bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Principals and Secret Agents: Central versus Local Control Over Policing and Obstacles to “Rule of Law” in China
Authors: Tanner Murray Scot , Green Eric 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis article extends the enduring debate over the balance of central versus local government control to China's cornerstone of state coercive control: the public security (civilian police) system. A recent series of studies argues that during the 1990s central authorities made terrific progress in regaining influence over local officials across a wide variety of issue-areas. This study, by contrast, argues that each policy sector in China has developed its own historical and institutional set of “lessons” that help structure power in that sector. Likewise, the particular issues in each policy sector create unique challenges for “principals” trying to monitor their “agents.” Regarding internal security, the historical lessons the Party has derived from past security crises combine with the uniquely difficult challenges of monitoring police activities to create a system in which local Party and government officials have tremendous power over policing. The many institutions intended to help central authorities control, oversee and monitor local policing actually provide weak control and oversight. These obstacles to central leadership create tremendous additional challenges to building rule by law in China.
Trade, Investment and Beyond: The Impact of WTO Accession on China's Legal System
Authors: Qin Julia Ya 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis article assesses the impact of China's accession to the World Trade Organization on its foreign trade and investment regime. While the government had begun liberalizing the Chinese economy long before joining the WTO, the accession induced regulatory, institutional and normative changes that have transformed the landscape of trade and investment in China. The profound impact of the WTO stems directly from the extensive commercial and rule commitments China undertook in its accession. Focusing on the most significant of these commitments, the article examines their implications for Chinese constitutional law and their effect on the regulation of foreign trade, foreign investment, intellectual property rights and domestic governance. Additionally, it looks at the impact of WTO disputes on Chinese law and practice. It concludes that China's accession has made its foreign trade and investment regime far more liberalized and less opaque than a decade ago. More importantly, the accession has institutionalized the process of China's domestic reform externally through the force of WTO obligations. Although much uncertainty remains concerning the future direction of government policies, WTO membership ensures that the course of China's economic development will be charted within the disciplines of the WTO system.
The Transition from Shepherding to Fencing in Colonial Australia
Authors: PICKARD JOHN 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe transition from shepherding to fencing in colonial Australia was a technological revolution replacing labour with capital. Fencing could not be widespread in Australia until an historical conjunction of technological, social and economic changes: open camping of sheep (from about 1810), effective poisoning of dingoes with strychnine (from the mid-1840s), introduction of iron wire (1840s), better land tenure (from 1847), progressive reduction of Aboriginal populations, huge demand for meat (from 1851) and high wages (from 1851). Labour shortages in the gold-rushes of the early 1850s were the final trigger, but all the other changes were essential precursors. Available data are used to test the alleged benefits of fencing: a higher wool cut per head; an increased carrying capacity; savings in wages and the running costs of stations; less disease in flocks; larger sheep; higher lambing percentages, and use of land unsuitable for shepherding. Many of the benefits were real, but some cannot be verified. By the mid-1880s, over ninety-five per cent of sheep in New South Wales were in paddocks, wire fences were spreading rapidly, and the cost of fences was falling. However, shepherding persisted in remote northern areas of Australia until well into the twentieth century.
Why Did Most Cooperatives Fail? Spanish Agricultural Cooperation in the Early Twentieth Century
Authors: GARRIDO SAMUEL 
Published: September 2007

AbstractCooperatives began contributing to the modernisation of European agriculture in the late nineteenth century but the rate at which they developed varied according to countries, regions, and crops. In Spain a large number were set up before the 1936−9 Civil War but few actually became consolidated entities. This paper analyses the Spanish case in an attempt to find the keys to the success or failure of cooperation. It focuses especially on the role played by the state and on the attitude shown by the different segments of farmers towards cooperatives.
The role of dietary fat in adipose tissue metabolism
Authors: Fernández-Quintela Alfredo , Churruca Itziar , Portillo Maria Puy 
Published: September 2007

AbstractEnergy intake and expenditure tend on average to remain adjusted to each other in order to maintain a stable body weight, which is only likely to be sustained if the fuel mix oxidised is equivalent to the nutrient content of the diet. Whereas protein and carbohydrate degradation and oxidation are closely adjusted to their intakes, fat balance regulation is less precise and that fat is more likely to be stored than oxidised.It has been demonstrated that dietary fatty acids have an influence not only on the fatty acid composition of membrane phospholipids, thus modulating several metabolic processes that take place in the adipocyte, but also on the composition and the quantity of different fatty acids in adipose tissue. Moreover, dietary fatty acids also modulate eicosanoid presence, which have hormone-like activities in lipid metabolism regulation in adipose tissue.Until recently, the adipocyte has been considered to be no more than a passive tissue for storage of excess energy. However, there is now compelling evidence that adipocytes have a role as endocrine secretory cells. Some of the adipokines produced by adipose tissue, such as leptin and adiponectin, act on adipose tissue in an autocrine/paracrine manner to regulate adipocyte metabolism. Furthermore, dietary fatty acids may influence the expression of adipokines.The nutrients are among the most influential of the environmental factors that determine the way adipose tissue genes are expressed by functioning as regulators of gene transcription. Therefore, not only dietary fat amount but also dietary fat composition influence adipose tissue metabolism.
Genetics of obesity
Authors: Martínez-Hernández Alfredo , Enríquez Luís , Moreno-Moreno María Jesús , Martí Amelia 
Published: September 2007

AbstractObjectiveThe aim was to review and update advances in genetics of obesity.DesignAnalysis and interpretation of recent investigations about regulating the energy balance as well as about gene-nutrient interactions and current nutrigenomic research methods.Background and main statementsObesity results from a long-term positive energy balance. However, its rising prevalence in developed and developing societies must reflect lifestyle changes, since genetic susceptibility remains stable over many generations. Like most complex diseases, obesity derives from a failure of adequate homoeostasis within the physiological system controlling body weight. The identification of genes that are involved in syndromic, monogenic and polygenic obesity has seriously improved our knowledge of body weight regulation. This disorder may arise from a deregulation at the genetic level (e.g. gene transcription or altered protein function) or environmental exposure (e.g. diet, physical activity, etc.).ConclusionsIn practice, obesity involves the interaction between genetic and environmental factors.
The Roles of Membrane Rafts in CD32A-Mediated Phagocytosis
Authors: Tolentino Timothy , Selvaraj Periasamy , Zhu Cheng 
Published: September 2007

AbstractMembrane rafts are highly dynamic heterogeneous sterol- and sphingolipid-rich micro-domains on cell surfaces. They are generally believed to provide residency for cell surface molecules (e.g., adhesion and signaling molecules) and scaffolding to facilitate the functions of these molecules such as membrane trafficking, receptor transport, cell signaling, and endocytosis.The governing, or overall hypothesis, for this project is that membrane rafts provide residency for Fc[gamma]RIIA (CD32A) on K562 cells, and that by doing so they provide a platform from which Fc[gamma]RIIA initiate or carry out their functions, which include migration, signaling, phagocytic synapse formation, and internalization of IgG opsonized targets.Using immuno-fluorescent laser scanning confocal microscopy and reflection interference microscopy (RIM), we studied the spatial and temporal distributions of membrane rafts and surface receptors, signaling molecules, and cell organelles during the formation of phagocytic contact areas. K562 cells, which naturally express CD32A, a cell surface receptor for the Fc portion of Immuno-globulin G(IgG), was chosen as a model for neutrophils. An opsonized target was modeled using a glass supported lipid bilayer reconstituted with IgG. CD32A was found to cluster and co-localize with membrane rafts. Placing the K562 cells on the lipid bilayer triggered a process of contact area formation that includes binding between receptors and ligands, their recruitment to the contact area, a concurrent membrane raft movement to and concentration in the contact area, and transport of CD32A, IgG, and membrane rafts to the Golgi complex. Characterization of these processes was performed using agents known to disrupt detergent resistant membranes (DRMs), dissolve actin microfilaments, and inhibit myosin motor activity, which abolished the CD32A clusters and prevented the contact area formation. The relevance to phagocytosis of contact area formation between K562 cells and lipid bilayers was demonstrated using micro-beads coated with a lipid bilayer reconstituted with IgG as the opsonized target instead of the glass supported planar lipid bilayer. Disruption of membrane rafts, salvation of the actin cytoskeleton, and inhibition of myosin II activity were found to inhibit phagocytosis.These data suggest membrane rafts play several important roles in CD32A mediated phagocytosis including pre-clustering CD32A, transport of CD32A to the phagocytic cup, and transport of the opsonized target towards the Golgi complex. Here we have provided evidence that membrane rafts serve as platforms which are used to cluster CD32A and transport CD32A along the actin cytoskeleton to the site of phagocytic synapse formation thus allowing for the quick assembly of a phagocytic synapse.
Enhanced Visual Speech Perception in Individuals With Early-Onset Hearing Impairment
Authors: Auer Edward T. , Bernstein Lynne E. 
Published: September 2007

Purpose
L. E. Bernstein, M. E. Demorest, and P. E. Tucker (2000) demonstrated enhanced speechreading accuracy in participants with early-onset hearing loss compared with hearing participants. Here, the authors test the generalization of Bernstein et al.'s (2000) result by testing 2 new large samples of participants. The authors also investigated correlates of speechreading ability within the early-onset hearing loss group and gender differences in speechreading ability within both participant groups.

Method
One hundred twelve individuals with early-onset hearing loss and 220 individuals with normal hearing identified 30 prerecorded sentences presented 1 at a time from visible speech information alone.

Results

The speechreading accuracy of the participants with early-onset hearing loss (
M
= 43.55% words correct;
SD
= 17.48) significantly exceeded that of the participants with normal hearing (
M
= 18.57% words correct;
SD
= 13.18),
t
(330) = 14.576,
p
< .01. Within the early-onset hearing loss participants, speechreading ability was correlated with several subjective measures of spoken communication. Effects of gender were not reliably observed.

Conclusion
The present results are consistent with the results of Bernstein et al. (2000). The need to rely on visual speech throughout life, and particularly for the acquisition of spoken language by individuals with early-onset hearing loss, can lead to enhanced speechreading ability.
“Listen My Children and You Shall Hear”: Auditory Preferences in Toddlers With Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Paul Rhea , Chawarska Katarzyna , Fowler Carol , Cicchetti Domenic , Volkmar Fred 
Published: September 2007

PurposeThis study tests the hypothesis that toddlers with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) will show differences from contrast groups in preferences for attending to speech.MethodThis study examined auditory preferences in toddlers with ASD and matched groups of (a) typical age-mates, (b) age-mates with nonautistic developmental disabilities, and (c) younger children matched for language age. The experimental procedure measured time spent oriented to auditory stimuli that were created to exemplify language patterns that had been studied in typically developing infants.ResultsFindings suggest that toddlers with ASD show a reduced preference for child-directed speech, compared with typical age-mates, but few differences from children with nonautistic developmental disorders. Correlational analysis revealed that time spent listening to child-directed speech by children with ASD was related to their concurrent receptive language ability as well as to receptive language abilities 1 year later. This relationship did not hold for the other groups.ConclusionThe present study supports the hypothesis that children with ASD perform differently from typical peers in auditory preference paradigms and that performance in these tasks is related to concurrent and later language development.
The Translation of Advertising
Authors: Adab Beverly 
Published: September 2007

In Towards a Science of Translating, (1969) Nida asserts that “There will always be a variety of valid answers to the question, ‘Is this a good translation?’” In the professional translation environment, the whole question of how to evaluate a translated text is one which poses a challenge to the client, to the translator and to those responsible for training the translator.
Much has been written about the difficulty of identifying (objectively) verifiable and perhaps more widely generalisable criteria for this form of evaluation, which needs to relate to the functional adequacy (Nord 1997, Toury 1995) of the translated text for its intended purpose. Such criteria would be equally welcome as guidelines for the actual translation process, to assist the translator in selecting from possible translation alternatives.
Think aloud protocols have tried to identify what goes on the ‘lack box’ and the cognitive processes involved in the process of text production (Kussmaul 1991, 1995). However, TAPS are a means to an end, the end being the aim of achieving a better understanding of the process in order to minimise the occurrence of potential errors and rationalise and optimise the process. This article attempts to show how Descriptive Analysis (see Toury 1995) of text pairs can highlight potentially successful strategy types, in relation to aspects of a functionalist approach to text production.
Having determined which text production criteria can be of use in evaluating the potential success of a translation choice within a text, it should be possible to formulate a set of guidelines against which translators could test choices.at micro-and macro-textual levels. Such guidelines, if also used to evaluate the target text, would ensure that evaluator and translator were ‘alking the same language’ and might not only improve the evaluation process but also optimise translation output. Translation theory can suggest potential criteria: corpus analysis, using the DTS methodology, can identify authentic examples of criteria in action. Bringing the two together into a usable format is the aim of this paper.
To demonstrate our approach we have used samples of advertising text pairs.This text type is notoriously difficult to evaluate, relying as it does on persuasive effect through impact on the reader. Since (potential or real) impact is recognised as being difficult to quantify. It is particularly important, for this text type. to have some relatively objective means of evaluating the functional adequacy of the target text.
Mercè Rodoreda's short stories
Authors: Rodrigues Louis J. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This critical essay examines the literary and linguistic features of two short stories by Mercé Rodoreda, the best-known Catalan woman writer of the twentieth century. Chosen from among others published together under the general title of La meva Cristina i altres contes (My Christina and other stories), these are thought to be fairly representative of the style and content of the collection as a whole. Written under the infl uence of Ovid, Joyce, Kafk a, Sartre and the Symbolists, the author mingles direct and indirect styles and uses ‘monologue’ as an alternative to narration in the third person to delineate the character of their protagonists through the medium of speech with another person who cannot (as in La Mainadera) and probably does not (in Amor) respond. The result is an evocative, lyrical prose as important for what it says as for how it says it. Ingenuity of expression and interpretation, malice in the choice of its elements, insinuation and irony are its chief characteristics.
Résumé
Cet essai critique étudie les caractéristiques littéraires et linguistiques de deux nouvelles de Mercé Rodoreda, la femme écrivain catalane la plus célèbre du vingtième siècle. Ces nouvelles, choisies parmi celles publiées sous le titre général La meva Chritina i altres contes (Ma Christina et autres récits), sont considérées comme assez représentatives du style et du contenu de l’ensemble de la collection. Influencée par Ovide, Joyce, Kafk a, Sartre et les Symbolistes, Mercé Rodoreda combine les styles direct et indirect et utilise le « monologue » comme alternative à la narration à la troisième personne, afin de dépeindre le caractère de ses protagonistes par le biais d’une conversation avec un interlocuteur qui ne peut pas répondre (comme dans La Mainadera) et qui ne répond probablement pas (dans Amor). Le résultat est une prose évocatrice et lyrique, aussi importante dans ce qu’elle dit que dans sa manière de l’exprimer. L’ingénuité de l’expression et de l’interprétation, la malveillance dans le choix de ses éléments, l’insinuation et l’ironie en sont les principales caractéristiques.
La Traduction Universitaire au Nigéria
Authors: Bariki Ozidi 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
For the teacher of translation in a Nigerian University French Class, the primary objective is to teach the French Language. Thus there is need to clearly defi ne the objectives of translating vis-a-vis French. Our research reveals fuzziness in terms of objectives and "unevenness’’ in text typologies translated in class. Examination questions and evaluation of translated texts also portrayed arbitrariness. As for the teaching of translation, it can be encapsulated by the Jakobsonian approach of interlingual, intersemiotic and intralingual translation.
Résumé
Dans cet article, nous proposons que l’enseignement de la traduction dans le cours de francais doit s’intégrer au grand objectif du français, celui de la création des hommes cultives, ayant un horizon élargi de la vie à travers la maitrise du français. Ce grand objectif doit se traduire également d’une manière pratique dans l’objectif du cours de traduction. En classe, on traduit des textes tout en tenant compte des éléments linguistiques. Tout ceci implique un programme bien défini, élaboré et suivi fidèlement. La traduction en classe ne doit pas se limiter aux textes littéraires. Il faut élargir le champ de textes à traduire pour inclure des textes fonctionnels et technico-scientifiques entre autres. Quant à l’enseignement, nous préconisons une approche éclectique basée sur les trois sortes de traduction formulées par Jakobson: la traduction interlinguale, la traduction intralinguale et la traduction intersémiotique.
Untranslatable “You” in Chekhov’s Lady with Lapdog
Authors: Lewis Tom J. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The present text examines a single instance of untranslatability — that of Russian second-person pronouns into English in the English versions of one of Anton Chekhov’s best known and most accomplished short stories, "Lady with Lapdog." The way in which Chekhov makes use of these pronouns is an essential aspect of his literary style and originality. The fact that the interplay of these pronouns is not translated — indeed, cannot be translated — has implications not just for English readers’ understanding of this story but for the general issue of untranslatability raised by Horst Frenz in his essay "The Art of Translation," published more than thirty years ago. Because the English reader does not have access to the subtle interplay between the two second-person pronouns in the Russian original, important features of the relationship between the two main characters are blurred if not altogether lost. Indeed, even the structure of the story itself can be seen to derive from this interplay of pronouns and of their corresponding verb forms. In conclusion, no matter how readable a translated text may be, it is bound, by the very nature of linguistic diff erences, to be to some degree untranslatable. The degree of untranslatability in the English renderings of Chekhov’s short story turns out to be great enough to prevent an appreciation of what is at the heart of Chekhov’s literary achievement.
Résumé
Ce texte examine un seul exemple d’intraduisibilite — la traduction en anglais du pronom russe de la seconde personne, dans les versions anglaises d’une des nouvelles les plus connues et les plus accomplies d’Anton Tcheckov, La dame au petit chien. La maniere dont Tchekov utilise ces pronoms constitue un aspect essentiel de son style litteraire et de son originalite. Le fait que l’interaction de ces pronoms ne soit pas traduite — qu’en fait, elle ne puisse pas l’etre — a des implications, non seulement sur la comprehension de cette nouvelle par les lecteurs anglais mais aussi sur le probleme general de l’intraduisibilite, souleve par Horst Frenz dans son essai L’art de la traduction, publie il y a plus de trente ans. Etant donne que le lecteur anglais n’a pas acces a la subtile interaction entre les pronoms de la seconde personne dans l’original russe, d’importantes particularites de la relation entre les deux personnages principaux s’estompent, si elles ne sont pas completement perdues. En eff et, la structure meme de l’histoire peut etre consideree comme provenant de cette interaction des pronoms et de leurs formes verbales correspondantes. En conclusion, un texte traduit a beau etre lisible, il sera certainement intraduisible dans une certaine mesure, en raison de la nature meme des differences linguistiques. Le degre d’intraduisibilite dans les traductions anglaises de la nouvelle de Tcheckov est suffi- samment important pour empecher d’apprecier ce qui est au coeur de la reussite litteraire de Tcheckov.