bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interactions of Nonaqueous Solvents with Textile Fibers
Authors: Ribnick Arthur S. , Weigmann Hans-Dietrich , Rebenfeld Ludwig 
Published: March 2007

In order to provide a rational basis upon which future developments in nonaqueous finishing and other processing of textile materials may be based, a basic study is being undertaken of the interactions between textile fibers and a wide spectrum of organic solvents. In this paper are reported the effects on mechanical properties of a polyester yam of 26 organic solvents differing widely in chemical and physical characteristics. The yams were conditioned in each solvent for 16 hr at 21°C and their load-extension behavior determined in the solvent. While many solvents were found to have only minor effects on the mechanical properties, several solvents caused major changes in the shape of the load- extension curve of the polyester yam. The active solvents caused a decrease in the initial modulus, a decrease in the yield stress, and an increase in extensibility. In several cases a significant plastic flow region could be noted. Dioxane, acetone, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethane, methylene chloride, nitrobenzene, nitromethane, acetonitrile, and di methylformamide (DMF) were among the most active solvents. These solvents also caused a major irreversible longi tudinal shrinkage of the yarn, and the mechanical properties of the yarn were only partially recovered after removal of the solvent and reconditioning to a standard condition. The interactions between the solvents and the polyester yarn, as estimated by the decrease in the yarn elastic modulus, were correlated with the solubility parameter δ of the solvents. It was observed that maximum interactions take place with solvents whose solubility parameter approaches that of polyethylene terephthalate δ=10.7. There is some indica tion that these strongly interacting solvents fall into two groups: one with δ values ranging from 9 to 10, the other with δ values ranging from 11.5 to 13. It is suggested that these ranges may reflect specific solvent interactions with the aro matic and aliphatic segments of the polyester molecules.
Contribution of Swelling to Wrinkle Recovery for Chemically Crosslinked Cellulosic Fabrics in the Swollen State
Authors: Ohe Hideo , Suzuki Yasuo , Taga Kiyoshi , Matsukawa Saburo 
Published: March 2007

A study was made of the contribution of swelling to wrinkle recovery of cotton and polynosic fabrics immersed in water or aqueous alkaline solutions. Tests were made in the presence and absence of water or alkali sensitive links other than those produced by the two-step Poly-Set Process and formalin treatments. Figures of DRWA and WRWA as well as WWRA and 3% alkali-WRA are used to clarify the swelling and scission tendencies inherent in the finishing systems. The relationship between WWRA and alkali-WRA without WWRA were studied. The reasons for the results of WWRA > alkali-WRA or alkali-WRA > WWRA are also discussed.
Fabric Ignition
Authors: Wulff W. , Alkidas A. , Hess R.W. , Zuber N. 
Published: March 2007

The burn injury hazard of fabrics has been conceptually related to laboratory test methods. The relation is to be de rived from the description of the relevant processes which lead to burn injury. Among these processes stand out the ig nition, the burn and the tissue denaturalization processes as predominately deterministic because of predictable fabric response. Presented here are the results of an experimental and analytical investigation into the fabric ignition process. Thermo physical fabric properties relevant to the description of the ignition process have been presented. Fabric ignition times were measured under radiative heating. Modeling rules for the ignition process are presented.
Radiation Modification of Cotton Fabrics
Authors: Nasr Hussein I. 
Published: March 2007

This paper reports the catalytic effect of grafted acids, in crosslinking reactions, as substitutes for conventional inor ganic ones. Unsaturated mono- and/or di-carboxylic acids were radiation-grafted on cotton cellulose during crosslinking using multifunctional monomers. In a delayed heat cure, the grafted acids catalyzed the condensation of available cellulose hydroxyls with the methylol groups of grafted polymethylol acrylamide. This further crosslinking resulted in an addi tional improvement in wrinkle resistance with negligible loss in tensile strength. The catalytic effect of used acids was studied singly or/and combined.
The Iodometric Determination of P(III) in Flame Retardants for Cotton
Authors: Frank Arlen W. , Drake George L. 
Published: March 2007

THP and THPC can be titrated quantitatively by 0.1 N iodine in weakly basic media such as pyridine, aqueous NaHCO3 or aqueous Na2HPO4. Aldehydes do not interfere. Titration in hydrochloric acid solution, as recommended in the literature, is possible only if the THP is aldehyde-free. The stoichiometry of the disproportionation of THP in 6 N HCl to phosphine and THPC has been established by iodine titration. The disproportionation is repressed by acetone.
Measurement of Sliver Drafting Forces
Authors: Olsen J.S. 
Published: March 2007

A staple draftometer is described using a "Hall Effect" wattmeter as the transducer for measuring dynamic forces in staple slivers during drafting. The procedure for calibration and use of the instrument is also given. A novel feature of the apparatus is the use of a decade resistance box to calibrate the desired full-scale force range. Drafting force was a hyperbolic function of draft ratio (beyond 1.5× draft), and the relationship between the two variables can be expressed in terms of a constant as shown by the following equation: (Drafting Force) X (Draft Ratio) = K Thus the drafting force curve in terms of draft ratios can be defined by a single numher. An increase in crimp frequency (0-15 crimps per inch range) gave an exponential increase in sliver drafting force. Addition of luhricants such as Ucon® or silicone oils to clean T-54 Dacron® polyester fiber slivers produced a significant reduction in drafting force, most of which occurred during the addition of the first 0.1% lubricant. The absolute drafting force is governed by specific properties of the lubricant.
The Permanent Deformation of Mercerized Single Cotton Fibers after Tensile Loading and Compression
Authors: De Boer J.J. 
Published: March 2007

The relation between permanent and imposed deformation for the compression side of mercerized cotton fiber can be obtained from measurements of the crease recovery angle of the fiber and comparable measurements of the permanent deformation after tensile loading. A simplified model suffices to obtain an acceptable balance between exlrerimental accuracy and theoretical refinement. There appear to be large differences in permanent deformation dependent on the level of stretching after merrerization and the application of crosslinks in the fiber.
Processing and Properties of Polyurea RIM
Authors: Ewen J.H. 
Published: March 2007

Polyurea RIM polymers have been developed for automotive fascia and body panels ranging in flexural modulus from 25K to 100K. These materials characteristically have thermal and impact properties that are superior to polyurethanes or polyurea/polyurethanes. The polyurea polymers do not require post cure, yet yield thermal properties that are better than polyurethanes con tammg as much as 20% reinforcing fillers. A variety of self-releasing, polyurea RIM systems have been developed based on advances in isocyanate prepolymer technology.
Polycarbonate Alloys as an Effective Alternative to Unreinforced and Reinforced Conventional Polycarbonate
Authors: Baumer G. 
Published: March 2007

This paper will cover the physical, mechanical and thermal properties of a new polycarbonate alloy. The unreinforced and glass fiber reinforced properties of the polycarbonate alloy will be compared to conventional polycarbonate. The relatively similar physical, mechanical and thermal properties of the two resin systems will be discussed as well as similarities in injection molding characteristics. Potential and existing applications and markets for this product will be covered detailing economic incentives for using the polycarbonate alloy.
Improved Production of Polyurethane Bumpers and Front and Rear Facias by RIM-Processing
Authors: Schaper Herbert 
Published: March 2007

An introductory outline of the history of the RIM-bumper and facia produc tion since its initiation in 1972 is given. The preference of PU-material is accounted by means of a material compari son with usual thermoplastics, thus, being given reasons for the current op timization work to the RIM-process. Then, today's technological manufacturing level is described by means of the modified RIM-materials as used, the process ing machines such as dosing machine, clamping-unit and mould, along with process technology, process control, preparatory work for the painting process and the painting technics themselves based on practical experience. Finally, the future aspects of the RIM-process are discussed. Self-releasing quick-action compounds processed in high accuracy steel moulds in clamping- units providing higher pressures, will allow the RIM-process to be fully auto mated. In connection with very short cycle times, in the early nineties, a pro duction-competitive in costs with injection moulding-in industrial scale manufacture will be arrived at, in polyurethane or polyurea RIM-processing.
`Two-Way Windows': Clinicians as Medical Managers
Authors: Llewellyn Sue 
Published: March 2007

This paper uses the metaphor of the `two-way window' to understand the aspirations and activities of clinical directors (doctors with management responsibilities). Clinical directors work simultaneously with sets of ideas from both clinical practice and from management, therefore, their role (as `two-way windows') allows the possibility to create a new area of expertise — medical-management. To explore how `two-way windows' are being constituted, clinician managers in three medical organizations were interviewed. Three narratives were constructed from their accounts. The first narrative outlines the theories-in-use of clinical directors, the second and third consist of the strategizing of clinical directors as they seek to maintain their primary focus on clinical work whilst, at the same time, developing their management expertise and influence. The paper concludes that clinical directors can relatively easily occupy the `two-way' space opened up by the mediation of medicine and management. Only a lack of financial management expertise renders their new organizational positioning vulnerable. All public bureaucracies now involve complex mediation between professionals and managers; hence, `two-way windows' will become increasingly significant in organizational development. These `two-way' roles privilege professional over managerial expertise as it is assumed that the appropriate professional training is of paramount importance. Unique professional/managerial discourses are being created in public-sector organizations. This paper provides a basis for understanding the development of such discourses.
Wittgenstein and Rousseau on the context of justification
Authors: O'Donovan-Anderson Michael 
Published: March 2007

The historical aim of this paper is to reveal some striking similarities in Wittgenstein's treatment of epistemic justification and Rousseau's treatment of political justification. The theoretical aim is to open up the possibility of an understanding of justification which requires neither the discovery of some fundamental ground for judgment nor the alienation of the judge from the community or practice to be justified. Against the prevailing tradition in which justification occurs by reflectively rooting the practice in question in some unquestioned ground outside of and unaffected by that practice, a process which requires of the judge that her reason be untainted by practical involvements, both thinkers assert that justification can take place only within, being practically engaged with, whatever is to be justified. Indeed, we can go so far as to say for these thinkers that practical involvement is precisely the production of the grounds of legitimacy, and reasoned judgment is possible only from this engaged perspective.
The Student's Freedom of Religion
Authors: Hollister C.A. , Leigh Peter R. 
Published: March 2007

We thank you for the flowers so sweet; We thank you for the food we eat; We thank you for the birds that sing; We thank you for everything. Innocuous? Maybe, but a circuit court de clared it in violation of First Amendment guarantees, hence unacceptable in a school ceremony. This article, Chapter 2 in a forthcoming book, summarizes recent trends in efforts to protect the student's freedom of religion.
An Uncensored Version of
Authors: Huberman Michael 
Published: March 2007

Last October the London Times Educational Supplement pub lished an excerpt from an obscure brochure by Dr. Michael Huberman entitled "Reflections on Democratization of Secon dary and Higher Education." The brochure had been issued by UNESCO as one of a series of "Trend Papers" on themes assigned to the International Education Year (1970) by UNESCO'S General Conference. All this sounds innocuous enough. However, the Times edi tors noted that "all but a few copies of [ the brochure ] have been destroyed on the orders of the [UNESCO] director general, M. Rene Maheu," suggesting that the Huberman paper was so strongly anti-establishment that it was suppressed. We have investigated the alleged suppression and have found that the allegation is only partially accurate. Raymond Rodri guez, chief of the special UNESCO unit responsible for IEY, sent a copy of the full brochure (about 50 double-spaced typewritten pages) and invited publication in the BULLETIN. He took pains to say that the Trend Papers do not necessarily express official views of UNESCO. A quick check shows that the version of Huberman's paper supplied by Mr. Rodriguez is somewhat blander (as well as much lengthier) than the excerpts published by the Times, suggesting that censorship has indeed occurred. (For example, where the Times version says, "The demand for open access to education is politically irresistible," the UNESCO version substitutes "strong" for "irresistible.") In both the UNESCO and Times versions, however, it is clear that Huberman sides with the consumers of education. For ex ample, he favors giving them money or education vouchers to spend where they see fit. In the Times' words: "He challenges the academic world's perennial emphasis on quantity rather than quality, and the resulting 'squandering' by developed and de veloping countries alike on traditional types of education which suit only a minority of children and are 'Procrustean beds' for the remainder. He would like the beds-institutions and exami nations at all levels-to fit the consumer, not the reverse." For scholars desiring a copy of the full Huberman paper, as released by UNESCO, the BULLETIN editors will fill orders at $2 per copy, or $1 each for 5 or more copies. Enclose check or money order; no billed orders will be accepted. Address NASSP, 1201 Sixteenth St. N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036.-The Editors.
Design and Implementation of a VLSI Tactile Sensing Computer
Authors: Raibert Marc H. , Tanner John E. 
Published: March 2007

A new type of tactile sensor is presented that was designed to give a robot manipulation system information about contact between its hand and objects in the environment. We describe a device that is at once a special-purpose parallel computer and a high-resolution tactile array sen sor. The passive substrates of earlier tactile sensors have been replaced with a custom-designed very large scale in tegration (VLSI) device that performs transduction, tactile image processing, and communication. Forces are trans duced using a conductive plastic technique in conjunction with metal electrodes on the surface of an integrated cir cuit. An array of processors implemented within the inte grated circuit perform parallel two-dimensional convolu tions between programmable filtering masks and a binary tactile image. Data are then read from the array serially, so they can be transmitted to a control computer. A 6 x 3 array sensor with 1 mm2 tactile cells has been designed and tested. It is fully functional. In preparation for constructing large sensor arrays with hundreds of elements, the possibility of constructing defect tolerant tactile cells was explored. Analyses based on the Poisson model indicate that working arrays with 1,000 functional cells are possible if computing elements are rep licated within each tactile cell. Experiments on a 3 x 3 array sensor with redundant pairs of computing elements suggest that large tactile sensing arrays are within reach.
A Nondegenerate Kinematic Solution of a Seven-Jointed Robot Manipulator
Authors: Stanisic Michael M. , Pennock Gordon R. 
Published: March 2007

Kinematically simple manipulators with six joints have unavoidable degenerate configurations that correspond to certain positions or orientations of the end-effector within the workspace. In these degenerate configurations, the end-effec tor of the manipulator is not capable of a motion with six independent degrees of freedom. Such a manipulator reduces the flexibility of a manufacturing system because manufac turing processes need to be planned so that positions or ori entations of the end-effector that correspond to degenerate configurations of the manipulator are not required. In this paper a nondegenerate kinematic solution is devel oped for a kinematically simple seven-jointed robot manipu lator. The solution guarantees that the manipulator is capa ble of positioning and orienting its end-effector within the workspace without ever finding itself in a degenerate configu ration. The nondegenerate kinematic solution is in closed form and is developed from well-known methods and results in three-dimensional kinematics. It is believed that this seven-jointed robot manipulator will be most useful in flexible manufacturing systems.
The Extraction of Curved Surface Features with Generic Range Sensors
Authors: Brown Michael K. 
Published: March 2007

A generic range sensor is a member of a collection of sensors that provide surface location information. This collection includes ultrasonic, laser, structured light, and tactile sensors. The tactile sensor can be viewed as a degenerate range sensor when in contact with the surface. This paper will deal pri marily with the ultrasonic range sensor, which is probably the most difficult to handle, but extension of the techniques to other sensors is apparent. The use of ultrasonic range finding to gather data about object surfaces in an air transmission medium poses several problems. First, there is very little information returned in a single range measurement. One range measurement tells us that some surface exists, approximately orthogonal to the transmission axis of the transducer, at the measured range. However, the surface can lie anywhere within the sensitivity pattern of the transducer, and it can be oriented at any angle that reflects energy back to the transducer. Moving the trans ducer adaptively allows us to obtain much more information about the surface including determination of the actual path of the signal echo point on the surface of the object. The topic of ultrasonic echo trajectories introduced in an earlier paper will be reviewed. A property of ultrasonic echo trajectories on object surfaces is exploited. These trajectories are very nearly geodesic for the ultrasonic transducers being used when they are moved on a straight path parallel to a smooth regular surface. This property has several useful consequences. The surface path of the echo trajectory can be approximately determined. Fur thermore, surface normals can be obtained everywhere along this path. Thus, fundamental properties of the surface can be determined.
Singularities, Configurations, and Displacement Functions for Manipulators
Authors: Litvin F.L. , Zhang Yi  , Castelli V. Parenti , Innocenti C. 
Published: March 2007

A manipulator is considered as a system of rigid bodies interconnected by joints that permit relative motions with certain degrees of freedom. Nonlinear equations that relate the parameters of relative motions generally do not provide unique solutions, and consequently the bodies (links) of the mechanical system may form various configuratxons. The authors propose a method for determination of the configurations of this mechanical system and associated displacement functions that are based on the determination of singularities in motion of the mechanical system. Applica tion to the execution of prescribed trajectories by the Uni mation Puma Manipulator is also presented.
An Anthropomorphic Robot Finger for Investigating Artificial Tactile Perception
Authors: Dario Paolo , Buttazzo Giorgio 
Published: March 2007

In this paper the design, implementation, and testing of an artificial tactile sensing system incorporating an articulated robot finger are presented. It was our primary aim in this work to set up the hardware and software tools necessary for investigating basic issues in artificial tactile perception. In the first part of the paper the criteria followed in the design of the robot finger and of its motor and sensory com ponents are outlined. The second part of the paper deals with the problem of defining a hierarchical architecture for the control of the ex ploratory finger. In this context, particular attention is de voted to the description of a set of tactile subroutines that are intended to replicate some of the basic sensory motor se quences adopted by humans for tactile exploration. The main features of the high-level planner, which is supposed to super vise the execution of those tactile primitives, are also discussed. Finally, experimental results that demonstrate the capabil ity of the robotic system of executing the previously defined tactile subroutines and of extracting specific object features are presented.
A New Development in Camera Calibration: Calibrating a Pair of Mobile Cameras
Authors: Izaguirre Alberto , Pu Pearl , Summers John 
Published: March 2007

A new method of camera calibration is proposed for active visual sensing for use in three-dimensional (3D) scene analy sis. The method permits calibration of a mobile camera as a function of the position and orientation of the camera. The algorithm for identification of the calibration matrices is divided into two steps: first, calibration for a fixed position of the camera (i.e., the transformation between the real-world coordinates and the coordinates of the corresponding points in the image plane of the camera); second, calibration as a function of the position and orientation of the camera, which uses the prior information of the calibration for a fixed posi tion. The method can be used for any mobile camera as long as the movement of the camera support is known. For instance, if the camera is mounted on the tip of a robot or on a link, we must know the geometric transformation between this link and the base of the robot, but it is not necessary to know the placement of the camera on this link.