bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Eastern Gas Data System: An Interactive Industry Resource
Authors: DeVos D. R. , Skrinak V. M. , Hoffmann R. L. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The Gas Research Institute (GRI) Eastern Gas Data System (EGDS) is an interactive information resource developed to provide ready access to substantive data on wells producing from the Devonian shales. The system is a computerized database which contains descriptive and historical geologic and engineering data on a large number of Devonian shale gas wells in the Appalachian Basin. The principal purpose of the system is to meet the technical data requirements of gas producers, researchers and GRI. The data are provided by cooperating industry sources, many of whom were also instrumental in the original definition and design of the system. The information which is being collected and compiled on individual wells includes data on identification, location, elevation, drilling, geology, cementing, perforation, stimulation, cleanup, and production histories. Several personal computer (PC) based enhancements to support statistical and economic analyses using this data are currently under development. The Eastern Gas Data System currently contains extensive information on over 620 Devonian shale gas wells completed in the Appalachian Basin. More than 300 additional wells will be included in the system by the end of 1984.
A Systematic Evaluation for Future Developments of Gas-Bearing Formations in West Virginia
Authors: Salamy S. P. , Ameri S. , Aminian K. , Yost A. , Komar C. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The objective of this paper is to evaluate and identify areas/counties with the highest potential for future development of gas bearing formations in West Virginia. The results will provide sources of regional comparison as well as a guide for future leasing.
The gas bearing formations under study consist of, but are not limited to, Big Injun, Berea, and Benson horizons. The reservoir parameters/data pertaining to the mentioned formations have been collected over the past twelve months. The qualitative and quantitative interpretations of data and assessment of various areas/counties for future development are enhanced by computer generated 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional maps. The generated maps are the quantitative representation of various reservoir parameters such as porosity, gas saturation, open flow potential, pay zone thickness, etc., as a function of latitude and longitude. The superimposition of the mentioned 3-dimensional maps (of different reservoir parameters) provide the basis for ranking the potentially productive areas/counties in West Virginia. Meanwhile, the 2-dimensional maps are utilized to indicate the precise locations within the county/area of interest.
The characterization of the above mentioned horizons that are stratigraphically located above the Devonian Shale will enhance the attractiveness of further exploration/development of shale reservoirs through comingle production and/or dual completion in areas of highest potential as specified by 3-dimensional maps.
Dynamometer Testing on Pumping Wells: Field Applications in the Appalachian Basin
Authors: Rdissi A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Although dynamometer testing has been common for many years, its use in the Appalachian Basin has been very limited. This paper presents the procedure and the techniques to conduct the test and interpret the valuable information that can be obtained. Several field examples depicting different problems will be presented and solutions offered to solve them and prevent future ones from happening. The paper will also show, through actual examples, that many common practice procedures employed today to produce pumping wells are not very sound and that a dynamometer test can reveal baluable information about the pumpine equipment and downhole apparatus, which otherwise could not be detected. The final outcome will be lower operating costs and more savings since the workover frequency rate on pumping wells will be significantly reduced.
Heated Acid for Improved Stimulation Results
Authors: Walker M. L. , Fredrickson S. E. , Norman L. R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A simple and practical process has been developed to heat hydrochloric acid to improve its performance as an oil well stimulating agent. Heated acid is used in cold formations, such as cold dolomites, to increase the rate at which the formation is dissolved, thus improving flow capacities. The new technique heats the acid by causing an exothermic chemical reaction that uses a portion of the HCl as one of the reactants.
Heated acid reacts at a faster rate and aids in removal of acid-retarding materials such as oil, asphaltene and paraffins from the formation to give a better acid-to-formation contact. Some other benefits of heating acid are:
Helps prevent precipitation of organic materials from oils that have been cooled by acids. Limits the amount of tubing contraction due to temperature change.
Problems presented by the slow reaction time of HCl in cold formations and the special problems of conducting winter time acid treatments are largely solved by heating HCl up to bottom hole temperature or more prior to pumping. This paper presents laboratory and field results to illustrate the effectiveness of the heated acid method of stimulation and compares the various methods of bringing the acid to its ideal temperature.
Tubing-Conveyed Perforating With Hydraulic Set Packers and a New High-Pressure Retrievable Hydraulic Packer
Authors: Hailey T. T. , Donovan J. F. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The oil industry has recently begun using tubing conveyed perforating (TCP) guns with much greater frequency than in the past. The advantages of larger explosives, higher shot density, unlimited gun length, and removal or reduction of formation damage by perforating with a pressure differential into the wellbore have caused the number of wells perforated with TCP guns to increase at a time when the number of wells perforated industry-wide has drastically decreased.
Although these advantages are becoming well known, a superior well completion design and procedure making use of hydraulic set packers in conjunction with TCP guns has not yet been "discovered" by the oil and gas industry except for a few isolated applications. This paper outlines the various capabilities and options made possible in completions using hydraulic packers and TCP guns, including wellhead installation before perforating, circulation capability until just before perforating, and "floating" seal designs. Various completion designs for differing situations of pressure, temperature, and corrosion are presented.
A limiting factor in the use of TCP guns in high pressure completions has been the high cost of gun failure caused by the lack of availability of a retrievable hydraulic packer capable of differential pressures above about 6,000 psi (41.4 MPa). The recent development of such a packer, with demonstrated differential pressure rating of 12,000 psi (82.7 MPa) and temperature rating of 450°F (232°C), makes many high pressure, high cost completions likely candidates for the TCP gun-hydraulic packer completion design. This paper includes a case history of such a completion. The discussion describes the types of hydraulic packers used with TCP guns and the seal systems associated with each, the types of firing systems used, and gives two typical completion procedures; one the case history just referred to, and one, a case history of a low pressure completion.
Supplier/Services Relationship—Gains and Losses, 1982 to 1984
Authors: Schneider R. J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
During the drastic boom-bust turnaround between 1979 and 1983 the service and supply part of the industry – along with the drilling and production sectors – provided too much capacity. We were caught with too much inventory. Much of the capacity and inventory was purchased with borrowed funds at high interest rates. When activity dropped, we had to bite the bullet and cut our costs. Prices became soft and discounting became a detrimental way of life. Bold steps have been taken to meet the current market.
It is mandatory that we know and understand the needs of the industry so that we will provide the modern services and supplies needed in the future on a timely basis. It is also mandatory that our dealings be in a business like way with reasonable profits that will provide the funds necessary to meet those requirements. The service and supply sector is an important part of your industry and we are determined to "earn our stripes."
From Derrick to Desk: A Drilling Training Program
Authors: Davis N. , Simmons E. L. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
In 1977, with the purchase of a National T-45 and a National T-55 drilling rig, and later three other rigs, Gulf Oil Corporation embarked on an ambitious—and unique—training program to provide company directed, hands-on training in three major areas: drilling engineering; drilling fluids technology; and drilling supervision. Gulf subsequently increased its technical training by offering a broad range of drilling schools under the Drilling Department at the Houston Technology Center (HTC), and implementing well control training at its New Orleans Training Center.
The present training program is patterned after an earlier, successful Gulf program, initiated in the 1940's, in which engineers would spend six months on a company rig, attend a mud and engineering school, serve several years as field mud engineers, and then continue in their career development as drilling engineers or drilling supervisors. Non-engineering personnel also received on-the-job training which served as a foundation for advancement to the drilling supervisory level. Based on changing company needs, in 1956 the rig program was phased out, until its reinstitution 21 years later, in 1977.
In 1983, the Drilling Department was charged with providing all training in areas of drilling operations. The Drilling Technology Center (DTC), a new facility dedicated to that program, was built with sufficient classroom and laboratory space and equipment to meet the industry's rapidly expanding technical training needs. The facility has a drilling rig for hands-on, well site training covering virtually all aspects of drilling, with a heavy emphasis on safety training. The program includes well control training, and has schools covering such subjects as stripping and snubbing, well completions, and directional drilling.
Gulf's integrated training program now provides drilling personnel with instruction throughout the individual's career development, from the first days on the derrick to later days, in management, behind a desk. This paper describes Gulf Drilling Department's total training program, both as contractor and operator in the oil industry.
Solids Control Design and Analysis Using an Engineering Simulator for Drilling
Authors: Skidmore D. B. , Anderson C. T. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Properly designing solids control systems for different drilling situations requires an analytical systems approach. Conventional methods for choosing, sizing and operating various solids control devices do not account for the interdependence of the solids control system with other systems such as the mud system, rig power distribution (SCR) system and the bit penetration system. The Engineering Simulator for Drilling (ESD) is a tool that does consider the entire drilling process and all of the interdependencies of the component systems.
This paper describes how the ESD can be used to analyse solids control systems considering the design, configuration and operation of the individual devices and the entire solids control system. The impact of good solids control on overall drilling efficiency, especially rate of penetration, is discussed. The user can design a solids control system and also measure the performance of each individual device and of the system as a whole. Direct comparisons can be made between the particle size distributions at the flowline and the mud pump suction as well as the inflow and outflow of any of the specific devices. Sophisticated solids control analytical models have been developed to allow the drilling engineer to fine tune the operation of a particular solids control device and the entire mud tank system.
A case history is presented demonstrating the use of the ESD for analysing an actual field case. A well is analysed using the ESD, an improved plan and system is developed, and a simulated well is drilled using the new system.
Treatment of Drilling Fluid Wastes in an Environmentally Acceptable Manner
Authors: Wally B. F. , Reitsema L. A. , Nance G. W. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Drilling fluid wastes derived from the drilling process presents a unique disposal challenge to the drilling industry. New technology allows the environmental treatment and subsequent disposal of these wastes lessening the liability and costs to the operator.
Through chemical and mechanical treatment the disposal material is separated into the basic components water and solids.
Meeting Regulatory Agency Requirements for Electrical/Electronic Instrumentation Installed in Hazardous Locations
Authors: Stilwell S. A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper is directed to the offshore drilling industry which is now using electronic instruments and systems in classified (hazardous) locations more than ever before. Much of the information, however, is applicable to onshore drilling.
National and international requirements, codes and regulations pertaining to the use of electrical/electronic systems and instrumentation in hazardous locations on offshore drilling units are outlined and discussed.
The agencies and regulatory bodies included are the United States Coast Guard, Minerals Management Service, the Canadian Coast Guard, American Bureau of Shipping, Lloyds Registry, the United Kingdom Department of Energy, Norwegian Maritime Directorate and Det Norske Veritas.
The paper discusses the applicable standards, approvals and certifications required and/or accepted by these agencies. The types of protection for electrical equipment (eg. intrinsic safety, explosion-proof, pressurization, increased safety, etc.) and their acceptance are itemized. Simularities and differences in acceptance are highlighted.
Information and suggestions are offered on how the regulations can be met in an efficient and cost effective manner. This applies to both electrical instrumentation installed on the drilling unit in the construction phase and instrumentation added after the drilling unit is in operation.
Drilling Representative Work Station
Authors: Mohney M. E. , Combes J. F. , Miller R. L. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Chevron is developing a rig-site microcomputer-based drilling representative work station (DRWS). The objective of the DRWS project is to integrate microcomputer technology with drilling operations by providing the drilling representative with three major functions. Real-time drilling parameters are captured from a rig monitoring system and processed. Engineering software is provided which aids the drilling representative in optimizing daily drilling operations. The DRWS also provides a highly interactive and versatile tool for rig site training of drilling personnel.
Inexact Adaptive Newton Methods
Authors: Bertiger W. I. , Kelsey F. J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The Inexact Adaptive Newton method (IAN) is a modification of the Adaptive Implicit Method1 (AIM) with improved Newton convergence. Both methods simplify the Jacobian at each time step by zeroing coefficients in regions where saturations are changing slowly. The methods differ in how the diagonal block terms are treated.
On test problems with up to 3,000 cells, IAN consistently saves approximately 30% of the CPU time when compared to the fully implicit method. AIM shows similar savings on some problems, but takes as much CPU time as fully implicit on other test problems due to poor Newton convergence.
Minimization of Gibbs Free Energy in Compositional Reservoir Simulation.
Authors: Trangenstein J. A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper describes the formulation of vapor-liquid phase equilibrium as a linearly constrained minimization problem. It also describes a second minimization problem designed to test for local phase stability. Vectorized unconstrained minimization techniques can be used to solve this pair of constrained minimization problems. The methods of this paper are applied to liquid-vapor equilibria for mixtures both far from and near to the phase boundary. Significant improvements over the standard successive substitution algorithm are demonstrated.
Unconventional Modelling of Faulted Reservoirs: A Case Study
Authors: Goldthorpe W. H. , Chow Y. S. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
An example is presented of detailed unconventional gridding of the North Rankin Field, which is a large, structurally complex gas-condensate field offshore Western Australia. A non-Cartesian areal grid was used with corner point geometry to approximate a generalised curvilinear coordinate system for the surface and interior of each reservoir unit. Coordinate lines in the vertical plane at any node in the grid were tilted where necessary to define sloping edges and sides of grid blocks. Thus, any sloping twisted surface could be modelled.
To investigate possible communication across faults between different geological units, transmissibilities at faults were automatically calculated for any over-lapping cells and sensitivities made of the effect of varying these transmissibilities on well production, recovery factors, pressure decline and water encroachment. The model was solved with a fully implicit simulator using a Newton-Raphson iteration method for the non-linear equations and a variant of the Conjugate Gradient procedure with a preconditioning matrix for the linear equations.
Cyclic Steam Injection: Interpretation of Some Results from a Field Fluids Analysis Program
Authors: Bojes J. M. , Bulkowski P. B. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Cyclic steam injection has found wide application in the recovery of bitumen from heavy oil reservoirs. Once-through steam generators are commonly used and produce a high pH, low ionic strength effluent which has been shown to cause clay swelling and dispersion, as well as solubilization of silica and other minerals. To provide a better, more quantitative understanding of the effects of 80% wellhead quality steam on the formation, an extensive field fluids data base was established through frequent monitoring of the composition and changes in composition of injected and produced fluids at one of Petro-Canada's pilot projects. This paper highlights some of the interesting observations which resulted from this study regarding silica dissolution due to steam injection and silica levels in the produced water as well as the effect of the 3% KCl workover fluids on the ion concentrations in the produced water.
Profile Modification and Water Control With Silica Gel-Based Systems
Authors: Krumrine P. H. , Boyce S. D. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A major problem in maximizing oil production potential is the maintenance of adequate mobility control and favorable permeability profiles within the reservoir. Currently, polymer systems are receiving a great deal of attention in this application, not only as viscosifying agents, but also as cross-linked/gelled water blocking agents. Traditionally, silica gel systems had been used for such purposes. They still offer advantages in situations where polymer systems are limited by degradation and syneresis or are inadequate to shut off major thief zones.
This paper presents the chemistry of silica polymer gel systems, and reviews their properties, benefits, limitations, and methods of application. The properties such as gel time, strength, and shrinkage vary considerably versus the concentrations of reactants, the type of acidifying/gelling agent used, or the particular reservoir environmental conditions such as temperature, salinity, hardness, and hydrocarbon saturation. Gels ranging from elastic to rigid can be made with set times varying from a few seconds to several hours. Inorganic acids and reactants such as CaCl2 or NaAlO2 tend to react quite rapidly. Organic reactants that slowly hydrolyze or oxidize give more gradual formation of gels. Most reservoirs that contain high salinity, hardness, or temperature environments tend to accelerate the gel formation.
Examples of these effects are presented for several silicate based systems. Also the gelation of silicate in the presence of organic chemicals is discussed. Information from the grouting literature is reviewed so that a complete picture can be presented on the use and application of silicate based water control and production methods.
Permeability Modification Using Aluminum Citrate/Polymer Treatments: Mechanisms of Permeability Reduction in Sandpacks
Authors: Ghazali H. A. , Willhite G. P. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Permeability modification is used to improve volumetric sweep efficiency of fluid injection processes. The combination process, introduced by Needham, et al.1 in 1974, was envisioned to have unique properties. They reported that treatment of porous media with alternate slugs of polymer and aluminum citrate solutions led to a decrease in permeability which was resistant to degradation after many pore volumes of fluid injection. Large permeability reductions were obtained using polymer concentrations as low as 250 ppm.
This paper describes a study of permeability modification in sandpacks prepared from Ottawa sand using the aluminum citrate process which was undertaken to identify mechanisms causing permeability reduction and to improve process performance. Sandpacks with permeabilities between 1.73 and 2.92 darcies were used to eliminate the effects of clays on the process as well as rock heterogeneities. In the study, sandpacks saturated with brine were treated with alternate slugs of polymer, brine and aluminum citrate. Water Cut 160 and Water Cut 110 were the principal polymers used.
Experimental results indicate that little permeability reduction occurred when a brine slug separated the aluminum citrate and polymer treatments up to nine treatment cycles. Exclusion of the brine slug between aluminum citrate and polymer slugs in subsequent treatment cycles caused an abrupt reduction in permeability throughout the entire sandpack. Permeability was too low to be measured. Inspection of one sandpack after plugging occurred revealed the presence of a colorless, clear gell which adhered to the surface of the sand grains. Since similar gels were prepared at selected polymer and aluminum citrate concentrations in bottle tests, the permeability reduction mechanism appears to be in-situ gelation of Water Cut 110 by aluminum ion. This mechanism is quite different from the layered, aluminum/polymer network described by Needham, et al.1 and Thomas2.
Retention of polymer and aluminum was increased by an order of magnitude by cyclic treatment. However, retained polymer caused a small, if any, change in permeability prior to abrupt plugging of the sandpack. Retention of both polymer and aluminum involve processes which are rate dependent and are not understood.
Modeling of the Dissociation of an In-Situ Hydrate
Authors: Selim M. S. , Sloan E. D. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A mathematical model for hydrate dissociation has been developed. The model assumes dissociation of a pure hydrate using a constant heat flux incident on a planar semi-infinite medium with constant physical properties. The water formed during dissociation is assumed to be blown away by the gas so that the dissociation process may be regarded as a moving-boundary ablation problem. The governing differential equations describing the rate of dissociation are presented and solution is obtained using the Von-Karman integral method. Results from this solution are presented in graphs which can be used to estimate the amount of hydrate dissociated as a function of time.