bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Critique of ‘Organic’ and its Proposed Alternatives
Authors: Sachdev Perminder 
Published: November 2007

Objective: A critical examination of the term ‘organic’ in psychiatry and its proposed alternatives. Method: An examination of the published literature on the concepts of ‘organicity’ in mental syndromes, and of the mind-brain problem. Results: The term ‘organic’ presents a number of problems, some of which can be described as those of historical schism, duality, method, practice, scholasticism and semantics. The currently available alternatives are not without their difficulties, and examples are provided. Conclusion: Whether the term ‘organic’ is retained or replaced, we are condemned to an unsatisfactory position while we await a radically new paradigm to understand the role of neurobiological and psychosocial factors in psychiatric disorders.
Cannabis and the Brain
Authors: Castle David J. , Ames Frances R. 
Published: November 2007

Objective: The aim of the paper is to review the effects of Cannabis sativa on the human brain. Method: A selective literature review was undertaken. Results/Conclusions: Cannabis sativa causes an acute and, with regular heavy ingestion, a subacute encephalopathy. There is no evidence of irreversible cerebral damage resulting from its use, although impairment of information processing might be a long-term consequence of heavy prolonged use. The precise relationship of cannabis to the functional psychoses such as schizophrenia has yet to be clarified.
What have We Learned from Functional Imaging Studies in Schizophrenia? the Role of Frontal, Striatal and Temporal Areas
Authors: Velakoulis Dennis , Pantelis Christos 
Published: November 2007

Objectives: Functional imaging technologies allow assessment of cerebral blood flow, cerebral metabolism, cellular metabolic processes, cerebral receptor density and occupancy. This review examines the contribution of such studies to our understanding of schizophrenia. The role of the frontal lobes, the basal ganglia, the temporal lobes and the neuronal circuits which connect them is examined with respect to this literature. Method: All studies in schizophrenia using positron emission tomography, single photon emission computerised tomography, xenon studies, functional and spectroscopic magnetic resonance imaging formed the basis of this review. Only those studies published in English were reviewed. Results: The most consistent finding in schizophrenia has been that of hypofrontality, while the results of studies examining subcortical structures provide preliminary support for the concept of fronto-striatal dysfunction. Functional imaging has not yet provided consistent results in the study of temporal lobe function. Although receptor studies have shed light on the actions of antipsychotic medications, the findings for dopamine receptor numbers remain controversial. Spectroscopic and functional MRI remain in their infancy as research tools in schizophrenia. Conclusions: Although there are significant methodological issues to be addressed, functional imaging technology is providing increasing insights into schizophrenia and its treatment. Future research will be truly multidisciplinary as it will require the collaboration of psychiatrists, imaging physicians, neuropsychologists and neuroscientists.
Season of Birth and Schizophrenia: Southern Hemisphere Data
Authors: Berk Michael , Terre-Blanche Martin John , Maude Catherine , Lucas Marilyn Doreen , Mendelsohn Michaela , O'neill-Kerr Alexander James 
Published: November 2007

Objective: The association between winter birth and increased incidence of schizophrenia is well documented in the northern hemisphere. The present study examined season of birth and schizophrenia in a southern hemisphere population from a mild temperate climate. Method: The seasonal incidence of birth in schizophrenic patients was compared, using Chi-squared tests, to normative population birth rates. Results: A statistically significant seasonal pattern, with a peak in late spring and early summer, was obtained. Conclusion: This supports northern hemisphere findings regarding calendar month, but not season, of excess schizophrenic births. This has implications for viral and other aetiological hypotheses dependent on meteorological factors.
Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry to Renal Medicine: Work with an Inpatient Unit
Authors: Rustomjee Sabar , Smith Graeme C. 
Published: November 2007

Objective: To provide an overview of the work of a liaison psychiatry service to a renal medicine inpatient unit, based on a comprehensive clinical database, in order to provide a basis for comparison with similar units and to identify issues of concern. Method: The MICRO-CARES prospective clinical database system was used to obtain data on all patients referred to the Liaison Psychiatry Service, and the hospital clinical database was used to compare referred patients with total Renal Unit admissions in a large, suburban, university-affiliated hospital. Results: Two hundred and ninety-nine inpatient referrals were made in the three years from 1990 to 1992: a referral rate of 17%. There was no bias in referral on age, sex or marital status. Coping problems (27%), depression (20%) and noncompliance (11%) were the most frequent reasons cited. Forty-five per cent of referrals required a pre-dialysis assessment. There was good agreement between consultee and consultant about noncompliance, but poorer agreement about organic brain syndromes, depression, anxiety and alcohol problems. The highest prevalence of DSM-III-R diagnoses was for V Codes (35% of patients), Adjustment Disorders (30%), Mood Disorders (24%) and Organic Mental Disorders (23%). Referred patients had a length of stay significantly longer than that of the total admissions (20.5 days ± 20.6 SD compared with 8.7 ± 12.5 SD, p<.001). Psychotropic drugs were prescribed in 25% of referrals, and liaison psychiatry staff spent a mean of 181 ±148 SD minutes per patient, reflecting the emphasis on psychological management. The systems issues are discussed. Conclusions: The high level of complex physical/psychiatric comorbidity present and the systemic issues involved suggest that the management of patients in a renal medicine inpatient unit requires a dedicated attachment of a consultant psychiatrist-led, multidisciplinary, liaison psychiatry team which is well trained in psychodynamic issues and is comfortable with the complexity of biological issues which arise. The data provide a reliable basis for comparison with other services.
Photophobia and Lithium
Authors: Pridmore Saxby , Powell Geoffrey , Wise Gordon 
Published: November 2007

Clinical picture: We report the case of a 45 year old woman who developed photophobia after 6 months on lithium at non-toxic levels. Treatment and Outcome: Lithium was reintroduced twice and on both occasions this side-effect reoccurred within days. Conclusions: Photophobia has only been described previously as a symptom of lithium intoxication.
Psychogenic Vomiting Complicated by Marijuana Abuse and Spontaneous Pneumomediastinum
Authors: de Moore Gregory M. , Baker John , Bui Triet 
Published: November 2007

Objective: This case illustrates an unusual physical sequel of psychogenic vomiting. Clinical picture: A 22-year-old man with a picture of psychogenic vomiting and marijuana use developed the complications of a pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema. Treatment: Therapy included gradual exposure to anxiety provoking stimuli, psychotropics to reduce vomiting and psychotherapeutic exploration of family relationships. Outcome: The patient's vomiting and physical state resolved without complication. Follow-up at 12 months revealed continued improvement with occasional less severe vomiting. Conclusions: Psychogenic vomiting as a manifestation of anxiety can result in serious physical and psychological sequelae. This patient's desperate attempts to control such vomiting complicated the picture. Successful short term intervention included the use of several treatment modalities.
Anomie and Egoism in Relation to Contemporary Psychiatry
Authors: Spencer John 
Published: November 2007

With increasing numbers of people in western society engaging in deliberate self-harm behaviours, psychiatric practitioners should reconsider some of the implications. 1. Psychiatry as a branch of medicine has a medical bias in assessing people who have engaged in deliberate self-harm behaviours and tends to view these behaviours as symptoms of psychiatric illness rather than sociological disorder. 2. The increasing number of these distressed people is causing an increasing psychiatric workload to the disadvantage of other patients, research activity and teaching. 3. The psychiatric profession should focus its attention on patients with formal psychiatric illness and encourage the involvement and participation of professionals from other agencies and services who are now trained and willing to become involved. Psychiatry cannot replace the enfeebled phenomena of collective sentiment or the regulatory function of a simpler, more cohesive society (as described by Durkheim) but many of the established self-help groups can help and links could be established with these agencies. To do this will require changes to established professional role boundaries and the loosening of medico-legal constraints which currently prevent relinquishing of responsibility when there is an obvious absence of psychiatric illness.
Primary results of glaciological studies along an 1100 km transect from Zhongshan station to Dome A, East Antarctic ice sheet
Authors: Dahe Qin , Jiawen Ren , Jiancheng Kang , Cunde Xiao , Zhongqin Li , Yuansheng Li , Bo Sun , Weizhen Sun , Xiaoxiang Wang 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition (GHINARE) carried out three traverses from Zhongshan station to Dome A, Princess Elizabeth Land and Inaccessible Area, East Antarctic ice sheet, during the 1996/97 to 1998/99 Antarctic field seasons. The expeditions are part of the Chinese International Trans-Antarctic Scientific Expedition program. In this project, glaciological investigations of mass balance, ice temperature, ice flow, stratigraphy in snow pits and snow/firn ice cores, as well as the glaciochemical study of surface snow and shallow ice cores, have been carried out. In the 1998/99 field season, CHINARE extended the traverse route to 1128 km inland from Zhongshan station. The density profiles show that firnification over Princess Elizabeth Land and Inaccessible Area (290–1100 km along the route) is fairly slow, and the accumulation rate recovered from snow pits along the initial 460 km of the route is 4.6–21 cm (46–210 kg m–2a–1 ) water equivalent. The initial 460 km of the route can be divided into four sections based on the differences of accumulation rate. This pattern approximately coincides with the study on the Lambert Glacier basin (LGB) by Australian scientists. During the past 50 years, the trends of both air temperature and accumulation rate show a slight increase in this area, in contrast to the west side of the LGB. Data on surface accumulation rates and their spatial and temporal variability over ice-drainage areas such as the LGB are essential for precise mass-balance calculation of the whole ice sheet, and are important for driving ice-sheet models and testing atmospheric models.
Verification of simulated snow cover in an Arctic basin using satellite-derived snow-cover maps
Authors: Turpin O. C. , Caves R. G. , Ferguson R. I. , Johansson B. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractTime series of Earth observation (EO) data (Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM), U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (NOAA AVHRR) and European Remote-sensing Satellite synthetic-aperture radar (ERS SAR)) were obtained for a 2250 km2 mountainous basin in northern Sweden to validate snow-cover area (SCA) estimates produced by a conceptual model (HBV) during three melt seasons. SCA depletion curves derived for each image type, arid coincident images, reveal that the SCA estimate varies with the sensor. Discrepancies betweenTM and AVHRR appear to be an effect of spatial resolution. However, differences betweenTM and SAR are not simply related. Since more AVHRR thanTM data were available, a TM-equivalent SCA was derived from AVHRR by relating TM SCA to AVHRR channel 1 reflectance. The TM-equivalent SCA was used to test SCA simulated by HBV for the 1992 melt season. Although the modelled and TM-equivalent SCA were in reasonable agreement, the modelled SCA declined faster than the TM-equivalent SCA. Partial recalibration of model parameters controlling snowpack accumulation improved the match between the modelled and EO-derived SCA decline. The recalibrated parameters were verified using SCA maps generated for the 1996 and 1998 melt seasons. The adjusted parameter sets had little effect on the Nash-Sutcliffe R2 runoff fit but improved the volume fit in all three years.
Tributaries to West Antarctic ice streams: characteristics deduced from numerical modelling of ice flow
Authors: Hulbe Christina L. , Joughin Ian R. , Morse David L. , Bindschadler Robert A. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA network of relatively fast-flowing tributaries in the catchment basins of the West Antarctic ice streams transport ice from the inland reservoir to the heads of the ice streams. Branches of the network follow valleys in basal topography but not all valleys contain tributaries. We investigate the circumstances favoring tributary flow upstream of Ice Streams D and E, using a combination of observation and numerical modelling. No consistent pattern emerges. The transition from tributary to ice-stream flow occurs smoothly along the main tributary feeding into the onset of Ice Stream D, with ice thickness being relatively more important upstream, and sliding being relatively more important downstream. Elsewhere, the downstream pattern of flow is more complicated, with local increases and decreases in the contribution of sliding to ice speed. Those changes may be due to variations in basal water storage, subglacial geologic properties or a combination of the two.
Seasonal differences in surface energy exchange and accumulation at Summit, Greenland
Authors: Albert Mary R. , Hawley Robert L. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe 1997–98 Summit (Greenland) winter-over experiment was conducted to investigate the seasonal changes that might affect snow-air transfer processes and snow chemistry for polar ice-core interpretation This paper discusses meteorological measurements that were obtained during the experiment We use the measurements in energy-balance modeling to investigate seasonal differences in the snow-air energy exchange, and to investigate the timing of snow accumulation. We found that the surface energy exchange has distinct seasonal differences. The winter (November-February) has both the coldest average temperatures of the year and the largest temperature variations. The winter also has both the largest peak wind speeds and the longest periods of sustained high winds. Most of the water-vapor transport across the snow-air interface occurs in the summer, indicating that summer may be the primary season for near-surface snow metamorphism. Snow-depth sounder results indicate that snowfall occurs throughout the year at Summit, and thus that the ice-core record may not be affected by large seasonal gaps in the precipitation if accumulation patterns have not changed. The changes in air temperature, wind speed and radiation cause clear seasonal differences in the surface energy balance and snow-surface characteristics that are likely to cause seasonal changes in air-snow transfer processes and snow chemistry as well.
Remote-sensing science and technology for studying glacier processes in high Asia
Authors: Bishop Michael P. , Kargel Jeffrey S. , Kieffer Hugh H. , MacKinnon David J. , Raup Bruce H. , Shroder John F. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA large number of multispectral and stereo-image data are expected to become available as part of the Global Land Ice Measurements from Space project. We investigate digital elevation model extraction, anisotropic reflectance correction and selected glacier analysis tasks that must be developed to achieve full utility of these new data. Results indicate that glaciers in the Karakoram and Nanga Parbat Himalaya, northern Pakistan, exhibit unique spectral, spatial and geomorphometric patterns that can be exploited by various models and algorithms to produce accurate information regarding glacier extent, supraglacial features and glacier geomorphology The integration of spectral, spatial and geomorphometric features, coupled with approaches for advanced pattern recognition, can help geoscientists study glacier mass balance, glacier erosion, sediment-transfer efficiency and landscape evolution.
High-resolution measurements of spatial and temporal variations in surface velocities of Unteraargletscher, Bernese Alps, Switzerland
Authors: Gudmundsson G. H. , Bassi A. , Vonmoos M. , Bauder A. , Fischer U. H. , Funk M. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractData from automated in situ measurements of surface displacements on Unteraargletscher, Bernese Alps, Switzerland, made a few times a day from late June until late October 1998 are presented. Two short-term speed-up events were observed, and partial evidence for a third motion event was seen. Short-term motion events are thus not limited to the start of the melting season. Strong correlation between the timing of the motion events and periods of heavy rainfall, in conjunction with the large size of the area of the glacier which becomes activated during the events, both point towards an external triggering mechanism. In the time periods between two motion events, surface velocities do not vary significantly with time. After a motion event, surface velocities do not return to previous values, suggesting that the events have a lasting effect on the structure of the subglacial drainage system.
Modelling seasonal and spatial variations in the surface energy balance of Haut Glacier d’Arolla, Switzerland
Authors: Brock Ben W. , Willis Ian C. , Sharp Martin J. , Arnold Neil S. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe impact of spatial and temporal variations in the surface albedo and aerodynamic roughness length on the surface energy balance of Haut Glacier d’Arolla, Switzerland, was examined using a semi-distributed surface energy-balance model (Arnold and others, 1996). The model was updated to incorporate the glacier-wide effects of albedo and aerodynamic roughness-length variations using parameterizations following Brock (1997). After the model’s performance was validated, the glacier-wide patterns of the net shortwave, turbulent and melt energy fluxes were examined on four days, representative of surface conditions in late May, June July and August. In the model, meteorological conditions were held constant on each day in order that the impact of albedo and aerodynamic roughness-length variations could be assessed independently. A late-summer snowfall event was also simulated. Albedo and aerodynamic roughness-length variations, particularly those associated with the migration of the transient snowline and the decay of the winter snowpack, were found to exert a strong influence on the magnitude of the surface energy fluxes The importance of meteorological conditions in suppressing the surface energy fluxes and melt rate following a fresh snowfall was highlighted
Snow and firn permeability at Siple Dome, Antarctica
Authors: Albert Mary R. , Shultz Edward F. , Perron Frank E. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe nature of air-snow exchange processes depends upon both the physical characteristics of the snow and forcing from the atmosphere. An understanding of snow-air transport processes and models of these processes are important for interpreting ice cores and for predicting remotely sensed snow-surface characteristics. Accurate modeling requires knowledge of the physical characteristics of the snow and firn. In this paper, measurements of snow and firn permeability from the surface down to 12 m depth at Siple Dome, Antarctica, are presented. The permeability varies greatly as a function of layer and depth, generally increasing to approximately 3 m, and generally decreasing below that. The maximum permeability,280 × 10–10 1 0 m2, occurs at approximately 3 m depth. The lowest permeability in the top 12 m of snow and firn, 10 × 10–10w m2, was measured in the surface wind pack/The measurements show that layering and microstructure have large effects on permeability A mathematical expression for the overall variation of permeability with depth is presented It is shown that snow density is a poor indicator of permeability Quantitative microscopy may be helpful in relating observed snow characteristics to permeability, and useful in modeling firnification and chemical-species transport.
Model of the influence of snow cover on soil freezing
Authors: Osokin N. I. , Samoylov R. S. , Sosnovskiy A.V. , Sokratov S. A. , Zhidkov V. A. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA mathematical model of snow-cover influence on soil freezing, taking into account the phase transition layer, water migration in soil, frost heave and ice-layer formation, has been developed. The modeled results are in good agreement with data observed in natural conditions. The influence of a possible delay between the time of negative temperature establishment in the air and the beginning of snow accumulation, and possible variations of the thermophysical properties of snow cover in the wide range previously reported were investigated by numerical experiments. It was found that the delay could change the frozen-soil depth up to 2–3 times, while different thermophysical characteristics of snow changed the resulting freezing depth 4–5 times.
Attenuation of solar radiation in Arctic snow: field observations and modelling
Authors: Gerland S. , Liston G. E. , winther J.-G. , Ørbæk J. B. , Ivanov B.V. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractSolar radiation was measured above and in the snowpack on Svalbard using a spectroradiometer and a quantum meter measuring average photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). In order to specify the effect of melting on the snow’s radiation properties, all measurements were performed before and during the melt season in May and June 1997 and 1998. Along with the radiation measurements, physical and structural snow properties were logged in snow pits. A physically based model was used to simulate the penetration of radiation into the snow The model formulation accounts for the spectrally dependent interactions between the radiation and snow grains, and requires inputs of the incoming solar radiation spectrum and the vertical snow density and grain-size. The vertical radiation-flux profile was computed using a two-stream radiation approximation where the absorption and reflection coefficients are related to the surface albedo, solar spectrum, grain-size and number of grains per unit volume. In general, snow before the onset of melt attenuates solar radiation more than coarser-grained snow that has been exposed to melting conditions. Quantum-meter measurements of PAR before and during melt can be explained by model outputs using both constant and variable extinction coefficients. Spectroradiometer measurements at fixed depth levels showed, in addition, that impurities in the snow reduce its transparency and therefore have the opposite effect to aging.