bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Positive reinforcement training in rhesus macaques—training progress as a result of training frequency
Authors: Fernström A.‐L. , Fredlund H. , Spångberg M. , Westlund K. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractPositive reinforcement training (PRT) efficiency was examined as a function of training frequency in 33 pair‐ or triple‐housed female rhesus macaques. The animals were trained three times a week, once a day or twice a day, using PRT and a clicker as a secondary reinforcer. All animals were trained on 30 sessions, with an average of 5 min per training session per animal. The behaviors, trained in succession, were Targeting (reliably touching and following a Target); Collaborating (dominant animals allowing subordinates to train while stationing); Box‐training (accepting being enclosed in a small compartment while responding to Target training) and initial Injection training.Fulfilled criteria for Targeting were obtained in 32/33 animals in a median of nine training sessions. Collaboration was obtained in 27/33 animals in a median of 15 training sessions. However, only four animals completed Box‐training during the 30 training sessions and started Injection training. When comparing training success in terms of number of training sessions, training twice a day was less efficient than the other two treatments. In terms of daily progress, our results suggest that from a management perspective, daily training is more conducive to quick training success than thrice weekly training. In addition, in this study no further advantages could be gained from training twice a day. Am. J. Primatol. 71:373–379, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stereogradient Polymers Formed by Controlled/Living Radical Polymerization of Bulky Methacrylate Monomers
Authors: Ishitake Kenji , Satoh Kotaro , Kamigaito Masami , Okamoto Yoshio 
Published: February 2009

AbstractUnter Kontrolle: Das sperrige Monomer Triphenylmethylmethacrylat (TrMA) wurde mithilfe von RAFT‐Reagentien polymerisiert (RAFT: reversibler Additions‐Fragmentierungs‐Kettentransfer). Stereogradiente Polymere, in denen die Isospezifität mit Abnahme der Monomerkonzentration spontan zunahm, entstanden in einem Polymerisations‐Depolymerisations‐Gleichgewicht, durch das ein weniger stabiles wachsendes Polymerende in eine stabilere Form überführt wird (siehe Bild).magnified image
Pattern‐Based Recognition of Heparin Contaminants by an Array of Self‐Assembling Fluorescent Receptors
Authors: Jagt Richard B. C. , Gómez‐Biagi Rodolfo F. , Nitz Mark 
Published: February 2009

AbstractStarke Wirt‐Gast‐Wechselwirkungen ermöglichen die leichte Kombination polykationischer Cyclodextrin‐Bindungsmotive (blau) mit fluoreszierenden Reportern (orange), die an ein hydrophobes Gastmolekül gebunden sind (dunkelgrün). Mit diesem modularen Ansatz hergestellte supramolekulare Fluoreszenzrezeptoren wurden für die musterbasierte Erkennung negativ geladener Verunreinigungen im gerinnungshemmenden Heparin verwendet.magnified image
Stabil und kristallin: Struktur und ESR‐Spektren eines Triarylgermylradikals
Authors: Drost Christian , Griebel Jan , Kirmse Reinhard , Lönnecke Peter , Reinhold Joachim 
Published: February 2009

AbstractEine radikale Sache: Nach der unerwarteten Isolierung des ersten stabilen Triarylgermylradikals .Ge[3,5‐tBu2‐2,6‐(EtO)2C6H]3 (1) in niedriger Ausbeute konnte dessen Synthese optimiert werden, was Einkristallröntgenstrukturanalyse und ESR‐spektroskopische Untersuchungen ermöglichte, deren Ergebnisse mit denen von DFT‐MO‐Rechnungen an der Modellverbindung .Ge[2,6‐(MeO)2C6H3]3 verglichen werden.magnified image
[Co@Ge10]3−: An Intermetalloid Cluster with Archimedean Pentagonal Prismatic Structure
Authors: Wang Jian‐Qiang , Stegmaier Saskia , Fässler Thomas F. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAnorganisches Pentaprisman: Die ungewöhnliche Struktur des Anions [Co@Ge10]3−, das aus K4Ge9 und [Co(C8H12)(C8H13)] in Ethylendiamin entstand, lässt Fragen nach der Art der Bindung aufkommen. Der quasi‐D5h‐symmetrische Zintl‐Cluster ist ein einzigartiges Beispiel für einen nichtdeltaederförmigen ligandenfreien Cluster. Die delokalisierten Bindungen des Anions werden im Bild durch eines der bindenden Orbitale dargestellt.magnified image
Ligandenstabilisierte Chalkogendikationen
Authors: Chivers Tristram , Konu Jari 
Published: February 2009

AbstractChalkogenüberträger? Die Bindungssituation im ringförmigen C2N2E2+ (siehe Bild) unterscheidet sich von der in N‐heterocyclischen Carbenen und ihren isovalenten Analoga aus dem p‐Block: Das Chalkogenzentrum hat sowohl ein freies Elektronenpaar mit π‐ als auch eines mit σ‐Symmetrie. Die labilen elektrophilen Chalkogendikationen (E2+) können vielseitige Chalkogenüberträger für eine Reihe von anorganischen und organischen Substraten sein.magnified image
SERS Labels for Red Laser Excitation: Silica‐Encapsulated SAMs on Tunable Gold/Silver Nanoshells
Authors: Küstner Bernd , Gellner Magdalena , Schütz Max , Schöppler Friedrich , Marx Alexander , Ströbel Philipp , Adam Patrick , Schmuck Carsten , Schlücker Sebastian 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn a glass house: Silica‐encapsulated self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) on tunable gold/silver nanoshells were used as labels for surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). This concept combines the spectroscopic advantages arising from maximum surface coverage and uniform molecular orientation of the Raman reporter molecules within the complete monolayer together with the high chemical and mechanical stability of the glass shell.magnified image
[Co@Ge10]3−: An Intermetalloid Cluster with Archimedean Pentagonal Prismatic Structure
Authors: Wang Jian‐Qiang , Stegmaier Saskia , Fässler Thomas F. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractInorganic pentaprismane: The unusual structure of the anion [Co@Ge10]3−, which was obtained by the reaction of K4Ge9 with [Co(C8H12)(C8H13)] in ethylenediamine, raises questions about chemical bonding in the anion. The Zintl ion cluster has virtual D5h symmetry and is a unique example of a ligand‐free cluster that is not a deltahedron. The delocalized chemical bonding is represented in the picture by one of the bonding orbitals of the anion.magnified image
Design, Synthesis, andIn‐VivoPharmacological Screening ofN,3‐(Substituted Diphenyl)‐5‐phenyl‐1H‐pyrazoline‐1‐carbothioamide Derivatives
Authors: Siddiqui Nadeem , Alam Perwaiz , Ahsan Waquar 
Published: February 2009

AbstractVarious 3,5‐(substituted diphenyl)‐4,5‐dihydro‐pyrazole‐1‐carbothioic acid phenylamides were synthesized starting from substituted acetophenones. Structures of the compounds were confirmed on the basis of spectral data. The compounds were evaluated for their anticonvulsant and antidepressant activity. Interestingly, out of 26 compounds, four (3f,3g,3t, and3u) were found to protect 100% of the animals in the MES screen at a dose of 25 mg/kg. They were also found to have appreciable anticonvulsant activity in scPTZ screen. Two compounds,3jand3o, significantly reduced the duration of the immobility time at 25 mg/kg dose, when compared to control.
Organische Carbonate. Grüne Lösungsmittel für Synthese und Katalyse
Authors: Schäffner Benjamin , Verevkin Sergey P. , Börner Armin 
Published: February 2009

AbstractOrganische Carbonate (acylische und cyclische Kohlensäureester) sind schwer flüchtige, polare Lösungsmittel, welche sich durch ihre geringe Toxizität auszeichnen. Durch geschickte Wahl der Alkohole für die Estersynthese können die physikalischen Eigenschaften der resultierenden Carbonate stark beeinflusst werden. Ihr Einsatz ist in der Batterietechnik, Erdgasaufbereitung und Kosmetik weit verbreitet. In verschiedenen übergangsmetallkatalysierten Reaktionen beweist insbesondere Propylencarbonat (PC) hervorragende Lösungsmitteleigenschaften und ermöglicht aufgrund seines polaren Charakters die Reaktionsführung in Zweiphasensystemen unter Verwendung eines unpolaren zweiten Lösungsmittels. Dies ist eine Grundvoraussetzung zum Einsatz in kontinuierlichen Prozessen und zur Verringerung der Katalysatormengen.
Chemikalien für die Lederherstellung. Vom Kollagen tierischer Häute zum Werkstoff Leder
Authors: Reich Günter , Taeger Tilman 
Published: February 2009

AbstractSeine einmaligen Werkstoffeigenschaften verdankt Leder dem Aufbau aus dem strukturell und chemisch so ideal vorgebildeten Kollagen. In den einzelnen Technologiestufen der Lederherstellung wird das Kollagen je nach Einsatzgebiet maßgeschneidert modifiziert durch Anwendung einer breiten Palette an Lederchemikalien. Die wichtigsten hier vorzustellen, war Anliegen dieses Beitrags. Leder steht nach wie vor in der Gunst der Verbraucher. Hergestellt aus einem nachwachsenden, an die menschliche Ernährung gekoppelten Rohstoff, brauchen wir keine Lederverknappung zu befürchten. Seine stetige Weiterentwicklung durch neue Lederchemikalien ist zu erwarten. “Leder ist ein alter Werkstoff mit Zukunft”!
Von Seefahrern, Meerschweinchen und Citrusfrüchten. Der lange Kampf gegen Skorbut
Authors: Streller Sabine , Roth Klaus 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObwohl der Skorbut die Menschheit von Anbeginn begleitet hat, wurde er erst im 16. Jahrhundert als Krankheit erkannt und es schloss sich eine Jahrhunderte andauernde Aneinanderreihung von kleinen Fortschritten und verpassten Chancen an. Erst zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts identifizierten Wissenschaftler mit Hilfe von Meerschweinchen als Versuchstieren den Skorbut als eine Form von Mangelernährung. Dann begann ein spannender Wettlauf um die Isolierung, Strukturaufklärung und Synthese des Vitamin C. Heute ermöglicht die industrielle Vitamin‐C‐Synthese eine preiswerte Versorgung von jedermann. Diese Erfolgsgeschichte der modernen Chemie hat dafür gesorgt, dass der Skorbut aus unserem Leben nahezu vollständig verschwunden ist.
Das Glasmuseum in Wertheim am Main
Authors: Schwedt Georg 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn der Brockhaus‐Enzyklopädie aus dem Jahr 2000 stehen zur Stadt Wertheim an Main und Tauber die Glasfachschule, die Forschungsgemeinschaft für technisches Glas, das Glasmuseum und die Glasindustrie an erster Stelle nach den geografischen Angaben. Das Glasmuseum in historischen Gebäuden und im Zentrum der Altstadt dokumentiert nicht nur die Geschichte der Glasindustrie in der Region, sondern beginnt mit dem Glas in der Antike.
Radionuclide assessment of cardiac performance and myocardial perfusion in congestive cardiomyopathies
Authors: Pachinger O. , Ogris E. , Sochor H. , Probst P. , Zasmeta H. , Kaindl F. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractTo determine the reliability of radionuclide techniques in the diagnosis of congestive cardiomyopathy (COCM), the function of the right ventricle (RV) and left ventricle (LV) was evaluated in 32 patients with COCM and 21 normal subjects using radionuclide angiography (first pass and gated blood pool scan) combined with quantitative201 thallium (Tl) myocardial perfusion imaging. In COCM parameters of RV and LV performance were significantly reduced (p .01); regional wall motion analysis revealed a reduced radial shortening ability (p 0.05). 201Tl distribution within the myocardium was not different between COCM and N; however, segmental 201Tl‐uptake was significantly reduced (p 0.01). RV free wall was visualized on 201Tl scan in 80% of patients with COCM. There was no correlation between RV free wall visualization and RV hemodynamics.Thus these scintigrahic aspects provide an atraumatic and sensitive technique for the evaluation of patients with COCM.
The magnitude of exercise‐induced ST segment depression and the predictive value of exercise testing
Authors: Nahormek P. A. , Chahine R. A. , Raizner A. E. , Thornby J. I. , Ishimori T. , Montero A. , Luchi R. J. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractTo assess whether the magnitude of exercise induced ST segment depression improves the predictive value of symptom limited exercise tests, and helps in the recognition of patients with more severe coronary heart disease, 90 consecutive patients with positive treadmill tests who also underwent selective coronary arteriography were reviewed. The predictive value improved progressively with the increasing ST depression and was most reliable in a select group of patients with normal electrocardiographic baseline who were not receiving digitalis (73% with ST depression 1 mm to 100% with ST depression 4 mm). The incidence of 2 and 3 vessel disease increased from 61 % with ST depression 1 mm in the overall population to 100% with ST depression 4 mm in the select group, and the incidence of left main trunk lesions increased, respectively from 6 to 30%. The prediction of 2 and 3 vessel disease was found to be significantly greater when patients were dichotomized into those with ST depression 4 mm compared to 4 mm.It is concluded that the magnitude of ST segment depression definitely improves the predictive value of exercise tests as well as the ability to recognize the patients with more severe disease. However, the markedly positive exercise tests cannot be utilized to accurately predict the presence of 2 or 3 vessel disease in individual cases unless ST depression attains 4 mm or more in patients with normal electrocardiographic baselines who are not taking digitalis. In this group, the ability to predict left main trunk lesion is approximately 30%.
Concealed accessory pathway and dual av conduction: Drug‐dependent reentrant tachycardia
Authors: Gmeiner R. , Ng C. K. , GstÖTTNER M. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractElectrophysiological studies were performed in a patient with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia and a normal surface ECG at the time of the study. Premature atrial stimulation revealed dual AV conduction and an echo zone during AV conduction over the fast and the slow pathway. The prolongation of the AV conduction time by a calcium antagonist, Ro 11‐1781, permitted the induction of tachycardias via both pathways. Premature ventricular stimulation yielded constant VA conduction times with activation of the low right atrium before the high right atrium before the left atrium. During the tachycardia, premature right ventricular beats conducted to the atrium at a time when the AV node and the His bundle would be refractory. The study suggests the simultaneous occurrence of an occult accessory bundle connecting the right ventricle to the right atrium and dual AV conduction.
Notation of physical equations no longer a problem
Authors: Gehbauer F. , Rau K. L. , NAT Rer 
Published: February 2009

AbstractPhysical quantities and equations are used to define the laws of natural and engineering sciences. Clarity has been brought in equal measure into the theory of physical quantities and the SI‐system of units due to the basic work of Wallot and that of national and international institutions. For practical use in this paper, the most important rules and definitions for the formulation of physical equations are treated in an elementary form and the ease of their use is demonstrated in the following examples: speed of a car, capacitance of a plate capacitor, thermal emission of the cathode of an x‐ray tube, oxygen uptake in cardiology, mole concentration and mass concentration of a substance in a solution. In addition, some important quantities and units of cardiology were summarized in a table.
Propranolol during the evolution and subsequent ten days of myocardial infarction in man: Hemodynamic, initial cardiac energetic, and neurohumoral responses
Authors: Mueller I. S. , Rao P. S. , Fletcher J. , Evans R. , Hertelendy F. , Stickley L. , Walter K. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractDuring the evolution of transmural myocardial infarction an intensive sympathetic hyperactivity was observed. Plasmal‐norepinephrine and epinephrine contents were strikingly increased, the mean values to 2.047±1.10 (SD) and 0.947±0.48 μg/l, respectively. Propranolol (0.1 mg/kg) was administered intravenously within an average of 8.8 h of transmural myocardial infarction to 55 patients who did not show significant left ventricular failure. The drug was continued orally with an average dose of 567±20 (SD) mg q6h for 10 d. Mean plasma propranolol levels during the first 5 d ranged between 89 and 162 ng/ml. Cardiac index, left ventricular ejection fraction, and, to a lesser degree, blood pressure significantly decreased. Mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure remained unchanged. Decreases in coronary blood flow and myocardial oxygen consumption were associated with improvement of myocardial lactate metabolism, suggesting reduced myocardial oxygen requirements. Plasma free fatty acid contents significantly decreased. Myocardial glucose extraction and respiratory quotient increased, indicating enhanced carbohydrate utilization. Prior to propranolol administration, plasma glucose and glucagon contents were increased and plasma insulin levels were inappropriately low. Initial glucagon and initiall‐norepinephrine and epinephrine contents were correlated (r = 0.54 and 0.50, p <0.01). Beta‐adrenergic blockade decreased plasma insulin contents in spite of hyperglycemia and abolished the correlation between glucagon and catecholamines. Propranolol was tolerated well by all patients; none of them developed acute left ventricular failure.The study demonstrates that propranolol can be safely administered during the evolution and early phase of transmural myocardial infarction, if selection criteria for patients are carefully considered. Propranolol, dampening the response to acute ischemic stress, diminishes energy requirements and thus appears to be a promising drug for preservation of ischemic myocardium.
Lidoflazine and physical training in the treatment of stable angina pectoris
Authors: Ferguson R. J. , Côté P. , Bourassa M. G. , Corbara F. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAn additive effect in the treatment of angina pectoris by combining lidoflazine and physical training was postulated. Twenty‐four patients were randomly divided into placebo and drug groups and subsequently underwent a 6‐month physical training program. The drug group had a significantly greater reduction in submaximal heart rate than the placebo group. Similar improvements in symptom‐limited exercise capacity were observed in both groups. Resting and maximal exercise coronary sinus blood flow and left ventricular oxygen consumption were not significantly changed with training in either group. Physical training and lidoflazine appear to influence exercise tolerance in the same manner.
Effects of morphine on left ventricular dimensions and function in patients with previous myocardial infarction
Authors: Ryan W. F. , Henning H. , Karliner J. S. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractTo assess the effects of morphine sulfate on left ventricular function and dimensions we administered 15 mg of this agent to 11 stable patients with previous transmural myocardial infarction. All studies were carried out in the supine position. Before morphine administration an echocardiogram was obtained, and this procedure was repeated at 15, 30, 60, 120, and 240 min after morphine. Heart rate decreased from a control value of 69±4 to 62±5 beats/min 2 h after morphine (p<0.01, analysis of variance); this slower heart rate persisted for 4 h after morphine. Left ventricular end‐diastolic dimension averaged 5.60±0.36 cm and did not change in the 4 h after morphine. Serial measurements of blood pressure, echocardiographic ejection fraction, percent of fractional shortening, and mean normalized velocity of circumferential fiber shortening also showed no significant alterations after morphine.We conclude that in stable patients with chronic ischemic heart disease studied in the supine position, 1) morphine exerts no effect on left ventricular dimensions, an observation which does not support the concept that this agent acts in humans by producing a “pharmacologic phlebotomy”; and 2) morphine does not alter left ventricular function at rest. Whether different results will be found in patients with increased sympathetic activity, such as occurs in the setting of an acute myocardial infarction or during an episode of acute pulmonary edema, remains to be investigated.
Effects of work and acute beta‐receptor blockade on myocardial noradrenaline release in congestive cardiomyopathy
Authors: Swedberg K. , Hjalmarson Å. , Holmberg S. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractSystemic hemodynamic changes and noradrenaline concentrations in coronary sinus blood were studied at rest and during work before and after acute beta‐receptor blockade. Patients with congestive cardiomyopathy were compared to patients with primary valvular diseases and to healthy subjects. Noradrenaline concentrations were higher in coronary sinus blood than in arterial blood and increased after beta blockade and during work. Noradrenaline concentrations were more increased in patients with more pronounced myocardial failure and did not seem to separate patients with congestive cardiomyopathy from those with valvular disease. Patients with congestive cardiomyopathy showed a good hemodynamic tolerance toward acute beta blockade.
Comparison of myocardial flow, hemodynamic changes, and lactate metabolism during isoproterenol stress in patients with coronary heart disease and severe aortic stenosis
Authors: Thormann J. , Schlepper M. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe evidence of subendocardial ischemia was studied during isoproterenol stress in seven patients with aortic valve disease before (group A) and approximately 6 months after Björk‐Shiley valvular replacement (group B), in seven patients with coronary artery disease (group C), and in seven patients without heart disease (group D). Ejection fraction, thermodilution coronary sinus flow, and lactate metabolism were determined at rest and during isoproterenol stress. Potential subendocardial blood supply was estimated from a diastolic pressure‐time index (DPTI), calculated from aortic and left ventricular pressure curves, and oxygen demand, estimated from the tension‐time index (TTI). The ratio of DPTI/TTI was used to estimate the supply‐demand relationship. Impaired left ventricular myocardial function was apparent by a lack of increase of the ejection fraction during stress in groups A and C as compared to controls. After aortic valvular replacement (group B) during stress, an adequate increase of the ejection fraction, a normal stress response of the O2 supply‐demand ratio, and a lactate extraction rather than production (all p>0.05) were found. During isoproterenol infusion (at equal heart rates and normal coronary sinus flow) a significant lactate production and decreased O2 supply‐demand ratio in group A and C patients were induced, but not in group B and D patients. The more massive lactate production in group A as opposed to group C reflected subendocardial ischemia of the hypertrophic left ventricle as compared to the more regional and nonuniform distribution of ischemic areas in coronary artery disease. The results of this study suggest that ischemia and cardiac failure can be induced by isoproterenol stress in coronary artery disease as well as in hypertrophic myocardium caused by aortic stenosis. Aortic valvular replacement repaired the ischemic response found in aortic valve disease 6 months prior to surgery. Stress‐induced lactate production rather than coronary sinus flow changes allow discrimination between ischemic and nonischemic myocardium. A critical DPTI/TTI ratio (≤0.4) indicates ischemia in hypertrophic myocardium caused by aortic valve disease, but this concept does not apply to ischemia caused by coronary artery disease.