bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Ust'-Kanskaia Paleolithic Cave Site, Siberia
Authors: Rudenko S. I. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractCaves in the western foothills of the Altai Mountains have long been known, and collections of Pleistocene fauna were made a century ago in caves in the middle reaches of the Charysh River which rises in the snow-covered Kargon range on the central Altai. The cave near the village of Ust'-Kan in the upper reaches of the Charysh River, which was discovered and excavated in 1954, is the first Siberian cave site of Paleolithic age to be investigated. The deposits contained a rich and varied fauna including 17 species of mammals and 12 of birds. Of special interest are the extinct spiral-horned antelope and cave hyena. This is the first Paleolithic site at which the yak has been found. This faunal assemblage is typical of a steppe region such as the dry, unforested Central Asiatic tablelands, and is quite distinct from the postglacial fauna from the known open sites of the Siberian Paleolithic in the Yenisei, Angara, and Trans-Baikal regions. The occupation of the site is dated by the fauna to the warm phase just preceding the last Altai glaciation. The artifacts exhibit the massive and archaic characteristics typical of the Siberian Paleolithic in general, but differ completely from artifacts at previously known Late Paleolithic sites considered to be contemporaneous with the European Magdalenian and later. The Ust'-Kanskaia tool assemblage is in the Mousterian tradition and may be related to the Levalloiso-Mousterian developments in neighboring Central Asia. Comparative artifact and faunal studies also suggest correlations with the Upper Paleolithic of the Ordos and the ancient cultures of Southeast Asia.
Sea Levels and Archaeology in the Long Island Sound Area
Authors: Salwen Bert 
Published: April 2006

AbstractTwo coastal sites on Long Island, the Stony Brook site and the Baxter site, are examined in the light of Fairbridge's data on sea level fluctuations during the last 7000 years. In each case, the coastline at the time of occupation is reconstructed, and inferences are made about the ecological setting. Archaeological data pertaining to subsistence pattern are then reviewed in the light of the probable local environment at the time of occupation. Orient culture occupations at both sites date from about 2900 B.P., when sea level is believed to have been about 10 feet below the present level. The Orient component midden at Stony Brook contains more oyster shell than any other species of mollusk, while that at the Baxter site contains a large percentage of clam shell and almost no oyster. This difference cannot be explained on cultural grounds, but can be shown to reflect local environmental factors existing under conditions of lowered sea level. The midden contents at other times of occupation are found to be consistent with the corresponding sea levels.
A Shell Heap Site on Griffin Island, Wellfleet, Massachusetts
Authors: Moffett Ross 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA group of small middens has yielded cultural materials that are characteristic of Cape Cod. A Middle Woodland stage having grit-tempered, dentate- and rocker-stamped pottery, stemmed and side-notched points was followed by a Late Woodland 1 stage using course shell-tempered, straight-sided vessels, and large triangular points. A late Woodland 2, or final, stage had fine shell-tempered, globular pots, to some extent suggestive of late Windsor pottery of the coastal section west of Cape Cod.
Age of the Skeleton from the Lagow Sand Pit, Texas
Authors: Oakley K. P. , Howells W. W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractMeasurements of the fluorine, uranium, and nitrogen content of a representative series of bones from Lagow and neighboring terrain show that while the human skeleton from the Lagow Sand Pit is not modern, it cannot be assigned an antiquity equivalent to that of the Lewisville Pleistocene fauna at the site.
A Forgotten Latin Eclogue
Authors: Grant W. Leonard 
Published: April 2006

Of all the forms of Latin hexameter verse cultivated during the European Renaissance none, perhaps, had so long and so vigorous a history as the bucolic eclogue or pastoral. From early in the fourteenth century to late in the eighteenth there was a constant stream of pastoral verse, some of it written by triflers, some by many of Europe's foremost poets: it is enough to mention Milton's Epitaphium Damonis. Most such poems were literary and derivative, some were attempts to develop a new class of pastoral, some were attempts to put the pastoral form to entirely new uses.A common variety of eclogue in Renaissance Latin literature is the pastoral lament on the death of a friend or patron. We may instance that of Marco Girolamo Vida (1485-1566) on Pope Julius II (d. 1513), that of Cinzio Giambattista Giraldi (1504-73) on Ludovicus Bonactiolus and Joannes Manardus (both doctors who had taught the poet), that of Giano Anisio (ca. 1475-ca. 1540) on Giovanni Pontano (1422?-1503) of Naples, or Pontano's on his wife Adriana Sassone (d. 1491).
Erasmus and More: Some Contrasting Theological Opinions
Authors: Pineas Rainer 
Published: April 2006

When, during their controversy, Tyndale asks More why he has criticized the Tyndale translation of the New Testament but has said nothing against the translation of his ‘derelyng’ Erasmus, More answers:I have not contended with Erasmus my derling, because I found no suche malicious entente with Erasmus my derlyng, as I fynde with Tyndall. For hadde I founde with Erasmus my derling the shrewde entente and purpose that I fynde in Tyndall: Erasmus my derlyng should be no more my derlyng….
The Pier Luigi Farnese Scandal: An English Report
Authors: Parks George B. 
Published: April 2006

Though a discredited scandal might best be forgotten, its reverberations may still have meaning. In 1537 England was cut off by the break with the Roman church from its Italian contacts outside of Venice; yet a scandal which was the talk of Rome and Florence in hat and following years not only made its speedy way to England but was soon recorded in print there.Cosimo Gheri, Bishop of Fano, died in Fano of an apparent long standing malaria or other fever in September 1537. A young man of twenty-four, he owed his bishopric to his late uncle, his predecessor as bishop. He was praised for both learning and devotion and was well known from his recent student days at Padua to many of new eminence in the church—Contarini, Cortese, Sadoleto, Pole, Cervini. A laudatory account of him was written on January 1, 1538, for Venetian friends by his fellow-student Ludovico Bcccadelli, then in the famiglia of Cardinal Contarini in Rome, and his good works in the short year of his incumbency at Fano have been recorded by the local historian.
A Falsification by Machiavelli
Authors: Sereno Renzo 
Published: April 2006

The encounters between Caesar Borgia and Niccolò Machiavelli, and their influence on the latter's thought and writing, are still shrouded in vagueness and uncertainty. This is due not to lack of positive documentation or to scarcity of evidence, but rather to a plethora of interpretations and fancy. Instances of this vagueness and fancy may be found in interpretations of a document written in Niccolò's own hand, which is preserved in the Central National Library of Florence.On May 3, 1503, a certain Troches or Troccio, until then one of Caesar's most trusted bravos, fled from Rome. Caesar at once despatched a circular letter to his vassals ordering them to seize the fugitive, alleging that he had fled the city without hcense of His Holiness.
The Power of Systematic Doubt in Historical Enquiry
Authors: Vansina Jan 
Published: April 2006

Many readers have probably noticed that the manuals of historical method which deal with verbal societies are primarily concerned with the sources available and the application of a critique to them. This is true for McCall's or Gabel and Bennett's works on Africa. But what is to be done with the sources once they are ready for evaluation remains vague. How does one reconstruct the past? How does one explain, or eventually interpret, history? Of the two works mentioned, only the first pays some attention to the question of “historical synthesis.’ McCall lists three possibilities: (a) that the sources support each other; (b) that they contradict each other; and (c) that they have no common reference or meeting point. This last situation is the most common in African history and indicates merely that not enough is known and that eventually new data could lead to new interpretative situations-either (a) or (b). The manual stresses that sources should be classified by discipline so that comparison of sources yields either confirmation or contradiction, with obvious and known data reinforcing the validity of the result. Once this is achieved it would seem that the job is finished, except for the warning that historical reconstruction requires a certain type of mind: imaginative yet disciplined.Yet the job is not finished. By comparing we have only established the degree of validity of reported events or situations. We have only verified how the observation, to borrow a term from the scientific experimental method, is correct. The impression remains that historical research is fairly mechanical: to find sources, subject them to a critique, assemble them. Reconstruction follows, with suitable use of imagination. That is the craft. Yet anyone who works with historical materials knows that that is not the practice of the craft. Josephine Tey's novel The Daughter of Time features a police sergeant who more nearly exemplifies historical practice–he guesses, ponders, backtracks, and finds sources almost by intuition. If he had made a few more mistakes he would have been a recognizable historian at work. A recent volume, The Historian's Workshop, though impressionistic, also yields a more realistic picture. In the real world historians start out with a hunch, an idea which leads them to an interest in documents or in oral traditions. Then the data suggest what Popper calls a historical interpretation – “untestable points of view.” The practitioner feels that the interpretation is not enough. It should be doubted and controlled by reference to more data until the point is reached at which no more control is possible. Then the historian feels satisfied with the result–even though it still remains an interpretation, because there remains the selective point of view implicit in the idea that initiated the research.
Un Gnomon Soudanais
Authors: Zahan D. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphJusqu'a une date très récente l'usage du gnomon chez les Bambara du Soudan français était, on peut dire, général. Il se trouvait presque sans exception dans tous les villages des masa dont les attributions et le rôle dans la société bambara, malgré des travaux importants consacrés à cette ethnie, sont loin d'être exactement connus. Actuellement, l'influence musulmane, comme aussi le contact avec notre civilisation, ont fait disparaître l'emploi de cet instrument astronomique; les vieux Bambara n'en parlent plus que comme d'une chose du passé. Mais la mémoire des informateurs très divers est vive à son endroit, et, sans rien vouloir exagérer, il semblerait qu'il s'agisse là d'un des plus vieux et des plus authentiques édifices de la civilisation Noire.
The Study of Culture Contact and the Determination of Policy
Authors: Wagner Günter 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphAlthough the term culture contact implies the existence of several cultures in mutual contact with one another, the African anthropologist is primarily interested in the one-sided effect of European or Asiatic culture upon native African culture. The opposite influence of Africa on Europe and Asia in Africa he can for his purposes discard with a brief survey of those factors that in turn affect the native contact situation, such as the influence of native labour on the system of European farming, or the specific social and economic attitude which the existence of a large native majority calls forth among the European and Indian minorities.
Species richness of Colorado riparian vegetation
Authors: Baker William L. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract. The probable causes of spatial variation in the diversity of plant communities on a global and local scale have been widely investigated, but the regional scale has received little attention. It remains unclear how disturbance affects diversity in wetlands andriparian vegetation. This study examines the hypothesis that regional variation in the richness of riparian wetlands is related to variation in macro‐environment and flood potential.Vascular plant species richness was sampled in 0.1 ha plots at 115 riparian sites scattered over a 300 km length of the western slope of the Rocky Mountains in western Colorado, USA. The relationship between macro‐environmental variables (e.g. drainage basin area), disturbance indicators, and species richness was analyzed using correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis. Total richness varied between 20 and 87 species (average 50.6) per 0.1 ha, and was highest in subalpine riparian forests from 2600–3650 m a.s.l. (57.8 species / 0.1 ha). Tree and shrub richness were highest in lower elevation, larger drainage basins, forb and graminoid richness were highest in higher elevation, smaller drainage basins. These opposing trends resulted in no net trend in total richness with elevation. Regression models for total richness were poor, suggesting that other variables must be important. The intermediate disturbance hypothesis and other single‐factor hypotheses are not supported as explanations of the regional pattern of variation in richness.
Exploring Structural Requirements for Aldose‐Reductase Inhibition by 2,4‐Dioxo‐5‐(naphth‐2‐ylmethylene)‐3‐thiazolidinyl Acetic Acids and 2‐Thioxo Analogues: Fujita‐Ban and Hansch Approach
Authors: Soni Love Kumar , Kaskhedikar Satish G. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA Quantitative Structure‐Activity Relationship (QSAR) study based on Fujita‐Ban and classical Hansch approach was performed on 2,4‐dioxo‐5‐(naphth‐2‐ylmethylene)‐3‐thiazolidinyl acetic acids and 2‐thioxo analogues to gain structural insight into the binding mode of the molecules to the aldose‐reductase enzyme. First, the Fujita‐Ban approach has been followed, which revealed the highest activity contribution for 2‐thioxo analogues of 3‐thiazolidinyl acetic acids as compared to 2,4‐dioxo analogues. Further, the Hansch approach confirms that 2‐thioxo‐4‐oxo‐3‐thiazolidinyl acetic acids are conducive to aldose‐reductase inhibitory activity. The hydrophobic properties of the various substituents have been found to play major roles in the binding of these compounds with the receptor.
Investigation of Discharge Characteristics Affected by Barrier Ribs in the Discharge Cell of Alternating‐Current Plasma Display Panel
Authors: Ding K. , Deng B. , Gu C. X. , Wu Z. W. , Sun Q. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractTo investigate the barrier ribs effect on the discharge characteristics in the discharge cell of Alternating‐Current Plasma Display Panel, three kinds of barrier ribs in the discharge cell: gas gap, dielectric gap, and metallic gap, were studied respectively. The distribution of potential and the distribution of density of charged particles were obtained by the two‐dimensional particle‐in‐cell kinetic simulation method. The simulation results shows that, in the Ne‐Xe (4%) gas mixture with the gas pressure of 300 Torr, the distribution of electric potential, in the corner of the left and right side, is very different, while the distribution in the center of cell in these three cases is almost same. And the formation process of the striation during the discharge is also discussed. The distribution of density shows that the striation phenomenon occurs along with the firing of discharge, and the existence of the dielectric ribs may reduce the charged particles density humps to some degree. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Interleukin‐15 mediates protection against experimental tuberculosis: A role for NKG2D‐dependent effector mechanisms of CD8+ T cells
Authors: Rausch Alexandra , Heßmann Manuela , Hölscher Alexandra , Schreiber Tanja , Bulfone‐Paus Silvia , Ehlers Stefan , Hölscher Christoph 
Published: April 2006

AbstractCD8+ T cells are involved in protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and represent a promising target for new vaccine strategies. Because IL‐15 is important for the homeostasis of CD8+ T cells, we studied the immune response in IL‐15‐deficient mice during tuberculosis. In the absence of IL‐15, CD8+ T cells failed to efficiently accumulate in draining lymph nodes and at the site of infection. The expression of antigen‐specific effector functions, such as the production of interferon‐γ and cytotoxicity, were impaired in CD8+ T cells, but not CD4+ T cells, from IL‐15‐deficient mice. This defect was associated with an increased mortality of IL‐15‐deficient mice during the chronic phase of infection. The lectin‐like stimulatory receptor natural killer group 2D (NKG2D) was up‐regulated on CD8+ T cells only from wild‐type mice, but not from IL‐15‐deficient mice. Mechanistically, blocking NKG2D function with an mAb inhibited M. tuberculosis‐directed CD8+ T cell responses in vitro. We conclude that in addition to regulating the expansion of CD8+ T cells, IL‐15 is also necessary for inducing effector mechanisms in CD8+ T cells that depend on NKG2D expression. Hence, our results implicate IL‐15 and NKG2D as promising targets for modulating CD8+ T cell‐mediated protection against tuberculosis.
New and enhanced protection scheme in survivable meshed WDM optical networks
Authors: Guo Lei , Li Lemin , Yu Hongfang , Cao Jin 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis letter studies the protection design problem for single‐link failure in survivable WDM optical networks and presents a new shared‐path protection (NSPP) scheme. For static demand matrix, this letter presents the integer linear programming (ILP) formulations and develops a heuristic that is based on the Suurballe's method and rerouting principles. Simulation results are shown to be promising. Copyright © 2006 AEIT
Assessment of the Sealing Joints within SOFC Stacks by Numerical Simulation
Authors: Müller A. , Goswami S. , Becker W. , Stolten D. , de Haart L. G. J. (Bert) , Steinbrech R. W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe advantage of the numerical simulation of the mechanical behaviour of a complex system, like a fuel cell stack, is that the potential initiation of failure can be detected in an early stage of development. For most planar SOFC stacks the sealing joints are the components where the highest level of demand is made, so potential crack propagation in this region has to be investigated in order to reveal weaknesses. The sealing joints are subjected to high thermal loads, caused by the manufacturing process and the service conditions, which may lead to fracture in the vicinity of the interfaces of the interconnect and the layers of the cell. This is due to the different layer‐wise thermo‐mechanical behaviour of the individual materials.The simulation of growing cracks along the different interfaces between the cell and glass ceramic (as the joining material), i.e., the interconnect and glass ceramic, shows that the numerical calculation of the energy release rates helps to find a joint design that avoids crack initiation. The criticality of the joints can be assessed by comparing the calculated energy release rate with the individual toughness of the joined materials and of the interface itself. Stress‐based crack initiation is discussed, as a further necessary criterion. Fracture occurs only if a characteristic value of the stress level, the strength, is exceeded. Together, these two criteria seem sufficient for crack initiation and propagation at bimaterial interfaces.
Nanosecond Mobility of the Molecules in the Research of Supramolecular Assemblies of Dendrimers, DNA, or Fullerene‐Containing Compounds
Authors: Anufrieva Elizaveta V. , Ananieva Tatiana D. , Bayanova Nadejda V. , Vlasov Gennadii P. , Krakovyak Mark G. , Nazarova Olga V. , Nekrasova Tatiana N. , Panarin Evgenii F. , Smyslov Rouslan Yu. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSummary: The data concerning the structural organization of supramolecular assemblies containing the dendrimer molecules of various generations, DNA‐polycation of various chemical structure were obtained by analysing the changes of nanosecond mobility of macromolecules or low‐molecular weight organic cations. Effect of water‐soluble fullerene‐containing compounds on interaction of DNA molecules with low‐molecular weight cations and polycations was studied as well. The data were obtained by luminescent methods.
Chain Dynamics of Polymers with Highly Flexible Side Groups
Authors: Riande Evaristo , Díaz‐Calleja Ricardo 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSummary: The relaxation behaviour of poly(5‐acryloxy‐5‐methyl‐2,3‐dioxacyclohexne), poly(2,3‐dichlorobenzyl methacrylate) and poly(3‐chlorobenzyl methacrylate) was thoroughly studied by broadband dielectric spectroscopy with the aim of investigating how the chemical structure affects the response of polymers to electric perturbation fields over a wide temperature window. Retardation spectra calculated from dielectric isotherms utilizing linear programming regularization parameter techniques were used to deconvolute strongly overlapped absorptions. Special attention is paid to both the splitting region and the fitting of the Williams ansatz to the experimental results. Attempts are made to explain the molecular origin of the relaxations observed in the retardation spectra of the polymers.
Models for the Dynamics of Hyperbranched Macromolecules
Authors: Blumen Alexander , Jurjiu Aurel , Koslowski Th. , Friedrich Ch. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSummary: We focus on the motion of hyperbranched macromolecules in solution, paying particular attention to the relation between underlying topological structure and dynamics; we consider especially the mechanical moduli. Under the prominent representatives of hyperbranched polymers are both regular structures (such as the dendrimers) as well as disordered structures (such as irregular Cayley‐trees). Evidently, batch‐prepared hyperbranched macromolecules are closer to the latter. In order to theoretically determine their mechanical moduli we employ the method of generalized Gaussian structures (GGS), which allows us to study the situation including or excluding the hydrodynamic interactions (HI). Disordered hyperbranched structures display a complex dynamics; here we recall several analytical and numerical schemes for determining it and compare our theoretical results to the experimental data.