bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An essential role for Rxrα in the development of Th2 responses
Authors: Du Xin , Tabeta Koichi , Mann Navjiwan , Crozat Karine , Mudd Suzanne , Beutler Bruce 
Published: October 2005

AbstractA viable hypomorphic allele of mouse retinoid X receptor α (Rxrα) was created by random germline mutagenesis. The mutation (I273N) alters the ligand binding and heterodimerization domain, and causes a 90% decline in ligand‐inducible transactivation. Homozygotes develop progressive alopecia and dermal cysts, and progressive exaggeration of Th1 and loss of Th2 responses to antigen. Th1 skewing is directly caused by aberrant function of both antigen‐presenting cells and naïve CD4 T cells; the predominant Th1 response to antigen is attributable to decreased suppression of regulatory T cells in mutant mouse. Dietary depletion of vitamin A in Th2‐prone wild‐type mice mimics the immune phenotype caused by the mutation. Hence, RXRα plays an important post‐developmental role in the regulation of adaptive immune responses, and provides a plausible link between nutritional environment and the type of adaptive response that results from immunization.See accompanying commentary http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.200535588
Enantioselective Epoxidation of α,β‐Enones by Electrophilic Activation with a BINOL–Zinc Catalyst
Authors: Minatti Ana , Dötz Karl Heinz 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe combination of BINOL and a dialkylzinc reagent R2Zn affords, in situ, a catalyst for homogeneous epoxidation of (E)‐α,β‐enones to the corresponding trans‐epoxy ketones. tert‐Butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) and cumene hydroperoxide (CMHP) are effective terminal oxidants for this process. Enantiomeric excesses of up to 96 % can be achieved conveniently at room temperature. Mechanistic investigations point towards an electrophilic activation of the substrates by the chiral BINOL–zinc catalyst and a subsequent nucleophilic attack of the oxidant. This mechanistic proposal is supported additionally by a non‐linear effect, the absolute product configuration as well as NMR studies. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Impedance Spectroscopy: A Powerful Tool for Rapid Biomolecular Screening and Cell Culture Monitoring
Authors: K'Owino Isaac O. , Sadik Omowunmi A. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractDielectric spectroscopy or Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is traditionally used in corrosion monitoring, coatings evaluation, batteries, and electrodeposition and semiconductor characterization. However, in recent years, it is gaining widespread application in biotechnology, tissue engineering, and characterization of biological cells, disease diagnosis and cell culture monitoring. This article discusses the principles and implementation of dielectric spectroscopy in these bioanalytical applications. It provides examples of EIS as label‐free, mediator‐free strategies for rapid screening of biocompatible surfaces, monitoring pathogenic bacteria, as well as the analysis of heterogeneous systems, especially biological cells and tissues. Descriptions are given of the application of nanoparticles to improve the analytical sensitivities in EIS. Specific examples are given of the detection of base pair mismatches in the DNA sequence of Hepatitis B disease, TaySach's disease and Microcystis spp. Others include the EIS detection of viable pathogenic bacteria and the influence of nanomaterials in enhancing biosensor performance. Expanding applications in tissue engineering such as adsorption of proteins onto thiolated hexa(ethylene glycol)‐terminated (EG6) self‐assembled monolayer (SAM) are discussed.
Conducting Polymer‐Based Solid‐State Ion‐Selective Electrodes
Authors: Bobacka Johan 
Published: October 2005

AbstractConducting polymers, i.e., electroactive conjugated polymers, are useful both as ion‐to‐electron transducers and as sensing membranes in solid‐state ion‐selective electrodes. Recent achievements over the last few years have resulted in significant improvements of the analytical performance of solid‐contact ion‐selective electrodes (solid‐contact ISEs) based on conducting polymers as ion‐to‐electron transducer combined with polymeric ion‐selective membranes. A significant amount of research has also been devoted to solid‐state ISEs based on conducting polymers as the sensing membrane. This review gives a brief summary of the progress in the area in recent years.
Sex and symmetry differences in hippocampal volumetrics: Before and beyond the opening of the crus of the fornix
Authors: Maller Jerome J. , Réglade‐Meslin Chantal , Anstey Kaarin J. , Sachdev Perminder 
Published: October 2005

AbstractPublished normative volumetrics of the hippocampus (HC) vary substantially. While the protocol suggested by Watson et al. (Neurology 42 (1992) 1743–1750; Arch Neurology 54 (1997) 1521–1531) is the most frequently adhered to, this leaves the posterior section of the HC tail unmeasured, which has been estimated to be in the order of 2–4 mm, representing 5–10% of total HC volume. The objective of the current study was to compare HC volumes according to the method of Watson et al. (Neurology 42 (1992) 1743–1750; Arch Neurology 54 (1997) 1521–1531) against those measured to include the posterior tail section. From a random community sample of 60–64 yr old individuals, 478 subjects underwent magnetic resonance imaging brain scans. Of these, 452 scans (238 males and 214 females) were adequate for hippocampal measurement. The scans comprised whole brain T1‐ weighted and T2‐weighted FLAIR images. One hundred and fifty scans were randomly selected for the measurement of HC volumes beyond the opening of the crus of the fornix by manual tracings on T1‐weighted images by a trained operator. Intracranial volume (ICV) and total brain volume (TBV) were measured using an automated program. We found that the posterior HC tail extended for a mean of just over 5 mm and comprised 11% of total HC volume. Males had significantly larger raw HC volumes, and while normalization with ICV or TBV reversed this pattern, it was significant only when the posterior HC tail was included in the measurement. In conclusion, this study showed that including the posterior part of the tail can influence the results of HC measurement. An argument is presented that accurate HC volumes should include the entire HC and not exclude the tail. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lesion‐induced gelsolin upregulation in the hippocampus following entorhinal deafferentation
Authors: Dong Jing‐Hui , Ying Guo‐Xin , Liu Xin , Wang Wen‐Yuan , Wang Yan , Ni Zi‐Mei , Zhou Chang‐Fu 
Published: October 2005

AbstractGelsolin is an actin‐binding protein that regulates actin filament‐severing and capping activity in the various processes of cell motilities. Here, we report the expression of gelsolin mRNA and protein in the hippocampus following transections of the entorhinal afferents. Northern blot analysis showed that transcript of gelsolin was upregulated in a transient manner in the deafferented hippocampus by 1.3‐, 2.1‐, 1.7‐, and 1.1‐ folds of controls, respectively, at 1, 3, 7, and 15 days postlesion (dpl). In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry confirmed the temporal expression of gelsolin specifically in the entorhinally denervated zones: the stratum lacunosum‐molecular (SLM) of the hippocampus and the outer molecular layer (OML) of the dentate gyrus (DG), which initiated as early as at 1 dpl, reached the maximum at 3 dpl, remained prominently elevated by 7 dpl, and discernibly higher at 15 dpl than that of controls. Double labeling of either gelsolin mRNA or protein with markers of glial cells (Griffonia simplicifolia IB4 and CD11b for microglial cells, GFAP for astroglial cells) revealed that gelsolin was highly expressed by both activated microglia and astrocytes. The results suggest that the spatiotemporal upregulation of gelsolin in the hippocampus is induced by entorhinal deafferentation, and that gelsolin would participate in the activation processes of both microglial and astroglial cells and thereby, indirectly play important roles in the subsequent lesion‐induced neural reorganization in the hippocampus following entorhinal deafferentation. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dissociable effects of hippocampus lesions on expression of fear and trace fear conditioning memories in rats
Authors: Burman Michael A. , Starr Mark J. , Gewirtz Jonathan C. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe role of the hippocampus in memory is commonly investigated by comparing fear conditioning paradigms that differ in their reliance on the hippocampus. For example, the dorsal (septal) portion of the hippocampus is involved in trace, but not delay fear conditioning, two Pavlovian paradigms in which only the relative timing of stimulus presentation is varied. However, a growing literature implicates the ventral (temporal) portion of the hippocampus in the expression of fear, irrespective of prior training. The current experiments evaluated the relative contributions of the dorsal and ventral portions of the hippocampus to trace fear conditioning specifically vs. the expression of conditioned fear in general. Lesions restricted to the dorsal hippocampus blocked acquisition of trace fear conditioning. Larger lesions, also including an adjacent portion of the ventral hippocampus, were required to impair retrieval of trace fear conditioning. Delay fear conditioning was not disrupted in either case. In contrast, lesions that encompassed almost the entire dorsal and ventral hippocampus disrupted expression of both trace and delay fear conditioning. The current data suggest distinct roles in fear conditioning for three regions of the hippocampus: the septal zone is required for acquisition of trace fear conditioning, a larger portion of the hippocampus is critical for memory retrieval, and a region including the temporal zone is required for expression of both trace and delay fear conditioning. These findings are consistent with evidence suggesting the neuroanatomical and functional segregation of the hippocampus into three zones along its septal–temporal axis. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enriched environment exposure regulates excitability, synaptic transmission, and LTP in the dentate gyrus of freely moving rats
Authors: Irvine Gemma I. , Logan Barbara , Eckert Michael , Abraham Wickliffe C. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractPerformance in hippocampus‐dependent and other tasks can be improved by exposure to an enriched environment (EE), but the physiological changes in neural function that may mediate these effects are poorly understood. To date, there have been conflicting reports regarding potential mechanisms, such as an increase in basal synaptic transmission, an increase in cell excitability, or altered synaptic plasticity. Here, we reexamined in freely moving animals the conditions under which varying degrees of EE exposure might lead to increases in synaptic or neural function in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Adult male Sprague‐Dawley rats were chronically implanted with stimulating and recording electrodes in the perforant path and dentate gyrus, respectively, and housed singly in standard cages. After stable recordings were established for field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) and population spikes (PSs), the effects of various degrees of periodic novel environment exposure for 19 days were assessed. Exposure to an EE increased fEPSPs, but only when animals were kept in nominally low‐stress housing conditions. An increase in granule‐cell excitability, as evidenced by PS increases, was induced by all environmental treatments with the greatest effect being induced by overnight EE exposure. EE exposure did not change the level of long‐term potentiation (LTP) induced by a moderate high‐frequency tetanus, but continued EE exposure post‐tetanus produced a significantly faster decay of LTP relative to control animals. These results suggest that, in adult animals, EE exposure may augment hippocampal information processing, but may also speed turnover of information in the hippocampus during the maintenance period. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Steady‐ and unsteady‐state lumped parameter modelling of tritium and chlorofluorocarbons transport: hypothetical analyses and application to an alpine karst aquifer
Authors: Ozyurt N. Nur , Bayari C. Serdar 
Published: October 2005

AbstractDetermination of a groundwater's mean residence time with the aid of environmental tracers is common in hydrogeology. Many of the lumped parameter (LP) applications used for this purpose have been based on steady‐state models. However, the results may be misleading if a steady LP model is used to simulate the environmental tracer transport in an unsteady aquifer. To test this hypothesis, the results of steady and unsteady versions of several LP models were evaluated theoretically and in an alpine karst aquifer case by using tritium, oxygen‐18 and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). The results reveal that the mean residence times obtained may be significantly different between the steady and unsteady versions of the same model. For the karst aquifer investigated, a serially connected exponential and a plug flow model were run under unsteady conditions. It is shown that outflux calibration with an unsteady model provides a firm basis in evaluating the results of models. An outflux‐calibrated unsteady model predicted reasonably the observed series of water isotopes. The calibrated model's CFCs output overpredicts the observed concentrations, probably because of the time lag in the unsaturated zone of the alpine karst aquifer. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Origin of shallow groundwater of Csepel Island (south of Budapest, Hungary, River Danube): isotopic and chemical approach
Authors: Fórizs I. , Berecz T. , Molnár Z. , Süveges M. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe shallowest aquifer of the alluvial Csepel Island is used for drinking water supply for Budapest and the surrounding villages. A previous two‐dimensional hydraulic model failed to explain many observations; therefore, a three‐dimensional hydraulic model was constructed using the software application MODFLOW. Isotopic and hydrogeochemical investigations were carried out during the period 1998 to 2002 in order to provide model data. Four water sources have been identified, having different isotopic (and chemical) characteristics. Danube water is characterized by seasonally varying δ18O values: its unweighted mean δ18O value is −10·9‰ for the years 1998 to 2002. The most negative δ18O values occur in late spring and summertime. Average tritium content is 20 TU. Infiltrated precipitation has δ18O values between −9·0 and −9·5‰. The average tritium content of the precipitation is 10 TU, and that of infiltrated precipitation must be close to this value and about half that of the Danube. The δ18O value of lake water is > −9·0‰. Its stable isotope composition plots on the right side of the local meteoric water line on the δD–δ18O diagram. Ascending deep groundwater (sampled depth of 20–140 m) has δ18O values between −12·0 and −13·5‰. Its radiocarbon age is between 16 000 and 30 000 years BP, probably infiltrated during and around the last glacial maximum (Würm III) period of the latest glaciation. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oxygen and hydrogen isotopic composition of major Indian rivers: a first global assessment
Authors: Lambs L. , Balakrishna K. , Brunet F. , Probst J. L. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractNine major rivers have been sampled around the Indian subcontinent to give an overview of the surface water characteristics. Both18O and deuterium have been measured to determine the origin of the water and the possible evapotranspiration process. The major ions have also been analysed to obtain complementary information. Although some basins have been studied previously (mainly in the north), this is the first attempt at a wider investigation of major Indian rivers. The results are discussed from the perspective of the hydroclimatological, geographical and geological specificity of the river basins. δ18O values vary from light‐isotope‐enriched Himalayan rivers to heavy‐isotope‐enriched peninsular Indian rivers in a northwest–southeast gradient across the subcontinent. There is more evapotranspiration, leading to heavy isotope enrichment, in the peninsular (southern Deccan) rivers compared with the light‐isotope‐enriched snow‐ and glacier‐melt‐derived waters of the Himalayan rivers. The δ18O values of Indian rivers correspond roughly to the δ18O values of the rains falling over the subcontinent. However, the influence of tributaries is dominant over rainfall in rivers like the Narmada and Tapti. The Cauvery and Krishna rivers show maximum evapotranspiration and sodium pollution, as indicated by the δ18O values, deuterium excess and major ion data. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interannual variation of stable isotopes in precipitation at Bangkok in response to El Ñino Southern Oscillation
Authors: Ichiyanagi Kimpei , Yamanaka Manabu D. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractEvidence for a close relationship between the interannual variation of stable isotopes in precipitation and the El Ñino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is presented for Bangkok, Thailand. Anomalies of sea surface temperature in the Niño‐3 region of the equatorial Pacific (ENSO index) and δ18O in precipitation in Bangkok were positively correlated for May and October. The composite mean precipitation was much greater in the isotopic low phase than in the high phase for both May and October. This suggests that the amount of precipitation is the main factor determining the observed variation of stable isotopes in precipitation in Bangkok. Composite analyses of 850 hPa temperature, evaporation, outgoing longwave radiation (OLR), and precipitation showed that the variation in the amount of precipitation in Bangkok is a response to the ENSO–Asian summer monsoon coupling in May, and a direct response to ENSO in October. The composite mean d‐excess values in both the low and high phases in October and in the low phase in May were about 10‰, and were less than 7‰ during the high phase in May. A large difference in the evaporation field between the low and high phases of May exists over the Indian Ocean, suggesting that evaporation was not in equilibrium during the high phase in May. Future studies will consider the precipitation amount effect based on daily or event‐based sampling. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simulation of δ18O in precipitation by the regional circulation model REMOiso
Authors: Sturm Kristof , Hoffmann Georg , Langmann Bärbel , Stichler Willibald 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe first results of a regional circulation model REMOiso fitted with water isotope diagnostics are compared with various isotope series from central Europe. A 2 year case study is conducted from March 1997 to February 1999 centred over Europe, analysing daily and monthly measurements. Isotope signals over Europe are dominated by the typical isotopic effects such as temperature, continental and altitude effects, both on annual and seasonal scales. These well‐known isotopic effects are successfully reproduced by REMOiso, using two different boundary data sets. In a first simulation, the European Centre for Medium‐range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) analyses serve as boundary conditions, where water isotopes were parameterized by a simple temperature dependence. In a second simulation, boundary conditions both for climatic and isotopic variables are taken from the ECHAMiso general circulation model output. The comparison of both simulations shows a very high sensitivity of the simulated δ18O signal to boundary conditions. The ECMWF‐nested simulation shows an average offset of −4·5‰ in mean δ18O values and exaggerated seasonal amplitude. The ECHAM‐nested simulation represents correctly the observed mean δ18O values, although with a dampened seasonality. REMOiso's isotope module is further validated against daily δ18O measurements at selected stations (Nordeney, Arkona and Hohenpeissenberg) situated in Germany. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A multireference configuration interaction method based on the separated electron pair wave functions
Authors: Ma Jing , Li Shuhua , Li Wei 
Published: October 2005

AbstractA multireference configurational interaction method based on the separated electron pair (SEP) wave functions, SEP‐CI approach, has been developed as an approximation to the traditional CASSCF method. It differs from the CASSCF method in that active orbitals are obtained from the SEP wave function without further optimization in the subsequent CI calculations, and the active space is automatically constructed according to the occupation coefficients of SEP natural orbitals. These features make the present SEP‐CI method computationally much less demanding than the CASSCF method. The applicability of the SEP‐CI method is illustrated with sample calculations on the insertion reaction of BeH2 and dissociation energies of LiH, BH, FH, H2O, and N2. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 27: 39–47, 2006
Isolation and characterization of lymphatic microvascular endothelial cells from human tonsils
Authors: Garrafa Emirena , Alessandri Giulio , Benetti Anna , Turetta Daniela , Corradi Attilio , Cantoni Anna Maria , Cervi Edoardo , Bonardelli Stefano , Parati Eugenio , Giulini Stefano Maria , Ensoli Barbara , Caruso Arnaldo 
Published: October 2005

AbstractHuman lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) have isolated prevalently from human derma and tumors. As specialized lymphatic organs within the oropharynx, palatine tonsils are easily obtained and rich in lymphatic venules. Using a two‐step purification method based on the sorting of endothelial cells with Ulex Europaeus Agglutinin 1 (UEA‐1)‐coated beads, followed by purification with monoclonal antibody D2–40, we successfully purified LECs from human palatine tonsils. The LECs were expanded on flasks coated with collagen type 1 and fibronectin for up to 8–10 passages and then analyzed for phenotypic and functional properties. Cultured cells retained the phenotypic pattern of the lymphatic endothelium of palatine tonsils and expressed functional VEGFR‐3 molecules. In fact, stimulation with VEGFR‐3 ligand, the vascular endothelium grow factor C, induced a marked increase in cell proliferation. Similarly to blood endothelial cells (BECs), LECs were able to form tube‐like structure when seeded in Cultrex basement membrane extract. Comparative studies performed on LECs derived from palatine tonsils and iliac lymphatic vessels (ILVs), obtained with the same procedures, showed substantial discrepancies in the expression of various lymphatic markers. This points to the existence of micro‐ and macrovessel‐derived LECs with different phenotypes, possibly involving different biological activities and functions. Palatine tonsil‐ and ILV‐derived LECs may, therefore, represent new models for investigating function and biochemical properties of these lymphatic endothelia. J. Cell. Physiol. 207: 107–113, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.