bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The work of the Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission
Authors: Aldrich George H. 
Published: February 2009

The Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission (EECC) is one of a pair of commissions established by the Peace Agreement of 12 December 2000 that ended a costly war between Ethiopia and Eritrea that had begun in May 1998. That war, which was sparked by disputes over the countries' common border, caused much damage and many thousands of casualties on each side. It also proved terribly expensive, as each party spent large amounts of money and incurred large debts to acquire modern weapons of war and the related munitions. Given the causes and the consequences of the war, it was, perhaps, not surprising that the Peace Agreement created a boundary commission to determine for the parties a common boundary that they would be obliged to accept, and a claims commission to resolve the claims of each party against the other for any acts arising out of the war that injured that party, including injury to its nationals, and that were in violation of international law.However understandable in the context of the war, the creation of an international commission charged with determining which actions of the parties to a war violated the applicable international law is a rare event. While we have seen very recently the establishment of international criminal tribunals for the punishment of war crimes by individuals, we have not seen the creation of any other international tribunal that has the task of deciding the legal responsibility of a state for violations of the laws of war.
The algebraic structure of relativistic wave equations
Authors: Cant A. , Hurst C. A. 
Published: February 2009

The algebraic structure of relativistic wave equations of the formis considered. This leads to the problem of finding all Lie algebrasLwhich contain the Lorentz Lie algebraso(3, 1) and also contain a “four-vector” αμa such anLgives rise to a family of wave equations. The simplest possibility is the Bhabha equations whereL≅so(5). Some authors have claimed that this is theonlyone, but it is shown that there are many other possibilities still in accord with physical requirements. Known facts about representations, along with Dynkin's theory of the embeddings of Lie algebras, are used to obtain a partial classification of wave equations. The discrete transformationsC, P, Tare also discussed, along with reality properties. Finally, a simple example of a family of wave equations based onL=sp(12) is considered in detail. Theso(3, 1) content and mass spectra are given for the low order members of the family, and the problem of causality is briefly discussed.
On finding a point in the relative interior of a polyhedral set and degeneracy in geometric programming
Authors: Jefferson T. R. , Scott C. H. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractGeometric programming is now a well-established branch of optimization theory which has its origin in the analysis of posynomial programs. Geometric programming transforms a mathematical program with nonlinear objective function and nonlinear inequality constraints into a dual problem with nonlinear objective function and linear constraints. Although the dual problem is potentially simpler to solve, there are certain computational difficulties to be overcome. The gradient of the dual objective function is not defined for components whose values are zero. Moreover, certain dual variables may be constrained to be zero (geometric programming degeneracy).To resolve these problems, a means to find a solution in the relative interior of a set of linear equalities and inequalities is developed. It is then applied to the analysis of dual geometric programs.
The diffraction of elastic waves by small cylindrical cavities
Authors: Buchwald V. T. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn order to use the method of asymptotic matching for low frequencies, the equations of plane elastostatics are reformulated in terms of the two scalar potentials commonly used in plane elastodynamics. It is shown that the resulting equations of plane elastostatics can be reduced to those first obtained by Muskhelishvili. The use of the formulation is illustrated by considering the case of the plane diffraction of a P wave by a circular, cylindrical cavity of small radius. The results agree with those obtained from the exact solution of the problem.
Drainage after total knee replacement
Authors: Sterling G. , McBain G. D. , Harris J. A. , Boland M. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA simple lumped hydraulic model of knee drainage following arthroplasty is developed incorporating a pressure-volume equation of state for the knee capsule and a wound healing rate dynamically retarded by the blood flow-induced shear stress. The resulting second-order nonlinear ordinary differential system is examined numerically and qualitatively to map the parameter space. In the model, moderate suction or a slight back-pressure promotes gradual drainage and healing whereas excessive suction can lead to a bifurcation in which healing is retarded or even prevented. Guided, then, by the model, the literature, and experience, continuous drainage with a small constant back-pressure appeared beneficial so we prospectively evaluated a series of ten patients. The results are consistent with the model and promising.
A characterisation of Newton maps
Authors: Berger A. , Hill T. P. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractConditions are given for a Ck map T to be a Newton map, that is, the map associated with a differentiable real-valued function via Newton's method. For finitely differentiable maps and functions, these conditions are only necessary, but in the smooth case, that is, for k = ∞, they are also sufficient. The characterisation rests upon the structure of the fixed point set of T and the value of the derivative T′ there, and it is best possible as is demonstrated through examples.
A note on solitary waves with variable surface tension in water of infinite depth
Authors: Özuğurlu E. , Vanden-Broeck J.-M. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractTwo-dimensional gravity-capillary solitary waves propagating at the surface of a fluid of infinite depth are considered. The effects of gravity and of variable surface tension are included in the free-surface boundary condition. The numerical results extend the constant surface tension results of Vanden-Broeck and Dias to situations where the surface tension varies along the free surface.
Euclidean null controllability of infinite neutral differential systems
Authors: Iyai Davies 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis paper is aimed at establishing sufficient computable criteria for the Euclidean null controllability of an infinite neutral differential system, when the controls are essentially bounded measurable functions on finite intervals, with values in a compact subset U of an m-dimensional Euclidean space with zero in its interior. Our results are obtained by exploiting the stability of the free system and the rank criterion for properness of the controlled system. An example is also given.
Initial deformation about convex surfaces formed from identical, rough elastic-plastic bodies which approach along their normal at first contact
Authors: Weir Graham 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe low-velocity impact of two convex surfaces comprised of identical material, which approach each other along the direction of the normal at first contact, and obey a J2 = k2 plastic yield condition, is shown for very early times to satisfy the following conditions: the interior surface which separates the two bodies is equivalent to either the locus of points formed by the intersecting curves resulting from moving the two bodies towards each other along their normal; or to the locus of points formed from the level surfaces (suitably parametrized) drawn about each body at the time of first contact. This separating surface lies midway between the geometrical overlap of the two approaching surfaces for times sufficiently short for inertial effects not to significantly affect the approaching velocities.
Generalizations of a weighted trapezoidal inequality for monotonic functions and applications
Authors: Tseng Kuei-Lin , Yang Gou-Sheng , Dragomir Sever S. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn this paper we establish some generalizations of a weighted trapezoidal inequality for monotonic functions and give several applications for ther-moments, the expectation of a continuous random variable and the Beta and Gamma functions.
Freely forming groups: Trying to be rare
Authors: Baake Michael , Grimm Uwe , Jockusch Harald 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA simple weakly frequency dependent model for the dynamics of a population with a finite number of types is proposed, based upon an advantage of being rare. In the infinite population limit, this model gives rise to a non-smooth dynamical system that reaches its globally stable equilibrium in finite time. This dynamical system is sufficiently simple to permit an explicit solution, built piecewise from solutions of the logistic equation in continuous time. It displays an interesting tree-like structure of coalescing components.
Wavelet and discrete cosine transforms for inserting information into BMP images
Authors: Orea-Flores I. , Acevedo M. A. , López-Bonilla J. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn this work we use the Discrete Wavelet Transform in watermarking applications for digital BMP images with the objective is to guarantee some level of security for the copyright. We also compare the results with the Discrete Cosine Transform for the same application. Results are obtained from a number of tests, primarily in order to validate the security level and the robustness of the watermark, but also to prove that the original image suffers only very small variations after the watermark is embedded. We also show how to embed the watermark, where to insert it and the capacity supported for inserting an image.
Blowup properties for several diffusion systems with localised sources
Authors: Xiang Zhaoyin , Chen Qiong , Mu Chunlai 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis paper investigates the Cauchy problem for two classes of parabolic systems with localised sources. We first give the blowup criterion, and then deal with the possibilities of simultaneous blowup or non-simultaneous blowup under some suitable assumptions. Moreover, when simultaneous blowup occurs, we also establish precise blowup rate estimates. Finally, using similar ideas and methods, we shall consider several nonlocal problems with homogeneous Neumann boundary conditions.
Explicit eigenvalues and inverses of several Toeplitz matrices
Authors: Yueh Wen-Chyuan , Cheng Sui Sun 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBased on the theory of difference equations, we derive necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of eigenvalues and inverses of Toeplitz matrices with five different diagonals. In the course of derivations, we are also able to derive computational formulas for the eigenvalues, eigenvectors and inverses of these matrices. A number of explicit formulas are computed for illustration and verification.
Water wave scattering by two submerged nearly vertical barriers
Authors: Mandal B. N. , De Soumen 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe problem of surface water wave scattering by two thin nearly vertical barriers submerged in deep water from the same depth below the mean free surface and extending infinitely downwards is investigated here assuming linear theory, where configurations of the two barriers are described by the same shape function. By employing a simplified perturbational analysis together with appropriate applications of Green's integral theorem, first-order corrections to the reflection and transmission coefficients are obtained. As in the case of a single nearly vertical barrier, the first-order correction to the transmission coefficient is found to vanish identically, while the correction for the reflection coefficient is obtained in terms of a number of definite integrals involving the shape function describing the two barriers. The result for a single barrier is recovered when two barriers are merged into a single barrier.
SEIR epidemic model with delay
Authors: Yan Ping , Liu Shengqiang 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA disease transmission model of SEIR type with exponential demographic structure is formulated, with a natural death rate constant and an excess death rate constant for infective individuals. The latent period is assumed to be constant, and the force of the infection is assumed to be of the standard form, namely, proportional toI(t)/N(t)whereN(t)is the total (variable) population size andI(t)is the size of the infective population. The infected individuals are assumed not to be able to give birth and when an individual is removed fromtheI-class, it recovers, acquiring permanent immunity with probabilityf(0 ≤f≤ 1) and dies from the disease with probability 1 −f. The global attractiveness of the disease-free equilibrium, existence of the endemic equilibrium as well as the permanence criteria are investigated. Further, it is shown that for the special case of the model with zero latent period,R0> 1 leads to the global stability of the endemic equilibrium, which completely answers the conjecture proposed by Diekmann and Heesterbeek.
On the discrete asymptotic stability conditions of perturbed linear discrete systems with periodic coefficients
Authors: Uslu Kemal 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWe study the discrete asymptotic stability conditions of the perturbed system of first-order linear difference equations with periodic coefficients under the assumption that the related unperturbed system is discrete asymptotically stable. These conditions are dependent on the perturbation matrix B(n) itself and a different parameter is given for obtaining some estimates for the solutions of the unperturbed system.
Multiserver queueing systems with retrials and losses
Authors: Abramov Vyacheslav M. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe interest in retrial queueing systems mainly lies in their application to telephone systems. This paper studies multiserver retrial queueing systems withnservers. The arrival process is a quite general point process. An arriving customer occupies one of the free servers. If upon arrival all servers are busy, then the customer waits for his service in orbit, and after a random time retries in order to occupy a server. The orbit has one waiting space only, and an arriving customer, who finds all servers busy and the waiting space occupied, is lost from the system. Time intervals between possible retrials are assumed to have arbitrary distribution (the retrial scheme is explained more precisely in the paper). The paper provides analysis of this system. Specifically the paper studies the optimal number of servers to decrease the loss proportion to a given value. The representation obtained for the loss proportion enables us to solve the problem numerically. The algorithm for numerical solution includes effective simulation, which meets the challenge of a rare events problem in simulation.
Efficient spectral-Galerkin algorithms for direct solution of the integrated forms of second-order equations using ultraspherical polynomials
Authors: Doha E. H. , Bhrawy A. H. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIt is well known that spectral methods (tau, Galerkin, collocation) have a condition number of O(N4) where N is the number of retained modes of polynomial approximations. This paper presents some efficient spectral algorithms, which have a condition number of O(N2), based on the ultraspherical-Galerkin methods for the integrated forms of second-order elliptic equations in one and two space variables. The key to the efficiency of these algorithms is to construct appropriate base functions, which lead to systems with specially structured matrices that can be efficiently inverted. The complexities of the algorithms are a small multiple of Nd+1 operations for a d-dimensional domain with (N – 1)d unknowns, while the convergence rates of the algorithms are exponentials with smooth solutions.
Generalized Hadamard's inequalities based on general Euler 4-point formulae
Authors: Bakula M. Klaričić , Pečarić J. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWe present a general closed 4-point quadrature rule based on Euler-type identities. We use this rule to prove a generalization of Hadamard's inequalities for (2r)-convex functions (r ≥ 1).
On a distribution of Leipnik and Pearce
Authors: Nadarajah Saralees , Kotz Samuel 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA recent paper by Leipnik and Pearce introduced the gamma Weibull distribution. One of the main properties given is its characteristic function, which is expressed as an infinite sum. In this note, we provide a simpler representation in terms of the well-known hypergeometric functions in some special cases. We also derive expressions for moments of the distribution.
A Hilbert inequality and an Euler-Maclaurin summation formula
Authors: Krnić Mario , Pečarić Josip 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWe obtain a generalized discrete Hilbert and Hardy-Hilbert inequality with non-conjugate parameters by means of an Euler-Maclaurin summation formula. We derive some general results for homogeneous functions and compare our findings with existing results. We improve some earlier results and apply the results to some special homogeneous functions.
Reflection coefficients and energy ratios in a micropolar thermoelastic medium without energy dissipation
Authors: Singh Baljeet 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe linear governing equations of a micropolar thermoelastic medium without energy dissipation are solved to show the existence of four plane waves in a two-dimensional model. The expressions for velocities of these plane waves are obtained. The boundary conditions at the free surface are used to obtain a system of four nonhomogeneous equations. These equations are solved numerically for a particular model to obtain reflection coefficients for the incidence of coupled longitudinal displacement and coupled transverse microrotational waves. These reflection coefficients as well as the energy ratios are computed and are shown graphically with the angle of incidence in the presence and absence of thermal effects.
Huxley and Fisher equations for gene propagation: An exact solution
Authors: Broadbridge P. , Bradshaw B. H. , Fulford G. R. , Aldis G. K. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe derivation of gene-transport equations is re-examined. Fisher's assumptions for a sexually reproducing species lead to a Huxley reaction-diffusion equation, with cubic logistic source term for the gene frequency of a mutant advantageous recessive gene. Fisher's equation more accurately represents the spread of an advantaged mutant strain within an asexual species. When the total population density is not uniform, these reaction-diffusion equations take on an additional non-uniform convection term. Cubic source terms of the Huxley or Fitzhugh-Nagumo type allow special nonclassical symmetries. A new exact solution, not of the travelling wave type, and with zero gradient boundary condition, is constructed.
Asymptotology—a cautionary tale
Authors: Dewar R. L. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe art of asymptotology is a powerful tool in applied mathematics and theoretical physics, but can lead to erroneous conclusions if misapplied. A seemingly paradoxical case is presented in which a local analysis of an exactly solvable problem appears to find solutions to an eigenvalue problem over a continuous range of the eigenvalue, whereas the spectrum is known to be discrete. The resolution of the paradox involves the Stokes phenomenon. The example illustrates two of Kruskal's Principles of Asymptotology.
An integrable system of partial differential equations on the special linear group
Authors: Vassiliou Peter J. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWe give an intrinsic construction of a coupled nonlinear system consisting of two first-order partial differential equations in two dependent and two independent variables which is determined by a hyperbolic structure on the complex special linear group regarded as a real Lie groupG. Despite the fact that the system is not Darboux semi-integrable at first order, the construction of a family of solutions depending.upon two arbitrary functions, each of one variable, is reduced to a system of ordinary differential equations on the 1-jets. The ordinary differential equations in question are of Lie type and associated withG.
A Bäcklund transformation and nonlinear superposition formula for the Lotka-Volterra hierarchy
Authors: Hu Xing-Biao , Springael Johan 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA hierarchy of bilinear Lotka-Volterra equations with a unified structure is proposed. The bilinear Bäcklund transformation for this hierarchy and the corresponding canonical Lax pair are obtained. Furthermore, the nonlinear superposition formula is proved rigorously.
Diffeomorphisms on S1, projective structures and integrable systems
Authors: Guha Partha 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn this paper we consider a projective connection as defined by the nth-order Adler-Gelfand-Dikii (AGD) operator on the circle. It is well-known that the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation is the archetypal example of a scalar Lax equation defined by a Lax pair of scalar nth-order differential (AGD) operators. In this paper we derive (formally) the KdV equation as an evolution equation of the AGD operator (at least for n ≤ 4) under the action of Vect(S1). The solutions of the AGD operator define an immersion R → RPn−1 in homogeneous coordinates. In this paper we derive the Schwarzian KdV equation as an evolution of the solution curve associated with Δ(n), for n ≤ 4.
Additive selections and the stability of the Cauchy functional equation
Authors: Badora Roman , Ger Roman , Páles Zsolt 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe main result of this paper offers a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of an additive selection of a weakly compact convex set-valued map defined on an amenable semigroup. As an application, we obtain characterisations of the solutions of several functional inequalities, including that of quasi-additive functions.
Minimax fractional programming involving generalised invex functions
Authors: Lai H. C. , Liu J. C. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe convexity assumptions for a minimax fractional programming problem of variational type are relaxed to those of a generalised invexity situation. Sufficient optimality conditions are established under some specific assumptions. Employing the existence of a solution for the minimax variational fractional problem, three dual models, the Wolfe type dual, the Mond-Weir type dual and a one parameter dual type, are constructed. Several duality theorems concerning weak, strong and strict converse duality under the framework of invexity are proved.
n-Dimensional first integral and similarity solutions for two-phase flow
Authors: Weeks S. W. , Sander G. C. , Parlange J.-Y. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis paper considers similarity solutions of the multi-dimensional transport equation for the unsteady flow of two viscous incompressible fluids. We show that in plane, cylindrical and spherical geometries, the flow equation can be reduced to a weakly-coupled system of two first-order nonlinear ordinary differential equations. This occurs when the two phase diffusivity D(θ) satisfies (D/D′)′ = 1/α and the fractional flow function f (θ) satisfies df/dθ = kDn/2, where n is a geometry index (1, 2 or 3), α and k are constants and primes denote differentiation with respect to the water content θ. Solutions are obtained for time dependent flux boundary conditions. Unlike single-phase flow, for two-phase flow with n = 2 or 3, a saturated zone around the injection point will only occur provided the two conditions and f′(1) ≠ 0 are satisfied. The latter condition is important due to the prevalence of functional forms of f (θ) in oil/water flow literature having the property f′(1) = 0.