bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phytate‐calcium interactions with soy protein
Authors: Grynspan Frida , Cheryan Munir 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSolubilities of mixtures of soy protein isolate, calcium and phytate were determined as a function of pH and molar ratio of the components. Below the isoelectric point, phytate and protein solubility profiles paralleled each other, indicating some type of protein‐phytate interaction. Addition of phytate shifted the isoelectric point and the minimum solubility to lower values. Between the isoelectric point and pH 6.5, the complex apparently dissociates; addition of phytate results in an increase in the maximum solubility of the phosphorus and the protein, as well as a shift in their solubility profiles. Calcium has no apparent effect on protein solubility in this pH region. Higher pH (>6.5) results in the formation of ternary protein‐calcium‐phytate complexes and a significant drop in calcium and phosphorus solubility, probably due to formation of insoluble calcium phytate salts.
Oxidative stability of seed oils extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide 1
Authors: List G. R. , Friedrich J. P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDry‐milled corn germ, soybean and cottonseed flakes were extracted (at 70‐90 C and 12,000 psi) with supercritical carbon dioxide (SC‐CO2) to yield crude oils. Oxidative stability of the crude oils was determined and compared to similar products obtained by conventional expeller and/or prepress solvent extraction. Under Schall oven storage conditions (60 C), SC‐CO2‐extracted oils undergo rapid deterioration and fail to show the normal induction period observed with conventional expeller and solvent‐extracted crude oils. The levels of tocopherols found in SC‐CO2‐extracted oils are comparable to those obtained by expeller or solvent extraction, while phospholipids present in significant amounts in conventional crude oils are essentially absent from SC‐CO2‐processed crudes. The addition of phosphatides to SC‐CO2‐extracted crude oils improves oxidative stability, which suggests that both tocopherols and phospholipids are required to stabilize crude oils against autoxidation. Heating of SC‐CO2‐extracted crude oils to deodorization temperatures improves oxidative stability. The destruction of fat hydroperoxides under these conditions probably accounts for improved oxidative stability. A combination of heat and the addition of citric acid and phenolic antioxidants resulted in further improvement of oxidative stability.
Characterization of volatile components of menhaden fish (brevoortia tyrannus) oil
Authors: Hsleh Thomas C. Y. , Williams Stephen S. , Vejaphan Warinda , Meyers Samuel P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractVolatile odor components of winterized and undeodorized menhaden(Brevoortia tyrannus) oil were characterized by dynamic headspace concentration on a porous polymer trap, thermal desorption, cryogenic focusing, high resolution gas chromatography, mass spectrometry and chromatography‐coupled descriptive odor evaluation. Many volatile odor components derived from lipid oxidation in the fish oil were identified. These included, among others, short‐chain saturated and unsaturated aldehydes and ketones, as well as short‐chain carboxylic acids. The former imparted greasy, oily, oxidized oil and green grassy or green plant‐like odors, and the latter gave rather objectionable sweaty odors. Normal alkanes were detected as major volatiles without significant odors. The odor‐significant volatile components may be used as specific flavor quality markers to determine deodorization efficiency on crude fish oil and to monitor flavor stability of purified oils. This combined analytical approach can be readily applied to the study of volatile components in other oils.
Effects of processing steps on the contents of minor compounds and oxidation of soybean oil
Authors: Jung M. Y. , Yoon S. H. , Min D. B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe processes of degumming, alkali refining, bleaching and deodorization removed 99.8% phospholipids, 90.7% iron, 100% chlorophyll, 97.3% free fatty acids and 31.8% tocopherols from crude soybean oil. The correlation coefficient between the removals of phosphorus and iron in soybean oil during processing was r = 0.99. The relative ratios of α‐, β ‐, γ‐ and δ‐tocopherols in crude oil, degummed oil, refined oil, bleached oil and deodorized soybean oil were almost constant, γ‐ and δ ‐tocopherols represented more than 94% of tocopherols in soybean oil. The order of oxidation stability of oil is crude > deodorized > degummed > refined > bleached oil.
Solution properties of homogeneous polyglycerol dodecyl ether nonionic surfactants
Authors: Sagitani Hiromichi , Hayashi Yoshie , Ochiai Michio 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe synthesis and solution properties of a homologous series of polyglycerol dodecyl ethers (R12Gn) are described. The phase behavior, surface tension, cloud point and HLB value (hydrophile lipophile balance) of these surfactants in aqueous solutions and in mixed solutions of water/oil have been investigated and compared with values for polyoxyethylene dodecyl ether (R12EOn). The surface tension measurements showed that R12Gn have sufficiently low values of surface tension and critical micellization concentration (cmc) to serve as useful nonionic surfactants. The mesophases appearing in the R12Gn systems were more stable in a high temperature range than the mesophases of the R12EOn systems. The cloud point and HLB data indicated that addition of one glycerol group was equivalent to the addition of three oxyethylene units, as far as the hydrophilic property was concerned. The phase diagrams of the R12Gn/dodecane/water systems showed that the solubilizing and emulsifying powers of R12Gn were greater than those of R12EOn. It is concluded that the polyglycerol chain can be even more useful as the hydrophilic part of nonionic surfactants than the conventional oxyethylene chain.
Reaction of acetyl nitrate with alcohol derivatives of fatty acids: A synthesis of nitrate esters
Authors: Malins D. C. , Wekell J. C. , Houle C. R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAcetyl nitrate was found to react with fatty alcohols, hydroxy esters, and vicinal glycols to give good yields of the corresponding nitrates. The reaction was applied to the synthesis ofn‐octadecyl nitrate, methyl 2‐nitrato‐octadecanoate, methyl 12‐nitrato‐octadecanoate, and 18,19‐dinitrato‐hexatricontane. Alkyl nitrates and nitrato esters were also prepared from alcohols derived from commercially available marine oils. In addition, the long‐chain nitrate derivatives were analyzed by infrared spectroscopy and thin‐layer chromatography (TLC).The potential use of nitrate esters for the synthesis of derivatives is discussed, together with their possible effects on human physiology.
Urea breakdown activity in cottonseed
Authors: Sikes J. K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCottonseed meal, when mixed with urea, may cause breakdown of the urea to ammonia. Compounds in the meal which cause this reaction may be eliminated or greatly reduced in concentration by cooking the cottonseed prior to extraction, or by heat‐treating the finished meal. Passage of the extracted meal through two desolventizer‐toasters greatly reduced the urea breakdown activity and caused only a slight loss of nutritive value.
Studies on the ozonization of methyl oleate
Authors: Privett O. S. , Christense Nickell E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe ozonides of methyl 9‐octadecenoate, 9‐octadecene and methyl 9‐octadecendioate (along with pelargonyl aldehyde, methyl azelaaldehydate and a fraction which appears to consist mainly of hydroperoxy‐ozonides) were isolated from ozonizations of methyl oleate in pentane and methylene chloride at 蜢65C. The relative amounts of these compounds were determined in ozonizations of methyl oleate in pentane, methylene chloride and ethyl acetate.Present concepts of the mechanism of the reaction are elaborated on the light of new information on the products of the ozonization of methyl oleate and related compounds under various conditions.
Isolation and thermal characterization of high‐melting seed crystals formed during cocoa butter solidification
Authors: Davis Thomas R. , Dimick Paul S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSeed crystals which formed during early stages of cocoa butter solidification have been isolated and determined to have extremely high melting points. The melting points of the seed crystals generally exceeded 60°C, in contrast to cocoa butter, which melts between 30–35°C. In addition, the melting point of the seed crystals decreased as a function of crystal growth time. Evidence suggests that the high‐melting seed crystal is not an additional polymorphic form of cocoa butter, but rather a distinct crystalline entity. Consequently, a unique compositional make‐up is suspected as being responsible for the elevated melting point. A technique to separate seed crystals from the molten cocoa butter mass has been developed. The procedure has been shown not to alter the thermal and compositional properties of the isolated seed crystals.
Lipid composition of high‐melting seed crystals formed during cocoa butter solidification
Authors: Davis Thomas R. , Dimick Paul S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractHigh‐melting seed crystals which form during the early stages of cocoa butter solidification possess a lipid composition different than the cocoa butter from which the seed crystals were grown. Significantly large quantities of glycolipids, 11.1%, and phospholipids, 6.6–8.1%, were found in the high‐melting seed crystals along with a dramatic decrease in the simple lipid class. The fatty acids comprising the simple lipid fraction of the seed crystals were considerably more saturated than the fatty acids present in the same fraction of the original cocoa butter. The increase in the degree of saturation was reflected in the triacylglycerol composition. Cocoa butter samples were predominantly monounsaturated triacylglycerols while the seed crystal samples were mainly trisaturated triacylglycerols. The elevated melting point (60–70°C) of the seed crystals was due to the presence of higher melting complex lipids as well as to the increase in saturated triacylglycerol species. As a result of the evidence provided, the high‐melting seed crystal is indeed a distinct crystalline entity and not an additional polymorphic form of cocoa butter.
Commercialization of oil‐seed biotechnology economic implications for secondary agricultural areas
Authors: Florkowski Wojciech J. , Purcell Joseph C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractProgress in commercialization of biotechnology in production of oil palm, rapeseed, and soybeans has been remarkable, and the supply of vegetable oils is likely to increase. Some of the new cultivars of the oilbearing crops offer an opportunity to expand agricultural production in marginal agricultural areas, but many will cause land diversion to other purposes. The long‐term changes in the location of production will depend on the biological nature of the crop (annual vs perennial) and the future changes in demand. Aging populations in developed countries will pay more attention to nutritional qualities of vegetable oils. An increase industrial use of vegetable oil may require breeding for oil characteristics that are useful to industry.
Antioxidant for fats and oils from canary seed: Sterol and triterpene alcohol esters of caffeic acid
Authors: Takagi T. , Iida T. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSeveral kinds of seeds used as bird feed were extracted successively with hexane, ether and methanol. In the antioxidant test with extracts, the ether extract from canary seeds showed the highest activity. The antioxidant fraction separated from it by thin layer chromatography showed excellent activity for lard and sardine oil. The effective components were identified by gas chromatography and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry of the hydrolyzed products as the esters of caffeic acid with cycloartenol, gramisterol, sitosterol and campesterol with the minor amounts of 24‐methylenecycloartanol, obtusifoliol, brassicasterol and Δ7‐stigmastenol.
Lipid‐protein complexes from safflower expeller cake
Authors: Lyon C. K. , Kohler G. O. , Hanamoto M. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractLipid‐protein complexes were prepared from safflower prepress expeller cake, which contains about 18% oil and 17% protein, by grinding and extraction with aqueous alkali, then coprecipitation of oil and protein in the extract with acid. In the laboratory, using hammer mills or high‐shear homogenizers, complexes were obtained containing up to 48% oil with 46% protein. In the pilot plant, the best extraction, using an attrition mill, yielded a complex contain‐ing 44% oil and 47% protein. Phenolic glucosides, which contribute to the bitterness and cathartic activity in safflower meal, were removed during the process. Loaves of bread with 10% of the wheat flour replaced by safflower lipid‐protein complexes had acceptable properties and contained 25‐36% more protein than the controls.
Selective hydrogenation of rapeseed oils with copper‐chromite catalyst: Influence of erucic acid
Authors: Szukalska E. , Drozdowski B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractRapeseed oils with different erucic acid contents have been hydro‐genated in a “dead‐end” type of laboratory reactor with Adkins‐type copper‐chromite catalyst. It was observed that, as is true with oleic acid, erucic acid is not hydrogenated by this catalyst, but it differs in that positional or geometrical isomerization does not occur. The presence of erucic acid does not change the mechanism of hydrogenation of rapeseed oils in a range of concentrations of this acid. On the other hand, it markedly influences the rate of reaction.
Antioxidant effect of natural phenols on olive oil
Authors: Papadopoulos George , Boskou Dimitrios 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe total polar fraction and individual phenols present in virgin olive oil were tested for their antioxidant effect in refined olive oil. Hydroxytyrosol and caffeic acid showed protection factors greater than BHT. Protocatechuic and syringic acid were also found to have antioxidant activity. Tyrosol, p‐hydroxyphenylacetic acid, o‐coumaric acid, p‐coumaric acid, p‐hydroxybenzoic acid and vanillic acid had very little or no effect, and their contribution to the stability of the oil is negligible.
Effects of various tocopherol‐containing diets on tocopherol secretion into bile
Authors: Yamashita Kanae , Takeda Noriko , Ikeda Saiko 
Published: July 2007

Abstractγ‐Tocopherol is abundant in common vegetable oil, but its concentration in plasma and liver is much lower than that of α‐tocopherol. Discrimination between different forms of tocopherol is thought to take placevia the hepatic α‐tocopherol transfer protein (α‐TTP). γ‐Tocopherol, with a low binding capacity to α‐TTP, is thought to be excretedvia the bile. Our previous studies showed that γ‐tocopherol administered with sesame seed exhibits significantly higher concentrations in the plasma and liver of rats than γ‐tocopherol alone. Thus, we attempted to confirm whether a much higher amount of γ‐tocopherol rather than γ‐tocopherol would be secreted in the bile, and whether sesame seed would suppress the secretion of γ‐tocopherol. In one experiment, we examined the concentrations of α‐or γ‐tocopherol in the plasma, liver, and bile of rats fed diets containing 300 mg/kg of α‐tocopherol, 300 mg/kg of γ‐tocopherol, or 300 mg/kg each of α‐tocopherol+γ‐tocopherol, and in the other experiment, we compared the γ‐tocopherol concentrations of rats fed a diet of γ‐tocopherol alone to those of rats fed a γ‐tocopherol+sesame seed diet (each diet contained 300 mg/kg γ‐tocopherol). The bile collection was done over 6 h. The γ‐tocopherol concentration in the bile was markedly lower than that of α‐tocopherol, paralleling the concentrations in the plasma and liver. Intake of α‐tocopherol and γ‐tocopherol together further lowered the concentration of γ‐tocopherol in the bile as well as in the plasma and liver, compared to the intake of γ‐tocopherol alone. The γ‐tocopherol concentration in the bile, as well as in the plasma and liver, was markedly higher in the sesame seed‐fed group than in the γ‐tocopherol alone group. We found that the concentrations of α‐ or γ‐tocopherol in the bile showed a good correlation with the concentrations of α‐ or γ‐tocopherol in the liver, though the concentrations in the bile were substantially lower than those in the liver. These findings suggest that secretion into the bile is not a major metabolic route of α‐ or γ‐tocopherol.
A convenient laboratory method for preparingtrans, trans‐9, 11‐octadecadienoic acid
Authors: Schneider Wilma J. , Gast L. E. , Teeter H. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA convenient laboratory method to preparetrans,trans‐ 9,11‐octadecadienoic acid (TTA) via a polyester intermediate is described. Ricinelaidic acid was heated at 235C under vacuum for 3–4 hr to form a polyester having a mol wt of 1,500–1,600. Pyrolysis of this polyester and simultane‐ous distillation of the products gave crude dehy‐drated acids. TTA was crystallized from a 95% ethanol solution of these acids, in a yield of 35%. Of the variables affecting pyrolysis, the mol wt of polyester had the greatest effect on yield of TTA.
Reaction of methyl alpha‐eleostearate with mercuric acetate
Authors: Planck Ralph W. , O'Connor Robert T. , Goldblatt Leo A. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryMethyl alpha‐eleostearate has been reacted with mercuric acetate in acetic acid solution. Carrying out the reaction below room temperature gave products having the highest mercury content. Even these products were relatively unstable, gradually decomposing to produce mercury or mercurous acetate or both at room temperature. A typical product obtained at 10°C. is a viscous, pale yellow oil, insoluble in petroleum ether but soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform. Each C18 chain contained, on the average, 1.4 acetoxymercuri‐groups (CH3COOHg−), 1.5 acetoxyl groups attached directly to the carbon chain and 0.4 double bonds. For each mole of mercuric acetate added to the methyl eleostearate approximately one mole of mercuric acetate was reduced to mercurous acetate and a double bond in the ester chain was oxidized to an oxygen‐containing group of undetermined structure. Treatment of the acetoxymercuri‐, acetoxy‐ester with aqueous chlorides or bases yielded the corresponding chloromercuri‐ or hydroxymercuri‐derivative. Refluxing the acetoxymercuri‐, acetoxy‐ester in alcoholic potassium hydroxide saponified all the ester linkages and removed the acetoxymercuri‐groups with the formation of an equal number of double bonds, most of which are present in conjugatedtrans‐trans systems. The Marvel‐Rands chromatographic procedure was modified to permit determination of total acetoxyl groups and of acetoxyl groups attached to mercury atoms. Acetoxyl groups of the latter kind can also be determined by direct titration with standard base.
Reliability of fatty acid values purporting to represent composition of oil from different species of fish
Authors: Stansby M. E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractData reveal a very large variation in fatty acid pattern of oil from the same species of fish even when each batch of oil represents many thousands of individual fish. The necessity for using samples involving a much larger number of fish for studies to determine fatty acid patterns for a given species is emphasized. Other sources of error are considered briefly.
Potentiometric titration of cyclopropene esters
Authors: Zeringue H. J. , Feuge R. O. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe quantitative determination of cyclopropene acids occurring as esters in seed oils can be made by a direct titration with hydrogen bromide in toluene, but the color indicator used heretofore to determine the end point presented problems. A potentiometric titration that avoids these problems was devised. A silver‐silver chloride indicator electrode and a calomel reference electrode connected to the titration cell by a salt bridge were employed. The precision of the cyclopropene analysis of purified samples seems to depend primarily on the accuracy to which the amount of titrant can be determined. At the 1% level, reproductible values to about ±0.01% are obtained.
Rapid analysis of ionic and nonionic surfactant homologs by high performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Nakamura K. , Morikawa Y. , Matsumoto I. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSeveral ionic and nonionic surfactants were separated into their homologs and their homologous distributions were determined by high performance liquid chromatography on an octadecyl‐silica (TSK Gel LS‐410) column with a water‐methanol‐sodium chloride mixture as a mobile phase. The recommended condition for the separation was as follows: column size, 4 mm id x 250 mm; mobile phase, water/methanol (15/85, v/v) containing 0.4 M/L sodium chloride; column temp., 50 C. Under this condition, three nonionic, four anionic and one cationic surfactants were efficiently separated into their respective homologs. The addition of sodium chloride affected particularly the separation of strongly ionogenic surfactants such as sodium alkylsulfates and alkylbenzyldimethylammonium chlorides. Analytical results of homologous distributions of several commercial surfactants were in good accordance with those obtained by the conventional gas chromatography (GC) method.
Surfactant raw material outlook for the eighties
Authors: Bindo J. S. , Smith G. D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractOver the next decade, the surfactant industry should be able to secure an adequate supply of the raw materials necessary to provide its need for surfactant intermediates. Since the U.S. will continue to rely on foreign imports for marginal crude supplies, periodic disruptions in raw material supply are likely to occur. World crude prices are expected to rise more rapidly than the general U.S. inflation rate and surfactant feedstocks are expected to track world crude prices as a whole. Over the next few years, ethylene prices should increase faster than other surfactant feedstocks. This should occur as a result of natural gas price decontrol and improved ethylene profit margins. Otherwise, in the long term, the major driving force for all three synthetic feedstocks should be the price of world crude. Of course, short term perturbations, e.g., plant shutdowns and over‐supply situations, may cause one feedstock or the other to increase at somewhat higher or somewhat lower rates for short periods of time. Natural oils may represent an interesting alternative to crude‐oil‐based alcohols. Longer term, average prices for natural oils should increase at lower rates than world crude oil. However, natural oil prices have historically been much more cyclic than crude prices and “natural” alcohol producers run the risk of being noncompetitive during tight supply/demand periods.
Chromatographic analysis of polyglycerols and their fatty acid esters
Authors: Sahasrabudhe M. R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPolyglycerols and their fatty acid esters have been analyzed by gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC) as trimethylsilyl ether derivatives. Linear diglycerols and triglycerols were isolated from commercial polyglycerols by vacuum distillation. Mono‐ and di‐fatty acid esters were synthesized in the laboratory. Two isomers of diglycerol have been separated and identified. GLC analysis was carried out on columns packed with 3% JXR on Gas Chrom Q. Response factors for diglycerol and triglycerol relative to glycerol have been established. Commercial polyglycerol esters are shown to be mixtures of glycerol, free fatty acids, mono‐ and diglycerides, and mono‐ fatty acid esters of diglycerol and triglycerol. Separation of free polyglycerols and their esters is also demonstrated by thin‐layer chromatography on Silica Gel‐G containing 4.0% boric acid.