bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An energy‐efficient multipath routing protocol for wireless sensor networks
Authors: Ming Lu Ye , W. S. Wong Vincent 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe energy consumption is a key design criterion for the routing protocols in wireless sensor networks. Some of the conventional single path routing schemes may not be optimal to maximize the network lifetime and connectivity. In this paper, we propose a distributed, scalable and localized multipath search protocol to discover multiple node‐disjoint paths between the sink and source nodes. We also propose a load balancing algorithm to distribute the traffic over the multiple paths discovered. We compare our proposed scheme with the directed diffusion, directed transmission,N‐to‐1 multipath routing, and the energy‐aware routing protocols. Simulation results show that our proposed scheme has a higher node energy efficiency, lower average delay and control overhead than those protocols. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
γδ T cells condition dendritic cells in vivo for priming pulmonary CD8 T cell responses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Caccamo Nadia , Sireci Guido , Meraviglia Serena , Dieli Francesco , Ivanyi Juraj , Salerno Alfredo 
Published: September 2006

Abstractγδ T cells and dendritic cells are quickly recruited to the lungs shortly after intranasal vaccination with BCG, but the functional in vivo interplay between these two cell populations and its role in the induction of adaptive immune responses is unclear. Using TCR‐deficient mice and bone marrow chimeras, we show here that γδ T cells provide a non‐redundant early source of IFN‐γ in vivo, which enhances IL‐12 production by lung dendritic cells. The in vivo‐conditioned dendritic cells, in turn, prime a more efficient lung CD8 T cell response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Thus, strategies exploiting γδ T cell function and IFN‐γ production could be valuable for the design and testing of mucosal vaccines.
Molecular Assembly with Axial Cyanato Ligands and Paddlewheel Tetracarboxylatodiruthenium(II,III) Fragments
Authors: Barral M. Carmen , González‐Prieto Rodrigo , Jiménez‐Aparicio Reyes , Priego J. Luis , Torres M. Rosario , Urbanos Francisco A. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractHomo and heteropolymetallic chains constructed with [Ru2(μ‐O2CR)4]+ building blocks and OCN– and [Ag(OCN)2]– connectors are described. In the complexes [Ru2{μ‐O2CC(Me)=CHEt}4(OCN)]n (1) and {[Ru2(μ‐O2CMe)4][Ag(OCN)2]}n (2) an infrequent μ1,1‐O coordination mode of the OCN– ligand is observed. In addition, the formation of a Ag–OCN bond instead of the Ag–NCO coordination mode, which is more usual, is noteworthy in complex 2. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Spectroelectrochemical Study of N‐Substituted Phenoxazines as Electrochemical Labels of Biomolecules
Authors: Kulys Juozas , Vidziunaite Regina , Janciene Regina , Palaima Algis 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe electrochemical conversion of N‐substituted phenoxazines (NSP's) bearing a CH2CH2X substitute (where XOH, COOH, CH2NH2, CH2SO3H, CH2NHCOR) was investigated using cyclic voltammetry on a bulk gold electrode and a thin‐layer spectroelectrochemical cell. The electrochemical oxidation of NSP's on the gold electrode was quasi‐reversible and proceeded in a diffusion‐controlled regime. The formal redox potential of NSP's covered the range from 0.39 to 0.45 V vs. SCE. The electrochemical oxidation of NSP's in the thin‐layer spectroelectrochemical cell produced radical cations that showed absorbance at 385, 410 and 530 nm. Electrochemical conversion fitted the general voltammetric current‐potential equation of a reversible wave, whereas electrolysis at constant potential showed a typical Cottrell behavior. Combining of NSP's with a biologically‐relevant theophylline molecule did not change electrochemical and spectral properties of the phenoxazine core. Theophylline enlarged with NSP's demonstrated electrochemical and biocatalytic behavior similar to that of NSP's. The investigated NSP's possess electrochemical and spectral properties that are useful as biomolecular labels for electroanalysis.
Screen Printed Carbon Electrode Modified with Poly(L‐Lactide) Stabilized Gold Nanoparticles for Sensitive As(III) Detection
Authors: Song Yue‐Shian , Muthuraman Govindan , Chen Yi‐Zhen , Lin Chu‐Chieh , Zen Jyh‐Myng 
Published: September 2006

AbstractPoly(L‐lactide) stabilized gold nanoparticles (designated as PLA–AuNP) with an average particle size of ca. 10 nm were used to modify a disposable screen‐printed carbon electrode (SPE) for the detection of As(III) by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry. Gold modification was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry, whereas scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy revealed the size and distribution of gold nanoparticles. The PLA–AuNP/SPE was applied effectively to detect toxic As(III) in HCl medium. Under the optimal experimental conditions, a linear calibration curve up to 4 ppm with a detection limit (S/N=3) of 0.09 ppb was obtained. The sensitivity was good enough to detect As(III) at levels lower than the current EPA standard (10 ppb). Most importantly, the PLA–AuNP/SPE can be tolerable from the interference of Cu, Cd, Fe, Zn, Mn, and Ni and hence provides a direct and selective detection method for As(III) in natural waters. Practical utility of the PLA–AuNP/SPE was demonstrated to detect As(III) in “Blackfoot” disease endemic village groundwater from southwestern coast area of Taiwan (Pei‐Men).
Genotyping fetal paternally inherited SNPs by MALDI‐TOF MS using cell‐free fetal DNA in maternal plasma: Influence of size fractionation
Authors: Li Ying , Wenzel Friedel , Holzgreve Wolfgang , Hahn Sinuhe 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe determination of fetal point mutations from fetal cell‐free DNA (cf‐DNA) in maternal plasma is technically challenging due to the preponderance of maternal sequences. It has recently been shown that fetal cf‐DNA sequences are smaller than maternal ones and that the selection of small cf‐DNA fragments by size fractionation by agarose gel electrophoresis leads to the enrichment of fetal cf‐DNA sequences, thereby permitting the detection of otherwise masked fetal point mutations. In a separate development, the use of MALDI‐TOF MS has also been shown to facilitate the detection of fetal point mutations from cf‐DNA in maternal plasma. In this study, a combination of these approaches was examined. cf‐DNA was extracted from 18 maternal plasma samples, 10 taken at term and 8 obtained early in the second trimester. A total of 41 SNP loci were examined in size‐fractionated and total cf‐DNA using either a conventional homogeneous MassEXTEND® (hME) assay or a nucleotide‐specific single allele base extension reaction (SABER) assay. The analysis of total cf‐DNA indicated that size fractionation considerably enhanced the sensitivity of the standard hME assay, especially for samples taken early in pregnancy. Size fractionation also rendered the signals obtained by the SABER assay more precise.
Capillary separations enabling tissue proteomics‐based biomarker discovery
Authors: Guo Tong , Lee Cheng S. , Wang Weijie , DeVoe Don L. , Balgley Brian M. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractDevelopment of the capability to enable large‐scale proteome studies, analogous to comprehensive gene expression analysis, will clearly have far‐reaching impacts on protein biomarker investigations of human diseases such as cancer through interrogation of the archived fresh frozen and formalin‐fixed and paraffin‐embedded tissue collections. This review therefore focuses on the most recent advances in microdissection techniques and proteome platforms for procuring homogeneous subpopulations of tumor cells or structures and performing comprehensive analysis of protein profiles within tissue specimens, respectively. Developments in capillary separations capable of providing extremely high resolving power and selective analyte enrichment are particularly highlighted for their roles within the broader context of a state‐of‐the‐art integrated tissue proteome effort. The capabilities of CIEF‐based multidimensional separations for performing proteome analysis from minute samples create new opportunities in the pursuit of biomarker discovery using enriched and selected cell populations procured from tissue specimens. These proteome technological advances combined with recently developed tissue microdissection techniques provide powerful tools for those seeking to gain a greater understanding at the global level of the cellular machinery associated with human diseases such as cancer.
Cytochrome c oxidase expression in chronic and intermittent hypoxia rat gastrocnemius muscle quantitated by CE
Authors: Ripamonti Marilena , Viganò Agnese , Moriggi Manuela , Milano Giuseppina , von Segesser Ludwig K. , Samaja Michele , Gelfi Cecilia 
Published: September 2006

AbstractWe investigated the effects of hypoxia and intermittent hypoxia in rat muscle by quantitating the expression of genes encoding cytochrome c oxidase (CytOx) subunits I, II and IV, and ribosomal 12S RNA. The quantitative assessment was made by CE in a polymer network, laser being used to facilitate the detection of induced fluorescence. Constant and intermittent hypoxia influence gene expression and ribosomal activity to different degrees. We found constant hypoxia to be accompanied by an increment in the mitochondrial CytOx subunit transcripts II and I and 12S ribosomal subunit, whereas the nuclear subunit (IV) remained unchanged. No changes were observed in intermittent hypoxic rats. Despite the increment in messenger expression, the decrease in enzyme activity was accompanied by a decrease in citrate synthase activity, a marker of mitochondrial function. The increment in CytOx mitochondrial subunits messengers and ribosomal 12S RNA under prolonged chronic hypoxia could be a consequence of reduced protein synthesis that leads to messenger accumulation.
Transient isotachophoresis in carrier ampholyte‐based capillary electrophoresis for protein analysis
Authors: Busnel Jean‐Marc , Descroix Stéphanie , Godfrin Dominique , Hennion Marie‐Claire , Kašička Václav , Peltre Gabriel 
Published: September 2006

AbstractTransient ITP (t‐ITP) has been used in carrier ampholyte‐based CE (CABCE) to enhance the sensitivity of protein analysis. The characteristics of carrier ampholytes (CAs) narrow pH cuts‐based buffers, when used as BGEs in CE are compatible with t‐ITP requirements. Indeed, being the sole buffering species of such solutions, CAs impose a pH close to their pI. Thus, in these solutions, the CAs possess low electrophoretic mobility. As a consequence, by adding an ionic component with high electrophoretic mobility either in the studied sample or in the BGE, a t‐ITP step can be generated. This has first been demonstrated for protein test mixtures. Then, the combination of t‐ITP with CABCE has been applied to study a real sample, the bovine milk.
Hypoxia‐induced astrocytic reaction and increased vascular permeability in the rat cerebellum
Authors: Kaur C. , Sivakumar V. , Zhang Y. , Ling E. A. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractHypoxia is an important factor linked to induction of vascular leakage and formation of brain edema. In this connection, astrocytes associated closely with the blood vessels are deemed to be involved. This study investigated the response of astrocytes to hypoxia in the adult rat cerebellum, and along with this, the integrity of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) was assessed using fluorescent and electron dense tracers. In rats subjected to hypoxia, mRNA and protein expression of hypoxia inducible factor‐1α (HIF‐1α), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and aquaporin‐4 (AQ4) was significantly increased. VEGF and AQ4 immunoreactive cells were identified as astrocytes by double immunofluorescence labeling. Increased VEGF tissue concentration and astrocytic swelling as observed in hypoxic rats were reduced after melatonin administration. Following intraperitoneal or intravenous injection of rhodamine isothiocyanate (RhIC) or horseradish peroxidase (HRP), leakage of both tracers was observed in hypoxic rats but not in the controls indicating that functional integrity of BBB is compromised in hypoxia/reoxygenation. Enhanced gene and protein expression of VEGF may contribute to increased permeability of blood vessels. AQ4, a water transporting protein, is upregulated in astrocytes in hypoxia suggesting the cells are involved in edema formation. To this end, melatonin may be beneficial in reducing edema as it reduced VEGF concentration and, hence, vascular permeability. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA‐S) and Alzheimer's dementia in older subjects
Authors: Bo Mario , Massaia Massimiliano , Zannella Patrizia , Cappa Giorgetta , Ferrario Ermanno , Rainero Innocenzo , Arvat Emanuela , Giordano Roberta , Molaschi Mario 
Published: September 2006

AbstractObjectives and MethodsWe investigated the association of serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA‐S) levels with dementia of Alzheimer's type (DAT) and impairment in selected cognitive domains (memory, language, attention and working memory) in 158 patients (75.5 ± 6.7 years, 46 men) with first‐diagnosed probable DAT and in 158 age‐ and sex‐matched controls. As secondary goal, we evaluated whether DHEA‐S baseline levels were associated with cumulative 6‐year mortality.ResultsA negative correlation between DHEA‐S levels and age was observed (R = −0.25, p < 0.001). Age‐stratified analysis did not show significant differences of DHEA‐S levels between DAT patients and controls. No significant association was found between DHEA‐S levels and impairment in selected cognitive domains. Cox regression analysis showed that baseline DHEA‐S levels were not associated with cumulative 6‐year mortality.ConclusionsIn a sample of newly‐diagnosed DAT patients, we did not find significant association between presence of DAT or impairment in cognitive domains and DHEA‐S levels; baseline DHEA‐S levels are not associated with cumulative mortality in patients and controls. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Costs of community‐based public mental health services for older adults: variations related to age and diagnosis
Authors: Gilmer Todd , Ojeda Victoria D. , Folsom David , Fuentes Dahlia , Criado Viviana , Garcia Piedad , Jeste Dilip V. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractBackgroundSeveral studies have examined service use among older adults although, to our knowledge, none has examined costs from a systems perspective. This study examined use and costs of mental health services among older adults in San Diego County in order to determine how expenditures and modes of service varied by age cohort and psychiatric diagnosis.MethodsUtilization data from San Diego County Adult and Older Adult Mental Health Services (AOAMHS) were used to identify older adults (age ≥ 60) receiving services in the community during fiscal year 2003–2004. Cost data were derived from detailed examination of cost reports, and Medicaid fee schedules. Trends in demographic and clinical characteristics by six age cohorts were described. Multivariate models were used to estimate the relationships between costs, age, and clinical diagnosis while controlling for other demographic and clinical characteristics. Components of costs were also examined.ResultsTotal expenditures declined from age cohorts 60–64 through ages 85 and over. Expenditures were similar, and greatest, for clients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, while outlays were lower for those with major depression, other psychotic disorder, other depression, anxiety, substance use disorder, and cognitive disorders. Clients diagnosed with cognitive disorder had high use of emergency services and little connection to outpatient services.ConclusionsExpenditures were related to age and clinical diagnosis. Future efforts should investigate older adults' pathways to care, and should determine whether older adults presenting in emergency services would benefit from a specialized case management program providing linkages to community based resources. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Do symptoms of memory impairment correspond to cognitive impairment: a cross sectional study of a clinical cohort
Authors: Archer H. A. , MacFarlane F. , Price S. , Moore E. K. , Pepple T. , Cutler D. , Frost C. , Fox N. C. , Rossor M. N. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractBackgroundSymptoms of memory loss are a common complaint within the general population and a frequent reason for seeking medical advice. However, the clinical relevance of these symptoms to future development of neurodegenerative disease is uncertain. The aim of this study is to characterise a cohort of individuals with symptoms of memory loss and varying memory impairment, who will be followed longitudinally with serial neuropsychology and neuroimaging to evaluate the clinical relevance of symptoms of memory loss.MethodFifty‐eight subjects with symptoms of memory loss were recruited from the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery. All subjects underwent clinical assessment, APOE4 genotyping, neuroimaging and neuropsychological tests.ResultsThose with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) had an increased prevalence of the APOE4 allele, impaired performance on tests of memory, measures of IQ and naming compared to controls. Baseline brain volumes were decreased and ventricular size increased. Those with symptoms of memory loss but no cognitive impairment (SNCI) performed significantly worse on tests of memory than the control group.ConclusionsThe MCI represent a group with multiple risk factors for progression to AD. The SNCI group may represent a heterogeneous group with some individuals in the early stages of AD whilst others' memory complaints are more likely linked to anxiety or personality traits. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rates and previous disease history in old age suicide
Authors: Koponen Hannu J. , Viilo Kaisa , Hakko Helinä , Timonen Markku , Meyer‐Rochow V. Benno , Särkioja Terttu , Räsänen Pirkko 
Published: September 2006

AbstractObjectiveSuicide rates in persons over 65 have been reported to be higher than those of younger age groups. Since the absolute number of suicides in the elderly is expected to rise, more precise ways to identify potential risk factors for elderly suicides are needed.MethodsOn the basis of forensic examinations suicide rates and methods in elderly Finns of northern Finland were compared with those of adults aged 18–64 years. Data from earlier illnesses of the suicide victims were scrutinized for records of multiple physical disorders.ResultsOver the 15‐year period the mean annual suicide rate per population of 100 000 was significantly lower in the elderly (22.5) than adults aged 18–64 years (38.4). A decrease in suicide rates over time occurred in both groups. Suicide methods among elderly were more often violent, and they were seldom under the influence of alcohol. They also had a high prevalence of previous hospital‐treated depressive episodes and hospital‐treated physical illnesses. A lifetime history of hospital‐treated depression was more common among elderly victims who had received hospital treatment for genitourinary diseases, injuries or poisonings after their 50th birthday.ConclusionsOur results from elderly suicide victims suggest an association between multiple physical illnesses and a history of depression. Especially, genitourinary diseases as well as hospital treatment due to injuries or poisonings were shown to associate with depression. Elderly Northern Finns showed lower suicide rates, and they decreased during the study period suggesting that active preventive measures against suicide are also feasible in the elderly. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Do the ABCS 135 short cognitive screen and its subtests discriminate between normal cognition, mild cognitive impairment and dementia?
Authors: Standish Timothy I. M. , Molloy D. William , Cunje Alwin , Lewis David L. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractBackgroundCognitive screening instruments are either too long for routine clinical use or not sensitive to distinguish mild cognitive impairment (MCI) from normal cognition (NC) or dementia.ObjectiveTo evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the AB Cognitive Screen (ABCS) and its subtests with a view to improving its ability to differentiate between dementia, MCI and NC. The influence of age and education on sensitivity and specificity is also examined.DesignCross‐sectional study.MethodsParticipants with dementia and MCI were recruited from those presenting to four specialty geriatric clinics in southern Ontario. Participants with NC were recruited from the family and friends of patients. A comprehensive geriatric assessment was done including ABCS, SMMSE and 15 point Geriatric Depression Scale. Analysis of variance and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves compared test scores. SMMSE scores were also analysed for comparison purposes.ResultsThree hundred and two participants had dementia, 166 had MCI and 174 had NC. ABCS total scores were significantly different between NC and MCI (mean difference 7.1, 1.8–12.5 CI, p = 0.000) while SMMSE scores were not (mean difference 0.5, −0.7–1.7, p < 0.628). Of individual ABCS subtests, verbal fluency and delayed recall were most sensitive to differences between NC and MCI. ROC curve analysis, which presents sensitivity and specificity, showed verbal fluency was better than delayed recall in distinguishing between NC and MCI, among participants 75 years of age or older.ConclusionThe AB Cognitive Screen (ABCS) can be administered in 3–5 min. The SMMSE and ABCS total and subtests significantly distinguished between dementia and MCI or NC. Verbal fluency and delayed recall were best at distinguishing between MCI and NC. The analysis illustrates how each subtest contributes to the sensitivity of the ABCS and suggests ways that sensitivity might be improved. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
GP concordance with advice for treatment following a multidisciplinary psychogeriatric assessment
Authors: Wolfs Claire A. G. , Verhey Frans R. J. , Kessels Alfons , Winkens Ron A. G. , Severens Johan L. , Dirksen Carmen D. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the concordance of General Practitioners (GPs) with advice for treatment after a multidisciplinary psychogeriatric assessment by the Diagnostic Observation Centre for PsychoGeriatric patients (DOC‐PG).MethodConcordance checklists, listing the recommendations from the multidisciplinary team, were sent to the GPs in order to establish GP concordance. Regression models were used to study the associations between various patient and GP characteristics and level of concordance. Furthermore, results of a questionnaire (to identify the level of satisfaction regarding the services provided by the DOC‐PG) were compared with the level of GP concordance.ResultsBased on 530 recommendations, the overall GP concordance rate amounted to 71%. The most common types of advice pertained to medication, GP follow‐up/advice and referral. GP concordance with advice regarding admissions was the highest, followed by advice concerning the arrangement of daycare, home care and the adaptation of medication. GP concordance was lowest for referral recommendations to other specialties and recommendations regarding psychoeducation. Concordance was higher for patients who lived alone, for patients with fewer cognitive problems, when the number of recommendations did not exceed six and in group practices. Concordance was dependent on the type of advice. Satisfaction with DOC‐PG did not correlate with the level of concordance.ConclusionsIn general, GPs showed a high level of concordance with advice from the DOC‐PG. Enhancement of GP concordance can be achieved by limiting the number of recommendations, giving detailed explanations about the purpose of recommendations and educating GPs by doing. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.