bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inferring bedload transport from stratigraphic successions: examples from Cenozoic and Pleistocene rivers, south central Pyrenees, Spain
Authors: Jones Stuart J. , Frostick Lynne E. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Geologists and geomorphologists have long been concerned with rates of sediment transfer as bedload in gravel-bed rivers, especially as rates of sediment transfer are important factors controlling river aggradation and incision. Bedload transport equations, originally derived for Holocene streams, have been used widely in modern gravel-bed river systems. However, palaeohydraulic reconstructions have received less attention and are generally dismissed as inaccurate since most are estimated to be at least an order of magnitude out. This study focuses on deriving stream power, bedload transport rates and efficiency estimates for Oligo–Miocene and Plio–Pleistocene gravel-bed river deposits from the south central Pyrenees, Spain. The basic data used in the palaeohydraulic calculations are estimates of palaeoslope, palaeovelocity, palaeodepth and the volume of sediment accreted in yearly flood events on gravel bars. Analyses of data from these ancient river systems yield more accurate estimates of relative stream power, bedload transport rates and efficiency parameters. This study illustrates the need for understanding the palaeohydraulics of river systems in order to characterize ancient rivers. Gravel-bed rivers with low sediment supply and high bedload transport rates incise. Conversely, when sediment supply is abundant, bedload transport rates and efficiency are low and the river system aggrades.
A fuel-cell-battery hybrid for portable embedded systems
Authors: Lee Kyungsoo , Chang Naehyuck , Zhuo Jianli , Chakrabarti Chaitali , Kadri Sudheendra , Vrudhula Sarma 
Published: February 2008

This article presents our work on the development of a fuel cell (FC) and battery hybrid (FC-Bh) system for use in portable microelectronic systems. We describe the design and control of the hybrid system, as well as a dynamic power management (DPM)-based energy management policy that extends its operational lifetime. The FC is of the proton exchange membrane (PEM) type, operates at room temperature, and has an energy density which is 4--6 times that of a Li-ion battery. The FC cannot respond to sudden changes in the load, and so a system powered solely by the FC is not economical. An FC-Bh power source, on the other hand, can provide the high energy density of the FC and the high power density of a battery.
In this work we first describe the prototype FC-Bh system that we have built. Such a prototype helps to characterize the performance of a hybrid power source, and also helps explore new energy management strategies for embedded systems powered by hybrid sources. Next we describe a Matlab/Simulink-based FC-Bh system simulator which serves as an alternate experimental platform and that enables quick evaluation of system-level control policies. Finally, we present an optimization framework that explicitly considers the characteristics of the FC-Bh system and is aimed at minimizing the fuel consumption. This optimization framework is applied on top of a prediction-based DPM policy and is used to derive a new fuel-efficient DPM scheme. The proposed scheme demonstrates up to 32% system lifetime extension compared to a competing scheme when run on a real trace-based MPEG encoding example.
Hierarchical video patching with optimal server bandwidth
Authors: Hlavacs Helmut , Buchinger Shelley 
Published: February 2008

Video patching is a way for transporting true video-on-demand, that is, instantaneous without any delay, from a video server to several clients. Instead of sending a unique stream to each newly arriving client, clients share as many multicast transmissions as possible, and are serviced only those parts of the video that they have missed.
We present a novel video patching scheme using hierarchies of patches. Our scheme minimizes the bandwidth needed by the video server, and may result in the fact that clients receive several streams in parallel. We show analytically that for Poisson arrival our algorithm achieves the optimal possible server bandwidth for all schemes where clients share multicast transmissions.
We also show, how our approach can be combined with batching. This combination requires less server bandwidth than all fixed start point periodic broadcast algorithms.
Psychopathology of Schizophrenia in Ljubljana (Slovenia) From 1881 To 2000: Changes in the Content of Delusions in Schizophrenia Patients Related To Various Sociopolitical, Technical and Scientific Changes
Authors: Škodlar B. , Dernovšek M.Z. , Kocmur M. 
Published: February 2008

Background: Clinical observations and research have found the content of delusions in schizophrenia to be sensitive to sociopolitical and cultural factors. Aims: The aim of this retrospective case-note study was to determine changes in the frequencies of various contents of delusions in schizophrenia patients over time. Methods: A total of 120 records of first-time admission schizophrenia patients at Ljubljana's psychiatric hospital in the period from 1881 to 2000 were randomly selected. Information was taken from each record to fill out a form specially created for this study. The frequencies of delusions with regard to their content in various time spans were compared. Results: A marked increase in two delusional themes — persecution and self-reference — was found after the change of political regime (1941—2000) in Slovenia. After the spread of radio in the 1920s and television in the 1950s in Slovenia, there was an obvious increase in delusions of outside influence and control as well as delusions with technical themes. A striking increase in the percentage of Schneiderian first-rank symptoms was found after the spread of Schneider's ideas in the 1950s. Conclusions: Sociopolitical changes and scientific and technical developments have a marked influence on the delusional content in schizophrenia.
What Does Recovery From Schizophrenia Mean? Perceptions of Long-Term Patients
Authors: Ng Roger M.K. , Pearson Veronica , Lam May , Law C.W. , Chiu Cindy P.Y. , Chen Eric Y.H. 
Published: February 2008

Background: The study investigated the meaning of recovery to eight people with chronic schizophrenia. Method: A qualitative methodology was used based on a 3-hour focus group. The material was transcribed and analysed into 18 subcategories and 4 categories; namely recovery as a multi-dimensional construct, the relationship of medication to recovery, a sense of hopelessness and helplessness about recovery, factors that promoted recovery. Discussion: Respondents believed that full recovery could not be said to have been achieved until they stopped medication and had a steady job. The support and care of family and friends were also vital, although sometimes problematic. Independent living has a different meaning in Chinese culture. Conclusions: Further research directions are suggested as well as ways to change attitudes to the inclusion of medication in recovery.
Writing IEP Goals and Objectives
Authors: Grisham-Brown Jennifer , Hemmeter Mary Louise 
Published: February 2008

endall is a three-year old with significant challenges including vision and hearing problems, physical disabilities, and limited formal communication. Prior to when Kendall entered preschool, an early childhood coordinator in the school district developed an IEP for Kendall based on assessment information from a standardized evaluation instrument. A group of specialists and therapists had individually conducted additional assessments with Kendall and each developed a set of objectives for her. The teacher now has all this information and is charged with the challenge of implementing Kendall's IEP which now contains nearly 40 objectives! Most of the skills identified on Kendall's IEP, such as focusing on objects, holding up her head, and making choices, are quite different than the developmental outcomes identified for other children in the class. During the teacher's preservice training, she learned about embedding skills into developmentally appropriate activities. Yet, no one ever said what to do when a child has this many objectives. Being a conscientious new teacher, she is concerned about making sure she "works on" each child's IEP objectives, but can't imagine how to do this for Kendall when there are six other children in the class with IEPs. As a last resort, the teacher does what she knows is really not best practice and assigns an aide to pull Kendall from existing classroom activities to "work on her IEP."
Identification of a major GpVI-binding locus in human type III collagen
Authors: Jarvis Gavin E. , Raynal Nicolas , Langford Jonathan P. , Onley David J. , Andrews Allen , Smethurst Peter A. , Farndale Richard W. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractWe have analyzed the adhesion of human and murine platelets, and of recombinant human and murine GpVI ectodomains, to synthetic triple-helical collagen-like peptides. These included 57 peptides derived from the sequence of human type III collagen and 9 peptides derived from the cyanogen bromide fragment of bovine type III collagen, α1(III)CB4. We have identified several peptides that interact with GpVI, in particular a peptide designated III-30 with the sequence GAOGLRGGAGPOGPEGGKGAAGPOGPO. Both human and murine platelets bound to peptide III-30 in a GpVI-dependent manner. III-30 also supported binding of recombinant GpVI ectodomains. Cross-linked III-30 induced aggregation of human and murine platelets, although with a lower potency than collagen-related peptide. Modifications of the peptide sequence indicated that the hydroxyproline residues play a significant role in supporting its GpVI reactivity. However, many peptides containing OGP/GPO motifs did not support adhesion to GpVI. These data indicate that the ability of a triple-helical peptide to bind GpVI is not solely determined by the presence or spatial arrangement of these OGP/GPO motifs within the peptides.
Alkaline-sulfite chemithermomechanical pulping of Eucalyptus grandis biotreated by Ceriporiopsis subvermispora under varied culture conditions
Authors: Paulo Vicentim Marcos , Ferraz André 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
The effect of different culture conditions have been evaluated concerning the extracellular enzyme activities of the white-rot fungus Ceriporiopsis subvermispora growing on Eucalyptus grandis wood. The consequence of the varied fungal pretreatment on a subsequent chemithermomechanical pulping (CTMP) was addressed. In all cultures, manganese peroxidase (MnP) and xylanase were the predominant extracellular enzymes. The biopulping efficiency was evaluated based on the amount of fiber bundles obtained after the first fiberizing step and the fibrillation levels of refined pulps. It was found that the MnP levels in the cultures correlated positively with the biopulping benefits. On the other hand, xylanase and total oxalate levels did not vary significantly. Accordingly, it was not possible to determine whether MnP accomplishes the effect alone or depends on synergic action of other extracellular agents. Pulp strength and fiber size distribution were also evaluated. The average fiber length of CTMP pulps prepared from untreated wood chips was 623 μm. Analogous values were observed for most of the biopulps; however, significant amounts of shorter fibers were found in the biopulp prepared from wood chips biotreated in cultures supplemented with glucose plus corn-steep liquor. Despite evidence of reduced average fiber length, biopulps prepared from these wood chips presented the highest improvement in tensile indexes (+28% at 23° Schopper-Riegler).
Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome Among U.S. Adolescents Using the Definition From the International Diabetes Federation
Authors: Ford Earl S. , Li Chaoyang , Zhao Guixiang , Pearson William S. , Mokdad Ali H. 
Published: February 2008

OBJECTIVE—Our objective was to estimate the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome using the 2007 pediatric International Diabetes Federation (IDF) definition among adolescents in the U.S.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We used data from 2,014 participants aged 12–17 years of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2004.
RESULTS—The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome for the period 1999–2004 was ∼4.5% (∼1.1 million adolescents aged 12–17 years in 2006). It increased with age, was higher among males (6.7%) than females (2.1%) (P = 0.006), and was highest among Mexican-American adolescents (7.1%). The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was relatively stable across the 6-year period: 4.5% for 1999–2000, 4.4–4.5% for 2001–2002, and 3.7–3.9% for 2003–2004 (P for linear trend &gt;0.050).
CONCLUSIONS—Our results provide the first estimates of the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome using the pediatric IDF definition among adolescents in the U.S.
Should Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Be Included in the Definition of Metabolic Syndrome?
Authors: Musso Giovanni , Gambino Roberto , Bo Simona , Uberti Barbara , Biroli Giampaolo , Pagano Gianfranco , Cassader Maurizio 
Published: February 2008

OBJECTIVE—The ability of the Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) criteria of metabolic syndrome to identify insulin-resistant subjects at increased cardiovascular risk is suboptimal, especially in the absence of obesity and diabetes. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with insulin resistance and is emerging as an independent cardiovascular risk factor. We compared the strength of the associations of ATP III criteria and of NAFLD to insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction in nonobese nondiabetic subjects.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) &gt;2, oxidative stress (nitrotyrosine), soluble adhesion molecules (intracellular adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, and E-selectin), and circulating adipokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, leptin, adiponectin, and resistin) were cross-sectionally correlated to ATP III criteria and to NAFLD in 197 unselected nonobese nondiabetic subjects.
RESULTS—NAFLD more accurately predicted insulin resistance than ATP III criteria: sensitivity 73 vs. 38% (P = 0.0001); positive predictive value: 81 vs. 62% (P = 0.035); negative predictive value 87 vs. 74% (P = 0.012); positive likelihood ratio 4.39 vs. 1.64 (P = 0.0001); and negative likelihood ratio 0.14 vs. 0.35 (P = 0.0001). Adding NAFLD to ATP III criteria significantly improved their diagnostic accuracy for insulin resistance. Furthermore, NAFLD independently predicted HOMA-IR, nitrotyrosine, and soluble adhesion molecules on logistic regression analysis; the presence of NAFLD entailed more severe oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction, independent of adiposity or any feature of the metabolic syndrome in insulin-resistant subjects.
CONCLUSIONS—NAFLD is more tightly associated with insulin resistance and with markers of oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction than with ATP III criteria in nonobese nondiabetic subjects and may help identify individuals with increased cardiometabolic risk in this population.
Relationship of Retinal Vascular Caliber With Diabetes and Retinopathy
Authors: Nguyen Thanh Tan , Wang Jie Jin , Sharrett A. Richey , Islam F.M. Amirul , Klein Ronald , Klein Barbara E.K. , Cotch Mary Frances , Wong Tien Yin 
Published: February 2008

OBJECTIVE—To examine the relationship of retinal vascular caliber with diabetes, glycemia, and diabetic retinopathy.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Population-based study using data from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), comprising 5,976 individuals (whites, blacks, Hispanics, and Chinese) residing in six U.S. communities who were free of clinical cardiovascular disease at baseline. Retinal vascular caliber was measured from digital retinal photographs.
RESULTS—There were 4,585 individuals with normal fasting glucose (NFG), 499 with impaired fasting glucose (IFG), 165 with diabetes with retinopathy signs, and 727 with diabetes without retinopathy signs. After multivariate analysis, retinal arteriolar caliber increased from 143.8 μm in subjects with NFG to 144.5 μm in IFG and 146.1 μm in diabetes (P &lt; 0.001 for trend). Retinal venular caliber increased from 214.4 μm in NFG to 216.7 μm in IFG and 218.0 μm in diabetes (P &lt; 0.001 for trend). Retinal venular caliber was significantly larger with increasing levels of fasting glucose and A1C. In a subgroup analysis by ethnicity, the association between wider arteriolar caliber and diabetes was evident in whites only, whereas wider venular caliber and diabetes was evident in Hispanics and Chinese only. In people with diabetes, eyes with retinopathy had larger retinal venular but not arteriolar caliber.
CONCLUSIONS—Retinal arteriolar and venular calibers are larger in individuals with diabetes, but the pattern of associations appears to vary by ethnicity. Retinal venular caliber is additionally associated with retinopathy signs. These findings add further to the concept that variations in retinal vascular caliber may reflect early diabetic microvascular damage.
A Prospective Study of Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women
Authors: Sui Xuemei , Hooker Steven P. , Lee I-Min , Church Timothy S. , Colabianchi Natalie , Lee Chong-Do , Blair Steven N. 
Published: February 2008

OBJECTIVE—The purpose of this study was to determine the independent and joint associations of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and BMI with the incidence of type 2 diabetes in women.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—An observational cohort of 6,249 women aged 20–79 years was free of baseline cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes. CRF was measured using a maximal treadmill exercise test. BMI was computed from measured height and weight. The incidence of type 2 diabetes was identified primarily by 1997 American Diabetes Association criteria.
RESULTS—During a 17-year follow-up, 143 cases of type 2 diabetes occurred. Compared with the least fit third, the multivariate (including BMI)-adjusted hazard ratio (HR) (95% CI) was 0.86 (0.59–1.25) for the middle third and 0.61 (0.38–0.96) for the upper third of CRF. For BMI, the multivariate (including CRF)-adjusted HR (95% CI) was 2.34 (1.55–3.54) for overweight individuals and 3.70 (2.12–6.44) for obese individuals, compared with normal-weight patients. In the combined analyses, overweight/obese unfit (the lowest one-third of CRF) women had significantly higher risks compared with normal-weight fit (the upper two-thirds of CRF) women.
CONCLUSIONS—Low CRF and higher BMI were independently associated with incident type 2 diabetes. The protective effect of CRF was observed in individuals who were overweight or obese, but CRF did not eliminate the increased risk in these groups. These findings underscore the critical importance of promoting regular physical activity and maintaining normal weight for diabetes prevention.
Association Between Serum Bioavailable Testosterone Concentration and the Ratio of Glycated Albumin to Glycated Hemoglobin in Men With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Fukui Michiaki , Tanaka Muhei , Hasegawa Goji , Yoshikawa Toshikazu , Nakamura Naoto 
Published: February 2008

OBJECTIVE—Testosterone stimulates erythropoiesis and thus glycated hemoglobin (A1C) values may be relatively low in male diabetic patients with hypogonadism. We therefore investigated relationships between serum bioavailable testosterone concentration and the ratio of glycated albumin (GA) to A1C and between serum bioavailable testosterone and hemoglobin concentrations in men with type 2 diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—The above relationships were investigated in 222 consecutive men with type 2 diabetes. We also investigated how the ratio of GA to A1C is related to other variables such as age, BMI, and degree of diabetic microangiopathy.
RESULTS—Mean ratio of GA to A1C was 2.94 ± 0.38. Serum bioavailable testosterone concentration correlated positively with hemoglobin concentration (r = 0.368, P &lt; 0.0001) and negatively with the ratio of GA to A1C (r = −0.278, P &lt; 0.0001). Multiple regression analyses identified serum bioavailable testosterone concentration (β = 0.187, P = 0.0062), age (β = −0.204, P = 0.0075), BMI (β = 0.151, P = 0.0302), systolic blood pressure (β = 0.173, P = 0.0090), and plasma total cholesterol (β = 0.155, P = 0.0141) as independent determinants of hemoglobin concentration; moreover, serum bioavailable testosterone concentration (β = −0.155, P = 0.0381) and plasma total cholesterol (β = −0.170, P = 0.0144) were identified as independent determinants of the ratio of GA to A1C.
CONCLUSIONS—Serum bioavailable testosterone concentration correlated positively with hemoglobin concentration and negatively with the ratio of GA to A1C in men with type 2 diabetes, which may lead to underestimation of A1C in hypogonadal men with type 2 diabetes.
Insulin Restriction and Associated Morbidity and Mortality in Women with Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Goebel-Fabbri Ann E. , Fikkan Janna , Franko Debra L. , Pearson Kimberly , Anderson Barbara J. , Weinger Katie 
Published: February 2008

OBJECTIVE—To determine whether insulin restriction increases morbidity and mortality in women with type 1 diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—This is an 11-year follow-up study of women with type 1 diabetes. A total of 234 women (60% of the original cohort) participated in the follow-up. Mean age was 45 years and mean diabetes duration was 28 years at follow-up. Mean BMI was 25 kg/m2 and mean A1C was 7.9%. Measures of diabetes self-care behaviors, diabetes-specific distress, fear of hypoglycemia, psychological distress, and eating disorder symptoms were administered at baseline. At follow-up, mortality data were collected through state and national databases. Follow-up data regarding diabetes complications were gathered by self-report.
RESULTS—Seventy-one women (30%) reported insulin restriction at baseline. Twenty-six women died during follow-up. Based on multivariate Cox regression analysis, insulin restriction conveyed a threefold increased risk of mortality after controlling for baseline age, BMI, and A1C. Mean age of death was younger for insulin restrictors (45 vs. 58 years, P &lt; 0.01). Insulin restrictors reported higher rates of nephropathy and foot problems at follow-up. Deceased women had reported more frequent insulin restriction (P &lt; 0.05) and reported more eating disorder symptoms (P &lt; 0.05) at baseline than their living counterparts.
CONCLUSIONS—Our data demonstrate that insulin restriction is associated with increased rates of diabetes complications and increased mortality risk. Mortality associated with insulin restriction appeared to occur in the context of eating disorder symptoms, rather than other psychological distress. We propose a screening question appropriate for routine diabetes care to improve detection of this problem.