bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Composition and nutritive value of native and modified green fraction of leaf protein from lucerne (Medicago sativa)
Authors: Hanczakowski Piotr , Szymezyk Beata , Skraba Bogumila 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe green fraction of leaf protein from lucerne (Medicago sativa L) was prepared by heating freshly extracted juice to 55°C. From the same part of the juice unfractionated leaf protein concentrate (LPC) was obtained by heating it to 80°C. The green fraction was divided into four parts and treated as follows: dried at 55°C (I), washed with water (II), washed with buffer (III) and extracted with ether (IV).The LPCs obtained were analysed for gross composition and amino acid content as well as for phenolics and carotene. The true digestibility (TD) and biological value (BV) of LPC proteins were determined on growing rats using the Thomas‐Mitchell balance method. In addition the effects of DL‐methionine or L‐lysine supplementation of native green LPC were studied.The native green protein fraction contained more fat, phenolics and carotene but less protein than unfractionated LPC. The ether extraction lowered fat and carotene content of concentrate, and washing with buffer eliminated most phenolics.There were only small differences in the amino acid composition of proteins. The buffer‐washed concentrate contained more amino acids than any other treatment.Both the true digestibility and biological value of unfractionated LPC were higher than those of each green concentrate. Ether extraction mainly improved TD (from 73 to 79) and washing with buffer improved BV (from 41 to 50) of green protein. The best result was obtained when the green fraction was supplemented with methionine (BV increased from 41 to 68).
Effects of cross‐pollination on dry matter accumulation, nutrient partitioning and grain yield of maize hybrids grown under different levels of N fertility
Authors: Tsai Cherng‐Liang , Huber Don M , Warren Herman L , Tsai Charles Y 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis study was initiated to investigate the relationship between increased kernel sink capacity and fertiliser N use efficiency of maize (Zea mays L). Two hybrids differing in yield potential, Pioneer brand 3732 (P3732) and B73 × Mo17, were grown on field plots with four levels of N fertiliser. The kernel sink of P3732 was modified by cross‐pollinating P3732 with pollen from B73 × Mo17. Vegetation and kernal samples collected from the N treatments at mid‐silk and at 30, 45 and 60 days post‐pollination (DPP) were analysed for accumulation and partitioning of dry matter and N content. Grain yield was also determined. Modification of the P3732 endosperm genotype through cross‐pollination significantly increased kernel weight, kernel protein content and grain yield at each level of N treatment, indicating an improvement in fertiliser N use efficiency due to an increased sink demand. All three levels of N application produced similar effects on the accumulation and partitioning of dry matter and N in plant parts for both endosperm genotypes. Since the harvest index observed at 30, 45 and 60 DPP was similar between sib‐ and cross‐pollinated plants, the additional nutrients translocated into developing kernels of P3732 cross‐pollinated plants were mainly derived from increases in duration of dry matter production and N uptake by vegetative tissues rather than from improved partitioning efficiency.
Eating quality and growth of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) on feed with different admixtures of leaf nutrient concentrate
Authors: Johansson Lisbeth , Kiessling Anders , Carlsson Rolf 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe effects, with regard to eating quality and to growth, of leaf nutrient concentrate (LNC) in fish feed for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss (Richardson)) were investigated in two consecutive studies. In the first study the admixture of LNC was made on an isocaloric basis, primarily by replacing a quantity of carbohydrates from the control feed. The control diet and two diets with 25% and 45% LNC, respectively, were administered for 4, 8 and 12 weeks. In the second study the LNC partly replaced protein and lipid from fish meal in the control feed. A control diet and two diets with 12.5% and 25% LNC, respectively, were administered for 16 weeks. The LNCs were obtained from lactic‐acid‐fermented green leaf juice mixtures.
The effects of LNC in the feed indicated that.
Rainbow trout did not have a satisfactory growth on feed with 25% or 45% LNC incorporated whereas fish on 12.5% LNC in the feed did not differ from fish on the control feed.
Rainbow trout on LNC feed did not have the delicate acidulous taste characteristic of fresh rainbow trout.
The muscle lipid level was reduced with increased LNC level of the feed.
The relative level of monounsaturated fatty acids decreased whereas polyunsaturated fatty acids increased with an increased level of LNC, and saturated fatty acids.
Binding of heterocyclic amines by yeast cells and their fractions
Authors: Zhang Xue Bin , Demuyakor Bawa , Asahara Naomi , Ohta Yoshiyuki 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe binding of mutagenic pyrolysis products to cells of 50 yeast strains and their cell fractions was investigated. Cells of all yeast strains effectively bound 3‐amino‐1,4‐dimethyl‐5H‐pyrido[4,3‐b]indole (Trp‐P‐1) and 3‐amino‐1‐methyl‐5H‐pyrido[4,3‐b]indole (Trp‐P‐2). Cell walls (CW), and cell wall glucan and mannan (5 mg in each case) showed the highest binding of Trp‐P‐1 (50 μg ml−1); glucan adsorbed virtually all of the Trp‐P‐1. Cytoplasm also showed some binding but was much less effective. Glucans also bound well with 2‐amino‐3‐methylimidazo[4,5‐f]quinoline (IQ) and 2‐amino‐3,8‐dimethylimidazo 4,5‐quinoxaline (MeIQX) much more than CW, but 2‐amino‐5‐phenylpyridine (Phe‐P‐1) and 2‐amino‐3,4‐dimethylimidazo[4,5‐f]quinoline (MelQ) were not effectively bound. The quantity of IQ, MeIQ, Phe‐P‐1 and MeIQX bound was dependent on the strain of yeast. The mutagenic pyrolysis products bound to cells were effectively extracted by aqueous methanol, ammonia (50 g litre−1) and alcohol, but not by water. The binding was pH dependent and inhibited by metal salts. When yeast cells were heated to 100° for 15 min, the binding of Trp‐P‐1 decreased by about 30% but Saccharomyces cerevisiae 50 heated to 100° did not differ much from untreated cells in its binding ability.
Iron, nickel, copper, zinc and cadmium content of two cultivars of white yam (Dioscorea rotundata) and their source soils
Authors: Bonire Josiah J , Jalil Neelam N S , Lori Joseph A 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe determination by atomic absorption spectroscopy of the iron, nickel, copper, zinc and cadmium content of two cultivars of white yam (Dioscorea rotundata Pair) and their source soil from three farms, and also of random samples of the cultivars from five geographical areas in Kaduna and Plateau states of Nigeria, is reported. The analyses show all the metals except Fe to be in trace amounts in the tissues of both cultivars; the barks contain two to four times more. The iron content was found to be about 20 times higher in the bark than in the tissue. Less than 0.7% of the metals present in the soil could be extracted with NH4NO3 solution. Yam bark, which contains reasonable amounts of the above metals, could be useful as cattle feed. Yam tissue, having a high content of Zn compared with Cd, could be recommended for the diet of hypertensive patients.
Physicochemical properties of sweet potato starch
Authors: Tian S J , Rickard J E , Blanshard J M V 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTropical root crops, of which the sweet potato is an important representative, constitute an under exploited resource of developing countries. They can be used as food for both human and animal consumption and their starch is a source of industrial raw material. This review will consider recent reports on sweet potatoes, the physicochemical properties of their starches in comparison with other starches, and the possible causes of variation in these characteristics.
Characteristics of winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) seeds during soaking and boiling
Authors: Sambudi Handajani , Buckle Ken A 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe effects of soaking small, medium and large seeds of Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L) DC for up to 24h and then boiling the seeds for up to 30 min, or boiling the raw seeds for up to 120 min, were examined. Trends for hardness and water absorption of the beans were similar for all bean sizes. Soaking and/or boiling reduced the hardness of beans and increased the water absorption leached solids, water holding capacity and swelling power. Small beans were the hardest and showed the lowest level of the other characteristics. Medium sized beans were softer and had higher values of the above four parameters. Soaking for 24 h and then boiling for 30 min was more efficient in reducing the hardness of the beans than boiling for 2h. Linear regression showed high correlations among almost all the parameters measured.
Effects of the consumption of fully cooked red kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) on the growth rate of rats and the morphology of the gut wall
Authors: McPherson Lorna 
Published: October 2006

AbstractOver an 8‐week period six rats were fed a fixed quantity of a diet consisting of a purified diet (AIN76A) into which red kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L), previously cooked at 100° for 30min, dried and ground, were incorporated at the level of 100 g kg−1. Another six rats were fed AIN76A as a control diet. Weekly weight, weight gain and efficiency of feed conversion were noted for each rat. Six days prior to the end of the experiment, faeces were collected daily from each rat and the moisture, protein and lipid content as well as the bacterial flora of the pooled sample for each rat were determined. At the end of the 8‐week period the rats were anaethetised with ether and decapitated. Two areas of the gut wall were examined histologically, and the serum was analysed for protein, albumin, globulin, glucose, cholesterol, urea N, creatinine, calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, aspartine aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, lipase, total bilirubin, sodium, potassium, chlorine and carbon dioxide. Whereas no damage to the gut wall of the control animals was observed, varying amounts of damage were evident in the test animals. Serum cholesterol in the test animals was also significantly lower compared with the controls.
Variation in protein and trypsin inhibitor activity with maturity and amino acid composition of winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) seeds
Authors: Prakash Dhan , Misra P N , Misra P S 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe protein and trypsin inhibitor activity in pods and seeds of winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L) DC) increase, and in the pod hull decrease, with the maturity of plant. The seeds of 21 cultivars both exotic and of Indian origin cultivated on marginal alkaline soil (pH 8.7) were analysed for protein (36.4–45.3) and amino acid composition (lysine 4.8 to 6.7).
Correction for protein content in the determination of the glucosinolate content of rapeseed by the X‐RF method
Authors: Zhao Fangjie , Evans Eric J , Bilsborrow Paul E , Schnug Ewald , Syers J Keith 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThirty six rapeseed samples from a factorial designed nitrogen and sulphur trial were analysed for total glucosinolate content by the X‐ray fluorescence (X‐RF) and HPLC methods and for protein content by the Kjeldahl method. Protein content varied from 16.0 to 22.6%. Correction for seed protein content in the calculation of glucosinolate content by X‐RF significantly improved the agreement between the two methods of glucosinolate analysis. The following equation was used in the correction: Y = 14.99 [S(mg g−1)‐protein %/7.5].
Identification of E‐Hex‐3‐enal as an important contributor to the off‐flavour aroma in kiwifruit juice
Authors: Young Harry , Perera Conrad O , Paterson Vivienne J 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe volatile components of the juice of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa (A Chev) Liang et Ferguson var deliciosa cv Hayward) have been isolated by low temperature vacuum distillation followed by ether extraction of the aqueous distillate and by headspace sampling using Chromosorb 105 adsorption. Of the 73 compounds identified, E‐hex‐3‐enal has been shown to be a major contributor to the ‘old cut grass’ and ‘hay’ aroma notes found in kiwifruit juice. Several free carboxylic acids have also been identified as components of the volatiles.
Stability of red beet pigment concentrate in maize starch
Authors: Altamirano Rolando C , Drdák Milan , Šimon Peter , Smelík Andrej , Simko Peter 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTwo pigment concentrates, differentiated as dark (D) and rose (R), were prepared from fermented red beet (Beta vulgaris L var rubra) and applied to two types of maize starch, industrial (IS) and modified (MS). The samples were stored for 191 days at room temperature. The decay of the two red pigments in the two maize starches was DIS 12.70%, DMS 9.43%, RIS 14.15%, RMS 8.54% and followed a first order reaction. The modified maize starch was found to be the most suitable carrier of the pigment. Water activity played a determining role in this result.
Xenobiotics: Their activity and mobility in plants and soils
Authors: Goodman B A , Allison Late M J , Oparka K J , Hillman J R 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis paper examines the benefits and problems that have arisen from the use of xenobiotics in modern agriculture. Factors which control the transport and metabolism of xenobiotic molecules in plants and soils are considered, with emphasis being placed on the identification of topics which, in the opinion of the authors, are appropriate for increased research activity. The various approaches that are currently used for the analysis of xenobiotic residues in biological materials are also reviewed briefly.
Implication of cell wall degrading enzymes in the heat‐induced softening of the African pear (dacryodes edulis (G Don) H J Lam)
Authors: Okolie Paulinus N , Obasi Bonkens N 
Published: October 2006

AbstractExtracts of the pulp of mature fruits of African pear (Ducryodes edulis) were assayed for the activities of the cell wall degrading enzymes cellulase, pectin esterase, polygalacturonase and proteinase. All enzymes were found to be endogenous to the pear pulp. Studies on the softening temperatures of the fruit revealed that softening of pear pulp slices was negligible at room temperature (28°C) and 100°C but most effective in the range 60‐85°C. Moreover, there was a close correlation between this effective softening temperature range and the optimum temperatures of the cell wall degrading enzymes. These results suggest that the heat‐dependent softening of the African pear pulp may be due to induction of endogenous cell wall degrading enzymes by heat.
Effects of steeping and germination time on growth rate and phenolics content of Nigerian Sorghum bicolor and Sorghum vulgare seedlings
Authors: Iwuoha Chinyere I 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMoisture content and enthalpy, growth rates, and phenolics of germinating grains of Sorghum bicolor Moench (SK) and Sorghum vulgare L (LR) were evaluated as functions of steeping time, air‐rest and formalin treatments, and germination time. Results obtained showed that 24‐h steeping gave rise to the highest growth rate, which was greater for LR than SK. The moisture and enthalpy which gave rise to optimum germination rate were 0.48 and 0.48 kg kg−1, 422.69 and 392.32 kJ kg−1 for LR and SK, respectively. Air‐rested steeping effected the maximum growth rate as well as high phenolics retention in the germinated grains. Formalin re‐steeping imparted 71.32 and 68.88 % reduction in phenolics in LR and SK, respectively, while causing very low growth rate in the seedlings. However, no significant difference was found (P = 0.05) between FRS and low‐temperature steeping for the two parameters.
Changes in intramuscular collagen of cod (Gadus morhua) during post‐mortem storage in ice
Authors: Montero Pilar , Mackie Ian M 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIntramuscular collagen was isolated from the muscle of large and small cod (Gadus morhua L) stored in ice for periods up to 24 days. The solubilities in salt solution (salt soluble collagen), in dilute acetic acid (acid soluble collagen) and on heating (heat soluble collagen) were used as indices of aggregation. The solubility of collagen decreased slightly as rigor mortis developed in the flesh, but as rigor resolved it increased markedly. On storage post‐rigor the solubilities on heating and in acid increased steadily and coincided with sharp increases in acidic and alkaline proteolytic activity in the muscle. The results obtained indicate that degradation of collagen takes places initially with the development of rigor mortis and that it continues as the muscle ages. Possible mechanisms are discussed.
Effect of growing conditions on the corrosivity and ascorbic acid retention in canned tomato juice
Authors: Albu‐Yaron Ana , Feigin Amos 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum) (M82‐1‐8) grown hydroponically in a greenhouse experiment at 16 combinations of nitrate/chloride nutrient solutions were processed as juice and the canned product was stored at 22°C and 36°C for 27 months to study corrosion of the packs from the point of view of detinning or delamination of the internal lacquer and comparative retention of ascorbic acid content.Detinning in plain tinplate cans was greater with juices from tomatoes grown in high nitrate, low chloride solution as a result of the high nitrate content of tomatoes. Addition of chloride decreased the nitrate uptake of the tomatoes, thereby reducing detinning in plain cans significantly. A relevant positive correlation between detinning and high nitrate, high chloride nutrient regime after 27 months storage was attributed to an increase in total acid (as anhydrous citric acid) content of the respective juices and hence increased corrosivity.Delamination, with underfilm corrosion, in lacquered cans was correlated with tomatoes grown under a higher nitrate, medium chloride regime, giving medium levels of nitrate (0.30‐0.65 mmol litre−1) and chloride (20‐25 mmol litre−1) but higher levels of acidity (24‐37 mmol litre−1citric acid) in the juice. Tomatoes grown under a higher nitrate, low chloride regime exhibited nitrate concentrations as high as 1.0 mmol litre−1and high corrosivity. Tomatoes grown under low nitrate and increasing levels of chloride regimes gave juices containing as low as 0.18 mmol litre−1of nitrate but higher chloride concentrations up to 42 mmol‐litre−1; no delamination was observed in lacquered cans of these juices but some pitting corrosion and perforations occurred at the end of 27 months at 36°C.Ascorbic acid retention was mainly correlated with the type of can as well as with the initial ascorbic acid level of the raw tomatoes, itself the result of the interaction of Cl−and NO3−in the nutrient solution. During 27 months storage, the ascorbic acid retention was consistently higher in tomato juice canned in plain tinplate cans (88 % at 22°C or 70% at 36°C) than in lacquered cans (24% at 22°C or 18% at 36°C).
Possible use of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) as supplement in infant nutrition: Comparison of weight gained by rats fed on alfalfa and a popular weaning diet
Authors: Takyi E E K , Kido Y , Rikimaru T , Kennedy D O 
Published: October 2006

AbstractRats (Wistar strain, 3 weeks old, 12 rats per group) were fed either Alfamix (alfalfa nutrient cake and roasted corn 1:4 w) or Weanimix (roasted groundnut:roasted corn, 1:4 w) or stock diet (commercial rat diet) for 4 weeks to compare the ability of Alfamix and Weanimix to support the growth and general well‐being of the rats. Results indicated that rats fed on Alfamix consumed significantly more feed (11.95 g day−1) than those fed on Weanimix (9.47 g day−1). Furthermore the protein efficiency ratio of the Alfamix group (1.41) was significantly higher than that for the Weanimix group (0.96); consequently, the weight gained by the Alfamix group was higher than that by the Weanimix group. There were no significant differences in the haematological indices of the two groups. These results suggest that alfalfa nutrient cake incorporated into weaning diets of children could enhance their nutritional status.
Headspace sampling methods for the volatile components of garlic (Allium sativum)
Authors: Pino J A 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe suitability of dynamic headspace for isolating the volatiles of garlic for subsequent GC analysis was evaluated. Volatile trapping followed by solvent or thermal desorption was performed with different adsorbent traps. Dynamic headspace analysis by thermal desorption performed with Tenax GC gave the best results in terms of recovery and concentration of volatiles.
Effect of microwave heating on pyrazine formation in a model system
Authors: Ji Hong , Bernhard Richard A 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe role played by microwave heating was contrasted with conventional heating in pyrazine formation using a model system containing glucose, glycine and base. The data obtained from this study showed clearly that the heating system, and the time and temperature of heating, greatly influenced pyrazine formation and pyrazine distribution. Kinetic studies indicated that pyrazine formation follows pseudo zero order reaction rates, and this order is the same regardless of the heating method used.
In‐vitro evaluation of european diets for pigs. Prediction of the organic matter digestibility by an enzymic method or by chemical analysis
Authors: Van Der Meer J M , Perez J M 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe in‐vitro method of Metz and van der Meer simulates the digestion in pigs by consecutive incubations with pepsin/pancreatin and cellulase. This method was studied as an alternative to prediction of the in‐vivo organic matter digestibility by chemical analysis. After calibration with samples of known in‐vivo digestibility, the in‐vitro method enabled prediction of the digestibility coefficient of the organic matter obtained in trials with growing pigs.In this study, 89 samples of diets with known in‐vivo organic matter digestibility were analysed by the enzymic method. The linear relationship between digestibility of organic matter in vivo (dO) and in vitro (vOp) for all samples had a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.92 and a residual standard deviation (RSD) of 2.0. The natural logarithm of crude fibre (InXF) as an additional variable in the regression model improved the prediction (r = 0.95; RSD = 1.7). This indicated that the in‐vitro method does not fully simulate fibre digestion in the pig.For the Dutch diets the prediction of dO from the measured chemical composition of the raw materials and the digestibility coefficients from the Dutch Tables of Feedstuffs showed a similar correlation to prediction with in‐vitro methods. However, the deviation of the average predicted value from the average in‐vivo value was 3.7 units when digestible nutrients were used and only 0.3 units when the in‐vitro method was used.