bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of animal position and number of repeated measurements on selected two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiographic variables in healthy dogs
Authors: Chetboul Valerie , Tidholm Anna , Nicolle Audrey , Sampedrano Carolina Carlos , Gouni Vassiliki , Pouchelon Jean-Louis , Lefebvre Hervé P. , Concordet Didier 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To evaluate the effects of positioning and number of repeated measurements on intra- and interobserver variability of echocardiographic measurements in dogs.Design—Prospective study.Animals—4 healthy dogs.Procedure—Each observer performed 24 examinations, separately assessing each dog 6 nonconsecutive times (3 times with the dog in lateral recumbency and 3 with the dog in a standing position). Variables evaluated included M-mode measurements of left ventricular end-diastolic and left ventricular endsystolic diameters, left ventricular free-wall thickness in diastole and systole, interventricular septal thickness in diastole and systole, left ventricular shortening fraction, and 2-dimensional measurements of the left atrial diameter-to-aortic diameter ratio.Results—All coefficients of variation (range, 3.4% to 26.6%) were similar between operators and positions and were < 15% for 27 of 32 values. For both operators, repeatability of the measurements was better for left ventricular end-systolic diameter, left ventricular free-wall thickness in diastole, left ventricular freewall thickness in systole, and the left atrial diameterto- aortic diameter in the standing position, and similar for both positions for shortening fraction and left ventricular end-diastolic diameter. No effect of cardiac cycle was observed.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Within-day variability of conventional echocardiography performed with the dog in the standing position was at least as good as that obtained with the dog in lateral recumbency for most measured variables. Single measurements of each variable may be sufficient for trained observers examining dogs that do not have an arrhythmia. The standing position should be used, particularly for stressed or dyspneic dogs. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;227:743–747)
Evaluation of oral rabies vaccination programs for control of rabies epizootics in coyotes and gray foxes: 1995–2003
Authors: Sidwa Thomas J. , Wilson Pamela J. , Moore Guy M. , Oertli Ernest H. , Hicks Bradley N. , Rohde Rodney E. , Johnston David H. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To evaluate the effectiveness of intervention efforts to halt 2 wildlife rabies epizootics from 1995 through 2003, including 9 oral rabies vaccination campaigns for coyotes and 8 oral rabies vaccination campaigns for gray foxes.Design—Retrospective study.Animals—98 coyotes during prevaccination surveillance and 963 coyotes and 104 nontarget animals during postvaccination surveillance in south Texas, and 699 gray foxes and 561 nontarget animals during postvaccination surveillance in west-central Texas.Procedures—A recombinant-virus oral rabies vaccine in edible baits was distributed by aircraft for consumption by coyotes and gray foxes. Bait acceptance was monitored by use of microscopic analysis of tetracycline biomarker in upper canine teeth and associated bone structures in animals collected for surveillance. Serologic responses were monitored by testing sera for rabies virus–neutralizing antibodies by use of the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test. The incidence of rabies in the distribution area was recorded via active and passive surveillance activities; tracking of rabies virus variants in confirmed rabid animals was used to determine the number and type of rabies cases before and after distributions of the vaccine.Results—The expansion of both epizootics was halted as a result of the vaccine bait program. The number of laboratory-confirmed rabid animals attributable to the domestic dog-coyote rabies virus variant in south Texas declined to 0, whereas the number of laboratory- confirmed rabid animals attributable to the Texas fox rabies virus variant in west-central Texas decreased.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Data indicated that oral rabies vaccination resulted in protective immunity in a sufficient percentage of the target wildlife population to preclude propagation of the disease and provided an effective means of controlling rabies in these species. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;227:785–792)
Effect of postoperative analgesic protocol on limb function following onychectomy in cats
Authors: Romans Cory W. , Gordon Wanda J. , Robinson Duane A. , Evans Richard , Conzemius Michael G. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To evaluate the analgesic effects of topical administration of bupivacaine, IM administration of butorphanol, and transdermal administration of fentanyl in cats undergoing onychectomy.Design—Prospective study.Animals—27 healthy adult cats.Procedure—Cats were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups, and unilateral (left forefoot) onychectomy was performed. Gait analysis was performed before and 1, 2, 3, and 12 days after surgery. All forces were expressed as a percentage of the cat's body weight.Results—On day 2, peak vertical force (PVF) was significantly decreased in cats treated with bupivacaine, compared with cats treated with butorphanol or fentanyl. The ratio of left forelimb PVF to PVF of the other 3 limbs was significantly lower on day 2 in cats treated with bupivacaine than in cats treated with fentanyl. No significant differences in vertical impulse (VI) were found between groups on any day. Values for PVF, VI, and the PVF ratio increased progressively following surgery. However, for all 3 groups, values were still significantly decreased, compared with baseline values, 12 days after surgery.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that limb function following onychectomy is significantly better in cats treated with fentanyl transdermally or butorphanol IM than in cats treated with bupivacaine topically. Regardless of the analgesic regimen, limb function was still significantly reduced 12 days after surgery, suggesting that long-term analgesic treatment should be considered for cats undergoing onychectomy. Irrigation of the surgical incisions with bupivacaine prior to wound closure cannot be recommended as the sole method for providing postoperative analgesia in cats undergoing onychectomy. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;227:89–93)
Duration, complications, stress, and pain of open ovariohysterectomy versus a simple method of laparoscopic-assisted ovariohysterectomy in dogs
Authors: Devitt Chad M. , Cox Ray E. , Hailey Jim J. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To describe a simple method of laparoscopic-assisted ovariohysterectomy (LAOHE) and compare duration of surgery, complications, measures of surgical stress, and postoperative pain with open ovariohysterectomy (OHE) in dogs.Design—Randomized, prospective clinical trial.Animals—20 healthy sexually intact female dogs weighing > 10 kg (22 lb).Procedures—Dogs were randomly allocated to receive conventional OHE or LAOHE. Intraoperative complications, anesthetic complications, total anesthesia time, and total surgery time were recorded. Serum cortisol and glucose concentrations, temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate were measured preoperatively and 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 hours postoperatively. Pain scores were assigned by a nonblinded observer at 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 hours postoperatively. Duration of surgery, pain scores, objective measures of surgical stress, anesthetic complications, and surgical complications were compared between OHE and LAOHE.Results—Age, weight, PCV, and duration of surgery did not differ between treatment groups. Nine of 10 dogs in the OHE group required additional pain medication on the basis of pain scores, whereas none of the dogs in the LAOHE group did. Blood glucose concentrations were significantly increased from preoperative concentrations in the OHE group at 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours postoperatively and at 1 hour postoperatively in the LAOHE group. Cortisol concentrations were significantly increased at 1 and 2 hours postoperatively in the OHE group.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—LAOHE caused less pain and surgical stress than OHE and may be more appropriate for an outpatient setting. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;227:921–927)
Isolation of Staphylococcus schleiferi from healthy dogs and dogs with otitis, pyoderma, or both
Authors: May Elizabeth R. , Hnilica Keith A. , Frank Linda A. , Jones Rebekah D. , Bemis David A. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine the frequency of isolation and susceptibility patterns ofStaphylococcus schleiferifrom healthy dogs and dogs with otitis, pyoderma, or both that had or had not received antimicrobial treatment.Design—Prospective study.Animals—50 dogs.Procedure—Dogs were allocated to 1 of 4 groups: healthy dogs (n = 13), dogs without otitis but with pyoderma (10), dogs with otitis but without pyoderma (11), and dogs with otitis and pyoderma (16). Bacteriologic culture of ear swab specimens was performed in all dogs. Bacteriologic culture of skin swab specimens was also performed in dogs with concurrent pyoderma. Isolates were identified asS schleiferisubspschleiferiorS schleiferisubspcoagulansonthe basis of growth and biochemical characteristics.Results—S schleiferiwas not isolated from any dogs with pyoderma only.Staphylococcus schleiferisubspschleiferiwas isolated from the ears of 2 healthy dogs, and the skin and ears of 2 dogs and the skin of 1 dog with otitis and pyoderma.Staphylococcus schleiferisubspcoagulanswas isolated from the ears of 3 dogs with otitis only, and the ears of 6 dogs and the skin of 2 dogs with otitis and pyoderma. One of theS schleiferisubspschleiferiisolates from ears, 2 of theS schleiferisubsp coagulansisolates from ears, and 1 of theS schleiferisubspcoagulansisolates from the skin were resistant to methicillin. One methicillin-resistant isolate from the ears and 1 from the skin were also resistant to fluoroquinolones.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—S schleiferisubsp schleiferiwas detected in healthy dogs and dogs with otitis and pyoderma. Methicillin-resistant and -susceptibleS schleiferisubsp schleiferi andS schleiferisubsp coagulans were detected as the predominant organisms in dogs with otitis. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;227:928–931)
Outcome of accelerated radiotherapy alone or accelerated radiotherapy followed by exenteration of the nasal cavity in dogs with intranasal neoplasia: 53 cases (1990–2002)
Authors: Adams William M. , Bjorling Dale E. , McAnulty Jonathan F. , Green Eric M. , Forrest Lisa J. , Vail David M. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To compare long-term results of radiotherapy alone versus radiotherapy followed by exenteration of the nasal cavity in dogs with malignant intranasal neoplasia.Design—Retrospective study.Animals—53 dogs with malignant intranasal neoplasia.Procedure—All dogs underwent radiotherapy consisting of administration of 10 fractions of 4.2 Gy each on consecutive weekdays. For dogs in the surgery group (n = 13), follow-up computed tomography was performed, and dogs were scheduled for surgery if persistent or recurrent tumor was seen.Results—Perioperative complications for dogs that underwent surgery included hemorrhage requiring transfusion (2 dogs) and subcutaneous emphysema (8). Rhinitis and osteomyelitis-osteonecrosis occurred significantly more frequently in dogs in the radiotherapy and surgery group (9 and 4 dogs, respectively) than in dogs in the radiotherapy-only group (4 and 3 dogs, respectively). Two- and 3-year survival rates were 44% and 24%, respectively, for dogs in the radiotherapy group and 69% and 58%, respectively, for dogs in the surgery group. Overall median survival time for dogs in the radiotherapy and surgery group (47.7 months) was significantly longer than time for dogs in the radiotherapy-only group (19.7 months).Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that exenteration of the nasal cavity significantly prolongs survival time in dogs with intranasal neoplasia that have undergone radiotherapy. Exenteration after radiotherapy may increase the risk of chronic complications. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;227:936–941)
Efficacy of Saccharomyces boulardii for treatment of horses with acute enterocolitis
Authors: Desrochers Anne M. , Dolente Brett A. , Roy Marie-France , Boston Raymond , Carlisle Sharon 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To evaluate the viability ofSaccharomyces boulardiiafter PO administration in clinically normal horses and its efficacy as a treatment for horses with acute enterocolitis.Design—Prospective study.Animals—5 clinically normal horses and 14 horses with acute enterocolitis.Procedure—Feces were collected from 5 clinically normal horses and submitted for microbial culture for 2 days prior to administration of a lyophilized form ofS boulardii(25 or 50 g, PO, q 12 h) for 10 days. Feces were collected for microbial culture 5 and 10 days after treament initiation and 10 days after treatment was discontinued. Fourteen horses with acute enterocolitis were randomly allocated to receive a placebo orS boulardii(25 g), PO, every 12 hours for 14 days.Results—S boulardiiwas not detected in feces of clinically normal horses. After administration, yeast survived within the gastroinestinal tract but did not permanently colonize it. In horses with acute enterocolitis, the severity and duration of gastrointestinal tract disease during hospitalization were significantly decreased in horses receivingS boulardii, compared with horses receiving the placebo.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Administration ofS boulardiimay help decrease the severity and duration of clinical signs in horses with acute enterocolitis. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;227:954–959)
Skill Acquisition: Models
Authors: Johnson Todd R , Wang Hongbin , Zhang Jiajie 
Published: December 2005

AbstractSkill acquisition is the process whereby a learner progresses from slow, deliberate, memory‐intensive, error‐prone performance on a task, to rapid, automatic, near‐error‐free performance. The process applies to activities ranging from simple perceptual–motor tasks, such as pushing a button whenever a light comes on or shifting gears in a car, to complex cognitive tasks, such as playing chess or diagnosing diseases.
Emergence
Authors: Stephan Achim 
Published: December 2005

AbstractIn ordinary language, to ‘emerge’ means to ‘appear’ or ‘come into view’; but the technical use of the term is associated with features such as novelty, irreducibility, and unpredictability. The basic idea of emergence is that as systems become increasingly complex during evolution, some of them may exhibit novel properties that are neither predictable nor explainable on the basis of the laws governing the behavior of the systems' parts. Thus, complex wholes can come to have properties that are not reducible to the properties and relations of their constituents.
Multiple Realizability
Authors: Bickle John 
Published: December 2005

AbstractMultiple realizability, the claim that a type of mental state is implemented in a variety of distinct types of physical states, is the central premise in the most influential criticism of mind‐to‐brain reductionist programs. But the validity of this argument is under increasing scrutiny, based both on examples from more mature branches of science and on specific developments in the cognitive and brain sciences.
Categorial Grammar and Formal Semantics
Authors: Moortgat Michael 
Published: December 2005

AbstractCategorial grammar is a lexicalized grammar formalism based on logical type theory. A categorial lexicon assigns one or more types to the atomic elements of a language; the assembly of form and meaning is accounted for in terms of the rules of inference for these types, seen as formulae of a grammar logic. Cross‐linguistic variation results from extending the invariant core of the grammar logic with facilities for structural reasoning.
Morphological Processing
Authors: Baayen R Harald , Schreuder Robert 
Published: December 2005

AbstractWords with internal morphological structure are processed differently in the mental lexicon than monomorphemic words, both in language comprehension and in speech production. How morphological structure is represented in the brain is hotly disputed. Dissociations between the processing of regular and irregular complex words on the one hand, and gradient morphological phenomena on the other, are key issues in the debate between single and dual route approaches, and between symbolic and connectionist approaches.
Syntactic Encoding and Syntactic Choice
Authors: O'Seaghdha Padraig G 
Published: December 2005

AbstractSyntactic encoding creates a representation intermediate between a nonlinguistic conceptual level and a subsequent phonological level containing word forms. Lexical selection contributes to construction of a syntactic frame. Syntactic persistence, a form of implicit memory, suggests that syntactic structure is partly isolable from content. The relation between conceptual and syntactic formulation is a crucial question that is ripe for further exploration.
Consciousness, Stream of
Authors: Natsoulas Thomas 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Except for time‐gaps, when the stream comes to a stop and then starts again, a stream of consciousness is constituted, from the Jamesian perspective, of tightly adjacent states of consciousness occurring very briefly one at a time. Unless a second such stream flows in the individual simultaneously, his or her conscious mental life at any instant consists entirely of one integral state of consciousness that typically possesses many intrinsic features.
Cerebral Commissures
Authors: Witelson Sandra F , Kigar Debra L , Walter Alison 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
The cerebral commissures house the fibers that interconnect the two hemispheres of the brain. The main fiber tract, namely the corpus callosum, varies greatly in size in the human brain. Factors such as sex of the individual and chronological age affect its size. Relationships exist between callosal size, degree of functional asymmetry and cognitive ability. The callosum may play a crucial role in the experience of conscious unity.
Face Perception, Neural Basis of
Authors: Bentin Shlomo 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThere is neurophysiological evidence to support the existence of a specific neural mechanism in the extrastriate cortex, which is tuned to detect physiognomic information in the visual field and form a mental image, capturing those aspects of the face that enable us to distinguish it from other faces, a stage that is considered to precede personal identification.
Reinforcement Learning: A Biological Perspective
Authors: Montague P Read , Eagleman David M , McClure Samuel M , Berns Gregory S 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Reinforcement learning is an approach to learning problems that takes account of the interaction of the learner with their reactive environment. Despite its early connections to animal learning, reinforcement learning has been an active field of study in engineering and computer science. New research is now starting to connect reinforcement learning to identifiable biological systems. These connections may well provide direct insights into goal‐directed learning and decision‐making in biological organisms.
Sleep Reduction, Cognitive Effects of
Authors: Pinel John PJ , Barnes Steven J 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Even minor sleep loss (e.g., 3 or 4 hours for one night) increases sleepiness, disturbs mood, and reduces vigilance. More complex cognitive and motor disturbances have been reported after sleep loss, but they have been proven to be less sensitive. Remarkably, the few studies of individuals who have adopted long programs of reduced sleep (e.g., 5.5 hours per night) suggest that their sleep gradually becomes more efficient, and their initial deficits diminish.
Episodic Memory, Computational Models of
Authors: Norman Kenneth A 
Published: December 2005

AbstractComputational models of episodic memory constitute mechanistically explicit theories of how we recall previously experienced events, and how we recognize stimuli as having been encountered previously. Because these models concretely specify the algorithms that govern recall and recognition, researchers can run computer simulations of these models to explore how (according to a particular model) different manipulations will affect recall and recognition performance.
B
loomfield,
L
eonard
Authors: Anderson Stephen R 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Leonard Bloomfield (1887–1949) was an American linguist whose contributions to general linguistics as well as to the study of a number of language families make him one of the central figures in the history of this field of study. His name is virtually synonymous with the American Structuralist approach to language through the 1950s.
Animal Cognition
Authors: Kuhlmeier Valerie A , Boysen Sarah T 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
The study of how animals learn, behave, and think, often from a comparative perspective, is the crux of animal cognition research. Recent topics explored in this field include understanding of abstract concepts, spatial learning and memory, imitation, representation of social relations, and examining the similarities between nonhuman primates and human children.
Animal Language
Authors: Rumbaugh Duane M , Beran Michael J 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Animal language references the field in which animals' capabilities for various dimensions and functions of language are researched. Language is here defined as a neurobehavioral system that provides for the construction and use of symbols to enable the conveyance and receipt of information and novel ideas between individuals. The meanings of symbols in this system are basically defined and modulated through social interactions.
Event‐Related Potentials and Mental Chronometry
Authors: Wilding Edward L , Herron Jane E 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Mental chronometry is the label that has been given to the use of reaction times to identify and characterize the stages of human information processing that occur between a stimulus and a response. Event‐related potentials (ERPs) are also suited to this, since they index in real time the brain processes that reflect successive stages of human information processing.
Evolutionary Psychology: Theoretical Foundations
Authors: Cosmides Leda , Tooby John 
Published: December 2005

AbstractEvolutionary psychology is an approach to the cognitive sciences whose goal is to map the evolved, species‐typical cognitive and neural architecture of humans (and other species). Its focus is on integrating what is known about evolution into the research process, allowing evolutionary psychologists to derive hypotheses about the design of human information‐processing mechanisms from the large pre‐ existing body of theories already developed and empirically tested within modern evolutionary biology.
Piagetian Theory, Development of Conceptual Structure
Authors: Fischer Kurt , Kaplan Ulas 
Published: December 2005

AbstractJean Piaget established an important approach to the study of mental development. He distinguished a series of stages of cognitive development and outlined a process of change through which children actively create a new type of intelligence at each stage. New tools, in contextual and cultural analysis, dynamical systems theory, and neuroscience, are helping to realize his goal of connecting developmental stages with processes of growth.
Vygotsky,Lev
Authors: Berk Laura E , Harris Sara 
Published: December 2005

AbstractRussian psychologist Lev Semenovich Vygotsky (1896–1934) originated sociocultural theory, which regards social interaction between children and more expert members of their culture as the wellspring of cognitive development. Vygotsky's theory and especially his most influential concept – the zone of proximal development – inspired research into many aspects of teaching and learning.