bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phosphorylation of Nucleotides with Inorganic Cyclo-Triphosphate
Authors: Tsuhako Mitsutomo , Kunitomi Rumi , Baba Yoshinobu , Miyajima Tohru 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Phosphorylation of nucleotides (nucleoside 3′- and 5′-monophosphates, and 2′-deoxynucleoside 5′-monophosphates) with inorganic sodium cyclo-triphosphate (P3m) was studied in aqueous solutions under various conditions (mixing ratio of P3m to nucleotides, pH, reaction temperature, and time). (I) Unprotected nucleoside 5′-monophosphates (5′-NMP’s) were easily phosphorylated at the cis-2′,3′-diol by P3m to form selectively nucleoside 2′,5′-bis(monophosphate) (2′,5′-NDP’s), nucleoside 3′,5′-bis(monophosphate) (3′,5′-NDP’s), and nucleoside 2′,3′-cyclic 5′-bis(monophosphate) (cNDP’s). (2) The phosphorylation of 5′-NMP’s was strongly dependent on mixing ratio, pH, reaction temperature, and time. Under conditions of high mixing ratios of P3m to 5′-NMP’s (5:1–10:1), high pH (12), and room temperature, 92–98% of 5′-NMP’s was converted into 3′,5′-NDP’s and 2′,5′-NDP’s in roughly equimolar quantities. (3) Small quantities (5–8%) of cNDP’s were formed at the initial stage of reaction of 5′-NMP’s with P3m but in the course of the reaction for a long period, cNDP’s were hydrolyzed to 2′,5′-NDP’s and 3′,5′-NDP’s. (4) Nucleoside 3′-monophosphates (3′-NMP’s) and 2′-deoxynucleoside 5′-monophosphates (dNMP’s) could not be phosphorylated by P3m, which indicates that the presence of hydroxyl groups at both 2′- and 3′-positions on nucleotides is indispensable for the phosphorylation of nucleotides with P3m. (5) The mechanism of the formation of 2′,5′-NDP’s, 3′,5′-NDP’s, and cNDP’s in the phosphorylation of 5′-NMP’s with P3m is discussed.
Reaction of 1,2-Dichloroethane with Pyridine Using the 1R,4S,8R,11S-Tetramethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecanenickel(II) Cation as a Probe
Authors: Iwamoto Etsuro , Yokoyama Takashi , Nishimoto Jun , Yamashita Tamao , Kumamaru Takahiro 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A spectral change of the title square planar cation [Ni(tmc)]2+ by an axial ligation of the halide ions in nitrobenzene was applied to kinetic studies of pyridine and alkyl halides. The ligation of the chloride ions proceeds with a formation constant of more than 1×104 dm3 mol−1 and rapidly with a rate of less than millisecond. It was found that 1,2-dichloroethane and dichloromethane react with pyridine through the Menschutkin reaction with a rate constant of 1.2×10−8 and 3.7×10−9 dm3 mol−1 s−1 at 35°C, respectively.
The Hypervirial Condition upon Coulson–Longuet–Higgins Polarizabilities in the Hückel Model
Authors: Isihara Makoto 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
This paper describes a fundamental condition upon Coulson–Longuet–Higgins polarizabilities in the Hückel model. The condition, named the hypervirial condition upon polarizabilities, consists of linear equations to be fulfilled by polarizabilities, being derivable from the hypervirial condition upon site electron densities and bond orders. The hypervirial condition upon polarizabilities can lead us to various simple relationships between polarizabilities, aided by the two auxiliary conditions stemming from the conservation of the number of electrons and from the Hellmann–Feynman theorem. The relationships, being characteristic of a system, will be useful for considering the reactivity of the system within the Hückel model. Several examples for typical systems are given to illustrate how the hypervirial and the auxiliary conditions work practically.
Mechanism of 2-Propanol Dehydrogenation with Suspended Nikel Fine-Particle Catalyst
Authors: Yamashita Masaru , Dai Feng-Yuen , Suzuki Minoru , Saito Yasukazu 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Selective dehydrogenation of 2-propanol was performed with a suspended nickel fine-particle catalyst at high activity under refluxing conditions. The isotope effects, kH⁄kD for (CH3)2CDOH and (CD3)2CDOD were found to be 2.56 and 2.69, respectively, in contrast to 1.68 for (CH3)2CHOD, suggesting that the C–H bond dissociation at the methine position is rate-determining. With regard to (CH3)2CHOD and (CH3)2CDOH, a distinct difference was observed for the deuterium distributions among the liquid-phase components after the reaction, since deuterium transfer from the hydroxyl to the methyl and other groups proceeded tremendously for (CH3)2CHOD, whereas the methine group of (CH3)2CDOH changed little, even after a 5-h reaction under refluxing conditions. This contrast was well accounted for by the difficult splitting of the methine C–H bond and the facile dissociation of the hydroxyl group, in addition to a gradual H–D exchange due to the keto–enol equilibriation of the adsorbed acetone and the hydrogen transfer from 2-propanol to acetone. Distributions of H2, HD, and D2 were interpreted as well, which varied with the reaction periods and the kinds of substrates. Based on the proposed mechanism, strategies for a catalyst improvement suitable for a newly-proposed chemical heat pump system are discussed.
Nitriles in Heterocyclic Synthesis. Synthesis and Reactions of Pyrano[3,2-h]quinoline Derivatives
Authors: Khalil Z H , Abdel-Hafez A A , Geies A A , Kamal El-Dean A M 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
8-Quinolinol reacts with cinnamonitrile derivatives in presence of a basic catalyst to afford pyrano[3,2-h]quinolines (3a–f). The reaction of 3a with reagents such as acetic anhydride/pyridine, formamide, formic acid/formamide, and carbon disulfide gave the fused heterotetracyclic systems pyrimido[4′,5′: 6,5]pyrano[3,2-h]quinolines.
Synthesis of 2-(Trimethylsilyl)ethyl Benzenesulfenate and Benzeneselenenate and Their Reaction with Some Electrophiles in the Presence of Tetrabutylammonium Fluoride
Authors: Oida Tatsuo , Ohnishi Atsushi , Shimamaki Toshiharu , Hayashi Yoshiyuki , Tanimoto Shigeo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
2-(Trimethylsilyl)ethyl benzenesulfenate was allowed to react with several halides in the presence of tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF) to afford the corresponding phenyl sulfoxides as the main product. In the reaction of 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl benzeneselenenate and several halides with TBAF, the corresponding alcohols were obtained as the main product.
On the Mechanism of the Cleavage Reaction of (Methylthio)methyl Ether with Triphenylmethyl Cation
Authors: Niwa Haruki , Miyachi Yasuyoshi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The cleavage reaction of a (methylthio)methyl (MTM) ether with triphenylmethyl cation was not initiated by the previously proposed hydride abstraction with triphenylmethyl cation but promoted by the coordination of triphenylmethyl cation as a Lewis acid to the sulfur atom in the MTM group.
Preparation of Pyrazoles Using Hydrazyl Radicals Initiated by DPPH
Authors: Yoshihara Nobutoshi , Hasegawa Tadashi , Hasegawa Sadao 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Hydrazyl radicals, initiated by DPPH, reacted with α,β-unsaturated ketones without any good leaving group on their β-positions to yield pyrazoles regio-selectively.
Catalytic Activity of Bismuth(III) Chloride for Dehydrochlorination of Poly(vinyl chloride)
Authors: Uemichi Yoshio , Takuma Kazuhiko , Sugioka Masatoshi , Kanazuka Takaji 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Bismuth(III) chloride was found to be highly active as a catalyst for the dehydrochlorination of poly(vinyl chloride). The degree of dehydrochlorination was 97% at the highest. The catalyst showed high activity even in water vapor.
Sorption of Anionic Surfactants with Wood Charcoal
Authors: Fujita Itsusei , Tomooka Jyo , Sugimura Tsugiharu 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The possibility of wood charcoal as an adsorbent, not as an energy source as in the past, was confirmed by the use of an anionic surfactant as the model adsorbate, and a trial sorption of polluting substances in an actual river by a wood charcoal column was conducted.
Studies on 4-Thiazolidinones. IX, The Conversion of 5-Substituted 2-Thioxo-4-thiazolidinones into Corresponding 2,4-Thiazolidinediones
Authors: Omar Mohamed T , Fouli Abd-Elrehiem , El-Garhi Mahmoud Z 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The thioxo to oxo conversion in a variety of 2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinones 1 and 2 has been achieved simply by treating with bromine. A postulate for the route of interconversion is given and structures of all products are evidenced by analytical and spectral data.
Strong van der Waals Interactions in Water. Molecular Complexes of Porphyrins and Quinones in Organic and Aqueous Media
Authors: Kano Koji , Hayakawa Tadashi , Hashimoto Shizunobu 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The stability of the molecular complexes between 5,10,15,20-tetraarylporphyrins and quinones in organic solvents has been compared with that in water. 5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(mono-substituted phenyl)porphines (RTPPs) hardly form molecular complexes with p-benzoquinone (BQ), 2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-p-benzoquinone (DQ), and 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-p-benzoquinone (CQ) in dichloromethane (K&gt;60 mol−1 dm3). In contrast, the stability constants (K&lt;60 mol−1 dm3) for the molecular complexes of cationic porphyrins (TMPyP and TAPP) with BQ in water are much larger than those in methanol. The thermodynamic parameters clearly indicate that complexation in water is an enthalpically favorable process, suggesting that the van der Waals interactions are the main binding forces and that hydrophobic interaction does not play an important role in complex formation in water. The larger stability of the molecular complexes in water can be interpreted in terms of the nature of water, as demonstrated by Smithrud and Diederich (D. B. Smithrud and F. Diederich, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 112, 339 (1990)). The microscopically hydrophobic porphyrin ring many hardly be hydrated and interact with BQ through the van der Waals interactions without an extensive dehydration process. The water molecules bound to BQ should be released upon complexation, and the released water molecules may be incorporated tightly into the hydrogen-bonding networks of water. Such complexation in water seems to be an enthalpically favorable process.
Thermally Irreversible Photochromic Systems. Reversible Photocyclization of Non-Symmetric Diarylethene Derivatives
Authors: Nakayama Yasuhide , Hayashi Koichiro , Irie Masahiro 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Non-symmetric diarylethenes with an indole ring on one end and a thiophene, a benzo[b]thiophene, or a pyrrole ring on the other end of the double bond were synthesized in an attempt to get thermally irreversible photochromic compounds having absorption bands at longer wavelengths. 2-(1,2-Dimethyl-3-indolyl)-3-(2,4,5-trimethyl-3-thienyl)maleic anhydride(8a) underwent photoinduced cyclization/ring-opening reactions with relatively high quantum yields (cyclization quantum yield: 0.15; ring-opening quantum yield: 0.40), and the both isomers were thermally stable. The closed-ring form had the absorption maximum at 595 nm with the edge extending to 760 nm. Cyclization/ring-opening reactions of 8a and 2-(1,2-dimethyl-3-indolyl)-3-(2-methyl-3-benzo[b]thienyl)maleic anhydride (9a) were induced by Ar ion (488 nm) and He–Ne (633 nm) lasers.
Resonance Raman Active Vibrations of Rubredoxin. Normal Coordinate Analysis of a 423-Atom Model
Authors: Saito Hiroshi , Imai Takeo , Wakita Kaori , Urushiyama Akio , Yagi Tatsuhiko 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Normal coordinate analyses were performed on three molecular models of the rubredoxin of Desulfovibrio vulgaris, Desulfovibrio gigas, and Clostridium pasteurianum. The total 1081, 1093, and 1148 internal coordinates were specified by the X-ray analyzed coordinates of the 390, 399, and 423 atoms, respectively, in a mass-group approximation. The appropriately assumed values of Urey–Bradley force constants as well as some diagonal values of out-of-plane bending and torsional forces gave 146, 146, and 148 normal modes, respectively, in 250–450 cm−1 region. These are the deformational vibrations within the peptide skeleton of the protein molecules. The Fe–S stretching displacements of the FeS4 core contribute to a limited number of these vibrations. The modes having a totally symmetric Fe–S stretching contribution confined within a frequency region of 290–330 cm−1 in which the principal resonance Raman band of rubredoxin has been reported, and the several minor resonance Raman bands reported in the higher frequency region of 330–420 cm−1 were assigned to noraml modes having a non-totally symmetric Fe–S stretching character. The PED values indicated that all of these modes are constructed mostly by the deformational displacements in the peptide skeleton widely spread into the molecule around the FeS4 core. This feature is very similar to the case of the blue-copper protein studied previously.
Synthesis of 3,4′-Diaryl- and 4,4′-Diaryl-2,2′-bithienyls from 2,5-Dichlorothiophene
Authors: Sone Tyo , Umetsu Yasuhiro , Sato Kazuaki 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
3,4′-Diaryl-, and 4,4′-diaryl-2,2′-bithienyls, new classes of mixed thiophene–arene oligomers, were synthesized from 2,5-dichlorothiophene via 4-aryl-2-chlorothiophene in three and two steps, respectively. Namely, a Friedel–Crafts type self-condensation of 4-aryl-2-chlorothiophene, followed by catalytic dechlorination, yielded unsymmetrical bithienyls. Homocoupling of 4-aryl-2-chlorothiophene using a nickel–phosphine catalyst gave symmetrical bithienyls.
The Synthesis and Properties of Cyclohepta[a]phenalene-6,10-, -6,12-, -7,10-, and -7,12-diones and Their Dicationic and Dianionic Species
Authors: Kuroda Shigeyasu , Kanbata Yoshinobu , Fukuyama Yuriko , Hirooka Syuzi , Takeda Hideya , Tsuchida Tomohiko , Furuki Yoko , Sumi Takayuki , Hanida Osamu , Yamada Masaki , Shimao Ichiro 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The titled new non linear non benzenoid quinone compounds of cyclohepta[a]phenalene-6,10-, -6,12-, -7,10-, and -7,12-diones have been synthesized. The dicationic species formed from quinones by protonation in a strong acid were revealed as diatropic compounds instead of a 16-pi electron system by an examination of spectral measurements, such as the 1H NMR and UV spectra. The stability of these quinones, dicationic species, and dianonic species electrically derived from quinones depends upon the positions of carbonyl groups with both steric and electronic factors.
Differential Thermal Analysis of Polyacrylonitrile in the Presence of Chlorine-Containing Polymers
Authors: Okamoto Masao , Saito Ken-ichiro , Motoishi Sadayuki 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A differential thermal analysis (DTA) of polymer blends of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) with poly (α-chloroacrylonitrile) (PCAN) and poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC), prepared by coprecipitation from a solution containing both polymers, was carried out under nitrogen. Even if a small amount of PCAN or PVC was added to PAN, the exotherm peak position due to violent polymerization of the cyano groups, which appears at ca. 260°C in pure PAN, shifts to the higher-temperature side by ca. 40°C and its intensity becomes lower. Moreover, a new generation of heat is observed above ca. 220°C and ca. 260°C in the case of PAN–PCAN and PAN–PVC, respectively. These results were associated with the HCl generated during the heating process, since the chlorine atom formed by the reaction of a thermally degraded PAN polymer radical with HCl can both initiate polymerization of the cyano groups in PAN and terminate progress in polymerization by combination. Namely, DTA behavior could be explained by the effect of initiation (in the case of PAN–PCAN) and termination (in the case of PAN–PVC) upon the polymerization of cyano groups both below and above the temperature, respectively, at which PAN begins to be subjected to a sharp transition.
Cluster-ion Ejection from IR-preheated Liquid Water through Ion Pair Created by OH Vibrational Excitation
Authors: Toyama Namiki , Kohno Jun-ya , Kondow Tamotsu 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Ions, OH−(H2O)n, were found to be ejected from a liquid beam of water under irradiation of Mid- and Near-IR lasers resonant to the fundamental and the fourth harmonic (vOH = 4) of the OH-stretching mode of liquid water, respectively. Dependence of the ion intensity on a delay time between the two lasers reveals that locally preheated water by the Mid-IR laser helps ejecting OH−(H2O)n to a vacuum through an ion pair (H+···OH−) created by the Near-IR laser.
Overview of Oral Modified-Release Opioid Products for the Management of Chronic Pain
Authors: Amabile Celene M , Bowman Bill J 
Published: July 2006

Objective: TO evaluate pharmaceutical and pharmacotherapeutic differences in oral opioid modified-release products used in the management of chronic pain. Data Sources: Searches of MEDLINE (1966–May 2006) and an extensive review of peer reviewed journals were conducted using the key search terms opioid, morphine, hydromorphone, and oxycodone. Supplemental information was gathered through the American Pain Society, and limited but relevant information was obtained from manufacturers' labeling. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All articles identified from the data sources were evaluated. Information deemed relevant was included for this review if it introduced new or well supported concepts or clarified clinical practice issues. Data Synthesis: The recognition and treatment of pain has become a major focus of healthcare professionals. The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations mandates compliance with recommended standards, outcome measures, and other initiatives. A general review of pain management and pharmacokinetic parameters are included. Conclusions: Oral modified-release products have enabled patients to better maintain pain control due to convenient dosing intervals and sustained blood concentrations. The differences between available oral modified-release products are half-life, cost, and formulation (excipients and drug-release properties).
Sitagliptin: A Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Inhibitor for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Miller Shannon A , St. Onge Erin L 
Published: July 2006

Objective: TO review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitor in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Data Sources: A MEDLINE search (1966–February 2006) was conducted for English-language articles using the terms dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor, incretin, MK-0431, and sitagliptin. Abstracts from the American Diabetes Association annual meetings in 2004 and 2005 were included as sources of data. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Articles pertaining to the pharmacology of sitagliptin, its pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy were reviewed. Data Synthesis: Sitagliptin is a potent, competitive, reversible inhibitor of the DPP-IV enzyme. It is eliminated renally, with a terminal half-life of 11.8–14.4 hours. In Phase II clinical trials, sitagliptin was found to be superior to placebo for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Results of a small trial comparing sitagliptin with glipizide indicate that both treatments are comparable. The efficacy of sitagliptin has also been demonstrated when used as adjunctive therapy with metformin. Few adverse effects have been reported. Weight gain and hypoglycemia have not been seen with sitagliptin therapy. Conclusions: Based on its unique mechanism of action, sitagliptin will provide practitioners with an additional tool in the treatment of diabetes. Review of the literature to date implies sitagliptin may be effective as monotherapy in type 2 diabetes. In addition, existing evidence supports the use of sitagliptin as adjunct therapy to sulfonylureas and metformin. Another advantage of sitagliptin use is that it appears to be free from the adverse effects of weight gain and hypoglycemia that are associated with currently available treatments.
Police officers', social workers', teachers' and the general public's beliefs about deception in children, adolescents and adults
Authors: Vrij Aldert , Akehurst Lucy , Knight Sarah 
Published: July 2006

Purpose. The present survey examined the beliefs of different occupational groups (police officers, social workers, teachers) and members of the general public about (i) cues to deception in young children (5‐ to 6‐year‐olds), adolescents (14‐ to 15‐year‐olds) and adults, and (ii) the underlying processes (emotions, cognitive load and attempted verbal and behavioural control), which may explain why cues to deceit do occur.Method. Two hundred and six participants completed a ‘cues to deception’ and ‘processes underlying deception’ questionnaire for three different age groups (young children, adolescents and adults).Results and discussion. The survey revealed that participants believed that liars are nervous, have difficulties in formulating their lies and do not fully endorse their lies. In general, participants associated more cues with deception than seems justified on the basis of deception literature. Participants generally associated the same cues to deceit for all three age groups but, when differences between age groups did emerge, this was most likely to be amongst teachers. Although participants believed that adults control their speech and behaviour more when they lie than adolescents and young children do, this did not result in participants believing that adults exhibit fewer cues to deceit. No major occupational differences emerged, although out of the four participating groups, teachers were most likely to associate cues with deception in young children.