bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘The Cry of the Children’: The Edwardian Medical Campaign Against Maternal Drinking
Authors: Gutzke David W. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIn the years 1899‐1907 a new critique of alcohol evolved which pointed to increasing female insobriety as a factor in infant mortality. Exploiting the opportunity of a governmental committee appointed to investigate physical deterioration, 14 leading medical doctors, well known for their antipathy to drink, submitted evidence which subsequently formed the basis for the Report's conclusion associating alcoholic abuse with racial deterioration. Between 1905 and 1907 six of these doctors, together with Sir Thomas Brunton and Professor Sims Wood head, orchestrated concern over drink's deleterious impact on pregnant women and babies. By condemning alcohol as one important source of infant deaths and national inefficiency, these anti‐drink doctors, all except one numbers of the Society for the Study of Inebriety, encouraged the medical profession to adopt a more critical public posture towards drink and compelled the Government to permit hygiene and temperance instruction in elementary schools. They further provided the rationale early in 1907 for George Sims’ newspaper articles, which emphasized the imperial consequences of Britain's high infant mortality. He alone publicized the prevalence of babies and small children taken into public houses, where they were given alcohol or contracted fatal respiratory diseases. Breast milk contaminated with alcohol also endangered their lives. Following these revelations, sympathizers formed the Tribune Committee, and, with the support of the eight anti‐drink doctors and others, helped translate Sims’ proposal to prohibit children under 14 from licensed premises into legislation.
Understanding the Nature of Investigations into Alleged Fraud in Alcohol Research: A Reply to Walker & Roach
Authors: Doob Anthony N. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe major points of the ‘Critique’ written by Walker and Roach are reviewed and examined in light of information presently available to any interested follower of the controversy relating to the research published by Doctors Mark and Linda Sobell. The criticisms of the Report of the Committee are found to be unpersuasive and in each instance do not challenge the approach, findings, or conclusions of the Committee.
Drinking in Longitudinal Perspective: Career and Natural History
Authors: Edwards Griffith 
Published: January 2006

SummaryLongitudinal studies of drinking are now of great importance. Two concepts need to be distinguished. Career is the evolution of the individual's role, while Natural History pertains to the sequential development in tissue or body‐system reactivity to alcohol. The richness of ideas and research opportunities relating seperately to each of these dimensions is discussed, and also the need for synthesis.
The Relationship Between Coping Behaviours, their Effectiveness and Alcoholism Relapse and Survival
Authors: Litman Gloria K. , Stapleton John , Oppenheim A. N. , Peleg Michelle , Jackson Paul 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe results of a Principal Components analysis of the Effectiveness of Coping Behaviours Inventory (ECBl) administered to 256 hospitalized alcoholic patients are compared with the results of the Coping Behaviours Inventory (CBI) administered to the same sample and also compared with a reanalysis of data obtained from‘a different sample 5years ago. The results indicate that the factor structure of the ECBI and CBI are similar. The four factors emerging from the present study, accounting for 59 per cent of the variance were:1. Positive Thinking2. Negative Thinking3. Avoidance/Distraction4. Seeking Social SupportsWhile the scores on the CBI at intake did not discriminate between subsequent relapsers and survivors, the factor scores on the ECBI at intake on‘Positive Thinking'and ‘Avoidance/Distraction’ were found to be predictive of subsequent outcome 6 to 12 months later. The clinical implications are discussed in terms of coping strategies for relapse prevention treatment.
Wine Production in the European Community since 1975
Authors: Kortteinen Timo 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe article deals with the production of wine in the European Community since 1975. The Common Wine Policy of the Community is part of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the EC. Production of wine has increased in the Community at an average of 1 per cent a year since the beginning of the 1960s. At the same time consumption has remained stable which has resulted in a permanent surplus in wine. The policies of the EC aim to cope with this surplus and reduce it. The structure of wine production, the price system and the intervention procedures taken by the Community bodies are analysed in the article. The success of these efforts to control, reorganize and restructure the production of wine is discussed and evaluated.
Alcohol and Hypertension
Authors: Potter J. F. , Bannan L. T. , Beevers D. G. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryAlthough a link between excessive alcohol consumption and hypertension was first suggested early this century, little attention was paid to this and it is only in the last decade that the association has become established. Support for the concept of alcohol as a cause of hypertension derives from (1) the demonstration in general population samples that blood pressure is significantly correlated with alcohol intake, (2) the high prevalence of hypertension in alcohol–dependent subjects which is reversible on abstinence, (3) the high frequency with which elevated MCV, serum transaminase and serum γGT levels are found in hypertensive patients and (4) the recent finding that alcohol has a direct pressor effect in such patients. There are probably at least two different mechanisms underlying alcohol–induced hypertension. In alcohol–dependent patients, hypertension is particularly common during withdrawal from alcohol and this may reflect stimulation of corticosteroid, catecholamine and vasopressin production. The direct pressor effect may be due to alcohol induced arteriolar vasoconstriction. Alcohol–induced hypertension is a common clinical problem. More emphasis should be placed on its detection, for with reduction or cessation of alcohol consumption, blood pressure will return to normal in many patients and antihypertensive drug therapy can thus be avoided.
Physiological Reactivity to Alcohol Cues and the Awareness of an Alcohol Effect in a Double‐Blind Placebo Design*
Authors: Kaplan Richard F. , Meyer Roger E. , Virgilio Lynn M. 
Published: January 2006

SummarySkin conductance level (SCL) was recorded during the presentation of a beer drink in 16 alcoholic patients. The instructions to subjects stated that the ‘beer’ that was to be consumed‘may or may not contain alcohol. ‘Following consumption of either real beer or placebo (non‐alcoholic malt beverage) the subjects were asked if they thought they had just consumed an alcoholic drink. SCL increases to the presentation of beer stimuli prior to consumption were highest among alcoholics who perceived the drink as ‘real beer’ following consumption. Perception of the drink as‘real bee' was not related to receiving real beer. The data suggest that autonomic reactivity to alcohol‐related cues can facilitate and/or interact with the expectations surrounding alcohol consumption in alcohol dependent individuals.
The Use of the Short‐Form Alcohol Dependence Data Questionnaire (SADD) in Brazilian Alcoholic Patients *
Authors: Jorge Miguel Roberto , Masur Jandira 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe possibility of applying the short‐form Alcohol Dependence Data questionnaire (SADD) to an interview situation was tested in an alcoholic sample. This was in contrast to using the self‐completion questionnaire as was originally proposed.The correlation between the SADD, when applied to an interview situation and the SADD, when used as a self‐completion questionnaire, as evaluated by the Spearman correlation coefficient, was r= 0.81. A test‐retest reliability using the self‐completed form provided a correlation of r= 0.90. Split‐half reliability obtained far both the interview and self‐completion questionnaire yielded correlations of r= 0.88 and r= 0.82 respectively. The interview version of the SADD can, therefore, be utilised with illiterate subjects. Furthermore, it has provided data showing that the SADD clearly discriminated between a sample of normal volunteers (n= 55) and a sample of alcoholics (n= 50).
International Review Series: Alcohol and Alcohol Problems Research 5. Australia
Authors: Drew L. R. H. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIn Australia interest and skills in alcohol‐related research mirrored the growth in alcohol consumption and its related problems from 1950–1974, but have increased in the last decade, despite a levelling out of consumption. The public debate stimulated by the Baume report promoted research interest, as did the specific allocation of funds by the brewers and the NH & MRC. Nevertheless, research still lacks coordination, is dependent on the interest of individuals, and is heavily weighted in favour of the biological. Less attention has been paid to social research, or to the evaluation of treatment programmes. However with the increasing overall level of funding, the development of specialised college courses and innovative medical school curricula, and the existence of a specialised journal for the publication of findings, the future for alcoholism research in Australia looks quite promising.
The Organisational Politics of Alcohol Control Policy ⋆
Authors: Casswell Sally 
Published: January 2006

SummaryAn increasing emphasis on the stabilisation or reduction of alcohol consumption levels in order to prevent alcohol‐related problems highlights the conflicts of interest in the alcohol arena.The role of national organisations established to deal with alcohol policy issues is constrained by the need to reconcile conflicts with and between a variety of vested interests, of which major ones include the alcohol industry and government. The structure and funding of such an organisation is an important aspect of its ability to carry out its role.The recent New Zealand experience of the Alcoholic Liquor Advisory Council is considered as a case history illustrating the likely obstacles to implementation of a ‘control of consumption’ prevention policy.
An Integrated Value‐Expectancy Theory of Alcohol and Other Drug Use
Authors: Hays Ron 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe internal‐external locus of control construct, Health‐Belief Model, Theory of Reasoned Action, Differential Association‐Reinforcement Theory, and Problem Behavior Theory all stem from general value‐expectancy theory. Ironically, none of these theories contain a full account of social learning, from developmental process to current personality. In this theoretical paper, these value‐expectancy theories are integrated into a conceptual framework which provides a common basis for understanding the usage of alcohol and other drugs.
International Review Series: Alcohol and Alcohol Problems Research 2. Japan
Authors: Suwaki Hiroshi 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIn Japan, alcohol consumption and alcohol‐related problems have rapidly increased since the industrial development after World War II, and in 1980, 1.9 per cent of the total Japanese population were estimated to be heavy drinkers, while 6‐per cent of psychiatric beds were occupied by alcoholics. The number of women alcoholics and incidence of the fetal alcohol syndrome are, however, extremely low in Japan mainly due to cultural restraints on drinking in women. The ratio of alcoholic liver disease to total liver disease was 10.7 per cent in a nationwide survey in 1977, and high percentages of hepatic fibrosis and mild alcoholic hepatitis were the chief histological features of Japanese alcoholic liver disease.Racial and individual differences in the alcohol flushing response are of interest, and half of the Japanese exhibit facial flushing after drinking a small amount of alcohol. Japanese subjects with a low Km deficient isozyme of ALDH showed a high level of blood acetaldehyde and facial flushing.Danushukai, Cyanamide and Naikan Therapy have had the greatest impact on the development of alcoholism treatment in Japan. Regarding mortality among alcoholics, liver disease, suicide, accidents and cerebro‐vascular disease showed higher death rates than in the general population.
Vasopressin Concentrations during Alcohol Withdrawal
Authors: Eisenhofer Graeme , Lambie David G. , Whiteside Edwin A. , Johnson Ralph H. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryBlood samples were obtained from 44 alcoholics during withdrawal and analysed for plasma vasopressin, osmolality and ethanol. Control samples were obtained from 23 normal subjects and 28 abstinent alcoholics. Urine samples were also collected and analysed for vasopressin, sodium, creatinine and osmolality. Alcoholics showing symptoms of withdrawal had elevated plasma and urine vasopressin concentrations compared to control subjects and withdrawing alcoholics without symptoms. No significant difference in plasma osmolality was evident. Raised plasma vasopressin concentrations during alcohol withdrawal may be due to dehydration, nausea or liver disease, or may be a direct consequence of alterations in central nervous system function associated with the alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Whether increased plasma vasopressin concentratons contribute to water retention and overhydration during alcohol withdrawal remains to be determined.
Intravenous Nicotine Simulation of Passive Smoking to Estimate Dosage to Exposed Non‐Smokers
Authors: Russell M. A. H. , West R. J. , Jarvis M. J. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryTo estimate nicotine intake from passive smoking, six subjects received slow intravenous infusions of known doses of nicotine at a steady rate over one hour. The plasma and urinary nicotine concentrations produced by the infusions were compared with those found in previous studies of non‐smokers exposed to tobacco smoke, in non‐smokers in the general population, and in smokers during and after smoking their first cigarette of the day. It was estimated that the average rate of nicotine absorption was 0.23 mg/hr in a group of non‐smokers exposed in a poorly ventilated public house, 0.36 mg/hr in non‐smokers exposed to more extreme conditions in a smoke‐filled unventilated room, and that the average daily‐life exposure of a sample of 188 urban non‐smokers was 0.014 mg nicotine per hour. In contrast, the dose absorbed by three smokers from their first cigarette of the day averaged 1.4 mg nicotine. The results indicate that when passive exposure of non‐smokers results in carbon monoxide intake equivalent to the active smoking of one cigarette, the amount of nicotine absorbed is much less ‐ equivalent to about one third of a cigarette dose. In view of the small samples and various assumptions in deriving these estimates, they can only be viewed as approximate.
Underestimation of Recalled Alcohol Intake in Relation to Actual Consumption
Authors: Poikolainen Kari 
Published: January 2006

SummaryDrinking of 58 males was observed for six evening hours in simulated restaurant surroundings. Interviews on alcohol consumption were carried out the next day (in two cases two days) after the drinking session. Recalled mean number of drinks was ten drinks, the actual mean intake 11 drinks. Degree of underestimation in recall was positively associated with the actual amount imbibed. On the average, heavy consumers underestimated their intake by 12 per cent and light consumers by four percent.
Methadone Withdrawal Regime for Heroin Misusers: short‐term outcome and effect of parental involvement
Authors: MENON P. , EVANS R. , MADDEN J. S. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryFifty young outpatient attenders at a regional drug dependence service were traced between 6 and 12 months after entering treatment. All had been physically dependent on heroin and received outpatient detoxification by a 14‐day methadone withdrawal regime. The initial 25 patients were offered individual counselling and the remainder were counselled together with their parents. Forty‐three subjects were interviewed (23 without and 20 with parental involvement in therapy). Abstinence was confirmed by urine testing on nine patients interviewed outside prison. Parental involvement made no difference to outcome in respect of abstinence and other changes in heroin usage, or to criminal activity. Heroin smokers were no more likely than injectors to abstain or decrease heroin use. It is likely that abstinence and decreased heroin consumption were spontaneous changes unrelated to therapeutic intervention.
Normal Drinking in a Recovered Alcohol Addict
Authors: EDWARDS G. , BROWN D. , DUCKITT A. , OPPENHEIMER E. , SHEEHAN M. , TAYLOR C. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryWithin the context of a longitudinal study of 99 men with drinking problems, we present a detailed case analysis of one subject whom we have now followed up by interview and record‐search for 16 years, and who has considerably ameliorated his drinking behaviour. Our intention is to explore the value of the single‐case approach as complementary to more formal research methods. It is argued that analysis of the single case can be of value in sharpening awareness of the complexity and the evolutionary nature of the processes of ‘career and natural history’. Some research issues to which this case seems to point are identified and listed. Both psychodynamic and learning theory concepts are applicable, and changes in physical reaction to alcohol need to be considered. The idea of a graded dependence syndrome has more heuristic value than such categorical entities as ‘addict’ or ‘non‐addict’. Processes and influences which ‘stabilize’ or ‘destabilize’ drinking behaviour should be identified.
Prescribing Chlormethiazole Reducing Regimes in an Emergency Clinic
Authors: DRUMMOND L. M. , CHALMERS L. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA series of 26 patients who presented to an emergency clinic complaining of drinking problems were studied during a 1 month period. Despite 10 different doctors assessing and prescribing for these patients, both a clinical assessment of severity of dependence and the dose of medication prescribed correlated highly with an independent rating scale (SADQ). Only five patients, however, completed treatment in the emergency clinic and subsequently attended an outpatient appointment. There were no predictors of outcome.
The Identification of Alcohol‐related Problems by General Practitioners
Authors: CLEMENT SUE 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe role of the GP in the identification and management of people with alcohol‐related problems has been the focus of much attention in recent years. Little research however has focussed on which factors are important in facilitating the identification process. It is suggested here that the attitudes of GP's are related to the number of alcohol‐related problems which they identify. Many of the attitudes related to identification are also related to the amount of education GP's have received about alcohol and alcohol‐related problems. Two additional factors shown to be related to identification are the degree of support experienced by the GP when working with drinkers and the expectation that working with patients with alcohol‐related problems will be rewarding. The implications of these findings for increasing GP's identification of patients with alcohol‐related problems are discussed.
Alcohol Consumption and the Preventive Paradox★
Authors: KREITMAN NORMAN 
Published: January 2006

SummaryDrinkers in the general population who exceed the ‘safe limits’ advocated by various experts are undoubtedly at high risk of alcohol‐related harm, yet they contribute only a minority to the total numbers of alcohol casualties, This relationship, the so‐called ‘preventive paradox’ was explored in some detail using different criteria for ‘safe limits’ for total consumption, for frequency of drinking and for maximal daily consumption: two population surveys and a study of special groups noted for high intake were used. The results were in general mutually corroborative, even when different criteria for harm were employed. Certain methodological problems attendant on such analyses were explored. Finally it was shown that the gains from the universal adoption of the conventional ‘safe limits’ within a population would be matched by an across‐the‐board per capita reduction to about 70% of current intake. The implication was briefly reviewed.
Evidence for a Drug Dependence Syndrome Among Narcotic Users
Authors: SKINNER HARVEY A. , GOLDBERG ADELE E. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryRecent developments in international classifications of alcohol and drug‐related problems have stressed the distinction between a dependence syndrome and various drug‐related disabilities. Although considerable research has supported the concept of an alcohol dependence syndrome, little empirical work has been conducted to date with other psychoactive substances. The present study evaluated whether a dependence syndrome could be identified among a clinical sample of 105 narcotic users who had completed the drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST). A factor analysis of the 20 DAST items revealed a dependence factor characterized by an inability to slop drug use, problems in getting through the week without drugs, and withdrawal symptoms when drug use stopped. In addition, four other factors were identified reflecting social problems, medical problems, polydrug abuse and previous treatment. The dependence factor was most strongly correlated with recent use (past 60 days) of narcotics, and was not correlated with age, sex or social status.
Drugs and Alcohol: the psychiatrist as expert witness in court
Authors: D'ORBÁN P. T. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryExpert psychiatric testimony is allowed only when some form of abnormal mental state is under consideration. Intoxication with drugs or alcohol is not in itself regarded as mental abnormality and is no defence to a criminal charge, unless there is evidence that they have produced a mental disorder. Intoxication may also be a defence to crimes of ‘specific intent’ if the accused because of his intoxication did not have the requisite intent.This paper reviews the extent to which drug or alcohol related mental disorders can qualify under the present legal formulae governing the special defences of insanity, diminished responsibility and provocation, and discusses the illogical state of the law on intoxication affecting intent. Legal reforms recommended by the Butler Committee would resolve some of the present conflicts between psychiatry and the law and would enable psychiatrists to confine their testimony to the mental state of the accused rather than forcing them to conform to legal formulae which use concepts that are not within the framework of medicine.