bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ontogeny of the immune system
Authors: Osburn B. I. , MacLachlan N. J. , Terrell T. G. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
Cellular and humoral aspects of the immune response develop sequentially in the fetus. Although there is evidence of immunologic activity to some antigens, many of the nonimmune effector systems are neither developed nor fully functional in the fetus. The lack of fully functional systems make the fetus a highly susceptible candidate for invading bacteria and viruses. Often, infection prior to immune competence may lead to abortion, malformation, and in some instances, viral persistence and immune tolerance. On the other hand, immune responses tend to elevate immunoglobulin values and cause specific antibody that may be used for diagnostic purposes. Little work has been done to appreciate fully the immunologic and nonimmune effector systems' role in normal development or during congenital infections.
Comparative aspects of cancer immunotherapy: immunologic methods used for treatment of spontaneous cancer in animals
Authors: Theilen Gordon H. , Hills Diane 
Published: February 2025

Summary
Immunotherapy is an accepted approach to treating cancer. Infrequently, it has been effective alone; however, after tumor “cytoreduction” by surgical excision, irradiation, or chemotherapy, active specific or nonspecific immunotherapy has proven to be of definite value in treatment of certain neoplasms. Those tumors that respond to immunotherapy alone are usually small and localized, although there are exceptions, ie, treatment of bovine ocular squamous cell carcinoma. In human medicine, immunotherapy has proved most successful in prolonging life in cases of leukemia and melanoma. Patients with some localized tumors have responded to intralesional bacille Calmette Guérin or methenyl extract residue injections. Tumors in outbred animals that seem to respond most effectively to immunotherapy include feline and canine lymphoma, bovine ocular squamous cell carcinoma, carcinoma of the base of the horn in Zebu cattle, canine abdominal squamous cell carcinoma, equine sarcoid, and persistent papillomatosis in a variety of species. Metastases may be curtailed in canine osteosarcoma and mammary tumors, using iv injections of BCG.
Use of synthesized chemical immunostimulators—interferon, thymosin, poly I:C, and poly A:U— is expected to have increased clinical application. Future use of monoclonal antibodies as active specific passive immunotherapy shows promise and has already been used in treating some forms of human cancer. Another promising area is immunoabsorption of immune disease complexes from patients with progressive tumors. This method may prove to be of great value in helping the tumor-bearing host return to a normal immunologic balance.
Computer-assisted enzyme immunoassays and simplified immunofluorescence assays: Applications for the diagnostic laboratory and the veterinarian's office
Authors: Jacobson Richard H. , Downing Dennis R. , Lynch Timothy J. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
A computer-assisted enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) system, based on kinetics of the reaction between substrate and enzyme molecules, was developed for testing large numbers of sera in laboratory applications. Systematic and random errors associated with conventional elisa technique were identified leading to results formulated on a statistically validated, objective, and standardized basis. In a parallel development, an inexpensive system for field and veterinary office applications contained many of the qualities of the computer-assisted elisa. This system uses a fluorogenic indicator (rather than the enzyme-substrate interaction) in a rapid test (15 to 20 minutes' duration) which promises broad application in serodiagnosis.
Parvovirus enteritis in vaccinated juvenile bush dogs
Authors: Janssen Donald D. , Bartz Curtis R. , Bush Mitchell , Marchwicki Ruth H. , Grate Stephen J. , Montali Richard J. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
Parvovirus enteritis developed in 10 of 17 vaccinated juvenile bush dogs (Speothos venaticus) from 4 litters in a 5-month period. Nine dogs died.
The first outbreak involved 6 of 9 bush dogs from 2 litters. Each had been vaccinated with a killed feline-origin parvovirus vaccine at 11 and 14 weeks of age. The 6 affected dogs became ill at 29 weeks of age and died.
The second outbreak involved a litter of 6 bush dogs. Each had been vaccinated every 2 weeks starting at 5 weeks of age. Two were isolated from the colony at 16 weeks of age for treatment of foot sores. Three of the 4 nonisolated dogs developed parvovirus enteritis at 20 weeks of age; 2 died at 6 and 8 days, respectively, after onset of signs.
The 3rd outbreak involved a litter of 2 bush dogs. Both had been vaccinated every 2 to 3 weeks, starting at 6 weeks of age. One of these dogs became ill at 17 weeks and died 13 days later.
A litter of 6 maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus) and a litter of 3 bush dogs were isolated from their parent colonies at 13 and 15 weeks of age, respectively. Each animal had been vaccinated weekly, beginning at 8 weeks of age, using an inactivated canine-origin parvovirus vaccine. None of the isolated animals developed the disease. Serologic testing during isolation did not reveal protective titers (≥1:80) against canine parvovirus in the bush dogs until they were 23 weeks old, whereas protective titers developed in the maned wolves when they were 14 to 18 weeks old. One hand-raised bush dog was vaccinated weekly, beginning at 8 weeks of age, and a protective titer developed by 21 weeks of age.
It was concluded that the juvenile bush dogs went through a period during which maternal antibodies interfered with immunization, yet did not protect against the disease. When the pups were isolated from the colony during this period, then vaccinated repeatedly until protective titers developed, the disease was prevented.
Gonadotropin regimen for inducing ovarian activity in captive wild felids
Authors: Phillips L. G. , Simmons L. G. , Bush Μ. , Howard J. G. , Wildt D. E. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
Five species of felids (cheetah, North Chinese leopard, tiger, lion, and puma) were serially injected with a source of follicle-stimulating hormone (fsh) to evaluate its effect on ovarian activity. Animals were subjected to laparoscopy before and after gonadotropin treatment, and the number and appearance of mature ovarian follicles (mf), corpora hemorrhagica (ch), and corpora lutea (cl) were recorded and photographed. Ovarian morphologic features, including mf, ch, and cl anatomy, were similar among various species. A dosage of 10 mg of fsh given im daily for 3 to 5 days was effective in stimulating ovulation in 8 of 8 cheetahs. The same dosage for 5 days stimulated ovulation in 6 of 7 North Chinese leopards, 4 of 7 tigers, 2 lions, and 1 puma. An injection of a luteinizing hormone source was not required to induce follicular rupture. The number of ovulations eventually obtained appeared related to the activity prior to fshtreatment. Females with evidence of follicular development prior to treatment eventually produced a combined average (± sem) of 5.2 ± 1.3 ch and cl, in comparison with 2.3 ± 0.8 ch and cl observed in cats with no identifiable follicles before fsh injection. The species varied in the number of ovulation sites (combined number of ch and cl) after treatment, with the cheetahs, leopards, tigers, lions, and puma producing a mean of 5.5 ± 0.9, 1.5 ± 0.2, 4.7 ± 3.1, 1.5 ± 0.5, and 3.0 ± 0.0, respectively. The cheetahs, North Chinese leopards, and tigers failed to develop a refractory response to the gonadotropin, as certain females receiving fsh twice at a 1-year interval produced a similar ovulatory response.
Cytauxzoon-like piroplasms in erythrocytes of wild-trapped bobcats in Oklahoma
Authors: Glenn Bertis L. , Rolley Robert E. , Kocan Alan A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Stained blood smears from 26 bobcats wild-trapped in 4 Oklahoma counties were examined for protozoan parasites. A Cytauxzoon-like piroplasm was observed in erythrocytes from 13 of 21 bobcats trapped in 2 counties. Organisms were not observed in the 5 bobcats trapped in 2 other counties. The degree of parasitemia varied from less than 0.5% to 5% infected erythrocytes but commonly ranged from 1% to 3%. Responding anemia was apparent in 1 of the 13 infected bobcats but other ill effects possibly attributable to the parasite were not observed. Whether the organism is Cytauxzoon felis or is a species of Babesia is discussed but remains speculative.
Induced toxoplasmosis in pronghorns and mule deer
Authors: Dubey J. P. , Thorne E. Tom , Williams E. S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Two mule deer and 2 pronghorns were inoculated intraruminally with infective oocysts (deer with 100,000 each, and pronghorns with 100, and 10,000) of the GT-1 strain of Toxoplasma gondii. The deer died 7 and 11 days after inoculation, and the pronghorns died 13 and 19 days after inoculation. Necropsy findings were typical of acute toxoplasmosis.
Sarcocystis and other coccidia in foxes and other wild carnivores from Montana
Authors: Dubey J. P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Sarcocystis spp sporocysts were found in feces of 10.1% of 198 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), in 3.2% of 61 bobcats (Lynx rufus), in 16.6% of 12 mountain lions (Felis concolor), in 16.6% of 6 fisher (Martes pennanti), and in none of 20 wolverines (Gulo gulo), 4 mink (Mustela vison), or 10 raccoons (Procyon lotor). Sarcocystis muris and Toxoplasma gondii were not found in laboratory mice inoculated with feces of bobcats and mountain lions.
Acute disseminated fatal toxoplasmosis in a squirrel monkey
Authors: Anderson Daniel C. , McClure Harold Μ. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Acute disseminated toxoplasmosis was diagnosed in an adult male squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). The disease was characterized by severe pulmonary edema, diffuse interstitial pneumonia, and multifocal areas of necrosis along with Toxoplasma organisms in the lungs, liver, spleen, lymph nodes, adrenal glands, and heart. Small numbers of organisms were found in bone marrow, renal glomeruli, and renal tubular epithelial and interstitial cells. Small numbers of organisms also were associated with foci of hemorrhage in the brain. The source of the infection was not determined.
Ascending intrauterine infections in rhesus monkeys
Authors: Swindle Μ. Μ. , Craft C. F. , Marriott B. Μ. , Strandberg J. D. , Luzarraga Μ. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Seventeen cases of abortions and stillbirths from a harem breeding colony of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were studied to determine the role of aerobic bacteria in their etiology. Using histopathologic criteria correlated with bacterial cultures, the cause in 11 of 17 cases was found to be ascending infection with normal vaginal flora, most commonly grampositive cocci, especially an α-hemolytic streptococcus (Streptococcus viridans). Actively breeding animals in the colony were screened for Str viridans, and it was determined to be a normal vaginal inhabitant that had the potential of becoming an opportunistic pathogen.
Hemorrhagic streptococcal pneumonia in newly procured research dogs
Authors: Garnett N. L. , Eydelloth R. S. , Swindle Μ. Μ. , Vonderfecht S. L. , Strandberg J. D. , Luzarraga Μ. B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An acute necrotizing hemorrhagic pneumonia syndrome was recognized among 14 newly arrived research dogs. Typically, there were acute deaths without clinical signs. Necropsy revealed diffuse hemorrhagic pneumonia, and Lancefield group C Streptococcus zooepidemicus was isolated consistently from the lungs. In many cases, septic thrombi were seen in the small vessels of the kidneys, lymph nodes, spleen, brain, and adrenal glands. The syndrome was reproduced by intratracheal inoculation of the isolant into a susceptible dog.
Harderian gland involvement in facial lesions in the Mongolian gerbil
Authors: Thiessen D. D. , Pendergrass Merri 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Fourteen Mongolian gerbils with naturally occurring facial lesions were assigned randomly to 1 of 3 groups. The Harderian gland was removed surgically from the animals in group 1; a sham operation left the Harderian gland intact in animals in group 2; and animals in group 3 were housed on a sand substrate rather than the usual pine shavings. The progress of this disease state was monitored over a 2-month period. Animals in groups 1 and 3 recovered or improved, whereas the condition of the control animals worsened. It was concluded that the facial lesions are associated with an accumulation of the Harderian gland secretions around the external nares and that laboratory ambient temperatures and cage bedding may modify the development of the condition.
The microcomputer as an aid to medical records management in a zoological park
Authors: Janssen Donald L. , Bush Mitchell 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A system for computerizing clinical medical records at a zoological park was designed, using microcomputer system components. Records were entered and retrieved in natural language, with minimal coding of information. Commercially available computer programs were used to manage data from anesthesia, radiography, clinical pathology, vaccination records, and tuberculin testing records. Programs written in BASIC language were used for storing and retrieving animal inventory data, daily medical and surgical records, results of fecal examinations, and anthelmintic treatment records.
Insulin therapy in cats with diabetes mellitus
Authors: Moise N. Sydney , Reimers Thomas J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Thirteen cats with diabetes mellitus were evaluated. Clinical signs included polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, lethargy, and weight loss. Results of physical examination included obesity, hepatomegaly, mild seborrhea sicca, muscle wasting, and dehydration. One cat walked plantigrade and was suspected of having a diabetic neuropathy. Persistent hyperglycemia, glucosuria, high liver enzyme activities, hypercholesterolemia, hyperproteinemia, and low electrolyte concentrations were the common laboratory findings.
In 3 cats diabetes mellitus developed after megestrol acetate therapy; 2 of these cats required only temporary insulin treatment. In a 3rd cat, which had no history of receiving diabetogenic drug therapy, remission of diabetes mellitus also was observed.
Serum insulin and plasma glucose concentrations were determined in 6 cats after administration of an intermediate-acting insulin (isophane insulin) and in 3 cats after administration of a long-acting insulin (protamine zinc insulin). The insulin concentration peaked 2 to 6 hours after the injection of intermediate-acting insulin and 6 to 12 hours after the injection of long-acting insulin. The lowest glucose concentration was recorded 4 to 8 hours after injection of intermediate-acting insulin, and 6 to 12 hours after injection of long-acting insulin. It was concluded that, although insulin therapy must be adjusted to the individual, the diabetic cat usually requires twice-daily administration of isophane insulin; however, the protamine zinc insulin can be given once daily for satisfactory control.
Can antibody responses in cattle vaccinated with a multivalent leptospiral bacterin interfere with serologic diagnosis of disease?
Authors: Stringfellow David A. , Brown Robert R. , Hanson Lyle E. , Schnurrenberger Paul R. , Johnson J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A commercially available leptospiral bacterin containing 5 serovars (canicola, grippotyphosa, hardjo, icterohemorrhagiae, pomona) was used per label directions to vaccinate 45 steers and bulls. In animals in which the prevaccination sera were negative for microscopic agglutinating antibody, the increase and decrease of titers were similar among all serovars. A serologic response was stimulated by a single dose and enhanced by the 2nd dose. Most titers peaked at 2 weeks and then fell rapidly by 15 weeks after the 2nd dose.
Thirty-four animals with prevaccinal titers to serovar hardjo responded with high microscopic agglutinating titers for a sustained period. Of these cattle, 31 still had titers between 200 and 400 by 29 weeks after the 2nd dose. These results were interpreted as representing an anamnestic response initiated by the bacterin to a sensitization that had followed natural exposure.
Canine hip dysplasia in German Shepherd Dog-Greyhound crossbreeds
Authors: Cardinet George H. , Guffy Mark M. , Wallace Larry J. , Laben Robert C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Nineteen German Shepherd Dog-Greyhound crossbreeds in 7 litters were evaluated by pathoanatomic and/or radiographic examination of their pelves when 12 to 24 months old (mean, 19 months). The prevalence of hip dysplasia in the crossbreeds was 42% (8/19). The prevalence of hip dysplasia in purebred German Shepherd Dog half-siblings in 16 litters produced by parents of the crossbreeds when mated to other German Shepherd Dogs was 35% (16/46). When numerical values were assigned to the pathoanatootmic and radiographic evaluations of the pelves, it was found that the severity of dysplastic changes in the crossbreeds were not significantly different from those changes in their purebred German Shepherd Dog half-siblings. It was concluded that selection for normal hips through mating German Shepherd Dogs with Greyhounds would be no more effective in lowering the prevalence of hip dysplasia than would selection within the German Shepherd Dog breed, which would be more desirable with regard to maintaining the standard of the breed.
Sampling protocol for thyrotropin stimulation test in the dog
Authors: Oliver J. W. , Waldrop V. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A study was designed to assess the secretory response of thyroid glands in dogs to small doses of thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone, tsh; 2.5 and 5.0 units, total iv dose), and to establish valid blood-sampling periods in cases in which thyroxine concentrations were different from base-line values. Significant (P < 0.001) response occurred as early as 3 hours after tsh administration, with peak response at 5 to 7 hours. Fasting dogs for 12 hours had no effect on test results. Because base-line thyroxine concentrations in dogs are equivocal and base-line triiodothyronine concentrations are influenced by many factors, thyrotropin stimulation testing is one of the best methods at present to evaluate thyroid function. Administration of a total dose of 2.5 to 5.0 units of tsh is economical, and collection of the 2nd blood sample as early as 3 hours for response may be advantageous in terms of scheduling for the client and practicing veterinarian.
Pendular nystagmus in dairy cattle
Authors: McConnon J. Mark , White Maurice E. , Smith Mary C. , Stem Edgar S. , Hickey Gerard 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In a survey of 2,932 mature dairy cattle performed over a 1-month period, we found 15 with rapid oscillation in 1 or both eyes. Nystagmus had been present since shortly after birth in 2 animals, and the age at onset was unknown in the others. The nystagmus was not associated with any other physical or neurologic problem. Pendular nystagmus apparently is benign and should not be mistaken for a sign of serious neurologic disease.
Spinal cord compression and hindlimb paresis in cats with mucopolysaccharidosis VI
Authors: Haskins M. E. , Bingel S. A. , Northington J. W. , Newton C. D. , Sande R. D. , Jezyk P. F. , Patterson D. F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Six cats with mucopolysaccharidosis VI had hindlimb paresis and other clinical signs associated with compression of the thoracolumbar spinal cord. In 5 cats, the neurologic abnormality progressed over 2 to 4 weeks to loss of thoracolumbar spinal cord function. In 1 cat, the hindlimb paresis remained stable for 18 months.
In the cats with progressive worsening of hindlimb function, the abnormality was caused by compression of the spinal cord from proliferation of bony tissue in the thoracolumbar region. In all affected cats, the compression occurred from T12 to L2. In 1 cat, an attempt to relieve the clinical signs by surgery was unsuccessful.
Castellated laryngofissure and vocal fold resection for the treatment of laryngeal paralysis in the dog
Authors: Gourley I. M. , Paul H. , Gregory C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Upper airway obstruction in 4 dogs with laryngeal paralysis was relieved by castellated laryngofissure and vocal fold excision. Tracheotomy was a necessary adjunct of the technique.
Fatal acorn poisoning in a horse: Pathologic findings and diagnostic considerations
Authors: Anderson Gary A. , Mount Michael E. , Vrins Andre A. , Ziemer Ellen L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Acorn poisoning was diagnosed in an 11-year-old Quarter Horse with signs of severe colic, tachycardia, hyperpnea, abdominal borborygmus, rectal tenesmus, and hemorrhagic diarrhea. The diagnosis was based on history and predisposing factors, clinical signs, laboratory data, acorn husks in the feces, the urinary gallic acid equivalent concentration, and necropsy findings. The most striking pathologic changes were gastrointestinal and mesenteric edema, ulcerative enterocolitis, and nephrosis.
Grass awn migration in dogs and cats: A retrospective study of 182 cases
Authors: Brennan Kathleen E. , Ihrke Peter J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A retrospective study of 182 cases of grass awn migration in dogs and cats seen during a 1-year period was performed. The 182 cases comprised 61% of all foreign body-related cases during that year. Compared with the total hospital population, there was an increased prevalence of grass awn problems in the Springer Spaniel, Golden Retriever, Brittany Spaniel, and Airedale Terrier, but a decreased prevalence in German Shepherd Dogs, Miniature Poodles, and Dachshunds. The most common site of grass awn localization was the external ear canal, involving 51% of grass awn cases. Other common sites of grass awn localization included the interdigital webs, eye, nose, lumbar area, and thoracic cavity. Only 8 of the 182 animals were cats and 7 of the 8 had ocular involvement.
Automatic noninvasive sphygmomanometry in horses
Authors: Muir W. W. , Wade A. , Grospitch B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressures and heart rate were determined in 73 horses, using an indirect automatic oscillometric technique. Blood pressure and heart rate data obtained by sphygmomanometry were compared with similar data obtained from cannulation of the horses’ facial or dorsal metatarsal arteries. Good correlation between direct (actual) and indirect (oscillometric) blood pressures and heart rate measurements were obtained when the heart rate was low, using high sensitivity setting. Cardiac arrhythmias or hypotension prevented oscillometric measurements from being obtained in 9 (12%) horses.
Mycoplasma felis as a cause of pleuritis in horses
Authors: Ogilvie Timothy H. , Rosendal Søren , Blackwell Timothy E. , Rostkowski Charlene M. , Julian Richard J. , Path Dip , Ruhnke Louise 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Mycoplasma felis was the only organism recovered from the thoracic cavity of a horse with pleuritis. Large numbers of mildly degenerative neutrophils were in the pleural fluid. The horse developed a serologic response to M felis and recovered during hospitalization.
Experimentally, a pony was inoculated in the thoracic cavity with a pure culture of the M felis isolate suspended in the pony's serum. A control pony was inoculated with serum only. Within 48 hours, the principal pony developed fever, increased respiratory rate, pleural effusion, and signs of pain. A highly cellular exudate with nondegenerative neutrophils and large numbers of M felis was recovered from the thoracic cavity. The control pony remained normal.
The principal pony developed an antibody response to M felis. The control pony did not.
Fourteen days after inoculation, both ponies were euthanatized. Necropsy revealed pleural inflammation in the principal pony. Pleural lesions were not found in the control pony.