bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Moenocinol and Its Analogues Using BT‐Sulfone in Julia—Kocienski Olefination.
Authors: Huang Hung‐Jyun , Yang Wen‐Bin 
Published: May 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Cyclic Ether via Intramolecular Acyloin Condensation.
Authors: Saito Tatsuo , Kimishima Atsushi , Nakata Tadashi 
Published: May 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Aryl—Aryl Bond Formation by Transition‐Metal‐Catalyzed Direct Arylation
Authors: Alberico Dino , Scott Mark E. , Lautens Mark 
Published: May 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Photoinduced‐Electron‐Transfer Chemistry: From Studies on PET Processes to Applications in Natural Product Synthesis
Authors: Griesbeck Axel G. , Hoffmann Norbert , Warzecha Klaus‐Dieter 
Published: May 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Spider Venoms: A Rich Source of Acylpolyamines and Peptides as New Leads for CNS Drugs
Authors: Estrada Georgina , Villegas Elba , Corzo Gerardo 
Published: May 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy for Direct Imaging of Reaction Rates
Authors: Wittstock Gunther , Burchardt Malte , Pust Sascha E. , Shen Yan , Zhao Chuan 
Published: May 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Organization of the torus longitudinalis in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): An immunohistochemical study of the GABAergic system and a DiI tract‐tracing study
Authors: Folgueira Mónica , Sueiro Catalina , Rodríguez‐Moldes Isabel , Yáñez Julián , Anadón Ramón 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe torus longitudinalis (TL) is a tectum‐associated structure of actinopterygian fishes. The organization of the TL of rainbow trout was studied with Nissl staining, Golgi methods, immunocytochemistry with antibodies to γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), and the GABAA receptor subunits δ and β2/β3, and with tract tracing methods. Two types of neuron were characterized: medium‐sized GABAergic neurons and small GABA‐negative granule cells. GABAA receptor subunit δ‐like immunoreactivity delineated two different TL regions, ventrolateral and central. Small GABAergic cells were also observed in marginal and periventricular strata of the optic tectum. These results indicate the presence of local GABAergic inhibitory circuits in the TL system. For tract‐tracing, a lipophilic dye (DiI) was applied to the TL and to presumed toropetal nuclei or toral targets. Toropetal neurons were observed in the optic tectum, in pretectal (central, intermediate, and paracommissural) nuclei, in the subvalvular nucleus, and associated with the pretectocerebellar tract. Torofugal fibers were numerous in the stratum marginale of the optic tectum. Toropetal pretectal nuclei also project to the cerebellum, and a few TL cells project to the cerebellar corpus. The pyramidal cells of the trout tectum were also studied by Golgi methods and local DiI labeling. The connections of trout TL revealed here were more similar to those recently reported in carp and holocentrids (Ito et al. [2003] J. Comp. Neurol. 457:202–211; Xue et al. [2003] J. Comp. Neurol. 462:194–212), than to those reported in earlier studies. However, important differences in organization of toropetal nuclei were noted between salmonids and these other teleosts. J. Comp. Neurol. 503:348–370, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Colocalization and shared distribution of endomorphins with substance P, calcitonin gene‐related peptide, γ‐aminobutyric acid, and the mu opioid receptor
Authors: Greenwell Thomas N. , Martin‐Schild Sheryl , Inglis Fiona M. , Zadina James E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe endomorphins are endogenous opioids with high affinity and selectivity for the mu opioid receptor (MOR, MOR‐1, MOP). Endomorphin‐1 (Tyr‐Pro‐Trp‐Phe‐NH2; EM1) and endomorphin‐2 (Tyr‐Pro‐Phe‐Phe‐NH2; EM2) have been localized to many regions of the central nervous system (CNS), including those that regulate antinociception, autonomic function, and reward. Colocalization or shared distribution (overlap) of two neurotransmitters, or a transmitter and its cognate receptor, may imply an interaction of these elements in the regulation of functions mediated in that region. For example, previous evidence of colocalization of EM2 with substance P (SP), calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP), and MOR in primary afferent neurons suggested an interaction of these peptides in pain modulation. We therefore investigated the colocalization of EM1 and EM2 with SP, CGRP, and MOR in other areas of the CNS. EM2 was colocalized with SP and CGRP in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and with SP, CGRP and MOR in the parabrachial nucleus. Several areas in which EM1 and EM2 showed extensive shared distributions, but no detectable colocalization with other signaling molecules, are also described. J. Comp. Neurol. 503:319–333, 2007. Published 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Down‐regulation of mRNAs for synaptic adhesion molecules neuroligin‐2 and ‐3 and synCAM1 in spinal motoneurons after axotomy
Authors: Zelano Johan , Wallquist Wilhelm , Hailer Nils P. , Cullheim Staffan 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAfter peripheral axotomy, synapses are eliminated from the somata of spinal motoneurons. Recent evidence indicates that synaptic adhesion molecules play a role in maintenance of synaptic contacts, but so far such molecules have not been investigated in the context of synapse elimination after injury. In vitro, the neuroligins (NLGs) and SynCAM1 drive formation of synapses, and RNAi of NLGs results in decreased synaptic input, indicating an important role for these molecules in synaptic biology. To address potential involvement of NLGs and SynCAMs in postinjury synapse elimination, we investigated the mRNA expression of NLG1, ‐2, and ‐3; SynCAM1 and ‐3; and PSD‐95—an intracellular NLG‐binding scaffolding protein—in rat spinal motoneurons in control animals and after sciatic nerve transection (SNT). mRNA signals for NLG2, NLG3, SynCAM1, and SynCAM3, but not NLG1, were seen in uninjured motoneurons. Immunoreactivity for SynCAM was seen in close relation to synaptophysin immunoreactivity on the surface of motoneurons and in close relation to neurofilament immunoreactivity in the sciatic nerve. After axotomy, the signals for NLG2, NLG3, and SynCAM1 mRNAs decreased, whereas the signal for NLG1 mRNA remained undetectable and that for SynCAM3 remained at control levels. The signal for PSD‐95 mRNA decreased gradually and reached approximately 50% of control values 2 weeks after axotomy. Thus the retrograde response to axotomy of spinal motoneurons involves a rapid down‐regulation of NLG2, NLG3, and SynCAM1 mRNAs and a gradual decrease in PSD‐95 mRNA. This indicates that down‐regulation of synaptic adhesion molecules plays a role in postinjury synapse elimination. J. Comp. Neurol. 503:308–318, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of X‐ray extinction in crystals with inhomogeniously distributed dislocations
Authors: Masimov M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe secondary extinction theory of Zachariasen for mosaic crystals as well as the formalism of Becker&Coppens have been used for substructure analysis (lattice disorientations, block size, density of excess dislocations, etc.) in crystals with inhomogeniously distributed dislocations in the Bragg case of diffraction geometry. In the case of large crystals DS ≫ Λhkl the mean total density ρD of randomly distributed dislocations was also estimated taking into account additionally the primary X‐ ray extinction treatment. In this connection two cases are considered: I) pure secondary extinction related to arrangement of dislocation walls and II) mixed extinction in crystals with large subgrains related to randomly distributed dislocations and arrangement of dislocation walls. In order to check the considerations, the experimental and calculated data were compared for Be (model I) and Cu (model II) single crystals. The weakly distorted single crystals of Be and Cu were experimentally investigated in the Bragg case of diffraction geometry using Cu Kα1 radiation by means of double crystal diffractometer. A new experimental procedure was proposed. Using alternative technique for substructure analysis (for instance EBSD) the reliability of analysis based on extinction phenomenon in weakly distorted single crystals has been checked. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Study of lactose crystallization in water‐acetone solutions
Authors: Brito A. B. N. , Giulietti M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper describes a study on the process of lactose crystallization using a water‐acetone solution. The selection of lactose was based on its significance for the pharmaceutical and food industries and on the fact that the crystallization of this organic compound has been little studied and is, unlike inorganic compounds, complex. The objective was to achieve lactose batch crystallization of solutions by analyzing the crystal growth under different operating conditions. To determine solubility curves, the experiments were carried out based on gravimetric methods. All the crystallization experiments were performed according to the methodology proposed by Nývlt in 1985, who uses the temperature at which the first crystals appear (nucleation) to establish the width of the metastable zone and the induction time. The results showed that crystals with different average diameters, shape factors, and recovered mass were obtained for different water‐acetone compositions. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Colloidal CdS/SiO2 Nanocomposite Particles from Charged Colloids of CdS and Silica
Authors: Roskamp Meike , Schaper Andreas K. , Wendorff Joachim H. , Schlecht Sabine 
Published: May 2007

AbstractColloidal CdS/SiO2 nanocomposite particles were prepared from soluble negatively charged silica particles (d = 150 nm) and positively charged ligand‐stabilised CdS particles (d = 3 nm). The positively charged ligand shell of the CdS particles is constituted of thiocholine [TC, trimethyl(2‐sulfanylethyl)azanium chloride]. As a quaternary nitrogen atom carries the charge in this ligand, the positive charge on the particles is basically independent of the pH value of the solution. A neutral pH value was chosen for the deposition of the CdS particles on the larger silica particles which already contain a significant negative charge under these conditions. The obtained nanocomposite particles were characterised by optical spectroscopy, gel electrophoresis and electron microscopy.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Phosphoramidite quinaphos‐Type Ligands for Highly Selective Ni‐Catalysed Asymmetric C–C Bond Forming Reactions
Authors: Diez‐Holz Christiane J. , Böing Christian , Franciò Giancarlo , Hölscher Markus , Leitner Walter 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMonodentate quinaphos phosphoramidites bearing different substituents in the 2‐position of the 1,2‐dihydroquinoline backbone were synthesised and characterised. Computational, NMR spectroscopic and X‐ray crystallographic methods were used for the elucidation of the structure in solution and in the solid state. Diastereomerically pure ligands were used in the nickel‐catalysed asymmetric hydrovinylation of styrene as well as in the cycloisomerisation of diethyl diallylmalonate. Enantiomeric excesses up to 91 % for the hydrovinylation reaction and up to 46 % for the cycloisomerisation reaction were obtained, accompanied with unprecedented high activities and regioselectivities. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Gel immobilization of acrylamide‐modified single‐stranded DNA template for pyrosequencing
Authors: Xiao Pengfeng , Huang Huan , Zhou Guohua , Lu Zuhong 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA novel two‐step process was developed to prepare ssDNA templates for pyrosequencing. First, PCR‐amplified DNA templates modified with an acrylamide group and acrylamide monomers were copolymerized in 0.1 M NaOH solution to form polyacrylamide gel spots. Second, ssDNA templates for pyrosequencing were prepared by removing electrophoretically unbound complementary strands, unmodified PCR primers, inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi), and excess deoxyribonucleotides under alkali conditions. The results show that the 3‐D polyacrylamide gel network has a high immobilization capacity and the modified PCR fragments are efficiently captured. After electrophoresis, gel spots copolymerized from 10 μL of the crude PCR products and the acrylamide monomers contain template molecules on the order of pmol, which generate enough light to be detected by a regular photomultiplier tube. The porous structure of gel spots facilitated the fast transportation of the enzyme, dNTPs and other reagents, and the solution‐mimicking microenvironment guaranteed polymerase efficiency for pyrosequencing. Successful genotyping from the crude PCR products was demonstrated. This method can be applied in any laboratory; it is cheap, fast, simple, and has the potential to be incorporated into a DNA‐chip format for high‐throughput pyrosequencing analysis.
Probabilistic structural response assessment using vector‐valued intensity measures
Authors: Baker Jack W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMethods for using scalar and vector ground motion intensity parameters to estimate the probabilistic relationship between ground motion intensity and structural response are described and compared. Options include using regression analysis on structural analysis results from a set of unscaled (or uniformly scaled) ground motions, or fitting a probability distribution to the analysis results from scaled ground motions analysed using incremental dynamic analysis and related methods. Past methods for using scalar ground motion intensity are reviewed, and methods for utilizing improved vector‐valued intensity measures (IMs) are proposed. ‘Hybrid’ estimation methods that obtain the benefit of vector‐valued IMs using simplified techniques such as careful record selection are also discussed. The results are then combined with models for ground motion occurrence obtained from probabilistic seismic hazard analysis to compute seismic reliability, and the results obtained from the various methods are compared. In general, a tradeoff must be made between the accuracy of the functional relationship between ground motion intensity and structural response versus the number of structural analyses needed for estimation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A navigational guidance system in the human brain
Authors: Spiers Hugo J. , Maguire Eleanor A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFinding your way in large‐scale space requires knowing where you currently are and how to get to your goal destination. While much is understood about the neural basis of one's current position during navigation, surprisingly little is known about how the human brain guides navigation to goals. Computational accounts argue that specific brain regions support navigational guidance by coding the proximity and direction to the goal, but empirical evidence for such mechanisms is lacking. Here, we scanned subjects with functional magnetic resonance imaging as they navigated to goal destinations in a highly accurate virtual simulation of a real city. Brain activity was then analyzed in combination with metric measures of proximity and direction to goal destinations that were derived from each individual subject's coordinates at every second of navigation. We found that activity in the medial prefrontal cortex was positively correlated, and activity in a right subicular/entorhinal region was negatively correlated with goal proximity. By contrast, activity in bilateral posterior parietal cortex was correlated with egocentric direction to goals. Our results provide empirical evidence for a navigational guidance system in the human brain, and define more precisely the contribution of these three brain regions to human navigation. In addition, these findings may also have wider implications for how the brain monitors and integrates different types of information in the service of goal‐directed behavior in general. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Can a community development model be used for health programmes in an industrialized country?
Authors: Bjaras Gunilla 
Published: May 2007

AbstractInjury resulting from accident is a serious public health problem in Sweden, as it is in the rest of the world. Theoretically, almost all incidents can be prevented. However, in practice, injury‐prevention is a complex problem. A community‐level intervention programme for prevention of accidents was developed in the municipality of Sollentuna, Stockholm County. The primary strategy has been to involve the community through representatives as well as through local organizations and groups. Project organization has been built up in cooperation with the municipal primary health‐care department, local authorities, voluntary organizations and citizen agencies. A common opinion is that it is the actual process in a community programme which is important, that alters the type of involvement from a ‘top‐down’ to a ‘bottom‐up’ approach. Can a local community take over responsibility for running such a programme which has been initiated by an external authority or organization? We think that, at least for Swedish circumstances, the community development approach is far too optimistic in its expectation that community members should and can stay actively involved in programme decisions. Based on our experience, it does not seem possible to maintain a broad self‐sustained programme solely with input from community members.
The validity of a visual analogue scale in determining social utility weights for health states
Authors: Nord Erik 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAsking people to place health states on a visual analogue scale is a commonly used technique for establishing social utility weights for life years. Recently, the technique has been adopted for setting priorities in the Oregon Medicaid Program in the US; as well as by the Euroqol© Group in their development of an instrument meant to serve as a tool for linking cross‐national valuations of health states. However, it is unclear what people mean when they value health states on a visual analogue scale. In a series of empirical studies, subjects expressed little depth of intention in relation to the valuations beyond the act of ranking states. Comparisons of the valuations, with valuations elicited by means of the equivalence of numbers technique, indicated that intervals between states on the visual analogue scale must be weighted more the closer they are to the bottom of the scale. This is the same as saying that visual analogue scale values should not be used directly as utility weights for life years. A transformation of the values is needed, and a power function may be suitable for this purpose.
Innovation as hospital culture: A trial and demonstration facility in an acute‐care hospital ward
Authors: Soar Jeffrey , Ayres Dianne 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis short communication describes the establishment of a trial and demonstration facility for new products, technologies, methods and procedures in an acute‐care hospital ward at Concord Hospital in Sydney, Australia. The importance of innovation for all businesses, including hospitals, is discussed; and, why a project like the Model Ward can promote innovation as part of the corporate culture. The Model Ward development, implementation and its benefits are reported on and discussed.
Quality of care assessment of public and private outpatient clinics in Metro Cebu, the Philippines
Authors: Peters David H. , Becker Stan 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDespite large investments in primary health care in developing countries, evaluation of the quality of services has been neglected. Managers need information on service quality to identify specific ways to improve health‐care delivery, and to determine how health programs can achieve their desired effects.We tested several quality‐assessment methods in 48 public and private outpatient clinics in Metro Cebu, The Philippines. Structured observations of immunization sessions and clinic logistics highlighted functional problems at particular clinics that contributed to shortages of vaccines, sterilized needles and oral rehydration salts (ORS). Quality assessment of medical records for the treatment of diarrhea revealed a wide variation in the recorded quality of services. Clinical case histories were presented to public and private providers, who advised different approaches for case management, highlighting areas where improvement is needed. For example, public providers were more likely to use ORS to treat dehydration; private providers were more likely to enquire about symptoms of dysentery. Private providers were more likely to treat a mild respiratory infection with antibiotics, but few providers were likely to prescribe antibiotics for a child with signs suggestive of severe pneumonia. Advice to mothers was insufficient in most areas. These quality‐assessment methods can be used by managers to develop training curricula and solve problems in the delivery of primary health‐care services.
Using indicators to assess quality of hospital services in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Thomason Jane , Edwards Keith 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn 1989 a study was undertaken to examine the costs of hospital services in Papua New Guinea. A total of 13 of the country's 19 provincial hospitals were surveyed. In addition, data were collected on key indicators of the quality of service provided by each hospital. These selected indicators provide a measure of the quality of administration and management, patient care, buildings and equipment and essential drugs in hospitals. Weaknesses in management and administration were found in all hospitals. Deficits were also found in other important areas. The use of a simple scoring system enabled the identification of those hospitals falling short of expected levels of quality. This paper presents a description of the performance of the surveyed hospitals over a range of indicators, discusses the implications of the findings and suggests further work to develop a regular quality‐assurance programme in hospitals.