bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A School of Christian Hebraists in Thirteenth-Century England: A Unique Hebrew-Latin-French and English Dictionary and its Sources
Authors: Olszowy-Schlanger Judith 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis paper is a preliminary presentation of a unique Hebrew-Latin-Old French dictionary written by Christian scholars in 13th century England, to appear shortly in print. The authors of this exceptional work did not follow the patristic tradition of Christian Hebraism and did not focus on anti-Jewish polemics, but rather turned to Jewish Rabbinic and Medieval sources, such as commentaries of Rachi, the lexicon of Solomon ibn Parhon or Alpha Beta de-Ben Sira for their understanding of the Hebrew text of the Bible. Following the grammatical approach of the classical Spanish school of Hebrew grammar, this dictionary is a real 'philological' work. It stems from a Christian tradition of the use of the Hebrew Bible for correcting the Vulgate as represented by the bilingual Hebrew-Latin Bible manuscripts produced and studied in England in the late 12th and 13th centuries.
On the Literary Character of Abraham Ibn Da'ud's Sefer Ha-Qabbalah
Authors: Krakowski Eve 
Published: March 2008

AbstractAccording to a currently dominant interpretation, Ibn Da'ud's Sefer ha-qabbalah presents a chronologically symmetrical schema of Jewish history that is intended to convey an esoteric messianic speculation. This paper argues that Sefer ha-qabbalah is neither esoteric nor deliberately schematic. Rather, it is a compilation of material drawn from a large number of varied sources, which is consistently organized in order to forward Ibn Da'ud's primary polemical purpose of defending a particular historical narrative from competing claims put forth by Karaites, Christians, and others. The first part of this paper argues that the textual features underlying the esoteric interpretation can be better explained as reflections of Ibn Da'ud's polemical aims and eclectic use of source material. The second part traces these characteristics through a detailed analysis of a key passage in Sefer ha-qabbalah, which deals with the chronology of the First and Second Temples; this analysis also addresses the question of chronological schematism in the work, which is examined more systematically in an Appendix. Finally, the last section applies this analysis towards a redefinition of the literary character of Sefer ha-qabbalah, and discusses Ibn Da'ud's polemical use of history in relation to twelfth-century political circumstances and developments in historiography.
The Path of Silence: An Unknown Story from a Zohar Manuscript
Authors: Meroz Ronit 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis article presents a Zoharic story found in one manuscript only—ms. Vatican 206. The focal point of this story is the question whether in order to cleave to God while walking, one should make use of the homiletical discourse, which naturally involves a dialogue with one's walking partner, or whether one should focus one's heart and will on God in utter silence. Rabbi Yose represents the group consensus (widely described in the printed edition of the Zohar) as he expects Rabbi Abba to converse with him about matters of Torah; Rabbi Abba, on the other hand, represents ideas novel to that circle, probably under the influence of contemporary spiritualist trends. The story is very succinct, but its comparison to other Zoharic texts and the attention to the strong emotions alluded to between the lines reveal a rich plot. It seems that the fellows of the historical Zohar circle found themselves at a spiritual crossroads—one of them was attempting to undermine their dominant spiritual system and replace it with a more introverted one. It seems, however, that the fact that this story was excluded from the Zoharic corpus—it only appears in one manuscript—shows that the positive ending to this imaginary story, whereby Rabbi Yose silently agrees with Rabbi Abba, remains a wishful thought and that this attempt at incorporating new ways into the circle's traditions failed.
The proapoptotic and antimitogenic protein p66SHC acts as a negative regulator of lymphocyte activation and autoimmunity
Authors: Finetti Francesca , Pellegrini Michela , Ulivieri Cristina , Savino Maria Teresa , Paccagnini Eugenio , Ginanneschi Chiara , Lanfrancone Luisa , Pelicci Pier Giuseppe , Baldari Cosima T. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe ShcA locus encodes 3 protein isoforms that differ in tissue specificity, subcellular localization, and function. Among these, p66Shc inhibits TCR coupling to the Ras/MAPK pathway and primes T cells to undergo apoptotic death. We have investigated the outcome of p66Shc deficiency on lymphocyte development and homeostasis. We show that p66Shc−/− mice develop an age-related lupus-like autoimmune disease characterized by spontaneous peripheral T- and B-cell activation and proliferation, autoantibody production, and immune complex deposition in kidney and skin, resulting in autoimmune glomerulonephritis and alopecia. p66Shc−/− lymphocytes display enhanced proliferation in response to antigen receptor engagement in vitro and more robust immune responses both to vaccination and to allergen sensitization in vivo. The data identify p66Shc as a negative regulator of lymphocyte activation and show that loss of this protein results in breaking of immunologic tolerance and development of systemic autoimmunity.
DNA-vaccination via tattooing induces stronger humoral and cellular immune responses than intramuscular delivery supported by molecular adjuvants
Authors: Pokorna Dana , Rubio Ivonne , Müller Martin 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Tattooing is one of a number of DNA delivery methods which results in an efficient expression of an introduced gene in the epidermal and dermal layers of the skin. The tattoo procedure causes many minor mechanical injuries followed by hemorrhage, necrosis, inflammation and regeneration of the skin and thus non-specifically stimulates the immune system. DNA vaccines delivered by tattooing have been shown to induce higher specific humoral and cellular immune responses than intramuscularly injected DNA. In this study, we focused on the comparison of DNA immunization protocols using different routes of administrations of DNA (intradermal tattoo versus intramuscular injection) and molecular adjuvants (cardiotoxin pre-treatment or GM-CSF DNA co-delivery). For this comparison we used the major capsid protein L1 of human papillomavirus type 16 as a model antigen. L1-specific immune responses were detected after three and four immunizations with 50 μg plasmid DNA. Cardiotoxin pretreatment or GM-CSF DNA co-delivery substantially enhanced the efficacy of DNA vaccine delivered intramuscularly by needle injection but had virtually no effect on the intradermal tattoo vaccination. The promoting effect of both adjuvants was more pronounced after three rather than four immunizations. However, three DNA tattoo immunizations without any adjuvant induced significantly higher L1-specific humoral immune responses than three or even four intramuscular DNA injections supported by molecular adjuvants. Tattooing also elicited significantly higher L1-specific cellular immune responses than intramuscularly delivered DNA in combination with adjuvants. In addition, the lymphocytes of mice treated with the tattoo device proliferated more strongly after mitogen stimulation suggesting the presence of inflammatory responses after tattooing. The tattoo delivery of DNA is a cost-effective method that may be used in laboratory conditions when more rapid and more robust immune responses are required.
Transient T cell depletion causes regression of melanoma metastases
Authors: Rasku Mary Ann , Clem Amy L , Telang Sucheta , Taft Beverly , Gettings Kelly , Gragg Hana , Cramer Daniel , Lear Sheron C , McMasters Kelly M , Miller Donald M , Chesney Jason 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBackgroundCognate immunity against neoplastic cells depends on a balance between effector T cells and regulatory T (Treg) cells. Treg cells prevent immune attack against normal and neoplastic cells by directly suppressing the activation of effector CD4+and CD8+T cells. We postulated that a recombinant interleukin 2/diphtheria toxin conjugate (DAB/IL2; Denileukin Diftitox; Ontak) may serve as a useful strategy to deplete Treg cells and break tolerance against neoplastic tumors in humans.MethodsWe administered DAB/IL2 (12 μg/kg; four daily doses; 21 day cycles) to 16 patients with metastatic melanoma and measured the effects on the peripheral blood concentration of several T cell subsets and on tumor burden.ResultsWe found that DAB/IL2 caused a transient depletion of Treg cells as well as total CD4+and CD8+T cells (< 21 days). T cell repopulation coincided with thede novoappearance of melanoma antigen-specific CD8+T cells in several patients as determined by flow cytometry using tetrameric MART-1, tyrosinase and gp100 peptide/MHC conjugates. Sixteen patients received at least one cycle of DAB/IL2 and five of these patients experienced regressions of melanoma metastases as measured by CT and/or PET imaging. One patient experienced a near complete response with the regression of several hepatic and pulmonary metastases coupled to thede novoappearance of MART-1-specific CD8+T cells. A single metastatic tumor remained in this patient and, after surgical resection, immunohistochemical analysis revealed MART1+melanoma cells surrounded by CD8+T cells.ConclusionTaken together, these data indicate that transient depletion of T cells in cancer patients may disrupt the homeostatic control of cognate immunity and allow for the expansion of effector T cells with specificity against neoplastic cells. Several T cell depleting agents are clinically available and this study provides strong rationale for an examination of their efficacy in cancer patients.Trial registrationNCT00299689 (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier).
Atherogenic diet-induced hepatitis is partially dependent on murine TLR4
Authors: Desai Moreshwar S , Mariscalco M Michele , Tawil Ahmad , Vallejo J G , Smith C W 
Published: March 2008

AbstractDiets high in cholesterol and cholate such as the Paigen diet have been used to study atherogenesis, lithogenesis, and proinflammatory microvascular changes induced by nutritional hypercholesterolemia. Although these diets lead to chronic hepatic inflammation and fibrosis, the early inflammatory changes have been poorly characterized. TLR4, a known receptor for LPS, is also a receptor for a variety of endogenous ligands and has been implicated in atheroma formation. Here, we specifically examined the early inflammatory response of the liver to the atherogenic (ATH) diet and the possible contribution of TLR4. Animals fed the high-cholesterol/cholate diet for 3 weeks developed a significant, predominantly mononuclear leukocyte infiltration in the liver, hepatic steatosis, elevated hepatic expression of MCP-1, RANTES, and MIP-2, and increased serum levels of liver enzymes. In TLR4-deleted animals, there was a 30% attenuation in the serum alanine transaminase levels and a 50% reduction in the leukocyte infiltration with a fourfold reduction in chemokine expression. In contrast, hepatic steatosis did not differ from wild-type controls. TLR2 deletion had no effect on diet-induced hepatitis but increased the amount of steatosis. We conclude that the early inflammatory liver injury but not hepatic lipid loading induced by the ATH diet in mice is mediated in part by TLR4.
Evidence for Acyl-Ghrelin Modulation of Growth Hormone Release in the Fed State
Authors: Nass Ralf , Farhy Leon S. , Liu Jianhua , Prudom Catherine E. , Johnson Michael L. , Veldhuis Paula , Pezzoli Suzan S. , Oliveri Mary Clancy , Gaylinn Bruce D. , Geysen H. Mario , Thorner Michael O. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Context: The timing and frequency of GH secretory episodes is regulated by GHRH and somatostatin. This study provides evidence for amplification of these GH pulses by endogenous acyl-ghrelin.
Design: Blood was sampled every 10 min for 26.5 h during a fed admission with standardized meals and also during the final 24 h of a 61.5-h fast. GH secretion profiles were derived from deconvolution of 10-min sampling data, and full-length acyl-ghrelin levels were measured using a newly developed two-site sandwich assay.
Setting: The study was conducted at a university hospital general clinical research center.
Participants: Participants included eight men with mean (± sd) age 24.5 ± 3.7 yr (body mass index 24 ± 2.1 kg/m2).
Results: Correlations were computed between amplitudes of individual GH secretory events and the average acyl-ghrelin concentration in the 60-min interval preceding each GH burst. In the fed state, the peak correlations were positive for all subjects and significantly higher than in the fasting state when acyl-ghrelin levels declined [mean (± sem): 0.7 (0.04) vs. 0.29 (0.08), P = 0.017]. In addition, long-term fasting was associated with an increase in the GH secretory pulse mass and amplitude but not frequency [fed vs. fasting pulse mass: 0.22 (0.05) vs. 0.44 (0.06) μg/liter, P = 0.002; amplitude: 5.2 (1.3) vs. 11.8 (1.9) μg/liter/min, P = 0.034; pulses per 24 h: 19.4 (0.5) vs. 22.0 (1.4), P = 0.1].
Conclusion: Our data support the hypothesis that under normal conditions in subjects given regular meals endogenous acyl-ghrelin acts to increase the amplitude of GH pulses.
Mental Accounting and Consumer Choice
Authors: Thaler Richard H. 
Published: March 2008

Anew model of consumer behavior is developed using a hybrid of cognitive psychology and microeconomics. The development of the model starts with the mental coding of combinations of gains and losses using the prospect theory value function. Then the evaluation of purchases is modeled using the new concept of “transaction utility.” The household budgeting process is also incorporated to complete the characterization of mental accounting. Several implications to marketing, particularly in the area of pricing, are developed. This article was originally published in Marketing Science, Volume 4, Issue 3, pages 199–214, in 1985.
Defensive Marketing Strategies
Authors: Hauser John R. , Shugan Steven M. 
Published: March 2008

This paper analyzes how a firm should adjust its marketing expenditures and its price to defend its position in an existing market from attack by a competitive new product. Our focus is to provide usable managerial recommendations on the strategy of response. In particular we show that if products can be represented by their position in a multiattribute space, consumers are heterogeneous and maximize utility, and awareness advertising and distribution can be summarized by response functions, then for the profit maximizing firm: it is optimal to decrease awareness advertising, it is optimal to decrease the distribution budget unless the new product can be kept out of the market, a price increase may be optimal, and even under the optimal strategy, profits decrease as a result of the competitive new product. Furthermore, if the consumer tastes are uniformly distributed across the spectrum a price decrease increases defensive profits, it is optimal (at the margin) to improve product quality in the direction of the defending product's strength and it is optimal (at the margin) to reposition by advertising in the same direction. In addition we provide practical procedures to estimate (1) the distribution of consumer tastes and (2) the position of the new product in perceptual space from sales data and knowledge of the percent of consumers who are aware of the new product and find it available. Competitive diagnostics, such as the angle of attack, are introduced to help the defending manager. This article was originally published in Marketing Science, Volume 2, Issue 4, pages 319–360, in 1983.
An Industry Equilibrium Analysis of Downstream Vertical Integration
Authors: McGuire Timothy W. , Staelin Richard 
Published: March 2008

This paper investigates the effect of product substitutability on Nash equilibrium distribution structures in a duopoly where each manufacturer distributes its goods through a single exclusive retailer, which may be either a franchised outlet or a factory store. Static linear demand and cost functions are assumed, and a number of rules about players' expectations of competitors' behavior are examined. It is found that for most specifications product substitutability does influence the equilibrium distribution structure. For low degrees of substitutability, each manufacturer will distribute its product through a company store; for more highly competitive goods, manufacturers will be more likely to use a decentralized distribution system. This article was originally published in Marketing Science, Volume 2, Issue 2, pages 161–191, in 1983.
Managing Hydrate Risks for a Black Oil Long Subsea Tie-Back When Water Cut Predictions Exceed Original Design
Authors: Harun A. F , Blanchard T. J. , Erdogmus M. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The BP King West oil well, located in 5400 feet of water in the Gulf of Mexico, is a 2.3 mile tie back to a 17 mile dual active heated King flowline. This heated flowline, receives throughput from two other BP King oil wells, and produces to the Marlin tension leg platform located in 3200 feet of water.
Recent reservoir studies predicted a higher water cut than originally anticipated during project sanctioning. Thus, a project was executed to evaluate if the existing hydrate management strategy, which relies on the crude’s non-plugging tendencies (contains natural surfactants that act as anti agglomerant), is still adequate or any modifications in operating procedures or facilities were required.
Transient simulations were performed to evaluate if hydrates can be prevented by modifying the operating procedures prior to extended shutdowns and during cold restarts. Experimental work was conducted to confirm the non-plugging hydrate characteristics of King West crude and to determine maximum water cut above which the characteristic no longer holds.
Transient simulations showed that water flow back by gravity and gas injection could not displace all the water from the King West flowline; thus should not be used as preventive measures. The experimental work confirmed non-plugging hydrate characteristics up to 25% water cut. Since the recent subsurface simulations predict maximum water cut just slightly above 25%, King West hydrate management can still rely on the non-plugging hydrate characteristics of its crude.
A General Approach for Deliverability Calculations of Gas Wells
Authors: Al-Attar H. , AL-Zuhair S. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
This paper presents a general and a simplified method for deliverability calculations of gas wells, which among other advantages, eliminates the need for conventional multipoint tests. The analytical solution to the diffusivity equation for real gas flow under stabilized or pseudo-steadystate flow conditions and a wide range of rock and fluid properties are used to generate an empirical correlation for calculating gas well deliverability. The rock, fluid and system properties, used in developing previous correlations found in literature, were limited to reservoir pressure, reservoir temperature, gas specific gravity, reservoir permeability, wellbore radius, well drainage area, and shape factor. Additional key properties such as reservoir porosity, net formation thickness and skin factor are included in this work to develop a more general dimensionless Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR). It is found that the general correlation, developed is this study, presents the observed field data much closer than previous ones found in the literature. In addition, based on the larger data set, an empirical relation to predict future deliverability from current flow test data is also developed.
The two modified and general relations developed in this work provide a simple procedure for gas deliverability calculations which greatly simplifies the conventional deliverability testing methods. The required data can be obtained from a build-up test, or a single-point flow test, instead of an elaborate multipoint flow test. Further, the broad range of practically all rock and fluid properties used in developing the modified dimensionless IPR curves should cover the majority of the field situations generally encountered. The use of the modified dimensionless IPR curves, the pseudo-pressure formulation and the sensitivity analysis indicate a generality of the approach presented in this paper, irrespective of the gas reservoir system under study.
Optimum Allocation Methodology for Gas Condensate Wells
Authors: Ibrahim M. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractProduction rate and volume information are important for many reservoir surveillance and management tasks. For example, many techniques for estimating the remaining producible gas in a reservoir depend on accurately knowing the amount of gas produced from the reservoir in combination with the average reservoir pressure. History-matching gas, and water production data using a reservoir simulator is a common practice in workflows used for making investment decisions such as whether or not to drill more wells. The quality of a history-matched model is limited by the quality of the allocated production data. An additional need for quality rate allocation is that the production volumes for individual wells or reservoirs are often required for regulatory reporting.Production allocation for high temperature and pressure is not easy task as the current orifice plate flow meter is not deigned for high condensate gas ratio (CGR). The error in using current meters could reach up to 60 percent in gas rate due to accumulation for condensate on the orifice plate. In this field, there are only two wells producing from two zones. There is only one production separator in the platform which makes the allocation difficult due to the need for shutting down one well to do multirate test on the other well. One of the wells has a downhole pressure gauge but the other well does not.In this paper, we will present new procedures for using a combination of the downhole pressure and multirate tests to construct the accurate inflow performance curve (IPR) for each well. Then, at each reservoir pressure the relationship between wellhead flowing pressure and flow rate is programmed by Visual Basic program (VBA). This program is used to allocate daily gas rate from the wellhead flowing pressure.This method shows high accuracy for allocating the history and current gas flow rate with high condensate ratio. Also, provide accurate well test analysis and accurate reserve calculation.