bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Test System to Study the Ignition of Metals by Polymers in Oxygen
Authors: Shoffstall M , Stoltzfus J 
Published: April 2008

A new test system that uses laser energy to ignite a polymer promoter has been developed at the NASA White Sands Test Facility (WSTF). It will facilitate the study of kindling chain ignition, such as the spread of fire from a burning polymer material to surrounding metal. The test system can be used to answer questions regarding configurational effects on ignition and combustion.
Test results from this system verify that ignition of a metallic sample by kindling chain ignition propagation is dependent not only on pressure, material type, and temperature, but also on the configuration of both the polymer promoter and metallic sample. Both 6061 aluminum and 316 stainless steel rods were tested with Buna-N, silicone, Teflon®, and Viton® O-rings as promoters. The system ignited all four types of O-rings in oxygen at pressures ranging from ambient to 69 MPa. However, neither the 316 stainless steel nor the 6061 aluminum rods on which the O-rings were mounted were ignited in any tests.
Future testing may be done on the rod and O-ring configuration to evaluate the lack of ignition in these tests. Other configurations may be tested including samples pressurized on one side only and configurations based on fire-damaged components. Any ignition propagation data obtained from this test system could also be used to develop mathematical models for analyzing the effects of configuration on ignition and combustion.
The Kizhi Pogost Architectural Complex in Old Photographs
Authors: Miltchik M 
Published: April 2008

The aim of this article is to present the architectural ensemble known as “Kizhi Pogost,” as it appeared prior to its restoration and before it was surrounded by an open-air museum. The presentation is based on photographs from the period 1912 through the 1920's, as well as the first accurate map of the entire island of Kizhi in Lake Onega in the State of Karelia, Russia, which dates from 1868.
The pogost ensemble — consisting of the Preobrazhenskaya Tserkva (Church of the Transfiguration) and the Pokrova Bogoroditsy Sobor (Church of the Intercession of the Holy Virgin), its wall of boulders, cemetery, and, beyond the cemetery, the clergymen's house and landing stage — is described. The parishioners lived outside the pogost walls in the numerous villages on the island, which are shown on the map, and also on the neighboring islands and the mainland.
The plan of both churches, their structure, and the iron-clad roofs are described. The process of the repair of the churches in the nineteenth century is documented. The interior of Preobrazhenskaya Tserkva is also described. The photographs of the Preobrazhenskaya Tserkva show the altar, the icon screen, and “heaven” (the ceiling, which was destroyed during the war). The majority of the photographs, as well as the map of the island, are published here for the first time.
Concepts of Repair, Restoration, and Reinforcement of the Church of the Transfiguration
Authors: Piskunov YV 
Published: April 2008

With 22 domes, 33 meters high up to the base of the central cross, the Church of the Transfiguration on Kizhi Island, built in 1714, is a real masterpiece, where any spare parts are absent.
During the 1950s, the building's condition started to cause particular anxiety. This was the reason for numerous examinations of the building, in order to evaluate its real strength and to determine the restoration strategy. The absence of reliable methods for the analysis of notched-log buildings was a problem. Any theoretical analysis had to be approximate. As a result of this uncertainty, a metal frame was installed in the church's interior, while some significant structural elements were removed or were considerably weakened during this installation. It was assumed that this building could not be saved and replacing it was considered to be the only way to preserve it. In 1987, it became feasible to reconsider this approach. A new phase of research began. Its goal was to evaluate a number of aspects of restoring the structure and its functional quality.
The objectives of this article is to present an analysis of complicated structures found in architectural monuments and, specifically, to evaluate the strength, stability, and serviceability of the Church of The Transfiguration.
Diagnosis of Wood Timbers: “La Longa” Building in Valencia, Spain
Authors: Palaia-Pérez L 
Published: April 2008

This paper deals with a methodology of diagnosis for timber structural elements, applied on a significant historic building of Valencia, Spain—“La Lonja” and Sea Consulate. In 1469, the council of merchants at Valencia, resolved to construct a new building so that the Taula of Valencia could operate. The construction began in 1482, and was completed in 1537. “La Lonja” remains as one of the most important gothic buildings of the city of Valencia.
In 1994, termite attack as well as fungi decay was detected. For that reason, the wooden structure received a chemical treatment. Consequently, the authorities who care for the building decided to carry out a study to evaluate the condition of the wooden structure before doing further treatments. The purpose of this survey was to determine the extent of deterioration of the structure.
The author studied the timber structural elements, applying a reasoned approach to the problem. The study carried out was as follows: survey of the wooden structure, recording the locations and dimensions of the various timber elements; inspection of the timber elements using traditional investigative methods; diagnosis of the damages; evaluation of the actual structural capability; and recommendations for treatment and reinforcement.
Even though the building was quite complex, the diagnosis had to be completed in a short time. It was recommended that chemical treatments be applied after necessary reinforcements were carried out. Specifications were also prepared to define future works to be performed on the building.
A Micromechanical Evaluation of the Master Curve
Authors: Natishan ME , Kirk MT 
Published: April 2008

The cleavage fracture model of Wallin et al. [1] suggests that the variation of median and bounding values of fracture toughness with temperature is predictable on a micro-mechanical basis. ASTM has recently adopted a standard [ASTM Standard Test Method for the Determination of Reference Temperature, To, for Ferritic Steels in the Transition Range (E 1921–98)] for characterizing the variation of the fracture toughness of ferritic steels in the transition temperature range that draws heavily on the work of Wallin et al. and on subsequent developments [1–5]. The new standard expresses the median toughness transition for a 1T specimen as: KJc|median=30+70⋅exp⁡[0.019(T−To)] where temperature is measured in degrees Celsius and KJc is measured in MPa√m. Similar equations express the variation of bounding toughness values (e.g., 95% lower bound) with temperature. The numeric coefficients in all of these equations do not depend on the type of steel tested. This invariance suggests that chemistry, heat treatment, and other metallurgical variables are not thought to influence the exponential increase with temperature of the plastic work necessary for crack propagation, the dominance of carbides as the particles that initiate cleavage fracture, or the distribution of carbide particles.
The ASTM E 1921 Master Curve represents existing fracture toughness data well for nuclear pressure vessel steels and their weldments [6]. This empirical evidence suggests that the material invariance attributed to the Master Curve coefficients in ASTM E 1921 is at least approximately correct for this class of steel. But the microstructural bounds of applicability for the Master Curve are not clear.
In this paper we examine the physical basis for the Wallin et al. Master Curve with the aim of distinguishing the classes of steels to which the methodology applies from those to which it does not. We use this physical understanding to calculate the temperature dependence of the plastic work for ferritic steels to demonstrate theoretical validity of a single “master curve.”
Development of Consistent Size Criteria for ASTM Combined Fracture Mechanics Standards
Authors: Joyce JA , Tregoning RL 
Published: April 2008

Recent ASTM Subcommittee E08.08 on Elastic-Plastic Fracture Technology activities have concentrated on the development of a common fracture test standard that allows the evaluation of elastic and elastic-plastic fracture toughness properties from tests on a single specimen. Many technical changes have been made to allow this process to go forward, but one area in which progress has not been made is in clarifying the various specimen size requirements that were part of the earlier standards. Instead, the size requirements in the new toughness testing standard E1820 have been extracted from the earlier standards, like ASTM E399 and ASTM E813 and extended to the new standard without change, in spite of their clear inconsistency.A review of the development of the E399 size criteria [1] seems to make it clear that the E399 size criterion was meant by its originators to represent only a requirement that allowed the 0.95 secant offset method to adequately evaluate a consistent measure of crack initiation. The later J-integral-based size criteria of E813, E1152, E1737, E1820, and the recent To Reference Temperature standard E1921 are based on finite element analysis [2], which ensures that a minimal deviation from small-scale yielding (SSY) occurs. This is intended to generate consistent crack tip constraint as the specimen size decreases or the crack length increases.In this work, specimens from three materials, a 6061-T651 aluminum, a 6Al-4V titanium alloy, and a 4340 steel alloy, were tested to investigate what the proper size criteria should be for a combined fracture mechanics test standard. Larger specimens from each material were tested to obtain KIc values meeting the stringent size criteria of ASTM E399. Smaller specimens of each material were tested that intentionally failed the E399 size criteria, but satisfied the less stringent criteria of ASTM E813 and E1820. The unloading compliance method has been used in the testing of the smaller specimens so that an estimate of the true crack initiation point on the specimen load displacement record can be measured.The fracture toughness at the onset of ductile crack extension is measured in terms of the J integral and converted to an equivalent stress intensity KJ value using the standard relationship. The fracture toughness at this crack initiation point can then be compared with the KQ obtained using the 0.95 secant offset initiation point specified by the E399 KIc procedure, and the validity of the various measures of initiation toughness can be determined with respect to the different size criteria.
Fatigue Strength of Welded Joints Under Multiaxial Loading: Comparison Between Experiments and Calculations
Authors: Witt M , Yousefi F , Zenner H 
Published: April 2008

In reality most welded components are loaded with a combination of different variable forces and moments which often cause a state of multiaxial stress in the fatigue critical areas of the weldment. If the multiaxial loading is nonproportional, conventional hypotheses are not able to give a satisfying lifetime prediction. This investigation is a cooperation of three German research institutes to build an experimental database for the verification of different concepts of lifetime prediction. In accordance with former investigations, a flange-tube connection made of steel P460 is used. The test program is divided into constant amplitude and variable amplitude tests. The ratio between the nominal bending and shear stress is 1. The ratio between the local shear and normal stress at the critical point is 0.6. For the variable amplitude tests, a Gaussian standard is used.
A lifetime prediction software for multiaxial state of cyclic stress was developed. The software has a modular structure and allows calculations with different hypotheses and methods. The calculations are based on the local elastic stresses. This is an acceptable method for high-cycle fatigue. The failure criteria “critical plane approach” and “integral damage approach” are used in the software. Lifetime predictions for the flange-tube connection were performed using various hypotheses and concepts. In this work, one type of calculation, the integral approach with elementary Miner's Rule and damage sum D = 1, is illustrated. The calculations correspond well with the experimental results.
Wood Structures: A Global Forum on the Treatment, Conservation, and Repair of Cultural Heritage
Authors: Kelley SJ , Loferski JR , Salenikovich AJ , Stern EG 
Published: April 2008

Description
This unique, new ASTM publication gives you a global perspective of various wooden monuments that are part of the great architectural heritage of Russia, the former Soviet States, Scandinavia, other European countries, and the United States. In addition to historical background, it details the latest techniques used in restoring and preserving these fragile wooden constructions. Much of the information is translated into English for the first time. 19 peer-reviewed papers are grouped into the following chapters:
A Primer on Wood Heritage--discusses the history of the northern Slav wood-built heritage from a worldwide point of view.
The Church of the Transfiguration on Kizhi Island--concentrates on this 18th Century masterpiece of log engineering and UNESCO World heritage site, located in Karelia, Russia. Topics include structural problems, wood condition, monitoring deformations, restoration, and reinforcement concepts.
Challenges of Log Structures--discusses the latest evaluation, conservation, and restoration techniques in northern and eastern Europe. This section also covers certain environmental problems, including how toxic chemicals used in wood preservation can affect the environment and human health.
Challenges of Frame Structures--details various preservation strategies used on wood frame structures in western Europe and the United States.
Special Studies--concentrates on two special conservation cases dealing with the totem poles of Sitka, Alaska and historic wooden structures from abandoned research colonies in Antarctica.
A New Multiaxial Fatigue Life and Crack Growth Rate Model for Various In-Phase and Out-of-Phase Strain Paths
Authors: Varvani-Farahani A , Topper TH 
Published: April 2008

A new multiaxial fatigue parameter for in-phase and out-of-phase straining is proposed. The parameter proposed is the sum of the normal energy range and the shear energy range calculated for the critical plane on which the stress and strain Mohr's circles are the largest during the loading and unloading parts of a cycle. The normal and shear energies used in this parameter are divided by the tensile and shear fatigue properties, respectively. The proposed parameter, unlike many other parameters, does not use an empirical fitting factor. The proposed parameter successfully correlates multiaxial fatigue lives for: (a) various in-phase and out-of-phase multiaxial fatigue straining conditions, (b) tests in which a mean stress was applied normal to the maximum shear plane, and (c) out-of-phase tests in which there was additional hardening.
An effective (closure free) intensity factor range, ΔKeff, was derived based on the proposed parameter. This effective intensity factor successfully correlated the closure-free crack growth rates for straining of various biaxial strain ratios.
System Design for Multiaxial High-Strain Fatigue Testing
Authors: Lohr RD 
Published: April 2008

System design starts with the specimen and the forces that need to be applied to simulate service conditions by creating specified combinations of multiaxial stress or strain. Based on this premise a semigraphical tabular presentation is used to review the technical and cost-related advantages, and disadvantages, of alternative design schemes. References to real-world multiaxial test systems illustrate progress to the present day.
This paper sets out to review salient features that have marked out progress in the design of multiaxial systems over the past 50 years. It also aims to provide foresight in the specification of future equipment and to improve the understanding of those factors, other than intrinsic material behavior, which influence the characterization of high-strain multiaxial fatigue life.
Permeability Properties of Cement Mortars Blended with Silica Fume, Fly Ash, and Blast Furnace Slag
Authors: de Gutiérrez R , Delvasto S , Talero R 
Published: April 2008

Deterioration of concrete structures due to reinforcement corrosion because of chloride ingress is a growing problem in many countries throughout the world. Partial replacement of portland cement by mineral additions, such as ground granulated blast furnace (GGBS), silica fume and fly ash influences the resistance of the pastes and mortars to the chloride environments. The rate of chloride ingress into mortar depends on the pore structure and the capacity of the hydration products to bind chlorides
This paper reports the comparative results of mechanical and permeability properties of blended mortars. Mortar specimens were made with slag replacement levels of 60%, 70%, and 80%, fly ash replacement levels of 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% and silica fume replacement levels of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. The following tests were performed: compressive strength, water absorption, rapid chloride permeability, mercury intrusion porosimetry, and X-ray diffraction.
Mortars with fly ash and slag reported lower strengths than silica fume mortars. The silica fume mortars show a 50% pore size of that for the mortar without addition. The densifying effect of these materials on the microstructure is attributed to the sealing of pore openings and the narrowing of pore channels by the hydration products of pozzolanic reactions. This results in a reduction in permeability. In general, the use of these admixtures improves the resistance of portland cement mortars against chloride attack. The slag added mortar obtained the best performance.
Time Dependent and Nonlinear Effects in Polymers and Composites
Authors: Schapery RA , Sun CT 
Published: April 2008

Description
STP 1357 describes worldwide recent developments on this topic and examines their practical applications. It also identifies important unsolved fundamental problems. 18 peer-reviewed papers are grouped under the subheadings of Polymers and Composites.
Polymers covers
Composites addresses
Audience: Engineers and researchers who are interested in durability of composite materials; specific issues of time dependent and non-linear behavior; and the mechanics of composites.
Reactor Pressure Vessel Neutron Dosimetry Assessments for UK PWR Plant
Authors: Thornton DA , Lewis TA , Mossop JR , Page CJ , Haddock SA 
Published: April 2008

Reactor pressure vessel (RPV) dose assessments for UK PWR plant have been performed using the AEA Technology Monte Carlo radiation transport code MCBEND.
Monte Carlo models of the plant are validated against fast neutron activation measurements performed on flux monitor wires from surveillance capsules removed at the end of each cycle. These monitors have a range of time and spectrum dependencies. A computationally efficient method has been developed that calculates dosimeter activation values in a single calculation per reaction. This utilizes MCBEND's advanced acceleration techniques as well as an innovative treatment of neutron source data. The method employs plant validated, three-dimensionsal (3D) time-dependent neutron source data obtained from the UK reactor physics code PANTHER.
Mean ratios of calculation (C) to experiment (E) obtained for the surveillance capsules removed to date are 1.02, 0.99 and 1.04.
RPV dose distributions in axial, azimuthal and radial detail are obtained with a single calculation per reactor octant. Normalization to mean C/E provides best estimate dose data for the RPV inner surface and quarter thickness. A similar calculation provides dose data for the RPV top weld.
Electrical Insulating Materials: International Issues
Authors: Hirschler MM 
Published: April 2008

Description
The latest in electrical insulating materials is presented in 16 papers addressing four major areas: standards, properties of electrical insulating fluids, fire properties, and electrical issues.
Standards address the history of ASTM Committee D-9 on Electrical and Electronic Insulating Materials and D-27 on Electrical Insulating Liquids and Gases and their respective roles in the electrical industry. Additional papers discuss the development of standards by the National Electrical Manufacturers Association and IEC Technical Committee 89 on Fire Hazard Testing.
Electrical Insulating Fluids covers issues such as the development of a fully biodegradable dielectric fluid; case histories on the removal of transformers from service; analytical techniques to test for moisture; new tests for diagnosing faults in high-voltage transformers; and specifications for electrical insulating mineral oils.
Electrical Tests deals with test methods for properties of electrical interest. The section discusses a method for assessing disruptive discharge in liquid and gaseous insulation and standardized testing procedures in partial discharge measurement, which includes about 60 references and compares methods from ASTM, IEC, and the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers. A study is also presented on accelerated aging of organic electrical insulating materials, particularly those used at elevated service temperatures.
Fire Issues addresses the response of electrical materials and products to fire including the flame retardancy of various nylon and poly insulation materials; ways of decreasing the mass and volume of electrical cabling systems; and a review of fire tests for electrical materials and products in the U.S. and internationally. For electrotechnical, electrical, electronics (and plastics) professionals.
Grips, Clamps, Clamping Techniques, and Strain Measurement for Testing of Geosynthetics
Authors: Stevenson PE 
Published: April 2008

Description
Twelve papers provide the tools necessary to understand the problems and techniques in testing and reporting data for strong reinforcement products and point the way toward repeatable and reproducible test methodology for those strong products.
Experiences with and improvements to ASTM D 4595 Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Geotextiles by the Wide-Width Strip Method and its counterpart ISO 10319 are at the heart of this publication, including discussion of solutions to gripping problems, sample size, definitions, and LVDTs.
Based on the findings in STP 1379 and continued research and evaluation, Committee D-35 on Geosynthetics expects to resolve associated problems and improve testing and reporting that is based on D 4595 and ISO 10319.
Audience: A valuable tool for design engineers, engineers of record, contractors, product manufacturers, testing laboratories, federal, state and local authorities.