bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How learning contexts facilitate strategy transfer
Authors: Muthukrishna Nithi , Borkowski John G. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe present study assessed the role of context in the acquisition and transfer of a mathematical strategy. One hundred and six children were assigned to four conditions: direct strategy instruction, guided discovery, direct teaching plus discovery, or a control condition. The intervention consisted of fourteen sessions during which the number‐family strategy, useful for addition and subtraction, was taught. Third grade students in the guided discovery condition performed better than those in the direct instruction condition on far transfer problems that measured deep conceptual understanding. Students who had total or partial exposure to guided discovery held stronger beliefs and adopted more positive goals about the importance of mathematical understanding and peer collaboration, attributed less importance to task extrinsic reasons for success, and reported greater use of deep processing strategies than students exposed to direct, explicit instructions. Finally, students in the discovery conditions were able to communicate more effectively during problem solving than students in the direct instructions condition.
Cognitive processes in well‐defined and ill‐defined problem solving
Authors: Schraw Gregory , Dunkle Michael E. , Bendixen Lisa D. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractWe investigated the relationship between two kinds of problem solving using Kitchener's model of hierarchical cognitive processing. We predicted that performance on well‐defined problems (i. e. those with a single, guaranteed solution) would be independent of ill‐defined problems (i. e. those with multiple, non‐guaranteed solutions). We also predicted that self‐reported epistemic beliefs (i. e. assumptions about the nature and acquisition of knowledge) would be related to ill‐defined, but not well‐defined, solutions. Results confirmed these predictions. We concluded that well‐defined and ill‐defined problems require separate cognitive processes and that epistemic beliefs play an important role in ill‐defined problem solving. These findings supported Kitchener's three‐level model of problem solving.
The effects of objective workload on cognitive performance in a field setting: A two‐period cross‐over trial
Authors: Parkes Katharine R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn this field study, the work schedules of Driving Test Examiners1 were systematically manipulated in a two‐period cross‐over trial designed to evaluate the effects of workload reduction (from the normal level of nine Driving Tests per day to either eight or seven Tests per day) on alertness. The research formed part of a wider study undertaken at the request of the Department of Transport to determine whether workload reduction should be introduced on a national basis to enhance working effectiveness and well‐being in this occupational group.Search‐and‐memory (SAM) tasks (with three levels of memory load) were administered at the start, middle, and end of the workday on pre‐determined days in each experimental period. Data analysis (n=49) showed that, with accuracy statistically controlled, speed of search improved more rapidly during the morning work period under reduced workload conditions (four Tests) than under normal workload (five Tests). This difference was maintained during the afternoon but did not increase. The effects of the seven Tests schedule were not found to be markedly different from those of the eight Tests schedule. The findings and recommendations are discussed with reference to relevant literature.
On the Resolution of Chiral Substrates by a retro‐Claisenase Enzyme: Biotransformations of Heteroannular Bicyclic β‐Diketones by 6‐Oxocamphor Hydrolase
Authors: Hill Cheryl L. , Hung Lee Chiang , Smith Derek J. , Verma Chandra S. , Grogan Gideon 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe enzyme 6‐oxocamphor hydrolase (OCH) from Rhodococcus sp. NCIMB 9784 catalyses the cleavage of a carbon‐carbon bond between two carbonyl groups in both mono‐ and bicyclic non‐enolisable β‐diketone substrates. In this mode OCH has been shown to effect the desymmetrisation of both bridged symmetrical bicyclic [2.2.1] and [2.2.2] systems and a series of 1‐alkylbicyclo[3.3.0]octane‐2,8‐diones, yielding chiral substituted cyclopentanone and cyclohexanone products in high optical purity. In the present study, OCH has been challenged with a series of heteroannular substrates including 1‐methylbicyclo[4.3.0]nonane‐2,9‐dione (7a‐methylhexahydroindene‐1,7‐dione) in an effort to assess the competence of the enzyme for kinetic resolutions of asymmetric, racemic substrates. OCH was shown to catalyse the resolution of 1‐methylbicyclo[4.3.0]nonane‐2,9‐dione with an E value of 2.9. The effect of increasing the length of the alkyl chain in the 1‐position, or enlarging one of the rings, was to increase the enantioselectivity of the enzyme to 5.7 and 3.1 for the substrates 1‐allylbicyclo[4.3.0]nonane‐2,9‐dione (7a‐allylhexahydroindene‐1,7‐dione) and 1‐methylbicyclo[5.3.0]decane‐2,10‐dione (8a‐methyloctahydroazulene‐1,8‐dione), respectively. 1‐Methylbicyclo[5.4.0]undecane‐2,10‐dione (9a‐methyloctahydrobenzocycloheptene‐1,9‐dione) was not a substrate for OCH. These experiments constitute the first description of the resolution behaviour of such a retro‐Claisenase enzyme, and suggest a maximum steric limit for substrate recognition by OCH.
Hydroxynitrile Lyase‐Catalyzed Enzymatic Nitroaldol (Henry) Reaction
Authors: Gruber‐Khadjawi Mandana , Purkarthofer Thomas , Skranc Wolfgang , Griengl Herfried 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe hydroxynitrile lyase from Hevea brasiliensis not only catalyzes – according to the natural activity of this enzyme – the formation and cleavage of cyanohydrins but also the reaction of nitroalkanes with aldehydes (Henry reaction). This is the first example of an enzymatic nitroaldol reaction. With nitromethane and nitroethane a broad range of aldehydes can be transformed into the corresponding nitro alcohols in yields up to 77 % and enantiomeric excess (ee) up to 99 %.
Patterns of Expression of the Follistatin and Follistatin‐Like1 Genes During Chicken Heart Development: A Potential Role in Valvulogenesis and Late Heart Muscle Cell Formation
Authors: Van Den Berg Gert , Somi Semir , Buffing Anita A.M. , Moorman Antoon F.M. , Van Den Hoff Maurice J.B. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe regulation of concentration and function of growth factors is of crucial importance to proper embryonic development of the heart. The patterns of expression of three extracellular modulators of the transforming growth factor‐β superfamily of growth factors, Follistatin, Follistatin‐like1, and Follistatin‐like3, are described with respect to heart development. Follistatin is highly localized in the endocardium covering the developing cardiac valves. Follistatin‐like1 is localized in the mesenchymal filling of the pharyngeal arches and broadly expressed in cells directly bordering myocardium. Follistatin‐like3 is not expressed in the heart. Taken together, these observations are suggestive for a role for Follistatin in cardiac valvulogenesis and a role for Follistatin‐like1 in controlling late heart muscle cell formation. Anat Rec, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modellversuche und numerische Simulationen mit der Diskrete‐Elemente‐Methode zum räumlichen passiven Erddruck
Authors: Neuberg Carsten , Franke Dietrich , Engel Jens 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBei der Bemessung tiefer Baugruben im innerstädtischen Bereich sind die Verschiebungsabhängigkeit und die Verteilung des stützenden Erddrucks wirklichkeitsnah zu berücksichtigen. Zur besseren Erfassung des räumlichen passiven Erddrucks vor Trägern wurden Modellversuche durchgeführt, bei denen durch spezielle Messtechnik die Erfassung der Spannungsverteilung entlang des Trägers möglich war.Für numerische Simulationen wurde ein neues Berechnungsverfahren auf Grundlage der “Diskrete‐Elemente‐Methode” (DEM) entwickelt, der erforderliche Programmcode geschrieben und auf Personalcomputern implementiert.Nachdem die Berechnungen an Messungen kalibriert worden sind, konnten experimentelle Untersuchungen durch simulierte Versuche ergänzt und damit eine breitere Datenbasis für die Ableitung eines Berechnungsvorschlags bereitgestellt werden.
A comprehensive institutional treatment program for aggressive‐ disruptive high functioning mentally retarded persons
Authors: Foxx R. M. , Bechtel D. R. , Bird C. , Livesay J. R. , Bittle R. G. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA unit wide behavioral programming system for high functioning mentally retarded clients who displayed maladaptive behavioral excesses was developed and implemented on a coeducational institutional living unit for 7 months. Significant clinical reductions were achieved in client injuries, broken windows, emergency restraint usage, the percent of clients receiving psychotropic medications and medication dosages. These reductions continued during the program's maintenance phase. A number of factors are discussed that appear to have contributed to the program's success.
Increasing volunteering at a residential facility: An experimental evaluation of a volunteer assistance program
Authors: Lagomarcino Ann , Reid Dennis H. , Phillips James F. , Wilson Philip G. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA helpful component for comprehensive residential services for developmentally disabled persons is volunteer assistance. This investigation involved the evaluation of a program developed to increase the amount of volunteer assistance provided to a public residential facility. The program consisted of three types of related procedures: systematic volunteer recruitment steps, specific volunteer activities at the facility, and consequence/recognition for the volunteer assistance. The program was successively implemented to involve students as volunteers from two local universities, and resulted in an increase in new students volunteering from both universities. Additionally, the frequency with which the students volunteered at the residential facility increased substantially from both universities relative to control periods during which the volunteer program was not in effect. Results are discussed in terms of the benefits of volunteers and continued research to increase involvement of other prospective groups of volunteers.
The use of a resident daily scheduling procedure to increase appropriate social, ward, and scheduling behavior in adult psychiatric residents (patients)
Authors: Fuoco Frederick J. , Naster Barry J. , Vernon Janice B. , Morley Robert T. , Smith Betty L. , Cancelliere Andy E. B. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe purpose of the present experiment was to investigate the efficacy of a goal orientation procedure in their treatment of apathy, isolation, and insufficient goal setting skills in chronic psychiatric residents. The experiment was conducted in a behaviorally‐oriented deinstitutionalization program in a state psychiatric hospital. Three male and four female chronic psychiatric residents served as research participants. A group repeated measures design with four within‐participant phases (ABA‘B’) was utilized. The goal orientation procedure included a written schedule that was completed by each research participant daily. This Daily Living Schedule required that a behavior be specified by the participant for every half‐hour period during the day (8:30 a.m. to 9:00 p.m.). During all four phases of the experiment, research participants were observed on the ward from 8:30 a.m. to 12:00 noon and 1:00 p.m. to 5:00 p.m. for engagement in scheduled target behaviors. The daily scheduling procedure produced substantial increases in appropriate behavior such as social activities, ward jobs, and participation in treatment programs, whereas decrease were produced in inappropriate behavior such as isolation and day time sleeping.
Management of hyperactive children through correspondence training procedures: A preliminary study
Authors: Paniagua Freddy A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis study examined the clinical effects of correspondence training procedures in the management of three hyperactive boys between the ages of seven and 10 years. Two subjects were intervened with the “reinforcement of corresponding reports” procedure: reports about the inhibition of hyperactivity (inattention and overactivity) were reinforced only if they corresponded with the actual inhibition of hyperactivity. The “reinforcement set up contingent upon promises” procedure was used with the third subject: the reinforcer was set up (or displayed) contingent on the patient's promises about the inhibition of hyperactivity in the immediate future, and delivered contingent upon fulfillment of the promise (actual inhibition of hyperactivity). These interventions were programmed in a multipie baseline design across two subjects and a multiple baseline design across two behaviors. A changing‐criterion design was also used with all subjects: the nonoccurrence of hyperactivity had to be observed across a pre‐established criterion level for the actual delivery of the reinforcer. Consistently higher levels of correspondence occurred during treatment, relative to baseline observations. The results also demonstrated the generalization and maintenance of treatment effects. The use of correspondence training as a potential alternative in the development of hyperactive children's self‐control is discussed.
Characteristics of residential retarded clients as predictors of staff expectations and frustrations
Authors: Burke David , Burke Marie , Forehand Rex 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of four client characteristics—functioning level, aggressive behavior, self‐injurious behavior, and attractiveness—with staff expectations of and frustration with clients. Forty staff members who worked with severely and profoundly retarded individuals served as participants. Staff members rated each client with whom they worked on the extent to which the client could behave better and learn faster as well as the level of frustration experienced in working with the client. A client's functioning level was related to staff perceptions such that the higher the functioning level, the more the client was seen as having the potential to behave better or learn faster than (s)he was presently demonstrating. Staff frustration was related to client aggression indicating that as aggression increased so did staff frustration in working with that client. Implications of the results are discussed.
A comparison of ready foods to institutional food
Authors: Wilson Helen C. , Favell James E. , Keller C. Thomas , Phillips James F. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis study was conducted as a preliminary investigation of Ready Foods versus Institutional Food in a state residential facility serving approximately 500 mentally retarded residents. One administrative unit of the facility serving approximately 160 residents was used as the setting for the study. Along with residents in this unit, a variety of staff, client advocates, and volunteer workers participated in the investigation. Results were: (1) staff, client advocate, and volunteer worker responses significantly favored Ready Foods; (2) residents selected Ready Foods significantly more than Institutional Food; (3) residents displayed greater overall food waste with the Institutional Food as compared to the Ready Foods; (4) some residents displayed less choking or gagging with ready foods than with Institutional Food; and (5) out of 6 residents who were chronically overweight displayed statistically significant weight gain within one week after beginning Ready Foods and significant weight loss after the return to Institutional Food. Advantages of a Ready Foods System are discussed.
Evaluation of fee collection policy changes in an alcohol halfway house
Authors: Kenney Jay , Rosenberg Harold 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis study used an ABAB design and 1‐year retrospective baseline to evaluate the impact of a contingency management and feedback policy on payment of fees by clients in a halfway house for substance abusers. The results indicated no consistent effect of the intervention on halfway house income, but some clients did appear to increase their saving and decrease their spending behavior while making sufficient fee payments to avoid the policy contingencies.
The effects of a critical television viewing curriculum on the behavior and viewing skills of emotionally disturbed adolescents in residential treatment
Authors: Massa Salvatore P. , Primavera Louis H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis study investigated the effects of training critical TV viewing skills on the subsequent attitudes and behaviors of emotionally disturbed adolescents in residential treatment. In order to test these effects, 48 institutionalized adolescents ranging from 12–18 in age, served as subjects. They were randomly assigned to one of two groups. Pre‐ and posttests utilized three measures of television knowledge and attitudes. Eighteen variables comprising three dependent measures were analyzed utilizing a 2 × 2 split‐plots design. Training in the technical aspects of viewing proved successful in reducing susceptibility to the negative effects of the medium and provided skills that were effective in dealing with generalized aggressive behavor.
Reduction of feces smearing in a profoundly retarded resident through contingent behavior‐specific restraint and reduced attention
Authors: Pappadake William I. , Kirby Franklin 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA 20‐year‐old profoundly retarded male resident of a state institution with a 12‐year history of faces smearing (FS) was treated using an A‐B design employing response contingent elbow restraint and reduced‐attention. The rate of FS dropped sharply after the first week of treatment and then declined steadily until stabilizing at a relatively low rate. Incidental behaviors indicated that aversive effects of the treatment procedure were both mild and behavior specific. Procedures and results are compared with other behavioral approaches to treatment of self‐injurious behavior.
A computer‐aided program to supervise occupational engagement of severely mentally retarded persons
Authors: Lancioni Giulio E. , Smeets Paul M. , Oliva Doretta 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe present study assessed a computer‐aided program devised to supervise (e.g., to prompt with the display of slides and reinforce with tokens) the occupational engagement of severely mentally retarded individuals. The program was assessed with two subjects who engaged in few constructive activities without supervision. The subjects were capable of responding to pictorial prompts. The results showed that both subjects learned to perform scheduled activities independent of staff supervision. Their performance was maintained over time and could be made progressively more meaningful with minimal staff involvement. Generalization across settings and across settings and conditions was observed. The findings are discussed in terms of program components as well as in terms of cost and benefits.
Clinical effects of correspondence training in the management of hyperactive children
Authors: Paniagua Freddy A. , Pumariega Andrés J. , Black Sandra A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractOveractivity, inattention, and noise in three hyperactive children were intervened with correspondence training procedures. One subject was intervened with the “reinforcement of corresponding reports” procedure: true reports about the inhibition of hyperactivity were reinforced. Another subject's hyperactive behaviors were managed with the “reinforcement of fulfillment of promises” procedure: the reinforcer was delivered contingent upon the presence of both promising to inhibit hyperactivity and fulfillment of the promise. The third subject received the “reinforcement of corresponding reports” and the “reinforcement set up on promises” procedures: the reinforcer was set up or displayed contingent upon the subject's promises and delivered contingent upon fulfillment of the promise (actual inhibition of hyperactivity). These procedures were programmed in a multiple baseline design across two settings (a treatment room and a classroom). A changing‐criterion design was employed with all subjects: the nonoccurrence of hyperactivity had to be observed across a pre‐established criterion level for the actual delivery of the reinforcer. In general, consistently higher levels of correspondence were noted during each procedure, relative to baseline. However, with the third subject the overall clinical effects of the reinforcement set up on promises phase were more dramatic than the overall effects of the reinforcement of corresponding reports condition. The results for Subject 2 and Subject 3 demonstrated the maintenance of treatment effects in a follow‐up phase.
Balancing right to treatment with intrusiveness: The psychotherapist judgment rule
Authors: Thomas Don R. , McGuire Patricia S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractFor several years, professionals who provide services to persons with mental retardation have been divided about the use of aversive treatment procedures. Some professionals argue that aversive procedures should never be used on the grounds that they are intrusive and dehumanizing. Others have taken a position that any procedures that predictably alter the behavior of clients have the potential to be viewed as intrusive and to violate the constitutional rights of clients. This article reviews the controversy and proposes that the court system has provided some of the elements that are necessary to guide the behavior of members of the professional community. Those elements are presented as the “Psychotherapist Judgment Rule.”
A behavioral approach to substance abuse prevention in the correctional setting: A preliminary report
Authors: Yen Sherman , Peyrot Mark , Prino Claudia T. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis study evaluated the effectiveness of a substance abuse program in a correctional institution using social skills training for secondary prevention. Forty‐four male inmates with a history of substance use participated in the pilot program. Program topics included drug, alcohol, and substance abuse treatment knowledge and development of anger and stress management skills. A pretest‐posttest analysis revealed significant improvement in overall knowledge of program topics and within specific areas. Areas of greatest improvement were drugs and alcohol. Clients and group leaders reported that the program was effective in facilitating attitude and behavior change regarding substance abuse. Results suggest a social competence approach to substance abuse rehabilitation in correctional institutions holds promise for both increasing knowledge and teaching effective skills to resist future substance abuse.
Inpatient intervention for chronic functional encopresis in psychiatrically disturbed children
Authors: Kolko David J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractTwelve children referred for short‐term inpatient psychiatric treatment also received intervention for Functional Encopresis. Treatment consisted of an initial regimen of cathartic medication (CATH MED) followed by prompted toileting trips after meals for bowel retraining (TRIPS). Maintenance medications were given throughout both conditions. Staff records were used to document the integrity and impact of treatment. Compared to baseline, CATH MED was associated with an increase in independent toileting but no reduction in accidents. Significant improvements were obtained on both of these measures during the subsequent TRIPS condition. Some association among demographic, integrity, and outcome measures was detected. There was modest evidence for maintenance of improvements at one‐year follow‐up. Implications for the delivery and evaluation of inpatient treatment for encopretic children are discussed.