bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acute toxicity of tri-ortho-cresyl phosphate in sheep and swine
Authors: Wilson Richard D. , Rowe Loyd D. , Lovering Sandra L. , Witzel Donald A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Tri-ortho-cresyl phosphate (tocp) was given orally or by subcutaneous (sc) injection to sheep and swine. Sheep given oral doses of 100, 200, or 400 mg of tocp/kg of body weight developed an acute intoxication characterized by diarrhea, dehydration, metabolic acidosis, and death within 6 days. Daily sc injections of tocp in sheep caused either death or delayed neurotoxicosis depending upon the dosage. Increase of aspartate aminotransferase activity approximately 24 hours before the animal died and histopathologic changes confirmed that liver injury had occurred. Swine dosed with 100 to 1,600 mg of tocp/kg had minimal signs of acute toxicosis, but developed severe delayed neurotoxicosis in approximately 15 days. Those given a 800 mg/kg dose by the oral route or sc injection had severely decreased serum acetylcholinesterase activity. In the swine which were euthanatized at 7 days after treatment, histopathologic examinations revealed no lesions (although the nervous system was not examined, because clinical neurologic signs were normal).
Myocardial ultrastructural alterations in ducklings fed tellurium
Authors: Van Vleet John F. , Ferrans Victor J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Seventy newly hatched ducklings were fed a commercial ration with 500 mg of added Te (as tetrachloride)/kg of feed for up to 28 days. Ducklings were euthanatized at day 14, 21, and 28, and the hearts were studied by gross, microscopic, and ultrastructural examination. Cardiac damage was apparent grossly as hydropericardium and myocardial hemorrhage. Histopathologically, the ventricular myocardium had areas of acute hemorrhagic necrosis (often with mineralization), edema, and congestion. Resolving areas of necrosis appeared cellular with macrophages, heterophils, fibroblasts, and pale vacuolated cells with large vesicular nuclei that were identified as dedifferentiated myocytes. Ultrastructurally, necrotic fibers had disrupted contractile material and mineralized mitochondria. In resolving lesions, macrophages were numerous in the interstitium and within necrotic fibers. Also, a population of sublethally injured myocytes was present and appeared as dedifferentiated cardiac muscle cells with few myofibrils, scattered free filaments, prominent sarcoplasmic reticulum, abundant glycogen, and large nuclei with prominent nucleoli. These dedifferentiated myocytes represented a reparative phase of the Te-induced myocardial injury which has been termed “reactive hyperplasia” and “rejuvenating reorganization” in previous models of myocardial damage.
Pulmonary response of neonatal calves to intravenous and aerosol bradykinin
Authors: Slocombe R. F. , Latter W. , Derksen F. J. , Robinson N. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effect of iv and aerosol bradykinin on the lung quasistatic pressure volume curves, dynamic compliance, total pulmonary resistance, alveolar-arterial oxygen difference, and blood gas tensions was determined in anesthetized, ventilated neonatal calves. Bradykinin given by either route had no effect on these measures. Intravenous bradykinin caused pulmonary and systemic hypotension, but no change in hematocrit or total solids. Aerosol bradykinin had no cardiovascular effects.
Potential vectors of Dirofilaria immitis in Macon County, Alabama
Authors: Tolbert Ronald H. , Johnson W. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A study was conducted in Macon County, Alabama (east-central) during the mosquito breeding seasons of 1978 and 1979 to determine the potential vector(s) of Dirofilaria immitis. Live mosquitoes were collected with CO2-baited, miniature light traps, and small hand aspirators. These mosquitoes were subsequently dissected to determine whether immature stages of the heartworm were present. Specific communities were selected based on their having at least 4 known cases of D immitis infection present in the local dog population.
All positive collections were made between the months of May and September. Of 326 Anopheles punctipennis females dissected, 34 were positive, and of 84 Aedes vexans 6 were positive for infective (L3) larvae. Of 520 Culex quinquefasciatus females tested, 14 contained 2nd-stage larvae only. Immature stages of D immitis were collected during most of the mosquito breeding season. Data collected during the survey indicate that An punctipennis and to a lesser extent, Ae vexans are probably the principal vectors of D immitis in Macon County, Ala.
Extraction of capsular material from Pasteurella haemolytica
Authors: Gentry Martha J. , Corstvet Richard E. , Panciera Roger J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Water and phosphate-buffered saline solution suspensions of early logarithmic phase cells of Pasteurella haemolytica were incubated for 1 hour at various temperatures to remove capsular material with a minimum of cell lysis or death. Criteria used to determine capsular removal included change in agglutinability of the organism and disappearance of an antigenic component by the fluorescent antibody test and the agar-gel diffusion technique. The capsular material could be removed in a saline solution suspension at 41 C with little decrease in viability, thereby providing comparable cell populations with and without capsules for use in subsequent studies.
Sheep pulmonary adenomatosis (jaagsiekte) in the United States
Authors: Cutlip Randall C. , Young Stuart 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Morphologic features of 8 cases of sheep pulmonary adenomatosis in the United States are described. All cases were studied by light microscopy and 1 case, by electron microscopy. The common finding in all sheep was an adenoma composed of fetal type II alveolar epithelial cells. The stroma closely resembled interalveolar septa in most areas. In other areas, there was excessive collagenous or myxomatous tissue. Metastatic tumor in mediastinal lymph nodes of 2 sheep closely resembled tumor in the lung. A virus with cultural and structural characteristics like those of ovine progressive pneumonia virus was isolated from the lungs of 1 sheep, but neither virions nor viral inclusions were seen in the pulmonary parenchyma.
Immune response of pigs inoculated with virulent pseudorabies virus and pigs inoculated with attenuated or inactivated pseudorabies virus vaccine before and after challenge exposure
Authors: Kelling C. L. , Staudinger W. L. , Rhodes M. B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Pseudorabies virus (prv) antibodies, detectable by indirect radioimmunoassay (iria), serum-virus neutralization test (nt), or microimmunodiffusion test (midt) were developed within 8 days after pigs were inoculated with virulent prv or attenuated prv vaccine. Indirect radioimmunoassay and nt titers in pigs inoculated with virulent prv were developed at the same rate, with iria titers being higher than nt titers. Pigs inoculated with attenuated or inactivated prv vaccine developed peak mean prechallenge nt antibody titers of 4 and 1 (reciprocals of serum dilutions), respectively. Pigs inoculated with attenuated prv vaccine had peak mean prechallenge iria antibody titers of 6, whereas pigs inoculated with inactivated prv vaccine had mean iria antibody titers of 64. Challenge exposure of swine inoculated with attenuated or inactivated prv vaccine elicited quantitatively equivalent responses, as measured by iria or nt, which were higher than prechallenge titers. There were no false-positive iria, nt, or midt results obtained when sera from nonvaccinated, nonchallenge-exposed pigs were tested. It appears that the prv infection status of a seropositive swine herd could be ascertained by serologically monitoring several representative animals from a herd, using the nt. If 2 or more tests of representative animals at 14-day intervals were done and the mean nt titer was 4 or less, it could be concluded that the herd was vaccinated against, but not infected with, virulent virus.
Enhancement of the chemotactic response of bovine polymorphonuclear leukocytes by levamisole
Authors: Jayappa Huchappa G. , Loken Keith I. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effects of levamisole on random migration, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and intracellular killing by bovine polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmn) were investigated. Chemotactic assays were performed, using Micropore filters in modified Boyden chambers. Phagocytosis and intracellular killing of Escherichia coli were analyzed by standard viable bacterial counts. Results indicated that levamisole enhanced the chemotactic response of pmn at concentrations ranging from 10−4 to 5 × 10−3M. Phagocytes collected from cows at 90 minutes after im injection of levamisole also showed enhanced random migration and chemotaxis. Freshly prepared serum was shown to enhance the levamisole-induced stimulation of chemotaxis. Levamisole had no effect on phagocytosis or intracellular killing of E coli by bovine pmn.
Elimination of naturally acquired chronic Anaplasma marginale infections with a long-acting oxytetracycline injectable
Authors: Magonigle R. A. , Newby T. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Four injections of a long-acting oxytetracycline (20 mg/kg) were administered at 3-day intervals to 14 naturally infected anaplasmosis carrier cattle. Individual anaplasma serology titers were evaluated, using complement-fixation and rapid card-agglutination tests at frequent intervals during a 180-day posttreatment period. Serologic results indicated fluctuating complement-fixation titers during the trial period. However, at trial termination, 12 of 14 animals were negative by complement-fixation testing and all animals were card-test negative.
Eight splenectomized calves given 10 ml of blood from the medicated cows at their posttreatment day 150 failed to manifest any clinical, hematologic, or serologic signs of anaplasmosis during 56 days. Susceptibility to anaplasmosis challenge exposure was demonstrated by positive clinical and serotest reactions when 3 of the recipient calves were inoculated with blood from a parasitemic carrier calf.
Cardiopulmonary effects of intravenous xylazine, ketamine, and atropine in the dog
Authors: Kolata Ronald J. , Rawlings Clarence A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Atropine (0.04 mg/kg of body weight) and the combination of xylazine (1.1 mg/kg) and ketamine (11 mg/kg) were administered iv to dogs, and cardiopulmonary variables were measured. The drug combination caused hypoventilation, as reflected by increased PaCO2 and a 30% decrease in cardiac index, whereas arterial pressure, left atrial pressure, and peripheral resistance were increased. These variables began returning toward base-line values during anesthesia and were not different from base-line values by 30 minutes.
Mechanism of urinary excretion of creatinine by the cat
Authors: Finco Delmar R. , Barsanti Jeanne A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Creatinine and [14C]inulin clearance values were nearly the same during stop-flow and free-flow conditions in the cat. We conclude that glomerular filtration is the sole factor in renal excretion of creatinine in this species.
Anatomic (bladder vs kidney) and dynamic (slow vs fast urine flow rate) studies indicated insignificant changes occurred in creatinine content of urine as it traversed the ureter and bladder of cats. We conclude that the cat ureter and bladder under conditions of moderate distension are relatively impermeable to creatinine.
Morphogenesis of rabbit small intestinal mucosa
Authors: Toofanian F. , Targowski S. P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The sequential morphologic changes of rabbit small intestinal mucosa were studied from primodial stage to birth in 86 fetuses and during the early days of life in 18 rabbit newborns. In 13-day-old fetuses, the epithelium was flat and stratified. By the 17th day, epithelial ridges were formed. The first evidence of rudimentary villus formation was noted in 20-day-old fetuses and true villi appeared by 24 days of the gestation. Intestinal glands (crypts of Lieberkühn) were first observed at 29 days. The intestine of the newborn rabbit did not possess all mucosal constituents present in the adult. The duodenal glands (Brunner's glands) appeared in the first 2 days after birth, and the muscularis mucosa, on the 5th day. The histological maturity of the intestine occurred 20 days after the rabbit was born. At all stages, the morphogenesis followed a craniocaudal gradient developmental pattern.
Effect of Streptococcus faecium C-68 in control of Escherichia coli-induced diarrhea in gnotobiotic pigs
Authors: Underdahl N. R. , Torres-Medina A. , Doster A. R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Streptococcus faecium was fed to prevent colibacillosis in gnotobiotic pigs. Three strains of Escherichia coli were used. With strain O:K103, 987P:NM in pigs fed S faecium before the E coli challenge exposure, the pigs exhibited less severe diarrhea, recovered earlier, and produced better weight gains than did pigs given E coli only. Escherichia coli strains O157:K88ac:H19 and O8:K87, K88ab: H19 were more virulent. Pigs fed S faecium and challenge exposed with these 2 strains of E coli developed mild diarrhea; however, none of the pigs died, and they continued to eat well and gained weight. Pigs given E coli only developed severe diarrhea and lost weight, and 5 of 8 infected pigs died.
Bacterial counts of E coli and S faecium from 3 areas of the small intestine and the cecum were all comparable among experimental groups. Histopathologic examinations demonstrated abundant colonization of the intestinal tract with S faecium. Seemingly, S faecium reduced the toxic effects of E coli and prevented generalized infection and death.
Changes in selected biochemical constituents of blood collected from horses participating in a 50-mile endurance ride
Authors: Deldar A. , Fregin F. G. , Bloom J. C. , Davanipour Z. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effects of strenuous exercise on serum electrolytes, blood metabolites, and serum enzymes were studied in a group of 13 horses participating in a 50-mile endurance ride. Blood samples were collected before, during, and at the end of the ride, as well as 1 hour and 16 hours after the completion of the ride.
There were significant changes in these values when preride values were compared with those of samples taken at different sample-collection periods. Significant (P < 0.001) decreases were observed in serum concentrations of chloride, potassium, and calcium. A significant increase in the serum concentration of phosphorous also was observed. The mean concentrations of chloride and calcium remained significantly reduced in the 16-hour postride sample. A small, but significant (P < 0.05), increase in sodium and decrease in glucose concentrations were observed at the midride sample. Although midride samples did not reflect a significant change in blood pyruvate concentration, a significant (P < 0.05) increase was observed at the end of the ride. Changes in the hematocrit and the total protein concentration were statistically significant at levels of P < 0.001 and P < 0.01, respectively.
The horses showed highly significant increases in concentrations of free fatty acids, serum enzymes (P < 0.001), and lactate (P < 0.005) during the ride. The elevated values of creatine kinase and lactic dehydrogenase decreased, while the aspartate aminotransferase values remained increased long after completion of the ride. The lactate and free fatty acids, which rose significantly during the ride, decreased to approximately preride values by 16 hours after the ride was completed.
We conclude that the changes in serum electrolytes, enzymes, and blood metabolites reflect the sweating, muscle damage, and increased dependency on anaerobic glycolysis and lipid mobilization that these horses experienced during the competitive endurance ride.
Mechanical properties of equine hooves
Authors: Landeau Laurie J. , Barrett David J. , Batterman Steven C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A series of tests was designed to determine the mechanical properties of equine hooves. Base-line data on the mechanical properties and ultimate strength properties were obtained and are presented herein. In addition to providing numerical data on the mechanical behavior, the tests show that there is no difference in the stress-strain behavior or ultimate strength properties of pigmented and nonpigmented equine hooves.
Effects of naloxone on endotoxin-induced changes in ponies
Authors: Moore Alfred B. , Roesel O. F. , Fessler J. F. , Bottoms Gerald D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The value of naloxone (1 mg/kg of body weight/hr for 4 hrs), a β-endorphin antagonist, was assessed in the management of endotoxin-induced shock in ponies. Three groups of 5 ponies each were used: controls, ponies given Escherichia coli endotoxin but untreated, and ponies given endotoxin and then treated with naloxone. Endotoxin-induced changes in hemodynamics, blood chemical values, regional blood flow, plasma enzymes, and energy supplies were measured at selected times during the first 6 hours after endotoxin was given.
There was no evidence that β-endolphins released during shock were responsible for the hemodynamic changes, blood flow changes, plasma enzyme changes, or energy deficits, because naloxone, at this dosage level, did not prevent these endotoxin-induced changes.
Cambendazole for strongyle control in a pony band: Selection of a drug-resistant population of small strongyles and teratologic implications
Authors: Drudge J. H. , Lyons E. T. , Swerczek T. W. , Tolliver S. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Cambendazole (cbz) treatments (20 mg/kg) given at 8-week intervals were used for parasite control in a breeding band of ponies (n = 33 to 43) during the period July 1974 to August 1978. Pre- and posttreatment worm egg counts on feces were used to evaluate efficacy of treatments after every 2nd treatment interval by monitoring changes in strongyle egg counts. Initially, effective reductions (expressed as 92% to 96% fewer worm eggs) were lessened to 70% by the 9th treatment (18 months) and to 28% by the 12th treatment, and thereafter, they fluctuated between 0% and 38%. Critical tests on animals culled during the 3rd year revealed that (i) large strongyles (Strongylus vulgaris and S edentatus) were efficaciously removed, (ii) 5 species of small strongyles (Cyathostomum catinatus, Cyathostomum coronatum, Cylicocyclus nassatus, Cylicostephanus longibursatus, and Cylicostephanus minutus) exhibited some degree of resistance, and (iii) 11 species of small strongyles from 6 genera, including the 3 already named, were highly susceptible. Cylicostephanus minutus, in this population, exhibited benzimidazole resistance for the first time, whereas Cylicostephanus goldi, previously recognized as resistant in other populations (B and C) in Kentucky, was susceptible to cbz. A 2-fold increase in the drugdose rate did not increase efficacy against the cbz-resistant species of small strongyles, but a 4-fold increase efficaciously removed 93% of the resistant small strongyles.
Foaling rates in the brood band ranged between 38% and 61% for the 5 seasons. Three deformed foals occurred—1 in 1976 and 2 in 1977—among the total of 83 births. Present data did not evidence a probable week of early gestation for possible insult of the fetus by cbz treatment.
Impaired protective immunity to sarcocystosis in pregnant dairy goats
Authors: Dubey J. P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Six 1-month-pregnant does (No. 1 to 6) were each vaccinated orally with 1,000 sporocysts of Sarcocystis capracanis and six 1-month-pregnant does (No. 7 to 12) were not vaccinated. At 82 days after vaccination, 4 vaccinated does (No. 1 to 4) and 2 nonvaccinated does (No. 7 and 8) were each challenge exposed with 1,000,000 sporocysts; 2 nonvaccinated does (No. 9 and 10) were challenge exposed with 500,000 sporocysts; and the remaining 2 nonvaccinated does (No. 11, 12) were challenge exposed with 250,000 sporocysts. Of the 4 challenge-exposed vaccinated does, doe 1 aborted on 16 days after challenge exposure (dace) and died from uterine rupture. Doe 2 died of acute sarcocystosis on 23 dace; 2 resorbed fetuses were found in the uterus. Doe 3 was killed in good health on 28 dace: 2 healthy fetuses were found in the uterus. Doe 4 gave birth to 2 premature kids on 22 dace; both doe and kids died on the same day.
Of the 2 vaccinated does which were not challenge exposed, doe 5 died 64 days after vaccination due to pregnancy toxemia; 2 resorbed fetuses were in the uterus. Doe 6 delivered a full term kid which died on the day of birth.
Of the 6 challenge-exposed non-vaccinated does, doe 7 aborted on 15 dace and the other 5 does died of acute sarcocystosis between 21 and 27 dace.
Sarcocystis was not found in products of conception of any doe.
It was concluded that (i) a subclinical dose of S capracanis given in early pregnancy can cause fetal death without causing clinical disease in the doe, (ii) abortion can occur prior to the development of 2nd-generation meronts, and (iii) Sarcocystis-induced immunity is impaired during pregnancy.
Effects of carbon monoxide exposure on pregnant sows and their fetuses
Authors: Dominick M. A. , Carson T. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Miniature and domestic sows at 108 to 110 days of the gestation were exposed to atmospheric carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations of 150 to 400 ppm for 48 to 96 hours. Overall stillbirth rates were 6.7%, 34.8%, 42.3%, and 80.0% in the sows exposed to CO in concentrations of 200, 250, 300, and 350 ppm, respectively. A significant linear relationship was determined between these concentrations of CO and the resultant maternal carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) concentration (P < 0.01). The frequency of stillbirth increased significantly when maternal COHb concentration exceeded 23% saturation of hemoglobin. The COHb concentrations in new-delivered pigs (cesarean section) were greater than maternal COHb concentrations by 3 to 22%.
Common gross lesions in stillborn pigs were cherry red discoloration of the subcutaneous tissues, muscle, and viscera and accumulation of a large volume of serosanguineous pleural effusion. Hypoxic ischemic leukoencephalopathy was found in new-delivered pigs from 3 of 14 litters. Lesions included focal leukoencephalomalacia, glial-vascular proliferation, multifocal hemorrhage, and vacuolation of the neuropile. Many extramedullary hematopoietic centers were present in liver sections.
Pathologic features of leptospirosis in hamsters caused by Leptospira interrogans serovars hardjo and szwajizak
Authors: Badiola J. , Thiermann A. B. , Cheville N. F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Two groups of 16 weanling hamsters were given leptospires of the Hebdomadis serogroup (Leptospira interrogans serovars hardjo or szwajizak) intraperitoneally. They were killed on postinoculation days (pid) 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14. Kidneys, lungs, livers, and brains were examined by light and electron microscopy. Renal interstitial hyperemia and edema were present during the sampling period. Interstitial fibrosis and massive hemorrhages occurred in szwajizak-infected hamsters. In the liver, cellular infiltrates in portal spaces occurred in szwajizak-infected hamsters sooner than in hardjo-infected animals. Acute hepatitis was seen only in szwajizak-infected hamsters. Pulmonary hyperemia and hemorrhages were present in all infected animals. Splenic lymphoid hyperplasia and meningeal hyperemia were also common findings.
In general, lesions were more severe and developed earlier in szwajizak-infected than in hardjo-infected animals. Leptospires were cultured from blood and kidney of most szwajizak-infected hamsters. Cultures of blood from hardjo-intected hamsters were positive until pid 8, the time at which marked agglutinating antibodies were detected. Kidney cultures from hamsters killed on pid 4 onward were positive.