bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geographic variation and localised clustering of congenital anomalies in Great Britain
Authors: Armstrong Ben G , Dolk Helen , Pattenden Sam , Vrijheid Martine , Loane Maria , Rankin Judith , Dunn Chris E , Grundy Chris , Abramsky Lenore , Boyd Patricia A , Stone David , Wellesley Diana 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Background
Environmental pollution as a cause of congenital anomalies is sometimes suspected because of clustering of anomalies in areas of higher exposure. This highlights questions around spatial heterogeneity (clustering) in congenital anomaly rates. If spatial variation is endemic, then any one specific cluster is less remarkable, though the presence of uncontrolled geographically clustered risk factors is suggested. If rates are relatively homogeneous across space other than around specific hazards, then evidence for these hazards causing the clusters is strengthened. We sought to estimate the extent of spatial heterogeneity in congenital anomaly rates in the United Kingdom.

Methods
The study population covered about one million births from five registers in Britain from 1991–1999. We estimated heterogeneity across four geographical levels: register area, hospital catchment, electoral ward, and enumeration district, using a negative binomial regression model. We also sought clusters using a circular scan statistic.

Results
Congenital anomaly rates clearly varied across register areas and hospital catchments (p < 0.001), but not below this level (p > 0.2). Adjusting for socioeconomic deprivation and maternal age made little difference to the extent of geographical variation for most congenital anomaly subtypes. The two most significant circular clusters (of four ano-rectal atresias and six congenital heart diseases) contained two or more siblings.

Conclusion
The variation in rates between registers and hospital catchment area may have resulted in part from differences in case ascertainment, and this should be taken into account in geographical epidemiological studies of environmental exposures. The absence of evidence for variation below this level should be interpreted cautiously in view of the low power of general heterogeneity tests. Nevertheless, the data suggest that strong localised clusters in congenital anomalies are uncommon, so clusters around specific putative environmental hazards are remarkable when observed. Negative binomial models applied at successive hierarchical levels provide an approach of intermediate complexity to characterising geographical heterogeneity.
Management of Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors
Authors: Gershenson David M. 
Published: July 2007

Purpose To review contemporary management of malignant ovarian germ cell tumors (MOGCT). Design The literature on the topic of MOGCT is reviewed, including pathology, prognostic factors, surgical strategies, postoperative therapy, late effects of therapy, and treatment of recurrence. Results Prognostic factors for MOGCT include the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics staging system's stage, residual disease, histologic type, and elevation of serum tumor markers. Fertility-sparing surgery is possible in a large proportion of patients. The importance of comprehensive surgical staging is somewhat controversial. For patients with advanced-stage disease, maximum cytoreductive surgery appears to be beneficial. Although second-look surgery is not recommended routinely, selected patients may benefit from secondary cytoreduction. For those patients who require postoperative chemotherapy, standard therapy consists of the combination of bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin. However, there is a growing trend toward surveillance; this strategy continues to be studied. Although premature menopause may occur in a small proportion of patients, at least 80% of those who undergo fertility-sparing surgery and chemotherapy may expect to preserve reproductive function. For patients with early-stage disease, cure rates approach 100%. For those with advanced-stage disease, cure rates are reportedly at least 75%. Conclusion MOGCT is a rare malignancy that principally affects girls and young women. With optimal therapy, the prognosis is excellent, and most patients may retain reproductive function.
Selected experiences in Chile for the application of UASB technology for vinasse treatment
Authors: Chamy R. , Pizarro C. , Vivanco E. , Schiappacasse M.C. , Jeison D. , Poirrier P. , Ruiz-Filippi G. 
Published: July 2007

One of the research areas is the agricultural use of treated wastewaters, because it represents a unique opportunity to solve the problem of water supply for irrigation and at the same time the disposal of treated water. Anaerobic digestion appears as an interesting alternative, since anaerobically treated wastewaters can be used for irrigation purposes. These considerations are applied to the Chilean pisco industry (a traditional alcoholic drink, prepared by distillation of wine made mainly from Muscatel grapes), where high concentrated wastewaters are produced: vinasses originate as a residue from the distillation operation.
Two laboratory reactors fed with wine vinasses, a UASB and an EGSB, were used in order to study the anaerobic treatability of the wastewater. Then, a pilot reactor was built (60 m3 UASB digester) and treated water was used to irrigate eucalyptus trees. Finally a 300 m3 reactor, including biogas treatment for its reuse, was developed. Results showed, both at laboratory and full scale, that anaerobic treatment is suitable for pisco's wastewaters, and also that the nutrient content of treated water can be beneficial for plant growth, reducing the need for fertilizers.
Another kind of investigation was carried out in order to study the stability of anaerobic granules and how it can be recovered. UASB and EGSB were fed with low, medium and high load wastewaters, in order to evaluate possible fluctuations in the productive process. From these results, it was possible to propose and to apply recovery techniques to the digesters when they are destabilized.
New Strategies for Emerging Domestic Sovereign Bond Markets in the Global Financial Landscape
Authors: Blommestein Hans J. , Santiso Javier 
Published: July 2007

The forces shaping the revolution in banking and capital markets have radically changed the financial landscape during the past three decades. A remarkable feature of this changing new landscape has been the astonishing rate of internationalisation of the financial system in the last two decades, with emerging markets becoming increasingly important participants. At times this participation has led to excessive reliance on foreign financing, making the participation of these countries in the global financial system more vulnerable to shifts in expectations and perceptions. The sovereign debt management strategy suffered from many structural weaknesses, failing to take into account international best practices in financing budget deficits and developing domestic government securities markets. Consequently, emerging markets experienced episodes of serious financial crises. Against this background, this article focuses on new and more sophisticated strategies to develop domestic bond markets, taking into account the risk profile, complexities and other constraints of emerging markets. The article's central thesis is that risk-based public debt management and liquid domestic bond markets are important mutually reinforcing strategies for emerging financial markets to attain (1) enhanced financial stability, and (2) a more successful participation in the global financial landscape. It will also be shown that this twin-strategies approach requires taking a macroeconomic policy perspective.
Capital Structure and Entry Deterrence with Multiple Incumbents
Authors: Tarzijan Jorge Antonio 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
This paper uses a two-stage Cournot duopoly model with demand uncertainly to examine the strategic role debt plays in deterring a company from entering when a potential entrant can enter one of several markets. We show that as the number of alternative markets available for entry rises, the incumbents' incentive to use debt as a deterrent falls. Thus, a potential entrant will prefer to have a larger number of alternative markets to enter in order to lower the incumbents' incentive to take strategic actions against it.
Can Stricter Environmental Regulations Increase Export of the Polluting Good?
Authors: Das Monica , Das Sandwip K. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
According to the Pollution Haven Hypothesis (PHH), weak environmental policies improve a country's comparative advantage in the polluting sector, thus promoting its expansion. In this paper, we develop a neo-classical general equilibrium model with two goods and two factors and show that the relationship between environmental policies and comparative advantage can be ambiguous. We focus entirely on emission caps or command and control (CAC) programs of regulation and treat abatement as equivalent to a technological retardation. We show that when the technological retardation is Hick neutral, the PHH holds and the Heckscher Ohlin Samuelson (HOS) theorem determines trade patterns between a capital-abundant country and a labor-abundant country that follow different environmental policies. If pollution abatement is capital biased in the polluting sector, the standard trade theorems and the PHH may not hold. The paper derives a sufficient condition under which the PHH would hold. However, if this condition is violated, the PHH as well as the HOS theorem may not hold.
Postembryonic development of tapeworms — source of novel phylogenetic characters for analysis of cestode evolution: comparative TEM studies
Authors: Świderski Z. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Ultrastructural features of juvenile cestodes (metacestodes) can provide useful characters for phylogenetic and evolutionary analyses. Until now, however, they have been relatively little utilised (Beveridge 2001, Chervy 2002). The postembryonic development and structure of fully formed metacestodes were examined in two cyclophyllideans: Taenia parva Baer, 1926 (Taeniidae); and Sobolevitaenia verulamii (Mettrick, 1958) Korniushin, 1972 (Dilepididae). In T. parva, three developmental stages were recognized: (1) an early stage of exogenous budding at the surface of the central vesicle; (2) a stage of polycephalic cyst development accompanied by segmentation of the growing metacestode strobila and an obvious decrease in the size of the central vesicle; (3) a fully formed metacestode of the strobilocercus type with 14–24 invaginated scoleces. The tegument, scolex, subtegumental musculature of the strobilar segments, protonephridial system, calcareous corpuscles and medullary parenchyma of larvae exhibit general similarity to the same structures in adults at both LM and TEM levels. The morphogenesis of the metacestode of T. parva is compared with that of polycephalic metacestodes of other Taenia spp. (T. krepkogorski, T. twitchelli and T. endothoracica) and with other asexually multiplying metacestodes (Mesocestoides vogae, hymenolepidids and dilepidids). In S. verulamii, the body of the cysticercoid with invaginated scolex armed with a double crown of rostellar hooks was completely surrounded by the cercomer, which appears to be separated from the cyst and scolex. The surface of the suckers is covered with a thick layer of glycocalyx. Five cell types were distinguished in the sections: (1) perikarya of metacestode tegument; (2) glycolgen-storing parenchymal cells; (3) glandular-type cells with large, electron-dense secretory-like granules; (4) flame cells; and (5) calcareous corpuscle-forming cells. The surface of the cercomer is covered by elongated microvilli, which evidently differ from characteristic microtriches covering all other parts of the metacestode surface. The ultrastructure of S. verulamii evidently differs from that of the other dilepidid cestode examined to date, Lateriporus geographicus, the cyst wall of which more resembles cysticercoids of Hymenolepididae than those of Dilepididae. Concluding remarks: Ultrastructural studies on metacestodes have considerable promise for providing important new characters for phylogenetic analysis. New TEM data on a great variety of cestode species are urgently needed. Until now, this field has not been exploited in a systematic fashion. Until more comprehensive studies become available, the current data are not yet amenable to analysis.
The Feasibility of Six-Minute and Two-Minute Walk Tests in In-patient Geriatric Rehabilitation
Authors: Brooks Dina , Davis Aileen M. , Naglie Gary 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTObjective: To evaluate the feasibility of the 6-minute and 2-minute walk tests in frail older persons.Design: Pre/post–design with measures at admission and discharge to in-patient geriatric rehabilitation.Participants: Fifty-two subjects (35 women, 17 men; age 80 ± 8 years).Results: Only 1 of the first 8 subjects could complete a single trial of the 6-minute walk test at admission. The 2-minute walk test was feasible in this population, with 50 (out of 52) subjects able to complete at least one trial at admission. There was an increase in distance walked when three trials of the 2-minute walk were performed, at both admission and discharge (p < 0.0001).Conclusion: The 2-minute walk test is a feasible measure of functional capacity and was better tolerated than the 6-minute walk test in older persons in geriatric rehabilitation. Consideration needs to be given to the potential of a training effect or the need for repeated measures to obtain a best estimate for the 2-minute walk test.
Cover Picture: Epitaxial Growth of Indium Arsenide Nanowires on Silicon Using Nucleation Templates Formed by Self‐Assembled Organic Coatings (Adv. Mater. 14/2007)
Authors: Mårtensson T. , Wagner J. B. , Hilner E. , Mikkelsen A. , Thelander C. , Stangl J. , Ohlsson B. J. , Gustafsson A. , Lundgren E. , Samuelson L. , Seifert W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractOn p. 1801, Lars  Samuelson and co‐workers report on InAs nanowires that are grown directly on Si substrates by employing self‐assembled organic coatings to create an oxide template which guides nanowire nucleation. The nanowires extend vertically from the Si(111) substrate (foreground). No metal catalysts are used, and the InAs crystal extends to the nanowire tip as shown in the atomically resolved transmission electron microscopy image (dome background). The reported method constitutes a promising approach to the integration of new components into existing Si technology.
Thalidomide for the treatment of histiocytic sarcoma after hematopoietic stem cell transplant
Authors: Abidi Muneer H. , Tove Isaacson , Ibrahim Rami B. , Maria Dan , Peres Edward 
Published: July 2007

AbstractHistiocytic sarcoma (HS) is a rare neoplasm of uncertain etiology. Most recently, the diagnostic criteria for this entity have been revised with inclusion of diagnostic modalities such as immunohistochemical and cytogentic techniques. HS tends to have an aggressive clinical course and presents with systemic symptoms of fever, weight loss, adenopathy, hepatosplenomegly, rash, and pancytopenia. Thalidomide is a promising agent that may exert a therapeutic benefit in HS. We report a case of a 48‐year‐old female with HS who presented with fever, weight loss, fatigue, generalized anasarca, and pancytopenia. She underwent multi‐agent chemotherapy followed by matched unrelated hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Her disease recurred and thalidomide therapy was started, with her overall disease burden significantly reduced as measured radiographically. Am. J. Hematol. 82:932–933, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Abnormally expanded pro‐B hematogones associated with congenital cytomegalovirus infection
Authors: Intermesoli Tamara , Mangili Giovanna , Salvi Anna , Biondi Andrea , Bassan Renato 
Published: July 2007

AbstractHematogones are nonleukemic immature lymphocytes that display a B‐precursor phenotype and populate the pediatric bone marrow. We present the case of a newborn with an atypical, marked expansion of hematogones similar to the pro‐B cells of infant acute lymphoblastic leukemia, which demonstrated their nonleukemic nature through gene rearrangement analysis and were associated with a congenital cytomegalovirus infection. Am. J. Hematol. 82:934–936, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis, fabrication, mechanical, electrical, and moisture absorption study of epoxy polyurethane–jute and epoxy polyurethane–jute–rice/wheat husk composites
Authors: Mavani S. I. , Mehta N. M. , Parsania P. H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBisphenol‐C‐epoxy‐toluene diisocyanate polyurethane (PEBCT) has been synthesized and used for the fabrication of jute, jute–rice husk (JRH), and jute–wheat husk (JWH) composites. The composites have been fabricated by hand lay‐up technique under a hydraulic pressure of 30.4 MPa at 135°C for 2.5 h. PEBCT‐J, PEBCT‐JRH, and PEBCT‐JWH possess respectively, tensile strength of 37.4, 9.5, and 14.7 MPa, and flexural strength of 39.6, 12.9, and 21.3 MPa, electric strength of 1.3, 1.8, and 1.9 kV/mm and volume resistivity of 1.40 × 1013, 1.84 × 1013, and 1.91 × 1013 ohm cm. Tensile strength and flexural strength have decreased, while electric strength and volume resistivity are improved upon hybridization. PEBCT‐JWH has better interfacial bond strength and stiffness as compared to PEBCT‐JRH. Moisture uptake behavior of PEBCT‐J in water, 10% HCl and 10% NaCl at room temperature is quite different. Equilibrium moisture content of PEBCT‐J in 10% NaCl (5.5%) is almost half of those in water (11.3%) and 10% HCl (13.6%) environments. Equilibrium time for saline environment is also comparatively low. Equilibrium moisture uptake in boiling water has increased 1.84 times, while equilibrium time has decreased 15.3 times. The composites may be useful for low load bearing in construction industries and for marine applications. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Synthesis of vinyl substitute poly(silphenylene‐siloxane) via silyl hydride‐dialkoxysilane process
Authors: Xunjun Chen , Yingde Cui , Guoqiang Yin , Liewen Liao 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe synthesis of vinyl‐substituted silphenylene‐siloxane polymer through B(C6F5)3 catalyzed polycondensation of 1,4‐bis(dimethylsilyl)benzene and vinylmethyldimethoxysilane is described. 1H‐NMR, 29Si‐NMR, and UV spectroscopy indicate that the vinyl groups remain undamaged during the polycondensation reaction. No hydrosilylation side reaction is observed under the reaction conditions. The microstructure of the polymer is not perfectly alternating with a randomization of 20%. The temperature for 5% mass loss is 430°C in inert atmosphere and 417°C in oxidative atmosphere with a residue of 56% at 700°C. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
pH‐sensitive alginate/soy protein microspheres as drug transporter
Authors: Zheng Hua , Zhou Ziyan , Chen Yun , Huang Jin , Xiong Fuliang 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe complex microspheres based on alginate (AL) and soy protein isolate (SPI) were prepared by solution blending and then Ca2+ crosslinking, and their function as drug carrier was explored as well. The effects of composition on the structures of microspheres were studied, and the XRD results proved the miscibility between components. Meanwhile, FTIR results suggested that such miscibility was driven by strong hydrogen bonding. Especially, the complex microsphere with equal content of AL and SPI had the best miscibility by morphological analysis, shown as a smooth and uniform surface of SEM images. The controlled release function of the complex microspheres was verified using theophylline as a drug model, that is, the swelling and drug release were affected by pH conditions and showed obvious differences under given pH of stomach, intestine, and colon. Moreover, the intestine and colon may be optimal site for prompt release of drugs. Except for the attribution of AL component to pH sensitivity, the complex microspheres also inherited the bioactivity of SPI component, which may lower irritants of drug to the tissues in body. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Investigation on characterization and transfection of a novel multi‐polyplex gene delivery system
Authors: Nie Yu , Yuan Wen‐Min , Gong Tao , Lu Jiao , Fu Yao , Zhang Zhi‐Rong 
Published: July 2007

AbstractpDNA was condensed by polycationic peptide polylysine (PLL) to form a core, and then encapsulated in biodegradable monomethoxy (poly ethylene glycol)‐poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide)‐monomethoxy (poly ethylene glycol) (PELGE) to form core‐shell nanoparticles (NPs) as a novel multi‐polyplex gene delivery system—PPD(PELGE‐PLL‐DNA). NPs were prepared by a double emulsification‐solvent evaporation technique, using F68 (Pluronic F68, namely Poloxamer 188) as surfactant (not traditional stabilizer PVA), and characterized by morphology, particle size, zeta potential, nuclease, and sonication protection ability, as well as transfection efficiency. Results showed that PPD had a regular spherical shape, with an average diameter of 155 ± 2.97 nm and a zeta potential of −25.6 ± 1.35 mV. PPD could protect plasmid DNA from nuclease degradation and sonication during preparation, while the transfection efficiencies in HepG2 cells and Hela cells were much higher than that of NPs without PLL. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Formation of [Ru(bpy)3]2+‐Containing Microstructures Induced by Electrostatic Assembly and Their Application in Solid‐State Detection of Electrochemiluminescence
Authors: Sun Xuping , Du Yan , Zhang Lixue , Dong Shaojun , Wang Erkang 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTris(2,2′‐bipyridine)ruthenium(II) ([Ru(bpy)3]2+) is one of the most extensively studied and used electrochemiluminescent (ECL) compounds owing to its superior properties, which include high sensitivity and stability under moderate conditions in aqueous solution. In this paper we present a simple method for the preparation of [Ru(bpy)3]2+‐containing microstructures based on electrostatic assembly. The formation of such microstructures occurs in a single process by direct mixing of aqueous solutions of [Ru(bpy)3]Cl2 and K3[Fe(CN)6] at room temperature. The electrostatic interactions between [Ru(bpy)3]2+ cations and [Fe(CN)6]3− anions cause them to assemble into the resulting microstructures. Both the molar ratio and concentration of reactants were found to have strong influences on the formation of these microstructures. Most importantly, the resulting [Ru(bpy)3]2+‐containing microstructures exhibit excellent ECL behavior and, therefore, hold great promise for solid‐state ECL detection in capillary electrophoresis (CE) or CE microchips.
Rotationsschwankungen der Erde und Leistung der Potsdamer Quarzuhren 1954–1957
Authors: Uhink W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDie Bearbeitung der Stände der Quarzuhren in den Jahren 1954 bis 1957 ergab außer den Rotationsschwankungen der Erde einen Jahreseffekt, der für alle Potsdamer Uhren mit derselben Phase, aber mit unterschiedlichen Amplituden auftritt. Die Deutung und Beseitigung dieser Jahreswelle muß weiteren Messungen an den Quarzuhren selbst vorbehalten bleiben.
Neue Veränderliche in hoher Deklination
Authors: Strohmeier W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAuf alten Babelsberger Ernostar‐Platten wurden 8 neue Veränderliche entdeckt; darunter sind 2 Bedeckungs‐veränderliche, deren Elemente und Lichtkurven abgeleitet werden.
Halobildung beim Kometen 1925II
Authors: Weigert A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractEs werden verschiedene Möglichkeiten der Bildung von Staubhalos beim Auftreffen schneller solarer Korpuskularströme auf den Kometen 1925 II diskutiert. Dabei wird das Whipplesche Modell des Kometenkernes vorausgesetzt. Halobildungen, die zu merklichen Steigerungen der Helligkeit (1m bis 3m) führen, sind in verschiedener Weise erklärbar. Für die Ausbreitungsgeschwindigkeiten ergeben sich Werte von 103 bis zu einigen 104 cm sec−1. Die wesentliche Ursache für diese Halobildungen dürfte aber in Inhomogenitäten des Kernaufbaus liegen. Eine Korrelation zu den erdmagnetischen Stürmen ist nicht wahrscheinlich. Auch das vorliegende Beobachtungsmaterial läßt hierüber keine eindeutigen Schlüsse zu.