bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fly populations associated with landfill and composting sites used for household refuse disposal
Authors: Goulson D. , Hughes W.O.H. , Chapman J.W. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractCalyptrate fly populations were monitored with sticky traps at the following sites in Hampshire, UK during August to November 1998: a landfill and composting site (Paulsgrove), a site adjacent to this landfill (Port Solent), a site with no landfill nearby (Gosport), and a composting site with no landfill nearby. Overall, house flies Musca domestica(Linnaeus) and lesser house flies Fannia spp. were not important constituents of the dipteran catch, while bluebottles (Calliphora spp.) and greenbottles (Lucilia spp.) comprised approximately 12% of the total. Very large fly populations were found at the two composting sites, and it seems likely that these provide ideal breeding grounds for a range of fly species since they offer an abundance of warm decaying organic matter. Large fly populations were also evident at the landfill site. The suitability of household waste for the development of calyptrate Diptera was confirmed in a controlled trial: a mean of 0.43 adults emerged per kilo of one-week-old waste. Since many hundreds of tonnes of waste are delivered to the landfill daily, it is clear that the landfill is likely to substantially increase the local population of calyptrate flies. However, the data suggest that there was little movement of Diptera from the landfill to Port Solent situated approximately 500 m away. The most important calyptrate flies at this site were the cluster flies Pollenia rudis (Fabricius) and P. amentaria (Scopoli); the landfill site is unlikely to provide a suitable breeding site for these flies, as the larvae develop as parasites of earthworms. Significantly more flies emerged from one-week-old than from two-week-old household waste. A comparison of different barriers to the emergence of adult house flies from waste demonstrated that sacking provided an effective barrier to fly emergence, but that soil did not differ significantly from control treatments. If managed appropriately, it seems that the use of sacking over landfill waste could substantially reduce associated fly populations.
The within-field spatial and temporal distribution of arthropods in winter wheat
Authors: Holland J.M. , Perry J.N. , Winder L. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe within-field spatial distribution of some common farmland arthropods from the Carabidae, Araneae and Collembola was assessed using two-dimensional grids of pitfall traps distributed across whole winter wheat fields. In the first year, the extent to which arthropod capture was influenced by location within the field and sampling intensity was examined using a nested grid design (1.5 m, 7.5 m and 30 m spacings). In the second year, distributions within two different-sized winter wheat fields were compared. Spatial pattern and association between arthropods and weed cover were analysed using SADIE and trend surfaces were used to visualize distributions. Many of these arthropod groups exhibited aggregated distributions within the fields in clusters larger than 30 m across, demonstrating that the numbers captured will vary depending on the location of sampling within a field.Amaraspecies,Bembidion lamprosHerbst, Carabidae and Lycosidae were predominantly found within 60 m of the field edge.Nebria brevicollisFabricius andPterostichus madidusIlliger were found within the field in patches of one and two hectares, respectively. Linyphiidae were relatively homogeneously distributed across the fields. There was some evidence of clustering by Collembola. The spermophagous Carabidae and Lycosidae were positively associated with the degree of weed cover. SADIE analytical techniques were useful for identifying the importance and location of patches with greater and less than average numbers, although a minimum of 36 sample points is recommended.
Survival and reproduction ofEuoniticellus intermedius(Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in dung following application of cypermethrin and flumethrin pour-ons to cattle
Authors: Krüger K. , Lukhele O.M. , Scholtz C.H. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractCattle were treated with cypermethrin and flumethrin pour-ons to determine possible adverse effects of residues in dung on the survival, fecundity and fertility ofEuoniticellus intermedius(Reiche). Dung from both cypermethrin- and flumethrin-treated cattle was collected 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after treatment, with an untreated control for each. Mortality of adultE.intermediusexposed to dung collected from cypermethrin-treated cattle two to seven days after treatment ranged between 80% and 100%. Cypermethrin had no effect on adult and immature survival or on fecundity and fertility ofE.intermediusexposed to dung collected 1, 14, 21 and 28 days after treatment. Dung collected from flumethrin-treated cattle had no apparent effect on adult survival, egg production, immature survival, adult emergence, fecundity and fertility ofE.intermedius, except at seven days after treatment, when fewer brood balls were produced and consequently fewer adults emerged from dung from treated animals compared with the control.
Vine phenological stage during larval feeding affects male and female reproductive output of Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Authors: Torres-Vila L.M. , Rodríguez-Molina M.C. , Roehrich R. , Stockel J. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe effect of vine phenological stage during larval feeding on the reproductive output of Lobesia botrana (Denis & Schiffermüller) adults was assessed. Larvae were reared under field conditions on vine inflorescences, unripe or ripe berries simulating the first, second and third insect generations respectively. The resulting adults showed significant differences in body weight, longevity and reproductive output as measured by oviposition period, total fecundity and reproductive efficiency (viable eggs/body weight) for females, and spermatophore number and volume of the first spermatophore for males. Viable egg number was positively correlated with female body weight for all treatments but male reproductive efficiency (spermatophores/body weight) was not. The reproductive output of females from larvae reared on a standard semisynthetic diet was comparable to that of females reared on ripe berries whereas males showed a higher reproductive output when reared on semisynthetic diet. These results clearly show that data obtained from insects reared on artificial diet cannot be extrapolated to ‘field-derived’ adults. The results suggest that the variation in L. botrana reproductive output due to the larval food source should be taken into account as a potential factor affecting insect population dynamics. It is suggested that different intervention thresholds, such as those based on pheromone catches, may be needed for each of the three moth generations, to compensate for the increased fecundity and potential to cause larger amounts of crop damage of later generations.
Variation in tospovirus transmission between populations of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
Authors: van de Wetering F. , van der Hoek M. , Goldbach R. , Mollema C. , Peters D. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractFourteen populations of the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande, originating from different hosts and countries in Asia, Europe, North America and New Zealand, were analysed for their competency and efficiency to transmit tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). All populations acquired and subsequently transmitted the virus, and were thus competent to transmit. They show marked differences in their efficiency, expressed as the percentage of transmitting adults. Efficiencies varied from 18% for a F. occidentalis population from the USA (US2) to 75% for a population from Israel (IS2). The differences between populations were not affected by the amount of virus ingested or by the host plant used. However, the tospovirus species studied and age at which the larvae acquired the virus affected the efficiency to transmit. First instar larvae of the NL3 population from The Netherlands were able to acquire tomato spotted wilt virus, whereas second instar larvae failed to do so. However, both instars of this population acquired impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV), another tospovirus. This and tomato spotted wilt virus were both acquired by both larval stages of the populations IS2 and US2, although their ability to acquire virus decreased with their age. Hence, it is likely that, in general, both instar larvae of most F. occidentalis populations are competent to acquire both tospoviruses. These results show that large differences exist in the efficiency by which tomato spotted wilt is transmitted by the various F. occidentalis populations and that the ability to acquire tospovirus decreases with the age of the larvae
The host range, annual cycle and parasitoids of the African rice gall midge Orseolia oryzivora (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in central and southeast Nigeria
Authors: Williams C.T. , Okhidievbie O. , Harris K.M. , Ukwungwu M.N. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractHost range experiments and field sampling in Nigeria produced no evidence that African rice gall midge, Orseolia oryzivora Harris – Gagné, can develop on plants other than Oryza species. Sampling in three outbreak areas during 1994 showed that the insect's annual cycle varied according to the agroecological zone and rice cropping pattern. In the humid forest zone, Orseolia oryzivora persisted through the short dry season on ratoons of cultivated rice Oryza sativa at a rainfed site and on dry season rice crops at an irrigated one. In contrast, at rainfed sites in the moist savannah zone the pest survived the longer dry season on the perennial wild rice O. longistaminata, while ratoons and volunteers of O. sativa provided 'bridges' between the wild host and wet season rice crops. Early in the wet season at rainfed sites, galls of Orseolia oryzivora were not found at high density on wild rice, ratoons or volunteers. The heavy infestations which developed by October resulted primarily from rapid multiplication on rice crops themselves during the wet season. At all 13 sites sampled, the large majority of galls were found on fallow or cropped rice fields, rather than in ditches, bunds or uncultivated wetland, irrespective of the time of year or the hosts involved. From gall dissections, the parasitoids Aprostocetus procerae (Risbec) and Platygaster diplosisae Risbec caused over 30% mortality at some sites by October but generally increased too late to prevent crop damage. Implications of the results for the management of Orseolia oryzivora are discussed.
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation: special considerations for infants and children with cardiac disease
Authors: Peddy Stacie B. , Fran Hazinski Mary , Laussen Peter C. , Thiagarajan Ravi R. , Hoffman George M. , Nadkarni Vinay , Tabbutt Sarah 
Published: November 2007

AbstractPulseless cardiac arrest, defined as the cessation of cardiac mechanical activity, determined by unresponsiveness, apneoa, and the absence of a palpable central pulse, accounts for around one-twentieth of admissions to paediatric intensive care units, be they medical or exclusively cardiac. Such cardiac arrest is higher in children admitted to a cardiac as opposed to a paediatric intensive care unit, but the outcome of these patients is better, with just over two-fifths surviving when treated in the cardiac intensive care unit, versus between one-sixth and one-quarter of those admitted to paediatric intensive care units. Children who receive chest compressions for bradycardia with pulses have a significantly higher rate of survival to discharge, at 60%, than do those presenting with pulseless cardiac arrest, with only 27% surviving to discharge. This suggests that early resuscitation before the patient becomes pulseless, along with early recognition and intervention, are likely to improve outcomes. Recently published reports of in-hospital cardiac arrests in children can be derived from the multi-centric National Registry of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation provided by the American Heart Association. The population is heterogeneous, but most arrests occurred in children with progressive respiratory insufficiency, and/or progressive circulatory shock. During the past 4 years at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3.1% of the average 1000 annual admissions to the cardiac intensive care unit have received cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Overall survival of those receiving cardiopulmonary resuscitation was 46%. Survival was better for those receiving cardiopulmonary resuscitation after cardiac surgery, at 53%, compared with survival of 33% for pre-operative or non-surgical patients undergoing resuscitation. Clearly there is room for improvement in outcomes from cardiac resuscitation in children with cardiac disease. In this review, therefore, we summarize the newest developments in paediatric resuscitation, with an expanded focus upon the unique challenges and importance of anticipatory care in infants and children with cardiac disease.
THE RESPONSE OF THE POPLITEAL LYMPH NODE OF THE SHEEP TO SWINE INFLUENZA VIRUS
Authors: Smith JB , Morris Bede 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe response of the political lymph node of the sheep to influenza virus has been studied by following the changes in the cell population and antibody content of the efferent lymph. Antibody did not appear in the lymph in the primary response until about 140 hr. after challenge; this was well after the blast cell response in the lymph had passed its peak. In the secondary response antibody appeared in the lymph at the same time as the blast cells. The antibody produced in the primary response was almost all IgG with only small amounts of IgM and it was thought that this explained the dissociation of the blast cell and the antibody response.A primary response could be elicited in the node by injecting the virus beneath the skin of the leg but no response occurred in the node when the injection was made intravenously. Secondary responses occurred in nodes primed by a local subcutaneous injection when the secondary challenge was given either locally or intravenously.
Towards the development of universal, fast and highly accurate docking/scoring methods: a long way to go
Authors: Moitessier N , Englebienne P , Lee D , Lawandi J , Corbeil C R 
Published: November 2007

Accelerating the drug discovery process requires predictive computational protocols capable of reducing or simplifying the synthetic and/or combinatorial challenge. Docking‐based virtual screening methods have been developed and successfully applied to a number of pharmaceutical targets. In this review, we first present the current status of docking and scoring methods, with exhaustive lists of these. We next discuss reported comparative studies, outlining criteria for their interpretation. In the final section, we describe some of the remaining developments that would potentially lead to a universally applicable docking/scoring method.British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 153, S7–S26; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707515; published online 26 November 2007
Pathophysiology of ischaemic stroke: insights from imaging, and implications for therapy and drug discovery
Authors: Moustafa R R , Baron J‐C 
Published: November 2007

Preventing death and limiting handicap from ischaemic stroke are major goals that can be achieved only if the pathophysiology of infarct expansion is properly understood. Primate studies showed that following occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA)––the most frequent and prototypical stroke, local tissue fate depends on the severity of hypoperfusion and duration of occlusion, with a fraction of the MCA territory being initially in a ‘penumbral’ state. Physiological quantitative PET imaging has translated this knowledge in man and revealed the presence of considerable pathophysiological heterogeneity from patient to patient, largely unpredictable from elapsed time since onset or clinical deficit. While these observations underpinned key trials of thrombolysis, they also indicate that only patients who are likely to benefit should be exposed to its risks. Accordingly, imaging‐based diagnosis is rapidly becoming an essential component of stroke assessment, replacing the clock by individually customized management. Diffusion‐ and perfusion‐weighted MR (DWI‐PWI) and CT‐based perfusion imaging are increasingly being used to implement this, and are undergoing formal validation against PET. Beyond thrombolysis per se, knowledge of the individual pathophysiology also guides management of variables like blood pressure, blood glucose and oxygen saturation, which can otherwise precipitate the penumbra into the core, and the oligaemic tissue into the penumbra. We propose that future therapeutic trials use physiological imaging to select the patient category that best matches the drug's presumed mode of action, rather than lumping together patients with entirely different pathophysiological patterns in so‐called ‘large trials’, which have all failed so far.British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 153, S44–S54; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707530; published online 26 November 2007
Regional differences in nitrergic innervation of the smooth muscle of murine lower oesophageal sphincter
Authors: Zhang Y , Mashimo H , Paterson W G 
Published: November 2007

Background and purpose:Anatomical and pharmacological studies have demonstrated that the lower oesophageal sphincter (LES) is not a simple homogenous circular muscle with uniform innervation. Regional differences have been demonstrated in several species including humans. We investigated, for the first time in mice LES, regionally distinct physiological and pharmacological characteristics of the neuromusculature.Experimental approach:Conventional intracellular recordings and pharmacological techniques were employed to evaluate electrical properties and functional innervation of smooth muscle cells. Results from CD1 (control), nNOS(−/−) and eNOS(−/−) genetic knockout mice were compared.Key results:Smooth muscle of sling and clasp LES displayed unitary membrane potentials of 1– 4 mV. Transmural nerve stimulation produced a monophasic inhibitory junction potential (IJP) in the sling, whereas in the clasp a biphasic IJP, consisting of a brief IJP followed by a long‐lasting slow IJP (lsIJP), was induced. Pharmacological interventions and genetically modified mice were used to demonstrate a monophasic apamin‐sensitive (purinergic) component in both LES regions. However, the nitrergic IJP was monophasic in the sling and biphasic in the clasp. Unitary membrane potentials and IJPs were not different in CD1 and eNOS(−/−) mice, suggesting no involvement of myogenic NOS.Conclusion and implications:These data in mouse LES indicate that there are previously unreported regional differences in the IJP and that both the apamin‐resistant monophasic and biphasic IJPs are mediated primarily by nitrergic innervation.British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 153, 517–527; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707573; published online 26 November 2007
Gender‐specific vascular effects elicited by chronic ethanol consumption in rats: a role for inducible nitric oxide synthase
Authors: Tirapelli C R , Fukada S Y , Yogi A , Chignalia A Z , Tostes R C , Bonaventura D , Lanchote V L , Cunha F Q , de Oliveira A M 
Published: November 2007

Background and purpose:Epidemiological data suggest that the risk of ethanol‐associated cardiovascular disease is greater in men than in women. This study investigates the mechanisms underlying gender‐specific vascular effects elicited by chronic ethanol consumption in rats.Experimental approach:Vascular reactivity experiments using standard muscle bath procedures were performed on isolated thoracic aortae from rats. mRNA and protein for inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and for endothelial NOS (eNOS) was assessed by RT‐PCR or western blotting, respectively.Key results:In male rats, chronic ethanol consumption enhanced phenylephrine‐induced contraction in both endothelium‐intact and denuded aortic rings. However, in female rats, chronic ethanol consumption enhanced phenylephrine‐induced contraction only in endothelium denuded aortic rings. After pre‐incubation of endothelium‐intact rings with L‐NAME, both male and female ethanol‐treated rats showed larger phenylephrine‐induced contractions in aortic rings, compared to the control group. Acetylcholine‐induced relaxation was not affected by ethanol consumption. The effects of ethanol on responses to phenylephrine were similar in ovariectomized (OVX) and intact (non‐OVX) female rats. In the presence of aminoguanidine, but not 7‐nitroindazole, the contractions to phenylephrine in rings from ethanol‐treated female rats were greater than that found in control tissues in the presence of the inhibitors. mRNA levels for eNOS and iNOS were not altered by ethanol consumption. Ethanol intake reduced eNOS protein levels and increased iNOS protein levels in aorta from female rats.Conclusions and implications:Gender differences in the vascular effects elicited by chronic ethanol consumption were not related to ovarian hormones but seemed to involve the upregulation of iNOS.British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 153, 468–479; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707589; published online 26 November 2007
Both α1 and α2‐adrenoceptors mediate the cardiovascular responses to noradrenaline microinjected into the bed nucleus of the stria terminal of rats
Authors: Crestani C C , Alves F H F , Resstel L B , Corrêa F M A 
Published: November 2007

Background and purpose:We have previously shown that noradrenaline microinjected into the bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BST) elicited pressor and bradycardiac responses in unanaesthetized rats. In the present study, we investigated the subtype of adrenoceptors that mediates the cardiovascular response to noradrenaline microinjection into the BST.Experimental approach:Cardiovascular responses following noradrenaline microinjection into the BST of male Wistar rats were studied before and after BST pretreatment with different doses of the selective α1‐adrenoceptor antagonist WB4101, the α2‐adrenoceptor antagonist RX821002, the combination of WB4101 and RX821002, the non‐selective β‐adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol, the selective β1‐adrenoceptor antagonist CGP20712 or the selective β2‐adrenoceptor antagonist ICI118,551.Key results:Noradrenaline microinjected into the BST of unanaesthetized rats caused pressor and bradycardiac responses. Pretreatment of the BST with different doses of either WB4101 or RX821002 only partially reduced the response to noradrenaline. However, the response to noradrenaline was blocked when WB4101 and RX821002 were combined. Pretreatment with this combination also shifted the resulting dose‐effect curve to the left, clearly showing a potentiating effect of this antagonist combination. Pretreatment with different doses of either propranolol or CGP20712 increased the cardiovascular responses to noradrenaline microinjected into the BST. Pretreatment with ICI118,551 did not affect cardiovascular responses to noradrenaline.Conclusion and implications:The present results indicate that α1 and α2‐adrenoceptors mediate the cardiovascular responses to noradrenaline microinjected into the BST. In addition, they point to an inhibitory role played by the activation of local β1‐adrenoceptors in the cardiovascular response to noradrenaline microinjected into the BST.British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 153, 583–590; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707591; published online 26 November 2007