bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Weight Gain and the Risk of Developing Insulin Resistance Syndrome
Authors: Everson Susan , Glodberg Debbie E , Helmrich Susan P , Lakka Timo A , Lynch John W , Kaplan George A , Salonen Jukka T 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
Obesity and weight gain have been associated independently with hypertension, hyperinsulinemia, and dyslipidemia; however, prior research has not looked at the relation between weight gain from early adulthood to middle age and the development of this cluster of risk factors, known as insulin resistance syndrome.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The association between weight gain over 30 years (defined as the difference between measured weight in middle age and participant recall of their weight at age 20) and the odds of developing insulin resistance syndrome at middle age was examined in a population-based sample of 2,272 eastern Finnish men.

RESULTS
Each 5% increase in weight over the reported weight at age 20 was associated with nearly a 20% greater risk of insulin resistance syndrome by middle age, after adjustment for age and height. Moreover, there was a strong graded association between categories of weight gain and risk of insulin resistance syndrome. Men with weight increases of 10–19%, 20–29%, or ≥30% since age 20 were 3.0, 4.7, or 10.6 times more likely to have insulin resistance syndrome, respectively, by middle age, compared with men within 10% of their weight at age 20. Adjustments for age, height, physical activity, smoking, education, and parental history of diabetes did not alter these findings.

CONCLUSIONS
The odds of having developed the hemodynamic and metabolic abnormalities that characterize insulin resistance syndrome by middle adulthood were increasingly higher the greater the weight gain over the preceding 30 years. This study adds to the literature identifying deleterious effects of weight gain from young to middle adulthood.
Abnormally Decreased HbA1c Can Be Assessed With Erythrocyte Creatine in Patients With a Shortened Erythrocyte Age
Authors: Jiao Yufei , Okumiya Toshika , Saibara Toshiji , Park Keunsik , Sasaki Masahide 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To investigate whether erythrocyte creatine can serve as a corrective index for HbA1c in patients with a shortened mean age of erythrocytes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
HbA1c and creatine in density-fractionated erythrocytes from 18 normal subjects were measured. HbA1c and erythrocyte creatine in the whole blood of 43 patients with liver cirrhosis (LC), 14 patients with hemolytic anemia (HA), 38 other patients with high reticulocyte counts (HRC) (&gt;2.2%), and 59 normal subjects were also measured. The patients in this study all had normal blood glucose levels. A correction formula derived from the linear regression equation for the correlation between HbA1c and erythrocyte creatine was used to correct the patients' HbA1c values.

RESULTS
Among density-fractionated erythrocytes, the young cells exhibited low HbA1c and high creatine values. With progressively increasing density, HbA1c gradually increased and creatine gradually decreased. In the whole blood samples, the HbA1c values were significantly lower (P &lt; 0.001) in LC, HA, and HRC patients than in normal subjects. By contrast, the erythrocyte creatine values were significantly higher (P &lt; 0.001) in LC, HA, and HRC patients than in normal subjects. A linear correlation between HbA1c Cy) and erythrocyte creatine (x) was observed (y = −0.224x + 5.00; n = 154; r = −0.70; P &lt; 0.001). Based on the regression equation, a correction formula was obtained. Low HbA1c values (&lt;4.3%) were found in 24 of the 43 LC patients, 12 of the 14 HA patients, and 20 of the 38 HRC patients. After correction of the HbA1c values, 15 of the 24 LC patients, 9 of the 12 HA patients, and 16 of the 20 HRC patients had HbAlc values within the normal range.

CONCLUSIONS
HbA1c decreased in inverse proportion to the increase in erythrocyte creatine because of a shortened mean age of erythrocytes. The abnormally decreased HbA1c value could be assessed with erythrocyte creatine.
Family Environment, Glycemic Control, and the Psychosocial Adaptation of Adults With Diabetes
Authors: Trief Paula M , Grant William , Elbert Katja , Weinstock Ruth S 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate whether the family system variables of adults with diabetes relate to the adequacy of metabolic control or the psychosocial adaptation to the illness.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A total of 150 insulin-requiring adults were assessed on a single occasion. They completed two family system measures (the Family Environment Scale [FES] and the Diabetes Family Behavior Checklist [DFBC]), two quality-of-life measures (the Diabetes Quality of Life Scale and the Medical Outcomes Study Health Survey-36), and one measure of cognitive appraisal (the Appraisal of Diabetes Scale). Glycemic control was assessed using HbA1c results. Demographic data (age, sex, diabetes type, duration of diabetes, and number of diabetes-related medical complications) were gathered from the patients' charts.

RESULTS
Concerning glycemic control, none of the family system measures were significant predictors of HbA1c. Older age and longer duration of diabetes predicted higher HbA1c values. For psychosocial adaptation, when family members behaved in ways that supported the diabetes care regimen (measured by the DFBC), the individual with diabetes was more satisfied with his or her adaptation to the illness and reported less interference in role function due to emotional problems. Family cohesion (measured by the FES) also related to better physical function. Women reported higher levels of diabetes satisfaction. The Appraisal of Diabetes Scale predicted glycemic control and psychosocial adaptation.

CONCLUSIONS
For insulin-treated adults with diabetes, family system variables do not relate to glycemic control, but they do relate to psychosocial adaptation. Future work should explore the impact of family-centered interventions on adaptation, sex differences in adaptation, and the use of the Appraisal of Diabetes Scale as a first-line clinical screening tool.
Transient Improvement in Glycemic Control: The impact of pregnancy in women with IDDM
Authors: Gold Anne E , Reilly Catherine , Walker James D 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
Good glycemic control throughout pregnancy in patients with diabetes is of paramount importance but often appears to deteriorate in the postpartum period. The aim of this study was to ascertain the timing of the improvement in glycemic control associated with pregnancy in women with IDDM and to examine changes in glycemic control after delivery.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Peripartum glycemic control was assessed in a retrospective study of 30 women with IDDM whose age was 28 ± 6 years (means ± SD) and whose diabetes duration was 14 ± 6 years.

RESULTS
Mean total HbA1 fell incrementally from a peak at 2–3 years preconception to a nadir between 24 weeks and term, only to return to preconception levels within a year after delivery. Of the 30 women, 15 (50%) attained an HbA1 in the nondiabetic range for pregnancy at some point during their pregnancy, and 7 (23%) women achieved this by 24 weeks gestation. Women with an HbA1 &gt; 9% at booking had a significantly higher HbA1 at 0–6 and 6–12 months preconception, and throughout pregnancy their HbA1 was significantly higher. After delivery, attendance rates at routine diabetes review clinics were low, with 11% of women not attending for longer than 24 months.

CONCLUSIONS
Nearly all women with IDDM can achieve near normoglycemia during pregnancy, irrespective of previous glycemic control, although those with high HbA1 levels at booking are less likely to achieve this. After delivery, glycemic control deteriorates. Efforts to improve glycemic control should be intensified in the preconception period and maintained after delivery. The poor postpartum attendance at diabetes clinics requires specific action.
Postprandial Insulin Lispro: A new therapeutic option for type 1 diabetic patients
Authors: Schernthaner Guntram , Wein Wolfgang , Sandholzer Klaudia , Equiluz-Bruck Susanna , Bates Peter C , Birkett Martin A 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
For intensified insulin therapy of type 1 diabetes, bolus injection of regular human insulin 30–15 min before a meal is currently recommended. This randomized study is aimed to determine whether insulin lispro (LIS), a new insulin analog with a rapid onset of action, can provide comparable blood glucose (BG) control by injection after the meal.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Eighteen type 1 diabetic subjects injected regular insulin (REG) at 40, 20, or 0 min before or LIS at 20 or 0 min before or 15 min after the start of a standardized test meal. BG excursions and area under the curve of BG excursions (AUC) at the six visits were compared by analysis of variance. Hypoglycemic events (BG ≤2.78 mmol/1) were evaluated in relation to the achieved postprandial BG control.

RESULTS
Mean AUC values were 2.00, 2.55, and 3.33 mmol · h · 1−1 for REG given 40, 20, and 0 min before the test meal, respectively, and −2.19, −2.15, and 1.98 mmol · h · 1−1 for LIS given 20 and 0 min before and 15 min after the start of the test meal, respectively. LIS injected 20 min (−20) or immediately (0) before the meal was significantly more effective in controlling postprandial BG excursion (P &lt; 0.001) than any REG treatment. Postprandial injection of LIS (15) did not compromise postprandial BG control and resulted in less hypoglycemia. REG −40 and LIS −20 were associated with early hypoglycemia, but other hypoglycemic events were equally distributed among groups.

CONCLUSIONS
The optimal time for bolus insulin injection was 20 min before the meal for REG and immediately before the meal for LIS. LIS injected immediately after a standard meal provided postprandial BG control at least as good as REG injected from 40 to 0 min before the meal. Postprandial injection of LIS is an attractive new therapeutic option.
Comparison of Human Regular and Lispro Insulins After Interruption of Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion and in the Treatment of Acutely Decompensated IDDM
Authors: Attia Najya , Jones Timothy W , Holcombe John , Tamborlane William V 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To compare the rapidity of metabolic decompensation after interruption of CSII between human regular and lispro insulin and to compare these two insulins in the correction of the hyperglycemia and ketosis of mildly decompensated IDDM. Lispro insulin may be especially useful for insulin pump therapy (continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion [CSII]).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A total of 18 patients with well-controlled IDDM (HbA1c 7.7 ± 1.1%, age 30 ± 11 years) were studied. All were being treated with CSII (nine with human regular and nine with lispro insulin). The study consisted of two phases: 1) an insulin interruption phase, in which the basal insulin infusion was stopped (at 0300) and plasma insulin, glucose, and β-O-hydroxybutyrate (β-OHB) were measured every 15–60 min for 6 h after interruption of the insulin infusion and 2) an insulin replacement phase, which involved measuring plasma insulin, glucose, and (β-OHB for 2 h after a single injection of either human regular or lispro insulin to correct the hyperglycemia and ketosis that developed during the first phase of the study.

RESULTS
After interruption of the basal insulin infusion during the insulin interruption phase, plasma insulin levels fell gradually in both groups to nadir values of 1.6 ± 0.8 and 2.0 ±1.2 μU/ml in the regular insulin- and insulin lispro-treated groups, respectively. Plasma glucose concentrations rose to 13.8 ±1.9 and 16.0 ±1.7 mmol/1 in the regular insulin- and insulin lispro-treated groups, respectively. No significant differences were seen between the therapy groups at any time in the insulin levels or in the concentrations of plasma glucose or (β-OHB. In the insulin replacement phase, insulin levels rose more rapidly in those treated with lispro insulin, reaching a greater peak value (e.g., at 60 min, plasma insulin 25 ± 3.4 vs. 15.6 ± 2.6 μUsol;ml, P &lt; 0.05). In association with this, plasma glucose decreased to a lower nadir after lispro insulin (9.7 ± 0.4 vs. 13.7 ± 0.7 mmol/1, lispro- vs. regular-treated groups at 120 min after insulin administration, P &lt;0.01). β-OHB levels decreased rapidly in both groups.

CONCLUSIONS
In patients treated with CSII, interruption of the basal insulin infusion in the middle of the night does not result in more rapid metabolic decompensation in patients treated with lispro compared with those treated with regular human insulin. Lispro insulin is effective in treating mild ketosis and hyperglycemia, and its rapid action may be advantageous in the “sick day” management at home of patients with IDDM.
Metabolic Control and Quality-of-Life Self-Assessment in Adolescents With IDDM
Authors: Guttmann-Bauman Ines , Flaherty Brian P , Strugger Melissa , McEvoy Robert C 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To examine the relation between metabolic control and self-assessed quality of life in adolescents with IDDM.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The Diabetes Quality of Life (DQOL) questionnaire for youths was given to 69 subjects with IDDM aged 10-20 years at the time of their outpatient visit. Subjects with IDDM of &lt; 1 year's duration or with documented psychotic disorder or mental retardation were excluded. Metabolic control was assessed by the mean HbA1c during the preceding year (long-term), by a single HbA1c at the time of the visit (short-term), and by the number of acute events related to IDDM in the preceding year.

RESULTS
The DQOL score correlated with mean HbA1c (β = 6.13, R2 = 0.22, P = 0.0122) and single HbA1c (β = 3.94, R2 = 0.18, P = 0.05). Self-health assessment was the best predictor of DQOL score (β = −44.42, R2 = 0.45, P &lt; 0.0001). The Worries subscale score on DQOL correlated with the occurrence of acute events (β = 6.97, R2 = 0.2, P = 0.006), but did not correlate with either HbA1c level. Correlations of mean HbA1c with the predictors were stronger than the correlations of single HbA1c with the same predictors.

CONCLUSIONS
Metabolic control and quality of life are two important outcomes of IDDM care. In our study, adolescents in better metabolic control report better quality of life. Both components need to be addressed in developing successful diabetes treatment strategies for adolescents with IDDM.
Effects of Sickle Cell Trait and Hemoglobin C Trait on Determinations of HbA1c by an Immunoassay Method
Authors: Roberts William L , McCraw Mary , Cook Curtiss B 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
A number of studies, including the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT), have shown that good glycemic control, as assessed by GHb measurements, can reduce the chronic complications of diabetes. The National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program (NGSP) was established to insure that GHb measurements by different methods were comparable and could be related to the candidate reference method used in the DCCT. The measurement of HbA1c in patients with Hb variants is one area not directly addressed by the NGSP. Therefore, we assessed the comparability of two DCCT-traceable methods in samples with Hb variants.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Samples containing HbAA, HbAC, and HbAS were collected from diabetic and nondiabetic patients. HbA1c concentrations were measured by a high-performance liquid chromatography method (Bio-Rad Diamat) and an immunoassay that is suitable for use in a physician's office (Bayer DCA 2000).

RESULTS
The two methods compared well for samples with HbAA and HbAS. However, for samples containing HbAC the immunoassay method showed relative positive biases of 8.4 and 10.4% at HbA1c levels of 7 and 9%, respectively, such that the two methods would not be judged comparable according to NGSP guidelines.

CONCLUSIONS
The DCA 2000 HbA1c immunoassay method showed significant positive bias in patients with HbC trait. One possible clinical implication of this overestimation is overly rigorous glycemic control with a concomitant increase in hypoglycemia. This may be especially important in certain ethnic populations, such as African-Americans, who have a relatively high prevalence of HbC trait.
Pramlintide, a Synthetic Analog of Human Amylin, Improves the Metabolic Profile of Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Using Insulin
Authors: Thompson Robert G , Pearson Leeanne , Schoenfeld Steven L , Kolterman Orville G ,   The Pramlintide in Type 2 Diabetes Group
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To examine the effects of 4 weeks of subcutaneous administration of pramlintide, a synthetic analog of human amylin, on metabolic control in patients with type 2 diabetes using insulin.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Serum fructosamine, HbA1c, and fasting plasma lipids were measured in 203 patients in a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled parallel-group multicenter trial using doses of 30 μg q.i.d., 60 μg t.i.d., and 60 μg q.i.d.

RESULTS
Statistically significant reductions in serum fructosamine concentrations were observed in the pramlintide 30 μg q.i.d. group (17.5 ± 4.9 μmol/l, P = 0.029), the pramlintide 60 μg t.i.d. group (24.1 ± 4.9 μmol/l, P = 0.003), and the 60 μg q.i.d. group (22.6 ± 4.1 μmol/l, P = 0.001) compared with the placebo group (3.5 ± 3.8 μmol/l). There were also statistically significant shifts in the proportion of patients with an abnormal serum fructosamine concentration at baseline that normalized at week 4 within the pramlintide 60 μg t.i.d. group and the 60 μg q.i.d. group. Consistent with the fructosamine results, there were statistically significant reductions in HbA1c in the pramlintide 30 μg q.i.d. group (0.53 ± 0.07%, P = 0.0447), the pramlintide 60 μg t.i.d. group (0.58 ± 0.07%, P &lt; 0.0217), and the pramlintide 60 μg q.i.d. group (0.51 ± 0.08%, P = 0.0242) compared with the placebo group (0.27 ± 0.08%). Total cholesterol concentrations were also statistically significantly reduced in both the pramlintide 60 μg t.i.d. group (8.4 mg/dl, P &lt; 0.01) and 60 μg q.i.d. group (10.5 mg/dl, P &lt; 0.01) compared with placebo (1.2 mg/dl). Body weight decreased in both of the pramlintide 60 μg groups, but the trend did not achieve statistical significance. The incidence of hypoglycemia was similar in all treatment groups.

CONCLUSIONS
Reductions in serum fructosamine, plasma total and LDL cholesterol concentrations, and HbA1c support the hypothesis that pramlintide may improve metabolic control in patients with type 2 diabetes using insulin.
Reversion From Type 2 Diabetes to Nondiabetic Status: Influence of the 1997 American Diabetes Association criteria
Authors: Burke James P , Haffner Steven M , Gaskill Sharon P , Williams Kenneth L , Stern Michael P 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To determine the incidence and the rate of reversion of type 2 diabetes to a nondiabetic status in the 7- to 8-year follow-up of the San Antonio Heart Study, and to determine the influence of the recent 1997 American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria for diabetes on these rates. Individuals who revert have been problematic for those developing criteria for the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. Few studies have addressed this issue using 1979 National Diabetes Data Group/1980 World Health Organization (WHO) criteria.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We studied 3,682 Mexican-American and non-Hispanic white men and nonpregnant women who completed both the baseline and follow-up examination of the San Antonio Heart Study. Incidence and reversion rates were calculated using both the 1980 WHO and the 1997 ADA criteria. Risk factors for reversion were identified, and the best fitting model using multiple logistic regression was determined using both the 1980 WHO and the 1997 ADA criteria.

RESULTS
Using the 1997 ADA criteria, the age-adjusted incidences of type 2 diabetes for Mexican-American men and women were 10.8 and 12.2%, respectively. For non-Hispanic white men and women, the age-adjusted incidence rates were 5.5 and 5.1%, respectively. Similar age-adjusted incidences were recorded using the 1980 WHO criteria. The reversion rate for individuals with type 2 diabetes was 11.5% using the 1980 WHO criteria and 12.5% using the 1997 ADA criteria. These rates were not significantly different. Numerous risk factors for reversion were identified. The best fitting model, after controlling for age, sex, and ethnicity, included baseline 2-h glucose level, baseline HDL cholesterol, and previous diagnosis of diabetes. The models were the same for both the 1980 WHO and the 1997 ADA criteria.

CONCLUSIONS
There was no significant difference in the incidence or the reversion rates for diabetic subjects using either 1980 WHO or 1997 ADA criteria. In addition, the risk factors for reversion were very similar using either set of criteria. The revision of the ADA criteria did not have a significant influence on reversion in this study.
Global Burden of Diabetes, 1995–2025: Prevalence, numerical estimates, and projections
Authors: King Hilary , Aubert Ronald E , Herman William H 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To estimate the prevalence of diabetes and the number of people with diabetes who are ≥20 years of age in all countries of the world for three points in time, i.e., the years 1995, 2000, and 2025, and to calculate additional parameters, such as sex ratio, urban-rural ratio, and the age structure of the diabetic population.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Age-specific diabetes prevalence estimates were applied to United Nations population estimates and projections for the number of adults aged ≥20 years in all countries of the world. For developing countries, urban and rural populations were considered separately

RESULTS
Prevalence of diabetes in adults worldwide was estimated to be 4.0% in 1995 and to rise to 5.4% by the year 2025. It is higher in developed than in developing countries. The number of adults with diabetes in the world will rise from 135 million in 1995 to 300 million in the year 2025. The major part of this numerical increase will occur in developing countries. There will be a 42% increase, from 51 to 72 million, in the developed countries and a 170% increase, from 84 to 228 million, in the developing countries. Thus, by the year 2025, &gt;75% of people with diabetes will reside in developing countries, as compared with 62% in 1995. The countries with the largest number of people with diabetes are, and will be in the year 2025, India, China, and the U.S. In developing countries, the majority of people with diabetes are in the age range of 45–64 years. In the developed countries, the majority of people with diabetes are aged ≥65 years. This pattern will be accentuated by the year 2025. There are more women than men with diabetes, especially in developed countries. In the future, diabetes will be increasingly concentrated in urban areas.

CONCLUSIONS
This report supports earlier predictions of the epidemic nature of diabetes in the world during the first quarter of the 21st century. It also provides a provisional picture of the characteristics of the epidemic. Worldwide surveillance of diabetes is a necessary first step toward its prevention and control, which is now recognized as an urgent priority.