bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The protective action of scutellarin against immunological liver injury induced by concanavalin A and its effect on pro-inflammatory cytokines in mice
Authors: Tan Zheng Huai , Yu Ling Hong , Wei Huai Lin , Liu Geng Tao 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Scutellarin is a natural compound from a Chinese herb. The purpose of this paper was to study the protective effect of scutellarin on concanavalin A (Con A)-induced immunological liver injury and its effect on liver nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interferon γ (IFN-γ), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in mice. Mouse liver injury was produced by injection of Con A 25 mg kg−1 via the tail vein. Scutellarin 50 or 100 mg kg−1 was peritoneally administered to mice 9 or 1 h before injection of Con A. The levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and asparatate aminotransferase (AST), NO2−/NO3− and TNF-α were determined with biochemical kits, and ELISA using Quantikine Mouse TNF-α kit according the manufacturer's instructions. Liver lesions were examined by light microscope. The expression of TNF-α, IFN-γ, iNOS and Fas mRNA in the livers was detected by RT-PCR; and the expression of c-Fos, c-Jun, iNOS and IκB proteins was measured by Western Blotting. As a result, pretreatment with scutellarin 100 mg kg−1 significantly decreased the serum ALT, AST, NO2−/NO3−and TNF-α levels, and also reduced liver lesions induced by Con A. Scutellarin 100 mg kg−1 down-regulated expression of TNF-α and iNOS mRNA, and c-Fos, c-Jun and iNOS protein, while scutellarin enhanced the degradation of IκBα in the livers of mice injected with Con A. The results suggest that scutellarin has a protective action against Con A-induced liver injury in mice, and its active mechanism may be related to the inhibition of the NF-κB-TNF-α-iNOS transduction pathway.
Formal Service Practitioners' Views of Family Caregivers' Responsibilities and Difficulties
Authors: Guberman Nancy , Lavoie Jean-Pierre , Pepin Jacinthe , Lauzon Sylvie , Montejo Maria-Elisa 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTThis article identifies home care practitioners' perceptions of the responsibilities, difficulties, and needs for support of caregivers. It is based on a study undertaken in Quebec with 55 practitioners and 10 administrators from 10 CLSCs located in rural, urban, and metropolitan areas. The study had a qualitative, multiple-case design and used logs recording all contact with caregivers in the space of a week, followed by semi-structured interviews. Analysis reveals that practitioners tend to perceive the work of caregivers as mainly instrumental and clinical, ignoring the family relations that tie them to their relative. Although aware of the difficulties facing caregivers and the negative impacts of caregiving, a majority of practitioners have high expectations of caregiver participation in treatment plans, albeit as quasi-nurse's aides. Our analysis offers an explanation for this apparent contradiction by examining practitioners' values with regard to family responsibility for care.
M.J. Leitner and S.F. Leitner. Leisure in Later Life (3rd ed.). Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press, 2004.
Authors: Spivock Michael 
Published: January 2007

RÉSUMÉSitué dans le contexte d'une population de plus en plus nombreuse et de plus en plus àgée, l'ouvrage de Leitner et Leitner, intitulé Leisure in Later Life (« Les loisirs au troisième age ») pose l'hypothèse que les activités de loisir destinées aux personnes àgées doivent être soigneusement planifiées et appliquées en fonction de facteurs tels que le niveau d'habileté, le genre, l'àge et la situation de vie. Ce livre comprend des sections sur différents contextes d'intervention, les fondements d'une programmation des loisirs, les ressources pour une bonne planification des activités, et certaines questions précises dont il faut tenir compte sur le terrain (la sexualité, etc.). Tout au long des chapitres et des sections, le lecteur est habilement conduit des principes de comportement à des exemples très pratiques d'activisme et de programmation appliqués à plusieurs contextes et populations.d
Multistate cohort models with proportional transfer rates
Authors: Schoen Robert , Canudas-Romo Vladimir 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
We present a new, broadly applicable approach to summarizing the behavior of a cohort as it moves through a variety of statuses (or states). The approach is based on the assumption that all rates of transfer maintain a constant ratio to one another over age. We present closed-form expressions for the size and state composition of the cohort at every age and provide expressions for other useful summary measures. The state trajectories, or life course schematics, depict all the possible size and state configurations that the cohort can exhibit over its life course under the specified pattern of transfer rates. The two living state case and hierarchical multistate models with any number of living states are analyzed in detail. Applying our approach to 1997 U.S. fertility data, we find that observed rates of parity progression are roughly proportional over age. Our proportional transfer rate approach provides trajectories by parity state and facilitates analyses of the implications of changes in parity rate levels and patterns. More women complete childbearing at parity 2 than at any other parity, and parity 2 would be the modal parity in models with total fertility rates (TFRS) of 1.40 to 2.61. Increases in parity progression rates to parities 4 and above have little effect on a cohort’s TFR, while changes in childlessness have a substantial impact.
Voices from Within and Without: Sources, Methods, and Problematics in the Recovery of the Agrarian History of the Igbo (Southeastern Nigeria)
Authors: Korieh Chima J. 
Published: January 2007

Over the past few decades, social history has variously and successfully explored the lives of neglected groups in society. Nevertheless, the question of capturing these “silent voices” in history, including those of women, remains at the heart of social history. Although few sources are available that allow historians to hear these voices, new methodological insights offer opportunities. A multidisciplinary framework and a broad range of methodologies can shed new light on the lives of peasants, who have been often neglected in history and provide opportunities to “hear” their voices and concerns as historical subjects. The object of this paper is to present sortie critical perspective on the use of oral and archival sources for the study of the agricultural history of rural Africa. What I present here is my approach to the collection and use of various sources for the study of Igbo agricultural history in the twentieth century. It suggests that oral sources, in particular, offer an important opportunity in the writing of an inclusive history of agricultural change—a history that for the most part has been created by rural peasants. Another objective is to outline my personal experiences in the field and to suggest important ways of situating the researcher not only in the analysis of the evidence, but most importantly, in the context or the fieldwork environment. Both, as has been clearly shown, can affect the historian's analysis and perspective and the resulting history.Igboland is situated in Southeastern Nigeria and lies between longitude 7°E and latitude 6°10' N. The region borders the middle belt region of Nigeria to the north, the river Niger to the west, the Ibibio people to the east, and the Gulf of Guinea and Bight of Biafra to the south. Most of the region lies on a plain less than 600 feet (about 183 meters) above sea level. Most of Igboland lies within the Guinean and Sub-Guinean physical environment and is characterized by an annual rainfall of between forty and sixty inches per annum, with a dry season lasting between three and four months in northern Igboland and a mean monthly humidity of about 90% throughout the year. The pattern of rainfall produces two distinct patterns of vegetation. The southern part of the region is characterized by heavy rainfall that produces a dense rainforest that thinned out northwards into a savanna. However, many centuries of human habitation and activities have turned the whole region into secondary forest, with only pockets of forest oasis remaining.
The German Maps at the East Africana Collection, University Library of Dar Es Salaam
Authors: Pallaver Karin 
Published: January 2007

The documents originated by the German colonial administration in German East Africa are located in two main archives: the Tanzania National Archives in Dar es Salaam, where they are identified under the name “German Records,” and the Bundesarchiv in Berlin, where they are collected under the classification R 1001. This note aims to provide some general information regarding a part of the German Records, referred to as “German Maps,” which is collected at the University Library of Dar es Salaam.The German Records are a part of the holdings of the Tanzania National Archives, which also include the records of the British administration and various documents of the post-independence period. The German Records are a very well-known source for the history of the German presence in East Africa and they can be divided in two main categories: the documents of the Central Administration, cataloged with the numbers G 1-G 65, and the Private Archives, with the classification G 66-G 86. These records are very well cataloged and easily accessible thanks to the work of archival reorganization done by Peter Geissler between 1967 and 1969. His work was published in 1973 in a two-volume guide with the title Das Deutsch-Ostafrika-Archiv: Inventar der Abteilung “German Records” in Nationalarchiv der vereinigten Republik Tansania, Dar es Salaam. This guide offers a very useful overview of the records of the German colonial administration and is available for consultation in the Reading Room of the Tanzania National Archives. Also available in the Reading Room is a manual catalog which, in some cases, could be helpful in finding some documents that, owing to print errors in the edited catalog, have become difficult to find.
Introduction : Culture in tne Domains of Law
Authors: Howes David 
Published: January 2007

In their introduction toLaw in the Domains of Culture, Austin Sarat and Thomas Kearns write: “[l]aw and legal studies are relative latecomers to cultural studies. To examine [law in the domains of culture] has been, until recently, a kind of scholarly transgression.” The same could be said in reverse: cultural studies (including anthropology) are a relative latecomer to law and legal studies, but in the last few decades there has been a striking irruption of cultural discourse in the domain of law.It is as if the acquisition of some degree of “cultural competence” has become a duty in legal circles. Not only are there seminars and courses in “cultural sensitivity” for judges, lawyers, and law enforcement officers, but “the culture concept” now informs many judicial decisions regarding Aboriginal rights, and “the cultural defense” (while hotly contested by some, and still lacking official approbation) has become a feature of numerous criminal trials involving immigrants. Interestingly, theCanadian Charter of Rights and Freedomsrefers to “the multicultural heritage of Canadians”, and makes the preservation and enhancement of this heritage a condition of its own interpretation.
The Transformation of Canadian Property Rights?
Authors: Brisbin Richard A. , Hunter Susan 
Published: January 2007

RésuméLes juristes tendent à situer le développement des droits dans les cours constitutionnelles. Cependant, des recherches récentes dans la tradition Droit et Société montrent que les choix individuels ou ceux d'organismes privés peuvent également transformer la signification des droits. En allant plus loin, cet article pose que la transformation de droits se produit également à travers de petites modifications de politiques que les élus et les fonctionnaires régionaux font, incluant ceux qui ajoutent de nouvelles significations aux dispositions et aux droits. Cet article s'appuie sur l'exemple des règlements concernant les droits de propriété et l'utilisation du territoire pour tester cette hypothèse. Il conclut que les élus et les fonctionnaires canadiens attribuent constamment des significations aux droits, dont la rationalité se définie à partir de valeurs constitutives de la territorialité.
Substituent Effects on Crosslike Packing of 2′,7′‐Diaryl‐ spiro(cyclopropane‐1,9′‐fluorene) Derivatives: Synthesis and Crystallographic, Optical, and Thermal Properties
Authors: Wang Z. , Shao H. , Ye J. , Zhang L. , Lu P. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA series of 2′,7′‐diarylspiro(cyclopropane‐1,9′‐fluorene) derivatives are efficiently synthesized and characterized to determine the reason for the “green‐light” emission of these compounds. These compounds exhibit bright‐violet to blue photoluminescence (PL) (λPLmax = 353–419 nm) with excellent PL quantum efficiencies (ΦPL = 83–100 %) in solution and show high thermal stabilities (Td = 267–474 °C). The variation of the optical properties of these molecules in the solid state depends on the different stacking modes of these compounds containing different substituents, which are revealed by crystallographic analysis. CH…π hydrogen bonds instead of intermolecular π–π interactions act as the driving force between adjacent fluorenes, even though a very small dialkyl group (cyclopropane) is introduced at the C‐9 position of fluorene. The crosslike molecular stacking efficiently reduces the energy transfer between the herring‐like aggregates and therefore results in the absence of a “green‐light” emission tail. In order to determine the cause of the “green‐light” emission tails, the fluorescence spectra of the films annealed in N2 or in air are recorded. Broad green‐light emission tails were observed for the films annealed in air, which might be caused by fluorenone defects generated during processing or during the course of the photophysical analysis by reaction with residual oxygen.
Computational study of the absorption spectra of green fluorescent protein mutants
Authors: Patnaik Soumya S. , Trohalaki Steven , Naik Rajesh R. , Stone Morley O. , Pachter Ruth 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIn this work, we present a theoretical study of the relationship between molecular structure and the red‐shift in absorption spectra of S65G and S65T green fluorescent protein (GFP) mutants. To identify the effects of the protein environment, we combined results from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics calculations to obtain structural properties, and applied time‐dependent density functional theory to calculate the excitation energies. By using results from the MD simulations, we were able to provide a systematic analysis of the structural details that may effect the red‐shift in the absorption spectra when taking into account temperature effects. Furthermore, a detailed study of hydrogen bonding during the MD simulations demonstrated differences between S65G and S65T, for example, regarding hydrogen bonding with Glu222. An analysis of the absorption spectra for different forms of the chromophore emphasized the dominance of the anionic forms in solution for the S65G and S65T GFP mutants. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 85: 253–263, 2007.This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Switch‐peptides as folding precursors in self‐assembling peptides and amyloid fibrillogenesis
Authors: Tuchscherer Gabriele , Chandravarkar Arunan , Camus Marie‐Stéphanie , Bérard Jérémy , Murat Karine , Schmid Adrian , Mimna Richard , Lashuel Hilal A. , Mutter Manfred 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe study of conformational transitions of peptides has obtained considerable attention recently because of their importance as a molecular key event in a variety of degenerative diseases. However, the study of peptide selfassembly into β‐sheets and amyloid β (Aβ) fibrils is strongly hampered by their difficult synthetic access and low solubility. We have recently developed a new concept termed “switch‐peptides” that allows the controlled onset of polypeptide folding and misfolding at physiologic conditions. As a major feature, the folding process is initiated by chemically or enzyme triggered O,N‐acyl migration in flexible and soluble folding precursors containing Ser‐ or Thr‐derived switch (S)‐elements. The elaborated methodologies are exemplified for the in situ conversion of NPY‐ and Cyclosporine A‐derived prodrugs, as well as for the onset and reversal of α and β conformational transitions in Aβ peptides. In combining orthogonally addressable switch‐elements, the consecutive switching on of S‐elements gives new insights into the role of individual peptide segments (“hot spots”) in early processes of polypeptide self‐assembly and fibrillogenesis. Finally, the well‐known secondary structure disrupting effect of pseudoprolines (ΨPro) is explored for its use as a building block (S‐element) in switch‐peptides. To this end, synthetic strategies are described, allowing for the preparation of Ψ Pro‐containing folding precursors, exhibiting flexible random‐coil conformations devoid of fibril forming propensity. The onset of β‐sheet and fibril formation by restoring the native peptide chain in a single step classify Ψ Pro‐units as the most powerful tool for inhibiting peptide self‐assembly, and complement the present methodologies of the switch‐concept for the study of fibrillogenesis. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 88: 239–252, 2007.This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The ‘Published Online’ date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
A new sequence representation as applied in better specificity elucidation for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease
Authors: Liang Gui Z. , Li Shengshi Z. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractFactor analysis scales of generalized amino acid information (FASGAI) involving hydrophobicity, alpha and turn propensities, bulky properties, compositional characteristics, local flexibility, and electronic properties were derived from 516 property parameters of 20‐coded amino acids, and was then employed to represent sequence structures of 746 peptides with 8 amino acid residues. Cleavage site prediction models for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease by linear discriminant analysis and support vector machine with radial basis function kernel were constructed to identify if they could be cleaved or not, and were further utilized to investigate the cleavage specificity. These diversified properties, including the bulky properties, secondary conformation characteristics, electronic properties, and hydrophobicity at the first, the second, the fourth, the fifth, and the sixth residue, are possibly important factors in determining HIV PR cleavage or not. Particularly, maximal positive and negative influences result from the bulky properties of different sites. Further results from analysis of variance also likely reflect that the HIV PR recognizes diversified key properties of various sites in the octameric sequences. Satisfactory results show that FASGAI can not only be used to represent sequence structures of various functional peptides, but alsoprovide a potential feasible measure for exploring relationship between protein motif sequences and their functions. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 88: 401–412, 2007.This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Relationship of complex spike synchrony bands and climbing fiber projection determined by reference to aldolase C compartments in crus IIa of the rat cerebellar cortex
Authors: Sugihara Izumi , Marshall Sarah P. , Lang Eric J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSynchronous complex spike (CS) activity occurs most often among cerebellar Purkinje cells located in a narrow longitudinal (parasagittal) strip of cortex (synchrony band). The relationship of the anatomical organization of the olivocerebellar projection to these synchrony bands has not been investigated in detail. Thus, we studied this relationship by using the aldolase C (zebrin II) expression pattern, another landmark for the cerebellar longitudinal organization, as a reference frame in rat crus IIa. Crus IIa consists of 10 aldolase C‐positive and ‐negative longitudinal compartments. Aldolase C labeling after multiple‐electrode recording of CSs indicated that in lateral crus IIa (compartments 5+ to 7+) synchrony bands were generally constrained to single compartments. In contrast, in medial crus IIa (compartments 4a− to 5a−) the synchrony within and across the compartments was much higher than in lateral crus IIa, resulting in wide synchrony bands covering multiple compartments. Retrograde labeling of olivary neurons by injections of biotinylated dextran amine into aldolase C compartments in crus IIa showed that compartments in medial crus IIa were all innervated by the caudal part of the medial accessory olive. On the other hand, each aldolase C compartment in the lateral crus IIa was innervated by a region in a different subnucleus in the rostral inferior olive. These regions in different subnuclei were located close to each other. These results suggest that CS synchrony bands reflect the olivocerebellar compartmental projection pattern and neuronal coupling within a particular olivary subnucleus, and that medial and lateral crus IIa may be functionally distinct. J. Comp. Neurol. 501:13–29, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cortical and thalamic connections of the representations of the teeth and tongue in somatosensory cortex of new world monkeys
Authors: Iyengar Soumya , Qi Hui‐Xin , Jain Neeraj , Kaas Jon H. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractConnections of representations of the teeth and tongue in primary somatosensory cortex (area 3b) and adjoining cortex were revealed in owl, squirrel, and marmoset monkeys with injections of fluorescent tracers. Injection sites were identified by microelectrode recordings from neurons responsive to touch on the teeth or tongue. Patterns of cortical label were related to myeloarchitecture in sections cut parallel to the surface of flattened cortex, and to coronal sections of the thalamus processed for cytochrome oxidase (CO). Cortical sections revealed a caudorostral series of myelin dense ovals (O1–O4) in area 3b that represent the periodontal receptors of the contralateral teeth, the contralateral tongue, the ipsilateral teeth, and the ipsilateral tongue. The ventroposterior medial subnucleus, VPM, and the ventroposterior medial parvicellular nucleus for taste, VPMpc, were identified in the thalamic sections. Injections placed in the O1 oval representing teeth labeled neurons in VPM, while injections in O2 representing the tongue labeled neurons in both VPMpc and VPM. These injections also labeled adjacent part of areas 3a and 1, and locations in the lateral sulcus and frontal lobe. Callosally, connections of the ovals were most dense with corresponding ovals. Injections in the area 1 representation of the tongue labeled neurons in VPMpc and VPM, and ipsilateral area 3b ovals, area 3a, opercular cortex, and cortex in the lateral sulcus. Contralaterally, labeled neurons were mostly in area 1. The results implicate portions of areas 3b, 3a, and 1 in the processing of tactile information from the teeth and tongue, and possibly taste information from the tongue. J. Comp. Neurol. 501:95–120, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.