bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal and Secular Trends in Weight‐related Teasing during Adolescence
Authors: Haines Jess , Neumark‐Sztainer Dianne , Hannan Peter J. , van den Berg Patricia , Eisenberg Marla E. 
Published: October 2008

Objective: To examine 5‐year longitudinal and secular trends in weight‐related teasing among adolescents.Methods and Procedures: Project EAT‐II (Eating Among Teens–II) followed 2,516 adolescents (females = 1,386, 55.1%) prospectively from 1999 to 2004. EAT‐II included two cohorts allowing the observation of longitudinal changes in reported weight‐related teasing as participants transitioned from early to mid‐adolescence (middle school to high school) and from mid‐ to late‐adolescence (high school to post–high school). EAT‐II also allowed the examination of secular trends in reported teasing among middle adolescents in 1999 and 2004.Results: In 1999, approximately one‐quarter of adolescents in the total sample (including both overweight and nonoverweight youth) reported being teased about their weight in early adolescence and mid‐adolescence. Prevalence rates of teasing were higher among overweight youth (early adolescence: females 42.4%, males 44.6%; mid‐adolescence: females 31.2%, males 40.8%). Longitudinal trends suggest that weight‐related teasing decreased among overweight males and females in the younger cohort as they transitioned from early adolescence to mid‐adolescence. In the older cohort of youth, teasing decreased in the total sample of females as they transitioned from mid‐adolescence to older adolescence. Analyses of age‐matched secular trends among middle adolescents showed that the prevalence of weight‐related teasing remained stable among most adolescent subgroups and declined among overweight males between 1999 and 2004.Discussion: Weight‐related teasing is prevalent through the various stages of adolescence. Our findings point to a need for ongoing interventions, throughout adolescence, which focus on reducing weight‐related teasing and improving social supports for affected youth.
Understanding Self‐directed Stigma: Development of the Weight Bias Internalization Scale
Authors: Durso Laura E. , Latner Janet D. 
Published: October 2008

Objective: The present study developed the Weight Bias Internalization Scale (WBIS), an 11‐item measure assessing internalized weight bias among the overweight and obese.Methods and Procedures: An Internet sample was recruited through online community discussion groups and snowball sampling via e‐mail. Women (n = 164) and men (n = 34) with a BMI >25 kg/m2 completed the WBIS and the Antifat Attitudes Questionnaire (AAQ), as well as measures of self‐esteem, body image, mood disturbance, drive for thinness, and binge eating.Results: Results indicate that the WBIS had high internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.90) and correlated significantly with antifat attitudes but was not a completely overlapping construct (r = 0.31). The scale showed strong partial correlations with self‐esteem (r = −0.67), drive for thinness (r = 0.47), and body image concern (r = 0.75), controlling for BMI. Internalized weight bias was also significantly correlated with measures of mood and eating disturbance. Multiple regression analyses were conducted using WBIS scores, antifat attitudes, and BMI as predictor variables of body image, mood, self‐esteem, and binge eating. WBIS scores were found to significantly predict scores on each of these measures.Discussion: The WBIS showed excellent psychometric properties and construct validity. The study highlights the importance of distinguishing antifat attitudes toward others from internalized weight bias, a construct that may be closely linked with psychopathology.
Overweight Girls Who Internalize Fat Stereotypes Report Low Psychosocial Well‐being
Authors: Davison Kirsten K. , Schmalz Dorothy L. , Young Laurie M. , Birch Leann L. 
Published: October 2008

Objective: This study examines developmental change and intraindividual stability in girls' fat stereotypes and associations between girls' internalization of stereotypes and their psychosocial well‐being.Methods and Procedures: Participants included 163 non‐Hispanic white girls. Girls' fat stereotypes were assessed at ages 9 and 11 years and their height and weight and all measures of psychosocial well‐being, including global self‐worth, perceived physical appearance, and maladaptive eating attitudes, were assessed at ages 9, 11, and 13 years. Change in girls' fat stereotypes between ages 9 and 11 was assessed using Repeated Measures ANOVA. Intraindividual stability in stereotypes was assessed using Spearman rank correlation analysis. Planned comparisons were used to test the hypothesis that overweight girls who internalize fat stereotypes are at heightened risk of poor psychosocial well‐being.Results: Girls' fat stereotypes decreased significantly between ages 9 and 11. Moderate intraindividual stability was observed in overweight girls', but not nonoverweight girls', reported stereotypes. As predicted, overweight girls who reported high fat stereotypes reported significantly lower psychosocial well‐being than all other girls in the sample, independent of their weight status.Discussion: Findings suggest that overweight girls may be particularly sensitive to weight‐based stereotypes and may experience poor psychosocial well‐being when they internalize stereotypes. Health practitioners working with overweight girls need to be aware of girls' sensitivity to weight‐based stereotypes and should actively work against condoning and reinforcing such stereotypes.
Perceptions of difference in the Greek sphereThe case of Cyprus
Authors: Terkourafi Marina 
Published: October 2008

AbstractCypriot Greek has been cited as “the last surviving Modern Greek dialect” (Contossopoulos 1969:92, 2000:21), and differences between it and Standard Modern Greek are often seen as seriously disruptive of communication by Mainland and Cypriot Greeks alike. This paper attempts an anatomy of the linguistic ‘difference’ of the Cypriot variety of Greek. By placing this in the wider context of the history of Cypriot Greek, the study and current state of other Modern Greek dialects, and state and national ideology in the two countries, Greece and Cyprus, it is possible to identify both diachronic and synchronic, as well as structural and ideological factors as constitutive of this difference.
Investigating the correspondence between transcriptomic and proteomic expression profiles using coupled cluster models
Authors: Rogers Simon , Girolami Mark , Kolch Walter , Waters Katrina M. , Liu Tao , Thrall Brian , Wiley H. Steven 
Published: October 2008

AbstractMotivation: Modern transcriptomics and proteomics enable us to survey the expression of RNAs and proteins at large scales. While these data are usually generated and analyzed separately, there is an increasing interest in comparing and co-analyzing transcriptome and proteome expression data. A major open question is whether transcriptome and proteome expression is linked and how it is coordinated.Results: Here we have developed a probabilistic clustering model that permits analysis of the links between transcriptomic and proteomic profiles in a sensible and flexible manner. Our coupled mixture model defines a prior probability distribution over the component to which a protein profile should be assigned conditioned on which component the associated mRNA profile belongs to. We apply this approach to a large dataset of quantitative transcriptomic and proteomic expression data obtained from a human breast epithelial cell line (HMEC). The results reveal a complex relationship between transcriptome and proteome with most mRNA clusters linked to at least two protein clusters, and vice versa. A more detailed analysis incorporating information on gene function from the Gene Ontology database shows that a high correlation of mRNA and protein expression is limited to the components of some molecular machines, such as the ribosome, cell adhesion complexes and the TCP-1 chaperonin involved in protein folding.Availability: Matlab code is available from the authors on request.Contact: srogers@dcs.gla.ac.ukSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
SNAP: a web-based tool for identification and annotation of proxy SNPs using HapMap
Authors: Johnson Andrew D. , Handsaker Robert E. , Pulit Sara L. , Nizzari Marcia M. , O'Donnell Christopher J. , de Bakker Paul I. W. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Summary: The interpretation of genome-wide association results is confounded by linkage disequilibrium between nearby alleles. We have developed a flexible bioinformatics query tool for single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to identify and to annotate nearby SNPs in linkage disequilibrium (proxies) based on HapMap. By offering functionality to generate graphical plots for these data, the SNAP server will facilitate interpretation and comparison of genome-wide association study results, and the design of fine-mapping experiments (by delineating genomic regions harboring associated variants and their proxies).
Availability: SNAP server is available at http://www.broad.mit.edu/mpg/snap/.
Contact: debakker@broad.mit.edu
Slider—maximum use of probability information for alignment of short sequence reads and SNP detection
Authors: Malhis Nawar , Butterfield Yaron S. N. , Ester Martin , Jones Steven J. M. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Motivation: A plethora of alignment tools have been created that are designed to best fit different types of alignment conditions. While some of these are made for aligning Illumina Sequence Analyzer reads, none of these are fully utilizing its probability (prb) output. In this article, we will introduce a new alignment approach (Slider) that reduces the alignment problem space by utilizing each read base's probabilities given in the prb files.
Results: Compared with other aligners, Slider has higher alignment accuracy and efficiency. In addition, given that Slider matches bases with probabilities other than the most probable, it significantly reduces the percentage of base mismatches. The result is that its SNP predictions are more accurate than other SNP prediction approaches used today that start from the most probable sequence, including those using base quality.
Contact: nmalhis@bcgsc.ca
Supplementary information and availability: http://www.bcgsc.ca/platform/bioinfo/software/slider
Addressing climate change with a comprehensive US cap-and-trade system
Authors: Stavins Robert N. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThere is growing impetus for a domestic US climate policy that can provide meaningful reductions in emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases. I describe and analyse an up-stream, economy-wide CO2 cap-and-trade system which implements a gradual trajectory of emissions reductions (with inclusion over time of non-CO2 greenhouse gases), and includes mechanisms to reduce cost uncertainty. Initially, half of the allowances are allocated through auction and half through free distribution, with the share being auctioned gradually increasing to 100 per cent over 25 years. The system provides for linkage with emission-reduction credit projects in other countries, harmonization over time with effective cap-and-trade systems in other countries and regions, and appropriate linkage with actions taken in other countries, in order to establish a level playing field among domestically produced and imported products.
On the regulation of geoengineering
Authors: Victor David G. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
New evidence that the climate system may be especially sensitive to the build-up of greenhouse gases and that humans are doing a poor job of controlling their effluent has animated discussions around the possibility of offsetting the human impact on climate through ‘geoengineering’. Nearly all assessments of geoengineering have concluded that the option, while ridden with flaws and unknown side effects, is intriguing because of its low cost and the ability for one or a few nations to geoengineer the planet without cooperation from others. I argue that norms to govern deployment of geoengineering systems will be needed soon. The standard instruments for establishing such norms, such as treaties, are unlikely to be effective in constraining geoengineers because the interests of key players diverge and it is relatively easy for countries to avoid inconvenient international commitments and act unilaterally. Instead, efforts to craft new norms ‘bottom up’ will be more effective. Such an approach, which would change the underlying interests of key countries and thus make them more willing to adopt binding norms in the future, will require active, open research programmes and assessments of geoengineering. Meaningful research may also require actual trial deployment of geoengineering systems so that norms are informed by relevant experience and command respect through use. Standard methods for international assessment organized by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) are unlikely to yield useful evaluations of geoengineering options because the most important areas for assessment lie in the improbable, harmful, and unexpected side effects of geoengineering, not the ‘consensus science’ that IPCC does well. I also suggest that real-world geoengineering will be a lot more complex and expensive than currently thought because simple interventions—such as putting reflective particles in the stratosphere—will be combined with many other costlier interventions to offset nasty side effects.
A new global deal on climate change
Authors: Hepburn Cameron , Stern Nicholas 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
A global target of stabilizing greenhouse-gas concentrations at between 450 and 550 parts per million carbon-dioxide equivalent (ppm CO2e) has proven robust to recent developments in the science and economics of climate change. Retrospective analysis of the Stern Review (2007) suggests that the risks were underestimated, indicating a stabilization target closer to 450 ppm CO2e. Climate policy at the international level is now moving rapidly towards agreeing an emissions pathway, and distributing responsibilities between countries. A feasible framework can be constructed in which each country takes on its own responsibilities and targets, based on a shared understanding of the risks and the need for action and collaboration on climate change. The global deal should contain six key features: (i) a pathway to achieve the world target of 50 per cent reductions by 2050, where rich countries contribute at least 75 per cent of the reductions; (ii) global emissions trading to reduce costs; (iii) reform of the clean development mechanism to scale up emission reductions on a sectoral or benchmark level; (iv) scaling up of R&D funding for low-carbon energy; (v) an agreement on deforestation; and (vi) adaptation finance.
Emissions in the Platinum Age: the implications of rapid development for climate-change mitigation
Authors: Garnaut Ross , Howes Stephen , Jotzo Frank , Sheehan Peter 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Rapid global economic growth, centred in Asia but now spread across the world, is driving rapid greenhouse-gas emissions growth, making earlier projections unrealistic. This paper develops new, illustrative business-as-usual projections for carbon dioxide (CO2) from fossil fuels and other sources and for non-CO2 greenhouse gases. Making adjustments to 2007 World Energy Outlook projections to reflect more fully recent trends, we project annual emissions by 2030 to be almost double current volumes, 11 per cent higher than in the most pessimistic scenario developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), and at a level reached only in 2050 in the business-as-usual scenario used by the Stern Review. This has major implications for the global approach to climate-change mitigation. The required effort is much larger than implicit in the IPCC data informing the current international climate negotiations. Large cuts in developed country emissions will be required, and significant deviations from baselines will be required in developing countries by 2020. It is hard to see how the required cuts could be achieved without all major developing as well as developed countries adopting economy-wide policies.
Day‐length encoding through tonic photic effects in the retinorecipient SCN region
Authors: Yan Lily , Silver Rae 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) plays a critical role in seasonal processes by sensing ambient photoperiod. To explore how it measures day‐length, we assessed the state of SCN oscillators using markers for neuronal activity (c‐FOS) and the clock protein (PER1) in Syrian hamsters housed in long (LD, 16 : 8 h light : dark) vs. short days (SD, 8 : 16 h light : dark). During SD, there was no detectable phase dispersion across the rostrocaudal extent of the nucleus. In contrast, during LD, rhythms in the caudal SCN phase led those in the mid‐ and rostral SCN by 4–8 h and 8–12 h, respectively. Importantly, some neurons in the retinorecipient core SCN were unique in that they were FOS‐positive during the dark phase in LD, but not SD. Transfer of LD animals to constant darkness or skeleton photoperiod revealed that dark‐phase FOS expression depends on tonic light exposure rather than on intrinsic clock properties. By transferring animals from SD to LD, we next discovered that there are two separate populations of SCN cells, one responding to acute and the other to tonic light exposure. The results suggest that the seasonal encoding of day‐length by the SCN entails reorganization of its constituent oscillators by a subgroup of neurons in the SCN core that respond to tonic photic cues.
Comparison of life‐history characteristics of island and mainland populations of the swamp antechinus
Authors: Sale M. G. , Wilson B. A. , Arnould J. P. Y. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe reproductive ecology of the swamp antechinus Antechinus minimus, a small dasyurid (Dasyuridae) marsupial with obligate male semelparity, was investigated in populations inhabiting the mainland coast and on a nearby offshore island in south‐eastern Australia. The size and sex ratios of litters, individual body mass and size, timing of births and female longevity were determined from live‐trapped animals. The island population had significantly smaller litter sizes and greater adult body mass in comparison with the mainland population. This is consistent with features of the ‘island syndrome’, which predicts directional selection for these traits in high‐density populations with reduced extrinsic mortality. However, inter‐annual variability in litter sizes in the island population suggests that litter size is more responsive to fluctuating local conditions, such as population density, which is likely to affect food availability, rather than directional genetic changes. In contrast with other antechinus species, biased sex ratios were not evident. In addition, large variations of the timing of births were estimated at both sites and these appear to be related to seasonal conditions such as autumn rainfall and female body mass before mating.
Exploring habitat use by cheetahs using ecological niche factor analysis
Authors: Pettorelli N. , Hilborn A. , Broekhuis F. , Durant S. M. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractUnderstanding the basis of habitat choice having important implications for explaining the distribution of organisms, as well as helping to differentiate between habitats of different quality for effective management. In this study, the effects of sex, age and reproductive status on habitat use patterns of cheetahs Acinonyx jubatus in the Serengeti plains were explored using Ecological Niche Factor Analysis (ENFA). Our results showed that gender and territoriality did not affect patterns of habitat use. However, females tended to be more specialized when they were young than when they were older, displaying a more restricted ecological niche. Likewise, older females without cubs were more specialized than the same adult females with young cubs. This result did not hold for younger females. Altogether, the ENFA approach allowed us to (1) use the large amount of incidental sighting data collected over 12 years on cheetah spatial distribution; (2) identify the importance of reproductive status and age on the relationship between animals and their habitat; (3) further demonstrate that ENFA is applicable in a wide range of situations, including for exploring individual variation in niche definition.
A two‐warehouse inventory model for items with three‐parameter Weibull distribution deterioration, shortages and linear trend in demand
Authors: Banerjee Snigdha , Agrawal Swati 
Published: October 2008

AbstractDepending on the type of goods and storage facilities available, perishable goods decay in different manners in terms of the initial point and rate of deterioration. The three‐parameter Weibull distribution is an excellent generalization of exponential decay, with the flexibility of modeling various types of deteriorations. Since inventory management of perishable goods involves expensive storage facilities, the retailer with small storage may have to rent a warehouse. In this paper, we discuss a two‐warehouse inventory model where deteriorations in the two warehouses follow independent three‐parameter Weibull distributions. Transfer of units is from the rented warehouse to the own warehouse, and incurs a positive cost per unit. Demand is a non‐decreasing linear function of time, shortages are backlogged and replenishment is instantaneous. A solution procedure for obtaining optimal values of initial inventory level and cycle time is presented. Sensitivity analysis is carried out. The effect of using other related deterioration distributions is illustrated.
Alterations in Brain Serotonin Synthesis in Male Alcoholics Measured Using Positron Emission Tomography
Authors: Nishikawa Masami , Diksic Mirko , Sakai Yojiro , Kumano Hiroaki , Charney Dara , Palacios‐Boix Jorge , Negrete Juan , Gill Kathryn 
Published: October 2008

Background:  A consistent association between low endogenous 5HT function and high alcohol preference has been observed, and a number of serotonergic manipulations (uptake blockers, agonists) alter alcohol consumption in animals and humans. Studies have also shown an inverse relationship between alcohol use and cerebrospinal fluid levels of serotonin metabolites, suggesting that chronic alcohol consumption produces alterations in serotonin synthesis or release.Methods:  The objective of the study was to characterize regional brain serotonin synthesis in nondepressed chronic alcoholics at treatment entry in comparison to normal nonalcoholic controls using PET and the tracer α‐[11C]‐methyl‐l‐tryptophan.Results:  Comparisons of the alcoholics and controls by SPM found that there were significant differences in the rate of serotonin synthesis between groups. Serotonin synthesis was significantly lower among alcoholics in Brodmann Area (BA) 9, 10, and 32. However, serotonin synthesis among the alcoholics group was significantly higher than controls at BA19 in the occipital lobe and around the transverse temporal convolution in the left superior temporal gyrus (BA41). In addition, there were correlations between regional serotonin synthesis and a quantity‐frequency measure of alcohol consumption. Regions showing a significant negative correlation with QF included the bilateral rectus gyri (BA11) in the orbitofrontal area, the bilateral medial frontal area (BA6), and the right amygdala.Conclusions:  Current alcoholism is associated with serotonergic abnormalities in brain regions that are known to be involved in planning, judgment, self‐control, and emotional regulation.