bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brazil
Authors: Amann Edmund 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Despite significant economic reform over the past four decades, Brazil has yet to find an effective formula enabling it to build on its strengths and move forward on a path of accelerated, inclusive, and sustainable growth. With the inauguration of a new administration at the start of 2023, an opportunity has opened up for a constructive discussion around the elements needed to generate such a formula. The purpose of this chapter is to shed light on this issue, focusing on the structural constraints that have been holding Brazil back and the potential means for overcoming them. Effective ways forward are unlikely to centre on forced attempts to reverse the so-called re-primarization of the Brazilian economy. Instead, opportunities exist to build on existing strengths in the natural-resource-intensive sectors. At the same time, economy-wide growth and productivity challenges need to be addressed.
Colombia’s Growth since the 1990s
Authors: Luzardo-Luna Ivan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In the early twenty-first century, Colombia saw substantial economic growth and development. This allowed the country to reduce its income gap with advanced economies, even outperforming most of the large economies in Latin America since 2014. The reasons behind this regional outperformance are most likely related to the persistence of structural reforms implemented in the early 1990s, reinforced by a second generation of reforms. However, Colombia’s economic convergence with the global economic leader, the United States, stalled in the mid-2010s. This raises concerns that the country may have fallen into the so-called middle-income trap. Colombia’s persistent institutional problems, particularly its high level of violence and weak rule of law, remain the main constraints for more dynamic economic growth. Colombia’s pathway to overcome the middle-income trap will likely lie in improving its institutions and reducing violence, as well as building on the economic framework established in the early 1990s.
Uruguay
Authors: Bianchi Carlos , Isabella Fernando 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Uguay is usually seen as a success within the Latin American context. An early modernization process, marked by welfare policies oriented to the urban population, and a long democratic tradition have built a relatively egalitarian society that has recently (2004–2019) experienced one of its longest and strongest periods of economic growth. During this period, public policies were extended, in both the industrial and technological areas (as well as the social sphere), aiming to promote investment and a socially inclusive growth process. However, inclusive economic growth was accompanied by little structural change, which limits the possibilities of following a sustained development path. In this context, Uruguay seems not to have escaped from the so-called middle-income trap. The analysis shows that part of the problem here is that policies have been oriented to boost competitiveness and build capabilities in a horizontal manner, rather than changing the underlying economic structure.
Costa Rica
Authors: Orozco Jeffrey , Ruiz Keynor 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyses the evolution of the Costa Rican economy, considering the challenges it faces in closing the development gap with its rich-country counterparts. Starting in the mid-1980s, Costa Rica adopted a new economic model which saw it open up considerably to trade and investment. The new policy framework met with some success, in particular in terms of export diversification. A new range of manufactures, services, and natural-resource-intensive products was launched on the global marketplace. Though export activity has proved very dynamic, it has not been able to consolidate itself as the engine of the economy. This is mainly due to its weak productive and technological integration with the national economy. It will not be possible to develop the necessary new sources of growth without a holistic strategy to strengthen the system of innovation and improve linkages between dynamic export sectors and the rest of the economy.
From Roman to Pagan
Authors: Rives J. B. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThis chapter surveys imperial policy on animal sacrifice in the fourth century CE. Constantine’s redirection of economic resources away from temples and municipalities to the imperial state and the church exacerbated problems of funding public animal sacrifice, while his aggrandizement of these centralized institutions over local municipalities undercut its sociopolitical significance. His disapproval of the practice accelerated its transformation from a marker of identification with Rome to a marker of a specific religious affiliation, labeled “pagan.” Constantine’s nephew Julian furthered that trend by promoting animal sacrifice as a marker of adherence to Hellenism. After his death, the laissez-faire policy of his successors left the legal status of animal sacrifice uncertain until Theodosius I prohibited it in the early 390s. Although discourses about sacrifice played an important part in these developments, the crucial factors were social and political: whereas in the early empire animal sacrifice had played a valuable role in articulating empire-wide sociopolitical structures and enabling local elites to negotiate a place for themselves within those structures, in the new empire of the fourth century, the centralized institutions of church and state played a dominant role, leaving animal sacrifice with much less to contribute.
Introduction—Nepal in the Making
Authors: Michaels Axel 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter delves into the genesis of Nepal and its consolidation under the leadership of its founder, Pṛthvīnārāyaṇa Śāha. It briefly reviews the mythic heroization of the founder of the nation. It introduces the concept of Nepal as the “last Hindu kingdom of the world” and explores the process of Hinduization within the country. Nepal, despite its remarkable ethnic and religious diversity, is often referred to as a “garden for all.” Given the intricate nature of Nepal’s state formation and its multifaceted diversity, along with the limited and disparate sources available, the Introduction discusses the complexities involved in composing a comprehensive history of Nepal.
The Population
Authors: Michaels Axel 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter begins by describing the diverse ethnic groups of Nepal, which number 125 according to the constitution, along with their various and social and caste structures, hierarchies, languages, and religions. It considers the historical impact of migration as well as the migration of workers into the gulf states and other regions. The chapter also deals with the social and ritual position of women, especially the worship of a small girl (Kumārī) as a goddess and the tradition of widow burning. Another focus is on the challenge of nationalization and the influence of several ethnic minorities and their political or cultural organizations.
From Gorkha to Nepal
Authors: Michaels Axel 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter deals with the emergence of the state of Nepal or Gorkha, as it was initially called. The conquests of Pṛthvīnārāyaṇa Śāha and his successors along with the history of the consolidation of power in the Kathmandu Valley are dealt with in detail. The chapter then turns to the relations with and conflicts with British India, leading to the Treaty of Sagauli. There is an excursus into the history of the Gurkha soldiers. The chapter concludes with a detailed look at relations with China and Tibet, including the topics of the Treaty of Kuti, the Treaty of Kerung, and the Treaty of Betravati.
Patrimonial Rule
Authors: Michaels Axel 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter deals with the Rāṇā Period (1848–1951). In particular, it covers the different clans of the Ranas, strong rulers such as Jaṅga Bahādura Rāṇā and Candra Śaṃśera Rāṇā, and the relation between the king and the prime minister. In this period the landholding structures, labor and slavery market, trade, and legal and administrative structures have been refined and can be studied through a plethora of written documents. This holds also true for the forming of medical and educational institutions. The Rāṇās got enthusiastic about hunting and elephant breeding, which are also dealt with in this chapter, as well as their style in architectural monuments. At the end the legacy of the autocratic and exploitative rule of the Śāha and Rāṇā rulers is discussed.
Alliances and Resistance
Authors: Michaels Axel 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter deals with the little-known history of selected regions and ethnic groups: with the Tarai in the south and its Maithili culture and literature, the Sherpa and their significance for mountaineering, with the long inaccessible kingdom of Mustang, and with the Kiranti or Rai-Limbu groups. The role of language, stories, and religion in shaping group identities is considered. The chapter delineates how the identities of these and other groups and their relation with the central power groups in the Kathmandu Valley are important for the nation-building process of Nepal. The chapter also briefly describes what is known about the histories of the Magar, Tamang, Gurung, Thakali, and many more ethnic groups.
John Martin Fischer on Fatalism, Foreknowledge, and Determinism
Authors: Cyr Taylor W. , Flummer Matthew T. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In this chapter, Taylor Cyr and Matthew Flummer speak to John Martin Fischer about three different threats to free will: fatalism, foreknowledge, and determinism. As it happens, these threats all share a common structure, and they call into question whether we ever have the freedom to act otherwise than how we actually act—that is, whether we ever have alternative possibilities. Along the way, they discuss responses to these three challenges, and they conclude with a sketch of an actual-sequence view. Such a view denies that we need alternative possibilities in order to have the freedom required for moral responsibility.
Dana Kay Nelkin on Moral Luck
Authors: Cyr Taylor W. , Flummer Matthew T. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In this chapter, Taylor Cyr and Matthew Flummer talk with Dana Kay Nelkin about the puzzle of moral luck, which happens when the extent to which a person is morally blameworthy or praiseworthy depends in large part on factors outside of that person’s control. After talking about the problem in abstract, the apparent variety of types of moral luck, and some implications of this issue, they go on to discuss different kinds of responses to the problem. Responses include denying the existence of moral luck, accepting that moral luck is a part of life, and arguing that certain types of moral luck are incoherent.
Participatory Approaches in Dissemination and Implementation Science
Authors: Ramanadhan Shoba , Davis Melinda , Donaldson Tiffany , Miller Elecia , Minkler Meredith 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Engaging a wide range of partners in dissemination and implementation (D&I) efforts supports the goal of integrating the best available research evidence with practice and community needs and expertise. Several aspects are worth considering. First, strategic selection of engagement levels can offer academic, practice, and/or community partners the opportunity to improve the impact of D&I efforts. Second, participatory approaches to D&I may require a shift in mindset for academic researchers new to this work as they learn to see practice and community partners not as sources of information or access to communities, but as collaborators who offer vital, complementary expertise and should benefit directly from the work. Community and practice partners may also need support to engage with research teams and identify ways to benefit from of participating in research. By “making the tent bigger,” a wider range of available resources can be tapped and a greater range of needs can be met with a given study or project. Third, another shift involves the obligation to identify ways to align a given D&I effort with action, networks, and priorities of the implementing system. This systems-focused approach also prompts consideration of a broader set of outcomes, recognition of diverse ways of knowing, and opportunities to reshape the implementation context for equity.
Missing the Target—Mis-implementation and De-implementation
Authors: McKay Virginia R. , Walsh-Bailey Callie , Malone Sara , McGovern Collin , Niven Daniel J. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
De-implementation and mis-implementation of interventions are significant problems in both healthcare public health settings. The prospect of improving outcomes for patients by removing unnecessary treatment burdens, more judicious use of limited resources in public health practice, and improving equitable health outcomes for communities shows significant promise for the future. Dissemination and implementation (D&I) science has begun conceptualizing, framing, and empirically examining the extent of the problem. The next major steps in the field will be to test and refine existing de-implementation models, understand major determinants of suboptimal implementation, and identify strategies that promote de-implementation or appropriate sustainment of interventions.
Systems Science Methods in Dissemination and Implementation Research
Authors: Luke Douglas A. , Morshed Alexandra B. , McKay Virginia R. , Combs Todd B. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
As seen in this book, numerous analysis and modeling tools that take into account the natural complexity of systems and dissemination and implementation processes are available, and the use of them is increasing over time. This chapter summarizes the characteristics, potential insights, and limitations of each modeling approach. It is important to note that modeling from a systems perspective, like all modeling approaches, requires assumptions about variables to include (or exclude), and hypothesized relationships dictate the quality of the model and the utility of the results. As such, using theory and empirical data to inform model design is paramount. Systems thinking and methods remain underutilized in dissemination and implementation despite demonstrations of the utility of incorporating systems thinking and methods into dissemination and implementation studies.
Evaluation Approaches for Dissemination and Implementation Research
Authors: Gaglio Bridget , Glasgow Russell E. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Considerable progress has been made in evaluation of dissemination and implementation science and research; however, knowledge is still lacking in several key areas. The complex, inherently multilevel and contextual nature of dissemination and implementation science and the always (sometimes rapidly) changing environment present ongoing challenges. Given these challenges, evaluation of dissemination and implementation efforts need more adapted, novel, refined, and sophisticated approaches to evaluation and, especially, more pragmatic measures. This chapter answers the key, ultimate use question: What programs (interventions, guidelines, products, or policies) and what components, conducted under what conditions and in what settings, using what strategies, conducted by which agents, produce which outcomes, for which populations (and subgroups) via which processes, and how much does it cost?
Dissemination and Implementation Research in the Workplace
Authors: Hannon Peggy A. , Guerin Rebecca J. , Kava Christine M. , Harris Jeffrey R. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The workplace gives us an opportunity to reach more than 60% of noninstitutionalized adults in the United States. A substantial body of evidence demonstrates the effectiveness of a range of workplace health promotion (WHP) and occupational safety and health (OSH) programs, but comparatively little research focuses on disseminating and implementing effective WHP and OSH programs. WHP and OSH traditionally operate in distinct silos; total worker health (TWH) programs provide an integrated approach that is gaining popularity but far from universal adoption. Partnerships between academic researchers, employers, governmental organizations, and for-profit and not-for-profit vendors are needed to identify (and create) effective WHP, OSH, and TWH programs; tailor them to meet the needs and capacities of employers and workers across size and industry categories; market them effectively; provide appropriate levels of implementation assistance; and evaluate impact and use the results to improve the programs and increase their reach.
Health Equity in Dissemination and Implementation Science
Authors: Fitzpatrick Stephanie L. , Glenn Beth A. , Duru O. Kenrik , Ford Chandra L. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates not only the relevance, but also the necessity of applying an equity lens to dissemination and implementation (D&I) science to advance health equity. There are several challenges to promoting health equity in D&I research, including possible inadvertent exacerbation of health and healthcare disparities; lack of acknowledgment of contexts and other underlying structural factors, such as racism; limited use of a multilevel, multisector, and/or multisystems approach for evidence-based interventions (EBIs); inadequate use of equity-relevant metrics and methods; and lack of inclusion of low-resource settings or marginalized populations in efficacy, effectiveness, and implementation studies. However, applying a health equity lens to established D&I models and frameworks (transcreation framework) or increased use of health equity-focused emerging models and frameworks (e.g., health equity implementation framework) can help alleviate these challenges. There is growing application of health equity-focused D&I research in multiple areas, including cancer screening, obesity prevention, HIV/sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and vaccinations, with promising findings in reducing health disparities. Despite these advancements, there is much work to be done to prioritize health equity in D&I research, from considering social determinants of health in the study design to intentionally involving community partners throughout the intervention development and implementation process. To truly advance health equity at the population level, an equity lens must be applied to enhance EBI effectiveness and relevance as well as to strategies to implement, sustain, and scale EBIs across diverse communities and settings.
Designing for Dissemination and Sustainability
Authors: Kwan Bethany M. , Luke Douglas A. , Adsul Prajakta , Koorts Harriet , Morrato Elaine H. , Glasgow Russell E. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Most health innovations are neither translated into practice nor sustained due to poor product-context fit as well as lack of emphasis on active dissemination and insufficient systems and infrastructure to support scale-up and sustainability. A fit-to-context (F2C) perspective using a designing for dissemination and sustainability (D4DS) approach places the responsibility for active dissemination in the scope of work for the research enterprise and related partners. The chapter offers the F2C framework to D4DS as an iterative process that emphasizes the design phase of developing a research product and corresponding dissemination and sustainability plans. A range of methods is listed for design, testing, and adaptation that can be used individually or in combination during each D4DS phase. To advance the science and practice of D4DS, reorientation toward a mindset of beginning with the end in mind should be used, requiring consideration of the needs of the intended audience and setting for use of research products from the outset.
Training and Capacity Building in Dissemination and Implementation Science
Authors: Davis Rachel , Sevdalis Nick , Baumann Ana A. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
While capacity building in dissemination and implementation (D&I) has seen considerable growth over the years (exemplified by the growing number of training opportunities available), the field still has much to learn. Equally, there appears to be a notable gap in the lack of training opportunities that would be accessible to all those interested in learning about D&I, particularly efforts to provide ongoing support to implementers, researchers, or educators in their workplace. Among the topics covered in this book, capacity-building research is one of the least developed (and funded). Placing further emphasis on the research of training and not just the development and delivery of training, will help pave the way for the improvement of existing training programs, and the development of new ones. Efforts to further research what we should be teaching (i.e., competencies and further validation of these) and how we should be doing this for different types of learners could really maximize the “take-home” messages from training for learners. Ultimately, and arguably, this resultant newer and improved training could lead to a better understanding and application of core D&I concepts and methodologies in practice, which in turn would help to close the heavily cited “research-practice” gap that the field strives to close.
The Islamic Secular
Authors: Jackson Sherman A. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter lays out the full theoretical expanse of the Islamic Secular and the way it manifests itself in Islamic legal history, despite the absence of this particular terminology. It clarifies not only that every secular act is not necessarily non-religious but also that every religious act is not necessarily shar‘ī, or derived from sharī‘ah and its sources. It is also in this chapter that I provide an Arabic translation for “Islamic Secular”: islām mā warā’ al-ḥukm al-shar‘ī or, alternatively, al-islām khārij al-ḥukm al-shar‘ī. I trace various manifestations of the Islamic Secular in Islamic legal history, hitherto overlooked in Western scholarship. I also argue that siyāsah, or discretionary power, is separate and distinct from sharī‘ah and not a part of the latter. I end the chapter with an engagement with the thought of Talal Asad, the leading scholar on the secular in Islam.
Introduction
Authors: Kennedy Matthew 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The Introduction to On Elizabeth Taylor: An Opinionated Guide establishes the enormous talent of and public fascination for Elizabeth Taylor in her lifetime. Individual films are referenced as they pertain to the various phases of her career. Introduction includes quotes from costars and Taylor herself on her qualities and methods as an actress. Both her acclaimed and reviled films are noted. The Introduction also includes discussion of the format of the book as a critical guide to her entire career. Finally, the Introduction explores Taylor’s human qualities that informed her screen performances and contributed to making her such a huge and enduring movie star.
Chronology
Authors: Kennedy Matthew 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The chronology of On Elizabeth Taylor: An Opinionated Guide is a year-by-year summary of major personal and professional events in the life of Elizabeth Taylor. Beginning with her birth in 1932, and ending at her death in 2011, the chronology includes marriages, divorces, birth and adoption of her children, health crises, noteworthy films, awards won, and more. This is the portion of the book that contextualizes the more sensational aspects of Taylor's storied life. Her affair with Eddie Fisher after the death of her husband Mike Todd, and her subsequent affair with Richard Burton on the set of Cleopatra, are both listed. So, too, are her most serious health problems, as well as examples of her extravagance, particularly in the 1960s. The chronology, as well as her life, end with her tireless fundraising and advocacy for people with AIDS.