bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Obstructive sleep apnoea adenotonsillectomy in children: when to refer to a centre with a paediatric intensive care unit?
Authors: Blenke E J S M , Anderson A R , Raja Hemal , Bew S , Knight L C 
Published: April 2007

AbstractObjective:To identify regional surgical referral patterns for adenotonsillectomy in children with obstructive sleep apnoea to our tertiary centre with paediatric intensive care unit facilities and to establish guidelines for elective paediatric intensive care unit referral and admission.Methods:Two methods were used. A questionnaire was sent to ENT consultants in five surrounding hospitals with no in-house paediatric intensive care facilities. The second was a prospective observational study undertaken in our tertiary centre for a sub-set of patients undergoing obstructive sleep apnoea adenotonsillectomy between January 2002 and February 2005. These children were considered high risk as judged clinically by an ENT surgeon. Most had obstructive sleep apnoea and a co-morbidity. Otherwise healthy children with simple obstructive sleep apnoea were excluded.Results:15 out of 20 consultants responded to the questionnaire. Four referred on the grounds of clinical history, five referred based on pulse oximetry, nine referred syndromal children and four did not refer electively. Of the 49 high risk patients operated on, only 12 required paediatric intensive care admission with no emergency paediatric intensive care admissions. No otherwise healthy children with uncomplicated obstructive sleep apnoea symptoms required paediatric intensive care admission during the study period.Conclusion:There was no regional consensus regarding paediatric intensive care unit referral for obstructive sleep apnoea adenotonsillectomy. Clinical judgement without complex sleep studies by those experienced in this area was sufficient to detect complicated cases of obstructive sleep apnoea with co-morbidity requiring paediatric intensive care.
The Mortalist Heresy in ‘Paradise Lost'
Authors: Campbell Gordon 
Published: April 2007

In Book III of Paradise Lost Christ accepts his mission to redeem mankind with the wordsThough now to Death I yield, and am his due All that of me can die, yet that debt paid, Thou wilt not leave me in the loathsom grave His prey, nor suffer my unspotted Soule For ever with corruption there to dwell.1
On the Interpretation of Pd
Authors: Jeffreys Harold 
Published: April 2007

Summary
Lehmann's observations of a large phase about 21°, lying a few seconds after the first arrival Pr, are discussed on two extreme hypotheses. On the first the distance varies as a quadratic function of sin e, so that dΔ/de vanishes at 21°, where there is a cusp in the time curve. The values of dt/dΔ for Pr and Pd are found to be such that there is no possible position for the nearer cusp. On the second, a cubic form for t is assumed up to 21° for Pd. Pr must enter between 17° and 18°. The Pd ray emerging at 21° must reach about 0.03 R below the Mohorovičić discontinuity. The times of Pr imply that at the transition there must be a considerable discontinuity of velocity gradient but only a small one of velocity. The nearer cusp would be near 15°, but as it lies less than a second after the first arrival it is probably undetectable.
A Magnetic Survey off the West Coast of the United States between Latitudes 32° and 36° N, Longitudes 121° and 128°W
Authors: Mason R. G. 
Published: April 2007

Summary
A total magnetic intensity map covering the area between latitudes 32° and 36° N and longitudes 121° and 128° W is presented. It shows a series of narrow anomalies of about 400 γ amplitude trending northsouth for 300 miles over a substantially flat abyssal plain. Some possible interpretations are discussed. The anomalies arise at shallow depths beneath the ocean bottom and are consistent with the presence of relatively thin layers of magnetized material overlying a less magnetic crust; they could equally well arise from topography of the upper surface of a continuous magnetic basement for the most part concealed by an overlying blanket of sediments.
The anomalies are intersected by the Murray fracture zone, which interrupts their pattern in such a way as to suggest a right lateral displacement of about 84 nautical miles.
Lattice Dynamics of MgO, Al2MgO4 and Mg2SiO4 Spinel
Authors: Sammis Charles 
Published: April 2007

Summary
The method of long waves is used to compute the volume dependence of the elastic properties of MgO, γ-Al2MgO4 (spinel), and γ-Mg2SiO4 (spinel structure) from a rigid-ion, central force model. A comparison of theoretical and experimental elastic constants for the first two compounds shows that the neglect of non-central forces and ionic polarization severely limits the application of the model for oxides and silicates. The Coulombic contributions to the elastic constants for both the 3-2 spinel (γ-Al2MgO4) and the 2–4 spinel (γ-Mg2SiO4) are expressed as dimensionless Madelunglike constants and are computed as a function of the oxygen parameter. The distortion of the two spinels from c.c.p. is shown to be primarily an electrostatic effect. The elastic properties of γ-Mg2SiO4 are predicted using the bond parameters for Mg-O found from data on periclase and for Si-O found from stishovite. Although the rigid-ion model is too restrictive to give geophysically useful predictions, it shows how lattice dynamics may be used as a framework through which laboratory data may be used to interpret seismic velocity and density profiles.
On the Calculation of Changes in the Earth's Inertia Tensor due to Faulting
Authors: Rice J. R. , Chinnery M. A. 
Published: April 2007

Summary
Recent interest has arisen in the possibility that changes in the Earth's inertia tensor accompanying earthquakes may provide the excitation for the ‘Chandler’ wobble of the rotation axis. We present a simple procedure for calculating these changes based on the elastic reciprocal theorem and Volterra's formula. In particular, if t is the shear stress created in the slip direction on a prospective fault surface when a perfect, unfaulted sphere is steadily rotated at unit angular velocity about some axis, then the change in moment of inertia about that same axis is shown to be twice the work of τ when carried through the actual slip displacement which occurs in faulting. It is shown that changes of products of inertia may be computed in a similarly simple way. The method is applied to two homogeneous Earth models, the relation to previous treatments is discussed, and it is noted that inertia changes accompanying less-catastrophic mass movements may be calculated in a similar way. The development in the body of the paper is in the context of classical linear elasticity. An Appendix extends the reciprocal theorem and Volterra's formula, and hence the basis for similar inertia change calculations, to the linearized incremental deformation of self-gravitating, initially stressed elastic systems, such as real-Earth models.
Inversion of geophysical data using an approximate inverse mapping
Authors: Oldenburg D. W. , Ellis R. G. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryRealistic geologic features are 3-D and inverse techniques which rely upon linearization and computation of a sensitivity matrix to show how a change in the model affects a particular datum, can require prohibitive amounts of computation. Even 104 data collected over an earth parametrized into 102× 102× 102 elements has a sensitivity matrix which is 104× 106. The generation of that matrix requires the solution of many 3-D forward problems and its solution is also computationally intensive. In this paper we formulate a general technique for solving large-scale inverse problems which does not involve full linearization and which can obviate the need to solve a large system of equations. The method uses accurate forward modelling to compute responses, but only uses an approximate inverse mapping to map data back to model space. The approximate inverse mapping is chosen with emphasis on the physics of the problem and on computational expediency. There are two ways to implement the AIM (Approximate Inverse Mapping) inversion. At any iteration step, AIM-MS applies the approximate inverse mapping to forward modelled data and also applies the same mapping to the observations; the model perturbation is taken as the difference between the resulting functions. In AIM-DS, an alteration to the data is sought, such that the approximate inverse mapping applied to the altered data yields a model which adequately satisfies the observations. The approximate mapping inversion is illustrated with a simple parametric inverse problem and with the inversion of magnetotelluric (MT) data to recover a 1-D conductivity model. To illustrate the technique in a realistically complicated problem we invert MT data acquired from a line of stations over a 2-D conductivity structure. TE and TM mode data are inverted individually and as determinant averages. As a final example we invert 900 data, with and without noise, to recover a model that is parametrized by 1500 cells of unknown conductivity. The inversion is found to be computationally efficient and robust.
Ultrastructural findings supporting the angioblastic nature of the so‐called adamantinoma of the tibia
Authors: LLOMBART‐BOSCH A. , ORTUÑO‐PACHECO G. 
Published: April 2007

Electron microscopy of a case of adamantinoma of the tibia shows features which support a mesenchymal angioblastic origin rather than epithelial. Comparison is made between tissue from this tumour and a squamous cell carcinoma of the femur arising in chronic osteomyelitis.In adamantinoma no desmosomes are found between tumour cells and their cytoplasmic ultrastructure shows features of mesenchymal cell type including evidence of pinocytic activity and bundles of filaments resembling hyperplastic endothelial cells. The stroma shows features similar to fibrous dysplasia of bone with fibroblasts, histiocytes and fibrolipoblastic lipid‐laden mesenchymal cells.It is concluded that adamantinoma of the tibia should be considered to be an angioblastic tumour of bone.
Dystrophic amyloidosis
Authors: LOOI L.M. 
Published: April 2007

Seventeen consecutive patients with dystrophic amyloidosis are reported here (eight Chinese, three Indian, three Iban, two Malay and one Caucasian). Ten were females and seven males, with ages ranging from 12 to 80 years (mean of 48 years). Five instances of dystrophic amyloidosis occurred in areas of tissue damage in the cardiovascular system, including fibrotic cardiac valves and an atheromatous plaque. Three occurred in osteoarthritic joint tissue. Of note were three occurrences in endometriotic cyst walls, four in the fibrotic walls of epidermal cysts, one in a hernial sac and one at the edge of a skin ulcer. All deposits were congophilic and exhibited green‐birefringence and permanganate‐resistance. Immunohistochemistry did not reveal reactivity for AA protein or immunoglobulin λ or κ light‐chains. AP protein was detected in 35% of cases.Our results show that, besides the usual sites of osteoarthritic joints and damaged heart valves, dystrophic amyloidosis can complicate other areas of chronic tissue damage and fibrosis such as walls of cysts and ulcers. While the pathogenesis and biochemical nature remain unresolved, immunohistochemistry indicates that neither AA nor AL proteins are present in the deposits, and suggests that a different amyloid protein is involved.
Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus—the annular variant. A histological and ultrastructural study of five cases
Authors: MURPHY J.K. , STEPHENS C. , HARTLEY T , DAS A.K. , HUGHES G.R.V. , MCKEE P.H. 
Published: April 2007

Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus is an uncommon, non‐scarring variant oflupus erythematosus which has received scant attention in the pathology literature. Its recognition as a distinct entity is important, as, although mild systemic features may be associated, there is characteristically a relative absence of life‐threatening renal or central nervous systemic involvement. Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus may be clinically sub‐divided into the more common annular and the rarer papulosquamous (psoriasiform) variants.A clinicopathological study of five cases of the annular variant is presented with a review of the literature. We highlight the histological and ultrastructural appearances. Discriminatory features from the other variants of lupus erythematosus and additional conditions with which it may be confused, including lichen planus and acute graft‐versus most disease, are discussed.
Granulomatous slack skin
Authors: TSANG W.Y.W. , CHAN J.K.C. , LOO K.T. , WONG K.F. , LEE A.W.M. 
Published: April 2007

Granulomatous slack skinGranulomatous slack skin is an extremely uncommon form of cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. We report a case occurring in a 29‐year‐old man, who had generalized, progressive skin lesions evolving to nodular swellings and folds in the flexural regions, and peripheral blood and marrow involvement. The biopsies were initially misinterpreted as xanthogranuloma or granulomatous inflammation. Histologically, the entire dermis and subcutis was infiltrated by non‐necrotizing granulomas comprising mononuclear histiocytes, multinucleated giant cells and small lymphoid cells with irregularly folded nuclei, associated with loss of elastic fibres. The small lymphoid cells showed focal epidermotropism. Immunohistochemical studies showed that they were of T‐lineage (CD3 +, CD43 +, CD45RO +). The multinucleated giant cells, which showed reactivity with the histiocytic markers CD68 and Mac387, were highlighted by intense, thick membrane staining with CD45, CD43 and CD45RO. Ultrastructurally, they exhibited features of macrophages with numerous surface villous processes and lysosomes. Greater awareness of this entity may facilitate more prompt and accurate diagnosis, obviating a futile search for a non‐existent infective aetiology.
Ca antagonist ameliorates glomerular injury via suppression of glomerular hypertrophy in spontaneously hypertensive rats
Authors: CHIMATA Minoru , NAGASE Mitsumasa 
Published: April 2007

Summary: A study was conducted to determine whether calcium blockers (CCB) have renoprotective effects, and if so to elucidate the mechanisms of such effects.A total of 30 uninephrectomized (UNX) spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), 5 weeks of age, were divided into three groups. Group 1 was fed a diet containing 0.01% manidipine and 8% NaCl, while groups 2 and 3 were fed diets containing only 8 and 0.5% NaCl, respectively. Feeding of these diets began 7 days after UNX (experimental day 0). Bodyweight, urinary protein /24 h, urinary sodium excretion/24 h, and food intake were measured at certain time intervals.At time of death (day 9 or 21), estimations of inulin clearance (Cin) and morphological evaluations, determination of glomerular sclerosis index (GSI), tubulointerstitial index (TII) and glomerular volume were performed.Urinary protein was significantly higher in groups 1 and 2 than in group 3 from day 7 onward, but did not differ between the former two groups. Cin in group 2 was higher than in groups 1 and 3 on day 9, but declined to lower levels than in groups 1 and 3 by day 21. There was no difference in Cin between group 1 and group 3 on day 21. Morphometry (GSI and TII) revealed that renal lesions were more progressive in group 2 than in group 1. Glomeruli in group 2 were markedly larger than those in group 1, but no difference in glomerular volume was noted between groups 1 and 3.Our findings suggest that CCB prevent progression of renal injury induced by accelerated hypertension in UNX SHR. the mechanisms of prevention may, at least in part, be related to suppression of glomerular hypertrophy. Inhibition of renal injury can be achieved without significant reduction of proteinuria.
Extracellular matrix components in Kimmelstiel Wilson nodules
Authors: BIRCHALL IE , CHEN YP , KINCAID‐SMITW P , BECKER GJ 
Published: April 2007

Summary: The distribution of collagen types I, III, IV, V, VI, fibronectin laminin, tenascin, heparan sulfate proteoglycan and chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan was examined by light microscopy immunocytochemistry (ICC) in paraffin‐embedded renal biopsies with nodular diabetic glomeruloscierosis. Immunoglobulin A, G and M, complement (C3c and C1q), fibrinogen and k and γ light chain deposition was also sought by ICC in the same tissue.Kimmelstiel Wilson (KW) nodules were graded as either evolving (>3 nuclei present +/ ‐ fibrillary appearance) or as late stage (amorphous and acellular). the extracellular matrix (ECM) components present in the evolving KW nodules were the same as those present in normal mesangial matrix but with an increased density. Late stage nodules displayed negative binding for all antibodies in their core with accentuated expression of the normal mesangial matrix components together with complement and 1gM at their periphery. Occasionally, when ruptures in Bowman's capsule (BC) were detected and adhesions between the capsule and the nodular tuft occurred, the interstitial collagens I and III were detected within laminations of Bowman's capsule, in Bowman's space, at adhesion sites and within some nodules.The results suggest nodular lesions are initially formed by aggregation and/or increase in the normal components of mesangial matrix. the normal mesangial matrix constituent proteins are subsequently relocated to the periphery by amorphous material in which these ECM components are not detected. When BC is disrupted, interstitial collagens I and III may appear in Bowman's space and within nodules.
Treatment of Australian Aboriginals with end‐stage renal disease in the top end of the Northern Territory: 1978–93
Authors: HOY Wendy E , MATHEWS John D , PUGSLEY David J 
Published: April 2007

Summary: We describe the treatment of Australian Aboriginals with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) in the Top End of the Northern Territory from 1978 to 1993. Eighty‐three Aboriginals and 44 non‐Aboriginals were accepted into the programme. the average annual incidence of ESRD for Aboriginals in 1988–93 was 440 per million (pm), or 17.4 times that of non‐Aboriginals.Aboriginals were 20 to 30 years younger than non‐Aboriginals at start of treatment, and there was an excess of females, in contrast with a male excess among non‐Aboriginals. Aboriginals had a higher proportion of ESRD attributed to glomerulonephritis and to diabetes, and 5% had amyloid associated with chronic infections.Most Aboriginals with ESRD received haemodialysis, and a few received peritoneal dialysis. Only 23% received transplants, compared with 48% of non‐Aboriginals, and graft and patient survival after transplant was poor for Aboriginals. A sequence of non‐compliance, chronic rejection, intensified immunosuppression and exacerbated co‐morbidities was a common cause of death.Many Aboriginals with ESRD had serious co‐morbidities, especially chronic infections and alcohol abuse; these frequently precluded transplant and were often the ultimate cause of death. Withdrawal from treatment was the cause of death in 23% of Aboriginals, compared to only 6% of non‐Aboriginals, and usually reflected poor tolerance of, and compliance with, treatment and a lack of social support.High rates of albuminuria and clinical nephropathy in Aboriginals are compatible with their high ESRD rates. End stage renal disease treatment choices and outcomes are related largely to their profoundly inferior health status and socioeconomic deprivation.A 2.5‐fold increase in ESRD among Aboriginals is projected by the year 2000. Precursors of ESRD must be studied, and screening and renoprotective treatment introduced, along with intensified efforts to improve the health and welfare of the entire Aboriginal population.
EFFECT OF STRESS‐STRAIN BEHAVIOR ON LOW‐CYCLE FATIGUE OF α‐β TITANIUM ALLOYS
Authors: KRAFFT J. M. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract—Tensile specimens of Ti‐6A1‐4V with four levels of interstitial oxygen content and a Ti‐8Al‐1Mo‐1V alloy with different heat treatments to alter grain size and/or microstructural character are subjected to slow strain‐controlled cyclic deformation leading to rupture in the 5‐500 cycle range. Indication of crack initiation as well as rupture life are compared, relative to the plastic excursion strain. On this basis, the effects of grain size and oxygen content are not clearly discriminated. Yet, some of the materials exhibit markedly superior performance. This improvement seems to be related to a characteristic evolution in the shape of the cyclic stress‐strain curve. Here, relative to a full convex hysteresis loop of early cycles, the later cycles exhibit a reduced stress level, or cyclic softening, in the first half of the excursion, followed by a resurgence of strength to initial stress levels in the latter portion. The enhanced strain hardening rate enabling this terminal strength restoration is thought to stabilize the deformation, reducing the amount of stress‐relaxation‐induced tensile strain. Taking such strain as an increment of damage in a cumulative cyclic creep strain criterion provides a correlation between the evolving shape of the cyclic stress‐strain curve and the low cycle fatigue endurance. Results indicate the absolute increase in the terminal plastic strain hardening rate to be a constant of a material, independent of the cyclic strain excursion.
FATIGUE CRACK PROPAGATION BEHAVIOUR OF SHORT CRACKS; THE EFFECT OF MICROSTRUCTURE
Authors: TAYLOR D. , KNOTT J. F. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract—–Fatigue cracks shorter than some critical length tend to propagate anomalously quickly. This paper examines the concept of a ‘critical length’, identifying three regimes of behaviour for different crack lengths. Some published work is examined, covering a wide range of different materials. It is concluded that there is an approximate correlation between the critical length for short crack behaviour and the scale of the microstructure. LEFM is difficult, if not impossible, to apply to cracks shorter than this critical length because the material surrounding a crack cannot be assumed to approximate to a homogeneous continuum. Suggestions are made for a fatigue design philosophy which incorporates short crack behaviour.
FRACTOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS IN THE UNDERSTANDING OF CORROSION FATIGUE MECHANISMS
Authors: McMINN A. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract—Fractographic analyses have been used to explain the cyclic crack growth behaviour of A533‐B, Ducol W30, a C‐Mn steel and type 304 stainless steel in simulated light water reactor environments at ambient temperature. Fractographic observations have offered an explanation for anomalous crack growth behaviour and have also indicated where micro structural or environmental variables dominate in producing certain fracture modes and crack growth rates. An understanding of the operative corrosion fatigue mechanisms has been formulated through these fractographic analyses. Environmental crack growth in the ferritic steels has been described by a model involving both anodic dissolution and hydrogen embrittlement. Conditions where only one of these mechanisms would dominate have been identified and limits to their effect postulated. A crystallographic mode of failure observed in the austenitic type 304 stainless steel has also been explained by a selective dissolution process.