bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of deficiencies of calcium or of calcium and vitamin D on the rate of oral collagen synthesis in the rat
Authors: Oliver W. M. , Leaver A. G. , Scott P. G. 
Published: July 2006

Eighten black and white weanling rats were divided equally into three groups, and each group received a diet which was either adequate in all respects, deficient in calcium only or in calcium and vitamin D. After 7 weeks each rat received an intra‐peritoneal injection of 3H‐proline (5μ Ci/g body weight; 578 m Ci/mM) and was sacrificed 5 hours later. The buccal mucosa and the attached gingiva were removed, the unbound labelled proline removed by dialysis and salt soluble and insoluble tissue fractions were separated by dialysis and filtration. Each fraction was gelatinised then hydrolysed and hydroxyproline estimation and tritium counting were carried out on the hydrolysate.Larger amounts of insoluble than of salt soluble collagen were recovered. Labelled proline was incorporated in measurable amounts into the insoluble collagen in the relatively short interval before sacrifice. The specific activities of the salt soluble collagen were greater than those of the insoluble collagen and showed greater variation within each dietary group.The rate of incorporation of labelled proline into insoluble oral collagen in rats deficient in calcium was significantly (p = 0.01) greater than normal and was significantly decreased (p = 0.01) in rats deficient in calcium and vitamin D.
Waste Management Activities in the Atomic Energy Commission
Authors: Belter Walter G. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe technical and administrative aspects of radioactive waste management in the light of existing experience and knowledge is discussed. This discussion is related to possible future requirements for the adequate engineering, public health and administrative control of radioactive effluents from various nuclear energy activities.The variety of radioactive wastes are categorized in a general way on the basis of their hazard potential to emphasize that the problem of radioactive waste management has numerous facets and is not amenable to a single, universal solution. The role of specific environments in waste disposal practices is summarized and the basic approaches (“dilute and disperse” and “concentrate and contain”) to effluent control are defined. Distinction is made between basic radiation protection standards or guides, and operating or performance criteria that must be established in connection with effluent control operations in order to assure the protection of public health and safety.Examples of radioactive waste disposal practice and experience in the United States for different types of wastes are described and tentative conclusions are drawn regarding the capabilities and limitations of these practices.The scope and objectives of the research and development program in this field are summarized. The status of work in major waste disposal development projects is noted.Development of guides and criteria and their application in establishment of health and safety regulations and other pertinent administrative procedures is discussed. The utilization, to the maximum practicable extent, of existing laws and administrative procedures in existing agencies at various levels of government is suggested as being advantageous from an administrative and public relations standpoint.Economic factors related to handling and disposal of radioactive wastes are noted, including relation of nuclear plant location to disposal requirements. It is pointed out that, although total costs for treatment and disposal are substantial, the cost per unit of electrical energy produced is a rather small percentage of the total cost per unit of energy.
Some Aspects of Sampling Salty Ground Water in Coastal Aquifersa
Authors: Kohout F. A. , Hoy N. D. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractInvestigations of the fluctuations of chloride content in wells that tap the zone of diffusion between fresh and salt water show that the salty well water behaves erratically when the well is pumped. Frequently, a static distribution of chloride content that ranges from less than 1,000 ppm at the top to more than 10,000 ppm at the bottom is present in the open‐hole part of a well. When the well is pumped, the discharge water tends to come from the upper part of the open hole because less energy is expended by removal of low‐density water from this region than by removal of high‐density water from the lower part of the open hole. Where the permeability of strata in the deep part of the open hole is greater than that in the shallow part, the tendency for natural selection of the less dense, shallow water is suppressed, and practically all the water in the blend comes from the deep part.As a result of this complex interrelation of hydraulics, distribution and density of the salt water, and permeability, the depth at which the pumped water enters the well bore is indeterminate. This deficiency leads to the use of multiple‐depth‐bottle, windshield‐wiper, and electrical‐conductivity sampling techniques for collection of data used in constructing maps and cross sections that show the areal‐depth relations of salt water in the Biscayne aquifer of the Miami area, Florida.
Hydraulic Characteristics of Fractured and Jointed Rocka
Authors: Lewis D. C. , Burgy R. H. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractHydrogeologic studies in foothill watersheds have included diamond‐core drilling, installation of observation wells, and pumping tests. Detailed study of recovered cores has provided reasonable estimates of porosity. Pumping tests of the two‐inch diameter wells have given estimates of the transmissibilities ranging from 6 to 600 gallons per day per foot. Test data from several wells indicate that the hydraulics of water movement in jointed rock systems is not governed by the usual mathematical models.
Estimating Transmissibility with One Drawdown
Authors: Ogden Lawrence 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn an effort to find a method of determining aquifer transmissibility with an abbreviated pumping test the basic equations governing the Theis non‐equilibrium method of determining aquifer constants were examined. They show the relationships of the coefficients of storage and transmissibility. Rearranged in terms of T (transmissibility) and equated to eliminate that parameter, the expression is rewritten as
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The left side of the equation can be computed from existing tables. All parts of the right side of the equation can be measured during a test except S, the coefficient of storage. Assuming a value for it and measuring distance from the pumping well, drawdown, time, and pumping rate, uW(u) can be computed. The single value of u corresponding to this can be determined from tables or a curve, and the calculation of transmissibility using the available data is the simple final step.Computations were made over a wide range of actual and hypothetical examples, and it was found that for a range in assumed values of coefficient of storage of 4,000 times, the range in coefficient of transmissibility was between 1.52 and 3.22 times. The method was tested using actual well data with the conclusion that it is reasonably reliable if used in an unconfined aquifer after about three hours of pumping and making drawdown measurements in the pumping well or in an observation well less than 25 feet from the pumping well. Calculations involving a confined aquifer suggest that the method is applicable within a shorter time and over larger distances from the pumping well
Relations of Fresh and Salty Ground Water along the Southeastern U. S. Atlantic Coasta
Authors: Wait R. L. , Callahan J. T. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractStudies of the hydrogeologic environments and the dynamic and equilibrium relations of fresh and salt water in aquifers have been intensified at several places along the southeastern Atlantic Coast. Some salt‐water problems involve the coastal water‐table aquifer, and others involve parts of the artesian system.On the sandy coastal islands of North Carolina, freshwater lenses under water‐table conditions float on salt water. Salt‐water contamination may take place by (1) lateral encroachment from the ocean and bay; (2) vertical encroachment from below; (3) overland inundation by ocean water during storms; and (4) downward percolation of salt spray and salt‐bearing precipitation.In the Savannah, Georgia, and South Carolina area, salt‐water encroachment along two of five water‐bearing zones in the principal artesian (limestone) aquifer has been caused by the decline of artesian pressure due to pumping. Some wells in the limestone at nearby Parris Island, South Carolina, yield salty water when overpumped. From Savannah southward at least to Fernandina, Florida, connate salty water occurs in the artesian aquifer below the fresh water. At Brunswick, Georgia, connate salty water is stratified between fresh‐water bodies in the limestone aquifer above depths of 2,000 feet. Connate salty water has contaminated the aquifer between depths of 500 and 800 feet in a small area in the city.Along the southeast Florida coast drainage canals have been the primary cause of salt‐water contamination of the highly permeable Biscayne aquifer. Criteria have been established for the operation of salinity‐control dams to prevent encroachment. The salt‐water front in the aquifer along the coast is dynamically stable under natural conditions.
Hydrogeologic Factors in Problems of Contamination in Arid Landsa
Authors: Maxey G. B. , Farvolden R. N. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe ideal hydrologic system in arid lands includes a recharge area in mountains and a discharge area in lowlands, a system modified in nature by geologic and physiographic factors. Population and agricultural activity concentrates in valleys, usually in zones of ground‐water discharge. Most water‐supply, contamination and disposal problems arise from this combination of features.The suitability of hydrogeologic units for any function of operations involving water supply or waste disposal depends primarily on their position within the hydrologic system and secondarily on physical properties. For example, at the Nevada Test Site the ground‐water flow system is used to good advantage, whereas at Las Vegas, 70 miles away, the methods of disposal practiced are in direct conflict with the system.
Removal of ABS and Other Sewage Components by Infiltration Through Soilsa
Authors: Page H. G. , Wayman C. H. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe nature and extent of movement of ABS (alkylben‐zenesulfonate) and other sewage components through natural soils were studied in the laboratory and in the field north of Denver, Colorado. Small amounts of ABS and bacteria pass through soils and reach the zone of saturation, where they move laterally down‐gradient several thousand feet. Total dissolved solids show little fluctuation during such movement, possibly because extracted solutes are replaced by other solutes leached from the soils during water infiltration.In laboratory studies Denver sewage‐plant effluent was filtered through packed columns of 8 types of soils. ABS was not significantly removed by most of the soils; how‐ever, muck, greensand marl, and residual basalt soil ini‐tially removed up to 94 percent of the ABS. Some ABS was removed only after development of bacterial slime on the soils; subsequent infiltration caused leaching of the slime and its adsorbed ABS and other constituents. All soils initially removed about 90 percent of the bacteria within a few feet of travel, but a small percentage passed through the soil. Bacterial clogging occurred quickly in the fine soils but only in modest amounts in the coarse sand, even after three months of flow.Field studies included analyses of river and irrigation water contaminated from a sewage‐plant effluent, and well water from selected sites down‐gradient between unlined irrigation ditches and the river. Concentrations of ABS and bacteria were significantly reduced during infiltration of irrigation ditch water to the water table. As noted in the laboratory the concentrations of both of these contaminants can be reduced through soil filtering action. In addition there may be some dilution of the infiltrate by the ground water. Dissolved solids showed practically no change between the ditches and the wells.
The Design and Use of Hydrogeologic Mapsa
Authors: Warman J. C. , Wiesnet D. R. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA map should treat the critical problems in a way understandable to the intended reader. Some maps appropriately show only one or two pertinent hydrogeologic parameters. Point‐data maps make little or no interpretation of the data. Four‐dimensional maps‐those that include an elapsed span of time or projection of hydrogeologic variables into the future‐represent a high degree of interpretation of data; they are most useful to the map reader. The hydro‐geologist has an obligation to his reader to design maps that are as useful as possible.
California's Stake in the Colorado Rivera
Authors: Cole D. E. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractCalifornia has an enormous stake in the Colorado River. In the southern portion of the State, 80 percent of the water used is furnished by the Colorado River, and this area needs still more water in the immediate years ahead. But it cannot get more from the natural supply of the Colorado. The river is already over‐committed, and California in fact may have to cut back on its present take from that source. This is not the Colorado River in Texas; Los Angeles has gone hundreds of miles to get water, but has not reached that far east‐yet.
Use of Analog Model to Predict Streamflow Depletion, Big and Little Blue River Basin, Nebraskaa
Authors: Emery P. A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe States of Nebraska and Kansas are negotiating a compact for apportionment of the waters of the Big and Little Blue Rivers. So that the negotiating officials could allocate the water equitably, the amount of streamflow depletion caused by ground‐water withdrawals upgradient from the State line needed to be determined. At the request of the Nebraska officials, the U. S. Geological Survey constructed an electric analog model which could be used to determine the amount of streamflow depletion expected to occur in the next 60 years.The model simulates hydraulic conditions in an area of 7,400 square miles which includes the entire area drained by the Big and Little Blue Rivers in Nebraska. The trans‐missibility of the aquifer (Pleistocene in age) ranges from less than 1,000 to as much as 300,000 gallons per day per foot, and the storage coefficient averages about 0.20. The transmissibility values are based on examination of test‐ hole samples from more than 400 test holes in and adjacent to the basin.Analysis of the model indicates that predicted maximum ground‐water withdrawals between 1962 and 2022 will not deplete the base flow of the Big or Little Blue Rivers by more than 5 percent.
Data Requirements and Preliminary Results of an Analog‐Model Evaluation—Arkansas River Valley in Eastern Coloradoa
Authors: Moore John E. , Wood Leonard A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe intensively irrigated Arkansas River Valley in Colorado is underlain by a valley‐fill aquifer resting in a U‐shaped trough cut in relatively impermeable Cretaceous rocks. Ground water is pumped to supplement surface water; in the last 10 years pumping has more than doubled. Ground water is closely related to the Arkansas River; percolation from irrigation recharges the aquifer, which discharges into the river. Pumping has resulted in a reduction in streamflow because it intercepts water that ordinarily would have reached the river. The 1,500 irrigation wells in the Arkansas Valley withdrew 230,000 acre‐feet of water in 1964.An analog model is being used to evaluate the relation of ground water to surface water and to predict effects of changes in water management. The model, simulating a 150‐mile reach of the Arkansas Valley (Pueblo to the State line), has a resistor spacing of 8 per modeled mile. The framework for the model was a transmissibility map; transmissibility ranges from less than 50,000 to 700,000 gallons per day per foot. Specific yield averages about 0.2. Hydrologic boundaries, such as the Arkansas River, and the bedrock valley‐fill contact were simulated. Applied water, precipitation, evapotranspiration, and ground‐water pumping were the independent variables programed. The model is being verified by comparing predicted changes in water level and river discharge with observed changes.
The Influence of Ground‐Water Flow Systems on Pavement Stability in Highway Cuts
Authors: Williams R. E. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe failure or “breaking up” of pavement in cuts in glacial till is a phenomenon commonly observed in northeastern Illinois and other areas in the midwest. Failure commonly follows periods of significant ground‐water recharge, especially when such periods are concomitant with freezing and thawing conditions.Water levels in piezometers installed in glacial till in northeastern Illinois indicate that during periods of high precipitation or rapid snow melt, the potential surface normally occurs at shallow depths. Therefore, cuts of appreciable depth intersect the zone of saturation and establish local, gravity, ground‐water flow systems with the bottom of the cut acting as a ground‐water discharge zone. Such shallow gravity flow systems may bring about pavement failure by facilitating the growth of thick ice lenses or by developing high pressure beneath the pavement due to poor drainage.
Designing Pumped Well Characteristics into Electric Analog Models
Authors: Prickett T. A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractPassive‐element electric analog models have been used for many years as a means of tudying cause and effect relationships in the regional development of ground‐water resources. Although successful use of such models has been demonstrated by several investigators, certain inherent characteristics designed into some electric analog models lead to significant error at particular boundaries of the model.Errors that exist at the pumped well junctions of non‐steady‐state two‐dimensional flow electric analog models are analyzed. The results of the analysis indicate that practical sustained yields and water‐level data derived from pumped well junctions of electric analog models lead to overly optimistic estimates of aquifer and well yielding capabilities. This paper presents design methods for simulating pumped wells having different radii, screen lengths, partial penetrations, gravel pack sizes, and well‐loss constants.
Electric‐Analog and Digital‐Computer Model Analysis of Stream Depletion by Wellsa
Authors: Jenkins C. T. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTElectric‐analog or digital‐computer models are used to compute the effect of ground‐water withdrawal or recharge on streamflow. The results can be generalized on a map showing lines of equal elapsed time. The lines indicate the time of recharging or discharging that is needed to affect the streamflow by a given fraction of the amount pumped or injected. The generalization is based on the similarity in shape of the relations between pumping time and stream depletion for (1) semi‐infinite homogeneous aquifers drained by a straight, fully penetrating stream, and (2) complex heterogeneous aquifers. Response curves from a model reflect the combined effect of stream sinuosity, irregular impermeable boundaries, areal variation in aquifer properties, and imperfect hydraulic connection between the stream and aquifer. The elapsed‐cime lines are identified by sdf (stream depletion factor) values. These values can be calculated from observations made on an electric‐analog model and then may be used in a digital‐computer program for determining the effects of ground‐water pumping or recharge on streamflow.
Well Logging in Ground‐Water Hydrologya
Authors: Keys W. Scott 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTIn 1966 more than 50 billion gallons of water was pumped daily from an estimated 10 to 15 million water wells in the United States. This was more than one‐sixth of the national withdrawal of water. On the basis of past rates of increase, a much greater future use of ground water is suggested. Our annual investment in water wells is one‐half to three‐quarter billion dollars, not including pumps and plumbing. In 1964 approximately 436,000 new wells were drilled; however, less than 1 percent of these wells were logged by any geophysical means. The application of _ge_o.phy.sical well logging to ground‐water hydrology is comparable to its use in petroleum exploration in the 1930's; however, we can take advantage of equipment and interpretation techniques developed in the oil industry that are available now for use in ground‐water investigations.Although most petroleum well logging techniques may be utilized in hydrology; modifications in equipment and interpretation are necessary because of basic economic and environmental differences between petroleum and ground‐water evaluation. If logging is to be widely applied to ground‐water exploration and evaluation, the expense of equipment and services must be reduced. Fortunately, this can be accomplished, because most water wells are not as deep as oil wells and the temperatures and pressures are lower.The Water Resources Division of the U. S. Geological Survey is conducting research on the application of borehole geophysics to ground‐water hydrology. The following logging devices are utilized in the evaluation of ground‐water environments: spontaneous potential, resistivity, gamma, gamma‐gamma, neutron, radioactive tracer, flowmeter, caliper, fluid resistivity, gradient and differential temperature, and sonic velocity. Lightweight logging sondes and control modules are operated by one man, either on a vehicle‐mounted 6,000‐foot logger or on a suitcase‐mounted 500‐foot logger. An inexpensive magnetic tape system has been developed and is used routinely for log recording and playback.If commercial well logging service is to be widely used in ground‐water exploration and development, water well contractors, and State and municipal agencies must be educated on the advantages of obtaining more information from each hole drilled. It will be necessary also to demonstrate how well logging can provide much of this information. In addition, the well logging industry must adapt their equipment and services to the requirements of ground‐water hydrology. The need for additional logging capability in this field exists at the present time and is expected to increase. Hopefully industry will be able to fill the gap.
Design of Waste Disposal Wellsa
Authors: Marsh John H. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn this paper, basic design principles for disposal wells are set out and then exemplified by discussion of two recently constructed wells for disposal of very corrosive refinery waste. One well is designed for 700 gpm of waste containing 4200 ppm hydrogen sulfide. The other is designed for 50 gpm of waste containing 32 percent hydrochloric acid. Both wells are in the Gulf Coastal Plain and are completed in a deep, unconsolidated fine sand containing salt water. Screens fabricated from exotic metals were incorporated in the design. Unique combinations of materials were used for the casing.It is pointed out that oil field type completions are often used in disposal well construction, which usually results in low specific injection capacity, high operation and maintenance costs, and short useful life of the hydraulic structure.