bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tafeln zur genäherten Auswertung von Kugelfunctionenreihen und ihren Differentialquotienten
Authors: Schmidt Von Dr. Ad. 
Published: February 2008

Im Laufe einer Reihe von Jahren, in denen ich mit Untersuchungen über das erdmagnetische Potential beschäftigt war, habe ich Veranlassung gefunden, mir allmählich eine grössere Zahl von Hülfstafeln zur Erleichterung numerischer Rechnungen anzulegen. Manche davon, so z. B. die hier mitgeteilten, besitzen eine so allgemeine und vielfache Verwendbarkeit, dass ihre Veröffentlichung wohl gerechtfertigt erscheint.Zur Auswertung einer durch eine Kugelfunctionenreihe dargestellten Function, z. B. eines Potentials V, giebt es bereits verschiedene Tafeln. Ich selbst habe in dieser Zeitschrift (Vol. I, pag. 75, 76) eine kleine Tabelle der Logarithmen der Functionen Rmn mitgeteilt. Diese Hülfsmittel sind indessen noch nicht bequem genug, wenn man, was oft vorkommt, schnell eine wenn auch nur ganz rohe Uebersicht (am besten in graphischer Darstellung) über die Verteilung der Functionswerte auf der ganzen Kugelfläche gewinnen will. Es genügen dann sehr stark abgerundete Werte der Reihencoefficienten und der Kugelfuiictionen. Diese letzteren findet man nun—auf 3 Decimalstellen angegeben—im ersten Teile der umstehenden Tabelle. Rundet man sie, was für den bezeichneten Zweck vollkommen ausreicht, auf 2 Decimalen ab, so kann die Berechnung der Reihe
Sur la périodicité des perturbations de l'aiguille aimantée horizontale, à l'observatoire du parc Saint‐Maur
Authors: Moureaux Par M. Th. 
Published: February 2008

La série des observations magnétiques faites à l'observatoire du Parc Saint‐Maur remonte au Ier janvier 1883; elle comprend donc actuellement seize années. Les courbes de variations de D, H et Z sont réduites, et transformées en tableaux qui donnent, pour chaque heure, la valeur absolue de ces trois éléments. Le résumé des quinze premières années, qui vient d'être publié, permet ainsi la discussion de 131,496 observations.Nous n'envisagerons ici que la variation horaire et mensuelle des perturbations de la déclinaison et de la composante horizontale. Ce mot perturbation doit d'ailleurs s'entendre au sens le plus large; il ne s'aplique pas seulement aux grands orages magnétiques; mais à toute valeur horaire s'écartant de sa valeur normale, dans un sens ou dans l'autre, d'une quantité déterminée.
New magnetic intensity‐variometers
Authors: Heydweiller Adolf 
Published: February 2008

1. Two like declination needles, one lying above the other, with a common axis of rotation, are brought into such a position that they cross at right angles to each other, each making an angle of 45° with the magnetic meridian; then, on turning the magnets, each of the four poles moves in an almost homogeneous magnetic field, as is apparent from the known distribution of the lines of force of bar magnets, and a change in the exterior directive force, the horizontal intensity of the earth's magnetism, corresponds to a proportional turning of the needles. This is the fundamental principle of the instruments now to be described.2. Description of a simple local‐variometer for the horizontal intensity. Two rhombic magnetic needles of tungsten steel, 5.7 cm. in length and about 1.4 g. in weight, which, treated according to Strouhal and Barus, possess a magnetic moment of about 30 C. G. S., oscillate on pivots, above dampers of copper plate, in a cylindrical case, with a vertical distance between them of about 6.4 cm., which, by raising and lowering the lower pivot with a screw and a check‐nut, can be varied and can be precisely fixed, The lower needle carries two light aluminum indices, perpendicular to its axis and pointing upward, which move, at the ends of the upper needle, over small graduations on silvered glass attached to it. The turning of the needles relative to one another is determined at different points, and the difference of the readings on each scale for the two positions of equilibrium of the needles, 90° apart, is found. The height of the whole instrument, which rests on three foot screws, is 16 cm., the diameter of the base 15 cm., its weight, 1.5 kg,; it is, therefore, quite portable.
The effect of glass covers in magnetic instruments
Authors: Fischer E. G. 
Published: February 2008

Some time in the winter 1896–7, while determining index corrections of the compass declinometers belonging to the Coast and Geodetic Survey, Assistant G. R. Putnam observed motions of the magnetic needles of such nature as to leave no doubt that the glass covers of these instruments carried strong electrostatic charges, caused by atmospheric conditions, which at the time were especially favorable, the weather being dry and cold.In two of the declinometers, in which the glass covers were afterwards replaced by brass plates, with only small pieces of glass covering the openings through which to observe the points of the needles, no erratic movements were noticed, and repeated determinations of their index corrections, agreed with each other within the error of observation; while, before, nearly all observers using these instruments reported occasional discrepancies in their results, which could not be accounted for.
Some recent contributions to terrestrial magnetism
Authors: Bauer L. A. 
Published: February 2008

During the past five years a most remarkable interest in magnetic work has been shown throughout the civilized world. The present time can well be likened to the years when Gauss inaugurated a Magnetic Association, consisting of investigators from all countries, in order to carry out observations simultaneously at stated periods, for the purpose of deducing laws governing the complex phenomena of the Earth's magnetism, and to recognize harmony in irregularities apparently subject to no law.Almost every civilized country has either just completed a magnetic survey, or is taking the necessary steps for the inauguration of such work on a grander and more comprehensive scale than ever before.
Nachtrag zur Mittheilung: einige bemerkungen zur messung der horizontal‐intensitæt des erd‐magnetismus mittels des magnetischen theodoliten
Authors: Von J. Liznar 
Published: February 2008

In einer Mittheilung in No. 2 dieses Bandes habe ich den Vorschlag gemacht, bei den Messungen mit den magnetischen Reise‐Theodoliten die Ablenkungswinkel in zwei Distanzen zu bestimmen, weil sich dann mit Hilfe der beiden Ablenkungswinkel der richtige Wert der Grosse C (der Gleichung 6) immer ermitteln lässt. Da aber die Methode, welche ich am Schlüsse der pag. 64 zur Berechnung von C″ angeführt habe, nur einen rohen Näherungswert
liefert, wovon man sich leicht durch die daselbst angegebenen Substitutionen überzeugen kann, so sei es mir gestattet, auf diesen Gegenstand nochmals zurück zu kommen, um zu zeigen, wie der jedesmalige Wert von C genau zu berechnen ist.Es muss zunächst betont werden, dass die am Anfange der pag. 69 aufgestellte Behauptung : die relative Grösse und die Form der Magnete sei gleichgiltig, nicht aufrecht gehalten werden kann, sondern dass vielmehr die relative Göosse der Magnete an die Bedingung geknüpft ist, dass in der Reihe

urn:x-wiley:00968013:media:tma381:tma381-math-0002
die Grösse Q=o wird.
Results of some recent magnetic investigations in Italy
Authors: Littlehales G. W. 
Published: February 2008

It is indispensable in laying the foundation for researches into the distribution of values of the terrestrial magnetic elements that observations should extend to all parts of a region, whether the terrain does or does not exert a sensible local action.For example, one who would determine the values of the constants of terrestrial magnetism on the island of Elba, or in the volcanic terrain of Latium, or among the serpentine and dioritic rocks of the Alps, or, in general, anywhere in the midst of the magnetic masses, would do his work in vain; because, firstly, by repeating the observations in the same locality, but at points slightly distant from those previously occupied, he would obtain probable values differing much from those obtained at the first points; and, secondly, the electric discharges in the atmosphere would more or less modify the magnetic conditions of the ground.
Some experiments upon the relations between ether, matter, and electricity
Authors: Gilbert Norman E. 
Published: February 2008

In the following paper are described a number of experiments, undertaken at the suggestion of Professor H. A. Rowland, upon the relations between ether, matter, and electricity. The theories advanced in the paper as suggestive of the experiments are, to the best of the writer's ability, statements of Professor Rowland's ideas. Unfortunately the sudden illness and death of Professor Rowland prevented him from reviewing the paper.Since the development of the wave theory of light by Huygens in 1678, the most important problem which has confronted the physicist has been the determination of the nature and the properties of the medium which we must imagine to fill all space for the propagation of the waves which give rise to the sensation of light. Numerous ethers have been postulated, each with properties which might account for the phenomenon under consideration, but none of which have made any claim to universal application. Green has developed extensively the elastic solid theory, and has even made estimates of the density and rigidity of the ether. The recent development of the electro‐magnetic theory of light and the location of the electro‐magnetic energy in the ether have demanded properties entirely different from any which could be furnished by a rigid elastic solid, and new ethers have been postulated accordingly. Faraday's discovery of the rotation of the plane of polarization of light in a magnetic field suggested that the particles of matter, or the ether in connection with them, must be in rotation. As a result of the theories proposed by Ampere and Weber, and developed by Maxwell, modern theories of magnetism are based on some kind of rotary or vortical motion in the ether, and if a piece of iron is magnetized, we imagine that the molecules, or something about them, rotate also. Maxwell has tried to detect the presence of any such rotation in an electro‐magnet. With a kind of gyroscope he showed that, if it exists, the angular momentum must be small compared with any quantities which we can measure. An attempt was made, at the suggestion of Professor Rowland, by Mr. Paul McJunkin and the author, to determine within what limit it is possible to say that there is no frictional or viscous resistance in the ether connected with such rotation.
Report on the magnetic observations made during the total solar eclipse, May 17–18, 1901, at the magnetic observatory, Potsdam, Germany
Authors: Eschenhagen Max 
Published: February 2008

Besides the regular magnetic registrations of the Observatory, the following additional work was done in response to the appeal for international co‐operation in the special magnetic work on the day of the eclipse:A. Eye readings of the unifilar and bifilar magnetometers and of the balance every minute from 14h 37m to 22h 30m Greenwich mean astronomical time, May 17, 1901, the observers being Messrs. Lüdeling, Edler, Nippoldt, Bidlingmayer, Luyken, Warthmann, and Ott. The bifilar magnetometer was read on the full minute, the unifilar 10 seconds before, and the balance 10 seconds after, all by the same observer. The reduction formulae, the values of the base lines being provisional, are:D = 10° 01′.2 W‐1′.0 (n‐150),H = 18830 + 2.63γ (n′‐60) + 3.35γ (t′‐20°),Z = 43470 + 3.1γ (n″‐100) − 2γ (t″‐20°)
Description of a set of magnetographs designed by W. Watson
Authors: Watson W. 
Published: February 2008

Some time ago I designed a set of magnetographs to be used in determining the disturbances produced by an electric railway on the three magnetic elements, the experiments being made with the view to the framing of regulations for the protection of the English magnetic observatories. Since observations had to be made at a number of stations, and accommodation for the instruments was often very rough, generally stables and sheds, it was essential that the instruments should be easily and rapidly set up and adjusted, also that they should not require a darkened room. Captain Fraser, the director of the magnetic survey of India, having seen these instruments, asked me to design a set on similar lines for use at the four base stations of that survey, and although I can not claim any novelty for the arrangement as a whole, yet it has been suggested to me that a short description of the instruments might be of use to others who have to design such instruments.No attempt is to be made in the case of the Indian magnetic survey to keep a record of the changes in the vertical component, and thus in the attached photographs, which were taken from the Indian instruments, only the declination and horizontal intensity instruments are shown. Some photographs of the vertical intensity balance used in England have, however, been added.
Ueber den Einfluss der Spiegel‐Collimation bei Spitzen‐Aufhaengung auf Declinations‐Messungen
Authors: Haussmann K. 
Published: February 2008

Die Annahme, dass der Collitnations‐Fehler eines freischwingen den Declinations‐Magnets durch das Umlegen in Wegfall komme, gilt nur für den Fall, dass die Verbindung s‐Linie der zwei Aufhänge‐Puncte durch den Schwerpunct des Magnet‐Systems geht. Für die Aufhängung an einem Faden ist dies leicht zu bewirken, nicht aber für die Bewegung auf einer Spitze.1) Bei der Pinnen‐Auf hängung ist die genannte Forderung (Schwerpunct in der Verbindungs‐Linie der beiden Aufhänge‐Puncte) erfüllt, wenn die Axen der Ausschleifungen des Doppel‐Hütchens zusammenfallen mit der geometrischen Axe der Fassung des Hütchens, bez. der Axe der Hülse, in der das Doppel‐Hütchen sich bewegt Allgemein trifft die Forderung noch zu, wenn die Axen der Ausschleifungen des Doppel‐Hütchens parallel und symmetrisch zur Axe der Fassung liegen und der Schwerpunct in beiden Lagen gleich tief unter dem Auf hänge‐Punct liegt. Zu diesen Voraussetzungen für die Construktion kommt noch die weitere für die Messung, dass der Magnet in seinen beiden Lagen genau centrisch auf die Pinne gesetzt wird, oder wenn dies aus mechanischen Gründen nicht möglich ist, dass die Pinne zwischen beiden Magnetlagen um 180° gedreht werde, bei genau gleicher räumlicher Lage des Magnets.
The Christchurch Magnetic Observatory, New Zealand
Authors: Farr C. Coleridge 
Published: February 2008

The Observatory is situated in the Christchurch Botanical Gardens, in latitude 43° 31′ 50″ S.; longitude 172° 37′ 18″ E. The time employed in New Zealand is that of longitude 172° 30′ 00′′ E., or 11h 30m E., and when Greenwich time is not stated as being adopted, it is this local .standard time which is used at the observatory.The observatory consists of three buildings, situated sufficiently far from one another for the operations carried on in one to be without appreciable effect in the others. The “absolute house” and “variation house” are both constructed of material which has been tested and found rice from magnetic effect. The absolute house is built of wood fastened with copper nails and brass screws; the roofing is of slate.
Results of the magnetic observations in the United States up to June 30, 1902
Authors: Bauer L. A. , Hazard D. L. 
Published: February 2008

Two recently issued publications bring the results of the magnetic (declination, dip, and intensity) in the United States up to the date June 30, 1902.The “Magnetic Declination Tables for 1902,” cited in the foot‐note below,1 is a continuation of the series of papers begun in 1855, treating of the magnetic declination in the United States, the last one published having been by the late Mr. Schott in the year 1897 and giving the results for 1900. The form of publication has been altered into the more convenient octavo form.
Second international seismological conference at Strassburg
Authors: Reid Harry Fielding 
Published: February 2008

In response to a call from the German Government, delegates were appointed by various countries to meet in Strassburg, from July 24th to 28th of the present year, to discuss the organization of an International Seismological Association. Official delegates were present from the following nineteen countries, namely: Germany, Argentine Republic, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Chili, Congo, United States, Great Britain, Hungary, Japan, Italy, Mexico, Holland, Portugal, Roumania, Russia, Sweden, and Switzerland. France and Spain also had representatives, but they did not come as official delegates.The meetings took place in the main assembly‐room of the “Landesausschussgebäude,” and were opened by the Prince of Hohenlohe‐Langenburg, Imperial Governor of Alsace‐Lorraine. He made an address of welcome to the delegates, and was followed by Professor Dr. Gerland, the director of the Imperial Central Seismological Station at Strassburg, who also welcomed the delegates and stated the object of the meeting.
Magnetic survey of the Dutch East Indies
Authors: van Bemmelen W. 
Published: February 2008

The work of the survey has been continued during a trip round Sumatra lasting from February 19th till April 1st. Favored by the dry and clear weather prevailing on the northeastern coasts of Sumatra during this time of the year, the observations were as successful as could be wished.The mode of observation was the same as in 1903; the storage battery apparatus with damping coil, lamp, and solenoid for reversing the polarity of the dip needles was kept in perfect working order throughout the whole trip, and has contributed in a remarkable manner to the success of the observations.
The physical decomposition of the earth's permanent magnetic field: No. V
Authors: Bauer L. A. 
Published: February 2008

In the year 1634, as well known, an English mathematician, Gellibrand, announced his important discovery, that the direction assumed by a compass needle had undergone considerable change at London since the observation of Borough and Norman in 1580, when the needle had been found to point 11°1/4 East; in 1634 Gellibrand observed only a trifle over 4° East. Most commendably and remarkably for his time, he refrained from “entering into a dispute [speculation] concerning the source of this sensible diminution, whether it may be imputed to the magnet or the Earth or both,” but says it “must be all left to future times to discover, this Invention being but newly presented to the world in its infancy.”Nearly three centuries have passed and Gellibrand's discovery has been amply verified. It has been found that not only the magnetic declination is subject to a secular change, but also the magnetic inclination and the intensity of the magnetic force. It is thus an accepted and a troublesome fact that the distribution of the Earth's magnetism undergoes considerable changes with the lapse of time. The cause of this secular change has been the subject of comparatively fruitless investigation of many noted physicists, mathematicians, and astronomers. Helmholtz characterized the Earth's magnetism as one of the most puzzling of natural forces and Maxwell in referring to the photographic records of the Earth's magnetic fluctuations obtained at magnetic observatories says: “On that paper the never resting heart of the Earth is now tracing in telegraphic symbols, which will one day be interpreted, a record of its pulsations and its flutterings, as well as of that slow but mighty working [the secular variation] which warns us that we must not suppose that the inner history of our planet is ended.” Judging from the mass of literature on the subject of the secular variation, the difficulty apparently has not been in finding a cause, but to prove which among the many assignable ones was the one.
The electrochemical equivalent of silver
Authors: Guthe K. E. 
Published: February 2008

A preliminary account of the recent redetermination of the electrochemical equivalent of silver by Van Dijk and Kunst has been given in the “Proc. Roy. Acad., Amsterdam, Jan. 21, 1904,” and in the “Ann. Phys. Vol. 14, p. 569, 1904.” Van Dijk has now published the interesting details of the research.The tangent galvanometer method was employed, a method which requires the accurate knowledge of the intensity of the horizontal component of the Earth's magnetic field. This was determined by means of a bifilar magnetometer, with wires 232 cms. long and 12.4 cms. apart. Great pains were taken to eliminate all possible errors, and the difficulties encountered clue to local magnetic influences in the instruments are fully described.
Records of seismographs in North America and the Hawiian Islands: No. II1
Authors: Reid Harry Fielding 
Published: February 2008

The following table contains the records of seismographs in North America and the Hawaiian Islands for the second half of 1904. The times are Greenwich mean civil time beginning at midnight. The following abbreviations are used:P. T. = preliminary tremors; P. P. = principal part, sometimes called long waves. The location of the stations, the type of instrument installed and the components of the motion registered are as follows:
The magnetic survey of the North Pacific Ocean: instruments, methods, and preliminary results
Authors: Bauer L. A. 
Published: February 2008

As is well known, the Carnegie Institution of Washington authorized its Department of Terrestrial Magnetism to undertake a magnetic survey of the North Pacific Ocean, and made a provisional allotment of $20,000 to cover the initial costs of its inauguration and progress during the year 1905, in accordance with a plan submitted by Messrs. L. A. Bauer and G. W. Littlehales. [The allotment for 1906 has been sufficiently enlarged to permit the continuous and uninterrupted prosecution of the work, and ample assurance has been received of similar allotments, so that the systematic magnetic survey of the oceanic areas, not alone of the North Pacific Ocean, is now an assured fact.]A single quotation will suffice to show that there were good grounds for the undertaking of an oceanic magnetic survey, and for beginning first of all with the Ocean, so rapidly developing in commercial importance—the North Pacific Ocean.