bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Capillary Extrusion Studies of LLDPE/LDPE Blends: Effects of Manufacturing Technology of LLDPE and Long Chain Branching
Authors: Delgadillo-Velázquez O. , Hatzikiriakos S. G. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The processing behavior of a number of LLDPE/LDPE blends with emphasis on the effects of manufacturing technology of LLDPE and long chain branching is presented. A single low-density polyethylene was blended with two Ziegler-Natta linear-low-density polyethylenes LLDPE's and two metallocene-LLDPE's having distinctly different molecular structures. The weight fractions of the LDPEs used in the blends were 1 wt.%, 5 wt.%, 10 wt.%, 20 wt.%, 50 wt.% and 75 wt.%. Capillary extrusion reveals that the onset of sharkskin and gross melt fracture are slightly influenced with the addition of LDPE into LLDPE. However, the amplitude of the oscillations in the stick-slip flow regime was found to scale well with the weight fraction of LDPE even at amounts as low as 1 wt.%. Furthermore, it was observed that the onset of this flow regime was shifted to higher shear rates with increase of LDPE content. Shear rheology was found to be insensitive to detect small levels of LDPE. On the other hand, extensional rheology was found to be capable of detecting levels of LDPE as low as 1 wt.% at high Hencky strain rates (typically greater than 5 s−1) although only for certain blends.
Crystallization of PLA/Thermoplastic Starch Blends
Authors: Li H. , Huneault M. A. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
In this paper, the crystallization of PLA in PLA/thermoplastic starch (TPS) blends was investigated. The TPS was used as the minor component at a concentration varying between 0 and 42 %. The effect of interfacial area was studied by compatibilizing the blend using maleic anhydride grafted PLA. To further enhance the crystallization rate in PLA/TPS blends, the addition of talc and acetyl triethyl citrate, as nucleating agent and plasticizer respectively, was also studied. The crystallization rate was monitored using DSC analysis under both isothermal and non- isothermal conditions. The isothermal data was used to determine the crystallization half-life and to determine the optimum crystallization temperature. The crystallization half-time of PLA was decreased significantly in presence of the TPS phase and this effect was strengthened by the blends interfacial modification. By applying proper plasticization and nucleation strategy, crystallinity in excess of 50 % was achieved even at cooling rates as high as 80°C/min. Fully crystallized PLA/TPS samples were obtained by injection molding in a hot mold (80°C). Crystallized parts showed improved thermal resistance at temperatures above PLA's glass transition.
How long do the short‐term violent video game effects last?
Authors: Barlett Christopher , Branch Omar , Rodeheffer Christopher , Harris Richard 
Published: February 2009

AbstractHow long do the effects of the initial short‐term increase in aggression and physiological arousal last after violent video game play? Study 1 (N=91) had participants complete pre‐ and postvideo game measures of aggressive thoughts, aggressive feelings, and heart rate. Then, participants completed Time 3 measures after 4 min or 9 min of delay. Study 2 employed a similar procedure, but had participants (N=91) complete the hot sauce paradigm to assess aggressive behavior after a 0, 5, or 10 min delay. First, results indicated that aggressive feelings, aggressive thoughts, aggressive behavior, and heart rate initially increased after violent video game play. Second, results of the delay condition revealed that the increase in aggressive feelings and aggressive thoughts lasted less than 4 min, whereas heart rate and aggressive behavior lasted 4–9 min. Aggr. Behav. 35:225–236, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
How accurately can older adults evaluate the quality of their text recall? The effect of providing standards on judgment accuracy
Authors: Baker Julie M. C. , Dunlosky John , Hertzog Christopher 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAdults have difficulties accurately judging how well they have learned text materials; unfortunately, such low levels of accuracy may obscure age‐related deficits. Higher levels of accuracy have been obtained when younger adults make postdictions about which test questions they answered correctly. Accordingly, we focus on the accuracy of postdictive judgments to evaluate whether age deficits would emerge with higher levels of accuracy and whether people's postdictive accuracy would benefit from providing an appropriate standard of evaluation. Participants read texts with definitions embedded in them, attempted to recall each definition, and then made a postdictive judgment about the quality of their recall. When making these judgments, participants either received no standard or were presented the correct definition as a standard for evaluation. Age‐related equivalence was found in the relative accuracy of these term‐specific judgments, and older adults' absolute accuracy benefited from providing standards to the same degree as did younger adults. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of maternal stature, pregnancy age, and infant birth weight on growth during childhood in Yucatan, Mexico: A test of the intergenerational effects hypothesis
Authors: Varela‐Silva Maria Inês , Azcorra Hugo , Dickinson Federico , Bogin Barry , Frisancho A. R. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn developing nations, obesity has increased dramatically in the last decade, but a high prevalence of stunting still coexists. The intergenerational influences hypothesis (IIH) is one explanation for this. We test the IIH regarding variation in maternal stature, mother's age at pregnancy, and infant birth weight in relation to risk for overweight and stunting in 206 Maya children (4–6 years old) from Mérida, Yucatan, Mexico. The Maya children are compared with growth references (Frisancho 2008: Anthropometric Standards: An Interactive Nutritional Reference of Body Size and Body Composition for Children and Adults. Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Press. 335 pp) for height, weight, and body mass index (BMI). Almost 70% of the mothers are shorter than 150 cm. Mothers' height and child's birth weight predict overweight. Children with a mother shorter than 150 cm are less than half as likely (OR = 0.44) to be overweight compared to children whose mothers are equal to or taller than 150 cm. Children with birth weights below 3,000 g are only a third as likely to be overweight (OR = 0.28) than their peers within the range of normal birth weight (3,000–3,500 g). Sex of the child, mother's height, and birth weight predict stunting. Girls are only 40% as likely as boys to be stunted. Children with a mother below 150 cm are 3.6 times more likely of being stunted. Children with birth weights below 3000 g are over 3 times more likely to be stunted relative to children with birth weights within the normal range. Mother's age at pregnancy is not a predictor of overweight or stunting. Our findings conform the IIH and with similar studies of populations undergoing nutritional/epidemiological transitions from traditional to globalized lifestyles. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Male‐to‐male transmission of Costello syndrome: G12S HRAS germline mutation inherited from a father with somatic mosaicism
Authors: Sol‐Church Katia , Stabley Deborah L. , Demmer Laurie A. , Agbulos Abigail , Lin Angela E. , Smoot Leslie , Nicholson Linda , Gripp Karen W. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractCostello syndrome is a rare congenital anomaly syndrome associated with mental retardation and predisposition to benign and malignant tumors, caused by heterozygous missense mutations in the HRAS oncogene. Previously, all molecularly analyzed mutations appeared de novo, and most arose in the paternal germline. A single patient with somatic mosaicism for a Costello syndrome causing HRAS mutation has been reported. Here we describe the first documented transmission of an HRAS mutation from a parent with somatic mosaicism to a child with typical Costello syndrome. Prior to the identification of the underlying gene mutation in Costello syndrome, this family had been identified clinically. The proband was subsequently found to carry a G12S HRAS germline mutation. Testing of the parents for parental origin identified his father as mosaic for the same HRAS mutation. The mother was found not to carry an HRAS mutation. The causative familial mutation is identified as a c.34G > A, which is the most common mutation in the HRAS gene in patients with Costello syndrome. The father carries the mutation in 7–8% of his alleles. This is the second case of mosaicism observed in Costello syndrome and the first direct molecular evidence of father‐to‐son transmission of the disease‐causing mutation. Our observation underlines the importance of parental evaluation, and may have implications for genetic counseling and clinical practice. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A missense mutation, p.V132G, in the X‐linked spermine synthase gene (SMS) causes Snyder–Robinson syndrome
Authors: Becerra‐Solano L.E. , Butler J. , Castañeda‐Cisneros G. , McCloskey D.E. , Wang X. , Pegg A.E. , Schwartz C.E. , Sánchez‐Corona J. , García‐Ortiz J.E. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractSnyder–Robinson syndrome (SRS, OMIM 309583) is a rare X‐linked syndrome characterized by mental retardation, marfanoid habitus, skeletal defects, osteoporosis, and facial asymmetry. Linkage analysis localized the related gene to Xp21.3–p22.12, and a G‐to‐A transition at point +5 of intron 4 of the spermine synthase gene, which caused truncation of the SMS protein and loss of enzyme activity, was identified in the original family. Here we describe another family with Snyder–Robinson syndrome in two Mexican brothers and a novel mutation (c.496T>G) in the exon 5 of the SMS gene confirming its involvement in this rare X‐linked mental retardation syndrome. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The R402Q tyrosinase variant does not cause autosomal recessive ocular albinism
Authors: Oetting William S. , Pietsch Jacy , Brott Marcia J. , Savage Sarah , Fryer James P. , Summers C. Gail , King Richard A. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractMutations in the gene for tyrosinase, the key enzyme in melanin synthesis, are responsible for oculocutaneous albinism type 1, and more than 100 mutations of this gene have been identified. The c.1205G > A variant of the tyrosinase gene (rs1126809) predicts p.R402Q and expression studies show thermolabile enzyme activity for the variant protein. The Q402 allele has been associated with autosomal recessive ocular albinism when it is in trans with a tyrosinase gene mutation associated with oculocutaneous albinism type 1. We have identified 12 families with oculocutaneous albinism type 1 that exhibit segregation of the c.1205G > A variant with a known pathologic mutation on the homologous chromosome, and demonstrate no genetic association between autosomal recessive oculocutaneous albinism and the Q402 variant. We conclude that the codon 402 variant of the tyrosinase gene is not associated with albinism. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A locus for ophthalmo‐acromelic syndrome mapped to 10p11.23
Authors: Hamanoue Haruka , Megarbane Andre , Tohma Takaya , Nishimura Akira , Mizuguchi Takeshi , Saitsu Hirotomo , Sakai Haruya , Miura Shoko , Toda Tatsushi , Miyake Noriko , Niikawa Norio , Yoshiura Koichiro , Hirahara Fumiki , Matsumoto Naomichi 
Published: February 2009

AbstractOphthalmo‐acromelic syndrome (OAS, OMIM %206920) is a rare autosomal recessive disease, presenting with clinical anophthalmia and limb anomalies. We recruited three OAS families including a Japanese family with two affected patients and two consanguineous Lebanese families each having an affected. Homozygosity mapping was performed using the 50K SNP chip and additional informative markers. A locus for OAS was mapped to the 422‐kb region at 10q11.23, based on the results from the two consanguineous families as well as the consistent data from the Japanese non‐consanguineous family. The 422‐kb region only contained one gene, MPP7. Although we could not detect any pathological mutations in OAS families analyzed, MPP7 could remain a candidate as aberrant changes might exist beyond our mutation detection methods. Further families are needed to confirm this candidate locus. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pallister–Killian syndrome caused by mosaicism for a supernumerary ring chromosome 12p
Authors: Yeung Alison , Francis David , Giouzeppos Olivia , Amor David J. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractPallister–Killian syndrome (PKS) is a rare but distinctive chromosomal syndrome distinguished by severe intellectual impairment, characteristic facial features, and variable structural anomalies. The characteristic cytogenetic abnormality in PKS is a supernumerary isochromosome 12p that confers mosaic tetrasomy. We describe a female child with PKS in whom tetrasomy 12p resulted from a supernumerary ring chromosome containing two copies of chromosome 12cen → p13, a novel cytogenetic finding. The ring chromosome exhibited tissue‐limited mosaicism, being absent in blood but detected in 38% of buccal mucosa cells and 41% of skin fibroblasts. Our patient demonstrated the typical dysmorphic characteristics of PKS, but her development was relatively advanced in comparison to children with isochromosome PKS. Her milder developmental phenotype may be attributable to differences in the mosaic distribution or the genomic content of the ring chromosome compared to mosaic isochromosome 12p. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
First record of tool use by wild populations of the yellow‐breasted capuchin monkey (Cebus xanthosternos) and new records for the bearded capuchin (Cebus libidinosus)
Authors: Canale Gustavo Rodrigues , Guidorizzi Carlos Eduardo , Kierulff Maria Cecília Martins , Gatto Cassiano Augusto Ferreira Rodrigues 
Published: February 2009

AbstractReports on use of stones as hammers and anvils to open hard nuts by wild capuchin monkeys are scarce and limited toCebus libidinosus. Here, we report for the first time data on tool use—stones as hammer and anvils to open nuts—in wildC. xanthosternosand a description of new tool using sites forC. libidinosus. Our records were made by visiting anvil sites and by information obtained from local residents. We surveyed three different biomes:Caatinga(dry forest and thorn scrub),Cerrado(Brazilian bush savannah), and Atlantic forest (wet forest), all records of tool use were fromCaatingaor transitional areas between habitats. The behavior is suggested to be routinely performed and widespread among several populations. The fruits of six plant species in different localities were opened with hammer stones byC. xanthosternos.Hammer stones were of similar weigh as those described in other studies ofC. libidinosus. Conditions found inCaatinga, such as a more frequent use of the ground by the monkeys and/or food scarcity, may play an important role in the acquisition of nut‐cracking behavior. The absence of more reports of nut cracking and other forms of tool use in other species of wildCebusis likely to result from a lack of surveys in very dry and food limited habitats or intrinsic characteristics of otherCebusspecies. Am. J. Primatol. 71:366–372, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Individual variation in nest size and nest site features of the Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus)
Authors: Rayadin Yaya , Saitoh Takashi 
Published: February 2009

AbstractNest construction is a daily habit of independent orangutans for sleeping or resting. Data on their nests have been used in various ecological studies (e.g., density estimation, ranging behavior, evolution of material culture) because they are the most observable field signs. We investigated nest size and nest site features of Bornean orangutans in the wild during 10 months' fieldwork at three sites in East Kalimantan, Indonesia: Kutai National Park, Birawa, and Meratus. To examine individual variation, we followed 31 individual orangutans and recorded the 92 nests they made for nest size (diameter) and nest site features (height of nest above ground, tree species used for the nest site, the diameter and height of the tree, whether the nest was new or reused, and nest location within the tree). Analyses taking age–sex classes of the focal individuals into consideration showed significant age–sex differences in nest size and location, but not in nest height or nest tree features (diameter, height of tree, and height of lowest branch). Mature orangutans (adult females, unflanged and flanged males) made larger nests than immatures (juveniles and adolescents). Flanged male orangutans with larger nests used stable locations for nesting sites and reused old nests more frequently than immatures. The overall proportion of nests in open (exposed) locations was higher than in closed (sheltered) locations. Flanged males and immatures frequently made open nests, whereas adult females with an infant preferred closed locations. The good correspondence between nest size and age–sex classes indicates that nest size variation may reflect body size and therefore age–sex variation in the population. Am. J. Primatol. 71:393–399, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Post‐conflict third‐party affiliation in chimpanzees: what's in it for the third party?
Authors: Koski Sonja E. , Sterck Elisabeth H. M. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAffiliative behavior after conflicts between conflict participants and other group members is common in many primate species. The proposed functions for such triadic interactions are numerous, mostly concerning the benefit for the former conflict opponents. We investigated post‐conflict third‐party affiliation (TPA) in captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) with the aim of assessing what the affiliating third parties may gain from affiliation. Specifically, we tested whether third‐party‐initiated affiliation protects the third parties from further aggression by conflict opponents. We found support for this “self‐protection hypothesis,” in that third parties selectively directed affiliation to those opponents who more often gave further aggression to them, and affiliation effectively decreased their chance of receiving aggression from these opponents. However, a subset of affiliation, provided to conflict victims by their own kin, appeared to not be self‐protective and the function of it remained open. We conclude that chimpanzee third‐party‐initiated affiliation is a more heterogeneous behavior than thus far assumed. Am. J. Primatol. 71:409–418, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparing the accuracy and precision of three techniques used for estimating missing landmarks when reconstructing fossil hominin crania
Authors: Neeser Rudolph , Ackermann Rebecca Rogers , Gain James 
Published: February 2009

AbstractVarious methodological approaches have been used for reconstructing fossil hominin remains in order to increase sample sizes and to better understand morphological variation. Among these, morphometric quantitative techniques for reconstruction are increasingly common. Here we compare the accuracy of three approaches—mean substitution, thin plate splines, and multiple linear regression—for estimating missing landmarks of damaged fossil specimens. Comparisons are made varying the number of missing landmarks, sample sizes, and the reference species of the population used to perform the estimation. The testing is performed on landmark data from individuals of Homo sapiens, Pan troglodytes and Gorilla gorilla, and nine hominin fossil specimens. Results suggest that when a small, same‐species fossil reference sample is available to guide reconstructions, thin plate spline approaches perform best. However, if no such sample is available (or if the species of the damaged individual is uncertain), estimates of missing morphology based on a single individual (or even a small sample) of close taxonomic affinity are less accurate than those based on a large sample of individuals drawn from more distantly related extant populations using a technique (such as a regression method) able to leverage the information (e.g., variation/covariation patterning) contained in this large sample. Thin plate splines also show an unexpectedly large amount of error in estimating landmarks, especially over large areas. Recommendations are made for estimating missing landmarks under various scenarios. Am J Phys Anthropol 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stereoselective Synthesis of cis‐β‐Methyl‐ and Phenyl‐Substituted Alkenylboronates by Platinum‐Catalyzed Dehydrogenative Borylation
Authors: Ohmura Toshimichi , Takasaki Yuta , Furukawa Hideki , Suginome Michinori 
Published: February 2009

AbstractDie Plätze getauscht: In Gegenwart eines Platin‐Phosphan‐Katalysators findet ein intramolekularer B(pin)/H‐Austausch statt (siehe Schema; B(pin)=4,4,5,5‐Tetramethyl‐1,3,2‐dioxaborolan‐2‐yl). Dabei bilden sich stereoselektiv cis‐β‐Methyl‐substituierte Alkenylboronate, die nützliche Synthesebausteine sind.magnified image
Polymer‐Mediated Hierarchical and Reversible Emulsion Droplet Assembly
Authors: Weaver Jonathan V. M. , Rannard Steven P. , Cooper Andrew I. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractReversible Strukturbildung: Stabile funktionelle Emulsionsmikrotröpfchen bauen verschiedene komplexe makroskopische Flüssigkeitsstrukturen auf (siehe Bild). Der hierarchische Organisationsprozess wird durch Wechselwirkungen zwischen Polymertensiden auf der Tröpfchenoberfläche vermittelt. Weil die Wechselwirkungen reversibel sind, können die Strukturen in den Emulsionen durch einfache pH‐Änderungen aufgelöst werden.magnified image
Singly Hydrogen Bonded Supramolecular Ligands for Highly Selective Rhodium‐Catalyzed Hydrogenation Reactions
Authors: Breuil Pierre‐Alain R. , Patureau Frederic W. , Reek Joost N. H. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractErst die H‐Brücke macht den Katalysator! Eine einzige Wasserstoffbrücke verbindet an ein Rhodiumzentrum koordinierte Liganden und erzeugt supramolekulare Katalysatoren für die asymmetrische Hydrierung. Die Estergruppe des Amiditliganden (siehe Schema) bildet eine weitere Wasserstoffbrücke zum koordinierten Substrat. Dieser Komplex ergab bei der Hydrierung einiger Estersubstrate die bislang höchsten Enantioselektivitäten.magnified image
Exploiting a Bacterial Drug‐Resistance Mechanism: A Light‐Activated Construct for the Destruction of MRSA
Authors: Zheng Xiang , Sallum Ulysses W. , Verma Sarika , Athar Humra , Evans Conor L. , Hasan Tayyaba 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA cunning and dangerous plan foiled! An enzyme‐specific molecular construct exploits the overexpression of β‐lactamase in several drug‐resistant bacteria. Specific photodynamic toxicity was detected towards β‐lactam‐resistant methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), whereby the usual mechanism for antibiotic resistance (cleavage of the β‐lactam ring) releases the phototoxic component from the prodrug (see picture; Q=quencher).magnified image
Suppressed Particle Formation by Kinetically Controlled Ozone Removal: Revealing the Role of Transient‐Species Chemistry during Alkene Ozonolysis
Authors: Wolf Jan L. , Suhm Martin A. , Zeuch Thomas 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe new approach of kinetically controlled ozone removal suppresses particle formation in laboratory ozonolysis experiments for methylcyclohexene and methylenecyclohexane (MCHa) at excess alkene concentrations (see graph). The results support the hypothesis that peroxy radicals are involved in organic nucleation and particle‐growth mechanisms.magnified image
Switching the Chirality of Single Adsorbate Complexes
Authors: Parschau Manfred , Passerone Daniele , Rieder Karl‐Heinz , Hug Hans J. , Ernst Karl‐Heinz 
Published: February 2009

AbstractPumped up: Propene molecules form chiral complexes when adsorbed on a copper surface. Inelastically scattered tunneling electrons from the tip of a scanning tunneling microscope induce rotation or diffusion of the adsorbate on the surface. Higher tunneling currents can lead to conversion of the adsorbate into the opposite enantiomer.magnified image