bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The annual reproductive cycle of the Barbary Ape (Macaca sylvana) in Gibraltar
Authors: MacRoberts Michael H. , MacRoberts Barbara R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractData collected in Gibraltar demonstrate that Macaca sylvana has both a sharply demarcated mating and a sharply demarcated birth season. The mating season begins in November and may last until March. Births occur between May and September, gestation being of five or six months' duration.The annual reproductive cycle of the Japanese macaque is strikingly similar to that of the Barbary Ape. Matings occur in both areas in the fall, a period of decreased daily temperature and day length. The mating season begins with an increase in rainfall in Gibraltar and with a decrease in rainfall in Japan.From the data presented it seems probable that decreasing day length is the most important ecological factor in the timing of the onset of mating in Barbary Apes and in Japanese macaques.
Craniostenosis: A review of the etiology and a report of new cases
Authors: Bennett Kenneth A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe inspection of the skeletal remains of over 1000 individuals recovered largely from Southwestern archaeological excavations has revealed 16 cases of premature craniosynostosis. Recent research indicates that this condition results extrinsically from a primary malformation of the cranial base. The premature closure of one or another of the sutural areas is a specific symptom of this malformation.
Frequency of the musculus palmaris longus studied in vivo in some Amazon Indians
Authors: Machado Angelo B. M. , Di Dio Liberato J. A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe frequency of the Musclus palmaris longus was studied by observing its tendon in vivo in 379 Amazon Indians belonging to the following tribes: Tucano, Tariana, Tiriyo, Desana, Piratapuya, Macu and Arapaso. The muscle was not observed in 14 individuals (3.7% ± 1.0) either unilaterally or bilaterally and in 24 of 758 limbs (3.1% ± 0.6). No statistically significant difference was observed in the frequency of the muscle among the different tribes. Bilateral absence was significantly more frequent than the unilateral one; absence in females was more frequent than in males.The frequency of palmaris longus agenesis in Amazon Indians agrees with reported values for Negroids and Mongoloids and is considerably lower than that generally reported for the Caucasoids.
The biological race concept as a research tool
Authors: Baker Paul T. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn present day research in human biology, the validity of the concept of biological race rests on its utility as a research tool. The methodology of this research into human biological variability is a multidimensional application of the comparative method, utilizing, as one dimension, genetic distance. The body of this paper suggests two generalizing principles for the establishment of genetic distance. Genetic distance may occur due to physical or temporal isolation or in conjunction with environmental differences. A brief analysis of the fifteenth century human populations examines the relationship between these principles and presently used racial taxonomic systems. It is concluded that race may be defined operationally as a rough measure of genetic distance in human populations and as such may function as an informational construct in the multidisciplinary area of research in human biology.
Regeneration in transplanted epiphysectomized humeri of rats
Authors: Koskinen Leena , Koski Kalevi 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSubcutaneous transplantation between 5‐day‐old littermates of non‐inbred rats was used to study the regeneration following partial or total removal of the proximal epiphyseal cartilage of the humerus. More than 200 transplants were followed for periods ranging from 2 to 60 days. No regeneration occurred after a complete epiphysectomy, while a partial regeneration took place in many of the partially epiphysectomized transplants, insofar as the growth plate appeared to be functional for a period of time, but no epiphysis developed.Observations on the early activity of the periosteum and on the fate of the articular cartilage of the transplants were made and compared to findings reported in the literature.The absence of regeneration found in the present study was comparable to that found in earlier studies on the mandibular condyle.
Shortened fifth medial phalanges
Authors: Hertzog Keith P. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA radiographic study was made of the left fifth medial phalanges of 200 Philadelphia Negro and 96 Chinese children. Twelve cases of abnormal shortening of this bone (defined, for the present, as less than half the length of the fourth medial phalanx) were found in the Chinese sample, while none were found in the Negroes. This trait, brachymesophalangy 5, in general seems to be characterized by short but well proportioned diaphyses and cone‐shaped epiphyses with very early union. Population surveys reported in the literature indicate that this trait is considerably more common in Mongoloid and American Indian populations than in Whites or Negroes. The mode of inheritance of this genetic trait is uncertain, but present evidence indicates that it may be a simple autosomal recessive.
Hemoglobin, glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and adenylate kinase polymorphism in Moslems in Iran
Authors: Bowman James E. , Ronaghy Hossain 
Published: February 2006

AbstractStarch‐gel electrophoresis of blood samples from 322 Moslems in Shiraz, Iran was performed for hemoglobins, glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphogluconate dehyrogenase, and adenylate kinase. Rh blood types were also studied in a similar population. The only abnormal hemoglobin found was hemoglobin D; the estimated allele frequency for D was 0.006. The glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase electrophoretic pattern of erythrocytes was predominnately the B phenotype in unaffected Moslems; a similar phenotype was found in leukocyte extracts of two G6PD deficient males. The A glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase band was found in low frequency in this non‐African population. Allele frequency estimates of phosphogluconate dehydrogenaseB and of adenylate kinase2 were comparable to those found in Europeans and in their descendents and were unlike those of aboriginal African populations. The Rh allele frequencies were: R1, 0.508; R2, 0.161; R0, 0.055; and r, 0.264.
Experimental studies in human tooth wear: I
Authors: Brace C. L. , Molnar Stephen 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe construction of a machine called CANIBAL which is capable of simulating the actions of the human mandible during chewing is reported. Powered by an electric motor, a cam activated rocker arm assembly transmits force by means of wires to each point on the mandible where muscles would be attached. A separately adjustable cam, rocker arm, directional pulley and wire represents each muscle. Models of dental arches cast in dental stone or other materials can be mounted and subjected to extended wear. With different cam settings, wear patterns can be produced which resemble those seen on various fossil and living human dental arches.
Cross‐ethnic variation in dental, sensory and perceptual traits: A nonmetric multibivariate derivation of distances for ethnic groups and traits
Authors: Guttman Ruth , Guttman Louis , Rosenzweig K. A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe central concern of this paper is to illustrate how four apparently unrelated classes of variables — dental, perceptual, ethnic origin, and other — can be comprehended within a single parsimonious space, even though some of the measures were qualitative, others quantitative. Thirty‐five hundred Israeli villagers of varied ethnic origin were examined on several aspects of oral epidemiology, a battery of tests relating to estimation of number, and miscellaneous traits, including eye colour, tasting PTC, tongue rolling, etc. Significant differences between the six Jewish groups — Yemen, Cochin, Kurdistan, Libya, Berber, and Djerba — were found in the scores of most variables.By the use of the Smallest Space Analysis, distances were established between the different ethnic groups which took into account the complex interrelations in each of 3,500 individual subjects of all 45 categories of 16 variables. A three‐dimensional model of the interrelations between the ethnic groups and the trait categories was constructed from the 45 sets of coordinates which resulted from the iterative computer procedure. The ethnic group pairs at greatest distance from each other were found to be Kurdistan:Cochin, then Kurdistan:Djerba, followed by Djerba:Yemen.It is suggested that multivariate analyses of the type presented here, and including interrelations between genetic markers, anthropometric and behavioral variables, would deepen our understanding of the present structure and possible backgrounds of populations of diverse origins.
Blood group genetic variations in inhabitants of West New Guinea, with a map of the villages and linguistic groups of South West New Guinea
Authors: Simmons R. T. , Gajdusek D. C. , Nicholson M. K. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe paper reports the blood group genetic variations found in 1479 individuals, mainly of 17 cultural and linguistic groups, in the ABO, MNS and Rh blood group system. The blood samples consisted of 913 from groups in the south, 422 from the Central Highlands region, and 144 from the northeastern part of the country near Lake Sentani and the Cyclops Mountains.The results of all surveys in West New Guinea in which the ABO, MNS and Rh blood groups were determined have been tabulated.Wide variations in gene frequencies were found for A, B, n, S, R1 and R2. No example of subgroup A2 was detected. Remarkably high values for A of 0.36 and 0.41 were found in the Sarmi and Wakde of the northern area. The frequency of B reached an unusually high value of 0.3938 in the Mulia region of the Western Dani (central area), while in other Dani populations B values were also relatively high. In the Sarmi region in the north B was 0.335 in the Baudji and 0.02 in the Wakde.The n frequencies were all high with values reaching 0.97–0.98 in southern, central and northern areas. S of MNS varied from 0 to 50% in phenotype values; however, in the central area and in parts of the northern area the S gene was absent, or present only in very low values. The genotype mS was found in Samarckema and in Pionier‐Bivak natives of the Mamberamo region (northern area).Values for R1 reached 0.996 in Asmat (southern area), 0.980 in Dani, Baliem Valley, Pyramid (central area), 0.98 in Martewar, Ferkami, Teba and 0.99 in Takar and Mamberamo (northern area). The phenotype RH0 was found only twice, and then in Sentani (northern area). The gene Rz was detected in three southern series, in two central series, and in two northern series. Rh0(Du) variants of “high‐grade” and “low‐grade” were found in northern and in southern series.Possible reasons for the wide gene frequency variations found in the same linguistic group, in different groups in the same area, and in all the indigenous peoples of the southern, central and northern areas are discussed.A comprehensive map of South West New Guinea showing all linguistic groups and the sites in 1963 of all villages is appended to the paper. This map covers one of the areas whose blood groups are reported in the paper, but includes many more villages and linguistic groups than those from which bleedings were obtained.
Evolutionary aspects of primate locomotion
Authors: Napier J. R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBoth neontological and phylogenetic studies are necessary to interpret primate locomotion. Reference to palaeoprimatology and palaeocology, for instance, will lead to a fuller understanding of the roots of such gaits as the vertical clinging and leaping of Tarsius, Indri and Propithecus.Evolutionary trends in posture and locomotion are discussed. The postural trend has been towards maintenance of trunk verticality and the locomotor trend towards an increasing dependence on the forelimbs among arboreal primates. Three stages are recognized in the phylogenetic course of arboreal locomotor adaptation: Stage A. Vertical clinging and leaping; Stage B. Quadrupedalism; Stage C. Brachiation.The role of prehensility of the hand in the evolution of locomotor types is discussed in relation to forest morphology and, in particular, to stratification. Finally a scheme of evolution, set in the framework of ecology, for Old World Monkey groups is presented.
Protein variations and primatology
Authors: Barnicot N. A. , Jolly C. J. , Wade Patricia T. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWe summarize work based on electrophoretic screening for protein variation within and between primate species. We consider serum proteins—albumins, haptoglobins, transferrins—and red cell proteins—carbonic anhydrases, hemoglobins. Using hemoglobin, cytochrome‐c, and fibrinopeptides as examples, we discuss the value of using molecular data, i.e. protein structures, in evolutionary studies and in primatology.
Comparative spectrophotometry of skin colour with EEL and photovolt instruments
Authors: Garrard G. , Harrison G. A. , Owen J. J. T. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA study has been made of the comparability of the two reflectance spectrophotometers, EEL and Photovolt, which have been most widely used for measuring variation in human skin colour. From samples of Negroes, Indians, and Europeans measured with both instruments various conversion equations have been calculated using a “least squares” method.
Transverse lines in long bones of prehistoric California Indians
Authors: McHenry Henry 
Published: February 2006

AbstractRadiopaque transverse lines (lines of arrested growth, Harris's lines) were counted on X‐rays of the distal end of 102 adult femurs from prehistoric California Indian populations representing three archaeological Horizons. The sample from Early Horizon has the highest frequency of lines, the Middle Horizon the next, and the sample from Late Horizon has the lowest frequency of lines. These differences are statistically significant. Archaeological evidence indicates that the Indians improved and broadened their subsistence economy from Early to Late Horizon. It is concluded that the differences in the frequency of lines among the three California Indian populations probably are associated with differences in morbidity and/or nutritional status of the people. If this hypothesis is correct, then frequency distribution of transverse lines represents a valuable tool for the paleopathologist and the archaeologist.
Density of fresh and embalmed human compact and cancellous bone
Authors: Blanton Patricia L. , Biggs Norman L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis investigation was undertaken to determine the densities of fresh human compact and cancellous bone, with its marrow constituents intact, and compact and cancellous bone taken from embalmed cadavers. The density of 107 bone specimens was determined on the basis of the weight and volume of each specimen. Mean density results were: (1) fresh compact bone, 1.85; (2) fresh cancellous bone, 1.08; (3) embalmed compact bone, 1.85; and (4) embalmed cancellous bone, 1.09. Embalming did not appear to have altered the density of either compact or cancellous bone. It was observed also that the densities of several bone specimens taken from the same area of one bone varied greatly.
Secular trend in height and weight within old American families at Harvard, 1870–1965. I. Within twelve four‐generation families
Authors: Damon Albert 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAmong 85 members of 12 Old American families in which four generations were measured at Harvard, there were 12 fathers, 24 sons, 30 grandsons, and 19 great‐grandsons. Mean birthdates for the four generations were 1858, 1888, 1918, and 1941, and mean ages when measured were 21.9, 19.0, 18.9, and 18.8 years. There was a significant increase in height between generations I and II (2.63 cm, p<0.02), a smaller rise (1.14 cm, not significant) to generation III, and no rise at all to generation IV. Weight rose negligibly until generation III and then increased 1.9 kg (not significant) to generation IV. The ponderal index, height/\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \sqrt[{\rm 3}]{{{\rm weight}}} $\end{document}, rose slightly to generation III, then fell significantly (p<0.02) in generation IV to its original value in generation I. These findings confirm other indications that the secular increase in height has ended among economically‐favored Americans. Weight, on the other hand, may still be increasing.
Alizarin red in the study of the apposition and resorption of bone
Authors: Hoyte D. A. N. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAlizarin red is given intraperitoneally in dosages of 50–200 mg per kg. It then stains visibly only one generation of bone. Its deposition is studied in gross specimens and in undecalcified sections, and is controlled by comparison with serial decalcified sections.Apposition of white bone can be followed in relation to red bone on periosteal surfaces (where it presents appearances corresponding to different growth rates), on endosteal surfaces, in osteons, and in the interstitial compaction of cancellous bone. Red surfaces may be sites of deposition, stasis, or resorption. Measurements may be made from red lines, provided microscopic control is available.Removal of red bone always implies resorption. It is closely correlated with the presence of osteoclasts in control sections and with areas of surface pitting grossly. Resorbing surfaces may be precisely delimited by studying a graded series of animals. Whole surfaces or zones of stained bone are seen to “drift” toward other situations, undergoing resorptive dissolution or consolidating anew as they move relative to the newer layers.The usefulness of the dye lies in its simplicity of administration, its ready visibility, and in the fact that its persistence in bone enables the fate of areas of bone to be followed over long periods. The preparation of undecalcified sections is a problem common to many other techniques.
Chloro‐s‐triazines as markers and fixatives for the study of growth in teeth and bones
Authors: Goland Philip P. , Grand Nicholas G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractCyanuric chloride (2,4,6‐trichloro‐s‐triazine) and dichloro‐s‐triazinyl Procion M (Imperial Chemical) dyes and colorless compounds covalently bond or covalently cross‐link with H‐active functional groups in tissues including enamel, dentin, and bone. By cross‐linking, chloro‐s‐triazines make irreversibly insoluble in situ various exogenous or endogenous components, which are lost or artifactually diffused by other methods of fixation. Cyanuric chloride (0.5%) and N‐methyl morpholine (1%) in anhydrous methanol provide an excellent cytologic fixative, with N‐methyl morpholine or other suitable tertiary amines serving as “quaternizing” catalysts and HCl acceptors.Highly permeable Procion M dyes were used topically as freshly prepared 5–10% aqueous solutions; 2% solutions in 5% dextrose were also given intravenously at a dosage level of 200 mgm/Kgm. Since topically applied dyes stain irreversibly, they can be employed as markers for the study of various pathophysiologic processes associated with the tooth and periodontal apparatus; that is, for the study of growth and development. Given intravenously, these dyes permanently mark incremental lines and zones of growth in tooth and bone; the markers persist during processing and decalcification of the specimens. Vinyl‐sulfonyl Remazol (American Hoechst) and other, classes of reactive dyes were also used as permanent markers.
Procion dyes as matrix markers in growing bone and teeth
Authors: Prescott Gerald H. , Mitchell David F. , Fahmy Hassan 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTwelve mono‐ and dichloro‐s‐triazinyl dyes were selected to ascertain the vital‐staining characteristics of these dyes, to evaluate the toxicity, and to establish an optimal rate of doseage for use with several animal species. In addition to these dyes (also known in the dye industry as Procion compounds), tetracycline hydrochloride and a hematoporphyrin derivative were also studied. the experimental animals used were mice, rats, rabbits, cats, dogs, and monkeys. The agents were given in a single dose or multiple doses at selected time intervals, after which the experimental animals were sacrificed and the tissue removed for examination. The tissues were examined grossly and with various microscopic methods, and after being placed in clearing solutions for various time periods. The dyes selectively stained bone, dentin, and cementum, which were being formed at the time of administration. Certain dyes have marked advantages over others, not only in staining characteristics but also in toxicity and fluorescence.
Normal craniofacial skeletal growth of the rat
Authors: Cleall J. F. , Wilson G. W. , Garnett D. S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractGrowth of the craniofacial structures in the rat was studied with a vital‐staining technique. The study was designed to determine the amount and direction of growth in the midsagittal region. A group of 44 male Long Evans rats weighing 90 gm ± 5 gm were given intraperitoneal injections of bone‐marking agents. These injections consisted of terramycin, alizarin red S, trypan blue, and terramycin, plus alizarin red S, at 0, 3, 15 and 36 days after attainment of the standard starting weight. Cephalometric radiographs were made at the time of each injection. The rats were sacrificed at 66 days.Serial undecalcified sections were cut in the midsagittal plane at 80 μ. Certain anatomical landmarks were located on each section, coordinated, and plotted; a calibrated microscope stage and graduated eyepice were used. Specific areas of interest were photographed in color, with single‐frame exposures, on 16 mm moving film. The specific growth sites were then analyzed on a Vanguard Motion Analyzer by measuring the separation of the individual bone marks.
Growth of bones as revealed by implant markers in animals
Authors: Sarnat Bernard G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractImplantation of screws, pegs, wires, or other material as markers has been of value during the last 200 years in the serial study of growth of bones. With this direct method, for a given period, the increase in distance between implants on either side of an endochondral growth center or suture can be readily determined. In contrast, the relatively constant position of two or more implants within a single bone can be utilized to establish the pattern of peripheral apposition and resorption. When radiopaque implants are used in combination with serial roentgenography, not only the amount but also the rate, periods of activity and relative direction of growth may be determined. This indirect method obviates reoperating or killing the animal to measure the distance between implants. Some of the problems in the use of these methods are that (1) growth occurs in more than one plane, (2) the implants may not remain where inserted into the bone, (3) the implants may not be in a plane parallel to the X‐ray film, and (4) the distance between the implants and the film may not be constant. (Abstract previously published Am. J. Phys. Anthrop., 27: 236, September, 1967).