bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Definition and some Properties of Information Entropy
Authors: Zhang Bo , Nakamura Yatsuka 
Published: June 2008

Definition and some Properties of Information EntropyIn this article we mainly define the information entropy [3], [11] and prove some its basic properties. First, we discuss some properties on four kinds of transformation functions between vector and matrix. The transformation functions are LineVec2Mx, ColVec2Mx, Vec2DiagMx and Mx2FinS. Mx2FinS is a horizontal concatenation operator for a given matrix, treating rows of the given matrix as finite sequences, yielding a new finite sequence by horizontally joining each row of the given matrix in order to index. Then we define each concept of information entropy for a probability sequence and two kinds of probability matrices, joint and conditional, that are defined in article [25]. Further, we discuss some properties of information entropy including Shannon's lemma, maximum property, additivity and super-additivity properties.
Determinant and Inverse of Matrices of Real Elements
Authors: Tamura Nobuyuki , Nakamura Yatsuka 
Published: June 2008

Determinant and Inverse of Matrices of Real ElementsIn this paper the classic theory of matrices of real elements (see e.g. [12], [13]) is developed. We prove selected equations that have been proved previously for matrices of field elements. Similarly, we introduce in this special context the determinant of a matrix, the identity and zero matrices, and the inverse matrix. The new concept discussed in the case of matrices of real numbers is the property of matrices as operators acting on finite sequences of real numbers from both sides. The relations of invertibility of matrices and the "onto" property of matrices as operators are discussed.
The Rank+Nullity Theorem
Authors: Alama Jesse 
Published: June 2008

The Rank+Nullity Theorem
The rank+nullity theorem states that, if T is a linear transformation from a finite-dimensional vector space V to a finite-dimensional vector space W, then dim(V) = rank(T) + nullity(T), where rank(T) = dim(im(T)) and nullity(T) = dim(ker(T)). The proof treated here is standard; see, for example, [14]: take a basis A of ker(T) and extend it to a basis B of V, and then show that dim(im(T)) is equal to |B - A|, and that T is one-to-one on B - A.
Inferior Limit, Superior Limit and Convergence of Sequences of Extended Real Numbers
Authors: Yamazaki Hiroshi , Endou Noboru , Shidama Yasunari , Okazaki Hiroyuki 
Published: June 2008

Inferior Limit, Superior Limit and Convergence of Sequences of Extended Real Numbers
In this article, we extended properties of sequences of real numbers to sequences of extended real numbers. We also introduced basic properties of the inferior limit, superior limit and convergence of sequences of extended real numbers.
Comparison of Different Modulation Formats and their Compatibility with WDM Transmission System
Authors: Bobrovs V. , Ivanovs G. 
Published: June 2008

Comparison of Different Modulation Formats and their Compatibility with WDM Transmission SystemIn the work, the intensity and phase modulation methods are compared for different versions of the wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) system. Binary and multilevel code formats are evaluated numerically, with OptSim simulation software at the bit rate of 10 and 40 Gbit/s, using long-fiber spans and dispersion compensation technique. The problems to be overcome at exploitation of multiterabit WDM systems based on 40 Gbit/s optical transmissions are: chromatic dispersion (CD), polarization-mode dispersion (PMD), dispersion slope, and nonlinear effects of the transmission line. We have investigated the potentialities of modulation formats for 40 Gbit/s WDM networks where most of the listed problems are avoided. It is shown that Duobinary and differential phase shift keying (DPSK) modulation formats are perfectly suitable for ultra-high spectral efficient WDM systems and possess high resistance to dispersion and nonlinear optical effects (NOE).
Protein‐Based Hydrogels with Tunable Dynamic Responses
Authors: Sui Zhijie , King William J. , Murphy William L. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractDevelopment of hydrogel materials that respond to specific stimuli has been of significant interest in the design of modern functional materials. A variety of previous studies have used the ligand‐binding capability of proteins to design hydrogels that change their crosslinking density in response to stimuli. However, these materials generally undergo relatively small dynamic response, with limited control over response characteristics. This manuscript describes an alternative approach that exploits the ability of proteins to undergo nanometer‐scale conformational changes in response to stimuli. We report a class of novel protein‐based hydrogel materials that undergo tunable, reversible dynamic responses with a wide dynamic range (volume decreases to ∼25–90% of initial volume). These materials also undergo tunable, reversible changes in optical transparency (optical transparency decreases to ∼35–100% of initial optical transparency), and this phenomenon is used as a mechanism for label‐free biosensing. The materials are generated by photo‐crosslinking of an engineered version of the protein calmodulin flanked on each end with poly(ethylene glycol)‐diacrylate (PEGDA) moieties. The mechanism for dynamic changes derives from calmodulin's well‐characterized “hinge motion”‐upon‐ligand binding. Variations in network parameters in these hydrogels, including the molecular weight between cross‐links and the cross‐linking density, result in systematic tuning of material responsiveness. The influence of network parameters on hydrogel dynamics reported here may serve as a guide for the design of other protein‐based, responsive materials assembled using similar principles, and these materials may be a useful platform for design of biosensors, actuators, and drug delivery systems.
Solution‐Deposited Zinc Oxide and Zinc Oxide/Pentacene Bilayer Transistors: High Mobility n‐Channel, Ambipolar, and Nonvolatile Devices
Authors: Pal Bhola Nath , Trottman Phylicia , Sun Jia , Katz Howard E. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractA solution processed n‐channel zinc oxide (ZnO) field effect transistor (FET) was fabricated by simple dip coating and subsequent heat treatment of a zinc acetate film. The field effect mobility of electrons depends on ZnO grain size, controlled by changing the number of coatings and zinc acetate solution concentration. The highest electron mobility achieved by this method is 7.2 cm2 V−1 s−1 with On/Off ratio of 70. This electron mobility is higher than for the most recently reported solution processed ZnO transistor. We also fabricated bilayer transistors where the first layer is ZnO, and the second layer is pentacene, a p‐channel organic which is deposited by thermal evaporation. By changing the ZnO grain size (or thickness) this type of bilayer transistor shows p‐channel, ambipolar and n‐channel behavior. For the ambipolar transistor, well balanced electron and hole mobilities are 7.6 × 10−3 and 6.3 × 10−3 cm2 V−1 s−1 respectively. When the ZnO layer is very thin, the transistor shows p‐channel behavior with very high reversible hysteresis. The nonvolatile tuning function of this transistor was investigated.
Nanoscale Membrane Strips for Benign Sensing of HgII Ions: A Route to Commercial Waste Treatments
Authors: El‐Safty Sherif A. , Prabhakaran Deivasigamani , Kiyozumi Yoshimichi , Mizukami Fujio 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe integration of actively‐functional receptors into nanoscale networks outperformed competent detection devices and other ion‐sensing designs. Synthesis of azo chromophores with long hydrophobic tails showed an ecofriendly sensing and an extreme selectivity for divalent mercury analytes. In order to tailor the tip to HgII ion‐sensing functionality, we manipulated the chromophores into nanoscale membrane discs, which led to small, easy‐to‐use optical sensor strips. The design of these hydrophobic probes into ordered pore‐based membranes transformed the ion‐sensing systems into smart, stable assemblies and portable laboratory assays. The nanosensor membrane strips with chemical and mechanical stability allowed for reversible, stable and reusable detectors without any structural damage, even under rigorous chemical treatment for several numbers of repeated cycles. The optical membrane strips provided HgII ion‐sensing recognition for both cost‐ and energy‐saving systems. Indeed, the synthetic strips proved to have an efficient ability for various analytical applications, targeting especially for on‐site and in situ chemical analyses, and for continuous monitoring of toxic HgII ions. On the proximity‐sensing front, these miniaturized nanomembrane strips can revolutionize the consumer and industrial market with the introduction of the probe surface‐mount naked‐eye ion‐sensor strips.
Surface Engineered Carboxymethylchitosan/Poly(amidoamine) Dendrimer Nanoparticles for Intracellular Targeting
Authors: Oliveira Joaquim M. , Kotobuki Noriko , Marques Alexandra P. , Pirraco Rogério P. , Benesch Johan , Hirose Motohiro , Costa Silgia A. , Mano João F. , Ohgushi Hajime , Reis Rui L. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractNovel highly branched biodegradable macromolecular systems have been developed by grafting carboxymethylchitosan (CMCht) onto low generation poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers. Such structures organize into sphere‐like nanoparticles that are proposed to be used as carriers to deliver bioactive molecules aimed at controlling the behavior of stem cells, namely their proliferation and differentiation. The nanoparticles did not exhibit significant cytotoxicity in the range of concentrations below 1 mg mL−1, and fluorescent probe labeled nanoparticles were found to be internalized with highly efficiency by both human osteoblast‐like cells and rat bone marrow stromal cells, under fluorescence‐activated cell sorting and fluorescence microscopy analyses. Dexamethasone (Dex) has been incorporated into CMCht/PAMAM dendrimer nanoparticles and release rates were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. Moreover, the biochemical data demonstrates that the Dex‐loaded CMCht/PAMAM dendrimer nanoparticles promote the osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow stromal cells, in vitro. The nanoparticles exhibit interesting physicochemical and biological properties and have great potential to be used in fundamental cell biology studies as well as in a variety of biomedical applications, including tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
Fatalities in the landscape and horticultural services industry, 1992–2001
Authors: Buckley Jessie Poulin , Sestito John P. , Hunting Katherine L. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractBackgroundAlthough landscape and horticultural services workers have high injury and illness rates, little is known about fatalities in this industry.MethodsCensus of Fatal Occupational Injuries and Current Population Survey data were analyzed to determine fatality rates and causes of landscaping deaths from 1992 to 2001.ResultsThere were 1,101 fatalities during the 10‐year period and the average fatality rate was 13.50 deaths per 100,000 full‐time employees. In 2001, the landscaping fatality rate was 3.33 (95% CI 2.84–3.91) times the all industry rate. The leading causes of death were transportation incidents (27%), contact with objects or equipment (27%), falls (24%), exposure to harmful substances and environments (18%), and assaults and violent acts (4%). The fatality rate for African American landscapers was 1.51 (95% CI 1.25–1.83) times the rate for white workers. Fatalities were also common among self‐employed, small business, and young landscapers.ConclusionsLandscaping workers are at increased risk of fatal injury. Further research is needed to characterize industry hazards. Am. J. Ind. Med. 51:701–713, 2008. Published 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Novel β‐galactosidase gene mutation p.W273R in a woman with mucopolysaccharidosis type IVB (Morquio B) and lack of response to in vitro chaperone treatment of her skin fibroblasts
Authors: Gucev Zoran S. , Tasic Velibor , Jancevska Aleksandra , Zafirovski Georgi , Kremensky Ivo , Sinigerska Ivanka , Nanba Eiji , Higaki Katsumi , Gucev Filip , Suzuki Yoshiyuki 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe patient is a 24‐year‐old woman who first came for consultation at age 10 years. Based on clinical phenotype and thin‐layer chromatography of urinary oligosaccharides, peripheral leukocytes were sent for β‐galactosidase assay. This testing showed a deficiency in enzyme activity, and gene mutation analysis identified a previously reported mutation p.H281Y (875C > T) and a novel mutation p.W273R (817T > C). Unlike previously reported patients, mutant enzymes in this patient's cultured skin fibroblasts did not respond to treatment with a chaperone compound, N‐octyl‐4‐epi‐β‐valienamine. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A 7 Mb duplication at 22q13 in a girl with bipolar disorder and hippocampal malformation
Authors: Pramparo Tiziano , de Gregori Manuela , Gimelli Stefania , Ciccone Roberto , Frondizi Domenico , Liehr Thomas , Pellacani Simona , Masi Gabriele , Brovedani Paola , Zuffardi Orsetta , Guerrini Renzo 
Published: June 2008

AbstractWe identified a duplication of 22q13.1‐q13.2 in a 10‐year‐old girl and demonstrated that this duplication was the recombinant product of a maternal intrachromosomal insertion. Phenotypic characteristics included prominent forehead, small low‐set ears, hypertelorism, epicanthal folds, small palpebral fissures, short philtrum, and syndactyly. MRI of the brain revealed high signal abnormalities in the periventricular white matter, a hypoplastic corpus callosum, under‐rotated hippocampus on the left and atrophic hippocampus on the right. Since age 5, the child's behavior has shown cyclic maniacal episodes with severely disorganized mood and behavior. Psychiatric and cognitive assessment led to a diagnosis of bipolar disorder not otherwise specified, manic episodes, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and moderate mental retardation. Array‐CGH revealed an interstitial duplication of 6.9 Mb at chromosome 22q: dup(22)(q13.1q13.2). FISH using BAC clones confirmed the array‐CGH results and demonstrated that the duplication was inverted. G‐banding analysis in the proposita's mother revealed a banding pattern suggestive of an intrachromosomal insertion, as demonstrated by dual‐color FISH with BACs that were duplicated in the proposita and multicolor‐banding (MCB) based on microdissection derived region‐specific libraries for chromosome 22. Our findings suggest that in both seemingly de novo deletions and duplications, the parent transmitting the imbalance should be investigated for possible balanced rearrangements. This report reinforces previous evidence that chromosome imbalances, and thus gene dosage effects, may be at the basis of some psychiatric disorders. Stringent correlations between submicroscopic imbalances, specific behavioral phenotypes and brain imaging will possibly help in dissecting complex behavioral traits. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
5‐HTTLPR genotype and anxiety‐related personality traits: A meta‐analysis and new data
Authors: Munafò Marcus R. , Freimer Nelson B. , Ng Whitney , Ophoff Roel , Veijola Juha , Miettunen Jouko , Järvelin Marjo‐Riitta , Taanila Anja , Flint Jonathan 
Published: June 2008

AbstractWe investigated the strength of evidence for association of the 5‐HTTLPR polymorphism and the personality trait of Harm Avoidance. We used new primary data from a large sample of adults drawn from the Finnish population. We also applied meta‐analytic techniques to synthesize existing published data. The large number of studies of the 5‐HTTLPR polymorphism allowed us to apply a formal test of publication bias, as well as formally investigate the impact of potential moderating factors such as measurement instrument. Univariate ANOVA of primary data (n = 3,872), with 5‐HTTLPR genotype as a between‐groups factor, indicated no evidence of association with Harm Avoidance (P = 0.99). Meta‐analysis indicated no evidence of significant association of 5‐HTTLPR with Harm Avoidance (d = 0.02, P = 0.37), or EPQ Neuroticism (d = 0.01, P = 0.71), although there was evidence of association with NEO Neuroticism (d = 0.18, P < 0.001). Our analyses indicate that the 5‐HTTLPR variant is not associated with Harm Avoidance. Together with our previous analyses of a large sample of participants with extreme Neuroticism scores (defined by the EPQ), we have data that excludes a meaningful genetic effect of the 5‐HTTLPR on two measures of anxiety‐related personality traits. There remains the possibility that the variant influences the NEO personality questionnaire measure of Neuroticism. However, a large, well‐powered primary study is required to test this hypothesis directly and adequately. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
For practical and legal reasons, an apology when things go awry is a good idea, but beware of the dangers
Authors: Rainey Michael B. , Chan Kit , Begin Judith 
Published: June 2008

AbstractMichael B. Rainey, of Malibu, Calif., Kit Chan, of Montebello, Calif., and Judith Begin, of Los Angeles, revisit the use of apologies as a conflict resolution tool in the first of two parts.
Emulsion polymerization of styrene with Iso‐octyl‐3‐mercaptopropionate as chain transfer agent
Authors: Minari R. J. , Vega J. R. , González‐Sierra M. , Meira G. R. , Gugliotta L. M. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractFour batch and unseeded emulsion polymerizations of styrene were investigated, which included isooctyl 3‐mercaptopropionate (iOMP) as chain transfer agent (CTA). This compound was analyzed by 13C NMR and GC/MS, resulting in a mixture of over 10 isomers. Because of different reactivities of the CTA isomers, the produced polystyrenes presented broad and bimodal molecular weight distributions (MWDs). A mathematical model was adjusted to the measurements, and the measured MWDs were adequately predicted when assuming the CTA as a binary mixture of high but different reactivities. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Study of structural, electrical, and dielectric properties of polystyrene/foliated graphite nanocomposite developed via in situ polymerization
Authors: Srivastava N. K. , Mehra R. M. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractPresent article reports the investigations of the electrical and dielectric properties of polystyrene/foliated graphite (PS/FG) nanocomposites. The homogenous embedded structure of FG within the polymer matrix has been confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The electrical conductivity of the composite was found to exhibit insulator–conductor transition at a very low percolation threshold of FG. A nonlinear to linear transition in the current–voltage characteristics of the composites was observed when the composite undergoes insulator–conductor transition. The frequency dependence of dielectric constant, dissipation factor, and ac conductivity has also been analyzed using percolation theory. D‐shore hardness of the nanocomposite was also tested to observe the strength of the composites. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Modeling and sensitivity analysis of dyes adsorption onto natural adsorbent from colored textile wastewater
Authors: Mahmoodi Niyaz Mohammad , Arami Mokhtar 
Published: June 2008

AbstractIn this article, adsorption modeling and sensitivity analysis were presented to describe the adsorption of textile dyes, Solophenyl Red 3BL (SR) and Pergasol Red 2B (PR), from colored wastewater onto the natural adsorbent (soy meal hull). The numerical model was used to solve the mathematical equations governing the adsorption procedure. The experimental results of SR and PR removal were compared with those results predicted by the numerical model. A sensitivity analysis of dye removal from solution phase has been carried out. The model predictions were compared to those results obtained from experimental tests for adsorption of dyes, and a close agreement was achieved. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Optical degradation of polydimethylsiloxane under 150 keV proton exposure
Authors: Xiao Haiying , Li Chundong , Yang Dezhuang , Li Xingji , He Shiyu 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe optical degradation of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was investigated under exposure of 150 keV protons to reveal the damage behavior of organic silicone in space. The exposure was performed in a ground‐based simulation for space protons. The experimental results show that the optical degradation mainly occurs in the visible region. With increasing proton fluence, the absorption band shifts toward longer wavelengths (red‐shift) and the solar absorptance αs ascends. The analysis of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicates that under the exposure, the degradation of the PDMS occurs to form hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane, the amount of which increases with increasing the proton fluence. This could cause an increase in delocalization degree of the σ electrons, resulting in the red‐shift of absorption bands. Also, the energy for valence electrons to be excited decreases and the n→π* jump is intensified, increasing the probability of optical absorption. As a result, the solar absorptance αs of the PDMS increases under exposure of 150 keV protons. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Studies on two‐dimensional coordination polymer cadmium phosphate and its high efficient adsorption of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solutions
Authors: Yin Ping , Qu Rongjun , Zhao Guifang , Xu Qiang , Tian Yuan , Bao Chongrong 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe two‐dimensional coordination polymer cadmium phosphate with the morphology of rectangle layers was prepared by solid‐state template reaction at room temperature, and was characterized by XRD, FTIR, and TEM techniques. The as‐synthesized sample is a layered cadmium phosphate material, in which the structure is poly (CdPO4−) anion framework with ammonium ions and water species residing in the space between the layers, and cadmium ions are coordinated by the phosphate oxygen atoms. This article also presents the adsorption of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solution on the as‐synthesized coordination polymer cadmium phosphate, and the results showed that this inorganic polymer adsorbent had good adsorption capacity. It could reach to the saturation adsorption capacity within an hour, and its excellent adsorption capacity for Pb(II) was 5.50 mmol/g when the initial solution concentration was 1.68 × 103 μg/mL at T = 278K. Moreover, the adsorption kinetics and adsorption isotherms were studied, it revealed that the adsorption kinetics can be modeled by pseudo second‐order rate equation wonderfully. The apparent activation energy (Ea), ΔG, ΔH, and ΔS were 3.16 kJ mol−1, −13.97 kJ mol−1, −11.84 kJ mol−1, and 7.66 J mol−1 K−1, respectively. And it was found that Langmuir equation could well interpret the adsorption of the as‐synthesized coordination polymer cadmium phosphate for Pb(II) ions. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008