bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ambiguity and Cooperation in the Implementation of Adult Protection Policy
Authors: McCreadie Claudine , Mathew Dinah , Filinson Rachel , Askham Janet 
Published: May 2008

Abstract Using a classification of public policy developed by Matland, we examine implementation of policy on adult protection as outlined in ‘No Secrets’, the government's guidance to local agencies. This policy appears to exemplify a ‘high‐ambiguity/low‐conflict’ model. Detailed interviews with staff charged with developing multi‐agency procedures, in local authority departments, health authorities, the police and the voluntary sector, confirmed the ambiguity of the policy and the uncertainty experienced by staff as a consequence. However, the interviews also revealed a number of areas of conflict, particularly as people gave precedence to their own professional norms and organizational priorities over partnership working.
A Spatiotemporal Auto-Regressive Moving Average Model for Solar Radiation
Authors: Glasbey C. A. , Allcroft D. J. 
Published: May 2008

SummaryTo investigate the variability in energy output from a network of photovoltaic cells, solar radiation was recorded at 10 sites every 10 min in the Pentland Hills to the south of Edinburgh. We identify spatiotemporal auto-regressive moving average models as the most appropriate to address this problem. Although previously considered computationally prohibitive to work with, we show that by approximating using toroidal space and fitting by matching auto-correlations, calculations can be substantially reduced. We find that a first-order spatiotemporal auto-regressive (STAR(1)) process with a first-order neighbourhood structure and a Matern noise process provide an adequate fit to the data, and we demonstrate its use in simulating realizations of energy output.
U.S. ENERGY POLICY: AN OPEC VIEW
Authors: Jaidah Ali M. 
Published: May 2008

The continued failure of the United States Congress to take action on the Federal Energy Plan, first presented by President Carter in April 1977, remains a primary source of concern for U.S. authorities and the international community as a whole. With its twin aims of reducing U.S. dependence on imported oil through promoting conservation and of developing alternative energy sources such as coal, the Plan was supposed to reduce oil imports to 6 million barrels per day by 1985, thereby helping to alleviate the crippling Balance of Payments deficit from which the United States is now suffering. The U.S. Administration hopes that this in turn will lead to a strengthening of the much weakened dollar resulting in a general increase in confidence in the U.S. currency. As we are all only too aware, however, the Carter Plan has met with stiff Congressional opposition, and the United States, the country with the highest per capita energy consumption in the world, still lacks an integrated energy policy.It was against this background, that OPEC Secretary General, Ali M. Jaidah, analysed the U.S. Energy Situation as seen through OPEC eyes at the Centennial Meeting of the American Bar Association in New York on August 8, 1978. In the extract of his address, which we publish below, Mr. Jaidah begins by showing how U.S. experiences with central planning differ markedly from those of other Western countries, and proceeds to examine the various aspects of the Carter Plan, from the point of view of their likely success. He concludes by stressing the tremendous potential for the U.S. to solve its energy problems if only it can surmount the psychological barrier of accepting economic interdependence, as the rest of the international community has done.
SOME REQUIREMENTS AND CONCEPTS FOR OBTAINING NEW REMOTE SENSING DATA TO EXPLORE FOR PETROLEUM AND MINERAL RESOURCES
Authors: Halbouty Michel T. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe increasing need for energy and mineral resources dictates accelerated exploration on a global scale. Satellite observations are now being used operationally by the minerals and petroleum industry but the data collection systems are being maintained in an experimental mode. In the immediate future, satellite data collection should be managed on an operational basis to ensure timely and continued distribution to explorationists and to allow the collection systems to evolve in an orderly manner. Significant seasonal multispectral information is being made available for explorationists on a global basis. New concepts in remote sensing are being implemented to enhance land geophysics. An earth resources satellite programme must be developed which will provide not only repetitive global, multispectral, electromagnetic data of the earth's surface, but also global geophysical and topographical data. Continued planetary exploration with better spatial and spectral resolution, and with geophysical instruments, will provide valuable data on the origin of our planet and insight into planetary processes which may control the development of petroleum accumulations and mineral deposits.
Large Shareholders, the Board of Directors and the Allocation of Cash Proceeds from Corporate Asset Sell‐offs
Authors: Ataullah Ali , Davidson Ian , Le Hang 
Published: May 2008

Abstract Recent finance literature suggests that managers of divesting firms may retain cash proceeds from corporate asset sell‐offs in order to pursue their own objectives, and, therefore, shareholders' gains due to these deals are linked to a distribution of proceeds to shareholders or to debtholders. We add to this literature by examining the role of various corporate governance mechanisms in the context of the allocation of sell‐off proceeds. Specifically, we examine the impact of directors' share‐ownership and stock options, board composition and external large shareholdings on (1) shareholders' abnormal returns around asset sell‐off announcements, and (2) managers' decision to either retain or distribute (to shareholders or to debtholders) sell‐off proceeds. We find that non‐executive directors' and CEO's share‐ownership and stock options are related to shareholders' gains from sell‐offs for firms that retain proceeds. However, corporate governance mechanisms are not significantly related to shareholders' gains for firms that distribute sell‐off proceeds. Furthermore, we find that the likelihood of a distribution of proceeds, relative to the retention decision, is increasing in large institutional shareholdings, executive and non‐executive directors' share‐ownership and non‐executive representation in the board.
Manpower and Technological Change in Czechoslovakia
Authors: STIEBER JACK , PAUKERT LIBA 
Published: May 2008

SummaryIn spite of a continuing manpower shortage since World War II, the pace of technological progress and the introduction of labor‐saving technology in Czechoslovakia has been disappointingly slow. The blame for this state of affairs has been ascribed by Czech economists to the system of directive central planning used in Czechoslovakia and other East European countries. Because of the emphasis on meeting and surpassing output targets without regard to quality or need for the end products, the system gave enterprises no incentive to introduce new technology, reduce manpower requirements, or turn out a better grade
Professional Negotiations in Education
Authors: GARBARINO JOSEPH W. 
Published: May 2008

SummaryI have identified three pure types of employed professional relationships: (1) the general employed professional model, (2) the ideal academic professional model, and (3) the professional union model. Experience with these models, in particular a review of the California approach to professional negotiations in public education, leads to a forecast that organizations of professional employees—both those which call themselves unions and those which do not—will increasingly take their ideology and their rhetoric from the general employed professional model, their goals and status aspirations from the academic model, and their tactics from the union model. In brief, they will do their best to look and sound like professional societies, but, if necessary, will act more like unions.
Hiring, Training, and Retaining the Hard‐Core
Authors: GOODMAN PAUL S. 
Published: May 2008

SummaryThe objective of this paper is to present a model that can explain and predict behavior on programs designed to hire, train, and retain the hard‐core unemployed. More than 50 variables and their relationships have been specified. Some of these variables have been identified in other studies, or can be derived from the organization change literature, but this paper tries to provide a comprehensive list of the extensive set of empirically based variables.
Markov‐Chain Analysis of Internal Manpower Supply
Authors: ROWLAND KENDRITH M. , SOVEREIGN MICHAEL G. 
Published: May 2008

SummaryThe separation of manpower forecasting into a demand forecast and a supply forecast emphasizes that each depends on quite different sources of information. The demand forecast is based primarily on an estimate of sales, which is then transformed into the number and type of personnel needed to produce and sell the company's products. The information for forecasting internal supply can often be treated as if it were independent of the external environment and is often available within the firm. If a matrix representing the probability of transition from one job classification to another can be prepared for the relevant classifications, Markov‐chain theory can be used to generate a forecast of internal manpower supply.
Engineering Occupational Choice, 1950–1965
Authors: BUMAS LESTER O. 
Published: May 2008

SummaryThis study has attempted to explain how the flow of engineers into the profession responded to market forces during the 1950–1965 period. The conventional explanation consists of two steps. The difference between the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded, at prevailing salaries, causes salary variation. Then, relative salary variations are supposed to cause supply variations. But in the case of the engineering labor market, while supplies vaned considerably, relative salaries did not. Consideration of the behavior of individuals has led us to believe that the second step of the conventional theory may be unnecessary. In a pervasively employment‐conscious culture, variations in the availability of jobs seem to be a principal determinant af supply. This finding is actually quite consistent with economic theory which postulates supply as a function of expected earnings. It does suggest, however, that some consideration be given to changing the traditional emphasis from variations in earnings to variations in expectations.
The Union Response to International Corporations
Authors: LITVAK I. A. , MAULE C. J. 
Published: May 2008

SummaryThe purpose of this paper has been to examine, on a pre‐liminary basis, some of the implications of the international corporationunion interface for individual countries. It has been suggested that the impact of this interface will depend on the production strategy of the international corporation, the solidarity of the coalition of the unions in different countries, and the economic and political conditions prevailing in the individual countries.In order to gain a deeper understanding of the bargaining relationship between unions and international corporations, it is suggested that research will have to be conducted on the following topics: the industrial relations decision‐making process of international firms, in particular the ways in which these firms react to international collective bargaining; the alternative strategies open to unions in international collective bargaining; the impact of international unionism and international firms on the industrial relations system of individual countries; the problems associated with international collective bargaining involving unions with different political ideologies; and the impact of international unionism on economic and political integration and the perception of national governments.
Physician Assistants: Is There a Return to Training?
Authors: SCHEFFLER RICHARD M. 
Published: May 2008

SummaryThe major finding of this study is that the private rate of return to training physician assistants, employing the most conservative projections, is approximately 20 per cent, a rate comparable to that found for physicians. This result would seem to suggest that PA training is a good investment for the individual and that future demand for training will be high. The validity of this result, however, depends on the accuracy of the earnings projections that were utilized. Although they appear reasonable, only future observations can confirm their accuracy.The multiple regression model used to test the significance of various independent variables indicated that for the ten‐year period analyzed race, sex, and years of education prior to training did not explain differences in net present values of PA training, whereas age, years of health‐related experience before training, training in a specialty, and the type of medical practice employing the PA were found to be important.Although this study's findings should be considered tentative, the major policy implication evident from this research is that increases in government support to physician assistant trainees does not appear warranted at this point.
Why Migrant Smuggling Pays
Authors: Koser Khalid 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTDrawing on empirical research in Afghanistan and Pakistan, this article ‘follows the money’ for 50 migrants smuggled to the UK, to cast light on the financing of smuggling. The means used to raise the money to pay smugglers ranged from drawing on savings to selling property, land and jewellery. Payments were made to a third‐party, who did not release the payment to the smuggler until migrants had arrived in their destination ‐ effectively a ‘money‐back guarantee’ on smuggling. Smugglers disbursed about half of their fee to forgers, procurers of passports, airport officials and other intermediaries required to facilitate smuggling. Most migrants quickly found work in their destination and started remitting soon after their arrival. On average remittances were at a sufficient level to repay the initial outlay on smugglers’ fees after two years, and thereafter remittances on average more than doubled household incomes at home. In this case study, smuggling therefore paid for the range of intermediaries involved in facilitating it, for migrants themselves, and for migrants’ households at home.
Dynamics and Countervailing Pressures of Visa, Asylum and Immigration Policy Treaty Revision: Explaining Change and Stagnation from the Amsterdam IGC to the IGC of 2003–04*
Authors: NIEMANN ARNE 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe objective of this article is to account for the varying, and sometimes puzzling, outcomes of the past three Treaty revisions of EU/EC visa, asylum and immigration policy. The article focuses on decision rules and the institutional set‐up of these policies, subjecting the results of the Intergovernmental Conference negotiations leading to the Treaties of Amsterdam and Nice and the Constitutional Treaty to causal analysis. The article maintains that four factors can explain the various Treaty outcomes: (i) functional pressures; (ii) the role of supranational institutions; (iii) socialization, deliberation and learning processes; and (iv) countervailing forces.
The Council Presidency in the European Union: Responsibility with Power*
Authors: THOMSON ROBERT 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe extent of the Council presidency's political influence is the subject of disagreement among both practitioners and researchers. While some describe the presidency as responsibility without power, others suggest that it provides incumbent states with an opportunity to achieve decision outcomes close to their preferences. This article formulates and tests hypotheses on the conditions under which presidents influence the timing and content of decision outcomes in the legislative arena. Decision outcomes are shown to be significantly more favourable to presidents in the chair at the time of adoption than to other Member States, even after controlling for other factors that influence bargaining success.
Narrating the Process: Questioning the Progressive Story of European Integration*
Authors: GILBERT MARK 
Published: May 2008

AbstractUnderlying scholarship on the EU is the conviction that the institutions of the EU are the outcome of a historical process whereby national institutions are being superseded and replaced by supranational ones. The article criticizes this tendency, for two reasons. First, it argues that the progressive conception has led to the story of the EU being told in over‐simplified and unhistorical ways. Second, it suggests that the progressive conception has blinded authors to the possibility that alternative narratives of European integration are possible and that these may come to predominate if the European project loses its aura of success.
The Open Method of Co‐ordination: A Way to the Europeanization of Social and Employment Policies?*
Authors: HEIDENREICH MARTIN , BISCHOFF GABRIELE 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe open method of co‐ordination (OMC) can contribute to the co‐ordinated modernization of the national systems of employment and social protection in Europe, if it is institutionalized in a relatively stable way at the European level and if the European processes can influence effectively the national reform strategies. The first challenge was met successfully by the bureaucratization, codification and formalization of some co‐ordination processes at the European level. These processes can be interpreted as the institutionalization of a social field. The second challenge refers to the need for an effective coupling between the European and the national arenas. Currently, the most important way of coupling these two social fields is based on mutual learning. Given the limitations of such a predominantly cognitive coupling, the Commission can either enforce the ‘national ownership’ of the co‐ordination processes, improve the mutual learning processes or strengthen the strategic (‘financial incentives’) and normative (‘legal obligations’) forms of coupling between the European and national social fields.
Bargaining Power in the European Council*
Authors: TALLBERG JONAS 
Published: May 2008

AbstractWhat grants influence in the European Council? Drawing on general theories of negotiation, this article isolates and illustrates three complementary sources of bargaining power in the European Council: state sources of power, institutional sources of power and individual sources of power. It reports the results of a unique series of elite interviews with European heads of state and government, foreign ministers and top‐level civil servants. Elite testimonies suggest that the state dimension of power is the most fundamental, whereas the institutional and individual dimensions of power play a secondary role and mainly mediate the impact of structural power asymmetries.
Microorganisms, mineral surfaces, and aquatic environments: Learning from the past for future progress
Authors: DITTRICH M. , LUTTGE A. 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTThe interactions between the geosphere and the biosphere are central questions in environmental and geological research. The relationship between bacteria and their environment is an important example of these interactions. By studying microbial communities in modern environments, it is possible to understand the underlying mechanisms that shape these environments and apply this knowledge to the rock record. Recently, new experimental and theoretical methods, ranging from nano‐ and biotechnology to mathematical and conceptual modelling, have come into play. Thus, new opportunities for interdisciplinary research in the field of geobiology have emerged. In this paper, we review aspects of state‐of‐the‐art imaging and modelling techniques and propose a research concept linking the experimental and the theoretical approaches.
Report of the Editor‐in‐Chief
Authors: Harvey David 
Published: May 2008

Summary2007 has seen a further increase in submissions to the Journal, with an increasingly international pattern, though no corresponding increase in accepted papers. Response times continue to meet our target of 4 months, with some regrettable lapses. The citation impact factor has slipped a little from last year but continues to be strong relative to our historical performance. Wiley‐Blackwell continue to provide a strong publishing platform, and will soon mount our full archive on‐line in Blackwell Synergy, which is to be merged with Wiley Interscience in January 2009.
Immunomodulatory effects of blood transfusions: the synergic role of soluble HLA Class I free heavy‐chain molecules detectable in blood components
Authors: Ghio Massimo , Contini Paola , Ubezio Gianluca , Mazzei Clemente , Puppo Franco , Indiveri Franco 
Published: May 2008

BACKGROUND: Over the past decades, the weight of the published literature demonstrates that blood transfusions can induce clinically significant immunosuppression in recipients. Several studies showed significant improved clinical outcomes in the patients receiving leukoreduced transfusions, compared with control patients who received nonleukoreduced transfusions. Moreover, the immunosuppressive potential of blood products grows with the time of their storage and becomes highest in nonleukoreduced blood products stored for a long time.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The interest was previously focused on the determination of immunomodulatory soluble molecules such as soluble HLA Class I (sHLA‐I) and soluble Fas ligand (sFasL) in different blood components and on the evaluation of their immunomodulatory activities. On this basis, whether soluble β2‐microglobulin free HLA Class I heavy chains (sHLA‐β2fHC) could be detected and immunochemically characterized in different blood components was evaluated. Immunomodulatory activity of detectable sHLA‐β2fHC molecules was evaluated by apoptosis inducing capacity in interleukin‐2–activated antigen‐specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL).RESULTS: Double‐determinant immunoenzymatic assay indicates that sHLA‐β2fHC levels in red blood cells stored for up to 30 days and in random‐donor platelets are significantly (p < 0.001) higher than in other blood components, and the immunochemical characterization suggests that the major source of sHLA‐β2fHC molecules might be the residual white cells that undergo membrane damage during storage. Finally, allogeneic CD8+ CTL apoptosis induction confirmed biofunctionality of sHLA‐β2fHC molecules.CONCLUSION: These data are comparable with those previously reported dealing with contaminant soluble molecules in allogeneic and autologous blood components, suggesting that sHLA‐β2fHC molecules could contribute to the immunosuppressive effects of blood transfusions.