bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Implementation of Bachelor and Master Programmes in Hungary
Authors: ALESI BETTINA , ROSZNYAI CHRISTINA , SZÁNTÓ TIBOR 
Published: August 2007

Hungary's higher education system is being transformed fundamentally for a second time after the regime change in 1989–90. The first Higher Education Act was passed in 1993. An entirely new law issued in December 2005 involved fundamental changes in the entire higher education system. The most sweeping change was the introduction of the two‐cycle programme structure which, with a few exceptions, began in September 2006. National qualification requirements were replaced by education and outcome requirements, focusing on set competences defined for each study programme.This article provides a background, with facts and figures, of the Hungarian higher education system and an overview of the process and problems encountered that led up to the implementation of the Bachelor/Master structure. The reception of the system, based on interviews with various actors affected by higher education, reveals mixed responses, with respondents stressing the opportunity and their hope for a fundamental reform. The article also elaborates the goals and consequences of the ‘Bologna structure’. The traditional binary institutional structure of colleges and universities remains in place, but with both permitted to launch Bachelor and Master programmes. How colleges will be able to compete with more theoretically oriented universities in preparing for Master studies and, vice versa, how universities will be able to offer education at the Bachelor level that will be competitive in the job market remain to be seen. The final sections of the article deal with other aspects of the Bologna Process, such as ECTS, and the Diploma Supplement.One of the main concerns is that the quality of higher education, which was perceived to be at a high level in Hungary, even in the 15 years since mass education overtook what was previously an elite sector, should not deteriorate. The reciprocal effects of the new degrees and the job market are challenges Hungarian higher education will face a few years down the road.
Molecular evidence for cosmopolitan distribution of platyhelminth parasites of tunas (Thunnus spp.)
Authors: Aiken Hamish M , Bott Nathan J , Mladineo Ivona , Montero Francisco E , Nowak Barbara F , Hayward Craig J 
Published: August 2007

AbstractGlobal distribution of platyhelminth parasites and their host specificities are not well known. Our hypothesis was that platyhelminth parasites of large pelagic fishes are common around the world. We analysed molecular variation in three different taxa of platyhelminth parasites infecting four species of tunas: yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares, Scombridae) from Western Australia, southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii, Scombridae) from South Australia, Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis, Scombridae) from Pacific Mexico and northern bluefin tuna (T. thynnus, Scombridae) from two localities in the Mediterranean (Spain and Croatia). Comparisons of ITS2 and partial 28S rDNA demonstrated two congeneric species of blood flukes (Digenea: Sanguinicolidae) from multiple hosts and localities: Cardicola forsteri from southern bluefin and northern bluefin tunas, and Cardicola sp. from Pacific bluefin and northern bluefin tunas; and a gill fluke, Hexostoma thynni (Polyopisthocotylea: Hexostomatidae), from yellowfin, southern bluefin and northern bluefin tunas. Partial 28S rDNA indicates that a second type of fluke on the gills, Capsala sp. (Monopisthocotylea: Capsalidae), occurs on both southern bluefin and Pacific bluefin tunas. This appears to be the first report of conspecific platyhelminth parasites of teleosts with a wide‐ranging geographical distribution that has been confirmed through molecular approaches. Given the brevity of the free‐living larval stage of both taxa of flukes on the gills (H. thynni and Capsala sp.), we conclude that the only feasible hypothesis for the cosmopolitan distribution of these flatworms is migrations of host tunas. Host migration also seems likely to be responsible for the widespread occurrence of the two species of blood flukes (Cardicola spp.), although it is also possible that these were translocated recently by the spread of infected intermediate hosts.
Diagnosis and management of small‐scale fisheries in developing countries
Authors: Andrew Neil L , Béné Christophe , Hall Stephen J , Allison Edward H , Heck Simon , Ratner Blake D 
Published: August 2007

AbstractSmall‐scale fisheries (SSF) make important but undervalued contributions to the economies of some of the world’s poorest countries. They also provide much of the animal protein needed by societies in which food security remains a pressing issue. Assessment and management of these fisheries is usually inadequate or absent and they continue to fall short of their potential as engines for development and social change. In this study, we bring together existing theory and methods to suggest a general scheme for diagnosing and managing SSF. This approach can be adapted to accommodate the diversity of these fisheries in the developing world. Many threats and solutions to the problems that beset SSF come from outside the domain of the fishery. Significant improvements in prospects for fisheries will require major changes in societal priorities and values, with consequent improvements in policy and governance. Changes in development policy and science reflect these imperatives but there remains a need for intra‐sectoral management that builds resilience and reduces vulnerability to those forces beyond the influence of small‐scale fishers.
The guild approach to categorizing estuarine fish assemblages: a global review
Authors: Elliott Michael , Whitfield Alan K , Potter Ian C , Blaber Stephen J M , Cyrus Digby P , Nordlie Frank G , Harrison Trevor D 
Published: August 2007

AbstractMany studies have recently described and interpreted the community structure and function of fishes inhabiting estuaries and other transitional waters in terms of categories or guilds. The latter describe the main features of the fishes’ biology and the way in which they use an estuary. However, the approach has been developed by different workers in different geographical areas and with differing emphasis such that there is now a need to review the guilds proposed and used worldwide. The previous wide use of the guild approach has involved increasing overlap and/or confusion between different studies, which therefore increases the need for standardization while at the same time providing the opportunity to reconsider the types and their use worldwide. Against a conceptual model of the importance of the main features of fish use in estuaries and other transitional waters, this review further develops the guild approach to community classification of fish communities inhabiting those areas. The approach increases the understanding of the use of estuaries by fishes, their interactions and connectivity with adjacent areas (the open sea, coastal zone and freshwater catchments) and the estuarine resources required by fishes. This paper gives a global perspective on this categorization by presenting new or refined definitions for the categories, lists the synonyms from the literature and illustrates the concepts using examples from geographical areas covering north and central America, north and southern Europe, central and southern Africa, Australia and the Indo‐Pacific.
Marital Conflict and Children's Adjustment: The Mediating and Moderating Role of Children's Coping Strategies
Authors: Shelton Katherine H. , Harold Gordon T. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThis prospective, longitudinal study examined the role of children's coping strategies in the link between interparental conflict and children's psychological adjustment. Using a sample of 100 parents and children aged 11–14 years, this study investigated children's venting of negative emotion, social support seeking, and problem solving strategies as mediators and moderators of the relationship between marital conflict and child adjustment. Venting negative emotion mediated the long‐term effects of marital conflict on children's psychological adjustment. This coping response also moderated the relationship between marital conflict and children's anxiety‐depression. The role of non‐constructive coping strategies as a mechanism through which marital conflict affects children's psychological well‐being is discussed, together with the need for research to identify intervention strategies aimed at improving children's coping efficacy in the context of interparental conflict.
Identification of a domain in the δ subunit (S238‐V264) of the α4β3δ GABAAreceptor that confers high agonist sensitivity
Authors: You Haitao , Dunn Susan M. J. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractWe have expressed the α4β3δ and α4β3γ2L subtypes of the rat GABAAreceptor inXenopusoocytes and have investigated their agonist activation properties. GABA was a more potent agonist of the α4β3δ receptor (EC50 ≈ 1.4 μmol/L) than of the α4β3γ2L subtype (EC50 ≈ 27.6 μmol/L). Other GABAAreceptor agonists (muscimol, 4,5,6,7‐tetrahydroisoxazolo[5,4‐c]pyridin‐3‐ol, imidazole‐4‐amino acid) displayed similar subtype selectivity. The structural determinants underlying these differences have been investigated by co‐expressing chimeric δ/γ2L subunits with α4 and β3 subunits. A stretch of amino acids in the δ subunit, S238‐V264, is shown to play an important role in determining both agonist potency and the efficacies of full or partial agonists. This segment includes transmembrane domain 1 and the short intracellular loop that leads to the second transmembrane domain. The effects of the competitive antagonists, bicuculline and SR95531, and the channel blocker, picrotoxin, were not significantly affected by the incorporation of chimeric subunits. As the δ and γ2L subunits have not been previously implicated directly in agonist binding, we suggest that the effects are likely to arise from changes in the transduction mechanisms that link agonist binding to channel activation.
Modulation of amyloid‐β‐induced and age‐associated changes in rat hippocampus by eicosapentaenoic acid
Authors: Minogue Aedín M. , Lynch Aileen M. , Loane David J. , Herron Caroline E. , Lynch Marina A. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe age‐related deficit in long‐term potentiation (LTP) in the dentate gyrus is positively correlated with hippocampal concentration of the pro‐inflammatory cytokine, interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β). Previous evidence also indicates that the inhibition of LTP induced by intracerebroventricular injection of amyloid‐β1–40 (Aβ) is accompanied by increased hippocampal IL‐1β concentration and IL‐1β‐stimulated signalling, specifically activation of the stress‐activated protein kinase, c‐jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK). We considered that the underlying age‐related neuroinflammation may render older rats more susceptible to Aβ administration and, to investigate this, young, middle‐aged and aged rats were injected intracerebroventricularly with Aβ or vehicle. Hippocampal IL‐1β concentration, JNK phosphorylation, expression of the putative Aβ receptor, Receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and the microglial cell surface marker, CD40 were assessed. We report that Aβ inhibited LTP in a concentration‐dependent manner in young rats and that this was accompanied by concentration‐dependent increases in hippocampal IL‐1β and expression of phosphorylated JNK, RAGE and CD40. While 20 μmol/L Aβ exerted no significant effect on LTP in young rats, it inhibited LTP in middle‐aged and aged rats and the increased vulnerability of aged rats was associated with increased IL‐1β concentration. Treatment of rats with eicosapentaenoic acid attenuated the inhibitory effect of 60 μmol/L Aβ on LTP in young rats and the effect of 20 μmol/L Aβ in middle‐aged and aged rats. We present evidence which indicates that the effect of eicosapentaenoic acid may be linked with its ability to stimulate activation of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma.
Dimensions of health‐related lifestyle in young adulthood: results from a national population survey
Authors: Stefansdottir Ingibjorg Katrin , Vilhjalmsson Runar 
Published: August 2007

Aim:  This study assessed the underlying structure of health‐related behaviours among young adults in Iceland. A number of individual behaviours were considered, including both positive and negative health‐related behaviours. A central question was whether distinct underlying health‐related lifestyles can be identified in this age group.Method:  The study was based on the data from a national health survey entitled ‘Health and Living Conditions in Iceland’. The original survey comprised a random sample of 18–75 year olds drawn from the National Register (response rate 69%). The current study used a subsample from the survey, consisting of young adults, age: 18–24 (N = 348). A total of 37 variables pertaining to health‐related behaviour were analysed. The 37 variables were factor‐analysed using principal component (PC) factor analysis.Results:  The PC analysis yielded four underlying health lifestyle dimensions: (i) physical activity; (ii) unhealthy diet; (iii) substance use; and (iv) healthy diet. The four factors explained 35.3% of the total item variance. The mean Cronbach's alpha for the four factors was 0.69. Correlations between factors were generally weak.Conclusion:  Distinct health‐related lifestyle dimensions underlie the numerous health‐related behaviours that young adults engage in. The analysis of positive and negative lifestyle dimensions helps identify vulnerable young adults disproportionally involved in unfavourable patterns of health‐related behaviour. Weak factor correlations and high unexplained item variance suggests that individual health‐related behaviours need consideration, albeit within a larger framework acknowledging interconnected and sometimes inconsistent behaviours.
Feeding ecology of Xenoturbella bocki (phylum Xenoturbellida) revealed by genetic barcoding
Authors: BOURLAT SARAH J. , NAKANO HIROAKI , ÅKERMAN MARIE , TELFORD MAXIMILIAN J. , THORNDYKE MICHAEL C. , OBST MATTHIAS 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe benthic marine worm Xenoturbella is frequently contaminated with molluscan DNA, which had earlier caused confusion resulting in a suggested bivalve relationship. In order to find the source of the contaminant, we have used molluscan sequences derived from Xenoturbella and compared them to barcodes obtained from several individuals of the nonmicroscopic molluscs sharing the same environment as Xenoturbella. Using cytochrome oxidase 1, we found the contaminating sequences to be 98% similar to the bivalve Ennucula tenuis. Using the highly variable D1–D2 region of the large ribosomal subunit in Xenoturbella, we found three distinct species of contaminating molluscs, one of which is 99% similar to the bivalve Abra nitida, one of the most abundant bivalves in the Gullmarsfjord where Xenoturbella was found, and another 99% similar to the bivalve Nucula sulcata. These data clearly show that Xenoturbella only contains molluscan DNA originating from bivalves living in the same environment, refuting former hypotheses of a bivalve relationship. In addition, these data suggest that Xenoturbella feeds specifically on bivalve prey from multiple species, possibly in the form of eggs and larvae.
The phenol red thread test for lacrimal volume – does it matter if the eyes are open or closed?
Authors: Doughty Michael J. , Whyte Julie , Li Wendy 
Published: August 2007

AbstractObject:  To assess the results from using a commercially available phenol red thread (PRT) test with the eyes being kept open (as recommended by the company) vs a closed eye protocol (as used by some investigators).Methods:  A single PRT (Zone‐Quick) test was carried out on 97 young adults (average age 21 years, range: 17–36) for 15 s with either the eyes open or closed. The right eye was assessed with 52 subjects undertaking the open eye test first, with the test being repeated 1 h later in the same indoor environment (temperature 21oC and 40% humidity).Results:  The mean ( ± S.D.) PRT value for the open eye protocol was marginally higher (at 20.5 ± 7.0 mm) than for the closed eye (19.7 ± 5.9 mm), but the overall outcome from the two protocols could range from being 18 mm greater in the open eye to 15 mm greater in the closed eye. Overall, the difference was not statistically different, neither were any substantial differences noted according to age, gender, iris colour, prior contact lens wear or according to which protocol was used first (p  0.2).Conclusion:  These studies indicate that there can be a small difference in single PRT test data according to whether the eyes are kept open or closed, and it would be useful if the protocol used was clearly stated.
Recovery of vision and pupil responses in optic neuritis and multiple sclerosis
Authors: Moro S. I. , Rodriguez‐Carmona M. L. , Frost E. C. , Plant G. T. , Barbur J. L. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe recovery of visual performance and pupil responses were investigated in patients with demyelinating optic neuritis (ON) and multiple sclerosis (MS). The pupil constriction amplitude and the time delay (latency) of the pupil response were measured in 14 patients with a history of unilateral ON in response to either achromatic (luminance) or chromatic (isoluminant) stimulus modulation. Five of these subjects were diagnosed later with MS. In addition, we measured detection thresholds for achromatic stimuli using standard visual field perimetry and chromatic thresholds using a new colour assessment and diagnosis (CAD) test that isolates the use of colour signals. The results show that, despite significant improvements in visual function following the acute phase (as assessed using visual acuity and fields), significant pupil response deficits remain. The findings also demonstrate that accurate measurements of pupil responses and chromatic thresholds can reveal deficits that remain undetected with more conventional techniques. These preliminary findings suggest that the techniques described here can provide useful information about remitting and relapsing demyelinative phases, often observed during MS and ON.
Case Report: 49, XXXXY syndrome and high myopia
Authors: Qureshi Farhan , Thurairajan Geetha 
Published: August 2007

Abstract49, XXXXY karyotype syndrome has been thought of as a variant of Klinefelter's syndrome. It has an incidence of between 1/85 000 to 1/100 000 live births. Typical clinical features include coarse faces, skeletal abnormalities, hypogenitalism and severe learning difficulties. Common ocular features include hypertelorism, epicanthic folds and up‐slanting palpebral apertures. Here we report a case of high myopia and its successful correction leading to a positive personality change in one such patient. We advocate full ophthalmic examination, under anaesthesia if necessary, and a trial of refractive correction, even in children thought unlikely to tolerate such.
Technical Note: Method for estimating volume of subretinal fluid in cases of localized retinal detachment by OCT ophthalmoscopy
Authors: Nakajima Hideto , Mizota Atsushi , Tanaka Minoru 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe volume of the subretinal fluid can be used to assess the condition of different types of retinal and macular disorders. The purpose of this report is to introduce a method to measure the volume of the subretinal fluid with the images of the optical coherence tomography (OCT) Ophthalmoscope in three cases of central serous chorioretinopathy and one case of retinal pigment epithelial detachment. We used the topography‐mode program of the OCT Ophthalmoscope and measured the average height of the retinal detachment. By multiplying the size of the area of the retinal detachment and the average height of the retinal detachment, the volume of subretinal fluid could be determined. Examples are given to show the results of volume measurement of subretinal fluid in cases of localized retinal detachments.
FRAGMENTATION ANALYSIS OF ANIMAL BONE SAMPLES FROM ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES
Authors: WATSON J. P. N. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTSFrequency distributions of the lengths of the bone fragments are plotted for a number of archaeological sites. Down to a certain critical length, the distributions prove to be very similar for all the sites. Below this length, failure to recover fragments during excavation becomes the predominant factor and the frequencies decline. Distributions of diagnostic bones of sheep/goat, pig and cattle are plotted separately and the preferential recovery of the bones of larger animals is demonstrated. A method is suggested for using data from water‐sieved sites to estimate and correct the effect of this preferential recovery on the figures for the relative proportions of different species at unsieved sites.
MOSSBAUER EFFECT STUDIES IN THE FINE ARTS
Authors: KEISCH B. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTSThe use of Mossbauer effect spectrometry as a tool to study iron‐bearing materials in works of art is introduced. A large range of pigments containing iron has now been surveyed. In addition, some interesting conclusions concerning the distinction between two types of terracotta is presented. The method, which can be applied completely non‐destructively, has great potential for purposes of identification and authentication.
PARTICLE SIZE AND PHOSPHATE ANALYSIS‐EVIDENCE FOR THE EVOLUTION OF A TELL
Authors: DAVIDSON D. A. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTSSoil samples were collected from a deep sounding through the centre of a tell, 11 m in height, at Sitagroi in north‐eastern Greece. These samples were analysed for particle size and total phosphate in order to elucidate the formation of the tell. The phosphate results, though very varied, indicated that the tell evolved entirely as a result of occupation of the site. It is proposed that the main process of accumulation was from house collapse and that local alluvium was used for house construction. A similarity is shown between local alluvium, a remnant of a house wall and most of the samples from the deep sounding. Pearson type 1 curves are fitted to the particle size data and this permits a grouping of soil samples. Some of the divisions between the groups coincide not only with occupation phase changes but also with localized lower phosphate contents. Two periods of site abandonment are suggested.
FURTHER STATISTICAL METHODS FOR THE CALIBRATION OF FLOATING TREE‐RING CHRONOLOGIES
Authors: CLARK R. M. , SOWRAY A. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTSThis paper describes the application of some further statistical methods for the calibration of floating treering chronologies to data pertaining to the Neolithic settlement at Auvernier. The more general statistical approach utilizes the information contained in the successive time‐derivatives as well as the absolute values of the bristlecone pine calibration curve, by fitting polynomial or piecewise polynomial curves, thereby producing better estimates, in general, of the absolute dates of the floating chronologies. Presentation of results in terms of joint confidence regions enables the relevant stratigraphic evidence to be included in the analysis by simple graphical means. In addition, the paper offers a new approach, using only floating tree‐ring chronologies, to the testing of Libby's principle of simultaneity.
ARCHAEOMAGNETIC TILT CORRECTION ON BRICKS
Authors: ABRAHAMSEN N. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTSFired bricks are used in archaeomagnetic work to determine the Inclination I of the earth's magnetic field at the time of firing. However, in addition to the usual mean error of between ± 1/2° and ± 2° due mainly to inexact levelling of the bricks during the firing, there is a systematic error in the measured mean value of the Inclination that may amount to 2° or 3° at high magnetic latitudes (I˜ 80°), while at lower magnetic latitudes (I< 60°) it is usually less than 1/2°. A method of correction based on the measured statistical spread of the bricks is suggested.