bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Outcomes of a two‐drug chemotherapy regimen for intraocular retinoblastoma
Authors: Zage Peter E. , Reitman Aaron J. , Seshadri Roopa , Weinstein Joanna L. , Mets Marilyn B. , Zeid Janice Lasky , Greenwald Mark J. , Strauss Lewis C. , Goldman Stewart 
Published: August 2007

AbstractBackgroundRetinoblastoma is the most common intraocular tumor of childhood. Vision salvage rates in advanced cases are less than ideal, and the optimal treatment for intraocular retinoblastoma has not been established. We report the results of an institutional retinoblastoma treatment trial to determine the vision salvage rates and toxicity of a regimen combining carboplatin and etoposide with focal retinal therapy.ProcedureTwenty‐nine patients diagnosed with retinoblastoma in 48 eyes were treated between 1992 and 2004 with at least six cycles of carboplatin and etoposide combined with focal retinal therapy.ResultsThe response rate of eyes after six cycles of chemotherapy was 85.4%. Twenty‐two eyes were enucleated, but only seven eyes received EBRT. The vision salvage rate without EBRT was 82.6% for eyes with Reese‐Ellsworth (R‐E) groups I–IV tumors and 20% for eyes with R‐E group V tumors. The vision salvage rate without EBRT for eyes with Murphree groups A and B tumors was 77.3% but was only 26.9% for eyes with groups C and D tumors. Acute side effects were minimal.ConclusionsThe combination of carboplatin and etoposide with focal therapy is a well‐tolerated regimen that has acceptable vision salvage rates for R‐E groups I–IV and Murphree groups A and B retinoblastoma. This combination avoids the use of EBRT and the toxicity of additional chemotherapy agents. However, patients with R‐E group V and Murphree groups C and D retinoblastoma have poorer outcomes and require more intensive therapy. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:567–572. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Errorless learning: Review and practical application for teaching children with pervasive developmental disorders
Authors: Mueller Michael M. , Palkovic Christine M. , Maynard Cynthia S. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractErrorless learning refers to a variety of discrimination learning techniques that eliminate or minimize responding to incorrect choices. This article describes experimental roots of errorless learning and applied errorless strategies. Specifically, previous research on stimulus fading, stimulus shaping, response prevention, delayed prompting, superimposition with stimulus fading, and superimposition with stimulus shaping are discussed. Educational applications for children with Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD) are presented for each technique so that school psychologists, educators, and teachers working with children with PDD can understand the underpinnings and practical applications of errorless techniques to use in skill acquisition programming in school settings. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 44: 691–700, 2007.
Physician collaboration involving students with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Ellis Cynthia R. , Lutz Richard E. , Schaefer G. Bradley , Woods Kathryn E. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractEach year, an increasing number of children and adolescents are diagnosed with an Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). ASDs involve impairment to an individual's social, language, and behavioral functioning. Due to the complexity of this disorder, a comprehensive, multidisciplinary assessment and treatment approach is recommended in order to meet the unique needs of these individuals. This article discusses the role of the medical team in this interdisciplinary process and provides a review of the biomedical issues encountered by this population, including associated medical conditions and medically based treatment options. A case example is also described demonstrating the collaborative treatment approach that is recommended when working with individuals with ASDs. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 44: 737–747, 2007.
Eine Filmkamera für Moleküle. Bewegung von Atomkernen in Molekülen
Authors: Ergler Thorsten , Rudenko Artem , Moshammer Robert , Ullrich Joachim 
Published: August 2007

AbstractEine weiterentwickelte Femtosekunden‐Laserspektroskopie erlaubt es erstmals, die Dynamik des Deuterium‐Moleküls als Film zu visualisieren. Es ist eines der schnellsten molekularen Systeme in der Natur. Bei dem Verfahren ionisiert ein starker Pumppuls das Molekül zunächst einfach, ein Probepuls schließlich vollständig, so dass es explodiert. Die Variation des Zeitabstands zwischen beiden Pulsen erlaubt in Kombination mit einem Reaktionsmikroskop die präzise Vermessung der Moleküldynamik in Raum und Zeit. Alternativ stößt der erste Puls das neutrale D2‐Molekül an, ohne es zu ionisieren. In diesem Fall schwingt es als “Quantenpendel”, das auch zur Basis eines neuen Zeitstandards werden könnte. Die Technik soll es in Zukunft ermöglichen, chemische Reaktionen auf der Quantenebene zu manipulieren. Erste Experimente an Methan laufen bereits.
Pierre Gassendi und die Kopernikanische Zeitenwende. Das erste Großexperiment der Physik
Authors: Risch Matthias 
Published: August 2007

AbstractDas heliozentrische Weltbild konnte sich lange Zeit nicht durchsetzen, weil aus der auf Aristoteles fußenden Impetus‐Theorie gefolgert wurde, die Erde sei unbewegt. Die Schiffsexperimente des Franzosen Pierre Gassendi im Jahre 1640 sowie seine Experimente mit dem Fallrad widerlegten diese Bewegungstheorie. Sie ebneten damit dem heliozentrischen Weltbild und moderner experimenteller Wissenschaft den Weg.
Die Flüssigmetall‐Neutronenquelle MEGAPIE
Authors: Fazio Concetta 
Published: August 2007

AbstractDer verbrauchte Kernbrennstoff aus Atomkraftwerken enthält eine Reihe von Radionukliden mit langer Halbwertszeit und hoher Radiotoxizität. Das Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe untersucht gemeinsam mit europäischen Partnern, wie man die Transurane umwandeln (transmutieren) kann, um diesen langen Zeitraum auf einige hundert Jahre zu verkürzen. Am Schweizer Paul Scherrer Institut wurde hierzu kürzlich das Megawatt‐Pilot‐Experiment (MEGAPIE) erfolgreich durchgeführt. MEGAPIE ist eine intensive Neutronenquelle, wie sie als wichtige Großkomponente in Anlagen eingesetzt werden soll, in denen langlebige Isotope durch Neutronenbeschuss umgewandelt werden.
Proteomic analysis of differentially expressed proteins in Penaeus vannamei hemocytes upon Taura syndrome virus infection
Authors: Chongsatja Phattara‐orn , Bourchookarn Apichai , Lo Chu Fang , Thongboonkerd Visith , Krittanai Chartchai 
Published: August 2007

AbstractTo understand molecular responses of crustacean hemocytes to virus infection, we applied 2‐DE proteomics approach to investigate altered proteins in hemocytes of Penaeus vannamei during Taura syndrome virus (TSV) infection. At 24 h postinfection, quantitative intensity analysis and nano‐LC‐ESI‐MS/MS revealed 11 forms of 8 proteins that were significantly up‐regulated, whereas 9 forms of 5 proteins were significantly down‐regulated in the infected shrimps. These altered proteins play important roles in host defense (hemocyanin, catalase, carboxylesterase, transglutaminase, and glutathione transferase), signal transduction (14‐3‐3 zeta), carbohydrate metabolism (acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase), cellular structure and integrity (beta‐tubulin, beta‐actin, tropomyosin, and myosin), and ER‐stress response (protein disulfide isomerase). Semiquantitative RT‐PCR and Western blot analysis confirmed the upregulation of 14‐3‐3 at both mRNA and protein levels. Interestingly, several altered protein spots were identified as fragments of hemocyanin. Mass spectrometric analysis showed that the hemocyanin spots at acidic and basic regions represented the C‐ and N‐terminal hemocyanin fragments, respectively. As three‐quarters of C‐terminal fragments were up‐regulated, whereas two‐thirds of N‐terminal hemocyanin fragments were down‐regulated, we therefore hypothesize that C‐ and N‐terminal hemocyanin fragments may have differential roles in hemocytes. Further investigation of these data may lead to better understanding of the molecular responses of crustacean hemocytes to TSV infection.
Control of photoisomerization of CC double bond by hydrogen bonding and photoinduced hydrogen atom transfer
Authors: Azechi Yousuke , Takemura Keiko , Shinohara Yoshihiro , Nishimura Yoshinobu , Arai Tatsuo 
Published: August 2007

AbstractOlefins with a phenathroline ring and a pyrrole ring were prepared and hydrogen atom transfer reaction in the excited singlet state was observed. The tautomer produced in the excited singlet state has lifetime of 30–50 ps for cis‐1 and c,t‐2 and with fluorescence maximum at longer wavelength region at 640 nm. The compound 1 exhibited photochromic behavior with its absorption maximum changing between 380 nm and 440 nm, while 2 exhibited only the small change of the absorption spectra on photoirradiation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acceleration effect of five‐membered cyclic dithiocarbonate on an epoxy–amine curing system
Authors: Horikiri Masashi , Sudo Atsushi , Endo Takeshi 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA bifunctional cyclic five‐membered dithiocarbonate (DTC), having a bisphenol A structure, was found to be an effective accelerator for a epoxy–amine curing system comprised of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether and amine‐terminated polypropylene glycol. The acceleration effect was evaluated by monitoring the time‐dependence of the storage modulus of the reaction mixture with a dynamic mechanical analyzer. The reactions involved in the curing system were investigated in detail by performing a series of model reactions using the corresponding monofunctional monomers. This investigation revealed that (1) DTC reacted with amine rapidly, (2) the reaction afforded the corresponding adduct having a thiourethane and thiol moieties, and (3) the thiol reacted rapidly with epoxide. The thiourethane moiety incorporated into the resulting adduct effectively catalyzed the reaction of epoxide and amine, and this catalysis was the predominant mechanism for the acceleration effect arisen by the addition of DTC. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 4606–4611, 2007
Synthesis and characterization of spherical and hemispherical polyepoxide micrometer‐sized particles of narrow size distribution by a single‐step swelling of uniform polystyrene template microspheres with glycidyl methacrylate
Authors: Omer‐Mizrahi Melany , Margel Shlomo 
Published: August 2007

AbstractPolystyrene template microspheres of narrow size distribution were prepared by dispersion polymerization of styrene in a mixture of ethanol and 2‐methoxy ethanol. Spherical and hemispherical polystyrene/poly(glycidyl methacrylate) microspheres of narrow size distribution were prepared by a single‐step swelling of the polystyrene template microspheres with the swelling solvent monomer glycidyl methacylate, followed by polymerization of the monomer within the swollen template microspheres at 73 °C. Uniform polystyrene/poly(glycidyl methacylate‐ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) polyepoxide composite microspheres were synthesized similarly, substituting glycidyl methacylate for glycidyl methacylate and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate. Uniform crosslinked poly(glycidyl methacylate‐ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) polyepoxide microspheres have been prepared by dissolution of the PS template polymer of the former composite microspheres. Particles with different properties, for example size, size distribution, shape, surface morphology, surface area, and so forth, were prepared by changing various parameters belonging to the swelling and/or polymerization steps, for example, volume of the swelling monomer/s and/or the swelling solvent dibutyl phthalate. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 4612–4622, 2007
Polylactide compositions. II. Correlation between morphology and main properties of PLA/calcium sulfate composites
Authors: Pluta Miroslaw , Murariu Marius , Da Silva Ferreira Amália , Alexandre Michael , Galeski Andrzej , Dubois Philippe 
Published: August 2007

AbstractStarting from calcium sulfate (gypsum) as fermentation by‐product of lactic acid production process, high performance composites have been produced by melt‐blending polylactide (PLA, L/D isomer ratio of 96:4) and β‐anhydrite II (AII) filler, that is, calcium sulfate hemihydrate previously dehydrated at 500 °C. Characterized by attractive mechanical and thermal properties due to good filler dispersion throughout the polyester matrix, these composites are interesting for potential use as biodegradable rigid packaging. Physical characterization of selected composites filled with 20 and 40 wt % AII has been performed and compared to processed unfilled PLA with similar amorphous structure. State of dispersion of the filler particles and interphase characteristic features have been investigated using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Addition of AII did not decrease PLA thermal stability as revealed by thermogravimetry analyses (TGA) and allowed reaching a slight increase of PLA crystallizability during melt crystallization and upon heating from the glassy, amorphous state (DSC). It was found by thermomechanical measurements (DMTA) that the AII filler increased pronouncedly storage modulus (E′) of the composites in comparison with PLA in a broad temperature range. The X‐ray investigations showed stable/unchanged crystallographic structure of AII during processing with molten PLA and in the composite system. The notable thermal and mechanical properties of PLA–AII composites are accounted for by the good filler dispersion throughout the polyester matrix confirmed by morphological studies, system stability, and favorable interactions between components. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 2770–2780, 2007
Rheological properties of HyperMacs—long‐chain branched analogues of hyperbranched polymers
Authors: Dodds Jonathan M. , De Luca Edoardo , Hutchings Lian R. , Clarke Nigel 
Published: August 2007

AbstractHyperMacs are long chain branched analogues of hyperbranched polymers, differing only in the sense that they have polymer chains, rather than monomers between branch points. Although the building blocks for HyperMacs and AB2 macromonomers can be well defined in terms of molecular weight and polydispersity, the nature of the coupling strategy adopted for the synthesis of the HyperMacs results in branched polymers with a distribution of molecular weights and architectures. Melt rheology showed polystyrene HyperMacs to be thermorheologically simple, obeying William–Landel–Ferry behavior. Zero shear viscosities of the polymers were shown to increase with average molecular weight and the melts display shear‐thinning behavior. HyperMacs showed little evidence for relaxation by reptation and the rheological behavior agreed well with the Cayley tree model for hierarchical relaxation in tube models of branched polymers. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 2762–2769, 2007
Mutagenesis study of rice nonspecific lipid transfer protein 2 reveals residues that contribute to structure and ligand binding
Authors: Cheng Chao‐Sheng , Chen Ming‐Nan , Lai Yen‐Ting , Chen Ting , Lin Ku‐Feng , Liu Yaw‐Jen , Lyu Ping‐Chiang 
Published: August 2007

AbstractPlant nonspecific lipid transfer protein 2 (nsLTP2) is a small (7 kDa) protein that binds lipid‐like ligands. An inner hydrophobic cavity surrounded by α‐helices is the defining structural feature of nsLTP2. Although nsLTP2 structures have been reported earlier, the detailed mechanisms of ligand binding and lipid transfer remain unclear. In this study, we used site‐directed mutagenesis to determine the role of various hydrophobic residues (L8, I15, F36, F39, Y45, Y48, and V49) in the structure, stability, ligand binding, and lipid transfer activity of rice nsLTP2. Three single mutations (L8A, F36A, and V49A) drastically alter the native tertiary structure and perturb ligand binding and lipid transfer activity. Therefore, these three residues are structurally important. The Y45A mutant, however, retains a native‐like structure but has decreased lipid binding affinity and lipid transfer activity, implying that this aromatic residue is critical for these biological functions. The mutants, I15A and Y48A, exhibit quite different ligand binding affinities. Y48 is involved in planar sterol binding but not linear lysophospholipid association. As for I15A, it had the highest dehydroergosterol binding affinity in spite of the lower lipid binding and transfer abilities. Our results suggest that the long alkyl side chain of I15 would restrict the flexibility of loop I (G13‐A19) for sterol entry. Finally, F39A can markedly increase the exposed hydrophobic surface to maintain its transfer efficiency despite reduced ligand binding affinity. These findings suggest that the residues forming the hydrophobic cavity play various important roles in the structure and function of rice nsLTP2. Proteins 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Energy minimization in low‐frequency normal modes to efficiently allow for global flexibility during systematic protein–protein docking
Authors: May Andreas , Zacharias Martin 
Published: August 2007

AbstractProtein–protein association can frequently involve significant backbone conformational changes of the protein partners. A computationally rapid method has been developed that allows to approximately account for global conformational changes during systematic protein–protein docking starting from many thousands of start configurations. The approach employs precalculated collective degrees of freedom as additional variables during protein–protein docking minimization. The global collective degrees of freedom are obtained from normal mode analysis using a Gaussian network model for the protein. Systematic docking searches were performed on 10 test systems that differed in the degree of conformational change associated with complex formation and in the degree of overlap between observed conformational changes and precalculated flexible degrees of freedom. The results indicate that in case of docking searches that minimize the influence of local side chain conformational changes inclusion of global flexibility can significantly improve the agreement of the near‐native docking solutions with the corresponding experimental structures. For docking of unbound protein partners in several cases an improved ranking of near native docking solutions was observed. This was achieved at a very modest (∼2‐fold) increase of computational demands compared to rigid docking. For several test cases the number of docking solutions close to experiment was also significantly enhanced upon inclusion of soft collective degrees of freedom. This result indicates that inclusion of global flexibility can facilitatein silicoprotein–protein association such that a greater number of different start configurations results in favorable complex formation. Proteins 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Loop modeling: Sampling, filtering, and scoring
Authors: Soto Cinque S. , Fasnacht Marc , Zhu Jiang , Forrest Lucy , Honig Barry 
Published: August 2007

AbstractWe describe a fast and accurate protocol, LoopBuilder, for the prediction of loop conformations in proteins. The procedure includes extensive sampling of backbone conformations, side chain addition, the use of a statistical potential to select a subset of these conformations, and, finally, an energy minimization and ranking with an all‐atom force field. We find that the Direct Tweak algorithm used in the previously developed LOOPY program is successful in generating an ensemble of conformations that on average are closer to the native conformation than those generated by other methods. An important feature of Direct Tweak is that it checks for interactions between the loop and the rest of the protein during the loop closure process. DFIRE is found to be a particularly effective statistical potential that can bias conformation space toward conformations that are close to the native structure. Its application as a filter prior to a full molecular mechanics energy minimization both improves prediction accuracy and offers a significant savings in computer time. Final scoring is based on the OPLS/SBG‐NP force field implemented in the PLOP program. The approach is also shown to be quite successful in predicting loop conformations for cases where the native side chain conformations are assumed to be unknown, suggesting that it will prove effective in real homology modeling applications. Proteins 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular basis of inhibitory peptide maurotoxin recognizing Kv1.2 channel explored by ZDOCK and molecular dynamic simulations
Authors: Yi Hong , Qiu Su , Cao Zhijian , Wu Yingliang , Li Wenxin 
Published: August 2007

AbstractInhibitory peptide‐channel interactions have been utilized to characterize both channels and peptides; however, the fundamental basis for these interactions remains elusive. Here, combined computation methods were employed to study the specific binding of maurotoxin (MTX) peptide to Kv1.2 channel. In the first stage, numerous predicted complexes were generated by docking an ensemble of all 35 NMR conformations of MTX to Kv1.2 channel with ZDOCK program. Then the resulted complexes were clustered and classified into four main binding modes, based on experimental information and interaction energy analysis after the energy minimization and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. By examining the stability of the plausible candidates through unrestrained MD simulations and calculation of the binding free energies, a final reasonable MTX‐Kv1.2 complex was identified, with an overall high degree of correlation between the calculation and experiment on mutational effects. In the obtained complex structure model, MTX mainly used its β‐sheet domains to associate the channel mouth instead of the well‐recognized functionally important S5P linkers of Kv1.2 channel. Structure analysis characterized that the most essential Tyr32residue of MTX was surrounded by a “pocket” formed by many nonpolar and polar residues of Kv1.2 channel, and revealed a pore‐blocking Lys23and an important Lys7stabilized by strong electrostatic interactions with Asp379of Kv1.2. Furthermore, a stepwise structural arrangement for both ligand and receptor was found to accompany the tighter interaction of MTX into the target channel. The starting conformation of MTX, the side‐chain conformation of the most important residue Tyr32, and proper introduction of flexibility for candidate complexes were demonstrated to be considerably important factors for obtaining the final reasonable complex structure model. All these findings should not only be helpful for identifying more plausible K+channel‐inhibitory peptide complex structures, but also provide intrinsically valuable structural biology information to interpret binding affinities, specificities, and diversity of K+channel‐nature toxin interactions. Proteins 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.