bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Amperometric Sensor for Applications in Hydrodynamic Regimen
Authors: Garcia de la Rosa Luis A. , Alatorre Ordaz Alejandro , De Leon Rodriguez L. M. , Gutierrez Granados S. 
Published: November 2006

In this work we propose the use of Horse Radish Peroxidase (HRP) to determinate if its amino-acid structure is kept unchanged after being immobilized on a VC electrode. HRP presents enzymatic the transformation reaction of ortophenilendiamine (OPD) to 2,3-Diaminophenazine (DAP). Also, the Nafion membrane will be studied as a matrix for enzymes and antibodies, with the purpose to obtain specific sensors.	We also report the electrochemical characterization of CV-Nafion-HRP electrodes. Their response to the presence of OPD was evaluated. It was found that the potential to be used by SSBA was 0.2 V, where each addition of an analyte was of 0.1 mM and the stirring speed was of 800 rpm.	Furthermore an UV-Vis spectroscopy analysis was carried out. It was observed that the immobilized HRP on Nafion matrix doesn't present any desnaturalization nor loses of enzymatic activity. The amperometric curve shows the feasibility of Nafion as an immobilization matrix.
Decentralisation as a Developmental Strategy in China
Authors: Raman G. Venkat 
Published: November 2006

The premise of this article is that although the central role of the State in developing economies is indispensable, decentralisation of decision-making authority is inevitable in the governance of territorially large societies such as the People's Republic of China (PRC). A key component in the developmental experience of the PRC, as regards the two distinct models of development—Maoist and Dengist—has been a marked decentralisation of power and authority, an inevitable requirement in a territorially large and diverse country like China. The crucial point, however, is that during the Maoist and the Dengist eras, the strategies of development were distinguished by, among other features, two very distinct types of decentralisation. Whereas the Maoist developmental strategy was predominantly administrative, the Dengist strategy of decentralisation is predominantly market-driven. Besides, it is highly imperative to note that there are a great many points of departure between the Maoist and the Dengist developmental strategies. This article briefly traces the origins of decentralisation in post-1949 China and compares the Maoist and Dengist policies with regard to decentralisation. It essentially focuses on decentralisation strategies in the period of market reforms and the significance of the Chinese model of development for the developing countries.
Synthesis of Thiepin-annulated Pyrone and Coumarin Heterocycles by Grubbs’ Second Generation Catalyst Mediated Enyne Metathesis
Authors: Majumdar K C , Muhuri S , Rahaman H , Islam R , Roy B 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Synthesis of thiepin-annulated pyrone and coumarin derivatives has been achieved by the ring-closing enyne metathesis using the second generation Grubbs’ catalyst under a nitrogen atmosphere.
Paget's Disease of Bone in the French Population: Novel SQSTM1 Mutations, Functional Analysis, and Genotype–Phenotype Correlations
Authors: Collet Corinne , Michou Laëtitia , Audran Maurice , Chasseigneaux Stéphanie , Hilliquin Pascal , Bardin Thomas , Lemaire Isabelle , Cornélis François , Launay Jean-Marie , Orcel Philippe , Laplanche Jean-Louis 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Mutation screening of the SQSTM1 gene in 94 French patients with PDB revealed two novel point-mutations (A381V and L413F) and two new compound heterozygous genotypes (P392L/A381V and P392L/A390X). Functional analysis showed an increased level of SQSTM1/p62 protein in PDB patients and truncated forms of the protein encoded by the A390X allele. Clinical data indicate that PDB patients with SQSTM1 mutation are younger at PDB diagnosis and have more extensive bone lesions.
Introduction: Paget's disease of bone (PDB) is a common chronic disease of the skeleton, with a strong genetic component. A recurrent mutation (P392L) was first identified on chromosome 5, in the Sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1) gene. Several other mutations of the SQSTM1 gene have been described in PDB patients, affecting the ubiquitin-associated domain (UBA) of the SQSTM1/p62 protein. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the frequency of the SQSTM1 mutations in French PBD patients, to study the expression of the SQSTM1/p62 protein, and to search for genotype–phenotype correlations.
Materials and Methods: Blood was obtained from 94 unrelated French PDB patients and 100 controls for mutation screening of exons 7 and 8, encoding for the UBA domain of SQSTM1. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-immortalized B-cell lymphocytes were established from 13 patients, giving access to functional analysis of the gene and the SQSTM1/p62 expressions using real-time PCR and Western blot.
Results: Mutations of the SQSTM1 gene were identified in 12 of the 94 PDB patients (13%). Eight patients carried P392L. Two novel missense mutations were identified: L413F and A381V. This A381V mutation and A390X were found in distinct patients already carriers of P392L. The SQSTM1/p62 protein expression in PDB patients increased when zero, one, or two mutations were present, and SQSTM1 truncated forms were associated with the A390X mutation. The mean age of PDB diagnosis was younger in patients with the SQSTM1 mutation. PDB was more extensive in patients who carried a SQSTM1 mutation.
Conclusions: Mutations of SQSTM1 are present in the French population. PDB patients with and without the SQSTM1 mutation have an increased level of SQSTM1/p62, caused by overproduction of the protein, probably involved in the pathophysiology of PDB. The presence of the SQSTM1 mutation may be a worsening factor for PDB.
Changes to Osteoporosis Prevalence According to Method of Risk Assessment
Authors: Richards J Brent , Leslie William D , Joseph Lawrence , Siminoski Kerry , Hanley David A , Adachi Jonathan D , Brown Jacques P , Morin Suzanne , Papaioannou Alexandra , Josse Robert G , Prior Jerilynn C , Davison K Shawn , Tenenhouse Alan , Goltzman David 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
The impact of clinical risk factor–based absolute risk methods on the prevalence of high risk for osteoporotic fracture is unknown. We applied absolute risk methods to 6646 subjects and found that the prevalence of elderly women deemed to be at high risk increased substantially, whereas the overall prevalence was highly dependent on the threshold used to designate high risk.
Introduction: Many groups have advocated using absolute risk methods that incorporate clinical risk factors to target patients for osteoporosis therapy. We examined how the application of such absolute risk classification systems influences the prevalence of those considered to be at high risk for osteoporotic fracture and compared these systems to one based solely on BMD.
Materials and Methods: Using 6646 subjects from the Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study (CaMos), a prospective, randomly selected, population-based cohort, we assessed three different systems for determining prevalence of high risk for osteoporotic fracture: a BMD-based system; a simplified risk factor system incorporating age, sex, BMD, and two clinical risk factors; and a comprehensive system, incorporating age, sex, BMD, and seven clinical risk factors. The 10-year absolute risks of incident fragility fracture were compared across systems using three different high-risk thresholds.
Results: The prevalence of a T score ≤ −2.5 was 18.8% (95% CI: 17.7–19.9%) in women and 3.9% (95% CI: 3.0–4.7%) in men. Using a 15% 10-year risk of fracture threshold, the prevalence of women at high risk increased to 46.9% (95% CI: 45.4–48.4) and 42.5% (95% CI: 41.1–43.9) when the comprehensive and simplified risk factor classification systems were used, respectively. Using a 25% 10-year absolute risk threshold, the prevalence of high risk was similar to that of the BMD-based system, whereas the 20% threshold gave intermediate rates. All thresholds analyzed resulted in an increased prevalence of older women at high risk for fracture, whereas only the 15% 10-year risk of fracture threshold resulted in an increase in the prevalence of men at high risk.
Conclusions: The application of risk factor–based systems results in an increased prevalence of older women at high risk. The prevalence of individuals at high risk may increase with changes to the methods used to determine those who are eligible for therapy. These data have important implications for the pattern of care and costs of treating osteoporotic fractures.
Obstacles or motors of Europeanization? German media and the transnationalization of public debate
Authors: Koopmans Ruud , Pfetsch Barbara 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
This article aims to contribute to the discussion on the Europeanization of public spheres. It is the starting point for an investigation into the role of the media in transnational debate in Germany. The study aims to determine whether the media function as either a motor of or an obstacle to Europeanization of national public debate, compared to other actors. Drawing on empirical data from the project ‘The transformation of political mobilisation and communication in European public spheres’ (Europub.com), we analyze the communications through which political actors, civil society actors, and the media in Germany make public demands on European issues. Sources on which this investigation was built were the news and editorial section of two national quality newspapers (center-left, center-right), one tabloid and one regional newspaper in the period between 2000 and 2002. The findings show that the demands made by the media are generally more European in scope than those made by other political actors. Regarding the evaluation of EU integration and the frames that are advocated, the German press and the political elite are rather convergent.
Transcending Uses and Gratifications: Media use as social action and the use of event history analysis
Authors: Westerik Henk , Renckstorf Karsten , Lammers Jan , Wester Fred 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
It is argued that since its institutionalization in the 1970s, Uses and Gratifications research has been heavily influenced by applied economic theories about Expectancy Value and Subjective Expected Utility. Underlying these theories are assumptions about the acting individual having full mastery of situations. This idea is contrasted with the way in which action theory portrays action. Here, mastery of situations is not assumed at forehand, but depends on the situation and is something that has to be achieved. Action theories further emphasize the influence of others. Applying these ideas to the study of media use means that more attention has to be paid to processes of gaining mastery, to situational influences, and to the influence of others. It is argued that discrete-time event history analysis may be a valuable tool to accomplish this. This may contribute to the study of several important questions in communication research, regarding audience flow and audience selectivity, and the social uses of media use.
“It took time to understand Greek newspapers”. The media experience of Swedish women in Greece
Authors: Sjöberg Ulrika 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
This article tackles the media experience of ten Swedish women living in Greece. It focuses on the relation between their media experience and culture. This is examined by looking specifically at their use of Greek media during their first years in Greece as a way of learning a new culture, how they use Swedish media to maintain a link with Swedish culture and society, their concerns about children's media use, and how they view the importance of media in introducing the Swedish culture and language to their children. Finally, the presence of culture in these women's media experience is also seen in how they perceive Greek media output, which is discussed in terms of violent contents, sensational news, public service versus commercial channels, and the representation of women.
Theoretical approaches of the knowledge society at UNESCO
Authors: Joux Alexandre 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
When it comes to the development of communication networks and the global information society, UNESCO is torn between its will to defend the free flow of thoughts, the pluralism of cultures, and the need for regulation of exchanges, if it wants to defend development in the most deprived countries. Behind rhetorical conflicts which mask diplomatic stakes, it seems that the organization seeks today to trace an original, but problematic, path regarding communication policies.
What constitutes a good online news site? A comparative analysis of American and European awards
Authors: Beyers Hans 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Nowadays, many Internet awards are given to Web sites for best design, most interactive Web site, etc. This is also the case for online journalism, which has developed its own awards over the past few years. Based on existing research and theory on multimedia, interactivity, and hypertext, this study compared American and European news sites nominated for selected awards by means of a predominantly exploratory and descriptive qualitative content analysis (16 criteria) to see whether there are any striking differences in approach and composition. In addition, it aimed to retrieve possible differences between the ultimate ‘winners’ and ‘losers’. The results showed that the differences between European and American sites can largely be contributed to two factors, namely the presence or absence of photo galleries on the one hand and mobile services on the other. The nominees for the American awards more frequently offered multimedia – especially (enhanced) photo galleries – and PDA versions. SMS services were found more frequently on the European news sites. The best sites scored on 15 out of our 16 criteria; the top 12 contained 8 sites from the U.S.
Design effects in people-meter panel research
Authors: Hoogendoorn Adriaan W 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
In the world of television-making, the media industry relies on measurements from a people-meter panel in order to find out how many people watch a certain program or commercial on television. A people-meter panel is a special-purpose panel in which the television-watching behavior of household members is measured using a special device attached to television sets. The measuring device can also register the television-watching behavior of guests to the panel homes. The reliability of estimates based on the people-meter panel primarily depends on the sample size. Due to the complexity of the sample design, the effective sample size cannot be determined straightforwardly. This is even more the case when one incorporates the viewing behavior of guests. This paper describes a methodology that determines effective sample sizes by computing design effects and which extends the methodology in such a way that it incorporates ‘guest viewing’.
Between Al-Jazeera and CNN: Indicators of media use by Belgian ethnic minority youth
Authors: Sinardet Dave , Mortelmans Dimitri 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Media use by ethnic minorities is increasingly becoming a politicized matter, appearing regularly in discussions on multiculturalism and integration. In a globalizing media-landscape, the rise of ethnic and global ethnic media paradoxically enables ethnic minorities to maintain links with forms of ethnic identity. Especially interesting in this respect is media use by adolescents, often on the crossroads between different cultures. This article departs from the notion concerned with the extent to which media use of adolescents from ethnic minorities actually differs from that of their Belgian counterparts, and instead focuses on the role ethnicity plays as a determinant of media use when weighed up against other socio-economic or education-related variables. Based on a large-scale Belgian survey of 12- to 18-year-olds, this article shows, amongst other results, that the importance of ethnic-cultural background as an indicator for media use by adolescents from ethnic minorities ought to be placed into perspective.
Revisiting analyses of media-war relationships in times of contingency and fluidity
Authors: Carpentier Nico 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
The review essay deals with two recent publications on media-war relationships: Tumber and Palmer's ‘Media at war. The Iraq crisis’ (2004) and Thussu and Freedman's ‘War and the media. Reporting conflict 24/7’ (2003/2005). Two questions are raised in this essay. First, is it still relevant to look back at two publications on media-war relationships when (at least some of) the wars they focus on have fundamentally altered? And even more importantly, is there a convincing reason for actually reading them? Answering these questions allows for a more fundamental reflection on the importance of academic activities in relationship to issues of media and war. Three answers are suggested: the importance and necessity of documenting, analyzing and archiving war, the facilitation of academic and societal dialogue on the issues of war, and the analyses of the political, economical, cultural, technological and ideological contexts that transcend singular wars. Especially the last domain is considered crucial. Although each war is characterized by a high degree of specificity and contingency, which unavoidably influences and alters the media-war-military relationships, the contextual analyses enable uncovering the presence of more structural aspects in these relationships. More specifically, these contextual analyses teach us most about the role of power and ideology in the representational processes that deal with war. These analyses again show the powerlessness of media and media professionals to escape from the dichotomized ideological model of war and from the (direct or indirect) legitimization of what Knightley termed ‘the institution of war’.
Long-Term Effect of the Internet-Based Glucose Monitoring System on HbA1c Reduction and Glucose Stability
Authors: Cho Jae-Hyoung , Chang Sang-Ah , Kwon Hyuk-Sang , Choi Yoon-Hee , Ko Seung-Hyun , Moon Sung-Dae , Yoo Soon-Jib , Song Ki-Ho , Son Hyun-Shik , Kim Hee-Seung , Lee Won-Chul , Cha Bong-Yun , Son Ho-Young , Yoon Kun-Ho 
Published: November 2006

OBJECTIVE—To investigate the long-term effectiveness of the Internet-based glucose monitoring system (IBGMS) on glucose control in patients with type 2 diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We conducted a prospective, randomized, controlled trial in 80 patients with type 2 diabetes for 30 months. The intervention group was treated with the IBGMS, while the control group made conventional office visits only. HbA1c (A1C) was performed at 3-month intervals. For measuring of the stability of glucose control, the SD value of A1C levels for each subject was used as the A1C fluctuation index (HFI).
RESULTS—The mean A1C and HFI were significantly lower in the intervention group (n = 40) than in the control group (n = 40). (A1C [mean ± SD] 6.9 ± 0.9 vs. 7.5 ± 1.0%, P = 0.009; HFI 0.47 ± 0.23 vs. 0.78 ± 0.51, P = 0.001; intervention versus control groups, respectively). Patients in the intervention group with a basal A1C ≥7% (n = 27) had markedly lower A1C levels than corresponding patients in the control group during the first 3 months and maintained more stable levels throughout the study (P = 0.022). Control patients with a basal A1C &lt;7% (n = 15) showed the characteristic bimodal distribution of A1C levels, whereas the A1C levels in the intervention group remained stable throughout the study with low HFI.
CONCLUSIONS—Long-term use of the IBGMS has proven to be superior to conventional diabetes care systems based on office visits for controlling blood glucose and achieving glucose stability.
Beneficial Associations of Physical Activity With 2-h but Not Fasting Blood Glucose in Australian Adults
Authors: Healy Genevieve N. , Dunstan David W. , Shaw Jonathan E. , Zimmet Paul Z. , Owen Neville 
Published: November 2006

OBJECTIVE—We examined the associations of physical activity with fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and with 2-h postload plasma glucose (2-h PG) in men and women with low, moderate, and high waist circumference.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—The Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle (AusDiab) study provided data on a population-based cross-sectional sample of 4,108 men and 5,106 women aged ≥25 years without known diabetes or health conditions that could affect physical activity. FPG and 2-h PG were obtained from an oral glucose tolerance test. Self-reported physical activity level was defined according to the current public health guidelines as active (≥150 min/week across five or more sessions) or inactive (&lt;150 min/week and/or less than five sessions). Sex-specific quintiles of physical activity time were used to ascertain dose response.
RESULTS—Being physically active and total physical activity time were independently and negatively associated with 2-h PG. When physical activity level was considered within each waist circumference category, 2-h PG was significantly lower in active high–waist circumference women (β −0.30 [95% CI −0.59 to −0.01], P = 0.044) and active low–waist circumference men (β −0.25 [−0.49 to −0.02], P = 0.036) compared with their inactive counterparts. Considered across physical activity and waist circumference categories, 2-h PG levels were not significantly different between active moderate–waist circumference participants and active low–waist circumference participants. Associations between physical activity and FPG were nonsignificant.
CONCLUSIONS—There are important differences between 2-h PG and FPG related to physical activity. It appears that 2-h PG is more sensitive to the beneficial effects of physical activity, and these benefits occur across the waist circumference spectrum.
Serum and Urinary Nitrites and Nitrates and Doppler Sonography in Children With Diabetes
Authors: Savino Alessandra , Pelliccia Piernicola , Schiavone Cosima , Primavera Alessandra , Tumini Stefano , Mohn Angelika , Chiarelli Francesco 
Published: November 2006

OBJECTIVE—The aim of the present study was to evaluate serum and urinary nitric oxide (NO) concentrations in children and adolescents with diabetes compared with age-matched healthy control subjects to find out whether Doppler ultrasonography could be used to detect changes in renal resistive indexes (RIs) in children with diabetes and to assess whether there are correlations between these parameters and NO excretion.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We studied 42 children with type 1 diabetes and 41 matched healthy control subjects, both divided into prepubertal or pubertal children. Serum and urinary nitrite and nitrate (NO2−+NO3−) concentrations were evaluated as an index of NO production. Doppler ultrasonographic registration of intrarenal RI was performed.
RESULTS—Compared with healthy control subjects, children with diabetes had significantly increased concentrations of serum (30.26 ± 6.52 vs. 24.47 ± 7.27 mmol/l, P = 0.001) and urinary NO2−+NO3− (345.07 ± 151.35 vs. 245.86 ± 80.25 mmol/l, P = 0.002); the same was true for Doppler RI values (0.64 ± 0.03 vs. 0.60 ± 0.04, P = 0.035). This occurs in both prepubertal and the pubertal children. A significant positive correlation was found between serum and urinary NO2−+NO3− levels (P = 0.002, r = 0.374). Serum NO2−+NO3− concentrations also correlated positively with Doppler RI (P = 0.032, r = 0.262) and HbA1c (A1C) (P = 0.004, r = 0.329); urinary NO2−+NO3− concentrations correlated positively with A1C (P = 0.001, r = 0.394). Doppler RI correlated positively with A1C (P = 0.000, r = 0.424).
CONCLUSIONS—This study demonstrates that in children with diabetes, chronic hyperglycemia may act through a mechanism that involves increased NO production and/or action and contributes to generating intrarenal hemodynamic abnormalities, which are detectable by Doppler ultrasonography even in early diabetic nephropathy.