bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Proceedings of the International Consensus Conference on Breast Cancer Risk, Genetics, & Risk Management, April, 2007
Authors: Schwartz Gordon F. , Hughes Kevin S. , Lynch Henry T. , Fabian Carol J. , Fentiman Ian S. , Robson Mark E. , Domchek Susan M. , Hartmann Lynn C. , Holland Roland , Winchester David J. ,   and the Consensus Conference Committee
Published: October 2008

AbstractA consensus conference including 30 experts was held in April, 2007, to discuss risk factors for breast cancer and their management. Four categories of risk were outlined, from “average” through “very high” risk, the latter including individuals with high penetrance BRCA1/2 gene mutations. Guidelines for management of patients in each of these categories were discussed, with the major portion of the conference devoted to individuals with BRCA1/2 mutations. Prevalence of these mutations in the general population was estimated to be 1 in 250‐500 individuals, with an increased prevalence in Ashkenazi Jews and other founder groups. Risk‐reduction strategies for these individuals included surveillance, with or without chemoprevention drugs, or surgical procedures to remove the organs at risk, ie, bilateral mastectomy and/or bilateral salpingo‐oophorectomy. These risk reduction strategies were evaluated fully, and recommendations were made for the care of patients in each risk category. These guidelines for patient care were approved by the entire group of experts. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Type 1 corticotropin‐releasing factor receptor expression reported in BAC transgenic mice: Implications for reconciling ligand‐receptor mismatch in the central corticotropin‐releasing factor system
Authors: Justice Nicholas J. , Yuan Zung Fan , Sawchenko Paul E. , Vale Wylie 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIn addition to its established role in initiating the endocrine arm of the stress response, corticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF) can act in the brain to modulate neural pathways that effect coordinated physiological and behavioral adjustments to stress. Although CRF is expressed in a set of interconnected limbic and autonomic cell groups implicated as primary sites of stress‐related peptide action, most of these are lacking or impoverished in CRF receptor (CRFR) expression. Understanding the distribution of functional receptor expression has been hindered by the low resolution of ligand binding approaches and the lack of specific antisera, which have supported immunolocalizations at odds with analyses at the mRNA level. We have generated a transgenic mouse that shows expression of the principal, or type 1, CRFR (CRFR1). This mouse expresses GFP in a cellular distribution that largely mimics that of CRFR1 mRNA and is extensively colocalized with it in individual neurons. GFP‐labeled cells display indices of activation (Fos induction) in response to central CRF injection. At the cellular level, GFP labeling marks somatic and proximal dendritic morphology with high resolution and is also localized to axonal projections of at least some labeled cell groups. This includes a presence in synaptic inputs to central autonomic structures such as the central amygdalar nucleus, which is implicated as a stress‐related site of CRF action, but lacks cellular CRFR1 expression. These findings validate a new tool for pursuing the role of central CRFR signaling in stress adaptation and suggest means by which the pervasive ligand‐receptor mismatch in this system may be reconciled. J. Comp. Neurol. 511:479–496, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Soil water dynamics under low‐ versus high‐ponderosa pine tree density: ecohydrological functioning and restoration implications
Authors: Zou Chris B. , Breshears David D. , Newman Brent D. , Wilcox Bradford P. , Gard Marvin O. , Rich Paul M. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractSoil water dynamics reflect the integrated effects of climate conditions, soil hydrological properties and vegetation at a site. Consequently, changes in tree density can have important ecohydrological implications. Notably, stand density in many semi‐arid forests has increased greatly because of fire suppression, such as that in the extensive ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosaLaws.) forests that span much of western USA. Few studies have quantified how soil water content varies in low‐ versus high‐density stands both by depth and years, or the inter‐relationships between water content, stand density, and ecohydrological processes. Over a 4‐year period, we measured the soil water content throughout the soil profiles in both low‐density (250 trees/ha) and high‐density (2710 trees/ha) ponderosa pine stands. Our results document significantly greater soil water contents in the low‐density stands over a wide range of conditions (wet, dry, winter, summer). We observed substantial differences in water contents at depths greater than are typically measured. Our results also show that differences in monthly average soil water contents between the low‐ and high‐density stands fluctuated between 0·02 and 0·08 m3m−3depending on the time of year, and reflect a dynamic coupling between infiltration and stand evapotranspiration processes. The difference in soil water availability between low‐ and high‐density stands is substantially amplified when expressed as plant‐available water on a per tree, per biomass or per leaf area basis. Our findings highlight important ecohydrological couplings and suggest that restoration and monitoring plans for semi‐arid forests could benefit from adopting a more ecohydrological focus that explicitly considers soil water content as a determinant of the ecosystem process. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CEC separation of peptides using a poly(hexyl acrylate‐co‐1,4‐butanediol diacrylate‐co‐[2‐(acryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethyl ammonium chloride) monolithic column
Authors: Augustin Violaine , Stachowiak Timothy , Svec Frantisek , Fréchet Jean M. J. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractA polyacrylate‐based monolithic column bearing cationic functionalities and designed for capillary electrochromatography (CEC) has been prepared via photopolymerization of a mixture of hexyl acrylate, butanediol diacrylate, 2‐(acryloyloxy) ethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (monomers), azobisisobutyronitrile (photoinitiator), acetonitrile, phosphate buffer, and ethanol (porogens). The polymerization process was initiated with UV light at 360 nm. The column performance was evaluated via the separations of alkylbenzenes, substituted anilines, basic drugs, peptides, and a protein digest. The separation of complex peptide mixtures was then studied since such separations constitute a promising application of capillary electrochromatograhy. In particular, the effects of mobile phase composition, including ionic strength of the buffer solution and the percentage of acetonitrile on the retention factor, the column efficiency, and the resolution were determined. The separations were affected by both interaction of the peptides with the stationary phase and their own electrophoretic mobility. Excellent separations with column efficiencies of up to 160 000 plates/m were achieved for both a mixture of ten well‐defined peptides and a tryptic digest of cytochrome c. The fractions of eluent containing peptides of the digest separated in the monolithic column were collected and characterized using matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry.
Rapid separation and determination of microcystins using monolithic columns in isocratic elution mode by pressurized capillary electrochromatography
Authors: Gu Congying , Lin Li , Li Bin , Chen Xiaodong , Ren Jicun , Jia Jinping , Wu Dan , Fang Nenghu 
Published: October 2008

AbstractAs a new wave of technology, polymethacrylate‐based monolithic column was prepared and its application in the separation of three kinds of microcystins (MCs) in pressurized capillary electrochromatography with ultraviolet detection was studied. The key factors affecting the separation performance, such as monolithic column, pressure of the pump, component and concentration of mobile phase and the voltage, were investigated and optimized in detail. A baseline separation could be achieved in less than 6 min using a 5 mM borate buffer with a pH of 9.6 and 10% acetonitrile as the mobile phases in isocratic elution, under a voltage of +13 kV and a supplementary pressure of 7.5 MPa. The calibration curves were linear with correlation coefficient r>0.998 over a range of 0.10–25.00 mg/L. The LODs for the three MCs were in the range of 0.03–0.09 mg/L. This method was successfully applied to separate MCs from other compounds in spiked tap water after solid‐phase extraction. The lower LODs for MC‐LR, MC‐YR and MC‐RR were obtained to be 0.10, 0.13, 0.16 μg/L, respectively. These results make it clear that this proposed system is accurate and robust enough to be used as a fast separation tool for routine monitoring of MCs in real water samples.
Preparation and evaluation of a lysine‐bonded silica monolith as polar stationary phase for hydrophilic interaction pressurized capillary electrochromatography
Authors: Huang Guihua , Lian Qiuyan , Zeng Wencan , Xie Zenghong 
Published: October 2008

AbstractA silica‐based monolith as polar stationary phase was described for hydrophilic interaction pressurized capillary electrochromatography (HI‐pCEC). The polar monolithic column was prepared by on‐column reaction of lysine with epoxy groups on a γ‐glycidoxypropyltrimethosysilane‐modified silica monolith. The stationary phase yielded strong hydrophilic interaction due to the slightly polar hydroxyl groups, and the strong polar lysine ligand with amino groups and carboxylic groups contained on the surface of the monolith. In order to evaluate the hydrophilic character of lysine ligand, the chromatographic behaviors of epoxy monolith (before lysine bonded) and diol monolith (hydroxyl groups contained) were also investigated. Two groups of comparative experiment were developed in terms of the separation of typical neutral non‐polar and polar compounds performed in a mobile phase of aqueous‐acetonitrile solution. Results showed that the lysine monolith was much more hydrophilic than the diol monolith, which presented less hydrophobic than the epoxy monolith. For further study on its hydrophilic character, the lysine monolith was demonstrated in the HI‐pCEC mode for the separations of various polar compounds such as phenols, nucleic acid bases and nucleosides.
Capillary electrophoretic chiral determination of mirtazapine and its main metabolites in human urine after enzymatic hydrolysis
Authors: de Santana Fernando José Malagueño , Lanchote Vera Lúcia , Bonato Pierina Sueli 
Published: October 2008

AbstractCapillary electrophoresis and liquid‐phase microextraction using porous polypropylene hollow fibers were employed for the enantioselective analyses of mirtazapine and its metabolites demethylmirtazapine and 8‐hydroxymirtazapine in human urine. Before the extraction, urine samples (1.0 mL) were submitted to enzymatic hydrolysis at 37°C for 16 h. Then, the enzyme was precipitated with trichloroacetic acid, the pH was adjusted to 8 with 0.5 mol/L phosphate buffer solution (pH 11) and 15% sodium chloride was further added. The analytes were transferred from the aqueous donor phase, through n‐hexyl ether (organic solvent immobilized in the fiber), into 0.01 moL/L acetic acid solution (acceptor phase). The electrophoretic analyses were carried out in 50 mmol/L phosphate buffer solution (pH 2.5) containing 0.55% w/v carboxymethyl‐β‐cyclodextrin. The method was linear over the concentration range of 62.5–2500 ng/mL for each mirtazapine and 8‐hydroxymirtazapine enantiomer and 62.5–1250 ng/mL for each demethylmirtazapine enantiomer. The quantification limit was 62.5 ng/mL for all the enantiomers. Within‐day and between‐day assay precision and accuracy were lower than 15% for all the enantiomers. Finally, the method proved to be suitable for pharmacokinetic studies.
A continuous wavelet transform algorithm for peak detection
Authors: Wee Andrew , Grayden David B. , Zhu Yonggang , Petkovic‐Duran Karolina , Smith David 
Published: October 2008

AbstractContactless conductivity detector technology has unique advantages for microfluidic applications. However, the low S/N and varying baseline makes the signal analysis difficult. In this paper, a continuous wavelet transform‐based peak detection algorithm was developed for CE signals from microfluidic chips. The Ridger peak detection algorithm is based on the MassSpecWavelet algorithm by Duet al.[Bioinformatics2006,22, 2059–2065], and performs a continuous wavelet transform on data, using a wavelet proportional to the first derivative of a Gaussian function. It forms sequences of local maxima and minima in the continuous wavelet transform, before pairing sequences of maxima to minima to define peaks. The peak detection algorithm was tested against the Cromwell, MassSpecWavelet, and Linear Matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization‐time‐of‐flight‐mass spectrometer Peak Indication and Classification algorithms using experimental data. Its sensitivity to false discovery rate curve is superior to other techniques tested.
Ion separation in nanofluidics
Authors: Xuan Xiangchun 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIonic species with a constant charge‐to‐size ratio (i.e. electrophoretic mobility) cannot be separated in electroosmotic or pressure‐driven flow along microscale channels. In nanoscale channels, however, the enormous electric fields inside electrical double layers cause transverse ion distributions yielding charge‐dependent mean ion speeds in the flow. Those ions with a constant charge‐to‐size ratio can thus be separated solely by charge (or equivalently, size) in nanofluidics. Here we develop an analytical model to optimize and compare the separation of such ions in nanochannel chromatography and nanochannel electrophoresis in terms of selectivity, plate height and resolution. Both planar and cylindrical geometries are considered. It is found that in nanoscale channels chromatography yields a larger selectivity and a larger minimum reduced plate height than electrophoresis does. The maximum resolution is, however, comparable between these two nanofluidic approaches, where the optimal channel half‐height or tube radius is within the range of 1–10 times the Debye length. Our results also suggest that cations can be better separated in nanofluidics than can anions.
An extended description of the effect of detergent monomers on migration in micellar electrokinetic chromatography
Authors: Téllez Adolfo , Weiss Victor U. , Kenndler Ernst 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThree equilibria determine the interaction of a neutral analyte with the detergent in micellar electrokinetic chromatography and therefore its migration: (i) that of the free analyte in the aqueous phase with the micelle, (ii) its association with free detergent monomers in the aqueous phase, and (iii) the partition of the associate of analyte and monomer between the aqueous solution and the micelle. For the first equilibrium, non‐stoichiometric partitioning between two phases is preferred in the present work over the assumption of complex formation between one molecule of the analyte with one micelle. The second equilibrium is described by the formation of a 1:1 associate of the analyte and monomer. In this paper, thirdly an additional equilibrium is introduced, namely, the distribution of the analyte–monomer associate between the aqueous and the micelle phase; it is expressed by the according partition coefficient. The three equilibrium constants are interrelated. Mobility data for a lipophilic fluorescent compound and a series of n‐alkylphenones (differing in chain length) were measured as a function of the SDS concentration below and above the critical micellar concentration. Curve fitting enabled the derivation of the equilibrium constants. It was found that the association constants of the analytes with the detergent monomers are between 2 and 75 M−1. Interestingly, the partition coefficient of the analyte–monomer associate between the aqueous and micellar phase is by a factor of 5–200 larger than that of the free analyte.
Electrokinetic sample injection for high‐sensitivity capillary zone electrophoresis (part 1): Effects of electrode configuration and setting
Authors: Hirokawa Takeshi , Koshimidzu Eiji , Xu Zhongqi 
Published: October 2008

AbstractElectrokinetic injection (EKI) is usually considered as one of the useful approaches to improve sensitivity of CZE analysis. In the present study, we explored the relationship between electrode position and sample amount injected during EKI process by using 2D computer simulation (CFD‐ACE+) and real experiments, aiming to obtain higher detection sensitivity. Two different models of electrode configuration, a capillary inserted in a hollow electrode and a capillary surrounded by a cylindrical electrode on the reservoir wall, were simulated to evaluate the efficiency of EKI. It was found that analytes, occurring only in an effective potential field, could be introduced into the capillary while the other analytes remain outside of the field because of slow diffusion. Consequently, the longer distance between the electrode and the end of capillary, the higher efficiency of EKI was found by the simulation. This finding was verified by the real CZE analysis of dilute rare‐earth metal ions in a chloride solution (pH almost neutral). In fact, when the distance of Pt electrode and the capillary end in a CE apparatus (an Otsuka CAPI‐3100) was default (ca. 1 mm), LOD of Er was 0.27 μg/L. When the distance was increased to 19.5 mm, the LOD was improved over ten times down to 0.02 μg/L. The LOD achieved is 50‐fold better than that of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (1–2 μg/L for Er).
An updated and improved determination key for Aspidistra Ker‐Gawl. (Ruscaceae, Monocotyledons)
Authors: Tillich H.‐J. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis updated and improved key facilitates the successful determination of all the 93 Aspidistra species currently known. Taking in consideration the variability of several species and/or the uncertainty of character distinctions, a number of species is now considered twice or even three times in the key. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Neue taxonomische Erkenntnisse zu den Charakterarten der Schwermetallvegetation und mögliche Konsequenzen für den Schutz von Schwermetallstandorten
Authors: Baumbach H. , Schubert R. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractSchwermetallstandorte gehören zu den in ökologischer Hinsicht besonders interessanten Lebensräumen Mitteleuropas. Sie sind deshalb nach der FFH‐Richtlinie, Anhang I, geschützt (Lebensraumtyp 6130) und gehören zu den nach § 30 BNatSchG besonders geschützten Biotoptypen. Neue wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse zur genetischen Differenzierung der Charakterarten der Schwermetallvegetation (z. B.Minuartia verna,Silene vulgaris,Armeria maritimas. l.,Viola calaminaria,Cardaminopsis halleri,Thlaspi caerulescens) haben gezeigt, dass taxonomische Neubewertungen erforderlich sind, die auch Änderungen der Syntaxonomie der Schwermetallpflanzengesellschaften nach sich ziehen werden. Wie die auf botanische Aspekte fokussierte (behördliche) Naturschutzpraxis zeigt, können sich daraus nicht unerhebliche Probleme für die Definition des Lebensraumtyps ergeben. Der Beitrag thematisiert diese Problematik und möchte mögliche Konsequenzen für den Schutz der Schwermetalllebensräume diskutieren. Trotz des gesetzlichen Schutzes und vielfältiger Schutzbemühungen ist in mehreren Regionen nach wie vor ein Rückgang der Schwermetalllebensräume festzustellen, dessen Ursachen exemplarisch für die Standorte im östlichen und südöstlichen Harzvorland (Sachsen‐Anhalt) aufgezeigt werden. Die erörterten grundsätzlichen Probleme betreffen jedoch alle Gebiete in Mitteleuropa, in denen Lebensgemeinschaften auf metallhaltigen Böden vorkommen. Ziel des Beitrages ist es, eine regionale Schutzkonzeption für die mitteldeutschen sowie eine überregionale Schutzkonzeption für die mitteleuropäischen Schwermetalllebensräume anzuregen und deren wichtigste Aspekte aufzuzeigen. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Rock and scree plant communities in the Serra de Monchique (SW Portugal)
Authors: Deil U. , de Mera A. Galán , Orellana J. A. Vicente 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe vegetation of rock and scree habitats in the Serra de Monchique, a mountain range of mid altitude in the hinterland of the Algarve has been studied to see which plant communities grow in relation to substrate, altitude, aspect and micro‐relief. The associations are discussed in a West Mediterranean context.The Serra is a humid outpost in Southern Portugal. Rock habitats exist in the central part on syenite, a bedrock material with high base saturation. Weathering results in rock outcrops, poor in fissures, and in consolidated boulders and sandy soils. The central part is surrounded by schist, graywakes and sandstones, offering rock and scree habitats. New associations described are the rock heathland Halimio calycini‐Ericetum australis, the Sileno melliferae‐Ranunculetum bupleuroides on boulders, a Margotia gummifera ‐Iris xiphium ‐rock pasture and the Mucizonio hispidae‐Cheilanthetum tinaei in shaded fissures. The following associations are first documented for the area: Anogrammo‐Umbilicetum rupestris (on humid terrace walls), the Sedo hirsuti‐Polypodietum cambrici (humid rock surfaces in higher regions), the Asplenio ceterach‐Cheilanthetum acrostichae (rock fissures) and the Phagnalo saxatilis‐Rumicetum indurati (on screes). Rumex induratus occurs together with Dittrichia revoluta as an apophyte on road embankments and colonizes, with Scrophularia frutescens, riverine gravel.In contrast to rock communities on limestone and dolomite in the Algarve lowland and the hotspot of endemism at Cabo São Vicente, no endemic rock species occur in the Serra de Monchique. The vegetation mosaic on the syenite outcrops however is unique and deserves high priority in nature conservation. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Modelling and forecasting time series sampled at different frequencies
Authors: Casals José , Jerez Miguel , Sotoca Sonia 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis paper discusses how to specify an observable high‐frequency model for a vector of time series sampled at high and low frequencies. To this end we first study how aggregation over time affects both the dynamic components of a time series and their observability, in a multivariate linear framework. We find that the basic dynamic components remain unchanged but some of them, mainly those related to the seasonal structure, become unobservable. Building on these results, we propose a structured specification method built on the idea that the models relating the variables in high and low sampling frequencies should be mutually consistent. After specifying a consistent and observable high‐frequency model, standard state‐space techniques provide an adequate framework for estimation, diagnostic checking, data interpolation and forecasting. An example using national accounting data illustrates the practical application of this method. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.