bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Erythropoietin in very preterm infants
Authors: FERNANDES C. J. , HAGAN R. , FRIEBERG A. , GRAUAUG A. , KOHAN R. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThree neonates (a male and two females of gestational ages 27, 27 and 29 weeks with birthweight 985,660 and 1130 g), born to parents who are Jehovah's Witnesses, were admitted to our neonatal intensive care unit over a 2 month period in 1992. Human recombinant erythropoietin (rHuEpo, 200 u/kg sc. on alternate days for 6‐8 weeks) was started early in conjunction with strict control of blood sampling in an attempt to avoid the need for blood transfusion. The lowest haemoglobin recorded was 95 g/L at 35 days of age in the first infant. The amount of blood withdrawn for sampling was 21.4 mL, 20.7 mL and 5.5 mL, respectively. All were discharged near their expected birthdate, never having received a blood transfusion in the Nursery. It is possible to manage sick, very preterm, very low birthweight neonates in a neonatal intensive care setting without the use of blood transfusions by the early use of rHuEpo in conjunction with strict control of blood sampling.
Anticardiolipin and acquired protein S deficiency in early childhood
Authors: COUPER R. T. L. , MAXWELL F. C. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA 27 month old child presented with left hemiplegia and was found to have deep cerebral venous thrombosis. The deep cerebral venous thrombosis resolved on warfarin. Elevated and fluctuating anticardiolipin antibodies as well as protein S deficiency were detected.
Transient global amnesia in a young child
Authors: SILBERSTEIN E. P. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractUnprovoked and unexplained sudden loss of memory and inappropriate behaviour in a 5 year old child is described as fitting into the clinical picture of ‘transient global amnesia’. The likely pathophysiology of this condition is discussed with some support for Fisher's suggestion of ‘hippocampal‐fornical’ dysfunction.
Acute scrotal swelling: A sign of neonatal adrenal haemorrhage
Authors: LIU K. W. , KU K. W. , CHEUNG K. L. , CHAN Y. L. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractTwo neonates presented with acute scrotal swelling suggestive of testicular torsion. Surgical exploration in one patient revealed an infected haematoma. Subsequent investigations including ultrasonography and urinary catecholamine determination disclosed adrenal haemorrhage as the cause of the scrotal haematoma. A second patient in whom a purplish discolouration of the right hemiscrotum was noted was also investigated with ultrasonography, which revealed a normal right testis and a right adrenal haematoma. Both cases of adrenal haemorrhage resolved spontaneously on conservative treatment. Adrenal haemorrhage should be considered as a possible cause of acute scrotal swelling in neonates. Ultrasonography assessment should be performed in such cases to examine the intra‐abdominal organs especially the adrenal glands.
Prevalence, severity and medical management of asthma in European school children in 1985 and 1991
Authors: MITCHELL E. A. , ASHER M. I. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis present study, conducted in 1991, examined trends in the prevalence, severity and medical management of asthma in European school children by repeating the protocol of a study performed in 1985, using the same schools and questionnaire. One thousand, nine hundred and one children in 1991 were compared with 1084 children in 1985. The prevalence of respiratory symptoms increased significantly by approximately one‐third, although the increase in the diagnostic label ‘asthma’ did not increase significantly. Asthma severity indices (< 12 asthma attacks in the last 12 months and symptoms in the last month) were not significantly increased, except for night cough in the last month (1985 7.0%, 1991 9.9%, P= 0.008). In 1991, children with wheeze in the last 12 months were more likely to be diagnosed as having asthma and treated with bronchodilators and prophylactic drugs than in 1985. We conclude that the prevalence of asthma symptoms has increased from 1985 to 1991, but the two indices of severity of asthma are mostly unchanged. Diagnosis of asthma in children with symptoms has improved but asthma still appears underrecognized. Drug treatment of asthma has increased.
Vitamin A status in preterm neonates with and without chronic lung disease
Authors: CHABRA S. , ARNOLD J. D. , LESLIE G. I. , BOWEN J. R. , EARL J. , WOOD F. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIt has been proposed that there is an association between vitamin A (VA) deficiency and the development of chronic lung disease (CLD) in preterm infants. This study was designed to measure the VA status in preterm infants and to compare the results in the group of babies who developed CLD with the group who did not. Vitamin A status was assessed by measuring plasma VA, retinol binding protein (RBP) and the plasma VA:RBP molar ratio in 25 infants of less than 31 weeks gestation during the first 28 days of life. Eleven babies developed CLD and 14 did not. There was no significant difference in plasma VA levels between the CLD and non CLD groups during the first 28 days. The majority of infants had adequate VA status, with a subgroup being deficient.
Primary hyperparathyroidism in a 14 year old girl presenting with bone deformities
Authors: MENON P. S. N. , MADHAVI N. , MUKHOPADHYAYA S. , PADHY A. K. , BAL C. S. , SHARMA L. K. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA 14 year old girl with bilateral genu valgum of 6 years duration was brought for evaluation of primary hyperparathyroidism. She had clinical features of rickets such as frontal bossing, rachitic rosary, lumbar lordosis and fixed adduction deformity of the left leg. She had undergone osteotomy earlier for correction of these deformities without benefit. Laboratory investigations showed hypercalcaemia and hypophosphataemia, with elevated alkaline phosphatase and parathyroid hormone levels. A skeletal survey showed generalized decreased density of bone and brown tumours and, coincidentally, a right renal calculus. A computerized tomography scan of the neck and thallium‐technetium subtraction scan delineated an adenoma of the left superior parathyroid gland, which was surgically removed. Parathyroid adenoma manifesting with bone deformities, especially genu valgum, is very rare in children. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment is essential to prevent such deformities.
Reduction of craniofacial and palatal narrowing in very low birthweight infants
Authors: MORRIS K. M. , BURNS Y. R. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractMany infants born preterm have positional moulding of the head and palate. This study investigates whether specially designed, foam pressure dispersing pads (PDP) worn throughout the neonatal hospital course, were not only effective in reducing craniofacial flattening, but also in lessening palatal narrowing in very low birthweight (VLBW) infants. The study was conducted in two phases. Twenty‐three consecutively born VLBW infants were randomly selected to act as a comparative group. The next 31 VLBW infants born comprised the intervention group, and wore PDP during hospitalization. The two groups were similar in birthweight and gestational age. The groups were compared for changes in craniofacial and palatal parameters at three time intervals during hospitalization. Results indicated a significant increase in growth of craniofacial width, palatal width and palatal area of infants wearing PDP compared to those infants not wearing them. These findings suggest that craniofacial and palatal narrowing observed in VLBW infants may be reduced by the wearing of PDP during hospitalizaton.
Post‐transfusion chronic hepatitis C in children
Authors: MATSUOKA S. , TATARA K. , HAYABUCHI Y. , NII M. , MORI K. , KURODA Y. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractTwo hundred and twenty‐six patients who received blood products for open‐heart surgery in childhood were screened by a second‐generation enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and with surrogate markers for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Twenty‐two (14%) of the 161 recipients who received blood products before 1989 and none of the subjects who had received blood products after 1990 (the year that the blood bank began to screen for HCV antibody) were HCV seropositive. Virologic and histologic studies showed that 10 (45%) of 24 seropositive patients had persistent hepatitis C virus infection, many with ongoing hepatitis. The remaining 12 seropositive patients with absent HCV RNA had normal ALT levels, indicating resolved hepatitis C infection. Enrolment in screening is important to detect chronic hepatitis C in children who received blood products prior to screening of blood donors for HCV antibody.
Trends in the use of fundoplication in children with gastro‐oesophageal reflux
Authors: VEIT F. , SCHWAGTEN K. , AULDIST A. W. , BEASLEY S. W. 
Published: March 2008

Objectives: To document changing trends in the indications for fundoplication in children with gastro‐oesophageal reflux and to identify the main shortcomings and complications of the procedure.Methodology: Retrospective review of 405 consecutive children undergoing fundoplication between 1978 and 1992 inclusive.Results: Trends in the indications for fundoplication related to broadening of its use in those with severe neurological impairment and uncontrolled reflux, and to changes in the management of patients in the neonatal period. Complications included unwrapping with recurrence of reflux, hiatal hernia, adhesive small bowel obstruction, dumping syndrome, postoperative persistence of oesophageal stricture, excessively tight wrap and poor oesophageal clearance (mostly in oesophageal atresia patients).Conclusions: This study identified those patients most likely to develop complications following fundoplication. This may assist in the pre‐operative assessment of the likely benefit of fundoplication in children who often have other complex problems.
Home‐based management of children hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis
Authors: O'LOUGHLIN E. V. , NOTARAS E. , McCULLOUGH C. , HALLIDAY J. , HENRY R. L 
Published: March 2008

Objective: To determine the source of medical advice to parents and treatment administred at home for children admitted to hospital with acute gastroenteritis.Methodology A questionnaire was completed by the parents of 231 children admitted during a 12 month period.Results The majority of children had seen their family doctor or an after‐hours doctor prior to admission. Clear fluids were used for two‐thirds but an oral rehydration solution (ORS) was used in only one‐third of children. Medications were used for half, including antibiotics (19%), antidiarrhoeals (9%), antiemetics (7%) and paracetamol (27%). Inpatient assessment suggested that the majority of children had no or mild dehydration.Conclusions Appropriate oral rehydration is underutilized and medications are overprescribed for the treatment of acute gastroenteritis. Family doctors continue to be the major source of advice for parents. Increased use of ORS at home may reduce hospitalization rates but attempts to change these practices should be directed at parents and family doctors.
A profile of heart disease risk factors and their relation to parents' education, fathers' occupation and family history of heart disease in 843 South Australian families: The Adelaide Children's WHO Collaborative Study *
Authors: BOULTON T. J. C. , COCKINGTON R. A. , HAMILTON‐CRAIG I. , MAGAREY A. M. , MAZUMDAR J. 
Published: March 2008

Objectives: A study was conducted to determine whether the prevalence of risk factors among pre‐adolescent children is associated with their parents' risk factor status and what influence family history of ischaemic heart disease (IHD) and socio‐economic status (SES) had.Methodology This was a cross‐sectional study of 856 children, mean age 8.6 years, and their parents who underwent the World Health Organization and National Heart Foundation protocols for the study of arteriosclerosis precursors. Historical, demographic, anthropometric, clinical and biochemical outcome measures were used.Results There was the expected burden of illness reported for the grandparents and parents, with the latter conforming to their expected age group's heart disease risk factor status. The mean serum total cholesterol (TC) level for boys was 4.43 (± 0.79) mmol/L and girls 4.62 (± 0.84) mmol/L, with the 95th percentile for boys and girls combined being 5.88 mmol/L. The level corresponding to two standard deviations above the mean was 6.0 mmol/L. Childrens' IHD risk factor status reflected their parents' with TC, skin fold thickness and body mass index most closely correlated, followed by blood pressure. The greatest correlation was between the childrens' TC and their mothers'. Socio‐economic status as assessed by the parents' education level and fathers' occupational status produced differences in their childrens' risk factors, with mother's level of education having the major influence. There was no impact of family history of IHD.Conclusions From these results it would appear that screening of the pre‐adolescent may be appropriate but longitudinal study will be important to establish this by documenting persistence of risk factor status. Also, it would appear that a child's future risk from IHD morbidity may be due to environmental influences mediated through differences in SES. As the level of IHD risk factors is reduced within the community, the extent of parent‐child transmission of measurable IHD risk factors in families of high IHD risk may be reduced.
The Adelaide preschool language unit: Results of follow‐up
Authors: STERN L. M. , CONNELL T. M. , LEE M. , GREENWOOD G. 
Published: March 2008

Objectives: To determine educational, social and behavioural functioning of children who had been involved in a preschool language intervention programme between 1982 and 1990.Methodology Fifty children who attended the Unit were available for follow‐up. The children were divided into three groups: (i) language disorder; (ii) speech disorder; and (iii) mixed speech and language disorder. A psychologist administered educational, cognitive and social behavioural tests. Speech, language and articulation were assessed by a speech pathologist.Results Cognitively, the ‘mixed’ speech and language group obtained lower scores than the speech and language disorder children; results on educational tests were also generally lower. All three groups were significantly underachieving in areas of language, reading, spelling and arithmetic relative to their performance IQ. No socialization problems were found.Conclusions Severe speech and language disorders in young children, even after periods of intensive intervention, have a significant effect on later educational achievement even when children appear to be ‘coping’ in their educational settings.
Do infants of depressed mothers cry more than other infants?
Authors: MILGROM J. , WESTLEY D. T. , McCLOUD P. I. 
Published: March 2008

Objectives: This study compared the crying behaviour of infants of depressed and non‐depressed mothers at 3 and 6 months of age.Methodology Twenty‐nine depressed and 44 non‐depressed mothers, their infants and partners participated in this study. Mothers were asked to complete 24‐hour diaries of the amount their infants cried for 1 week.Results The diurnal variations in crying patterns of infants of depressed and non‐depressed mothers were not significantly different. However, infants of depressed mothers were found to cry significantly more in total per day than infants of non‐depressed mothers at 3 months of age, but not at 6 months. The results could not be explained by differences in infant temperament.Conclusion Maternal depression may be a contributory factor to infant crying at 3 months of age.
Should we estimate liver span in the right mid‐clavicular line or the midline?
Authors: MICHIE C. , ALU S. , WILD K. , HAMPSHEIR R. , CHABONNAUD P. , HARVEY D. 
Published: March 2008

Objective: Comparison was made between the accuracy of repeated measurements of liver projection below the costal margin in the right mid‐clavicular line (RMCL) and in the midline (ML).Methodology: Clinical measurement of liver span was studied in 34 children under 5 years of age by five members of junior ward staff. Three patients were followed longitudinally by the same observers.Results: The coefficient of reliability between different observers for measurement in the RMCL was 13 mm but for that in the ML was 7 mm. Estimates of liver size in the RMCL were particularly inaccurate when examining larger livers.Conclusion: More reliable sequential estimates of liver size are likely to be obtained using measurements both in the midline and in a well‐defined and agreed point below the right costal margin.
Neonatal haemochromatosis associated with Down syndrome
Authors: CHEUNG P. C. H. , NG W. F. , CHAN A. K. H. 
Published: March 2008

Methodology:The clinical course of a child with neonatal haemochromatosis associated with Down syndrome is described, using case notes and post‐mortem examination.Results:The patient died of liver failure on day 36. Post‐mortem examination showed siderosis of liver, pancreas, heart, kidney and thyroid.Conclusions:Neonatal haemochromatosis is a rare paediatric disease, the aetiology of which is unknown. Evidence suggests a disorder of fetoplacental iron handling with implications for recurrence in future pregnancies.
Review Article Neurometrics, dynamic brain imaging and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Authors: LEVY F , WARD PB 
Published: March 2008

Objective: : The literature on the development of frequency analysis of the electroencephalogram (neurometrics) and functional dynamic brain imaging techiques is reviewed. Clinical applications in the diagnosis and treatment of learning disorders of childhood are discussed.Conclusions While questions remain about the sensitivity and specificity of the neurometric method in diagnosing attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), if the technique proved predictive of medication response, its importance would be established. However, evoked‐potential studies, cerebral blood flow and cerebral glucose metabolic studies promise a better understanding of underlying psychological processes in ADHD.
Inter‐rater reliability in the medical diagnosis of child sexual abuse
Authors: ROBERTS I , MORAN K 
Published: March 2008

Objective: To examine inter‐ and intra‐rater reliability in the assessment of genital findings in cases of suspected child sexual abuse.Methodology Colposcopic photographs of the external genitalia of 70 female children were independently assessed by child sexual abuse teams in Auckland and Sydney. For the Auckland centre, intra‐rater reliability was assessed by making a second independent assessment 6 months following the first. Reliability was quantified using per cent of agreement and Cohen's Kappa statistic.Results There were high levels of inter‐ and intra‐rater agreement. When photographs were classified as normal/non specific or strongly indicative of child sexual abuse, there was 93% agreement between the Auckland and Sydney teams with a kappa score of 0.70. For the two separate ratings made by the Auckland team there was 94% agreement with a kappa score of 0.75.Conclusions The high levels of inter‐ and intra‐rater agreement obtained in this study were reassuring. The results obtained compare favourably with the results of reliability studies in other areas of medical practice.
Factors that influence the choice of infant feeding
Authors: TAN JCH , JEFFERY HE 
Published: March 2008

Objective: To consider some of the many factors that influence the choice to initiate and continue breast‐feeding.Conclusion: There is increasing recognition of the nutritional value and related health outcomes of breast‐fed infants. Further research is essential to appraise the medical and social determinants of infant feeding practices, particularly the early discontinutation of breast‐feeding. Paediatricians are in an ideal position to foster, encourage and support such research and to accept a wider role in advocacy of the infant's right to obtain optimal nutrition.
A prospective study of nosocomial infection in a neonatal intensive care unit
Authors: KHADILKAR V , TUDEHOPE D , FRASER S 
Published: March 2008

Objective:To determine the incidence of and organisms responsible for neonatal nosocomial infection (after 72 h of age).Methodology:A 1‐year evaluation of 321 consecutive septic work‐ups performed on 130 of 1008 babies admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) for more than 72 h. Fifty‐seven (89%) of 64 infants of birthweight 500‐999 g, 36 (34%) of 105 infants 100‐1499g, 27 (6%) of 422 infants 1500–2499g and 10 (28%) of 477 infants of birthweight <2500g had at least one septic work‐up.Results:In addition to blood culture, the evaluations included haematological score on full blood count in 94.7%, abdominal X‐ray in 48%, endotracheal tube tip culture in 32.7% and lumbar puncture in only 13.1%. Blood culture was positive on 92 occasions in 75 infants (28.7% of work‐ups and 7.4% of all babies admitted). Infection status was classified as definite on 40 occasions in 30 babies, and due to contamination 52 in 45 babies. Twenty of the 30 babies with definite infection were of birthweight 500–999 g. Of the 40 definite infections coagulase‐negative staphylococci (CONS) were cultured from 23 babies, Gram negative bacilli in 14 and Candida spp. in three babies. Sepsis caused or contributed to the deaths of six babies.Conclusion:This study identifies infants of birthweight > 1000 g as the highest risk group for nosocomial infection especially CONS. New strategies in prevention, surveillance and treatment are required for extremely low birthweight infants.
Influence of families on the growth of children in an Aboriginal community
Authors: ALSOP‐SHIELDS L , DUGDALE AE 
Published: March 2008

Objective:Some Aboriginal children have poor growth while others grow according to international standards. This study was designed to find whether these differences were related to families.Methodology:Data were obtained on 13 families at Cherbourg Aboriginal Community in Queensland. There were data on the growth and hospital admissions of children in these families for at least two generations. Data were taken from records of the Infant Health Clinic and Hospital on the Community. A total of 606 children were considered.Results:The growth of a child during infancy is correlated with the growth of his/her mother in infancy, but not with the growth of the father. We have therefore defined families in the matrilineal line. There were marked and highly significant differences between the growth of children in the 13 families. The families with good growth in one generation were likely to have good growth of children in the next generation.Conclusions:In spite of the overall improvements in the growth of infants and children at Cherbourg, families tended to maintain their rankings from one generation to the next. It would be cost‐efficient to target health advice to those families who have, in the past, had poor growth among their children.