bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A technique for simultaneously comparing the release of noradrenaline evoked by field stimulation and by propagated nerve impulses in rabbit ear arteries
Authors: Rand M. J. , Story D. F. , Sutton I. 
Published: January 2008

1 A technique has been described which utilized radiotracer methods to measure the release of transmitter noradrenaline, simultaneously, from segments of rabbit ear artery subjected to field stimulation and propagated nerve impulses.2 The release of radioactivity from arteries labelled with 3H‐noradrenaline was much greater in the segment subjected to field stimulation than in the segment stimulated by propagated nerve impulses.3 The release of radioactivity from segments invaded by nerve impulses decreased progressively with increases in frequency through the range of 10–50 Hz, using 150 pulses at 10, 15, 20, 30 and 50 Hz. However, the release remained constant in the field stimulated segments throughout the frequency range used.
The relationship between blood gastrin levels and gastric secretion in conscious dogs
Authors: Magee D. F. , Murphy R. F. , Naruse S. 
Published: January 2008

1 In conscious dogs with gastric fistulae and Heidenhain pouches, acid and pepsin secretion, immunoreactive plasma pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and gastrin were measured following intravenously administered pentagastrin, cholinomimetics, and intragastric administration of milk.2 Pentagastrin did not raise endogenous plasma gastrin. There was a significant positive dose‐response relationship between pentagastrin and acid and fistula pepsin secretions, but not between plasma gastrin of endogenous origin and gastric secretion.3 Carbachol raised plasma gastrin immunoreactivity; but in no instance was there a significant relationship between gastric secretion and plasma gastrin immunoreactivity. Gastric acid secretion faded, but plasma gastrin concentrations did not.4 PP plasma immunoreactivity was elevated by methacholine and carbachol. Its levels correlated significantly with gastric acid secretion. Pentagastrin did not raise PP and its levels did not, therefore, correlate with gastric acid secretion.5 Intragastric milk raised plasma gastrin immunoreactivity; but the acid secretion per pg of plasma gastrin was much smaller than with the cholinomimetics. Ganglionic blocking agents depressed both plasma gastrin and acid and pepsin secretion.6 The results suggest that cholinomimetics sensitize parietal cells to the stimulating action of gastrin.
Myocardial chronotropic and inotropic responsiveness in vitro after chronic α‐adrenoreceptor blockade in the rat
Authors: Brown Margaret D. 
Published: January 2008

1 Positive chronotropic and inotropic myocardial responses to different adrenoreceptor agonists were studied using isolated right atria and left ventricular papillary muscles from rats treated orally for 5 weeks with prazosin, an α1‐antagonist, or vehicle (distilled water).2 Chronotropic responses to the α‐adrenoreceptor agonists isoprenaline and salbutamol were similar in atria from both groups of rats, with no differences in their basal rates, maximum rate increases or pD2 values for either agonist.3 Basal contractile force of field‐stimulated papillary muscles was similar in both prazosin‐treated (0.089 ± 0.014 g mg‐1) and control groups (0.104 ± 0.035 g mg‐1). In response to noradrenaline, force increased maximally by 145 ± 30% and 131 ± 30% above resting levels respectively, and pD2 values for this β‐ and α‐agonist showed no changes after chronic prazosin treatment. Inotropic responses to isoprenaline were also not different with maximum increases in force of 94.5 ± 20.2% for prazosin‐treated and 84.5 ± 18.5% for controls, and similar pD2 values.4 However, in response to the α‐agonist phenylephrine (in the presence of propranolol), maximum increases in force were greater in relation to the noradrenaline maxima after prazosin treatment (48.8 ± 4.2%) than in controls (32.0 ± 4.3%, P<0.02). pD2 values for phenylephrine were also significantly higher after long‐term α‐blockade (5.71 ± 0.10 vs 5.30 ± 0.19 for controls, P<0.05).5 Long‐term α‐blockade in the rat therefore led to supersensitivity of α‐mediated inotropism in the heart, but both β‐mediated inotropic and chronotropic responses were unaffected. These results show selectivity of action of chronic prazosin treatment on α‐receptors in the rat heart.
Effects of ω‐conotoxin GVIA on electrical field stimulation‐ and agonist‐induced changes in cytosolic Ca2+ and tension in isolated rat anococcygeus muscle
Authors: Mudumbi Ramagopal V. , Leighton H. Jeff 
Published: January 2008

1 It has been reported that ω ‐conotoxin GVIA (ω‐CgTx) blocks L‐ and N‐type voltage‐sensitive Ca2+ channels (VSCCs) in neurones and inhibits neurotransmitter release in various tissues. The present study investigates the effects of ω‐CgTx on electrical field stimulation (EFS)‐ and agonist‐induced changes in free cytosolic Ca2+ ([Ca2+]cyt) levels and tension in isolated fura‐2 loaded rat anococcygeus muscle.2 EFS produced frequency‐dependent increases in [Ca+]cyt levels and contractions. Phentolamine (1 μM) and ω‐CgTx (0.1 μM) significantly inhibited EFS‐induced responses and shifted the frequency‐response curves to the right.3 α‐adrenoceptor agonists (noradrenaline and clonidine) and carbachol (in the presence of phentolamine) produced concentration‐dependent increases in [Ca2+]cyt levels and contractions. Though ω‐CgTx (0.1 μM) significantly inhibited the increases in [Ca2+]cyt levels induced by low doses of noradrenaline, the overall concentration–response curves of [Ca2+]cyt and contractions for noradrenaline, clonidine, and carbachol were not affected by ω‐CgTx.4 When the tone of rat anococcygeus muscle was raised with either clonidine (0.1 μM) or carbachol (30 μM, in the presence of 3 μM phentolamine), EFS (2 Hz) produced reproducible decreases in [Ca2+]cyt levels and relaxations. These responses were significantly inhibited by ω‐CgTx when the tissue was precontracted with clonidine, but not when it was precontracted with carbachol.5 The results of the present study suggest that in rat anococcygeus muscle, ω‐CgTx inhibits the EFS‐induced release of both excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters, probably by blocking Ca2+ channels on nerve terminals. Furthermore, the Ca2+ channels present on the smooth muscle cell membrane, which are involved in the agonist‐induced Ca2+ influx and contractions, may not be sensitive to ω‐CgTx.
Atrial natriuretic factor modifies noradrenaline release in a sodium‐free medium
Authors: Vatta M. , Papouchado Mariana , Bianciotti Liliana , Locatelli Ana , Fernández B. 
Published: January 2008

1 The effects of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) on 3H‐noradrenaline (3H‐NA) release evoked by a sodium‐free medium (SFM) were studied. The experiments were carried out in rat hypothalamic slices incubated in vitro.2 ANF (1, 10 and 100 nM) decreased NA release evoked by the omission of sodium in a concentration‐dependent way. When calcium was omitted from a SFM, NA output was partially diminished. However, if ANF was added to the SFM/calcium free medium NA secretion showed no modifications.3 Present results suggest that, in rat hypothalamus, NA release evoked by Na+ omission is divided into two fractions: one independent of and the other dependent on extracellular calcium. In addition, ANF modifies. NA release evoked by SFM dependent on extracellular calcium.
Renal D1 receptors, and not D2, are upregulated after aortic constriction and may be involved in cardiac hypertrophy
Authors: Mukherjee K. , Sahai A. , Ganguly P. K. 
Published: January 2008

1 The characteristics of dopamine (D) receptors were studied in kidney using the radiolabelled receptor assay of [3H]‐SCH‐23390 for D1 and [3H]‐sulphide for D2 receptors during cardiac hypertrophy. Male Sprague‐Dawley rats (175–200 g) underwent abdominal aortic constriction above the renal arteries and were studied 28 days thereafter. Sham operated animals without aortic constriction were used as control.2 Membranes obtained from kidney cortex showed an increase in the number of binding sites (Bmax) of D1 receptors in the aortic banded group. The apparent affinity for the ligand (Kj) was unchanged with D1 receptors, as compared to sham control. Both Bmax and Kd were unchanged for D2 receptors in the aortic banded group.3 Autoradiographic data further reinforced the findings, showing an increased number of D1 receptors in the kidney at 28 days after abdominal aortic constriction. These changes were associated with an increase in plasma renin activity in the aortic banded group. Further, Na+ ‐K+ ‐ATPase as measured by fmol of 32Pi released from [γ‐32P]‐ATP, was decreased in the kidney cortex of banded animals.4 Reversal of hypertrophic parameters was observed in the aortic banded group treated for 14 days with SCH 23390 hydrochloride (0.1 mg kg−1 i.p.), a known D1 receptor antagonist.5 The present study shows an upregulation of renal D1 receptors following abdominal aortic constriction and it is suggested that upregulation of D receptors may be involved in the development of cardiac hypertrophy.
Investigations on the Haemoglobin and Cell Volume in Certain Pathological Conditions in the Small Child.
Authors: DRUCKER. PAUL 
Published: January 2008

Résumé1. An increase in Hv. above the physiological limit can be explained by a drying up of the blood which in all probability is an indication of an augmentation of the osmotic pressure of the plasma.2. Drying up of the blood (increase in the osmotic preussure) I find not only in acute toxic gastro‐enteritis but also in congenital pyloric stenosis, and what is more important, also in children suffering from chronic dyspepsia as this does not accord with the results of earlier authours who directly estimated the serum proteins or the dessicated substance.3. In the first months of life I find no anaemia of the chlorosis type (low Hv.) in prematurely born children, while Lichtenstein finds classical chlorosis (low F. I.). If it should be confirmed in a large series of investigations that in the same child we find a low F. I. but a normal Hv. then the blood corpuscles must be smaller than normal, in other words there must be a microcytosis in the first months of life.4. In children with active rickets, or who have had the disease in the past, and in children who have suffered from severe or mild, acute or chronic alimentary diseases, practically no sign of anaemia is to be found among my cases.In conclusion I wish to express my indebtedness to my chief, Prof. C. E. Bloch for the excellent facilities granted me during the progress of my work in the Children's Department of the State Hospital. I am also grateful to Prof. S. Monrad for the opportunity given me of examining the patients at Dronning Louise's Children's Hospital, as well as to Dr. E. J. Warburg for his kindness of always being to my disposal with technical and literary hints.
Beitrag zur Azidosis bei Neugeborenen.: Über den Anteil der verschiedenen Blutbestandteile (Hämoglobin, Blutkörperchen, CO2, Serumsalze) an der Regulation der Blutreaktion.
Authors: YLPPÖ ARVO 
Published: January 2008

Zusammenfassung Blutkörperchen aus dehd Nabebschnurblute zeigen eine etwas höhere Wasserstoffionenkonzentratiou als die einige Tage alter Neugeborenen, diese wieder etwas höhere Werte als schwangere Frauen. Mit Saponin hämolysierte Blutkörperchen zeigen höhere Wasserstoffionenkonzentration als intakte. Auch hier findet man für Blutkörperchen aus dem Nabelschnurblute die höchsten Wasserstoffionenkonzentrationen. Im entgasten oder CO2hd‐freien Zustande zeigen Nabelschnur‐, Neugeborenen‐ und Schwangerenblutkörperchen sowohl im intakten wie im hämolysierten Zustande ziemlich gleiche Werte.Dies steht aller Wahrscheinlichkeit nach damit im Zusammenhang, dass in den alkalischen Reaktionsgebieten — um Ph 7,6–7,7 herum — die hier in Frage kommen, das Hämoglobin anfängt, sich in merkbarer Weise an der Reaktionsregulation zu beteiligen. Die Alkalescnz des CO2hd‐freien Serum wird durch Beimengung von CO2‐freien Blutkörperchen herabgesetzt; je grösser die Beimengung um so grösser die Herabsetzung.Kleinere Schwankungen im Blutkörperchen und Hämoglobingehalt, wie sie während akuter Erkrankungen vorkommen, üben anscheinend keinen nennenswerten Einfluss auf die Reaktion des CO2‐freien Blutes aus.Ohd dieser die Alkalescenz herabsetzendhd Einfluss in den Reaktionsgebieten urn ph 7,5–9 herum hauptsächlich vom Hämoglobin abhängt, konnte nicht erwiesen werden, da Versuche mit reinem Hämoglobin an technischen Schwierigkeiten scheiterten. Im entgasten oder CO2‐freien Serum aus dem Nabelschnur‐blute wurde im Mittel eine etwas höhere Wasserstofflonenkonzentration als im Blute von einigen Stunden, resp. Tage altem Neugeborenenen gefunden. In Serum von Schwangeren war die Wasserstoffionenkonzentration im Durchschnitt noch ein wenig niedriger als bei den Neugeborenen. Diese Befunde sowohl an intakten wie ahd hämolysierten Blutkörperchen als auch am CO2‐freien Serum zeigen nach alledem, dass man im Blute vor allem des eben geborenen Kindes im Vergleiche zu Schwangeren gewisse Differenzen in Bezug auf die Reaktion und sonstiges Verhalten nachweisen kann, welche auf eine Azidotische Labilität deuten. Wird sind demnach berechtigt, von einer azidotischen Konstitution oder richtiger von einer«Azidosebereitschaft des Neugeborenen»zu sprechen.Chdarlottenburg, Kaiserin Auguste Victorihd‐Hamus.
EXPERIMENTAL RICKETS
Authors: SKAAR T. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryDuring the investigations regarding experimental rickets it was found that:1)Owing to the lack of both Vitamin C and D in the dietthere is a negative phosphorus balance and a weak positive calcium balance turning negative.2) When Vitamin C only is lacking in the diet the calcium balance is poorer than with the addition of lemon juice.It is therefore not improbable that when dogs. at an early stage are put on a diet lacking Vitamin C they can be afflicted by scurvy or by a scurvy‐like condition, a disease in dogs where the changes undergone in metabolism have not hitherto been investigated.Cod‐liver oil cures experimental rickets very rapidly, both chemically and clinically. The negative or weak positive balances quickly become strongly positive.3) When Vitamin D is lacking in the diet:a) thus a form of rickets proper in dogs, a positive phosphorus balance and a negative calcium balance is found.b) Na2HPO4 added extra to the diet gives rise to clinically worse rickets but to a better phosphorus balance and parallel calcium balance than without the addition.c) Calcium lactate added extra to the diet gives rise to a clinically lesser pronounced rickets, with stronger calcium and phosphorus balances. Moreover, there is a greater calcium content in the bones.d) A salt mixture of Ca3(PO4)2, and CaCO3 (relationship 840:95) brings about greater calcium and phosphorus balances than without the addition of the salt mixture.e) Wheat‐flour, compared with oatmeal, produces clinically severer rickets, weaker phosphorus and magnesium balances but a stronger calcium balance.f) According to the balances of the elements concerned, the amount of calcium and inorganic phosphorus in the serum is lowered, in some cases very considerably.4) The magnesium balance is independent of both the calcium and phosphorus balances.5) The best balance of an element gives as a rule the greatest content of that element in the bones.6) On a diet which is extremely insufficient for a growing organism, oatmeal only, a diet deficient in Vitamin D and in Nitrogen in particular, a much stronger rickets is produced with negative calcium, phosphorus and magnesium balances.
The Composition of Growth.
Authors: HAMILTON BENGT , SHOCK NATHAN W. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryIn a case of chronic malnutrition (infantile atrophy), metabolism experiments were conducted over a period of 106 days, 60 of which the infant actually spent on the metabolism bed. In five periods, covering 41 days, there was a gain in weight. The retentions of sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, magnesium and nitrogen were calculated per kilogram gain in weight from these five periods, and compared with normal figures previously obtained by Swanson.It was found that in respect to the retentions of sodium and potassium, the atrophic infant differed markedly from the normal infants. The sodium retention was low, probably indicating that the new tissues formed were not holding a normal amount of interstitial fluids. The potassium retention was very high, both absolutely and in relation to the retention of nitrogen. It is argued that this increased retention of potassium indicates either the repair of intracellular dehydration, or the formation of cells abnormally rich in fluids.
Über den Einfluss der protrahierten resp. komplizierten Geburt auf die »transitorischen« Fiebererscheinungen bei Neugeborenen
Authors: SALMI T. 
Published: January 2008

Zusammenfassung.Die Temperaturkurve in den ersten Lebenstagen ist bei 225 Normal‐, 54 Sectio‐ und 45 Zangenkindern verfolgt und dabei ist festgestellt worden, dass das sog. transitorische Fieber bei 1/5 der Normal‐1/4 der Sectio‐ und 1/2 der Zangenkinder in Erscheinung tritt. Ferner ist beobachtet worden, dass bei den fiebernden Normal‐Neugeborenen bedeutend häufiger langdauernde Geburten vorhergehen, als bei den fieberfreien, und zwar kommen länger als 24 St. dauernde Geburten bei den fiebernden in 1/3, bei den fieberfreien in 1/10 der Fälle vor; unter den Sectiofällen sind die Zahlen bei den fiebernden 1/2, bei den fieberfreien 1/3 unter den Zangenkindern bei den fiebernden 2/3, bei den fieberfreien ea 1/2.Gleicherweise erweist es sich, dass bei den fiebernden Kindern die Austreibungsperiode bei der Geburt im Allgemeinen länger gedauert hat, als bei den fieberfreien. Ausnahme bilden die Zangenkinder, bei denen die Geburt auch sonst länger dauernt. Die gleiche Erscheinung ist in Bezug auf den Zeitpunkt des Fruchtwasserabgabes zu vermerken.Die vermehrten Möglichkeiten zu Infektion und Geburtstraumata im Anschluss an schweren, langdauernden und komplizierten Geburten dürften die Hauptrolle bei der Entstehung des transitorischen Fiebers spielen.
Untersuchungen über die Häufigkeit des Vorkommens von Eingeweidewürmern, speziell von Trichuris trichiura, bei Patienten der Kopenhagener Universitäts‐Kinderklinik.
Authors: ROTH. HANS 
Published: January 2008

Zusammenfassung. 302 Kinder im Alter von 0–16 Jahren, die aus allen Teilen Dänemarks stammten, wurden in der Universitäts‐Kinderklinik des Reichshospitales vermittels des Telemann‐Schroeder'schen Stuhlanreicherungsverfahrens auf Wurmbefall geprüft.Die Altersklasse 0–2 Jahre, die 65 Individuen umfasste, wies nur zweimal = 3 % Trichuristräger auf. Wenn diese Gruppe abgerechnet wurde, so kam man auf einen bedeutend höheren Infektionsprozentsatz für die 2–16 jährigen, nämlich auf 20% für Gross‐Kopenhagen, 36% für Provinzstädte, 56% für das Sache Land und einen Gesamtdurchschnitt von 35%.Die 164 Knaben waren zu 31 % und die 138 Mädchen zu 25 % mit Trichuris infiziert.Eine Zusatnmenstellung der klinischen Diagnosen, die bei den untersuchten Kindern gestellt waren, mit den Trichurisbefunden ergab einen höheren Wurmprozent bei Patienten mit Erkrankungen des Nervensystems als bei solchen mit anderen Leiden.Von den 84 Trichurisfällen dürfte es sich bei knapp 30 % um ziemlich intensive Infektionen gehandelt haben, soweit sich aus einer rohen Schätzung der Eizahl nach dem Telemannverfahren schliessen liess.3 von den 84 Trichuristrägern zeigten ein Kankheitsbild, das auf die Wurminfektion selbst zurückzuführen war (Trichocephaliasis). Ascaris lumbricoides wurde 8mal (=3% der Untersuchten) angetroffen.Es wurden 10 Träger von Enterobius vermicularis (Syn. Oxyuris vermicularis) festgestellt (=3% der Untersuchten). Doch ist hierbei zu berücksichtigen, dass Enterobius nur sehr selten durch Stuhkmtersuchungen nachgewiesen werden kann.Die gefundenen Wurmzahlen werden mit denen anderer Autoren verglichen und die Gründe für Unterschiede in den Befunden besprochen.Es wird besonders auf den scharfen Gegensatz hingewiesen, der in Dänemark zwischen der Häufigkeit des Vorkommens von Askaris und von Trichuris besteht.Es wird erörtert, auf welche Ursachen die starke Verbreitung von Trichuris unter der dänischen Landbevölkerung zurückzuführen sein könnte, und eine umfangreichere Wurmuntersuchung in verschiedenen Landbezirken wird angeregt, wobei die lokalen Klima‐ und Lebensverhältnisse mit zu berücksichtigen wären; durch eine Klarstellung der bei der Wurm‐verbreitunar in Dänemark wirksamen Faktoren würde auch wohl die Möglichkeit gegeben werden, die so ausserordentlich häufige Triehurisinfektion mittels hygienischer Massnahmen niederzuhalten.
Vergleichende Untersuchungen über die reduzierenden Substanzen im Ventrikel‐ und Lumballiquor bei hydrozephalen Kindern.1
Authors: AHNSJÖ. SVEN 
Published: January 2008

Zusammenfassung.I. An drei Kindern mit Hydrozephalus cong. comm. wurden gleichzeitige Ventrikel‐ und Lumbalpunktionen ausgeführt, wobei der jeweilige Zuckergebalt verglichen und gleich befunden wurde.II. Bei neuerlicher Entnahme von Liquor, 7 bis 18 Minuten nach der ersten Probe, ergab es sich, dass der Zuckergebalt andauernd derselbe war.III. Blutzuckerproben, welche vor und nach den Punktionen entnommen wurden, zeigten grosse Differenzen bis zu 50 mg%.IV. In einem Falle wurde eine vorübergehende Staphylokokkenmeningitis mit vergleichenden Ventrikel‐ und Lumbalpunktionen verfolgt, wobei Gleichheit des Zuckergehalts in der Ventrikel‐ und Lumbalflüssigkeit mehrmals konstatiert wurde. Bei einer Punktion war der Zuckergehalt in der Lumbalflüssigkeit bedeutend niedriger als in der Ventrikelflüssigkeit (Diskussion dieses Falles).
Studies of latent scurvy in infants
Authors: BRÆSTRUP P. W. 
Published: January 2008

Summary.It is shown by about 400 determinations of the capillary resistance carried out in May—July, 1936, by stasis‐test on normal children under one year of age,

that newly born children have an extraordinary capillary resistance for their first five days, regardless whether they are prematurely born,
that the resistance of about half the healthy children, aged 1—5 months, fed exclusively on mother's milk, is lowered,
that the capillary resistance of about 10% of the 6—12 months old children on mixed diet is lowered.

Ascorbic (cevitamic) acid was administered to 8 diseased children, whereupon the resistance of 3 became normal. The lowered capillary resistance of 6 out of 10 healthy children became normal after the administration of tomato juice.Too little vitamin C is certainly a frequent cause of lowered capillary resistance in otherwise healthy infants.
Some Cases of Cow's Milk Idiosyncrasy
Authors: SYDOW GERT V. 
Published: January 2008

Summary.The author describes four cases of «congenital cow's milk idiosyncrasy» and compares them with 12 cases recorded in the literature. He is of opinion that this comparison indicates that the disease can be distinguished into two types: one type having an evident constitutional foundation for the hypersensitiveness, reacting to cow's milk with symptoms also from the skin or the respiratory tract and not being so amenable to a desensitisation therapy. The other type is not so obviously constitutionally conditioned, has symptoms only from the digestive organs, and acquires a tolerance for cow's milk rather early.