bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effects of socioeconomic status, accessibility to services and patient type on hospital use in Western Australia: a retrospective cohort study of patients with homogenous health status
Authors: Moorin Rachael E , Holman C D'Arcy J 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Background
This study aimed to investigate groups of patients with a relatively homogenous health status to evaluate the degree to which use of the Australian hospital system is affected by socio-economic status, locational accessibility to services and patient payment classification.

Method
Records of all deaths occurring in Western Australia from 1997 to 2000 inclusive were extracted from the WA mortality register and linked to records from the hospital morbidity data system (HMDS) via the WA Data Linkage System. Adjusted incidence rate ratios of hospitalisation in the last, second and third years prior to death were modelled separately for five underlying causes of death.

Results
The independent effects of socioeconomic status on hospital utilisation differed markedly across cause of death. Locational accessibility was generally not an independent predictor of utilisation except in those dying from ischaemic heart disease and lung cancer. Private patient status did not globally affect utilisation across all causes of death, but was associated with significantly decreased utilisation three years prior to death for those who died of colorectal, lung or breast cancer, and increased utilisation in the last year of life in those who died of colorectal cancer or cerebrovascular disease.

Conclusion
It appears that the Australian hospital system may not be equitable since equal need did not equate to equal utilisation. Further it would appear that horizontal equity, as measured by equal utilisation for equal need, varies by disease. This implies that a 'one-size-fits-all' approach to further improvements in equity may be over simplistic. Thus initiatives beyond Medicare should be devised and evaluated in relation to specific areas of service provision.
Sexually transmitted Human Papillomavirus type variations resulting in high grade cervical dysplasia in North-East North Dakota and North-West Minnesota
Authors: Balakrishnan Lata , Clauson Ryan , Weiland Timothy , Bianco Michelle , Milavetz Barry 
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Background
A review of Pap smear diagnoses from a reference laboratory in Grand Forks, North Dakota over a 3-year period (07/00 to 10/03) revealed a two-fold higher rate of high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion in a community in northwest Minnesota (Roseau, 0.486%) than in northeast North Dakota (Grand Forks, 0.249%), in spite of both having similar rates of low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (1.33% vs.1.30% respectively)

Objectives
To identify the different types of HPV present in patient populations showing high-grade dysplasia in Grand Forks, ND and Roseau, MN.

Study design
Formaldehyde-fixed paraffin-embedded cervical tissue samples were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect the presence of HPV type 16, 18 and 31.

Results
Our studies showed that 41 % of samples from Roseau were triply infected with HPV serotypes 16, 18 and 31 in comparison to 12 % from Grand Forks.

Conclusion
Due to the small sample size we were unable to prove the study to be statistically significant. However, our results suggest that the presence of HPV 16, 18 and 31 in triply infected samples may be the cause of the higher percentage of high-grade dysplasia in Roseau, MN when compared to Grand Forks, ND.
Electrochemistry and Characterization of Conducting Poly(3-methylthiophene) Electrodes Containing Ferrocene Moieties
Authors: Galal Ahmed , Atta Nada F , Darwish Soher A , Abdallah AbuBakr M 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Ferrocenium hexafluorophosphate was used as the supporting electrolyte during the electropolymerization of poly(3-methylthiophene) and poly(1-methylpyrrole). The electrochemical behavior of the resulting polymer electrode indicated the incorporation of the ferrocenium moiety in the polymer film. The appearance and the magnitudes of the voltammetric anodic and cathodic current peaks of the ferrocenium/ferrocenium+ couples were influenced by: (I) the method of ferrocene incorporation into the polymer film, (ii) the concentration of both the ferrocenium and the supporting electrolyte used during the polymer deposition, (iii) the thickness of the polymer film, and (iv) the type of electrolyte used during the polymer film electrochemical characterization. FTIR experiments were performed on polymer films containing the ferrocenecarbaldehyde. The results were compared to the spectrum of ferrocene-free film; the comparison indicated the incorporation of the ferrocene moiety within the polymer film. The structural aspects of the polymer films were studied using XPS experiments, which indicated the presence of iron for films containing ferrocenium. The morphological aspects of the films were studied by SEM technique which indicated that “ferrocenium-free” film morphologies are similar to those of “ferrocenium-containing” films. A model for the charge transfer within the polymer film is described. The method described in this work resulted in a stable ferrocenium-bound to the polymeric film.
Substituent Effect of 1,4-Benzenedicarbonitriles as Sensitizers on the Photoinduced Electron Transfer Reactions in Alcohol
Authors: Suzuki Masanori , Ikeno Taketo , Osoda Kazuhiko , Narasaka Koichi , Suenobu Tomoyoshi , Fukuzumi Shunichi , Ishida Akito 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
In the photosensitized electron transfer reaction of 6,6-diphenyl-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane in methanol (MeOH), the quantum yield is increased by the use of 2-methylbenzene-1,4-dicarbonitrile (2-methyl-BDC) or 2,5-dimethylbenzene-1,4-dicarbonitrile (2,5-dimethyl-BDC) as compared to that by the use of 1,4-benzenedicarbonitrile (BDC), though the excited methyl-substituted BDCs have lower reduction potentials than the excited BDC. Detailed study on this substituent effect reveals that the electron transfer between MeOH and the excited BDC occurs to some extent. By the use of methylated BDCs, electron transfer between the excited sensitizers and MeOH is suppressed enough due to its lower reduction potential. Some typical photoinduced electron transfer reactions in alcohol proceed more efficiently by the use of 2-methyl-BDC or 2,5-dimethyl-BDC instead of BDC.
Preparation of Electronically Conducting Ultra-Thin Polymer Films
Authors: Cho Gyoujin 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Admicellar polymerization uses adsorbed surfactant aggregates to concentrate monomeric species at the solution–solid interface and to localize the polymer-forming reaction over a surface. The process has been adapted for the deposition of polypyrrole thin films on mica substrates. Amphiphiles adsorb from aqueous solution onto mica substrates and form self-assembled arrays. These arrays have been characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Polypyrrole films prepared by polymerization in the self-assembled arrays (PSAA) were characterized and compared with samples made by polymerization in the absence of self-assembled arrays (surface nucleation, PSN). Images and measurements by AFM indicate that PSAA films over mica surfaces tend to be much smoother than PSN layers at the same condition. The ultra-thin PSAA (130 nm) can be fabricated simply, controlled by changing the ratio between water, surfactant, and pyrrole concentration under ambient conditions. Although thinner, PSAA films have more stable and higher conductivity than the PSN films. The relationship between film morphology and electronic properties has been discussed.
X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopic Study of Alternately Layered Zirconium and Hafnium Phosphonate Thin Films on Silicon Substrates
Authors: Umemura Yasushi , Yamagishi Akihiko , Tanaka Ken-ichi 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Multilayer films of alternately layered zirconium and hafnium phosphonates on silicon substrates were prepared and characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It is revealed that the multilayer film is built up layer-by-layer in the repeated order of a zirconium phosphonate layer and a hafnium phosphonate layer. The relative peak intensity of the Zr 3d line to the Hf 4d5/2 line in the photoelectron spectra of the film takes a lower value as the take-off angle between the surface normal and the detector (α) increases. The mean free path of a photoelectron with an energy of ca. 1000 eV was estimated to be 70—90 Å in the film by analyzing the α dependence of the relative peak intensities.
A Chemo-Enzymatic Synthesis of d-Allosamine Derivatives from Tri-O-acetyl-d-glucal
Authors: Sugai Takeshi , Okazaki Hanako , Kuboki Atsuhito , Ohta Hiromichi 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
N-Acetyl-d-allosamine and its derivatives were synthesized from tri-O-acetyl-d-glucal based on lipase-catalyzed selective protection of primary alcohols, [3,3] sigmatropic rearrangement of allylic trichloroacetimidates, and stereoselective ruthenium-catalyzed dihydroxylation. In the course of this study, it was revealed that the Pseudomonas lipase-catalyzed acetylation occurred in a high yield (&gt; 90%) exclusively at the primary alcohols of three Ferrier rearrangement products derived from tri-O-acetyl-d-glucal.
Phthalocyanines Containing Silicons in Their Peripheral Substituent Groups
Authors: Kobayashi Nagao , Higashi Ryuji , Tomura Tatsuya 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Some phthalonitriles and 1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-diimines containing silicon(s) in their alkoxy substituent groups are prepared and used for phthalocyanine formation reactions. Silicon–carbon bonds often survive under the reaction conditions using K2CO3 in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), but are often broken in the presence of sodium hydride. Silicons in the alkoxy groups do not affect the electronic absorption spectra of phthalocyanines in solution significantly. The Q band of films of phthalocyanines (Pcs) with alkyl or alkoxy groups attached to benzene carbons furthest from the Pc core lies to the blue compared to the Pcs in solution, while films of Pcs with eight alkoxy groups closest to Pc core have a Q band shifted to the red.
Analysis of Acidic Compounds in Recycle Solvent for Coal Liquefaction
Authors: Miki Yasuo , Sugimoto Yoshikazu 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Recycle solvents were obtained in 50 d of continuous operation of a 1 ton/day coal-liquefaction plant at Kimitsu. Acidic fractions were obtained by base extraction for the starting solvent and final solvent, and their components were analyzed in detail by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The application of a selected ion monitoring technique has allowed the assignment of the atomic compositions to practically all compounds despite many of their presence as overlapping peaks on the chromatogram: 327 individual compounds for 142 peaks.
These compounds have been classified into nine of compound types: phenols, indanols/tetrahydronaphthols, naphthols, biphenylols/acenaphthenols, hexahydroacenaphthylenols, fluorenols, phenanthrenols/anthracenols, phenylnaphthols, and pyrenols/fluoranthenols. As compared to the initial solvent, the final solvent contains higher concentrations of indanols/tetrahydronaphthols and hexahydroacenaphthylenols and contains a lower concentration of pyrenols/fluoranthenols.
Osteoclast Differentiation by RANKL Requires NF-κB-Mediated Downregulation of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 6 (Cdk6)
Authors: Ogasawara Toru , Katagiri Mika , Yamamoto Aiichiro , Hoshi Kazuto , Takato Tsuyoshi , Nakamura Kozo , Tanaka Sakae , Okayama Hiroto , Kawaguchi Hiroshi 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This study investigated the involvement of cell cycle factors in RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation. Among the G1 cell cycle factors, Cdk6 was found to be a key molecule in determining the differentiation rate of osteoclasts as a downstream effector of the NF-κB signaling.
Introduction: A temporal arrest in the G1 phase of the cell cycle is a prerequisite for cell differentiation, making it possible that cell cycle factors regulate not only the proliferation but also the differentiation of cells. This study investigated cell cycle factors that critically influence differentiation of the murine monocytic RAW264.7 cells to osteoclasts induced by RANKL.
Materials and Methods: Growth-arrested RAW cells were stimulated with serum in the presence or absence of soluble RANKL (100 ng/ml). Expressions of the G1 cell cycle factors cyclin D1, D2, D3, E, cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) 2, 4, 6, and Cdk inhibitors (p18 and p27) were determined by Western blot analysis. Involvement of NF-κB and c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathways was examined by overexpressing dominant negative mutants of the IκB kinase 2 (IKKDN) gene and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7 (MKK7DN) gene, respectively, using the adenovirus vectors. To determine the direct effect of Cdk6 on osteoclast differentiation, stable clones of RAW cells transfected with Cdk6 cDNA were established. Osteoclast differentiation was determined by TRACP staining, and cell cycle regulation was determined by BrdU uptake and flow cytometric analysis.
Results and Conclusion: Among the cell cycle factors examined, the Cdk6 level was downregulated by RANKL synchronously with the appearance of multinucleated osteoclasts. Inhibition of the NF-κB pathway by IKKDN overexpression, but not that of the JNK pathway by MKK7DN overexpression, caused the decreases in both Cdk6 downregulation and osteoclastogenesis by RANKL. RAW cells overexpressing Cdk6 resist RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis; however, cell cycle regulation was not affected by the levels of Cdk6 overexpression, suggesting that the inhibitory effect of Cdk6 on osteoclast differentiation was not exerted through cell cycle regulation. These results indicate that Cdk6 is a critical regulator of RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation and that its NF-κB-mediated downregulation is essential for efficient osteoclast differentiation.
Die Jakobsleiter, ein aussagenreiches Motiv der Väterliteratur
Authors: Gahbauer OSB Ferdinand R 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Das Motiv der Jakobsleiter vereinigt drei Momente in sich. Dem Auf- und Absteigen der Boten Gottes eignet Dynamik. Es werden Botschaften von oben nach unten und umgekehrt ausgetauscht. So entsteht Gemeinschaft, auch kirchliche Gemeinschaft zwischen oben und unten und zwischen denen, die auf derselben Sprosse stehen. Das Besteigen der Himmelsleiter birgt Mühe und Gefahr in sich. Wer die Leiter besteigt, setzt sich Mühen und dem Risiko eines Absturzes aus. So ist auch das im Bild der Leiter dargestellte Leben des Asketen reich an Gefahren, da die Macht des Bösen sie mit allen Mitteln zum Absturz bringen will. Andererseits kommt Gott mit reichen Gnadengaben entgegen. Zeichen dafür ist das Kreuz Christi, das die Menschen zu Gott emporhebt. Durch seine Menschwerdung hat sich Gott selbst auf den Weg gemacht. Daher wurde Maria zur Himmelsleiter, auf der sich Gott und Mensch begegnen können. Der heilige Geist ist als erstes Angeld Gottes die Leiter, die zum Aufstieg zu Gott führt. Wenn das Gesetz mit der Leiter verglichen wird, soll dadurch seine auf Christus vorbereitende Bedeutung ausgesagt sein. Schließlich wird auch die Kirche als Himmelsleiter gesehen. Sie verbindet Haupt und Glieder der Kirche miteinander. Die Leiter ist also keine Einbahnstraße, sondern wird zum Bild für die Begegnung zwischen Gott und Mensch und zwischen den Gliedern der Kirche.
Assumptio Carnis and the Ascent to God: Hilary's Revision of Irenaeus' Doctrine of Salus Carnis
Authors: Meyer John R 
Published: June 2006

Zusammenfassung
Hilarius De trinitate führt die irenäische Lehre vom solus carnis einen Schritt weiter, besonders im Hinblick auf die eschatologischen Aussichten, die den christlichen Glaubenden erwartet. Die vornehmliche Absicht von Irenaeus in Adversus Haereses war es, den dualistischen Tendenzen verschiedener Formen christlicher Gnosis entgegenzuwirken, und zu diesem Zweck betonte er den Wert der Schöpfung der Materie, einschließlich des menschlichen Körpers bzw. Fleisches. Ein anderer, häufig übersehener Aspekt der Soteriologie des Irenaeus ist die Beobachtung, daß die Welt und die Menschen unvollständig sind. Die endgültige Vollendung des Universums, und die der Menschen im besonderen, ist ein eschatologisches Ereignis, auf das hin alles gerichtet ist. Hilarius nimmt dieses theologische Erbe auf im Angesicht einer neuen und in seinen Augen zerstörerischen Tendenz des Arianismus. Die arianischen und homöischen Autoren des vierten Jahrhunderts argumentierten, daß der Sohn und der Geist nachgeordnete göttliche Geschöpfe seien, die Gott eingesetzt habe, um die Menschheit zu erschaffen und zu retten. Der modus operandi dieser von Hilarius kritisierten Sicht der Erlösung war die moralische Vollkommenheit, wohingegen nach antiarianischer Sicht, die sich im Osten unter der Führung von Athanasius und im Westen unter der von Hilarius formierte, Erlösung mit einer radikalen Vergöttlichung unseres Wesens verbunden war. Während Hilarius nicht ausführlicher über die pneumatische Komponente der Erlösung nachdachte, so benutzte er doch Einsichten von Irenaeus und Athanasius, um eine erneuerte paulinische Perspektive zu präsentieren: die Vergöttlichung oder Verherrlichung des Christen im auferstandenen Körper des verherrlichten Christus. Man kann sogar behaupten, daß Hilarius ein wichtigerer Vertreter der von Paulus stammenden und latent präsenten Vorstellung eines „mystischen Körpers Christi“ war, als gemeinhin anerkannt wird.
A Church Historian in Search of an Identity: Aspects of Early Byzantine Palestine in Sozomen's Historia Ecclesiastica
Authors: Argov Eran I 
Published: June 2006

Zusammenfassung
Die jüngsten Studien zu spätantiker Geschichtsschreibung werfen neues Licht auf die Gattung der Kirchengeschichte. Traditionelle Einstellungen zu den Kirchenhistorikern des fünften Jahrhunderts, nämlich Sokrates von Konstantinopel, Sozomenus von Bethelia und Theodoretus von Cyrrhus, vor allem als Fortsetzer und Nachahmer des Euseb von Caesarea, haben Raum gemacht für eine subtilere Annäherung, indem jedes einzelne Werk dieser Autoren individuell untersucht und nach seinem inneren Wert beurteilt wird.
Dieser Aufsatz hebt einen besonderen Grundzug der Historia Ecclesiastica des Sozomenus hervor: die Bearbeitung seines heimatlichen Palästinas, welches er innerhalb seines Werkes in drei verschiedenen, untereinander verbundenen Kontexten erörtert: Familie, Politik und Religion. Die vorliegende Auffassung des Berichtes seiner heimatlichen Region legt nahe, daß die Christianisierung Palästinas in der frühbyzantinischen Epoche das Hervortreten eines eindeutig palästinischen kollektiven Identitätsgefühls bewirkt hat.
Das Petrusbildnis van Haelst 741 – eine Replik
Authors: Lührmann Dieter 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Zu den erstaunlichen Entdeckungen meiner Arbeit an den apokryph gewordenen Evangelien gehört ein Ostrakon mit dem Bildnis des Petrus, mangels einer eigenen Inventarnummer als „van Haelst 741“ bezeichnet. Es war bereits vor einhundert Jahren veröffentlicht worden, wurde danach aber selten erwähnt, geschweige denn in seiner Bedeutung erkannt. Ich habe es in meine im Jahre 2000 erschienene Textausgabe aufgenommen und ihm 2001 einen Aufsatz gewidmet, dessen einschlägige Teile 2004 in leicht überarbeiteter Form noch einmal in einem größeren Zusammenhang aufgegangen sind. Thomas J. Kraus hat in einem längeren Artikel in dieser Zeitschrift meine Präsentation des Ostrakons zwar durchaus gelobt, sie jedoch so weitgehend zum „Gegenstand klärender Anmerkungen und einiger Richtigstellungen“ (204) gemacht, daß ich fürchten muß, dieses bemerkenswerte Stück könnte erneut in Vergessenheit geraten, wenn denn meiner Interpretation tatsächlich derartig viel an Unklarheit und Fehlern nachzusagen wäre.
The Effect of Biomass Density, Salinity, and Substrate on Transport Survival of Juvenile Freshwater Prawns Macrobrachium rosenbergii in Continuously Oxygenated, Vented Containers
Authors: Coyle Shawn D , Tidwell James H , Danaher Jason , Yasharian David K , Bright Leigh Anne 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
During the stocking of grow-out ponds, juvenile prawns are usually transported from regional nurseries by truck in vented tanks. Hauling stress and associated delayed mortality have been implicated as potential causes of low pond survival. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of biomass density, substrate, and salinity on water quality and transport survival of juvenile freshwater prawns Macrobrachium rosenbergii. The trial was designed as a 3 × 2 × 2 factorial and evaluated three biomass densities (10, 20, and 30 g/L), the presence or absence of added substrate (plastic mesh to provide a 200% increase in surface area), and the presence or absence of added salt (0‰ or 6‰). Model transport tanks were 15-L, open styrofoam containers aerated with pure oxygen and compressed air. Water quality analyses were performed prior to stocking. After 24 h, water quality analyses were again conducted and all prawns were removed, designated as alive or dead, weighed, and counted. After 24 h of simulated transport, three-way analysis of variance indicated no significant interactions (P &gt; 0.05) between the main effects of density, substrate, or salinity for prawn survival or water quality. When the main effects were analyzed separately, survival was significantly influenced by density. Survival was significantly lower (P &lt; 0.05) in the high-density treatment (30 g/L: 89% survival) than in the medium- (20-g/L) and low-density (10-g/L) treatments, which were not significantly different (P &gt; 0.05) and averaged 95% survival overall. Total ammonia nitrogen and un-ionized ammonia nitrogen concentrations significantly increased (P &lt; 0.05) as biomass density increased. The addition of salt to the transport water did not significantly affect survival (P &gt; 0.05) but did result in a significant decrease (P &lt; 0.05) in both pH and un-ionized ammonia nitrogen. Added substrate had no significant (P &gt; 0.05) impact on any measured variable. These data indicate that good survival can be achieved at a biomass density of 20 g/L and that increased salinity appears to reduce the buildup of toxic metabolites. The addition of substrate to the transport tank appears to provide no benefit.
Histopathological Effects in Fish Exposed to the Toxins from Karlodinium micrum
Authors: Deeds Jonathan R. , Reimschuessel Renate , Place Allen R. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Karlodinium micrum (family Dinophyceae) produces toxic compounds (KmTx's) that are associated with fish kills. For zebrafish Danio rerio larvae (24 h old) exposed to either KmTx 1 or KmTx 2, mortality (100% in 24 h) was observed at toxin concentrations of 1 μg/mL or more, whereas no mortality occurred after 24 h at concentrations of 0.5 μg/mL or less. Zebrafish and sheepshead minnow Cyprinodon variegatus juveniles (60–90 d old) exposed to KmTx 2 were more sensitive to the toxin's effects than larvae were; mortalities in the juveniles began at 0.1–0.5 μg/mL. In whole, sectioned juvenile zebrafish, gills were the primary site showing injury by light microscopy. Histology of gills in both species treated with 0.5 μg KmTx 2/mL (100% mortality in 1 h) showed epithelial necrosis and shortening or loss of secondary lamellae. Histology of zebrafish gills treated with 0.05 and 0.1 μg/mL (0–44% mortality in 4 h) showed clubbing and bridging between secondary lamellae within 4 h of exposure. Sheepshead minnow exposed to 0.1 μg/mL showed similar gill pathology but no mortality after 6 h. Sheepshead minnow exposed to KmTx 2 at 0.5 μg/mL or more all died in less than 1 h. Transmission electron microscopy of gills of moribund zebrafish exposed to 0.1 μg/mL revealed extensive cellular hypertrophy and lysis of epithelial and chloride cells. Because concentrations of KmTx 1 and KmTx 2 range from 0.1 to 0.8 μg/mL in filtered water samples from K. micrum–associated fish kills, these results suggest that the concentrations of KmTx 1 and KmTx 2 found during fish kills are acutely toxic to fish and that gills are a primary target.