bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Einfluß von P‐Mangel im split‐root‐System auf lipoide Eigenschaften der Rapswurzel (Brassica napus L.)
Authors: Diepenbrock W. , Geisler G. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract Effect of P‐deficiency in the split‐root‐system on lipoid root characteristics of rape‐seed (Brassica napus L.) The effect of partial P‐deficiency on characteristics of parts of the root system from rape‐seed (Brassica napus L.) was investigated by means of the split‐root‐technique. At 1 cm length of the seventh leaf treatments started lasting 21 days. Pots were designed with two separated chambers filled up with nutrient solutions. Both halfs of the root system lacked of P (‐/‐) or were fully fed (+/+). Additionally, one part of the root system was fully supplied while the other part was kept without P (+/‐). The root system grown at partial P‐supply revealed compensatory reactions which became evident by increased uptake of K and Ca and by higher contents and amounts of lipid‐P as compared to the P‐deficient root portion. The fatty acid composition of the major phospholipids from root tissue, phosphatidyl choline (PC) and phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE), varied in dependence of P‐nutrition. At P‐deficiency the linoleic acid content (% 18:2) declined while the linolenic acid content (% 18:3) increased. Consequently, no change in saturation occurred. However, in PE the degree of saturation was affected distinctly. P‐deficiency caused an increase of saturation whereas full supply led to higher desaturation. The results point to relations between the intensity of nutrient uptake modulated by P‐nutrition and the amounts and characteristics of membrane lipids in root tissue.
Heterosis and Inbreeding Depression Estimation of Root and Shoot Characters in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Sasmal B. , Banerjee J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe nature and extent of hybrid vigour and inbreeding depression were estimated from a diallel set of rice varieties. The seven parents and their 21 F1s and 21 F2s were grown in pots with four replications. Data were collected on four root and two shoot characters.Maximum heterosis was recorded for root weight followed by roots/plant and root length. The inbreeding depression did not significantly affect the dry root weight in majority of the crosses. Heterosis for shoot weight was found to be associated with the heterosis for roots/plant and root weight.
Salt Tolerance of Some Oats (Avena sativa L.) Varieties at Germination and Seedling Stage
Authors: Verma O. P. S. , Yadava R. B. R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSoil salinity is the serious problem of the arid and semi‐arid tracts of the world. It causes great losses to agriculture by lowering the yields of various crops. However, such soil may be utilized either after reclaimation or by growing tolerant plant species. The degree of salt tolerance varies not only with plant species but the different varieties of the same species show variation in salt tolerance. Germination and seedling stages have a bearing on plant development at later stages of growth and ultimately crop yield. Therefore, in the present investigation, twelve varieties of oats viz., Colabagh, Kent, JHO‐801, JHO‐802, JHO‐810, JHO‐815, JHO‐816, S‐3021, S‐2688, Chauripatti, UPO‐201 and Sierra were tested for their relative salt tolerance to increasing levels of salinity in those combination of salts which nearly exist in the natural salt affected soils. Seeds were sown in petri dishes and were exposed to five salinity (40, 80, 120, 160 and 200 me/L. of salts) levels. The germination percentage, root and shoot length and dry weight of the seedlings decreased with increase in salinity. In general, varieties JHO‐815, JHO‐802, JHO‐816 and UPO‐201 were found to be more tolerant at germination and seedling stages.
Soil Properties, Micrometeorological Parameters, Forage Yield and Phosphorus‐Uptake of Berseem as Influenced by Phosphate Application under Agroforestry System of Production
Authors: Hazra C. R. , Tripathi S. B. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe field study of berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) in association with trees indicated that forage production was highest under Hardwickia binata allowing 80 per cent PAR of open as compared to Acacia tortilis and Leucaena leucocephala with 65 and 48 per cent PAR respectively. The forage yields of berseem were 78, 57 and 36 per cent under Hardwicka, Acacia and Leucaena respectively to that under non‐tree association (open canopy). The tree associations helped in improving soil productivity. Organic carbon, available nitrogen and phosphorus, field capacity and soil porosity increased, whereas EC and bulk density decreased under plots with tree associations in the order of Leucaena followed by Acacia and Hardwickia. The phosphate application improved the forage yield and P uptake and utilization. It has also helped in higher organic carbon and available N and P content of soil and also improved the water retention properties of soil by increasing field capacity and pore space and lowering the bulk density, P application to crops at increased rates also reduced the ill effects of radiation curtailment under tree canopy to some degree. The forage yields of berseem were greatly influenced by P application under both the canopy systems (tree and non‐tree).
Untersuchungen zur Ertragsbildung kurz‐ und langstrohiger Winterweizensorten
Authors: Pommer E. , Oppitz K. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract Investigations about the yield formation of Winter Wheat Cultivars with Short and Long Straw. The yield formation of winter wheat cvs with semi‐dwarf, short straw and long straw growth habit was investigated over three years in field and glasshouse trials.The cv with semi‐dwarf growth habit had less earbearing tillers and spikelets per ear, an essential lower reduction rate of spikelets and more kernels per spikelet. This cv ranged medium in thousand kernel weight (tkw). Cvs with short straw differed from cvs with long straw through a lower reduction rate of tillers and a lower tkw.No differences were found in the time of development of generative organs in specific growth phases. Cvs with short straw had advantages in assimilation by means of higher leaf area indices from tiller formation till anthesis and a better light penetration in the canopy due to a more erect leaf orientation. These characters may have been decisive for the higher survival of tillers. The cvs with a long straw however had a higher tkw, properly due to a less compact ear and a higher assimilate gain during kernel filling. Only small differences were found in root growth in favour of the cvs with short straw. The semi‐dwarf cv had the shortest roots. The cv “Kanzler” with a long straw had the best drought resistance.
Effect of Gypsum Application on Long Term Changes in Soil Properties and Crop Growth in Sodic Soils under Field Conditions
Authors: Sharma D. P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn a field study, conducted on farmer's waste sodic soils, Aquic Natrustalf, 12.5 t/ha gypsum was surface mixed. Effect of gypsum application on soil properties and crop yields of rice and wheat grown in succession was evaluated after one to five years of gypsum application. The results showed that soil pH, electrical conductivity, calcium carbonate and soil dispersion decreased, whereas organic carbon, hydraulic conductivity, water infiltration and storage increased considerably after five years of gypsum application. In the initial years the improvement in soil properties was more in the surface layers and extended to lower layers slowly in the following years. Average grain yields of rice and wheat in the first year were 4.2 and 1.8 t/ha, respectively. The yields further increased to 6.1 and 2.5 t/ha in the 5th year, but the yields were lower than the yields obtained in research experiment. Relationships between wheat grain yield and pH of 0–15 and 15–30 cm layers were established. Wheat yield reduced by 45 percent when pH of 0–15 cm layer increased from 9.0 to 9.5. The sodicity of sub soil was still too high to permit the cultivation of deep rooted crops even after five years of gypsum application. Normal crop production is possible in these sodic soils, given sufficient time to reduce the sub soil sodicity.
Relationship Between Early Field Growth of Maize Genotypes and Seedling Traits under Controlled Conditions
Authors: Stamp P. , Thiraporn R. , Geisler G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractInvestigations were done on six maize inbred lines of different origin and their diallel set of crosses. Seedlings grown at 14°, 22°, 30° and 38°C until three leaves stage were studied for morphological, anatomical and photosynthetic traits of leaves. These traits were screened for correlation with shoot dry weight at the six leaves stage under field conditions i) in 1981 and 1982 in North Germany, cool climate (CS); ii) 1981 in Thailand (WS). Some few seedling traits correlated well enough, dependent on temperature and location. CS shoot weights were closely correlated with dry weight of third leaves (14°) or NADP malate dehydrogenase activity (30°) (r = 0.66—0.85), whereas WS shoot weight correlated best with the depth of stomata below the epidermal surface (30°C) (r = ‐0.77). This shows that it is possible to predict early growth performance in the field within a group of genotypes adapted to different latitudes.
Physical Properties Affecting Water Entry in some Humid Tropical Soil
Authors: Bhadoria P. B. S. , Gupta C. P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractField and laboratory experiments were conducted to study the effect of physical properties on water entry in three soils, differing appreciably in texture. The results indicate that the saturated hydraulic conductivity (K) of lateritic soil was manifold higher than the alluvial soil. In lateritic soil the value of K was 10−1 cm/hr and it ranged from 10−2 to 10−3 cm/hr in alluvial soil. In general, the conductivity decreases in the sub surface layers and may be attributed high bulk density resulting from compact blocky structure of the soil. The infiltration rate of lateritic soil was found to be 4 times more as compared to the alluvial soils.
Physiological Basis of Irrigation Scheduling for Seed Production in Egyptian Clover Syn. Berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) Crop
Authors: Sinha N. C. , Singh R. P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA field experiment was conducted to find out the critical physiological stages of irrigation schedules inducing better growth, physiological efficiency and seed yield potential of berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L., Var. S‐99‐1). For this purpose eight irrigation treatments were made comprised of four treatments of three irrigation (W1, W2, W3 and W4), three treatments of four irrigation (W5, W7 and W8) and one treatment of five irrigation (W6) at various physiological stages i. e. regeneration, flower initiation, full bloom, seed initiation and advance seed development stage.Thus based on the experimental results the physiological role of watering in berseem seed production could be discussed as:With‐holding of irrigation either at regeneration or at full bloom stage developed potential water stress in plants as indicated by high proline content of irrigation treatments — W4, W1 and W7; and further brought out disturbance on the formation of carotene, synthesis of water soluble sugar and translocation of sugar towards reproductive organs during grain development stage. These stresses adversely affected the plant growth and flowering behaviour. The irrigation at seed initiation stage increased the seed yield. Continuous irrigation did not appear to be useful. Thus it can be concluded that irrigation at three critical physiological stages i. e. regeneration, full bloom and seed initiation was found to be essential for obtaining potential seed yield of berseem.
The Effect of Alternate Flooding and Drying on the pH and Redox of Submerged Rice Soil
Authors: Hanif M. , DeMooy C. J. , Lindsay W. L. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe pH and redox relationships of a rice soil subjected to alternate flooding and drying were measured during the growth of three successive rice crops in the greenhouse. The objective was to explain why greater nitrogen losses occur under alternating flooding and drying than under continual submergence.At 2 cm below the soil‐water interface the pH dropped from 8.3 to approximately 7.0 in 40 days and remained there through 120 days. The redox (pe + pH) dropped from 16 to 4 under the same conditions. When alternate flooding and drying were imposed, the pH fluctuated from 8.0 during drying to near 7.6 during submergence while pe + pH shifted from 16 during drying to approximately 8 during flooding. Both pH and pe + pH dropped slightly with depth into the sediment reflecting greater accumulation of CO2 and depletion of O2.The findings in this study support the hypothesis that alternate flooding and drying causes the redox of rice soils to pass through the pe + pH range of 13 to 15 where theoretical considerations show that NO(g) is most stable and can function as a viable intermediate reaction product of denitrification in soils.
Studies on Plant Type of Certain Forage Crops
Authors: Sinha N. C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA field experiment was conducted at Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi to study the plant type of certain forage crops (Guar— GL 7, GL‐8, HFG‐119, IGFRI‐212 and Guar‐80; Dinanath grass — P1 and P2; Pigeonpea — 3029, 6986, 7086; Bajra — rajko; Sunhemp‐1; M. P. Chari; Sesbania egyptica; Sesbania annuals) on the basis of their growth behaviour, plant canopy, bare length in monoculture at two stages of crop growth, so that these results may be critically assessed and incorporated while formulating the forage system sysnthesis for reaping high biomass produce per unit area. It was noted that growth rate and bare length were initially lower which markedly increased at second stage of crop growth except guar. Growth rate und bare length were in the order of M. P. Chari > Sunhemp > Sesbania annuals > Dinanath grass — P1; while this order was reverse for growth rate. Among legume crops the plant type sunhemp was superior over pigeon pea and guar. Pigeon pea had highest growth rate and low bare length as compared to guar except the variety Guar‐80. In view of achieving potential biomass production these data may be computed in formulation of various system where C4 plants — bajra‐rajko/M. P. Chari (characterised with maximum bare length and poor canopy) and dinanath grass (minimum bare length and thick canopy) is essential; and legumes which showing associative effects find its place in between the crops.
Drought and Tropical Pasture Management
Authors: Ugherughe P. O. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDroughts are an ever‐present threat to tropical crops and pastures. One of the most difficult features of managing pastures in arid and semi‐arid regions has therefore been the variability in production from year to year. An understanding of the survival mechanisms of tropical pasture plants and the factors controlling grass/legume interrelations is a prerequisite to the establishment of secure bases for management recommendations. These aspects and management strategies were discussed.For increased agricultural productivity in order to avert famine, and efficient resource use in drought‐prone regions, pasture agronomists should pay attention to the characters most needing improvement in the suite of available tropical grasses and legumes that were discussed.
Influence of Soil Water Regimes on VA Mycorrhiza IV. Effect on Root Growth and Water Relations of Sorghum bicolor
Authors: Sieverding E. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn a greenhouse trial, non‐mycorrhizal and mycorrhizal plants of Sorghum bicolor were grown at three water regimes. The root length and root morphology of Sorghum bicolor was monitored in two soils during 34 days. From 29 days on, total root length of mycorrhizal sorghum was greater than of non‐mycorrhizal sorghum in moderate and high water stress conditions. In soil A, at all water regimes a lower percentage of coarse roots and smaller root length per leaf area were found with mycorrhizal plants; in soil B, this was only the case in well watered conditions. In general, all root and water relation parameters were less affected by water stress when plants were mycorrhizal; this less sensitivity of mycorrhizal sorghum may increase the tolerance of the plant to drought. However, water relations of plants were indirectly enhanced by mycorrhiza via increased P uptake.
Soybean Allelopathy and Subsequent Cropping
Authors: Huber D. M. , Abney T. S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe observed delayed emergence and seedling development in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) planted into soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) residues in the field were reproduced in the greenhouse. Severity of the effects were increased as the rate of residue increased. Residues, and leachates from residues, inhibited wheat growth and reduced yields 19–29 % in the field. Shallow incorporation of residues into soil resulted in delayed emergence, thinner stands, and greatly shortened coleoptile length. Emergence was reduced more under “moderately dry” soil conditions while stunting was more pronounced under “wet” soil conditions. Residues appeared to have no direct effect on Rhizoctonia winter‐kill. Based on this research, even distribution of soybean residues across the field at harvest and deep placement of the residue should reduce these allelopathic effects on a subsequent wheat crop.
Relationship Between Biomass Yield of Field Grown Maize Genotypes and Seedling Traits under Controlled Conditions
Authors: Stamp P. , Thiraporn R. , Geisler G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractInvestigations were done on six maize inbred lines of different origin and their diallel set of crosses. Seedlings grown at 14°, 22°, 30° and 38°C until three leaves stage were studied for morphological, anatomical and photosynthetic traits of leaves. These traits were screened for correlation with shoot dry weight at harvest under field conditions i) in 1981 and 1982 in North Germany, cool climate (CS); ii) 1981 in Thailand (WS). The correlation between seedling traits under controlled conditions and shoot dry weight under field conditions markedly changed after anthesis. Some few seedling traits closely correlated with biomass yield, favourably at 14° and 38°C. They mostly belonged to the morphology and anatomy of the leaves (area first leaf at 38°C, r = 0.6—0.7, all locations; depth of stomata below the epidermal surface at 38°C, r =—0.5 at CS and —0.7 at WS). In spite of significant correlations between single seedling traits and biomass yield a relyable prediction of biomass yield should best be based on a carefully chosen set of seedling traits.
Energy Input and Output Analysis of four Field Crops in California1
Authors: Reed W. , Geng Shu , Hills F. J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractFour crops, corn (Zea mays L.), sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.), fodder beet (Beta vulgaris L.) and sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) were grown in irrigated plots at the experimental farm of the University of California, Davis, in 1980 and 1981. Six fertilizer N levels ranging from 0 to 280 kg ha−1 were used to estimate the most efficient N input for each of the tested crop in terms of energy input and output analysis.Calculations of cultural energy input costs in relation to potential ethanol yield showed production requirements of: corn 30.9 GJ ha−1, sweet sorghum 30.4 GJ ha−1, fodder beet 49.4 GJ ha−1 and sugarbeet 41.0 GJ ha−1. Highest average energy inputs were for liquid fuels for operations 35%, irrigation 23% and fertilizer nitrogen 19%. Fodder beet had the highest fermentable carbohydrate yield at 13.05 Mg ha−1 followed by sugarbeet at 11.5 Mg ha−1. Sweet sorghum and corn yields were lower at 9.71 and 8.09 Mg ha−1, respectively. Crop production inputs of energy per liter of potential ethanol were: corn 6.42 MJL−1 sweet sorghum 5.25 MJL−1, fodder beet 6.35 MJL−1 and sugarbeet 5.95 MJL−1.
Effect of Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Soil Compaction on Shoot and Root Growth of Field Bean and Soybean
Authors: Kahnt G. , Hijazi L. A. , Rao M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe study was done to observe the effects of soil compaction on field bean and soybean growth in greenhouse. Plastic cylindrical tubes of 58 cm height and 12 cm diameter were filled with silty loam soil with three bulk densities i.e., low (1.25 g/cm3), medium (1.45 g/cm3) and high (1.65 g/cm3) either separately or in combination of low/medium (level 1), low/high (level 2) and medium/high (level 3) as top and sub‐soil densities.General effect of compaction was a reduction in shoot and root growth and in yield of both the legumes; probable reason seemed to be mechanical impedance. At homogeneous compaction throughout the soil profile high bulk density decreased the root dry matter from 6 to 32 % and total root length from 30 to 57% but total root volume was not much affected due to thickening of the roots. From 4 to 31% reductions were also observed in shoot dry matter. Increase in only subsoil density from medium to high (level 2) decreased shoot and root dry matters (8 to 36% and 16 to 39%, respectively) but not the total root length. Plant growth was more hampered when both top and subsoil densities were increased (level 3) but the total root length was not highly affected in the upper (0 to 20 cm) and middle (20 to 40 cm) layer.
Effect of Neem Leaf (Azadirachta indica L.) on Growth and Yield of Low Land Rice
Authors: Santhi S. R. , Palaniappan Sp. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe farmers of tropical Asia are applying neem leaves to rice fields as green manure traditionally. Neem cake blending of urea is recommended for inhibition of nitrification and increasing nitrogen use efficiency. Field experiment conducted at the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India, during kharif and rabi seasons in 1984–85 with a short duration (105 days) rice cv. IR 50 showed that application of fresh neem leaf at 5 t/ha or dry neem leaf 1.25 t/ha with urea resulted in higher N recovery per cent and N response ratio and gave increased grain yield compared to the yield obtained due to the application of urea alone. Besides increasing the grain yield, neem leaf application could save about 50 per cent N application and give greater net returns to the farmer.
Irrigation Scheduling and Watermelon Yield Model for the Jordan Valley
Authors: Battikhi A. M. , Hill R. W. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA crop yield and soil water management simulation model (CRPSM) developed at Utah State University was modified, calibrated and tested using local weather data and field results from a trickle irrigation experiment with different mulching on watermelon (Citrullus lanatus), carried out at the University of Jordan Research Station, in the Jordan Valley.Simulated irrigation schedules were then applied with some of the four options provided by the model. The water yield index, WYI, introduced by Battikhi and Hill (1985) to select the most efficient schedule as based on yield and water use efficiency, was then determined. WYI ranged from 27 to 87. The field schedule, WM2, had a WYI of 62. Whereas, the model provided a much better schedule, WM7 (WYI = 86). WM7 requires 17 irrigations of 2.0 cm per irrigation totaling a water supply of 44.1 cm with an irrigation season starting on April 7 to give a yield equivalent to the potential yield, 80.0 MT/ha. On the other hand, the best field schedule, WM2 under transparent mulch, required 14 irrigations to provide 45.9 cm (including rainfall and soil moisture change), with a season starting on April 28 resulted in a yield of 68.8 MT/ha. So we can see that by using the same amounts of total water supply but with different schedule we can get the potential yield. The model has, therefore, provided few better schedules that can be tested in the field at lower costs before final recommendations are made.