bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolution of damped Lyman α kinematics and the effect of spatial resolution on 21-cm measurements
Authors: Ryan-Weber Emma V. , Staveley-Smith Lister , Webster Rachel L. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
We have investigated the effect of spatial resolution on determining pencil-beam-like velocity widths and column densities in galaxies. Three 21-cm data sets are used, the Hi Parkes All Sky Survey (HIPASS) galaxy catalogue, a subset of HIPASS galaxies with Australia Telescope Compact Array maps and a high-resolution image of the Large Magellanic Cloud. Velocity widths measured from 21-cm emission in local galaxies are compared with those measured in intermediate-redshift damped Lyman α (DLA) absorbers. We conclude that spatial resolution has a severe effect on measuring pencil-beam like velocity widths in galaxies. Spatial smoothing by a factor of 240 is shown to increase the median velocity width by a factor of 2. Thus any difference between velocity widths measured from global profiles or low spatial resolution 21-cm maps at z= 0 and DLAs at z &gt; 1 cannot unambiguously be attributed to galaxy evolution. The effect on column density measurements is less severe and the values of dNDLA/dz from local low-resolution 21-cm measurements are expected to be overestimated by only ∼10 per cent.
PSYCHOPHYSICAL THINKING IN BUSINESS: PRODUCTS AND CONCEPTS
Authors: MOSKOWITZ HOWARD R. 
Published: October 2005

ABSTRACT Psychophysical thinking informs both concept development and product design. With products, the researcher systematically varies ingredients/processes and measures consumer reactions such as acceptance and sensory impressions. The product data generate a model showing how the formulations drive ratings. With concepts (and package designs), the researcher systematically varies the presence/absence of elements/pictures and measures consumer reactions such as acceptance or appropriateness. The concept data generate a model showing how the elements drive reactions. Concept and product research look for relations among variables, at once to understand and also to engineer consumer‐acceptable products and messaging.
Bubblelike scatterer monolayers at solid–fluid interfaces: Effects on reflectivity
Authors: Tolstoy I. 
Published: October 2005

Air-filled bubbles and bubblelike scatterers (balloons, very thin shells, and cavities in rubberlike layers) of radius a, in a liquid of sound velocity c, satisfy the compactness condition ka&lt;1 at frequencies ω=kc in the neighborhood of their resonant ‘‘bubble’’ frequency ω0. One can therefore describe the scatter from a monolayer of such scatterers at an interface between two media using the generalized smoothed-boundary theory developed by this writer elsewhere [I. Tolstoy, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 75, 1–22 (1984); 79, 666–672 (1986)] in which the scatterers are replaced by distributions of monopoles and dipoles. For bubblelike scatterers, and for ω≂ω0, the monopole contributions outweigh the dipole contributions by many orders of magnitude; there is then a layer of monopoles whose effective scattering cross sections near resonance are between 1012 (bubbles in water) and 106 (cavities in rubber) times that of a small hard sphere of the same radius. Such monolayers lead to major changes of reflectivity—which can be calculated rather simply, using plane distributions of scatterers, e.g., a square lattice of basis l on a hard wall, with or without taking into account monopole interaction through multiple scatter.
In either case, the models predict the existence of kl values at which the wall/fluid interface becomes anechoic at or close to ω=ω0. Numerical examples are given for air-filled cavities in rubberlike materials next to a perfectly hard wall. In practice, anechoic conditions are approximated for a narrow band of frequencies ωA±Δω, ωA≂ω0, and Δω/ωA≂10−2 for soft rubber (FJ95) and ≂5×10−2 for harder rubbers [FJ65: using constants given by Gaunaurd et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 65, 573–594 (1979)]. For given ωA, the effect is, in practice, less sensitive to spacing kl (departures of ±25% from the exact value are tolerable). Simple theoretical considerations suggest that similar anechoic conditions will be achieved for elastic plates with the same cavity distributions in an interfacial rubber layer. A constant ambient pressure is implicitly assumed throughout (horizontal interfaces and monolayers).
Auditory temporal integration and the power function model
Authors: Gerken George M. , Bhat Vishwa K. H. , Hutchison-Clutter Margaret 
Published: October 2005

The auditory temporal integration function was studied with the objective of improving both its quantitative description and the specification of its principle independent variable, stimulus duration. In Sec. I, temporal integration data from 20 studies were subjected to uniform analyses using standardized definitions of duration and two models of temporal integration. Analyses revealed that these data were best described by a power function model used in conjunction with a definition of duration, termed assigned duration, that de-emphasized the rise/fall portions of the stimuli. There was a strong effect of stimulus frequency and, in general, the slope of the temporal integration function was less than 10 dB per decade of duration; i.e., a power function exponent less than 1.0. In Sec. II, an experimental study was performed to further evaluate the models and definitions. Detection thresholds were measured in 11 normal-hearing human subjects using a total of 24 single-burst and multiple-burst acoustic stimuli of 3.125 kHz.
The issues addressed are: the quantitative description of the temporal integration function; the definition of stimulus duration; the similiarity of the integration processes for single-burst and multiple-burst stimuli; and the contribution of rise/fall time to the integration process. A power function in conjunction with the assigned duration definition was again most effective in describing the data. Single- and multiple-burst stimuli both seemed to be integrated by the same central mechanism, with data for each type of stimulus being described by a power function exponent of approximately 0.6 at 3.125 kHz. It was concluded that the contribution of the rise/fall portions of the stimuli can be factored out from the rest of the temporal integration process. In Sec. III, the conclusions that emerged from the review of published work and the present experimental work suggested that auditory temporal integration is best described by a power function in conjunction with the assigned duration definition. The exponent for the power function is typically less than 1.0, and varies with frequency and hearing level. Second, a means of empirically assaying the contribution of the rise/fall portions of the stimuli is presented and evaluated. Finally, properties of a central auditory integrator are hypothesized.
Experimental verification of a mathematical model for internal ultrasonic inspection of pipes
Authors: Stanke Fred E. , Randall Curt , D’Angelo R. 
Published: October 2005

The present paper experimentally verifies the accuracy of a quasi-three-dimensional (3-D) numerical code [C. Randall and F. E. Stanke, ‘‘Mathematical model for ultrasonic, internal inspection of cylindrically layered structures,’’ J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 83, 1295–1305 (1988)] that models a finite-sized, broadband ultrasonic transducer inspecting a cylindrically layered structure from its interior. All verifications employ one of a collection of steel pipes, which have a variety of thicknesses and diameters. In all cases, a fluid fills the pipe and envelops the transducer. This fluid is either water or a dispersive, attenuative, water-based suspension. The exterior surface of the pipe is loaded by a homogeneous layer that is either water, the suspension previously mentioned, or a loaded epoxy. The transducer is operated in pulse/echo mode at a distance of between 10 and 20 wavelengths in water from the pipe. Multiple reflections between the pipe and the transducer itself are excluded by time gating. The transducer has a flat, rectangular active region that is roughly three wavelengths wide (in water) and ten wavelengths high.
Consequently, diffraction significantly affects the received waveforms. The transducer, its excitation, and receiving electronics have a broad bandwidth that encompasses several of the low-order thickness resonances of the pipe that can interfere to produce very complex waveforms and spectra. The transducer is aligned with its length parallel to the axis of the pipe, with a radius of the pipe passing either through the center of its width or to one side. Comparisons are presented as overlayed waveforms (in the time domain) and overlayed spectra (in the frequency domain) of the experimental and calculated results, so that emphasis is placed on the ability of the model to accurately predict even subtle details, as opposed to integrated or other more global measures. Comparisons between the experiments and calculated predictions show that, for all cases examined, the model predicts virtually all visually distinguishable features of waveforms and spectra with at least qualitative accuracy, even when the levels of these features are on the order of 5% of the maximum level of the echo. For many cases, the model is in error by less than 10% on a point-by-point basis even for such fine features. In cases where the model does not perform as well quantitatively, it is a good qualitative guide, and, even for these worst cases, it is still considerably more accurate than a 2-D model would be for any of the cases examined and is computationally nearly as fast.
Comodulation masking release and auditory grouping
Authors: Hall Joseph W. , Grose John H. 
Published: October 2005

The detectability of a pure-tone signal masked by a band of noise centered on the signal can be improved by the addition of flanking noise bands, provided that the temporal envelopes of the flanking bands are correlated with that of the on-signal band. This phenomenon is referred to as comodulation masking release (CMR). The present study examined CMR in conditions in which some flanking noise bands were comodulated with the on-signal band, but other flanking bands (termed ‘‘deviant’’ bands) were not. Past research has indicated that CMR is often substantially reduced when deviant bands are present at spectral locations close to the signal frequency. An investigation was undertaken to determine whether the disruptive effects of such bands could be reduced by factors related to auditory grouping. The signal frequency was 1000 Hz. In one condition, only 20-Hz-wide comodulated bands, centered on 400, 600, 800, 1000, 1200, 1400, and 1600 Hz, were present. The CMR for this condition, referenced to threshold for the on-signal band only, was approximately 15 dB. In a second condition, two deviant bands were added at 900 and 1100 Hz; their presence reduced the CMR to only 3–4 dB.
The number of deviant bands was then increased progressively, from two to eight bands. Deviant bands either shared a common envelope (codeviant), or had unique envelopes (multideviant). The number of bands that were comodulated with the on-signal band was held constant at six. The rationale was that as more deviant bands were added, the auditory system would be more likely to group the deviant bands near the signal frequency with the other deviant bands, rather than with the on-signal band, and therefore the disruptive effects of the proximal deviant bands would be reduced. A second manipulation was to provide an onset/offset asynchrony between the on-signal and comodulated bands, and the deviant bands. The rationale was that the asynchrony would enhance the segregation of the comodulated bands from the deviant bands. Both of the above stimulus manipulations (increasing the number of distally placed deviant bands, and providing onset/offset asynchrony) reduced the disruptive effects of the deviant bands. The results of dichotic conditions showed that the disruptive effects of deviant bands placed at 900 and 1100 Hz could also be reduced by adding codeviant bands (placed at 300, 500, 700, 1300, 1500, and 1700 Hz) in the ear contralateral to the signal. These results indicate that CMR may occur subsequent to stages of auditory grouping or object formation.
Sound scattering by resonantly excited, fluid-loaded, elastic spherical shells
Authors: Gaunaurd G. C. , Werby M. F. 
Published: October 2005

The scattering of sound waves by an air-filled, elastic, spherical shell in deep waters, in the frequency domain is analyzed. This exact analysis is based on the classical formulation of three-dimensional elastodynamics, for fluid-loaded spherical shells of arbitrary thickness. Form functions, residual responses, and the partial-wave expansions of both, are determined. Results are displayed in relatively wide frequency bands for various increasing shell thicknesses. The resonance features in the sonar cross sections (SCS) are isolated by means of a new hybrid modal background that substantially improves the results found with the earlier (rigid/soft) backgrounds of the resonance scattering theory (RST). The resonance features in the SCSs that correspond to each mode, and also to each of the various shell waves that propagate around its periphery are isolated. There seem to be over half-a-dozen shell (generalized Lamb and Stoneley) waves manifesting their influence in the SCSs within the examined band. Three large-amplitude features are most noticeable. There is a (slow) wave due to the double curvature of the shell which is responsible for a large, spiky feature at low frequencies.
There is the spherical A0 wave, caused by the coincidence effect, responsible for a broad ‘‘bump’’ with superimposed spikes, which appears in the midfrequency region, near x∼(h′)−1, where h′ is the relative shell thickness. There is also a thickness resonance feature at high frequencies, which is due to a wave that propagates through the shell thickness at the incidence point. There is a spherical Stoneley-type wave that resides mostly in the water in the frequency region below coincidence, xc, at which the A0 wave is activated. Finally, there are two resonance families caused by spherical analogs of the symmetric, Sn, and the antisymmetric, An, Lamb waves originally studied in flat plates. These spherical generalizations are denoted by the same symbols Sn, An, with the understanding that they now refer to shells. This model’s results for phase velocities, cutoff frequencies, etc..., are compared to those produced by simpler approaches in order to size the approximations introduced by those simpler models. This serves to establish the benchmark nature of the present model and of the calculations it produces, which are displayed in many instances. Dispersion plots are generated for the phase velocities cp(x) of all the above-mentioned shell waves. These cp(x) are proportional to the (real parts of the) roots of determinantal conditions that are also analyzed. Critical angles, coincidence phenomena, and reflection and transmission properties of the shell are examined and all the required physical interpretations are given.
Condition monitoring and diagnostics of systems and its relationship to some aspects of artificial intelligence.
Authors: Muster Douglas 
Published: October 2005

Artificial intelligence and condition monitoring and diagnostics of systems are emerging, computer-based transdisciplines. The origins of the theoretical kernels of both transdisciplines can be traced to the last century, but the richly structured theories in the body of knowledge that supports the present work in the cognitive sciences and our recently achieved ability to make real-time decisions related to the operation and maintenance of modern, large-scale, complex mechanical systems are due, in large part, to the explosion of synergistic activity in systems thinking and computers which has occurred in the past three decades. In artificial intelligence one strives to make machines (usually, digital computers) do the sorts of things that the human mind does, including making decisions and problem solving, which is an essential element in condition monitoring and diagnostics as well. Thus there is a strong link between the two transdisciplines. A generic definition of artificialintelligence is given above; however, there is no universally accepted definition of the term conditionmonitoringanddiagnostics, either in its general form or in one of its specific forms, say, the condition monitoring and diagnostics of machines. Nevertheless, it is believed that most practitioners of the condition monitoring and diagnostics art would agree that the activities encompassed by the term can be characterized as a two-phase sequence of processes designed to monitor the condition of an operating, functioning system for the purpose of diagnosing faults in the system.
Monitoring is a passive, system-specific, information and data gathering process. Diagnostics is an interactive decision-making process in which the unique, system-specific information and data obtained in the monitoring phase are used by a human or computer-based decision maker to decide if faults exist in the system, where they are located, their criticality and what advisory and/or corrective action should be taken. In the diagnostic phase, computer-based decision making (read ‘‘artificial intelligence’’) can be used to support decisions made by a human or to make and implement decisions automatically. Both cases are discussed here, using the condition monitoring and diagnostics of a gas turbine as an illustrative example.
Annoyance caused by simultaneous impulse, road-traffic, and aircraft sounds: A quantitative model
Authors: Vos Joos 
Published: October 2005

In this study, total annoyance caused by different simultaneous environmental sounds is investigated. In spite of a number of puzzling data in the literature, it is fairly well established that in combinations in which the annoyance of one source is considerably higher than that of another source, total annoyance is equal to the maximum annoyance of the separate sources. For combinations in which both sounds are about equally annoying, total annoyance seems to be higher than the maximum source-specific annoyance. The available data, however, are too rough to model total annoyance in these conditions. The present laboratory studies were therefore designed to explore further possible procedures to quantify total annoyance. Subjects rated the (total) annoyance caused by various combinations of impulse, road-traffic, and aircraft sounds.
The results support a simple model which predicts the overall or total rating sound level Lt for combinations of several types of sounds. Here, Lt is numerically equal to the A-weighted equivalent sound level Leq of road-traffic sound with the same annoyance as caused by the combination of sounds. In the model, the sound exposure caused by the impulse and/or aircraft sounds is first expressed in the Leq of equally annoying road-traffic sound. With the help of source-specific dose–effect relationships, this is achieved by adding level-dependent penalties to the Leq of the respective sources. Weighted summation of the corrected Leq’s of the various sources then results in Lt. An optimal overall fit of the data from two separate experiments was obtained when the weighted summation of the corrected Leq’s was performed with the parameter k in k log{∑10(corrected Leq of source j)/k} set to 15. The standard deviation of the differences between the experimental results and the model predictions with k=15 was equivalent to the small change in annoyance produced by a 1.5-dB shift in the Leq of road-traffic sound. Adoption of k=15 implies that after correction, two equal Leq’s yield a total rating sound level which is 4.5 dB higher than each single-source corrected Leq.
Space-time characteristics of broadband seismic noise: Results of the onshore component of SAMSON.
Authors: Nábĕlek John , Lin Guibiao , Tréhu Anne 
Published: October 2005

In Oct. and Nov., 1990, data from an array of 37 three-component seismometers (16 broadband, 6 5 s, 15 1 s) deployed on the coastal plain of northeastern North Carolina and southeastern Virginia were collected as a part of the multidisciplinary SAMSON (Sources of Ambient MicroSeismic Oceanic Noise) experiment. The array extended from a few hundred meters to 170 km from the coastline. Large variations in the broadband noise level are observed as a function of time with the power during the noisiest time periods being more than 100 times higher than during the quiet times. Many of these noise variations are directly related to regional environmental changes (e.g., hurricane Lily and a ‘‘nor-easter’’) and changes in ocean wave heights observed near Duck, NC); however, some seismic noise variation is uncorrelated with local environmental variables, indicating much more distant sources. The correlation with the ocean wave heights is better at higher frequencies (0.2–0.4 Hz) than at lower. Looking more closely, the ‘‘double-frequency’’ (0.15–1 Hz) and ‘‘single frequency’’ (0.05–0.15 Hz) microseisms show interesting patterns. At certain times, the variations of the power in the two spectral bands are independent of each other, but at other times the power increases occur across the entire 0.05–1 Hz frequency band. When broadband increases in the noise power are observed, the higher frequency noise increase always precedes the lower frequency noise increase, and the noise peak in 0.09–0.2 Hz band typically lags the peak in the 0.4–1.0 Hz band by about 7 h.
In several instances, ocean wave heights display similar reddening of the spectra with time, indicating an offshore origin for the low-frequency microseismic noise and reflecting the longer time required by the regional offshore storm systems to generate low-frequency waves. The high-frequency (0.2–1 Hz) band is dominated by a number of peaks lasting about 12 h, primarily during daylight hours, and is also correlated with the local sea state. The character of these peaks indicates a regional offshore source in response to increases in wind-speed during daylight hours. Preliminary frequency–wave-number analysis indicates clear directionality for noise associated with the noise peaks that are not correlated with the local sea state. This indicates a dominant source at a large distance from which seismic waves travel essentially as plane waves across the array. The seismic noise field, however, becomes highly heterogeneous when the noise increase is correlated with the local sea state and is presumably of regional origin. In that case, the energy arrives from many azimuths along the coast line.