bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High Speed SSA Thermal Fractionation and Limitations to the Determination of Lamellar Sizes and Their Distributions
Authors: Lorenzo Arnaldo T. , Arnal Maria L. , Müller Alejandro J. , Boschetti de Fierro Adriana , Abetz Volker 
Published: December 2005

AbstractSummary: The technique of successive self‐nucleation and annealing (SSA) has been applied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to a model hydrogenated polybutadiene prepared by anionic polymerization and to a commercial Ziegler‐Natta ethylene/1‐butene copolymer. Here, it is shown that the use of high scanning rates (50 °C · min−1) in the SSA protocol can reduce the thermal fractionation time to only 78 min in length (if 6 fractions are produced with a fractionation window of 5 °C), taking into consideration the need to compensate the increment in heating rates by reducing the sample mass. This time is much shorter than those previously achieved by thermal fractionation in the literature, where fractionation times of 12 or 24 h are common. Potentially, much higher rates could be employed by further reducing the fractionation times by SSA. For the first time, a distribution of lamellar thicknesses has been obtained by transmission electron microscopy after SSA fractionation and compared to distributions calculated by the Thomson‐Gibbs equation. It is shown that the results are highly dependent on the equilibrium melting temperatures employed in the calculations, and it is recommended that the values of lamellar thicknesses obtained are checked by comparing with methylene sequence lengths derived from calibration measurements available in the literature. The Thomson‐Gibbs equation is useful for comparing lamellar thickness distributions obtained by SSA with different polymers only on a semi‐quantitative basis.Rate and mass compensation as a way to reduce fractionation time employing SSA.imageRate and mass compensation as a way to reduce fractionation time employing SSA.
11th IUPAC “International Symposium on Macromolecule‐Metal Complexes” (http://www.dcci.unipi.it/∼bea/mmc‐11/)
Authors: Ruggeri Giacomo , Ciardelli Francesco 
Published: December 2005

AbstractConference Reports: This section contains reports on topical conferences. Reports are usually written at the request of the editorial office, but unsolicited contributions are also welcome. Suggestions should be sent to the editorial office of the Macromolecular journals, preferably by E‐mail to macromol@wiley‐vch.de.
Dwarf Cavendish as a Source of Natural Fibers in Poly(propylene)‐Based Composites
Authors: Faria Helena , Cordeiro Nina , Belgacem Mohamed Naceur , Dufresne Alain 
Published: December 2005

AbstractSummary: Composite materials were prepared by compounding and hot‐pressing PP or MAPP and lignocellulosic fibers extracted from the rachis of Musa acuminate Colla var. Dwarf Cavendish banana tree. The fibers were used as raw filler or after a chemical treatment expected to remove most of the extractible compounds. The resulting materials were characterized using SEM, DSC, DMA, tensile tests and water sorption experiments. All results show that the main aspect involved in the interfacial adhesion between the polar filler and the non‐polar matrix is the extraction of lignin and fatty substances. This results in higher values of the degree of crystallinity and crystallization temperature of the matrix, higher mechanical properties and lower water sensitivity.Scanning electron micrograph showing the cross section of the lignocellulosic filler obtained from rachis of banana tree: (a) raw, and (b) extracted fibers.magnified imageScanning electron micrograph showing the cross section of the lignocellulosic filler obtained from rachis of banana tree: (a) raw, and (b) extracted fibers.
Oligomer Deposition on the Surface of PET Fiber in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Fluid
Authors: Kawahara Yutaka , Kamo Masaki , Yamamoto Kiyoshi , Ogawa Satoshi , Terada Douhiko , Kikutani Takeshi , Tsuji Masaki 
Published: December 2005

AbstractSummary: Spin‐drawing yarn (SDY) and high‐speed spun (HSS) fibers were produced from recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) pellets, and the oligomer deposition on the surface of fiber in supercritical carbon dioxide fluid was compared. The oligomer deposition was obvious for SDY, which corresponded to the fact that the amount of imperfect small crystallites generated in amorphous regions through s‐CO2 treatment was much smaller for SDY as compared to that with HSS. The imperfect small crystallites generated in amorphous regions will work as a barrier to the oligomer migration. In order to suppress the deposition of oligomer for SDY, the combination of a heatset treatment and an alkaline etching was useful. At a heatset process, the oligomer migration to the surface layer tends to occur, and the layer becomes rich in oligomer. The following topochemical hydrolysis reaction at alkaline etching removes such layer. Accordingly, the total content of oligomer in etched fiber is reduced. As a result, the oligomer deposition in s‐CO2 treatment becomes not so serious. In addition, the heatset treatment gives the shrinkproof property to SDY, and the property is still retained after the alkaline etching.
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Large‐Scale Synthesis of Necklace‐Like Single‐Crystalline PbTiO3 Nanowires
Authors: Lu Xiaofeng , Zhang Daliang , Zhao Qidong , Wang Ce , Zhang Wanjin , Wei Yen 
Published: December 2005

AbstractSummary: We show in this communication that large‐scale necklace‐like single‐crystalline tetragonal perovskite PbTiO3 nanowires can be obtained via a simple electrospinning method. The morphology and the crystal structure are investigated by SEM, XRD, and HRTEM. The length of the necklace‐like PbTiO3 nanowires is from tens to several tens of micrometers, the wider the diameter of it is between 100 and 200 nm and the thinner the part is between 20 and 50 nm. The necklace‐like PbTiO3 nanowires exhibit high surface photovoltage under the action of external electric field, which is probably applicable in displaying photoelectric devices of heterojunction structure.SEM image of the electrospinning necklace‐like PbTiO3 nanowires.magnified imageSEM image of the electrospinning necklace‐like PbTiO3 nanowires.
Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Mesogen‐Jacketed Liquid Crystalline Miktoarm Star Rod‐Coil Block Copolymer
Authors: Chen Jianfang , Wang Xingzhu , Liao Xiaojuan , Zhang Hailiang , Wang Xiayu , Zhou Qifeng 
Published: December 2005

AbstractSummary: A series of novel mesogen‐jacketed liquid crystal miktoarm star rod‐coil block copolymers were synthesized via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Their architectures {coil conformation of styrene segment and rigid rod conformation of {2,5‐bis[(4‐methoxyphenyl)oxycarbonyl]styrene} (MPCS) segment} were confirmed by GPC, 1H NMR, and MALDI‐TOF studies. The liquid crystalline behaviors of the synthesized copolymers are evidenced from POM observation. The liquid crystalline phase depends on the molecular weights of the rigid rod arm of miktoarm star copolymers.Miktoarm star rod‐coil block copolymer.magnified imageMiktoarm star rod‐coil block copolymer.
Carbon Nanotubes as a Ligand in Cp2ZrCl2‐Based Ethylene Polymerization
Authors: Park Sungjin , Yoon Seung Woong , Lee Kyung‐Bok , Kim Dong Jin , Jung Young Hwan , Do Youngkyu , Paik Hyun‐jong , Choi Insung S. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractSummary: We report a simple method for tuning catalytic property of a metallocene‐based catalyst, Cp2ZrCl2, for ethylene polymerization by the direct adsorption of Cp2ZrCl2 onto multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The direct interactions between MWCNTs and the Cp rings of Cp2ZrCl2 controlled the polymerization behaviors, and we could generate polyethylene with an extremely high molecular weight ($\overline M _{\rm w}$ = 1 000 000) at 30 °C and under 1 atm of ethylene gas.Preparation of Cp2ZrCl2‐MWCNT.magnified imagePreparation of Cp2ZrCl2‐MWCNT.
Dewetting Process of Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Films in Hot Water
Authors: Qin Sheng , Wei Dongshan , Liao Qi , Jin Xigao 
Published: December 2005

AbstractSummary: We analyzed quantitatively the effects of temperature on the morphologic evolution of the desorption process in hot water measured ex situ by atomic force microscopy. The morphology of the hole that forms with immersion of the polyelectrolyte film in hot water has characteristics similar to those from polymer dewetting processes near the glass transition temperature. The hole diameter immediately reaches a maximum in the desorption process while the number of holes increases linearly with time.AFM images of the morphology of PEM film after immersion in hot water 60 min.magnified imageAFM images of the morphology of PEM film after immersion in hot water 60 min.
Supramolecular Thermotropic Liquid Crystalline Materials with Nematic Mesophase Based on Methylated Hyperbranched Polyethylenimine and Mesogenic Carboxylic Acid
Authors: Chen Yu , Shen Zhong , Gehringer Lionel , Frey Holger , Stiriba Salah‐Eddine 
Published: December 2005

AbstractSummary: Supramolecular interaction of fully methylated hyperbranched polyethylenimines (PEI) with a mesogen‐based carboxylic acid, 5‐(p‐cyanobiphenoxy)pentanoic acid, results in the formation of supramolecular complexes exhibiting thermotropic liquid crystalline (LC) mesophases. In contrast to the common smectic mesophases of most dendritic LC polymers, nematic LC phases were observed. The complexation of PEI and the mesogen units is due to electrostatic interaction between the carboxylate groups and the ammonium end groups of PEI. LC properties were investigated by a combination of differential scanning calorimetry, polarizing light optical microscopy, and X‐ray diffractometry.Schematic illustration of the supramolecular assembly of CBPA with PEIMe backbone.magnified imageSchematic illustration of the supramolecular assembly of CBPA with PEIMe backbone.
High‐Resolution Separation of Oligo(acrylic acid) by Capillary Zone Electrophoresis
Authors: Castignolles Patrice , Gaborieau Marianne , Hilder Emily F. , Sprong Ewan , Ferguson Christopher J. , Gilbert Robert G. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractSummary: Oligo(acrylic acid)s, produced by RAFT polymerization, have been separated and analyzed for the first time by capillary zone electrophoresis. The resolution obtained by capillary electrophoresis in borate buffers is far higher than that currently achieved using size exclusion chromatography. This work demonstrates that capillary electrophoresis is the technique of choice for the characterization of oligomers of acrylic acid and of other water‐soluble monomers involved in emulsion polymerization processes.Electropherograms of different acrylic acid (AA) oligomers obtained by CZE.magnified imageElectropherograms of different acrylic acid (AA) oligomers obtained by CZE.
Self‐Assembly of Polyaniline/Au Composites: From Nanotubes to Nanofibers
Authors: Feng Xiaomiao , Yang Gang , Xu Qin , Hou Wenhua , Zhu Jun‐Jie 
Published: December 2005

AbstractSummary: Polyaniline (PANI)/Au composite nanotubes and nanofibers are synthesized through a self‐assembly process in the presence of camphorsulfonic acid and hydrochloric acid, as dopants, respectively. The PANI/Au composites are characterized by FT‐IR, UV‐vis, and thermogravimetric analysis to verify the incorporation of the Au nanoparticles and determine the Au content. Structural characterization is performed using SEM, TEM and X‐ray diffraction. The presence of the Au nanoparticles results in an increased conductivity and improved crystallinity of the PANI. The self‐assembly method employed here is a simple and inexpensive route to synthesize multifunctional nanotubes and nanofibers and could be extended to prepare other inorganic nanoparticle/PANI composites.TEM image of PANI/Au nanotubes.magnified imageTEM image of PANI/Au nanotubes.
A General Strategy for Nano‐Encapsulation via Interfacially Confined Living/Controlled Radical Miniemulsion Polymerization
Authors: Luo Yingwu , Gu Hongyan 
Published: December 2005

AbstractSummary: We propose and demonstrate the utility of an interfacial living/controlled (reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer, RAFT) radical miniemulsion polymerization in nano‐encapsulation. The principles and methodology behind this technique are readily scalable and highly efficient. The living/controlled nature of the system offers great opportunities to tune the properties of the polymer shell‐like thickness, surface functionality, molecular weight, and inner‐wall functionality by simply using a semi‐continuous polymerization technique.Illustration of encapsulation principles by RAFT interfacial miniemulsion polymerization.magnified imageIllustration of encapsulation principles by RAFT interfacial miniemulsion polymerization.
Photolithographic Patterning of a Conductive Polymer Using a Polymeric Photoacid Generator and a Traceless Removable Group
Authors: Salavagione Horacio J. , Miras María C. , Barbero Cesar 
Published: December 2005

AbstractSummary: In the present communication we describe a photolithographic method to produce polyaniline (PANI) patterns using PANI modified with a traceless removable functional group (nitrosated polyaniline, PANI‐NO) and external inexpensive polymeric photoacid generators (poly(vinyl chloride), PVC). Therefore, residual sub‐products created by irradiation of the plate do not remain occluded in the polymeric films. The borders of the patterns are better defined than in the case of chemical lithography using inorganic acids as the hydrolyzing agent.
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Synthesis of Multiblock Polymer Containing Narrow Polydispersity Blocks
Authors: Hong Jian , Wang Qi , Fan Zhiqiang 
Published: December 2005

AbstractSummary: We have developed a new strategy to prepare multiblock polymers and copolymers via one‐ or two‐step polymerization using a polymerizable cyclic trithiocarbonate (CTTC), 4,7‐diphenyl‐[1,3]dithiepane‐2‐thione. CTTC undergoes ring‐opening process to incorporate a trithiocarbonate moiety. The trithiocarbonate moiety in turn, functions as a reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) agent. Through this mechanism, multiblock polystyrenes and polystyrene‐block‐ poly(butyl acrylate) copolymers containing various narrow polydispersity blocks can be prepared.Integrated process of ring‐opening and RAFT polymerizations involving cyclic trithiocarbonates.magnified imageIntegrated process of ring‐opening and RAFT polymerizations involving cyclic trithiocarbonates.
Correlation between phenotypic heterogeneity and gene mutational characteristics in familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHL)
Authors: Ueda Ikuyo , Ishii Eiichi , Morimoto Akira , Ohga Shouichi , Sako Masahiro , Imashuku Shinsaku 
Published: December 2005

AbstractBackgroundClassification of familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHL) into FHL2, FHL3, and other subtypes based on genetic abnormalities has recently become possible. We studied the phenotypic differences among these subtypes in Japan.MethodsForty patients clinically diagnosed with FHL were analyzed. Perforin abnormality was screened by flow cytometric analysis and/or DNA sequencing in these patients, and those without perforin abnormalities were further examined for the presence of mutations in the Munc13‐4 gene by DNA sequencing. The correlation between clinical features and genetic subtypes was investigated.ResultsOf the 40 HLH patients, 11 showed perforin gene mutations (classified as FHL2) and ten had Munc13‐4 gene mutations (FHL3), but neither mutation was noted in 19 patients (non‐FHL2/3). Although the majority of the patients developed the disease before the age of 1 year, the onset in three FHL2 patients with missense mutations was late (7, 11, and 12 years). Incidence of deficient natural killer cell activity was higher in FHL2 patients (9/9 FHL2, 4/9 FHL3, and 6/17 non‐FHL2/3; P = 0.005). The serum levels of ferritin and soluble interleukin‐2 receptor were significantly higher in FHL2 patients with nonsense perforin mutations compared to other subgroups (P ≤ 0.05). Epstein–Barr virus infection was involved in 8 of the 40 HLH patients: one FHL2, one FHL3, and six non‐FHL2/3.ConclusionsAlthough clinical features of FHL3 appear to be homogeneous, the heterogeneous clinical features of FHL2 depend upon the nature of perforin gene mutations. Characterization of the non‐FHL2/3 group with regard to FHL1 or other novel gene mutations remains to be conducted. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2006, 46:482–488. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia in the age of genomics
Authors: Carroll William L. , Bhojwani Deepa , Min Dong‐Joon , Moskowitz Naomi , Raetz Elizabeth A. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe recent sequencing of the human genome and technical breakthroughs now make it possible to simultaneously determine mRNA expression levels of almost all of the identified genes in the human genome. DNA “chip” or microarray technology holds great promise for the development of more refined, biologically‐based classification systems for childhood ALL, as well as the identification of new targets for novel therapy. To date gene expression profiles have been described that correlate with subtypes of ALL defined by morphology, immunophenotype, cytogenetic alterations, and response to therapy. Mechanistic insights into treatment failure have come from the definition of mRNA signatures that predict in vitro chemoresistance, as well as differences between blasts at relapse and new diagnosis. New bioinformatics tools optimize data mining, but validation of findings is essential since “over‐fitting” the data is a common danger. In the future, genomic analysis will be complemented by evaluation of the cancer proteome. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
May–Thurner syndrome (iliac vein compression) and thrombosis in adolescents
Authors: Raffini Leslie , Raybagkar Deepti , Cahill Anne Marie , Kaye Robin , Blumenstein Marilyn , Manno Catherine 
Published: December 2005

AbstractMay–Thurner syndrome refers to anatomic compression of the left iliofemoral vein by the overriding right iliac artery. We report three adolescents who presented to our pediatric hospital with iliac vein thrombosis and were diagnosed with May–Thurner syndrome. Each received catheter‐directed thrombolysis followed by balloon angioplasty to restore flow. Two patients had endovascular stents placed. The procedures were well tolerated, without major complications. Additional thrombophilic risk factors were identified in each patient. Though uncommon, pediatric hematologists should consider May–Thurner syndrome in adolescents who present with a left lower extremity thrombosis. Aggressive therapy may be warranted due to the risk of post‐thrombotic syndrome. Pediatric Blood Cancer 2006;47:834–838. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aggregation behaviour of Pluronic® L64 surfactant at various temperatures and concentrations examined by dynamic light scattering and viscosity measurements
Authors: Jebari Mohamed M , Ghaouar Naoufel , Aschi Adel , Gharbi Abdelhafidh 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe aggregation behaviour of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)–poly(propylene oxide) (PPO) triblock copolymers (Pluronic® L64 surfactant) in water was examined using several independent methods. The measurements were performed with solution temperatures in the range 34–52 °C and with L64 aqueous solution concentrations in the range 33–67 mg mL−1. The dynamic light scattering (DLS) by ‘photon beat’ technique showed the existence of two regimes separated by one critical temperature at around 45 °C, and one critical concentration around 50 mg mL−1. For the two regimes, we observed abnormalities in the particle structure and shapes due to the effects of temperature and concentration on the aggregation behaviour. Thus, the size of particles in aqueous solution strongly depends on the kinds of interaction and the balance between excluded volume effects and hydrophobic forces. Some viscosity measurements were also performed to complete the DLS measurements and to provide more information on the particle structure. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Preparation of polyethylene‐octene elastomer/clay nanocomposite and microcellular foam processed in supercritical carbon dioxide
Authors: Chang Young‐Wook , Lee Dongsuk , Bae Seong‐Youl 
Published: December 2005

AbstractPolyethylene‐octene elastomer (POE)/organoclay nanocomposite was prepared by melt mixing of the POE with an organoclay (Cloisite 20A) in an internal mixer, using poly[ethylene‐co‐(methyl acrylate)‐co‐(glycidyl methacrylate)] copolymer (E‐MG‐GMA) as a compatibilizer. X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed that an intercalated nanocomposite was formed and the silicate layers of the clay were uniformly dispersed at a nanometre scale in the POE matrix. The nanocomposite exhibited greatly enhanced tensile and dynamic mechanical properties compared with the POE/clay composite without the compatibilizer. The POE/E‐MA‐GMA/clay nanocomposite was used to produce foams by a batch process in an autoclave, with supercritical carbon dioxide as a foaming agent. The nanocomposite produced a microcellular foam with average cell size as small as 3.4 µm and cell density as high as 2 × 1011 cells cm−3. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of indium tin oxide treatment using UV–ozone and argon plasma on the photovoltaic parameters of devices based on organic discotic materials
Authors: Destruel Pierre , Bock Harald , Séguy Isabelle , Jolinat Pascale , Oukachmih Mimoun , Bedel‐Pereira Elena 
Published: December 2005

AbstractRecently, we reported that the open circuit voltage, V0C, in two‐layer organic solar cells depends on the indium tin oxide (ITO) treatment. However, the V0C variation details were not clearly understood. The study of the electronic structure at the ITO/organic interface was carried out by using the Kelvin probe method. The results obtained show a strong dependence of the organic vacuum level on the ITO work function, which, in turn, depends on the anode treatment. An abrupt variation of the vacuum level was observed after deposition of a few organic monolayers, which could be attributed to the presence of dipoles at the interface. We demonstrate that the shift magnitude depends on the nature and duration of the ITO treatment. To this end, two different ITO treatments were used. The first one, based on UV–ozone exposure, is known to increase the ITO work function, WITO. The second of these uses a microwave argon plasma generated by a repartee cyclotron excitation. This was adapted for decreasing the WITO value. An investigation on the origin of these variations (‘up and down’) is presented in this study. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry