bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
School‐based Preventive Regimens and Oral Health Knowledge and Practices of Sixth Graders
Authors: Russell Barbara A. , Horowitz Alice M. , Frazier P. Jean 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to examine the oral health knowledge and reported practices of sixth grade students in Wichita, Kansas. A quasi‐experimental design was used to test differences between two groups: (1) children who had completed a four‐year regimen referred to as the National Preventive Dentistry Demonstration Program (NPDDP), and (2) a control group of children who had not been exposed to any aspect of the NPDDP. Based on incidental learning theory, the research question was whether or not students'knowledge and practices were consistent with the preventive regimes provided at school. The study reported here was not directly connected with the NPDDP.A school nurse‐administered questionnaire was obtained from 284 students 16 months after the NPDDP had terminated. Students in all groups reported similar dental health practices; no practical differences were found among groups with regard to knowledge about appropriate fluoride uses and benefits. Students who received sealants were somewhat more knowledgeable about the use and purpose of sealants. Although students in five of the six NPDDP groups had received preventive regimens, these data suggest that they lacked awareness and understanding of the procedures and their value in preventing oral diseases. Generally, students were unable to discriminate among methods appropriate for preventing dental caries and periodontal diseases. Education regarding the purpose and value of preventive regimens should be consistent with, and an integral part of, the delivery of such services.
An Evaluation of the Saskatchewan Pit and Fissure Sealant Program: a Longitudinal Followup
Authors: Ismail Amid I. , King Will , Clark D. Christopher 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe Saskatchewan Health Dental Plan (SHDP) is a publicly funded dental insurance program for children between the ages of five and 16 years residing in the province. In 1981, fissure sealants were added as a covered expense. Until September 1, 1987, sealants and other dental treatments covered under the SHDP were provided to schoolchildren by dental therapists in dental clinics established in elementary schools throughout the province. After September 1, 1987, the provision of dental services was transferred to private practitioners in the province. The objectives of this study were to (1) estimate the retention rates of sealants after one, two, and three years of placement; and (2) conduct a longitudinal followup of sealed and unsealed sound teeth to measure the effectiveness of sealants in reducing dental caries incidence. Relative to the first objective, a cohort of children was identified and comparisons were carried out for the periods of 1982–83, 1982–84, and 1982–85. For the last objective, a longitudinal evaluation of effectiveness was carried out only for children five to seven years of age in 1981. Saskatchewan children, who experienced higher caries prevalence than children in the United States, had the highest caries increments on occlusal surfaces of posterior teeth. About 79 percent of the sealants applied by dental therapists were retained three years after application. Sealed teeth experienced 46 percent less caries than unsealed teeth four years after the application of sealants. The findings from this analysis indicate that the dental therapists successfully applied sealants with retention rates similar to those reported in the literature, and the sealants were effective in reducing dental caries incidence in children. Sealants saved at least 10.4 surfaces per 100 permanent occlusal surfaces from becoming either decayed or filled within a period of four years.
Introduction to the Workshop
Authors: Burt Brian A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractPublic health administrators are forced to consider efficiency as a criterion in their choice of preventive programs because of the numerous programs to choose from, restricted budgets, and declining caries experience in children. Interest in cost effectiveness in dental prevention has risen considerably since the initial conference on this issue at the University of Michigan in 1978. This article introduces the goals of the workshop, the nature of the work groups, and the data they will use.
Caries Incidence and Costs of Prevention Programs
Authors: Garcia A. Isabel 
Published: April 2007

AbstractData on caries increments and costs of prevention programs are presented as background information for participants in the workshop. Estimates of annual caries increments were derived from control groups in clinical trials, epidemiologic studies, and national surveys. Cost data were obtained from dental public health directors, program administrators, fluoridation engineers, and water plant operators in different parts of the US. Caries incidence data are reported for age groups: 5‐17 years (fluoridated and nonfluoridated areas), 18–44 years, 45–64 years, and 65 and over. Program costs include direct costs primarily and do not allow for program inefficiencies, nor have they attempted to include social costs. All cost data are expressed in 1988 dollars. Direct program costs are included for community water fluoridation, fluoride supplements, fluoride mouthrinses, school fluoridation, and sealant programs. For professionally and self‐applied fluoride programs, only material and salary costs are included because total costs could not be located in the literature nor obtained from program directors. All factors and necessary assumptions included in the cost assessments are described.
Effectiveness of Water Fluoridation
Authors: Newbrun Ernest 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe efficacy of communal water fluoridation in reducing dental caries has been reviewed based on surveys conducted in the last decade of caries prevalence in fluoridated and nonfluoridated communities in the United States as well as in Australia, Britain, Canada, Ireland, and New Zealand. The efficacy is greatest for the deciduous dentition, with a range of 30–60 percent less caries in fluoridated communities. In the mixed dentition (ages 8 to 12), the efficacy is more variable, about 20–40 percent less caries. In adolescents (ages 14–17), it is about 15–35 percent less caries. Current data on caries prevalence in adults and seniors are extremely limited and include several populations living in communities with higher than optimal fluoride levels. For these adults and seniors, a range of 15–35 percent less caries would also apply. Viewed in toto, the current data for children, adolescents, adults and seniors show a consistently and substantially lower caries prevalence in fluoridated communities. For an accurate measurement of the efficacy of water fluoridation in reducing dental caries, it is essential that only persons with a record of continuous or long‐term residency in fluoridated versus nonfluoridated areas be included in such assessments. Because of the high geographic mobility in our society and the widespread use of fluoride dentifrices, supplements, and other topical fluoride agents, such comparisons are becoming more difficult to conduct. Accordingly, the effectiveness (rather than the efficacy) of water fluoridation has decreased as the benefits of other forms of fluoride have spread to communities lacking optimal water fluoridation.
What Should Dental Public Health Be in the Future?
Authors: Dudney George G. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractMany factors contribute to a successful dental public health program. Each of these must be developed and constantly cultivated to ensure the continuation and improvement of the program. In looking to the future, dental public health must remember its commitment to the community as its patient and its long history of public/private partnership. To best serve the citizens of the state, participants in this partnership must carefully consider which activities are appropriate for the different providers of dental services.
Predicting Utilization of Dental Services by the Aged
Authors: Holtzman Joseph M. , Berkey Douglas B. , Mann Jonathan 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis article reports the results of a study of factors that differentiate among utilizers and nonutilizers of dental services in old age. Two hundred community‐dwelling subjects aged 60–89 were surveyed regarding utilization of dental services, dentate status, current treatment needs, recent symptom experiences, and dental fear and anxiety. Discriminant analysis was used to differentiate among utilizers and nonutilizers. Dentate status, perceived need, and recent symptom experiences were the best predictors of utilization. The contribution to accurate classification made by two measures of dental fear and anxiety was marginal at best. When dentate status was removed as a predictor, the role of fear and anxiety became somewhat more important.
Attitudes and Behaviors of Dental Hygienists Concerning Tobacco Use
Authors: Fried Jacquelyn L. , Rubinstein Linda 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis study surveyed a proportionate random sample of licensed dental hygienists in five states and the District of Columbia, to assess their antitobacco use behaviors and attitudes. The response rate was 79.4 percent. Descriptive data as well as chi‐square, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Duncan's multiple range test statistical results were reported. Only 6.9 percent of the hygienists sampled currently smoked. These hygienists appeared to exhibit significantly different aggregate attitudes and select clinical practice behaviors than their nonsmoking counterparts. Years of employment and geographic location showed no significant relationship to aggregate clinical practice behaviors or attitudes, although each was related to individual behaviors and attitudes. Overall, dental hygienists appeared committed to involvement in both individualized and community‐based antitobacco‐use efforts. Measures to coordinate hygienists' involvement at both of these levels need to be enhanced.
The University of North Carolina Caries Risk Assessment Study. II. Baseline Caries Prevalence
Authors: Disney Judith A. , Graves Richard C. , Stamm John W. , Bohannan Harry M. , Abernathy James R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBaseline clinical dental examinations were conducted on 5,233 children in grades 1 or 5 from the areas surrounding Aiken, SC, and Portland, ME, as part of a longitudinal study being conducted to predict children at high risk to dental caries. Mean caries levels in the Aiken area were nearly twice those of the Portland area. Black children experienced slightly more disease than whites. In addition to lower levels of caries experience, Portland children also had more treatment needs met, as indicated by higher filled ratio scores.
Oral Health Status of a Federal Prison Population
Authors: Mlxson James M. , Eplee Harvey C. , Fell Philip H. , Jones Jay J. , Rico Miguel 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to describe the prevalence of decayed, missing, and filled teeth among federal male prisoners (aged 21‐75) in the US Penitentiary, Leavenworth, Kansas, and to assess the impact of age, race, number of years incarcerated, and number of visits to the prison dentist on these parameters of oral health. Inmates (n=191) were randomly selected and represented 16.4 percent of the prison population (N=1,161). Two calibrated examiners collected caries and tooth loss data using NIDR criteria. No radiographs were taken. Results showed a mean DMFT of 12.9 for inmates aged 20‐34, 16.4 for inmates aged 35‐ 44, and 22.1 for inmates aged 45 and older. Whites had significantly fewer decayed teeth (P &lt;. 05) than black inmates for ages 20‐34. The number of missing teeth increased significantly (P&lt;01) with inmate age. Proportion edentulous (both arches) was 5.2 percent for ages 35 to 44, 17.3 percent for ages 45–54, and 45.5 percent for ages 55 to 75. Cross tabulations and chi‐square analyses showed that inmates incarcerated less than two years had a significantly (P&lt;.001) lower utilization rate of dental services, and that inmates who made greater use of available dental services had fewer decayed teeth than those with lower utilization rates.
An Index of Chewing Ability
Authors: Leake James L. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis study was carried out to develop and test an index of chewing ability suitable for epidemiologic surveys. Existing data on older adults living independently in East York, Ontario, were reanalyzed and the index was developed using techniques of scalogram analysis. Individuals were scored from 0 to 5 based on their self‐reported ability to chew the most difficult of five foods. In this representative sample, 77 percent scored 5. The index has high predictive values when compared to two other questions on chewing ability in the survey. Among those with chewing disability (scoring 0 to 4), the odds ratio (OR) for being edentulous was 4.1 (95% 01=2.1−8.3). No factor influenced chewing ability among the edentulous. Among the dentate, several clinical dental health status measures appeared to influence chewing ability. Logistic analysis identified the absence of functioning opposing pairs of natural posterior teeth, OR 5.6 (95% 01=2.21−14.39), and the need for urgent care, OR 2.7 (95% 01=1.05−6.95), as the most important.
The Fluorosis Risk Index: a Method for Investigating Risk Factors
Authors: Pendrys David G. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe fluorosis risk index (FRl), a new index developed for use in analytical epidemiologic studies, is designed to permit a more accurate identification of associations between age‐specific exposures to fluoride sources and the development of enamel fluorosis. The FRl divides the enamel surfaces of the permanent dentition into two developmentally related groups of surface zones, designated either as having begun formation during the first year of life (classification I) or during the third through sixth years of life (classification II). Data from the first use of this index in a population‐based case‐control study are given to illustrate the high reliability of the index, its validity, and its unique utility for the identification of risk factors of enamel fluorosis.
Caries Prevalence in Head Start Children, 1986–87
Authors: Louie Reginald , Brunelle Janet A. , Magglore Edward D. , Beck Robert W. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSince the early 1970s, caries prevalence among school‐aged children in the United States has declined. It appears that a small percentage of the children experience most of the caries increment. In addition, a large proportion of children in the US who need dental care receive it (4,5). An important factor in the amount of treatment received by children is the socioeconomic status of the family. Data on caries prevalence among preschool populations are limited. The Head Start program serves low‐income families in the US and offers a unique opportunity to look at individuals who may be at greater risk of health problems and may experience less access to health services. A survey of 1,796 three‐ to five‐year old Head Start children from low‐income families was conducted in 1986–87. Caries prevalence, baby bottle tooth decay prevalence and relative need for dental care are reported for fluoridated and non fluoridated communities in California, Hawaii, and Micronesia. The data reveal scores that are higher in the sample population than in five‐year‐olds in national surveys and among Head Start children in previous surveys.
Factors Associated with Parental Acceptance of Dental Sealants
Authors: Selwitz Robert H. , Colley Brenda J. , Rozier R. Gary 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWhereas a number of surveys have documented oral disease preventive behaviors and associated factors, little is known about public knowledge and beliefs about dental sealants. In this study, factors associated with the presence of sealants were studied in first and second graders residing in Columbia, SC. From a sample of 1,119 children, 88 were found clinically to have sealants; 508 did not have, but needed them. Parents of the sealant children (n=87) and of a random sample of the no‐sealant children (n=289) were interviewed by telephone to obtain information regarding (1) factors related to parents' inclination to obtain sealants for their children, (2) ability of the family to obtain oral disease preventive services, and (3) the influence of others in the family's decision‐making efforts. Analysis of 16 factors thought to be related to sealant presence revealed that parents were more likely to obtain dental sealants for their children if dentists or their staffs recommended them, if the parents were knowledgeable about dental sealants, if the parents were more highly educated, and if the parents had dental insurance coverage. Parents were less likely to obtain dental sealants for their children if they heard about them from mass media. The latter finding is unexpected and may have been influenced by conflicting or negative opinion expressed by some dental practitioners through mass media or other channels of communication. The results of this study suggest that efforts to enhance the utilization of dental sealants should include strategies to (1) encourage dentists to promote them with their patients and the public, (2) educate potential consumers about the benefits of dental sealants, and (3) promote greater insurance coverage for oral health care, including sealants.
A Profile of Black and Hispanic Subgroups' Access to Dental Care: Findings from the National Health Interview Survey
Authors: Aday Lu Ann , Forthofer Ronald N. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis study examined which black and Hispanic minority subgroups were least likely to obtain dental care and why, based on logistic regression analyses of the 1986 National Health Interview Survey. Blacks and Hispanics were less apt to have private dental insurance coverage, to be knowledgeable about the purpose of fluoride, to have been to a dentist in the past year, and, when they did go, were more apt to have gone in response to symptoms rather than for preventive reasons, compared to whites. Logistic regression analyses foradults 18 years of age and older and for children and adolescents 2 to 17 years of age showed that the following individuals had the lowest probability of having been to a dentist in the past year: males, members of larger families, adults who were unemployed or in blue‐collar jobs, those who lived in the South or nonmetropolitan areas, people who perceived their health to be fair or poor, and those with no private dental insurance. Mexican‐Americans were least likely to have been to a dentist regardless of their income or education. In general, the findings confirmed the importance of dental insurance, as well as suggesting a need for more school‐based dental programs and public health clinic‐based dental health education and outreach efforts for targeting minority children and adults.
Comparison of Number and Mean Charge Between Dental Sealants and One‐surface Restorations
Authors: Kuthy Raymond A. , Clive Jonathan M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAn important concern of the insurer is how sealants, if a covered benefit, will affect the premium. Important factors that may have an influence on determining the premium include the decline in caries rate coupled with the long‐term cost to an insurer for sealants vs one‐surface restorations. In this study of more than 1 million dentally insured children (aged 5–15), the mean charge ($) for sealants and one‐surface restorations was determined, along with the frequency of these procedures, by patient age. For this group of children, 43 percent of one‐surface restorations occurred between ages 12–14, whereas 32 percent of the patients received sealants at either 7 or 8 years of age. States varied substantially in the number of sealants as a percentage of the number of restorations. Only three states had more sealants placed than one‐surface, posterior restorations. Three states had an annual increase in the ratio of sealant to restoration charge, while 13 states had an annual decrease. With the exclusion of a few states with a minimum number of sealants and restorations in 1988, the highest ratio of the cost of sealants to the cost of one‐surface restorations was observed in New York (.60) and New Jersey (.56) and the lowest observed in Kansas and Utah (.37). The ratios for both New York and New Jersey were lower in 1988 than in the previous two years. The ratio of the number of one‐surface, posterior restorations to the population served was approximately the same for each NIDR region in the contiguous United States. Alaska and Hawaii had a higher proportion
A Review of Methods to Forecast Restorative Treatment Needs
Authors: McGuire Sheila M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractDecision makers in the areas of health policy, resource allocation, and manpower requirements rely implicitly on estimations of treatment needs on which to base their forecasts. The less specific the treatment‐need estimate, the less precise the forecast. In previous decades, high caries rates were so prevalent that the dental profession could risk having inexact projections because overwhelming need and demand existed. However, rampant decay is no longer a common occurrence. Decay levels are declining in our nation's children and adults have fewer missing teeth. Therefore, restorative treatment needs and patterns in adult populations are transforming at a time when health care costs are spiraling and budget analysts at all levels of government are questioning the priority of continued support of dental care, dental education, and dental research at current levels. The purpose of this review is to present the existing methods of forecasting restorative treatment needs and to postulate the development of a new method based on the collective experiences of practicing dentists nationwide, an empirical method, to convert surface‐specific oral health status data to restorative treatment need information. Need estimations based on empirical data would more accurately reflect the actual distribution of services that practicing dentists provide.
The How and Why of the ADA's Evaluation Program for Dental Therapeutic Products
Authors: Whall Clifford W. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSince 1930, the Council on Dental Therapeutics of the American Dental Association has been evaluating dental drug products for safety and efficacy through its Acceptance Program. To date, numerous products have been evaluated, and many hundreds have received the council's seal of acceptance. Acceptance criteria are rigorous, and the council relies on expert consultants to evaluate the supporting data. There are no manufacturer fees involved with the Acceptance Program. When a product has been awarded the seal, it means that adequate data have been submitted, and that the product is safe and does what it says it will do. This paper describes, in detail, how the Acceptance Program works.
Professionally Applied and Prescribed Fluoride Products
Authors: Grodberg Marcus G. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe US regulatory process relative to the marketing of sodium fluoride dietary supplements and professionally applied topical fluorides is examined with regard to interactions of ADA, NIH, academia, and the FDA, as well as resultant effects on industry, practitioners, and patients. Restrictions on noncaries use of fluoride limit commercial claims, but not professional practice. Prenatal fluoride supplements are still unapproved. Finally, the effects of generic competition and the regulatory process on costs, sales, quality of professional fluoride products and on new product research are discussed.
FDA and ADA Evaluation of Dental Implants
Authors: Schumann David 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe FDA classification of endosseous dental implants (EDI) is reviewed. Factors impacting the long‐term efficacy of dental implants and the guidelines for development of EDI are enumerated. The role of the ADA in evaluation of EDIs is also discussed. Recommendations for development of performance criteria and reporting format are made.