bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Upper ocean dynamics
Authors: Price James F. , Terray Eugene A. , Weller Robert A. 
Published: February 2008

Research on upper ocean dynamics has contributed steady progress towards a more complete and useful understanding of the ocean's role in air/sea interaction and climate. High resolution models of the upper ocean thermal structure are now quite realistic, and in some applications are limited as much by uncertainties in the surface heat flux as by uncertainties in model physics. Low resolution upper ocean thermal models are routinely included in most climate models, and have been shown to give far better simulations than do simple slab or heat conduction models. Some of these climate models have provided important new insights into the mechanisms by which the ocean may respond to a future greenhouse‐imposed surface heating anomaly.In contrast, the structure of the upper ocean wind‐driven velocity is not so well understood. Some models and high quality field data show significant sustained vertical shears within the temperature mixed‐layer, while other data sets show organized, energetic, three‐dimensional flow structures. Still other field data appear to reveal a velocity mixed‐layer very much like the thermal mixed‐layer. Thus the structure of the upper ocean velocity is an important and still open issue for dynamics and models, and also for the interpretation of the large and rapidly growing drifting buoy data base.The role of surface waves in generating and maintaining this current structure also remains poorly understood. Waves certainly play a central role in the mechanics of momentum transfer across the air‐sea interface, both through surface roughness and more directly as a consequence of breaking. The combined system of waves and wind‐driven currents is also known to be unstable, and their interaction may be an important mechanism for producing certain types of organized convection in the mixed‐layer.
Magmatic processes
Authors: Marsh Bruce 
Published: February 2008

The dream of having physics and chemistry contribute equally in unraveling magmatic processes has nearly come true. A rigorous, logical infrastructure of forceful, quantitative investigation has not yet fully emerged, but most all the bits and pieces are hovering about, fidgeting for their rightful places.This quadreinnium is marked by the general quantitative investigation of well defined magmatic process as opposed to construction of detailed physicochemical sceneries to explain specific field problems, although some of this has also produced good results. The surest sign of significant progress is the steady implementation of newly investigated physical processes into petrologic thinking. Regardless of inclination, petrologists are actively seeking evidence for or against various processes, are learning the essentials of the mechanics, and, perhaps best of all, are (most often) accurately using the new vocabulary. We are in the midst of an extremely fertile burst of activity, and the next four years promise, in terms of quantitatively solving problems, to be even better.
In‐situ measurements on the conductivity and surface impedance of sea ice at VLF
Authors: McNeill Duncan , Hoekstra Pieter 
Published: February 2008

An experimental program to measure in‐situ values of the electrical resistivity and surface impedance of sea ice at VLF was carried out at Point Barrow, Alaska. Temperature, salinity, and resistivity were measured as a function of depth in the ice for both first‐year and multiyear sea ice by means of cored samples. All three quantities varied with the age of the ice, and, in addition, the resistivity varied with age from 102 ohm m to 104 ohm m at the surface and in general down to a few ohm m at the sea‐water interface.The wavetilt of a VLF plane wave propagating over sea ice is theoretically linearly dependent on the thickness. Measurements of the quadrature phase wavetilt at 18.6 kHz give values that are of the right order of magnitude but erratic in local behavior. Short‐spacing Wenner array resistivity measurements and telluric current measurements at VLF demonstrated that the erratic behavior was due to significant horizontal variations of the sea‐ice resistivity over distances of a few m.
An empirical model for average F‐layer scintillation at VHF/UHF
Authors: Fremouw E. J. , Rino C. L. 
Published: February 2008

An empirical approach to modeling the electron‐density irregularities in the F layer that are primarily responsible for amplitude scintillation of VHF/UHF signals has been devised and tested. An irregularity model was postulated as a function of geomagnetic latitude, local time of day, season, and sunspot number. The primary parameters of the irregularities that were postulated were their strength and transverse scale‐size. The irregularities were assumed to be aligned along the geomagnetic field, and their axial ratio was taken as constant, as were the height and thickness of the irregular layer.The model was tested by computing the fractional rms fluctuation in received power to be expected in a given situation, under the weak‐scatter assumption, and comparing the results against values of this or related quantities reported in the literature. The model then was improved by iteration. The development made use of 12 data sets, and final testing employed those 12 plus an independent one. Lack of appropriate data precluded testing poleward of about 70°geomagnetic latitude.The model is offered as a tool for VHF/UHF communication‐systems planning, to the extent that the average value of scintillation in a specified circumstance is of engineering value. Geophysical application should be limited to such uses as experiment planning, guiding of intuition, and serving as a basis for more refined modeling.
Commission 6. Radio waves and transmission of information
Authors: Felsen L. B. 
Published: February 2008

In the paper, ‘Active antenna arrays, 1,’ I. B. Bott (UK) described the various forms of phased arrays that could be made and highlighted problems associated with active arrays. Particular reference was made to the active modules, dealing with their construction and with the assembly of such modules to make a satisfactory antenna.K. Fujimoto (Japan) in the paper, ‘Active antenna arrays, 2,’ discussed the properties of an active antenna with a transistor circuit incorporated, having a variable pattern. He also discussed a multiplicative array, and pointed out the potential advantages of negative‐impedance converters in active arrays.
Concluding remarks, session 2: Structure, ionization sources
Authors: Davies Kenneth 
Published: February 2008

There are three major topics which arose in Session 2 on which I would like to comment, namely, maintenance of the night ionosphere, particle ionization, and modelling.1. THE NIGHT IONOSPHEREThe maximum densities of the E and intermediate layers decay at night to values of the order of 3×103 cm−3. Taking a low value of α ≈ 10−8 cm3 sec−1, then Ne = 4.96×104 cm−3 at sunset and the electrons would completely disappear within an hour after production ceases. Not only does the E‐layer ionization persist but evidence (Geller et al.) indicates that after midnight, the ion production in the upper E region increases markedly. Incidentally, ionospheric total content data show that the content of the F region can also increase around midnight. Hence, a source of plasma is required.
Collaboration between URSI and CCIR in the study of tropospheric radio wave propagation problems
Authors: Saxton J. A. 
Published: February 2008

At the last General Assembly of URSI in Lima, 1975, the terms of reference of the Union were modified in accordance with the wish to give greater emphasis to studies related to the advancement of telecommunications science. One way of achieving this aim is through a greater interaction than that which has previously existed between URSI and the technical activities of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), though the previous collaboration has by no means been negligible.The ITU was founded in 1865 and is now a Specialized Agency of the United Nations organization: it has 148 member countries. These countries generally agree to conform to the Regulations of the International Telecommunication Convention in the way they operate their telecommunications services. in the radio field there is a set of Radio Regulations to cover the manner in which radio systems and services shall be operated, the use of frequencies for different services and a whole range of technical criteria which should be observed. These Radio Regulations are formulated, and revised as necessary, at a series of World Administrative Radio Conferences (WARCs) of the ITU attended by the responsible Administrations of the member countries of the ITU.
The present status of the theory of the earth's magnetism
Authors: Nippoldt A. 
Published: February 2008

It is characteristic of Gauss's method of working that he published no investigation until it was either finally completed or had been developed to the highest stage attainable at the time with the material at hand. Were there any weak points, no opportunity to point these out was neglected by him. Herein lies the classic value of his works, and so, naturally, it came to pass that for many years the principal endeavor of his successors was to fill in the missing links, and that only recently attempts have been made to farther develop his methods.In the field of terrestrial magnetism, especially, did further development of method take place but recently—hardly more than a decade ago. Since then, however, a wonderful zeal, enthusiasm, and singleness of purpose, as probably in no other branch of geophysics, have been displayed. This activity has disclosed a great number of new ideas and points of view, and has revealed a more intimate connection between terrestrial magnetism, meteorology, and atmospheric electricity than was at first suspected. This discovery, though but very recent, is leading future investigation into totally different paths from those of the earlier days.
Theory of the earth's magnetism
Authors: Sutherland William 
Published: February 2008

In the previous issue of the Journal, page 90, Mr. Norman E. Gilbert, who had kindly verified the proofs of the abstract of my paper on the “Cause of the Earth's Magnetism,” makes two brief criticisms to the effect, first, that an electric field which does not revolve with the Earth is required; and second, that all evidence goes to show that under the conditions ruling inside the Earth the materials there ought to be good conductors rather than insulators, and, therefore, to make the existence of any electrostatic field impossible.To the first criticism I would reply that I presume it means that, as all magnets on the surface of the Earth revolve with it, it is necessary that static charges which are to produce the Earth's magnetic field must be at rest, so as to allow of the supposed required relative motion between magnet and charge. In the original paper I touched upon this matter, omitting to do so in the abstract for the sake of brevity. But it is not necessary that a static charge should move relatively to a magnet in order to produce on it the effect of an element of current. The static charge by its motion relative to the ether sets up in it those whirls which we study as lines of magnetic force. Now, it is not necessary that, once these lines of force are generated in the ether, they should lose their magnetic effect on a magnet simply because it is moved with the same velocity in the same direction as the charge whose motion brought them into existence; for if this were so, then motion of a magnet in any magnetic field could deprive the field of its power to affect the magnet. The matter is one to be ultimately decided by experiment, and is a question of great interest,; but as our conceptions stand at present, it seems to me more reasonable to assume that the motion of static electricity in Rowland's experiment establishes a magnetic field which would still affect magnets moved with the electricity.
Résumé of magnetic observations made chiefly by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey on the day of the total solar eclipse, May 28, 1900
Authors: Bauer L. A. 
Published: February 2008

In order to ascertain over how large an area the variations as recorded at the magnetic observatories may apply, it has been arranged that on certain days throughout the year special simultaneous magnetic observations be made by the various parties in the in the employ of the Coast and Geodetic Survey.This is a question of fundamental importance in conducting the magnetic survey of the United States and countries under its jurisdiction; namely, in the reduction of the field determinations of the magnetic elements to the common epoch of the survey, great dependence will have to be put upon the continuous records of the magnetic variations as obtained at the magnetic observatories.
Magnetic storm of October 31–November 1, 1903, in Japan
Authors: Okada T. 
Published: February 2008

The magnetic storm which occurred October 31–November 1 was of very great energy. In this country the magnetic “Unruhe” was first noticeable on the magnetograms at six o'clock morning on the 31st October. The disturbances became very great from 3 P.M. (31st) to 4 A.M. on 1st November, and then gradually died away.The maximum range of the disturbance was 38′ in the declination and 215γ in the vertical component. The trace of the horizontal magnet passed beyond the photographic record, and, hence, the range cannot be obtained.
Interruptions to telegraph lines in New South Wales, Australia, as observed from the chief office (Sydney) on October 31, 1903
Authors: Klotz Otto J. 
Published: February 2008

At 4 p. m.,1 the current on the Melbourne quadruplex circuit fluctuated considerably, and at 5 p. m., southern quadruplex circuits suddenly disclosed a foreign element. Two copper wires were the first affected, the galvanometers indicating a varying current from 10 to 25 degrees, which was located between Mittagong and Goulburn.Other southern circuits were unworkable. The disturbance appeared much stronger further south than Goulburn.
Proposed magnetic and electric observations during the total solar eclipse of August 30, 1905
Authors: Bauer L. A. 
Published: February 2008

Preliminary information regarding the parties, which propose making magnetic and electric observations is herewith given.Preliminary Information regarding Stations.CANADA. Photographic registration of the magnetic declination and of the horizontal intensity will be made in the belt of totality by a Canadian expedition under the direction of Professor R. F. Stupart, Director of the Meteorological Service, at North‐West River, Labrador (latitude 53°30′, longitude 60°03′), where there will likewise be located a Canadian astronomical party, under the direction of the Chief Astronomer, Dr. W. F. King. Atmospheric electricity observations may also be attempted.
Magnetic and allied observations during the total solar eclipse of August 30, 1905
Authors: Bauer L. A. 
Published: February 2008

In addition to the stations as already announced in the previous issues, information was received from General Rykatschew that a magnetic expedition would be sent to Assuan, Egypt, under the auspices of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences and under the direction of M. Dubinsky.The stations finally decided upon by the Department Terrestrial Magnetism in order to provide for the proper distribution and successful study of the subject under investigation were as follows:
The earliest values of the magnetic declination
Authors: Bauer L. A. 
Published: February 2008

The exhaustive and painstaking researches of the late Timoteo Bertelli, on the discovery of the fact that a magnetic needle does not point precisely north and south, but makes an angle with the true meridian, appeared to have settled the question as to whom chief credit was to be given, viz., to Christopher Columbus.While accepting Bertelli's conclusion, the noted meteorologist and bibliographer, Gustav Hellmann, reached the opinion in his “Die Anfänge der Magnetischen Beobachtungen, Berlin, 1897”1 from a study of early sun‐dials, that “it was the construction of sun‐dials which first brought those on land to a true perception of the declination of the magnetic needle from the astronomical meridian and not the discovery of Columbus, of which nothing appeared in print.”
The New Zi‐ka‐wei Magnetic Observatory
Authors: de Moidrey J. 
Published: February 2008

Les tramways électriques de Shanghai ont commencé à fonctionner depuis quelques jours. J'ai éteint ce matin les lampes de notre vieil enregistreur; elles avaient été allumées par le F. M. Dechevrens, en février 1877: 31 ans.Nous allous dans quelques jours nous transporter à la nouvelle station dont les constructions sont presque achevées, et nous y reprendrons les observations le plus tôt que nous pourrons.
Results of recent magnetic observations in Mexico (1906–'08)
Authors: Valle Felipe 
Published: February 2008

I take pleasure in communicating to this Journal an abstract of the magnetic observations recently made in Mexico under the direction of this Observatory.1 The designations of the respective observers used in the tables are:M. M. A.—Manuel Moreno y Anda.A. D. C—Abel Diaz Cobarrubias.V. G.— Valentin Gama.
The physical theory of the Earth's magnetic and electric phenomena: 5. On the formation of the Earth's magnetic field
Authors: Bauer L. A. 
Published: February 2008

54. The opinion was expressed in §2 that it was doubtful whether “we should ever be able to solve the problem as to the origin of terrestrial magnetism until we had found out what, causes the Earth's magnetism to vary.” A general study of the time and spasmodic variations of the Earth's magnetic condition led to a relation which was put in the following tentative form (l. c.): “Alterations in the Earth's magnetic condition, whatever their nature or origin may be, appear to be distributed over the globe according to a law profoundly dependent upon that governing the distribution of the Earth's own primary magnetic forces.” The exemplification and deduction of the consequences of this law are reserved for a future number.It seems advantageous at this stage to take up a study of possible disturbing forces which, operating on a simple, uniform magnetization of the Earth about some diameter, such as that of the axis of rotation, could change it into the heterogeneous or complex magnetic system of forces actually observed. The method of the Gaussian analysis results in a cumbersome mathematical expression embracing a large number of terms. Though it has been in use for three‐quarters of a century, and has counted among its devotees most eminent investigators, the precise physical interpretation of the harmonic terms beyond that of the first still awaits solution. Indeed, the general opinion has been that the departure from uniform magnetization is to be ascribed primarily to the heterogeneous structure and formation of the Earth's crust. A favorite theory referred the chief cause of irregularities in the distribution of the Earth's magnetic forces over its surface to the relative distribution of land and water.
Radler de Aquino's newest navigation altitude and azimuth tables
Authors: Ault J. P. 
Published: February 2008

The fact that this latest book by Lieut. Radler de Aquino, of the Brazilian Navy, offers ready solutions, without the use of logarithms, for nearly all the problems of navigation, that the method used is general for all solutions, and that it contains in compact form all the necessary tables, should make it popular, and especially so to the navigator who dislikes to use logarithms.After the tables are once thoroughly understood and the various precepts remembered, they can be used very readily, being particularly valuable for star sights, when two or more stars are observed simultaneously, for star identification, and for obtaining corrections for variations in data.
Results of magnetic observations made by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey at the time of the solar eclipse of October 10, 1912
Authors: Tittmann O. H. 
Published: February 2008

These results were obtained in response to a circular letter received from the Director of the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism of the Carnegie Institution of Washington requesting cooperation in magnetic and allied observations at the time of the solar eclipse of October 10, 1912.The magnetic observers in charge of the observatories were directed to exercise especial care to have the magnetographs in good working order on October 10, and for several days before and after that date.
The magnetic storm of August 11–12, 1919, as observed at the Apia Magnetic Observatory, Samoa
Authors: Angenheister G. 
Published: February 2008

[From a blue print transmitted to the Journal by Dr. G. Angenheister, the observer‐in‐charge, the following information has been obtained respecting the chief characteristics of the severe magnetic storm of August 11–12—the severest registered at the Apia Magnetic Observatory since the one of September 26, 1909. All the times given refer to Greenwich civil mean time; they are to be regarded as approximate, as also the absolute value of the magnetic elements; the scalings were made by the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism.]Declination (D). No large perturbations occurred and there was no marked “sudden commencement” near 7h August 11. At about 7h 58m, there is a sharp rise of a few minutes, signifying diminishing east declination (D); the value of D at this point is about 10° 14′ E. A minimum D of about 10° 02′ E is reached at about 9h 53m August 11. The total range in D for August 11–12 is thus about 12′.
Concerning procedure at magnetic observatories
Authors: Chree Charles 
Published: February 2008

From facts which have come to my knowledge since writing the note which appeared under the above title in the December, 1919, number, it seems to me desirable to amplify the statement made on page 158 that the use of 60‐minute mean ordinates tends “to give too small amplitudes for the Fourier waves, especially those of shortest period.” This is sufficiently obvious to the mathematician, when the question is presented as a mathematical problem; but it is apt not to suggest itself—I speak from personal experience—to one habituated to the use of the ordinary formulae, and concerned at the moment only with the physical aspect of the case.Fortunately it is easy to make the necessary allowance. The mathematical aspects are discussed in the British Association Report for 1883, page 98, as part of a report on harmonic analysis drawn up by the late Sir George Darwin. All that is necessary is to apply to the amplitude coefficients, calculated from the ordinary formulae, the following correcting factors (1 c. page 98):24‐hour wave, 1.00286; 12‐hour wave, 1.01152; 8‐hour wave, 1.02617; 6‐hour wave, 1.04720; 4‐hour wave, 1.11072; 3‐hour wave, 1.20920The phase angles are unaffected.
Magnetic and atmospheric‐electric disturbances and auroral displays, Western Australia, January 1923
Authors: Wait G. R. 
Published: February 2008

The records obtained at the Watheroo Magnetic Observatory show magnetic and atmospheric‐electric disturbances concurrently with auroral displays visible in Western Australia during January 1923.The records for all magnetic elements show very irregular movements between 19h and 20h January 20, which continue until approximately 15h on January 21, when there is a gradual recovery from these irregular movements, which continues for several days.