bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Democracy and the Church in Venezuela
Authors: Levine Daniel H. 
Published: March 2007

Democracy has been better to the Venezuelan Church than many of its leaders or militants thought possible as they witnessed its rebirth in the early days of 1958. Despite the hierarchy's role in stimulating and legitimating opposition to the Pérez Jiménez regime, and its effusive praise of democracy as a system (Conferencia Episcopal Venezolana, 1958), private fears were great. After all, the years of military rule had been good times for the Church—Catholic institutions (particularly in education) had prospered, and their leaders responded with broad support for the military regime until shortly before the end (Colmenares Diaz, 1961).The Church's traditional attitude towards democracy had been a mix of suspicion of majoritarian principles of rule and specific rejection of what it saw as democracy's embodiment in Venezuela in Acción Democrática (Levine, 1973: 38-42, 62-93). This party's policies were seen as secularizing, socialistic, and anti-Catholic, and bitter memories of clashes with Acción Democrática governments in the late 1940s remained vivid.
The Evolution of the Political Role of the Peruvian Military
Authors: Rozman Stephen L. 
Published: March 2007

The following description and analysis of the role of the military in the Peruvian political system and its development from independence to the most recent military supplanting of a civilian government in 1968 should serve a twofold purpose: first, to provide information necessary to the understanding of Peruvian political development; and second, to manifest the claims and demands of a politically relevant (institutional) interest group and its manner of satisfying them. During the course of this article, it should become evident to the reader that it would be impossible to offer even the most general history of Peruvian political development without giving considerable attention to the role of both military personalities and the military as an institution.It is the author's contention that the evolution of the Peruvian military's political role may be divided into nine phases, each with significance for the country's political system.
Rio de Janeiro e Charleston, S.C.: As Comunid Ades de Mercadores no Século XVIII
Authors: Lobo Eulalia Maria Lahmeyer 
Published: March 2007

Estados sociológicos recentes têm procurado salientar que nas economias de modêlo exportador, baseadas no sistema de plantacões tropicais e no trabalho escravo, o grande proprietário rural geralmente se converte em comerciante que vende para os mercados externos os seus próprios produtos. Segundo essa tese, nesse tipo de sociedades não se constituiría urna elite de mercadores individualizada e consciente dos interêsses próprios, distintos dos da aristocracia rural.Parece-nos que seria interessante analisar comparativamente duas comunidades de mercadores inseridas em sociedades coloniais do tipo “plantation” com o objetivo de verificar a validade dessa tese.Rio de Janeiro e Charleston, portos de escoamento de produtos tropicais e de entrada e redistribuição de escravos africanos, de importação de produtos manufaturados de origem européia e de trânsito de um próspero comércio de cabotagem de gêneros alimentícios, oferecem urna base para a comparação.
La integración económica de la cuenca amazónica
Authors: Moscoso Jorge Villacrés 
Published: March 2007

Si bien es muy conocido que la integración económica latinoamericana, mejor dicho sudamericana, se inicia con la suscripción en 1961 del Tratado de Montevideo, hoy estamos contemplando que desde esa fecha se ha venido produciendo precisamente el proceso inverso, por una serie de causas y factores que no es el momento de analizar ni exponer y que están culminando con la desintegración económica de los países sudamericanos.Sin tomar en cuenta a los países centroamericanos que iniciaron muy tempranamente el proceso de su integración exclusivamente entre ellos, sin referirse en nada al resto de sus hermanos latinoamericanos, los países sudamericanos y México emprendieron en 1961 su propia integración a base del ya mencionado Tratado de Montevideo; mas transcurridos algunos años, después de la Reunión de Presidentes en la ciudad de Bogotá en 1967, países como Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia, Perú y Chile, resuelven crear una subzona particular de comercio denominada “Subandina”, la misma que de acuerdo con los postulados que sostiene está constituyéndose en un grupo antagónico, por no decir rival, de los que quedaron integrando el Tratado de Montevideo, o sea, Brasil, Uruguay, Paraguay y la Argentina, países que por su situación geográfica han sido denominados los del grupo del Atlántico.
APRA: An Appraisal
Authors: Clinton Richard Lee 
Published: March 2007

Had the military not ousted President Fernando Belaúnde Terry and substituted their rule for constitutional processes, 1969 would have been an election year in Peru. According to Belaúnde, the probable winner of those elections would have been Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre, the perennial candidate of the Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana (APRA). Therefore, to paraphrase the comment attributed to Mark Twain on arising from his sickbed and reading his obituary in the local newspaper, announcements of Apra's demise are somewhat premature.Few political movements in Latin America have enjoyed a comparable fame, and none has matched that of theapristasin having contributed a nonpersonalistic genre to the family of Latin America political parties.
Cuban Refugee Children
Authors: Walsh Monsignor Bryan O. 
Published: March 2007

During the past twelve years almost half a million Cubans have sought refuge in Miami. Among them were over 14,000 unaccompanied children between 6 and 18 years of age. This article tells for the first time the story of how the children's exodus began. It covers the period between the middle of November 1960, when we first became aware of the need, and 1 February 1961, when I met with the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare to brief him on the plight of the unaccompanied children among the refugees. Two days later, President Kennedy announced a government aid program for Cuban refugees which included money for the care of unaccompanied children, “the most troubled group among the refugee population.”About 4:30 p.m. on 26 December 1960, Pan American World Airways Flight 422 from Havana touched down at Miami International Airport. There were few passengers, if any, on that flight who did not experience a real sense of relief as they descended from the airplane. Events in Cuba were rapidly moving toward a climax and those who could were joining the increasing exodus to Miami.
Obstacles to Labor Absorption in a Developing Economy: Colombia, a Case in Point
Authors: Geithman David T. , Landers Clifford E. 
Published: March 2007

Historically, for the now economically developed countries, a strong positive correlation has normally existed between rising real output and employment levels. Among today's lessdeveloped countries (LDC's) even high growth rates can, and frequently do, fail to generate a concomitant rapid rate of employment expansion. Indeed, so acute is the failure of labor absorption to grow in step with rising incomes that a recent International Labour Organization (I.L.O.) report on Colombia (1970: 47) maintains “development strategy will become very largely employment strategy.”The unemployment problem is in part due to the rapid population growth rates and even more rapid urban growth rates experienced by most LDC's in the postwar period, and in part it stems from the nature of their development processes (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 1972: 35).
The Education-Work Transition of Venezuelan University Stude
Authors: Zschock Dieter K. , Schuyler George W. , Fernandez Anibal , Raymond Duncan W. 
Published: March 2007

University students in Venezuela constitute about ten percent of the corresponding age group (calculated from Universidad Central de Venezuela 1970: 19, Table 5), and leadership of the country's economic and social development is increasingly in the hands of university-trained professionals. University enrollment has quadrupled since 1958, and young professionals who have graduated over the past fifteen years already represent a majority among university graduates in Venezuela. Research on students and elites, however, in Venezuela as elsewhere in Latin America, has concentrated on their divergent political attitudes while paying scant attention to the transformation of university students into members of the elite.This paper reports on an exploratory survey of student and elite attitudes toward higher education and professional employment in Venezuela. Our findings provide some insight on the extent to which employment of high-level manpower is influenced by modern, achievement-oriented criteria, as compared with traditional, ascriptive criteria.
A New Imidazole‐Containing Imidazolidinone Catalyst for Organocatalyzed Asymmetric Conjugate Addition of Nitroalkanes to Aldehydes
Authors: Hojabri Leila , Hartikka Antti , Moghaddam Firouz Matloubi , Arvidsson Per I. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHerein we report a new organocatalyst for the asymmetric Michael addition of nitroalkanes to α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes. This catalyst incorporates a basic imidazole group in addition to the secondary amine responsible for activation of the α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds via iminium ion formation. The new organocatalyst is capable of catalyzing the enantioselective carbon‐carbon bond formation with a high degree of enantiocontrol providing products in enantiomeric excesses of up to 92 % and yields of up to to 91 %. These results constitute the best results so far reported for organocatalyzed Michael additions of nitroalkanes to α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes, and provide proof of principle that organocatalysts incorporating two internal basic moieties may find broad application in organocatalyzed Michael additions.
Dioxomolybdenum(VI)‐Catalyzed Reductive Cyclization of Nitroaromatics. Synthesis of Carbazoles and Indoles
Authors: Sanz Roberto , Escribano Jaime , Pedrosa María R. , Aguado Rafael , Arnáiz Francisco J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractReductive cyclization of nitrobiphenyls and nitrostyrenes to carbazoles and indoles, respectively, is carried out by triphenylphosphine under mild conditions catalyzed by a dichlorodioxomolybdenum(VI) complex. A one‐pot procedure for the synthesis of regioselectively functionalized indoles has been developed from commercially available o‐nitrobenzaldehydes and phosphoranes.
Diarylmethanols by Catalyzed Asymmetric Aryl Transfer Reactions onto Aldehydes Using Boronic Acids as Aryl Source
Authors: Schmidt Frank , Rudolph Jens , Bolm Carsten 
Published: March 2007

AbstractUsing a planar‐chiral ferrocene as catalyst and combinations of functionalized aldehydes and substituted arylboronic acids as starting materials, asymmetric aryl transfer reactions give access to structurally diverse, optically active diarylmethanols in high yields and enantioselectivities.
Metal‐Free, Enantioselective Strecker Reactions Catalyzed by Chiral BINOL and TADDOL Catalysts
Authors: Rueping Magnus , Sugiono Erli , Moreth Stefan A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn efficient, metal‐free Brønsted acid‐catalyzed, enantioselective hydrocyanation of ketoimines has been developed. This BINOL phosphate‐catalyzed Strecker reaction provides the corresponding amino nitriles, precursors of quaternary amino acids, in good isolated yields and enantioselectivities. Additionally, we demonstrate that chiral diols, such as TADDOL, are effective enantioselective catalysts for the hydrogen‐bond activation of aldimines.
Zirconium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Carboalumination of Alkenes: ZACA–Lipase‐Catalyzed Acetylation Synergy
Authors: Huang Zhihong , Tan Ze , Novak Tibor , Zhu Gangguo , Negishi Ei‐ichi 
Published: March 2007

AbstractZACA–lipase‐catalyzed acetylation tandem reactions provide highly efficient and selective routes to either (R)‐ or (S)‐2‐methyl‐1‐alkanols, making, for the first time, the ZACA‐based asymmetric synthesis of 2‐methyl‐1‐alkanols widely applicable and satisfactory.
Enantioselective Ring Opening of Epoxides with Silicon Tetrachloride in the Presence of a Chiral Lewis Base: Mechanism Studies
Authors: Denmark Scott E. , Barsanti Paul A. , Beutner Gregory L. , Wilson Tyler W. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe enantioselective ring opening of meso‐epoxides (from both cyclic and acyclic olefins) with silicon tetrachloride under catalysis by chiral phosphoramides affords enantiomerically enriched chlorohydrins in excellent yields. Experiments designed to elucidate the mechanistic foundation and origins of enantioselectivity are described. From studies on the loading and stoichiometry of the reagent (SiCl4) and the catalyst [(R)‐1] it was established that only one chloride per SiCl4 is delivered and that the nature of reactive species does not change over the course of the reaction. Kinetic studies together with asymmetric amplification experiments have suggested that more than one catalyst molecule may be bound to SiCl4 in the stereochemistry‐determining transition structure.
Optimisation of Conditions for O‐Benzyl and N‐Benzyloxycarbonyl Protecting Group Removal using an Automated Flow Hydrogenator
Authors: Knudsen Kristian Rahbek , Holden John , Ley Steven V. , Ladlow Mark 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA versatile, fully automated flow hydrogenator has been developed that is able to perform sequential flow optimisation experiments, flow library hydrogenation, or iterative scale‐up hydrogenation. The behaviour of a palladium catalyst in effecting removal of O‐benzyl and N‐benzyloxycarbonyl protecting groups has been investigated. Significant observations relating to maintaining optimal throughput are reported. A small library of peptidic derivatives has been deprotected in high yield and purity.
Chemoselective Palladium‐Catalyzed Reaction in Aqueous Media: Selectivity in the Reaction of Haloanilines with 1,1‐Dimethylallyl Alcohol
Authors: Yokoyama Yuusaku , Takagi Noriko , Hikawa Hidemasa , Kaneko Satoru , Tsubaki Natsume , Okuno Hiroaki 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPalladium‐catalyzed reactions of various haloanilines with 1,1‐dimethylallyl alcohol were carried out in the presence of a hydrophilic ligand, 3,3′,3′′‐phosphinidyne tris(benzenesulfonic acid) trisodium salt (TPPTS), or a lipophilic phosphine ligand, 1,1′‐bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene (DPPF). The reactions proceeded chemoselectively in aqueous solvent to give C‐vinylated products under basic conditions or N‐allylated products under neutral conditions in practical yields (up to 79 %). The use of an aqueous solvent played an important role in this chemoselectivity and allowed the development of a one‐pot synthesis of 3‐methylindole. This chemoselectivity is synthetically useful because the reactive position of haloanilines can be controlled simply by changing the basicity of the reaction medium, which eliminates the need to protect the amino group during the reaction.
Synthesis of Biaryls via Palladium‐Catalyzed [2+2+2] Cocyclization of Arynes and Diynes: Application to the Synthesis of Arylnaphthalene Lignans
Authors: Sato Yoshihiro , Tamura Takayuki , Kinbara Atsushi , Mori Miwako 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA novel method for construction of biaryls via palladium(0)‐catalyzed [2+2+2] cocyclization of diynes and arynes was developed. By this [2+2+2] cocyclization, various arylnaphthalene derivatives, including a sterically hindered 2,2′‐disubstituted‐1,1′‐binaphthyl, can be constructed by virtue of a variety of combinations of diynes and aryne precursors. Using this [2+2+2] cocyclization as a key step, the total syntheses of natural arylnaphthalene lignans, taiwanin C, taiwanin E, and dehydrodesoxypodophyllotoxin were achieved.
Characterization of Dimeric and Tetrameric μ‐Hydroxide Ytterbium(III) Binaphtholate Complexes
Authors: Wooten Alfred J. , Salvi Luca , Carroll Patrick J. , Walsh Patrick J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractShibasaki’s heterobimetallic Lewis acids, M3(THF)n(BINOLate)3Ln (M=Li, Na, K and Ln=lanthanide), are an exceptionally useful class of asymmetric catalysts that exhibit high levels of enantioselectivity across a wide range of reactions. In many instances, it is necessary to add water (and base) to achieve maximum enantioselectivity. We have investigated the reaction of water with M3(THF)n(BINOLate)3Yb (M=Li, K) complexes and observed formation of a novel hydroxide‐bridged dimer (M=Li) and tetramer (M=K). These compounds have been characterized, including X‐ray structure analysis. Under anhydrous conditions, only 6‐coordinate monomeric Li3(THF)n(BINOLate)3Yb and K3(THF)n(BINOLate)3Yb complexes were isolated and characterized by X‐ray crystallography. Isolation of the dimer Li4(THF)7(BINOLate)4Yb2(μ‐OH)2 and tetramer K4(THF)9(BINOLate)6Yb4(μ3‐OH)4 indicates that added water can react with this important class of bifunctional catalyst to give new products.
Averaging theory for diesel particulate filter regeneration
Authors: Zheng Haishan , Keith Jason M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAxial thermal gradients play a key role in monolithic diesel particulate filters. For complete particulate regeneration, the ignition location must be near the leading edge of the diesel particulate filter. A new reduced model in terms of the capacitance‐weighted and mixing cup average temperature is formulated here using the Liapunov–Schmidt reduction technique to describe the ignition behavior and account for the axial variation. The major advantage of the reduced model is that one can neglect the details of the fine scale dynamics and focus on the large scale dynamics. This new, reduced model has the ability to accurately predict two important ignition characteristics: ignition time and ignition length. Based on the reduced model results, it is shown that the thermal dispersion [a coupling of transverse diffusion (short‐scale) and axial convection (long‐scale)] plays a dominant role on ignition. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Mechanistic approach to enhancement of the yield of a sonochemical reaction
Authors: Sivasankar Thirugnanasambandam , Paunikar Ashwin W. , Moholkar Vijayanand S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn this study, a mechanistic approach has been taken to enhance yield of a sonochemical reaction. Formation of highly reactive free radicals due to the transient collapse of cavitation bubbles is the primary mechanism of a sonochemical reaction. A physical (reduction in dissolved gas concentration) and a chemical (increasing the reactant concentration) technique is used for enhancing yield of a sonochemical reaction using those techniques, which influence the phenomenon of radical formation by the cavitation bubbles. A bubble dynamics model is used for explaining the sonochemical phenomena. In a degassed medium, the ultrasound wave undergoes lesser attenuation; moreover, equilibrium size of a bubble shrinks due to rectified diffusion. Because of this, a bubble undergoes more violent collapse, resulting in greater production of radicals that give higher yield. On the other hand, increasing the initial reactant concentration shows an adverse effect on the sonochemical yield. This is ascribed to reduction in water vapor flux in the bubble due to reduction of vapor pressure of the medium. This study, therefore, demonstrates as how macroscopic manifestation (the sonochemical yield) of the microscopic phenomena (transient collapse of cavitation bubble) is a complicated function of several physical processes. The results of this study shed light on the complex and multifaceted physical mechanism of a sonochemical reaction, which may be useful in maximization of yield of other sonochemical systems. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Response to novel food and the role of social influences in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) and Goeldi's monkeys (Callimico goeldii)
Authors: Addessi Elsa , Chiarotti Flavia , Visalberghi Elisabetta , Anzenberger Gustl 
Published: March 2007

AbstractNeophobia, defined as showing caution toward novel features of the environment, is widespread in birds and mammals; it can be affected by ecology, early experience, and social context. In this study, we aimed to (i) investigate the response to novel food in adult common marmosets and Goeldi's monkeys and (ii) assess the role of social influences. We used an experimental paradigm employed previously with capuchin monkeys and children, in which a subject (observer) was presented with a novel food under three conditions: (i)Presence: group members did not have food; (ii)Different color: group members received familiar food whose color differed from that of the observer's novel food; (iii)Same color: group members received familiar food of the same color as the observer's novel food. Although most common marmosets tasted and/or ate the novel food, none of the Goeldi's monkeys ate it and only two sampled it. Differences in home range size and early social experience might explain the divergent behavior of the two species. Observers of both species similarly attended to group members and their visual attention increased with the number of group members eating, especially when the observer's and group members' foods were perceptually similar. However, we observed social influences on explorative behavior in Goeldi's monkeys but not on explorative or eating behavior in common marmosets. This result might be explained by the different pattern of response to novel food observed in the two species. Moreover, social influences on Goeldi's monkeys' behavior were nonspecific, i.e. they were not based on an appreciation that the food is safebecauseeaten by group members. Am. J. Primatol. 69:1210–1222, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Huntington's disease–like 2 is associated with CUG repeat‐containing RNA foci
Authors: Rudnicki Dobrila D. , Holmes Susan E. , Lin Mark W. , Thornton Charles A. , Ross Christopher A. , Margolis Russell L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractObjectiveHuntington's disease–like 2 (HDL2) is caused by a CAG/CTG expansion mutation on chromosome 16q24.3. The repeat falls, in the CTG orientation, within a variably spliced exon of junctophilin‐3 (JPH3). The existence of a JPH3 splice variant with the CTG repeat in 3′ untranslated region suggested that transcripts containing an expanded CUG repeat could play a role in the pathogenesis of HDL2, similar to the proposed pathogenic role of expanded CUG repeats in myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1). The goal of this study, therefore, was to test the plausibility of an RNA gain‐of‐function component in the pathogenesis of HDL2.MethodsThe presence and composition of RNA foci in frontal cortex from HDL2, Huntington's disease, DM1, and control brains were investigated by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. An untranslatable JPH3 transcript containing either a normal or an expanded CUG repeat was engineered and expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 and HT22 cells to further test the toxic RNA hypothesis. The formation of RNA foci and the extent of cell death were quantified.ResultsRNA foci resembling DM1 foci were detected in neurons in HDL2 cortex and other brain regions. Similar to DM1, the foci colocalize with muscleblind‐like protein 1, and nuclear muscleblind‐like protein 1 in HDL2 cortical neurons is decreased relative to controls. In cell experiments, expression of a JPH3 transcript with an expanded CUG repeat resulted in the formation of RNA foci that colocalized with muscleblind‐like protein 1 and in cell toxicity.InterpretationThese results imply that RNA toxicity may contribute to the pathogenesis of HDL2. Ann Neurol 2007;61:272–282