bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expert System for Corrosion Evaluation and Material Selection in Oil and Gas Wells
Authors: Kopliku Ardian , Bazzoni Bruno , Condanni D. L. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper deals with an expert system developed for the assessment of fluid corrosivity in oil and gas production wells and for the selection and evaluation of metallic materials. Main aims of the system are: corrosion assessment, material selection and compatibility evaluation, economics, risk assessment, analysis of suitable corrosion control methods, cost comparisons. Accordingly, the system has been developed by individual specialist modules, able to provide the user with some partial answers (such as corrosion rate, likelihood of localized corrosion, stress corrosion cracking susceptibility, suitability of a material, etc.) or the final solution (i.e., the corrosion control method). An explanation module visualizes the rules utilized and allows to create a file for each session and to print a report containing all input data and the results obtained. Emphasis has been devoted to the interfaces to be as much as possible user-friendly. For the development of the system, a commercial shell has been used, suitable to run on personal computers.
The Geostatistical Toolkit: Using Advanced Visualisation to Interpret Geostatistical Data
Authors: Franklin D. J. , Crofts H. J. , Watkins A. J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper describes how advanced visualisation techniques may be used to link the work of geologists and reservoir engineers, who traditionally view reservoir description in different ways. We outline these two approaches, and show that they fundamentally differ in utilising available data, particularly when there is uncertainty over the reservoir description. We then argue that in such cases the approaches may be linked using geostatistical modelling techniques, and that these techniques are most effectively used in conjunction with advanced 3D visualisation methods. We describe the development and use of one such application, illustrating our description with suitable examples.
Providing Quality User Support
Authors: Flew S. R. , Kneath T. H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper discusses the setting up of a Quality User Support system, and the provision of high quality software to the Petroleum Engineering community.
Using our experience in reservoir simulation software as a case history, we review possible problem areas and recommend ways of avoiding them. In particular we investigate techniques and methods to:
maximise the quality of released software train and educate new users in how to make best use of the software answer ad-hoc questions on the use and functionality of the software minimise response time to identify and fix coding errors enhance client liaison.
We detail some of the procedures that we have developed over the last ten years, which include:
strict programming standards and adherence checking change-control procedures for all software updates providing advice based on experience for system configuration logging and tracking of all user requests and problems regularly polling users about the perceived level of support. providing feedback to the development team for improved ease of use and functionality
Finally, we look to the future and predict ways to improve the level and quality of user support.
Monobore Completions for Slimhole Wells
Authors: Robison C.E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The oil and gas industry of today is vastly different from that of 20 years ago. Today 5 climate is one in which operational strategies are being subjected to a continuously-increasing number of stringent controls, imposed by both regulatory and economic constraints. In response the trends worldwide appear to have taken two directions; one concerns optimization of well production but, of fewer wells and the other places impetus on the need for new methods to improve operational efficiency of drilling and completion practices, and thus, make them more economically feasible. This paper discusses a completion concept that can support either trend.
"Slimhole" and "monobore" are completion concepts that were first attempted during the 60's and 70's and have recently gained popularity because of the potential cost savings each offers. The technological advances in equipment technology and in well servicing techniques for each concept provide reasons to adopt these individually as acceptable completion practices. The fact that these recent advances have enabled the two concepts to be combined into one completion system, the combination of which can further enhance production flexibility, provides even stronger support for employing these techniques. The overview presented here will introduce the completion equipment and techniques and the benefits that will help to establish these concepts as routine completion methods.

Introduction
There are many definitions for the terms "slimhole" and "monobore." To simplify the scope of this paper, "monobore" is defined as a completion with a single production tubular bore size from the surface and through the producing zone; and "slimhole" is used to designate a well in which the wellbore has been drilled with the intent to minimize the hole size and subsequent tubulars.
Experience of Coiled Tubing Operations at North Brae, in Deep, High Pressure Corrosive Wells
Authors: Girling S. P. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
North Brae is the first North Sea gas condensate field to be developed using gas cycling for pressure maintenance and improved recovery. Deviated wells have been drilled to depths of up to 18,900’ MDRKB. Typical shut-in tubing head pressures (SITHP’s) are in the region of 4, 000 psi for producers and 5,000 psi for gas injectors. Moderate concentrations of C0 2 and H2S at these pressures give partial pressures which cause a corrosive environment.
Coiled tubing (C.T.) well intervention in these conditions initially proved to be difficult. Failures of pressure control equipment and. the C. T. itself were encountered. Despite this, upgrading of equipment and improved procedures have allowed implementation of a highly successful C. T. programme at North Brae.
This paper provides information on the operational difficulties encountered, and resulting improvements made to overcome them. It outlines some of the equipment and technique upgrades necessary to ensure efficient and safe C.T. intervention in these difficult conditions.
Hydraulic Workover Techniques: Their Versatility and Applications
Authors: Maddox S. D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The increased impetus on economic efficiency and safety in oil and gas service operations has challenged the industry to seek newer and better strategies that are able to comply with current operational needs. In response to these challenges, state-of-the-art hydraulic workover (HWO) equipment and systems, which can provide alternative methods to traditional drilling and workover operations and can comply with economic and safety constraints, have now been developed. These new systems not only enhance problem-solving options but also increase protection of service personnel and the environment.
This paper will discuss the broader range of applications that has emerged as a result of improvements in HWO technology, the history of these systems, new HWO capabilities, components of the new systems, and safety enhancements recently introduced to the industry. Case histories will provide supporting data.
Scale Prediction, Measurement, and Control in a Subsea Satellite Field
Authors: Wright R. J. , Hall J. R. F. , Mcintosh C. J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Predictions and workover findings revealed that sulphate and carbonate scale problems have a significant impact ·on the Glamis field production. Scale predictions closely agreed with the findings. An estimation of the rate factors governing the kinetics of calcium carbonate have been made. Specific treatment facilities, permitting downhole injection and inhibitor squeezing were incorporated into the designs of the recompleted satellite wells to combat the two scaling mechanisms.
Implementation of Innovative Operating Systems in the Forties Field
Authors: Murray Philip , Dixon G. T. , Thomson R. L. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
With the drive to constantly improve safety and to operate plant more efficiently, new initiatives like Empowerment, Total Quality Management and Total Productive Maintenance, are beginning to be adopted in North Sea operations. A pre-requisite to these new approaches is to be able to both provide operational staff with all the information they require to run the plant safely and efficiently, and equally importantly provide a mechanism for everyone to share knowledge and build on their combined experience. Traditional paper based information systems have failed to deliver the performance required in this new environment. This paper describes how a new and innovative computer based system was developed in conjunction with front line operational staff. The system allows staff at all levels and in different disciplines, to access information from the many islands of data associated with offshore facilities. Simple point and click techniques allow staff to access and annotate different data formats including engineering drawings, sound commentary, procedures and photographs.
Geometric Factors for Probe Permeameter Measurements on Heterogeneous Rocks
Authors: Manrique J. F. , Kasap Ekrem , Georgi D. T. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Probe permeameters are preferred for making fast, high density and non-destructive permeability measurements on relatively smooth rock surfaces. Probe measurements can be conducted with both steady-state and unsteady-state flows. The technique relies on geometric factors to account for highly non-linear hemispherical llow. Previous studies have presented geometric factors for homogeneous porous media. Naturally occurring porous media are rarely homogeneous. Some heterogeneities are natural, others are created during drilling (formation damage) and some during subsequent core handling (slabbing). Unfortunately, our ability to deal analytically with heterogeneity is limited. Thus, it is necessary to use numerical methods to derive geometric factors for these complex, but realistic situations.
A finite element simulator was used to study effects of heterogeneity on probe permeability measurements and the differences between the geometric factors for steady and unsteady state Hows. Simulation results show that geometric factors for unsteady-state Hows are almost identical to the ones obtained for steady-state. P.fleets of a nearby llow barrier on a probe measurement are studied experimentally and numerically. Results are compared, and an excellent match is observed. Prom llow barrier studies, we concluded that the effect of a local flow' barrier is unimportant when the barrier is located farther than one-half of the probe-tip diameter from the probe.
Probe measured permeability on a damaged formation is profoundly affected by the damage zone thickness. Working with geometric factors for measurements on damaged zone, we developed a methodology to obtain undamaged and damaged zone permeabilities, and damage thickness. To obtain such information three measurements with three different probe tip sizes are required.
Technical Factors Useful for Screening Carbonate Reservoirs for Waterflood Infill Drilling
Authors: Lu Guo Fan , Jagoe B. K. , Wu C. H. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper presents technical factors useful for screening Permian Basin carbonate reservoirs for waterflood infill drilling. These factors are identified from the technical and economic evaluation of twenty-one San Andres carbonate units. The technical evaluation analyzes the primary, initial waterflood and infill drilling oil recoveries. The economic evaluation considers only the ultimate incremental oil production from infill drilling.
The technical factors are (1) the oil-in-place per well estimated at the start of infill drilling, (2) average annual rate of incremental oil production from infill drilling, (3) the well spacing reduction, (4) the net thickness, and (5) the depth of reservoir.
Interpretation of Field Pressure and Production Data with a New Analytical Layered Reservoir Simulator
Authors: Gao Chao , Jochen J. E. , Lee W. J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper presents the application of a new analytical simulator specifically developed for multilayer reservoirs. In this paper, we demonstrate how this analytical simulator can be used, the same way as a conventional numerical simulator, to history-match field pressure data, production data, and forecast reservoir performance. Two field cases are presented in which analytical simulation results and numerical simulation results are compared.
The New, Generalized Material Balance as an Equation of a Straight Line: Part 1 – Applications to Undersaturated, Volumetric Reservoirs
Authors: Walsh M. P. , Ansah Joseph , Raghavan Rajagopoal 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This work presents a general, straight-line method to estimate the original oil and gas in-place in a reservoir without restrictions on fluid composition. All past efforts are applicable to only restricted ranges of reservoir fluids. Our work supersedes these and is the first to be applicable to the full range of reservoir fluids—including volatile-oils and gas-condensates. Our work is based on the new generalized material-balance equation recently introduced by Walsh.1 The superiority of the new method is illustrated by showing the error incurred by preexisting calculation methods. Guidelines are offered to help identify when preexisting calculation methods must be abandoned and when the new methods featured herein must be employed. The results of our work are summarized in a set of companion papers. Part 1 discusses applications to initially-undersaturated, volumetric reservoirs and Part 2 discusses applications to initially-saturated and non-volumetric reservoirs.
New Advanced Solids/Oil/Water Separator
Authors: Woinsky S. G. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
ACS Industries, Inc. recently commercialized proprietary advanced oil/water separation technology which separates heavy oils (up to 50,000 centistokes). The separation efficiency of these units is exceptional (down to less than 2 PPM oil in water in field trials). During emergency situations, they can produce effluent water containing less than 15 ppm of oil (with up to 50% oil in the feed).
The system is commercially proven with 32 units built for the Marine Spill Response Corporation (MSRC), plus units processing waste water at 3 power plants. These units are mounted on a single skid in capacities up to 525 GPM, and they are fully automated.
ACS has also been providing CPI separators to the Process Industries for seven years. We are now integrating our CPI separator know-how with our proprietary oil/water separation technology to provide higher quality water effluents at lower cost than can be achieved by any other technology.
The design concepts, commercial test data, a summary of the factors affecting the extent of separation and a competitive comparison are included in Tables 1 through 3 and Figures 1 and 2. More detailed information (including the history of the development, design details and costs) is available in copies of a presentation given previously to the M. W. Kellogg Company. Also, samples of chevron, sheet metal structured packing and fiberglass/wire co-knit internals are available for examination.
The inventions in this development include the use of a hydrocarbon solvent to cut viscosity and keep the high surface area (4,000 to 5,000 sq ft/cu ft) separation media clean, pulling fluids through the system rather than pumping through to avoid shearing oil to fine drop size, the development of a serrated edged capacitance probe to be able to detect the viscous oil/water interface properly, the use of proprietary high surface area separation media and the development of a highly sophisticated and redundant control system to allow for operation unattended or by nontechnical personnel.
New Source Air Pollution Permits in Texas and New Mexico
Authors: Hofmann J. E. , Fusselman D. K. , Liles R. J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
New source air permitting of oil and gas processing equipment ranges from fairly simple procedures under the Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission (TNRCC) standard exemption list and the New Mexico Environment Department (NMED) registration regulations to an extremely complicated procedure requiring a federal Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) and/or non-attainment review. The following topics relating to obtaining air pollution construction permits for processing equipment will be addressed in this paper: Type of permit/exemption/registration necessary for constructionSpecific permit/exemption/registration requirementsNew Source Performance Standards (NSPS) Subparts KICK, LLL, GG, K, Ka, and Kb
Concepts outlined in this paper pertain to air pollution New Source Review (NSR). Owners and operators of oil and gas processing and production facilities that propose new or modified facilities should be aware of the regulations and interpretations contained in this paper.
The primary effects of the 1990 Clean Air Act amendments on NSR requirements are identified.
Improved Well Design Maximises Oil-Rim Profitability
Authors: Pelgrom J. J. , Mann J. P. , Davidson C. J. , Tickle A. J. , Blok R. H. , Mattjes G. R. , Risseeuw A. S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Through the application of horizontal well technology in a giant shallow, un-consolidated oil-rim reservoir, Shell Gabon significantly increased field output and recovery at reduced cost, while minimising the environmental impact of field development. Systematic well design changes were implemented particularly in completion hardware and mud- and completion fluids and latest coiled tubing-technology was introduced in efforts to improve completion efficiency.
The paper summarises the observations and practices resulting in the improved completion technology and gives examples of the production logging tool selection and interpretation techniques developed. An outline is given of techniques which require further development to control over the inflow distribution in un-consolidated oil-rim reservoirs such that the recovery of the field can be achieved with the minimum number of wells.
The New Federal OCS Regulations in the Light of Santa Barbara
Authors: Wayland Russell G. 
Published: December 2007

When the first Outer Continental Shelf leases were issued in 1954, the oil industry was operating near shore in shallow waters. Although regional OCS Orders issued under the regulations have been kept reasonably up to date with advancing technology, the Secretary's regulations had not undergone a complete review by the Department and the interested public since May 1954. The Santa Barbara public since May 1954. The Santa Barbara event triggered the complete review of both the regulations and the OCS Orders.
The new regulations and orders not only reflect technological changes but also changes in public attitudes toward preservation of our environment. Of particular interest to petroleum engineers are the provisions petroleum engineers are the provisions requiring much more detailed attention by the Geological Survey to company plans and equipment for prevention of pollution and blowouts before drilling may begin from platforms or mobile rigs. This includes increased Survey attention to the estimated depths to the top of significant markers; to depths at which water, oil, gas and mineral deposits are expected; to the proposed blowout prevention, casing, mud, and cementing programs; and to chokes and similar shut-off devices in wells and pipelines.
While some call the new regulations harsh and tending to reduce exploration incentive, most industry spokesmen, we believe, find them to be a simple extension and clarification of practices that responsible oil producers have generally adhered to for producers have generally adhered to for years.
If the new regulations have much to say about preventing blowouts and spills, is there any operator who would knowingly run a chance of a blowout? The very small ratio of spills to offshore wells drilled answers the question for the most part, but the fact remains that blowouts and spills do occur, that their potential for damage is great, and that every reasonable precaution must be taken to prevent their occurrence.
The new regulations reflect the oil and gas industry's concern for conducting operations that do not interfere with the rights of others, and its responsibility for corrective action when things go wrong.
New Options To Eliminate Corrosion of Completion Equipment in Water Injection Service
Authors: Chitwood G. B. , Coyle W. R. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Evidence gathered from examination of completion equipment corroded in water injection service reveals that corrosion is strongly influenced by dissolved oxygen. Field history has shown severe corrosion of equipment made from 9Cr-1Mo and 17-4PH stainless steel. Experience suggests that while corrosion is minimized by exclusion of oxygen, the practical limitations of water treatment and surface injection facilities require a different approach. Duplex stainless steel was investigated in the laboratory and found to have promise. Subsequently, completion equipment made from this material has been put into service and is performing without failure.
Minimizing Equipment Failures in Rod-Pumped Wells
Authors: Patterson J.C. , Bucaram S.M. , Curfew J.V. 
Published: December 2007

SPE Members

Abstract
Equipment failure and it's attendant costs are extremely important in today's petroleum industry. Since Rod Pumping is the predominant means of artificial lift, minimizing equipment failure in rod pumped wells can have a significant impact on profitability. This paper addresses recommendations which have proven successful in the majority of wells. These have been developed within ARCO over the past 25 years and include equipment selection and design, operation and chemical treatment. The ultimate goal is to address and solve problems on a well by well basis.

Introduction
In Rod Pumping installations, premature equipment failures are usually the result of one or more of the following causes:Design deficiencies* Improper selection of material (Material deficiencies)Manufacturing deficienciesErrors in assemblyService conditions which were not considered in design
Failure control in it's simplest form is failure analysis with the goal of achieving corrective action. This paper is a compilation of recommendations which have been learned from field locations throughout the United States and Foreign locations.Data - Minimizing equipment failures requires a tracking system that identifies the failures by type (rod, tubing, pump, etc.), location (pin, body, barrel, plunger, etc.) and cause (abrasion, stuck, corrosion, split, plugged, etc.). With this data base the failures can be trended indicating the overall performance with time. Trending helps provide for comparison between producing areas.
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