bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Edgar Allan Poe
Authors: Maudsley Henry 
Published: August 2008

“Given a force acted upon by certain other forces, and the result is as good as mathematically sure. Men, like trees, grow according to their nature and their circumstances …. Freewill is only force, and all force is determined, first automatically, that is by its own law or nature, and action of other forces.”—Infanti Perduti, Edinburgh Essays.“All force in action is what we call free, but all force must be determined to action which is what we call necessity-A man does not stand distinct from nature but in it: the forcewhich his will represents comes not entirely from without, nor is it generated Solelywithin; it is the result of the action of a certain organization upon outer forces, a development of force into a higher manifestation according to fundamental laws of the universe.”
Organ Inferiority and its Psychical Compensation. (Summary of Adler's Monographic Study.) (The State Hosp. Quart., November, 1920.) Haviland, H. C.
Authors: Erskine W. J. A. 
Published: August 2008

The essentials of an education are: (1) a knowledge of actual life; (2) a definite impelling interest in some phase of life; (3) the recognition from actual experience of one's own capacity and limitations of adjustment; (4) the acquirement of the emotional attitudes and habits necessary for perceiving and adapting to reality. These ensure against nervous breakdown, but are not synonymous with modern education, which views the problems of man as he was or may become, not his reactions as he is. Life is a process of slow adjustment, and must be accepted as it is. If elemental biological facts are not faced squarely serious personal difficulty arises. Conflict to the point of mental depression can be so met as to preserve sound personal judgment on public questions. Individual conscious processes are not so essential to adjustment as is believed: decision is made from well grounded feeling, often not from reason which can be logically detailed. An outstanding example is Abraham Lincoln, whom science cannot explain by his heredity or early experiences. Successful life implies consciousness of the reality of environment, and avoids the visions of intemperate idealism. The student is not taught to know himself, to estimate the present, and to intelligently adjust to immediate circumstances. Hence the many graduates of highest distinction who are subsequently failures, being finally seen in hospitals, reformatories, prisons or asylums. The numbers in insane institutions are more than those in colleges or universities.Organ Inferiority and its Psychical Compensation. (Summary of Adler's Monographic Study.) (The State Hosp. Quart., November, 1920.) Haviland, H. C.
Suggestions towards an Uniform System of Asylum Statistics (with Tabular Forms)
Authors: Robertson C. Lockhart 
Published: August 2008

The Sixteenth rule of our Association as amended at the Annual Meeting in July 1855, is to the following effect:—“That to insure a correct comparison of the results of treatment in the several institutions, it is strongly recommended to those Members who have the superintendence of public asylums to keep registers of the cases admitted, according to the form agreed on, at a meeting of the Association held at Lancaster in 1842; and to append to their respective annual reports, tabular statements on, as far as possible, a like uniform plan.”
Some Observations on the Types of Blood-Sugar Curve found in Different Forms of Insanity
Authors: Drury K. K. , Farran-Ridge C. 
Published: August 2008

The object of our investigations has been to find out if carbohydrate metabolism is disordered in the different forms of insanity.To this end we have determined the sugar tolerance of 100 insane patients by observing the variations in the blood-sugar content after the ingestion of a known amount of glucose.
The Phosphorus and Calcium Content of the Blood-plasma and Cerebro-spinal Fluid in the Psychoses
Authors: Scholberg H. A. , Goodall Edwin 
Published: August 2008

This work was carried out mainly with financial assistance from the Medical Research Council, to whom the results have been com municated, and to whom our thanks are due.Having regard to the paucity of information on the subject of the phosphorus and calcium-content of blood and cerebro-spinal fluid in the psychoses, and to the consideration that at this mental hospital a research laboratory in chemistry is available, it seemed desirable to investigate these matters.
Psychiatry and the Report of the Royal Commission
Authors: Langdon-Down R. 
Published: August 2008

The Royal Commission on Lunacy and Mental Disorder was set up in July, 1924, to inquire into a matter of urgent public importance, that is to say:
(1)The existing law and administrative machinery in England and Wales in connection with the certification, detention and care of persons who are, or who are alleged to be, of unsound mind.(2)The extent to which provision is or should be made in England and Wales for the treatment without certification of persons suffering from mental disorder and to make recom mendations.
The Bacterial Digestion of Tyrosine, Tryptophane and Histidine in Mental Disease
Authors: Stewart F. H. 
Published: August 2008

It has often been suggested that functional diseases of the nervous system are caused by intestinal toxæmia, and this suggestion has been revived by certain recent work.Buscaino (1923–26)has described lesions of the small intestine in mental patients which result in undue permeability of its walls. He also describes a toxic substance in the urine in acute confusional and alcoholic insanity and in dementia præcox. This substance is brought down as a black precipitate by silver nitrate in the cold. The liver is deranged in these cases, and decarboxylates amino-acids presented to it instead of deaminizing them.
The Sedimentation Velocity of Erythrocytes in the Psychoses: a Study of Seventy-Three Cases
Authors: Anderson E. W. 
Published: August 2008

At the outset it may be desirable to give a brief outline of the phenomena upon which this work is based.A complete historical survey takes us back to very early times, to the days of Hippocrates and in more recent times to the humoral pathologists, when the formation of the “crust phiogistica” or “buffy coat” was practically the only blood symptom known. Until the old humoral theories were discarded, that is until the rise of the doctrines of cellular pathology, the problem loomed large, but after this period interest in it declined, until the whole matter was revived about ten years ago by R. Fahraeus, of Stockholm, who published a series of researches into what he termed the “suspension stability” of the blood. By this term is meant the
power which the plasma has of holding the erythrocytes in suspension. When the stability is lowered, the corpuscles sink with increased rapidity. This author found that a lowered suspension stability occurred in a large number of morbid conditions, and also in one physiological condition, namely pregnancy. Since the publication of this work the phenomenon in question has been made the basis of a test which has found considerable application in certain departments of medicine, notably in gynæcology and tuberculosis.
The Tenth Maudsley Lecture: The Psychiatric Use of the Methods and Results of Experimental Psychology
Authors: Spearman Charles E. 
Published: August 2008

The Main Problem.The subject to be treated by me on this occasion may perhaps seem to some people almost presumptuous. For psychology is not without severe critics. I can hear one of these saying that, before it takes upon itself to teach others, it would do well to put its own house in order. Is it not, by general admission, passing through a “crisis”? Have not half-a-dozen theories arisen, each of which claims to be the “new” psychology, whereby all the older views are now to be finally superseded?
Histamine and Insulin in the Treatment of Schizophrenia and Other Mental Diseases
Authors: Hill Horace 
Published: August 2008

Early Work.About twelve years ago, apart from mental work, I had occasion to use insulin to some considerable extent for the treatment of diabetes and the preparation of diabetic cases for operation, and acquaintance was thus made with hypoglycæmic shock. Most of us have had that experience. Insulin has been tried more recently in a large field, being used as a remedy in conditions of all sorts, even as a dressing for septic ulcers. But the writer's scope has been more confined, the extent being limited to mental cases.
Social Values in Mental Hospital Practice
Authors: Kimber W. J. T. 
Published: August 2008

The opportunity I have of speaking to you is for me both a pleasure and a privilege, but it is also, I fully appreciate, a responsibility.The field of psychiatry to-day is not unfruitful and not a few discoveries of lasting worth appear to have been made, while certainly claims to progress of more doubtful value, both as regards letiology and even more with regard to treatment, are so numerous as to be rather bewildering, particularly when they become the subject of articles in the popular press, whereby relatives are enabled to make a diagnosis and decide on a line of treatment without any reference to the medical man.
Chemotherapy in Addition to Supportive Care Improves Survival in Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Individual Patient Data From 16 Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors:   NSCLC Meta-Analyses Collaborative Group
Published: August 2008

Purpose Since our individual patient data (IPD) meta-analysis (MA) of supportive care and chemotherapy for non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), published in 1995, many trials have been completed. An updated, IPD MA has been carried out to assess newer regimens and determine conclusively the effect of chemotherapy. Methods Systematic searches for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were undertaken, followed by central collection, checking, and reanalysis of updated IPD. Results from RCTs were combined to calculate individual and pooled hazard ratios (HRs). Results Data were obtained from 2,714 patients from 16 RCTs. There were 1,293 deaths among 1,399 patients assigned supportive care and chemotherapy and 1,240 among 1,315 assigned supportive care alone. Results showed a significant benefit of chemotherapy (HR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.71 to 0.83; P ≤ .0001), equivalent to a relative increase in survival of 23% or an absolute improvement in survival of 9% at 12 months, increasing survival from 20% to 29%. There was no clear evidence that this effect was influenced by the drugs used (P = .63) or whether they were used as single agents or in combination (P = .40). Despite changes in patient demographics, the effect of chemotherapy in recent trials did not differ from those included previously (P = .77). There was no clear evidence of a difference or trend in the relative effect of chemotherapy across patient subgroups. Conclusion This MA of chemotherapy in the supportive care setting demonstrates conclusively that chemotherapy improves overall survival in all patients with advanced NSCLC. Therefore, all patients who are fit enough and wish to receive chemotherapy should do so.
Prowling wolves in sheep's clothing: the search for tumor stem cells
Authors: Alkatout Ibrahim , Kabelitz Dieter , Kalthoff Holger , Tiwari Sanjay 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
The importance of a subset of cells which have ‘stem like’ characteristics and are capable of tumor initiation has been reported for a range of tumors. Isolation of these tumor-initiating cells (TICs) has largely been based on differential cell surface protein expression. However, there is still much debate on the functional significance of these markers in initiating tumors, as many properties of tumor initiation are modified by cell-cell interactions. In particular, the relationship between TICs and their microenvironment is poorly understood but has therapeutic implications, as the microenvironment can maintain tumor cells in a prolonged period of quiescence. However, a major limitation in advancing our understanding of the crosstalk between TICs and their microenvironment is the lack of sensitive techniques which allow the in vivo tracking and monitoring of TICs. Application of new in vivo cellular and molecular imaging technologies holds much promise in uncovering the mysteries of TIC behavior at the three-dimensional level. This review will describe recent advances in our understanding of the TIC concept and how the application of in vivo imaging techniques can advance our understanding of the biological fate of TICs. A supplementary resource guide describing TICs from different malignancies is also presented.
Epigallocatechin gallate inhibits endothelial exocytosis
Authors: Yamakuchi Munekazu , Bao Clare , Ferlito Marcella , Lowenstein Charles J. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Consumption of green tea is associated with a decrease in cardiovascular mortality. The beneficial health effects of green tea are attributed in part to polyphenols, organic compounds found in tea that lower blood pressure, reduce body fat, decrease LDL cholesterol, and inhibit inflammation. We hypothesized that epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), the most abundant polyphenol in tea, inhibits endothelial exocytosis, the initial step in leukocyte trafficking and vascular inflammation. To test this hypothesis, we treated human umbilical-vein endothelial cells with EGCG and other polyphenols, and then measured endothelial exocytosis. We found that EGCG decreases endothelial exocytosis in a concentration-dependent manner, with the effects most prominent after 4 h of treatment. Other catechin polyphenols had no effect on endothelial cells. By inhibiting endothelial exocytosis, EGCG decreases leukocyte adherence to endothelial cells. In searching for the mechanism by which EGCG affects endothelial cells, we found that EGCG increases Akt phosphorylation, eNOS phosphorylation, and nitric oxide (NO) production. NOS inhibition revealed that NO mediates the anti-inflammatory effects of EGCG. Our data suggest that polyphenols can decrease vascular inflammation by increasing the synthesis of NO, which blocks endothelial exocytosis.
Dimerization of endogenous MT1-MMP is a regulatory step in the activation of the 72-kDa gelatinase MMP-2 on fibroblasts and fibrosarcoma cells
Authors: Ingvarsen Signe , Madsen Daniel H. , Hillig Thore , Lund Leif R. , Holmbeck Kenn , Behrendt Niels , Engelholm Lars H. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
The secreted gelatinase matrix metalloprotease-2 (MMP-2) and the membrane-anchored matrix metalloprotease MT1-MMP (MMP-14), are central players in pericellular proteolysis in extracellular matrix degradation. In addition to possessing a direct collagenolytic and gelatinolytic activity, these enzymes take part in a cascade pathway in which MT1-MMP activates the MMP-2 proenzyme. This reaction occurs in an interplay with the matrix metalloprotease inhibitor, TIMP-2, and the proposed mechanism involves two molecules of MT1-MMP in complex with one TIMP-2 molecule. We provide positive evidence that proMMP-2 activation is governed by dimerization of MT1-MMP on the surface of fibroblasts and fibrosarcoma cells. Even in the absence of transfection and overexpression, dimerization of MT1-MMP markedly stimulated the formation of active MMP-2 products. The effect demonstrated here was brought about by a monoclonal antibody that binds specifically to MT1-MMP as shown by immunofluorescence experiments. The antibody has no effect on the catalytic activity. The effect on proMMP-2 activation involves MT1-MMP dimerization because it requires the divalent monoclonal antibody, with no effect obtained with monovalent Fab fragments. Since only a negligible level of proMMP-2 activation was obtained with MT1-MMP-expressing cells in the absence of dimerization, our results identify the dimerization event as a critical level of proteolytic cascade regulation.
Oct4 expression revisited: potential pitfalls for data misinterpretation in stem cell research
Authors: Liedtke Stefanie , Stephan Milaid , Kögler Gesine 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
The octamer-binding transcription factor 4 gene encodes a nuclear protein (Oct4, also known as Pou5F1 and Oct3/4) that belongs to a family of transcription factors containing the POU DNA-binding domain. Expression can be detected in embryonic stem cells as well as in adult stem cells, such as bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Expression of Oct4 is downregulated coincident with stem cell differentiation and loss of expression leading to differentiation. A role for maintaining pluripotency and self-renewal of embryonic stem cells is ascribed to Oct4 as a pluripotency marker. Results describing Oct4 expression in differentiated cells, including peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), neonatal and adult stem cells, as well as cancer cells, must be interpreted with caution. In several publications, Oct4 has been ascribed a function in maintaining self-renewal of adult stem cells. In contrast, other publications reported Oct4 expression in human tumor cells. Here, we summarize the recent findings on Oct4 expression and present possibilities and reasons why several false positive results on Oct4 expression still occur in the recent literature. Also, simple solutions are provided to avoid these positive signals.
Solution structure of Phl p 3, a major allergen from timothy grass pollen
Authors: Schweimer Kristian , Petersen Arnd , Suck Roland , Becker Wolf-Meinhard , Rösch Paul , Matecko Irena 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
The major 97-aa timothy grass (Phleum pratense) allergen Phl p 3 was recently isolated from an extract of timothy grass pollen. Sequence comparison classifies this protein as a group 3 allergen. The solution structure of Phl p 3 as determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy reveals that the protein consists of a core of hydrophobic amino-acid side chains from two β-sheets of five and four anti-parallel β-strands, respectively. This conformation is very similar to the crystal structure published for Phl p 2 and strongly resembles the known conformation of the carboxy-terminal domain of Phl p 1, the major difference being the loop orientations. Phl p 2 and Phl p 3 show virtually identical immunoreactivity, and comparison of the charged surface amino acids of the two proteins gives initial clues as to the IgE recognition epitopes of these proteins.
Generation of transducible versions of transcription factors Oct4 and Sox2
Authors: Bosnali Manal , Edenhofer Frank 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
The transcription factors Oct4 and Sox2 are two of the main regulators of pluripotency in embryonic stem cells. Since the importance of non-genetic modification is continually increasing, particularly for therapeutic application of manipulated cells, the aim of the present study was to generate cell-permeant Oct4 and Sox2 proteins for the direct cellular delivery of active proteins. Protein transduction allowing cellular manipulation to circumvent genetic modification of target cells has recently been developed. We present a new expression vector system, pSESAME, that facilitates the generation of transducible proteins. Using pSESAME, both Oct4 and Sox2 were genetically fused with a TAT protein transduction domain that promotes cellular penetration. The recombinant purified Oct4 and Sox2 fusion proteins display DNA-binding properties comparable to their endogenous counterparts, and exhibit cellular entry and the ability to modulate the transcriptional machinery maintaining pluripotency of mouse embryonic stem cells. In a rescue assay we demonstrate that transducible Oct4 and Sox2 fusion proteins can compensate knockdown of Pou5f1 and Sox2, respectively. This study provides powerful tools for the modulation of stem cell properties without genetic interference.
In vitro differentiation of reprogrammed murine somatic cells into hepatic precursor cells
Authors: Cantz Tobias , Bleidißel Martina , Stehling Martin , Schöler Hans R. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Recently, a new approach to reprogram somatic cells into pluripotent stem cells was shown by fusion of somatic cells with embryonic stem (ES) cells, which results in a tetraploid karyotype. Normal hepatocytes are often polyploid, so we decided to investigate the differentiation potential of fusion hybrids into hepatic cells. We chose toxic milk mice (a model of Wilson's disease) and performed initial transplantation experiments using this potential cell therapy approach. Mononuclear bone marrow cells from Rosa26 mice were fused with OG2 (Oct4-GFP transgenic) ES cells. Unfused ES cells were eliminated by selection with G418 for OG2-Rosa26 hybrids and fusion-derived colonies could be subcloned. Using an endodermal differentiation protocol, hepatic precursor cells could be generated. After FACS depletion of contaminating Oct4-GFP-positive cells, the hepatic precursor cells were transplanted into immunosuppressed toxic milk mice by intrasplenic injection. However, five out of eight mice showed teratoma formation within 3–6 weeks after transplantation in the spleen and liver. In conclusion, a hepatic precursor cell type was achieved from mononuclear bone marrow cell-ES cell hybrids and preliminary transplantation experiments confirmed engraftment, but also showed teratoma formation, which needs to be excluded by using more stringent purification strategies.
SERENADE: The Study Evaluating Rimonabant Efficacy in Drug-Naive Diabetic Patients
Authors: Rosenstock Julio , Hollander Priscilla , Chevalier Soazig , Iranmanesh Ali ,   for the SERENADE Study Group
Published: August 2008

OBJECTIVE—The purpose of this study was to assess the glucose-lowering efficacy and safety of rimonabant monotherapy in drug-naive type 2 diabetic patients.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—The Study Evaluating Rimonabant Efficacy in Drug-Naive Diabetic Patients (SERENADE) was a 6-month, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 20 mg/day rimonabant in drug-naive patients with type 2 diabetes (A1C 7–10%). The primary end point was A1C change from baseline; secondary end points included body weight, waist circumference, and lipid profile changes.
RESULTS—A total of 281 patients were randomly assigned; 278 were exposed to treatment, and 236 (84.9%) completed the study. Baseline A1C (7.9%) was reduced by −0.8% with rimonabant versus −0.3% with placebo (Δ A1C −0.51%; P = 0.0002), with a larger rimonabant effect in patients with baseline A1C ≥8.5% (Δ A1C −1.25%; P = 0.0009). Weight loss from baseline was −6.7 kg with rimonabant versus −2.8 kg with placebo (Δ weight −3.8 kg; P &lt; 0.0001). Rimonabant induced improvements from baseline in waist circumference (−6 vs. −2 cm; P &lt; 0.0001), fasting plasma glucose (−0.9 vs. −0.1 mmol/l; P = 0.0012), triglycerides (−16.3 vs. +4.4%; P = 0.0031), and HDL cholesterol (+10.1 vs. +3.2%; P &lt; 0.0001). Adverse events of interest that occurred more frequently with rimonabant versus placebo were dizziness (10.9 vs. 2.1%), nausea (8.7 vs. 3.6%), anxiety (5.8 vs. 3.6%), depressed mood (5.8 vs. 0.7%), and paresthesia (2.9 vs. 1.4%).
CONCLUSIONS—Rimonabant monotherapy resulted in meaningful improvements in glycemic control, body weight, and lipid profile in drug-naive type 2 diabetic patients. Further ongoing studies will better establish the benefit-to-risk profile of rimonabant and define its place in type 2 diabetes management.