bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Airway Management in the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Huitink Johannes M , Theiler Lorenz G 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Summary
Airway management in the critically ill patient is challenging and subject to higher risks of complications than in the setting of the operating theatre. Several factors contribute to this including severity of illness, location, adequate evaluation, and time pressures. It should be considered an advanced procedure, and the necessary level of training, expertise, and protocols should reduce known complications. A number of guidelines for upper airway evaluation, preparation, and management of the difficult airway are published. The application of local standards, which cover human factors, staffing, monitoring with capnography, equipment including videolaryngoscopes, airway adjuncts including bronchoscopy, and clear ‘Cannot Intubate, Cannot Oxygenate’ plans, which include emergency front-of-neck access, are crucial to best practice. This chapter addresses these issues and those of maintaining effective airway control during critical illness through reference to up-to-date international guidelines.
Thromboprophylaxis
Authors: Hartley Emma Louise , Retter Andrew 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Summary
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a global health burden of which critically unwell patients are at high risk. Current accepted practice and background evidence for the use of mechanical and pharmacological prophylaxis are reviewed. Particular focus is placed on the pharmacology, dose adjustments in particular situations, and subsequent role of heparin (unfractionated and low molecular weight) in the prevention of thromboembolism. Finally, the increased risk of VTE is reviewed in COVID-19 disease with recommendations on management of this thromboinflammatory state.
Sedation, Analgesia, and Paralysis
Authors: Shehabi Yahya , Green Maja M 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Summary
Providing sedation and analgesia is an integral part of caring for critically ill patients. Clinical practice guidelines provide a general framework for the provision of comfort and prevention of distress through effective analgesia and minimal sedation. The need for patient-centred, symptom-oriented approach is essential to cater for the needs of individual patients. Clinicians caring for coronavirus SARS-CoV2-induced respiratory failure on mechanical ventilation faced many challenges in this context, balancing different therapeutic interventions, such as prone ventilation, with analgesia, sedation, and paralytics needs of each patient. While no one agent can provide the needs of all patients, many patients, acuity, complexity, and presenting illness factors are important determinants of individual patient’s need. These factors dictate what agent/s to be used, as monotherapy or in combination, what sedation intensity is required, what monitoring to be used, and how to reduce the risk of emergent delirium and sedative/analgesic withdrawal. In this chapter, we offer a tailored algorithm to facilitate the provision of low-, medium-, and high-intensity sedation strategies and an algorithm for managing agitated delirium in critically ill patients.
Viral Pneumonias
Authors: Rello Jordi , Bunsow Eleonora , Lagunes Leonel 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Summary
Pneumonia is one of the leading causes of hospitalization with high morbidity and mortality in children and adults worldwide. Polymerase-chain-reaction-based testing has allowed rapid determination of the role of respiratory viruses in the development of pneumonia and also detected new respiratory viruses. Nowadays, respiratory viruses are recognized as an important cause of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) being responsible for a 30%–40% of the cases. This chapter introduces the respiratory viruses involved in the development of CAP, its diagnosis, treatment, and clinical significance, especially in the adult population. In addition, the chapter covers the emerging respiratory viruses discovered in the recent years and discusses herpesvirade infection and reactivation.
COVID-19 in the Intensive Care Unit: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Respiratory Management, Haemodynamic Support, Renal Support, Pharmacological Treatments, and Superinfection
Authors: Fanning Jonathon P , Bassi Gianluigi Li , Rocco Patricia Rieken Macedo , Ball Lorenzo , Messina Antonio , Ostermann Marlies , Bassetti Matteo , Giacobbe Daniele Roberto 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Summary
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, a novel beta coronavirus, and it was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organisation on 11 March 2020, after 118,000 cases and 4291 deaths were reported across 114 countries. Tremendous burdens have subsequently been placed on patients and international healthcare services, especially intensive care units. This chapter reviews the epidemiology of this pandemic and the pathophysiology of both pulmonary and extrapulmonary disease. It then turns to specific organ support modalities, covering respiratory, cardiovascular, and renal support. Finally, it discusses the current state of pharmacological interventions for patients with COVID-19 and the risks of secondary infections among such patients.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Carsetti Andrea , Bazurro Simone 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Summary
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of chronic morbidity and mortality worldwide representing the fourth leading cause of death in the world. Chronic inflammation is responsible for repeated injury and repair and causes pathological changes in the airways, lung parenchyma, and pulmonary vasculature. These changes are responsible for airflow limitation and gas trapping, gas exchange abnormality, mucus hypersecretion, and pulmonary hypertension. Severe acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD) may be associated with acute hypercapnic respiratory failure. Management strategies include oxygen titration to achieve a saturation of 88%–92%, short-acting inhaled beta2-agonists with short-acting anticholinergics, systemic corticosteroids, and antibiotics in selected cases. Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) should be started when pH &lt;7.35 and PaCO2 &gt;45 mmHg persist despite initial medical management. Invasive mechanical ventilation should be considered if acidosis persists or worsens after NIV trial. The role of ECCO2R in preventing intubation during AECOPD and liberating from mechanical ventilation is promising and awaits definitive studies.
Oncological Aspects of Respiratory Critical Care
Authors: Yadav Hemang , Carr Alastair C , Bauer Philippe R 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Summary
Acute respiratory failure (ARF) is the most common cause for intensive care unit admission in patients with cancer and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Airway disorders such as central airway occlusion can occur from intrinsic or extrinsic compression by tumours. Bronchoscopic interventions can be vital in maintaining airway patency and permitting effective ventilation. Parenchymal lung disease can arise from both infectious and non-infectious causes. Many patients with cancer will experience periods of immunosuppression when they will be at increased risk of infections including from opportunistic pathogens. Pleural disease with malignant effusions and empyema can occur and may need repeated drainage or other interventional procedures. Pulmonary vascular disorders can also contribute to ARF in cancer patients. As new cancer therapies emerge so to can respiratory complications. Whilst therapies such as Chimeric antigen receptor T-cells (CAR-T) cells and immune check-point inhibitors have shown benefits in several advanced cancers, and are now extending their indications for use, they bring with them risks of respiratory side effects which may necessitate management in the ICU. Care planning and decisions around intensity of therapy are important in the management of patients with cancer, and where possible this should be done with the patient when they are well enough to be involved in the decisions. In this chapter, we outline the different causes of ARF in cancer patients as well as principles for diagnostic evaluation and management.
Trauma
Authors: Scott Timothy E , Satur Christopher MR 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Summary
Thoracic trauma is common and a frequent cause of trauma-related mortality. Highly vascular and friable pulmonary tissue is uniquely susceptible to systemic disturbance, secondary injury, and infection. Multiple injury mechanisms will therefore coexist. Management of such patients requires a judicious multi-disciplinary approach that balances timely intervention with lung protection and the avoidance of exacerbating existing injury. Traumatized patients may suffer any combination of blunt, penetrating, concussive, and inhaled toxic injury. Penetrating thoracic injury is managed initially with chest drainage and pressure-limited ventilation as required. Cardiovascular instability relating to a haemothorax or the acute drainage of 1500 mL or more of blood requires consideration of an urgent thoracostomy. The mechanical chest wall is a system comprising of the rib cage, sternum, vertebral column, clavicles, and associated cartilaginous structures. Flail injury can involve all of these structures in a variety of common patterns described in this chapter. Timely surgical repair in these patients to restore the mechanical integrity of the system and improve pain management reduces morbidity and duration of intensive care stay. Shock wave exposure and behind armour blunt trauma (BABT) are less common mechanisms of injury but are seen in conflict zones and following terrorist attacks on civilian populations. While treatment is supportive, awareness of their existence is important. The lungs constantly interact with our environment and so inhalational injury must always be considered and indicators sought from the presenting history and injury patterns in other casualties.
Exploring the impact of microlensing on gravitational wave signals: Biases, population characteristics, and prospects for detection
Authors: Mishra Anuj , Meena Ashish Kumar , More Anupreeta , Bose Sukanta 
Published: March 2024

ABSTRACT
In this study, we investigate the impact of microlensing on gravitational wave (GW) signals in the LIGO−Virgo sensitivity band. Microlensing caused by an isolated point lens, with (redshifted) mass ranging from MLz ∈ (1, 105) M⊙ and impact parameter y ∈ (0.01, 5), can result in a maximum mismatch of $\sim 30~{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ with their unlensed counterparts. When y &lt; 1, it strongly anticorrelates with the luminosity distance enhancing the detection horizon and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Biases in inferred source parameters are assessed, with in-plane spin components being the most affected intrinsic parameters. The luminosity distance is often underestimated, while sky-localization and trigger times are mostly well-recovered. Study of a population of microlensed signals due to an isolated point lens primarily reveals: (i) using unlensed templates during the search causes fractional loss (20 per cent to 30 per cent) of potentially identifiable microlensed signals; (ii) the observed distribution of y challenges the notion of its high improbability at low values (y ≲ 1), especially for y ≲ 0.1; (iii) Bayes factor analysis of the population indicates that certain region in MLz − y parameter space have a higher probability of being detected and accurately identified as microlensed. Notably, the microlens parameters for the most compelling candidate identified in previous microlensing searches, GW200208_130117, fall within a 1σ range of the aforementioned higher probability region. Identifying microlensing signatures from MLz &lt; 100 M⊙ remains challenging due to small microlensing effects at typical SNR values. Additionally, we also examined how microlensing from a population of microlenses influences the detection of strong lensing signatures in pairs of GW events, particularly in the posterior-overlap analysis.
A History of Federal Indian Policy
Authors: Pevar Stephen L. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides a five-hundred-year historical review of the relationship between Indian nations and the non-Indians who settled here. The federal government’s Indian policies have fluctuated wildly over the years, and each change in policy spurred changes in the law. At times, the federal government sought to segregate tribes from white settlers; at other times to destroy them; at other times to assimilate Indians into mainstream society; and at still other times (including now) the government has tried to rejuvenate tribes and support tribal self-government. Federal Indian law cannot be understood without knowing the historical events and shifting attitudes that shaped it.
Indian Treaties
Authors: Pevar Stephen L. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The United States entered into nearly four hundred treaties with Indian tribes between 1778 and 1871, when Congress ended treaty-making with Indian tribes. This chapter discusses why Congress entered into these treaties and why Congress ended the practice. It also discusses the contents of these treaties and how these treaties have been interpreted. In most of these treaties, the tribes relinquished vast landholdings and ended their hostilities in exchange for promises from the United States of protection, support, and services. These treaties form the foundation of the relationship between the Indigenous peoples and the United States. We cannot understand and appreciate that relationship without understanding the Indian treaties and how they must be interpreted and applied today.
Federal Power over Indian Affairs
Authors: Pevar Stephen L. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
For more than a century now, the United States has asserted that it has “plenary authority”—full and complete power—over Indian tribes, their members, and their property. The U.S. Supreme Court reiterated that view in 2021, stating: “In all cases, tribal authority remains subject to the plenary authority of Congress.” Critics of the plenary power doctrine assert that the United States has no right to regulate tribal governments in any respect. This chapter discusses the origin of the plenary power doctrine and the scope of federal authority over Indians and tribes. It also discusses the fact that the plenary power doctrine is based on military strength, not on sound legal principles.
Civil Rights of Indians
Authors: Pevar Stephen L. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Indians born in this country are citizens of the United States and of the state in which they live. Indians have the same civil rights with respect to the federal, state, and local governments as all other citizens. This chapter focuses on those civil rights that are particularly important to Indians in their dealings with state, local, and federal governments: religious rights, voting rights, equal protection, the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), racial stereotyping, and the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Native Americans have suffered discrimination since their first contact with Europeans and it continues to exist today. This chapter discusses what can be done about it.
Evolutionary Scaling Relationships in Cell Biology
Authors: Lynch Michael R. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Although the sizes of cells vary by eleven orders of magnitude across the Tree of Life, the mean phenotypes of cellular traits commonly scale with cell volume in ways that transcend species boundaries. This is true, e.g., for metabolic rates, which increase with cell volume in statistically predictable ways across all unicellular organisms. A major goal of evolutionary cell biology is to provide mechanistic explanations for such relationships, which must be a consequence of biophysical and/or population-genetic constraints. Energetic costs of construction and maintenance of cell parts can be summarized in units of numbers of ATP hydrolyses. Using this approach, it is found that the lifetime costs of cell construction and maintenance scale isometrically with cell volume, and continuously so across prokaryotes and eukaryotes, despite the substantial differences in cell content in these groups. In contrast, maximum rates of cell division scale positively with cell volume in prokaryotes but negatively in eukaryotes. The upper limit to growth rate in prokaryotes is close to the maximum achievable based on translational constraints. The directional shift in growth-rate scaling in eukaryotes may be a consequence of the progressive reduction in the efficiency of natural selection for growth-enhancing features in species with diminished effective population sizes. Although it is commonly asserted that the origin of the mitochondrion lead to a bioenergetics revolution in eukaryotes, diverse observations on the costs and performance of subcellular features are inconsistent with this hypothesis.
An Ontology of Multiple Artworks
Authors: Davies David 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
An Ontology of Multiple Artworks is the first book-length critical analytic treatment in over forty years of the metaphysical issues relating to the different kinds of ‘multiple’ artworks. Multiple artworks are works that can have multiple ‘instances’: for example, there can be multiple copies of a novel, or multiple performances of a musical work. This book takes an adequate ontology of multiple artworks to be reflectively accountable to the kinds of considerations to which authors have appealed in arguing for ontological understandings of works, in particular multiple art forms. Nine such ‘explananda’ structure the discussion. After clarifying what ‘multiplicity’ in the arts amounts to, it critically assesses the ‘Platonist’ idea that multiple artworks must be abstract entities of some sort existing independently of our creative and appreciative practices. It measures Platonism against the different explananda and also ‘weights’ the explananda themselves. It also reflects upon the methodological constraints that should govern this kind of philosophical inquiry. It argues that Platonism about multiple artworks is seriously compromised, and considers different non-Platonist options. It further argues that the account that best explains the weighted explananda is the ‘Wollheimian-type’ theory according to which multiple artworks are performances essentially embedded in artistic practices. Finally, it assesses sceptical challenges to the very idea that there are such things as multiple artworks.
In the Cell
Authors: Bevan Miranda 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the impact of detention itself, and its accompanying deprivations, on child suspects. Focusing on experiences in the cell, young participant reflections provide a rich account of an oppressive and minimally adjusted experience, revealing, in stark contrast to the ‘minimum burdens’ principle, a process often experienced as deeply punitive, recalling Malcolm Feeley’s assessment of lower criminal court proceedings that ‘the process itself is the punishment’. The discussion considers the drivers for the minimal adjustment of the detention conditions for young suspects, acknowledging risk and resourcing but also exploring the power dynamics of police–suspect relations and the extra-legal purposes of detention. In closing, the analysis explores the ramifications of punitive custody processes for children through a procedural justice lens and consider the exclusionary impacts of such punitive experiences.
Conclusion
Authors: Bevan Miranda 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This concluding chapter reflects on the empirical findings and returns to the question posed in the preface: ‘How far have we really come in the fifty years since the Confait suspects were in police detention? I consider the effect of the identified lack of progress in adjusting the police custody process for children and assess why there have not been greater advances. The chapter closes with a call for widescale retrenchment of the use of police custody for children and proposals for a child first approach for those children who must be detained. The ramifications of the findings for youth justice processes more generally are also considered.
Conclusion
Authors: Rehman Sofia 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The conclusion provides an orienting towards the research’s potential impact and future projects. This study sought to critically reflect upon the ḥadīth tradition, focusing on the traditions of Aisha where she corrected many Companions and attempting to elicit a methodology therefrom. It is clear from this study that perhaps the problem is not exclusively in the preservation of Aisha’s reports, especially those in which she is correcting a Companion, but in the way her traditions have been effectively silenced through the canonization process. It presents the disruptive potential of the work towards a gender-egalitarian rethinking of Islam. This chapter also articulates the author’s hopes for this research to aid in the development of the Muslim imaginary in which an alternative world can be conceived wherein Islamic practice can be free from the un-godly interventions of patriarchy, and instead raised on the foundations of a tawhidic world view.
Potential Tenant Identification and Screening Practices in the Pre-Incubation Ecosystem
Authors: Nana André , Laviolette Eric Michaël , Theodoraki Christina 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Previous literature using the ecosystem approach in incubator studies has shown that these entities adopt complex practices (cooperation and competition) in their interactions with other actors within entrepreneurial support ecosystem during pre-incubation. Among these practices, the identification and selection of tenants (business projects and start-ups) during pre-incubation is particularly central as it shapes incubators’ performance. The current research aims to deepen knowledge of the incubators’ identification and selection practices employed with regard to their tenants. Using an ecosystem approach, we analysed the identification and selection process through a single case study of an incubator in Occitania (southwest region of France). A conceptual model is proposed with entrepreneurial sourcing as a pragmatic process, with two sets of practices: identification (scouting, prospecting, opening, and e-sourcing) and screening (files reviewing, training, accessing, and interviewing). These practices result from interactions between incubators and other actors (technology brokers, idea brokers, and innovative environment) in a sub-ecosystem that we have detailed and described as a pre-incubation ecosystem. Finally, we discuss the challenges of the entrepreneurial sourcing and how they can be mitigated through digitalization.