bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Planation surfaces in China: one hundred years of investigation
Authors: Zhang Ke 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
By introduction of the erosional cycle theory of W. M. Davis, Bailey Willis, an American geologist, began pioneering work on planation surfaces in northern China between 1903 and 1904. He identified two surfaces. Subsequently, the study of planation surfaces in northern China was continued by both Western and Chinese scientists, and this stimulated similar research in other parts of China. However, in the 1930s and 1940s the study of planation surfaces all but stopped because of the Japanese invasion of China, the civil war that followed, and again during the period of the ‘Cultural Revolution’ between 1966 and 1976. In the early 1960s the cycle theory proposed by Davis was much criticized, and with it the concept of the planation surface. However, from the 1980s, after careful re-examination of former criticisms, geomorphologists realized that the early concepts did have value and began to restudy planation surfaces over the whole of China. The most interesting research has been on planation surfaces preserved in the area of the Tibetan Plateau, which relates to uplift of the plateau and its impact on the environment.
The study of desert dunes in Australia
Authors: Twidale C. Rowland 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Most of the early explorers were bewildered by the features they encountered in the Australian deserts, but Sturt's observations led him to speculate on the origin of the sand ridges that were so much a part of his desert experience. Scientific investigations of the dunes, however, awaited the twentieth century. In the 1930s Madigan made signal contributions to the understanding of the features, but he also raised as many problems as he resolved. Post-war investigations by King and those due to Wopfner, initially related but incidental to the search of oil and gas, have done much to clarify the dynamics of dune development. More recently, luminescence dating has allowed the sand ridges, as well as periods of lake fill and alluviation, to be dated with some confidence. Chronological research has been extended to include the major palaeodunefields of southern Australia.
Early geological investigations of the Pleistocene Tamala Limestone, Western Australia
Authors: Mayer Wolf 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
The first geological studies of the Quaternary deposits, which crop out extensively along the coast of Western Australia, were carried out by members of English and French expeditions of discovery, between 1791 and 1836. The exploring parties included scholars with a background in geology, zoology and botany, as well as knowledgeable surgeons and sea captains with a strong interest in the natural sciences. Their collective work established the continuity, over vast distances, of a sequence of sedimentary rocks composed of quartz grains and shell debris, which today form the major part of the Tamala Limestone sequence. Their observations of the internal features of these rocks led some among them to develop views on the nature and origin of the cementing substance that bonds sand grains and shell debris in sedimentary layers and in concretions. There was disagreement among successive parties of visitors on the nature and origin of rhizoliths and other petrified woody matter in calcareous rocks. The finding of well-preserved sea shells in rocks now above sea level provided convincing evidence to investigators that the ocean had, in recent times, retreated from the land. The discovery of species of mollusc, known to be extinct in Europe, raised questions about an assumed worldwide extent of sedimentary sequences.
Questions of periodization and Adolphe von Morlot's contribution to the term and the concept ‘
Quaternär
’ (1854)
Authors: Klemun Marianne 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Questions concerning periodization in geology are obviously still with us, and the same goes for the relationships of time, change and discontinuity. The fact that such questions are debated repeatedly in both history and geology is illustrated by the extensive discussion in recent years about the use of the term ‘Quaternary’ as a stratigraphic unit. Thus periodization is not merely a philosophical issue. Neither does it belong solely to the sociology or politics of science. Rather it must be seen as an essential instrument and an integral part of an on-going discussion of fundamental ideas about time in general.

Several texts state that it was Adolphe Morlot (1820–1867) who coined the term ‘Quaternary’, but in fact there were earlier usages, with different meanings. This paper discusses not so much the ‘invention’ of the term Quaternary, but its range of meaning during the early phase of its introduction and development, in order to give and appropriate categorization of Morlot's specific contribution and the reason why he introduce the term
Quaternär
. The discussion is based to a considerable extent on correspondence between Morlot and Friedrich Simony (1813–1896) of Vienna University.
The Spokane Flood debates: historical background and philosophical perspective
Authors: Baker Victor R. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract

The 1920s–1930s debates over the origin of the ‘Channeled Scabland’ landscape of eastern Washington, northwestern USA, focused on the cataclysmic flooding hypothesis of J Harlen Bretz. During the summer of 1922, Bretz began leading field parties of advanced University of Chicago students into the region. In his first paper, published in the
Bulletin of the Geological Society of America
, Bretz took special care not to mention cataclysmic origins. However, in a subsequent paper in the
Journal of Geology
, to the editorial board of which he had recently been added, Bretz formally described his hypothesis that an immense late Pleistocene flood, which he named the ‘Spokane Flood’, had derived from the margins of the nearby Cordilleran Ice Sheet. This cataclysm neatly accounted for numerous interrelated aspects of the Channeled Scabland landscape and nearby regions. Nevertheless, the geological community largely resisted Bretz's hypothesis for decades, despite his enthusiastic and eloquent defence thereof. Resolution of the controversy came gradually, initially through the recognition by J. T. Pardee of a plausible source for the flooding: ice-dammed Pleistocene glacial Lake Missoula in northern Idaho and western Montana. Eventually, by the 1960s, the field evidence for cataclysmic flooding became overwhelming, and physical processes were found to be completely consistent with that evidence. The controversy is of philosophical interest in regard to its documentation of the attitudes of geologists toward hypotheses, which illustrate aspects of geological reasoning that are distinctive in degree from those of other sciences.
Česlovas Pakuckas (or Czesław Pachucki): pioneer of modern glaciomorphology in Lithuania and Poland
Authors: Gaigalas Algirdas , Graniczny Marek , Satkūnas Jonas , Urban Halina 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
The contributions of the Lithuanian geologist Česlovas Pakuckas (1898–1956) (in Poland – Czesław Pachucki) to Pleistocene geology are of major significance, and he is regarded as the pioneer of modern glaciomorphological investigations of the Baltic marginal highlands in Lithuania and Poland. Pakuckas published his first paper on the glacial morphology of south Lithuania in 1934, followed in 1936 with one on the orientation marginal moraines in the east Lithuanian highlands and their origin, and in 1938 with another on the glacial morphology of south Lithuania. His ideas on glacial morphology were presented at the First Conference of Lithuanian and Latvian geologists held in Kaunas in 1940. Working in Poland after World War II, Pakuckas continued his glaciomorphological research and compiled data on the correlation of end moraines of NE Poland and south Lithuania with those in west Belarus as well as the Peribalticum. He concluded that during the Last Glaciation, the continental glacier was not a single ice sheet but consisted of a number of flows, each dependent on topography and each with its specific glacial centre. In Lithuania, Pakuckas defined one large field of lateral moraines, the so-called Baltic Highland consisting of the Sūduva, Dzūkija and Aukštaitija highlands. He traced this formation SW as the Mazurian arc of lateral moraines (in NE Poland) and found that the Švenčionys–Naroch or north Belarus field of lateral moraines extend to the NE of the Baltic Highland.
Interview with Gabrielle Weinman at Team One
Authors: Lee Newton , Weinman Gabrielle 
Published: August 2008

Gabrielle Weinman is the Creative Director of Interactive & Relationship Marketing for Team One in Los Angeles. She oversees all aspects of the creative work in both departments, integrating it with traditional advertising. Her biggest client is Lexus automobiles, and other clients have included Ritz Carlton Hotels, Flexjet, MTV, Air New Zealand, Infonet and Heal the Bay. Since technology constantly evolves and changes, her background in design, branding and traditional advertising gives her a distinct advantage. After working at Keith Bright & Associates and Hill Holiday, Gabrielle started as a Senior Art Director at Team One in 1992. In 1995, she agreed to spearhead the development of an interactive group at the strong protest of her headhunter who said she would never work in advertising again. Twelve years later, Gabrielle currently manages a staff of over 25 employees and a department that has won numerous awards including Cannes Cyber Lions, Clios and One Show pencils. In the video interview, you will hear Gabrielle's answers to the following questions:
1. What is the project that you are working on at the AFI Digital Content Lab?
2. What is the greatest innovation that you have brought to the project?
3. What is your experience working with the AFI Digital Content Lab?
4. What suggestions do you have that would make the Digital Content Lab more innovative, useful, and rewarding?
5. What do you think about the future of new media?
6. What are the major challenges in Interactive TV?
7. What are some of the Interactive TV projects that you are working on?
8. Do you find it difficult to design good user interface for Interactive TV?
9. How do you see the future of Interactive TV?
10. If you can do whatever you want, what would you do?
Remote specialization for efficient embedded operating systems
Authors: Bhatia Sapan , Consel Charles , Pu Calton 
Published: August 2008

Prior to their deployment on an embedded system, operating systems are commonly tailored to reduce code size and improve runtime performance. Program specialization is a promising match for this process: it is predictable and modules, and it allows the reuse of previously implemented specializations. A specialization engine for embedded systems must overcome three main obstacles: (i) Reusing existing compilers for embedded systems, (ii) supporting specialization on a resource-limited system and (iii) coping with dynamic applications by supporting specialization on demand.
In this article, we describe a runtime specialization infrastructure that addresses these problems. Our solution proposes: (i) Specialization in two phases of which the former generates specialized C templates and the latter uses a dedicated compiler to generate efficient native code. (ii) A virtualization mechanism that facilitates specialization of code at a remote location. (iii) An API and supporting OS extensions that allow applications to produce, manage and dispose of specialized code.
We evaluate our work through two case studies: (i) The TCP/IP implementation of Linux and (ii) The TUX embedded web server. We report appreciable improvements in code size and performance. We also quantify the overhead of specialization and argue that a specialization server can scale to support a sizable workload.
Parallelization, performance analysis, and algorithm consideration of Hough transform on chip multiprocessors
Authors: Li Wenlong , Chen Yen-Kuang 
Published: August 2008

This paper presents a parallelization framework for emerging applications on the future chip multiprocessors (CMPs). With the continuing prevalence of CMP and the number of on-die cores increasing steadily for the foreseeable future, one key issue in harnessing the computation power of such a CMP is how to effectively manage and execute many threads at the same time. Hence, we study a parallelization framework, which includes (1) coarse-grain and fine-grain multi-threading, (2) performance analysis, and (3) algorithms changes. In particular, this paper shows how the Hough Transform can be parallelized, as an example.
Starting with a sports soccer analysis workload that heavily uses Hough Transform to detect lines in sports soccer field, we extract the coarse-grain data-level parallelism and examine its scaling performance on an 8-core symmetric multiprocessor machine. After realizing the parallel performance limiting factors, we target to exploit the fine-grain data-level parallelism and evaluate its speedup on the 8-core machine and a simulated 64-core CMP. Due to parallel overhead and demanding memory requirements, this fine-grain parallelization doesn't contribute significant performance improvement. After that, we propose a new Hough Transform, and parallelize it in a fine-grain way. Experimental data shows that the new Hough Transform exposes a significant amount of concurrency and pretty good data locality. On the simulated 64-core CMP, we achieve parallel scaling of 61.7x, enabling real-time Hough Transform.
Servo
Authors: Zea Nicolas , Sartori John , Kumar Rakesh 
Published: August 2008

Conventional programming models were designed to be used by expert programmers for programming for large-scale multiprocessors, distributed computational clusters, or specialized parallel machines. These models, therefore, are deemed either too difficult for an "average" programmer (who will be expected to do parallel programming in the many-core world) or too inefficient to use for many-core architectures [3]. Similarly, conventional execution models were designed for performance, not scalability.
To address the challenge of performance scalability for many-core architectures, we introduce Servo, a Service Oriented programming model that decomposes every program into a set of components (each with its own local memory, mutable state, and a program counter) that either request services or deliver services. Servo is characterized by the decoupling of logical communication mapping between program modules (or services) from physical communication mapping between modules. This allows the services to be migrated and replicated during execution. The proposed model also allows the granularity of data parallel operations to be changed dynamically. This allows runtime variation in the locking granularity which in turn enables higher write-parallelism. Finally, the models partition even data into services. This can significantly enhance locality and makes it possible to have superlinear speedups with increasing number of cores.
Our preliminary investigations demonstrate significant performance scalability advantages for Servo.
Altered expression of cell cycle and apoptotic proteins in chronic hepatitis C virus infection
Authors: Sarfraz Saira , Hamid Saeed , Siddiqui Anwar , Hussain Snawar , Pervez Shahid , Alexander Graeme 
Published: August 2008

Abstract

Background
A disrupted cell cycle progression of hepatocytes was reported in chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, which can contribute significantly in the associated pathogenesis. The present study aimed to further elaborate these disruptions by evaluating the expression of key cell cycle and apoptotic proteins in chronic HCV infection with particular reference to genotype 3. Archival liver biopsy specimens of chronic HCV-infection (n = 46) and normal histology (n = 5) were analyzed by immunohistochemistry using antibodies against proliferation marker Mcm-2, G1 phase marker Cyclin D1, S phase marker Cyclin A, cell cycle regulators p21 (CDK inhibitor) and p53 (tumor suppressor protein), apoptotic protein Caspase-3 and anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2.

Results
Elevated Mcm-2 expression was observed in hepatocytes in chronic HCV infection, indicating increased cell cycle entry. Cyclin D1 expression was higher than cyclin A, which suggests a slow progression through the G1 phase. Expression of cell cycle regulators p21 and p53 was elevated, with no concordance between their expressions. The Mcm-2 and p21 expressions were associated with the fibrosis stage (p = 0.0001 and 0.001 respectively) and that of p53 with the inflammation grade (p = 0.051). Apoptotic marker, Caspase-3, was mostly confined to sinusoidal lining cells with little expression in hepatocytes. Anti-apoptotic protein, Bcl-2, was negligible in hepatocytes and detected principally in infiltrating lymphocytes. Expression of all these proteins was unrelated to the HCV genotype and were detected only rarely in the hepatocytes of normal liver.

Conclusion
The results showed an arrested cell cycle state in the hepatocytes of chronic HCV infection, regardless of any association with genotype 3. Cell cycle arrest is characterized by an increased expression of p21, in relation to fibrosis, and of p53 in relation to inflammation. Furthermore, expression of p21 was independent of the p53 expression and coincided with the reduced expression of apoptotic protein Caspase-3 in hepatocytes. The altered expression of these cell cycle proteins in hepatocytes is suggestive of an impaired cell cycle progression that could limit the regenerative response of the liver to ongoing injury, leading to the progression of disease.
Neurophysiological correlates of linearization in language production
Authors: Habets Boukje , Jansma Bernadette M , Münte Thomas F 
Published: August 2008

AbstractBackgroundDuring speech production the planning of a description of several events requires, among other things, a verbal sequencing of these events. During this process, referred to as linearization during conceptualization, the speaker can choose between different types of temporal connectives such as 'Before' X did A, Y did B' or 'After' Y did B, X did A'. To capture the neural events of such linearization processes, event-related potentials (ERP) were measured in native speakers of German. Utterances were elicited by presenting a sequence of two pictures on a video screen. Each picture consists of an object that is associated with a particular action (e.g. book = reading). A coloured vocalization cue indicated to describe the sequence of two actions associated with the objects in chronological (e.g. red cue: 'After' I drove the car, I read a book) or reversed order (yellow cue).ResultsBrain potentials showed reliable differences between the two conditions from 180 ms after the onset of the vocalization prompt, with ERPs from the 'After' condition being more negative. This 'Before/After' difference showed a fronto-central distribution between 180 and 230 ms. From 300 ms onwards, a parietal distribution was observed. The latter effect is interpreted as an instance of the P300 response, which is known to be modulated by task difficulty.ConclusionERPs preceding overt sentence production are sensitive to conceptual linearization. The observed early, more fronto-centrally distributed variation could be interpreted as involvement of working memory needed to order the events according to the instruction. The later parietal distributed variation relates to the complexity in linearization, with the non-chronological order being more demanding during the updating of the concepts in working memory.
APOBEC3G-UBA2 fusion as a potential strategy for stable expression of APOBEC3G and inhibition of HIV-1 replication
Authors: Li Lin , Liang Dong , Li Jing-yun , Zhao Richard Y 
Published: August 2008

Abstract

Background
Although APOBEC3G protein is a potent and innate anti-HIV-1 cellular factor, HIV-1 Vif counteracts the effect of APOBEC3G by promoting its degradation through proteasome-mediated proteolysis. Thus, any means that could prevent APOBEC3G degradation could potentially enhance its anti-viral effect. The UBA2 domain has been identified as an intrinsic stabilization signal that protects protein from proteasomal degradation. In this pilot study, we tested whether APOBEC3G, when it is fused with UBA2, can resist Vif-mediated proteasomal degradation and further inhibit HIV-1 infection.

Results
APOBEC3G-UBA2 fusion protein is indeed more resistant to Vif-mediated degradation than APOBEC3G. The ability of UBA2 domain to stabilize APOBEC3G was diminished when polyubiquitin was over-expressed and the APOBEC3G-UBA2 fusion protein was found to bind less polyubiquitin than APOBEC3G, suggesting that UBA2 stabilizes APOBEC3G by preventing ubiquitin chain elongation and proteasome-mediated proteolysis. Consistently, treatment of cells with a proteasome inhibitor MG132 alleviated protein degradation of APOBEC3G and APOBEC3G-UBA2 fusion proteins. Analysis of the effect of APOBEC3G-UBA2 fusion protein on viral infectivity indicated that infection of virus packaged from HEK293 cells expressing APOBEC3G-UBA2 fusion protein is significantly lower than those packaged from HEK293 cells over-producing APOBEC3G or APOBEC3G-UBA2 mutant fusion proteins.

Conclusion
Fusion of UBA2 to APOBEC3G can make it more difficult to be degraded by proteasome. Thus, UBA2 could potentially be used to antagonize Vif-mediated APOBEC3G degradation by preventing polyubiquitination. The stabilized APOBEC3G-UBA2 fusion protein gives stronger inhibitory effect on viral infectivity than APOBEC3G without UBA2.
Correlating novel variable and conserved motifs in the Hemagglutinin protein with significant biological functions
Authors: Gendoo Deena MA , El-Hefnawi Mahmoud M , Werner Mark , Siam Rania 
Published: August 2008

Abstract

Background
Variations in the influenza Hemagglutinin protein contributes to antigenic drift resulting in decreased efficiency of seasonal influenza vaccines and escape from host immune response. We performed an in silico study to determine characteristics of novel variable and conserved motifs in the Hemagglutinin protein from previously reported H3N2 strains isolated from Hong Kong from 1968–1999 to predict viral motifs involved in significant biological functions.

Results
14 MEME blocks were generated and comparative analysis of the MEME blocks identified blocks 1, 2, 3 and 7 to correlate with several biological functions. Analysis of the different Hemagglutinin sequences elucidated that the single block 7 has the highest frequency of amino acid substitution and the highest number of co-mutating pairs. MEME 2 showed intermediate variability and MEME 1 was the most conserved. Interestingly, MEME blocks 2 and 7 had the highest incidence of potential post-translational modifications sites including phosphorylation sites, ASN glycosylation motifs and N-myristylation sites. Similarly, these 2 blocks overlap with previously identified antigenic sites and receptor binding sites.

Conclusion
Our study identifies motifs in the Hemagglutinin protein with different amino acid substitution frequencies over a 31 years period, and derives relevant functional characteristics by correlation of these motifs with potential post-translational modifications sites, antigenic and receptor binding sites.