bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
POWER IN THE AMERICAN ECONOMY: A REVIEW AND COMMENTARY
Authors: WOLFE ART 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe two books I have been reviewing have made a number of points about the nature of power in the American economy. Our economic society is dominated by large institutional actors. Supporting this reality are layers of traditional reasons, some of which are myth‐like. These institutions are not necessarily as efficient or as innovative as these traditional beliefs inform us, and they coalesce to form an interconnected whole that operates to serve institutional interests first. In the process, large business corporations come to see natural persons as roles. This perception at once increases the individual's mobility and her irrelevance. Many of us are leading meaningless lives as we serve the objectives of others in our work. Overall, the large American business corporation has brought a new form of social organization that substantially truncates us as natural, whole persons. In the process, these organizations are challenging the family as a dominant form of organization in our society.Rights in our society accrue to the actor with productive capacity. Through the use of political power, market research, and advertising, we can discern a type of power that subtly conditions us to believe that this reorganization of our environment is proper and right. As we pursue our own “free will,” therefore, we actually submit to the objectives of the large business corporation.Generally speaking, Adams, Brock, and Coleman agree on this fundamental point: the dignity of individual purpose and meaning that we share and that define us as human beings is thwarted by a set of institutional arrangements that have fundamentally reoriented our society to serve the institutions' own objectives of profit and growth. Why is this important? It seems that in social systems, like mechanical systems, something is lost when mass is increased. As our important institutions become larger, what is lost is a kind of knowledge about our own environment and how it works. In the place of this first‐hand knowledge, we come to rely on second‐hand knowledge provided by social‐science experts. Without this first‐hand knowledge, we lose the confidence that we have the ability to see for ourselves what has meaning and to bring about desired changes in our lives. With the loss of confidence, we lose power, a form of power that each of us is told from childhood that we, by nature, should have. Our individual wills and perceptions atrophy without use. We come to believe that our place in the social order is inevitable and natural. In short, the individual, the source of both knowledge and political rights, has become secondary to the will and strength of large private and public institutions. How can natural, individual actors regain–or perhaps realize for the first time –power in their own lives? In reaching for an answer to this question, I believe Adams, Brock, and Coleman have overlooked some essential features of our modern political economy.
THE DEMISE OF THE DISPARATE IMPACT THEORY
Authors: PATTISON PATRICIA , VARCA PHILIP E. 
Published: August 2007

Books reviewed in this article:Book Reviewed in this article:Shortly after this article was completed and accepted for publication, Congress passed the 1991 Civil Rights Act. In order to understand and appreciate the significant implications of the new legislation, it is first necessary to review the legislative and litigation history of disparate impact discussed here. Immediately following is a legislative update entitled “The Resurrection of the Disparate Impact Theory?”
Trehalose and trehalose‐hydrolyzing enzyme in the haemolymph of Locusta migratoria infected with Metarhizium anisopliae strain CQMa102
Authors: ZHAO HUA , WANG ZHONG‐KANG , YIN YOU‐PING , LI YAN‐LING , LI ZHEN‐LUN , PENG GUO‐XIONG , XIA YU‐XIAN 
Published: August 2007

AbstractTopical application of the Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum specialist strain CQMa102 to the locust Locusta migratoria manilensis results in changes of the concentrations of trehalose and glucose in the haemolymph. Micrographs of the locust haemolymph shows Metarhizium anisopliae can effectivly penetrate the external skeleton of locust and after 2 days infection, the hyphae body will appear in the haemolymph of infected insects. The time in decrease of trehalose concentration coincided with that in increase of trehalose‐hydrolysing enzyme activity in the haemolymph of the fungus‐infected insects. Overlay gel analysis indicated there was considerably more trehalose‐hydrolysing activity in the haemolymph of locusts infected by fungus than in controls. A comparable isoform was identified in in vitro culture of the fungus, suggesting a fungal origin for the in vivo enzyme. Haemolymph trehalose decreased significantly during mycosis of locusts by M. anisopliae. All these results suggested that this fungus may take advantage of competing nutrient utilization against the insect by its trehalose‐hydrolyzing enzyme secretion. It may provide fundamental knowledge for fungal pathogenesis.
Temperature‐dependent development of Xyleborus fornicatus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), the shot‐hole borer of tea in Sri Lanka: Implications for distribution and abundance
Authors: WALGAMA RAVINDRA SAMPATH , ZALUCKI MYRON PHILLIP 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe effect of temperature on the rate of development of Xyleborus fornicatus (Eichh.) was determined by rearing individuals under a range of constant temperatures (15–32°C). Rates of development changed in a linear fashion over a wide range of temperatures. Estimates of lower development thresholds were obtained for eggs (15.7±0.5°C), larvae (15.8±0.8°C) and pupae (14.3±1.4°C) and the degree days (DD) for development were 70±4.4, 95±8.5 and 72±5.1 DD, respectively. Optimum temperature for development was around 30°C for all stages. Temperature fluctuation in cooler High Country areas (above 1400 m) with a mean temperature around 15°C seems to be critical for the development of the pest, which may be responsible for the near absence of pest in those areas. Temperature fluctuations (18–30°C) in the Mid Country region (600–1200 m) favor the development of the pest compared to development under constant conditions. The altitudinal distribution of the shot‐hole borer across tea growing areas in Sri Lanka is, therefore, mainly governed by temperature.
COMMON VEGETABLES AND FRUITS AS A SOURCE OF 1,2‐DI‐O‐α‐LINOLENOYL‐3‐O‐β‐D‐GALACTOPYRANOSYL‐sn‐GLYCEROL, A POTENTIAL ANTI‐INFLAMMATORY AND ANTITUMOR AGENT
Authors: LARSEN ERIK , CHRISTENSEN LARS P. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT 1,2‐Di‐O‐α‐linolenoyl‐3‐O‐β‐D‐galactopyranosyl‐sn‐glycerol (DLGG) has previously been found in a few medicinal plants and food plants, and has been shown to possess antitumor and anti‐inflammatory activity. A range of common vegetables and fruits was investigated for this bioactive galactolipid in order to establish which vegetables and fruits are good sources of DLGG. Most green vegetables had a relatively high content of DLGG of over 200 mg/kg fresh weight (FW), while its concentration in most fruits and root vegetables was low, ranging from “not detectable” to less than 100 mg/kg FW. The highest content of DLGG was found in spinach, kale, sugar peas and green beans, with concentrations ranging from 546 to 396 mg/kg FW. The results indicate that the galactolipid DLGG may play a role in human diet as an important nutraceutical.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSAs demonstrated in the present investigation, the potential bioactive galactolipid 1,2‐di‐O‐α‐linolenoyl‐3‐O‐β‐D‐galactopyranosyl‐sn‐glycerol (DLGG) is common in the edible parts of many food plants. If the pharmacological effects of DLGG are established in preclinical and clinical trials, it may contribute significantly to the health‐promoting effects of certain food plants. This information could be used to increase the content of DLGG in food plants and plant based products in order to improve their health promoting effects.
CHARACTERIZATION OF AMARANTH SEED OILS
Authors: GAMEL TAMER H. , MESALLAM AHMED S. , DAMIR AHMED A. , SHEKIB LILA A. , LINSSEN JOZEF P. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT The oil fractions of Amaranthus caudatus L. and Amaranthus cruentus L. seeds were studied after different treatments of the seeds. The oil contents were 7.1 and 8.5% for raw A. caudatus L. and A. cruentus L. seeds, and consisted of 80.3–82.3% of triacylglycerols (TAGs). Phospholipids represented 9.1–10.2% of the oil. The squalene content was 4.8–4.9% in both types of oil. Air classification increased the lipid content and decreased the content of squalene, while heating (popping and cooking) increased the squalene content. After germination, the lipid fraction was decreased in their TAGs and increased in their phospholipids. The main fatty acid composition (palmitic, linoleic and oleic) was not affected by thermal treatments or by germination of the seeds. The hydroperoxide stability test showed that the stability of amaranth oil was more than that of sunflower oil.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThis research provides some information about the effect of different treatments – including heat treatments, germination and air classification – on the oil characteristics of two species of amaranth seeds. Fatty acids and triacylglycerol profiles, lipid fractions and squalene content were the main characteristics studied during this research. The stability of the oil against oxidation is also presented as compared with sunflower oil. The results of this research provide a clearer picture for the potential use of amaranth oil on an industrial scale and its characteristic stability under different process conditions.
Mtx Toxins Synergize
Bacillus sphaericus
and Cry11Aa against Susceptible and Insecticide-Resistant
Culex quinquefasciatus
Larvae
Authors: Wirth Margaret C. , Yang Yangkun , Walton William E. , Federici Brian A. , Berry Colin 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT

Two mosquitocidal toxins (Mtx) of
Bacillus sphaericus
, which are produced during vegetative growth, were investigated for their potential to increase toxicity and reduce the expression of insecticide resistance through their interactions with other mosquitocidal proteins. Mtx-1 and Mtx-2 were fused with glutathione
S
-transferase and produced in
Escherichia coli
, after which lyophilized powders of these fusions were assayed against
Culex quinquefasciatus
larvae. Both Mtx proteins showed a high level of activity against susceptible
C. quinquefasciatus
mosquitoes, with 50% lethal concentrations (LC
50
) of Mtx-1 and Mtx-2 of 0.246 and 4.13 μg/ml, respectively. The LC
50
s were 0.406 to 0.430 μg/ml when Mtx-1 or Mtx-2 was mixed with
B. sphaericus
, and synergy improved activity and reduced resistance levels. When the proteins were combined with a recombinant
Bacillus thuringiensis
strain that produces Cry11Aa, the mixtures were highly active against Cry11A-resistant larvae and resistance was also reduced. The mixture of two Mtx toxins and
B. sphaericus
was 10 times more active against susceptible mosquitoes than
B. sphaericus
alone, demonstrating the influence of relatively low concentrations of these toxins. These results show that, similar to Cyt toxins from
B. thuringiensis
subsp.
israelensis
, Mtx toxins can increase the toxicity of other mosquitocidal proteins and may be useful for both increasing the activity of commercial bacterial larvicides and managing potential resistance to these substances among mosquito populations.
Identification of Genes That Confer Sediment Fitness to
Desulfovibrio desulfuricans
G20
Authors: Luo Qingwei , Groh Jennifer L. , Ballard Jimmy D. , Krumholz Lee R. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT

Signature-tagged mutants of
Desulfovibrio desulfuricans
G20 were screened, and 97 genes crucial for sediment fitness were identified. These genes belong to functional categories including signal transduction, binding and transport, insertion elements, and others. Mutants with mutations in genes encoding proteins involved in amino acid biosynthesis, hydrogenase activity, and DNA repair were further characterized.
Changes in
Listeria monocytogenes
Membrane Fluidity in Response to Temperature Stress
Authors: Najjar Mohamed Badaoui , Chikindas Michael , Montville Thomas J. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT

Listeria monocytogenes
is a food-borne pathogen that has been implicated in many outbreaks associated with ready-to-eat products.
Listeria
adjusts to various stresses by adjusting its membrane fluidity, increasing the uptake of osmoprotectants and cryoprotectants, and activating the σ
B
stress factor. The present work examines the regulation of membrane fluidity through direct measurement based on fluorescent anisotropy. The membrane fluidities of
L. monocytogenes
Scott A, NR30, wt10403S, and cld1 cells cultured at 15 and 30°C were measured at 15 and 30°C. The membrane of the cold-sensitive mutant (cld1) was more rigid than the membranes of the other strains when grown at 30°C, but when grown at 15°C, it was able to adjust its membrane to approach the rigidity of the other strains. The difference in rigidities, as determined at 15 and 30°C, was greater in liposomes than in whole cells. The rates of fluidity adjustment and times required for whole cells to adjust to a different temperature were similar among strains but different from those of liposomes. This suggests that the cells had a mechanism for homeoviscous adaptation that was absent in liposomes.
Microbial Composition and Structure of Aerobic Granular Sewage Biofilms
Authors: Weber S. D. , Ludwig W. , Schleifer K.-H. , Fried J. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT

Aerobic activated sludge granules are dense, spherical biofilms which can strongly improve purification efficiency and sludge settling in wastewater treatment processes. In this study, the structure and development of different granule types were analyzed. Biofilm samples originated from lab-scale sequencing batch reactors which were operated with malthouse, brewery, and artificial wastewater. Scanning electron microscopy, light microscopy, and confocal laser scanning microscopy together with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) allowed insights into the structure of these biofilms. Microscopic observation revealed that granules consist of bacteria, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), protozoa and, in some cases, fungi. The biofilm development, starting from an activated sludge floc up to a mature granule, follows three phases. During phase 1, stalked ciliated protozoa of the subclass Peritrichia, e.g.,
Epistylis
spp., settle on activated sludge flocs and build tree-like colonies. The stalks are subsequently colonized by bacteria. During phase 2, the ciliates become completely overgrown by bacteria and die. Thereby, the cellular remnants of ciliates act like a backbone for granule formation. During phase 3, smooth, compact granules are formed which serve as a new substratum for unstalked ciliate swarmers settling on granule surfaces. These mature granules comprise a dense core zone containing bacterial cells and EPS and a loosely structured fringe zone consisting of either ciliates and bacteria or fungi and bacteria. Since granules can grow to a size of up to several millimeters in diameter, we developed and applied a modified FISH protocol for the study of cryosectioned biofilms. This protocol allows the simultaneous detection of bacteria, ciliates, and fungi in and on granules.
Effects of Heavy Fuel Oil on the Bacterial Community Structure of a Pristine Microbial Mat
Authors: Bordenave Sylvain , Goñi-Urriza María Soledad , Caumette Pierre , Duran Robert 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT

The effects of petroleum contamination on the bacterial community of a pristine microbial mat from Salins-de-Giraud (Camargue, France) have been investigated. Mats were maintained as microcosms and contaminated with no. 2 fuel oil from the wreck of the
Erika
. The evolution of the complex bacterial community was monitored by combining analyses based on 16S rRNA genes and their transcripts. 16S rRNA gene-based terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analyses clearly showed the effects of the heavy fuel oil after 60 days of incubation. At the end of the experiment, the initial community structure was recovered, illustrating the resilience of this microbial ecosystem. In addition, the responses of the metabolically active bacterial community were evaluated by T-RFLP and clone library analyses based on 16S rRNA. Immediately after the heavy fuel oil was added to the microcosms, the structure of the active bacterial community was modified, indicating a rapid microbial mat response. Members of the
Gammaproteobacteria
were initially dominant in the contaminated microcosms.
Pseudomonas
and
Acinetobacter
were the main genera representative of this class. After 90 days of incubation, the
Gammaproteobacteria
were superseded by “
Bacilli
” and
Alphaproteobacteria
. This study shows the major changes that occur in the microbial mat community at different time periods following contamination. At the conclusion of the experiment, the RNA approach also demonstrated the resilience of the microbial mat community in resisting environmental stress resulting from oil pollution.
Inferring the Evolutionary History of Vibrios by Means of Multilocus Sequence Analysis
Authors: Sawabe Tomoo , Kita-Tsukamoto Kumiko , Thompson Fabiano L. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT

We performed the first broad study aiming at the reconstruction of the evolutionary history of vibrios by means of multilocus sequence analysis of nine genes. Overall, 14 distinct clades were recognized using the SplitsTree decomposition method. Some of these clades may correspond to families, e.g., the clades Salinivibrio and Photobacteria, while other clades, e.g., Splendidus and Harveyi, correspond to genera. The common ancestor of all vibrios was estimated to have been present 600 million years ago. We can define species of vibrios as groups of strains that share >95% gene sequence similarity and >99.4% amino acid identity based on the eight protein-coding housekeeping genes. The gene sequence data were used to refine the standard online electronic taxonomic scheme for vibrios (
http://www.taxvibrio.lncc.br
).
Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Ferredoxin Oxidoreductase fromMethanococcus maripaludis
Authors: Park Myong-Ok , Mizutani Taeko , Jones Patrik R. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe genome sequence of the non-sugar-assimilating mesophileMethanococcus maripaludiscontains three genes encoding enzymes: a nonphosphorylating NADP+-dependent glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPN), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate ferredoxin oxidoreductase (GAPOR); all these enzymes are potentially capable of catalyzing glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) metabolism. GAPOR, whose homologs have been found mainly in archaea, catalyzes the reduction of ferredoxin coupled with oxidation of G3P. GAPOR has previously been isolated and characterized only from a sugar-assimilating hyperthermophile,Pyrococcus furiosus(GAPORPf), and contains the rare metal tungsten as an irreplaceable cofactor. Active recombinantM. maripaludisGAPOR (GAPORMm) was purified fromEscherichia coligrown in minimal medium containing 100 μM sodium molybdate. In contrast, GAPORMmobtained from cells grown in medium containing tungsten (W) and W and molybdenum (Mo) or in medium without added W and Mo did not display any activity. Activity and transcript analysis of putative G3P-metabolizing enzymes and corresponding genes were performed withM. maripaludiscultured under autotrophic conditions in chemically defined medium. The activity of GAPORMmwas constitutive throughout the culture period and exceeded that of GAPDH at all time points. As GAPDH activity was detected in only the gluconeogenic direction and GAPN activity was completely absent, only GAPORMmcatalyzes oxidation of G3P inM. maripaludis. Recombinant GAPORMmis posttranscriptionally regulated as it exhibits pronounced and irreversible substrate inhibition and is completely inhibited by 1 μM ATP. With support from flux balance analysis, it is concluded that the major physiological role of GAPORMminM. maripaludismost likely involves only nonoptimal growth conditions.
Proteomic Characterization of the
Rhodobacter sphaeroides
2.4.1 Photosynthetic Membrane: Identification of New Proteins
Authors: Zeng Xiaohua , Roh Jung Hyeob , Callister Stephen J. , Tavano Christine L. , Donohue Timothy J. , Lipton Mary S. , Kaplan Samuel 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT

The
Rhodobacter sphaeroides
intracytoplasmic membrane (ICM) is an inducible membrane that is dedicated to the major events of bacterial photosynthesis, including harvesting light energy, separating primary charges, and transporting electrons. In this study, multichromatographic methods coupled with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, combined with subcellular fractionation, was used to test the hypothesis that the photosynthetic membrane of
R. sphaeroides
2.4.1 contains a significant number of heretofore unidentified proteins in addition to the integral membrane pigment-protein complexes, including light-harvesting complexes 1 and 2, the photochemical reaction center, and the cytochrome
bc
1
complex described previously. Purified ICM vesicles are shown to be enriched in several abundant, newly identified membrane proteins, including a protein of unknown function (AffyChip designation RSP1760) and a possible alkane hydroxylase (RSP1467). When the genes encoding these proteins are mutated, specific photosynthetic phenotypes are noted, illustrating the potential new insights into solar energy utilization to be gained by this proteomic blueprint of the ICM. In addition, proteins necessary for other cellular functions, such as ATP synthesis, respiration, solute transport, protein translocation, and other physiological processes, were also identified to be in association with the ICM. This study is the first to provide a more global view of the protein composition of a photosynthetic membrane from any source. This protein blueprint also provides insights into potential mechanisms for the assembly of the pigment-protein complexes of the photosynthetic apparatus, the formation of the lipid bilayer that houses these integral membrane proteins, and the possible functional interactions of ICM proteins with activities that reside in domains outside this specialized bioenergetic membrane.
Decoration ofPasteurella multocidaLipopolysaccharide with Phosphocholine Is Important for Virulence
Authors: Harper Marina , Cox Andrew , St. Michael Frank , Parnas Henrietta , Wilkie Ian , Blackall P. J. , Adler Ben , Boyce John D. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTPhosphocholine (PCho) is an important substituent of surface structures expressed by a number of bacterial pathogens. Its role in virulence has been investigated in several species, in which it has been shown to play a role in bacterial adhesion to mucosal surfaces, in resistance to antimicrobial peptides, or in sensitivity to complement-mediated killing. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) structure ofPasteurella multocidastrain Pm70, whose genome sequence is known, has recently been determined and does not contain PCho. However, LPS structures from the closely related, virulentP. multocidastrains VP161 and X-73 were shown to contain PCho on their terminal galactose sugar residues. To determine if PCho was involved in the virulence ofP. multocida, we used subtractive hybridization of the VP161 genome against the Pm70 genome to identify a four-gene locus (designatedpcgDABC) which we show is required for the addition of the PCho residues to LPS. The proteins predicted to be encoded bypcgABCshowed identity to proteins involved in choline uptake, phosphorylation, and nucleotide sugar activation of PCho. We constructed aP. multocidaVP161pcgCmutant and demonstrated that this strain produces LPS that lacks PCho on the terminal galactose residues. ThispcgCmutant displayed reduced in vivo growth in a chicken infection model and was more sensitive to the chicken antimicrobial peptide fowlicidin-1 than the wild-typeP. multocidastrain.