bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comparison of methods for intermediate fine mapping
Authors: Papachristou Charalampos , Lin Shili 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe arrival of highly dense genetic maps at low cost has geared the focus of linkage analysis studies toward developing methods for placing putative trait loci in narrow regions with high confidence. This shift has led to a new analytic scheme that expands the traditional two‐stage protocol of preliminary genome scan followed by fine mapping through inserting a new stage in between the two. The goal of this new “intermediate” fine mapping stage is to isolate disease loci to narrow intervals with high confidence so that association studies can be more focused, efficient, and cost‐effective. In this paper, we compared and contrasted five methods that can be used for performing this intermediate step. These methods are: the lod support approach, the generalized estimating equations (GEE) method, the confidence set inference (CSI) procedure, and two bootstrap methods. We compared these methods in terms of the coverage probability and precision of localization of the resulting intervals. Results from a simulation study considering several two‐locus models demonstrated that the two bootstrap methods yield intervals with approximately correct coverage. On the other hand, the 1‐lod support intervals, and those produced by the GEE method, tend to significantly undercover the trait locus, while the regions obtained by the CSI incline to overcover the gene position. When the observed coverage of the confidence intervals produced by all the methods was held to be the same, those obtained through the CSI procedure displayed a higher ability to localize loci, especially when these loci have a minor contribution to the trait and when the amount of data available for the analysis is relatively small. However, with very large sample sizes, lod support intervals emerged as a winner. Application of the methods to the data from the Arthritis Research Campaign National Repository led to intervals containing the position of a known trait locus for all methods, with the greatest precision achieved by the CSI. Genet. Epidemiol. 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pharmacokinetic parameters of bromperidol in Korean subjects
Authors: Lee Soo‐Youn , Kim Yoon Gyoon , Kim Hyung‐Gun , Kim Jong‐Won 
Published: August 2006

AbstractWe have presented pharmacokinetic parameters of bromperidol (BP) in 14 healthy Korean subjects. Additionally, we have investigated the effects of dose and genetic polymorphisms on BP metabolism and on extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS). The Tmax (3.9 ± 0.9 h), clearance (1.37 ± 0.52 ml/h/kg), and t1/2 (20.4 ± 3.7 h) obtained in our study are comparable to those in previous Caucasian studies, although pharmacokinetic profiles were affected by the BP dose. We could not prove any significant correlations between BP metabolism or adverse effects and genetic factors because the number of subjects was small. Further studies with a larger population are needed to determine the influence of genetic factors on BP therapy. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stress reactivity: biological and subjective responses to the cold pressor and Trier Social stressors
Authors: McRae Aimee L. , Saladin Michael E. , Brady Kathleen T. , Upadhyaya Himanshu , Back Sudie E. , Timmerman Mary Ann 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe cold pressor test (CPT) and Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) have been shown to reliably increase HPA activity; however, little research has compared responses to these stressors. In this study, biological (plasma cortisol and ACTH levels) and subjective (e.g., stress and mood) responses were compared in 31 subjects administered both the CPT and TSST. Subjects were diagnosed with alcohol dependence and post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (n = 11), alcohol dependence without PTSD (n = 10), PTSD without alcohol use disorder (n = 4), and neither PTSD nor alcohol use disorder (n = 6). All subjects completed both the CPT and TSST. In all groups, the TSST elicited higher levels of ACTH and cortisol than the CPT, and the response time course differed between tasks. The TSST also produced lower mood ratings than the CPT. A comparison of all diagnosed groups with normal controls revealed group differences in ACTH responding for the CPT but not the TSST. The results suggest that the TSST results in a greater HPA response than the CPT; however, the CPT may have utility in diagnostically heterogeneous patients. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relationship of prolactin response to meta‐chlorophenylpiperazine with severity of drug use in cocaine dependence
Authors: Patkar Ashwin A. , Mannelli Paolo , Hill Kevin P. , Peindl Kathleen , Pae Chi‐un , Lee Tong H. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractRationaleSerotonergic (5‐HT) mechanisms appear to mediate central effects of cocaine. Therefore 5‐HT disturbances could be associated with drug severity.ObjectivesWe investigated whether prolactin (PRL) response to meta‐chlorophenylpiperazine (m‐CPP), a mixed 5‐HT agonist/antagonist were associated with severity of cocaine use.MethodsThirty‐six cocaine‐dependent subjects and 33 controls underwent a challenge with 0.5 mg/kg of oral m‐CPP. Severity of drug use was assessed using the Addiction Severity Index (ASI).ResultsThe PRL response to m‐CPP was significantly blunted in cocaine patients compared to controls (F = 21.86,p < 0.001). ΔPRL (peak PRL—baseline PRL) was negatively correlated with ASI‐drug (r = −0.45,p < 0.01), ASI‐alcohol (r = −0.32,p < 0.05), and ASI‐psychological (r = −0.41,p < 0.01) composite scores, and with the quantity, frequency and duration of drug use (rranged from − 0.41 to − 0.32,pranged from < 0.01 to 0.05). Hierarchical regressions showed that ASI‐drug composite scores significantly predicted the variance in ΔPRL after controlling for behavioral and demographic variables (F = 4.27,p < 0.05).ConclusionsThe results indicate that disturbances in 5‐HT function as reflected by a blunted response to m‐CPP seem to be primarily associated with severity of drug use and to a lesser, although significant extent with behavioral traits in cocaine‐dependent patients. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long‐term treatment with long‐acting risperidone in Korean patients with schizophrenia
Authors: Lee Moon‐Soo , Ko Young‐Hoon , Lee Sang‐Hoon , Seo Yong‐Jin , Kim Seung‐Hyun , Joe Sook‐Haeng , Han Chang‐Su , Lee Jung‐Ho , Jung In‐Kwa 
Published: August 2006

AbstractObjectivesWe evaluated the efficacy and safety of long‐acting risperidone for 48‐week period in Korean patients.MethodsThis was a non‐randomized, open‐label, single‐centered, 48‐week study. Each of the participants visited the hospital every 2 weeks, and injections were given at each visit. Complete evaluations were done on five occasions (baseline, 12, 24, 36, 48 weeks). We used Clinical Global Impression, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, Global Assessment of Functioning, Subjective Well‐being under Neuroleptic treatment scale and Short‐form‐36 health survey. Drug attitude inventory and Drug Induced Extra‐Pyramidal Symptoms Scale were also used.ResultsForty patients were enrolled, and twenty‐five patients completed this study. The therapeutic response rate was 36.1% in LOCF and 48% in completer's analysis. Scores on CGI, PANSS subscales and total were significantly decreased over 48‐week period. Scores on other assessments did not show any significant changes over the period. At weeks 48, there was no significant difference in the changes of scores from baseline on self‐rated assessments between the clinical improvement and non‐improvement groups.ConclusionsOur study showed significant improvement of investigator‐rated psychiatric symptoms in long‐term follow‐up using long‐acting risperidone. Further researches would be required to find out the effects of the psychiatric symptom improvements on overall changes in perceived functioning and well‐being. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electron pairing and chemical bonds: Pair localization in ELF domains from the analysis of domain averaged Fermi holes
Authors: Ponec Robert , Chaves Joaquin 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis article reports the application of a recently proposed formalism of domain averaged Fermi holes to the problem of the localization of electron pairs in electron localization function (ELF) domains and its possible implications for the electron pair model of chemical bond. The main focus was on the systems, such as H2O or N2, in which the “unphysical” population of ELF domains makes the parallel between these domains and chemical bond questionable. On the basis of the results of the Fermi‐hole analysis, we propose that the above problems could be due to the fact that in some cases the boundaries of the ELF domains need not be determined precisely enough. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2006
Treatment with trimethyltin promotes the formation of cleaved tau in the rat brain
Authors: Straiko M.M.W. , Gudelsky G.A. , Coolen L.M. , Harrison R. , Zemlan F.P. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractTrimethyltin (TMT) is a well‐documented neurotoxin that affects primarily limbic system structures. Most previous studies have relied on histological approaches to examine TMT neurotoxicity, so the aim of this study was to employ the novel biomarker cleaved MAP‐tau (C‐tau) to assess TMT‐induced CNS injury both quantitatively and qualitatively. Immunoblot studies indicated that cleaved MAP‐tau proteins with molecular weights of 45–50 kD were present in the hippocampus of rats treated with TMT but not vehicle 21 days after treatment. Quantitative ELISA revealed that C‐tau concentration in rats treated with TMT was greatest at 14 and 21 days in the piriform cortex and hippocampus, respectively; TMT did not significantly increase C‐tau concentration in the mesencephalon. C‐tau immunocytochemistry demonstrated the greatest TMT‐induced damage in the hippocampus and piriform cortex. Additional studies utilizing dual immunocytochemistry revealed that C‐tau‐labeled cells were also glial fibrillary acidic protein‐positive, leading to identification of these cells as astrocytes. Although the origin of C‐tau in astrocytes of rats treated with TMT is currently unknown, increased C‐tau concentration and the presence of C‐tau positive cells in limbic system structures of TMT‐treated rats further supports the view that C‐tau is a reliable marker of CNS toxicity. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Influence of diurnal hyperosmotic loading on the metabolism and matrix gene expression of a whole‐organ intervertebral disc model
Authors: Haschtmann Daniel , Stoyanov Jivko V. , Ferguson Stephen J. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractIt is generally agreed that the mechanical environment of intervertebral disc cells plays an important role in maintaining a balanced matrix metabolism. The precise mechanism by which the signals are transduced into the cells is poorly understood. Osmotic changes in the extracellular matrix (ECM) are thought to be involved. Current in‐vitro studies on this topic are mostly short‐term and show conflicting data on the reaction of disc cells subjected to osmotic changes which is partially due to the heterogenous and often substantially‐reduced culture systems. The aim of the study was therefore to investigate the effects of cyclic osmotic loading for 4 weeks on metabolism and matrix gene expression in a full‐organ intervertebral disc culture system. Intervertebral disc/endplate units were isolated from New Zealand White Rabbits and cultured either in iso‐osmotic media (335 mosmol/kg) or were diurnally exposed for 8 hours to hyper‐osmotic conditions (485 mosmol/kg). Cell viability, metabolic activity, matrix composition and matrix gene expression profile (collagen types I/II and aggrecan) were monitored using Live/Dead cell viability assay, tetrazolium reduction test (WST 8), proteoglycan and DNA quantification assays and quantitative PCR. The results show that diurnal osmotic stimulation did not have significant effects on proteoglycan content, cellularity and disc cell viability after 28 days in culture. However, hyperosmolarity caused increased cell death in the early culture phase and counteracted up‐regulation of type I collagen gene expression in nucleus and annulus cells. Moreover, the initially decreased cellular dehydrogenase activity recovered with osmotic stimulation after 4 weeks and aggrecan gene down‐regulation was delayed, although the latter was not significant according to our statistical criteria. In contrast, collagen type II did not respond to the osmotic changes and was down‐regulated in both groups. In conclusion, diurnal hyper‐osmotic stimulation of a whole‐organ disc/endplate culture partially inhibits a matrix gene expression profile as encountered in degenerative disc disease and counteracts cellular metabolic hypo‐activity. © 2006 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 24:1957–1966, 2006
Sex differences in long bone fatigue using a rat model
Authors: Moreno Luisa D. , Waldman Stephen D. , Grynpas Marc D. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractStress fractures can occur because of prolonged exercise and are associated with cyclic loading. Fatigue is the accumulated damage that results from cyclic loading and bone fatigue damage is of special concern for athletes and army recruits. Existing literature shows that the rates of stress fracture for female athletes and female army recruits are higher than their male counterparts. In this study, we used an ex vivo rat model to investigate the fatigue response of female and male bones. We determined the strain versus number of cycles to failure (S/N) for each sex and found that for a certain initial strain (5,000–7,000 µε) female bones have shorter fatigue life. To further characterize the bone response to fatigue, we also determined the creep that occurred during the fatigue test. From the creep data, for a certain strain range, female bones accumulated greater residual strains and reached the critical strain at a faster rate. In summary, this study demonstrates that female rat bones have a lower resistance to fatigue in the absence of a physiological response such as muscle fatigue or osteogenic adaptation. From these results, we hypothesized that creep was the underlying mechanism that accounted for the fast deterioration of female bones during fatigue. © 2006 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 24:1926–1932, 2006
Development of 125I‐methylene blue for sentinel lymph node biopsy
Authors: Stafford Shawn J. , Wright Jessica L. , Schwimer Joshua , Anthony Catherine T. , Cundiff Jason D. , Thomson Jessica L. , Wang Yi‐Zarn , Espenan Gregory , Maloney Thomas , Camp Arthur , Woltering Eugene A. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractBackgroundSentinel lymph node biopsy is an established alternative to complete lymph node dissection in some patients. We have developed a novel, radiolabeled methylene blue dye that may be a useful alternative to the traditional two‐step procedure involving 99mTc–labeled colloid and unlabeled blue dye. We hypothesize that 125I‐labeled methylene blue will be rapidly absorbed into the lymphatics and transported to the drainage basin containing the sentinel nodes.Materials and MethodsRabbits footpads were injected with 1 mCi of 125I‐labeled methylene blue admixed with unlabeled dye. A hand‐held gamma detection device allowed tracking of radiolabeled dye to nodes in the popliteal and inguinal regions. At pre‐established time points animals were sacrificed, and the nodal basin dissected. Nodal radioactivity as well as uptake of blue dye was recorded.ResultsThe spread of the radiolabeled methylene blue compound from the footpad to the popliteal lymph nodes occurred in 5–10 min.ConclusionThe radiolabeled dye rapidly progresses through lymphatics to the draining nodes. Use of radiolabeled methylene blue may be an attractive alternative to current two‐step sentinel node techniques, as it may be less painful, and may reduce the cost associated with the time‐delay between the injection of the radioactive compound and surgery. J. Surg. Oncol. 2006;94:293–297. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Osteopontin expression correlates with prognostic variables and survival in clear cell renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Matusan Koviljka , Dordevic Gordana , Stipic Darko , Mozetic Vladimir , Lucin Ksenija 
Published: August 2006

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesOsteopontin (OPN) is a phosphorylated glycoprotein with diverse functions including tumorigenesis and tumor cell metastasis. Recently, it has been detected in a growing number of human tumors, and assessed as a potential prognostic marker. The aim of this study was to analyze the expression of OPN in normal renal tissue and clear cell renal cell carcinomas (CRCCs), and to assess its prognostic significance.MethodsThe expression of OPN protein was immunohistochemically analyzed in 171 CRCCs and compared to usual clinicopathological parameters such as tumor size, nuclear grade, pathological stage, Ki‐67 proliferation index, and cancer‐specific survival.ResultsIn normal renal parenchyma, the expression of OPN was seen in distal tubular epithelial cells, calcifications, and some stromal cells. The upregulation of OPN was observed in 61 CRCCs (35.7%) in the form of cytoplasmic granular staining of various intensities. Statistical analysis showed correlation of the OPN expression with tumor size (P < 0.001), Fuhrman nuclear grade (P < 0.001), pathological stage (P = 0.011), and Ki‐67 proliferation index (P < 0.001). Moreover, patients with OPN‐positive tumors had significantly worse prognosis in comparison to patients with tumors lacking OPN protein (P = 0.004).ConclusionOur results suggest that overexpression of OPN is involved in the progression of CRCC. J. Surg. Oncol. 2006;94:325–331. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical implications of sentinel nodes outside the axilla and internal mammary chain in patients with breast cancer
Authors: van Rijk Maartje C. , Tanis Pieter J. , Nieweg Omgo E. , Olmos Renato A. Valdés , Rutgers Emiel J.Th. , Hoefnagel Cornelis A. , Kroon Bin B.R. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractPurposeThe aim of this study was to determine the incidence, location, surgical identification rate, tumor status, and clinical implications of sentinel nodes outside the axilla and internal mammary chain.Patients and MethodsIn 785 breast cancer patients, pre‐operative lymphoscintigraphy was performed after intratumoral injection of 116 MBq 99mTc‐labeled nanocolloid (0.2 ml; 3.1 mCi). Sentinel nodes were pursued using a gamma‐ray detection probe and vital blue dye.ResultsLymphoscintigraphy visualized sentinel nodes outside the axilla and internal mammary chain in 91 of the 785 patients (12%). Sentinel nodes (106) were identified in 80 patients. These nodes were found in the following locations: 50 in the breast, 31 in the infraclavicular fossa, 19 between the pectoral muscles, and 6 within the supraclavicular bed. Eighteen nodes contained a metastasis (17%) and were removed from 16 patients. The treatment strategy was adjusted in 12 of them with the addition of adjuvant local or systemic therapy. Two additional patients with an unusually situated tumor‐negative sentinel node were spared an axillary node dissection that would otherwise have been performed.ConclusionUnusually situated sentinel nodes were visualized in 12% of the patients. The treatment was adjusted in 18% of patients in whom these nodes were identified. J. Surg. Oncol. 2006;94:281–286. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Determining the potential of American Vietnam veterans returning to Vietnam as tourists
Authors: Agrusa Jerome , Tanner John , Dupuis Judy 
Published: August 2006

AbstractTourism is the world's largest industry, which brings with it foreign exchange, employment and a modern way of life. Vietnam is one of the latest Asian countries to declare the importance of tourism to national development. Although for almost two decades following the end of the Vietnam conflict it was illegal for American tourists to travel to Vietnam, studies have shown that people who have knowledge or experience of an area are likely to travel to the area. The re‐establishment of diplomatic ties between America and Vietnam has initiated a new era of commercial and cultural relations between the two nations. Because many American Vietnam veterans have a high degree of familiarity with Vietnam, there appears to be considerable potential for marketing tourism packages with American Vietnam veterans as the target market. This study was developed to estimate the potential interest of American Vietnam veterans in returning to Vietnam as tourists. Of those American Vietnam veterans surveyed in this study, the results are mixed with 48.9% of the American Vietnam veterans stating they had a low interest in returning to Vietnam as tourists, whereas 41.5% had a high interest in returning to Vietnam as tourists, with 48.5% of those stating they had a high interest in visiting war history displays and war museums. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Pacific War battlefields: tourist attractions or war memorials?
Authors: Cooper Malcolm 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe Pacific War segment of the Second World War provides several important sites in the touristic geography of war and peace today—the more violent the particular conflict area, the more ‘attractions’ it appears to provide. Discussion of Japanese involvement and therefore of Japanese battlefield tourism has, however, been made more problematic by a curious paradox in the way the Japanese see themselves and their country on the world stage. On the one hand there has been assiduous promotion of the idea that Japan has always been an isolated island nation, poor in natural resources, unable to understand the outside world and constantly struggling to break from Edo period isolationist shackles as an explanation of their involvement in the Pacific War. On the other hand the country now enjoys its status as the second largest economy in the world and has been a leader in rapid economic development for more than 60 years since 1945, based solely on internationalisation. This dichotomy has in fact been very useful in avoiding discussion of the actual impact of Japan's imperial past on its subject peoples (and on its own veterans), as the new Japan should not be seen as being in any way responsible for the old Japan. This paper discusses the ongoing debate on Japan's involvement in the Pacific War 1941–45, the development of Pacific battlefields as tourist destinations, and makes some attempt to portray and explain present‐day attitudes to battlefield tourism amongst the veterans and populations of both sides. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Contested representations of war and heritage at the Residency, Lucknow, India
Authors: Hannam Kevin 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis paper discusses the contemporary politics of heritage tourism in India and focuses upon contested representations of The First War of Indian Independence/The Indian Mutiny of 1857. The severity of this conflict has been written about extensively from both British and Indian perspectives. One site in particular—the ‘British’ Residency at Lucknow—was and still is remembered as an important memorial to both the British and the Indians who died in this conflict. However, the representations of the conflict are and have been contested. This paper thus examines this heritage dissonance by examining both official and lay representations of the residency. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.