bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Existence of multiple genotypes associated with acute gastroenteritis during 6‐year survey of norovirus infection in Japan
Authors: Okame Michio , Akihara Shiho , Hansman Grant , Hainian Yan , Thien Tuan Tran Huy , Phan Tung Gia , Yagyu Fumihiro , Okitsu Shoko , Ushijima Hiroshi 
Published: August 2006

AbstractNorovirus (NoV) is recognized as one of the most common causative agent of diarrheal disease in young children worldwide. The current study was undertaken to determine the distribution of NoV genotypes in Japan. A total of 3,864 fecal specimens from children with acute gastroenteritis in five regions (Tokyo, Maizuru, Saga, Sapporo, and Osaka) of Japan from July 1995 to June 2001 were collected and then tested for the presence of NoV by RT‐PCR. Three hundred sixty four were found to be positive for NoV, accounting for 11%. The highest prevalence of NoV infection was in November, December, and January as the early winter months in Japan. NoV was subjected to be further characterized to sequencing analysis. All NoVs belonged to two different genogroups I and II and these represented 3% and 97%, respectively. This finding indicated that NoV genogroup II was the dominant group causing acute gastroenteritis in Japan. Interestingly, NoV strains were classified into 16 distinct genotypes including genogroup II genotype 9 that was firstly identified in Japan. Of these, NoV genogroup II genotypes 3 and 4 dominated over other genotypes and became the leading strains in Japanese pediatric population. In conclusion, diarrhea due to NoV infection is still a health burden in Japan. This report also stresses the great genetic diversity as well as the importance of NoV causing the diarrhea in Japan. J. Med. Virol. 78:1318–1324, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of the transcriptional control region of JC polyomavirus in cerebrospinal fluid from HIV‐negative patients with progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy
Authors: Fedele Cesare Giovanni , Polo Carolina , Tenorio Antonio , Niubò Jordi , Ciardi Maria Rosa , Pérez José Luis 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe human polyomavirus JC (JCV) is the causative agent of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a fatal demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). JCV has a hyper‐variable non‐coding transcriptional control region (TCR), which contains the origin of replication and the promoters of viral transcription and replication. The archetype form of TCR‐JCV is frequently found in the urine and kidneys of healthy and immunocompromised subjects. However, the rearranged forms, possibly generated by deletion and duplication of segments of the archetype sequence, are found in the peripheral blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and brain of PML patients. Most experience on this setting has come from the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pandemic. Little has been described on the JCV‐TCR sequences from PML‐HIV‐negative patients affected by other immunosuppressive disorders. The aim of this study was to analyze the JCV‐TCR detected in CSF samples from 12 HIV‐negative immunosuppressed patients suffering from PML and to investigate the possible role of genomic organization in the different incidences of PML in HIV‐positive and HIV‐negative patients. The results confirm that the JCV‐TCR rearrangements play a crucial role in the development of PML, although they do not account for the higher frequency of the disease in HIV infection. These data support the hypothesis that, independently of the rearrangement patterns of JCV‐TCR, the direct action of HIV together with other as yet unidentified cellular determinants can be a key to explaining the high rate of PML in HIV infection with respect to other underlying immunosuppressive conditions. J. Med. Virol. 78:1271–1275, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A cohort study of enfuvirtide immunological and virological efficacy in clinical practice
Authors: Bienvenu Boris , Krivine Anne , Rollot Florence , Pietri Marie‐Pierre , Lebault Valérie , Meritet Jean‐François , Guerin Corinne , Spiridon Gabriela , Salmon Dominique , Guillevin Loïc , Lebon Pierre , Launay Odile 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe aim of the study was to evaluate, under routine circumstances, the immunological and virological efficacy of antiretroviral regimens containing enfuvirtide in multi‐class experienced HIV‐1 infected patients. This retrospective monocentric study analyzed the clinical, immunological, and virological data of 18 HIV‐1 infected patients who started enfuvirtide and completed at least 3 months of therapy. Following 3 months of enfuvirtide therapy, 11 (61%) patients had HIV‐1 RNA below 400 copies/ml, among whom 8 (44%) patients below 50 copies/ml. In the ten patients still receiving enfuvirtide after 12 months, the median increase in CD4 cell count was 159 cells/µl (range, −25 to +301) and the mean decrease in HIV‐1 RNA was 2.5 ± 1.4 log10 copies/ml; in six of these patients, viral load remained below 50 copies/ml. Five patients discontinued enfuvirtide for virological failure but none as a consequence of adverse event. Mutations located within the 36–45 amino acid domain of HR1 region of gp41 and associated to enfuvirtide resistance were found in all seven patients with persistent viral replication. In addition, a new mutation, A50V, emerged in one patient with late viral rebound. Its disappearance after treatment discontinuation suggests that it could play a role in resistance to enfuvirtide. In conclusion, enfuvirtide may be a good therapeutic option as rescue therapy in treatment‐experienced patients. However, the mutations conferring resistance to enfuvirtide develop rapidly when viral load is not controlled confirming that enfuvirtide should be prescribed in association with an active background regimen. J. Med. Virol. 78:1312–1317, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Metabolic stress disinfection and disinfestation (MSDD): a new, non‐thermal, residue‐free process for fresh agricultural products
Authors: Lagunas‐Solar Manuel C , Essert Timothy K , Piña U Cecilia , Zeng Nolan X , Truong Tin D 
Published: August 2006

AbstractPhysical manipulations generating cycles of expansion and compression forces were combined with low vapor concentrations of natural disinfecting chemicals to disinfect and disinfest simultaneously and rapidly fresh agricultural products. Lethality in various fungi, plant and human pathogens and in all biological stages of selected arthropods was demonstrated with fresh fruits and vegetables. The combined process modifies the respiratory metabolism, affects biological structures, causes displacement of the O2/CO2 gaseous equilibrium and induces chemical toxicity at the cellular level. In aerobic microbes, oxygen metabolism is rapidly disrupted, causing biocidal effects. In larval, pupal and adult insect stages, irreversible structural damage of the tracheal system prevents the formation and causes the elimination of air reserves. In arthropod eggs, damage in essential structural features and dehydration of the chorion affect their ability to diffuse and use oxygen. The MSDD process is rapid (<4 h), effective (100% insect controls, >5 log10 microbial reduction), reproducible, practical, economically competitive and applicable to large volumes of commodities. It causes minimal or no sensory/functional effects in host commodities. If developed commercially, it can be a single alternative to a broad spectrum of post‐harvest pesticides for disinfection and a likely alternative to methyl bromide fumigation or to irradiation for the post‐harvest control of arthropods. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Biomass for energy
Authors: Bridgwater Tony 
Published: August 2006

AbstractBio‐energy is now accepted as having the potential to provide the major part of the projected renewable energy provisions of the future as biofuels in the form of gas, liquid or solid fuels or electricity and heat. There are three main routes to providing these biofuels—thermal conversion, biological conversion and physical conversion—all of which employ a range of chemical reactor configurations and designs. This review focuses on thermochemical conversion processes for their higher efficiencies, lower costs and greater versatility in providing a wide range of energy, fuel and chemical options. The technologies of gasification and fast pyrolysis are described, particularly the reactors that have been developed to provide the necessary conditions to optimise performance. The primary products that can be derived as gas, liquid and solid fuels are characterised, as well as the secondary products of electricity and/or heat, liquid fuels and a considerable number of chemicals. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Assessing expressed emotion: comparing Camberwell Family Interview and Five‐minute Speech Sample ratings for mothers of children with behaviour problems
Authors: Calam R. , Peters S. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractLittle is known of the concordance between ratings of expressed emotion (EE) derived from the Camberwell Family Interview (CFI) and Five‐minute Speech Sample (FMSS) for parents of children with behaviour problems. Concordance between CFI and FMSS ratings of EE was assessed prior to intervention and compared to parent‐rated behaviour after intervention, at follow‐up, 12 months later. Female primary caretakers of 75 children (3–10 years) showing behavioural difficulties were interviewed using FMSS and CFI. Interviews were coded independently by criterion‐standard raters. Using CFI, 57 families were classified high EE, and 18 low EE. Using FMSS, 65 families were classified high EE and 10 low EE. 55/75 pairs of ratings (73%) were the same (high, n = 51: low, n = 4) and 20 mothers (27%) were allocated different EE status (Kappa = 0.14, n.s.). The FMSS ratings at initial interview appeared more closely related to behaviour rating at follow‐up than CFI. Further investigation is required to establish comparability of CFI and FMSS results for carers of children. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evidence for a hallucinogen dependence syndrome developing soon after onset of hallucinogen use during adolescence
Authors: Stone A.L. , Storr C.L. , Anthony J.C. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis study uses latent class methods and multiple regression to shed light on hypothesized hallucinogen dependence syndromes experienced by young people who have recently initiated hallucinogen use. It explores possible variation in risk. The study sample, identified within public‐use data files of the 1999 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA), consists of 1186 recent‐onset hallucinogen users, defined as having initiated hallucinogen use within 24 months of assessment (median elapsed time since onset of use ∼12 to 13 months). The recent‐onset users in this sample were age 12 to 21 at the time of assessment and were between the ages of 10 and 21 at the time of their first hallucinogen use. The NHSDA included items to assess seven clinical features often associated with hallucinogen dependence, which were used in latent class modelling. Latent class analysis, in conjunction with prior theory, supports a three‐class solution, with 2% of recent‐onset users in a class that resembles a hallucinogen dependence syndrome, whereas 88% expressed few or no clinical features of dependence. The remaining 10% may reflect users who are at risk for dependence or in an early stage of dependence. Results from latent class regressions indicate that susceptibility to rapid transition from first hallucinogen use to onset of this hallucinogen dependence syndrome might be influenced by hallucinogenic compounds taken (for example, estimated relative risk, RR = 2.4, 95% CI = 1.6, 7.6 for users of MDMA versus users of LSD). Excess risk of rapid transition did not appear to depend upon age, sex, or race/ethnicity. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interrater reliability of the Psychiatric Research Interview for Substance and Mental Disorders in an HIV‐infected cohort: experience of the National NeuroAIDS Tissue Consortium
Authors: Morgello S. , Holzer C.E. , Ryan E. , Young C. , Naseer M. , Castellon S.A. , Frol A.B. , Atkinson J. Hampton , Gelman B.B. , Grant I. , Singer E.J. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe interrater reliability of the Psychiatric Research Interview for Substance and Mental Disorders (PRISM) was assessed in a multicentre study. Four sites of the National NeuroAIDS Tissue Consortium performed blinded reratings of audiotaped PRISM interviews of 63 HIV‐infected patients. Diagnostic modules for substance‐use disorders and major depression were evaluated. Seventy‐six per cent of the patient sample displayed one or more substance‐use disorder diagnoses and 54% had major depression. Kappa coefficients for lifetime histories of substance abuse or dependence (cocaine, opiates, alcohol, cannabis, sedative, stimulant, hallucinogen) and major depression ranged from 0.66 to 1.00. Overall the PRISM was reliable in assessing both past and current disorders except for current cannabis disorders when patients had concomitant cannabinoid prescriptions for medical therapy. The reliability of substance‐induced depression was poor to fair although there was a low prevalence of this diagnosis in our group. We conclude that the PRISM yields reliable diagnoses in a multicentre study of substance‐experienced, HIV‐infected individuals. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Outcome revealed by preference in schizophrenia (OPS): development of a new class of outcome measurements
Authors: Falissard Bruno , Bazin Nadine , Hardy‐Bayle Marie‐Christine 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe objective of this paper is to describe the development of a new type of outcome measurement, based on revealed preference, which can be used in serious chronic illnesses. Fifteen texts of about 200 words each were written by one of the authors on the day‐to‐day life of 15 schizophrenic patients. These 15 ‘slices of life’ thus described were then ranked in terms of acceptability by a second group of 10 schizophrenic patients and by a group of 12 relatives of schizophrenic patients. From these rankings, six situations were selected so as to obtain evenly distributed positioning on an axis of acceptability. These six situations comprised the final instrument. In administration, the patients were first asked if the ‘slices of life’ that were described were acceptable or not, then if the ‘slices of life’ described were more or less acceptable than their own lives. Two scores were derived, one for an absolute level and the other for a relative level of the patient's satisfaction with his or her existence. Validation results were presented to a new sample of 229 schizophrenic patients. Internal consistency appeared good and the initial ranking of the six situations in terms of acceptability was confirmed. This study encourages the development of global outcome measures based on revealed preference in chronic serious illnesses. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Different results on tetrachorical correlations in Mplus and Stata – Stata announces modified procedure
Authors: Günther Agnes , Höfler Michael 
Published: August 2006

AbstractTo identify the structure of mental disorders in large‐scale epidemiological data sets, investigators frequently use tetrachoric correlations as a first step for subsequent application of latent class and factor analytic methods. It has been possible to do this with Stata since 2005, whereas the corresponding Mplus routine has been on the market for some years. Using an identical data set we observed considerable differences between the results of the packages. This paper illustrates the differences with several examples from the Early Developmental Stages of Psychopathology Study data set, which consists of 3021 subjects, with diagnostic information assessed by the CIDI. Results reveal that tetrachoric correlations resulting from Mplus were often considerably smaller than those computed with Stata. The results were dramatically different, especially where there were few observation per cell or even empty cells. These findings were put to Mplus and Stata, whose responses clarified the discrepancies by describing the different mathematical assumptions and procedures used. Stata announced that it intended to launch a modified procedure. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nodal peripheral T‐cell lymphomas correspond to distinct mature T‐cell populations
Authors: Geissinger E , Bonzheim I , Krenács L , Roth S , Reimer P , Wilhelm M , Müller‐Hermelink HK , Rüdiger T 
Published: August 2006

AbstractPeripheral T‐cell lymphomas (PTCL) have not been successfully correlated with specific developmental stages of reactive T‐cells. Mature T‐cells pass through distinct stages upon antigen encounter. Naïve T‐cells are CD45RA+/CD45R0−/CD27+/CCR7+. After antigen contact they replace CD45RA expression with CD45R0. The mature T‐cells differentiate to central memory cells, which retain CD27 and CCR7, or to effector memory cells, which lose expression of both molecules depending on the strength of the antigen interaction. In this study, we evaluated lymph node biopsies from eight PTCL—not otherwise specified (PTCL‐NOS), seven angioimmunoblastic T‐cell lymphomas (AILT), and 15 anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCL). Detection of tumour cells with antibodies that recognize specific rearranged T‐cell receptor Vβ segments allowed us to investigate the expression of various differentiation‐associated molecules. Results were analysed by hierarchical cluster analysis. All AILT and ALCL showed a homogeneous effector cell phenotype (CD45RA−/CD45R0+/CD27−), but differed in the cytotoxic and activation markers expressed. Several (5/8) PTCL‐NOS clustered together; these cases all exhibited a CD4+ central memory cell phenotype (CD45RA−/CD45R0+/CD27+) and four expressed the lymph node homing receptor CCR7. In conclusion, AILT and ALCL tumour cells correspond to different subsets of effector cells, while a subset of PTCL‐NOS correlates with a non‐effector T‐cell population. Copyright © 2006 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lithium stabilizes the polarized lens epithelial phenotype and inhibits proliferation, migration, and epithelial mesenchymal transition
Authors: Stump RJW , Lovicu FJ , Ang SL , Pandey SK , McAvoy JW 
Published: August 2006

AbstractPosterior capsule opacification (PCO) is a common complication of cataract surgery caused by epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) and aberrant lens cell growth. One path to prevention depends on maintaining the quiescent lens epithelial phenotype. Here we report that lithium chloride (LiCl) is a potent stabilizer of the lens epithelial phenotype. In lens epithelial explants (controls), at low cell density, cells readily depolarized, spread out, and proliferated. By contrast, in the presence of LiCl, cells did not spread out or exhibit migratory behaviour. Using concentrations of 1–30 mM LiCl we also showed that cell proliferation is inhibited in a dose‐dependent manner. Confocal microscopy and immunohistochemistry for ZO‐1 and E‐cadherin showed that LiCl treatment maintained tight junctions at the apical margins of cells. Taken together with measurements of cell heights, this showed that the cells in LiCl‐treated explants maintained the apical baso‐lateral polarity and cobblestone‐like packing that is characteristic of lens epithelial cells in vivo. Significantly, the effects of LiCl also extended to blocking the potent EMT/cataract‐promoting effects of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) on lens epithelial cells. In TGFβ‐treated explants, cells progressively dissociated from one another, taking on various elongated spindle shapes and strongly expressing α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA). These features are characteristic of PCO. In both rat and human capsulorhexis explants, LiCl treatment effectively blocked the accumulation of α‐SMA and maintained the cells in a polarized, adherent, cobblestone‐packed monolayer. These findings highlight the feasibility of applying molecular strategies to stabilize lens epithelial cells and prevent aberrant differentiation and growth that leads to cataract. Copyright © 2006 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lessons from studies on focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: an important role for parietal epithelial cells?
Authors: Smeets B , Dijkman HBPM , Wetzels JFM , Steenbergen EJ 
Published: August 2006

AbstractGlomerular diseases are caused by multiple mechanisms. Progressive glomerular injury is characterized by the development of segmental or global glomerulosclerosis independent of the nature of the underlying renal disease. Most studies on glomerular disease focus on the constituents of the filtration barrier (podocytes, glomerular basement membrane (GBM), endothelial cells) or the mesangial cells. Little attention is given to the epithelial cells lining Bowman's capsule, the so called parietal epithelial cells (PECs). This ‘lack of attention’ is partly explained by the presumed ‘passive’ function of PECs, which are large, flattened cells that cover Bowman's capsule in a single cell layer and form a barrier between the ultrafiltrate and the periglomerular interstitium, in normal glomerular physiology. A more important reason has been the lack of an established primary role for the parietal epithelium in glomerular diseases. However, in recent years, several studies have demonstrated that PECs are involved in extracapillary proliferation. In addition, PECs can become highly active, proliferating cells, expressing many growth factors, chemokines, cytokines, and their receptors. It was recently demonstrated that PECs also play a part in the development of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). This review summarises current knowledge of the PEC, with emphasis on the role of PECs in the development of FSGS. Copyright © 2006 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comprehensive study on the formation of polyelectrolyte complexes from (quaternized) poly[2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] and poly(2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropane sodium sulfonate)
Authors: Paneva Dilyana , Mespouille Laetitia , Manolova Nevena , Degée Philippe , Rashkov Iliya , Dubois Philippe 
Published: August 2006

AbstractPolyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) have been prepared from well‐defined (quaternized) poly[2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] (PDMAEMA) and high molecular weight poly(2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropane sodium sulfonate) (PAMPSNa) after a thorough study of their viscometric properties. The effect of pH and quaternization degree of PDMAEMA on PECs stoichiometry has been examined. PEC‐based materials have been characterized in terms of thermal stability, equilibrium swelling degree, and free/bound water composition. The stoichiometry and swellability of the physically crosslinked hydrogels obtained from fully quaternized PDMAEMA/PAMPSNa complexes do not depend on pH. In contrast, PECs made of non quaternized PDMAEMA and PAMPSNa are highly affected by pH, and could reversibly disintegrate at pH ≥ 9. Partially quaternized PDMAEMA/PAMPSNa PECs exhibit intermediate properties and form stable loose structures in the whole investigated pH range. Finally, stable dispersions of PECs nanoparticles have been successfully produced from dilute solutions of the complementary polyelectrolytes. The nanoparticle average diameter as determined by dynamic light scattering proved to depend on the molar fraction of DMAEMA‐based subunits and on the initial polyelectrolyte concentration. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 5468–5479, 2006