bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Can Psychology Help Reduce the Risk of Nuclear War?
Authors: Blight James G. 
Published: March 2007

Nuclear psychology, which began with the very best of intentions is, according to this article, doomed to failure and perpetual irrelevance unless it begins to take what the author refers to as a phenomenological approach to the subject. So far, too much attention has been given to "off-the-shelf' models derived from the psychological clinic and laboratory, and too little attention has been given to the actual perspective of nuclear policy makers, who are the people psychologists must influence if they hope to reduce the risk of a catastrophic nuclear war. The author attributes this trend to positivism, the belief that psychology is a natural science rather than one of the humanities. In his view, if psychologists wish to reduce nuclear risks, they must get more fully inside the viewpoints of policymakers, they must assume policymakers' roles at least in their imaginations, and only then will they come up with proposals that will make sense to the policy-making community. There are two requirements: (1) to obtain a greater understanding of what policymakers' thoughts and feelings are about during nuclear crises-those episodes when nuclear risks have been greatest, and (2) to know what it actually is like to have such thoughts and feelings at moments when the fate of the world is believed to be at stake. Importantly, this leads, or ought to lead, psychologists to the study of the Cuban missile crisis, the closest call by far to nuclear war between the superpowers. There is a great deal to be learned about the psychological reality of that moment of maximum nuclear danger in October, 1962. The author illustrates his argument with a literary metaphor drawn from John LeCarre 's The Little Drummer Girl. "She's panicked," Litvak announced suddenly to Becker's back. Puzzled, Becker turned and glanced at him. "She's gone over to them," Litvak insisted. His voice had a throaty instability. Becker returned to the window. "Part of her has gone over, part has stayed," he replied. "That is what we asked of her." "She's gone over!" Litvak repeated, rising on the swell of his own provocation. "It's happened with agents before. It's happened now... So what's her motivation? She's not Jewish. She's not anything. She's theirs. Forget her..." From the shallows of his sparse camp bed, Kurtz offered drowsy consolation. "Germany makes you jumpy Shimon. Ease off. What does it matter who she belongs to, so long as she keeps showing us the way?" (LeCarre, 1983)
Abraham Maslow and Heinz Kohut
Authors: Pauchant Thierry(Terry) C. , Dumas Colette A. 
Published: March 2007

In this article we present a comparison of the lives and work of Abraham Maslow, a founding father of humanistic psychology, and Heinz Kohut, the founding father of self psychology. While this comparison reveals certain predictable differences between these distinct leaders and their theoretical orientations, it also reveals surprising similarities in terms of their visions, their theories, and their lives. In addition, this comparison indicates that self psychology can provide an empirical bridge between humanistic psychology and modern psychoanalysis. This finding is particularly important at a time when the humanistic psychology community has identified the need to move away from ideology and to focus on humanistic psychology's empirical and clinical foundations, as one of its primary strategic challenges. The person in the peak-experiences feels more integrated (unifiled, whole, all-of-a-piece), than at other times,... more integrated,... more harmoniously organized, more synergic,... In Roger's nice phrase, he feels "fully-functioning,"... responsible, active,... more creative.... (Maslow, 1968, pp. 104-108) The successful end of the analysis... has been reached when the analysand's formally enfeebled or fragmented nuclear self... has become sufficiently strengthened and consolidated to be able to function as a more or less self-propelling, self-directed, and self-sustaining unit which provides a central purpose to his personality and gives a sense of meaning to his life. (Kohut, 1977, pp. 138-139)
Focus on the CNN Effect Misses the Point: The Real Media Impact on Conflict Management is Invisible And Indirect
Authors: Jakobsen Peter Viggo 
Published: March 2007

`[Television] has changed the way the world reacts to crises', Boutros Boutros-Ghali, then United Nations (UN) Secretary-General (Gowing, 1994a). The media ignores most conflicts most of the time. The coverage of the pre- and post-violence phases is negligible at best and only a few armed conflicts are covered in the violence phase. As focus and funds follow the cameras, the 1990s have witnessed a transfer of resources from more cost-effective, long-term efforts directed at preventing violent conflict and rebuilding war-torn societies to short-term emergency relief. Selective media coverage also contributes to an irrational allocation of short-term emergency relief because coverage is determined by factors other than humanitarian need. This invisible and indirect media impact on Western conflict management is far greater than the direct impact on intervention and withdrawal decisions that the debate over the CNN effect focuses on.
Significant Adults, Caretakers, and Structures of Opportunity: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Rivera Ramon J. , Short James F. 
Published: March 2007

During the Chicago study of "Street Corner Groups and Pat terns of Delinquency," adolescent boys (gang and nongang lower- class, and middle-class) were asked to nominate adults with whom they were in regular contact. Family members were ex cluded from nomination and the resulting rosters of adults, many of whom were local community residents, were included in a program of personal interviews. This article is a first report on these interviews and focuses on patterns of adolescent-adult relations in the communities under study. Particular attention is given to the fashion in which adults operate to shape the social and economic opportunities that youngsters will encounter. There are marked differences in this regard among the groups of adults studied. Adults close to gang boys are less likely to express concern for the life chances of boys they know and they are less likely to be sought out by the boys for advice in handling problems that the boys have encountered in school.
The Crime-Specific Model: A New Criminal Justice Perspective
Authors: Wormeli Paul K. , Kolodney Steve E. 
Published: March 2007

The objectives of the criminal justice system are ambiguous and often conflicting. Attempts to improve law enforcement, on the one hand, and the administration of justice, on the other, result in an impasse which prohibits optimization of the operation of the system. Therefore, quantitative analysis is almost always based on one of two conceptual models: the process model or the component model. This paper introduces a third conceptualization which is described as the crime-specific model. The crime-specific perspective approaches criminal justice prob lems by considering subproblems categorized according to type of offense. This framework should facilitate planning and action in criminal justice. More pragmatic goals about specific crimes could be set and the evaluation of the achievement of these goals would be more direct. New concepts of organization throughout the system would be produced and the management of day-to-day operations would be streamlined. In order for the crime-specific perspective to be used, two con ditions must exist. First, the circumstances surrounding the com mission of the offense and the characteristics of the offender must be measurably different for each offense category. Second, these differences must remain stable over time and across juridictions. This paper explores the extent to which events and offenders meet these constraints. 1S. E. Kolodney, P. L. Patterson, D. Daetz, and R. L. Marx, A Study of the Characteristics and Recidivism Experience of California Prisoners, Volume I: Summary Report, (San Jose, California: Public Systems Incorpo rated, February, 1970). 2Newly committed to prison excludes pa role violators returned, but permits offend ers to have had prior prison commitments. 3The number of new felony admissions during the years 1960-1968 for whom full data were available. 4 F α = 4.49 and Fn = 8.53 correspond to 95 and 99 percent confidence points on the F-distribution. These are common values for statistical tests.
Problems with the Use of Regression Analysis in Prediction Studies
Authors: Palmer Jan , Carlson Paul 
Published: March 2007

This article reviews the basic assumptions which must be met before linear regression techniques can be applied with maximum effectiveness. Starting with an intuitive explana tion of simple regression, the article proceeds to a discussion of more complex models which have applications in criminal justice research. Using this discussion as a background, it is shown that linear regression models which predict events with only two out comes violate two basic assumptions. Several alternative methods of dealing with this problem are examined, and one method, a multivariate logistic model, is used to estimate the probability of recidivism based on data provided by the Michigan Department o f Corrections.
The Value of Finding Out What Classroom Activities Students Like
Authors: Spratt Mary 
Published: March 2007

This paper reports on a study which investigated learners' preferences amongst 48 English language learning activities. 997 students on service English programmes at a tertiary education institution in Hong Kong were asked to complete a questionnaire about their preferences. The results support claims for the value of a learning-centred approach to lesson, materials and syllabus design, go against various previous studies that indicate learners' preference for non-communicative activities and, in their suggestion of a distinct learner profile for these students, show the importance of learning context in studies of attitude. They also indicate that learners distinguish in their preferences between similar activities, and that teachers' perceptions of students' preferences are often inaccurate. The study points up very clearly the value of finding out about students' preferences. This has implications for teaching and learning, which are discussed in the paper.
A Study of Four Attitudes and Reading Comprehension of Primary Six Students in Singapore
Authors: Ghadessy Mohsen 
Published: March 2007

Scores of 645 Chinese and Malay students from the Normal Stream* of six Primary Schools in Singapore in relation to pupils' attitude toward (1) teachers, (2) learning processes, (3) language arts and (4) mathematics and their (5) reading comprehension are com pared and contrasted to find answers to the following questions: 1. What are the correlations between the five variables for the two student groups? 2. Are there significant differences between the same variable across groups? 3. Would "clustering" of Malay students in some schools affect their performance scores? The obtained statistics indicate that, except in one case, there is a positive correlation between all the variables for the two groups. There is a significant difference between three of the attitudes across groups with the Chinese doing better in the reading and comprehen sion test. Clustering does not seem to affect the reading ability of the Malays. It is concluded that for the Malays the home environment is a much more important factor than the school environment in their attempt to master the English language.
Regard statistique sur les prêtres qui quittent le ministère
Authors: Kauffmann Michel 
Published: March 2007

On the basis of data published by the press in 1969, the Author, after determining their origin, analyses their importance and relates them to other elements of first-hand information in order to show their internal dynamism. Placing this data in world perspective he attempts to estimate the total number of priests who at present leave the ministry. Finally the Author shows the inadequacy of the legal framework in which the phenomenon is presently considered and he concludes by emphasizing that the decline in the number of clergy is well under way.
The representation of God : two complementary approaches
Authors: Hutsebaut Dirk , Houard Jean 
Published: March 2007

La relation de l'adolescent à Dieu a été étudiée de deux manières; avec une échelle Likert, d'une part ; à l'aide de questions ouvertes, de l'autre. Sur certains points, les résultats concordent, ailleurs ils se complètent remarquablement. La relation à Dieu est influencée par l'âge et, quoique dans une mesure moindre, par le sexe. Ces différences émergent dans les deux enquêtes. Pour l'adolescent, Dieu est surtout l'Absolu et Celui qui est miséricordieux. En outre, il est surtout l'ami et celui qui aide, le créateur et le Père. Les plus âgés substituent parfois à ces descriptions des formulations plus personnelles et plus proches de leur propre recherche du sens des choses. C'est aussi chez les plus âgés que l'élément de doute et de critique est le plus fréquent.
Jehovah's Witnesses in the U.S.A. 1942 - 1976
Authors: Zygmunt Joseph F. 
Published: March 2007

Cet article passe en revue et analyse les principales ten- dances qui se sont manifestées au cours du développement de la branche américaine du mouvement de La Tour de Garde depuis la mort de J.F. Rutheford. L'Auteur est particulièrement attentif à l'évolution des relations entre le mouvement et les autorités séculières. Il accorde également une attention particulière aux adaptations structurelles et normatives liées à l'expansion extrêmement accélérée du mouvement au cours des dernières décades, aux efforts en vue de revivifier son option millénariste, à ses tentatives persistantes pour maintenir sa différenciation à l'égard de l'ordre séculier. L'analyse révèle que le mouvement a subi des change ments importants de style, sans toutefois abandonner son identité sectaire fondamentale. Il a atténué son opposition au monde et ses caractéristiques de «groupe con f lictuel » pour apparaître davantage comme un groupe de contraste, «qui n'est pas du monde ».
Of Centennials and Bicentennials
Authors: Sedgwick Jeffrey Leigh 
Published: March 2007

The year 1987 will be the bicentennial of the American Constitution and the centennial of both the publication of Woodrow Wilson's article "The Study of Administration" and the creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission. These latter two events can justly be considered important events in the development of modern American public administration. This essay will argue that the Progressive era, marked by the reform of the public service, the restoration of an energetic executive, and the creation of independent regulatory commissions on the national level, resulted in a fundamentally different understanding of the nature of a political community than that characteristic of the Founding era. By comparing Progressive views to the views of the founders on the same or similar issues, one can illuminate the changing understanding of the relationship between the individuals, interests, and communities that make up the United States and the common good or public interest.
The Reactive Effect of Pretesting in Attitude Change Research: General or Specific?
Authors: Hoogstraten Joh. 
Published: March 2007

In an earlier study it was found that a pretest containing positive statements counteracted the development of negative feelings toward a treat ment. The present experiment sought both to repli cate the earlier study and to answer an additional question: Is the biasing effect general or is it re stricted to pretest content? Again, it appeared that a positive pretest acts as a device to counteract the development of negative sentiments. The effect size, small in the original experiment, was even smaller in the present experiment. Moreover, it was found that the sensitization effect operated only when the pretest and the posttest were identical. Using dis similar pretest and posttest measures eliminated the biasing effect. It is widely recognized that the standard pre test-treatment-posttest design raises the problem of a pretest sensitization effect. Nevertheless, measures prior to treatment are frequently used in attitude change research. There are a number of reasons for this preference of pretesting over a randomized design without a pretest (e.g., Chris tensen, 1977; Lana, 1969).
Radical Social Work- Contradictions, Limitations and Political Possibilities
Authors: Hearn Jeff 
Published: March 2007

The first assumption of this article is that it is never easy to be radical; the second that this is particularly so within radical social work. The historical context and contradictions of radical social work are examined and the related social limitations that can lead to its deradicalisation are elaborated. The latter part of the article considers the problematic relationship of social work and marxism, and the centrality of gender divisions, reproduction and feminism in the analysis of (radical) social work. The article concludes with a discussion of political possibilities for radical social work, in resisting reactionary pressures, and maintaining political activity through organisational politics.I am very grateful to Bob Ashcroft for his help and encouragement in writing this article, to Julia Graham, Peter Hitch, Jim Kincaid, Mark Philp, Satya Schofield and Helena Scott for discussions on the issues raised, and to Satya Schofield for typing the script. I also owe a great, though more diffuse, debt to many other people, and particularly those involved in childcare campaigning.
Grey power: age-based organisations' response to structured inequalities
Authors: Ginn Jay 
Published: March 2007

One consequence of the ageing of populations is the portrayal of elderly people as threatening the viability of welfare states; in particu lar, those who wish to justify cuts in public pensions depict the elderly as increasingly affluent and powerful relative to the rest of society. This article challenges such a view of elderly people in Britain as an ageist myth which serves to distract attention from the real sources of economic problems and from inequalities in elderly people's income and power which vary by class, gender and race. Because ageing affects men and women in different ways elderly women are not only poorer than men but also have lower social status, disadvantages Which are compounded for black women. Examination of publications of older people's campaigning organ isations in Britain and the USA shows that elderly people do not align themselves politically on the basis of age but of class. Although women participate at all levels in 'grey power', older peoples organis ations have largely neglected the issues of gender and race. Whereas older women in the USA have highlighted injustices to women and achieved some reforms, British older women have not yet mobiused as effectively.
Cheaper Can Be Better: Cutting Costs and Improving Low Vision Aid Service
Authors: Landers Aideen , Tapley Jane , Billington Brenda , Almgill Veronica , Mitchell-Baker Alastair 
Published: March 2007

The traditional Low Vision Aid service using Hospital Eye Service Prescription forms is expensive and often associated with poor patient satisfaction as found in the studies by Mcllwaine, Bell and Dutton (1991) and by Humphrey and Thompson (1986). We audited this service in a district general hospital. Subsequently a more integrated "In House" Low Vision Aid clinic was established. The new service was re-audited to compare costs and also to look at patient satisfaction. The first audit composed a retrospective analysis of over two years of Hospital Eye Service Prescription forms (495 forms) which were traced through the optometrists/opticians and the Health Authority's finance department. In the second audit a retrospective analysis, of the records of 102 patients and a telephone survey were undertaken. In the first audit the average cost per patient receiving Low Vision Aids was £107.43; in the second this figure was £47.83 suggesting the integrated Low Vision Aid clinic is more cost-effective. We also obtained a patient satisfaction rate of 76%.
THE RISE AND FALL OF GOVERNMENTAL PATRONAGE OF ART: A SOCIOLOGIST'S CASE STUDY OF THE POLISH POSTER BETWEEN 1945 AND 1990
Authors: Zielinski Florian 
Published: March 2007

In which ways is contemporary Polish culture as the culture of post-communist society changing? As a case study dealing with this question, the main topic of this article is the Polish poster which is seen as a field expressive of the institutions and mechanisms determining the character of Polish society and culture. The aim is to demonstrate the relationship between three major spheres of society - art, market and politics. The main objective of the era of so-called `real socialism' was complete state control over all forms of culture. The corresponding centralisation moved the poster outside the realm of supply-and-demand relations and politically controlled it through the mechanisms of orders, financing and censorship. The paradox of the poster culture in `real socialism' emerged with the poster's double liberation, i.e., a weakening of its dependence on business and advertising, and later on politics. In Poland the poster developed not as an instrument of advertising or propaganda, but as an art form, and it thus retained its character as an art product. This article describes the changes in poster art with the economic and political demise of the communist system. Westernisation and the importing of advertisements, for instance, led to a switch from poster painting to photography, from the artist's personal expression to the product image. The roles of designer and producer of posters have thus been interchanged. How can the artistic poster survive in a market-orientated society? What type of new institutions and opportunities will emerge in this new situation? This change of roles can also be interpreted to point the way to a reeducation of society as a whole.
PROFESSIONAL MONEYLENDERS AND THE EMERGENCE OF CAPITALISM IN INDIA AND INDONESIA
Authors: Schrader Heiko 
Published: March 2007

A widely held assumption is that contemporary financial landscapes and regional differences are to a large extent the outcome of historical processes. A recent hypothesis the author put forward was that professional moneylenders are a structural phenomenon of expanding merchant capitalism, and that once the market integration of particular regions has been achieved, professional moneylenders are eventually replaced by banks. Alongside such large-scale professional moneylenders there have always been and still are various small-scale and mostly semi-professional moneylenders. In the contemporary world they are found in great numbers in developing countries. They have been interpreted as structurally supporting capitalism because they provide marginalised people who are beyond the scope of banks with purchasing power for the commodity markets based upon credit. In this paper the author compares large-scale professional moneylenders of precolonial/colonial India and colonial Indonesia. The analysis shows that particularly non-Western bankers emerged in India, while in Indonesia comparable financial agents seem to have existed only in limited numbers. What seems to speak against the above hypothesis can be interpreted as follows. While the structure of expanding merchant capitalism provides a framework in which such non-Western bankers may emerge, the particular world market integration of trade during the expansion period and colonial policy may develop different financial landscapes with regard to economic opportunities for private enterprise.