bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Borehole imagery of meteoric and marine ice layers in the Amery Ice Shelf, East Antarctica
Authors: Craven Mike , Carsey Frank , Behar Alberto , Matthews Jaret , Brand Russell , Elcheikh Alan , Hall Seane , Treverrow Adam 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA real-time video camera probe was deployed in a hot-water drilled borehole through the Amery Ice Shelf, East Antarctica, where a total ice thickness of 480 m included at least 200 m of basal marine ice. Down-looking and side-looking digital video footage showed a striking transition from white bubbly meteoric ice above to dark marine ice below, but the transition was neither microscopically sharp nor flat, indicating the uneven nature (at centimetre scale) of the ice-shelf base upstream where the marine ice first started to accrete. Marine ice features were imaged including platelet structures, cell inclusions, entrained particles, and the interface with sea water at the base. The cells are assumed to be entrained sea water, and were present throughout the lower 100-150 m of the marine ice column, becoming larger and more prevalent as the lower surface was approached until, near the base, they became channels large enough that the camera field of view could not contain them. Platelets in the marine ice at depth appeared to be as large as 1-2 cm in diameter. Particles were visible in the borehole meltwater; probably marine and mineral particles liberated by the drill, but their distribution varied with depth.
Fluctuation-dissipation relations for granular snow avalanches
Authors: Bartelt Perry , Buser Othmar , Platzer Katharina 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA fundamental problem in avalanche science is understanding the interaction between frictional processes taking place at the basal running surface and dissipative mechanisms within the avalanche body. In this paper, we address this question by studying how kinetic energy is dissipated into heat in snow avalanches. In doing so we consider the effect of random granular fluctuations and collisions in depth-averaged snow avalanche models. We show that relationships between the size of the granular fluctuations and the energy dissipated by granular collisions can be obtained by studying the energy input required to maintain steady-state flows. The energy input for granular fluctuations comes from mechanisms operating in the basal layer. The kinetic energy of the flow at the basal layer is converted to granular agitation energy, a random kinetic energy, which in turn is dissipated as heat by both viscous shearing and inelastic collisions at higher levels in the avalanche profile. Thus granular fluctuations play a crucial role in understanding the total dissipation process. We apply our theoretical considerations to develop a constitutive model for dense snow avalanches and are able to accurately model steady-state velocity profiles of both snow-chute experiments and field measurements.
Five decades of shrinkage of July 1st glacier, Qilian Shan, China
Authors: Sakai Akiko , Fujita Koji , Duan Keqin , Pu Jianchen , Nakawo Masayoshi , Yao Tandong 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA survey of July 1st glacier, Qilian Shan, China, was carried out in 2002. Previously, the glacier’s boundary had been recorded in 1956, and further research had been carried out in the mid- 1970s and 1980s. Our survey reveals that area shrinkage and surface lowering have accelerated in the past 15 years. Surface elevation changes can result from changes in accumulation, surface melting and emergence velocity. The contributions of these elements to surface lowering are evaluated at the lower part of the glacier from observations of surface velocity, ice thickness and precipitation, and from temperature data near the glacier. Apart from the effect of glacier ice redistribution, our analysis reveals quantitatively that the recent accelerated glacier shrinkage has been caused by increasing temperature. Furthermore, it is established that meltwater discharge from the glacier in the past 17 years has increased due to glacier shrinkage, by about 50% over that from 1975 to 1985.
Diseases of protein aggregation and the hunt for potential pharmacological agents
Authors: Wang Steven S.‐S. , Wu Josephine W. , Yamamoto Shuichi , Liu Hwai‐Shen 
Published: November 2007

AbstractProtein aggregation is a ubiquitous phenomenon significant to all aspects of science. Notably, the formation of protein aggregates is frequently encountered in biochemical research and biopharmaceutical industry. Formation of protein aggregates is generally regarded to be associated with partially folded intermediate species that are susceptible to self‐association due to the exposure of hydrophobic core. Evidence supports the concept that the formation of aggregatesin vitrois a generic property of proteins. In human etiology, more than 20 different devastating human diseases have been reported to be associated with protein aggregation. Although protein aggregation diseases have been the center of intense research, much remains to be learned regarding the underlying molecular mechanisms. In this review, the general background information on protein aggregation is first provided. Next, we summarize the properties, characteristics and causes of protein aggregates. Finally, from the perspectives of epidemiology, pathogenesis, existing mechanisms, relevant hypotheses, and current as well as potential therapeutic approaches, two examples of protein aggregation diseases, Alzheimer's disease and cataract, are briefly discussed. Importantly, while a variety of molecules have been suggested, the effective therapeutic drugs for curing the diseases involving protein aggregation have yet to be identified. We believe that a better understanding of the mechanisms of protein aggregation process and an extensive investigation into the drug penetration, efficacy, and side effects will certainly aid in developing the successful pharmacological agents for these diseases.
Airborne particle monitoring in clean room environments for stem cell cultures
Authors: Cobo Fernando , Grela David , Conchal Aacute;ngel 
Published: November 2007

AbstractModern high‐technology industrial practices like pharmaceutical and stem cell line production demand high‐quality environmental conditions to avoid particle contamination in the final product. Particles are important because their presence can affect both the output and the productivity and because they can have repercussion on human health. In this kind of production practice it is necessary to implement optimal methods for particle management and to introduce an environmental monitoring program. This should also address the regional regulatory requirements and will depend on local conditions in each processing center. Each center must evaluate its specific needs and establish appropriate monitoring procedures.
Expression and characterization of the acidic subunit from 11S Amaranth seed protein
Authors: Luna‐Suárez Silvia , Medina‐Godoy Sergio , Cruz‐Hernández Andrés , Paredes‐López Octavio 
Published: November 2007

AbstractAmarantin acidic subunit has the potential to be employed as a functional and a nutraceutical protein. To evaluate both possibilities this protein was produced in recombinant Escherichia coli Origami (DE3) harboring the expression plasmid pET‐AC6His. Three different expression factors were assayed: inductor concentration, temperature and time of the amarantin acidic subunit accumulation. The results indicated that a 0.3 mmol/L concentration of isopropyl‐β‐D‐thiogalactoside, at 37°C and 6 h after induction were favorable for high expression of amarantin acidic subunit, mostly in the form of inclusion bodies. The protein was purified from soluble fraction by immobilized metal affinity chromatography, up to 30 mg amarantin acidic subunit/L Terrific broth culture were obtained. Sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation analysis of the expressed soluble amarantin acidic subunit revealed that it was assembled in monomers. The expression of the amarantin acidic subunit, together with the one‐step purification will facilitate further investigation of this storage protein through site‐directed mutagenesis.
Certification to ensure sustainable production of biofuels
Authors: Schmitz Norbert 
Published: November 2007

AbstractSustainability risks increase with rising biofuel production. Environmental, social and economic sustainability issues in agricultural production and conversion processes have become a major concern. External effects of biofuel production are not covered by a market mechanism. Therefore, an instrument to address the most pressing sustainability issues of biofuel production is required.The article provides the outline of an implementable certification concept that was elaborated in a multi‐stakeholder approach with companies and organizations from Europe, the Americas, and Asia. The approach chosen for certification is beneficial for stakeholders, is market based and does not hamper international trade. The proposed certification system is focused on the most pressing sustainability issues, such as conversion of high carbon density and high nature value land. “Major must” and “minor must” criteria have been developed to assess the sustainability. The certification itself should occur through a compact and cost‐effective system. A meta system approach will allow the use of already existing standards. Two separate certificates, one for sustainability of biomass production and one for greenhouse gas emissions, are proposed. The certificates are decoupled in a book and claim system from the biomass or biofuels traded and will be traded on a market place. The general concept of this certification system for biomass and biofuels has been discussed intensively with industry and trade companies and with public sector organizations and nongovernmental organizations. The practical feasibility should be tested in a pilot phase with co‐operation of the stakeholders who are already involved.
DSM‐IV “major depression”: Are more stringent criteria needed?
Authors: Kocsis James H. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe author criticizes the criteria defining Major Depression in recent psychiatric nosologie and proposes new criteria for inclusion in DSM‐IV. A selective literature review revealed a discrepancy between older clinical concepts of Major Depression and the current operational definitions of the disorder. The latter are described as diluted and likely to be quite heterogeneous. Empirical data are reviewed which suggest that many milder and functionally impaired cases of depression might better be classified under such categories as Adjustment Disorder or Dysthymia rather than being included as Major Depression.A rationale is given for a more stringent definition of an episode of Major Depression, and a suggestion is made for a stronger set of criteria for the disorder. The likely consequences of such a change in definition are discussed. Depression 1:24–28 (1993). © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Alterations in membrane molecular dynamics in erythrocytes of patients with affective illness
Authors: Pettegrew Jay W. , Minshew Nancy J. , Spiker Duane , Tretta Marjorie , Strychor Sandra , McKeag Dennis , Muenz Larry R. , Miller Germaine M. , Carbone Diane , McClure Richard J. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractOver the past twenty years, evidence has accumulated in support of membrane alterations in bipolar affective illness. In addition there is now substantial evidence that membrane phospholipid composition and molecular dynamics can alter the activity of membrane proteins such as receptors, channels and enzymes. The present study demonstrates distinct alterations in erythrocyte membrane molecular dynamics in medication free bipolar I patients but not in recurrent depressed patients. The findings are the same for bipolar I patients whether in the manic or depressed state (inpatients and outpatients), and do not correlate significantly with depression and mania scores or with the length of illness. It also is observed that medications can modify membrane molecular dynamics but cannot produce the alterations demonstrated. These findings suggest possible enzymatic defects which could be responsible for the molecular psychobiology of bipolar illness. Depression 1:88–100 (1993). © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Treatment of anergic depression in hashimoto's thyroiditis with fluoxetine and d‐amphetamine
Authors: Cohen Alan Jay 
Published: November 2007

AbstractHashimoto's thyroiditis has been known to produce symptoms of severe anergia, fatigue, and depression. The hypothyroidism impairs cerebral function causing marked motor slowing which complicates the treatment of concomitant depression. In this open trial, three patients with documented Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Major Depression responded to a combination of fluoxetine and d‐amphetamine. Despite improvement in mood with fluoxetine alone, all three patients had persistent anergia which resolved after the addition of d‐amphetamine to their regimen. A discussion of the unique aspects of anergia and depression associated with hypothyroidism follows, with a focus on the cerebral impairment and delayed reaction time that complicates this illness. The neurotransmitter enhancing properties of serotonin re‐uptake inhibitors and direct‐acting psychostimulants may, in combination, provide a unique treatment approach to anergic depression associated with hypothyroidism. Depression 1:110–114 (1993). © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical and theoretical implications of a possible link between obsessive‐compulsive and impulse control disorders
Authors: McElroy Susan L. , Hudson James I. , Phillips Katharine A. , Keck Paul E. , Pope Harrison G. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractStudies examining the phenomenology, comorbidity, treatment response, family history, and biology of obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD) were compared with similar studies of DSM‐III‐R impulse control disorders (ICDs) (intermittent explosive disorder, kleptomania, pathological gambling, pyromania, and trichotillomania) and other possible ICDs to examine the relationship of these disorders to one another and to other psychiatric disorders. These studies suggest that OCD and the ICDs share a number of features. These include: 1) phenomenologic similiarities between the obsessions and compulsions of OCD and the irresistible impulses and impulsive actions of ICDs; 2) a strong association with anxiety, psychoactive substance use, and eating disorders; 3) frequent co‐occurrence of OCD and ICDs; 4) apparent preferential response to thymoleptic agents and behavioral therapy; 5) high familial rates of mood disorders; and 6) probable abnormalities in central serotonergic neurotransmission. However, OCD and ICDs differ in some important respects: 1) OCD symptoms are more frequently associated with harm avoidance, insight, resistance, and lack of gratification, whereas ICD symptoms are more frequently associated with sensation seeking, lack of insight and resistance, and gratification; 2) certain ICDs may show stronger associations with bipolar disorders, alcohol and substance abuse, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and antisocial behavior; and 3) OCD responds preferentially to serotonin reuptake inhibitors whereas ICDs may respond to a wider variety of antidepressant and mood‐stabilizing agents. Although the differences between OCD and ICDs might be attributable to distinct etiologic mechanisms, many differences could be caused by variation along a bidimensional continuum of different combinations of compulsivity versus impulsivity, with “pure” compulsive states (prototypic OCD) at one extreme, pure impulsive states (the protoypic ICD) at the other extreme, and various combinations of these pure states (mixed compulsive‐impulsive conditions) located in between. Depression 1:121–132 (1993). © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Screening depressives for causative medical illness; the example of thyroid function testing: II. Hypothesis testing in ambulatory depressives
Authors: Briggs James , McBride Linda , Hagino Owen , Brown Walter A. , Bauer Mark S. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThere are few empirical data to support the widely accepted practice of screening depressives for causative thyroid disease, as summarized in the previous article of this series. We therefore formed, as a null hypothesis, the proposal that ambulatory depressives do not comprise an enriched sample for unsuspected clinical hypo‐ or hyperthyroidism. To investigate this issue we studied a prospectively assessed sample of 166 consecutive medically healthy outpatients who a) met criteria for a current major depressive episode and b) underwent thyroid function testing consisting of determination of serum total thyroxine (T4) and free thyroxine index (FTI); 105 of the 166 patients also had thyrotropin (TSH) determination. Laboratory thyroid testing was mandated by drug treatment protocol and was therefore not influenced by clinician‐related testing factors. The clinic did not participate in thyroid related research and therefore was not likely subject to thyroid related patient selection or referral bias. Caseness was defined by abnormal FTI confirmed by subsequent testing. Prevalence rates for abnormal total T4 and TSH were also calculated. Only one case (0.6%) of hypothyroidism and no cases of hyperthyroidism were found. Four patients (2.4%) had decreased total T4 but normal FTI while two (1.2%) had high total T4 with normal FTI. Elevated TSH was found in only two (1.9%). Thus prevalence of hypo‐ or hyperthyroidism in patients with major depressive disorder does not differ from that reported for the general population. These data indicate that thyroid screening guidelines which have been developed for the general population may therefore be preferable to routinely screening all ambulatory depressives. A strategy for testing ambulatory depressives is suggested: That all ambulatory depressives be routinely screened for signs, symptoms, and specific risk factors for hyper or hypo‐thyroidism, but that routine junction testing is not indicated. Depression 1:220–224 (1993). © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Polysomnographic characteristics of bipolar depression
Authors: Hudson James I. , Keck Paul E. , Lipinski Joseph F. , Aizley Harlyn G. , Pope Harrison G. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractFew studies have examined the polysomnographic characteristics of bipolar depression, and the relationship between the sleep disturbance in this disorder and that found in other types of mood disorders is unclear. To investigate further the characteristics of sleep in bipolar depression, all‐night polysomnograpby was performed for two to four consecutive nights in 10 bipolar depressed patients compared with age‐matched groups of unipolar depressed patients, manic patients, and healthy individuals. All patient groups displayed similar abnormalities of sleep continuity and REM measures. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the sleep disturbance in the various forms of major mood disorders is caused by the same mechanism. Depression 1:227–230 (1993). © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cocaine and depression
Authors: Musselman Dominique L. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractHigh rates of depressive symptoms and suicide have been documented with cocaine abuse. The purpose of this review is to investigate the possible relationship between cocaine use and depression. This article will examine reports investigating the prevalence of depression in cocaine users, critique studies using psychotropic medication to treat either cocaine abuse and/or depression in cocaine abusers, highlight future areas of research, and offer a unifying hypothesis to explain the disparate findings of affective symptomatology in this population of substance abusers. Depression 1:235–249 (1993). © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Time to remission in late‐life depression: Analysis of effects of demographic, treatment, and life‐events measures
Authors: Karp Jordan F. , Frank Ellen , Anderson Barbara , George Charles J. , Reynolds Charles F. , Mazumdar Sati , Kupfer David J. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis study examined elderly patients being treated with a combination of nortriptyline and interpersonal psychotherapy to determine what demographic, clinical, illness‐history, and treatment‐parameter variables might predict rate of remission of the index episode. The 115 patients, aged 60 to 80 years, were suffering from at least their second lifetime episode of major depression (unipolar, nonpsychotic). Proportional hazards modeling (univariate and multivariate) showed that 4 of the 28 variables examined were significant in predicting a slower rate of response to treatment: 1) the presence of a stress‐provoking agent, such as a severely threatening life event or an ongoing major difficulty during the 6 months before onset of the index episode, 2) eccentric cluster personality features (i.e., paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypalpersonality pathologies), 3) a low level of tangible social support, and 4) earlier age at first episode. Median time to remission was increased by 2.5 weeks (from 6.5 to 9 weeks) in the presence of a stress‐provoking agent. The final model retained two variables (the presence of a stress‐provoking agent and perception of diminished social support) as significantly predictive of prolonged time to remission. Thus, these findings suggest a somewhat longer expected time to response among patients with negative psychosocial circumstances. We speculate that the use of psychotherapy and/or other adjunctive pharmacotherapy may be critical to earlier successful treatment outcome in such patients. Depression 1:250–256 (1993). © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Atypical depression in an outpatient psychiatric population
Authors: Zisook Sidney , Shuchter Stephen R. , Gallagher Thomas , Sledge Paul 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe authors were interested in the frequency and associated symptoms of atypical major depressions and dysthymia in an outpatient psychiatric population.Of 1,000 consecutive admissions to an outpatient psychiatric clinic, 115 were given diagnoses of major depression and another 102 the diagnosis of dysthymia using DSM‐III‐R criteria. On the basis of a modified version of the Columbia criteria for atypical depression and/or complaints of both hyperphagia and hypersomnia, patients were categorized into nontypical and atypical subtypes. In addition, demographic characteristics, past personal and family histories of psychiatric illnesses, and present symptomatology were obtained.Of the 175 patients who were diagnosed with major depression, 62 (36%) met criteria for definite or probable atypical depression using the Columbia criteria and 71 (46%) using the reversed neurovegetative symptom criteria. Of the 102 patients who were diagnosed with dysthymia, 43 (43 %) met criteria for the atypical subtype using the Columbia criteria and 54 (54%) by the reversed symptom criteria. In general, the atypical and nonatypical groups were more similar than different. In particular, the two groups differed little in demographic characteristics or in symptoms that historically have been associated with by steroid, atypical, anxious, or endogenomorphic subtypes of depression. While there was substantial overlap between the two competing definitions of atypical depression, many patients satisfied only one or the other criteria.Atypical major depression and dysthymia are frequently encountered forms of mood disorders seen in outpatient populations, although the prevalence is highly determined by definitions and thresholds. The pattern of symptoms are more alike than dissimilar to those observed in nonatypical mood disturbances. Depression 1:268–274 (1993). © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.