bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE TRANSFER OF HEAT THROUGH REFRACTORIES AND ITS DETERMINATION
Authors: Watts A. S. , King R. M. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper gives a review and bibliography of the literature on heat conductivity of refractories, as well as a description of a proposed method for the determination of the heat transmitting abilities of refractory materials. In the development of this method, standard apparatus, standard conditions, and standard operations were held as desirable and to a practical extent were obtained. It is believed that this method may be profitably used in testing and control laboratories for securing heat transfer data for refractory materials. The heat transfer values of several refractories, as determined by this method, are given and it is pointed out that this value closely approaches the resultant of all the forces which are acting to produce heat transmission.
PROGRESS REPORT ON SPECIFICATIONS FOR REFRACTORIES1
Authors: Geller R. F. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTFollowing a conference with producers and consumers of refractories, a series of proposed laboratory tests were conducted on forty‐one commercial brands of brick. The work included reheating at 1450° and 1400°C, quenching, load test, fusion point determination, chemical analyses and petrographic examination. Results of tests are presented, They will be more fully discussed when correlated with service tests now under way.
METALLURGICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR REFRACTORIES IN THE ELECTROTHERMIC METALLURGY OF ZINC1
Authors: O'Harra B. M. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTRefractory brick for lining electrothermic dry distillation furnaces must have a melting point of not less than 1600°C, must retain their strength at temperatures of 1400–1500°C, must be non‐porous, and of uniform size. For lining electrothermic smelting furnaces, in which a liquid slag is produced, they must in addition to having these qualities be resistant to the corrosive action of highly heated slags which may be either strongly acid or strongly basic. The condensers are similar for both types of furnace. The brick for lining them need not have a high melting point but must be dense and of uniform size and must be very low in free iron oxide to withstand the disintegrating effect of carbon monoxide in the cooler portion of the condenser.
OUTLINE OF REFRACTORY REQUIREMENTS FOR THE IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY1
Authors: Davis F. W. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTOne of the greatest obstacles to the development of better refractories for the iron and steel industry has been the failure of the iron and steel men to give refractory manufacturers accurate detailed analysis of chemical, physical and thermal conditions to which the refractories are to be subjected. This paper summarizes briefly some of the conditions to be encountered in the major processes. Blast furnace refractories may be divided according to requirements as follows: Hearth and Bosh brick should withstand the scouring action of molten iron and acid slag at temperatures around 1800°C. Inwall brick should be impervious to hot, reducing gases, should resist the sand blast action of the from particles of ore carried by the gas, should have a low coefficient of thermal expansion and should possess sufficient compressive strength to support the weight of the upper part of the furnace. Top brick should be as dense and resistant to abrasion as possible. Downcomer, Dustcatcher and Gas Line brick should be dense and resist sand blast action of gas heavily laden by particles of charge. Hot Blast Main and Bustle Pipe brick should be of low heat conductivity. Hot Blast Stove brick should not vitrify at 900°C, should have maximum capacity for absorbing and giving off heat, and be of high compressive strength. The by‐product coke oven is becoming a big factor in the refractory fields and has major requirements as follows: Canals and Ovens require brick of high thermal conductivity which will resist sudden changes in temperature and will not be affected by reducing gases at high temperatures. Checker brick should have great capacity for absorbing heat. Bessemer converters require brick resistant to slag at temperatures from 1600° to 1700°C, the nature of the slag being determined by whether the process is acid or basic. Requirements for open hearth furnaces are as follows: Roof brick (both acid and basic furnaces) must not only be capable of maintaining an arch but should withstand as much as possible the action of iron oxides at temperatures of 1800°C. Checker brick (both acid and basic furnaces) should possess a maximum capacity for absorbing and giving off heat, and a minimum chemical affinity for oxides from charge. Ports (both acid and basic) must withstand the action of slag splashes, also direct action of flame. The hearth of the furnace consists of several courses of brick (acid or basic depending on the process) upon which is built the hearth proper by means of many layers of crushed refractory of the same nature. This crushed material must frit together at high temperatures without excessive softening.
REFRACTORIES FOR FLAT ARCHES1
Authors: Harlow Justin E. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTArch construction is discussed, describing present method of placing fire clay tile. Tile are suspended on cast iron hangers by means of a tee‐shaped slot molded in the top end of each tile, giving room for expansion in every direction. Larger quantities of heat units are released, more intense chemical reactions and there is ample shearing strength and small loss from weight or pressure.
A PROPOSED METHOD FOR STUDYING THE ATTACK OF MOLTEN SLAGS AND GLASSES UPON REFRACTORY MATERIALS1
Authors: Rose Charles I. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA new method of studying the attack of molten glasses and glasses upon refractory materials, whereby the refractory tested is rotated in a glass or slag melt under arbitrary conditions, is described. The solution and penetration of the refractory are measured separately by means of a micrometer and simple microscope, and some of the advantages of this procedure are enumerated.
THE ORIGIN, DISTRIBUTION AND COMPOSITION OF LATERITE
Authors: Swanson C. O. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe term laterite means a red rock or red earth deposit. Laterites are formed by the decomposition of different kind of rocks, under conditions yielding aluminum and iron hydroxides. The different theories of origin are discussed, as well as the chemical process of laterization, and the geographic distribution of this peculiar type of clay.
PRELIMINARY REPORT1 ON THE RESIDUAL KAOLIN AND FELDSPAR IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST
Authors: WILSON EEWITT , LEE BENNETT A. , Heath Fred T. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTLarge quantities of residual crystalline kaolin are found in the Inland Empire district of eastern Washington and northwestern Idaho. Preliminary investigation has shown that the properties of these clays, when properly selected and purified, will compare favorably with those of the English china clay upon which the eastern potters and paper manufacturers are largely dependent. With the low cost of the English clay laid down on the Atlantic Coast, it is not believed that the Pacific Northwest clay will be used as a substitute for the English in the eastern markets, but the domestic source will provide the bulk of the raw material for the future whiteware industry in the Pacific Northwest. Commercial quantities of feldspar, quartz, and fire clay are also found in the Pacific Northwest.The work described here was conducted at Seattle under a cooperative arrangement between the College of Mines, University of Washington, and the Northwest Experiment Station of the U. S. Bureau of Mines.
AN AUTOMATIC DIRECT READING LABORATORY SCALE FOR WEIGHING BRIQUETTES
Authors: Schurecht H. G. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTAn automatic direct‐reading laboratory scale has been designed in the Ceramic Laboratory of the Bureau of Mines, with which it is possible to weigh briquettes in about one‐third the time required with balances. It is capable of weighing up to 150 grams in 50–gram intervals with an average accuracy of 0.05 gram. Although this particular scale was made for the above limits in accuracy and capacity, similar scales may be made in which this range may be modified as desired.
THE FIRE BRICK MATERIALS OF PENNSYLVANIA1
Authors: Ashley George H. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTPennsylvania produces over 40% of all clay fire brick and over 70% of all silica fire brick made in the United States. In 1920 Pennsylvania produced and sold fire clay worth nearly two million, fire clay brick worth nearly twenty‐two million, and silica brick worth over ten and one‐half million, a total of thirty‐four and one‐half million dollars worth of brick and clay.Three kinds of material are used for the manufacture of this fire brick. (1) Soft fire clay from one horizon northwest of Pittsburgh and from the “main clay” of the Pittsburgh bed south of Pittsburgh. (2) Hard or flint clay which occurs in many counties of the State. The hard clays are described as occurring at a limited number of horizons in the Allegheny formation or “Lower Productive Coal Measures,” as being irregular in thickness and distribution, ranging from a feather‐edge to fifteen or twenty feet in thickness and being of two types, “block” clay in which the structure is homogeneous, and “nodular” clay in which the structure is gnarly or knotty. Brief reference is made to the principal flint clay deposits of the State. (3) The third source of material for fire brick is ganister rock, a pure white quartzite occurring as a massive bedded sandstone at the base of the Silurian series and exposed abundantly in the zig‐zag ridges across the central part of the State and as a similar white quartzite at the base of the Cambrian in the southeastern part of the State. A series of tests of flint clays and of soft clays used to mix with the flint clays is appended. These are derived mainly from Clearfield County which is the leading flint clay county.
USE OF SEDIMENTARY KAOLINS OF GEORGIA IN WHITE‐WARES1
Authors: Bole G. A. , Stull R. T. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTIntroduction.—From twenty‐six different clays tested the eleven best suited to the white ware industries were washed and, after preliminary tests were run, were tried out in the different white ware industries.Laboratory Tests on Crude Clays.—Tables containing data on the physical properties of the green and burned clays are given.Laboratory Tests on Washed Clays.—Test bars and color pats were made from a typical white ware body. The usual physical tests on unburned and burned bodies are reported. Results obtained on the rate of casting and strength of the clays as compared to English and Florida clays are included in the data.Industrial Application.—Plant practice tests carried out at two floor tile and one wall tile plant are reported. Bodies containing eleven Georgia clays were tried out. Better results were obtained in the vitrified bodies than in the porous bodies. The smaller shapes gave better results than the larger. Tests on general ware and electrical porcelain art: in progress. The conclusion is reached that the Georgia sedimentary clays can be used to displace all the china clay in a vitrified tile body but less than half the china clay in plastic bodies. The color of a body is greatly improved by using washed clay: and can be further improved by the addition of cobalt stain.
A NEW RAW MATERIAL FOR CERAMIC USES
Authors: Cox Paul E. , Moulton D. A. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA mineral, not heretofore reported, similar to feldspar in analysis but partially colloidal like bentonite, is described and some uses suggested for it. Analyses are shown and the properties are described. It should make a very useful material in bodies, glazes and enamels, as it has the properties of a feldspar and the plasticity of a fairly plastic clay.
NOTES ON BURNING REFRACTORIES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE CONTROL OF LABOR COSTS1
Authors: HEWITT L. C. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe tunnel kiln represents up‐to‐date practice. It is often possible, however, to greatly increase the efficiency of present equipment by keeping in mind the importance of such factors as the setting of dry ware, regular inspection of underground flues, provision for ample grate and flue area, use of burning records, study of vitrification curve, etc.While the above factors are treated rather generally, more specific reference is made to the control of labor costs through the bonus system. A theoretical problem is worked out to show how the bonus system is applied and in what manner it benefits the employer and employee.
CAPPING FOR COMPRESSION SPECIMENS1
Authors: Foster Harry D. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTCompressive strength tests have been made on tile capped with unretarded gypsum with neat Portland cement, with a mixture of three parts by volume of Portland cement to one part of unretarded gypsum and on tile whose bearings were ground. The tile whose bearings were ground gave the highest strengths. The interpretation of the results was based on the workability and yielding of the cap and on the influence of the bearing block. As it is impossible to grind the bearings of all types of tile, a cap of three parts of Portland cement to one part of unretarded gypsum is advocated as giving the highest and most consistent results.
COLORS IN A ZINC SILICATE GLAZE1
Authors: Kranbr Hobart M. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis represents a study of the effects of the seven common coloring oxides when introduced in a typical zinc silicate or willemite crystalline glaze. All the possible two‐and three‐color combinations for each colorant with a moderate color concentration and another similar series for strong color concentrations were investigated.A new method by which fritting the glaze is obviated through the use of sodium silicate is described. The soluble sodium content is introduced by sodium silicate rather than by a frit.Color absorption by the crystal was found to be most pronounced in the case of cobalt, decreasing in order with copper, manganese, iron, nickel, uranium and little, if any, absorption of chromium.Description of color effects of most of these would be inadequate.
COMPARATIVE SERVICE TESTS OF GROSS ALMERODE AND DOMESTIC CLAY POTS1
Authors: WILLIAMS WARREN S. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTGlass‐drawing pots made from Gross Almerode clay proved to be superior in a service test to pots made from a synthetic siliceous domestic clay mixture. When removed from service the faces of the Gross Almerode pots are pitted. The faces of domestic clay pots are surface cracked. The blistering of the glass caused by this cracking is eliminated by substituting silica brick grog for fire clay grog.
THE DIRECT FIRED CAR TUNNEL KILN ON ROOFING TILE1
Authors: Minton C. R. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe pioneer car tunnel kiln for the firing of roofing tile is described. The kiln is 324 feet, 11 1/2 inches long and holds 52 cars each of which carries 2.3 tons of fired ware. Ten furnaces equipped with Maxon Premix combination oil and gas burners arc used. A schedule of one car every 65 minutes is in operation, 56 hours and 20 minutes being required for a trip through the kiln. The ware reaches a maximum temperature of 1820°F and is drawn from the kiln at 400°F. Additional cooling is accomplished with a portable fan. The kiln has a capacity equal to ten 30‐foot round down‐draft kilns and shows a fuel saving over the latter of 64.2%. A total of 15 h. p. is required. A saving in setting and drawing labor of 29.2% and 45.8% respectively is effected.
THE EFFECT OF FURNACE ATMOSPHERE ON THE FIRING OF ENAMEL1
Authors: Cooke R. D. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTIt is shown that in firing ground coat and other one coat enamels, the atmosphere of the furnace plays an important part. Oxygen in the muffle penetrates the enamel during the early stages of the firing forming a film of iron oxide on the surface of the steel. This film, whether applied before enameling or formed incidentally to firing, partially dissolves in the fused enamel giving the intimate bond between metal and enamel.Ground coat enamel fired in an atmosphere of nitrogen was found not to adhere to the steel.Approximate values are given for the proportion of furnace space to enameled surface to insure sufficient oxidation when residual air is depended upon to supply the oxygen.
A GRAPHICAL CHART FOR DETERMINING EXCESS AIR IN THE COMBUSTION OF PRODUCER GAS1
Authors: Peltz Gordon M. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper presents a mathematical analysis of the combustion of the principal components of producer gas. Formulae are obtained for determining the theoretically right proportions of air to gas for any analysis of producer gas and the theoretical volume of waste gases which should result from this combustion. In addition, a formula is determined by which the percentage of excess air can be obtained when the analysis of the gas and the percentage of CO2 in the products of combustion are known. These formulae are presented in a chart form which eliminates the necessity for mathematical calculations.
NOTES ON A COMPARATIVE TEST OF QUICKLIMES FOR SILICA BRICK MANUFACTURE1
Authors: Trostel L. J. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTIn attempting to evaluate lime for control purposes in the manufacture of silica brick, it was found that the most consistent results are obtained by using a figure based on the total calcium oxide as compared with the A.S.T.M. available calcium oxide content. In addition, the particular test used serves as a practical basis for the comparison of the numerous quicklimes offered the silica brick manufacturer by lime dealers.
THE USE OF GELATINE IN GLAZE APPLICATION1
Authors: Gerber Albert C. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTPainting with gelatinized glaze offers distinct advantages. A high grade hide gelatine should be used, and careful regulation maintained in all steps of the process. High clay mixtures gelatinize with greater difficulty than those whose contents of ground material are large. Loss from rubbing or chipping of glaze becomes a minimum.
DISTRIBUTION OF KAOLIN AND BAUXITE OF THE COASTAL PLAIN OF GEORGIA1
Authors: Stull R. T. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe commercial deposits of sedimentary kaolins and bauxites occur in the Lower Cretaceous of the Coastal Plain. The kaolins vary from “hard clay” to flint clay on one hand to “soft clay” on the other. The hardness of the clays apparently depends on the free silicic acid content. They are difficult to slake and filter‐press. The soft clays are washed for the filler and ceramic trades. Evidently the clays were originally hard clays, the soft clays originating from the hard clays by leaching out of the free silicic acid. The bauxites were evidently derived from soft kaolin through decomposition and removal of the silica. The bauxites occur as lenses embedded in larger lenses of kaolin. These bauxites were probably derived from soft clay by laterization. A proposed classification of the sedimentary kaolins and bauxites is given.
THE OXIDATION OF CERAMIC WARES DURING FIRING.1 IV.—THE ABSORPTION OF SULPHUR GASES BY FERRIC OXIDE IN CLAY
Authors: Jackson Frederick G. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe nature and amount of absorption of sulphur gases by an almost pure clay to which seven per cent of ferric oxide had been added is studied at various temperatures. Ferrous salts and sulphites were found as traces or not at all. The amount of ferric sulphate increased with increasing temperature on a smooth curve to a maximum at about 450 °C, then decreased sharply to almost nothing at 630 °C. At its maximum, nearly half of the iron present was in this form. Most of the remaining iron was in an insoluble form called “ferrous sulpho‐silicate.” On the basis of this work, recommendations are made in regard to kiln fuels.
COMPARATIVE CRAZING AND CHIPPING OF WET AND DRY PROCESS CAST IRON ENAMELS1
Authors: Robson J. T. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTHeat shock tests are run on commercial samples of cast iron stove parts enameled by both the wet and dry process. These enamels applied by the wet process are much more resistant to temperature change than those enamels applied by the dry process.
FIRE‐CLAY BRICK FOR THE OPEN HEARTH1
Authors: Booze M. C. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTFire‐clay brick in the open hearth are normally subjected to medium temperatures and to the action of slag containing high percentages of iron and lime. Temperatures near the maximum of the open hearth itself may exist due to failure to reverse the draft and for that reason brick of high refractoriness are used. Resistance to spalling action is not of primary importance because the temperature change is small. The indications obtained from a laboratory test were that brick having a high alumina content would resist the slag action better than ones higher in silica.
THE ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF SODIUM CHLORIDE IN MOLTEN GLASS1
Authors: Sutton Willard J. , Silverman Alexander 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTPrecipitation of collodial suspensions in glass by dissolved salts leads to the assumption that they ionize. In this investigation the Conductivity of glass alone and with dissolved salts confirms the theory. A special cell has been devised for conductivity work in glass at high temperatures. This is the first study of the electrical conductivity of salts in vitreous media.
A STUDY OF PLASTICITY BY PRACTICAL POTTER'S METHODS1
Authors: Cox Paul E. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTBy the use of the potter's wheel it is shown that bentonite added to non‐plastic and lean ceramic materials will produce plasticity of the same quality as that found in high grade ball clays. Curves show the results obtained. The colloid theory of plasticity is sustained and it is demonstrated that mineral colloids of the type of the bentonites are of great value in ceramic work where plasticity is highly important.
NOTES ON THE BEHAVIOR OF REFRACTORIES IN GLASS MELTING FURNACES1
Authors: Insley Herbert 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTMicroscopic examination of used glass house refractories gives evidence about the transformations that have taken place during use, and the relative solubilities of constituents of the refractories in the glass. On this evidence it is concluded that high alumina refractories would resist the solvent action of the glass and the fluxing action of the soda in the furnace atmosphere better than fire clay refractories. Investigations are needed to find a new refractory mortar for use between silica and clay refractories in glass tanks.
SOME COMBUSTION PROBLEMS IN GLASS MAKING1
Authors: Smith C. D. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTFor a plant operating on producer gas and with possibilities for results that approach present best practice care must be exercised to see that not only producer gas equipment of recognized merit is installed but that gas mains are of ample size with adequate facilities for cleaning or burning out, that valves are large enough to take care of requirements and with minimum resistance to exit gases and that facilities be provided for gas checker temperature regulation as well as air regulation.
A GENERAL THEORY OF SPALLING
Authors: Norton F. H. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA theory is proposed whereby certain physical properties of a material are combined such a way as to give a measure of its resistance to rapid temperature changes. The important physical properties are the coefficient of expansion, the flexibility in shear and diffusivity. These quantities have been measured for a number of types of refractories and the theory checked by actual spalling results on these same refractories. The theory applies mainly to a single brick free from external stresses.
EUROPEAN SILICA REFRACTORIES
Authors: Cole Sandford S. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis investigation was on the silica brick and shapes made in Europe and the ganister supplied for the same. Analyses of rock and brick produced according to American practice and in Europe from the same rock are given. The results of tests on the best grades of brick are given. A general conclusion is that silica brick manufactured in Europe is not satisfactory for use in coke oven construction with a few exceptions.