bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emotion in short‐term psychotherapy: An introduction
Authors: Magnavita Jeffrey J. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractOur understanding of the importance of emotion in psychopathology, personality, and psychotherapy has been rapidly advancing. New findings from neuroscience support the centrality of emotion as a convergent force in shaping individuals and relationships. Emotion‐focused short‐term psychotherapy capitalizes on the power of emotion to accelerate the course of treatment. This article provides a brief historical background on the development of affective science, offers some ways in which emotion can enhance clinical utility, and introduces theJournal of Clinical Psychology: In Sessionissue devoted to emotion‐focused, short‐term psychotherapy. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 62: 517–522, 2006.
Activating the corrective emotional experience
Authors: Bridges Michael R. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractSince the concept of the corrective emotional experience was first introduced, an impressive body of research has supported the contention that patient in‐session processing of painful emotional conflicts within a safe and empathic relationship is necessary for therapeutic change. In this article, I summarize what we know about how emotions can be accessed, expressed, and processed within the therapeutic relationship to bring about a corrective emotional experience. I then provide clinical vignettes and data on three patients, all of whom displayed distinct patterns of arousal, experience, expression, and depth of processing that were differentially related to outcome in short‐term emotion‐focused therapy. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 62: 551–568, 2006.
The centrality of emotion in unifying and accelerating psychotherapy
Authors: Magnavita Jeffrey J. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractAn array of treatment modalities, formats, and methods show promise in increasing the affective experience of the patient and thus potentially accelerating the course of psychotherapy through a coherent framework. A unified framework allows clinicians to select from various formats and methods and to use relational factors to maximize treatment potency. The treatment of a patient who had personality disturbance, chronic depression, obsessive‐compulsive disorder, and road rage illustrates several unifying principles and demonstrates that emotional experiences and their processing often lead to beneficial outcomes. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 62: 585–596, 2006.
The path to a secure bond: Emotionally focused couple therapy
Authors: Johnson Susan M. , Greenman Paul S. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractEmotionally focused therapy (EFT) for couples combines experiential and systemic techniques to expand emotional responses and cycles of interaction. This approach has also been used to treat depression, chronic illness, and anxiety disorders. EFT appears to translate well across culture and class, focusing on universal key emotions and attachment needs. From the EFT perspective, adult love is a hardwired, adaptive attachment response. The therapist's in‐session focus is on the processing of emotions and key interactional patterns as they occur in the present, because emotional experiences are the primary instruments of change in this approach. The therapist is a relationship consultant who offers a safe platform whereby each partner can distill, expand, and transform experience and find new ways to connect with the other. The case presented here illustrates the three stages of EFT: deescalation, restructuring interactions, and consolidation. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 62: 597–609, 2006.
Emotion in psychotherapy: A practice‐friendly research review
Authors: Greenberg Leslie S. , Pascual‐Leone Antonio 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis article reviews the process and outcome research on emotion in psychotherapy. Four distinct types of emotion processes are identified in the literature as useful in therapy, depending on a client's presenting concerns: emotional awareness and arousal; emotional regulation, active reflection on emotion (meaning making), and emotional transformation. Research findings are summarized to highlight the practical implications of these different emotion processes to psychotherapy. A range of selected treatments from different therapeutic orientations are addressed collectively as different types of emotion‐focused, experiential therapies and are compared on the basis of how they work with emotion in session. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 62: 611–630, 2006.
Differential subcellular distribution of glucose transporters GLUT1–6 and GLUT9 in human cancer: Ultrastructural localization of GLUT1 and GLUT5 in breast tumor tissues
Authors: Godoy Alejandro , Ulloa Viviana , Rodríguez Federico , Reinicke Karin , Yañez Alejandro J. , García María de los Angeles , Medina Rodolfo A. , Carrasco Mónica , Barberis Sofía , Castro Tamara , Martínez Fernando , Koch Ximena , Vera Juan Carlos , Poblete María Teresa , Figueroa Carlos D. , Peruzzo Bruno , Pérez Fernando , Nualart Francisco 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIt has been proposed that the enhanced metabolic activity of tumor cells is accompanied by an increased expression of facilitative hexose transporters (GLUTs). However, a previous immunohistochemical analysis of GLUT1 expression in 154 malignant human neoplasms failed to detect the GLUT1 isoform in 87 tumors. We used 146 normal human tissues and 215 tumor samples to reassess GLUT1 expression. A similar number of samples were used to compare the expression of GLUT2–6 and 9. The classical expression of GLUT1–5 in different normal human tissues was confirmed, however, we were unable to detect GLUT2 in human pancreatic islet cells. GLUT6 was principally detected in testis germinal cells and GLUT9 was localized in kidney, liver, heart, and adrenal. In tumor samples, GLUT1, 2, and 5 were the main transporters detected. GLUT1 was the most widely expressed transporter, however, 42% of the samples had very low‐to‐negative expression levels. GLUT2 was detected in 31% of the samples, being mainly expressed in breast, colon, and liver carcinoma. GLUT5 was detected in 27% of breast and colon adenocarcinoma, liver carcinoma, lymphomas, and testis seminoma samples. In situ RT‐PCR and ultrastructural immunohistochemistry confirmed GLUT5 expression in breast cancer. GLUT6 and 9 are not clearly over‐expressed in human cancer. The extensive expression of GLUT2 and 5 (glucose/fructose and fructose transporters, respectively) in malignant human tissues indicates that fructose may be a good energy substrate in tumor cells. Our functional data obtained in vitro in different tumor cells support this hypothesis. Additionally, these results suggest that fructose uptake could be used for positron emission tomography imaging and, may possibly represent a novel target for the development of therapeutic agents in different human cancers. J. Cell. Physiol. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A facile synthesis of [14C]pyrithiobac‐sodium
Authors: Ravi S. , Mathew K. M. , Padmanabhan D. , Unny V. K. P. , Sivaprasad N. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractCondensation of thiourea 1 with diethyl malonate 2 in the presence of sodium methoxide furnished 4,6‐dihydroxy‐2‐mercaptopyrimidine 3. Compound 3 on methylation with diazomethane followed by oxidation with H5IO6/CrO3 in ethyl acetate gave 4,6‐dimethoxy‐2‐methylsulphonylpyrimidine 5. Compound 5 on condensation with 2‐mercapto‐6‐chlorobenzoic acid in the presence of a phase transfer catalyst, tetrabutylammonium bromide and sodium carbonate gave the title compound – pyrithiobac‐sodium 6 with an overall yield of > 35% starting from thiourea. Following the above standardized procedure, using [14C]‐thiourea in lieu of thiourea, 14C labelled product 6, was synthesized with an overall radiochemical yield > 30% (with respect to [14C]‐thiourea) for further evaluations of environmental fate of 6, in soils and plants. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Calculation of cerebral perfusion parameters using regional arterial input functions identified by factor analysis
Authors: Knutsson Linda , Larsson Elna‐Marie , Thilmann Oliver , Ståhlberg Freddy , Wirestam Ronnie 
Published: March 2006

AbstractPurposeTo calculate regional cerebral blood volume (rCBV), regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), and regional mean transit time (rMTT) accurately, an arterial input function (AIF) is required. In this study we identified a number of AIFs using factor analysis of dynamic studies (FADS), and performed the cerebral perfusion calculation pixel by pixel using the AIF that was located geometrically closest to a certain voxel.Materials and MethodsTo verify the robustness of the method, simulated images were generated in which dispersion or delay was added in some arteries and in the corresponding cerebral gray matter (GM), white matter (WM), and ischemic tissue. Thereafter, AIFs were determined using the FADS method and simulations were performed using different signal‐to‐noise ratios (SNRs). Simulations were also carried out using an AIF from a single pixel that was manually selected. In vivo results were obtained from normal volunteers and patients.ResultsThe FADS method reduced the underestimation of rCBF due to dispersion or delay that often occurs when only one AIF represents the entire brain.ConclusionThis study indicates that the use of FADS and the nearest‐AIF method is preferable to manual selection of one single AIF. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A pulse sequence for rapid in vivo spin‐locked MRI
Authors: Borthakur Arijitt , Hulvershorn Justin , Gualtieri Eugene , Wheaton Andrew J. , Charagundla Sridhar , Elliott Mark A. , Reddy Ravinder 
Published: March 2006

AbstractPurposeTo develop a novel pulse sequence called spin‐locked echo planar imaging (EPI), or (SLEPI), to perform rapid T1ρ‐weighted MRI.Materials and MethodsSLEPI images were used to calculate T1ρ maps in two healthy volunteers imaged on a 1.5‐T Sonata Siemens MRI scanner. The head and extremity coils were used for imaging the brain and blood in the popliteal artery, respectively.ResultsSLEPI‐measured T1ρ was 83 msec and 103 msec in white (WM) and gray matter (GM), respectively, 584 msec in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and was similar to values obtained with the less time‐efficient sequence based on a turbo spin‐echo readout. T1ρ was 183 msec in arterial blood at a spin‐lock (SL) amplitude of 500 Hz.ConclusionWe demonstrate the feasibility of the SLEPI pulse sequence to perform rapid T1ρ MRI. The sequence produced images of higher quality than a gradient‐echo EPI sequence for the same contrast evolution times. We also discuss applications and limitations of the pulse sequence. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of contrast enhancement on the measurement of carotid arterial lumen and wall volume using MRI
Authors: Phan Binh An P. , Chu Baocheng , Kerwin William S. , Xu Dongxiang , Yuan Chun , Hatsukami Thomas , Zhao Xue‐Qiao 
Published: March 2006

AbstractPurposeTo investigate whether gadolinium (Gd)‐based contrast enhancement (CE) affects high‐resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurements of carotid arterial wall volume.Materials and MethodsThe common carotid artery (CCA), bifurcation, and internal carotid artery (ICA) of 50 consecutive patients were imaged using 1.5T MRI. T1‐weighted (T1W) images were obtained before and after Gd administration. Pre‐ and post‐CE measurements were compared among different arterial locations of the CCA, bifurcation, and ICA, and among different atherosclerotic lesion types.ResultsIn comparison to pre‐CE T1W images, post‐CE images showed an increase in the apparent wall volume measurement of 28.2% (108.7 mm3 vs. 84.7 mm3, P < 0.001). The post‐CE measurement increases in wall volume for the CCA, bifurcation, and ICA were 26.7%, 29.2%, and 28.0%, respectively.ConclusionGd CE causes a significant increase in the apparent volume of the carotid wall throughout multiple carotid artery locations, which may be associated with improved visibility or neovascularization. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Breast lesion analysis of shape technique: Semiautomated vs. manual morphological description
Authors: Liney Gary P. , Sreenivas Muthyala , Gibbs Peter , Garcia‐Alvarez Roberto , Turnbull Lindsay W. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractPurposeTo investigate the efficacy of an automated method of shape measurement for improving the discrimination of benign and malignant breast lesions.Materials and MethodsA total of 47 breast lesions (32 malignant and 15 benign) were examined using a 1.5 Tesla system. Regions of interest (ROIs) were manually drawn and extracted from high‐resolution, fat‐suppressed, postcontrast images, or were extracted with the use of a semiautomated computer algorithm. Shape parameters (i.e., complexity, convexity, circularity, and degree of elongation) were determined to assess whether they could be used to discriminate breast lesions.ResultsConvexity differed significantly between the benign and malignant groups for both ROI methods. In addition, the semiautomated method demonstrated significantly different values of complexity.ConclusionThis work demonstrates the usefulness of several shape descriptors for characterizing breast lesions, and shows that the automated method of analysis improves the discrimination and standardization of data. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Focal liver lesions: Breathhold gradient‐ and spin‐echo T2‐weighted imaging for detection and characterization
Authors: Yoshikawa Takeshi , Mitchell Donald G. , Hirota Shozo , Ohno Yoshiharu , Yoshigi Jun , Maeda Takaki , Fujii Masahiko , Sugimura Kazuro 
Published: March 2006

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate breathhold gradient‐ and spin‐echo (GRASE) T2‐weighted imaging for the detection and characterization of focal liver lesions.Materials and MethodsTwo GRASE sequences with different echo times (75 and 90 msec, GRASE75 and GRASE90) were compared with respiratory‐triggered fast spin‐echo (SE) and breathhold fast SE in 64 patients with 103 malignant and 51 benign lesions. Compared with respiratory‐triggered and breathhold fast SE, GRASE reduced scan time by 77% to 82% and 21% to 27%, respectively. Two independent readers evaluated image quality and reviewed 504 liver segments on a segment‐by‐segment basis. Observer performance was evaluated with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. The signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) of liver and spleen, and lesion‐to‐liver contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR) were also measured.ResultsThe overall quality of the GRASE images was higher than that of the respiratory‐triggered and breathhold fast SE images, although signal inhomogeneities were more frequently observed with GRASE. No significant difference in the values of the area under the ROC curve (Az) for malignant lesion detection was found. The mean SNR and CNR were highest for respiratory‐triggered fast SE.ConclusionT2‐weighted breathhold GRASE has the potential to provide faster liver imaging. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chronic vitamin D3treatment protects against neurotoxicity by glutamate in association with upregulation of vitamin D receptor mRNA expression in cultured rat cortical neurons
Authors: Taniura Hideo , Ito Minoru , Sanada Noriko , Kuramoto Nobuyuki , Ohno Yu , Nakamichi Noritaka , Yoneda Yukio 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe vitamin D receptor (VDR) is believed to mediate different biologic actions of vitamin D3, an active metabolite of vitamin D, through regulation of gene expression after binding to specific DNA‐response element (VDRE) on target genes. To further understand roles of both vitamin D3and VDR in the central nervous system, we examined VDRE binding in nuclear extracts prepared from discrete rat brain regions and cultured rat cortical neurons by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. The highest activity of VDRE binding was found in the cerebellum among other brain regions examined, but sequence specific by taking into consideration the efficient competition with excess unlabeled VDRE but not with mutated VDRE. On in situ hybridization analysis, cells stained for VDR mRNA were abundant in neuron‐enriched areas of cerebral cortex, hippocampus and cerebellar cortex in the mouse brain. Chronic treatment of vitamin D3increased the expression of microtubule‐associated protein‐2, growth‐associated protein‐43 and synapsin‐1 in cultured rat cortical neurons, suggesting a trophic role of vitamin D3in differentiation and maturation of neurons. Neuronal cell death by brief glutamate exposure was significantly protected in cultured cortical neurons chronically treated with vitamin D3. Parallel studies showed that VDR mRNA was significantly upregulated 12–24 hr after brief glutamate exposure in cultured neurons chronically treated with vitamin D3, but not in those with vehicle alone. Our results suggest that vitamin D3may play a role in mechanisms relevant to protective properties against the neurotoxicity of glutamate through upregulation of VDR expression in cultured rat cortical neurons. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A BAD link to mitochondrial cell death in the cochlea of mice with noise‐induced hearing loss
Authors: Vicente‐Torres M. Angeles , Schacht Jochen 
Published: March 2006

AbstractAcoustic overstimulation induces calcium overload and activation of mitochondria‐mediated cell death pathways in outer hair cells (OHC) of the cochlea. However, it is not known whether these events are interrelated or independent. We have recently reported that the calcium‐dependent phosphatase calcineurin is activated in OHC following noise exposure and now postulate that calcium overload triggers mitochondria‐mediated death pathways through activation of Bcl‐2‐associated death promoter (BAD) by calcineurin. CBA/J mice were exposed to broadband noise (2–20 kHz), causing a permanent threshold shift of about 40 dB at 12 and 20 kHz, corresponding to damage in the middle and basal turns of the cochlea. Loss of OHC in the basal region was evident in surface preparations. BAD immunostaining in control animals had a cytoplasmic distribution in the cells of the organ of Corti. Five hours after acoustic overstimulation, mitochondria and BAD redistributed to the perinuclear region of OHC in the basal and middle turns but not in the apical turn. The nonapoptotic phospho‐BAD (Ser 112) was up‐regulated in cells undamaged by noise (supporting cells and inner hair cells) but not in OHC. These data establish a connection between calcium overload and mitochondria‐mediated death pathways in OHC and also suggest a dual role for BAD. The translocation of BAD to the mitochondria in degenerating cells is indicative of the activation of its proapoptotic capacity, whereas up‐regulation of phospho‐BAD is consistent with a nonapoptotic role of BAD in less vulnerable cells. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mechanistic Differences in Degradation of Polystyrene and Polystyrene‐Clay Nanocomposite: Thermal and Thermo‐Oxidative Degradation
Authors: Chen Kai , Vyazovkin Sergey 
Published: March 2006

AbstractSummary: A conceptual model for degradation of polymer‐clay brushes is discussed. The model predicts enhancement of inter‐molecular reactions and slowing down of molecular mobility. A polystyrene (PS)‐clay brush system is experimentally compared with virgin PS under the conditions of thermal and thermo‐oxidative degradation. GC‐MS and TGA‐FTIR analysis of the gas phase degradation products of PS‐clay composite confirm a dramatic increase in the yield of inter‐molecular reaction product, such as α‐methylstyrene. Combining DSC measurements with FTIR analysis of condensed phase thermo‐oxidative degradation of PS‐clay suggests that PS‐clay nanocomposite is more stable to oxidation, however, oxidation products tend to accumulate in it because of slowing down diffusion of oxidation products.Gas phase IR spectra from the TGA‐FTIR study of virgin PS and PS‐clay for different stages of degradation.magnified imageGas phase IR spectra from the TGA‐FTIR study of virgin PS and PS‐clay for different stages of degradation.
pH‐Responsive PEG‐Poly(β‐amino ester) Block Copolymer Micelles with a Sharp Transition
Authors: Kim Min Sang , Hwang Su Jong , Han Jong Kwon , Choi Eun Kyung , Park Heon Joo , Kim Jin Seok , Lee Doo Sung 
Published: March 2006

AbstractSummary: A pH‐sensitive block copolymer is synthesized by step polymerization and its pH‐sensitive micellization‐demicellization behavior is studied. This polymer has a hydrophilic MPEG (shell) and hydrophobic but pH‐sensitive poly(β‐amino ester) (core), which can form a self‐assembled micelle. As confirmed by fluorescence spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering (DLS), this polymer shows a sharp pH‐sensitive micellization‐demicellization behavior. It is confirmed that the pH sensitivity is affected by the molecular weight ratio between the MPEG and poly(β‐amino ester).Plots of the intensity ratio I337/I334 (from pyrene excitation spectra): a) vs. pH for copolymer samples and b) vs. log (concentration) for M1.magnified imagePlots of the intensity ratio I337/I334 (from pyrene excitation spectra): a) vs. pH for copolymer samples and b) vs. log (concentration) for M1.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus entry into host cells: Opportunities for therapeutic intervention
Authors: Yeung Kap‐Sun , Yamanaka Gregory A. , Meanwell Nicholas A. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractA novel human coronavirus (CoV) has been identified as the etiological agent that caused the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak in 2003. The spike (S) protein of this virus is a type I surface glycoprotein that mediates binding of the virus to the host receptor and the subsequent fusion between the viral and host membranes. Because of its critical role in viral entry, the S protein is an important target for the development of anti‐SARS CoV therapeutics and prophylactics. This article reviews the structure and function of the SARS CoV S protein in the context of its role in virus entry. Topics that are discussed include: the interaction between the S1 domain of the SARS spike protein and the cellular receptor, angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), and the structural features of the ectodomain of ACE2; the antigenic determinants presented by the S protein and the nature of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies that are elicited in vivo; the structure of the 4,3‐hydrophobic heptad repeats HR1 and HR2 of the S2 domain and their interaction to form a six‐helical bundle during the final stages of fusion. Opportunities for the design and development of anti‐SARS agents based on the inhibition of receptor binding, the therapeutic uses of S‐directed monoclonal antibodies and inhibitors of HR1–HR2 complex formation are presented. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 26, No. 4, 414–433, 2006