bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF MAGNESIUM SULPHATE ON THE BLOOD VESSELS OF THE UPPER LIMB IN MAN
Authors: Frewin DB , Teh YF , Whelan RF 
Published: November 2007

SummaryMagnesium sulphate, given into the brachial artery, has been shown to have a dilator action on the blood vessels of the human forearm.The dilatation affects the vessels of both skin and muscle and is not due to stimulation of the β‐receptors to a cholinergic mechanism or to the release of histamine.The vasodilator action of magnesium sulphate on the forearm does not appear to be influenced by the sympathetic nerves, but is abolished by the simultaneous infusion of calcium gluconate into the brachial artery.
STUDIES ON LIPID AND CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM IN THE RAT
Authors: Goldrick RB , Hoffmann Choo C , Reardon M 
Published: November 2007

SummarySerial studies of carbohydrate metabolism in vitro in epididymal adipose tissue and hemidiaphragms were carried out at several stages of growth in Wistar rats maintained on one of four feeding programmes—ad libitum feeding with chow with or without the addition of glucose to the drinking water or meal feeding with restricted or unrestricted quantities of chow. Supplementation of the diet with glucose accelerated the rate of fat deposition and the incorporation of glucose‐U‐14C into glyceride‐glycerol and glyceride‐fatty acids in adipose tissue. Meal feeding did not stimulate glucose lipogenesis, but prevented the decline in fatty acid synthesis with ageing which occurred in epididymal adipose tissue of mature ad libitum fed rats. Adipose tissue in vitro converted amounts of glucose into glyceride‐glycerol that were calculated to be sufficient to esterify all the fatty acids which accumulated during fat deposition in vivo as judged from adipocyte enlargement with age. On the other hand, only in young glucose‐supplemented rats did adipose tissue utilize sufficient glucose for fatty acid synthesis in vitro to account for the deposition of triglyceride‐fatty acids in adipose tissue in vivo. Although the rate of glyceride‐ glycerol synthesis from glucose in adipose tissue was affected by the method of feeding and the age of the rat, it was also increased in proportion to the amount of lipid in the fat cell. There was no indication that adipose tissue became resistant to insulin in vitro as its fat cells enlarged. However, there was a progressive decrease in the responsiveness of adipose tissue to insulin in ad libitum chow‐fed rats between the ages of 10 and 34 weeks. This effect of ageing was prevented by meal feeding. There was no relationship between the effects of insulin on the concentrations of glycogen and the incorporation of glucose‐U‐14C into glycogen in hemidiaphragms and the responses to insulin observed in adipose tissue. Furthermore, the responsiveness of hemidiaphragms and adipose tissue to insulin bore no relationship to the hypoglycaemic effects of exogenous insulin in vivo.
DISTRIBUTION OF G CELLS IN THE CANINE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
Authors: Hansky J , McNaughtan J , Nairn RC 
Published: November 2007

SummaryFormalin‐fixed dog gastrointestinal tissues have been examined by indirect immunofluorescence with specific anti‐human‐gastrin globulin. Gastrin‐secreting (G) cells were found regularly in antral mucosa and in the proximal 3–4 cm of duodenum. Inconstant scanty G cells were located in the islets of the pancreatie tail. No G cells were detected in the body of the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum or liver.
THE EFFECT OF MATERNAL MALNUTRITION ON THE PROGENY IN THE RAT
Authors: McLeod Katrine I , Goldrick RB , Whyte HM 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe effects of maternal protein and/or calorie deficiency during gestation in rats on subsequent growth, body composition, cell size and cell number in organs of progeny were studied into maturity. Female rats were fed the experimental diets for two weeks before mating and throughout gestation. Protein deficiency caused a significant decrease in birth weight, litter size and fertility and a significant rise in mortality of pups. Offspring of protein deficient dams exhibited permanent stunting of growth and reduction in organ size. Decreased liver, kidney and heart weights were due to reduction in cell numbers but in epididymal fat pads both cell numbers and cell sizes were significantly reduced. Calorie deficiency had only minor effects and did not potentiate the effects of protein deficiency. None of the treatments affected the percent body‐composition of progeny. Second generation studies showed that female progeny of protein‐deficient dams were relatively infertile and produced litters with reduced growth rates. The infertility of first generation progeny was enhanced by a further period of protein deficiency during their own gestation. The second generation litters then showed a very high level of mortality as well as a reduced growth rate.
CONDITIONS FOR GROWTH OF AN OVINE CHLAMYDIA (BEDSONIA) IN CELL CULTURE
Authors: Harrison Margaret J 
Published: November 2007

SummaryWhen HEp2 cell cultures were inoculated with an ovine Chlamydia very few inclusions were formed when the pH of the medium fell to below pH 7·0. Failure to form inclusions was not due to inactivation of organisms by add conditions during the adsorption period, but was apparently due to events subsequent to adsorption whereby inclusion development under acid conditions was inhibited. Although the ovine Chlamydia was inactivated more rapidly at 37° than at 30°, nevertheless adsorption and penetration of organisms into Hep2 cultures was more efficient at 37° than at 30°. The rate of adsorption of organisms was dependent on volume, and the smaller the volume in which a particular dose of organisms was suspended, the greater the number of inclusions formed. From the theory of Brownian motion it was possible to predict that the rate of adsorption on to surfaces by Chlamydia should be slower than that of viruses, because the size of Chlamydia limits their diffusion. It was possible to calculate that no more than 40% of this Chlamydia suspension, in cell culture medium, might adsorb from a depth of 0·1 cm on to a surface in 18 hours at 37°. Under these conditions, experimentally, only 24% of the total Chlamydia particles in the suspension resulted in inclusions. Inclusion counts were Iiigher in HEp2 cells than in Vero cells. The inclasion counts in HEp2 cell cultures which had not been treated with DEAE‐Dextran were increased by addition of 0·5% (v/v) foetal calf serum or bovine serum, or by 0·6–0·8% (w/v) bovine albumin fraction V to the medium in which the organisms were suspended. The counts decreased with higher concentrations of serum or albumin. In DEAE‐ Dextran‐treated cultures inclusion counts were greatly depressed by the presence of bovine albumin fraction V or serum in the medium (except for a slight rise in count with 0·5 (v/v) serum).
IN VIVO OBSERVATIONS ON PLASMA CELLS IN THE RABBIT EAR CHAMBER
Authors: Cliff WJ 
Published: November 2007

SummaryIn vivo observations on plasma cells arising in rabbit ear chambers following stimulation with a variety of antigens are reported. The cells were non‐motile and had a yellow‐green coloration of their cytoplasm and showed highly characteristic peripheral cytoplasmic activity possibly related to clasmatocytosis. Plasma cells took three days to develop following initial antigenic stimulation and after a further three days showed a definite decline in their numbers. It is considered they probably arose from lymphoid cells present in the initial cellular exudate associated with antigen injection and they occurred in clusters closely associated with macrophages generally in the paravascular regions. Eosinophile leucocytes showed a predilection for these clusters. Repeated antigenic stimulation produced the Arthus reaction.
THE STRUCTURE AND ISOLATION OF PILI (FIMBRIAE) OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA
Authors: Weiss Richard L , Raj HD 
Published: November 2007

SummaryElectron microscopic studies of pili were carried out on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Flagella and pili were observed by negative staining and metal shadowing. Ultrathin sections of cells contained filaments that resembled pili. The isolation of pili was followed in the electron microscope by negative staining. The properties of isolated Pseudomonas pili were different from those of type I Escherichia coli pili. A survey of twenty‐two isolates of P. aeruginosa involved in clinical infections demonstrated the existence of pili on a high proportion (17/22) of the cultures. No correlation was found to exist between the possession of pili and antibiotic sensitivity. These pili are thought to be of significance in clinical infections of this organism.
THE NATURE OF THE RESPONSE OF THE CELLS OF THE SHEEP ERYTHROCYTE‐TOLERANT RAT TO TRANSFERRED ALLOGENEIC LYMPHOCYTES
Authors: McCullagh Peter 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe response of the cells of erythrocyte‐tolerant hosts into which allogeneic lymphocytes had been transferred to abrogate tolerance has been investigated. Following the abrogation of tolerance, rats were observed to respond poorly to re‐challenge with sheep erythrocytes, this behaviour probably being attributable to the re‐appearance of the tolerant state. The circulating lymphocyte was identified as the cell type in the tolerant host responsible for interaction with the transferred allogeneic cells. The re‐appearance of reactivity in a pre‐existing population of repressed, or tolerant, cells was considered to be a much more likely explanation for the phenomenon of allogeneic abrogation than the re‐emergence of a reactive clone of cells.
THE CHEMICAL NATURE OF MYCOPLASMA MYCOIDES VAR. MYCOIDES COMPLEMENT FIXING ANTIGENS
Authors: Buttery SH 
Published: November 2007

SummaryAn antigenic extract of Mycoplasma mycoides var. mycoides was submitted to various treatments. Periodate oxidation and carbohydrates destroyed the complement fixing activity of the extract. Proteases did not destroy the activity. When the material was dissolved in chloroform‐methanol and shaken with potassium chloride solution no complement fixing activity was found in either phase. The aqueous phase contained precipitating antigens and some complement fixing activity could be recovered by supplementing the aqueous phase with cholesterol and lecithin.Inhibition of complement fixing activity of a boiled cell suspension of M. mycoides was studied using various monosaccharides, methyl glycosides and disaccharides. The most effective inhibitor tested was 1–6 β glucopyranosyl galactose.It is concluded that the complement fixing antigen most probably contains carbohydrate determinants with terminal β glucopyranosyl galactofuranosyl residues.
PLASMA HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE LEVELS IN RESPONSE TO MEALS: A REAPPRAISAL
Authors: Baker HWG , Best JB , Burger HG , Cameron DP 
Published: November 2007

SummaryTo study the influence of the usual Australian feeding pattern on plasma growth hormone concentrations, six healthy adults were given a three day dietary regime. Meals of constant composition were eaten at the same time each day except that breakfast was omitted on one day and on the other two was of either high protein or high carbohydrate content. Blood samples for growth hormone assay were taken at twenty minute intervals for eight hours from 8.30 a.m. to 4.30 p.m.There were variable growth hormone levels in the two females and low levels were found in the majority of samples from the four males. Peaks of growth hormone concentration had no consistent temporal relationship to meals. The patterns it the females were not reproducible when identical high protein meals were given again after an interval of six months. The mean plasma growth hormone concentration between meals was unrelated to the meal content except that it was lowest after the high carbohydrate breakfast in the females.Because of the inability to demonstrate a reproducible temporal relationship of plasma growth hormone rises to meals in females, and because of the low and generally unvarying plasma concentrations in males, it is concluded that growth hormone is not an important physiological regulator of metabolic economy under normal conditions of frequent feeding in man.
PLASMA PROTEIN METABOLISM DURING PREGNANCY IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Morgan EH 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe turnover of albumin, transferrin and γ‐globulin was measured in non‐pregnant rabbits and in rabbits during the last week of pregnancy, using the proteins labelled with radioactive iodine. It was found that the fall in plasma concentration of albumin and γ‐globulin in the pregnant animals was due to expansion of the plasma volume and an increase in their fractional turnover rates (rates of catabolism). By contrast, the plasma concentration of transferrin increased during pregnancy due to a greatly accelerated absolute turnover rate indicating an increased rate of synthesis of the protein, with no increase in catabolic rate.
HORMONAL FACTORS INFLUENCING SALT APPETITE IN LACTATION
Authors: Shulkes AA , Covelli Memma D , Denton DA , Nelson JF 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe appetite of wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus (L)) for 500 mEq/1 solutions of NaCl, KCl, MgCl2, and CaCl2, was studied during daily injections of ovine prolactin, ovine growth hormone or synthetic oxytocin. The animals were individually caged and external sodium balances were made. Under all experimental conditions the animals were obtaining ample sodium from the food, as evidenced by a substantial urinary sodium excretion. Injection of 50 I.U. prolactin significantly increased NaCl intake from a control value of 0·4 mEq/day to 2·3 mEq/day during the course of injections. CaCl2 intake was also significantly increased. The mean daily intake of NaCl during the oxytocin treatment was 1·34 mEq/day, 21/2; times the control value. Water intake was reduced but there were no significant changes in the intakes of KCl, MgCl2 and CaCl2,. Growth hormone had no effect on electrolyte or H2O intakes.Previously reported work shows that a significant increase in NaCl intake occurs during lactation in the wild rabbit. The metabolic studies indicate that, as in lactation, the increase in NaCl intake witb prolactin and oxytocin occurs without any preceding change in urinary sodium excretion. The results suggest that the increase in NaCl intake in lactation is hormonal in origin and not caused by the sodium requirements of lactation.
STUDIES ON THE INHIBITION OF REJECTION OF TRICHOSTRONGYLUS COLUBRIFORMIS IN GUINEA‐PIGS BY PROMETHAZINE
Authors: Rothwell TLW , Love RJ , Dineen JK 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe mode of action by which promethazine inhibits resistance to Trichostrongylus colubriformis in the guinea‐pig was investigated by studying the effect of promethazine on the capacity of lymphoid cells from immune donors to transfer immunity to syngeneic recipients. The experimental results suggest that promethazine may have some inhibitory action at the lymphoid level of the immune response. But that this is inadequate to explain the drug's effects in this host‐parasite system.
MECHANISMS OF TRANSFER OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS INTO MAMMARY SECRETION OF EWES
Authors: Watson DL , Lascelles AK 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe primary purpose of this paper was to determine whether selective transfer of IgA and IgM is effected by the glandular epithelium of the mammary gland in a manner similar to that for serum derived IgG1. Concentrations of IgG1, IgG2, IgA, IgM and albumin were measured in blood, mammary lymph and milk collected from 8 lactating ewes which had been infused with antigen in one of the pair of mammary glands 3 weeks prior to parturition. Although the concentrations of IgG1, IgG2, and albumin in whey from infused glands were not significantly different from the concentrations of comparable, proteins in whey from non‐infused glands, concentrations of IgA and IgM were respectively 3 and 2 limes higher (P < 0.05) in whey from infused glands. Anti‐body titres were 40‐50 times higher in whey from infused than non‐infused glands.The mean whey:lymph ratios for IgA and IgM were 3‐4 times higher for infused than non‐infused glands. Comparable ratios for IgG2 and albumin were much lower than those for IgA and IgM; values for IgG2 were 30‐80 times less than for IgA and 3‐5 times less than for IgM. Whey:lymph ratios for IgA and IgM for non‐infused glands of 2 of the ewes, in which there was negligible local production of IgA and IgM, were actually less than those for IgG2.The results showed that the magnitude of preferential transfer of IgA and IgM was related to the activity of the local immune system. It is suggested that local production of IgA and IgM by plasma cells which are located in close association with the glandular epithelium, creates a concentration gradient with the highest concentration immediately adjacent to the basal membrane of the epithelial cells. In this situation preferential transfer of IgA and IgM across the glandular epithelium could occur, without the necessity for specific receptor sites as postulated for selective transfer of IgG1.
THE ROLE IN CHYLOMICRON FORMATION OF PHOSPHOLIPASE ACTIVITY OF INTESTINAL GOLGI MEMBRANES
Authors: Redgrave TG 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe Golgi membrane which is associated with intracellular lipid droplets (“pre‐chylomicrons”) during intestinal absorption of fat has been shown to possess phospholipase A. phospholipase B and triglyceride lipase activities. These findings suggest that extrusion of chylomicrons from the intestinal cell might be accomplished by the action of phospholipases on Golgi and plasma membrane phospholipids Fusion of membranes could result from the localised action of phospholipase B, which, perhaps acting together with phospholipase A, would enable exteriorization of Golgi vacuoles and discharge of chylomicrons into the intercellular space.
SOME EFFECTS OF A RESTRICTED POTASSIUM INTAKE ON ADAPTATION TO SALINE DRINKING
Authors: Marwood J , Lockett Mary F 
Published: November 2007

SummaryRats were transferred from water to 0·75% NaCl as sole drinking fluid, Initial weight gains reversed abruptly as the rate of elimination of sodium from a standard saline load increased abruptly. Thereafter, spontaneous saline intake and the rate of sodium elimination rose in parallel to sustained maxima which were reached in six to seven weeks by saline‐drinking rats. Both treatment with deoxcorticosterone acetate and potassium restriction accelerated attainment of these maxima by two weeks but did not alter their magnitude. In contrast, a metabolic alkalosis induced by administration of 2 Meq. sodium citrate twice daily did not influence the rate of onset of the escape phenomenon.It is considered that change in the rate of elimination of sodium from an acute oral saline load (0·7% NaCl), equivalent to 2·5% body weight, may prove a useful parameter for assessment of the degree of adaptation to saline‐drinking. Further, deoxcorticosterone acetate‐induced acceleration of adaptation to saline‐drinking may be a consequence of the K‐depletion but is unlikely to be greatly influenced by the alkalosis caused by this steroid.
MYCOPLASMA AETIOLOGY OF KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS (“PINK‐EYE”) IN DOMESTIC RUMINANTS
Authors: Surman PG 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe stage of pink‐eye infection in 178 sheep was determined by clinical assessment and cytotological features. Mycoplasmas were isolated more frequently from the acute stage of the disease.Light and electron microscope studies of smears and sections from infected conjuntivae, and of concentrated mcoplasina suspensions, illustruted the structural similarity between the pink‐eye agent and mycoplasma isolates. This interrelationship was confirmed by specific immunofluorescent staining of the pink‐eye agent in sheep and goat conjunctival smears.Characterisation methods indicated that mycoplasmas isolated from the con‐Junctivae of sheep and goats with pink‐eye were similar. They were distinct from mycoplasmas of nasal and imssible nasal origin isolated from sheep with pink‐eye, and different from Mycoplasmal arginnini and humand mycoplasmas.The pink‐eye condition was reproduced in normal sheep anti goats by ocular inoculation of ccnjuctival mycoplasma isolates or conjunctival scarapings from diseased animals although experimental infection was not uniformly successful. The requirements necessary to demonstrate unequivocal mycoplasma aetiology of pink‐eye are discussed.
MYOCARDIAL REACTIVE HYPERAEMIA IN CONSCIOUS DOGS: EFFECT OF DIPYRIDAMOLE AND AMINOPHYLLINE ON RESPONSES TO FOUR‐ AND EIGHT‐SECOND CORONARY ARTERY OCCLUSIONS
Authors: Eikkns E , Wilcken DEL 
Published: November 2007

SummaryUsing chronically implanted electromagnetic flow transducers, we examined the effects of dipyridamole (1 mg/kg) and aminophylline (10 mg/kg) on reactive hyperaemic responses induced by four‐second and eight‐second occlusions of the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery in conscious dogs. Reactive hyperaemia was not affected by either dipyridamole or aminophylline when pre‐occlusion coronary blood flow heart rate and mean blood pressure were the same as during control observations. Two to four hours after dipyridarmole, when pre‐occlusion coronary blood flow was increased but blood pressure and heart rate had returned to control values, reactive hyperaemic responses were significantly reduced. At these times dipyridamole markedly potentiated, and aminophylline greatly reduced, the coronary vasodilator effects of adenosine injected into either the superior vena cava or left atrium. Since dipyridamole and aminophylline both move out of the intravascular compartment after intravenous injection, these results do not support the hypothesis that release of adenosine into the extracellular space is essential for die production of reactive hyperaemia induced by brief coronary artery occlusions.
STUDIES ON A RADIOIMMUNOASSAY FOR OVINE FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE: INTERFERENCE BY OVINE ALBUMIN
Authors: Salamonsen Lois A , Burger HG , Chamley WA , Goding JR 
Published: November 2007

SummaryA previously documented radioimmunoassay for ovine follicle stimulating hormone has been examined as to its suitability for measurement of the hormone in sheep plasma. In addition, the behaviour of two other antisera to ovine follicle stimulating hormone, and various standards, has been investigated.Little cross‐reaction with other protein hormones was seen but when sheep plasma, at dilutions 1/25‐1/100 was included in the radioimmunoassay, it caused complete displacement of ovine follicle stimulating hormone‐125I from all three antibodies; even at dilutions In the range 1/250‐1/5,000 incomplete displacement was observed. Addition of ovine albumin to the assay in amounts equivalent to plasma levels produced similar degrees of displacement of the tracer antigen. Plasma from other species did not show this effect. When ovine albumin‐125I and ovine follicle stimulating hormone‐125I were reacted separately with antibodies to each, in the presence and absence of excess unlabelled follicle stimulating hormone and albumin, each labelled protein combined to some extent with antibodies to the other. Excess of either of the unlabelled antigens caused displacement of both follicle stimulating hormone‐125I and albumin‐125I from their homologous antisera. Gel filtration studies suggested that no complex was formed between ovine follicle stimulating hormone and ovine albumin.The must likely explanation of this phenomenon is that the highly purified labelled follicle stimulating hormone contains some labelled albumin and that the antisera contain anti‐albumin. Alternatively, the albumin and ovine follicle stimulating hormone may show some intrinsic immunological cross‐reactivity.Interference by albumin renders the radioimmunoassay of ovine follicle stimulating hormone, using several different antisera inapplicable to the measurement of follicle stimulating hormone in ovine plasma.