bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
End user issues for computer assisted surgical systems
Authors: Mohsen A.M.M.A. , Sherman K.P. , Cain T.J. , Karpinski M.R.K. , Howell F.R. , Phillips R. , Viant W.J. , Griffiths J.G. , Dyer K.D.F. 
Published: November 2007

Orthopaedic implants are manufactured to the highest degree of precision by some of the most precise machines known to man and inserted into patients by some of the most imprecise methods known. Computer assisted systems aim to overcome this dichotomy by improving the planning and implementation of orthopaedic surgery. This can be achieved by providing the surgeon with better information for planning and a more precise means of implementing the surgery. This surgical advancement will change current orthopaedic practice significantly if the appropriate surgical issues are considered during their development. Safety is obviously paramount and is being addressed, as is registration between the real (patient) and the virtual computer world. The more subtle, but nevertheless important, surgical issues have as yet not been fully identified or addressed satisfactorily. The following questions serve to highlight them. Is there an optimal system size, shape, reach, control and positioning in surgery? What are the salient environmental and functional requirements ? Can there be intra-operative computer processing time? How important and what does timelessness, universality, communality and simplicity of the system mean? Should there be a relationship between training, surgical feedback and simplicity? What is partial or total sterilisation ? Can capital outlay and running costs for the system be reduced or avoided by the hospitals? Are computer assisted orthopaedic surgical systems cost effective, necessary, desirable or indeed indicated in current cost containment in the NHS? The above questions are answered in this paper and points which are conducive to a positive response from the end user (surgeons, and hospital management) are discussed.
Applying dynamic matrix control in the process industries
Authors: Austin P.C. , Bozin A.S. 
Published: November 2007

Advanced multivairiable control system designs had little impact in the process industries until the development of model-based predictive control (MBPC) systems. This paper records some aspects of the application of one particular MBPC technique, Dynamic Matrix Control (DMC), to three different plants in the process industries. The paper begins by recalling the essential principles of MBPC systems, by briefly outlining the origins of their use in the process industries, and by recording some of the theoretical issues associated with these systems, that are currently being examined. It proceeds with a particular focus on DMC. Its use in the control of process plants is discussed by reference to a simulated paper machine. Subject to the constraints imposed by commercial confidentiality, studies are then presented of application to a fluidised catalytic cracker in the petrochemical industry and to paper fibre recycle plants in the paper industry. The paper closes with a discussion of the benefit plant-wide optimisation systems can offer whole process plants, once MBPC systems have been implemented on the individual units making up the process.
Relationship between deadbeat and pole-placement discrete-time PID controllers
Authors: Warwick Kevin , Yong Ho Kang  
Published: November 2007

This paper considers PID control in terms of its implementation by means of an ARMA plant model. Two controller actions are considered, namely pole placement and deadbeat, both being applied via a PID structure for the adaptive real-time control of an industrial level system. As well as looking at two controller types separately, a comparison is made between the forms and it is shown how, under certain circumstances, the two forms can be seen to be identical. It is shown how the pole-placement PID form does not in fact realise an action which is equivalent to the deadbeat controller, when all closed-loop poles are chosen to be at the origin of the z-plane.
IDCOM - B multivariable model-predictive controller
Authors: Moro Tony L. , Bonavita Nunzio 
Published: November 2007

In the last ten years Model Based Predictive Control (MBPC) has proved itself as one of the most successful advanced control tools. Its capability to handle processes with 'difficult' dynamics, has allowed improved control on critical loops with long time delays, constraints, feed-forwarding, over-rides, etc. Moreover, MBPC algorithms are able to perform multivariable control on processes characterised by strongly interactive loops, which have always been one of the toughest control problems. Due to the computational burden of such sophisticated algorithms, and the engineering skills required for a successful implementation, MBPC diffusion has been limited, in most cases, to 'money-making-loops', above all in the chemical and petrochemical fields, where even small increases in efficiency or yield produce major savings. The great progress in utilising the always increasing power of digital computers, and in developing and improving user-friendly software environments, provides opportunities for applying highly sophisticated control techniques more quickly, easily and cheaply. This paper introduces the new IDCOM-B™ controller; that is, the first multivariable model-predictive control package completely embedded in a DCS as a modular control function. Its unique capability to run inside a standard INFI90 control module, sharing with the base regulatory loops the communication channels, control database and operator interfaces, avoids the cost of an external computer and all the efforts required to interface it with a DCS architecture.
The abstractness hypothesis and morphemic spelling
Authors: Luelsdorff Philip A. 
Published: November 2007

The acquisition of orthography in spelling and reading has seldom been the object of linguistic inquiry due to the common misperception that orthography has no place in grammar. Orthography should be accorded the status of a com ponent of grammar, however, since its units are linguistic signs and the con straints on errors in spelling and reading are similar to those in phonology, syntax, and semantics (Luelsdorff, 1986). Systemic deviation from phoneme-grapheme biuniqueness is the major source of error in the acquisition of a native or foreign alphabetic script. Such deviation is graphemically ambiguous if the relation between grapheme and phoneme is many-to-one and phonetically ambiguous if the relation between grapheme and phoneme is one-to-many. A special case of phonetic ambiguity is morphemic spelling. In this paper we study the acquisition of the uniform <ed> morphemic spell ing of the regular allomorphs of the English past tense morpheme, / Id/, /d/, and /t/, in a large sample of German school children in all the grades of the secondary system of education, the Hauptschule, the Realschule, and the Gymnasium. First, whereas we do find consistent improvement from school system to school system, we reject the view that pupils' performance necessarily improves from grade to grade. Secondly, we find fairly consistently better per formance on / Id/ than /d/ and on /d/ than /t/. This distribution we explain by the Abstractness Hypothesis according to which orthographic representa tions which are less abstract are acquired earlier than those which are more abstract, where abstractness is measured in terms of the number of rules relat ing the orthographic representations to the phonetic ones. Thirdly, the Abstractness Hypothesis also predicts the relative frequencies with which these allomorphs are misspelled and the actual major misspelling types of the regular allomorphs of the past tense morpheme themselves. The Abstractness Hypothesis on the acquisition of morphemic spelling invites testing in other areas of morphemic and partially morphemic spelling, such as derivationally related pairs, the possessive, the regular past participle, the third person singular, and the plural.
Pragmatic transfer
Authors: Kasper Gabriele 
Published: November 2007

Throughout the short life of interlanguage pragmatics as a subdiscipline of second language research, it has been a virtually uncontested assumption that non-native speakers' comprehension and production of linguistic action is considerably influenced by their L1 pragmatic knowledge. The literature strongly supports this hypothesis. However, whereas there has been a lively controversy about the role of transfer in the traditional core areas of second language research (syntax, morphology, semantics), there has been little theoretical and methodological debate about transfer in interlanguage pragmatics. As a contribution to such a debate, this article seeks to clarify the concept of pragmatic transfer, proposing as a basic distinction Leech/Thomas' dichotomy of sociopragmatics versus pragmalinguistics and presenting evidence for transfer at both levels. Evidence for purported pragmatic universals in speech act realization and for positive and negative pragmatic transfer is discussed. Further issues to be addressed include the conditions for pragmatic transfer (transferability), the interaction of transfer with non-structural factors (proficiency, length of residence, context of acquisition), and the effect of transfer on communicative outcomes. The article concludes by briefly considering some problems of research method in studies of pragmatic transfer.
Interpretation of English reflexives by adolescent speakers of Serbo-Croatian
Authors: Bennett Susan 
Published: November 2007

This article addresses the question of L1 transfer in L2 acquisition of reflexive binding. It incorporates recent research on Binding Theory which focuses on the relationship between morphological complexity of anaphors and the occurrence of long-distance binding of reflexives (cf. Yang, 1983; Pica, 1987; Hellan, 1988; Battistella, 1989; Huang and Tang, 1989; Cole et al., 1990; Progovac, 1992). Reflexives typically fall into two categories: simple (X0) reflexives that may take long-distance antecedents and complex (XP) refle xives that may not. Acquisition of the English binding pattern by native speakers of Serbo-Croatian requires recognition of the morphological com plexity of English reflexives. Prior to reanalysis, learners are predicted to transfer the L1 X0 anaphor type and incorrectly assign long-distance antece dents to English XP reflexives. The interpretation of English reflexives by native speakers of Serbo- Croatian was investigated using two types of written sentence comprehension tasks. A picture identification task and a multiple-choice questionnaire were administered to intermediate ( n = 20) and advanced (n = 20) L2 learners and a group of English native speaker controls (n = 20). Results consistent across task type support the transfer hypothesis and suggest learners have access to Universal Grammar in second language acquisition.
Cephradine and cefazolin plasma levels during cardiac surgery
Authors: Moran Sergio V , Montiel Francisco , Acuña Guillermo , Vergara Jeanette , Irarrazaval Manuel J , Maturana Gustavo , Dubernet Juan 
Published: November 2007

A prospective, randomized, double-blind study was carried out to evaluate two prophylactic regimes in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Antibiotic plasma levels were measured in fifty consecutive adult patients undergoing valve and coronary surgery. They were divided into two comparable groups of 25 patients, each matched in age, sex, type of operation and duration of cardiopulmonary bypass. Group 1 received 1 g of cephradine with the anaesthetic premedication, 1 g in the prime of the oxygenator and 1 g every six hours during the first 72 hours of the postoperative course. Group 2 received cefazolin following the same protocol except that they received 1 g every eight hours during the postoperative course. There were no allergic or toxic reactions and no infections up to two months follow-up in both groups. Antibiotic plasma levels were significantly higher (p < 0·001) in the cefazolin group in four out of five sampling periods. Antibiotic plasma levels for group 1 versus group 2 were as follows: initial level 11·7 ± 5.2 mcg/ml vs 31 4 ± 35·4 mcg/ml. During cardiopulmonary bypass 26·6 ± 9·5 mcg/ml vs 51·7 ± 21 ·1 mcg/ml. Final levels 13·6 ± 7·0 mcg/ml vs 32·2 ± 17·8 mcg/ml. Baseline levels 2·7 ± 2·3 mcg/ml vs 6·· ± 7·7 mcg/ml and peak level 44·0 ± 16·2 mcg/ml vs 51·2 ± 23·4 mcg/ml (NS). The results of this study demonstrate that cefazolin achieved significantly higher plasma levels during the different phases of the operation and early postoperative period. Also, cefazolin and cephradine levels are above the minimal inhibitory concentrations for the gram positive and gram negative susceptible bacteria, except for the basal levels obtained by cephradine. The favourable pharmacokinetic characteristics of cefazolin, makes it a good choice for prophylactic use during cardiac surgery.
Use of low molecular weight heparin CY 222 during cardiopulmonary bypass. Experimental study and clinical application
Authors: Touchot B. , Laborde F. , Dum F. , Commin P. , Gallix P. , Mirshahi M. , Piwnica A. 
Published: November 2007

Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) standard heparin and protamine therapy is a relatively satisfactory part of conventional CPB practice. However, some problems are known to result from both heparin and protamine sulphate administration. These include: allergic reaction and thrombocytopenia due to heparin, and anaphylactoid reactions, negative inotropic effects, pulmonary oedema and pulmonary hypertension due to protamine administration. Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) should theoretically be superior decreasing the adverse effects of standard heparin. In addition, it should not require the use of protamine for heparin neutralization. These potential benefits of LMWH encourage the experimental evaluation of the use of LMWH during open-heart surgery before preliminary clinical applications.
Transfusional quality of residual blood from heart—lung machine after extracorporeal circulation
Authors: Berty A. , Doutremepuich Ch , Baudet E. 
Published: November 2007

After open-heart surgery using extracorporeal circulation, residual blood from the heart-lung machine was collected, treated by plasmaphaeresis and washed using a Haemonetics Cell Saver. Qualitative, quantitative and bacteriological aspects of the concentrated red cells were studied. In 13 patients, an average of 500 ml of concentrated washed red cells (CWRC) was obtained with an average haematocrit of 62·3 %; bacteriological cultures were negative in all cases. As far as qualitative aspects were concerned (intraglobular ATP, 2, 3 DPG, deformability, filtrability and resistance to hypotonic solutions), these red cells were always compatible with immediate transfusion. However, the small volume of blood retrieved and the relatively high cost of this technique suggest that its use be restricted to cases of total haemodilution or for patients with rare blood groups, in whom homologous transfusion blood is scarce.
The effect of autologous blood salvage techniques upon bank blood usage and the cost of routine coronary revascularization
Authors: Hiratzka Loren F , Richardson James V , Brandt Berkeley , Doty Donald B , Rossi Nicholas P , Wright Creighton B , Ehrenhaft JL 
Published: November 2007

Preservation of autologous blood during cardiac surgery may reduce the need for homologous blood transfusions. We reviewed our experience for patients undergoing primary coronary revascularization to determine the effect of the use of the Haemonetics Cell-Saver upon blood bank resources and upon the cost of operation. The quantity of homologous blood required by two groups of patients was compared. One group of 46 patients had operation prior to use of the Cell- Saver ; the other group of 31 patients was entered into Cell-Saver protocols. The mean number of homologous blood units transfused per patient fell strikingly (p < 0.0001) from 4.2 before to 0.5 after introduction of the Cell- Saver. Of the 31 patients in the Cell-Saver protocol, 71 % required no homologous blood while they received 2.5 units of autologous blood processed by the Cell-Saver. Related to this, the mean number of units prepared by typing and compatibility testing in anticipation of surgery fell from 10 units to five. The projected cost to the patient fell 23%. There were no adverse effects from the use of the Cell-Saver. We conclude that the use of the Cell-Saver is justified not only to reduce the potential risks of homologous blood transfusion, but also to reduce the strain upon blood bank resources and the patient cost of primary coronary revascularization.
Computerised techniques for detecting gaseous microemboli in blood using pulsed Doppler ultrasound
Authors: Padayachee TS , Parsons S. , Theobold R. , Kontis S. , Gosling RG , Linley J. 
Published: November 2007

Pulsed Doppler ultrasound and spectral analysis were used to monitor nonpulsatile blood flow generated in a test rig. Two computerised techniques are described for detecting microemboli in blood by analysis of Doppler blood velocity data (sonagram). The two ultrasound microemboli indices identify different features in the ultrasound signals to detect microembolic phenomena. Both indices showed significant increases ( p < 0.001) for samples of agitated blood (containing gaseous microemboli) as compared to normal blood injected sequentially into the test rig. The linear relationship demonstrated between data obtained by the two methods ( r = 0.91, p < 0.01) indicates that both are providing similar quantitative information regarding the number of microemboli detected. These two computerised techniques may be applied to sonagrams obtained from arterial blood flow and thereby provide information regarding the presence of gaseous microemboli in the circulation during cardiopulmonary bypass surgery.
Automatic data collection for cardiopulmonary bypass
Authors: Berg E. , Knudsen N. 
Published: November 2007

An open software system for automatic data collection during cardiopulmonary bypass is presented. The software is run on a microprocessor with permanent memory, a general purpose interface board capable of analogue-to-digital conversion and five serial communication ports for data collection. Analogue data signals for blood flow, gas flow, patient temperatures and pressures are automatically recorded and referenced to real time. Continuous inline blood gas and temperature parameters are passed to the microprocessor for storage in a database. Results from a blood analyser and an electrolyte analyser, placed in the next room, are automatically passed to the computer and presented on the screen. This system provides the perfusionist with automatic preoperative calculations of all parameters necessary for setting up the perfusion. During bypass, data are automatically collected, presented for evaluation and used in calculated transformations. A maximum of 36 real time curves are traced and stored as trend curves. In critical situations they may also be stored as real time curves. These curves can be recalled or plotted for further analysis. At the end of bypass a perfusion report is printed out. The records of the patients are permanently stored on disk and the files can be transferred to other software systems for further statistical analysis.
Prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass in patients requiring extensive coronary endarterectomy and reconstruction
Authors: Harloff M. 
Published: November 2007

The technique of coronary endarterectomy and reconstruction is a tedious and time-consuming surgical procedure. A 14cm endarterectomy may be required fora diffusely diseased artery, such as the left anterior descending coronary artery. With accompanying diagonal branches and septal perforators requiring reconstruction, this single vessel procedure may require as long as 90-115 minutes of aortic crossclamp time. Multiple endarterectomies, including the marginal branches of the circumflex system as well as multiple branches of the right coronary system, may consume an additional 100-125 minutes of aortic crossclamp time. In our experience, it is not uncommon for total aortic crossclamp time to exceed 200 minutes. Because of the totally occlusive nature of the coronary atheromatous disease, cardioplegia is impossible to deliver. As a result, the method of intermittent ischaemic arrest has proven, in our experience, to be the technique of choice for myocardial preservation. It has become necessary to develop a perfusion protocol which vvill support a surgical procedure which may require a total of 300 to 420 minutes on cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB).
Pump-induced haemolysis: is the constrained vortex pump better or worse than the roller pump?
Authors: Horton Alison M , Butt Warwick 
Published: November 2007

Over 95% of paediatric Extra Corporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) centres use a roller pump (RP) rather than a constrained vortex pump (CVP); this is in part because of the concern of excessive haemolysis from the CVP. We have used a CVP in 36 children who received ECMO and 18 children who received cardiac support alone. We have compared our incidence of haemolysis with that recorded in the ECMO registry of the ExtraCorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO); seven out of our 54 patients and 367 out of 4598 ELSO patients had haemolysis (p = 0.28). We also did a paired laboratory evaluation of both the RP and CVP comparing the haemolysis caused by each pump over five continuous days. The roller pump was more haemolytic than the constrained vortex pump (CVP range day 1, mean 6.8mg/dL to day 5, mean 31.3mg/dL; RP range day 1, mean 13.5mg/dL to day 5, mean 232.3mg/dL).
Serum oxacillin and cephazolin levels during cardiopulmonary bypass
Authors: Lonsky Vladimir , Mandák Jiří , Lonská Věra , Rozsival Vladimir , Marková Dana , Kubíček Jaroslav 
Published: November 2007

This study was carried out to assess the adequacy of the dosing regimen for the oxacillin and cephazolin, employed as prophylactic antibiotics for patients undergoing open-heart surgery. The serum levels of both antibiotics were measured during cardiopulmonary bypass. The highest serum levels of both antibiotics were found 30 minutes after their administration (> 24mg/l). During perfusion the serum levels were not stable and decreased to < 2mg/l after 180 minutes in the oxacillin group and after 150 minutes in the cephazolin group. These levels are below the minimum inhibitory concentrations for anti-staphylococcal activity. A second dose of antibiotic at the end of cardiopulmonary bypass should be administered in order to maintain an anti-staphylococcal concentration of antibiotics in the newly formed blood clots. Earlier administration of both antibiotics is recommended in cases where perfusion time exceeds the above mentioned intervals.
C1-esterase inhibitor following cardiopulmonary bypass: evaluation of coagulation parameters - a preliminary report
Authors: Dellora Carlo , Minola Paola , Parodi Filippo 
Published: November 2007

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of C1-esterase inhibitor (C1-INH) on haemostasis and blood loss in routine cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). To determine whether or not C1-INH reduces blood loss or transfusion requirements after routine CPB, we randomized 20 patients to receive double-blind either C1-INH (15 IU/kg over 10 minutes intravenously) or placebo following heparin administration. The two groups were similar in age, sex, prior salicylate use and time on CPB. At 30 minutes from the beginning of CPB and postprotamine, factor XII, factor XI, C1-INH and prekallikrein activity were significantly higher ( p < 0.05) than in the placebo group. No manifestations of hypercoagulability were seen in either group. Despite this haemostatic effect, patients treated with C1-INH had similar postoperative blood loss to the placebo group and similar blood transfusion requirements. We conclude that routine use of C1-INH in CPB is unwarranted.