bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optical activity of butterfat and vegetable oils
Authors: Anderson B. A. , Sutton C. A. , Pallansch M. J. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractOptical activities of oils freshly expressed from viable seeds of rape, soybean and peanut show no change in rotation with time; neither do oils extracted from these materials by diethyl ether, as previously reported by other workers. Similarly, no evidence for racemization of butterfat isolated immediately after milking could be found. On removal of the steroids present, by chromatography on Celite impregnated with digitonin, and removal of the mono‐ and diglycerides by chromatography on alumina, butterfat maintained the highest degree of optical activity compared to most of the vegetable oils studied. This residual activity of butterfat tends to substantiate preferential location of short chain fatty acids on the 1 or 3 position of the triglycerides.
Calcium phytate: Effect of ph and molar ratio on in vitro solubility
Authors: Grynspan Frida , Cheryan Munir 
Published: August 2007

AbstractCalcium and phytate phosphorus were highly soluble below pH 4 at all molar ratios of calcium (Ca) to phytic acid (PA) studied (0.512.67). As pH is increased above 4, there is a drop in solubility, the magnitude of which depends on the Ca:PA molar ratio. Above pH 6, the greatest calcium precipitation occurred at molar ratios between 4 and 6.5; both lower and higher Ca:PA molar ratios showed higher calcium solubility. In contrast, phytate phosphorus solubility decreased in proportion to the Ca:PA molar ratio, showing essentially complete precipitation above the Ca:PA ratio of 5. The pentacalcium phytate salt probably predominates when calcium is not limiting. Under calcium‐limiting conditions, the complexes resolubilize as the pH is increased above 7.
HPLC Analysis of cyclopropenoid fatty acids
Authors: Loveland P. M. , Pawlowski N. E. , Libbey L. M. , Bailey G. S. , Nixon J. E. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractCyclopropenoid fatty acid methyl esters have been analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The refractive index detector's linear response to various lipids was studied. Verification of peak identity was by spectroscopy of collected peaks and cochromatography with authentic samples. The HPLC method is simple, convenient and gives precision and absolute, values which are consistent with those from traditional methods.
Variables in the technicon‐N‐24 method for the determination of serum cholesterol
Authors: Roland Dorothy , Cooper Gerald R. , Witter Robert F. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA modification of the Technicon‐N‐24 method for serum cholesterol is described. It is possible to obtain precise results which agree on the average with those obtained with the reference Abell‐Kendall method. The level of cholesterol found by the AutoAnalyzer method depends primarily on the ratio of the rates of flow of the lipid extract to that of the premixed color reagent and the time of heating of the color reaction at 95C. In this modification, the flow rate of isopropyl alcohol extract of sample or standard is kept at 0.9 ml/min and the ratio of flow of extract to that of premixed color reagent is maintained between 1蝘10 and 1蝘12 while the time of heating of the color reaction is maintained between 95 and 120 sec. Other conditions necessary for precise results are discussed. The precision obtained on the average in several experiments ranged from 2.2 to 2.7 mg% as standard deviation between duplicates.
Rapid gas‐liquid chromatographic procedure for the analysis of methyl esters of long chain fatty acids
Authors: Jellum M. D. , Worthington R. E. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA gas‐liquid chromatographic procedure permitting rapid analysis of the major fatty acids commonly found in vegetable oils was evaluated with standards of known composition and found to be both accurate and precise. A standard containing 20% by weight of each of the methyl esters of palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acid was analyzed in 2.7 min with errors of 1.6, 0.7, 3.3, 0.8, and 3.1%, respectively. Six procedures, requiring from 2.7 to 25 min for the eluation of the effects of the operational parameters, carrier gas flow rate and column temperature, on the precision and accuracy of gasliquid chromatographic analysis of fatty acid methyl esters. The most rapid procedure, obtained with a column temperature of 235C and a helium flow rate of 110 ml/min was found to be comparable in accuracy and precision to the other procedures and gave quantitative results with National Heart Institute type fatty acid standards KA, KB, and KD, that agreed with stated composition with a relative error of less than 2% for major components (10% or more of total mixture) and less than 6% for minor components (less than 10% of total mixture).
Solvent effects on the nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of methyl hydroxystearates
Authors: Tulloch A. P. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractHigh resolution NMR spectra of all the isomeric methyl hydroxystearates have been measured in carbon tetrachloride, pyridine, and quinoline. As a result of association with the solvent, spectra in pyridine, and particularly in quinoline, are considerably different from those in carbon tetrachloride. The two pairs of methylene groups on either side of the CHOH grouping are deshielded by the associated solvent molecule giving a new signal at 1.58 ppm in pyridine, and at 1.75 ppm in quinoline. Deshielding of the terminal CH3 occurs in isomers with hydroxyl near the methyl end, and of the methylene alpha to the ester group in isomers with hydroxyl near the ester end of the chain. When the spectra of isomers substituted near the center of the chain are observed in quinoline, the major methylene signal is split into two peaks due to differential shielding by the solvent. The differences between the spectra of each isomer measured in quinoline are sufficiently large for use as a method of identification.
Gas‐solid chromatography of hydrocarbons on activated alumina. II. Alkane, alkene, alkyne separations and subtractive adsorption
Authors: Hoffmann R. L. , List G. R. , Evans C. D. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractVarious alkanes,‐enes and‐ynes of molecular weights below C10 are rapidly separated by gassolid adsorption chromatography on untreated activated alumina. Solid silver nitrate coated on alumina removes alkenes and alkynes through oxidative degradation. Silver‐nitrate concentration and column temperature markedly affect olefin removal. At about 300C some of the C8 and higher molecular weight saturated hydrocarbons are destroyed. Conditions for this subtractive chromatography are detailed, and the fate of unsaturated hydrocarbons is explained.
Effects of vegetable proteins on iron and zinc absorption and availability in humans
Authors: Miles C. W. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractsThis review discusses research on the effects of vegetable protein diets on iron and zinc absorption and availability. Constituents of vegetables can have either a positive or negative effect on iron absorption. Although the use of soy protein to extend beef patties was found to decrease nonheme iron absorption in some studies, the use of soy‐extended beef on a regular basis was not found to deleteriously affect the iron status (serum ferritin levels) of adult men, menstruating females or school age subjects. Factors such as phytic acid level, dietary fiber content or protein source of vegetable protein diets have been implicated in decreasing the utilization of iron and zinc by humans. The effect of the molar ratio of phytate on the zinc of the diet is controversial: some studies find a decrease in zinc absorption with an increase in the phytate to zinc molar ratio; other studies find zinc absorption more dependent on the total amount of zinc in the meal than on the presence of phytic acid. Since many people meet their energy and protein requirements from vegetable sources, attention should be given to the mineral availability of these diets.
Antimicrobial properties of some erucic acid‐glycolic acid derivatives
Authors: Bailey A. V. , De Lucca A. J. , Moreau J. P. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractsTwelve fatty acid derivatives of glycolic acid containing erucic acid, or other selected vegetable oil fatty acids, were synthesized. These were screened for antimicrobial activity against a gram‐positive bacterium,Staphylococcus aureus; a gram‐negative bacterium,Escherichia coli; a mold,Penicillium notatum, and a yeast,Candida utilis. All of the compounds inhibited at least one of these organisms. These compounds were derivatives of glycolic acid prepared by esterification of the carboxyl function of glycolic acid with a long‐chain fatty alcohol and reaction of the hydroxyl function of glycolic acid with a long‐chain fatty acyl group.
An improved method for the analysis of ruminant fats
Authors: Johnson Cecil B. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractsA method is described for the separation of saturated methyl esters from mercuric acetate adducts of unsaturated esters using an ion exchange resin. The esters thus separated were analyzed by gas chromatography on a short wide‐bore capillary column containing a bonded polyethyleneglycol liquid phase. Detailed analyses of sheep and beef depot fats can be produced more rapidly and with greater accuracy using this methodology than with that currently available.
Heptaldehyde and undecylenic acid from castor oil
Authors: Das G. , Trivedi R. K. , Vasishtha A. K. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractsCastor Oil was pyrolyzed in a vertical stainless steel tubular reactor packed with 12.5‐mm diameter mild steel balls in presence of 0.5% benzoyl peroxide. The operating parameters were optimized to obtain high yields of heptaldehyde and undecylenic acid. Heating at 550 C under reduced pressure of 45 mm (Hg) yielded 24.8% heptaldehyde and 36.0% undecylenic acid.
Evaluation of compounds contributing characterizing fishy flavors in fish oils
Authors: Karahadian C. , Lindsay R. C. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractsVacuum steam‐deodorized fish oils oxidized under flourescent light (950 lux) at 21°C initially developed green flavors which were caused principally by t,c‐2,6‐non‐adienal, but some green‐type flavor notes were contributed byt‐2‐hexenal and 1,c‐5‐octadien‐3‐one. Diminishment of green flavor notes resulted from the depletion of 2,6‐nonadienal and the formation ofc‐4‐heptenal (>1 ppm) which contributed oxidized, burnt flavor notes. Concomitant formation oft,c,c‐ andt,t,c‐2,4,7‐decatrienal (>1 ppm) yielded characterizing burnt/fishy or cod liver oil‐like flavors in fish oils. Two unidentified compounds exhibiting minnow‐bait‐bucket and trout‐like odor qualities, respectively, were encountered in oxidizing fish oils. Hexanal, 2,4‐heptadienals and 2,4‐decadienals contributed general oxidized, painty flavors to fish oils.
Nondestructive study of liquids in single fir seeds using nuclear magnetic resonance and magic angle sample spinning
Authors: Rutar V. , Kovac M. , Lahajnar G. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractsMagic angle sample spinning reduces line broadening which arises from differences in magnetic susceptibility. NMR spectra of liquid‐like components in single fir seeds are recorded with superior resolution and sensitivity, thus facilitating nondestructive determination of oil composition. The results also show thatcis‐5,cis‐9‐octadecadienoic, andcis‐5,cis‐9,cis‐12‐octadecatrienoic fatty acids are selectively esterified to the CH```2``‐O‐ group of the glycerol backbone.
Hydrogen sulfide and acetaldehyde discharge from a rapeseed extraction plant
Authors: Lindh L. A. , Dahlen J. A. H. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractsThe gas effluent from a mineral oil recovery system in a rapeseed extraction plant contains high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide and acetaldehyde. The two compounds are produced in the desolventizer‐toaster (DT) and are the major cause of the unpleasant smell emanating from the plant.
Investigation of network formation in drying oils by dilute solution viscometry
Authors: Ibemesi J. A. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractsDilute solution viscometry was used to monitor the drying of the oils of linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.), rubber (Hevea bransiliensis [Kunth] Muell. Arg.), soyabean (Glycine max (L) Merr) and melon (Colocynthis vulgaris Schrad) with a view to gain insight into the mode of network formation prior to the gel point. Intrinsic viscosity values obtained show a rise‐and‐fall pattern which was attributed to the occurrence of inter‐ and intramolecular crosslinking. Reduced viscosity values of the solutions of the oils (in both their oxidized and unoxidized forms) show a rise with dilution, indicating the occurrence of major structural changes in the system.
Critical surfactant concentration in the interaction between nonionic surfactants and polymeric acids. effects of temperature, pH and salts
Authors: Shuji Saito 
Published: August 2007

AbstractsCritical surfactant concentrations at which the binding of nonionic surfactants to polyacrylic acid, or complex formation, abruptly occurred in aqueous solution were lower than the CMC and were temperature‐independent. The complex was precipitated by pH lowering or salt addition. At low pH, precipitation limit surfactant concentration (PLC) existed, below which no precipitation of the complex took place, and the PLC coincided with the critical concentration mentioned above. In this case the PLC did not change with temperature either. In the precipitation caused by A1C1```3`` addition, the PLC was a little higher than that at low pH, because Al ions induced not only shrinking and agglomeration of the complex but at the same time blocked the sites on the polymeric acid for hydrogen bonding with the surfactant. By NaCl or CaCl```2`` addition no PLC was found, because in both cases the salting‐out effect dominated.
Solvent extraction of soybeans
Authors: Becker W. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe removal of edible oils from oilseeds was practiced by the Egyptians many centuries ago. Some of the developments leading to today's worldwide extraction industry are discussed, and a brief history of the industry in the United States from 1940 to the present is included. The theory of solvent extraction is outlined in practical terms. Several types of solvent extraction and desolventizing systems are explained. Also, typical preparation and extraction processes for presscake, soybeans, and some high oil content seeds are illustrated. Some reasons for taking extra precautions in the preparation process and the desolventizing process when producing human edible soy protein products are explained. Energy conservation suggestions are included.
Refining and degumming systems for edible fats and oils
Authors: Carr Roy A. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractCrude edible fats and oils contain variable amounts of nonglyceride impurities, such as free fatty acids, non‐fatty materials generally classified as “gums”, and color pigments. Most of these impurities are detrimental to end product fresh and aged quality characteristics, hence must be eliminated by a purification process before the finished fats and oils are suitable for human consumption. The object of this process is to remove these objectionable impurities with the least possible loss of neutral oil and tocopherals. Key theoretical and practical factors for degumming and refining crude edible oils are discussed with particular reference to processes, flow charts, control systems and analytical testing requirements. In addition to typical large volume oils, such as soya and cotton, techniques are also reviewed for smaller volume oils, including palm, lauric and corm.
Surface activity and cutaneous effects of monoalkyl phosphate surfactants
Authors: Imokawa G. , Tsutsumi H. , Kurosaki T. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractMonoalkyl phosphates of high purity were synthesized and were investigated for their surface‐active properties and cutaneous effects. It has been found that these surfactants possess adequate surface‐active properties similar to those of common anionic surfactants and that they exhibit considerable safety on the skin in comparison with typical anionic surfactants used commercially.
Factors Influencing Surgical Career Choices and Advancement in Ireland and Britain
Authors: Corrigan Mark A. , Shields Conor J. , Redmond Henry P. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to analyze the factors that influence the advancement and the career choices of doctors and medical students.MethodsUsing the combined databases of the iformix and surgent websites, 450 doctors and medical students were invited to complete an internet‐based survey. Surgent (http://www.surgent.ie) and iformix (http://www.iformix.com) are two free internet services administered by the authors. Surgent is a medical educational website, while iformix facilitates the online submission of abstracts to surgical and medical conferences across Britain and Ireland. The combined database of these two websites is approximately 4500 entries. Four hundred and fifty users represented a 10% sample based on an expected 40%‐45% response rate. This was anticipated to yield between 180 and 202 respondents, statistically sufficient to analyze the data. A detailed Likert scale assessed the importance of “academic,” “clinical,” and “lifestyle” factors in determining career choice and progression. Analysis included descriptive statistics and inferential testing.ResultsFifty percent (N = 222) of surveys were returned; 142 men and 78 women. Thirty‐seven percent of respondents were Irish, 28% British, and 35% non‐European. Fifteen percent were undergraduates, 4% interns, 12% had 2‐4 years of clinical experience, while 69% had completed more than 4 years. Fifty‐six percent had decided upon a career in general surgery. Overall, the most important factors for career choice were intellectual challenge (95%), academic opportunities (61%), and research opportunities(54%). Doctors with more than 4 years of experience deemed duration of training (p = 0.002), lifestyle during training (p = 0.02), and stress (0.005) as less important factors when considering career choice. Correlation analyses demonstrated that prestige (p = 0.002), patient relationships (p = 0.006), and advice from friends or family (p = 0.01) were more important influencing factors for interns. In terms of career advancement, 66% of non‐Europeans considered family contacts important as opposed to 20% of British and 45% of Irish doctors (p < 0.001). In addition, 47% of females felt gender was important for career advancement as opposed to 31% of males (p = 0.01).ConclusionsAcademic and clinical factors play an important role in career choice. However, it is clear that lifestyle factors predominate in determining an individual’s career decisions in surgery.
High dimension diffeomorphisms exhibiting infinitely many strange attractors
Authors: Leal Bladismir 
Published: August 2007

In this work we show, on a manifold of any dimension, that arbitrarily near any smooth diffeomorphism with a homoclinic tangency associated to a sectionally dissipative fixed or periodic point (i.e. the product of any pair of eigenvalues has norm less than 1), there exists a diffeomorphism exhibiting infinitely many Hénon-like strange attractors. In the two-dimensional case this has been proved in [E. Colli, Infinitely many coexisting strange attractors, Ann. Inst. H. Poincaré Anal. Non Linéaire 15 (1998) 539–579]. We also show that a parametric version of this result is true.

Résumé
Dans ce travail nous montrons, sur une variété de dimension quelconque, qu'arbitrairement près de chaque difféomorphisme possédant une tangence homocline, associée à un point fixe ou périodique sectionnelement dissipatif (le module du produit de deux valeurs propres quelconques est plus petit que 1) il existe un difféomorphisme qui possède une infinité d'attracteurs étranges du type Hénon. Dans le cas bidimensionnel ceci a été prouvé dans [E. Colli, Infinitely many coexisting strange attractors, Ann. Inst. H. Poincaré Anal. Non Linéaire 15 (1998) 539–579]. Nous démontrons également une version paramétrique de ce résultat.
Cesium chloride protects cerebellar granule neurons from apoptosis induced by low potassium
Authors: Zhong Jin , Yao Weiguo , Lee Weihua 
Published: August 2007

AbstractNeuronal apoptosis plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders, and neuroprotective agents targeting apoptotic signaling could have therapeutic use. Here we report that cesium chloride, an alternative medicine in treating radiological poison and cancer, has neuroprotective actions. Serum and potassium deprivation induced cerebellar granule neurons to undergo apoptosis, which correlated with the activation of caspase‐3. Cesium prevented both the activation of caspase‐3 and neuronal apoptosis in a dose‐dependent manner. Cesium at 8 mM increased the survival of neurons from 45 ± 3% to 91 ± 5% of control. Cesium's neuroprotection was not mediated by PI3/Akt or MAPK signaling pathways, since it was unable to activate either Akt or MAPK by phosphorylation. In addition, specific inhibitors of PI3 kinase and MAP kinase did not block cesium's neuroprotective effects. On the other hand, cesium inactivated GSK3β by phosphorylation of serine‐9 and GSK3β‐specific inhibitor SB415286 prevented neuronal apoptosis. These data indicate that cesium's neuroprotection is likely via inactivating GSK3β. Furthermore, cesium also prevented H2O2‐induced neuronal death (increased the survival of neurons from 72 ± 4% to 89 ± 3% of control). Given its relative safety and good penetration of the brain blood barrier, our findings support the potential therapeutic use of cesium in neurodegenerative diseases.
Audiometric and imaging characteristics of distal renal tubular acidosis and deafness
Authors: Joshua B , Kaplan D M , Raveh E , Lotan D , Anikster Y 
Published: August 2007

AbstractObjective:Primary distal renal tubular acidosis with sensorineural hearing loss is a rare autosomal recessive disease, usually caused by mutations in the ATP6V1B1 gene. The aim of this study was to characterise the phenotype of this disease, with emphasis on the auditory findings, in a cohort of Israeli children.Study design:Prospective study of five children, from three unrelated families, with distal renal tubular acidosis and bilateral sensorineural hearing loss, with mutations in the ATP6V1B1 gene.Methods:The following were collected from patients' medical records: biochemical and renal data, age at distal renal tubular acidosis diagnosis, and age at hearing loss. Hearing loss progression as well as current hearing status were assessed, and high resolution computed tomography of the temporal bone was performed. All patients underwent genetic testing.Results:Four patients were diagnosed with distal renal tubular acidosis before the age of six months and one at 24 months. All had the classical findings of low blood pH and inappropriately high urine pH. Hearing loss was diagnosed between the ages of three months and two years. The hearing loss was bilateral, asymmetrical and progressive, occasionally with a conductive component. Two children underwent cochlear implantation, at ages 10 and 15 years. High resolution computed tomography, performed in four patients between the ages of 2.5 and 15 years, showed bilaterally enlarged vestibular aqueducts. This was the only radiological abnormality in the inner ear in all cases. A different mutation in the ATP6V1B1 gene was found in each family.Conclusion:Several types of mutations in the ATP6V1B1 gene may cause distal renal tubular acidosis and sensorineural hearing loss. Patients display a typical progressive type of hearing loss and have enlarged vestibular aqueducts, with no other abnormalities being observed on imaging.