bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Indinavir/ritonavir 800/100 mg bid and efavirenz 600 mg qd in patients failing treatment with combination nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors: 96‐week outcomes of HIV‐NAT 009
Authors: Boyd MA , Siangphoe U , Ruxrungtham K , Duncombe CJ , Stek M , Lange JMA , Cooper DA , Phanuphak P 
Published: October 2005

ObjectiveNucleoside reverse transcriptase (NRTI) sparing is a favourable option for patients with NRTI failure or toxicity.MethodsPatients judged to be failing NRTI therapy were enrolled in a single‐arm, open‐label study of indinavir/ritonavir (IDV/r) 800/100 mg twice a day (bid)+efavirenz (EFV) 600 mg once a day (qd). The primary endpoint was the change in time‐weighted average HIV RNA from baseline. The initial 48‐week protocol was extended to 96 weeks by a single amendment. Analysis was by intention to treat.ResultsSixty‐one patients (23 female) were enrolled in the study. Baseline median inter‐quartile range (IQR) NRTI exposure was 4.4 (3.9–4.7) years; baseline median viral load was 4.09 log10 HIV‐1 RNA copies/mL (range 3.75–4.61 log10 copies/mL); baseline median CD4 count was 169 cells/μL (range 60–277 cells/μL). The mean (SD) change in time‐weighted average HIV RNA from baseline at 48 and 96 weeks was −2.1 (0.7) and −2.1 (0.8) log10 copies/mL respectively, resulting in 87% and 69% of patients with HIV RNA <50 copies/mL. Sixteen per cent of patients permanently ceased therapy and 26% underwent temporary drug interruptions because of study drug‐related adverse events. Fasted‐lipid values rose significantly over the 96 weeks of study, as did median blood glucose and median serum creatinine levels. Twelve (20%) patients underwent IDV dose reduction, mainly because of nephrotoxicity (nine of 12 patients). Blood pressure values deteriorated following switch, but markers of nucleoside toxicity improved.ConclusionsIDV/r 800/100 mg bid+EFV 600 mg qd gave a potent, durable response in these NRTI failures and was reasonably well tolerated. However, we observed adverse effects on renal, metabolic and blood pressure parameters. Lower doses of boosted IDV might improve toxicity while maintaining efficacy, and this possibility warrants further investigation.
Finns and functional foods: socio‐demographics, health efforts, notions of technology and the acceptability of health‐promoting foods
Authors: Niva Mari , Mäkelä Johanna 
Published: October 2005

AbstractEating is increasingly characterized by concerns over health and well‐being. New types of foods designed to promote health or to reduce the risk of diseases, known as functional foods, have been entering the market since the 1990s. This article focuses on the appropriation of functional foods among Finnish consumers from the perspective of acceptability. We analyse the relationship between consumers’ views of functional foods and their socio‐demographic backgrounds, health efforts and notions of food, health and technology. The article is based on a survey of a representative sample of Finnish consumers (n = 1210). The data were collected by using computer‐assisted telephone interviews and analysed by factor analysis and analysis of variance. The factor analysis resulted in four dimensions of acceptability: (1) experiences of functional foods; (2) views on product quality and safety; (3) societal concerns over current developments; and (4) views on regulation and research. According to the results, the differences in consumer views of functional foods were to some extent linked with age and education but better explained by the differing roles of food and health in people’s lives and the acceptability of modern food technologies. Efforts to lower blood cholesterol and/or blood pressure, the use of dietary supplements, regarding healthy eating as very important and having an optimistic outlook on the use of technology in food production were all related to more optimistic views of functional foods. Finns seem to have a relatively trusting position on functional foods. Familiarity of functional foods in Finland, absence of serious food scandals, the health‐oriented Finnish culture and the generally high level of societal trust may account for this optimism.
Relationships among fashion consumer groups, locus of control, boredom proneness, boredom coping and intrinsic enjoyment
Authors: Workman Jane E. , Studak Cathryn M. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractFashion change agents and fashion followers differ in their need for mental stimulation. Within a context of fashion diffusion theory, this study examined the effects of locus of control and fashion consumer group on three attributes linked to mental stimulation – boredom proneness, intrinsic enjoyment, and boredom coping. For this US sample of young women, an internal locus of control orientation was associated with a higher level of fashion innovativeness and opinion leadership. Fashion change agents, with either an internal or external locus of control orientation, and fashion followers with an external locus of control orientation, were similar in their heightened ability to entertain themselves (internal stimulation). Fashion followers with an external locus of control orientation were less able to entertain themselves than the other three groups.
Status consumption and ethnicity in Bolivia: evidence from durables ownership
Authors: Van Kempen Luuk 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe ‘compensatory consumption’ hypothesis advanced by Caplovitz in 1967 predicts that households facing racial or ethnic discrimination tend to spend heavily on socially visible consumption goods to make up for their low‐status position in society. This paper provides an empirical test of this prediction in Bolivia, where people of indigenous origin face social exclusion. Using recent household survey data, we examine whether low‐income households of indigenous origin overspend on socially visible durable goods relative to equally poor, non‐indigenous households. We find a marked difference in the propensity for compensatory consumption between the two largest indigenous groups in Bolivia.
The Peopling of Modern Bosnia‐Herzegovina: Y‐chromosome Haplogroups in the Three Main Ethnic Groups
Authors: Marjanovic D. , Fornarino S. , Montagna S. , Primorac D. , Hadziselimovic R. , Vidovic S. , Pojskic N. , Battaglia V. , Achilli A. , Drobnic K. , Andjelinovic S. , Torroni A. , Santachiara‐Benerecetti A. S. , Semino O. 
Published: October 2005

SummaryThe variation at 28 Y‐chromosome biallelic markers was analysed in 256 males (90 Croats, 81 Serbs and 85 Bosniacs) from Bosnia‐Herzegovina. An important shared feature between the three ethnic groups is the high frequency of the “Palaeolithic” European‐specific haplogroup (Hg) I, a likely signature of a Balkan population re‐expansion after the Last Glacial Maximum. This haplogroup is almost completely represented by the sub‐haplogroup I‐P37 whose frequency is, however, higher in the Croats (∼71%) than in Bosniacs (∼44%) and Serbs (∼31%). Other rather frequent haplogroups are E (∼15%) and J (∼7%), which are considered to have arrived from the Middle East in Neolithic and post‐Neolithic times, and R‐M17 (∼14%), which probably marked several arrivals, at different times, from eastern Eurasia. Hg E, almost exclusively represented by its subclade E‐M78, is more common in the Serbs (∼20%) than in Bosniacs (∼13%) and Croats (∼9%), and Hg J, observed in only one Croat, encompasses ∼9% of the Serbs and ∼12% of the Bosniacs, where it shows its highest diversification. By contrast, Hg R‐M17 displays similar frequencies in all three groups. On the whole, the three main groups of Bosnia‐Herzegovina, in spite of some quantitative differences, share a large fraction of the same ancient gene pool distinctive for the Balkan area.
Multiple Testing in the Context of Haplotype Analysis Revisited: Application to Case‐Control Data
Authors: Becker T. , Cichon S. , Jönson E. , Knapp M. 
Published: October 2005

SummaryWe have lately presented a testing procedure for family data which accounts for the multiple testing problem that is induced by the enormous number of different marker combinations that can be analyzed in a set of tightly linked markers. Most methods of haplotype based association analysis already require simulations to obtain an uncorrected P value for a specific marker combination. As shown before, it is nevertheless not necessary to carry out nested simulations to obtain a global P value that properly corrects for the multiple testing of different marker combinations without neglecting the dependency of the tests. We have now implemented this approach for case‐control data in our program FAMHAP, as this data structure currently plays a dominant role in the field. We consider different ways to deal with phase ambiguities and two different statistical tests for the underlying single marker combinations to obtain uncorrected P values. One test statistic is chi‐square based, the other is a haplotype trend regression. The performance of these different tests in the multiple testing situation is investigated in a large simulation study. We obtain a considerable gain in power with our global P values as opposed to Bonferroni corrected P values for all suggested test statistics. Good power was obtained both with the haplotype trend regression approach as well as with the simpler chi‐square based test. Furthermore, we conclude that the better strategy to deal with phase ambiguities is to assign to each individual its list of weighted haplotype explanations, rather than to assign to each individual its most likely haplotype explanation. Finally, we demonstrate the usefulness of our approach by a real data example.
ATM Gene Founder Haplotypes and Associated Mutations in Polish Families with Ataxia‐Telangiectasia
Authors: Mitui M. , Bernatowska E. , Pietrucha B. , Piotrowska‐Jastrzebska J. , Eng L. , Nahas S. , Teraoka S. , Sholty G. , Purayidom A. , Concannon P. , Gatti R. A. 
Published: October 2005

SummaryAtaxia‐telangiectasia (A‐T) is an early onset autosomal recessive ataxia associated with characteristic chromosomal aberrations, cell cycle checkpoint defects, cancer susceptibility, and sensitivity to ionizing radiation. We utilized the protein truncation test (PTT), and single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) on cDNA, as well as denaturing high performance liquid chromatography (dHPLC) on genomic DNA (gDNA) to screen for mutations in 24 Polish A‐T families. Twenty‐six distinct Short Tandem Repeat (STR) haplotypes were identified. Three founder mutations accounted for 58% of the alleles. Three‐quarters of the families had at least one recurring (shared) mutation, which was somewhat surprising given the low frequency of consanguinity in Poland. STR haplotyping greatly improved the efficiency of mutation detection. We identified 44 of the expected 48 mutations (92%): sixty‐nine percent were nonsense mutations, 23% caused aberrant splicing, and 5% were missense mutations. Four mutations have not been previously described. Two of the Polish mutations have been observed previously in Amish and Mennonite A‐T patients; this is compatible with historical records. Shared mutations shared the same Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) and STR haplotypes, indicating common ancestries. The Mennonite mutation, 5932 G>T, is common in Russian A‐T families, and the STR haplovariants are the same in both Poland and Russia. Attempts to correlate phenotypes with genotypes were inconclusive due to the limited numbers of patients with identical mutations.
Association of Common CRP Gene Variants with CRP Levels and Cardiovascular Events
Authors: Miller D. T. , Zee R. Y. L. , Suk Danik J. , Kozlowski P. , Chasman D. I. , Lazarus R. , Cook N. R. , Ridker P. M. , Kwiatkowski D. J. 
Published: October 2005

SummaryC‐reactive protein (CRP) is a well‐documented marker of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk. We resequenced CRP to identify a comprehensive set of common SNP variants, then studied and replicated their association with baseline CRP level among apparently healthy subjects in the Women's Health Study (WHS; n = 717), Pravastatin Inflammation/CRP Evaluation trial (PRINCE; n = 1,110) and Physicians' Health Study (PHS; n = 509) cohorts. The minor alleles of four SNPs were consistently associated in all three cohorts with higher CRP, while the minor alleles of two SNPs were associated with lower CRP (p < 0.05 for each). Single marker and haplotype analysis in all three cohorts were consistent with functional roles for the 5′‐flanking triallelic SNP −286C>T>A and the 3′‐UTR SNP 1846G>A. None of the SNPs associated with higher CRP were associated with risk of incident myocardial infarction (MI) or ischemic stroke in a prospective, nested case‐control study design from the PHS cohort (610 case‐control pairs). One SNP, −717A>G, was unrelated to CRP levels but associated with decreased risk of MI (p = 0.001). Taken together, these data imply significant interactions between both genetic and environmental contributions to the increased CRP levels that predict a greater risk of future atherothrombotic events in epidemiological studies.
The Relationship Between Older Adults' Knowledge of Their Drug Coverage and Medication Cost Problems
Authors: Piette John D. , Heisler Michele 
Published: October 2005

Objectives: To determine whether chronically ill patients have gaps in knowledge about their prescription drug coverage and establish the relationship between gaps and medication cost problems.Design: Nationwide, cross‐sectional survey.Setting: Nationwide survey conducted via the Internet.Participants: Three thousand one hundred nineteen adults aged 50 and older (1,400 of whom were aged ≥65) who had prescription drug coverage and at least one chronic illness.Measurements: Patients were asked about features of their drug benefits and whether they had experienced problems due to medication costs in the prior year.Results: Twenty‐five percent of respondents reported not knowing their usual prescription copayments, and 41% did not know whether there were caps on their drug coverage. Nonwhite race and lower income were independent risk factors for lack of knowledge about these aspects of pharmacy benefits. Lack of knowledge regarding the limits of coverage was associated with a greater likelihood of cutting back on medication use because of cost pressures, forgoing basic needs because of medication costs, borrowing money to pay for prescriptions, and worrying about medication costs (all P<.05).Conclusion: Many older adults with prescription drug coverage do not know important features of their pharmacy benefits. Racial minorities and those with low incomes may have the greatest difficulty understanding coverage and as a result may be at greatest risk for underusing their benefits. Education about Medicare reforms and other efforts to increase prescription coverage should accompany these policies.
Two Outbreaks of Severe Respiratory Disease in Nursing Homes Associated with Rhinovirus
Authors: Hicks Lauri A. , Shepard Colin W. , Britz Phyllis H. , Erdman Dean D. , Fischer Marc , Flannery Brendan L. , Peck Angela J. , Lu Xiaoyan , Thacker W. Lanier , Benson Robert F. , Tondella Maria L. , Moll Mària E. , Whitney Cynthia G. , Anderson Larry J. , Feikin Daniel R. 
Published: October 2005

Objectives: To characterize illness and identify the etiology for two nursing home outbreaks of respiratory illness.Design: Multisite outbreak investigations; cohort.Setting: Two nursing homes in Pennsylvania.Participants: Facility A residents (n=170), Facility B residents (n=124), and employees (n=91).Measurements: Medical records for Facility A and B residents were reviewed, and employees from Facility B self‐administered a questionnaire to identify risk factors for illness. Serological, oropharyngeal, and nasopharyngeal specimens were collected for both outbreaks, and testing for respiratory pathogens was performed.Results: In Facility A, 40 (24%) of 170 residents were identified with respiratory illness; 13 (33%) case‐patients had radiographically confirmed pneumonia, 15 (38%) were taken to a hospital, and two (5%) died. Of 10 specimens collected from symptomatic Facility A case‐patients, four (40%) tested positive using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for rhinovirus. In Facility B, 77 (62%) of 124 residents had respiratory illness, and 40 (52%) had radiographically confirmed pneumonia; 12 (16%) case‐patients were hospitalized, and five (6%) died. Of 19 respiratory specimens collected from symptomatic Facility B case‐patients, six (32%) were positive for rhinovirus; one was from an employee. Five (50%) of 10 rhinovirus‐positive cases in both outbreaks had clinical and radiographic evidence of pneumonia.Conclusion: These investigations suggest that rhinoviruses may be an underrecognized cause of respiratory outbreaks in nursing homes, capable of causing pneumonia and perhaps death.
Human Histopathology of Electroanatomic Mapping After Cooled‐Tip Radiofrequency Ablation to Treat Ventricular Tachycardia in Remote Myocardial Infarction
Authors: DENEKE THOMAS , MÜLLER KLAUS‐MICHAEL , LEMKE BERND , LAWO THOMAS , CALCUM BERND , HELWING MARLENE , MÜGGE ANDREAS , GREWE PETER H. 
Published: October 2005

Introduction: Catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia (VT) in remote myocardial infarction (MI) often requires excessive mapping procedures. Documentation of the electrical substrate via electrogram amplitude may help to identify regions of altered myocardium resembling exit areas of reentrant VTs. Methods and Results: A patient with multiple symptomatic monomorphic VTs (biventricular ICD, remote MI) underwent electroanatomic substrate mapping (CARTO™) for VT ablation. Regions of scar (bipolar electrogram amplitudes ≤0.5 mV), normal myocardium (≥1.5 mV), and “altered” myocardium (0.5–1.5 mV) were identified. Ablation was directed to regions with “altered” myocardium based on pace map correlation. After ablation the clinical VT did not reoccur. The patient died due to worsening of heart failure 7 days afterward. During postmortal evaluation specified sites of electroanatomic mapping were correlated to histopathological findings. Annotated scar areas were documented to consist of areas with massive fibrosis (≥80% of mural composition). Ablations were found to span through regions with intermediate fibrosis (21–79%) mapped as “altered” myocardium. Ablation produced transmural coagulation necrosis of mesh‐like fibrotic tissue with interspersed remnants of myocardial cells up to a maximum depth of 7.0 mm. Subendocardial intramural bleedings were universal findings 7 days after ablation. Conclusions: Electroanatomic substrate mapping for VT ablation sufficiently identified regions of scar and normal myocardium. Regions with bipolar electrogram amplitudes between 0.5 and 1.5 mV were found to correlate to areas of “intermediate” fibrosis (21–79%) with only remnant strands of myocardial cells and were identified as target region for ablation. Cooled‐tip endocardial radiofrequency ablation lead to transmural coagulation necrosis up to a depth of 7.0 mm.
Dietary Fish Oil Protects Against Stretch‐Induced Vulnerability to Atrial Fibrillation in a Rabbit Model
Authors: NINIO DANIEL M. , MURPHY KAREN J. , HOWE PETER R. , SAINT DAVID A. 
Published: October 2005

Introduction: Dietary fish oil is thought to reduce sudden cardiac death by suppressing ventricular arrhythmias but little is known about its impact on atrial arrhythmias. We examined the effect of dietary fish oil on the rabbit model of stretch‐induced vulnerability to atrial fibrillation (AF). Methods and Results: Six‐week‐old rabbits were fed standard rabbit pellets supplemented with 5% tuna fish oil (n = 6) or supplemented with 5% sunflower oil (n = 6) for 12 weeks. Six rabbits raised on the standard diet were used as controls. In Langendorff‐perfused hearts intraatrial pressures were increased in a stepwise manner and rapid burst pacing applied to induce AF at increasing intraatrial pressures until AF was sustained (>1 minute). Atrial refractory periods were recorded at each pressure. Increased atrial pressure resulted in a reduction in atrial refractory period and a propensity for induction of sustained AF. Higher pressures were needed to induce and sustain AF in the fish oil group compared with the sunflower oil and control groups. The stretch‐induced drop in refractory period was also less marked in the fish oil group. Red blood cell, atrial, and ventricular omega‐3 fatty acid levels were significantly higher in the fish oil group. The ratio of atrial n‐6/n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids was 13 ± 0.9 with sunflower oil and 1.5 ± 0.01 with fish oil (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Incorporation of dietary omega‐3 fatty acids into atrial tissue reduces stretch‐induced susceptibility to AF.
Left Ventricular‐Based Cardiac Stimulation Post AV Nodal Ablation Evaluation (The PAVE Study)
Authors: DOSHI RAHUL N. , DAOUD EMILE G. , FELLOWS CHRISTOPHER , TURK KYONG , DURAN AURELIO , HAMDAN MOHAMED H. , PIRES LUIS A. ,   for the PAVE Study Group
Published: October 2005

Background: Chronic right ventricular pacing has been reported to promote cardiac dyssynchrony. The PAVE trial prospectively compared chronic biventricular pacing to right ventricular pacing in patients undergoing ablation of the AV node for management of atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular rates. Methods and Results: One hundred and eighty‐four patients requiring AV node ablation were randomized to receive a biventricular pacing system (n = 103) or a right ventricular pacing system (n = 81). The study endpoints were change in the 6‐minute hallway walk test, quality of life, and left ventricular ejection fraction. Patient characteristics were similar (64% male; age: 69 ± 10 years, ejection fraction: 0.46 ± 0.16; 83%, NYHA Class II or III). At 6 months postablation, patients treated with cardiac resynchronization had a significant improvement in 6‐minute walk distance, (31%) above baseline (82.9 ± 94.7 m), compared to patients receiving right ventricular pacing, (24%) above baseline (61.2 ± 90.0 m) (P = 0.04). There were no significant differences in the quality‐of‐life parameters. At 6 months postablation, the ejection fraction in the biventricular group (0.46 ± 0.13) was significantly greater in comparison to patients receiving right ventricular pacing (0.41 ± 0.13, P = 0.03). Patients with an ejection fraction ≤45% or with NYHA Class II/III symptoms receiving a biventricular pacemaker appear to have a greater improvement in 6‐minute walk distance compared to patients with normal systolic function or Class I symptoms. Conclusion: For patients undergoing AV node ablation for atrial fibrillation, biventricular pacing provides a significant improvement in the 6‐minute hallway walk test and ejection fraction compared to right ventricular pacing. These beneficial effects of cardiac resynchronization appear to be greater in patients with impaired systolic function or with symptomatic heart failure.