bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Benzo[b]cyclohepta[e][1,4]thiazines and Their Diazine Analogues. III. π-Electronic Structures of 5H,11H+-Cyclohepta[b]quinoxalinium Ions and Their O- and S-Analogues
Authors: Kurihara Teruo , Shindo Kimio , Ishikawa Sumio , Nozoe Tetsuo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
π-Electronic structures of 5H,11H+-cyclohepta[b]quinoxalinium ions and their O- and S-analogues were elucidated by means of 1H and 13C NMR spectra, electronic spectra, and theoretical calculations. Consequently, it was shown that these compounds had very stable aromatic characters with positive resonance energies and that the 6π-tropylium-6π-benzonoid form plays an important role for the π-conjugation structure.
Molecular Orbital Approach to Antioxidant Mechanisms of Phenols by an Ab Initio Study
Authors: Tanaka Kazunori , Sakai Shogo , Tomiyama Shogo , Nishiyama Tomihiro , Yamada Fukiko 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
An ab initio molecular orbital theory has been applied to a study of the hydrogen abstractions of phenolic antioxidants in the chain process of autoxidation. The optimum structures of phenols, of peroxides, and of those compounds in the transition states were obtained with a Hartree–Fock/STO-3G basis set. From the values of enthalpy (ΔH) and activation energy (Ea) obtained, it was found that the rates of the reaction of peroxyl radical with phenolic antioxidant were faster than those with organic substrate in the propagation, and that the effect of the aromatic ring of the antioxidants not only stabilized a product state but also decreased an energy level in the transition state. The para-substituent effect that an electron-releasing substituent increased the antioxidant activity, whereas an electron-withdrawing one decreased it, was recognized. The relationship between ΔH and Ea values followed the Evans–Polanyi rule. The transition states in the hydrogen abstractions with lower Ea values prefer reactant-like structures, whereas those with higher Ea values prefer product-like ones.
Hydration of Propene over Proton- and Metal Ion-Exchanged Zeolite Catalysts at Atmospheric Pressure
Authors: Mori Hiroshi , Mizuno Noritaka , ShiRouzu Toshihiro , Kagawa Shuichi , Iwamoto Masakazu 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The gas-phase hydration of propene over proton-exchanged or metal ion-exchanged zeolites with various Si/Al ratios and structures (such as ZSM-5, mordenite, ferrierite, and Y-type) has been studied. It was found that the catalytic activity of proton-exchanged zeolites for the conversion of propene to 2-propanol did not depend on their framework structure, but showed a volcano-shaped dependence on the Al content, as was observed in the hydration of ethene. On the basis of temperature-programmed desorption experiments of NH3 adsorbed on the zeolites, it was confirmed that the activity is controlled by the acidity of the catalysts. The catalytic activity of metal ion-exchanged Y zeolites increased with an increase in the electronegativity of the metal ion.
Enantioselective Extraction of Di-O-benzoyltartrate Anion by Ion-Pair Extractant Having Binaphthyl-Unit
Authors: Ohki Akira , Miyashita Ryo , Naka Kensuke , Maeda Shigeru 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A lipophilic diphosphonium salt 1 having binaphtyl-type axial chirality was developed as a novel ion-pair extractant. By use of (R)-1, (−)-di-O-benzoyltartrate ((−)-DBT) was extracted more effectively than (+)-DBT. The enantioselectivity (α=D(−)⁄D(+); D: distribution ratio) was 1.3–1.4. When monophosphonium-type extractants (2 and 3) having structures similar to that of 1 were used, the enantioselectivity was heavily lowered. Equilibrium studies revealed that the extraction occurs via formation of a 1 : 1 ion-pair complex between 1 and DBT at pH 7.5–8.0. The effects of pH, ionic strength, and temperature on the extractability and the enantioselectivity were investigated. The enantioselectivity decreased with lowering pH, and was higher at lower temperatures. The optical purity of DBT in the aqueous phase was gradually enhanced by multistage extraction. From an NMR analysis of the 1·DBT complex, the resonances of methylene-protons adjacent to phosphonium in the more extractable complexes ((R)-1·-(−)-DBT and (S)-1·(+)-DBT) shifted to a higher field compared to those of the less extractable complexes ((R)-1·(+)-DBT and (S)-1·(−)-DBT).
Formation and Properties of Ferroelectric Liquid Crystalline Compound Containing –C(O)–S–O– Linkage
Authors: Takatoh Kohki , Sakamoto Masanori 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
During our investigations of the synthesis of ferroelectric liquid crystal compounds containing a fluorenone nucleus, the formation of a novel compound having a –C(O)–S-O– linkage was discovered as a by-product when a derivative of fluorenone carboxylic acid was treated with thionyl chloride and a phenol. This compound also exhibited ferroelectric liquid crystal properties. Compounds with a –C(O)–S–O– linkage have been little reported; this is the first report concerning a liquid crystalline compound with this type linkage. The thermal stability of the mesophase is reduced upon changing from the –C(O)–O– linkage to the –C(O)–S–O– linkage. The synthesis and properties of this compound are discussed in detail.
Asymmetric Michael Addition of the N-Alkylidene Derivative of an α-Amino Ester to Methyl (E)-3-[(3R,7aS)-2-Phenylperhydropyrrolo[1,2-c]imidazol-3-yl]propenoate
Authors: Yamamoto Hidetoshi , Kanemasa Shuji , Wada Eiji 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The exclusively diastereoselective asymmetric Michael addition of the lithiated methyl N-(2,2-dimethylpropylidene)glycinate to methyl (E)-3-[(3R,7aS)-2-phenylperhydropyrrolo[1,2-c]imidazol-3-yl]propenoate is described. The synperiplanar conformer of the acceptor propenoate participated in the reaction where the re-face of the acceptor molecule was attacked by the re(β)-face of the lithiated intermediate.
Thermal Decomposition of Barium Amidotriphosphate
Authors: Takenaka Atsushi , Yamasaki Hiromu , Motooka Itaru , Nariai Hiroyuki 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Barium amidotriphosphate (Ba3P3O9NH2·3.5H2O) was heated at 5 K min−1 in streams of dried air, humid air, and dried hydrogen chloride. cyclo-Triphosphates were not observed in any products, unlike in the pyrolysis of (NH4)4P3O9NH2·H2O. Water vapor or hydrogen chloride hydrolyzed phosphorus–nitrogen and phosphorus–oxygen bonds of the products.
A Convenient Preparation of Ketones by the Oxidation of Secondary Alcohols with Chromium(VI) Trioxide in Aprotic Solvent in the Presence of “Wet”-Aluminum Oxide
Authors: Hirano Masao , Nagasawa Sonoko , Morimoto Takashi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The oxidation of aliphatic and alicyclic secondary alcohols with chromium(VI) trioxide in the presence of “wet”-aluminum oxide in hexane gave the corresponding ketones in excellent yields under mild conditions.
An Efficient Preparation of 3,3′-Methylenebisazulenes
Authors: Matsubara Yoshiharu , Morita Masanori , Takekuma Shin-ichi , Zhao Zhendong , Yamamoto Hiroshi , Nozoe Tetsuo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Various 3,3′-methylenebis azulenes were prepared in high yields upon treatment of 1-substituted azulenes with a solution of 0.1–0.2 wt% paraformaldehyde in glacial acetic acid at 25°C for 1 h. Thus, 1-methyl-, 1-isopropyl-, 1,5-diisopropylazulene, guaiazulene, and methyl 2-hydroxy-1-azulenecarboxylate readily provided the corresponding 3,3′-methylenebisazulenes, respectively. Acetic acid which had been refluxed with 5 wt% KMnO4 for 2 h and then distilled according to a purification method was found to contain 0.1–0.2 wt% formaldehyde and exert the same 3,3′-methylenebisazulene formation. 3,3′-Dideuteriomethyl-enebis(guaiazulene) was obtained by employing the similar distillate from acetic acid-d4.
Time-Resolved Resonance Raman Investigation of Cytochrome Oxidase Catalysis: Observation of a New Oxygen-Isotope Sensitive Raman Band
Authors: Ogura Takashi , Takahashi Satoshi , Shinzawa-Itoh Kyoko , Yoshikawa Shinya , Kitagawa Teizo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The reduction of dioxygen by cytochrome oxidase has been investigated, in the time interval between 0.1 and 5.4 ms after initiation of the reaction, by using time-resolved resonance Raman spectroscopy combined with the Artificial Cardiovascular System [Ogura et al., Biochemistry, 28, 8022 (1989)]. At 0.5 ms we observed a new oxygen-isotope sensitive Raman band at 356 cm−1 for 16O2, which shifted down to 341 cm−1 for 18O2. The temporal behavior of this band was found to be very close to that of another oxygen-isotope sensitive band at 788 cm−1 which had been assigned previously to the Fe(IV)=O stretching mode of the ferryloxo intermediate [Ogura et al., J. Biol. Chem., 265, 14721(1990)]. However, the fact that the 788 cm−1 band shifts to a higher frequency (802 cm−1) in 2H2O, taken together with the present detection of two oxygen-isotope sensitive bands, prompts us to suggest an alternative assignment; namely, that these bands arise from the O−–O− (788 cm−1) and Fe(III)–O− (356 cm−1) stretching modes of the Fe(III)–O−–O−–H intermediate. This conclusion forces a reconsideration of the currently accepted view of cytochrome oxidase catalysis.
Effect of Unpaired Terminal Nucleotides of Substrate RNAs on the RNA Ligation with T4 RNA Ligase
Authors: Sugimoto Naoki , Matsumura Akiko , Hasegawa Keiko , Sasaki Muneo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The effect of double-helix formations and unpaired terminal nucleotides of RNA oligomer substrates on a RNA ligation with T4 RNA ligase has been investigated by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), UV absorbance, and circular dichroism (CD) measurements, and the energy calculation for the double-helix stability of RNAs. In the 1-hour reaction of single-stranded RNA acceptors, the yield of the product increased in the order of pyrimidine donors pCp&gt;pUp and purine donors pAp&gt;pGp. In the reaction of a double-stranded RNA acceptor, UGCGCA, the yield also increased in the same order of the donors. On the other hand, in the reaction of double-stranded RNA acceptors containing unpaired terminal nucleotides (dangling ends), pUp and pGp donors gave the largest yields of the products in the reactions of AUGCGCA and CAUGCAU acceptors, respectively. Furthermore, the yield of the product is the largest for CAUGCAU acceptor within the acceptors having A, C, G, and U dangling ends in the reaction of pGp donor. These results sugggest that the formation of the terminal base pairs of the donors and the dangling ends may affect the RNA ligation with T4 RNA ligase.
Synthesis of 14,14-Difluoro-4-demethoxydaunorubicin
Authors: Matsuda Fuyuhiko , Matsumoto Teruyo , Ohsaki Masako , Terashima Shiro 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The title compound, (+)-14,14-difluoro-4-demethoxydaunorubicin hydrochloride (9), was prepared starting from the readily available (−)-hydroxy ester (10). This synthesis featured the efficient synthetic route to (−)-14,14-difluoro-4-demethoxy-7-deoxydaunomycinone (20) employing the Reformatsky reaction of ethyl bromodifluoroacetate with the (−)-siloxy aldehyde (14) and previously developed glycosylation method in which trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate was used as an activator. In P388 in vitro test, 9 was found to be fifty times more active than adriamycin (1). Prominent antitumor activity was also observed for 9 in P388 in vivo test.
Coated Wire Electrodes Sensitive to Local Anesthetic Cations and Their Application to Potentiometric Determination
Authors: Satake Hiromu , Miyata Takahiro , Kaneshina Shoji 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Coated wire electrodes sensitive to procaine(PC), tetracaine(TC), lidocaine(LC), dibucaine(DC), mepivacaine(MC), and bupivacaine(BC), based on ion-pair formation between tetraphenylborate ions and the corresponding local anesthetic cations in a plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) membrane were prepared. The electrodes showed linear responses with Nernstian slopes (55–58 mV/decade) over concentration ranges of 4×10−5–10−2, 4×10−5–10−2, 10−4–10−−2, 4×10−5–10−2, 5×10−5–10−2, and 2×10−4–10−2 mol dm−3 for PC, TC, LC, DC, MC, and BC, respectively. The change in pH did not affect the electrode performance within ranges of 3.2–7.4, 3.2–7.4, 2.1–7.7, 2.5–7.4, 3.5–7.0, and 2.4–5.6 for PC, TC, LC, DC, MC, and BC, respectively. The reproducibility, stability, response time, and selectivity were also investigated. The electrodes were applied satisfactorily to the determination of local anesthetics by potentiometry.
Spectrophotometric Determination of Palladium Using 2-(2-Hydroxyimino-1-oxoethyl)thiophene
Authors: Chhakkar Anoop Kumar , Kakkar Lajpat Rai 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A highly sensitive and selective method for the determination of palladium in trace amounts is developed by complexation of Pd(II) with 2-(2-hydroxyimino-1-oxoethyl)thiophene (INAT) at pH 2.8–6.5, adjusted with diluted acetic acid. The colored species is quantitatively extracted into chloroform, whose absorbance is measured at 425 nm. The method is free from the interference of a large number of elements of great analytical importance. The usefulness of the method is further tested by analyzing different samples and the results obtained are quite satisfactory.
Transport Studies across the Pericardial Membrane: Evaluation of Fixed Charge Density
Authors: Ahmad Mohammad , Arif Hasan , Khan Haroon Rashid , Shoaib Mohammad , Hasan Mohadi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The fixed charge density, the permselectivity, and the transport number in several electrolytic solutions of varying concentration were determined across the pericardial membrane of freshly slaughtered buffalo (Bof. Bubalis). The irreversible thermodynamic equations originally meant for understanding the behavior of artificial membranes have been found to be equally applicable to those of the biological membranes.
Fluorescence Quenching of Few Aromatic Amines by Chlorinated Methanes
Authors: Goswami Debabrata , Sarpal Ranjit S , Dogra Sneh K 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Fluorescence quenching of few aromatic amines; aniline (AB), 1-naphthylamine (1-AN), 2-naphthylamine (2-AN), 2,3-naphthalenediamine (2,3-DAN), 9-phenanthrenamine (9-AP), 1-pyrenamine (1-APy), 2-chrysenamine (2-AC), 6-chrysenamine (6-AC), and 3-fluoranthenamine (3-AF) by dichloromethane, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride has been studied in cyclohexane and acetonitrile. The quenching rate constants (kq) have been determined in both the solvents and these values are nearly independent of the solvent polarity. The values of kq are nearly equal to diffusion-controlled limits (kdiff) for CHCl3 and CCl4 in both the solvents, whereas for CH2Cl2 it is three to four order of magnitude less than kdiff. For a given amine, kq increases with the increase in electron affinity of the quencher, whereas for a given quencher (dichloromethane) kq increases with the increase in singlet state energy of fluorophore. The results obtained are explained in terms of a quenching mechanism involving an intermediate donor–acceptor (DA)* complex formed between the excited aromatic amine and quencher.
Synthesis and Reaction of Triaminosulfoxonium Salts
Authors: Okuma Kentaro , Takeuchi Hiroshi , Ohta Hiroshi , Matsuyama Haruo , Kamigata Nobumasa , Kobayashi Michio 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Triaminosulfoxonium salts were synthesized by the oxidation of triaminosulfonium salts with sodium perbenzoate. The reaction of these salts with nucleophiles was carried out.
Thienylpyridines as a New Fluorescent Reagent. II. Determination of Carboxylic Acid with 5-(4-Pyridyl)-2-thiophenemethanol Using HPLC
Authors: Nakajima Riichiro , Shimada Kazuhiko , Fujii Yasuhiro , Yamamoto Akifumi , Hara Tadashi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The title compound has been prepared and used as a new derivatization reagent. The reagent reacts with the carboxylic acids in chloroform in the presence of 1-isopropyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide to produce the corresponding fluorescent esters, which can be separated on an octadecyl-silica column. Each 5 fmol of hexadecanoic or octadecanoic acids and about 50 fmol of benzoic and p-anisic acids (1 μl injection) (S/N=2) were detected.
Redox Photochromism of Waterproof Viologen-Matrix Polymer System
Authors: Kamogawa Hiroyoshi , Yamada Hiroshi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A waterproof viologen-matrix polymer system exhibiting redox photochromism in thin films was devised using water-insoluble viologens embedded in N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone(VP)–methyl acrylate (MA) copolymers also insoluble in water. Both the photosensitivity and the stability of the colors developed decreased with decrease in the VP-content.
Redox Photochromism of Arylviologen Crystals
Authors: Kamogawa Hiroyoshi , Sato Shigeki 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Reversible color development induced by near UV light (photochromism) was observed for some crystalline powder of 1,1′-diaryl-4,4′-bipyridinium bis(p-toluenesulfonate). Redox mechanism by the electron transfer from the sulfonate anion to viologen dication is claimed.
Conformational Change of Benzoquinone Crown Ether Radical Anions Induced by Complexation with Alkali Metal Cation: An ESR Study
Authors: Hashimoto Kiichi , Togo Hideo , Morihashi Kenji , Yokoyama Yukihiro , Kikuchi Osamu 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The crowned p-benzoquinone anion radicals, O5−–O8−, were generated either electrochemically or by using a reducing metal, and their ESR spectra were examined in both the absence and presence of the Na+ or K+ cation. The hyperfine coupling (hfc) constants of the methylene protons bonded to the quinone ring depend largely on the size of the crown ring; the orientation of the benzoquinone skeleton with respect to the crown ring was analyzed. The metal-free O5− has a fixed conformation in which the benzoquinone ring is nearly perpendicular to the crown ring, while O8− interconverts freely between two equivalent conformations. The critical case is O6−; the line-width alternation observed in its ESR spectra was well-analyzed using the two-jump model. Temperature-dependent ESR spectra and MNDO calculations have suggested that O6− undergoes a restricted interconversion between two conformations in which the benzoquinone ring has an orientation similar to that of O5−. An activation energy of 10.0 kcal mol−1 was determined for this motion. The ESR spectra of the ion-paired O5−–O8− anion radicals have suggested that the conformational motion of the anion radicals is fixed by complexation with the Na+ or K+cation. The hfc constants of the methyl protons in the benzoquinone ring increased upon complexation, indirectly confirming the interaction between the carbonyl oxygen of benzoquinone at the crown-ring side and the metal cation.
Equations of State for the Lennard–Jones Mixtures at High Temperatures
Authors: Wakayama Shin-ichi , Koshi Mitsuo , Matsui Hiroyuki 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The virial coefficients for binary mixtures at high temperatures were directly calculated up to the fifth term by use of a Monte-Carlo integration technique and the various empirical mixing rules that have been proposed for estimating mixture virial coefficients were tested. It was found that these empirical mixing rules tend to fail as the molecular size differences increased. Accurate compressibility of the Lennard–Jones binary mixtures were also calculated by adopting Metropolis Monte-Carlo simulations in order to examine validity of the fifth order virial equation of state. At high temperature (T*=20), the compressibility factors calculated by the fifth order virial equation of state were in good agreement with the results of the simulations in the range of V⁄b≥0.4 (b=2πσ3Na/3). It was also found that the van der Waals one fluid theory could provide accurate compressibility factors even for mixtures of molecules with large size differences at high temperatures.
Photochemical Lumiketone-Type Rearrangement of 3-Methoxyphenol Promoted by AlBr3
Authors: Kakiuchi Kiyomi , Ue Masaki , Yamaguchi Bunji , Nishimoto Atsushi , Tobe Yoshito 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Irradiation of 3-methoxyphenol in the presence of 2 equiv of AlBr3 in CH2Cl2 gave 4-methoxybicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-en-2-one in a 38% yield. 3-Methoxy-2-methylphenol also yielded the lumiketone rearrangement product. On the other hand, 3-methoxy-4-methyl-, 3-methoxy-5-methyl-, and 5-methoxy-2-methylphenol underwent transposition of the methyl group to give equilibrium mixtures of the three methoxycresols.
Synthesis of Antiprismatic [5.5]Ferrocenophane ([5](1,1′)[5](3,4′)Ferrocenophane)
Authors: Hisatome Masao , Yoshida Shuichi , Yamakawa Koji 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The title compound 2, which is the first example of a C2 symmetric dibridged ferrocenophane, has been synthesized via a base-catalyzed condensation of 3,4′-diacyl[5]ferrocenophane. The spectroscopic properties of 2 are briefly discussed by comparing them with the corresponding prismatic [5,5]ferrocenophane having C2v symmetry.
Preparation, Stereochemistry, and Antibacterial Activity of Gramicidin S Analogs Containing N-Methyl Groups
Authors: Kawai Masao , Ohya Masashi , Fukuta Norihito , Butsugan Yasuo , Saito Kazuki 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The N-methylated analogs of gramicidin S, namely [Orn(Me3+)2,2′]-, [MeOrn2,2′, d-MePhe4,4′]-, [MeOrn(Me)2,2′, d-MePhe4,4′]-, and [MeOrn(Me3+)2,2′, d-MePhe4,4′]gramicidin S, were prepared by the use of quaternization reaction of free amino groups with CH3I–KHCO3 in methanol and/or selective amide-methylation with CH3I–Ag2O in DMF. The conformations of these synthetic analogs were shown to be of β-sheet type similar to that of parent gramicidin S by 1H NMR analysis and CD spectral comparison. The N-methyl group-containing analogs exhibited essentially the same antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria as gramicidin S itself.
Reaction of Tetraiodomercurate Anion with HSO3Cl: Synthesis of and Physico-Chemical Studies on M2[Hg(SO3Cl)4] (M=Cu(I), K), (Et4N)2[Hg(SO3Cl)2I2], and K2[Hg(SO3Cl)nI4n] (n=1, 2, and 3)
Authors: Yamin Siddiqi Mohammad , Siddiqi Zafar Ahmad , Shakir Mohammad 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Reactions of [M2HgI4] with excess of HSO3Cl afford M2[Hg(SO3Cl)4] (M=Cu(I), K). However, the reactions of K2HgI4 with stoichiometric amounts of HSO3Cl, i.e., in 1 : 3, 1 : 2, and 1 : 1 molar ratios, yield K2[Hg(SO3Cl)nI4−n](n=3,2,1). In these reactions HSO3Cl acts as both chlorosulfating agent as well as medium of the reaction. Et4NI reacts with CuI2[Hg(SO3Cl)4] suspended in CH2Cl2 affording (Et4N)2[Hg(SO3Cl)2I2] and [CuSO3Cl]x. All these compounds have been characterized by elemental analysis, electrical conductivity measurements, IR and electronic spectral studies.
Reaction of α-Oxo Ketene Dithioacetals with Glycine
Authors: Fukada Naoaki , Yuzawa Masato 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
3-Carboxymethylamino-3-methylthio-1 -phenyl-2-propen-1-ones were synthesized by the reaction of 3,3-bis(methylthio)-1-phenyl-2-propen-1-ones with glycine in the presence of sodium hydroxide.
Preparation of N-(Substituted formyl) dialkylamino(thioxo)methanesulfenamides
Authors: Yonemoto Katsumi , Shibuya Isao , Yasumoto Masahiko , Taguchi Yoichi , Tsuchiya Tohru 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
N-(Substituted formyl)dialkylamino(thioxo)methanesulfenamides (R2NCSSNHCOR′, 2), anti-foggants for silver halide photographic materials as well as potential precursors for 1,4,2-dithiazolium salts, were prepared in good yields in two “one-pot” procedures. Various amide-type compounds (R′CONH2, 1) were treated successively with NaH and I2 and then condensed with dialkyldithiocarbamates (Method A); or 1 were reacted with tetraalkylthiuram disulfides after treatment with NaH (Method B). These methods allowed a wide variation of substituents R′ in 2: R′=H, dialkylamino, alkoxy, aryl, alkyl, and heterocyclic substituent.