bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterizing new users of NSAIDs before and after rofecoxib withdrawal
Authors: Usher Cara , Bennett Kathleen , Teeling Mary , Feely John 
Published: October 2006

What is already known about this subject• Public concern regarding the cardiovascular safety of the COX‐2 inhibitors began with the withdrawal of rofecoxib from the market in September 2004.• Since then, a myriad of evidence has pointed towards an adverse cardiovascular effect of other COX‐2 inhibitors in persons with cardiovascular risk.• This study examines the impact of the clinical trial publicity and drug regulatory advice on nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID) prescribing in patients in general practice with known cardiovascular risk both before and after the rofecoxib withdrawal.What this study adds• Results from this study indicate that the profile of new users of NSAIDs and COX‐2 inhibitors did not change despite new information becoming available.• This may highlight the uncertainty experienced by prescribers of treatment alternatives available and the lack of unbiased information at this time for at‐risk groups.AimsTo characterize patients initiated on nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), pre and postrofecoxib withdrawal, by age, gender and concomitant cardiovascular (CV) therapy.MethodsA national primary care prescription database was used to identify patients who initiated NSAID therapy pre and postrofecoxib withdrawal. Patients receiving CV therapy were identified in the same periods also. Adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals are presented.ResultsFemale patients [OR = 1.15 (1.11, 1.19)], those over 65 years [OR = 2.76 (2.65, 2.86)] and those at CV risk [OR = 1.72 (1.67, 1.79)] were more likely to start on celecoxib (over a nonselective NSAID) than male patients, those under 65 years and those not at CV risk. Similar results were found for rofecoxib and nimesulide. Postwithdrawal analysis showed results comparable to the prewithdrawal period.ConclusionThe results highlight a possible uncertainty experienced by prescribers of treatment alternatives available and a lack of unbiased information at this time for at‐risk groups.
Consumption of carbonated drinks in adolescents: a transtheoretical analysis
Authors: Buchanan H. , Coulson N. S. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBackground  Adolescents consume a high level of carbonated drinks and this may have significant adverse effects for their weight and oral health. Therefore, we examined the application of key constructs of the Transtheoretical Model (stages of change, decisional balance and self‐efficacy) and health as a value (both general and oral) to adolescent carbonated drink consumption and to identify any gender differences.Methods  A total of 399 adolescents (mean age 12.57 years, SD = 1.54) completed a questionnaire measuring: stage of change, decisional balance, self‐efficacy, carbonated drink consumption and attitudes to health and healthy teeth.Results  Over half of the adolescents (55%) were classified into one of the pre‐action stages (i.e. precontemplation or contemplation) and males were more likely to be represented in the precontemplation stage than females. Significant associations with stage of change, decisional balance and self‐efficacy were found, though there was no association with attitudes to health (general or oral).Conclusion  The findings suggest that the Transtheoretical Model (and its key constructs) may be a useful framework through which more tailored health promotion interventions can be designed.
Plasma 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D levels in primary hyperparathyroidism depend on sex, body mass index, plasma phosphate and renal function
Authors: Moosgaard B. , Vestergaard P. , Heickendorff L. , Mosekilde L. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryBackground  Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is characterized by elevated plasma levels of PTH and calcium with reduced plasma phosphate. Physiologically, renal 1α,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] production is stimulated by PTH and phosphate deprivation, and inhibited by 1,25(OH)2D itself and calcium.Aim  To investigate relations between circulating levels of 1,25(OH)2D, 25‐dihydroxyvitamin D (25OHD), PTH, calcium, phosphate, renal function and skeletal complications in patients with PHPT.Design  Cross‐sectional study.Material  Two hundred and fifty‐two consecutive hypercalcaemic Caucasian patients aged 24–91 (median 65·9) years (85·3% females) with PHPT.Results  In patients with PHPT, plasma 1,25(OH)2D was increased by 27%[107 (9–250) pmol/l, median (range)] compared to controls [84 (18–172) pmol/l, P < 0·001]. In univariate models, plasma 1,25(OH)2D depended inversely on age (r = –0·23, P < 0·001) and plasma phosphate (r = –0·23, P < 0·001) and positively on plasma calcium (r = 0·14, P < 0·05), plasma 25OHD (r = 0,15, P < 0·05) and creatinine clearance rate (r = 0·32, P < 0·001). In the final multiple regression model, plasma 1,25(OH)2D depended positively on renal function (rp = 0·43, P < 0·001) and female sex (rp = 0·15, P < 0·05) but inversely on body mass index (BMI; rp = −0·23, P < 0·005) and plasma phosphate (rp = −0·18, P < 0·05). Plasma 1,25(OH)2D correlated positively with renal calcium excretion and inversely with lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) but was not associated with risk of fractures or renal stones.Conclusion  Patients with PHPT have elevated plasma 1,25(OH)2D levels but, to a large extent, individual values overlap controls. The increase in plasma 1,25(OH)2D depends on renal function, hypophosphataemia and the female sex and is attenuated by high BMI. High plasma 1,25(OH)2D is associated with higher plasma calcium levels.
Imaging of high‐angle annular dark‐field scanning transmission electron microscopy and observations of GaN‐based violet laser diodes
Authors: SHIOJIRI M. , SAIJO H. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryThe first part of this paper is devoted to physics, to explain high‐angle annular dark‐field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF‐STEM) imaging and to interpret why HAADF‐STEM imaging is incoherent, instructing a strict definition of interference and coherence of electron waves. Next, we present our recent investigations of InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells and AlGaN/GaN strained‐layer superlattice claddings in GaN‐based violet laser diodes, which have been performed by HAADF‐STEM and high‐resolution field‐emission gun scanning electron microscopy.
Supported metal sulphide nanoclusters studied by HAADF‐STEM
Authors: CARLSSON A. , BRORSON M. , TOPSØE H. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryThe morphology of MoS2 and WS2 nanoclusters supported on high‐surface area graphitic carbon was investigated using high angular annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF‐STEM). Most of the MoS2 (WS2) nanoclusters contain only a single S‐Mo‐S (S‐W‐S) layer and the most commonly encountered morphology is truncated triangular. This is in contrast to the hexagonal morphology of macroscopic MoS2 (WS2) crystals. When in addition to molybdenum (tungsten), nickel is also present, the regular nanoclusters are truncated to a larger extent, indicating that Ni has influenced the morphology by the formation of so‐called Ni‐Mo‐S (Ni‐W‐S) structures. For these structures, the additional truncations are observed to lead to dodecahedral‐like shapes.
TEM and HREM study of Al3Zr precipitates in an Al‐Mg‐Si‐Zr alloy
Authors: LITYÑSKA L. , ABOU‐RAS D. , KOSTORZ G. , DUTKIEWICZ J. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryThe structure of Al3Zr precipitates in Al‐1.0Mg‐0.6Si‐0.5Zr (in wt.%) alloy was investigated using conventional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high‐resolution TEM (HREM). After annealing of the alloy in the temperature range 450–540 °C, spherical precipitates of metastable L12‐Al3Zr phase appeared nearly homogeneously within the matrix, and elongated particles were found at grain boundaries. L12‐structured Al3Zr were about 20–30 nm in diameter and coherent with the matrix. Inside some of them, planar faults parallel to {100} planes were revealed by use of HREM. Most probably, these faults are an indication of the transition stage of transformation to the stable D023‐type Al3Zr phase. The elongated precipitates (about 100 nm) were identified as D022‐type Al3Zr. Energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis showed that they contain, apart from Al, mainly Zr with small amounts of Si. The substitution of Al by Si increased the stability of the D022‐Al3Zr as compared with D023‐Al3Zr.
Nanoscale scanning transmission electron tomography
Authors: MIDGLEY P. A. , WEYLAND M. , YATES T. J. V. , ARSLAN I. , DUNIN‐BORKOWSKI R. E. , THOMAS J. M. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryElectron tomography enables the study of complex three‐dimensional objects with nanometre resolution. In materials science, scanning transmission electron microscopy provides images with minimal coherent diffraction effects and with high atomic number contrast that makes them ideal for electron tomographic reconstruction. In this study, we reviewed the topic of scanning transmission electron microscopy‐based tomography and illustrated the power of the technique with a number of examples with critical dimensions at the nanoscale.
Microstructural characterization of nitrided Timetal 834
Authors: MOSKALEWICZ T. , GROGGER W. , CZYRSKA‐FILEMONOWICZ A. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryThe microstructure of Timetal 834, in as‐received condition and after nitriding under glow discharge has been examined by light microscopy and analytical transmission electorn microscopy (TEM) methods (SAED, EDS, EELS and EFTEM). The microstructure of the as‐received alloy consists of the α phase and a small amount of the β phase. Silicide precipitates (Zr5Si4) are present both inside the grains and at the grain boundaries. TEM investigations of cross‐sectional thin foils allow for detailed analysis of the nitrided layer microstructure. It was found that the nitrided layer exhibits a graded character with continuously varying nitrogen content. The outermost sublayer consists of nanocrystals of δ‐TiN. The following sublayers consist mainly of δ′‐Ti2N and ɛ‐Ti2N grains. The last sublayer, closest to the substrate, is identified as a nitrogen‐rich α(N) solid solution containing up to 14 at% of nitrogen.
Structural models for twin interfaces in Pd thin films
Authors: TSIAOUSSIS I. , LIOUTAS CH. B. , FRANGIS N. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryIn a Pd thin film grown on a 6H‐SiC (0001) substrate, several twin interfaces have been observed, classified as (1) {111}Σ = 3 twin interfaces and (2) {}Σ = 3 twin interfaces. The first ones are coherent twin interfaces and in some cases exhibit steps of one or more atomic layers in height. The second ones are perpendicular to the first ones. They usually appear with a rigid‐body displacement, but in some cases no displacement was observed. Models for the interfaces are proposed.
Piezoelectric field around threading dislocation in GaN determined on the basis of high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy image
Authors: MACIEJEWSKI G. , KRET S. , RUTERANA P. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryA new method of determining the piezoelectric field around dislocations from high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy images is presented. In order to determine the electrical potential distribution near a dislocation core, we used the distortion field, obtained using the geometrical phase method and the non‐linear finite element method. The electrical field distribution was determined taking into account the inhomogeneous strain distribution, finite geometry of the sample and the full couplings between elastic and electrical fields. The results of the calculation for a transmission electron microscopy thin sample are presented.
TEM study of indium and gallium nitride nanocrystals in silica gasses obtained by the sol‐gel method
Authors: KRAJCZYK L. , JABŁOŃSKI J. M. , NYK M. , STRĘK W. , MISIEWICZ J. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryGaN and InN nanocrystals in silica glasses prepared by the sol‐gel method were studied by transmission electron microscopy techniques. Morphology, structure and phase composition of silica gel containing Ga or In as function of the calcination and nitridation temperature were investigated.
TEM studies of the nitrided Ni‐Ti surface layer
Authors: LELATKO J. , PACZKOWSKI P. , WIERZCHOŃ T. , MORAWIEC H. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryThe structure of surface layer, obtained on the nearly equiatomic Ni‐Ti alloy after nitriding under glow discharge conditions at temperatures 700 or 800 °C, was investigated. The structural characterization of the intruded layer was performed on cross‐sectional thin foils by the use of the transmission and scanning electron microscopes. The obtained results show that the nitrided layers consist mainly of the nanocrystalline TiN phase and small amount of Ti2N. Between the nitrided layers and β‐NiTi matrix an intermediate Ti2Ni phase layer was observed.
Shear banding in twinned structure of copper deformed at 77 K
Authors: PAUL H. A. , MORAWIEC A. , BOUZY E. , FUNDENBERGER J. J. , PIA̧TKOWSKI A. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryThe local crystallography and microstructure within shear bands has been examined in single crystals of {112}<111> orientation of pure copper deformed at 77 K by channel‐die compression to true strains of about 1. Setting up a system for making high‐resolution orientation maps using transmission electron microscopy has provided advantageous circumstances for the analysis of orientation changes within shear bands. The present work shows that, despite the plane strain deformation mode, the mechanism of lattice rotation within emerging shear bands may lead to Goss {110}< 001> and Brass{110}<112> texture components.
Structure studies of ball‐milled ZrCuAl, NiTiZrCu and melt‐spun ZrNiTiCuAl alloys
Authors: DUTKIEWICZ J. , KUBÍČEK M. , PASTRŇÁK M. , MAZIARZ W. , LEJKOWSKA M. , CZEPPE T. , MORGIEL J. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryZrNiTiCu and ZrNiTiCuAl alloys were amorphized using either a melt‐spinning or ball‐milling process in a high‐energy planetary mill. The elemental powders were initially blended to the desired composition (in at.%) of Zr, 65; Cu, 27.5; Al, 7.5 and of Ti, 25; Zr, 17; Cu, 29; Ni, 29, respectively. The composition of alloys was chosen to be the same as for the bulk amorphous ZrCuAl and easy glass‐forming ZrNiTiCu alloys. An almost fully amorphous structure was obtained after 80 h of milling in the case of both compositions. Transmission electron microscopy studies of ball‐milled powders revealed the presence of nano‐crystallites [2–5 nm for ZrCuAl and smaller (1–3 nm) for the ZrTiNiCu alloy]. High‐resolution transmission electron microscopy of melt‐spun ZrNiTiCuAl ribbons provided evidence of the amorphous structure.
Defects formed within hardness indenter interaction zone in Al2O3–ZrO2 composite
Authors: SZUTKOWSKA M. , MORGIEL J. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryThe Al2O3−10 wt% ZrO2 composites were subjected to hardness tests using a Vickers diamond indenter up to 98.1 N. The microstructure observation using a transmission electron microscopy technique helped to identify up to four zones differing in defect level and character. The densest dislocation tangles, twins accumulation and frequent presence of three slip systems were found in regions that were in contact with the sides of the diamond pyramid. The second zone, characterized by two, or at least one, active slip systems, started at the bottom of the indentation mark and extended up to a distance comparable with the depth of indentation. In the third zone, with a thickness comparable to that above, only some α‐Al2O3 crystallites showed the presence of dislocations, whereas other crystallites were defect free. In the last zone the alumina crystals were left unaffected but the ZrO2 crystallites showed twinning characteristic of strain‐induced transformation.
Hydrogen‐induced defects in austenite and ferrite of a duplex steel
Authors: GŁOWACKA A. , ŚWIĄTNICKI W. A. , JEZIERSKA E. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryThe influence of hydrogen on the microstructure of two types of austeno‐ferritic duplex stainless steel (Cr26‐Ni6 model steel and Cr22‐Ni5‐Mo3 commercial steel), each of them after two thermo‐mechanical treatments, was investigated. The aim of this study was to reveal microstructural changes appearing during the hydrogen charging and particularly to clarify the occurrence of phase transformations induced by hydrogen. The specific microstructural changes in the ferrite (α) and austenite (γ) of both types of steel were observed. A strong increase of dislocation density was noticed in the α phase. In the case of model steel, longer hydrogen charging times led to significant ferrite grain refinement. In the commercial steel, the strips and twin plates appeared in the ferrite after hydrogenation. The appearance of stacking faults was revealed in the γ phase. The martensite laths appeared in austenite after longer hydrogenation times. It seems that the microstructural changes gave rise to the formation of microcracks in the α and γ phases as well as on the α/γ interphase boundaries.
Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy study of hot‐deformed γ‐TiAl‐based alloy microstructure
Authors: CHRAPOŃSKI J. , RODAK K. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryThe aim of this work was to assess the changes in the microstructure of hot‐deformed specimens made of alloys containing 46–50 at.% Al, 2 at.% Cr and 2 at.% Nb (and alloying additions such as carbon and boron) with the aid of scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy techniques. After homogenization and heat treatment performed in order to make diverse lamellae thickness, the specimens were compressed at 1000 °C. Transmission electron microscopy examinations of specimens after the compression test revealed the presence of heavily deformed areas with a high density of dislocation. Deformation twins were also observed. Dynamically recrystallized grains were revealed. For alloys no. 2 and no. 3, the recovery and recrystallization processes were more extensive than for alloy no. 1.
Reduced activity of plastid protoporphyrinogen oxidase causes attenuated photodynamic damage during high‐light compared to low‐light exposure
Authors: Lermontova Inna , Grimm Bernhard 
Published: October 2006

SummaryProtoporphyrinogen oxidase (EC 1.3.3.4, PPOX) is the last enzyme in the branched tetrapyrrole biosynthetic pathway, before its substrate protoporphyrin is directed to the Mg and Fe branches for chlorophyll and haem biosynthesis, respectively. The enzyme exists in many plants in two similar isoforms, which are either exclusively located in plastids (PPOX I) or in mitochondria and plastids (PPOX II). Antisense RNA expression inhibited the formation of PPOX I in transgenic tobacco plants, which showed reduced growth rate and necrotic leaf damage. The cytotoxic effect is attributed to accumulation of photodynamically acting protoporphyrin. The expression levels of PPOX I mRNA and protein and the cellular enzyme activities were reduced to similar extents in transgenic plants grown under low‐ or high‐light conditions (70 and 530 μmol photons m−2 sec−1). More necrotic leaf lesions were surprisingly generated under low‐ than under high‐light exposure. Several reasons were explored to explain this paradox and the intriguing necrotic phenotype of PPOX‐deficient plants under both light intensity growth conditions. The same reduction of PPOX expression and activity under both light conditions led to similar initial protoporphyrin, but to faster decrease in protoporphyrin content during high light. It is likely that a light intensity‐dependent degradation of reduced and oxidized porphyrins prevents severe photodynamic leaf damage. Moreover, under high‐light conditions, elevated contents of reduced and total low‐molecular‐weight antioxidants contribute to the protection against photosensitizing porphyrins. These reducing conditions stabilize protoporphyrinogen in plastids and allow their redirection into the metabolic pathway.
Are personnel in transplant hospitals in favor of cadaveric organ donation? Multivariate attitudinal study in a hospital with a solid organ transplant program
Authors: Ríos A. , Ramírez P. , Martínez L. , Montoya M.J. , Lucas D. , Alcaraz J. , Rodríguez M.M. , Rodríguez J.M. , Parrilla P. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract:  Introduction:  A considerable number of professionals who work in a hospital could be against organ donation, which means that when the time comes, they could act as an obstacle to donation. The objective of this study was to analyze the attitude of hospital professionals toward organ donation and to determine the factors that influence this attitude in a Spanish center with a transplant program.Materials and methods:  The study was carried out in a third‐level Spanish hospital with a solid organ transplant program. A random sample was taken (n = 1262) and stratified by job category and type of service. Attitude was evaluated using a validated questionnaire. Contact was made in each service with the person responsible for each of the job categories in order to distribute the survey. The survey was completed anonymously and was self‐administered. Student's t‐test, the chi‐squared test, and logistic regression analysis were applied in the statistical analysis.Results:  The survey completion rate was 93% (n = 1168). Most respondents were in favor of donation [69% (n = 808)]. Of those who are not in favor, 29% (n = 105) provide fear of apparent death as the reason whilst most do not give a reason (negative assertion; 57%; n = 206). There are many factors related to this attitude toward donation, which are evident in the multivariate analysis: (i) job category, in which physicians are twice as likely to be in favor of donation than ancillary personnel (OR = 2.02); (ii) a respondent's knowledge of brain death (OR = 1.64); (iii) having discussed the matter of organ donation and transplantation within the family (OR = 1.89); (iv) a preference for other options apart from burial (OR = 3.66); (v) being in favor of the performance of autopsy if it were necessary (OR = 2.76); (vi) not being concerned about mutilation of the cadaver (OR = 2); and (vii) having a partner with a favorable attitude toward donation (OR = 2.2).Conclusions:  Attitude toward cadaveric organ donation among personnel in a transplant hospital is similar to that described in the general public and is determined by many factors. The following factors are most noteworthy: (i) job category; (ii) knowledge of the concept of brain death; (iii) consideration of the matter of donation in the family; and (iv) fear of manipulation of the cadaver. In view of this attitude, which is similar to that of the general public, it is necessary to carry out promotion activities if we want to increase cadaveric donation rates.