bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A longitudinal study of real‐life decision making: Choosing a college
Authors: Galotti Kathleen M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThree hundred and twenty two college‐bound high school students described aspects of their college decision‐making processes. Students listed their criteria as well as the alternatives (i. e., schools) under consideration, rated the importance of each criterion, and rated each alternative with respect to each criterion. They also gave their overall impressions of each alternative. Finally, students rated their comfort with the decision‐making process and, at the conclusion of the study, reported on how many schools they had applied to, had or had not been accepted at, were waiting to hear from, or were waitlisted at. Students consider four or five alternatives, and use eight to ten criteria in evaluating them. These figures do not change appreciably over the course of the process, although only about half the criteria or/and slightly more than half of the schools considered at one time are considered again 6 months later, and there are several changes in the kinds of criteria considered at different points in time. There was a marginally significant trend for higher ability and average ability students to consider more criteria, more distinct types of criteria, and more alternatives than do lower ability students. There were no gender differences in this regard. Gender differences and academic ability group differences were apparent, however, in the types of criteria students reported. Participation in multiple sessions in this study had few reliable effects on decision‐making performance. Students were given a list of 34 standard criteria at each session, and incorporated some of these into their own lists of criteria during subsequent sessions. However, there was no indication that repeated participation led students to adopt a more analytical strategy than they would have otherwise. Data were compared with three linear models of information integration. Models using data with multiple criteria better fit the students' data than did a model using only the most important criterion. Higher ability students were particularly better able to integrate information according to linear models.
Toward the clarification of classroom contexts: Pragmatic aspects of effective instruction
Authors: Turnure James E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractRecent research and theory devoted to developing the socio‐historical context of educational innovation may be enhanced and invigorated by considering some overlooked theoretical precursors in the educational and child development literature. These sources converge on the centrality of communication in clarifying recent advances in both experimental and school‐based research and development. Focusing on student sensitive communication, a basic developmental process called intellectualization is proposed to establish that there are social agent‐intellectual system relations to be investigated just as with the social agent‐personality relations intrinsic in the ubiquitous socialization process. Relevant background literature is identified, and exemplary recent research is noted.
Collaborative dialogue patterns in naturalistic one‐to‐one tutoring
Authors: Graesser Arthur C. , Person Natalie K. , Magliano Joseph P. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractNaturalistic one‐to‐one tutoring is more effective than traditional classroom teaching methods, but there have been few attempts to examine the features of normal tutoring that might explain its advantage. This project explored dialogue patterns in two samples of naturalistic tutoring with normal unskilled tutors (as opposed to expert tutors): graduate students tutoring undergraduates in research methods and high school students tutoring 7th graders in algebra. We analysed the extent to which those tutoring protocols manifested components that have been emphasized in contemporary pedagogical theories and intelligent tutoring systems: active student learning, sophisticated pedagogical strategies, specific examples and cases, collaborative problem solving and question answering, deep explanatory reasoning, convergance toward shared meanings, feedback, error diagnosis and remediation, and affect. The most prominent components consisted of collaborative problem solving, question answering, and explanation in the context of specific examples. We identify frequent dialogue patterns that characterize these collaborative processes.
Intonation and auditory grouping in immediate serial recall
Authors: Frankish Clive 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe concept of auditory buffer storage is supported by evidence from studies of dichotic memory and serial recall tasks. Previously reported studies of modality‐specific grouping effects can also be accommodated within this theoretical framework, with the effects of stimulus grouping attributed to more effective utilization of the buffer. In this study, the representation of structured sequences in the auditory buffer was further explored in five experiments which investigated the extent to which this system can make use of prosodic cues. Experiment 1 demonstrated that the variations in pitch which constitute the intonation pattern of a natural utterance are extremely effective in enhancing memory performance. Experiment 2 demonstrated that the presence of a strong melodic contour is not a sufficient condition for improvement in recall, even when the melodic structure is both familiar and well‐formed. The results of Experiments 3 and 4 suggested that improvements in recall are most likely to occur when abrupt changes in pitch at group boundaries are the most prominent features of the pitch contour. In Experiment 5 the natural pitch contour was simplified to produce a pattern in which the final item in each group was spoken with accented pitch. This structure was found to be as effective as grouping by pauses. These findings are related to perceptual studies of intonation, and implications for theoretical accounts of auditory memory are discussed.
The fate of the unattended stimulus: Irrelevant speech and cognition
Authors: Jones Dylan 
Published: June 2007

AbstractFollowing a tradition established by Broadbent of understanding the fate of the unattended message, the effects of extraneous sound (especially speech) on cognitive processing are reviewed. Speech disturbs the encoding or registration of visual material, particularly in settings in which the sound and vision combine to have the property of a single object. The effect of irrelevant speech on short‐term memory is confined to verbal or spatial tasks that require memory for serial order, and is most pronounced with sounds that exhibit change. This effect is not confined to speech, however, and a range of non‐speech sounds can disrupt serial recall. Studies using complex tasks, though less common, are consistent in showing appreciable interference from irrelevant speech. The effect on reading is qualitatively dissimilar to that found with short‐term memory. Implications for theory and practice are spelled out.
On adaptive control, sleep loss, and fatigue
Authors: Chmiel Nik , Totterdell Peter , Folkard Simon 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper considers the relationship between levels of control and stressors put forward by Broadbent in Decision and Stress. Broadbent speculated that a lower level of control could be maintained in an optimal state by the activity of an upper level such that performance outcomes remained constant. The upper level, however, could become fatigued, allowing any inefficiency of the lower to be reflected in performance. He thought that lower inefficiency was a function of sleep deprivation, among other stressors. To illustrate the ideas put forward by Broadbent, preliminary results from an extended study of the effects of varying amounts of sleep deprivation and length of work day on an adaptive control task are presented, with the aim of exploring the value and limitation of the levels approach. The adaptive control task used is one developed by Broadbent to explore levels of control. The paper considers how levels of control could relate to behavioural outcomes of 'performance level' and 'work rate' under conditions of sleep loss and fatigue, and discusses some of the advantages and disadvantages of so doing. We conclude that the levels of control approach offers a potentially rich interpretive framework for the effects of stressors on performance, but that attempting to relate particular performance indices to particular levels is a less fruitful diagnostic endeavour.
The effect of different forms of advice on the control of a simulated complex system
Authors: Gardner Peter H. , Berry Dianne C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThree experiments examine the effect of different forms of computer‐generated advice on concurrent and subsequent performance of individuals controlling a simulated intensive‐care task. Experiment 1 investigates the effect of optional and compulsory advice and shows that both result in an improvement in subjects' performance while receiving the advice, and also in an improvement in subsequent unaided performance. However, although the advice compliance displayed by the optional advice group shows a strong correlation with subsequent unaided performance, compulsory advice has no extra benefit over the optional use of advice. Experiment 2 examines the effect of providing users with on‐line explanations of the advice, as well as providing less specific advice. The results show that both groups perform at the same level on the task as the advice groups from Experiment 1, although subjects receiving explanations scored significantly higher on a written post‐task questionnaire. Experiment 3 investigates in more detail the relationship between advice compliance and performance. The results reveal a complex relationship between natural ability on the task and the following of advice, in that people who use the advice more tend to perform either better or worse than the more moderate users. The theoretical and practical implications of these experiments are discussed.
A model of medical reception–the planning and control of multiple task work
Authors: Hill Becky , Long John , Smith Walter , Whitefield Andy 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis research follows in the Broadbent tradition of constructing a general theory to solve applied problems. The paper reports part of wider research intended to construct a framework for modelling the planning and control of multiple task work. The function of the framework is to support the solution of design problems associated with the performance of interactive planning and control worksystems. The study reported here used an initial version of the framework, based on a study of secretarial office administration, to construct a model of medical reception work. An observational study collected protocol data concerning a medical reception worksystem, comprising two receptionists and various office devices; its domain of application, comprising doctors, patients, their appointments, medical records etc.; and its performance, comprising the quality of medical reception work and the costs to the receptionists of performing that work. The data were then used in conjunction with the planning and control framework to construct the model of medical reception. The model includes physical and abstract structures and behaviours of the medical reception worksystem, as well as physical and abstract objects of its domain of application. Of particular interest for the solution of design problems is the model's differentiation of plan types into task plans, procedure plans, and activity plans. These plan types were used to extend the framework for the planning and control of multiple task work. The paper concludes with a brief illustration of how the model of medical reception might be used to support the solution of interactive worksystem design problems as they relate to performance. Future work to develop further the framework of planning and control of multiple task work and its application are discussed.
Cognitive failures, focused attention, and categoric search
Authors: Smith Andrew , Chappelow John , Belyavin Andrew 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe aim of the present research was to extend the earlier work of Donald Broadbent on the relationship between cognitive failures scores and the difference between performance of categoric search and focused attention tasks. Results from four experiments, involving over 400 subjects, replicated Broadbent's finding that there was a small negative correlation between level of cognitive failure and the difference in speed of responding in categoric search and focused attention choice reaction time tasks. However, consideration of correlated attributes of cognitive failure showed that this effect could be explained in terms of differences in trait anxiety. It was, however, possible to derive another measure from the tasks, which was correlated with cognitive failure but independent of anxiety. In contrast to the relationship initially described by Broadbent, the correlation between the new measure and cognitive failure proved less reliable, being modified by the different contextual factors in the various experiments.
What goods can self‐assessment questionnaires deliver for cognitive gerontology?
Authors: Rabbitt Patrick , Maylor Elizabeth , McInnes Lynn , Bent Nuala , Moore Belinda 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDonald Broadbent's work in developing and validating his Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ) incidentally contributed to our understanding of what self‐assessment questionnaires (SAQs) can tell us about the nature of cognitive changes that occur in old age, and their effects on people's everyday lives. The literature on use of SAQs in age comparisons is reviewed in the context of this work, as is new empirical evidence that older people complain of general loss of memory efficiency but, paradoxically, report fewer lapses than young adults on the CFQ and other SAQs. These new data provide a basis for discussion of the reliability and consistency of SAQs and of their validity as tools to explore a wide range of changes associated with cognitive ageing: objective changes in cognitive ability and in objective functional competence; changes in people's understanding of their own cognitive processes, in their knowledge of cognitive and mnemonic strategies, and in their abilities to make use of these strategies; the extent to which responses given by older and younger adults reflect emotional and personality variables such as depression, anxiety, neuroticism, extraversion, and perceived locus of control. Self‐reports by elderly adults on the CFQ, and other SAQs, simultaneously provide so many different kinds of information about the changes they experience, and about their attitudes and adaptations to old age, that apparently straightforward analyses give misleading answers. Methodological precautions are suggested for determining which questions can, and are, being asked and which analyses may, and which cannot, answer them.
Cross‐cultural cognition: Developing tests for developing countries
Authors: Baddeley Alan , Gardner Julie Meeks , Grantham‐McGregor Sally 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe problems of adapting measures of cognitive performance to Third World conditions are described, and three novel adaptations are proposed, one based on speed of sentence comprehension, one on vocabulary acquisition, and a third on speed of visual search using pictorial material. These and other existing tests are applied to studying the cognitive performance of Jamaican children as part of an investigation into the effects on cognition of infection by the parasitic worm Trichuris trichiura. We demonstrate that the tests are usable under Third World field conditions, and give reliable results. The validity of our proposed tests is indicated by their capacity to predict scholastic performance. Despite their brevity and avoidance of any demand on literacy, they yielded substantial correlations with the reading, spelling and arithmetic scales of the Wide Range Achievement Test.
Notiz zur Konstitution des Dehydratationsproduktes von Dihydroisophorol
Authors: Alkonyi István 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDurch oxydativen Abbau wird bewiesen, daß der durch Dehydratation des Dihydroisophorols entstehende Kohlenwasserstoff ein Gemisch darstellt, in dem sich das von O. WALLACH als einziges Produkt bezeichnete α‐Cyclogeraniolen nur in untergeordneter Menge befindet.
Reaktionen mit L‐Cystinderivaten, I. Chlorierende Spaltung
Authors: Baganz Horst , Dransch Günter 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDurch chlorierende Spaltung des N.N′‐Dibenzoyl‐cystin‐diäthylesters wird das entsprechende Sulfenylchlorid erhalten, daß sich durch Anlagerung von Äthylen und anschließende Oxydation als β‐Carbäthoxy‐β‐benzoylamino‐β′‐chlor‐diäthylsulfon charakterisieren ließ. Wurde dagegen Cystin‐diäthylester‐hydrochlorid chlorierend gespalten, so entstand in guter Ausbeute L(—)‐α‐Amino‐β‐chlor‐propionsäureester.
Über Wasserstoffbrücken, III. Über die OH‐Banden im IR‐Spektrum von Hydroxy‐naphthochinonen
Authors: Musso Hans , Seeger Ilse 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDie OH‐Valenzschwingungsfrequenz der stark assoziierten Hydroxygruppen in peri‐Hydroxynaphthochinonen liegt zwischen 3000 und 2900/cm. Die breiten OH‐Banden im IR‐Spektrum zeigen in Lösung eine ausgeprägte Feinstruktur und lassen sich beim Deuterieren wie erwartet langwellig verschieben. Voraussetzungen für feste Wasserstoffbrücken werden besprochen.
Über den sterischen Verlauf der Additionen von α‐ und β‐methyl‐ bzw. ‐phenyl‐substituierten Acrylsäuren an Cyclopentadien. Ein Beitrag zur Stereochemie der Dien‐Synthese
Authors: Alder Kurt , Günzl Walter 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBei der Addition von α‐ und β‐methyl‐ bzw. ‐phenyl‐substituierten Acrylsäuren an Cyclopentadien findet man in allen Fällen endo‐ und exo‐Addukte nebeneinander. Die Trennung der Additionsgemische in die isomeren Säuren wird beschrieben und deren Konfiguration auf mehreren Wegen bewiesen.
Über das Verhalten einiger Hydrazone des α‐Chlor‐acetessigesters gegenüber Basen
Authors: Beyer Hans , Badicke Gerd 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDurch Kondensation von α‐Chlor‐acetessigester mit Semicarbazid, Aminoguanidin und Nitroaminoguanidin erhält man das entsprechende Semicarbazon, Guanylhydrazon und Nitroguanylhydrazon, deren Umsetzung mit verschiedenen Basen zu Pyridiniumsalzen, Enolbetainen und α‐substituierten Acetessigesterhydrazonen führt. Ferner werden die Darstellung und einige Reaktionen des β‐Carbamoylazo‐crotonsäure‐äthylesters beschrieben.
Salze und Derivate der Hydrazidophosphorsäuren
Authors: Klement Robert , Knollmüller Karl Otto 
Published: June 2007

AbstractEs werden die folgenden neuen Verbindungen beschrieben: Na(K)[PO2(OC6H5)(N2H3)] Alkali‐hydrazidophenylphosphat, Na(K)[PO2(OC7H7)(N2H3)] Alkali‐hydrazidobenzylphosphat, H[PO2(OC7H7)(N2H3)] Hydrazidophosphorsäure‐monobenzylester, PO(OC7H7)2(N2H3) Hydrazidophosphorsäure‐dibenzylester, Na2PO3(N2H3) Natriumhydrazidophosphat, NaPO2(N2H3)2 Natriumdihydrazidophosphat, OP(N2H3)3 Phosphoryltrihydrazid, außerdem die Acetonhydrazone von Hydrazidophosphorsäure‐dibenzylester, Dihydrazidophosphorsäure‐phenylester und von Phosphoryltrihydrazid sowie das Chlorid des Hydrazidophosphorsäure‐diphenylesters. Einfachere bzw. bessere Vorschriften zur Darstellung von symm. Hydrazindiphosphorsäure‐tetraphenylester, Hydrazidophosphorsäure‐monophenylester und Dihydrazidophosphorsäure‐phenylester werden mitgeteilt.
Organische Fluorverbindungen, I. Umsetzungen von Verbindungen der Pinanreihe mit Fluorwasserstoff
Authors: Hanack Michael 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBei der Addition von wasserfreiem Fluorwasserstoff an α‐ und β‐Pinen bildet sich kein Bornylfluorid, sondern in überwiegender Menge Limonen‐hydrofluorid. Methylnopinol und Pinehydrat reagieren mit Fluorwasserstoff unter Wasserabspaltung, und zwar gleichfalls zu Limonen‐hydrofluorid.
Vergleichende kinetische Untersuchungen zur Aktivierung der Methylengruppe durch sauerstoff‐ und schwefelhaltige Gruppen. Die Kinetik der Michael‐Addition
Authors: Schmidt Ulrich , Kubitzek Harry 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDie Michael‐Addition aktiver Methylenverbindungen an Acrylnitril in nichtwäßrigem Medium verläft mit katalyt. Mengen starker Base als pseudomonomolekulare Reaktion. Für die Cyanäthylierung aller untersuchten aktiven Methylenverbindungen I–VI wurde die gleiche Aktivierungsenergie von 10 ± 0.7 kcal/Mol gefunden.
Über Silanolester anorganischer Säuren, II. Reaktionen von Phosphorsäurechloriden mit Alkylsiloxanen und Alkylalkoxysilanen
Authors: Schmidt Max , Schmidbaur Hubert , Binger Annemarie 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn der Absicht, Silylester der Dichlorophosphorsäure darzustellen, wurde der Einfluß der Phosphorsäurechloride POCl3 und P2O3Cl4 auf die Gruppierungen SiOSi, SiOC und COC untersucht. Unter den gewählten Bedingungen wurde nur die SiO‐Bindung, nicht aber die CO‐Bindung gespalten. — Die Untersuchungen erschlossen vier Verfahren zur präparativen Gewinnung von Trialkylsilyl‐dichlorophosphaten. Solche Ester werden gebildet aus Hexaalkyldisiloxan und POCl3, aus Tris‐[trialkyl‐silyl]‐phosphat und POCl3, aus Hexaalkyldisiloxan und P2O3Cl4 und schließlich neben äquimolekularen Mengen an Alkyldichlorophosphaten aus Trialkylalkoxysilanen mit P2O3Cl4.
Über Silanolester anorganischer Säuren, III. Schwefelsäureester von Methylsilanolen
Authors: Schmidt Max , Schmidbaur Hubert 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAls erster mehrfunktioneller Silanolester der Schwefelsäure konnte dimeres Dimethylsilylsulfat [(CH3)2SiSO4]2 sowohl durch Umsetzung von Dimethyldichlorsilan mit Schwefelsäure als auch aus SO3 und Dimethylpolysiloxan in sehr guten Ausbeuten erhalten werden. CH3SiCl3 reagiert mit H2SO4 langsam unter Bildung von hochpolymerem, harzartigem [(CH3Si)2(SO4)3]x, während Gemische von (CH3)3SiCl und (CH3)2SiCl2 mit H2SO4 neben [(CH3)3Si]2SO4 und [(CH3)2SiSO4]2 Verbindungen der Zusammensetzung (CH3)3SiSO4[(CH3)2 SiSO4]xSi(CH3)3 liefern.
Über Mercapto‐acrylsäure‐Derivate, VII. Der Einfluß von Thioäthergruppen auf die Stabilisierung von Δ1‐Pyrazolin‐carbonsäure‐(3)‐Derivaten
Authors: Gundermann Karl‐Dietrich , Thomas Rainer 
Published: June 2007

Abstract3‐Alkylmercapto‐Δ1‐pyrazolin‐carbonsäure‐(3)‐ester, die leicht aus α‐Alkylmercapto acrylsäureestern und Diazomethan entstehen, spalten schon bei Raumtemperatur Mercaptan zu Pyrazol‐carbonsäure‐(3)‐estern, oberhalb von 50° dagegen Stickstoff ab, wobei Gemische aus 1‐Alkylmercapto‐cyclopropancarbonsäure‐(1)‐estern und α‐Alkylmercapto‐crotonsäureestern erhalten werden. Die aus α‐Alkylmercapto‐acrylnitrilen und Diazomethan erhalten Pyrazolinderivate ergeben nur die unter N2‐Abspaltung verlaufende Stabilisierungsreaktion.
Neue Kondensationsprodukte des Methyläthylketons mit Formaldehyd
Authors: Wöllner Johannes 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBei der Kondensation von Methyläthylketon mit Paraformaldehyd nach S. OLSEN1) bleibt die Ketogruppe nicht erhalten. Von den Reaktionsprodukten konnten das Diformal des 5‐Methyl‐3.3.5‐trimethylol‐tetrahydropyranols‐(4)(I), daneben das Formal des 5‐Methyl‐3.3‐dimethylol‐tetrahydropyranons‐(4) (II) isoliert werden. 1.1.3.3‐Tetramethylol‐butanon‐(2) (VIII), das als Zwischenprodukt der Reaktion in Frage kommt, wurde synthetisiert.
Über Organometallcarbonyle, II. Organorheniumpentacarbonyle
Authors: Hieber Walter , Braun Gerhard , Beck Wolfgang 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIm Anschluß an Untersuchungen über „Organometallcarbonyle”︁ konnten außer dem vor kurzem beschriebenen Methylpentacarbonylrhenium weitere Organorheniumpentacarbonyle Re(CO)5R isoliert werden (R  COCH3, COC6H5, C6H5, CH2C6H5). Die kristallinen, gelben bis farblosen Substanzen sind im Vakuum sublimierbar, luftbeständig, hydrophob und in den üblichen organischen Mitteln löslich. Insgesamt zeigen die Organometallcarbonyle von Mangan und Rhenium untereinander große Ähnlichkeit, besonders hinsichtlich ihrer Stabilität. — Die IR‐Spektren der Verbindungen werden diskutiert.