bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Composition and amino‐acid content of high‐grade whale meat meal
Authors: Pritchard H. , Smith Patricia A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTo establish the average composition of whale meat meal particularly with reference to its vitamin and amino‐acid content, average samples of whale meat meal, produced during one season and representing the products both of floating factories and land stations, were examined. The overall composition did not vary widely, but there is a suggestion that meal produced on the land station contains more vitamin B12 than that produced on the floating factory but it is poorer in pantothenic acid.Comparison is made of the amino‐acids present in the proteins of whale meat meal of meat‐and‐bone meal and of white fish meal.The length of time elapsing between the death of the whale and the processing of the carcass does not appear to influence the nutritive value of the whale meat meal produced; but the free fatty acid content of the oil in the meal increases rapidly with post mortem time.
The influence of oil content on the susceptibility of seeds to fumigation with methyl bromide
Authors: Blackith R. E. , Lubatti O. F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEvidence for the greater susceptibility of seeds of higher oil content to methyl bromide is reviewed. Oils increase the sensitivity of seeds to the fumigant at higher moisture contents by making the water more readily available, probably by blocking sorptive substrates. The oil may also act as a reservoir for methyl bromide, so that oily seeds are subject to more severe delays during germination than are less oily seeds. The conditions of moisture content and dosage under which the oily seeds, carrot, rape, cabbage and radish, may be treated, are established, as is the range of oil contents in lucerne, a seed not subject to selection for this character.
Metallic components of fruit juices. III.—Oxidation and stability of ascorbic acid in model systems resembling blackcurrant juice
Authors: Timberlake C. F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractOxygen uptakes and ascorbic acid losses occurring in model systems resembling blackcurrant juice have been studied using the Warburg technique. Oxidation of ascorbic acid in the presence of copper was significantly increased by additions of small amounts of iron although iron alone had little effect. Of blackcurrant juice components examined, anthocyanins increased, while glucose reduced, the metal‐catalysed oxidation of ascorbic acid. Ascorbic acid losses at pH 2·9 increased according to buffer in the order malonate, citrate, malate, quinate, phthalate, formate and phosphate. The effects of some metal chelating agents are described.
Nature and mode of weathering of soil‐potassium reserves
Authors: Arnold P. W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn most partially weathered mineral soils only a small part of the total potassium is readily exchangeable to other ions; the bulk occurs in non‐exchangeable (or difficultly‐exchangeable) forms in potash feldspars, micas and micaceous clays, all of which are potential sources of potassium for plants.Some of the principles underlying the weathering processes in feldspars, trioctahedral and dioctahedral micas are discussed. The ease with which freshly cleaved potash feldspar releases potassium to water cannot be taken to indicate that the feldspar weathers easily; in soil the feldspar is protected by a surface covering of its own decomposition products. Trioctahedral micas are less stable to weathering than dioctahedral micas, particularly during the early stages of potassium depletion; the stabilities of these two main groups of micas differ more than can be accounted for in terms of ferrous iron contents. For micas and micaceous clays the relationships between parent lattices and weathering products must depend very largely on the extent to which layer‐charges have decreased on weathering. As more becomes known about the potassium‐containing minerals which occur in soils, we should be better able to understand the factors which influence the long‐term ability of soils to supply potassium to crops.
Determination of moisture content in cereals. II.—Errors in the determination by oven drying of known changes in moisture content
Authors: Oxley T. A. , Pixton S. W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWater added to a soft wheat, whether as vapour (humid atmosphere) or liquid, was accurately assessed by the oven method (heating 4 h. at 113°), but water added to a hard wheat by either method was over‐assessed proportionately to the amount added. The over‐assessment amounted to 1% when the moisture content was increased from 9% to 25%, on the dry weight basis.The amount of water removed from both varieties of wheat by drying in a warm air current was over‐assessed. That from the hard wheat was over‐assessed proportionately to the amount removed (but only to the extent of about 0.25% on drying from 25% to 9% on the dry weight basis), whilst the over‐assessment was inversely proportional in the case of the soft wheat.It is concluded generally that the ability of an oven‐drying method to measure known quantities of water in wheat is related to the type of wheat. This is consistent with results obtained in the first paper in this series.
Effects of salt and other fertilisers on yield and mineral composition of forage crops. I.—Turnips
Authors: Hemingway R. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe literature concerning the influence of sodium on phosphorus utilisation by plants has been reviewed together with the frequent suggestions that sodium may be able partially to replace potassium in the nutrition of Brassica crops. It has been found that salt increased the yield of turnips in each of four experiments by greater amounts than did muriate of potash. There were consistent negative interactions between salt and potassium. Muriate of potash greatly depressed sodium uptake and salt increased it by about 50%. Salt was shown to improve phosphorus uptake and there were negative interactions of importance between salt and superphosphate for both the yield and phosphorus content of the roots.
Variation in the nitrogen content of tea leaves
Authors: Barua D. N. , Deb S. B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractData are presented showing the relationship of the nitrogen content of tea leaves to the level of nitrogenous manuring, to the position in plucked and unplucked shoots, and to various genetic and environmental factors. In carrying out comparative studies of the chemical constituents of tea leaves it is suggested that sampling should be confined to a particular leaf in a specified position on the stem. Samples drawn from plucked shoots should consist of the second leaves of comparable shoots taken from bushes growing in the inner rows of a plot.
Bone‐taint in beef.—II. Bacteria in ischiatic lymph nodes
Authors: Nottingham P. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn a survey of the bacteria in ischiatic lymph nodes taken from freshly‐killed cattle, a number of types of both Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative organisms were isolated. The average number of aerobic bacteria per lymph node appears to be related to the mean rainfall for the two months preceding slaughter.Two outbreaks of bone‐taint involving six sides of beef were studied. Potential taint‐producing bacteria isolated from the tainted meat included bacilli, coliforms, pseudomonads and clostridia. In the second outbreak the spoilage was mainly due to anaerobes.The bacterial flora of lymph nodes and tainted meat were found to have much in common. This is considered to be further evidence for the view that the infection which causes bonetaint may be present in the lymph nodes during life, and spread to the surrounding tissues after death.
Kaffircorn malting and brewing studies. V.—Occurrence of β‐amylase in kaffircorn malts
Authors: Novellie L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractContrary to commonly accepted views, sorghum (kaffircorn) malts have been found to contain β‐amylase in considerably more than traces, 18–39% of the saccharifying activity being due to the β‐amylase. The α‐ and β‐amylases have been found to develop at approximately the same rate during germination. Sorghum β‐amylase has been prepared free from the α‐enzyme and its properties studied for the first time. Since the β‐amylase of sorghum closely resembles those of barley malt and wheat, the low diastatic power of kaffircorn malts compared with those of wheat and barley is attributed only to the lower proportion of β‐amylase and not to any fundamental difference in its properties.
Selection of a pyrethrum‐resistant strain of the grain weevil, Calandra granaria L.
Authors: Parkin E. A. , Lloyd C. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAdults of a field strain of the grain weevil, Calandra granaria L., initially twice as resistant to pyrethrins in oil solution as a laboratory standard strain, have been exposed to selection pressure with pyrethrins in 17 out of 22 generations in the course of five years. The strain has steadily increased in resistance to pyrethrins and is now 18 times as resistant as the standard. There has been a simultaneous increase in resistance to pyrethrins synergised with piperonyl butoxide of only X2.In the course of selection the beetles of the resistant strain became heavier in weight but not sufficiently to account for the resistance. They also became darker in colour but this change was shown to be physiologically unconnected with the increase in resistance to pyrethrins.
Rendzinas and red‐brown soils on limestone: Genetic inter‐relationship
Authors: Khan D. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA study of the chemistry of rendzinas and red‐brown soils and the insoluble silicate residue of the underlying limestone rocks was carried out to ascertain any genetic interrelationship on the basis of Robinson's hypothetical conjecture. Rendzinas and red‐brown soils are fairly correlated with the insoluble silicate residue of the corresponding underlying limestone rocks, and it is not necessary to postulate that the red‐brown soils are formed by decalcification and desilicification of rendzinas.
Study of some mineral mixtures designed for dairy cows
Authors: Noble R. C. , Thomas Brynmor 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAnalyses have been made of the important major and trace elements in mineral mixtures designed as supplements for milking cows. The results are considered with regard to the probable efficacy of the mixtures in the light of the cow's mineral requirements. No mixture was completely unsatisfactory although in all cases the sodium content was below that regarded as optimum. It is suggested that the data available (by no means complete) concerning the mineral requirements of dairy cows is not used to the best advantage in the design of mineral supplements.
Factors affecting the estimation of phosphate esters in soil
Authors: Anderson G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMethods available for the determination of organic phosphate in soils are critically reviewed. Differences between the behaviour of an acid and a calcareous soil are shown. The procedure of Mehta et al.2 is modified by use of a mild alkaline extraction before the acid extraction to obviate the hydrolysis of inositol hexaphosphate, glycerophosphate, glucose‐1‐phosphate and nucleic acids.
Determination of NN′‐diphenyl‐p‐phenylenediamine (DPPD) in fat and other biological materials
Authors: Budowski P. , Ascarelli I. , Bondi A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA general method is presented for the determination of DPPD in a variety of biological materials such as feeds, chicken fat and organs, serum and egg yolk, based on extraction with light petroleum, purification of the extract and measurement of the red colour formed with 72% sulphuric acid containing a little nitric acid.A study has also been made of some relevant properties of DPPD and its quinoid oxidation product, NN′‐diphenyl‐p‐quinonediimine (“quinone‐dianil”, QDA).
Deposition of NN′‐diphenyl‐p‐phenylenediamine (DPPD) in chicks and eggs
Authors: Ascarelli I. , Budowski P. , Bornstein S. , Bondi A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn order to contribute to a better assessment of the danger to man involved in the use of the antioxidant DPPD as a feed‐additive to poultry mashes, its content has been determined in eggs and in the organs of chickens and laying hens fed different levels of this compound. DPPD is accumulated mainly in the liver and in body fat. The maximum DPPD level of eggs and organs seems to be reached after feeding for 2 weeks, while practically all stored DPPD disappears in 2 weeks after the feeding of DPPD has been stopped.The absolute amount of DPPD deposited in eggs and in the carcass of birds fed the usual amount (0·0125%) of antioxidant seems to be very small.
Mineral composition of clonal tea leaf from North‐East India
Authors: Gokhale N. G. , Bhattacharyya N. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractData are presented for the inorganic chemical constituents of tea leaf collected from four different clones grown in Assam. Samples were collected on three different dates during the period July to September, 1956. Analyses were made separately of bud, 1st leaf, etc. The data presented show that chemical composition of tea leaf varies not only with physiological age and date of sampling but also with the clones.
Studies on egg shells. XIII.—Influence of individuality, breed, season and age on certain characteristics of egg shells
Authors: Tyler C. , Geake F. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSamples of eggs covering three laying seasons from three birds, each of four breeds (White Leghorn, Black Leghorn, Rhode Island Red and Light Sussex) have been examined. This study included percentage of cracked eggs, shell thickness and porosity, membrane thickness, total, insoluble and soluble shell‐N. There were marked individual and breed differences but certain generalisations were possible. Shells were thinner in summer, but not all birds were equally influenced by the season. Membrane thickness was lowest in spring and also diminished with age. The soluble N fraction had a far greater influence on the total shell‐N than had the insoluble fraction and total shell‐N increased with age. The winter months gave the lowest values for cracked eggs and cracking appeared to be associated with thinner shells and also with a higher total shell‐N, but it was evident that these were not the only factors involved.
Contamination problems in soil and plant analysis
Authors: Mitchell R. L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe problems arising from contamination in soil and plant analysis are important chiefly in trace element work and originate either during the sampling and preparative stages or in the laboratory. With soils the chief danger occurs during transport in unsuitable containers or during drying and sieving. Plants are liable to be contaminated by soil, and means of assessing its severity and its possible effect on analytical results by determination of the apparent Ti content of the plant material are described. Contamination arising in the laboratory can be minimised by stringent precautions at all stages of the work, and by the use of carefully selected and, if necessary, purified reagents.
Chemical studies on the herring (Clupea harengus). IV.—Creatine in herring flesh, and its behaviour during heat processing
Authors: Hughes R. B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBritish herring contained 350–420 mg. of creatine and 5–10 mg. of creatinine per 100 g. of flesh. During heat processing at 115° about one‐quarter of the creatine is converted into creatinine, but an overall loss of total creatine plus creatinine also occurs. This is shown to be due to physical binding on the flesh proteins during thermal coagulation. These changes are not considered of importance in the development of the cooked flavour.
Instability in potable spirits. I.—Scotch whisky
Authors: Warwicker L. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractInstability in spirits is partly inherent, partly caused by contamination during maturation and partly due to bad filtration techniques. Instability occurs as deposition with metallic contamination and alteration of the pH to critical values. It is distinct from the formation of “inks”. Chill‐proofing is not sufficient in itself to provide a stable product if sufficient contamination occurs afterwards. Ion‐exchange in the H+ form removes an instability factor.
Estimation of potassium in soils by determination of 40K content
Authors: Rodriguez J. , Mattingly G. E. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe potassium contents of 38 soils from Great Britain and Spain were estimated by determining their count rates in a cylindrical Geiger‐Müller tube. The count rate was converted to % K from a calibration curve obtained with mixtures of powdered quartz and minerals of known potassium content and density.The mean amount of potassium in 26 soils from Central, Eastern and Southern England was 0.19% higher by counting than by chemical analysis, because they contained other radioactive elements. The radioactivity in these soils, other than that from potassium, was equivalent to approximately U 2.5 p.p.m. and Th 18 p.p.m. Results by chemical analysis and by counting differed more with 12 soils from Scotland, Wales and Spain than with soils from England.The standard error of the mean of duplicate estimations of the potassium content of soils was about ±0.075% K for the radiochemical method and ±0.023 to ±0.026% K for two chemical methods.
The contamination of flour by insecticidal lacquers containing endrin and dieldrin
Authors: Dyte C. E. , Tyler P. S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractInsecticidal lacquers containing dieldrin emit a toxic vapour which passses through jute sacking and kraft paper, and is readily absorbed by flour. Dieldrin contamination can persist in flour stored in open‐topped containers for 18 months, and can be produced by as little as 3 h. contact with the lacquer. Samples of flour which had been in contact with an endrin lacquer in one flour mill contained up to 323 p.p.m. of endrin, which is more than twice the concentration known to cause symptoms of acute toxic poisoning in man.
Insect control by gamma‐irradiation: An appraisal of the potentialities and problems involved
Authors: Cornwell P. B. , Bull J. O. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractExperimental sources of cobalt‐60, made radioactive by neutron irradiation, have been used during recent years for investigating the radiation susceptibility of insect pests. Lethal and sterilising effects have been examined on species, strains and developmental stages to evaluate the dose levels required for commercial treatment. The technical feasibility of using radiation as an insecticide is now established.Results of research and problems of application are examined in relation to the two potential methods of controlling insect pests by irradiation; indirect control by the release of sterilised adults and the direct treatment of infested products. Application of the first method, exemplified by work on screw‐worm fly, is limited to very few species by a number of biological requirements. Direct treatment could have wider application for the control of all species infesting stored products. The most favourable products for radiation dis‐infestation are those handled in bulk at particular centres, and for this reason radiation treatment of grain has been examined in detail. The fundamental and applied problems of using γ‐radiation for this purpose are discussed and the relative merits of fumigation and radiation sterilisation are compared.It is concluded that among factors which may influence the success of radiation disinfestation, bulk handling and the incorporation of treatment into established handling procedures must receive primary consideration. γ‐Irradiation may eventually take its place as a useful means of insect control, but it is unlikely to displace conventional methods.
The large‐scale production of protein from leaf extracts
Authors: Morrison J. E. , Pirie N. W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractJuice from fresh, pulped, leaves is freed from most of the starch grains, fibre and detritus and coagulated quickly with steam. The protein coagulum is filtered off, washed with water at pH 4 and pressed into blocks with 30–40% dry matter. In this form it keeps under refrigeration.Texture, colour and nutritive value of the final product are determined by the conditions of drying. The precautions needed during drying, especially freeze‐drying, are described. The products are fairly stable at room temperature but lipids have to be removed before the protein will keep permanently. The conditions for doing this by acetone extraction are described.The composition of the protein and the uses to which it can be put are described briefly.
Acetone‐soluble lipids of grasses and other forage plants. I.–galactolipids of red clover (Trifolium pratense) leaves
Authors: Weenink R. O. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe acetone‐soluble lipids of red clover (T. pratense) consist largely of the galactolipids, galactosyl‐1‐glycerol and digalactosyl‐1‐glycerol linolenate. The fatty acids from the galactolipids, expressed in moles, were shown by gas‐liquid chromatography to consist of 95.8% linolenic, 1.9% linoleic and 2.3% palmitic acid. Oleic, stearic and palmitoleic acids were not detected. No indication was obtained of the presence of triglycerides in the acetone‐soluble lipids.
The oxidation of cysteine, glutathione and thioglycollate by iodate, bromate, persulphate and air
Authors: Hird F. J. R. , Yates J. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe oxidation of cysteine, glutathione and thioglycollate by bromate, iodate, persulphate and air has been studied at 28° and at near‐neutral pH values. The oxidations have been followed by a combination of methods—by reaction with p‐chloromercuribenzoate (spectrophotometric), methylmercuric iodide (polarographic) and, in the case of cysteine, chromatographically and manometrically.The oxidation is rapid by iodate, slow with bromate and persulphate and slower still with air. The major product in the case of cysteine is the disulphide cystine, but up to 10% of the higher oxidation products, cysteinesulphinic and cysteinesulphonic acids, are formed.The oxidation of thiol groups is discussed in relationship with the action of the improvers used in the bread industry.
Vegetable oils. IX.—application of reversed‐phase chromatography to the analysis of seed oils
Authors: Gunstone F. D. , Sykes P. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA method of determining the composition of mixtures of saturated, unsaturated and oxygenated acids by application of reversed‐phase chromatography has been applied to four seed oils: Gmelina asiatica (Linn.), Cephalocroton peuschelli (Pax.), Vernonia camporum (A. Cheval), and Jatropha curcas (Linn.).
Effects of fertilisers on the yield of potatoes in S.E. Scotland
Authors: Simpson K. , Crooks P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA series of field experiments was made on maincrop potatoes grown for seed with farmyard manure. The optimum rates of application of ammonium sulphate, superphosphate and potassium chloride were considerably lower than those at present practised in the area.Use of 120 lb. of N per acre, consistently depressed yield of both ware and seed. Moderate applications of superphosphate (60 lb. of P2O5 per acre) increased seed yield generally but had little effect with soils high in easily soluble phosphorus. Potassium chloride increased the ware/seed ratio considerably. Interactions between the effects of the fertilisers on yield were very small.
Chemical investigation of seeds of selected tropical plants. I.—component acids of the fats or oils
Authors: Mackie A. , Mieras D. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe component acids of the fats or oils of Pinang mabuk, Monodora myristica, Xylopia aethiopica, Celosia argentea, Anogeissus schimperi, Mangifera indica and Carapa procera were investigated. The acids were determined qualitatively and quantitatively by gas chromatography. The results are compared with those obtained for seeds of other plants of the same families.