bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Type 2 diabetes in pregnancy: more to come?
Authors: Coulthard T , Hawthorne G 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe objective of this study was to determine the rate of increase in pregnancies complicated by type 2 diabetes in the former UK Northern health region between 1996 and 2006.Since 1993, all data for women with pregnancies complicated by pre‐existing type 1 and type 2 diabetes have been prospectively collected by the Northern Diabetes Pregnancy Survey. The annual incidence of women with type 2 diabetes was collected and further analysed for associations with age, body mass index and ethnicity, perinatal mortality and stillbirth rates.There was an approximate four‐fold increase in type 2 diabetes in pregnancy (r2 = 0.85) during the 11 years. The majority (80.8%) of the women were white, although ethnic minorities were over‐represented; 88.2% women were overweight or obese. Stillbirth and perinatal mortality rates were four to five times higher than the national average.The number of pregnancies in women with type 2 diabetes is increasing. This has important implications for primary care and maternity service provision as these pregnancies are high risk. Women with type 2 diabetes will need targeted preconception care and maternity units may need to expand their diabetes service provision if a rise in perinatal mortality is to be prevented. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons.
The prevalence of risk factors for foot ulceration in Egyptian diabetic patients
Authors: El‐Nahas MR , Gawish HMS , Tarshoby MM , State OI , Boulton AJM 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe effect of ethnicity on diabetic foot ulceration (DFU), neuropathy and peripheral arterial disease (PAD) remains controversial, with few previous studies from Egypt. The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of DFU and its risk factors in a cohort of patients presented to the outpatient diabetes clinic at Mansoura University Specialized Medical Hospital.Over a period of 12 months, 1220 diabetic patients were screened for DFU, neuropathy, PAD, foot deformities, and skin and nail abnormalities.The mean age was 50.5 ± 10.9 years and 36.8% were male. Diabetes duration was 7.9 ± 5.9 years and BMI 34.5 ± 6.7. The prevalence of active or past foot ulceration was 1.2% and 5.7% respectively. Monofilament insensitivity was found in 124 patients (10.2%). Only 38 patients (3.1%) had absent foot pulses. We found dry skin in 544 patients (44.6%), calluses in 69 (5.7%), tinea pedis in 532 (43.6%) and thick nails in 215 (17.6%); 61.6% of our patients used inappropriate footwear and 93.8% received no prior foot education.It was concluded that, despite the low prevalence of neuropathy and PAD in our diabetic patients, the prevalence of DFU is still high. The lack of knowledge regarding diabetic foot problems, inappropriate footwear and the high prevalence of skin and nail pathology in Egypt could explain this paradox. It is suggested that regional differences in the risk factors for DFU should be considered when preventative strategies are planned. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons.
Paediatric obesity and type 2 diabetes: strategies for prevention and treatment
Authors: Aschemeier B , Kordonouri O , Danne T , Lange K 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe rising pandemic of obesity has caused an increase in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents worldwide. Between 8% and 43% of children with newly‐diagnosed diabetes have type 2 diabetes in the USA, while in Europe currently only 0.5% of the newly‐diagnosed cases are classified as type 2. Ethnic factors, pubertal insulin resistance and female gender play a major role. Accelerated weight gain in infants may not only lead to type 2 diabetes later in life, but has also been implicated in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. Therefore, preventive approaches against childhood obesity and type 2 diabetes need to start in the preschool age group. Age‐appropriate education programmes for paediatric type 2 diabetes should include elements of programmes for paediatric diabetes as well as those for weight management. Thus, they need to be delivered by a multidisciplinary team.Psychological approaches focusing on training in flexible control of eating and lifestyle behaviour appear to be more successful than rigid treatment regimens. Oral agents and insulin are frequently needed to reach the glycaemic goals. Most of the therapeutic and educational approaches are not well established in the paediatric age group as studies with sufficient power are lacking. Furthermore, many adolescents with type 2 diabetes have been reported to be lost to follow up from continuous paediatric diabetes care after short disease duration. Copyright ©2008 John Wiley & Sons.
Aprotinin and the risk of death and renal dysfunction in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: a meta‐analysis of epidemiologic studies
Authors: Gagne Joshua J. , Griesdale Donald E. G. , Schneeweiss Sebastian 
Published: February 2009

AbstractPurposeObservational studies have reported conflicting results regarding aprotinin's risk of renal dysfunction and death. A meta‐analysis was conducted to summarize results and explain variation of published epidemiologic studies on risks of renal dysfunction and death associated with aprotinin.MethodsMEDLINE and EMBASE were systematically searched for non‐experimental studies that reported risk of renal dysfunction or death with aprotinin use during cardiac surgery in adults. Random‐effects meta‐analyses were used to pool results across studies for each outcome. Stratified and meta‐regression analyses were used to identify sources of heterogeneity.ResultsEleven relevant studies were identified and included in the analysis, including 10 that reported renal dysfunction and seven that reported death. Aprotinin was associated with renal dysfunction (risk ratio (RR), 1.42; 95%CI 1.13–1.79) and long‐term mortality (hazard ratio (HR) 1.22; 95%CI 1.08–1.39). Pooled estimates were lower for short‐term mortality (RR 1.16; 95%CI 0.84–1.58) and renal failure requiring dialysis (RR 1.17; 95%CI 0.99–1.38). Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) time, which may be on the causal pathway, was a significant source of heterogeneity, with a 29% increased risk of renal dysfunction for every 10 minute increase in CPB time (p = 0.03).ConclusionsDespite some studies that reported no association between aprotinin and renal outcomes during cardiac surgery, the totality of epidemiologic evidence indicates an increased risk that cannot be fully explained by need for transfused red blood cells (RBCs). Epidemiologic studies also suggest an increased risk of long‐term mortality associated with aprotinin as compared to various comparators used in these studies, although residual confounding cannot be ruled out. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Religious beliefs, social support, self‐efficacy and adjustment to cancer
Authors: Howsepian Barbara A. , Merluzzi Thomas V. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractPurpose: Religious beliefs have received relatively little attention in research on coping with cancer. In this study, the relationship of religious beliefs and perceived social support with adjustment to cancer was studied in a coping model that included self‐efficacy for coping as a mediator. Of particular interest was the relationship between religious beliefs and social support.Method: Data were collected from 164 in‐treatment cancer patients. They completed measures of religious beliefs, social support, physical functioning, self‐efficacy for coping, and adjustment. A model comparison approach was used to assess the fit of models that included or excluded the contribution of religious beliefs while testing the relationship between religious beliefs and social support.Results: Religious beliefs were more strongly connected to perceived social support than with other constructs. Importantly, a coping model that included religious beliefs fit the data significantly better than a model without paths related to religious beliefs. Self‐efficacy partially mediated the relation of age, physical functioning, and perceived support to adjustment, but not religious beliefs.Discussion: Religious beliefs may not directly affect self‐efficacy and adjustment; however, cancer patients who have religious beliefs may experience an enhanced sense of social support from a community with whom they share those beliefs. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Distress Thermometer assessed in women at risk of developing hereditary breast cancer
Authors: van Dooren S. , Duivenvoorden H. J. , Passchier J. , Bannink M. , Tan M. B. M. , Oldenmenger W. H. , Seynaeve C. , van der Rijt C. C. D. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjectives: The Distress Thermometer (DT) is a promising instrument to get insight into distress experienced by cancer patients. At our Family Cancer Clinic the DT, including an adapted problem list, was completed by 100 women at increased risk of developing hereditary breast cancer (mean age 45.2 years; SD: 10.5). Additionally, the women filled in either the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale as psychological component (n=48) or the somatic subscale of the Symptom Checklist‐90 as somatic component (n=50) to identify associations with the DT‐score. Further, the women filled in an evaluation form.Results: The median score on the DT was 2 (range: 0–9). With regression analysis adjusted for age, the contribution of mood and somatic complaints, respectively, was investigated. The standardized regression coefficient for anxiety was 0.32 (ns), for depression 0.14 (ns) and for the somatic subscale 0.49 (p<0.001). The explained variance for anxiety and depression was 16%, and for somatic complaints 24%. The differences between the coefficients were not significant. Evaluation forms were returned by 73 women. In 50% of the cases, the physician had discussed the DT/problem list, which was appreciated by the majority of these women (80%). Sixty‐two percent of the women would recommend the use of the DT for other patients.Conclusion: The use of the DT/problem list seems promising for the current population, and was appreciated by the majority of the women. As mood and somatic complaints did not differ significantly in explaining the experienced distress, other candidate factors need to be examined. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
IQ in late adolescence/early adulthood, risk factors in middle age, and later cancer mortality in men: the Vietnam Experience Study
Authors: Batty G. David , Mortensen Laust H. , Gale Catharine R. , Shipley Martin J. , Roberts Beverly A. , Deary Ian J. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjectives: (i) examine the relation, if any, of pre‐morbid IQ scores at 20 years of age with the risk of later cancer mortality; and (ii) explore the role, if any, of potential mediating factors (e.g. smoking, obesity), assessed in middle age, in explaining the IQ–cancer relation.Methods: Cohort study of 14, 491 male, Vietnam‐era, former US army personnel with IQ test scores at around 20 years of age (1965‐71), who participated in a risk factor survey at around age 38 years of age (1985‐6), who were then followed up for mortality experience for 15 years.Results: There were 176 cancer deaths during mortality surveillance. We found an inverse association of IQ with later mortality from all cancers combined (age‐adjusted HRper one SD decrease in IQ; 95% confidence interval: 1.27; 1.10, 1.46) and smoking‐related malignancies (1.37; 1.14, 1.64). There was some attenuation following control for mediating variables, particularly smoking and income, but the gradients generally held at conventional levels of statistical significance.Conclusions: Higher scores on pre‐morbid IQ tests are associated with lower risk of later cancer morality. The strength of the relation was partially mediated by established risk factors. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Personality traits and psychosocial stress: quality of life over 2 years following breast cancer diagnosis and psychological impact factors
Authors: Härtl Kristin , Engel Jutta , Herschbach Peter , Reinecker Hans , Sommer Harald , Friese Klaus 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjective: The aim of this study was to investigate changes in the quality of life (QoL) and body image among breast cancer patients over 2 years and to examine different predictive factors for QoL 2 years after the primary operation.Methods: A total of 203 women with a primary diagnosis of breast cancer completed the questionnaires 2 weeks and 6, 12, 18, and 24 months after surgery. Quality of Life Questionnaire (QLQ‐C30), Breast Cancer Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire Module (QLQ‐BR23), Questionnaire on Stress in Cancer Patients (QSC‐R23), Freiburg Personality Inventory (FPI‐R), Life Orientation Test (LOT) were used as standardized measures.Results: The overall QoL and most functional and symptom scales improved during the 2‐year period. However, cognitive functioning, body image, and the three symptom scales of insomnia, constipation, and diarrhea did not change. Age was only capable of predicting physical functioning, whereas tumor size, axillary surgery, and adjuvant chemotherapy were not predictive of the long‐term QoL functional scores. Initial distress was the most potent predictive factor for long‐term QoL. Baseline functioning predicted functional QoL scores 2 years later. And higher scores for neuroticism were associated with a poorer QoL. However, optimism was not capable of predicting the QoL 2 years later.Conclusion: Screening measures should be implemented at the time when breast cancer is diagnosed, in order to identify psychologically vulnerable patients and offer them professional psycho‐oncological help. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Marital adjustment, satisfaction and dissolution among hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients and spouses: a prospective, five‐year longitudinal investigation
Authors: Langer Shelby L. , Yi Jean C. , Storer Barry E. , Syrjala Karen L. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjective: To examine the trajectory of marital adjustment, satisfaction and dissolution among 121 hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) couples—as a function of role (patient or spouse) and gender.Methods: Prospective, longitudinal design. Participants completed the Dyadic Adjustment Scale at six time points: pre‐transplant (4–7 days after beginning medical workup prior to starting transplant), 6 months post‐transplant, and 1, 2, 3 and 5 years post‐transplant. They also reported on marital status over time.Results: Participants ranged in age from 23–68 (52% female patients and 48% female spouses). Ninety‐eight patients received an allogeneic transplant; 23 received an autologous transplant. Marital dissolution was uncommon (four divorces since the transplant among 55 participating 5‐year survivors, 7%). Dyadic satisfaction was stable over time for both male and female patients and male spouses, but not for female spouses who reported reductions in satisfaction at all time points relative to baseline.Conclusion: Couples were by and large resilient. However, caregiver‐specific gender differences indicate an increased risk for relationship maladjustment and dissatisfaction among female spouses and ultimately, female spouse/male patient couples. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Low stroma androgen receptor level in normal and tumor prostate tissue is related to poor outcome in prostate cancer patients
Authors: Wikström Pernilla , Marusic Josip , Stattin Pär , Bergh Anders 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe role of androgen receptors (ARs) in the prostate tumor cell environment is largely unknown.METHODSAR immunostaining was evaluated in relation to stroma morphology, expression of AR co‐activator ARA55, tumor characteristics and clinical outcome in normal and prostate cancer (PCa) tissue obtained at transurethral resection in men treated with expectancy, and in diagnostic transrectal core biopsies in men treated with surgical castration. Stroma composition was studied by Masson‐trichrome and desmin staining. Levels of AR and ARA55 mRNA were quantified by laser micro‐dissection and RT‐PCR.RESULTSThe percentage of cells with positive nuclear AR immunostaining in the tumor and normal stroma was inversely related to Gleason score, tumor size, tumor stage, metastasis, response to castration therapy, and cancer‐specific survival. The AR staining in the normal stroma provided independent prognostic information in Cox multiple linear regression analysis. Loss of stroma AR staining was linked to low expression of ARA55 in stroma smooth muscle cells, and in tumors also to gradual disappearance of this cell type.CONCLUSIONSPCa aggressiveness and efficacy of castration therapy are related to AR levels in the tumor stroma and importantly to AR levels in the surrounding normal prostate tissue stroma. Prostate 69: 799–809, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vasoactive intestinal peptide behaves as a pro‐metastatic factor in human prostate cancer cells
Authors: Fernández‐Martínez Ana B. , Bajo Ana M. , Sánchez‐Chapado Manuel , Prieto Juan C. , Carmena María J. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBACKGROUNDThere is little known on the involvement of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in the metastatic cascade of human prostate cancer, that is, cell proliferation, cell–cell adhesion, extracellular‐matrix degradation, and migration/invasion. Here we evaluated the expression of related biomarker proteins (cyclin D1, metalloproteinases MMP‐2 and MMP‐9, and E‐cadherin) in human androgen‐dependent (LNCaP) and independent (PC3) prostate cancer cells.METHODSReverse transcriptase (RT)‐polymerase chain reaction (PCR), gelatin zymography, Western blotting, confocal immunofluorescence microscopy, and assays on cell proliferation, adhesion, wound‐healing, migration and random homing were performed.RESULTSVIP increased cell proliferation and cyclin D1 expression whereas it decreased cell adhesion and E‐cadherin expression in LNCaP and PC3 cells. VIP enhanced the gelatinolytic activity of MMP‐2 and MMP‐9. Semiquantitative RT‐PCR assays showed that VIP stimulated mRNA levels of these MMPs and suppressed mRNA levels of its inhibitory protein RECK. VIP promoted cell invasion and migration, and the responses were faster according to the most aggressive status in cancer progression (androgen‐independence). The involvement of nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) was demonstrated since the anti‐inflammatory agent curcumin blocked VIP effects on the above biomarkers in both cell lines.CONCLUSIONSTaken together, these results and the presence of κB sites on gene promoter of cyclin D1, MMPs and, possibly, E‐cadherin suggest that VIP may act as a cytokine in an early metastatic stage of human prostate cancer through the NF‐κB/MMPs‐RECK/E‐cadherin system. Our findings may help to define novel targets and agents with potential usefulness in prostate cancer therapy. Prostate 69: 774–786, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oleanane Triterpenoid CDDO‐Me inhibits growth and induces apoptosis in prostate cancer cells by independently targeting pro‐survival Akt and mTOR
Authors: Deeb Dorrah , Gao Xiaohua , Jiang Hao , Dulchavsky Scott A. , Gautam Subhash C. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBACKGROUNDSynthetic triterpenoids are potent anticancer agents, but their therapeutic efficacy or mechanism of action for prostate cancer has not been investigated. The goal of this study was to determine the antitumor activity and the mechanism of action of methyl‐2‐cyano‐3,12‐dioxooleana‐1,9(11)‐dien‐28‐oate (CDDO‐Me), a oleanane‐derived synthetic triterpenoid for human prostate cancer cells.METHODSThe antitumor activity of CDDO‐Me for hormone‐refractory PC‐3 (AR−) and C4‐2 (AR+) prostate cancer cell lines was determined by effects on cell growth and induction of apoptosis, identification of molecular targets, and therapeutic efficacy in vivo in PC‐3 xenograft model.RESULTSCDDO‐Me inhibited the growth and induced apoptosis in PC‐3 and C4‐2 cells at extremely low concentrations. The antitumor activity of CDDO‐Me was associated with the inhibition of p‐Akt, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) signaling proteins and their downstream targets such as p‐Bad and p‐Foxo3a (Akt); p‐S6K1, p‐eIF‐4E and p‐4E‐BP1 (mTOR); and COX‐2, VEGF and cyclin D1(NF‐κB). Silencing of Akt sensitized the PC‐3 cells to CDDO‐Me, whereas overexpression of Akt induced resistance to CDDO‐Me. Targeted silencing of Akt showed that Akt does not regulate mTOR activation in PC‐3 cells, but targeted silencing of mTOR sensitized PC‐3 cells to CDDO‐Me mediated growth inhibition. Further, treatment with CDDO‐Me inhibited the growth of PC‐3 xenografts in nude mice.CONCLUSIONSThis study demonstrated potent antitumor activity of CDDO‐Me against prostate cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. Data also identified Akt and mTOR as molecular targets of CDDO‐Me in prostate cancer cells. Prostate 69: 851–860, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Order propensity of an intrinsically disordered protein, the cyclin‐dependent‐kinase inhibitor Sic1
Authors: Brocca Stefania , Šamalíková Mária , Uversky Vladimir N. , Lotti Marina , Vanoni Marco , Alberghina Lilia , Grandori Rita 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIntrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) carry out important biological functions and offer an instructive model system for folding and binding studies. However, their structural characterization in the absence of interactors is hindered by their highly dynamic conformation. The cyclin‐dependent‐kinase inhibitor (Cki) Sic1 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a key regulator of the yeast cell cycle, which controls entrance into S phase and coordination between cell growth and proliferation. Its last 70 out of 284 residues display functional and structural homology to the inhibitory domain of mammalian p21 and p27. Sic1 has escaped systematic structural characterization until now. Here, complementary biophysical methods are applied to the study of conformational properties of pure Sic1 in solution. Based on sequence analysis, gel filtration, circular dichroism (CD), electrospray‐ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS), and limited proteolysis, it can be concluded that the whole molecule exists in a highly disordered state and can, therefore, be classified as an IDP. However, the results of these experiments indicate, at the same time, that the protein displays some content in secondary and tertiary structure, having properties similar to those of molten globules or premolten globules. Proteolysis‐hypersensitive sites cluster at the N‐terminus and in the middle of the molecule, whereas the most structured region resides at the C‐terminus, including part of the inhibitory domain and the casein‐kinase‐2 (CK2) phosphorylation target S201. The mutations S201A and S201E, which are known to affect Sic1 function, do not have significant effects on the conformational properties of the pure protein. Proteins 2009;76:731–746. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.