bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fairtrade Urbanism? The Politics of Place Beyond Place in the Bristol Fairtrade City Campaign
Authors: MALPASS ALICE , CLOKE PAUL , BARNETT CLIVE , CLARKE NICK 
Published: October 2007

AbstractUnderstandings of fairtrade, ethical trading and sustainability often assume a relationship involving disparate placeless consumers being stitched together with place‐specific producers in developing world contexts. Using an ethnographic study of the policy‐making and political processes of the Bristol Fairtrade City campaign, we suggest ways in which fairtrade consumption can become aligned with place. The campaign was a vehicle for enlisting the ordinary people of Bristol into awareness of and identification with fairtrade issues. Citizens of Bristol were enrolled into a re‐ imagination of the city involving aspects of what Massey terms the politics of place beyond place. The campaign also enlisted the jurisdictional governance of the local authority, including the introduction of the fairtrade procurement practices. As a result, employees, residents and visitors became fairtrade consumers, knowingly or unknowingly, when visiting the canteens and restaurants of the local authority and other significant sites and institutions in the city. The Fairtrade City campaign can therefore be seen to have deployed ideas of place, fairness and local–global relations as scale frames of mobility through which to embed ethical consumption in place, and to govern consumption at a distance.RésuméCommerce équitable, pratiques commerciales éthiques et qualité durable supposent souvent de tisser un lien entre des consommateurs disparates sans spécificité de lieu et des producteurs d'un lieu donné, dans des cadres liés au développement mondial. A partir d'une étude ethnographique sur les processus décisionnaires et politiques de la campagne ‘Ville équitable’ de Bristol, on peut suggérer des manières de mettre en adéquation consommation de produits équitables et lieu. La campagne de Bristol a permis de recruter des gens ordinaires pour qu'ils prennent conscience des problèmes de commerce équitable. Les habitants de Bristol ont été impliqués afin de réimaginer la ville en utilisant des aspects de ce que Massey appelle la politique de lieu qui dépasse le lieu. La campagne a aussi rallié la gouvernance de l'autorité locale, notamment par des pratiques d'achats associant le commerce équitable. En conséquence, personnel, habitants et visiteurs sont devenus consommateurs de produits équitables, consciemment ou non, en se rendant dans les restaurants et cantines gérés par la municipalité et dans d'autres sites et organismes importants de la ville. La campagne ‘Ville équitable’ a donc mobilisé les idées de lieu, d'équité et de relations local‐mondial pour recalibrer les échelles de mobilité grâce auxquelles on peut intégrer une consommation éthique dans un lieu et régir la consommation à distance.
Green Subjection: The Politics of Neoliberal Urban Environmental Management
Authors: BRAND PETER 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis article addresses the question as to why, in contrast to national governments, city administrations engage so enthusiastically with urban environmental problems. It argues that the politics of urban environmentalism need to be examined not from the point of view of ecological rationality and alternative politics, but as an integral part of spatial transformation and social regulation under neoliberal urbanization. Recent contributions to theoretical debate on this issue are examined, with especial attention paid to the themes of governance, citizenship, subjectivity and ‘regulation of the self’, and their relevance to the understanding of contemporary urban environmental policy and management practices. The article explores the way in which urban environmental management can be understood as contributing to the constitution of the self‐governing citizen in the individualized urban milieu of contemporary cities, a process in which the progressive and libertarian aspirations of much early environmental thought have been subtly converted into a new form of subjection to the strategic requirements and political conveniences of neoliberal city administrations.RésuméQuelles sont les raisons pour lesquelles, contrairement aux gouvernements nationaux, les autorités administratives des villes se lancent avec autant d'enthousiasme dans les questions d'environnement urbain ? Il faut examiner la politique d'environnementalisme urbain, non pas en termes de rationalitéécologique ou de politique alternative, mais comme une partie intégrante de la transformation spatiale et de la régulation sociale découlant d'une urbanisation néolibérale. En étudiant de récentes contributions au débat théorique à cet égard, l'article s'attache aux thèmes de gouvernance, citoyenneté, subjectivité et ‘régulation de soi’, ainsi qu'à leur pertinence aux fins de mieux comprendre la politique publique contemporaine en environnement urbain et ses pratiques de gestion. Ainsi, la gestion environnementale urbaine peut‐elle être envisagée comme un apport permettant la constitution du citoyen autonome dans le milieu urbain individualisé que sont les grandes villes contemporaines, un processus dans lequel les aspirations progressistes et libertaires d'une réflexion environnementale déjà ancienne ont été converties subtilement en une nouvelle forme de soumission aux besoins stratégiques et convenances politiques propres aux administrations municipales néolibérales.
Pathways to participatory research in developing a tool to measure feelings
Authors: Brooks Michelle , Davies Stephanie 
Published: October 2007

Accessible summary

This article is about people with a learning disability doing research with therapists. It is about how we are learning to do research together.
The research is trying to see if counselling and therapy helps people with a learning  disability feel better. One way of doing this is to ask people questions  about their feelings before and after counselling.
We want to have some questions about how it feels living with a learning disability. Our group is talking about this. They have made a list of what they have said. They plan to ask other people if they agree.
This research matters because people with learning disabilities are doing the research. They know what it is like living with a learning disability. They know what things that are important to them. They can help make a questionnaire that other people with learning disabilities will find easy to understand. The questionnaire should help people see how feelings can change over time.

SummaryPeople with a learning disability, the experts of their own experience are increasingly involved in research. We will be discussing in this paper their centrality in the development of a psychological therapy outcome measure for people with learning disabilities. Their involvement needs to go beyond giving their views to being included in the whole research process. It is anticipated that such participatory research will help create a measurement tool that has greater meaning and validity for people with a learning disability. We are adapting clinical outcomes in routine evaluation – outcome measure (CORE‐OM) Evans et al. (2000, J Ment Health, 9, 247), the dominant psychotherapy outcome measure in routine use in the UK, for this purpose. However the existing four domains of CORE‐OM (well being, problems/symptoms, functioning and risk) do not address some of the issues and feelings that impact on the lives of people with a learning disability. This we call the ‘missing domain’ and it is the focus of this present research. Within the Collaborative Research Group (CoRG) we are seeking to uncover the essential elements of this missing domain and convert them into items for a new domain. This article examines some of the issues involved in the complex interrelationship between the process of research and the outcome of research.
Specialist advocacy services for parents with learning disabilities involved in child protection proceedings
Authors: Tarleton Beth 
Published: October 2007

Accessible summary

Many parents with learning with learning disabilities have their children taken away.
Advocates help parents with learning disabilities understand what is happening and to get their voice heard.
Advocates should know how to work with people with learning disabilities and know about the child protection system. The child protection system happens when others think that parents aren’t looking after their children well enough.

SummaryParents with learning disabilities frequently become involved with child protection and judicial proceedings. Parents report not understanding and being disempowered by the child protection system. This paper presents fourteen parents’ views regarding how two specialist advocacy services supported them during child protection. The parents believed that they were treated with more respect by child protection professionals when their advocate was with them. They reported being able to understand the child protection process and have their voice heard. The parents also praised their advocates for the emotional support they provided them and the way in which they were able to challenge child protection professionals’ practice because of their advocates’ experience in child protection. The advocates were supporting parents according to the guidance regarding supporting parents involved in child protection. They used strategies common to advocates working with adults with learning disabilities. The development of specific advocacy services supporting parents with learning disabilities should be supported.
Realist Power Europe? The EU in the Negotiations about China's and Russia's WTO Accession*
Authors: ZIMMERMANN HUBERT 
Published: October 2007

AbstractWhat determines the preferences the EU represents in international trade negotiations? This article argues that realist theories can help to answer this question. Whereas, the majority of the literature on EU trade policy‐making looks at ‘domestic’ variables such as institutional factors and the influence of interest groups, a systemic approach such as realism is rarely employed. However, as the empirical case studies of China's and Russia's WTO accession show, in international trade negotiations the EU is motivated by geoeconomic and mercantilist considerations to an important degree, specifically the interest to maximize EU wealth relative to other powers. The article is a pledge for taking realism seriously in research on preference formation in EU external policies.
Trade Negotiations between the EU and South Africa: A Three‐Level Game*
Authors: LARSÉN MAGDALENA FRENNHOFF 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis article develops and uses an adapted version of Putnam's two‐ (extended to three‐) level game model to analyse the EU agenda‐setting process in the negotiations between the EU and South Africa that led to the Trade, Development and Co‐operation Agreement in 1999. The article argues that the model needs to place its domestic focus at the level of the Commission, rather than at the level of the Member States. It demonstrates that the negotiations within the Commission, as well as the location of the Commission negotiating team within DG Development, were central for understanding the EU agenda and the final outcome of the negotiations.
EU Delegation and Agency in International Trade Negotiations: A Cautionary Comparison*
Authors: DAMRO CHAD 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe principal‐agent (PA) approach is increasingly used to explain how and why the EU formulates its trade policy and engages in international trade negotiations. This article evaluates the utility of PA in trade policy through a comparative analysis of the EU's participation in two different international negotiations: the International Competition Network and World Trade Organization (2001–06). The comparison of EU institutions and activities in these two empirical cases suggests that while PA seems well suited to explain international negotiations in regulatory policies (competition), it seems less suited to explain developments in distributive policies (trade). The findings, which reveal potential problems of multiple agents and a greater likelihood of observational equivalence in trade policy, advise caution when using PA to explain the EU's behaviour in international trade negotiations.
Managing Globalization? The EU in International Trade Negotiations*
Authors: MEUNIER SOPHIE 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThrough a study of the evolution of the concept of ‘managed globalization’ in trade, an idea conceptualized by EU Trade Commissioner Pascal Lamy in 1999 and replaced by the new policy of ‘Global Europe’ in 2006, this article analyses whether the Commission has had an autonomous impact on the EU position in international trade negotiations, especially in the Doha Round of the WTO. Such autonomy appears wider at first glance than it actually is, since it is hard to find evidence that the doctrinal shift occurred against Member State preferences. In the end, the true (but limited) autonomy of the Commission comes from its entrepreneurial ability to repackage Member State preferences into a consensual doctrine.
Outsiders' Perceptions of the European Union in International Trade Negotiations
Authors: ELGSTRÖM OLE 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe question approached in this article is whether the almost unanimous picture, drawn by both academic observers and EU representatives, of the EU as a major power and leading actor in global trade negotiations, is also shared by ‘outsiders’. I describe and analyse how representatives of non‐EU Member States picture and evaluate the EU's role in the WTO and the strategies it uses to achieve its goals. Special attention is given to perceived constraints on EU leadership. In brief, my results demonstrate that the EU is indeed seen as a key actor in the WTO but that it is not necessarily seen as a leader. Its leadership potential is diminished by perceived incoherence across issue areas, by a lack of perceived legitimacy and, to a lesser extent, by an excessive focus on internal co‐ordination.
Unstable dynamics and population limitation in mountain hares
Authors: Newey Scott , Dahl Fredrik , Willebrand Tomas , Thirgood Simon 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe regular large‐scale population fluctuations that characterize many species of northern vertebrates have fascinated ecologists since the time of Charles Elton. There is still, however, no clear consensus on what drives these fluctuations. Throughout their circumpolar distribution, mountain haresLepus timidusshow regular and at times dramatic changes in density. There are distinct differences in the nature, amplitude and periodicity of these fluctuations between regions and the reasons for these population fluctuations and the geographic differences remain largely unknown. In this review we synthesize knowledge on the factors that limit or regulate mountain hare populations across their range in an attempt to identify the drivers of unstable dynamics.Current knowledge of mountain hare population dynamics indicates that trophic interactions – either predator‐prey or host‐parasite – appear to be the major factor limiting populations and these interactions may contribute to the observed unstable dynamics. There is correlative and experimental evidence that some mountain hare populations in Fennoscandia are limited by predation and that predation may link hare and grouse cycles to microtine cycles. Predation is unlikely to be important in mountain hare populations in Scotland as most hares occur on sporting estates where predators are controlled, but this hypothesis remains to be experimentally tested. There is, however, emerging experimental evidence that some Scottish mountain hare populations are limited by parasites and that host‐parasite interactions contribute to unstable dynamics. By contrast, there is little evidence from Fennoscandia that parasitism is of any importance to mountain hare population dynamics, although disease may cause periodic declines. Although severe weather and food limitation may interact to cause periodic high winter mortality there is little evidence that food availability limits mountain hare populations. There is a paucity of information concerning the factors limiting or regulating mountain hare populations in the Alps of Central Europe or in the tundra and taiga belts of Russia.Future research on mountain hare population dynamics should focus on the interactions between predation, parasitism and nutrition with stochastic factors such as climate and anthropogenic management including harvesting.
Dynamic aggregations of newborn sibling rattlesnakes exhibit stable thermoregulatory properties
Authors: Reiserer R. S. , Schuett G. W. , Earley R. L. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractInformation on behavioural and physiological processes of newborn reptiles is often difficult to obtain under natural conditions, especially in lizards and snakes. Consequently, we lack information on a wide range of biological phenomena (e.g. thermoregulation, digestion, circadian activity rhythms) in neonates of these taxa. Here, we report novel behaviour in newborn sibling sidewinder rattlesnakes Crotalus cerastes, a desert‐inhabiting species of south‐western North America. At the entrances of their natal burrows, neonates formed aggregations (‘balls’) during daylight hours, which involved frequent movements of individuals within these balls. Through the study of two radio‐telemetered females and their litters (n=20 offspring), we obtained temperature data from the mothers, centre of the snake balls, and from multiple sites in the immediate environment for 10 days post‐birth, the period that is coincident with maternal attendance and the first cycle of ecdysis. The core temperatures of the snake balls showed significant stability over the extreme thermal ranges of the environment. Although other functions are possible, such as those related to water conservation and antipredator defence, we suggest that frequent movements of individuals within the balls involved selection of a thermal optimum to enhance ecdysis. Based on other studies of aggregation in animals, dynamic aggregative behaviour in newborn sibling C. cerastes implicates self‐assembly and suggests that individuals benefit from behavioural interactions with their siblings. One plausible scenario for the evolution of this type of dynamic aggregation involves thermal selection among sibling neonates for optimal basking sites within natal refugia in extreme environments such as desert landscapes. Moreover, it is possibly limited to species of vipers (and other snakes) that are viviparous and where maternal care is present up to the time of shedding in neonates.
The cellular and molecular biology of conifer embryogenesis
Authors: Cairney John , Pullman Gerald S. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryGymnosperms and angiosperms are thought to have evolved from a common ancestor c. 300 million yr ago. The manner in which gymnosperms and angiosperms form seeds has diverged and, although broad similarities are evident, the anatomy and cell and molecular biology of embryogenesis in gymnosperms, such as the coniferous trees pine, spruce and fir, differ significantly from those in the most widely studied model angiosperm Arabidopsis thaliana. Molecular analysis of signaling pathways and processes such as programmed cell death and embryo maturation indicates that many developmental pathways are conserved between angiosperms and gymnosperms. Recent genomics research reveals that almost 30% of mRNAs found in developing pine embryos are absent from other conifer expressed sequence tag (EST) collections. These data show that the conifer embryo differs markedly from other gymnosperm tissues studied to date in terms of the range of genes transcribed. Approximately 72% of conifer embryo‐expressed genes are found in the Arabidopsis proteome and conifer embryos contain mRNAs of very similar sequence to key genes that regulate seed development in Arabidopsis. However, 1388 loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) embryo ESTs (11.4% of the collection) are novel and, to date, have been found in no other plant. The data imply that, in gymnosperm embryogenesis, differences in structure and development are achieved by subtle molecular interactions, control of spatial and temporal gene expression and the regulating agency of a few unique proteins.

Contents

Summary
511

I.
Introduction
512

II.
Embryogenesis and seed development
515

III.
Gene expression during conifer embryogenesis
525

IV.
Conclusions
530

Acknowledgements
531

References
531
Ripening of traditional Örgü cheese manufactured with raw or pasteurized milk: Composition and biochemical properties
Authors: CELIK SERAFETTIN , TURKOGLU HUSEYIN 
Published: October 2007

The changes in composition and some biochemical properties of Örgü cheeses made from raw (RMC) and pasteurized (PMC) cow milk were investigated during a 90‐day ripening period. The average contents of total solids (TS), protein, water soluble nitrogen (WSN), trichloro‐acetic acid soluble nitrogen (TCA‐SN) and acid degree value (ADV) were lower, while salt and salt in TS were found to be statistically higher in PMC than RMC (P < 0.05). In addition, in both RMC and PMC, the TS and protein contents were decreased as compared to an increase in salt, salt in TS, WSN and TCA‐SN contents, and ADV, during ripening (P < 0.05). The evaluation of WSN, TCA‐SN and ADV shows that these two experimental Örgü cheese types undergo little proteolysis and lipolysis. On the other hand, acidity development was observed to be high in both before curdling and in cheese made from raw milk during ripening.
Optimization of processing parameters for the ultrasonic extraction of goat kid rennet
Authors: ZHANG FU‐XIN , WANG BI‐NI 
Published: October 2007

Using abomasums of 2‐ to 3‐week‐old goat kids as material, the effects of some factors such as ultrasound intensity, extraction time, NaCl concentration in extraction solution and ratio of abomasums mucosa to extraction solution on the extraction yield of goat kid rennet were investigated. On the basis of single factor experiments, the processing parameters for ultrasound extraction were optimized using a four‐factor orthogonal and rotatory combinatorial design. The results showed that the optimum processing parameters for the extraction of goat kid rennet were: ultrasound intensity, 44 W/cm2; extraction time, 25 min; NaCl concentration in extraction solution, 16%; and the ratio of abomasumal mucosa to extraction solution, 1 : 30. In addition, the ultrasonic extraction, as compared with traditional extraction, proved to be more effective.