bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tanacetum vulgare: antiherpes virus activity of crude extract and the purified compound parthenolide
Authors: Onozato Thelma , Nakamura Celso Vataru , Cortez Diógenes Aparício Garcia , Filho Benedito Prado Dias , Ueda‐Nakamura Tânia 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe present study demonstrated that the ethyl acetate extract and the isolated compound, parthenolide, from aerial parts ofTanacetum vulgareL. (Asteraceae), protected Vero cells from herpes simplex virus (HSV‐1) infectionin vitro. The extract and parthenolide were assayed against HSV‐1 by the sulforhodamine B colorimetric assay and exhibited anti‐HSV‐1 activity with an EC50of 40 µg/mL and 0.3 µg/mL, respectively. In order to determine which stage of the virus–cell interaction was affected by parthenolide, the pure compound was used. No effect was observed when both viruses and cells were pretreated, or during early stages of infection, suggesting that parthenolide interfered with virus replication after the penetration stage, inhibiting approximately 40% of plaques formed at a concentration of 2.5 µg/mL when compared with an untreated control. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Events per person‐time (incidence rate): A misleading statistic?
Authors: Kraemer Helena Chmura 
Published: January 2009

AbstractResults in risk studies based on events per person‐time (EPT, technically ‘incidence rate’) often prove non‐confirmable. The circumstances in which the EPT‐ratio is unquestionably both valid and optimal to compare a high‐ and low‐risk group, a constant hazards situation, are discussed. However, the constant hazards situation seldom applies in medical research. When the constant hazards situation does not apply, even under optimal circumstances, with fixed entry time and follow‐up time for all those not experiencing the event and absence of censoring, EPT‐ratio yields at best ambiguous, at worst misleading, results. More careful design and survival analyses are recommended in place of use of EPTs. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reputation for cooperation: contingent benefits in alliance activity
Authors: Arend Richard J. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWe model the two‐firm alliance as an iterated prisoners' dilemma game with an exit option and test several theoretical predictions in experimental studies regarding the effect of reputation information. Following the literature, we hypothesize that reputation benefits cooperation; however, our experimental results instead show that reputation decreases cooperation. A contingency explains this result while remaining consistent with the general proposition of reputation as beneficial in games of incomplete information. Implications include a recommendation for when to invest in reputation and whether the lemon's market story is applicable to alliance‐related inefficiencies. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
p27Kip1 Constrains Proliferation of Neural Progenitor Cells in Adult Brain Under Homeostatic and Ischemic Conditions
Authors: Qiu Jianhua , Takagi Yasushi , Harada Jun , Topalkara Kamil , Wang Yumei , Sims John R. , Zheng Guoguang , Huang Paulina , Ling Yun , Scadden David T. , Moskowitz Michael A. , Cheng Tao 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Cell cycle inhibition of neural stem and progenitor cells is critical for maintaining the stability of central nervous system in adults, but it may represent a significant hurdle for neural regeneration after injury. We have previously demonstrated that the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI) p21cip1/waf1 (p21) maintains the quiescence of neural stem-like cells under cerebral ischemia, as similarly shown for the hematopoietic stem cells. Here, we report the distinct role of another CKI member, p27kip1 (p27) in neural progenitor cells (NPCs) from adult brain (subventricular zone and hippocampal subgranular zone) under both homeostatic and ischemic conditions. The basal level of NPC proliferation in the p27−/− mice was higher than that in p27+/+ mice. Upon ischemia, the overall proliferation of NPCs continued to be higher in p27−/− mice than that in p27+/+ mice. Moreover, the increase of NPC proliferation in p27−/− mice remained until 2 weeks after ischemia, whereas it resumed back to the basal level in p27+/+ mice. As a result, newly generated neuronal cells in the granular layer of p27−/− brain were more abundant compared with p27+/+ controls. These new data demonstrate that p27 functions as a distinct inhibitor for NPC proliferation under homeostatic as well as ischemic conditions.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Characterization of the Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase-Dependent Transcriptome in Murine Embryonic Stem Cells: Identification of Novel Regulators of Pluripotency
Authors: Storm Michael P. , Kumpfmueller Benjamin , Thompson Belinda , Kolde Raivo , Vilo Jaak , Hummel Oliver , Schulz Herbert , Welham Melanie J. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-dependent signaling has been implicated in the regulation of embryonic stem (ES) cell fate. To gain further insight into the mechanisms regulated by PI3Ks in murine ES cells, we have performed expression profiling using Affymetrix GeneChips to characterize the transcriptional changes that arise as a result of inhibition of PI3K-dependent signaling. Using filtering of greater than 1.5-fold change in expression and an analysis of variance significance level of p &lt; .05, we have defined a dataset comprising 646 probe sets that detect changes in transcript expression (469 down and 177 up) on inhibition of PI3Ks. Changes in expression of selected genes have been validated by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Gene ontology analyses reveal significant over-representation of transcriptional regulators within our dataset. In addition, several known regulators of ES cell pluripotency, for example, Nanog, Esrrb, Tbx3, and Tcl-1, are among the downregulated genes. To evaluate the functional involvement of selected genes in regulation of ES cell self-renewal, we have used short interfering RNA-mediated knockdown. These studies identify genes not previously associated with control of ES cell fate that are involved in regulating ES cell pluripotency, including the protein tyrosine phosphatase Shp-1 and the Zscan4 family of zinc finger proteins. Further gain-of-function analyses demonstrate the importance of Zscan4c in regulation of ES cell pluripotency.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Concurrent Blockade of α4-Integrin and CXCR4 in Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cell Mobilization
Authors: Bonig Halvard , Watts Korashon L. , Chang Kai-Hsin , Kiem Hans-Peter , Papayannopoulou Thalia 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
The important contributions of the α4 integrin VLA-4 and the CXCR4/SDF-1 axis in mobilization have been demonstrated and thereby, these pathways can be suggested as rational targets for clinical stem cell mobilization in the absence of cytokine use. α4-blockade alone (in humans, macaques and mice), or genetic ablation of α4-integrin in mice, provides reproducible, but modest mobilization. Similarly, CXCR4 blockade with small-molecule antagonists mobilizes hematopoietic stem cells in all three species, but at least with the established single-injection schedule, the mobilization efficiency is marginally sufficient for clinical purposes. Hypothesizing that the different molecular targets (α4-integrin vs. CXCR4) might allow for additive mobilization effects, we therefore tested the efficacy of the combination of α4-integrin blockade with anti-functional antibodies and CXCR4 blockade with the small-molecule inhibitor AMD3100 in macaques, or the combination of conditional α4-integrin ablation and AMD3100 in mice. Mobilization was at least additive. While the prolonged effects of α4-blocking antibodies may not be suitable for clinical mobilization, future availability of small-molecule α4-antagonists in combination with AMD3100 could provide an alternative to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Chromium speciation by TXRF analysis
Authors: Kallithrakas‐Kontos N. , Koulouridakis P. , Hatzistavros V. , Aretaki I. N. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractChromium (Cr) is an element which usually occurs in two different forms, Cr(III) and Cr(VI). As Cr(VI) is much more toxic than Cr(III), no complicated analytical methods with low detection limit are needed for chromium speciation. In the present work, a new method is presented for chromium speciation at low concentrations by selective membrane collection and total Reflection x‐ray fluorescence (TXRF) analysis. Various membranes were produced on the surface of quartz reflectors containing different complexing ligands in Nafion and poly vinyl chloride (PVC) matrices. The membranes were produced on the surface of quartz glass, while the reflectors were immersed in water solutions with low concentrations of chromium salts for many hours. When the equilibration stage was achieved, the reflectors were analyzed by TXRF. Completely selective membranes for Cr(III) and Cr(VI) were prepared with minimum detection limits lower than 0.6 ng.ml−1 (ppb) in drinking water. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A computer‐assisted instability proof for the Orr‐Sommerfeld problem with Poiseuille flow
Authors: Watanabe Y. , Plum M. , Nakao M.T. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis paper presents a computer‐assisted proof of solutions of the Orr‐Sommerfeld equation describing hydrodynamic stability of Poiseuille flow. A numerical verification method for computing eigenpair enclosures for this non‐selfadjoint eigenvalue problem is described. Some verification results confirm the effectiveness of the method. This constitutes the first strict mathematical instability proof for the Poiseuille flow.
Factors Affecting the Rapid Equilibrium Method for Analysis of Total Oil in Soybean Cultivars
Authors: Clark P. K. , Snyder H. E. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA one minute rapid equilibrium extraction for total oil in soybeans was developed and factors influencing the extraction were examined. Comparisons of the rapid equilibrium extraction with a Goldfisch extraction were made, using 100 mesh flour on ten cultivars over a three year period. The equilibrium extraction consists of slurrying 100 mesh flour in hexane until an equilibrium between oil content inside and outside of the soybean particle is achieved. One minute was required for equilibration of 98% of the oil in the soybean flour, and one hour was required for complete equilibration when compared with a five hour Goldfisch extraction. Accuracy and precision of the method were excellent when proper technique was followed. A comparison of the rapid equilibrium and the Goldfisch extractions showed similar changes in oil content due to changes in soybean flour moisture and in preheating the soybeans. The amounts of phospholipid extracted from fine flour were considerably less than usually extracted from flakes under commercial conditions. The correlation between the rapid equilibrium and Goldfisch extractions for ten cultivars was excellent (r=0.9956) when analyzing 100 mesh flour. Environmental conditions caused significant interactions between cultivars and years of production.
Japanese Sardine Oil as a Source of 16:3(n‐4) and 16:4(n‐l) Fatty Acids
Authors: Ando Yasuhiro , Ota Toru , Takagi Toru 
Published: January 2009

AbstractOpen tubular gas liquid Chromatographic (GLC) analysis of fatty acids in Japanese sardine oil showed the contents of 1.57% hexadecatrienoic acid (16:3) and 2.55% hexadecatetraenoic acid (16:4). Concentrations of 16:3 and 16:4 were carried out through the urea adduct method, argentation thin layer chromatography (TLC) and reversed phase TLC, with the purities of 16:3 and 16:4 samples obtained being both higher than 92%. They were recognized as 16:3(n‐4) and 16:4(n‐1) by nuclear magnetic resonance analyses of the methyl esters and GLC analyses of the partially hydrazine hydrogenated products and their oxidative ozonolysis products. The structures were supported by the results of gas chromatographic‐mass spectrometric analyses of the pyrrolidides. Other isomers of 16:3 and 16:4 have not been detected in the GLC analysis of the methyl esters. These results indicate that sardine oil is useful as a source of these fatty acids.
Fatty Acid Composition of Indica‐and Japonica‐Types of Rice Bran and Milled Rice
Authors: Taira Hirokadzu 
Published: January 2009

AbstractFatty acid compositions of 10 cultivars each of Indicaand Japonica types of rice bran and milled rice were investigated. The Indica‐type, as compared with the Japonica‐type, had significantly higher palmitic, stearic, linolenic, and arachidic acid contents and lower linoleic and eicosenoic acid contents in the bran and milled rice, and lower oleic acid content in the bran. The correlation coefficient between oleic and linoleic acid contents of bran and milled rice was negative in the Indica‐and Japonica‐types and was the highest between all fatty acids. The regression line in the scatter diagrams between oleic and linoleic acid contents of bran and milled rice divided the Indica and Japonica lines.
Dimer acids: Synthesis and mass spectrometry of the tetrahydroxy, dihydroxy, and diketo dinners of methyl stearate
Authors: Christopoulou C. N. , Perkins E. G. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractDimers, structurally representative of those formed during thermal‐oxidative reactions in fats and oils, including the dihydroxy, tetrahydroxy, and the diketo dimer of methyl stearate, were synthesized to be used as standards and model compounds for the development of various Chromatographic methods needed for further studies. The mass spectra of both the methyl ester and trimethylsiloxy derivative of the synthetic dimeric compounds were investigated in order to facilitate development of methodology for the separation and structural determination of similar polar dimer structures isolated from actual oxidized or “abused” oil samples.
Isolation and characterization of dinners formed in used soybean oil
Authors: Christopoulou C. N. , Perkins E. G. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractDimers were isolated from two samples of partially hydrogenated soybean oil which had been used for frying. They were then separated into their component structures using an LC‐18 octadecyl bonded, HPLC column with acetone‐acetonitrile (1:1, v/v) as the mobile phase with refractometry as the mode of detection and identified by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. Evidence is presented for the presence of the monohydroxy, dihydroxy, and keto groups in the dimer of linoleic acid as well as the dehydrodimer, the bicyclic, the tricyclic, and the thermal dimer of methyl linoleate and the dehydrodimer of methyl oleate.
Liquid detergents from cationic, anionic and nonionic surfactants. adsorption, detergency and antistatic properties
Authors: Martin K. , Hellsten E. , Klingberg Anders W. , Karlsson B. T. Gunvor 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe adsorption of a mixture of cationic (c) and anionic (a) surfactants on cellulose fibers is highly dependent on the molar ratio a/c with a maximum at a/c = 0.9. When a/c is > 1.1 the adsorption is negligible. The presence of nonionic surfactants in the solution impairs the adsorption of the ionic species; this effect is stronger for nonionic surfactants with long alkyl and polyglycol ether chains. The detergency—measured on WFK cotton cloth—is highest when a/c > 1 and decreases sharply when a/c goes below 0.8. The antistatic effect for a formulated liquid detergent based on these principles was compared to one commercial liquid detergent with softening and antistatic properties and one commercial detergent powder, and the test detergent was shown to be a better antistatic agent on polyester, polyacrylonitrile and polyamide. The detergency was about the same for the two liquid detergents.
Improved Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Properties of MWCNT–PMMA Composites Using Layered Structures
Authors: Pande Shailaja , Singh BP , Mathur RB , Dhami TL , Saini P , Dhawan SK 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness (SE) of multi-walled carbon nanotubes–polymethyl methacrylate (MWCNT–PMMA) composites prepared by two different techniques was measured. EMI SE up to 40 dB in the frequency range 8.2–12.4 GHz (X-band) was achieved by stacking seven layers of 0.3-mm thick MWCNT–PMMA composite films compared with 30 dB achieved by stacking two layers of 1.1-mm thick MWCNT–PMMA bulk composite. The characteristic EMI SE graphs of the composites and the mechanism of shielding have been discussed. SE in this frequency range is found to be dominated by absorption. The mechanical properties (tensile, flexural strength and modulus) of the composites were found to be comparable or better than the pure polymer. The studies therefore show that the composite can be used as structurally strong EMI shielding material.
Pain and Heart Failure: Unrecognized and Untreated
Authors: Evangelista Lorraine S. , Sackett Erin , Dracup Kathleen 
Published: January 2009

Background: Although evidence exists to support the presence of pain in advanced stages of heart failure (HF), the pain experience in the early phases of this progressive disease is poorly documented, and therefore, poorly understood. The current study was conducted to: 1) examine the prevalence of pain in cohort of patients with chronic HF (New York Heart Association class I–IV); and 2) determine the relationship between pain and QOL. Methods and results: Data were obtained from 300 patients (mean age 54.2 ± 12.7 years; 72% male; 65% Caucasians; time since HF diagnosis 4.6 ± 4.8 years). Two-thirds of the patients (67%) reported some degree of pain; the prevalence of pain increased as functional class worsened ( p < .009). Differences in QOL outcomes for patients experiencing pain vs. no pain were statistically significant for physical and overall QOL. Pain accounted for 20% of the variance in QOL ( p < .001) even after adjusting for age, gender, and functional class. Conclusions: Our findings suggest pain is present in a majority of patients with HF. Given the potential deleterious effects of untreated pain on QOL in patients with HF, it is important that healthcare providers assess patients for this often-unrecognized symptom.
Effects of neonatal and peripubertal ethanol treatment on various aspects of adult rat behavior and brain anatomy
Authors: Röskam Stephan , Koch Michael 
Published: January 2009

AbstractExposure to ethanol during critical stages of brain development and maturation has adverse effects on behavioral and cognitive functions. So far, most animal models focused on the effects of either pre‐ or early postnatal ethanol treatment on behavior. We here used a multiple crossover design to investigate the effects of neonatal (postnatal day 7) ethanol treatment (2.5 g/kg b.i.d., dissolved in saline), subchronic peripubertal (postnatal days 40–65) ethanol treatment (1.0 g/kg, dissolved in saline) and the combination of both on the performance of adult Wistar rats in a variety of behavioral tasks. We also assessed anatomical changes in limbic and cortical brain areas.No effects of either single or combined neonatal and pubertal ethanol treatment was found on prepulse inhibition of startle (PPI, a measure of sensorimotor gating), or on the acoustic startle response in the absence of prepulses. Peripubertal ethanol treatment reduced the explorative behavior in the open field. The breakpoint in a progressive ratio operant response task was increased in those rats that had received both neonatal and pubertal ethanol treatment, while the preference for palatable food used as reinforcer in this task was not affected. No treatment effects were found on object recognition memory. No treatment effects on anxiety‐related behavior in the elevated plus maze were found, however, the anxiolytic effect of the prototypical benzodiazepine diazepam was enhanced in rats that had received peripubertal ethanol treatment.Additive effects of neonatal and pubertal ethanol treatments were found on behaviors related to spontaneous locomotor activity. Combined neonatal and pubertal ethanol treatment lead to a reduction of myelin sheaths in the prefrontal cortex, and the neonatal ethanol treatment lead to a reduced number of parvalbumine‐immunoreactive cells in the dorsal hippocampus.These findings suggest that neonatal ethanol exposure increases the risk of some but not all adverse behavioral and brain anatomical effects of pubertal ethanol consumption.
Pregnancy and diabetes scenario around the world: Africa
Authors: Coetzee Edward J. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe problem of screening and treating diabetes in pregnancy in a resource‐poor country is explored. Although the burden of disease is high, diabetes contributes to higher perinatal mortality and morbidity and ultimately can lead to metabolic diseases when the offspring reaches adulthood. The mother is also more likely to develop full blown diabetes in later life with resulting diabetic morbidity and even mortality. Cheaper options for screening, including task shifting, are essential. In type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes there are cheaper alternatives to insulin for treatment, such as diet, exercise, and oral glucose lowering agents such as metformin and glibenclamide.
Shareholders' Rights and the rule in Foss v. Harbottle (continued)
Authors: Wedderburn K. W. 
Published: January 2009

Heading 4. “Fraud on a Minority,” where the Wrongdoers have “Control.”It was stated above, in the discussion of ultra vires, that actions falling under the fourth Heading of the “exceptions” to Foss v. Harbottle must be “corporate” and not “personal” actions. That is why a minority action brought on the grounds of “fraud” has usually been regarded as a real “relaxation” of the Rule. It is a special procedure, only allowed to the minority in order to avoid “an action in the name of the company, and then a fight as to the right to use its name” in which the minority must lose because the wrongdoers control the company. As such, it is “an excellent illustration of the golden principle that procedure with its rules is the handmaid and not the mistress of justice.” The representative form of the minority shareholders' action must not be permitted to obscure the fact that the “only relief possible in this action is corporate relief.” For this reason, those cases establishing a personal right to prevent any alteration of the articles which would be a fraud on the minority, do not fall under this Heading, and were placed under Heading 3. In the cases now to be discussed, all the rules appropriate to corporate actions apply —notably, that the plaintiff must sue in representative form and cannot join a personal claim; can attack wrongs anterior to his own membership; must join the company as a party; and can join the wrongdoers to assert the company's rights against them.