bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Systematic Study of Wetting as Influenced by Hydrocarbon Fluid Type
Authors: Frisch PD , Kuo KK 
Published: April 2008

Hydrocarbon fluids and oils are commonly used as adjuvants to improve the wetting and spreading properties of a pesticide formulation. An improvement in wetting leads to an increase in the area of contact of a pesticide on a target and usually, although there are exceptions, translates to an increase in efficacy. Target coverage (area per drop) is controlled by a variety of physical and chemical properties of the fluid or oil; these include surface tension, viscosity, and specific gravity. In this study, the influence of these physical factors as well as the composition of the hydrocarbon fluids on the wetting of Sorghum halepense (johnsongrass) and other model substrates has been investigated.
The wetting properties, as measured by contact angle, of four different series of hydrocarbon fluids (normal paraffins, isoparaffins, mixed aliphatics containing iso-, cyclo- and normal paraffins, and aromatics) have been systematically examined on a variety of surfaces (johnsongrass, extracted johnsongrass wax, paraffin wax, Parafilm® and wax paper). It has been shown that hydrocarbon fluids are very good wetters (θ&lt; 30°) of these substrates. Attempts to correlate contact angle measurements with the physical properties of hydrocarbon fluids were unsuccessful until the compositions of the fluids were considered. When the type of hydrocarbon fluid is taken into account, very good correlations are achieved for normal paraffinic, isoparaffinic and aromatic fluids. Mixed aliphatic fluids, as expected, show poorer correlations.
Physical Properties of Alkylene Carbonate Solvents and Their Use in Agricultural Formulations
Authors: Elsik CM , Stridde HM , Machac JR 
Published: April 2008

Alkylene carbonates are a solvent chemistry that has been used in application areas outside of agriculture for over fifty years. They are environmentally friendly, biodegradable, have low Volatile Organic Content (VOC), and are powerful solvents. Blending products with different molecular weights is a technique that can be used to control the polarity of the overall solvent system.
Alkylene carbonates are currently being evaluated as solvents and co-solvents in gricultural formulations. They can add to the effectiveness of pesticide formulations and adjuvants due to their high solvency and low VOC. These are just some of the characteristics of alkylene carbonates that can combine to produce better penetration and sticking of the active ingredient. Higher molecular weight carbonates can be incorporated into formulations to improve rain-fastness and solubility of all formulation components.
In this work we provide background information on alkylene carbonates and present heir physical chemistry. We then present phytotoxicity characteristics and the results of an adjuvancy study with glyphosate. We then provide example formulations that contain alkylene carbonates as part of the solvent system. These formulations include both emulsifiable concentrates (EC) and a microemulsifiable concentrate (MEC).
Understanding the Performance Characteristics of Air Inclusion Nozzle Technology
Authors: Hall KJ 
Published: April 2008

Commercial air inclusion and standard flat fan nozzles were used to examine some solutions containing either blank formulation components or adjuvants. Droplet-size (Dv0.5) measurements and corresponding retention and field studies were made.In-flight temporal sampling revealed that the physico-chemical properties of the spray solution had a substantial effect on the Dv0.5 values produced by both standard flat fan and air inclusion nozzles. Applications containing adjuvants and formulants applied through standard fan nozzles confirmed previous findings: water-soluble additives reduced Dv0.5 while emulsions increased Dv0.5 values compared with water alone. However, Dv0.5 values of corresponding sprays produced by air inclusion nozzles behaved differently. Generally, emulsions decreased Dv0.5 values while those containing water-soluble additives increased droplet size. Corresponding retention studies revealed that adjuvant inclusion enhanced the performance of standard fan sprays; the performance of air-included sprays was more variable.Nevertheless, field trials failed to confirm that these differences significantly affected herbicide performance.
Application of Abscission Sprays for Mechanical Harvesting of Hamlin Orange
Authors: Salyani M , Whitney JD , Farooq M 
Published: April 2008

The success of technologies for mechanical harvesting of Florida citrus, in part, depends on the efficacy of abscission sprays that are applied to reduce fruit detachment force. The objective of this research was to determine the effects of sprayer type, sprayer airflow rate, and spray volume rate on deposition and abscission efficacy of CMN-Pyrazole, in mechanical harvesting of oranges.
Two experiments were conducted in February 2001, using air-blast and air-curtain tower sprayers. The sprayers were equipped with an axial-flow fan/ hydraulic nozzles and cross-flow fans/ rotary atomizers, respectively. Both sprayers discharged the spray uniformly, along the sprayer tower height, to 5.5–6.5 m high ‘Hamlin’ orange trees. Spray mixtures, containing CMN-Pyrazole, adjuvant Kinetic, and a fluorescent tracer (Pyranine 10G), were applied at 1,170 and 2,340 L/ha. Leaf samples were collected from different canopy locations and spray deposition was quantified by fluorometry. Four days after the applications, fruit detachment force was measured at different canopy heights and dropped fruit was counted. The trees were shaken with a trunk shaker and percentage of fruit removal was determined. Spray deposition and the relationship between deposition and mechanical harvesting parameters were determined for different modes of spray application.
The Influence of In Vitro Testing Method on Measured Intervertebral Disc Characteristics
Authors: Huber G , Linke B , Morlock MM , Ito K 
Published: April 2008

Time-dependent behavior of functional spinal units, especially the anterior column, may interact with experimental methods when measuring their mechanical properties. Since they are tested using different load cycles, the comparison of results is difficult. The goal of this study was to determine the response of anterior column spinal units (body-disc-body units) to load cycles varying in waveform and cycle duration using an experimentally based mathematical model.
Specimen specific transfer function models were formulated for seven ovine lumbar anterior column units by fitting high order exponential functions to axial stress-relaxation measurements. Using axial load cycles with different waveforms and cycle durations, nine simulations in the time domain with each transfer function model were performed. For each simulation, the neutral zone, peak to peak, and hysteresis were evaluated.
The neutral zone and hysteresis were significantly dependent on the waveform of the load cycle. The differences of peak to peak for sinusoidal and triangular waveforms were low. All these characteristics were significantly dependent on the cycle duration. For example, comparison of 1 s to 20 s cycle durations exhibited neutral zone and hysteresis differences of 61–69% and 100%, respectively. Consequently, loading protocols should be chosen carefully and should be clearly reported.
Testing of Human Cadaveric Functional Spinal Units to the ASTM Draft Standard, “Standard Test Methods for Static and Dynamic Characterization of Spinal Artificial Discs”
Authors: Spenciner DB , Paiva JA , Crisco JJ 
Published: April 2008

The development of replacement intervertebral discs has recently received significant attention in the new product arena. Presently, ASTM International is considering a standard for the evaluation of artificial discs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate human functional spinal units (FSUs) and intervertebral discs using the methods and equipment in the proposed standard and then to compare the results with existing literature.
FSUs and intervertebral discs were tested in axial rotation, anterior and posterior compressive shear, and axial compression. The stiffness values of the intervertebral discs were 1.8 ± 1.1 N. m/° in axial rotation, 368.2 ± 98.6 N/mm in anterior compressive shear, 483.5 ± 62.9 N/mm in posterior compressive shear, and 1287.5 ± 271.3 N/mm in axial compression. These results are reasonable in comparison with the existing literature but there are notable differences. We conclude that the mechanical properties of the intervertebral disc are not sufficiently defined and further testing is warranted.
X 15 T.N™ : A new Martensitic Stainless Steel for Surgical Instruments
Authors: Perot N , Moraux JY , Dichtel JP , Boucher B 
Published: April 2008

The edge retention and wear resistance of steels are dependant upon hardness nd structure. Until now, two main principles have been adopted to increase the hardness of martensitic stainless steels: 1.Either through the introduction of a structural hardening mechanism into low carbon martensitic grades such as, AISI 630 and XM 16, 2.Or by increasing the carbon content of the martensite and subsequently strengthening it through the presence of primary carbides.
The first option has not allowed to date, the mass production of steels with hardness levels greater than 52/54 HRC. Furthermore, the absence of carbides deleteriously affects cutting quality. The second option has two distinct disadvantages directly linked to the presence of large carbides, which render the steel brittle and reduce corrosion resistance, through chromium depletion of the matrix in the immediate vicinity of the carbides. In X 15 T.N™, (UNS S 42025) nitrogen is used as a partial substitute for carbon, causing hardening by interstitial insertion as well as by the formation of fine nitrides and carbonitrides. In this way, a hardness level (58/60 HRC) is obtained equivalent to a high carbon martensitic steel without chromium depletion, thereby giving a substantial improvement in corrosion resistance, i.e. equivalent or superior to AISI 630 and XM 16.
Fatigue of Small Bone Fragment Fixation Plates Made from Low-Nickel Steel
Authors: Eschbach L , Bigolin G , Hirsiger W , Gasser B 
Published: April 2008

Today's implant quality stainless steels contain up to 16 wt% nickel although nickel ions are the most widespread skin contact allergens. Previously sensitized persons may develop allergic reactions when nickel is released from stainless steel medical implants. New low-nickel stainless steels combine the benefits of excellent mechanical properties with virtual absence of nickel.
Miniature bone plates and corresponding 2.0 mm screws for the fixation of small bone fragments were produced of a low-nickel stainless steel. The implants were tested in a static reverse-bending setup and under dynamic conditions, and compared to commercially pure (CP) titanium and standard 316L implant steel counterparts. The low-nickel plate could withstand over 200 cycles of bending, whereas the titanium plate broke at 26 cycles. This confirms the higher tolerance of the low-nickel plate to multiple contouring during surgery.
Nevertheless, high cycle fatigue tests under physiologic conditions showed that the low-nickel steel plates exhibit lower resistance to cyclic loads than titanium and 316L plates. SEM investigations of the fatigue fractures confirmed that the cracks preferentially propagate along grain boundaries leading to intergranular fracture of the low-nickel steel. It is suggested that the intergranular crack initiation facilitates the early failure under high cycle fatigue conditions, whereas plastic bending properties are not affected. The tendency to intergranular crack initiation in the low-nickel steel could stem from surface deformation (work hardening) introduced during machining and related embrittlement in the surface zone.
The Cemented MS-30 Steim in Total Hip Replacement, Matte versus Polished Surface: Minimum of Five Years of Clinical and Radiographic Results of a Prospective Study
Authors: Berli B , Elke R , Morscher EW 
Published: April 2008

The MS-30 femoral stem is a three-dimensionally tapered, collarless implant for cement fixation in THR, manufactured from an FeCrNiMnMoNb-alloy with either a matte or polished surface. One hundred twenty-seven MS-30 stems with matte surface and 128 stems with polished surface, respectively, were implanted in an alternated manner.
The mean observation period was 5.6 years. No patients were lost to the followup. In both groups 88 patients with 108 stems were included in the clinical and radiographic follow-up examinations. Only one stem with a matte surface was revised for aseptic loosening. There was no death related to surgery and no infection.
Conclusion: Both, the clinical and radiographic evaluation (radiolucencies, osteolyses and subsidence) did not show any statistically significant difference between the two groups.
The main reason for the equally excellent performance of both the matte and the polished version of the MS-30 stem may be the design of the centralizer which resists both debonding of the stem, and subsequent subsidence as a precondition for fretting in the metal/cement interface.
Clinical relevance: Since, on the one hand, debonding of the stem/cement interface cannot entirely be excluded, we recommend the discontinuation of tapered stems with a matte surface — especially if they do not have a centralizer which resists the stem to subside.
Evaluation of the Potential Impact of Water and Sediment from National Wildlife Refuge Sites Using a Modified Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay- Xenopus (FETAX)
Authors: Turley SD , Eaton-Poole L , Pinkney AE , Osborn MA , Burton DT 
Published: April 2008

Over the past five years, comprehensive annual surveys by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) personnel have identified sites with a high prevalence of abnormal native amphibians. A number of these sites are located within National Wildlife Refuges (NWR) in the Northeast. In conjunction with the field surveys, prolonged (140-d) FETAX assays were performed with sediment and surface water samples from three potentially affected NWR sites: 1) Ferry Way Beaver Pond, Great Bay NWR, Newington, New Hampshire, 2) Brown Street Impoundment, Rachel Carson NWR, Wells, Maine and 3) Black Creek (Trails Site), Missisquoi NWR, Swanton, Vermont. Endpoints used to assess the effects of site sediment and surface water exposure on Xenopus development included survival, ability to complete metamorphosis, time to complete and size at metamorphosis, and frequency of malformations.
Exposure to Rachel Carson sediment and surface water had no significant (p &gt; 0.05) detrimental effects on Xenopus (X. laevis) development, relative to control exposures. Exposure to Great Bay water and sediment caused a significant (p ≤ 0.05) reduction in Xenopus embryo survival, and significantly inhibited and delayed development and metamorphosis. Exposure to Missisquoi water, and sediment exposures with overlying Missisquoi water caused significant (p ≤ 0.05) embryo mortality and significantly inhibited metamorphosis in Xenopus embryos. There were no severe malformations observed in metamorphs from any of the NWR site exposures. Slight to moderate malformations were observed in embryos/tadpoles that died in the Great Bay and Missisquoi exposures.
Detectable concentrations of pesticides were measured in the Great Bay and Missisquoi sediment samples. The presence of pesticides, and low concentrations of essential ions in site water may have contributed to the adverse developmental effects observed in Xenopus in the Great Bay and Missisquoi exposures.
New and Improved Techniques for Microemulsifying Modified Seed Oils and Pesticides
Authors: Anderson TH , Abribat B , Barker P 
Published: April 2008

Microemulsions are isotropic, thermodynamically stable systems consisting of surfactant, oil and water, and as necessary, additives such as alcohol or electrolytes. They are often obtained with emulsifier systems based on alkoxylated non-ionic surfactants in a certain limited temperature range. These classical microemulsions (ME) have served the pesticide industry with ready to use products for a number of years. The fine droplet size (typically 100 nm) of these emulsions enables clear, transparent products with a long shelf life.
The authors present a novel surfactant system that replaces traditional ethoxylated emulsifiers used in ME formulas. This system, based on one emulsifier, alkyl polyglycoside (consisting of a hydrophilic saccharide moiety and a long hydrophobic alkyl chain), and one co-emulsifier, glycerol monooleate, forms a transparent microemulsion. These microemulsions remain stable over a broad range of temperatures and follow the desirable trend of very low environmental impact. In this study, the systematic investigation of the phase behavior of this specific selected system is discussed for both modified seed oil formulas as well as formulas containing pesticides.
A Wind Tunnel Investigation of Airborne Liquid Particle Behavior: Adjuvant Effects on Deposition
Authors: Downer RA , Hacker JK , Hall FR 
Published: April 2008

Application techniques, spray adjuvants, buffer zones, and windbreaks are all important tools for management of spray drift. However, a wide variety of vegetative types may be used for both buffer zones and windbreaks and therefore it is expected that these might capture the driftable fraction of the spray cloud differently depending on the physical properties of the spray mixture being utilized.
The studies described here set out to evaluate the influence of adjuvants on the capture efficiency of various weed species and plant densities that might be found in buffer zones. Data were generated in a wind tunnel constructed at the Laboratory for Pest Control Application Technology (LPCAT). Water sensitive papers and passive dosimetry were utilized to assess droplet interception and capture respectively. Spray clouds were generated using either a TeeJet® XR8001VS hydraulic fan nozzle or a Micron Ulva +® spinning disc sprayer placed at the opening of the tunnel. Water, an hydroxy-propyl guar (HPG polymer), two crop oil concentrates, a non-ionic surfactant, and an invert suspension were utilized to impart different physicochemical characteristics to the spray cloud. Two mL/L of Rhodamine WT were added to each mixture for fluorimetry work. Three plant species were utilized, barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli), velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti), and smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus). Each treatment was replicated five times.
The results showed that for barnyard grass, collection efficiency was different for the polymer compared to the other treatments. These results have implications for the vegetative composition of buffer zones and for drift risk assessment as applied to different crops.
Efficacy of Apogee® (prohexadione calcium) on McIntosh Apple Comparing Two Pesticide Application Technologies, a Disc-Core Type Hollow Cone Nozzle and Air Induction Nozzle
Authors: Osborne JL , Landers AJ , Schupp JR 
Published: April 2008

Fruit and vegetable growers and landscapers alike are recently being pressured by neighbors and legislators to reduce drift on their orchards, vineyards, and other horticultural operations. Pesticide costs continue to rise and growers need to improve application methods if they are to minimize costs to remain competitive and avoid prosecution under increasing environmental legislation. (Landers, 2002) Spray application technology research is necessary to improve spray deposition as well as reduce drift. Recent research suggests AI nozzles can reduce drift. Air inclusion nozzles produce droplets with a size or volume median diameter (VMD) of 450 μm. Cone nozzles on average have a VMD of 220 μm. Thus, AI nozzles by nature are less susceptible to drift. (Balsari, 2001)
However, biological efficacy trials are needed to understand if new delivery methods (i.e. AI nozzles) are suitable alternatives to conventional application technologies. while the potential for drift reduction using AI nozzles has been well researched, few trials have evaluated orchard air-blast AI nozzle pesticide efficacy, and fewer have studied plant growth regulator (PGR) efficacy under these regimes. Most recently, Cross et al. (2002) in England looked at the efficacy of fungicides and insecticides using three spray drift-reducing methods in orchards, where AI nozzles were one of the treatments. The British researchers found no consistent, statistically significant differences in the biological efficacy of the drift reducing treatments evaluated, as compared to conventional hollow cone nozzles. All treatments gave equal control of disease pests such as apple scab and powdery mildew, and insect pests like rosy apple aphid. Although the efficacy results of AI nozzles appear promising, more research is warranted.
The objective of the trial was to evaluate the biological efficacy of Prohexadine Calcium, (P-Ca, Apogee®, BASF Corp., Research Triangle Park, NC) a new plant growth regulator, on McIntosh apple, comparing two types of pesticide delivery systems: conventional hollow cone nozzle, and air-induction (AI) nozzles.
The Effect of Void Swelling on Electrical Resistance and Elastic Moduli in Austenitic Steels
Authors: Kozlov AV , Scherbakov EN , Averin SA , Garner FA 
Published: April 2008

Measurements are presented of electrical resistance and elastic moduli (Young's modulus and shear modulus) of stabilized austenitic fuel pin cladding after irradiation in the BN-600 reactor. Additional data are presented on changes in electrical resistivity of another austenitic steel irradiated in the BN-350. The elastic moduli of both steels are reduced and the electrical resistance is increased as the neutron dose and resultant swelling increase.
Dependencies of these changes in physical properties on neutron irradiation dose, temperature, and swelling level are plotted and it is shown that to the first order, the property changes are dependent on the swelling level, in agreement with earlier U.S. and Russian data. It is also observed, however, that changes in electrical resistance and elastic moduli frequently differ slightly for specimens with equal swelling, but which were obtained at different combinations of temperature and dose. These second-order differences appear to arise from contributions of other radiation-induced structural changes, especially in precipitation, which depends strongly on irradiation temperature in these stabilized steels.
Master Curve of Irradiated JRQ Material
Authors: Serrano M , Perosanz FJ , Lapeña J 
Published: April 2008

One of the key issues concerning the structural integrity of a reactor pressure vessel (RPV) is the effect of neutron irradiation on fracture toughness. To assure the structural integrity of the RPV it is necessary to adjust the pressure-temperature operational limits. These limits depend on the fracture toughness of the RPV material, which is affected by the neutron irradiation.
The purpose of the material surveillance program, as established in ASTM E185, is to monitor changes in the fracture toughness properties of ferritic materials in the RPV. Under the surveillance program, Charpy-V notch specimens included in surveillance capsules are tested and the shift in impact energy due to irradiation is calculated. Due to the lack of standard fracture toughness specimens in the surveillance capsules, most of the codes assume that fracture toughness shift due to irradiation is the same as the Charpy-V notch shift. This correlation requires high conservative margins to reduce the uncertainty of the method. To avoid these uncertainties, several approaches have been developed during the last several years. One of the most innovative is the Master Curve approach developed by VTT, which has been adopted as a testing standard by ASTM.
In this paper, Master Curves are determined for IAEA reference material JRQ non-irradiated and irradiated on a commercial Nuclear Power Plant. Determination of the To reference temperature is done following single and multi-temperature techniques. Specimens used are pre-cracked Charpy and 1/2TCT type.