bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Topical Microbicides on Infectious Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Binding to Epithelial Cells
Authors: Roth Susan , Monsour Michael , Dowland Amanda , Guenthner Patricia C. , Hancock Kelly , Ou Chin-Yi , Dezzutti Charlene S. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT

Topical microbicides (cellulose acetate 1,2 benzene dicarboxylate [CAP], PRO 2000, SPL7013, and UC781) are being investigated to reduce the sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). These products were shown to prevent the transfer of infectious HIV-1 from urogenital and colorectal epithelial cell lines to peripheral blood mononuclear cells. However, it was unclear if the topical microbicides rendered the virus noninfectious and/or reduced the binding to the epithelial cells. To test this, epithelial cells were cultured with HIV-1 in the presence or absence of topical microbicides or their placebos. The cells were washed, RNA lysates were made, and real-time PCR was performed for HIV-1. PRO 2000 and SPL7013 significantly (
P
< 0.0001) reduced the amount of bound HIV-1 to the colorectal epithelial cell line across clades A, B, C, and CRF01-AE. While none of the products reduced the binding of HIV-1 clades A and C to the urogenital cell line, CAP, PRO 2000, and SPL7013 significantly (
P
≤ 0.002) reduced the binding of clades B and CRF01-AE. In general, PRO 2000 and SPL7013 placebos significantly (
P
< 0.0001) reduced the amount of bound HIV-1 but were less than the active products. UC781, its placebo, and hydroxyethyl cellulose (placebo for CAP) minimally affected the amount of bound HIV-1. These results suggest that rendering HIV-1 noninfectious may not correlate to the amount of HIV-1 bound to epithelial cells and possible shedding into mucosal secretions. Therefore, functional virological assays in addition to measuring viral RNA should be included when clinically evaluating topical microbicide use by infected persons.
Antiviral and Cellular Metabolism Interactions between Dexelvucitabine and Lamivudine
Authors: Hernandez-Santiago Brenda I. , Mathew Judy S. , Rapp Kim L. , Grier Jason P. , Schinazi Raymond F. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTStudies on cellular drug interactions with antiretroviral agents prior to clinical trials are critical to detect possible drug interactions. Herein, we demonstrated that two 2′-deoxycytidine antiretroviral agents, dexelvucitabine (known as β-d-2′,3′-didehydro-2′,3′-dideoxy-5-fluorocytidine, DFC,d-d4FC, or RVT) and lamivudine (3TC), combined in primary human peripheral blood mononuclear (PBM) cells infected with human immunodeficiency virus 1 strain LAI (HIV-1LAI), resulted in additive-to-synergistic effects. The cellular metabolism of DFC and 3TC was studied in human T-cell lymphoma (CEM) and in primary human PBM cells to determine whether this combination caused any reduction in active nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) levels, which could decrease with their antiviral potency. Competition studies were conducted by coincubation of either radiolabeled DFC with different concentrations of 3TC or radiolabeled 3TC with different concentrations of DFC. Coincubation of radiolabeled 3TC with DFC at concentrations up to 33.3 μM did not cause any marked reduction in 3TC-triphosphate (TP) or any 3TC metabolites. However, a reduction in the level of DFC metabolites was noted at high concentrations of 3TC with radiolabeled DFC. DFC-TP levels in CEM and primary human PBM cells decreased by 88% and 94%, respectively, when high concentrations of 3TC (33.3 and 100 μM) were added, which may influence the effectiveness of DFC-5′-TP on the HIV-1 polymerase. The NTP levels remained well above the median (50%) inhibitory concentration for HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. These results suggest that both β-d- and β-l-2′-deoxycytidine analogs, DFC and 3TC, respectively, substrates of 2′-deoxycytidine kinase, could be used in a combined therapeutic modality. However, it may be necessary to decrease the dose of 3TC for this combination to prove effective.
Islam, the Mediterranean and the Rise of Capitalism
Authors: Banaji Jairus 
Published: April 2007

AbstractMarxist notions of the origins of capitalism are still largely structured by the famous debate on the transition from feudalism to capitalism. This essay suggests that that tradition of historiography locates capitalism too late and sees it in essentially national terms. It argues that capitalism began, on a European scale, in the important transformations that followed the great revival of the eleventh century and the role played by mercantile élites in innovating new forms of business organisation. However, with this starting point, it becomes important to bring Islam into the picture in a central way, since the Mediterranean was the common heritage of many cultural and religious groups. Islam shaped the tradition of early capitalism both by preserving monetary economy and through its own precocious development of the partnership form. The essay periodises this early capitalism into a 'Mediterranean' and an 'Atlantic' phase, and concludes by looking briefly at the ways in which merchants dominate labour.
Erythropoietin modulation of podocalyxin and a proposed erythroblast niche
Authors: Sathyanarayana Pradeep , Menon Madhu P. , Bogacheva Olga , Bogachev Oleg , Niss Knut , Kapelle William S. , Houde Estelle , Fang Jing , Wojchowski Don M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractEpo's erythropoietic capacity is ascribed largely to its antiapoptotic actions. In part via gene profiling of bone marrow erythroblasts, Epo is now shown to selectively down-modulate the adhesion/migration factors chemokine receptor-4 (Cxcr4) and integrin alpha-4 (Itga4) and to up-modulate growth differentiation factor-3 (Gdf3), oncostatin-M (OncoM), and podocalyxin like-1 (PODXL). For PODXL, Epo dose–dependent expression of this CD34-related sialomucin was discovered in Kit+CD71high proerythroblasts and was sustained at subsequent Kit−CD71high and Ter119+ stages. In vivo, Epo markedly induced PODXL expression in these progenitors and in marrow-resident reticulocytes. This was further associated with a rapid release of PODXL+ reticulocytes to blood. As studied in erythroblasts expressing minimal Epo receptor (EpoR) alleles, efficient PODXL induction proved dependence on an EpoR-PY343 Stat5 binding site. Moreover, in mice expressing an EpoR-HM F343 allele, compromised Epo-induced PODXL expression correlated with abnormal anucleated red cell representation in marrow. By modulating this select set of cell-surface adhesion molecules and chemokines, Epo is proposed to mobilize erythroblasts from a hypothesized stromal niche and possibly promote reticulocyte egress to blood.
Book Reviews
Authors: Lev Benjamin 
Published: April 2007

The range of books reviewed is wide, covering theory and applications in operations research, statistics, management science, econometrics, mathematics, computers, and information systems (no software is reviewed). In addition, we include books in other fields that emphasize technical applications. Publishers who wish to have their books reviewed should send them to Professor Benjamin Lev. We list the books received; not all books received can be reviewed because space is limited. Those who would like to review books are urged to send me their names, addresses, and specific areas of expertise. We commission all reviews and do not accept unsolicited book reviews. Readers are encouraged to suggest books that might be reviewed or to ask publishers to send me copies of such books. The authors or editors of the books reviewed in this issue are Oliver Cappé, Eric Moulines, Tobias Rydén, Timothy Coelli, D. S. Prasada Rao, Christopher J. O’Donnell, George E. Battese, Mehmed M. Kantardzic, Jozef Zurada, André Langevin, Diana Riopel, Stefan Voss, and David L. Woodruff.
Dispositional and situational learning goals and children's self‐regulation
Authors: Hole Jennifer L. , Crozier W. Ray. 
Published: April 2007

Background.Little research has examined interactions between self‐reported dispositional and experimentally manipulated situational group orientations in their effect on self‐regulation.Aims.The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of dispositional and situational learning goal orientation on children's self‐efficacy and engagement and persistence at a puzzle task.Sample.A self‐report learning goal orientation scale was completed by 110 children, aged 9–11 years. Fifty‐three children (24 girls) selected to be high and low on the scale participated in the experiment.Method.Half of the children were given instructions designed to evoke learning goals, while the remainder received performance goal instructions. Children attempted a difficult puzzle task on two occasions, when measures were made of self‐regulatory behaviours.Results and conclusions.Children assigned to the learning goal instruction were more likely to persist at the task until the end of the allotted time, displayed more on‐task behaviour and engaged in more autonomous help‐seeking. These effects were more pronounced following the first task, which all children had been unable to complete. Dispositional task orientation did not predict individual differences on these measures. The findings are interpreted in terms of learned helplessness and self‐worth theory.
Common hippopotamus ( Hippopotamus amphibius ): a survey on the River Djerem, Mbam-Djerem National Park, Cameroon / Hippopotames ( Hippopotamus amphibius ): l'inventaire des populations sur la rivière Djerem, Parc National de Mbam Djerem, Cameroun
Authors: Nchanji Anthony Chifu , Fotso Roger C. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractInformation on the population of common hippopotamus ( Hippopotamus amphibius ) in Cameroon is limited. Consequently, management decisions are based on guesses. We surveyed common hippos on the River Djerem in Mbam-Djerem National Park, from April to June 2001 by sailing on the river at 1.5 km/h and counting hippopotamus that emerged to the water surface. We also recorded their tracks along the river banks. We found at least 18 hippos in April and 79 during May–June on the river, suggesting that there were either different numbers at each of the periods or approximately the same numbers, but with individuals responding differently to the physiological and noise stimuli used in the study. However, the observation of numerous fresh outlet tracks of hippos at pools where they were not directly sighted suggests higher numbers on the river during each of the periods. Hunting of hippopotamus in the past for trophies (canines) threatened their survival and accounts for the relatively low numbers observed compared to an earlier survey in the River Bénoué. There are hopes for a future population increase with increased law enforcement in the recently created Mbam-Djerem National Park.
Achievements in Systemic Therapies in the Pregenomic Era in Metastatic Breast Cancer
Authors: Colozza Mariantonietta , de Azambuja Evandro , Personeni Nicola , Lebrun Fabienne , Piccart Martine J. , Cardoso Fatima 
Published: April 2007

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Identify the available systemic therapies for metastatic breast cancer patients.Define the role of taxanes and targeted therapies in metastatic breast cancer patients.Discuss the most useful endocrine therapy in patients with metastatic breast cancer.
CME Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™ at CME.TheOncologist.com
Medicinal Cannabis Does Not Influence the Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Irinotecan and Docetaxel
Authors: Engels Frederike K. , de Jong Floris A. , Sparreboom Alex , Mathot Ron A. A. , Loos Walter J. , Kitzen Jos J. E. M. , de Bruijn Peter , Verweij Jaap , Mathijssen Ron H. J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractObjective.To date, data regarding the potential of cannabinoids to modulate cytochrome P450 isozyme 3A (CYP3A) activity are contradictory. Recently, a standardized medicinal cannabis product was introduced in The Netherlands. We anticipated an increased use of medicinal cannabis concurrent with anticancer drugs, and undertook a drug-interaction study to evaluate the effect of concomitant medicinal cannabis on the pharmacokinetics of irinotecan and docetaxel, both subject to CYP3A-mediated biotransformation.Patients and Methods.Twenty-four cancer patients were treated with i.v. irinotecan (600 mg, n = 12) or docetaxel (180 mg, n = 12), followed 3 weeks later by the same drugs concomitant with medicinal cannabis (200 ml herbal tea, 1 g/l) for 15 consecutive days, starting 12 days before the second treatment. Blood samples were obtained up to 55 hours after dosing and analyzed for irinotecan and its metabolites (SN-38, SN-38G), respectively, or docetaxel. Pharmacokinetic analyses were performed during both treatments. Results are reported as the mean ratio (95% confidence interval [CI]) of the observed pharmacokinetic parameters with and without concomitant medicinal cannabis.Results.Medicinal cannabis administration did not significantly influence exposure to and clearance of irinotecan (1.04; CI, 0.96–1.11 and 0.97; CI, 0.90–1.05, respectively) or docetaxel (1.11; CI, 0.94–1.28 and 0.95; CI, 0.82–1.08, respectively).Conclusion.Coadministration of medicinal cannabis, as herbal tea, in cancer patients treated with irinotecan or docetaxel does not significantly influence the plasma pharmacokinetics of these drugs. The evaluated variety of medicinal cannabis can be administered concomitantly with both anticancer agents without dose adjustments.
Oral Glutamine Is Effective for Preventing Oxaliplatin-Induced Neuropathy in Colorectal Cancer Patients
Authors: Wang Wei-Shu , Lin Jen-Kou , Lin Tzu-Chen , Chen Wei-Shone , Jiang Jeng-Kae , Wang Huann-Sheng , Chiou Tzeon-Jye , Liu Jin-Hwang , Yen Chueh-Chuan , Chen Po-Min 
Published: April 2007

Learning ObjectivesAfter completing this course, the reader will be able to: Identify the clinical features of oxaliplatin-induced neuropathy.Discuss the current approaches for managing chemotherapy-induced neuropathy.Explain the rationale for using glutamine in preventing oxaliplatin-induced neuropathy.CME Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™ at CME.TheOncologist.com
The Synergistic Effect of Prussian‐Blue‐Grafted Carbon Nanotube/Poly(4‐vinylpyridine) Composites for Amperometric Sensing
Authors: Li J. , Qiu J.‐D. , Xu J.‐J. , Chen H.‐Y. , Xia X.‐H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBecause of its high activity and selectivity toward the reduction of hydrogen peroxide and oxygen, Prussian blue (PB) is usually considered as an “artificial enzyme peroxidase” and has been extensively used in the construction of electrochemical biosensors. In this study, we report on the construction of amperometric biosensors via grafting PB nanoparticles on the polymeric matrix of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and poly(4‐vinylpyridine) (PVP). The MWCNT/PVP/PB composite films were synthesized by casting films of MWCNTs wrapped with PVP on gold electrodes followed by electrochemical deposition of PB on the MWCNT/PVP matrix. The electrode modified with the MWCNT/PVP/PB composite film shows prominent electrocatalytic activity toward the reduction of hydrogen peroxide, which can be explained by the remarkable synergistic effect of the MWCNTs and PB. Therefore, fast amperometric response of this sensor to hydrogen peroxide was observed with a detection sensitivity of 1.3 μA μM–1 of H2O2 per square centimeter area and a detection limit of 25 nM. These results are much better than those reported for PB‐based amperometric sensors. In addition, a glucose biosensor fabricated by casting an additional glucose oxidase (GOD) containing Nafion film above the MWCNT/PVP/PB composite film shows promise for the sensitive and fast detection of glucose. The observed high stability, high sensitivity, and high reproducibility of the MWCNT/PVP/PB composite films make them promising for the reliable and durable detection of hydrogen peroxide and glucose.
A Solution‐Processable High‐Coloration‐Efficiency Low‐Switching‐Voltage Electrochromic Polymer Based on Polycyclopentadithiophene
Authors: Wu C.‐G. , Lu M.‐I. , Chang S.‐J. , Wei C.‐S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA solution‐processable electrochromic (EC) polymer, poly(4,4‐dioctyl‐cyclopenta[2,1‐b:3,4‐b′]‐dithiophene) (PDOCPDT) is prepared by means of chemical oxidative polymerization of the corresponding monomer. The UV‐vis spectrum of the spin‐coated PDOCPDT film displays an absorption maximum of 580 nm. Although the polymer is deep blue in its neutral state, it turns to transparent bluish after being oxidized. PDOCPDT film (thickness 120 nm) exhibits high coloration efficiency (CE)—as high as 932 C cm–2 at 580 nm, low response time (0.75 s), high optical density (0.75 at 580 nm), and high‐level stability for long term switch (it switches repetitively 1000 times with less than 8 % contrast loss). The electrochemical stability and redox potentials of PDOCPDT films are independent of film thickness (50–180 nm) and active area (up to 2 cm × 2 cm). Nevertheless, optical contrast increases as the film thickness increases, although the CE and response time changes irregularly with the film thickness. The good EC properties combined with the easy film fabrication process make PDOCPDT a notable candidate for application in EC devices. (ECDs) A simple transmissive‐type ECD with good CE using PDOCPDT film as an active layer is also demonstrated.
Photonic Crystals from Ordered Mesoporous Thin‐Film Functional Building Blocks
Authors: Fuertes M. C. , López‐Alcaraz F. J. , Marchi M. C. , Troiani H. E. , Luca V. , Míguez H. , Soler‐Illia G. J. A. A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractEnvironment‐sensitive Bragg reflectors are built using functional mesoporous thin films as building blocks. Tuning of optical properties is achieved by changing the composition or porosity of the slabs or the introduction of planar defects. Sorption or capillary condensation of molecules into the pore system results in a 10–40 nm photonic bandgap (PBG) shift. Organic functions added to the pore surface change the response, permitting tailoring of the selectivity towards small‐size molecules.
Convection, diffusion and reaction in a nonisothermal, porous catalyst slab
Authors: Cardoso Silvana S. S. , Rodrigues Alírio E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe problem of simultaneous convection, diffusion and reaction inside a porous catalyst slab is considered. A combination of perturbation and integral mathematical techniques are used to derive approximate analytical solutions for the concentration and temperature profiles, as well as for the maximum temperature and the effectiveness factor, for a first order, nonisothermal reaction. Three regimes of operation are characterized: regime I, in which convection and diffusion are dominant (small Thiele modulus); regime II, in which diffusion and reaction are dominant (large Thiele modulus); and regime III, in which convection and reaction dominate (intermediate Thiele modulus). Our analytical solutions for each of these regimes are validated by comparison with previous results from numerical simulations. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Synchronous and asynchronous SMB processes for gas separation
Authors: Mota José P. B. , Esteves Isabel A. A. C. , Eusébio Mário F. J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe simulated‐moving bed (SMB) is now a well established adsorption process for obtaining high‐purity products at a similarly high‐recovery. In principle the SMB process can be applied to gases, and has been, but application has been limited. Here, we re‐examine the SMB process for separation of gaseous components in the light of recent developments in novel cyclic operating schemes and advanced optimization tools. A novel single‐column experimental setup is employed to demonstrate the feasibility of the process, explore the effect of its major operating parameters, and illustrate the performance enhancements that are obtained by using an advanced cyclic operation scheme, such as the asynchronous shifting of the inlet/outlet ports. The experimental feasibility and effectiveness of gas‐phase SMB are assessed by running and comparing optimized configurations for the separation of CH4/CO2 over activated carbon using nitrogen as carrier gas. For this separation, the asynchronous configuration always outperforms the classical SMB scheme, both in productivity and eluent consumption, except at very low‐feed throughput where both schemes are coincident. At higher‐feed flow rates, the asynchronous scheme quickly diverges from a four‐zone, closed‐loop configuration towards a three‐zone, open‐loop process with a 50.6% increase in feed throughput, and 10% reduction on eluent gas consumption. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Floodwater exposure and the related health symptoms among firefighters in New Orleans, Louisiana 2005
Authors: Tak SangWoo , Bernard Bruce P. , Driscoll Richard J. , Dowell Chad H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBackgroundConcerns over increased reports of physical health symptoms thought to be related to floodwater exposure among New Orleans firefighters prompted a health hazard evaluation of firefighters following Hurricane Katrina.MethodsA questionnaire assessing health symptoms possibly related to the response to Hurricane Katrina was administered to all New Orleans Fire Department (NOFD) personnel within 3 months of the disaster. Descriptive statistics were compiled and prevalence ratios (PR) were estimated for covariates using generalized linear models with Log link and Poisson distribution.ResultsOf the 525 firefighters who completed the questionnaire (77% participation), 201 (38%) reported one or more new‐onset respiratory symptoms, such as sinus congestion (145 [28%]), throat irritation (92 [17%]), and cough (124 [24%]). Skin rash was reported by 258 (49%) of respondents, 414 (79%) reported skin contact with floodwater, and 165 (32%) reported contact with floodwater on multiple days. In multivariate analyses adjusting for age, gender, and smoking, firefighters who had floodwater contact with skin and either nose/mouth or eyes (224, 44%) had an increased rate of new‐onset upper respiratory symptoms (PR = 1.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1, 3.1), and skin rash (PR = 2.1; 95% CI, 1.4, 3.2) compared to those not exposed to the floodwater.ConclusionsResponse workers involved with floodwater should minimize direct skin and mucosal contact with floodwater if possible through the use of appropriate personal protective equipment, such as goggles, safety glasses with side shields, or full‐face shields. Am. J. Ind. Med. 50:377–382, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gas sorption in polymers, molecular sieves, and mixed matrix membranes
Authors: Moore Theodore T. , Koros William J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractGas sorption has been an underutilized technique for characterizing organic–inorganic hybrid (mixed matrix) membranes. Sorption in these membranes, which are composed of rigid inorganic domains, such as zeolites, dispersed in a polymer matrix, should be approximately additive. Sorption in the neat polymers and zeolites were first measured to demonstrate that sorption in mixed matrix membranes is approximately additive in the absence of other effects. Sorption in mixed matrix membranes was demonstrated to be additive. This extends to cases where sorption in one or both phases of the mixed matrix membrane is affected by an outside contaminant. For example, zeolite 4A is extremely hydrophilic and easily affected by contaminants from processing or from the test gases. Zeolite 4A encapsulated within a polymer matrix can still be affected by these same components, and this causes sorption lower than predicted based on that in unaffected polymers and sieves. This sorption analysis has proven to be very important in understanding the permeabilities and selectivities of mixed matrix membranes. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 4053–4059, 2007