bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effects of file size, sodium hypochlorite and blood on the accuracy of Root ZX apex locator in enlarged root canals: an in vitro study
Authors: Ebrahim AK , Yoshioka T. , Kobayashi C. , Suda H. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Background
: The initial electronic apex locator (EAL) length measurement is generally established with a small‐sized file. It is not known whether file size would be interfering with the reading accuracy of the EAL. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of file size on the accuracy of Root ZX apex locator using an agar model when sodium hypochlorite solution or blood was present during electronic measurements in enlarged root canals.
Methods
: A total of 36 extracted lower premolars were used. In stage 1, the canals were instrumented using size 10–40 K‐files with a size 40 K‐file as the master apical file (MAF). The teeth were then divided randomly into two groups of 18 teeth each. In group A, the teeth were mounted in one per cent agar and irrigated with six per cent sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl), while in group B the teeth were mounted in agar and irrigated with human blood. In stage 2, the canals were enlarged using a size 60 K‐file as the MAF. In stages 1 and 2, the apical portions of the canals were instrumented using the step‐back sequence (up to a size 80 K‐file). In stage 3, the canals were enlarged using a size 80 K‐file as the MAF. In each stage, the length was measured with a Root ZX until the meter value reached ‘APEX’ using small and large size files.
Results
: Three‐way ANOVA and Bonferroni test showed that file size, stage of preparation and type of irrigant all had a significant influence on the measurement error (P < 0.0001), with all the interactions between these three factors being significant (P < 0.0001).
Conclusions
: As the diameter of the root canal increased, the measured length with the smaller size files became shorter. A file of a size close to the prepared canal diameter should be used for root length measurement in the presence of blood. In the presence of NaOCl, the Root ZX was highly accurate even when the file was much smaller than the diameter of the canal. The agar model was effective and suitable for testing EALs in vitro.
Hospitalization of Western Australian children for oral health related conditions: a 5–8 year follow‐up
Authors: Kruger E. , Dyson K. , Tennant M. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract Background: This study investigated in‐patient oral health care provision for children under 18 years of age in Western Australia. Methods: Hospitalizations of children for oral health conditions over a four‐year period were analysed using data obtained from the Western Australian Hospital Morbidity Data System (HMDS). This study followed a previously published study examining similar data for 1995. Results: Between 1999–2000 and 2002–2003, a total of 26 497 episodes of care were attributed to oral health conditions among children aged 0–17 years. The cost of this care exceeded $40 million. Embedded and impacted teeth accounted for 33.2 per cent of oral health episodes, dental caries 28.3 per cent, pulp and periapical tissue conditions 7.1 per cent and dentofacial anomalies 6.1 per cent. With the exception of the infant age group (0–1 years), non‐Aboriginal children had higher admission rates than Aboriginal children. In the 13–17 year age group a non‐Aboriginal child was 31 times more likely to be admitted to hospital for an oral condition than an Aboriginal child. Conclusions: This study confirms the impact of oral health related conditions among children in Western Australia. It is also clear that there are differences between age and population groups in terms of access to in‐patient dental services and exposure to risk factors for specific oral conditions.
Ex vivo evaluation of the ability of four different electronic apex locators to determine the working length in teeth with various foramen diameters
Authors: Ebrahim AK , Wadachi R. , Suda H. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract Background: The aim of this ex vivo study was to evaluate the accuracy of four electronic apex locators (EALs) to determine the working length in teeth with various foramen diameters. Our previous study revealed that electronically measured canal length was influenced by the root canal diameter. It is not known whether foramen size would interfere with the reading accuracy of an EAL. Methods: A total of 36 extracted human lower single rooted premolar teeth were divided into four groups of nine teeth each. In groups A, B and C, the root canals were instrumented using #10–80, #10–100 and #10–120 K‐files, and the tip of size #80, #100 and #120 K‐files were permitted to pass through the apical foramen to a length of 1mm, respectively. In group D, the teeth were instrumented using #10–140 K‐files and the tip of #140 K‐file was permitted to pass through the apical foramen to a length of 5mm. Thus, the average apical foramen diameters in groups A, B, C and D were approximately 0.82mm, 1.02mm, 1.22mm and 1.5mm, respectively. The teeth were then mounted in 1% agar and four EALs were used: Root ZX, Foramatron D10, Apex NRG and Apit 7. For electronic measurement, sizes #10 and #80, #10 and #100, #10 and #120, and #10 and #140 K‐files were used for groups A, B, C and D, respectively. During electronic measurement the canals were flushed with 6% sodium hypochlorite solution. Results: Three‐way ANOVA and Bonferroni test showed that EAL, file size and foramen size all had a significant influence on the measurement error (P<0.0001), with all the interactions between these three factors being significant (P<0.0001). Conclusions: The four EALs were unreliable to determine the working length of teeth with a wide apical foramen, when using a small size file. The Root ZX and Foramatron D10 showed significantly better scores than the other two EALs and may be more reliable to determine the working length of teeth with a wide apical foramen, if a tight‐fit file is used.
Musculoskeletal disorders self‐reported by dentists in Queensland, Australia
Authors: Leggat PA , Smith DR 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBackground: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) represent an important occupational health issue in dentistry. Given the significance of this topic, we considered it necessary to investigate the prevalence and impact of MSD among Australian dentists.Methods: In 2004, a self‐reporting questionnaire was mailed to a random sample of 400 dentists registered with the Queensland Branch of the Australian Dental Association.Results: A total of 285 questionnaires (73.1 per cent) were completed and returned. Of the respondents, 73.3 per cent were male and 26.7 per cent female, with a mean age of 45.2 years (SD = 11.9 years). Most were general dentists (89.1 per cent), with the remainder being specialists (10.9 per cent). Most dentists (87.2 per cent) reported having experienced at least one MSD symptom in the past 12 months. The most prevalent MSD during the previous 12 months were reported at the neck (57.5 per cent), lower back (53.7 per cent) and shoulder (53.3 per cent). MSD which interfered with daily activities during the previous 12 months were reported at the neck (24.6 per cent), the lower back (22.1 per cent) and the shoulders (21.8 per cent). Over one‐third (37.5 per cent) of dentists had sought medical advice or treatment for an MSD during the previous 12‐month period. Almost 1 in 10 dentists (9.1 per cent) reported taking leave in the previous 12 months because of an MSD. Among those who took sick leave for an MSD, the mean time taken was 11.5 days (SD=16.0 days).Conclusions: Overall, this study suggests that MSD represents a major occupational health issue for Queensland dentists, the occurrence of which is similar to reports from other countries. MSD was shown to interfere with daily activities in some cases, while a considerable proportion of dentists had also sought medical attention for their symptoms. Further research is now needed to more carefully elucidate the impact of MSD in this particular occupational group, especially in relation to cessation or reduction of clinical practice, and also to help identify specific risk factors and effective measures for reducing MSD among dentists in Queensland and elsewhere.
Efficacy of pilocarpine lozenge for post‐radiation xerostomia in patients with head and neck cancer
Authors: Taweechaisupapong S. , Pesee M. , Aromdee C. , Laopaiboon M. , Khunkitti W. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract Background: Patients with radiation‐induced xerostomia produce little or no saliva. Several studies have demonstrated the efficacy of systemic administration of pilocarpine hydrochloride in individuals with post‐radiation xerostomia. However, analysis of pilocarpine lozenges for treatment of post‐radiation xerostomia in patients with head and neck cancer has not been reported. Methods: The aim of this study was to quantify improvement in clinical symptoms and salivary function after treatment of post‐radiation xerostomia with pilocarpine lozenges. In a double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled trial, 33 head and neck cancer patients were assigned randomly to receive Salagen tablet, pilocarpine hydrochloride lozenge (3 or 5mg) or placebo lozenge every 10 days. At each visit, a subjective evaluation was undertaken through the use of visual analog scales before and at 180 minutes after treatment. Whole resting saliva was collected before and at 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 minutes after treatment. Results: The percentage of patients with decreased feeling of oral dryness, sore mouth or speaking difficulties after taking 5‐mg pilocarpine lozenge was greater than Salagen or placebo. There were statistically significant increases in salivary production in pilocarpine treatment groups vs. placebo (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The 5‐mg pilocarpine lozenge produced the best clinical results, but further investigation with a larger group of patients is required.
Differences between normal and demineralized dentine pretreated with silver fluoride and potassium iodide after an in vitro challenge by Streptococcus mutans
Authors: Knight GM , McIntyre JM , Craig GG , Mulyani  , Zilm PS , Gully NJ 
Published: March 2008

Abstract Background: The application of diamine silver fluoride (Ag(NH3)2F) and potassium iodide (KI) to demineralized dentine has been shown to inhibit the growth of Streptococcus mutans. The purpose of this study was to observe the differences between demineralized and non‐demineralized dentine treated with AgF/KI. Methods: Thirty‐five dentine discs were bonded to the bases of 5mL polycarbonate screw top vials which were filled with nutrient medium, sterilized and placed into the overflow from a continuous culture of S. mutans. Samples were divided as follows: 10 samples of demineralized dentine; 10 samples of demineralized dentine treated with AgF/KI; 5 samples of non‐demineralized dentine; and 10 samples of non‐demineralized dentine treated with AgF/KI. Following two weeks connected to the Chemostat, an electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) of percentage weights and penetration depths of calcium, phosphorous silver and fluoride was conducted. Bacterial growth was monitored by taking optical density readings of the growth medium in each vial and outer surfaces of the specimens were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results: AgF/KI treatment of demineralized and non‐demineralized dentine prevented biofilm formation and reduced further demineralization by S. mutans. AgF/KI treatment of demineralized dentine was more effective in reducing dentine breakdown and the growth of S. mutans. Significantly higher levels of silver and fluoride were deposited within demineralized dentine. Conclusions: A topical treatment with AgF/KI on dentine reduced in vitro caries development and inhibited surface biofilm formation. Reduction of in vitro caries development and viability of S. mutans was more pronounced on the dentine samples that had been demineralized prior to the application of AgF/KI.
Electron probe microanalysis of ion exchange of selected elements between dentine and adhesive restorative materials
Authors: Knight GM , McIntyre JM , Craig GG , Mulyani  
Published: March 2008

Abstract Background: There have been numerous attempts to demonstrate the phenomenon of ion exchange between auto cure glass ionomer cements (GICs) and dentine. The purpose of this study was to employ an electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) technique to examine the interchange of elements between non‐demineralized dentine and two types of restorative material, auto cure GICs and a resin composite. Methods: Restorations of auto cure GICs (Riva Fast, Fuji IX Fast, Ketac Molar Quick and Fuji VII) and a bonded composite resin were placed in each of 10 recently extracted human third molar teeth. After two weeks the restorations were sectioned and prepared for EPMA. Percentage weights of calcium, phosphorus aluminum, strontium and fluoride were calculated in the restorations 200μm from the restorative interface and 200μm into the dentine at 5μm intervals. Results: There was evidence of calcium and phosphorus in all five auto cure GICs to a depth of 50μm. Aluminum and strontium ions were also present in dentine except subjacent to Ketac Molar restorations. There was evidence of element transfer into composite resin and resin‐bonded dentine. Conclusions: The findings of this paper support the concept of ion exchange as a bonding mechanism between auto cure GIC and dentine. Element penetration into tooth structure and GIC exceeded beyond the “ion exchange layer” observed in scanning electron microscopy studies. Penetration of calcium and phosphorus into composite resin from dentine likely occurred as a result of the self‐etching process dissolving calcium and phosphorus and incorporating these elements into the hybrid layer. The presence of Al and Sr ions in dentine were likely to be associated with resin tags extending into the dentine.
Resin bonding using an all‐etch or self‐etch adhesive to enamel after carbamide peroxide and/or CPP‐ACP treatment
Authors: Moule CA , Angelis F. , Kim G‐H , Le S. , Malipatil S. , Foo MS , Burrow MF , Thomas D. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract Background: Limited evidence exists regarding the effect of carbamide peroxide and casein phospho‐peptide amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP‐ACP) on composite‐enamel bonding. Microshear bond strengths, using either a total‐etch or self‐etching adhesive, to enamel treated with carbamide peroxide and/or CPP‐ACP were investigated. Materials and methods: Twenty‐six extracted human third molars were sectioned into four parts, each being allocated into one of the four groups (n=26): bleach (Polanight, 16% carbamide peroxide), CPP‐ACP (GC Tooth Mousse), bleach and then CPP‐ACP, or untreated (control). The surfaces were bonded with a total‐etch bonding system (Single Bond) or a self‐etching primer system (Clearfil SE Bond) and tested using a microshear test. Results: A significant difference in bond strength was found between bonding systems. SE Bond showed the highest bond strength to untreated enamel (p < 0.05). The microshear bond strength of SE Bond decreased when the enamel was treated with carbamide peroxide, CPP‐ACP or both (p < 0.05). Only combined use of carbamide peroxide and CPP‐ACP significantly affected microshear bond strength with Single Bond.
Conclusion
: These findings suggest the shear bond strength of resin to enamel using a self‐etching priming adhesive may be affected if the enamel is treated with a bleaching agent or CPP‐ACP.
Dentition of addiction in Queensland: poor dental status and major contributing drugs
Authors: Reece AS 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Background
: Although it is said that drug addiction is associated with poor dental health, there is little research in this area. In particular, there is little work comparing the effects of the different drugs of addiction.
Methods
: A cross‐sectional patient survey of dental health was undertaken in a family practice comparing opiate and other drug addicts (DA) with non‐addicts (NA). The age range was restricted to 19–45 years. Damaged teeth were counted and a semi‐quantitative score applied to severity to allow the calculation of an overall dental index. A medical review only was undertaken; recognized dental diagnostic criteria were not applied.
Results
: There were 233 and 47 respondents in the DA and NA groups, respectively. The mean ages and gender ratios were similar in both groups. DA used more addictive drugs than NA (all p < 0.001). DA had more absent, traumatized, major cavitated and extracted teeth (all p < 0.05). Addicts had a worse severity index (p < 0.02) and dental index (13.13 ± 24.00 vs. 4.74 ± 16.03; p < 0.005). Furthermore, dental pathology developed in DA at younger ages than in NA with 56.8% vs. 5.4% of patients younger than 38 years having dental indices more than 10 respectively (OR = 22.98, 95% CI = 5.57–200.65, p < 0.0000001). At multivariate analysis age, gender, and dose and/or duration of tobacco, methadone, morphine, and alcohol were significantly associated with these pathologies.
Conclusion
: These data are consistent with published dental reports and basic science information that drug addiction has a deleterious effect on dental health, that in addiction this effect is rapid and severe, and that tobacco, methadone, morphine and alcohol contribute importantly to these changes.
Supernumerary tooth with associated dentigerous cyst in an infant. A case report and review of differential diagnosis
Authors: Boras V Vucicevic , Zaini Z Mohamad , Savage NW 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis paper reviews the topic of dental structures present at birth or erupting prior to the deciduous incisor teeth. A literature review shows a prevalence of one in every 2000 live births. At this rate of occurrence it is likely that the general dental practitioner may be called upon to offer advice. This review is supported by the presentation of an unusual case of a supernumerary maxillary incisor tooth with the hallmarks of a neonatal tooth and the development of a soft tissue dentigerous cyst. The differential diagnosis of soft and hard tissue swellings in infants is also presented together with rare syndromal associations of natal and neonatal teeth.
Demographic, health and lifestyle factors associated with dental service attendance by young adults
Authors: Slack‐Smith LM , Mills CR , Bulsara MK , O'Grady MJ 
Published: March 2008

Abstract Background: The aim of this study was to describe the demographic and health and lifestyle factors associated with dental service attendance in the previous 12 months by young Australian adults (18–24 years). Methods: Population‐based data from the 2001 Australian National Health Survey were analysed. Proportions and single associations between variables of interest and dental service attendance were calculated. A logistic regression analysis using significant single association variables was then conducted. Results: Overall, 41 per cent of young adults in this study had visited a dental professional in the previous 12 months. Females, those in cities, those with private insurance, those who spoke languages other than English, those in the highest socioeconomic group and those with healthy behaviours were subgroups most likely to have visited a dental professional. With logistic regression, factors found to be associated with dental services attendance were being female, having private health insurance and low alcohol consumption. Conclusions: In this study, the proportion of young adults who had visited a dental professional in the previous 12 months was only 41 per cent. It is therefore suggested that oral health policy and promotion activities be encouraged for this group, paying attention to young adults in groups with low attendance.
An investigation into dentists' perceptions of barriers to providing care of dental trauma to permanent maxillary incisors in children in Victoria, Australia
Authors: Yeng T. , Parashos P. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract Background: Perceived barriers in the treatment of dental trauma may influence the optimum management of dental trauma. Any hesitation that dentists might have in managing dental trauma is important to investigate. The aim of this study was to investigate dentists' perceptions of barriers to providing care of dental trauma to permanent maxillary incisors in children. Methods: A self‐completion questionnaire survey containing six questions on demographic data and 15 questions relating to barriers to treating dental trauma was mailed to 693 dentists in Victoria, Australia. Results: The response rate achieved was 61 per cent. Of the respondents, 90 per cent had no hesitation in treating dental injuries and 80 per cent of these frequently agreed that dentists should treat all dental trauma. Approximately half the dentists (51.5 per cent) frequently found uncooperative children to be the main barrier to providing care. Conclusion: The overall consensus from the present study was that treating dental trauma is not unappealing for dentists in general practice.
Provisional restoration options in implant dentistr
Authors: Santosa RE 
Published: March 2008

AbstractUnlike their use in conventional crown and bridge, provisional restorations during implant therapy have been underutilized. Provisional restorations should be used to evaluate aesthetic, phonetic and occlusal function prior to delivery of the final implant restorations, while preserving and/or enhancing the condition of the peri‐implant and gingival tissues. Provisional restorations are useful as a communication tool between members of the treatment team which, in most cases, consists of the restorative clinician, implant surgeons, laboratory technicians, and the patient. This article describes and discusses the various options for provisionalization in implant dentistry. Clinicians should be aware of the different types of provisional restorations and the indications for their use when planning implant retained restorations.
Oral health of Indigenous adult public dental patients in Australia
Authors: Brennan DS , Roberts‐Thomson KF , Spencer AJ 
Published: March 2008

Abstract Background: Indigenous Australians have been reported in a range of studies to have worse health than non‐Indigenous Australians. Among health care card holders, a financially disadvantaged group eligible for public‐funded dental care, oral health may also be worse among Indigenous persons. The aims of this study were to examine the oral health of Indigenous compared to non‐Indigenous adult public dental patients in terms of caries experience and periodontal status, controlling for age and gender of patient, type of care and geographic location. Methods: Patients were sampled randomly by state/territory dental services in 2001–2002. Dentists recorded oral health status at the initial visit of a course of care using written instructions. The samples were weighted in proportion to the numbers of public‐funded dental patients for each state/territory. Results: Multivariate logistic regression showed that the presence of periodontal pockets of 6+ mm was higher (P < 0.05) among Indigenous compared to non‐Indigenous patients (OR=2.24, 1.34–3.76), after controlling for age and gender of patients, type of care and geographic location. Multivariate negative binomial regression analysis (RR: rate ratio) controlling for age and gender of patients, type of care and geographic location indicated that Indigenous patients had higher numbers of decayed teeth (RR=1.42) and missing teeth (RR=1.44) but lower numbers of filled teeth (RR=0.51) compared to non‐Indigenous patients (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the DMFT index, indicating similar cumulative past and present experience of dental caries for Indigenous and non‐Indigenous patients. Conclusions: Indigenous adult public dental patients had worse oral health status than non‐Indigenous patients, with a higher percentage of Indigenous patients having periodontal pockets 6+ mm, and Indigenous patients having more decayed and missing teeth. Indigenous patients lack both timely and appropriate preventive and treatment services.