bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Post‐partum depression in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo: Validation of a concept using a mixed‐methods cross‐cultural approach
Authors: Bass Judith K. , Ryder Robert W. , Lammers Marie‐Christine , Mukaba Thibaut N. , Bolton Paul A. 
Published: October 2008

SummaryObjective  To determine if a post‐partum depression syndrome exists among mothers in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo, by adapting and validating standard screening instruments.Methods  Using qualitative interviewing techniques, we interviewed a convenience sample of 80 women living in a large peri‐urban community to better understand local conceptions of mental illness. We used this information to adapt two standard depression screeners, the Edinburgh Post‐partum Depression Scale and the Hopkins Symptom Checklist. In a subsequent quantitative study, we identified another 133 women with and without the local depression syndrome and used this information to validate the adapted screening instruments.Results  Based on the qualitative data, we found a local syndrome that closely approximates the Western model of major depressive disorder. The women we interviewed, representative of the local populace, considered this an important syndrome among new mothers because it negatively affects women and their young children. Women (n = 41) identified as suffering from this syndrome had statistically significantly higher depression severity scores on both adapted screeners than women identified as not having this syndrome (n = 20; P < 0.0001).Conclusions  When it is unclear or unknown if Western models of psychopathology are appropriate for use in the local context, these models must be validated to ensure cross‐cultural applicability. Using a mixed‐methods approach we found a local syndrome similar to depression and validated instruments to screen for this disorder. As the importance of compromised mental health in developing world populations becomes recognized, the methods described in this report will be useful more widely.
A significant increase in kdr in Anopheles gambiae is associated with an intensive vector control intervention in Burundi highlands
Authors: Protopopoff Natacha , Verhaeghen Katrijn , Van Bortel Wim , Roelants Patricia , Marcotty Tanguy , Baza Dismas , D’Alessandro Umberto , Coosemans Marc 
Published: October 2008

SummaryObjectives and Methods  In Burundi, the occurrence of the knock down resistance (kdr) mutation in Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) was determined for six consecutive years within the framework of a vector control programme. Findings were also linked with the insecticide resistance status observed with bioassay in An. gambiae s.l. and An. funestus.Results  The proportion of An. gambiae s.l. carrying the East Leu‐Ser kdr mutation was 1% before the spraying intervention in 2002; by 2007 it was 86% in sprayed valleys and 67% in untreated valleys. Multivariate analysis showed that increased risk of carrying the kdr mutation is associated with spraying interventions, location and time. In bioassays conducted between 2005 and 2007 at five sites, An. funestus was susceptible to permethrin, deltamethrin and DDT. Anopheles gambiae s.l. remained susceptible or tolerant to deltamethrin and resistant to DDT and permethrin, but only when kdr allele carriers reached 90% of the population.Conclusions  The cross‐resistance against DDT and permethrin in Karuzi suggests a possible kdr resistance mechanism. Nevertheless, the homozygous resistant genotype alone does not entirely explain the bioassay results, and other mechanisms conferring resistance cannot be ruled out. After exposure to all three insecticides, homozygote individuals for the kdr allele dominate among the surviving An. gambiae s.l. This confirms the potential selection pressure of pyrethroids on kdr mutation. However, the high occurrence of the kdr mutation, even at sites far from the sprayed areas, suggests a selection pressure other than that exerted by the vector control programme.
Infections detected in English surgical bone and deceased donors (2001–2006) and estimated risk of undetected hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus
Authors: Brant L. J. , Davison K. L. 
Published: October 2008

Background and Objectives  Infections can be transmitted through donated tissue products, such as femoral heads. Here we describe infections detected through microbiological testing of English surgical bone and deceased donors (2001–2006) and estimate the residual risk of infection.Materials and Methods  Data on infected tissue donors identified by NHS Blood and Transplant (NHSBT) were collected through the NBS/Health Protection Agency Infection Surveillance programme. The blood donor model for estimating risk was adapted for tissue donors. Incidence among surgical bone donors was derived from new blood donor data and estimates of residual risk presented for surgical bone donors only.Results  Fifty‐seven surgical bone and four deceased donors were identified with 60 and five infections, respectively, during the 6 years. Syphilis was the most common infection detected, with no human T‐lymphotropic virus infections and one HIV infection in a deceased donor. Hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus and syphilis prevalence was higher among surgical bone and deceased donors than new blood donors for the same period. The overall estimated risk of undetected hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus among surgical bone donors (2001–2006) on initial screening was 0·426 and 0·048 per 100 000 donors, respectively. Testing a follow‐up sample made these risks almost negligible.Conclusion  The prevalence of infections was low among English tissue donors. Risk estimates were higher for surgical bone donors on first screening than among new blood donors. However, the probability of an infectious donation entering the tissue supply became negligible after obtaining a follow‐up sample 6 months post‐donation and were well below that of new blood donors.
Intraoperative autologous blood recovery in prostate cancer surgery: in vivo validation using a tumour marker
Authors: Poli M. , Camargo A. , Villa L. , Moura R. , Colella R. , Deheinzelin D. 
Published: October 2008

Background and Objective  Intraoperative autologous blood recovery during radical retro pubic prostatectomy has the potential of contamination with tumour cells. Its safety is proved by similar survival rates between allogeneic and autologous transfusion to oncology patients without standardization. Silencing of the gene encoding pi class of gluthatione‐S transferase is a specific and sensitive molecular marker for prostate cancer, because it is present in more than 90% of prostate tumours. Using such tumour marker, we aimed to demonstrate that viable tumour cells could be eliminated using leucodepletion filters followed by irradiation.Materials and Methods  Fifty patients with pi class of gluthatione‐S transferase promoter hypermethylation in their primary prostate tumours were included in the analysis. Peripheral blood samples were collected during anaesthetic induction and recovered blood was collected throughout the surgery and then submitted to washing, leucoreduction and irradiation. Samples were analysed stepwise for the presence of promoter hypermethylation using real‐time methylation‐specific polymerase chain reaction.Results  Positive hypermethylation was found in recovered blood (two samples), recovered and washed blood (three samples), and recovered washed and filtered blood (two samples). After filtration and irradiation of the recovered blood, this marker could not be detected in any of the cases analysed, suggesting the absence of viable tumour cells.Conclusion  Even though the risk of disseminating tumour cells in prostate cancer surgery by intraoperative autologous blood recovery is not yet fully established, no tumour‐specific gene amplification was found after the association of blood filtration and irradiation, suggesting a significant reduction of such risk.
Blood transfusion requirements and independent predictors of increased transfusion requirements among adult patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation – a single centre experience
Authors: Ang A. L. , Teo D. , Lim C. H. , Leou K. K. , Tien S. L. , Koh M. B. C. 
Published: October 2008

Background/Objectives  More adults undergo extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) now. They have high transfusion requirements. This study described transfusion requirements of adults during ECMO in a single institution, and determined factors associated with high transfusion requirements.Materials/Methods  Retrospective analysis was done on the amount of blood products received by adults during ECMO. Predictors of increased average daily transfusion requirements during ECMO and increased ECMO duration (which correlated positively with total transfusion requirements) were determined.Results  Forty‐one patients (median age 50 years) underwent 42 ECMO sessions for respiratory failure (16·7%), cardiogenic shock (76·2%) or massive pulmonary embolism (7·1%). They received 569 red blood cells, 852 platelets, 126 fresh‐frozen plasma (FFP) and 220 cryoprecipitate in total during median ECMO duration of 5 (1–15) days. On multivariate analysis, average daily red blood cell transfusion increased with nadir haemoglobin (Hb) during ECMO (Hbnadir) of < 7·5 g/dl (P < 0·001). Average daily platelet transfusion increased with recent antiplatelet agents (P = 0·015) and maximum Hb decline of > 5·5 g/dl during ECMO (P = 0·011). Average daily platelet transfusion > 3 units was also associated with increased ECMO duration (P = 0·024). Average daily FFP transfusion was increased in patients with hypertension (P = 0·007) and Hbnadir < 7·5 g/dl (P = 0·050). Patients with sepsis (P = 0·009) or without surgery (P = 0·009) had increased ECMO duration, which correlated positively with total transfusion requirements during the entire ECMO session. ECMO improved mortality of patients with fulminant myocarditis, respiratory failure and massive pulmonary embolism.Conclusion  Adult ECMO patients with lower Hbnadir require more daily red blood cell and FFP. Hypertension increases daily FFP requirements. Recent antiplatelet agents, larger Hb decline and longer ECMO duration increase daily platelet requirements. Patients with sepsis or on ECMO for medical reasons have longer ECMO duration, which is associated with total transfusion requirements. Some of these factors may be identified early to optimize blood product support.
Predictors for non‐compliance of notified hepatitis C virus‐positive blood donors with recommendation to seek medical counselling
Authors: Kerzman H. , Green M. S. , Shinar E. 
Published: October 2008

Background  Notification of blood donors represents the commonest method of informing asymptomatic individuals of abnormal test results indicating exposure to hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Such notification is therefore important from both health and economic perspectives. This study aimed to identify predictors for non‐compliance of HCV‐positive blood donors with the National Blood Services recommendation to seek medical counselling.Study Design and Methods  The current research is a cross‐sectional study. Telephone interviews were conducted with 201 blood donors identified as HCV positive following blood donation during 2001–2002 (40% response rate).Results  About 25% of all the notified blood donors did not seek any counselling; 29% (44/150) of those who requested medical advice from their primary care physicians (general practitoner's) were not referred to specialists. Age, alcohol consumption and non‐practice of health‐promoting behaviour were independent predictors of non‐compliance with the blood services’ recommendation. In particular, smoking (odds ratio, 2·0; 95% confidence interval 1·0–4·2) and not undergoing professional teeth cleaning (odds ratio 2·8; 95% confidence interval 1·3–6·1) were found to be significant predictors of non‐compliance.Conclusion  The study provides essential data regarding the extent and risk factors for non‐compliance of HCV‐positive blood donors with recommendation to seek medical advice. Our results can assist in identifying blood donors who would not seek counselling, based on demographic factors and past exposure to risk factors for HCV. Improvements in the notification process and additional training of general practitoners regarding the management of HCV disease are needed.
Blood group A1 and A2 revisited: an immunochemical analysis
Authors: Svensson L. , Rydberg L. , De Mattos L. C. , Henry S. M. 
Published: October 2008

Background and Objective  The basis of blood group A1 and A2 phenotypes has been debated for many decades, and still the chemical basis is unresolved. The literature generally identifies the glycolipid chemical differences between blood group A1 and A2 phenotypes as being poor or no expression of A type 3 and A type 4 structures on A2 red cells, although this assertion is not unanimous.Materials and Methods  Using purified glycolipids and specific monoclonal antibodies, we revisited the glycolipid basis of the A1 and A2 phenotypes. Purified glycolipids were extracted from four individual A1 and four individual A2 blood units. One blood unit from an A weak subgroup was also included. Monoclonal anti‐A reagents including those originally used to define the basis of A1 and A2 phenotypes were used in a thin layer chromatography – enzyme immunoassay to identify the presence of specific glycolipids.Results  A type 3 glycolipid structures were found to be present in large amounts in all phenotypes. In contrast, the A type 4 glycolipid structure was virtually undetectable in the A2 phenotype, but was present in the A1 and A subgroup samples.Conclusion  The major glycolipid difference between the A1 and A2 phenotypes is the dominance of A type 4 glycolipids in the A1 phenotype.
Re‐Introduction of Quínoa into Arid Chile: Cultivation of Two Lowland Races under Extremely Low Irrigation
Authors: Martínez E. A. , Veas E. , Jorquera C. , San Martín R. , Jara P. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractAnnual rainfall in Chile at 30°S decreased from 170 to 70 mm in the last century, forcing a search for new low‐rain adapted crops. Chenopodium quinoa Willd. was cultivated by pre‐Hispanic cultures, but it disappeared in this region since the Spanish conquest. Two quínoa landraces (Don Javi and Palmilla) were re‐introduced from lowlands of central Chile (34°S) evaluating seed saponin content and grain yields under low irrigation. Replicated assays were conducted in two sites with distinct microclimates after august (end of the rains in 2004 and 2005). Treatments included low (40–75 mm) and high (150–250 mm) irrigation and were distributed along the five cultivation months. Fertilization, with the humus of the worms, was carried out in the second season, as soils are poor in organic matter. Results showed significantly higher saponin content in the seeds of Don Javi landrace (1.2 %) with respect to Palmilla seeds (0.3 %). However, grain yields were not different between landraces under the same treatments. Yields were instead affected by microclimate, irrigation and fertilization. Although higher yields corresponded with higher irrigation, 2.6 tons ha−1 was obtained under high irrigation, but surprisingly, also under low irrigation in the more humid site. Yields of 2006 harvesting season (ca. 7 tons ha−1) were higher than that of the previous season (ca. 5.5 tons ha−1), mainly because of the addition of organic matter. We suggest that re‐introduction of Quinoa in arid Chile is feasible even under the prevailing conditions of low rainfall and deficient soils, but better yields will need some irrigation and addition of organic matter.
A case study of sewage discharge in the shallow coastal area of the Northern Adriatic Sea (Gulf of Trieste)
Authors: Mozetič Patricija , Malačič Vlado , Turk Valentina 
Published: October 2008

AbstractA case study was carried out in 2000 in the shallow coastal area of the Northern Adriatic Sea (Gulf of Trieste) where untreated domestic sewage and industrial wastes are discharged at rate of 5500 m3·day−1. The sewage plume above the outfall was followed using faecal coliforms (FC) and overturning length scale (lT). The latter was rejected as a marker as the discharge conditions prohibit following the turbulence of sewage water. Intermittent sewage discharge is reflected in the minimal effect of eutrophication. Increase of phytoplankton biomass is thus only minor compared with the unpolluted area regardless of elevated concentrations of sewage‐derived nutrients (confirmed by correlation coefficients between FC and NH4+, TP, PO43−: 0.78, 0.71 and 0.67, respectively). Deteriorated trophic status, determined by the TRIX index, was observed only in the surface layer (average TRIX: 5.67). High FC content well above the regulation limit (up to 2.6 × 105 FC·100 ml−1) represents, therefore, the major negative impact of the improperly treated waste for the risk to human health.
Depth‐stratified community zonation patterns on Gulf of Alaska rocky shores
Authors: Konar Brenda , Iken Katrin , Edwards Matthew 
Published: October 2008

AbstractVertical zonation patterns have been considered ubiquitous in intertidal ecosystems but questions remain about their generality for individual taxonomic groups and over broad spatial scales, and whether they continue into adjacent shallow subtidal habitats. Taxon richness, invertebrate abundance, and macroalgal biomass were examined in the summer of 2003 along a vertical gradient in the rocky intertidal and shallow subtidal habitats around Kodiak Island, Kachemak Bay, and Prince William Sound, all within the Gulf of Alaska. Replicate samples of benthic organisms were taken in the high (∼ 7 m), mid (∼ 4 m) and low (∼ 0 m) intertidal (relative to MLLW), and at 1, 5, 10 and 15 m water depths at three sites in each region, and identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level. Our primary goals were to assess (1) how estimates of taxon richness, invertebrate abundance, and macroalgal biomass vary among intertidal heights and subtidal depths and (2) how general these patterns are when considered across the Gulf of Alaska. Our results show that when all invertebrates were considered together, most of the variation in taxon richness was accounted for by differences among depths (i.e. intertidal heights and subtidal depths) (∼ 51%), and among replicate samples within each depth (∼ 26%). Little to none of the variation was accounted for by differences among sites within each region (∼ 1%) or among regions themselves (∼ 0%). When considered across the Gulf of Alaska, total taxon richness and organism abundance were greatest in the low intertidal/shallow subtidal and decreased with increasing height/depth. When separated by phylum and examined together with macroalgae, variation in abundance and/or biomass among depths was significant and accounted for most of the variability. Differences among regions and sites within each region were not significant and accounted for little to none of the variance. Because the pattern of zonation varied among sites within each region, it reduced the generality of a single zonation pattern for the Gulf of Alaska. Likewise, when community composition was compared among depths, geographic regions and sites within each region using multivariate analyses, vertical zonation patterns were evident at a regional scale, but high variability in these patterns among sites within each region reduced the generality of these patterns.
Adaptations of araphid pennate diatoms to a planktonic existence
Authors: Kooistra Wiebe H. C. F. , Forlani Gandi , De Stefano Mario 
Published: October 2008

AbstractPennate diatoms are monophyletic. Their principal cell wall elements, called valves, are shaped like a ship’s hull. Within the pennates, the araphids are paraphyletic; they possess rimoportulae and pore fields located at the valve apices. The pore fields exude mucilage pads with which cells attach to one another to form chains. Many taxa use the pads also for attachment to substrata. Only a few genera are truly planktonic. The main question addressed in this study is whether the planktonic lifestyle is ancestral or derived. Phylogenies inferred from nuclear SSU rDNA gene sequences of diatoms indicated that the attached lifestyle is ancestral among the araphids, whereas a typically planktonic lifestyle seems to have developed at least three times and possibly four times independently. Acquisition of a planktonic lifestyle from benthic ancestry was accompanied by a reduction in the silicification of cell‐wall elements, but changes in morphological characters shared by all four clades were not detected. The reason why only three or four araphid pennate clades have adopted a planktonic lifestyle may be related to constraints associated to their sexual reproduction mode. Partner cells of opposite mating type align with one another and produce isogametes. These gametes lack flagella; they move to one another in an amoeboid fashion, which functions well on surfaces, but seems a liability in a turbulent water column. The planktonic lineages must have overcome this constraint, e.g. by sinking to the bottom, or aggregating, to perform sexual reproduction. Members of the four araphid pennate lineages are now common constituents of the plankton, suggesting that they are ecologically successful.
Genetic analysis of agronomic and fibre traits using four interspecific chromosome substitution lines in cotton
Authors: Saha S. , Jenkins J. N. , Wu J. , McCarty J. C. , Stelly D. M. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractBackcrossed chromosome substitution lines (CS‐B) have been developed with a homologous pair of chromosomes or chromosome arms of Gossypium barbadense (3‐79) germplasm substituted for the homologous Gossypium hirsutum(TM‐1) chromosomes or chromosome segments. We report on agronomic and fibre trait performance of four backcrossed chromosome or chromosome arm substitution lines including chromosomes 01, 11sh (chromosome 11 short arm), 12 sh and 26 Lo (chromosome 26 long arm). Data for agronomic and fibre traits were collected from replicated field experiments at two different locations in 2 years, and analysed under an additive dominance genetic model. CS‐B 12sh had higher, while CS‐B 01 and CS‐B 26Lo had lower boll weight than TM‐1. The presence of significant negative additive effects for micronaire with CS‐B 01 and significant positive additive effects for elongation and fibre strength with CS‐B 11sh suggested the substituted chromosome arms of 3‐79 in these CS‐B lines were more likely carrying genes causing these effects. Results revealed that several CS‐B lines had significant homozygous and heterozygous dominance effects for different agronomic and fibre traits suggesting that specific CS‐B lines may be useful for improving agronomic and fibre traits in hybrid cottons. These CS‐B lines also provide novel genetic resources for improving upland cotton germplasm.
Lowering seed gossypol content in glanded cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) lines
Authors: Romano G. B. , Scheffler J. A. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractCottonseed is a rich source of high quality protein, but its value as an animal feed is limited by gossypol, a toxic polyphenolic compound contained in glands located throughout the plant. This compound helps protect the plant from pests. Totally glandless varieties have been developed, but not adopted as these plants are left vulnerable to pests. This study describes a breeding strategy to decrease the levels of gossypol in the seed while maintaining a high enough concentration of toxin in vegetative plant parts to offer protection from pests. Preliminary studies indicated that crosses between varieties with different gland densities and distributions produced a range of glanding patterns. By selecting within the resulting progeny, we have identified F7 generation progeny that have <0.30% total gossypol in the seed, while still possessing glands at critical locations on the vegetative plant parts. These new lines will be a valuable source of germplasm for developing low seed gossypol varieties. Seed from these varieties would provide a new source of inexpensive protein for animal feeding rations.