bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gene C atchr—Gene Cloning And Tagging for Caenorhabditis elegans using yeast Homologous Recombination: a novel approach for the analysis of gene expression
Authors: Sassi Holly E. , Renihan Stephanie , Spence Andrew M. , Cooperstock Ramona L. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Expression patterns of gene products provide important insights into gene function. Reporter constructs are frequently used to analyze gene expression in Caenorhabditis elegans, but the sequence context of a given gene is inevitably altered in such constructs. As a result, these transgenes may lack regulatory elements required for proper gene expression. We developed Gene Catchr, a novel method of generating reporter constructs that exploits yeast homologous recombination (YHR) to subclone and tag worm genes while preserving their local sequence context. YHR facilitates the cloning of large genomic regions, allowing the isolation of regulatory sequences in promoters, introns, untranslated regions and flanking DNA. The endogenous regulatory context of a given gene is thus preserved, producing expression patterns that are as accurate as possible. Gene Catchr is flexible: any tag can be inserted at any position without introducing extra sequence. Each step is simple and can be adapted to process multiple genes in parallel. We show that expression patterns derived from Gene Catchr transgenes are consistent with previous reports and also describe novel expression data. Mutant rescue assays demonstrate that Gene Catchr-generated transgenes are functional. Our results validate the use of Gene Catchr as a valuable tool to study spatiotemporal gene expression.
Colonic Chicken‐Skin Mucosa in Children with Polyps is not a Preneoplastic Lesion
Authors: Nowicki Michael J , Bishop Phyllis R , Subramony Charu , Wyatt‐Ashmead Josephine , May Warren , Crawford Maxine 
Published: October 2005

ABSTRACTColonic polyps are common both in adults and children; however, the malignant potential varies according to the type of polyp. Most childhood polyps are solitary juvenile polyps, which have negligible malignant potential. Chicken‐skin mucosa (CSM) is an endoscopic finding initially described associated with adenomatous polyps and adenocarcinoma, suggesting a preneoplastic lesion. Subsequently, CSM was described in association with juvenile polyps, suggesting that this mucosal finding is not a precursor to dysplasia. To determine whether CSM represents a preneoplastic lesion, we studied endoscopic colonic mucosal biopsies for markers of cell replication (Ki‐67) and malignant transformation (p53) in mucosal biopsies of CSM, normal colonic tissue, tubular adenomas, and adenocarcinomas. Samples were subjected to immunostaining for the presence of Ki‐67 and p53. The degree of Ki‐67‐positive staining cells was similar for CSM and normal colonic tissue, whereas there was significantly increased staining for both tubular adenomas and adenocarcinomas. There was no evidence of p53 staining in CSM and normal colonic mucosa, whereas there was varying degrees of staining in tubular adenomas and adenocarcinomas. The association of CSM with benign juvenile polyps and the absence of histologic markers for increased replication and malignant transformation support the notion that this endoscopic finding is not preneoplastic. Rather, CSM arises in proximity to polyps of all histologic types because of local mucosal damage.
Clinical Features of Pathologic Childhood Aerophagia: Early Recognition and Essential Diagnostic Criteria
Authors: Hwang Jin‐Bok , Choi Won Joung , Kim Jun Sik , Lee Sang Yun , Jung Chul‐Ho , Lee Young Hwan , Kam Sin 
Published: October 2005

ABSTRACTObjective:This study investigated the early recognition and diagnosis of pathologic childhood aerophagia to avoid unnecessary diagnostic approaches and serious complications.Methods:Between 1995 and 2003, data from 42 consecutive patients with pathologic childhood aerophagia, aged 2 to 16 years, were reviewed. An esophageal air sign was defined as an abnormal air shadow on the proximal esophagus adjacent to the trachea on a full‐inflated chest radiograph.Results:Of the 42 patients, the chief complaints were abdominal distention (52.4%), recurrent abdominal pain syndrome (21.4%), chronic diarrhea (11.9%), acute abdominal pain (7.1%) and others (7.2%). Mean symptom duration before diagnosis was 10.6 months (range, 1 to 60 months), and it exceeded 12 months for 16 (38.1%) patients. The clinical features common to all patients were abdominal distention that increased progressively during the day, increased flatus on sleep, increased bowel sound on auscultation and an air‐distended stomach with increased gas in the small and large bowel by radiography. Visible or audible air swallowing (26.2%) and repetitive belching (9.5%) were also noted. Esophageal air sign was observed in 76.2% of the patients and in 9.7% of the controls (P = 0.0001). The subgroups of pathologic childhood aerophagia divided by underlying associations were pathologic childhood aerophagia without severe mental retardation (76.2%), which consisted of psychological stresses and uncertain condition, and pathologic childhood aerophagia with severe mental retardation (23.8%).Conclusions:The common manifestations of pathologic childhood aerophagia may be its essential diagnostic criteria, and esophageal air sign may be useful for the early recognition of pathologic childhood aerophagia. Our observations show that the diagnostic clinical profiles suggested by Rome II criteria should be detailed and made clearer if they are to serve as diagnostic criteria for pathologic childhood aerophagia.
Does Increased Duration of Exclusive Breastfeeding Protect Against Helicobacter pylori Infection? The Newcastle Thousand Families Cohort Study at Age 49‐51 Years
Authors: Pearce Mark S , Thomas Julian E , Campbell David I , Parker Louise 
Published: October 2005

ABSTRACTObjective:Helicobacter pylori acquired in childhood is an important risk factor for gastric carcinoma. Once colonization is established, infection may be carried for life. This study used prospectively recorded, detailed information on infant feeding and investigated the potential link between duration of exclusive breastfeeding in infancy and seropositivity at age 50 years, as measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.Methods:H. pylori seropositivity at age 50 years was investigated among 407 individuals born in Newcastle in May and June 1947 and related to the duration of exclusive breastfeeding after adjusting for measures of socioeconomic status and adverse housing conditions at birth.Results:Duration of exclusive breastfeeding in infancy was significantly associated with H. pylori seropositivity (odds ratio per 30 days, 0.88; 95% confidence interval, 0.78 to 0.98). The significant protective trend was only seen among men (odds ratio per 30 days, 0.78; 95% confidence interval, 0.65 to 0.95), with no significant effect seen among women.Conclusion:Increased duration of exclusive breastfeeding in infancy may have a long‐term protective effect against chronic H. pylori infection and hence the risk of gastric carcinoma. Although further research is required, particularly as to why a significant effect was only seen among men, the results provide additional support for the concept that breastfeeding may have long‐term influences on health and that human milk is the ideal complete first diet for human infants.
Widespread Use of Soy‐Based Formula Without Clinical Indications
Authors: Berger‐Achituv Sivan , Shohat Tamar , Romano‐Zelekha Orly , Ophir Einat , Rachmani Sarit , Malovizky Drora , Garty Ben‐Zion 
Published: October 2005

ABSTRACTObjectives:In view of reports of the growing popularity of soy‐based formula for infants, we examined soy consumption and its possible overuse during early infancy in central Israel.Methods:Mothers of 1803 infants aged 2, 4, 6 and 12 months attending well‐baby clinics participated in a telephone survey covering background data, rate, duration, and pattern of soy‐based formula use and the reasons for its initiation. The reasons were grouped into those based on the recommendations of the medical personnel and those based on mothers' initiative, and evaluated according to infants' age at soy‐based formula initiation (0 to 1, 2 to 4 and 5 to 12 months). The symptoms that prompted soy‐based formula use were assessed quantitatively.Results:The rate of soy‐based formula use was 10.4% at 2 months and 31.5% at 12 months (P < 0.001); 70.6% ± 2.7% of the infants were given soy for >6 months. Regardless of infants' age, the role of the mothers in the decision to use soy‐based formula was greater than that of the medical personnel, and increased significantly with age (χ2 for trend = 0.018). A suspicion of cow's milk allergy was responsible for only 10.9% (7/64) of all soy initiations in infants aged 5 to 12 months. In all ages, occasional symptoms, mainly diarrhea (33.3%) and colic (19.8%), were the leading cause for recommending soy‐based formula by medical personnel, whereas the personal preference without clinical justification was the leading cause among mothers.Conclusions:The use of soy‐based formula in central Israel is extensive and continues for long periods, with rates far beyond clinical indications. Mothers play a greater role than medical personnel in the decision to initiate soy‐based formula.
Serum Ghrelin Concentration and Weight Gain in Healthy Term Infants in the First Year of Life
Authors: Savino F , Liguori S A , Fissore M F , Oggero R , Silvestro L , Miniero R 
Published: October 2005

ABSTRACTObjectives:Ghrelin, a recently discovered hormone mainly secreted by the stomach, has several metabolic functions including regulation of food intake, energy homeostasis and body weight. There are few studies on this hormone in healthy infants during the first year of life. The aim of this study was to examine the correlations between ghrelin and weight gain in healthy term infants in the first year of life.Methods:104 healthy term infants aged 0 to 12 months were included in a cross‐sectional study. Anthropometric measurements were assessed and mean weight gain was calculated. Serum ghrelin concentrations have been determined at least 3 hours after feeding by radioimmunoassay test.Results:Ghrelin concentrations were correlated negatively to weight gain (r = −0.302; P = 0.003) and positively to age (r = 0.412; P < 0.001), weight (r = 0.374; P < 0.001) and length (r = 0.387; P < 0.001). In breastfed infants a statistically significant negative correlation between ghrelin concentration and infant weight gain (r = −0.407; P = 0.001) was observed, whereas in formula‐fed infants this correlation was not statistically significant (r = −0.067; P = 0.719).Conclusions:The negative correlation observed between ghrelin concentration and infant weight gain suggests that ghrelin might also play a role in the regulation of body weight in healthy infants with a physiologic energy balance. Further studies are needed to clarify how ghrelin might be involved in both short‐term and long‐term energy balance.
The Effect of Ribavirin on Bone Density in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Treated with Interferon‐Ribavirin Therapy
Authors: Urganci Nafiye , Gulec Seda Geylani , Arapoglu Mujde , Vural Sema , Nuhoğ Asiye 
Published: October 2005

ABSTRACTObjective:The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of ribavirin on bone mineral metabolism in patients with chronic hepatitis C who had been treated with interferon and ribavirin.Methods:Twenty patients (3 female, 17 male) with chronic hepatitis C were enrolled. Age range was 6 to 15 years (mean ± SD, 11.15 ± 2.3 years). Thirteen patients received combined interferon alpha‐2b and ribavirin therapy (Group 1), and 7 patients received only interferon alpha‐2b (Group 2). Both groups were treated for 12 months. Bone mineral density,z‐scores and biochemical bone markers were evaluated in both groups before and after treatment.Results:There were no significant differences between the groups in age or gender. Mean lumbar vertebral bone mineral density and meanz‐scores in groups 1 and 2 before and after treatment were not significantly different. In both groups, serum and urinary biochemical values and bone markers were all normal and there were no differences between the pretreatment and post‐treatment values.Conclusion:Contrary to studies in adults, we did not find any ribavirin‐dependent changes related to bone mineral metabolism in our pediatric study groups. Further studies are needed to obtain more detailed information about the effects of ribavirin on bone mineral density.
Pancreatic Development in Newborn Guinea Pigs Fed Intact or Low‐Hydrolyzed Protein Formulas
Authors: Colombo Carla , Biffi Arianna , Agosti Massimo , Crosignani Andrea , Bennato Veronica , Marini Antonio 
Published: October 2005

ABSTRACTAim:To evaluate pancreatic development in newborn guinea pigs fed since birth intact or low‐hydrolyzed protein formulas compared with breast milk.Methods:Forty‐five newborn guinea pigs were allocated to three feeding regimens: breast milk (n = 15) and two isocaloric isonitrogen milk formulas containing intact (n = 15) or low‐hydrolyzed proteins (n = 15). Body weight and food consumption were recorded every day. After 8 days, one third of pups from each group was killed, and the remaining animals were weaned. Another third was killed on day 14, and the remainders were killed on day 20. Zymogen storage was evaluated on pancreatic sections, whereas DNA and RNA concentrations were measured by a fluorometric method.Results:Compared with breast fed pups, both groups of artificially fed animals showed lower weight gain during the first 2 weeks of life but not after weaning. Both formulas fed groups had significantly lower amount of zymogen granules in pancreatic acinar cells at 8 and 14 days of life. This reduction was still present at day 20 in intact protein formula but not in low‐hydrolyzed protein formula fed animals in which higher RNA/DNA ratio was also observed compared with breast fed pups.Conclusion:In newborn guinea pigs, artificial feeding is associated with reduced zymogen storage at days 8 and 14 of life. After weaning, cellular content of zymogen granules is comparable with breast fed pups only in low‐hydrolyzed protein formula fed animals, even in the presence of some evidence of pancreatic hypoplasia.
Global Standard for the Composition of Infant Formula: Recommendations of an ESPGHAN Coordinated International Expert Group
Authors: Koletzko Berthold , Baker Susan , Cleghorn Geoff , Neto Ulysses Fagundes , Gopalan Sarath , Hernell Olle , Hock Quak Seng , Jirapinyo Pipop , Lonnerdal Bo , Pencharz Paul , Pzyrembel Hildegard , Ramirez‐Mayans Jaime , Shamir Raanan , Turck Dominique , Yamashiro Yuichiro , Zong‐Yi Ding 
Published: October 2005

ABSTRACTThe Codex Alimentarius Commission of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) develops food standards, guidelines and related texts for protecting consumer health and ensuring fair trade practices globally. The major part of the world's population lives in more than 160 countries that are members of the Codex Alimentarius. The Codex Standard on Infant Formula was adopted in 1981 based on scientific knowledge available in the 1970s and is currently being revised. As part of this process, the Codex Committee on Nutrition and Foods for Special Dietary Uses asked the ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition to initiate a consultation process with the international scientific community to provide a proposal on nutrient levels in infant formulae, based on scientific analysis and taking into account existing scientific reports on the subject. ESPGHAN accepted the request and, in collaboration with its sister societies in the Federation of International Societies on Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, invited highly qualified experts in the area of infant nutrition to form an International Expert Group (IEG) to review the issues raised. The group arrived at recommendations on the compositional requirements for a global infant formula standard which are reported here.
Climate change and food security
Authors: Gregory P.J , Ingram J.S.I , Brklacich M 
Published: October 2005

Dynamic interactions between and within the biogeophysical and human environments lead to the production, processing, distribution, preparation and consumption of food, resulting in food systems that underpin food security. Food systems encompass food availability (production, distribution and exchange), food access (affordability, allocation and preference) and food utilization (nutritional and societal values and safety), so that food security is, therefore, diminished when food systems are stressed. Such stresses may be induced by a range of factors in addition to climate change and/or other agents of environmental change (e.g. conflict, HIV/AIDS) and may be particularly severe when these factors act in combination. Urbanization and globalization are causing rapid changes to food systems.
Climate change may affect food systems in several ways ranging from direct effects on crop production (e.g. changes in rainfall leading to drought or flooding, or warmer or cooler temperatures leading to changes in the length of growing season), to changes in markets, food prices and supply chain infrastructure. The relative importance of climate change for food security differs between regions. For example, in southern Africa, climate is among the most frequently cited drivers of food insecurity because it acts both as an underlying, ongoing issue and as a short-lived shock. The low ability to cope with shocks and to mitigate long-term stresses means that coping strategies that might be available in other regions are unavailable or inappropriate. In other regions, though, such as parts of the Indo-Gangetic Plain of India, other drivers, such as labour issues and the availability and quality of ground water for irrigation, rank higher than the direct effects of climate change as factors influencing food security.

Because of the multiple socio-economic and bio-physical factors affecting food systems and hence food security, the capacity to adapt food systems to reduce their vulnerability to climate change is not uniform. Improved systems of food production, food distribution and economic access may all contribute to food systems adapted to cope with climate change, but in adopting such changes it will be important to ensure that they contribute to sustainability. Agriculture is a major contributor of the greenhouse gases methane (CH
4
) and nitrous oxide (N
2
O), so that regionally derived policies promoting adapted food systems need to mitigate further climate change.
Cryptochrome 1 Contributes to Blue-Light Sensing in Pea
Authors: Platten J. Damien , Foo Eloise , Elliott Robert C. , Hecht Valérie , Reid James B. , Weller James L. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Cryptochromes are widespread in higher plants but their physiological roles as blue-light photoreceptors have been examined in relatively few species. Screening in a phyA null mutant background has identified several blue-light response mutants in pea (Pisum sativum), including one that carries a substitution of a highly conserved glycine residue in the N-terminal photolyase-homologous domain of the pea CRY1 gene. Analyses of cry1, phyA, and phyB mutants show that all three photoreceptors contribute to seedling photomorphogenesis under high-irradiance blue light, whereas phyA is the main photoreceptor active under low irradiances. Triple phyA phyB cry1 mutants grown under high-irradiance blue light are indistinguishable from dark-grown wild-type plants in length and leaf expansion but show a small residual response to higher-irradiance white light. Monogenic cry1 mutants have little discernable phenotype at the seedling stage, but later in development are more elongated than wild-type plants. In addition, the loss of cry1 moderates the short-internode phenotype of older phyA mutants, suggesting an antagonism between phyA and cry1 under some conditions. Pea cry1 has a small inhibitory effect on flowering under long and short days. However, the phyA cry1 double mutant retains a clear promotion of flowering in response to blue-light photoperiod extensions, indicating a role for one or more additional blue-light photoreceptors in the control of flowering in pea.
The Dynamic Changes of Tonoplasts in Guard Cells Are Important for Stomatal Movement inVicia faba
Authors: Gao Xin-Qi , Li Chun-Guang , Wei Peng-Cheng , Zhang Xin-Yan , Chen Jia , Wang Xue-Chen 
Published: October 2005

AbstractStomatal movement is important for plants to exchange gas with environment. The regulation of stomatal movement allows optimizing photosynthesis and transpiration. Changes in vacuolar volume in guard cells are known to participate in this regulation. However, little has been known about the mechanism underlying the regulation of rapid changes in guard cell vacuolar volume. Here, we report that dynamic changes in the complex vacuolar membrane system play a role in the rapid changes of vacuolar volume in Vicia faba guard cells. The guard cells contained a great number of small vacuoles and various vacuolar membrane structures when stomata closed. The small vacuoles and complex membrane systems fused with each other or with the bigger vacuoles to generate large vacuoles during stomatal opening. Conversely, the large vacuoles split into smaller vacuoles and generated many complex membrane structures in the closing stomata. Vacuole fusion inhibitor, (2s,3s)-trans-epoxy-succinyl-l-leucylamido-3-methylbutane ethyl ester, inhibited stomatal opening significantly. Furthermore, an Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutation of the SGR3 gene, which has a defect in vacuolar fusion, also led to retardation of stomatal opening. All these results suggest that the dynamic changes of the tonoplast are essential for enhancing stomatal movement.
Evidence That Bicarbonate Is Not the Substrate in Photosynthetic Oxygen Evolution
Authors: Clausen Juergen , Beckmann Katrin , Junge Wolfgang , Messinger Johannes 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
It is widely accepted that the oxygen produced by photosystem II of cyanobacteria, algae, and plants is derived from water. Earlier proposals that bicarbonate may serve as substrate or catalytic intermediate are almost forgotten, though not rigorously disproved. These latter proposals imply that CO2 is an intermediate product of oxygen production in addition to O2. In this work, we investigated this possible role of exchangeable HCO3− in oxygen evolution in two independent ways. (1) We studied a possible product inhibition of the electron transfer into the catalytic Mn4Ca complex during the oxygen-evolving reaction by greatly increasing the pressure of CO2. This was monitored by absorption transients in the near UV. We found that a 3,000-fold increase of the CO2 pressure over ambient conditions did not affect the UV transient, whereas the S3 → S4 → S0 transition was half-inhibited by raising the O2 pressure only 10-fold over ambient, as previously established. (2) The flash-induced O2 and CO2 production by photosystem II was followed simultaneously with membrane inlet mass spectrometry under approximately 15% H218O enrichment. Light flashes that revealed the known oscillatory O2 release failed to produce any oscillatory CO2 signal. Both types of results exclude that exchangeable bicarbonate is the substrate for (and CO2 an intermediate product of) oxygen evolution by photosynthesis. The possibility that a tightly bound carbonate or bicarbonate is a cofactor of photosynthetic water oxidation has remained.