bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on the detection of okadaic acid in mussels: Preliminary comparison of bioassays
Authors: Baut Claire Marcaillou‐Le , Amzil Zouher , Vemoux Jean‐Paul , Pouchus Yves‐François , Bohec Madeleine , Simon Jean‐François 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDiarrheic toxins, especially okadaic acid, are detected nearly every year in mussels on French coasts. The monitorins network determines the toxicity of these shellfish by using a mouse test now considered unsatisfactory from an ethical point of view. Two alternative methods have been investigated: the daphnia test, for which there is a standardized method used routinely in ecotoxicolosy, and a cytotoxicity test on the KB cell line developed for this study. Using the same samples, the results of these two tests were compared with those obtained by chemical analysis (HPLC okadaic acid assay) or the mouse test. Linear regression studies showed that results for the two bioassays were well correlated with those for HPLC or the mouse test. © 1994 Wiley‐Las, Inc.
Toxicology and seafood toxins: Domoic acid
Authors: Iverson Frank , Truelove John 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMarine and terrestrial food sources are susceptible to contamination by various industrial chemicals and microbial pathogens. Both types of hazard are amenable to regulatory assessment using a single toxicology data base, along with some knowledge of contaminant levels and consumption figures for food. On the other hand, regulatory problems persist with acutely toxic naturally occurring phycotoxins, which may accumulate unpredictably to toxic levels in seafood. However, a scarce supply of pure toxin often precludes the availability of acceptable toxicology studies describing their biological effects. An exception to this situation is domoic acid, a neurotoxic phycotoxin that produced numerous cases of severe human intoxication which demanded extensive toxicological study. This paper describes a series of ongoing studies initiated in the wake of the outbreak of domoic acid toxicity that occurred in 1987 in Eastern Canada. © 1994 wiley‐Liss, Inc.
stachybotrys toxins. 1
Authors: Jarvis Bruce B. , Salemme Jean , Morals Anselmo 
Published: October 2006

AbstractCultures of several isolates of Stachybotrys chartarum have produced a series of cytotoxic macrocyclic trichothecenes including two newly characterized conseners: isosatratoxin G and S‐isosatratoxin H. Nine immunosuppressant phenylspirodrimanes (1–9) were isolated and characterized, the majority of which are newly reported compounds. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of mycotoxins in human and animal nutrition and health
Authors: Smith John E. , Solomons Gerald , Lewis Chris , Anderson John G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe impact of mycotoxins on human and animal health is now increasingly recognised. Mycotoxin entry to the human and animal dietary systems is mainly by ingestion but increasing evidence also points at entry by inhalation. Mycotoxins exhibit a wide array of biological effects and individual mycotoxins can be mutagenic, carcinogenic, embryotoxic, teratogenic, or oestrogenic. Average levels of ingestion of currently known mycotoxins in most EEC countries are rather low. Little is known about the consequences to humans of such mycotoxin intakes. Establishing a causal relationship between mycotoxin exposure and human disease is complicated by uncertainties associated with human epidemiological studies. Analysis of mycotoxin adducts in human populations can act as a surrogate for human genotoxicity. Mycotoxins can also be immunosuppressive and appear to involve cellular immune phenomena and non‐specific humoral factors associated wtih immunity. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Natural toxins and protective factors in brassica species, including rapeseed
Authors: Heaney Robert K. , Fenwick G. Roger 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMany plant secondary metabolites exhibit a wide range of dose‐related physiological properties when included in the diet of animals and man. Within the brassica family, the glucosinolates, a group of sulphur‐containing glucosides have been the subject of a vast amount of study and the effects of dietary inclusion of such compounds or their metabolites on the health of animals and man are briefly reviewed. Although excessive amounts of glucosinolates in animal feed formulations may reduce growth and performance as well as affecting thyroid, liver, and kidney function, there is little evidence of such effects in man. On the contrary, compounds derived from glucosinolates as a consequence of enzymic breakdown or metabolism have been shown to activate mechanisms which moderate or reverse carcinogenic processes. Such effects may contribute to the net anti‐carcinogenic benefit attributed to these vegetables in numerous epidemiological studies. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of mycotoxins in food and feed: Certification of DON in wheat and maize
Authors: Gilbert John 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWorldwide there are either statutory limits or in some instances advisory guidelines for the maximum levels of mycotoxins in foods and feeds. These limits which have been agreed for the protection of human health and as standards for trade are often set at surprisingly low levels in view of both the problems of sampling and the abundant evidence of the difficulties of mycotoxin analysis, particularly so when approaching the limits of detection. Improved methodology for mycotoxins and improvements in performance even of expert laboratories have, however, been achieved through intercomparison exercises organised by the EC Measurement and Testing programme (formerly BCR). On a wider scale, participation in proficiency testing through schemes such as the UK Food Analysis Performance Assessment Scheme (FAPAS) have indicated that between 10 and 40% of laboratories experience difficulties in obtaining satisfactory results in monitoring mycotoxins. Reference materials provide an important means of checking method performance. BCR has made a unique contribution in the production and certification of maize and wheat reference materials naturally contaminated with the Fusarium mycotoxin 4‐deoxynivalenol (DON), which has now been available for purchase for some 2 years. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ochratoxin A in cereals and the BCRxs‐M&T‐projects
Authors: Wood Gillian M. , Entwisle A. Catherine , Patel Susan , Hald Bénédicte , Boenke Achim 
Published: October 2006

AbstractReliable analytical procedures and certified reference materials are essential for the establishment and enforcement of tolerance levels for ochratoxin A in foods. The inadequacy of analytical procedures, together with the need for certified reference materials, led the Commission of the European Communities Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) to undertake a project to prepare suitable reference materials for ochratoxin A in wheat, in order to imporve methodology and to harmonise agreement of results between member states. The first intercomparison study indicated problems in the analysis due to the influence of co‐extractives in the matrix, and demonstrated that further work was necessary to improve recovery, clean‐up and reproducibility.The second intercomparison study, in the EC Measurements and Testing Programme, correlated the performance of the different methods for ochratoxin A measurement in a separate batch of contaminated wheat, and compared novel immunoaffinity column methods with the standard laboratory methods. Results were obtained from 26 laboratories within 11 European countries, which therefore gives a good representation of the scope of methods currently used in Europe. Considerable improvements in the determination of ochratoxin A were noted compared with the first intercomparison study. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
IARC activities in mycotoxin research
Authors: Castegnaro Marcel , Wild Christopher P. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe creation of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in May 1965 occurred only two years after publication of the chemical structure of the aflatoxins, and the investigation of a possible link between exposure to these compounds and liver cancer incidence was initiated by IARC as early as 1968. Thus, mycotoxins were one of the first topics of research at IARC and the Agency's special interest in cancer in developing countries has contributed to a sustained effort in this research field. The work performed comprises a number of aspects including laboratory research into mechanisms of action and methods for destruction of mycotoxins, epidemiological studies, and through evaluation of the carcinogenic potency of these toxins in the “IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.” A particular feature has been the integration into epidemiological studies of biomarkers of mycotoxin exposure (e.g., to aflatoxin, ochratoxin A) developed in the IARC laboratories. The above research areas are described briefly below and future activities are discussed in relation to present knowledge and the possibilities of achieving primary prevention of cancer. Another field of activity in which IARC has been strongly involved is that of quality assurance with the organisation of the mycotoxin check sample programme [Friesen, 1989: J ToxicolToxin Reviews 8:363‐373]. This activity will, however, not be discussed in this article in view of space limitations. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Isolation and identification of a compound from avocado (Persea americana) leaves which causes necrosis of the acinar epithelium of the lactating mammary gland and the myocardium
Authors: Oelrichs Peter B. , Ng Jack C. , Seawright Alan A. , Ward Annemarie , Schäffeler Lothar , Macleod John K. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIt is well known that when lactating livestock eat avocado (Persea americana) leaves they may develop non‐infectious mastitis and agalactia. This is associated with extensive coagulative necrosis of the secretory acinar epithelium and interstitial oedema, congestion, and haemorrhage. Similar lesions have been produced in mammary glands of lactating mice fed a diet containing a small percentage of freeze‐dried avocado leaf. Tests using these animals have been used to isolate the active principle, termed persin, from avocado leaves. The purified persin was examined using IR, NMR, and UV spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, and identified as (Z,Z)‐1‐(acetyloxy)‐2‐hydroxy‐12,15‐heneicosadien‐4‐one. Persin has previously been isolated from avocado leaves and shown to have antifungal properties and to be toxic to silkworms. Our tests have shown that persin at the dose rate of 60‐100 mg/kg has the same effect on mammary glands in lactating mice as leaves from avocado. Enantioselective syntheses of the R and the S isomers of persin and related derivatives were carried out. These compounds were tested for activity required to induce widespread lactating mammary gland necrosis in mice, and only the R isomer was found active. At doses of persin above 100 mg/kg necrosis of myocardial fibres may occur and hydrothorax may be present in severely affected animals. The mechanism of action of persin on both the mammary gland and the myocardium remain to be resolved. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, inc.
Isolation of a compound from Eupatorium adenophorum (Spreng.) [Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.)] causing hepatotoxicity in mice
Authors: Oelrichs Peter B. , Calanasan Cleofe A. , Macleod John K. , Seawright Alan A. , Ng Jack C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractRegular insestion of Eupatorium adenophorum [Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.)] or Crofton weed causes chronic pulmonary disease in horses mainly in Australia, New Zealand, and the Himalayas. The disease is characterised by pulmonary interstitial fibrosis, emphysema, alveolar epithelisation and reduced tolerance to exercise. Horses apparently are the only animals affected and there are numerous reports of farms losing all their horses. The disorder was produced experimentally in horse feeding trials, and it was shown that characteristic lesions occurred in the lungs. In studies with laboratory animals, mice were shown to be suitable test animals, but in this species lesions occur in the liver rather than the lungs. The hepatic injury in these animals is characterised by multiple areas of focal necrosis of the parenchyma associated with degeneration and loss of the epithelium lining the small bile ducts. The active principle 9‐oxo‐10,11 dehydroagerophorone responsible for these lesions in mice has been isolated from E. adenophorum. Although the compound has been shown to exhibit toxicity to larvae of invertebrate species, no mammalian toxicity studies have been previously reported involving the isolated toxin. The mechanism of the toxic effect of the compound as well as its possible relevance to the respiratory disease in the horse remain to investigated. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cooliatoxin, the first toxin from Coolia monotis (dinophyceae)
Authors: Holmes Michael J. , Lewis Richard J. , Jones Alun , Hoy Ashley W. Wong 
Published: October 2006

AbstractCoolia monotis is a benthic dinoflagellate previously thought to be non‐toxic. We describe a new toxin, named cooliatoxin, purified from cultures of a strain of C. monotis isolated from Australia. Cooliatoxin is likely a mono‐sulphated, polyether toxin (Mr = 1,062; i.p. LD50 = 1 mg/kg in mice) that induces hypothermia and respiratory failure in mice after a pronounced delay period during which there are no obvious signs of intoxication. These signs in mice are similar to those reported for the shellfish toxin named yessotoxin and the molecular weight of cooliatoxin corresponds to the mono‐sulphated form of yessotoxin, suggesting that cooliatoxin may be an analogue of yessotoxin. Cooliatoxin has no effect on the mouse phrenic nerve or diaphragm musculature in vitro but causes initial stimulation and subsequent block of unmylenated nerves in vitro. In isolated guinea pig left atria, cooliatoxin (above 20 nm) induced a slow developing, concentration dependent, sustained positive inotropic response. Propranolol or tetrodotoxin reversed the positive inotropic effects, indicating that the majority of the cooliatoxin induced response was mediated by stimulation of nerves associated with the atrial musculature, resulting in the release of noradrenaline. Cooliatoxin induced transient contractions in isolated guinea pig vas deferens preparations. Atria and vas deferens preparations were tachyphylactic to a second equivalent dose of cooliatoxin applied after the effects of the first dose had diminished. The observed in vitro effects of cooliatoxin on peripheral nerves are unlikely to account for the lethal effects in mice and a central action of this toxin is suspected. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Documented case of ciguatera on the Mexican Pacific Coast
Authors: Lechuga‐Devéze Carlos H. , Sierra‐Beltrán Arturo P. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSerranidae and Labridae fish caught in 1993 at Alijos Rocks, 300 miles off East Magdalena Bay, Southern Baja California, caused severe illness of a fishing boat crew. The described symptoms resembled those of ciguatera. The presence of ciguatera‐like toxins was confirmed on extracts from these fish using the mouse bioassay procedure, showing activities between 220 to 390 mouse units (M.U.). The founding of ciguatoxin at Alijos Rocks (24° 57′ N, 115° 45′ W) extends to the northeast its geographical distribution in the Pacific and locates the outbreak near the continental coastline. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enhancement of domoic acid production by reintroducing bacteria to axenic cultures of the diatom Pseudo‐nitzschia multiseries
Authors: Bates Stephen S. , Douglas Donald J. , Doucette Gregory J. , Léger Claude 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAxenic cultures of Pseudo‐nitzschia multiseries (formerly Pseudonitzschia pungens f. multiseries) produce less domoic acid (DA) than the original bacteria‐containing cultures. Bacterial strains isolated from two nonaxenic P. multiseries clones were reintroduced individually into cultures of three axenic P. multiseries strains. The bacteria did not substantially affect division rates or cell yields. However, they did cause a 2‐ to 95‐fold enhancement of DA production (per cell basis) relative to the axenic culture, depending on the P. multiseries and bacterial strain used. Bacteria isolated from a nontoxic Chaetoceros sp. culture also enhanced DA per cell (by 115‐fold), showing that it is not necessary for the bacteria to be isolated from a toxic culture in order to enhance toxin production. There was no evidence of intracellular bacteria in disrupted P. multiseries cells obtained from axenic cultures. Our results demonstrate an important, but nonessential, role of extracellular bacteria in DA production. Characterization of the bacterial strains using morphology, substrate utilization, and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analyses clearly showed that we had isolated different species of bacteria from the various nonaxenic cultures. We conclude that not one but several bacterial species enhance DA production by P. multiseries. © 1995 wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ochratoxin a levels in human milk and related food samples: An exposure assessment
Authors: Miraglia Marina , De Dominicis Alessandra , Brera Carlo , Corneli Silvia , Cava Egle , Menghetti Ettore , Miraslia Elena 
Published: October 2006

AbstractOchratoxin A (OA) is a mycotoxin detected in a variety of food and feeds mostly from countries with temperate or continental climate, because the fungi that produce it, mainly Aspergillus ochraceus, Pénicillium verrucosum, and Pénicillium viridicatum, can grow under a great variety of climate conditions. The aim of this article was, firstly, to confirm the occurrence of OA in human milk in Italy. Then, a preliminary calculation of OA intake via human milk was made, from ingested food. For this investigation, food and milk samples were collected, continuously for a week, from 4 lactating mothers. The obtained results revealed a significant exposure of sucklings and mothers to OA levels higher than the tolerable daily intake as estimated from animal models. On the basis of these data, a major effort in planning surveillance and research programs to control OA contamination in food, feed, and biological fluids should be pursued. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pediatric T‐cell post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorder after solid organ transplantation
Authors: Yang Fan , Li Ying , Braylan Raul , Hunger Stephen P. , Yang Li‐Jun 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPost‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is the most common treatment related malignancy that occurs after solid organ transplantation (SOT). PTLD has extended from its initial description as an Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)‐driven B‐cell proliferation to include EBV‐negative and non B‐lineage cases. T‐cell PTLD (T‐PTLD) is rare in both adults and children. We report two cases of pediatric T‐PTLD after SOT (liver and lungs) and review cases reported in the literature. Both patients had a bimodal response to therapy with initial eradication of bulky nodal disease with regimens typically used to treat leukemia, but persistence of low‐level clonal T‐cells in marrow, CSF and lung in one case. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:415–418. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A pregnancy register of patients receiving carbamazepine in the UK
Authors: Pearse Sonja B. , Rodriguez Luis Alberto Garcia , Hartwell Caroline , Russell Gordon 
Published: October 2006

AbstractFrom 1978 to 1990, CIBA‐GEIGY Pharmaceuticals (UK) were notified of the pregnancy outcome of 154 women who were being treated with Tegretol® (carbamazepine) during their pregnancy. The first contact of these reports occurred either before the end of the pregnancy (prospective reports) or after the result of the pregnancy was known (retrospective reports). Prospective reports were followed up in order to ascertain details of each pregnancy and the health status at birth of the offspring. The same information for the retrospective reports was collected after the pregnancy outcome occurred. Three possible outcomes of pregnancy were identified: (1) Patients whose pregnancies resulted in normal healthy babies, (2) patients whose pregnancies ended in premature spontaneous abortion and (3) patients whose pregnancies resulted in babies with congenital malformations. A total of 88 patient's reports were prospective. Of these, 75 pregnancies resulted in normal babies, 9 in spontaneous abortions and 4 in abnormal babies (5%). A total of 65 patient's reports were retrospective. Of these, 23 pregnancies resulted in normal babies, 8 in spontaneous abortions and 34 in abnormal babies (60%). This major reporting bias in the retrospective group discourages its use in the quantitative safety assessment of medicines given to pregnant women.
Predicting prescribing costs: A model of northern Ireland general practices
Authors: Wilson‐Davis Keith , Stevenson William G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPrescription costs are large and rising yet previous studies attempting to explain the variation in them have not been very successful.We analysed the prescribing costs for all GPs in Northern Ireland for the month of November 1990.Using a simple linear regression model we can explain 91.9% of the total variation in Northern Ireland GPs' monthly prescribing costs using only the two variables of the number of children aged under 5 and the number of elderly aged 60 years and over on a GP's list, all other age‐groups did not add anything substantial to the model or explained variation in costs. Inclusion of ‘deprived patients’ (as measured by the Jarman Index) adds only £0.15 per patient to a GPs monthly prescribing cost total.The model requires further testing but has a large potential for GP audit and peer review in the area of prescribing costs.
Patient compliance with beta‐blocker medication in general practice
Authors: Petri H. , Urquhart J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe measured compliance with beta‐blocking drugs in a group of 105 patients with uncomplicated hypertension, and without coronary heart disease or other major concomitant disease. We measured compliance with an electronic monitor (MEMS®) that records time and date of each opening of the container in which the patient's regularly prescribed beta blocker was dispensed. This measurement was compared with their physicians' estimates of their compliance with the prescribed beta blocker regimen. Patients were followed during a period of 2–6 months, for a total of 15,274 days of observation. In 820 (5.4 per cent) of observation days dosing was incorrect; in 619 days, one or more tablets were omitted, and in 201 days one or more extra doses were taken. In 64 of the 105 patients, we observed drug holidays: days without evidence of beta blocker dosing. Concordance was low between the physicians' estimates and MEMS‐measured compliance, with a tendency toward physician overestimation of compliance. The study enrolled only patients long treated for uncomplicated disease, with no other serious concomitant illness; this special selection probably accounts for the relatively good compliance found.