bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DECALCOMANIA: PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT *
Authors: Watts Arthur S 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe greatest fault of overglaze decalcomania is the lack of resistance to solution and abrasion, which is due chiefly to the fluxes used for adherence to the glazed surfaces and for the development of brilliancy. With our increasing knowledge of silicate eutectics, these properties may be greatly improved. Various color fluxes are tested and several experimental fluxes with improved chemical resistance are reported. The possibilities of overglaze colors and decalcomania that mature at 1500° and 1750 °F. are also discussed, and some data are furnished.
EFFECT OF TIME AND TEMPERATURE ON ACCELERATED CHEMICAL DURABILITY TESTS MADE ON COMMERCIAL GLASS BOTTLES, II*
Authors: Bacon Frank R. , Burch O. G. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe effects of storage of solutions in glass bottles at room temperature are compared with the results of various accelerated tests with corresponding solutions in the first paper of this series. The acid tests at room temperature are in good agreement with those at higher temperatures.Relative resistances of glass bottles as shown by accelerated tests with water roughly parallel relative resistances appearing in room‐temperature storage of unbuffered, neutral materials only if the various amounts of extraction are approximately the same at both temperatures.The tendency of bottles to produce flakes or insoluble matter in alkaline solutions bears no direct relation to the amount of soluble matter extracted by such solutions.
MELTING RATE OF SODA‐LIME‐SILICA GLASSES AS INFLUENCED BY COMPOSITION AND THE EFFECT OF MINOR CONSTITUENTS*
Authors: Pons J. C. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractUsing the disappearance of batch as a criterion of melting, a comparison of the rate of melting of twenty‐six soda‐lime‐silica glass compositions has been made. With the composition, Na10 14%, CaO 12%. and SiOt (+R20.) 74%, as abase glass, theeffect of substituting small amounts of B.O., BaO, SOI, etc., on the rate of melting was studied. Theraw materials used were soda ash, calcite limestone. silica sand, dehydrated borax, barytes, salt cake, Chilean saltpeter, ammonium sulfate, fluorspar, and common salt.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MASSIVE TOPAZ*
Authors: Stuckey J. L. , Amero J. J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractTests on the deposit of massive topaz in Chesterfield County, South Carolina, show that the mineral has a P.C.E. of 40 and a low permanent expansion. Most of the fluorine and water are driven off between 850° and 900 ° C. The fluorine, however, carries off with it some of the iron and considerable silica. The physical properties of a fire‐clay refractory in which different amounts of topaz are used to replace flint fire clay have also been investigated.
X‐RAY STUDY OF POTASH‐SILICA GLASS*
Authors: Biscoe J. , Druesne M. A. A. , Warren B. E. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractX‐ray diffraction studies have been made of two samples of potash‐silica glass whose composition is 20.9% and 29.1% of K2O by weight. A Fourier analysis of the intensity curves indicates a structure similar to that found in soda‐silica glass. Each silicon is tetrahedrally bonded to 4 oxygen ions, with each oxygen bonded either to 1 or 2 silicons. The K+ potassium ions are situated in holes in the silicon‐oxygen network with an average of about 10 oxygen neighbors.
EFFECT OF COMPOSITION AND THERMAL HISTORY ON DIELECTRIC CONSTANTS OF SODA‐BOROSILICATE GLASSES*
Authors: Humphrys J. M. , Morgan W. R. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe dielectric constants, densities, and refractive indices of two series of soda‐boro‐silicate glasses were measured at 25° C. on some quenched specimens and on other specimens that were stabilized at different temperatures. The compositions of the two series were Na2O‐4.69 SiO2‐B2O, (0 to 45%) and Na2O B2O3‐SiO2 (30 to 100%), respectively. The structure of the glasses was found to depend on the ratio of oxygen atoms to the sum of the boron and silicon atoms and also on the concentration of the sodium ions. If the ratio of O to B + Si is greater than 2.0 or if the ratio of oxygen to sodium ions is less than 6.0, some of the oxygens are bonded only to one boron or to one silicon atom. The presence of “single‐bonded” oxygen atoms in the glass structure leads to a lower density and a higher dielectric constant and refractive index. The dielectric constant decreases and the density increases continuously as the temperature of heat treatment is lowered. The effect of heat treatment is greater for the glasses which contain the larger number of “single‐bonded” oxygen atoms and the higher concentration of sodium ions.
FURTHER STUDIES OF GLASS FRACTURE WITH HIGH‐SPEED PHOTOGRAPHY*
Authors: Edgerton H. E. , Barstow F. E. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractPhotoelastic photographs, with exposures of approximately one‐millionth of a second, were taken of transient stresses in glass before, during, and after fracture. The longitudinal and transverse waves in glass have been photographed and their velocities measured (18,000 and 11,000 ft. per sec, respectively). It was also found that under special conditions cracks may travel slower than .5000 ft. per sec, the value previously given as the crack propagation velocity.
PRACTICAL THICKNESS OF PARTIAL COATINGS OF ACID‐RESISTANT ENAMEL*
Authors: Spencer‐Strong George H. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe effect of the firing cycle, fluidity of enamel glasses, water content of enamel slips, method of application, fineness of grind, and opacifiers on the actual thickness of partial acid‐resistant enamel coatings, measured by the Shartsis and Harrison method, is discussed. The results of this study appear to explain the failure of highly acid‐resistant enamels to produce satisfactory acid resistance in some enameling plants.
X‐RAY STUDY OF SODA‐LIME‐SILICA GLASS*
Authors: Biscoe J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractX‐ray diffraction patterns of three compositions of soda‐lime‐silica glass were made, and radial distribution curves for the three glasses were obtained from Fourier analyses of the patterns. The results indicate that the silicon atoms are tetrahedrally bonded to 4 oxygens. Each oxygen is bonded to either 1 or 2 silicons. If each sodium is assumed to be surrounded by 6 oxygens, each calcium must be surrounded by about 7 oxygens. The structure is similar to that of soda‐silica glass except that some of the sodiums are replaced by calciums. A qualitative correlation of the structure with density and coefficient of expansion is made.
PARTICLE‐SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF GLAZES*
Authors: Koenig J. H. , Henderson F. C. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe particle‐size distributions of experimental and commercial stains and glazes and glaze materials were determined by using the Andreasen pipette method. The variation in particle size of two porcelain glazes, raw and fritted, was correlated with the glaze working properties and certain physical properties of the glaze film, such as fluidity, microtexture, scratch‐hardness, and glaze stress. The relation of grinding efficiency to length of milling time and different ball size was studied for these two glazes and also for a stain, and the color imparted by the stain at different grain sizes was noted.
CHARACTERISTIC INTERFERENCE PATTERNS OF PLATE AND WINDOW GLASS*
Authors: Adams F. W. , French P. W. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAn optical setup for photographing the interference patterns of a piece of flat glass is described, and photographs of characteristic patterns for several samples of plate and window glass are reproduced. Such photographs identify an unknown piece of glass as plate glass or window glass and also reveal information as to its flatness and optical polish.
EFFECT OF IRON OXIDE ON MELTING OF GLASS*
Authors: Shute R. L. , Badger A. E. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe addition of small amounts of iron oxide (0.1 to 0.2%) to soda‐lime‐silica glass batches exerts a profound influence in increasing the output of glassmelting tanks as well as in favoring the production of higher quality glass. The color produced by this addition, moreover, is not objectionable for many uses of the ware.The accelerated melting rate probably is the result of a chemical effect of iron oxide in the batch and a physical property possessed by such glass to absorb radiation from the flames more efficiently. Attempts to measure these effects were made by rioting the melting rate of glasses which contain varying additions of iron oxide and by determining the temperature gradient that exists in glass when it is melted in a miniature tank. The presence of iron oxide aids melting and fining in crucible melts at 1200°C., but no effect was observed at higher temperatures. The measurement of temperature gradients in a pot holding 45 lb. of glass and heated by flames passing over the glass surface showed that the temperature gradient increases with iron oxide content.
ELECTRIC FURNACE BOROALUMINATE*
Authors: Baumann H. N. , Moore C. H. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBoroaluminate has been produced as a crystalline material by electric furnace fusion. The crystal form is orthorhombic; Ng= 1.625, Nm= 1.603, and Np= 1.589; composition, 2B2O3·9Al2O3; unit cell, a= 15.0 a.u., b= 7.5 a.u., and c = 5.67 a. u. Other crystallographic and X‐ray data are given in detail. It appears to melt incongruently, and it is analogous in several ways to mullite.The physical properties of fusion‐cast refractory boroaluminate compositions are enumerated.
X‐RAY DIFFRACTION AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF POTASSIUM BORATE GLASSES*
Authors: GREEN ROBERT L. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTData are presented from X‐ray studies and from measurements of the physical properties of potassium borate glasses in the composition range from 0 to 40% by weight of KzO. Calculations based on the X‐ray diffraction patterns show a change from three‐ to fourfold coordination with an increase to 22% in K2O content. The potassium ions form single‐bonded oxygens and thus produce a weakening of the structures with a K2O content greater than 22%. With 20 to 25% of K2O, the coefficient of thermal expansion is a minimum, which shows that the majority of the boron atoms are in four‐fold coordination. The curves of the composition versus the trans formation point, softening point, density, refractive index, and viscosity for 200° to 400°C. also show a change of slope in the composition range of 20 to 30% of K2O.The random structure picture as well as the tendency of boron atoms to assume tetrahedral coordination in alkaline borate glasses serve to explain satisfactorily the X‐ray diffraction curves and the otherwise anomalous physical behavior of the potassium borate glasses.
NEPHELINE SYENITE IN HOTEL CHINAWARE BODIES*
Authors: KOENIG C. J. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA series of hotel chinaware bodies, based on a commercial body composition, was prepared. The greater fluxing activity of nepheline syenite compared to potash feldspar was compensated for (1) by lowering the firing temperature, (2) by reducing the amount of the principal flux, and (3) by reducing or eliminating the auxiliary flux.
GLASSFORMING NATURE OF OXIDES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO TANTALA, TITANIA, AND BERYLLIA*
Authors: Sun Kuan‐Han , Silverman Alexander 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe ρ value of an oxide, which is defined as the ratio of the cation radius to the oxygen radius, has been considered as one of the criteria for determining whether an oxide is a network former, that is, a glassformer or an intermediate. Most of all the known network formers have ρ values smaller than 0.414, which is the limit for a tetrahedral structure.The experimental facts as to whether Ta2O6 alone forms a glass are in controversy. A study of its ρ value reveals that Tanoe is probably not a glassformer. The same is true for Cb2O5. The ρ value of TiO2 also indicates that it is not a glassformer. The small ρ value of BeO leads to the belief that BeO is an intermediate oxide in glass. Further evidence, based on the physical and chemical properties of beryllia‐containing glasses, has been established to show the validity of the viewpoint.It has been pointed out that all of the elements whose oxides are glassformers or intermediates may be grouped together in the periodic table. It has also been noted that, of all the possible oxide glassformers, the most important are SiO2, B2O5, P4O4, and GeO2.
SURFACE TENSION OF GLASS AND ITS EFFECT ON CORDS*
Authors: Silverman W. B. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe results of experiments with synthetic cords indicate that surface tension is the most important factor in the disappearance of cords. The viscosity relations of the glasses do not correlate with the tendency to form inhomogeneities. Fibers of higher surface tension than the base glass with which it is fused form cords, and those of lower surface tension do not. Compositions that are high in RO or A1208 tend to form inhomogeneities in glasses which have a lower content of these two constituents.
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY OF FIRING STEATITE CERAMICS*
Authors: Stone R. L. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe composition of normal as well as low‐loss steatite bodies is shown on the MgO‐Al2O3‐SiO2 phase diagram. Clay‐talc bodies containing 10% or less of clay have the longest firing range. Bodies near the forsterite corner of the clinoenstatite‐forsterite‐cordierite triangle have a firing range of about 100 °C. but they are too refractory. Auxiliary fluxes, such as CaO and BaO, shorten the firing range appreciably. The alkalis lengthen it but are electrically detrimental. The RO2 elements, such as SiO2 and ZrO2, when added in appreciable quantities, give good firing range but an excessive increase in the refractoriness of the body.
MECHANICS OF ENAMEL ADHERENCE: XV, INFLUENCE OF COBALT AND NICKEL OXIDES ON METAL PRECIPITATION AT GROUND COAT‐IRON INTERFACE*
Authors: King R. M. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe method previously described for determining metal precipitation during groundcoat firing on sheet iron has been refined and used in a quantitative study of the comparative influence of cobalt and nickel oxides on this precipitation. The effect of these oxides has been studied separately and in mixtures, and it has been found that nickel oxide has the more pronounced action. This action is evident even when the ratio of cobalt oxide to nickel oxide is 3 to 1.
PLANT INVESTIGATION OF VARIABLES AFFECTING COLOR OF SILICA BRICK
Authors: McDowell J. Spotts 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe data in this report were obtained during the years of 1923, 1924, and 1925. Among the topics studied were the effects of color in silica brick resulting from the lime, iron oxide, and alumina content of the brick and from varying drying and firing conditions. The effect on color of sulfur gases from coal and the time‐temperature relations are also discussed. The lime‐alumina ratio, the, iron oxide content of the brick, and setting and firing conditions are concluded to be the most significant factors related to the color of the product.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE STAINING OF SILICA BRICK*
Authors: Trostel L. J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe staining of silica brick was found to occur in a critical temperature range of 900°‘ to 1000°C. Concurrently the brick had to be “soaked“ in this temperature range and exposed to an oxidizing atmosphere. Stained brick could be “cleaned up” or staining prevented by manipulation of the foregoing set of conditions as well as by additions of 4.5% or more of lime. The experimental data examined in the light of the system CaO‐Fe2O3‐SiO2 suggest that the colorant is the mineral dicalcium ferrite.
ELECTRICALLY FUSED FORSTERITE‐OLIVINE, I‐II*
Authors:   THE Electrothermal Section OF THE Electrotechnical Laboratory
Published: June 2006

AbstractNorth Carolina olivine was melted in the electric arc‐resistance furnace, with simultaneous reduction of the iron (fayalite) components, to form a product consisting essentially of crystalline forsterite. The forsterite obtained from olivine by reduction was contaminated by clinoenstatite or a siliceous glass unless MgO or CaO was added to the charge. Silica, present in excess of orthosilicate proportions, was not eliminated by carbon reduction. Simultaneous reduction or vaporization of MgO prevented increase in the MgO to SiO2 ratio by carbon reaction. Addition of theoretical amounts of MgO to the melt to produce forsterite completely eliminated the clinoenstatite and siliceous glass and resulted in an abrupt increase in high‐temperature load‐bearing strength. The presence of lime was detrimental to high‐temperature load‐bearing strength.
MECHANICS OF ENAMEL ADHERENCE: XIV, (1) ROLE OF COBALT OXIDE IN METAL AND OXIDE PRECIPITATION DURING GROUND‐COAT FIRING CYCLE AND (2) DETERMINATION OF TEMPERATURE AND TIME INTERVALS OF PRECIPITATION*
Authors: King R. M. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe role of cobalt oxide in metal precipitation is explained on the basis of the influence of cobalt oxide on the reaction 4FeO ↔ Fe + Fe3O4. The temperature intervals during the firing cycle at which precipitation takes place and the relative rates of precipitation in ground coats of varying composition have been determined by a method of electrical conductivity at high temperatures.
EFFECT OF CHEMICALLY FORMED SURFACE FILMS ON GLASS SOLUBILITY*
Authors: Jones Frank L. , Hafner Harold C. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe leaching of acid‐soluble oxides from a silicate glass forms a silica‐rich surface film that is permeable to further acid attack. A quantitative study has been made of the effect of baking these surface films at various temperatures. The baking decreases the permeability of the films and thus makes the glass more resistant to attack by acid solutions.
FUNDAMENTAL STUDY OF FACTORS INFLUENCING COLOR OF PORCELAIN ENAMELS*
Authors: Cook Ralph L. , Andrews Andrew I. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe fundamental basis of color specification, namely, brilliance, purity, and dominant wave length, has been determined from spectrophotometric curves by means of an integrating calculator. The effect of variations in the particle size of the frit and the coloring agents on the purity, brilliance, and dominant wave length has also been studied.
AN IMPROVED VOLUMENOMETER*
Authors: Richmond Joseph c. , Peterson John B. , Herschel Winslow H. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA volumcnometer of improved design has been developed for measuring the solid volumes of specimens varying in size up to that of standard refractory bricks. The chief feature of the new design is the use of a closed‐cistern, altitude‐type mercurial barometer to replace the simple manometer previously used. The barometer is de signed for use in a constant temperature room (21.1°C.) where the acceleration of gravity is 980.1 cm. per sec.2. Under these conditions, pressure readings are auto matically corrected to standard conditions. A vernier permits rapid readings to 0.1 mm. of mercury.
RELATION OF HYDROGEN TO ADHERENCE OF SHEET‐STEEL ENAMELS*
Authors: Deringer W. A. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe principal theories of adherence are reviewed, and a new theory involving hydrogen gas is discussed. A review of the literature and experimental data show that hydrogen is a factor in the adherence of sheet‐steel enamels and that adherence, reboiling, and fish scaling are closely related.
RELATION OF THICKNESS TO IMPACT RESISTANCE OF PORCELAIN ENAMEL*
Authors: Fellows Roger L. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractChipping of porcelain enamel on the flanges of table tops as a result of impact was studied and compared with the results obtained from the Porcelain Enamel Institute tentative standard impact test. A correlation was found to exist between the results using the P.E.I, test on standard 1‐in. tubes and those obtained on the corner of a table‐top flange. The impact resistance of enamels applied over a radius also increased as the thickness of the enamel was increased.
POSSIBLE USE OF SUSPENDED ROOFS AND WALLS IN GLASS FURNACES*
Authors: Longenecker L. S. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTConstruction advantages and limitations of the sprung‐type tank crown are discussed, and some modern heating chamber applications are shown in which the roof or crown has been changed in contour to secure better and more efficient heating. Developments have been made which indicate that a roof or crown may be used for more than just a top inclosure over a heating chamber. An explanation is given of how the present roof construction has been changed to secure these improved contour lines across and lengthwise of the heating chamber. Any of these features may be more generally applied to improved glass tank construction.
TRANSFORMATION REGION OF GLASS*
Authors: Winter Aniuta 
Published: June 2006

AbstractEvidence for the existence of a “transformation region” rather than a “transformation point” in the 1014 poise range of glasses has been produced by a variety of experiments, both static and dynamic. Refractive index was measured (1) on small specimens quenched in air and (2) directly in the furnace by the single‐prism and three‐prism methods. Quantitative agreement was obtained, and the method of quenched samples is recommended as the simplest of those tested. Thermal expansion coefficients were also determined on the quenched samples.Disannealing lowered the refractive index of glasses; for a borosilicate crown, by an order of 0.006. The change resulting from strains was comparatively small and in the opposite direction so that birefringence was found to be an untrustworthy indicator of the state of a glass. For a series of optical glasses, the difference between the refractive‐index extremes is a function of the lowest temperature at which the minimum index can be realized. Thermal expansion coefficients may also vary with heat‐treatment. Two limiting states of glass are postulated to explain the observations. In between these states lies the region of transformation, including an intermediate state for each temperature between the two limiting temperatures. For all of the glasses e‐xamined, the extent of the transformation region was about 100°C. The rate of transformation into the low‐temperature state may be studied from “equilibrium curves” by plotting stable refractive index as a function ‐of temperature. Whereas the conversion to the high‐temperature state is instantaneous at the upper temperature of the transformation region, the conversion to the low‐temperature condition demands a minimum time at each temperature, which explains why annealing is such a time‐consuming process. The annealing time, however, may be drastically reduced by following the equilibrium curves in a stepwise fashion. With insufficient annealing, higher temperature states are frozen in and transformation continues even at room temperature as proved by measurements extending over sixteen months of study.
EFFECT OF OPACIFIERS ON FUSED VISCOSITY OF FELDSPATHIC GLAZES*
Authors: Beam James K. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA study has been made of the fusion characteristics of feldspar, flint, kaolin, and whiting used in glaze compositions with zine oxide and various opacifiers. The fusion characteristics of tin oxide, Opax, Zircopax, and various combinations of opacifiers are given. All heat‐treatments mentioned are at cone 12. Isoviscosity triaxial diagrams show the fields of good glazes in each series, and the rclative effects of composition changes on the physical properties are outlined.
CRYSTALLINE AND GLASSY PHASES OF STEATITE DIELECTRICS*
Authors: Ueltz Herbert F. G. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA review of the literature is cited. Dielectric and physical properties are listed for fifteen oxides which are included in the glass phase of a steatite body. Data from electrical measurements made at 500, 600, 1000, and 1100‐kc. frequencies and at 25°, 85°. 120°, and 150°C. are included. The results of petrographic examination are noted for each body. A systematic classification in terms of the periodic table indicates correlative characteristics with respect to valency and atomic weight.