bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring ocean waves from asteroid impacts
Authors: Asphaug Erik , Korycansky Donald , Ward Steven 
Published: October 2006

An asteroid the size of the Roman Coliseum crashes into the ocean somewhere on Earth, producing a transient cavity miles across. The spectacular collapse launches tsunamis in all directions, casting the asteroid's impact energy far and wide. Everyone living on these shores may be in for a bad day.Based partly on the assumption that relatively minor asteroid impacts spawn dangerous tsunamis, the National Research Council has recommended that NASA and the National Science Foundation design and build a Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) to image the entire sky every 7 days and detect thousands of asteroids to the 24th magnitude, especially those down to 300‐m diameter on near‐Earth orbits. The LSST will have many astronomical uses apart from asteroid hunting; nevertheless, before $100 million to $200 million gets spent, one must examine the justifications. Are sub‐kilometer asteroids really a significant threat? If not, then existing survey telescopes are adequate to catalog −98% of the 1100±100 near‐Earth asteroids larger than 1 km diameter in the next few decades. Of these, half have been detected so far, and most of the rest have orbits that are harder to discover from Earth. Perhaps the LSST money should instead be dedicated to a space‐borne observatory for bagging “holdouts” larger than a kilometer, those capable of causing global catastrophe.
Interaction of Strong Turbulence With Free Surfaces
Authors: Dalrymple Robert A. 
Published: October 2006

Spray from a nozzle, spilling breakers, and “rooster tails” from speeding boats are all examples of a turbulent flow with a free surface. In many cases like these, the free surface is difficult to discern as the volume of air in the fluid can exceed that of the water.In traditional studies, the free surface is simply defined as a continuous surface separating the fluid from air. The pressure at the surface is assumed to be atmospheric pressure and the fluid comprising the surface moves with the surface. While these conditions are sufficient for non‐turbulent flows, such as nonbreaking water waves, and lead to the (albeit non‐linear) dynamic and kinematic free surface boundary conditions that serve to provide sufficient conditions to determine the surface, they are not valid descriptions for a bubbly free surface in a highly turbulent regime, such as the roller in front of a spilling breaker or the propeller wash behind a ship.
Space infrared telescope could provide new insights into some solar system objects
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

NASA's Space Infrared Telescope Facility, which launched on 25 August, promises to open windows about objects within our own solar system, as well as provide a better understanding about galactic and intergalactic objects and phenomena and the early universe.The infrared observatory offers new capabilities to explore and characterize aspects of the solar system which cannot be observed from the ground, including some Kuiper Belt objects, distant planets and satellites, asteroids and comets, and interplanetary dust, according to SIRTF solar system observations scientist Victoria Meadows. The observatory could provide new insights into specific targets through the enhanced observational sensitivity and new measurement capabilities it offers at the 3–180 micron wavelengths.
Scientific Method in Practice
Authors: Fryer Gerard 
Published: October 2006

What is science? How does it work? Scientists seldom consider such questions, preferring to leave these abstractions to philosophers or historians. But many scientists might ask a question only slightly less abstract: “How can I be more effective as a scientist?” No answer is possible without understanding what science is.Enter Hugh Gauch with Scientific Method in Practice. His goals are to help scientists become better at their work and to provide a perspective on science.
The predictability of the magnetosphere and space weather
Authors: Li X. , Baker D. N. , Larson Davin , Temerin M. , Reeves Geoff , Kanekal S. G. 
Published: October 2006

Yogi Berra once observed, apparently paraphrasing Niels Bohr, “Prediction is difficult, especially about the future.”Berra's and Bohr's backgrounds, respectively, in baseball and quantum mechanics, probably prejudiced them, since recent studies show that, at least in geophysics, not everything is as difficult to predict as the path of a knuckle ball or an electron through a double slit. Large‐scale magnetospheric activity we believe, is quite predictable, given solar wind conditions. For example, in Figure 1 we show the long‐term variation of radiation belt electrons and the Dst index for approximately the last solar cycle. The long‐term variation of radiation belt electrons and the Dst index provides evidence that radiation belt electrons and geomagnetic activity on average, have a systematic response to the solar wind.
Naoshi Fukushima (1925–2003)
Authors: Kamide Y. , Nishida A. 
Published: October 2006

On 25 June 2003, the geomagnetism and solar‐terrestrial physics community lost a pioneer and a leader in the study of the current system in the near‐Earth environment. We all were saddened to learn of the passing of Naoshi Fukushima in Tokyo at the age of 78. The 1990 recipient of AGU's Waldo E. Smith Medal, Fukushima was a life member of AGU who joined in 1960.Fukushima was born on 19 January 1925. He was educated at the Imperial University of Tokyo, soon to become the University of Tokyo, where he received his bachelor's degree in geophysics in 1947. In 1953, he obtained a doctorate degree from the graduate school of the University of Tokyo. His doctoral thesis, titled “Polar Magnetic Storms and Geomagnetic Bays,” was highly influential for years to come. From 1951, he was an academic staff member, reaching the position of full professor in 1965 at the Geophysical Institute and Geophysics Research Laboratory (GRL) of the University of Tokyo. He had been the director of the GRL since 1973. During his tenure at the University of Tokyo, Fukushima was also a visiting fellow at a number of institutions around the world, including the University of Göttingen,the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, and the University of Oslo
U.S. announces one‐year delay for visa waiver program change
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The U.S. State Department has announced that it is delaying by one year a new rule affecting citizens from visa waiver program countries. The new rule, which was scheduled to go into effect on 1 October 2003, requires visitors from these countries to obtain non‐immigrant visas to enter the United States if they do not have machine‐readable passports. The announced delay means that this rule will now go into effect 26 October 2004 instead.The delay does not apply to five visa waiver countries—Andorra, Brunei, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, and Slovenia—because most of the citizens of these nations already carry passports that are machine‐readable.
Montreal Protocol benefits cited
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer has succeeded in eliminating the emission of millions of tons of ozone‐depleting chemicals per year, according to a report issued by the World Bank on 16 September.The “Montreal Protocol Status Report” notes that annual global consumption of chlorofluoro‐carbons (CFCs) plummeted from 1.1 million to 150,000 tons between 1986 and 1999. Without the protocol, CFC consumption would have reached 3 million tons in 2010 and 8 million tons in 2060, according to the report.
Comment on WMO statement on extreme weather events
Authors: Khandekar L. 
Published: October 2006

I was intrigued to see a World Meteorological Organization (WMO) statement on extreme weather events (Eos, 15 July 2003, p. 262) issued during the peak of the northern hemisphere summer season, when parts of Europe were experiencing a heat wave and the U.S. Midwest experienced a rash of tornadoes. As a long‐term resident of eastern North America—Toronto, to be exact—I was puzzled to note that WMO did not choose to issue such an “extreme weather statement” during the last winter season, January–March 2003, when eastern North America experienced one of the longest and coldest winters in many years.Several communities in the Canadian Atlantic provinces experienced extreme cold spells and record‐breaking snowfall amounts. In the interior region of Newfoundland, several communities were cut off for a few weeks because of ice jams due to frozen rivers and lakes. Further south, along the U.S. Atlantic seaboard, heavy snowfall amounts were recorded with some locales in the Washington‐Baltimore area receiving up to 100 cm of snow in 24 hours! The unusually long and cold winter of 2003 was felt as far south as Bangladesh and Vietnam, where several hundred people died of exposure during a month‐long cold spell. In northern Europe, the Gulf of Finland between Scandinavia and Russia was frozen over for the first time since 1947!
Robert Hargraves (1928–2003)
Authors: Onstott Tulus 
Published: October 2006

Robert Hargraves, a member of Princeton University's Department of Geosciences' faculty from 1961 until his retirement in 1994, died on 21 March 2003. He had been an AGU member (GP) since 1970.Hargraves was internationally known for his contributions to geologic and geophysical problems dealing with the full span of the 4.5‐b.y. history of Earth, as well as other bodies in the solar system. The day before he entered the hospital for what was to be his final visit, he was busily working on two projects: a new type of remanent magnetism, anticipated by his Ph.D. dissertation, that had major implications for understanding the geological history of Earth, Mars, and the Moon; and a new, potentially major impact feature in South Africa, the country where his interest in impacts first developed.
Integrating petrologic and remote sensing perspectives on magmatic volatiles and volcanic degassing
Authors: Wallace Paul J. , Cam Simon A. , Rose William I. , Bluth Gregg J.S. , Gerlach Terry 
Published: October 2006

The volatile constituents—H2O, CO2, and S, and Cl—play an important role in the generation, evolution, and eruption of magma. Knowledge of the abundance and flux of these volatiles is important for understanding the hazard implications of volcanic activity, explosive eruptive behavior of volcanoes, recycling of volatiles in subduction zones, formation of magmatic‐hydrothermal ore deposits, additions of volcanic gases to Earth's atmosphere, and potential climatic impacts of large volcanic eruptions.Over the past 25 years, new developments in technology have led to major advances in our ability to measure the fluxes of volatiles released from erupting volcanoes. At the same time, new micro‐analytical techniques have made it possible to measure the pre‐emptive concentrations of magmatic volatiles through the use of tiny melt inclusions trapped in phenocrysts in volcanic rocks. Comparison of the data acquired from these different perspectives has highlighted some major gaps in our understanding of both the abundance of the different volatiles, and the ways in which they are transported through magmatic systems and released to the atmosphere by degassing.
Willard J. Pierson Jr. (1922–2003)
Authors: Donelan Mark A. , Cardone Vincent J. 
Published: October 2006

Willard J. Pierson, Jr., retired professor of oceanography at New York University and City College of New York (CCNY), an AGU Fellow, and past president (1974–1977) of its Ocean Sciences Section, died on 7 June 2003. He had been an AGU member since 1948.His death marked the close of an important chapter in oceanography. Pierson was a true pioneer in many aspects of oceanography, especially wave dynamics and remote sensing. His immense contributions to these fields are complemented by his legacy of a generation of scientists who successfully completed their doctoral training under his guidance to go on to productive and distinguished careers themselves. Pierson was the consummate teacher, always willing to go to whatever lengths necessary to see the light of understanding appear in his students' eyes. He was an effective mentor to many students and younger colleagues; he led by inspiration and by example; he guided with firmness and kindness.
Academic specialties in U.S. are shifting; hiring of women geoscientists is stagnating
Authors: Holmes Mary Anne , O'Connell Suzanne , Frey Connie , Ongley Lois K. 
Published: October 2006

Women have been receiving a greater proportion of the bachelor's and master's degrees in the geosciences over the last 10 years, reaching near 40% in 2000 (latest data available), while receiving only 28% of the Ph.D.s that year. Women are now only 20% of assistant professors at Ph.D.‐granting institutions, a proportion that has not changed in the last 4 years. As part of a larger study to find what key barriers continue to prevent larger numbers of women geoscientists from becoming academics, data have been compiled from the National Science Board [NSB, 2002] and the American Geological Institute's (AGI) Directory of Geoscience Departments [Claudy, 2001] on geoscience specialty by gender.The data are broken down by the specialty of the Ph.D., and compared to hiring rates at Ph.D.‐granting institutions over the last 10 years. These institutions are the focus because they are the source of future Ph.D.s, and diversity of their faculty is critical to assuring diversity and consequent intellectual vigor and strength of our future academic workforce. The data reveal both a slight shift in the subdisciplines of all geoscientists employed in tenure‐track positions at Ph.D.‐granting institutions, and that hiring of women into tenure‐track positions in specific subdisciplines has not kept pace with their Ph.D. production during that time.
Earthquake Hazards Program could have new leadership
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

The interagency National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) in the United States will have new leadership and increased authorized funding, if bipartisan re‐authorization legislation approved by the House of Representatives on 1 October becomes law.The bill, H.R. 2608, would elevate the National Institute of Standards and Technology as the lead agency for planning and coordinating NEHRP, replacing the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) in that role. The NEHRP, established by Congress in 1977, also includes the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the National Science Foundation (NSF) as agency partners.
Oceans and human health initiative takes shape at NOAA
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

A new $8‐million research initiative that will focus on the relationship between oceans and human health—which the U.S. Congress mandated be established by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration—could help to fill in important research gaps in this area, if the program can overcome some internal challenges.At a workshop held 9 October to begin determining the scientific scope and structure of the initiative, some participants said that the challenges include questions about NOAAs commitment to supporting external research by the academic community Another concern voiced was that the study of marine‐based pharmaceuticals and bioactive agents should receive more focus within the program.
Biogeochemical implications of levee confinement in the lowermost Mississippi River
Authors: Galler J. J. , Bianchi T. S. , Alison M. A. , Wysocki L. A. , Campanella R. 
Published: October 2006

With the recent formation of the Center for River‐Ocean Studies (CeROS) at Tulane University in Louisiana (see http://www.tulane.edu/~ceros) and the emerging state‐federal partnership that is creating river diversions to combat coastal land loss, increased attention is being paid to the lowermost Mississippi River, from Baton Rouge to the Gulf of Mexico, as a critical juncture and storage area for sediment particles and bio‐active compounds.CeROS scientists, working with the US. Geological Survey and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, have undertaken a detailed re‐assessment of the channel floor and water column of this region using geophysical and biogeochemical data collection, combined with historical data sets.
Plan for living on a restless planet sets NASA's solid Earth agenda
Authors: Solomon Sean C. , Baker Victor R. , Bloxham Jeremy , Booth Jeffrey , Donnellan Andrea , Elachi Charles , Evans Diane , Rignot Eric , Burbank Douglas , Chao Benjamin F. , Chave Alan , Gillespie Alan , Herring Thomas , Jeanloz Raymond , LaBrecque John , Minster Bernard , Pitman Walter C. , Simons Mark , Turcotte Donald L. , Zoback Mary Lou C. 
Published: October 2006

What are the most important challenges facing solid Earth science today and over the next two decades? And what is the best approach for NASA, in partnership with other agencies, to address those challenges? A new report, Living on a Restless Planet, provides a blueprint for answering these questions. The top priority for a new spacecraft mission in the area of solid Earth science over the next 5 years, according to this report, is a satellite dedicated to Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR).At the request of NASA, the Solid Earth Science Working Group (SESWG) developed a strategy for the highest priority objectives in solid Earth science for the space agency over the next 25 years. The strategy addresses six challenges that are of fundamental scientific importance, have strong implications for society, and are amenable to substantial progress through a concerted series of scientific observations from space.
From D. Stern
Authors: Stern David P. 
Published: October 2006

The contrasting careers of Sydney Chapman and Hannes Alfvén make an interesting story of genuine insights, false leads, bitter controversy and two very different approaches to the riddle of the magnetic storm. Unfortunately the recentEos article by S.‐I.Akasofu [2003] blurs the picture, leaving readers to wonder what exactly did happen. Because of space limitations, this attempt to untangle the plot must be rather brief, but readers are urged to consult Stern [1989] (which cites the original articles), Alfvén [1939 (1970)], Dessler [1984], and Smith [1963], none mentioned by Akasofu.Magnetic storms—so named by Alexander von Humboldt—were recognized in the 1830s as worldwide disturbances, thanks to the worldwide observatory network Humboldt helped establish. A magnetic disturbance implies an electric current somewhere, and the worldwide character suggested this current circulated around the Earth's equator. Adolph Schmidt in 1916 named it the ring current; it seemed to establish itself during magnetic storms, then decay within 1–5 days. In addition, large magnetic storms were accompanied by big displays of polar aurora, extending far equatorward from the auroral zone.
Hatten S.Yoder, Jr. (1921–2003)
Authors: Mysen Bjorn 
Published: October 2006

Hatten S.Yoder, Jr., an internationally known geologist, experimental petrologis and geochemist, and emeritus director of the Carnegie Institution of Washington's Geophysical Laboratory died on 2 August 2003, following complications from surgery. An AGU Fellow, Yoder served on AGU's Council from 1966 to 1968, and as president of the Volcanology, Petrology and Geochemistry Section from 1961 to 1964.Born on 20 March 1921, Yoder was raised in Cleveland, Ohio, where he graduated from Lakewood High School. He obtained his bachelor's degree at the University of Chicago in 1940 and his Ph.D. in geology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1948. He received honorary doctorate degrees from the University of Paris VI, France, in 1981 and from the Colorado School of Mines in 1995.
Marine life report highlights need for baseline knowledge
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

While there is a dearth of current knowledge about marine organisms and their habitats, there is also the potential for a vastly improved understanding of the diversity, distribution, and abundance of marine life, according to a new report on life in the world's oceans.A baseline report, issued by the Census of Marine Life on 23 October, indicates that the final tally for marine species diversity could be up to 10 times higher than the 210,000 marine life forms currently recognized by science. About 1,860 new marine species are being cataloged each year on average, the report states.
Plan could protect Klamath fish and agriculture
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Klamath River basin fish and farms in Oregon and California both could be protected, according to a 21 October report by the U.S. National Research Council. The report, by a committee of the Council's Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, calls for protecting three imperiled fish species through the removal of some dams which serve as migration obstacles, habitat improvement, and measures to stem the loss of stream bank vegetation and to lower the summer water temperatures in tributaries.The committee found that maintaining water levels and flows higher than those of recent past years would not likely lead to the recovery of two endangered sucker species and a genetically distinct population of Coho salmon that is threatened.
Disasters at the interface of nature and society provoke thought
Authors: Castaños Heriberta , Lomnitz Cinna 
Published: October 2006

A casual remark, a chance encounter in the corridors of power, decisions made at the administrative level; those are the things disasters are made of. We didn't know this until September 11, 2001.What is a disaster? Natural and social causes, like separate strands, are closely intertwined. In the 5th century, attributing earthquakes to natural causes was a crime: there is a heresy that claims that earthquakes are supposedly caused by the elements of nature rather than by the righteous judgment and wrath of God, quoth Saint Philastrius. It took 14 centuries to replace this paradigm with another: one should not view God as an irrational being, capable of destroying His own temples, in the words of Camilo Henriquez, S.J., after the 1822 Valparaiso earthquake. This was a giant step forward, but it was not enough. We now realize that all disasters are social, as well as natural.
An Introduction to Atmospheric Thermodynamics
Authors: Hobgood Jay S. 
Published: October 2006

Thermodynamic principles are part of our understanding of the physical processes at work in the universe. Books on thermodynamics commonly begin with discussions of the basic principles that are the foundation of the discipline and are differentiated by the applications of those principles. There has been a need in recent years for a book that addresses the application of thermodynamics to meteorological problems, especially a book written for undergraduate courses emphasizing the operational aspects of meteorology. Anastasios A. Tsonis has written An Introduction to Atmospheric Thermodynamics to fill this need.The book is organized in a fairly standard pattern. The first two chapters briefly present a few basic concepts. The next three chapters develop the thermodynamics of dry air (that is, the mixture of gasses in the Earth's atmosphere minus the water vapor) from the empirical gas laws to the concept of entropy Chapters six and seven discuss the thermodynamics of water and moist air, that is, the dry air plus the water vapor. These chapters are followed by consideration of vertical stability and thermodynamic diagrams. The final chapter attempts to link ther modynamics to the larger problem of weather prediction. Most of the chapters conclude with examples and a list of problems.