bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and structure of BN‐doped multi‐walled and single‐walled carbon nanotubes
Authors: Enouz S. , Stéphan O. , Glerup M. , Cochon J. L. , Colliex C. , Loiseau A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe report on the direct synthesis of different kinds of BN–C multi‐walled and single‐walled nanotubes exhibiting a segregation between BN and C domains. Multi‐walled BN–C nanotubes (MW‐BN/C‐NTs) were synthesized using the aerosol method whereas single‐walled BN–C nanotubes (SW‐BN/C‐NTs) have been for the first time produced using a continuous CO2‐laser vaporization process [S. Enouz et al., to be published]. Degrees of purity, homogeneity and yield have been estimated from a systematic inspection of the samples by scanning electron microscopy. Structure of these tubes and spatial distribution of C, B and N as well as their chemical environments have been inspected at the nanometer scale by combining high resolution transmission microscopy and nano‐electron energy loss spectroscopy. These analyses provide clear evidence of new kinds of arrangements of C, B and N within the graphene layer, which are due to the segregation properties of h‐BN and graphite. Thus, combining BN and C elements into nanotubular systems can open the way to a broad range of new nanodevices. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Single‐walled carbon nanotube charging during bundling process in the gas phase
Authors: Gonzalez David , Nasibulin Albert G. , Shandakov Sergey D. , Queipo Paula , Jiang Hua , Kauppinen Esko I. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSpontaneous gas‐phase charging phenomenon of single‐walled carbon nanotube (CNT) bundles synthesized with an aerosol (floating catalyst) method was discovered. The charging phenomenon was surprisingly correlated to the process of the CNT bundle formation in the gas phase, while individual tubes remained electrically neutral. On the basis of the observed self‐charging of the CNTs, a novel method for the separation of individual CNTs and bundles at ambient temperature using an electric field is presented. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Curvature and chirality dependence of the properties of point defects in nanotubes
Authors: Carlsson Johan M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis article presents a systematic study of how point defects, such as SW‐defects and vacancies, influence the properties of nanotubes. The DFT calculations show that large atomic relaxations at vacancies leads to a contraction of the nanotube. The formation energy E form, has a curvature, chirality and a family dependence, where E form is slightly lower in metallic compared to semiconducting nanotubes. The vacancies become electrically active due to defect states close to ϵ F and its population depend on the chirality and the position of ϵ F. A model based on the heat of formation of defective nanotubes furthermore provide an upper estimate for the defect concentration, which is in better agreement with values from AFM experiments than the standard equilibrium approximation. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Epitaxial growth of carbon caps on Ni for chiral selectivity
Authors: Reich S. , Li L. , Robertson J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe suggest guiding principles for chirality‐selective growth of single‐walled carbon nanotubes. The chirality of a tube is determined by the carbon cap that forms during nucleation. Controlling the tube chirality requires controlling the nucleation stage. Certain caps can be favored by their epitaxial relationship to a metal surface. Lattice matched caps require ∼0.1 eV/C less formation energy on a Ni surface than non‐lattice matched cap structures. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Single walled carbon nanotubes for transport and delivery of biological cargos
Authors: Wong Shi Kam Nadine , Dai Hongjie 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe innate ability of carbon nanotubes to breach the cell membrane of various types of mammalian cells has been reported. Here, we present a summary of the various applications of carbon nanotubes as a cellular transport and delivery system for functional biological cargos. The internalization of SWNTs for transport and delivery into cells is mediated via endocytosis and does not appear to have any detrimental effect on either the transported cargo or the breached cell. The emergence of SWNT as a new class of cellular transporters holds many exciting promises for SWNT‐based systems for drug delivery, protein delivery, gene therapy and cancer therapy applications. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Controlling spin phases of few electrons in artificial molecules by magnetic fields
Authors: Rontani Massimo , Goldoni Guido , Bellucci Devis , Molinari Elisa 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe investigate the phase diagram of realistic vertically coupled quantum dots under a magnetic field of arbitrary strength and direction. The ground state wave function of four electrons is determined by means of the full configuration interaction method, able to accurately treat electron–electron correlation, which can dominate at experimentally attainable fields. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Improved emission spectrum from quantum dot superluminescent light emitting diodes
Authors: Li L. H. , Rossetti M. , Fiore A. , Occhi L. , Vélez C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe size dispersion of InAs quantum dots (QD) was optimized to broaden the photoluminescence (PL) spectrum. A broad PL spectral width up to 96 nm is achieved from a single QD layer with InAs thickness smaller than 2.4 monolayers at a growth temperature of 510 °C. QD Superluminescent light emitting diodes with an ultrawide (115 nm), smooth output spectrum are obtained by incorporating this QD layer into chirped stacked structures. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Intraband photodetection at 1.3–1.5 µm in self‐organized GaN/AlN quantum dots
Authors: Doyennette L. , Vardi A. , Guillot F. , Nevou L. , Tchernycheva M. , Lupu A. , Colombelli R. , Bahir G. , Monroy E. , Julien F. H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractGaN/AlN quantum dot photodetectors based on intraband absorption and in‐plane carrier transport have been fabricated and characterized. These photodetectors operate at room temperature at telecommunication wavelengths (1.3–1.55 μm). Their TM‐polarized intraband absorption is ascribed to the transition from the ground state s to the excited state pz of the GaN dots. The responsivity peaked at 1.41 μm is as high as 8 mA/W at room temperature for the interdigitated contact photodetector. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Preface: phys. stat. sol. (b) 243/13
Authors: Kuzmany H. , Dinse P. , Roth S. , Thomsen C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe 20th International Winterschool on Electronic Properties of Novel Materials (20th IWEPNM) was held in Kirchberg/Tirol on Molecular Nanostructures and extended from 4 to 11 March 2006. The first Winterschool of this type took place in March 1985. Except for the first two, all Winterschools were arranged in the lecture rooms of the Hotel Sonnalp in Kirchberg.The program of the Winterschool consisted of oral presentations, poster presentations, miniworkshops, and a special workshop on scientific supplies and industrial needs. Oral presentations of invited lecturers were scheduled for morning and evening sessions. The miniworkshops were arranged in the afternoon. Posters were presented in late evening sessions and covered various subjects in the field of molecular nanostructures.In this year IWEPNM was an anniversary as it was the 20th event of this type in Kirchberg. On occasion of this anniversary there was a special celebration on Wednesday night with a laudatio presented by Michael Mehring and a scientific contribution by Sumio Iijima. The lectures highlighted both the development of the special Kirchberg events and the scientific subjects presented there in recent years.Very unfortunately and to our deepest regret the IWEPNM2006 was overcast by the tragic loss the community experienced in fall 2005. Rick Smalley, one of the pioneers in the field of molecular nanostructures, passed away on 28 October 2005. Now he is not any more with us but he left behind an enormously rich and prosperous field for research and technology in the area of molecular nanostructures which we all gratefully appreciate and from which we all benefit.The presentations at the IWEPNM2006 were concerned with the mechanical and electronic properties of carbon nanotubes, graphene, fullerenes and fulleroides, ab initio calculations for molecular nanostructures, single molecule experiments, scanning electron microscopy of molecular nanostructures, applications, composites and chemistry of molecular nanostructures, molecular machines and molecular motors, and template grown molecular nanomaterials.The event benefited substantially from the support of the Universität Wien, and the Verein zur Förderung der Winterschulen in Kirchberg, as well as from numerous industrial sponsors. We greatly appreciate their financial contribution. Without the support from the sponsors and supporters all the engagement and enthusiasm could have been wasted.We are very grateful to the manager of the Hotel Sonnalp, Frau Edith Mayer, and to her staff for local arrangements as well as for their patience with many special services during the meeting.Finally, special acknowledgements go to all contributors to the IWEPNM2006 and to Viera Skákalová for her efforts in compiling and editing the proceedings of the Winterschool 2006.Wien, Darmstadt, Stuttgart, Berlin 2006
Soil respiration of forest ecosystems in Japan and global implications
Authors: Lee Mi‐Sun , Mo Wen Hong , Koizumi Hiroshi 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWithin terrestrial ecosystems, soil respiration is one of the largest carbon flux components. We discuss the factors controlling soil respiration, while focusing on research conducted at the Takayama Experimental Site. Soil respiration was affected by soil temperature, soil moisture, rainfall events, typhoons, and root respiration. We consider the temporal and spatial variability of soil respiration at the Takayama Experimental Site and review the variability of annual soil respiration in Japanese forests. In the 26 compiled studies, the values of annual soil respiration ranged from 203 to 1,290 g C m−2 year−1, with a mean value of 669 g C m−2 year−1 (SD=264, CV=40). We note the need for more studies and data synthesis for the accurate prediction of soil respiration and soil carbon dynamics in Japanese forests. Finally, several methods for measuring soil respiration rates are compared and the implications of soil respiration rates for global climate change are discussed.
INTER-GENERATIONAL EDUCATIONAL ADVANCEMENT AND BODY HEIGHT
Authors: KRZYŻANOWSKA MONIKA 
Published: October 2006

Summary.This study investigates the association between body height and inter-generational social advancement through education. Questionnaire data were collected from 2800 students (1023 men and 1777 women) from the universities of Wrocław, Poland. The questions referred to three generations: the students and their parents and grandparents. Information was collected on the age, body height and weight of the students and their parents, and on the parents’ and grandparents’ education. The lowest body heights were typically found for individuals from families with the lowest educational levels, whereas the greatest body heights were found for those brought up in families with a high educational status or in families who had upgraded their status. The size of the change in the educational level of parents is only associated with fathers’ and female students’ body height. Individuals who had advanced from a middle educational level or who came from families with this type of advancement were found to be significantly taller, on average, than those upgrading their educational level from the lowest position. The results show that, for men, educational advancement during the course of their lives or in the earlier generation is more favourable to achieving higher stature, whereas for women, the multi-generational tradition of a high educational status is of greater significance.
IS CONSANGUINEOUS MARRIAGE RELIGIOUSLY ENCOURAGED? ISLAMIC AND IRANIAN CONSIDERATIONS
Authors: AKRAMI SEYED MOHAMMAD , OSATI ZAHRA 
Published: October 2006

Summary.Consanguineous marriage has had considerable attention as a causative factor in the prevalence of genetic disorders. Iran, with its majority Muslim population, has a high rate of consanguineous marriage. In Iranian tradition, first cousin marriage is an acceptable and appreciated custom. However, there seems to be no encouragement of consanguineous marriage in the Islamic context; it is merely mentioned as a traditional and common custom. This paper may help medical professionals providing premarital genetic counselling, who are regularly asked about consanguineous marriage, especially in Islamic communities. Increased public awareness via the mass media would seem to be a priority.
A randomized controlled study of single-session behavioural treatment of earthquake-related post-traumatic stress disorder using an earthquake simulator
Authors: BAŞOĞLU METİN , ŞALCIOĞLU EBRU , LIVANOU MARIA 
Published: October 2006

Background. Brief interventions are needed in dealing with traumatic stress problems in large survivor populations after devastating earthquakes. The present study examined the effectiveness of a single session of exposure to simulated tremors in an earthquake simulator and self-exposure instructions in reducing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).Method. Participants were consecutively recruited from among survivors screened during field surveys in the disaster region in Turkey. Thirty-one earthquake survivors with PTSD were assigned either to a single session of behavioural treatment (n=16) or to repeated assessments (RA; n=15). Assessments in the treatment group were at 4, 8, 12, 24 weeks and 1–2 years post-treatment. The RA cases were assessed at baseline and 4 and 8 weeks after trial entry, after which they received the same treatment and were followed up at 4, 12, 24 weeks and 1–2 years.Results. Between-group treatment effects at week 8 were significant on measures of fear, PTSD and self- and assessor-rated global improvement. Improvement rates were 40% at week 4, 72% at week 12, 80% at week 24, and 80% at 1–2-years' follow-up, with large effect sizes on fear and PTSD measures. Post-session reduction in fear of earthquakes and increased sense of control over fear at follow-up related to improvement in PTSD.Conclusion. The study provided further evidence of the effectiveness of a single session of behavioural treatment in reducing fear and PTSD in earthquake survivors. Future research needs to examine the usefulness of earthquake simulators in increasing psychological preparedness for earthquakes.
A new benzoxazine compound blocks KATP channels in pancreatic β cells: molecular basis for tissue selectivity in vitro and hypoglycaemic action in vivo
Authors: Rolland J‐F , Tricarico D , Laghezza A , Loiodice F , Tortorella V , Camerino D Conte 
Published: October 2006

Background and purpose:The 2‐propyl‐1,4 benzoxazine (AM10) shows a peculiar behaviour in skeletal muscle, inhibiting or opening the ATP‐sensitive K+ (KATP) channel in the absence and presence of ATP, respectively. We focused on tissue selectivity and mechanism of action of AM10 by testing its effects on pancreatic KATP channels by means of both in vitro and in vivo investigations.Experimental approach: In vitro, patch‐clamp recordings were performed in native pancreatic beta cells and in tsA201 cells expressing the Kir6.2ΔC36 channel. In vivo, an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test was performed in normal mice.Key results:In contrast with what observed in the skeletal muscle, AM10, in whole cell perforated mode, did not augment KATP current (IKATP) of native beta cells but it inhibited it in a concentration‐dependent manner (IC50: 11.5 nM; maximal block: 60%). Accordingly, in current clamp recordings, a concentration‐dependent membrane depolarization was observed. On excised patches, AM10 reduced the open‐time probability of KATP channels without altering their single channel conductance; the same effect was observed in the presence of trypsin in the bath solution. Moreover, AM10 inhibited, in an ATP‐independent manner, the K+ current resulting from expressed Kir6.2ΔC36 (maximal block: 60% at 100 μM; IC50: 12.7 nM) corroborating an interaction with Kir. In vivo, AM10 attenuated the glycemia increase following a glucose bolus in a dose‐dependent manner, without, at the dose tested, inducing fasting hypoglycaemia.Conclusion and implications:Altogether, these results help to gain insight into a new class of tissue specific KATP channel modulators.British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 149, 870–879. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706895
Evidence that corticotropin‐releasing factor receptor type 1 couples to Gs‐ and Gi‐proteins through different conformations of its J‐domain
Authors: Berger H , Heinrich N , Wietfeld D , Bienert M , Beyermann M 
Published: October 2006

Background and purpose:According to the two‐domain model for the corticotropin‐releasing factor receptor type 1 (CRF1), peptide antagonists bind to the N‐terminal domain (N‐domain), non‐peptide antagonists to the transmembrane region (J‐domain), whereas peptide agonists attach to both the N‐ and J‐domain of the receptor to express activity. The aim of this study was to search for possible differences in the antagonism of the Gs‐ and Gi‐protein coupling of CRF1 by a peptide (α‐helical CRF(9–41)) and non‐peptide antagonist (antalarmin), to determine whether the conformational requirements of the activated CRF1 states for Gs and Gi coupling are similar or different.Experimental approach:We studied the inhibitory effect of α‐helical CRF(9–41) and antalarmin on the coupling of CRF1 to Gs‐ and Gi‐protein in human embryonic kidney cells, using the [35S]‐GTPγS binding stimulation assay.Key results:The non‐peptide antagonized the receptor coupling to Gs competitively but that to Gi noncompetitively, and its antagonistic potency was different for urocortin‐ and sauvagine‐evoked G‐protein activation. In contrast, the peptide antagonist exhibited uniformly competitive antagonism.Conclusions and Implications:The results allow us to extend the two‐domain model of CRF1 activation by assuming that CRF1 agonists activate the receptor by binding to at least two ensembles of J‐domain configurations which couple to Gs or Gi, that are in turn antagonized by a non‐peptide antagonist competitively and allosterically, respectively. It is further concluded that the allosteric mechanism of non‐peptide antagonism is not valid for the Gs‐mediated physiological activities of CRF1.British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 149, 942–947. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706926
Teamwork in the Operating Room
Authors: Sexton J Bryan , Makary Martin A. , Tersigni Anthony R. , Pryor David , Hendrich Ann , Thomas Eric J. , Holzmueller Christine G. , Knight Andrew P. , Wu Yun , Pronovost Peter J. 
Published: October 2006

Background
The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations is proposing that hospitals measure culture beginning in 2007. However, a reliable and widely used measurement tool for the operating room (OR) setting does not currently exist.

Methods
OR personnel in 60 US hospitals were surveyed using the Safety Attitudes Questionnaire. The teamwork climate domain of the survey uses six items about difficulty speaking up, conflict resolution, physician-nurse collaboration, feeling supported by others, asking questions, and heeding nurse input. To justify grouping individual-level responses to a single score at each hospital OR level, the authors used a multilevel confirmatory factor analysis, intraclass correlations, within-group interrater reliability, and Cronbach's alpha. To detect differences at the hospital OR level and by caregiver type, the authors used multivariate analysis of variance (items) and analysis of variance (scale).

Results
The response rate was 77.1%. There was robust evidence for grouping individual-level respondents to the hospital OR level using the diverse set of statistical tests, e.g., Comparative Fit Index = 0.99, root mean squared error of approximation = 0.05, and acceptable intraclasss correlations, within-group interrater reliability values, and Cronbach's alpha = 0.79. Teamwork climate differed significantly by hospital (F59, 1,911 = 4.06, P < 0.001) and OR caregiver type (F4, 1,911 = 9.96, P < 0.001).

Conclusions
Rigorous assessment of teamwork climate is possible using this psychometrically sound teamwork climate scale. This tool and initial benchmarks allow others to compare their teamwork climate to national means, in an effort to focus more on what excellent surgical teams do well.
Effects of Low and High Plasma Concentrations of Dexmedetomidine on Myocardial Perfusion and Cardiac Function in Healthy Male Subjects
Authors: Snapir Amir , Posti Jussi , Kentala Erkki , Koskenvuo Juha , Sundell Jan , Tuunanen Helena , Hakala Kristo , Scheinin Harry , Knuuti Juhani , Scheinin Mika 
Published: October 2006

Background
Dexmedetomidine, a selective alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist, has counteracting effects on the cardiovascular system. It mediates sympatholysis by activating alpha2 adrenoceptors in the central and peripheral nervous system, and vasoconstriction and vasorelaxation by activating postsynaptic alpha2 adrenoceptors in blood vessels. The goal of this study was to determine the effects of therapeutic and high concentrations of dexmedetomidine on myocardial perfusion and cardiac function in healthy subjects.

Methods
The authors studied 12 healthy young men. Myocardial blood flow (assessed with positron emission tomography), myocardial function (by echocardiography), and hemodynamic data were collected before and during low (measured mean plasma concentration, 0.5 ng/ml) and high (5 ng/ml) plasma concentrations of dexmedetomidine.

Results
The low concentration of dexmedetomidine reduced myocardial perfusion (mean difference, -27% from baseline [95% confidence interval, -31 to -23%], P < 0.001) in parallel with a reduction in myocardial oxygen demand (estimated by the rate-pressure product (-23% [-28 to -18%], P < 0.001). The high dexmedetomidine plasma concentration did not further attenuate myocardial perfusion (-3% [-12 to +6%] from low dexmedetomidine, P > 0.05; -29% [-39 to -18%] from baseline, P < 0.001) or statistically significantly affect the rate-pressure product (+5% [0 to +10%], P > 0.05). Systolic myocardial function was attenuated by sympatholysis during the low infusion rate and was further attenuated by a combination of the sustained sympatholysis and increased afterload during the high infusion rate.

Conclusions
In healthy subjects, plasma concentrations of dexmedetomidine that significantly exceed the recommended therapeutic level do not seriously attenuate myocardial perfusion below the level that is observed with usual therapeutic concentrations and do not induce evident myocardial ischemia.