bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Free Boundary Conditions for Simulating Air Movement in a Big Hall Induced by a "Bare Cabin" Fire
Authors: Chow W.K. , Yin R. 
Published: March 2007

Air movement in a big hall induced by a fire in a "bare cabin" was simulated using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). Applying CFD in simulat ing fire-induced air flow in buildings would require specification of free boundary conditions. Improper description of the free boundary conditions would give very different results. Three free boundary conditions commonly used were tested. Three sets of big hall geometry including two bare cabin designs and five heat re lease rates of fire of 20 kW m-1, 40 kW m -1, 60 kW m-1, 80 kW m-1, and 100 kW m-1 were considered. The self-developed program CY-TEAM modified from TEAM was selected as the simulator. Further, the commercial software CFX4.2 was used to compare with part of the results predicted by CY-TEAM. This gave a total number of 60 simulations. Results predicted from all these different geometries, conditions and software were compared. It is concluded that the free boundary condition should be specified carefully in simulating fire-induced air flow with CFD.
Candida and the Lactating Breast: Predisposing Factors
Authors: Amir Lisa Helen 
Published: March 2007

Candida albicans infection of the nipples and breast ducts is a cause of sore nipples and "shooting" breast pain during lactation. A questionnaire which sought to identify predisposing factors was given to 51 women with candidiasis of the lactating breast, 18 women with other breastfeeding difficulties, and 29 women breastfeeding without any difficulties. Nipple damage in early lactation, mastitis, recent use of antibiotics postpartum, long-term use prior to pregnancy, and history of vaginal thrush were positively associated with candidiasis of the lactating breast. Thrush, especially oral thrush, was more common in babies of mothers in the candida group. However, some mothers with symptomatic candida infection reported none of these predisposing factors.
The Association of Formula Samples Given at Hospital Discharge With the Early Duration of Breastfeeding
Authors: Snell B. J. , Krantz Marie , Keeton Rebecca , Delgado Karen , Peckham Carol 
Published: March 2007

Conflicting results have been reported regarding the association of formula samples given at hospital discharge with breastfeeding duration. This study investigated the relationship between the distribution of formula samples and breastfeeding duration in lowincome Hispanic women. A gift pack of formula was distributed randomly to 88 breastfeeding women. All women received a telephone call at one and three weeks to collect information about infant feeding. Chi-square analysis revealed no significant difference in the proportion of women exclusively breastfeeding at one week. However, fewer women were exclusively breastfeeding in the gift pack group at three weeks (p<.004). Gift packs given to Hispanic breastfeeding women are associated with a decrease in exclusively breastfeeding during the first three weeks postpartum.
An Assessment Tool for Evaluating Hospital Breastfeeding Policies and Practices
Authors: Kovach Andrea Crivelli 
Published: March 2007

In 1991, UNICEF and WHO launched the Baby Friendly Hospital Initia tive, a global initiative promoting breastfeeding within hospitals. This article describes the development and use of a detailed questionnaire to acquire baseline data on hospital breastfeeding policies in the southeastern Pennsylvania Delaware Valley and to classify hospitals by their level of implementation of the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative. The purpose of the questionnaire is twofold: a) to describe and analyze hospitals' breastfeeding policies and practices, and b) to classify hospitals with respect to their level of implementation of each of the Ten Steps and implementation of the Ten Steps overall. JHL 12:41-45, 1996.
A Humanistic Theory of Theory
Authors: Hatch Elvin 
Published: March 2007

—ABSTRACT— This article argues that anthropological theory necessarily takes the form of interpretive theory, for in order to understand human affairs it is necessary to understand the cultural systems of meaning that mediate the world that people experience. Even anthropologists who eschew interpretive approaches use them, often unwittingly, and the article analyzes the work of Radcliffe-Brown and Julian Steward to make this point. It explores the nature of interpretive theory, giving an analysis of a variety of 'families' or types of interpretation that have appeared in the literature. It suggests that we may speak of progress in anthropological theory and indicates how this is achieved, and concludes by proposing that we may also speak of progress in ethnography.
Some Aspects of Social Status, Culture and Promotion Factors of the Family in Relation to Sport Practice
Authors: Famaey-Lamon Annie 
Published: March 2007

Sport is a reflection of society and depends on the nature and the behaviour of the persons going in for sport. These persons belong usually to a family, the basic cell of the social circle. A fundamental question is the relation existing between social and status characteristics, the culture level and the promotion chances of the family, which as a whole are characteristic for the behaviour of the members of the family and the sports they go in for. The present investigation is part of a national population and family inquiry, known under the name of "Performance and Talent''. The information was gath ered by interviewing, 2,000 mothers of 12 year-old pupils of 107 representative schools spread over the whole territory of Belgium. Among other facts it became evident, from the results of a two-dimensional and multivalent investigation, that: — members of a family influence each other by the practice of sport; — the relation between social status, culture and promotion factors in the family on the one hand, and sport practice on the other hand, may not be considered as really determinant; — the justificatory social factors are not the same for both man and woman. Indeed, for both the educational level of the man is the most important predictor whether sport is practised or not. This fact is established as well in combination with status and culture factors, as in connection with information concerning promotion chances.
Issues in and Patterns of Women's Participation in Sports in Nigeria
Authors: Anyanwu S.U. 
Published: March 2007

In this article an attempt has been made to discuss some of the problems against women's involvement in sports in Nigeria. Reference is made to the Nigerian traditional culture which regarded women as the fair and weaker sex who should not participate in any vigorous physical activity. In the past, society frowned at women taking part in such activities like wrestling, shooting with bows and arrows, horse-back riding and hunting. The assumption of the people was that women's involvement in those traditional sports could make them de velop heavy muscles and loss their feminine appearance. The article highlighted some misconceptions regarding the physiological effects of women's participation in sports on the menstrual cycle and child bearing ability. The fear of society about this was a great deterrent to women's participation in sports. Also the psychological effects of the influence of parents' opinion on their daughters participating in sports are mentioned. The discussion on the current trends in women's participation in sports empha sised the equal opportunity which the Nigerian women now enjoy with man in sports. This social change is attributed to the impact of cultural contact between the Western world and Nigeria through formal education. With the present change of attitude toward women in sports, the Nigerian women have made a breakthrough in the arena of sports at national and international levels. The article gives a brief account of the performances and achievements of the Nigerian women in sports at the institutional and community levels and also at some inter national sports competitions such as the Commonwealth and the Olympic Games.
Strengths and Limitations of Governmental Support for Environmental Technology in Japan
Authors: Miller Alan S. , Moore Curtis A. 
Published: March 2007

In recent years, Japanese government and industry have initiated a wide range of policies, programs, and investment strategies responsive to the growing agenda of domestic and global environmental problems. For the most part, these actions have not been due to any significant domestic envi ronmental political pressure but primarily because of the perception that "green" products and manufacturing methods are simply good business. These strategies have, therefore, been closely linked to export and foreign aid policies of long-term benefit to the Japanese economy. A strength of the Japanese approach to environmental policy is the govern ment's ability to bring together a range of business to create a climate for long-term investment in promising new technologies such as fuel cells and electric vehicles. Because this approach is done to advance industrial policy as much as environmental goals, industrial interests are responding to busi ness opportunities, rather than environmental constraints. The Japanese sys tem is, however, not without its own blind spots and limitations. For exam ple, very little has been done to improve the energy efficiency of consumer products, including automobiles, since the mid 1980s. Japanese industry has so far not demonstrated much awareness of concepts like "design for envi ronment" that imply a fundamental reexamination of manufacturing meth ods and materials. The Japanese response to conservation issues that tend not to have technological solutions or potential for business development has also not been as impressive.
Should the diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity disorder be considered in children with Pervasive Developmental Disorder?
Authors: Frazier J.A. , Biederman J. , Bellordre C.A. , Garfield S.B. , Geller D.A. , Coffey B.J. , Faraone S.V. 
Published: March 2007

Objective: To assess the overlap between Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD) and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in a consecutive sample of referred youth. We hypothesized that children with PDD plus ADHD-like symptoms would have a symptom profile similar to ADHD children. Method: Subjects were consecutively referred children meeting DSM-III-R criteria for PDD with (PDD+ADHD, N = 50) and without (PDD, N= 10) ADHD-like symptoms and ADHD without PDD (ADHD, N= 105). All subjects were comprehensively assessed with structured diagnostic interviews. Results: Clinical characteristics of PDD were similar in those PDD children who did and who did not have ADHD, and ADHD features were very similar in ADHD children with and without PDD. Conclusion: These results suggest that children with PDD with concomitant symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity may have true comorbid ADHD. If confirmed, these findings challenge the exclusionary criteria for the diagnosis of ADHD in PDD youth.
A review of the pharmacotherapy of adults with Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Wilens Timothy E. , Spencer Thomas J. , Biederman Joseph 
Published: March 2007

Objective: Despite the increasing recognition of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults, the use of pharmacotherapeutics remains less established. Methods: A systematic review of the literature identified 15 studies (N = 435 subjects) of stimulants, and 22 studies of non- stimulant medications (N = 421 subjects) including antidepressants, antihypertensives, amino acids, and wake-promoting agents for the treatment of ADHD in adults. Results: Studies with stimulants and antidepressants demonstrated significant short-term improvement in ADHD symptoms compared to placebo in adults. Methylphenidate (MPH) and amphetamine had an immediate onset of action whereas the ADHD response to pemoline and antidepressants appeared delayed. The response to amphetamine and MPH appears to be dose-dependent. Controlled data on nicotonic and noradrenergic compounds appear promising. There was considerable variability In diagnostic criteria, dosing parameters, and response rates between the various studies. Conclusions: Under controlled conditions, the aggregate literature shows that the stimulants and noradrenergic antidepressants had a clinically and statistically significant beneficial effect on treating ADHD in adults.
Cognitive functioning in adults with Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Murphy Patricia 
Published: March 2007

objectives: Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) appear to be deficient in executive control. The purpose of this study was to determine if adults with ADHD are also deficient in executive control. Method: The performance of 18 adults with ADHD and 18 control subjects was compared on two tests of executive control, and two control tasks. The executive control tasks used in the study were the Trail Making Test (B), and the Tower of Hanoi. The control tasks used were the Trail Making Test (A), and the Benton Facial Recognition Test. Results: The subjects with ADHD performed more poorly than did the normal controls on the executive control tasks. The subjects with ADHD, however, also performed more poorly on the Trail Making Test (A). Conclusions: The ADHD subjects showed a deficit in executive control, but this deficit was not confined to the executive control domain.
Driving anger and other driving-related behaviors in high and low ADHD symptom college students
Authors: Richards T.L. , Deffenbacher J.L. , Rosén L.A. 
Published: March 2007

This study examined differences between college students with high and low symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Fifty-nine introductory psychology students completed ADHD diagnostic measures and were compared on measures of driving anger and driving anger expression; accident-rotated, aggressive, and risky driving behaviors; general anger; and general anger expression. Results indicated high ADHD symptom college students experience more driving anger, display such anger in more hostile/ aggressive ways, are more aggressive and risky on the road, experience more crash-related outcomes, are more generally angry, and tend to display anger in socially unacceptable ways. Results are discussed In regard to the understanding and treatment of ADHD.
A Conceptual and Empirical Investigation of Workplace Burnout in Foodservice Management
Authors: Krone Christopher , Tabacchi Mary , Farber Bonnie 
Published: March 2007

The authors conducted a study of burnout within the foodservice environments of five major hotel chains. The Maslach Burnout Inventory, a psychometric instrument, was used to measure three dimensions of burnout: • Emotional Exhaustion (EE) • Depersonalization (DP) • Personal Accomplishment (PA). Findings show a significant incidence of high burnout according to Maslach's three domains-especially on the emotional exhaustion (28%) and depersonalization (20%) subscales. We have also unequivocally demonstrated that the Maslach inventory is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring burnout in the food-service industry.
Revisiting the Association between Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Lung Cancer Risk
Authors: Lee Peter N , Forey Barbara , Fry John S. 
Published: March 2007

There is highly significant (p < 0.001) heterogeneity between estimates from 47 studies of the lung cancer risk in lifelong non-smoking women associated with each 10 cigarettes per day smoked by the husband or with whether or not the husband smokes. Sources of this heterogeneity were investigated by relating risk esti mates to 15 different study characteristics using multiple logistic regression analysis. There was a marked tenden cy for risk estimates to be higher in the 11 studies that had not adjusted for age, and there is a strong case for removing such studies from meta-analyses as being of unacceptable quality. Studies which report dose-re sponse results for smoking by the husband also report higher risks, demonstrating that estimates of the risk per 10 cigarettes per day smoked by the husband based only on those studies will be biased upward. There is also evi dence that risk estimates tend to be lower in large stud ies, in studies published in the 1990s, in studies not requiring histological confirmation of all cases and in studies where the proportion of proxy respondents was The work was supported by the Tobacco Manufacturers Associa tion. The views expressed are those of the authors. no higher in cases than in controls, though these associa tions are not independent. Variation in risk by study char acteristics largely explains the apparently low relative risk reported in one large Chinese study, arguing against the view that it is an outlier and should be excluded from meta-analyses.
Taylorism in the Home: The Medical Profession, the Infant Welfare Movement and the Deskilling of Women
Authors: Deacon Desley 
Published: March 2007

Using the infant welfare movement as a case study, this article examines how doctors in early twentieth century Australia used the rhetoric of 'efficiency' to widen their labour market position by legitimating for them selves a supervisory role over mothers analogous to that of the manager in Taylorism. It is suggested that although the movement did not necessarily deskill women as mothers, its coercive and condescending rhetoric created a stereotype of women as specialised in function and incapable of unsupervised work, which helped deskill women by building moral and practical barriers to their participation in public life. Look, woman, in the West, there wilt thou see An amber cradle near the sun's decline: Within it, featured even in death divine, Is lying a dead infant, slain by thee. (Lines from Meredith, quoted by Dr H. B. Allen in his Presidential Address to the Australasian Medical Congress, 1908.)
Performance and Performativity in Education
Authors: Bartos Michael 
Published: March 2007

The development of performance indicators for Australian schools and higher education is predicated on the false as sertion that policy makers have hitherto ignored education outcomes. Performance indicators for higher education orig inated in the government's 1985 Guidelines to the Tertiary Education Commission. The Australian experiences with per formance indicators in higher education has been similar to the British and European experience. Performance indicators for schools have their origins in the 1985 Quality of Education Review. National development of performance measures has been remarkably diffident about their prospects. This equivocation about performance measures has parallels with what some have seen as a deeper crisis in the human sciences. Philosopher Jean-François Lyotard suggests that per vasive in modern society is 'performativity', which is the reduction of all judgement to the criterion of efficiency of in put-output relations. 'Performativity' is elevated to a general principle when other grand narratives of social coherence lose their force, but 'performativity' itself becomes unstable under post-modern conditions. An approach to meaning which relies less on speech-act theory and more on meaning deriving from different forms-of-life avoids condemning performance indicators to measure the in commensurable. This would better accord with the reality of education systems and other bureaucracies which do not oper ate as totalising systems. In this light, policy makers could be more sanguine about prospects for performance indicators.
Some Aspects of Sanitary Administration in a Holiday Resort
Authors: Bate W. 
Published: March 2007

The problems of sanitary administration associated with the incursions of large numbers of visitors into holiday resorts is briefly discussed. Common deficiencies in catering establishments are reviewed and the need for compulsory registration of premises is stressed. The difficulties facing the health educator in holiday catering trades are discussed and brief suggestions made for overcoming them. The manufacture and distribution of ice-cream is briefly dealt with and the value of sampling is discussed ; sample results are quoted. Attention is drawn to the need for sterilization of ice-cream servers and the result of a simple test on the use of a quaternary ammonium disinfectant is given. A local code of standard for ice-cream vehicles is quoted. The provision of sanitary accommodation in places of public entertainment is briefly referred to and a local interpretation of section 89 of the Public Health Act is included. The sterilization of beer glasses is discussed and details are given of tests on an automatic washer. Defects in powers of control of boarding houses are enumerated and some remedial suggestions are made, including the introduction of compulsory registration. The author concludes by stressing the need for additional staff in holiday resorts in order that the increased difficulties of sanitary administration can be overcome.
The Design of a Premature Baby Unit
Authors: Nash P.B. 
Published: March 2007

The Obstetric Report of the Birmingham Regional Hospital Board shows a real need for premature cots within the region. The basic facts contained in this report influenced the selection of a site for the premature baby unit. The site chosen at Hallam Hospital, West Bromwich, is central within an area of I50,000 population and the unit of fourteen cots, which, with the addition of one existing cot, adheres to the recommendation of ten cots per I00,000 population. The unit is designed to accommodate mothers and premature babies. The working section has demonstration and feed-rooms, staff rooms and the milk-room. The ward section has six warm cubicles and eight cool cubicles. Sluice and sterilizing facilities are provided. The building is a single storey block built of II-inch cavity brickwork with a reinforced concrete raft foundation and a concrete flat roof. The provision of windows, glazing and internal finishes are described.
The Relationship of the Child Welfare Officer and the School Medical Officer To the National Health Service
Authors: Neale A.V. 
Published: March 2007

Broad divisions of preventive and curative medicine can arbitrarily exist, but there should be a wide overlap and increasing effort should be made to bring all our medical forces together in a comprehensive attack upon any factors contrary to mental and physical welfare and health in infancy and childhood. Officers in the maternity and child welfare, and school medical services, will neces sarily need to have a closer and increasing liaison with other forms of preventive and clinical practice. The identity of these officers can be retained (and must be so for some years), but the overall value in the national health service will depend on a wider fusion with consultants, especially obstetricians and pædiatricians, on the one hand, and on the other (especially in health centres) with general practitioners, and particu larly with those comprising the personnel of group general practice. Most especially in the field of child health, preventive and curative activity can proceed hand-in-hand and in fact must do so to maintain fruitful results. Pædiatricians, infant welfare officers, and school medical officers have wide overlaps in their interests and duties ; to some extent a mutual interchange of work in children's hospitals and in welfare departments already exists in several large centres. Clinical area pædia tricians should organize, with the local preventive medicine authorities, arrangements for a comprehensive child health programme in the area and so act as joint influences in promoting the very best co-operative work, and particularly in its educational preventive aspects.