bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Software Quality Modeling as a Reliability Tool
Authors: Seliya Naeem , Khoshgoftaar Taghi M. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractSoftware quality and reliability activities are important parts of software project development, and advances in related tools aim to deliver a high‐quality and dependable software product. This article focuses on an effective tool in software quality engineering, namely software quality estimation models. Among existing software quality classification models, tree‐based models are particularly attractive because of their model simplicity and ease in model interpretation. We perform an empirical comparative study of five tree‐based software quality models. Software measurement and defect data of a very large real‐world software system is used in our case study. The tree‐based models are compared for model complexity, model structure, and classification accuracy. In addition, statistical analysis using ANOVA and multiple‐pairwise hypothesis testing is used to evaluate the respective models based on their expected costs of misclassifica‐tion. It is shown that at lower cost ratios theSprint‐Sliqmodel performs the best, whereas at higher cost ratios theCARTmodel performs the best. Considering ease in model interpretation and model complexity,CARTandS‐PLUSare good choices. For a more robust model with good classification accuracy,Sprint‐Sliqis a better tree‐based model.
Software Security
Authors: Dianxiang Xu 
Published: September 2008

AbstractSoftware security is a branch of computer security that addresses enforcement of secure behavior of development and operation of software systems. Computer security consists of four layers: crypto, protocols, systems and languages, and applications. Although the crypto and protocol layers often involve software and operating systems, and because programming language are in essence software, software security is concerned primarily with security issues at the application layer. It is built on the crypto, protocols, and systems and language layers. The goal is to prevent, detect, and recover from software attacks that violate application‐specific security requirements with respect to confidentiality, integrity, and availability (CIA). Confidentiality, integrity, and availability refer to the concealment, trustworthiness, and desired use of information and resources.
Software Engineering for Telecommunications Systems
Authors: Herzberg Dominikus , Reichert Tim 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Although from today's point of view many commonalities seem to exist between the two, the telephone system and the Internet were historically created with different aims and design philosophies in mind and are based on different technologies. The telephone system was designed primarily for voice communication between humans; even data services like transmission of facsimiles (fax) used tone modulation techniques over the voice channel. The telephone system uses circuit and packet switching to establish a dedicated connection with guaranteed quality of service (QoS) for the duration of a call. The Internet, on the other hand, was designed for flexible data exchange between computers with the capability to compensate single points of failure—it was intended as a network for military purposes in the first place. The Internet uses packet switching for efficient communications with best effort QoS.
Reason Maintenance Systems: Tools for Foundations‐Based Belief Revision
Authors: Malheiro Benedita 
Published: September 2008

AbstractDynamic and distributed environments are hard to model since they suffer from unexpected changes, incomplete knowledge, and conflicting perspectives and, thus, call for appropriate knowledge representation and reasoning (KRR) systems. Such KRR systems must handle sets of dynamic beliefs, be sensitive to communicated and perceived changes in the environment and, consequently, may have to drop current beliefs in face of new findings or disregard any new data that conflicts with stronger convictions held by the system. Not only do they need to represent and reason with beliefs, but also they must perform belief revision to maintain the overall consistency of the knowledge base. One way of developing such systems is to use reason maintenance systems (RMS).In this paper we provide an overview of the most representative types of RMS, which are also known as truth maintenance systems (TMS), which are computational instances of the foundations‐based theory of belief revision. An RMS module works together with a problem solver. The latter feeds the RMS with assumptions (core beliefs) and conclusions (derived beliefs), which are accompanied by their respective foundations. The role of the RMS module is to store the beliefs, associate with each belief (core or derived belief) the corresponding set of supporting foundations and maintain the consistency of the overall reasoning by keeping, for each represented belief, the current supporting justifications.Two major approaches are used to reason maintenance: single‐and multiple‐context reasoning systems. Although in the single‐context systems, each belief is associated to the beliefs that directly generated it—the justification‐based TMS (JTMS) or the logic‐based TMS (LTMS), in the multiple context counterparts, each belief is associated with the minimal set of assumptions from which it can be inferred—the assumption‐based TMS (ATMS) or the multiple belief reasoner (MBR).
Real Time Database Systems
Authors: Lindström Jan 
Published: September 2008

AbstractA real‐time database system (RTDBS) is a database system designed to handle workloads whose state is constantly changing. This system differs from traditional databases containing persistent data, mostly unaffected by time. A real‐time database is a database in which transactions have deadlines or timing constraints. Real‐time databases are commonly used in real‐time computing applications that require timely access to data. In this article, we will discuss the most important concepts of real‐time database systems.
Information Algebra
Authors: Kohlas Jürg , Pouly Marc , Schneuwly Cesar 
Published: September 2008

Abstract

Many different problems from computer science can be solved by fast, generic algorithms because they develop from instances of very general abstract structure called
information algebra
. In this article, an overview of algebraic methods is presented, and several examples of these methods are given. In the second section, axiomatics is described. In the third section, semiring valuations are presented. Then, local computation is introduced, and an efficient algorithm in a valuation algebra is described. Last, idempotency law is explained and examples are provided.
Computer‐Supported Asynchronous Learning: The Relevance of Communication and Facilitation
Authors: Kienle Andrea 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis article deals with the support of communication and facilitation during computer‐supported asynchronous learning. It introduces collaborative learning as an actual approach and argues that the support of communication is viewed as a precondition for computer‐supported collaborative learning (CSCL). This prerequisite leads to a high relevance of an appropriate communication support in CSCL systems. Consequently, this article then addresses an underlying approach for the design of communication support in CSCL systems. We present context‐oriented communication theory and describe the typical characteristics of CSCL systems that address the requirements derived from the theory. If the construction of knowledge is a joint process of several students, it is the main role of the teacher to support and facilitate the communication processes for constructing knowledge. Therefore, this article deals with the facilitation of asynchronous discussions during computer‐supported collaborative learning. It presents the main activities of facilitation and describes the functionalities for its computer support. The article ends with design guidelines for communication and facilitation support for asynchronous learning.
The ‘People’s City’
Authors: Jun Wang 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe mid‐20th‐century communist ideal was for cities that were ‘of the people, by the people and for the people’. Wang Jun, an editor at Outlook Weekly magazine and author of a best‐selling book on the planning of Beijing, describes how the ambition to accommodate public life in urban space is a relatively modern phenomenon that goes against the grain of a long tradition of landownership in China. Given this background, can the original notion of the ‘People's City’ ultimately survive the current wave of property privatisation? Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Urban Villages
Authors: Yan Meng 
Published: September 2008

AbstractIs the Village in the City (ViC) potentially an urban scar or a vibrant community? Meng Yan, principal of urban design think tank and architectural firm URBANUS, advocates a design approach to the urban village phenomena that recognises the vitality of the social conditions they provide and how they might, with some intervention from designers, prove a ready‐made solution to China's housing problem. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Emerging Chinese Architectural Practice Under Development: MADA s.p.a.m., URBANUS Architecture & Design, Atelier Zhanglei, standardarchitecture, MAD
Authors: Liauw Laurence 
Published: September 2008

AbstractChina presents unique opportunities to design and build innovative architectural structures. Laurence Liauw showcases five nascent practices, still under development, MADA s.p.a.m., URBANUS, Atelier Zhanglei, standardarchitecture and MAD ‐ who after having gained educations at top institutions in the US and Europe have come home to build cutting‐edge designs that harness new technologies, creative processes and critical thinking. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Architecture in China and the Meaning of Modern
Authors: Denison Edward 
Published: September 2008

AbstractWhat is generally understood by Modern architecture in China is set to be re‐evaluated across the world with a major exhibition this summer at the RIBA in London and a significant new book by Edward Denison and Guang Yu Ren. Here co‐author and co‐curator of Modernism in China, Edward Denison, outlines why we need to look back to China's Modernist roots in the early 20th century if we are to understand the intense modernisation of the present. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ecomasterplanning
Authors: Yeang Ken 
Published: September 2008

AbstractBest known as the pioneer of the green skyscraper, Ken Yeang is now applying his innovative, ecological thinking to the urban masterplan. Here he outlines how the introduction of an ecoinfrastructure can bring multiple benefits to a city, encouraging connectivity between green spaces, providing natural habitats for wildlife and alleviating the impact of climate change by offsetting CO2 emissions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of red blood cell hematology among normal, α‐thalassemia‐1 trait, and hemoglobin Bart's fetuses at mid‐pregnancy
Authors: Srisupundit Kasemsri , Piyamongkol Wirawit , Tongsong Theera 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe objective of this study was to compare red blood cell indices among normal, α‐thalassemia‐1 trait, and hemoglobin (Hb) Bart's fetuses at mid‐pregnancy. A total of 87 pregnancies (88 fetuses) at risk of homozygous α‐thalassemia‐1, who underwent cordocentesis including the measurement of Hb level and red blood cell indices of fetuses at 18–22 weeks of gestation at Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai Hospital, were recruited into this study. The final outcome was based on the fetal DNA analysis using PCR technique for SEA type α‐thalassemia‐1. Fetuses were divided into three groups: normal, α‐thalassemia‐1 trait, and homozygous α‐thalassemia‐1 (Hb Bart's disease). The mean gestational age of the 87 pregnant women recruited into the study was 18.7 ± 0.8 weeks. According to the DNA analysis, the incidence of Hb Bart's disease, α‐thalassemia‐1 trait, and normal fetuses were 29.5%, 45.5%, and 25%, respectively. The mean Hb level, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular Hb, and mean cell Hb concentration were significantly different in all three groups of fetuses. Moreover, these differences were also found among fetuses with the α‐thalassemia‐1 trait and those that were normal. Ninety‐two percent of fetuses with Hb Bart's disease had some degree of anemia at mid‐pregnancy. However, two Hb Bart's fetuses did not have anemia. Furthermore, two fetuses in the α‐thalassemia‐1 trait group were mildly anemic, but most (95%) were not. There is a highly significant difference in red blood cell indices among normal, α‐thalassemia‐1 trait, and Hb Bart's fetuses, and most fetuses with Hb Bart's disease have some degree of anemia from mid‐pregnancy. Am. J. Hematol., 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Kinematics and energetics of nut‐cracking in wild capuchin monkeys (Cebus libidinosus) in Piauí, Brazil
Authors: Liu Q. , Simpson K. , Izar P. , Ottoni E. , Visalberghi E. , Fragaszy D. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractWild bearded capuchins (Cebus libidinosus, quadrupedal, medium‐sized monkeys) crack nuts using large stones. We examined the kinematics and energetics of the nut‐cracking action of two adult males and two adult females. From a bipedal stance, the monkeys raised a heavy hammer stone (1.46 and 1.32 kg, from 33 to 77% of their body weight) to an average height of 0.33 m, 60% of body length. Then, they rapidly lowered the stone by flexing the lower extremities and the trunk until the stone contacted the nut. A hit consisting of an upward phase and a downward phase averaged 0.74 s in duration. The upward phase lasted 69% of hit duration. All subjects added discernable energy to the stone in the downward phase. The monkeys exhibited individualized kinematic strategies, similar to those of human weight lifters. Capuchins illustrate that human‐like bipedal stance and large body size are unnecessary to break tough objects from a bipedal position. The phenomenon of bipedal nut‐cracking by capuchins provides a new comparative reference point for discussions of percussive tool use and bipedality in primates. Am J Phys Anthropol 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dominance rank reversals and rank instability among male Lemur catta: The effects of female behavior and ejaculation
Authors: Parga Joyce A. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractIn this study, dominance rank instability among male Lemur catta during mating was investigated. Also, data on agonism and sexual behavior across five consecutive mating seasons in a population of L. catta on St. Catherines Island, USA, were collected. Instances of male rank instability were categorized into three types. Type 1 consisted of a temporary switch in the dominance ranks of two males, which lasted for a period of minutes or hours. Type 2 dyadic male agonistic interactions showed highly variable outcomes for a period of time during which wins and losses were neither predictable nor consistent. Type 3 interactions consisted of a single agonistic win by a lower‐ranked male over a more dominant male. More Type 2 interactions (indicating greater dominance instability) occurred when males had not spent the previous mating season in the same group, but this trend was not statistically significant. The majority of periods of male rank instability were preceded by female proceptivity or receptivity directed to a lower‐ranked male. As such, exhibition of female mate choice for a lower‐ranking male appeared to incite male–male competition. Following receipt of female proceptivity or receptivity, males who were lower‐ranking took significantly longer to achieve their first agonistic win over a more dominant male than did males who were higher‐ranked. Ejaculation frequently preceded loss of dominance. In conclusion, temporary rank reversals and overall dominance rank instability commonly occur among male L. catta in mating contexts, and these temporary increases in dominance status appear to positively affect male mating success. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Masticatory stress and the mechanics of “wishboning” in colobine jaws
Authors: Daegling David J. , McGraw W. Scott 
Published: September 2008

AbstractCercopithecoid monkeys experience relatively high strains along the lingual aspect of the mandibular symphysis because of lateral transverse bending of the mandibular corpora (“wishboning”) during mastication. Hylander (Am J Phys Anthropol 64 (1984) 1–46; Am Zool 25 (1985) 315–330) demonstrated that the distribution of strains arising from wishboning loads is comprehensible with reference to the mechanics of curved beams. Theory of curved beams suggests that lingual tensile strains are some multiple of labial compressive strains, yet limitations of experimental methods and uncertainty in estimating parameters needed for theoretical calculations have confounded attempts to characterize the magnitude of this disparity of normal strains. We evaluate the theoretical disparity of normal strains in wishboning in comparison to in vitro strains collected under controlled loads for a sample of mandibles representing two colobine species (N = 6). These data suggest that in colobine monkeys, maximum normal lingual strains should be at least twice maximum labial strains. In addition, we reexamine the distribution of symphyseal stress under an assumption of asymmetric bending, a general approach for calculation of stress appropriate for members that lack a plane of symmetry and are bent along an axis that is not coincident with the member's principal axes. Under asymmetric bending in colobine mandibles, the effect of symphyseal inclination on lingual strain is mitigating at the superior transverse torus and exacerbating at the inferior transverse torus. Relative compliance of colobine mandibular bone further supports the hypothesis that the structural and material properties of the colobine mandibular symphysis do not represent a morphological strategy for minimizing masticatory strain. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The first stereospecific arylation of (Z)‐germyl(stannyl)ethenes with an aryl halide or heteroaryl halide under palladium‐catalysis
Authors: Kataishi Takumi , Kato Kotaro , Makihara Yoshiaki , Kitashima Yuichi , Ohara Sigeru , Anzai Fumiaki , Inokuma Seiich , Oku Hiroyuki , Ubukata Masa‐aki , Takahashi Yutaka , Nakano Taichi 
Published: September 2008

AbstractA combination catalyst of Pd(dba)2‐PPh3‐CuI‐LiCl or Pd(dba)2‐P(2‐furyl)3‐CuI‐LiCl effectively catalyzed the cross‐coupling of (Z)‐germyl(stannyl)ethenes with aryl halides, providing novel triethyl(2,2‐diarylethenyl)germanes in good to high yields. The reaction proceeds with retention of configuration. Cross‐coupling results in the formation of phenylene or phenyleneethynylene derivatives with terminal stereochemically defined vinylgermane unit(s). Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The study of free radical polymerization of acrylonitrile by oxidation–reduction system using potassium persulfate–thiourea in aqueous medium
Authors: Nagaraja G. K. , Demappa T. , Mahadevaiah  
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe polymerization kinetics of acrylonitrile (AN) with the potassium persulfate (K2S2O8)/thiourea redox system has been investigated volumetrically in an aqueous medium in the temperature range of 40–80°C. The rate of polymerization (Rp) and rate of K2S2O8 disappearance have been measured. The effects of some water‐miscible organic solvents, cationic, anionic, nonionic surfactants, and complexing agents on the Rp were investigated. The temperature dependence of the rate was studied, and the activation parameters were computed using the Arrhenius and Eyring plots. The effects of organic solvents on polymerization were also investigated. All of them depressed both the initial rate and limiting conversion. A mechanism consistent with the experimental data involving K2S2O8–thiourea complex formation, which generates free radicals, is suggested. Molecular weight of the polymer was determined by viscometry. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Synthesis and photopolymerization of 4‐(1‐propenyl)oxybutyl acrylate
Authors: Li S. J. , He Y. , Nie J. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractHybrid monomer, 4‐(1‐propenyl)oxybutyl acrylate, with cationic and free radical polymerizable group was synthesized. Real‐time Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to monitor the photopolymerization kinetics of the monomer. Photopolymerization processing conditions, such as light intensity, photoinitiator concentrations have been evaluated. It was found that hybrid monomer showed higher efficiency of photopolymerization in comparison with the blend system. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Mapping serpulid worm reefs (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) for conservation management
Authors: Moore Colin G. , Richard Bates C. , Mair James M. , Saunders Graham R. , Harries Dan B. , Lyndon Alastair R. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This study describes investigations into mapping of the biogenic reefs produced by the polychaete worm, Serpula vermicularis, for the purposes of conservation management.
Reef distribution throughout Loch Creran, Scotland, was mapped using a diver transect technique and was found to be restricted to a peripheral band, with a mean upper limit of distribution of 2.7 m. The mean lower limit was found to decrease with distance from the mouth of the loch, with a lower limit of 9.3 m in the lower basin rising to 6.6 m in the upper basin; the likely influence of a corresponding decrease in the upper depth distribution of muds is discussed.
Through determination of the mean width of the reef band and coastline length, the areal extent of the reef band was estimated as 108 ha, revealing Loch Creran to harbour the most extensive known development of S. vermicularis reef habitat in the world.
The utility of sidescan sonar in mapping serpulid reefs was examined in four of the major embayments. Reef material appeared as characteristic patterning on the sonargrams, with the morphology of individual larger reefs being discernible.
Sidescan sonar was found to be particularly valuable for the identification and monitoring of threats to the conservation of serpulid reefs. Sidescan sonar surveying was found to facilitate identification of loss of habitat extent resulting from anthropogenic activities such as moorings, aquaculture installations and dredging and can also be used to monitor the potentially damaging activity of otter trawling. Further improvements in the mode of deployment of sidescan sonar are discussed.
Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study on the interaction between palladium(II)–lincomycin chelate and erythosine by absorption, fluorescence and resonance Rayleigh scattering spectra and its analytical applications
Authors: Yi Aoer , Liu Zhongfang , Liu Shaopu , Hu Xiaoli 
Published: September 2008

AbstractIn pH 5.0–5.4 HAc–NaAc buffer solution, lincomycin (Linco) reacted with Pd(II) to form 1:1 cationic chelate, which could further react with erythrosine (Ery) to form 1:1 ion‐association complexes (Pd–Linco)Ery. As a result, not only were the absorption and fluorescence spectra changed, but also the resonance Rayleigh scattering (RRS) intensity was greatly enhanced. These phenomena offered useful means for the determination of Linco by spectrophotometry, fluorescence and RRS methods. The linear range and detection limit of Linco were 0.20–3.00 µg/mL and 0.057 µg/mL, 0.20–4.80 µg/mL and 0.061 µg/mL, 0.05–2.70 µg/mL and 0.015 µg/mL for the spectrophotometric, fluorescence quenching and RRS methods, respectively. Among these, the RRS method obtained the highest sensitivity. Therefore, the optimum reaction conditions and the influences of coexisting substances were investigated using the RRS method. A simple, sensitive and rapid method has been developed for the determination of Linco in either the pharmaceutical form or human body fluids, and the reasons for RRS enhancement are discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.