bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Platelet Factor‐ 3 Test for Detection of Canine Antiplatelet Antibody
Authors: Jain N.C. , Kono C.S. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryAutoimmune thrombocytopenia can be diagnosed by demonstrating antiplatelet antibody in patient's serum using a platelet factor‐3 test. A procedure was developed to conduct the platelet factor‐3 test using a Fibrometer to record coagulation time. The procedure provides a more practical and consistent way of reading results than making visual observations. It is also simple enough for use as a laboratory method to evaluate thrombocyto‐penic patients. With this procedure, positive results were obtained for about one‐third of the thrombocytopenic dogs examined so far.
Hepatic Bile Pigment Excretion and Erythrocyte Turnover in Various Species
Authors: Cornelius Charles E. , Bruss Michael L. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryEndogenous bile pigment excretory rates have now been recorded in fifteen species, and the following review briefly compares the excretion per unit of body weight in animals of varying sizes, attempts to determine if any correlation exists between bile flow and endogenous pigment excretion and discusses bile pigment excretion in relation to mean erythrocyte survival time and metabolic rate. Graphs and one table illustrating pigment metabolism and erythrocyte replacement are presented. Differences between animals excreting primarily biliverdin as opposed to bilirubin are discussed, with special attention being given throughout the article to mammals and their individual differences. Accepted theory concludes that the rate of endogenous bile pigment excretion is primarily dependent upon hemoglobin cata‐bolism. However, further studies will be necessary to clarify basic physiological mechanisms in order to substantiate any theory concerning the correlation of erythrocyte turnover with metabolic rates.
Noncrystalline Inclusions in Erythrocytes of a Rhinoceros Iguana
Authors: Simpson Charles F. , Jacobson E.R. , Harvey J.W. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryIn the following case, intracytoplasmic and intranuclear noncrystalline inclusions are found in the erythrocytes of a male Rhinoceros Iguana. Ultrastructurally, cytoplas‐mic inclusions are hexagonal with sharp borders not bound by a membrane. Similar to surrounding hemoglobin in that they are amorphous, homogenous and composed of finely textured material, the inclusions are easily differentiated by their symmetry and weak electron density. Nuclear inclusions are observed causing margination of chro‐matin and nucleoplasm. They are also easily distinguished by their hexagonal shape, weak electron density and the greater granularity of the surrounding nucleoplasm. The case is unusual because noncrystalline inclusions other than Heinz bodies have not yet been described in the erythrocytes of animals with nucleated red cells.
Immune Mediated Neutropenia in Man and Animals: A Review
Authors: Chickering William R. , Prasse Keith W. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryImmune mediated neutropenia has been reported in human medical literature with increasing frequency over the past 30 years. A wide variety of causes are known and numerous techniques have been developed to test for the presence of antineutrophil antibody. This paper reviews literature pertaining to the pathogenesis, detection and experimental production of immune mediated neutropenia in man and animals.
The Mechanisms Relating to Increases in Plasma Enzymes and Isoenzymes in Diseases of Animals
Authors: Boyd J.W. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryChanges in plasma or serum enzymes and isoenzymes are useful indicators of tissue damage in many diseases. Enzyme increases are usually related to leakage of enzymes from damaged cells. The amount of increase depends on factors such as the concentration of enzyme in the cells, the rate of leakage of enzyme from cells and the rate of clearance of enzyme from plasma. There are important species variations in the tissue concentrations and plasma clearance rates of enzymes and isoenzymes.
Comparison of Two Automated Multi‐Channel Blood Cell Counting Systems for Analysis of Blood of Common Domestic Animals
Authors: Weiser M.G. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryAn automated, multi‐channel blood cell counting system (S‐Plus) was compared to a reference counting system using blood samples from 187 animals of four species. The standard red cell bath aperture current of 150 volts (V) was used during analysis of 75% of the samples. At this setting, all samples with a Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) greater than 50 fl had accurate erythrocyte counts. As the MCV decreased below 50 fl, the severity of false low erythrocyte counts and false high MCV values increased. The remaining 25% of samples were analyzed with the red cell bath aperture current increased to 200 V. At this setting, only 5% or less of erythrocytes from animals with normal MCV values (>36 fl) were below the erythrocyte threshold. The red cell distribution width values provided by the S‐Plus indicated that equine and bovine erythrocytes have greater anisocytosis than canine and feline erythrocytes. Leukocyte counts were significantly lower on the S‐Plus (p < 0.01). Canine and equine samples most frequently had platelet size distribution within the S‐Plus platelet counting threshold window. Electronic whole blood platelet counting appeared unsatisfactory in cats due to large platelet size and erythrocyte‐platelet size overlap. Small platelet size in cattle indicated that further modifications of the red cell bath aperture current would be required to count and size platelets in this species. Following electronic modifications, this state‐of‐the‐art system appears adaptable to hematologic profiling in most species.
Diagnostic Value of Intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase in Horse Serum
Authors: Hoffmann Walter E. , Dorner Joseph L. , Morris Holly 
Published: February 2009

SummaryAntiserum directed against equine intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) was produced in rabbits and used to develop a sensitive and quantitative assay for the detection of intestinal ALP in equine serum. This assay was then used to measure the half‐life of intravenously injected intestinal ALP and to determine if the intestinal ALP was present in normal horse sera, sera from horses presented for lesions not involving the gastrointestinal tract and sera from horses presented with lesions involving the gastrointestinal tract. The results suggest that intestinal ALP is not likely to appear in equine serum even when gastrointestinal disease is present and, therefore, appears to be of no diagnostic value
A Sensitive Autoradiographic Procedure for Factor VIII‐Related Antigen in Canine Plasma
Authors: Schlink Gerald T. , Johnson Gary S. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryA second‐antibody autoradiographic technique was found to be suitable for visualization of precipitin arcs produced by the elec‐troimmunoassay or crossed immunoelectro‐phoresis of factor Vlll‐related antigen in canine plasma. With the new autoradiographic procedure the electroimmunoassay was approximately ten times more sensitive than with the commonly used protein stain, Co‐omassie Blue R 250. Unlike earlier autoradiographic techniques, second‐antibody au‐toradiography requires only commercially available reagents.
Antinucleolar Antibody Associated with Lupus Erythematosus in a Dog
Authors: Murtaugh Robert J. , Jacobs Robert M. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryA nucleolar pattern of fluorescence was detected in an Antinuclear Antibody (ANA) test on serum of an 8‐year‐old Collie with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). Skin disease characterized by a lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate and epidermal necrosis and a positive Coombs' test supported the diagnosis. The dog responded to immunosuppres‐sive drugs and continues to do well on maintenance therapy.
Hematological Characteristics of the BB Wistar Rat
Authors: Wright James R. , Yates Allan J. , Shah Niranjan T. , Neff John C. , Covey David W. , Thibert Pierre 
Published: February 2009

SummaryComplete blood counts, differential white blood cell and platelet counts were performed on male and female BB Wistar diabetic rats (BBWd), their nondiabetic siblings (BBWnd) and outbred Wistar rats of the line from which the BB Wistar rats were derived. Most of the observed changes were strain‐related (those present in both BBWd and BBWnd but not in control rats) rather than diabetes‐related (those in BBWd but neither BBWnd nor control rats) and therefore probably due to the inbreeding process. The BBW strain had significantly lower numbers of white cells and platelets, as well as markedly changed differential white cell counts. Differential counts showed a pattern of lympho‐penia, neutrophilia, monocytosis and eosino‐philia. It is possible that these white blood cell changes contribute to the increased susceptibility to infection reported for the BBW strain. No significant difference in serum immunoglobulin concentrations was found in any of these three groups of rats. Therefore, hypogammaglobulinemia cannot account for the increased susceptibility to infections, but it is not possible to rule out an abnormality in the distribution of immunoglobulin fractions as an etiological factor.
Effect of in vitro Hemolysis on Values for Certain Porcine Serum Constituents
Authors: Dorner J.L , Hoffmann W.E. , Filipov M.M. 
Published: February 2009

SummarySerum consistuents were determined for 14 healthy pigs after the addition of hemoly‐sates containing 54, 133, 215 and 400 mg/dl of hemoglobin to serum. Of sixteen chemical procedures considered, changes (P< 0.0005) in creatinine, total protein, Pi, alanine amino‐transferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Ca, K, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total bilirubin and albumin values occurred following the addition of a hemo‐lysate containing 400 mg/dl of hemoglobin. Changes (P<0.0005) were also observed in certain serum constituents when hemoly‐sates containing 54, 133 and 215 mg/dl of hemoglobin were added.
Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology and Histologic Correlation in Canine Tumors
Authors: Griffiths G.L. , Lumsden J.H. , Valli V.E.O. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryFine needle aspiration biopsy was performed on 147 skin tumors in 119 dogs over a 4‐year period. Both air‐dried smears (Wright's stain) and wet‐fixed smears (Papanicolaou's stain) were prepared from the aspirates from each tumor and the cytological diagnosis was correlated with histology. In 105 tumors, the cytological and histological interpretations agreed.Histologically, there were 36 stromal tumors, including 19 fibrosarcomas and nine hemangiosarcomas. Cytologically, 12 of the fibrosarcomas and five of the hemangiosarcomas were interpreted correctly as malignant tumors. All 11 melanomas and all 37 mast cell tumors were identified correctly cytologically, while nine of the 11 squamous cell carcinomas, 15 of 21 adenocarcinomas and eight of 19 mammary carcinomas were interpreted as malignant using aspiration biopsy.The fine‐needle technique also identified 16 dogs with metastases to the regional lymph nodes before surgical biopsies were undertaken. Benign tumors were incorrectly described as malignancies in only three cases.
Effects of Three Methods of Restraint on Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Testing in Rhesus and African Green Monkeys
Authors: Fulmer Roger , Loeb Walter F. , Martin David P. , Gard Elizabeth A. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryThe intravenous administration of 0.75 gm glucose per kg and the measurement of serum glucose pretest and at 10, 20, 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes constitute a satisfactory protocol for intravenous glucose tolerance testing of Rhesus (Macaca mulatta) and African Green (Cercopithecus aethiops) monkeys. No significant differences were noted between animals restrained with ketamine hydrochloride and those restrained with sodium pentobarbital, but the African Green males and females and the male Rhesus monkeys yielded significantly different results while being manually restrained.
Serum Protein Reference Values in Foals During the First Year of Life: Comparison of Chemical and Electrophoretic Methods
Authors: Bauer John E. , Harvey John W. , Asquith Richard L. , McNulty Patricia K. , Kivipelto Jan 
Published: February 2009

SummaryNormal reference values for serum proteins of foals from birth to 1 year of age have been established. Chemical and electro‐phoretic/refractometric methods for total protein, albumin, total globulin and Albumin/Globulin (A/G ratio) have also been compared.The biuret total protein method and Brom‐cresol Green (BCG) method on the Techni‐con SMA 12/60 autoanalyzer were used and compared with total protein determined via refractometry and albumin determined by Cellulose Acetate (CA) electrophoresis/den‐sitometry. Globulin and A/G ratios were calculated from the chemical method data and compared with that obtained electrophoreti‐cally. Total protein, albumin, total globulins and A/G ratios all were in agreement at all sample times studied.Data on the subfractionation of serum globulins via CA electrophoresis is also presented. Wide variations in β and γ globulin levels were noted among the foal sera early in life. As a result, two distinct populations of foals with respect to both globulin content and A/G ratio were identified. One of these populations (Group A) appeared to have obtained passive immunity more slowly than the other (Group B) animals. Comparison of these data with clinical cases of foals in which failure of passive transfer was a part suggests that the A/G ratio may be useful in assessing adequate colostral antibody levels in the newborn foal.
Detection of von Willebrand's Disease in Dogs with a Rapid Qualitative Test, Based on Venom‐Coagglutinin‐Induced Platelet Agglutination
Authors: Johnson Gary S. , Turrentine Mark A. , Tomlinson James L. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryA rapid, qualitative blood test was developed to identify potential bleeders among dogs that are von Willebrand's disease suspects. The test, based on venom coagglu‐tinin‐induced agglutination of formalin‐fixed washed platelets, was compared to the more lengthy electroimmunoassay for factor Will‐related antigen. The 2 tests were performed on plasma samples from 82 dogs, including 68 Doberman pinschers. The 39 plasma samples that were found to be “clinically normal” by the new test had factor Vlll‐related antigen concentrations ranging from 32% to 192% of that in a pool of normal canine plasma samples. Plasma samples from the 43 dogs that tested as “potential bleeders” by the new test had factor Vlll‐related antigen concentrations from 4% to 38%. All 43 “potential bleeders” were Doberman pinschers. Shortly after being evaluated by the new test, 46 of the dogs underwent invasive diagnostic, therapeutic, or cosmetic procedures. Excessive hemorrhage was encountered in 40% of the 25 dogs that tested as “potential bleeders.” In contrast, only 5% of the 21 dogs that tested as “clinically normal” exhibited abnormal bleeding.
Idiopathic Aplastic Anemia in a Dog
Authors: Weiss Douglas J. , Christopher Mary M. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryA case of idiopathic aplastic anemia in a dog was characterized by pancytopenia and bone marrow aplasia. Erythroid colony‐forming units (CFU‐E) were not detected in bone marrow culture. Addition of the doq's serum to CFU‐E culture from control dogs failed to suppress colony formation, suggesting that humorally‐mediatedsuppression at theCFU‐E level was not a cause of the aplastic anemia.
Synovial Fluid Eosinophilia: A Case Report in a Dog and Review of the Literature
Authors: Christopher Mary M. , Wallace Larry J. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryThe first known report of synovial fluid eosinophilia in a dog is described here. The occurrence of eosinophils in joint fluid is rare. Sporadic cases have been recorded in humans and most can be related to immune‐mediated reactions, both parasitic and non‐parasitic.The dog in this case report had 20–52% eosinophils in multiple joints, as well as hemarthrosis and marked mononuclear cell reactivity. An intense peripheral eosinophilia was demonstrated one week later. The associated lameness resolved with non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory therapy. Lack of remarkable history or other clinical symptoms led to a diagnosis of idiopathic, eosinophilic, polyarthritis, likely immune‐mediated.
Failure of Routine Coagulation Screening Tests to Detect Heterozygous State of Bovine Factor XI Deficiency
Authors: Gentry P.A. , Ross M.L. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryIn a survey of coagulation, biochemical and hematological parameters in cattle homozygous (deficient), heterozygous (carrier) and non‐affected (normal) for Factor XI deficiency, only the Activated Partial Throm‐boplastin Time (APTT) results correlated with plasma Factor XI activity levels. The APTT results and the thrombokinetics for the deficient animals were markedly different from the results of either the carrier or normal animals. However, the APTT assay was shown not to be sufficiently sensitive to differentiate between the normal and carrier state for the coagulation disorder. Not only was there no statistical difference between the mean APTT results for the normal and carrier animals, but the thrombokinetics for fibrin clot formation for the two groups were also similar.
Correlation of Spurious Potassium Elevation and Platelet Count in Dogs
Authors: Degen Melisa A. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryPaired serum and plasma electrolyte determinations were measured on 26 dogs. The difference between plasma and serum electrolyte concentrations was compared to the platelet and leukocyte counts. An increase in serum potassium concentration over plasma potassium concentration was found which correlated linearly with the platelet count. No correlation with white cell count was found. A statistically significant increase in serum sodium concentration over plasma sodium concentration was also noted; however, this change did not correlate with the number of platelets or white cells. It is concluded that thrombocytosis, previously known to cause spurious elevation in serum potassium concentration in humans, can also do so in dogs and, presumably, other species.
Glycosylated Hemoglobin in Dogs: Precision, Stability, and Diagnostic Utility
Authors: Easley J. Roger 
Published: February 2009

SummaryThe precision and stability or the ion exchange chromatography assay for canine glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1) were examined. The coefficient of variation (CV) of within‐run replicate assays was 1.3 to 2.6%; the CV of between‐run duplicate assays was 3.1%. The mean HbA1content in 44 healthy dogs was 7.1% (SD = 1.1%, range = 5.1–9.7%). Paired aliquots of 12 blood samples were stored at 4° and 25°, and HbA1was measured on the day of collection and at 3, 5, and 7 days aftercollection. In the blood stored at 4°, no significant increase in the HbA1content was seen. No significant increase in HbA1content was found in the blood stored at 25° after 3 days, but dramatic increases were observed after 5 and 7 days of storage. No significant difference was observed in the HbA1content in heart blood collected 18 hours after death from 9 dogs kept at 25°C.The HbA1content was measured in 10 hospitalized diabetic dogs. Five of the dogs had received no insulin and all 5 had elevated HbA, values. The other 5 dogs had received insulin for 1 to 9 months; 2 of the 5 had increased HbA1content. The HbA1content was determined periodically for 9 months in one diabetic dog and it declined from 14.0% to 8.2%.
Mastocytemia in Dogs With Acute Inflammatory Diseases
Authors: Stockham Steven L. , Basel Dean L , Schmidt Donald A. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryNineteen dogs were identified that had mastocytemia (mast cells in venous blood samples) not associated with mast cell neo‐plasia. The first 10 dogs were identified by examination of blood films from dogs with suspected parvovirus enteritis (8), fibrinous pericarditis and pleuritis secondary to thoracic lacerations (1), and renal insufficiency of unknown cause (1). Because of the apparent association with acute enteritis, blood films from 52 suspected canine parvovirus cases were examined retrospectively and 8 mastocytemic dogs were found. An additional 52 canine blood films were randomly selected from the same retrospective time period and 1 mastocytemic dog was found that had pneumothorax, pelvic fractures, and hemorrhagic septic abdominal effusion secondary to renal hemorrhage and traumatized intestines. All mastocytemic dogs had acute inflammatory leukograms the day that mast cells were first detected: neutropenia with toxic neutrophils (4), neutropenia with a left shift (8), total neutrophil count within reference interval but with a left shift (5), or neu‐trophilia with a left shift (2). All dogs except the renal insufficiency case had circulating toxic neutrophils. Five dogs were mastocytemic on more than 1 day. The pathogenesis of the mastocytemia associated with the acute inflammatory disease was not determined.
Dyserythropoiesis, Sideroblasts/Siderocytes and Hemoglobin Crystallization in a Dog
Authors: Canfield P.J. , Watsond A.D.J. , Ratcliffed R.C.C. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryDyserythropoiesis characterized by enhanced intramedullary destruction, pathologic sidederoblasts and siderocytes, and hemoglobin crystallization was detected in a female Cocker Spaniel presented for poor exercise tolerance. Examination of peripheral blood revealed intraerythrocytic crystals, granulation of erythrocytes, nucleated erythroid cells, reticulocytosis and marked variation in erythrocyte morphology in the absence of anemia. Bone marrow examination revealed sideroblasts, a low M:E ratio and evidence of enhanced intramedullary destruction of erythroid cells. Electron microscopy of peripheral blood and bone marrow confirmed pathologic mitochondrial iron accumulation in erythroid cells and the presence of intraerythrocytic hemoglobin crystals. A cause for the hematologic changes was not identified. After the animal became clinically normal, siderocytes disappeared from peripheral blood but intraerythrocytic crystals and reticulocytosis persisted.
Free Radicals: Relation to Tissue Damaae ‐ A Review
Authors: VanSteenhouse Jan L. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryFree radicals are any molecules having an odd number of electrons. These molecules are highly reactive and can be generated as byproducts of normal metabolism as well as by exposure to a number of environmental factors including drugs, radiation and air pollutants. Due to the ubiquity of molecular oxygen, the oxygen metabolites superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and the hydroxyl radical are frequently involved in both beneficial and detrimental free radical reactions. Intracellular enzymes and radical scavengers help to protect against tissue damage by these reactive metabolites. The extent of free radical damage to tissue depends on the nature of the radical produced and its site of generation.