bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cultivating Wilderness: The Place of Land in the Fiction of Ed Abbey and Wendell Berry
Authors: DRESSER NATHANAEL 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT Novelists Wendell Berry and Edward Abbey consider the natural world in a way most or their predecessors did not: the land itself as a complex character which deserves the respect of its human inhabitants. “Cultivating Wilderness” presents an overview or this relationship in Abbey's and Berry's fiction relating not only how the authors contrast characters attuned to the land and its patterns with others who arc “out of sync” with the natural world, but also how both ferry and Abbey deal with the interaction or human and natural communities—especially in a “modern world” which seemingly prefers to control nature and eradicate mystery. While it is not the role of fiction to offer blueprints for economic, environmental, or social policies, the novels and short stories of Wendell Berry and Ed Abbey do address important issues and eloquently call for a new paradigm for human behavior—at individual, community, and national levels—within and toward the natural world.I felt, rather than knew, with a sudden keen taste and appetite, what it was to be a farmer in Islandia. I sensed the absorbing interest of the immediate task that also is integrated with rill the other tasks of one's life into a rounded whole, because one's land und one's farm is larger than oneself, reaching from a past long before one began into a future long after one is dead—but all of it one's own.
Where is the Disintegration?
Authors: KIE CLAYTON , HYNES MARTIN 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTA large literature within industrial geography suggests that contemporary production systems are characterized by vertical disintegration processes and the emergence of agglomerations of small manufacturing establishments. According to Allen Scott, one of the most influential contributors to this literature, centers of economic activity in California are especially susceptible to the processes of vertical disintegration and agglomeration. Our concern in this paper is that this “California thesis” has serious empirical difficulties that need to be addressed. Accordingly, this paper reexamines general indicators of vertical disintegration, comparing their temporal record in California to that of the nation as a whole. We examine changes to these indicators for a set of industries that, according to Scott, are characterized by vertical disintegration. Our findings indicate that the weight of evidence does not support the conclusions of Scott concerning vertical disintegration in California. Therefore, his explanation of recent economic growth in California and the utility of his theory as an economic development paradigm require reevaluation.
How Fast Do We Grow?
Authors: VOHRA RUBINA 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this paper is to analyze whether major results from Mankiw, Romer, and Weil (1992) cross national study on productivity convergence hold when applied to U.S. states where there is more uniformity of institutional factors and homogeneity of the economic data. Similar to the international studies, this paper identifies the contribution of factor inputs and human capital by state for the period 1969–88. The study finds a strong tendency for convergence even when controlling for other factors, with human capital growth being most important; the speed of convergence is roughly twice as high as between countries.
Expanding Access to the Secondary Mortgage Markets: The Role of Central City Lending Goals
Authors: MACDONALD HEATHER 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTAccess to credit in lower‐income communities has become an increasingly central public policy issue in financial sector regulation over the past five years. One important reform was the establishment of purchasing goals for the government‐sponsored secondary mortgage markets (Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac) in 1992. This paper examines the central city lending goal, using the St. Louis MSA as a case study. Census tracts are clustered according to five variables argued to impede secondary market purchases of home loans in some neighborhoods. Borrower characteristics and lending patterns are compared across the clusters of tracts, and across central city and suburban tracts. Clustered tracts are found to be more strongly related to a set of key lending variables than are tracts divided according to central city/ suburban boundaries. The paper concludes that targeting affirmative lending requirements on the basis of neighborhood characteristics rather than political or statistical divisions may provide a more appropriate framework for efforts to expand access to credit. However, the analysis of spatial differences in lending patterns raises a number of questions that require further research.
Income Distribution Characteristics of Rural Economic Sectors: Implications for Local Development Policy
Authors: LEATHERMAN JOHN C. , MARCOUILLER DAVID W. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTRecent trends suggest increasing reliance on private markets to provide for local economic well‐being. This research demonstrates the study of regional household income distribution patterns associated with productive activities important to many rural areas. A social accounting matrix analysis was used to examine agricultural production, agricultural processing, forestry production, forest products processing, and tourism in a small rural region in Wisconsin to illustrate the variable distributional characteristics of private market structures and related local economic development policy. The results showed that while high income households comprised 22 percent of total regional households in the study area, they received between 57 percent and 63 percent of earned income associated with changes in sectoral factor income. Medium income households (34 percent of regional households) received between 32 percent and 41 percent of earned income, and low income households (44 percent) received between 2 percent and 6 percent. The ability of local policy to influence distributional patterns is implied to the extent that local action can facilitate variable growth rates of targeted economic sectors.
Coping Strategies in a Wealthy City of Northern Italy
Authors: ANDREOTTI ALBERTA 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe article focuses on the coping strategies of three categories of people usually considered to be at risk of becoming socially excluded — single mothers with minor children, long‐term unemployed males and foreign immigrants — in the northern Italian city of Milan. The concept of social exclusion, often used as an alternative to the concept of poverty, occasionally as its synonym, is here intended as multidimensional, dynamic and, most of all, relational. The article shows how this concept can be useful in analysing the condition of the three categories of people and how their condition is strongly related to the constraints and resources offered by the local context. Through the empirical material gathered from in‐depth interviews with the three above‐mentioned categories of people, the article first shows how these people profit from the labour market and the social services available in the city. It then analyses the role of social networks and the mechanisms behind the mobilization of people in support of the interviewees. Finally, it deals with the subjective dimension, that is, it examines whether, and to what extent, interviewees express feelings of uselessness. A visualization of the strategies will also be proposed. The empirical material will help to understand whether these people are socially excluded or not, and in which sense.
Four Theses in the Study of China’s Urbanization
Authors: FRIEDMANN JOHN 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis article is written specifically for students of Chinese urbanization who are not sinologists. Four theses should inform their studies. The first is that China is an ancient urban civilization, but the processes we observe today are unprecedented. Thus, China’s urbanization must be studied under this dual aspect, giving due to both historical continuities and the unique characteristics of our own era. The second thesis argues that urbanization is a set of multidimensional socio‐spatial processes of at least seven different and overlapping dimensions, each with its own vocabulary and traditions of scholarship. The study of China’s urbanization thus requires a trans‐disciplinary approach. Thesis number three argues that urbanization involves rural–urban relations, but in contrast with many earlier studies, these relationships should be studied from an urban rather than rural perspective. Finally, and most contentiously, China’s urbanization, although entwined with globalization processes, is to be understood chiefly as an endogenous process leading to a specifically Chinese form of modernity.
Dual role of calbindin‐D28K in vesicular catecholamine release from mouse chromaffin cells
Authors: Westerink R. H. S. , Rook M. B. , Beekwilder J. P. , Wadman W. J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractCalbindin‐D28K is suggested to play a postsynaptic role in neurotransmission and in the regulation of the intracellular Ca2+ concentration. However, it is still unclear whether calbindin‐D28K has a role in the regulation of exocytosis, either as Ca2+ buffer or as Ca2+ sensor. Amperometric recordings of catecholamine exocytosis from wild‐type and calbindin‐D28K knockout mouse chromaffin cells reveal a strong reduction in the number of released vesicles, as well as in the amount of neurotransmitter released per fusion event in knockout cells. However, Ca2+ current recordings and Ca2+ imaging experiments, including video‐rate confocal laser scanning microscopy, revealed that the intracellular Ca2+ dynamics are remarkably similar in wild‐type and knockout cells. The combined results demonstrate that calbindin‐D28K plays an important and dual role in exocytosis, affecting both release frequency and quantal size, apparently without strong effects on intracellular Ca2+ dynamics. Consequently, the possibility that calbindin‐D28K functions not only as a Ca2+ buffer but also as a modulator of vesicular catecholamine release is discussed.
Neonatal Seizures: Is a Novel, Mechanism-Based Treatment Finally on the Horizon?
Authors: Stafstrom Carl E. 
Published: July 2006

NKCC1 Transporter Facilitates Seizures in the Developing Brain Dzhala VI, Talos DM, Sdrulla DA, Brumback AC, Mathews GC, Benke TA, Delpire E, Jensen FE, Staley KJ Nat Med 2005;11(11):1205–1213 During development, activation of Cl–-permeable GABAA receptors (GABAA-R) excites neurons as a result of elevated intracellular Cl– levels and a depolarized Cl– equilibrium potential (ECl). GABA becomes inhibitory as net outward neuronal transport of Cl– develops in a caudal-rostral progression. In line with this caudal-rostral developmental pattern, GABAergic anticonvulsant compounds inhibit motor manifestations of neonatal seizures but not cortical seizure activity. The Na+-K+-2Cl– cotransporter (NKCC1) facilitates the accumulation of Cl– in neurons. The NKCC1 blocker bumetanide shifted ECl negative in immature neurons, suppressed epileptiform activity in hippocampal slices in vitro and attenuated electrographic seizures in neonatal rats in vivo. Bumetanide had no effect in the presence of the GABAA-R antagonist bicuculline, nor in brain slices from NKCC1-knockout mice. NKCC1 expression level versus expression of the Cl–-extruding transporter (KCC2) in human and rat cortex showed that Cl– transport in perinatal human cortex is as immature as in the rat. Our results provide evidence that NKCC1 facilitates seizures in the developing brain and indicate that bumetanide should be useful in the treatment of neonatal seizures. Depolarizing GABA Acts on Intrinsically Bursting Pyramidal Neurons to Drive Giant Depolarizing Potentials in the Immature Hippocampus Sipilä ST, Huttu K, Soltesz I, Voipio J, Kaila K J Neurosci 2005;25(22):5280–5289 Spontaneous periodic network events are a characteristic feature of developing neuronal networks, and they are thought to play a crucial role in the maturation of neuronal circuits. In the immature hippocampus, these types of events are seen in intracellular recordings as giant depolarizing potentials (GDPs) during the stage of neuronal development when GABAA-mediated transmission is depolarizing. However, the precise mechanism how GABAergic transmission promotes GDP occurrence is not known. Using whole-cell, cell-attached, perforated-patch, and field-potential recordings in hippocampal slices, we demonstrate here that CA3 pyramidal neurons in the newborn rat generate intrinsic bursts when depolarized. Furthermore, the characteristic rhythmicity of GDP generation is not based on a temporally patterned output of the GABAergic interneuronal network. However, GABAergic depolarization plays a key role in promoting voltage-dependent, intrinsic pyramidal bursting activity. The present data indicate that glutamatergic CA3 neurons have an instructive, pacemaker role in the generation of GDPs, whereas both synaptic and tonic depolarizing GABAergic mechanisms exert a temporally nonpatterned, facilitatory action in the generation of these network events.
Monitoring periodontal disease status in smokers and nonsmokers using a gingival crevicular fluid matrix metalloproteinase‐8‐specific chair‐side test
Authors: Mäntylä P. , Stenman M. , Kinane D. , Salo T. , Suomalainen K. , Tikanoja S. , Sorsa T. 
Published: July 2006

Background and Objective:  With current periodontal diagnostic tools it is difficult to identify susceptible individuals or sites at risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐8‐specific chair‐side dip‐stick test in longitudinally monitoring the periodontal status of smoking (S) and nonsmoking (NS) patients with chronic periodontitis, using their gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) MMP‐8 concentrations.Material and Methods:  Clinical parameters, MMP‐8 test results and concentrations were monitored in 16 patients after initial treatment and in 15 patients after scaling and root planing (SRP), every other month, over a 12‐mo time period. Progressing and stable sites, and sites with exceptionally high MMP‐8 concentrations, were analysed in smokers and nonsmokers.Results:  SRP reduced the mean GCF MMP‐8 levels, test scores, probing depth (PD), attachment loss (AL) and bleeding on probing (BOP). In sites of periodontal disease progression, the distribution of MMP‐8 concentrations was broader than in stable sites, indicating a tendency for elevated concentrations in patients with periodontal disease. The mean MMP‐8 concentrations in smokers were lower than in nonsmokers, but in smokers' and nonsmokers' sites with progressive disease, MMP‐8 concentrations were similar. Sites with exceptionally elevated MMP‐8 concentrations were clustered in smokers who also showed a poor response to SRP. In these sites, the MMP‐8 concentration did not decrease with SRP and these sites were easily identified by the MMP‐8 test.Conclusion:  Persistently elevated GCF MMP‐8 concentrations may indicate sites at risk, as well as patients with poor response to conventional periodontal treatment (e.g. SRP). MMP‐8 testing may be useful as an adjunct to traditional periodontal diagnostic methods during the maintenance phase.
Hydrogeologic Programme of the Geological Survey of Canadaa
Authors: Brandon L. V. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe Hydrogeologic Programme of the Geological Survey of Canada includes: 1) Research into the science of hydrogeology which requires water balance studies of selected “Type Basins.” 2) The production of Water Probability Maps to indicate the location of ground‐water resources. 3) Studies to improve various techniques for ground‐water development. Ground‐water investigations are also carried out by various Provincial organizations.
Optimum Depth of Wells in Crystalline Rocksa
Authors: Davis S. N. , Turk L. J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWater‐bearing properties of crystalline rocks are dependent on the occurrence of joints and faults and the extent of weathering. Interstitial openings caused by weathering are mostly at depths of less than 100 feet. Joints are less abundant and openings along joint planes are smaller as depth increases. Openings along fault surfaces also tend to close with depth. These geological observations which indicate a decrease in rock permeability with depth are verified by a study of well yields and water‐injection tests. Mean yields per foot of well are 0.23 to 0.30 gpm at 100 feet but only 0.013 to 0.04 gpm at 1000 feet. Mean injection rates per foot of drill hole under 100 psi pressure are 0.11 to 0.4 gpm at 100 feet but only 0.014 to 0.038 gpm at 1000 feet. Median values of both well yields and injection rates are from one‐half to one‐third of the mean values. Geologic structure is more important than rock type in determining yields and injection rates. The decrease in rock permeability with depth indicates an increase in the unit cost of water with depth. The optimum depth of a well is, therefore, determined largely by economic factors. Unless geologic factors are favorable, wells in crystalline rocks should be less than 600 feet deep. In general, domestic wells should be less than 150 to 250 feet deep.
Ground‐Water Exploration in Spain
Authors: Pemberton R. H. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAs part of a Four Year Development Program, the government of Spain is tackling the problem of aridity. Its plans include agricultural, economic and social improvements in many of the country's arid areas. Basic to these improvements is a plan developed to study the ground‐water possibilities of about half of Spain. The study, to be completed in 1967, will result in hydrogeologic maps showing the ground‐water potential of arid areas. If sufficient ground‐water reserves are found, agriculture, tourism and migration from arid areas can all be aided by this program.
Hydrologic Significance of Tectonic Fractures Detectable on Airphotos
Authors: Setzer Jose 
Published: July 2006

AbstractPhotogeologic study has been useful in the location of ground‐water sources in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, and could be important to the investigation of water resources in other areas.Until 1963, it was believed that large areas of the state were unsuited for the location of ground‐water wells (as in pre‐Devonian crystalline formations) and others weregenerally considered too hazardous (Paleozoic and Tertiary: sandstone lenses in shales). Since that time, when aerial photographs of the whole state became available, the authorhas verified an earlier hypothesis of his own that there are actually very few areas in the state which do not have suitable locations for water wells, and that photogeology is a most valuable method of prospecting.The water sources are parts of highly developed fault/ fracture systems which are identifiable on aerial photo‐graphs, at least in this warm humid climate with dry season. Over the fractures the rocks are deeply decomposed, the debris are removed in the rainy season, and existence of water in the dry season promotes higher and denser vegeta‐tion along aquiferous fractures, which usually are located in deep straight‐line valleys. Even where competent beds are overlain by more than 100 m of unconsolidated strata, many discontinuous nets of parallel straight‐line segments are detectable probably because all fractures are really faults with significant throw.To be most effective, the method requires stereoscopic study of areas having dimensions on the order of 10 × 10 km. The selection of locations for drilling should be sup‐ported by analyses of the dip of fracture planes (hade) and by other geological‐geophysical methods, especially by subsoil electrical resistivity surveying.
New Approaches to Water‐Resources Investigations in Upstate New Yorkaa
Authors: La Sala A. M. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe scope of area1 investigations of water resources in New York has changed within the last 4 years. Prior 1962, most investigations covered only counties or smaller areas and were mainly restricted to ground‐water resources Since 1762, investigarions have covered largebasin (2,000‐4,000 square miles) with the purpose of defining total water resources so that basin‐wldc comprehensive plans for water development can be prepared.Ground water has been intensively studied in the basin investigations, both because of its large potential for future development, and becaus e of it sinterre lation with the surface‐water resources. The latter reason is particularly important because the principal aquifers are numerous u nconnect edglacials and andgravel deposits that are crossed by streams. This ground‐water regimen to a large degree determines the flow characteristics and water quality of streams. Conversely, streamflow data provide acon‐venient means of assessing ground‐water availability.Some approaches used in basin studies are:(1)(1) numerous quantitative and qualitative observations of low streamflow to define the principal areas of ground‐water discharge and to define the quantity and quality of discharging ground water(2)estimation of total ground‐water dischar gepas stream gages from daily streamflow records by correlation with ground‐water levels and by analysis of the records(3) assessment of recharge to particular sand and gravel deposit swith inbroadlimits, using the data on ground‐water discharge to streams(4) estimation of a daily chemical quality hydrograph on the basis of quantity and quality of both ground‐water discharge and overland runoff
The Relationship Between Specific Capacity and Aquifer Transmissibility in the Houston Area, Texas
Authors: Gabrysch R. K. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTWater well drillers gather information essential to recovery tests as part of normal procedure. Added effort could yield additional valuable information. More care in measurement of water levels both before and after a period of pumping can be used with ground‐water formulae to determine approximate well efficiency.A relationship exists between the ability of an aquifer to perform (transmissibility) and the specific capacity of a well. By means of pumping tests, both transmissibility and specific capacity may be measured. The theoretical specific capacity can be obtained based on the measured transmissibility. Well efficiency may be estimated from a comparison between measured specific capacity and theoretical specific capacity.Tests of wells owned by the City of Houston, Texas, were selected for analysis. Test results were compared with curves showing theoretical relationships. From the comparison, wells in the Houston area are not completely developed. It may not be economical to develop a well to 100 percent efficiency, but theoretical relationships should be used in well development.