bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Formulation of pyriproxyfen, a juvenile hormone mimic, for tsetse control
Authors: LANGLEY P. A. , FELTON T. , STAFFORD K. , OOUCHP H. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. A topical dose, in 1 uJ acetone, of 0.02 |xg 2‐[l‐methyl‐2‐(4‐phenoxyphenoxy) ethoxy] pyridine, the juvenile hormone mimic pyriproxyfen (S‐31183, Sumitomo Chemical Co.), caused an adult female tsetse, Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood, to produce non‐viable offspring for the whole of her life.Using 14C labelled pyriproxyfen it was determined that as little as 0.001 fig transferred to the in utero larva was sufficient to arrest development in the pupal stage. A formulation in vegetable oil was prepared for treating black cotton cloth targets which caused females to pick up 0.1 p‐g active ingredient (a.i.) by tarsal contact during 1 min of exposure. Males exposed similarly for between 1 and 5 min transferred up to 0.016 |xg a.i. to females if they mated immediately after treatment. Doses as low as 0.01 |xg in 10 |JL1 oil cnT2 on black cotton cloth targets caused females to produce non‐viable offspring for at least two reproductive cycles following exposure. However, a dose of 0.1 u‐g in 10 |xl oil cm‐2 was necessary for an exposed male to cause disruption of the reproductive potential of his mate.This juvenile hormone mimic has potential to induce sterility via both sexes of tsetse using treated targets or traps under field conditions.
Cold resistance in all life stages of two blowfly species (Diptera, Calliphoridae)
Authors: BLOCK W. , ERZINCLIOGLU Y. Z. , WORLAND M. R. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. 1. Freezing was lethal in the eggs, larvae, pupae and adults of the blowflies Calliphora vicina R‐D. and Calliphora vomitoria (L.), but varying degrees of supercooling were found.2. Cold resistance (as determined by their supercooling capacity) was greatest in eggs (to c.– 25oC), and moderate in other life stages (range ‐7 to – 13oC), which was evident from the distributions of their supercooling points.3. Water contents of all life stages varied from 63% to 77% of fresh weight; pupae of C. vomitoria contain the smallest proportion of water. No relationship between the amount of body water and supercooling ability was detected.4. Glucose was the major compound in all life stages of C. vicina, with a maximum concentration of 8.22 μg mg_1 fresh weight in the adults. In addition, five other potential cryoprotectants occurred in concentrations >0.1% of fresh weight. No correlation between solute concentration and supercooling was observed.5. Both C. vicina and C. vomitoria have sufficient cold hardiness to avoid lethal freezing in sheltered habitats in southern Britain, which may render diapause unnecessary in both species.
Mechanisms of organophosphate and carbamate resistance in Culex quinquefasciatus from Saudi Arabia
Authors: HEMINGWAY J. , CALLAGHAN A. , AMIN A. M. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. Broad spectrum organophosphate resistance in Culex quinquefasciatus Say from Saudi Arabia is inherited as a semi‐dominant characteristic. The resistance has a metabolic basis and confers cross‐resistance against the carbamate propoxur. Organophosphate‐selected strains contain two elevated esterases with the same electrophoretic mobilities as those in resistant Cx quinquefasciatus from Sri Lanka and a range of African locations. Alteration in the sensitivity of acetylcholinesterase to insecticide inhibition does not play a major role in resistance.There was a significant increase in the amount of Cytochrome P450 in Cx quinquefasciatus lines selected with the pyrethroid permethrin or with the organophosphate pirimiphos‐methyl, but no change in lines selected with five other organophosphates or propoxur, compared to the parental strain, which suggests that oxidases are involved in the P450 mediated resistance to both permethrin and pirimiphos‐methyl.
Amplification and analysis of human DNA present in mosquito bloodmeals
Authors: COULSON RICHARD M. R. , CURTIS CHRISTOPHER F. , READY PAUL D. , HILL NIGEL , SMITH DEBORAH F. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. DNA fingerprinting should permit the identification of individual human hosts of haematophagous arthropods, providing epidemi‐ologically useful information, for example, the biting rates on different people and the impact of insecticide‐impregnated bednets.Investigations reported here demonstrate that it is possible to extract, amplify and fingerprint human DNA from the bloodmeals of individual female Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes kept at 24oC for up to 10–15 h post‐ingestion.
Cuticular lipid differences between the malaria vector and non‐vector forms of the Anopheles maculatus complex
Authors: KITTAYAPONG P. , CLARK J. M. , EDMAN J. D. , POTTER T. L. , LAVINE B. K. , MARION J. R. , BROOKS M. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. Two chromosomal forms (E and F) of the Anopheles maculatus Theobald complex were distinguished by gas–liquid chromatographic (GC) analysis of cuticular lipids in association with a multivariate principal component analysis. The GC chromatogram obtained from n‐hexane extracts of individual specimens showed no consistent qualitative differences in normalized peak areas between forms. Of the seventeen consistent peaks, five were found to be quantitatively different between forms at a high (99.5–99.95%) level of statistical confidence. Relative ratios of these five quantitatively different GC peaks were used as criteria to distinguish single specimens as either form E or form F.Chemical structures of the five GC peaks were assigned by both electron impact and chemical ionization gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. The first three peaks, which were always doublets, were partially resolved saturated and mono‐unsaturated free fatty acids; the other two peaks were n‐alkanes. Principal component analysis substantiated that the vector form E has very similar cuticular lipid profiles and is well separated from the non‐vector form F.
Anopheles pharoensis and transmission of Plasmodium falciparum in the Senegal River delta, West Africa
Authors: CARRARA G. C. , PETRARCA V. , NIANG M. , COLUZZI M. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract.1.Anopheles pharoensisTheobald was found to be the prevalent man‐biting anopheline mosquito in the central area of the Senegal River delta.2. Blood‐fed females ofAn.pharoensiswere obtained during September‐December 1987 from mosquito bednets in the village of Souhlloul, near the Boundoum dam, 70 km NE of St Louis.3. Dried mosquito specimens were identified morphologically and each thorax processed using monoclonal antibody against the circum‐sporozoite protein ofPlasmodium falciparum.4. FiveAn.pharoensisout of 912 examined were sporozoite positive, while ninety‐eightAn.gambiaeGilessensu latowere all negative. This finding strongly supports the local importance ofAn.pharoensisas a malaria vector.5. Successful use of pyrethroid‐impregnated bednets against malaria transmission in this situation has helped to achieve more than 90% reduction of malaria prevalence.
Malaria transmission potential of Anopheles mosquitoes in the Mwea‐Tebere irrigation scheme, Kenya
Authors: IJUMBA J. N. , MWANGI R. W. , BEIER J. C. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. Anopheles arabiensis Patton and An.funestus Giles were identified as vectors of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in the Mwea‐Tebere irrigation scheme, Kenya. An.arabiensis was the only member of the An.gambiae complex identified from chromosome characteristics. Other Anopheles species found included An.pharoensis Theobald, An.rufipes Gough and An.coustani Laveran.Survival rates per gonotrophic cycle for An.arabiensis averaged 0.37 during the short rains (October‐November), 0.49 during the dry season (February) and 0.78 during the long rains (May‐June). Vectorial capacities were correspondingly low due to low survival rates and a high degree of zoophily. The average duration of infective life for P.falciparum was 0.2 days for both An.arabiensis and An.funestus. In contrast, entomological inoculation rates were comparatively high: 6–8 infective bites/man/month. An.pharoensis averaged 110 bites/man/night during the short rains; 1/999 (0.1%) was positive by ELISA for P.falciparum circumsporozoite antigen, but the ELISA evidence is not conclusive for vector incrimination.In correspondence with clinical observations, the transmission of P.malariae and P.ovale is unlikely due to the low vector survival rates. The observed anomaly between low vectorial capacities and high entomological inoculation rates demonstrates the importance of accurately estimating vector sporozoite rates to monitor unstable malaria transmission in irrigated areas.
Quantitation of malaria sporozoites transmitted in vitro during salivation by wild Afrotropical Anopheles
Authors: BEIER JOHN C. , ONYANGO FRED K. , KOROS JOSEPH K. , RAMADHAN MUTALIB , OGWANG ROSE , WIRTZ ROBERT A. , KOECH DAVY K. , ROBERTS CLIFFORD R. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. The malaria transmission potential of wild, infective Anopheles from western Kenya was evaluated by determining the number of sporozoites transmitted in vitro by salivation when their mouthparts were inserted into capillary tubes containing either sucrose or blood. With sucrose, 86.6% of 102 infective Anopheles transmitted a geometric mean (GM) of 3.84 sporozoites (range 1–34). With blood, 23.1% of 104 infective Anopheles, tested on the day of collection, transmitted a GM of 2.30 sporozoites (range 1–117). For Anopheles held 5 days postcapture before testing with blood, 53.6% of 56 transmitted a GM of 6.04 sporozoites (range 1–420). Transmitting Anopheles contained significantly more salivary gland sporozoites than non‐transmitters. No significant differences were detected between Anopheles gambiae Giles sensu lato and Anopheles funestus Giles in sporozoite transmission by individuals with sporozoites in their salivary glands.Sporozoites were detected microscopically in the salivary duct from heads in 80.3% of 117 infective Anopheles (GM=11.2, range 1–71). Sporozoite detection in mosquito heads by ELISA was 25% less efficient than microscopic detection.Over 98% of the infective Anopheles transmitted less than twenty‐five sporozoites. Transmitted sporozoites represented only about 3% of the total sporozoites in the salivary glands suggesting that sporozoite transmission may be restricted to sporozoites in the salivary duct at the time of feeding. Results are discussed in relation to anti‐sporozoite vaccine development.
Anatomical dissemination of circumsporozoite protein in wild Afrotropical Anopheles affects malaria sporozoite rate determination by ELISA
Authors: BEIER JOHN C. , KOROS JOSEPH K. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. The head, thorax, wings, legs and abdomen of 320 wild‐caught Anopheles gambiae Giles sensu lato and 115 An.funestus Giles were tested by an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for Plasmodium falciparum Welch to determine how anatomical dissemination of circumsporozoite (CS) protein could affect the estimation of malaria sporozoite rates by ELISA. Of fifty‐three Anopheles with CS protein detected in any body part, positive reactions were observed for 58.5% of heads, 67.0% of thoraces, 39.6% of wings, 52.8% of legs and 60.4% of abdomens. Mean absorbance values (range 0–2.00) were highest in thorax samples (1.17), followed by heads (0.80), abdomens (0.67), wings (0.48) and legs (0.46).Circumsporozoite protein was present in the wings or legs, but not in the head or thorax, in 11.3% (6/53) of the infected Anopheles. The ELISA infection rate of 12.8% (41/320) for An.gambiae would have increased to 14.7% (47/320) by inclusion of six mosquitoes with CS protein in wings or legs alone. The slight overestimation of the proportion of infective mosquitoes due to disseminated CS protein would have little effect on estimates of relative infection rates by ELISA for field‐collected Anopheles, with abdomens removed prior to testing. However, the widespread dissemination of CS protein indicates that sporozoite load estimates by ELISA, for mosquitoes without abdomens, may not provide adequate measurements of the numbers of sporozoites in the salivary glands. Operationally, careful processing of mosquito samples for the determination of infectively rates by ELISA is necessary to prevent the mixing of wings or legs among samples representing individual mosquitoes.
The louse Trinoton anserinum (Amblycera: Phthiraptera), an intermediate host of Sarconema eurycerca (Filarioidea: Nematoda), a heartworm of swans
Authors: COHEN S. , GREENWOOD M. T. , FOWLER J. A. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. The role of the louse Trinoton anserinum (F) as an intermediate host of Sarconema eurycerca (Wehr) was investigated in swans. 8.3% of healthy swans carried one to twelve lice per bird, dispersed contagiously. Injured and lead‐poisoned swans were more heavily infected.The mouthparts appear designed to penetrate the hosts' skin; the mandibles are robust and asymmetric, and the maxillae have a serrated intercutting surface. 22% fed exclusively on blood and 33% on both blood and feather. All life‐cycle stages fed upon blood and the barbs and barbules from down feathers; hooklets from contour feathers were only found in adults. 9% of lice were infected with developing nematode larvae in the head, thorax or abdomen.Lice labelled with Technetium 99 m moved towards the scapulas and the wings. Lice were found to be highly active and were mobile.
Control of tsetse and trypanosomiasis transmission in Uganda by applications of lambda‐cyhalothrin
Authors: OKOTH J. O. , OKETHI V. , OGOLA A. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. The pyrethroid insecticide lambda‐cyhalothrin was evaluated in field trials against Glossina f.fuscipes and sleeping sickness transmission in Iyolwa sub‐county, Tororo District, Uganda. The insecticide was applied selectively to the resting‐sites of tsetse, by bush‐spraying, using 10% wettable powder (10WP) formulation at an application rate of 11.6 g a.i./ha over an area of 28 km2, or by a 2% Electrodyn formulation (2ED) applied at 0.9 g a.i./ha over 30 km2. In a third trial area of 32 km2, 215 pyramidal traps treated with lambda‐cyhalothrin 100 mg/m2 were set.The best impact was obtained with 10WP lambda‐cyhalothrin which eliminated tsetse within 1–2 months, whereas G.f.fuscipes persisted at very low density in part of the area treated with 2ED lambda‐cyhalothrin. In both treated areas the numbers of human sleeping sickness cases fell to no more than one per month, compared with four to twelve per month previously. The overall rate of cattle trypanosomiasis (T.brucei and T.vivax) was also reduced slightly. Insecticide‐treated traps remained fully effective for at least 6 months under field conditions and catches were reduced 20–90‐fold. These results in the control of tsetse and trypanosomiasis transmission lead us to recommend lambda‐cyhalothrin for tsetse control operations.
Biochemical key to eight species of adult Egyptian mosquitoes
Authors: FARID HODA A. , GAD ADEL M. , SALEM AHMED M. , KASHEF AHMED H. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract.

An electrophoretic key is described, based on enzyme relative mobility, to distinguish eight species of Egyptian mosquito adults.
Using horizontal starch gel electrophoresis, five different enzyme assays unambiguously separated Culex pipiens L., Cx antennatus (Becker), Cx pusillus Macquart, Aedes caspius (Pallas), Culiseta longiareolata (Macquart), Uranotaenia ungukulata Edwards, Anopheles multicolor Cambouliu and An.pharoensis Theobald.
Diagnostic loci between species were: Ak‐2, G6pcL a‐Gpd, Gpi and 6‐Pgd; the probability of correct diagnosis in each case was at least 0.989.
Pupal parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) of muscoid filth flies in Israel
Authors: HAVRON A. , MARGALIT J. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. Pupal parasitoids of muscoid flies were collected monthly on three farms in southern Israel in preparation for an IPM programme for the control of filth‐breeding flies.50% and 25.5% of viable puparia collected during 1985 and 1986/87, respectively, were parasitized. Three species of Spalangia Latreille and two species of Muscidifurax Girault & Saunders (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) accounted for 82.0% and 94.2% of parasitoids recovered in the two seasons.Variation in the seasonal abundance and distribution of the leading parasite species are discussed in connection with their conservation and possible use for augmentative releases within IPM projects.
Evaluation of the water fern Azolla microphylla for mosquito population management in the rice‐land agro‐ecosystem of south India
Authors: RAJENDRAN R. , REUBEN R. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. The floating water fern Azolla microphylla Kaulfess was evaluated as a biocontrol agent against mosquitoes breeding in rice fields in Tamil Nadu, South India. Anopheles subpictus Grassi, Culex pseudovishnui Colless and Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles were the predominant species of mosquitoes, with peak densities of late instar larvae and pupae occurring during the second week after transplantation of rice seedlings of short‐term (c. 80 days from transplantation to harvest) or medium‐term (c. 95 days) varieties.Immature mosquito populations were reduced by mats of Azolla microphylla covering more than 80% of the water surface. However, since 80% coverage by Azolla was achieved only 13–14 days after rice transplantation, its usefulness for mosquito control was limited. Azolla may have a greater potential in an integrated control programme, or in areas where long‐term varieties of rice are predominantly grown.
The biting rate of Triatoma infestans in Argentina
Authors: CATALÁ SILVIA 
Published: March 2008

Abstract.

The daily proportion of fed individuals in a population of the reduviid bug Triatoma infestans (Klug), maintained under natural climatic conditions in experimental chicken houses in central Argentina, was estimated from the proportion of bugs retaining colourless urine in the rectum.
From the estimates of feeding frequency throughout a 1 year period, it was shown that temperature has a dominant effect on biting rate, but density‐dependent effects became apparent during the warmest months.
These and other data on the determinants of blood consumption by T.infestans, were incorporated into a detailed hypothesis of density regulation in this species.
Reproductive and developmental biology of the oriental cockroach Blatta orientalis (Dictyoptera)
Authors: SHORT J. E. , EDWARDS J. P. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. At 27oC and 45% r.h. in the laboratory, the oriental cockroach Blatta orientalis (L.) developed to adulthood in seven to nine instars for males (66% had eight instars) and eight to ten instars for females (67% had nine instars) in mixed groups, with up to twelve instars for isolated females. Nymphal development lasted 185 ± 2 days for males, 216 ±4 days for females, with 89% survival to adulthood. Adult longevity was significantly more for males than females in mixed groups. Virgin females lived for 135 ± 6 days compared with 87 ± 9 days for females kept with males. After an initial maturation time of 12.2–13.5 ± 0.4 days for mated and unmated females, oothecae were produced, on average, every 6–7 (range 2–29) days. Ootheca viability was 68% from females kept with males, 32% from females kept apart from males. Numbers of nymphs emerging were 14.1 ±0.26 after 45 days from mated female oothecae 8.2 ± 0.3 after 49 days from unmated females. With sexual reproduction the sex ratio of progeny reaching adulthood was 1.1 males per female (n= 443), whereas unmated females produced only female progeny, which is consistent with partheno‐genetic reproduction.Drawings of the ventral aspect of the terminalia are given to show features useful for instar determination and for distinguishing between male and female nymphs and adults of B.orientalis.
Studies on the possible role of cattle nuisance flies, especially Hydrotaea irritans, in the transmission of summer mastitis in Denmark
Authors: MADSEN MOGENS , SØRENSEN GUNNER HØI , NIELSEN SØREN ACHIM 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. The summer mastitis pathogens Actinomyces pyogenes, Peptococcus indolicus, Bacteroides melaninogenicus ss. levii, Fuso‐bacterium necrophorum and Streptococcus dysgalactiae were isolated from the polyphagous symbovine dipterans Hydrotaea irritans (Fallen) and Morellia sp. caught around dairy heifers on pasture, but not from the haematophagous species Haematobia irritans (L.), Haematobosca stimulans (Meigen), Culicoides sp. and Simulium sp. Secretions from clinical cases of summer mastitis proved to be sources of summer mastitis bacteria for more than 3 weeks despite antibiotic treatment and teat amputation.Taking into account the seasonal activity pattern of Hydrotaea irritans and its topographical distribution on grazing cattle, it appears evident that this fly may play a central role in the establishment and maintenance of the bacterial contamination with summer mastitis pathogens on the teats of healthy cattle. In the present study the survival of A.pyogenes and P.indolicus for 7 days in experimentally infected Hydrotaea irritans, as demonstrated by the recovery of these microorganisms from agar plates exposed to live infected flies, is described. However, experimental transmission of summer mastitis from sick to healthy heifers by Hydrotaea irritans proved unsuccessful.
Biological control of Culicidae with the copepod Mesocyclops aspericornis and larvivorous fish (Poeciliidae) in a village of French Polynesia
Authors: LARDEUX FRÉDÉRIC J. R. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. The copepod Mesocyclops aspericornis Daday and the larvivorous fishes Gambusia affinis (B. & G.) and Poecilia reticulata R. & B., were released into mosquito breeding sites in Tuherahera village, Tikehau atoll, French Polynesia, to control larvae of Aedes aegypti (L.), Ae.polynesiensis Marks, Culex annulirostris Skuse and Cx quinquefasciatus Say. Treatments were completed within a week, in January 1990.Fish quickly eliminated mosquito larvae from the open breeding sites (ponds, wells). The impact of copepods in water tanks, drums and covered wells was inconsistent, apparently depending on the availability of microfaunal diet for growth of copepod nauplii. As the biting rate of adult Ae.aegypti seemed to be unaffected by the biological control of larvae, this village‐scale experiment was judged to be unsuccessful as a means of vector control.
Seasonality, biting cycle and parity of the yellow fever vector mosquito Haemagogus janthinomys in Trinidad
Authors: CHADEE DAVE D. , TIKASINGH ELISHA S. , GANESH RAJPAUL 
Published: March 2008

Abstract.

Age composition, seasonal abundance and diel patterns of landing activity of the sylvan vector of yellow fever Haemagogus janthinomys Dyar were monitored weekly during 1981‐82 by human collectors on the ground at Point Gourde in Chaguaramas Forest, 16km west of Port of Spain, Trinidad.
Landing collections of Hg.janthinomys showed only diurnal activity, from 06.00 to 18.00 (sunrise to sunset, universal time), with a single peak of activity between 10.00 and 16.00 hours.
Densities of Hg.janthinomys were about 6 times greater during the wet season (May‐November) than during the dry season (December‐April); the annual Williams' mean landing rate on two collectors was 9.3 per day.
Monthly parous rates averaged 59% (range 0–86%) and some females were up to seven‐pars. Retained eggs (range 1–21, mean 7.7/female) were found in the ovaries of 1.3% of landing females, all of which had stage I ovarian follicles for the next gonotrophic cycle. Hence blood‐feeding is not inhibited by egg retention, which might promote transovarial transmission of virus. Implications of these findings are discussed in relation to yellow fever epidemiology.