bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Significance of Gradient Ratio Test for Determining Clogging Potential of Geotextiles
Authors: Chang DT-T , Nieh Y-C 
Published: March 2009

This paper presents a comprehensive evaluation and synthesis of the literature on clogging resistance of geotextile. The soils used ranged from sand through silt to fine-grained clay. Fifteen types of geotextile including both woven and nonwoven materials were used. The latter included heat bonded and needle punched versions. The gradient ratio (GR) test was utilized to evaluate clogging characteristics in all the filtration and drainage-related research.
The research has been summarized into three areas of focus. The more pronounced the granular nature of a particular soil (sandy soils) the more definitive the GR test results, and the more clearly defined the contrast between clogging and unhindered filtration. For clayey soils, however, it is difficult to identify clogging using the GR test. It is apparent that the design guide of whether to adopt the FHWA-suggested limit of 3 for GR values should be reconsidered. In a case study of vertical drain applications for example, the stable GR values tend to hover around 5. For silty soils, the need for resistance to clogging narrows the range of suitable materials to the point where it is difficult to find an appropriate type of geotextile. Hence, it is suggested that placing a layer of sandy soil between the geotextile'and the weathered mudstone (the selected silty soil) leads to much better system flow rates and better performance in the GR test. All findings indicate that soil type is an important consideration when using the GR test to evaluate the clogging potential of geotextiles.
Electrochemical Noise Measurement: The Definitive In-Situ Technique for Corrosion Applications?
Authors: Dawson JL 
Published: March 2009

A review is presented of electrochemical noise (EN), the generic term given to fluctuations of current and potential seen in high-temperature corrosion, molten salt corrosion, and aqueous corrosion. EN levels in corrosion and particularly localized corrosion are significantly greater than EN observed in redox systems. EN associated with corrosion is the result of stochastic pulses of current generated by, for example, sudden film rupture, crack propagation, discrete events involving metal dissolution at etch pits, grain boundaries and kink sites, and hydrogen discharge with gas bubble formation and detachment. EN in corrosion includes low-frequency, nonstationary, and weakly stationary processes; transients; and cyclic or oscillatory phenomena.
The use of EN, obtained either by potentiostatic/galvanostatic measurements or at freely corroding potentials, has been shown to offer advantages over conventional DC and AC techniques in research studies, testing, and corrosion monitoring. In many cases, reaction mechanisms can be elucidated and corrosion rate information can be obtained.
Under freely corroding conditions, current noise impulses give rise to changes in potential through the interfacial impedance, 〈In〉 → 〈En〉/|Z|. Correlation of current and potential noise from uniform corrosion may be used to obtain the electrochemical impedance of the corroding interface; these noise signals are produced by weakly stationary or deterministic processes. Corrosion rates may therefore be evaluated from this low-frequency impedance or from the associated but simplified noise resistance, obtained from the standard deviations of the current and potential, σE/σi = Rn. Localized corrosion events produced by Poisson processes can be easily identified from time records and spectral density plots. Localized corrosion involves nonstationary systems. The anodic and cathodic processes can be separated in both time (the anodic event occurring before the cathodic event or vice versa) and space (at different parts of the electrode surface). The electrons produced or consumed during these corrosion events are stored temporarily in the electrochemical double layer and corrosion product film capacitors.
Assessment of individual transients, use of signal analysis techniques, modeling of ensembles of transients as developed for electrocrystallization studies, and use of the chaos theory have all been used in EN evaluations.
Epidemiology of rabies in skunks in Texas
Authors: Oertli Ernest H. , Wilson Pamela J. , Hunt Patrick R. , Sidwa Thomas J. , Rohde Rodney E. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Objective—To obtain epidemiologic information on rabies in skunks in Texas.
Design—Epidemiologic study.
Sample Population—Reports of skunks that had been submitted for rabies testing in Texas from 1953 through 2007.
Procedures—Reports were reviewed to obtain information on seasonality of rabies in skunks, seasonality of human and domestic animal exposure to rabid skunks, commonly reported clinical signs of rabies in skunks, domestic animals frequently exposed to rabid skunks, common scenarios for exposure of domestic animals to rabid skunks, disposition of domestic animals exposed to rabid skunks, age and gender of humans exposed to rabid skunks, and usual routes of exposure of humans to rabid skunks.
Results—On a yearly basis, the number of rabid skunks peaked in 1961, 1979, and 2001. On a monthly basis, the number of rabid skunks peaked in March and April. Over the study period, the percentage of rabid skunks from urban areas increased and the percentage from rural areas decreased. Striped skunks were the most common species. Dogs and cats were the domestic animals most frequently exposed to rabid skunks. On average, the highest numbers of humans exposed to rabid skunks were between 36 and 50 years old. Most humans were exposed through means other than a bite. Typical behaviors of rabid skunks were entering a dog pen, appearing outside during daytime, and attacking pets.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Information on the epidemiology of rabies in skunks may be useful in planning and implementing local, state, and national rabies control and prevention campaigns.
Comparison of conventional and digital measurements of tibial plateau angle in dogs
Authors: Serwa Dorota , Lorinson Karin , Lorinson Dragan , Skalicky Monika 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Objective—To compare values for tibial plateau angle (TPA) obtained in dogs by conventional and digital methods.
Design—Evaluation study.
Animals—37 dogs with stifle joint abnormalities.
Procedures—In all dogs, radiographs of both stifle joints were obtained by conventional and digital means. On conventionally acquired radiographs, TPA was measured with a protractor and fine-point pencil in accordance with standard guidelines. A software program was used to measure TPA on digitally acquired radiographs. Two viewers with different levels of experience performed all measurements 3 times.
Results—For both viewers and both limbs, conventional TPA measurements were significantly correlated with digital measurements all 3 times. Conventional and digital measurements obtained by viewer 1 were significantly different from values obtained by viewer 2. However, inter-viewer and intertechnique differences in TPA measurements resulted in rotational differences of < 1 mm.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that TPA measurements obtained with the digital method were comparable to those obtained by use of the conventional method. Subjectively, the digital method was easier to perform and faster and produced better-quality images.
Evaluation of noninvasive oscillometric blood pressure monitoring in anesthetized boid snakes
Authors: Chinnadurai Sathya K. , Wrenn Amy , DeVoe Ryan S. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Objective—To determine the accuracy of a noninvasive oscillometric monitor in the measurement of arterial blood pressure in anesthetized boid snakes.
Design—Evaluation study.
Animals—4 boa constrictors (Boa constrictor), 2 carpet pythons (Morelia spilota), and 2 reticulated pythons (Python reticulatus).
Procedures—After induction of anesthesia with isoflurane, each snake was instrumented with an arterial catheter connected to a pressure transducer and oscilloscope to obtain invasive measurements of systolic (SAP), diastolic (DAP), and mean (MAP) arterial blood pressure as well as a pressure waveform. A cuff connected to an oscillometric device was placed on the tail immediately distal to the vent for noninvasive measurements. Heart rate, respiratory rate, and invasive and noninvasive measurements of SAP, DAP, and MAP were obtained every 5 minutes for 45 minutes. Delivered isoflurane concentration was increased in 15-minute increments to induce hypotension. Repeatability of each device and fixed and proportional biases between devices were calculated.
Results—Throughout most of the measured ranges of blood pressures, the oscillometric unit overestimated the SAP and underestimated the DAP and MAP, compared with respective direct measurements. When the invasively determined SAP was > 100 mm Hg, the oscillometric unit underestimated all 3 variables. Fixed bias was significant for SAP and DAP, and proportional bias was significant for SAP and MAP.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—When using an oscillometric blood pressure monitor on anesthetized boid snakes, veterinarians can potentially monitor changes in blood pressure, although the displayed readings may underestimate DAP and MAP and overestimate SAP. Indirect measurements of blood pressure made with the oscillometric device cannot substitute for direct measurements.
Prevalence of intestinal nematode parasitism among pet dogs in the United States (2003–2006)
Authors: Mohamed Ahmed S. , Moore George E. , Glickman Larry T. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Objective—To estimate prevalence of intestinal nematode parasitism among pet dogs in the United States and characterize risk factors for infection.
Design—Retrospective period prevalence survey.
Animals—1,213,061 dogs examined at 547 private veterinary hospitals in 44 states from January 1, 2003, through December 31, 2006.
Procedures—Data were obtained from electronic medical records of all dogs that had at least 1 fecal flotation test. Risk factors for intestinal nematode parasitism were identified by means of multivariable logistic regression analysis.
Results—2,785,248 fecal flotation tests were performed during the study period. When results for only the first test in each dog were considered, prevalences of Toxocara, Ancylostoma, and Trichuris parasitism were 5.04%, 4.50%, and 0.81%, respectively. Dogs < 0.5 years old had higher odds of Toxocara and Ancylostoma parasitism, compared with dogs > 5.0 years old; sexually intact male and female dogs had higher odds of parasitism, compared with spayed female dogs; toy dogs had lower odds of parasitism, compared with dogs in other breed groups; and dogs living in the mountain region had lower odds of parasitism, compared with dogs living in other regions.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that age, body weight, sex, breed, and geographic region were risk factors for intestinal nematode parasitism among pet dogs in the United States.
Outcome of permanent tracheostomy for treatment of upper airway obstruction in cats: 21 cases (1990–2007)
Authors: Stepnik Matthew W. , Mehl Margo L. , Hardie Elizabeth M. , Kass Philip H. , Reimer S. Brent , Campbell Bonnie G. , Mison Michael B. , Schmiedt Chad W. , Gregory Clare R. , Hobson H. Phil 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Objective—To determine clinical outcome of permanent tracheostomy in cats with upper airway obstruction.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—21 cats.
Procedures—Medical records were reviewed for information on history, signalment, clinical signs, results of preoperative clinicopathologic testing, cause of upper airway obstruction, surgical procedure, postoperative complications, and outcome.
Results—Causes of upper airway obstruction included neoplasia (squamous cell carcinoma [n = 6] or malignant lymphoma [2]), inflammatory laryngeal disease (5), laryngeal paralysis (4), trauma (3), and a laryngeal mass of unknown cause (1). Fourteen cats had dyspnea in the immediate postoperative period; dyspnea most often resulted from mucous plugs at the stoma or elsewhere in the respiratory tract. Eleven cats died, including 6 cats that died while hospitalized after surgery and 5 cats that died after discharge; 7 cats were eu-thanatized, most often because of progression of neoplasia; and 2 were still alive at the time of the study. The remaining cat was lost to follow-up after discharge from the hospital. Overall, median survival time for the 20 cats for which information was available was 20.5 days (range, 1 day to 5 years). Cats that underwent permanent tracheostomy because of inflammatory laryngeal disease were 6.61 times as likely to die as cats that underwent permanent tracheostomy for any other reason.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that permanent tracheostomy was an uncommon procedure in cats with upper airway obstruction that was associated with high complication and mortality rates.
Use of kinetic gait analysis for detection, quantification, and differentiation of hind limb lameness and spinal ataxia in horses
Authors: Ishihara Akikazu , Reed Stephen M. , Rajala-Schultz Päivi J. , Robertson James T. , Bertone Alicia L. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate use of kinetic gait analysis for detection, quantification, and differentiation of hind limb lameness and spinal ataxia in horses.
Design—Prospective clinical study.
Animals—36 horses.
Procedures—Kinetic gait analysis with a force plate was performed for 12 clinically normal horses, 12 horses with hind limb lameness, and 12 horses with spinal ataxia. Kinetic variables were compared among groups, correlated to subjective grading, and used to build predictive models to assess the accuracy of discrimination.
Results—Subsets of kinetic variables were characteristically altered in ataxic and lame gaits. Ataxic horses had significantly increased lateral force peak and variation in vertical force peaks in both hind limbs. Lame horses had significantly decreased vertical force peak and increased variation in vertical force peaks only in the lame hind limb. These variables were used to differentiate between spinal ataxia and hind limb lameness with excellent accuracy. There were significant correlations between a subset of kinetic variables and subjective lameness and neurologic grades.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Kinetic gait variables, specifically lateral force peak and the variation in vertical force, can be used to support the differential diagnosis between spinal ataxia and hind limb lameness in horses. Kinetic gait analysis may also be applied for quantification of equine hind limb gait abnormalities as well as confirming lack of lameness and ataxia in soundness examinations.
Effect of surgical correction of left displaced abomasum by means of omentopexy via right flank laparotomy or two-step laparoscopy-guided abomasopexy on postoperative abomasal emptying rate in lactating dairy cows
Authors: Wittek Thomas , Locher Lena F. , Alkaassem Ahmad , Constable Peter D. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Objective—To compare the effects of surgical correction of left displaced abomasum (LDA) by means of omentopexy via right flank laparotomy or 2-step laparoscopy-guided abomasopexy on postoperative abomasal emptying rate in lactating dairy cows.
Design—Controlled clinical trial.
Animals—30 lactating dairy cows with an LDA.
Procedures—Cows were alternately assigned to 2 groups of 15 cows each to receive surgical correction of LDA by means of 2-step laparoscopy-guided abomasopexy or omentopexy via right flank laparotomy. A 50% D-xylose solution (0.5 g/kg [0.23 g/lb]) was injected into the abomasal lumen during surgery. Jugular venous blood samples for determination of serum D-xylose concentration were periodically obtained after injection. Abomasal emptying rate was evaluated by pharmacokinetic determination of the time to modeled maximal serum D-xylose concentration (Tmax-model).
Results—Mean ± SD abomasal emptying rate was significantly faster after laparoscopy-guided abomasopexy (Tmax-model, 192 ± 51 minutes) than after omentopexy via right flank laparotomy (Tmax-model, 264 ± 94 minutes). Rumen contraction rate and milk yield increased faster after laparoscopy-guided abomasopexy, compared with values obtained after omentopexy; however, milk yield did not differ after the 2 procedures.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Amelioration of abomasal hypomotility after laparoscopy-guided abomasopexy rather than omentopexy via right flank laparotomy may result in faster clinical improvement in the immediate postoperative period in cows undergoing correction of an LDA.
Development of a syndromic surveillance system for detection of disease among livestock entering an auction market
Authors: Van Metre David C. , Barkey Daniel Q. , Salman M. D. , Morley Paul S. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Objective—To develop a syndromic surveillance system based on visual inspection from outside the livestock pens that could be used for detection of disease among livestock entering an auction market.
Design—Cross-sectional study.
Animals—All livestock (beef and dairy cattle, sheep, goats, horses, and pigs) entering a single auction market in Colorado during 30 business days.
Procedures—Livestock were enumerated and visually inspected for clinical signs of disease by a veterinarian outside the pens, and clinical signs that were observed were categorized into 12 disease syndromes. Frequency of clinical signs and disease syndromes was then calculated.
Results—Data were recorded for a total of 29,371 animal observation days. For all species combined, the most common disease syndrome was respiratory tract disease (218.9 observations/10,000 animal observation days), followed by thin body condition and abnormal ambulation or posture (80.7 and 27.2 observations/10,000 animal observation days, respectively). Together, these 3 disease syndromes accounted for 92.8% of all clinical signs of disease observed. The syndromes least commonly identified were non–injury-related hemorrhage, death, and injury-related hemorrhage (0.0, 0.3, and 0.7 observations/10,000 animal observation days, respectively).
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that a syndromic surveillance system based on visual inspection alone could be developed to identify possible disease conditions among livestock at an auction market. Further studies are needed to determine the sensitivity and specificity of visual observation in detecting disease.
Outcome of performance-based removal and replacement decisions in commercial swine herds
Authors: Rutten-Ramos Stephanie C. , Deen John 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the success of removal and replacement decisions in commercial swine herds when sow removal was attributed to problems with fertility, fecundity, or old age.
Design—Retrospective case-control study.
Animals—3,000 sows removed from 3 commercial swine herds (case sows), 3,000 matched control sows retained in the herds, and 3,000 replacement gilts.
Procedures—Control sows were included to generate an estimate of reproductive performance that could have been expected had case sows been retained in the herds. Control sows and replacement gilts were followed up until the next farrowing or until removed from the herd, and reproductive performance, calculated as number of pigs born alive per mated female per year, was compared between groups.
Results—In 2 of the 3 herds, reproductive performance was significantly higher for replacement gilts than for control sows matched with case sows removed for reasons of fertility, and in all 3 herds, reproductive performance was significantly higher for replacement gilts than for control sows matched with case sows removed for reasons of fecundity. In the 2 herds with case sows removed because of age, reproductive performance did not differ significantly between replacement gilts and control sows. The odds of greater performance among replacement gilts relative to control sows ranged from 1.305 to 1.955 for removals attributed to fertility, 1.305 to 1.955 for removals attributed to fecundity, and 1.000 to 3.999 for removals attributed to age.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that performance-based removal and replacement programs in commercial swine herds may not yield the anticipated results.
Nocardia arthritidis infection in the distal metaphysis of the metatarsal III and IV bone of a heifer
Authors: Koch Christoph , Drees Randi , Hartmann Faye A. , McGuirk Sheila M. , Prichard Michael A. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Case Description—A 19-month-old 536.4-kg (1,180-lb) Brown Swiss heifer was referred for evaluation of a firm swelling over the distal aspect of the right metatarsal region and chronic lameness in the right hind limb.
Clinical Findings—Examination of radiographs of the right metatarsophalangeal joints revealed an expansile, smoothly marginated, cyst-like lesion within the distal metaphysis of the metatarsal III and IV bone. Differential diagnoses included bone abscess, bone cyst, aneurysmal bone cyst, neoplasia, osteomyelitis, and metabolic bone disease. Aerobic microbial culture of the aspirate yielded moderate growth of branching, gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria, which were presumptively identified as Nocardia spp. The isolate was subsequently identified as Nocardia arthritidis by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis.
Treatment and Outcome—The lesion was surgically debrided, lavaged, and bandaged. Exercise was restricted, and systemic and local administration of antimicrobials was instituted. After a communication between the abscess and the metatarsophalangeal joints was iatrogenically created, the extralabel use of aminoglycosides was initiated. The heifer had noticeable clinical improvement within 2 weeks after initial evaluation and reportedly had no evidence of lameness and minimal external blemishes 3 months after the second evaluation.
Clinical Relevance—To our knowledge, this is the first report on the diagnosis and management of a long-bone abscess attributable to N arthritidis infection in cattle. Complications encountered during treatment and the decision to engage in extralabel use of antimicrobial agents in the heifer described here may serve as a guide for food animal practitioners faced with the treatment of valuable cattle.
Total Synthesis of Hopeahainol A and Hopeanol
Authors: Nicolaou K. C. , Wu T. Robert , Kang Qiang , Chen David Y.‐K. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractSimilar, but different: Possessing almost the same but not identical structures, the recently discovered natural products hopeahainol A (1) and hopeanol (2) exhibit important but differing biological properties (see structures). Their first total synthesis has now been achieved through a series of novel cascade reactions and skeletal rearrangements.magnified image
Study of electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction based on electroconducting polymer and nickel
Authors: Millán W. Martínez , Smit Mascha A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe properties and electrocatalytic activity were studied of composite carbon‐supported materials based on heterocyclic polymer and nickel, in particular carbon/polyaniline/nickel, carbon/polypyrrole/nickel, carbon/poly(3‐methylthiophene)/nickel, as well as their precursors, carbon/polyaniline, carbon/polypyrrole, and carbon/poly(3‐methylthiophene). The materials were characterized by means of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), EDAX, and electrochemical methods, such as cyclic voltammetry and linear voltammetry using RDE. SEM show porous materials, with a particle size of around 0.3 μm. It was found that in nickel‐modified catalysts between 5 and 6 wt % of nickel is obtained. TGA and FTIR show that the modification with nickel alters the polymer bonds. Curves from cyclic voltammetry show cathodic peaks corresponding to the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in all materials, occurring at relatively low potentials. Based on the potential range for ORR as well as kinetic parameters obtained from linear voltammetry using RDE, it was concluded that C‐Ppy‐Ni shows the best performance for ORR in acidic medium. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009