bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pottery Typology in Certain Lesser Antilles
Authors: Haag William G. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPottery types are demonstrably useful archaeological tools in the Lesser Antilles. The sequence of types established in selected excavations in St. Lucia and in Martinique confirms the sequence in Trinidad and northern South America. Several horizon markers are uniform in their distribution from St. Lucia to Guadeloupe. These are the early “types,” such as White-on-Red, Broad-Line Incised, Incised Polychrome, and Zoned Crosshatch. An additional type may be delineated based on conventionalized faces with coffee-bean eyes. A later type shows rim treatment wherein the lip area is regularly punctated with finger depressions. The seriation of these uniform and easily recognized types enables the reconstruction of a site-occupation sequence applicable to much of the Lesser Antilles.
Fragile-Pattern Areas
Authors: Hayden Julian D. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA fragile-pattern area is defined as any archaeological area in which man's material remains lie without depth upon an existing natural surface and thus comprise a pattern which is disturbed or broken by any form of selective artifact collecting. Such surfaces as desert pavements, degraded lake terraces, dunes, and trails are described, and it is shown why the first surveyor to visit a site should collect all available materials and information rather than sample them in the traditional manner. Suggestions are made for surveying areas that have already been damaged by collectors.
Liquor Bottles from Florida Military Sites
Authors: Olsen Stanley J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBlack-glass bottle fragments have been utilized by archaeologists to aid in the location of U.S. Army out-posts of the Seminole War period (1835-42) in Florida. The patent covering one type of liquor bottle is reported. The date of manufacture of these containers and the forts from which examples have been recovered are also recorded.
Patterns in Maya Floor Construction
Authors: Littmann Edwin R. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA study of floor construction in the Maya area leads to the conclusion that a definite technique or pattern seems to have been used from the Preclassic to the Postclassic periods and that this consisted of using a foundation under a base which was covered by a plaster. It appeared further that the same technique was applied regardless of the raw materials at hand. It was also found that the use of burned earth or clay as an element of a floor was rather widespread and appeared to be deliberate rather than the result of the burning of flammable superstructures. No attempt was made at this time to determine the fine structures of the separate floor elements based upon their chemical or physical properties.
Earth-Oven Plant Processing in Archaic Period Economies: An Example from a Semi-Arid Savannah in South-Central North America
Authors: Dering Phil 
Published: April 2006

AbstractModels of Archaic period economy in the Lower Pecos River region of southwest Texas and Coahuila, Mexico, are based primarily on coprolite, faunal, and macroplant analysis of materials recovered from rockshelters. The models maintain that during the Middle Archaic period residential mobility is reduced and tethered to rockshelters in canyons near water, and diet dominated by the plant resources lechuguilla (Agave lechuguilla), sotol (Dasylirion texanum), and prickly pear (Opuntia spp.). I use archaeobotanical analysis and actualistic studies to determine the contents of earth-oven features, the number of plant food calories produced by ovens, and the quantity of refuse they generate. Considered within the framework of a diet-breadth model, the data demonstrate that return rates and caloric yields for lechuguilla and sotol processed in earth ovens are typical of a broad spectrum, low-return economy. Intensive use of these low-ranked resources indicates periods of subsistence stress beginning in the Early Archaic period and continuing through the Late Archaic. Use of low-ranked, high-cost resources in canyon zones indicates that food and fuel resources were quickly depleted forcing high residential mobility. Depletion of local resources, not the distribution of water sources governed residential mobility.
Prehistoric Springs and Geochronology of the Clovis Site, New Mexico
Authors: Haynes C. Vance , Agogino George A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractGeologic investigation and radiocarbon dating of a newly exposed stratigraphic section at the famous Early Man site of Blackwater No. 1 (Clovis) in eastern New Mexico show the Brown Sand Wedge to be in part a contemporaneous facies of the Diatomaceous Earth (10,000 to 11,000 years old) and in part older (11,000 to 11,500 years old). The Gray Sand is probably more than 12,000 years old. Artifacts contained therein are concentrated in the upper 6 in. and are believed to have intruded the sand via the tramplings of the surface by man and animals.The discovery of ancient spring-feeder conduits confirms the springhead origin for the Brown Sand Wedge and the Gray Sand suggested by Sellards and Evans (1960). In addition to well-sorted, nearly spherical, graded, quartz grains the conduits contained Clovis, Folsom, and Agate Basin artifacts bearing an extremely high polish. Some Agate Basin points appear to have been coeval with Folsom points; others are younger. Deposition of the Carbonaceous Silt containing Scottsbluff points, Frederick points, and points of the Portales complex began as early as 9,800 years ago, and possibly continued as late as 7,000 years ago.
The Classification and Analysis
of Ancient Calcareous Materials
Authors: Littmann Edwin R. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn the present paper a systematic classification of ancient calcareous materials has been proposed which more closely defines limestone in terms of the ratio of calcium to magnesium present. The same classification may be applied to mortars and plasters to characterize the raw materials from which they were made. The classification includes "pure" calcium and magnesium minerals and any combination of the two.A new analytical procedure has been devised which eliminates the major sources of error in a previously used method and consists of first igniting the sample to remove all organic matter and most of the carbon dioxide and to oxidize any iron compounds to the ferric state. This is followed by solution of the sample under mild conditions and volumetrically determining the calcium and magnesium under conditions which eliminate the effect of any dissolved impurities.
Figurines, Flint Clay Sourcing, the Ozark Highlands, and Cahokian Acquisition
Authors: Emerson Thomas E. , Hughes Randall E. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAt the pinnacle of Eastern Woodlands’ prehistoric cultural development, Cahokia has been interpreted as a political and economic power participating in prestige-goods exchanges and trade networks stretching from the Great Plains to the South Atlantic. Among the more spectacular of the Cahokian elite artifacts were stone pipes and figurines made from a distinctive red stone previously identified as Arkansas bauxite. In this research, we used a combination of X-ray diffraction, sequential acid dissolution, and inductively coupled plasma analyses to establish the source of the raw material used in the manufacture of the red figurines and pipes that epitomize the Cahokian-style. Our research demonstrates that these objects were made of locally available flint clays. This finding, in conjunction with other evidence, indicate Cahokian exploitation of many mineral and stone resources focuses on the northern Ozark Highlands to the exclusion of other areas. These findings indicate that we must reassess the direction, extent, and role of Cahokian external contacts and trade in elite goods.
The Jersey County, Illinois, Bluff Focus
Authors: Titterington P. F. 
Published: April 2006

This group is characterized by low, domed shaped mounds located on the higher ridges and bluffs, and by village sites located on the second terraces in the bottoms adjacent to all weather springs and the larger creeks.The outline submitted is based upon mound excavations and surface work in the village sites done on vacations and week-ends over a period of eleven years. No village site excavations have been made because they are all located in fields that are in crops during the time of year that excavation is possible. Thirty-four mounds have been opened and the thirty-fifth is about one-half completed at this time. Fourteen elevations that proved not to be burial mounds have been worked. It is of interest to note that none of these contained any limestone slabs or unworked mussel shells, while all mounds containing burials did contain these two items.
“Drum” Bones
Authors: Ray J. Henry 
Published: April 2006

On many sites in the Pease and Red river section of Wilbarger County, Texas, are found numerous “drum” bones of fish. They occur on the surface of camp sites, which are on sandy terrain along river banks or on the slopes of nearby sand dunes, along with the average run of artifacts, including flint projectile points, scrapers, manos, and potsherds. Other fish remains do not appear. The question which has interested the writer is whether these strange bones owe their presence on the sites to their inherent durability or to the attention and care accorded them by the Indians.This area is noted for its Gaspergou or Drum fish. Within a cavity in the skull of this fish are located a pair of bones which the river folk term “drummers.” A three pound fish will produce a pair the size of a ten-cent piece. One side is convex, the other side is an irregular plane.
The Ceremonial Bar and Associated Features of Maya Ornamental Art
Authors: Taylor Walter W. 
Published: April 2006

In 1913, Spinden published his monumental work on the artistic forms in Maya culture. Since that time, many of his statements have assumed axiomatic character in the literature and discussion of Maya archaeology. However, as was to be expected, new information has tended to modify some of the generalizations put forward in 1913. In the present paper, I would like to offer evidence to support the hypothesis that certain artistic compositions, treated separately by Spinden, actually are members of a single complex, and then to review some of his generalizations in the light of this evidence and Maya chronology.The complex which I propose to demonstrate consists of the Ceremonial Bar, the Bar Pendant, and the Frieze-mask. It is my thesis that the Bar Pendant is the conceptual equivalent of the Ceremonial Bar and, in actual practice, is substituted for the latter. Similarly, the Friezemask is conceptually connected with the Bar and, thus, directly or indirectly, with the Pendant.
A Preliminary Definition of Archaeological Areas and Periods in Florida
Authors: Goggin John M. 
Published: April 2006

The state of Florida is mainly a peninsula projecting some three hundred miles south of the continental North American land mass. This unique position has given the state a certain amount of isolation, as a result of which, and because of environmental factors, Florida has been able to participate in the Southeastern cultural picture and at the same time to develop characteristic local features.Although Florida has had a long history of archaeological research, with an impressive bibliography of descriptive material, synthesis has only recently been attempted. Some early attempts were made to divide the state into archaeological areas but none were of any significance until M. W. Stirling's recent four-fold division into the Gulf Coast, Glades, St. Johns, and Northern Highland areas. This division has been found, in general, to be useful, needing only greater refinement.
Prehistoric Cultures of Cuba
Authors: Cosculluela J. A. 
Published: April 2006

In recent years a considerable amount of archaeological research has contributed to our knowledge of the Antilles. Especially valuable in this field are the numerous works of Osgood, Rouse, and Rainey, all of the Peabody Museum of Yale University, whose valuable investigations and excellent monographs have brought new life to the archaeology of the Antilles.Nevertheless, much remains to be done, and important discoveries relating to Antillean problems will probably yet be made. Cultural relationships between the Antilles and the two adjacent continents constitute one of the primary historical problems of great importance. The affiliations of the Antillean cultures cannot be established until the archaeology of such points of possible contact as Venezuela, Yucatan, and Florida is more fully known.
A Kiva Bell from Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico
Authors: Brugge David M. 
Published: April 2006

The writer recently observed in a private collection an artifact that is of interest because it has been identified as a kiva bell, an object occasionally found archseologically and still used by the modern Pueblo Indians.The artifact was found many years ago on the site of Rainbow House, Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico. It resembles a blade, being tapered and rounded on one end, squared on the other, with 2 notches set toward the squared end. It was apparently first percussion chipped and then polished on both sides, without any attempt being made to eliminate all traces of the chipping around the edges. The material is a finegrained black basalt. It is broken across the middle, but this is reported to have occurred after it was found. The dimensions are: length 24.5 cm., width 8.8 cm., and thickness about 1.3 cm.The identification was made by a Cochiti Indian who said that there are others similar to it in use at Cochiti today.
New Radiocarbon Dates and the Maya Correlation Problem
Authors: Satterthwaite Linton , Ralph Elizabeth K. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractTwo long series of samples from Tikal, Petén, Guatemala, have been dated by the radiocarbon method for the purpose of limiting the range of possible correlations of the Maya calendar with the Christian. These samples from lintel and vault beams were selected from latest-growth portions of the beams which were presumably cut at times corresponding to Maya dates carved on lintels of two temples. Christian dates for dedicatory Maya dates of the lintels are calculated according to five correlation hypotheses, and are compared with radiocarbon dates for ten beams from Temple IV and six from Temple I. These new radiocarbon dates are shown to be closely related to “absolute” ages by means of radiocarbon counts of tree-ring-dated samples of the same period. The radiocarbon results support the 11-16 (Goodman-Thompson-Martinez) correlation. Attention is given to previous radiocarbon tests by other laboratories of beams removed from Tikal many years ago which seemed to favor the 12-9 correlation in Spinden or Makemson variants. With the aid of new radiocarbon dates for similar samples, reasons for the differences in results are discussed.
Natural Preservation of Human Brain, Warm Mineral Springs, Florida
Authors: Royal William , Clark Eugenie 
Published: April 2006

AbstractArtifacts of Archaic types, human bones, and a partly burned log have been recovered from three layers of sediments on the floor of a shallow limestone cave now under water. The skeletal remains include a skull from Layer 2 with naturally preserved portions of brain inside. The charred log from Layer 3 produced a radiocarbon date of 8000 B.C. ± 200 years. The age of the preserved brain may not be as great as that of the log and human remains in Layer 3. The radiocarbon date is the earliest known date for man in Florida and suggests that during the early Southeastern Archaic, man lived in limestone caves in Florida when the sea level was considerably lower than at present.
A Hopewell Tool for Decorating Pottery
Authors: Quimby George I. 
Published: April 2006

Wedel and Trowbridge described a prehistoric rouletting tool from a Hopewellian site in Wyandotte County, Kansas. This rouletting tool of bone was circular with a notched stamping edge and an attached handle that served also as an axle for the stamping wheel. The discovery of this tool, according to the authors, substantiated rouletting on the principle of wheel-rolling, as originally deduced by Holmes in 1892.In the collections of the Chicago Natural History Museum there is a Hopewell rouletting tool that may represent a borderline case of the principle of rouletting by wheel-rolling. This tool was excavated from Mound 25 of the Hopewell Group in Ross County, Ohio by Warren K. Moorehead in 1891-92 and until the present time remained unidentified in a miscellaneous collection of fragmentary Hopewell artifacts stored in the Museum.
Some Thoughts on Chibcha Culture in the High Plains of Colombia
Authors: Haury Emil W. 
Published: April 2006

The Chibchas, whose habitat was in the high plains of the eastern Cordillera of the Andes in central Colombia, are usually classified with the Maya and Inca as representatives of the highest civilized peoples in native America. Unlike the Maya and Inca, who left abundant testimony of their greatness in the form of spectacular religious monuments, cities, public works, and an enormous array of material possessions, the reminders of the Chibcha are not only difficult to find, but once found, they are unimpressive. Chibcha greatness is attributed to their achievement of political states, each dominated by a ruler who controlled the destiny of those people within his domain.Using cultures of high political and religious achievement as a basis for comparison, it may be inferred that the Chibcha should have had a respectable history as a requisite for advanced political organization and a complex material culture.
The Fort Pierre Branch, Central South Dakota
Authors: Lehmer Donald J. 
Published: April 2006

During the 1950 and 1951 seasons, field parties of the Missouri River Basin Survey carried on a series of excavations in the vicinity of the Oahe dam near Pierre, South Dakota. Most of the work was done at two earth lodge villages, the Dodd site (39ST30) and the Phillips Ranch site (39ST14). On the basis of the archaeological material from the Dodd and Phillips Ranch sites, and from a series of previously excavated sites located within a thirty-mile radius of the Dodd site, it seems possible to set up a sequence of cultural complexes for the area, complexes which follow one another in time and which appear to represent a series of modifications in and accretions to the earliest one known for the area.The Dodd site, located on the west bank of the Missouri River about six miles upstream from Pierre, provides the basis for the chronological seriation of the material.
Historical Implications of a Pattern of Dates at Piedras Negras, Guatemala
Authors: Proskouriakoff Tatiana 
Published: April 2006

AbstractInscriptions at Piedras Negras are shown to form a pattern of discrete sets of records, each inscribed on a group of consecutive monuments beginning with a stela depicting the “ascension motif.” The earliest date in a series, identified by the upended frog glyph and called an “initial date” precedes the first dedicatory date by a number of years, falling within the span of an earlier series. A date in the first dedicatory hotun of each set is marked by a “toothache glyph” and is called the “inaugural date.” The intervals between these dates are such that no single series exceeds the span of a reasonable lifetime, and it is suggested that the initial date represents something in the nature of a birth or name day of a ruler who accedes to power on the inaugural date, and that each set of monuments records the history of a reign. The representations on monuments are interpreted as portraits of rulers and their families. Initial and inaugural dates at other sites are identified by their respective glyphs, but no articulated series of reigns has been found outside of Piedras Negras.The variations of the upended frog and toothache glyphs suggest that they are essentially verbal action glyphs. Other action glyphs are correlated with motifs on Yaxchilan lintels, where they follow close upon date notations. Groups of glyphs following the action glyph are identified as appellatives, and are found to contain feminine head prefixes when they refer to robed or skirted figures of women. It is suggested that “ben-ich” katun notations occurring with appellatives of rulers are to be counted from their initial dates. Lunar and determinant meanings ascribed to dates are shown to have no relation to action glyphs accompanying them, and the historical approach is recommended as being more consistent with observed glyphic patterns.
Association of Fossil Fauna and Artifacts of the Sulphur Spring Stage, Cochise Culture
Authors: Haury Emil W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe validity of the association of extinct faunal remains with the artifact assemblage of the Sulphur Spring horizon of the Cochise culture has recently been questioned. Charred bones, bone articulation, the stratigraphic position of some of the bones above the culture bearing layer, and the frequency of association are cited as convincing evidence that the people of the Sulphur Spring horizon knew and hunted animals now extinct.
Faunal Remains from the Lehner Mammoth Site
Authors: Lance John F. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe Lehner site fauna includes at least nine individuals of Mammuthus columbi and one each of Equus, Bison, and Tapirus. Mammoth material consists chiefly of jaws and teeth and shows a great range of individual variation. The tapir is represented by one of the largest fossil tapir jaws described from North America. The accumulation is considered to represent several kills over a period of several months. Climate at the time of the Lehner hunts was probably more humid than at present, but not tropical. The radiocarbon date of about 11,000 B.P. is considered reasonable. New genera reported from other early man faunas are Neotoma from the Ventana complex and Bison from the Naco site.
Indications of a Paleo-Indian Co-Tradition for North America
Authors: Cotter John L. 
Published: April 2006

It is time to consider some recent trends in thought on the paleo-Indian and certain inferences which may be derived from trait evidence so. far discovered. Recently, some specialists on the problem have begun to realize that, although a good number of flaked blade types from the “early man” horizon have been found scattered over North America, there are also certain associated artifacts which bear significant similarities over a continental area. Thus, the idea is taking shape that the paleo-Indian here was not represented by many culturally diverse groups, but was, on the other hand, living perforce in a relatively culturally homogeneous manner since he existed on much the same economic base for several thousand years. Although different techniques and fashions of artifact manufacture were developed, these changes did not necessarily indicate change in a mode of living.
In discussing the western area with reference to Danger Cave, Jennings (1953) proposes that many of these “early man” manifestations could be lumped together as the Desert culture.