bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Statistics of Heavy Rainfall Occurrences in Taiwan
Authors: Chen Ching-Sen , Chen Yi-Leng , Liu Che-Ling , Lin Pay-Liam , Chen Wan-Chin 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The seasonal variations of heavy rainfall days over Taiwan are analyzed using 6-yr (1997–2002) hourly rainfall data from about 360 rainfall stations, including high-spatial-resolution Automatic Rainfall and Meteorological Telemetry System stations and 25 conventional stations. The seasonal variations and spatial variations of nontyphoon and typhoon heavy rainfall occurrences (i.e., the number of rainfall stations with rainfall rate &gt;15 mm h−1 and daily accumulation &gt;50 mm) are also analyzed. From mid-May to early October, with abundant moisture, potential instability, and the presence of mountainous terrain, nontyphoon heavy rainfall days are frequent (&gt;60%), but only a few stations recorded extremely heavy rainfall (&gt;130 mm day−1) during the passage of synoptic disturbances or the drifting of mesoscale convective systems inland. During the mei-yu season, especially in early June, these events are more widespread than in other seasons. The orographic effects are important in determining the spatial distribution of heavy rainfall occurrences with a pronounced afternoon maximum, especially during the summer months under the southwesterly monsoon flow. After the summer–autumn transition, heavy rainfall days are most frequent over northeastern Taiwan under the northeasterly monsoon flow. Extremely heavy rainfall events (&gt;130 mm day−1) are infrequent during the winter months because of stable atmospheric stratification with a low moisture content. Typhoon heavy rainfall events start in early May and become more frequent in late summer and early autumn. During the analysis period, heavy rainfall occurrences are widespread and dominated by extremely heavy rainfall events (&gt;130 mm day−1) on the windward slopes of the storm circulations. The spatial distribution of typhoon heavy rainfall occurrences depends on the typhoon track with very little diurnal variation.
Airborne Volcanic Ash Forecast Area Reliability
Authors: Stunder Barbara J. B. , Heffter Jerome L. , Draxler Roland R. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
In support of aircraft flight safety operations, daily comparisons between modeled, hypothetical, volcanic ash plumes calculated with meteorological forecasts and analyses were made over a 1.5-yr period. The Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model simulated the ash transport and dispersion. Ash forecasts and analyses from seven volcanoes were studied. The volcanoes were chosen because of recent eruptions or because their airborne ash could impinge on well-traveled commercial aircraft flight paths. For each forecast–analysis pair, a statistic representing the degree of overlap, the threat score (TS), was calculated. A forecast was classified as acceptable if the TS was greater than 0.25. Each forecast was also categorized by two parameters: the forecast area quadrant with respect to the volcano and a factor related to the complexity of the meteorology. The forecast complexity factor was based on the degree of spread using NCEP ensemble output or using a HYSPLIT offset configuration. In general, the larger the spread of the ensemble or offset forecasts, the greater the complexity. The forecasts were sorted by complexity factor, and then classified by the quartile of the complexity. The volcanic ash forecast area reliability (VAFAR) was calculated for each forecast area quadrant and for each quartile of the complexity factor. VAFAR is the ratio of the number of acceptable forecasts to the total number of forecasts. Most VAFAR values were above 70%. VAFAR values for two of the seven volcanoes (Popocatepetl in Mexico and Tungurahua in Ecuador) tended to be lower than the others. In general, VAFAR decreased with increasing complexity of the meteorology. It should be noted that the VAFAR values reflect the reliability of the meteorological forecasts when compared to the same calculation using analysis data; the dispersion model itself was not evaluated.
Revised Prediction of Seasonal Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity from 1 August
Authors: Klotzbach Philip J. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Predictions of the remainder of the season’s Atlantic basin tropical cyclone activity from 1 August have been issued by Gray and his colleagues at the Tropical Meteorology Project at Colorado State University since 1984. The original 1 August prediction scheme utilized several predictors, including measures of the stratospheric quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO), West African rainfall, El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and the sea level pressure anomaly and upper-tropospheric zonal wind anomalies in the Caribbean basin. The recent failure of the West African rainfall and QBO relationships with Atlantic hurricanes has led to a general degradation of the original 1 August forecast scheme in recent years. It was decided to revise the scheme using only surface data. The development of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis has provided a vast wealth of globally gridded meteorological and oceanic data from 1948 to the present. In addition, other datasets have been extended back even further (to 1900), which allows for a large independent dataset. These longer-period datasets allow for an extended period of testing of the new statistical forecast scheme. A new prediction scheme has been developed on data from 1949 to 1989 and then tested on two independent datasets. One of these datasets is the 16-yr period from 1990 to 2005, and the other dataset is from 1900 to 1948. This allows for an investigation of the statistical significance over various time periods. The statistical scheme shows remarkable stability over an entire century. The combination of these four predictors explains between 45% and 60% of the variance in net tropical cyclone activity over the following separate time periods: 1900–48, 1949–89, 1949–2005, and 1900–2005. The forecast scheme also shows considerable skill as a potential predictor for giving the probabilities of United States landfall. Large differences in U.S. major hurricane landfall are also observed between forecasts that call for active seasons compared with those that call for inactive seasons.
The Compressometer
Authors: Schiefer H.F. 
Published: October 2007

The instrument described in this paper provides a convenient means for measuring the thickness and the change in thickness of a textile or similar material when it is subjected to increasing or decreasing pressures. The foot of the instrument can be lowered or raised by means of a rack and pinion acting through a helical spring. The pressure applied to the specimen by the foot is indicated on a dial micrometer and the corresponding thickness of the specimen on a second dial micrometer. Readings are taken under increasing pressures and then under decreasing pressures. Curves for the compression and recovery of several materials are shown. Definitions are proposed for the terms thickness, compressibility and compressional resilience as applied to textiles. The results of tests on rug underlays, blankets, felts, on knit, woven, and pile fabrics and on sheet rubber and paper are given.
Ethnic Business and Economic Change:An Overview
Authors: Ward Robin 
Published: October 2007

Peter Wilson is a partner in New Enterprise Development, a small business training and research organisation based in London. Professor John Stanworth is head of the Small Business Unit at the Polytechnic of Central London and Director-General of the Small Business Research Trust. Against a background of growing concern for the welfare of ethnic minority communities in Britain, attention is now firmly focused on the opportunities for business development among black groups. Racially motivated recruitment and promotion practices in large organisations restrict employment opportunities for black minorities, increasing the need to seek economic self-reliance through business ownership. This has been a traditional route for disadvantaged minorities. But contemporary economic and social conditions require new solutions to the crisis in which recent immigrant groups find themselves. It is the purpose of this paper to examine recent evidence of change in business ownership in the Asian and Afro-Caribbean communities in London, to compare and contrast their business performance and to identify the determinants of any revealed differentials. The paper concludes with some implications for policy formulation and for business development initiatives.
The Identification and Possible Environmental Impact of Trace Gases and Vapours in Landfill Gas
Authors: Young P.J. , Parker A. 
Published: October 2007

Trace compounds present in gas from six landfill sites have been identified and their concentrations measured. At least 100 components are present including hydrocarbons, esters, terpenes and organic sulphur compounds. In domestic waste sites these varied with the age of the refuse. Industrial waste sites evolved gas much richer in hydrocarbons and solvents including halocarbons. Vinyl chloride and benzene were also present in significant concentrations. A 100-fold dilution would be advisable to eliminate any long-term health hazard. Domestic waste sites do not pose a health hazard due to minor components although a 1,000,000-fold dilution is required to bring some of them below the odour threshold. At most sites, hydrogen sulphide was not a significant contributor to smell.
Untersuchungen Über Den Einfluß Der Belüftung Sowie Der Struktur Des Rottegutes Auf Den Rotteverlauf Bei Der Kompostierung Von Abwasserschlamm Examinations On the Effect of the Oxygen Supply and the Structure of the Bulking Agents On the Composting Process of Sewage Sludge
Authors: Bickel F. 
Published: October 2007

Experiments with the composting of municipal sewage sludge were made to examine the effect of different bulking agents and of the oxygen supply on the process. The bulking agents have been chopped straw, milled bark and sawdust as organic materials and Styropor—foamed polystyrene as a synthetic material. The bulking agents have been dried at 105°C and then mixed with the same quantity of digested municipal sewage sludge. Because of the different water capacity of each material different structures were reached. i.e. the free air space in the mixture differed, because each material extracted a different quantity of water out of the sludge. This effect can be seen in Table 1, while a scheme of the experiment is given in Figures 1 and 2. In a second run the oxygen content was changed from 21 Vol-% to 50 Vol-% in dry air at the same rate of 17 1/h for 3 min in each hour. In both runs the composting process was followed by measuring the temperatures and the CO2-rate in the exit air. For comparison two parameters have been calculated, the energy production and the carbon loss which are shown in Table 2. These results show that bark was the best bulking agent (2608 kJ and 45.4 g carbon loss), while the synthetic material produced almost no activity (326 kJ and 4.2 g carbon loss). The effect of the higher oxygen content can be seen by comparing the curves of the temperatures in Figs 3 and 4 showing the characteristic form. After reaching the maximum, the temperatures stayed for a longer time on a higher level during the second run, marking a higher activity of the process. The curves of the CO2-rate given in the Figs 5 and 6 show the same effect. Overall it is evident, that the structure of the mixture, i.e. the bulking agent has a greater effect on the composting process than the increased oxygen content.
Reclamation of Deep Mine Refuse Banks With Municipal Sewage Sludge
Authors: Seaker Eileen M. , Sopper W.E. 
Published: October 2007

Municipal sludge was applied on a deep mine anthracite refuse bank at rates of 80 and 108 dry Mg/ha to facilitate vegetation establishment. A monitoring system was installed to determine the effects of the sludge applications on the quality and growth of the vegetative cover, chemical properties of the soil, and chemical and bacteriological quality of the groundwater. Data collected over a 5-year period indicate that the addition of sludge improved the physical and chemical condition of the black, highly acidic refuse material and promoted establishment and continued growth of a complete vegetative cover. Sludge applications resulted in slight increases in some trace metal concentrations in the surface soil and in the vegetation. However, soil concentrations were within the normal range found in U.S. soils. Vegetation foliar trace metal concentrations were well below plant tolerance levels and no phytotoxicity symptoms were ever observed. In general, the sludge applications had no significant adverse effect on the chemical or bacteriological quality of groundwater. The results indicate that single applications of stabilized municipal sludge, applied at rates up to 108 dry Mg/ha with lime, can be used in an environmentally safe manner to revegetate coal refuse banks in the Appalachian mining region, with a cover that is self-maintaining for the 5-year period mandated under the federal Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977.
Hazardous and Solid Waste Issues in Europe and Related Who Activities
Authors: Suess M.J. 
Published: October 2007

The overall goal of WHO is to co-operate with its Member States, and provide them with assistance on demand or as needed. Towards this end, the WHO Regional Office for Europe has implemented, over many years, programme activities related to the management of municipal and industrial solid waste, sewage sludge, hazardous waste, waste from hospitals and other health care facilities, and radioactive waste. The published results of the various activities include conclusions and recommendations addressed to national public and environmental health authorities and to the scientific and professional community, as a whole. In more specific terms, work has been completed in recent years on the impact on health from microbes and chemicals in sewage sludge applied to land, and from emissions of dioxin, furan, PAH and heavy metal compounds from municipal waste incinerators. Policy guidelines and a code of practice for the management of hazardous waste, prepared together with the United Nations Environment Programme UNEP, were published in six languages, including Chinese. At present, the emphasis is shifting to hazardous waste, and a study is under way on the health impact of hazardous waste containing certain identified "priority chemicals". A code of practice is currently being used in work for the site selection for hazardous waste facilities, including landfills. There is also a plan for the training of national trainees in the sound management of hazardous waste. WHO/HQ, together with UNEP and the World Bank, are completing a text on the management of hazardous waste in developing countries. The first two volumes are expected to be published in 1988. A third volume with a number of national case studies is also being prepared. To assist WHO in its tasks, increase the effectiveness of results, and avoid duplication of activities, co-operation is being maintained with various individual experts, national institutes and authorities, and other international governmental and non-governmental organizations. Co-ordination of work and exchange of information is a matter of routine by means of periodic interagency consultations, participation in meetings of other organizations and country visits.
Treatment of Organic-Contaminated Industrial Wastes Using Cement-Based Stabilization/Solidification— I. Microstructural Analysis of Cement-Organic Interactions
Authors: Montgomery D.M. , Sollars C.J. , Perry R. , Tarling S.E. , Barnes P. , Henderson E. 
Published: October 2007

The major deficiencies in cement-based stabilization/solidification (S/S) processes are their inability to treat inorganic wastes contaminated with organic material or organic wastes. In general, organic compounds are poorly retained in a cement matrix and frequently have a detrimental, poorly understood, effect upon cement hydration and strength development. These interactions need to be understood as fully as possible, however, if S/S processes are to be developed in ways which will assure the long-term integrity of the resultant products. The work presented in this paper investigates some fundamental aspects of the interactions of two organic compounds, 3-chlorophenol and chloronaphthalene, with a cement matrix. Phenolic compounds have previously been shown to have a detrimental effect upon the macrostructural properties of ordinary Portland cement (OPC), for example, the strength, setting rate and leachability (Montgomery et al. 1988). Microstructural studies in this work have shown that 3-chlorophenol inhibits the hydration of tricalcium silicate (C3S in cement chemists' notation), with up to 90% of the C3S remaining after 28 days for highly dosed 3-chlorophenol/OPC samples. The formation of ettringite was found to be increased by the presence of 3-chlorophenol and its conversion to monosulphate inhibited. Scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) analysis of the samples showed that 3-chlorophenol crystallized in the cement matrix to form discrete crystals containing calcium and phenol. In contrast, chloronaphthalene had no observable effect on hydration reactions. In a subsequent paper, detailed studies will be presented showing how these deleterious effects can be minimized by the use of organophilic clays as a pre-solidification adsorbent.
Water Movement Through an Experimental Soil Liner
Authors: Krapac I.G. , Cartwright K. , Panno S.V. , Hensel B.R. , Rehfeldt K.R. , Herzog B.L. 
Published: October 2007

A field-scale soil liner was constructed to test whether compacted soil barriers in cover and liner systems could be built to meet the U.S. EPA saturated hydraulic conductivity requirement (≤ 1 × 10-7 cm s-1). The 8 × 15 × 0.9 m liner was constructed in 15 cm compacted lifts using a 20,037 kg pad-foot compactor and standard engineering practices. Water infiltration into the liner has been monitored for one year. Monitoring will continue until water break through at the base of the liner occurs. Estimated saturated hydraulic conductivities were 2.5 × 10-9, 4.0 × 10-8, and 5.0 × 10-8 cm s-1 based on measurements of water infiltration into the liner by large-and small-ring infiltrometers and a water balance analysis, respectively. Also investigated in this research was the variability of the liner's hydraulic properties and estimates of the transit times for water and tracers. Small variances exhibited by small-ring flux data suggested that the liner was homogeneous with respect to infiltration fluxes. The predictions of water and tracer breakthrough at the base of the liner ranged from 2.4-12.6 y, depending on the method of calculation and assumptions made. The liner appeared to be saturated to a depth between 18 and 33 cm at the end of the first year of monitoring. Transit time calculations cannot be verified yet, since breakthrough has not occurred. The work conducted so far indicates that compacted soil barriers can be constructed to meet the saturated hydraulic conductivity requirement established by the U.S. EPA.
Pediatric Fluid and Electrolyte Therapy
Authors: Lifshin Lisa S. 
Published: October 2007

Fluid and electrolyte therapies in pediatric patients are reviewed. Physiologically, the proportion of body water to body weight is different in infants and children than adults. This difference makes managing the pediatric patient an intricate task. Several factors that may increase or decrease fluid needs are discussed. The main goals of deficit/replacement and maintenance therapies are reviewed. Laboratory analyses assist in evaluating the types of dehydration states. The degree of dehydration may be established by patient history and physical examination. The 5%, 10%, and 15% rule of dehydration is an adequate method for estimating proper fluid replacement. Maintenance fluid therapy is evaluated and described for certain pediatric disease states, such as pyloric stenosis, burns, and surgery. Guidelines are presented for each situation, but each patient should be treated on an individual basis.
Schema theory and the analysis of text worlds in poetry
Authors: Semino Elena 
Published: October 2007

This article demonstrates an approach to the study of text worlds in poetry based on the theory of background knowledge and comprehension generally known as schema theory. It is argued that such an approach constitutes a useful alternative to the possible-world models which have traditionally been applied to the description of fictional worlds. From a cognitive point of view, text worlds can be seen as resulting from the application of certain portions of the reader's background knowledge (schemata) to the interpretation of texts. The reader's perception of a particular text world will depend on the extent to which his or her existing schemata are confirmed or challenged during the process of interpretation. Following Cook (1990 and forthcoming), I describe the former outcome as 'schema reinforcement' and the latter as 'schema refreshment'. Two contemporary poems (Seamus Heaney's 'A Pillowed Head' and Sylvia Plath's 'The Applicant') are analysed in detail, in order to: i. show the possibility of combining linguistic description and schema theory in the analysis of texts, and ii. demonstrate the usefulness of the notions of schema reinforcement and schema refreshment in accounting for the differences between the worlds projected by different texts. A partial redefinition of the notion of schema refreshment is suggested in the light of the analyses.
A Study of Patient Satisfaction as an Evaluation Parameter for Utilization of Primary Health Care Services
Authors: El Shabrawy Ali M. 
Published: October 2007

Patient satisfaction is ofvalue to primary health care authorities. The main objective of this study was to estimate patient satisfaction with respect to primary health care services in Riyadh City. 14 primary health care centres were chosen randomly to represent geographic areas of Riyadh. Information was collected through a pre-tested questionnaire conducted by 30 well-trained final year medical students. Systematic sampling of family files was conducted and the household head was interviewed. 900 respondents were interviewed concerning their satisfaction with the services delivered. 40% were dissatisfied. One third of the dissatisfied said that the centre was too far away: 19.4% complained that the working hours of the centre were not suitable: 38.9% complained about the absence of specialty clinics: 19.4% had language barriers with the physicians: 63.9% complained about the delay in the centre: 16.7% of the satisfied and 38.9% of the dissatisfied complained that the physicians do not explain to them their health problems and their treatment. In 22.7% of the non-satisfied category, physician's explanations were neither clear nor understandable. The Primary Health Care Centre will be the first choice if they feel sick for 74.6% of the satisfied category and 61.1% for the non-satisfied category. Implications of the findings are discussed and recommendations are given to