bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Dietary Carbohydrate Source on the Development of Obesity in Agouti Transgenic Mice**
Authors: Morris Kristin L. , Zemel Michael B. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjectives: Our objective was to evaluate the effects of a qualitative change in dietary carbohydrate source on body weight and adiposity in a rodent model of diet‐induced obesity.Research Methods and Procedures: We evaluated the effects of high‐fat diets (basal) varying in carbohydrate source in aP2‐agouti transgenic mice. In the ad libitum study, animals were given free access to the basal diet or one of four test diets for 6 weeks. In two of the diets, dietary carbohydrate was derived from a single source: mung bean noodles (MUNG) or rolled oats (ROLL). The remaining diets were designed to mimic commercially available instant oatmeal with added sugar (IO‐S) or flavored instant oatmeal (IO‐F). In the energy‐restricted study, animals were given ad libitum access to the basal diet for 6 weeks. Subsequently, animals were assigned to one of six treatment groups for 6 weeks. One group was continued on the basal diet ad libitum. The remaining groups were maintained with energy restriction (70% ad libitum) on either the basal, MUNG, ROLL, IO‐S, or IO‐F diet.Results: Subcutaneous fat pad mass was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the energy‐restricted basal and IO‐S groups compared with the energy‐restricted ROLL diet. Similarly, visceral fat pad mass was significantly lower with ROLL and MUNG diets (p < 0.05 for both) compared with basal and IO‐S diets, and the insulin:glucose ratio was reduced (by 23% to 34%, p < 0.05) in these two diets compared with all others. In ad libitum‐fed animals, liver fatty acid synthase expression was 43% to 62% lower (p < 0.05) with ROLL and MUNG diets compared with all others.Discussion: These data suggest that a qualitative change in dietary carbohydrate source modulates body weight and adiposity.
Leptin Receptor Gene Variation Predicts Weight Change in Subjects with Impaired Glucose Tolerance
Authors: Zacharova Jelena , Chiasson Jean‐Louis , Laakso Markku ,   STOP‐NIDDM Study Group
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe leptin receptor (OB‐R) gene is a promising candidate gene for type 2 diabetes, because leptin and its receptor play an important role in insulin secretion and the development of obesity. Therefore, we studied whether the pentanucleotide insertion polymorphism of the 3′‐untranslated region (3′UTR) of the OB‐R gene has an influence on the conversion from impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) to type 2 diabetes in the STOP‐Noninsulin‐Dependent Diabetes Mellitus trial. The STOP trial was a longitudinal, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled randomized trial that included 1429 subjects with IGT from high‐risk populations. Using the restriction fragment length polymorphism method, we genotyped 770 subjects whose DNA was available for the insertion/deletion polymorphism of the 3′UTR of the OB‐R gene. We did not find a relationship between the OB‐R polymorphism and the conversion from IGT to type 2 diabetes (p = 0.747). However, the insertion allele was associated with a significant reduction in weight (p = 0.016), BMI (p = 0.009), and waist circumference (p = 0.006) in all subjects. Women carrying the I allele had a larger waist circumference change (p = 0.036), whereas men lost more weight and had a greater decrease in BMI. The pentanucleotide insertion/deletion polymorphism in the 3′UTR of the OB‐R gene did not influence the conversion to type 2 diabetes in obese patients with IGT. However, this polymorphism was associated with a significant weight change, suggesting that it may potentially modulate the risk for type 2 diabetes.
Apolipoprotein A‐II Polymorphism and Visceral Adiposity in African‐American and White Women
Authors: Lara‐Castro Cristina , Hunter Gary R. , Lovejoy Jennifer C. , Gower Barbara A. , Fernández José R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTo determine the association between the −265 T to C substitution in the apolipoprotein A‐II (APOA‐II) gene and levels of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) in a group of premenopausal African‐American and white women, we genotyped 237 women (115 African‐American and 122 white) for this polymorphism. Body composition was assessed by DXA, and VAT was determined from a single computed tomography scan. In addition to VAT, we examined the association between the polymorphism and other phenotypes (total body fat, total abdominal adipose tissue, and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue). The mutant C allele in the APOA‐II gene was less frequent in African‐American compared with white women, 23% vs. 36%, respectively (p < 0.01). VAT was significantly higher in carriers of the C allele compared with noncarriers after adjustment for total body fat (p < 0.05). When separate analyses by ethnic group were conducted, the association between the polymorphism and VAT was observed in white (p < 0.05) but not African‐American (p = 0.57) women. There was no association between the polymorphism and the other phenotypes. These results indicate a significant association between the T265C APOA‐II polymorphism and levels of VAT in premenopausal women. This association is present in white but not African‐American women.
Food Viscosity Influences Caloric Intake Compensation and Body Weight in Rats
Authors: Davidson Terry L. , Swithers Susan E. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To determine the effects of food viscosity on the ability of rats to compensate for calories in a dietary supplement.Research Methods and Procedures: In a series of four experiments, rats consumed dietary supplements equated for caloric and nutritive content but differing in viscosity. Experiments 1 to 3 examined the ability of the rats to compensate for the calories consumed in low‐ compared with high‐viscosity premeals by reducing intake of a subsequent test meal. Caloric compensation was assessed with a wide range of premeal viscosity levels and with two different non‐nutritive thickening agents. Experiment 4 assessed the effects of consuming daily a low‐viscosity compared with an equicaloric high‐viscosity dietary supplement on longer term body weight gain.Results: Consuming a lower viscosity premeal was followed by significantly more caloric intake (i.e., less caloric compensation) compared with consuming premeals with higher viscosity levels. This effect was not specific to one thickening agent. Furthermore, rats given a low‐viscosity supplement daily gained significantly more weight over a 10‐week period compared with rats given a high‐viscosity supplement.Discussion: The results of these experiments suggest that food viscosity may be an important determinant of short‐term caloric intake and longer term body weight gain.
Mice with Low Metabolic Rates Are Not Susceptible to Weight Gain When Fed a High‐Fat Diet
Authors: Hambly Catherine , Adams Andrew , Fustin Jean‐Michel , Rance Kellie A. , Bünger Lutz , Speakman John R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Mice divergently selected for high or low food intake (FI) at constant body mass differ in their resting metabolic rates (RMRs). Low‐intake individuals (ML) have significantly lower RMR (by 30%) compared with those from the high‐intake line (MH). We hypothesized that MLs might, therefore, be more likely to increase their body and fat mass when exposed to a high‐fat diet (HFD).Research Methods and Procedures: We exposed both lines to a diet with 44.9% calories from fat for 3 weeks while measuring FI, fecal production, and body mass and then returned the mice to standard chow.Results: When exposed to the HFD, both lines significantly decreased their FI (MH, 40% to 45%; ML, 31% to 35%). This decrease occurred simultaneously with a significant increase in apparent energy absorption efficiency (AEAE). When returned to chow, FI and AEAE returned to the levels observed prior to HFD exposure. Because of the adjustments in FI, the absorbed energy was maintained in the MLs and, thus, body mass remained constant. The MH individuals overcompensated for the elevated energy content and AEAE on the HFD and, therefore, absorbed lower energy than when feeding on chow. These mice also did not significantly change their body mass when on the HFD and must have made adjustments in their energy expenditures. Both lines and both sexes increased in fat content on the HFD, but these effects were not different between lines or sexes.Discussion: We found no support for the hypothesis that mice with low RMRs were more susceptible to weight gain when fed the HFD.
Energy Metabolic Profile of Mice after Chronic Activation of Central NPY Y1, Y2, or Y5 Receptors**
Authors: Henry Melanie , Ghibaudi Lorraine , Gao Jun , Hwa Joyce J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective:Neuropeptide Y (NPY), a 36‐amino acid peptide with orexigenic properties, is expressed abundantly in the central nervous system and binds to several NPY receptor subtypes. This study examines the roles of the NPY Y1, Y2, and Y5 receptor(s) in energy homeostasis.Research Methods and Procedures:We administered intracerebroventricular NPY (3 μg/d) or selective peptide agonists for the Y1, Y2, and Y5 receptor subtypes to C57Bl/6 mice for 6 days by mini‐osmotic pumps to assess the role of each receptor subtype in NPY‐induced obesity. Energy expenditure (EE) and respiratory quotient (RQ) were studied using indirect calorimetry. Adiposity was measured by DXA scanning and fat pad dissection. Insulin sensitivity was tested by whole‐blood glucose measurement after an insulin challenge.Results:Central administration of the selective Y1 agonist, Y5 agonist, or NPY for 6 days in mice significantly increased body weight, adiposity, and RQ, with significant hyperphagia in the Y5 agonist‐ and NPY‐treated groups but not in the Y1 agonist‐treated group. The NPY, Y1, or Y5 agonist‐treated mice had little change in total EE during ad libitum and pair‐feeding conditions. Conversely, selective activation of the Y2 receptor reduced feeding and resulted in a significant, but transient, weight loss.Discussion:Central activation of both Y1 and Y5 receptors increases RQ and adiposity, whereas only Y5 receptor activation reduces energy expended per energy ingested. Selective activation of Y2 autoreceptors leads to hypophagia and transient weight loss, with little effect on total EE. Our study indicates that all three NPY receptor subtypes may play a role in regulating energy homeostasis in mice.
Diet and Physical Activity Behaviors among Americans Trying to Lose Weight: 2000 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
Authors: Bish Connie L. , Blanck Heidi Michels , Serdula Mary K. , Marcus Michele , Kohl Harold W. , Khan Laura Kettel 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To examine the prevalence and correlates of trying to lose weight among U.S. adults, describe weight loss strategies, and assess attainment of recommendations for weight control (eating fewer calories and physical activity).Research Methods and Procedures: This study used the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, a state‐based telephone survey of adults ≥18 years of age (N = 184, 450) conducted in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico in 2000.Results: The prevalence of trying to lose weight was 46% (women) and 33% (men). Women reported trying to lose weight at a lower BMI than did men; 60% of overweight women were trying to lose weight, but men did not reach this level until they were obese. Adults who had a routine physician checkup in the previous year and reported medical advice to lose weight vs. checkup and no medical advice to lose weight had a higher prevalence of trying to lose weight (81% women and 77% men vs. 41% women and 28% men, respectively). The odds of trying to lose weight increased as years of education increased. Among respondents who were trying to lose weight, ∼19% of women and 22% of men reported using fewer calories and ≥150 min/wk leisure‐time physical activity.Discussion: A higher percentage of women than men were trying to lose weight; both sexes used similar weight loss strategies. Education and medical advice to lose weight were strongly associated with trying to lose weight. Most persons trying to lose weight were not using minimum recommended weight loss strategies.
Improved Prediction of Body Fat by Measuring Skinfold Thickness, Circumferences, and Bone Breadths
Authors: Garcia Ada L. , Wagner Karen , Hothorn Torsten , Koebnick Corinna , Zunft Hans‐Joachim F. , Trippo Ulrike 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To develop improved predictive regression equations for body fat content derived from common anthropometric measurements.Research Methods and Procedures: 117 healthy German subjects, 46 men and 71 women, 26 to 67 years of age, from two different studies were assigned to a validation and a cross‐validation group. Common anthropometric measurements and body composition by DXA were obtained. Equations using anthropometric measurements predicting body fat mass (BFM) with DXA as a reference method were developed using regression models.Results: The final best predictive sex‐specific equations combining skinfold thicknesses (SF), circumferences, and bone breadth measurements were as follows: BFMNew (kg) for men = −40.750 + [(0.397 × waist circumference) + [6.568 × (log triceps SF + log subscapular SF + log abdominal SF)]] and BFMNew (kg) for women = −75.231 + [(0.512 × hip circumference) + [8.889 × (log chin SF + log triceps SF + log subscapular SF)] + (1.905 × knee breadth)]. The estimates of BFM from both validation and cross‐validation had an excellent correlation, showed excellent correspondence to the DXA estimates, and showed a negligible tendency to underestimate percent body fat in subjects with higher BFM compared with equations using a two‐compartment (Durnin and Womersley) or a four‐compartment (Peterson) model as the reference method.Discussion: Combining skinfold thicknesses with circumference and/or bone breadth measures provide a more precise prediction of percent body fat in comparison with established SF equations. Our equations are recommended for use in clinical or epidemiological settings in populations with similar ethnic background.
Cross‐Talk between the Insulin and Leptin Signaling Systems in Rat Hypothalamus**
Authors: Carvalheira José B.C. , Torsoni Márcio A. , Ueno Mirian , Amaral Maria E. , Araújo Eliana P. , Velloso Lício A. , Gontijo José A.R. , Saad Mario J.A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To investigate whether insulin and leptin share common intracellular signal transduction pathways and to determine whether these hormonal signaling systems modulate each other's action in rat hypothalamus.Research Methods and Procedures: Male Wistar rats were studied after chronic implantation of an intracerebroventricular catheter into the third ventricle. Immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting were used to examine the activation of insulin and leptin signaling molecules in the rat hypothalamus.Results: Insulin alone is able to produce molecular activation of insulin receptor substrates (IRSs)/phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI 3‐kinase)/Akt and mitogen‐activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling pathways in hypothalamus, whereas leptin alone activates MAP kinase and IRSs/PI 3‐kinase signaling with no effect on Akt. Combined infusion of leptin and insulin provokes a dual action. There was no quantitative potentialization of any single hormone's action on the elements of the insulin signaling pathway, IRSs/PI 3‐kinase/Akt, and MAP kinase. Conversely, leptin plus insulin leads to quantitative potentialization of molecular signaling through the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway.Discussion: We provide evidence for a convergence of leptin and insulin signaling at the level of IRSs‐PI 3‐kinase and a divergence at the level of Akt. Moreover, our results indicate a direct and positive cross‐talk between insulin and leptin at the level of Janus kinase 2 and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 tyrosine phosphorylation. This mechanism may serve to potentiate the activity of both insulin and leptin pathways and to increase stimulation in physiological processes such as the control of food intake and body weight, which are under the combined control of insulin and leptin.
Psychosocial and Behavioral Aspects of Bariatric Surgery
Authors: Sarwer David B. , Wadden Thomas A. , Fabricatore Anthony N. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBariatric surgery has become an increasingly popular treatment option for individuals with extreme obesity (defined as a BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2) or those with less severe obesity accompanied by significant comorbidities. Sustained postoperative weight loss and improvements in obesity‐related health problems make bariatric surgery the most effective treatment for this population. Nevertheless, most experts agree that psychosocial and behavioral factors contribute to successful postoperative outcomes. This paper reviews the literature on the preoperative psychosocial status, eating behaviors, and quality of life of patients who seek bariatric surgery. In addition, the paper examines studies that investigated changes in these factors postoperatively. The review concludes with an agenda for future research in this area.
1, 25‐Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Modulation of Adipocyte Glucocorticoid Function
Authors: Morris Kristin L. , Zemel Michael B. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: 1, 25‐Dihydroxyvitamin D3 dose dependently increases intracellular calcium in human adipocytes. We have demonstrated that suppression of circulating 1, 25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 levels by increasing dietary calcium reduces adipocyte intracellular calcium and reduces adiposity in both humans and rodents, with preferential loss of trunk fat. Autocrine production of cortisol by adipocytes of mice overexpressing 11β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β‐HSD 1) in adipose tissue increases visceral adiposity, whereas knockout of 11β‐HSD 1 appears to attenuate truncal obesity. Accordingly, our objective was to investigate the role of 1, 25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the modulation of adipocyte glucocorticoid metabolism.Research Methods and Procedures: We examined the effect of 1, 25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 or angiotensin II on cortisol production and expression using real‐time reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction of 11β‐HSD 1, angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1), and AT2 receptor in human adipocytes.Results: Adipocytes produced negligible cortisol in the absence of substrate (cortisone). In the presence of cortisone (1 to 10 nM), there was significant cortisol production, which was dose dependently augmented (2‐ to 6‐fold, p < 0.001) by 1, 25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 (0.1 to 10 nM). 1, 25‐Dihydroxyvitamin D3 dose dependently increased 11β‐HSD 1 expression up to 2‐fold (p < 0.01) in both the presence and absence of cortisone. In contrast, 1, 25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 dose dependently decreased adipocyte AT1 expression (by 30% to 50%, p < 0.001) in both the presence and absence of cortisone, suggesting compensatory down‐regulation of AT1.Discussion: We conclude that 1, 25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 directly regulates adipocyte 11β‐HSD 1 expression and, consequently, local cortisol levels and that this may contribute to the preferential loss of visceral adiposity by high‐calcium diets.
Four‐Compartment Cellular Level Body Composition Model: Comparison of Two Approaches**
Authors: Shen Wei , St‐Onge Marie‐Pierre , Pietrobelli Angelo , Wang Jack , Wang ZiMian , Heshka Stanley , Heymsfield Steven B. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The aim of this study was to develop and compare two DXA‐based four‐compartment [body weight = body cell mass (BCM) + extracellular fluid (ECF) + extracellular solids (ECS) + fat] cellular level models.Research Methods and Procedures: Total body potassium (TBK) model: BCM from TBK by whole‐body counting—ECFTBK = LST − [BCMTBK + 0.73 × osseous mineral (Mo)]. Bromide model: ECF from sodium bromide dilution—BCMBROMIDE = LST − (ECFBROMIDE + 0.73 × Mo); Mo and LST measurements came from DXA. The two approaches were evaluated in 99 healthy men and 118 women.Results: BCM estimates were highly correlated (r = 0.97, p < 0.001), as were ECF estimates (r = 0.87, p < 0.001); a small statistically significant mean difference was present (mean ± SD; BCMTBK model, 30.4 ± 8.9 kg; BCMBROMIDE, 31.4 ± 9.3 kg; Δ = 1.0 ± 2.8 kg; p < 0.001; ECFTBK, 18.5 ± 4.2 kg; ECFBROMIDE, 17.5 ± 3.6 kg; Δ = 1.0 ± 2.8 kg; p < 0.001). A high correlation (r = 0.97, p < 0.001) and good agreement (38.9 ± 9.5 vs. 38.9 ± 9.5 kg; Δ = 0.0 ± 2.4 kg; p = 0.39) were present between TBW, derived as the sum of intracellular water from TBK and ECW from bromide, and measured TBW by 2H2O dilution.Discussion: Two developed four‐compartment cellular level DXA models, one of which is appropriate for use in most clinical and research settings, provide comparable results and are applicable for BCM and ECF estimation of subject groups with hydration disturbances.
Dysregulation of the Autonomic Nervous System Can Be a Link between Visceral Adiposity and Insulin Resistance
Authors: Lindmark Stina , Lönn Lars , Wiklund Urban , Tufvesson Magnus , Olsson Tommy , Eriksson Jan W. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To evaluate the interplay among abdominal adipose tissue distribution, the cortisol axis, the autonomic nervous system, and insulin resistance.Research Methods and Procedures: Two age‐, sex‐, and BMI‐matched groups were studied. Fifteen subjects were first‐degree relatives of patients with type 2 diabetes (R), and 15 had no family history of diabetes (controls, C). A hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp, cortisol measurements, and analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) were performed. Computed tomography was performed in a subgroup (n = 9 + 9) to determine abdominal adipose tissue distribution.Results: R tended to be less insulin‐sensitive than C (M value 9.2 ± 1.0 vs 10.3 ± 0.7 mg/kg per minute, not significant). Stimulation with tetracosactin or corticotropin releasing hormone yielded lower peak serum cortisol levels in R (p = 0.03 and p = 0.06, respectively). The amount of visceral abdominal fat (VAT) tended to be greater in R. In all subjects, VAT was negatively correlated to insulin sensitivity (r = −0.93, p < 0.001). There was a positive association between VAT and resting heart rate (r = 0.70, p = 0.003) and sympathetic/parasympathetic ratio in HRV assessment after tilt (r = 0.53, p = 0.03). Subcutaneous abdominal tissue was not associated with insulin sensitivity or any of the hormonal or HRV assessments.Discussion: Subjects genetically predisposed for type 2 diabetes had a tendency toward a larger amount of VAT and to lower insulin sensitivity compared with control subjects. The amount of visceral fat was strongly associated with insulin resistance and signs of a high ratio of sympathetic vs. parasympathetic reactivity. A large amount of visceral fat may act in concert with sympathetic/parasympathetic imbalance to promote the development of insulin resistance, and this may be partly independent of genetic background.