bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neurochemical Analysis of the Psychotoxicity of Methamphetamine and Cocaine by Microdialysis in the Rat Brain
Authors: SHIMADA AKIRA , YAMAGUCHI KAZUKO , YANAGITA TOMOR 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYTo examine the neurochemical mechanism underlying the development of psychotoxicity by methamphetamine and cocaine, the levels of dopamine, serotonin and their metabolites were determined by in vivo microdialysis in the brains of freely moving rats. Methamphetamine (0.5 mg/kg, s.c.) or cocaine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) was repeatedly administered for 8 to 21 experiment days, and after confirming the development of sensitization to the stimulating effect of the drugs on spontaneous motor activity, a microdialysis probe was implanted into the nucleus accumbens (N. Acc.) or striatum of the brain of the treated rats. Then, each test drug was readministered to the rats and dopamine and DOPAC or serotonin and 5‐HIAA concentrations were determined. In the N.Acc. of untreated control rats, methamphetamine increased dopamine to about 4 times the preadministration value along with a decrease of DOPAC. Methamphetamine also increased serotonin to about twice the preadministration value along with no change in 5‐HIAA. Cocaine increased dopamine to about 4 times along with a slight decrease in DOPAC. In the treated rats as compared with the untreated rats, the increasing effect of methamphetamine on dopamine in the N. Acc. was enhanced but that of cocaine was not. Also, the serotonin levels were lower than in the untreated rats and 5‐HIAA was unchanged. In the striatum of untreated rats, methamphetamine increased dopamine to about 3 times the preadministration value along with a slight decrease in DOPAC. In the treated rats, the increasing effect of methamphetamine on dopamine in the striatum was enhanced, and the DOPAC level was higher than in the treated rats. The present study suggests that the dopamine level at the N. Acc. does not necessarily reflect the sensitization to spontaneous motor activity, and that enhancement of the motor activity does not seem to be the best model for psychotoxic manifestation.
Spaces of Valuations
Authors: HECKMANN REINHOLD 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT:Valuations are measurelike functions mapping the open sets of a topological space X into positive real numbers. They can be classified into finite, point continuous, and Scott continuous valuations. We define corresponding spaces of valuations VfX⊂ VpX⊂VX. The main results of the paper are that VpX is the soberification of VfX, and that VpX is the free sober locally convex topological cone over X. From this universal property, the notion of the integral of a real‐valued function over a Scott continuous valuation can be easily derived. The integral is used to characterize the spaces VpX and VX as dual spaces of certain spaces of real‐valued functions on X.
On the Duality of Compact vs. Open
Authors: JUNG ACHIM , SÜNDERHAUF PHILIPP 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT:It is a pleasant fact that Stone‐duality may be described very smoothly when restricted to the category of compact spectral spaces: The Stone‐duals of these spaces, arithmetic algebraic lattices, may be replaced by their sublattices of compact elements thus discarding infinitary operations.We present a similar approach to describe the Stone‐duals of coherent spaces, thus dropping the requirement of having a base of compact‐opens (or, alternatively, replacing algebraicity of the lattices by continuity). The construction viastrong proximity latticesis resembling the classical case, just replacing the order by anorder of approximation. Our development enlightens the fact that “open” and “compact” are dual concepts which merely happen to coincide in the classical case.
Suicide and Antidepressants
Authors: MONTGOMERY STUART A. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract Suicidal thoughts and suicide attempts are an integral part of various depressions. Suicide attempts are common in major depression but even more common in recurrent brief depression, and the rate is further increased when these depressions occur comorbidly. Combined depression, where recurrent brief depression and major depression coexist, is the strongest clinical predictor of suicide attempts in the literature.There have been very few controlled studies of treatments for depression in high‐risk groups of suicide attempters. Psychotherapy has been found to significantly raise the suicide attempt rate compared with conventional treatment, whereas fluoxetine and mianserin were not different from placebo. The only treatment that has been found to lower the suicide attempt rate in those with a history of previous suicide attempts is low doses of flupenthixol, a neuroleptic licenced for depression in Europe. This drug had a significant advantage compared with placebo in a six‐month study.There are indications from large studies that maprotiline and amitriptyline might raise the suicide attempt rate, compared with placebo or other antidepressants, independent of their inherent toxicity in overdose. Several analyses of coroners' data show that tricyclic antidepressants are associated with high and unacceptable death rates in overdose compared with SSRIs and other safer antidepressants. Toxic antidepressants should be avoided in those thought to be at particular risk.
Comparison of Kinome Profiles of Barrett's Esophagus with Normal Squamous Esophagus and Normal Gastric Cardia
Authors: van Baal Jantine W.P.M. , Diks Sander H. , Wanders Ronald J.A. , Rygiel Agnieskza M. , Milano Francesca , Joore Jos , Bergman Jacques J.G.H.M. , Peppelenbosch Maikel P. , Krishnadath Kausilia K. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
The precursor metaplastic mucosal lesion that predisposes for esophageal adenocarcinoma is Barrett's esophagus. Because the signal transduction events that occur in Barrett's esophagus are poorly understood, this study aimed at generating a comprehensive description of cellular kinase activity in Barrett's esophagus, normal squamous esophagus, and gastric cardia to gain more insight into the pathogenesis of Barrett's esophagus. Peptide arrays, exhibiting 1,176 specific consensus sequences for protein kinases, were used to produce a global analysis of cellular kinase activity in biopsies of Barrett's esophagus, and results were compared with the neighboring cardia and squamous epithelia. Several differences in kinase activity using immunoblot analysis and enzyme activity assays were validated in biopsies of 27 Barrett's esophagus patients. Three unique kinome profiles are described and compared. We identified cascades of activated kinases showing that mitogen-activated protein kinase and epidermal growth factor receptor activity are both significantly altered in Barrett's esophagus compared with squamous and gastric cardia epithelia. Another novel finding is that the glycolysis pathway is significantly up-regulated in Barrett's esophagus, which is illustrated by an up-regulated pyruvate kinase activity. Here, the unique kinome profile of Barrett's esophagus is made available as a comprehensive database. Several signaling pathways are revealed as specifically expressed in Barrett's esophagus when compared with the adjacent normal epithelia. These unique findings provide novel insight in the pathogenesis of Barrett's esophagus that will ultimately help to resolve the increasing problem of Barrett's esophagus and prevention of esophageal adenocarcinoma. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(24): 11605-12)
HMGA1 Is a Determinant of Cellular Invasiveness and In vivo Metastatic Potential in Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Liau Siong-Seng , Jazag Amarsanaa , Whang Edward E. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
HMGA1 proteins are architectural transcription factors that are overexpressed in a range of human malignancies, including pancreatic adenocarcinoma. We hypothesized that HMGA1 expression is a determinant of cellular invasiveness and metastasis in pancreatic cancer. Stable silencing of HMGA1 in MiaPaCa2 and PANC1 pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells was achieved by transfection of short hairpin RNA–generating vectors. Additionally, stable overexpression of HMGA1 in MiaPaCa2 cells (characterized by low levels of inherent HMGA1 expression) was achieved. HMGA1 silencing resulted in significant reductions in cellular invasiveness through Matrigel; in cellular matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activity, mRNA levels, and gene promoter activity; and in Akt phosphorylation at Ser473. Conversely, forced HMGA1 overexpression resulted in significant increases in cellular invasiveness; in cellular MMP-9 activity, mRNA levels, and promoter activity; and in Akt phosphorylation at Ser473. HMGA1 overexpression–induced increases in invasiveness were MMP-9 dependent. The role of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt in mediating HMGA1-dependent invasiveness was elucidated by a specific PI3K inhibitor (LY294002) and constitutively active and dominant-negative Akt adenoviral constructs. Akt-dependent modulation of MMP-9 activity contributed significantly to HMGA1 overexpression–induced increases in invasive capacity. Furthermore, HMGA1 silencing resulted in reductions in metastatic potential and tumor growth in vivo and in tumoral MMP-9 activity. Our findings suggest that HMGA1 may be a novel molecular determinant of invasiveness and metastasis, as well as a potential therapeutic target, in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(24): 11613-22)
Adrenal Hyperplasia and Adenomas Are Associated with Inhibition of Phosphodiesterase 11A in Carriers of PDE11A Sequence Variants That Are Frequent in the Population
Authors: Horvath Anelia , Giatzakis Christoforos , Robinson-White Audrey , Boikos Sosipatros , Levine Elizabeth , Griffin Kurt , Stein Erica , Kamvissi Virginia , Soni Payal , Bossis Ioannis , de Herder Wouter , Carney J. Aidan , Bertherat Jérôme , Gregersen Peter K. , Remmers Elaine F. , Stratakis Constantine A. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Several types of adrenocortical tumors that lead to Cushing syndrome may be caused by aberrant cyclic AMP (cAMP) signaling. We recently identified patients with micronodular adrenocortical hyperplasia who were carriers of inactivating mutations in the 2q-located phosphodiesterase 11A (PDE11A) gene. We now studied the frequency of two missense substitutions, R804H and R867G, in conserved regions of the enzyme in several sets of normal controls, including 745 individuals enrolled in a longitudinal cohort study, the New York Cancer Project. In the latter, we also screened for the presence of the previously identified PDE11A nonsense mutations. R804H and R867G were frequent among patients with adrenocortical tumors; although statistical significance was not reached, these variants affected significantly enzymatic function in vitro with variable increases in cAMP and/or cyclic guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate levels in HeLa and HEK293 cells. Adrenocortical tissues carrying the R804H mutation showed 2q allelic losses and higher cyclic nucleotide levels and cAMP-responsive element binding protein phosphorylation. We conclude that missense mutations of the PDE11A gene that affect enzymatic activity in vitro are present in the general population; protein-truncating PDE11A mutations may also contribute to a predisposition to other tumors, in addition to their association with adrenocortical hyperplasia. We speculate that PDE11A genetic defects may be associated with adrenal pathology in a wider than previously suspected clinical spectrum that includes asymptomatic individuals. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(24): 11571-5)
Calmodulin-Androgen Receptor (AR) Interaction: Calcium-Dependent, Calpain-Mediated Breakdown of AR in LNCaP Prostate Cancer Cells
Authors: Pelley Ronald P. , Chinnakannu Kannagi , Murthy Shalini , Strickland Faith M. , Menon Mani , Dou Q. Ping , Barrack Evelyn R. , Reddy G. Prem-Veer 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Chemotherapy of prostate cancer targets androgen receptor (AR) by androgen ablation or antiandrogens, but unfortunately, it is not curative. Our attack on prostate cancer envisions the proteolytic elimination of AR, which requires a fuller understanding of AR turnover. We showed previously that calmodulin (CaM) binds to AR with important consequences for AR stability and function. To examine the involvement of Ca2+/CaM in the proteolytic breakdown of AR, we analyzed LNCaP cell extracts that bind to a CaM affinity column for the presence of low molecular weight forms of AR (intact AR size, ∼114 kDa). Using an antibody directed against the NH2-terminal domain (ATD) of AR on Western blots, we identified ∼76-kDa, ∼50-kDa, and 34/31-kDa polypeptides in eluates of CaM affinity columns, suggesting the presence of CaM-binding sites within the 31/34-kDa ATD of AR. Under cell-free conditions in the presence of phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, AR underwent Ca2+-dependent degradation. AR degradation was inhibited by N-acetyl-leu-leu-norleu, an inhibitor of thiol proteases, suggesting the involvement of calpain. In intact cells, AR breakdown was accelerated by raising intracellular Ca2+ using calcimycin, and increased AR breakdown was reversed with the cell-permeable Ca2+ chelator bis-(O-aminophenoxy)-ethane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid tetra-(acetoxymethyl)-ester. In CaM affinity chromatography studies, the Ca2+-dependent protease calpain was bound to and eluted from the CaM-agarose column along with AR. Caspase-3, which plays a role in AR turnover under stress conditions, did not bind to the CaM column and was present in the proenzyme form. Similarly, AR immunoprecipitates prepared from whole-cell extracts of exponentially growing LNCaP cells contained both calpain and calpastatin. Nuclear levels of calpain and calpastatin (its endogenous inhibitor) changed in a reciprocal fashion as synchronized LNCaP cells progressed from G1 to S phase. These reciprocal changes correlated with changes in AR level, which increased in late G1 phase and decreased as S phase progressed. Taken together, these observations suggest potential involvement of AR-bound CaM in calcium-controlled, calpain-mediated breakdown of AR in prostate cancer cells. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(24): 11754-62)
Multiple Interacting Oncogenes on the 8p11-p12 Amplicon in Human Breast Cancer
Authors: Yang Zeng Quan , Streicher Katie L. , Ray Michael E. , Abrams Judith , Ethier Stephen P. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
The 8p11-p12 genomic region is amplified in 15% of breast cancers and harbors several candidate oncogenes. However, functional evidence for a transforming role for these genes is lacking. We identified 21 genes from this region as potential oncogenes based on statistical association between copy number and expression. We further showed that three of these genes (LSM1, BAG4, and C8orf4) induce transformed phenotypes when overexpressed in MCF-10A cells, and overexpression of these genes in combination influences the growth factor independence phenotype and the ability of the cells to grow under anchorage-independent conditions. Thus, LSM1, BAG4, and C8orf4 are breast cancer oncogenes that can work in combination to influence the transformed phenotype in human mammary epithelial cells. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(24): 11632-42)
The Global Distribution of Supersaturation in the Upper Troposphere from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder
Authors: Gettelman Andrew , Fetzer Eric J. , Eldering Annmarie , Irion Fredrick W. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Satellite data from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) is analyzed to examine regions of the upper troposphere that are supersaturated: where the relative humidity (RH) is greater than 100%. AIRS data compare well to other in situ and satellite observations of RH and provide daily global coverage up to 200 hPa, though satellite observations of supersaturation are highly uncertain. The climatology of supersaturation is analyzed statistically to understand where supersaturation occurs and how frequently. Supersaturation occurs in humid regions of the upper tropical tropopause near convection 10%–20% of the time at 200 hPa. Supersaturation is very frequent in the extratropical upper troposphere, occurring 20%–40% of the time, and over 50% of the time in storm track regions below the tropopause. The annual cycle of supersaturation is consistent for the ∼2.5 yr of data analyzed. More supersaturation is seen in the Southern Hemisphere midlatitudes, which may be attributed to higher temperature variance.
A Note on the Crystallography of Epidote
Authors: Hornstra J. , Terpstra P. 
Published: December 2006

In any monoclinic crystal, the zone–axis [uvw] is perpendicular to the plane (hkl) if u/(hc2–lac cos β) = v/(kc2a2sin2β) = w/(la2–hac cos β). In particular, the normal to the face (100) is quasi–parallel to the zoneaxis [r01̄] if c/(a cosβ) approximates to a rational number r.Epidote has a:b:c = 1•5807:1:1•8057,β 115° 24', and is often twinned on a(100). G. Friedel describes and explains these twins in terms of a pseudo–normal zone–axis [301], with an obliquity of 3° and a twinindex 3. But the choice of a pseudo–normal zone–axis is necessarily arbitrary, since it is always possible to find a rational zone–axis making an angle with any given face–normal less than any assigned angle δ: though the indices of such an axis may involve large numbers.
The optical properties and composition of the acmitic pyroxenes
Authors: Sabine P. A. 
Published: December 2006

The occurrence of acmitic pyroxenes in the post-Cambrian intrusions of the north-west of Scotland was first noted by Teall (Home and Teall, 1892) who recorded aegirine in two dikes discovered by Gunn in the Coigach district of Ross-shire, and aegirine-augite in the borolanite of the Cnoc-na-Srbine mass. Since then, acmitic pyroxenes have been recorded by Teall (1900) from the Assynt felsites, Shand (1910) from dikes of the border zone of Cnoc-na-Srbine, and Phemister (1926) from the dikes and plutonic rocks of the Loch Ailsh laccolite.Having undertaken a comprehensive examination, in the field and in the laboratory, of the post-Cambrian sills and dikes of the Assynt district, the writer determined some of the optical constants of the acmitic pyroxenes of these intrusions. Arising from this work the considerable data now available on the acmitic pyroxenes has been reviewed. A chemical analysis has also been carried out, and it is hoped that the information assembled and re-interpreted here may be of some general interest.
Note on garnet crystals from Cairnie, Aberdeenshire
Authors: Stewart F. H. 
Published: December 2006

In 1938 large crystals of almandine garnet were collected by the writer from a cutting excavated during road-widening operations, on the main Huntly—Keith road, near Cairnie church, about 4½ miles from Huntly. In view of their exceptional size and excellent crystal form, it is felt that the occurrence is worth recording. Garnet crystals of comparable size have been recorded by Heddle from several localities. The Cairnie crystals, considering their size and excellent form, must rank with the finest recorded from Scotland.The rocks at this cutting are coarsely banded garnet-biotite-sillimanite-gneisses with abundant quartz, oligoclase, orthoclase, and biotite, subordinate muscovite, and accessory magnetite, apatite, and zircon. Sillimanite is sporadic in occurrence, forming elongated colourless prisms up to 2 mm. across. The biotite-rich bands generally contain only small garnets, if any, but garnet is very abundant in bands rich in quartz and felspars, and often forms a large part of the rock.
Connellite, buttgenbachite, and tallingite
Authors: Bannister F. A. , Hey Max H. , Claringbull G. F. 
Published: December 2006

There are many basic copper chlorides and sulphates which occur as minerals but have received little recent crystallographic study. Yet copper is a widely distributed element and many of these minerals are the products of corrosion and weathering of bopper and copper ores.In 1948 we were able to confirm the earlier goniometric work of G. F. Herbert Smith (1906) that paratacamite and atacamite are not identical species (Max H. Hey, 1950) and showed that the two minerals give different X-ray powder patterns. This result was further extended by Clifford Frondel (1950) to a single 'crystal and thermal study of paratacamite, in the course of which he measured the rhombohedral unit-cell dimensions and showed that this mineral can be artificially produced by various methods as well as by the action of salt-water on copper.
The use of the gnomonic projection in the determination of the optical indicatrix of crystals
Authors: Joel N. 
Published: December 2006

In a previous paper a description of a method was given which had been developed to determine the indicatrix of small crystals, both in orientation and magnitude, making use of the simple one-circle stage goniometer described by Bernal and Carlisle.As was explained there, when a crystal is viewed in parallel polarized light, between crossed nicols, the two observed extinction directions are the axes of the ellipse determined by the intersection of the indicatrix with a plane through its centre parallel to the plane of the microscope stage.
A re-examination of tobermorite
Authors: Claringbull G. F. , Hey M. H. 
Published: December 2006

Tobermorite, a hydrated silicate of calcium, was described by M. F. Heddle in 1880 from three Scottish localities: two near Tobermory in the island of Mull, and the third a quarry near the pier at Dunvegan in Skye. Further localities for the mineral are Sgfirr nam Boc, Loch Eynort in Skye, and Ardtornish Bay in Morven (Morvern), Argyllshire.Because of marked similarity in chemical composition it has been suggested that tobermorite might be identical with gyrolite. In view of this and of the current interest in hydrated calcium silicates in cement chemistry the species has been re-examined.
The orientation of the pericline twin lamellae in triclinic alkali felspars (With Plate II.)
Authors: MacKenzie Wm. Scott 
Published: December 2006

SummaryCross-hatched twinning is characteristic of two alkali-felspar species, microclines and anorthoclases. Because of the difference in the crystallographic angles of these two species, the cross-hatched twinning is most clearly seen in (001) sections of microcline and in sections perpendicular to the a crystallographic axis in anorthoclases. If pericline twinning is present it is generally seen in (010) sections of microclines, but if the microcline is microperthitic the twin lamellae may not be seen. Strings or lamellae of perthitic albite can be distinguished from pericline twin lamellae by refractive index differences and also by the angle that their trace makes with the trace of (001) in (010) sections.
Re-examination of the mineral tuhualite
Authors: Hutton C. Osborne 
Published: December 2006

SummaryX-ray study of tuhualite from Mayor Island, New Zealand, has shown it to be orthorhombic, space-group either . Unit-cell dimensions are a = 14·31 Å, b = 17·28 Å., c = 10·11 Å., and a : b : c = 0·828 : 1 : 0·585. Goniometric measurements give a : b : c = 0·8243 : 1 : 0·5658. a{100} dominant with forms s{011}, p{021}, c{001}, b{010}, n{101}, m{110}, q{111}. Crystals with b{010} dominant are rare. Three good cleavages, a (100), b (010), c (001). α = 1·608, β = 1·612, γ = 1·621; γ-α = 0·013. , positive; β = b, γ = c, α = colourless to pale lavender, β = violet, lavender, γ = intense purplish-blue; γ > β > α. Sp. gr. 2·89 (measured), 2·86 (calculated).An analysis of carefully purified material leads to the possible formula:H9(Na,K,Mn)12Fe″6(Al,Fe‴,Mg,Ti)9[Si8O8]15.Details of alteration phenomena and associated minerals are given. Occurrence is held to result by crystallization from magma quite impoverished in lime due to early fractionation of aegirine-hedenbergite, and perhaps aegirine-augite, in the intratelluric stage.