bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interregional Impacts of Forest-Based Economic Activity
Authors: Teeter Lawrence , Alward Gregory S. , Flick Warren A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A view of forest-based economic activity is presented that highlights the interdependence among industries in separate producing regions. Interindustry transactions for the United States and four subregions (the Northeast, South, West, and Midwest states) were obtained from IMPLAN (IMpact analysis for PLANning), the USDA Forest Service's input-output modeling system. This information was combined with interregion product trade flow estimates obtained from a gravity model to yield an interregional input-output model of the United States emphasizing forest-based industries. The input-output model is used to determine the interregional output, employment, and income effects of final demand changes for products in particular regions. In general, the model reveals that forest-based industries are regionally interdependent, with the greatest spillover effects associated with forest-based industries in the Midwest and Northeast. For. Sci. 35(2):515-531.
Effects and Adjustments of Competition Bias in Progeny Trials with Single-Tree Plots
Authors: Magnussen Steen 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A competition model based on the height difference between a subject tree and its neighbors was used to adjust annual growth data (age 1-5) in a close-spaced single tree plot trial of 25 open-pollinated Pinus banksiana progenies. Competition effects in tree height, basal area, and volume growth were estimated within each of eight classes of dominated oppression. This procedure allowed a differential adjustment of family performances of their large plot expectations. It is limited to the absence of competition effects on height growth. Response to competition was the same in all families. Variance components and heritability estimates of basal area and stem volume were inordinately inflated by competition. For. Sci. 35(2):532-547.
Characterizing Spatial Patterns of Gypsy Moth Regional Defoliation
Authors: Liebhold Andrew M. , Elkinton Joseph S. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Aerial sketch maps of defoliation caused by the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), in Massachusetts from 1961 to 1986 were digitized into an array of 1.9 x 1.9 km cells. Defoliation frequency was mapped by summing defoliation incidence for each cell. Spatial autocorrelation analysis indicated that defoliation was not distributed randomly over the state but was instead distributed in clumps of varying size. Directional spatio-temporal autocorrelation analysis showed no evidence for unidirectional spread of defoliation through time. Yearly defoliation, as a proportion of maximum, was used in a clustering algorithm to categorize different portions of the state in terms of defoliation synchrony, Two-state transition models were used to characterize defoliation initiation and termination. Different regions showed different probabilities of both outbreak initiation and termination. Transition probabilities varied substantially relative to the amount of defoliation in adjoining areas, indicating an apparent "spread" of defoliation. For. Sci. 35(2):557-568.
Growth, Xylem Pressure Potential, and Nutrient Absorption of Loblolly Pine on a Reclaimed Surface Mine as Affected by an Induced Pisolithus tinctorius Infection
Authors: Walker R. F. , West D. C. , McLaughlin S. B. , Amundsen C. C. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The effects of Pisolithus tinctorius ectomycorrhizae on survival, growth, xylem pressure potential, and nutrient uptake of loblolly pine on a southern Appalachian coal surface mine were examined. One-year-old bareroot seedlings artificially inoculated with P. tinctorius and control seedlings with Thelephora terrestris ectomycorrhizae were outplanted on a surface-mined site in Tennessee. The site had previously been contoured and hydroseeded with a mixture of herbaceous ground cover species. A soil fertility variable was imposed in the study by broadcast fertilization at outplanting of one-half of the plots of each mycorrhizal treatment at the rate of 336 kg/ha NPK. After 7 years, survival and growth of trees previously inoculated with P. tinctorius were significantly improved relative to control trees. Fertilization elicited a significant reduction in survival and a negligible growth response in trees of both mycorrhizal treatments due primarily to its stimulation of competing herbaceous species. During the third growing season, xylem pressure potential of seedlings with P. tinctorius ectomycorrhizae was significantly less negative than that of control seedlings during a prolonged period of moisture stress. Analyses of foliar samples collected during the third growing season revealed that seedlings infected by P. tinctorius had more NO3 and less Zn in their needles than control seedlings. The results of this study provide evidence that the benefits afforded loblolly pine on surface mines by P. tinctorius ectomycorrhizae include enhanced absorption of water as well as increased uptake of nutrients, and these benefits are not compromised by the presence of competing herbaceous species. For. Sci. 35(2):569-581.
Spectral Characteristics of Tree Components of Balsam Fir and Spruce Damaged by Spruce Budworm
Authors: Leckie D. G. , Ostaff D. P. , Teillet P. M. , Fedosjevs G. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Spectral reflectances from 360 to 1100 nm at 5 nm intervals in 6 nm bands were measured with a laboratory spectrometer for samples of the components of balsam fir and white spruce trees defoliated by the spruce budworm. These components included current-year needles, 1-year-old needles, 2-year and older needles, budworm feeding debris, twigs, bark, and lichen. Current-year needles had significantly higher reflectances than older needles in the green and yellow parts of the spectrum. Feeding debris, which is visually red, had a smooth spectral curve of increasing reflectance with wavelength. The greatest difference between needles and feeding debris was in the short near-infrared wavelengths and at the chlorophyll absorption maximum near 670 nm. The reflectance of twigs and bark changed with age and exposure to weathering. Variability in their reflectance was large. There were no distinct narrow band features of twig or feeding debris reflectance, which would be characteristic of defoliation. Lichen is highly reflective, and its presence on branches of defoliated trees will greatly alter branch reflectance characteristics. Changes in spectral reflectance of trees throughout the various stages of a spruce budworm outbreak depend on a complex interrelationship of the reflectances of individual components which, in turn, are complex and changing. For. Sci. 35(2):582-600.
Estimation of Juglans Nigra L. Mating System Parameters
Authors: Rink George , Carroll Elizabeth R. , Kung Fan H. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Average heterozygosity, fixation index, and outcrossing rate were estimated for Juglans nigra embryos using starch-gel electrophoretic allozyme data collected from 26 open-pollinated families. Parameter values suggested that inbreeding was a relatively minor component of the black walnut mating system for this population. For. Sci. 35(2):623-627.
Estimating and Interpreting the Variation in the Local Demand for Stumpage
Authors: Majerus Gerard A. , Jackson David H. , Connaughton Kent P. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This paper provides a technique for quantifying the precision and assessing the relative reliability of local demand relations that have been derived from estimates of demand and nonlocal supply for stumpage within a region. Evaluation of local demand relations for the ten National Forests in Montana indicated that the forests with the larger timber harvests were more reliable because they had the lower percent standard errors of local demand. The technique should be useful to those who must assess the effect on stumpage prices of changes in public and private timber programs. For. Sci 35(2):628-631.
A Simple Procedure for Mapping Tree Locations in Forest Stands
Authors: Reed David D. , Liechty Hal O. , Burton Andrew J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A procedure is presented for mapping tree locations directly into a Cartesian coordinate system without requiring distance and bearing measurements in the field. An independent check of the locations of 401 trees by different field crews at different times showed the method to be both accurate (with an average difference between the two measurements of 0.01 m) and precise (with the standard deviation of the differences being 0.22 m). The method is most efficient with a three-person crew. The time required to map a given area is dependent on tree density and visibility. In well-stocked (600 to 1100 trees/ha) northern hardwood stands it is possible to map 1 hectare per day with an experienced crew. The procedure is designed for square plots, but it can be adapted easily to circular plots. For. Sci. 35(3):657-662.
Nonindustrial Private Forest Landowners as Timber Marketers: A Field Study of Search for Market Information and Decision Quality
Authors: Rosen Barry Nathan , Kaiser H. Fred , Baldeck Marianne 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
While it is widely assumed that nonindustrial private forest (NIPF) landowners need better information on timber markets, no studies have examined the actual extent, quality, and determinants of NIPF owners' search and decisions. Drawing from the consumer behavior literature on search and decision processes, this paper proposes that because NIPF landowners are nonprofessional marketers, their search and decision processes as sellers may be similar to those they execute as consumers. Based on that theoretical framework, the paper presents the results of a field study of search and usage of market information by NIPF timber marketers in New York state. The study found that owners typically engage in little search and that their harvesting decisions differ greatly from professionally determined norms. The results suggest that future NIPF educational efforts should focus on three objectives: (1) making owners more aware of the returns to better search and decisions, (2) informing owners about the availability, role, and value of alternative sources; and (3) teaching owners how to use that information. For. Sci. 35(3):732-744.
Effects of Chronic Doses of Ozone on Loblolly Pine: Photosynthetic Characteristics in the Third Growing Season
Authors: Sasek Thomas W. , Richardson Curtis J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Gas exchange characteristics of loblolly pine seedlings were measured in the third growing season of ozone fumigations to determine the effects of long-term ozone exposure on photosynthetic capacity. Light and CO2 response curves indicated significant decreases of 21% and 27%, respectively, in light-saturated and CO2-saturated photosynthetic capacities at 2 x ambient ozone (92 ppb 12-hr seasonal mean) compared to charcoal-faltered (CF) air, approximately 0.5 x ambient ozone (29 ppb 12-hr seasonal mean). Differences in the response curves suggest changes in light-harvesting and biochemical efficiencies as well as changes in the activity of RuBP Carboxylase and the regeneration rate of RuBP. Chlorophyll and carotenoid conditions per unit leaf area were decreased at the high ozone treatment in older flushes. Stomatal resistance limited photosynthesis by about 29% in both CF and 2 x ambient ozone treated plants, suggesting that chronic ozone exposure did not affect stomatal control in loblolly pine. For. Sci. 35(3):745-755.
Distance-Dependent Competition Measures for Predicting Growth of Individual Trees
Authors: Tomé Margarida , Burkhart Harold E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Modified distance-dependent competition indices were developed for predicting tree growth in plantations. These modified indices adjust the growth of an average tree up and down depending on the size of competitors as compared to the subject tree. A neighbor larger than the subject tree--dominant neighbor--places the subject tree at a competitive disadvantage, whereas a smaller neighbor--suppressed competitor--places it at a competitive advantage. Dead neighbors are included as a special kind of suppressed neighbor. Based on this philosophy, new versions and modifications of distance-weighted size ratio and area overlap indices were developed and compared to some previously published indices. Data from a spacing study established in eucalypt plantations in Portugal were used for the empirical aspects of this study. Single correlations with growth, on a spacing X age basis, were generally higher for the modified indices than for their original unmodified counterparts. Modified indices, in conjunction with stand-level variables, also performed well in multiple linear regression equations for predicting growth of individual trees. For. Sci. 35(3):816-831.
Study of Production Functions for Modeling Forest Biomass: An Area for Research
Authors: Nautiyal J. C. , Belli K. L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The usefulness of production functions, mathematical descriptions of production processes, has long been recognized by economists in manufacturing industries, and more recently by agricultural scientists in the field of biological production. As increasing emphasis in forestry is placed on short-rotation, intensive crop management it would seem that foresters would also require production functions for rational timber management planning. These functions could be useful in a number of areas such as: crop tree growth prediction, control of stand development, economic analysis for decision-making purposes, and for determining the so-called elasticities of inputs and outputs. A very general functional form that may be appropriate for the development of forestry models is the transcendental logarithmic, or translog, function. Unfortunately, at this time, sufficiently detailed data do not seem to be available for any tree species to estimate a production function that could make sophisticated intensive forest management possible. For. Sci. 35(3):843-849.
Nonsymbiotic Biological Dinitrogen Fixation (Acetylene Reduction) in an Age Sequence of Slash Pine Plantations in North Florida
Authors: DiStefano J. F. , Gholz H. L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
An age sequence of slash pine plantations (clearcut site, 9-year-old and 29-year-old plantations) in North Florida was investigated to determine nonsymbiotic biological nitrogen fixation rates in the surface mineral soil (A horizon), decomposing wood, and litter. Rates were measured using the acetylene reduction technique during summer and fall of 1983 and spring of 1984. In order to help determine the factors that affect rates in the mineral soil, three treatments were applied: PK fertilization, prescribed burning, and controls (no treatment). In addition, the added effects of N fertilization were investigated in the 29-year-old plantation. In general, low rates were measured in the mineral soil, especially in the fall and in the 29-yr-old plantation, and high spatial variability was observed in all sites and seasons. Computed maximum values for fixation rates were less than 5 kg N · ha-1 · yr-1, with an average of 2-3 kg N · ha-1 · yr-1. Little or no stimulus was obtained following treatment, although a consistent reduction in the rates occurred with NPK fertilization. Computed rates for the litter layer were very low, less than 0.1 kg N · ha-1 · yr-1. Rates in decomposing wood were considerable, but because of the small area covered by this material, they amount to only a small annual input. For. Sci. 35(3):863-869.
Iron, Copper, and Manganese Complexation by Forest Leaf Litter
Authors: Senesi Nicola , Sposito Garrison , Bradford Gordon R. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Natural and acid-treated leaf litter samples from western white pine (Pinus monticola), willow (Salix Sp.), and chinquapin (Castanopsis sempervirens) and their laboratory-prepared complexes with Fe3+, Cu2+, and Mn2+ were characterized chemically by total metal analysis, infrared (IR) spectroscopy, and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. Both the natural and the acid-treated litter samples took up large amounts of Fe, Cu, and Mn from 0.1M solutions, complexing the metals in forms of differing stability against extensive water-washing and proton- or metal-exchange treatments. The IR spectra indicated that carboxyl groups were the most important metal-binding sites in the litter samples. The ESR data showed that the complexes of M2+ involved principally electrostatic forces between the hydrated metal ion and oxygen-containing litter ligands. These complexes were water stable at neutral pH, but easily disrupted by proton or metal exchange. The litter samples bound Fe3+ and, to a lesser extent, Cu2+ in highly water-stable complexes involving direct metal ion contact with oxygen-containing litter ligands. Some of these complexes were resistant to highly acidic conditions or to metal exchange, although reversibility was evident when they were reacted with solutions of differing pH or metal composition. Good correlation existed between trends in total metal content and the ESR data for the metal-litter products obtained after various treatments, suggesting that the metal-litter complexes detected spectroscopically were representative of the dominant speciation of the metals in the litter. For. Sci. 35(4):1040-1057.
Ecological Species Groups of Oak Ecosystems of Southeastern Michigan
Authors: Archambault Louis , Barnes Burton V. , Witter John A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Ecological species groups were developed for oak forest ecosystems of southeastern Michigan that had been moderately disturbed. Species groups were determined from field observations and sample plot data arranged and analyzed in association tables. The groups were defined on the basis of species patterns of presence, absence, and coverage values along gradients of soil moisture and fertility. Thirteen ecological species groups were developed using 68 herbaceous and shrub species. Detailed descriptions of the relationships of the groups to soil moisture, soil fertility, and light conditions are presented. A continuum of groups from very dry to wet sites were identified. Some groups had a relatively broad range of soil moisture and fertility, whereas others were relatively narrow in their requirements. The groups were more easily differentiated along a soil moisture gradient compared to a soil fertility gradient. Most of the species within groups had similar ecological responses. There was a certain degree of overlap among the groups and usually more than one group occurred in any ecosystem. Despite disturbances caused principally by cutting, ecological species groups could nevertheless be constituted and were useful in identifying major and minor site differences. However, in such disturbed forests, it is recommended that they be used together with physiographic and soil attributes to estimate site quality or identify ecosystem types. For. Sci. 35(4): 1058-1074.
First-Year Growth of Hybrid Poplar Shoots from Cutting or Coppice Origin
Authors: Bergez Jacques-Eric , Auclair Daniel , Bouvarel Luc 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Height growth, mortality, and dry woody biomass were studied on hybrid poplar shoots during their first year after coppicing or during the year of establishment from cuttings. Two coppice treatments (1- and 2-year rotations) and two treatments for cuttings (irrigated or not) were compared. A slight delay was observed in the height growth of cuttings compared to coppice treatments, but total height growth was not significantly different between treatments at the end of the growing season. Irrigation reduced mortality during establishment of cuttings. Total biomass produced was higher in the coppice stands, due to a greater number of shoots per stool. Coppice maintained its growth capacity even after the fifth 1-year cycle. For. Sci. 35(4):1105-1113.
Effects of Goats on Understory Vegetation and Fire Hazard Reduction in a Coastal Forest in California
Authors: Tsiouvaras C. N. , Havlik N. A. , Bartolome J. W. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This paper examines the effects of goat grazing on understory forage utilization and fire hazard reduction in a 1 ha area of a Monterey pine (Pinus radiata) and red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) forest as well as in a 1 ha area of an adjacent fuelbreak. Stocking rates of 600 Spanish goats/ha for 1 day reduced cover of the brush understory in the forest by 41% and 48% respectively at heights of &lt; 0.5m and 0.5-1.5m. In the fuelbreak stocked at 280 Spanish goats/ha for 3 days the reduction was 46% and 82% at &lt; 0.5m and 0.5-1.5m, respectively. Forage biomass utilization reached 75% in the brush understory and 84% in the fuelbreak. In the brush understory goats grazed more at the upper height (84%) than at the lower (64%). Grazing reduced 1- and 10-hour dead fuels 33% and 58% respectively, while the litter depth was reduced as much as 27%. For. Sci. 35(4):1125-1131.
Factors Affecting the Supply and Demand of Timber from Private Nonindustrial Lands in Sweden: An Econometric Study
Authors: Hultkrantz Lars , Aronsson Thomas 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This is an econometric study of the roundwood market and, in particular, the supply of roundwood from private nonindustrial forest lands in Sweden from 1961-1984. The independent variables of the supply function are the price of roundwood, the unit felling cost, the net (post-taxation) real rate of return on capital, and the resource inventory of mature trees ready for final feiling. The short-run roundwood demand is dependent on capacity, roundwood short-run average revenue product and the price of roundwood. All the coefficients exhibited the signs suggested by economic theory. For. Sci. 35(4):946-961.
Phenological and Morphological Responses of Mesic and Dry Site Sources of Coastal Douglas-fir to Water Deficit
Authors: Joly Robert J. , Adams W. T. , Stafford Susan G. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Patterns of genetic variation in morphological and phenological responses to water deficit are described in seedling progeny of four populations of coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco var. menziesii), sampled from coastal and inland sites in Oregon. Progeny of coastal and inland populations differed for all traits measured, and differences appear to reflect adaptation to the source environment. Inland populations were characterized by early budset, slower rates of shoot extension, and higher root-shoot ratios. A significant fraction of total variability was attributable to differences among families within populations. Little evidence for irrigation X population interaction was found when seedling traits were examined singly. Of 16 traits analyzed, only average daily rate of growth and seedling height had significant interaction terms. Interactions between irrigation and families-within-population were more prevalent. A canonical discriminant analysis was used to identify a subset of variables that best reveals differences among progeny of coastal and inland populations. Implications for seed transfer and for selection and breeding of genotypes suitable for xeric environments are discussed. For. Sci. 35(4):987-1005.