bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermal Resistance of a Wet Mineral Fiber Insulation
Authors: Sandberg PI 
Published: December 2008

A strategy for assessing the thermal resistance of a wet insulation material has been developed. A computer program has been developed to calculate the effects of moisture flow and phase changes. Laboratory experiments in a guarded hot plate apparatus with moist mineral fiber insulation have been conducted. There was satisfactory agreement between the computer calculations and the experimental results.
The practical thermal resistance of mineral fiber insulation in two applications has been studied using the aforementioned strategy:
1. Insulation with accidental high moisture content caused by leakage, rain penetration, and so on. A typical example is insulation on the exterior of basement walls.
2. Insulation with trapped moisture inside impermeable vapor barriers. This situation is sometimes found in roof insulation.
A conclusion was that phase changes in some cases were important energy transfer mechanisms and therefore must be considered.
Development of Experimental Data on Cellular Plastic Insulations Under Simulated Winter Exposure Conditions
Authors: Tye RP , Baker CF 
Published: December 2008

An experimental program on expanded and extruded polystyrene insulating materials has been undertaken to investigate the effects of moisture gain on thermal performance. The investigation had two major objectives:
(a) to assist in the development of test methods and techniques that address more realistically the subject of moisture effects on the properties of thermal insulations; and
(b) to develop a credible data base for typical polystyrene materials when subjected to a set of combined temperature, moisture gradient, and continuous time exposure parameters comparable to the most severe that could be foreseen for the continental United States.
In addition, more limited measurements were made on a phenolic foam product, and limited measurements of thermal performance of the materials were made at several mean temperatures encompassing those normally encountered in applications involving the building envelope. Finally, the result of an interlaboratory study on certain specimens from one of the investigations is presented. This was undertaken both to confirm the absolute thermal property values and to illustrate that the ASTM Test for Steady-State Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter (C 518–76) is capable of discriminating between very small incremental changes in thermal performance of the exposed specimens.
The results, which indicate relatively small effects under these conditions, are discussed in relation to those obtained in other studies involving moisture effects and to the probable behavior in the normal environment. The viability of the approach as a suitable standard testing technique is also discussed.
Historical Development of Large Heat Flow Meter Apparatus for Measurements of Thermal Resistance of Insulations
Authors: Tye RP , Coumou KG , Desjarlais AO , Haines DM 
Published: December 2008

The development and utilization of various types of heat flow meter apparatus, based on the ASTM Test for Steady-State Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter (C 518-76) are presented and assessed in an historical context.
Among the major factors discussed are the events and rationale that established the ultimate need for the large heat meter apparatus; improvements in heat flux transducer and other component technologies; design requirements and apparatus development; calibration requirements, including the internal development of necessary transfer standards prior to the availability of National Bureau of Standards (NBS) certified samples; and the international applications and impact on test specifications.
Results utilizing the current large heat meter apparatus are presented and discussed to illustrate its effects on the stability and reproducibility of results; its accuracy and precision, as determined from interlaboratory, round-robin, and National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program (NVLAP) studies; the extent of the thickness effect for a number of different low-density insulation materials; and the resolution of differences in value. Future needs and requirements are also addressed, specifically with regard to higher temperatures of operation.
Thermal Performance of the Building Envelope as Influenced by Workmanship
Authors: Bankvall CG 
Published: December 2008

The thermal resistance of the building envelope depends on thermal insulation and design solutions. In practice, however, workmanship may be just as important in the total thermal performance. In the building envelope, certain areas are more susceptible to deficiencies in workmanship than others. This fact should be considered in the design stage.
An ideally installed thermal insulation in a structure will have a well-known thermal resistance. Deviations from this situation will increase the U value. The influence is most important on walls and roofs with low U values, where even small deficiencies may seriously increase the heat loss.
The wind and pressure situation around a building and the air permeability of the structure may lead to air movements in the envelope. This may increase the heat loss. The importance of proper installation of wind protection in an insulated crossbar wall is shown. The increase in U value, especially in combination with deficiencies in the thermal insulation installation, is given. Airtightness of a structure is usually accomplished with a vapor barrier and specially designed joints between different building elements. Large air flows through a wall usually indicate cracks or openings in the vapor barrier and the inside. The increase in heat loss resulting from such flaws is shown. The influence on a building envelope with high thermal resistance is very large.
The results and discussions are related to building envelopes with high thermal resistance and low heat losses. This situation is typical of today's building design in Scandinavia.
Thermal Performance of Metal Furred/Foam Board Insulated Wall Systems
Authors: Miller RG , Berry JA , Sherman M 
Published: December 2008

System thermal resistance, R, values were measured in full-scale guarded hot box tests [according to the ASTM Test for Steady-State Thermal Performance of Building Assemblies by Means of a Guarded Hot Box (C 236-80)] on a series of foam board insulated wall systems. Tests were run on Hi-Hat, Temp Guard insulation furring (TGIF), and Z-furring securement systems at a mean temperature of approximately 24°C (75°F).
System R values were calculated for these insulated constructions by means of the series/parallel and zone methods recommended by the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). Results of comparisons between measured and calculated R values are reported in this paper. Thermal effects of the various metal furring systems are also discussed.
Using Paving Asphalt Rheology to Impair or Improve Asphalt Pavement Design and Performance
Authors: McLeod NW 
Published: December 2008

The particular rheological property of a paving asphalt considered in this paper is its temperature susceptibility. Currently neither ASTM nor the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) has a temperature susceptibility requirement in its specification for paving asphalts. For this reason, at the present time paving asphalt temperature susceptibility is far more often used to impair pavement performance than to improve it.
Paving asphalt temperature susceptibility is defined in the paper and a method for its measure is indicated. The influence of paving asphalt temperature susceptibility on pavement design and performance in hot climates without frost, and in cold climates with frost, is described.
Using the freezing index, °F (°C) days, as the criterion for the minimum temperature at any paving site, a very simple method is illustrated for selecting the optimum paving asphalt or asphalts for surface, binder and base course layers. A set of requirements for paving asphalt temperature susceptibility, which can be added to a paving asphalt specification, is proposed and discussed.
Is is shown that by the addition of suitable polymers, the temperature susceptibilities of paving asphalts can be changed dramatically. This development implies that what has been always an asphalt supplier's market could change to an asphalt user's market.
Polymer-Modified Asphalt Properties Related to Asphalt Concrete Performance
Authors: Shuler TS , Collins JH , Kirkpatrick JP 
Published: December 2008

Mechanical properties of asphalts containing styrenic block copolymers and properties of dense-graded asphalt concrete produced from these binders are presented. Materials studied include unmodified AC-5 and AC-20 asphalts and AC-5 containing 3 and 6% styrenic block copolymers.
Dynamic rheology of the binders was studied as a function of temperature and deformation rate. Complex viscosity of the polymer-modified asphalts exhibits less temperature susceptibility than that of control asphalts from 0°C (32°F) to 93°C (200°F) and slightly higher temperature susceptibility above 93°C (200°F). The modified asphalts are viscoelastic throughout the pavement operating temperature range with a significant elastic component. However, the unmodified asphalts are essentially nonelastic above 38°C (100°F).
Increases in polymer content increase viscosity, ductility, toughness, tenacity, and elasticity of the materials tested. However, shear-thinning characteristics of the polymer-modified asphalts allow handling by familiar techniques at conventional temperatures. Asphalt concrete was evaluated by resilient modulus and indirect tension over a range of temperatures. Results indicate tensile modulus is lowered at low temperatures and raised at high temperatures by addition of the polymer.
Standards for Computerized Material Property Data—ASTM Committee E-49
Authors: Kaufman JG 
Published: December 2008

ASTM Committee E-49 on the Computerization of Materials Property Data was instituted in 1986 to provide guidance to individuals and organizations building machine-readable data bases and to aid in the development of compatible and consistent sources capable of a reasonable exchange of information. In the relatively short interval since then, progress has been made in several areas, most notably in the development of formats for the characterization of materials and reporting of test data. Progress has been most rapid in the more mature and stable material classes like metals and polymers. The relative newness and lack of stability of terminology and test procedures for advanced materials will require more time and effort before major strides are apparent. ASTM Committee E-49 is also taking on the significant challenges of data exchange formats and guidelines for the evaluation of data.
Continued rapid progress in all of these areas is essential if we are to maximize the opportunity to improve the quality of materials related decisions through the use of easily accessible and exchangeable numeric performance data.
Uniform Treatment of Integrated CAD/CAM Data and Metadata
Authors: Su SYW , Alashqur A 
Published: December 2008

An integrated data base is the heart of an integrated manufacturing system. It serves as the glue to bind together heterogeneous component systems, which are often developed independently for supporting product design, process planning, manufacturing, product inspection and testing, and product service and maintenance, into a fully integrated system. To establish and use such a data base, a data model that is very rich in semantics is necessary to model the complex structural properties, operations, and constraints associated with the data objects commonly found in computer aided design (CAD)/computer aided manufacturing (CAM) applications. Furthermore, it would be necessary to have a data dictionary facility to allow the users of various component systems to define, display, and modify the schema of the integrated data base.
This paper presents a semantic association model called SAM*, which contains six general constructs for modeling the complex relationships (or associations) among data objects. These constructs can be used in an embedded or recursive fashion to allow very complex objects to be explicitly defined in a schema that contains the metadata of an integrated data base. In this work, the same semantic model is also used to model the contents of the schema so that the metadata, as well as the application data of an integrated data base, can be uniformly defined, stored, displayed, modified, and manipulated by the users. This paper also describes an interactive data dictionary system implemented for the definition and manipulation of metadata and application data modeled by the semantic model.
Capture of Published Materials Data
Authors: Grattidge W 
Published: December 2008

Computerized data systems involving materials property data are needed to support advanced methods of engineering design and computer supported manufacturing. The challenge is to transform the data values extant in printed handbooks, journals, reviews, or monographs into a coherent, accurate, reliable, and consistent body of computerized data available both for automatic as well as manual access in support of engineering tasks. In print, the data values are presented through four principal formats: Direct; Paragraphs (text including embedded numerics); Tables (text or tabular numerics or both); and Graphs (point sets, curve sets, or range sets). Generic templates have been developed to identify and record the metadata as well as guide the capture of the common and separate features with the associated presentation logics for the different formats. Procedures for data capture for tables and graphs are described.
An extensive metadata schema has been developed covering mechanical properties data included in representative sections of the Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, and Military Handbook 5. When used in conjunction with data input, the local usage of symbols, property, or material names or designations can be allowed and incorporated and still be consistent with an overall metadata structure.
Engineering Plastics via the Dow MEC Data Base
Authors: Petrisko LS 
Published: December 2008

The Materials Engineering Center (MEC) of the Dow Chemical Company has developed a computerized engineering data base for plastics. The properties and parameters needed to specify materials for engineering design were defined and a system was developed to correctly link test data results to specific specimens. Validation of the engineering data base entry is achieved by combining knowledge of the laboratory source reliability and of statistical records generated within the system.
Information can be retrieved by selecting a combination of properties based on a specific set of conditions or by specifying a property of various environmental or processing conditions or both.
In this fashion, the MEC data base supplies the information needed by design, materials, and process engineers during the development of new products, applications, and in the modification of existing systems. The data base response speed and simplicity of information retrieval, combined with its well-defined data, make this data base a significant technical development in the materials engineering world.
Consideration of a Preliminary Data Base for MIL-HDBK-17B
Authors: Newton CH 
Published: December 2008

Managing the data in a composite materials data base, such as the data base required for MIL-HDBK-17, is a complex task. MIL-HDBK-17, “Polymer Matrix Composites,” is a fully coordinated military document currently supported by the Army, the Air Force, and the Federal Aviation Administration. The guidelines in Volume I of the handbook provide the requirements for a statistically based data base of polymer matrix composite materials properties.
The MIL-HDBK-17 data base must be capable of handling property values for fibers, matrix materials, prepregs, laminae, and simple laminates. A prepreg is a ready-to-mold or -cure material in sheet form. It may be fiber, cloth, or a mat impregnated with resin and stored for use. The properties of each of these types of materials can be further divided into chemical, physical, and mechanical categories. While the material types and property categories readily provide an outline for a data base, a number of properties must overlap the data base boundaries to adequately describe a given material.
Statistical analysis requirements for evaluating batch-to-batch variability and an interest in pooling data from various sources dictate the analysis and storage of all raw data in addition to the statistical parameters reported in MIL-HDBK-17. The capabilities for tracking these data use four types of files—raw data files, statistical parameter files, analysis files, and files that record the history of pooled data. In addition, a hard-copy record is retained for both analysis files and summary tables. The analysis files report raw data, the method of analysis as determined by batch-to-batch variability and the distribution of the data, and the resulting statistical parameters. The summary tables contain the statistical parameters in the MIL-HDBK-17 format tabulated by orientation, loading, temperature, and moisture conditions. These tabulated values can be readily transferred to a word processor for incorporation into the printed handbook.
Data-base management on personal computers was selected for several reasons. PC availability is desirable for the statistical analysis program since each company or laboratory that submits data to MIL-HDBK-17 will want access to this program. Management of the data base itself is conducted through the use of METSEL2. METSEL2 is an interactive data-base program originally designed to store metals properties and currently being revised to include composite materials. Storage and manipulation of the statistical parameters are enhanced by using this program. The in-house data base is also considered a trial run for a data base that may be distributed to the members of the coordination group and other appropriate organizations. The establishment of this permanent, accessible data base depends on factors that have not yet been resolved, such as the export control of data.
Use of a Computerized Spill Response Tool for Emergency Response, Personnel Training, and Contingency Planning
Authors: Flaherty LM , Hansen AG , Dalsimer A 
Published: December 2008

Under the aegis of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), a computerized decision tree (CDT) was developed in 1984 to assist On-Scene Coordinators (OSCs) during an oil spill incident in the decision-making process. Since that time the CDT has been expanded and refined for use not only in real-time spill response, but for personnel training and contingency planning.
The CDT has been distributed to EPA Regions, U.S. Coast Guard Districts, and other spill response officials in the United States and overseas. Its widespread acceptance, however, has been somewhat hampered by a lack of understanding of its maximum use beyond immediate spill response activities.
This paper describes enhancements that have been made to the CDT during the past three years, and its potential for applications in personnel training in both emergency situations and for contingency planning. In it possible extension of the CDT to hazardous materials incidents is also explored and other future plans for the CDT as a powerful tool in combatting environmental damages are discussed.
Planning for Dispersant Use
Authors: Fraser JP 
Published: December 2008

Although the National Contingency Plan states that the Federal On-Scene Coordinator (OSC) may authorize the use of dispersants on an oil spill, such authorization is not automatic. In practice, the applicant for permission to use dispersants must submit a plan which then will be considered by the OSC and others involved in the approval process. This plan generally must indicate not only that dispersant use is desirable as a means of mitigating the spill but also must show why use would result in lower environmental impact than if dispersants were not used.
Some parts of a dispersant use plan are time-consuming to prepare and require acquisition of large amounts of information. Fortunately, the most time-consuming parts can be prepared well in advance of any spill. If these parts are prepared in advance, decisions regarding dispersant use can be made in a timely fashion at the time of a spill.
The components of a dispersant use plan should include the following: 1. Spill specific information such as how much of what oil was spilled, when did it occur, wind and sea conditions, and expected oil spill trajectories. 2. Information on resources available for dispersant application such as dispersant stock-piles that may be used, properties of these dispersants, application equipment, and information on application and monitoring methods. This information can best be gathered well in advance of any spill event. 3. Information on environmental impacts, including the comparative impacts of dispersed oil versus untreated oil. This information should be prepared and available in a form that will enable ready assessment, at the time of a spill, of the trade-offs which must be considered. It should be possible to identify well in advance of a spill those areas in which dispersant use should be considered and those in which use might not be favored. 4. A guide or system for decision making; this guide will show how the above information is used in developing the on-scene decision for or against dispersant use. The decision making system should be agreed upon well in advance of any spill. 5. Recommendations regarding dispersant use on the specific spill incident and justification for the recommendations.
Use of this planning method will expedite decision making at the time of a spill, will lead to more rational and logical dispersant use decisions, and will enable the decision maker to document his decision.
Letters of Agreement for the Use of Dispersants
Authors: Hart TE 
Published: December 2008

Subpart H to the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan (NCP) authorizes the On-Scene Coordinator (OSC) to use dispersants on oil discharges if certain conditions have been met. Primary among these is the requirement that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) representative to the Regional Response Team (RRT) and the affected state concur regarding dispersant use. However, obtaining concurrence after a spill can be so time-consuming that optimal dispersant use is no longer possible.
Since the effectiveness of dispersants is time-critical, the sooner that concurrence can be obtained and the dispersant applied, the more effective such application should be. Thus, planning can significantly increase the performance of dispersants.
One way to expedite the decision making process is in agreements that preauthorize the OSC to use dispersants. The NCP encourages RRTs to plan for such use and to have preauthorizations in place. The Region IV RRT has developed an agreement for the use of dispersants in Florida. Two similar agreements have been developed by the Caribbean RRT for Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. While none of these agreements allows the unrestricted use of dispersants, each specifies areas where the OSC can use dispersants and areas where dispersants cannot be used without further discussion with the EPA and the state. The Caribbean RRT has also included provisions in the agreements for a monitoring strategy to assess the effectiveness of dispersants when they are used.
The key to an effective and successful response is having an organization and contingency plan in place. Such arrangements are an integral part of the Region IV and Caribbean RRTs' contingency plans and will result in a more timely and informed decision on whether dispersants will be used.