bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Paradigm Shift in the Management of Health Service for Organizations--Implications for Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Companies
Authors: Simpson J. G. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A paradigm shift in the management of health services is needed to manage the modem health needs and expectations of companies. There are trends which have increased these needs and expectations at a time when business competition demands high levels of operational and financial effectiveness. Oil and gas exploration and production companies are especially impacted not only because of the high costs of their operations but also because of their inherently high health risks complicated, in some instances, by healthcare which is below global standards in many of the locations in which they operate. A comprehensive health management (CHM) system which effectively manages their health services needs and expectations is presented.
Efficient Risk Management: Use of Computerized QRA Model for Safety Improvements to an Existing Installation
Authors: Vinnem Jan Erik , Pedersen John Ivar , Rosenthal Peter 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Information about the Frigg field and its operating criteria and premises is first presented. Then the risk management principles adopted in planning the safety studies are discussed, and the risk assessment process is outlined. The risk management process implemented is considered to have involved a truly successful safety upgrading of an installation nearly 20 years old, with significant improvement of safety in an optimized way for a considerable but well contained budget.
The risk model developed in the OHRAT software package was at the time of completion of the study the most advanced offshore risk model developed, with detailed modelling of important parametres. Two case studies are presented in order to illustrate some of the detailed modelling which has been implemented, namely the risk effect from possible upgrading of the blowdown system, and the risk effect from installation of a fire wall to segregate two fire areas.
The overall results are presented, and the approach used to demonstrate that risks are as low as reasonably practicable is thereafter outlined.
Finally, concluding remarks are presented pertaining to the risk management, communication about and use of QRA and specialized software.
Identification and Quantification of Failure Rate to Effectively Manage Sour Gas Production Systems
Authors: Fischer F. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
For BEB, as the operator of several sour gas fields in Northern Germany, the protection of residents in the respective production areas is among the principal company objectives.
With the aid of safety analyses it is possible to identify potential hazards which may cause an incident and also to describe the consequences by means of dispersion calculations.
It is, however, advisable not only to list the damage possibilities, but also to evaluate them in order to identify potential hazards as early as possible and take appropriate measures aimed at minimizing the consequences.
Sour gas pipelines were investigated for possible leak sizes, and the leak frequency was estimated. Principal causes of leaks are internal corrosion and third-party activity. The frequencies of occurrence are relatively low within the range known from comparable systems, so that they are considered to be acceptable. The ratio between rupture and leak frequency has been determined at 0.04.
Possibilities of blowouts at wells and their frequency of occurrence were also estimated. Due to the high safety standard of sour gas wells, the frequency of occurrence of blowouts is lower than generally recorded on an international scale.

Introduction
Together with MEEG as its consortium partner, BEB operates several sour gas fields in Northern Germany, comprising approx. 80 wells and 400 km of sour gas pipeline. The sour gas, which may contain up to 35 vol. % of hydrogen sulphide and 15 vol. % of CO2, is dried at each well in glycol-type dehydration units and then transported across relatively densely populated areas to a central desulphurization plant, where it is treated.
Due to the toxic effect of the H2S-containing sour gas, any incident may cause considerable danger to wells and buried pipelines. Risk analyses are carried out in order to obtain information on the possible extent of danger, describing incident and accident processes which could lead to potentially hazardous events.
FIg. 1 shows a complete risk analysis. This paper will specifically address possible failure causes and their frequencies of occurrence as part of the overall investigation. Reasonably accurate information about the physical leak size is essential for determining the emitted, time-dependent volume of pollutants, which serves as the input quantity for the dispersion calculation. By combining the calculated effects with the frequency of occurrence it is possible to determine the risk of potential damage. A risk comparison with other facilities forms a sound basis for an acceptance evaluation, since this is largely free from personal judgment.
Occurrence of leaks in pipelines
In order to be able to determine the expected leak sizes, the following factors must be taken into account:Analysis of potential failuresCalculation of critical leak areasAllocatIon to leak categoriesEstimation of frequencies of occurrence - weak point analysis - evaluation of acceptability
P. 177
Social Impact Assessment - New Dimensions in Project planning
Authors: Jones Murray G. , Hartog Jan J. , Sykes Richard M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Objective of the presentation is to provide understanding of how to improve attention to the social dimensions of EP projects.
Social Impacts are the consequences to human populations, communities or individuals resulting from a project or activity. Such impacts may change the way in which people live, relate to one another, organise and cope as members of society. There is an increasing demand and expectation that Exploration and Production activities will both understand their impacts and define benefits for the local communities.
Social Impact Assessment can be considered a branch of Environmental Impact Assessment. It has become a tool in its own right due to the focus that was paid to the natural and physical issues within the EIA process. However there are still strong alignments and the wise project planner will integrate sociagl and environmental issues within their project planning process. This can be done through a combination of studies but can result in a single report.
The benefits of SIA will be demonstrated to include: obtaining approvalsforward planning and designincreased project success - benefits to local communityeconomic benefitsdecision making by management
The types of impacts including demographic, socio-economic, health, social infrastructure, resources, psychological and community, cultural and social equity will be reviewed. Methods and techniques to identify and assess impacts will be addressed.
One of the main challenges in SIA is to reach the right audience. Methods to scope studies and implement consultation will be addressed.
Integrating Ergonomics into the Petroleum Business
Authors: Howard M. S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Integrating Health Safety and Environmental issues of the workplace into the design of new installations has always been a continuous challenge facing design engineers. Ergonomics is a proven link for achieving this connection between HSE and design due to its multi-disciplined approach. Often engineers try to incorporate ergonomic issues into the design of an installation only after the detailed design has been completed. The consequence of using ergonomics as an afterthought in design can result in an installation with the high potential of human/machine mismatches which may result. In poor system performance and hazardous working conditions, including emergency response. The message is clear: Ergonomics needs to be incorporated in the front end design of all new projects. However in practice, this is not occurring. Two questions emerge: 1) What kind of company strategy needs to exist to ensure its success? and 2) How will this strategy be implemented within the operating companies? This paper presents an ergonomics strategy and implementation plan used within a global oil company.
In the past, ergonomics has been undertaken on a project by project basis, if the resources permitted. If ergonomics was utilised in the detailed design, it ranged from citing international standards about population anthropometries to lighting and noise levels in the workplace. While these standards are important, they are only a small part of using ergonomics in the detailed design. The most relevant component of ergonomics involves analysing the task and then designing the installation that best accommodates the operator. The only way that designers are able to build well-designed installations is by understanding the task environment and the strengths and limitations of human operators. This principle of designing installations around the human operator's task is the primary drive behind an ergonomics strategy and implementation plan.
Environmental Control - "Drainage System Upgrade"
Authors: El Aldy A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC) and its affiliated oil companies have been implementing an intensive program to manage the environment as well as reduce levels of industrial pollution. In order to effectively control and minimize the effect of discharges from facilities, ADNOC started to review all facilities drainage systems and identify where improvements related to environment and operational aspects can be achieved. Considering all variables in the situation, and to comply with discharge limits as set by ADNOC Policy & Guidelines, it is necessary to continuously review the drainage systems, to make the best decision possible to achieve higher operation efficiency and set targets for environmental improvements. This paper shall present how ADNOC has set up and implemented its environmental regulation to comply with regulatory requirements and to deal with the environment proactively in its areas of operation, and shall report on the current achievements of the environmental protection program with regard to discharges from the drainage systems in order to maintain satisfactory level of environmental performance.
The New Role of HSE in Chemical Product Development
Authors: Purinton R. J. , Manning T. S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Today, Health, Safety, and Environmental issues take a more prominent role than ever before in chemical product development for the global oilfield service industry. Prior to widespread regulatory guidelines, technical problems were solved and well treatment programs were developed using the chemicals which performed the best and were the least expensive for the application. HSE concerns were sometimes addressed from a remedial standpoint, rather than a preventive one throughout the process. With a clearer understanding of the potential impact of chemicals upon people and the environment, along with the ever-increasing array of government regulations, service companies are taking a new approach to product development. HSE-related risks and costs are being assessed early and continued throughout chemical development, with both product and treatment process features then designed accordingly.
One service company reflects this approach with its "cradle-to-grave" Product Development and Stewardship program. Integral to this program are planned HSE assessments at each step of development, including Feasibility, Lab De-velopment, Field Testing, Manufacturing, and Commercial Field Introduction. These assessments provide the data necessary to "engincer-in" solutions to potential HSE-related problems, produce viable Risk Management Plans, and promote a smoother path to commercialization. This avoids arriving at the commercial launch point with a product which poses unacceptably high personal or environmental risks, may be restricted or banned in key markets, or requires lengthy and expensive government registrations. In order to optimize R&E resources and ensure continuous evaluation, decision points (to continue, modify, or abandon) arc built into the process. Early HSE screenings must be accurate but also relatively quick and inexpensive to be meaningful and economical. The depth and detail of HSE assessments and risk management plans can increase as the development process continues toward commercialization.
Sample HSE Assessment Checklists and how they fit into product development phases are given in this paper. Examples are then shown for applying these principles to actual chemical products.
AIDS in the Workplace : The Experience of an Oilfield Service Company
Authors: Barbey A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
AIDS (Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome) was first described almost 20 years ago. Transmission was found to be basically by blood, sex and eventually during pregnancy or breast feeding. Originally thought to be a disease which affected only drug users and homosexuals it has now become a predominantly heterosexual affection.
AIDS will attain millions of individuals by the year 2000. With no known cure and no preventive vaccination, this disease has already reached epidemic proportions and will continue to wreak death and illness for many years to come, particularly in the poorer nations, where health campaigns and prevention are complicated by cultural and socio-economic factors.
A large oilfield service company working in a multitude of countries, with over 50,000 employees representing more than 80 nationalities is faced, just as all other employers, with the ever growing risk and consequences of the AIDS epidemic among its work force and their families.
In this paper we have studied the attitudes with regards to this disease within our local and international staff population and detailed the measures taken by the company as well as its approach to this problem from a medical, legal, economic, and insurance point of view. Management has encouraged information campaigns, provided free condoms and disposable medical material, refused systematic testing of employees, refused discrimination of HIV+ people, and contracted Pasteur Institute in Paris to be a privileged partner in providing technical assistance and expertise.
There is probably no ideal method for handling the AIDS problem, however, we feel that we have taken a broad stand which allows the employee to obtain preventive information, protects his confidentiality vis-^-vis management should he become HIV+, and provides an adapted work position based on his physical fitness in case of full blown AIDS. Ultimately the company provides the employee and his family with long term disability as well as a full and normal pension when he definitely can no longer work and/or after death.
Unless a vaccination and a cure are discovered rapidly, AIDS will become one of the major problems facing the oilfield companies and the world within the years to come.
Current Status of Coal Gasification
Authors: Cochran Neal P. 
Published: December 2007

Coal gasification is an ancient art. Not too many years ago gas plants were a common feature of the industrial landscape in much of the northern part of the country. When I was a boy, gas plants abounded on the south side of the city of Chicago, chemical engineers at northern universities regularly visited gas manufacturing plants as a part of the school curriculum, and a man could graduate from a university with a degree in Gas Engineering or some variation of it. We tend to lose sight of this today.
Any process for converting coal to pipeline quality gas involves increasing the ratio of hydrogen to carbon in the coal. This hydrogen comes from water, the energy for the reaction comes from oxidation of some portion of the carbon to carbon dioxide. Any system that carries out these basic reactions can be called a coal gasification process, and technical know-how is available to design and build coal gasification plants — the trick is to be able to carry out the reactions at low cost. Low cost presumes reasonable efficiency in the process and minimum capital charges.
The Office of Coal Research (OCR) was established, by law, in 1960 and the staff was hired in 1961. So we are about ten years old. I propose to discuss coal gasification in general, but I intend to be most specific about the status of our program since that is what I know best. Although I propose to discuss coal gasification solely, I would like to assure you that we are working diligently to manufacture oil from coal as well as gas from coal.
It might be appropriate to touch briefly on the current need for synthetic gas. Irrespective of who makes the projection — and they do vary — all forecasters show a significant gap between supply and projected demand. It is not my intention to discuss the whys and wherefores of this gap, but I do say that it is becoming increasingly difficult to find gas in the amounts needed by our rising standard of living and increasing gross national product. Additionally, we are all aware of the fact that gas companies have been forced to turn down business with increasing frequency during the past three or four years. Fortunately for past three or four years. Fortunately for the gas industry and the nation, we have an adequate supply of coal to bridge this gap and provide us with all the gas we need. As an ancillary benefit, we will create job opportunities in many areas that are not now industrial, we will preserve our landscape, and we will make it possible to recover by-product chemicals into the bargain.
The Development of Environmental Sensitivity Map Within the Indonesian State Oil and Gas Company
Authors: Putri Elviera T. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Petroleum Industry has been one of the backbone of the Indonesian Economic Development since the first Five Year Development Plan (1969/1970 - 1974/1975). Its contribution to Gross National Product (GNP) ranges from 40 to 70 percent. In addition, this industry has substantially generated foreign exchange earnings through Oil and Gas exports. In spite of these positive contributions, without proper management, the petroleum industry can generate a negative impact on physical surroundings, habitat disruption and the social environment. The sources may come from operational activities (e.g., discharged of produced water) and accidents, such as tanker collisions, or well blow outs.
A major constraint in managing adverse environmental impact is the unavailability of an integrated information system covering the potential risk of environmental degradations, which is impacted by oil industry activities. It is obvious that operators, who are responsible for assessing the impact of an oil spill or providing oil spill combating assistance, consistent with the oil spill contingency plan strategy, require specific tools and relevant information, such as, environmental sensitivity mapping.
This paper represents the results from a recent pilot project carried out by PERTAMINA, on the study of environmental sensitivity mapping associated with construction and commissioning of PERTAMINA jiew Refinery at Balongan (Indramayu County, West Java Province). The objective of this study is to identify the coastal resources that have ecosystem sensitivity to oil spills and other discharges from oil and gas industry activities. This study was achieved through the integration of data collecting, the use of a simulation database and G1S (Geographical Information System). It is expected that this pilot project will be used as a model for other relevant PERTAMINA activities in the coastal area.
Improving Contractor Safety Performance in a High Risk Multi-Project Environment
Authors: Ashiedu R. I. , Okoene A. C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Up to 80% of the Exploration and Production activities of Oil and Gas operations are being executed by contractors. The industry's safety performance is therefore what the contractors make of it. implying that any meaningful performance improvement must derive directly from improvements in the contractor's safety performance.
A detailed review has been conducted on the operator / contractor safety management interface, leading to the establishment of a controlled series of improvement initiatives. These initiatives which must be driven by the operator should commence with an enlightenment that to improve safety would improve overall business. Contractor involvement, development programme for contractor safety management system and rigorous auditing to check compliance with systems and procedures, being the main focus. The result of implementing these improvement initiatives demonstrate their effectiveness. Injury levels will be kept low with a sustained reduction trend.
Subsurface Brine Injection : Proactive Approach to Close the Produced Water Loop in the Western Desert of Egypt
Authors: Farid E. E. , Nour M. H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In 1988 a major onshore production facility was producing oil from eight formations in six oil fields located in the western desert of Egypt. Two of these formations include active water drive reservoirs, in addition; three reservoirs at that date were receiving water injection to enhance oil recovery.
To handle the increasing volumes of the produced water (which is contaminated with oil, production chemicals and other pollutants), three alternatives were investigated; -Injection into disposal wells.-Dumping in surface disposal pits.-Re-injection to waterflood some oil reservoirs.
The investigation revealed that the first two options are technically unfavorable, also they are conventional Waste Management Technologies (WMT) which provide short-term remedial solution.
In contrast, Produced Water Re-Injection (PWRI) is an Environmental Control Technology (ECT) which minimize the environmental impact through process improvements.
A state -of-the-ml re-injection process was utilized using chemical treatment, gas liberation , settling, filtration and injection, This process represents a combination of two ( ECT) methods : Reuse ( for water flooding) and Recycling ( when brine is redisposed underground).
This process reduce the overall volumes of produced water to be disposed, increase the oil reserves, reservoir pressure and oil production and converse the underground water reserve.
It has been concluded that (PWRI) is environmentally safe, technically feasible and applicable for similar cases in the western desert of Egypt, it is also more cost effective than usage of the underground water and finally, the chemical treatment and monitoring of the injection-water quality are the keys of successful operation.
This paper illustrates; the studies made to prove the technical feasibility of this project, the process designed to treat up to 20,000 BWPD and the contingency treatment facility. Also it demonstrates the field and analytical data showing the improved performance of the process and the environmental quality.