bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Field Key To the Seed of Penaeid Prawns Along the Konkan Coast (West Coast of India)
Authors: Chaudhari K.J. , Jalihal D.R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDespite the advancement in prawn culture technology in several parts of the world, India will be still depending on wild seed for prawn farming for some more time. In this context, selective stocking is very important. Yet, practically no information is available on the correct identification of juvenile or seed stage (size: 6 to 60 mm) although a lot of work is done on larval and postlarval stages. Various morphological changes, including colouration, take place during juvenile phase rendering the segregation of seed of different species even more difficult. The present work, based on seed collection from the wild and supplemented by laboratory observations over a period of two years, gives a detailed field key for the following 11 species belonging to 4 genera occurring along the Konkan coast (west coast of India): (1) Penaeus (Penaeus) monodon, (2) P. (P.) semisulcatus, (3) Penaeus (Fenneropenaeus) merguiensis, (4) P. (F.) indicus, (5) Penaeus (Marsupenaeus) japonicus, (6) Metapenaeus dobsoni, (7) M. monoceros, (8) M. affinis, (9) M. moyebi, (10) Parapenaeopsis cornuta, (11) Metapenaeopsis sp. The key is based on colour in live condition, habitat and salinity preference, swimming and burying behaviour, morphological, meristic and morphometric studies.
Freshwater Crabs as Poor Zoogeographical Indicators: a Critique of Banarescu (1990)
Authors: Ng Peter K.L. , Rodriguez Gilberto 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
A critique of Bănărescu's (1990) ideas and hypotheses regarding the importance of freshwater crabs in zoogeography is presented. We contend that many of Bănărescu's generalizations are too simplistic and do not agree with our observations and findings about freshwater crabs. The value of freshwater crabs in zoogeography is briefly discussed.
On a Tropical Subspecies of Monstrilli Wandelii (Copepoda, Monstrilloida) From the Mexican Coasts of the Caribbean Sea
Authors: Suárez-Morales E. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractFrom plankton samples taken at a reef lagoon off Puerto Morelos, on the northern portion of the eastern coast of the Yucatan Peninsula, a new tropical subspecies of Monstrilla wandelii, only known from temperate-cold latitudes, is described from male specimens. The analysis of the main characteristics in the taxonomy of monstrilloids allowed its identification as M. wandelii. The new subspecies differs from the nominal species in the relative length and armature of the antennular segments, in the structure of the genital lappets of the fifth legs and in its total size, which is nearly 2.5 times that of the nominal subspecies.
A New Species of Cerceis (Isopoda, Sphaeromatidae) From the Arabian Sea
Authors: Javed Waquar , Yousuf Farzana 
Published: April 2008

AbstractCerceis biforamina sp. nov. belonging to the Dynameninae, collected from algae of the intertidal pools of Bulleji, Karachi, is described and figured. The genus Cerceis Milne-Edwards is for the first time recorded from the Arabian Sea. The relationship of Cerceis biforamina sp. nov. with Cerceis bicarinata Barnard, 1936 is also discussed.
Burrowing Behaviour and Cost in the Sandy-Beach Oniscid Isopod Tylos Granulatus Krauss, 1843
Authors: Brown A.C. , Trueman E.R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTylos granulatus is an isopod living above the driftline on sandy shores, burrowing to depths of up to a metre or more. Burrowing has been investigated by analyzing video recordings and traces from isotonic and isometric transducers. In crawling, all seven pairs of pereiopods operate in a similar manner and display metachronal rhythm, while in burrowing pereiopods 1 to 3 do the digging, pairs 4 to 6 compact the excavated sand, and pair 7 pushes the bolus behind the animal. Movements of the head also play a significant role in burrowing. Clockwise or anticlockwise partial rotation occurs during burrowing, which takes place in a stepwise progression. With a Burrowing Rate Index of 3, the animal must be considered a powerful burrower, while the energy cost of burrowing is surprisingly low at some 0.3 J m-1.
The Copepodid of Peniculisa Shiinoi Izawa, 1965 (Copepoda, Siphonostomatoida, Pennellidae), a Single Free-Swimming Larval Stage of the Species
Authors: Izawa Kunihiko 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe copepodid stage of the parasitic copepod Peniculisa shiinoi Izawa, 1965 (Siphonostomatoida, Pennellidae), parasitic on the fins of a puffer fish, Canthigaster rivulatus, is described based on specimens reared from eggs. This is the only free-swimming larval stage of P. shiinoi. The copepodid is distinctly smaller than those of the known pennellids. However, the dispensability of the free-swimming nauplius stage is independent of the egg-size. The copepodid antennae of the pennellids are certainly uniramous. The setation of the rami of the copepodid legs varies among pennellids.
First Records of the Genus Ceratonotus G. O. Sars, 1909 (Copepoda, Ancorabolidae) From the Southern Hemisphere, With the Description of Two New Species
Authors: Schminke Horst Kurt , George Kai Horst 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTwo new ancorabolid species, Ceratonotus magellanicus sp. n. and Ceratonotus antarcticus sp. n., are described from the Straits of Magellan (Chile) and from Halley Bay (Weddell Sea, Antarctica), respectively. This is the first record of the genus from the Southern Hemisphere extending its range to the extreme south of the globe. Both new species are clearly distinct, each characterized by several unique features. They share a few characters which are absent in the two known species from the Northern Hemisphere. It is, however, not clear yet whether this indicates that they represent a subgroup distinct from the northern species within the genus.
Metaphors and Metaphoric Objects
Authors: Jooste E.T. , Cleaver Glenda 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis article reports on an exploratory study that used metaphoric objects as a therapeutic aid. During Rogerian therapy sessions, a metaphoric object was handed to clients. The metaphoric object was used as a reflection of an aspect of the client's being. The clients were asked to describe the effect the object had on them. The protocols obtained were subjected to a phenomenological analysis. The study indicates that metaphoric objects can be a useful therapeutic aid.
The Role of "Recognition" in the Resolution of a Specific Interpersonal Dilemma
Authors: Løvlie Schibbye Anne-Lise 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn this article the author argues that recognition of self or others is necessary for structural changes in our clients as well as for growth in all relationships. Recognition is seen as a way to deal with our conflicting needs as we progress toward an individuated self and as a way to solve conflicts within our relationships. From a dialectical perspective, dysfunctional interaction between partners reveals both the conflict and the lack of recognition. Various ways of resolving the dilemma are explored. An analysis of a mother-child interaction shows that intersubjectivity is basic in recognition. The dialectic perspective emphasizes in addition the threat and mutuality involved in recognition. With mutual recognition we gain ourselves both as subjects and as objects, and we preserve the relationship. Finally, implications of the dialectical way of conceptualizing relationships are summarily presented.
Archaeological Studies in Turkmenistan
Authors: Gaibov V.A. , Koshelenko G.A. , Bader A.N. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe study of ancient sites in Turkmenistan has in the 80s focused on the oasis of Merv (ancient Margiana), the Uzboy valley and Old Nisa. At Merv a joint Central Asian-Italian team has been preparing an archaeological map of the oasis, based on information from a complete survey of the area (over 220 sites), fixed-site excavations and sondage digs. The survey shows the continuity of different monuments on the same sites, the shift of the centre of the oasis from north to south by the time of the building of Antiochia Margiana in the 3rd c. B.C. and the reoccupation of the north by fortified settlements following the full settlement, irrigation and cultivation of the south after the 1st c. B.C. Excavations were made of fortified settlements at Chilbourj and Göbekli-depe (where over 2000 Parthian clay bullae were found). Study of sites along the Uzboy valley has altered views about changes in aridity/humidity in the area. A new period of humidity in the 7th c. B.C.-4th c. A.D. has been associated with the activity of a group of nomadic cattlebreeders, identified with the Massagetae, whose tribal centre is thought to have been the unusual site at Ichjanli-depe. At the important Parthian centre of Old Nisa recent study has been made of the "building with a square hall" (which may have been a fire temple), the "tower" of Old Nisa (whose architecture is unique in the Hellenistic Orient) and the "round temple", while near to the city investigations of the important Parthian complex at Mansurdepc have revealed two remarkable pottery fragments with painted portraits.
A Head of Mithras From the Tauric Chersonesus
Authors: Saprykin S. Yu. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn 1986 the chance find was made at Chersonesus of a head of Mithras, dated to the 2nd/3rd quarter of the 2nd c. A.D. and of provincial Roman origin. Close parallels to the piece suggest its provenance in a Mithraeum which provides new evidence for the spread of the cult in the N. Black Sea region. This is commonly associated with the stay there of Roman troops from Lower Moesia and Thrace. Similarities with heads of Mithras from Escus in Lower Moesia point to the possibility that the Chersonesus head was left by Legio V Macedonica.
The Odessa Museum of Archaeology
Authors: Okhotnikov S.B. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe Odessa Museum of Archaeology was founded in 1825 by local antiquarians. The museum's collection grew in part due to excavations of classical sites in the region, in part due to gifts and purchases from dealers in classical antiquities. Up to the Second World War the focus of the Museum's activities was classical archaeology. In the post-war period this expanded to include the whole of the ancient history of the region from the Stone Age to the Middle Ages. The museum now houses one of the best collections of Classical Antiquities in the former Soviet Union and the third-ranking Egyptological collection. The museum formed from 1972 part of the Soviet Academy system and undertook fieldwork on the Lower Dniester at Bronze Age sites, as well as at classical sites such as Tyras, Nikonion, the site of the ancient Odessos, and Leuke and medieval sites such as Belgorod.
The Antiquities of Transoxiana in the Light of Investigations in Uzbekistan (1985-1990)
Authors: Pugachenkova G.A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe archaeological study of pre-Islamic Uzbekistan (Bactria, Sogdiana) has been intensified since. World War II and this survey presents the most important recent results of this work. Bronze Age sites show a process of cultural change in Bactria, particularly the settlement of the area by farmers and the emergence in proto-cities of new urban forms of social organisation and systems of belief. The Iron Age sees the assimilation of new ethnic groups into the region, the expansion of a strong (Achaemenid) state, the development of defended cities and administrative centres and the beginnings of specialised craft industries. In the Classical period the Macedonian conquest brought about the sharp decline of existing urban centres, but the centralised states that followed were able to establish (e.g. through irrigation projects) new cities in new agricultural zones. Excavation into the lower levels of medieval cities has revealed several previously unknown ancient cities, many of which seem to have been derelict in the period before or during the Arab conquest. Bactrian cities of the Classical period have been shown to be extensive in area, well defended by strong walls and a citadel, and to have performed administrative, economic, religious as well as military functions. Cult buildings discovered show the presence of Avestan religion (although not the orthodox Zoroastrianism of Iran), cults of the Great Mother Goddess, and Buddhism (though limited to a few remarkable centres), and in the North of Sarmatian totemic cults using zoomorphic representations, finds of art, sculpture and wall-painting reveal a process in Bactria in which a native substratum was synthesized with Hellenistic, Indian and Sako-Sarmatian elements to produce work of high quality and originality. Epigraphical finds include ostraca, graffiti, inscriptions, and even papyri, representing scripts and languages from Bactrian to Pahlavi, to Greek and Latin. Finds of coins, including Greco-Bactrian and Parthian, help to date archaeological layers and produce accurate chronologies. Scholars from Uzbekistan have also contributed to the "Great Silk Road" programme, which is showing that routes crossing the region were formed in the 1st mill. B.C. and constituted a dense branched network by the end of the Classical period.
Gopatshah of Bactria (a Nephrite Plate With Depictions of a Bactrian Ruler and a Bull-Man)
Authors: Rtveladze E.V. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAnalysis of a hitherto unpublished pale-green nephrite plate, now in Uzbekistan, with depictions on both sides allows its origins to be localised in North-Eastern Bactria at the juncture of the Yuehchi and Early Kushan periods (1st c. BC).
Prophecy and Politics in Istanbul: Charles V, Sultan Suleyman, and the Habsburg Embassy of 1533-1534
Authors: Finlay Robert 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThree prophecies current in Istanbul in the summer of 1533 pointed toward the imminent destruction of the Ottoman empire by Christian powers. One of the predictions stated that Alvise Gritti, the bastard son of the doge of Venice, would bring about the ruin of the Ottomans. A confidant of Sultan Srlcyman and the grand vizier, Gritti was deeply involved in the war of the Ottomans against Charles V of the Spanish-Habsburg empire, as a commander of Ottoman troops, advisor on Western affairs, and governor-general of the Hungarian kingdom. Widely detested by Ottoman officials, however, Gritti felt that his power was waning in 1534. In response, he perhaps was inspired to play out his prophetic role, for he told an ambassador of Charles V that he would help the emperor's forces capture Istanbul while Sultan Süleyman was away at war. Millenarian speculation was widespread in the early sixteenth century, but sometimes it had direct consequences inasmuch as it came to figure in the calculations of political actors. Examination of the prophecies of 1533 within the context of the time nicely illustrates how prophecy and politics could have a reciprocal relationship, with the former being tailored to the occasion and the latter responding to apocalyptic foreboding.
The Study of Islam in Seventeenth-and Eighteenth-Century England
Authors: Holt P.M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMedieval misrepresentations of Islam as a farrago of beliefs promulgated by a false prophet in the Qur'an were still current in seventeenth-century England. The pioneer of a more scholarly and objective view was Edward Pococke, the first Laudian Professor of Arabic at Oxford. His Specimen historiae Arabum (1650), written in Latin, and based on his wide reading and personal knowledge of the Muslim Near East, was influential in creating a new image of Islam for the Europeans. A wider readership was addressed by Simon Ockley, Sir Thomas Adams Professor of Arabic at Cambridge, whose work, The History of the Saracens (1708, 1718), dealt with the Arab conquests and the early caliphs. The publication (1734) by George Sale of a sound English translation of the Qur'an, accompanied by a long and scholarly Preliminary Discourse, formed a landmark in Islamic studies, but the old polemical spirit lived on. The true nature of imposture fully display'd in the life of Mahomet (1697) by Humphrey Prideaux was a two-handed engine, smiting both Islam and contemporary Christian heresy. This example was followed nearly a century later by Joseph White (another Laudian Professor), whose Bampton Lectures, A comparison of Mahometism and Christianity (1784), constituted a work of apologetics rather than scholarship.
The Symbiosis of Towns and Textiles: Urban Institutions and the Changing Fortunes of Cloth Manufacturing in the Low Countries and England, 1270-1570
Authors: Munro John 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis paper, a contribution to the "proto-industrialization" debate, examines the relative advantages of urban and rural locations for cloth manufacturing in later-medieval England and the Low Countries. From the eleventh to the mid-fourteenth century, when the English cloth trade began its seemingly inexorable expansion, the Low Countries had enjoyed a virtual supremacy in international cloth markets, then chiefly located in the Mediterranean basin. The traditional view has attributed the ultimate English victory to the advantages of a rural location, using cheap labour and water-powered fulling. The proponents of this view further contend that in late thirteenth-century England a new rural industry had displaced a centuries-old "traditional" urban cloth industry through such superior cost advantages. To challenge that view, this paper puts forth the following propositions : (I) that England's traditional urban industry had declined, abruptly from the 1290s, chiefly because of steeply rising, war-induced, transaction costs in Mediterranean markets for its chief products: i.e., cheap and light fabrics, which they had sold as price takers; (2) that the Flemish/Brabantine cloth industries, having had a similar industrial-commercial orientation, suffered from the same industrial crisis; and more quickly responded by reorienting production, as price makers, to the very high-priced luxury woollens; (3) that rural locations were not always more advantageous, in lower labour and other costs; (4) that urban locations offered important benefits for luxury-cloth production : a more highly skilled, productive, better regulated labour force; urban and guild institutions to enforce necessary quality controls and promote international reputations for high quality; (5) that England's cloth industry, when it revived from the 1360s, followed suit in shifting to more luxury-oriented exports, while gaining its chief advantages from the fiscal burdens imposed on high-quality wool exports to its overseas competitors ; (6) that English export-oriented cloth production also remained more urban than rural until the late fifteenth century (for many complex reasons explored in this paper).
Women, Ancestors, and Alterity Among the Manjaco of Guinea-Bissau
Authors: Gable Eric 
Published: April 2008

AbstractI explore a classic topic in anthropological studies of African religion-ancestor worship-by interpreting the rituals associated with the installation of a new ancestor figure into Manjaco household shrines. Women-pecifically out-marrying father's sisters-do most of the talking at the image's installation ceremony. And they generally characterize ancestors as selfish, capricious juniors. By exploring the way fathers' sisters assert their version of moral authority by denigrating or scolding the ancestors, I suggest that the cult does not objectify particular personae (i.e. elder males). Rather, the ritual and the orations that occur at the ritual contextualize particular relationships and processes (i.e. the enforced transformation of male junior to male elder) which privilege the agency of women in maintaining a precarious community of interest in the Manjaco house-a seemingly andro-centric corporate group.
Churches of Old Cairo and Mosques of Al-Qāhira: a Case of Christian-Muslim Interchange
Authors: Hunt Lucy-Anne 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe article surveys the cultural relations in Egypt between Christians and Muslims before the Ottomans by means of a selection of churches in Old Cairo and of mosques in the growing city of al-Qāhira. It examines these buildings and aspects of them in the light of the changing status of the Christian population from majority to minority, categorising them into four key phases, from the rise of Islam to the coming of the Ottomans. It discusses shared features of architectural decoration and style, and notes that while some of these are used neutrally and interchangeably between monuments of the two faiths, others which are sited at key locations, such as on a façade or in a main sanctuary, arguably function as political or religious statements. Such features suggest that cultural identity was expressed by the two faiths within a common frame of visual reference.
Gersonides' Lost Commentary On the Metaphysics1
Authors: Glasner Ruth 
Published: April 2008

AbstractGersonides' commentary on the Metaphysics is no longer extant and we know almost nothing about it. I shall argue that the commentary was on Averroes's long commentary and that it was not completed, perhaps not continued beyond book Γ. What made Gcrsonides, who commented so systematically on Aristotle, abandon his project, just when he was commenting on the book, that is considered by many to be the climax of Aristotle's work? The answer suggested is: Gersonides considered his astronomy as a demonstrative science. As an astronomer he developed a method, which was structurally dialectical, while the testing of the hypotheses was mainly empirical. He could reconcile his method with Aristotle's method of demonstration by a suitable interpretation of the Posterior Analytics, but not with the conception of universal science presented in Metaphysics Γ.
The Rabbi Moises and the Primer Del Crestià of Francesc Eiximenis
Authors: Viera David J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn his Primer del Crestià, chapters 117-25, Francesc Eiximenis refuted beliefs of a certain "Rabbi Moises" or Maimonides concerning Christian beliefs, especially the claim that Jesus was not the Messiah. The text of Maimonides which particularly upset Eiximenis and others in the realms of Aragon, including the royal family and the clergy, was the Hilkhol Melakhim, XIV, also called "Shophetim." Eiximenis further attempts to negate four major claims of the Rabbi Moises; however, these opinions do not come directly from Maimonides' works but rather from commentaries on his opus and Latin polemic works. The influence of Maimonides is also present in the urgency to rebuke and censor the "Shophetim" and sections of the Mishneh Torah which Eiximenis found oflensive to Christians.
The Foundation of Muslim Prayer
Authors: Mohammed Khaleel 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe Qur'ān stresses the importance of prayer, but in no instance explains exactly how worship is to be performed. Even when it does refer to certain specific parts of the prayer such as "rukū" and 'sujūd,' its diction suggests that these postures are already known to the believers. The hadīth literature presents conflicting reports on the performance of prayer. While some narrations suggest that Muhammad taught the Muslims all the rituals of prayer, others show that some of these Muslims had performed this form of ibāda before Islam. Traditions regarding the actual legislation for the number of times of daily worship provide an image of Moses as Muhammad's advisor, and speak of prayer as a concept common to them both. This study concludes, after analysis of the Qur¸ānic verses, Torah, and the hadīth, that Muslim prayer, as outlined in the Qur'ān, is essentially the same as a Judaic form at the time of Muhammad.