bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AN ASSESSMENT OF PLASMA TSH RADIOIMMUNOASSAY AND OF THE TSH STIMULATION TEST IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF 100 CONSECUTIVE PATIENTS WITH SUSPECTED HYPOTHYROIDISM
Authors: IRVINE W. J. , TOFT A. D. , HUNTER W. M. , KIRKHAM K. E. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA plasma TSH estimation and a TSH stimulation test were performed on each of 100 consecutive patients seen at a thyroid clinic in whom it was necessary to exclude a diagnosis of hypothyroidism. None of the patients had received replacement therapy. The normal response to 10 i.u. bovine TSH administered intramuscularly on three consecutive days was shown to be an absolute increment in the 4 hr uptake of 132I by the thyroid gland of at least 13%. The mean plasma TSH in twenty‐five untreated euthyroid patients, who had neither goitres nor thyroid antibodies, whose TSH stimulation tests were normal and in whom there was no evidence of hypopituitarism, was 3.8 μU/ml+3.6 (2 S.D.). All forty‐nine patients with primary hypothyroidism had plasma TSH levels in excess of 25 μU/ml. In eighty‐nine of the 100 patients, the radioimmunoassay of plasma TSH and the TSH stimulation test gave similar information about the reserve of thyroid function and in five euthyroid patients the plasma TSH was > 7.4 μU/ml while the TSH stimulation test was normal. The remaining six subjects (including one patient with hypopituitarism and three who had been treated with radioiodine for thyrotoxicosis) were euthyroid with an abnormal TSH stimulation test and a plasma TSH of <7.4 μU ml.For clinical purposes a plasma TSH of <7.4 μU/ml indicates a normal reserve of thyroid function, a plasma TSH between 7.4 and 25 μU/ml is equivocal, and a plasma TSH >25 μU/ml indicates an impaired or absent reserve of thyroid function with or without hypothyroidism. It is concluded that a single plasma TSH estimation should replace the time‐consuming TSH stimulation test in the assessment of thyroid reserve.
Plasma Unconjugated and conjugated 17‐hydroxycorticosteroids in different clinical disorders
Authors: PAL S. B. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA procedure was developped for the estimation of plasma unconjugated and conjugated 17‐hydroxycorticosteroids as 17‐oxogenic steroids. The reliabiligy criteria of the method were assessed. In 100 normal individuals, aged between 15 and 65 years, the average concentrations of junconjugated 17‐hydrosycorticosteroids were 12 ug/100 ml (range 10‐32) and of conjugated 17‐hydroxycorticosterods were 12 ug/100 ml (range 10‐32) and of conjugated 17‐hydroxycorticosteroids 16 ug/100 ml (range 15‐52). When an adrenal stimulation test was performed, the concnetrations of these two groups of steroids showeed a twofold increase after the administration of ACTH and the concentrations decreased after an adrenal suppression test with dexamethasone. Patients with rheumatoid arthiritis not previously treated with steroids or ACTH, Cushing's syndrome, carcinoma, were studied. The results showed that the determination of plasma unconjugated and conjugated corticosteroids in these patients is clinically more meaningful than the estimation of plasma cortisol alone.
Enhanced plasma thyrotrophin response to thyrotrophin‐releasing hormone following oestradiol administration in man
Authors: FAGLIA G. , BECK‐PECCOZ P. , FERRARI C. , AMBROSI B. , SPADA ANNA , TRAVAGLINI P. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe plasma TSH response to 100 μg of TRH i.v. was studied in six normal women and in seven men before and after the administration of 10.0 mg of oestradiol valerate for 5 consecutive days. Before oestrogen treatment the females appeared more responsive than males. After treatment the response remained unchanged in females while appearing enhanced in males. Oestrogen treatment did not modify either the basal plasma TSH concentration or the serum thyroxine, the labelled tri‐iodothyronine uptake and the calculated free thyroxine index. It is concluded that oestrogens play a role in modulating the secretion of TSH from the human pituitary.
ANTIDIURETIC EFFECT OF CLOFIBRATE AND CARBAMAZEPINE IN DIABETES INSIPIDUS: STUDIES ON FREE WATER CLEARANCE AND RESPONSE TO A WATER LOAD
Authors: BONNICI FRANÇOIS 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYStudies of the antidiuretic effect of clofibrate and carbamazepine were undertaken in five patients with vasopressin‐sensitive diabetes insipidus and in two siblings with hereditary vasopressin‐resistant diabetes insipidus. Four out of the five vasopressin‐sensitive patients responded with a marked fall in urine output, an increase in urine osmolality, a decrease in plasma osmolality, and produced a negative free water clearance. No effect was demonstrable in one patient who presumably had a total deficit in vasopressin, and in the two siblings with vasopressin resistance. In contrast to the results obtained on chlorpropamide, the ability to excrete a water load on therapy was retained, implying that a physiological stimulus is still capable of inhibiting the small secretion of vasopressin when on therapy.The findings suggest that clofibrate and carbamazepine act by stimulating vasopressin release from the neurohypophysis and may be preferable to chlorpropamide in patients with partial diabetes insipidus.
THE EFFECT OF THYROTROPHIN‐RELEASING HORMONE ON PLASMA PROLACTIN AND THYROTROPHIN LEVELS IN PRIMARY HYPOTHYROIDISM
Authors: TOFT A. D. , BOYNS A. R. , COLE E. N. , GROOM G. V. , HUNTER W. M. , IRVINE W. J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYPlasma prolactin and thyrotrophin (TSH) were measured by radioimmunoassay before, at 20 min and 60 min after the intravenous administration of 200 μg thyrotrophin‐releasing hormone (TRH) in thirty‐two patients with untreated primary hypothyroidism and in sixteen normal volunteers. Whereas basal plasma TSH was markedly elevated in all the patients with hypothyroidism, a slight, but significant increase (P<0.05) in basal plasma prolactin in primary hypothyroidism could only be demonstrated by matching for age, sex and circulating gonadotrophin levels, ten patients with hypothyroidism with ten normal volunteers. There was, however, no significant difference between the two groups, matched or unmatched, in the plasma prolactin levels, in contrast to the plasma TSH levels, following TRH administration. No apparent relationship was found between basal prolactin and follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) or TSH.Assuming the release of prolactin by TRH to be of physiological significance, the results suggest that TRH secretion by the hypothalamus may be increased in untreated hypothyroidism and that low levels of circulating thyroid hormone increase the sensitivity of the pituitary thyrotrophs, but not the prolactin secreting cells, to TRH. Markedly elevated plasma prolactin levels associated with galactorrhoea were not seen in primary hypothyroidism in the absence of the puerperium or oestrogen therapy.
ACTH, GLUCAGON AND GASTRIN PRODUCTION BY A PANCREATIC ISLET CELL CARCINOMA AND ITS TREATMENT
Authors: BELCHETZ P. E. , BROWN C. L. , MAKIN H. L. J. , TRAFFORD D. J. H. , MASON A. STUART , BLOOM S. R. , RATCLIFFE J. G. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe production of ACTH, gastrin and glucagon by a pancreatic islet cell tumour is reported. The tumour contained at least two distinct cell types on electron microscopy. The fulminating hypercorticism was efficiently controlled with metyrapone and aminoglutethimide, but streptozotocin was not an effective anti‐tumour agent.
INTERACTION BETWEEN SECRETION OF THE GONADOTROPHINS, PROLACTIN, GROWTH HORMONE, THYROTROPHIN AND CORTICOSTEROIDS IN MAN: THE EFFECTS OF LH/FSH‐RH, TRH AND HYPOGLYCAEMIA ALONE AND IN COMBINATION
Authors: MORTIMER C. H. , BESSER G. M. , McNEILLY A. S. , TUNBRIDGE W. M. G. , GOMEZ‐PAN A. , HALL R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe interaction between the mechanisms involved in the LH, FSH, growth hormone, prolactin, ACTH and TSH responses to the synthetic LH and FSH releasing hormone, thyrotrophin releasing hormone and insulin induced hypoglycaemia was studied in twelve normal male volunteers. Each subject acted as his own control and the test procedures were performed individually and in combination. The simultaneous administration of one releasing hormone with another or with insulin in no way modified the hormonal responses to either releasing hormone or to hypoglycaemia. Clinical testing with these procedures may therefore be performed simultaneously, so that the pituitary reserve for the five anterior pituitary hormones may be assessed together in under 2 hr. In addition it has been shown that TRH releases a small amount of FSH but not LH in male subjects.
THYROID FUNCTION IN THE NEONATE
Authors: CHAN VIVIAN , SMITH MARGUERITE , HALE P. J. , LANDON J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYUrinary thyroxine and triiodothyronine levels, when corrected for creatinine excretions, were significantly elevated in 5‐day‐old infants as compared with levels in normal adults and women during the third trimester of pregnancy. This was consistent with the finding that their free thyroxine index was increased and suggests that the circulating levels of free thyroid hormones are raised in early infancy. Circulating levels of thyroid‐stimulating hormone were not significantly different at 6 days as compared with adult values.
EFFECT OF l‐DOPA ON THE SECRETION OF PLASMA GROWTH HORMONE IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS
Authors: LARON Z. , JOSEFSBERG Z. , DORON M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe stimulation of growth hormone release in children by L‐dopa has been studied. An oral dose of 0.5 g L‐dopa was administered to fourteen children with, and to fifteen children without, hypothalamic‐pituitary insufficiency. In the control group, L‐dopa induced a release of pituitary growth hormone, the peak of which occurred from 30 to 60 min after ingestion. Nine out of fifteen control subjects showed peak levels of plasma growth hormone greater than 8 ng/ml. None of the patients with hypothalamic‐pituitary insufficiency showed levels greater than 5 ng/ml. In five out of six children with measurable amounts of plasma HGH, and in fourteen children with a lack of HGH, there was a good correlation between the HGH response after L‐dopa, insulin hypoglycaemia and arginine infusion. It is concluded that the administration of one oral dose of L‐dopa can be used as a provocative test of growth hormone secretion.
THE EFFECT OF BLOOD LEUCOCYTES FROM PATIENTS WITH HASHIMOTO'S DISEASE ON HUMAN THYROID CELLS IN MONOLAYER CULTURE
Authors: ROW ERIC LARYEA. VAS V. , VOLPE ROBERT 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYPeripheral blood leucocytes from healthy subjects (control leucocytes) and from patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis or idiopathic myxoedema, were incubated with 2‐3‐day‐old human thyroid cells in monolayer cultures. After 5‐6 days the Hashimoto leucocytes appeared to induce more thyroid cell destruction than control leucocytes. Thyroid cell function (measured by cell to medium (C/M) ratios of 131I) was reduced in cultures incubated with Hashimoto leucocytes, compared to those incubated with control leucocytes. This effect was not mediated by liberation of thyroid antibodies into the medium, but rather from a direct leucocyte/thyroid cell interaction with a resultant liberation of lysozymes. Preliminary observations indicated that the effect of the Hashimoto leucocytes on thyroid cells could be prevented by prior incubation of the former with anti‐thymocyte globulin; this suggested that sensitized lymphocytes may be directly responsible for the thyroid tissue injury of Hashimoto's disease, perhaps with the adjunctive cooperation of the non‐specific macrophages. Leucocytes from patients with idiopathic myxoedema (with low or absent circulating thyroid antibodies) did not have any effect on the thyroid cells, perhaps because the concentration of peripheral sensitized lymphocytes may possibly have declined in these patients.
SEQUENTIAL ASSESSMENT DURING DRUG TREATMENT OF THYROTOXICOSIS
Authors: ALEXANDER W. D. , McLARTY D. G. , HORTON P. , PHARMAKIOTIS A. D. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe course of thyrotoxicosis treated with antithyroid drugs has been studied in detail in 105 thyrotoxic patients. Each patient was seen at intervals of 1–3 months over a period of more than 4 years and thus an average of thirty serial tests of thyroid function were made on each patient. Forty‐three patients remitted after one course of antithyroid drugs. In another forty‐three patients the disease either required operative treatment or was still active 4 years after the start of therapy. The remaining nineteen patients fell into an intermediate group.In the light of the variable course of the disease, we conclude that most patients with Graves' disease under 45 years are best treated initially with antithyroid drugs. Reassessment of thyroid function at 6‐monthly intervals during and for a period after antithyroid drug therapy is useful and permits selection of the most appropriate method of treatment.
STUDIES OF THYROID FUNCTION USING 99Tcm IN THYROTOXIC PATIENTS DURING TREATMENT WITH ANTITHYROID DRUGS
Authors: GOOLDEN A. W. G. , WILLIAMS E. D. , THALASSINOS N. C. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYSerial measurements of 99Tcm uptake have been made in thirty thyrotoxic patients treated with carbimazole and L‐triiodothyronine. All patients were followed up for a minimum period of 1 year at which time eighteen patients were still in remission and twelve had relapsed.Four of the twenty‐one patients who had a normal 99Tcm uptake at the time treatment was discontinued relapsed within 6 months. Only one of the nine patients whose uptake at the end of treatment was above normal achieved a remission. Changes in 99Tcm uptake during the first 6 months of treatment were less informative and proved to be of limited value in predicting the outcome of treatment.In the whole group of patients 99Tcm uptake fell during the first 6 months by about 40%, this change being highly significant. The decline in thyroid activity coincided with the time at which treatment was started. It is suggested that treatment with an antithyroid drug may modify the course of the disease.
ANDROGEN METABOLISM IN GYNAECOMASTIC BREAST TISSUE
Authors: MILLER W. R. , McDONALD D. , MacFADYEN I. , ROBERTS M. M. , FORREST A. P. M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe metabolism of [7α‐3H]dehydroepiandrosterone and [4‐14C]testosterone by gynaecomastic breast tissue has been investigated and compared with that in female breast tissue. No conversion of dehydroepiandrosterone to testosterone or testosterone to 5α‐androstandiol was detected in gynaecomastic tissue in contrast to female breast tisue in which such conversions were demonstrable. This suggests that 3β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity is absent in gynaecomastic tissue. The relevance of this deficiency is discussed.
BIOCHEMICAL AND CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS IN A PREGNANCY WITH PLACENTAL SULPHATASE AND OTHER ENZYME DEFICIENCIES
Authors: OAKEY R. E. , CAWOOD MARION L. , MACDONALD R. R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe oestrogen excretion of a pregnant woman, subsequently shown to have placental sulphatase deficiency, was only 1‐2 mg/24 hr, whereas pregnanediol and 17‐oxogenic steroid excretion were within the normal ranges. Plasma concentrations of oestradiol‐17β, progesterone, 17α‐hydroxyprogesterone, 11β‐hydroxycortico‐steroids and corticosteroid‐binding globulin were subnormal. Placental sulphatase activity in vitro towards the sulphates of DHA, pregnenolone and oestrone was negligible, although extracts of a normal placenta showed high activity under identical conditions. The activities of placental enzymes concerned with metabolism of non‐conjugated steroids (3β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase‐isomerase for DHA and for pregnenolone, aromatase complex and 17β‐hydroxysteroid for oestradiol‐17β) were less than those of a normal placenta but were not diminished as severely as sulphatase activity.Satisfactory uterine contractions were achieved during infusion of prostaglandin E2 or Syntocinon but the cervix failed to dilate. A healthy male infant (3330 g) was delivered at term by Caesarean section.From the evidence obtained during the study of this patient it appears that (i) the presence of appropriate non‐conjugated substrates may be required for the induction of placental enzymes concerned with the metabolism of free steroids; (ii) measurement of maternal 17‐oxogenic steroid excretion may help to distinguish patients with placental sulphatase deficiency from those whose fetus has adrenal hypoplasia; (iii) further investigations, possibly involving steroid replacement therapy, are required to identify which, if any, of the alterations in plasma steroid concentrations are associated with the failure to achieve cervical dilatation.
PROLACTIN, TSH, LH AND FSH RESPONSES TO A COMBINED LHRH/TRH TEST AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE
Authors: McNEILLY A. S. , HAGEN C. 
Published: March 2008

A combined test with LHRH and TRH was investigated in the normal female subject during the menstrual cycle. LH and FSH responses were not affected by raised prolactin or TSH levels after TRH.No correlation was seen between either basal levels or responses of prolactin and TSH after TRH, and no difference in responses on days 4 or 24 were observed. The increments in prolactin and TSH were significantly greater in female than in male subjects.Although FSH responses to LHRH+TRH were not significantly different, LH responses on day 24 were greater than on day 4. A significant linear correlation between FSH and LH responses to LHRH was seen.The results indicate that prolactin and TSH responses to TRH are greater in female than male subjects and that changes in LH and FSH after LHRH do affect these responses. Normal ranges for hormone responses after LHRH and TRH are defined.
3H‐OESTRADIOL UPTAKE IN VIVO BY HUMAN UTERINE ENDOMETRIUM: EFFECT OF TAMOXIFEN (I.C.I. 46,474)
Authors: LUNAN C. B. , GREEN B. 
Published: March 2008

3H‐oestradiol was injected subcutaneously into patients 2 hr prior to hysterectomy. The amount of labelled hormone present at operation in fractions of uterine endometrium and in other tissues was measured.Patients pretreated with tamoxifen (I.C.I. 46,474) had lower levels of 3H‐oestradiol in the nuclei of the uterine endometrium and of total labelled material in the myometrium than did untreated patients. In vitro, tamoxifen also inhibited the uptake of 3H‐oestradiol into the nuclei of human uterine endometrium during tissue incubations and its binding to the cytosol receptors.Fibroids also showed active oestradiol uptake in vivo.
THE RADIOIMMUNOASSAY OF THYROXINE IN UNEXTRACTED HUMAN SERUM
Authors: RATCLIFFE W. A. , RATCLIFFE J. G. , McBRIDE A. D. , HARLAND W. A. , RANDALL T. W. 
Published: March 2008

A specific, accurate, precise and simple radioimmunoassay for thyroxine (T4) in small volumes of unextracted serum is described. It discriminates well between levels found in different states of thyroid function. Levels in euthyroid subjects range between 4.3 and 11.2 μg/100 ml (mean 7.7); in untreated hyperthyroid subjects, 13.2‐25.6 μg/100 ml (mean 19.2); and in untreated hypothyroid subjects undetectable to 2.6 μg/100 ml (mean 1.4). There is satisfactory correlation with competitive protein binding and protein bound iodine methods. Because of its advantages over previous techniques, it is suggested that T4 radioimmunoassay will become the routine method of assessing thyroid status.The measurement of serum thyroxine (T4) is the single most important test in the routine laboratory assessment of thyroid status. Ideally the T4 assay should be specific, cheap, simple and have a high sample capacity. Thyroxine is determined most commonly in serum extracts by competitive protein binding (CPB) methods (Murphy & Pattee, 1964; Ekins et al., 1969) or, indirectly, by estimation of serum protein bound iodine (PBI). Both techniques require the processing of relatively large volumes of serum before assay. The PBI method has the added disadvantage of measuring iodine‐containing compounds other than thyroxine (Acland, 1971).We report here a specific, precise and simple radioimmunoassay for thyroxine in unextracted human serum and its application to the assessment of thyroid status. It has significant advantages over CPB, PBI and previous radioimmunoassay methods.
RADIOIMMUNOASSAY OF PLASMA TESTOSTERONE
Authors: FORTI G. , PAZZAGLI M. , CALABRESI E. , FIORELLI G. , SERIO M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA radioimmunoassay for the determination of testosterone in human plasma is described. After extraction from plasma, testosterone is separated by paper chromatography. The radioimmunoassay is performed using an antiserum to testosterone‐3‐oxime‐rabbit serum albumin and a saturated solution of ammonium sulphate is used for separation. The reliability criteria of the method in terms of precision, accuracy, sensitivity and specificity have been evaluated.The mean level of testosterone in plasma samples from nineteen normal men (age range 16–73 years) is 527±226 (±SD) ng/100 ml. In ten normal ambulatory females (in the second phase of the cycle) aged 19–35 years the mean plasma testosterone is 27±8±10±6 (±SD) ng/100 ml. In twenty‐four impotent men (aged 18–50) the testosterone level is 431±191 (mean±SD) ng/100 ml. These values are not significantly different from normal subjects.Lastly, the testosterone levels found in a few cases of male hypogonadism are reported.
THE USE OF THE E‐ROSETTE AS A TEST FOR REMISSION IN GRAVES’DISEASE TREATED WITH ANTITHYROID DRUGS
Authors: FARID NADIR R. , MUNRO ROBERT , ROW VAS V. , VOLPÉ ROBERT 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYE‐rosettes (T‐lymphocytes) have been demonstrated to be increased in the peripheral blood of patients with untreated Graves’disease and decreased when these patients go into remission induced by antithyroid drugs. In patients similarly treated but not in remission, a high percentage of E‐rosettes persisted. The degree of suppression by T3 of the thyroidal 131I uptake correlated well with the percentage of E‐rosettes. We suggest that E‐rosette counts may prove to be a useful test for detecting remissions in thyrotoxic patients treated with antithyroid drugs.
A COMPARISON OF EFFECTIVE THYROXINE RATIO, FREE THYROXINE INDEX AND FREE THYROXINE CONCENTRATION IN CORRECTING FOR THYROXINE‐BINDING ABNORMALITIES IN SERUM
Authors: WELLBY M. L. , O'HALLORAN M. W. , MARSHALL JANET 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe effective thyroxine ratio (ETR), a single test of thyroid function which has a highly significant linear correlation with serum free thyroxine (T4) concentration, was assessed for its effectiveness in distinguishing the euthyroid state in subjects with abnormalities of T4‐binding proteins.In patients with low activity of T4‐binding proteins, the diagnostic accuracy of the ETR (80±5%) is superior to that of the free T4 index (62±5%) and free T4 concentration (67%). In patients with elevated T4‐binding proteins the diagnostic accuracy of ETR was even higher at 93±5% and again better than the free T4 index (83%) and the free T4 concentration (91%).
COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF ETHINYL OESTRADIOL AND CONJUGATED EQUINE OESTROGENS IN OOPHORECTOMIZED WOMEN
Authors: BOLTON C. H. , ELLWOOD M. , HARTOG M. , MARTIN R. , ROWE A. S. , WENSLEY R. T. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYSeventeen oophorectomized women were treated for 3 month periods, in random sequence, with ethinyl oestradiol 20 and 50 μg daily and conjugated equine oestrogens (Premarin) 0.625 and 1.25mg daily. The serum cholesterol, clot lysis time, plasma fibrinogen, platelet adhesiveness and activated partial thromboplastin time remained unchanged throughout the different oestrogen regimes. There was a significant rise of serum triglyceride levels on both doses of ethinyl oestradiol but no significant change with Premarin. Serum luteinizing hormone levels were depressed most by ethinyl oestradiol 50 μg daily, although not down to the levels in premenopausal women.