bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychiatric Morbidity and the Menopause: Survey of a Gynaecological Out-Patient Clinic
Authors: Ballinger C. Barbara 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTwo hundred and seventeen women between the ages of 40 and 55 years referred to a gynaecological out-patient clinic were screened for psychiatric illness by means of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) and a brief special questionnaire. Of the 114 women identified as possible psychiatric ‘cases' 104 were interviewed. A standardized psychiatric interview schedule was used. Compared with a general population sample from the same geographical area and in the same age range, women presenting at the gynaecological out-patient clinic were predominantly pre-menopausal and from the lower end of the 15-year age range, and were more likely to be separated or divorced, less likely to be single, and more likely to have had previous or to have subsequent contact with the local psychiatric services. A higher proportion of women were identified as psychiatric ‘cases' in the clinic population than in the general population, and their psychiatric disorder appeared to be more severe and more depressive in nature. The findings for this age group support the view that among women presenting for hysterectomy there is already an excess of psychiatric illness before the operation.The association of gynaecological complaints and psychiatric morbidity in the pre-menopausal years is discussed.
The Stockton Geriatric Rating Scale: A Shortened Version with British Normative Data
Authors: Gilleard C. J. , Pattie Anne H. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThis paper presents information on a shortened form of the Stockton Geriatric Rating Scale, which is shown to be as effective as the original version in discriminating among the elderly. The results for 400 people in the care of hospital or social services provide provisional normative data for the use of the scale, which should be of value in assessing the behavioural competence of the elderly on an individual and group basis.
Psychiatric Morbidity Among University Students in Egypt
Authors: Okasha Ahmed , Kamel M. , Sadek A. , Lotaif F. , Bishry Z. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryDuring a nine-month period (1974–75), 1,050 students (846 male, 204 female) at Ain Shams University, Cairo, attended the Student Health Centre. Fifty-two per cent were referred there by their general practitioners, 5 per cent by their families and 3 per cent through their faculties; the remainder (41 per cent) were self-referred.Male patients represented 2·8 per cent of the male students, but female patients only 0·9 per cent of the female students. In faculties dealing with practical subjects the male-female ratio was higher than in those dealing with more theoretical subjects. The diagnoses included anxiety neurosis (36 per cent of the cases), schizophrenia (18 per cent), depression (15 per cent) and neurotic depression (12 per cent).
Psychiatrists and a Computer as Interrogators of Patients with Alcohol-Related Illnesses: A Comparison
Authors: Lucas R. W. , Mullin P. J. , Luna C. B. X. , McInroy D. C. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA computer-administered ‘interview’ was developed for eliciting evidence relating to alcohol problems. Thirty-six volunteer male patients on their first visits to a specialist alcohol clinic were interviewed three times, by two psychiatrists and by the computer; information was sought about 72 predefined indicants concerning alcohol consumption, drinking behaviour, and symptoms. Each patient was asked to complete an attitude questionnaire anonymously.The extent of agreement between the evidence elicited by the computer and by the psychiatrists was quite high, and their estimated error rates were very similar, all between 10 per cent and 12 per cent in total. With respects to amounts of alcohol consumed, patients reported significantly greater amounts to the computer than they reported to the psychiatrists. The median amounts of pure ethanol consumed ranged from 1 · 19 kg per week calculated from reports made to one of the psychiatrists, up to 1 · 58 kg per week calculated from reports made to the computer. The results from the attitude questionnaire indicated a high level of acceptability to patients of computer interrogation.
High Dosage Haloperidol in Chronic Schizophrenia
Authors: McCreadie Robin G. , MacDonald Ian M. 
Published: August 2008

In a double blind chlorpromazine-controlled trial, high dosage haloperidol (100 mg daily) given for three months, appreciably improved the mental state of male chronic ‘drug resistant’ schizophrenic in-patients in the rehabilitation/long-stay unit of one psychiatric hospital. The results of a three-month follow-up suggested that the improvement could be maintained in some patients on lower doses of the drug.Serious extrapyramidal side effects were not seen at high doses. However, the majority of patients on haloperidol showed a deterioration in ward behaviour, possibly related to drowsiness, and developed raised serum alkaline phosphatase levels. These side effects disappeared in the follow-up period when either the drug was discontinued or the dose of haloperidol reduced.
Three Weeks in Isolation with Two Chronic Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Morgan Roger 
Published: August 2008

SummaryAn account is given of impressions and observations collected during three weeks in November 1975 which the writer spent with two of his chronic schizophrenic patients in a purpose-built isolation unit inside which it was impossible to have any idea of the real time.This experience gave the observer an unusually close view of schizophrenic and institutional behaviour and some insight into the natural outcome of staff-patient interaction.
Renin and Aldosterone Relationships in Manic Depressive Psychosis
Authors: Hullin R. P. , Jerram T. C. , Lee M. R. , Levell M. J. , Tyrer S. P. 
Published: August 2008

SUMMARY The paper describes a two-month period of study in four bipolar manic-depressive patients in a metabolic ward. Plasma renin activity, packed cell volume, plasma sodium and potassium were determined at intervals. Twenty-four-hour urinary sodium, potassium and creatinine were also estimated daily. Aldosterone production rate was measured on two occasions for each patient. Three of the patients showed at least one episode each of mania and depression during the study, while the fourth patient, who was receiving prophylactic lithium throughout, had one ten-day depressive episode but was otherwise normal.No obvious relationship between mood and plasma renin activity was observed, but the group showed a high resting renin activity, a blunted renin response to posture, and inappropriate aldosterone production rates for the renin activity found.It is postulated that a primary defect in the aldosterone-renin system may be present in bipolar manic-depressive psychosis.
Decreased Urinary Output of Tyramine and its Metabolites in Depression
Authors: Carter Susan Bonham , Sandler M. , Goodwin B. L. , Sepping P. , Bridges P. K. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryDespite dramatic clinical improvement in about one-third of a group of severely depressed, medication-resistant patients one year after modified leucotomy, their relative decrease in conjugated and free tyramine output after an oral tyramine load remained unchanged and abnormal. Whilst a direct deficit in intestinal tyramine-conjugating ability still needs to be finally ruled out, this appears most compatible with a deficit due to bodily metabolic failure, perhaps a deficit in membrane transport which could be an essential aspect of the depressive illness syndrome. Attention is drawn to a similar defect in migraine. The two illnesses may represent a common predisposition which an appropriate triggering mechanism may transform to the florid disease. Biochemical detection of such vulnerability may have important diagnostic and predictive significance.
Catechol-O-Methyl Transferase Activity in Patients with Depressive Illness and Anxiety States
Authors: Shulman Ralph , Griffiths John , Diewold Patricia 
Published: August 2008

SummaryErythrocyte catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) activity was studied in 65 patients with depressive illness and anxiety states. A hypothesis that measurement of this enzyme might have some value as an aid to diagnosis and as an index of clinical recovery has not been confirmed. In patients with endogenous depression, agitated subjects had COMT levels significantly higher than normal (P < ·01) and retarded subjects had levels significantly lower than normal (P < ·02). These observations are congruent with some reports of high and low urinary MHPG excretion in patients with depression. Further data correlating COMT assays with catecholamine metabolites in depressed patients may reveal homogeneous biochemical subgroups which could serve as a guide to rational therapy.
Variations in the Seasonal Distribution of Births of Psychotic Patients in England and Wales
Authors: Hare E. H. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe quarterly distribution of births of patients born in England and Wales 1921–60 and first admitted in 1970–75 was examined by decade of birth and by age at year of admission. For patients with schizophrenia and affective psychosis, the distribution varied: in the early decade (1921–30), and for older patients (45–54 years) the proportion of births in the fourth quarter of the year was high, compared with expectation from live births in the general population; but it became lower in succeeding decades and for younger age groups. No comparable change occurred for births of patients with neurosis or personality disorder.
A Clinical Scale for the Self-assessment of Irritability
Authors: Snaith R. P. , Constantopoulos A. A. , Jardine M. Y. , McGuffin P. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTo date there has been no suitable scale for the self-assessment of irritability in the clinical situation. Existing scales have either included aspects of personality trait together with present state or they have been constructed on non-clinical populations. A self-assessment scale has been constructed which seeks to overcome such faults. Measures of depression and of anxiety are included, together with measures of outwardly directed irritability and inwardly directed irritability. This scale should be known as the Irritability, Depression, Anxiety—or IDA—Scale.
Child Observation and Assessment Centres: Psychiatrist’ and Social Workers' Difficulties
Authors: Harris Jean Mary 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTwo child observation and assessment centres run by a Social Services Department have quickly filled up with older children who stay indefinitely. Many of these children have physical as well as emotional problems and have been admitted as family emergencies in an unplanned way. The paper discusses how, if at all, the psychiatrist called in for advice by social workers can help. This is thought to be a widespread problem.
Glucose Metabolism in Unipolar Depression
Authors: Wright J. H. , Jacisin J. J. , Radin N. S. , Bell R. A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryGlucose utilization, serum insulin, human growth hormone, and free fatty acids were studied in 18 unipolar depressed patients and 14 normal controls, using the intravenous glucose tolerance test. Patients were kept drug-free for at least two weeks before testing, and physical activity and diet were carefully controlled. Previously described abnormalities in the balance between glucose and free fatty adds were not seen, but endogenous depression was associated with lowered glucose utilization rate with insulin resistance. Changes in kinetics of membrane transport in endogenous depression which could account for this finding are discussed.
An Unusual Case of the Capgras Syndrome
Authors: Fialkov M. J. , Robins Ashley H. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA variant of the Capgras syndrome is described in a 43-year-old woman who had vitiligo and multinodular goitre. The unusual feature of the case was that the patient not only misidentified members of her own family but also claimed that she herself had been replaced by a double.
Social Bonds in the Epidemiology of Neurosis: A Preliminary Communication
Authors: Henderson Scott , Byrne D. G. , Duncan-Jones P. , Adcock Sylvia , Scott Ruth , Steele G. P. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn a random sample of the general population (N = 142) a strong inverse relationship was found between social bonds and the presence of neurotic symptoms. This association was strongest in the case of close affectional ties. Together, measures of social bonds accounted for 47 per cent of the variance in neurotic symptoms. While there is likely to be contamination between the two sets of variables, and while the data do not indicate the direction of causality, these findings constitute an aetiological lead which should be pursued.
Depression and Hemispheric Functions: Changes Associated with Unilateral ECT
Authors: Kronfol Ziad , Hamsher K. Des , Digre Kathleen , Waziri Rafiq 
Published: August 2008

SummaryNine depressed patients received ECT to the dominant (left) side along with nine matched depressed patients who received ECT to the non-dominant (right) side. Neuropsychological tests showed that the right hemispheric functions were more frequently abnormal as compared to left hemispheric (dominant) functions in the pre-ECT tests. ECTs delivered to either the right or left side improved right hemispheric functions when the depression was ameliorated. This study indicates that in depression right hemispheric functions are initially disturbed and ECT, instead of being deleterious to these functions, tends to improve them.
The Usefulness of First-Rank Symptoms in the Diagnosis of Schizophrenia in a Saudi Arabian Population
Authors: Zarrouk El-Tayeb A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryNinety-two schizophrenic patients of both sexes admitted to hospital at Taif, Saudi Arabia were examined to discover the incidence of Schneider's first-rank symptoms and their usefulness in diagnosing schizophrenia in this country. Fifty-two patients (56.5 per cent) were found to have these symptoms, most frequently ‘made’ phenomena and ‘somatic passivity’. The role of possible socio-cultural factors and the need for serious studies on transcultural psychiatry are discussed.
Feigned Bereavement: Twelve Cases
Authors: Snowdon John , Solomons Richard , Druce Howard 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTwelve patients who feigned bereavement are described. Most appeared depressed on admission, and in over half bereavement was erroneously believed by staff to be an important cause of their depression. This type of behaviour, leading to admission to hospital, may be regarded as abnormal illness behaviour, and reasons are given for considering most of the cases as variants of the Münchausen syndrome. Motivation for these deceptions is discussed, and reference is made to features which might arouse suspicion that bereavement is feigned.
Continuation Therapy with Amitriptyline in Depression
Authors: Coppen A. , Ghose K. , Montgomery S. , Rama Rao V. A. , Bailey J. , Jorgensen A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThirty-two patients who had responded to amitriptyline (150 mg daily) when suffering from a depressive illness were allocated either to receive placebo or to remain on the same medication for one year.Plasma concentrations of the drug were regularly estimated. There was no correlation between plasma concentration and subsequent residual affective morbidity. In spite of considerable encouragement, three of the patients did not take the prescribed amitriptyline and they all relapsed. Five out of sixteen patients who received placebo relapsed. None of the patients who continued to take amitriptyline relapsed.It is emphasized that the patients studied were selected, inasmuch as they were apparent responders to amitriptyline. It is concluded that this group of patients should continue to be treated with antidepressant medication for eight months after apparent recovery, and care should be taken to ensure the patients' compliance.
Suicide in Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Myers D. H. , Neal C. D. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe study relates to suicides occurring in Shropshire during 1965 to 1973 inclusive. Psychiatric patients who had committed suicide were compared with others, matched by sex and age who had not done so. The suicide group included a higher proportion of members who had behaved violently, experienced a broken marriage (through death, separation or divorce) or earlier had deliberately harmed themselves, often by dangerous means. Of the psychiatric patients who committed suicide 63 per cent had seen a doctor within a month beforehand, yet very few were receiving adequate physical treatment for depressive illness at the time of their death. Immigrants from eastern Europe were found to be particularly prone to suicide.
Ancestral Secondary Cases on Paternal and Maternal Sides in Bipolar Affective Illness
Authors: Johnson G. F. S. , Leeman M. M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryAn analysis of the distribution of ancestral secondary cases of affective illness in families of patients with bipolar manic-depressive disorder was undertaken. Twenty probands with at least two affectively ill second degree relatives were available for study. Probands with both parents affected were excluded. The distribution of unilateral to bilateral pairs of all affected relatives, both excluding and including parents, of probands showed no significant differences from that expected in polygenic inheritance. However, separation into bipolar family history, positive or negative, showed significant differences from the expected ratio of unilateral to bilateral pairs in a bipolar family history positive group consistent with a single dominant gene inheritance.
Two Clinically Discrete Syndromes of Transsexualism
Authors: Buhrich N. , McConaghy N. 
Published: August 2008

Transsexuals are defined as subjects who have a sustained feminine gender identity combined with a wish to alter their bodily appearance towards the feminine. The results of this study indicate that they can be differentiated into two clinically discrete groups.In an investigation of 29 transsexuals who sought a change of sex operation it was found that those who had experienced fetishistic arousal were significantly more likely to be older, to have experienced heterosexual intercourse, to be married and to show penile responses to pictures of men and women indicative of a more heterosexual orientation. They had less experience of homosexual contact to orgasm as compared with transsexuals who had not experienced fetishistic arousal, but this difference was not statistically significant. Frequency of cross-dressing, strength of feminine gender identity and intensity of desire for a sex change operation did not discriminate the two groups. The fact that desire for a sex change operation may be associated with experience of fetishistic arousal could be one reason for the higher incidence of transsexualism in men than in women.
Two Transsexuals with 47–XYY Karyotype
Authors: Buhrich Neil , Barr Ron , Lam-Po-Tang P. R. L. C. 
Published: August 2008

Summary—Previous reports of sexual orientation and gender identity in subjects with XYY karyotype are reviewed. Two patients seeking a change of sex operation and found to have an XYY karyotype are described. It is argued that an XYY karyotype may predispose to a disturbed gender identity and possibly to the development of the transsexual syndrome.
Evaluation of a Social Work Service for Self-Poisoning Patients
Authors: Gibbons J. S. , Butler J. , Urwin P. , Gibbons J. L. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryFour hundred patients aged at least 17 who came to Casualty in one year after deliberately poisoning themselves were randomly assigned between an Experimental social work service (task-centred casework) and a Control (Routine) follow-up service. 139 patients were excluded from the trial, most of whom were already in continuing psychiatric treatment. After one year there was no difference in the proportions of E and C patients who repeated self-poisoning (about 14 per cent), but significantly more of the excluded group had repeated (36 per cent). A random half of the trial patients were re-interviewed four months after admission. Both E and C groups had improved to a significant extent on measures of depressed mood and of social problems. E patients showed more change in social problems and were more satisfied with the service they had received.
Age Disorientation in Schizophrenia: A Constant Prevalence of 25 per cent in a Chronic Mental Hospital Population?
Authors: Stevens M. , Crow T. J. , Bowman M. J. , Coles E. C. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe prevalence of age disorientation was estimated in the population of patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia in a large mental hospital. Of these 357 patients 25 per cent demonstrated age disorientation, defined as a five-year discrepancy between true and subjective age, and 11 per cent of the population believed themselves to be within five years of the age they were at admission, although they were a mean 28.9 years older. Age-disorientated patients differed from the age-orientated in being significantly older. However, when age-matched, they were younger at first admission and had a longer duration of stay than patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia without age-disorientation. Age-disorientation may thus be a feature of a type of schizophrenic illness of early onset and poor prognosis.
Trials of Lithium, Chlorpromazine and Amitriptyline in Schizoaffective Patients
Authors: Brockington I. F. , Kendell R. E. , Kellett J. M. , Curry S. H. , Wainwright S. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTwo drug trials in schizoaffective patients are reported. Nineteen ‘schizomanic’ patients were treated for one month, on a double blind basis, with chlorpromazine or lithium and 41 ‘schizodepressive’ patients with amitriptyline, chlorpromazine or both.In the schizodepressive patients there was a trend to a better response to chlorpromazine, but drug response generally was poor, only 20 per cent of patients recovering within the month. In the schizomanic patients lithium seemed as effective as chlorpromazine, which supports the view that these patients were suffering from a variant of mania.
Symptom Patterns among Chronic Schizophrenic In-patients
Authors: Bedford A. , Presly A. S. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe Delusions-Symptoms-States Inventory (DSSI) was administered to 33 chronic non-paranoid schizophrenic patients resident on long-stay wards. It was found that the vast majority of cases (81 per cent) produced symptom patterns conforming to the hierarchy of classes of personal illness model, but with a radically different distribution among the classes from that in acutely ill patients. Within the model a half of the patients were allotted to the two lowest classes—Class 0 (Symptom-free) and Class 1 (Dysthymic States). When each set of items was considered separately and independently of the model, it was found that a half of the group professed to have recently experienced delusions. Affective states and depressive symptoms were reported by over a third of the patients.
The Benzodiazepine Receptor in Normal and Pathological Human Brain
Authors: Möhler H. , Okada T. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryBenzodiazepines bind with high affinity to a specific benzodiazepine receptor, which occurs exclusively in the central nervous system. The affinity of various benzodiazepines to the receptor closely parallels their pharmacological and therapeutic potency. Binding to the receptor is stereospecific. The receptor is mainly localized in the synaptic membrane fraction and has its highest density in cortical areas of the brain. In Huntington's chorea a decrease in benzodiazepine receptor binding is found in caudate nucleus and putamen, which, at least in putamen, is due to a loss of benzodiazepine receptors apparently located on GABA neurones, which degenerate in Huntington's chorea. The loss of benzodiazepine receptors might explain why the ameliorative effects of benzodiazepines in the early stages of the disease are not sustained in the later stages.