bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Unity of Beowulf
Authors: Du Bois Arthur E. 
Published: February 2007

One is to infer from this characterization that Beowulf is exceedingly strong. Perhaps one can learn no more. For there may be no significance in the facts that the dragon is fifty feet long (l. 3042), that Beowulf rules the Geats fifty years (ll. 2209, 2733), that Hroþgar rules the Danes fifty years before the coming of Grendel (l. 1769), and that Grendel's dam holds the moors fifty years (l. 1498). And there may even be no connection between these facts except that Beowulf, Hroþgar, and Grendel's dam rule their domains for a very long time and that the dragon is a very long beast. Anything which approaches thirty or fifty in dimension, conventionally approaches the marvellous. Accordingly Deor says (ll. 18–19):Đeodric ahte þritig wintraMæringa burg …
Rhyme in Paradise Lost
Authors: Diekhoff John S. 
Published: February 2007

When we remember the subtle irregularity of Milton's rhymes in Lycidas, and the frequency with which he introduces rhyme into the blank verse of Comus and Samson Agonistes, it is less surprising that there should be rhymes in Paradise Lost than that they should not have been noticed. That they are deliberate rhymes needs little proof, for it is obvious that an ear as fine as Milton's must have heard any rhyme which can be heard by the ordinary reader, and this examination grew out of the vague impression of rhyme given by certain passages in Paradise Lost, and the presence of a few obvious rhymes, such as:Rose like an Exhalation, with the soundOf Dulcet Symphonies and voices sweet,Built like a Temple, where Pilasters round (i. 711–713)This horror will grow milde, this darkness light,Besides what hope the never-ending flight (ii. 220–221)Allegeance to th'acknowledg'd Power supream?And thou sly hypocrite, who now wouldst seam, (iv. 956–957)That slumberd, wakes the bitter memorieOf what he was, what is, and what must be Worse; of worse deeds worse sufferings must ensue.Some times towards Eden which now in his view (iv. 24–27)
Censure of Fiction in American Romances and Magazines 1789–1810
Authors: Orians G. Harrison 
Published: February 2007

Most critics of early American literature have testified to the widespread censure of fiction in the last years of the eighteenth century. The attacks, occasionally dignified by book or magazine publication, were, as Carl Van Doren has pointed out, fanlike in their spread: The dullest critics contended that novels were lies; the pious that they served no virtuous purpose; the strenuous, that they softened sturdy minds; the utilitarian, that they crowded out more useful books; the realistic, that they painted adventure too romantic and love too vehement; the patriotic, that dealing with European manners, they tended to confuse and dissatisfy republican youth.The dullest critics contended that novels were lies; the pious that they served no virtuous purpose; the strenuous, that they softened sturdy minds; the utilitarian, that they crowded out more useful books; the realistic, that they painted adventure too romantic and love too vehement; the patriotic, that dealing with European manners, they tended to confuse and dissatisfy republican youth.
David Garrick's Significance in the History of Shakespearean Criticism
Authors: Stone George Winchester 
Published: February 2007

Visitors to Westminster Abbey may remember the memorial statue to David Garrick with its inscription:To paint fair nature by divine command,Her magic pencil in his glowing hand,A Shakespeare rose: then to expand his fameWide o'er this breathing world, a Garrick came.Tho' sunk in death the forms the poet drew,The actor's genius bade them breathe anew;Though like the bard himself, in night they layImmortal Garrick call'd them back to day;And till Eternity with power sublimeShall mark the mortal hour of hoary TimeShakespeare and Garrick like twin stars shall shineAnd earth irradiate with a beam divine.
James Hogg's “Chaldee Manuscript”
Authors: Strout Alan Lang 
Published: February 2007

Among the Blackwood Papers left by the late George William Black-wood to the National Library of Scotland are some eighty pages entitled “Original manuscript of the Chaldee MS. by James Hogg, The Ettrick Shepherd, with his Letters relating to it; also Mr. Blackwood's notes thereon, and other Letters....” The National Library of Scotland has most generously sent me microfilms of this material.1 A book of engravings published by Blackwood. Patrick Fraser Tytler discusses the work in Blackwood's Magazine (Nov., 1817), ii, 205.
Coleridge and the Luminous Gloom: An Analysis of the “Symbolical Language” in “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”
Authors: Gose Elliott B. 
Published: February 2007

Speaking of the “plan of the ‘Lyrical Ballads’” in Chapter 14 of his Biographia Literaria, Coleridge pointed out that while Wordsworth was to deal with “the wonders of the world before us,” he himself was to try to connect the human truth of “our inward nature” with the “shadows of imagination.” The fruitfulness of this connection is evidenced by “The Ancient Mariner”; its aesthetic basis was analyzed by Coleridge at a later date: “The romantic poetry,” he decided, appeals “to the imagination rather than to the senses and to the reason as contemplating our inward nature, the working of the passions in their most retired recesses.” By “exciting our internal emotions,” the poet “acquires the right and privilege of using time and space as they exist in the imagination, obedient only to the laws which the imagination acts by.” Philosophically, Coleridge's transcendentalism is obviously responsible for this assertion of the superiority of the mind over nature; he had remarked its psychological basis as early as 1805:In looking at objects of Nature while I am thinking, as at yonder moon dim-glimmering through the dewy window-pane, I seem rather to be seeking, as it were asking for, a symbolical language, for something within me that already and for ever exists, than observing anything new. Even when that latter is the case, yet still I have always an obscure feeling as if that new phenomenon were the dim awakening of a forgotten or hidden truth of my inner nature. (Anima Poetae, p. 136).
Die Entfaltung Des Bösen in Böhmes Mysterium Magnum
Authors: Deinert Von Herbert 
Published: February 2007

Und wollen andeuten ... wie Böses und Gutes auseinem einigen Grunde urstände, als Licht undFinsterniß, Leben und Tod, Freude und Leyd; undwie das in seinem Grunde sey. (Mysterium Magnum, Vorrede, 11).BÖHMES Philosophieren trägt den Charakter einer leidenschaftlichen Theodizee. Gott ist das unbedingte und uneingeschränkte Gute; von dieser Prämisse will der Christ Böhme nicht abweichen. Aber er ist ebenso weit davon entfernt, das Böse in einer Welt zu übersehen, die das summum bonum geschaffen hat. Für den mit der christlichen Tradition Vertrauten ergibt sich damit die Notwendigkeit, die souveräne Willkür Jehovas, die Existenz von Tod, Teufel und Hölle, die Lehre von der Verstocktheit der Bösen und ihrer ewigen Verdammnis vor sich selber zu rechtfertigen und mit dem oben angeführten Gottesbegriff in Einklang zu bringen. Böhme wehrt sich energisch gegen die Idee der Prädestination, die das theologische Dilemma rational auflöst, indem sie das Bild eines gleichzeitig guten und grausamen Gottes entwirft, der sein Recht zur Willkür in der Verteilung von Gnade und Ungnade aus der Erhabenheit des Schöpfers bezieht, der nur sich selber Rechenschaft schuldet. Zwar wird das doppelte Gesicht Gottes zum Kernstück seiner Emanationsphilosophie, die absichtliche Vorherbestimmung zum Bösen seitens Jehovas hingegen ist derjenige Aspekt der Prädestinationslehre, den Böhme nicht hinnehmen kann.
Satire in the Utopia
Authors: Heiserman A. R. 
Published: February 2007

Fifth Dealer: And now, what are the main features of your philosophy?Socrates: Ideas and types of things. All that you see, the earth and all that is upon it, the sky-each has its counterpart in the invisible world.Fifth Dealer: And where are they?Socrates: Nowhere. Were they anywhere, they were not what they are.—Lucian, Sale of CreedsSome admirers of More's Utopia have used the term “satire” to prove that it is essentially a jeu d'esprit. Others have used it to contend that Utopia is essentially a serious didactic argument. But while both schools of criticism use the term “satire” to wrestle with the problems presented by Utopia's form and technique, neither has employed it consistently to resolve the major problems raised by More's little book. How is one to reconcile More's “real intention” (however defined) with his “manner of alternating seriousness and parody?” Why should a canonized Lord Chancellor ever have constructed an “ideal” commonwealth so manifestly antithetical to his orthodoxy? Can the textual and personal sources of More's ideas explain Hythloday's arguments in Book I, or the institutions of Utopian society? These questions remain after half a century of intense scholarship and impassioned appraisal. The latest and most exhaustive study of More's book, having explicitly separated Utopia's “matter” from its “style and form,” concludes that “dashes of wit, satire, and irony add zest to [Utopia's] perusal but make its interpretation intriguing and perplexing … Utopia, it seems almost futile to say, is a complex and enigmatic book.”
Cloaking the Self: The Literary Space of Gogol's “Overcoat”
Authors: Bernheimer Charles C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractLiterary structure provided Gogol with a means to free himself from the restrictive definitions of life. As copying clerk, Akaky inhabits a nearly autonomous world of literal repetition, a world close to the timeless silence out of which fiction is born. He is happy, having next to no individualized desiring self. The acquisition of the overcoat causes Akaky's fall into the diachronic world of difference, a hostile world that overwhelms his recently objectified identity. As his letters demonstrate, Gogol himself feared just such an annihilation by the other. Hence his enigmatic, elusive character and his narrative strategy of hiding behind a multiplicity of constantly shifting masks. The “fantastic ending” of the story fulfills Gogol's most cherished fantasy: to exercise power against the world while remaining unconditioned within the play of literary metamorphoses. In psychological terms, this desire is symptomatic of the schizoid, ontologically insecure individual.
The Rape of Gulliver: Case Study of a Source
Authors: Shaw Sheila 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe first translator of the Arabian Nights (Paris, 1704-17) was Antoine Galland. Almost immediately translated into English, Galland's popular collection remained the only version of the Nights known in Europe throughout the century. Convinced that Swift had read it, twentieth-century scholars Pietro Toldo and William A. Eddy show that the tale “Hassân-al-Bassri” was a source for Brobdingnag; the passages they quote come from the modern French translation of J. C. Mardrus, and bear a great similarity to Gulliver's second voyage. Swift, however, could not have known “Hassân” for it is omitted by Galland. Because of the differences between Galland's Nights and later versions, studies in eighteenth-century source criticism must work with early texts. Curiously, of all versions of “Hassan” only Mardrus relates the episode in question, which may explain why his translation is anathematized by Arabists as distorting the erotic content of the original. Recent inquiry also discloses that the episode is missing in known Arabic sources. It is almost certain that Mardrus fabricated the passages cited by Toldo and Eddy; it may even be argued that he plagiarized Swift.
The Mystery of Eros: Sexual Initiation in Coleridge's “Christabel”
Authors: Spatz Jonas 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMost interpretations of “Christabel” ignore the creative context from which it emerged. In his notebooks and letters, Coleridge developed a theory of the nature of human sexuality and its importance as the foundation of love and marriage. In a series of poems written from 1797 to 1801, Coleridge dramatized the problem of sexual maturation by focusing on the betrothal of a girl threatened by her own sexuality. “Christabel,” the culmination of this period, traces the heroine's attempt to come to terms with her erotic impulses, to recognize their essential role in her love for her absent knight, and to progress from adolescence to womanhood. Geraldine, the projection of those impulses, is the woman she yearns and fears to become. Although the poem is unfinished, its fairy-tale structure, psychology, and symbolism, along with its relation to Coleridge's other poems and his ideas about sex, love, and marriage, indicate that the continuation summarized by James Gillman accurately describes Coleridge's intentions.
The Form of Coleridge's Dejection Ode
Authors: Fairbanks A. Harris 
Published: February 2007

AbstractColeridge’s “Dejection” is an ode rather than a conversation poem. It differs from the eighteenth-century ode and establishes a distinctively Romantic ode in adapting the personal voice, meditative structure, and private subject that Coleridge had developed in the conversation poems, but because Coleridge observed odic decorum it lacks the conversation poem’s controlling characteristic, an initial illusion of artlessness manifested in the pattern of thought, rhythm, syntax, and transitions. The inability of critics to agree whether the speaker of “Dejection” masters his crisis is a consequence of Coleridge’s innovation in employing the device of “simultaneous composition” in a poem of greater seriousness than any of the conversation poems. The speaker cannot plausibly resolve a crisis that affects his life at the root within the span of a single meditation, and because he is enmeshed in the experience as he articulates it, he has no perspective from which to evaluate it.
Imbongi Nezibongo; The Xhosa Tribal Poet and the Contemporary Poetic Tradition
Authors: Opland Jeff 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA tradition of oral poetry (izibongo) still exists among the Xhosa-speaking tribes of South Africa, but as yet few analytical studies based on fieldwork have been published. The Xhosa tradition differs in some respects from the Serbo-Croatian tradition as defined by Milman Parry and Albert Lord, though there are elements common to both traditions. Parry and Lord concentrated attention on the guslar, an improvising epic poet, but the Xhosa tribal poet (imbongi) should be seen in the context of all poetic activities in his community. The tradition of Xhosa izibongo is complex, consisting of at least four distinct activities: many Xhosa tribesmen have the ability to compose poetry on the inspiration of the moment; most Xhosas commit to memory traditional poems or poems of their own composition; the imbongi, a figure of considerable importance and influence in traditional society, generally composes his refined poetry in performance; and some literate Xhosas commit their poetry to writing. Each of these four kinds of poetic production is significantly different from the others, but each also influences the others.
Presidential Address 1978: The Human Nature of Professionalism
Authors: Ong Walter J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSome years ago a man then unknown to me and still unknown to me called to see me at Saint Louis University. I was not in. The note he left said that he would come back, but he never did, so that all I know of him to this day is what the note contained. Besides his name, it provided only one brief bit of information to let me know exactly who he was: it stated that he was a fellow member of the Modern Language Association of America. Now, as I am privileged to address all our nearly thirty thousand members, including him if he has remembered to pay his dues, I can only hope to share his single-minded identification with the MLA.
“Because a Fire Was in My Head”: Eudora Welty and the Dialogic Imagination
Authors: Yaeger Patricia S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFeminist theory has argued that in a literary tradition overburdened by patriarchal legends and signs, women writers who wish to develop authentic, autonomous voices must devote themselves to their feminine precursors and abandon a masculine canon. In The Golden Apples, however, Eudora Welty appropriates images and themes of several poems by Yeats to dramatize the concerns of her heroines. Mikhail Bakhtin's theories of dialogism and of heteroglossia suggest a critical framework for exploring Welty's expropriations, but Bakhtin's method fails to consider the category of gender as a potent source for the dialogic tension characteristic of the novel as genre. Viewed from this perspective Welty's writing is more subversive than many of her critics have perceived, while Bakhtin's insights into the nature of novelistic discourse are useful in describing the restructuring of traditions that occurs in women's texts. Bakhtin's ideas must be understood and amplified, however, in the light of recent feminist theory.
“Conveniency to Nature”: Literary Art and Arbitrariness
Authors: Reeves Charles Eric 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDespite its prominence in many critical lexicons, the term “literary convention” rarely receives sustained theoretical scrutiny. Rather, it has served interpreters, and even theorists, as a kind of general-purpose catchall, loosely synonymous with “custom,” “habit,” “assumption,” “myth,” “cliché,” “fiction,” or the French convenance. I argue that a philosophically rigorous definition of social convention may work heuristically to clarify what literary convention means and how it functions within a larger poetics. In particular, an intelligible notion of literary convention will help clarify the dialectical relation of mimesis and semiosis—what derives from the “natural” world and what results from an internal economy of parts and whole.
Association study of dysbindin gene with clinical and outcome measures in a representative cohort of Italian schizophrenic patients
Authors: Tosato Sarah , Ruggeri Mirella , Bonetto Chiara , Bertani Mariaelena , Marrella Giovanna , Lasalvia Antonio , Cristofalo Doriana , Aprili Giuseppe , Tansella Michele , Dazzan Paola , DiForti Marta , Murray Robin M. , Collier David A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThere is evidence suggesting that Dysbindin (DTNBP1) is a susceptibility gene for schizophrenia in Caucasian, Chinese, and Japanese populations. We sought to determine if dysbindin was associated with schizophrenia and its symptoms in a representative group of schizophrenic patients from a Community‐Based Mental Health Service (CMHS) in Verona, Italy. A prevalence cohort of schizophrenic patients (n = 141) was assessed at baseline and then 3 and 6 years later. Eighty patients and 106 healthy controls were genotyped for polymorphisms in dysbindin. We tested if diagnosis, clinical symptoms as measured by the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), and functioning as measured by the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale (GAF), were associated with the presence of certain dysbindin polymorphisms. Finally, using the longitudinal clinical data, we tested if patients carrying dysbindin high‐risk haplotypes had a more unfavorable longitudinal clinical outcome. A trend towards statistical association (P = 0.058) between schizophrenia and rs2619538 was found. Using GENECOUNTING software, we found that rs2619538‐P1583 (P = 0.048), P1320‐P1757 (P = 0.034), and rs2619538‐P1583‐P1578 (P = 0.040) haplotypes occurred more often in cases compared to controls before correction for multiple testing. The rs2619538‐P1583 haplotype was more likely to be transmitted to subjects with more severe and persistent psychopathology. These preliminary results are compatible with the view that DTNBP1 is a susceptibility factor for schizophrenia, and is associated with worse psychopathology. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fate of Benzalkonium Chloride in a Sewage Sludge Low Temperature Conversion Process Investigated by LC‐LC/ESI‐MS/MS
Authors: Sütterlin Heike , Trittler Rainer , Bojanowski Sebastian , Stadlbauer Ernst A. , Kümmerer Klaus 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThermocatalytic low temperature conversion (LTC) is a new method for the disposal of sewage sludge. Using this method, sludge is converted into a residual solid (coal) along with reaction water, oil, and non‐condensable gases. The oil can be used as an energy source and the coal as a substitute for charcoal. To this end, it is important to determine whether there are any easily available contaminants present in the coal generated by the process. Contaminants that can be strongly sorbed by sewage sludge solids are, e. g., pharmaceuticals and disinfectants. As an example the fate of the persistent and strong adsorbing disinfectant benzalkonium chloride (BAC) has been investigated within the LTC process. The sewage sludge was spiked with BAC and then subjected to the LTC process. The resulting coal was extracted and analyzed using LC‐LC/ESI‐MS/MS (ion trap). BAC could not be detected in the LTC coal, although it could be extracted from the spiked sludge before the LTC treatment. It can thus be concluded that the investigated compound is not easily available in the coal, and hence that its use does not present a risk.
A note on imposing displacement boundary conditions in finite element analysis
Authors: Wu Baisheng , Xu Zhonghai , Li Zhengguang 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn this paper, an improved procedure for imposing displacement boundary conditions in the direct stiffness method of the finite element analysis is presented. The proposed procedure neither changes the original order of the master stiffness matrix, nor does it require the rearrangement of the coefficient matrix. Consequently, it is easy to be implemented. Especially, the condition numbers of coefficient matrices of the improved procedure are remarkably reduced; hence the sensitivity of the solution to perturbations is considerably lowered. Numerical examples are used to demonstrate the validity of the proposed procedure. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel method for integrating MEG and BOLD fMRI signals with the linear convolution model in human primary somatosensory cortex
Authors: Nangini Cathy , Tam Fred , Graham Simon J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCharacterizing the neurovascular coupling between hemodynamic signals and their neural origins is crucial to functional neuroimaging research, even more so as new methods become available for integrating results from different functional neuroimaging modalities. We present a novel method to relate magnetoencephalography (MEG) and BOLD fMRI data from primary somatosensory cortex within the context of the linear convolution model. This model, which relates neural activity to BOLD signal change, has been widely used to predict BOLD signals but typically lacks experimentally derived measurements of neural activity. In this study, an fMRI experiment is performed using variable‐duration (≤1 s) vibrotactile stimuli applied at 22 Hz, analogous to a previously published MEG study (Nangini et al., [ 2006]: Neuroimage 33:252–262), testing whether MEG source waveforms from the previous study can inform the convolution model and improve BOLD signal estimates across all stimulus durations. The typical formulation of the convolution model in which the input is given by the stimulus profile is referred to as Model 1. Model 2 is based on an energy argument relating metabolic demand to the postsynaptic currents largely responsible for the MEG current dipoles, and uses the energy density of the estimated MEG source waveforms as input to the convolution model. It is shown that Model 2 improves the BOLD signal estimates compared to Model 1 under the experimental conditions implemented, suggesting that MEG energy density can be a useful index of hemodynamic activity. Hum Brain Mapp 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.