bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Industrial and Foreign Exchange Policies
Authors: Chung Young‐Iob 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines the governance, approach, and the government's industrial and foreign exchange policies that promoted capital formation in the private sector. These offered financial incentives to invest and produce import substitutes and export goods, in addition to the reconstruction of the old and the construction of new social overhead capital, and pioneering new industries with private enterprises. The chapter also analyzes the impact of government property divestiture programs for former Japanese assets, new public enterprises, and their foreign exchange policy which involved the sale of foreign exchange to importers in targeted industries using subsidies. In evaluating these policies, the divestiture bounties, inflation windfalls, and their impact on capital formation in the private sector, the cost of production, private investment, beneficiaries, and resource allocation can be determined.
The Transformation of the City in Imperial Italy
Authors: Patterson John R. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractBeginning with case-studies of three former Latin colonies, Cosa, Beneventum, and Interamna Lirenas, this chapter focuses on the changing appearance of the cities of Italy, investigating their supposed decline in the first two centuries AD. A discussion of the evidence for urban life under the high empire leads into an examination of the types of building preferred by the cities and their benefactors, and the extent to which declining overall levels of public building were compensated for by new forms of benefaction such as the provision of banquets and distributions of money and food to the citizens. The picture that emerges is of a gradual transformation in the nature of civic life; the characteristic monuments of the period are amphitheatres, baths, and macella (market-buildings), all associated with the sociability which seems to replace formal political activity within the urban context in this period.
Introduction
Authors: Stevenson Jane 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Aristotle's theoretical basis for denying authority to women, the broader question of whether women's lives belong entirely in the private sphere, is examined. Circumstances in which exceptionally positioned women were enabled to take on male roles: the implications of this for their use of Latin, the language of authority, and public life are discussed. The reason for focusing on Latin verse writing is that it provides the clearest evidence for thorough knowledge of Latin. The argument is made that some writers of the middle ages and later make a more or less explicit distinction between ‘women’ and a variously-defined class of ‘more/other than women’. The usefulness to men of permitting such a sub-group to exist is discussed. The introduction ends with the sociolinguistics of Latin as language of authority and knowledge, and the difficulties women found in appropriating it.
Italy: Renaissance Women Scholars
Authors: Stevenson Jane 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Educated women, writers, poets, and orators, became a feature of the Italian cultural landscape in the 15th century, a phenomenon which was recognized Europe-wide as an aspect of the Italian Renaissance. This chapter examines the extreme variability of women's access to education between one state and another. It discusses the social context of Renaissance humanism, and the barriers it offered to women's participation. Women and scribal publication are considered. The chapter includes separate sections on women and the universities, particularly the medical school of Salerno and the law school of Bologna, particularly Novella d'Andrea; women and humanism, Latin as an aspect of demonstrating fitness to rule and woman as Latin orators; the Nogarola family and its connections among male and female Latinists in the Veneto, particularly Isotta Nogarola; Costanza Varano and educated women connected with Urbino; Veronica Gàmbara, the Gonzagas, and the Sforzas. Absence of evidence for Latin verse production in 15th-century convents is pointed out.
Women and Latin in Renaissance France
Authors: Stevenson Jane 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines late medieval aristocratic French women's patronage of writing in the vernacular and of translation. It discusses Christine de Pizan and educated women in 15th-century France. It also considers the reception of humanism at the French court, and the involvement of royal women as educators and scholars, particularly Marguerite de Navarre, Marguerite de Valois, and Mary Stuart. Non-royal women humanists connected with the French court, especially the scholar-courtier Camille de Morel and her relationship with the poets of the Pléiade, are discussed. The rise of academies at the court and in Lyons, and the involvement of women are explored, together with the importance of Lyons as a provincial center, the Mesdames Des Roches, and Louise Labé. Marie de Gournay is presented as an unusual example of the autodidact Latinist.
French Women Latinists in the ‘Grand Siècle’
Authors: Stevenson Jane 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the cultural dominance of French in 17th-century France. Latin was little used, though some churchmen still wrote in it. However, women played a highly visible role as cultural arbiters, and a number of bluestocking writers and salonnières, such as Madeleine de Scudéry and Mme de Sevigné, continued to learn Latin, though few wrote in it. There were also a few learned, aristocratic nuns. The arguments raised in favor of Latin learning for girls focused mostly on their potential future as educating mothers. However, Anne Dacier became famous as a translator from Greek, and it is also worth observing that the journal Mercure Galant, aimed at a mixed audience, encouraged women to study.
Women and Latin in Early Modern England
Authors: Stevenson Jane 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
In 17th century England, women's Latin learning acquired a new utility since gentry-level women might find themselves impoverished by the Civil War. Some found that Latin gave them access to paid work. At the level of the court, Latin was out of fashion, but the educated provincial gentry continued to teach daughters Latin. Nuns, particularly Benedictines and Wardists, also studied Latin, and there is also some evidence for Irish women learning Latin. Women continued to study Latin in the 18th century, but learned women were increasingly anxious to conceal their learning.
Discovery of a Lack:The Last September(1928)
Authors: Corcoran Neil 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter offers a reading of Bowen's novel, The Last September, set during the Troubles in Ireland in the 1920s, taking stock of some historical accounts of the period, notably Peter Hart's. It understands forms of ellipsis and aporia to be characteristic of Bowen's structures and style, and interprets them as, in part, a response to a cataclysmic contemporary history. It interprets Bowen's attitude to the Anglo-Irish, defining her particular type of social comedy. It focuses on Bowen's interest in the type represented by the novel's heroine, Lois: the intelligent, bored ingénue, who figures again and again in her work. It also explores the ways in which recurrent thoughts of the dead may be read as a further mode of ‘ghostliness’ in Bowen.
A Ghost of Style: A World of Love (1955)
Authors: Corcoran Neil 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Bowen's novel, A World of Love, reading it against The Last September as a work taking up again decades later themes announced there, and bringing to an end Bowen's fictional representations of Ireland and the fate of the Anglo-Irish. It interprets the ambiguous presence of the supernatural in the book which reveals, in part, Bowen's permanent obsession with the First World War. It also suggests that this novel is self-consciously bringing to conclusion the line of the Anglo-Irish novel in which such authors as Somerville and Ross are especially prominent. This chapter also includes material on Bowen's frequent, peculiar uses of Shakespeare, and interprets her particular responsiveness in this novel to the work of T. S. Eliot.
INTERPRETATION OF PROBABILITY: VARIOUS NUANCES
Authors: Chatterjee Shoutir Kishore 
Published: September 2007

AbstractApart from formal operations, the interpretation of probability must be considered to use probability for statistical induction. The objective interpretation relates probability to long-term relative frequency, but even here there are diverse viewpoints such as those of von-Mises-Reichenbach, Fisher-Russell, and Kolmogorov-Cramer-Neyman. Further, under this interpretation, different solutions have been proposed for the instantiation problem. Subjective interpretation, which attaches probability to uncertain propositions, has an impersonal version due to Keynes-Jeffreys and a personal one due to Ramsey-deFinnetti. Although the axiomatics are common for the standard interpretations, evaluations are different and principles like independence, coherence, and exchangeability have varying importance for different types of probability. For certain statistical applications, approximate evaluation of probability also assumes importance.
Models of materials with memory
Authors: Fabrizio Mauro , Angelo Morro 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
While models of materials with memory are often introduced in a formal way, the purpose of the chapter is to show that models of electromagnetic materials with memory are well motivated on the physical grounds. This is shown mainly through the dispersion of waves in water, dielectrics, magnetic materials, metals, ionosphere, magnetosphere, and plasmas. Causality is shown to be connected with a pair of restrictions, e.g., on the complex-valued permittivity (Kramers-Kronig relations).
Thermoelectromagnetic systems
Authors: Fabrizio Mauro , Angelo Morro 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter describes thermoelectromagnetic systems by allowing the temperature to be a variable at the level of the electric and magnetic fields. The balance equations do not generalize significantly, but new aspects are related to the constitutive equations in connection with the dependence on the temperature. Specific models are shown to follow if an appropriate linearization, relative to the temperature, is performed in the statement of the second law. The classical thermoelectromagnetic effects are re-visited.
Extremum principles
Authors: Fabrizio Mauro , Angelo Morro 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter shows various ways in which variational formulations can be established. Particular attention is given to the inverse problem, namely, to the determination of a variational formulation, if it exists, associated with given differential equations. This is performed for a set of electro-magneto-static problems and the Rayleigh functional is re-visited. Various Lagrangian densities are obtained within the least-action principle. Extremum principles are also shown to hold for initial-value problems or within the Laplace-transform domain. This is performed for Reiss-type principles and for constrained formulations.
MATRIX EQUATIONS AND CANONICAL FACTORIZATIONS
Authors: Bini D. A. , Latouche G. , Meini B. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with infinite block Toeplitz matrices, their relationships with matrix power series and matrix Laurent power series, and the fundamental problem of solving matrix equations and computing canonical factorizations. It introduces the concept of a Wiener algebra and provides a natural theoretical framework where the convergence properties of algorithms for solving Markov chains can easily be proved. Furthermore, the notion of canonical factorization provides a powerful tool for solving infinite linear systems, such as the fundamental system involving the stationary probability distribution of structured Markov chains.
ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES
Authors: Bini D. A. , Latouche G. , Meini B. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Alternative numerical approaches for solving matrix equations associated with M/G/1-type Markov chains are considered in this chapter. A general shift technique for accelerating the convergence of iterative methods is described, and its application to accelerating cyclic reduction is analysed. A functional iteration relying on the combination of cyclic reduction and fixed point iteration is introduced: its convergence is linear but its convergence rate can be arbitrarily large. A doubling method, evaluation interpolation techniques, and the invariant subspace method complete the chapter.
INTRODUCTION
Authors: Larkin Anatoly , Varlamov Andrei 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This introductory chapter presents a qualitative picture of the fluctuation phenomena in superconductors. The notions of Ginzburg-Landau time and coherence length, characterizing the fluctuation Cooper pair lifetime and its effective size, are introduced. Based on the Bose nature of these and scaling arguments, the book discusses conductivity and magnetic susceptibility in terms of superconducting transition.
FLUCTUATION THERMODYNAMICS
Authors: Larkin Anatoly , Varlamov Andrei 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter introduces the Ginzburg-Landau functional and provides a general description of fluctuation thermodynamics within the framework of the functional integration over the fluctuation fields approach. The method, in its harmonic approximation, is applied to the effect of fluctuations on heat capacity and magnetization of a superconductor at the critical temperature. The criterion of its validity (Ginzburg-Levanyuk criterion) is derived. An extension of the theory on close vicinity of transition is demonstrated within the framework of the renormalization group approach. The shift in critical temperature by fluctuations of the order parameter and electromagnetic fields is obtained.
GLOBAL EXISTENCE
Authors: Feireisl Eduard 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter contains a complete proof of the existence of global-in-time variational solutions for the full system of the Navier-Stokes equations of a viscous compressible and heat conducting fluid under suitable restrictions imposed on the constitutive laws. These restrictions are by no means optimal but, on the other hand, they seem to be in a good agreement with the underlying physical theory. Probably the most questionable hypothesis seems to be the necessity of the viscosity coefficients to be constant in all temperature regimes. On the other hand, as a by-product of our approach, we derive ‘optimal’ existence results for the barotropic flows with respect to the available (known) a priori estimates. Another novelty allowed by the present method is the possibility to consider general, not necessarily monotone, pressure-density constitutive equations arising in applications.
CURVATURE REGISTRATION
Authors: Modersitzki Jan 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Elastic, fluid, and diffusion registrations are sensitive to affine linear displacements. As a consequence, an affine linear pre-registration is unavoidable. The second order derivatives-based curvature regularizer is introduced to circumvent this additional pre-registration. The registration thus becomes less dependent on the initial position of reference and template images. For the practical implementation of the curvature registration, the continuous and discrete bi-harmonic equation are considered and numerical solution schemes are discussed. The natural relation to thin plate splines is shown. Various examples demonstrate the performance of curvature registration and the difference to elastic, fluid, and diffusion registration.
CONCLUDING REMARKS
Authors: Modersitzki Jan 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This final chapter summarizes the proposed non-parametric registration approach as well as the presented schemes, and briefly discusses some open questions. It contains statements about the regularizer, partial differential operator, registration parameters, motivation of the regularizer, the expected type of transformations, complexity, and boundary conditions. Timings for the different numerical schemes are presented. A final, competitive example demonstrates differences between the various schemes. The reasons why an objective comparison and evaluation of the schemes must fail are discussed. Guidelines for picking registration parameters are given; further accelerations of the schemes and extensions are discussed.
REPRINT THE THEORY OF RUBBER ELASTICITY
Authors: Deam R. T. , Edwards S. F. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter reprints a paper which attempts to improve upon several weaknesses in the classical theories of rubber elasticity. It develops a formulation of the statistical thermodynamics of amorphous materials analogous to the Gibbs formalism for conventional statistical mechanics. This then permits the replacement of ‘phantom chains’, i.e., long polymer molecules with the fictitious property that they experience no forces except at cross link points and are transparent to one another, by realistic molecules which do experience forces and which can become entangled. The chapter is divided into four sections. The first section demonstrates that just as Gibbs's famous formula provides an abstract formula for the statistical mechanics of systems in which all states are accessible, the new formula extends to systems with frozen-in degrees of freedom. The second section shows how the formalism fits the problem of rubber elasticity. In the third section, the effect of excluded volume, i.e., of short-range forces, is included in the calculation of the free energy of a rubber, while in fourth section, the effects of entanglements are included to complete the kinds of force normally encountered.
THE DOI–EDWARDS THEORY
Authors: Graessley W. W. , McLeish T. C. B. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Doi and Edwards devised an important new theory of polymer motion in dense melts, revolutionizing conceptual understanding and providing a universal framework on which to develop the theory of the dynamics of entangled polymers. This chapter discusses the Doi-Edwards theory and its tube model concept, together with its modern extensions.
Food-web theory in marine ecosystems
Authors: Link Jason S. , Stockhausen William T. , Stockhausen William T. , Methratta Elizabeth T. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines recent case studies of marine food webs to evaluate the applicability of food web theories for the marine environment. Classical macrodescriptors and recent network metrics are evaluated for each marine food web example. Food webs are defined as those which are non-estuarine, non-coastal, and larger in scale than food webs typically and classically studied (i.e., not a bay, not a river-ocean mixing zone, not a rocky inter-tidal zone, etc.). There are clear distinctions for marine food webs when compared to all terrestrial and other aquatic food webs, yet there are also clear distinctions among different types of marine food webs. The chapter notes that there are three categories of food web theories: (i) those factors and models which apply categorically to all food webs; (ii) those factors and models which can be split into simple, lowly connected, strongly interacting, clearly defined localized food webs versus complex, highly connected, weakly interacting, broader, more extensive food webs; and (iii) those factors and models which are uniquely and distinctly marine. Understanding the qualitative properties of food webs can provide further evaluation of which theories are appropriate, which are not, when each is true, and why. Finally, the chapter discusses the applications and implications of these theories for ecosystem-based natural resource management.
Is biodiversity maintained by food-web complexity?—the adaptive food-web hypothesis
Authors: Kondoh Michio 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
How do diverse species coexist in the complex networks of prey-predator interactions in nature? While most theoretical models predict that complex food webs do not persist, recent empirical studies have revealed the very complex structure of natural food webs. This discrepancy between theory and observation implies that essential factors stabilizing natural food webs are lacking from previous models. This chapter reviews these studies on food web complexity and its community-level consequences. It contends that the architectural flexibility arising from foraging adaptation of consumer species is key to explaining linkage patterns and persistent mechanisms of complex food webs. A novel hypothesis is presented, which relates the complexity-stability relationship to evolutionarily history of the community.
Food-web theory provides guidelines for marine conservation
Authors: Sala Enric , Sugihara George 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Marine conservation priorities have been established mostly on the basis of species and habitat diversity, but little attention has been paid to food web diversity. Ecologists are aware of the dynamic nature of marine food webs, and of the simplification of food web structure by anthropogenic activities, mainly fishing. Transient food web structures along gradients of fishing pressure are an analogue to stages along a successional gradient. This chapter describes regularities in food web structure along these gradients, and explores the global initial conditions (e.g., availability of species, sequence of species additions) needed to ensure that marine food webs will continue to function and adapt to environmental change in a world with increasing anthropogenic disturbance.
Tradeoffs and biodiversity
Authors: Wilkinson David M. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractTradeoffs are a fundamental aspect of biodiversity as they prevent a few species from monopolizing the planet. Well-known ecological concepts, such as the niche, only make sense in the context of this more fundamental idea of tradeoff. The resulting biodiversity will have a positive Gaian effect, that is, it will tend to make an ecological community more stable than if it was composed of a smaller number of species. Biodiversity does not evolve to help stabilize the system (except in the limited sense that taxon poor systems may be more prone to extinction), it is an inevitable by-product of tradeoffs and other processes such as geographical isolation. One potentially important way to think about the Gaian effect of biodiversity is the idea of the ‘portfolio effect’ from economics, although other ideas, such as Grime's ‘transient species’ are also important.
Historical contingency and the development of planetary ecosystems
Authors: Wilkinson David M. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe ecology of a planet is influenced by historical processes. At any stage in its development, the current conditions of life on a planet form the starting point from which new conditions develop. This means that over time, an ever increasing number of historical accidents will be incorporated into the system and so the role of past history will become increasingly important. This happens across a range of scales, from the chance long distance dispersal of seeds, to the survival of mass extinction events. Gould's interpretation of the Burgess Shale is discussed as a well-known example of the potential importance of historical contingency. The idea of historical contingency is a simple one and yet it is crucially important in understanding much of ecology. This constrained the possible subsequent trajectories of ecological development on Earth.