bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Calpain cleavage of collapsin response mediator proteins in ischemic mouse brain
Authors: Jiang Susan X. , Kappler Joachim , Zurakowski Bogdan , Desbois Angele , Aylsworth Amy , Hou Sheng T. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractCollapsin response mediator proteins (CRMPs) are important brain‐specific proteins with distinct functions in modulating growth cone collapse and axonal guidance during brain development. Our previous studies have shown that calpain cleaves CRMP3 in the adult mouse brain during cerebral ischemia [S.T. Hou et al. (2006) J. Neurosci., 26, 2241–2249]. Here, the expression of all CRMP family members (1–5) was examined in mouse brains that were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion. Among the five CRMPs, the expressions of CRMP1, CRMP3 and CRMP5 were the most abundant in the cerebral cortex and all CRMPs were targeted for cleavage by ischemia‐activated calpain. Sub‐cellular fractionation analysis showed that cleavage of CRMPs by calpain occurred not only in the cytoplasm but also in the synaptosomes isolated from ischemic brains. Moreover, synaptosomal CRMPs appeared to be at least one‐fold more sensitive to cleavage compared with those isolated from the cytosolic fraction in an in‐vitro experiment, suggesting that synaptosomal CRMPs are critical targets during cerebral ischemia‐induced neuronal injury. Finally, the expression of all CRMPs was colocalized with TUNEL‐positive neurons in the ischemic mouse brain, which further supports the notion that CRMPs may play an important role in neuronal death following cerebral ischemia. Collectively, these studies demonstrated that CRMPs are targets of calpains during cerebral ischemia and they also highlighted an important potential role that CRMPs may play in modulating ischemic neuronal death.
Whole‐genome analysis of the ammonia‐oxidizing bacterium, Nitrosomonas eutropha C91: implications for niche adaptation
Authors: Stein Lisa Y. , Arp Daniel J. , Berube Paul M. , Chain Patrick S. G. , Hauser Loren , Jetten Mike S. M. , Klotz Martin G. , Larimer Frank W. , Norton Jeanette M. , Op den Camp Huub J. M. , Shin Maria , Wei Xueming 
Published: August 2007

SummaryAnalysis of the structure and inventory of the genome of Nitrosomonas eutropha C91 revealed distinctive features that may explain the adaptation of N. eutropha‐like bacteria to N‐saturated ecosystems. Multiple gene‐shuffling events are apparent, including mobilized and replicated transposition, as well as plasmid or phage integration events into the 2.66 Mbp chromosome and two plasmids (65 and 56 kbp) of N. eutropha C91. A 117 kbp genomic island encodes multiple genes for heavy metal resistance, including clusters for copper and mercury transport, which are absent from the genomes of other ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria (AOB). Whereas the sequences of the two ammonia monooxygenase and three hydroxylamine oxidoreductase gene clusters in N. eutropha C91 are highly similar to those of Nitrosomonas europaea ATCC 19718, a break of synteny in the regions flanking these clusters in each genome is evident. Nitrosomonas eutropha C91 encodes four gene clusters for distinct classes of haem‐copper oxidases, two of which are not found in other aerobic AOB. This diversity of terminal oxidases may explain the adaptation of N. eutropha to environments with variable O2 concentrations and/or high concentrations of nitrogen oxides. As with N. europaea, the N. eutropha genome lacks genes for urease metabolism, likely disadvantaging nitrosomonads in low‐nitrogen or acidic ecosystems. Taken together, this analysis revealed significant genomic variation between N. eutropha C91 and other AOB, even the closely related N. europaea, and several distinctive properties of the N. eutropha genome that are supportive of niche specialization.
Establishing pragmatic estimated GFR thresholds to guide metformin prescribing
Authors: Shaw J. S. , Wilmot R. L. , Kilpatrick E. S. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractAims  Renal impairment is a contraindication to metformin treatment because of the perceived increased risk of lactic acidosis. Current guidelines define renal impairment according to the serum creatinine of the individual, but this measure is being supplanted by the use of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) as it gives a closer estimate to true GFR. This study aimed to establish pragmatic eGFR limits for use in patients being considered for metformin treatment.Methods  Estimated GFR measurements corresponding to currently used metformin creatinine limits of 130 and 150 µmol/l were derived and then applied to 12 482 patients with diabetes in Hull and East Yorkshire.Results  Few patients with a serum creatinine of 130 or 150 µmol/l have an eGFR of < 30 ml/min/1.73 m2[chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 4 or greater], while most are between 30 and 59 ml/min/1.73 m2 (CKD stage 3). When applied to the 12 482 patients (median age 67 years, interquartile range 56–75), males predominated when using creatinine cut‐offs (13.6% of males and 8.3% of females had creatinine > 130 µmol/l; 8.2% males and 5.2% females > 150 µmol/l), but not using eGFR CKD thresholds (3.3% males and 4.7% females < 30 ml/min/1.73 m2; 20.8% males and 28.1% females eGFR 30–59 ml/min/1.73 m2). Similar proportions of patients as currently would have metformin withheld if using eGFR cut‐offs between 30 and 49 ml/min/1.73 m2.Conclusions  We have proposed pragmatic eGFR limits to guide metformin prescribing in patients with renal impairment. CKD stage 4 or greater should be an absolute contraindication to metformin, while CKD stage 3 should alert clinicians to consider other risk factors before initiating or continuing treatment.
Post‐challenge glucose predicts coronary atherosclerotic progression in non‐diabetic, post‐menopausal women1
Authors: Mellen P. B. , Bittner V. , Herrington D. M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractAims  We sought to determine whether fasting or post‐challenge glucose were associated with progression of coronary atherosclerosis in non‐diabetic women.Methods  We performed a post‐hoc analysis of 132 non‐diabetic women who underwent 75‐g oral glucose tolerance testing. The primary outcome of interest was progression of atherosclerosis determined by baseline and follow‐up coronary angiography, a mean of 3.1 ± 0.9 years apart. We analysed the association of change in minimal vessel diameter (ΔMD) by quartile of fasting and post‐challenge glucose using mixed models that included adjustment for age, systolic blood pressure, total : high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, current smoking, lipid‐lowering and anti‐hypertensive medication use and other covariates.Results  At baseline, participants had a mean age of 65.7 ± 6.7 years and a mean body mass index of 27.9 ± 8.5 kg/m2. Although there were no significant differences in atherosclerotic progression by fasting glucose category (P for trend across quartiles = 0.99), there was a significant inverse association between post‐challenge glucose and ΔMD (in mm) (Q1 : 0.01 ± 0.03; Q2 : 0.08 ± 0.03; Q3 : 0.13 ± 0.03; Q4 : 0.11 ± 0.03; P for trend = 0.02).Conclusions  In post‐menopausal women without diabetes, post‐challenge glucose predicts angiographic disease progression. These findings suggest that even modest post‐challenge hyperglycaemia influences the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic progression.
School physical activity interventions: do not forget about obesity bias
Authors: Rukavina P. B. , Li W. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryObesity bias is the tendency to negatively judge an overweight or obese individual based on assumed and/or false character traits, such as being physically unattractive, incompetent, lazy and lacking self‐discipline. Obesity biases, such as teasing or weight criticism during physical activity (PA), can be psychologically or emotionally damaging for overweight children and adolescents. Ultimately, the effects students experience over time may create a psychological barrier and students can become resistant to schools' health and PA interventions that promote lifestyle changes. Fortunately, the psychological effects of obesity bias are mediated by social buffers and coping mechanisms. Several PA‐related researchers have proposed strategic intervention components, but no studies have been completed in PA settings. The purpose of this review was to discuss the nature and different types of obesity bias in PA settings. Major theoretical frameworks of the aetiology and change mechanisms of obesity biases from the psychological literature were reviewed and direct applications for strategic component interventions were made for PA settings. Because of the pervasiveness and entrenchment of obesity bias, it is obvious that multiple theoretical frameworks need to be considered and even combined to create safe and caring school PA environments for students.
Law and Morality: A Critical Relation*
Authors: WINTGENS LUC J. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract.The article deals with the difference between some forms of legal positivism. It is argued that, even in continental legal systems which are typically “rule bound,” there is some space left for principles in the legal system. The author tries to explain how this space can be filled and what methods should be used by a judge to do so.
On the Logic of Deontic Conditionals*
Authors: JONES ANDREW J. I. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract.The paper outlines the approach to the analysis of deontic conditionals taken in earlier work by Jones and Pörn, compares it very briefly with two main trends within dyadic deontic logic, and then discusses problems associated with the augmentation principle and the factual detachment principle. The author then modifies Jones and Pörn's previous system, using a classical but not normal (in the sense of Chellas) deontic modality to provide the basis for an alternative analysis of deontic conditionals. This new analysis validates neither the factual detachment nor the augmentation principles. However, influenced by the approach of James Delgrande to default reasoning, the author tries to show how a restricted form of factual detachment may be accommodated within the revised system.
Rules, Principles, Algorithms and the Description of Legal Systems
Authors: UTZ STEPHEN 
Published: August 2007

Abstract.Although the Hart/Dworkin debate has as much to do with Dworkin's affirmative theory of judicial discretion as with Hart's more comprehensive theory of law, the starting point was of course Dworkin's attempt to demolish the “model of rules,” Hart's alleged analysis of legal systems as collections of conclusive reasons for specified legal consequences. The continuing relevance of this attack for the prospects for any theory of law is the subject of the present essay.
A Discourse‐Theoretical Conception of Practical Reason*
Authors: ALEXY ROBERT 
Published: August 2007

AbstractContemporary discussions about practical reason or practical rationality invoke four competing views which can be named as follows by reference to their historical models: Aristotelian, Hobbesian, Kantian and Nietzschean. The subject‐matter of this article is a defence of the Kantian conception of practical rationality in the interpretation of discourse theory. At the heart, lies the justification and the application of the rules of discourse. An argument consisting of three parts is pre sented to justify the rules of discourse. The three parts are as follows: a transcen dental‐pragmatic argument; an argument which takes account of the maximisation of individual utility and an empirical premise about an interest in correctness. Within the framework of the problem of application, the article outlines a justification of human rights and of the basic institutions of the democratic constitutional state on the basis of discourse theory.
Legal System and Practical Reason. On the Structure of a Normative Theory of Law*
Authors: SIECKMANN JAN‐REINARD 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIt will be argued, firstly, that there is a link between the legal validity of a norm and the rational justifiability of a requirement that judges should apply this norm, based on a normative conception of legal validity and the postulate that judges should act as rational persons; secondly, that rational justifiability of legal norms requires the construction of a legal system in a model of principles that differs from theories, e.g., of Kelsen, Hart, Dworkin and Alexy, which are not fully adequate for a normative conception of law.
On the Autonomy of Legal Reasoning*
Authors: RAZ JOSEPH 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe paper argues that reasoning according to law is an instance of moral reasoning. Several ways of understanding this claim are distinguished. A number of arguments to the effect that because of the internal logic of the law, or the special skills it involves legal reasoning should be seen as immune to moral considerations are rejected. Nevertheless, the paper affirms the relative and limited autonomy of legal reasoning, and the sui generis role of doctrine in it which is manifested in the many cases in which the moral considerations pertaining to the case underdetermine its result.
Positivism and Communitarianism: Between Human Rights and Democracy*
Authors: NINO CARLOS SANTIAGO 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe author deals with theoretical connections between legal positivism and communitarianism. Such connections prove to be relevant not only for a better understanding of these two trends of thought but also in order to throw light on important philosophical issues like human rights and democracy. Deep links are traced and recognized between the so‐called positivism “in action,” and especially its ideological thesis, and communitarianism.
The Legitimacy of Law: A Response to Critics*
Authors: DYZENHAUS DAVID 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIn this paper, the author responds to the claim that his critique of legal positivism, based on an account of adjudication in South Ahica, misses its target because it ignores, first, the positivist thesis of judicial discretion and, secondly, the fact that positivism offers no account of judicial obligation. He argues that these theses expose a tension in positivism between its commitments to liberal individualism and to the supremacy of positive law, a tension which can be resolved only by situating positivism in its true context, the Hobbesian argument for the legitimacy of law. Following Dworkin, he advocates the practice‐oriented common law tradition, one that makes the legitimacy of law a matter of standards already implicit in law which are best revealed in adjudication.
The Juristic Study of Law's Formal Character
Authors: SUMMERS ROBERT S. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract.The author summarizes the essential elements of a general theory he is developing which he calls “The Formal Character of Law.” He explains that law's formal character is a potentially major branch of legal theory that is still relatively unexplored. In his view, it is possible to identify formal attributes in (1) legal rules, (2) other basic legal constructs such as interpretive method, the principles of stare decisis, legal reasons, and legislative and adjudicative processes, and (3) a legal system viewed as a whole. For example, a legal rule has, in varying degrees, such formal attributes as generality, definiteness, and simplicity. (Other constructs have other formal attributes.) Such attributes are formal in the sense that they apply to or accommodate highly variable content and do not prescribe or proscribe content. Of course, legal phenomena have other characteristics besides their formality. The author's main technique for developing his theory is to address a common set of questions to the varied formal attributes of (l), (2), and (3) above. Among other things, the answers to these questions further explicate how law is formal, demonstrate that law is not merely a means of serving problem‐specific policy but also serves formal values (which may sometimes trump or limit policy), treats the relations between form and content—specially how good form begets good content and bad form bad content, explores the design and implementation of appropriate formality—its “anatomy and physiology,” and analyses the “pathology” of legal form including not only the “formalistic” (the overformal), but also the “sub‐stantivistic,” and shows how the overall theory is important both jurisprudentially and in practical ways.
Legal Theory and Dialectically Contingent Justifications for the Principle of Generic Consistency
Authors: BEYLEVELD DERYCK 
Published: August 2007

Abstract. It is argued that accepting that there are human rights, or that there are categorically binding requirements of any kind on action, logically requires accepting the PGC (Principle of Generic Consistency) as the supreme criterion of practical reasonableness.Consequently, all legal systems that recognise human rights (hence, the English legal system), all who view law as a matter of obligation, and all who consider that there are categorically binding requirements on action, must take the PGC to be a necessary criterion of legal validity. Conventions on human rights must, as conventions on human rights, be interpreted to conform with the PGC.
Gender Differences in Managerial Intention
Authors: van Vianen Annelies E.M. , Keizer Wim A.J. 
Published: August 2007

This study focuses on existing gender differences within management and within vertical career mobility. Some theoretical explanations of these differences are discussed, with behaviour and motivation theories as the base for the present study. The influence of different variables, such as outcome expectancies, perceived self‐efficacy, subjective norm, work‐role salience and perceived motivating job characteristics are examined.Data were gathered in two separate organizations. It was hypothesized that the motivation for a managerial job is less for females than males, which can be explained by the variables under study. In both studies perceived self‐efficacy was the most important predictor of intention to assume a managerial job. Multiple regression analysis revealed significant relationships among the different variables of the theoretical model and the strengths of these relationships. In one of the two organizations, men showed a greater disposition to a managerial job, and their perceived self‐efficacy was higher. It is concluded then that managerial intention can be influenced by the organizational context.
Gender Segregation, Size of Workplace and the Public Sector
Authors: Burchell Brendan J. 
Published: August 2007

Gender segregation is considered to be a key structuring factor in the labour market, and is central to explanations of phenomena as diverse as the everyday experience of men's and women's employment to the underachievement of women and the limited impact of equal pay legislation.Studies of occupational segregation by gender tend to be polarized between qualitative and quantitative extremes. At the quantitative end, a primary focus of research has been to quantify segregation to a single index, permitting simple comparisons between countries and over time. However, detailed case studies of particular occupations have often hinted at ways in which breakdowns in occupational segregation have been replaced by other forms of gender segregation.This paper will present data showing that even within occupational categories there is still significant gender segregation and concentration by public/private sector and by size of workplace. For instance, female pharmacists are very over‐represented, and female gardeners very under‐represented, in the public sector. And the general tendency for women to work in smaller workplaces is severe for some occupations (e.g. office managers) and reversed in other occupations (e.g. production fitters). These analyses question the usefulness of single indices which take account only of segregation or concentration by occupation and therefore underestimate the gendering of job opportunities even within mixed occupations.
Tumescent superficial liposuction with curettage for treatment of axillary bromhidrosis
Authors: Seo S‐H , Jang B‐S , Oh C‐K , Kwon K‐S , Kim M‐B 
Published: August 2007

AbstractBackgrounds  Axillary bromhidrosis is a common but unpleasant and distressing problem faced by many societies, particularly in Asia, where malodour is reflected as a social handicap. Currently, local surgery is the treatment of choice among various non‐surgical and surgical treatment.Objectives  To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of tumescent superficial liposuction and curettage in treating axillary bromhidrosis.Methods  Forty‐three patients (25 females and 18 males, average age 24.5 years) have undergone tumescent superficial liposuction and curettage. Local anaesthesia, tumescent solution, was injected into the hair‐bearing area of the axilla. Two tiny incisions were made for Fatemi cannule, and subcutaneous tissue was removed by stroke movement under negative pressure. Subsequently, additional curettage was done around the incision sites. We evaluated the clinical efficacy (excellent, good, fair and poor) and complications. In addition, preoperative and postoperative histologic findings were reviewed in 15 patients.Results  The follow‐up evaluation started 3 months after the surgery, and mean follow‐up period was 15.8 months, ranging from 3 to 54 months. Among 43 patients, 31 patients (72.1%) showed excellent to good results. The most common postoperative complication was transient ecchymosis which spontaneously regressed in 1 to 2 weeks. Focal skin necrosis, induration, and haematoma or seroma were each noted in four, three, and one patients, respectively, but resolved after proper dressing. The preoperative histological findings included increase in size and number of apocrine glands in cross‐section view, and the postoperative specimen evidently showed removal of subcutaneous tissue, including apocrine and eccrine glands, and remnant sweat glands were severely destructed.Conclusion  Tumescent superficial liposuction with curettage for axillary bromhidrosis is an effective and safe treatment method for axillary bromhidrosis.
Development of microsatellite markers in Gonystylus bancanus (Ramin) useful for tracing and tracking of wood of this protected species
Authors: SMULDERS M. J. M. , VAN ‘T WESTENDE W. P. C. , DIWAY B. , ESSELINK G. D. , VAN DER MEER P. J. , KOOPMAN W. J. M 
Published: August 2007

AbstractTen polymorphic microsatellite markers have been developed for Gonystylus bancanus (Ramin), a protected tree species of peat swamp forests in Malaysia and Indonesia. Eight markers were also shown to be polymorphic in other Gonystylus species. The markers will enable assessing the amount of genetic variation within and among populations and the degree of population differentiation, such that donor populations can be selected for reforestation projects. They may be used for tracing and tracking of wood in the production chain, so that legal trade in this Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora‐protected timber species, derived from specifically described origins, can be distinguished from illegally logged timber.
Development of 10 microsatellite loci for Yellow‐billed Magpies (Pica nuttalli) and corvid ecology and West Nile virus studies
Authors: ERNEST HOLLY B. , WELL JAY A. , KURUSHIMA JENNIFER D. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractWe developed 10 polymorphic microsatellite loci for Yellow‐billed Magpies (Pica nuttalli). The primers were tested across a population of 57 Central California Yellow‐billed Magpies and displayed an average of 3.9 alleles per locus. Forty‐one American Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) from California were polymorphic for seven of the loci with an average of 2.9 alleles per locus. One additional microsatellite‐containing locus displayed diagnostic allele sizes and may be useful to distinguish between the two species. These corvid specific microsatellites will aid ecological studies of the population‐level effects of diseases, such as West Nile virus.