bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electroencephalographic patterns of clinically normal, sedated, and tranquilized newborn foals and adult horses
Authors: Mysinger Pat W. , Redding Richard W. , Vaughan John T. , Purohit Ram C. , Holladay John A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
To establish a clinically practical procedure for recording the equine eeg, 25 healthy adult horses and 6 newborn foals were used. Recordings were taken with the animals alert and tranquilized, confined in metal stocks, or physically restrained.
The dominant alert waveforms of adult horses were fast activity (25 to 40 Hz) with medium-to-low voltages (5 to 40 μv-dominant 10 to 15 μv). Underlying this fast activity was slower (0.5 to 4.0 Hz) activity with medium-to-low voltages (10 to 40 μv). Twelve of the 25 adult horses had eeg frequencies in the α frequency range (10 to 15 Hz, 10 to 50 μv). Eight horses were given xylazine and 17 were given acetylpromazine. Those given xylazine had generalized slowing with several distinct frequency patterns (25 to 40 Hz, 5 to 30 μv; 10 to 15 Hz, 10 to 80 μv; and 0.5 to 4.0 Hz, 10 to 90 μv). Horses given acetylpromazine had fast activity (25 to 40 Hz) with medium-to-low voltages (5 to 40 μv). Underlying this activity were slower waveforms (1 to 4 Hz) with medium-to-low voltages (5 to 10 μv). Occasional well-formed spindle activity was observed (10 to 14 Hz, 10 to 50 μv). Acetylpromazine had little effect on the eeg recording, whereas xylazine exerted a substantial effect. All leads were synchronous with lower voltages in the left frontal, right frontal, and transfrontal leads.
The alert pattern of a newborn foal was characterized by low frequency (2 to 6 Hz) with medium-to-high voltages (20 to 90 μv). Superimposed over this slow activity was some faster activity (20 to 30 Hz) with medium-to-low voltages (5 to 25 μv). As foal maturation proceeded, the faster (20 to 30 Hz) activity became more apparent. Relaxed patterns were characterized by irregular waveforms with slow to medium frequencies (1 to 6 Hz and 8 to 10 Hz) and medium-to-high voltages (10 to 60 μv to 50 to 200 μv), respectively. Sedated patterns had slow waveforms (1 to 3 Hz) with high voltages (10 to 200 μv). Some well-formed spindle activity was seen in relaxed and tranquilized patterns. The transfrontal lead had low voltage.
Electrophoretic comparison of myosins from masticatory muscles and selected limb muscles in the dog
Authors: Shelton G. Diane , Bandman Everett , Cardinet George H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Myosins from canine limb muscles (triceps brachii [medial and long heads], anconeus, and extensor carpi radialis) were compared biochemically with myosins from canine masticatory muscles (temporalis and masseter). Compared with the limb muscles, the temporalis and masseter muscles had: a unique myosin isoform pattern as determined by nondenaturing pyrophosphate gel electrophoresis; unique light chains as determined by 1-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and peptide mapping; and a unique heavy chain as determined by peptide mapping.
Effect of virus-induced destruction of villous epithelium on intestinal secretion induced by heat-stable Escherichia coli enterotoxins and prostaglandin E1 in swine
Authors: Whipp S. C. , Moon H. W. , Kemeny L. J. , Argenzio R. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Villous atrophy and crypt hyperplasia were induced in the jejunal epithelium of thirteen 3-week-old pigs by inoculation with transmissible gastroenteritis virus. The responses (changes in net fluid movement) induced in ligated intestinal loops of these pigs by intraloop injections of prostaglandin E1 (pge1) or Escherichia coli broth culture filtrates containing either or both E coli heat-stable enterotoxins (sta and stb) were compared with the responses induced by these preparations in littermates not inoculated with virus. Villous atrophy was associated with a marked decrease in response to preparations containing sta, stb, or sta + stb, but the response to pge1 was undiminished. These results were consistent with the reports of others that the response to cyclic adenosine monophosphate-mediated secretogogues (pge1) is a function of crypt epithelium; however, the present results also suggest that the secretory response to sta and to stb is dependent on the integrity of the villous epithelium. In the present study, loss of villous epithelium was associated with loss of response to sta and stb, but not to pge1.
Impact and shear resistance of turf grass racing surfaces for Thoroughbreds
Authors: Zebarth B. J. , Sheard R. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The 2 dominant processes involved in the horse hoof-to-racing surface interaction are the shock loading of the horse’s leg upon impact with the racing surface and rotation of the horse’s hoof into the racing surface. These processes were measured as impact resistance (ie, the peak deceleration of a moving body upon impact with the test surface) and as resistance to shear.
The objective of the present study was to measure physically (under a variety of conditions) those soil and turf factors related to the 2 processes. It was concluded that thatch accumulation and mowing height of the turf did not have a significant (P < 0.05) effect on racing surface hardness (therefore, turf management should optimize turf growth and recovery), that turf roots were responsible for an increase in impact resistance and in resistance to shear, that control over soil moisture through irrigation and drainage allowed modification of racing surface hardness, and that soil materials tend to have lower impact resistance (ie, lower shock loading of the horse’s leg) and higher resistance to shear (ie, greater resistance to hoof rotation) than do sand materials.
Comparative studies on three isolates of Breda virus of calves
Authors: Woode G. N. , Saif L. J. , Quesada M. , Winand N. J. , Pohlenz J. F. , Gourley N. Kelso 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Three isolates of Breda virus of calves were compared morphologically and antigenically. The isolates demonstrated similar morphology and shared common antigens, as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoelectron microscopy. On the basis of results of the hemagglutination-inhibition test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and immunoelectron microscopy, the 3 isolates were further subdivided into 2 serotypes; serotype 1 (Breda virus 1) represented by the Iowa isolate 1; and serotype 2 (Breda virus 2), by the Ohio isolate and the Iowa isolate 2. The 3 isolates caused diarrhea in gnotobiotic calves.
Pathologic effects of intrauterine deposition of pseudorabies virus on the reproductive tract of swine in early pregnancy
Authors: Bolin Carole A. , Bolin Steven R. , Kluge John P. , Mengeling William L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Pseudorabies virus was inoculated into the uterus of 15 gilts within 6 hours after natural breeding, and gilts were necropsied at postbreeding days (pbd) 3, 6, 10, 14, and 28; 3 control gilts were treated similarly, except for inoculation with pseudorabies virus and were necropsied at pbd 6, 10, and 14. Tissues were collected for virus isolation, fluorescent antibody staining, and histopathologic examination. Pseudorabies virus was isolated from the reproductive tract up to day 14. Lesions in the reproductive tract consisted of multifocal to diffuse lymphohistiocytic vaginitis and endometritis, and lymphoplasmacytic aggregates in the corpora lutea. Multiple ulcers were seen in the vagina or endometrium of several gilts at pbd 3, 6, and 10. Corpora lutea of 1 gilt were necrotic at pbd 14 and contained large numbers of inflammatory cells. Focal aggregates of lymphocytes and plasma cells were seen in vagina and endometrium of 3 gilts and in the ovary of 1 gilt at day 28.
Dose-titration studies of ivermectin against experimental Ancylostoma caninum and Uncinaria stenocephala infections
Authors: Egerton J. R. , Eary C. H. , Suhayda D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Dose-titration trials of ivermectin were conducted on pups with dual experimental infections of 4th-stage larvae or adult Ancylostoma caninum and Uncinaria stenocephala. Ivermectin was administered orally or subcutaneously at dosages of 0.006, 0.012, or 0.024 mg/kg of body weight. Maximal or near maximal (≥ 96% to 100%) anthelmintic effect was observed for both stages of development for each hookworm species by either route of administration at a dosage of 0.024 mg/kg. Responses for all of the aforementioned categories were linearly related to increasing log dosage of ivermectin, with common slopes (regression coefficients). Regression analysis also provided estimates of the minimal dosages required to produce maximal reduction in worm burden for each stage, species, and route of administration. The estimated ivermectin dosages for maximal efficacy ranged from a low of 0.014 mg/kg for adult A caninum by oral treatment to 0.044 mg/kg for 4th-stage larvae of U stenocephala by oral treatment.
Lipids of normal and osteochondritic cartilage of the immature canine humeral head
Authors: Kincaid Steven A. , Rudd Ray G , Evander Sharon A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Specimens of cartilage removed from the shoulder joint of dogs with osteochondritis dissecans were compared with the articular-epiphyseal cartilage from the same location of healthy dogs. The pathologic cartilage lost the lamination pattern of articular-epiphyseal cartilage from healthy dogs. Chondrocytes of healthy and pathologic cartilage contained lipid inclusions. However, in pathologic samples, the lipid inclusions were more prominent, particularly in the superficial region of the presumptive articular cartilage. Lipids in the interterritorial matrix of the pathologic cartilage were observed. The pathologic cartilage contained large groups of chondrocytes and areas of mineralization of variable magnitude. Although lipid inclusions were found in the chondrocytes of cartilage of healthy dogs, the increase in magnitude of lipids in the cartilage from dogs with osteochondritis dissecans was considered to result from a metabolic response of the chondrocyte to an altered microenvironment. The loss of sudanophilic lipids in areas of chondrolysis may be used to explain the retardation of osteogenesis of chondrolytic cartilage.
Effect of in vitro inoculation of bovine respiratory syncytial virus on bovine pulmonary alveolar macrophage function
Authors: Trigo E. , Liggitt H. D. , Evermann J. F. , Breeze R. G. , Huston L. Y. , Silflow R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Viruses may predispose the respiratory tract to the development of secondary bacterial pneumonia by impairing functions of alveolar macrophages. The effects of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) on selected functions of bovine pulmonary alveolar macrophages (pam) were examined in vitro. Alveolar macrophages were obtained from nonsedated cattle, using a polypropylene tube passed intranasally into the lung. The pam lavaged from the lung were allowed to adhere to glass coverslips or plastic tissue culture plates, and were exposed to brsv for 2 hours. Control and brsv-inoculated pam were compared at intervals over a 72-hour period for their abilities to phagocytize and kill Staphylococcus epidermidis, rosette with and phagocytize antibody-coated sheep rbc: (srbc), phagocytize latex particles, and influence lysosomal enzyme activity. Challenge exposure with brsv did not affect the ability of pam to adhere and did not affect cell viability. There were numerical differences between control and brsv-inoculated cell populations in phagocytosis and killing of S epidermidis, but these were not significant (P > 0.05). There was < 5% difference in the abilities of control and brsv-challenged pam to phagocytize latex beads. When Fc-receptor-mediated phagocytosis of antibody-coated srbc was compared with controls, brsv-challenged pam had significantly (P < 0.05) impaired phagocytic function, which was maximal 72 hours after brsv inoculation; the phagocytic impairment occurred in spite of normal Fc-receptor function, as determined by resetting with antibody-coated srbc. Lysosomal enzyme activity, measured as intracellular acid phosphatase, was similar between control and brsv-challenged cell populations at 2, 24, and 48 hours after brsv inoculation; at 72 hours, enzyme levels in brsv-challenged cells were nearly twice those of control cells. Replication of brsv in pam and bovine turbinate (bt) cells was followed for a 60-hour period. There was no evidence of extracellular virus or cell-associated virus detected from pam over the 60-hour postinoculation period. However, extracellular and cell-associated brsv was detected over a 60-hour period after brsv inoculation of bt cells. Immunofluorescence studies at 72 hours after inoculation indicated that approximately 10% of brsv-inoculated pam contained brsv antigen. In contrast, approximately 70% of brsv-inoculated bt cells were fluorescent positive by 72 hours. These results indicated that, although bovine pam are not permissive to brsv infection, in vitro challenge with this virus did impair selected pam functions.
Ultrastructure of the intraerythrocytic stage of Cytauxzoon felis
Authors: Simpson Charles F. , Harvey John W. , Carlisle J. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The erythrocytes of 2 cats experimentally infected with Cytauxzoon felis were examined by light and electron microscopy. In stained blood smears, parasitized erythrocytes usually contained a single, roundish organism, but occasionally up to 4 were present in a cell. Chains of these roundish organisms also were seen. Elongated parasites, sometimes with ear-like projections, were present in a few erythrocytes.
By electron microscopy, the parasite contained a poorly defined nucleus, rough endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, nonplicated mitochondria, food vacuoles, and a cytostome on its limiting membrane. Usually, the parasite was oval, but budding forms also were evident. Crystalloid inclusions were present in parasitized and nonparasitized erythrocytes.
Efficacy and safety of clorsulon used concurrently with ivermectin for control of Fasciola hepatica in Florida beef cattle
Authors: Courtney C. H. , Shearer J. K. , Plue R. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The safety and anthelmintic efficacy of clorsulon (7 mg/kg of body weight, orally) given concurrently with ivermectin (0.2 mg/kg, subcutaneously) for control of Fasciola hepatica were evaluated in 75 crossbred beef cattle. Twenty-three control animals were given only ivermectin. Fluke egg counts were significantly lower (P < 0.0001) in clorsulon-treated animals by day 14 after treatment than before treatment (base line) and were significantly lower (P < 0.005) after treatment in clorsulon-treated animals than in controls. There was no significant change in fluke egg counts of controls after treatment. The efficacy of clorsulon in reducing F hepatica egg counts was 99%. Clorsulon showed poor efficacy against paramphistomes. Adverse reactions were not observed.
Tympanographic volume measurements of the canine ear
Authors: Forsythe William B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
External ear canal volumes of 50 dogs were measured by tympanography. Comparison between each dog’s weight and ear volume revealed a linear increase in volume with increasing weight up to 10 kg. At weights > 11 kg, ear volumes did not increase. After ear canal measurement, the tympanic membranes of 30 of the dogs were punctured, permitting determination of the combined volumes of the external ear canal and middle ear. This combined volume increased with increasing weight.
Induction of cleft palate in newborn pigs by maternal ingestion of poison hemlock (Conium maculatum)
Authors: Panter K. E. , Keeler R. F. , Buck W. B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Cleft palates were induced in newborn pigs of gilts fed Conium maculatum seed or plant during gestation days 30 through 45. Twelve of 23 newborn pigs born to 3 gilts given Utah-grown C maculatum seed and 9 of 12 newborn pigs born to a single gilt given the fresh Utah spring-growth C maculatum plant had cleft palates. The cleft palates ranged from a unilateral cleft, involving only 1 side of the palate, to a full bilateral cleft. Brachygnathia was also observed in some of these newborn pigs with cleft palate. Other malformations were not observed.Chemical analysis of seed and plant samples indicated that γ-coniceine was the responsible teratogenic alkaloid. A daily dose of plant or seed that provided ≥ 1.07 mg of γ-coniceine/kg of body weight fed to gilts during the 30th through the 45th day of pregnancy resulted in teratogenic effects.
Suppression of mitogenic response of bovine lymphocytes during experimental ketosis in calves
Authors: Targowski Stanislaw P. , Klucinski Wlodzimierz , Littledike E. Travis , Hoy Derrel A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Experimental ketosis was induced by feeding calves a diet containing 1,3 butanediol for 9 or 10 days. Blood β-hydroxybutyrate was significantly (P < 0.05) elevated during clinical ketosis. The mitogenic response of the lymphocytes collected during ketosis was significantly (P < 0.01) suppressed, and the suppression persisted for 2 weeks. During ketosis, all calves fed a 1,3 butanediol diet had clinical signs of an upper respiratory tract infection. Possible relationships between the suppressed function of lymphocytes, the increased concentration of 1,3 butanediol, and the increased susceptibility of the calves to infections during ketosis were considered.
Antibody response to genus- and serovar-specific leptospiral antigens in Leptospira-infected cows
Authors: Fairbrother John M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In cows inoculated with Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona or hardjo, the 2-mercaptoethanol-sensitive microscopic agglutination test (mat) antibody to the serovar appeared 3 to 8 days after inoculation and peaked at 10 to 20 days, whereas the 2-mercaptoethanol-resistant mat antibody was predominant at 35 to 80 days. A persistent antibody response, probably associated with serovar-specific leptospiral antigens, was detected in the cows inoculated with serovar pomona, using a sonicated or an alkaline-extracted antigen derived from serovar pomona in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). In contrast, a short-lived antibody response to the same antigens was demonstrated in cows inoculated with serovar hardjo, probably more typical of the response to genus-specific leptospiral antigens. Antigens derived from L bi-flexa serovar patoc only detected the latter type of antibody response in cows inoculated with serovar pomona or hardjo. Correlative studies revealed that the antigens derived from serovar patoc seem to be genus specific and serologically closely related, but not identical. The antigens derived from serovar pomona were genus specific on the basis of the early antibody response to leptospiral inoculation in the cows, but serovar specific based on the subsequent more persistent response to leptospiral inoculation. These antigens were also serologically closely related, but not identical. Examination of sera from cows that aborted and were mat-positive for serovar pomona or hardjo revealed a more serovar-specific antibody response, indicating that there may have been a less recent leptospiral antigenic stimulus, thus emphasizing the caution with which results of the elisa and other serologic assays for the detection of bovine leptospirosis must be interpreted.
Diagnosis of ovine fascioliasis by a dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay: A rapid microdiagnostic technique
Authors: Zimmerman G. L. , Nelson M. J. , Clark C. R. B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A microenzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (dot-elisa) was modified for making an immunodiagnosis of Fasciola hepatica infections in sheep. Sheep were alloted as follows: group I—3 controls and 4 principals, each inoculated with 500 metacercariae; group II—3 controls and 7 principals, each inoculated with 250 metacercariae; and group III—3 controls and 7 principals, each inoculated with 500 metacercariae. Blood and fecal samples were collected from each animal every 2 weeks for 16 weeks. Presence (or absence) of flukes was confirmed by fecal examinations and examination of dissected livers at necropsy of the sheep.
The dot-elisa incubations were done at ambient room temperature. Nitrocellulose disks dotted with 1 μl (50 ng of protein) of F hepatica excretory/secretory products were placed in 96-well tissue culture plates. After nonspecific binding sites on the disks were bound with bovine serum albumin-triethanolamine-buffered saline solution, dilutions (1:2) of positive- and negative-control serum samples or experimental serum samples were placed in appropriate wells for a 30-minute incubation. Wells were washed (3 times), and 50 μl of horseradish peroxidase conjugated rabbit anti-sheep immunoglobulin G was added to each well for a 30-minute incubation and then aspirated. Substrate solution (4-chloro-l-naphthol, methanol, trieth-anolamine-buffered saline solution, and H2O2; 50 μl) was added for a 30-minute incubation and then aspirated. Disks were air dried for visualization: solid purple dot = positive sample, or no dot = negative sample. According to the dot-elisa, antibodies against F hepatica excretory/ secretory products were consistently detected by 4 weeks after principal sheep were inoculated; no such antibodies were detected in control sheep. At necropsy flukes were found only in inoculated sheep.
Effect of o,p′DDD therapy on endogenous ACTH concentrations in dogs with hypophysis-dependent hyperadrenocorticism
Authors: Nelson R. W. , Feldman E. C. , Shinsako J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effect of o,p′DDD therapy on the endogenous plasma ACTH concentration was evaluated in 15 dogs with hypophysis-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. Adequate control of hyperadrenocorticism with o,p′DDD was based on the reduction of water consumption to within the normal range, disappearance of clinical signs of lethargy, weakness, alopecia, thin skin, or pendulous abdomen, and an increase in blood cortisol below the normal range after exogenous ACTH administration. Endogenous ACTH concentrations were determined for each dog after the disease was controlled and while they were given o,p′DDD on a maintenance schedule. Endogenous ACTH concentrations increased in 14 of 15 dogs after o,p′DDD therapy, indicating a lack of suppressive effects of o,p′DDD on hypophysis ACTH secreting cells.
Antibodies in bovine serum and lacteal secretions to capsular antigens of Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Opdebeeck J. P. , Norcross N. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Pregnant cows were immunized systemically with an encapsulated strain of Staphylococcus aureus (Smith diffuse strain). Antibodies in serum and colostrum were detectable by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and prevented capsule production by the Smith diffuse strain in a soft agar medium. Antibody in milk, although detectable by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, did not affect the production of capsule in vitro. Antibodies were absorbed from milk and serum, using staphylococcal surface antigen.
In a 2nd experiment, lactating cows were immunized, using Smith diffuse strain antigens in the form of a bacterin or as a surface extract; the bacterin or extract was emulsified in Freund's incomplete adjuvant. Antibody titers in the milk of cows given bacterin were significantly (P < 0.001) greater than titers in the milk of animals immunized with surface extract. The soft agar technique was insufficiently sensitive to detect antibody in the milk of any of the cattle.