bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF DIURETICS ON ELECTROLYTE DISTRIBUTION IN THE RAT KIDNEY
Authors: Cross RR , Thornton WM 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe effect of diuretics on the distribution of sodium (Na) and potassium (K) in the kidney was studied in alcohol anaesthetized rats during osmotic diuresis. As previously reported, these rats had a small gradient from cortex to papilla in the sodium concentration of renal tissue. Vasopressin increased this gradient by increasing the concentration of sodium in the medulla and papilla.When either mercaptomerin or hydrochlorothiazide was administered in therapeutic doses, the concentrations of sodium in the papilla were initially high and were further increased by vasopressin. These results were very similar to those obtained when infusions containing high levels of sodium chloride (NaCl) were administered to normal rats.Prior administration of ethacrynic acid caused very high concentrations of sodium in the papilla which were not significantly increased after vasopressin. Ethacrynie acid did not prevent the conscious rat from producing a concentrated urine when deprived of water.This suggests that these drugs do not exert their diuretic effect by decreasing the extra tubular osmotic pressure around the collecting ducts.
LOCAL PRODUCTION OF ANTIBODY BY THE LACTATING MAMMARY GLAND FOLLOWING ANTIGENIC STIMULATION
Authors: Lascelles AK , Outteridge PM , Mackenzie DDS 
Published: December 2007

SummaryExperiments have been carried out to determine whether the infusion of antigens into the dry mammary glands of pregnant ewes gives rise to a sustained local immunity. One side of the udder was infused with killed Salmonella typhi “O” organisms and the other with a similar dose of killed Brucella abortus organisms. Infusions were given to 6 pregnant ewes about 1 month before parturition.Although the anti‐Salmonella and anti‐Brucella titres in the colostrum from both sides were higher than those in plasma, the titres of specific antibody in colostrum from the sides receiving corresponding specific antigen were usually higher than in the colostrum from the opposite side. These results indicated that both local synthesis and active transfer of antibody were occurring at this time.There was a rapid fall in the antibody titres of milk within the first week of lactation. However, the ratio of the titres of specific antibody in the samples from the sides receiving corresponding specific antigen to those in plasma were usually well above unity throughout lactation. On the other hand, the milk: plasma ratios computed from the anti‐Salmonella and anti‐Brucella titres in plasma and in whey samples collected from the sides which were not infused with corresponding antigens rapidly decreased within 2 weeks after parturition to values which varied between 0·03–0·25. These results indicated that during lactation most of the specific antibody in milk was of local origin.The anti‐Salmonella and anti‐Brucella titres in the mammary lymph from the sides infused with Salmonella and Brucella respectively were lower than those in the milk from the same side. In view of the relative impermeability of the glandular epithelium of the mammary gland to γ‐globulin molecules, this finding suggests that the cells responsible for local synthesis of antibody are in close proximity to the glandular epithelium.
TRANSFER OF CIRCULATING γ‐GLOBULIN INTO MILK AND EFFERENT MAMMARY LYMPH DURING EXPERIMENTAL MASTITIS
Authors: Mackenzie DDS , Outteridge PM , Lascelles AK 
Published: December 2007

SummaryExperiments were carried out on 9 lactating ewes to study the changes in 131I 7S γ‐globulin content of mammary lymph and of whey during the course of experimentally induced staphylococcal mastitis. In 4 of the ewes the efferent lymphatic duct draining one side of the udder was cannulated prior to an intravenous injection of 131I 7S γ‐globulin. The specific activities of the globulin in plasma and in lymph were followed until they had become equal at approximately 30–40 hr. after injection. The side in which the lymphatic duct had been cannulated was then infected by infusing virulent staphylococci into the teat cistern. In the other 5 ewes, the radioactivity in whey and plasma was followed for 20–47 hr. after the injection, and then one side of the udder was infected.There was a 3–4‐fold increase in the lymph flow, and an almost 2‐fold increase in the concentration of radioactivity in lymph 6–12 hr. after infection, which indicated a greater capillary permeability during mastitis. The increases in lymph flow and radioactivity in lymph were greater and persisted for longer periods in the more severe cases of mastitis.The molecular site and electrophoretic mobility of the radioactivity bound to protein, in whey samples collected from both normal and infected sides, were found to be similar to those for 7S γ‐globulin of serum. The concentration of radioactivity bound to protein in whey increased slowly after infection, and did not reach peak levels until at least 24 hr. later. Since the milk production decreased as the concentration of radioactivity increased, there was little change in the total amount of radioactivity bound to protein in whey secreted after infection. The results have been discussed in relation to the mechanism of transfer of γ‐globulin from plasma into milk before and during mastitis.
CONTRIBUTION OF THE TRANSVERSE TUBULAR SYSTEM TO THE MEMBRANE CAPACITANCE OF STRIATED MUSCLE OF THE TOAD (BUFO MARINUS)
Authors: Pugsley ID 
Published: December 2007

SummarySine‐wave techniques have been used to analyse the “input characteristics” of toad skeletal muscle fibres to show that, unlike the frog, there is no measurable difference between the admittance of a small section of membrane and that of a parallel circuit containing one resistance and one capacitance. Falk and Fatt's (1964) three‐path model for the frog, containing a small series resistance with part of the capacitance, remains valid, but in the toad it is undistinguishable from a simple two‐path model. It is postulated that the site of the additional resistance is at the entrance of the tubular system, and the difference between frog and toad is ascribed to a difference of the membrane across the tubules at the sarcolemma. Since the method limits the maximum measuring frequency to about 1000 c/s, it is concluded that the small series resistance for the toad tubular‐system capacitance is less than 4 Ω cm.2, which is not measurable. The absence of the late after‐potential in toad muscle is explained on this basis.
ACUTE LIVER INJURY DUE TO ALBITOCIN
Authors: Kerr JFR , Pound AW 
Published: December 2007

SummaryAlbitocin, a triterpenoid glycoside extracted from the bark of Albizia gummifera, produced liver damage when injected into mice and rats. The milder forms of the lesion comprised nuclear enlargement and cytoplasmic fatty infiltration which was maximal in the outer parts of the lobules. In severely affected animals cells in the peripheral and intermediate zones underwent necrosis, and there was often marked dilatation of sinusoids. Periodic acid Schiff (P.A.S.)‐positive, spherical bodies were common in the cytoplasm of the injured cells. These were rich in acid phosphatase and esterase, and correspond to the large lysosomes described in other forms of liver cell injury. Promethazine hydrochloride, in the dose used, afforded no protection from death or liver necrosis.
THE LOSS OF RADIOACTIVITY DURING THE PREPARATION OF AUTORADIOGRAPHS FROM RATS INJECTED WITH IODINE‐LABELLED ANTIGENS
Authors: Mitchell Judith 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe loss of radioactivity from labelled tissues during the fixation and dehydration procedures in preparation for autoradiography has been studied in rats injected with radioiodinated protein antigens. The extent of these losses has been shown to depend upon many factors, including the age of the animal, the tissue studied, the molecular size and immunological character of the antigen, the length of time between injection of the antigen and removal of the tissue and on the dose of protein given.Gross losses of radioactivity from the lymph nodes and spleen of adult rats were relatively small, and insignificant amounts of macromolecular material, antigenie in an immune precipitation test, were lost.The tissues of neonatally injected rats lost very large proportions of their radioactivity during the fixation and dehydration for normal autoradiography. Here, dependence on the type of antigen, time after injection, etc., were not so important. In the range of antigen doses studied all the tissues examined (except thyroid) lost up to 90% of their label during fixation. Much of this labelled material was of high molecular weight and was antigenic in the immune precipitation test. Such gross losses of antigen must seriously affect the quantitative assessment of autoradiographs. The losses did not, however, appear to alter the qualitative appearance of antigen distribution in the spleen.
THE RETICULOCYTE RESPONSE IN CALVES MADE ANAEMIC BY PHLEBOTOMY
Authors: Bremner KC 
Published: December 2007

SummaryDaily reticulocyte counts were made on healthy calves subjected to acute and chronic experimental bleedings. Considerable variation in the maximum reticulocyte response was found from calves of the same age in which similar degrees of anaemia had been induced. However, the mean maximum reticulocyte count of groups of calves of the same age, bled at different levels, increased with the severity of the blood loss. Older calves displayed a much greater reticulocyte response to blood loss than did young calves bled at the same rate. It is concluded that the reticulocyte count can be used as an index of the rate of erythropoiesis for comparative purposes only if experimental calves are of similar age.
THE GROWTH OF MOUSE BONE MARROW CELLS IN VITRO
Authors: Bradley TR , Metcalf D 
Published: December 2007

SummaryA simple in vitro technique is described for the growth of colonies from single cell suspensions of mouse bone marrow. The system involves the plating of marrow cells in agar on feeder layers of other cells, those from 8‐day‐old mouse kidney and 17th day mouse embryo being shown to be the most efficient types of feeder layers.Approximalely 400 colonies per 1 × 106 nucleated marrow cells were grown, using kidney cell feeder layers. A linear relationship between the number of cells plated and the number of colonies developing was demonstrated.In comparison with the marrow cells, lymph node or thymus cells did not form colonies, but a small number of colonies was formed using spleen cells.Early in the development of the colonies the dominant cell type was a large mononuclear cell with cytoplasm filled with granules staining metachromatically with toluidine blue. With growth of the colony, cells with ring or horseshoe‐shaped nuclei appeared, and a progression with further colony growth to smaller cells with segmented nuclei similar to polymorphonuclear blood cells was observed.
MUTANTS RESISTANT TO COLICIN CA42‐E2: CROSS RESISTANCE AND GENETIC MAPPING OF A SPECIAL CLASS OF MUTANTS
Authors: Reeves Peter 
Published: December 2007

SummarySpontaneous mutants resistant to colicins CA42‐E2, or K317‐E2 were isolated. Ninety‐five per cent of these mutants probably lack receptor; 10 of the remaining 5%, still possessing receptor and able to adsorb colicin, were studied further. They showed frequent cross resistance to 3 colicins of other types, CA31‐A, CA57‐C and K235‐K, yet were often sensitive to some other colicins of type E. Eight of these mutations were closely linked to Gal and are thought to be at a locus concerned with the bacterial system affected by the colicins involved.
THE EFFECT OF CHANGES IN LOCAL TEMPERATURE ON THE TRANSFER OF PROTEINS AND LIPOPROTEINS FROM PLASMA TO LYMPH IN THE NORMAL AND INJURED PAW OF THE HYPERCHOLESTEROLAEMIC RABBIT
Authors: Courtice FC , Sabine Mary S 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe effect of local temperature an the transference of protein mid of the lipoproteins from plasma to lymph in the hind paw of hypercholesterolaemic rabbits has been studied before and after thermally injuring the paw by immersion in water at 60° for 1 min.The hind paws were kept either at 10° or 45°. In uninjured limbs the lymph flow was greater, but the concentrations of albumin, globulin, total cholesterol and phospholipid were less with the paw at 45° than at 10°.After injury to both paws, the lymph flow and also the concentrations of albumin and of the lipoproteins of densities 1·063–1·200, 1·019–1·063 and < 1·019 g./ml. were greater with the paw at 45° than at 10°, but in each case molecular sieving of these macromolecules was evident, although at a different level. These results suggest that, after a thermal injury, the sieving mechanism of the skin capilliries can be varied by altering the capillary pressure.
A SIMPLIFIED HAEMAGGLUTINATION TEST FOR TOXOPLASMOSIS USING PYRUVIC ALDEHYDE TREATED CELLS
Authors: Jennis F 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe haemagglutination test for toxoplasmosis can be made simpler and easier to perform by the use of pyruvic aldehyde treated cells and by omitting tanning of the red cells.Pyruvic aldehyde treated cells or sensitized pyruvic aldehyde treated cells are stable over a period of months, thus eliminating the necessity of a continual supply of fresh red cells.
HUMAN SERUM ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE VARIANTS AND THEIR ASSOCIATION WITH THE ABO BLOOD GROUPS IN AN AUSTRALIAN SAMPLE
Authors: Hope RM 
Published: December 2007

SummaryStarch gel electrophoresis of serum samples from 303 healthy adult Australians of known ABO blood group revealed 2 major zones of alkaline phosphatase activity. As reported by other workers, the staining intensity of the slower‐moving B zone varied between individuals, and this was associated with the ABO blood group of the donor. The majority of sera from group A donors showed little or no B zone activity, whereas sera from individuals of other ABO groups showed a wide range of B zone activity. Spectrophoto‐metric studies showed that the mean serum alkaline phosphatase activity of group B and O individuals was 18% higher than that of group A, group AB being intermediate in activity.
MECHANISM OF INDUCTION OF IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE
Authors: Nossal GJV , Austin Caroline M 
Published: December 2007

SummaryPrevious work has shown that multiple injections of flagellar antigens into rats, starting at birth, can induce Immunological tolerance. In the present paper we have examined in some detail the effects of single, neonatal antigen injections on subsequent immune reactivity. The soluble, monomeric form of flagellin fails to induce detectable IgM antibody formation in tolerant or normal adult rats, in contrast to polymerized flagellin which, particularly in high dosage, causes brisk IgM responses. Utilizing this fact, we have shown that single neonatal injections of polymerized flagellin can lead to a substantial degree of tolerance as tested by adult monomer challenge, and also to some memory or priming as tested by adult polymer challenge. Polymerized flagellin can both prime and induce tolerance; monomeric flagellin gives less priming and perhaps slightly less tolerance.Multiple injections of antigen over the neonatal period can enhance the tolerance and eliminate the priming, and both monomer or polymer are effective when given repeatedly in a dose of 10 μg. Animals rendered completely tolerant by monomer injections retain some slight reactivity to polymer which manifests itself as a brief phase of IgM antibody production. Animals receiving multiple polymer injections do not show this if the course is maintained for 10 weeks.The apparently opposite effects of priming and tolerance induction induced by neonatal injections are speculatively explained by the hypothesis that the single antigen pulse drives some lymphoid cells (x cells) towards tolerance, others to memory (y cells). The memory cells may undergo a transient phase of susceptibility to antigen during which a second contact kills them. Thus, a single neonatal injection causes a reduction in the x cell population but also creates some y cells. A multiple injection protocol can cause a virtually total depletion of the x cell pool without causing y cell accumulation.The results and hypotheses are contrasted with Mitchison's (1964) findings in an adult tolerance model system.
NON‐SPECIFIC RESPONSES IN THE ASSAY OF THYROTROPHIN AND LONG‐ACTING THYROID STIMULATOR
Authors: Adams DD , Kennedy TH , Purves HD 
Published: December 2007

SummaryIn McKenzie's modification of Adams' and Purves' bioassay method for thyrotrophin and long‐acting thyroid stimulator serum samples from euthyroid people may elicit significant responses. These responses have a time course which differs from those of long‐acting thyroid stimulator and thyrotrophin. Unlike long‐acting thyroid stimulator, the activity is present in the albumin fraction of the serum proteins as well as in the gamma globulin fraction, and concentrates of the latter show no increase in activity over the serum.Other differences from human thyrotrophin are failure to be neutralized by rabbit antisera to human thyrotrophin and failure to disappear from people treated with thyroid hormone in suppressive dosage.It is concluded that the activity of euthyroid serum is not due to the presence of either long‐acting thyroid stimulator or thyrotrophin, and that the assay method is not specific for these substances.
STUDIES OF ARTHROPOD‐BORNE VIRUS INFECTIONS IN QUEENSLAND
Authors: Doherty RL , Gorman BM , Whitehead RH , Carley JG 
Published: December 2007

SummaryAntibody to group A arboviruses reacting to higher titre to Ross River virus than to Getah, Bebaru or Sindbis viruses was found widespread in Queensland in man, horses, cattle, kangaroos and wallabies, and was shown to be present in goats, sheep, bandicoots, dogs and possibly in rats, but could not be demonstrated in wild or domestic birds. Infections of man with Ross River virus or a closely related agent were shown to have occurred on at least 4 occasions between 1957 and 1964 at Mitchell River Mission near the Gulf of Carpentaria.Many sera from man and other mammals reacted to Getah and Bebaru viruses by haemagglutination‐inhibition and neutralization tests, but in titres lower than to Ross River virus. Serum from 1 child from Brisbane, however, neutralized Getah virus but showed no evidence of antibody to Ross River virus. Many sera from domestic fowls inhibited haemagglutination by Getah virus but did not neutralize it, and were considered to contain a non‐antibody inhibitor unrelated to previous infection.Antibody to Sindhis virus was found in sera from wild and domestic birds from several areas in Queensland, in 3 sera from man (2 from Yarrabah and 1 from Brisbane), and rarely in sera from other mammals.
SOME ASPECTS OF POST‐EXERCISE HYPERAEMIA IN MAN
Authors: Brandon KW , Cooper CJ , Fewings JD , Walsh JA , Whelan RF 
Published: December 2007

SummaryA technique is described for the assay of vasoactive substances in venous blood draining from the forearm muscles of one arm by the injection of a sample of the venous blood into the brachial artery of the opposite arm and the measurement of blood flow through that forearm. Using this technique, no vasoactive substance was detected in venous blood from exercising muscle.An altered response of the superfused guinea‐pig ileum to venous blood draining from human skeletal muscle at the end of a 4‐minute period of rhythmic exercise was observed in 8 of 11 experiments. The precise identity of the substance responsible was not determined, but the nature of its effect on the guinea‐pig ileum was more suggestive of acetylcholine than of histamine.The role of acetylcholine in the post‐exercise hyperaemia of the human forearm was examined by determining the effect of intra‐arterial infusions of the acetylcholine‐blocking agents atropine and hyoscine and the anticholinesterase neostigmine. Intra‐arterial infusions of atropine and hyoscine did not alter the post‐exercise hyperaemia and it is concluded that acetylcholine normally plays no part in the production of the hyperaemia. Post‐exercise hyperaemia was increased by the use of neostigmine, suggesting that, in this circumstance, acetylcholine liberated from the motor end‐plates causes vasodilatation which is additive to the post‐exercise hyperaemia.
REFLEX EFFECTS OF CAROTID BODY CHEMORECEPTOR STIMULATION ON THE HEART RATE OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Scott Mary J 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe isolated carotid bifurcation regions of the rabbit were perfused with blood. Stimulation of the chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies was achieved by perfusion with hypoxic blood from a donor rabbit. Under conditions of controlled ventilation, chemoreceptor stimulation caused a slowing of the heart. This response was considerably modified by hyperventilation, either occurring spontaneously with the chemoreceptor excitation or induced artificially. The responses occurred whether the aortic depressor nerves were intact or not. The bradycardia of chemoreceptor origin was mediated both by vagal efferent pathways and by sympathetic fibres to the heart.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF YOUNG MICE BORN AND REARED AT 36°
Authors: Pennycuik Pamela R 
Published: December 2007

SummaryAbout 90% of the pups born to mothers gestating and lactating at 36° died during the first 24 hr. of extra‐uterine life. Maternal failure accounted for approximately 50% of these losses, and poor pup viability for about 25% of pup deaths. Maternal failure appeared to be due to several factors: to failure to secrete milk in the pre‐natal period, to an increase in the time between the birth of the litter and the first feed or to a reduction in the amount of milk produced during the first 24 hr. after parturition.Transfer of mothers from 21° to 36° on the day of parturition led to the death of all pups. When transfer to 36° was delayed until 4 days after parturition, 83% of the mothers were alile to rear a litter, in whole or in part, to 21 days. The weaning weights of pups reared by mothers gestating at 21° and lactating at 36° were similar to those of pups reared by mothers gestating and lactating at 36°. The weaning weights of pups reared by mothers gestating at 36° and lactating at 21° were similar to those of pups reared by mothers Restating and lactating at 21°. There was a significant difference between the weaning weights of pups reared at 21° and those reared at 36°.