bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The contribution of working memory to children's mathematical word problem solving
Authors: Andersson Ulf 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe study explored the contribution of working memory to mathematical word problem solving in children. A total of 69 children in grades 2, 3 and 4 were given measures of mathematical problem solving, reading, arithmetical calculation, fluid IQ and working memory. Multiple regression analyses showed that three measures associated with the central executive and one measure associated with the phonological loop contributed unique variance to mathematical problem solving when the influence of reading, age and IQ were controlled for in the analysis. In addition, the animal dual‐task, verbal fluency and digit span task continued to contribute unique variance when the effects of arithmetical calculation in addition to reading, fluid IQ, and age were controlled for. These findings demonstrate that the phonological loop and a number of central executive functions (shifting, co‐ordination of concurrent processing and storage of information, accessing information from long‐term memory) contribute to mathematical problem solving in children. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MECHANISM OF ANTIGEN RELEASE FROM CANINE KIDNEY HOMOTRANSPLANTS*
Authors: Najarian John S. , May James , Cochrum Kent C. , Baronberg Neiel , Way Lawrence W. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryAntigen release from canine renal homotransplants was demonstrated in the renal vein of the transplanted kidney. The antigen was carried from the transplanted kidney to the host as a soluble or particulate substance within the host plasma. The host leukocytes were not implicated in the transport system. Antigen could not be detected in the peripheral vein blood. Antigen could be demonstrated in the plasma leaving the transplanted kidney within 10 minutes after vascular anastomosis was completed. The release of antigen terminated 2 to 3 days after transplantation.The presence of donor antigen from renal homotransplantation may be related to the degree of kidney damage. C orticosteroid administration had no effect on the antigenicity of the transplanted kidneys.
THE INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF EARLY TREATMENT ON THE PROGNOSIS OF SEVERE BURNS
Authors: Birke Gunnar , Liljedahl Sten‐Otto 
Published: December 2006

SummaryA comparison between group A, containing 426 patients treated with dextran and blood in the proportion 4:1, and group B, comprising 308 patients treated with plasma and blood in the proportion 4:1, extra protein, and adequate electrolytes, revealed significant improvement of the therapeutic results in group B and also significantly better results than those in Bull and Fisher's series.The therapeutic improvement was achieved mainly by a reduction of the mortality rate from sepsis and also, to a lesser degree, of deaths from circulatory disorders.Very extensive burns and extensive burns with pulmonary damage are not influenced by our treatment.Our therapy with albumin, gammaglobulin, and plasma seems to be the most important factor that influences the prognosis. The isolation of severely burned patients may also have influenced the prognosis of sepsis in treatment group B.The initial treatment is also of crucial importance regarding the subsequent course and prognosis.Plasma substitute can be safely used only in cases of small burns.
STUDIES IN BURNS: III. THE EFFECTS OF OUABAIN ON ESCHAR WATER LOSS AND OBSERVATIONS ON THE ETIOLOGY OF ESCHAR WATER TRANSMISSIVITY*
Authors: III Carl Jelenko , Wheeler Morgan Lee 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThermal burn eschars were measured for water transmissivity in vivo and in vitro by means of a modified gas chromotograph at various times, post‐burn.Following an initial “acute” phase, it was found that there was no statistically significant difference between the ability of eschars to transmit water in vivo or in vitro.Eschars removed in the immediate post‐burn period that were incubated in Ringer's solution, in water, or in Ringer's solution containing Ouabain (50γ/cc) transmitted water at a rate equivalent to in situ, in vivo eschars at the same time, post‐burn.Replaced, autografted eschars functioned, in terms of water transmissions, as they had in situ originally.There was no statistical difference in water‐transmission rate between eschars measured in vitro on dry glass plates or on wet gauze.It was observed that suprainfection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa did not alter the transmission rate of eschars, nor the ability of eschars to mature (i.e. become maximally water‐retentive.)It is indicated that the sodium content of the sub‐eschar layer does not contribute to water retention or loss by the eschar.It is suggested that eschar is a protein‐water semi‐solid membrane that transmits water in direct proportion to its own state of hydration. The various observations in support of this thesis are presented and discussed. Based upon the thesis that eschar water retentivity is a nonphysiologic function of the bound‐water content of eschar protein, it is suggested that an approach to improving the ability of eschars to retain water to the body may be through the use of certain salts having hydrogen‐bonding properties.
PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO CRYSTALLOID RESUSCITATION OF SEVERE BURNS
Authors: Baxter Charles R. , Shires Tom 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThe use of balanced salt solutions in the resuscitation of burn shock has been evaluated in experimental animals and clinical burns utilizing the maintenance of functional ECF volume and circulatory response as the criteria of effectiveness. In both animal and clinical burns restoration of the functional ECF required greater quantities administered at a faster rate than was anticipated.In the first 24–30 hr post‐burn, circulatory hemodynamics appear to be closely correlated with functional ECF volume maintenance. After this time, changes in the circulatory status seem to be unrelated to fluid administration.
CONTROL OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL BURN WOUND SEPSIS BY TOPICAL APPLICATION OF SULFAMYLON COMPOUNDS
Authors: Lindberg Robert B. , Moncrief J. A. , Mason A. D. 
Published: December 2006

Discussion and SummaryThe successful control of burn wound sepsis by use of Sulfamylon burn cream has greatly altered the management of the burn wound and its prognosis. The character of the healing wound has altered, with persistence of eschar now seen, due to suppression of microbial debriding action. This problem has been resolved by discontinuing therapy and applying dressings if necessary to hasten eschar separation. The use of a water soluble base, which is 62% water, has resulted in a decrease in evaporative water loss, with a consequent reduction in the metabolic load on the patient. This is evident in the reduction of weight loss in the post‐burn period. The control of local sepsis appears to add to this gain, since it too represents a decrease in metabolic demand. The survival of epithelial islands in deep dermal burns which had previously been converted to full‐thickness injury by infection has resulted in healing of such injuries without resort to skin grafting. The hydrotherapy procedures permit a daily gentle debridement of matured eschar, and a consequent reduction in the frequency of surgical debridement has occurred. The reduction in the need for general anaesthetic has simplified wound management and minimized weight loss due to cancelled meals.The drug is simple to compound and to apply. Areas housing many burn patients are now odorless, in striking contrast to the environment previously existing.The elimination of burn wound sepsis has, however, increased the magnitude of other clinical problems in burn management. The most prominent of these are the pulmonary complications, specifically a diffuse pneumonia. This is not a hematogenous Pseudomonas pneumonia, which was formerly a common complication of burn wound sepsis, but a bronchopneumonia, often associated with patches of atalectasis.The mortality statistics show a consistent reduction of 50% in death rate; most of the change has occurred in burns of less than 50% of body surface. There has been no improvement in death rate of burns of over 60%, although the cause of death has changed from one of wound infection to pneumonia. Burn wound sepsis has been relegated to a minor role in burn mortality by the use of topical Sulfamylon therapy.
SEPTICEMIA IN BURNED PATIENTS*
Authors: Balch Henry H. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThe purpose of the present investigation was to determine whether severely burned patients were more susceptible to invasive infection because of an associated impairment of the natural antibacterial defense systems.1. Leucocyte plasma and plasma bactericidal effect against Staphylococcus aureus (phagetype 80/81) is significantly increased in severely burned patients.2. The cellular reaction to peripheral injury is depressed for several days in severely burned patients.3. Several factors determine the balance between bacterial invasion and host resistance and these are continually shifting. With Staphylococcus aureus (phagetype 80/81), tissue and blood stream invasion is more likely when the initial high post‐trauma bactericidal effect has returned to normal levels.4. The primary cause of bacteremia in burned patients is the presence of a high bacteria cell ratio in the wound, especially if the microorganisms are pathogenic. However, continual bacteremia by pathogenic bacteria can cause septicemia in burned and nonburned patients.Septicemia is a common complication of severely burned patients. Our studies of host resistance in eight such patients have shown that the blood bactericidal effect against pathogenic bacteria was better than normal in the early post‐burn days while the cellular response to peripheral injury was depressed. Nevertheless, migrating polymorphonuclear cells retained an excellent capacity for phagocytosis. Several factors determine the balance between bacterial invasion and host resistance and these are continually shifting. The primary cause of bacteremia in burned patients probably is the presence of a high bacteria‐cell ratio in the wound, especially if the microorganisms are pathogenic. Such continual bacteremia by pathogenic bacteria can cause septicemia in burned (and non‐burned) patients.
VIOLATION OF THE NONCROSSING RULE: THE HUBBARD HAMILTONIAN FOR BENZENE*
Authors: Heilmann Ole J. , Lieb Elliott H. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTThe Hubbard Hamiltonian, while not one of the most successful models for π electrons in benzene, has been extensively investigated in the literature. As part of our general study of that model, we have computed all the energy levels for all values of the repulsion parameter—a task that has not been undertaken before. After extracting all the symmetry of the model we found, to our great surprise, many instances of permanent degeneracy of levels with different symmetry and also crossing of levels of the same symmetry. We can also demonstrate that there is no hidden symmetry to account for these effects. Since these results run counter to one of the oldest folk theorems in quantum chemistry, our otherwise uninspiring graphs may be of general interest.
SOLUTION OF THE LOW‐ALTITUDE SATELLITE EQUATIONS
Authors: Myint‐U Tyn 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTThe system of nonlinear differential equations of motion of satellites under the influence of oblateness and drag are transformed into an appropriate system of equations containing two small parameters. The solution determined by the perturbation method of poincaré is obtained in power series in two small parameters exhibiting the coupling effect of oblateness and drag on the motion. The first‐order Z perturbation is compared and shown to agree with the known result. The higher‐order perturbations are presented in integral forms that can be readily evaluated. This method, by far the simplest, offers a technique of determining trajectories with accuracy suitable for practical applications.
MECHANISMS OF PLATELET FUNCTION AS REVEALED BY THE RETENTION OF PLATELETS IN GLASS BEAD COLUMNS*
Authors: Zucker Marjorie B. , Rifkin Paul L. , Friedberg Neal M. , Coller Barry S. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryIn von Willebrand's disease, the onlyin vitroabnormality of platelet function is reduced retention of platelets in glass bead columns. Although this finding suggests that the test reflects an important function in normal hemostasis, its mechanism is poorly understood. The method developed by Bowie and colleagues7has been used to elucidate some of the variables affecting the test. Heparinized blood is passed rapidly through the column and the percentage of platelets retained in the fourth and fifth ml is calculated. In normal subjects, more than 90% is usually retained. Disturbing the blood markedly decreases retention. Retention spontaneously returns to normal in about 45 minutes after disturbance or within ten minutes after addition of apyrase. Addition of 0.1 μM ADP decreases retention with a maximum effect at ten minutes. The lowered retention caused by disturbing blood appears to result from ADP probably sequestered in the platelet membrane. Slow centrifugation and remixing of blood also reduces retention which is restored by apyrase. Platelets in platelet‐rich plasma are not retained in the column even after incubation with apyrase or apyrase plus adenosine deaminase, or after adding ADP. Adding red cell ghosts to platelet‐rich plasma improves retention, although not as effectively as erythrocytes. Since ghosts contain virtually no ADP, it is suggested that they act by altering hemodynamics, either causing platelets to enter the marginal zone of plasma so that they contact the beads and tubing, or increasing the turnover of plasma in this zone to permit greater interaction of plasma components with the foreign surfaces.
PLATELET‐FUNCTION STUDIES IN THE BERNARD‐SOULIER SYNDROME*
Authors: Bithell Thomas C. , Parekh Sunil J. , Strong Robert R. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryStudies of platelet function in four kindreds affected with the Bernard‐Soulier Syndrome are summarized. Platelet aggregation induced by ADP and by dilute collagen suspensions was normal, but the increase in optical density and platelet “volume” that normally proceeds aggregation was lacking. Platelet aggregation by bovine fibrinogen was totally deficient, and the rate of aggregation by both ADP and collagen was abnormally rapid. The serum prothrombin time was abnormal, but other tests of platelet factor 3 activity were normal, as were estimates of platelet adhesiveness. The lack of initial platelet “swelling” and deficient bovine fibrinogen‐induced platelet aggregation are heretofore unrecognized features of this disorder that may provide information as to the nature of the underlying abnormality.
THE ROLE OF CONVECTION AND DIFFUSION ON PLATELET ADHESION AND AGGREGATION
Authors: Leonard Edward F. , Grabowski Eric F. , Turitto Vincent T. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThe reactions among clotting components, among platelets, and between these groups are complex biochemical phenomena that importantly affect thrombogenesis, but thrombogenesis is also affected by the physical phenomena of convection and diffusion, which, in turn, are importantly mediated by conditions of flow. The principles that govern convection and diffusion processes are generally well understood, but the significance of these processes in thrombogenesis is in only the early stages of demonstration.In this paper there have been considered the special effect of erythrocytes upon the diffusion of platelets in flowing blood; the measurement of the diffusion of platelets that had been rendered unreactive by a dispersion technique; measurement and rationalization of platelet adhesion to artificial surfaces; and a quantitative assessment of the role of platelet diffusion, activating substance diffusion, and platelet arrival on the growth of platelet aggregates.Further work is needed to explain the full role of convection and diffusion in platelet aggregation and thrombus formation, including a more detailed description of the platelet arrival process and the acquisition of more data concerning the time sequence of aggregate formation on surfaces of known geometry over which known flows are passing.
INTRINSIC PLATELET DEFECTS IN HEREDITARY THROMBOCYTOPENIA*
Authors: Murphy Scott 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYNine families with hereditary thrombocytopenia have been described. They have been discussed and classified according to mode of inheritance, the presence or absence of clinical features of the Wiskott‐Aldrich Syndrome, platelet size, and platelet lifespan studies. These features and an assay for serum Antiplatelet Factor help to distinguish hereditary disease from acquired thrombocytopenias such as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. This distinction is important, since response to therapy, particularly splenectomy, is clearly different for hereditary and acquired disease.
THE VEGETATIVE STATE AND ITS PROGNOSIS FOLLOWING NONTRAUMATIC COMA*
Authors: Levy D. E. , Knill‐Jones R. P. , Plum F. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThe vegetàtive state is a condition of wakefulness without awareness. Clinical features of 36 patients in coma who did not improve beyond the vegetative state in one month were evaluated as part of an international collaborative prospective study of 310 patients with nontraumatic coma. The vegetative group included 22 subjects with diffuse hypoxia‐ischemia, seven with focal brain infarction, two with brain hemorrhages, one each with subarachnoid hemorrhage, infection, and cerebral herniation caused by tumor, and two in whom the precise cause of coma was unknown. The vegetative group had signs of good brain‐stem function but little function of cerebral cortex. Many patients awakened quickly after the onset of coma: five opened their eyes within one day, 13 within three days, and 16 within one week. Roving conjugate eye movements were prominent. Nineteen of the 36 vegetative patients died within one month; 32 died by the end of one year. Only two patients ever regained any evidence of psychological self‐awareness (both improving within three months), but both remained completely dependent for daily care. Patients in coma may develop the vegetative state within a few days, but if they are still vegetative after a month, the chance of regaining independence is negligibly small.
CLINICAL PROBLEMS OF BRAIN DEATH AND COMA IN INTENSIVE CARE UNITS
Authors: Suter Cary , Brush John 
Published: December 2006

SummaryPresent knowledge and technology allow us to make an unequivocal determination of brain death, at least in adults. These same medical resources can also be life‐saving and should be applied rapidly and efficiently to all patients admitted in coma. At the present time the means are available to make precise diagnoses concerning the cause and possible outcome of coma in most cases. The development of the CT scan and the aggressive use of electroencephalography are most important in these capacities.It is the responsibility of the physician to aid in the development and planning of up‐to‐date ICUs with their associated laboratories and equipment and in providing rewarding salaries and positions for the hosts of nurses. technologists, and others necessary to operate these on a twenty‐four‐hour basis.Although the problems of coma and of brain death can be dealt with by the physician given these resources, the problem of the person severely brain‐damaged and in a so‐called vegetative state remains. This is a problem for the society, the law, and religion.
COLLECTING AUTOGRAṔHS: n‐NODE GRAPHS THAT HAVE n‐INTEGER SIGNATURES1
Authors: Bloom Gary S. , Hell Pavol , Taylor Herbert 
Published: December 2006

SummaryA new compact representation for many graphs is defined in a “numbered graph” context. Each integer of an n‐element multiset (the signature of the graph) is assigned to a node of an n‐node graph. An edge between a pair of nodes exists if and only if the absolute difference of their two node numbers is an element of the signature. A graph defined by such a signature is called an autograph.In this progress report families of autographs, including trees, are presented, and nonautographs are discussed. “Proper” signatures comprised only of positive integers are examined to determine which autographs may be drawn from them. Progress toward the objective of determining a characterization of proper autographs is discussed.
ON HOMOGENEOUSLY TRACEABLE NONHAMILTONIAN GRAPHS
Authors: Chartrand Gary , Gould Ronald J. , Kapoor S. F. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryA graph G is homogeneously traceable if for every vertex v of G there exists a hamiltonian path with initial vertex v. It is shown that there exists a homogeneously traceable nonhamiltonian graph of order p, for all positive integers p except for 3 ≤p≤ 8. Further, if G is a homogeneously traceable nonhamiltonian graph of order p, then {5p/4} is a sharp lower bound on the size of G and the maximum degree of G is at most p– 4 for p≥ 9.
CALCIUM EXPLOSIONS AS TRIGGERS OF DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Jaffe Lionel F. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryA few years ago, Gilkey et al. showed that the development of medaka fish eggs begins with a free calcium explosion within the cytoplasm. This paper summarizes those findings; provides an interim report on the effects of injecting calcium and hydrogen ion buffers into medaka eggs; reviews recent evidence of similar calcium increases in other activating eggs, as well as sperm and oocytes (Table 1); and attempts to put these explosions in a broader context (Figures 1 and 4).
APPROXIMATE QUANTUM MECHANICAL METHODS FOR LARGE MOLECULES
Authors: Zerner Michael C. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryI discussed two approximate quantum mechanical methods that are particularly useful in examining the electronic structure of large molecular systems. The first method mentioned was the Zero Differential Overlap theory, which has been developed and used quite successfully in describing electronic spectroscopy and the properties of excited states. Most recently, this theory has been extended to include elements of the first transition series. I discussed some details of the system that suggest that all one‐centered integrals must be included for accurate predictions. Results for ferrocene and for a model oxyheme complex demonstrate that the balance between charge transfer, d‐d, and ligand‐ligand excitations, so difficult to obtain in ab initio work, is easily reached by this theory.The second method I discussed was the localized bond configuration interaction method, which is especially useful when the total energy is the principal property of interest, as, for example, in conformation studies. This method has now been implemented to high order in perturbation theory, but it still executes as an N3 procedure, where N is the number of bonds.
Food‐conditioned Eating Preferences and Aversions with Interoceptive Elements: Conditioned Appetites and Satieties
Authors: BOOTH D. A. 
Published: December 2006

The adaptive importance of acquired feeding habits has long been acknowledged in research on obesity1 and animal foraging2 for example. Yet so few experiments have measured learning under physiologically and ecologically normal conditions that there is insufficient information for effective applications in the clinic and everyday life,3 the foods4 or Pharmaceuticals5 industries, or animal husbandry.6Nevertheless, it has been established that normal feeding in the laboratory rat is associatively conditioned by nutritional consequences.7–11 Occasionally, aversions are conditioned. However, what is usually learned is facilitation of feeding (Table 1), which accounts for much of the incentive to forage and the palatability of foods and drinks.13