bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of aggregate size on leaching of herbicide in soil columns
Authors: DEKKERS W. A. , BARBERÁ E. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:In a column experiment with dry aggregated soils, the effect of aggregate size on leaching of metribuzin from the upper soil layer (2.5 cm) was studied.The penetration of the herbicide was less than predicted by the equilibrium retardation factor. The penetration was less for large than for smalt aggregates due to kinetic effects induced by the aggregates. These kinetic effects overruled the effect of adsorption.Although the mean herbicide penetration was limited, part of the herbicide moved freely with the water as the herbicide was found throughout the column and in the leachate.
Mixtures of picloram and 2,4,5‐T for the control of blackberry (Rubus fruticosus L. agg.)
Authors: AMOR R. L. , HARRIS R. V. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:The effectiveness of‘Tordon 50‐d’(5% a.i. picloram plus 20% a.i. 2,4‐D both as the triisopropanolamine salts) and various mixtures of 2,4,5‐T and picloram were tested for the control of blackberry (Rubus fruticosus L. agg.) in Victoria, Australia.A high correlation was obtained between the % reduction in live canes and the % kill of crowns 13 months after Rubus procerus P.J. Muell. thickets were sprayed with 2,4,5‐T or‘Tordon 50‐d'. Counting the number of live canes is, therefore, a convenient method of comparing the efficacy of these herbicides for the control of blackberry.‘Tordon 50‐d’was generally more effective than 2,4,5‐T but stimulation of suckering from roots was recorded at one site when low rates of‘Tordon 50‐d’were used. It was necessary to add high dose rates of‘Tordon 50‐d’to 2,4,5‐T before there were worthwhile improvements in weed control.‘Tordon 5–20’(5% a.i. picloram as triisopropanolamine salt plus 20% 2,4,5‐T as the ethyl hexyl ester) was only slightly more effective in controlling blackberry than‘Tordon 50‐d'. The cost and soil residue problems associated with picloram should limit its use as an additive to 2,4,5‐T for the control of blackberry in Australia.
Influence de la matière organique et de la teneur en eau du sol sur les phenomenes de sorption de l'aniline
Authors: MOREALE A. , GALLEZ A. , VAN BLADEL R. 
Published: July 2006

Résumé:L'adsorption d'aniline est directement reliée à la teneur en matière organique et cette adsorption semble principalement dépendrede la fraction acides humiques des sols.L'effet compétitif de l'eau du sol pour l'adsorption d'aniline a été mis en évidence. l'influence de la concentration des suspensions colloidales sur le phénoméne d'adsorption montre qu'en milieu naturel les quantités résiduelles d'aniline dans la solution du sol seraient à l'état de traces.Dans tous les cas, la désorption šaccompagne d'un phénomène d'hystérésis assez prononcé mais les solutions salines (CaCl2) manifestent cependant un plus grand pouvoir de déplacement de l'aniline adsorbée.
Preliminary experiments on utilization of water hyacinth by grass carp
Authors: RIECHERT CHRISTOPH , TREDE RAINER 
Published: July 2006

Summary:Preliminary aquarium experiments have been carried out on the feeding of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms) to grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella Via.). Eleven months old fish weighing 38 to 104 g were fed for 50 days exclusively on E. crassipes. Roots and leaves were accepted readily but the swollen petioles reluctantly. The fish developed well, producing 6.5g live weight from 10g dry matter of E. crassipes. The results suggest the possible use of grass carp for the solution of E. crassipes problems. Further extensive experiments are required in the field, however, to determine the influence of grass carp on the ecology of waters infested with this weed.
Effect of concentration on absorption and translocation of 2,4,5‐T in blackberry (Rubus procerus P. J. Muell.)
Authors: RICHARDSON R.G. , GRANT A.R. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:Radioactive 2,4,5‐T was applied to the leaves of small Rubus precerus (P. J. Muell.) plants grown in pots in the glasshouse in amounts ranging from 24 μg to 55.8 μg per leaf. The amount of 2,4,5‐T absorbed and translocated was measured 6h and 24h later. The herbicide was translocated throughout the plant within 6h and the concentration in the various plant parts increased between 6h and 24h.More 2,4,5‐T was absorbed at high concentrations than at low concentrations although the percentage absorbed in 24h decreased from 13% to 6% as the concentration was increased Translocation of 2,4,5‐T‐1‐14C was variable, although the amount translocated inereased as the amount applied was increased, and was closely correlated to the amount of herbicide absorbed by the leaves.
The effect of atrazine, cyanazine and cyprazine on photosynthesis and growth of nine grasses*
Authors: JENSEN K. I. N. , STEPHENSON G. R. , HUNT L. A. , BANDEEN J. D. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:A semi‐open circuit system for measuring changes in net CO2 exchange (NCE) in single leaves of intact grasses following herbicide treatment is described and evaluated. There were significant differences in levels of inhibition and subsequent recovery of NCE in maize and eight weedy panicoid grasses following limited root uptake of atrazine (2‐chloro‐4‐ethyl‐amino‐6‐isopropylamino‐1,3,5‐triazine). cyanazine [2‐chloro‐4‐(1‐cyano‐1‐methylethylamino)‐6‐ethylamino‐1,3,5‐triazine] and cyprazine (2‐chloro‐4‐cyclopropylamino‐6‐isopropyl‐amino‐1,3.5‐triazine). Rate of NCE recovery was positively correlated (P = 0.05) with growth of seedlings in nutrient solution containing the herbicides. Rates of NCE recovery >0.9 mg CO2 per dm2 per h/h reflected rapid rates of herbicide detoxification in the leaves and a significant tolerance to preplant incorporated and postemergence applications of atra‐zine, cyanazine and cyprazine. In contrast, some species, e.g. large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.] and proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) treated with cyanazine demonstrated considerable tolerance to these treatments in spite of low NCE recovery rates indicating that factors other than foliar detoxification may play an important role in the tolerance of some grasses to 2‐chloro‐ 1,3,5‐triazine herbicides.
Differential atrazine interference with the Hill reaction of isolated chloroplasts from Chenopodium album L. biotypes
Authors: MACHADO V. SOUZA , BANDEEN J. D. , STEPHENSON G. R. , JENSEN K. I. N. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:Atrazine [2‐chloro‐4‐(ethylaminol‐6‐(isopropyl‐amino)‐s‐triazine] resistant biotypes of lamb's quarters (Chenopodium athum L) were reported in the maize growing areas of Ontario, where the herbicide had been used fur a number of years. Field samples from four locations proved tolerant to higber than recommended rates of atrazine in controlled environment screening trials. A resistant biotype was not killed with up to 40 kg/ha atrazine. Diuron at 5 x10‐5 M inhibited the Hill reaction with isolated chloroplasts of resisiant and susceptible biotypes of lamb's‐quarters. However, with 10‐4 M atrazine, the photochemical activity was inhibited in chloroplasts isolated from the susceptible biotype but not in chloroplasts from the resisiant biotype. With maize chloroplasts, inhibition with 10‐4 M atrazine was the same as with the susceptible biotype of lamb's‐quarters. These studies suggested that a new mechanism of intraspecific resistance in lamb's quarters to atrazine was involved, other than differences in uptake, translocation and metabolism reported with interspecific comparisons involving the s‐triazines and other herbicides, It was also concluded that atrazine and diuron did not have precisely the same mechanism of action as photosynthetic inhibitors with lamb's‐quarters, and that external and or internal structure or function of chloroplasts in relation to atrazine inhibition can vary significantly even in biotypes of the same species.
Degradation of Nitralin by Rhizoctonia solani
Authors: CAMPER N.D. , ELLERS KATHRYN L. 
Published: July 2006

Summary: Résumé: ZusammenfassungDegradation studies of nitralin [4‐(methylsulfonyl)‐2.6‐dinitro‐N.N‐dipropylaniline] were performed with pure cultures of Rhizactoma solani Kühn. Czapek Dos Broth was selected as the growth medium and contained no components which interfered with extraction and subsequent TLC analysis. Ten to I I degradation products were detected after 14 to 21 days incubation at 33°C, The nonpolar fraction (ethyl acetate exlraclahkl contained at least nine compounds visible on TLC plales. Only one product other than the parent nitralin was identified the monoalkylated derivate. 4‐(meihylsulfonyl)‐2.6‐dinitro‐N‐pro‐pylanilinc. After 21 days approximately 10% of the original nitralin could be detected. The aqueous phase (after ethyl ace‐late extraction) was concentrated, placed on a Sephadex G10 column and separated into at leasi two products. No 14CO2 evolution was detected from 14C‐ring labeled nitralin. Dégradation de la nilralinepar Rhizoclonia solaniDcs ètudes de dégradation de la nitraline [4‐(méthylsulfonyl)‐2,6‐dinitro‐N,N‐dipropilanihne) ont été effectuées avec des cultures pures de Rhizurtvnia solani Kühn. Le milieu de culture de Czapek. Dox, Broth, a été choisi; il ne contenait pas de composés qui auraient pu interférer a vet I'extraction el avec l'analyse chromalographique en couchc mince ulténeure. Dtx à 11 produits de dégradation ont été décelés après 14 à 21 jours d'incubation à 33 C, La fraction non polaire (extructible par l'acétate d'éthyle) contenait iu minimum 9 composés visibles sur les chromatogrammes Un produit seulement. autre que la nitralinc apparentée. a été identific. le dèrivé monoalkylé. 4‐(methylsulfonyl)‐2.6‐dinilro‐N‐propylflniline, Aprés 2l jours. 10% environ de la nitralinc origmale avait pu ètre décelée. La phase aqueuse (aprés extraction à l'acétate d'ethyle) a été con‐centrée. placée sur une colonne de Scphadex G10 el séparée en deux produits au moins. II n'a pas été décelé d'èevolution du 14CO2 provenant du cycle marqué au 14C de la nitraline. Abhau van Nitrulirt durch Rhizoctonia solaniEs wurden Abbaustudien mit Nitralin unter Verwendung von Rcinkulturen von Rhizoctonia solani Kühn durchgeführt. Also Wuchsmedmm wurde Czapek Dox Broth verwendet. das keine Substanzen enthielt. die die Extraktion und die daraffogende dünnschichtchromatographische Analyse störten. Nach einer Inkuhationszeit von 14 bis 21 Tagen nei einer Temperatur von 13°C. fturden 10 bis 11 Abbauprodukte nachgewiesen. Die nicht‐polare Fraktion (extrahierbar mil Äthylacetal) enthielt mindestens 9 auf Dünnschichtplatten sichtbare Verbindungen Eine Substanz wurde identifiziert—das monoalkylierte Derivat 4‐(Methylsulfonyl)‐2.6‐dinitro‐N‐propylanilin Nach 21 Tagen konnten noch ungefähr 10% des ursprünglichen Nitralins nach. gewiesen werden. Die wässrige Phase (nach Extraktion mit Äthylacetat) wurde eingeengt und auf einer Sephadex G 10 Säule in mindestens 2 Verbindungen aufgetrennt. Aus l4C‐ring‐markiertem Nitralin konnte keine 14CO2 ‐Freisetzung nachge‐wiesen werden.
Miniaturized methods for testing the toxicity of pesticides to microorganisms
Authors: COOPER S. L. , WINGFIELD G. I. , La WLEY R. , GREAVES M. P 
Published: July 2006

Summary: Résumé: ZusammenfassungA minialurized method of determining the toxicity of pesticides to large numbers or soil mitroorganisms is described. Bacteria. actinomycetes, yeasts, fungi and algae can be used as test organisms. A modification of the method allows determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations of pesticides to specific microorganisms. Some results obtained with herbicides are presented. Microméthodex pour éprauver la toxicité des pesticides vis‐á‐vis des micro‐organismes Une micromethode pour determiner la toxicité des pesticides vis‐á‐vis de nombreux micro‐organismes du sol est décrite. Des bactéries. des actinomycetes, des levures. des champignons et des algues peuvent ëtre utilisés comme organismes‐tesis. Une modifitation de la méthode permel les determinations des concentrations minimales inhibitrices des pesticides vis‐á‐vis des micro‐organismes specifiques. Quelques resultats obtenus avec des herbicides sont présentés. Miniaturisierte Methoden zur Prüf'ung der Toxizitüt von Pflan‐ zenhehandlumgsmit teln auf Mikraorganismen Es wird einc miniaturisierte Methode zur BestimmungderToxi‐ zität von Pfianzenbehandlungsmitteln für groβe Zablen von Bodenmikroorganismen beschrieben, Als Testorganismen können Bakterien. Actinomyceten. Hefen, Pilze und Algen benutzi werden. Eine Modifizierung der Methode gestattet die Bestimmung der Minimum‐Hemmkonzentration von Pflanzen‐ behandlungsmitteln auf spezielle Mikroorganismen. Einige Ergebnisse, die mit Herbiziden erarbeitel wurden. sind darge‐stellt.
Relative persistence of di‐and tri‐chlorophenoxyalkanoic acid herbicides in Saskatchewan soils
Authors: SMITH ALLAN E. 
Published: July 2006

Summary: Résumé: ZusammenfassungThe persistence of 2,4‐D, 2,4‐DB, dichlorprop, 2,4,5‐T, and fenoprop at the 2 ppm level was studied in the laboratory on three prairie soils at 85% of field capacity and 20°C. Following extraction of the soils with aqueous acetonitrile containing acetic acid, the herbicidal acids remaining were analysed gas chromatographically.Breakdown was rapid on all soils and the average half‐lives for 2,4‐D, 2,4‐DB, dichloroprop, 2,4,5‐T, and fenoprop were < 7, < 7, 10, 12, and 12 days respectively. Degradation on air‐dried soils (15% of field capacity) was negligible with over 85% of the applied herbicides being recoverable after incubation periods during which the herbicides remaining in the moist soils accounted for less than 30% of the original treatments. Persistance relative des acides di et tri‐chlorophénoxy‐alkanoï‐ques herbicides dans des sols du Saskatchewan. La persistance du 2,4‐D, du 2,4‐DB, du dichlorprop, du 2,4,5‐T et du fénoprop, à la concentration de 2 ppm, a étéétudiée au laboratorire, sur trois sols de prairie, a 85% de la capacité au champ et a 20°C. Après leur extraction des sols par l'acétonitrile aqueux contenant de l'acide acétique, les acides herbicides restants ont été analysés par chromatographie en phase gaseuse. La dégradation a été rapide pour tous les sols et les demi‐vies moyennes du 2,4‐D, du 2,4‐DB, du dichlorprop, du 2,4,5‐T, et du fénoprop ont été respectivement de <7, <7, 10, 12 et 12 jours. La dégradation sur des sols séchés a l'air (15% de la capacité au champ), a été négligeable, plus de 85% des quantités d'herbicides appliquées étant récupérables après des périodes d'incubation durant lesquelles les herbicides restant dans les sols humides ne représentaient plus que moins de 30% des quantités apportées à l'origine. Relative Persistenz von Di‐und Trichlorphenoxyalkansäure‐Her‐biziden in Böden Saskatchewan In Laborversuchen wurde die Persistenz von 2,4‐D, 2,4‐DB, Dichlorprop, 2,4,5‐T und Fenoprop in drei Prärieböden festgestellt. Die Versuche wurden bei 20°C, 85 % der Feldkapazität und einem anfänglichen Herbizidgehalt der Böden von 2 ppmdurchgeführt. Die Extraktion der Böden erfolgte mit wässerigem Acetonitril mit einem geringen Anteil an Essigsäure. Die Herbizide wurden gaschromatographisch nachgewiesen.In allen Böden wurde ein schneller Abbau festgestellt. Die Halbwertszeiten betrugen für 2,4‐D, 2,4‐DB, Dichlorprop, 2,4,5‐T und Fenoprop < 7, < 7,10, 12 bzw. 12Tage. Der Abbau im lufttrockenen Boden (15% der Feldkapazität) war zu vernachlässigen. Hier waren noch mehr als 85% der ausgebrachten Herbizidmenge vorhanden, wenn in den feuchten Böden die Konzentration bereits weniger als 30% betrug.
A rapid sensitive bioassay for determination of paraquat and diquat in water
Authors: O'BRIEN MARY C. , PRENDEVILLE G.N. 
Published: July 2006

Summary: Résumé: ZusammenfassungThe change in cell‐membrane permeability as indicated by leakage of electrolytes from treated fronds of Lemna minor was the criterion used to detect the presence of diquat and paraquat in solution. The minimum herbicide concentrations that could be detected ranged from 1.8 and 1.7 μg/ml diquat and paraquat cation respectively after 3 h treatment to 0.00018 and 0.000017 μg/ml after 72 h. Paraquat was more active than diquat in all treatments. Increase in cell‐membrane permeability occurred without the appearance of injury such as, chlorosis or bleaching of fronds. Light was necessary for these herbicides to alter cell‐membrane permeability, though a little herbicidal activity could be detected after 48 h in the dark at concentrations above 0.17μg/ml. Un test biologique rapide et sensible pour la recherche du paraquat et du diquat dans l'eau Des modifications de la perméabilité de la membrane cellulaire, révélées par la déperdition d'électrolytes à partir de frondes de Lemna minor, ont été utilisées comme critères pour révéler la prèsence de diquat et de paraquat dans des solutions. Les concentrations minimales d'herbicides qui ont pu être décelées se sont situées entre 1,8 μg/ml et 1,7 μg/ml des cations diquat et paraquat respectivement, apres 3 heures de traitement, jusquà 0,00018 et 0,000017 μg/ml après 72 heures. Le paraquat s'est montré plus actif que le diquat dans tous les traitements. Un accroissement de la perméabilité cellulaire s'est produit sans qu'il soit apparu de dégâts tels que la chlorose ou le blanchissement des frondes. La lumière a été nécessaire pour que ces herbicides altèrent la perméabilité de la membrane cellulaire, bien qu'une faible activité herbicide ait pu être décelée après 48 heures à l'obscurité, à des concentrations supérieures à 0,17 μg/ml. Ein schneller und empindlicher Biotest für den Nachweis von Paraquat und Deiquat in Wasser Veränderungen in der Permeabilität der Zellmembran in Form des Austretens von Elektrolyten aus behandelten Wedeln von Lemna minor wurden als Kriterium für den Nachweis von Deiquat und Paraquat in wässeriger Lösung benutzt. Die geringsten Herbizidkonzentrationen, die festgestellt werden konnten, lagen nach 3 h nach der Applikation bei 1,8 und 1,7 μg/ml Deiquatbzw. Paraquat‐Kation und nach 72 h bei 0,00018 und 0,000017 (μg/ml). In allen Behandlungen war Paraquat wirksamer als Deiquat. Der Anstieg in der Zellmembran‐Per‐meabilität war nichi mit äusseren Symptomen wie Chlorose oder Ausbleichen der Wedel verbunden. Für die Herbizidbedingte Veränderung der Zellmembran‐Permeabilität war Licht notwendig, doch konnte auch eine geringfügige Herbizidwirkung nach einer 48‐h‐Dunkelperiode bei Konzenlrationen > 0,17 μg/ml festgestellt werden.
Some studies on the sites of uptake of chlortoluron, isoproturon and metoxuron by wheat, Avena fatua and Alopecurus myosuroïdes
Authors: BLAIR A. M. 
Published: July 2006

Summary: Résumé: ZusammenfassungChlortoluron, isoproturon and metoxuron applied to wheat (Triticum aesitvum (L.)), A vena fatua (L.) and Alopecurus myosuroïdes (Huds) at sowing caused less damage if the herbicides were restricted to the region above the seed by an activated charcoal layer. AH three herbicides, when applied to seedlings of the same species also had their main activity through the soil, an activated charcoal layer at seed level decreasing damage from post‐emergence sprays of isoproluron. Germination and/or establishment of A. myosuroïdes was better from seeds sown at or near the surface, hut the reverse was true for A. fatua, which showed weak germination and/or establishment from seed on the soil surface. Rechterches sur les sites d'absorption du chhrtoluron, de l'isoproturon et du métoxuron par le blé. A vena fatua et Alopecurus myosuroïdesLe chlortoluron, l'isoproturon et le métoxuron appliqués au semis sur du blé (Triticum avstivum (L.), Avena fatua (L.) et Alopecurus myosuroïdes (Huds.) ont causé moinsde dommages si les herbicides restaient localises dans la region située audessus des semences grâce à une couche de charbon activé. Les trois herbicides, lorsqu'ils furent appliqués aux plantules des mêmes cspèces, ont aussi exercé leur principale activitéà travers le sol; une couche de charbon active au nivcau des semences a dim inué les dommages provoques pour des traitements effectues avee de l'isoproturon en posttevée.La germination atnsi que l'etablissement d'A. myosuroïdes ont été meilleurs à partir de sentences semées en surface, ou prés de la surface mais ce fut l'inverse pour A. fatua qui montra une germination et un etablissement plus faibles lorsque le semis a été fait en surface. Untersuchungen zum Ort der Aufnahme von Chlortoluron. Isoproturon und
Metoxuron bei Weizen, A vena falua und A lopecurus myosuroidesWenn Chlortoluron, Isoproturon und Metoxuron zu Weizen (Triticum aestivum (L.)), Arena fatua (L.) und Alopecurus myosuroïdes (Huds.) zum Zeitpunkt der Saat appliziert wurden, traten weniger Schäden auf. wenn die Herbizide durch eine Aktivkohlcschicht oberhalb der Samen verblieben. Auch wenn die Herbizide auf junge Pflänzchen appliziert wurden, wirkten sie hauptsachlich über den Boden Durch eine Aktivkohleschicht in der Samenzone wurde die Wirkung von Nachauflaufbehandlungen mil Isoproluron abgeschwächl. Bei A myosuroïdes war die Keimung und/oder das Wachstum besser, wenn sich die Samen auf oder nur knapp unterhalb der Bodenoberfläche befanden. Bei A. fatua was es urngekchrt, hier war die Keimung und/oder die Entwicklung nur schwach. wenn sich die Samen auf dem Boden befanden.
The use of glyphosate in fruit trees: effects on the suckers and on the trees
Authors: ATKINSON D.J , STOTT K. G. , O’KENNEDY N. D. , ABERNETHYS W. , ALLEN J. G. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:Trails with glyphosate spred onto the soil around profusely suckering apple cherry pear and plum trees so as to wet the suckers, were carried out at ballygagn. Are East malling Kent; Long ash tom, Bristol and Loughall N Ireland Trees were sprayed to simulate normal weed killing in winter when the suckers were dormant, in April when the sucker buds had recently burst and in june when the sucker were in full leaf no damage was cused to the parent trees in the year of treatment or the following year in any of the trails. No glyphosate residues (< 1ppm) were found in the leavws of the parent apple tree at all soles sucker deths or damage was greater and apple trees. At all sites sucker death or damage was greatest and re grow the least with the full leaf spray. Damage was greater with the April than the January cpray Sucketrs of the different kinds of from varied in susceptibility ot glyphosate There was no damage ot the parent trees at long Ashton when suckers were sparyed to run off in July
Cinétique de dégradation chimique du propyzamide (Kerb) en milieu aqueux I. Influence du pH et d'oligo‐éléments
Authors: BASTIDE JEAN , COSTE CAMILLE 
Published: July 2006

Summary: Kinetics of chemical degradation of propyzamide (Kerb) in aquatic environments—influence of pH and trace elements Degradation of propyzamide in aquatic environments has been studied with particular reference to pH and the presence of trace elements. The degradation is quicker in alkaime than in acid surroundings but this is appreciable only in acidic and strongly alkaline media. Iron and copper salts had little influence but, on the contrary, silver salts had a strong effect. The mechanism of this interaction is discussed.
Control of Echium plantagineum L.with 2, 4‐D and grazing management
Authors: PIGGIN C. M. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:This paper describes a field experiment conducted in north‐east Victoria investigating the control of Echium plantagineum L. in a pasture with 2, 4–D and grazing management.Spraying with a small dose of 2, 4‐D (0–14 kg a.i./ha) in late autumn/early winter, followed about 2 weeks later by heavy grazing, removed E. plantagineum from the pasture, whilst the associated pasture species, Trifoliutn subierraneum L., was retained. Continuous grazing without spraying also resulted in good control of E. plantagineum.Herbage production of the pasture in winter was, however, reduced by spraying. The reasons underlying these observations, and farm management programmes for the longterm control of E. plantagineum, are discussed.