bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
LONG‐TERM ACCEPTANCE OF FULL THICKNESS BODY SKIN GRAFTS BETWEEN BOS TAURUS‐BOS INDICUS CHIMERIC TWINS
Authors: Summers PM , Shelton JN 
Published: August 2007

SummaryBody skin was grafted between Bos taurus‐Bos indicus haemopoietic chimeric calves produced by embryo transfer. Grafts of body skin from Bos taurus animals to their Bos indicus chimeric co‐twins survived For more than 2 and 1/2 years as assessed by the growth of hair from the grafts. There was no evidence of survival of the reciprocal grafts. It is suggested that depilation, dehydration and desquamation are not suitable criteria for assessment of skin grafts in cattle.
SUPPRESSION OF CELL‐MEDIATED IMMUNITY FOLLOWING ORAL FEEDING OF MICE WITH PALMYRAH (BORASSUS FLABELLIFER L) FLOUR
Authors: Devi Shamala , Arseculeratne SN , Pathmanathan R , McKenzie IFC , Pang T 
Published: August 2007

SummaryInbred mice fed with a 40% mixture of palmyrah flour pellets showed a significantly reduced capacity to mount a delayed‐type hypersensitivity (DTH) response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Maximal suppression of DTH was noted after 6 days of feeding but was detectable even after 2 days. Maximal suppression occurred when flour feed was maintained into the sensitization period (with SRBC). The suppressive effect was transferable to normal mice fed with pellets ad libitum by viable spleen cells from mice fed with the 40% flour pellet mixture for a period of 2 days. Further characterization of the cells which were able to transfer suppression showed them to be T cells, some of which possess the Ly‐1 surface antigen. The cells appear to be negative for Ly‐2 surface antigen. Historically, no evidence of lesions was noted in the liver and other organs of recipient mice which received cells from flour‐fed donors. We thus favour the interpretation that oral feeding of mice with palmyrah flour induced the generation of T suppressor cells which were able to suppress the DTH response to SRBC. The significance and implications of these findings are discussed.
VACCINATION AGAINST NEMATOSPIROIDES DUBIUS IN MICE USING ADULT WORM EXTRACTS AS ANTIGENS
Authors: Fernando Monroy G , Brindley Paul J , Dobson Colin 
Published: August 2007

SummaryVarious preparations of somatic Nematospiroides dubius antigens were emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant and assayed in Quackenbush mice for efficacy as vaccines against homologous infection. Soluble and particulate fractions were given by two different routes. Only minimal protection was induced by vaccination with either soluble or particulate parasite fractions used independently when compared with the adjuvant control. Fewer and smaller worms were recovered from, and significantly fewer parasite eggs were voided by, mice which had been treated previously with both soluble somatic protein (15 μg N. dubius per mouse) by the intraperitoneal route and particulate antigen by subcutaneous injection These mice showed higher antibody titres in comparison with other mice treated with either fraction alone. Further, treatment with both antigen fractions together appeared to exert a synergistic effect in comparison with either fraction administered alone.
ACUTE VOLUME EXPANSION: RAT PROXIMAL TUBULAR Na TRANSPORT INHIBITION BY AUTOLOGOUS TUBULAR FLUID WITHOUT CHANGES IN Na PERMEABILITY
Authors: Györy AZ , Willis W , Chan M 
Published: August 2007

SummarySodium permeability (P22Na) and steady state transepithelial concentration differences of Na (ΔcNa) were measured in stationary droplets in proximal tubules of rats in both the non‐expanded (NE) and subsequent mannitol‐saline volume‐expanded (VE) state. The test solutions for tubular injection were either an artificial tubular solution (AS) in group I rats or harvested proximal tubular fluid (HTF) in a second group of rats (group II) ΔcNa (mmol.kg‐1H2O) was significantly reduced (p<0.001) with HTF in the VE state (12.1 ± 0.8 SEM) when compared to HTF in the NE state (17.8 ± 1.8) and AS in both NE (17±4. 1.0) and VE (18.2 ± 1.0). P22Na calculated from the half‐time of disappearance of 22Na from the droplets, when using paired experiments were 8.1 ± 1.7×10‐5 mm2.sec‐1 and 7.3 ± 1.8 with HTF in NE and subsequent VE and 8.6 ± 1.1 and 7.7 ± 0.8 with AS in NE and VE. These permeability results did not differ from each other significantly. In these experiments with zero net Na and water fluxes, the 32% reduction of ΔcNa cannot be accounted for by an increased backleak of Na, since P22Na would have had to increase by 32%. These results therefore provide strong evidence for a factor present in proximal tubular fluid consequent upon VE which inhibits Na transport without altering transcpithelial PNa, but do not exclude an effect of such a factor on the cellular Na entry step or the Na pump itself.
A PLASMID FOR DIFFUSIBLE PIGMENT PRODUCTION IN STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Authors: Townsend DE , Grubb WB , Annear DI 
Published: August 2007

SummaryProduction of diffusible pigment in a strain of Staphylococcus aureus (WG260) has been associated with a plasmid of c.26 megadaltons which can be co‐transduced with inducible erythromycin and spectinomycin resistance. However, the diffusible pigment plasmid can be lost from the transductants without loss of inducible erythromycin and spectinomycin resistance. The evidence suggests that the resistance determinants are located on an element similar or identical to transposon Tn554, and, during transduction of the diffusible pigment plasmid, a copy of the resistance determinants always inserts into the chromosome of the transductant. This is the first report of such an element occurring on a plasmid in a clinical isolate of S. aureas. To date, the diffusible pigment plasmid has been isolated only as the open‐circular conformation of plasmid DNA and is probably a highly relaxable plasmid. The production of the orange, diffusible pigment was shown to be independent of colony pigmentation.
ROSS RIVER VIRUS GENETIC VARIANTS IN AUSTRALIA AND THE PACIFIC ISLANDS
Authors: Faragher SG , Marshall ID , Dalgarno L 
Published: August 2007

SummaryHaelll and Taql restriction digest profiles of cDNA to infected cell RNA or virion RNA were used as a guide to genetic relationships between fourteen isolates of Ross River virus (RRV) obtained from mosquitoes collected in various localities in eastern Australia where the virus is endemic RRV isolates from Fiji, American Samoa, the Cook Islands and the Wallis Islands where major outbreaks of epidemic polyarthritis took place in 1979‐1980 were also examined.Among these RRV isolates we have identified three genetic types (I‐III) on the basis of differences between their restriction digest profiles. We estimate that 1.5‐5% nucleotide sequence diversity exists between genetic types. Within each genetic type Strain differentiation gave rise to small but significant difference in restriction digest profiles.No clear pattern of geographic distribution of RRV genetic types could be established from the limited number of RRV isolates examined. Genetic types I, II and III, respectively, were isolated from three, three and one different mosquito species, indicating there is no strong association between genetic type and the species of mosquito vector.Haelll restriction digest analysis did not detect any genetic difference between the four Pacific Island isolates, suggesting that a single RRV variant was involved in the epidemics. Genetically, this variant was closely related to isolates of genetic type II. Virtually identical Haelll restriction digest profiles were observed for isolates obtained at various stages of the Pacific Island epidemics, suggesting that extensive sequence evolution did not accompany Ross River virus spread.
IN VITRO LYMPHOKINE RELEASE BY LYMPHOCYTES FROM MICE INFECTED WITH SALMONELLA
Authors: Attridge SR , Kotlarski Ieva 
Published: August 2007

SummaryLymphocytes generated in mice by infection with Salmonella enteritidis 11RX release interleukin 2 and macrophage activation factor upon subsequent in vitro culture with bacterial antigens. Lymphokine release requires the co‐culture of non‐adherent sensitized Lyt 1+2‐ T cells and adherent metabolically active accessory cells; the interaction between these two populations is restricted by the H‐2 I‐A locus. Following systemic immunization with the 11RX strain, the two lymphokines are produced in parallel by peritoneal cells, whereas spleen cells primarily release macrophage activation factor.
IDENTIFICATION OF A COMMON ANTIGEN ON HUMAN ERYTHROCYTE SIALOGLYCOPROTEINS
Authors: Banyard Michael R C , Shaw Denis C 
Published: August 2007

SummaryAn erythrocyte sialoglycoprotein common antigen has been identified by a monoclonal antibody. The antigen recognised by the JCS‐2 antibody was determined by immunoprecipitation, Western blotting and partial amino acid sequencing. Western blot analysis of human erythrocyte ghost membranes separated on sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis shows that the sialoglycoproteins common antigen occurs on the alpha, beta, gamma and delta sialoglycoproteins, either in their monomeric or dimeric form and as the heterodimer in the case of alpha and delta. The N‐terminal sequence of the antigen prepared by immunoaffinity chromatography of the Triton‐X100 extract of human erythrocyte ghost shows the first 9 residues to be identical to the known sequence of the MN blood group glycoproteins. The common epitope on the sialoglycoproteins resides on the oligosaccharide and contains sialic acid.
CARRAGEENAN COLITIS IN THE GUINEA PIG: PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES AND THE IMPORTANCE OF ASCORBIC ACID DEFICIENCY IN DISEASE INDUCTION
Authors: Langman JM , Rowland R , Vernon‐Roberts B 
Published: August 2007

SummaryIn guinea pigs deprived or ascorbic acid, the oral administration of degraded E. Spinosum carrageenan induced mild to moderate colitis, while E. cottonii consistently induced severe colitis. A variable degree of colitis was observed in scorbutic animals not receiving carrageenan. By contrast, in animals given large daily supplements of ascorbic acid, neither type of carrageenan consistently induced colitis and seven disease was rarely observed. The severe colitis induced by E. cottonii in scorbutic animals markedly affected the mid and distal colon and showed histological changes similar to human ulcerative colitis.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS EXPRESSED BY RAT LYMPHOID CELLS TO THEIR PARTICIPATION IN GRAFT‐VERSUS‐HOST REACTIONS
Authors: McCullagh Peter 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe relationship between the graft‐versus‐host reactivity of lymphocytes from F2 hybrid and backcross rats and their susceptibility to inter‐parental strain alloantisera has been investigated. Apart from associations between the immunological responsiveness of individual rats and the extent of alloantiserum susceptibility of their lymphocytes, selective reactivity of groups of lymphocytes that were separable from the general population by means of their alloantiserum susceptibility was observed. Those host lymphocytes which expressed a preponderance of DA‐derived determinants were preferentially implicated in graft‐versus‐host reactions elicited by PVG lymphocytes in (PVG × DA)F2 hybrid rats. The anti‐(PVG × DA)F1 hybrid reactivity of some (PVG × F1) backcross rats was selectively concentrated in that fraction of the lymphocyte population which expressed the highest levels of PVG‐derived determinants. It is proposed that heterogeneously expressed MHS determinants may have a role in regulating selective participation by subpopulations of lymphocytes in allogeneic reactions.
THE IMMUNOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF ALLOGENEIC RAT EMBRYO TRANSFER
Authors: McCullagh Peter 
Published: August 2007

SummaryBlastocysts of the PVG and DA rat strains were transferred to pseudopregnant females of the opposite strain. Those embryos of which the biological and surrogate mothers were allogeneic with respect to each other exhibited a significantly impaired rate of survival. Lymphocytes from PVG rats born following the transfer of blastocysts to DA surrogates invariably possessed anti‐(PVG × DA)F1 hybrid graft‐versus‐host reactivity substantially in excess of that of cells from normal PVG rats.
EFFECT OF IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENTS AND SUNSCREENS ON UV CARCINOGENESIS IN THE HAIRLESS MOUSE
Authors: Reeve Vivienne E , Greenoak GE , Gallagher CH , Canfield PJ , Wilkinson FJ 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe effect of two immunosuppressive agents, azathioprine and cyclophosphamide, with and without UVB sunscreen protection on UV‐induced skin carcinogenesis was studied in the albino hairless mouse.In a daily treatment regime spanning 9 weeks, groups of mice were immunosuppressed with either drug, and were exposed to minimally erythemal doses of a light source simulating the UV portion of the solar spectrum. The accumulated UV exposure alone induced skin tumours in 77% of mice. Azathioprine, but not cyclophosphamide, significantly enhanced the incidence of UV tumorigenesis.Photoprotection by topical application of one of two commonly used UVB sunscreens, 2‐ethyl‐hexyl‐p‐methoxycinnamate (2‐EHMC) or octyl‐N‐dimethyl‐p‐aminobenzoate (o‐PABA), reduced the UV tumour incidence to zero in immunologically normal mice and to 8‐15% in immunosuppressed mice.Unexpressed latent tumour initiations were revealed in all sunscreen‐protected groups by the subsequent application of a tumour promoter, croton oil. In immunologically normal mice 2‐EHMC had allowed initiations in 39% of UV‐irradiated mice, and o‐PABA in 16‐5%. However, in UV‐irradiated mice immunosuppressed with azathioprine there had been initiations in 78% of mice protected with 2‐EHMC and 65% of mice protected with o‐PABA. Photoprotected mice immunosuppressed with cyclophosphamide did not show the same increase in UV‐initiations (22% with 2‐EHMC, 23% with o‐PABA).These results provide evidence that azathioprine increases the susceptibility of the skin to UV carcinogenesis. However, UVB sunscreens afford effective protection from overt tumour expression in the absence of a tumour promoter.
IN VITRO DEVELOPMENT OF ZINC‐DEFICIENT AND REPLETE RAT EMBRYOS
Authors: Records IR , Dreosti IE , Tulsi RS 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe development of the zinc‐deficient rat embryo has been studied in vitro using embryo culture techniques. Normal 9·5 day embryos cultured for 48 h in serum Obtained from zinc‐deficient rats grew and developed to the same extent as those cultured in zinc‐replete serum. Embryos from dams which had been fed a zinc‐deficient did since mating were also removed for culture. Such zinc‐deficient embryos cell into two broad morphological categories One group appeared identical to the normal embryos, while the others had apparently normal visceral yolk sacs but small embryonic poles and retarded or abnormal embryonic development. Culture the first group in either zinc‐deficient or replete serum produced morphologically normal embryos: however, those which appeared abnormal at day 9·5 were grossly malformed after 48 h incubation in either sera. When embryos were cultured in the presence of Zinc, the most severely affected zinc deficient embryos accumulated as much zinc as the zinc‐replete in and apparently unaffected zinc‐deficient embryos, indicating that the malformations do not arise from an inability of the embryo or yolk sac to accumulate zinc from the surrounding fluid the results front these studies suggest that the teratogenic effects of zinc deficiency cannot be induced by direct culture of zinc‐replete embryos in zinc‐deficient serum. Furthermore, it would appear that maternal zinc deficiency can exert its teratological influence prior to day 9·5 of gestation and that these effects arc not readily reversible.
A LIGHT AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF OXYTOCIN‐CONTAINING NEURONS IN THE PARA‐VENTRICULAR NUCLEUS OF THE RAT
Authors: Loesch Andrzej 
Published: August 2007

SummaryOxytocin‐containing neurons and axon terminals contacting the neurons of the rat paraventricular nucleus were investigated by the peroxidase‐antiperoxidase technique for light and electron microscopy. At the light microscopic level the reaction product was seen to fill the somata, dendrites and axons of the neurons. At the ultrastructural level the immunoprecipitate was localized on cytoplasm (including ergastoplasm) and neurosecretory granules (NSG) of the somata; microtubules, ergastoplasm and NSG of the dendrites; and NSG of the axons. Axon terminals synapsing on the surface of the labelled somata and dendrites were exclusively unlabelled. The somata and dendrites were observed to receive both asymmetrical (Gray's type I) and symmetrical (Gray's type II) synapses with clear, mostly spherical and flattened vesicles, respectively. Frequently, pleomorphic vesicles and a few dense‐core vesicles occurred in both types of synapses. There also were present some unlabelled bridge‐like axon terminals making ‘double’ synapses either on two labelled dendritic processes or on one unlabelled and one labelled dendrite. The present findings demonstrate that the somata and dendrites of the oxytocin‐containing neurons receive diverse innervation. At the same time there was no evidence in this study for synaptic input to the labelled axons of the neurons.
T cell proliferation and cytokine responses to ovalbumin and ovomucoid detected in children with and without egg allergy
Authors: Tay S. S. , Clark A. T. , Deighton J. , King Y. , Ewan P. W. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryBackground
The specific T cell responses in egg allergy and resolution have not been fully elucidated.Objective
To characterize egg allergen‐specific T cells of children with active and resolved egg allergy, in comparison with non‐allergic controls.Method
We studied children with active (n=35) or resolved (n=20) egg allergy determined by oral challenge, and non‐allergic controls (n=15). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were labelled with carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) and stimulated with ovalbumin (OVA), ovomucoid (OM) or tetanus toxoid. Flow cytometry was used to detect divided CD3+ CFSElo cells that expressed intra‐cytoplasmic IL‐4 or IFN‐γ. The cell division index (CDI) was calculated as a measure of allergen‐specific proliferation. Peanut‐specific T cells of a subgroup of children who also had peanut allergy were also studied.Results
OVA‐specific T cells were found in subjects with active (87%) or resolved (75%) egg allergy and in controls (67%), with a trend towards increased T cell proliferation in allergy. OM‐induced weaker T cell responses than OVA, stimulating fewer responders (46% allergic, 50% resolved, 60% controls) and 10‐fold less proliferation [CDIOVA 2.0 (median), 25.6 (maximum) vs. CDIOM 0.2 (median), 15.1 (maximum); P<0.01]. Both egg allergens induced significant IL‐4+ (median 10%, range 1.4–58%) and IFN‐γ+ (median 28%, range 4.5–63%) cells in responders, including non‐allergics. There were no significant differences in IFN‐γ+ or IL‐4+ cells or in IFN‐γ/IL‐4 ratios between groups. Peanut‐specific T cell proliferation was significantly higher in peanut allergy [CDICPE 16.5 (median), 24.8 (maximum)] compared with controls [CDICPE 2.1 (median), 16.1 (maximum)] but cytokine profiles were not different. Tetanus‐specific T cells were seen in 90% of the subjects, with no significant inter‐group differences in responses.Conclusion
Egg allergen‐specific T cells are readily detected in all groups and not restricted to egg allergy. In contrast, peanut‐specific proliferation was significantly higher in peanut allergy. This suggests that T cell responses in peanut and egg allergy may differ. We did not find T helper type 2‐deviated cytokine responses in egg or peanut allergy.
Measurement of basal growth hormone (GH) is a useful test of disease activity in treated acromegalic patients
Authors: Jayasena C. N. , Wujanto C. , Donaldson M. , Todd J. F. , Meeran K. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryBackground  Nadir GH during oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is the gold‐standard test of GH secretion in treated acromegaly. However, it was recently reported that variability in GH is reduced postradiotherapy, making basal GH a potential surrogate marker for nadir GH in such patients.Objective  We aimed to investigate how predictive basal GH is of nadir GH and IGF‐I, and whether radiotherapy influenced these relationships.Design  A total of 226 pairs of basal and nadir GH values from 76 treated acromegalic patients were analysed. Basal GH was defined as the fasting serum GH immediately prior to OGTT.Results  A highly positive linear correlation (Pearson correlation = 0·955, P < 0·01) between basal and nadir GH was found. Negative predictive value for basal GH < 1 µg/l with respect to nadir GH > 1 µg/l was 100% (53/53 in radiotherapy group, 15/15 in nonradiotherapy group). Positive predictive values for basal GH > 2 µg/l with respect to nadir GH > 1 µg/l for patients treated and not treated with radiotherapy were 96·7% (88/91) and 95·2% (20/21), respectively. No significant difference between concordance of basal and nadir GH with IGF‐I in assessment of disease activity was found. Discordance between IGF‐I and nadir or basal GH < 1 µg/l was lower in the radiotherapy group than nonradiotherapy group, but this was nonsignificant.Conclusions  Basal GH < 1 µg/l and > 2 µg/l are highly predictive of nadir GH < 1 µg/l and > 1 µg/l, respectively, regardless of previous radiotherapy. Basal GH is as good as nadir GH in concordance with IGF‐I. We therefore suggest basal GH is a useful test of disease activity in treated acromegaly, and can reliably replace OGTT unless basal GH is between 1 µg/l and 2 µg/l.