bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of Community Pharmacists' and General Practitioners' Opinions on Rational Prescribing, Formularies and other Prescribing Related Issues
Authors: Nathan Alan , Sutters Carol Ann 
Published: September 2007

A postal survey of Community Pharmacists (CPs) and General Medical Practitioners (GPs) in the Enfield and Haringey (E&H) and North Yorkshire (N Yorks) Family Health Services Authority (FHSA) areas was carried out to investigate: a. their opinions regarding clinically orientated 'extended' roles for CPs, and the possibility of interprofessional collaboration on them, and b. their views on a range of prescribing related issues. The overall response rate was 67 % for CPs and 42% for GPs. There were no significant differences in responses to ques tions between CPs in both FHSAs, but significant differ ences in answers to some questions between the two groups of GPs, due to a large proportion of dispensing GPs in N Yorks. Results were therefore expressed as comparisons between total numbers of CPs and GPs, and between dispensing and non-dispensing GPs. The results showed an affinity of outlook between CPs and GPs on a range of prescribing related issues, and considerable goodwill between the two groups on which future cooperation could be founded. GPs were, however, significantly less enthusiastic than CPs about collaboration in areas which would concede a role to CPs in making prescribing decisions. GPs were most favourably disposed to collaboration in areas such as the provision of drug information, which could be considered as within CPs' domain of specialist expertise.
The aetiology of mandibular fractures at an urban centre
Authors: Asadi Syed Ghias , Asadi Zenobia 
Published: September 2007

The objectives of this study were to determine the common aetiological factors leading to the fracture of the lower jaw (mandible) at an urban centre in England. A total of 96 patients presented to the Manchester Royal Infirmary with mandibular fractures during the calendar years 1991 and 1992. It was determined that the main aetiological factor leading to the disturbance of the mandibular contours was assault or interpersonal violence (74%) followed by falls, road traffic accidents and sporting injuries. The majority of the subjects were males and most of the patients were in the age group of 20-29 years. In most of the patients there was a unilateral pattern of injury and the angle was the most vulnerable area of the lower jaw to be traumatised.
A chemical biology screen identifies glucocorticoids that regulate c-maf expression by increasing its proteasomal degradation through up-regulation of ubiquitin
Authors: Mao Xinliang , Stewart A. Keith , Hurren Rose , Datti Alessandro , Zhu Xuegong , Zhu Yuanxiao , Shi Changxin , Lee Kyle , Tiedemann Rodger , Eberhard Yanina , Trudel Suzanne , Liang Shengben , Corey Seth J. , Gillis Lisa C. , Barber Dwayne L. , Wrana Jeffery L. , Ezzat Shereen , Schimmer Aaron D. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe oncogene c-maf is frequently overexpressed in multiple myeloma cell lines and patient samples and contributes to increased cellular proliferation in part by inducing cyclin D2 expression. To identify regulators of c-maf, we developed a chemical screen in NIH3T3 cells stably overexpressing c-maf and the cyclin D2 promoter driving luciferase. From a screen of 2400 off-patent drugs and chemicals, we identified glucocorticoids as c-maf–dependent inhibitors of cyclin D2 transactivation. In multiple myeloma cell lines, glucocorticoids reduced levels of c-maf protein without influencing corresponding mRNA levels. Subsequent studies demonstrated that glucocorticoids increased ubiquitination-dependent degradation of c-maf and up-regulated ubiquitin C mRNA. Moreover, ectopic expression of ubiquitin C recapitulated the effects of glucocorticoids, demonstrating regulation of c-maf protein through the abundance of the ubiquitin substrate. Thus, using a chemical biology approach, we identified a novel mechanism of action of glucocorticoids and a novel mechanism by which levels of c-maf protein are regulated by the abundance of the ubiquitin substrate.
Gene delivery into mouse retinal ganglion cells by in utero electroporation
Authors: Garcia-Frigola Cristina , Carreres Maria Isabel , Vegar Celia , Herrera Eloisa 
Published: September 2007

Abstract

Background
The neural retina is a highly structured tissue of the central nervous system that is formed by seven different cell types that are arranged in layers. Despite much effort, the genetic mechanisms that underlie retinal development are still poorly understood. In recent years, large-scale genomic analyses have identified candidate genes that may play a role in retinal neurogenesis, axon guidance and other key processes during the development of the visual system. Thus, new and rapid techniques are now required to carry out high-throughput analyses of all these candidate genes in mammals. Gene delivery techniques have been described to express exogenous proteins in the retina of newborn mice but these approaches do not efficiently introduce genes into the only retinal cell type that transmits visual information to the brain, the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs).

Results
Here we show that RGCs can be targeted for gene expression by in utero electroporation of the eye of mouse embryos. Accordingly, using this technique we have monitored the morphology of electroporated RGCs expressing reporter genes at different developmental stages, as well as their projection to higher visual targets.

Conclusion
Our method to deliver ectopic genes into mouse embryonic retinas enables us to follow the course of the entire retinofugal pathway by visualizing RGC bodies and axons. Thus, this technique will permit to perform functional studies in vivo focusing on neurogenesis, axon guidance, axon projection patterning or neural connectivity in mammals.
Severe mental illness and mortality of hospitalized ACS patients in the VHA
Authors: Plomondon Mary E , Ho P Michael , Wang Li , Greiner Gwendolyn T , Shore James H , Sakai Joseph T , Fihn Stephan D , Rumsfeld John S 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Background
Severe mental illness (SMI) has been associated with more medical co-morbidity and less cardiovascular procedure use for older patients with myocardial infarction. However, it is unknown whether SMI is associated with increased long term mortality risk among patients presenting with acute coronary syndromes (ACS). We tested the hypothesis that SMI is associated with higher one-year mortality following ACS hospitalization.

Methods
All ACS patients (n = 14,194) presenting to Veterans Health Administration (VHA) hospitals between October 2003 and September 2005 were included. Survival analysis evaluated the association between SMI and one-year all-cause mortality, adjusting for demographics, co-morbidities, in-hospital treatment, and discharge medications.

Results
Overall, 18.4 % of ACS patients had SMI. Patients with SMI were more likely female, younger, Caucasian race, have a history of alcohol abuse, liver disease, dementia, hypertension and more likely to be a current smoker; however, prior cardiac history was similar between the 2 groups. There were no significant differences in cardiac procedure use, including coronary angiogram (38.7% vs. 40.3%, p = 0.14) or coronary revascularization (31.0% vs. 32.3%, p = 0.19), and discharge medications between those with and without SMI. One-year mortality was lower for patients with SMI (15.8% vs. 19.1%, p < 0.001). However, in multivariable analysis, there were no significant differences in mortality (HR 0.91; 95% CI 0.81–1.02) between patients with and without SMI.

Conclusion
Among ACS patients in the VHA, SMI is prevalent, affecting almost 1 in 5 patients. However, patients with SMI were as likely to undergo coronary revascularization and be prescribed evidence-based medications at hospital discharge, and were not at elevated risk of adverse 1-year outcomes compared to patients without SMI.
OCPAT: an online codon-preserved alignment tool for evolutionary genomic analysis of protein coding sequences
Authors: Liu Guozhen , Uddin Monica , Islam Munirul , Goodman Morris , Grossman Lawrence I , Romero Roberto , Wildman Derek E 
Published: September 2007

Abstract

Background
Rapidly accumulating genome sequence data from multiple species offer powerful opportunities for the detection of DNA sequence evolution. Phylogenetic tree construction and codon-based tests for natural selection are the prevailing tools used to detect functionally important evolutionary change in protein coding sequences. These analyses often require multiple DNA sequence alignments that maintain the correct reading frame for each collection of putative orthologous sequences. Since this feature is not available in most alignment tools, codon reading frames often must be checked manually before evolutionary analyses can commence.

Results
Here we report an online codon-preserved alignment tool (OCPAT) that generates multiple sequence alignments automatically from the coding sequences of any list of human gene IDs and their putative orthologs from genomes of other vertebrate tetrapods. OCPAT is programmed to extract putative orthologous genes from genomes and to align the orthologs with the reading frame maintained in all species. OCPAT also optimizes the alignment by trimming the most variable alignment regions at the 5' and 3' ends of each gene. The resulting output of alignments is returned in several formats, which facilitates further molecular evolutionary analyses by appropriate available software. Alignments are generally robust and reliable, retaining the correct reading frame. The tool can serve as the first step for comparative genomic analyses of protein-coding gene sequences including phylogenetic tree reconstruction and detection of natural selection. We aligned 20,658 human RefSeq mRNAs using OCPAT. Most alignments are missing sequence(s) from at least one species; however, functional annotation clustering of the ~1700 transcripts that were alignable to all species shows that genes involved in multi-subunit protein complexes are highly conserved.

Conclusion
The OCPAT program facilitates large-scale evolutionary and phylogenetic analyses of entire biological processes, pathways, and diseases.
Acquisition of clinical skills
Authors: Gask Linda 
Published: September 2007

“No-one except you and the patient really know what happens when you take him for an interview. You learn from your own mistakes behind the closed door” (Adams & Cook, 1984).Clinical skills in psychiatry are not best acquired in unsupervised practice or in learning by apprenticeship. In the past, it was reported that during the course of their clinical training, students' interviewing skills actually deteriorated rather than improved (Helfer, 1970; Maguire & Rutter, 1976), although recent research suggests that improved training is now having an impact (Davis & Nicholaou, 1992). The methods described below may be employed at both undergraduate and postgraduate level. Traditionally, psychiatrists have been actively involved, along with general practitioners, in the provision of communication skills training to undergraduates. In the future, this training will become a continuous process carried out alongside and within other teaching in all specialities (Gushing, 1996). One of the biggest challenges facing medical schools is how to engage and train clinical teachers from a range of specialities in facilitating students in the acquisition of clinical interpersonal skills.
Physical health of patients in continuing care
Authors: Santhouse Alistair , Holloway Frank 
Published: September 2007

As psychiatrists, we are responsible for large numbers of patients who require follow-up over years, and often lifelong. Usually these patients suffer from chronic psychotic illnesses, and their psychiatrist may be their main point of contact with the medical profession. As a group they face a whole range of problems – not only from the psychiatric condition itself, with its associated stigma and psychosocial stresses, but also from unemployment, poverty, poor housing and worse physical health.This review will look at the evidence that patients in continuing care have increased morbidity and mortality. The types of illness excess will be examined and explanations suggested as to why such an increase exists. Finally, we present practical steps that might usefully be taken to reduce physical illness and premature death in this vulnerable group.
Reduction of Health Status 7 Years After Addition of Chemotherapy to Craniospinal Irradiation for Medulloblastoma: A Follow-Up Study in PNET 3 Trial Survivors—on Behalf of the CCLG (formerly UKCCSG)
Authors: Bull Kim S. , Spoudeas Helen A. , Yadegarfar Ghasem , Kennedy Colin R. 
Published: September 2007

PurposeTo compare quality of survival after craniospinal irradiation (CSI) alone with survival after CSI plus chemotherapy (CT) for medulloblastoma.Patients and MethodsFollow-up study of surviving UK patients with medulloblastoma diagnosed between 1992 and 2000 treated according to one or other treatment arm of the PNET 3 controlled trial.ResultsSeventy three percent of all 147 eligible patients ages 6.6 to 24.3 years were assessed at a mean of 7.2 years after diagnosis. Health status was significantly poorer in the group treated in the CSI plus CT arm of the trial than in the CSI alone arm, and there were also trends to poorer outcomes for behavior and quality of life scores. The CSI plus CT group were also significantly more restricted physically and needed more therapeutic and educational support. Body mass index, stature, and other endocrine outcomes were similar in the two treatment arms, except for the trend in increased frequency of medical induction of puberty in the CSI plus CT group.ConclusionThe addition of CT to CSI for medulloblastoma was associated with a significant decrease in health status. The effect of the addition of other CT regimens to CSI on quality of survival should be evaluated.
End Points for Colon Cancer Adjuvant Trials: Observations and Recommendations Based on Individual Patient Data From 20,898 Patients Enrolled Onto 18 Randomized Trials From the ACCENT Group
Authors: Sargent Daniel J. , Patiyil Smitha , Yothers Greg , Haller Daniel G. , Gray Richard , Benedetti Jacqueline , Buyse Marc , Labianca Roberto , Seitz Jean Francois , O'Callaghan Christopher J. , Francini Guido , Grothey Axel , O'Connell Michael , Catalano Paul J. , Kerr David , Green Erin , Wieand Harry S. , Goldberg Richard M. , de Gramont Aimery 
Published: September 2007

Purpose The traditional end point for colon adjuvant clinical trials is overall survival (OS). We previously validated disease-free survival (DFS) after 3-year follow-up as an excellent predictor of 5-year OS results. Here we explore shorter term DFS and OS end points, as well as stage dependency. Methods Individual patient data from 18 phase III trials including 43 arms and 20,898 patients were pooled. Association measures included correlation of event rates within arms, correlation of hazard ratios (HRs) between arms, trial level significance comparisons (via log-rank testing), and a formal surrogacy model. Results DFS at earlier times was less accurate in predicting OS than 3-year DFS, but 2-year DFS remained a strong predictor. DFS with 1-year minimum follow-up demonstrated perfect negative predicted value; all trials negative at 1 year for DFS were negative for 5-year OS. OS with 3-year minimum follow-up was also an excellent predictor for 5-year OS; OS at earlier time points provided inaccurate prediction. The association between 3-year DFS and 5-year OS was greater for stage III patients; correlation of HR within trials was 0.92 (95% CI, 0.85 to 0.95) for stage III patients and 0.70 (95% CI, 0.44 to 0.80) for stage II patients. Conclusion DFS outcomes after 2- or 3-year median follow-up are excellent predictors of 5-year OS. DFS outcomes are appropriate for trials in which the majority of patients are stage III. DFS after 2- or 3-year median follow-up should be considered as the primary end point in future colon adjuvant trials.
Specific Clinical and Biological Features Characterize Inflammatory Bowel Disease–Associated Colorectal Cancers Showing Microsatellite Instability
Authors: Svrcek Magali , El-Bchiri Jamila , Chalastanis Alexandra , Capel Emilie , Dumont Sylvie , Buhard Olivier , Oliveira Carla , Seruca Raquel , Bossard Céline , Mosnier Jean-François , Berger Françoise , Leteurtre Emmanuelle , Lavergne-Slove Anne , Chenard Marie-Pierre , Hamelin Richard , Cosnes Jacques , Beaugerie Laurent , Tiret Emmanuel , Duval Alex , Fléjou Jean-François 
Published: September 2007

Purpose Microsatellite instability (MSI) due to mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency has been reported to occur at variable frequencies in inflammatory bowel disease–associated intestinal neoplasias (IBD-Ns). We investigated a large series of IBD-N for associations between MSI and several biologic and clinical parameters related to tumors, patients, and their treatment. Patients and Methods A total of 277 IBD-Ns in 205 patients were screened for MSI. Biologic and clinical variables of patients with high levels of DNA microsatellite instability high (MSI-H) were collected and compared with those associated with 33 MSI-H non-IBD colorectal cancers (CRCs). Results A total of 27 IBD-Ns from 17 patients were found to be MSI-H. Compared with sporadic MSI-H CRCs, patients presented with a younger age at diagnosis, and there was no female predominance and no right-sided predominance. Unlike sporadic MSI-H CRCs, MSI-H IBD-Ns presented with heterogeneous mismatch repair defects involving MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, or PMS2, and a low frequency of MLH1 promoter methylation. They exhibited frequent BRAF mutations and frameshift mutations in genes containing coding repeat sequences. Conclusion The mechanisms underlying MMR deficiency in MSI-H IBD-Ns are different from those in sporadic MSI-H tumors and seem to be more related to those observed in hereditary MSI-H tumors. However, BRAF mutations were observed in MSI-H IBD-Ns, similar to sporadic MSI-H tumors, but unlike hereditary MSI-H tumors. Finally, the mutational events in target genes for instability are the same in MSI-H IBD-N tumors as in non-IBD sporadic and hereditary colorectal MSI-H cancers, indicating a colon-related repertoire of target gene alterations.
What Was “Shostakovich,” and What Came Next?
Authors: SCHMELZ PETER J. 
Published: September 2007

The title of this article is borrowed from anthropologist Katherine Verdery's 1996 study What Was Socialism, and What Comes Next? In her book Verdery surveyed the recent changes in Eastern Europe, and specifically Romania, from her vantage point in the uncertain period following the momentous events from 1989 to 1991 in the former Soviet bloc. Similarly, this article explores how Shostakovich, widely perceived in 1975 as the musical representative of socialism, influenced what came after him. It details how Soviet composers from the younger generations, including Edison Denisov, Mieczysław Weinberg, Boris Tishchenko, Alfred Schnittke, and Valentin Sil'vestrov, dealt with Shostakovich's legacy in their compositions written in his memory, including Denisov's DSCH, Weinberg's Symphony no.12, Tishchenko's Symphony no. 5, Schnittke's Prelude In Memoriam Dmitri Shostakovich and Third String Quartet, and Sil'vestrov's Postludium DSCH.
In their memorial works, as they wrestled with the legacy of Shostakovich and his overwhelming influence, these composers also grappled with the shifting nature of the Soviet state, changing musical styles both foreign and domestic, and fundamental issues of aesthetic representation and identity associated with the move from modernism to postmodernism then affecting all composers in the Western art music tradition. The 1970s came at the heels of a decade of remarkable change in Soviet music and society, but at the time of Shostakovich's death, change in Soviet life began to seem increasingly unlikely. Despite recent interpretations by scholars such as anthropologist Alexei Yurchak that emphasize the fundamental immutability of the 1970s, however, these memorial compositions show that audible and significant developments were indeed occurring in the musical styles of the 1970s and early 1980s. Examining Shostakovich's legacy therefore also reveals the larger changes of the Soviet 1970s and early 1980s, both musical and otherwise.
The Berlin Chansonnier and French Song in Florence, 1450–1490: A New Dating and Its Implications
Authors: GALLAGHER SEAN 
Published: September 2007

Owing to the loss of most 15th-century music manuscripts from France and Burgundy, chansonniers of Italian origin are of special significance for our knowledge of the French song repertory and its dissemination during the second half of the century. Florence appears to have been a particularly important center of collecting, judging from a group of nine chansonniers copied there between the 1440s and the early 1490s. In recent decades the Berlin Chansonnier (Berlin, Staatliche Museen der Stiftung Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Kupferstichkabinett, MS 78.C.28) has held a special place among these Florentine sources, partly because it is the only one from before the 1490s for which there is external evidence that seemed to provide a precise dating, and partly because that evidence indicated that it was our only surviving Florentine music manuscript from the 1460s. More than 30 years ago Peter Reidemeister identified the two Florentine families whose impaled arms decorate the first chanson in the collection. These arms led him to propose that the manuscript was made in connection with a wedding involving these two families, which he claimed took place in 1465 or 1466, a dating that has been accepted as a terminus ad quem in subsequent scholarship. The manuscript thus appeared to pre-date by 15 or more years the next earliest sources in the Florentine group, and the significant repertorial differences between the Berlin manuscript and those of the early 1480s seemed to reflect this time gap.
Documents in the Archivio di Stato in Florence change this picture considerably. New evidence calls for a series of crucial adjustments to the theories proposed by Reidermeister that together force a reassessment of the dating of the Berlin Chansonnier. This reassessment affects in turn its relation to several other manuscripts, both from Florence and elsewhere in Italy, and provides new insight into the repertory of songs (in particular those of Busnoys) that was circulating in Florence between the 1460s and the early 1480s.
Parallel object monitors
Authors: Caromel Denis , Mateu Luis , Pothier Guillaume , Tanter Éric 
Published: September 2007

AbstractCoordination of parallel activities on a shared memory machine is a crucial issue for modern software, even more with the advent of multi‐core processors. Unfortunately, traditional concurrency abstractions force programmers to tangle the application logic with the synchronization concern, thereby compromising understandability and reuse, and fall short when fine‐grained and expressive strategies are needed. This paper presents a new concurrency abstraction called POM,parallel object monitor, supporting expressive means for coordination of parallel activities over one or more objects, while allowing a clean separation of the coordination concern from application code. Expressive and reusable strategies for concurrency control can be designed, thanks to a full access to the queue of pending requests, parallel execution of dispatched requests together with after‐actions, and complete control over reentrancy. A small domain‐specific aspect language is provided to adequately configure pre‐packaged, off‐the‐shelf synchronizations. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.