bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tanzania Virescent and Early Evaluation of Their Descendant
Authors: Prasetyo Joko Handoko Hadi , Djuhjana Jajan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The Tanzania oil palm population was introduced to Sumatra Bioscience (SumBio)-PT PP London Sumatra Indonesia Tbk, when two palms of open-pollinated seeds were planted at Bah Lias Estate in 1996. One of two palms was confirmed as virescent dura after producing bunches. The virescent dura was selfed, and F1 progeny were planted in 2001. Bunch character data shows that the F1 progeny of Tanzania virescent dura had a large kernel size with a kernel-to-bunch ratio (KB) of about 8%. On the other hand, the segregation of F1 progeny shows 87% of descendants are virescent. Three virescent dura had offspring with 100% virescent bunches in the F2 generation, and the progenies have a mean KB ratio higher than their grandparents by about > 8,6%. Fortunately, the molecular marker analysis carried out on F1 progeny confirmed that those three dura palms were homozygous virescent. The F1 homozygous virescent duras were tested with selected elite pisifera planted in the progeny trial in 2019. Early recordings showed that all DxP progenies derived from Tanzania homozygous virescent were 100% virescent. Preliminary evaluation based on bunch and oil analysis results showed the combination between Tanzania virescent homozygous dura and Ekona pisifera gave progeny with an increasing KB ratio compared to their parents, around 13.5%. Unfortunately, it has a lower oil-to-bunch (OB) ratio (23.1%). A combination of Tanzania virescent and Binga gave progeny with a slight increase in the KB ratio of about 11.2%, but the OB ratio is better at around 24.5%. According to these preliminary findings, Tanzania virescent passes on high KB characteristics to its progeny. In the next few years, yield and growth records will continue to be carried out to see the consistency of the characters possessed by each cross combination with the unique virescent bunches to indicate bunch ripeness.
Towards a laser-based irradiation system for attacking Curvularia sp.: Preliminary results
Authors: Widiyatmoko B , Ilyas M , Oktalira F T , Hanto D , Pratomo H , Priwiratama H , Setiono A 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In the seedling stage, oil palm plants are susceptible to several diseases. Leaf spot disease caused by fungi or bacteria often appears that can lead to a failure and even death of the seeds. Spraying fungicides is usually conducted to diminish the fungi growth on the leaf. However, a continuous application of fungicides can become a resistance condition of the fungi to the given fungicides. In this research, a laser-based irradiation system is proposed to attack the fungi growth on the leaf. Photon as an electromagnetic wave is expected to penetrate the fungal cell, yielding dormant DNA, subsequently leading to the fungi’s death. The photon energy’s suitability could influence this technique’s effectiveness according to the absorption energy of the targeted fungal/bacterial cell. This work presents a preliminary result on the generated light power and the beam area at ∼16.59 mW/cm2 and ∼24 cm2, respectively, on Curvularia sp. under laboratory conditions.
Genus Curvularia and Pestalotiopsis as the primary pathogen of leaf spot disease on oil palm seedlings throughout Indonesia
Authors: Priwiratama Hari , Wiyono Suryo , Tondok Efi Toding , Hidayat Sri Hendrastuti , Wening Sri , Wijayanti Eka , Rozziansha Tjut Ahmad Perdana 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Leaf spot is a major plant disease that affects oil palm seedlings. Several fungal genera, including Cercospora, Curvularia, Drechslera, Pestalotiopsis, and Phyllosticta, have been linked to leaf spot disease in oil palms worldwide. A survey was undertaken in several oil palm nurseries throughout Indonesia to discover the primary pathogen of the leaf spot disease. The result revealed that two dominating genera, Curvularia and Pestalotiopsis, were responsible for leaf spot infections on oil palm seedlings in Indonesia. Curvularia was isolated from oil palm nurseries in Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, and Sulawesi. Curvularia isolates can be divided into five morphotypes based on colony growth and appearance. On the other hand, three major morphotypes of Pestalotiopsis were collected from Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Papua.
Basal stem rot of oil palm: Disease development in mineral and peat soils
Authors: Virdiana I , Forster B P , Zakaria L 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Basal stem rot (BSR) of oil palm, caused by Ganoderma boninense, is a major disease of economic concern in Southeast Asia, especially in Indonesia and Malaysia. The disease causes palm death and the reduction in the oil palm stand, results in lower yields and serious economic losses. In Indonesia, incidence of BSR has been reported in both mineral and peat soils. To control BSR in peat and mineral soils, an understanding of disease development is necessary. Disease developmental studies were conducted at two oil palm plantations in North Sumatra, representing mineral and peat soils. Palms with mild BSR infection were recorded and disease progression monitored. After 37 months, critical symptoms of basal stem rotting were observed. The percentages of palms with advanced disease symptoms in mineral and peat soils were 62.5% and 90.6%, respectively. The observations indicated that BSR symptoms developed faster in oil palms planted in peat soil compared to those in mineral soils.
Effect of Calcium Carbonate Application on Initial Vegetative Growth of Oil Palm Planted on Deep Peat
Authors: Anggoro B M , Sugandi A 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The main challenge of planting oil palm on deep peat is naturally acidic soil pH which affects rooting development and activity and uptake of nutrients. Considering one life cycle of oil palm can be up to ≥20 years, ensuring optimum growth of palms since its initial planting is essential. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) application is a standard practice to increase soil pH, including on peat soils. However, the effective rate and effects of its application to palm growth are still lacking. This trial is aimed to see the effect of CaCO3 application on the vegetative growth of oil palms planted on deep peat in the initial years of planting. The trial was conducted in an oil palm plantation in Pangkalan Kerinci-Riau with a split-plot randomized complete block design. Basal application of CaCO3 for the first three consecutive years of planting with three different rates and additional rates of CaCO3 and liquid lime per palm basis were the main and sub-treatments of this trial. Significant differences were found in frond length, leaf area, leaf area index, and frond dry weight at the immature stage in which palms treated with basal CaCO3 showed better growth. At the young mature stage, significant differences were found only in leaf area, leaf area index, and the number of green fronds. A significant difference for sub-treatment was found only in the leaf area index. The result indicated that application of CaCO3 as basal application during immature stage could improve palm’s growth whereas additional CaCO3 per palm basis may not necessarily result in better growth.
Usage of near infrared spectrometer as an analyzing tool for nutrients in leaf, fertilizer and soil in oil palm industry
Authors: Thandapani Pupathy Uthrapathy , Harahap Zulkifli , Nadaraj Sundian 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In the oil palm industry, a huge money is used for chemical items to examine samples, especially for leaf (foliar), fertilizer, and soil. However, with the advent of FOSS NIRS DS2500 technology, there is a huge reduction in chemical usage in laboratories. Results were attained in less than a minute while covering many parameters in a single scanning. This tool uses the technology of Near Infra-Red Spectroscopy (NIRS) to scan the particles of the substance and thus, elements are detected within the NIRS wavelength region. FOSS NIRS DS2500 uses a broad wavelength range of 400 to 2500nm, covering the highest possible performance across any chemical elements/molecules. Furthermore, there are accurate analysis results for a wide range of parameters, such as oil content, moisture content, N, P, K, Mg, Ca, B, Zn, and Cu. The objective of this paper is to discuss the ‘hands-on’ experience with the usage of FOSS NIRS DS2500 as an analyzing tool for determining the nutrient values for the above-mentioned samples. FOSS NIRS DS2500 is a ‘secondary method’ as this tool needs to be calibrated periodically with a database gathered from a traditional laboratory (primer method/conventional method). Statistics is used to verify the accuracy and acceptance level of data, for example, standard error of prediction, standard error of cross-validation, and standard error lab. Unification usage of applied science of statistics, biochemistry of plant tissues, and appropriate sampling methods in the fields had resulted in a practice where huge use of chemicals is eliminated while the accuracy of data is retained.
Relationship Pattern of Nutrient Content in Leaves, Rachis, Stalk, Spikelet, and Mesocarp to Oil Content of Fresh Fruit Bunches of 3 Varieties (Socfindo, Topaz, Damimas) of Oil Palm Plants in Mineral Soils of Central Kalimantan
Authors: Prasetyo D W , Kurniawan L , Andriani M , Putra G I S , Taufiq  , Pernando R D 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The potential oil content in oil palm plants is influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Several factors affect the quality of palm oil, including variety and nutrition, such as macro nutrients, especially N, P, K, and Mg. These nutrients play a role in fruit formation, increase in average weight bunches (BJR), plant health and play a role in increasing oil content. This study aims to the relationship of leaf, stalk, spikelet, and mesocarp nutrients to oil content. This exploratory study uses a quantitative descriptive method on 3 varieties of DxP Oil Palm: Socfindo, Topaz and Damimas: with year of planting 2014, each covering an area of ± 10 Ha and the observation period 2018-2019. The results showed that there was a relationship between leaf K nutrient on the Damimas variety, leaf Ca nutrient on the Socfindo variety and leaf B, leaf Zn, K rachis and Mg rachis nutrient on the Topaz variety to the O/B value. The regression model for this relationship sequentially is Y = 13.68 + 10.97 K_ leaf (R2 = 0.336); Y = 14,917 + 13,915 Ca_leaf (R2 = 0.314); and Y = 39.645 - 0.519 B_ leaf + 0.728 Zn_ leaf - 9.519 K_rachis - 41.434 Mg_rachis (R2 =0.595). In addition, only the Socfindo variety found an effect of stalk and spikelet nutrient content on the O/B value. These nutrients are K stalk nutrients with the regression model Y = 0.42 + 6.29 K_stalk (R2 = 0.372), and P, K, Mg and Ca spikelet nutrients with the regression model Y = 6.851 - 233.372 P_Spikelet + 14.585 K_Spikelet + 141.326 Mg_Spikelet - 66.348 Ca_Spikelet (R2 = 0.635).
The use of unmanned aerial vehicle for controlling Oryctes rhinoceros beetle on Immature Oil Palm
Authors: Roudhiyah H N , Saepuloh A , Wibowo A S , Irwansyah  
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Current constraints on labor supply and human error have triggered interest in using automated technology as an alternative to conventional operations. Hence, Minamas Plantation has embarked on an exploratory trial using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) in one of the labor-intensive works in the oil palm industry, which is the prophylactic fortnightly spraying of beetles on immature palms. The trial was conducted between October 2021 and January 2022 at PT Aneka Inti Persada. Three treatments, namely UAV, conventional, and no control, were investigated under two different environments (straight-line and terrace plantings). A randomized complete block design was adopted, with three replicates of immature oil palms planted in 2020. Prior to treatment implementation, all treated palms were georeferenced. The insecticide used was Cypermethrin (5.5% EC) at 20 ml/L of water. Insecticide application by point-to-point spraying was conducted for 4 seconds on each palm (250 ml solution/palm) at 0.5 – 1.5 m above the canopy. Knapsack spraying was performed as per estate practice. No significant difference in fresh damage was recorded between the UAV and knapsack spraying as compared to the control plots. Palms in control plots continued to be inflicted by beetles with more than 5% fresh damage throughout the trial period. The trial concluded that UAV technology has great potential for adoption in daily estate operations. The next step of the trial was to compare the cost-effectiveness between treatments. This study did not carry out the economic analysis due to the scale of the trial.
Study of porang (Amorphophallus muelleri blume) as intercrops in oil palm immature plants
Authors: Amalia R , Susanto A , Nurkhoiry R , Farrasati R , Nugrahaeni N , Amanah A 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The porang plant is one of the products being considered as an intercrop in the oil palm plantation. Specifically on smallholder oil palm plantations, the study’s objective was to investigate the ecological and financial aspects of porang growing as an intercrop in an oil palm intercropping system. This study was put together using approaches from farming analysis and descriptive analysis of literature studies. The study’s findings indicate that a number of characteristics, including the amount of solar radiation received, the acidity of the soil, and the soil’s moisture (during wet and dry seasons), must be taken into account for porang to produce at its highest level as an intercrop. In the meantime, the outcomes of the farming analysis demonstrate that it is possible to grow porang plants as intercrops during the Immature plant period.
A Cutting-Edge Precision Agriculture Technology to Support the Sustainable Oil Palm Industry
Authors: Santoso H , Yusuf M A , Rahutomo S , Madiyuanto  , Winarna  
Published: March 2024

Abstract
One of the most important factors in attaining sustainability in oil palm plantations is proper production input management in accordance with Good Agronomic Practices. For controlling plant disease and fertilizing, it can be started with an accurate monitoring technique to identify disease infection and the level of leaf nutrients in the field. The monitoring method should also be inexpensive, rapid, less time-consuming, and repeatable. This study has demonstrated how image classification (remote sensing) can be used to locate oil palm trees that have the Basal Stem Rot (BSR) disease and to estimate the nutritional level of the leaves. The healthy and BSR-infected palms had been effectively recognized and mapped using the remote sensing approach, which was used in conjunction with machine learning as well as a multispectral camera from a satellite and UAV. Furthermore, the use of a UAV and Mapir camera had resulted in a good prediction of N, P, K, and Mg content in the palm leaves; therefore, it may be practical to monitor leaf nutrient status in the oil palm plantations.
Pre-processing techniques using a machine learning approach to improve model accuracy in estimating oil palm leaf chlorophyll from portable chlorophyll meter measurement
Authors: Syarovy M , Pradiko I , Farrasati R , Winarna  , Rasyid S , Mardiana C , Pane R D P , Darlan N H , Sumaryanto  , Rahutomo S , Hidayat F , Listia E 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chlorophyll is essential for plants because it absorbs and adjusts solar energy as an energy source in photosynthesis. Thus, chlorophyll content can be used as an indicator of plant performance. However, laboratory analysis should usually be conducted to measure chlorophyll content, which requires a lot of tools and time. Therefore, Chlorophyll Meter SPAD (Soil Plant Analysis Development) is a portable tool to estimate relative leaf chlorophyll rapidly. Still, it needs to be modeled and validated to get accurate results as laboratory analysis. Therefore, appropriate data pre-processing techniques are required before entering the model development stage. The pre-processing techniques included data collection, identification, and anomalies check. In addition, a machine-learning method was employed to do K-Means clustering during checking data anomalies. The results showed that the pre-processing stages increased the R-value from 0.588 to 0.912 and reduced the Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) value from 58.91% to 39.86%.
Compatibility of Metarhizium sp. (M201-NL strain) in Insecticide and Herbicide Mixtures
Authors: Sinambela David P , Panjaitan Tumpal , Samosir Yohannes M S , Sidhu Manjit S 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Field application of Metarhizium to control Oryctes rhinoceros in oil palm plantations may be overlapped with pesticides (insecticide and herbicide) spray. These chemicals may harm the fungus leading to poor virulence. This paper, however, shows that Metarhizium sp. M201-NL strain may react differently against some pesticides tested using poisoning media method. In the first experiment, the growth of mycelium of the Metarhizium sp. was observed in plated media mixed with insecticide. The highest mycelium radial growth was Fipronil 0.15 % (51.9 mm) which was not significantly different compared to the control, without insecticide (52.2 mm). However, suppression of growth of mycelium was observed in other insecticides. The radial growth of mycelium was significantly lower compared to the control if either Ethiprol, Lambdha cyhalothrin or Acephate was applied at 14 DAI. The second separate experiment involved herbicides. It was found that some herbicides did not inhibit the radial growth of mycelium. These include Metsulfuron-methyl 0.098 % (84.0 mm), Metsulfuron-methyl 0.19 % (82.75 mm), Glyphosate 19.6 % (82.5 mm), Glyphosate 9.8 % (81.6 mm) and Metsulfuron-methyl 0.39 % (80.37 mm) which were not significantly different compared to control, without herbicide (86.12 mm) at 21 DAI. In contrast, the growth of mycelium was significantly retarded when Paraquat, Triclopyr, Glyphosate, and 2.4-D was applied separately. Further study was undertaken to observe sporulation and virulence (bioassay) of the treated mycelium. The sporulations of mycelium treated with Fipronil 0.15 % or Metsulfuron-methyl of different concentrations were not statistically different to control. Similar results were also shown from bioassay. The infection rates of O. rhinoceros larva treated with mixtures of Metarhizium sp. spores with either Fipronil or Metsulfuron-methyl were insignificantly different compared to the control.
Application of exogenous compounds increased the tolerance to aluminum toxicity and improved fruit production of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) grown on Ultisols
Authors: Hidayah AN , Sopandie D , Yahya S , Wibowo CS 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The low productivity of oil palm grown on suboptimal land Ultisols with high Al saturation requires efforts to improve cultivation techniques in order to increase plant tolerance to Al stress and to improve fruit production. This study aimed to determine the effect of various exogenous compounds on physiological changes and fruit production of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) grown on Ultisols with high Al saturation. This study consisted of 2 treatments, namely: (1) a combination of various exogenous compounds, and (2) application methods. The experiment was arranged in RCBD split plots with 3 replications. Treatment of exogenous compounds was (1) control (untreated); (2) CaCl2 50 ppm; (3) CaCl2 50 ppm + Salicylic acid 50 ppm; (4) CaCl2 50 ppm + Salicylic acid 50 ppm + citric acid 50 ppm; (5) CaCl2 50 ppm + Salicylic acid 50 ppm + citric acid 50 ppm + boron 50 ppm; and (6) CaCl2 50 ppm + Salicylic acid 50 ppm + citric acid 50 ppm + boron 50 ppm + Cu 50 ppm. The application method used was (1) basal drench and (2) foliar spray. Application of exogenous compounds was carried out every 3 months. The results revealed that application of exogenous compounds has enabled plants to increase the tolerance to Al stress, as evidenced by an increase in the number of normal bunches and bunch weight, the increase of which was due to the decrease in the number of rejected bunches, especially in the CaCl2 + salicylic acid treatment, which was selected as the most effective treatment. Increased fruit production in this treatment was associated with improvements in physiological processes; decreased MDA and increased photosynthetic rate and activity of APX and CAT enzymes resulted in improvement fruit production. These positive changes in physiological processes after treatment suggested that the addition of those exogenous compounds has induced signalling processes involved in ROS scavenging, that promoted the tolerance to Al stress. Basal drench application method was more effective than foliar spray, this was related to the increase in soil pH and P available due to the application of exogenous compounds through basal drench method.
Formulation of carotene-rich chocolate spread using red palm oil
Authors: Hasibuan H A , Nisa K , Aprila R 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chocolate spread is a chocolate food product used to flavor bakery products such as spread on bread. Chocolate spread is made using oil or fat with good spreadability, so this product is easily spread on bread. Red palm oil (RPO) can be applied to chocolate spreads because it can be a source of fat and carotene. In this research, the chocolate spread was made by adding virgin red palm oil from (VRPO) and (RPO), respectively 2, 4, and 6% of the dough ingredients. As a control, the formulation was carried out without adding RPO. The results indicate that VRPO and RPO can produce carotene-rich chocolate spread. The results of the organoleptic test showed that VRPO as much as 2% of the dough ingredient was preferred by the panelists (closer to the control formula). The product with this formula has a particle size of 0.09 mm, a fat-melting point of 29.5 °C, and a fat carotene content of 34.61 ppm.
Purification of glycerol as a by-product of biodiesel based on palm oil and castor oil
Authors: Dimawarnita F , Faramitha Y 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The government program requires the use of biodiesel B35, which is 35% fatty acid methyl ester and 65% diesel oil from petroleum, which would impact the rise of biodiesel production and is accompanied by an increase in the by-product of crude glycerol. Crude glycerol requires purification to increase its selling value. This product still contains a lot of impurities such as methanol, soap, catalyst, fatty acids, and water. Crude glycerol, a by-product of making biodiesel based on palm oil and castor oil, has a purity of 39.10 and 37.30%. In this research, purification of crude glycerol was carried out using 10% w/v activated carbon. The results of glycerol after purification were 64.90 and 66.90%, it shows that the addition of activated carbon can absorb impurities contained in glycerol. The increase in levels from 37.30 to 64.90% and 66.90% due to the loss of water, alcohol, residue base (KOH), soap and fatty acids. It can be concluded that activated carbon is quite effective for the glycerol purification process with an addition of 10% (w/v). A further process is required, namely separation by distillation, to obtain glycerol with a purity above 80% to comply with SNI 7182-2015 standards.