bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design and fault diagnosis of cellular arrays realizing multiple‐valued logic functions
Authors: Kamiura Naotake , Hata Yutaka , Yamato Kazuharu 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAn efficient fault diagnostic method should be developed to reduce the turnaround time and the cost for developing binary LSI's. For the multiple‐valued logic system that has been expected in the post‐binary electronics, research on the fault diagnosis for the logic circuit will be essential.This paper discusses the design and the fault diagnosis in multiple‐valued cellular arrays. First, the single‐level array, two‐level array, three‐level array, and n‐level array realizing k‐valued n‐variable logic functions are introduced. It is clarified that the two‐level array is the most suitable structure solving both problems of the number of cells and the fault location.Next, further investigation is made for the fault diagnosis. The stuck‐at faults, the open fault, and the AND bridging fault are treated under the assumption that the single fault occurs in the array. In the authors' fault diagnostic method, the test inputs can easily be generated from the control inputs that specify the switches of cells. Moreover, the comparison with other testing methods for cellular arrays shows that our method reduces the order of steps for generating all test inputs.
A distributed shortest‐paths algorithm with distance‐dependent message complexities
Authors: Miura Kouji , Masuzawa Toshimitsu , Tokura Nobuki 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper presents a distributed algorithm for the single‐source shortest‐paths problem in a network with nonnegative integral link weights. Its message complexity is

, where n is the number of processors, e is the number of links, and D is the maximum distance from the root. The known shortest‐paths algorithm with the distance‐dependent message complexity requires O(min(Dn + e, n2)) messages. The algorithm of this paper is more efficient for networks with D = o(n3/e) and D = ω(e/n). Moreover, the breadth‐first search tree problem is considered.
Comparison of two techniques for the evaluation of fetomaternal hemorrhage in RhD‐negative women: gel agglutination and haemoglobin F determination by flow cytometry
Authors: BEN‐HAROUSH AVI , BELKIN ALINA , CHEZAR JUDITH , ORLIN JEROME , HOD MOSHE , BAR JACOB 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBackground. In the treatment of RhD‐negative women, it is clinically important to adjust the RhD immunoglobulin dose to the volume of the fetal‐maternal hemorrhage (FMH). The present study compared a standard flow cytometry technique for FMH quantification to a simple alternative, the gel agglutination test. Methods. Blood samples were collected from 118 RhD negative women after delivery, and were analysed for the amount of FMH by both flow cytometry and the gel agglutination test. Events associated with increased FMH in a previous and current pregnancy, and with neonatal complications, were correlated to the results. Results. A FMH of 0.1 ml or more was detected in all 118 women in the study group by flow cytometry (mean 2.0±1.2 ml), but in only 31 women (35.6% of 87 with RhD positive infant) (mean FMH 0.76±1.48 ml) by the gel agglutination test (p<0.001). On multivariate regression analysis, only gestational age was a weak significant independent positive predictor for FMH (r2 = 0.037, p = 0.047). Conclusion. The gel agglutination technique, as used in the range of 0.1–10 ml, is not sensitive enough to detect FMH.
Hand Dominance, Attention, and the Choice between Responses
Authors: Rabbitt Patrick 
Published: July 2007

Thirty pairs of matched right- and left-handed subjects carried out a serial C.RT task involving reaches between 2.4 cm square contact grids set at 2.4 cm intervals in a horizontal line. In one condition they responded with the right hand alone, in a second with the left and in a third they had to choose between hands on each trial responding to left side grids with the left hand and to right side grids with the right. All subjects took longer to respond when they had to choose between hands than when they used either hand alone. In the one-hand conditions neither group showed any effect of hand dominance. When choices had to be made between hands both groups responded faster with their dominant than with their nondominant hands. Analysis of the results was undertaken in terms of two hypothetical systems of instructions which might control machines designed to carry out similar tasks. It is concluded that in some tasks hand dominance can be described in terms of an attentional bias towards the field of operation of one effector rather than another. In the present task the effects of such possible attentional biases were shown not to interact with other effects, such as the facilitation of successive responses by repeated use of the same limb. These latter effects seem to depend on processes underlying execution of responses rather than choices between responding limbs.
Profiles of Metabolites and Gene Expression in Rats with Chemically Induced Hepatic Necrosis
Authors: Heijne Wilbert H. M. , Lamers Robert-Jan A. N. , van Bladeren Peter J. , Groten John P. , van Nesselrooij Joop H. J. , van Ommen Ben 
Published: July 2007

This study investigated whether integrated analysis of transcriptomics and metabolomics data increased the sensitivity of detection and provided new insight in the mechanisms of hepatotoxicity. Metabolite levels in plasma or urine were analyzed in relation to changes in hepatic gene expression in rats that received bromobenzene to induce acute hepatic centrilobular necrosis. Bromobenzene-induced lesions were only observed after treatment with the highest of 3 dose levels. Multivariate statistical analysis showed that metabolite profiles of blood plasma were largely different from controls when the rats were treated with bromobenzene, also at doses that did not elicit histopathological changes. Changes in levels of genes and metabolites were related to the degree of necrosis, providing putative novel markers of hepatotoxicity. Levels of endogenous metabolites like alanine, lactate, tyrosine and dimethylglycine differed in plasma from treated and control rats. The metabolite profiles of urine were found to be reflective of the exposure levels. This integrated analysis of hepatic transcriptomics and plasma metabolomics was able to more sensitively detect changes related to hepatotoxicity and discover novel markers. The relation between gene expression and metabolite levels was explored and additional insight in the role of various biological pathways in bromobenzene-induced hepatic necrosis was obtained, including the involvement of apoptosis and changes in glycolysis and amino acid metabolism. The complete Table 2 is available as a supplemental file online at http://taylorandfrancis.metapress.com/openurlasp?genre=journal&issn=0192-6233 . To access the file, click on the issue link for 33(4), then select this article. A download option appears at the bottom of this abstract. In order to access the full article online, you must either have an individual subscription or a member subscription accessed through www.toxpath.org .
Liberation ideology and national development strategy in Mozambique
Authors: Meyns Peter 
Published: July 2007

At the beginning of 1980 Mozambique's President Samora Machel declared that the coming decade would be ‘the decade of Mozambique's victory over under‐development’. By 1990 the country would be well on its way to advanced socialism. Speaking on the same issue before the People's Assembly in December 1979 Samora Machel had said: To win this war we must fully and consciously assume the values that we gained during the national liberation struggle’.
These two statements set the tone for this article. Looking ahead to the aims of national development strategy in the 1980s Machel refers the people of Mozambique back to the values gained during the national liberation struggle before 1974. The focus of this article is precisely on the process of transforming liberation ideology into national development strategy underway in Mozambique since 1975. Objective and subjective factors, the colonial legacy and liberation ideology, are of relevance in analysing the process. The article begins by briefly outlining the colonial legacy as the point of departure and the material foundation of Mozambique's development after independence. It then turns to the ‘values gained’ during the armed liberation struggle from 1964 to 1974, and discuss theoretical issues which were raised during that period and which related to the perspective of Mozambique's post‐independence development. Finally, it looks at the new phase of national development after 1975. Dealing with the key areas of political mobilisation and organisation, the state sector and rural development, the focus here is on the political‐administrative and socio‐economic problems of transforming the values gained, the experiences made, the political line developed during the preceding 10 years into a national development strategy.
The article is based on a dialectical relationship, whereby the colonial legacy, liberation ideology and post‐independence development strategy can be looked upon as thesis, antithesis and synthesis. This framework of analysis is considered to be helpful in understanding the complex and contradictory process of development which Mozambique has been undergoing since independence.
Forced resettlement and the political economy of South Africa
Authors: Freund Bill 
Published: July 2007

Apart perhaps from the direct confrontations that take place between capital and labour, the most significant social process in recent South African history has been the continued and massive population removals. The South African government has at times insisted that such removals were fundamentally voluntary in character. Since the often bitterly resisted removals of the 1950s from both urban and rural areas, however, force has at least potentially been at issue and often directly applied. Consequently it seems appropriate to refer to a policy of forcedresettlement.
In their recent important analysis of South African conditions, John Saul and Stephen Gelb described the population removal programme as the ‘ugliest of all aspects of apartheid’. This justifiable assertion follows on sporadic, often journalistic, coverage of removal that goes back to Cosmas Desmond's remarkable book, The Discarded People.Desmond's account was largely narrative and concerned with the unpleasantnesses of removal itself and its immediate consequences. Saul and Gelb, by contrast, only devote a short if valuable amount of space to discussing forced resettlement. Between these two poles there is a need for a generalised and analytical assessment which places the programme in a political and historical context and this is the aim of the following discussion.
No shortcuts to democracy: the long march towards modernity
Authors: Copans Jean 
Published: July 2007

Fundamental theoretical and practical issues are raised by the present commitment to democracy. A realistic democratic programme will require intellectual prerequisites, essentially in the form of a shared political language in which debate between conflicting interests and forces can be conducted without resort to violence or repression, just as much as new institutional forms of multi‐partyism. One requirement, slowly being initiated in a dialogue between historians and social actors, is to cast off the extra‐African mechanisms for dictating social thought and the dead hand of the state on independent thinking so as to generate theories about Africa, its history and its prospects; to develop an African image of modernity that goes beyond the narrow mechanical process of ‘modernisation’.
One specific task of social theorising would be to articulate a method for thinking about democracy appropriate for Africa, and which therefore must be rooted in the processes whereby actual political ‘communities’ beyond the state are constituted – which have to be recognised for what they are, often based on age, gender, ethnicity, religion – and the images and languages through which they express themselves. These two prerequisites will in turn depend on the active role and involvement with popular forces of African intellectuals, who face difficult and deteriorating conditions in the availability of education, publishing outlets and the media. Nevertheless, African professional associations and journals are beginning now to set the terms of the debate on the meaning of democracy, human rights and modernity in Africa. This process will require a new social definition, a new mode of practice by intellectuals and a new kind of dialogue with the people.
Demilitarisation, disarmament & development in Southern Africa
Authors: Willett Susan 
Published: July 2007

Theories of how and why violent conflicts occur generally distinguish between structural factors on the one hand and accelerating or triggering factors on the other (Azar, 1990). Structural factors, which must be viewed as long term, include interrelated political, social and economic elements, such as the failure to meet basic human needs, population pressure, unequal distribution of wealth, depletion of natural resources, environmental degradation and ethnic tensions. Accelerating or triggering factors on the other hand, operate in the context of the above adverse structural factors but involve specific events, attitudes or decisions of dominant actors, which provoke or encourage violence. Triggering factors include the unequal distribution of power, the abuse of military power, the proliferation of small arms ideological conflict, struggles related to natural resources. How these triggers activate violence depends heavily upon the specific context.
By examining the process of disarmament and demilitarisation within the southern African region, this article seeks to highlight the contradictions between treating the symptoms rather than the underlying causes of violence. In the final section some lessons from the region's experience will be highlighted which might be pertinent to national and international attempts at establishing peace and stability in future conflict zones.
Comparison of the Effect of Hard and Easy Mental Arithmetic upon Blocking of the Occipital Alpha Rhythm
Authors: Glass Alan 
Published: July 2007

The intensity of blocking of the alpha rhythm of the EEG induced by the solution of five Hard mental multiplications has been compared with the intensity of blocking induced by five Easy mental multiplications in 36 normal subjects. From predictions derived from the application of two hypotheses concerning the intensity of blocking, it would be anticipated, firstly, that blocking would be more intense in the Hard tasks, if their solution required increased mental concentration and, secondly, that insofar as “higher thought” processes are more extensively required in the solution of Hard tasks, then blocking would be less intense in Hard tasks than in Easy tasks. However, the findings of the experiment have been that blocking is of the same intensity in tasks of both kinds. Possible reasons for this are discussed. Hard tasks differed from Easy tasks, with regard to the relation of EEG changes and performance. It is thought that different mechanisms may underly the solution of the two types of task.
The Effect of Superseding Signals
Authors: Gottsdanker Robert 
Published: July 2007

Eight adult human subjects were given a step-tracking task in which an occasional second signal within 50, 70, 90, 120, or 240 millisec, called for curtailing or reversing the first command. It was found for inter-signal intervals through 120 millisec. that the shorter the interval the greater was the reduction in amplitude and duration of the majority of responses, with no delay in the effect of the second signal. Where a larger change of response was called for, reversal rather than curtailment, there was a greater effect. A second signal occurring at the 240 millisec. interval (in almost all cases after the start of the response), had no detectable effect. Since the over-all RT was about 180 millisec., it is evident that for at least the first two-thirds of the RT period the initial response is not typically impervious to the effect of a second signal. Contrary to the expectations of the uncommitted-period version of the hypothesis of substitutive grouping a reversing signal at the 50 millisec. interval did not yield many reversed responses. Moreover this view cannot accommodate the finding that for intervals through 120 millisec., relatively few distributions of response amplitude can be accounted for by the summation of instances of response to the first signal alone and to the second signal alone. It is concluded that for these intervals, there were generally either overlapping responses to the two signals or else unitary responses in which the two signals were grouped to produce a combined effect.
Transfer of Training after Guidance or Practice
Authors: Macrae A. W. , Holding D. H. 
Published: July 2007

On a pursuit tracking apparatus presenting target courses of three levels of complexity, provision was made for either normal practice or forced-response guidance; the guidance training was gained by holding the control knob during automatic tracking. After five training trials on the most complex course, or on the simplest course, subjects were transferred to the intermediate course. The effects of guidance on the intermediate course were also examined. Normal practice on the simple course produced more transfer than normal practice on the most complex. Further, guidance on the complex course gave significantly better transfer than did practice on that course. The superiority of guidance is tentatively ascribed to the opportunity it provides for the development of anticipation.
Short-term Memory for Word Sequences as a Function of Acoustic, Semantic and Formal Similarity
Authors: Baddeley A. D. 
Published: July 2007

Experiment I studied short-term memory (STM) for auditorily presented five word sequences as a function of acoustic and semantic similarity. There was a large adverse effect of acoustic similarity on STM (72·5 per cent.) which was significantly greater (p < 0·001) than the small (6·3 per cent.) but reliable effect (p < 0·05) of semantic similarity. Experiment II compared STM for sequences of words which had a similar letter structure (formal similarity) but were pronounced differently, with acoustically similar but formally dissimilar words and with control sequences. There was a significant effect of acoustic but not of formal similarity. Experiment III replicated the acoustic similarity effect found in Experiment I using visual instead of auditory presentation. Again a large and significant effect of acoustic similarity was shown.
The Perception and Learning of Temporal Patterns
Authors: Garner W. R. , Gottwald Richard L. 
Published: July 2007

Subjects observed sequences of stimuli generated by the repetition of temporal patterns formed of eight elements, each element being a binary event. Rate of presentation varied from 0.8 to 8.0 elements per sec.; stimuli were either visual or auditory; there were 10 different basic patterns; and for each basic pattern there were a preferred and a non-preferred starting pattern. Subjects observed as long as necessary in order to give a verbal description of the pattern after terminating it. Difficulty (measured by observation time and accuracy of description) was related to basic pattern and generally increased with increased rate. Differences due to starting pattern were found only at low rates, while differences due to modality were found only at high rates. Similar effects were obtained with respect to pattern description. These consistently different effects of starting pattern and modality at low and high rates require a distinction between pattern perception at higher rates, which is phenomenally integrated, immediate, compelling and passive, and pattern learning at lower rates, which is unintegrated, derived, intellectualized and active. Even though a distinction between perception and learning is necessary, similar principles of pattern organization operate for both.
Channel-Capacity, Intelligibility and Immediate Memory
Authors: Rabbitt Patrick M. A. 
Published: July 2007

When subjects try to remember lists of digits played to them through pulse-modulated white noise the number of errors they make is greater than would be expected if digitrecognition errors and immediate memory errors were independent (Exp. 1). A second experiment compared recall of digits in early list positions, when digits in subsequent list positions were presented through noise, and in clear. Digits in early positions were less well remembered when digits in later list positions had to be discriminated through noise. In a third experiment prose passages were played to subjects who subsequently answered questions about their factual content. Judged by this technique recall of the first half of a prose passage is less accurate if the second half must be heard through noise than if the entire passage is heard through a good fidelity system. These results together are interpreted as demonstrations that increased difficulty of recognition of speech through noise may interfere with other activities, (conveniently termed “rehearsal”) which may be necessary to efficiently retain data in memory.
Reaction Times and Response Competition between the Right and Left Hands
Authors: Dimond Stuart 
Published: July 2007

If subjects are required to make two responses at the same time, one with each hand, the responses of the hand appearing second in this sequence may be considerably delayed. The hands appear to be in competition with one another for first response. Interference of this kind was studied in an experiment in which, interspersed in a series of signals for either right or the left hand response, were a number of double signals which called simultaneously for response from both hands. Both the right and the left hands had an equal chance of taking precedence over the other, and an equal chance that their response would be delayed. The hand controlled by the dominant hemisphere responded first no more often than did the non-dominant one. A degree of synchrony developed between the responses of the hands as the subject experienced a greater number of signals for paired response. In a second experiment the hands were required to compete with one another after practice had been given in responding with only one hand. The effects of practice were not equal and opposite across the body. Practised left hand responses were found not to be disturbed by the addition of a simultaneous signal for another response, whereas right hand responses were. This relationship exists in both right and left-handed subjects, and the results seem to point to differences in cerebral control between the hemispheres which may be related not to handedness but to side of the body as such.