bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Women in Unions: What Progress in South Australia?
Authors: Pocock Barbara 
Published: March 2007

Women have traditionally been under-represented in Australian trade unions. Declining union density and the desire for more equitable representation have stimulated union interest in women's participation and led to the adoption of various measures to increase their voice in unions. This paper outlines the results of a survey of women's representation in South Australian unions in 1992; the survey had an 84 per cent union response rate and includes unions covering about 85 per cent of unionists in the state. The results are compared with those of a similar survey in Victoria and earlier estimates. The study gives a reliable snapshot of women's under-representation, which is persistent at all levels from shopfloor to federal councils. Women are generally under-represented, relative to their share of membership, in around three-quarters of unions at most levels—among workplace representatives, key state committee members and officials. They are especially under-represented at federal level. Overall, women make up 39 per cent of union members in the respondent group of unions, 32 per cent of shop stewards, 31 per cent of state councils, 20 per cent of state executives and 25 per cent of union officials. Women's share of positions declines as power increases: they are concentrated in appointed positions, among organizers and industrial and specialist staff. They are often found in positions outside the normal career paths to senior union office and political power. The study documents actions to increase women's voice in unions and shows that many unions are aware of the problems and taking some kind of action. However, comprehensive programmes have been adopted in only a small number of relatively large unions. The response of South Australian unions to the survey is outlined.
Intra-State Imperialism
Authors: Misra K.P. 
Published: March 2007

In recent years the imperialistic exploitative rela tionship has manifested itself at the intra-state level. In many countries we come across situations in which one caste, class, or region has attempted to become more prosperous and dominant at the cost of others within a nation, giving rise to what we may call intra-state imperialism. This paper attempts a study of exploitative structures with reference to East Pakistan in the sphere of politics, economics, and culture. The study presents three theoretical propositions which have a measure of general relevance also: the intra-state exploitative structures (a) are more pro nounced in the poor nations than in the rich, (b) tend to develop in large-size poor nations more than in the small ones, and (c) can be created and sustained more in authoritarian political systems than in a democratic system. These propositions may be tested in the light of the experience of the exploitative structures in numerous other countries also. It is hoped that the conclusions of the paper may be used as building blocks in the construction of a new theory of imperialism.
A World Population Policy for the World Population Year
Authors: Muhsam H.V. 
Published: March 2007

World population problems have remained the con cern of demographers and historians. Even today, when politicians or international organizations deal with such questions, they consider them either an individual and personal, or a specifically internal and national problem, rather than viewing the population issue from a global perspective. The author argues that individual and national population decisions impinge on broader interests- illustrated by the 'tragedy of the commons', here explained in game theoretical terms. He urges that for the World Population Year 1974, the world population problem be presented as a dilemma of worldwide scale, soluble only by worldwide action.
Racism in Children's and Young People's Literature in the Western World
Authors: Becker Joerg 
Published: March 2007

In nearly all young people's books, historical and social processes are viewed from an individualistic perspective; thus it is assumed that racial problems can be solved on the individual level only. This is usually done by appealing to pity and charity, thereby degrading the coloured people to mere ob jects. The Negro-African is often associated with ani mal behaviour and instinct. Both the Negro- African and the Afro-American are rarely por trayed as autonomous, independent human beings; initiative and activity are the domain of the white. The Afro-American is not allowed to display a value system of his own, he appears as a human being who has completely internalized the value system of white America. Together with several other media with racist overtones, these kinds of young people's books legitimize subtle forms of neo-colonialism.
The Demography of Structural Violence
Authors: Høivik Tord 
Published: March 2007

The distribution of a society's resources affects not only the standard of living, but the chances of survival itself. A more equal distribution will normally increase the average length of life in society as a whole. The loss of life from an unequal distribution is an as pect of structural violence: violence inherent in the social order. We here develop measures of structural violence based on the potential increase in life expectancy, and show how they are related to the annual number of deaths and total death rates. One main result is the equality between the percentage loss of life years, and the percentage of deaths due to struc tural violence, when the population is in stationary equilibrium. A cohort approach is used to investigate structural violence over time. Methods for dealing with empirical, non-stationary populations are also developed. The amount of structural vio lence in the global society is calculated as an example, and compared with Köhler and Al cock's work. We find, for 1970, a potential life expectancy of 72 years, while the actual value was 53 years. The index of structural violence (ISV), which measures the intensity, is .26; and the quantity of structural violence (QSV), which corresponds to the number of dead, equals 18 million annual deaths from structural violence.
The Outbreak and Termination of the Pacific War: A Juxtaposition of American Preconceptions
Authors: Ben-Zvi Abraham 
Published: March 2007

The article juxtaposes the predominant preconceptions and beliefs pertaining to Japanese military capabilities and predisposition to take risks, held by a number of U. S. decision makers on the eve of the Pacific War, with those adhered to during the last phases of that conflagration. The analysis indicates that misperceived notions contributed both to the outbreak of the War and to the manner in which it was terminated. The central lesson emerging from this study in misperception can be formulated as the need to evaluate tactical field information on its own, and to avoid interpreting such data solely in the light of a priori strategic assumptions which inevitably reflect the decision maker's images of an opponent. As the article demonstrates, U. S. policy makers on both occasions analyzed tended to discount the flow of tactical indicators which contradicted their assessments of the opponent's capabilities and propensity to take risks. Thus, as a means for improving the decision-making process, particularly during periods of acute crisis or war (when policy makers are especially susceptible to the influence of preconceived images), the article suggests that increased weight should be given to tactical indicators when these are at variance with strategic assumptions.
Colonial Transformation of Agrarian Society in Algeria
Authors: Halvorsen Kjell H. 
Published: March 2007

There exists considerable disagreement as to what effect capitalism has on non-capitalist social systems; to what extent is capitalism instrumental in bringing about changes in these systems, and what is the direction of change? These and other related questions are discussed in this article in the case of the colonisation of Algeria from 1830 to about 1900. The first part offers a description of pre-colonial tribal society. Three characteristics are viewed as having been vital for this society: (1) sufficient access to land for its extensive form of agriculture; (2) ability to maintain a certain subsistence balance, and to adjust this balance in case of changing conditions; (3) social institutions which made land inalienable, preserving it for the tribes and the families. The main part of the article is concerned with various ways in which the French appro priated land from Algerian peasants. This was done partly by the administration's expropria tion of land, either as reprisals for resisting the French occupation, or for 'public utility' purposes. An administrative delimitation of the tribes' territories further reduced the land at the disposal of the tribes. The most serious attack on the peasants' land was the generalisation of private property rights as the sole land tenure form, by legal measures and administrative practices. Factors which contributed to 'release' land for the market are considered in some detail. The result of the 19th century colonization process was the creation of an export-oriented colonial agriculture with wine as its major product. Peasant society, deprived of essential means of subsistence, was no longer able to reproduce itself on the basis of its own produc tion. Integrated in the colonial division of labour, its further development was circumscribed by structures that had underdevelopment as their product.
East-West Trade as a Source of Tension
Authors: Wulf Herbert 
Published: March 2007

Détente as well as economic cooperation between East and West have been fundamentally challenged. But economic relations became a source of tension between East and West and among NATO-allies long before the Polish government imposed martial law in 1981. It is argued that trade can still provide one of the few channels of interaction at a time of highly dangerous rivalry. At the same time, however, the opposing view on the future direction of East-West trade between the United States and Western Europe has become a source of serious tension within NATO. Considering the different roles the United States and Western European countries play in the military, political, and economic world, it is hardly surprising that East-West trade produces frictions. In order to shed light on the background of today's all too obvious reversal of the economic (and political) cooperation with the socialist countries of Eastern Europe and to understand the often panicky and confrontational policy statements (especially by the U. S. government), this article (1) tries to categorize different trade policy approaches and options, (2) presents empirical data on the development of trade during the period of détente, (3) examines connotations which are attached to terms like trade dependency and economic vulnerability and (4) analyzes in two case studies the effects and purposes of economic sanctions and the diverging interests regarding the West European-Siberian gas pipeline deal which have surfaced. Experience with economic warfare, embargoes, sanctions etc. suggests the limits of this type of activity as a foreign policy tool. Even though embargoes and economic sanctions might not have the desired effect in the target country, they will nevertheless probably be imposed to serve ideological goals, since they are considered useful to declare a government's position as regards internal and external publics (voters and allies). Whether economic trade with the East is seen as an instrument for disciplining the adversary or as a means for improving political relations depends much more on the political and economic stakes involved than on objective possibilities for success.
A Simulation Model to Assist in Managing the HIV Epidemic: IMAP2
Authors: Goforth R.R. Ron , Berleant Daniel 
Published: March 2007

The Interactive Model for AIDS Prediction (IMAP2) is a large simulation program for predicting the spread of HIV in the United States and for testing the effects on that spread of various perturbations to the model inputs. IMAP2 is constructed on a transmission-based epidemiological model for the sexual transmission of HIV and a dynamic population model for transmission of HIV by intravenous (injecting) drug abuse. The intent of IMAP2 is to facilitate comparative case studies, rather than absolute predictions for the future course of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, and in its intended role it is proving useful. Perturbations to the input data might represent influences of government social policies, improved information gathering, etc., and make the model a vehicle for testing hypotheses. Example hypotheses include: (1) practices which might change the latency period of the disease; and (2) managed patterns of use and efficacy of male and female condoms. We begin by describing the algorithmic core of the model. We proceed to describing the user interface, an important aspect of a model such as this which is intended for interactive use (and in fact is currently in use) by individuals whose specialties are in areas other than computing. We next describe briefly the current status of IMAP2 — maintenance under way, and use by the Center for Devices and Radiological Health in the Food and Drug Administration. Following this we describe the limitations of the model, and then describe the model's use in two selected case studies related to the future course of the HIV epidemic in the United States. In a concluding discussion we describe future extensions to IMAP2.
Constrained Simulation of a Mine Production System
Authors: Frimpong Samuel , Whiting Jerry M. 
Published: March 2007

In this paper, the authors have presented a practical application of computer simulation to the design of a constrained mine production system. The management of a gold mining company wanted to build a rail transportation network to transport ore from a section of the mine to the central shaft. To meet the required processing plant feed, this system had to be capable of transporting a certain daily capacity. Management was further constrained with respect to the available resources for this system. Design of such a system was capital- intensive and irreversible, and thus, management had to ensure that the designed system achieved the targets within the given constraints. In this study, the authors built a simulation model to emulate the proposed system using SLAM II and FORTRAN 77. Data from a similar project were used to validate this model. The technically feasible options were used in a batch simulation of this problem. Production and economic analyses of simulation results showed that two of the feasible options could be used to build the actual system. Also, implementation of the recommended options could reduce the capital investments by 18%, in the short and medium-terms, and by 16%, in the long-term, of the original estimates made by mining engineers.
In the Eye of the Hurncane: Religious Implications of Contemporary Trends
Authors: Gannon Thomas M. 
Published: March 2007

L'un des problèmes critiques' auxquels est aujourd'hui confrontée la sociologie de la religion est celui de savoir si les concepts et les mesures couramment utilisés dans les recherches empiriques sur la religion et la « religiosité » cor~ respondent bien aux faits sociaux qu'ils prétendent représenter. A considérer la crise culturelle qui affecte aujourd'hui le monde occidental, il apparaît que le cadre traditionnel des croyances et des valeurs, qui soutenaient auparavant lés at~ titudes religieuses et morales et leur fournissait des motiva~ tions, se trouve, depuis peu, sérieusement ébranlé ou radi~ calement transformé. Si les études empiriques sur la religion veulent tenir compte de ,cette situation ét se rendre compréhensibles pour la société actuelle, il faut recourir à une définition plus large de la croyance et à des mesures de la religiosité culturellement plus fines.. C'est dans le contexte des mutations fondamentales qui affectent les bases, rationnelles de la conscience con~ temporaine qu'il faut situer la religion ; il faut en outre ap~ profondir l'analyse des liens qui unissent la religion d'au~ jourd'hui et les systèmes sociaux. Pour être en mesure d'iden~ tifier les implications religieuses majeures des courants ac~ tuels, la sociologie doit soumettre à un examen minutieux tous les éléments de son cadre d'analyse. La réalisation de ce programme, suppose que. l'on tienne compte en sociologie de la religion du poids de la théorie sur la recherche et que l'on explicite systématiquement les prér supposés théoriques et factuels qui ont trait, à la forme, et au fonctionnement des systèmes religieux. Cet article tente une exploration de chacun de ces problèmes et plaide pour de nouvelles orientations de recherché,, fondées sur une pers pective socio-culturelle plus globale.
Mass Transfer and the Washing Process
Authors: Tuzson John , Short Brant A. 
Published: March 2007

Published soil removal data suggest that the mass transfer process in a washing ma chine (transport of materials between cloth and bath) may influence or even dominate the soil removal process. Therefore, mass transfer is investigated in a small scale washer (Terg-O-Tometer). The process is characterized by the transfer coefficient, which is the inverse of the time constant. It is correlated using dimensional analysis with such variables as the bath volume, the water-holding capacity of the cloth load, the agitation speed, and stroke angle. Actual experiments are conducted with water-soluble substances; their results sup port the theoretical developments set forward. The transfer coefficient is directly proportional to agitation speed and stroke angle, inversey proportional to the water- holding capacity of the cloth load, and independent of the bath volume. Finally the mass transfer process is compared in a full-size machine, a small commer cial washer, and the test device by scale-up experiment. Good agreement is found, thus confirming the full-scale application of the results.
The Reactivity of Some Epoxides toward Cellulose
Authors: Steele Richard 
Published: March 2007

The reactivity of 25 mono- and diepoxides towards cellulose under hot, anhydrous, acidic conditions has been investigated using a small scale procedure which permits the study of reagents available only in small amounts. The epoxides were emulsified in aqueous solutions of zinc perchlorate catalyst and applied to cellulose in the form of a small piece of cotton fabric. The impregnated sample was then heated at an elevated temperature. The extent of reaction was followed by changes in the density of the cellulose fibers, in their solubility in cuprammonium hydroxide, and in the crease re covery of the fabric. The latter two criteria were important only with difunctional reagents. The compounds tested were principally aliphatic and alicyclic epoxides in the mole cular weight range of 70 to 300. The results suggest that to be able to react with cel lulose under these conditions, the epoxide must be non-volatile, water-soluble to some degree, and free from steric hindrance of certain sorts.
Formaldehyde Treatment of Partially Swollen Cotton
Authors: Chance Leon H. , Perkins Rita M. , Reeves Wilson A. 
Published: March 2007

Two processes for producing wash-wear cotton fabrics by treatment with formaldehyde are described. One of these processes consists of reacting the fabric in a wet swollen condition in an aqueous solution of formaldehyde and hydrochloric acid. This fabric has good wet wrinkle recovery only and is therefore referred to as the Form-W process. It has good strength retention and is suitable for line-drying after washing. The other process consists of reacting the fabric in a wet, partially swollen condition in a solution of acetic acid,. water, hydrochloric acid, and formaldehyde. It is referred to as the Form-D process because the fabrics have good dry (as well as wet) wrinkle recovery. These fabrics are suitable for either line-drying or tumble-drying. It is very important in both processes that the fabrics be well mercerized if adequate strength is to be re tained. Softeners also improve the tearing strength. Laboratory and pilot-plant appli cations are described, and data on the physical properties of the fabrics presented. Reaction rates of the Form-D process at various temperatures are given. Also, preliminary work on other solvents and catalysts is discussed briefly. Cross-linking with formaldehyde at various degrees of fiber swelling is discussed briefly from a theoretical standpoint.
Quantitative Investigation of the X-Ray Diffraction Picture of Some Typical Rayon Specimens
Authors: Hermans P.H. , Weidinger A. 
Published: March 2007

The X-ray diffraction pictures of some typical specimens of highly orientated rayon are studied quantitatively using a dirfractometer technique with Geiger counter detection and strictly monochromatized radiation. The results allow of a more reliable separation between crystalline interferences and background than heretofore possible. The background of orientated rayons is aniso tropic and has a complicated intensity distribution. It has maxima at about 2θ = 21° on the equator and at about 2θ = 35° on the meridian. Evaluation of the intensities of the principal paratropic and diatropic interferences reveals about the same relative differences in crystallinity between the rayons investigated as those given by the method of crystallinity determination employed earlier. Absolute values of the crystalline fraction could not, however, be derived from the present work. The relative intensities of the principal crystalline interferences are measured and found to be in reasonable agreement with those calculated for the Andress lattice struc ture. Some typical deviations are specified. The crystallinity of tire cord rayon was found to be somewhat lower than that of textile rayon and the crystallites in the former somewhat smaller in lateral dimension according to measurements of line width. In the series of specimens investigated there is a correlation between crystallinity and line width. It seems that higher crystallinity tends to go parallel with larger or more perfectly ordered crystallites, a correlation which is also reported to have been observed in other polymers. It is shown that orientation derived from the azimuthal spread of either the diatropic or the paratropic interferences leads to equal results. This is in support of the method developed earlier for quantitative determination of orientation from the paratropic lines in simple exposures on flat film. The outcome of this kind of orientation measurement is but little, almost negligibly, affected by the error involved in assuming the background maximum to lie at the mini mum between the A0 and A3 peaks and thus at a lower angle and at a slightly higher intensity than the true values.