bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isomerization of cis-Azobenzene in the Solid Phase
Authors: Tsuda Morizo , Kuratani Kenji 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The thermal and photo-isomerizations of crystalline cis-azobenzene have been studied by infrared spectrophotometry in the temperature range of 36∼58°C, It has been found that the thermal isomerization follows Prout Tompkins’ law, and the values of k3 at 36, 50 and 58°C have been estimated. The Arrhenius plot of K3 is linear, and the activation energy of k3 is 31.3±0.3 kcal./mol. Pre-irradiation with a mercury lamp shortens the induction period, but it does not change the value of k3. On the other hand, the value of k3 is affected by the degree of grinding of azobenzene crystals. In this case, the activation energy is not altered by crystal grinding.
The photo-isomerization at 12°C, in contrast to the case of thermal isomerization, has no induction period. However, the trans→cis photo-isomerization does not occur even if the crystal is treated by X-ray or by γ-ray preirradiation.
Spectroscopic Studies of the Complex Produced by Trimethylaluminum and Diphenylamine
Authors: Kawai Makoto , Ogawa Teiichiro , Hirota Kozo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The reactive complex produced by the reaction of trimethylaluminum with diphenylamine has been studied by the ultraviolet absorption and proton magnetic resonance methods. The ultraviolet absorption of the complex has shown two bands, at 228 mμ and 274 mμ, in cyclohexane. Proton magnetic resonance spectrum of the complex has been shown to consist of two groups of peaks, with an intensity ratio of approximately 5:3 and with chemical shifts of 2.90 p.p.m. and 10.58 p.p.m. These shifts have been assigned to phenyl protons and methyl protons respectively. In the mixture of trimethylaluminum and the complex, an exchange of methyl groups occurs. The structure of the complex has been concluded to be dimeric through two nitrogen bridges, as is shown in formula II.
Infrared Spectra of Adsorbed Formic Acid
Authors: Ogawa Teiichiro , Kishi Kosaku , Hirota Kozo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The infrared spectra of adsorbed formic acid on zinc have been measured. Two bands have been found at 1570 cm−1 and 770 cm−1and assigned to the adsorbed formate anion.
Solvent Effect on the Rearrangement of Cyclohexanoneoxime-p-toluenesulfonate. The Ionizing Power of Liquid Sulfur Dioxide
Authors: Tokura Niichiro , Kawahara Tetsuyo , Ikeda Sachio 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The Beckmann rearragement of cyclohexanoneoxime-p-toluenesulfonate has been carried out in various solvents and the results have been discussed. The rate in liquid sulfur dioxide is the fastest among the solvents examined. The plots of the logk vs. ionizing powers of the solvents are not linear. The electrophilic solvation of liquid sulfur dioxide on the p-toluenesulfonate anion is important if the reaction is to be carried out rapidly and if an intermediate bridged cation, an azacyclopropenium cation, is to be obtained.
The Transfer Coefficient of a Redox Process at Varying pH Values as Determined by the Faradaic Rectification Method
Authors: Agarwal H P 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The transfer coefficient of 0.001 m quinhydrone in buffer solutions of various pH values has been determined by Faradaic rectification studies. The value of α at 29°C has been found to be 0.376 at pH 1.4, 0.389 at pH 2.1, 0.503 at PH 4.62, and 0.506 at pH 6.1. The transfer coefficients determined at various pH values, help us to understand the mechanism of electrode processes.
A Mass Spectrometric Investigation of Petroleum. III. The Determination of the Alkyl Side Chain Number on Aromatics in the High Boiling Range Fraction of Petroleum
Authors: Oshima Shozo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The cleavage mechanism of alkylbenzene and other compounds under electron impact has been studied. The following facts are evident. If the ion from the aromatic compound is formed according to β cleavage under electron impact, the carbon number of the alkyl side chain on the compound may be indicated by the following equation;
b=a(n−1)⁄n+1 (1)
where
b: the total carbon number of the alkyl side chain in the ion produced;
a: the total carbon number of the alkyl side chain in the original molecule, and
n: the alkyl side chain number.
If the ion is formed according to α cleavage, the equation will be:
b=a(n−1)⁄n (2)
The effects of the alkyl side chain number and the structure upon n values from Eqs. 1 and 2 have also been studied. From the study, a method has been devised by which the alkyl side chain number of aromatics in the high-boiling-range fraction of petroleum can be determined from the total carbon number of the alkyl side chain in the molecule ion and the carbon number of the alkyl side chain in the peak showing the most intense peak in the spectrum.
The Oxidation of Fe2+ by Ultrasound
Authors: Prakash Satya , Pandey Jata Dhari , Singh Rajendra 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
With the help of Milliard’s high frequency ultrasonic generator, type E-7562, with a barium titanate transducer with a frequency of 1 Mc, the oxidation of an acidic ferrous ammonium sulphate solution has been studied. The kinetics of the reaction, at six different concentrations of a ferrous ammonium sulphate solution and at four different ultrasonic intensities has been investigated. The reaction has been found to obey the first order kinetics. A probable mechanism based on the Haber-Weiss work has also been proposed.
Analysis of the Volatile Constituents of Hamanasu Absolute Oil
Authors: Nishimura Kiichi , Sakai Tsutomu , Ogawa Mieko , Hirose Yoshio 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The separation of the carbonyl fraction and the non-alcoholic fraction, by the Girard T reagent and the phthalic anhydride respectively, from the principal constituent, phenylethyl alcohol, of Hamanasu flower absolute oil, and the successive analyses of each fraction have been carried out in order to elucidate the essential olfactory ingredient of the rose oil. The attempt resulted in adding some new components to those listed in the previous report: rose oxide, citronellyl acetate, geranyl acetate and methyleugenol.
The variety of the components has been proven to be essentially the same as in Bulgarian rose oil, although the proportion differs in some compoennts.
The Reduction of Indium(III) in Thiocyanate Solutions at the Dropping Mercury Electrode
Authors: Tanaka Nobuyuki , Takeuchi Takashi , Tamamushi Reita 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The reduction process of indium(III) at the dropping mercury electrode in thiocyanate solutions has been investigated by direct current polarography, alternating current polaro-graphy and faradaic impedance measurements. The reduction current in the potential region between −0.5 to −0.9 V. vs. saturated calomel electrode is greatly increased by the addition of minute amounts of thiocyanate ions, when a remarkable minimum is observed on the diffusion current plateau at relatively negative potentials. On the alternating current polarogram, indium(III) in a potassium thiocyanate solution gives a negative admittance in the potential region where the minimum appears on the direct current polorogram. The analysis of impedance measurements has shown that the resistance component has a negative value in that potential region. The experimental results have been explained by assuming that the overall electrode process is composed of two simultaneous reactions, one of which proceeds at the naked electrode surface, and the other at the electrode surface covered with adsorbed thiocyanate ions, and by assuming that thiocyanate ions accelerate the reduction of indium (III) at the surface of the electrode.
The Velocity of Ascending Air Bubbles in Aqueous Solutions of a Surface Active Substance and the Life of the Bubble on the Same Solution
Authors: Okazaki Satiko 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
1) The velocity of an air bubble ascending in water is remarkably retarded by the addition of a minute amount of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) or isoamyl alcohol. With an air bubble with a radius ranging from 0.03 to 0.07 cm., the decrease in velocity is perceptible even in a 10−6 molar SDS solution, while it tends to a limiting value in 10−3 and 10−4 molar SDS solutions, where the rising velocity is about half as large as that in pure water.
2) To elucidate this retardation, the static properties of the solution, such as surface tension, density and compressibility, and the dynamic properties, such as viscosity and the change in surface tension with time, have been measured. However, no difference could be found in these properties between pure water and a 10−5 molar SDS solution to account for the retardation phenomena.
3) The rising velocity of a bubble considered to be a rigid sphere calculated by using an empirical formula fails to explain the results, since the formula does not fit our experimental conditions. The rising velocity of a rigid spherical bubble calculated from the observed data of a falling velocity of glass spheres in water in our apparatus is found to be in good agreement with that in 10−3 and 10−4 molar SDS solutions.
4) It has been concluded that, in all concentrations of the solution studied and for the bubble with a radius less than 0.07 cm., the bubble rises as a sphere and that the air circulation inside the bubble is closely related to the rising velocity of the bubble. The air circulation, which is strongest in the rising bubble in pure water, is hindered in 10−5 and 10−6 molar SDS solutions by the formation of an adsorbed film of SDS on this bubble, and the rising velocity is also thereby retarded. The circulation is actually suppressed, and the bubble rises as a rigid sphere in 10−3 and 10−4molar SDS solutions. The retardation of the rising velocity of bubbles with radii larger than 0.07 cm. is due to the deformation of the bubbles from a sphere.
5) The life time of bubbles on an aqueous, solution is affected by the surface active substance as sensitively as in the case of the effect of the same substance on the velocity of the rising bubble. Both phenomena are explained by the common factor of the retardatoin of the flow around the bubble surface.
The Thermal Membrane Potential as a Function of the Apparent Ionic Transport Number of Membranes
Authors: Ikeda Toshio , Tsuchiya Masao , Nakano Masaru 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The thermal membrane potential (TMP) has been studied as a function of the apparent ionic transport number of ionselective membranes. The temperature coefficient of TMP, the thermoelectric power, has been found to be a continuously increasing function of the apparent ionic transport number of the membranes used, starting from zero at the neutral point, where the membrane exhibits no selectivity for ions, and approaching with acceleration when the ionic transport number of the membrane is increased until it reaches its highest limit at the perfect ion permselectivity. The sign of the thermoelectric power has been found to be positive for negative membranes, and negative for positive membranes. The absolute value of the thermoelectric power is higher for positive membranes than for negative membranes at equivalent degrees of ion permselectivity.
Ammonia-Synthesis Iron Catalysts Containing Magnesia as Their Principal Promoter. II. The Texture and Structure of the Catalysts
Authors: Uchida Hiroshi , Terao Iwao , Ogawa Kiyoshi , Oba Masaaki 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
This paper has presented data on such textures as the specific surface area, the pore volume, the average diameter of particles and pores, the fraction of the surface occupied by free iron and so forth, and on such structures as the lattice constant in the oxidic state and the crystallite width after the synthesis run of individual catalysts of the magnesia-promoted type, together with data on both a pure magnetite and a catalyst of the alumina-promoted type. It has also included the results of the examination of the catalysts by means of optical and electron microscopy.
Although the magnesia used as a promoter may be surface-inactive at the earlier stage of reduction, it tends at the later stage to cover the major portion of the particle surface and acts to retard the particle growth as well as the crystallite growth. The retarding effect on the growth is cancelled out when potash is added as the second promoter, but it is considerably pronounced in the presence of silica. Apart from the catalyst doubly promoted by magenesia and potash, the particle size of the promoted catalysts ranges from 700 to 2600 Å, but the crystallite widths lie in a far narrower range, between 250 to 390 Å. The specific activity per unit of the surface area is not always higher for the catalysts of the smaller particle sizes.
The lattice constant of a pure magnetite is not changed by the addition of magnesia, indicating that the Mg2+ ions occupy the empty interstices is the magnetite lattice.
The microscopic and electron-microscopic structeres of the polished and etched surfaces of oxide catalysts of the magnesia-promoted type are very different from those of the alumina-promoted type. In view of the change in the mocroscopic structure of the surface with the reduction progress, an explanation in terms of the different reduction rates between the two types of catalysts is probable.
On the basis of the fact that the subparticles of the catalyst after the synthesis run still retain the original shape of the corresponding oxide catalyst, either plate-shaped or massive, the electron-microscopic as well as the microscopic observation of the polished and etched surface of the oxide catalyst can afford a means for predicting the promoter-composition which will produce a highly active catalyst.
The Structure of Glassy Carbon
Authors: Noda Tokiti , Inagaki Michio 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The structure of glassy carbon has been investigated by determining the interlayer spacing, crystallite size and disorganized carbon content, and by an analysis of the radial distribution function.
Glassy carbon has been found to be a typical non-graphitizing carbon. From the analysis of the first peak of the radial distribution curve, it has been assumed that not only trigonal but also tetrahedral carbon atoms exist in glassy carbon. A structural model of glassy carbon has been proposed; in this model tetrahedral carbon atoms form the main part of the criss-cross linkages which link graphite-like layers in a random way.
Semiconductivity of Phenanthrene Single Crystals
Authors: Matsumoto Shoichi , Tsukada Tomomichi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Phenanthrene single crystals have been grown by means of a modified Bridgeman method. The electrical conductivity has been measured for two crystallographic directions, ⊥ ab and // ab.
The electrical resistivity is not affected appreciably by ambient oxygen. The temperature dependence of electrical resistivity can be described as ρ=ρoexp(Δε⁄2kT), where the activation energy (Δε) is 1.14 eV. for ⊥ ab and 1.15 eV. for // ab; the two values agree well. A large anisotropy has been found in the resistivity at 15°C. The resistivity is 4.8×1015Ω cm. and 1.9×1014Ω cm. for ⊥ ab and // ab respectively.
It has been concluded that, although phenanthrene is an isomer of anthracene, the electrical properties of phenanthrene differ considerably from those of anthracene.
A Study of the Hydration of Calcium Orthoplumbate. III. The Behavior of Dehydration
Authors: Koishi Masumi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The behavior of the dehydration of a hydrate mixture of calcium orthoplumbate and calcium hydroxide and of the hydrate of calcium orthoplumbate has been studied with a thermobalance and by differential thermal analysis.
It has been shown that the dehydration of crystalline water in the hydrate mixture was retarded by the presence of the calcium hydroxide liberated; this conclusion has been based on both the activation energy of the hydrate and its loss of weight.
It seems that calcium orthoplumbate fills the space in a network consisting of calcium hydroxide particles.
A Semi-empirical MO Theory of σ Electron Systems. I. General Theory
Authors: Hamano Hidekazu 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A semi-empirical MO theory is proposed for complex saturated molecules. In a first-order treatment, each MO is represented as a localized function that contains only the AO connected with one bond or atom. This enables us to define a set of bonding, anti-bonding and lone-pair orbitals. The molecular wave function is obtained as an anti-symmetrized product of the bonding and lone-pair orbitals. In this approximate theory we discuss the definitions of the electronegativity scale and of the inductive effect; the electronegativity scales proposed by Moffitt and Mulliken are obtained as special cases. In a subsequent, more accurate second-order theory each MO is represented as a linear combination of all bonding, anti-bonding and lone-pair orbitals; this treatment is made by means of the perturbation theory. A semi-empirical approach is developed by taking the interactions between different bonds as empirical parameters. No applications of the general theory are presented here; they will be discussed in subsequent papers.
Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectra of Polypropylene in Solution
Authors: Kato Yoshinori , Nishioka Atsuo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The application of the NMR method to the study of commercial polypropylene seems to be restricted by some difficulties. A weak thermal degradation technique has therefore been employed to reduce the molecular weight of the polypropylene sample. However, the correspondence between the resultant molecular weight and the resolution of the spectrum is not always unique.
A remarkable difference between the NMR spectrum of isotactic polypropylene and that of atactic polypropylene can be found in the methylene resonance region. As an approximation, one may assume that the methylene groups of isotactic polypropylene give rise to the partial spectrum of an ABC2 spin system, whereas those of syndiotactic polypropylene give rise to the partial spectrum of an A2B2 spin system. By means of an electronic computer, the best set of the δ and J parameters for the methylene resonance of isotactic polypropylene has been obtained. The results fit the observed spectrum fairly well. Using this information, the degree of stereoregularity (isotaxy) of a given polypropylene can be calculated. This method is applicable if an well-resolved NMR spectrum is available.
Theoretical Studies of Light Scattering by Polydispersed Colloidal Systems of Spherical Particles
Authors: Nakagaki Masayuki , Shimoyama Tsugiyo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
In order to study the light scattering of polydispersed colloidal systems of spherical particles, a weight distribution function, W(α), of the relative particle radius α has been assumed to be a modified Gaussian function with three parameters: the most probable α-value, αm; the width of the distribution, 〈Δα〉, and the dissymmetry of the distribution, Δ. The values of Yθ, which is proportional to the specific scattering intensity, for θ=45°, 90° and 135°, and the dissymmetry factor, z=Y45⁄Y135 have then been computed.
In principle, it should be possible to determine three parameters of the particle size distribution, αm, 〈Δα〉 and Δ, from the observed values of three independent quantities, Y45, Y90 and Y135. It has, however, been concluded that practically the method requires very precise experiments. If one is satisfied with a distribution function of two parameters, αm and 〈Δα〉, the values of these parameters can be determined from the experimentally-obtained Y90 and z values on the basis of a chart constructed theoretically.
The value of αw, which is the cubic root of weight-averaged 〈α3〉, is equal to the α value obtained from the measured specific scattering intensity by assuming that the system is monodispersed when α is small. If α is not small, the value of αw can be obtained according to the empirical equation:
αw⁄α90=1+k(z⁄z90−1)
The error will be within about 5% if αw&lt;1.5.
The Mechanism of the Formation of Terephthalic Acid from Benzonitrile
Authors: Ogata Yoshiro , Furuya Yoshiaki , Noshiro Tadashi , Go Tadahiro 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A mixture of benzonitrile, cadmium iodide and potassium carbonate has given, when heated in a sealed tube at 360∼500°C, terephthalic acid (21∼33%), together with a considerable amount of isophthalic acid. The reaction was possible without a cadmium catalyst, but the yield of terephthalic acid was poorer (8.0%). The tracer study with K214CO3, as well as the identification of cyanate in the products, showed that the reaction proceeds by way of the conversion of benzonitrile to potassium benzoate and potassium cyanate, followed by the disproportionation of potassium benzoate to potassium terephthalate and isophthalate. Potassium cyanate seems to be a weak catalyst for the disproportionation.
The Gamma Ray-Induced Addition of Acetaldehyde to Cyclohexene and Normal Hexene
Authors: Hatada Motoyoshi , Takezaki Jun’ichi , Hirota Kozo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
By the radiation-induced telomerization of acetaldehyde-hexene mixtures, McHK has been produced when cyclohexene is used, while MnHK and MiHK have been produced when normal hexene is used. The G(MnHK) at room temperature has been found to be 400 (dose rate=9.7×104r/hr.), which is larger by a factor of ten than the G(MiHK) and the G(McHK). Irrespective of the dose rate, a G(MnHK)&gt;G(McHK)&gt;G(MiHK) relation always exists.
It has been found that: (i) the G(MnHK) value, as well as the G(MiHK) and the G(McHK) values, increases with the rise in temperature, they all show however, maxima at 70∼80°C, because of the thermal decomposition of the acetyl radical, (ii) sharp maxima are shown in the curves of G(telomer) vs. initial composition at 5 mol.% of hexenes, (iii) the analytical data of the gaseous products establish that the radiation-induced decomposition of aldehyde and hexene occurs in parallel with the telomerization, and (iv), upon the addition of benzene or cyclohexane to the system, the G(telomer)’s decrease slightly in both systems, suggesting that they act as diluents rather than as agents of the energy transfer.
Studies of the Hydration and the Structure of Water and Their Roles in Protein Structure. II. The Hydration of Electrolytes by Ultrasonic Interferometry and Its Temperature Dependence
Authors: Isemura Toshizo , Goto Sachio 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The numbers of hydration of various 1-1 and 1-2 electrolytes in aqueous solutions and their dependence on the temperature have been determined by the method of ultrasonic interferometry. The relation between the hydration and the compressibility of aqueous electrolyte solutions has been discussed and further evidence obtained for the existence of the clathrates as hydration shells, as was suggested in the previous paper.
The Preparation of Phosphorus-32 in a High Specific Activity Using the Szilard-Chalmers Effect
Authors: Tanaka Kichizo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A process has been developed for obtaining phosphorus-32 free from phosphorus-33 and with a high specific activity. Phosphorus-32 has been prepared by an anion exchange method, in which a chloride solution containing 0.025m of potassium chloride and 0.025m of hydrochloric acid of neutron irradiated phosphate was passed through the column of a strongly basic anion exchanger, and the adsorbed phosphorus-32 has been eluted with 8m hydrochloric acid. The anhydrous orthophosphate shows a good recovery compared with several orthophosphates, sodium orthophosphite and sodium hypophosphite. The recovery is not much affected by the irradiation time. Enrichment factors higher than 103 have been obtained.