bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Empirical forecasts of 850 hPa air temperature anomalies over the North Atlantic
Authors: Gómez E. Sánchez , García F. Álvarez , Beviá M. J. Ortiz 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe empirical forecasts presented here were developed as a benchmark for dynamical forecasts provided by uncoupled and coupled general‐circulation models. The predictand field is the variability of 850 hPa air temperature anomalies over the North Atlantic basin at timescales greater than eight months. The predictor field is chosen among different datasets (sea surface temperature anomalies, the predictand field itself, etc.). Some of the experiments make use of a single predictor field, whereas others use several. The performance of the forecasts, measured by the correlation between observed and forecast fields, is assessed against the skill of forecasts performed on a simple persistence basis.The statistical scheme used to make the forecast is based on singular‐value decomposition (SVD) of the cross‐covariance matrix between the predictor and the predictand field at the lead requested for the forecast. Prior to the SVD calculations, we remove with a filter the variability of predictor and predictand fields at timescales below eight months. Forecasts of air temperature anomaly have been made over the period from 1970 to 1998, at different lead times. The highest skill is achieved when the predictors are computed from anomalies of sea surface temperature over roughly the same domain as the predictand. The skill of the forecast is important south of 45°N and is broadly consistent through the three decades. About 56% of the variance of the eight‐month filtered predictand field (36% of the variance of the original field) can be forecast nine months ahead. The best values of the forecast skill appear in two regions, one in the subtropics and the other around the Iberian peninsula. Only in this last region, and also in another region over the USA, does the skill of the forecasts beat the skill of persistence.In order to identify the origin of the skill we study its dependence on the target season. We also investigate its dependence on the phase of the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the North Atlantic Oscillation. The skill is, in first place, related to the ability of the scheme at capturing the variability at biennial and ENSO‐related timescales.
Solubilization of selected polycyclic aromatic compounds by nonionic surfactants
Authors: Swe Mar Mar , Yu Liya E. , Hung Kun‐Chih , Chen Bing‐Hung 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSolubilization of selected polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC) by biodegradable nonionic surfactants, Tergitol 15‐S‐X (X=7 or 9) and Neodol 25–7, was investigated and correlated with micellar properties of these surfactants. These PAC include dibenzofuran, phenanthrene, acenaphthene, fluoranthene, and 9‐chloroanthracene. Tergitol surfactants are mixtures of secondary ethoxylated alcohols, and Neodol 25–7 is a mixture of similar species but has the alcohol group in the primary position. These surfactants have the same chain length of hydrophobic tails and similar numbers of ethylene oxides. The results show that the Neodol surfactant yields micelles having larger hydrophobic core volume and renders a higher solubilization capacity for the PAC solubilizates in comparison with Tergitol surfactants. In general, aggregation numbers and micellar sizes both increase at elevated temperatures still below the cloud point. The micellewater partition coefficients of these PAC by the nonionic surfactants were well correlated to their octanol‐water partition coefficients. Moreover, an estimated log Kow value of 9‐chloanthracene is 4.78.
Comparative study of neighboring group participation in reactions of N‐bromoor N‐chlorosuccinimide on methyl isoricinoleate
Authors: Singh Sukhprit , Singh Bhupinderpal 
Published: February 2007

AbstractReacting methyl isoricinoleate with N‐bromosuccinimide in the presence of excess diols [mono‐, di‐, tri‐, and tetraethylene glycol] gave the 1,4‐epoxy derivative in 80% yield along with the respective ß‐bromoethoxylates as minor products (20%). However, when the reaction was carried out with N‐chlorosuccinimide, the yield of 1,4‐epoxy derivative was reduced to 20%, and formation of ß‐chloroethoxylates was increased to 80%.
Parametric study of surfactant effect on mechanical and dissolution properties of detergent tablets
Authors: Chantraine F. , Viana M. , Brielles N. , Mondain‐Monval O. , Pouget C. , Branlard P. , Rubinstenn G. , Chulia D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe aim of this study is to investigate the functional characteristics (mechanical strength and disintegration time) of effervescent detergent tablets containing chlorine provider in the presence of surfactant. A preliminary study high‐lighted that the presence of 2% of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was not favorable to the tablet mechanical properties, inducing a lower “bonding ability,” whereas the disintegration time increased, compared with the reference tablets without surfactant. The linear relationship between the disintegration time and the end‐dissolution time led us to consider just the disintegration time to express the behavior of the tablets in water. A parametric study has been completed to assess the influence of the mixing method, the nature, the hydrophilic‐lipophilic balance, the granulometry, and the concentration of the surfactant on the tablet properties. In all cases, surfactant presented adverse effects on the mechanical properties and had a retarding effect on disintegration time, but neither solubility, hydrophilic‐lipophilic balance, interfacial properties, nor ionic character could be clearly involved to explain surfactant contribution. Furthermore, tablet dissolution could not be correlated to surfactant available surface, as evidenced by granulometry comparison on one side and concentration impact on the other side (a similar effect was observed from 1 to 15%). On the contrary, mechanical properties were damaged as much as the area developed by surfactant particles increased. On the basis of this work, it has been concluded that SDS interacts with the other compounds of the formula by creating weak interparticle bonds and limiting water uptake responsible for disintegration.
Synthesis and interfacial properties of sugar‐based surfactants composed of homo‐and heterodimers
Authors: Castro Mariano J. L. , Cirelli Alicia Fernández , Kovensky José 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDimeric sugar‐based amphiphiles were synthesized starting from D‐glucose and a commercial mixture of dodecyl and tetradecyl alcohols by a simple procedure. Three different spacers (glutaryl, succinyl, and terephthaloyl) were used to link the sugar moieties through O‐2 or O‐6. Dimeric compounds are composed by mixtures of homodimers (C‐12/C‐12) and heterodimers (C‐12/C‐14). The interfacial properties of these nonionic gemini surfactants are described.
Water‐soluble metalworking fluid additives derived from the derivatives of 3‐mercaptopropionic acid
Authors: Kawato Yuichi , Kamiusuki Toshiro , Watanabe Shoji 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA number of derivatives of thiocarboxylic acid were prepared from the reaction of 3‐mercaptopropionic acid and alkyl halides, and screened for anti‐rust properties in water‐soluble metalworking fluids. Aqueous metalworking fluids containing octylthiopropionic acid or hexylthioacetic acid showed excellent anti‐rust properties for water‐soluble metalworking fluids.
The inhibitory action of long‐chain fatty acids on the DNA binding activity of p53
Authors: Iijima Hiroshi , Kasai Nobuyuki , Chiku Hiroyuki , Murakami Shizuka , Sugawara Fumio , Sakaguchi Kengo , Yoshida Hiromi , Mizushina Yoshiyuki 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe in vitro relationship between human p53 DNA binding domain (p53 DBD) and FA was investigated. We found that saturated and monounsaturated long‐chain FA inhibited the double‐stranded DNA (dsDNA) binding activity of p53 DBD. The strongest inhibitors of saturated and unsaturated FA were docosanoic acid (22∶0) and cis‐12‐heneicosenoic acid (21∶1n−9), respectively. n‐Octadecane, trans‐unsaturated FA, and FAME had no influence on the binding activity of p53 DBD, showing that the FA structures such as one or no double bond of cis configuration, hydrocarbon chain of length C20 to C22, and free carboxyl groups are important for the inhibition. The inhibitory effect of the R248A mutant of p53 DBD by saturated FA was as strong as that for wild‐type p53 DBD. On the other hand, the inhibition of dsDNA binding activity of the same mutant by the cis‐configuration of monounsaturated FA was weaker than that for the wild type. These results suggest that R248 in p53 DBD is important for binding to monounsaturated FA. This is the first report that long‐chain FA act as dsDNA binding inhibitor of p53, and it could be considered that FA in the cell membrane might regulate the activity of p53 for cell division, cell‐cycle checkpoint, and tumor suppression.
Pre-axial mirror polydactyly associated with tibial deficiency: A study of the patterns of skeletal anomalies of the foot and leg
Authors: Verghese Renjit , Shah Hitesh , Rebello Gleeson , Joseph Benjamin 
Published: February 2007

Purpose The study was undertaken to identify the patterns and spectrum of aberrant development of the skeletal elements of the leg and foot in children with pre-axial mirror polydactyly of the foot. Methods Case records and radiographs of eight children (ten feet) with pre-axial mirror polydactyly were studied. Four feet were seen in association with fibular dimelia, three feet with dysplastic trapezoid shaped tibia, two with tibial aplasia and one with tibial hypoplasia. Results Distinct patterns of anomalies of the hindfoot, midfoot and forefoot were noted, with different patterns of leg malformation. Fibular dimelia was associated with duplication of the calcaneum, cuboid and the lateral cuneiform. Talar duplication occurred in children with a trapezoidal tibia. No duplication of tarsal bones was seen in association with tibial aplasia or hypoplasia. The first metatarsal was hypoplastic wherever the tibia failed to develop. Mere resection of the supernumerary rays resulted in a near normal looking foot in feet without calcaneal duplication. The cosmetic appearance of the foot was poorest in children with fibular dimelia.
Neuroprotective effects of TJ‐23 (Tokishakuyakusan) on adult rat motoneurons following peripheral facial nerve axotomy
Authors: Ito Makoto , Masao Ohbayashi , Furukawa Mitsuru , Okoyama Shigeo 
Published: February 2007

ObjectiveWe investigated free radical scavenging activity and the possible neuroprotective effect of Tokishakuyakusan (TJ‐23) on facial motor nucleus (FMN) motoneurons after peripheral axotomy.Study DesignIn 40 adult rats, the right facial nerve was transected at the level of the stylomastoid foramen. Following axotomy, the effects of TJ‐23 on nitric oxide synthase were investigated using NADPH‐d histochemistry. FMN motoneurons were counted bilaterally in sections stained with cresyl violet.ResultsRats administered TJ‐23 exhibited clear suppression of injury‐induced neuronal NADPH‐d expression in the ipsilateral FMN when compared to nontreated controls. The number of surviving motoneurons in the ipsilateral FMN was significantly greater among TJ‐23‐treated rats than nontreated controls on day 56 following axotomy.ConclusionThe present study demonstrates the neuroprotective effect of TJ‐23 after peripheral facial nerve axotomy.SignificanceAntioxidants may have therapeutic potential in traumatic facial nerve dysfunction resulting from head injury, ear surgery, and parotid gland surgery.
Intranasal CpG DNA therapy during allergen exposure in allergic rhinitis
Authors: Suzuki Motohiko , Matsumoto Tamami , Ohta Nobuo , Min Wei‐Ping , Murakami Shingo 
Published: February 2007

Objective1) To estimate the effectiveness of intranasal administration of CpG DNA alone on allergic rhinitis compared with intradermal administration; and 2) to find out how CpG DNA therapy is useful in treatment of allergic rhinitis.Study DesignMice were intraperitoneally sensitized and intranasally challenged with Japanese cedar. Therapy with CpG DNA alone was also performed during challenge, either intranasally or intradermally. Immunologic variables and nasal symptom were studied.ResultsIntranasal administration of CpG DNA alone significantly reduced the levels of IgE, IL‐5 productions from nasal lymphocytes and splenocytes, nasal eosinophilia, and nasal symptoms, although intradermal administration of CpG DNA alone showed no significant reduction.ConclusionThis study demonstrated that CpG DNA has effects not only on splenocytes but also on nasal lymphocytes to attenuate allergic rhinitis, and that intranasal administration, but not intradermal administration, of CpG DNA alone during allergen exposure is useful for control of allergic rhinitis.
Total thyroidectomy is the preferred treatment for patients with Graves' disease and a thyroid nodule
Authors: Boostrom Sarah , Richards Melanie L. 
Published: February 2007

ObjectiveTo identify the indications and outcomes of total thyroidectomy for Graves' disease in a North American cohort.Study Design and SettingProspective database of 297 patients undergoing total thyroidectomy in a tertiary care center identified 49 patients with Graves'.ResultsThere were 37 women and 12 men (mean age, 37.9 years). Common indications for surgery were: refusal of radioactive iodine (20%), thyroid storm (18%), a thyroid nodule (16%), failure of I131(14%), and ophthalmopathy (14%). Complications included: symptomatic hypocalcemia (14%), permanent hypoparathyroidism (0%), and symptoms of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury (0%). Graves' patients had more bleeding (117 mL versus 48 mL, P < 0.05). Clinical nodules were malignant in 38%. Papillary thyroid carcinoma occurred in 10% of patients, with 60% multifocal, and 60% lymph node metastases.ConclusionTotal thyroidectomy for Graves' has minimal morbidity. Patients with Graves' and a thyroid nodule are at an increased risk for malignancy and should be treated with a total thyroidectomy.
Tympanometric volume: A predictor of success of tympanoplasty in children
Authors: Merenda Daniel , Koike Kazunari , Shafiei Majid , Ramadan Hassan 
Published: February 2007

ObjectivesTo determine if preoperative tympanometric volumes have any predictive value in the success of pediatric tympanoplasty.Study Design and SettingRetrospective chart review in a tertiary referral center.Main Outcome MeasuresSuccess was defined as no evidence of tympanic membrane perforation via otoscopic examination and normal aeration of the middle ear.MethodsFifty‐eight pediatric patients who underwent tympanoplasty between 1996 and 2004 were studied; reviewed factors included recent discharge from the ear, perforation size, disease of the contralateral ear, age, gender, middle ear findings, and location of perforation.ResultsThe overall success rate was 59 percent. The success rate was 89 percent for patients with a large preoperative tympanometric volume compared with 34 percent for patients with a small volume. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that disease of the contralateral ear and a large tympanometric volume were statistically significant.Conclusion and SignificanceA large tympanometric volume may be an important factor when considering tympanoplasty in children. In addition, disease of the contralateral ear may be a prognostic indicator.
Hydrogen peroxide ototoxicity in unblocking ventilation tubes: A chinchilla pilot study
Authors: Marc‐Elie Nader , Maria Kourelis , Daniel Sam Joseph 
Published: February 2007

ObjectiveSome clinicians use hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to clear the lumen of ventilation tubes that become blocked post‐operatively. The ototoxicity associated with H2O2 has been controversial.Study DesignWe designed an experiment to test if H2O2 damages the cochlear hair cells using a Chinchilla laniger animal model.MethodsNine chinchillas (18 ears) were included in this study. Each animal was used as its own control. Following the insertion of ventilation tubes in both ears and baseline recordings of the auditory brain stem responses (ABR), we instilled 2 ml of 3 percent H2O2 into their right external auditory canals (experimental ears). H2O2 was left in the external auditory canal for a total of 5 minutes and then was drained. We instilled a normal saline control solution in their left ears (control ears) in a similar fashion. ABR recordings were performed 1 day after the last instillation of H2O2 and 5 days later.ResultsThere was no statistically significant difference in the ABR thresholds of the experimental and control ears.ConclusionH2O2 did not appear to cause ototoxicity in chinchilla ears with tympanostomy tubes exposed to H2O2 instillation using a standard clinical protocol.
CHAPTER 7 Methods for detection of HPV infection and its clinical utility
Authors: Villa Luisa Lina , Denny Lynette 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHPVs cannot be cultured and the detection of virus relies on a variety of techniques used in immunology, serology, and molecular biology. Currently the only FDA‐approved commercially available method for the detection of HPV DNA is the Hybrid Capture assay, version hc2 (Digene, Gaithersburg, MD, USA) which is able to detect 13 high‐risk types of HPV. The advantage of PCR‐based methods of HPV DNA detection is that they allow for the identification of different types of HPV. This article discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the different methods of HPV DNA detection. HPV DNA testing can be used in a variety of clinical scenarios that include a primary screening test, particularly in women older than 30 years;as an adjunctive test to cytology;to triage women who have an equivocal cytologic finding, e.g., ASC‐US, or for follow up post‐treatment. In addition, HPV DNA testing can be performed on samples obtained by women themselves (so‐called self‐sampling), which may be useful in women who are resistant to undergoing gynecologic examinations.
CHAPTER 10 A public health approach to cervical cancer control: Considerations of screening and vaccination strategies
Authors: Goldie Sue 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCervical cancer remains a leading cause of cancer death among women living in low‐resource settings. In the last 3 decades, cytologic screening has —in theory —been available and yet more than 6 million women have died of this preventable disease. The necessary resources, infrastructure, and technological expertise, together with the need for repeated screenings at regular intervals, make cytologic screening difficult to implement in poor countries. As noncytologic approaches for the detection of HPV, simple visual screening methods for anogenital lesions caused by HPV, and the availability of an HPV‐16/18 vaccine will enhance the linkage between screening and treatment, multiple factors will need to be considered when designing new, or modifying existing prevention strategies. Countryspecific decisions regarding the best strategy for cervical cancer control will need to rely on data from many sources and take into account complex epidemiologic, economic, social, political, and cultural factors, and be made despite uncertainty and incomplete information. A rigorous decision analytic approach using computerbased modeling methods enables linkage of the knowledge gained from empirical studies to real‐world situations. This chapter provides an introduction to these methods, reviews lessons learned from cost‐effectiveness analyses of cervical cancer screening in developed and developing countries, and emphasizes important qualitative themes to consider in designing cervical cancer prevention policies.
Effects of lymphotoxin-α gene and galectin-2 gene polymorphisms on inflammatory biomarkers, cellular adhesion molecules and risk of coronary heart disease
Authors: Asselbergs Folkert W. , Pai Jennifer K. , Rexrode Kathryn M. , Hunter David J. , Rimm Eric B. 
Published: February 2007

The pro-inflammatory cytokine LTA (lymphotoxin-α) has multiple functions in regulating the immune system and may contribute to inflammatory processes leading to CHD (coronary heart disease). The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the common C804A (resulting in a Thr26→Asp amino acid substitution) and A252G polymorphisms of the LTA gene and the C3279T polymorphism of the galectin-2 (LGALS2) gene, which affects LTA secretion, are associated with inflammatory parameters and cell adhesion molecules, and whether these polymorphisms are related to CHD in American women and men. We conducted a prospective nested case-control study within the Nurses' Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-Up Study. Among participants free of cardiovascular disease at baseline, 249 women and 266 men developed CHD during 8 and 6 years of follow-up respectively, and we matched controls 2:1 based on age and smoking. The LGALS2 gene variant was significantly associated with a decreased risk of CHD in women [odds ratio (95% confidence interval), 0.70 (0.50–0.97); P=0.03]. In addition, the LGALS2 polymorphism was directly associated with CRP (C-reactive protein) levels in cases from both studies (P&lt;0.05). The LTA gene polymorphisms were directly associated with levels of sTNFRs (soluble tumour necrosis factor receptors) and VCAM-1 (vascular cell adhesion molecule-1) in both women and men with CHD (P&lt;0.05). However, no overall effect was demonstrated between LTA gene polymorphisms and risk of CHD.
Protection and Challenge of Pharmaceutical Patents
Authors: Mándi Attila 
Published: February 2007

Recent trends of patent enforcement in the pharmaceutical industry are discussed with particular reference to chemical process patents, formulation patents, patented salts and derivatives, polymorph patents, second indication inventions, metabolite patents and dosage regimen patents. The basic principles of patent rights are summarised and practical recommendations are disclosed on the patentability, enforceability and invalidation of the patent types discussed above. Some tactical advice is presented for generics companies on how to endeavour to avoid patent conflicts and what to do in case of an infringement suit. The importance of patenting the R&D results of generic companies, in terms of the creation of chemical and biological generic products, is emphasised.
Comprehensive Characterisation of the Innovator Product: Targeting Bioequivalent Generics
Authors: Koradia Vishal S. , Chawla Garima , Bansal Arvind K. 
Published: February 2007

Generic products are cost effective and speedy surrogates for high-priced innovator/branded products. The prerequisite for the development of a generic product is therapeutic equivalence (comprising pharmaceutical equivalence and bioequivalence) to the innovator product, thus ensuring comparable efficacy and safety profile. The probability of successfully developing a bioequivalent product can be improved by developing a formulation equivalent to the reference listed drug (RLD), in terms of the quantitative, solid-state characteristics of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and the manufacturing process. This can be achieved by a systematic and thorough characterisation of the RLD. The present study was aimed at developing a methodology for characterisation of ranitidine hydrochloride tablets, with special emphasis on the solid-state characterisation of the API in the tablet. A differential solubility method was employed for the separation and quantification of excipients present in the tablet. Solid-state properties were characterised using a range of microscopic, thermal, spectroscopic and crystallographic techniques. In addition, results were confirmed by preparing inhouse tablets of the polymorphic forms I and II, using the decoded quantitative formula.