bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Do not ask me to remain the same’: Foucault and the professional identities of occupational therapists
Authors: Mackey Hazel 
Published: August 2006

The roles and frontiers of occupational therapy practitioners in the United Kingdom are being challenged by new ways of organising and regulating the workforce. Professional ways of working are challenged as structures and systems of authority, accountability and autonomy are reviewed and revised. The intention is to create a healthy environment in which jobs, career pathways and work roles are redesigned in order to use staff skills more flexibly. Support workers are taking on tasks previously only performed by state registered occupational therapists. Professionals are delegating tasks to other disciplinary groups, working within inter‐professional teams and sharing skills so that one worker can carry out a number of interventions. These new ways of working call for a revision of what it means to be an occupational therapist, a new kind of identity, a new conception of self. Considerations of identity are important because they prompt people to act in certain ways.  This article aims to ‘excavat(e) our own culture in order to open a free space for innovation and creativity’ (Foucault, 1988, p. 163), by discussing the theoretical constructs of social theorist and historian Michel Foucault as they relate to the dynamics of the professional identity of occupational therapy. It is argued that applying Foucault's ideas to the creation of a history of the present occupational therapy profession will illustrate the narrowness of the professional discourse and enable a move into a broader, interdisciplinary and critical practice.
Living with Parkinson's disease: Elderly patients’ and relatives’ perspective on daily living
Authors: Wressle Ewa , Engstrand Christina , Granérus Ann‐Kathrine 
Published: August 2006

Background/aim:  Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder resulting in significant disability. We examined how Parkinson's disease affects daily living from the perspective of both patients and relatives. Methods:  Qualitative interviews were performed with seven patients with Parkinson's disease and nine relatives from families other than those of the interviewed patients. Patients and relatives were recruited from an outpatient geriatric unit at a university hospital in Sweden. The interviews were transcribed and analysed qualitatively. Results:  A conceptual framework encompassing aggravating factors, consequences in daily living and facilitating factors is presented. Patients perceived activity restrictions, changed habits, decreased socialisation and anxiety. Relatives reported changed roles and habits, decreased socialisation, strain and anxiety about the future. Facilitating factors included accessibility, strategies and psychological support for both patients and relatives. Conclusions:  The results show that Parkinson's disease affects daily living not only for patients but also for relatives. They need to be seen, heard and supported in this burden. Services must be adapted to the needs of both patients and relatives with accessibility to health‐care facilities with deep knowledge about the disease and its consequences. The identified factors are areas of concern in occupational therapy.
Prior leg massage decreases pain responses to heel stick in preterm babies
Authors: Jain Sunil , Kumar Praveen , McMillan Douglas D 
Published: August 2006

Aim:  Leg massage could inhibit the transmission of pain by ‘closing the gate’ or by activating the endogenous opioid pathway to decrease nociceptive transmission of pain associated with heel stick. The aim of this study is to determine the effects of massage therapy prior to heel stick on responses assessed by the Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS) (primary outcome), heart rate, respiratory rate and oxygen saturation (secondary outcomes) in infants who required a heel stick for blood sampling.Methods:  This randomised, double‐blind, crossover trial with infants from 1 to 7 days post birth excluded those with prior surgery, septicaemia, current assisted ventilation or an analgesic within 48 h. After informed consent, 13 infants received a 2‐min massage of the ipsilateral leg prior to heel stick on the first study sampling and no massage on the next sampling 2–7 days later and 10 infants had the reverse order. The bedside nurse, blinded to the intervention, measured NIPS, heart rate, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation prior to massage, after massage, and 5 min after heel stick. Serum cortisol was measured with the blood sampling.Results:  In 23 infants (birthweight 795–2507 g), there were no adverse physiologic effects of massage. After heel stick, NIPS (P < 0.001) and heart rate (P = 0.03) were increased in the no‐massage group compared with the massage group. Respiratory rate, oxygen saturation and serum cortisol were not significantly different.Conclusion:  Gentle massage of the leg prior to heel stick is safe and decreases pain responses in preterm infants.
Sleep and adolescence. Do New Zealand teenagers get enough?
Authors: Dorofaeff Tavey F , Denny Simon 
Published: August 2006

Aim:  The objective of this study is to describe the sleep patterns of secondary school students in New Zealand.Methods:  This study uses data from a national secondary school youth health survey conducted in 2001. A total of 9567 students completed the survey with an overall response rate of 64.3%. Students were asked if they felt they got enough sleep and the numbers of sleep hours were estimated from self‐reported bedtimes and awakening times during the week and weekend.Results:  A significant proportion (21%) of students reported not getting enough sleep. Inadequate sleep was more common among older students and female students of Maori and New Zealand European ethnicity. The average amount of sleep secondary school students report in New Zealand is 8 h and 40 min during the week and 9 h and 23 min during the weekend. There was a shift towards later bedtimes and fewer total sleep hours among older students. Increasing hours of extracurricular activities and employment were generally associated with less sleep, especially among students engaging in more than 5 h a day of these activities.Conclusion:  Significant numbers of secondary school students report inadequate sleep. Given the importance of adequate sleep on healthy adolescent development, parents and health professionals should be wary of the amount of extracurricular activities that young people engage in, especially part‐time employment and the potential negative impact it may have on the adequacy of their sleep.
Burden of severe rotavirus disease in Australia
Authors: Newall Anthony T , MacIntyre Raina , Wang Han , Hull Brynley , Macartney Kristine 
Published: August 2006

Aim:  To analyse the epidemiology of coded rotavirus hospitalisations in Australia from 1993 to 2002, with a view to understanding the pre‐vaccination burden of severe disease in Australia. This study also seeks to determine the burden of rotavirus‐related mortality.Methods:  Hospitalisation data from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare for the period 1993–2002 were analysed. Rotavirus‐related mortality data from the National Mortality Database were also analysed for the period 1990–2002.Results:  There were an average of 4260 patients hospitalised for rotavirus each year. The majority of rotavirus hospitalisations occurred in those under the age of 5 years, with the highest rate being in those aged 6–12 months (618.4 per 100 000). The Northern Territory was the most distinct region, with exceptionally high rates of admission (148.9 per 100 000 total population), younger age of admission and longer lengths of stay. Mapping of rotavirus hospitalisation in Australia showed well‐defined areas of high hospitalisation rates. Thirteen rotavirus‐related deaths occurred during 1990–2002.Conclusion:  Rotavirus infection causes considerable morbidity and mortality in Australia. A vaccination programme would need to be completed by 6 months of age to have maximal impact.
Impact of obesity on coronary artery calcification examined by electron beam computed tomographic scan
Authors: Hsu C.‐H. , Chang S. G. N. , Hwang K.‐C. , Chou P. 
Published: August 2006

Aim:  Obesity is highly associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). The early and non‐invasive diagnosis method for asymptomatic obese is desirable. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of obesity on coronary artery calcification (CAC) by electron beam computed tomographic (EBCT) scan.Methods:  A total of 465 subjects (i) aged between 40 and 65 years, (ii) being Chinese, (iii) without clinical or historical angiographic obstruction or arrhythmia and (iv) without family history of CVD were enrolled in this study. All the subjects were assigned to one of the EBCT CAC score categories according to the quartiles: quartile 1 (<25%), quartile 2 (25–49%), quartile 3 (50–75%) and quartile 4 (>75%), for further assessment and comparison. The main outcome evaluated is the difference in CAC scores between obese [body mass index (BMI): ≥30 kg/m2] and healthy (BMI: 18.5–25.0 g/m2) BMI groups. The trends of the characteristics in CAC quartile groups and the odds ratios (ORs) were also evaluated.Results:  The mean of CAC scores between the obese and the healthy BMI groups showed significant difference (p = 0.05). The obese subjects had higher ORs (1.0–5.8 times) than those with BMI < 23 kg/m2, and male had higher ORs (1.1–3.6 times) than female, to develop the high CAC score quartile group.Conclusion:  This study demonstrated that the obese BMI group has a higher mean of CAC scores than the healthy BMI group of middle‐aged, asymptomatic, Chinese adults. The obese males have higher risk of developing high CAC scores, which might induce CVD.
The relationship between body mass index and per cent body fat in the severely obese
Authors: Adams T. D , Heath E. M , LaMonte M. J , Gress R. E , Pendleton R , Strong M , Smith S. C , Hunt S. C 
Published: August 2006

Background:  International standards define clinical obesity according to body mass index (BMI) without reference to age and gender. Recent studies among adults in the normal to mildly obese BMI ranges have shown that the relationship between BMI and per cent body fat (% fat) differs by age and gender. The extent to which age and gender affect the relationship between BMI and % fat among more severely obese individuals is less known.Aim:  The aim was to examine the age–gender association between measured BMI and % fat from a large cohort of adults, including a large number of severely obese subjects (1862 with a BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2).Methods:  BMI was computed from measured height and weight, and % fat was estimated from bioelectrical impedance in 3068 adults. Two impedance equations, the Sun equation and the Heath equation (specific to severe obesity), were used to calculate % fat.Results:  Average age for 991 men and 2077 women was 46 ± 15 vs. 44 ± 14 years respectively (p = 0.0003). The average BMI was 36 ± 9 kg/m2 for men and 39 ± 10 kg/m2 for women (p < 0.0001), with a combined gender BMI range of 19–74 kg/m2. Using the Sun equation, average % fat was 31 ± 8 vs. 46 ± 8% (p < 0.0001) for all men and women respectively. With the Sun equation, age‐adjusted Spearman correlations between all BMI and % fat values were r = 0.80 and r = 0.83 for men and women, respectively, but only 0.60 (n = 479) and 0.61 (n = 1383) in severely obese participants (BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2). Using the Heath equation, only for participants with BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2, the age‐adjusted Spearman correlations improved to r = 0.82 (n = 479) and r = 0.70 (n = 1383) for men and women respectively. Finally, by combining the Sun equation for subjects with BMI < 35 kg/m2 and the Heath equation for those with BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2, correlations improved to 0.89 for men and 0.87 for women. Using these combined equations, the relationship between BMI and % fat was best fit as a linear function for men and curvilinear function (both p < 0.001) for women across the range of BMI. The % fat was approximately 10% higher for any BMI value among women vs. men even among the severely obese (p < 0.0001).Conclusions:  These data that include a large cohort of severely obese individuals demonstrated a linear association between BMI and % fat for men and a curvilinear association between BMI and % fat for women when Sun and Heath equations were combined. Assuming disease risk is driven by adiposity, this study suggests a need to further explore the appropriateness of gender‐specific BMI cutpoints for clinical risk assessment due to the marked difference in the BMI–per cent fat relation observed in men and women across the entire range of BMI.
Prediction of fat‐free body mass from bioelectrical impedance among 9‐ to 11‐year‐old Swedish children
Authors: Nielsen B. M , Dencker M , Ward L , Linden C , Thorsson O , Karlsson M. K , Heitmann B. L 
Published: August 2006

Aim:  Predictive equations for estimating body composition from bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) among Scandinavian children are lacking. In the present study, equations for estimation of fat‐free body mass (FFM) and lean tissue mass (LTM) were developed and cross‐validated from BIA using dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) as the reference measurement of body composition.Methods:  The study population consisted of 49 girls and 52 boys aged 9–11 years from Malmö, Sweden. Bioelectrical impedance was measured between hand and foot at 50 kHz. Predictive equations were developed by multiple linear regression and cross‐validated against DXA measurements of body composition.Results:  FFM was predicted from BIA and anthropometric variables with an adjusted R2= 0.95 and root mean square error (RMSE) = 0.84 kg, and LTM was predicted with an adjusted R2= 0.95 and RMSE = 0.87 kg. Cross‐validation revealed a mean RMSE = 0.95 kg FFM and a mean RMSE = 0.96 kg LTM. Prediction of body composition from equations developed in previous literature was mixed when applied to the present cohort of children.Conclusions:  FFM and LTM are predicted with sufficient accuracy at the population level. We recommend that the predictive equations developed in the present study are used in prepubescent European children aged 9–11 years only in order to minimize confounding of results because of possible differences in population samples.
A comparison of insulin aspart and regular insulin in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Meneilly G. S. 
Published: August 2006

Aim:  To evaluate the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of insulin aspart in elderly patients with diabetes.Methods:  Studies were conducted in elderly patients with diabetes (n = 19, M/F 10/9, age 72 ± 1 years, BMI 27 ± 1 kg/m2, HbA1c 6.4 ± 0.1%, diabetes duration < 5 years). Nine patients were treated with metformin, and ten with diet. Subjects underwent 2 studies in random order. In one study, 0.1 u/kg of novolin R (Novo Nordisk, Copenhagen, Denmark) was administered at 7:30 am. Thirty minutes later, at time 0, subjects were given 235 ml of ensure with fibre. The other study was identical to the first except that insulin aspart (Novorapid, Novo Nordisk, Copenhagen, Denmark) 0.1 u/kg was given at time zero. Insulin and glucose valuves were measured as at regular intervals.Results:  Insulin and glucose profiles were nearly identical with insulin aspart and regular human insulin. The AUC for glucose (aspart: 6.9 ± 0.1 mM; regular: 7.1 ± 0.1 mM, p = ns) and insulin (aspart: 335 ± 30 pM; regular: 330 ± 25 pM, p = ns) did not differ between groups.Conclusions:  Insulin aspart appears to act similarly to regular human insulin in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes.
Young adults with Type 1 diabetes in tertiary education: do students receive adequate specialist care?
Authors: Geddes J. , McGeough E. , Frier B. M. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractAims  To examine the clinical characteristics of, and diabetes management provided for, young people with Type 1 diabetes in tertiary education.Methods  The medical case records of a group of 55 students aged 18–24 years, all of whom had Type 1 diabetes and had been referred to a hospital diabetes clinic, were examined.Results  A mean (SD) attendance of 80% (28%) was observed for all clinic appointments. Despite greater use of intensified insulin therapy (increasing from 37% to 83%) of students neither mean HbA1c nor mean body mass index changed significantly. Microvascular complications were infrequent. Documentation in the case notes of the frequency of home blood glucose monitoring was inadequate in 25% of patients as was the recorded frequency of mild (self‐treated) hypoglycaemia in (20%) of patients.Conclusions  Despite a satisfactory frequency of clinic attendance and organisation of insulin regimens by medical staff, glycaemic control remained unchanged throughout University attendance. The inadequate documentation of dietary habits, frequency of home blood glucose monitoring, hypoglycaemia, social habits and activities in both groups may provide a partial explanation, as other variables were not addressed. Young adults with Type 1 diabetes may benefit from receiving specialist care in a clinic dedicated to their particular needs.
Use of vascular risk‐modifying medications for diabetic patients differs between physician specialties
Authors: Shah B. R. , Hux J. E. , Laupacis A. , Zinman B. , Booth G. L. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractAims  Although heart disease and stroke are the underlying causes of death in most people with diabetes, vascular risk modification targets are frequently not met. This study examined whether vascular risk‐modifying medication utilization for diabetic patients differed among physician specialties.Methods  A population‐based study using administrative data from 105 715 people aged ≥ 65 years with newly diagnosed diabetes in Ontario between 1994 and 2001. The receipt of antihypertensive and lipid‐lowering drugs was compared between patients who had regular care from endocrinologists, internists/geriatricians and family physicians. Hierarchical logistic regression adjusted for patient‐level differences, physician‐level differences and patient clustering within physicians.Results  Only two‐thirds of patients received antihypertensive drugs and about one‐quarter received lipid‐lowering drugs. Compared with patients of family physicians, the adjusted odds ratios for antihypertensive drug use were 1.27 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.16, 1.38] for patients of internists/geriatricians and 1.03 (95% CI 0.94, 1.12) for patients of endocrinologists. For lipid‐lowering drugs, the odds ratios were 1.20 (95% CI 1.11, 1.30) for patients of internists/geriatricians and 1.58 (95% CI 1.42, 1.76) for patients of endocrinologists.Conclusions  Despite recommendations to use vascular risk‐modifying medication for most older people with diabetes, many patients were not receiving these medications. Medication utilization differed between physician specialties, with family physicians having the lowest rates of use. Notably, although blood pressure control has the greatest evidence of benefit and is cost‐saving, endocrinologists did not use antihypertensive drugs more often than family physicians after adjustment for other differences.
Habitat correlates of group size, bodyweight and reproductive performance in a high‐density Eurasian badger (Meles meles) population
Authors: Delahay R. J. , Carter S. P. , Forrester G. J. , Mitchell A. , Cheeseman C. L. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe relationship between habitat composition and the condition, productivity and number of residents of 24 badger Meles meles social groups in a high‐density population at Woodchester Park, south‐west England is described for 2 years. The habitat composition of social group territories varied considerably, although agricultural grassland (permanent pasture and ley grass) and cover of some description (i.e. woodland or scrub) predominated. Group size was positively related to the amount of arable and negatively related to the amount of deciduous woodland in the territory. The number of females and the number of cubs in a group were positively related to the amount of ley (rotational) grassland in the territory, while the number of males was not related to the availability of any land‐use category. The bodyweight of badgers in both summer and autumn was positively related to the amount of permanent pasture and ley grassland. However, weight gain was significantly related to the availability of permanent pasture only. Females that were heavier in the autumn were significantly more likely to lactate in the following year and cub bodyweight in summer and autumn was proportionately higher than that of adults and yearlings per unit area increase in agricultural grassland. There were significant age‐ and sex‐related differences in relationships between the habitat composition of territories and the number and condition of resident badgers. Nevertheless, the availability of agricultural grassland was the most important habitat requirement related to bodyweight in adults and cubs of both sexes.
Heritability of P300 amplitude development from adolescence to adulthood
Authors: Carlson Scott R. , Iacono William G. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractEarly adulthood is a period of late brain development corresponding to the age of onset for psychopathology associated with P300 amplitude reductions. Although amplitude from a single occasion is heritable, little is known about genetic influences on change during this period. This is the first study of P300 change to combine latent growth and twin models. P300 at Pz was measured up to three times at approximately ages 17, 20, and 23 in monozygotic and dizygotic male twins using a visual task. P300 decreased with age. Correlations indexing the stability of amplitude over time were high (median r=.72) and almost 90% of the stable variance (i.e., the model intercept) was attributable to genetic influences. The rate of decrease was heritable, and the genes influencing intercept may be the same ones influencing change. Finally, intercept was more heritable than amplitude at any single time point. Intercept may be a more useful aid in the search for genes associated with relevant psychopathology than single measures of P300. Over a broader age range growth indices may be useful “developmental” endophenotypes.
Contraceptive effect of sperm‐agglutinating factor isolated from Staphylococcus aureus in mouse
Authors: Aggarwal J , Prabha V 
Published: August 2006

Objective  To investigate the contraceptive effect of sperm‐agglutinating factor (SAF) isolated from Staphylococcus aureus in mouse.Design  Experimental study performed with LACA mice obtained from the Central Animal House, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.Setting  In vivo studies conducted in the Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.Population  Sixty female and 18 male mice were used for the studies.Methods  Mice sperm–S. aureus agglutination, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), in vivo studies in mice.Main outcome measure  Contraceptive efficacy of SAF.Results  S. aureus readily adhered to and agglutinated mouse spermatozoa. By SEM, S. aureus adherence was observed on sperm head as well as sperm tail. SAF was found to be causing 100% fertility inhibition in mouse with no effect on vaginal epithelium.Conclusions  Sperm‐agglutinating factor has been found to have a potential as a contraceptive agent.