bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Routine Activities and Alcohol Use: Constraints on Outlet Utilization
Authors: Gruenewald Paul J. , Treno Andrew J. , Nephew Thomas M. , Ponicki William R. 
Published: April 2006

Studies of consumers' use of alcohol beverage outlets have provided a basis for understanding drinking behaviors in different drinking environments. These studies have shown that drinking environments are related to both demographic and drinking pattern measures. Absent from these studies has been a theoretical basis on which to make predictions regarding drinking patterns and choices of drinking environments under the various social, economic, and environmental constraints typically confronting alcohol consumers. This study presents one such theoretical approach.The approach assumes that, in the context of individual preferences for alcohol, drinking choices are constrained by consumers' economic and time‐energy budgets for consumption. All other things being equal, it is suggested that greater budgets for consumption will be related to greater alcohol use, quality of beverages purchased, amenity values of purchase locations, or all three. Because on‐premise drinking entails greater economic costs, greater drinking levels will be related to lower utilization of on‐premise establishments.The predictions of this approach were tested using data obtained from telephone surveys of consumers conducted in 1990 and 1991. The results showed that controlling for income, variables related to greater time‐energy budgets for consumption (i.e., marital status and household composition) were related to greater consumption levels and greater utilization of on‐premise establishments. Controlling for demographic measures, greater income was related to greater utilization of restaurants and increased beverage quality. Controlling for all other measures, frequencies of consumption were inversely related to consumption at on‐premise establishments, reflecting the expected moderation in costs for heavier consumers on a limited alcohol budget.
Regulation of Intracellular pH in Periportal and Perivenular Hepatocytes Isolated from Ethanol‐Treated Rats
Authors: Benedetti Antonio , Baroni Gianluca Svegliati , Marucci Luca , Mancini Raniero , Bassotti Cristina , Macarri Giampiero 
Published: April 2006

The aim of this study was to gain information on intracellular pH (pHi) regulation in periportal (PP) and perivenular (PV) hepatocytes isolated from rats pair‐fed liquid diets with either ethanol (T rats) or isocaloric carbohydrates (C rats).pHi was analyzed by the pH‐sensitive dye BCECF in perfused sub‐confluent hepatocyte monolayers. Cells were acid‐loaded by pulse exposure to NH4Cl and were alkali‐loaded by suddenly reducing external C02 and HC03‐(from 10% and 50 mm, respectively, to 5% and 25 mm) at constant pHout. In cells from C rats: (a) steady‐state pHi was higher in PP than in PV hepatocytes in the presence, but not in the absence, of bicarbonate; (b) pHi recovery from an acid load was 35% higher in PP than in PV cells in the presence of HC03‐, whereas it was similar in HC03‐‐free experiments; and, on the contrary, (c) pHi recovery from an alkaline load was 30% higher in PV than in PP cells. In cells from T rats: (a) steady‐state pHi was always lower than in cells isolated from pair‐fed animals; (b) steady‐state pHi was similar in PP and PV hepatocytes either in the presence or absence of bicarbonate in the perfusate; (c) pHi recovery from an acid load was not significantly different in PP and PV cells either in the presence of HC03‐ or in HC03‐‐free experiments; and (d) pHi recovery from an alkaline load was similar in PP and PV cells.Our data suggest that chronic ethanol treatment selectively modifies pH, by affecting the activity of ion transport mechanisms regulating pHi in PP and PV hepatocytes isolated from rat liver.
Evaluation of the Effect of Alcohol Consumption on Erythrocyte Lipids and Vitamins in a Healthy Population
Authors: Simonetti P. , Brusamolino A. , Pellegrini N. , Viani P. , Clemente G. , Roggi C. , Cestaro B. 
Published: April 2006

There is epidemiological evidence that a moderate consumption of alcohol could reduce coronary heart disease. To corroborate this statement and to see how the consumption of red wine affects phospholipid and fatty acid patterns and antioxidant status, a survey was conducted on 58 adult males (20–75 years old). A questionnaire was used to discover their medical history, various constitutional and life‐style factors, food habits, and nutrient intake; and the type and amount of alcoholic intake were investigated by means of a questionnaire.Subjects were divided into two groups of nondrinkers and average drinkers (mean 46.5 ± 4.4, range 30.2–63.4 g/day), and the effect of alcohol was made on the following variables: γ‐glutamyltranspeptidase, apolipoprotein Al, apolipoprotein B, total and high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol, triglycerides, and antioxidant vitamins were determined in plasma; and phospholipids the fatty acids of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine total cholesterol, α‐tocopherol, β‐carotene, and retinol were determined in red blood cells (RBCs). There were no significant differences between the two groups in protein, fat, carbohydrate, retinol equivalent, a‐tocopherol content, and cholesterol/saturated fat index of their diet. Analysis of the plasma levels of biochemical variables–adjusted for age, smoking (number of cigarettes/day), and body mass index– showed a significant increase of γ‐glutamyltranspeptidase and apolipoprotein Al concentration in the average drinkers compared with nondrinkers. Plasma α‐tocopherol and retinol levels were also significantly higher in average drinkers. In the latter group, ANCOVA demonstrated a lower percentage of sphingomyelin in RBCs, with a lower sphingomyelin/PC ratio. This group also differs from the nondrinkers in RBC monounsaturated fatty acids (increased 18:1n9 and 16:1 n7 in PC) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (increase of 20:4n6 and 22:6n3 in phosphatidylethanolamine). These differences suggest that membrane fluidity may change in relation to alcohol intake.
Depression of an Inhibitory Reflex, the Masseteric Silent Period, in Recovering Alcoholics
Authors: Vernon Cynthia E. , Hirsch Judith A. , Bishop Beverly , Cowan Richard B. , York James L. 
Published: April 2006

Because inhibitory deficits may contribute to motor incoordination of alcoholics, we proposed that the duration of the masseteric silent period (SP), an inhibitory reflex, might be shorter in alcoholics (ALs) than in nonalcoholics (NAs). To test this hypothesis, we measured the SP in a racially mixed group of 12 ALs and 12 NAs matched for age (31–49 years) and sex. All subjects were normotensive, had full dentition, and reported no major medical problems. Sensory and motor conduction velocities of the anterior tibialis, ulnar, and medial nerves were measured for each subject, and were not different in ALs and NAs. Jaw jerk and SP were evoked by tapping the chin manually with a rubber hammer containing a circuit to trigger the oscilloscope display of the masseter EMGs. Averaged mean latencies and durations of the SPs were not significantly different between the right and left masseters. SP latencies were significantly (0.7 msec) shorter in ALs than NAs (p < 0.01). The mean SP duration for ALs (13.9 ± 1.6 msec) was also significantly shorter than that of the NAs (24.4 ± 2.4 msec;p < 0.001). Results support the hypothesis that chronic alcoholism may interfere with inhibitory mechanisms in the CNS.
Relationships between Socioeconomic Status and Drinking Problems among Black and White Men
Authors: Jones‐Webb Rhonda J. , Hsiao Charng‐Yi , Hannan Peter 
Published: April 2006

We sought to examine the relationships between socioeconomic status and drinking problems within the Black and White male populations. A two‐way interaction of social class with race/ethnicity, and with drinking consequences and alcohol dependence symptoms was hypothesized among drinkers.Drinking problems were regressed on social class, race/ethnicity, age, alcohol consumption, and drinking settings. Social class was based on a composite of respondent's income, education, and main wage earner's occupation. Two types of drinking problems were analyzed: drinking consequences and alcohol dependence symptoms.Our hypothesis was partially confirmed. Interactions of social class with race/ethnicity and with drinking problems were observed. Less affluent Black men reported greater numbers of drinking consequences and total drinking problems than less affluent White men; the reverse was true for affluent Black and White men. Results suggest that the relationships between socioeconomic status and drinking problems may vary by race/ethnicity.
Late‐Onset Seizures in Alcohol Withdrawal
Authors: Mayo‐Smith Michael F. , Bernard Donald 
Published: April 2006

Purpose: To describe the clinical characteristics of alcohol withdrawal seizures in patients treated with a standardized protocol of short‐acting benzodiazepines. Methods: Grand ma1 seizures were prospectively identified in a cohort of 1044 patients consecutively admitted to an inpatient alcohol detoxification unit at a Veterans Affairs Medical Center. All patients received a 72‐hr structured taper of oxazepam with additional oxazepam given without limit in amount and duration in response to alcohol withdrawal symptoms. Results: Eleven seizures occurred for an overall rate of 1.1%. All were single grand ma1 seizures. Seizures occurred from 52 to 306 hr after admission, with a mean of 122 hr (5 days). A consistent relationship between the seizures and the cessation of oxazepam was noted, with peak incidence occurring 12–48 hr after the last oxazepam dose. In no case did recurrent withdrawal symptoms or delirium tremens develop after the seizure. Patients with seizures were slightly older, more likely to have had withdrawal seizures before (50% vs. 13%, p = 0.03), and had a more severe withdrawal course than controls. Conclusions: Seizures continued to occur at a low but measurable rate in alcohol withdrawal treated with a short‐acting benzodiazepine. Clinical characteristics of the seizures are different from that classically described in untreated patients, with the seizures being closely related to the cessation of oxazepam rather than the cessation of alcohol.
Effect of Ethanol on Prostacyclin, Thromboxane, and Prostaglandin E Production in Human Umbilical Veins
Authors: Randall Carrie L. , Saulnier Jocelynn L 
Published: April 2006

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of ethanol on prostacyclin (PGE, prostaglandin E (PGE), and thromboxane (TXA2 production in perfused human umbilical veins.PGI2, PGE, and TXA2 levels were measured from human umbilical veins perfused with either 25, 50, or 100 mM ethanol by radioimmunoassay of their stable metabolites. Alcohol content was measured by an enzymatic spectrophotometric assay. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Fisher's Protected Least Significant Difference Test.Ethanol decreased PGI2 production in a concentration‐dependent manner (p < 0.05). In a concentration of 25 mM, ethanol did not affect PGI2 production, whereas 50 mM decreased levels after 60 min of perfusion (p < 0.01). With 100 mM ethanol, PGI2 production was decreased after 15, 30, and 60 min of perfusion (p s < 0.05), and the TXA2/PGI2 ratio was significantly elevated at all time points (p < 0.01). Ethanol (100 mM) did not affect TXA2 or PGE production.Reduction of PGl2 levels and the increase in the TXA2/PGI2 ratio seen after ethanol perfusion in umbilical veins may cause vascular disruption in the umbilical‐placental circulation. This may, in part, be a contributing mechanism to the teratogenic effects of ethanol.
Alcohol Ingestion Impairs Host Defenses Predisposing Otherwise Healthy Mice to Pneumocystis carinii Infection
Authors: D'Souza Nympha B. , Mandujano Jose F. , Nelson Steve , Summer Warren R. , Shellito Judd E. 
Published: April 2006

Pulmonary infection with Pneumocystis carinii, an opportunistic pathogen, is associated with a variety of immunosuppressive states, Including human immunodeficiency virus infection. We hypothesized that alcohol ingestion might compromise host defenses against this pathogen and, in an immunocompromised host, increase the severity of infection. This hypothesis was tested in both acute and chronic ethanol‐treated normal and CD4+ T‐cell‐depleted mice challenged with P. carinii organisms.Normal and CD4+ T‐cell‐depleted mice were given an intraperitoneal injection of ethanol or saline 0.5 hr before P. carinii challenge and killed 3 hr later for bronchoalveolar lavage. Acute alcohol treatment decreased significantly tumor necrosis factor (TNF) activity and the number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) recovered in the lavage in response to the pathogen. Depletion of CD4+ T‐cells did not potentiate the effect of alcohol on the early inflammatory response to the pathogen any further. In normal animals, in vivo interferon (IFN)‐γ pretreatment augmented significantly the P. carinii‐ stimulated lung TNF response and PMNL recruitment. However, IFN‐γ pretreatment prevented the alcohol‐induced suppression of TNF secretion without affecting the PMNL recruitment. The effect of chronic alcohol consumption on the severity of infection was studied in long‐term, alcohol‐fed normal and CD4+‐depleted mice challenged with P. carinii organisms. Lung histopathology showed that P. carinii infection was present in >60% of the alcohol‐fed mice and in none of the controls. Also, a significantly higher number of PMNLs were recovered in the lavage fluid of alcohol‐fed mice with persistent infection. There was no difference in lavage fluid and cell culture supernatant TNF and reactive nitrogen intermediates release between the two groups. CD4+ T‐cell depletion did not alter significantly the effect of alcohol on any of the aforementioned parameters.We conclude that chronic alcohol ingestion alone induces immunosuppression sufficient to permit pulmonary infection with P. carinii. One possible mechanism for the adverse effects of alcohol on host defenses against P. carinii may be through suppressed host release of cytokines including TNF‐α and IFN‐γ.
Chronic Prenatal Ethanol Exposure Alters the Normal Ontogeny of Choline Acetyltransferase Activity in the Rat Septohippocampal System
Authors: Swanson Douglas J. , King Michael A. , Walker Don W. , Heaton Marieta B. 
Published: April 2006

In animal models of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), the hippocampus has been shown to be especially sensitive to the effects of prenatal ethanol exposure, exhibiting neuronal loss and alterations in neuritic process elaboration. We have characterized the influence of chronic prenatal ethanol treatment (CPET) on the postnatal expression of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) In the hippocampus and the septal area that contains neurons that provide the primary cholinergic innervation to the hippocampus. On gestation days 1–22, pregnant rats were either fed an ethanol‐containing liquid diet, pair‐fed a calorically equivalent sucrose‐containing diet, or given rat chow ad libitum.In Chow control animals, the ontogenetic progression of ChAT activity in the septal area and hippocampus was characterized by a significant period of upregulation during the 2nd and 3rd postnatal weeks, exhibiting an approximate 5‐fold increase (septal area) and 7‐fold increase (hippocampus) by postnatal day 21 (P21). At P14, ethanol exposure reduced septal and hippocampal ChAT activity levels, compared with those of pair‐fed offspring. ChAT activity reached control levels by P21 in ethanol‐exposed pups, suggesting that the earlier decline in activity may reflect a delay in the ontogenetic upregulation. In addition, there was a trend toward increased septal and hippocampal ChAT activities at P1 and P7 in both liquid diet groups. This liquid diet‐stimulated increase may mask the effects of ethanol on early postnatal ChAT expression in the septohippocampal system.The results suggest that prenatal ethanol exposure may influence factors that regulate the developmental expression of ChAT in the septohippocampal system. In addition, we found a close relationship between the effects of CPET on litter birthweight and subsequent postnatal body and brain weight measures, but not between litter birthweight and ChAT activity from individual animals. This may imply that the influence of ethanol exposure on ChAT activity is independent of its effects on postnatal brain or body growth. Such an observation of neurochemical dysfunction in the absence of morphological indices frequently used to diagnose alcohol‐related deficits could have potential clinical significance, both in the diagnostic and therapeutic realms.
Thiamine Status in Liver and Brain of Rats Genetically Selected for Different Sensitivity to Hypnotic Effect of Alcohol
Authors: Zimatkina Tamara I. , Chernikevich Ivan P. , Zimatkin Sergey M. , Deitrich Richard A. 
Published: April 2006

Background: The mechanisms of the different sensitivity or resistance of animals and humans to alcohol are still not completely understood. For further biochemical characterization of animals genetically selected for high‐alcohol sensitivity (HAS) and low‐alcohol sensitivity (LAS) with the hypnotic effect of alcohol, the thiamine status and thiamine metabolizing enzymes in these animals have been studied.Methods: We investigated thiamine diphosphate and thiamine triphosphate levels as well as the activity of thiamine‐dependent enzyme, transketolase, and thiamine‐metabolizing enzymes, thiamine kinase, and thiamine triphosphatase in the liver and brain of HAS, LAS, and CAS (control) rats by standard biochemical techniques.Results: It was found that the activity of transketolase, and the level of the coenzyme form of thiamine, thiamine diphosphate (TDP), were significantly lower in HAS versus LAS rats. The activation of transketolase by the exogenous TDP (TDP‐effect) was significantly higher in the liver and brain regions of HAS rats compared with LAS rats. The level of TDP in the liver and cerebellum of HAS rats was significantly lower compared with LAS rats. These results indicate a severe deficiency of TDP in HAS rats. HAS rats have a significantly lower activity of thiamine triphosphatase, the additional source of TDP. Accordingly, HAS rats have much higher thiamine triphosphate levels in the liver and brain, compared with LAS rats. There were no significant differences between groups with respect to the thiamine diphosphatase and thiamine kinase activity. Most of the above parameters had the intermediate values in CAS rats, compared with LAS and HAS rats. These data indicate the possible role of the thiamine phosphate esters and related enzymes in the mechanisms that bring about the differential sensitivity to the hypnotic effect of alcohol.Conclusions: HAS rats have the genetically mediated thiamine diphosphate deficiency and increased thiamine triphosphate levels, probably due to reduced activity of thiamine triphosphatase in the liver and brain, compared with LAS rats. It can be related with the higher initial sensitivity of HAS rats to hypnotic effect of ethanol.
Do Risk Factors for Re‐Arrest Differ for Female and Male Drunk‐Driving Offenders?
Authors: Lapham Sandra C. , Skipper Betty J. , Hunt William C. , Chang Iyiin 
Published: April 2006

Background: The present study investigated gender differences in factors affecting recidivism among 628 female and 659 male drunk‐driving offenders. The study population included residents from New Mexico who completed a screening program for offenders and who were still residents when contacted 5 years later.Method: Risk factors for re‐arrest in the 5‐year period after screening referral were examined using multiple logistic regression models. Predictor variables included gender, age, ethnicity, education, marital status, blood alcohol concentration at arrest, parental alcohol problems, spousal alcohol problems, lifetime use of cannabis, cocaine, or amphetamines, abusive behavior toward spouse, and scores on two standardized assessments.Results: Risk factors for re‐arrest were similar for males and females except that young age predicted higher recidivism among males but not females. The overall 5‐year re‐arrest rate was 26%–20% for women, 38% for males age 30 and under, and 24% for males age 31 and older.Conclusions: Young age predicts re‐arrest for males but not for females. Neither the type of risk factors nor the number of risk factors fully explained female offenders’ disproportionately lower recidivism rates, compared with young males.
Alcohol Use in the Year Before Marriage: Alcohol Expectancies and Peer Drinking as Proximal Influences on Husband and Wife Alcohol Involvement
Authors: Leonard Kenneth E. , Mudar Pamela J. 
Published: April 2006

Background: Models of adolescent alcohol involvement that include individual difference, family, and peer risk factors indicate a significant association between the drinking of adolescents and that of their peers. Peer drinking influences, however, have not been investigated extensively in integrative models of adult drinking. The purpose of this study was to test a model of adult drinking that incorporated the potentially important risk factor of partner drinking and in which proximal risk factors (peer drinking, alcohol expectancies) were hypothesized to be strongly associated with adult alcohol use and to mediate relationships between more distal risk factors and drinking.Methods: Couples (n= 389) were assessed at the time of their first marriage. Separate, self‐administered questionnaires were completed at home by both husbands and wives. Distal risk factors included family history of alcoholism, antisocial behavior, and depressive symptomatology. Substantive relationships were tested in a model that included spousal associations with respect to distal risk factors, proximal risk factors, and drinking.Results: Findings demonstrate the unique association of alcohol expectancies and peer drinking with adult alcohol use. Of particular relevance is the significance of the social network as a correlate of adult drinking. A peer network characterized by a higher level of alcohol involvement was strongly associated with heavier drinking among both men and women. This relationship was independent of sociodemographic and individual difference factors, alcohol expectancies, and partner's drinking. Results also demonstrate the similarity between husband and wife drinking, an association that cannot be attributed to assorting with respect to the other risk factors.Conclusions: The social network continues to significantly impact drinking behavior in adulthood. The relevancy of peer and partner drinking influences to adult alcohol involvement suggests that the immediate social environment may have a prominent role in the continuity/discontinuity of heavy or problem drinking during the transition to marriage.