bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Female soccer referees selected for the FIFA Women’s World Cup 2007: survey of injuries and musculoskeletal problems
Authors: Bizzini M , Junge A , Bahr R , Dvorak J 
Published: October 2008

Background:Few studies have examined the physiology, training and more recently injury profile of the soccer referee, and these have involved almost exclusively male referees.Purpose:To analyse the frequency and characteristics of injuries and musculoskeletal problems in female referees selected for the FIFA Women’s World Cup 2007.Study design:Retrospective and prospective descriptive epidemiological study.Methods:During the preparation camps a few months before the FIFA Women’s World Cup 2007, all 81 preselected female referees completed a questionnaire on injuries and musculoskeletal problems. During the final 32 matches of the tournament in China, all injuries, musculoskeletal problems and related treatment of the 36 officiating referees were documented.Results:Almost 50% of the referees reported having incurred at least one injury during their career that had led to time loss from the game. In the previous 12 months, 13 (16%) referees reported having sustained an injury and 64 (79%) reported musculoskeletal problems related to refereeing. During the World Cup and 14 (39%) referees incurred an injury and 17 (33%) were treated for musculoskeletal problems. The commonest location of injuries and problems were hamstrings, quadriceps, calf and ankle. The prospectively collected data found an incidence of 34.7 match injuries per 1000 match hours (95% CI 4.2 to 65.1).Conclusion:Top-level female referees are exposed to an even greater risk of injury and/or musculoskeletal problems related to officiating than are male referees. Considering the growth of women’s soccer, injury prevention programmes should be specifically developed for female referees.
Mid-crustal partitioning and attachment during oblique convergence in an arc system, Palaeoproterozoic Ketilidian orogen, southern Greenland
Authors: GARDE ADAM A. , CHADWICK BRIAN , GROCOTT JOHN , HAMILTON MICHAEL A. , McCAFFREY KENNETH J. W. , SWAGER CEES P. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract:
The Ketilidian orogen in SE Greenland contains a continental magmatic arc (Julianehåb batholith) and forearc which formed in the overriding plate of a Palaeoproterozoic oblique subduction boundary between
c.
1854 and 1795 Ma. During uplift and deformation of the forearc between
c.
1795 and 1780 Ma, its sedimentary sequences were invaded by arc-type magmas and metamorphosed at HT–LP upper amphibolite facies conditions which led to widespread anatexis and generation of abundant S-type granites. Transpression during early deformation (D
1
) was partitioned into arc-parallel, sinistral strike-slip in the magmatic arc rocks of the batholith and arc-normal contraction in the sedimentary and volcaniclastic sequences of the proximal forearc (Psammite Zone). Subsequently, D
1
fabrics in the Psammite Zone were overprinted and transposed in an intense, flat-lying, D
2
ductile shear zone with arc-parallel stretching lineations and top-NE kinematic indicators. The kinematic significance of the D
2
shear zone is that it accommodated vertical differences in strain and displacement and permitted deformation to be partitioned differently at different levels in the crust. As such, it is an attachment or coupling zone that provided kinematic linkage between deformation at different crustal levels during NE transport of a forearc sliver. Overprinting of the upper crustal domain of D
1
strike-slip partitioned transpression in the forearc during D
2
is attributed to migration of the attachment zone to a higher crustal level. This migration was a consequence of an enhanced geothermal gradient in the proximal part of the forearc due to the emplacement of batholith-related plutonic suites during D
2
.
Geochronology of clasts in allochthonous Miocene sedimentary sequences on Mykonos and Paros Islands: implications for back-arc extension in the Aegean Sea
Authors: SÁNCHEZ-GÓMEZ MARIO , AVIGAD DOV , HEIMANN ARIEL 
Published: October 2008

In the Cyclades, low-angle normal faults juxtaposed Miocene sedimentary rock units lying over Alpine blueschist- and greenschist-facies metamorphic rocks and Miocene granites. The sedimentary units in the hanging wall were deposited in fault-bounded basins while their footwalls progressively emerged through the ductile and brittle crust.
The sedimentation in the basins evolved from marine turbidites in the Early Miocene to shallow/continental conglomerates during the Late Miocene. The transition from marine to fan delta sedimentation was coeval with widespread magmatism and possibly reflects true crustal uplift. It is inferred that the sequence is no younger than 8 Ma.

K–Ar and
40
Ar/
39
Ar geochronology, petrology and petrography of the clasts deposited on the hanging wall provide proof of progressive exhumation of the footwall and reveal the nature of the overburden that covered the Cycladic blueschist belt during Alpine orogeny in the Tertiary. Abundant metamorphic clasts yielding mica cooling ages between 80 and 100 Ma occur throughout the sedimentary section and probably pertain to a vast Pelagonian-type rock mass that covered the internal Hellenides from the Olympos to the central Cyclades. In addition, volcanic clasts dated at 10 Ma reveal the existence of a hitherto unknown volcanic province of that age in the central Aegean. Miocene crustal extension and exhumation of granitic plutons is recorded in the detrital sequence in a concentration of 10 Ma granitic clasts restricted to the top of the conglomerate sequence. A group of metamorphic clasts that yielded ages of 13–16 Ma possibly represents exhumation of mid crustal levels. Clasts similar to the currently-exposed Cycladic Blueschist Unit, such as 40 Ma old blueschists, eclogites and marble, were not found, thus indicating the very late exposure of these footwall rocks.
Emeishan Basalts (SW China) and the ‘end-Guadalupian’ crisis: magnetobiostratigraphic constraints
Authors: ALI JASON R. , THOMPSON GARY M. , SONG XIEYAN , WANG YUNLIANG 
Published: October 2008

A magnetostratigraphic investigation of the Permian Emeishan LIP (large igneous province) was carried out on a composite section in Ebian County, close to the type area in Sichuan, SW China. The main succession of twelve flows (175 m thick) carries a normal polarity whilst the one reliable site from the overlying 30 m thick volcanic waning sequence is marked by a reverse polarity. The data enable a correlation to be proposed with an Emeishan Basalt sequence in western Guizhou,
c.
400 km to the SE. From our knowledge of the geomagnetic field's reversal behaviour during the Permian, it suggests that the main lava pile along the eastern half of the Emeishan Basalt outcrop belt was erupted within a half to one million years. Using magnetobiostratigraphic data from the adjacent South China platform, the normal polarity magnetozone is correlated with the normal polarity chron associated with the upper part of the Maokou Limestones. Constrained by conodont data, the main Emei Basalts appear to be at least two biozones older (1–1.5 Ma) than the Mid–Late Permian boundary. It is possible, however, that the Emei Basalt waning zone sequence, which represents an explosive volcanic phase, might be coeval with the ‘end-Guadalupian’ biotic crisis. Thus arguments implicating Emei Basalt volcanism as the causal mechanism behind this major global event have to accommodate the new relative-age constraints.
Bone Biopsy of the Parasymphyseal Pubic Bone Region in Athletes with Chronic Groin Injury Demonstrates New Woven Bone Formation Consistent with a Diagnosis of Pubic Bone Stress Injury
Authors: Verrall Geoffrey M. , Henry Lachlan , Fazzalari Nicola L. , Slavotinek John P. , Oakeshott Roger D. 
Published: October 2008

Background There is little scientific evidence available regarding the pathologic basis for chronic groin injury in athletes, a known difficult clinical problem. Hypothesis Histological analysis of the superior pubic ramus in athletes with diagnosed chronic groin injury may reveal the nature of the pathologic process. Study Design Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods Ten athletes with a diagnosis of chronic groin injury by clinical criteria (at least 6 weeks of pain) and magnetic resonance imaging criteria (unequivocal increase in T2 signal intensity) underwent bone biopsy of the superior pubic ramus. The biopsy site was located in the parasymphyseal region in the area of increased magnetic resonance image signal intensity. Histologic analysis of the specimens was then undertaken. Results Evidence of new woven bone was seen in all biopsy specimens. Signs of old bony injury were seen in 8 of the 10 specimens. There was no evidence of inflammation or osteonecrosis. Conclusion Histologic analysis of bone biopsy specimens taken from the parasymphyseal pubic bone region with magnetic resonance imaging T2-weighted increased signal intensity of athletes diagnosed by clinical and magnetic resonance imaging criteria as having chronic groin injury demonstrates new woven bone formation. This is consistent with the athlete having a bone stress injury that may contribute significantly to athletic groin pain.
Maintenance of the BMP4-dependent stress erythropoiesis pathway in the murine spleen requires hedgehog signaling
Authors: Perry John M. , Harandi Omid F. , Porayette Prashanth , Hegde Shailaja , Kannan Arun K. , Paulson Robert F. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe production of mature cells necessitates that lineage-committed progenitor cells be constantly generated from multipotential progenitors. In addition, the ability to respond rapidly to physiologic stresses requires that the signals that regulate the maintenance of progenitor populations be coordinated with the signals that promote differentiation of progenitors. Here we examine the signals that are necessary for the maintenance of the BMP4-dependent stress erythropoiesis pathway. Our previous work demonstrated that BMP4, stem cell factor, and hypoxia act in concert to promote the expansion of a specialized population of stress erythroid progenitors in the spleen during the recovery from acute anemia. Our analysis shows that acute anemia leads to an almost complete mobilization of BMP4-responsive stress erythroid burst-forming units; therefore, new stress progenitors must be recruited to the spleen to replenish this system. We show that bone marrow cells can home to the spleen and, in response to a signal in the spleen microenvironment, Hedgehog, they develop into BMP4-responsive stress progenitors. Hedgehog induces the expression of BMP4, and together these 2 signals are required for the development of BMP4-responsive stress progenitors. These data demonstrate that the interplay between these 2 signals is crucial for maintenance of this stress response pathway.
Balance between Id and E proteins regulates myeloid-versus-lymphoid lineage decisions
Authors: Cochrane Shawn W. , Zhao Ying , Welner Robert S. , Sun Xiao-Hong 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Hematopoiesis consists of a series of lineage decisions controlled by specific gene expression that is regulated by transcription factors and intracellular signaling events in response to environmental cues. Here, we demonstrate that the balance between E-protein transcription factors and their inhibitors, Id proteins, is important for the myeloid-versus-lymphoid fate choice. Using Id1-GFP knockin mice, we show that transcription of the Id1 gene begins to be up-regulated at the granulocyte-macrophage progenitor stage and continues throughout myelopoiesis. Id1 expression is also stimulated by cytokines favoring myeloid differentiation. Forced expression of Id1 in multipotent progenitors promotes myeloid development and suppresses B-cell formation. Conversely, enhancing E-protein activity by expressing a variant of E47 resistant to Id-mediated inhibition prevents the myeloid cell fate while driving B-cell differentiation from lymphoid-primed multipotent progenitors. Together, these results suggest a crucial function for E proteins in the myeloid-versus-lymphoid lineage decision.
Genetic elimination of prothrombin in adult mice is not compatible with survival and results in spontaneous hemorrhagic events in both heart and brain
Authors: Mullins Eric S. , Kombrinck Keith W. , Talmage Kathryn E. , Shaw Maureen A. , Witte David P. , Ullman Joni M. , Degen Sandra J. , Sun William , Flick Matthew J. , Degen Jay L. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractMice carrying a conditional prothrombin knockout allele (fIIlox) were established to develop an experimental setting for exploring the importance of thrombin in the maintenance of vascular integrity, the inflammatory response, and disease processes in adult animals. In the absence of Cre-mediated recombination, homozygous fIIlox/lox mice or compound heterozygous mice carrying one fIIlox allele and one constitutive-null allele were viable. Young adults exhibited neither spontaneous bleeding events nor diminished reproductive success. However, the induction of Cre recombinase in fIIlox mice using the poly I:C-inducible Mx1-Cre system resulted in the rapid and near-complete recombination of the fIIlox allele within the liver, the loss of circulating prothrombin, and profound derangements in coagulation function. Consistent with the notion that thrombin regulates coagulation and inflammatory pathways, an additional early consequence of reducing prothrombin was impaired antimicrobial function in mice challenged with Staphylococcus aureus peritonitis. However, life expectancy in unchallenged adults genetically depleted of prothrombin was very short (∼5-7 days). The loss of viability was associated with the development of severe hemorrhagic events within multiple tissues, particularly in the heart and brain. Unlike the constitutive loss of either clotting or platelet function alone, the conditional loss of prothrombin is uniformly not compatible with maintenance of hemostasis or long-term survival.
Functional assessment of perforin C2 domain mutations illustrates the critical role for calcium-dependent lipid binding in perforin cytotoxic function
Authors: Urrea Moreno Ramon , Gil Juana , Rodriguez-Sainz Carmen , Cela Elena , LaFay Victor , Oloizia Brian , Herr Andrew B. , Sumegi Janos , Jordan Michael B. , Risma Kimberly A. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Perforin-mediated lymphocyte cytotoxicity is critical for pathogen elimination and immune homeostasis. Perforin disruption of target cell membranes is hypothesized to require binding of a calcium-dependent, lipid-inserting, C2 domain. In a family affected by hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, a severe inflammatory disorder caused by perforin deficiency, we identified 2 amino acid substitutions in the perforin C2 domain: T435M, a previously identified mutant with disputed pathogenicity, and Y438C, a novel substitution. Using biophysical modeling, we predicted that the T435M substitution, but not Y438C, would interfere with calcium binding and thus cytotoxic function. The capacity for cytotoxic function was tested after expression of the variant perforins in rat basophilic leukemia cells and murine cytotoxic T lymphocytes. As predicted, cells transduced with perforin-T435M lacked cytotoxicity, but those expressing perforin-Y438C displayed intact cytotoxic function. Using novel antibody-capture and liposome-binding assays, we found that both mutant perforins were secreted; however, only nonmutated and Y438C-substituted perforins were capable of calcium-dependent lipid binding. In addition, we found that perforin-Y438C was capable of mediating cytotoxicity without apparent proteolytic maturation. This study clearly demonstrates the pathogenicity of the T435M mutation and illustrates, for the first time, the critical role of the human perforin C2 domain for calcium-dependent, cytotoxic function.
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) radiotracers in oncology – utility of 18F-Fluoro-deoxy-glucose (FDG)-PET in the management of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC)
Authors: Miele Evelina , Spinelli Gian Paolo , Tomao Federica , Zullo Angelo , De Marinis Filippo , Pasciuti Giulia , Rossi Luigi , Zoratto Federica , Tomao Silverio 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
PET (Positron Emission Tomography) is a nuclear medicine imaging method, frequently used in oncology during the last years. It is a non-invasive technique that provides quantitative in vivo assessment of physiological and biological phenomena. PET has found its application in common practice for the management of various cancers.
Lung cancer is the most common cause of death for cancer in western countries.
This review focuses on radiotracers used for PET scan with particular attention to Non Small Cell Lung Cancer diagnosis, staging, response to treatment and follow-up
Simultaneous color contrast in the foraging swallowtail butterfly, Papilio xuthus
Authors: Kinoshita Michiyo , Takahashi Yuki , Arikawa Kentaro 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARY
This study demonstrates that the color vision of foraging Japanese yellow swallowtail butterflies, Papilio xuthus, involves simultaneous color contrast. We trained newly emerged Papilio to select a disk of pale green among a set of differently colored disks presented on a black background. When the same set of disks was presented on blue background, the pale green-trained butterflies selected blue-green. The difference in spectra between pale green and blue green was similar to the spectrum of yellow for human vision, suggesting that blue induces yellow. Similarly, the pale green-trained Papilio selected a more bluish spring green on yellow background. We also trained Papilio with orange disks and tested on a green and violet background. The results showed that green induced violet and vice versa. Taken together, we concluded that simultaneous color contrast of Papilio is similar to the effect of complementary colors in human color vision.
Control of swimming in the hydrozoan jellyfishAequorea victoria: subumbrellar organization and local inhibition
Authors: Satterlie Richard A. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYThe subumbrella of the hydrozoan jellyfish Aequorea victoria(previously classified as Aequorea aequorea) is divided by numerous radial canals and attached gonads, so the subumbrellar musculature is partitioned into subumbrellar segments. The ectoderm of each segment includes two types of muscle: smooth muscle with a radial orientation, used for local(feeding and righting) and widespread (protective) radial responses, and striated muscle with a circular orientation which produces swim contractions. Two subumbrellar nerve nets were found, one of which stained with a commercial antibody produced against the bioactive peptide FMRFamide. Circular muscle cells produce a single, long-duration action potential with each swim,triggered by a single junctional potential. In addition, the circular cells are electrically coupled so full contractions require both electrotonic depolarization from adjacent cells and synaptic input from a subumbrellar nerve net. The radial cells, which form a layer superficial to the circular cells, are also activated by a subumbrellar nerve net, and produce short-duration action potentials. The radial muscle cells are electrically coupled to one another. No coupling exists between the two muscle layers. Spread of excitation between adjacent segments is decremental, and nerve net-activated junctional potentials disappear during local inhibition of swimming (such as with a radial response). Variable swim contractions are controlled by a combination of synaptic input from the motor network of the inner nerve ring, synaptic input from a subumbrellar nerve net, and electrotonic depolarization from adjacent, active muscle cells.
Molecular and biological characterization of the Amblyomma americanum organic anion transporter polypeptide
Authors: Mulenga Albert , Khumthong Rabuesak , Chalaire K. C. , Strey Otto , Teel Pete 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARY
The organic anion transporting polypeptides (Oatps in rodents and other organism; OATPs in human) are Na+-independent transporters that shuttle a wide range of endogenous and xenobotic amphipathic compounds across plasma membranes. We previously discovered an Amblyomma americanumtick (Aam) Oatp cDNA among genes that were upregulated or induced in ticks that were stimulated to start feeding. In this study, we have characterized a 2860 bp full-length cDNA that encode a 724 amino acid putative protein. Bioinformatics and hydropathy analyses revealed that, in addition to the kazal-type serine proteinase inhibitor motif, AamOatp possess typical features that characterize the Oatp/OATP protein family, including 12 transmembrane (TM) domains, the consensus amino acid motif D-X-RW-(I,V)-GAWW-X-G-(F,L)-L and 11 consensus cysteine residues in the large extracellular domain between TM9 and TM10. AamOatp is constitutively and ubiquitously expressed, as determined by RT-PCR amplification of the transcript, in all organs of ticks that fed for 1–7 days. Analysis of the normalized transcript abundance revealed that from days 1 to 5 of feeding, AamOatp mRNA expression in the midgut (MG) was 60–80-fold higher than levels found in the salivary gland (SG), ovary (OV) and carcass(CA). By contrast, by day 7 of feeding, the AamOatp mRNA was 60–80-fold more strongly expressed in the OV than in the SG, MG and CA. These data strongly indicate that changing physiological needs during the tick feeding process influences transcriptional regulation of AamOatp. Our data also show that RNAi-mediated suppression of the AamOatp caused ticks to obtain smaller blood meals, which consequently resulted in ticks laying fewer eggs. The results are discussed in the context of AamOatp as a potential pharmacological or anti-tick vaccine target.
Direct and Simple Shear Testing of Two Canadian Sensitive Clays
Authors: Silvestri V , Karam G , Tonthat A , St-Amour Y 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Several series of consolidated undrained direct translatory shear (DTS) and direct simple shear (DSS) tests have been performed on two sensitive clays of eastern Canada. Before shearing, the specimens were consolidated to pressures varying between 20 and 350 kPa. The investigation was performed with the aim of determining both the anisotropic nature and the effect of the consolidation pressure level on the response of the tested clays. To study the anisotropic nature of the sensitive clays, the specimens were cut at various inclination angles with respect to the in-situ horizontal plane, consolidated to predetermined normal stress levels, thus altering the fabric, and then sheared under undrained conditions. The range of the normal stress levels used was such as to be able to investigate the response of the soil from very high overconsolidation ratios to normally consolidated or destructured states. The results show that for consolidation pressures less than the preconsolidation pressures of the inclined specimens, the undrained shear strengths are anisotropic. In this case, the specimens that are sheared along the horizontal in-situ direction show the lowest strength, while those that are sheared along the vertical in-situ direction have the highest strength. However, for the specimens that are consolidated under pressures in excess of the preconsolidation pressures, the undrained shear strengths are found to be independent of shearing direction.