bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE DIFFERENTIAL CONDITIONABILITY OF TWO COMPONENTS OF THE SKIN CONDUCTANCE RESPONSE
Authors: Mordkoff Arnold M. , Edelberg Robert , Ustick Michael 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe dual effector basis of the skin conductance response (SCR) was investigated in an experiment in which responses from both the dorsal and palmar surfaces of the hand were classically conditioned using a delayed, discrimination conditioning paradigm. Orienting (OR), anticipatory (AR) and unconditional responses (UCR) were distinguished on the basis of latency. Both the anticipatory response and the response which occurred when the unconditional stimulus (UCS) was omitted (CR) were conditional. The magnitude of the response from the dorsal and palmar placements was similar for the ORs, UCRs, and CRs, but the palmar ARs were significantly greater than the dorsal. A conditioning index which took into account the magnitude of the UCR, revealed that the palmar AR differentiated between reinforced and non‐reinforced conditional stimuli to a greater degree than the dorsal response. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the epidermal component of the SCR, reflected in measurements from the dorsum of the hand, accompanies the alerting or orienting response of the organism, whereas the sweat gland component of the SCR, represented largely in measurements from palmar sites, is primarily associated with a defensive, anxiety‐like response.
FINGER SWEAT PRINT TAPE BANDS
Authors: McNair Douglas M. , Droppleman Leo F. , Kussman Michael 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA simple inexpensive technique for obtaining finger sweat prints (FSPs) is described. Evidence for its validity is presented. The method proved approximately equal to a more elaborate procedure in sensitivity to an anticholinergic drug effect. FSP techniques, perhaps, have been technically refined without the compensating gains of increased reliability or validity.
MODIFICATION IN AUTONOMICALLY MEDIATED PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO COLD PRESSOR BY COGNITIVE ACTIVITY: AN EXTENSION
Authors: Sadler Timothy G. , Wieland Betty A. , Mefferd Roy B. , Benton Richard G. , McDaniel C. Douglas 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe SNS response decrement obtained by Mefferd and Wieland (1965) when a congitive task was imposed during a painful stimulus was reproduced with 15 Ss under conditions involving minimal motor activity. The results support the conclusion that cognitive activity perse was the major determinant of the decrement.
EFFECTS OF CHANGING THE CS‐US INTERVAL ON HUMAN SALIVARY RESPONSES
Authors: Wells David T. , Feather Ben W. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAn experiment was performed to test the effect of changing the CS‐US interval on the pattern of conditioned salivation. Each of 6 subjects (Ss) received 60 reinforced trials on each of 3 CS‐US intervals: 10, 20, and 40 sec. For each CS‐US interval 10 test trials were given to determine the change in pattern of response with change in the CS‐US interval. An additional session included 2 test trials in which an extraneous stimulus was given simultaneously with the CS. The results showed little evidence of inhibition of delay in the longer intervals or of disinhibition when the extraneous stimulus was applied. The most significant result was a response which followed CS offset in the 20‐ and 40‐sec intervals. The question of the nature of this response remains to be answered by use of a different experimental design. Significance of the level of conditioning remained high (p <. 00001) over the manipulation of CS‐US interval.
EVOKED RESPONSE AND STARTLE BLINK TO STRONG ACOUSTIC STIMULI OF DIEEERENT SIGNAL MEANING
Authors: Sakano N. , Pickenhain L. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIn healthy man, the effects of stimulus intensity and a preceding optic signal with different meaning upon: the latencies and amplitudes of the startle blink reflex; the peaks P1, N1 and P2 of the auditory cortical evoked response (ACER); and on the strength of the subjective startle response were investigated.

A pistol‐shot elicited a startle blink of shorter latency and larger amplitude, and an ACER with shorter latency of peak N1 and larger amplitude of P1– N1 than a click, which was produced by a condenser discharge into a loudspeaker.
If an optic stimulus preceded the acoustic stimuli, the amplitudes of the ACER peaks and the latency of peak N1 decreased. The startle blink, however, displayed only a latency shortening. The subjective startle response was weaker.
If the preceding optic signal had an undifferentiated meaning, the amplitudes of the startle blink and the ACER peaks were larger than if an optic signal with differentiated meaning preceded the acoustic stimulus. In the first case, the latency of the startle blink was shorter, but that of the peak N1 longer; the subjective startle response was stronger.
It was shown that only the amplitude of the peak P1– N1 of the ACER is directly correlated with the strength of the subjective startle response.
The underlying neurophysiological mechanisms were discussed.
VASOMOTOR CONDITIONING AND AWARENESS
Authors: Shean Glenn D. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe relationship between conditioning, generalization, and extinction of digital vasoconstriction, and subject awareness of CS‐US sequence was investigated. Subjects were randomly assigned to four groups and within‐group awareness was controlled through the manipulation of instructional parameters. Results indicated that vasomotor conditioning occurred only in those subjects that were judged to be aware of relevant conditioning stimulus relationships. Conditioned responses were found to extinguish almost immediately when subjects were informed of shock cessation. These findings were interpreted as being consistent with an approach which distinguishes between conditioning and relational learning.
STABILITY OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN HEART RATE ACTIVITY DURING THE NEWBORN PERIOD
Authors: Clifton Rachel K. , Graham Frances K. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTReliability of 14 measures of newborn heart rate activity was estimated by intercorrelations among repeated daily testings and by the coefficient of concordance. Subjects were 16 newborns tested for three days and a subsample of 10 newborns tested for five days. Thirteen of the measures showed some significant stability although they differed in the size of correlations and in the degree of concordance. The two measures of temporal characteristics of response were among the least reliable and measures taken at the point of minimal activity were among the most reliable. The only measure for which there was no evidence of significant reliability was the within‐individual regression of poststimulus on prestimulus scores. This finding has obvious implications for the argument that individual regressions should be used instead of group regressions to adjust for prestimulus differences.
DIURNAL VARIATIONS OF MUSCLE ACTION POTENTIALS AND WORD ASSOCIATIONS RELATED TO PSYCHOLOGICAL ORIENTATION
Authors: Aarons Louis 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTheoretical analysis has suggested that the feedback of neuromuscular activity affects quantitative but not qualitative aspects of responses, i.e. arousal provides energy but not direction for behavior. This study was carried out to determine whether or not qualitative aspects of ideation vary with the normal diurnal fluctuations of neuromuscular activity. Word association tests revealed qualitative differences among responses before sleep, upon awakening and at noon. Some differences were related to psychological test variables of kinesthetic orientation, need for change, and anxiety; other differences were independent of psychological test scores but related to the time of the word tests and intensity of muscle action potential (EMG). Subjects with low and high scores on the psychological tests were similar in both body temperature variation and amount of time spent in different EEG sleep stages. EMG levels during sleep were highly correlated with EEG sleep stages for both groups, but low psychological test scorers exhibited more EMG activity than high scorers. Neuromuscular arousal was accompanied by qualitative changes in verbal responses that were related to psychological orientations.
ELECTRODERMAL AND ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC PARAMETERS IN CONCEPT IDENTIEICATION
Authors: Pishkin Vladimir , Shurley Jay T. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis study examined concept identification (CI) performance as a function of physiological arousal and physiological activity as a function of task complexity and expectation of success or failure. The development of an unsolvable set constituted stresses used to manipulate arousal. Results showed the following: (1) a positive correlation between CI errors and muscle action potential (MAP), (2) a negative correlation between spontaneous GSRs and MAP, (3) a greater number of spontaneous GSRs in low complexity‐solvable set CI as compared with high complexity problems, (4) progressively improving CI performance in low complexity‐solvable set problems, (5) increase in MAPs with high complexity‐unsolvable set CI. These findings were interpreted as indicating that MAP reflects internal disturbance associated with inability to process information while spontaneous GSRs reflect successful information intake.
DEEP INSPIRATIONS AS STIMULI FOR RESPONSES OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Authors: Stern Robert M. , Anschel Carol 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe effects of four types of deep breaths on the latency, the magnitude and the duration of finger volume pulse, heart rate and galvanic skin responses were studied in a quasi‐learning situation. The respiratory stimuli were normal inspirations, three times deeper than normal, six times deeper and fast, and six times deeper and slow. Twenty Ss took each type of deep breath in random order six times in response to specific lights. Graphs and statistical tests are presented summarizing the above relationships and two unexpected findings are discussed.
SKIN POTENTIAL, HEART RATE, AND THE SPAN OF IMMEDIATE MEMORY
Authors: Thetford Paul E. , Klemme Mary E. , Spohn Herbert E. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTRelations between orienting response and span of immediate memory were studied by measuring skin potential responses (SPR) and heart rate (HR). Four conditions were studied by presenting letters in a tachistoscope and a 1000 cycle, 100 db tone simultaneous on some but not all trials. The conditions (15 Ss in each) were: tone and letters for 10 trials, then letters alone for 10 trials; tone and letters for 20 trials; only letters for 10 trials, followed by letters and tone for 10 trials; and only letters for 20 trials.The results showed: (1) positive SPR habituated and negative did not, (2) tone produced more SP activity, (3) HR showed a shift from acceleration to deceleration over 20 trials, but tone had no influence, (4) tone had no direct influence on span scores, (5) Ss showed improvement in number ol letters reported correctly. There was a significant correlation between span and negative SPR when tone was sounded (r =. 36).
COMMENT ON TWO RECENT REPORTS OF OPERANT HEART RATE CONDITIONING
Authors: Murray E. Neil , Katkin Edward S. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper examined two reports of operant heart rate (HR) conditioning, one of which reported apparently successful cardiac slowing, and the other apparently successful cardiac speeding. Although the authors of these two studies concluded that they had demonstrated instrumental modification of HR independent of somatic mediators, this review of their results indicated that voluntary activity was a crucial mediator of the obtained effects. New statistical analyses were presented to support the notion that Ss’ cognitive and somatic activities influenced HR change more than the reinforcement contingencies utilized.
A NOTE ON SMOKING AND HEART RATE
Authors: Elliott Rogers , Thysell Richard 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe effect of a cigarette on the heart rate (HR) of habitual smokers was assessed after brief abstinence and after regular smoking, with controls of sham smoking and deep breathing. Smoking, and only smoking, caused elevations in HR of about 20 bpm. The effect mimics habituation, and its dissipation, which may take about an hour, proceeds more slowly after continual smoking than after smoking a single cigarette after a few hours abstinence.
LONG TERM CONDITIONING OF ORIENTING RESPONSES
Authors: Gale Elliot N. , Ax Albert F. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe Russian literature suggests that as stable conditional responses develop, orienting responses (ORs) adapt. Prior research by Gale and Stern (1967 and 1968) indicated that in a differential conditioning situation the OR becomes conditioned (COR) and conditioned responses in the form of anticipatory responses (CAR) develop. The Russian literature suggests an inverse relationship between these two responses. As the CAR evolves the COR extinguishes. In the present study conditioning in the electrodermal and peripheral vasomotor systems was assessed utilizing 300 trials of conditioning. The results indicate that the COR does not extinguish in a series this long, nor does the CAR increase in amplitude as predicted. Rather the two CRs evolve in a similar manner. Possible explanations for the obtained results are discussed.
VALIDATION OF A PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL TEST OF APTITUDE FOR LEARNING SOCIAL MOTIVES
Authors: Ax Albert F. , Bamford Jacqueline L. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis study was based on two assumptions. The first is that the hierarchy of motives is learned. “Hierarchy of Motives” is a concept denoting those largely unconscious systems which enable the selection of alternative behavior. The second assumption is that learning the hierarchy of motives requires an aptitude which varies widely in the population. The working hypotheses were: (1) presently measured aptitudes and environmental influences are insufficient to account for the observed variance in performance, and (2) that a discriminative learning task which requires a differential physiological response of the autonomic nervous system can measure the aptitude for learning social motives.Sixty‐three Negro subjects were classified into two relatively higher and lower motivation groups based on their history of employment (from interview data) or on vocational training school teachers’ ratings. They were subjected to a single session of discriminative classical autonomic conditioning involving tones and pain, and given intelligence, personality, and level of aspiration tests. It was found that 18 variables, each individually statistically significant, when combined by means of a discriminant function analysis, classified 92% of the subjects into their correct criterion (motivation) groups. It was concluded that the working hypotheses were strongly confirmed and that the two assumptions were supported. Implications of these findings if confirmed by replication are (1) that a fundamental human aptitude for learning motives exists and can be measured; (2) having measures of the aptitude enables exploration of its relationships to other aptitudes and characteristics; (3) knowledge of these relationships will make it possible (a) to more accurately predict human performance involving motivation, (b) to more appropriately select and place personnel, (c) to devise more practicable training procedures for developing socially desirable motives, and (d) to provide persons unprepared for self‐support with more appropriate vocational training.
AN INTEGRATING COUNTER FOR LIQUID FLOW MEASUREMENT
Authors: Krausman David 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis device provides a graphic representation of liquid flow in much the same manner as does a cumulative recorder. The output is in the form of an ascending staircase voltage, whose amplitude is a direct function of the accumulated number of drops of liquid flow. Reset occurs at exact time intervals which can be varied from 1 to 120 seconds. The flow is formed into tiny droplets by means of a large bore, long taper hypodermic needle. The droplets fall freely interrupting a light beam directed at a highly sensitive photo‐Darlington cell. The electrical portion of the device provides for automatic registry and graphic write‐out of both the event of the drop in the flow and for the integral of the flow over time.
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF COMBINATIONS OF PAINFUL AND COGNITIVE STIMULI
Authors: Sadler Timothy G. , Mefferd Roy B. , Wieland Betty A. , Benton Richard G. , McDaniel C. Douglas 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTSympathetic activity (SA) was reduced when a cognitive task was imposed during an ongoing response to cold pressor. However, this reduction effect was not obtained when CP was imposed 40‐sec after the onset of a cognitive task. Rather the response level appeared to be about that which would have been obtained from cold pressor alone. These results suggest that the reduction found in the former situation is not the result of distraction due to cognitive activity per se, as we had previously proposed, but it is the initial SA resulting from presentation of the cognitive task that causes the interaction. This suggests that the competition occurs at a level below that of cognition.
THE TRANSCEPHALIC DC POTENTIAL AND REACTION TIME PERFORMANCE
Authors: Friedman Howard , Taub Harvey A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe relationship between transcephalic DC potential changes and simple serial reaction time performance was investigated with the hypothesis that Ss exhibiting more positive TCDC shift would be slower in RT performance than Ss with less positive (or negative) shift. In two experiments, measurements of shift in DC from an initial pre‐performance reading to points just before, during, and following RT performance were made. Equal division into groups based on those Ss with most shift in a positive direction versus those with least positive (or negative) shift provided two groups of 12 male Ss in Experiment I, which used constant intertrial interval, and two groups of 11 Ss each in Experiment II, which used random intertrial intervals. The differences in performance between the groups were consistently in the direction expected by the hypothesis. In Experiment I, analysis of variance revealed significant interactions between groups and RT performance blocks over time. Significant differences between groups as well as significant interaction effects were found in Experiment II.
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING OF THE GALVANIC SKIN RESPONSE IN IMMOBILIZED CATS
Authors: Van Twyver Henry B. , King Robert L. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTen cats were immobilized with Flaxedil and given either paired conditioning trials or unpaired presentations of the CS and UCS in a study of classical GSR conditioning. The paired group received 5 adaptation trials followed by 40 paired tone‐shock acquisition trials and 10 extinction trials. A pseudo‐conditioning control group received unpaired trials with tone and shock, to control for pseudoconditioning and sensitization.It was found that the group receiving paired conditioning trials responded at a significantly higher magnitude than did control Ss, thus demonstrating classical conditioning in this preparation. Electromyograms were recorded for all Ss during the experimental sessions to monitor skeletal movements. The level of immobilization was such that no movements were seen in response to the CS. Analysis of the baseline skin resistance data revealed no significant differences which could have contributed to group differences in GSR magnitudes. It is concluded that skeletal movement was not a necessary concomitant of classical conditioning of the GSR.
PERSONALITY, AWARENESS AND AUTONOMIC CONDITIONING
Authors: Morgenson D. F. , Martin Irene 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe relationship between extraversion and autonomic conditioning was examined in three response systems: skin resistance, pulse rate and pulse volume. A discrimination schedule was employed as suggested by Eysenck (1965), and also as a means of differentiating conditioning effects from pseudoconditioning. Ss were afterwards interviewed to assess whether or not they were aware of the CSUCS contingency. Most of the Ss (93 out of US) could verbalize the contingency, and evidence of conditioning was clearcut in this group and virtually non‐existent in the unaware group. There were no significant correlations between conditioning and personality in any of the response systems, a finding considered in the light of the overwhelming effect of cognitive factors on the acquisition curve.
ELECTROMYOGRAM SUPPRESSION DURING SLEEP, DREAM RECALL, AND ORIENTATION TIME
Authors: Larson James D. , Foulkes David 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTFive subjects had their nocturnal sleep monitored (EEG, EOG, submental EMG) for a total of 42 nights. A total of 196 awakenings to retrieve sleep mentation was distributed among three awakening categories: Non‐Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) sleep before the EMG suppression heralding REM‐sleep onset; NREM sleep immediately following the EMG suppression heralding REM‐sleep onset; and early moments of REM sleep accompanied by EMG suppression. Suppressed‐EMG NREM awakenings tended to be associated with lower dream recall frequency and lower Dreamlike Fantasy Scale ratings than did high‐EMG NREM awakenings. Orientation times upon experimental awakenings were longer on suppressed‐EMG pre‐REM awakenings than on high‐EMG pre‐REM awakenings. A momentary “deepening” of sleep (in terms of less memorable and vivid mental content and of decreased reactivity to the awakening stimulus) thus appears to accompany the pre‐REM suppression of neck and chin EMG potentials.
RESPONSE CONTINGENCY AND HUMAN GASTRIC ACIDITY
Authors: Norman Arthur 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between avoidance behavior of human subjects and gastric acid changes. An intragastric radio transmitter was employed to record stomach acid secretion rates. The subjects were divided into two groups. The members of the Response‐Contingent (RC) group were led to believe that they would be able to avoid a strong electric shock during the Test phase of their session. In the No‐Response (NR) group, subjects were correctly told that they would be without means of avoiding shock. The results demonstrated that (a) subjects could not be differentiated according to gastric acid secretion rate strictly on the basis of whether or not they made an avoidance response to an aversive stimulus; (b) a non‐significant majority of subjects in both groups exhibited decreased gastric acid secretion rates during the Test phase; and (c) both groups showed a significantly faster rate of gastric acid secretion during the Post‐Test phase than during the Test condition.
CARDIAC ACTIVITY DURING EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED ANXIETY
Authors: Deane George E. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThree studies are reported in which subjects (Ss) were instructed to watch a sequence of numbers appear on a memory drum and, after base‐level determinations of cardiac and respiratory activity, were told to expect an aversive stimulus at a specific point in the number sequence. Subjects typically showed an acceleration in cardiac rate early in the number series and a deceleration just prior to and during the expected locus of shock. The acceleration was found to be greater for Ss told to expect strong shock than for those told to expect weak shock, greater for those receiving strong shock than those receiving weak shock, and under all conditions the acceleration decreased as a function of the number of shocks received. The deceleration, however, remained essentially constant across both trials and conditions and also occurred in groups told merely to expect a weak tone or a faint click. It appears that the acceleration may be a component of an anxiety response but the deceleration appears to occur under the present conditions in anticipation of any stimulation.