bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Starch Modifications and Hydrocolloids on Freezable Water in Cassava Starch Systems
Authors: Tran Thierry , Thitipraphunkul Kittiwut , Piyachomkwan Kuakoon , Sriroth Klanarong 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe effect of starch chemical modifications and hydrocolloids on the proportion of freezable water in starch gels at various moisture contents was studied. The proportion of freezable water increased with moisture content, from less than 6.1% to 84.9% (w/w) of the water fraction between 30% and 70% moisture content (wet weight basis, wwb). A transition between limited and excess water conditions was identified in the range 30‐40% moisture content (wwb), whereby the proportion of freezable water markedly increased from 6.1% to 40.4% (w/w) of the water fraction, in the case of the non‐modified starch control. At 30 and 40% moisture content (wwb), gels made of acetylated starch and hydroxypropylated starch had a significantly lower amount of freezable water than the control, in particular at 40% moisture content (wwb) the amount of freezable water was reduced from 40.4% to 15.3‐25.7% (w/w) of the water fraction. In systems with 50% moisture content (wwb) or higher, modified starches did not show a significant reduction in freezable water compared to the control. Two hydrocolloids, xanthan and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) used in a 40% moisture content (wwb) starch system significantly reduced freezable water from 40.4% to 23.9‐24.1% of the water fraction (w/w), at a hydrocolloid: starch ratio of 1:14 (w/w). The linear decrease in the freezable water proportion with xanthan and CMC concentration pointed to the absence of interactions between the starch and hydrocolloid fractions. Therefore, combinations of hydroxypropylated or acetylated starches and xanthan or CMC may be used to control freezable water, particularly in frozen food products with moisture contents around 40% (wwb).
Receptor‐activity modifying protein 1 expression is increased in the striatum following repeated L‐DOPA administration in a 6‐hydroxydopamine lesioned rat model of Parkinson's disease
Authors: Lee Joohyung , Gomez‐Ramirez Jordi , Johnston Tom H. , Visanji Naomi , Brotchie Jonathan M. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractAbnormalities in signaling by G‐protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) within the striatum are involved in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) and L‐DOPA induced dyskinesia (LID). Receptor activity modifying proteins (RAMPs) are single transmembrane accessory proteins crucial for both trafficking and defining the phenotype of GPCRs. In the CNS, RAMP1 mRNA is predominantly expressed in striatum, cortex, and olfactory tubercles. In the present study, expression of RAMP1 mRNA is increased in the striatum (68–77%), following repeated L‐DOPA administration, in the 6‐hydroxydopamine‐lesioned rat. These data are the first to describe regulation of RAMP1 expression in the CNS and suggest that changes in RAMP1 activity are involved in the pathophysiology of LID. Synapse 62:310–313, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role for the skeletal muscle action potential in non‐Hebbian long‐term depression at the amphibian (Bufo marinus) neuromuscular junction
Authors: Etherington Sarah Jane , Everett Alan William 
Published: February 2008

AbstractRetrograde signaling from skeletal muscle cells to motor nerve terminals is a recognized mechanism for modulating the strength of neuromuscular transmission. We recently described a form of long‐term depression of transmitter release at the mature neuromuscular junction that is dependent on the production of nitric oxide, most likely by the muscle cell (Etherington and Everett 2004 J Physiol (Lond) 559:507–517). We now show that the depression is blocked by treating neuromuscular preparations with μ‐conotoxin G111A, an antagonist of skeletal muscle voltage gated sodium channels, indicating that the depression requires postsynaptic action potential firing. Experiments on dually‐innervated sartorius muscles revealed that propagation of action potentials generated by low‐frequency stimulation of one nerve branch gives rise to nitric‐oxide mediated depression at unstimulated nerve terminals located many millimetres away on the same muscle fiber. The non‐Hebbian pattern of expression of the depression, as well as its reliance on postsynaptic action potential firing, distinguish it from forms of synaptic depression described at immature neuromuscular synapses and may provide a mechanism for coregulation of the strength of motoneurons innervating the same postsynaptic cell. Synapse 62:291–301, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Application of DNA diffusion assay in earthworm coelomocytes
Authors: Apte A. A. , Manerikar R. S. , Ghole V. S. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractWe have applied the DNA diffusion assay proposed by Singh (2000) Exp Cell Res 256:328–337, for quantitative estimation of apoptosis in earthworm coelomocytes, exposed to Chromium (VI) and cypermethrin as model toxicants in vitro. The DNA diffusion assay was originally described for mammalian cells. H2O2, Sodium ascorbate, and hyperthermia were used as positive controls in present study. Apoptosis such as DNA diffusion occurred in dose‐dependent manner for Chromium (VI) and cypermethrin at very low concentration (1, 3, and 10 ppm for Chromium (VI) and 4, 8, and 16 ppm for cypermethrin). Three distinct patterns (apoptosis like DNA diffusion, necrosis, and normal) were observed in exposed and nonexposed cells. Present study is probably the first report of application of the DNA diffusion technique in earthworm coelomocytes. Findings of this study indicate that this assay has potential for use in invertebrate cells to differentiate between apoptosis and necrosis. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2008.
Toxicity of microcystin‐LR, a cyanobacterial toxin, to multiple life stages of the burrowing mayfly, Hexagenia, and possible implications for recruitment
Authors: Smith Juliette L. , Boyer Gregory L. , Mills Edward , Schulz Kimberly L. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractBurrowing mayflies, genus Hexagenia, were extirpated from the major water bodies of North America in the early 1950s, paralleling an increase in eutrophication and organic pollution, and a decrease in dissolved oxygen concentrations. Burrowing mayflies recolonized the western basin of Lake Erie, but remain absent in other former habitats such as Oneida Lake, New York. Eutrophication is commonly associated with a shift in the phytoplankton community toward dominance by cyanobacteria, and therefore, one class of cyanobacterial toxins, microcystins, were investigated as a contributing factor to Hexagenia's eradication or as an impediment to recolonization. Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine if microcystin‐LR (MC‐LR) produced negative effects on Hexagenia at three points within its life cycle: egg, hatchling nymph (<24‐h old, <1 mm total length), and pre‐emergence nymph (>17 mm). Treatment concentrations ranged from the guideline set by the World Health Organization for drinking water (0.001 μg mL−1) to 0.1 μg mL−1 for the egg experiment and 10 μg mL−1 for the nymph trials. Eggs showed a delay in hatching and an altered distribution of hatching over the study period when submerged in 0.1 μg mL−1 MC‐LR (an elevated concentration representative of bloom scum). The 72‐h (1.1 μg mL−1) and 96‐h (0.049 μg mL−1) LC50 values for hatchling nymphs exceeded typical bloom concentrations of North American lakes, (0.01 μg mL−1). Large nymphs were more tolerant of the toxin, as indicated by 100% survival over seven days exposure to 10 μg mL−1, suggesting older larvae can withstand brief encounters with high microcystin levels for at least short periods of time. The sensitivity of young nymphs and eggs to MC‐LR may have implications for the recruitment of the genus in water bodies with persistent summer cyanobacterial blooms. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2008.
Atomlagenabscheidung als Werkzeug für die Nanotechnologie
Authors: Albert Matthias , Bartha Johann Wolfgang 
Published: February 2008

AbstractDer charakteristische selbst begrenzende Wachstumsmechanismus der Atomlagenabscheidung (ALD) ermöglicht die Kontrolle der Schichtdicken im atomaren Bereich und erlaubt Beschichtungen komplexer Oberflächen. Diese Eigenschaft macht die ALD zu einer vielversprechenden Technik für die zukünftige Mikro ‐ und Nanotechnologie. Der Schlüssel für die ALD ist die Precursorchemie.
Kondensation: Ein unterschätzter Aspekt der Kurzwegdestillation
Authors: Schardt Stefan 
Published: February 2008

AbstractDie Kurzwegdestillation hat sich seit Jahren sowohl im Labor als auch in der Technik einen festen Platz unter den etablierten thermischen Trennmethoden erobert. Wenn unter schonenden Bedingungen Substanzgemische mit bei Zimmertemperatur geringen Dampfdrücken destillativ aufgetrennt werden sollen, kann die Kurzwegdestillation häufig als wirtschaftliches und zuverlässiges Verfahren erfolgreich eingesetzt werden.Der nachfolgende Artikel gibt einen Überblick über die Grundlagen der Kurzwegdestillation sowie die Beschreibung eines neuentwickelten Verfahrens zur Erzielung höherer Rückstands‐Reinheiten, das als Waschkondensation bezeichnet wird.
Vakuum‐Lineardurchführungen mit Magnetflüssigkeitsdichtungen
Authors: Ochoński Wlodzimierz 
Published: February 2008

AbstractDie Arbeitsbedingungen der Magnetflüssigkeitsdichtungen sind bei der linearen Bewegung anders als bei der Drehbewegung. Daher ist der Anwendung der für die Drehbewegung typischen Dichtungen auch bei der hin‐ und hergehenden Bewegung nicht effektiv. Die Analyse des Dichtheitmechanismus der Magnetflüssigkeitsdichtungen bei der linearen Bewegung weist darauf hin, dass die Effektivität dieser Dichtungen bedeutend durch die Deformation und Übertragung der Magnetflüssigkeit im Dichtspalt beeinflusst wird, was von der Geschwindigkeit der Verschiebung der Stange abhängt. Wie die Untersuchungen bewiesen, ist die Deformation und Verminderung der Menge der Magnetflüssigkeit im Spalt infolge deren Anhaften an die Stangenfläche die Hauptursache des Dichtheitsverlustes dieser Dichtungen.Zwecks Erhöhung der Wirkungseffektivität der oben beschriebenen Dichtungen werden Konstruktionslösungen angewendet, die die Übertragung der Magnetflüssigkeit im Dichtspalt bei der hin‐ und hergehenden Bewegung der Stange einschränken.Lineardurchführungen mit Magnetflüssigkeitsdichtungen gewährleisten die höchste Reinheit im Vakuum bei geringen Geschwindigkeiten der Verschiebung (bis 1 m/s). Das Dichtelement ist eine magnetisierbare Flüssigkeit, die mit einem Magnetfeld an der Dichtstelle gehalten wird.Diese Lineardurchführungen besitzen gegenüber konventionellen Dichtungsausführungen einzigartige Vorteile:— hermetische Dichtheit,— partikelfreier Betrieb, was in Vakuumprozessen höchste Reinheit sicherstellt,— keinerlei Haftreibung,— hohe Zuverlässigkeit und lange Lebensdauer.
Comparative analysis of knowledge gain between interpretive and fact‐only presentations at an animal training session: an exploratory study
Authors: Visscher Nick C. , Snider Richard , Vander Stoep Gail 
Published: February 2008

AbstractZoos and aquariums have recognized the importance of integrating living collections with personally delivered interpretation. One way for zoos to accomplish this is by conducting public animal training sessions accompanied by personal interpretation. Many institutions offer these types of interactions, but the term “interpretation” is used loosely and without clear definition. This exploratory study compared knowledge gain of individual students in three different fifth grade school groups visiting the Potter Park Zoo in Lansing, Michigan. Each group observed an animal training session, with two groups receiving two types of presentations and one group serving as a control group. Although hearing the same facts, the two treatment groups received different program types: an interpretive presentation and a fact‐only presentation. The third group viewed the training session but received no presentation. Results showed that individuals who received the interpretive presentation retained more information immediately after the training session than individuals in either of the other two groups. This exploratory study suggests that using an interpretive presentation style is more effective in producing knowledge gain than fact‐only presentations in informal learning environments such as zoos and aquariums. Zoo Biol 28:488–495, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Effect of Surgical Subspecialization on Outcomes in Peptic Ulcer Disease Complicated by Perforation and Bleeding
Authors: Robson Andrew J. , Richards Jennifer M. J. , Ohly Nicholas , Nixon Stephen J. , Paterson‐Brown Simon 
Published: February 2008

AbstractBackgroundEmergency surgical services in Edinburgh were restructured in July 2002 to deliver subspecialist management of colorectal and upper‐gastrointestinal emergencies on separate sites. The effect of emergency subspecialization on outcome from perforated and bleeding peptic ulceration was assessed.MethodsAll patients admitted with complicated peptic ulceration (January 2000–February 2005) were identified from a prospectively compiled database.ResultsPerforation: 148 patients were admitted with perforation before the service reorganization (period A – 31 months) of whom 126 (85.1%) underwent surgery; 135 patients were admitted in period B (31 months) of whom 114 (84.4%) were managed operatively. The in‐hospital mortality was lower in period B (14/135, 10.4%) than period A (30/148, 20.3%; P = 0.023; relative risk (RR), 0.51; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.28–0.91). There was a significantly higher rate of gastric resection in the second half of the study (period A 1/126 vs. period B 8/114; P = 0.015; RR, 8.84; 95% CI, 1.48–54.34). Length of hospital stay was similar for both groups. Bleeding: 51 patients underwent operative management of bleeding peptic ulceration in period A and 51 in period B. There were no differences in length of stay or mortality between these two groups.ConclusionRestructuring of surgical services with emergency subspecialization was associated with lower mortality for perforated peptic ulceration. Subspecialist experience, intraoperative decision‐making, and improved postoperative care have all contributed to this improvement.
Oughts and ends
Authors: Finlay Stephen 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThis paper advances a reductive semantics for ‘ought’ and a naturalistic theory of normativity. It gives a unified analysis of predictive, instrumental, and categorical uses of ‘ought’: the predictive ‘ought’ is basic, and is interpreted in terms of probability. Instrumental ‘oughts’ are analyzed as predictive ‘oughts’ occurring under an ‘in order that’ modifer (the end-relational theory). The theory is then extended to categorical uses of ‘ought’: it is argued that they are special rhetorical uses of the instrumental ‘ought’. Plausible conversational principles explain how this end-relational ‘ought’ can perform the expressive functions of the moral ‘ought’. The notion of an ‘ought-simpliciter’ is also discussed.
Acoustic and disturbance energy analysis of a flow with heat communication
Authors: KARIMI NADER , BREAR MICHAEL J. , MOASE WILLIAM H. 
Published: February 2008

This paper presents a comparative analysis of the budgets of acoustic energy and Myers' second-order ‘disturbance energy’ in a simple inhomogeneous flow with heat communication. The flow considered is non-diffusive and one-dimensional, with excitation by downstream-travelling acoustic and entropic disturbances. Two forms of heat communication are examined: a case with only steady heat communication and another in which unsteady heat addition cancels the generation of entropy disturbances throughout the inhomogeneous region.It is shown that significant entropic disturbances are usually generated at low frequency when a flow with steady heat communication is excited either acoustically or entropically. However, for acoustic excitation and regardless of the form of heat communication, entropic disturbances are not created at high frequency, inferring that all source terms create mainly sound in this limit. A general method is therefore proposed for determining an approximate frequency beyond which the generation of entropy disturbances can be ignored, and the disturbance energy flux then approximates the acoustic energy flux. This frequency is shown to depend strongly on the problem under investigation, which is expected to have practical significance when studying sound generation and propagation in combusting flows in particular. Further, sound is shown to be generated by fluid motion experiencing only steady heat communication, which is consistent with the known mechanism of sound generation by the acceleration of density disturbances.
Collective diffusion in sheared colloidal suspensions
Authors: LESHANSKY ALEXANDER M. , MORRIS JEFFREY F. , BRADY JOHN F. 
Published: February 2008

Collective diffusivity in a suspension of rigid particles in steady linear viscous flows is evaluated by investigating the dynamics of the time correlation of long-wavelength density fluctuations. In the absence of hydrodynamic interactions between suspended particles in a dilute suspension of identical hard spheres, closed-form asymptotic expressions for the collective diffusivity are derived in the limits of low and high Péclet numbers, where the Péclet number ${\it Pe}\,{=}\,\gamdot a^2/D_0$ with $\gamdot$ being the shear rate and D0 = kBT/6πη a is the Stokes–Einstein diffusion coefficient of an isolated sphere of radius a in a fluid of viscosity η. The effect of hydrodynamic interactions is studied in the analytically tractable case of weakly sheared (Pe ≪ 1) suspensions.For strongly sheared suspensions, i.e. at high Pe, in the absence of hydrodynamics the collective diffusivity Dc = 6 Ds∞, where Ds∞ is the long-time self-diffusivity and both scale as $\phi \gamdot a^2$, where φ is the particle volume fraction. For weakly sheared suspensions it is shown that the leading dependence of collective diffusivity on the imposed flow is proportional to D0 φPeÊ, where Ê is the rate-of-strain tensor scaled by $\gamdot$, regardless of whether particles interact hydrodynamically. When hydrodynamic interactions are considered, however, correlations of hydrodynamic velocity fluctuations yield a weakly singular logarithmic dependence of the cross-gradient-diffusivity on k at leading order as ak → 0 with k being the wavenumber of the density fluctuation. The diagonal components of the collective diffusivity tensor, both with and without hydrodynamic interactions, are of O(φPe2), quadratic in the imposed flow, and finite at k = 0.At moderate particle volume fractions, 0.10 ≤ φ ≤ 0.35, Brownian Dynamics (BD) numerical simulations in which there are no hydrodynamic interactions are performed and the transverse collective diffusivity in simple shear flow is determined via time evolution of the dynamic structure factor. The BD simulation results compare well with the derived asymptotic estimates. A comparison of the high-Pe BD simulation results with available experimental data on collective diffusivity in non-Brownian sheared suspensions shows a good qualitative agreement, though hydrodynamic interactions prove to be important at moderate concentrations.
Accountability in Hostile Times: the Case of the Peruvian Human Rights Ombudsman 1996–2001
Authors: PEGRAM THOMAS 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThis article examines the record of the Peruvian human rights ombudsman between 1996 and 2001, seeking to explain its relative effectiveness under conditions of semi-authoritarian government. It suggests that this can be attributed to three factors: (1) the robustness of the institution's foundations; (2) the capacity of the first appointee and personnel, and; (3) the ability of the institution to build alliances which were able to enhance accountability. Drawing on O'Donnell's theory of a new generation of horizontal accountability mechanisms – that is, appointed, as opposed to elected, institutions – it argues that the human rights ombudsman occupied a distinct position in the Peruvian political system during this period that allowed it to interconnect different actors and arenas of accountability.
Radiation forces between dust grains in a plasma
Authors: MENDONÇA J. T. , STENFLO L. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractIn this work we show that a repulsive force between nearby dust grains in a plasma can exist, due to scattering of the incident radiation. Two types of forces are discussed, one of them being formally identical to electrostatic repulsion. This leads to the definition of an effective dust charge of the dust grain, which only depends on the scattering process. Our discussion shows that such a repulsive interaction occurs in quite general physical conditions.
New taxa of foliicolous lichens from eastern India
Authors: SINGH Krishna Pal , PINOKIYO Athokpam 
Published: February 2008

Abstract:Two new species, Mazosia lueckingii Kr. P. Singh & Pinokiyo and Sporopodium awasthianum Kr. P. Singh & Pinokiyo and a new variety, Aspidothelium scutellicarpum R. Lücking var. indicum Kr. P. Singh & Pinokiyo, are described.
Diversity and distribution of lichens in relation to altitude within a protected biodiversity hot spot, north-east India
Authors: PINOKIYO Athokpam , SINGH Krishna Pal , SINGH Jamuna Sharan 
Published: February 2008

Abstract:A study of the diversity and distribution of lichens at 10 sites within the Mehao Wildlife Sanctuary in Arunachal Pradesh, India, revealed 177 species, belonging to 71 genera and 35 families. The Sanctuary exhibited almost all the habit and habitat groups of lichens within its climatically heterogenous and altitudinally (400–2700 m) varied landscape. Among the different habitat groups, obligately corticolous lichens were dominant (133 species), followed by facultatively corticolous lichens (occurring on both rock and bark; 25 species), saxicolous lichens (17 species) and terricolous lichens (2 species). The corticolous habitat group was dominated by crustose species while saxicolous and terricolous groups were made up of mostly fruticose species. A substantial number of species (77) occurred at single sites only, and each of the 10 sites supported a distinct lichen assemblage. Altitude and humidity were the putative key factors controlling the diversity and distribution of lichens within the Sanctuary. The mid altitude range 1400–1600 m had the greatest lichen diversity, which showed a unimodal pattern in relation to altitude.