bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An approach to assessment of text handling systems
Authors: Irving R. H. 
Published: June 2007

Office Automation is of major concern to vendors, to users, and to those academics who study relations between organizations, people and technology. Though technologies such as text processing and electronic mail have become common, other more esoteric systems such as file management, relational data bases and distributed information systems have yet to be widely accepted.
Several reasons are offered for this lag. One main reason is the lack of acceptable means for cost justifying office automation technology. Uttal [29] reports that direct cost savings are hard to identify. Despite these difficulties, there have been many attempts to develop cost-justification methods. These range from comprehensive approaches such as those suggested by Bair [3, 4] to very specific methods such as those suggested by Boczany [7]. One of the main reasons that justifications are hard to develop is the difficulty in modeling the effects of these new systems in terms of productivity and effectiveness.
Views of office data
Authors: Fikes Richard E. , Hewitt Carl , Joloboss Vania , Miller Lance A. , deJong S. Peter 
Published: June 2007

Office applications will eventually be defined and executed by office personnel rather than professional programmers. There are many scientific disciplines and technologies that are contributing to this goal. This panel will explore a few of these areas: databases, artificial intelligence, and linguistics. Today the active database research areas are in highly distributed, real-time transaction oriented systems, and dynamic expressive data organizations such as the relational model. The extending of the database models to cover the requirements of the office is a major concern in office systems research. Artificial Intelligence has been directly involved with the problems of interfacing with end-users for a considerable period of time. The AI knowledge base systems are much closer in spirit to the way humans accumulate and use partial knowledge to solve problems than the database models. Using AI techniques, expert systems have been built for various application areas. One can envision the use of expert office systems to help in solving business and organizational problems. Much of the communications done in the office is in terms of natural language. Linguistics is concerned with the structure of language and how people generate it and understand it. The greater the extent that an office system can deal with natural languages, the more useful that system will be to end-users.
This panel will discuss how intelligent the next generation of office systems can become using these technologies.
RhoA Activation Contributes to Sex Differences in Vascular Contractions
Authors: Nuno Daniel W. , Korovkina Victoria P. , England Sarah K. , Lamping Kathryn G. 
Published: June 2007

Objective—Studies have suggested that sex differences in endothelial function in part account for the lower incidence of cardiovascular disease in premenopausal women compared with men. Less is known about the role of smooth muscle. We hypothesized that signaling mechanisms that regulate calcium sensitivity in vascular muscle also play a role in determining sex differences in contractile function.Methods and Results—In aorta, concentration-dependent contractions to serotonin were greater in male versus female mice whereas contractions to KCl and U46619 were similar. Nitric oxide or other endothelial-derived factors did not account for the difference in responses to serotonin because inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) with NG-nitro-l-arginine, genetic deficiency of endothelial NOS, and removal of endothelium increased contractions but did not abolish the enhanced contractions in aorta from males. Contractions in aorta from both males and females were abolished by a serotonergic 5HT2Areceptor antagonist (ketanserin), however there was no sex difference in 5HT2Areceptor expression. Activation of RhoA and Rho-kinase by serotonin was greater in aorta from males compared with females, but this was not related to greater expression of RhoA or Rho-kinase isoforms (ROCK1 and ROCK2). The sex difference in aortic contractions to serotonin was abolished by an inhibitor of Rho-kinase, Y27632.Conclusion—We conclude that increased contractions to serotonin in aorta from male mice are attributable to differences in RhoA/Rho-kinase activation in smooth muscle independent of differences in the expression of RhoA or Rho-kinase.
Factors Influencing Long-Term Psychiatric Hospitalisation of the Elderly in Kuwait
Authors: Malasi T.H. , Mirza Iman A. , Fakhr El-Islam M. 
Published: June 2007

In this study both psychosocial and clinical aspects of elderly patients were investigated in relation to long hospital stay in the only psychiatric hospital in Kuwait. Patients with longer stay did not differ statistically from short stay patients in distributions of sex, age, nationality, marital status, family system, diagnostic categories or factors blocking patients' discharge from hospital. Significant association was found between withdrawal from social interaction, and those admitted for personal suffering and those who had poor relationships with their families. Long stay elderly patients who came from extended families were more likely to be medically unfit for discharge than patients who came from nuclear families. Multivariate explorations of possible associations were performed by hierarchical loglinear analysis which revealed that long stay in hospital was significantly more likely in the widowed who had physical illness and came from extended families with poor relationships. The findings are discussed in relation to cultural and clinical background and compared to similar findings published abroad.
Subjective Quality of Life in Female in-Patients With Depression: a Longitudinal Study
Authors: Rudolf Heidi , Priebe Stefan 
Published: June 2007

This study investigated Subjective Quality of Life (SQOL) in 42 women with depression, 70 women with alcoholism, and 73 women with schizophrenia within 3 weeks after hospital admission. Twenty-eight of the depressive patients were re-examined after 6 months. SQOL was assessed using the German version of the Lancashire Quality of Life Profile. On average, depressive women expressed dissatisfaction with life as a whole and with 4 out of 8 life domains, and had a lower SQOL than the other two diagnostic groups. Differences remain statistically significant when the influence of age and anxiety/depression is controlled for. SQOL in depressive women improved significantly within the follow up period. Positive SQOL change was moderately correlated with an improvement of depressive symptoms. The results indicate that depressive women after hospital admission express an unusually low SQOL, which seems to have some diagnostic specificity and improves over time. Changes in depressive symptoms do not fully explain SQOL changes.
Evaluation of Yarn Properties and Processing Performance of Pima S-1 Cotton
Authors: Brown John J. , Howell Nathaniel A. , Fiori Louis A. , Sands Jack E. 
Published: June 2007

Results are reported of a pilot plant evaluation of Pima S-1 cotton using an Egyptian variety, Karnak, and an American-Egyptian variety, Pima 32, as controls. The three cottons were processed alike on conventional equipment into a range of relatively fine single- and 2-ply yarns. Certain organizational details were varied within limits to aid in the evalution of the processing performance of the three cottons, and to determine the contributions each cotton made toward product quality. Each cotton was divided into three lots which were carded at 4, 6, and 8 lb/hr, respectively. Each lot was then combed, with 15 and 18% noils being removed. Twist- strength relationships were determined by spinning the yarns with a range of twist multipliers from 3.00 to 4.00 in increments of 0.25; draft-strength relationships were determined by spinning the yarns with a range of drafts from 14 to 53, using the twist multiplier found previously to produce maximum strength. The effect of the method of creeling was determined by spinning the same yarn number from a series of hank rovings both single and double creeled. Evaluation was made of gain in strength of 2-ply over single yarns using the same twist multiplier in both single and ply yarns. Also, an assessment was made of the response of these three cottons to three conditions of mercerizing and to subsequent dyeing. An analysis was made of opening-, picking-, and carding-waste percentages and of the uniformity of slivers and yarns. Yarn quality was determined by measuring skein and single-strand strengths, elongation, and appearance, and from the coefficient of variation of the strength values and Uster uniformity tester measurements. It was found that, within the limits of this study, the general processing performance of the Pima S-1 was equal to that of the Karnak and Pima 32 cottons. Regardless of the organizational variables used in the evaluation, the Pima S-1 cotton produced yarns of better appearance and uniformity than did the other two cottons. Also, yarns made from Pima S-1 were stronger than those made from Karnak, and were generally equal in strength to yarns made from Pima 32. Double creel produced stronger and more uni form yarns than did single-creel spinning for all the cotton varieties tested. The per formance of Pima S-1 in 2-ply constructions was equal to that of the two control cottons. The general response of Pima S-1 to mercerizing and to subsequent dyeing was slightly better than that of the other cottons.
The Effect of Fabric Structure on Fabric Properties
Authors: Brown John J. , Rusca Ralph A. 
Published: June 2007

Research leading to the development of specialized fabrics for an agency of the Department of Defense is described. Requirements called for the fabrics to be highly resistant to the passage of water and air and to possess relatively high tensile and tear strength, yet to be light in weight. The effects of 7 types of fabric structure on the physical properties of the fabrics are discussed. Of the constructions tested, basket weaves offered an acceptable com promise among the properties desired, with a 2/2 basket being highly water resistant without any chemical treatment and a 3/3 basket being slightly less water resistant and slightly more tear resistant. Regardless of the weave, as the picks per inch were in creased, air and water resistance increased and tear strength decreased. Bleaching, mercerizing, and dyeing significantly decreased the tightness of the fabrics; however, application of a flame-retardant and water-repellent treatment almost restored the original resistance of the fabrics to the passage of water and air.
Adverse Drug Reactions and the Food and Drug Administration
Authors: Pearson Kay C. , Kennedy Dianne L. 
Published: June 2007

The monitoring of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) after a drug is marketed is an important mission for the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Currently, the FDA receives and computerizes nearly 60,000 ADR reports each year. The FDA has an active postmarketing surveillance system in place to effectively triage, tabulate, analyze, and evaluate these reports. Of highest priority to FDA are the discovery of serious reactions that were not observed before a drug was marketed and the detection of increased occurrence of serious reactions that are known to occur with the drug. All reactions for new moieties marketed in the United States during their first 3 years are of interest. Pharmacists are in a unique position to be aware of adverse reactions because of their knowledge of drugs, their close working relationships with other health care providers, and their direct interactions with patients. By participating in FDA's ADR reporting system, pharmacists can actively contribute to drug safety and help improve patient care. This is a US government work. There are no restrictions on its use.
Nuclear Pharmacy and the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy (NABP)
Authors: Hammes Richard J. , Laven David L. , Catizone Carmen 
Published: June 2007

The challenges and opportunities involved in the emergence and regulation of pharmaceutical specialties are discussed in relationship to the historical and current developments regarding nuclear pharmacy. The issues of the state board of pharmacy v federal regulation of the practice of pharmacy, drug use control in institutions, and education and training of specialists are explored. The interaction of the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy (NABP) with professional nuclear pharmacy groups in addressing these issues is described. This is a US government work. There are no restrictions on its use.
Aspects of Investigational Antineoplastic Agents
Authors: Fortner Clarence L. , Vilk Paul J. 
Published: June 2007

Investigational drugs are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and are not available for widespread patient use. They are screened and evaluated extensively before they are administered to humans in clinical trials. The clinical development process is divided into three phases: phase I, II, and III. Protocols for the investigational agent in each of these phases must be approved by an institutional review board and the patient must be informed of the risks of the study and sign an informed consent document. Once adequate clinical data are collected and analyzed, the information is submitted to the FDA for their review and approval for marketing. Prior to that approval, the FDA may approve broader distribution of the drug for specific indications under a Treatment Investigational New Drug (IND) or the National Cancer Institute's (NCI) group C mechanism. Pharmacists can play a unique role during development of the Treatment IND by contributing to design of the protocol and screening patient qualifications. The investigator of the clinical trial has responsibility for the conduct of the clinical trial and must comply with FDA regulations and sponsor policies. This is a US government work. There are no restrictions on its use.
The Potential of Grounded Theory for Health Education Research: Linking Theory and Practice
Authors: Dolan Mullen Patricia , Reynolds Richard 
Published: June 2007

This paper offers a critique of present research methods used in the literature drawn upon by health education practitioners, students, and teachers. Weaknesses of deductive methods and of theory which is highly general are noted in terms of their implications for the advancement of health education theory and practice, and in terms of their consistency with traditional principles of practice. The grounded theory method—an inductive approach usually used with participant observation and interview data—is described, and the major arguments for its value are presented. In particular, the empirical generation of middle-range theory can provide a strong link between more general theory and situations faced by practitioners, and definitions of problems are not prematurely closed to reinterpretation from other perspectives. Several recommendations are given for changing the research orientation of health education.
Developing the capacity of nursing and midwifery research: The view from higher education
Authors: Watson David 
Published: June 2007

Focusing in particular on the 'five-strand' model of support for research proposed in the Dearing report (National Committee of Inquiry into Higher Education, 1997), the author explores the problems and prospects for institutional support of nursing and midwifery research. Responses from various sources are then compared. These include: Funding Councils; the NHS; professional bodies; medical charities; and industry. The paper concludes with thoughts on the priorities for management of nursing and midwifery research within universities and colleges. These include: the development of an agenda of agreed problems and perspectives (for example, inter-professionalism and community health); issues of communication and dissemination (especially at the border with other subject cultures and programmes); and the requirements of a 'methodological mix' (from ethnography to traditional statistical analysis).
The teaching, learning and use of infection control knowledge in nursing
Authors: Courtenay Molly 
Published: June 2007

A study was undertaken to determine the theoretical principles of infection control and the related practices that were taught to qualified nurses, students, both RGN and Project 2000, and health care assistants. The aim was to understand how they applied this knowledge to practice. It was found that what they were taught was different for each of the four groups and that in the case of the nurse education programmes the teaching lacked application to practice. The study revealed that an understanding of how infection spread was frequently inaccurate. The ward sister and charge nurse were shown to have a powerful influence on the infection control practices of ward staff. Key issues involve the structure and organisation of nurse education programmes and management practices at ward level.
Research, audit and networking activity in nursing development units
Authors: Redfern Sally , Murrells Trevor 
Published: June 2007

This paper compares the progress made by NDUs, in comparison with matched units without NDU status, on research, audit and networking activities. We focus on two activities: (a) for research: involvement by staff in research, resources acquired and dissemination activity through publication and conference presentation and (b) for audit and networking: information on completed and current audits, and details of visits made by staff to and from other organisations. The data are drawn from questionnaires and interviews to the clinical leaders and staff and reports prepared by NDU-comparator pairs. Research and dissemination activity, though not high, are significantly greater (p<0.01) in NDUs than comparators. NDUs have a more widespread research culture as measured by involvement in research by all grades of staff. Research in NDUs focuses on local attempts to improve practice and has some way to go before it can be generalised into healthcare settings beyond the unit where it was carried out. There is no difference in number of audits undertaken by NDUs and comparators but NDUs carried out more audits to evaluate nursing work and comparators did proportionately more on practice topics and user issues. There is no association between research and audit activity; more audit does not result in less research. Networking activity by staff is significantly greater (p<0.01) for NDUs, suggesting they are seen as a resource to other centres. NDUs are active in research and networking — significantly more so than comparators. We suggest that audit can act as a conduit for implementing research findings and monitoring evidence-based practice.
Identification of QTL controlling meat quality traits in an F2 cross between two chicken lines selected for either low or high growth rate
Authors: Nadaf Javad , Gilbert Hélène , Pitel Frédérique , Berri Cécile M , Feve Katia , Beaumont Catherine , Duclos Michel J , Vignal Alain , Porter Tom E , Simon Jean , Aggrey Samuel E , Cogburn Larry A , Le Bihan-Duval Elisabeth 
Published: June 2007

Abstract

Background
Meat technological traits (i.e. meat pH, water retention and color) are important considerations for improving further processing of chicken meat. These quality traits were originally characterized in experimental lines selected for high (HG) and low (LG) growth. Presently, quantitative trait loci (QTL) for these traits were analyzed in an F2 population issued from the HG × LG cross. A total of 698 animals in 50 full-sib families were genotyped for 108 microsatellite markers covering 21 linkage groups.

Results
The HG and LG birds exhibit large differences in body weight and abdominal fat content. Several meat quality traits [pH at 15 min post-slaughter (pH15) and ultimate pH (pHu), breast color-redness (BCo-R) and breast color-yellowness (BCo-Y)] were lower in HG chickens. In contrast, meat color-lightness (BCo-L) was higher in HG chickens, whereas meat drip loss (DL) was similar in both lines. HG birds were more active on the shackle line. Association analyses were performed using maximum-likelihood interval mapping in QTLMAP. Five genome-wide significant QTLs were revealed: two for pH15 on GGA1 and GGA2, one for DL on GGA1, one for BCo-R and one for BCo-Y both on GGA11. In addition, four suggestive QTLs were identified by QTLMAP for BCo-Y, pHu, pH15 and DL on GGA1, GGA4, GGA12 and GGA14, respectively. The QTL effects, averaged on heterozygous families, ranged from 12 to 31% of the phenotypic variance. Further analyses with QTLExpress confirmed the two genome-wide QTLs for meat color on GGA11, failed to identify the genome-wide QTL for pH15 on GGA2, and revealed only suggestive QTLs for pH15 and DL on GGA1. However, QTLExpress qualified the QTL for pHu on GGA4 as genome-wide.

Conclusion
The present study identified genome-wide significant QTLs for all meat technological traits presently assessed in these chickens, except for meat lightness. This study highlights the effects of divergent selection for growth rate on some behavioral traits, muscle biochemistry and ultimately meat quality traits. Several QTL regions were identified that are worthy of further characterization. Some QTLs may in fact co-localize, suggesting pleiotropic effects for some chromosomal regions.
Computational prediction of Pho regulons in cyanobacteria
Authors: Su Zhengchang , Olman Victor , Xu Ying 
Published: June 2007

Abstract

Background
Phosphorus is an essential element for all life forms. However, it is limiting in most ecological environments where cyanobacteria inhabit. Elucidation of the phosphorus assimilation pathways in cyanobacteria will further our understanding of the physiology and ecology of this important group of microorganisms. However, a systematic study of the Pho regulon, the core of the phosphorus assimilation pathway in a cyanobacterium, is hitherto lacking.

Results
We have predicted and analyzed the Pho regulons in 19 sequenced cyanobacterial genomes using a highly effective scanning algorithm that we have previously developed. Our results show that different cyanobacterial species/ecotypes may encode diverse sets of genes responsible for the utilization of various sources of phosphorus, ranging from inorganic phosphate, phosphodiester, to phosphonates. Unlike in E. coli, some cyanobacterial genes that are directly involved in phosphorus assimilation seem to not be under the regulation of the regulator SphR (orthologue of PhoB in E coli.) in some species/ecotypes. On the other hand, SphR binding sites are found for genes known to play important roles in other biological processes. These genes might serve as bridging points to coordinate the phosphorus assimilation and other biological processes. More interestingly, in three cyanobacterial genomes where no sphR gene is encoded, our results show that there is virtually no functional SphR binding site, suggesting that transcription regulators probably play an important role in retaining their binding sites.

Conclusion
The Pho regulons in cyanobacteria are highly diversified to accommodate to their respective living environments. The phosphorus assimilation pathways in cyanobacteria are probably tightly coupled to a number of other important biological processes. The loss of a regulator may lead to the rapid loss of its binding sites in a genome.