bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epizootic of balantidiasis in lowland gorillas
Authors: Teare J. Andrew , Loomis Michael R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Acute enteritis characterized by watery diarrhea and lethargy occurred in 4 lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) during a 5-week period at the Los Angeles Zoo. Numerous trophozoites ot Balantidium coli were seen in fresh feces from each gorilla. Potentially pathogenic bacteria were isolated from 1 fecal sample. Results of fecal flotation examinations were negative for eggs of metazoan parasites.
The gorillas were treated with antibiotics and metronidazole or paromomycin, or both. The most severely affected gorilla had blood and mucus in its feces, became dehydrated, and required hospitalization for supportive fluid therapy. This gorilla as well as the other gorillas recovered rapidly with treatment. Balantidium coli was not seen in fecal samples after the gorillas' recovery.
Ultrasonic evaluation of echinococcosis in four lowland gorillas
Authors: O'Grady J. P. , Yeager C. H. , Esra G. N. , Thomas W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Four captive lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) were subjected to abdominal ultrasonic scanning. Evidence of progressive infection by the enzootic parasite Echinococcus vogeli was observed in all 4 of them. Ultrasonic scanning revealed abdominal disease, with evidence of both hepatic and bowel involvement. Three gorillas subsequently died. Necropsy results validated the ultrasonic diagnoses.
Epizootics of ovine abortion due to Toxoplasma gondii in north central United States
Authors: Dubey J. P. , Kirkbride C. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Toxoplasma-induced abortions were diagnosed in 14 flocks of sheep, 4 in Minnesota, 2 in Iowa, and 8 in South Dakota, during the 1982-1983 lambing season. Toxoplasma gondii was seen in histologic sections from 6 placentas and from brains of 2 lambs. Toxoplasma antibody was found by dye test and agglutination test in thoracic fluid of 15 fetal lambs. Lesions typical of toxoplasmosis were seen in fetal placentas from 26 ewes.
Hemodynamics before and after conversion of atrial fibrillation to normal sinus rhythm in horses
Authors: Muir W. W. , McGuirk S. M. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
Hemodynamic measurements were obtained from 17 horses with atrial fibrillation or flutter. Eight horses had atrial fibrillation of unknown duration. In 7 horses, atrial fibrillation developed during anesthesia. Atrial flutter developed during recovery from anesthesia in 2 horses. Hemodynamic measurements were considered normal in 7 of 8 conscious horses with atrial fibrillation. Cardiac output was decreased and pulmonary arterial blood pressure and right atrial pressure were increased in 1 conscious horse which had signs of congestive heart failure. Arterial blood pressure decreased in 5 of 7 horses in which atrial fibrillation developed during anesthesia. Heart rate and arterial blood pressure were increased in 2 horses in which atrial flutter developed during recovery from anesthesia. Conversion of atrial fibrillation to normal sinus rhythm with quinidine given orally generally decreased pulmonary arterial and right atrial blood pressures. Heart rate decreased and cardiac output increased in 1 horse after conversion of atrial fibrillation to normal sinus rhythm. It was concluded that the development of atrial fibrillation in conscious resting horses is not necessarily associated with a deterioration of hemodynamics, particularly if there is no other cardiac disease. Intravenous quinidine therapy was a safe and effective means of converting the acute onset of atrial fibrillation to normal sinus rhythm in anesthetized horses.
Stages of hyperadrenocorticism: Response of hyperadrenocorticoid dogs to the combined dexamethasone suppression/ ACTH stimulation test
Authors: Eiler H. , Oliver J. W. , Legendre A. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A study was designed to evaluate the response of blood cortisol content in dogs tentatively diagnosed as having hyperadrenocorticism by using the combined dexamethasone suppression/ACTH stimulation test procedure. Four groups of abnormal responses were identified in 54 dogs. In group I (14.8% of the dogs with abnormal responses), the only abnormality was partial suppression with dexamethasone (clinically normal dogs suppressed to <10 ng/ml). In group II (29.6%), 2 abnormalities were found: partial suppression with dexamethasone and hyperreactivity to the ACTH stimulation test. In group III (typical pituitary-dependent hypercortisolism, 48.1%), 3 abnormalities were found: base-line hypercortisolemia, partial suppression with dexamethasone, and hyperreactivity to the ACTH stimulation test. In group IV (7.4%), 2 abnormalities were found: base-line hypercortisolemia and partial suppression with dexamethasone. Base-line blood cortisol content was normal in 44.4% of the adrenopathic dogs. A normal response to ACTH stimulation was seen in 25.9% of the dogs, and 74.1% of the dogs hyperreacted to the ACTH stimulation test. All of the adrenopathic dogs were found to suppress partially with dexamethasone. Failure to suppress the adrenal gland completely (<10 ng/ml) with dexamethasone was the most consistent finding in adrenopathic dogs when using the combined dexamethasone suppression/ACTH stimulation test procedure. It was concluded that the test procedure is feasible, flexible, and convenient for clinical situations. Also, these results suggested that there may be several stages in the negative feedback failure associated with hyperadrenocorticism in dogs.
A modified method for complete bovine fetotomy
Authors: Mortimer R. G. , Ball L. , Olson J. D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A modification of the “Utrecht technique” for complete bovine fetotomy was developed. In cranial presentation, the first step is decapitation, then oblique indirect section through the neck and thorax to remove 1 forelimb with a small part of the thoracic wall. This is followed by thoracic and abdominal evisceration. The final step is direct oblique section of the fetal pelvis or, alternatively, deep detruncation followed by bisection of the pelvis. In caudal presentation, the first step is removal of a hindlimb, then abdominal and thoracic evisceration, followed by thoracic detruncation and oblique section for removal of 1 forelimb and most of the remaining thorax. The neck and remaining forelimb are removed together to complete the procedure.
Clinical and pathologic features of parvoviral diarrhea in pound-source dogs
Authors: Stann Susan E. , DiGiacomo Ronald F. , Giddens W. Ellis , Evermann James F. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
From June 1980 through May 1982, 161 poundsource dogs that developed diarrhea while being used in research were evaluated to determine whether canine parvovirus (cpv) type 2 was the etiologic agent. Evaluation included notation of clinical signs, determination of serum cpv-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) M and IgG titers, virus isolation attempts, and histologic examination of tissues. Criteria for diagnosis of canine parvoviral enteritis were serum cpv-specific IgM antibodies, isolation of cpv from feces, and histologic evidence of intestinal crypt cell necrosis. Upon arrival, 67 clinically normal poundsource dogs were evaluated to determine the prevalence of fecal shedding of cpv and to determine their antibody titers to cpv. Parvovirus was not isolated from any of these dogs, although 76% had IgG antibodies and 3% had IgM antibodies. Of the 161 dogs with diarrhea, 40 (25%) had parvoviral enteritis. Of dogs with parvoviral enteritis, 71% had IgG antibodies and 68% had IgM antibodies. Canine parvovirus was isolated from 18 dogs. Serum IgG antibodies were found in 85% of dogs with diarrhea due to other causes. The geometric mean titer of IgG antibodies to cpv was not significantly different among the 3 groups. Clinical signs that appeared significantly (P<0.05) more often in dogs with parvoviral enteritis included bloody diarrhea, anorexia, fever (≥39.4 C), and leukopenia (wbc<6,000/mm3). Cases occurred throughout the year, without apparent seasonal variation. The duration between arrival and onset of diarrhea was significantly (P<0.05) shorter for dogs with parvoviral enteritis. Crypt cell necrosis, villous atrophy, hematopoietic depletion, and lymphoid necrosis were found with significantly (P<0.05) greater frequency in dogs with diarrhea due to cpv than in dogs with diarrhea resulting from other causes.
Efficacy of primidone in dogs with seizures unresponsive to phenobarbital
Authors: Farnbach George C. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
Fifteen epileptic dogs had been treated with high dosages of phenobarbital but had not achieved adequate control of their seizures. Their treatment was switched to comparable and higher dosages of primidone. Serum concentrations of phenobarbital were measured in all dogs before and after primidone therapy was initiated, to ensure that the primidone dosage achieved comparable or higher values when derived from primidone. Only one dog experienced improvement in seizure control, indicating that there is no advantage to the use of primidone over the use of phenobarbital for the control of seizures in most dogs.
Clinical evaluation of sodium sulfanilate clearance for the diagnosis of renal disease in dogs
Authors: Maddison Jill E. , Pascoe P. J. , Jansen B. S. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
Sodium sulfanilate (ss) clearance time was measured in 13 clinically normal dogs and in 24 dogs with suspected renal disease. The results were compared with those from more routine tests of renal function to assess whether measurement of ss clearance provided additional information about the degree of renal dysfunction.
It was concluded that ss clearance is a more sensitive measure of renal dysfunction than is serum creatinine or blood urea nitrogen. Sodium sulfanilate half-life was increased before the complete loss of ability to concentrate urine; however, urine concentrating ability was impaired in some dogs with normal ss clearance. In dogs with glomerular disease, proteinuria developed before increased ss clearances. However, ss clearance was a more reliable method of monitoring the degree of renal dysfunction than was protein concentration in single urine samples.
Pneumonia and atrophic rhinitis in pigs from a test station—a follow-up study
Authors: Straw Barbara E. , Leman Allen D. , Robinson Robert A. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
Pneumonia and atrophic rhinitis were studied for the second consecutive year in pigs at the same test station. Pneumonia was found to reduce mean daily gain by 3.3% for every 10% of the pig's lungs that had lesions. Atrophic rhinitis did not affect mean daily gain. There was no association between the development of atrophic rhinitis and the development of pneumonia. Pigs that were vaccinated with a Bordetella bronchiseptica bacterin did not have turbinate atrophy scores or mean daily gains different from those in pigs that were not vaccinated. Yorkshire and Hampshire pigs had higher prevalences and severity of pneumonia and atrophic rhinitis, compared with pigs of other breeds.
Serologic prevalence of toxoplasmosis in cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, bison, and elk in Montana
Authors: Dubey J. P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Serum samples from 2,539 cattle, 649 sheep, 123 goats, 413 pigs, 93 bison, and 56 elk from Montana were examined for antibody to Toxoplasma gondii in the Sabin-Feldman dye test or the modified agglutination test (mat). Cattle, bison, and elk serum samples were treated with 0.2 M-mercaptoethanol before examination in mat. In the dye test, 13.2% of sheep, 5.0% of pigs, and 22.7% of goats had antibody at a dilution of ≥1:16. In the mat, 3.2% of cattle, 3.1% of bison, and none of the elk were positive at a dilution of ≥ 1:128.
Bullous emphysema and recurrent pneumothorax in the dog
Authors: Kramek Betty A. , Caywood Dennis D. , O'Brien Timothy D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Six cases of recurrent pneumothorax requiring surgical intervention in the dog were reviewed. Radiography was not useful in identifying the source of air leakage. A median sternotomy approach was useful for identifying and removing involved lung tissue. All 6 dogs had microscopic evidence of bullous emphysema. Bronchiolitis, thickened pleura, and bronchiolar smooth muscle hypertrophy also were noticed. Underlying mild obstructive lung disease alone or in combination with a defect in pulmonary collagen probably predisposed these dogs to bullous emphysema and recurrent pneumothorax. Of the 6 dogs, 3 survived for at least 2 years after surgery.
Osteochondritis dissecans of the sagittal ridge of the third metacarpal and metatarsal bones in horses
Authors: Yovich John V. , McIlwraith C. Wayne , Stashak Ted S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Osteochondritis dissecans of the sagittal ridge of the third metacarpal and metatarsal bones was diagnosed in 8 horses during an 18-month period. Seven of the horses were ≤2½ years old. Synovial distention of the affected fetlock joints and a pain response to fetlock flexion were typical findings. Lameness predominated in 1 limb at a trot, although fetlock flexion frequently elicited lameness in other affected limbs. Radiography revealed bony lesions (flattening, erosion, or fragmentation) of the sagittal ridge in at least 2 fetlock joints in all horses. The onset of signs was not correlated with the severity of radiographic changes in all horses.
Immunodeficiency manifested by oral candidiasis and bacterial septicemia in foals
Authors: McClure Jill J. , Addison Jay D. , Miller Richard I. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Oral candidiasis and bacterial septicemia were diagnosed in 8 foals that had laboratory and/or pathologic evidence of immunodeficiency. Two foals suffered solely from complete failure of passive transfer of colostal immunoglobulins. Six foals had evidence of immune defects but did not meet the criteria for diagnosis of any of the currently recognized primary equine immunodeficiency syndromes. All six of these foals died or were euthanatized due to bacterial infections. One foal with failure of passive transfer recovered and the other died of a mesenteric torsion before the effect of treatment could be evaluated.
Evaluation of a combined dexamethasone suppression/ACTH stimulation test in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism
Authors: Feldman Edward C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Twenty-one dogs with hyperadrenocorticism were studied. Six dogs had functioning adrenocortical tumors and 15 had pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. Each dog was evaluated, using endogenous plasma ACTH, ACTH stimulation, dexamethasone screening, dexamethasone suppression, and combined dexamethasone suppression/ACTH stimulation tests. The ACTH stimulation portion of the combined test was less reliable as a screening test in diagnosing hyperadrenocorticism than was the isolated ACTH stimulation test or the dexamethasone screening test. The dexamethasone suppression portion of the combined test was less reliable in distinguishing dogs with adrenocortical tumors from those with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism than was the endogenous ACTH or isolated dexamethasone suppression test. The combined test is not recommended for use. The ACTH stimulation test is the recommended screening test because of its diagnostic reliability and its subsequent importance as a base line in determining success of mitotane therapy.
Periosteal transection and stripping for treatment of angular limb deformities in foals: Radiographic observations
Authors: Bertone Alicia L. , Park Richard D. , Turner A. Simon 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Radiographs of 23 foals (35 forelimbs) with carpal region angular limb deformities, which later were corrected by hemicircumferential transection of the periosteum and periosteal stripping, were evaluated as to geometric and morphologic abnormalities. Geometric evaluation included deviation angle and deviation pivot point. Morphologic abnormalities were categorized as: (1) asymmetric width of the distal radial physis; (2) asymmetric width of the distal radial epiphysis; (3) carpal bone collapse or fracture; (4) carpal bone hypoplasia; (5) carpal bone displacement; and (6) metacarpal bone displacement.
Fifty-seven percent of limbs had radiographic lesions in the carpal joints and 20% had lesions in the metacarpus. Of all the limbs, 48% had carpal or metacarpal bone hypoplasia, 26% had carpal or metacarpal bone displacement, and 12% had carpal bone collapse or fragmentation.
On long-term followup (5 months to 2 years), 83% of the foals were sound and had straight limbs, regardless of the deviation angle, deviation pivot point, or morphologic carpal bone changes. Sixty percent of the foals were in performance training. About 50% of these foals in performance training had carpal bone hypoplasia before correction of the deviation.
It was concluded that geometric and morphologic radiographic interpretation should be performed before surgical correction of carpal angular limb deformities with hemicircumferential transection of the periosteum and periosteal stripping, but that epiphyseal, carpal bone, or metacarpal bone changes, severe deviation angle (20 to 29 degrees) or distal location of the pivot point should not discourage attempted surgical correction.
Circumcostal gastropexy for preventing recurrence of gastric dilatation-volvulus in the dog: An evaluation of 30 cases
Authors: Leib Michael S. , Konde Linda J. , Wingfield Wayne E. , Twedt David C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Follow-up evaluation (mean, 13.7 months) was obtained in 30 dogs with gastric dilatation-volvulus that were surgically treated with circumcostal gastropexy. Evaluation was performed by questionnaire (29 dogs), radiographic contrast studies (23 dogs), and necropsy (6 dogs). The gastropexy was thought to be intact in all 23 dogs examined radiographically. Necropsy of 6 dogs dying from causes unrelated to gastric dilatation-volvulus (mean of 12.7 months after surgery) revealed an intact gastropexy site in each dog. Only 1 (3.3%) dog had clinical recurrence of gastric dilatation after surgery. Five additional dogs dying postoperatively were necropsied and had intact gastropexy sites.
Clinical response and urethral pressure profile changes after phenylpropanolamine in dogs with primary sphincter incompetence
Authors: Richter Keith P. , Ling Gerald V. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Based on clinical response, urethral pressure profile changes, and lack of side effects, phenylpropanolamine was effective and safe in treating dogs with primary sphincter incompetence. Primary sphincter incompetence was diagnosed in 11 female and 8 male dogs with urinary incontinence. Urodynamics of the dogs were assessed, using a combined urethral pressure profile and urethral sphincter electromyography. Male and female dogs had significantly (P<0.05) lower maximal urethral closure pressures, when compared with clinically normal dogs (36.91 ± 8.20 cm of H2O vs 79.72 ± 4.61 cm of H2O for female dogs and 48.63 ± 8.68 cm of H2O vs 99.77 ± 11.71 cm of H2O for male dogs). After treatment with phenylpropanolamine, there was a significant increase in maximal urethral closure pressure in both sexes to within normal range (77.73 ± 8.70 cm of H2O in females and 92.50 ± 14.60 cm of H2O in males). Electromyographic activity was normal before and after treatment. Urinary incontinence resolved clinically in all but 1 male and 1 female dog; however, the condition in these 2 dogs improved considerably. Minimal side effects were seen clinically. Mean arterial blood pressure was not altered by treatment. Plasma estrogen and testosterone concentrations in 8 female dogs were not different from those in continent female dogs. The incontinence in these dogs was considered a sphincter incompetence rather than estrogen responsive.
Echocardiographic detection of ventricular septal defects in large animals
Authors: Pipers F. S. , Reef V. , Wilson J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Ventricular septal defects in a foal, a 2-year-old filly, and 2 calves were demonstrated with M-mode and two-dimensional real-time echocardiography. The studies were performed with the animals unsedated, either standing or in lateral recumbency. Cardiac windows were located between the 4th and 7th intercostal spaces, approximately at the level of the olecranon. In each case, the septal defect was visualized high in the membranous portion of the interventricular septum. Defects were visualized by use of sector scanning or linear-array ultrasonic equipment, with transducer frequencies of 2.25 to 3.5 MHz.
24-Hour urine protein/creatinine ratio in dogs with protein-losing nephropathies
Authors: Center S. A. , Wilkinson E. , Smith C. A. , Erb H. , Lewis R. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The 24-hour urine protein/creatinine (u[p/c]) ratio was examined in 19 healthy dogs and in 38 dogs with protein-losing nephropathies. A positive correlation existed between the u(p/c) ratio and the 24-hour urine protein output per kilogram of body weight. The u(p/c) ratio in 18 of 19 healthy dogs was <0.2; one dog had a ratio of 0.38. The median u(p/c) ratio in dogs with glomerulonephritis (n = 26) and amyloidosis (n = 6) was 5.73 and 22.50, respectively. The median u(p/c) ratio in dogs with chronic interstitial nephritis (n = 6) was 2.89. In the presence of hypoalbuminemia (albumin ≤1.5 g/dl), a u/(p/c) ratio >1 indicated a nephrotic syndrome. Severe protein-losing nephropathies (ie, severe glomerulonephritis and amyloidosis) were characterized by u(p/c) ratios >10 and urine protein values exceeding 159 mg/kg/day. The 24-hour u/(p/c) may be more sensitive than the 24-hour urine protein output per kilogram of body weight in the detection of mild glomerular disease. Abnormal u(p/c) ratios were present in 5 dogs, 2 with glomerulonephritis and 3 with chronic interstitial nephritis; that had normal or mildly increased 24-hour urine protein output.
Infection rates in clean surgical procedures: A comparison of ampicillin prophylaxis vs a placebo
Authors: Vasseur P. B. , Paul H. A. , Enos L. R. , Hirsh D. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A total of 122 dogs and 7 cats were included in a prospective, randomized, blind trial to determine the frequency of wound infection after clean surgical procedures and to compare the infection rates in dogs and cats given ampicillin (group 1) with those given a placebo (group 2). The 2 groups were similar in terms of mean age, sex ratio, duration of hospital stay, and types of surgical procedures. A wound infection developed in one of the dogs given ampicillin; there were no wound infections in the animals given the placebo. The infection rates in the 2 groups were not significantly different.
A field trial to assess the therapeutic and prophylactic effect of a foot rot vaccine in sheep
Authors: Glenn J. , Carpenter T. E. , Hird D. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An 18-week field trial was conducted on a sheep ranch to evaluate the therapeutic and prophylactic effect of a commercial foot rot vaccine. Two hundred sheep were included in the study, 100 with detectable foot rot lesions and 100 without. Approximately 50 sheep from each group were selected randomly and vaccinated twice against foot rot at a 6-week interval in the late spring 1984; the remaining sheep acted as nonvaccinated controls. Therapeutic effect of the vaccine was demonstrated by a cure rate of 53% in vaccinated, foot rot-affected sheep vs a cure rate of 19% in nonvaccinated, foot rot-affected sheep. Prophylactic effect of the vaccine was demonstrated by a foot rot prevalence at the end of the 18-week period of 9% for vaccinated sheep vs 53% for nonvaccinated sheep. Associations of foot rot lesions and vaccination with body condition were found to be significant, as was the association between foot rot lesions and mortality.