bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Response of macroinvertebrate and diatom communities to human‐induced physical alteration in mountain streams
Authors: Bona Francesca , Falasco Elisa , Fenoglio Stefano , Iorio Luca , Badino Guido 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIt is generally argued that epilithic diatoms and macroinvertebrates are highly sensitive to changes in water quality, while only a few studies have been conducted on their response to physical disturbance. The main purpose of this research is to investigate whether these two communities respond to physical river disturbance like banks, substrate and flux alteration induced by human action.We sampled 12 high‐altitude streams in the Gran Paradiso National Park, a protected area where the main human activities are limited to hiking and high‐altitude pasture. The sampled stretches of the rivers were characterized with respect to their geomorphological features and possible human modifications. Water uptake for power supply, riverbed and bank modifications represented the main human activities which could determinate alterations in community structure and composition. Habitat structure was evaluated using the Southern European River Habitat (RHS–SE), while the biological status of the river has been estimated by means of the following biotic and diatomic indices: IBE, BMWP, ASPT, Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera families (EPT) for macroinvertebrates, EPI‐D, IBD and IPS for diatoms. A general concordance between chemical parameters and structure of biological communities was observed. On the other hand, the RHS–SE highlighted the main geomorphological features and detected some slight physical alterations, as quantified by the indices Habitat Modification Score (HMS) and Habitat Quality Assessment (HQA). In short, our findings demonstrate that morphological alterations, even if slight, affect biological diversity and the presence of some specific taxa, while biological indices are independent of the level of physical modifications. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of residence time on summer nitrate uptake in mississippi river flow‐regulated backwaters
Authors: James William F. , Richardson William B. , Soballe David M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractNitrate uptake may be improved in regulated floodplain rivers by increasing hydrological connectivity to backwaters. We examined summer nitrate uptake in a series of morphologically similar backwaters on the Upper Mississippi River receiving flow‐regulated nitrate loads via gated culverts. Flows into individual backwaters were held constant over a summer period but varied in the summers of 2003 and 2004 to provide a range of hydraulic loads and residence times (τ). The objectives were to determine optimum loading and τ for maximum summer uptake. Higher flow adjustment led to increased loading but lower τ and contact time for uptake. For highest flows, τ was less than 1 day resulting in lower uptake rates (Unet < 300 mg m−2 day−1), low uptake efficiency (U% < 20%) and a long uptake length (Snet > 4000 m). For low flows, τ was greater than 5 days and U% approached 100%, but Unet was 200 mg m−2 day−1. Snet was < half the length of the backwaters under these conditions indicating that most of the load was assimilated in the upper reaches, leading to limited delivery to lower portions. Unet was maximal (384–629 mg m−2 day−1) for intermediate flows and τ ranging between 1 and 1.5 days. Longer Snet (2000–4000 m) and lower U% (20–40%) reflected limitation of uptake in upper reaches by contact time, leading to transport to lower reaches for additional uptake. Uptake by ∼10 000 ha of reconnected backwaters along the Upper Mississippi River (13% of the total backwater surface area) at a Unet of ∼630 mg m−2 day−1 would be the equivalent of ∼40% of the summer nitrate load (155 mg day−1) discharged from Lock and Dam 4. These results indicate that backwater nitrate uptake can play an important role in reducing nitrate loading to the Gulf of Mexico. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrologic alterations in the Wabash River watershed, USA
Authors: Pyron Mark , Neumann Klaus 
Published: April 2008

AbstractFlow alteration of streams from anthropogenic impacts is ubiquitous worldwide. In this paper, we examine flow alteration in a single watershed, the Wabash River and suggest potential impacts on aquatic assemblages. The Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration (IHA) software was used to evaluate hydrological variables generated from daily discharge data of 80 USGS gauging stations, during the past several decades. We used the approach of regressions of hydrological variables against time to identify hydrologic change. An average of 6.9 hydrologic variables (of 33 variables) were significantly altered at each station, and stations with larger watersheds had an increased number of altered variables. A principal components (PC) analysis of altered hydrologic variables resulted in three of four PC axes that were correlated with watershed area. Significant results were: (1) larger streams were more likely to have hydrologic alteration than smaller streams; (2) streams with upstream dams had increased minimum flows for 1‐, 3‐, 7‐ and 30‐day intervals, decreased maximum flows for 1‐, 3‐, 7‐ and 30‐day intervals, increased fall rates, decreased summer monthly flows and decreased high pulse counts; (3) the presence of agriculture in upstream watersheds resulted in an increased number of zero flow days, increased low pulse counts and decreased high flows during October and April. No significant differences were detected in hydrologic alteration based on urban land‐use of upstream watersheds. Hydrologic alterations in the Wabash River watershed have undoubtedly resulted in ecological degradation. We suggest that changes in assemblages during the past century are linked to these hydrologic alterations. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Urban Renewal: The Case of Buffalo, NY
Authors: Price Alfred D. 
Published: April 2008

Scholars of urbanism have long been critical of America's post-World War II efforts at urban renewal. What is generally less well understood is the theoretical context out of which urban renewal policy arose. This analysis sets forth the key precepts of modernist thinking in city planning as the explanation for urban renewal's policy miscalculations. Data for Buffalo document the case, with emphasis upon the exclusion of blacks in the redevelopment process. Following three decades of failure, 1950 to 1980, a neighborhood-based renewal project is now showing promise in meeting the housing needs of inner-city black households.
Recent Changes in the Housing Status of Blacks in Los Angeles
Authors: Grigsby J. Eugene , Hruby Mary L. 
Published: April 2008

In the aftermath of reductions in federal housing assistance programs during the 1980s, many cities are experiencing severe shortages of affordable housing. It is particularly difficult for low income and minority households to find and maintain adequate, low-cost housing. This article describes how Los Angeles has responded to this need through implementation of a particular housing policy and financing strategy. It specifically examines what impacts this program has had in producing affordable housing in the city's low-income, minority neighborhoods. Recommendations for further public action on housing needs in Los Angeles are also offered.
Isomerization during hydrogenation. V. Methylcis 6‐,cis 9‐,cis 12‐octadecenoates
Authors: Allen R. R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe partial hydrogenation of mixtures of methylcis 6‐,cis 9‐ andcis 12‐octadecenoates followed by the determination of the unreacted monoenes indicated the double bonds in these positions are hydrogenated at the same rates. However, study of a hydrogenation under high isomerization conditions indicated the double bonds very near the carboxyl hydrogenate faster than those near the terminal methyl.
Physical properties of fatty acid methyl esters. IV. Ultrasonic sound velocity
Authors: Gouw T. H. , Vlugter J. C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe ultrasonic sound velocity of the unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters from acetate to nonadecanoate, methyl oleate, linoleate, linolenate, and erucate have been measured at 20C and 40C in the liquid state. Data of the saturated compounds were correlated with the Smittenberg relation and a reasonable fit was noted. The molar sound velocity according to Rao was computed from the observed values and increments for the CH2 group and for the double bond are presented.
Exploitation of the selectivity of various chromatographic techniques for the study of the triglyceride structure of natural fats
Authors: McCarthy M. J. , Kuksis A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe separation of naturally occurring triglyceride mixtures on the basis of mol wt, polarity, and iodine number by the methods of gas‐liquid, liquid‐liquid, and thin‐layer chromatography, respectively, rarely results in fractions representing pure triglycerides. Furthermore, most of the fractions obtained are too complex for detailed structural analyses. An integrated system using all three of these techniques for a sequential fractionation and isolation of triglyceride groups of progressively decreasing complexity, however, while not yielding single glycerides, can provide practical information for the assignment of structures. Since the possibility of the same components overlapping in all three systems is very small, a prudent application of these techniques affords triglyceride groups that can be analyzed meaningfully by enzymatic methods, and, in many cases, can lead to a complete assessment of the triglyceride structure of the mixture.For an examination of the scope of this integrated analytical system, selected naturally occurring triglyceride mixtures were used as models. The success of the system rests upon accurate quantitative determination of the fatty acids and triglycerides by gas chromatography.
Factors affecting the rate of deterioration in the frying quality of fats II. Type of heater and method of heating
Authors: Rock S. P. , Roth H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractUsing a commercially prepared hydrogenated lard and heating methods simulating those currently employed in commercial fryers, it was found that the rate of fat deterioration varied inversely with the temp of the heating element. This has been attributed to differences in the rate and duration of convection circulation, a measure of the amt of fat‐air contact, and therefore, thermal oxidation. When element temp were increased from 900舑2400F, while thermostatically maintaining the fat temp at 375F, it was found that the rate of convection circulation increased while the duration of convection circulation decreased, and it is postulated that the overall effect of increasing element temp is one of decreasing the total amt of fat contact with the air.It was also demonstrated that mechanical circulation of fat, as required in an externally heated fat system, significantly increased that rate of fat deterioration when compared to fat heated by conventional direct gas‐heat, if both were heated and maintained at 375F for identical periods of time.
Synthesis of triglycerides from fish oil fatty acids
Authors: Lehman L. W. , Gauglitz E. J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe generally accepted methods for the synthesis of triglycerides are unsatisfactory when they are applied to highly unsaturated systems such as those present in fish oil. The methods either fail to g ive sufficiently high yields, or they are prohibitive in cost when applied to large scale production. Of the numerous reactions studied, the most feasible was the zinc‐catalyzed esterification of fish oil fatty acids with glycerol. Thinlayer chromatography (TLC) showed that this reaction gave yields of 75舑78% triglycerides. Gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC) demonstrated the composition of the triglycerides was essentially the same as that of the original fatty acids.
Further observations on the 2‐thiobarbituric acid method for the measurement of oxidative rancidity
Authors: Yu T. C. , Sinnhuber R. O. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe validity of the 2‐thiobarbituric acid (TBA) procedure for the measurement of oxidative rancidity by the determination of malonaldehyde (MA) as the red pigment with an absorption max at 532 mƁ has been questioned [J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.39, 34 (1962)]. Side reactions were reported to occur yielding degradation of TBA to products which absorb at the same wave length as the TBA‐MA complex and at 450 mƁ.Results reported in the present paper stress the importance of reagent purification. Little or no decomposition of TBA to produce interfering colors was found after heating with acids, oxidizing agents or hydroperoxides.
Degradation of monocarbonyls from autoxidizing lipids
Authors: Lillard D. A. , Day E. A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractsIn an attempt to account for carbonyls found in oxidized lipid systems, but not theoretically predicted from the decomposition of lipid hydroperoxides, a member from each of the monocarbonyl classes commonly observed in oxidizing lipids was oxidized at 45C in a Warburg apparatus and the carbonyl products studied. The carbonyl compounds used weren‐nonanal,n‐non‐2‐enal,n‐hepta‐2,4‐dienal andn‐oct‐1‐en‐3‐one. Nonanal was relatively stable to oxidation and was oxidized to nonanoic acid. Oct‐1‐en‐3‐one did not absorb oxygen during a 52‐hr period; however, the unsaturated aldehydes oxidized at faster rates than methyl linoleate or linolenate. Non‐2‐enal upon absorption of 0.5 mole of oxygen was oxidized almost quantitatively to non‐2‐enoic acid. Hepta‐2,4‐dienal was polymerized at 0.5 mole of oxygen uptake. In addition both of the unsaturated aldehydes produced shorter chain mono‐ and dicarbonyls as oxidative degradation products. The identification of these compounds helps to explain the presence of carbonyls in oxidizing lipids and model systems that are not accountable through the decomposition of theoretically predictable isomeric hydroperoxide esters. The relatively large yield of malonaldehyde from the oxidized dienal suggests that these carbonyls may serve as a major source of malonaldehyde in oxidizing diene esters. Significant quantities of malonaldehyde are not observed in methyl linoleate until late stages of oxidation, and the dienals formed through degradation of primary hydroperoxides may in turn oxidize to give malonaldehyde.
Identification of surface active agents in admixture by thin layer chromatography
Authors: Desmond C. T. , Borden W. T. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe qualitative identification of the surface active agents commonly used in household detergent formulations is possible using thin layer chromatography (TLC). Successful separations have been made when the samples are spotted on Aluminum Oxide G and developed with isopropanol. A variety of specific reagents may be used to color the spots and thereby supplement the Rf values as a means to identify the surfactants. The analysis can be made semi‐quantitative if the separations are made using an aluminum oxide column and collecting and fractions eluted with isopropanol and methanol.
Methanesulfonic acid‐catalyzed additions IV. Additions to methyl linoleate
Authors: Eisner Abner , Perlstein Theodore , Ault W. C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractVaried aromatic compounds including phenol,o‐chlorophenol, 2‐naphthol, resorcinol, methyl salicylate, anisole, phenetole,p‐toluenethiol,p‐chlorobenzenethiol and 2‐napthalenethiol were added to methyl linoleate. Using methanesulfonic acid as a solvent‐catalyst the additions took place as readily as to oleic acid in previous experiments. The recovery of mono‐adducts, however, was complicated by the presence of di‐adducts and presumably polymeric material.As observed in the earlier oleic acid studies, evidence for the formation of ether intermediates was obtained. The only identified products from arylthiol additions were thioethers.
Beneficial or harmful influence of phytosterols on human cells?
Authors: Rubis Blazej , Paszel Anna , Kaczmarek Mariusz , Rudzinska Magdalena , Jelen Henryk , Rybczynska Maria 
Published: April 2008

So far, a protective influence of phytosterols on the human organism and atherogenesis has been suggested. Most studies have concentrated on the cytotoxic efficacy of phytosterols on cancer cells. However, there are only a few reports showing their influence on normal cells. The aim of the present study was to determine whether dietary plant sterols and their thermal processing products could influence the viability of normal, abdominal endothelial cells that play a crucial role in atherogenesis. Thus, we studied the effect of rapeseed oil-extract components, β-sitosterol, cholesterol and their epoxy-derivatives, 5α,6α-epoxy-β-sitosterol and 5α,6α-epoxycholesterol, on the proliferation and viability of human abdominal aorta endothelial cells HAAE-2in vitro. We showed strong cytotoxic properties of β-sitosterol in HAAE-2 cells (half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 1·99 (sem0·56) μm) and, interestingly, a weaker cytotoxic effect of 5α,6α-epoxy-β-sitosterol (IC50>200 μm). Moreover, we observed a significantly stronger cytotoxic activity of β-sitosterol than cholesterol (IC50 = 8·99 (sem2·74) μm). We also revealed that β-sitosterol as well as cholesterol caused apoptosis, inducing caspase-3 activity in the cells (60 % increase compared with control cells) that corresponded to the DNA fragmentation analysis in a terminal uridine deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labelling (TUNEL) study. Although absorption of plant sterols is low compared with cholesterol, they can still influence other physiological functions. Since they effectively reduce serum LDL-cholesterol and atherosclerotic risk but also decrease the viability of cancer cells as well as normal cells in a time- and dose-dependent mannerin vitro, their influence on other metabolic processes remains to be elucidated.
Interactions of ethanol drinking withn-3 fatty acids in rats: potential consequences for the cardiovascular system
Authors: Guiraud Annabelle , de Lorgeril Michel , Zeghichi Sabrina , Laporte François , Salen Patricia , Saks Valdur , Berraud Nathalie , Boucher François , de Leiris Joël 
Published: April 2008

Moderate ethanol drinking (ED) andn-3 fatty acids have both been associated with low cardiac mortality. However, there are few data evaluating the interactions of ED withn-3. We recently reported that moderate ED results in increasedn-3 in cardiac patients. The main aim of the present study was, through a well-controlled experimental model, to confirm that chronic ED actually results in increasedn-3. Secondary aims were to examine the effects of chronic ED on cardiac mitochondria, cardiac function and experimental myocardial infarction. We studied the fatty acid profiles of plasma, cell membranes and cardiac mitochondria phospholipids in a rat model of chronic ED. In plasma and cell membranes, ED actually resulted in highern-3 (P = 0·005). In mitochondria phospholipids of ED rats,n-3 were also increased (P < 0·05) but quite modestly. Cardiac mitochondrial function and left ventricular function were not significantly different in ED and control rats, while infarct size after 30 min ischaemia and reperfusion was smaller (P < 0·0001) in ED rats. This is the first animal study confirming interaction of alcohol drinking withn-3. We found no harmful effect of chronic ED on the heart in that model but a significant cardioprotection. Further studies are warranted to investigate the mechanisms by which moderate ED alters the metabolism ofn-3 and whethern-3 are the mediators of the ED-induced cardioprotection.
Hypolipidaemic effects of fenofibrate and fasting in the herbivorous grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) fed a high-fat diet
Authors: Du Zhen-Yu , Clouet Pierre , Degrace Pascal , Zheng Wen-Hui , Frøyland Livar , Tian Li-Xia , Liu Yong-Jian 
Published: April 2008

We investigated whether the hypolipidaemic effect of fenofibrate and fasting observed in most omnivorous mammals may also apply to herbivorous fish. Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) fed a high-fat (8 %) diet exhibited a marked increase in blood lipids and body fat after 6 weeks. They were then treated with fenofibrate (100 mg/kg body weight) in the same high-fat diet for 2 weeks, followed by fasting for 1 week. Plasma lipid concentration, body fat amount, fatty acid composition, plasma thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and some parameters related to hepatic fatty acid oxidation were measured, and liver samples were stained for histological examination. Fenofibrate treatment decreased TAG and cholesterol concentrations in plasma, total lipids of the whole body and liver, and EPA and DHA contents in tissues. Further, a mobilisation of mesenteric fat concomitant with an increase in hepatic peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation and lipid peroxidation was observed. Compared with fenofibrate treatment, fasting decreased body weight and plasma TAG, but not plasma cholesterol. It also reduced the fat content of the whole body and increased the EPA and DHA contents in the liver and other tissues. Fatty acid oxidation was stimulated by fasting in mitochondria, but not in peroxisomes. These data suggest that fenofibrate and fasting regulate the lipid metabolism in grass carp through different metabolic pathways. The grass carp is moderately responsive to a fibrate derivative in comparison with the well-known excess responsiveness of the rat model, and so it could be used for the study of lipid abnormalities as a herbivorous model.
Strengthening prevention programs to eliminate cervical cancer in the Nordic countries
Authors: DILLNER LENA , PAGLIUSI SONIA , BRAY FREDDIE , LORINCZ ATTILA , KJAER SUSANNE K. , ANTTILA AHTI , ERIC IVERSEN OLE , DILLNER JOAKIM , LEHTINEN MATTI , PAAVONEN JORMA 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDisease trend studies based on birth cohort analysis and serological studies indicate that recent generations have a higher prevalence of oncogenic Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) types, and are likely to be at higher risk of cancer than previous generations. This implies that prevention strategies to protect young populations from HPV‐associated cancers need to be strengthened, and hence organized implementation of vaccination and better screening programs are being considered. In this context, randomized large‐scale policy evaluations will be instrumental in accelerating disease control and improve effective prevention programs. This report shares experiences from Nordic countries with examples of prevention strategies through vaccination and cervical screening. The same principles as set up for organized programs and new HPV technologies may apply for screening and vaccination as key tools to eliminate cervical cancer in the Nordic countries and globally.