bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ego‐pathology, body experience, and body psychotherapy in chronic schizophrenia
Authors: Röhricht Frank. , Papadopoulos Nina. , Suzuki Iris. , Priebe Stefan. 
Published: September 2008

Objectives. In a recent pilot RCT, looking at the efficacy of body oriented psychological therapy (BPT) in patients with chronic schizophrenia, a marked improvement in negative symptoms was found in the treatment group. To date, there have been no studies to evaluate the therapeutic processes, correlates and predictors of change in‐patients receiving BPT. The aims of this study are to address three specific questions, namely how: (1) Ego‐pathology and (2) Body experiences, may change during the treatment (BPT). We also looked at: (3) If these pathologies, and/or changes in them, or other characteristics are associated with specific clinical outcomes.Design. Analysis of data obtained within a pilot randomized controlled trial.Method. In a sample of patients with a diagnosis of chronic schizophrenia, allocated to receive a course of body oriented group psychotherapy, certain parameters were assessed pre‐ and post‐treatment: (1) Ego‐pathology, using the ego‐pathology inventory (EPI); (2) Body experiences, (size perception/image marking procedure – IMP, body image/body distortion questionnaire – BDQ, and body cathexis/visual‐analogue‐scales – VAS); and (3) Common symptom factors, using the Positive And Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS). Subjective experiences were also recorded.Results. Four out of six ego‐pathology symptom scores improved over the course of therapy (t=2.9–3.5, p<.05–.01). Amongst the measures of body experiences, only the body perception indices of the lower extremities changed significantly from underestimation pre‐therapy (BPI median 92.3), becoming accurate estimates post therapy (BPI median 101.1). Contrary to the hypothesis a reduction of negative symptoms in chronic schizophrenia patients was not associated with systematic improvements of ego‐pathology or body experiences. The strongest predictor of change was a high score of ego‐demarcation pre‐treatment (β=0.89, p<.001).Conclusions. In patients with chronic schizophrenia, body oriented psychological interventions may be effective for both positive therapeutic changes in ego‐pathology and negative symptoms, even though these effects are not necessarily related. High scores of ego‐pathology at baseline predicted a poor treatment outcome. This finding deserves more systematic studies, as it could potentially identify patients with poorer prognosis and underpin the development of new intervention strategies. Further studies are required to clarify more precisely the exact nature of the processes in BPT.
Night-Time Economy: Cooperation between Formal and Informal Social Control (Case Study of Margate)
Authors: Graça Sofia 
Published: September 2008

In recent years, heightened attention has been given to the control and management of the so-called ‘night-time economy‘. This refers to the entertainment industry that operates during the evening and night-time, that flourishes in many UK city centres and consists mostly of licensed establishments. This type of entertainment has brought with it problems in terms of binge-drinking and antisocial behaviour which pose more demands on the already strained resources of the police forces in these areas. The thriving industry and the communities' demands for more public order are the basis of this study. The literature review presented here was made with the example of Margate in the southeast of England in mind. Nevertheless, the examples given here are all too common in other areas of the UK and the discussion can easily be imported to these other areas in order to solve similar problems. This study will be focusing on some of the key stakeholders of the night-time economy and possible ways of formal and informal control, and town and community engagement.
Association of Soluble Cell Adhesion Molecules with Ankle-Brachial Index in a Biethnic Cohort of Predominantly Hypertensive Individuals
Authors: Khaleghi Mahyar , Ali Zeenat , Mosley Thomas H , Turner Stephen T , Kullo Iftikhar J 
Published: September 2008

AbstractBackground: Higher plasma concentrations of soluble adhesion molecules have been shown to be associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events. We investigated the association of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) with ankle-brachial index (ABI), a measure of peripheral arterial disease (PAD), in a biethnic cohort of adults without known coronary heart disease or stroke.Methods: Participants included 1102 blacks (mean age, 63 years; 74% women) and 1013 non-Hispanic whites (mean age, 58 years; 59% women) belonging to sibships ascertained on the basis of hypertension. We measured plasma concentrations of sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 using high-sensitivity immunoassays and ABI using a standard protocol; PAD was defined as ABI &lt;0.9. We used generalized estimating equations to assess whether sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 were associated with ABI and PAD, independently of conventional risk factors.Results: After adjustment for conventional risk factors, blacks with sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 concentrations in the highest quartiles had lower ABIs than those in the lowest quartiles (mean ABI 1.02 vs 0.98, P = 0.007, vs 1.02 vs 0.99, P = 0.003, respectively). In multivariable logistic regression analysis, sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 concentrations in the highest quartiles were each associated with a higher odds ratio of having PAD, compared with the lowest quartiles: odds ratio (95% CI): 5.2 (1.8–15.2) and 2.2 (1.0–4.8), respectively. In contrast, in non-Hispanic whites, sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 concentrations were not associated with ABI or PAD.Conclusions: Higher sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 concentrations were independently associated with lower ABI and PAD in blacks, but not in non-Hispanic whites.
Liquid-Based Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization Assay for Detection of ERBB2 Gene Amplification in Patients with Breast Cancer3
Authors: Yeh Chen-Hsiung , Whitmire William A , Albitar Maher 
Published: September 2008

AbstractBackground: Current reference methods for evaluating gene amplification and expression of ERBB2 (also known as HER-2)—cell-based fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC)—are subjective and influenced by methods of tissue preparation and fixation. We developed and evaluated a novel, quantitative liquid-based FISH (L-FISH) assay that uses flow cytometry to detect ERBB2 gene amplification in breast cancer patients.Methods: DNA was extracted from serum or tissue, biotinylated, hybridized to differentially labeled probes for ERBB2 and a chromosome 17–specific single-copy sequence (17-SSC), and immobilized to streptavidin-coated microspheres. The ERBB2/17-SSC signal ratio measured by flow cytometry was used to evaluate ERBB2 amplification. We used L-FISH to test 122 stored formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples and 22 serum samples from randomly selected breast cancer patients; results were compared with those obtained with conventional FISH and IHC.Results: The inter- and intraassay imprecisions were 3.7%–18.9% for FFPE tissue and 2.8%–6.3% for serum. Overall, L-FISH analyses of FFPE tissues demonstrated 84.4% concordance with results obtained with conventional FISH (P &lt; 0.001) and 78.8% concordance with IHC results (P &lt; 0.001). L-FISH analyses of serum samples showed 91% concordance with tissue-based IHC/FISH results (P = 0.038).Conclusions: Our data indicate that this PCR-free L-FISH method can be used to evaluate ERBB2 amplification in both cell-containing (paraffin-embedded tissue) and cell-free (serum) samples. This approach provides more objective results and is amenable to automation and quantitative measurement.
A Framework for Identifying (and Avoiding) Fraudulent Financial Reporting*
Authors: Smieliauskas Wally 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTThis commentary analyzes the relationship of fraud risk assessments to other risk assessments by auditors. The Public Company Accounting Oversight Board notes that this is a problem area of current practice. Effective detection of fraudulent financial reporting requires an integrative accounting/auditing conceptual framework. As a result, this paper is as much about accounting theory as it is about auditing. To simplify the development of such an integrated framework, this paper uses an expanded risk model. This effectively results in a risk perspective on fraudulent financial reporting. There are many potential implications but the major findings are as follows. First, the study identifies the crucial role of benchmarks based on acceptable levels of risk to help differentiate between intentional and unintentional misstatements. Such differentiation is critical to successfully implementing the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants' Statement on Auditing Standards (SAS) No. 99 and international standards ISA Nos. 240, 540, and 700. Second, the paper shows the importance of not allowing the major categories of risks identified here from getting too high. This paper explains the need to set acceptable levels of these risks, either by standard‐setters as a matter of broad policy, or by individual practitioners as part of the terms of specific engagements. I propose that a major factor in the concept of “present fairly” be the acceptable levels of accounting risks that are defined here, especially the risks due to intentional forecast errors. Third, this paper clarifies how the fraud risk of SAS No. 99, and similar international standards, relates to the current audit risk model framework.
Double Two*
Authors: Brooks Albie , Vesty Gillian 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTDouble Two is a privately owned clothing manufacturer based in the United Kingdom. The case portrays the historical development of the company, with specific emphasis on the last 20 years. The case outlines the structural and strategic management accounting issues confronting the company particularly over the last 20 years. Students are exposed to issues associated with balanced scorecard construction and implementation and the use of return on investment to measure divisional performance.
Iron and calcium translocation from pure gypsum and iron-amended gypsum by two brown rot fungi and a white rot fungus
Authors: Schilling Jonathan S. , Bissonnette Kaitlyn M. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Wood-degrading fungi commonly grow in contact with calcium (Ca)-containing building materials and may import Ca and iron (Fe) from soil into forest woody debris. For brown rot fungi, imported Ca2+ may neutralize oxalate, while Fe3+ may facilitate Fenton-based degradation mechanisms. We previously demonstrated, in two independent trials, that degradation of spruce by wood-degrading fungi was not promoted when Ca or Fe were imported from gypsum or metallic Fe, respectively. Here, we tested pine wood with lower endogenous Ca than the spruce blocks used in prior experiments, and included a pure gypsum treatment and one amended with 1% with FeSO4. Electron microscopy with microanalysis verified that brown rot fungi Serpula himantioides and Gloeophyllum trabeum and the white rot fungus Irpex lacteus grew on gypsum and produced iron-free Ca-oxalate crystals away from the gypsum surface. Wood cation analysis verified significant Fe import by both brown rot isolates in Fe-containing treatments. Wood degradation was highest in Fe-gypsum-containing treatments for all three fungi, although only wood degraded by I. lacteus had significant Ca import. We suggest that Fe impurities may not exacerbate brown rot, and that both brown and white rot fungi may utilize Ca-containing materials.
Action of fungal β-glucosidase on the mono-O-methylated p-nitrophenyl β-d-glucopyranoside 2nd ICC 2007, Tokyo, Japan, October 25–29, 2007
Authors: Nishimura Takeshi , Ishihara Mitsuro 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
The action of β-glucosidase on the methyl derivatives of p-nitrophenyl β-d-glucopyranoside (pNP-β-Glc), which were regio-specifically substituted at O-2, O-3, O-4, and O-6 positions, was studied. Specifically, several β-glucosidases isolated from brown-rot, white-rot, soft-rot fungi, and almond were investigated. These β-glucosidases did not act on the 2, 3, and 4-O-methyl derivatives, while the 6-O-methyl one was hydrolyzed by all the enzymes to some extent. The results indicate that the methyl group at O-2, O-3, and O-4 of the glucopyranoside strongly inhibits the recognition by the β-glucopyranoside, while the enzymes do not discriminate the structure difference between pNP-β-Glc and its methyl derivative at O-6.
Bone turnover and metabolism in paediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with systemic glucocorticoids
Authors: Vihinen Marianne K , Kolho Kaija-Leena , Ashorn Merja , Verkasalo Matti , Raivio Taneli 
Published: September 2008

ObjectiveWe investigated circulating markers of bone turnover before and during systemic glucocorticoid treatment in paediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).MethodsTwenty-two children (mean age, 12.3 years) with IBD necessitating peroral steroid therapy were studied, with special reference to bone formation and resorption markers amino-terminal type I collagen propeptide (PINP) and carboxyterminal telopeptide of type I collagen (ICTP) respectively. In addition, GH-related IGF-I and sex hormone-binding protein (SHBG) were measured. Bone markers were analyzed at the initiation of the glucocorticoid treatment, at 2 and 5 weeks thereafter and at 1 month following the withdrawal of the steroid. Control group comprised 22 IBD patients in remission.ResultsPINP and IGF-I were already lower before glucocorticoid treatment serum in children with active IBD as compared with control children with IBD in remission (median PINP 271 vs 535 μg/l, P<0.05; IGF-I 23 vs 29 nmol/l, P<0.05). After 2 weeks of glucocorticoid treatment serum PINP levels had declined further, from 271 to 163 μg/l (P<0.001), serum ICTP from 14.2 to 9.6 μg/l (P<0.001), and SHBG from 54 to 35 nmol/l (P<0.001) respectively. By contrast, serum IGF-I increased from 23 to 37 nmol/l (P<0.001). One month after the withdrawal of the glucocorticoid, all bone markers restored to levels similar to the controls.ConclusionsBone formation in children with active IBD appears compromised and systemic glucocorticoid treatment further suppresses bone turnover. After the cessation of the glucocorticoid the bone markers show immediate improvement.
A Survey to Determine the Presence and Distribution of Largemouth Bass Virus in Wild Freshwater Bass in New York State
Authors: Groocock G. H. , Grimmett S. G. , Getchell R. G. , Wooster G. A. , Bowser P. R. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
During 2004 and 2005 a survey was conducted to investigate the presence and geographic distribution of largemouth bass virus (LMBV) in New York State. This iridovirus is widely distributed across the eastern United States; however, it had not previously been reported in New York State. Two hundred and eighty-three wild largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides and 8 smallmouth bass M. dolomieu were collected from 37 locations across the state. No clinical signs of LMBV or mortalities attributable to the virus were observed in the fish collected. Using a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) method, we detected LMBV in 28 fish from 13 locations. Viral cytopathic effect in cell culture was observed in 5 fish from 3 locations. The virus isolated from cell culture was confirmed to be LMBV by an independent PCR method. Statistical analysis of the largemouth bass samples collected during 2005 revealed a wide difference in prevalence between the QPCR results and the cell culture results. Analysis of possible predictors, including age, sex, and month collected, showed no significant associations with the QPCR results. This survey confirms the presence and wide distribution of a potentially pathogenic form of LMBV in multiple water systems across New York State.
Comparisons between Consumption Estimates from Bioenergetics Simulations and Field Measurements for Walleyes from Oneida Lake, New York
Authors: Lantry Brian F. , Rudstam Lars G. , Forney John L. , VanDeValk Anthony J. , Mills Edward L. , Stewart Donald J. , Adams Jean V. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractDaily consumption was estimated from the stomach contents of walleyes Sander vitreus collected weekly from Oneida Lake, New York, during June‐October 1975, 1992, 1993, and 1994 for one to four age‐groups per year. Field rations were highly variable between weeks, and trends in ration size varied both seasonally and annually. The coefficient of variation for weekly field rations within years and ages ranged from 45% to 97%. Field estimates were compared with simulated consumption from a bioenergetics model. The simulation averages of daily ration deviated from those of the field estimates by −20.1% to +70.3%, with a mean across all simulations of +14.3%. The deviations for each time step were much greater than those for the simulation averages, ranging from −92.8% to +363.6%. A systematic trend in the deviations was observed, the model producing overpredictions at rations less than 3.7% of body weight. Analysis of variance indicated that the deviations were affected by sample year and week but not age. Multiple linear regression using backwards selection procedures and Akaike's information criterion indicated that walleye weight, walleye growth, lake temperature, prey energy density, and the proportion of gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum in the diet significantly affected the deviations between simulated and field rations and explained 32% of the variance.
Thresholds for Survival of Brown Trout during the Spring Flood Acid Pulse in Streams High in Dissolved Organic Carbon
Authors: Serrano Ignacio , Buffam Ishi , Palm Daniel , Brännäs Eva , Laudon Hjalmar 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe survival of brown trout Salmo trutta embryos and first‐year juveniles was studied using in situ bioassays during the snowmelt‐driven spring flood in 12 streams in northern Sweden. Unlike in most previous studies on the impact of acidity on brown trout, the streams in this study were high in dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and as a result organic acids play a primary role in controlling pH. During the spring flood period DOC concentrations increased strongly in most streams and, in combination with dilution of acid‐neutralizing capacity, resulted in a decrease in pH and an increase in total and inorganic monomeric aluminum. High mortality of brown trout juveniles occurred during the spring flood and was best correlated to the high H+ concentration. No toxic effect could be directly attributed to measured inorganic aluminum concentrations. An empirical model to predict juvenile brown trout mortality in DOC‐rich streams was developed, and based on these predictions a critical chemical threshold of pH 4.8‐5.4 is proposed for first‐year juveniles. There was high embryo and yolk sac fry survival during the spring flood, even at sites with pH as low as 4.0, suggesting that the pH threshold in DOC‐rich waters is lower than the previously established threshold for low‐DOC systems. We discuss the complex role that DOC has in humic‐rich surface waters, where it both causes a pH decrease and protects against aluminum toxicity in fish. The results suggest that first‐year juveniles are likely to be the stage most vulnerable to the effects of episodic pH depression associated with the snowmelt period in northern boreal systems. This results from asynchrony in the seasonality of the spring flood acid pulse and the seasonality of trout embryo development, which is slow in cold northern waters.
Comparison of Reef Fish Catch per Unit Effort and Total Mortality between the 1970s and 2005‐2006 in Onslow Bay, North Carolina
Authors: Rudershausen Paul J. , Williams Erik H. , Buckel Jeffrey A. , Potts Jennifer C. , Manooch Charles S. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractStock assessments indicate many reef fish species have declined in size and abundance in the Atlantic Ocean off the southeastern coast of the United States. However, commercial fishers often state that stock assessments do not match their observations. We compared fishery‐independent catch per unit effort (CPUE) and species composition data between the 1970s and 2005‐2006 for reef fishes in the vicinity of Onslow Bay, North Carolina. Additionally, total mortality (Z) was estimated by means of a length‐based catch‐curve analysis. Effort (drops) by rod and reel focused on three sites, two inshore (30 m deep) and one offshore (125 m). The CPUE was compared between periods within each site and larger area (inshore, offshore). The CPUEs of red porgyPagrus pagrus, vermilion snapperRhomboplites aurorubens, black sea bassCentropristis striata, and gray triggerfishBalistes capriscuswere greater in the 1970s than in 2005‐2006 at specific capture sites. Conversely, the CPUEs of red grouperEpinephelus morio, white gruntHaemulon plumieri, and bank sea bassC. ocyurawere greater in 2005‐2006 than in the 1970s. The CPUEs of snowy grouperE. niveatus, blueline tilefishCaulolatilus microps, and gagMycteroperca microlepisremained steady or increased between periods. Estimates ofZfor snowy grouper, blueline tilefish, red porgy, white grunt, and vermilion snapper were generally greater in 2005‐2006 than in the 1970s. Apex species caught in the 1970s but not in 2005‐2006 included red snapperLutjanus campechanus, silk snapperL. vivanus, warsaw grouperE. nigritus, and speckled hindE. drummondhayi. Catch rates and composition may have differed owing to differences in captains' skills and electronics despite efforts to standardize the fishing methods between periods. Estimates of total mortality are generally inconsistent with fisher observations and agree with recent stock assessments concluding that important reef species are overfished. Altogether, our results suggest that fishing and possibly other variables have affected the abundance and mortality of major species in this fishery.
Dental Anomalies of Number in the Permanent Dentition of Patients with Bilateral Cleft Lip: Radiographic Study
Authors: da Silva Ana Paula Ramos Bernardes , Costa Beatriz , de Carvalho Carrara Cleide Felício 
Published: September 2008

Objective: To radiographically evaluate the prevalence of dental anomalies in patients with complete and incomplete bilateral cleft lip, comparing the prevalence of anomalies between genders and cleft types. Setting: Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of São Paulo (HRAC/USP), Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil. Participants: 150 randomly selected panoramic radiographs of individuals with complete or incomplete bilateral cleft lip; patient age 12 to 25 years (mean age 13.8 years). Results: Data were statistically analyzed to compare the possible association between presence of hypodontia and supernumerary teeth, according to gender and cleft type. Among the 150 patients evaluated, 80 (53.3%) were male and 70 (46.6%) were female. Since no statistically significant difference was found in hypodontia between genders, data were grouped for analysis, revealing prevalence of 31.6% for complete clefts and 26.8% for incomplete clefts. Concerning supernumerary teeth, the prevalence for the male patients was 28.2% for complete cleft lip and 29.2% for incomplete cleft lip. For female patients, the prevalence was significantly (p  =  .006) lower for complete cleft lip (17.5%) than for incomplete cleft lip (46.6%). Conclusions: The present results suggest that the prevalence of hypodontia was higher in patients with complete cleft lip, and the prevalence of supernumerary teeth was higher in patients with incomplete cleft lip, in agreement with previous studies.