bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First Report of Japanese Beetle (Popillia japonica) as a Vector of Southern bean mosaic virus and Bean pod mottle virus
Authors: Wickizer S. L. , Gergerich R. C. 
Published: May 2007

The Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), was introduced into the United States in New Jersey in 1916 and now commonly occurs in the eastern and mid-western United States. The Japanese beetle has a wide host range and feeds on more than 300 plant species within 79 families (2), but it has not been reported to be a vector of plant viruses. Southern bean mosaic virus (SBMV; genus Sobemovirus) and Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV; family Comoviridae, genus Comovirus) are transmitted by several species of leaf-feeding beetles in the families Coccinelidae and Chrysomelidae (1). Japanese beetles, collected in northwestern Arkansas with a JB Jumbo insect trap (Great Lakes IPM, Inc., Vestaburg, MI), were tested to determine if they are able to transmit SBMV and BPMV. The beetles were given a 24-h acquisition access (individually in plastic petri dishes) to detached trifoliolate leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris ‘Black Valentine’ systemically infected with either BPMV or SBMV. Beetles that had fed on the infected bean leaves (as evidenced by feeding damage to the leaves) were caged individually in clear plastic cups on healthy ‘Black Valentine’ bean seedlings for a 24-h transmission access period. The test plants were grown in the greenhouse for 2 weeks after which they were evaluated for virus infection. In the first trial, BPMV was not transmitted (0 of 11 bait plants with feeding damage), whereas SBMV was efficiently transmitted (6 of 6 bait plants with feeding damage) as determined by agar-gel double-diffusion serology of test plants using polyclonal antibodies to SBMV and BPMV. In a second trial, with a different set of beetles, the transmission rate for BPMV was 3 of 46 (6.5%) and 33 of 43 (77%) for SBMV, and the test plants were evaluated for virus infection using Protein A ELISA. The higher transmission efficiency of SBMV by Japanese beetles when compared with BPMV is characteristic of these two viruses when they are transmitted by other leaffeeding beetles (1). These results are in contrast to an earlier report that Japanese beetles were not able to transmit BPMV from infected soybeans to healthy soybeans in Illinois (3). To our knowledge, this is the first report that the Japanese beetle, an introduced insect with a wide host range in the United States, is a vector of plant viruses. References: (1) J. P. Fulton et al. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol. 25:111. 1987. (2) D. W. Held. J. Aboricult. 30:328, 2004. (3) T. R. Mabry et al. Plant Dis. 87:1221, 2003.
Branch Dieback of Savin Juniper in Pennsylvania Caused by Diplodia mutila
Authors: Stanosz G. R. , Moorman G. W. 
Published: May 2007

Branch dieback of savin juniper (Juniperus sabina L.) was observed on a tree in Dauphin County, PA, in May 1996. The symptomatic tree was in an ornamental planting that had been established approximately 10 years previously. Branches were cankered and girdled, causing yellowing and death of foliage beyond the cankers. Black pycnidia occurred in necrotic bark of cankers. Dark, two-celled conidia obtained from these pycnidia produced pure cultures of Diplodia mutila (Fr.:Fr.) Mont., the anamorph of Botryosphaeria stevensii Shoemaker. The fungus was identified based on pycnidial, conidial, and cultural characteristics, and comparison with known isolates provided by N. A. Tisserat (2). Pathogenicity of a single conidial isolate from Pennsylvania was tested in a greenhouse by wounding and inoculating twigs of potted eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana L.) with water agar plugs colonized by mycelium. Cankers formed and enlarged to girdle and kill the inoculated shoots, from which the pathogen was reisolated. No symptoms developed on, nor was the pathogen isolated from, control twigs. B. stevensii has been reported more frequently on angiosperms, such as apple (Malus Mill.) and oak (Quercus L.), than on gymnosperms. However, a canker disease caused by B. stevensii previously has been reported to affect J. scopulorum Sarg. and J. virginiana in Kansas, Missouri, and Iowa (1,2). References: (1) P. H. Flynn and M. L. Gleason. Plant Dis. 77:210, 1993. (2) N. A. Tisserat et al. Plant Dis. 72:699, 1988.
Occurrence of Downy Mildew on Sunflower in South Africa
Authors: Viljoen A. , van Wyk P. S. , Nowell D. C. , Gulya T. J. 
Published: May 2007

Downy mildew, caused by Plasmopara halstedii (Farl.) Berl. & De Toni in Sacc., is an economically important disease of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in Europe and the United States (1). The disease was first noticed in South Africa in a commercial field near Standerton and in a seed production field near Kroonstad during the 1993 to 1994 planting season. During the 1995 to 1996 season, downy mildew was found in experimental hybrids near Heilbron, and in commercial fields near Heil-bron, Marikana, and Potchefstroom. At Heilbron, five hybrids were infected with P. halstedii, whereas three others showed symptoms of downy mildew at Potchefstroom and Marikana. All commercially cultivated hybrids have been developed in South Africa. Disease incidence in all the fields was low, with less than 1% of plants affected by the disease. Diseased plants were dwarfed and displayed veinal chlorosis of leaves typically associated with downy mildew of sunflower. White fungal growth commonly occurred on lower leaf surfaces. Sunflower seedlings inoculated with P. halstedii produced symptoms characteristic of downy mildew. The occurrence of the disease in many geographic areas and on various hybrids in South Africa suggests that the fungus is well established. Recent outbreaks can be attributed to the cool, wet, climatic conditions of the 1993 to 1994 and 1995 to 1996 seasons. The susceptibility of local hybrids suggests that downy mildew is a potentially dangerous disease of sunflower in South Africa. Reference: (1) J. F. Miller and T. J. Gulya. Crop Sci. 27:210, 1987.
Blueberry Scorch Carlavirus Eliminated from Infected Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) by Heat Therapy and Apical Meristem Culture
Authors: Postman J. D. 
Published: May 2007

The incidence of aphid-transmitted blueberry scorch carlavirus (BBSCV) has been increasing in recent years through the blueberry production areas of Oregon and Washington (1). Several infected plants were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and removed from the blueberry germ plasm collection at the USDA/ARS National Clonal Germplasm Repository (NCGR) in Corvallis, OR. A virus-free replacement was not available from other sources for one of the infected cultivars. Plants of a highbush blueberry cultivar (Vaccinium corymbosum L. ‘Gem’), infected with BBSCV, were grown at temperatures alternating every 4 h between 30 and 38°C. After 16 or 58 days of heat therapy, apical shoot tips were removed and meristems ranging in size from 0.2 to 1.0 mm were dissected and grown in vitro. Eight plants were successfully regenerated from these meristems: five from shoots that had been heat treated for 16 days and three from shoots heat treated for 58 days. These eight plants were tested for BBSCV by ELISA during the first growing season, and again after growth resumed following winter dormancy. All eight plants consistently tested negative for the virus and Gem is now among the 400 virus-tested Vaccinium clones available at NCGR Corvallis. This is the first report of the successful elimination of BBSCV from infected blueberry plants. Reference: (1) R. R. Martin and P. R. Bristow. Phytopathology 78:1636, 1988.
Cucumber Mosaic Virus, Tobacco Streak Virus, and Cucumber Mosaic Virus Satellite RNA Associated with Mosaic and Ringspot Symptoms in Ajuga reptans in Ohio
Authors: Fisher J. R. , Nameth S. T. 
Published: May 2007

Creeping bugleweed (Ajuga reptans L.) is a perennial ornamental commonly grown as a ground cover in temperate climates. Commercial samples of the A. reptans cultivars Royalty, var. Atropurpurea Bronze, Bronze Beauty, and Burgundy Glow showing mosaic and ringspot symptoms were tested for the presence of virus infection by direct antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and viral-associated double-stranded (ds) RNA analysis. Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV) was detected by ELISA and dsRNA analysis in symptomatic samples of all cultivars tested. ELISA values were considered positive if the absorbance values were twice the negative control. Negative control values were established with asymptomatic tissue of the cv. Bronze Beauty. Tobacco streak ilarvirus (TSV) was detected only by ELISA in symptomatic samples of all cultivars except Royalty. No dsRNA suggestive of TSV was detected. Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) was detected by ELISA and dsRNA analysis in symptomatic samples of all cultivars tested except Royalty and var. Atropurpurea Bronze. dsRNA analysis also indicated the presence of a low molecular weight, possible satellite (sat) RNA associated with all symptomatic and asymptomatic Royalty and var. Atropurpurea Bronze plants tested. Northern (RNA) blot analysis with a digoxigenin-labeled full-length clone of the (S) CARNA-5 (-) CMV satRNA (ATCC no. 45124) confirmed that the low molecular weight RNA associated with the Royalty and var. Atropurpurea Bronze cultivars was indeed CMV satRNA. Only AMV has been previously reported in A. reptans in the United States (1). This is the first report of CMV and its satRNA, as well as TSV, in A. reptans in the United States. Reference: (1) W. T. Schroeder and R. Provvidenti. Plant Dis. Rep. 56:285, 1972.
Recent Outbreak of Stem Canker (Diaporthe phaseolorum var. meridionalis) of Soybean in Santa Fe, Argentina
Authors: Pioli R. , Gattuso S. , Prado D. , Borghi A. 
Published: May 2007

This disease was first noted in the area in February 1993 (2), when a soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) disease survey was conducted in several localities of southern Santa Fe province, the core soybean region of Argentina. At that time, its incidence ranged from 5 to 8% in isolated fields. However, in March 1997, stem canker reached a dramatic 70 to 100% incidence, probably helped by the extensive use of susceptible cultivars, favorable climatic conditions, and inoculum availability from no-till fields. Observed symptoms on stems consisted of V-shaped longitudinal lesions at petiole insertion, with reddish brown margins and discolored centers, where the pycnidia of the anamorph Phomopsis phaseoli (Desmaz.) Sacc. meridionalis Morgan-Jones were found. The lesions coalesced and consequently the main stem and branches died. Foliage symptoms started as yellow blotches, later developing into interveinal chlorosis and necrosis. Perithecia of the teleomorph Diaporthe phaseolorum (Cooke & Ellis) Sacc. var. meridionalis F. A. Fernandez (1) were obtained from infected stems in several crop seasons. Once ripe, the ascospores were cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) acidified with lactic acid (0.2%), amended with streptomycin (100 mg/liter), and maintained in darkness at 20 to 25°C. Yellowish white colonies were obtained, later becoming tan and developing perithecia. Perithecia had a beak length of 868 ± 183 μm, neck width of 126.2 ± 17 μm, the asci of 36.7 ± 4.7 μm length and bicellular biguttulate ascospores of 10.2 ± 1 μm length and 3 ± 0.13 μm width. All features match the available descriptions of the pathogen (1). Pathogenicity trials were performed on seedlings of resistant and susceptible cultivars up to second trifoliar leaf stage; these cultivars were classified according to inoculations and field behavior. Plants were wounded with a scalpel in the cotyledonary node and inoculated with a 3-mm-diameter PDA mycelial plug, covered with vaseline. Control seedlings were either not wounded or similarly wounded and covered with vaseline but no PDA plugs were applied. Symptom development was observed within 4 days from inoculation in the top leaf, and in 7 days most seedlings of susceptible cultivars were dead. Resistant cultivars survived and showed only reddish discoloration in wounds. The control seedlings were symptomless and the pathogen was not isolated from them. Conversely, inoculated seedlings with visible symptoms consistently yielded D. phaseolorum var. meridionalis from stem sections at different distances from the inoculation point.When cultured on water agar, alpha conidia from pycnidia and ascospores from the perithecia were obtained. References: (1) F. A. Fernandez and R. T. Hanlin. Mycologia 88:425, 1996. (2) R. N. Pioli et al. Comun. Biol. 11:156, 1993.
First Report of Root-Knot Nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) on Sunflowers in Mozambique
Authors: Zazzerini A. , Tosi L. , Vicente P. M. 
Published: May 2007

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) recently was reintroduced to Mozambique because of renewed interest in oil-seed production for domestic consumption. In April 1997, disease surveys were carried out in two fields in southern Mozambique (Maputo region). Several plants of Pan 735, a South African cultivar, showed yellowing of the leaves and stunting. These plants wilted during the day but recovered their turgidity at night. Diseased plants were easily pulled from the soil due to almost complete destruction of the root system. Numerous galls were found on affected roots, compared with healthy plants. Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) Chitwood and M. incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood were identified by M. Di Vito (personal communication) based on 20 female perineal patterns observed with a light microscope. M. incognita was more prevalent than M. javanica. Also observed were Alternaria helianthi (Hansf.) Tubaki & Nishihara and Sclerotium bataticola Taub. Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.), common on sunflower, cause severe damage and reduce both seed yield and seed oil content (1). These two nematode species have also been observed on sunflower in other African countries (Zambia, South Africa, Egypt) but this is the first report of root-knot nematode on sunflower in Mozambique. Reference: (1) M. Di Vito et al. Nematol. Medit. 24:109, 1996.
First Report of Pratylenchus neglectus in New York
Authors: Timper P. , Brodie B. B. 
Published: May 2007

Soil samples were collected from a field in Wyoming County near Portageville, NY, on 29 October 1992 and 23 November 1993. The field was planted with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) from September 1991 to August 1992, and with potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cv. Superior from May 1993 to September 1993. Thirty-nine and 45 samples were collected along three transects in 1992 and 1993, respectively. Two species of Pratylenchus were identified, P. neglectus (Rensch) Filipjev & Sch. Stek. (identification confirmed by A. M. Golden) and P. penetrans (Cobb) Filipjev & Sch. Stek. Their combined population densities were 134 ± 18 (mean ± SE per 100 cm3 soil) in 1992 and 195 ± 12 in 1993. P. neglectus was found in all samples, whereas P. penetrans was found in 33 and 78% of the samples in 1992 and 1993, respectively. Where both species occurred together, the density of P. neglectus was 7 to 8 times that of P. penetrans. In both years, spores of a nematode-pathogenic bacterium (probably a Pasteuria sp.) were found attached to the cuticle of P. penetrans (68% with spores in 1993) but were rarely attached to P. neglectus (less than 1% with spores). Although both Pratylenchus spp. are widespread in North America, this is the first report of P. neglectus in New York. Its dominance in the field was unexpected because P. penetrans and P. crenatus Loof are typically the dominant Pratylenchus spp. in potato production regions of northeastern North America (1). The presence of the bacterium, which appeared to be host-specific for P. penetrans, may help explain the dominance of P. neglectus. Reference: (1) R. N. Huettel et al. Am. Potato J. 68:345, 1991.
Phyllosticta multicorniculata on Abies spp. in the Northeastern U.S.
Authors: Wenner N. G. , Merrill W. 
Published: May 2007

Several needle blight fungi affect natural regeneration and Christmas tree plantations of Abies spp. in northeastern North America. Of these, Phyllosticta multicorniculata Bissett & Palm has been reported from A. balsamea (L.) Mill. in Ontario and Prince Edward Island, and from A. concolor (Gordon & Glend.) Lindl. ex Hildebr. in Wisconsin (1). In Quebec, P. multicorniculata was reported as an endophyte on symptomless needles of A. balsamea (2). In 1994, we collected this fungus in Grafton County, NH, defoliating lower branches of A. balsamea Christmas trees. In July and August 1996, we examined infected A. concolor Christmas trees in Lamoille County, VT. In July, approximately 50% of the 1996 needle complement on the lower 1 m of the crowns was infected and by August the incidence of infection on these branches increased to 75 to 100%. Less severe blighting occurred up to 1.5 m. Dead needles of the 1995 complement bore abundant, mostly empty, pycnidia of P. multicorniculata. The dead and dying distal ends of the 1996 needle complement bore abundant pycnidia of P. multicorniculata in various stages of maturation. This is the first report of this pathogen on Abies spp. in the northeastern U.S. The conidia from actively-sporulating pycnidia bore more numerous and longer appendages (1 to 16, average 7, up to 38 µm long) than the dried herbarium specimens of various ages used in the species description (1 to 5, up to 7 µm long) (1), or similarly reported from culture (2). References: (1) J. Bissett and M. E. Palm. Can. J. Bot. 67:3378, 1989. (2) L. Petrini et al. Sydowia 43:148, 1991.
A New Geminivirus Associated with Tomato in the State of São Paulo, Brazil
Authors: Faria J. C. , Souza-Dias J. A. C. , Slack S. A. , Maxwell D. P. 
Published: May 2007

The apical growth of about 20% of young tomato plants in observed fields near Campinas, State of São Paulo, Brazil, had yellow streaking of veins. Leaf symptoms developed into patches of yellow mosaic and the leaves became wavy. The whitefly Bemisia tabaci Genn. transmitted a pathogen from the infected tomato plants to healthy tomato and potato plants, reproducing the original symptoms in tomato. The apical leaves of infected potatoes showed yellow or green mottle that developed into leaf distortion with yellow blotches, symptoms indistinguishable from potato-deforming mosaic disease (2). DNA was extracted from these tomato and potato plants (1). Using DNA from the infected tomato plant, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the degenerate primer pair PAC1v1978/ PAV1c715 (1), which amplifies part of the rep gene (AC1 ORF), the common region (CR), and part of the cp gene (AV1 ORF), and with the primer pair PBC1v2039/PBV1c800, which amplifies part of BC1 ORF, CR, and part of BV1 ORF, gave virus-specific DNA fragments of the sizes expected from a whitefly-transmitted geminivirus. These were cloned and the complete nucleotide (sequences for DNA-A (pToYA, GenBank accession no. U79998) and DNA-B (pToYB, GenBank accession no. U80042) fragments obtained. Nucleotide identity between the CRs (184 nucleotides) was 90%, strongly indicating that those fragments correspond to a bipartite subgroup III geminivirus. PCR with the DNA from infected potato gave the expected size fragment for DNA-A. The partial sequence of the rep gene was 100% identical to the homologous sequence from the PCR fragment from the infected tomato. A search in the GenBank, EMBL, DDBJ, and PDB databases, using the BLAST program, found no identical geminivirus. The highest identity for the CR was 75% to tomato mottle geminivirus-Florida (ToMoV) and 74% to bean golden mosaic virus-Brazil. For the rep gene, the highest identity was 73% to tomato yellow leaf curl virus-Israel, an Old World geminivi-rus, followed by 71% to tomato golden mosaic virus-Brazil (TGMV) and ToMoV. For the cp gene, the highest identity was 86% to TGMV, followed by 83% to squash leaf curl geminivirus. Therefore, we propose the name tomato yellow vein streak geminivirus (ToYVSV) for this distinct virus (2). References: (1) M. R. Rojas et al. Plant Dis. 77:340, 1993. (2) J. A. C. Souza-Dias et al. Summa Phytopathol. 22:57, 1996.
First Report of Potato Powdery Scab, Caused by Spongospora subterranea f. sp. subterranea, in North Dakota
Authors: Draper M. A. , Secor G. A. , Gudmestad N. C. 
Published: May 2007

Powdery scab is a serious disease of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) that can cause extensive surface defects on susceptible potato cultivars. The pathogen, Spongospora subterranea (Wallr.) Lagerh. f. sp. subterranea J. A. Tomlinson, is an important concern in seed potato production because current seed certification standards in North Dakota have a zero tolerance for this pathogen. Powdery scab had not previously been identified in North Dakota. Until recently this disease was not thought to be present in U.S. commercial potato-producing areas. Powdery scab has now been shown to be more widely distributed than previously thought (1), having been identified in several locations in eastern and western North America. However, environmental conditions in North Dakota, including high soil pH, low rainfall, and high temperatures, are not considered favorable for powdery scab development. Diseased potatoes were found in a field from Griggs County, ND, in the fall of 1994 and characteristic cystosori were present in erumpent lesions on infected tubers. The field was an irrigated circle planted to three different cultivars. The cultivars Goldrush and Red Norland were symptomless, while cv. Red La-Soda was severely affected. Up to 30% of the tuber surfaces were diseased and disease incidence approached 25%. The infected crop was destroyed. Pathogenicity was confirmed by planting pieces of diseased tuber tissue adjacent to healthy seed pieces of Russet Burbank. Transmission of the obligate parasite occurred naturally by simulating conditions that were favorable for infection, acidic potting mix (Jiffy-Mix) maintained at a high water potential. Progeny plants were found to be infected on both tubers and roots after 60 days. Control plants that were not exposed to diseased tuber pieces were unaffected. North Dakota, a major seed-potato-producing state, ships seed to every other potato-producing area in the U.S. and much of Canada. Infected seed shipped to areas with a favorable environment for disease development may result in crops becoming diseased and unmarketable. The cooler temperatures and higher than normal rainfall during the 1992 to 1995 seasons may account for powdery scab development in North Dakota. Recent increases in irrigated agriculture and potato production in North Dakota could lead to the infestation of new areas, restricting the value of that land for potato production. Reference: (1) B. Christ et al. Am. Potato J. 65:583, 1988.