bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strategic Sourcing: A Framework and a Case Study
Authors: Sislian Eric , Satir Ahmet 
Published: April 2006

SUMMARYA strategic perspective for insource/outsource decisions is provided for organizations whose competitive strategies are based on product differentiation and/or focus. The basic tenants of four previous frameworks for strategic sourcing from the literature are briefly reviewed. Following a critique of these frameworks, a new strategic sourcing framework is proposed. Elements of the frame‐work are discussed in terms of primary factors (competitive advantage and demand flexibility) and secondary factors (process capability, process maturity, and strategic risk). A decision flowchart incorporating these factors is given to illustrate the functioning of the proposed framework. Implementation issues are discussed using a case study wherein two products from an electronics equipment manufacturer are subjected to sourcing decisions using the framework.
Partnership Sourcing: An Organization Change Management Perspective
Authors: McIvor Ronan , McHugh Marie 
Published: April 2006

SUMMARYThis article highlights the organization change implications for organizations that are attempting to develop collaborative relationships with their suppliers. The research focuses on four dimensions of collaborative relations including joint buyer‐supplier cost reduction, supplier involvement in new product development, delivery and logistics management, and core business strategy. A case study is presented which outlines how an organization adopted a strategy that led to extensive outsourcing and the adoption of more collaborative relations with its key suppliers. The pursuit of this strategy has acted as a stimulus for change within the organization. The article identifies a number of issues that must be addressed, including the adoption of an integrated approach to the management of strategic change, the pivotal role of senior managers as facilitators of this change, and the involvement of those most affected by the movement toward more collaborative buyer‐supplier relationships.
The Supply Organizational Structure Dilemma
Authors: Johnson P. Fraser , Leenders Michiel R. 
Published: April 2006

SUMMARYThis article presents the findings of research into how and why large, multiunit firms make major changes to the organizational structure of the supply function. The research used case‐based methodology to investigate 10 large companies that had recently made a major supply structure change. A total of 15 major supply organizational changes were studied at the 10 sites. The research found that these major changes were a result of changes in the overall corporate structure, challenging the conventional view found in standard purchasing texts that supply executives have flexibility in matters of organizational design. The research identified that a common driver for corporate organizational change in each of the sites studied involved an attempt by the company to improve its cost structure. Chief financial officers (CPOs), business unit managers, consultants, and chief purchasing officers (CPOs) were all identified as having involvement in the supply organizational structure change process at some sites. A principal challenge for CPOs is to understand how to provide supply improvement opportunities under any organizational structure.
Supplier Evaluation and Rationalization via Data Envelopment Analysis: An Empirical Examination
Authors: Narasimhan Ram , Talluri Srinivas , Mendez David 
Published: April 2006

SUMMARYStrategic evaluation of supplier performance assists firms in improving their operations across a variety of dimensions. Specifically, it aids in supplier process improvement, which in turn enhances firm performance, allows for optimal allocation of resources for supplier development programs, and assists managers in restructuring their supplier network based on performance. In order to address these issues, this article proposes a methodology for effective supplier performance evaluation based on data envelopment analysis (DEA), a multi‐factor productivity analysis technique. The efficiencies derived from the DEA model are utilized in conjunction with managerial performance ratings in identifying supplier clusters, which are categorized into high performers and efficient (HE), high performers and inefficient (HI), low performers and efficient (LE), and low performers and inefficient (LI). Effective benchmarks from the HE cluster are identified for improving the operations of suppliers in the HI, LE, and LI clusters. Finally, managerial insights and implications from the study are discussed.
Transparency in Supply Relationships: Concept and Practice
Authors: Lamming Richard C. , Caldwell Nigel D. , Harrison Deborah A. , Phillips Wendy 
Published: April 2006

SUMMARYThe problems associated with transparency in supply relationships — the two‐way exchange of information and knowledge between customer and supplier — represent chronic difficulty for managers. The sensitivity of such exchanges appears to interfere with — even to negate — their effectiveness and value. This may be because of insufficient consideration of types of transparency and a propensity for customer domination in the relationship. This research is aimed at exploring these difficulties in order to understand the dynamics and varying nature of transparency in this context (including a proposed state of value transparency) and to suggest ways in which it might be approached in practice. In addition to the social and technology‐led drivers identified for transparency, the research approach to the concept in supply has been driven by the observation that many of the traditional routines and activities occurring between industrial or commercial purchasers and their suppliers can be unnecessary and wasteful. This article presents the background to this hypothesis and records the development of a framework for discussion of the concept.
A Configuration Typology for Involving Purchasing Specialists in Product Development
Authors: Lakemond Nicolette , van Echtelt Ferrie , Wynstra Finn 
Published: April 2006

SUMMARYThis article develops a configuration typology for purchasing's involvement in product development projects. Six configurations are identified and analyzed, varying in degree of coordination and level of purchaser integration. The configurations are illustrated by five case studies performed in different companies operating in different industries. Enabling factors, such as the purchasing organization and the competencies and skills of the purchasers, can facilitate the involvement of purchasers in a development project. Project size and project complexity can be identified as driving factors influencing the appropriateness of the purchaser involvement configurations. Dedicated, full‐time purchasing specialists in combination with a purchasing coordinator provide the strongest degree of involvement necessary for managing large and complex projects, whereas indirect, ad hoc purchasinginvolvement provides the lowest degree of involvement sufficient for small and relatively simple projects.
Measuring the Performance of Suppliers: An Analysis of Evaluation Processes
Authors: Simpson Penny M. , Siguaw Judy A. , White Susan C. 
Published: April 2006

SUMMARYIn the past, commonly used supplier evaluative criteria have focused on quality, service or delivery, and price. In recent years, the channels literature has indicated other areas, such as relationship factors, that may affect channel partner performance; yet, no known research has examined either the extent of formal supplier evaluation programs or the factors currently used in channel evaluation. The purpose of this research is to fill that void by determining the number of firms that have systematic evaluation systems and to examine the currently used supplier evaluation instruments — with a focus on whether or not channel relationship factors are considered — from a wide cross‐section of industries. Findings indicate that less than half of the responding firms have a formal supplier evaluation process in place, and that quality, supplier certification, facilities, continuous improvements, physical distribution factors, and channel relationship factors were the factors most commonly included in supplier evaluation programs.
Total Cost of Ownership Models: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Ferrin Bruce G. , Plank Richard E. 
Published: April 2006

SUMMARYThis research examines organizational purchasing models focusing on the use of total cost of ownership (TCO) to value purchase opportunities. The research presents evidence that leading‐edge companies actually use such models. This exploratory study provides, for the first time, data on the nature, and use, of the cost drivers on which organizations base their TCO computations. The study suggests a generic model of total cost of ownership is not appropriate. However, the findings of this research suggest a TCO model based on a core set of cost drivers, along with an auxiliary set of cost drivers, is appropriate. The core cost drivers would be present in all, or most, TCO computations. Purchasing managers could use different, specific cost drivers from the auxiliary set to tailor the TCO computation for a particular purchase situation. The authors also suggest that a value‐based, multi‐firm, or supply chain, TCO computation model is needed. Such a TCO model should be similar to a single‐firm TCO model.
Factors That Influence Chief Purchasing Officer Compensation
Authors: Ogden Jeffrey A. , Zsidisin George A. , Hendrick Thomas E. 
Published: April 2006

SUMMARYWhile several previous surveys have examined the salaries of purchasing professionals, none have addressed the specific issues related to chief purchasing officer (CPO) compensation. This article presents the results of a CAPS Research survey investigating job related and personal characteristics that influence Fortune 500 chief purchasing officer compensation. Logistic regression was used to deriveodds ratios to analyze the surve data. Empirical results indicate that the following are the main drivers of CPO compensation: (1) industry, (2) size of organization as measured by annual sales, (3) spend as a percent of sales, (4) total number of employees reporting, (5) levels of management between the CPO and CEO, (6) years of businessrelated, non‐purchasing experience, (7) CPO age, and (8) professional certifications. Implications of the research findings are discussed throughout the article.
The Perceived Impact of Supply Chain Management on Organizational Effectiveness
Authors: Elmuti Dean 
Published: April 2006

SUMMARYSupply chain management seeks to enhance competitive performance by closely integrating the internal functions within a company and effectively linking them with the external operations of suppliers and channel members. This study was undertaken to study the impact of supply chain management on overall organizational effectiveness and to identify problems that affect supply chain management success. The results show that organizations generally considered themselves successful at managing their supply chains. However, while they have achieved significant improvement in organizational performance, they have not reached the order of magnitude of improvements ascribed to supply chain management.
Supplier Selection and Assessment: Their Impact on Business Performance
Authors: Kannan Vijay R. , Tan Keah Choon 
Published: April 2006

SUMMARYIncreasingly, firms are allocating more resources to their core competencies and encouraging the outsourcing of non‐core activities, which increases their reliance and dependence on suppliers. This increases the importance of effective supplier selection and assessment. Sparse evidence exists regarding the impact of supplier selection and assessment on a buying firm's business performance. This research describes an empirical study of the importance of supplier selection and assessment criteria of American manufacturing companies for items to be used in products already in production. Moreover, it identifies relationships between criteria and a buying firm's business performance. Results indicate that soft, non‐quantifiable selection criteria, such as a supplier's strategic commitment to a buyer, have a greater impact on performance than hard, more quantifiable criteria such as supplier capability, yet are considered to be less important. Assessment of a supplier's willingness and ability to share information also has a significant impact on the buying firm's performance, yet is again considered to be relatively unimportant.
Gaining and Losing Pieces of the Supply Chain
Authors: Johnson P. Fraser , Leenders Michiel R. 
Published: April 2006

SUMMARYThis research focused on changes in supply chain responsibilities. The primary research question was: What are the reasons (drivers) for major changes in supply chain responsibilities? Over 200 such changes, comprising 158 additions and 44 deletions, were documented in the research. The findings are based on 10 case studies in large multi‐business unit companies, seven head quartered in the United States and three in Europe, representing a variety of industries. Findings indicated three drivers of change for supply chain responsibilities. The chief purchasing officer and his or her staff members had a great deal of influence, particularly in additions to category 1 (acquisition of specific organizational needs) and category 2 (activities within the total supply chain).
Intensity and Managerial Scope of Supplier Integration
Authors: Wagner Stephan M. 
Published: April 2006

SUMMARYTraditionally, research into antecedents, characteristics, and outcomes of supplier integration has mainly focused on integrating suppliers into new product development. What is urgently needed is a more comprehensive analysis of supplier integration activities. This research, which is based on responses from 173 industrial firms as well as supplementary interviews with purchasing executives, develops the notion of a phase‐differentiated approach toward supplier integration. It further provides insights into supplier integration in the development phase and supplier integration in the industrialization phase with respect to, for example, the degree of integration, the distinct managerial approaches, and the benefits sought by the buyer and the supplier. Additionally, results of an industry‐level analysis examine how various industries approach supplier integration.
Supplier Assistance Within Supplier Development Initiatives
Authors: Dunn Steven C. , Young Richard R. 
Published: April 2006

SUMMARYSupplier development involves taking those initiatives necessary to change the performance of supplier firms. This paper develops a conceptual model that captures the salient issues from an internal or purchaser's standpoint, as well as from an external or seller's standpoint. The model assists purchasers in pinpointing improvement initiatives that provide the best returns. Moreover, it illustrates that different purchasing firms perceive supplier value differently because of the relative amount of competition in a respective supply market and because of the value offered by various products within the purchasing firm's business. Case studies were conducted to highlight methods of strategically enhancing the supplier/customer relationship to develop exemplary supply chains. Results indicated ineffective measurement criteria as a key impediment to supplier development. Additionally, results indicated that many purchasers are in transition regarding embracing bold and substantive supplier development initiatives.
A Contingency Perspective of Communication, Conflict Resolution and Buyer Search Effort in Buyer‐Supplier Relationships
Authors: Claycomb Cindy , Frankwick Gary L. 
Published: April 2006

SUMMARYThis study investigates the moderating effects of buying context on the relationship between communication elements and the effort buyers exert while searching for new suppliers throughout a buyer‐supplier relationship development process. A mail survey of members of the Institute for Supply Management™ was conducted and the data were analyzed using moderated regression. The results suggest that company size, buyer experience, relationship duration and relationship importance affect the association between a buyer's search effort and the communication elements. Interestingly, the buying context affects the relationship between search effort and the communication elements in different ways and to a different extent in each stage of the relationship development process.
Comparison of non‐invasive measures of cholinergic and allergic airway responsiveness in rats
Authors: Glaab T. , Hecker H. , Stephan M. , Baelder R. , Braun A. , Korolewitz R. , Krug N. , Hoymann H. G. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAim:  Non‐invasive analysis of tidal expiratory flow parameters such as Tme/TE (time needed to reach peak expiratory flow divided by total expiratory time) or midexpiratory tidal flow (EF50) has been shown useful for phenotypic characterization of lung function in humans and animal models. In this study, we aimed to compare the utility of two non‐invasive measures, EF50 and Tme/TE, to monitor bronchoconstriction to inhaled cholinergic and allergic challenges in Brown‐Norway rats.Methods:  Non‐invasive measurements of Tme/TE and EF50 were paralleled by invasive recordings of Tme/TE, EF50 and pulmonary conductance (GL).Results:  First, dose–response studies with acetylcholine were performed in naive rats, showing that EF50 better than Tme/TE reflected the dose‐related changes as observed with the classical invasive outcome parameter GL. The subsequent determination of allergen‐specific early airway responsiveness (EAR) showed that ovalbumin‐sensitized and ‐challenged rats exhibited airway inflammation and allergen‐specific EAR. Again, EF50 was more sensitive than Tme/TE in detecting the allergen‐specific EAR recorded with invasive and non‐invasive lung function methods and agreed well with classical GL measurements.Conclusion:  We conclude that non‐invasive assessment of EF50 is significantly superior to Tme/TE and serves as a suitable and valid tool for phenotypic screening of cholinergic and allergic airway responsiveness in rats.
Causes of death and renal tubular dysfunction in residents exposed to cadmium in the environment
Authors: Nishijo M , Morikawa Y , Nakagawa H , Tawara K , Miura K , Kido T , Ikawa A , Kobayashi E , Nogawa K 
Published: April 2006

Objectives:To clarify the causes of death of residents with renal tubular dysfunction induced by cadmium (Cd) in the environment.Methods:A 15 year follow up study was performed with the inhabitants living in the Cd polluted Kakehashi River basin in Japan. Standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) for causes of death, classified by ICD-9, were computed using the person-years method to investigate the excess mortality of subjects with urinary β2-MG (microglobulin) ⩾1000 μg/gCr. Mortality risk analysis was performed using Cox’s proportional model to compare mortality between subjects with urinary β2-MG ⩾1000 and <1000 μg/gCr, and to investigate the relationship between the degree of urinary β2-MG and mortality.Results:Excess mortality due to heart failure and cerebral infarction in both sexes, and nephritis and nephrosis in men, was observed among subjects with urinary β2-MG ⩾1000 μg/gCr. Significant increases in mortality risk for cerebral infarction in men and for malignant neoplasms in women with urinary β2-MG ⩾1000 μg/gCr were observed during the first five year observation period. For nephritis and nephrosis, the mortality risks for men and women with urinary β2-MG ⩾1000 μg/gCr significantly increased over the 15 year observation period. The mortality risks for heart failure and cerebral infarction increased in proportion to the increased urinary β2-MG in both sexes. Increased mortality risks for nephritis and nephrosis were identified in the subjects with urinary β2-MG ⩾10000 μg/gCr in both sexes.Conclusion:Renal tubular dysfunction induced by Cd affected the causes of death, and mortality for heart failure, cerebral infarction, and nephritis and nephrosis was increased among inhabitants living in a Cd polluted area in Japan. In women, cancer mortality may have been increased while Cd pollution was ongoing.
Oxidative damage in the livers of senescence-accelerated mice: a gender-related response
Authors: Tomás-Zapico Cristina , Álvarez-García Óscar , Sierra Verónica , Vega-Naredo Ignacio , Caballero Beatriz , García José Joaquín , Acuña-Castroviejo Darío , Rodríguez María Isabel , Tolivia Delio , Rodríguez-Colunga María Josefa , Coto-Montes Ana 
Published: April 2006

The prevalence of liver diseases emphasizes the need of animal models to research on the mechanism of disease pathogenesis. Furthermore, most of the liver pathologies have the oxidative stress as an important component. The senescence-accelerated mouse strain SAMP8 was proposed as a valuable animal model for the study of liver diseases. To gain a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying degenerative processes in SAMP8 mice livers, we studied the oxidative-induced damage in 5-month-old SAMP8 mice and SAMR1, senescence-accelerated-resistant mice. We found profound differences in the antioxidant response to aging between sexes, with males displaying lowest levels of main antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione reductase (GR) in SAMP8; whereas females had no difference in their activities, except for GR, when compared with their SAMR1 controls. The results obtained show the binomial SOD/CAT as an important factor for counteracting reactive oxygen species-dependent damage. There were not pathological differences at the morphological level between both strains, although the decay in protection against free radicals had an immediate response by increasing lipid and protein oxidative damage in SAMP8 mice liver. At 5 months, both male and female SAMP8 mice confront the oxidative stress challenge to different extents. Indeed, proteins seem to be the most vulnerable biomolecule in SAMP8 male mice.
Preventive effects of cyclohexenonic long-chain fatty alcohol on diabetic cystopathy in the rat
Authors: Suzuki Hiroto , Saito Motoaki , Kinoshita Yukako , Satoh Itaru , Kono Tomoharu , ShinBori Chiko , Anastasios Sylakos , Yamada Masashi , Satoh Keisuke 
Published: April 2006

In this study, we investigated the preventive effect of n-hexacosanol on diabetes-induced bladder dysfunction in the rat. Diabetes was induced in 8-week-old male Sprague–Dawley rats by administering an injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg, i.p.). The rats were randomly divided into 4 groups (age-matched control rats, diabetic rats without treatment with n-hexacosanol, and diabetic rats treated with n-hexacosanol (2 and 8 mg/kg, i.p. every day)) and maintained for 4 weeks. The serum glucose and serum insulin levels were determined, and the functions of bladder were estimated by voiding behavior, cystometric, and functional studies to carbachol and KCl. Furthermore, we examined possible diabetic induced histological changes in these rats. Treatment with n-hexacosanol did not alter diabetic status including body mass, bladder mass, and serum glucose and serum insulin levels, but significantly improved the maximum contraction pressure of the detrusor and residual urine volume in cystometric studies and Emax values to carbachol in functional studies in a dose-dependent manner. Diabetes induced bladder smooth muscle hypertrophy, which tended to be ameliorated by treatment with n-hexacosanol in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment with n-hexacosanol did not alter the diabetic status, but significantly improved diabetic cystopathy in a dose-dependent manner.