bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Briefe Rosa Luxemburgs im IISG – Ein Nachtrag
Authors: Langkau Götz 
Published: December 2008

Über Briefe Luxemburgs im Internationalen Institut für Sozialge-schichte teilt Nettl mit: “Der größte Teil der Briefsammlung im IISG ist jetzt veröffentlicht […]. Einige unveröffentlichte Briefe befinden sich noch in verschiedenen Sammlungen des IISG, zum Beispiel im Guesde-Nachlaß.”Außer den dort ausdrücklich erwähnten Veröffentlichungen Blumen-bergs seien hier auch jene älteren Editionen genannt, zu denen sich die Vorlagen heute ganz oder teilweise im Besitz des Instituts befinden: neben den beiden von Luise Kautsky zusammengestellten Briefsamm-lungen sind dies Luxemburgs Briefe an P. B. Aksel'rod und diejenigen an H. Roland Holst. Einzelne, diese Veröffentlichung ergänzede Stücke, die Briefe an Guesde und einige Neuerwerbungen werden hier zusammengefaß und damit die noch unveröffentlichten Briefe Luxemburgs in den Beständen des IISG vorgelegt.
Marx-Gesamtausgabe — Dringendes Parteiinteresse oder dekorativer Zweck?
Authors: Langkau Götz 
Published: December 2008

Ende 1910 machte man sich in Wien Gedanken darüber, wie sich die Sozialdemokratie auf den dreißigsten Todestag von Karl Marx vorbereiten solle. Gustav Eckstein berichtete Karl Kautsky am 27. Dezember:Für Freitag Abend bin ich zu einer „Marxisten-Konferenz” geladen, bei der die Situation besprochen werden soll, die sich aus der Freigabe von Marx' Schriften ergeben wird. Braun teilte mir mit, daß geplant sei, entweder eine internationale Aktion oder wenigstens eine der deutschen Marxisten zur Neuherausgabe von Marx' Schriften einzuleiten: und da Hilferding und ich jetzt gerade hier sind, soll Freitag eine Konferenz darüber stattfinden, an der Goldendach, Renner, Max Adler, Braun, Bauer, Hilferding u. ich teilnehmen sollen. Natürlich erwähnte ich nichts von Dietz' Plan und werde davon auch ohne Ihre Einwilligung nichts erwähnen.
Conditions of Dependence
Authors: Warde Alan 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYThis paper examines a town in northwest England and a particular set of conditions that inhibited the growth of working-class politics during the twentieth century. The paradox of class politics in Lancaster is that despite a proletarian population, the labour movement locally remained extremely weak. Ironically, it was only upon the deindustrialisation of the town in the later 1960s that labour showed any collective strength. Explanation of quiescence in terms of paternalism and deference is rejected. Rather an account is given in terms of powerlessness. Local structural conditions rendered Lancaster workers so highly dependent that resistance to political domination was precluded.
Reshaping the Gift Relationship
Authors: Roberts M. J. D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYAs English urban society overhauled its systems of policing, poor relief and labour discipline in the early nineteenth century, one form of interaction between classes to become problematical was the act of giving to beggars. While economic ideology endorsed a more calculating approach to the relief of distress, social and religious ideology preached the necessity of expanded personal concern for the distressed. Among the commercial and professional middle classes a variety of volunteer activists attempted a solution to this dilemma by professionalizing relations between giver and receiver, thus anticipating the methods of later Victorian “charity organization” by a full half-century.
Social Differences in Mortality in the Eighteenth Century: An Analysis of Berlin Church Registers
Authors: Schultz Helga 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYThis paper investigates social differences in mortality on the basis of information provided by the registers of two Berlin parishes. The life expectancy of the lower classes was half as long again as that of the upper classes. This gap is smaller than that documented by Perrenoud for Geneva in the seventeenth century, but larger than that documented for contemporary small towns and medium-size cities.Particularly infants and small children were the victims of “social inequality before death”, adults were only marginally affected. Nor did the major epidemics and diseases contribute much to this inequality. Although neither the use of animal milk for feeding nor leaving children with wetnurses in the country were common in Berlin at this time, conditions in this early-industrial city contributed to extremely high levels of infant mortality for specific sections of the population.
Hydroidomedusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) symbiotic radiation
Authors: Puce Stefania , Cerrano Carlo , Di Camillo Cristina Gioia , Bavestrello Giorgio 
Published: December 2008

Hydroids can establish symbiotic relationships with most marine phyla. Almost entire genera or even families are associated with specific groups (e.g. Hydractiniidae and Cytaeididae with gastropods and hermit crabs, Zancleidae with bryozoans,Dipurenawith sponges,Ralphariawith octocorals,Eugymnantheawith bivalves,ProboscidactylaandTeissierawith serpulids,Bythotiarawith tunicates). Generally, the symbiotic groups belong to the Anthomedusae that, due to the absence of theca, are more plastic in establishing trophic relationships with the hosts. Nevertheless a number of scattered species, mainly Leptomedusae, are strictly associated to algae or sea grasses: in these cases no evident morphological or behavioural adaptations were observed. In animal symbiosis several unrelated symbiotic species show polymorphic colonies or a strong reduction in number and/or size of the tentacles, which are sometimes completely lost. Moreover, these symbiotic species may lack perisarc even in the hydrorhiza.In this paper we summarize the morphological and behavioural adaptations of symbiotic species suggesting that the described aptitude of hydroids to establish relationships with other organisms is not only the result but also the source of the evolutionary radiation of this group.
Detection of seminal fluid proteins in the bed bug,Cimex lectularius, using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry
Authors: REINHARDT K. , WONG C. H. , GEORGIOU A. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYThe global increase of the human parasite, the common bed bugCimex lectularius, calls for specific pest control target sites. The bed bug is also a model species for sexual conflict theory which suggests that seminal fluids may be highly diverse. The species has a highly unusual sperm biology and seminal proteins may have unique functions. One-dimensional PAGE gels showed 40–50% band sharing betweenC. lectulariusand another cimicid species,Afrocimex constrictus. However, adult, sexually restedC. lectulariusmales were found to store 5–7 μg of seminal protein and with only 60 μg of protein we obtained informative 2-D PAGE gels. These showed 79% shared protein spots between 2 laboratory populations, and more than half of the shared protein spots were detected in the mated female. Further analysis using liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry revealed that 26·5% of the proteins had matches among arthropods in databases and 14·5% matchedDrosophilaproteins. These included ubiquitous proteins but also those more closely associated with reproduction such asmoj 29, ubiquitin, the stress-related elongation factor EF-1alpha, a protein disulfide isomerase and an antioxidant, Peroxiredoxin 6.
Lettres d'Eugène Varlin à Albert Richard
Authors: Dolléans Édouard 
Published: December 2008

These letters of Varlin addressed to Albert Richard show Eugène Varlin first and foremost as the precursor of French syndicalism.Between the years 1868–1870 a great development took place in the French labour movement of which Varlin was the heart and soul as well the brains. He saw the great advantage of labour having its own organs for propaganda and founded a short-lived weekly le Travail; the Marseillaise, a daily paper for which he asked Richard's support took its place.Notwithstanding the financial hardships entailed on the workers, he welcomed, in a sense, the numerous strikes, because they were a sure means of compelling the workers to organise. “We must be ready with our organisation against the day of the revolution. It is essential that we shall be able at once to replace existing institutions by a more perfect system of our own; it will fetch all the doubters.” He mentions the advisability of enlisting the bakers' union in the general strike movement. “For a general strike to be successful, it is imperative to have them with us.”
Liberman et le socialisme russe
Authors: Sapir Boris 
Published: December 2008

Aaron Liberman was the first to try to create a socialist movement among the Jews in the seventies of the 19th century. In the history of the social movements he is rightly considered to be the founder of Jewish Socialism. Liberman's views and methods were strongly influenced by Russian Socialism, particularly through Peter Lavrov and his followers, who grouped themselves round the Vperiod (Forewords), the organ edited by Lavrov. Drawing on the archives of the former secretary, later on editor of the Vperiod, Valerian Smirnov, which archives are in the possession of the International Institute for Social History, the author investigates into the main period of Liberman's life, from the beginning of his emigration until his death.The article comprises the following chapters: I. In Russia; II. First Stay in London (1. Growing sympathy with the Vperiod; 2. The Vperiod and Jewish Socialism; 3. The Jewish Socialist Society in London); III. The tiaemes and the Jewish socialist section in Berlin; IV. Tragic End.The author endeavours to determine Liberman's contribution to the Vperiod and other European socialist organs, and deals with the role he played in the working-out of the rules and constitution of the Social Revolutionist Union of the Jews in Russia, and in the foundation of the Jewish Socialist Society in London, 1876. He comes to the conclusion that Lavrov played as prominent a part in the working-out of the rules and constitution as Liberman, and that the London Jewish Socialist Society is greatly indebted to Smirnov. The author further deals with Liberman's stay in Vienna, where he edited his organ Haemes, and with the so-called Nihilist-trial in Berlin, 1879. Finally he sketches Liberman's return to London in the beginning of 1880 and discusses the circumstances which ultimately led to Liberman's suicide.An appendix contains eight letters from Liberman to Smirnov and five from Smirnov and others, bearing upon Liberman. The three most important letters from Liberman to Smirnov are cited in a French translation as well as in their Russian original.
Sylvain Maréchal, précurseur du calendrier révolutionnaire
Authors: Dommanget Maurice 
Published: December 2008

The French republican calendar, dictated by the National Convention, has had its forerunners. The most important among them was Sylvain Maréchal, a highly original and remarkable figure.In 1788 Sylvain Maréchal issued the Almanach des Honnêtes Gens, dated “Fan premier de la Raison” (the first year of Reason), in which the names of the days of the week, the Christian festivals and the table of Saints were omitted. It was this almanac, modified in accordance with the circumstances, that served as the prototype for the republican calendar. Maréchal was put into prison, and afterwards exiled from Paris. His calendar was impounded and burnt by order of the Parliament. Later on Maréchal issued other almanacs and fought in the press for the reform of the calendar. All this is dealt with in the present study, and the name of Marechal will forthwith be linked to those of Romme and Fabre d'Eglantine, the two members of the Convention to whom the republican calendar is due.
Stable isotope probing reveals Trichosporon yeast to be active in situ in soil phenol metabolism
Authors: DeRito Christopher M , Madsen Eugene L 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
The aim of this study was to extend the results of our previous stable isotope probing (SIP) investigation: we identified a soil fungus involved in phenol biodegradation at an agricultural field site. DNA extracts from our previous study were examined using fungi-specific PCR amplification of the 18S–28S internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. We prepared an 80-member clone library using PCR-amplified, 13C-labeled DNA derived from field soil that received 12 daily doses of 13C-phenol. Restriction-fragment-length-polymorphism screening and DNA sequencing revealed a dominant clone (41% of the clone library), the ITS sequence of which corresponded to that of the fungal genus Trichosporon. We successfully grew and isolated a white, filamentous fungus from site soil samples after plating soil dilutions on mineral salts agar containing 250 p.p.m. phenol. Restreaking on both yeast extract–peptone–galactose and Sabouraud dextrose agar plates led to further purification of the fungus, the morphological characteristics of which matched those of the genus Trichosporon. The ITS sequence of our isolated fungus was identical to that of a clone from our SIP-based library, confirming it to be Trichosporon multisporum. High-performance liquid chromatography and turbidometeric analyses showed that the culture was able to metabolize and grow on 200 p.p.m. phenol in an aqueous mineral salts medium within 24 h at room temperature. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of 13CO2 respiration from laboratory soil incubations demonstrated accelerated phenol mineralization in treatments inoculated with T. multisporum. These findings show that T. multisporum actively degraded phenol in our field-based, soil experiments.
Timing feedback-inhibition of the male reproductive hormone axis
Authors: Malik Ritu , Tondwal Shailesh , Venkatesh K Subramanian , Gupta Gopal , Misra Amit 
Published: December 2008

AbstractHormonal methods of male contraception have addressed feedback-inhbition of the cascade of hormones that has evolved to regulate sperm production but high concentrations of testosterone (T) in the blood have not worked satisfactorily. We hypothesized that an episodic event, such as degranulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons in the hypothalamus, could be as well inhibited by episodic interference as by continuously-applied suppression. We used a computational model of hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis described by Veldhuis et al. to test the hypothesis that episodic administration of T would inhibit GnRH and/or luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion. A set of stochastic differential equations model feedback as well as feed-forward actions of GnRH, LH and T. The model predicted feedback-inhibition of GnRH pulses in a dose and frequency dependent manner when transdermal patches or injections delivering pulsatile T were applied. Since the published model did not address the effect of chronic GnRH deprivation on the viability of pituitary gonadotrophes, we introduced a function to address this issue. Incorporation of this function in the model allowed the prediction of a “holiday period” in the contraceptive regimen, during which exogenous T would not be needed to protect from conception. Pulsatile T delivered by real-life transdermal delivery system applied as per a parsimonious regimen reduced secretion of LH and T and fertility. The vitality function, proposed to account for survival and proliferation of pituitary gonadotrophes correlated with in vivo observations as extensive apoptosis in the anterior pituitary was observed after application of transdermal T.
In Vivo Interference with AtTCP20 Function Induces Severe Plant Growth Alterations and Deregulates the Expression of Many Genes Important for Development
Authors: Hervé Christine , Dabos Patrick , Bardet Claude , Jauneau Alain , Auriac Marie Christine , Ramboer Agnès , Lacout Fabrice , Tremousaygue Dominique 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAtTCP20 is a transcription factor belonging to the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) TCP-P subfamily, characterized by its capacity to bind to site II motifs (TGGGCY). Our aim was to understand the role of AtTCP20 in plant development. The expression pattern of a translational fusion of PromTCP20:CDS20∷GUS∷GFP suggested a function for AtTCP20 in several plant organs and stages of development. The role of AtTCP20 was challenged in planta by inducing expression of AtTCP20 proteins fused with either a transcriptional activator domain (VP16) or a repressor domain (EAR). Expression of both modified proteins led to severe developmental phenotypes. In-depth analysis suggested that AtTCP20 may participate in the regulation of cell expansion, cell division, and cell differentiation. Gene expression profiling in roots and hypocotyls revealed that 252 genes were down-regulated in both organs after induction of the AtTCP20∷EAR repressor gene. Site II motifs (TGGGCY) were underrepresented in their promoters. Conversely, GG(A/T)CCC sequences related to binding sites identified for TCP proteins in rice (Oryza sativa) were overrepresented, and a TCP20 fusion protein was shown to bind to these sequences in vitro. Gene ontology indicated that many targeted genes were involved in cell wall biogenesis and modification during expansion and also encoded numerous transcription factors controlling plant development. Our results are consistent with the previous proposal that AtTCP20 is involved in cell division and growth coordination. Moreover, they further suggest that AtTCP20 also contributes to cell expansion control and indicate a different involvement of this protein in plant morphogenesis depending on the organ and the developmental stage.
UK Alcohol Treatment Trial: client–treatment matching effects
Authors:   UKATT Research Team
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTAim  To test a priori hypotheses concerning client–treatment matching in the treatment of alcohol problems and to evaluate the more general hypothesis that client–treatment matching adds to the overall effectiveness of treatment.Design  Pragmatic, multi‐centre, randomized controlled trial (the UK Alcohol Treatment Trial: UKATT) with open follow‐up at 3 months after entry and blind follow‐up at 12 months.Setting  Five treatment centres, comprising seven treatment sites, including National Health Service (NHS), social services and joint NHS/non‐statutory facilities.Treatments  Motivational enhancement therapy and social behaviour and network therapy.Measurements  Matching hypotheses were tested by examining interactions between client attributes and treatment types at both 3 and 12 months follow‐up using the outcome variables of percentage days abstinent, drinks per drinking day and scores on the Alcohol Problems Questionnaire and Leeds Dependence Questionnaire.Findings  None of five matching hypotheses was confirmed at either follow‐up point on any outcome variable.Conclusion  The findings strongly support the conclusion reached in Project MATCH in the United States that client–treatment matching, at least of the kind examined, is unlikely to result in substantial improvements to the effectiveness of treatment for alcohol problems. Possible reasons for this failure to support the general matching hypothesis are discussed, as are the implications of UKATT findings for the provision of treatment for alcohol problems in the United Kingdom.
The effect of retail cigarette pack displays on impulse purchase
Authors: Wakefield Melanie , Germain Daniella , Henriksen Lisa 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTAims  To assess the extent to which point‐of purchase (POP) cigarette displays stimulate impulse purchases.Design  Telephone‐administered population survey.Setting  Victoria, Australia.Participants  A total of 2996 adults, among whom 526 smoked factory‐made cigarettes and 67 were recent quitters (quit in the past 12 months).Measurements  Reported cigarette purchase behaviour; perceived effect on smoking of removing cigarettes from view in retail outlets; reported urges to buy cigarettes as a result of seeing the cigarette display.Findings  When shopping for items other than cigarettes, 25.2% of smokers purchased cigarettes at least sometimes on impulse as a result of seeing the cigarette display. Thirty‐eight per cent of smokers who had tried to quit in the past 12 months and 33.9% of recent quitters experienced an urge to buy cigarettes as a result of seeing the retail cigarette display. One in five smokers trying to quit and one in eight recent quitters avoided stores where they usually bought cigarettes in case they might be tempted to purchase them. Many smokers (31.4%) thought the removal of cigarette displays from stores would make it easier for them to quit.Conclusions  POP cigarette displays act as cues to smoke, even among those not explicitly intending to buy cigarettes, and those trying to avoid smoking. Effective POP marketing restrictions should encompass cigarette displays.
Acute risk of drug‐related death among newly released prisoners in England and Wales
Authors: Farrell Michael , Marsden John 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTAims  To investigate drug‐related deaths among newly released prisoners in England and Wales.Design  Database linkage study.Participants  National sample of 48 771 male and female sentenced prisoners released during 1998–2000 with all recorded deaths included to November 2003.Findings  There were 442 recorded deaths, of which 261 (59%) were drug‐related. In the year following index release, the drug‐related mortality rate was 5.2 per 1000 among men and 5.9 per 1000 among women. All‐cause mortality in the first and second weeks following release for men was 37 and 26 deaths per 1000 per annum, respectively (95% of which were drug‐related). There were 47 and 38 deaths per 1000 per annum, respectively, among women, all of which were drug‐related. In the first year after prison release, there were 342 male deaths (45.8 were expected in the general population) and there were 100 female deaths (8.3 expected in the general population). Drug‐related deaths were attributed mainly to substance use disorders and drug overdose. Coronial records cited the involvement of opioids in 95% of deaths, benzodiazepines in 20%, cocaine in 14% and tricyclic antidepressants in 10%. Drug‐related deaths among men were more likely to involve heroin and deaths among women were more likely to involve benzodiazepines, cocaine and tricyclic antidepressants.Conclusions  Newly released male and female prisoners are at acute risk of drug‐related death. Appropriate prevention measures include overdose awareness education, opioid maintenance pharmacotherapy, planned referral to community‐based treatment services and a community overdose‐response using opioid antagonists.
Root canal morphology of mandibular first premolars in an Indian population: a laboratory study
Authors: Velmurugan N. , Sandhya R. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAim  To determine the root canal morphology of mandibular first premolar teeth in an Indian population using a decalcification and clearing technique.Methodology  One hundred extracted adult mandibular first premolar teeth were studied following decalcification and clearing. The shape of the canal orifice, root canal pattern and length of the teeth were determined.Results  The mandibular first premolars were identified to have a round orifice (38%), oval orifice (44%), flattened orifice (17%) and C‐shaped orifice (1%). The canal patterns were classified as Type I (72%), Type II (6%), Type III (3%), Type IV (10%) and Type V (8%) according to Vertucci’s classification. C‐shaped canals were identified in one tooth (1%). The average length of the teeth was 21.6 mm. Fourteen per cent of the teeth had mesial invaginations of the root.Conclusions  Type I canal patterns were the most frequently occurring in mandibular first premolars amongst the Indian population. 85.7% of the teeth with mesial invagination of the root had either two canals or division of canals.