bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Movement of Heavy Metals in Soil through Preferential Flow Paths under Different Rainfall Intensities
Authors: Kim Young‐Jin , Steenhuis Tammo S. , Nam Kyoungphile 
Published: November 2008

AbstractPreferential flow in soils deserves attention due to its potential role in accelerating the movement of contaminants to groundwater. This study investigates the movement of Cd, Cu, and Pb through preferential flow paths under different applied rainfall intensities. Artificial acid rain (pH of 4.1) containing CdCl2, CuCl2, and Pb(NO3)2 was applied to undisturbed soil and repacked sand columns at low and high intensities, and leachate metals and chloride concentrations were measured. Cd was found in the leachate at both low and high rates in all columns, while the increase in Cu concentrations in the leachate was detected only at the high rate of the undisturbed columns. Pb was retained in both columns. For undisturbed columns, the breakthrough curves of Cd and Cu were similar to those of Cl, showing early initial breakthrough by preferential flow and dependency on rainfall intensities. The Cd concentrations were detected in the leachate from repacked columns for high rate rainfall, implying that even homogeneous soil may not be perfectly able to retain metals and the initially wet condition is more harmful for subsurface contaminant transport. In conclusion, the study demonstrated that, despite its highly sorptive nature, the transport of some metals may be as fast as that of a tracer under preferential flow conditions, and the rainfall intensity is a significant factor for the degree of transport.
Nonsymmetrical Salen Ligands and Their Complexes: Synthesis and Applications
Authors: Kleij Arjan W. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe importance of salen ligands in homogeneous catalysis and material chemistry has unambiguously been demonstrated over the last two decades. In the majority of the existing studies, C2‐symmetrical salen complexes have been used as catalysts for many organic conversions; however, the amount of structures that can become available for catalyst fine‐tuning by changing the peripheral groups on the bridging unit and the aryl side groups is limited. In order to widen their scope in catalytic procedures new designs of salen structures have been probed, and above all unsymmetrical versions. In this respect, it has become increasingly important to develop reliable and efficient preparative methods for these nonsymmetrical salen compounds, and more particularly ligands with two differently substituted salicylideneimine groups. The presence of a single functional group suitable for connection to various supports has great advantages, since full access of the catalytic sites in the supported structure may be preserved and new and/or improved catalytic properties can be tailored. On the other hand, different functions on both sides of the central N2O2 unit can be used to force the formation of specific (supramolecular) architectures. This review discloses the general methods available for the preparation of unsymmetrical salen ligands/complexes and the most important fields of their application. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Subporphyrins with Monodisperse Oligocarbazole Arms
Authors: Liu Xingliang , Lu Ran , Xu Tinghua , Xu Defang , Zhan Yong , Chen Peng , Qiu Xianping , Zhao Yingying 
Published: November 2008

AbstractNovel star‐shaped subporphyrins with monodisperse oligocarbazole arms were prepared by using pyridine‐tri‐N‐pyrrolylborane as a template. It was found that photoinduced energy transfer took place from the oligocarbazole arms to the subporphyrin core, and the energy transfer efficiency decreased with an increase in the number of carbazole units in the arms. These subporphyrins could emit intense yellow‐green light when they were excited at 295 nm. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Synthesis of N‐[1‐(2‐Hydroxyethyl)‐1H‐tetrazol‐5‐yl]‐N‐methylhydrazine as Polymeric Precursor
Authors: Banert Klaus , Klapötke Thomas M. , Sproll Stefan M. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractA nitrogen‐rich polymer was formed from the reaction of hexamethylene diisocyanate and N‐[1‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐1H‐tetrazol‐5‐yl]‐N‐methylhydrazine (3) monomers. Compound 3 was synthesized by a nucleophilic substitution of the methylated sulfur atom of 4‐[2‐(acetoxy)ethyl]‐2‐methylthiosemicarbazide (10) with sodium azide and final deprotection of the formed N‐[1‐2‐(acetoxyethyl)‐1H‐tetrazol‐5‐yl]‐N‐methylhydrazine (13). Moreover, the isomer 4‐(2‐azidoethyl)‐2‐methylsemicarbazide (18) to 3 was synthesized. Compounds 3, 10, 13 and 4‐[2‐(trimethylsilyloxy)ethyl]‐2‐methylthiosemicarbazide (15) were characterized by using vibrational spectroscopy (IR, Raman), mass spectrometry and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy. The crystal structures of 3, 10 and 13 were determined by using single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The molecular weights of the polymers were determined by GPC. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Unusual Enantiopure Heterocyclic Skeletons by Lewis Acid Promoted Rearrangements of 1,3‐Dioxolanyl‐Substituted 1,2‐Oxazines
Authors: Pfrengle Fabian , Al‐Harrasi Ahmed , Brüdgam Irene , Reißig Hans‐Ulrich 
Published: November 2008

AbstractLewis acid promoted rearrangements of different 4‐alkoxy‐substituted 1,2‐oxazines syn‐1 are reported. Depending on the nature of this alkoxy group different reaction pathways are possible either providing bicyclic 1,2‐oxazinones 2 or the novel tricyclic products 3–5. A mechanistic rational describing the role of the 4‐alkoxy group is presented. The key step for formation of tricyclic skeletons 3–5 is a 1,2‐alkyl shift. Hydrogenation reactions of these tricyclic compounds gave unsaturated 1,2‐oxazines 12 and 13 or tetrahydrofurans 15a–c/16a–c depending on the time of hydrogenolysis. Tetrahydrofuryl‐annulated 1,2‐oxazine 12 was used for further transformations into complex substituted tetrahydrofurans. Reduction with sodium cyanoborohydride and subsequent cleavage of the N,O‐bond by hydrogenation furnished aminofuran derivative 19. Alternatively treatment with a strong base such as n‐butyllithium afforded imidoester 21 via a Beckmann‐type fragmentation.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Installation of Photolabile Carbonyl‐Protecting Groups under Neutral Conditions without Using Any Other Chemical Reagents
Authors: Wang Pengfei , Wang Yun , Hu Huayou , Liang Xing 
Published: November 2008

AbstractMethods of installing photolabile protecting groups for carbonyl compounds under neutral conditions without using any other chemical reagents are described. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Carbon Paste Electrodes in Facts, Numbers, and Notes: A Review on the Occasion of the 50‐Years Jubilee of Carbon Paste in Electrochemistry and Electroanalysis
Authors: Švancara Ivan , Vytřas Karel , Kalcher Kurt , Walcarius Alain , Wang Joseph 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThis article reviews the electrochemistry and electroanalytical applications of carbon paste‐based electrodes, sensors, and detectors on the occasion of the half‐of‐century anniversary since the discovery of carbon paste. The review (with 333 references) has been prepared in the form of a retrospective compilation presenting the field by means of various facts, notes, data, surveys, and summaries, including numerous rarities or curiosities that illustrate the individual achievements and milestones. Carbon paste‐based electrodes are discussed in their entirety by covering all important areas of the field, starting from basic characterization of carbon paste as the electrode material, via its typical physicochemical and electrochemical properties or specific features, up to a representative documentation of their applicability in electrochemical and electroanalytical measurements.
Rainfall–runoff trends in the south‐eastern USA: 1938–2005
Authors: Rose Seth 
Published: November 2008

AbstractAn extensive dataset (230 precipitation gauges and 79 stream gauges) was used to analyse rainfall–runoff relationships in 10 subregions of a 482000 km2 area in the south‐eastern USA (Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia). The average annual rainfall and runoff for this study area between 1938 and 2005 were 1201 and 439 mm, respectively. Average runoff/rainfall ratios during this period varied between 0·24 in the southernmost Coastal Plain subregion to 0·64 in the Blue Ridge Province. Watershed elevation and relief are the principal determinants governing the conversion of rainfall to runoff. Temporal rainfall variation throughout the south‐eastern USA ranges from ∼40% above and below normal while the variation for runoff is higher, from − 75% to + 100%. In any given year there can exist a ± 25–50% error in predicted runoff deviation using the annual rainfall–runoff regression. Fast Fourier Transform and autoregressive spectral analysis revealed dominant cyclicities for rainfall and runoff between 14 and 17 years. Secondary periodicities were typically between 6–7 and 10–12 years. The inferred cyclicity may be related to ENSO and/or Central North Pacific atmospheric phenomena. Mann–Kendall analyses indicate that there were no consistent statistically significant temporal trends with respect to south‐eastern US rainfall and runoff during the study period. The results of U‐tests similarly indicated that rainfall between 1996 and 2005 was not statistically higher or lower than during earlier in the study period. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Piercing the veneer of the trust in the South African Trust Law: Liability of trustees of a business trust for fraudulent trading
Authors: Stander Leonie 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe trust, whichever form it is moulded in, is a useful instrument for estate planning. However, many family businesses nowadays take the form of a business trust without any change in the circumstances surrounding it. This submits the trust to diatribe and suspicion because the protection the trust offers is often exploited. In Land and Agricultural Bank of South Africa v Parker and Others 2005 (2) SA 77 (SCA) it was obiter the court's view that it might be necessary to extend well‐established company law principles also to trusts. The court referred to the Turquand principle and the principle of “piercing the corporate veil”. The motivation is that assets allegedly vesting in the trustees of a trust, in fact belong to one or more of the trustees personally. This view may have obvious and important implications in case of the sequestration of the trustee's estate. It implies that the assets concerned may be used in satisfaction of the trustee's debts because “in fact it belongs to the trustee”. However, it may also be used in satisfaction of debts “to the repayment of which the trustees purported to bind the trust”. Thus, if the trust's estate is sequestrated, the assets may be used in satisfaction of the trust's debts. If the personal estate of the trustee is sequestrated, these assets may be utilized in satisfaction of the trustee's personal debts. Consequently it is relevant to ask the question whether the trustee's personal estate (irrespective of sequestration) would be liable for restitution in favour of the beneficiaries for these actions in breach of trust in competition with the creditors of the trustee. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dutch corporate insolvency law: On the brink of a revolution?
Authors: Wibier Reinout M. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe Dutch Bankruptcy Code (DBC) has not changed fundamentally over the more than 110 years of its existence, at least as far as corporate insolvency proceedings are concerned. On 1 November 2007, however, a committee of insolvency experts presented a draft for an entirely new code to the Ministry of Justice. Whether this new code will gain the force of law and whether this will happen within the near future remains uncertain but the proposals will in any event dominate discussions on insolvency law in the Netherlands for the foreseeable future. The main goal behind many of the proposals is improving the ability to successfully restructure companies that experience financial difficulties. To this end the proposals include various measures that would weaken the position of (secured) creditors. The proposals include widening the scope of the cooling‐off period during which secured creditors are unable to enforce their security by granting the administrator a right of use of assets subject to security interests. The ability to rely on early termination clauses in contracts is also reduced during the cooling‐off period. The position of secured creditors is further weakened by a proposal to grant the right to sell assets that are subject to security interests to the administrator if he continues the business. Under the current bankruptcy code, secured creditors can largely ignore insolvency proceedings, there is no general stay on enforcement and, early termination clauses in contracts are generally thought to be valid and enforceable during insolvency proceedings. Although banks have already argued that weakening the position of secured creditors will limit the ability to restructure companies, it seems safe to assume that the relatively comfortable position that secured creditors currently enjoy during insolvency proceedings in the Netherlands will be under fire due to the proposals for a new bankruptcy code. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Withdrawn: Immunization with pseudotype baculovirus expressing envelope protein of Japanese encephalitis virus elicits protective immunity in mice
Authors: Li Yaoming , Ye Jing , Cao Shengbo , Xiao Shaobo , Zhao Qian , Liu Xueqin , Jin Meilin , Chen Huanchun 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThis paper appeared in the February issue, occupying pp. 150‐159. It was a duplicate of JGM 1271, which appears on pp. 57‐65 of the January issue. It has therefore been withdrawn from Wiley InterScience. The publisher apologies to the authors for the error. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessments of moisture fluxes east of the Andes in South America in a global warming scenario
Authors: Soares Wagner Rodrigues , Marengo Jose Antonio 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe HadRM3P regional model from the UK Hadley Centre has been used to assess the moisture flux and the low‐level jet (LLJ) east of the Andes in South America over two time periods: the first can be understood as the current climate and covers the period from 1980 to 1989; the second covers the period from 2080 to 2089 under a future global warming climate as projected by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) A2 high‐emission scenario. The results are analyzed considering the vertically integrated moisture transport in the lower atmosphere and the moisture flux between the two core areas of South America—the Amazon Basin and the La Plata River Basin. In order to analyze the moisture transport east of the Andes, composites of South American LLJs were built based on the wind speed and vertical wind shear following the modified Bonner criteria 1 used to define LLJs. Integrations along the lateral boundaries of the two basins show that there could be a more intense moisture transport from tropical regions available to feed the mesoscale convective systems in the subtropical La Plata Basin in the IPCC A2 scenario, as compared to the present. This is because of the intense flow to the south associated with a faster LLJ bringing more moisture from the Amazon Basin southwards. It was also observed that the presence of the LLJ affects moisture convergence in the Amazon Basin in the current climate as well as in the warmer climate. In the future high‐emission scenario A2, a more intense LLJ in a global warming climate suggests increased moisture transport from north to south east of the Andes as compared to the present. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
Microstructure and crystallization properties of TeO2PbF2 glasses
Authors: Kabalcı İ. , Özen G. , Öveçoğlu M. L. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe microstructures of (1 − x)(TeO2)–xPbF2, (x = 0.1, 0.15, and 0.25 mol) glasses were investigated by using the Raman spectroscopic technique. The effect of compositions on the TeO2 glass networks and the intensity ratios of the deconvoluted Raman peaks were determined. The results confirm that the addition of modifiers to the glass network former shifts the Raman intensity and the peak wavenumber values for each band in the 167–165, 652–645, and 747–755 cm−1 wavenumber regions. The structural evaluation was recognized from the Raman spectra, with the structural units described as [TeO3+1] polyhedra, [TeO3] trigonal pyramids, and [TeO4] trigonal bipyramids for this binary glass system. Heat‐treatment of the samples shows that the metastable crystalline phase of TeO2 known as γ‐TeO2 is formed only when the modifier content is 10 mol% in the glass matrix. Transparent glass properties were not realized when the TeO2 amount was decreased to less than 10 mol% content. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
1H, 13C and 15N NMR spectroscopy and tautomerism of nitrobenzotriazoles
Authors: Larina Lyudmila I. , Milata Viktor 
Published: November 2008

AbstractBenzotriazole nitro derivatives were prepared by nitration of the corresponding benzotriazoles and by methylation or cyclization of appropriate nitro‐1,2‐phenylenediamines. Structures and tautomerism of the nitrobenzotriazoles were studied by multinuclear 1H, 13C, 15N, and 2D NMR spectroscopy and quantum chemistry. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and NMR characteristics of N‐acetyl‐4‐nitro, N‐acetyl‐5‐nitro, N‐acetyl‐6‐nitro and N‐acetyl‐7‐nitrotryptophan methyl esters
Authors: King Russell R. , Calhoun Larry A. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractN‐acetyl‐4‐nitrotryptophan methyl ester (2), N‐acetyl‐5‐nitrotryptophan methyl ester (3), N‐acetyl‐6‐nitrotryptophan methyl ester (4) and N‐acetyl‐7‐nitrotryptophan methyl ester (5) were synthesized through a modified malonic ester reaction of the appropriate nitrogramine analogs followed by methylation with BF3‐methanol. Assignments of the 1H and 13C NMR chemical shifts were made using a combination of 1H–1H COSY, 1H–13C HETCOR and 1H–13C selective INEPT experiments. Copyright © 2008 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Slope stability analysis based on the direct comparison of driving forces and resisting forces
Authors: Razdolsky Alexander G. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe paper disproves a commonly accepted concept that the slope stability problem cannot be correctly solved without invoking the auxiliary static assumptions. The given slope stability analysis is based on the direct comparison of the driving force tending to induce a movement of the slope mass and the mobilized resisting force. A problem of separating the driving forces from the resisting forces is resolved by subdividing an area of the assumed slide mass into two segments wherein the driving forces dominate over the resisting forces at the first segment and vice versa at the other. The slope stability is assessed by the stability index that is equal to a ratio between the resisting forces and driving forces. The stability problem is reduced to determining and analyzing a distribution of the interslice force along the slip line length. A system of recurrence dependencies involving the components of the interslice force and the vertical coordinates of the thrust line is derived from the complete system of the slice equilibrium equations (equilibrium of the horizontal and vertical forces and the force moment equilibrium). This system falls into two subsystems of relations one of which involves only the components of the interslice force. From this it follows that a distribution of the interslice force does not depend on the thrust line position. The slope safety factor regulated by the design manuals for mobilizing the soil shear strength along the slip line is prescribed in advance. A computer program is developed for solving the governing recurrence relations and computing the slope stability index. The applicability of the program is confirmed by solving the problem on a calculation of the critical safety factor for three shapes of the slip line (a circular arc, and a cubic and quadratic parabola) and the stability problem of the real inhomogeneous slope consisting of four layers. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An extended finite element method with analytical enrichment for cohesive crack modeling
Authors: Cox James V. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractA recent approach to fracture modeling has combined the extended finite element method (XFEM) with cohesive zone models. Most studies have used simplified enrichment functions to represent the strong discontinuity but have lacked an analytical basis to represent the displacement gradients in the vicinity of the cohesive crack. In this study enrichment functions based upon an existing analytical investigation of the cohesive crack problem are proposed. These functions have the potential of representing displacement gradients in the vicinity of the cohesive crack and allow the crack to incrementally advance across each element. Key aspects of the corresponding numerical formulation and enrichment functions are discussed. A parameter study for a simple mode I model problem is presented to evaluate if quasi‐static crack propagation can be accurately followed with the proposed formulation. The effects of mesh refinement and mesh orientation are considered. Propagation of the cohesive zone tip and crack tip, time variation of the cohesive zone length, and crack profiles are examined. The analysis results indicate that the analytically based enrichment functions can accurately track the cohesive crack propagation of a mode I crack independent of mesh orientation. A mixed mode example further demonstrates the potential of the formulation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Periglacial distribution modelling with a boosting method
Authors: Hjort Jan , Marmion Mathieu 
Published: November 2008

AbstractWe assessed the applicability of a boosting method in periglacial distribution modelling using empirically derived data on cryoturbation, sporadic permafrost and sorted solifluction from an area of 600 km2 in sub‐Arctic Finland. The main aims were: (1) to compare the predictive ability of the generalised boosting method used with more common parametric techniques (generalised linear model) and machine‐learning methods (artificial neural networks) and (2) to assess the tenability of the explanatory variables highlighted by the generalised boosting method. The results showed the robustness of the boosting method in predicting the distribution of periglacial phenomena in the sub‐Arctic landscape. Furthermore, the environmental factors selected by the boosting method coincided well with the expected controls of the phenomena. The strengths of the generalised boosting method lie in its high predictive ability, flexibility in capturing complex process‐environment relationships and realistic model outcomes. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.