bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The impact of the demographic transition on manufacturing
Authors: Thun Jörn‐Henrik , Größler Andreas , Miczka Switbert 
Published: October 2007

PurposeThe purpose of the paper is twofold: to discuss characteristics and potential effects of an ageing workforce and to present the perception manufacturing managers have of the influence of demographic change on the manufacturing function.Design/methodology/approachThe phenomenon of demographic change and the characteristics of ageing workers are presented based on a literature study. In addition, the results of a survey within German industrial firms are put forward, in which operations managers were asked about their perception of older workers in manufacturing.FindingsEffects of the demographic transition will influence manufacturing companies in every economy. An ageing workforce is well suited to support quality‐focussed manufacturing strategies. Yet, the adoption of new manufacturing technologies might be hampered by the older employees' unwillingness to learn that is assumed commonly.Research limitations/implicationsThe empirical research provides a first look at the substantial impact that demographic change will have on manufacturing companies. The discussion is based on trends in Germany and on the reported perceptions of German manufacturing managers; however, it is argued that implications can be transferred to other economies.Practical implicationsPractitioners will see the necessity to consider the impact of demographical change in future decisions. It is discussed which commonly held beliefs about older workers are justified based on scientific research.Originality/valueFocusing on the demographic transition, this paper adds an important aspect to the academic discussion of the future of manufacturing, highlighting the significant consequences that demographic change will have on manufacturing and suggesting concepts for addressing the challenge in practice. Furthermore, it provides first empirical results of the perception of manufacturing directors about this topic.
Is China's manufacturing sector becoming more high‐tech?
Authors: Vaidya Kirit , Bennett David , Liu Xiaming 
Published: October 2007

PurposeThe paper assesses the extent to which China's comparative advantage in manufacturing has shifted towards higher‐tech sectors between 1987 and 2005 and proposes possible explanations for the shift.Design/methodology/approachRevealed comparative advantage (RCA) indices for 27 product groups, representing high‐, medium and low‐tech sectors have been calculated. Examination of international market attractiveness complements the RCA analysis. Findings for selected sectors are evaluated in the context of other evidence.FindingsWhile China maintains its competitiveness in low‐tech labour intensive products, it has gained RCA in selected medium‐tech sectors (e.g. office machines and electric machinery) and the high‐tech telecommunications and automatic data processing equipment sectors. Evidence from firm and sector specific studies suggests that improved comparative advantage in medium and high‐tech sectors is based on capabilities developing through combining international technology transfer and learning.Research limitations/implicationsThe quantitative analysis does not explain the shifts in comparative advantage, though the paper suggests possible explanations. Further research at firm and sector levels is required to understand the underlying capability development of Chinese enterprises and the relative competitiveness of Chinese and foreign invested enterprises.Practical implicationsWestern companies should take account of capability development in China in forming their international manufacturing strategies. The rapid shifts in China's comparative advantage have lessons for other industrialising countries.Originality/valueWhile RCA is a well‐known methodology, its application at the disaggregated product group level combined with market attractiveness assessment is distinctive. The paper provides a broad assessment of changes in Chinese manufacturing as a basis for further research on capability development at firm and sector levels.
Post mass production paradigm (PMPP) trajectories
Authors: Kuehnle Hermann 
Published: October 2007

PurposeThe paper intends to contribute to interpretations of present and future developments in manufacturing and manufacturing research. It designs hypothetical expert consolidated projections for the future of manufacturing with the focus on social impacts from information and communications technologies (ICT).Design/methodology/approachIn order to obtain valid projections, Kuhn's theory of scientific revolutions has been applied to production sciences. Since, the paradigm shift to post mass production has become evident, it is clear that manufacturing will be of network type. Since, the point of a “normal science” (Kuhn) is not yet reached, empirical and methodical work is exploited, especially expert discussion results, technology forecasts and field surveys, to draw the baselines for further developments, focussing on development lines on global, regional as well as company scale.FindingsThe paper sketches organisational set ups and ICT applications for future manufacturing in order to be able to point out induced effects on other trends and drivers (especially social and societal). Major changes in role and future behaviour of manufacturing could be verified.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper assumes a specific driver/impact constellation, which emphasises socio‐technical relations and focuses on organisation and ICT use in manufacturing environments as decisive and limiting influences. Other socio/technology interrelations are not regarded as intensively and could be future research fields. Implications on the methods and the instruments to be used for production networks could be sketched.Practical implicationsSome of the methodologies may be downscaled and applied for companies in order to define future strategies. On global, on regional as well as on company level, relevant results may be considered as elements of a future networked manufacturing world.Originality/valueTrends and drivers for future manufacturing have been newly put into network interrelations in order to obtain impact priorities and interaction hypotheses. Ongoing developments are envisioned as embedded in a general paradigm change. The paper draws from extensive research work on the field. It addresses researchers as well as practitioners dealing with manufacturing companies' strategy development.
The Keys of the Kingdom
Authors: Childe Wilfred 
Published: October 2007

The swarming patriarchs of the Orient Assembling thus debated, how the Son Took on Him human flesh, and how the One Could yet be Three in One, Three still unblent; Turmoiled with multitudinous argument,Rich Asia panted and the Nile’s domain Wrestled with falsehood in her subtle brain, Golden Byzantium blazed pre-eminent:Yet all this while over the heaving sea Of definition and perplexity,Bringing forth truth from out the dark abyss, The white Dove brooded with sustaining wings, And throned on ruins of Rome’s majesties, Peter in face of loud barbarian kings ....Wilfred Childe.
Al Smith's Noble Reply
Authors: Jarrett Bede 
Published: October 2007

We feel sure that readers of Blackfriars will welcome a resume of the open correspondence between Mr. Charles C. Marshall and Mr. A. E. Smith. It will be forever memorable in the history of English-speaking Catholicism. Mr. Marshall is an eminent Episcopalian lawyer; Mr. Alfred E. Smith, the popular Governor of the New York State, is almost certain to be the next democratic candidate for the American Presidency, and would undoubtedly have been so at the last nominations, were he not a Catholic and therefore a victim of sectarian prejudice. This prejudice, whatever be his disclaimers, must unconsciously have moved Mr. Marshall to publish his ‘Open Letter to the Honourable Alfred E. Smith’ in the April number of The Atlantic Monthly (pp. 540-549).The general drift of his letter is shown clearly enough in the opening and concluding paragraphs; the Governor’s reply sufficiently explains the rest of the attack.Sir,—The American people take pride in viewing the progress of an American citizen from the humble estate in which his life began toward the highest office within the gift of the nation. It is for this reason that your candidacy for the Presidential nomination has stirred the enthusiasm of a great body of your fellow citizens. They know and rejoice in the hardship and the struggle which have fashioned you as a leader of men. They know your fidelity to the morality you have advocated in public and private life and to the religion you have revered; your great record of public trusts successfully and honestly discharged; your spirit of fair play, and justice even to your political opponents.
Contribution of Conserved ATP-Dependent Proteases ofCampylobacter jejunito Stress Tolerance and Virulence
Authors: Cohn Marianne Thorup , Ingmer Hanne , Mulholland Francis , Jørgensen Kirsten , Wells Jerry M. , Brøndsted Lone 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACTIn prokaryotic cells the ATP-dependent proteases Lon and ClpP (Clp proteolytic subunit) are involved in the turnover of misfolded proteins and the degradation of regulatory proteins, and depending on the organism, these proteases contribute variably to stress tolerance. We constructed mutants in thelonandclpPgenes of the food-borne human pathogenCampylobacter jejuniand found that the growth of both mutants was impaired at high temperature, a condition known to increase the level of misfolded protein. Moreover, the amounts of misfolded protein aggregates were increased when both proteases were absent, and we propose that both ClpP and Lon are involved in eliminating misfolded proteins inC. jejuni. In order to bind misfolded protein, ClpP has to associate with one of several Clp ATPases. Following inactivation of the ATPase genesclpAandclpX, only theclpXmutant displayed the same heat sensitivity as theclpPmutant, indicating that the ClpXP proteolytic complex is responsible for the degradation of heat-damaged proteins inC. jejuni. Notably, ClpP and ClpX are required for growth at 42°C, which is the temperature of the intestinal tract of poultry, one of the primary carriers ofC. jejuni. Thus, ClpP and ClpX may be suitable targets of new intervention strategies aimed at reducingC. jejuniin poultry production. Further characterization of theclpPandlonmutants revealed other altered phenotypes, such as reduced motility, less autoagglutination, and lower levels of invasion of INT407 epithelial cells, suggesting that the proteases may contribute to the virulence ofC. jejuni.
Actinobacterial Community Structure in Soils Receiving Long-Term Organic and Inorganic Amendments
Authors: Piao Zhe , Yang Linzhang , Zhao Liping , Yin Shixue 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACT
The impact of long-term organic and inorganic amendments on the actinobacterial community in soils was studied. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis patterns based on the V3 region of 16S rRNA suggested that there was no significant difference between the communities occurring in the different amendments. However, analysis of the clone libraries of the actinobacterial communities by the use of multiple statistical approaches showed that these communities were significantly different from each other. Results showed that long-term organic and inorganic soil amendments did not significantly alter the overall phylogenetic diversity of the actinobacterial communities but did significantly change the community structure.
CelAB, a Multifunctional Cellulase Encoded by
Teredinibacter turnerae
T7902
T
, a Culturable Symbiont Isolated from the Wood-Boring Marine Bivalve
Lyrodus pedicellatus
Authors: Ekborg Nathan A. , Morrill Wendy , Burgoyne Adam M. , Li Li , Distel Daniel L. 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACT

We characterized a multifunctional cellulase (CelAB) encoded by the endosymbiont
Teredinibacter turnerae
T7902
T
. CelAB contains two catalytic and two carbohydrate-binding domains, each separated by polyserine linker regions. CelAB binds cellulose and chitin, degrades multiple complex polysaccharides, and displays two catalytic activities, cellobiohydrolase (EC 3.2.1.91) and β-1,4(3) endoglucanase (EC 3.2.1.4).
A Metalloprotease Secreted by the Insect Pathogen
Photorhabdus luminescens
Induces Melanization
Authors: Held Kiara G. , LaRock Christopher N. , D'Argenio David A. , Berg Celeste A. , Collins Carleen M. 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACT

Photorhabdus luminescens
is a gram-negative insect pathogen that enters the hemocoel of infected hosts and produces a number of secreted proteins that promote colonization and subsequent death of the insect. In initial studies to determine the exact role of individual secreted proteins in insect pathogenesis, concentrated culture supernatants from various
P. luminescens
strains were injected into the tobacco hornworm
Manduca sexta
. Culture supernatants from
P. luminescens
TT01, the genome-sequenced strain, stimulated a rapid melanization reaction in
M. sexta
. Comparison of the profiles of secreted proteins from the various
Photorhabdus
strains revealed a single protein of approximately 37 kDa that was significantly overrepresented in the TT01 culture supernatant. This protein was purified by DEAE ion-exchange and Superdex 75 gel filtration chromatography and identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight analysis as the product of the TT01 gene plu1382 (NCBI accession number NC_005126); we refer to it here as PrtS. PrtS is a member of the M4 metalloprotease family. Injection of PrtS into larvae of
M. sexta
and
Galleria mellonella
and into adult
Drosophila melanogaster
and
D. melanogaster
melanization mutants (
Bc
) confirmed that the purified protein induced the melanization reaction. The
prtS
gene was transcribed by
P. luminescens
injected into
M. sexta
before death of the insect, suggesting that the protein was produced during infection. The exact function of this protease during infection is not clear. The bacteria might survive inside the insect despite the melanization process, or it might be that the bacterium is specifically activating melanization in an attempt to circumvent this innate immune response.
Identification of the Propionicin F Bacteriocin Immunity Gene (
pcfI
) and Development of a Food-Grade Cloning System for
Propionibacterium freudenreichii
Authors: Brede Dag Anders , Lothe Sheba , Salehian Zhian , Faye Therese , Nes Ingolf F. 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACT

This report describes the first functional analysis of a bacteriocin immunity gene from
Propionibacterium freudenreichii
and its use as a selection marker for food-grade cloning. Cloning of the
pcfI
gene (previously
orf5
[located as part of the
pcfABC
propionicin F operon]) rendered the sensitive host 1,000-fold more tolerant to the propionicin F bacteriocin. The physiochemical properties of the 127-residue large PcfI protein resemble those of membrane-bound immunity proteins from bacteriocin systems found in lactic acid bacteria. The high level of immunity conferred by
pcfI
allowed its use as a selection marker for plasmid transformation in
P. freudenreichii
. Electroporation of
P. freudenreichii
IFO12426 by use of the
pcfI
expression plasmid pSL102 and propionicin F selection (200 bacteriocin units/ml) yielded 10
7
transformants/μg DNA. The 2.7-kb
P. freudenreichii
food-grade cloning vector pSL104 consists of the pLME108 replicon, a multiple cloning site, and
pcfI
expressed from the constitutive P
pampS
promoter for selection. The pSL104 vector efficiently facilitated cloning of the propionicin T1 bacteriocin in
P. freudenreichii
. High-level propionicin T1 production (640 BU/ml) was obtained with the IFO12426 strain, and the food-grade propionicin T1 expression plasmid pSL106 was maintained by ∼91% of the cells over 25 generations in the absence of selection. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of an efficient cloning system that facilitates the generation of food-grade recombinant
P. freudenreichii
strains.
Spread of Infectious Chronic Bee Paralysis Virus by Honeybee (
Apis mellifera
L.) Feces
Authors: Ribière M. , Lallemand P. , Iscache A.-L. , Schurr F. , Celle O. , Blanchard P. , Olivier V. , Faucon J.-P. 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACT
Knowledge of the spreading mechanism of honeybee pathogens within the hive is crucial to our understanding of bee disease dynamics. The aim of this study was to assess the presence of infectious chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV) in bee excreta and evaluate its possible role as an indirect route of infection. Samples of paralyzed bees were (i) produced by experimental inoculation with purified virus and (ii) collected from hives exhibiting chronic paralysis. CBPV in bee heads or feces (crude or absorbed onto paper) was detected by reverse transcription-PCR. CBPV infectivity was assessed by intrathoracic inoculation of bees with virus extracted from feces and by placement of naive bees in cages previously occupied by contaminated individuals. CBPV RNA was systematically detected in the feces of naturally and experimentally infected bees and on the paper sheets that had been used to cover the floors of units containing bees artificially infected with CBPV or the floor of one naturally infected colony. Both intrathoracic inoculation of bees with virus extracted from feces and placement of bees in contaminated cages provoked overt disease in naive bees, thereby proving that the excreted virus was infectious and that this indirect route of infection could lead to overt chronic paralysis. This is the first experimental confirmation that infectious CBPV particles excreted in the feces of infected bees can infect naive bees and provoke overt disease by mere confinement of naive bees in a soiled environment.
Effect of Feeding Cows Genetically Modified Maize on the Bacterial Community in the Bovine Rumen
Authors: Wiedemann S. , Gürtler P. , Albrecht C. 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACT

Rumen-cannulated cows (
n
= 4) were fed successively silage made from either conventional or genetically modified (GM) maize. Results revealed no effects of GM maize on the dynamics of six ruminal bacterial strains (investigated by real-time PCR) compared to the conventional maize silage.
TiO
2
Photocatalysis Causes DNA Damage via Fenton Reaction-Generated Hydroxyl Radicals during the Recovery Period
Authors: Gogniat Gaëtan , Dukan Sam 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACT

Here, we show that resistance of
Escherichia coli
to TiO
2
photocatalysis involves defenses against reactive oxygen species. Results support the idea that TiO
2
photocatalysis generates damage which later becomes deleterious during recovery. We found this to be partly due to DNA attack via hydroxyl radicals generated by the Fenton reaction during recovery.
Phenotypic and Transcriptomic Analyses Demonstrate Interactions between the Transcriptional Regulators CtsR and Sigma B inListeria monocytogenes
Authors: Hu Yuewei , Raengpradub Sarita , Schwab Ute , Loss Chris , Orsi Renato H. , Wiedmann Martin , Boor Kathryn J. 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACTListeria monocytogenesσBpositively regulates the transcription of class II stress response genes; CtsR negatively regulates class III stress response genes. To identify interactions between these two stress response systems, we constructedL. monocytogenesΔctsRand ΔctsRΔsigBstrains, as well as a ΔctsRstrain expressingctsRintransunder the control of an IPTG (isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside)-inducible promoter. These strains, along with a parent and a ΔsigBstrain, were assayed for motility, heat resistance, and invasion of human intestinal epithelial cells, as well as by whole-genome transcriptomic and quantitative real-time PCR analyses. Both ΔctsRand ΔctsRΔsigBstrains had significantly higher thermotolerances than the parent strain; however, full heat sensitivity was restored to the ΔctsRstrain whenctsRwas expressed intrans. Although log-phase ΔctsRwas not reduced in its ability to infect human intestinal cells, the ΔctsRΔsigBstrain showed significantly lower invasion efficiency than either the parent strain or the ΔsigBstrain, indicating that interactions between CtsR and σBcontribute to invasiveness. Statistical analyses also confirmed interactions between thectsRand thesigBnull mutations in both heat resistance and invasion phenotypes. Microarray transcriptomic analyses and promoter searches identified (i) 42 CtsR-repressed genes, (ii) 22 genes with lower transcript levels in the ΔctsRstrain, and (iii) at least 40 genes coregulated by both CtsR and σB, including genes encoding proteins with confirmed or plausible roles in virulence and stress response. Our data demonstrate that interactions between CtsR and σBplay an important role inL. monocytogenesstress resistance and virulence.
Identification of the Most Abundant
Lactobacillus
Species in the Crop of 1- and 5-Week-Old Broiler Chickens
Authors: Abbas Hilmi Hanan T. , Surakka Anu , Apajalahti Juha , Saris Per E. J. 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACT

Bacteria from crops of 1- and 5-week-old broiler chickens fed with two brands (diets A and B) of wheat-based diets were isolated on
Lactobacillus
-selective medium and identified (
n
= 300) based on partial 16S rRNA gene sequence. The most abundant
Lactobacillus
species were
L. reuteri
(33%),
L. crispatus
(18.7%), and
L. salivarius
(13.3%). Regardless of farm and feed,
L. reuteri
was the most abundant species (
P
< 0.005) in the crops of the younger chickens. However, the amount of
L. reuteri
was significantly reduced in the crops of the 5-week-old chickens regardless of the feed (
P
= 0.016). The diversity of
L. reuteri
isolates was studied by fatty acid analysis, and the 94
L. reuteri
isolates could be arranged into several clusters. The nisin sensitivities of the
L. reuteri
isolates were determined because nisin is a candidate coccidiostat. Sensitive isolates were found more frequently in younger chickens (77%) than in 5-week-old chickens (23%), whereas chickens fed with commercial feed B had a higher proportion of nisin-resistant isolates (73%) than did chickens fed with feed A (45%). Nisin-resistant strains are potential candidates for adjunct cultures for maintaining
L. reuteri
in its natural niche in the crop and are potential targets for genetic engineering with nisin-selectable food-grade vectors. The diversity of the
L. reuteri
population suggested that one should consider including several strains representing different clusters and nisin resistance phenotypes in candidate probiotic feed supplements for chickens.
Engineered Synthetic Pathway for Isopropanol Production in
Escherichia coli
Authors: Hanai T. , Atsumi S. , Liao J. C. 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACT

A synthetic pathway was engineered in
Escherichia coli
to produce isopropanol by expressing various combinations of genes from
Clostridium acetobutylicum
ATCC 824,
E. coli
K-12 MG1655,
Clostridium beijerinckii
NRRL B593, and
Thermoanaerobacter brockii
HTD4. The strain with the combination of
C. acetobutylicum thl
(acetyl-coenzyme A [CoA] acetyltransferase),
E. coli atoAD
(acetoacetyl-CoA transferase),
C. acetobutylicum adc
(acetoacetate decarboxylase), and
C. beijerinckii adh
(secondary alcohol dehydrogenase) achieved the highest titer. This strain produced 81.6 mM isopropanol in shake flasks with a yield of 43.5% (mol/mol) in the production phase. To our knowledge, this work is the first to produce isopropanol in
E. coli
, and the titer exceeded that from the native producers.