bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parallel solution of large‐scale differential‐algebraic systems
Authors: Maier R. S. , Rath W. , Petzold L. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDASPK solves large‐scale systems of differential‐algebraic equations. It is based on the integration method in DASSL, but instead of a direct method for the associated linear systems which arise at each time step, the preconditioned GMRES iteration is applied in combination with an inexact Newton method. Two parallel versions of DASPK have been developed: DASPKF90, a Fortran 90 data parallel implementation, and DASPKMP, a message‐passing implementation written in Fortran 77 with extended BLAS. The parallel versions have been implemented for the Thinking Machines Corporation (TMC) CM‐5, a massively parallel multiprocessor, keeping the user interface relatively simple while allowing for portability to other massively parallel architectures. The codes have been demonstrated on several large‐scale test problems, including three‐dimensional formulations of the heat equation, the Cahn‐Hilliard equation and a multi‐species reaction‐diffusion problem. The formulations are described, including detail on preconditioning the Krylov iteration, timing results and performance analysis.
Ice Recrystallization Inhibition and Molecular Recognition of Ice Faces by Poly(vinyl alcohol)
Authors: Budke Carsten , Koop Thomas 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) on the Ostwald ripening of polycrystalline ice samples are studied. At −6 °C, ice recrystallization in sucrose solutions is inhibited at PVA concentrations down to 0.005 mg mL−1, with a recrystallization inhibition constant of 48.9 mL mg−1. Ice growth‐habit experiments reveal molecular recognition of the arrangement of water molecules in the ice by PVA molecules, and indicate that PVA molecules adsorb to the primary and secondary prism faces of hexagonal ice, Ih. Based on these observations, together with an analysis of the O‐atom pattern in ice and the conformation of OH groups in PVA, an adsorption model is proposed. We suggest that PVA segments adsorb to the primary and secondary prism faces of ice parallel to the c axis with a linear misfit parameter of only 2.7 %, most likely via multiple hydrogen bonds. The proposed adsorption mechanism is discussed in the light of recent thermal hysteresis and scanning tunneling microscopy experiments.
Adaptive quality of service‐based routing approaches: development of neuro‐dynamic state‐dependent reinforcement learning algorithms
Authors: Mellouk Abdelhamid , Hoceïni Saïd , Amirat Yacine 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn this paper, we propose two adaptive routing algorithms based on reinforcement learning. In the first algorithm, we have used a neural network to approximate the reinforcement signal, allowing the learner to take into account various parameters such as local queue size, for distance estimation. Moreover, each router uses an online learning module to optimize the path in terms of average packet delivery time, by taking into account the waiting queue states of neighbouring routers. In the second algorithm, the exploration of paths is limited to N‐best non‐loop paths in terms of hops number (number of routers in a path), leading to a substantial reduction of convergence time. The performances of the proposed algorithms are evaluated experimentally with OPNET simulator for different levels of traffic's load and compared with standard shortest‐path and Q‐routing algorithms. Our approach proves superior to classical algorithms and is able to route efficiently even when the network load varies in an irregular manner. We also tested our approach on a large network topology to proof its scalability and adaptability. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toward the discovery of small molecule PTP1B inhibitors for the treatment of metabolic diseases
Authors: Nichols Andrew J. , Mashal Robert D. , Balkan Bork 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPTP1B is a protein tyrosine phosphatase involved in insulin and leptin signaling and is a primary mechanism for down‐regulating both the insulin and leptin receptor signaling pathways. Animals deficient in PTP1B have improved glucose regulation and lipid profiles and are resistant to weight gain when treated with a high fat diet. Thus, PTP1B inhibitors are expected to be useful in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, obesity, and the metabolic syndrome. Progress toward the design of potent and orally active PTP1B inhibitors has been hindered by the highly charged nature of the tyrosine phosphate mimetics used to date. Recent progress in the design of more drug‐like molecules holds promise for the eventual discovery and development of clinically useful PTP1B inhibitors. Drug Dev. Res. 67:559–566, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical significance of postprandial hyperglycemia
Authors: Gerich John E. , Woerle Hans J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis review will summarize evidence that postprandial hyperglycemia (1) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease; (2) increases earlier and faster than fasting plasma glucose levels; and (3) contributes more to HbA1c levels than fasting hyperglycemia when HbA1c levels approach target values and, therefore, is the rate‐limiting factor for achieving optimal glycemic control. Finally, treatment recommendations will be presented. Drug Dev. Res. 67:587–590, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hypertension, diabetes, insulin resistance, and postprandial hyperglycemia
Authors: Bell David S.H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDiabetes is associated with an increased risk of cardiac events and congestive heart failure. The improvement in outcomes for mortality in non‐diabetic subjects over the last decade has not been matched in the diabetic patient. This may be due to a failure to intensify therapy in the diabetic patient. An essential part of this intensification includes treatment of hypertension. Lower blood pressure levels in the diabetic patient have been shown to be associated with a lower rate of cardiovascular events. Both hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia due to insulin resistance are responsible for the increased prevalence of hypertension in the type 2 diabetic subject. Even non‐diabetic insulin‐resistant hypertensive subjects have higher post‐prandial glucoses. The higher the post‐prandial glucose, the greater is the risk of atherosclerosis, and lowering of post‐prandial glucoses results in less cardiac events. Drug Dev. Res. 67:595–596, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of heat shock protein peptide DiaPep277 on ß‐cell function in paediatric and adult patients with recent‐onset diabetes mellitus type 1: two prospective, randomized, double‐blind phase II trials
Authors: Schloot Nanette C. , Meierhoff Guido , Lengyel Csaba , Vándorfi Gyözö , Takács József , Pánczél Pál , Barkai László , Madácsy László , Oroszlán Tamás , Kovács Peter , Sütö Gábor , Battelino Tadej , Hosszufalusi Nora , Jermendy György 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBackgroundAim of this trial was to test whether heat shock protein peptide DiaPep277 treatment in adult and paediatric patients with recent‐onset type 1 diabetes (T1D) is safe and whether it can preserve endogenous insulin production.MethodsTwo studies were performed in a prospective, multicentre, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial. Fifty adult (study p520, aged 16–44 years) and 49 paediatric patients (study p521, 4–15 years) with recent‐onset T1D were treated subcutaneously at four different time points with 0.2 mg or 1.0 mg DiaPep277 versus placebo and followed for 18 months. Adult patients were treated with 0.2 mg, 1.0 mg or 2.5 mg DiaPep277 versus placebo. Stimulated C‐peptide served as readout for functional ß‐cell‐mass.ResultsDiaPep277‐treatment was not associated with severe side effects. No differences were found in placebo and DiaPep277 treated groups. In adults, a modest trend towards better maintenance of ß‐cell function was observed in the 0.2 mg and 1.0 mg group, while there was significant loss of stimulated C‐peptide in the placebo and 2.5 mg group. Paediatric patients with low HLA risk showed stable C‐peptide levels until 13 months upon treatment with 1 mg DiaPep277. Despite similar stimulated C‐peptide levels at baseline, children exhibited a more pronounced loss of ß‐cell function over 18 months than adults (p = 0.0003).ConclusionAdministration of DiaPep277 seems safe and may have beneficial effects on C‐peptide levels over time in some patients with T1D, but this finding was not accompanied by reduced HbA1c or insulin requirement. Studies with more patients and longer follow‐up are needed to further study the effect of DiaPep277. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pancreatin therapy in patients with insulin‐treated diabetes mellitus and exocrine pancreatic insufficiency according to low fecal elastase 1 concentrations. Results of a prospective multi‐centre trial
Authors: Ewald Nils , Bretzel Reinhard G , Fantus Ivan G , Hollenhorst Manfred , Kloer Hans U , Hardt Philip D 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBackgroundRecently, high prevalence of exocrine dysfunction in diabetic populations has been reported. Patients with fecal elastase 1 concentration (FEC) <100 µg/g have also been demonstrated to suffer from steatorrhea in about 60% of cases, indicating the need of pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy. Until now, there have only been a few reports on the use of enzyme replacement therapy in diabetic patients with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. This investigation was designed to evaluate the impact of enzyme‐replacement therapy on glucose metabolism and diabetes treatment in a prospective study of insulin‐treated patients with diabetes mellitus.MethodsA total of 546 patients with diabetes mellitus requiring insulin treatment were screened for exocrine dysfunction by FEC measurements. One hundred and fifteen patients (21.1%) had FEC <100 µg/g (normal >200 µg/g). Of these, 95 patients entered the study and 80 patients were randomized to receive either pancreatin (Creon®) (39 patients) or placebo (41 patients) in a double‐blind manner. Parameters of glucose metabolism, diabetes therapy and clinical symptoms were recorded in standardized protocols for 16 weeks.ResultsDuring the observation phase of 16 weeks, there were no significant differences between both groups concerning HbA1c, fasting glucose levels, 2‐h pp glucose levels, clinical parameters and safety parameters. A reduction in mild and moderate hypoglycemia was observed in the pancreatin group at the end of the study.ConclusionsPancreatin therapy can be used safely in patients with diabetes mellitus and exocrine dysfunction. Parameters of glucose metabolism were not improved by enzyme replacement therapy. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
U‐500 insulin: why, when and how to use in clinical practice
Authors: Garg R. , Johnston V. , McNally P. G. , Davies M. J. , Lawrence I. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSome patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have severe insulin resistance. Their insulin requirements are significantly greater. These patients need to take 2–3 injections at the same time to take the correct insulin dose or to redial the insulin pen. When daily insulin requirements are in excess of 300 units/day, the volume of the injected insulin becomes an issue. Large‐volume injection can cause discomfort and lead to poor concordance with treatment. Using high‐strength insulin e.g. U‐500 insulin can reduce the volume of the injected insulin. Despite publications of small case reports or case series, no universal guidelines exist on the use of U‐500 insulin. We discuss common sense approaches when considering the use of U‐500 insulin in clinical practice. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Targeted gene delivery to differentiated skeletal muscle: A tool to study dedifferentiation
Authors: Morrison Jamie I. , Lööf Sara , He Pingping , Aleström Peter , Collas Philippe , Simon András 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCellular dedifferentiation is required for functional regeneration in salamanders. Dedifferentiating multinucleate skeletal muscle gives rise to mononucleate cells during limb regeneration. Efficient methods and tools must be developed in order to understand the molecular cues underlying dedifferentiation. Here we describe a non‐viral method to express extra‐chromosomal DNA exclusively in terminally differentiated muscle without the need for cell purification steps. After cytoplasmic injection of various expression vectors into myotubes or myofibres, we detect long‐lasting mRNA and protein expression in up to 70% of the injected cells. The combination of the transfection protocol with live imaging allows a time‐ and cost‐effective screen of candidate genes in terminally differentiated muscle cells of both amphibian and mammalian origin. Developmental Dynamics 236:481–488, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Traffic characteristics of Go‐Back‐N ARQ scheme with selective repeat in intra‐block and with limited retransmissions
Authors: Fujii Shumji , Kaneko Toyohisa , Hayashida Yukuo 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBased on highly reliable data transmission, we previously proposed a Go‐Back‐N ARQ scheme with selective repeat in intra‐block, where the receiver returns the acknowledge signal in the unit of a block composed of multiple frames, with the aim of reducing the network traffic and the objective of effectively processing the frames. This paper considers the traffic characteristics when the number of block retransmissions in a Go‐Back‐N ARQ scheme with selective repeat in intra‐block is limited. In this scheme, blocks composed of multiple frames which contain information with some correlation as in images are transmitted. If the retransmission of a block reaches the preset limit, the receiver accepts that block even if erroneous frames are included, and the errors are processed as noise or distortion. Therefore, an upper bound can be set for the time elapsed from the start to the end of the block transmission. We theoretically analyze the system considered and derive the throughput, the average transmission delay of a block, and the average transmission delay with the condition of the number of transmissions. The traffic characteristics are investigated from numerical examples using analytical results. We show that the throughput performance and average transmission delay performance are improved by limiting the number of retransmissions. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 90(3): 64–73, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.20311
A feeding method for small helical antennas
Authors: Hasebe Nozomu 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA feeding method is proposed for small helical antennas with diameters of about 1/80 to 1/20 wavelength. The present feeding method consists of excitation of a helix with a total length of about 1/4 wavelength and with its lower edge grounded by an open‐ended center conductor oriented coaxially to the helix. In this paper, it is shown that matching with a 50‐Ω feed system can be accomplished even when the helical diameter is varied in the same feeding method. The gain and the bandwidth characteristics of the ground plane versus diameter are discussed. As an example, a gain of −7.2 dBd (with respect to the dipole antenna) on the ground plane is obtained when the helical diameter is 1/46 wavelength and the height is 1/56 wavelength. Like the monopole antenna, the main radiation pattern is omnidirectional vertical polarization in the horizontal plane and figure‐eight in the vertical plane. When this antenna is installed on a transmitter case, the gain is about −4 dBd. When installed on the transmitter case, the antenna radiates the orthogonal polarization component. The null of the main radiation pattern in the zenith direction can be compensated by this polarization. The radiation characteristics of the antenna are numerically calculated by the method of moments and are verified experimentally. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 90(3): 33–41, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.20324
All‐in‐focus photo image creation by wavelet transforms
Authors: Shirai Keiichiro , Nomura Kazufumi , Ikehara Masaaki 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn this paper, we describe a method for creating all‐in‐focus photographic images where all of the subjects are in focus as much as possible from partially in‐focus photographs with only its subject in focus when photographed by a camera with manual focus. Usually, the focusing range and the depth of field are wide, but become extremely narrow for nearby subjects. Consequently, it is difficult to photograph many subjects in focus in closeup photography. In this paper, we can combine the transform coefficients using wavelet transforms and easily create photographic images with natural focus but without noticeable seams. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 90(3): 57–66, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20236
Fractal video coding with the orthogonal transformation
Authors: Ohse Koji , Nakagawa Masahiro 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFractal coding, which is coding with the self‐similarity of the image as redundancy, has recently been studied extensively. In this paper, a method of fractal video coding is proposed in which the redundancy along the time axis is eliminated from a sequence of videos by the orthogonal transformation and then the results are rearranged according to the frequency components before fractal video coding. In comparison with the conventional fractal video coding, the average PSNR is improved with almost identical information content. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 90(3): 36–47, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20248
Adaptive DOA estimation using a database of eigenvectors
Authors: Mochida Eiji , Iiguni Youji 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWith the dramatic advances in mobile communication technologies, the problem of estimating the direction of arrival (DOA) of signals generated by several sources becomes even more important. High‐resolution estimation methods based on eigenvalue decomposition include the minimum‐norm method and the MUSIC method. Since the peak of the angular spectrum must be scanned over all directions, the computational effort is enormous. In this paper, a DOA estimation method using a database is proposed. In this method, a database is constructed in which the eigenvector corresponding to the minimum eigenvalue is the key and the DOA is the associated value. The DOA is estimated by seeking in the database the data with the key closest to the eigenvector obtained from the observation signals. In the proposed method, DOA estimation can be achieved by only a regional search of the database, and hence the process is extremely fast. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by simulation. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 90(3): 48–56, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20251
Performance improvement of vector quantizer with reflection group for uniform distribution on hyperspace
Authors: Yamane Nobumoto , Morikawa Yoshitaka , Mae Tomohiro , Takemoto Yuji , Maki Shuichi 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA two‐stage vector quantizer (kaleidoscope vector quantizer: KVQ) using multidimensional symmetry which has a reflection group is proposed as a high‐speed vector quantizer (VQ) for vectors following a uniform distribution on a hypersphere. The first‐stage VQ of this method is a lattice quantizer on a hypersphere based on a reflection group and plays a central role in achieving higher dimensions and higher rates. The last‐stage VQ is a full‐search vector quantizer and plays the roles of repartitioning and reforming the Voronoi regions and improving the quantization properties. In this method, the code vectors are assigned only inside the first‐stage Voronoi regions. In this paper, a unified‐region KVQ is proposed as a method for improving the quantization characteristic in the high dimensions of KVQ. This method also assigns the code vectors of the last‐stage VQ to the boundary surfaces of the Voronoi regions of the first‐stage VQ. By using this method, the multiple Voronoi regions in the first‐stage VQ are merged and repartitioned, and the degree of freedom in the code vector assignment is increased. Simulation tests were conducted on Gaussian vectors and showed that the quantization characteristics equivalent to the full‐search VQ were obtained in the range of 16 dimensions and a rate of about 2.5 bits/sample. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 90(3): 26–35, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20261
Improved particle swarm optimization and application to portfolio selection
Authors: Koshino Makoto , Murata Hiroaki , Kimura Haruhiko 
Published: November 2006

AbstractParticle swarm optimization (PSO) is a population‐based stochastic optimization technique, inspired by the social behavior of birds (flocking) or fish (schooling), which is applied to various problems in the optimization of nonlinear systems. The inertia weights approach (IWA) and the constriction factor approach (CFA) are improved methods in PSO. The IWA searches the problem space globally in the early steps, and finally searches locally near the optimal solution. CFA is a method that introduces a new parameter into velocity update equation.This paper proposes a combination of IWA and CFA (the Inertia Weights Constriction Factor Approach: IWCFA), and PSOrank, whose objective is the ranking of individuals in the population. These two proposed methods are applied to function optimizations and to the portfolio selection problem, which is a typical mathematical problem in securities finance. The results show that the original PSO finds better solutions than the GA, and the proposed method finds better solutions than the original PSO. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 90(3): 13–25, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20263
Interleukin‐10 derived from macrophages and/or neutrophils regulates the inflammatory response to LPS but not the response to CpG DNA
Authors: Siewe Lisa , Bollati–Fogolin Mariela , Wickenhauser Claudia , Krieg Thomas , Müller Werner , Roers Axel 
Published: November 2006

AbstractInterleukin‐10 (IL‐10) is an important regulator of immune responses secreted by different cell types. We have previously shown that mice with selective inactivation of the IL‐10 gene in T cells suffer from deregulated T cell responses similar to those observed in IL‐10–/– animals. Unlike IL‐10–/– mice, however, T cell‐specific mutants do not mount an enhanced innate immune response to LPS, which must, therefore, be subject to control by IL‐10 from non‐T cells. Herein we show that subcutaneous injection of LPS, which causes moderate local inflammation in WT and T cell‐specific IL‐10 mutant mice, results in augmented inflammatory infiltration and extensive tissue necrosis in mice with deficiency for IL‐10 in macrophages and neutrophils. Correspondingly, we observed an enhanced sensitivity of the macrophage/neutrophil‐specific IL‐10 mutants to systemic LPS exposure when compared with WT animals. In contrast, the inflammatory response of these mutants to CpG oligodeoxynucleotides was not different from that of WT mice. While IL‐10–/– mice developed massive inflammation, necrosis and increased serum cytokine levels after subcutaneous CpG injection, only moderate responses were observed in macrophage/neutrophil‐specific IL‐10 mutant and WT mice. These results show that different innate immune responses can be subject to control by IL‐10 from different cellular sources.