bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fatty acid oxidation and other biochemical changes induced by cooking in commonly used Indian fats and oils
Authors: Rastogi Priyanka , Mathur Beena , Rastogi Shweta , Gupta V.P. , Gupta Rajeev 
Published: January 2007

PurposeCooking can adversely affect chemical characteristics of edible oils. The purpose of this paper is to determine biochemical changes due to cooking in commonly used Indian fats and oils through an experimental study.Design/methodology/approachChanges in chemical properties of various edible oils [Indian ghee (clarified butter), hydrogenated oil, coconut oil, mustard‐rapeseed oil, groundnut oil, soyabean oil, cottonseed oil and sunflower oil] were studied. Oils were subjected to various cooking methods (shallow frying, sautéing, single deep frying and multiple deep fryings) using an inert substance. Peroxide content was estimated as index of fatty‐acid oxidation, free fatty acids, iodine value for determination of fatty‐acid unsaturation and trans‐fatty acids at baseline and after cooking using colorimetric and gas‐liquid chromatography methods. Three samples were analyzed for each process (n = 144). Significance of change was determined using t‐test.FindingsThere was a significant increase in peroxide content (mEq/L) of Indian ghee from 1.83±0.03 at baseline to 4.5–6.6 by different cooking methods, hydrogenated oil (0.45±0.07 to 1.7–8.5), coconut oil (1.01±0.01 to 3.2–9.2), mustard‐rapeseed oil (0.90±0.01 to 2.1–5.3), groundnut oil (0.96±0.01 to 1.9–3.7), soyabean oil (0.86±0.02 to 1.9–3.4), cottonseed oil (0.71±0.01 to 2.9–6.4) and sunflower oil (1.09±0.01 to 2.3–10.2) (p<0.05). Free fatty acid content (g/100 g) was in undetectable amounts in all the fats at baseline and increased in Indian ghee (0.16–0.22), hydrogenated oil (0.09–0.23), coconut oil (0.09–1.39), mustard‐rapeseed oil (0.07–0.19), groundnut oil (0.09–0.18), soyabean oil (0.06–0.12), cottonseed oil (0.09–0.22) and sunflower oil (0.08–0.13). Trans‐fatty acids increased from 0.1% at baseline to 14.5% after sautéing and shallow frying and 15.8–16.8% after deep frying in hydrogenated oils (p<0.01). The iodine value decreased, indicating a decrease in unsaturated fats, insignificantly. The largest amount of oxidation was observed by shallow frying and free‐fatty‐acid formation by multiple deep frying. Hydrogenated, coconut and sunflower oils were the most susceptible to oxidation and soyabean oil the most resistant. Single deep frying caused the least changes in chemical composition of various fats and oils. Indian cooking practices significantly increase the peroxides, free fatty acids and trans‐fatty acids in edible oils and fats. Single deep frying appears to be the least harmful method and soyabean oil the least susceptible to degradation.Originality/valueThe paper offers an experimental study to determine biochemical changes due to cooking in commonly used Indian fats and oils.
Cooperation and stress
Authors: Zeffane Rachid , McLoughlin Dominic 
Published: January 2007

PurposeThe purpose of the case study was to examine the varying impact of job‐level and organization‐level characteristics on team‐level cooperation and feelings of stress. In attempting to highlight the relevance of sub‐cultures, it compares these relationships across two departments in an Information and Communication Technology (ICT) company operating in Australia.Design/methodology/approachUses survey data from a medium size company in the ICT industry operating in Australia. There were 397 respondents to the survey.FindingsStatistical analyses show that job satisfaction and positive communication with managers are strong predictors of feelings of stress and perceived cooperation. Further scrutiny of the data at sub‐unit levels, clearly suggests that the cultural variant is a strong mediator of these relationships.Originality/valueAdds to the evidence that the social and organizational aspects of the workplace are potential explanatory variables in finding lasting cures for workplace stress.
Economic performance and unemployment: evidence from an emerging economy
Authors: Berument Hakan , Dogan Nukhet , Tansel Aysıt 
Published: January 2007

PurposeThis article seeks to examine whether or not various macroeconomic policy shocks have different effects on overall unemployment and the unemployment by different levels of education in Turkey. These effects are assessed separately for male and female unemployment.Design/methodology/approachTo examine the relationship, a quarterly VAR model with a recursive order is employed to estimate the effects of real GDP, price, exchange rate and interbank interest rate on unemployment for the period from 1988:01 to 2003:04.FindingsMain findings indicate that monetary policy does not affect the total unemployment as well as the components of unemployment by educational level and by gender in Turkey. On the other hand, income policies, which include fiscal policies, and unemployment itself, might be the main factors that affect the behavior of total unemployment and its various components.Research limitations/implicationsThese findings suggest that policy makers should concentrate on non‐monetary policies to hamper the unemployment in Turkey.Originality/valueThe present study is the first empirical examination of the relationship between various macroeconomic policy shocks and the unemployment both across gender and education levels in a single study.
Inter‐organizational relationship strategies and management styles in SMEs
Authors: Mikhailitchenko Andrei , Lundstrom William J. 
Published: January 2007

PurposeThe paper seeks to investigate and conceptualize differences in managerial styles and inter‐organizational relationship (IOR) strategies of small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) in the international environment, and make managerial implications useful for business practitioners and educators.Design/methodology/approachThe study applies comparative management research methodology. The management style dimensions analyzed in the paper are supervision, decision making, information‐sharing styles, and paternalistic orientation. The types of IOR strategies considered are conjugate, confederate, agglomeratic, and organic. Data were collected through surveying managers of entrepreneurial firms from the USA, China, and Russia, operating in the same industry. Factor analysis was applied for scale validation, and regression models were used for hypotheses testing.FindingsThe relationship between managerial styles and types of IOR strategies pursued by SMEs was documented. The cross‐cultural differences in terms of SMEs' orientation towards different types of IOR were also revealed.Practical implicationsThe study indicated that it is possible to predict prevailing IOR strategies based on cultural differences in a systematic way. Because of SMEs' rapid globalization, the study findings contribute to the efforts of achieving better correspondence between IOR‐building strategies of small businesses in different countries. Educational and training programs preparing international SME managers to distinguish, substantiate and deal with the revealed cross‐cultural IOR differences will be helpful for achieving this goal.Originality/valueThe major value of the study is that it provides insight into IORs from the small business perspective in a cross‐cultural setting.
Leadership and character
Authors: Sarros James C. , Cooper Brian K. , Hartican Anne M. 
Published: January 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine self‐assessed character among Australian managers in relation to selected demographic variables of these managers, and to establish the initial psychometric properties of the Virtuous Leadership Scale used to measure dimensions of character.Design/methodology/approachData were collected through a national online survey of managers utilizing the membership base of the Australian Institute of Management.FindingsThe findings reveal that self‐assessed character is multifaceted and varies across specific demographics (gender, age, level of seniority, years as an executive), and is subject to some degree of social desirability bias. Further research is warranted to explore these outcomes and relationships.Research limitations/implicationsThe study is limited by national culture and management self‐report data that need verification across different national cultures, work settings, and work groups. The findings indicate that integrity is a key character attribute reported by managers, but the present results require further validation across industry sectors and other organizational contexts.Practical implicationsThe findings suggest the need for further examination of character as an important component of leadership success, strategy, and impact.Originality/valueThe study identifies attributes of character linked to selected demographic (personal and professional) variables of practising managers, and points the way for further examination of the part character has to play in the leadership of organizations.
At Sam's Club, no girls allowed: the lived experience of sex discrimination
Authors: Besen Yasemin , Kimmel Michael S. 
Published: January 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide an in‐depth understanding of the lived experience of sex discrimination from the perspective of women in the Wal‐Mart case and unravels the daily mechanisms through which sex discrimination takes place.Design/methodology/approachOne hundred and ten in‐depth statements from women who are current and former employees of Wal‐Mart, describing in detail their work experience, were employed as the main source of data. We have carried out a detailed content analysis of these in‐depth interviews identifying the mechanisms of sex discrimination.FindingsFindings identify the specific mechanisms through which sex discrimination takes place. In the context of the current sex discrimination case, the paper provides a rich body of evidence in unraveling the everyday mechanisms of sex discrimination. It observes that instead of individual events, at important thresholds, sex discrimination is a result of small, everyday acts and gendered assumptions, which often appear supportive and harmless.Research limitations/implicationsThe richness of the data provides the unique, empirical opportunity to observe the process in detail, but this paper focuses exclusively on the process, and the end‐results remain outside the scope of the paper.Practical implicationsThe paper provides a very useful source of information and practical advice for women in the labor force in identifying the supportive, nice and harmless mechanisms and everyday experience of sex discrimination.Originality/valueThis paper exclusively focuses on the process and identifies the mechanisms of sex discrimination using a rich source of qualitative data. It offers empirical evidence in identifying the daily assumptions and everyday mechanisms of sex discrimination. Sex discrimination in the everyday lives are carried out in disguise of harmless, nice and often supportive behavior; therefore this paper offers explanations as to why many women stay in these exploitative jobs as long as they do.
Are organizations shooting themselves in the foot?
Authors: Alexandra Beauregard T. 
Published: January 2007

PurposeTo examine the direct effects of work domain variables on family‐to‐work conflict (FWC), beyond their indirect effects via the mediating variable of work‐to‐family conflict (WFC), and sex differences in the effects of work role expectations and supervisor support on FWC.Design/methodology/approachA survey was conducted among 208 UK public sector employees. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis tested main and moderating effects of work domain variables and sex on FWC. To test for mediation, the procedure recommended by Baron and Kenny was used.FindingsWork domain variables had a significant effect on FWC above and beyond the effects of family domain variables, and independent of WFC. The relationship between work role expectations and FWC was found to be significantly stronger for men than for women.Research limitations/implicationsThe cross‐sectional design of the study does not permit firm conclusions regarding causality, and the results may be influenced by common method bias.Practical implicationsIn the face of evidence that organizations are causing the very phenomenon that hurts them, the responsibility to assist employees with reducing FWC is enhanced. Particularly for men, management of organizational expectations to work long hours and prioritize work over family is an area in which employers can and should play a key role if gender equity with regard to organizational work‐family climate is to be established.Originality/valueThis study indicates that organizational work demands may have more influence over the degree to which employees’ family lives interfere with their work than has previously been assumed, especially for men.
Professionalizing global management for the twenty‐first century
Authors: Cabrera Ángel , Bowen David 
Published: January 2007

PurposeThis paper seeks to argue that global management should be considered by practitioners, educators, regulators and society at large as a true professional discipline. While in its current form it may not meet all the defining criteria of a profession, true professionalism is the best guiding principle as progress is made.Design/methodology/approachThe paper reviews recent critiques of management education, synthesizes the generally agreed criteria of a profession, and applies that framework to the case of management.FindingsGlobal management needs to further develop a body of knowledge that is both theoretically grounded and instrumental for practice; it needs to raise the bar in terms of professional qualification through existing accrediting bodies; and it needs to articulate and formally adopt a set of core values and principles of conduct, determining how it serves the broader interest of society.Originality/valueIt is important that all key actors assume true professionalism as a guiding principle for the future. The challenges ahead need to consider the ongoing construction of a solid body of knowledge, the revision of MBA degree requirements and the establishment of a set of core transcendental values that should guide professional practice. Academic institutions and practising executives alike must share a commitment to building a global management knowledge base that will not only improve the quality of management practice, but also earn management itsprofessionalstatus.
The rankings game: and the winner is …
Authors: Policano Andrew J. 
Published: January 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to assess the value of the media rankings of business schools from the perspective of students, business schools and the media.Design/methodology/approachThe paper analyses the rankings given to various schools by various publications.FindingsThe media rankings give the perception that there are more significant differences between similar MBA programs than actually exist. Indeed, many times it is the arbitrary weighting assigned by the media to the variables in the ranking rather than the quality of the school that accounts for differences across similar programs. A more accurate description of quality would be obtained by rating schools in groups of programs of similar quality.Originality/valueBusiness school applicants can utilize media rankings to identify the top 100 MBA programs but should not base their decision between different programs on a specific ranking of one school relative to another. Rather, the applicant should examine the raw data behind the ranking, along with many other non‐quantitative factors, in assessing which is the program best matches their particular interests and aspirations.
Improving the design of tall buildings after 9/11
Authors: Yean Yng Ling Florence , Hong Soh Lay 
Published: January 2007

PurposeFollowing the terrorist attack on the New York World Trade Center in 2001, this paper seeks to investigate the design features that would enhance the safety of tall buildings.Design/methodology/approachUsing a questionnaire, data have been collected via e‐mails and by post from architects and civil engineers (AEs) in Singapore. Structured interviews were conducted with public authorities.FindingsThe results show that AEs perceive tall buildings to be generally safe in terms of structural design, fire safety features and means of escape. The results also show that AEs confirm the need to improve the safety of tall buildings further, are making an effort to address the heightened safety concern, will give full support to initiatives to address heightened safety concerns, will agree to conduct risk assessment during the design phase and will welcome a performance‐based design code. AEs do not agree that buildings should be designed to withstand hydrocarbon fires or aircraft attacks. The survey results further reveal that the four most effective methods to improve the safety of tall buildings are providing exit signs with lighting at floor levels, a separate design code for super tall buildings, providing fire refuge and rescue floors, and the decentralization of fire systems.Originality/valueThe importance of this paper is that it investigates the safety features and measures that can shed some light on enhancing the safety of tall buildings. The findings may be used by building authorities to formulate future measures and codes to better enhance the safety of tall buildings. Based on the findings, further research on each feasible method of improving the safety of tall buildings may be undertaken.
Interlending and document supply: a review of the recent literature – 56
Authors: McGrath Mike 
Published: January 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this article is to provide a review of the most recent literature concerning document supply and related matters.Design/methodology/approachThe reading of over 140 published works, including journals, monographs, reports and web sites.FindingsFinds that usage statistics are still not giving a clear indication of the importance of document supply, but it is confirmed that the large proportion of demand comes from a small number of titles. Open access continues to be top news, in particular the mass digitisation of books. Quite a lot on document supply – Kuwait, USA, Germany, Norway, UK and South Africa.Originality/valueProvides a useful source of information for librarians and others interested in document supply and related matters.
World BrainandMundaneum: the ideas of Wells and Otlet concerning universal access
Authors: Araceli Torres‐Vargas Georgina 
Published: January 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to discuss the characteristics of Wells' ideas and their differing from those of Otlet, starting from the premise that Otlet was a social scientist with a well‐defined ideological perspective and that Wells was a writer who was recognised first and foremost for his science fiction novels, but who worked in a scientific context that provided him with a greater knowledge of the scientific innovations and expectations of his time, as demonstrated in his books.Design/methodology/approachThe methodology that was used was the comparative and the hermeneutic methods. These ideas are compared in a context where the need to offer universal access to information is more and more frequently discussed. This paper is based on the idea that the works of Wells were independent and different from those of Otlet.FindingsThis analysis concludes that Wells's offers are different from those of Otlet.Originality/valueThis article highlights Wells's contributions for the conformation of a universal access to the digital information.
EU enlargement and the effectiveness of conditionality: keeping to the deal?
Authors: Barnes Ian , Randerson Claire 
Published: January 2007

PurposeAccession to the European Union is one of the most powerful foreign policy tools exercised within the European arena and enlargement negotiations have been a major stimulus to reform in Central and Eastern Europe. Conditionality has evolved as over time into a dynamic instrument used to ensure that new members are sufficiently prepared to take on the responsibilities of EU membership, whilst also satisfying existing member states that new members will not prove too burdensome. This paper aims to examine some of the lessons learnt from the first stage of the Fifth Enlargement and the stricter use of conditionality mechanisms for Romania, Bulgaria and beyond.Design/methodology/approachThe article is based on interviews with EU officials involved in the enlargement process.FindingsThe article finds that the use of conditionality in the 2004 enlargement has had a far from uniform effect on candidates and policy areas and that the commission has learnt much from this experience. The integration of Bulgaria and Romania will offer more significant challenges and conditionality has evolved as a mechanism to address these.Originality/valueThe article offersboth an empirical as well as theoretical evaluation of the use of conditionality in the context of the EU enlargement process.
The challenges of utilizing information communication technologies (ICTs) for the small‐scale farmers in Zambia
Authors: Kalusopa Trywell 
Published: January 2007

PurposeThis paper attempts to discuss some of the key challenges that Zambia faces in the application of information communication technologies (ICTs) for the small‐scale farmers.Design/methodology/approachA survey of information needs of small‐scale farmers in two selected provinces was carried out in order to establish and prioritize their information needs. Evaluation of the existing information infrastructure provided insights into the type of ICTs that can support the provision of information to small‐scale farmers in Zambia.FindingsThe paper highlights some of the salient findings of the research carried out under the African Technology Policy Studies (ATPS), Zambian Chapter and financed by the International Development Research Foundation (IDRC) from 2001 to 2003. These, among others, include: weak human capital and technical infrastructure, lack of clear national information policy and lack of a coordinated agricultural information support system for small‐scale farmers anchored on ICTs.Research limitations/implicationsThis study illustrates that it is becoming increasingly evident that the success of any agricultural development programme in Zambia requires a well‐organized and functionally integrated information delivery system propelled by the application of appropriate ICTs. The paper presents recommendations for this to be realized.Originality/valueThe changes in the socio‐economic and political arena in Zambia have had a drastic effect on the management of the agriculture sector. Further, even though it is widely acknowledged that information plays an important role in agricultural and rural development in Zambia, this conception has received less pragmatic attention and seems to have been less consolidated over time. The central role of information in this sector has thus been largely superficial. The need for a clear national policy framework on the use of ICTs for the small‐scale farmers to enhance national development is thus articulated in this paper.