bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Proteomic analysis of stargazer mutant mouse neuronal proteins involved in absence seizure
Authors: Ryu Myung‐Jeom , Lee Cheolju , Kim Joon , Shin Hee‐Sup , Yu Myeong‐Hee 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe stargazer (stg) mutant mouse, having mutation in stargazin, the calcium channel γ2 subunit, exhibited several neurological disorders including spontaneous absence seizure, cerebellar ataxia, and head tossing. To understand the molecular pathogenic mechanism of the absence seizure resulted from the loss of stargazin function, the thalamic proteomes between control mouse and stg mouse were compared. We identified 12 proteins expressed differentially (> 1.6‐fold) by fluorescence two‐dimensional difference gel electrophoresis and tandem mass spectrometry. Six of them are involved in basic metabolism including energy metabolism, three in stress response, two in axonal growth regulation, and one in the endoplasmic reticulum processing. All except mortalin showed decreased level of expression in stg mouse. Two stress‐related proteins, mouse stress induced phosphoprotein 1 and peroxiredoxin 6 exhibited reduced levels of expression in stg mouse, while the level of another stress protein, mortalin was increased. Analysis of oxidative protein carbonylation in thalamic proteome of stg mouse showed higher level of carbonylated proteins in stg mouse than in control mouse. Interestingly, down‐regulation of stress protein mouse stress induced phosphoprotein 1, metabolic enzyme isovaleryl‐CoA dehydrogenase, and the two in neuronal axon growth, collapsin response mediator protein 2 and fascin homolog 1 coincides with the results of our previous study on γ‐butyrolactone‐induced transient absence seizure. Our results suggest that the pathogenesis mechanism underlying absence seizure may involve the molecular events contributed by these proteins.
Viruses and the immune system: their roles in seizure cascade development
Authors: Getts Daniel R. , Balcar Vladimir J. , Matsumoto Izuru , Müller Marcus , King Nicholas J. C. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractViral encephalitis affects approximately 7.5 people/100 000 and carries a high rate of morbidity and mortality. Most patients with viral encephalitis will develop some form of seizure during the infectious process, and of those who survive encephalitic disease, approximately 4–20% will develop epilepsy. Arthropod‐borne (arbo)viruses are the leading cause of viral encephalitis in the world today, with between 10% and 35% of patients infected with these viruses displaying some form of seizure. Several neurotropic DNA viruses, including Herpes and cytomegalovirus also commonly cause seizures in infected patients. In the clinical setting, the cause of seizures seen during viral encephalitis is usually attributed to acute febrile responses. However, it has become apparent that the mechanisms behind seizure generation during viral encephalitis are likely to be much more complicated. For example, CD4+and CD8+T cells possibly through their secretion of interferon‐γ, appear to play an important role in determining neuronal responses when challenged with kainic acid. In addition, the ability of the human immunodeficiency virus, transactivating protein to modulate NMDA signaling possibly triggering seizures, highlights the fact that elements of the antiviral response and even virally derived proteins are capable of directly manipulating neuronal function. Understanding the complex relationships between the CNS, the immune system, and invading pathogens is a critical step in understanding the pathogenesis of seizures seen during viral infections and informing the development of novel therapies.
Dysregulation of intracellular calcium homeostasis is responsible for neuronal death in an experimental model of selective hippocampal degeneration induced by trimethyltin
Authors: Piacentini Roberto , Gangitano Carlo , Ceccariglia Sabrina , Fà Aurora Del , Azzena Gian Battista , Michetti Fabrizio , Grassi Claudio 
Published: February 2008

AbstractTrimethyltin (TMT) intoxication is considered a suitable experimental model to study the molecular basis of selective hippocampal neurodegeneration as that occurring in several neurodegenerative diseases. We have previously shown that rat hippocampal neurons expressing the Ca2+‐binding protein calretinin (CR) are spared by the neurotoxic action of TMT hypothetically owing to their ability to buffer intracellular Ca2+overload. The present study was aimed at determining whether intracellular Ca2+homeostasis dysregulation is involved in the TMT‐induced neurodegeneration and if intracellular Ca2+‐buffering mechanisms may exert a protective action in this experimental model of neurodegeneration. In cultured rat hippocampal neurons, TMT produced time‐ and concentration‐dependent [Ca2+]iincreases that were primarily due to Ca2+release from intracellular stores although Ca2+entry through Cav1 channels also contributed to [Ca2+]iincreases in the early phase of TMT action. Cell pre‐treatment with the Ca2+chelator, 1,2‐bis(2‐aminophenoxy)ethane‐N,N,N′,N′‐tetraacetic acid tetrakis(acetoxymethyl ester) (2 μM) significantly reduced the TMT‐induced neuronal death. Moreover, CR+neurons responded to TMT with smaller [Ca2+]iincreases. Collectively, these data suggest that the neurotoxic action of TMT is mediated by Ca2+homeostasis dysregulation, and the resistance of hippocampal neurons to TMT (including CR+neurons) is not homogeneous among different neuron populations and is related to their ability to buffer intracellular Ca2+overload.
Age‐related changes in Drosophila midgut are associated with PVF2, a PDGF/VEGF‐like growth factor
Authors: Choi Na‐Hyun , Kim Joong‐Gook , Yang Dong‐Jin , Kim Young‐Shin , Yoo Mi‐Ae 
Published: February 2008

SummaryAge‐associated changes in stem cell populations have been implicated in age‐related diseases, including cancer. However, little is known about the underlying molecular mechanisms that link aging to the modulation of adult stem cell populations. Drosophila midgut is an excellent model system for the study of stem cell renewal and aging. Here we describe an age‐related increase in the number and activity of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) and progenitor cells in Drosophila midgut. We determined that oxidative stress, induced by paraquat treatment or loss of catalase function, mimicked the changes associated with aging in the midgut. Furthermore, we discovered an age‐related increase in the expression of PVF2, a Drosophila homologue of human PDGF/VEGF, which was associated with and required for the age‐related changes in midgut ISCs and progenitor cell populations. Taken together, our findings suggest that PDGF/VEGF may play a central role in age‐related changes in ISCs and progenitor cell populations, which may contribute to aging and the development of cancer stem cells.
Pressure ulcer prevalence and incidence in intensive care patients: a literature review
Authors: Shahin Eman SM , Dassen Theo , Halfens Ruud JG 
Published: February 2008

AbstractBackground:  Pressure ulcers remain a common health problem worldwide within the different health‐care settings, especially in intensive care settings.Aims:  The aims of this were to systematically assess the recent prevalence and incidence of pressure ulcers in intensive care patients (2000–2005), the factors related to pressure ulcer prevalence and incidence and the methodological rigour of studies about pressure ulcer prevalence and incidence in intensive care patients.Methods:  The research design involved a review of literature for the period of 2000 to 2005, focused on the prevalence and incidence of pressure ulcers in intensive care patients.Results:  The analysis of published papers revealed variations in pressure ulcer prevalence in intensive care settings ranging from 4% in Denmark to 49% in Germany, while incidence ranged from 38% to 124%. There was a wide variation in the prevalence and incidence of pressure ulcers in intensive care patients as evidenced in the studies examined. There is also a gap between theory and practice in the prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers which needs to be addressed.Conclusion:  Further research is needed regarding the effectiveness of nursing care on pressure ulcer development and into treatments that may successfully prevent their occurrence in intensive care patients.
Commentary: Brunker C. (2006). Assessment of sedated head‐injured patients using the Glasgow Coma Scale: an audit
Authors: Waterhouse Catheryne 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is widely used to assess head‐injured patients. However, patients with acute severe head injury are typically managed with varying doses of sedative drugs that may interfere with GCS assessments. There is a question as to whether GCS assessments are useful and justified when the patient is sedated. The limited literature available is briefly reviewed. The aim of the audit described in this paper was to gain an overview of current practice among the neuroscience intensive care units in the UK, in search of any consensus. Thirty questionnaires were distributed and 23 returned (a 77% response). The results show considerable variations in practice and, in particular, differences between those units that treat only neuroscience patients and those that manage general intensive care patients as well. This audit demonstrates a lack of clear consensus and highlights the need for more research. Abstract reprinted from the British Journal of Neuroscience Nursing, volume 2, Brunker C, ‘Assessment of sedated head‐injured patients using the Glasgow Coma Scale: an Audit.’, pages 276–280. © 2006, reproduced with permission from MA Healthcare Limited.
Comparison of complications and procedural activities of pulmonary artery catheter removal by critical care nurses versus medical doctors*
Authors: Öztekin Deniz S , Akyolcu Neriman , Öztekin İlhan , Kanan Nevin , Göksel Onur 
Published: February 2008

AbstractBackground:  None of the nursing studies on PA catheter removal pointed out any differences in complications after removal and procedural activities for removal of PA catheter by CCNs vs MDs in Turkey.Aims:  This quasi‐experimental study was conducted to determine the occurrence and type of complications and to indicate the differences between CCNs and medical doctors’ (MDs) activities for removal of PA catheter.Methods:  Totally, 60 critical care unit patients were scheduled as a sample, and they were assigned randomly to the CCN (n = 30) or to the MD (n = 30) groups. For the comparison purposes of the different activities and complications of PA catheter removal procedure between the two groups, ‘Instruction Form’ was followed step by step. The differences in the prevalence of variables were tested using Student’s t statistics. For categorical data, Fisher’s exact test was used. Significance was declared by P value of <0·05.Results:  Preprocedural activities like patient positioning (P < 0·001) and instructing the patient for breathing (P = 0·001) demonstrated statistically significant differences between the two groups. The PA catheters were removed properly in both groups (P > 0·05). The majority of postprocedural activities were completed successfully. The complications of the catheter removal were documented more carefully by nurses compared with doctors (P < 0·01). Additionally, singular premature ventricular complexes were observed on electrocardiogram in both groups (P > 0·05).Conclusion:  Instructing CCNs to remove a PA catheter has been highlighted in keeping the number of complications associated with removal procedure of PA catheter.
Adenomyosis and Carcinoma of the Endometrium*
Authors: Anderson B. H. , Bettinger H. F. 
Published: February 2008

Summary1. Adenomyosis and cancer of the body of the uterus are frequently associated. In 249 cases of endometrial carcinoma, adenomyosis was present in greater or less degree in 96 or 38.5 per cent.2. The presence of adenomyosis does not appear to influence the type of malignant growth, the extent of invasion of the uterine wall, or the prognosis of the associated carcinoma.3. The frequent association probably results from excessive or prolonged stimulation of oestrogens acting in a genetically susceptible individual.
Hydronephrosis and Hydro‐ureter in Genital Prolapse
Authors: Corkill Brian 
Published: February 2008

Summary1. Three patients with hydro‐ureter and hydronephrosis associated with genital prolapse have been presented. This complication is more common than usually believed.2. When urinary symptoms are present in patients with uterine prolapse, full urological investigation should be instituted. with repair would appear to be the most logical form of treatment.
Serological Tests on Rh‐Immunized Mothers*
Authors: Krieger Vera I. 
Published: February 2008

Summary

Serological tests for detection and estimation of Rh antibodies are briefly reviewed.
Results of serial indirect Coombs titres on Rh‐immunized mothers investigated during 1958 are presented.
The value of graphs of serial indirect Coombs titres in prediction of the likelihood of the baby developing erythroblastosis and the severity to be expected are discussed.
The Diagnosis of the Position of the Foetal Skull*
Authors: Cox L. Woodrow 
Published: February 2008

Summary

The anatomy of the occipital bone, including its ossification at the time of birth, is described.
The relationship of the obstetrical hinge joint of Budin to the changes in shape of the foetal skull in labour is shown.
The prominence of the occipital protuberance and the superior curved lines of the occipital bone become useful landmarks due to moulding of the foetal head.
This landmark is of great value in the diagnosis of foetal position.
Some Observations on the Use of Bretylium Tosylate in Pregnancy
Authors: Whiley Warren , Shearman Rodney , Robinson Colleen 
Published: February 2008

SummaryThe use of bretylium tosylate in hypertensive pregnant women is discussed. Using C‐14 labelled material there is evidence of placental transfer but this does not appear to affect the foetus adversely. In 12 patients, Darenthin adequately controlled the blood pressure of both essential hypertension complicating pregnancy and pre‐eclampsia. There is insufficient evidence to show whether or not this control improves foetal prognosis or modifies other manifestations of toxaemia. In 1 patient, therapy was discontinued because of severe urticaria.
Prolapse of the Umbilical Cord: A Report of 50 Cases
Authors: Hammouda A. A. 
Published: February 2008

Summary

A review of 50 cases of prolapse of the umbilical cord is presented.
The important aetiological factors are: malpresentations, prematurity, multiple pregnancy, hydramnios and placenta praevia. Parity is a relatively unimportant aetiological factor.
The degree of cervical dilatation is of prime importance in determining the method of treatment.
The foetal mortality in this series was 50%. When the foetal heart was present on admission the mortality was 35.9%. There were no maternal deaths.
Proper antenatal care, early diagnosis and the more liberal use of Caesarean section will help in the reduction of foetal loss.
A Case of Spontaneous Evolution of Transverse Lie
Authors: Childers C. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryA case of spontaneous evolution of a transverse lie is presented with a review of the literature showing its rarity. It is considered that the mechanism involved in the case reported is similar to that described by Douglas (1819). The antenatal course was complicated by repeated bleeding per vaginam and premature labour: these were probably related to a circumvallate formation of the placenta.
Perinatal Mortality*
Authors: MacGregor T. N. 
Published: February 2008

Summary:The data presented indicate the trend in perinatal mortality rates and show not only where improvement has occurred, but also where further improvement can be anticipated. The national figures emphasize very clearly that the death rates rise rather sharply in primigravidae over the age of 35 and in multi‐gravidae who have had 5 or more children. It is essential, therefore, that if the perinatal mortality associated with these 2 groups is to be further reduced, particular care must be given to these mothers during pregnancy and labour. Furthermore, it has been shown conclusively that the lower the social class of the father, the higher the foetal loss. Every effort must therefore be made to improve the living standards of this class.A study of hospital statistics indicates that the known causes of perinatal mortality can be divided into 3 main groups:(a) Prematurity: Foetal loss associated with prematurity in the past has been high, but methods of controlling infection in the newborn have saved many lives. Nevertheless, prematurity is the largest single cause of death within the first 7 days of life. It accounts for some 20% of all foetal deaths and, when those associated with toxaemia are added, the total is quite appreciable. A number of factors are involved in premature labour, so that it can rarely be prevented, but nonetheless every effort should be made. Hospitalization of those with multiple pregnancies at the 28th‐30th week of gestation and the maintenance of a strict hospital régime until the 36th week reduces the incidence of premature labour in the majority of cases. Furthermore, added rest at this stage of pregnancy not only lowers the incidence of prematurity, but also diminishes that of toxaemia.(b) Congenital abnormalities: This is an important group. Our knowledge, however, of the genetic defects in the human is so scanty that it is unlikely that there will be improvement in this group in the immediate future.(c) Toxaemia: Although the data indicate that the perinatal mortality associated with toxaemia has been reduced, this condition still accounts for some 20% of foetal deaths. Prematurity is undoubtedly a factor, but this would be partially overcome if the incidence of toxaemia could be reduced. This can only be accomplished by a more intensified scheme of antenatal supervision.The importance of an autopsy in all cases of perinatal death has been emphasized. Thereby not only may much maternal distress be allayed but also prognosis for the future may be assessed. The significance of precise knowledge cannot be overstated.A considerable further reduction in perinatal mortality is of immediate concern and is a challenge to all of us.
Inlet Contraction of the Pelvis
Authors: Glenning P. P. , Bond A. G. 
Published: February 2008

Summary:1. A series of 159 patients with contraction of the pelvic inlet has been analysed, and the literature reviewed.2. The over‐all incidence of caesarean section was 53%, and 43% if a trial of labour had been conducted.3. There was no maternal death in the series.4. The foetal mortality (corrected) was 4%. There was no mortality with caesarean section. Earlier resort to caesarean section in some patients would have increased foetal salvage.5. Elective caesarean section is advocated when the obstetrical conjugate is below 9.0 cm.6. The efficiency of uterine action is a major factor in determining the method of delivery. A labour lasting longer than 50 hours is unlikely to terminate in vaginal delivery, and the trial should be discontinued unless delivery seems certain within a few hours.7. Premature rupture of the membranes is a poor prognostic sign; it was associated with a caesarean section rate of 75%.8. A previous vaginal delivery in a patient with a contracted pelvis is not necessarily indicative of a successful vaginal delivery in a subsequent pregnancy. Greater use of caesarean section in such multi‐gravidae who have had a previous difficult delivery seems indicated.9. The incidence of caesarean section in women over 5 feet in height (152 cm.) with a contracted pelvis was increased and was related to the larger size of their babies.10. The incidence of contracted pelvis was greater in Southern European than in Anglo‐Saxon stock, but there was no concomitant increase in the caesarean section rate in such patients.
Obstructed Labour in Papuan Hospital Practice
Authors: Ryan B. P. K. 
Published: February 2008

Summary:Forty patients with obstructed labour seen the General Hospital, Port Moresby, are described.The commonest cause of this complication was cephalopelvic disproportion at the pelvic brim. Other common causes were transverse lie and occipito‐posterior positions and transverse arrest of the head.There was no maternal mortality and the possible reasons for this are discussed.
Pregnanediol Excretion in Pregnancy
Authors: Krieger Vera I. 
Published: February 2008

Summary:1. Average normal, maximal and minimal curves for the 24‐hour urine excretion of pregnanediol by normal pregnant women are very similar, irrespective of the modifications of the original Somerville, Gough and Marrian method (1948) used by 5 groups of workers.2. The average pregnanediol excretion curve for normal pregnant women has now been firmly established.3. Approximately 3 times as many abortions occur in abortion‐prone patients whose pregnanediol excretion is not maintained near the average normal level – that is, above the “critical level” of Rawlings and Krieger (1958), or the “lower limit of normal” of Robson and Gornall (1955).
Maternal Mortality – With Special Reference to the Mechanisms of Death in the Toxaemias of Pregnancy
Authors: Green G. H. 
Published: February 2008

Summary:Fifty‐six maternal deaths in 35,159 deliveries have been studied, with special regard to the mode of death in patients with severe toxaemia of pregnancy.Toxaemia (23), haemorrhage (11), infection (10), and cardiac disease (5), were the commonest causes of death.Maternal mortality was 1.62 per 1,000 live births.The mechanisms of death in patients with toxaemia were:(a) Acute circulatory failure– 11 patients.Evidence is presented to show that these patients exhibited features similar to those in patients dying from septic abortion, intra‐uterine infection in labour, and premature placental separation without toxaemia.It is suggested that all these deaths resulted from the manifestations of the generalized Shwartzman reaction in pregnancy.(b) Vascular accidents– 9 patients.These deaths were due mainly to disruption of major blood vessels. The wider use of hypotensive drugs to avoid such accidents is advocated.(c) Miscellaneous– 4 patients.This group consists of 2 patients with respiratory complications due to over‐treatment, 1 with pyaemia from a suppurative pyelonephritis and 1 sudden death after termination of pregnancy in a near‐uraemic patient.
Iniencephalus: A Report of Two Cases and a Review of the Obstetrical Aspects
Authors: Campbell J. M. , Miller M. D. 
Published: February 2008

Summary:Two cases of iniencephalus have been presented; one was an example of iniencephalus apertus, the other, iniencephalus clausus.The condition is an unusual one, since there were 10,000 deliveries separating these 2 cases.Obstetrical aspects of the condition have been discussed and the literature has been briefly reviewed.
Bilateral (Simultaneous) Tubal Pregnancy
Authors: Kneale. Barry 
Published: February 2008

Summary:1. A case of bilateral, simultaneous tubal prgenancy is reported.2. The types and incidence of the condition are noted.3. Absolute diagnosis rests on the finding of chorionic villi in each tube.4. The importance of inspecting all pelvic viscera at laparotomy is stressed.
Complications Associated with the Use of the Gräfenberg Ring
Authors: Wren Barry G. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryThe case‐records of 12 patients admitted to a metropolitan hospital with complications resulting from the insertion of the Grafenberg ring are reviewed.Except in occasional cases the use of the Gräfenberg ring is inadvisable.It is recommended that smears should be taken at regular intervals from the cervix if Gräfenberg rings are in situ and that a ring biopsy should be taken from the cervix when the ring is permanently removed.Mention is made of certain rules which should be adhered to if Gräfenberg rings are to be employed.