bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phase II study of lenalidomide in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Choueiri Toni K. , Dreicer Robert , Rini Brian I. , Elson Paul , Garcia Jorge A. , Thakkar Snehal G. , Baz Rachid C. , Mekhail Tarek M. , Jinks Holly A. , Bukowski Ronald M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBACKGROUND.Lenalidomide (LEN) is a structural and functional analogue of thalidomide that has demonstrated enhanced immunomodulatory properties and a more favorable toxicity profile. A Phase II, open‐label study of LEN in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) was conducted to determine its safety and clinical activity.METHODS.Patients with metastatic RCC received LEN orally at a dose of 25 mg daily for the first 21 days of a 28‐day cycle. The primary endpoint was the objective response rate. Time to treatment failure, safety, and survival were secondary endpoints.RESULTS.In total, 28 patients participated in the trial and were included in the current analysis. Three of 28 patients (11%) demonstrated partial responses and continued to be progression‐free for >15 months. Eleven patients (39%) had stable disease that lasted >3 months, including 8 patients who had tumor shrinkage. In total, 6 patients (21%) remained on the trial, and 5 additional patients continued to be followed for survival. The median follow‐up for those 11 patients was 13.5 months (range, 8.3–17.0 months). The median survival had not been reached at the time of the current report. Serious adverse events included fatigue (11%), skin toxicity (11%), and neutropenia (36%).CONCLUSIONS.LEN demonstrated an antitumor effect in metastatic RCC, as evidenced by durable partial responses. LEN toxicities were manageable. Further studies will be required to assess the overall activity of LEN in patients with metastatic RCC. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Photoelectrochemical Behavior of Nanostructured WO3 Thin‐Film Electrodes: The Oxidation of Formic Acid
Authors: Monllor‐Satoca Damián , Borja Luis , Rodes Antonio , Gómez Roberto , Salvador Pedro 
Published: October 2006

AbstractNanostructured tungsten trioxide thin‐film electrodes are prepared on conducting glass substrates by either potentiostatic electrodeposition from aqueous solutions of peroxotungstic acid or direct deposition of WO3 slurries. Once treated thermally in air at 450 °C, the electrodes are found to be composed of monoclinic WO3 grains with a particle size around 30–40 nm. The photoelectrochemical behavior of these electrodes in 1 M HClO4 apparently reveals a low degree of electron–hole recombination. Upon addition of formic acid, the electrode showed the current multiplication phenomenon together with a shift of the photocurrent onset potential toward less positive values. Photoelectrochemical experiments devised on the basis of a kinetic model reported recently [I. Mora‐Seró, T. Lana‐Villarreal, J. Bisquert, A. Pitarch, R. Gómez, P. Salvador, J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109, 3371] showed that an interfacial mechanism of inelastic, direct hole transfer takes place in the photooxidation of formic acid. This behavior is attributed to the tendency of formic acid molecules to be specifically adsorbed on the WO3 nanoparticles, as evidenced by attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy.
Characterization of Xenopus digits and regenerated limbs of the froglet
Authors: Satoh Akira , Endo Tetsuya , Abe Masahiro , Yakushiji Nayuta , Ohgo Shiro , Tamura Koji , Ide Hiroyuki 
Published: October 2006

AbstractXenopus has 4 and 5 digits in a forelimb and hindlimb, respectively. It is thought that their limbs and digits develop in Xenopus by mechanisms that are almost conserved from amphibians to higher vertebrates. This is supported by some molecular evidence. The 5′hoxd genes are convenient marker genes for characterizing digits in the chick and mouse. The anteriormost digit is characterized by being hoxd13‐positive and hoxd12 (hoxd11)‐negative in the chick and mouse. In this study, we revealed that the anteriormost digit of the Xenopus forelimb is hoxd13‐positive and hoxd11‐positive, that is, a more posterior character than digit I. The order of formation of digit cartilages also suggested that Xenopus forelimb digit identity is II to V, not I to IV. We have also been interested in the relationship between digit identity and shh. The anteriormost digit develops in a shh‐independent way. A limb treated with cyclopamine (a shh inhibitor) has a gene expression pattern (hoxd11‐negative) similar to that in shh‐deficient mice, suggesting that a hindlimb treated with cyclopamine has a digit I character. However, a Xenopus froglet regenerate (spike), which lacks shh expression during its regeneration process, does not have such an expression pattern, being hoxd11‐positive. We investigated hoxd11 transcriptions in blastemas that formed in the anteriormost and posteriormost digits, and we found that the blastemas have different hoxd11 expression levels. These findings suggest that the froglet limb blastema does not have a mere digit I character in spite of shh defectiveness and that the froglet limb blastema recognizes its positional differences along the anterior‐posterior axis. Developmental Dynamics 235:3316–3326, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anti‐cytokine vaccines and the immunotherapy of autoimmune diseases
Authors: Wraith David C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThree papers in this issue of the European Journal of Immunology describe the use of cytokine vaccines to prevent autoimmune disease in experimental animals. The vaccines are based on interleukin 17 (IL‐17), a cytokine that has recently been shown to play a central role in inflammation.See accompanying articles: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.200636484; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.200636658; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.200636662
The moderation of ambivalence on attitude–intention relations as mediated by attitude importance
Authors: Costarelli Sandro , Colloca Pasquale 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAttitudinal ambivalence has been found to moderate attitude–intention relations. However, no prior work has investigated the mechanisms by which this moderation effect occurs. The present research attempted to address this issue. Across two studies, there was evidence that an Ambivalence × Attitude interaction was mediated through judgements about attitude importance. Additionally, the present research ruled out the possibility that attitude certainty, a factor that is often found to be positively related to attitude importance, was not responsible for the observed mediating effects of this latter variable. While replicating previous evidence supporting the moderating properties of ambivalence on attitude–intention relations, the current research sheds light on the critical role that attitude importance plays in this relationship. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes in sand fractions of Binggou section and the expansion and contraction of the Tengger desert during 50–30 ka
Authors: Shu‐Jian Xu , Bao‐Tian Pan , Hong‐Shan Gao , Guang‐Jie Cao , Huai Su 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSigns of the evolutionary process are well preserved in the aeolian deposits of desert margins and enable reconstruction of desert expansion and contraction. The sand content (percentage >63 µm) of loess in the loess–desert transitional zone was used as a proxy indicator for determining the proximity of the desert margin. According to the dominant wind direction, generally NW–SE in the northwest Chinese Loess Plateau, a transect was projected to observe spatial changes in sedimentological characteristics of aeolian deposits during the Last Glacial Period. The transect consists of 12 loess sections, starting at Shapotou in the transitional region between the Loess Plateau and the Tengger Desert and ending at Tianshui, which is located at the north foot of the Western Qinling Mountains in the southernmost part of the Loess Plateau. It shows the properties of temporal and spatial distribution of the Malan loess, with reduced sand content from northwest to southeast. A linear correlation model of sand content and distance was obtained, which was similar to the east of the Chinese Loess Plateau. According to this model, and on the basis of optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating from Binggou section, a detailed and quantificational expansion and contraction for the Tengger Desert was established. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Treatment for combat‐related posttraumatic stress disorder: Two‐year follow‐up
Authors: Creamer Mark , Elliott Peter , Forbes David , Biddle Dirk , Hawthorne Graeme 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis study reports on outcomes 2 years following completion of specialist veteran posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) treatment programs in 2,223 (reduced to 1,508 at 24 months) consecutive admissions. Self‐report measures of PTSD, anxiety, depression, anger, alcohol use, and general functioning were obtained at admission, 6, 12, and 24 months after admission. Significant improvements were demonstrated at 6 months, with smaller gains continuing through to 24‐month assessment. Within subject effect sizes of around 0.8 were obtained for PTSD and around 0.5 for anxiety and depression. Although lack of a control group limits the extent to which improvements can be attributed to the treatment program, the data suggest that specialized treatment programs for combat‐related PTSD continue to be of value.
Reliability and validity of an Internet traumatic stress survey with a college student sample
Authors: Fortson Beverly L. , Scotti Joseph R. , Ben Kevin S. Del , Chen Yi‐Chuen 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe reliability and validity of Internet‐based questionnaires were assessed in a sample of undergraduates (N = 411) by comparing data collected via the Internet with data collected in a more traditional format. A 2 × 2 × 2 repeated measures factorial design was used, forming four groups: Paper–Paper, Paper–Internet, Internet–Paper, and Internet–Internet. Scores on measures of trauma exposure, depression, and posttraumatic stress symptoms formed the dependent variables. Statistical analyses demonstrated that the psychometric properties of Internet‐based questionnaires are similar to those established via formats that are more traditional. Questionnaire format and presentation order did not affect rates of psychological symptoms endorsed by participants. Researchers can feel comfortable that Internet data collection is a viable—and reliable—means for conducting trauma research.
New Methods for Anionic Polymerizations at Elevated Temperatures: ‘Retarded Anionic Polymerizations’
Authors: Bowden Ned B. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSummary: Living anionic polymerizations are one of the most important methods for the synthesis of well‐defined homo‐ and block copolymers, but these polymerizations are typically carried out at low temperatures, which limits their applications. Deffieux et al. recently reported new methods to lower, or retard, the rate of polymerization using different additives. He called this collection of different methods ‘retarded anionic polymerizations’. In addition to lowering the rate of propagation, these methods also stabilize the polymer chain end such that the rate of self‐termination is lowered. These polymerizations require elevated temperatures to reach reasonable rates of polymerization while still allowing the chain ends to remain active. This emergent area points at new directions to allow anionic polymerizations to be carried out under conditions that are more amenable to industrial synthesis and to synthesize new polymer architectures.A combination of NaH and i‐Bu3Al initiates and tempers the living/controlled anionic polymerization of styrene. The growing polystyrene chain ends can hypothetically be in different environments, but only the one with a square around it is active.magnified imageA combination of NaH and i‐Bu3Al initiates and tempers the living/controlled anionic polymerization of styrene. The growing polystyrene chain ends can hypothetically be in different environments, but only the one with a square around it is active.
Sulfasalazine‐induced cystine starvation: Potential use for prostate cancer therapy
Authors: Doxsee Daniel W. , Gout Peter W. , Kurita Takeshi , Lo Maisie , Buckley Arthur R. , Wang Yuwei , Xue Hui , Karp Cristina M. , Cutz Jean‐Claude , Cunha Gerald R. , Wang Yu‐Zhuo 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDCertain cancers depend for growth on uptake of cystine/cysteine from their environment. Here we examined advanced human prostate cancer cell lines, DU‐145 and PC‐3, for dependence on extracellular cystine and sensitivity to sulfasalazine (SASP), a potent inhibitor of the x cystine transporter.METHODSCultures were evaluated for growth dependence on exogenous cystine, x transporter expression, response to SASP (growth and glutathione content). In vivo, effect of SASP was determined on subrenal capsule xenograft growth.RESULTSCystine omission from culture medium arrested DU‐145 and PC‐3 cell proliferation; both cell lines expressed the x transporter and were growth inhibited by SASP (IC50s: 0.20 and 0.28 mM, respectively). SASP‐induced growth inhibition was associated with vast reductions in cellular glutathione content—both effects based on cystine starvation. SASP (i.p.) markedly inhibited growth of DU‐145 and PC‐3 xenografts without major toxicity to hosts.CONCLUSIONSSASP‐induced cystine/cysteine starvation leading to glutathione depletion may be useful for therapy of prostate cancers dependent on extracellular cystine. Prostate © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Elementary energy bands in isovalent IV–VI orthorhombic and cubic crystals and their solid solutions
Authors: Slipukhina I. V. , Bercha D. M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIt is shown that elementary energy bands concept can be applied to complex systems like solid solutions. As in the case of single crystals, the symmetry of elementary energy bands in the valence band of such systems is related to the actual Wyckoff positions in their unit cells, where accumulation of valence electrons is observed. These results are predicted in the empty‐lattice approximation and confirmed byab initiocalculations of electronic properties of SnS, PbS and Pb0.5Sn0.5S systems. It is suggested that the presented application of the elementary energy bands concept together with the empty‐lattice approximation can be used as a simple method for obtaining charge localization centers in the crystalline lattice and thus for the construction of the well‐localized Wannier functions. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ultrabroadband THz spectroscopy using rapid scanning method
Authors: Shimosato H. , Katashima T. , Saito S. , Ashida M. , Itoh T. , Sakai K. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe applied rapid scanning method to ultrabroadband terahertz detection using photoconductive antennas. Measurement time was reduced to one tenth of the conventional method. Ultrabroadband terahertz spectrum from 0.1 to 15 THz was observed. This technique provides significant improvement in THz time‐domain spectroscopy. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry validated method for the simultaneous quantification of sibutramine and its primary and secondary amine metabolites in human plasma and its application to a bioequivalence study
Authors: Jain Deepak S. , Subbaiah Gunta , Sanyal Mallika , Shrivastav Pranav S. , Pal Usha , Ghataliya Shailesh , Kakad Abhijeet , Patel Heena , Shah Sapna 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA high‐throughput and sensitive bioanalytical method using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI‐MS/MS) has been developed for the estimation of sibutramine and its two metabolites (M1 and M2). The extraction of sibutramine, its metabolites and imipramine (internal standard (IS)) from the plasma involved treatment with phosphoric acid followed by solid‐phase extraction (SPE) using a hydrophilic‐lipophilic balanced HLB cartridge. The SPE eluate without drying and reconstitution was analyzed by LC/MS/MS, equipped with a with turbo ion spray (TIS) source, operating in the positive and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) acquisition mode. Sample preparation by this method yielded extremely clean extracts with quantitative and consistent mean recoveries; 95.12% for sibutramine, 92.74% for M1, 95.97% for M2 and 96.60% for the IS. The total chromatographic run time was 3.0 min with retention times of 2.51, 2.13, 2.09 min for sibutramine, M1, M2 and imipramine, respectively. The developed method was validated in human plasma matrix, with a sensitivity of 0.1 ng/mL (coefficient of variance (CV), 2.07%) for sibutramine, 0.1 ng/mL (CV, 3.59%) for M1 and 0.2 ng/mL (CV, 4.93%) for M2. Validation of the method for its accuracy, precision, recovery, matrix effect and stability was carried out especially with regard to real subject sample analysis. The response was linear over the dynamic range 0.1 to 8.0 ng/mL for sibutramine and M1, and 0.2 to 16.0 ng/mL for M2 with correlation coefficients of r ≥ 0.9959 (sibutramine), 0.9935 (M1) and 0.9943 (M2). The method was successfully applied for bioequivalence studies in 40 human subjects with 15 mg capsule formulations. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Approaches in modelling long‐term survival: an application to breast cancer
Authors: Perperoglou Aris , Keramopoullos Antonis , van Houwelingen Hans C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSeveral modelling techniques have been proposed for non‐proportional hazards. In this work we consider different models which can be classified into three wide categories: models with time‐varying effects of the covariates; frailty models and cure rate models. We present those different extensions of the proportional hazards model on an application of 2433 breast cancer patients with a long follow‐up. We comment on the differences and similarities among the models and evaluate their performance using survival and hazard plots, Brier scores and pseudo‐observations. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shareholder valuation of foreign investment and expansion
Authors: Berry Heather 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis study analyzes when different foreign investment location choices are value creating for firms at different stages of international expansion. I argue that because direct investment in developing countries is riskier than in advanced countries, shareholders may not value a firm's investment in developing countries until that firm has experience from previous international investments and capabilities to better manage and hedge the higher levels of risk and uncertainty. Using a panel of 191 U.S. manufacturing firms and their foreign investments over a 20‐year period (1981–2000), the empirical results show that firm investments in advanced and developing countries are valued differently by shareholders, depending on the firm's prior international expansion, the firm's capabilities and experiences, and the knowledge intensity of the firm's industry. These results highlight the importance of considering firm location decisions, prior experiences, and resources when analyzing. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tools and resources for Sz. pombe: a report from the 2006 European Fission Yeast Meeting
Authors: Wixon Jo , Wood Valerie 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSchizosaccharomyces pombe has always suffered from a relative paucity of tools and resources, particularly when compared to Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The European Fission Yeast Meeting, held in March 2006, brought together a significant proportion of the Sz. pombe research community, so it was an ideal opportunity to hold a discussion session on the future needs of those working on this model organism. While the session generated a consensus on the most essential requirements, it also demonstrated the frustrations and concerns of those working with Sz. pombe. The community was also briefed regarding the future transition of the current database (Sz. pombe GeneDB) to a fully‐fledged Model Organism Database (MOD) to support the needs of both fission yeast and the broader scientific community. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mating disruption or mass trapping? Numerical simulation analysis of a control strategy for lepidopteran pests
Authors: Yamanaka Takehiko 
Published: October 2006

AbstractI have constructed a simulation model applicable to both mass trapping and mating disruption for lepidopteran insect pests. The basic structure of the model is based on mass trapping model proposed by Knipling and McGuire (Agric Info Bull 308:1–20 1966), but this was modified to include mechanistic competition among females and lures. Several new implications are derived from the model. (1) Long‐living pests are hard to control. (2) Protandry does not improve control efficiency for pests with low survival rates. (3) Sexual communication across large distances is more difficult to control than that across a short range. (4) There is an upper limit to improvement which can be achieved by increasing the number of pheromone traps. (5) Improving the catching efficiency of traps does not improve mating suppression although improvement of lure efficiency does substantially. The last implication, in particular, has practical importance. If an efficient lure attracts males or inhibits their ability to locate females and mate, mating disruption works as well as mass trapping with the same number of lures. In such circumstances mating disruption should be preferred to mass trapping because the former does not incur the cost of the trapping devices. Mass trapping should, however, be considered in preference to mating disruption if the lure is not efficient enough and no other methods are available.
Regulatory effect of sulphatides on BKCachannels
Authors: Chi S , Qi Z 
Published: October 2006

Background and purpose:Sulphatides are sulphated glycosphingolipids expressed on the surface of many cell types, particularly neurones. Changes in sulphatide species or content have been associated with epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease. As the large conductance, calcium sensitive K+channel (BKCa) are modulated by membrane lipids, the aim of the study was to explore possible effects of sulphatides on BKCachannels.Experimental approach:Using patch‐clamp techniques, we studied effects of exogenous sulphatides on BKCachannels expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells.Key results:Sulphatides reversibly increased the whole‐cell current and the single channel open probability of BKCachannels dose‐dependently. The EC50value on the channel at +10 mV was 1.6 μM and the Hill coefficient was 2.5. In inside‐out patches, sulphatides increased the single channel open probability from both intra‐ and extra‐cellular faces of the membrane, but more effectively with external application. Furthermore, activation of the channels by sulphatides was independent of intracellular Ca2+concentration. Sulphatides also shifted the activation curve of the channels to less positive membrane potentials. Mutant BKCachannels lacking a 59 aminoacid region important for amphipath activation (STREX) were less activated by the sulphatides.Conclusions and Implications:Sulphatides are novel activators of BKCachannels, independent of intracellular Ca2+or other signalling molecules but partly dependent on the STREX sequence of the channel protein. As changes of sulphatide content are associated with neuronal dysfunction, as in epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease, our results imply that these effects of sulphatides may play important pathophysiological roles in regulation of BKCachannels.British Journal of Pharmacology(2006)149, 1031–1038. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706947