bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neurological Features and Enzyme Therapy in Patients With Endocrine and Exocrine Pancreas Dysfunction Due to CEL Mutations
Authors: Vesterhus Mette , Ræder Helge , Aurlien Harald , Gjesdal Clara G. , Bredrup Cecilie , Holm Pål I. , Molven Anders , Bindoff Laurence , Berstad Arnold , Njølstad Pål R. 
Published: June 2008

OBJECTIVE—To further define clinical features associated with the syndrome of diabetes and pancreatic exocrine dysfunction due to mutations in the carboxyl-ester lipase (CEL) gene and to assess the effects of pancreatic enzyme substitution therapy.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Nine patients with CEL gene mutation, exocrine deficiency, and diabetes were treated and followed for 30 months.
RESULTS—Treatment improved symptoms in seven of nine patients. Exocrine and endocrine function assessed by fecal elastase and A1C were not affected, although fecal lipid excretion was reduced. Vitamin E was low in all patients but increased with treatment (P &lt; 0.001 at 30 months) and improved in five subjects. A predominantly demyelinating neuropathy was seen in a majority of patients, and carpal tunnel syndrome was common.
CONCLUSIONS—Pancreatic enzyme substitution alleviated symptoms and malabsorption and normalized vitamin E levels. Glycemic control was not significantly affected. The CEL syndrome seems associated with a demyelinating neuropathology.
Association Between Raised Blood Pressure and Dysglycemia in Hong Kong Chinese
Authors: Cheung Bernard M.Y. , Wat Nelson M.S. , Tso Annette W.K. , Tam Sidney , Thomas G. Neil , Leung Gabriel M. , Tse Hung Fat , Woo Jean , Janus Edward D. , Lau Chu Pak , Lam Tai Hing , Lam Karen S.L. 
Published: June 2008

OBJECTIVE—To investigate the association between raised blood pressure and dysglycemia.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We studied the association between raised blood pressure and dysglycemia in 1,862 subjects in the Hong Kong Cardiovascular Risk Factor Prevalence Study cohort. We determined the factors predicting the development of diabetes and hypertension in 1,496 subjects who did not have either condition at baseline.
RESULTS—Diabetes and hypertension were both related to age, obesity indexes, blood pressure, glucose, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides. Of subjects with diabetes, 58% had raised blood pressure. Of subjects with hypertension, 56% had dysglycemia. BMI and blood glucose 2 h after a 75-g oral glucose load were independent predictors of new-onset diabetes. Age, systolic blood pressure, and 2-h glucose were independent predictors of new-onset hypertension. BMI, systolic blood pressure, and 2-h glucose were independent predictors of the development of diabetes and hypertension together.
CONCLUSIONS—Diabetes and hypertension share common etiological factors. Patients with diabetes or hypertension should be screened and managed for the precursor of the other condition.
The Missed Patient With Diabetes
Authors: Zhang Xuanping , Geiss Linda S. , Cheng Yiling J. , Beckles Gloria L. , Gregg Edward W. , Kahn Henry S. 
Published: June 2008

OBJECTIVE—This study examined the association between access to health care and three classifications of diabetes status: diagnosed, undiagnosed, and no diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Using data from the 1999–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, we identified 110 “missed patients” (fasting plasma glucose &gt;125 mg/dl but without diagnoses of diabetes), 704 patients with diagnosed diabetes, and 4,782 people without diabetes among adults aged 18–64 years. The population percentage undetected among adults with diabetes and the odds ratio of being undetected among adults who reported not having diabetes were compared between groups based on their access to health care.
RESULTS—Among those with diabetes, the percentages having undetected diabetes were 42.2% (95% CI 36.7–47.7) among the uninsured, 25.9% (22.9–28.9) among the insured, 49.3% (43.0–55.6) for those uninsured &gt;1 year, 38.7% (29.2–48.2) for those uninsured ≤1 year, and 24.5% (21.7–27.3) for those continuously insured over the past year. Type of insurance, number of times receiving health care in the past year, and routine patterns of health care utilization were also associated with undetected diabetes. Multivariate adjustment indicated that having undetected diabetes was associated with being uninsured (odds ratio 1.7 [95% CI 1.0–2.9]) and with being uninsured &gt;1 year (2.6 [1.4–5.0]).
CONCLUSIONS—Limited access to health care, especially being uninsured and going without insurance for a long period, was significantly associated with being a “missed patient” with diabetes. Efforts to increase detection of diabetes may need to address issues of access to care.
Acute Modulation of Toll-Like Receptors by Insulin
Authors: Ghanim Husam , Mohanty Priya , Deopurkar Rupali , Ling Sia Ching , Korzeniewski Kelly , Abuaysheh Sanaa , Chaudhuri Ajay , Dandona Paresh 
Published: June 2008

OBJECTIVE—Low-dose insulin infusion has been shown to exert a prompt and powerful anti-inflammatory effect. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are major determinants of the inflammatory response to viral and bacterial pathogens. We have now hypothesized that low-dose insulin infusion in obese type 2 diabetic patients suppresses TLR expression.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Ten type 2 diabetic patients were infused with a low dose of insulin (2 units/h) and dextrose to maintain normoglycemia for 4 h, while another 14 type 2 diabetic patients were infused with either dextrose or saline for 4 h and served as control subjects. Blood samples were collected before and at 2, 4, and 6 h. TLR expression was determined in mononuclear cells (MNCs).
RESULTS—Insulin infusion significantly suppressed TLR1, -2, -4, -7, and -9 mRNA expression in MNCs within 2 h of the infusion, with a maximum fall at 4 h by 24 ± 9%, 21 ± 5%, 30 ± 8%, 28 ± 5%, and 27 ± 10% (P &lt; 0.05, for all), respectively, below the baseline. TLR2 protein was suppressed by 19 ± 7% (P &lt; 0.05) below the baseline at 4 h. The DNA binding of PU.1, a major transcription factor regulating many TLR genes, was concomitantly suppressed by 24 ± 10% (P &lt; 0.05) by 4 h in MNCs. There was no change in TLR expression or DNA binding by PU.1 following dextrose or saline infusion in the control groups.
CONCLUSIONS—Insulin suppresses the expression of several TLRs at the transcriptional level, possibly through its suppressive effect on PU.1.
A generalized Henstock-Stieltjes integral involving division functions
Authors: Pal Supriya , Ganguly D. , Yee Lee 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
We can consider the Riemann-Stieltjes integral $$
\int\limits_a^b f
$$ dg as an integral of a point function f with respect to an interval function g. We could extend it to the Henstock-Stieltjes integral. In this paper, we extend it to a generalized Stieltjes integral $$
\int\limits_a^b f
$$ dg of a point function f with respect to a function g of divisions of an interval. Then we prove for this integral the standard results in the theory of integration, including the controlled convergence theorem.
The exact number of solutions for the second order nonlinear boundary value problem
Authors: Somora Peter 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
A second order nonlinear differential equation with homogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions is considered. An explicit expression for the root functions for an autonomous nonlinear boundary value problem is obtained using the results of the paper [SOMORA, P.: The lower bound of the number of solutions for the second order nonlinear boundary value problem via the root functions method, Math. Slovaca 57 (2007), 141–156]. Other assumptions are supposed to prove the monotonicity of root functions and to get the exact number of solutions. The existence of infinitely many solutions of the boundary value problem with strong nonlinearity is obtained by the root function method as well.
Atsuji completions vis-à-vis hyperspaces
Authors: Jain Tanvi , Kundu S. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
A metric space (X, d) is called an Atsuji space if every real-valued continuous function on (X, d) is uniformly continuous. It is well-known that an Atsuji space must be complete. A metric space (X, d) is said to have an Atsuji completion if its completion ($$
\hat X
$$, d) is an Atsuji space. In this paper, we study twelve equivalent (external) characterizations for a metric space to have an Atsuji completion in terms of hyperspace topologies. We also characterize topologically those metrizable spaces whose completions are Atsuji spaces.
Some notes on densely continuous forms
Authors: Vadovič Peter 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
We consider a special space of set-valued functions (multifunctions), the space of densely continuous forms D(X, Y) between Hausdorff spaces X and Y, defined in [HAMMER, S. T.—McCOY, R. A.: Spaces of densely continuous forms, Set-Valued Anal. 5 (1997), 247–266] and investigated also in [HOLÁ, L’.: Spaces of densely continuous forms, USCO and minimal USCO maps, Set-Valued Anal. 11 (2003), 133–151]. We show some of its properties, completing the results from the papers [HOLÝ, D.—VADOVIČ, P.: Densely continuous forms, pointwise topology and cardinal functions, Czechoslovak Math. J. 58(133) (2008), 79–92] and [HOLÝ, D.—VADOVIČ, P.: Hausdorff graph topology, proximal graph topology and the uniform topology for densely continuous forms and minimal USCO maps, Acta Math. Hungar. 116 (2007), 133–144], in particular concerning the structure of the space of real-valued locally bounded densely continuous forms D
p*(X) equipped with the topology of pointwise convergence in the product space of all nonempty-compact-valued multifunctions. The paper also contains a comparison of cardinal functions on D
p*(X) and on real-valued continuous functions C
p(X) and a generalization of a sufficient condition for the countable cellularity of D
p*(X).
Formal Languages - Concatenation and Closure
Authors: Trybulec Michał 
Published: June 2008

Formal Languages - Concatenation and Closure
Formal languages are introduced as subsets of the set of all 0-based finite sequences over a given set (the alphabet). Concatenation, the n -th power and closure are defined and their properties are shown. Finally, it is shown that the closure of the alphabet (understood here as the language of words of length 1) equals to the set of all words over that alphabet, and that the alphabet is the minimal set with this property. Notation and terminology were taken from [5] and [13]. MML identifier: FLANG 1 , version: 7.8.04 4.81.962
Process for Applying the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health Model to a Patient With Patellar Dislocation
Authors: Helgeson Kevin , Smith A Russell 
Published: June 2008

Background and PurposeThe International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) has been proposed as a possible framework for organizing physical therapist practice. The purpose of this case report is to describe an evaluative and diagnostic process that is based on the ICF framework for a patient with a patellar dislocation.Case DescriptionThe patient was a 23-year-old woman who sustained a right knee and patellofemoral joint injury, resulting in a sprain of the medial collateral ligament and a suspected sprain of the medial patellofemoral ligament. Evaluation at 4 weeks demonstrated a primary impairment of patellar instability associated with the primary activity limitation of limited walking distances. A plan of care to address impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions was developed, with modifications made on the basis of the patient's health condition and personal and environmental factors.OutcomesThe patient attained all of her goals for therapy and was able to return to her normal activities and recreational pursuits without a recurrence of a patellar dislocation. Lower-Extremity Function Scale scores increased from 30 out of 80 to 76 out of 80 during the course of treatment.DiscussionThe ICF model has been proposed as a framework for developing diagnostic classifications for rehabilitation professionals. The ICF model also should be assessed with regard to whether it provides a useful process for clinical decision making. The ICF model directs practitioners to address patients’ problems at the level of the whole person, with modifications made on the basis of health conditions and personal and environmental factors.
Effect of yttrium addition on the glass forming ability of Co-based alloys
Authors: Wu Hong , Liu Yong , He Shiwen , Liu Zuming , Huang Baiyun 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Cobalt-based amorphous alloy ribbons were prepared by means of melt-spinning. The effect of addition of a rare earth element yttrium on the glass forming ability (GFA) and thermal stability were investigated by X-ray diffraction analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. The results show that a small amount of yttrium is effective in improving the glass forming ability and thermal stability of a Co – Fe – Zr – Nb – B alloy. As-quenched glassy ribbon containing 4 at.% yttrium shows the highest GFA and thermal stability. The glass transition temperature T
g, reduced glass transition temperature T
rg, supercooled liquid region ΔT
x, GFA parameter γ and Vickers hardness are 886 K, 0.618, 96 K, 0.423 and 1158 respectively. Crystallization kinetic studies show that the crystallization activation energies for (Co45Fe21Zr4Nb10B20)96Y4 glassy ribbon are as high as 826 kJ mol− 1 for the first crystallization peak. The excellent GFA and thermal stability of Y-containing alloy is mainly attributed to the scavenging of oxygen and large mismatch in atomic size induced by the addition of yttrium.
Molecular dynamics study of the hcp–bcc phase transformation in nanocrystalline zirconium
Authors: Xiao Shifang , Wei Mingzhi , Hu Wangyu 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
The hcp – bcc phase transformation in nanocrystalline zirconium with an initial grain size of about 7 nm is studied by means of molecular dynamics simulations based on an analytic embedded atom method. The radial distribution function, the fraction of different type atoms differentiated by the common neighbor analysis method and snapshots of a slice through the simulation cell with relaxation time are all used to describe the hcp – bcc phase transformation process in nanocrystalline zirconium. The results indicate that the new phase of bcc structure zirconium first appears in the grain boundary regions, and then the interphase boundary migrates from the bcc to hcp phase, finally the grain of pure bcc phase grows. In addition, the critical temperature of phase transformation for nanocrystalline zirconium is determined as 1225 ± 25 K, which is somewhat higher than the experimental value of 1136 K for conventional zirconium.
Modeling rapid liquid/solid and solid/liquid phase transformations in Al alloys
Authors: Rettenmayr Markus , Buchmann Martin 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
A recently developed thermodynamic model for describing the ‘contact conditions’ (concentrations at an interface of the two adjacent phases) is implemented in a kinetic model for liquid/solid phase transformations. The resulting integrated model describes the concentration profiles in the liquid and solid phase during the phase transformation over a large range of solidification front velocities. Examples are shown for steady state solidification in aluminum alloys. The results are in good agreement with experimental data from the literature and the well known continuous growth model by Aziz. In addition to earlier models, transient states can be described. An example is shown for a solidification front that is momentarily disturbed, i. e. set off-equilibrium. One of the results is the time for local re-equilibration at the interface which is of the order of 20 μs for solidification. First results for describing melting are also shown and discussed.
From binary assessments to thermodynamic databases
Authors: Hallstedt Bengt 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
The Calphad method is a very powerful method for dealing with phase equilibria and thermodynamic properties of multicomponent alloy systems. In fact, it is the only method that can do this. However, in order to do this it is necessary to construct multicomponent databases, and the requirements on thermodynamic evaluations, in particular of binary systems, are quite different compared to the case when they are only used as stand-alone evaluations. A number of these issues are discussed in this paper and in particular the influence of changes of the values of binary interaction parameters on the ternary systems Cr–Cu–Ni and Cr–Cu–Fe is investigated. In addition, the Cr–Mo–Ni system is chosen as an example of a system where pure extrapolations (thermodynamic) from its binary subsystems produce a completely incorrect phase diagram. As a conclusion it is found that a massive effort on experimental and computational (Calphad) investigations of ternary systems, supported by ab-initio calculations, is needed in order to make further progress in the field of alloy thermodynamics possible. The quality of a multicomponent database is strongly dependent on the fraction of ternary datasets included in the database.
Multiphase/multicomponent modeling of solidification processes: coupling solidification kinetics with thermodynamics
Authors: Ishmurzin A. , Gruber-Pretzler M. , Mayer F. , Wu M. , Ludwig A. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
This paper is an extension and improvement of the previous work of the authors. It presents further development of a coupling method between a multiphase Eulerian solidification model and the thermodynamics of multicomponental alloys. The transport equations of the multiphase solidification model are closed by the interphase transfer/exchange terms. The derivation of these terms is based on the diffusion-controlled solidification kinetics and thermodynamics. Direct online coupling of a computational fluid dynamics solver with a thermodynamic software package is time-consuming, therefore a way to access thermodynamic data by means of the tabulation and interpolation technique (In-Situ Adaptive Tabulation) is suggested. The coupling procedure is described and tested with a 0-D solidification benchmark case. Additionally, the suggested coupling method is used to simulate a casting process of a CuSn6P0.5 round strand, which demonstrated the application potential of the coupling idea. The predicted macrosegregations of Sn and P for this casting process shows the same distribution pattern as observed in practice, namely positive segregation in the vicinity of the wall region and negative one in the center of the casting.
Experimental and theoretical study of the phase relations in the zinc-rich corner of the Zn–Fe–Cr system at 450°C
Authors: Liu Ya , Su Xuping , Yin Fucheng , Li Zhi , Wang Jianhua 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
By means of scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, the phase relations in the zinc-rich corner of the Zn – Fe – Cr ternary system at 450°C were determined using heat-treated alloys. The experimental results indicate that a ternary phase named ζ′ is in equilibrium with liquid, ζ-FeZn13 and θ-CrZn17. The solubilities of Cr in the ζ phase and Fe in the θ phase are limited, being 0.6 wt.% and 0.7 wt.%, respectively. Meanwhile, based on the interatomic potentials obtained using the lattice inversion method, atomistic calculation was carried out to determine the site preference and solubilities of Cr in the ζ phase. Good agreement between the experimental results and theoretical calculations was achieved.
Formation of primary TiN precipitates during solidification of microalloyed steels – Scheil versus DICTRA simulations
Authors: Schneider A. , Stallybrass C. , Konrad J. , Kulgemeyer A. , Meuser H. , Meimeth S. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Modern high-strength low-alloy steels commonly contain microalloying additions of titanium, niobium or vanadium in different combinations in order to obtain the desired microstructure and mechanical properties. Titanium has a strong tendency to form TiN in the range of the solidus temperature. This has been reported to have a negative effect on the impact toughness of the material. Thermodynamic calculations showed that the titanium and nitrogen content and the titanium to nitrogen ratio determine if the formation of TiN takes place during solidification or in the solid state. These calculations where complemented by simulations of solidification using the Scheil – Gulliver model and DICTRA. The results were compared with microstructure investigations of plate and slab material with titanium contents between 0.003 wt.% and 0.015 wt.% using light-optical microscopy and electron probe microanalysis. While the formation of TiN particles cannot be ruled out even at the lowest Ti levels, the temperature of formation and the volume fraction varied significantly depending on the Ti content. With respect to the first results of this preliminary study, i. e. the comparison of equilibrium, Scheil and DICTRA calculations, it can be assumed that the Scheil model is the most appropriate one at present.
Metathesis in Peptides and Peptidomimetics
Authors: Brik Ashraf 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThis review is intended to cover the applications of olefin metathesis, with its variations, to the synthesis and manipulation of peptides and peptidomimetics. The examples presented here emphasize the use of metathesis in several aspects of peptides and peptidomimetics, from amino acid synthesis, design and synthesis of secondary structure elements, and manipulation of pharmaceutically active peptides and peptidomimetics to improve their stability and activity. These examples testify to the power of the ruthenium‐based catalysts, which are particularly useful in the synthesis of complex molecules such as peptides, due to their high stability in various media, high chemoselectivity, and tolerance to a variety of functional groups that decorate the peptide side chains. Another observation one could make from surveying these studies is that ring‐closing metathesis (RCM) is the most used variation of olefin metathesis in these fields. Finally, metathesis, which leads to the formation of carbon‐carbon bonds with various hybridization states, i.e., alkyne, alkene, and alkane allows for great diversity and flexibility in the synthesis leading to novel structures and function properties. Unarguably, metathesis is a fascinating reaction that continues to have its impact in various fields including peptides and peptidomimetics.
Suzuki–Miyaura Cross‐Coupling of 2‐Nitroarenediazonium Tetrafluoroborates: Synthesis of Unsymmetrical 2‐Nitrobiphenyls and Highly Functionalized Carbazoles
Authors: Kuethe Jeffrey T. , Childers Karla G. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling of 2‐nitrodiazonium tetrafluoroborate salts with substituted boronic acids is an effective and efficient means of preparing highly functionalized 2‐nitrobiphenyls in modest to excellent yield under extremely mild reaction conditions. Cross‐coupling of 2‐nitrodiazonium tetrafluoroborate salts with ortho‐methoxy‐ and benzyloxyphenylboronic acids was also demonstrated leading to the ortho‐ortho‐2‐nitrobiphenyls. Reductive cyclization of the 2‐nitrobiphenyl products allows for the overall three‐step synthesis of uniquely substituted carbazoles from readily available 2‐nitroanilines. The methodology was further highlighted by the short total synthesis of the carbazole alkaloids clausine V, N, C, and glycoborine.
Asymmetric Synthesis of the Roche Ester and its Derivatives by Rhodium‐INDOLPHOS‐Catalyzed Hydrogenation
Authors: Wassenaar Jeroen , Kuil Mark , Reek Joost N. H. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract(S)‐3‐Hydroxy‐2‐methylpropionate, known as the Roche ester, and several of its derivatives were successfully synthesized through asymmetric rhodium‐catalyzed hydrogenation, using INDOLPHOS (diisopropyl{1‐[(S)‐3,5‐dioxa‐4‐phosphacyclohepta[2,1‐a;3,4‐a′]dinaphthalen‐4‐yl]‐3‐methyl‐2‐indolyl}phosphine) as the chiral ligand, in excellent yield and the highest ee reported up to now (TOF over 5500 h−1 at 25 °C; up to 98% ee at −40 °C).