bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disease and Medicine in African History: A Bibliographical Essay
Authors: Patterson K. David 
Published: April 2006

The medical history of Africa is a vital but neglected field. Disease has been a significant factor throughout African history, and attempts to control endemic and epidemic afflictions have been an important aspect of change in the twentieth century. Unfortunately, historians have rarely paid more than cursory attention to issues involving human health. There is some mention of disease in many pre-colonial studies, especially those of the “trade and politics” variety, but comment is usually directed toward the effects of tropical diseases on Europeans rather than the impact of local and induced diseases on African populations. Similarly, works on the colonial period often mention medical services in passing, but rarely make a serious attempt to assess their reception by local peoples and the results of their activities.It is to be hoped that as the historiography of Africa moves away from its early preoccupation with trade, politics, and the “origins of nationalism,” and as new archival and other sources become available, scholars will take a greater interest in the role of disease and medicine in the history of the continent. In this essay I will discuss some recent writings in this field by historians and by persons in other disciplines whose works are useful to historians, and will suggest possibilities for future research. Coverage will be selective rather than exhaustive, and will be confined to sub-Saharan Africa.
Another Modern Anti-Witchcraft Movement in East Central Africa
Authors: Marwick M. G. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphAs the title of this paper suggests, the movement described in it is not the first of its kind to have been recorded in Central Africa. About fourteen years ago Dr. Audrey I. Richards reported on a witchfinding movement associated with the Nyanja word mcape. (Local variations include mcapi, mucapi, &c.—referring to the medicine—and the Bemba called the medicine-vendors the Bamucapi.)
Witchcraft
Authors: Evans-Pritchard E. E. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThere are few, if any, African societies which do not believe in witchcraft of one type or another. These types can be classified and their areas of distribution marked out. Thus we have the ‘evil eye’ type, the likundu type, and the kindoki type, and doubtless other variations could be distinguished. But though some notion which we can describe as a belief in witchcraft is found in maybe every African society it is far from playing a uniform part in each. In many communities, including the one from which the information used in this paper was gathered, witchcraft is a function of a wide range of social behaviour, while in others it has little ideological importance. In this paper my conclusions about the social relations of the witchcraft concept are drawn from twenty months experience of the Azande nation of the Nile-Uelle divide, where witchcraft is a ubiquitous notion. Whether what is true of this people is true of many other African communities I cannot say.
Fuzzy set ordination and classification of Serengeti short grasslands, Tanzania
Authors: Banyikwa Feetham F. , Feoli Enrico , Zuccarello Vincenzo 
Published: April 2006

Abstract. Species abundance data from 32 representative stands are used to evaluate the vegetation in the heavily grazed Serengeti short grasslands. The abundant species are: Kyllinga nervosa, Sporobolus ioclados, S. kentro‐phyllus and Eustachys paspaloides, all occurring in elevated areas, and Hypoestes forskalei, which is found in the drainage areas.Numerical classification and fuzzy set ordination revealed four main grassland communities associated with a topographic gradient. The communities are considered distinct since their niches, as computed in the community and environmental fuzzy system space are not overlapping. Leaching, erosion and animal disturbance effects correlated with the topographic gradient are found to determine species composition and overall community structure in the grasslands.
The Mathematical Work of S.C.Kleene
Authors: Shoenfield J.R. 
Published: April 2006

§1. The origins of recursion theory. In dedicating a book to Steve Kleene, I referred to him as the person who made recursion theory into a theory. Recursion theory was begun by Kleene's teacher at Princeton, Alonzo Church, who first defined the class of recursive functions; first maintained that this class was the class of computable functions (a claim which has come to be known as Church's Thesis); and first used this fact to solve negatively some classical problems on the existence of algorithms. However, it was Kleene who, in his thesis and in his subsequent attempts to convince himself of Church's Thesis, developed a general theory of the behavior of the recursive functions. He continued to develop this theory and extend it to new situations throughout his mathematical career. Indeed, all of the research which he did had a close relationship to recursive functions.Church's Thesis arose in an accidental way. In his investigations of a system of logic which he had invented, Church became interested in a class of functions which he called the λ-definable functions. Initially, Church knew that the successor function and the addition function were λ-definable, but not much else. During 1932, Kleene gradually showed1 that this class of functions was quite extensive; and these results became an important part of his thesis 1935a (completed in June of 1933).
Simulation of Turbulent Flow in a Packed Bed
Authors: Guo B. , Yu A. , Wright B. , Zulli P. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractNumerous models for simulating the flow and transport in packed beds have been proposed in the literature with few reported applications. In this paper, several turbulence models for porous media are applied to the gas flow through a randomly packed bed and are examined by means of a parametric study against some published experimental data. These models predict widely different turbulent eddy viscosity. The analysis also indicates that deficiencies exist in the formulation of some model equations and selection of a suitable turbulence model is important. With this realization, residence time distribution and velocity distribution are then simulated by considering a radial profile of porosity and turbulence induced dispersion, and the results are in good agreement with the available experimental data.
Monomeric Azaheterofullerene Derivatives RC59N: Influence of the R Moiety on Spectroscopic and Photophysical Properties
Authors: Hauke Frank , Vostrowsky Otto , Hirsch Andreas , Quaranta Annamaria , Leibl Winfried , Leach Sydney , Edge Ruth , Navaratnam Suppiah , Bensasson René V. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWe have synthesised nine monomeric azaheterofullerene (AZA) derivatives, RC59N, with a wide variety of different side chains R and investigated their spectroscopic and photophysical properties in toluene ando‐dichlorobenzene (ODCB). Measurements include their ground‐state absorption spectra, molar absorption coefficient (εG), fluorescence spectra, fluorescence quantum yields (ΦF), singlet‐state lifetimes (τF), triplet‐state absorption spectra, triplet molar absorption coefficients (εT), singlet oxygen (ΦΔ), and triplet state (ΦT) quantum yields. The replacement of a carbon by a nitrogen atom in the C60sphere strongly affects most of the spectroscopic and photophysical properties. The chemical nature of the R moiety has definite effects on these properties in contrast with minor effects on the chemical nature of the addends in [6,6]‐ring bridged monoadduct methano[60]fullerene derivatives. These effects concern properties of the ground state, singlet excited state, and triplet states of our nine RC59N derivatives and in particular the values of photophysical parametersεG,εT,ΦΔ, andΦT, which are significantly lower than those of analogous monoadduct [6,6]‐ring bridged methano[60]fullerene derivatives.
Dimorphic Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein‐1 epitopes turn off memory T cells and interfere with T cell priming
Authors: Lee Edwin A. M. , Flanagan Katie L. , Minigo Gabriela , Reece William H. H. , Bailey Robin , Pinder Margaret , Hill Adrian V. S. , Plebanski Magdalena 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe leading blood‐stage malaria vaccine candidate antigen, Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein‐1 (MSP‐1) occurs in two major allelic types worldwide. The molecular basis promoting this stable dimorphism is unknown. In this study, we have shown that allelic altered peptide ligand (APL) T cell epitopes of MSP‐1 mutually inhibited IFN‐γ secretion as well as proliferation of CD4+ T cells in 27/34 malaria exposed Gambian volunteers. Besides this inhibition of malaria‐specific immunity, the same variant epitopes were also able to impair the priming of human T cells in malaria naive individuals. Epitope variants capable of interfering with T cell priming as well as inhibiting memory T cell effector functions offer a uniquely potent combination for immune evasion. Indeed, enhanced co‐habitation of parasites bearing such antagonistic allelic epitope regions was observed in a study of 321 West African children, indicating a survival advantage for parasites able to engage this inhibitory immune interference mechanism.
Oxidative stability of diacylglycerol oil and butter blends containing diacylglycerols
Authors: Kristensen Janni Brogaard , Nielsen Nina Skall , Jacobsen Charlotte , Mu Huiling 
Published: April 2006

AbstractDiacylglycerol (DAG) oils produced from sunflower oil and traditional sunflower oil were stored for 20 wk at 38 °C, and their oxidative stability was measured. Moreover, two butter blends were produced containing 40 wt‐% DAG oil made from sunflower oil or rapeseed oil, respectively, as well as two control butter blends with sunflower oil or rapeseed oil. Their oxidative stability during storage at 5 °C for up to 12 wk was examined by similar means as for the pure oils. The storage study of the oils indicated that the DAG oil was oxidatively less stable as compared to sunflower oil, but that they had similar sensory quality. Storage of the butter blends revealed that blends with the two types of rapeseed oil (triacylglycerol (TAG) or DAG oil) were oxidatively more stable than the blends containing oils from sunflower. There was no unambiguous indication of DAG butter blends having a different stability than their respective control TAG blends. However, they had a significantly less salty and buttery flavour, which was ascribed to a much smaller water droplet size causing a delayed sensory perception in the mouth. The butter blend with DAG oil from rapeseed had a very neutral flavour. On the contrary, the butter blend with DAG oil from sunflower had a more rancid aroma and flavour than its control blend with sunflower oil.
Modification of lecithin by physical, chemical and enzymatic methods
Authors: Joshi Amit , Paratkar Swaroopa G. , Thorat Bhaskar N. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe term “lecithin” is commonly used to refer to a complex mixture of naturally occurring phospholipids. A class of phospholipids, lecithins chemically exist as ester derivatives of phosphatidic acid. Lecithins are suitably modified to produce products possessing improved emulsifying properties besides increased dispersibility in aqueous systems. The products are used in a gamut of applications like food, pharmaceuticals, plastics, paints, coatings, cosmetics, pesticides, petroleum etc. The present review explores in great detail the various methods of producing structurally diverse lecithins and elucidates the advantages of these methods with regard to the specific applications of the modified products.
A Co‐Functionalization Approach to Soluble and Functional Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: D’Este Matteo , De Nardi Marco , Menna Enzo 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA new class of single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) derivatives have been synthesized by means of an oxidation route that leads to shortened nanotubes bearing carboxylic acid end groups. The simultaneous attachment of poly(ethylene glycol)amine (PEG–NH2) and amine derivatives of aromatic fluorophores was achieved through the formation of amide bonds. Different soluble products have been obtained from 2‐aminofluorene, 2‐aminoanthracene and 1‐aminomethylnaphthalene. Basic spectroscopic characterization revealed peculiar features, such as quenching of the fluorescence, that suggest intramolecular interactions between the tubes and the attached aromatic moieties. The proposed co‐functionalization procedure could be easily extended to obtain a wide range of soluble organic derivatives of SWNTs. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
High‐order compact numerical schemes for non‐hydrostatic free surface flows
Authors: Anthonio Stephen L. , Hall Kevin R. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe development of a numerical scheme for non‐hydrostatic free surface flows is described with the objective of improving the resolution characteristics of existing solution methods. The model uses a high‐order compact finite difference method for spatial discretization on a collocated grid and the standard, explicit, single step, four‐stage, fourth‐order Runge–Kutta method for temporal discretization. The Cartesian coordinate system was used. The model requires the solution of two Poisson equations at each time‐step and tridiagonal matrices for each derivative at each of the four stages in a time‐step. Third‐ and fourth‐order accurate boundaries for the flow variables have been developed including the top non‐hydrostatic pressure boundary. The results demonstrate that numerical dissipation which has been a problem with many similar models that are second‐order accurate is practically eliminated. A high accuracy is obtained for the flow variables including the non‐hydrostatic pressure. The accuracy of the model has been tested in numerical experiments. In all cases where analytical solutions are available, both phase errors and amplitude errors are very small. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐Fluorous Random Copolymeric Stabilizers for Dispersion Polymerizations of MMA in Supercritical CO2
Authors: Hwang Ha Soo , Lim Kwon Taek 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSummary: The dispersion polymerization of MMA in supercritical CO2 was successfully carried out utilizing the first non‐fluorous random copolymers composed of 3‐tris(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate and 2‐dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, poly(SiMA‐co‐DMAEMA) as a stabilizer. The resulting high yield (>93%) of micron‐sized PMMA was formed in the presence of 5% (w/w to MMA) of copolymeric stabilizers. While the PSiMA and PDMAEMA homopolymer produced nondescript solid and irregular shape aggregate, respectively, the random copolymer of 71% SiMA‐content resulted in spherical and uniform powder.SEM image of PMMA particles prepared in supercritical CO2 using poly(SiMA‐co‐DMAEMA) (71:29) stabilizer.magnified imageSEM image of PMMA particles prepared in supercritical CO2 using poly(SiMA‐co‐DMAEMA) (71:29) stabilizer.
Identification of crystallin family proteins in vitreous body in rat endotoxin‐induced uveitis: Involvement of crystallin truncation in uveitis pathogenesis
Authors: Bahk Song‐Chul , Lee Sook‐Hee , Jang Jung‐Un , Choi Chang‐Uk , Lee Bok‐Soo , Chae Soo‐Cheon , Song Hye‐Jin , Park Zee‐Yong , Yang Yun‐Sik , Chung Hun‐Taeg 
Published: April 2006

AbstractEndotoxin‐induced uveitis (EIU) is an animal model of acute ocular inflammation. To characterize the mechanism of EIU, we analyzed the infiltration of proteins in the vitreous bodies of rats with EIU and normal rats using 2‐DE and micro LC/LC‐MS/MS. Twenty spots were identified in vitreous bodies of rats. Eighteen of these spots were members of the crystallin family. The truncated form of beta A4‐ and beta B2‐crystallin were predominant in normal vitreous bodies, but there were intact form of crystallins in lipopolysaccharide‐injected rats with EIU. These results suggest that crystallin family proteins are the major group of proteins involved in uveitic vitreous and that C‐terminal truncation of beta‐crystallins may play a role in EIU‐related disease progression.
Effect of lemnan, pectin from Lemna minor L., and its fragments on inflammatory reaction
Authors: Popov Sergey V. , Ovodova Raisa G. , Ovodov Yury S. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAn effect of apiogalacturonanic pectin of duckweed Lemna minor L. (lemnan LM) was studied on the inflammatory response to ovalbumin injected intradermally into the footpad of control and ovalbumin‐fed mice. Lemnan LM (1–2 mg per mouse) was found to enhance by as much as 50–60% the footpad swelling in control mice. Oral administration of ovalbumin was shown to result in sensitization that increased inflammation. Ovalbumin admixed with lemnan was found to increase by two‐fold footpad edema in comparison with the mice receiving ovalbumin alone. Apple pectin used as a reference compound failed to influence the inflammatory reaction. Degradation of lemnan was performed to elucidate the active region of the polysaccharide macromolecule. The apiogalacturonanic fragment (LMP) obtained using a digestion of lemnan LM with pectinase was shown to increase the footpad response in both control and ovalbumin‐fed mice. Fragment LMPH deprived of some terminal apiose residues as a result of partial acidic hydrolysis failed to have an effect on the inflammatory response.Thus, the data obtained reveal an enhancement by lemnan of the inflammatory response. The ramified apiogalacturonan seemed to be the active region of the lemnan macromolecule. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of antioxidant activity of Salix caprea flowers
Authors: Alam M. Sarwar , Kaur Gurpreet , Jabbar Zoobi , Javed K. , Athar Mohammad 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe study was aimed at evaluating the antioxidant activity of an ethanol extract of Salix caprea L. (Salicaceae) flowers. The extract was found to possess a large amount of polyphenols and also exhibited a high reducing ability. The extract significantly and dose dependently scavenged DPPH, superoxide (O2·−), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitric oxide (NO). At a concentration of 250 µg/mL, 85.04% of DPPH radicals and at 500 µg/mL 45.97%, 17.97% and 56.53% of O2·−, H2O2 and NO, respectively, were scavenged by the S. caprea flower extract. A significant amount of protection was also afforded by the extract in the acute oxidative tissue injury animal model constituted by ferric nitrilotriacetate (FeNTA) induced hepatotoxicity in mice. An intraperitoneal administration of FeNTA at a dose of 9 mg/kg of body weight caused an elevation in hepatic lipid peroxidation (LPO) to 176.90% and a suppression in hepatic glutathione (GSH) content and the activities of antioxidant enzymes namely, catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) to 46.49%, 64.37%, 41.71% and 48.76%, respectively, of the saline treated control. The pretreatment of mice with S. caprea flower extract at a dose range of 50–150 mg/kg of body weight for 7 days followed by FeNTA treatment caused preservation of all these parameters. The present study indicates that the flowers of S. caprea possess a significant antioxidant and hepatoprotective property, the former being implicated in the latter. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antimicrobial activity of common madder (Rubia tinctorum L.)
Authors: Kalyoncu Fatih , Cetin Burcu , Saglam Hüsniye 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn this study, ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate and water extracts of Rubia tinctorum L. (Rubiaceae) were tested for antimicrobial activity by the disc diffusion method. From the present study it was found that Rubia tinctorum L. revealed antimicrobial activity against some Gram (+) and Gram (–) bacteria, yeasts, filamentous fungi and actinomycetes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of aged garlic extract against methotrexate‐induced damage to the small intestine in rats
Authors: Yüncü Mehmet , Eralp Ayhan , Celõk Ahmet 
Published: April 2006

AbstractMethotrexate (MTX) chemotherapy is often accompanied by side effects such as gastrointestinal ulceration and diarrhea. The aim of this study was to examine histologically whether an aged garlic extract (AGE) had a protective effect on the small intestine of rats with MTX‐induced damage. Forty male Wistar albino rats were randomized into experimental and control groups and divided into four groups of ten animals. To the first group, MTX was applied as a single dose (20 mg/kg) intraperitoneally. To the second group, in addition to MTX application, AGE (250 mg/kg) was administered orally every day at the same time by intragastric intubation until the rats were killed. To the third group, AGE only was given. The fourth group was the control. All animals were killed 4 days after the intraperitoneal injection of MTX for histopathologic analysis and tissue MDA levels. Before killing, intracardiac blood was obtained from each animal to perform biochemical analysis (plasma lactate level). MTX was found to lead to damage in the jejunal tissues and to increase the MDA and lactate levels in the plasma. Administration of the AGE decreased the severity of jejunal damage, but increased MDA and lactate levels caused by MTX treatment on the other hand. These results suggest that AGE may protect the small intestine of rats from MTX‐induced damage. Thus this study substantiated the thought that the protective effect of AGE is derived from the manner in which it interacts with crypt cells. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predicting Job Satisfaction Among Speech-Language Pathologists Working in Public Schools
Authors: Blood Gordon W. , Ridenour Jenna Swavely , Thomas Emily A. , Qualls Constance Dean , Hammer Carol Scheffner 
Published: April 2006

Purpose:The aims of the present study were (a) to compare the job satisfaction ratings of speech-language pathologists (SLPs) working in schools with other workers on a standardized index and (b) to examine whether geographic setting (i.e., rural, suburban, and urban), specific demographic variables (i.e., gender, ethnicity, age, and education), and practice-related variables (i.e., years in current position and caseload size) explain/predict job satisfaction among SLPs working in public schools.Method:A mail survey methodology was employed. Two thousand practicing SLPs, members of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA), residing in the United States were randomly selected from the national membership list. Usable responses were obtained from 1,207 SLPs, representing a 60.4% response rate. Participants completed the Job Satisfaction Survey (Spector, 1996), demographic and practice-related questions, and information regarding their geographic work setting.Results:These results suggest that the majority of SLPs are generally satisfied (42.2%) or highly satisfied (34.1%) with their jobs. Results of the regression analyses revealed that the age of participants (i.e., older were more satisfied), years at current job (i.e., SLPs with greater number of years were more satisfied), and caseload size (i.e., SLPs with smaller caseloads were more satisfied) were predictive of job satisfaction in SLPs working in the schools.Clinical Implications:The findings provide additional assurance for SLPs concerning overall group satisfaction. The information could also assist educational training programs with data concerning SLPs' satisfaction. Smaller caseload size is predictive of job satisfaction. There were no differences among rural, suburban, and urban SLPs in their overall job satisfaction. This information could be useful for personnel directors in recruiting and retaining SLPs.