors: Snow R. B. , Shea James A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA detailed report is presented of experiments made with removable nozzle extensions to determine the relative amount of erosion when various types of steel are teemed through (1) regular fire‐clay nozzles fired to different temperatures and (2) nozzles of the more refractory types. The mechanism of erosion is discussed. The data indicate the limitation of refractory materials having a P.C.E. of 28 or higher for use in nozzles or as open‐hearth ladle brick.
ATTACK OF GLASSES BY ALKALINE SOLUTIONS*
Authors: Smith Rowland D. , Corbin Paul E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA comparison is made between the attack by NaOH and that by sodium silicate solutions on a borosilicate glass, a lime glass, and a lead glass. Below roughly 0.5 Na2O normality the rate of attack by NaOH is greater, but at higher normalities this is more than doubled in some instances by that of silicate solutions of equivalent Na2O normality. The rate of attack by sodium silicates generally reaches a maximum as a function of the SiO2:Na2O ratio and decreases to low rates for high ratios. A similar behavior is observed for potassium silicate solutions, the maxima occurring at about the same silica‐to‐alkali ratios.
STUDY OF GLASS BATCH MELTING BY RADIOACTIVE TRACING*
Authors: Lindroth Stig 
Published: November 2006

AbstractRadioactive emanation‐producing tracers for the investigation of powders have been applied to (1) the determination of surfaces and surface changes (e.g., melting) and (2) the study of diffusion phenomena in relation to transformations and chemical reactions. Preliminary investigations of glass batches have indicated the usefulness of this method. In the application of the procedure, small samples of glass batch (0.2 gm.) are treated with radiothorium nitrate solution, dried and sieved, and heated at a constant rate of 10 °C. per minute to 900–1000°. The release of thorium emanation atoms as a function of the temperature is measured by their ionizing effect on a nitrogen current passing the sample into an ionization chamber connected to an amplifier and a sensitive galvanometer. Investigations using this method are described.
DECOMPOSITION AND RESYNTHESIS OF THE MICAS*
Authors: Rov Rustum 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA study was made of the ‐decomposition of the micas muscovite, phlogopite, biotite, and lepidolite and of the vermiculite Jefferisite. Decomposition was effected by heat, water vapor under pressure, and electrodialysis. The changes were generally detected by X‐ray methods supplemented by water‐loss determinations, differential thermal analysis, photomicrographs, and electron micrographs. Muscovite and phlogopite were found to have similar dehydration and decomposition characteristics, whereas biotite appeared to be more stable toward heat than either. Lepidolite, after a minor decomposition, may be melted and recrystallized congruently. Jefferisite decomposed to talc at about 350 °C.Low‐temperature arid low‐pressure hydrothermal experiments failed to produce any marked effects No intermediate products of decomposition were isolated in the high‐ temperature (maximum 650°C.), high‐pressure (maximum 10,000 Ib. per sq. in.) experiments. It was possible to resynthesize muscovite and phlogopite from their decomposition products. Electrodklysis was used for the first time as a tool for decomposing biotite and jefferisite in stages, finally reaching a silica gel. Other possible applications for electrodialysis were investigated.