bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of a bottle warmer to increase 4% sodium hypochlorite tissue dissolution ability on bovine pulp
Authors: Rossi‐Fedele Giampiero , De Figueiredo Jose A. P. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the tissue dissolution ability of 4% sodium hypochlorite at increasing temperatures with the use of a baby bottle warmer. Twenty pieces of bovine pulp tissue from freshly extracted incisors and canines were weighted and randomly distributed among four groups in accordance to the exposure to 4% sodium hypochlorite at different temperatures: group C – room temperature (20.5°C – control); group T1 – 45°C; group T2 – 60°C; group T3 – 75°C. The samples were placed within test tubes when the solution reached the desired temperature. Time taken for the dissolution was recorded. One‐way anova with logarithmical transformation and Duncan post‐hoc was used (P = 0.05). There was a statistically significant increase in speed of pulp dissolution from group T1 to group C and from groups T2 and T3 to group T1; group T2 and T3 displayed similar dissolution speeds.
SYMPOSIUM: Clearance of Aβ from the Brain in Alzheimer's Disease: Aβ‐Degrading Enzymes in Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Miners James Scott , Baig Shabnam , Palmer Jennifer , Palmer Laura E. , Kehoe Patrick G. , Love Seth 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIn Alzheimer's disease (AD) Aβ accumulates because of imbalance between the production of Aβ and its removal from the brain. There is increasing evidence that in most sporadic forms of AD, the accumulation of Aβ is partly, if not in some cases solely, because of defects in its removal—mediated through a combination of diffusion along perivascular extracellular matrix, transport across vessel walls into the blood stream and enzymatic degradation. Multiple enzymes within the central nervous system (CNS) are capable of degrading Aβ. Most are produced by neurons or glia, but some are expressed in the cerebral vasculature, where reduced Aβ‐degrading activity may contribute to the development of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). Neprilysin and insulin‐degrading enzyme (IDE), which have been most extensively studied, are expressed both neuronally and within the vasculature. The levels of both of these enzymes are reduced in AD although the correlation with enzyme activity is still not entirely clear. Other enzymes shown capable of degrading Aβin vitro or in animal studies include plasmin; endothelin‐converting enzymes ECE‐1 and ‐2; matrix metalloproteinases MMP‐2, ‐3 and ‐9; and angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE). The levels of plasmin and plasminogen activators (uPA and tPA) and ECE‐2 are reported to be reduced in AD. Reductions in neprilysin, IDE and plasmin in AD have been associated with possession of APOEε4. We found no change in the level or activity of MMP‐2, ‐3 or ‐9 in AD. The level and activity of ACE are increased, the level being directly related to Aβ plaque load. Up‐regulation of some Aβ‐degrading enzymes may initially compensate for declining activity of others, but as age, genetic factors and diseases such as hypertension and diabetes diminish the effectiveness of other Aβ‐clearance pathways, reductions in the activity of particular Aβ‐degrading enzymes may become critical, leading to the development of AD and CAA.
Photodynamic Therapy in the Treatment of Actinic Keratosis†
Authors: Stritt Andrea , Merk Hans Friedrich , Braathen Lasse Roger , Von Felbert Verena 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) with 5‐aminolevulinate and methyl aminolevulinate in the treatment of actinic keratosis has been demonstrated in a large number of clinical studies over the last several years. Here, we recapitulate the major findings, comparing the various photosensitizers, light sources and therapeutic regimens, and present a retrospective analysis of 142 own cases treated with 259 PDTs. In addition, we also discuss the value of PDT in comparison with cryotherapy or 5‐fluorouracil. The efficacy and the low risk of side effects of PDT have resulted in a high patient preference in clinical trials.
Racist Discourse in New Zealand and Australia: Reviewing the Last 20 Years
Authors: Tuffin Keith 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe discursive study of racism has developed considerably over the last 20 years, and the body of work that has emerged from Australia and New Zealand is reviewed. The historical significance and importance of studying racism is discussed. The increasingly subtle face of racism argues for methods that are sensitive to these changes. Critical, discursive approaches are introduced following which the colonial history of both countries is outlined. Race talk in New Zealand and Australia is reviewed with several key summary points being identified. The review concludes with the suggestion that this work has gone some way toward living up to the disciplinary responsibilities we have as social psychologists in seeking a better understanding of the production of racism.
Geology 102: More Thoughts on a Shift to a Dimensional Model of Personality Disorders
Authors: Trull Timothy J. , Widiger Thomas A. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe classification of personality disorders is at a critical stage. The categorical model presented in the official diagnostic manual of mental disorders has serious limitations, and it is time for a shift to a dimensional model of personality disorder. Although the evidence in favor of switching to a dimensional model of personality disorder is compelling, the fields of clinical psychology and psychiatry have been reluctant to make the shift. We think some of this reluctance is due to a misunderstanding of the current state of dimensional models of personality and personality disorders. We address three major myths about dimensional models and provide responses to each.
Immune Response Induced by Three
Mycobacterium bovis
BCG Substrains with Diverse Regions of Deletion in a C57BL/6 Mouse Model
Authors: Irwin S. M. , Goodyear A. , Keyser A. , Christensen R. , Troudt J. M. , Taylor J. L. , Bohsali A. , Briken V. , Izzo A. A. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT

This study was performed to examine the adaptive immune response generated by three
Mycobacterium bovis
bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) substrains to determine if the number of genomic regions of deletion played a significant role in determining the magnitude of the immune response or affected their ability to reduce the bacterial burden following low-dose aerosol challenge with a virulent
M. tuberculosis
strain. BCG Connaught, Pasteur, and Sweden were chosen as representative substrains, as they possessed many, intermediate, and few regions of deletion, respectively, as a result of changes in the genome in various regions. Mice were vaccinated subcutaneously and were then examined at 14, 21, and 42 days postvaccination. BCG was observed in the spleen, lung, and lymph nodes. BCG Connaught induced a greater pulmonary T-cell response than the other two substrains at day 14 postvaccination, although by 42 days postvaccination activated T-cell levels dropped to the levels observed in control mice for all three substrains. Among the three substrains, BCG Connaught induced significantly greater levels of interleukin-12 in bone marrow-derived macrophage cultures. Mice challenged at days 14, 21, and 42 postvaccination displayed an equal capacity to reduce the bacterial burden in the lungs and spleen. The data provide evidence that although the BCG substrains generated qualitatively and quantitatively different immune responses, they induced similar reductions in the bacterial burden against challenge with a virulent
M. tuberculosis
strain in the mouse model of tuberculosis. The data raise questions about the assessment of vaccine immune responses and the relationship to a vaccine's ability to reduce the bacterial burden.
Major Outer Membrane Proteins from Many
Campylobacter
Species Cross-React with Cholera Toxin
Authors: Albert M. John , Haridas Shilpa , Adler Ben 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT

We have previously shown that
Campylobacter jejuni
strains do not produce a functional cholera toxin-like toxin (CTLT) detectable in a Chinese hamster ovary cell assay. Instead, the 53-kDa major outer membrane protein (OMP) of
C. jejuni
, PorA, reacts with cholera toxin (CT) antibody on immunoblots. Here, we have extended this observation to other species of
Campylobacter
, including
C. coli, C. lari, C. fetus, C. hyointestinalis
, and
C. upsaliensis
, the common 53-kDa OMP of which reacted with CT antibody in immunoblotting assays. There were additional reactive bands for
C. fetus
. As with
C. jejuni
, this finding may lead to the erroneous conclusion that these additional species produce a functional CTLT. However, this common cross-reactive OMP can be explored as a vaccine candidate to prevent campylobacteriosis.
Comparison of the Copan ESwab System with Two Amies Agar Swab Transport Systems for Maintenance of Microorganism Viability
Authors: Van Horn Kenneth G. , Audette Carol D. , Sebeck Denise , Tucker Kelly A. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT

Swab transport systems are used for a variety of specimen types and must maintain organism viability throughout the transport process. The Copan ESwab is a new nylon-flocked swab designed to optimize specimen collection and to minimize entrapment of the specimen. We used the quantitative elution method with recommended strains, as described in CLSI document M40-A, to evaluate the ESwab for maintenance of viability of aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms for 0, 6, 24, and 48 h during room temperature and refrigerated temperature storage. The Becton Dickinson CultureSwab MaxV swab and the Remel BactiSwab were used as comparators. The ESwab met CLSI acceptance criteria for all aerobic isolates stored at both temperatures and for all anaerobic isolates stored at refrigerated temperature. The ESwab also met CLSI criteria for four of five anaerobic strains at room temperature.
Prevotella melaninogenica
was not recovered after 24 or 48 h of room temperature storage with any of the three swab transport systems tested. Overall, the ESwab was equivalent to the Becton Dickinson CultureSwab MaxV swab in organism recovery but recovered more isolates than Remel BactiSwab.
Comparative Neuropathogenesis and Neurovirulence of Attenuated Flaviviruses in Nonhuman Primates
Authors: Maximova Olga A. , Ward Jerrold M. , Asher David M. , St. Claire Marisa , Finneyfrock Brad W. , Speicher James M. , Murphy Brian R. , Pletnev Alexander G. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT
Based on previous preclinical evaluation in mice and monkeys, the chimeric TBEV/DEN4Δ30 virus, carrying the prM and E protein genes from a highly virulent Far Eastern strain of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) on the backbone of a nonneuroinvasive dengue type 4 virus (DEN4), has been identified as a promising live attenuated virus vaccine candidate against disease caused by TBEV. However, prior to use of this vaccine candidate in humans, its neurovirulence in nonhuman primates needed to be evaluated. In the present study, we compared the neuropathogeneses of the chimeric TBEV/DEN4Δ30 virus; Langat virus (LGTV), a former live TBEV vaccine; and yellow fever 17D virus vaccine (YF 17D) in rhesus monkeys inoculated intracerebrally. TBEV/DEN4Δ30 and YF 17D demonstrated remarkably similar spatiotemporal profiles of virus replication and virus-associated histopathology in the central nervous system (CNS) that were high in cerebral hemispheres but progressively decreased toward the spinal cord. In contrast, the neurovirulence of LGTV exhibited the reverse profile, progressing from the site of inoculation toward the cerebellum and spinal cord. Analysis of the spatiotemporal distribution of viral antigens in the CNS of monkeys revealed a prominent neurotropism associated with all three attenuated viruses. Nevertheless, TBEV/DEN4Δ30 virus exhibited higher neurovirulence in monkeys than either LGTV or YF 17D, suggesting insufficient attenuation. These results provide insight into the neuropathogenesis associated with attenuated flaviviruses that may guide the design of safe vaccines.
New Complex Recombinant Genotype of Hepatitis B Virus Identified in Vietnam
Authors: Huy Tran Thien Tuan , Ngoc Trinh Thi , Abe Kenji 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTA novel variant of hepatitis B virus was identified in Vietnam. This strain (HBV-VH24) had a novel intergenotypic recombination between genotypes A, C, and G. VH24 showed high similarity (98.3 to 98.9%) to the “aberrant strains” among Vietnamese isolates reported by Hannoun et al. (C. Hannoun et al., J. Gen. Virol. 81:2267-2272, 2000) and also had similar breakpoints of recombination. Phylogenetic analysis of the complete genome of these strains formed a separate clade. Furthermore, their pre-S/S gene-encoded seven unique conserved amino acid residues were not present in other genotypes. These findings support the designation of the new genotype I.
Identification of a Novel Coronavirus from a Beluga Whale by Using a Panviral Microarray
Authors: Mihindukulasuriya Kathie A. , Wu Guang , St. Leger Judy , Nordhausen Robert W. , Wang David 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTThe emergence of viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and Nipah virus has underscored the role of animal reservoirs in human disease and the need for reservoir surveillance. Here, we used a panviral DNA microarray to investigate the death of a captive beluga whale in an aquatic park. A highly divergent coronavirus, tentatively named coronavirus SW1, was identified in liver tissue from the deceased whale. Subsequently, the entire genome of SW1 was sequenced, yielding a genome of 31,686 nucleotides. Phylogenetic analysis revealed SW1 to be a novel virus distantly related to but most similar to group III coronaviruses.
Molecular diversity of the 5S rRNA gene and genomic relationships in the genus Avena (Poaceae: Aveneae)
Authors: Peng Yuan-Ying , Wei Yu-Ming , Baum Bernard R. , Zheng You-Liang 
Published: March 2008

The molecular diversity of the rDNA sequences (5S rDNA units) in 71 accessions from 26 taxa of Avena was evaluated. The analyses, based on 553 sequenced clones, indicated that there were 6 unit classes, named according to the haplomes (genomes) they putatively represent, namely the long A1, long B1, long M1, short C1, short D1, and short M1 unit classes. The long and short M1 unit classes were found in the tetraploid A. macrostachya , the only perennial species. The long M1 unit class was closely related to the short C1 unit class, while the short M1 unit class was closely related to the long A1 and long B1 unit classes. However, the short D1 unit class was more divergent from the other unit classes. There was only one unit class per haplome in Avena, whereas haplomes in the Triticeae often have two. Most of the sequences captured belonged to the long A1 unit class. Sequences identified as the long B1 unit class were found in the tetraploids A. abyssinica and A. vaviloviana and the diploids A. atlantica and A. longiglumis . The short C1 unit class was found in the diploid species carrying the C genome, i.e., A. clauda, A. eriantha , and A. ventricosa , and also in the diploid A. longiglumis, the tetraploids A. insularis and A. maroccana , and all the hexaploid species. The short D1 unit class was found in all the hexaploid species and two clones of A. clauda. It is noteworthy that in previous studies the B genome was found only in tetraploid species and the D genome only in hexaploid species. Unexpectedly, we found that various diploid Avena species contained the B1 and D1 units. The long B1 unit class was found in 3 accessions of the diploid A. atlantica (CN25849, CN25864, and CN25887) collected in Morocco and in 2 accessions of A. longiglumis (CIav9087 and CIav9089) collected in Algeria and Libya, respectively, whereas only 1 clone of A. clauda (CN21378) had the short D1 unit. Thus there might be a clue as to where to search for diploids carrying the B and D genomes. Avena longiglumis was found to be the most diverse species, possibly harboring the A, B, and C haplomes. The long M1 and short M1 are the unit classes typical of A. macrostachya. These results could explain the roles of A. clauda, A. longiglumis, and A. atlantica in the evolution of the genus Avena. Furthermore, one clone of the tetraploid A. murphyi was found to have sequences belonging to the short D1 unit class, which could indicate that A. murphyi might have been the progenitor of hexaploid oats and not, as postulated earlier, A. insularis. The evolution of Avena did not follow the molecular clock. The path inferred is that the C genome is more ancient than the A and B genomes and closer to the genome of A. macrostachya, the only existing perennial, which is presumed to be the most ancestral species in the genus.
Mock trials and role-playing in computer ethics courses
Authors: Canosa Roxanne L. , Lucas Joan M. 
Published: March 2008

Mock trials are an effective and fun way of eliciting thoughtful dialogue from students, and encouraging them to produce incisive analyses of current ethical dilemmas related to computers and society. This paper describes our experience using mock trials in two computer ethics courses. Each trial was centered on a specific
controversial and ethically or legally ambiguous topic related to current computer usage in society. Students participated in a series of mock trials during the term, alternating their role in each trial between jury, proponent, and opponent. Class participation was nearly 100% for every trial, with many students electing to
define their own sub-role within their assigned major role. The logistics of the trials were initially difficult to administer and monitor; however, they quickly became manageable as we gained more experience with the opportunities and pitfalls associated with the mock-trial system, and as students volunteered suggestions for improvements.
Estimation of Inhibitor Efficiency against Hydrogen Sulfide and Carbonic Acid Corrosion of Carbon Steel by Impedance Spectroscopy Method
Authors: Vigdorovich Vladimir , Tsygankova Liudmila E. , Siniutina Svetlana , Kichigin Vladimir 
Published: March 2008

Investigation of the protective efficiency of technological mixture of pyridine bases, its solution in heavy coal solvent and 1-(3,6-diazo-8-amino)-2-(alkyl of tall oil acids)-1,3-diazo- 2-cyclopentene (EM-9) against carbon steel corrosion in chloride media with pH equal to 2 and 4 has been conducted by impedance spectroscopy method. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements (Solartron) were carried out in the frequency range 60 kHz - 10 mHz at the corrosion potential. Protective effect of the inhibitors (Z,%) was calculated on data of the resistance of charge transfer in anodic reaction. The investigated inhibitors are more effective in the solutions containing H2S or H2S and CO2 together at pH=2. Their protective efficiency is equal to 80 - 85% at the inhibitor concentration equal to 100 mg/l. The	obtained values satisfactorily correlate with values of Z calculated on data of the gravimetrical corrosion tests.	Protecti ve efficiency of the inhibitors increases with pH decrease.
Understanding Microbe-Induced Cancers
Authors: Blaser Martin J. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Microbes are important causes of human cancers, and our estimation of their significance continues to grow as cancer biology is better dissected. A classification system is proposed that highlights common and proposed microbe-induced pathways toward oncogenesis, with an emphasis on types of targeted cells and host-microbial interactions. The central principlesthat underlie oncogenesis induced by the many diverse microbes and the major mechanisms involved are outlined. The phenomenon of microbe-induced cancers raises a number of important biological questions, the solving of which may inform other fields, including aging and degenerative disorders. Finally, our challenge for the future is to better understand the steps in microbe-induced cancers to optimize both prevention and therapy.
Winter Mixed Layer Development in the Central Irminger Sea: The Effect of Strong, Intermittent Wind Events
Authors: Våge Kjetil , Pickart Robert S. , Moore G. W. K. , Ribergaard Mads Hvid 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The impact of the Greenland tip jet on the wintertime mixed layer of the southwest Irminger Sea is investigated using in situ moored profiler data and a variety of atmospheric datasets. The mixed layer was observed to reach 400 m in the spring of 2003 and 300 m in the spring of 2004. Both of these winters were mild and characterized by a low North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index. A typical tip jet event is associated with a low pressure system that is advected by upper-level steering currents into the region east of Cape Farewell and interacts with the high topography of southern Greenland. Heat flux time series for the mooring site were constructed that include the enhancing influence of the tip jet events. This was used to force a one-dimensional mixed layer model, which was able to reproduce the observed envelope of mixed layer deepening in both winters. The deeper mixed layer of the first winter was largely due to a higher number of robust tip jet events, which in turn was caused by the steering currents focusing more storms adjacent to southern Greenland. Application of the mixed layer model to the winter of 1994–95, a period characterized by a high-NAO index, resulted in convection exceeding 1700 m. This prediction is consistent with hydrographic data collected in summer 1995, supporting the notion that deep convection can occur in the Irminger Sea during strong winters.
Variability of Shallow and Deep Western Boundary Currents off the Bahamas during 2004–05: Results from the 26°N RAPID–MOC Array
Authors: Johns W. E. , Beal L. M. , Baringer M. O. , Molina J. R. , Cunningham S. A. , Kanzow T. , Rayner D. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Data from an array of six moorings deployed east of Abaco, Bahamas, along 26.5°N during March 2004–May 2005 are analyzed. These moorings formed the western boundary array of a transbasin observing system designed to continuously monitor the meridional overturning circulation and meridional heat flux in the subtropical North Atlantic, under the framework of the joint U.K.–U.S. Rapid Climate Change (RAPID)–Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC) Program. Important features of the western boundary circulation include the southward-flowing deep western boundary current (DWBC) below 1000 m and the northward-flowing “Antilles” Current in the upper 1000 m. Transports in the western boundary layer are estimated from direct current meter observations and from dynamic height moorings that measure the spatially integrated geostrophic flow between moorings. The results of these methods are combined to estimate the time-varying transports in the upper and deep ocean over the width of the western boundary layer to a distance of 500 km offshore of the Bahamas escarpment. The net southward transport of the DWBC across this region, inclusive of northward deep recirculation, is −26.5 Sv (Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1), which is divided nearly equally between upper (−13.9 Sv) and lower (−12.6 Sv) North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW). In the top 1000 m, 6.0 Sv flows northward in a thermocline-intensified jet near the western boundary. These transports are found to agree well with historical current meter data in the region collected between 1986 and 1997. Variability in both shallow and deep components of the circulation is large, with transports above 1000 m varying between −15 and +25 Sv and deep transports varying between −60 and +3 Sv. Much of this transport variability, associated with barotropic fluctuations, occurs on relatively short time scales of several days to a few weeks. Upon removal of the barotropic fluctuations, slower baroclinic transport variations are revealed, including a temporary stoppage of the lower NADW transport in the DWBC during November 2004.