bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comparison of tine cultivation and ploughing with two methods of straw disposal on the growth, nutrient uptake and yield of winter wheat grown on a clay soil
Authors: Christian D.G. , Bacon E.T.G. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract. Ploughing and tine cultivation to depths of 5, 15 and 25 cm were used to prepare land before sowing winter wheat. The methods were compared for two years with or without the presence of straw residues from the previous crop and the effects on crop growth and yield were assessed.Some combinations produced large differences in yield. In 1985–86 volunteer cereals were a problem where straw was not burnt, but deeper ploughing controlled them. In both years the concentrations and uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium differed during the early period of growth but not at maturity.
Application of the threshold concentration concept to irrigation with saline water
Authors: Rengasamy P. , Mehanni A.H. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract. The applicability of the ‘threshold concentration’ concept in formulating guidelines for irrigating with saline water was tested under field conditions on red‐brown earths from different field experiments in south eastern Australia. Infiltration of water in the field and the effect of rainfall impact were studied using ring infiltrometers and a rotating‐disc rainfall simulator.Three threshold concentration lines relating sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and total cation concentration (TCC) in soil extracts were tested. These lines were based on laboratory tests of soil permeability, spontaneous dispersion and mechanical dispersion. They were found to predict the infiltration problems due to rainfall impact under three different surface soil conditions ‐ bare soil without cultivation, soil with no tillage and complete crop cover, and cultivated soils without any crop cover.Infiltration rates in continuous pasture plots were predicted by the threshold concentration line of spontaneous dispersion except in a high salt treated soil where reduced plant growth affected evapotranspiration and water intake during infiltration.
Application of nested analysis of variance in mapping procedures for land evaluation
Authors: Riezebos Hans Th. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract. Assuming that other sources of error can be neglected, the reliability of a land suitability classification depends on the homogeneity of physiographically delineated map units with regard to land qualities. The map unit homogeneity of a small area in France was estimated using 64 observation points, arranged according to a nested sampling scheme, followed by nested analysis of variance.The analysis shows that in this area map units are too heterogeneous to accept the suitability classification as being completely reliable. However, alternative procedures using methods of optimal interpolation to map gradual change within the physiographic units are too expensive at a mapping scale of 1:25000 or smaller. It is not possible to produce completely accurate suitability maps at smaller scales. However, incorporating nested sampling and analysis of variance as standard procedures in land evaluation surveys costs little effort and yields at least an estimate of map accuracy and reliability of the suitability classification.
Principles of managing man‐made soils
Authors: Stewart V.I. , Scullion J. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract. Assuming that there is no major chemical toxicity or deficiency, the major limitation in man‐made soil is the loss of its natural structure, which, in turn, controls the air‐water balance. Where such a soil has < 70% sand content this loss may adversely affect potential for use.Examples of man‐made soils ‐ sports turf and replaced opencast coal mining land ‐ are used to illustrate principles of management. Two strategies exist: to encourage earthworms, thereby promoting effective site drainage by infiltration or, to limit their activity and rely mainly on surface shed. The implications of each of these soil options for wider management and use are discussed.
An editor's farewell
Authors: Webster R. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract. The standard of English in papers submitted to Soil Use and Management varies from excellent to disgraceful. Good scientific English is direct and simple in structure. It uses familiar words in their correct sense and order with the minimum of qualification. Slovenly prose may imply slipshod research, and prolixity an inability to think clearly.Make your meaning plain. Express itSo we'll know, not merely guess it.(G.V. Jacks, The Summary)
Artificial infestation of soil with Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici to study the relationship between take‐all and wheat yields in field experiments
Authors: Hornby D. , Bateman G.L. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract. The relationship between take‐all and grain yield was investigated in a first spring wheat crop grown in a field experiment on artificially infested soil. Different incidences and severities of disease were obtained by using different cultivations to incorporate equal amounts of inoculum (killed oat grains colonized by the fungal pathogen) at different depths. The intention of incorporating inoculum at different stages in the same sequence of cultivations to achieve identical soil conditions with inoculum at different depths was not entirely successful because of weather conditions.For most sampling dates and different assessments of disease, there was a strong relationship between yield and disease: regression coefficients were negative and significant (P= 0.01). The linear regression model using logit transformations of disease data from infestations achieved using similar sequences of cultivations accounted for > 70% of the variance at all sampling dates, but with untransformed data (percentage plants and percentage roots infected) percentages of variance accounted for were much less at sampling times before anthesis. The plot area affected by premature ripening (whiteheads) also correlated well with yield where similar sequences of cultivations were used, but less well where rotovating to different depths created different soil conditions.The results are discussed in relation to published results from (1) farm surveys, (2) field experiments with natural infection and (3) experiments using different amounts of artificially‐produced inoculum. The wider application of artificially‐produced inoculum in field experiments on take‐all is also considered.
Measurement of nitrate leaching losses from arable plots under different nitrogen input regimes
Authors: Vinten A.J.A. , Howard R.S. , Redman M.H. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract. Leaching losses of nitrate‐nitrogen were measured from a set of eight hydrologically isolated plots on a clay loam soil over the period from September 1987 to February 1990. Variable drainflow recovery from the plots hampered accurate estimation of nitrate loading, but results suggest that, when inorganic nitrogen fertilizer is applied up to the recommended amount, there is little influence of the amount applied on the amount leached. We did, however, observe the following effects on nitrate leaching: leguminous green manure incorporated in autumn increased leaching of nitrate‐nitrogen by 10–15 kg per hectare during the winter; autumn cultivation caused some increase in leaching compared with no cultivation in one year; some systematic variations in nitrate leaching occurred between years and between plots, but were unrelated to treatments.From the results we conclude that green manuring does not provide sufficient nitrogen for organically grown crops on this soil but contributes significantly to nitrate leaching, and that growing spring cereals, with the land remaining in stubble as long as possible in autumn, may be the best strategy to minimize nitrate leaching.
Strength and deformation of agricultural soil: measurement and practical significance
Authors: Kirby J. M. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract. Soil has a finite strength to resist permanent volume change and permanent shear deformation. When the stresses imposed on the soil are of a sufficient magnitude to overcome the strength, then the deformation falls into one of two regimes. At low stress ratios (ratio of normal stress to maximum past stress) the soil expands when sheared and at high stress ratios it compresses. The maximum past stress in a field soil is the pre‐consolidation stress. The pre‐consolidation stress is the compressive stress greater than which compression is considerable and permanent.These regimes of soil deformation behaviour are consistent and predictable under a wide range of conditions. They are described by the critical state concept, which can usefully be applied to soil management. Management decisions can be based on whether the stresses imposed by a particular operation result in high or low stress ratios. This governs whether the soil will deform permanently or not (for compaction damage), expand on shear (tillage) or compress on shear (preparation of rice paddy soils). The change in permeability and structure can also be predicted from the deformation regime.
The value of fertilizer, surface applied and injected sewage sludge to vegetation established on reclaimed colliery spoil suffering from regression
Authors: Michael N. , Bradshaw A. D. , Hall J. E. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract. A 2‐year field experiment assessed the effectiveness of fertilizer, surface applied and injected liquid digested sewage sludge in increasing yields from reclaimed but regressing pasture on colliery spoil. At the first harvest, surface applications of sewage sludge gave the largest yields, although only a third of total fertilizer nitrogen (N) had been applied at this stage of the experiment. The greatest yields in the first year were given by fertilizer treatments which included the highest level of applied N, and large surface applications of sludge.Surface applications of sludge on plots that were ripped gave the largest residual yields in the second year of the experiment. The percentage cover of clover was inversely related to the amount of nitrogen applied. A study of plant roots indicated that soil injection supplies sludge at too great a depth to benefit grass.Taken overall the results confirm that the regression of pastures established on reclaimed colliery spoil is primarily caused by lack of nitrogen and phosphorus. But the effect of compaction in decreasing root growth, and therefore the ability of the grass to take up nutrients, is also apparent.
Prototype agricultural land evaluation systems for Canada: I. Overview of systems development
Authors: MacDonald K. B. , Brklacich M. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract. Information on land resources and the capacity of land to support agricultural production is a prerequisite for the formation of sound agricultural policies. This paper summarizes Canadian experiences in developing national and regional land evaluation systems. Potential users expected the system to estimate the degree to which changes in biophysical and socio‐economic conditions would alter options for land use and production, and to provide a context for more detailed analysis.A broad‐scale land evaluation system was designed to serve the needs identified by representative user groups. Two prototype systems were developed from available information to test the major features of the system design. Neither prototype was complete; one was national in extent and capable of addressing issues of national and provincial importance, the other covered a sub‐provincial area but allowed for more detailed evaluation of the effects of soil modifying processes. A full range of applications was demonstrated using one or other of the prototype systems. As a result of this project, the broad‐scale land evaluation system design was improved and verified, ongoing research and data collection activities were adjusted to ensure that they meet the needs of a macroscale land evaluation system, and approaches were developed to overcome problems of land evaluation system development.
Decomposition of crop residues under laboratory conditions
Authors: Saviozzi A. , Scagnozzi A. , Riffaldi R. , Levi‐Minzi R. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract. A laboratory study was designed to provide data on the decomposition of rape, sunflower and soyabean residues put in bags buried in soil. The residue bags were removed at intervals during 1 year, analysed for remaining total mass, organic and water‐soluble C, water‐soluble sugars, as well as for volatile acids and phenolic compounds. The decomposition dynamics of total mass, total organic and water‐soluble organic C, and water‐soluble sugars were reproduced satisfactorily by a double‐exponential model of the first‐order type.Generally, no large differences in the rate and magnitude of decomposition among the residues were observed; the greatest losses of both total mass and chemical components occurred in the first month of the study, during which the volatile acids and phenolic compounds disappeared almost completely. Of the three residues, soyabean showed the lowest loss of organic carbon, losing 66% of the original content over the course of the year compared with 73 and 75% for sunflower and rape, respectively.
The effect of crop, N‐level, soil type and drainage on nitrate leaching from Danish soil
Authors: Simmelsgaard S. E. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract. Nitrate leaching measurements in Denmark were analysed to examine the effects of husbandry factors. The data comprised weekly measurements of drainage and nitrate concentration from pipe drains in six fields from 1971 to 1991, and weekly measurements of nitrate concentration in soil water, extracted by suction cups at a depth of 1 m, from 16 fields in 1988 to 1993. The soils varied from coarse sand to sandy clay loam.The model used for analysing the data was: Y= exp (1.136–0.0628 clay+ 0.00565N +crop) D0.416, with R2= 0.54, where Y is the nitrate leaching (kg N/ha per y), clay is the % clay in 0‐25 cm depth (%), N is the average N‐application in the rotation (kg/ha/y) and D is drainage (mm/y). The most important factor influencing leaching was the crop type. Grass and barley undersown with grass showed low rates of leaching (17‐24 kg/ha/y). Winter cereal following a grass crop, beets, winter cereals following cereals and an autumn sown catch crop following cereals showed medium rates of leaching (36‐46 kg/ha/y). High rates of leaching were estimated from winter cereals following rape/peas, bare soil following cereals and from autumn applications of animal manure on bare soil (71‐78 kg/ha/y). Estimates of leaching from soil of 5, 12 and 20% clay were 68, 44 and 26 kg/ha/y, respectively. Leaching was estimated to rise significantly with increasing amounts of applied N.The model is suitable for general calculations of the effects of crop rotation, soil type and N‐application on nitrate leaching from sandy soil to sandy clay loarns in a temperate coastal climate.
Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery Versus Percutaneous Coronary Intervention with Drug‐Eluting Stent Implantation in Patients with Multivessel Coronary Disease
Authors: YANG ZHEN KUN , SHEN WEI FENG , ZHANG RUI YAN , KONG YE , ZHANG JIAN SHENG , HU JIAN , ZHANG QI , DING FENG HUA 
Published: February 2007

Background: Drug‐eluting stents (DES) constitute a major breakthrough in restenosis prevention after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). This study compared the clinical outcomes of PCI using DES versus coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease (MVD) in real‐world.
Methods: From January 2003 to December 2004, 466 consecutive patients with MVD underwent revascularization, 235 by PCI with DES and 231 by CABG. The study end‐point was the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) at the first 30 days after procedure and during follow‐up.
Results: Most preoperative characteristics were similar in the two groups, but left main disease (24.7% vs 2.6%, P<0.001) and three‐vessel disease (65% vs 54%, P = 0.02) were more prevalent in CABG group. The number of coronary lesions was also greater in CABG group (3.7 ± 1.1 vs 3.3 ± 1.1, P<0.001). Despite higher early morbidity (3.9% vs 0.8%, P = 0.03) associated with CABG, there were no significant differences in composite MACEs at the first 30 days between the two groups. During follow‐up (mean 25±8 months), the incidence of death, myocardial infarction, or cerebrovascular event was similar in both groups (PCI 6.3% vs CABG 5.6%, P = 0.84). However, bypass surgery still afforded a lower need for repeat revascularization (2.8% vs 10.4%, p = 0.001). Consequently, overall MACE rate (14.5% vs 7.9%, P = 0.03) remained higher after PCI.
Conclusion: PCI with DES is a safe and feasible alternative to CABG for selected patients with MVD. The reintervention gap was further narrowed in the era of DES. Aside from restenosis, progression of disease needs to receive substantial emphasis.
Finding optimal price risk management instruments: the case of the Spanish potato sector
Authors: Bielza María , Garrido Alberto , Sumpsi José M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis article offers a comprehensive analysis of the problem of choosing between alternative market risk management instruments. We model farmers' behavior to optimize the certainty equivalent, formulated by a mean–variance model, by combining instruments with and without basis risk. Results are expressed as the demands for hedging with futures, forward contracts and insurance. Theoretical results are applied to a selection of Spanish producers of fresh potatoes, a sector that is exposed to significant market risks. Amsterdam's Euronext provides potato futures prices, and the recently launched revenue insurance in Spain provides the example for price insurance. Three conclusions summarize the article's main findings. First, we show that Spanish potato revenue insurance subsidies are a factor that determines the instrument rankings and choice. Second, the efficiency of insurance subsidies is generally low. Finally, the Amsterdam potato futures market does not provide a cost‐effective means to manage price risks for Spanish fresh potato growers.
Social inequality in tooth extraction in a Brazilian insured working population
Authors: Neto Joaquim Murilo Silveira , Nadanovsky Paulo 
Published: February 2007

Abstract –  Objectives:  Given the scant evidence of the socioeconomic gradient in tooth loss incidence, the purpose of this study was to compare the odds of individuals of distinct social strata being subjected to tooth extraction.Methods:  We undertook a case–control study at the head office of a large Brazilian company whose employees had access to dental care through the company's dental insurance.Results:  During 2 years of observation, 264 teeth were extracted and the distribution of such extractions was rather unequal. A strong suggestion of a social gradient was noted and the odds of tooth extraction occurring per social strata, adjusted by age and gender, were five times higher in employees pertaining to the lowest social stratum, when compared with those at the highest.Conclusions:  We concluded that lower social strata were strongly associated with increased risk of having teeth extracted. Dental insurance was not able to equalize the chances of tooth extraction among different social strata, in a population of employed adults.
Quantitative Cytological Analysis of Functional Changes in Adrenomedullary Chromaffin Cells in Normal, Sham‐Operated, and Pinealectomized Rats in Relation to Time of Day: I. Nucleolar Size
Authors: Kachi T. , Banerji T.K. , Quay W.B. 
Published: February 2007

Adrenaline (A)‐ and noradrenaline (N)‐cells in juxtacortical and central areas of adrenal medullas of nonoperated, sham‐operated, and pinealectomized male rats (n = 125) were investigated by quantitative electron and light microscopy. Animals were killed at eight time points during a standardized 24‐h, light‐dark (12:12) cycle 14 d after surgery. Diameters of nucleoli (n = 9,600) and the nucleolar margination rate were studied chiefly by light microscopy.Major findings include the following: (1) Twenty‐four‐hour changes occurred in nucleolar diameters in adrenomedullary chromaffin cells in nonoperated animals, with the peak in the late dark phase (X ± SD, A‐cells: 1.29 $ 0.06 μm; N‐cells: 1.23 ± 0.05 μm) and the minimum in the mid‐light (A‐cells: 1.16 μ 0.04 μm) or early dark (N‐cells: 1.14 μ 0.03 μm) phase. (2) These changes were markedly dampened (diminished) in sham‐operated animals. (3) Since this dampening of time‐of‐day changes after sham‐operations was not seen in A‐cells after pinealectomy, mediation by the pineal gland of this dampening is suggested. (4) Pinealectomized animals showed 24‐h changes in nucleolar diameters, but these changes differed from those of nonoperated controls in their temporal and phase relations. For example, there was phase advance in A‐cells in the juxtacortical area and desynchronization in N‐cells. (5) Furthermore, rhythm amplitude was slightly increased in A‐cells and slightly decreased in N‐cells after pinealectomy. (6) A‐ and N‐cells differed from each other consistently and significantly in the quantitative morphology of their nuleoli and nuclei, and slightly in the patterns of their time‐of‐day changes in nucleolar size. (7) Nucleolar size usually showed a tendency for a regional gradient, decreasing slightly from periphery toward the center. These observations contribute to our understanding of the chronobiology and functional relations of adrenomedullary chromaffin cells, and of the effects of pinealectomy and sham operations upon this system.
Phase Shift of Daily Profiles of N‐Acetyltransferase in the Rat Pineal Gland
Authors: White Beatrix H. , Mosher Karen , Binkley Sue 
Published: February 2007

Pineal N‐acetyltransferase activity (NAT) has a circadian rhythm with peak values in the dark time and low values in the light time. NAT time profiles were measured in rats exposed to LD 14:10, to constant dark, and to acute (less than 48 hr) lightdark treatments.In all experiments, imposition of light suppressed NAT. The phase of the dark time NAT cycle was altered 2 hr or less by the following treatments: 3 hr light in the early subjective night, 3 hr light in the late subjective night, 2 hr or 6 hr light in the early subjective day, 4 hr early lights‐on, 1 day of constant dark, or 1 day of constant light. When light was extended 4 hr into the dark time, NAT rose at lights out but fell again as the time of “expected” dawn approached.In contrast, the phase of the NAT cycle was shifted 12 hr (180°) within 72 hr by reversing the phase of the light‐dark cycle. NAT did not rise in the first dark period (coincident with the time of the subjective light time). The amplitude of the first shifted cycle was less than four control NAT profiles measured in rats kept in the original (unshifted) light dark cycle.