bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quality of life in bipolar disorder: A review of the literature
Authors: Michalak Erin E , Yatham Lakshmi N , Lam Raymond W 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
A sizable body of research has now examined the complex relationship between quality of life (QoL) and depressive disorder. Uptake of QoL research in relation to bipolar disorder (BD) has been comparatively slow, although increasing numbers of QoL studies are now being conducted in bipolar populations. We aimed to perform a review of studies addressing the assessment of generic and health-related QoL in patients with bipolar disorder.
A literature search was conducted in a comprehensive selection of databases including MEDLINE up to November 2004. Key words included: bipolar disorder or manic-depression, mania, bipolar depression, bipolar spectrum and variants AND quality of life, health-related QoL, functional status, well-being and variants. Articles were included if they were published in English and reported on an assessment of generic or health-related QoL in patients with BD. Articles were not included if they had assessed fewer than 10 patients with BD, were only published in abstract form or only assessed single dimensions of functioning.
The literature search initially yielded 790 articles or abstracts. Of these, 762 did not meet our inclusion criteria, leaving a final total of 28 articles. These were sub-divided into four categories (assessment of QoL in patients with BD at different stages of the disorder, comparisons of QoL in Patients with BD with that of other patient populations, QoL instrument evaluation in patients with BD and treatment studies using QoL instruments to assess outcome in Patients with BD) and described in detail.
The review indicated that there is growing interest in QoL research in bipolar populations. Although the scientific quality of the research identified was variable, increasing numbers of studies of good design are being conducted. The majority of the studies we identified indicated that QoL is markedly impaired in patients with BD, even when they are considered to be clinically euthymic. We identified several important avenues for future research, including a need for more assessment of QoL in hypo/manic patients, more longitudinal research and the development of a disease-specific measure of QoL for patients with BD.
Local treatment in unresectable hepatic metastases of carcinoid tumors: Experiences with hepatic artery embolization and radiofrequency ablation
Authors: Meij Vincent , Zuetenhorst Johanna M , van Hillegersberg Richard , Kröger Robert , Prevoo Warner , van Coevorden Frits , Taal Babs G 
Published: November 2005

Abstract

Background
Hepatic metastases of carcinoid tumors cause incapacitating symptoms, but are usually diffuse and therefore unresectable. In this article we evaluate our experiences with local treatment techniques in the management of carcinoid patients with hepatic metastases and failing systemic treatment.

Methods
Fifteen consecutive carcinoid patients (11 men and 4 women; median age 60 years; range 45–71 years) were treated with either hepatic artery embolization (HAE) with Ivalon particles or radiofrequency ablation (RFA) (percutaneously or intra-operatively). Follow-up evaluation was performed by CT scan and 24-hours urinary 5-HIAA excretions.

Results
A total of 18 HAE's was performed in 13 patients, while 10 lesions in 3 patients were treated with RFA. Median follow-up was 12.5 months (2 – 25 months). Median duration of symptoms was 22 months (8 – 193 months). Median overall decrease of 5-HIAA excretion 2 months after HAE was 32% with tumor regression on CT-scan in 4 patients (30%) and improvement of symptoms with a median duration of 15 months in 3 of them (23%). Embolization led to fatal hepatic failure in one patient. The 3 patients treated with RFA showed a decrease of urinary 5-HIAA values of 34, 81 and 93% respectively, with tumor regression in all of them. Improvement of symptoms was reported in 2 patients up to 25 months.

Conclusion
Liver embolization performed late in the clinical course had limited effect on symptoms and biochemical and radiological parameters. First experiences with RFA are favorable and might encourage to apply RFA more widely in metastatic carcinoid.
Wake-boundary layer interaction on the vaned diffuser of a centrifugal stage
Authors: Canepa E , Cattanei A , Ubaldi M , Zunino P 
Published: November 2005

An experimental investigation has been carried out by means of a two-component laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) to survey the unsteady flow entering in the vaned diffuser of a centrifugal stage and to analyse into details the vane boundary layer development perturbed by the rotor flow. Instantaneous velocity data have been acquired in phase with the rotor blade passage and have been processed in ensemble-averaged form to separate periodic and random velocity fluctuations. Periodic incidence variations cause boundary layer transient separations near the vane leading edge, which alternate with opposition of phase on the two sides of the diffuser vane. Owing to the high turbulence energy conveyed by the wakes within the diffuser, which penetrates into the boundary layers, the periodic separation bubbles remain very short and the separated shear layers reattach early, giving rise to turbulent boundary layers capable of withstanding the adverse pressure gradients imposed by the diffuser.
Oxalate regulation by two brown rot fungi decaying oxalate-amended and non-amended wood
Authors: Schilling Jonathan S. , Jellison Jody 
Published: November 2005

AbstractOxalic acid secretion by brown rot wood-degrading fungi has been proposed to function in pH control and non-enzymatic biodegradation. Although oxalate production in liquid cultures of brown rot fungi commonly correlates with glucose oxidation, excess oxalate accumulation in wood during oxidative decay could impede Fe3+reduction by fungal-derived chelators and thus inhibit brown rot. In this study, we pre-treated spruce wood with various oxalate concentrations and subjected it to brown rot decay byFomitopsis pinicolaandMeruliporiaincrassatain agar- and soil-block trials. In agar-block microcosms containing wood pre-treated with 0, 1, 10 or 100 mM sodium oxalate, test fungi equalized wood oxalate and pH at week 12 of decay by either increasing or reducing wood oxalate, depending on the pre-treatment. Oxalate reductions in wood were not accompanied by increases in agar oxalate. During soil-block decay of wood pre-treated with 0 or 50 mM oxalate, oxalate and pH regulation were time-dependent and more variable. Wood oxalate levels did not increase with increasing fungal biomass (per ergosterol); however, decreases in oxalate were not explained by enhanced oxalate catabolism activity, Ca2+import, or translocation of oxalate into the soil. Our results suggest that brown rot fungi may optimize extracellular oxalate during wood decay, and that soil characteristics may influence this dynamic.
Plutonium separation by solvent extraction for the determination by photon electron rejecting alpha liquid spectrometry
Authors: Ayranov Marin , Wacker L. , Krähenbühl U. 
Published: November 2005

SummaryThe separation of plutonium from marine sediments (IAEA-135 reference material) by solvent extraction and determination with Photon Electron Rejecting Liquid Alpha Spectrometry (PERALS®) has been performed. Two extraction schemes, TOANO3and HDEHP, were compared for the separation of plutonium, uranium, thorium and americium from the matrix components. The TOANO3separation method showed plutonium recovery of 85% with an accuracy of ±20%, while for the HDEHP separation the plutonium recovery was only 9.3%. Minimum detectable activities of plutonium for a counting time of 120000 seconds for 0.25 g sample material were 0.18 Bq/kg for TOANO3and 1.62 Bq/kg for HDEHP separation methods, respectively.
Metal-ion speciation in blood plasma incorporating the water-soluble polymer, polyethyleneimine functionalised with methylenephosphonate groups, in therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals
Authors: Jarvis N. V. , Zeevaart J. R. , Wagener J. M. , Louw W. K. A. , Dormehl I. C. , Milner R. J. , Killian E. 
Published: November 2005

Summary
A water-soluble polymer, polyethyleneimine functionalised with methylene phosphonate groups (PEI-MP) and labelled with 99mTc, has shown selective uptake into bone tumours. Apparent formation constants for the complexation of important blood plasma metal-ions and metal-ions of radionuclides used in therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals (excluding Tc) with PEI-MP were measured potentiometrically. These were added to the ECCLES data base in order to construct a blood plasma model for PEI-MP. From this model it could be predicted that the polymer would not deliver the therapeutic radionuclides 153Sm, 166Ho, 212Pb, 213Pb and 89Sr to bone. This was clinically verified for 153Sm. However good uptake of 99mTc-PEI-MP could be demonstrated in dogs. Due to the similar chemistry of Re as compared to Tc, it can be expected that PEI-MP labelled with 186Re or 188Re could result in effective therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals for bone cancer.
Separation and purification of Th from U by ammonium molybdophosphate from nitric solutions
Authors: Ali A. M. I. , Nowier H. G. 
Published: November 2005

Summary
Ammonium molybdophosphate(AMP) was synthesized and characterized. The AMP was found to be insoluble in water or nitric acid solutions of different concentrations. The sorption of Th and U from nitric acid by AMP has been investigated. The effect of shaking time on the sorption of Th was studied. The effect of nitric acid, Th concentration and AMP on the sorption of Th were also studied. Studies on the retention capacity of AMP showed that its capacity decreased by increasing the nitric acid concentration of Th. The saturation capacity was found to be 120 mg Th/gAMP from 0.1 M HNO3, 80 mg Th/gAMP from 3 M HNO3. On the basis of these results a selective and new method for separating of Th from U was developed using a floating bed column.
Liquid-liquid extraction of Hf(IV) from nitric acid with dibutylsulfoxide in cyclohexane
Authors: Khan M. Haleem , Ali Akbar 
Published: November 2005

SummaryA liquid-liquid extraction method has been investigated for quantitative extraction of hafnium from 8 M HNO3using 50% di-n-butyl sulfoxide (DBSO) dissolved in cyclohexane. The extraction parameters such as nitric acid, DBSO and metal ion concentrations, equilibration time and temperature were optimized. The extraction was found to be independent of metal ion concentration in the range 4.5 × 10−4−4.5 × 10−2M and inversely dependent upon the temperature. Phosphate, fluoride and oxalate interfere seriously and have almost masked the extraction of Hf(IV) whereas, thiocyanate and bromide have greatly decreased (25–34%) the extraction. The stoichiometric composition of the extracted species was found to be Hf(NO3)4·2DBSO. Hafnium can be stripped from the organic phase by using 1 M HClO4. The proposed method allows the mutual separation of Hf(IV) and Zr(IV) using H2O2as masking agent for zirconium. The method has also been applied on synthetic mixtures of Hf and Zr for their separation and, the recovery was found to be quantitative.
Inhibition of UVA‐induced c‐Jun N‐terminal Kinase Activity Results in Caspase‐dependent Apoptosis in Human Keratinocytes
Authors: Silvers Amy L. , Finch Joanne S. , Bowden G. Timothy 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACTInhibition of c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) with the pharmacologic inhibitor SP600125 in UVA‐irradiated HaCaT cells and human primary keratinocytes resulted in dramatic phenotypic changes indicative of cell death. These phenotypic changes correlated with caspase 8, 9 and 3 activations as well as cleavage of the caspase substrate polyADP‐ribose poly‐merase (PARP). Morphologic analysis and analysis of sub‐G0 DNA content confirmed apoptotic cell death in these keratinocytes after combination treatment. Addition of the general caspase inhibitor zVAD‐fmk to combination‐treated HaCaT cells was able to completely block caspase activation, PAW cleavage, the increase in sub‐G0 DNA content and the classic morphologic features of apoptosis, indicating that this combination treatment resulted in caspase‐dependent apoptotic cell death. zVAD‐fmk treatment of primary keratinocytes was able to completely inhibit caspase activation and PARP cleavage, reduce morphologic apoptosis at lower concentrations of SP600125 and decrease the sub‐G0 DNA content detected after UVA + SP600125 treatment. However, cell death and a significant amount of debris was still detected after caspase inhibitor treatment, particularly with 125 nM SP600125. At subconfluent conditions and low passage, primary keratinocytes were more sensitive to UVA irradiation alone than HaCaT cells. In conclusion, we have observed that inhibition of UVA‐induced JNK activity with the pharmacologic inhibitor SP600125 resulted in caspase‐dependent apoptotic cell death in both the immortalized keratinocyte cell line HaCaT and primary keratinocytes. However, the increased sensitivity of primary keratinocytes to experimental stress may have also resulted in direct cellular injury and caspase‐independent cell death.
Sublethal Exposure to UV Radiation Affects Respiration Rates of the Freshwater Cladoceran Daphnia cafawba
Authors: Fischer Janet M. , Fields Peter A. , Pryzbylkowski Peter G. , Nicolai Jaclyn L. , Neale Patrick J. 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACTWe examined the effects of UV radiation (UVR) on metabolic rates of the freshwater cladoceran Daphnia catawba. We exposed D. catawba to UVB for 12 h in a lamp phototron at levels of 2.08 and 4.16 kJ m‐2 both with and without concomitant exposure to UVA and visible photorepair radiation (PRR). We also included a group that received PRR only and a dark control group. Respiration rates were measured for 6 h following exposure. Respiration rates increased by 31.8% relative to the dark control at the lowest level of UVB stress (2.08 kJ m‐2 UVB with PRR), whereas respiration was inhibited by 70.3% at the highest stress level (4.16 kJ m‐2 UVB without PRR). Survival rates in the group that received PRR only and the group exposed to 2.08 kJ m‐2 and PRR were not significantly different from that in the control group; however, the survival rate was reduced for all other UVR exposures. We hypothesize that enhanced respiration rates reflect energetic costs related to repair of cellular components damaged by sublethal levels of UVR. Increases in respiration rate of the magnitude we found in our experiment could significantly reduce energetic reserves available for growth and reproduction, especially in cases where these costs are incurred repeatedly during a series of days with high levels of UVR.
Velopharyngeal Function during Vocalization in Infants
Authors: Thom Stacey A. , Hoit Jeannette D. , Hixon Thomas J. , Smith Alice E. 
Published: November 2005

Objective: To determine the age at which infants achieve velopharyngeal closure during vocalization. Design: Longitudinal with repeated measures. Setting: Laboratory. Participants: Six healthy infants were studied monthly from ages 2 to 6 months while they interacted with a parent and an investigator. Main Outcome Measures: The presence or absence of velopharyngeal closure, as determined by sensing ram pressure at the anterior nares. Results: The velopharynx was open for windups, whimpers, and laughs, and it was closed for cries, screams, and raspberries, regardless of age. The frequency with which the velopharynx closed during syllable utterances increased significantly with age. Conclusions: Velopharyngeal closure for speech-like utterance increases with age, but is not complete and is still undergoing development at 6 months of age. Velopharyngeal closure during infancy may be influenced by pressure demands of the utterance; however, support for this speculation is stronger for other types of utterances than it is for speech-like utterances. The method used in this study holds promise for evaluating infants with suspected velopharyngeal impairment.
Femtochemistry of Guest Molecules Hosted in Colloidal Zeolites
Authors: Schmidhammer U. , De Waele V. , Mintova S. , Riedle E. , Bein T. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe ultrafast deprotonation of 2‐(2′‐hydroxyphenyl)benzothiazole (HBT) hosted in nanometer‐sized FAU and MFI zeolites is reported. Samples are prepared via in‐situ incorporation of HBT in the precursor colloidal solutions resulting in the formation of nanometer‐sized zeolites under hydrothermal treatment. The diameter of the zeolite particles formed in the crystalline suspensions is determined by dynamic light scattering and high‐resolution transmission microscopy to lie in the range 40–100 nm. It is shown that the HBT loading does not influence the degree of the zeolite crystallinity but does change the size and the morphology of the individual zeolite nanoparticles. Colloidal suspensions containing the crystalline nanoparticles are well suited for optical investigations since they are sufficiently transparent and clear. The photochemical properties of the HBT guest in the zeolite‐host systems are studied with femtosecond transient transmission spectroscopy. Depending on the acid–base properties either the enol or the keto tautomer of HBT is found to be hosted in the internal voids of the zeolites; upon UV excitation, the HBT‐keto tautomer is converted to the enol form in both MFI‐ and FAU‐type hosts. The HBT photoconversion takes place via an ultrafast deprotonation within 1.5 ps as detected by femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy.
Luminescent Poly(p‐phenylenevinylene) Hole‐Transport Layers with Adjustable Solubility
Authors: Tanase C. , Wildeman J. , Blom P. W. M. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe active part of present polymer light‐emitting diodes (PLEDs) consists of only a single layer. Multilayer devices have the advantage that the electron and hole transport can be balanced and that the recombination can be removed from the metallic cathode, leading to higher efficiencies. A major problem for polymer‐based multilayer devices is the solubility of the materials used; a multilayer can not be fabricated when a spin‐cast layer dissolves in the solvent of the subsequent layer. We demonstrate the development of high‐mobility poly(p‐phenylenevinylene) (PPV)‐based hole‐transport layers with tunable solubility by chemical modification. Enhanced charge‐transport properties are achieved by using symmetrically substituted PPVs; copolymers of long and short side chains enable us to tune the solubility without loss of the enhanced charge transport. Dual‐layer PLEDs, in which the holes are efficiently transported via this copolymer towards the luminescent layer, exhibit an enhanced efficiency at high voltages (> 10 V) and a strongly improved robustness against electrical breakdown.
Triphase Hydrogenation Reactions Utilizing Palladium‐Immobilized Capillary Column Reactors and a Demonstration of Suitability for Large Scale Synthesis
Authors: Kobayashi Juta , Mori Yuichiro , Kobayashi Shū 
Published: November 2005

AbstractWe have developed a practical and highly productive system for hydrogenation reactions utilizing capillary column reactors, which occupy less space than ordinary batch systems, are low cost and easy to handle, and show feasibility toward large‐scale chemical synthesis. Palladium‐containing micelles were immobilized onto the inner surface of the capillaries. Nine palladium‐immobilized capillaries were assembled and connected to a T‐shaped connector, and hydrogen and a substrate solution were fed to capillaries via the connector. Hydrogenation of 1‐phenyl‐1‐cyclohexene (1) proceeded smoothly to give phenylcyclohexane in quantitative yield. The capillaries themselves occupy only ca. 0.4 mL and a high space‐time yield has been achieved (124.3 mg/17 min/0.4 mL). In addition, leaching of palladium was not detected by ICP analysis after reactions.
Observer design for particle size distribution in emulsion polymerization
Authors: Edouard David , Sheibat‐Othman Nida , Hammouri Hassan 
Published: November 2005

AbstractMonitoring of the particle size distribution (PSD) in emulsion polymerization is a very important task to improve the product quality. However, on‐line sensors used to measure PSD, such as capillary hydrodynamic fractionation, usually require taking samples and the analysis time is still too long for control. This work proposes the combination of mathematical models with existing on‐line sensors to obtain a continuous estimation of the PSD by constructing nonlinear estimators. Simulations of the observers show that they are able to detect particle nucleation and to give an estimation of the whole PSD. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Evaluation of drop size distribution from chord length measurements
Authors: Hu Bin , Angeli Panagiota , Matar Omar K. , Lawrence Christopher J. , Hewitt Geoffrey F. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe relationship between the chord length distribution (CLD) obtained by a point sensor and the drop size distribution (DSD) in a liquid‐liquid dispersion is investigated. Based on analysis of the frequency of drop‐cuttings by the sensor, a physical model is built to derive the probability density function of chord lengths for a given DSD, and vice versa. The effect of biased sampling towards larger drops relevant to point sensors, which is often ignored by investigators, is included in this relationship. A new algorithm is introduced to solve the problem of noisy or even negative DSD values by adding smoothing equations while performing the backward conversion. The effects of parameters, such as the number of drop size groups used, the noise level, and the smoothing factor value, on the backward transform are further studied. Both forward and backward transforms are shown to be in good agreement with ideal data when using continuous (e.g., log‐normal, uniform) distributions and with data obtained from Monte‐Carlo simulations. Good agreement is also found between the DSD obtained from chord length measurements and drop size data determined by direct observation. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Plastic particle separation via liquid‐fluidized bed classification
Authors: Hu Xinhui , Calo J. M. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractLiquid‐fluidized bed classification (LFBC) is being investigated as a potential process for the separation of complex waste plastic mixtures for recycling. Experiments were performed in a 10 cm diameter, fluidized bed apparatus that was designed to operate in both upflow and downflow modes, for the separation of “heavier‐than‐water” (HTW) and “lighter‐than‐water” (LTW) plastic particle species, respectively, using water as the fluidization medium. The investigations were primarily focused on binary plastic particle mixtures of the typical industrial plastics, PVC, PET, PS PC, HDPE, LDPE, and PP. Particle segregation was obtained for all the binary mixtures studied. The effects of particle size and superficial liquid velocity were examined. It was found that low fluidization velocities favored segregation performance by minimizing particle dispersion. A limited number of experiments with ternary plastic particle mixtures demonstrated that the behavior of more complex mixtures appears to be an extension of binary mixture behavior, and that multiple plastic particle mixtures can be separated in the same column. The novel technique of selective thermal modification of particle size/density by application of a step change in temperature of the fluidizing medium was demonstrated to improve separation performance for both HTW and LTW plastic sample mixtures. This behavior was attributed primarily to differences in the thermal diffusivities of plastic particle pairs. The experimental data and conclusions reported in the current work can serve as the basis for the development of LFBC systems for waste plastics separation. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006