bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cost‐efficiency of Subsampling Protocols to Evaluate Oribatid‐Mite Communities in an Amazonian Savanna
Authors: Santos Evanira M. R. , Franklin Elizabeth , Magnusson William E. 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACTSampling oribatid mites in large areas using conventional methods is expensive, time‐consuming, and this constrains their use in environmental monitoring programs. We used samples collected in 38 plots of 3.75 ha spread over 30,000 ha in an Amazonian savanna to evaluate the reduction in costs and person‐hours in sampling and sorting and to elaborate cost‐effective protocols. Ten samples per plot were collected and extracted using a Berlese‐Tullgren apparatus. In the laboratory, samples were reduced to 50, 25, 12.5, and 6.25 percent of the initial content. Field‐effort reduction was estimated by reducing the number of subsamples per plot. Dissimilarity matrices were generated using Bray–Curtis, Sørensen, and Chao–Sørensen indices. Correlations between each reduced‐effort dissimilarity matrix and 100 or 50 percent sorting were used as an index of how much information was retained in reduced‐effort sampling, and could still be used in multivariate analyses. The effects of most predictor variables on mite composition were detected in data based on every level of sample reduction. The intensive sampling was insufficient to reveal the full oribatid‐mite fauna in the savanna; as more plots were sampled, more species were recorded. Our data indicate subsampling protocols for biodiversity assessment of oribatid mites in savanna that increase field and laboratory efficiency, and optimize both taxonomic and ecological aspects of the investigation.
Recent and future higher sea levels in New Zealand: A review
Authors: Kennedy David M. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract:   Understanding past sea levels is essential to respond to the challenges of climate change. In the Pacific and Tasman, sea level has been up to 1.5 m higher during the mid‐Holocene, similar to the predictions of some global warming models. Within New Zealand the knowledge of sea‐level movements, especially during the recent past is poor, with the last major investigation being conducted 20 years ago. This paper reviews the state of local understanding of higher sea levels and suggests regions for further study and new methods of analysis to understand the nature of sea‐level change in New Zealand.
A commentary on coastal research in New Zealand universities
Authors: Kench Paul S. , Bryan Karin R. , Hart Deirdre E. , Kennedy David M. , Hilton Michael J. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract:   University research in coastal geomorphology, processes and management has made a major contribution to the fundamental understanding of coastal systems in New Zealand over the past 43 years. This article examines the growth in university‐based coastal research since 1964 and discusses the geographical pattern and themes of this research. Data indicate a significant geographical concentration of research effort and focus on a narrow range of research themes. Underlying reasons for these characteristics of New Zealand coastal research are explored and challenges facing university based research are discussed. Such challenges can be overcome through a more coordinated research effort to realize the huge potential to undertake coastal science of national relevance and international significance.
TARGETED ENFORCEMENT AND ADVERSE SYSTEM SIDE EFFECTS: THE GENERATION OF FUGITIVES IN PHILADELPHIA*
Authors: GOLDKAMP JOHN S. , VÎLCICÃ E. RELY 
Published: July 2008

Research on targeted enforcement in high‐crime places has focused on direct crime‐reduction impacts, possible displacement of crime, and more recently, diffusion of benefits to adjacent areas. Studies have ignored other unanticipated negative effects that a place‐oriented enforcement intervention may have on the justice system overall. Using the generation of fugitive defendants as one possible example of an important system side effect, this study proposes hypotheses relating to adverse, generalized, system side effects of a place‐ and crime‐focused intervention, and it tests for target area and targeted crime‐type effects, nontarget area and nontargeted crime‐type effects, and overall system effects.The analysis employs a multiple interrupted time‐series design [auto‐regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA)] to test the impact of one widely publicized, geographically targeted drug‐enforcement strategy in Philadelphia (Operation Sunrise, formally launched in June 1998) on the incidence of bench warrants as a measure of fugitives (weekly aggregate bench warrants series for the period January 1994–May 2005; N= 590 observations). The findings appear to support all hypotheses as they relate to the example of the generation of fugitives, and suggest a generalized system adverse side effect from the circumscribed place‐ and crime‐focused intervention. The implications of the findings for both research and policy relating to targeted enforcement interventions are discussed.
NO ILLUSIONS: OFFENDER AND ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE IN MARYLAND'S PROACTIVE COMMUNITY SUPERVISION EFFORTS*
Authors: TAXMAN FAYE S. 
Published: July 2008

Research SummaryEvidence‐based supervision is the newest in a long line of efforts to advance community corrections. This new model adopts a risk‐need‐responsivity model where the agency uses a risk and need tool to identify appropriate treatment and control services and then assigns offenders to such services. Underscoring this new approach is the creation of a social learning environment that makes supervision officers active in facilitating offender change. The goal is to empower the offender. Maryland's Proactive Community Supervision (PCS) model was one of the first to implement this approach. Controlling for length of time on supervision and prior history, logistic regression results found that offenders who were supervised in this new style were less likely to be rearrested (30% for the PCS and 42% of the non‐PCS sample; p < 0.01) and less likely to have a warrant issued for technical violations (34.7% of the PCS group and 40% for the non‐PCS group; p < 0.10).Policy ImplicationsThe study findings indicate that a behavioral management approach can increase the frequency of contacts and obtain positive offender outcomes. More importantly, the PCS model illustrates that supervision agencies can be transformed to achieve public safety goals through focusing on offender change strategies. Providing officers with new behavioral skills to work with offenders and creating an empowering environment can yield positive outcomes. Criminal justice policy should focus on reengineering community supervision to prevent additional penetration into the justice system, to reduce churning, and to reduce incarceration.
Efficacy and tolerability of once‐daily cephalexin in canine superficial pyoderma: an open controlled study
Authors: Toma S. , Colombo S. , Cornegliani L. , Persico P. , Galzerano M. , Gianino M. M. , Noli C. 
Published: July 2008

Objectives:The aims of this study were to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of oral cephalexin given at 30 mg/kg once daily in dogs with superficial pyoderma and to compare them with those of oral cephalexin given at 15 mg/kg twice daily.Methods:Twenty dogs with superficial pyoderma were treated with cephalexin at 30 to 60 mg/kg orally once daily (group A) and compared with 20 dogs treated at a dose of 15 to 30 mg/kg orally twice daily (group B). Dogs were treated until 14 days after clinical remission. Type and distribution of lesions, pruritus and general health status were assessed every 14 days using a numerical scale until 14 days after treatment discontinuation. Total scores for each evaluation day were compared between the two groups as well as time to obtain resolution and percentage of relapses.Results:Resolution of superficial pyoderma was obtained in all dogs in 14 to 42 days (median 28 days for both groups), with no difference between groups. Six dogs experienced vomiting or diarrhoea but did not require discontinuation of the treatment. Only one dog (in group A) relapsed nine days after treatment discontinuation.ClinicalSignificance:Once‐daily cephalexin is as effective as twice‐daily cephalexin in the treatment of canine superficial pyoderma.
Comparison of sevoflurane and isoflurane in dogs anaesthetised for clinical surgical or diagnostic procedures
Authors: Bennett R. C. , Fancy S. P. J. , Walsh C. M. , Brown A. J. , Taylor P. M. 
Published: July 2008

Objectives:To assess attributes of sevoflurane for routine clinical anaesthesia in dogs by comparison with the established volatile anaesthetic isoflurane.Methods:One hundred and eight dogs requiring anaesthesia for elective surgery or diagnostic procedures were studied. The majority was premedicated with 0·03 mg/kg of acepromazine and 0·01 mg/kg of buprenorphine or 0·3 mg/kg of methadone before induction of anaesthesia with 2 to 4 mg/kg of propofol and 0·5 mg/kg of diazepam. They were randomly assigned to receive either sevoflurane (group S, n=50) or isoflurane (group I, n=58) in oxygen and nitrous oxide for maintenance of anaesthesia. Heart rate, respiratory rate, indirect arterial blood pressure, haemoglobin saturation, vaporiser settings, end‐tidal carbon dioxide and anaesthetic concentration and oesophageal temperature were measured. Recovery was timed. Data were analysed using analysis of variance and non‐parametric tests.Results:Heart rate (85 to 140/minute), respiratory rate (six to 27/minute) and systolic arterial blood pressure (80 to 150 mmHg) were similar in the two groups. End‐tidal carbon dioxide between 30 and 60 minutes (group S 6·4 to 6·6 and group I 5·8 to 5·9 per cent) and vaporiser settings throughout (group S 2·1 to 2·9 and group I 1·5 to 1·5 per cent) were higher in group S. There was no difference in time to head lift (18±16 minutes), sternal recumbency (28±22 minutes) or standing (48±32 minutes). No adverse events occurred.ClinicalSignificance:Sevoflurane appeared to be a suitable volatile anaesthetic for maintenance of routine clinical anaesthesia in dogs.
Sedation with midazolam versus local anaesthesia with lignocaine for transrectal prostate biopsies
Authors: Golan Ilana , Gdor Yehoshua , Katz Ran , Gofrit Ofer N. , Shapiro Amos , Pode Dov 
Published: July 2008

AbstractTransrectal ultrasound‐guided needle biopsy of the prostate is the only method for diagnosing prostate cancer. Although tolerated by most patients, 65–90% of patients complain of pain during the procedure. Most urologists utilize ultrasound‐guided transrectal injection of lignocaine. Intravenous sedation with short‐acting medications such as midazolam has been successfully used during many invasive ambulatory procedures, reducing discomfort and anxiety. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of pain and anxiety reduction using intravenous sedation with midazolam versus local anaesthesia with lignocaine during transrectal biopsies of the prostate in a cross‐sectional study. Ninety consecutive candidates for transrectal prostate biopsy were divided into 2 groups. Group A received periprostatic block with 2% lignocaine and group B received sedation with intravenous injection of 4 mg midazolam prior to insertion of the probe. Side‐effects and patient satisfaction were documented by questionnaires, which included a pain visual analogue scale (VAS). Significant differences were found between the two groups with respect to the patient’s perceived intensity of pain. Pain level expressed by a VAS was 4·2 in group A and 1·9 in group B (P < 0·001). Eighty‐seven per cent of the patients in group B stated that they would be willing to repeat the procedure if necessary compared with 55% in group A (P = 0·002). There were no complications or side‐effects as a result of midazolam sedation. Midazolam is more effective in relieving pain and anxiety during transrectal prostate biopsies and as safe as a local injection of lignocaine.
Outcome audit of nurse‐led lower urinary tract symptoms clinic: lessons and challenges for practice
Authors: Koo Vincent , McMahon Jenny , O’Brien Aidan , Young Michael , Marley Jerome 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe objective of this article was to review the outcome of assessments performed at a recently established nurse‐led one‐stop male lower urinary tract symptom (LUTS) assessment clinic. Retrospective audit was performed on 107 patients assessed between December 2006 and August 2007. Information obtained included demographics, symptoms, International Prostatic Symptom Score (IPSS), prostate‐specific antigen (PSA), electrolyte profile, mid‐stream sample of urine (MSSU), ultrasound scan of renal tracts, uroflowmetry (urinary flow studies), management plan and clinical outcome. The mean age of the patient was 65·8 years, and patients waited 15·7 weeks (previously up to 2 years) for consultation. Symptomatically, 51% had moderate (IPSS score 8–19) and 38% had marked symptoms (score 20–35), and 43·5% reported sexual dysfunction. The mean PSA, prostatic volume and postvoid residual urine volume were 4·9 ng/mL, 50·4 cc and 101·9 mL, respectively. The average maximum urinary flow was 14·9 mL/s, and only 1% of all MSSU obtained revealed urinary tract infection. The final clinical outcomes identified nine prostate cancers, three renal cancers, three bladder calculi, two urethral strictures, two atonic bladders, one new‐onset diabetes and one pelvi‐ureteric junction obstruction. From a treatment perspective, 70·1% patients had alpha‐blockers, 42·9% had a 5‐alpha reductase inhibitor, 15% had anticholinergics, 1% had transurethral incision of prostate, 2% had optical urethrotomy, 3% had cystolitholapaxy, 3% had radical nephrectomy and 8% had transurethral resection of prostate. This clinic had significantly reduced the waiting time for first assessment in people with LUTS. Additionally, it has highlighted areas for further refinement and revision and firmly establishes the need for ongoing reaudit. We tentatively suggest the inclusion of ultrasound renal tracts as part of LUTS assessment.
The 2005 French Urban Unrests: Data‐Based Interpretations
Authors: Jobard Fabien 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe French 2005 riots in the urban outskirts were the most numerous, widespread and violent France has experienced since the beginning of the 1980s. InThe Politics of Collective Violence, Charles Tilly refused the term ‘riot as a scientific idiom’ because it embodies a political judgment rather than an analytical distinction. Authorities and observers label as riots the damage‐going gatherings of which they disapprove, but they use terms like demonstrations, protest, resistance or retaliation for essentially similar events of which they approve (2003, 18).Our aim here is to discuss this assertion. How far is violence an act of protest? How far can the authors of collective violence acting in the French deprived urban areas in November 2005 be described as ‘rioters’ or rebels? The following contribution mainly focuses on empirical data (quantitative and qualitative) in order to fulfil this aim. We will leave the root causes and contextual aspects by one side (economic deprivation, urban segregation, conflicts with police forces, etc.) and concentrate on immediate data produced in the wake of the riots, in the little research produced afterwards.
Women and War: Militarism, Bodies, and the Practice of Gender
Authors: Riley Robin L. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractWomen around the world, in various geographic spaces, social and cultural contexts, as partners, wives, sisters, daughters, mothers, mourners, and victims experience war. Women's experience of war and their participation in it, either as actors or resistors, victims or perpetrators (Moser and Clark 2001), cheerleaders or critics, are always influenced by the construction of gender operating in and around their lives. While constructions of masculinity and femininity are always circulating in and around militarism and war, women's bodies are sometimes primary considerations for military and state leaders; this creates a visibility/invisibility/hyper‐visibility problem for women in wartime. In this essay, women's participation in war as soldiers, refugees, prisoners, jailers, activists, and suicide bombers and the accompanying shift in the practice of femininity and masculinity is explored.
The case for euro oil trading
Authors: Noreng Øystein 
Published: July 2008

AbstractBecause the crude oil market is not perfectly competitive, the choice of currency is relevant for real oil prices in different markets. The euro has taken the brunt of the dollar depreciation, so that oil prices in recent years have been more stable in euros than in dollars. Stability makes the euro a more attractive currency for storing value, also for oil exporters. Therefore, the euro should replace the dollar as the as the unit of account, the standard of value in contracts and the medium of exchange; in brief, oil should be priced and traded in euros. The counter‐argument is that international oil trading is based on the dollar, not only for crude oil, but also for refined products that ultimately are sold in local currencies; this provides a transparent and efficient oil market. The present dollar oil trading imposes a currency risk and ensuing costs on non‐US agents in the market are often seen as unreasonable. Further depreciation would most likely undermine the position of the dollar in oil trading.
Dynamics of petroleum markets in OECD countries in a monthly VAR–VEC model (1995–2007)
Authors: Asali Mehdi 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis paper contains some results of a study in which the dynamics of petroleum markets in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is investigated through a vector auto regression (VAR)–vector error correction model. The time series of the model comprises the monthly data for the variables demand for oil in the OECD, WTI in real term as a benchmark oil price, industrial production in OECD as a proxy for income and commercial stocks of crude oil and oil products in OECD for the time period of January 1995 to September 2007. The detailed results of this empirical research are presented in different sections of the paper; nevertheless, the general result that emerges from this study could be summarised as follows: (i) there is convincing evidence of the series being non‐stationary and integrated of order one I(1) with clear signs of co‐integration relations between the series; (ii) the VAR system of the empirical study appears stable and restores its dynamics as usual, following a shock to the rate of changes of different variables of the model, taking between five and eight periods (months in our case); (iii) we find the lag length of 2 as being optimal for the estimated VAR model; (iv) significant impact of changes in the commercial crude and products’ inventory level on oil price and on demand for oil is highlighted in our empirical study and in different formulations of the VAR model, indicating the importance of the changes in the stocks’ level on oil market dynamics; and (v) income elasticity of demand for oil appears to be prominent and statistically significant in most estimated models of the VAR system in the long run, while price elasticity of demand for oil is found to be negligible and insignificant in the short run. However, while aggregate oil consumption does not appear to be very sensitive to the changes of oil prices (which is believed to be because of the so‐called ‘rebound effect’ of oil (energy) efficiency in the macro level) in the macro level, the declining trend of oil intensity (oil used for production of unit value of goods and services), particularly when there is an upward trend in oil price, clearly indicates the channels through which persistent changes in oil prices could affect the demand for oil in OECD countries.
Comparison of dynamic contour tonometry with Goldmann applanation tonometry in glaucoma practice
Authors: Halkiadakis Ioannis , Patsea Eleni , Chatzimichali Katerina , Skouriotis Sotiris , Chalkidou Sonia , Amariotakis Georgios , Papakonstadinou Dimitrios , Theodossiadis George , Amariotakis Apostolos , Georgopoulos Gerasimos 
Published: July 2008

Abstract.Purpose:  To compare intraocular pressure (IOP) readings taken using dynamic contour tonometry (DCT) with IOP readings taken with Goldmann applanation tonometry (GAT) in eyes with glaucoma or ocular hypertension.Methods:  The present study included 100 eyes in 100 patients with glaucoma or ocular hypertension. After pachymetry DCT and GAT were performed. Intraocular pressures as measured with DCT and GAT were compared with one another and with central corneal thickness (CCT).Results:  Mean DCT IOP measurements (20.1 ± 4.3 mmHg) were significantly (p < 0.001) higher than GAT IOP values (17.9 ± 4.7 mmHg). The mean difference between DCT and GAT measurements was 2.1 mmHg (range − 3.4 to 9.7 mmHg). The difference followed a normal distribution. Measurements made with DCT and GAT correlated significantly with one another (Spearman’s rho = 0.761, p < 0.001). Neither GAT nor DCT measurements showed a significant correlation with CCT (537 ± 39 μm, range 458–656 μm). Multivariate regression analysis has shown that the difference between DCT and GAT is influenced significantly by ocular pulse amplitude (r = − 0.334, p = 0.001) and it is not influenced by CCT (r = − 0.106, p = 0.292).Conclusions:  In eyes with glaucoma or ocular hypertension, DCT facilitates suitable and reliable IOP measurements which are in good concordance with GAT readings. Variation in CCT cannot by itself explain the differences in measurements taken with DCT and GAT in a number of eyes.
Trabeculectomy with an active postoperative regimen: results and resource utilization
Authors: Taube Amelie B. , Niemelä Pekka , Alm Albert 
Published: July 2008

Abstract.Purpose:  To evaluate intraocular pressure (IOP) and resource utilization after trabeculectomy, using an active postoperative regimen, in a Swedish population.Methods:  A retrospective analysis was performed on the patient charts of all patients who underwent trabeculectomy in a Swedish university hospital during 1 year (November 2000–December 2001). Trabeculectomy was performed in 34 eyes and trabeculectomy in combination with phacoemulsification in 10 eyes. Intraocular pressure, visual acuity, complications and numbers of injections of 5‐fluorouracil, suture removal, needling procedures and visits to ophthalmologists were recorded for 2 years.Results:  Mean IOP before surgery was 30.4 mmHg (standard deviation [SD] 9.5) in eyes with capsular glaucoma and 28.7 mmHg (SD 9.3) in eyes with primary open‐angle glaucoma. Mean IOP after 2 years was 15.3 mmHg (SD 3.9) in all eyes. Intraocular pressure of < 18 mmHg was achieved in 65% of the eyes after 2 years, as was IOP ≤ 13 mmHg in 37%. Flap or suture manipulation was performed in 41 of 44 eyes. Needling procedures were carried out a mean of 2.3 times in 31 eyes. The mean number of visits to an ophthalmologist was 14.1 during the first postoperative year and 4.4 during the second.Conclusions:  The results were encouraging, with few complications and modest resource utilization.