bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cardiovascular factors explain genetic background differences in VO2max
Authors: Roy Jane L.P. , Hunter Gary R. , Fernandez Jose R. , McCarthy John P. , Larson‐Meyer D. Enette , Blaudeau Tamilane E. , Newcomer Bradley R. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to further explore factors that may be related to ethnic differences in the maximum rate at which an individual can consume oxygen (VO2max) between 20 African American (AA) and 30 European American (EA) sedentary women who were matched for body weight (kg) and fat‐free mass (FFM). VO2max (l/min) was determined during a graded treadmill exercise test. Submaximal steady‐state heart rate and submaximal VO2 were determined at a treadmill speed of 1.3 m/sec and a 2.5% grade. Hemoglobin (Hb) was determined by the cyanide method, muscle oxidative capacity by 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy (ADP time constant), and FFM (kg) by dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry. Genetic classification was self‐reported, and in a subset of the sample (N = 32), the determinants of ethnicity were measured by African genetic admixture. AA women had significantly reduced VO2max, Hb levels, and muscle oxidative capacity (longer ADP time constants, P ≤ 0.05) than EA women. Submaximal oxygen pulse (O2Psubmax), ADP time constant, Hb, and ethnic background were all significantly related to VO2max (ml/kg/min and ml/kg FFM/min, all P ≤ 0.01). By multiple regression modeling, Hb, O2Psubmax, muscle oxidative capacity, and ethnicity were found to explain 61% and 57% of the variance of VO2max in ml/kg/min and ml/kg FFM/min, respectively. Muscle oxidative capacity and O2Psubmax were both significantly and independently related to VO2max in all three models (P ≤ 0.05), whereas Hb and ethnicity were not. These results suggest that mitochondrial muscle oxidative capacity and oxygen delivery capabilities, as determined by O2Psubmax, account for most if not all of the ethnic differences in VO2max. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 18:454–460, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Smoking during pregnancy and components of stature in offspring
Authors: Leary Sam , Davey Smith George , Ness Andy 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe objective of this study was to examine the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring height and its components. The analysis was based on 6,340 white singletons born in 1991–1992 and enrolled in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), who had maternal smoking data recorded for at least one trimester in pregnancy, and who had their height recorded at age 7.5. Smoking at any time in pregnancy was associated with a reduction in offspring height, trunk, and leg length, and the leg‐to‐trunk ratio, after adjustment for age and sex. After additional adjustment for maternal factors, social factors, and breastfeeding, associations with leg length and leg‐to‐trunk ratio remained, with reductions of 0.25 cm (95% confidence interval, 0.05–0.46 cm) in leg length and 0.30% (95% confidence interval, 0.03–0.57%) in leg‐to‐trunk ratio if the mother smoked. Findings were similar when the smoking data were analyzed separately for each trimester. Furthermore, in each trimester, the more a mother smoked, the greater the reduction in offspring height, leg length, and leg‐to‐trunk ratio. These dose‐response relationships remained after adjustment for all potential confounders for leg length and leg‐to‐trunk ratio. Smoking at any time in pregnancy reduces offspring height and its components, and in particular leg length and leg‐to‐trunk ratio at age 7.5. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 18:502–512, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evolution of arthropod visual systems: Development of the eyes and central visual pathways in the horseshoe crabLimulus polyphemusLinnaeus, 1758 (Chelicerata, Xiphosura)
Authors: Harzsch Steffen , Vilpoux Kathia , Blackburn David C. , Platchetzki David , Brown Nadean L. , Melzer Roland , Kempler Karen E. , Battelle Barbara A. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractDespite ongoing interest into the architecture, biochemistry, and physiology of the visual systems of the xiphosuranLimulus polyphemus, their ontogenetic aspects have received little attention. Thus, we explored the development of the lateral eyes and associated neuropils in late embryos and larvae of these animals. The first external evidence of the lateral eyes was the appearance of white pigment spots—guanophores associated with the rudimentary photoreceptors—on the dorsolateral side of the late embryos, suggesting that these embryos can perceive light. The first brown pigment emerges in the eyes during the last (third) embryonic molt to the trilobite stage. However, ommatidia develop from this field of pigment toward the end of the larval trilobite stage so that the young larvae at hatching do not have object recognition. Double staining with the proliferation marker bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and an antibody againstL. polyphemusmyosin III, which is concentrated in photoreceptors of this species, confirmed previous reports that, in the trilobite larvae, new cellular material is added to the eye field from an anteriorly located proliferation zone. Pulse–chase experiments indicated that these new cells differentiate into new ommatidia. Examining larval eyes labeled for opsin showed that the new ommatidia become organized into irregular rows that give the eye field a triangular appearance. Within the eye field, the ommatidia are arranged in an imperfect hexagonal array. Myosin III immunoreactivity in trilobite larvae also revealed the architecture of the central visual pathways associated with the median eye complex and the lateral eyes. Double labeling with myosin III and BrdU showed that neurogenesis persists in the larval brain and suggested that new neurons of both the lamina and the medulla originate from a single common proliferation zone. These data are compared with eye development inDrosophila melanogasterand are discussed with regard to new ideas on eye evolution in the Euarthropoda. Developmental Dynamics 235:2641–2655, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nanostructured niobium oxide coatings influence osteoblast adhesion
Authors: Eisenbarth E. , Velten D. , Müller M. , Thull R. , Breme J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe interaction of osteoblasts was correlated to the roughness of nanosized surface structures of Nb2O5 coatings on polished CP titanium grade 2. Nb2O5 sol–gel coatings were selected as a model surface to study the interaction of osteoblasts with nanosized surface structures. The surface roughness was quantified by determination of the average surface finish (Ra number) by means of atomic force microscopy. Surface topographies with Ra = 7, 15, and 40 nm were adjusted by means of the annealing process parameters (time and temperature) within a sol–gel coating procedure. The observed osteoblast migration was fastest on smooth surfaces with Ra = 7 nm. The adhesion strength, spreading area, and collagen‐I synthesis showed the best results on an intermediate roughness of Ra = 15 nm. The surface roughness of Ra = 40 nm was rather peaked and reduced the speed of cell reactions belonging to the adhesion process. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Biochemical modifications induced in human blood by oxygenation‐ozonation
Authors: Bocci Velio , Aldinucci Carlo 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSome biochemical effects determined on human blood after addition of a gas mixture composed of oxygen (∼96%) and ozone (∼4%) have been evaluated. Ozone was used in a mild concentration ranging between 0.21 and 1.68 mM. Within few minutes after rapid mixing of the equal gas‐liquid volumes, the ozone was consumed because by instantaneously reacting with biomolecules, generating reactive oxygen species (particularly hydrogen peroxide) having very short lifetime and lipid oxidation products. The following results are oxygen‐ozone dose dependent: (1) The pO2 values have risen from about 40 up to 400 mmHg. (2) By testing the highest ozone concentration, the total antioxidant capacity of blood decreased within 1 min from 1.35 to 0.91 mM but regained its normal values within 20 min owing to the rapid reduction of oxidized antioxidants operated by erythrocytes. (3) Similarly, intraerythrocytic reduced glutathione after ozonation decreased from the initial value of 5.71 to 4.56 μmol/g Hb. (4) Both hemolysis and methemoglobin showed a negligible increase. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 20:133–138, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20124
Interaction of diuron and related substituted phenylureas with the Ah receptor pathway
Authors: Zhao Bin , Baston David S. , Hammock Bruce , Denison Michael S. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand‐dependent transcription factor that mediates many of the biological and toxicological actions of structurally diverse chemicals, including the ubiquitous environmental contaminant 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin. Here, we have examined the ability of diuron, a widely used herbicide, and several structurally related substituted phenylureas to bind to and activate/inhibit the AhR and AhR signal transduction. Diuron induced CYP1A1 mRNA levels in mouse hepatoma (Hepa1c1c7) cells and AhR‐dependent luciferase reporter gene expression in stably transfected mouse, rat, guinea pig, and human cell lines. In addition, ligand binding and gel retardation analysis demonstrated the ability of diuron to competitively bind to and stimulate AhR transformation and DNA binding in vitro and in intact cells. Several structurally related substituted phenylureas competitively bound to the guinea pig hepatic cytosolic AhR, inhibited 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin‐induced AhR‐dependent luciferase reporter gene expression in a species‐specific manner and stimulated AhR transformation and DNA binding, consistent with their role as partial AhR agonists. These results demonstrate not only that diuron and related substituted phenylureas are AhR ligands but also that exposure to these chemicals could induce/inhibit AhR‐dependent biological effects. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 20:103–113, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20126
Modulation of the expression of superoxide dismutase gene in lung injury by 2‐chloroethyl ethyl sulfide, a mustard analog
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Sutapa , Rajaratnam Veera , Mukherjee Shyamali , Smith Milton , Das Salil K. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractMustard gas exposure causes inflammatory lung diseases. Many inflammatory lung diseases are associated with oxidative stress. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in the maintenance of physiological functions. In tissues, it is therefore essential to maintain a steady‐state level of antioxidant activity to allow both for the physiological functions of ROS to proceed and at the same time preventing tissue damage. We have recently reported that mustard gas exposure decreases the overall activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD). In the present study, we investigated the effects of mustard gas on each of the three isozymes: SOD‐1 (Cu/Zn), SOD‐2 (Mn), and SOD‐3 (extracellular). Adult guinea pigs were intratracheally injected single doses of 2‐chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES) (2 mg/kg body weight) in ethanol. Control animals were injected with vehicle in the same way. The animals were sacrificed after 7 days, and lungs were removed after perfusion with physiological saline. Lung injury was established by measuring the leakage of iodinated‐BSA into lung tissue. Mustard gas exposure caused a significant increase in the activity of SOD‐1 (35%). However, the SOD‐3 activity which is the predominant type in lung was significantly decreased (62%), whereas no change was observed in SOD‐2 activity. Thus the decrease in the total activity of SOD was primarily due to the SOD‐3 isozyme. Northern blot analysis indicated 3.5‐fold increased expression of SOD‐1 in mustard gas exposed lung, but no significant change in the expression of SOD‐2 and SOD‐3 was observed. Mustard gas exposure did not cause mutation in the coding region of SOD‐1 gene while causing modulation in expression levels. The protein levels of SOD‐1, SOD‐2, and SOD‐3 were not altered significantly in the mustard gas exposed lung. Our results indicate that the overall decrease in the activity of SOD by mustard gas exposure is probably mediated by direct inactivation of the SOD‐3 gene or the enzyme itself. This decrease in the activity of SOD‐3 may be due to the cleavage of active form of the protein to an inactive form. The existence of active and inactive forms of SOD‐3 as a result of shifts in Cys–Cys disulfide bonding has been described in human, recently. Studies are underway in our laboratory to investigate whether mustard gas induced inactivation of SOD‐3 in lung is similarly mediated by a change in Cys–Cys disulfide bonding. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 20:142–149, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20128
QM/MM modeling of compound I active species in cytochrome P450, cytochrome C peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase
Authors: Harvey Jeremy N. , Bathelt Christine M. , Mulholland Adrian J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractQM/MM calculations provide a means for predicting the electronic structure of the metal center in metalloproteins. Two heme peroxidases, Cytochrome c Peroxidase (CcP) and Ascorbate Peroxidase (APX), have a structurally very similar active site, yet have active intermediates with very different electronic structures. We review our recent QM/MM calculations on these systems, and present new computational data. Our results are in good agreement with experiment, and suggest that the difference in electronic structure is due to a large number of small differences in structure from one protein to another. We also discuss recent QM/MM calculations on the active species of cytochrome P450, in which a similar sensitivity of the electronic structure to the environment is found. However, this does not appear to explain different catalytic profiles of the different drug‐metabolizing isoforms of this class of enzyme. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 27: 1352–1362, 2006
On the accuracy of density functional theory for iron—sulfur clusters
Authors: Szilagyi Robert K. , Winslow Mark A. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA simple, yet powerful wave function manipulation method was introduced utilizing a generalized ionic fragment approach that allows for systematic mapping of the wave function space for multispin systems with antiferromagnetic coupling. The use of this method was demonstrated for developing ground state electronic wave function for [2Fe‐2S] and [Mo‐3Fe‐4S] clusters. Using well‐defined ionic wave functions for ferrous and ferric irons, sulfide, and thiolate fragments, the accuracy of various density functionals and basis sets including effective core potentials were evaluated on a [4Fe‐4S] cluster by comparing the calculated geometric and electronic structures with crystallographic data and experimental atomic spin densities from X‐ray absorption spectroscopy, respectively. We found that the most reasonable agreement for both geometry and atomic spin densities is obtained by a hybrid functional with 5% HF exchange and 95% density functional exchange supplemented with Perdew's 1986 correlation functional. The basis set seems to saturate only at the triple‐ζ level with polarization and diffuse functions. Reasonably preoptimized structures can be obtained by employing computationally less expensive effective core potentials, such as the Stuttgart–Dresden potential with a triple‐ζ valence basis set. The extension of the described calibration methodology to other biologically important and more complex iron–sulfur clusters, such as hydrogenase H‐cluster and nitrogenase FeMo‐co will follow. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 27: 1385–1397, 2006
High concentration and bioactivity of vancomycin and aztreonam eluted from Simplex™ cement spacers in two‐stage revision of infected hip implants: A study of 46 patients at an average follow‐up of 107 days
Authors: Hsieh Pang‐Hsin , Chang Yu‐Han , Chen Shih‐Hao , Ueng Steve W.N. , Shih Chun‐Hsiung 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis study investigated the release of antibiotics in vivo, from an articulating polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) spacer used in two‐stage revision arthroplasty of infected hip implants. Forty‐six patients who underwent two‐stage revision hip arthroplasty for infections were managed with an interim PMMA spacer loaded with a high dose of vancomycin and aztreonam. Serum and aliquots of drainage collected after the first‐stage surgery, and joint fluid obtained at the time of the second‐stage surgery were analyzed for antibiotic concentrations by high performance liquid chromatography and bioactivity by tube dilution bioassay. Following implantation, the highest levels of antibiotics were measured in aliquots of drainage on the first day (vancomycin: 1538.0 ± 243.6 µg/mL; aztreonam: 1003.5 ± 323.5 µg/mL), decreasing to 571.9 ± 169.4 µg/mL for vancomycin and 313.6 ± 88.3 µg/mL for aztreonam after 7 days. Antibiotic concentrations in serum were very low (vancomycin: 0.58 ± 0.2 µg/mL, range: 0.1–1.6 µg/mL; aztreonam: 0.46 ± 0.3 µg/mL, range: 0.1–0.9 µg/mL at 24 h) and there was no systemic adverse effect. At a mean 107 days after the first‐stage surgery, the concentrations of antibiotics in joint fluid were well above the minimal inhibitory concentration of most common microorganisms. The released antibiotics were bioactive against the test organisms. Based on the observed results, we confirmed the safety and effectiveness of in vivo drug delivery from antibiotic‐impregnated PMMA hip spacers. © 2006 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 24:1615–1621, 2006
In vivo cyclic axial compression affects bone healing in the mouse tibia
Authors: Gardner Michael J. , van der Meulen Marjolein C. H. , Demetrakopoulos Demetris , Wright Timothy M. , Myers Elizabeth R. , Bostrom Mathias P. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAbundant evidence exists that fracture healing can be influenced by mechanical loading. However, the specific loading parameters that are osteogenic remain unknown. We hypothesized that the bone healing response in mouse tibial osteotomies would be different with a short delay before loading compared to immediate load application, as well as with higher and lower load magnitudes applied. Eighty 12‐week‐old mice underwent osteotomy of the left tibia followed by intramedullary nailing. Mice were divided into six groups based on days delayed until application of load (0 days or 4 days) and amplitude of cyclic load (0.5N, 1N, or 2N). Loading regimens were applied at 1 Hz for 100 cycles per day, 5 days per week for 2 weeks, using an external device that applied axial compression to the tibia. Bone healing was assessed by both microcomputed tomography (CT) and four‐point bend testing. A short delay followed by cyclic application of a relatively low load led to improved fracture healing, as determined by increased callus strength, but this enhancement disappeared as load amplitudes increased. Load initiation immediately following fracture inhibited healing, regardless of the magnitude of load applied. MicroCT measurements of calluses in the early healing stage did not predict the mechanical strength of the fractures. These findings confirm that controlled, noninvasive cyclic loading can improve the strength of healing callus. However, application of load immediately after fracture appears to be detrimental to healing. Load magnitude also plays a critical role, and must be taken into account in future studies and clinical applications. As the loading parameters necessary to enhance fracture healing become refined, external compression may be used as a potent stimulus for treating fractures with decreased biological capacity. © 2006 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 24:1679–1686, 2006
Basic and clinical research on photodynamic therapy at Tokyo Medical University Hospital
Authors: Kato H. , Usuda J. , Okunaka T. , Furukawa K. , Honda H. , Sakaniwa N. , Suga Y. , Hirata T. , Ohtani K. , Inoue T. , Maehara S. , Kubota M. , Yamada K. , Tsuitsui H. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesWe have been engaged in basic and clinical research on photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) for more than 25 years.Study Design/Materials and MethodsPDT for 264 centrally located early‐stage lung cancer lesions yielded an initial complete response (CR) rate of 84.8%. PDT is now becoming a standard option for centrally located stage 0 (TisN0M0) and stage I (T1N0M0) lung cancer. It is an attractive option for elderly patients in poor physical condition.ResultsRecent results of interstitial PDT for peripheral‐type lung cancers suggest that it may be a promising local curative treatment modality for lesions less than 1.0 cm in diameter.ConclusionsIn this article, we introduce our recent clinical trials of PDT for lung cancers (both central and peripheral), and new techniques of PDD in sentinel node navigation biopsy for breast cancers. Moreover, we introduce basic research on cancers and infectious diseases in order to expand the clinical applications of PDT. Lasers Surg. Med. 38:371–375, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Endobronchial photodynamic therapy for lung cancer
Authors: Loewen Gregory M. , Pandey Ravindra , Bellnier David , Henderson Barbara , Dougherty Thomas 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveEndobronchial photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive technique for the palliation of major airway obstruction from lung cancer, and for the treatment of endobronchial microinvasive lung cancer.Study DesignResults of reported clinical trials were compared, and the author's preliminary results with second generation photosensitizers were also reviewed.ResultsA review of the clinical experience with endobronchial PDT is provided. Potential advantages of PDT include the duration of palliation achieved through the delayed cellular effects of PDT within tumor. Side‐effects from FDA‐approved photosensitizer (Photofrin, Porfimer sodium, Axcan Scandipharm, Montreal, Quebec) include skin photosensitivity. HPPH (2‐[1‐hexyloxyethyl]‐2 devinyl pyropheophorbide) is an example of a second‐generation photosensitize that shows promise in the treatment of lung cancer, and appears to be free from significant skin photosensitivity.ConclusionPDT is an effective tool for the palliation of endobronchial lung cancers which obstruct the central airways and is also effective for the treatment of central microinvasive carcinoma and carcinoma in situ of the central airways. Lasers Surg. Med. 38:364–370, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.