bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nucleophosmin: A versatile molecule associated with hematological malignancies
Authors: Naoe Tomoki , Suzuki Tatsuya , Kiyoi Hitoshi , Urano Takeshi 
Published: July 2006

Nucleophosmin (NPM) is a nucleolar phosphoprotein that plays multiple roles in ribosome assembly and transport, cytoplasmic–nuclear trafficking, centrosome duplication and regulation of p53. In hematological malignancies, the NPM1 gene is frequently involved in chromosomal translocation, mutation and deletion. The NPM1 gene on 5q35 is translocated with the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene in anaplastic large cell lymphoma with t(2;5). The MLF1 and RARA genes are fused with NPM1 in myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with t(3;5) and acute promyelocytic leukemia with t(5;17), respectively. In each fused protein, the N‐terminal NPM portion is associated with oligomerization of a partner protein leading to altered signal transduction or transcription. Recently, mutations of exon 12 have been found in a significant proportion of de novo AML, especially in those with a normal karyotype. Mutant NPM is localized aberrantly in the cytoplasm, but the molecular mechanisms for leukemia remain to be studied. Studies of knock‐out mice have revealed new aspects regarding NPM1 as a tumor‐suppressor gene. This review focuses on the clinical significance of the NPM1 gene in hematological malignancies and newly discovered roles of NPM associated with oncogenesis. (Cancer Sci 2006; 97: 963–969)
Helicobacter pylori infection stimulates intestinalization of endocrine cells in glandular stomach of Mongolian gerbils
Authors: Takenaka Yoshiharu , Tsukamoto Tetsuya , Mizoshita Tsutomu , Cao Xueyuan , Ban Hisayo , Ogasawara Naotaka , Kaminishi Michio , Tatematsu Masae 
Published: July 2006

Intestinal metaplasia has been investigated extensively as a possible premalignant condition for stomach cancer but its pathogenesis is still not fully understood. In the present study, we examined the relationship between endocrine and mucous cell marker expression periodically after Helicobacter pylori infection in the Mongolian gerbil model. The numbers of chromogranin A (CgA)‐positive, gastrin‐positive and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP)‐positive cells in H. pylori‐infected groups was increased significantly compared with the non‐infected case. However, CgA‐positive and gastrin‐positive cells then decreased from 50 through 100 experimental weeks after H. pylori infection, whereas GIP‐positive cells increased. Coexistence of gastrin‐positive and GIP‐positive cells was detected in the same gastric and intestinal mixed phenotypic glandular‐type glands. In conclusion, the endocrine cell phenotype is in line with that of the mucous counterpart in the glands of H. pylori‐infected Mongolian gerbil stomach, supporting the concept that development of intestinal metaplasia is due to the abnormal differentiation of a stem cell. (Cancer Sci 2006; 97: 1015–1022)
Development of an orthotopic transplantation model in nude mice that simulates the clinical features of human lung cancer
Authors: Kang Yun , Omura Motoko , Suzuki Akiko , Oka Takashi , Nakagami Yoshihiro , Cheng Chao , Nagashima Yoji , Inoue Tomio 
Published: July 2006

The objective of the present study was to establish an orthotopic tumor transplantation model in nude mice that closely resembles the clinical features of human lung cancer. The human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cell line and the squamous cell carcinoma SQ5 cell line were used. Tumor cells suspended in serum‐free medium were injected directly into the main bronchi of anesthetized female Balb/c athymic nude mice (7–9 weeks old) with or without simultaneous administration of 0.01 M ethylenediaminetetracetic acid (EDTA). In some experiments, lung carcinoma cells harvested from tumors transplanted subcutaneously were recultured and used for intratracheal implantation. Tumor nodules that formed in the lung were counted and confirmed by histological examination. Administration of A549 cells with EDTA resulted in a 70% engraftment rate (n = 10). Recultured A549 cells without and with EDTA resulted in 20% (n = 5) and 80% (n = 5) engraftment rates, respectively. Administration of SQ5 cells without or with EDTA formed 50% (n = 4) and 67% (n = 6) engraftment rates, respectively. Recultured SQ5 cells with EDTA further increased the engraftment rate to 100% (n = 6). Multiple tumors formed mainly in the left lung and the upper lobe of the right lung. Simultaneous administration of EDTA resulted in greater numbers of tumor nodules in the lung. Histological findings revealed that A549 tumor nodules were distributed primarily in alveoli. The SQ5 solid tumors invaded bronchioles and occupied the alveoli. This reproducible orthotopic transplantation model produced tumor growth that simulated the clinical features of human lung cancer. (Cancer Sci 2006; 97: 996–1001)
Point of care ultrasound for basic haemodynamic assessment: novice compared with an expert operator
Authors: Royse C. F. , Seah J. L. , Donelan L. , Royse A. G. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryMiniaturisation of ultrasound equipment has led to the development of hand‐held echocardiography devices suitable for bedside evaluation of cardiac function. Basic assessment of the haemodynamic state can be performed using a limited transthoracic echocardiography examination. This study evaluated a third generation device (SonoSite Titan™) used by novice and expert operators. Limited transthoracic examination was performed on 30 healthy volunteers by an expert and a novice operator. The novice had performed 10 studies prior to data accrual. Agreement analysis was performed using weighted least products regression and Bland‐Altman analysis. Acceptable results for the novice were achieved following 20 studies (including practice sessions) for basic haemodynamic assessment and following 40 studies for all measured parameters. The SonoSite Titan is acceptable for basic transthoracic measurements to determine the basic haemodynamic state and cardiac output measurements. We recommend a minimum of 20 training studies for novice operators prior to clinical use.
Effect of orientation of a standard polyvinyl chloride tracheal tube on success rates during awake flexible fibreoptic intubation*
Authors: Sharma D. , Bithal P. K. , Rath G. P. , Pandia M. P. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryWe conducted a randomised study in 70 patients to assess the effect of orientation of a standard polyvinyl chloride tracheal tube on the ease of railroading the tube during awake fiberoptic orotracheal intubation. Conventional orientation of the tube (with the bevel of the tube directed to the patient's left) was compared with orientation of the tube with the bevel facing posteriorly. The success rate of intubation at the first attempt was higher with the bevel oriented posteriorly (35/35; 100%) than with the conventional orientation (21/35; 60%; p = 0.0001), and the intubating time was shorter (median (range) 7 (5–11) s and 11 (5–60) s, respectively; p = 0.0001). We recommend that the tracheal tube should be aligned in this manner when railroading it over the fibrescope during awake fibreoptic orotracheal intubation.
Insertion of the double lumen tube in the difficult airway*
Authors: Satya‐Krishna R. , Popat M. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryIsolation of a lung and one‐lung ventilation are commonly used during thoracic surgery. Insertion of double lumen tubes requires considerable skill and may be especially challenging in the difficult airway. We describe a method of inserting double lumen tubes in two patients with known difficult airways. This technique involves awake nasotracheal intubation followed by insertion of an oral double lumen tube under general anaesthesia.
Effects of treatment with somatostatin analogues on QT interval duration in acromegalic patients
Authors: Fatti Letizia Maria , Scacchi Massimo , Lavezzi Elisabetta , Giraldi Francesca Pecori , De Martin Martina , Toja Paola , Michailidis Georgios , Stramba‐Badiale Marco , Cavagnini Francesco 
Published: July 2006

SummaryObjective  Cardiovascular disease is a major contributor to the increased mortality of acromegalic patients. Prolongation of the QT interval is considered an established risk factor for potentially fatal cardiac arrhythmias, an event frequently observed in acromegaly. Changes in ventricular repolarization have been observed with the use of octreotide, one of the somatostatin analogues (SSA) currently used for the medical treatment of this disease. Furthermore, octreotide is listed among the drugs able to prolong the QT interval. Thus, we elected to study the effects of long‐term SSA administration on QT duration and left ventricular mass (LVM) in a group of acromegalic patients.Design and patients  In a retrospective study, 30 acromegalic patients (19 women and 11 men, aged 25–77 years) were studied under basal conditions; 24 of them (15 women and nine men, aged 25–77 years) were studied again after 3–63 months of treatment (median 18 months) with SSA. Twenty‐four healthy volunteers served as controls.Measurements  Patients and controls underwent electrocardiographic (ECG) analysis, and QT interval duration corrected for heart rate (QTc) was established according to the Bazett formula. In 17 of the SSA‐treated patients, M‐ and B‐mode echocardiography for the assessment of LVM index (LVMi) was performed.Results  Baseline QTc was significantly longer in patients than in controls. SSA administration was followed by a significant decrease in QTc, which reached a mean value similar to that measured in the controls. In particular, treatment with SSA normalized QTc in three out of the six patients with abnormally elevated values at baseline. After treatment, a significant reduction in heart rate was recorded, while LVMi displayed a slight but not significant decrease.Conclusions  Acromegalic patients frequently display an abnormally prolonged QT interval, a known risk factor for potentially fatal arrhythmias. Treatment of these patients with SSA is able to improve and even normalize this alteration, probably contributing to the beneficial effects of these drugs on cardiac rhythm in this endocrine disorder. The inclusion of octreotide in the list of drugs that may increase QTc should be reconsidered as regards its indication in acromegaly.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME TANGANYIKA SOILS
Authors: MUIR A. , ANDERSON B. , STEPHEN I. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryA series of soils from two areas of Tanganyika have been studied mineralogically. They are derived in the main from amphibolite, but only a small proportion of the more resistant ahminosilicate minerals survive in the soil. The clays (<1.4μ) of the red loams are characterized by a predominance of kaolinite, whereas the more poorly drained grey soils have a disordered kaolin. Other components of the clays are iron oxides and small amounts of illite. The pallid soils contain moderate amounts of montmorillonite in the weathering zone, some of which persists into the soil. The mbuga and black valley soils contain montmorillonite or iliite, with subordinate kaolin.
THE SOLUBILITY OF MOLYBDENUM IN SIMPLIFIED SYSTEMS AND AQUEOUS SOIL SUSPENSIONS
Authors: Jones L. H. P. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryStudies of the precipitation of molybdate by ferric iron and aluminium show that ferric molybdate has minimum solubility at pH 2.7 and that it is less soluble than aluminium molybdate which has minimum solubility at pH 4.8. Ferric molybdate is much less crystalline than aluminium molybdate.The sorption of molybdate by hydrous ferric oxide, aluminium oxide, and clay minerals depends on pH and the concentration of molybdate in solution. When sorption by the solids is compared, hydrous ferric oxide is outstanding and the order of the others is: aluminium oxide> halloysite> nontronite> kaolinite.The main process in the sorption studies was probably adsorption of molybdate by anion exchange with hydroxyl ions. Precipitation of aluminium molybdate was detected by X‐rays when aluminium oxide and halloysite were treated with concentrated molybdate solutions.The sorption of molybdate by soils depends on the pH and the concentration of molybdate in solution. A krasnozem which was high in free ferric oxide sorbed the largest quantities of molybdate from solution. Its ability to sorb molybdate was substantially reduced after removing the free ferric oxide by the Mg‐oxalate method.
SOIL PHOSPHORUS FRACTIONS IN SOME REPRESENTATIVE SOILS1
Authors: CHANG S. C. , JACKSON M. L. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryThe distribution of soil inorganic phosphorus in soils was found to measure the degree of chemical weathering, the chemical weathering sequence being calcium phosphate, aluminium phosphate, iron phosphate, and occluded phosphate. The latter category includes reductant soluble iron phosphate and aluminium‐iron phosphate occluded in iron oxides. For example, three horizons of one Chernozem profile, a Dark Brown soil, and the calcareous C1 horizon of a Grey‐Brown Podzolic soil containqd 68–95 per cent. of their inorganic phosphorus in the form of calcium phosphate, the other forms decreasing exponentially in the sequence. The inorganic phosphorus of two Latosols increased exponentially in the order calcium phosphate (1%), aluminium phosphate (0–3%), iron phosphate (10–13 %), and occluded (reductant soluble) phosphate (66–78%). Three samples of podzolized soils contained intermediate, sigmoidal distributions of the four phosphates.In two Miami silt loam profiles, the 0–002 N H2SO4‐extractable‐phosphorus test was much higher in the subsoils down to 31/2 ft. than in the surface soil, and was correlated mostly with the calcium‐phosphate content, somewhat with aluminium and iron phosphate, and none at all with occluded phosphates which constituted a high percentage of the total phosphorus. The higher content of available phosphorus in the subsoils and release of phosphorus in the surface soil by de‐ crease of A1 and Fe activity through liming most probably explain the lack of crop response to added phosphate fertilizer even though the surface soil had a low phosphorus test.Application of phosphate fertilizer to Almena silt loam greatly increased the amount of aluminium and iron phosphate at three lime levels: only a slight increase of calcium phosphate occurred; at tge highest lime level. The amount of occluded phosphate remained unchanged by liming or fertilization. The relatively small increase of calcium phosphate through phosphate application is attributable partly to crop removal but is shown to be due mostly to formation of the less soluble iron and aluminium phosphates.
STUDIES ON THE ORGANIC MATERIAL EXTRACTED FROM SOILS AND COMPOSTS
Authors: JENKINSON DAVID S. , TINSLEY JOSEPH 
Published: July 2006

SummaryA modification of the Sevag technique for removing proteins from aqueous solution was applied to sodium‐pyrophosphate and sodium‐sulphite extracts of the water‐insoluble part of a wheat‐straw compost. Fifty‐seven per cent. of the nitrogen in the sulphite extract and 42 per cent. of that in the pyrophosphate extract was removed by this technique. This material was isolated and found to give 55–60 per cent. of its nitrogen as α‐amino‐acid nitrogen on acid hydrolysis. The non‐hydrolysable part was very similar to lignin from wheat straw and is almost certainly derived from it with comparatively little modification. It follows that the term ligno‐protein or perhaps ‘ligno‐peptide’ provides a reasonable description of the material isolated.The lignin in the ‘ligno‐protein’ was sulphonated to a slight extent by sodium sulphite during the extraction.
STUDIES ON A NIGERIAN FOREST SOIL
Authors: BATES J. A. R. , BAKER T. C. N. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryThe distribution of total, total organic, total inorganic, and extractable phosphorus was determined for samples from a Nigerian forest profile, and for the sand fractions and aggregate fractions of the fine earth. The soil P is accumulated in the surface soil. Below 2 in there is a marked fall in total P, reflecting a large decrease in the amount of organic P. Thereafter the total P is fairly constant down the profile. The concentration of P in the iron concretions is considerably higher than in the surrounding fine earth. In the gravel horizon, 12–30 in., over 80 per cent. of the total P at this level is immobilized in the concretions.Only the surface soil contains appreciable amounts of P soluble in acetic acid, Truog's reagent, and NH4F. Below 2 in., the amount of P extractable by these reagents falls sharply. There is very little Ca‐bound phosphate below 2 in. Considerable amounts of P are extracted from all horizons by 0.1 N NaOH which extracts strongly adsorbed forms of P. The clay fraction of the topsoil contains large amounts of P soluble in NaOH.
CHANGES IN LEAF LITTER WHEN PLACED ON THE SURFACE OF SOILS WITH CONTRASTING HUMUS TYPES
Authors: BOCOCK K. L. , GILBERT O. , CAPSTICK C. K. , TWINN D. C. , WAID J.S. , WOODMAN M. J. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryThe dry‐weight losses of samples of oak and ash litter, enclosed in nylon hairnets and placed on two sites with contrasting humus forms, a mull and a moder, have been followed for a period of 14 months. Sub‐samples of the same oak litter disappear at similar rates on the two sites. Sub‐samples of the same ash litter disappear at different rates on the two sites, but always more quickly than oak litter. On the mull site the loss of whole ash leaflets as well as fragments of leaflets is considerable whereas oak leaves on both sites and ash leaflets on the moder site disappear mainly as small fragments. For both oak and ash litter the results from the mull site are more variable than those from the moder site, suggesting that there are differences in the heterotrophic activity on the two sites.
SOIL STRUCTURE AND FABRIC
Authors: BREWER R. , SLEEMAN J. R. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryDefinitions of structure, fabric, and texture, as used in pedology and geology, are proposed in which structure conforms to the broader concept of the soil physicist, fabric conforms to the concept as used in pedology by Kubiena (1938) and in sedimentary petrology (Pettijohn, 1949), and texture conforms to the broad concept as used in petrology (Rice, 1954). Fabric is a part of structure, and structure a part of texture. The term pedality is proposed for the study of what has been called structure in the field, and field grading for field texture. Kubiena's (1938) concepts of skeleton and plasma are defined more specifically, and the concepts of pedological features, and basic, elementary, primary, secondary, and tertiary structure introduced. Descriptive terms for structure are suggested and a descriptive system for soil materials proposed. Nomenclature of pedological features and the various levels of structure and fabric are discussed.
TRANSPORTED MATERIAL IN THE SOIL PROFILE
Authors: DIMBLEBY G. W. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryIn the course of a long series of investigations of acid soils by means of pollen analysis, it has been found that about a third of the soils studied contained old levels, more or less disturbed, buried beneath a later deposit of sand or gravel. Two of them were in soils buried beneath Bronze Age tumuli. The depth of covering was always less than 18 in., averaging about half that depth, so that the junction came within the present soil profile. It lay in the A2, B, or C horizons according to circumstances and was often indistinguishable in the field.In about half the cases the pollen analysis suggested that the level which had been covered was a forest phase, and there is some indication that this may have occurred towards the end of the Atlantic or beginning of the Sub‐boreal period. One example is Late‐glacial in date and others post‐Atlantic or even recent.There was close correlation at one site between the activities of Mesolithic man and subsequent soil movement and i t cannot be ruled out that disturbance of the forest climax may he the ultimate cause of this phenomenon in other cases too.With only one exception, wherever the pollen data suggested a forest environment the soil was unbleached.
A TERTIARY‐QUATERNARY PEDOLOGICAL CHRONOLOGY FOR THE SOUTH‐EASTERN PORTION OF THE AUSTRALIAN ARID ZONE
Authors: JESSUP R. W. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryThe alternation of pluvial and non‐pluvial periods during the Tertiary‐Quaternary resulted in periodicity of soil formation and landscape development. Soils were formed during the pluvial periods, when the landscape was protected from erosion deposition by a well‐developed vegetative cover. Varying amounts of erosion and deposition occurred during the non‐pluvial periods, when the vegetative cover was sparser.The Tertiary erosional periods were characterized by water erosion‐deposition and major changes of land form. During each of the Quaternary erosional periods the climate became desertic; there was widespread erosion by wind but little modification of the landscape.The soils are of four different ages. In addition, surface silcretes were formed during another period of landscape stability. All of the soils in the region are paleosols.
SWELLING PRESSURE OF Na‐MONTMORILLONITE IN NaCl SOLUTIONS
Authors: WARKENTIN B. P. , SCHOFIELD R. K. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryPressures exerted against a confining restraint by Na‐montmorillonite in equilibrium with NaCl solutions were measured. The swelling pressures decreased with increasing NaCl concentration as predicted theoretically, but the rate of decrease was lower than calculated so that the ratio of observed to calculated pressure increased with increasing salt concentration.These larger swelling pressures could result from a higher activity of the ions between interacting clay particles compared with the ions in the neutral salt of the dialysis solution. It is then not necessary to postulate a non‐osmotic force of repulsion.
PHOSPHATE EQUILIBRIA IN ACID SOILS
Authors: CHAKRAVARTI S. N. , TALIBUDEEN O. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryPhosphate equilibria in fifty‐four acid soils are examined and referred to equilibria with variscite and strengite. The equilibrium phosphate concentration in British soils is governed by phosphate residues less basic than these compounds and is approximately similar to that obtained by treatments of montmorillonite with 10‐5 M phosphate solutions for 9 months. In Indian soils, both compounds are effective in controlling phosphate concentrations over the pH range 3·8‐5·7.Kaolinite and glauconite treated with 10‐5 M phosphate for 9 months exhibit characteristics intermediate between the two groups of soils.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE WHITE‐SAND AREAS OF THE BERBICE FORMATION, BRITISH GUIANA
Authors: BLEACKLEY D. , KHAN E. J. A. 
Published: July 2006

SummarySuperficial white sand, carrying a distinctive xerophytic scrub vegetation, associated with the Berbice Formation extends to depths of over 30 m. and has gradational contacts with flanking material. Discontinuous pans of humic material occur below. Shallower profiles show pronounced development of a humic B horizon overlying red sandy loam. The results suggest that the white sand was derived from sediments of a ferruginous nature with greater clay content, which supported a higher forest formation.
SELF‐DIFFUSION OF IONS IN SOIL
Authors: GRAHAM‐BRYCE I. J. 
Published: July 2006

SummarySelf‐diffusion coefficients for Rb+, K+, and Sr++ have been measured in homoionic soils by determining the quantities of radioactive tracers crossing from labelled to initially unlabelled soil sections through ion‐exchange membrane barriers. Diffusion coefficients were considerably lower than in aqueous solution, and the value for Sr++ was approximately one‐tenth of those for the monovalentions. The diffusion of Rb+ in soils containing both Rb+ and Ca++ was also studied using various compactions and soil solution compositions. The results suggest that cations are able to diffuse along the charged surfaces of soil particles, but at a lower rate than in the free pore solution. Experiments on the effects of temperature suggest that the activation energy for the diffusion of Rb+ in the heteroionic soil was greater at low than at high bulk densities, a result which is interpreted in terms of surface movement.