bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Allometry and heterochrony in the African apes
Authors: Shea Brian T. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn this work allometry and heterochrony are integrated in an analysis of ontogenic and interspecific morphological patterns in the African apes. The relationship between the interspecific differences in adult morphology and the differences in underlying patterns of growth allometries, body weight growth rates, and developmental chronologies is investigated. Results indicate that rate hypermorphosis, or the extension of ancestral allometries into new size/shape ranges with no increase in the duration of ontogeny, underlies many of the interspecific differences in form among the African apes. In addition, the need for further clarification of the processes of heterochrony is stressed by distinguishing between rate and timing differences. These distinctions and processes are illustrated and discussed using the morphological data on the African apes.
Changing occlusal variation in Pima Amerinds
Authors: Corruccini Robert S. , Potter Rosario H. Yap , Dahlberg Albert A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractOcclusal variables and arch measurements have been recorded on 341 Pima Amerinds pertaining to two samples, one of older individuals raised on traditional diets, the other of younger individuals raised on refined commercial foods that are typical of modern urbanized people. Permanent dental occlusion is significantly more variable from defined ideals in the younger sample, despite their fewer deformities resulting from progressive aging. The youths had relatively narrower palates, correlating with a general trend among industrialized populations and also among experimental animals fed soft diets. Relative rate of deciduous tooth loss and replacement did not correlate with any occlusal variable.
Tooth loss and tooth retention in a multitribal group of Bantu‐speaking South African blacks: A study on 500 dry mandibles
Authors: Tal Haim , Tau Shemuel 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTooth loss and tooth retention in adult South African Bantu‐speaking Negroes were studied from data derived from 500 dry mandibles. The tribe, sex, and stated age of the specimens were available. Mandibles were equally distributed over the third to seventh decade of life. The presence of dental units was recorded and analysed within and between decade age groups. The mandibles carried a total of 5,459 dental units. Between the third and fourth decades of life and between the sixth and seventh decades, the reduction of the frequency of dental units was mild and statistically not significant. It was, however, severe and significant between the fourth and fifth, and the fifth and sixth decades. In the third‐decade group, most teeth were found in the anterior region with a tendency to diminish in number posteriorly. After the third decade there was a definite persistence of first premolars and canines with significant tendency toward loss of teeth anterior and posterior to them. Only the incisors and third molars showed significant reduction in number from the third to the fourth decade. The reduction of all teeth was statistically significant later, until the sixth decade of life. Although there was loss of teeth from the sixth to the seventh decade, it was not significant for any of the homologous dental units. There is a possibility that some dietary differences existed between the older subjects (50–70 years old) and the younger ones (20–49 years old) which may have had some influence on the results.
Ecological distinctions between sympatric species of Saguinus and Sciurus
Authors: Garber Paul A. , Sussman Robert W. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTamarins are small New World monkeys that have been described as “squirrellike.” Squirrels, along with bats and birds, are the taxa most likely to utilize resources similar to those used by primates in the tropical forest canopy. In this paper we compare differences in ecology, diet, locomotion, and habitat utilization between sympatric populations of tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) and tree squirrels (Sciurus granatensis) in Panama. Data presented indicate that although there is some degree of resource overlap, patterns of habitat utilization differ significantly. Rather than being “squirrellike,” the Panamanian tamarin exhibits a pattern of locomotor and feeding behavior consistent with that found in other arboreal primates.
Kin groups and trait groups: Population structure and epidemic disease selection
Authors: Fix Alan G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA Monte Carlo simulation based on the population structure of a small‐scale human population, the Semai Senoi of Malaysia, has been developed to study the combined effects of group, kin, and individual selection. The population structure resembles D.S. Wilson's structured deme model in that local breeding populations (Semai settlements) are subdivided into trait groups (hamlets) that may be kin‐structured and are not themselves demes. Additionally, settlement breeding populations are connected by two‐dimensional stepping‐stone migration approaching 30% per generation. Group and kin‐structured group selection occur among hamlets the survivors of which then disperse to breed within the settlement population. Genetic drift is modeled by the process of hamlet formation; individual selection as a deterministic process, and stepping‐stone migration as either random or kin‐structured migrant groups.The mechanism for group selection is epidemics of infectious disease that can wipe out small hamlets particularly if most adults become sick and social life collapses. Genetic resistance to a disease is an individual attribute; however, hamlet groups with several resistant adults are less likely to disintegrate and experience high social mortality. A specific human gene, hemoglobin E, which confers resistance to malaria, is studied as an example of the process.The results of the simulations show that high genetic variance among hamlet groups may be generated by moderate degrees of kin‐structuring. This strong microdifferentiation provides the potential for group selection. The effect of group selection in this case is rapid increase in gene frequencies among the total set of populations. In fact, group selection in concert with individual selection produced a faster rate of gene frequency increase among a set of 25 populations than the rate within a single unstructured population subject to deterministic individual selection. Such rapid evolution with plausible rates of extinction, individual selection, and migration and a population structure realistic in its general form, has implications for specific human polymorphisms such as hemoglobin variants and for the more general problem of the tempo of evolution as well.
Reduced tooth size in 45,X (Turner syndrome) females
Authors: Townsend Grant , Jensen Birgit Leth , Alvesalo Lassi 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMean values and variances of deciduous and permanent tooth dimensions were compared between 121 45,X (Turner syndrome) females and 171 control subjects to clarify the role of the X chromosome on dental development. Although deciduous molars tended to be smaller than normal in 45,X females, there was no evidence of a reduction in tooth size for deciduous anterior teeth. In the permanent dentition, all mesiodistal dimensions were significantly smaller in 45,X females but only some of the buccolingual dimensions were smaller. The findings for deciduous tooth‐size may reflect a sampling effect related to the extremely high frequency of spontaneous abortion in 45,X individuals. Results for permanent teeth are consistent with the concept of a decrease in enamel thickness in 45,X females.
Further hominids from the Plio‐Pleistocene of Koobi Fora, Kenya
Authors: Leakey R. E. F. , Walker A. C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFifty‐eight new fossil hominids from Plio‐Pleistocene sediments east of Lake Turkana, Kenya, are described. They include cranial, mandibular, dental, and postcranial parts. Some are illustrated.
Immunoglobulin allotypes in Jewish populations living in Israel and the United States
Authors: Stevenson J. C. , Schanfield M. S. , Sandler S. G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe ongoing interest in the interrelationships of Jewish populations justifies inclusion of the immunoglobulin allotypes in an ethnohistorical analysis. A total of 2,184 serum specimens obtained from unrelated Israeli Jewish and self‐identified Milwaukee, WI, Jewish blood donors were classified as Ashkenazi, Sephardi, Asiatic, or North African and tested for G1m (a, x, z, and f), G3m (b0, b1, b3, b5, g), A2m (1 and 2), and Km (1). Selected sera were also tested for G3m (s, t, c3, c5). The estimated maximum likelihood Gm‐Am haplotype frequencies were used in a heterogeneity chi‐square analysis. The results indicate that there is less heterogeneity within Jewish populations from Europe, Middle East, and North Africa than in corresponding non‐Jewish populations representing the same geographical areas.In order to avoid the hazards of a univariate focus, previously published data were incorporated into two additional analyses: 15 populations with information on 16 genetic loci and 24 populations with information on five genetic loci. Both sets of data were analyzed using principal‐components and cluster analysis. In both sets of analyses, with the exception of the Yemenite Jews, Jewish populations grouped together. These analyses support the belief that Jewish populations appear to be derived from a common gene pool, and there has been some genetic drift and minimal gene flow with surrounding populations.
Genetic variation in North Amerindian populations: The geography of gene frequencies
Authors: Suarez Brian K. , Crouse Jill D. , O'rourke Dennis H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTen‐level synthetic gene frequency maps derived from a principal component analysis of seven polymorphic loci are displayed for a large sample of North Amerindian populations. These maps are useful for assessing population affinities over broad geographical regions and perhaps, as others have argued, for inferring recent migrations. The influence of European admixture is investigated by deleting highly admixed populations and regenerating the maps. In broad outline the resultant geographic patterning, while appearing more homogeneous, preserves many features of the maps that include the highly admixed samples—especially with respect to the Eskimo/non‐Eskimo dichotomy. Further, in an effort to evaluate how varying the number of display levels affects patterning as well as interpretation, the maps were replotted at 5 and 20 levels. The 5‐level maps are found to accentuate differences between the full data set and the less admixed data set, while the 20‐level maps tend to obscure these differences.
Haematology and erythrocyte metabolism in man at high altitude: An Aymara‐Quechua comparison
Authors: Arnaud J. , Gutierrez N. , Tellez W. , Vergnes H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn the course of haematological and biological investigations among Aymara and Quechua populations in Bolivia, an anthropological study of the erythrocytary respiratory function was carried out on the two groups at two altitudes: 3,600 m and 450 m.A difference in the intensity of the biological variations of the two populations is observed at high altitude.In the Quechuas, as in any lowland native, the adaptative phenomena are totally and quickly reversible.In the Aymaras, we detected the existence of more marked haematological and biochemical characters: moderate polycythemia, hyperhaemoglobinemia, microcytosis, metabolical hyperactivity with accumulation of 2–3 di‐phosphoglycerate and ATP, and methaemoglobinemia with a drop in the activity of the methaemoglobin reductases. The Aymaras preserve some of those characters (methaemoglobinemia excepted) when they settle in lowlands.
Implementation of Rao's one‐sample polynomial growth curve model using SAS
Authors: Schneiderman Emet D. , Kowalski Charles J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractLongitudinal data are frequently treated with the classic analysis of variance and regression models. However, these models assume independence of observations. Hoel (1964) demonstrated that the use of least‐squares methods on intercorrelated serial observations results in the rejection of the null hypothesis much too frequently. Although appropriate models for analyzing longitudinal data have been available for quite some time, they have remained inaccessible due to cumbersome matrix manipulations. We implement Rao's (1959) one‐sample polynomial growth curve model using the programming capability and matrix language of SAS, which involves testing the goodness‐of‐fit and calculation of confidence bands for polynomial growth curves fit to data at equally spaced time points. Confidence intervals for the parameters themselves are also computed. The method and program (presented in the Appendix) are illustrated with examples involving mandibular ramus height in 12 young male rhesus monkeys. The data set, which spans a 4 year period (yearly observations), is fit adequately by quadratic equation. The data spanning a 2 year period (half‐year observations) are fit adequately by the linear equation. These examples illustrate the considerable widening of confidence bands that occurs when polynomial equations having more terms than are needed to meet the goodness‐of‐fit requirement are considered.
A study of some genetic characteristics of the Fur and Baggara tribes of the Sudan
Authors: Bayoumi R. A. , Taha T. S. M. , Saha N. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe average inbreeding coefficients of the highly consanguineous Fur and Baggara tribes of Western Sudan were 0.04167 and 0.04450, respectively. Two hundred ninety‐eight subjects from the two tribes were tested for polymorphism of hemoglobins, seven red cell enzymes, and four serum proteins. The Baggara showed a higher gene frequency of HbS and TfD and lower gene frequency of GdA and PC compared to the Fur. Both tribes showed a log gene frequency of PGM1 and high frequency of G6PD deficiency when compared to other Sudanese tribes. In spite of the high degree of inbreeding, no significant deviation from the Hardy‐Weinburg equilibrium was observed in either tribe. The effects of inbreeding seem to be offset by mixing between the two tribes on Gabal Marra Plateau. The flow of the sickle gene from the Baggara into the Fur and other Sudanese tribes is discussed.
A revised method of age determination using the os pubis, with a review and tests of accuracy of other current methods of pubic symphyseal aging
Authors: Meindl Richard S. , Lovejoy C. Owen , Mensforth Robert P. , Walker Robert A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAll current standardized methods of age determination using the os pubis were tested by blind assessment of a skeletal sample with documented ages (from the Todd collection; N = 96). No demographic data (sex, age, race, age composition) were known to the assessors prior to completion of the test. Results showed the Todd method to be more reliable than more recent component techniques and that all systems tended to underage. Therefore, modifications were made of the Todd system to eliminate this and other deficiencies, and a second test using a new sample was conducted (N = 109). The age distribution determined by the revised Todd method did not significantly differ from the actual age distribution of the second sample. Error due to race was nonsignificant. Biological stages of pubic metamorphosis are described and possible evolutionary specializations of the hominid symphysis are discussed. Revised standards for age determination are presented.
Prenatal stress and increased fluctuating asymmetry in the parietal bones of neonatal rats
Authors: Mooney Mark P. , Siegel Michael I. , Gest Thomas R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractRecent studies have reported increased fluctuating dental and long bone asymmetry in neonates as a function of prenatal stress. The present study was designed to assess the effects of prenatal stress on a third calcium‐dependent system, membranous bone. Pregnant rats were exposed to cold, heat, or noise from conception through parturition. Bilateral parietal bone lengths were measured in the term neonates. Levels of fluctuating asymmetry were found to be significantly increased (p < .001) in all three stressed groups compared to unstressed controls. Results support the concept of a generalized stress response, and suggestions are offered for human osteological application.
Aging in the musculoskeletal system of rhesus monkeys: III. Bone loss
Authors: DeRousseau C. Jean 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIt is well established that aging of the human skeleton includes the loss of bone mass or density, but little comparative information on age‐related osteopenia in other primates is available. In order to determine whether bone loss occurs in normally locomoting nonhuman primates, radiographs of 139 rhesus monkey skeletons from the Cayo Santiago collection were examined, and measures of percent cortical bone (PCT) at the midshaft of second metacarpals, humeri, and femora were calculated. An age‐related osteo‐penia was observed in the metacarpal of adult female macaques, although much individual variation was present. This variability could not be explained by reproductive history (number of offspring), matrilineal affiliation, or degree of osteoarthrosis. However, in a subsample of 15 animals, females who had given birth in the three months prior to death showed lower PCTs than those who had not conceived in the previous mating season. In adult males, PCT did not vary significantly with age, but males that weighed less and those with no/little osteoarthrosis showed lower PCTs than heavier or more arthritic animals, respectively. The multifactorial nature of the variation in PCT observed here suggests that similar processes of bone behavior are involved in the skeletal aging of both humans and rhesus monkeys.
Long bone lengths and gestational age distributions of post‐contact period Arikara Indian perinatal infant skeletons
Authors: Owsley Douglas W. , Jantz Richard L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPrenatal growth is adversely affected by poor socioeconomic conditions where disease and chronic undernutrition prevail. Premature and small‐for‐gestational‐age births occur at higher frequency.Post‐contact Arikara Indian populations of South Dakota experienced a rapidly changing and disruptive environment that included deterioration of the subsistence base and increased morbidity. This research tests resulting fetal growth effects through comparative analysis of two perinatal infant samples of the early (A. D. 1600–1733) and the late (A. D. 1760–1835) post‐contact period. Perinatal infants recovered from late cemeteries include a higher percentage of smaller skeletons, as determined using long bone diaphyseal lengths, than is documented for the earlier time period. This contrast shows that it is possible to detect fetal growth differences in samples of archaeological context.
On aspects of skull form in African apes and orangutans, with implications for hominoid evolution
Authors: Shea Brian T. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe study of hominoid phylogeny is currently in a state of controversy and debate due to the discovery of new fossil material and reanalysis of the morphology of extant apes. An important key to the resolution of these debates lies in attaining a fuller understanding of the morphological differences in skull form between the African and Asian great apes. In this paper I have analyzed aspects of facial morphology and internal cranial anatomy in the great apes. Results from this study and previous ones suggest that Pongo is characterized by a marked dorsal deflection of the face relative to the basicranium. Many aspects of circumorbital, midfacial, palatal, and mandibular morphology in Pongo may be related to this airorynchous condition. This hypothesis, is supported by Enlow's work on form and pattern in the primate and mammalian skull. The position of the face in known Sivapithecus appears to be similar to that seen in Pongo. AlthoughPongo may be specialized in its marked degree of airorynchy, it seems likely that an important derived feature linking African apes and hominids is a ventral rotation of the splanchnocranium on the neurocranium. The appearance of marked supraorbital tori and ethmofrontal sinuses are probably correlated developments. Additional implications of this work for debates about hominoid phylogeny are discussed.
Comparison of distance matrices in studies of population structure and genetic microdifferentiation: Quadratic assignment
Authors: Dow Malcolm M. , Cheverud James M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractQuestions concerning the relative effects of various evolutionary forces in molding the genetic variability exhibited by groups of human populations have typically been investigated by comparing a variety of genetic and cultural/historical “distance” matrices. A major methodological difficulty has been the lack of formal testing procedures with which to assess the degree of confirmation or disconfirmation of an estimated measure of relationship between such matrices. In this paper, we examine a very flexible matrix combinatorial procedure which generates statistical significance levels for correlational measures of pattern similarity between distance matrices. A recent generalization of the basic procedure to the three‐matrix case allowsquestions concerning which of two matrices best fits a third matrix to be formally tested. Applications of these hypothesis testing and inference procedures to two separate sets of genetic, geographic, and cultural distance matrices illustrates their potential for finally solving a long‐standing problem in anthropological genetics.
Application of the Kolmogorov‐Smirnov test to seasonal phenomena may be inappropriate
Authors: McCullough John M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe Kolmogorov‐Smirnov one‐sample test is sometimes used to test seasonality in births or other annually cyclic phenomena. However, it is shown that the maximum deviation from expected (D) may differ by a factor of almost two if the cycle is initiated in different months. Thus, different results are possible from the same data. Unless there is a logical initiation point in a cycle, it is probably better to use other nonparametric statistical tests.
A family study of dermatoglyphic traits in India: Resolution of genetic and uterine environmental effects for palmar pattern ridge counts
Authors: Borecki I. B. , Malhotra K. C. , Mathew S. , Vijayakumar M. , Poosha D. V. R. , Rao D. C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe inheritance of palmar pattern ridge counts for individual palmar areas, combined distal areas, and all ten areas combined was investigated in families belonging to two strictly endogamous Brahmin castes of peninsular India. Ridge count phenotypes were obtained by the method proposed by Malhotra et al. (1981a), however, zero observations (indicating patterns not circumscribed by triradii) were excluded from analysis. Path analytic methods were applied in order to determine the relative influences of polygenes, intrauterine environment, and residual environment. The proportion of genetic variation was, in general, consistently greater in one population than the other, and significant intrauterine environmental effects were detected for the population with lower heritabilities. The results of this investigation suggest that a simple polygenic model may not be sufficient to explain the inheritance of ridge counts in the interdigital IV configurational area. Distal pattern ridge counts do not appear to be influenced by more or less uterine environmental effects than all areas considered together. The proportion of genetic variation for the total palmar pattern ridge count was 52% in both populations.