bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antibodies to Pasteurella haemolytica somatic antigens in two models of the bovine respiratory disease complex
Authors: McVey D. Scott , Loan Raymond W. , Purdy Charles W. , Richards Alan E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Serum samples obtained from feeder calves before and after entry into the market system (days 0 to 7) were assayed for antibodies to Pasteurella haemolytica biotype A, serotype 1 capsular polysaccharide (cps) and lipopolysaccharide/outer membrane protein (lpsp) by isotype in a kinetic-augmented, antigen-capture elisa. These test results, plus indirect hemagglutination (iha) antibody titers, and hemolysin-in-gel test (higt) findings were compared with clinical performance data during the initial 4 weeks in the feedlot (receiving period).
High concentrations of higt antibody, at the point of initial assembly of feeder calves at weaning and during the subsequent 7-day marketing period, were associated with freedom from bovine respiratory disease (brd) during the receiving period. High or rapidly increasing concentrations of anti-cps IgG1 during the marketing period were also associated with less brd. However, high concentrations of anti-lpsp IgGl during the marketing period were associated with increased brd during the receiving period. There was no correlation between the concentrations of antibody determined by iha tests early in the marketing period and freedom from brd during the receiving period. High concentrations of antibody determined by this test at entry into the feedlot (day 7) were associated with a high incidence of brd.
Calves vaccinated with a P haemolytica bacterin had significantly (P < 0.05) higher higt values and concentrations of anti-lpsp IgGl and iha antibody than did non-vaccinated calves on entry into the feedlot (day 7). Vaccination appeared to have little effect on the amount of anti-CPS IgG1. Of all the tests used to quantitate antibody, the higt correlated best with clinical performance. High concentrations of higt antibody during the marketing period predicted freedom from brd during the receiving period.
When calves were vaccinated with tissue culture-derived and conventional P haemolytica bacterins in oil adjuvant at 28-day intervals and tested for antibody responses by isotype on days 0, 28, and 35, there were clear and highly significant increases in anti-lpsp IgG1 activity. Also, the amount of anti-lpsp IgM and the higt and iha antibody titers increased significantly. In all tests, the antibody response was highest to the tissue culture-derived bacterin. High concentrations of higt antibody, as found in vaccinated animals, were correlated with resistance to transthoracic inoculation of virulent P haemolytica.
Macrophage function in mammary glands of Brucella abortus-infected cows and cows that resisted infection after inoculation of Brucella abortus
Authors: Harmon Barry G. , Adams L. Garry , Templeton Joe W. , Smith Roger 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Nonvaccinated pregnant cows were segregated retrospectively into 2 groups following inoculation with Brucella abortus strain 2308. One group resisted infection (resistant cows) and the other group developed active infections (susceptible cows) and subsequently aborted. Mammary gland macrophages collected from the 2 groups of cows were compared, using in vitro functional assays. In a chemiluminescence assay, mammary gland macrophages from resistant cows produced significantly (P = 0.014) higher oxidative burst activity than did macrophages from susceptible cows. Macrophages from resistant cows had significantly (P = 0.038) greater bacteriostatic activity against B abortus than did macrophages from susceptible cows. Differences in lysosomal enzymatic activity or Fc receptor expression were not observed for macrophages from the 2 groups of cows. Differences in macrophage function may be one factor responsible for natural resistance to Brucella infection in cattle.
Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to porcine immunoglobulin gamma, alpha, and light chains
Authors: Paul Prem S. , Mengeling William L. , Malstrom Carolyn E. , Van Deusen Richard A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Monoclonal antibodies (mab) to porcine immunoglobulins were produced by fusion of SP2/0 cells with splenic lymphocytes of mice that had been immunized with porcine IgG or IgA. Of 16 mab selected for detailed study, 13 reacted with heavy chains (7 anti-γ, 6 anti-α) and 3 reacted with light chains of native immunoglobulin. Several of the same mab (3 anti-γ chain, 1 anti-α chain, 3 anti-light chain) also reacted with denatured immunoglobulin by use of immunoblotting analysis. Collective results of competitive elisa, immunodiffusion, and immunoblotting analysis indicated that the 7 mab of anti-γ chain specificity were directed to 3 epitopes, the 6 mab of anti-α chain specificity were directed to at least 2 epitopes, and the 3 mab of anti-light chain specificity were directed to at least 2 epitopes that may have been located on different types of light chains. When tested by immunodiffusion with 5% polyethylene glycol incorporated in the agar matrix, all anti-γ chain and antilight chain mab, but no anti-α chain mab, had precipitating activity. When polyethylene glycol was not used, only 4 mab (all of the anti-γ chain specificity and of IgM isotype) had precipitating activity. These mab, with specificity for γ and α chains and those reported earlier with μ-chain specificity, should be invaluable in the detection and quantification of porcine immunoglobulin isotypes. These mab have potential applications in delineating the porcine immune response to selected immunogens.
Evaluation of the agar gel immunodiffusion test for diagnosis of subclinical paratuberculosis in cattle
Authors: Sherman D. M. , Bray B. , Gay J. M. , Bates F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Concurrent bacteriologic culture of feces and agar gel immunodifiusion (agid) testing was performed on all cows and bred heifers over 14 months old in 10 dairy herds during a 32-month period to determine the effectiveness of the agid test for the detection of subclinical paratuberculosis. Herds were sampled 5 times and, when possible, culled animals were tested again at slaughter.
During 5 herd-wide samplings, Mycobacterium para-tuberculosis was isolated from 139 fecal specimens obtained from 109 cattle. Results of the agid test were simultaneously positive 40 of 139 times (28.8%). Thirty-six of the 109 cattle (33.0%) determined to be infected had a positive agid test result at some point during the 5 herd-wide samplings. When results of tests performed at time of slaughter were included, 117 cattle were identified as infected by culture methods; 55 of these (47.0%) were agid test-positive at some point during the study. The upper limit of the maximal false-positive rate for the agid test was 2.1%.
On the basis of colony counts from cultures, subclini-cally infected cows shedding higher numbers of M paratuberculosis in their feces were more likely to have positive agid test results (P < 0.0001). In known infected cattle, neither the culture nor agid test results were consistently positive on repeated testing.
Of 48 official calfhood paratuberculosis vaccinates tested as adults, 3 had positive agid test results and in 1 of these, M paratuberculosis was also isolated from the feces, indicating that the rate of false-positive agid test results in calfhood vaccinates is low.
Prevalence of Cryptosporidium sp in equids in Louisiana
Authors: Coleman S. U. , Klei T. R. , French D. D. , Chapman M. R. , Corstvet R. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In 1985, 22 pony foals reared in a helminth-free environment were tested daily for oocysts of Cryptosporidium sp by use of fecal flotation. Oocysts were found in all foals. Oocysts were first observed in feces collected from foals 9 to 28 days after birth. The mean period of oocyst shedding was 10 days and ranged from 2 to 18 days in individual foals. Diarrhea was observed in 14 of 22 (64%) foals and began before the period of oocyst shedding. Fecal samples also were examined for other infective agents. Salmonella poona was isolated from 1 foal that did not have diarrhea, and Coronavirus particles were observed in the feces of 2 foals with diarrhea. Cryptosporidium sp oocysts also were observed in feces of 2 of 17 Thoroughbred foals, 3 of 14 Quarter Horse foals, and 3 of 26 pony foals reared on pastures with their dams. Samples from pasture-reared foals were collected at irregular intervals. Of the 11 Cryptosporidium-positive fecal samples collected from pastured foals, 2 were from foals with diarrhea.
A similar survey was conducted during the 1986 foaling season, using the same procedures. Examination of 300 samples from 58 Quarter Horse, Arabian, and pony foals did not detect oocysts. Daily examination of feces from 10 pony foals reared under helminth-free conditions for 30 days also failed to detect Cryptosporidium oocysts.
Basal and bile salt-stimulated bile flow and biliary lipid excretion in ponies
Authors: Engelking Larry R. , Anwer M. Sawkat , Hofmann Alan F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The role of bile salt in biliary lipid excretion was studied in 3 healthy ponies with chronic external biliary fistulas. After endogenous bile salt pool depletion, micelle-forming taurocholate or taurochenodeoxycholate was infused to replace excreted bile salt. Enterohepatic circulations were held open (total biliary diversion) throughout each study. Results indicated that biliary lipid excretion in ponies (113 ± 21 nmol/min/kg of body weight) is approximately 10 times less than that reported in rodents. Although the lipid composition (4.4% cholesterol, 5.6% phospholipid, and 90% bile salt) was within the predicted range for a single phase of micellar (or vesicular) liquid in solution, it was supersaturated with cholesterol because of low absolute concentrations of bile salt and phospholipid. Ponies, like guinea pigs, were determined to have a high bile salt-independent secretion of biliary lipid with little (or no) coupling to endogenous bile salt output. However, bile salt excretion induced by higher taurocholate infusion rates (ie, those greater than the physiologic range of 61 to 125 nmol/min/kg) was positively correlated with an increase in binary phospholipid excretion, but not cholesterol excretion, thus indicating that a threshold intracellular bile salt concentration may be associated with enhanced biliary phospholipid excretion in ponies. The apparent cholerectic effects of endogenous bile salts, taurocholate, and taurochenodeoxycholate (that is, the increment in bile flow per increment in bile salt recovered) were greater in ponies than reported for any other mammal.
Detection of bovine herpesvirus type 1 via an immunoperoxidase method, using monoclonal antibodies
Authors: Rodriguez M. , Heinlein A. Suarez , Ruiz M. , Metzler A. E. , Schudel A. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The sensitivity and specificity of the immunoperoxidase technique, using monoclonal antibodies, for the detection of bovine herpesvirus type 1 (bhv-1) was assessed and compared with viral isolation methods. In this study, bhv-1 antigens were detected in impression smears of brain obtained from calves in which bhv-1 was isolated. False-positive results were not observed after double-blind examination.
Preliminary identification of isolates as antigenic variants was possible by use of 3 monoclonal antibodies reactive with neurotropic and/or pneumotropic strains of bhv-1. Results were consistent with previous work in which characterization was performed by use of immunofluorescense and elisa.
The immunoperoxidase technique, using monoclonal antibodies, was determined to be specific and sensitive, compared with viral isolation, for the diagnosis of bhv-1 encephalitis. In addition, it has operative advantages in that the assay does not require tissue culture facilities, and results can be obtained within hours after specimens are obtained.
Morphologic features of the aqueous humor drainage pathways in horses
Authors: Samuelson Don , Smith Patricia , Brooks Dennis 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The iridocorneal angle of the horse was anteriorly lined by a pectinate ligament, consisting of several layers of vertically oriented collagenous beams, that were interrupted by a network of extracellular spaces. The anterior chamber angle consisted mostly of a large uveal trabecular meshwork that was composed of widely-spaced, thick trabeculae. These trabeculae were attached in part posteriorly to extensions of the ciliary body musculature and anteriorly inserted into the prominent pectinate ligament. The corneoscleral trabecular meshwork was shaped hemiobovately and formed the external boundary of the iridocorneal angle. The extracellular spaces were smaller and more evenly spaced than those in the uveal trabecular meshwork. Uveal and corneoscleral trabecular meshwork beams were mostly composed of cores of collagen and elastin surrounded by several layers of basement membrane-like material and, in turn, were entirely enveloped by trabecular cells. An anterior narrow zone of broad corneoscleral trabeculae was composed of elastin-collagen cores surrounded by circular bundles of long-spacing collagen.
The angular aqueous plexus was extensive, forming much of the external border of the outer corneoscleral trabecular meshwork. A dense zone was associated with the angular aqueous plexus, completely encompassing these aqueous outflow vessels.
Posteriorly, the iridocorneal angle was confluent with a well-defined band of trabeculae that was situated between the ciliary body musculature and subjacent sclera and extended posteriorly to the anterior-most region of the choroid where these trabeculae tapered and ended. This region is referred to as the supraciliary trabecular meshwork and indicates a potentially extensive route for outflow of aqueous humor in the equine eye.
Effects of hypertension and sympathetic denervation on cerebral blood flow in newborn pigs
Authors: Fletcher Anthony M. , Leffler Charles W. , Busija David W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
To investigate the potential role of sympathetic nerves in preventing pronounced increases in cerebral blood flow, we evaluated the effects of abrupt hypertension on the cerebral circulation of newborn pigs with intact cerebral sympathetic innervation and after cerebral sympathetic denervation. Epinephrine infusion was used to induce abrupt increases in mean (± sem) arterial pressure (innervated pigs, 62 ± 3 mm of Hg to 115 ± 3 mm of Hg; denervated pigs, 71 ± 4 mm of Hg to 132 ± 4 mm of Hg) that remained increased for the 3 minutes of the study. Abrupt hypertension increased blood flow to all brain regions. In denervated pigs, the increased flow to the cerebrum was prolonged, compared with that in pigs with intact sympathetic innervation. Differences between pigs of the innervated and denervated groups were not apparent, with respect to blood flow to any other region (caudate region, brain stem, cerebellum). In newborn pigs, sympathetic nerves may attenuate hypertension-induced increases in blood flow to the cerebrum, but do not appear to affect flow to the rest of the brain.
Specificity of neutralizing and precipitating antibodies induced in healthy calves by monovalent modified-live bovine viral diarrhea virus vaccines
Authors: Bolin Steven R. , Ridpath Julia F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Serum was obtained at weekly intervals after vaccination of 6 healthy calves with either of 2 commercially available monovalent modified-live bovine viral diarrhea (bvd) virus vaccines. Detectable neutralizing antibodies to each of 10 cytopathic and 10 noncytopathic isolates of bvd virus were produced by 1 or more of the calves by 14 days after vaccination, but no calf produced detectable neutralizing antibodies to all 20 bvd viruses. At that time, precipitating antibodies against viral-induced polypeptides of approximately 115,000; 80,000; 56,000; 48,000; 39,000; and 25,000 daltons were detected in sera from some calves. Also at that time, specificity of the antibodies for polypeptides of certain viruses was detected. At 21 days after vaccination, each calf produced neutralizing antibodies to all 20 bvd viruses. At that time, precipitating antibodies to each of the aforementioned viral induced polypeptides were detected in serum from each calf. Precipitating antibodies to viral induced polypeptides of 61,000 and 37,000 daltons were detected in samples of sera obtained from some calves at 42 days after vaccination.
Comparative virulence of two porcine group-A rotavirus isolates in gnotobiotic pigs
Authors: Collins J. E. , Benfield D. A. , Duimstra J. R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The virulence of 2 porcine group-A rotavirus isolates was compared. Forty hysterotomy-derived 3-day-old gnotobiotic pigs were inoculated orally with 2 ml of intestinal homogenate containing either the Ohio State University (OSU) or the South Dakota State University (SDSU) strain of porcine rotavirus or were inoculated with medium only. Clinical signs of disease, body weight, distribution of viral antigen, fecal excretion of virus, and histologic lesions (observed by light and scanning electron microscopy) were determined. Morphometric measurements of villi and crypts were made. In pigs inoculated with OSU or SDSU strains, diarrhea began at postinoculation hours (pih) 19 to 48 and pih 24 to 54, respectively. None of the virus-infected pigs died as a consequence of infection and all had similar clinical signs of disease, body weight changes, and virus-shedding patterns, regardless of the strain of rotavirus with which they were infected. Microscopic findings in the small intestine of virus-infected pigs were similar, except that the SDSU strain caused more severe villus atrophy and villus fusion in the duodenum at pih 72 and 168 than was associated with the OSU strain. Viral antigen in the small intestine of pigs infected with either virus was observed by use of immunofluorescence at pih 24 and 72, but was seldom seen at pih 168.
Collection of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in cats, using an endotracheal tube
Authors: Hawkins Eleanor C. , DeNicola Dennis B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was collected from 12 anesthetized cats by use of an endotracheal tube and syringe adapter. The safety of the technique was evaluated by monitoring mucous membrane color, capillary refill time, pulse rate, respiratory rate, ecg, and arterial blood gas tensions and by necropsy findings.
Group A consisted of 3 cats that were administered (by lavage) 4 aliquots of 20 ml of saline solution during anesthesia for placement of femoral artery catheters. Group B consisted of 4 cats that were administered a smaller total volume of saline solution (3 aliquots of 5 ml/kg of body weight) during a separate anesthetic period, other than the one for placement of catheters. Group C consisted of 5 cats administered 3 aliquots (5 ml/kg) of saline solution during a separate anesthetic period and administered supplemental oxygen for 5 to 10 minutes before and for 20 minutes after the lavage procedure.
Group-A cats had a prolonged recovery period that was attributed to the lengthy anesthetic period required for placement of femoral catheters. The effect was eliminated in the cats of the other groups in which the lavage procedure itself accounted for only 5 to 10 minutes of anesthetic time. Evaluation of mucous membrane color, capillary refill time, ecg, pulse, and respiratory rate revealed no persistent abnormalities. Transient increase in pulse and respiratory rate was seen in some cats.
Blood gas analysis revealed noticeable decrease in arterial oxygen pressures (Pao2) after the lavage procedure. In group-C cats, oxygen supplementation allowed the maintenance of normal or above normal Pao2. When oxygen was discontinued at 20 minutes, Pao2 was maintained at ≥ 60 mm of Hg. The variability in oxygen pressures did not appear to correlate with the volume of fluid remaining in the lungs.
Histologic evaluation of the lungs revealed no changes attributable to the lavage procedure. Most cats had minimal to mild inflammatory changes, and 4 cats had moderate to moderately severe bronchopneumonia. These changes were reflected in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, indicating that they were present at the time of lavage.
Scanning electron microscopy of corrosion casts of the optic nerve microcirculation in dogs
Authors: Brooks Dennis E. , Samuelson Don A. , Gelatt Kirk N. , Smith Patricia J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion casts of the optic nerve region in normal and glaucomatous Beagles demonstrated that the blood supply to the laminar optic nerve is derived from short posterior ciliary arteries, cilioretinal arteries, and longitudinal pial vessels. The short posterior ciliary arteries formed a ring of striated pillars around the scleral canal. The central retinal artery was not present in the dog. Differences between the casts in normal and glaucomatous dogs were not detected.
Ultrastructural changes in laminar optic nerve capillaries of Beagles with primary open-angle glaucoma
Authors: Brooks Dennis E. , Samuelson Don A. , Gelatt Kirk N. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Ultrastructural examination of optic nerve capillaries in the canine lamina cribrosa revealed many spherical, membrane-bound, electron-dense inclusions that closely resembled Weibel-Palade bodies, in pericytes and endothelial cells of preglaucomatous, early, moderately, and advanced affected Beagles with hereditary primary open-angle glaucoma. This ultrastructural difference between the laminar capillary endothelial cells of normal and glaucomatous Beagles could represent a functional vascular disorder, because Weibel-Palade bodies are associated with microcirculatory abnormalities.
Efficacy of various treatment regimens, using liposomal streptomycin in cows with brucellosis
Authors: Nicoletti Paul , Lenk Robert P. , Popescu Mircea C. , Swenson Christine E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Thirty cows naturally infected with Brucella abortus were treated by various routes, using free or liposomal streptomycin or a combination of liposomal streptomycin and a long-acting oxytetracycline preparation. Of 21 cows treated with liposomal streptomycin alone, 3 (14%) were culture negative and 3 had 10 or fewer bacterial colonies isolated from tissues obtained at necropsy. Thirteen (62%) cows continued to shed organisms in udder secretions and were considered treatment failures. Of 9 cows that were given a combination of liposomal streptomycin and long-acting oxytetracycline, 5 (56%) were cured, 3 had 10 or fewer colonies on culture plates of tissue after necropsy and only 1 continued to shed B abortus in udder secretions after treatment. Eleven cows were given streptomycin liposomes by intramammary infusion with or without im administration of long-acting oxytetracycline. The most effective regimen consisted of 2 intramammary infusions of streptomycin liposomes and 2 doses of oxytetracycline administered im. Of 5 cows treated thusly, 2 were cured and all others had fewer than 10 B abortus colonies isolated from tissues obtained at necropsy.