bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular definitions of fatty acid hydroxylases in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Rupasinghe Sangeewa G. , Duan Hui , Schuler Mary A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTowards defining the function of Arabidopsis thaliana fatty acid hydroxylases, five members of the CYP86A subfamily have been heterologously expressed in baculovirus‐infected Sf9 cells and tested for their ability to bind a range of fatty acids including unsubstituted (lauric acid (C12:0) and oleic acid (C18:1)) and oxygenated (9,10‐epoxystearic acid and 9,10‐dihydroxystearic acid). Comparison between these five P450s at constant P450 content over a range of concentrations for individual fatty acids indicates that binding of different fatty acids to CYP86A2 always results in a higher proportion of high spin state heme than binding titrations conducted with CYP86A1 or CYP86A4. In comparison to these three, CYP86A7 and CYP86A8 produce extremely low proportions of high spin state heme even with the most effectively bound fatty acids. In addition to their previously demonstrated lauric acid hydroxylase activities, all CYP86A proteins are capable of hydroxylating oleic acid but not oxygenated 9,10‐epoxystearic acid. Homology models have been built for these five enzymes that metabolize unsubstituted fatty acids and sometimes bind oxygenated fatty acids. Comparison of the substrate binding modes and predicted substrate access channels indicate that all use channel pw2a consistent with the crystal structures and models of other fatty acid‐metabolizing P450s in bacteria and mammals. Among these P450s, those that bind internally oxygenated fatty acids contain polar residues in their substrate binding cavity that help stabilize these charged/polar groups within their largely hydrophobic catalytic site. Proteins 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A “moving metal mechanism” for substrate cleavage by the DNA repair endonuclease APE‐1
Authors: Oezguen Numan , Schein Catherine H. , Peddi Srinivasa R. , Power Trevor D. , Izumi Tadahide , Braun Werner 
Published: April 2007

AbstractApurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease (APE‐1) is essential for base excision repair (BER) of damaged DNA. Here molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of APE1 complexed with cleaved and uncleaved damaged DNA were used to determine the role and position of the metal ion(s) in the active site before and after DNA cleavage. The simulations started from an energy minimized wild‐type structure of the metal‐free APE1/damaged‐DNA complex (1DE8). A grid search with one Mg2+ ion located two low energy clusters of Mg2+ consistent with the experimentally determined metal ion positions. At the start of the longer MD simulations, Mg2+ ions were placed at different positions as seen in the crystal structures and the movement of the ion was followed over the course of the trajectory. Our analysis suggests a “moving metal mechanism” in which one Mg2+ ion moves from the B‐ (more buried) to the A‐site during substrate cleavage. The anticipated inversion of the phosphate oxygens occurs during the in‐line cleavage reaction. Experimental results, which show competition between Ca2+ and Mg2+ for catalyzing the reaction, and high concentrations of Mg2+ are inihibitory, indicate that both sites cannot be simultaneously occupied for maximal activity. Proteins 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sb‐treatment effect of GaAs substrate on Sb‐doped Cd1–xMnxTe growth by MOVPE
Authors: Goto Hideo , Tahashi Masahiro , Ido Toshiyuki 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSb‐doped Cd1–x Mnx Te was successfully grown on (100)GaAs substrate by metal‐organic vapor phase epitaxy under atmospheric pressure by Sb‐treatment of the GaAs substrate prior to the growth. The Sb‐treatment of GaAs substrate creates a GaSb layer on the GaAs substrate, which relaxes the lattice misfit between the GaAs substrate and the Sb‐doped Cd1–x Mnx Te. The best FWHM of (400) diffraction of Sb‐doped Cd1–x Mnx Te was 580 seconds, where the TESb supply rate of the Sb‐treatment was 2.2 μmol/min. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
X‐ray characterisation of a bulk ZnO crystal
Authors: Shalimov A. , Paszkowicz W. , Grasza K. , Skupiński P. , Mycielski A. , Bak‐Misiuk J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractExtensive studies of physical properties and growth process of ZnO crystals are motivated by unique electrical and optical properties of this material. In the present work, the defect‐structure characteristics of a bulk zinc oxide crystal grown by Contactless Chemical‐Vapour‐Transport method are studied. The macromosaic spread is found to be of the order of 1°. The values of lattice parameters and axial ratio in the main part of the crystal perfectly agree with literature data. Changes of the colour observed along the crystal correlates with intentional vapour pressure variation during the growth. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Semi‐insulating (Cd,Mn)Te:V crystals: Electrical contacts
Authors: Witkowska‐Baran M. , Mycielski A. , Szadkowski A. J. , Łusakowska E. , Domu‐khovski V. , Jakieła R. , Witkowska B. , Kaliszek W. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe high‐resistivity (Cd,Mn)Te is believed to be suitable to succesfully replace the commonly used (Cd,Zn)Te system as a material for manufacturing large‐area X‐ and γ‐ray detectors. The purpose of our study was to elaborate a method of preparing high quality (Cd,Mn)Te crystal plates as well as a technique of producing good electrical contacts to that material. (Cd,Mn)Te was grown using the Bridgman method. The crystals were doped with vanadium to the level of 1016 cm−3. The crystals are twinned in the (111) plane, but by slicing the crystal parallel to the twinning plane we obtained monocrystalline plates of large area (e.g. 30 × 30 mm2), which is essential for application purposes. Proper annealing of those plates in cadmium vapours allowed us to reduce the number of cadmium vacancies forming during the growth process. Due to the vanadium dopant acting as a compensating centre we obtained a semi‐insulating material. In order to obtain good contacts to the (Cd,Mn)Te plates we used the method proposed initially for CdTe by Rioux et al. The ZnTe:Sb layers (∼1 μm thick) were grown on the epi‐ready (Cd,Mn)Te:V plates by the MBE technique. The grown layers were p‐type and formed a good electrical contact to the crystal plates. Finally – a standard technique was used to cover the ZnTe layer by a metal layer. The contacts formed on (111) surfaces of (Cd,Mn)Te were studied. We believe that the contacts to the (111) surface are important for applications. In the paper we describe techniques of preparing electrical contacts and results of their characterization. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Towards intra‐operative computerized planning of prostate cryosurgery
Authors: Tanaka Daigo , Shimada Kenji , Rossi Michael R. , Rabin Yoed 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBackgroundAs part of ongoing efforts to develop computerized planning tools for cryosurgery, the current study provides a comparison between two recently developed methods for planning, known as bubble packing and force‐field analogy.MethodsFor the purpose of comparison, four 3D prostate models were reconstructed from ultrasound imaging. The quality of planning for each method was evaluated based on bioheat transfer simulations.ResultsBoth methods are shown to be robust planning tools in 3D. Typical results show at least 75% of the target region volume having temperatures below a target temperature isotherm for planning. While the force‐field analogy method yields superior planning results, it comes at the expense of an order of magnitude longer run time, with only moderate improvement.ConclusionsDue to time constraints in a clinical setup, bubble packing alone may be considered adequate for computerized planning. Furthermore, only bubble packing is demonstrated to be adequate for intra‐operative planning. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Export controls: Providing security in a volatile environment
Authors: Czinkota Michael R. , Dichtl Erwin 
Published: April 2007

AbstractMajor changes in the world economy such as the demise of the Communist bloc, the increased foreign availability of high technology products, and the rapid dissemination of information and innovation, have resulted in a decrease in support for export controls by the policy and business communities. Nevertheless, export controls continue to constitute an important policy arrow in the quiver of national foreign policy instruments. The foundation of a new, multilateral export control regime is discussed, with major emphasis placed on the development of strong national security controls and the structuring of a foreign policy control system that can be brought to bear expeditiously without imposing an undue competitive burden on businesses. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Marketing aspects of environmental practices of multinational enterprises in host countries: A Brazilian case study
Authors: de Carvalho Frederico A. , Guedes Ana Lucia M. , de A. Faria Alexandre 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis article investigates both the marketing and the production activities of a multinational enterprise (MNE) operating in the Brazilian chemical industry. The case chosen illustrates how the MNE has managed to adapt or to upgrade some of its main policies, programs, production activities, and products in conformity with both its long‐term strategic positioning and the host country's environmental regulatory policy. The company established two effective environmental programs that deserve mention. One of the programs has been set up to generate receipts through the provision of environmental services for a price. The other one pursued systematic procedures to better serve clients through customized applications of waste reduction practices. The latter reveals how proactive companies may profit from effectively envisaging the whole product cycle along their value chain. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
From reform to neo‐regulation: An assessment of recent political/economic developments in Nigeria
Authors: Mimiko Nahzeem Oluwafemi 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe Nigerian political economy was placed on the path of economic and political liberalization from the mid‐1980s. About a decade later, both processes had experienced great reversals. This article examines the social forces that are arrayed against the reform processes. It focuses on recent political and economic developments in Nigeria with a view to understanding the nature of the emerging business environment for the purpose of potential investors, international managers, aid agencies, and donor countries in Africa's most populous country. While noting the inevitability of a modicum of regulation in the nation's economic adjustment program, this study contends that the regulatory measures contained in the 1994 budget prepared by the new military junta in Nigeria is stifling investment, and can neither lay the basis for the recovery of, nor engender sustainable development in the nation's economy. A more appropriate management of the exchange and interest rate regimes, and the democratization of the political processes as the minimum prerequisite for stability, growth, and development in the Nigerian political economy is recommended. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Death of the “organization man”: Temporal relations in strategic alliances
Authors: Shenkar Oded , Ellis Shmuel 
Published: April 2007

AbstractEnvironment is shifting the power balance between the organization and its members, providing the individual with the power to bargain with the organization. The present article explores the sources and consequences of this change for the individuals who are members of strategic alliances as well as for the organizations they are affiliated with. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Critical success factors in Japanese consumer products market: Guidance for foreign MNCs
Authors: Reid David Mchardy 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis article reports on empirical research that was performed in Japan with foreign multinational corporations in the consumer products industry. It identifies some critical success factors and pitfalls for developing a business position in the Japanese market, and presents evidence based on the experience of foreign companies that have successfully developed, in some cases leadership, positions in the Japanese consumer products market. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Brazilian emerging multinationals: A conduit for export of technology
Authors: de Gouvea Neto Raul 
Published: April 2007

AbstractExports of technology by newly industrializing countries are an important development in the global economy. Foreign direct investment is one dimension of these technological trends. Multinational companies from Brazil, South Korea, India, Mexico, and other countries are currently operating in several markets around the globe. In the case of Brazil, exports of technology constitute an important step toward further diversification of exports and gains in global competitiveness. This article shows that Brazilian multinationals have engaged in the exportation of indigenous technology in areas where the level of sophistication is relatively high, encompassing a number of diverse industries, and showing a tendency to invest beyond its regional boundaries. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Financial performance comparison between international joint ventures and wholly foreign‐owned enterprises in China
Authors: Luo Yadong , Chen Min 
Published: April 2007

AbstractInternational joint ventures (IJVs) and wholly foreign‐owned enterprises (WFOEs) are the two major competing modes of Chinese market entry for foreign investors. However, the financial performance of and relative financial efficacy between the two modes have not been researched. The present study utilizes firmspecific financial data and examines financial ratios and characteristics of IJVs and WFOEs in the current Chinese financial environment. Results of this study reveal that the WFOE is superior to the IJV in terms of asset efficiency, financial risk aversion, and export growth whereas the IJV outperforms the WFOE with respect to local market growth and environment adaptation. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Accounting in Hungary: Do we speak the same language?
Authors: Ogilby Suzanne M. , Sauls Eugene 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAccounting in Hungary has undergone significant reforms in recent years. Modeled after European Accounting rules and International Accounting standards, the Hungarian Rules of Law in Force have brought accounting practices in line with west European standards. This article compares the Hungarian Law of accounting to US accounting standards. Those differences that may affect the decisions of an executive working within the international arena are highlighted. Although minor differences exist, mainly in disclosure requirements, US investors, creditors, and managers may be assured comparable information is available for analyses. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The shape of post‐bubble Japanese business: Preparing for growth in the new millennium
Authors: Aggarwal Raj 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe Japanese economy, the second largest in the world and the lead economy in fast growing Asia, was in a major and structural recession in the first half of the 1990s. Changes necessary for Japan to renew its economic growth must reflect not only the effects of the post‐bubble recession of the early 1990s, but also the end of the cold war and the new social values, demographics, and politics in Japan. This article is an analytical review of postwar economic growth in Japan that led to the early 1990s recession, and an assessment of the shape of post‐bubble Japanese business as it prepares for growth in the new millennium, and the implications of these changes on Japanese and non‐Japanese firms.
Japanese marketing in the post‐bubble era
Authors: Johansson Johny K. , Hirano Masaaki 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis article analyzes recent changes in marketing practices in Japan against the background of the recession and the high yen rate of the early 1990s. Based on direct observation, press reports, and interviews with experts, the study describes the changing situation in the Japanese market and shows how new opportunities for Western companies are opening up. The longer term implications of the home market changes for Japanese companies' competitiveness abroad are also discussed.
Restructuring Japanese business through Kyosei: Capitalizing on international strategic alliances at the consumer level
Authors: Simonin Bernard L. , Ruth Julie A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractJapan of the post‐bubble era is the object of much reflection and speculation pertaining to risutora or restructuring of the economy. This study provides a novel, analytical perspective on the fundamental issues involved in the shift of momentum that characterizes Japanese business and economic restructuring. After examining the economic and corporate dimensions of the transitional forces that shape Japan's restructuring process, this study focuses on two powerful, yet often ignored, agents of change: the emergence of a new class of collaborative mandates, kyosei, and the rise of consumer power. The study further emphasizes the importance of planning and managing corporate‐level restructuring activities with the interests of end users in mind, by empirically demonstrating the significance of strategic alliances, as a corporate restructuring option, on consumers. The results show that consumers' impression of alliances with Japanese firms have a strong effect on future attitudes toward each partnering brand. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Opportunistic tendencies in IJVS with the Japanese: The effects of culture, shared decision making, and relationship age
Authors: Johnson Jean L. , Cullen John B. , Sakano Tomoaki 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis study investigated how partners' self‐reported opportunism and shared decision making varied by culture in international joint ventures (IJVs) with the Japanese. Data were gathered by a mail survey of senior officials in IJVs located in 11 host countries. Significant differences were found between partners from Western cultures and the Japanese, but not between other Asians and the Japanese. Indirect effects suggest that shared decision making neutralizes cultural tendencies toward opportunism. Results indicated that opportunistic tendencies did not diminish as the IJV relationship aged, and that shared decision making did diminish as the relationship aged.
Linking JIT strategies and control systems: A comparison of the United States and Japan
Authors: Daniel Shirley J. , Reitsperger Wolf D. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractPotential blows to US competitiveness by Japanese manufacturers have been instrumental in stimulating interest in the development of manufacturing strategy theory and its importance at the level of competitive strategy. Unfortunately, little substantial empirical research effort has attempted to measure manufacturing strategy and to explore its potential linkages with management control systems in the United States and Japan. This study expands the empirical data base available on this topic by exploring the adoption of just‐in‐time strategies, and the use of management control systems associated with the implementation of inventory reduction and flexibility initiatives in the United States and Japan.
Has Japan entered a new era of financial constraints?
Authors: Brunner Allan D. , Kamin Steven B. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe collapse of Japanese asset prices in the early 1990s‐which weakened the balance‐sheet positions of banks, firms, and households‐has led some observers to suggest that “balance‐sheet problems” may have contributed to the recent economic downturn and may impede a recovery. In this article, we conclude that balance‐sheet problems did not and will not play a significant role in depressing the Japanese economy. First, while asset prices appear to have some explanatory power in loan demand and supply relationships, we find that asset price shocks in the 1990s had little effect on borrowing and lending, other than through traditional wealth effects on aggregate demand. Second, we find little evidence that bank lending was tighter than usual compared to downturns of the 1990–1993 magnitude. Finally, we find some puzzling evidence that borrowers lowered their appetite for loans, even after accounting for sharp declines in aggregate demand and asset prices.
Global strategy as a factor in Japanese success
Authors: Yip George S. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis article argues that the use of globally integrated strategy provides an additional explanation for Japanese success. Furthermore, this explanation links directly to many of the accepted factors that result in competitive superiority for Japanese companies. The article elaborates on different aspects of global strategy and contrasts typical Japanese and American approaches, and provides some empirical evidence on these differences. Japanese companies' success in post‐bubble reconstruction will require a reemphasis on such strategies.
Global strategies of European firms
Authors: Boettcher Roland , Welge Martin K. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn this research four internationally operating business units of European multinational corporations are studied from a global strategy content perspective. In opposition to large parts of the existing global strategy literature, the observed pattern of strategic behavior exclusively related to neither prevailing generic strategies nor to any of the different content‐oriented approaches to global strategy. Based on the empirical evidence, a taxonomy of four types of global strategies is identified. The taxonomy proposes to distinguish global strategies along two key dimensions: internal source of competitive advantage generation (upstream, downstream) and external focus of competitive advantage exploitation (country centered, country transcending).
The fit between Russian culture and compensation
Authors: Puffer Sheila M. , Shekshnia Stanislav V. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWestern firms that depend on Russian nationals to help operate their businesses in Russia need to find effective ways of designing compensation packages to attract, motivate, and reward these valuable employees. This article proposes that several important aspects of Russian culture should be taken into account. An overview of Russian culture and a discussion of the way it was embedded in compensation systems during the Communist period are presented as background, using Hofstede's five dimensions of culture as a framework. Two surveys of Western firms' compensation policies for Russian nationals are then discussed in light of Russian culture. The article concludes with culturally based guidelines to assist Western firms in developing effective compensation plans for Russian employees.
Intellectual property rights and trade expansion
Authors: Sood James , Miller Ginne Lea 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWith the passing of the North American Free Trade Agreement, it is expected that there will be increasing interest in expanding this association throughout the Western hemisphere. One of the major obstacles to this expansion, however, is the relative lack of protection for patents, copyrights, and trademarks in some of the Caribbean and Latin American countries. By means of a survey of the Executive Directors of the American Chambers of Commerce in these countries, the study attempts to determine whether the countries would be willing to provide reasonable protection for intellectual property rights in return for acceptance into the enlarged free trade area. The response of the Executive Directors indicates that there is a reasonable probability that many of these countries would indeed strengthen their intellectual property protection for this trade opportunity.