bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Control of endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecules by fatty acids
Authors: De Caterina Raffaele , Libby Peter 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDietary balance of long‐chain fatty acids (FA) may influence human susceptibility to pathological processes which involve the interaction of leukocytes with vascular endothelium, such as atherogenesis and inflammation. Such interaction is largely mediated by thede novo or increased expression of endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecules on vascular endothelial cells, able to tether and stably bind leukocytes onto the vessel wall, and by the production of leukocyte chemoattractants. Endothelial cells do not normally support high levels of leukocyte adhesion. They do so, however, when exposed to a number of stimuli, such as oxidized low density lipoprotein bacterial lipopolysaccharides, and inflammatory cytokines, which induce phenotypic changes generally referred to as “endothelial activation.” We compared various FA in their ability to modulate endothelial activation by cytokines. FA included linoleic, arachidonic, oleic, eicosapentaenoic and, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) as representatives of the n‐6, n‐3 polyunsaturated FA and of the monounsaturated FA. The n‐3 FA DHA, and, to a lesser extent, oleate, at nutritionally compatible concentrations, were able to reduce endothelial expression of Vascular Cell and Adhesion Molecule‐1 (VCAM‐1). In further studies, DHA dose‐ and time‐dependently reduced also the expression of E‐selectin, Intercellular Adhesion Molecule‐1, interleukin (IL)‐6 and IL‐8, in response to IL‐1, IL‐4, tumornecrosis factor, or bacterial endotoxin. The magnitude of this effect paralleled its incorporation into cellular phospholipids. Also, coordinate with reduced surface adhesion molecule expression, DHA reduced the adhesion of human monocytes and of monocytic U937 cells to cytokine‐stimulated endothelial cells. These effects were accompanied by a quantitatively consistent reduction in VCAM‐1 mRNA, indicating a pretranslational control of adhesion molecule gene expression. These novel properties of FA as modulators of endothelial activation may help to explain the influence of dietary FA intake on atherogenesis and inflammation.
Determinants of antioxidant status in humans
Authors: Papas Andreas M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAntioxidant status in humans reflects the dynamic balance between the antioxidant system and prooxidants and has been suggested as a useful tool in estimating the risk of oxidative damage. This paper reviews determinants of antioxidant status such as diet including antioxidant nutrient and nonnutrient intake, absorption and bioavailabilty, dietary components such as polyunsaturated fatty acids and transition metals, food storage and processing, chemical form, chirality and formulation of supplemental compounds and alcohol intake; environmental factors such as pollutants, ultraviolet radiation and smoking; injury and disease, medications and other medical treatments such as radiation; strenuous exercise; and physiological stage or conditions such as those in premature babies and the elderly. It is proposed that, in addition to current focus on tissues, the antioxidant status of digesta should be considered because of its effect on specific tissues and potential health implications.
In vivo labeling of brain phospholipids by long‐chain fatty acids: Relation to turnover and function
Authors: Rapoport Stanley I. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAn experimental method and model are described to quantitate kinetics ofin vivo incorporation of fatty acids (FA) into stable brain phospholipids. When a radiolabeled long‐chain FA is injected intravenously in a rat, it rapidly equilibrates with brain FA‐CoA, the precursor pool for phospholipids. As different labeled FA enter differentsn positions of specific phospholipids, a combination of labels can be used to investigate roles of different phospholipids in brain function and structure. By taking into account dilution λ of specific activity of brain FA‐CoA, compared with specific activity of FA in plasma, half‐lives of FA in individual brain phospholipids can be calculated. Values for λ less than 0.02 suggest marked recycling, and give half‐lives two orders of magnitude smaller than literature values. A half‐life of arachidonate in phosphatidyli‐nositol of 0.66 h (turnover=105%h) is consistent with active participation of this FA in phospholipase A2mediated signal transduction.
In vivo compartmental metabolism of13C docosahexaenoic acid, studied by gas chromatography‐combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry
Authors: Croset Martine , Brossard Nicole , Pachiaudi Christiane , Normand Sylvie , Lecerf Jean , Chirouze Véronique , Riou Jean Paul , Tayot Jean Louis , Lagarde Michel 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe exchange of docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n‐3) within lipid pools in rat and human has been followed as a function of time after the ingestion of triglycerides (TG) containing 22:6n‐3 labeled with13C(13C 22:6n‐3). The13C abundance in the fatty acid was measured by gas‐chromatography‐combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry which allowed the detection of 0.001 atom13C percent12C. The13C 22:6n‐3 appearance was rapid in the TG of very low density lipoprotein plus chylomicron fraction, in which the maximal labeling was observed at 3 and 2 h after ingestion in rat and human, respectively. Concomitant with the TG utilization of this fraction by lipoprotein lipase from tissues, unesterified13C 22:6n‐3 appeared in the plasma albumin.13C 22:6n‐3 bound to albumin was mostly present in unesterified form before 12 h post‐ingestion while after that period, lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC) bound to albumin carried higher13C 22:6n‐3 concentrations. These lyso‐PC were mostly from hepatic origin and might represent a potential source of 22:6n‐3 redistribution to tissues. The13C 22:6n‐3 uptake into rat brain PC and phosphatidylethanolamine was still increasing when the concentration of plasma unesterified13C 22:6n‐3 had already dropped to a minimal plateau value and during the period of maximal plasma circulation of13C 22:6n‐3‐lysoPC bound to albumin. In contrast, the uptake of13C 22:6n‐3 into blood platelet PC occurred during the phase of important circulation of13C‐22:6n‐3 bound to albumin, suggesting thein vivo efficiency of the Lands pathway for this fatty acid. It is concluded that13C 22:6n‐3 esterified in TG is rapidly absorbed and redistributed within plasma lipoproteins and that its redistribution within the two lipid species bound to albumin might influence its uptake by platelets and rat brain.
Effect of dietary α‐linolenic acid intake on incorporation of docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acids into plasma phospholipids of term infants
Authors: Sauerwald Thorsten U. , Hachey David L. , Jensen Craig L. , Chen Huiming , Anderson Robert E. , Heird William C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe fractional conversion rates of plasma phospholipid α‐linolenic acid (18:3n‐3) and linoleic acid (18:2n‐6) to docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n‐3) and arachidonic acid (20:4n‐6), respectively, and the fractional rates of incorporation of 22:6n‐3 and 20:4n‐6 into plasma phospholipids were determined in 27 healthy 3‐wk‐old term infants who had received formulas with ≈16% of fat as 18:2n‐6 and 0.4% (n=6), 1.0% (n=11), or 3.2% (n=10) as 18:3n‐3 from birth. The infants were given a single dose of both [U‐13C] 18:2n‐6 and [U‐13C]18:3n‐3 with a feeding, and blood samples were collected 8, 12, and 24 h afterward for determination of the isotopic enrichments of the [M+18] isotopomers of plasma phospholipid fatty acids by negative chemical ionization gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. A simple precursor/product compartmental model was used to estimate fractional rates of conversion and incorporation. All infants converted 18:3n‐3 to 22:6n‐3 and 18:2n‐6 to 20:4n‐6. Although the fractional rate of conversion of 18:3n‐3 to 22:6n‐3 did not differ among groups, the fractional rate of incorporation of 22:6n‐3 into the plasma phospholipid fraction was greater in infants who received 3.2% vs. 0.4% or 1.0% 18:3n‐3 (4.1±2.2 vs 1.6±1.5 or 2.0±1.0% of the plasma phospholipid 22:6n‐3 pool daily). The fractional rate of conversion of 18:2n‐6 to 20:4n‐6 was less in infants who received the 3.2% 18:3n‐3 intake (0.4±0.3% of the plasma phospholipid 18:2n‐6 pool daily vs. 1.1±0.7% and 0.8±0.5% in those who received 0.4 and 1.0% 18:3n‐3, respectively). The fractional rate of incorporation of 20:4n‐6 into plasma phospholipid also was less in the 3.2% vs. the 0.4 and 1.0% 18:3n‐3 groups (2.7±1.4% vs. 5.9±2.6 and 4.4±1.7%, respectively, of the plasma phospholipid 20:4n‐6 pool daily).
Enzyme replacement and gene therapy for Gaucher's disease
Authors: Brady Roscoe O. , Barton Norman W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe lipid storage disorders have long been considered primary candidates for enzyme replacement therapy. This goal has been achieved with a remarkable degree of success in Gaucher's disease. Among the accomplishments that were important to obtain clinical benefit were the development of a large‐scale procedure to purify human placental glucocerebrosidase and a method to target this enzyme to lipid‐storing macrophages through glycoform modification. In addition, the effectiveness of recombinantly produced macrophage‐targeted glucorerebrosidase has recently been demonstrated. Because macrophages originate from stem cells in the bone marrow, ex vivo transduction of these cells with retroviral vectors containing the cDNA for human glucocerebrosidase is being explored for the genetic therapy of Gaucher's disease.
Losses of arachidonic acid in rat liver after alcohol inhalation
Authors: Salem Norman , Reyzer Michelle , Karanian John 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper presents an animal model of alcoholism in which rats were exposed to alcohol by inhalation and were fed a diet that simulated the poor diet of some alcoholics. It is hypothesized that some of the pathophysiological effects of alcohol are related to its effects on essential fatty acid metabolism and composition of vital organs. A diet that contains no 20‐and 22‐carbon essential fatty acids and has low levels of 18‐carbon essential fatty acids was used as a dietary challenge. Addition of a second metabolic challenge, i.e., alcohol, led to loss of tissue polyunsaturates, particularly liver arachidonate. A method of cycling alcohol inhalation for 12 h/d was also presented, which was also shown to lower liver arachidonic acid content.
Role of essential fatty acids in the function of the developing nervous system
Authors: Uauy Ricardo , Peirano Patricio , Hoffman Dennis , Mena Patricia , Birch David , Birch Eileen 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe basis for n‐3 fatty acid essentiality in humans includes not only biochemical evidence but functional measures associated with n‐3 deficiency in human and nonhuman primates. Functional development of the retina and the occipital cortex are affected by α‐linolenic acid deficiency and by a lack of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in preterm infant formulas and, as reported more recently, in term diets. Functional effects of n‐3 supply on sleep‐wake cycles and heart rate rhythms support the need for dietary n‐3 fatty acids during early development. Our results indicate that n‐3 long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids should be considered provisionally essential for infant nutrition. DHA may also be required by individuals with inherited metabolic defects in elongation and desaturation activity, such as patients with peroxisomal disorders and some forms of retinitis pigmentosa.
A role for phospholipid polyunsaturation in modulating membrane protein function
Authors: Litman Burton J. , Mitchell Drake C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractVisual transduction is one of the best characterized G protein—coupled signalling systems. In addition, about 50% of the disk membrane phospholipid acyl chains are 22:6n‐3, making this system ideal for determining the role of polyunsaturation in modulating membrane‐signalling systems. The extent of formation of metarhodopsin II (MII), the G protein—activating photointermediate of rhodopsin, was studied in phospholipid vesicles composed of a variety of phosphatidylcholines, differing in their acyl chain composition at thesn‐2 position. The amount of MII formed increased progressively with the level of acyl chain unsaturation at thesn‐2 position. The effect of added cholesterol was to reduce the amount of MII formed. The acyl chain packing free volume of the rhodopsin containing lipid vesicles was characterized by a fractional volume parameter fv derived from measurements of the time‐resolved fluorescence anisotropy decay of the hydrophobic membrane probe 1,6‐diphenyl‐1,3,5‐hexatriene. The relationship amongsn‐2 acyl chain unsaturation, cholesterol content, and MII formation is explained on the basis of variation in fv with bilayer lipid composition and a novel model for the packing of phospholipids containing polyenoic acyl chains, such as 22:6n‐3.
Specificity of polyunsaturated fatty acid release from rat brain synaptosomes
Authors: Kim Hee‐Yong , Edsall Lisa , Ma Yee‐Chung 
Published: May 2007

AbstractRelease of specific polyunsaturated fatty acids from cell membranes may have a significant implication in biological function, considering the involvement of various fatty acids in cell signal transduction. In the present study, release of polyunsaturated fatty acids from rat brain synaptosomes by endogeneous synaptosomal lipase activity was examined in comparison to that by cobra venom phospholipase A2 (Naja naja naja). Cobra venom phospholipase A2 (Naja naja naja) preferentially hydrolyzed docosahexaenoic acid (22∶6n−3) from both synaptosomes and lipid muxtures containing similar classes of lipids commonly found in the brain. Arachidonic acid (20∶4n−6) and oleic acid (18∶1n−9) were also hydrolyzed; however, monoene species was hydrolyzed slower than were polyenoic species in synaptosomes. Phosphatidylethanolamine was the most preferred phospholipid class for release of 22∶6n−3 fatty acid from both lipid mixtures and synaptosomes.In contrast to hydrolysis by cobra venom phospholipase A2, endogenous synaptosomal lipase activity preferentially hydrolyzed 20∶4−6 from rat brain synaptosomes, despite the high abundance of 22∶6n−3 in synaptosomal membranes. Preferential release of 20∶4n−6 was observed over a wide range of pH values and calcium concentrations. Synaptosomal 22∶6 species appeared to be resistant to hydrolysis even after stimulation with various agents such as phorbolmyristate, suggesting that physiological importance of 22∶6−3 in neuronal membranes may not be as the release fatty acid.
The significance of polyunsaturated fatty acids in cutaneous biology
Authors: Ziboh Vincent A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe skin epidermis displays a highly active metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Dietary deficiency of linoleic acid (LA) and 18‐carbon (n‐6) PUFA results in characteristic scaly skin disorder and excessive epidermal water loss. Arachidonic acid, a 20‐carbon (n‐6) PUFA is metabolized via the cyclooxygenase pathway into predominantly prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) PGF2α′ and PGD2 and via the lipoxygenase pathway into predominantly 15‐hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15‐HETE). The prostaglandins modulate normal skin physiological processes at low concentrations and inflammatory reactions at high concentrations. Similarly, the very active epidermal 15‐lipoxygenase transforms dihomogammalinolenic acid (DGLA) into 15‐hydroxy eicosatrienoic acid (15‐HETrE), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) into 15‐hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid (15‐HEPE) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) into 17‐hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid (17‐HDoHE), respectively. These monohydroxy acids exhibit anti‐inflammatory properties. In contrast, the 18‐carbon (n‐6) PUFA is transformed into 13‐hydroxy‐9,11‐octadecadienoic acid (13‐HODE), which exerts antiproliferative properties in the tissue. Thus the supplementation of diets with appropriate purified vegetable oils and/or fish oil may generate local cutaneous anti‐inflammatory metabolites which could serve as a less toxicin vivo monotherapy or as adjuncts to standard therapeutic regimens for the management of skin inflammaory disorders.
Gender differences in insulin‐induced free fatty acid suppression: Studies in an african american population
Authors: Sumner Anne E. , Kushner Harvey , Lakota Christina A. , Falkner Bonita , Marsh Julian B. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis study of African Americans (AA) was designed to investigate gender differences in insulin‐induced free fatty acid (FFA) suppression. Sixty AA (34 women, mean age 34±7.6 years, and 26 men, mean age 30±2.9 years) participated. All subjects had an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Nineteen women and 18 men also underwent a euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp (IC) study. Plasma insulin and FFA concentrations were obtained during both test at 0, 60, and 120 min. While there was no gender difference in body mass index (P=0.21), women had greater percent body fat (P<0.001) calculated by the Siri formula. There was no gender difference in fasting FFA levels, but during the OGTT, women compared to men had significantly greater FFA suppression. Both nonobese and obese women suppressed FFA concentration by 88%, and nonobese and obese men suppressed, FFA concentration by 80 and 66%, respectively. This gender difference in FFA suppression was significant (P=0.001) and independent of obesity and insulin concentration. During the IC studies, there were no gender or obesity differences in FFA suppression, with women and men suppressing FFA levels by 87–89% (P=0.7). Fasting insulin concentrations were higher in obese vs. nonobese (P=0.03), but fasting FFA concentrations were not different (P=0.15). For nonobese and obese, females, fasting FFA levels were 0.55±0.24 and 0.44±0.26 mEq/L, respectively, and for nonobese and obese males, 0.45±0.2 and 0.35±0.18 mEq/L, respectively. In women, development of obesity may be enhanced by greater sensitivity to insulin‐induced FFA suppression as measured during an OGTT. To detect gender differences in FFA metabolism, the OGTT is superior to the IC. The lack of elevation in fasting FFA levels in obese AA women and men has not been reported in other racial groups and may indicate a greater adipocyte sensitivity to insulin in AA.
Production of eicosapentaenoic acid from marine bacteria
Authors: Yazawa Kazunaga 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA marine bacterium, judged as a new species close toShewanella putrefaciens, was isolated from the intestinal contents of the Pacific mackerel. The isolated strain SCRC‐2378 produced eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) as the sole polyunsaturated fatty acid, which amounted to 24–40% of the total fatty acid in the cell, which corresponded to 2% of dry cell weight. Under the optimal growth conditions (pH 7.0, 20°C, and grown aerobically for 12–18 h), the yield of SCRC‐2738 reached 15 g of dry cells/L or 2×1010 viable cells/mL. EPA existed as phospholipid and was found in thesn‐2 position of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. The 38 kbp (1,000 base pairs) genome DNA fragment was cloned from SCRC‐2738 and expressed inEscherichia coli, which resulted in the production of EPA. The nucleotide sequence of the 38 kbp DNA fragment was determined. The DNA fragment contains eight open reading frames, and three of them posses homology with enzymes involved in fatty acid synthesis. Thus, it may be possible that these EPA biosynthesis genes are applied for EPA production in yeasts or higher plants, and offer a new method for EPA synthesis as new foods containing EPA.
Eicosapentaenoic acid suppressed the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells through modulation of various steps of growth signals
Authors: Terano T. , Shiina T. , Tamura Y. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAmong fatty acids, only n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids such as eicosapentanenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) inhibited the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. DHA was less effective than EPA. To clarify the anti‐proliferative effect of n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, we have explored the effect of EPA on the signal transduction pathway of platelet derived growth factor (PDGF). EPA inhibited PDGF binding on its receptor and activation of protein kinase C. EPA also suppressed c‐fos mRNA expression, one of immediate early genes, through partly inhibiting c‐fos transcription. These data revealed that EPA could inhibit vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation through modulating various steps of the signal transduction by PDGF.
The structure‐activity relationship of lipoxygenase products of long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids: Effects on human platelet aggregation
Authors: Karanian John W. , Kim Hee‐Yong , Salem Norman 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe effect of hydroperoxy and hydroxy derivatives of various fatty acids on human platelet aggregation was determined to delineate potencies and structure‐activity function. In this regard, the 22‐carbon n‐3 fatty acids are the most potent inhibitors in comparison to the n‐6 lipoxygenase derivatives. Submicromolar levels of the docosapentaenoic (22:5) and especially docosahexaenoic (22:6) n‐3 hydroperoxy and hydroxy derivatives specifically antagonize the platelet aggregating effect to arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n‐6) but not that of ADP or collagen. Chain length (22‐C>20‐C), double‐bond position (n‐3>n‐6), and double‐bond number (6>5>4) influence the degree of inhibition of AA‐induced aggregation of human platelets. Moreover, significant differneces in potency were associated with specific structural aspects of 22:6n‐3 lipoxygenase derivatives of 22:6n‐3 as follows: functional group (OOH >OH) and positional isomer (14‐OOH, 14‐OH, 20‐OOH>11‐OOH, 17‐OOH>10‐OOH>11‐OH, 8‐OOH, 7‐OOH>4‐OOH).
Defatted peanuts: Preliminary cost study
Authors: Molaison L. J. , Decossas K. M. , Pominski J. , Patton E. L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDefatted peanuts are high in protein and low in fat content. A preliminary cost study for defatting Virginia peanuts with hexane in three all‐new hypothetical commerical plants indicates operating cost can be as low as 84 cents/lb of peanuts extracted when packaged in 502ȕ308 tins. Cost in fully depreciated plants is as low as 61.5 cents for a volume of extracted peanuts equivalent to the amount of unextracted peanuts normally packaged in 502ȕ308 tins. Process development shows promise for further reducing these costs which are based on limited exploratory pilot plant research.
Quantitative analysis for oleic and petroselinic acids in glyceride oils
Authors: Mallard T. M. , Craig B. M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA rapid quantitative method for the determination of oleic (9‐cis‐octadecenoic) and petroselinic (6‐cis‐octadecenoic) acids was required for nutritional research. The methyl esters of these two acids have coincident emergence in GLC separations using polyester columns. A method involving oxidation and GLC analysis of the resultant monocarboxylic acids has been developed.
Reaction of aliphatic tertiary amines with hydroperoxides
Authors: Le Harris Anna , Olcott H. S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTrioctylamine acts as an antioxidant in fats at 70C but not at lower temperatures. A reactive antioxidant intermediate was sought. Dioctylhydroxylamine was obtained from the reaction of trioctylamine and t‐butyl peroxide at 70C. The recrystallized product had antioxidant properties. About 0.1% existed as stable free radical by electron‐spin resonance. Didecyl‐ and didodecylhydroxylamines were also synthesized from the corresponding tertiary amines. These and a sample of commercial diethylhydroxylamine also contained free radicals and possessed antioxidant activity.