bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ceo Locus of Control and Small Firm Performance: an Integrative Framework and Empirical Test*
Authors: Boone Christophe , De Brabander Bert , Van Witteloostuijn Arjen 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTPrevious research on the impact of chief executive officer (CEO) locus of control is mainly based on simple and partial mappings of bivariate associations between CEO locus of control and organizational outcomes. In addition, distinct substreams have emerged in which intricately related phenomena are studied separately. to overcome this fragmentation and polarization, we provide and empirically test an integrative framework based on previously tested hypotheses on the impact of CEO locus of control. Our approach differs from prior research in two ways. First, it simultaneously takes account of strategic choice and firm performance in order to assess the extent to which strategy mediates the relationship between CEO locus of control and organizational performance. Second, we consider the CEO to be both a formulator and implementor of organizational strategies. Besides the observation that CEO locus of control seems to matter a lot in terms of explaining organizational performance in the present sample, our results demonstrate that an integrative approach increases our insight into the impact of CEO locus of control by revealing why some CEOs achieve higher organizational performance than others.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MODELS OF HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL DIFFERENTIATION
Authors: Anglin Paul M. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper shows how to derive the income and substitution effects of a price change in a differentiated goods model. In the process of doing so, I show how to convert a model of a vertically differentiated market into one of horizontally differentiation by constructing two market‐specific functions. One of these functions would represent the acknowledged ranking of types if the market were vertically differentiated; the other is a simple function representing the disutility associated with consuming a non‐ideal type.
RESERVATION WAGES AND THE UNION JOB QUEUE: A SAMPLE SELECTION APPROACH
Authors: Hampton Mary B. , Heywood John S. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper uses a unique data set of unemployed semi‐skilled workers to examine the relationship between reservation wages and the decision to queue for a union sector job. Estimation of selected reservation wage equations indicates that the failure of all previous estimates to model the queuing decision results in biased coefficients. Those workers who queue for a union job are subject to a distinct reservation wage formation process which differs from those not queuing. Moreover, a structural estimate of the queuing decision demonstrates that workers with the greatest differences between estimated reservation wages in the union and non‐union sector are the most likely to queue. This estimate of the queuing decision stands as one of the few which focus on unemployed workers. Among other results, women and minorities are more likely to queue for union jobs, all else equal.
MONETARY POLICY CHANGES AND UNIT ROOT STATISTICS
Authors: Pain Nigel 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTConventional unit root tests are biased towards non‐rejection of the null when applied to variables characterized by a one‐time change in their mean. Suggested modifications allowing for a break point require identification of an exogenous change initiated at the time of the break and not subsequently reversed. This paper suggests that modified tests are particularly useful in dealing with legislative changes. Two UK examples are given; the abolition of exchange controls in 1979 and the changes in monetary policy in 1980. Results suggest that allowing for a break changes the apparent order of integration of portfolio shares and real interest rates.
EQUILIBRIA IN NON‐COOPERATIVE GAMES II: DEVIATIONS BASED REFINEMENTS OF NASH EQUILIBRIUM
Authors: Sadanand Asha B. , Sadanand Venkatraman 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTIn any Nash equilibrium no player will unilaterally deviate. However, many games have multiple Nash equilibria. In this paper, we survey some refinements of Nash equilibria based on the hypothesis that any player may consider a deliberate deviation from a Nash equilibrium vector while expecting other players to respond optimally to this deviation. The concepts studied here differ in the expectations players have about other players' responses to a deviation. This sort of deviations philosophy is predicated on the thought process of players. Therefore, the validity of a particular equilibrium concept to an economic model may depend upon the relevance of the thought process implied by the concept.
EXCHANGE RISK IN THE EMS: SOME EVIDENCE BASED ON A GARCH MODEL*
Authors: Hassapis Christis 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThe paper attempts to detect any changes in the exchange risk as measured by the conditional variance of exchange rate changes before and after foundation of the EMS. The analysis is based on estimation of an econometric model in which the conditional variance is allowed to follow an autoregressive pattern. The results indicate a significant decrease in the volatility of the conditional variance and the risk premium for the EMS countries over the EMS period. No such changes are detected for the non‐EMS countries.
CAN THE SUFFICIENT CONDITIONS USED TO SIGN THE GLOBAL EFFECT OF RISK BE USED TO SIGN THE MARGINAL EFFECT OF RISK?*
Authors: Simpson Wayne , Sproule Robert , Hum Derek 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTDespite the absence of a formal definition of the relationship between the marginal and the global effects of risk, in the literature termed the economics of uncertainty, intuition would suggest it unjustifiable to presume that these two concepts are categorically independent. This paper demonstrates in two steps that such intuition is (in some degree) correct. First, a special case of the marginal effect is defined and called the ‘marginal effect in the small’. Second, it is demonstrated that the sign of the marginal effect in the small is identical to the sign of the global effect of risk. In an effort to further establish the significance of this result, it is observed that (by implication) sufficient conditions used for signing the global effect can concomitantly serve as sufficient conditions for signing the marginal effect in the small (as well as the converse). In addtition, three applications are considered.
THE SCOPE FOR COLLUSION AND COMPETITION IN A REGULATED VERTICALLY INTEGRATED INDUSTRY*
Authors: Damania D. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper investigates the competitive implications of input price controls in a partially regulated industry where a vertically integrated firm has exclusive control over an input with natural monopoly characteristics. Such industry structures are commonly encountered in activities such as telecommunications, railways, electricity and water supply. It is shown that in a Cournot game such input price controls are unambiguously benefical to consumers. However, it is further demonstrated that there exist circumstances in which these controls may make the non‐integrated firm worse off. Thus if the objective of input price regulation is to protect the non‐integrated firm, such controls may prove to be counterproductive.
CONTROLLING GREENHOUSE GASES: A SURVEY OF GLOBAL MACROECONOMIC STUDIES*
Authors: Clarke Rosemaiy , Boero Gianna , Winters L. Alan 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTA conceptual framework which identifies the main determinants of the macroeconomic costs of abating greenhouse gases is developed. This is used to survey long‐term quantitative studies of abatement, especially their modelling approaches and choices of key parameters. These studies suggest that each 20% abatement below business‐as‐usual emissions is likely to cost approximately 1% of gross world product.
OPTIMAL CAPITAL TAXES FOR PUBLIC GOOD PROVISION*
Authors: Michael Michael S. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper constructs a general equilibrium trade model of a small open economy that produces many traded private goods and one non‐traded public consumption good. Trade in goods is free, but the country taxes the internationally mobile capital to finance the provision of the public good. Within this framework, the paper identifies the conditions under which the optimal policy on the internationally mobile capital calls for a tax. Under the assumptions that (i) the welfare function is concave with respect to the tax rate, and (ii) the net revenue‐maximizing capital tax rate is positive, it is shown that the marginal cost of the public good always understates its social marginal cost.
Preconceptions and reconceptions in the administration of science
Authors: Gordon Gerald 
Published: May 2007

Abstract. Despite the rise in the importance of science as a daily concern of modern man, until recently factors affecting the conduct of scientific research have not been objectively studied. We found that over 80% of the publications from 1950 to 1961 dealing with the administration of research were based on speculation rather than on objective evidence. These speculative publications, for the most part, tended to reinforce, rather than to critically examine, prevalent conceptions of science and its administration.One of the most entrenched of these conceptions is the importance ascribed to the differences between basic and applied research. It is my contention that the dichotomy, basic and applied (and such related dichotomies as limited and fundamental, theoretical and action, etc.), hinders rather than advances our knowledge of the relationship between organizational structure and scientific accomplishment. The distinction between basic and applied research is not directly related to the research process and therefore can only be of limited value in research administration. Further, the mystique around the terms ‘basic’ and ‘applied’ appears to have led to patterns of research administration based on misconceptions rather than on knowledge. Two other distinctions, urgency and predictability of the research, are suggested as more viable distinctions than the basic‐applied dichotomy. Using recent research findings from small group research and the sociology of science, we have attempted to show how these distinctions can serve as guidelines in the administration of science.
Project management and communication patterns in industrial research
Authors: Walsh V. M. , Baker A. G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA pilot study has been carried out on one project: (a) to develop a suitable methodology for studying communication; (b) to see whether the findings of external studies apply to the laboratory; (c) to examine a part of the communication pattern of the laboratory. Results showed that for the project studied: (a) the needs of the project dominated the communication; (b) previous external findings on “technological gatekeepers” and “distance stopping communication” did not apply in the project studied; (c) a suit able methodology has been developed.
Strategies for deveIopment projects: an empirical study*
Authors: Abernathy W. J. , Goodman R. A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper summarizes results from a study of strategy choices and outcomes in one government laboratory over a fifteen‐year time period. Several considerations associated with the effectiveness of a parallel strategy are presented and discussed. These include different types of uncertainty encountered in a given problem and their effect on the rate of learning. Contrary to observations in other studies, the present results suggest that the rate of learning is often slow and may not be facilitated by the use of many parallel approaches in only early project stages. In many instances major uncertainties are not reduced until the product is evaluated in the operational environment.
Independence and accountabiIity after RothschiId
Authors: Williams R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDebate on the Rothschild report having become concentrated on the future of the Research Councils, there has been relatively little analysis of the wider implications of the core issue of the report, ‘accountability’ versus ‘independence’, This article offers a preliminary assessment of these two concepts, and especially of ‘accountability’. It is shown that while Rothschild's ‘customer‐contractor principle’ is likely to present new and serious difficulties for government departments, it may also lead to an important strengthening in their capabilities. The essay seeks overall to initiate a full discussion of the procedures associated with the principle and underlines the need for further detailed consideration of the accountability‐independence balance.
Qualitative aspects of the evaluation and control of research and development projects
Authors: Bradbury F. R. , Gallagher W. M. , Suckling C. W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDecisions in research and development are usually based on a variety of data inputs. Some of these will be concerned with the returns offered by projects in money terms. Others will relate to more qualitative aspects of research work such as, perhaps, the establishment of a base in a new area of technology or the achievement of a stronger market position. This paper describes and illustrates how checklists may be used to assemble qualitative data for purposes of decision. These were formulated in an industrial R & D laboratory and the illustrative examples in the text make reference to real projects. The checklists described are an integral part of a comprehensive system of project evaluation and control in R & D which includes an analysis of the financial implications using net present value or discounted cash flow rate of return of the project risk, analysis and sensitivity tests. The detail of this part of the scheme is conventional and is therefore omitted from the paper.
The organization of applied R & D with particular reference to the customer‐contractor situation
Authors: Griffiths D. , Pearson A. W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper reports on certain aspects of the management of R & D in three types of establishment: contract research organizations, research associations and industrial research laboratories. Discussions with the directors of twenty‐five establishments revealed that a number of important changes had occurred over a relatively short period of time, particularly with regard to the management of work of a more applied nature. These changes include the introduction of a number of new and separately identifiable roles within the organizational structure, and a movement towards a more market‐oriented, profit‐centred approach on the part of senior personnel. The study suggests that these changes have in general been accepted and are bringing benefits to all parties.
Interaction between management and R & D: chemical industry in Europe
Authors: Olin J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe paper summarizes the results of interviews, primarily with the R & D manager, in 43 chemical companies in France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and the U.K. covering questions concerned with the background and attitude of various levels of management and their interaction with R & D. The results are presented in quantitative and qualitative terms, and differences between various categories of chemical industry and between various national practices are discussed.
A study of the textile industry and trade in Europe: An account of the methods and problems of carrying out a study of the European textile scene
Authors: Catling H. , Grimshaw J. R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe Technical Economy Department of the Shirley Institute has carried out a detailed study of the textile industries in Germany, France and Italy, their production, trade, productivity, industrial structure and regional policy. In some areas, performance has been compared with that of the U.K. An account is given of the approach, methods and problems encountered in the gathering of the necessary data.
Applications of computers in R & D management
Authors: Thain W. 
Published: May 2007

R & D Managers use computers extensively in solving technical problems. This paper examines the use they make of computers in solving Management problems. Applications of computers to various aspects of R & D programme formulation, project planning, technical information storage and retrieval, management information systems, and computer‐aided training have been investigated by many companies and, in some cases, have been implemented. Some of the techniques have become well established but others are still at a development stage. No attempt has been made to evaluate the techniques described.This topic was the subject of a study by a Working Group of the European Industrial Research Management Association (EIRMA), and a report ‘Computers as Aids to R & D Management’ was distributed to members of the Association. EIRMA has now agreed to release information contained in that report and this paper is based on that information updated by the author, who was Chairman of the EIRMA Working Group.
The relationship between the planning and technical functions: Part 1—The short to medium term
Authors: Wilkinson A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn this paper the work of the technical function, along with that of the other functions is outlined in developing the Business Unit concept, put forward in the previous paper on Planning. It mainly covers the ongoing activities of the Business Unit and the work which can be seen as a natural evolution of its present activity. What it does not cover is the identification by both the Planning and Technical Functions of the longer term developments of a company or its Business Units, and also possibly the fields for still wider diversification. These will be dealt with in Part II.In many cases, however, a surprisingly high proportion of the Technical Function budget is spent on the natural extension of the present business and a means of analysis by business unit objectives is proposed so that other functions can participate in the setting of objectives and evaluating progress. Close identification with business unit objectives will be found helpful in eliminating waste and often identifying new problems for the Technical Function to pursue.
Equitable payment in the R & D function
Authors: Husband T. M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper discusses the problems associated with constructing equitable salary structures for Senior R & D employees. The use of job evaluation and performance appraisal are both considered. It is suggested that the decision band method of job evaluation is particularly useful in this context and a case study of its application within the R & D division of a large manufacturing firm is presented. Job grading and salary structuring in terms of decision‐making responsibility are demonstrated. It is argued that the decision band approach assists rational administration of R & D in a number of ways including analysis and, perhaps, restructuring of the function. Methods of rewarding individual performance and measuring career development within R & D are also discussed in terms of the decision band concept.
Managing growth and change in an R & D organization: the role of dynamic modeling
Authors: Addison L. E. , Litchfield J.W. , Hansen J. V. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA system dynamics model of its R & D organization has been developed by Battelle Northwest to serve as a basis for improved management planning and policy making. This model was designed to be applied in an interactive man–model environment. Thus far, the model has proven useful in forecasting future resource demands under various contingencies; and, importantly, it has improved management's understanding of the structure and dynamics of its organizational environment.
O.R. in Research and Development—a critical review
Authors: Thompson P. N. , Vincent D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn this paper we consider why formalized project selection systems are inappropriate to the difficulties of deciding what should constitute the R & D programme for the National Coal Board. We suggest that mostof these objections would apply to programme planning in any of the major industries generally referred to as ‘the public utilities'. We propose that the area of greatest need for O.R. work in this field is in providing a scenario of the physical characteristics of the industry in the period 10–15 years ahead and to use this scenario to indicate the relative acuteness of the technological problems the industry will face.
A company model for research and development
Authors: Jarvis P. E. J. , Rippin D. W. T. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA company model is presented which may be used to assess the effecton future company performance of the level of investment in research and development. A distinctive feature of the model is the postulation of research return curve which relates the available return on potential new capital investments to the amountof capital invested and the size of a research pool. The latter is related to past R & D expenditure. It is shown how the research return curve may be adjusted to represent different types of industry and how a suitable form for this curve may be derived from company records. Examples are given of the use of the model for sensitivity and optimization studies.
Innovation strategies for successful product and process commercialization in Government R&D
Authors: Higgins T. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis study examines the rate at which product and process innovations emerging from Government R&D have been commercialized by the Irish dairy industry. Success rates for both product and process commercialization, which are high by international standards, were found. The study identifies two criteria which appear to influence success and failure. Some product and process differences were found and the data suggest that a user dominated innovation strategy may be best for products, while a technology dominated strategy appears to be best for process innovations. Remarkably high rates for product success can be achieved in Government R&D provided industry activates the R&D. On the other hand R&D activation by research staff, without any industry involvement in the conduct of the R&D, appears to have a very poor chance of success. However, research staff can activate and achieve high success rates, particularly for process innovations, provided industry involvement in the R&D is secured.
Communication networks: tools for the efficient management of R&D
Authors: Ritchie E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThere have been many studies which have investigated technical communication flow in R&D laboratories. Despite this effort, it is still not clear how the actions of management affect technical communication and research productivity. In this paper it is shown how the tools developed in communication studies can be used by laboratory management to assess the consequences of their actions in terms of changes to the pattern of technical communication flow. These tools are described in some detail. It is suggested that by their use, management may achieve a better degree of control over technical communication and achieve those conditions which best suit their own particular set of circumstances.