bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polymer‐Assisted Solution‐Phase Synthesis and Neurite‐Outgrowth‐Promoting Activity of 15‐Deoxy‐Δ12,14‐PGJ2 Derivatives
Authors: Tanaka Hiroshi , Hasegawa Tsuyoshi , Kita Narumi , Nakahara Hiroko , Shibata Takahiro , Oe Sho , Ojika Makoto , Uchida Koji , Takahashi Takashi 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAn efficient solution‐phase synthesis of rac‐15‐deoxy‐Δ12,14‐PGJ2 (15dPGJ2) derivatives that contain variable α and ω chains based on a polymer‐assisted strategy and their neurite‐outgrowth‐promoting activity are described. The strategy for the synthesis of PGJ2 derivatives involves the use of a vinyl iodide bearing cyclopentenone as a key intermediate, which undergoes Suzuki–Miyaura coupling and subsequent Lewis acid catalyzed aldol condensation for incorporation of the ω and α chains, respectively. For easy access to the PGJ2 derivatives, a polymer‐supported catalyst and scavengers were adapted for use in these four diverse steps, in which workup and purification can be performed by simple filtration of the solid‐supported reagents. By using this methodology, we succeeded in the synthesis of 16 PGJ2 derivatives with four alkyl boranes and four aldehydes. The neurite‐outgrowth‐promoting activity of the 16 synthetic compounds in PC12 cells revealed that the side‐chains play a major role in modulating their biological activity. The carboxylic acid on the α chain improved the biological activity, although it was not absolutely required. Furthermore, a PGJ2 derivative with a phenyl moiety on the ω chain was found to exhibit an activity comparable to that of natural 15dPGJ2.
Synthesis of Urea‐Tethered Disaccharides in Water
Authors: Ichikawa Yoshiyasu , Matsukawa Yohei , Tamura Mari , Ohara Fumiyo , Isobe Minoru , Kotsuki Hiyoshizo 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA new method for the synthesis of urea‐linked disaccharides in aqueous media has been developed. The key feature of our approach is two strained Steyermark‐type gluco‐ and galactopyranosyl oxazolidinones. Each oxazolidinone is attached to a pyranose ring in a di‐equatorial trans‐annulation framework. Reaction of these oxazolidinones with 4‐aminohexopyranose in water proceeded smoothly to afford the urea‐tethered cellobiose and lactose analogues. The galactose‐type oxazolidinone proved to be more reactive than the glucose‐type, which is explained by the presence of an axial hydroxy group at C4 in the former.
High cell density fed batch and perfusion processes for stable non‐viral expression of secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) using insect cells: Comparison to a batch Sf‐9‐BEV system
Authors: Jardin Barbara Ann , Montes Johnny , Lanthier Stephane , Tran Rosa , Elias Cynthia 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe development of insect cells expressing recombinant proteins in a stable continuous manner is an attractive alternative to the BEV system for recombinant protein production. High cell density fed batch and continuous perfusion processes can be designed to maximize the productivity of stably transformed cells. A cell line (Sf‐9SEAP) expressing high levels of the reporter protein SEAP stably was obtained by lipid‐mediated transfection of Sf‐9 insect cells and further selection and screening. The expression of the Sf‐9SEAP cells was compared with the BEVS system. It was observed that, the yield obtained in BEVS was similar to the batch Sf‐9SEAP at 8 and 7 IU/mL, respectively. The productivity of this foreign gene product with the stable cells was enhanced by bioprocess intensification employing the fed‐batch and perfusion modes of culture to increase the cell density in culture. The fed batch process yielded a maximum cell density of 28 × 106 cells/mL and 12 IU/mL of SEAP. Further improvements in the productivity could be made using the perfusion process, which demonstrated a stable production rate for extended periods of time. The process was maintained for 43 days, with a steady‐state cell density of 17–20 × 106 cells/mL and 7 IU/mL SEAP. The total yield obtained in the perfusion process (394 IU) was approximately 22 and 8 times higher than that obtained in a batch (17.6 IU) and fed batch (46.1 IU) process, respectively. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;97: 332–345. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Oxygen uptake rates and liver‐specific functions of hepatocyte and 3T3 fibroblast co‐cultures
Authors: Cho Cheul H. , Park Jaesung , Nagrath Deepak , Tilles Arno W. , Berthiaume François , Toner Mehmet , Yarmush Martin L. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBioartificial liver (BAL) devices have been developed to treat patients undergoing acute liver failure. One of the most important parameters to consider in designing these devices is the oxygen consumption rate of the seeded hepatocytes which are known to have oxygen consumption rates 10 times higher than most other cell types. Hepatocytes in various culture configurations have been tested in BAL devices including those formats that involve co‐culture of hepatocytes with other cell types. In this study, we investigated, for the first time, oxygen uptake rates (OUR)s of hepatocytes co‐cultured with 3T3‐J2 fibroblasts at various hepatocyte to fibroblast seeding ratios. OURs were determined by measuring the rate of oxygen disappearance using a ruthenium‐coated optical probe after closing and sealing the culture dish. Albumin and urea production rates were measured to assess hepatocyte function. Lower hepatocyte density co‐cultures demonstrated significantly higher OURs (2 to 3.5‐fold) and liver‐ specific functions (1.6‐fold for albumin and 4.5‐fold for urea production) on a per cell basis than those seeded at higher densities. Increases in OUR correlated well with increased liver‐specific functions. OURs (Vm) were modeled by fitting Michaelis–Menten kinetics and the model predictions closely correlated with the experimental data. This study provides useful information for predicting BAL design parameters that will avoid oxygen limitations, as well as maximize metabolic functions. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;97: 188–199. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Large scale dielectrophoretic construction of biofilms using textile technology
Authors: Abidin Zurina Z. , Downes Les , Markx Gerard H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractArrays of microelectrodes for AC electrokinetic experiments were fabricated by weaving together stainless steel wires (weft) and flexible polyester yarn (warp) in a plain weave pattern. The cloth produced can be used to collect cells in low conductivity media by dielectrophoresis (DEP). The construction of model biofilms consisting of a yeast layer on top of a layer of M. luteus is demonstrated, using polyethylenimine (PEI) as the flocculating agent. This technique offers an alternative to the formation of biofilms at microelectrodes made by photolithography, and would allow the construction of biofilms with defined internal architectures by DEP at much larger scales than was possible previously. Futhermore, the flexibility of the cloth would also allow it to be distorted or folded into various shapes. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;96:1222–1225. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Phase II study of daily oral perifosine in patients with advanced soft tissue sarcoma
Authors: Bailey Howard H. , Mahoney Michelle R. , Ettinger David S. , Maples William J. , Fracasso Paula M. , Traynor Anne M. , Erlichman Charles , Okuno Scott H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBACKGROUND.A multicenter Phase II study was performed to evaluate the clinical activity of an initial loading (150 mg every 6 hours × 4 doses) dose followed by continuous daily oral dosing (100 mg/day) of perifosine in patients with advanced soft tissue sarcomas (STSs).METHODS.Patients with measurable metastatic STS received perifosine as first‐, second‐, or third‐line treatment and underwent disease assessment every 8 weeks until disease progression, excessive toxicity, or patient refusal.RESULTS.Twenty‐three patients received 66 cycles (1 cycle = 4 weeks) of perifosine. One partial response of 9 months duration was observed. The overall 3 and 6 month progression‐free survival was 22% and 9%. NCI CTC (v2.0) Grade 1 to 2 gastrointestinal toxicity or fatigue were the most common (>50% of subjects) toxicities observed. The steady‐state plasma perifosine levels (Css) were similar to prior experience (mean 6 μg/mL). Patients with Css levels >6 μg/mL appeared more likely to remain on study past 2 months than those with levels <6 μg/mL.CONCLUSIONS.Despite not achieving the primary objective of ≥40% 6‐month progression‐free survival rate, optimism remains for this agent in STS patients. Prolonged responses in heavily pretreated STS patients continue to be observed with perifosine treatment. Continued assessment of perifosine in STS appears warranted, with special attention to specific histologies or tumor characteristics that might identify a more sensitive population and achieving perifosine Css levels >6 μg/mL. Cancer 2006 © 2006 American Cancer Society.
How well can people use different color attributes?
Authors: Zhang Hongqin , Montag Ethan D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTwo psychophysical experiments were conducted to analyze the role of color attributes in simple tasks involving color matching and discrimination. In Experiment I observers made color matches using three different adjustment control methods. The results showed that the Lightness, Chroma, Hue (LCH) and the Lightness, redness/greenness, blueness/yellowness ({L, r/g, y/b}) adjustment controls elicited significantly better performance than the display RGB controls in terms of both accuracy and time, but were not significantly different from each other. Expert observers performed significantly better than naïve observers in terms of accuracy. Experiment II was a replication and extension of the experiment by Melgosa et al. [Color Res Appl 2000; 25: 356–367] in which observers judged differences and similarities for color attributes in pairs of colored patches. At a 95% confidence level, the results from judging difference were significantly better than those from judging similarity. Hue and Lightness were significantly more identifiable than Chroma, r/g, and y/b. These results indicate that people do not have ready access to the lower level color descriptors such as the common attributes used to define color spaces, and that higher level psychological processing involving cognition and language may be necessary for even apparently simple tasks involving color matching and describing color differences. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 31, 445–457, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20257
Color memory in elderly adults
Authors: Pérez‐Carpinell Joaquín , Camps Vicente J. , Trottini Mario , Pérez‐Baylach Carmen M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe methods of simultaneous and successive color matching have been compared for a set of five Munsell color samples by 50 older adult observers, 25 men and 25 women (ranging in age from 64 to 80 years). From comparison between this population and one of 50 younger adult observers, 25 men and 25 women (in the 20–27 age range), we can deduce, in general, the following: (a) In the elderly adults the mean CIELAB total color difference (ΔE*ab) in simultaneous color matching is lower than theΔE*abby memory color matching. (b) While younger adults matched well the color of all the reference tests, the elderly adults matched poorly both greens and orange. (c) Younger adults remember the original color better than do the older adults (P= 0.007), depending on gender and delay time. (d) Although with simultaneous matching, the observer's gender does not determine significant differences, by memory, men matched the color of reference test more poorly than did women (P= 0.0), independently of age, color and delay time, especially for bluish green, violet, and pink. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 31, 458–467, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20258
Expanding display color gamut beyond the spectrum locus
Authors: Heckaman Rodney L. , Fairchild Mark D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDigital video and display media are at a “sweet spot” of growth with brighter and more colorful digital projectors and displays available seemingly every day. Much more is possible in achieving brighter and more vibrant colors, colors that may even transcend our typical experience in terms of dynamic range and an expanded gamut in the perceptual sense. If the full capabilities of these technologies to produce a fuller visual experience are to be realized, new processing and encoding methodologies are required. In this article, the powers of adaptation and the CIECAM02 color appearance model are exploited to define perceptual gamut. The strategy of this methodology is, simply and in effect, to “push down” the white point of the display and demonstrate, both empirically and with a limited set of images, a striking gamut expansion in the perceptions of lightness, chroma, brightness, and colorfulness beyond the locus of pure, spectral color, and the MacAdam limits as observed with traditional display configurations. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 31, 475–482, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20260
Reflection of light from semi‐infinite absorbing turbid media. Part 2: Plane albedo and reflection function
Authors: Kokhanovsky Alexander A. , Sokoletsky Leonid G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe study the accuracy of a number of simple approximate equations for the reflection characteristics of semi‐infinite light scattering media (e.g., for the diffuse reflectance of a turbid layer under collimated illumination conditions and also for the reflection function). Spectra of diffuse reflection under monodirectional illumination by a wide beam ℜ︁ (ξ) or the plane albedo are handled in technological applications using different approximations depending on the level of light absorption in the medium. Generally speaking, the value of ℜ︁ depends not only on the cosine of incidence angle ξ and the similarity parameter $s=\sqrt{(1-{\omega}_{0})(1-{\omega}_{0}g)^{-1}}$ (ω0is the single scattering albedo, g is the asymmetry parameter), but also on the phase function of a turbid layer. The dependence on the phase function is reduced to the dependence on the asymmetry parameter for the low probability of photon absorption in the medium. We find that the influence of the angular behavior of the phase function cannot be neglected in calculations of the reflection function. Then the best choice is the solution of the nonlinear integral equation for the reflection function. We also show a number of approximate results, which can be used to model the reflection function. The results obtained can be used for the solution of both direct and inverse problems of light scattering media optics. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 31, 498–509, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20263
Lung cancer risk prediction: A tool for early detection
Authors: Cassidy Adrian , Duffy Stephen W. , Myles Jonathan P. , Liloglou Triantafillos , Field John K. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAlthough 45% of men and 39% of women will be diagnosed with cancer in their lifetime, it is difficult to predict which individuals will be affected. For some cancers, substantial progress in individual risk estimation has already been made. However, relatively few models have been developed to predict lung cancer risk beyond effects of age and smoking. This paper reviews published models for lung cancer risk prediction, discusses their potential contribution to clinical and research settings and suggests improvements to the risk modeling strategy for lung cancer. The sensitivity and specificity of existing cancer risk models is less than optimal. Improvement in individual risk prediction is important for selection of individuals for prevention or early detection interventions. In addition to smoking, factors related to occupational exposure, personal medical history and family history of cancer can add to the predictive power. A good risk prediction model is one that can identify a small fraction of the population in which a large proportion of the disease cases will occur. In the future, genetic and other biological markers are likely to be useful, although they will require rigorous evaluation. Validation is essential to establish the predictive effect and for ongoing monitoring of the model's continued relevance. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Water soluble complexes of chitosan‐g‐MPEG and hyaluronic acid
Authors: Wu Jun , Wang Xuefen , Keum Jong Kahk , Zhou Hongwen , Gelfer Mikhail , Avila‐Orta Carlos‐Alberto , Pan Hui , Chen Weiliam , Chiao Shu‐Min , Hsiao Benjamin S. , Chu Benjamin 
Published: October 2006

AbstractNovel water soluble, biocompatible, and highly viscoelastic polyelectrolyte complexes were prepared by mixing of positively charged chitosan grafted with poly (ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether (CS‐g‐MPEG) and negatively charged hyaluronic acid (HA). CS‐g‐MPEGs having different degrees of substitution were synthesized by reacting chitosan with MPEG‐aldehyde. The molecular structure, thermal and rheological properties, as well as biocompatibility of CS‐g‐MPEG/HA complexes were characterized. Rheological results showed that a small amount of HA could greatly enhance the viscosity of CS‐g‐MPEG solution. The highest viscosity was obtained when the charge ratio of CS‐g‐MPEG/HA was close to 1.0. Small‐angle X‐ray scattering measurements provided some insights into the lamellar structure of the CS‐g‐MPEG/HA complex. The CS‐g‐MPEG/HA complex system offers promising potentials in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and biotechnology applications (e.g., cell scaffold, artificial synovial fluid, and drug/gene delivery medium). © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
The kth Laplacian eigenvalue of a tree
Authors: Guo Ji‐Ming 
Published: October 2006

AbstractLet λk(G) be the kth Laplacian eigenvalue of a graph G. It is shown that a tree T with n vertices has $\lambda_{k}(T)\le \lceil { {n}\over{k}}\rceil$ and that equality holds if and only if k < n, k|n and T is spanned by k vertex disjoint copies of ${K}_{{1}, { {n}\over {k}}-1}$, the star on ${{n}\over{k}}$ vertices. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory
Multicolored trees in complete graphs
Authors: Akbari S. , Alipour A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA multicolored tree is a tree whose edges have different colors. Brualdi and Hollingsworth 5 proved in any proper edge coloring of the complete graph K2n(n > 2) with 2n − 1 colors, there are two edge‐disjoint multicolored spanning trees. In this paper we generalize this result showing that if (a1,…, ak) is a color distribution for the complete graph Kn, n ≥ 5, such that $2 \leq a_{1} \leq a_{2} \leq \cdots \leq a_{k} \leq (n+ 1)/ 2$, then there exist two edge‐disjoint multicolored spanning trees. Moreover, we prove that for any edge coloring of the complete graph Kn with the above distribution if T is a non‐star multicolored spanning tree of Kn, then there exists a multicolored spanning tree T' of Kn such that T and T' are edge‐disjoint. Also it is shown that if Kn, n ≥ 6, is edge colored with k colors and $k \geq {{{n}-{2}} \choose {2}}+{3}$, then there exist two edge‐disjoint multicolored spanning trees. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 54: 221–232, 2007
2D‐GRAPPA‐operator for faster 3D parallel MRI
Authors: Blaimer Martin , Breuer Felix A. , Mueller Matthias , Seiberlich Nicole , Ebel Dmitry , Heidemann Robin M. , Griswold Mark A. , Jakob Peter M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWhen using parallel MRI (pMRI) methods in combination with three‐dimensional (3D) imaging, it is beneficial to subsample the k‐space along both phase‐encoding directions because one can then take advantage of coil sensitivity variations along two spatial dimensions. This results in an improved reconstruction quality and therefore allows greater scan time reductions as compared to subsampling along one dimension. In this work we present a new approach based on the generalized autocalibrating partially parallel acquisitions (GRAPPA) technique that allows Fourier‐domain reconstructions of data sets that are subsampled along two dimensions. The method works by splitting the 2D reconstruction process into two separate 1D reconstructions. This approach is compared with an extension of the conventional GRAPPA method that directly regenerates missing data points of a 2D subsampled k‐space by performing a linear combination of acquired data points. In this paper we describe the theoretical background and present computer simulations and in vivo experiments. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cardiorespiratory‐resolved magnetic resonance imaging: Measuring respiratory modulation of cardiac function
Authors: Thompson Richard B. , McVeigh Elliot R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA technique for cardiac‐ and respiratory‐resolved MRI is described. A retrospectively gated‐segmented acquisition scheme similar to that used in conventional cine cardiac imaging was used to collect image data that spanned both the cardiac and respiratory cycles. Raw k‐space data were regridded in a cardiorespiratory phase space to allow image reconstruction at target cardiac and respiratory phases. The approach can be applied with various k‐space trajectories and pulse sequences, and was implemented in this study with both a Cartesian steady‐state free precession (SSFP) sequence and a radial phase‐contrast (PC) pulse sequence. Free‐breathing short‐axis SSFP images of the heart were reconstructed at multiple respiratory and cardiac phases to illustrate separation of cardiac and respiratory motion without artifacts. A respiratory‐resolved radial PC experiment was used to quantify the volumetric flow rates in the inferior vena cava (IVC), pulmonary artery (PA), and aorta (Ao) in five free‐breathing normal volunteers and a positive‐pressure ventilated dog. Total flow (ml/min) in each vessel was quantified as a function of respiratory phase (peak/minimum output = 1.85 ± 0.29 (IVC), 1.36 ± 0.15 (PA), 1.24 ± 0.09 (Ao)). Peak flow occurred during inspiration for the IVC and PA, and during expiration for the Ao, and there was a complete pattern reversal for the positive‐pressure ventilated dog. Magn Reson Med, 2006. Published 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hyperpolarized 3He diffusion MRI and histology in pulmonary emphysema
Authors: Woods Jason C. , Choong Cliff K. , Yablonskiy Dmitriy A. , Bentley John , Wong Jonathan , Pierce John A. , Cooper Joel D. , Macklem Peter T. , Conradi Mark S. , Hogg James C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDiffusion MRI of hyperpolarized 3He shows that the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of 3He gas is highly restricted in the normal lung and becomes nearly unrestricted in severe emphysema. The nature of this restricted diffusion provides information about lung structure; however, no direct comparison with histology in human lungs has been reported. The purpose of this study is to provide information about 3He gas diffusivity in explanted human lungs, and describe the relationship between 3He diffusivity and the surface area to lung volume ratio (SA/V) and mean linear intercept (Lm) measurements—the gold standard for diagnosis of emphysema. Explanted lungs from patients who were undergoing lung transplantation for advanced COPD, and donor lungs that were not used for transplantation were imaged via 3He diffusion MRI. Histological measurements were made on the same specimens after they were frozen in the position of study. There is an inverse correlation between diffusivity and SA/V (and a positive correlation between diffusivity and Lm). An important result is that restricted 3He diffusivity separated normal from emphysematous lung tissue more clearly than the morphometric analyses. This effect may be due to the smaller histologic sampling size compared to the MRI voxel sizes. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.