bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Setting, and evaluating the effectiveness of, environmental policy
Authors: Scott E Marian 
Published: March 2007

AbstractEnvironmental policy is set in regard to both international protocols (e.g., the Kyoto Convention), directives (e.g., the European Union) and through national legislation. Environmental policy is implemented, monitored and decisions made concerning compliance and effectiveness by regulators (Environment Agencies). Industrialists may argue about the effect of any environmental legislation on their competitiveness, economists may debate the value of a sensitive ecosystem or plant species and which part of society should pay to maintain such an ecosystem or species, special interest groups lobby and publicise environmental issues while the public (as stakeholders) may be involved in public debate and consultation. Each group may present and debate the evidence (knowledge) as they see it, yet often the evidence base is incomplete and is subject to an often poorly quantified uncertainty. European Union environmental policy is based on the precautionary principle, covering situations where scientific evidence is insufficient, inconclusive or uncertain.Statisticians have an important role to play in environmental decision‐making, their contributions extend from the framing of environmental regulations and standards to reflect sound inferential procedures, to design and implementation of monitoring schemes and the analysis and quantification of environmental effects and policy effectiveness evaluation. Through several examples, we explore the quantitative and probabilistic nature of the language of policy, consider the evidence‐base and discuss how statisticians can contribute to policy effectiveness evaluation before considering two case studies where statistical analysis is aiding the interpretation of environmental records and effectiveness evaluation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ductility of reinforced concrete sections with confined compression zones
Authors: Desayi Prakash , Sundara Iyengar K. T. Raja , Reddy K. Nagi 
Published: March 2007

AbstractConfinement of concrete in circular spiral steel binders imparts to it considerable ductility and also some increase in strength. This property can be utilized in designing concrete structures to withstand seismic forces where the members are required to possess not only strength but also energy absorbing capacity. Assuming the stress‐strain behaviour of confined concrete as elastic‐plastic, the ductility factor for strain and the strength factor (denoting increase in strength) have been determined for concrete confined to different degrees. Similarly, assuming the moment‐curvature behaviour of reinforced concrete sections with confined compression concrete to be elastic‐plastic, the ductility factor for curvature has been determined for such beams. The computed moment‐curvature plots have been found to compare satisfactorily with tests on 18 beams. Ductility factors for curvature of singly and doubly reinforced concrete sections with compression concrete confined to different degrees have been determined and presented for certain typical cases. Such plots would be of use in designing reinforced concrete beam sections for required ductility.
Earthquake response of a steel frame building
Authors: Wood J. H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA study has been made of the response, during the San Fernando earthquake 9 February 1971, of the nine‐storey steel frame Building 180, located at the California Institute of Technology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena. The analysis throws light on the actual dynamical properties of the building during the earthquake, and also demonstrates that it is possible, when the ground motion is specified, to make accurate predictions of building motions during moderate earthquakes by using a linear viscously damped model.Methods of evaluating the lower mode periods and damping ratios from the earthquake records are described and the values obtained are compared with results from dynamic testing before and after the earthquake and with the periods computed from computer models of the building. Although no structural damage occurred and computed stresses in the steel frame were less than yield stresses, the periods measured by an ambient vibration test after the earthquake were of the order of 10 per cent higher than the pre‐earthquake values. The maximum periods during the earthquake were found to be about 30 per cent higher than the post‐earthquake periods.
The essex earthquake of 1884
Authors: Scott Ronald F. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe largest British earthquake to occur in several hundred years took place in Essex, in the south east of England, in 1884. From contemporary accounts and a recent visit to the area affected by the earthquake, the intensity of the earthquake was assessed. It is estimated that the peak accelerations generated may have been as much as 0.1 g. This would be of consequence to some modern structures, designed without earthquake provisions.
Soil‐structure interaction at higher frequency factors
Authors: Bycroft G. N. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractApproximate solutions to the forced vibrations of a rigid circular plate attached to the surface of an elastic halfspace are presented for large values of the frequency factor. These results are important when solving soil‐structure interaction problems when such problems involve high‐frequency factors. This situation arises when high‐frequency components of earthquakes are associated with a relatively rigid foundation of a large base area and located on a soft terrain. Similar situations occur in cases of blast loadings and impact and in the foundations of large high‐speed machinery. These solutions are used to solve the problem of the motion of a rigid mass on an elastic halfspace subjected to steady state and transient horizontal accelerations. From these results, it is deduced that a large rigid mat foundation located on soft terrain significantly attenuates input accelerations and consequently may be useful as the foundation of large massive rigid structures such as a nuclear power station.
Resistance of soil to a horizontally vibrating pile
Authors: Nogami T. , Novak M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe resistance of a soil layer to steady horizontal vibration of an elastic pile is theoretically investigated. The pile is assumed to be vertical and of circular cross‐section. The soil is modelled as a linear viscoelastic layer with hysteretic material damping. A closed form solution is obtained for the resistance of the soil layer to the motion. This resistance depends on shear modulus of soil, frequency, pile slenderness, material damping and Poisson's ratio. A parametric study of the effect of these parameters is included. The soil layer resistance is expressed in a form which can be used directly in the solution of the soil‐pile interaction problem which is treated in a subsequent paper. The approach also applies for rigid deeply embedded footings.
Soil‐pile interaction in horizontal vibration
Authors: Novak M. , Nogami T. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractInteraction between soil and an elastic pile vibrating horizontally is theoretically examined. The soil is modelled as a linear, viscoelastic layer overlying rigid bedrock. The pile is assumed to be vertical and point bearing. This study utilizes the definition of soil resistance presented in a preceding paper.1 A direct solution is developed which yields closed form formulas for pile displacement, stiffness and damping. A parametric study clarifies the role of the parameters involved, illustrates the interaction between the soil and the pile and shows the stiffness and damping properties of the soil‐pile system for typical values of the governing parameters.
Synthesis and Physicochemical Characterization of New C‐Functionalized Derivatives of the Gadolinium(III) Complex with 3,6,10‐Tris(carboxymethyl)‐3,6,10‐triazadodecanedioic Acid (H5ttda) Exhibiting Fast Water Exchange – Potential Paramagnetic Reporters for Molecular Imaging
Authors: Laurent Sophie , Vander Elst Luce , Vroman Antoine , Muller Robert N. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTo confirm the observation that [Gd(ttda)] derivatives have a significantly shorter residence time τM of the coordinated H2O molecule than [Gd(dtpa)], four new C‐functionalized [Gd(ttda)] complexes, [Gd(4‐Me‐ttda)] (1), [Gd(4‐Ph‐ttda)] (2), [Gd(9‐Me‐ttda)] (3), and [Gd(9‐Ph‐ttda)] (4), were prepared and characterized (H5ttda=3,6,10‐tris(carboxymethyl)‐3,6,10‐triazadodecanedioic acid; H5dtpa=3,6,9‐tris(carboxymethyl)‐3,6,9‐triazaundecanedioic acid). The temperature dependence of the proton relaxivity for these complexes at 0.47 T and of the 17O transverse relaxation rate of H217O at 7.05 T confirm that the proton relaxivity is not limited by the H2O‐exchange rate. The residence time of the H2O molecules in the first coordination sphere of the gadolinium complexes at 310 K, as calculated from 17O‐NMR data, is 13, 43, 2.9, and 56 ns for 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. At 310 K, the longitudinal relaxivity of 2 is higher than for the parent compound [Gd(ttda)] and the other complexes of the series. The stability of the new compounds was studied by transmetallation with Zn2+ ions. All the new complexes are more stable than the parent compound [Gd(ttda)].
Four New Nortriterpenoids from Phlomis umbrosa
Authors: Liu Pu , Yao Zhi , Li Hui‐Qiang , Duan Hong‐Quan 
Published: March 2007

AbstractFour new 28‐noroleanane‐derived spirocyclic triterpenoids, compounds 1–4, were isolated from the rhizomes of Phlomis umbrosa. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR analyses, in combination with high‐resolution MS experiments.
Synthesis of Lanthanide(III) Chelates by Using ‘Click’ Chemistry
Authors: Ketola Janne , Katajisto Johanna , Hakala Harri , Hovinen Jari 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe copper(I)‐catalyzed dipolar [2+3] cycloaddition reaction of an azide and a terminal alkyne is exploited in the preparation of various europium(III), terbium(III), and dysprosium(III) chelates (Schemes 1–3). By changing the nature of the alkyne and the azide, a wide range of chelates and biomolecule‐labeling reactants were obtained. The photophysical properties (Table) of the synthesized chelates are also discussed.
Defective antitumor responses in CX3CR1‐deficient mice
Authors: Yu Yen‐Rei A. , Fong Alan M. , Combadiere Christophe , Gao Ji‐Liang , Murphy Philip M. , Patel Dhavalkumar D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractInnate immunity is critically important for tumor surveillance and regulating tumor metastasis. Fractalkine (FKN, CX3CL1), operating through the receptor CX3CR1, is an effective chemoattractant and adhesion receptor for NK cells and monocytes, important constituents of the innate immune response. Previous studies have shown that over‐expression of CX3CL1 by tumor cells enhances antitumor responses. However, since most tumors do not express CX3CL1, it remains unclear if CX3CL1/CX3CR1 has a role in tumor immunity in the absence of ligand over‐expression. To determine the role of CX3CL1 and CX3CR1 in regulating antitumor immune responses, we tested the response of wildtype and CX3CR1‐deficient animals to unmanipulated B16 melanoma that does not express CX3CL1. We studied the distribution and trafficking of mononuclear cells (MNC) under homeostatic conditions and in the presence of B16 metastatic melanoma, cytotoxic activity, and cytokine production in wild‐type and CX3CR1‐deficient animals. We found that B16‐treated CX3CR1−/− mice had increased lung tumor burden and cachexia. There was a selective reduction of monocytes and NK cells in the lungs of CX3CR1‐deficient animals under homeostatic conditions and in response to B16. CX3CR1‐deficient NK cells effectively killed B16 cells in cytotoxicity assays. However, CX3CR1‐deficient NK cells exhibited a tumorigenic cytokine production profile with defective IFN‐γ expression and enhanced IL‐6 production in response to TLR3 activation with polyIC. Our studies indicate that CX3CR1 is an important contributor to innate immunity at multiple levels. Its role in tumor immunity is not limited by expression of CX3CL1 by tumor cells. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Incidence of breast cancer among postmenopausal, hypertensive women
Authors: Lindgren Annamarja , Pukkala Eero , Tuomilehto Jaakko , Nissinen Aulikki 
Published: March 2007

AbstractElevated blood pressure has been proposed to be a risk factor for breast cancer but the results remain controversial. In this study, the incidence of breast cancer among 9,112 postmenopausal, hypertensive women included in the community‐based hypertension register of the North Karelia project was assessed through the Finnish Cancer Registry. The mean follow‐up time was 27 years. The incidence of breast cancer in hypertensive women in our cohort was similar to the age and period specific population‐based rates for Eastern Finland [the standardised incidence ratio 0.96 (95% confidence interval 0.86–1.05)]. In the Cox regression analysis, there was no association between blood pressure levels, or use of antihypertensive (AH) drugs, and breast cancer incidence, when all women were considered. There was a statistically significant interaction of the use of AH drugs at baseline and the diastolic blood pressure (DBP). Among women who were not using AH drugs at baseline, the DBP level was positively associated with the subsequent risk of breast cancer (hazard ratio 1.26/10 mm Hg, 95% confidence interval 1.06–1.46). In women with AH drugs at baseline, the DBP had an opposite effect of borderline significance (hazard ratio 0.90/10 mm Hg, 95% confidence interval 0.78–1.01). In conclusion, breast cancer incidence among postmenopausal hypertensive patients in general does not differ from that of general population. Elevated DBP levels may be associated with an increased breast cancer risk among nonpharmacologically treated women. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dissecting the molecular mechanisms of cancer through bioinformatics‐based experimental approaches
Authors: Rivenbark Ashley G. , Coleman William B. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractCancer is a disease of aberrant gene expression characterized by inappropriate (temporal or quantitative) expression of positive mediators of cell proliferation in conjunction with diminished expression of negative mediators of cell growth. Alteration of the normal balance of these positive and negative mediators leads to the abnormal growth of cells and tissues that typify neoplastic disease. Development of a better understanding of the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms that induce neoplastic transformation and drive the cancer phenotype is essential for continued progress towards the design of practical molecular diagnostics and effective treatment strategies. Over the past decades, molecular techniques that facilitate the assessment of gene expression, identification of gene mutations, and characterization of chromosome abnormalities (numeric and structural) have been established and applied to cancer research. However, many of these techniques are slow and labor‐intensive. More recently, high‐throughput technologies have emerged that generate large volumes of data related to the genetics and epigenetics of cancer (or other disorders). These advances in molecular genetic technology required the development of sophisticated bioinformatic tools to manage the large datasets generated. The combination of high‐throughput molecular assays and bioinformatic‐based data mining strategies has significantly impacted our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of cancer, classification of tumors, and now the management of cancer patients in the clinic. This article will review basic molecular techniques and bioinformatic‐based experimental approaches used to dissect the molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis. J. Cell. Biochem. 101:1074–1086, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modulation of Ligand binding by alternative splicing of the αPS2 integrin subunit
Authors: Bunch Thomas A. , Kendall Timmy L. , Shakalya Kishore , Mahadevan Daruka , Brower Danny L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe Drosophila αPS2 integrin subunit is found in two isoforms. αPS2C contains 25 residues not found in αPS2m8, encoded by the alternative eighth exon. Previously, it was shown that cells expressing αPS2C spread more effectively than αPS2m8 cells on fragments of the ECM protein Tiggrin, and that αPS2C‐containing integrins are relatively insensitive to depletion of Ca2+. Using a ligand mimetic probe for Tiggrin affinity (TWOW‐1), we show that the affinity of αPS2CβPS for this ligand is much higher than that of αPS2m8βPS. However, the two isoforms become more similar in the presence of activating levels of Mn2+. Modeling indicates that the exon 8‐encoded residues replace the third β strand of the third blade of the α subunit β‐propeller structure, and generate an exaggerated loop between this and the fourth strand. αPS2 subunits with the extra loop structure but with an m8‐like third strand, or subunits with a C‐like strand but an m8‐like short loop, both fail to show αPS2C‐like affinity for TWOW‐1. Surprisingly, a single C > m8‐like change at the third strand‐loop transition point is sufficient to make αPS2C require Ca2+ for function, despite the absence of any known cation binding site in this region. These data indicate that alternative splicing in integrin α subunit extracellular domains may affect ligand affinity via relatively subtle alterations in integrin conformation. These results may have relevance for vertebrate α6 and α7, which are alternatively spliced at the same site. J. Cell. Biochem. 102: 211–223, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of Genome Sequences for Genes of Cyanophycin Metabolism: Identifying Putative Cyanophycin Metabolizing Prokaryotes
Authors: Füser Gregor , Steinbüchel Alexander 
Published: March 2007

AbstractCGP, a copolymer of aspartate and arginine, serves as a storage compound for nitrogen, carbon and energy in many cyanobacteria. Analysis of available genome sequences from prokaryotes identified ORFs putatively encoding proteins of high similarity to known cyanophycin synthetases and cyanophycinases from cyanobacteria in various strains of bacteria belonging to different phylogenetic taxa and not closely related to cyanobacteria. Genes of CGP metabolism occur in a wide range of bacteria exhibiting diverse metabolic capabilities, including aerobic and anaerobic respiration, fermentation, phototrophy and chemolithoautotrophy. This study identified different groups of cyanophycin synthetases and cyanophycinases, respectively, and proposes a collective terminology for the putative genes and enzymes of cyanophycin metabolism. Among 570 different microbial strains, whose genomes have been partially or completely sequenced and are publicly accessible, we identified 44 prokaryotes which possess a cyanophycin synthetase and are putatively able to synthesize CGP. From these, 31 prokaryotes harbor also a cyanophycinase enabling them to degrade CGP to dipeptides. From the latter, 24 strains possess in addition a dipeptidase necessary to hydrolyze β‐Asp‐Arg dipeptides, thereby enabling them to completely utilize CGP. Therefore, CGP seems to have a much wider distribution among prokaryotes than previously recognized. Genes putatively encoding cyanophycin synthetase homologues were not identified in the genomes of Eukarya and Archaea and are therefore obviously only occurring in Eubacteria. In addition, the outcome of this detailed in silico analysis proposes to distinguish 10 different groups of cyanophycin synthetases.magnified image
Determination of the stereochemistry of γ‐Butyrolactones by DPFGSE‐NOE experiments
Authors: Xie X. , Tschan S. , Glorius F. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe stereochemistry of γ‐butyrolactons tetrahydro‐6a‐phenylfuro[3,4‐b]furan‐2(3H)‐one (1), 1,4,5,9b‐tetrahydro‐3a‐methylnaphtho[2,1‐b]furan‐2(3aH)‐one (2), 1,4,5,9 b‐tetrahydro‐3a‐methylfuro[2,3‐c]quinolin‐2(3aH)‐one (3) and hexahydro‐furo[3,2‐c]benzofuran‐2‐one (4) was studied using DPFGSE‐NOE experiments. Compounds 1–3 contain two stereocenters, while 4 contains three. Both 1H and 13C spectra showed a single diastereomer of all the compounds. Routine 2D experiments (DQF)‐COSY, HMQC/HSQC, and HMBC were used to assign 1H and 13C spectra completely. Diastereotopic methylene protons with resolved 1H NMR signals as well as protons of cyclohexane served as references for the construction of the spatial arrangement in the molecules. NOE contacts between protons attached to the stereocenter and the diastereotopic protons were thus used to determine the configuration of the molecules. Vicinal coupling constants 3J assisted the assignment of the conformational arrangement of the cyclohexane ring of 4. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural confirmation of regioisomers of Lopinavir impurities using MS and gradient COSY (1H and 13C NMR assignment of Lopinavir impurities)
Authors: Siva Lakshmi Devi A. , Srinivasa Rao Y. , Suresh Y. , Yogeswar Reddy M. , Jyothi G. , Rajababu B. , Prasad V. S. R. , Umamaheswar Rao V. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe report the complete 1H and 13C NMR assignment of impurities of six Lopinavir (2S)‐N‐[(2S, 4S, 5S)‐5‐{[2‐(2,6‐dimethylphenoxy)acetyl]amino}‐4‐hydroxy‐1,6‐diphenyl hexan‐2‐yl]‐3‐methyl‐2‐(2‐oxo‐1,3‐diazinan‐1‐yl)butan‐ amide. Two of the impurities are regioisomers and GCOSY used to differentiate the two structures. The spectral assignments for all six impurities were achieved by concerted application of one and two‐dimensional NMR techniques (1H NMR, 13C NMR, DEPT, GCOSY, GHSQC and GHMBC). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solid‐state 19F MAS NMR study on the conformation and molecular mobility of poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene)
Authors: Tatsuno Hiroto , Aimi Keitaro , Ando Shinji 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe temperature dependence of molecular mobility and conformational changes of poly(chlorotrifluoro‐ ethylene) (PCTFE) have been investigated by solid‐state 19F magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectroscopy. The pulse techniques of dipolar–filter and T1ρ–filter allow selective observation of the amorphous and crystalline domains, respectively. The temperature dependence of T1ρF revealed that the segmental motion in the amorphous domain becomes vigorous above ca 80 °C, which is well above the glass transition (Tg) temperature (52 °C) and more close to the β‐relaxation temperature (95 °C). On the other hand, vigorous molecular motions in the crystalline domain occur above 120 °C, which is much below the melting temperature (212 °C). This indicates that the polymer chains in the PCTFE crystallites are more mobile than those of typical semicrystalline fluoropolymers like poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), which can be associated with structural imperfections in the crystallites. In addition, the density functional theory (DFT) calculations of 19F magnetic shielding suggest that the high‐frequency shifts observed for the crystalline signals above 80 °C can be ascribed to the conformational change around meso diads toward more twisted and/or helical conformations in the main chain. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.