bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kunneth theorems and unstable operations in 2-adic KO-cohomology
Authors: Bousfield A.K. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractWe develop Kunneth theorems and obtain detailed results on unstable operations in 2-adic KO-cohomology and, more generally, in united 2-adic K-cohomology. These results are needed for work on the K-localizations of spaces at the prime 2 and should be of independent interest. Our proofs of relations for unstable operations rely on Atiyah's Real K-theory and on a convenient mod 2 simplification of 2-adic KO-cohomology.
Myochroidea, a new genus of corticolous, crustose lichens to accommodate the Lecidea leprosula group
Authors: PRINTZEN Christian , SPRIBILLE Toby , TØNSBERG Tor 
Published: June 2008

Abstract:The new lichen genus Myochroidea is described to accommodate four species of the Lecidea leprosula group. Myochroidea is characterized by a crustose, areolate, minutely crenate to almost coralloid or indistinct, grey-brown to olive-brown thallus, reddish brown apothecia with an often persistent margin, moderately branched and anastomosing paraphyses with often swollen, pigmented apical cells, asci of the Micarea-type, and colourless, one-celled, fusiform to broadly ellipsoid ascospores. The new combinations Myochroidea leprosula (Arnold) Printzen, T. Sprib. & Tønsberg comb. nov., M. porphyrospoda (Anzi) Printzen, T. Sprib. & Tønsberg comb. nov., M. rufofusca (Anzi) Printzen, T. Sprib. & Tønsberg comb. nov. and the new species M. minutula Printzen, T. Sprib. & Tønsberg are published. Lecidea porphyroplaca Hinteregger & Poelt is a synonym of M. rufofusca. Descriptions of the four species and an identification key are provided. Myochroidea leprosula and M. rufofusca are reported as new to North America.
Eat To Live or Live To Eat? Do Parents and Children Agree?
Authors: Le Bigot Macaux Armelle 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe lifestyles and diets of children in developed countries is changing rapidly in response to the social and cultural climate, as well as the availability of an increasing range of foods. The aim of this on-going study is to assess the trends in food-related behaviours of children and their attitudes towards food and nutrition. The study also monitors markers for physical activity, which have been presented elsewhere (Bellisle et al, 2000). Three successive surveys (1993, 1995, and 1997) were carried out on samples of 1000 French children aged 9–11 years and their mothers.Results:Attitudes towards food varied markedly between children and their mothers. Children viewed food primarily as a necessity of life, whereas mothers viewed food primarily as a pleasure for their child, with necessity and nutrition given a lower importance. Contrary to popular belief children's enjoyment of [unhealthy] and [healthy] foods was similar. French-fries were the favourite food for 92% of children, closely followed by pasta (89%). Fruit and candy received similar scores (82% and 81% respectively), suggesting that external factors such as convenience are the prime barrier to fruit consumption rather than the enjoyment factor. Over the three surveys a strong persistence of the traditional French meal pattern has been demonstrated, with breakfast, lunch and evening meals eaten by 97%, 96% and 99% of children respectively. One increasing occurrence is the viewing of television during meal times with 25% of breakfasts, 46% of afternoon snacks and 41% of evening meals consumed in front of the television. Children's attitudes towards food demonstrated an overwhelming trust of their mother and her ability to provide them with nourishing foods. Mothers often found it difficult to reconcile the demands of family life, employment, healthy eating and the maintenance of a pleasurable atmosphere at mealtimes.Conclusions:Overall, children and mothers appeared to have divergent attitudes towards food. An understanding of children's enjoyment of foods considered more 'healthy' or less [healthy] enables effective nutrition messages to be developed for children. However, further work is needed to explore the long-term impact of mothers' attitudes towards food and mealtimes on a child's relationship to food and eating habits during adolescence through to adulthood.
Nutrition and handgrip strength of older adults in rural Malawi
Authors: Chilima Dorothy M , Ismail Suraiya J 
Published: June 2008

AbstractObjective:To examine the relationship between the nutritional status and handgrip strength of older people in rural Malawi.Design:Cross-sectional study.Setting:Lilongwe rural, Malawi, situated approximately 35–50 km from the city.Subjects:Ninety seven males and 199 females participated in this study.Methods:Selected anthropometric measurements were taken and nutrition indices were computed using standard equations. Handgrip strength was measured using an electronic grip strength dynamometer.Results:The mean handgrip strength (in kg) for men was significantly higher than for women (28.0±5.9 vs. 21.7±4.5). In addition, there was a significant decline in handgrip strength with age in both sexes. Furthermore, handgrip strength was positively correlated to the following nutritional status indicators: BMI (r = 0.40 in males and r = 0.34 in females), mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) (r = 0.45 in males and r = 0.38 in females) and arm-muscle area (AMA) (r = 0.39 in males and r = 0.37 in females). After controlling for potential confounders, namely sex, height and age, the correlations between handgrip strength and the nutrition indices were still significant.Conclusion:The results of this study support the hypothesis that poor nutritional status is associated with poor handgrip strength. Malawian males had both lower handgrip strength and lower arm muscle area than their counterparts from industrialised countries. However, Malawian females had similar handgrip strength despite lower arm muscle area, in comparison with women from industrialised countries, reflecting perhaps their higher level of physical activity. Further studies are required to determine whether by alleviating nutritional problems a concomitant improvement in handgrip strength can be obtained.
An overview of the health status of migrants in France, in relation to their dietary practices
Authors: Darmon Nicole , Khlat Myriam 
Published: June 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo review studies on the morbidity, mortality and nutrition of migrant populations in France.DesignA systematic search of the bibliographic database Medline, and direct contact with associations and institutions concerned with migrants' health.ResultsIn France, as in other host countries, migrants belong to the lowest socio-economic strata. They have on average better health and lower mortality than the local-born population. Health benefits are particularly noticeable in Mediterranean men, especially for affluence-related diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases. North African men smoke as heavily as the local-born of the same occupational categories, and yet their mortality rates from lung cancer are notably lower. Such a paradox may be the result of a synergy between different phenomena such as the selection of the fittest applicants for immigration and the maintenance of healthy lifestyles from the countries of origin. In contrast, migrant women do not enjoy the same health advantages, possibly because they are less likely to be selected on the basis of their health and because they are often non-working. Adult migrants from southern Europe and North Africa report dietary practices consistent with the typical Mediterranean diet, which is renowned for its positive effects on health.ConclusionsThe diet of Mediterranean adults living in France may partly explain the low rates of chronic diseases and high adult life expectancy observed in migrant men from northern Africa. Information about their diets might provide clues for the design of nutritional education campaigns aimed at low-income people.
Weight and body composition in a cohort of HIV-positive men and women
Authors: Forrester JE , Spiegelman D , Woods M , Knox TA , Fauntleroy JM , Gorbach SL 
Published: June 2008

AbstractObjective:At issue is whether weight loss in HIV infection is a cachectic process, characterised by loss of lean body mass with conservation of fat, or a process of starvation. We present data on body composition from 516 persons at different stages of HIV infection as determined by CD4 counts.Design:Cross-sectional analyses of body composition in relation to CD4 count.Setting:The baseline data from a prospective cohort study of outcomes in HIV/AIDS in relation to nutritional status in Boston, Massachusetts, USA.Subjects:The first 516 subjects with HIV/AIDS to enrol in the study.Results:Differences in weight in relation to CD4 counts were present only at CD4 counts of 600 or less (slope below CD4=600: 1.9 kg per 100 CD4 cells, P<0.0001). On average, 68% of the difference in weight over CD4 counts was fat (slope: 1.3 kg fat per 100 CD4 cells, P<0.0001).Conclusions:This cross-sectional analysis suggests that weight loss consists principally of fat loss in those persons with adequate fat stores. This observation will need to be confirmed in longitudinal analyses.
Epidemiology of cardiovascular diseases in Europe
Authors: Kromhout Daan 
Published: June 2008

AbstractWithin Europe large differences exist in mortality from coronary heart disease and stroke. These diseases show a clear West-East gradient with high rates in Eastern Europe. In spite the decreasing trend in age-adjusted cardiovascular disease mortality in Western European countries an increase in the number of cardiovascular patients is expected because of the ageing of the population. Consequently the health care cost for these diseases will increase.Total and HDL cholesterol are major determinants of coronary heart disease. Saturated and trans fatty acids have a total and LDL cholesterol elevating effect and unsaturated fatty acids a lowering effect. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids seem to have a protective effect on coronary heart disease occurrence independent of their effect on cholesterol.Dietary antioxidants could be of importance because they may prevent oxidation of the atherogenic cholesterol rich LDL lipoproteins. There is however no convincing evidence that either vitamin E, carotenoids or vitamin C protect against coronary heart disease. Observational research has shown that flavonols, polyphenols with strong antioxidant properties present in plant foods, may protect against coronary heart disease.Blood pressure is a major determinant of coronary heart disease and stroke. Historically salt is viewed as the most important dietary determinant of blood pressure. Recent research shows that also a low-fat diet rich in potassium, calcium and magnesium lowers blood pressure substantially. This suggests a multifactorial influence of different nutrients on blood pressure.It can be concluded that a diet low in saturated and trans fatty acids and rich in plant foods in combination with regular fish consumption is associated with a low risk of cardiovascular mortality.
Motivations for healthful dietary change
Authors: Satia Jessie A , Kristal Alan R , Curry Susan , Trudeau Elyse 
Published: June 2008

AbstractObjective:To describe scales that measure motivations for changing dietary behaviour, and to examine associations of these scales with current diet and dietary change.Design:A secondary analysis of a randomised trial of a self-help intervention to promote lower fat and higher fruit and vegetable consumption.Participants and setting: Participants were 1205 adults selected at random from enrolees of a large Health Maintenance Organization. At baseline, data were collected on motives for changing diet, fruit and vegetable intake, fat-related dietary habits, and demographic characteristics. Participants were then randomised to receive the intervention or to receive no materials. A follow-up survey was administered at 12 months.Results:A majority of participants reported that it was very important to make dietary changes to feel better (72%) and to control an existing medical problem (57%), but very few (4%) were motivated by pressure from others. Factor analysis of the diet motivation items yielded two intrinsic (‘self-image’ and ‘personal health’) and one extrinsic (‘social pressure’) scales with fair internal consistency reliabilities (Cronbach's α = 0.59 to 0.68). Motivation scales were statistically significantly associated with demographic characteristics and baseline diet. For example, desire for a better self-image was a stronger motivator for changing diet among females, while personal health was more important to older persons and men (P< 0.001). Social pressure to change diet was statistically significantly associated with higher fat intake (r = 0.11) and self-image was associated with lower fat intake (r = −0.14, bothP< 0.001). Motivation by social pressure and self-image were both significantly associated with greater fat reduction at 12 months post-intervention (P< 0.05).Conclusions:The intrinsic and extrinsic motivation scales were weakly associated with current diet and predicted response to dietary intervention. More research is needed to better characterise and measure motives for dietary change, and to test whether tailoring interventions based on individuals' motives for dietary change would improve intervention effectiveness.
Prevalence and associated risk factors of undiagnosed diabetes among adult Moroccan Sahraoui women
Authors: Rguibi Mohamed , Belahsen Rekia 
Published: June 2008

AbstractObjectiveThe goal of the present work was to examine the prevalence and associated risk factors of undiagnosed diabetes among urban Moroccan Sahraoui women.Design and settingRandomised sample of adult women living in the city of Laayoune in south Morocco who visited public health centres during an immunisation campaign. Body weight, height, waist and hip circumferences, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), triglycerides, dietary intake and physical activity were collected.SubjectsData were obtained on 249 urban women aged 15 years and older, who were not pregnant. Only subjects identified as of Sahraoui origin were eligible for this investigation.ResultsThe prevalence of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) was 5.5% and that of undiagnosed diabetes 6.4%. Diabetes and IFG were more common among older and obese women as well as among women with hypertension or a family history of diabetes. In addition, sucrose intakes were higher in women with diabetes than in those with normal FPG. Also, physical activity estimated as the time spent in walking was negatively associated with FPG. Regression analyses showed an independent association of age, obesity, family history of diabetes and triglycerides with diabetes.ConclusionThe high proportion of unknown diabetes suggests the need for increased diabetes awareness in this population. The data suggest also the involvement of obesity in diabetes and the potential importance of intervention strategies to reduce population adiposity for the prevention and management of cardiovascular risk factors.
Validity of protein, retinol, folic acid and n–3 fatty acid intakes estimated from the food-frequency questionnaire used in the Danish National Birth Cohort
Authors: Mikkelsen Tina B , Osler Merete , Olsen Sjurdur F 
Published: June 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo validate intakes of protein, folic acid, retinol and n–3 fatty acids estimated from a food-frequency questionnaire in week 25 of pregnancy (FFQ-25).DesignValidation was done against a 7-day weighed food diary (FD) and biomarkers of the nutrients in gestation week 32–38.Subjects and settingThe FFQ-25 to be validated was used in the Danish National Birth Cohort comprising 101 042 pregnant Danish women, of whom 88 participated in the present validation study.ResultsEstimated intakes of protein, retinol and folic acid did not differ significantly between the two dietary methods, but intake of n–3 fatty acids was one third larger when estimated from the FFQ-25. The intakes estimated from the two dietary methods were all significantly correlated, ranging from 0.20 for retinol intake to 0.57 for folic acid intake. Sensitivities of being correctly classified into low and high quintiles were between 0.22 and 0.77, and specificities were between 0.62 and 0.89. Urinary protein content did not correlate significantly with protein estimated from the FFQ (r = 0.17, P > 0.05), but did with intake estimated from the FD (r = 0.56, P < 0.0001). Erythrocyte folate correlated significantly with the estimated total intake from the FFQ (r = 0.55, P < 0.0001) and the FD (r = 0.52, P < 0.0001). No correlations with plasma retinol were found. Erythrocyte eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n-3) correlated significantly with n–3 fatty acids intake estimated from both the FFQ-25 (r = 0.37, P < 0.001) and the FD (r = 0.62, P < 0.0001).ConclusionThe FFQ-25 gives reasonable valid estimates of protein, retinol and folic acid intakes, but seems to overestimate intake of n–3 fatty acids.
Socio-economic inequalities in women's fruit and vegetable intakes: a multilevel study of individual, social and environmental mediators
Authors: Ball Kylie , Crawford David , Mishra Gita 
Published: June 2008

AbstractObjectiveThis study employed a multilevel design to test the contribution of individual, social and environmental factors to mediating socio-economic status (SES) inequalities in fruit and vegetable consumption among women.DesignA cross-sectional survey was linked with objective environmental data.SettingA community sample involving 45 neighbourhoods.SubjectsIn total, 1347 women from 45 neighbourhoods provided survey data on their SES (highest education level), nutrition knowledge, health considerations related to food purchasing, and social support for healthy eating. These data were linked with objective environmental data on the density of supermarkets and fruit and vegetable outlets in local neighbourhoods.ResultsMultilevel modelling showed that individual and social factors partly mediated, but did not completely explain, SES variations in fruit and vegetable consumption. Store density did not mediate the relationship of SES with fruit or vegetable consumption.ConclusionsNutrition promotion interventions should focus on enhancing nutrition knowledge and health considerations underlying food purchasing in order to promote healthy eating, particularly among those who are socio-economically disadvantaged. Further investigation is required to identify additional potential mediators of SES–diet relationships, particularly at the environmental level.
Genetic association analysis: a primer on how it works, its strengths and its weaknesses
Authors: Rodriguez‐Murillo Laura , Greenberg David A. 
Published: June 2008

SummaryCurrently, the most used approach to mapping disease genes is the genome wide association study, using large samples of cases and controls and hundreds of thousands of markers spread throughout the genome. This review focuses in explaining how an association study works, its strengths and its weaknesses, and the methods available to analyse the data. Issues related to sample size, genetic effect sizes, epistasis, replication and population stratification are specifically addressed, issues that an investigator must take into account when planning an association study of any complex disease. Finally, we include some special features concerning association studies in the Y chromosome, and we contrast the analysis characteristics of linkage and association.
The effects of cold storage of table grapes, sulphur dioxide and ethanol on species of black Aspergillus producing ochratoxin A
Authors: Guzev Ludmila , Danshin Anna , Zahavi Tirtza , Ovadia Amos , Lichter Amnon 
Published: June 2008

SummaryTable grapes of cv. ‘Superior’ were sampled from four vineyards during three seasons, for the occurrence of black Aspergillus species that can produce ochratoxin A after storage. The ochratoxin A‐producing fungus, Aspergillus carbonarius, was identified in all the samples at harvest and it survived through cold storage. Storage of table grapes for 7 days at 20 °C resulted in occasional increase in the number of isolates recovered from the berries. In contrast, storage for 1 month at 0 °C, with sulphur dioxide (SO2) generator pads reduced the number of isolates significantly or completely, depending on the dose. Dipping the clusters in ethanol prior to cold storage did not reduce the number of isolates of the Aspergillus niger aggregate after storage. Exposure of A. carbonarius to a final level of 0.4 ppm of SO2 resulted in fewer fungal colonies than in the control, and the surviving spores developed into fungal colonies that failed to sporulate. These results demonstrate that A. carbonarius is ubiquitous on table grapes before storage and care should be taken to avoid its contamination.
Microbial growth and colour of minimally processed shiitake mushroom stored at different temperatures
Authors: Santana Cristiane Castro , Vanetti Maria Cristina Dantas , Kasuya Maria Catarina Megumi 
Published: June 2008

SummaryThe effect of storage temperature on the microbiological and sensory characteristics of minimally processed shiitake was investigated. Shiitake mushrooms were washed, sanitised, packed in polystyrene trays, overwrapped with plastic film and stored at 7, 10 or 15 °C. Microbial counts, polyphenoloxidase activity, external lightness (L*) and acceptance tests were conducted. Mesophilic, aerobic psychrotrophic bacteria, yeasts and moulds predominated during storage. Pseudomonas was detected after 10 days’ storage showing an increase of, approximately, 7 log cycles at 15 °C. Mushroom rejection occurred when the microbial population was lower than 106 CFU g−1, suggesting that, other factors, such as browning, affect mushroom spoilage more than microbial activity. Mushrooms treated with citric or ascorbic acids maintained high L* value during 10 days. The shelf life of minimally processed shiitake mushrooms was 10 days at 7 °C, but less than 5 days at 10 °C, and approximately 3 days at 15 °C.
The role of the mesophyll in stomatal responses to light and CO2
Authors: MOTT KEITH A. , SIBBERNSEN ERIK D. , SHOPE JOSEPH C. 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACTStomatal responses to light and CO2 were investigated using isolated epidermes of Tradescantia pallida, Vicia faba and Pisum sativum. Stomata in leaves of T. pallida and P. sativum responded to light and CO2, but those from V. faba did not. Stomata in isolated epidermes of all three species could be opened on KCl solutions, but they showed no response to light or CO2. However, when isolated epidermes of T. pallida and P. sativum were placed on an exposed mesophyll from a leaf of the same species or a different species, they regained responsiveness to light and CO2. Stomatal responses in these epidermes were similar to those in leaves in that they responded rapidly and reversibly to changes in light and CO2. Epidermes from V. faba did not respond to light or CO2 when placed on mesophyll from any of the three species. Experiments with single optic fibres suggest that stomata were being regulated via signals from the mesophyll produced in response to light and CO2 rather than being sensitized to light and CO2 by the mesophyll. The data suggest that most of the stomatal response to CO2 and light occurs in response to a signal generated by the mesophyll.