bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Reflection of a Stationary Gravity Wave by a Viscous Boundary Layer
Authors: Lott François 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The backward reflection of a stationary gravity wave (GW) propagating toward the ground is examined in the linear viscous case and for large Reynolds numbers (Re). In this case, the stationary GW presents a critical level at the ground because the mean wind is null there. When the mean flow Richardson number at the surface (J) is below 0.25, the GW reflection by the viscous boundary layer is total in the inviscid limit Re → ∞. The GW is a little absorbed when Re is finite, and the reflection decreases when both the dissipation and J increase. When J &gt; 0.25, the GW is absorbed for all values of the Reynolds number, with a general tendency for the GW reflection to decrease when J increases. As a large ground reflection favors the downstream development of a trapped lee wave, the fact that it decreases when J increases explains why the more unstable boundary layers favor the onset of mountain lee waves. It is also shown that the GW reflection when J &gt; 0.25 is substantially larger than that predicted by the conventional inviscid critical level theory and larger than that predicted when the dissipations are represented by Rayleigh friction and Newtonian cooling.
The fact that the GW reflection depends strongly on the Richardson number indicates that there is some correspondence between the dynamics of trapped lee waves and the dynamics of Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities. Accordingly, and in one classical example, it is shown that some among the neutral modes for Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities that exist in an unbounded flow when J &lt; 0.25 can also be stationary trapped-wave solutions when there is a ground and in the inviscid limit Re → ∞. When Re is finite, these solutions are affected by the dissipation in the boundary layer and decay in the downstream direction. Interestingly, their decay rate increases when both the dissipation and J increase, as does the GW absorption by the viscous boundary layer.
Weather Noise Forcing of Surface Climate Variability
Authors: Schneider Edwin K. , Fan Meizhu 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
A model-based method to evaluate the role of weather noise forcing of low-frequency variability of surface properties, including SST, surface currents, land surface temperature, and soil moisture, is presented. In this procedure, an “interactive ensemble” coupled model, in which the ocean and land components are coupled to the mean of an ensemble of atmospheric models, is externally forced by the time-dependent surface fluxes due to the weather noise. The coupling to the ensemble mean atmosphere has the effect of strongly reducing the internally generated atmospheric weather noise so that, for example, observed weather noise forcing can meaningfully be prescribed. The surface flux due to weather noise is determined by removing the ensemble mean surface flux response of an ensemble of atmospheric models to specified surface boundary conditions from the total surface flux. When the system is entirely noise forced and the forcing is specified in this manner, the interactive ensemble model will reproduce the observed evolution of the surface properties. The method is illustrated in the context of two models: 1) a well-known simple coupled model of low-frequency climate variability, which considers the response of a slab thermodynamic surface model coupled to a thermodynamic atmosphere, and 2) a coupled GCM. The simple model is applied to the diagnosis of both observational and model-generated data, while the coupled GCM example illustrates the potential of the method if both model and data are perfect.
Modeling the Effects of Land–Sea Roughness Contrast on Tropical Cyclone Winds
Authors: Wong Martin L. M. , Chan Johnny C. L. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU–NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5) is used to simulate tropical cyclone (TC) wind distribution near landfall. On an f plane at 15°N, the effects of the different surface roughness between the land and sea on the wind asymmetry is examined under a strong constraint of a dry atmosphere and time-invariant axisymmetric mass fields. The winds are found to adjust toward a steady state for prelandfall (50, 100, and 150 km offshore), landfall, and postlandfall (50, 100, and 150 km inland) TC positions.
The TC core is asymmetric even when it lies completely offshore or inland. The surface (10 m) wind asymmetry at the core for pre- (post) landfall position is apparently related to the acceleration (deceleration) of the flow that has just moved over the sea (land) as a response to the sudden change of surface friction. For prelandfall TC positions, the resulted strong surface inflow to the left and front left (relative to the direction pointing from sea to land) also induces a tangential (or total) wind maxima at a smaller radius, about 90° downstream of the maximum inflow, consistent with the absolute angular momentum advection (or work done by pressure). The surface maximum wind is of similar magnitude as the gradient wind. There is also a small region of weak outflow just inside the wind maxima. For postlandfall TC positions, inflow is weakened to the right and rear right associated with the onshore flow. Both onshore and offshore flows affect the surface wind asymmetry of the core in the landfall case. Above the surface and near the top of the planetary boundary layer (PBL), the wind is also asymmetric and a strongly supergradient tangential wind is primarily maintained by vertical advection of the radial wind. Much of the steady-state vertical structure of the asymmetric wind is similar to that forced by the motion-induced frictional asymmetry, as found in previous studies.
The associated asymmetry of surface and PBL convergences has radial dependence. For example, the landfall case has stronger PBL convergence to the left for the 0–50-km core region, due to the radial inflow, but to the right for the 100–500-km outer region, due to the tangential wind convergence along the coastline.
The strong constraint is then removed by considering an experiment that includes moisture, cumulus heating, and the free adjustments of mass fields. The TC is weakening and the sea level pressure has a slightly wavenumber-1 feature with larger gradient wind to the right than to the left, consistent with the drift toward the land. The asymmetric features of the wind are found to be very similar to those in the conceptual experiments.
Goals for Gifted Programs: Perceptions of Interested Groups
Authors: Hickey Gail 
Published: September 2007

This study assessed the status of goat development for elementary school gifted programs as perceived by national leaders in gifted education, administrators, teachers, and parents of gifted students. Opinion was sought using the Delphi technique, a method for obtaining reliable group consensus through a series of questionnaires interspersed with controlled feedback. The Delphi panel, consisting of 36 respondents, reached consensus for three goal statements from among 11 goals presented for consideration as appropriate for elementary school programs for the gifted: to provide a learning environment that will permit and encourage the capable student to develop to his/her individual potential while interacting with intellectual peers; to establish a climate that values and enhances intellectual ability, talent, creativity, and decision-making; to encourage the development of and provide opportunities for using higher level thinking skills (analysis, synthesis, evaiuation).
The Education of Gifted Children in the United States: A Delphi Study
Authors: Cramer Roxanne Herrick 
Published: September 2007

This Delphi study investigated issues in the education of gifted children in the United States. A panel of 29 experts in the field of gifted education responded to the following questions: 1. Which key issues are perceived by the panel of experts as being the most important? 2. Which of the issues deserves top priority? 3. On issues deemed most important, what action should be taken at the federal, state, and local levels? 4 . What are the experts' definitions of the term "gifted"? Six issues were identified as being most critical; 53 actions were suggested for the federal, state, and local levels ; and a three-part definition of the term "gifted" was developed. Details of the study are shared, and an issue not designated by the panelists as a high priority issue is discussed.
Contributions of Gifted Education to General Education In a Time of Change
Authors: Tomlinson Carol Ann , Callahan Carolyn M. 
Published: September 2007

Educators in the field of gifted education should be involved in the educational dialogue known as the School Reform Movement both because of the need of gifted learners for positive changes in education and because of the potential of the field to contribute to improved education for a wide range of students. Gifted youngsters, like others, suffer from inadequately trained teachers, test-driven instruction, low-level texts, and curricula which engage neither thought nor interest. They are further at risk in settings which mandate student homogeneity and in which teachers are prone to "teach to the middle." Further, the field of gifted education, by virtue of its principles and practices, has the opportunity to provide educational leadership in expanding views of intelligence, attention to underserved populations, a broadened view of democracy in education, differentiation and individu alization of instruction, and varied instructional models and strategies.
Chinese-Australians' Knowledge of Depression and Schizophrenia in the Context of Their Under-Utilization of Mental Health Care: an Analysis of Labelling
Authors: Klimidis Steven , Hsiao Fei-Hsiu , Minas Iraklis Harry 
Published: September 2007

Background: Low knowledge of and discrimination regarding mental disorders (MDs) may underpin lower access to mental health care by ethnic minority groups. Aims: In Chinese-Australians, in relation to schizophrenia and depression, to assess (a) labels attached to MDs, (b) conceptual distinctiveness of MDs, (c) labelling accuracy against an Australian representative sample, (d) how syndrome variations may influence labelling, and (e) effects of exposure to MDs on labelling. Method: 418 subjects were asked to indicate the labels they would apply to vignettes of depression and schizophrenia and whether they were exposed to these disorders personally or socially. Results: The sample was broadly representative of the Australian-Chinese community: 51% and 47% `correctly' labelled the vignettes. Depression and schizophrenia labels were consistently discriminated and clustered with different other labels. Labelling accuracy surpassed Australians'. Labelling did not vary substantially between syndromes. Exposure related to increased labelling accuracy for depression. Conclusions: Accuracy in labelling major forms of MDs does not appear low in Chinese-Australians and seems higher than in the Australian community. MDs were discriminated although syndrome variations were not. Findings dispute that low mental health care access and uptake is due to low recognition and discrimination of MDs in Chinese-Australians.
The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire: Adapting a Cross-Cultural Instrument for Measuring Torture, Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Iraqi Refugees
Authors: Shoeb Marwa , Weinstein Harvey , Mollica Richard 
Published: September 2007

Background: Mental health assessments in post-conflict zones have relied heavily on Western psychiatric scales. Yet, a strict dependence on the paradigms of Western psychiatry risks inappropriately prioritizing syndromes, such as PTSD, which, however important, are eclipsed by local concerns. Material and discussion: In Dearborn, Michigan, home to the largest population of Iraqi refugees in the United States, 60 Iraqi refugee life stories were collected in order to adapt the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) to the Iraqi context. Conclusion: The methodology described proved to be a useful approach to developing a trauma measure that is culturally grounded in a multi-dimensional model of mental health.
Development and evaluation of a new questionnaire for rating perceived participation1
Authors: Sandström Marianne , Lundin-Olsson Lillemor 
Published: September 2007

Objective : To develop a questionnaire for self-rated perceived participation in various life areas and to evaluate its reliability and validity. Design : Validation and test—retest study including multiple questionnaire-development steps. Setting : Neurological rehabilitation centre. Participants : One hundred and fifteen consecutive patients with progressive neurological diseases on the rehabilitation centre's waiting list were eligible to take part in the study; 85 completed. Twenty-two professionals within neurological rehabilitation also took part. Main measures : Reproducibility, internal consistency, content validity and clinical utility of the Rating of Perceived Participation (ROPP) questionnaire. Results : The ROPP questionnaire focuses on (1) patient's perceived participation (22 items selected from categories of the participation domains of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health), (2) patient's satisfaction with the participation level and the desired support for changing it, and (3) patient's selection of the three domains where improvement is most desired. The reproducibility of the perceived-participation items was moderate to good; (weighted kappa ≥0.70 for all but two items) and for satisfaction, desired support, and selected domains it was good or very good (kappa >0.70 for all but in total three items). Test—retest agreement (intraclass correlation (ICC)(1,1) = 0.97) and internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.90) for the total score were high. The content validity and clinical utility were good. Conclusions : The ROPP questionnaire has sufficient psychometric reliability and validity and promises to be a useful questionnaire in neurological rehabilitation. Further research is needed to establish criterion validity and sensitivity to change.
Specialist health promotion as a career choice in public health
Authors: Coen Caroline , Wills Jane 
Published: September 2007

Aims: Health promotion is a young discipline and area of practice that has struggled to establish a discrete identity but which is becoming consolidated as a specialist field of practice through the establishment of occupational standards, a voluntary register (UKVR) and a multidisciplinary public health career framework. This study sought to explore current health promotion managers' career pathways into health promotionand their perceptions of their career future within a public health workforce. Methods: This exploratory study used semi-structured interviews, a stimulus vignette and a standardized questionnaire to explore the career pathways and motivations of specialist health promotion managers at this time of considerable change in the professional project of public health and health promotion in the United Kingdom. Results: Specialist health promotion managers express a lack of role clarity and loss of control over the developments of their profession. This is compounded by a perceived lack of external credibility of health promotion and by the difficulties health promotion has in justifying itself in modern economic evaluative frameworks and establishing its legitimacy as an equal partner service within public health organizations. Recent moves to professionalize health promotion within the regulation of the public health workforce were not embraced by these participants for whom the consequent occupational closure was seen as restricting role independence and autonomy, and not necessarily enhancing occupational status. Conclusions: This study revealed that, currently, health promotion managers experience a lack of role clarity in their work and are uncertain about future career pathways in public health. Health promotion managers (not working at assistant level) do not readily identify with public health as a profession, or with the UKVR's `defined health promotion specialist' accreditation process. The career choices and motivations of health promotion managers shed some light on the future of the `specialist health promotion' workforce and how this may be structured.
A genome-wide association for kidney function and endocrine-related traits in the NHLBI's Framingham Heart Study
Authors: Hwang Shih-Jen , Yang Qiong , Meigs James B , Pearce Elizabeth N , Fox Caroline S 
Published: September 2007

Abstract

Background
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and urinary albumin excretion (UAE) are markers of kidney function that are known to be heritable. Many endocrine conditions have strong familial components. We tested for association between the Affymetrix GeneChip Human Mapping 100K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) set and measures of kidney function and endocrine traits.

Methods
Genotype information on the Affymetrix GeneChip Human Mapping 100K SNP set was available on 1345 participants. Serum creatinine and cystatin-C (cysC; n = 981) were measured at the seventh examination cycle (1998–2001); GFR (n = 1010) was estimated via the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation; UAE was measured on spot urine samples during the sixth examination cycle (1995–1998) and was indexed to urinary creatinine (n = 822). Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) was measured at the third and fourth examination cycles (1981–1984; 1984–1987) and mean value of the measurements were used (n = 810). Age-sex-adjusted and multivariable-adjusted residuals for these measurements were used in association with genotype data using generalized estimating equations (GEE) and family-based association tests (FBAT) models. We presented the results for association tests using additive allele model. We evaluated associations with 70,987 SNPs on autosomes with minor allele frequencies of at least 0.10, Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium p-value ≥ 0.001, and call rates of at least 80%.

Results
The top SNPs associated with these traits using the GEE method were rs2839235 with GFR (p-value 1.6*10-05), rs1158167 with cysC (p-value 8.5*10-09), rs1712790 with UAE (p-value 1.9*10-06), and rs6977660 with TSH (p-value 3.7*10-06), respectively. The top SNPs associated with these traits using the FBAT method were rs6434804 with GFR(p-value 2.4*10-5), rs563754 with cysC (p-value 4.7*10-5), rs1243400 with UAE (p-value 4.8*10-6), and rs4128956 with TSH (p-value 3.6*10-5), respectively. Detailed association test results can be found at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/gap/cgi-bin/study.cgi?id=phs000007. Four SNPs in or near the CST3 gene were highly associated with cysC levels (p-value 8.5*10-09 to 0.007).

Conclusion
Kidney function traits and TSH are associated with SNPs on the Affymetrix GeneChip Human Mapping 100K SNP set. These data will serve as a valuable resource for replication as more SNPs associated with kidney function and endocrine traits are identified.
Temperature effect on tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) biodegradation kinetics in hyporheic zone soils
Authors: Greenwood Mark H , Sims Ronald C , McLean Joan E , Doucette William J 
Published: September 2007

Abstract

Background
Remediation of tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) in subsurface waters should be taken into consideration at reformulated gasoline contaminated sites since it is a biodegradation intermediate of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE), and tert-butyl formate (TBF). The effect of temperature on TBA biodegradation has not been not been published in the literature.

Methods
Biodegradation of [U 14C] TBA was determined using hyporheic zone soil microcosms.

Results
First order mineralization rate constants of TBA at 5°C, 15°C and 25°C were 7.84 ± 0.14 × 10-3, 9.07 ± 0.09 × 10-3, and 15.3 ± 0.3 × 10-3 days-1, respectively (or 2.86 ± 0.05, 3.31 ± 0.03, 5.60 ± 0.14 years-1, respectively). Temperature had a statistically significant effect on the mineralization rates and was modelled using the Arrhenius equation with frequency factor (A) and activation energy (Ea) of 154 day-1 and 23,006 mol/J, respectively.

Conclusion
Results of this study are the first to determine mineralization rates of TBA for different temperatures. The kinetic rates determined in this study can be used in groundwater fate and transport modelling of TBA at the Ronan, MT site and provide an estimate for TBA removal at other similar shallow aquifer sites and hyporheic zones as a function of seasonal change in temperature.
Translational methods in biostatistics: linear mixed effect regression models of alcohol consumption and HIV disease progression over time
Authors: Finucane Mariel M , Samet Jeffrey H , Horton Nicholas J 
Published: September 2007

AbstractLongitudinal studies are helpful in understanding how subtle associations between factors of interest change over time. Our goal is to apply statistical methods which are appropriate for analyzing longitudinal data to a repeated measures epidemiological study as a tutorial in the appropriate use and interpretation of random effects models. To motivate their use, we study the association of alcohol consumption on markers of HIV disease progression in an observational cohort. To make valid inferences, the association among measurements correlated within a subject must be taken into account.We describe a linear mixed effects regression framework that accounts for the clustering of longitudinal data and that can be fit using standard statistical software. We apply the linear mixed effects model to a previously published dataset of HIV infected individuals with a history of alcohol problems who are receiving HAART (n = 197). The researchers were interested in determining the effect of alcohol use on HIV disease progression over time. Fitting a linear mixed effects multiple regression model with a random intercept and random slope for each subject accounts for the association of observations within subjects and yields parameters interpretable as in ordinary multiple regression. A significant interaction between alcohol use and adherence to HAART is found: subjects who use alcohol and are not fully adherent to their HIV medications had higher log RNA (ribonucleic acid) viral load levels than fully adherent non-drinkers, fully adherent alcohol users, and non-drinkers who were not fully adherent.Longitudinal studies are increasingly common in epidemiological research. Software routines that account for correlation between repeated measures using linear mixed effects methods are now generally available and straightforward to utilize. These models allow the relaxation of assumptions needed for approaches such as repeated measures ANOVA, and should be routinely incorporated into the analysis of cohort studies.