bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Beneficial effects of sulfated polysaccharides from Sargassum wightii against mitochondrial alterations induced by Cyclosporine A in rat kidney
Authors: Josephine Anthony , Amudha Ganapathy , Veena Coothan Kandaswamy , Preetha Sreenivasan P. , Rajeswari Arjunan , Varalakshmi Palaninathan 
Published: October 2007

AbstractSulfated polysaccharides from marine seaweeds are receiving continuous attention owing to their wide therapeutic applications and are known to inhibit free radical generation. It has been well known that mitochondria are the major sources as well as the target of free radicals. The renal tubules have high density of mitochondria and therefore show structural and functional defects in acute renal failure. Hence, the present study is designed to appraise the mitochondrial status during Cyclosporine A (CsA)‐induced nephrotoxicity and the effect of sulfated polysaccharides over it. Sulfated polysaccharides (5 mg/kg body weight, subcutaneously) treatment significantly prevented the CsA‐induced (25 mg/kg body weight, orally) mitochondrial damage. CsA‐induced mitochondrial oxidative stress in rat kidney was evident from increased reactive oxygen species level, decreased antioxidant defense system, coupled with enhanced lipid peroxidation. Further, the activities of tricarboxylic acid cycle and electron transport chain enzymes were decreased in CsA‐induced rats, along with a significant increase in the activities of urinary enzymes, thus indicating renal tubular injury. Ultrastructural changes were also in accord with the above aberrations. The above abnormalities were favorably modulated by sulfated polysaccharides supplementation, thus highlighting the significance of sulfated polysaccharides in preventing the renal mitochondrial dysfunction allied with CsA‐provoked nephrotoxicity.
Unique real‐variable expressions of displacement and traction fundamental solutions covering all transversely isotropic elastic materials for 3D BEM
Authors: Távara L. , Ortiz J. E. , Mantič V. , París F. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractA general, efficient and robust boundary element method (BEM) formulation for the numerical solution of three‐dimensional linear elastic problems in transversely isotropic solids is developed in the present work. The BEM formulation is based on the closed‐form real‐variable expressions of the fundamental solution in displacements Uik and in tractions Tik, originated by a unit point force, valid for any combination of material properties and for any orientation of the radius vector between the source and field points. A compact expression of this kind for Uik was introduced by Ting and Lee (Q. J. Mech. Appl. Math. 1997; 50:407–426) in terms of the Stroh eigenvalues on the oblique plane normal to the radius vector. Working from this expression of Uik, and after a revision of their final formula, a new approach (based on the application of the rotational symmetry of the material) for deducing the derivative kernel Uik, j and the corresponding stress kernel Σijk and traction kernel Tik has been developed in the present work. These expressions of Uik, Uik, j, Σijk and Tik do not suffer from the difficulties of some previous expressions, obtained by other authors in different ways, with complex‐valued functions appearing for some combinations of material parameters and/or with division by zero for the radius vector at the rotational‐symmetry axis. The expressions of Uik, Uik, j, Σijk and Tik have been presented in a form suitable for an efficient computational implementation. The correctness of these expressions and of their implementation in a three‐dimensional collocational BEM code has been tested numerically by solving problems with known analytical solutions for different classes of transversely isotropic materials. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
International political marketing: a case study of its application in China
Authors: Sun Henry H. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe practice of International Political Marketing can be seen increasingly in the foreign relations of independent states. A review of relevant Political Marketing and International Relations publications reveals close linkage between the two. Based on the review, this paper categorizes political marketing into three aspects: the election aspect, the governing aspect (permanent campaign) and the international aspect of political marketing. The focus of this study is on international political marketing which was defined based on the review. This paper then reports a case study of the utilization of International Political Marketing by the government of the People's Republic of China. It looks at the recent events of China's accession of the WTO in 2001, China's hosting of Sino‐African Summit in 2006 and the on going promotion of China's image of ‘Peaceful Development and Cooperation’. The paper advances the argument that practically all nation states and international organizations apply International Political Marketing to both their strategic planning as well as conduct of day‐to‐day affairs. The paper concludes that there is a great demand both at a theoretical as well as practical level for International Political Marketing, requiring further study.Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Melt grafting of polymethyl methacrylate onto poly(ethylene‐co‐1‐octene) by reactive extrusion: Model compound approach
Authors: Badel Thierry , Beyou Emmanuel , Bounor‐Legaré Veronique , Chaumont Philippe , Flat Jean Jacques , Michel Alain 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe grafting of poly(methylmethacrylate) onto poly(ethylene‐co‐1‐octene) by in situ radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate is a process where the side reactions are difficult to characterize. To increase the understanding of both the nature and the extent of such reactions, products resulting from the same chemical system, where polymer is replaced by squalane and/or pentadecane, are analyzed. The influence of the temperature, the nature of peroxides (used as radicals generators) and the monomer concentration are investigated toward the chain length of the grafts. The resulting grafted PMMA and PMMA homopolymer are qualitatively analyzed by MALDI‐TOF spectroscopy and size exclusion chromatography. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 5215–5226, 2007
Synthesis and characterization of poly(benzodithiophene) derivative for organic thin film transistors
Authors: Dang Thi Tuyet Mai , Park Sung‐Jin , Park Jong‐Won , Chung Dae‐Sung , Park Chan Eon , Kim Yun‐Hi , Kwon Soon‐Ki 
Published: October 2007

AbstractPoly{2,6‐bis(3‐dodecylthiophen‐2‐yl) benzo[1,2‐b;4,5‐b′]dithiophene} (PTBT) was synthesized, via oxidative polymerization by oxidative agent (FeCl3). The mole ratio of FeCl3 and monomer (3.5:1), and keeping low temperature during the dropping of diluted catalyst were very important for the polymerization without crosslinking. The PTBT was confirmed by 1H NMR, FTIR spectra, and elemental analysis. The PTBT has very good solubility in organic solvents such as chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, etc, and good thermal stability with Tg of 164 °C. The PTBT shows UV‐optical absorption at 406 nm and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy at 504 nm in a film. The highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy of the polymer is −5.71 eV by measuring cyclic voltammetry (CV). A solution‐processed polymer thin film transistor device shows a mobility of 3 × 10−5 – 8 × 10−5 cm2 V−1 s−1, and an on/off current ratio of 104. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 5277–5284, 2007
Synthesis of amphiphilic and thermosensitive graft copolymers with fluorescence P(St‐co‐(p‐CMS))‐g‐PNIPAAM by combination of NMP and RAFT methods
Authors: Wang Sumei , Cheng Zhenping , Zhu Jian , Zhang Zhengbiao , Zhu Xiulin 
Published: October 2007

AbstractA three‐step process, combining nitroxide‐mediated polymerization (NMP) and reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization techniques, for synthesizing well‐defined amphiphilic and thermosensitive graft copolymers with fluorescence poly(styrene‐co‐(p‐chloromethylstyrene))‐g‐poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (P(St‐co‐(p‐CMS))‐g‐PNIPAAM), was conducted. Firstly, the NMP of styrene (St) and p‐chloromethylstyrene (p‐CMS) were carried out using benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as the initiator to obtain the random copolymers of P(St‐co‐(p‐CMS)). Secondly, the random copolymers were converted into macro‐RAFT agents with fluorescent carbazole as Z‐group through a simple method. Then the macro‐RAFT agents were used in the RAFT polymerization of N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAM) to prepare fluorescent amphiphilic graft copolymers P(St‐co‐(p‐CMS))‐g‐PNIPAAM with controlled molecular weights and well‐defined structures. The copolymers obtained were characterized by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and FT‐IR spectroscopy. The size of self‐assembly micelles of the resulting graft copolymers in deionized water was studied by high performance particle sizer (HPPS), the results showed that the Z‐average size of the micelles increased with the increase of molecular weights of PNIPAAM in side chains. The aqueous solution of the micelles prepared from P(St‐co‐(p‐CMS))‐g‐PNIPAAM using a dialysis method showed a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) at ∼ 27.5 °C, which was below the value of NIPAAM homopolymer (32 °C). © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 5318–5328, 2007
Calcium‐channel blockers: current place in hypertension
Authors: Girvin Briegeen , Johnston Dennis 
Published: October 2007

AbstractRecent NICE guidelines have reaffirmed the place of calcium‐channel blockers as first‐line antihypertensive agents. Our Drug Review considers their properties and place in the management of hypertension, followed by sources of further information, an analysis of prescription data and the Datafile. Copyright © 2007 Wiley Interface Ltd
First and second optical transitions in single‐walled carbon nanotubes: a resonant Raman study
Authors: Telg H. , Maultzsch J. , Reich S. , Thomsen C. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractResonant Raman spectroscopy was performed to study electron–phonon coupling in single‐walled carbon nanotubes separated in solution. By varying the excitation energy from 1.26 eV to 1.93 eV we obtained radial breathing mode resonance profiles of the first and second optical transitions E11 and E22 of the (9,1) and (8,3) tubes. We observe up to 16 times stronger Raman intensities for the E11 transitions which can mostly be attributed to a two times broader linewidth of the E22 transition. Comparison of the matrix element ratio ℳ︁11/ℳ︁22 to theoretical predictions on the electron–phonon coupling show a deviation of a factor 1.7 which might be associated with the change of the exciton–photon matrix element. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Thermodynamic analysis of nucleation of boron nitride nanotubes on metal particles
Authors: Kuznetsov V. L. , Mazov I. N. , Delidovich A. I. , Obraztsova E. D. , Loiseau A. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractBoron nitride nanotubes nucleation on the catalyst's surface after the formation of metal particle alloys oversaturated with boron and nitrogen atoms is the most important step for any type of the catalytic pro‐cesses of BN nanotubes formation. A thermodynamic analysis of the boron‐nitride nanotubes nucleation on the catalysts surface was performed. The master equations for the dependence of critical size of BN nucleus on reaction parameters, such as reaction temperature, supersaturation degree of catalyst particles with B and N, work of adhesion of catalyst to BN were obtained. These equations combined with the phase diagram approach can be used for the description of different scenarios of BN deposits formation and for the development of the main principles of catalysts design for BN nanotube production. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Thermal transfer in SWNTs and peapods under UV‐irradiation
Authors: Puech P. , Puccianti F. , Bacsa R. , Arrondo C. , Monthioux M. , Bacsa W. , Paillard V. , Bassil A. , Bardé F. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractResults of UV irradiation experiments in vacuum on SWNTs and peapods, as followed by in‐situ Raman spectroscopy with increasing laser power up to 300 mW are reported. UV micro‐Raman measurements were used to record spectra free of black‐body radiation. Photon absorption was found to induce both the shifting and broadening of the G+ and G– bands. The local temperature increase (up to a temperature gain of ∼1000 K) was able to be reliably calculated from the band feature variation, more specifically considering the G+ band. Meanwhile, a specific sensitivity to oxidation of the nanotubes from peapods was revealed, due the fullerene‐catalysed dissociation of molecular oxygen traces into active species. In addition, both silica and diamond substrates were used. The different thermal conductivity of the substrates has the effect of changing the laser power levels needed to induce structural transformations. Carrying‐out UV irradiation of nanotube‐based material while monitoring the induced temperature via in situ Raman spectroscopy therefore appears as a new tool likely to be useful for the nano‐engineering of nanotube‐based devices. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Identification of protein phosphorylation sites within Ser/Thr‐rich cluster domains using site‐directed mutagenesis and hybrid linear quadrupole ion trap Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry
Authors: King Julie B. , Gross Julia , Lovly Christine M. , Piwnica‐Worms Helen , Townsend R. Reid 
Published: October 2007

AbstractWe describe a method for the analysis of multi‐site phosphorylation in serine/threonine (Ser/Thr)‐rich protein sequences. Site‐specific mutagenesis was used to introduce tryptic cleavage sites in the serine glutamine/threonine glutamine cluster domain (SCD) of the human checkpoint protein kinase (Chk2). The mutant proteins were shown to autophosphorylate on residues that are inducibly phosphorylated when mammalian cells are exposed to ionizing radiation (serine 33/35, serine 516, threonine 68 and threonine 432). Five Ser/Thr clusters within the SCD were flanked by arginine or lysine residues to produce tryptic peptides for nanospray liquid chromatography (nanoLC)/linear quadrupole ion trap Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Phosphorylation sites were assigned using accurate‐mass‐driven analysis and interpretation of low‐energy collision‐induced dissociation spectra acquired in the ion trap. In addition to verifying known phosphorylation sites, seventeen novel sites were identified within the SCD of Chk2. The approach should be applicable to other O‐linked post‐translational modifications that occur in proteins with Ser/Thr‐rich sequences. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of the aeronautical satellite navigation channel through high‐resolution measurement and physical optics simulation
Authors: Steingass Alexander , Lehner Andreas , Pérez‐Fontán Fernando , Kubista Erwin , Arbesser‐Rastburg Bertram 
Published: October 2007

AbstractIn this paper we discuss the results of a measurement campaign investigating the environment of satellite navigation receivers for aeronautical applications, where reflections on the plane as well as from the ground decrease the accuracy of the positioning. The focus is on the most critical flight phase—the final approach. For this scenario a wideband model is derived, which allows to investigate the performance of present and future global navigation satellite systems. The work was carried out under an European Space Agency contract (ESTEC Contract number 16059/02/NL/DS) entitled ‘Navigation signal measurement campaign for critical environments’, by Joanneum Research (Austria) with subcontracts to DLR (Germany) and the University of Vigo (Spain). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Charge Contrast Imaging of Nonconductive Samples in the High‐Vacuum Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope
Authors: Ji Yuan , Wang Li , Quan Xueling , Fu Jingyong , Zhang Yinqi , Xu Xuedong , Zhong Taoxing , Wei Bin , Liu Cuixiu 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe charge contrast images (CCI) on insulating or poorly conducting samples were observed under steady‐state charging conditions with a thermal field emission scanning electron microscope under high vacuum by using an Everhart‐Thornley detector. The charge contrast on plumbous titanate‐nickel composite particles and patterned sapphires could be the indicators of near‐surface features, compositional variations and conductivity distributions. Optimum imaging conditions for observing the CCI include the electron energy, the electron flux density and the electron dose. Contrast characteristics associated with surface and near‐surface secondary electron emission yield enhanced above the trapped charge‐up regions, as charge trapping selectively enhanced the poorly conductive phase and lattice distorted area. SCANNING 29: 230‐237, 2007. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sialolith Characterization by Scanning Electron Microscopy and X‐ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
Authors: Giray C. Bahadir , Dogan Meral , Akalin Ayse , Baltrusaitis Jonas , Chan Daniel C. N. , Skinner H. Catherine W. , Dogan A. Umran 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe objective of this study has been to characterize sialolith, a calcium phosphate deposit that develops in the human oral cavity, by high‐resolution field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The morphological and chemical data obtained helped in the determination of their formation mechanism in salivary glands. Sialoliths in the submandibular salivary glands may arise secondary to sialodenitis, but not via a luminal organic nidus. We believe this is the first study that characterizes a sialolith by XPS. SCANNING 29: 206‐210, 2007. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Time and temporality as mediators of science learning
Authors: Roth Wolff‐Michael , Tobin Kenneth , Ritchie Stephen M. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractFew studies have focused on understanding how teaching and learning in classrooms are mediated by other dimensions of the organizational systems of which education is an integral part. Our 7‐year ethnographic study of an urban high school shows how time and temporality constitute key practical and theoretical resources to the actors in the cultural organization of schools, a product of transactions involving individuals and artifacts that traverse multiple cultural fields, each with its own distinctive structures. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 92:115–140, 2008
Corporate diversification: the impact of foreign competition, industry globalization, and product diversification
Authors: Wiersema Margarethe F. , Bowen Harry P. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe globalization of markets and industries has fundamentally changed the competitive conditions facing firms. Yet, how globalization has influenced the international diversification strategies of firms is an issue largely overlooked in both the strategic management and international business literatures. This paper develops a theoretical framework to understand how industry globalization, foreign competition, and firm product diversification may influence a firm's choice of its degree and scope of international diversification. Utilizing a panel dataset of U.S. manufacturing firms for the period 1987–99, we provide the first empirical evidence that industry globalization and foreign‐based competition are statistically significant factors explaining the degree and scope of international diversification by U.S. firms. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An empirical evaluation of a methodology‐tailoring information system development model
Authors: Burns Timothy , Klashner Robb , Deek Fadi 
Published: October 2007

AbstractOver the years a multitude of methodologies of information systems development have emerged. While many of these methodologies have shown promise, prior research has shown that system development is a highly circumstantial process, and that no one methodology will be optimal for every context of every project. Research has also shown that system development practitioners have been using an ad hoc approach to modify formal methodologies in order to create a better fit for their circumstances.This article presents a more formal approach: a new model informed by the principles of general systems theory, which can be used to adapt existing information system development methodologies through the identification of general isomorphic properties.The results are reported from an experiment that was conducted to measure the model in terms of developer satisfaction with the finished product, the development process, and the problem solving process. Also, the results of an evaluation by expert judges on finished products created using the model are shown. These results show that there is promise in the new model and that more research needs to be conducted. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two‐ and four‐dimensional echocardiography with B‐flow imaging and spatiotemporal image correlation in prenatal diagnosis of isolated total anomalous pulmonary venous connection
Authors: Volpe P. , Campobasso G. , De Robertis V. , Di Paolo S. , Caruso G. , Stanziano A. , Volpe N. , Gentile M. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractObjectivesTo explore whether the use of four dimensional (4D) ultrasound examination with B‐flow imaging and spatiotemporal image correlation (STIC) can supply additional information with respect to two‐dimensional (2D) gray‐scale and color Doppler echocardiography in the prenatal characterization of isolated total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC).MethodsThe study population comprised a group of three TAPVC fetuses that had been examined exclusively by conventional echocardiography, and a group of four additional cases initially identified by conventional echocardiography and examined further by 4D ultrasonography; a thorough postnatal work‐up was available for all fetuses.ResultsAt our center, isolated TAPVC was found in seven of 1040 fetuses with cardiac defects (0.67%). Anomalous drainage was supracardiac to the innominate vein in three cases, cardiac to the coronary sinus in two, and infracardiac to the portal vein in the remaining two cases. An evident asymmetry between left heart and right heart structures was observed in 4/7 cases. The confluence of the anomalous pulmonary veins (PVs) was visualized in 4/7 cases and the connecting vertical vein was identified in 3/5 cases at 2D echocardiography. 4D ultrasound imaging with B‐flow imaging and STIC clearly visualized the anomalous PV confluence and the draining vertical vein in all four cases examined.Conclusion2D and color Doppler echocardiography appears to diagnose reliably TAPVC, albeit with some limitations in thorough assessment of the pathology, depending on the anatomy of the defect, on the technical adequacy of the equipment used and on the experience of the operator. 4D ultrasound examination with B‐flow imaging and STIC is apparently able to facilitate identification of the anatomical features of TAPVC, thus supplying additional information over that provided by 2D fetal sonography. Copyright © 2007 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.