bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Safflower oil
Authors: Winter G. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryA brief account is given of experiments with safflower oil in Australia. Under practical conditions, the drying power of safflower oil equals that of linseed oil. The non‐yellowing properties of the former render it superior to the latter as a vehicle in coatings for interior decoration and in stoving enamels. In the heat polymerization of safflower oil, temperatures 10° to 15°C. higher than those normally employed for linseed oil are recommended. During three years of outdoor exposure trials, paints based on safflower oil have performed at least as well as similar paints from linseed oil. The commercial production of the oil by solvent extraction presents no difficulty. Decortication prior to extraction is not necessary. The resulting oil has a very good colour and is free from “foots.” On alkali refining, losses are very small. Notwithstanding the high hull content of the meal, it has proved valuable as a stock fodder.
X‐ray diffraction analysis of synthetic unsaturated diacid diglycerides
Authors: Benedict James H. , Sidhu S. S. , Daubert B. F. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryChemical and physical data are reported for the three diacid 1,3‐diglycerides obtainable from stearic, oleic, and elaidic acids. Two of these are new, namely 1‐stearyl‐3‐elaidin and 1‐oleyl‐3‐elaidin.X‐ray data have revealed one form for 1‐oleyl‐3‐elaidin and two forms for the other two diglycerides, with considerable individuality in the diffraction patterns of the compounds.
Solvent extraction. III. The effect of particle size on extraction rate
Authors: Coats H. B. , Wingard M. R. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryQuantitative data have been presented for the effect of “effective extraction size” on the rate of extraction of oil from soybeans, peanuts, cottonseed, corn germ grits, and flaxseed. Both flakes and grits have been studied. The results are best correlated by a straight‐line plot on log‐log paper of “time to 1% residual” and effective extraction size. The slope of the line is a measure of the change in extraction rate with extraction size. The slope was found to be different for the different oil seeds and to be larger for seeds prepared as grits than for the same seed prepared as flakes.
Reactions of tertiary butyl hypochlorite with vegetable oils and their derivatives. III. Chlorination of soybean oil in the pilot plant
Authors: Bell E. W. , Teeter H. M. 
Published: May 2007

Summary

Batches of soybean oil weighing up to 54 pounds have been chlorinated withtert‐butyl hypochlorite in conventional pilot‐plant equipment.

The chlorinated oil was dehydrochlorinated in an all‐glass apparatus designed for continuous operation. Excellent results were obtained when chlorinated oil was passed through this apparatus at a rate of 1.5 liters per hour.

The properties of the dehydrochlorinated oil were equivalent to those of oils previously obtained by laboratory procedures.
Metal deactivation in lard
Authors: Morris S. G. , Myers J. S. , Kip Mary L. , Riemenschneider R. W. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryA number of compounds, including known synergists, amino acids, and amines, have been evaluated as deactivators for copper, iron, nickel, and tin in lard. Some were effective in deactivating copper but were relatively poor for iron. One compound was better for iron than for copper.Ascorbyl palmitate, potassium ascorbyl palmitate, and ascorbic, tartaric, citric, and phosphoric acids were the most effective. This deactivation may in part explain the synergistic effect of these compounds with phenolic antioxidants.The more powerful antioxidants however are generally poor metal deactivators, and in the presence of traces of metallic pro‐oxidants become relatively ineffective unless metal deactivators are also added.
Factors involved in the spectrophotometric analysis of fats
Authors: Potter George C. , Kummerow Fred A. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe presence of nonsaponifiable material in lipids can cause appreciable differences in calculated mixed fatty acid content. The error can be appreciable in lipids extracted from liver unless a saponification and extraction procedure is included in the method. Skin, gizzard, and depot fats do not contain high concentrations of nonsaponifiable material. However chicken skin fat contains a yellow pigment which absorbs ultra violet radiation. This pigment, while not present in a large amount, can still cause errors in the spectrophotometric analysis. It can best be separated from the mixed fatty acids by distillation of the methyl esters.The equations developed by previous workers have been recalculated on the basis of an arachidonic acid of 99.3% purity. These equations are suggested for use in the spectrophotometric analysis of unsaturated fatty acids.
The determination of borax in soap
Authors: Bernstein Rubin , Haftel Martin 
Published: May 2007

SummaryBased on the data presented, it is considered that the present method is superior to both the federal specification and Blank and Troy procedures in terms of more complete recovery of borax, better reproducibility, and shorter time required for analysis.The present method differs from the Blank and Troy method in two essential features, namely, simultaneous removal of soap and silicates, phosphates, and carbonates by precipitation with strontium ion, and use of methyl purple instead of methyl red indicator during adjustment of the acidity of the solution prior to final titration with standard alkali. These differences are believed responsible for the more accurate and reproducible results obtainable by the present method as compared with those given by the Blank and Troy procedure.It should be noted that the above procedure is limited to soaps and/or alkaline builders and cannot be applied to synthetic detergents that do not precipitate with strontium.
Solvent extraction. II. The soaking theory of extractions
Authors: Coats H. B. , Karnosky George 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe extraction process within the oil‐bearing substance is described in terms of undissolved oil and static holdup. Undissolved oil is bound in the original material through a slowly soluble resistance that is not re‐established by replacing the extracted oil. The rate of solution of the oil is relatively indepenent of the concentration of the extracting solution and is mainly a matter of soaking time. Soaking in anay concentration of miscella below 20% for half the total extraction time required to reduce the undissolved oil to 1% is just as effective as extraction for the entire time with fresh solvent.
Molecularly distilled monoglycerides. II. Cake baking experiments
Authors: Kuhrt Noel H. , Welch Eileen A. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryDifferent types of monoglycerides have been shown to possess marked differences in their activity in cake baking. Improved activity has been observed when the monoesters made from fats containing unsaturated acids were used. The activity of a distilled monoglyceride would be expected to be proportional to its monoester content or about 2.2 times more active than the reaction mixture. It has been shown however that, at practical concentrations in an experimental cake, the distilled monoesters were considerably more active than expected. This greater activity has been shown to be due primarily to the absence of the diester.
Temporal and spatial incidence of alleles conferring knockdown resistance to pyrethroids in the peach–potato aphid,Myzus persicae(Hemiptera: Aphididae), and their association with other insecticide resistance mechanisms
Authors: Anstead J.A. , Mallet J. , Denholm I. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe peach–potato aphid,Myzus persicae(sulzer), is an important arable pest species throughout the world. Extensive use of insecticides has led to the selection of resistance to most chemical classes including organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates and pyrethroids. Resistance to pyrethroids is often the result of mutations in thepara-type sodium channel protein (knockdown resistance orkdr). InM. persicae, knockdown resistance is associated with two amino-acid substitutions, L1014F (kdr) and M918T (super-kdr). In this study, the temporal and spatial distributions of these mutations, diagnosed using an allelic discriminating polymerase chain reaction assay, were investigated alongside other resistance mechanisms (modified acetylcholinesterase (MACE) and elevated carboxylesterases). Samples were collected from the UK, mainland Europe, Zimbabwe and south-eastern Australia. Thekdrmutation and elevated carboxylesterases were widely distributed and recorded from nearly every country. MACE andsuper-kdrwere widespread in Europe but absent from Australian samples. The detection of a strongly significant heterozygote excess for bothkdrandsuper-kdrthroughout implies strong selection against individuals homozygous for these resistance mutations. The pattern of distribution found in the UK seemed to indicate strong selection against thesuper-kdr(but not thekdr) mutation in any genotype, in the absence of insecticide pressure. There was a significant association (linkage disequilibrium) between different resistance mechanisms, which was probably promoted by a lack of recombination due to parthenogenesis.
Distribution of common genotypes ofMyzus persicae(Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Greece, in relation to life cycle and host plant
Authors: Blackman R.L. , Malarky G. , Margaritopoulos J.T. , Tsitsipis J.A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMicrosatellite genotyping was used to identify common clones in populations of theMyzus persicaegroup from various hosts and regions in mainland Greece and southern Italy and to compare their distribution and occurrence on tobacco and other crops. Common clones were defined as genotypes collected at more than one time or in more than one population; and, therefore, unlikely to be participating in the annual sexual phase on peach. Sixteen common genotypes were found, accounting for 49.0% of the 482 clonal lineages examined. Eight of these genotypes were subjected, in the laboratory, to short days and found to continue parthenogenetic reproduction, i.e. they were anholocyclic. Four of the six commonest genotypes were red, and one of these accounted for 29.6% of the samples from tobacco and 29.4% of those from overwintering populations on weeds. All six commonest genotypes were found on weeds and five of them both on tobacco and on other field crops. In mainland Greece, the distribution of common clones corresponded closely with that of anholocyclic lineages reported in a previous study of life cycle variation. Common genotypes were in the minority in the commercial peach-growing areas in the north, except on weeds in winter and in tobacco seedbeds in early spring, but predominated further south, away from peach trees. This contrasts with the situation in southern Italy, reported in a previous paper, where peaches were available for the sexual phase, yet all samples from tobacco were of common genotypes.
Termite colony ontogeny: supplemental data in the long-term assessment of reproductive lifespan, female neotenic production and colony size in Reticulitermes flavipes (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)
Authors: Long C.E. , Thorne B.L. , Breisch N.L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractReticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) colonies established by field-collected alates were reared in the laboratory for 11 years. Weights of members of each caste and full-colony censuses were performed regularly; the most recent 2003–2004 data are reported. Colonies averaged 11623.5±910 individuals, and with the exception of primary queens from one genetic lineage, mean weights for all castes had increased since 2001. Female replacement reproductives, or neotenics, developed to replace dead queens in clusters of either few, large individuals or many, small individuals. Regardless of cluster size, female neotenics comprised more reproductive biomass per colony than primary queens. The number and size of female neotenics was independent of colony size or time elapsed since a founding queen's death.
Pupal diapause ofHelicoverpa armigera(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): sensitive stage for thermal induction in the Okayama (western Japan) population
Authors: Kurban A. , Yoshida H. , Izumi Y. , Sonoda S. , Tsumuki H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractHelicoverpa armigera(Hübner) exhibits a facultative pupal diapause, which depends on temperature and photoperiod. Pupal diapause is induced at 20°C by short photoperiods and inhibited by long photoperiods during the larval stage. However, in some pupae (35% of males and 57% of females) of a non-selected field population from Okayama Prefecture (34.6°N), diapause is not induced by short photoperiods. In the present experiment, the importance of temperature for diapause induction was studied in the non-diapausing strain, which was selected from such individuals reared at 20°C under a short photoperiod of 10L:14D. Furthermore, the sensitive stage for thermal determination of pupal diapause was determined by transferring larvae of various instars and pupae between 20°C and 15°C. Diapause was induced by 15°C without respect to photoperiod. When larvae or pupae reared from eggs at 20°C under a short or a long photoperiod were transferred to 15°C in the periods of the middle fifth instar to the first three days after pupation, the diapause induction rate was significantly reduced in both males and females, especially in females. In contrast, when larvae or pupae reared at 15°C were transferred to 20°C in the same periods, diapause was induced in males, but not in females. However, the diapause induction rate of pupae transferred to 20°C on the fourth day after pupation was significantly increased in females. The results show that temperature is the major diapause cue in the photoperiod-insensitive strain and the periods of middle fifth larval instar to early pupal stage are the thermal sensitive stages for pupal diapause induction with some different responses to temperatures between males and females inH. armigera.
Utilizing the assassin bug, Pristhesancus plagipennis (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), as a biological control agent within an integrated pest management programme for Helicoverpa spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Creontiades spp. (Hemiptera: Miridae) in cotton
Authors: Grundy P.R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractHelicoverpa spp. and mirids, Creontiades spp., have been difficult to control biologically in cotton due to their unpredictable temporal abundance combined with a cropping environment often made hostile by frequent usage of broad spectrum insecticides. To address this problem, a range of new generation insecticides registered for use in cotton were tested for compatibility with the assassin bug, Pristhesancus plagipennis (Walker), a potential biological control agent for Helicoverpa spp. and Creontiades spp. Indoxacarb, pyriproxifen, buprofezin, spinosad and fipronil were found to be of low to moderate toxicity on P. plagipennis whilst emamectin benzoate, abamectin, diafenthiuron, imidacloprid and omethaote were moderate to highly toxic. Inundative releases of P. plagipennis integrated with insecticides identified as being of low toxicity were then tested and compared with treatments of P. plagipennis and the compatible insecticides used alone, conventionally sprayed usage practice and an untreated control during two field experiments in cotton. The biological control provided by P. plagipennis nymphs when combined with compatible insecticides provided significant (P<0.001) reductions in Helicoverpa and Creontiades spp. on cotton and provided equivalent yields to conventionally sprayed cotton with half of the synthetic insecticide input. Despite this, the utilization of P. plagipennis in cotton as part of an integrated pest management programme remains unlikely due to high inundative release costs relative to other control technologies such as insecticides and transgenic (Bt) cotton varieties.
Supplemental food affects thrips predation and movement of Orius laevigatus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) and Neoseiulus cucumeris (Acari: Phytoseiidae)
Authors: Skirvin D.J. , Kravar-Garde L. , Reynolds K. , Jones J. , Mead A. , Fenlon J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTwo experiments were done to examine the predation of thrips, and the movement of Orius laevigatus Fieber and Neoseiulus cucumeris (Oudemans) in the presence and absence of two supplemental food sources, pollen and the fungus Trichoderma viride. The presence of pollen led to a 55% reduction in predation of the thrips by N. cucumeris and a 40% reduction in thrips predation by O. laevigatus, in experiments using single predators. The presence of fungus had no significant effect on thrips predation by either of the natural enemy species. Movement of the natural enemies was examined in a multiple predator experiment, and this showed that O. laevigatus was more likely to remain on the plant in the presence of thrips and when supplemental food, either pollen or fungus, was present. For N. cucumeris, there was no association between the presence of thrips and the mite, with the majority of the mites being found on the leaves where pollen was present. Although the single and multiple predator experiments were done at different times, the indications are that the predation rates of the N. cucumeris do not differ greatly between the two experiments, suggesting that there may be a potential interference effect between the mites, which is not present for O. laevigatus. The significance of these results for the use of supplemental food sources in biological control is discussed.
Can a common bird species be used as a surrogate to draw insights for the conservation of a rare species? A case study from the fragmented Taita Hills, Kenya
Authors: Githiru Mwangi , Matthysen Erik , Lens Luc , Bennun Leon A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSound knowledge of underlying mechanisms is essential for understanding how species respond to habitat fragmentation. Because most threatened species are typically the first ones to suffer local extinctions with forest fragmentation, studying why they fare poorly at the broader landscape scale is difficult. Related, sympatric but common species may be useful surrogates if they can provide insights germane for the conservation of rarer species. We illustrate this using a case study from the highly fragmented Taita Hills forests, south-eastern Kenya, of the Critically Endangered Taita thrush Turdus helleri and the more common white-starred robin Pogonocichla stellata as the surrogate. The responses of the thrush to habitat disturbance were in the same direction as the surrogate robin (e.g. higher fluctuating asymmetry, lower effective population densities and male-biased sex ratios), albeit they were detected sooner and were more severe because of its lower dispersal capacity. The key conservation measures proposed from the surrogate study largely matched those based on an independent evaluation of the thrush data. Additionally, the surrogate provided extra insights into the potential solutions for problems facing the thrush, and provided a base that could be used as a template for restoring the thrush populations in this area. Thus, our findings support the use of surrogate species in the conservation of sympatric related species in fragmented landscapes. We contend that this approach is also applicable for allopatric related species where landscapes are similar, provided that detailed data on population patterns and processes for the surrogate are available.
Seven decades of institutional learning: managing alien plant invasions in the Kruger National Park, South Africa
Authors: Foxcroft Llewellyn C. , Freitag-Ronaldson Stefanie 
Published: May 2007

AbstractLong-term ecological and economic sustainability will ultimately determine the outcome of any conservation management programme. Invasive alien plants, first recorded in the Kruger National Park, South Africa, in 1937, are now recognized as one of the greatest threats to the biodiversity of this Park. Such plants have been managed in the Park since 1956, with control advancing mainly through a process of trial and error. Refinement of invasive plant management strategies has resulted in an understanding of the target plants' biology and ecology, herbicide use and herbicide-plant interactions, as well as the plant-insect interactions of biological control. Careful integration of different control methods has proved essential to ensure the most appropriate use of techniques to deliver the best possible results from the resources available and achieve long-term sustainability. We outline the development of control efforts and current control programmes and the process of their incorporation into the institutional memory of Kruger National Park over the last 7 decades.
Meal fatty acids and postprandial vascular reactivity
Authors: Jackson K.G. , Armah C.K. , Minihane A.M. 
Published: May 2007

With increasing recognition of the pivotal role of vascular dysfunction in the progression of atherosclerosis, the vasculature has emerged as an important target for dietary therapies. Recent studies have indicated that chronic fatty acid manipulation alters vascular reactivity, when measured after an overnight fast. However, individuals spend a large proportion of the day in the postprandial (non-fasted) state. Several studies have shown that high fat meals can impair endothelial function within 3–4 h, a time period often associated with peak postprandial lipaemia. Although the impact of meal fatty acids on the magnitude and duration of the postprandial lipaemic response has been extensively studied, very little is known about their impact on vascular reactivity after a meal.
Peptide α-helices for synthetic nanostructures
Authors: Ryadnov M.G. 
Published: May 2007

Supramolecular structures arising from a broad range of chemical archetypes are of great technological promise. Defining such structures at the nanoscale is crucial to access principally new types of functional materials for applications in bionanotechnology. In this vein, biomolecular self-assembly has emerged as an efficient approach for building synthetic nanostructures from the bottom up. The approach predominantly employs the spontaneous folding of biopolymers to monodisperse three-dimensional shapes that assemble into hierarchically defined mesoscale composites. An immediate interest here is the extraction of reliable rules that link the chemistry of biopolymers to the mechanisms of their assembly. Once established these can be further harnessed in designing supramolecular objects de novo. Different biopolymer classes compile a rich repertoire of assembly motifs to facilitate the synthesis of otherwise inaccessible nanostructures. Among those are peptide α-helices, ubiquitous folding elements of natural protein assemblies. These are particularly appealing candidates for prescriptive supramolecular engineering, as their well-established and conservative design rules give unmatched predictability and rationale. Recent developments of self-assembling systems based on helical peptides, including fibrous systems, nanoscale linkers and reactors will be highlighted herein.