bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
γ-Glutamyltransferase Activity and Development of the Metabolic Syndrome (International Diabetes Federation Definition) in Middle-Aged Men and Women
Authors: André Philippe , Balkau Beverley , Vol Sylviane , Charles Marie Aline , Eschwège Eveline ,   on behalf of the DESIR Study Group
Published: August 2007

OBJECTIVE—Among hepatic enzymes, γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) is the main predictor of type 2 diabetes incidence, although it has not been shown that GGT predicts pre-diabetes states. Our aim was to study the association of GGT with the development of the metabolic syndrome (MetS).
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We analyzed the 3-year data from the Data from Epidemiological Study on the Insulin Resistance Syndrome prospective cohort of 1,656 men and 1,889 women without MetS at baseline, according to the International Diabetes Federation definition.
RESULTS—Over 3 years, 309 participants developed the MetS. After adjustment for age, alcohol intake, physical activity, smoking habits, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), the odds ratios for incident MetS increased across baseline GGT quartiles (1, 1.96, 2.25, and 3.81 in men, P &lt; 0.03; and 1, 1.23, 1.80, and 1.58 in women, P &lt; 0.05). After additional adjustment for insulin resistance markers (fasting insulin or homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index), the association was attenuated and the linear relation no longer significant in both sexes (P = 0.08, P = 0.16). However, men in the highest in comparison to the lowest quartile of GGT retained a significant risk for incident MetS. In women, there was no longer a significant risk. GGT was significantly associated with the 3-year incidence of individual components of the MetS. The incidence of the MetS also increased with ALT, but after adjustment on GGT this association remained significant only in women.
CONCLUSIONS—GGT, a predictor of type 2 diabetes, was associated with a risk of incident MetS. This association was mainly related with insulin resistance but was independent of other confounding factors.
Continuing Stability of Center Differences in Pediatric Diabetes Care: Do Advances in Diabetes Treatment Improve Outcome?
Authors: de Beaufort Carine E. , Swift Peter G.F. , Skinner Chas T. , Aanstoot Henk J. , Åman Jan , Cameron Fergus , Martul Pedro , Chiarelli Francesco , Daneman Dennis , Danne Thomas , Dorchy Harry , Hoey Hilary , Kaprio Eero A. , Kaufman Francine , Kocova Mirjana , Mortensen Henrik B. , Njølstad Pal R. , Phillip Moshe , Robertson Kenneth J. , Schoenle Eugen J. , Urakami Tatsuhiko , Vanelli Maurizio ,   on behalf of the Hvidoere Study Group on Childhood Diabetes 2005
Published: August 2007

OBJECTIVE—To reevaluate the persistence and stability of previously observed differences between pediatric diabetes centers and to investigate the influence of demography, language communication problems, and changes in insulin regimens on metabolic outcome, hypoglycemia, and ketoacidosis.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—This was an observational cross-sectional international study in 21 centers, with clinical data obtained from all participants and A1C levels assayed in one central laboratory. All individuals with diabetes aged 11–18 years (49.4% female), with duration of diabetes of at least 1 year, were invited to participate. Fourteen of the centers participated in previous Hvidoere Studies, allowing direct comparison of glycemic control across centers between 1998 and 2005.
RESULTS—Mean A1C was 8.2 ± 1.4%, with substantial variation between centers (mean A1C range 7.4–9.2%; P &lt; 0.001). There were no significant differences between centers in rates of severe hypoglycemia or diabetic ketoacidosis. Language difficulties had a significant negative impact on metabolic outcome (A1C 8.5 ± 2.0% vs. 8.2 ± 1.4% for those with language difficulties vs. those without, respectively; P &lt; 0.05). After adjustement for significant confounders of age, sex, duration of diabetes, insulin regimen, insulin dose, BMI, and language difficulties, the center differences persisted, and the effect size for center was not reduced. Relative center ranking since 1998 has remained stable, with no significant change in A1C.
CONCLUSIONS—Despite many changes in diabetes management, major differences in metabolic outcome between 21 international pediatric diabetes centers persist. Different application between centers in the implementation of insulin treatment appears to be of more importance and needs further exploration.
Risk Perception for Diabetes Among Women With Histories of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Kim Catherine , McEwen Laura N. , Piette John D. , Goewey Jennifer , Ferrara Assiamira , Walker Elizabeth A. 
Published: August 2007

OBJECTIVE—To examine risk perception for diabetes among women with histories of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We surveyed 217 women with histories of GDM who were enrolled in a managed-care plan and who did not currently have diabetes. In a cross-sectional design, we assessed the associations between risk perceptions and current lifestyle behavioral practices, plans to modify behaviors, and recent lifestyle behavior changes. Multivariable models included participant characteristics as well as potential modifiers of risk perception (knowledge of diabetes risk factors, optimistic bias, perceived personal control, and beliefs in the benefits and barriers of lifestyle modification).
RESULTS—Ninety percent of women recognized that GDM was a risk factor for future diabetes, but only 16% believed that they themselves had a high chance of developing diabetes; perceived risk increased to 39% when women were asked to estimate their risk assuming they maintained their current lifestyle. Women who consumed three or more but less than five servings a day of fruits and vegetables reported lower odds of moderate/high risk perception (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0.39 [95% CI 0.16–0.92]) than women who consumed less than three servings a day, although this association was not significant after further adjustment for income. Women who perceived themselves to be at moderate/high risk more often planned to modify their future lifestyle behaviors (9.1 [0.16–0.92]).
CONCLUSIONS—Despite understanding the association between GDM and postpartum diabetes, women with histories of GDM usually do not perceive themselves to be at elevated risk.
Serum C3 Is a Stronger Inflammatory Marker of Insulin Resistance Than C-Reactive Protein, Leukocyte Count, and Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
Authors: Muscari Antonio , Antonelli Serafina , Bianchi Giampaolo , Cavrini Giulia , Dapporto Susanna , Ligabue Amedeo , Ludovico Cosimo , Magalotti Donatella , Poggiopollini Guido , Zoli Marco ,   on behalf of the Pianoro Study Group
Published: August 2007

OBJECTIVE—This study was performed to ascertain the relative relevance of some inflammatory markers in insulin resistance.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Four inflammatory markers (leukocyte count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate [ESR], high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [CRP], and C3 complement) were assessed as possible determinants of the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index, together with the five elements of the metabolic syndrome (National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults [Adult Treatment Panel III] definition), total cholesterol, physical activity, and four indicators of adiposity (BMI, waist circumference, percent body fat, and hepatic steatosis) in an unselected population of 990 subjects aged 65–91 years (the Pianoro Study).
RESULTS—In univariable analysis, C3, CRP, and leukocyte count, but not ESR, were significantly correlated with HOMA index. In multivariable analysis, C3 remained associated with insulin resistance with the highest partial R2 value (0.049), independently of all other covariates. The other most significant (P &lt; 0.0001) determinants of HOMA index were total cholesterol (inverse association, R2 = 0.026), waist circumference (R2 = 0.023), triglycerides (R2 = 0.022), and hepatic steatosis (R2 = 0.021) (R2 = 0.450 for the whole model).
The adjusted relative risks of having the metabolic syndrome for the subjects with inflammatory markers in the high tertile, with respect to those with lower values, were (prevalence ratio [95% CI]): 1.77 (1.41–2.22) for C3, 1.38 (1.12–1.70) for leukocyte count, 1.17 (0.94–1.46) for CRP, and 1.13 (0.91–1.40) for ESR.
CONCLUSIONS—Of the four inflammatory markers simultaneously assessed in our elderly population, only C3 was strongly associated with insulin resistance, independently of the components of the metabolic syndrome and the main indexes of abdominal and general obesity.
Insulin Resistance Syndrome in the Elderly
Authors: Banks William A. , Willoughby Lisa M. , Thomas David R. , Morley John E. 
Published: August 2007

OBJECTIVE—Hyperinsulinemic euglycemia, or insulin resistance syndrome (IRS), is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Although thought to be associated with proinflammatory states, little work has been done in this area. Here, we determined the impact of IRS on functional, biochemical, metabolic, and inflammatory status in a high-risk population: elderly women in nursing homes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Functional, biochemical, metabolic, and inflammatory parameters were measured in 100 consecutive ambulatory, elderly women who resided in nursing homes. Diabetic subjects and residents with fasting blood glucose ≥110 mg/dl were excluded. Remaining residents were classified as insulin resistant (IR) (insulin &gt;100 pmol/l) or non-IR (NIR).
RESULTS—A total of 16 residents were IR and 53 NIR. No differences in functional status, BMI, renal function, C-reactive protein, or immune cell levels were found. Fasting blood glucose was higher in IR subjects ([means ± SD] 94.1 ± 8.1 vs. 87.9 ± 8.2, P &lt; 0.05), indicating a very mild glucose intolerance. Serum C-peptide (P &lt; 0.05), amylin (P &lt; 0.01), and leptin (P &lt; 0.01), but not adiponectin or resistin, were higher in IR subjects. Higher leptin-to-BMI and insulin–to–C-peptide ratios suggested an increased percent body fat mass and altered clearance of insulin, respectively. Eleven of 13 cytokines had arithmetic elevations, but only tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF) reached statistical significance (P &lt; 0.01). TNF and insulin levels were highly correlated.
CONCLUSIONS—IRS in the healthiest of long-term care residents is relatively rare but is associated with mild glucose intolerance, increased percent body fat, altered insulin clearance, and a proinflammatory status as evidenced by an elevated TNF.
The Effect of Resistance Training on Functional Capacity and Quality of Life in Individuals with High and Low Numbers of Metabolic Risk Factors
Authors: Levinger Itamar , Goodman Craig , Hare David L. , Jerums George , Selig Steve 
Published: August 2007

OBJECTIVE—There are limited data on the effects of resistance training on the capacity to perform activities of daily living (ADLs) and quality of life (QoL) for individuals with a high number of metabolic risk factors (HiMF). In this study, we examined the effect of resistance training on the capacity to perform ADLs and QoL in individuals with HiMF and compared any benefits with individuals with a low number of metabolic risk factors (LoMF).
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Fifty-five untrained individuals, aged 50.8 ± 6.5 years, were randomized to four groups: HiMF training (HiMFT), HiMF control, LoMF training (LoMFT), and LoMF control. At baseline and after 10 weeks of resistance training, participants underwent anthropometric measurements and assessments of aerobic power (Vo2peak), muscle strength, capacity to perform ADLs, and a self-perceived QoL questionnaire. A repeated-measures ANOVA was used to examine the effect of training over time among groups.
RESULTS—Training increased lean body mass in both HiMFT (P = 0.03) and LoMFT (P = 0.03) groups. Total fat content and Vo2peak improved in the LoMFT group only. Muscle strength improved in both training groups (P &lt; 0.01). Time to complete ADLs was reduced by 8.8% in the LoMFT group (P &lt; 0.01) and 9.7% in the HiMF group (P &lt; 0.01). Only the HiMFT group reported improvement in QoL.
CONCLUSIONS— Resistance training improved muscle strength and the capacity to perform ADLs in individuals with HiMF and LoMF. Resistance training improved QoL for the HiMF group, and this result was independent of changes in body fat content or aerobic power. Longer training regimens may be needed to improve QoL in individuals with LoMF.
Current Trends in Weight Management: What Advice Do We Give to Patients?
Authors: Boucher Jackie L. , Benson Gretchen A. , Kovarik Stephanie , Solem Brianne , VanWormer Jeffery J. 
Published: August 2007

In BriefGiven the number of individuals with diabetes who are overweight or obese,it is essential for diabetes educators to familiarize themselves with evidence related to common questions patients have when they set a goal to lose weight. Educators need to work with patients to help them develop a realistic approach to weight loss that is consistent with their diabetes management goals.
Anti-Diabetes and Anti-Obesity Medications: Effects on Weight in People With Diabetes
Authors: Hollander Priscilla 
Published: August 2007

In BriefChoosing medications for people with diabetes involves consideration of a number of factors, including effects on weight. Improvements in glucose control are often linked to weight gain, but this does not have to be the inevitable result of diabetes treatment. Adding a drug that either promotes weight-loss or is weight neutral to one that promotes weight gain and providing medical nutrition therapy can be considered.
Insulin-Related Knowledge Among Health Care Professionals in Internal Medicine
Authors: Derr Rachel L. , Sivanandy Mala S. , Bronich-Hall Lauren , Rodriguez Annabelle 
Published: August 2007

Background. Inpatient diabetes treatment has become more complicated recently with the introduction of new insulin formulations and a new emphasis on tight blood glucose control. Insufficient knowledge of insulin contributes to errors in its use that may cause adverse patient outcomes.
Methods. Seventy-three faculty members, 113 residents, and 191 nurses from four hospitals completed a 20-item multiple-choice questionnaire that assessed knowledge of insulin nomenclature and characteristics and inpatient insulin use.
Results. The percentage of knowledge-based questions answered correctly was low: 51% for faculty, 59% for house staff, and 47% for nurses. Scores on questions testing knowledge of insulin nomenclature and characteristics were similar to scores on those addressing inpatient insulin use among faculty and house staff; however, nurses scored better on the former than the latter (60 vs. 34%, P &lt; 0.0001). Knowledge of names and characteristics of newer insulins, such as glargine, aspart, and lispro, was poor compared to knowledge of older insulin formulations among all professional categories (46 vs. 78%, P &lt; 0.0001). House staff performed better than faculty (62 vs. 49%, P = 0.09) and nurses (62 vs. 34%, P &lt; 0.0001) on questions regarding inpatient diabetes management, but all groups frequently missed questions involving sliding-scale insulin use and dosing insulin in patients with type 1 diabetes.
Conclusion. Educational programs teaching insulin characteristics and inpatient diabetes management are needed for all categories of health care providers. Increased knowledge may help to improve patient safety in the hospital.
Enzymatic Activity of Human Carboxylesterases
Authors: Ross Matthew K. , Borazjani Abdolsamad 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe carboxylesterases (CEs) are hydrolytic enzymes that metabolize xenobiotics that contain ester, thioester, or amide bonds. CEs are ubiquitously expressed but are found in highest concentration in membrane‐enriched fractions of the liver. This unit describes assays used to measure the enzymatic activity and tissue distribution of human CEs. Both spectrophotometric and HPLC‐based assays are described in detail. Several of these methods are rapid and easy to perform. These methods will be useful to investigators who are interested in studying the metabolism and disposition of esterified drugs and environmental chemicals. Curr. Protoc. Toxicol. 33:4.24.1‐4.24.14. © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Techniques for Mammalian Cell Tissue Culture
Authors: Phelan Mary C. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThis appendix opens with detailed discussions on the latest principles of sterile technique and preparation of culture media. Step‐by‐step protocols describe trypsinizing and subculturing monolayer cultures, passaging suspension cultures, freezing and thawing cells, counting cells using a hemacytometer, and preparing cells for transport.Curr. Protoc. Toxicol. 33:A.3B.1‐A.3B.18. © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Detection of Protein‐Protein Interactions by Coprecipitation
Authors: Elion Elaine A. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractCo‐precipitation of proteins from whole cell extracts is a valuable approach to test for physical interactions between proteins of interest. It may be the method of choice, or may be used in conjunction with other procedures to detect protein‐protein interactions, such as two‐hybrid analyis and co‐purification schemes, and tests of physical associations using purified proteins. Curr. Protoc. Protein Sci. 49:19.4.1‐19.4.10. © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Proteomic Identification of Cellular Protease Substrates Using Isobaric Tags for Relative and Absolute Quantification (iTRAQ)
Authors: Dean Richard A. , Smith Derek , Overall Christopher M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIdentification of protease substrates is essential to identify and understand the functional consequences of normal and dysregulated proteolysis in disease on the proteome. Isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) can be used to identify novel protease substrates in the cellular context. An amine‐targeted iTRAQ tag labels tryptic peptides generated from the proteins and protease cleavage products of secreted proteins, as well as protein domains shed from the cell membrane or pericellular matrix of protease‐transfected cells that have accumulated in conditioned medium; a second iTRAQ tag is used for control cells. MS/MS fragmentation enables sequencing of the pooled pairs of differently labeled but identical peptides and generates a low mass signature ion peak unique for each label. This signature ion peak identifies the peptides originating from the protease‐transfected or control cells; comparison of the peak areas enables relative quantitation of the peptide between the samples. Curr. Protoc. Protein Sci. 49:21.18.1‐21.18.12. © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The CLIP‐CHIP Oligonucleotide Microarray: Dedicated Array for Analysis of All Protease, Nonproteolytic Homolog, and Inhibitor Gene Transcripts in Human and Mouse
Authors: Kappelhoff Reinhild , Overall Chris 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe CLIP‐CHIP oligonucleotide microarray allows the analysis of mRNA transcript levels in a tissue sample for all proteases, nonproteolytic homologs, and protease inhibitors of the human and mouse genome. In the protocol presented in this unit, total RNA is extracted from a tissue, and the resulting mRNA is reverse transcribed into cDNA and dsDNA and then amplified in an in vitro transcription reaction. The amplified antisense RNA is labeled with a fluorescent dye and hybridized to the CLIP‐CHIP, which contains unique oligonucleotides that are specifically designed for the protease, nonproteolytic homologs, protease inhibitors, and control samples. After hybridization, the fluorescence intensity of each spot is measured, thus identifying mRNA transcripts that are expressed and allowing basic quantification of expressed transcripts. Curr. Protoc. Protein Sci. 49:21.19.1‐21.19.16. © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Overview of Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS/MS) Database Search Algorithms
Authors: Kapp Eugene , Schütz Frédéric 
Published: August 2007

AbstractMass spectrometry–based methods for the identification of proteins are fundamental platform technologies for proteomics. One comprehensive approach is to subject trypsinized peptides to tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) to obtain detailed structural information. Different strategies are available for interpreting MS/MS data and hence deducing the amino acid sequence of the peptides. The most common method is to use a search algorithm to identify peptides by correlating experimental and theoretical MS/MS data (the latter being generated from possible peptides in the protein sequence database). Identified peptides are collated and protein entries from the sequence database inferred. This unit focuses on the most widely used tandem MS peptide identification search algorithms (commercial and open source), their availability, ease of use, strengths, speed and scoring, as well as their relative sensitivity and specificity. Curr. Protoc. Protein Sci. 49:25.2.1‐25.2.19. © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Experimental Autoimmune Thyroiditis in the Mouse
Authors: Kong Yi‐chi M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractExperimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT) in mice is an excellent model for Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT). It is induced with thyroglobulin (Tg), a known thyroid autoantigen that is common to both mouse and human and for which several conserved, thyroiditogenic epitopes have been identified. This unit describes induction and evaluation of EAT using thyroid histology and in vitro proliferative response assays. An ELISA is presented to detect the level of antibody to mouse thyroglobulin (MTg). To induce EAT, either bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or supplemented complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) can be used as adjuvant. A support protocol for preparing MTg is included. The T cell proliferation assay can be used to examine the antigenicity of synthetic peptides derived from MTg or heterologous Tg. EAT can be adoptively transferred utilizing cells that have been expanded in vitro, as described. A protocol is provided for inducing tolerance using deaggregated MTg; induction of tolerance requires larger amounts of MTg but efficiently suppresses EAT development. Also included is a protocol to demonstrate the role of regulatory T cells in mediating tolerance. A protocol to delineate HLA association with HT is illustrated using HLA class II transgenic mice. Curr. Protoc. Immunol. 78:15.7.1‐15.7.21. © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Stardust
Mission
Authors:   Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Published: August 2007

Abstract

NASA
's Discovery Program

Why Stardust?

Comets

Other Comet Missions

Interstellar Dust

Mission Overview

Spacecraft Profile

Aerogel Dust Collectors

Sample Return Capsule

Comet and Interstellar Dust Analyzer

Dust Flux Monitor

Navigation Camera

Propulsion System

Attitude Control

Command and Data Handling

Power

Thermal Control

Telecommunications

Redundancy

Whipple Shields
Laboratory Maintenance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Larsen Michelle H. , Biermann Karolin , Jacobs, William R. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThis unit includes protocols for the laboratory maintenance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, including growth on liquid and solid media as well as recommendations for long‐term strain storage. Considerations for working with M. tuberculosis at Biosafety Level 3 containment are also discussed. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 6:10A.1.1‐10A.1.8. © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Genetic Manipulation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Larsen Michelle H. , Biermann Karolin , Tandberg Steven , Hsu Tsugunda , Jacobs, William R. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThis unit includes protocols for the genetic manipulation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, including nucleic acid extraction (plasmid DNA, genomic DNA, and mRNA), and methods for electroporation (transformation), transduction (including allelic exchange), and transposon mutagenesis. Considerations for working with M. tuberculosis at Biosafety Level 3 containment are also discussed. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 6:10A.2.1‐10A.2.21. © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.