bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sex pheromones for the control of lepidopterous pests using microencapsulation and dispenser techniques
Authors: Campion Derek G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSex pheromones may be used for the control of insect pests by causing communication disruption for long enough to decrease mating and therefore diminish subsequent larval infestations. Such an approach presents the problem of maintaining the pheromone concentration at a high enough level in the field for weeks or even months. To overcome this difficulty two systems are at present generally employed; the establishment of a relatively small number of large pheromone sources in suitable dispensers at fixed points in the treatment areas, or using a very large number of small sources by microencapsulating the pheromone which can then be applied directly to the crop by conventional methods. Recent field experiments carried out using both these methods are described, and problems and future prospects discussed.
Experience with pheromone trapping and disruption of moths
Authors: Minks Albert K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMaxima in the population of the summerfruit tortrix moth, Adoxophyes orana, have been detected in orchards in the Netherlands using traps containing its pheromones. Attempts to disrupt the pheromone communication of A. orana in orchards using geometrical isomers of the pheromone have given variable results. Factors, in particular temperature, affecting pheromone communication in A. orana are discussed.
Factors favouring the choice of flamprop‐methyl, methyl (±)‐2‐[N‐(3‐chloro‐4‐fluorophenyl)benzamido] propionate for the control of avena species in wheat
Authors: Jeffcoat Brian , Norton Harries W. , Thomas David B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe post‐emergence herbicide, methyl (±)‐2‐[N‐(3‐chloro‐4‐fluorophenyl)benzamido]‐propionate, flamprop‐methyl, showed good activity against oat with selectivity in wheat. It was superior in performance to flamprop‐isopropyl and benzoylprop‐ethyl already being marketed for wild oat control. It gave even more effective control of seed set in the oat than did the other compounds, prevented tiller growth and as a result of its higher activity was less dependent on crop competition. Selectivity of flamprop‐methyl, however, was similar to that previously reported for related compounds, i.e. it was dependent on its rate of degradation and the subsequent detoxication of the biologically active acid to inactive conjugates. The rate of degradation of flamprop‐methyl is comparable to that of benzoylprop‐ethyl but the more active acid produced accounts for the improved performance of the former. The corresponding ethyl ester showed the highest rate of degradation and although generally comparable in performance to the methyl ester there was a tendency for the inhibition on the oat to last for a shorter period. Performance of flamprop‐methyl is influenced by environmental factors such as temperature or water stress. These factors had an effect during the first 2 weeks after compound application, reducing the translocation of the active metabolite to its site of action and having a small but detectable effect on the amount of acid produced.
Seasonal Fluctuations in the Concentration of BHC Residues in Butter
Authors: Harper David B. , McAnally Robert J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMarked seasonal changes in the BHC content of butter in Northern Ireland are reported. Levels of alpha‐BHC rise to a maximum of between 0.5 and 0.9 mg/kg on a fat basis in January and February, falling to between 0.02 and 0.04 mg/kg in late summer and early autumn. The use of veterinary preparations containing technical BHC for the control of lice infection in the winter months would appear to be responsible for such fluctuations. Maximum BHC contamination of milk in January and February probably arises by direct ingestion or skin absorption of externally applied BHC and subsequent transfer from the bloodstream to the milk fat. A later smaller contamination peak in the April/May period is probably due to mobilisation of BHC stored in the body fat of the animals during the first weeks after parturition.
The metabolism of mebenil in rats, rabbits and guinea‐pigs
Authors: Warrander Alan , Waring Rosemary H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe metabolism of mebenil (o‐toluanilide) was studied in rats, rabbits and guinea‐pigs. The major metabolite in all three species was 4′‐hydroxy‐o‐toluanilide, both free and as glucuronide and sulphate conjugates. Traces of aniline were also excreted, showing that the amide bond was hydrolysed in vivo.
Pesticide residues: Food surveys in the United Kingdom
Authors: Egan Harold , Weston Ralph E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe development of food surveys for levels of pesticide residues, toxic metals and polychlorobiphenyls and related compounds is outlined. The role of the surveys in monitoring the effect on the levels of compounds in specific foods following changes in pesticide usage is explained. Studies over 8 years on levels in the total diet show they are well below the acceptable daily intakes recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organisation/World Health Organisation for organchlorine and other pesticides. During this period the levels found have in general declined.
Plant growth regulators and the physiological limitations to yield in sugar beet
Authors: Lenton John R. , Milford George F. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractImprovements in seed germination, the early establishment of leaf cover, storage root development and the control of bolting would all increase the yield of sugar beet in the UK. Plant growth at these stages of development is controlled by genotype and by climatic factors acting through endogenous growth substances and is potentially capable of modification by applied growth regulators. For example, sugar beet responds to changes in daylength and spectral quality of light at the end of the day by increasing lamina and petiole growth, light interception and plant growth rate. Changes in endogenous gibberellins in young leaves of plants growing in different photoperiods and the responses of these leaves to applied gibberellic acid are presented as evidence for the involvement of gibberellins in leaf expansion in sugar beet.
The new nrdc pyrethroids as agricultural insecticides
Authors: Ruscoe C. N. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe extremely high insecticidal activity and favourable toxicology of the synthetic pyrethroids are properties which have always made them attractive insecticides. However, their marked instability, coupled with a relatively high cost of manufacture, has always precluded their widespread use in agriculture. The new synthetic pyrethroids, typified by permethrin (NRDC 143), thus represent a significant advance in agricultural insecticide terms, since they show greatly increased stability while retaining the favourable properties of high insect and low mammalian toxicity. A considerable amount of knowledge has been obtained from laboratory and field experiments with the new pyrethroids over the last two years. This paper surveys the results obtained, which have confirmed the high level of efficacy of this series of compounds against some of the most important pests of agriculture.
Social and economic aspects of alternative insect control methods
Authors: Lindquist D. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe development of alternative pest control methods offer a number of advantages over the conventional methods of pest control, under certain circumstances. These advantages will be discussed in the light of current social and economic pressures. In addition, the method of developing these alternative methods of pest control will be discussed in relation to the development of conventional methods of pest control. The so‐called area‐wide insect control schemes will be compared with farmer applied methods of insect control in relation to industry, training and economics.
Methods of testing rodenticides in the field against rats
Authors: Rennison Brian D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPoisons used in bait to control rats are of two kinds; single‐dose acute poisons and those with a slow or cumulative action lethal only if two or more daily doses are consumed. The two types require different baiting techniques and different methods must be used for testing them in the field. For acute poisons, the relative sizes of rat infestations have to be measured by baiting with unpoisoned bait both before and after poison baiting and the pre‐treatment sizes taken into account when analysing the results. When testing possible cumulative or multiple‐dose poisons, pre‐treatment baiting is unnecessary and the method used was that originally devised for field testing for anticoagulant resistance in rats. Examples of published results of field trials of both types of poison are discussed.
Fumigation of tobacco in polyethylene lined cases with methyl bromide
Authors: Hill Terence W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractExperimental fumigations of cased tobacco with methyl bromide to control the Cigarette beetle (Lasioderma serricorne) were conducted at low temperatures. Two stowages, each of 120 × 181 kg cases, were built and made gas‐tight with seamless polyethylene film. Methyl bromide was introduced into each stowage at a concentration of 64 g/m3. Gas concentrations were monitored at a depth of 15 cm into the tobacco and at the centre of cases. Six cases (two open, two with folded polyethelene liners and two with heat‐sealed polyethylene liners) were sampled in each stowage. Good penetration was achieved when atmospheric temperatures ranged from 6.5 to 8.5°. It is concluded, therefore, that tobacco fumigations with methyl bromide may be carried out satisfactorily in cold weather, providing that temperatures do not fall to a level at which insects become highly tolerant to the fumigant. However, amounts of fumigant reaching the centre of the heat‐sealed cases were insufficient to ensure the effectiveness of such treatments in all situations. It is recommended, therefore, that the procedure of slitting polyethylene liners of heat‐sealed cases before fumigation be continued.
The action of allethrin on the peripheral nervous system of the frog
Authors: Van Den Bercken Joep 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA study was made of the neurotoxic effects of the pyrethroid insecticide allethrin on the peripheral nervous system of the frog by means of electrophysiological techniques. The principal action of allethrin is to induce repetitive activity, not only in sensory nerve fibres and in sense organs, but also in the distal part of the motor fibres, leading to pronounced repetition in the motor end‐plate. Measured by the number of repetitive nerve impulses allethrin shows a marked negative temperature coefficient of activity in the lateral‐line sense organ and in the motor nerve terminal.
Some effects of cismethrin on the rabbit nervous system
Authors: Carlton Margaret 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects of cismethrin, 5‐benzyl‐3‐furylmethyl (1 R)‐cis‐chrysanthemate, in the spinal rabbit have been investigated at the level of the sensory receptors, in an afferent nerve, and in the spinal cord. Cismethrin causes a lowering of the threshold of some sensory receptors and the appearance of spontaneous activity, which may be in bursts, in some afferent fibres that were previously silent. When recordings were made from the afferent nerve, in addition to phenomena arising from the effects on sensory receptors, there was repetitive firing in the nerve when action potentials were evoked by electrical stimulation. The effects on the spinal cord were such as to increase the excitability of reflex arcs. There was also a change in the normal pattern of facilitation and inhibition as measured by the amplitude of the second of two suitably spaced monosynaptic responses and it is suggested that this is an indirect effect of cismethrin intoxication. The cumulative effect of the changes brought about in nervous activity in the system described here could account at least in part for the convulsions observed in intoxicated animals.
Factors governing the toxicity of putative synaptic transmitters and their analogues when injected into the haemocoel of adult male Lucilia sericata
Authors: Hart Richard J. , Potter Charles , Wilson Roger G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAcetylocholine, arecoline, 2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl acetate, L‐glutamic acid, L‐4‐methyl‐eneglutamic acid, (±)‐quisqualic acid, 4‐aminobutyric acid, and dicrotophos were injected into the haemocoel of adult male Lucilia sericata. Large doses of the putative transmitters and their analogues were required for toxicity. The water soluble organo‐phosphate dicrotophos was much more toxic than any of the other compounds. Electrophysiological experiments indicated that the putative transmitters were reaching their presumed site of action in the nervous system and that their toxicity could be correlated with the intensity and duration of their effect at this site. Biochemical measurements of the rate of loss of the putative transmitters from the haemolymph indicate that, in vivo, the test insect possesses efficient mechanisms for removing these compounds from the system being studied. It is concluded that the low toxicity of the putative transmitters, which are presumed to interact reversibly with post synaptic receptor sites, may be largely due to their rapid removal from the system, resulting in a rapid fall in concentration at the receptor site.
The synthesis of potential insecticides designed to bind to the acetylcholine receptor
Authors: Baillie Alister C. , Corbett John R. , Sharpe Trevor M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA variety of compounds designed to bind to the acetylcholine receptor, a largely unexploited target for new insecticides, have been prepared. These are related to either the isothiocyanates prepared previously in our laboratory, which probably bind to the receptor, or to nereistoxin, which is known to do so. Many of the compounds are insecticidal, and electro‐physiological studies on a candidate compound, N,N‐dimethyl‐3‐thiocyanato‐2‐(thiocyanatomethyl)propionamide, suggest they may have the predicted mode of action.
Comparison of solvent systems for extracting herbicide residues from weathered field soils
Authors: Smith Allan E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe extraction from several field soils of the four herbicides benzoylprop‐ethyl, nitrofen, profluralin, and tri‐allate applied at least 6 months previously was compared using six solvent systems. The residues extracted were quantified using gas chromatographic techniques. Similar recoveries were achieved using 30% aqueous acetonitrile or acetonitrile + water + glacial acetic acid mixtures. The presence of the acetic acid was found to increase residues extracted only in the case of tri‐allate. Methanol and 10% aqueous acetonitrile were slightly less efficient in recovering residues from the weathered field soils whereas acetone tended to be a poor solvent for the extraction of the chemicals studied.
Loss of fenitrothion on grains in storage
Authors: Desmarchelier James M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLoss of fenitrothion from post‐harvest application to wheat, oats, paddy rice and sorghum followed a second‐order rate process, with rate of loss being proportional, at a fixed temperature, to the amount of fenitrothion and the activity of water, which was obtained from the equilibrium partial pressure of water vapour. The effect of temperature on loss was of the form of the Arrhenius equation. A chart relating half‐life to temperature and relative humidity is presented in a form suitable for field use, and a mechanism is proposed for loss of fenitrothion.
Toxicity of calciferol, warfarin and their combinations to Rattus norvegicus (albino) and R. rattus
Authors: Bai K. Muktha , Krishnakumari Mandyam K. , Majumder Suvendu K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe response of Rattus norvegicus and R. rattus to calciferol, warfarin and a combination of these compounds was tested. Both species succumbed to the recommended bait concentrations of calciferol (1000 mg/kg) and warfarin (250 mg/kg) when tested individually. However, R. rattus was more susceptible to lower concentrations of calciferol (500 and 750 mg/kg) as compared to R. norvegicus, which was sensitive to lower concentrations of warfarin (12.5 and 25 mg/kg bait). Addition of calciferol at different concentrations did not affect the toxicity of warfarin against R. norvegicus. However, with R. rattus calciferol (250–350 mg/kg) or warfarin (50 mg/kg bait), which individually produced partial mortality, in combination produced a complete kill besides accelerating death. Combination of higher dosages of calciferol with warfarin (1000 + 250 mg/kg bait) tested against both species showed no advantages, resulting in neither lower bait consumption nor speedier death, though individually the components gave complete kills.
The pyrethrins and related compounds. Part XXII. Preparation of isomeric cyano‐substituted 3‐phenoxybenzyl esters
Authors: Elliott Michael , Janes Norman F. , Pulman David A. , Soderlund David M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPreparation of 3‐phenoxybenzyl chrysanthemates and their dihalovinyl analogues substituted with a cyano group at the 2‐, 6‐, (R)‐α‐, or (S)‐α‐ positions is described. The (R)‐ and (S)‐ isomers of α‐cyano‐3‐phenoxybenzyl esters of 2,2‐difluoro‐, ‐dichloro‐, and ‐dibromo‐vinyl analogues of cis‐ and trans‐ chrysanthemic acid are separated chromatographically, as are the separate pairs of enantiomers of fenvalerate, (RS)‐α‐ cyano‐3‐phenoxybenzyl (RS)‐2‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐3‐methylbutyrate. An optically active ester of α‐cyano‐3‐phenoxybenzyl alcohol (obtained using D‐oxynitrilase) with 2,2,3,3‐tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid is synthesised.
Phosphinate inhibition studies of cholinesterases
Authors: Horton Gary L. , Lieske Claire N. , Lowe John R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe kinetic constants, Kd, k2, and ki, were determined for the inhibition by 4‐nitro‐phenyl methyl(phenyl)phosphinate of three cholinesterases: butyrylcholinesterase, bovine erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase and eel acetylcholinesterase. Stopped‐flow kinetic evaluations and automated data acquisition and processing were employed. A broad range in affinity for the phosphinate inhibitor was observed as reflected by the binding constants, Kd. A similar wide range in the k2 values for the unimolecular inhibition step was obtained. The net bimolecular rate constants, ki, indicate equal overall reactivity for butyrylcholinesterase and eel acetylcholinesterase with a smaller inhibition rate constant for bovine erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase.
Movement and distribution of ethylene in plants in relation to the regulation of growth and development
Authors: Jerie Peter H. , Zeroni Moshe , Hall Michael A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWork is described showing that ethylene does not move about the plant in physiologically significant amounts due to resistance in the longitudinal direction and loss by emanation from the surface of the plant. Nevertheless, changes in ethylene concentration in one part of the plant may influence concentrations in other parts. It is shown that the partition coefficients for ethylene between air and various plant organs are relatively high and may change in the course of development. These results are discussed in relation to compartmentation of ethylene within the plant and the possible implications of such compartmentation for the control of plant growth and development.
Lipid changes in plants at temperatures inducing chill‐hardiness
Authors: Wilson John M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPhase transitions in the membrane lipids of chill‐sensitive plants at 12°C and below are considered to result in an increase in the activation energy of membrane‐bound enzymes and membrane permeability, leading to cell death. In agreement with this hypothesis, chill‐hardening at 12°C results in an increase in the degree of unsaturation of the fatty acids associated with the membrane phospholipids of Phaseolus vulgaris and Gossypium hirsutum leaves. However, drought‐hardening P. vulgaris leaves at 25°C is as effective in preventing chilling injury as chill‐hardening at 12°C but drought‐hardening produces no increase in the degree of unsaturation of the membrane fatty acids suggesting that lipid phase changes are not the primary cause of chilling injury. Furthermore, a re‐examination of the conditions under which water and electrolytes leak from P. vulgaris leaves indicates that phase changes in the membrane lipids of the plasmalemma and other organelles at 5°C are only of minor importance in determining the extent and speed of chilling injury. The primary cause of chilling injury to P. vulgaris leaves on transfer from 25°C, 85%r.h. to 5°C, 85%r.h. is leaf dehydration due to the opening of the stomata at a time when the permeability of the roots to water is low. The primary factor inducing hardening against chilling injury in P. vulgaris is a water stress and not low temperature per se. Phase transitions in the membrane lipids of a chill‐resistant species have now been detected within the same temperature range as those reported for chill‐sensitive species. Therefore, the ability of temperate species to withstand chilling injury cannot be explained solely on the maintenance of a high degree of unsaturation of the membrane fatty acids.
The antifungal activity of polyoxin B and iprodione against phytopathogenic fungi recently isolated from diseased plants in Japan
Authors: Sakurai Hisashi , Fujita Shoko 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA comparison was made of the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of polyoxin B and iprodione against Alternaria mali, A. kikuchiana and Botrytis spp. isolalated from diseased plants from various regions of Japan. Several of these fungal isolates differ markedly in their sensitivity to iprodione and polyoxin B. A study was made of the relationship between the MIC values of polyoxin B and iprodione against several isolates and disease control obtained when these materials were applied to plants infected with the same isolates.
The usage of pesticides on vegetables grown as part of an arable farm rotation
Authors: Sly John M. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe usage of pesticides on vegetable crops grown mostly on arable holdings in Norfolk in 1972 is reviewed. During the spring of 1973, visits were made to about 300 holdings which grew vegetables for human consumption in 1972. Of these, 74 holdings were in Norfolk. An analysis has been made of the cropping on the holdings in Norfolk and it was shown that vegetables were usually grown as part of an arable rotation rather than as a mainly horticultural enterprise. The usage of pesticides to control pests, diseases and weeds has been examined for the more important vegetable crops together with the reasons for usage and methods of application. A comparison is made between the usage in 1972 and that of 1969.
Residues of diuron and phytotoxic degradation products in aquatic situations. I. Analytical methods for soil and water
Authors: Bowmer Kathleen H. , Adeney John A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThin‐layer and gas‐liquid chromatography, ultraviolet analysis and bioassay with Chlorella spp. have been used to investigate the pathway of degradation of diuron to phytotoxic derivatives when diuron was used as a soil‐residual herbicide in irrigation canals. Observations suggest that 1‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐3‐methylurea and 1‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)urea make a contribution to total residues equivalent to a maximum of about 40 and 55%, respectively, of diuron concentrations. Application of a phyto‐toxicity rating suggests that in this environment, measurement of diuron specifically would underestimate the total phytotoxicity of residues by a maximum of about 7%.