bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Frying performance of low‐linolenic acid soybean oil
Authors: Tompkins Carol , Perkins Edward G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe frying performance of low‐linolenic acid soybean oil from genetically modified soybeans was examined. Partially hydrogenated and unhydrogenated low‐linolenic acid soybean oils were compared to two partially hydrogenated soybean frying oils. Frying experiments utilizing shoestring potatoes and fish nuggets were conducted. Frying oil performance was evaluated by measuring free fatty acid content, p‐anisidine value, polar compound content, soap value, maximal foam height, polymeric material content, and Lovibond red color. The hydrogenated low‐linolenic soybean oil (Hyd‐LoLn) consistently had greater (P<0.05) free fatty acid content and lower p‐anisidine values and polymeric material content than did the other oils. Hyd‐LoLn generally was not significantly different from the traditional oils for polar content, maximal foam height, and Lovibond red color. The low‐linolenic acid soybean oil (LoLn) tended to have lower soap values and Lovibond red color scores than did the other oils. LoLn had consistently higher (P<0.05) p‐anisidine values and polymeric material content than did the other oils, and LoLn generally was not different (P<0.05) from the traditional oils for polar content, maximal foam height, and free fatty acid.
The effect of minor components on milk fat crystallization
Authors: Wright Amanda J. , Hartel Richard W. , Narine Suresh S. , Marangoni Alejandro G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMilk fat is composed of 97–98% triacylglycerols and 2–3% minor polar lipids. In this study triacylglycerols were chromatographically separated from minor components. Isolated diacylglycerols from the polar fraction were also added back to the milk fat triacylglycerols. The crystallization behaviors of native anhydrous milk fat (AMF), milk fat triacylglycerols (MF‐TAG), and milk fat triacylglycerols with diacylglycerols added back (MF‐DAG) were studied. Removal of minor components and addition of diacylglycerols had no effect on dropping points or equilibrium solid fat contents. Presence of the minor components, however, did delay the onset of crystallization at low degrees of supercooling. Crystallization kinetics were quantified using the Avrami model. Sharp changes in the values of the Avrami constant k and exponent n were observed for all three fats around 20.0°C. Increases in n around 20.0°C indicated a change from one‐dimensional to multidimensional growth. Differences in k and n of MF‐DAG from AMF and MF‐TAG suggested that the presence of milk fat diacylglycerols changes the crystal growth mechanism. Apparent free energies of nucleation (ΔGc,apparent) were determined using the Fisher‐Turnbull model. (ΔGc,apparent) for AMF was significantly greater than ΔGc,apparent for MF‐TAG, and ΔGc,apparent for MF‐DAG was significantly less than those for both AMF and MF‐TAG. The microstructural networks of AMF, MF‐TAG, and MF‐DAG, however, were similar at both 5.0 and 25.0°C, and all three fats crystallized into the typical β′‐2 polymorph. Differential scanning calorimetry in both the crystallization and melting modes revealed no differences between the heat flow properties of AMF, MF‐TAG, and MF‐DAG.
Enzymatic synthesis of 1,3‐dicapryloyl‐2‐eicosapentaenoylglycerol
Authors: Irimescu Roxana , Yasui Mamoru , Iwasaki Yugo , Shimidzu Nobuyoshi , Yamane Tsuneo 
Published: November 2006

Abstract1,3‐Dicapryloyl‐2‐eicosapentaenoylglycerol (CEC) was synthesized by interesterification of trieicosapentaenoylglycerol (EEE) with ethyl caprylate (EtC) catalyzed by LipozymeTM. After some of the reaction conditions were optimized, the maximal molar content of CEC in the glycerides of the reaction mixture was 91%. Among the parameters studied in the optimization, the critical ones were: (i) the water content, which influenced the conversion of EEE to CEC and 1‐capryloyl‐2‐eicosapentaenoylglycerol (CEOH), and (ii) the timing of water removal under reduced pressure for the reesterification of CEOH to form CEC. The complete synthesis of CEC from ethyl eicosapentaenoate (EtE) was performed in three steps: (i) hydrolysis of EtE to free eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), (ii) esterification of glycerol with EPA to form EEE, and (iii) interesterification of EEE with EtC under the optimized conditions. The first two steps were catalyzed by NovozymTM and the third by LipozymeTM. The total yield over all the steps was 88%, and no purification of the intermediates was necessary. The regioisomeric purity of the product was 100% by silver‐ion high‐pressure liquid chromatography.
Deacidification of corn oil by solvent extraction in a perforated rotating disc column
Authors: Pina Carla G. , Meirelles Antonio J. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe deacidification of corn oil by continuous liquid‐liquid extraction was investigated in a rotating disc column. The solvent was ethanol containing approximately 6% water. The influence of rotor speed, oil phase flow, and column geometry upon the dispersed phase holdup and the mass transfer efficiency was studied. The dispersed phase holdup increased with the increase of rotor speed and oil phase flow. Pratt's equation was used for calculating the characteristic velocity. An inverse relation was observed between the characteristic velocity and rotor speed, which is different from data previously reported in the literature. The estimated volumetric mass transfer coefficients increased as rotor speed and oil phase flow increased. The experimental results proved that it is feasible to obtain a refined oil with an oleic acid content less than 0.3 wt% by continuous solvent extraction. They also indicated that the corresponding loss of neutral oil was less than 5 wt%. Such value for the loss of neutral oil is significantly lower than the results reported in the literature for alkali or physical refining of corn oil.
Monitoring peroxide value in fatliquor manufacture by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Ma Kangming , van de Voort F. R. , Ismail A. A. , Zhuo Hualong , Cheng Binjing 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer equipped with an attenuated total reflectance (ATR) sample handling accessory was used to rapidly monitor the peroxide value (PV) of oils undergoing catalytic oxidation to produce sulfonated fatliquors used in the leather industry. PV quantitation was based on the stoichiometric reaction of triphenylphosphosphine (TPP) with hydroperoxides to produce triphenylphosphine oxide (TPPO). By using a germanium ATR accessory that has a very short effective pathlength, the spectral contributions of the base oil could be subtracted out, eliminating any oil‐dependent intereferences as well as providing a facile means of observing the spectral changes associated with the TPP/TPPO reaction. A calibration was devised by adding a constant amount of TPP‐saturated chloroform to oils containing varying amounts of tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) to produce TPPO that had a measurable band at 1118 cm−1. this band was linearly related to TBHP concentration and the calibration devised had an SD of ∼3.4 PV over the range of 0–250 PV. The ATR‐PV method was standardized and the spectrometer programmed using Visual Basic to automate the analysis. the automated FTIR‐ATR method was found to be a convenient means of tracking PV of oils undergoing oxidation, and the results correlated well with the PV values obtained using the AOAC iodometric method (r=0.94). The FTIR‐ATR PV methodology provides a simple means of monitoring the PV of oils undergoing rapid oxidation and could serve as a quality‐control tool in the production of sulfonated oils for the leather industry.
Physical evaluation of pure zein films by atomic force microscopy and thermal mechanical analysis
Authors: Yoshino Tomoyuki , Isobe Seiichiro , Maekawa Takaaki 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBiodegradable edible films can be made from corn protein, α‐zein. Pure zein films are cast from an organic solution of α‐zein. This report outlines the surface conditions of such pure zein films. First, the transition temperature, Tt′ of the pure zein film was measured with a thermomechanical analyzer. Tt was between 167.0 and 172.7°C. The thermal elongation of the films depended on the drying conditions used during film preparation. Second, the surface microstructure of pure zein films, produced under several different drying conditions, was observed by atomic force microscopy. The surface had a morphology that showed depressions either with acutely (90–120°) or obtusely (121–180°) angled features depending upon the drying conditions. On the other hand, the surface microstructure after thermal elongation analysis appeared to have a pattern of projections that was repeated every 25 nm. Third, we measured the contact angle of the pure zein films. We found a correlation between surface microstructure and contact angle. Pure zein films with projections smaller than 200 nm in base diameter on the surface had a high contact angle (>70°).
Fluorescence kinetics of soybean flour oxidation
Authors: Liang Jer‐Hour , Lin Chih‐Cheng 
Published: November 2006

AbstractChanges in fluorescence and oxidation indices of soybean flour were studied during storage at 37, 50, and 60°C. The peroxide value and 2‐thiobarbituric acid value did not increase in proportion to the extent of oxidation. The front‐surface fluorescence of oxidized soybean flour had an excitation maximum around 350 nm and an emission maximum between 420 and 430 nm. The fluorescent compounds were soluble in the organic phase of chloroform/methanol (2∶1, vol/vol) after addition of water, and the solution showed excitation and emission maxima around 360 and 440 nm, respectively. The fluorescent compounds might have been produced from interactions of oxidizing soybean oil with other constituents of soybean flour. The fluorescence intensity in the organic phase increased steadily throughout the storage period. Fluorescence kinetics of soybean flour oxidation showed a zero‐order increase, and the rate followed an Arrhenius relationship with an activation energy of 47.8 kJ/mol. These results suggest that analysis of fluorescence intensity in the organic phase is a useful indicator for determination of the oxidative deterioration of soybean flour.
Facile purification of tocopherols from soybean oil deodorizer distillate in high yield using lipase
Authors: Shimada Yuji , Nakai Seiichi , Suenaga Masaharu , Sugihara Akio , Kitano Motohiro , Tominaga Yoshio 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTocopherols have been purified from deodorizer distillate produced in the final deodorization step of vegetable oil refining by a process including molecular distillation. Deodorizer distillate contains mainly tocopherols, sterols, and free fatty acids (FFA); the presence of sterols hinders tocopherol purification in good yield. We found that Candida rugosa lipase recognized sterols as substrates but not tocopherols, and that esterification of sterols with FFA could be effected with negligible influence of water content. Enzymatic esterification of sterols with FFA was thus used as a step in tocopherol purification. High boiling point substances including steryl esters were removed from soybean oil deodorizer distillate by distillation, and the resulting distillate (soybean oil deodorizer distillate tocopherol concentrate; SODDTC) was used as a starting material for tocopherol purification. Several factors affecting esterification of sterols were investigated, and the reaction conditions were determined as follows: A mixture of SODDTC and water (4∶1, w/w) was stirred at 35°C for 24 h with 200 U of Candida lipase per 1 g of the reaction mixture. Under these conditions, approximately 80% of sterols was esterified, but tocopherols were not esterified. After the reaction, tocopherols and FFA were recovered as a distillate by molecular distillation of the oil layer. To enhance further removal of the remaining sterols, the lipase‐catalyzed reaction was repeated on the distillate under the same reaction conditions. As a result, more than 95% of the sterols was esterified in total. The resulting reaction mixture was fractionated to four distillates and one residue. The main distillate fraction contained 65 wt% tocopherols with low contents of FFA and sterols. In addition, the residue fraction contained high‐purity steryl esters. Because the process presented in this study includes only organic solvent‐free enzymatic reaction and molecular distillation, it is feasible as a new industrial purification method of tocopherols.
Low‐field1H nuclear magnetic resonance and chemometrics combined for simultaneous determination of water, oil, and protein contents in oilseeds
Authors: Pedersen Henrik Toft , Munck Lars , Engelsen Siren Balling 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPrediction of the content of water, oil, and protein in rape and mustard seed was examined by a combination of low‐field1H nuclear magnetic resonance (LF‐NMR) and chemometrics, enabling utilization of the entire relaxation curves in the data evaluation. To increase the range of relative contents, the untreated seeds were wetted and dried; each treatment was followed by NMR analysis. The chemometric results are compared to traditional evoluation by multiexponential fitting of the relaxation curves. For this purpose a new jackKnife validation procedure was developed to evaluate the number of exponential components objectively. Classification of the two kinds of seeds was easily performed by LN‐NMR. Partial least squares regression to oil content in untreated rape and mustard seed yielded models with correlation coefficients ofr=0.88 and 0.89 with root mean square error of cross‐validation (RMSECV) of 0.84 and 0.45, respectively. The rapeseed model was based on one component, wheres the mustard seed model was based on two components. If the seeds were dried, the predictive performance improved tor=0.98 and RMSECV=0.38 for rapeseed and tor=0.95 and RMSECV=0.38 for mustard seed. Upon drying, prediction of protein content in mustard seed improved, whereas the prediction of protein for rapeseed deteriorated. Global models, including the combination of untreated, wet, and dry seeds, all resulted in a robust and good predictive performance with RMSECV in the range 0.8–1.3% to water, oil, and protein content. It was demonstrated that drying the seeds to simultaneously determine water and oil content was not necessary when chemometrics was applied on the relaxation curves.
Fatty acid triazoles: Novel corrosion inhibitors for oil well steel (N‐80) and mild steel
Authors: Quraishi M. A. , Jamal Danish 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThree fatty acid triazoles, namely, 3‐undecane‐4‐aryl‐5‐mercapto‐1,2,4‐triazole (triazole 1), 3(heptadeca‐8‐ene)‐4‐aryl‐5‐mercapto‐1,2,4‐triazole (triazole 2), and 3(deca‐9‐ene)‐4‐aryl‐5‐mercapto‐1,2‐4‐triazole (triazole 3) were synthesized and their corrosion‐inhibiting action in 15% hydrochloric acid was evaluated by weight‐loss method and electrochemical techniques. Electrochemical polarization studies at room temperature indicated that all the triazoles are mixed‐type inhibitors, i.e., they inhibit both anodic and cathodic reactions. The adsorption of these compounds onto mild steel from 15% HCl followed Temkin's adsorption isotherm.
Solvent efficiency for oil extraction from spent bleaching clay
Authors: Lee C. G. , Seng C. E. , Liew K. Y. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractVarious alcohols and hydrocarbons were used as solvents to extract the residual oil in spent bleaching clay from palm oil refining. The content of oil and minor components in the spent clay was >40% by weight. The efficiencies of extraction by the polar alcohols, except for methanol, were higher but with a slower initial rate than the nonpolar hydrocarbons. The free fatty acids contents, the Totox values (anisidine value+2 x peroxide value), and the color of the alcohol‐extracted oil were also higher than that by the hydrocarbons resulting in poorer quality oils. All the extracted oils, irrespective of the solvent used, have poorer quality than crude palm oil. However, for regeneration of the residual spent clay, the polar alcohols should be more suitable as more of the impurities are removed.
Effect of adsorption and solvent extraction process on the percentage of carotene extracted from crude palm oil
Authors: Latip R. A. , Baharin B. S. , Che Man Y. B. , Rahman R. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPalm carotene was successfully concentrated from crude palm oil (CPO) by a batch adsorption process using a synthetic (polymer) adsorbent followed by solvent extraction. Carotene was concentrated to about 20,000 ppm, or about 33.3 times the original concentration in CPO. Carotene recovery varied from 16 to 74% depending on the process conditions. Adsorption times, isopropanol (IPA) extraction times, temperatures of adsorption and solvent extraction process, effect of agitation during IPA extraction process, and adsorbent lifespan were evaluated to determine their effects on the percentage of carotene extracted and carotene concentration. The minimum adsorption time required was 0.5 h. However, an adsorption time of 1.5 h gave a significantly higher carotene concentration than adsorption times of 0.5, 1.0, and 0.2 h. The IPA extraction time was determined based on the final carotene concentration desired. The suitable temperature for adsorption and solvent extraction process was 40°C. There was no significant difference in the percentage of carotene extracted and carotene concentration between the IPA extraction process with and without agitation.
Hydrogenation of vegetable oils using mixtures of supercritical carbon dioxide and hydrogen
Authors: King Jerry W. , Holliday Russell L. , List Gary R. , Snyder Janet M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractHydrogenation of vegetable oils under supercritical conditions can involve a homogeneous one‐phase system, or alternatively two supercritical components in the presence of a condensed phase consisting of oil and a solid catalyst. The former operation is usually conducted in flow reactors while the latter mode is more amenable to stirred, batch‐reactor technology. Although many advantages have been cited for the one‐phase hydrogenation of oils or oleochemicals using supercritical carbon dioxide or propane, its ultimate productivity is limited by the oil solubility in the supercritical fluid phase as well as unconventional conditions that affect the hydrogenation. In this study, a dead‐end reactor has been utilized in conjunction with a head‐space consisting of either a binary fluid phase consisting of varying amounts of carbon dioxide mixed with hydrogen or neat hydrogen for comparison purposes. Reaction pressures up to 2000 psi and temperatures in the range of 120–140°C have been utilized with a conventional nickel catalyst to hydrogenate soybean oil. Depending on the chosen reaction conditions, a wide variety of end products can be produced having different iodine values, percentage trans fatty acid content, and dropping points or solid fat indices. Although addition of carbon dioxide to the fluid phase containing hydrogen retards the overall reaction rate in most of the studied cases, the majority of products have low trans fatty acid content, consistent with a nonselective mode of hydrogenation.
Selective extraction of phosphatidylcholine from lecithin by supercritical carbon dioxide/ethanol mixture
Authors: Teberikler Leyla , Koseoglu Sefa , Akgerman Aydin 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSelective extraction of phosphatidylcholine (PC) from deoiled soybean lecithin using supercritical fluid (SCF) mixtures of carbon dioxide (CO2) and ethanol was studied at moderate pressures. Temperature was varied between 60 and 80°C at pressures of 17.2 and 20.7 MPa. Ethanol was added as co‐solvent to supercritical CO2 at the levels of 10 and 12.5 wt%. Constant rate of extraction of the individual phospholipids (PL) was observed for 150 min during which the extractions were carried out. Pressure and ethanol fraction had a positive effect on the selective extraction of PC, whereas temperature had a negative effect. Under all the conditions studied, the extracts were mainly composed of PC while the extraction of the other PL was very low. Extraction at 60°C and 20.7 MPa with 10 wt% ethanol/90 wt% CO2 SCF mixture resulted in 95% selectivity to PC.
Effect of refining of crude rice bran oil on the retention of oryzanol in the refined oil
Authors: Krishna A. G. Gopala , Khatoon Sakina , Shiela P. M. , Sarmandal C. V. , Indira T. N. , Mishra Arvind 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of different processing steps of refining on retention or the availability of oryzanol in refined oil and the oryzanol composition of Indian paddy cultivars and commercial products of the rice bran oil (RBO) industry were investigated. Degumming and dewaxing of crude RBO removed only 1.1 and 5.9% of oryzanol while the alkali treatment removed 93.0 to 94.6% of oryzanol from the original crude oil. Irrespective of the strength of alkali (12 to 20° Be studied), retention of oryzanol in the refined RBO was only 5.4–17.2% for crude oil, 5.9–15.0% for degummed oil, and 7.0 to 9.7% for degummed and dewaxed oil. The oryzanol content of oil extracted from the bran of 18 Indian paddy cultivars ranged from 1.63 to 2.72%, which is the first report of its kind in the literature on oryzanol content. The oryzanol content ranged from 1.1 to 1.74% for physically refined RBO while for alkali‐refined oil it was 0.19–0.20%. The oil subjected to physical refining (commercial sample) retained the original amount of oryzanol after refining (1.60 and 1.74%), whereas the chemically refined oil showed a considerably lower amount (0.19%). Thus, the oryzanol, which is lost during the chemical refining process, has been carried into the soapstock. The content of oryzanol of the commercial RBO, soapstock, acid oil, and deodorizer distillate were in the range: 1.7–2.1, 6.3–6.9, 3.3–7.4, and 0.79%, respectively. These results showed that the processing steps—viz., degumming (1.1%), dewaxing (5.9%), physical refining (0%), bleaching and deodorization of the oil—did not affect the content of oryzanol appreciably, while 83–95% of it was lost during alkali refining. The oryzanol composition of crude oil and soapstock as determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography indicated 24‐methylene cycloartanyl ferulate (30–38%) and campesteryl ferulate (24.4–26.9%) as the major ferulates. The results presented here are probably the first systematic report on oryzanol availability in differently processed RBO, soapstocks, acid oils, and for oils of Indian paddy cultivars.
Enzymatic esterification of (−)‐menthol with lauric acid in isooctane by sorbitan monostearate‐coated lipase from Candida rugosa
Authors: Babali Banu , Tuter Melek , Ustun Guldem 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEsterification of (−)‐menthol and (±)‐menthol with lauric acid in isooctane was successfully catalyzed by a commercial nonioic surfactant (sorbitan monosterate)‐coated lipase from Candida rugosa (Lipase AY “Amano” 30) at the molar ratio of 1∶1 and at 35°C using 1.5 g enzyme/g (−)‐menthol and 0.1‐g molecular sieves. After 1 h, molar conversion of (−)‐menthol reached 81%. Equilibrium was reached after ca. 4 h, giving a (−)‐menthol molar conversion of 94%. Under the same conditions, native lipase catalyzed the esterification of (−)‐menthol and lauric acid to yield a molar conversion of 93% after 72 h. Coating the lipase with sorbitan monosterate increased the esterification rates of both (−)‐menthol and (±)‐menthol with lauric acid. After 6 h, the molar conversions of (−)‐menthol and (±)‐menthol were 94, and 62%, respectively.