bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular orientation of extruded PET/LCP blend films. II. X‐ray pole figures
Authors: Branciforti Marcia C. , Silva Lucineide B. , Machado Rogerio , Bretas Rosario E. S. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe crystalline uniaxial molecular orientation of two liquid crystalline polymers (LCPs), Vectra®A950, and Rodrun®LC5000, blended with poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) was obtained from wide angle X‐ray pole figures. The blends films were produced by extrusion using a twin screw extruder with a slit die. The molecular orientation was evaluated along the transverse section of the films and as a function of the blends composition. The influence of a compatibilizer agent on the LCPs orientation was also analyzed. It was found that the orientation of both LCPs in the pure LCP films was high, highest in the draw direction but variable along the transverse section of the extruded films; in this last case, it was higher at the position where the shear rate was maximum. However, a drastic orientation decrease in both LCP's phases was observed in the films made of PET/LCPs blends. The maximum orientation effects were observed for the blend with 5 wt % of LCP content and also at the position where the shear rate was the highest. The Vectra®A950 LCP, as a pure material and in the blend with PET, orient more effectively than the Rodrun®LC5000 LCP in the films produced at the same processing conditions. The results showed that the use of a compatibilizer agent decreased the LCP orientation and were in accordance with previous studies using polarized infrared spectroscopy. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Quiescent crystallization of natural fibers–polypropylene composites
Authors: Somnuk Usa , Eder Gerhard , Phinyocheep Pranee , Suppakarn Nitinat , Sutapun Wimonlak , Ruksakulpiwat Yupaporn 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe effect of natural fibers (vetiver grass and rossells) on quiescent crystallization of polypropylene (PP) composites was analyzed in this study. Also, equilibrium melting temperature (T) of the composites was elucidated. Natural fiber‐PP composites showed lower T when compared to neat PP. Thermal analysis was performed via differential scanning calorimeter to study the crystallization kinetics. Natural fiber‐PP composites exhibited higher rate of crystallization than that of neat PP. Furthermore, spherulitic growth rate and transcrystallinity of the composites were investigated under a polarized light optical microscope. It was found that the growth rates of the composites were lower than that of neat PP. The spherulitic growth rates combined with the crystallization rates were used to calculate number of effective nuclei. It was shown that the number of effective nuclei of the composites was higher than that of neat PP. This suggested that natural fibers could act as a nucleating agent in the composite. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Georadar data collection, anomaly shape and archaeological interpretation – a case study from central Italy
Authors: Orlando Luciana 
Published: August 2007

AbstractGeoradar data were acquired on an area 50 m long (X direction) by 30 m wide (Y direction), with profiles respectively 0.5 and 1 m apart. The data were processed with the goal of increasing the signal to noise ratio. Stacks of two and four samplings in time were applied in order to enhance the reflectivity of weak anomalies on time slices. The time slices were also used to analyse the effects on image quality of the distance between profiles and the profile direction with respect to anomaly location. The study shows that time slices obtained from profiles acquired 1 m apart detect the same anomalies acquired with profiles 0.5 m apart but with incorrect geometries.The interpretation was performed on both vertical profiles and time slices. The most meaningful anomalies have been mapped and grouped into three types according to archaeological significance: surficial anomalies, which are easily reached in the preliminary excavation trials, and deep, separate single and complex anomalies, the latter being formed by several anomalies.The magnetic gradient was sampled on a 0.5 × 0.5 m grid, and values of more than ±500 nT were detected. The western zone is characterized by several chaotic magnetic anomalies, whereas the rest of the area has a few anomalies of dipole shape.The joint interpretation of the georadar and magnetic data reveals a good overlap of magnetic and georadar anomalies in the west zone. They are surficial and have been correlated to earthenware remains, probably medieval in age. The anomalies detected by georadar and magnetic methods in the centre and eastern zones do not, in most of the cases, overlap, so we presume that the two methods detected different features. The joint interpretation of the georadar and magnetic data has allowed the mapping of the main archaeological anomalies, thus providing a useful tool for planning the archaeological excavation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hagfish embryos again—the end of a long drought
Authors: Holland Nicholas D. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractHagfishes have long held a key place in discussions of early vertebrate evolution. Frustratingly, one basis for such discussions—namely hagfish embryology—is very incompletely known, because the embryos of these animals are notoriously difficult to obtain.1,2 Fortunately, a recent publication on a Far Eastern hagfish3 describes a workable procedure for obtaining embryos and then uses this precious material to show that the hagfish neural crest arises by cell delamination as in other vertebrates—and not by epithelial outpouchings from the wall of the neural tube as previously claimed.4 Importantly, because hagfish embryos should now be available on a regular basis, the way is open for additional morphological and developmental genetic investigations to help evaluate existing evolutionary scenarios and perhaps suggest new ones. BioEssays 29:833–836, 2007. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Biochemistry and molecular biology of Arabidopsis–aphid interactions
Authors: de Vos Martin , Kim Jae Hak , Jander Georg 
Published: August 2007

AbstractTo ensure their survival in natural habitats, plants must recognize and respond to a wide variety of insect herbivores. Aphids and other Hemiptera pose a particular challenge, because they cause relatively little direct tissue damage when inserting their slender stylets intercellularly to feed from the phloem sieve elements. Plant responses to this unusual feeding strategy almost certainly include recognition of aphid salivary components and the induction of phloem‐specific defenses. Due to the excellent genetic and genomic resources that are available for Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis), this plant was chosen as a model system to study the metabolic and transcriptional responses to infestation by two aphids, Myzus persicae (green peach aphid, a broad generalist) and Brevicoryne brassicae (cabbage aphid, a crucifer‐feeding specialist). Future research on Arabidopsis–aphid interactions will lead to the identification of aphid‐specific elicitors, components of the defense‐signaling pathway, and additional metabolic responses that are induced by aphid infestation. BioEssays 29:871–883, 2007. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evolution of global regulatory networks during a long‐term experiment withEscherichia coli
Authors: Philippe Nadège , Crozat Estelle , Lenski Richard E. , Schneider Dominique 
Published: August 2007

AbstractEvolution has shaped all living organisms on Earth, although many details of this process are shrouded in time. However, it is possible to see, with one's own eyes, evolution as it happens by performing experiments in defined laboratory conditions with microbes that have suitably fast generations. The longest‐running microbial evolution experiment was started in 1988, at which time twelve populations were founded by the same strain ofEscherichia coli. Since then, the populations have been serially propagated and have evolved for tens of thousands of generations in the same environment. The populations show numerous parallel phenotypic changes, and such parallelism is a hallmark of adaptive evolution. Many genetic targets of natural selection have been identified, revealing a high level of genetic parallelism as well. Beneficial mutations affect all levels of gene regulation in the cells including individual genes and operons all the way to global regulatory networks. Of particular interest, two highly interconnected networks—governing DNA superhelicity and the stringent response—have been demonstrated to be deeply involved in the phenotypic and genetic adaptation of these experimental populations. BioEssays 29:846–860, 2007. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The underestimated potential of the immune system in prevention of Alzheimer's disease pathology
Authors: Mohajeri M. Hasan 
Published: August 2007

AbstractGenetic and environmental factors leading to Alzheimer's disease (AD) converge in a pathogenic pathway that leads to the accumulation of mis‐folded amyloid peptide (Aβ) in the brain. Removal of Aβ from the brain has thus been the focus of academic and industrial research in the last decade. The concept of immunization therapy could be proven in animal models mimicking amyloid pathology but a multicenter clinical trial in which AD patients were vaccinated with aggregated Aβ has resulted in somewhat unanticipated and partially conflicting results. The occurrence of meningoencephalitis in 6% of vaccinated individuals forced the discontinuation of the clinical study, preventing the generation of sufficient data for an unequivocal statement about the effectiveness of such a therapy approach. This study, however, clearly showed that vaccination induced the production of antibodies against Aβ in some immunized patients. Moreover, circulating anti‐Aβ antibodies are found in healthy humans suggesting a protective role of such physiological antibodies. Nonetheless, the physiological role of the immune system in preventing AD is not fully understood. This article summarizes crucial animal and clinical data underscoring the potential of the immune system for AD treatment. BioEssays 29:927–932, 2007. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Changing structures: Necessary but not sufficient
Authors: Skinner Kate , Bell Lorna 
Published: August 2007

AbstractMoves are afoot across the UK to change the mechanisms for managing local inter‐agency child protection policy and practice. This is being achieved through the development of Safeguarding Boards in England and Wales and guidance on Child Protection Committees that took effect from August 2005 in Scotland. Following our review of one Scottish Child Protection Committee (the SCPC), we are concerned that these changes focus almost exclusively on structure and pay scant attention to process and relationships. The study we undertook was an in‐depth evaluation of the functioning of the SCPC and used a range of qualitative methods. The main findings were that the size of the committee, its coverage of three local authority areas, and its patterns of working meant that some aspects of its work were highly developed and effective, such as the guidelines and multi‐agency training, while others, such as links with practice and the management of information systems, were poor. Considering these findings in the light of systems theory suggests that improving the effectiveness of child protection committees, and similar bodies, may need to be based on greater attention being paid to issues of authority, trust and negotiation among their members. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Myo1 localizes to phagosomes, some of which traffic to the nucleus in a Myo1‐dependent manner in Tetrahymena thermophila
Authors: Hosein Roland E. , Gavin R. H. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractMyo1 is one of 13 myosins in Tetrahymena thermophila. Initially, twelve of the myosins in Tetrahymena were assigned to Class XX in the myosin superfamily but recently re‐assigned to a subclass within Class XIV. In a previous study, we reported that genomic knockout of MYO1 affected phagocytosis and macronuclear amitosis. These two phenotypes have appeared disparate because a possible mechanism linking phagocytosis and amitosis was unknown. In the present study, Myo1 localization was investigated in order to further link machinery for phagocytosis and amitosis. Antibodies directed against the Myo1 motor domain detected an immunospecific polypeptide at 175–180 kDa on immunoblots of wild‐type proteins. The 175–180 kDa polypeptide was not detected on immunoblots of proteins from the knockout strain. For immunofluorescence microscopy, cells were allowed to internalize fluorescent beads as markers for phagosomes. In wild‐type cells, anti‐Myo1 and anti‐actin antibodies co‐localized to the periphery of phagosomes and the macronucleus. In the MYO1‐knockout strain only background fluorescence was observed with anti‐Myo1 antibody. Confocal x–z series through macronuclei revealed fluorescent beads within the nucleoplasm. Statistical analysis showed a significant difference between the mean distributions of fluorescent beads in the nucleoplasm of wild‐type and MYO1‐knockout cells. A fluorescent dye was used to label plasma membrane in living cells. Dye‐labeled vacuoles trafficked to the macronucleus. Trafficking of phagosomes to the macronucleus in a myosin‐dependent manner is a novel finding and a possible mechanism for targeting myosin and actin to the nucleus. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adult bone marrow–derived stem cells for organ regeneration and repair
Authors: Tögel Florian , Westenfelder Christof 
Published: August 2007

AbstractStem cells have been recognized as a potential tool for the development of innovative therapeutic strategies. There are in general two types of stem cells, embryonic and adult stem cells. While embryonic stem cell therapy has been riddled with problems of allogeneic rejection and ethical concerns, adult stem cells have long been used in the treatment of hematological malignancies. With the recognition of additional, potentially therapeutic characteristics, bone marrow–derived stem cells have become a tool in regenerative medicine. The bone marrow is an ideal source of stem cells because it is easily accessible and harbors two types of stem cells. Hematopoietic stem cells give rise to all blood cell types and have been shown to exhibit plasticity, while multipotent marrow stromal cells are the source of osteocytes, chondrocytes, and fat cells and have been shown to support and generate a large number of different cell types. This review describes the general characteristics of these stem cell populations and their current and potential future applications in regenerative medicine. Developmental Dynamics 236:3321–3331, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Wnt6 controls amniote neural crest induction through the non‐canonical signaling pathway
Authors: Schmidt Corina , McGonnell Imelda M. , Allen Steve , Otto Anthony , Patel Ketan 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe neural crest is a multipotent embryonic cell population that arises from neural ectoderm and forms derivatives essential for vertebrate function. Neural crest induction requires an ectodermal signal, thought to be a Wnt ligand, but the identity of the Wnt that performs this function in amniotes is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that Wnt6, derived from the ectoderm, is necessary for chick neural crest induction. Crucially, we also show that Wnt6 acts through the non‐canonical pathway and not the beta‐catenin–dependant pathway. Surprisingly, we found that canonical Wnt signaling inhibited neural crest production in the chick embryo. In light of studies in anamniotes demonstrating that canonical Wnt signaling induces neural crest, these results indicate a significant and novel change in the mechanism of neural crest induction during vertebrate evolution. These data also highlight a key role for noncanonical Wnt signaling in cell type specification from a stem population during development. Developmental Dynamics 236:2502–2511, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Drosophila odz gene is required for multiple cell types in the compound retina
Authors: Kinel‐Tahan Yael , Weiss Hanna , Dgany Orly , Levine Anna , Wides Ron 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe Drosophila melanogaster pair‐rule gene odz (odd Oz, or Ten‐m) is expressed in distinct patterns in the larval eye imaginal disc. Its earliest eye expression occurs in ommatidial precursors starting from the posterior edge of the morphogenetic furrow. Loss of function of odz activity leads to visible light photoreceptor loss; R7 photoreceptor loss; ommatidial size, shape, and rotation defects; ommatidial disorder and fusions; interommatidial bristle defects; and ommatidial lens defects. The same effects are seen in odz eye mitotic clones, in odz–Ten‐a transheterozygous combinations, and in eyes expressing an Odz‐Dominant Negative transgene (Odz‐DN). Effects of the same strength are also seen when the Odz‐DN transgene is driven only in regions of scabrous expression, which overlaps the four columns of Odz expression clusters behind the furrow. Small odz mitotic clones suggest an odz role in cell proliferation or survival. Senseless is expressed in odz mutant clones, in a fairly ordered manner, indicating that Odz acts downstream of R8 specification. Disorder within each ommatidium in odz clones is accompanied by some loss of R7 precursors and visible photoreceptor precursor order. Developmental Dynamics 236:2541–2554, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hox patterning of the vertebrate axial skeleton
Authors: Wellik Deneen M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe axial skeleton in all vertebrates is composed of similar components that extend from anterior to posterior along the body axis: the occipital skull bones and cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and caudal vertebrae. Despite significant changes in the number and size of these elements during evolution, the basic character of these anatomical elements, as well as the order in which they appear in vertebrate skeletons, have remained remarkably similar. Through extensive expression analyses, classic morphological perturbation experiments in chicken and targeted loss‐of‐function analyses in mice, Hox genes have proven to be critical regulators in the establishment of axial skeleton morphology. The convergence of these studies to date allows an emerging understanding of Hox gene function in patterning the vertebrate axial skeleton. This review summarizes genetic and embryologic findings regarding the role of Hox genes in establishing axial morphology and how these combined results impact our current understanding of the vertebrate Hox code. Developmental Dynamics 236:2454–2463, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Abnormal venous and arterial patterning in chordin mutants
Authors: Délot Emmanuèle C. , Shneyder Natalya , Zhang Hanwei , Bachiller Daniel 
Published: August 2007

AbstractClassic dye injection methods yielded amazingly detailed images of normal and pathological development of the cardiovascular system. However, because these methods rely on the beating heart of diffuse the dyes, the vessels visualized have been limited to the arterial tree, and our knowledge of vein development is lagging. In order to solve this problem, we injected pigmented methylsalicylate resins in mouse embryos after they were fixed and made transparent. This new technique allowed us to image the venous system and prompted the discovery of multiple venous anomalies in Chord−/− mutant mice. Genetic inactivation of Chordin, an inhibitor of the Bone Morphogenetic Protein signaling pathway, results in neural crest defects affecting heart and neck organs, as seen in DiGeorge syndrome patients. Injection into the descending aorta of Chrd−/− mutants demonstrated how a very severe early phenotype of the aortic arches develops into persistent truncus arteriosus. In addition, injection into the atrium revealed several patterning defects of the anterior cardinal veins and their tributaries, including absence of segments, looping and midline defects. The signals that govern the development of the individual cephalic veins are unknown, but our results show that the Bone Morphogenetic Protein pathway is necessary for the process. Developmental Dynamics 236:2586–2593, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A New Pentadentate Ligand Forms Both a Di‐ and a Mononuclear MnII Complex: Electrochemical, Spectroscopic and Superoxide Dismutase Activity Studies
Authors: Cisnetti Federico , Lefèvre Anne‐Sophie , Guillot Régis , Lambert François , Blain Guillaume , Anxolabéhère‐Mallart Elodie , Policar Clotilde 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe X‐ray crystal structure of the dinuclear complex[1(PF6)2] derived from a new ligand bearing both imidazole and phenolato moieties, namely N‐(2‐hydroxybenzyl)‐N,N′‐bis[2‐(N‐methylimidazolyl)methyl]ethane‐1,2‐diamine (LH), is described and its properties in organic solvent (CH3CN) investigated (EPR, electrochemistry). [1(PF6)2] is shown to be a mononuclear MnII species in aqueous solution and displays an efficient SOD‐like activity, as measured by the McCord–Fridovich assay performed both in conventional phosphate buffer and in a noncoordinating buffer (PIPES). (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Synthesis, Characterization, and Photoluminescence Properties of In2O3 Nanocrystals Encapsulated by Carbon Vesicles and Neat In2O3 Nanocrystals Generated by the RAPET Technique
Authors: George Pani P. , Gedanken Aharon 
Published: August 2007

AbstractWe report the synthesis of micron‐sized vesicles of carbon encapsulating In2O3 nanocrystals, as well as neat In2O3 nanocrystals. The thermal decomposition of In(acetate)3 was carried out at 800 °C in air. This reaction was carried out under the autogenic pressure of indium acetate. The synthesized products were systematically characterized by X‐ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Carbon microvesicles, with an average diameter of 5 μm, encapsulated several nanometric‐sized In2O3 nanocrystals, as evidenced by high resolution transmission electron microscopy. The UV/Vis absorption of In2O3 nanocrystals was studied to estimate the bandgap energies. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Milk fatty acids: Mammary synthesis could limit transfer from duodenum in cows
Authors: Glasser Frédéric , Doreau Michel , Ferlay Anne , Loor Juan J. , Chilliard Yves 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThis study reports a quantitative analysis of two experiments comparing the effects of different dietary forage/concentrate ratios and lipid supplements on cow lipid digestion and milk fatty acid (FA) secretion. We studied, on an individual cow basis, the relationship between digestive variables [fiber intake and duodenal 18‐carbon (C18) FA flows], plasma FA content, milk FA yield and composition. Milk short‐ and medium‐chain FA (C4–C16) secretion depended mainly on additive effects of dietary fiber intake and lipid supplementation level. For high‐lipid diets (3–5% oil in dry matter intake), milk C18 secretion was proportional to C4–C16 secretion, independently of C18 dietary supply. For the low‐forage high‐lipid diet, C4–C16 secretion apparently limited C18 secretion, which represented only 36% of absorbed C18, compared to 79% with a high‐forage high‐lipid diet (higher C4–C16 secretion). Despite these high variations in total C18 secretion, the composition of milk C18 was not significantly different, within cows, from the duodenal C18 composition, when substrates and products of Δ‐9 desaturase were summed. Mammary desaturation activity (expressed in mol/day) was a linear function of the estimated mammary uptake of the substrates, and this endogenous production represented more than 75% of the milk secretion of the Δ‐9 desaturated products.