bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sensory neuronal phenotype in galanin receptor 2 knockout mice: focus on dorsal root ganglion neurone development and pain behaviour
Authors: Shi Tie‐Jun Sten , Hua Xiao‐ying , Lu Xiaoying , Malkmus Shelle , Kinney Jeff , Holmberg Kristina , Wirz Sebastian , Ceccatelli Sandra , Yaksh Tony , Bartfai Tamas , Hökfelt Tomas 
Published: February 2006

AbstractGalanin is a 29‐amino‐acid peptide expressed in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurones and spinal dorsal horn neurones. It affects pain threshold and has developmental and trophic effects. Galanin acts at three G‐protein‐coupled receptors, galanin receptors (GalR1–3), each expressed in the DRGs as suggested by in situ hybridization and/or reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction. The GalR2 knockout (–/–) mice permit studies on the contributions of this receptor subtype to the role of galanin at the spinal level. At 1 week after sciatic nerve transection (axotomy), there were 16–20% fewer neurones in intact and contralateral DRGs of –/– mice as compared with wild‐type (WT) mice. In addition, a significant neurone loss (26% reduction) was found in the ipsilateral DRGs of WT mice, whereas no further neurone loss was seen in –/– mice. Expression of several peptides has been examined after axotomy, including galanin, neuropeptide Y and two of its receptors as well as substance P, and no significant differences were found between –/– and WT mice in either ipsi‐ or contralateral DRGs, respectively. After thermal injury and spinal nerve ligation, onset and duration of hyperalgesia in the injured paw were similar in GalR2–/– and WT animals. Recovery from spinal nerve ligation‐caused allodynia had the same kinetics in –/– and WT animals. These data are in line with earlier observations from the peripheral and central nervous system, suggesting that galanin actions mediated by GalR2 subtype are of importance in neurodevelopment and neuroprotection.
Expression of planar cell polarity genes during development of the mouse CNS
Authors: Tissir Fadel , Goffinet André M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAtypical cadherin (Celsr3) and the receptor Frizzled3 (Fzd3) are crucial for the development of axonal tracts in the mouse CNS. Celsr3 and Fzd3 are orthologues of the Drosophila‘planar cell polarity’ (PCP) genes flamingo/starry night (fmi/stan) and frizzled, respectively. Reasoning that Celsr3 and Fzd3 might interact with PCP orthologues in mammals like they do in flies, we used mRNA in situ hybridization to compare the expression of Celsr3 and Fzd3 with that of dishevelled 1, 2 and 3 (Dvl1–3), van gogh‐like 1 and 2 (Vangl1, 2), and prickle‐like 1 and 2 (Prickle1, 2), during mouse CNS development, from embryonic day 10.5 to postnatal day 21. With the relative exception of Vangl1, all genes were expressed in the developing CNS. Although Celsr3‐ and Fzd3‐deficient mice have similar phenotypes, Fzd3 expression was more widespread than that of Celsr3. Vangl2 and Dvl2 were preferentially expressed in ventricular zones, in keeping with their role during neural tube closure, where they could be partners of Celsr1. Dvl1 had a broad expression, reminiscent of that of Celsr2, and may be involved in neural maintenance. A large overlap in the expression territories of Dvl genes suggested redundancy. Vangl1 and Prickle1 had expression canvases different from each other and from other candidates, indicating unrelated function. Like Celsr3, Dvl3 and Prickle2 were expressed more strongly in postmitotic neurons than in precursors. Thus, the analogy between the PCP and Celsr3–Fzd3 genetic networks is limited, but may include Dvl3 and/or Prickle2.
Re‐growth of catecholaminergic fibers and protection of cholinergic spinal cord neurons in spinal repaired rats
Authors: Lee Yu‐Shang , Lin Ching‐Yi , Robertson Richard T. , Yu Jen , Deng Xiaoming , Hsiao Ian , Lin Vernon W. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe extent of re‐growth of catecholaminergic fibers, the survival of cholinergic neurons and the degree of autonomic dysreflexia were assessed in complete spinal cord‐transected adult rats that received a repair treatment of peripheral nerve grafts and acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF). The rats were randomly divided into three groups: (1) sham control group (laminectomy only); (2) spinal cord transection at T8 (transected group); and (3) spinal cord transection at T8, followed by aFGF treatment and peripheral nerve graft (repaired group). The spinal cords and brains of all rats were collected at 6 months post‐surgery. Immunohistochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine‐β‐hydroxylase (DBH), and fluoro‐gold (FG) retrograde tracing were used to evaluate axon growth across the damage site, and immunocytochemistry for choline acetyl transferase (ChAT) was used to evaluate cholinergic neuronal cell survival following the injury and treatment. When comparing with the transected group, the repaired group showed: (1) lower elevation of mean arterial pressure during colorectal distension; (2) retrogradely labeled neurons in the hypothalamus, zona incerta, subcoeruleus nuclei and rostral ventrolateral medulla following application of FG below the repair site; (3) the presence of TH‐ and DBH‐labeled axons below the lesion site; (4) higher numbers of ChAT‐positive neurons in ventral horn and intermediolateral column near the lesion site. We conclude that peripheral nerve graft and aFGF treatments facilitate the re‐growth of catecholaminergic fibers, also protect sympathetic preganglionic neurons and spinal motor neurons, and reduce autonomic dysfunction in a T‐8 spinal cord‐transected rat model.
Prefrontal and parietal cortex in human episodic memory: an interference study by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
Authors: Rossi Simone , Pasqualetti Patrizio , Zito Giancarlo , Vecchio Fabrizio , Cappa Stefano F. , Miniussi Carlo , Babiloni Claudio , Rossini Paolo M. 
Published: February 2006

SummaryNeuroimaging findings, including repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) interference, point to an engagement of prefrontal cortex (PFC) in learning and memory. Whether parietal cortex (PC) activity is causally linked to successful episodic encoding and retrieval is still uncertain. We compared the effects of event‐related active or sham rTMS (a rapid‐rate train coincident to the very first phases of memoranda presentation) to the left or right intraparietal sulcus, during a standardized episodic memory task of visual scenes, with those obtained in a fully matched sample of subjects who received rTMS on left or right dorsolateral PFC during the same task. In these subjects, specific hemispheric effects of rTMS included interference with encoding after left stimulation and disruption of retrieval after right stimulation. The interference of PC‐rTMS on encoding/retrieval performance was negligible, lacking specificity even when higher intensities of stimulation were applied. However, right PC‐rTMS of the same intensity lengthened reaction times in the context of a purely attentive visuospatial task. These results suggest that the activity of intraparietal sulci shown in several funtional magnetic resonance studies on memory, unlike that of the dorsolateral PFC, is not causally engaged to a useful degree in memory encoding and retrieval of visual scenes. The parietal activations accompanying the memorization processes could reflect the engagement of a widespread brain attentional network, in which interference on a single ‘node’ is insufficient for an overt disruption of memory performance.
Enhancement of conditioned fear extinction by infusion of the GABAA agonist muscimol into the rat prefrontal cortex and amygdala
Authors: Akirav Irit , Raizel Hagit , Maroun Mouna 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn auditory fear conditioning, repeated presentation of the tone in the absence of the shock leads to extinction of the acquired fear response. Both the infra limbic prefrontal cortex (IL) and the basolateral amygdala (BLA) are involved in extinction. In this study, we examine the involvement of these two regions in extinction by manipulating the γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic system, in the Sprague–Dawley rat. We microinfused a low dose of the GABAA agonist muscimol into the IL or BLA. Muscimol infused to IL before extinction training, but not after either a short (five‐trials) or long (15‐trials) extinction training, resulted in long‐term facilitation of extinction. Infusion of muscimol to the BLA following a short (five‐trial) extinction session facilitated extinction at least 48‐h post‐drug infusion. The differences in the temporal parameters of the effects of muscimol in the IL or BLA, suggest differential involvement of these structures in long‐term extinction of fear memory. We propose a facilitating role for GABAA neurotransmission in the IL in triggering the onset of fear extinction and its maintenance, whereas in the BLA, GABAA neurotransmission facilitates extinction consolidation. The involvement of GABAA receptors in fear extinction in the prefrontal cortex and amygdala is of particular interest, because of the role of these areas in emotional processes, and the role of the GABAA receptors in anxiety states.
Posttraining lesions of the auditory thalamus, but not cortex, disrupt the inhibition of fear conditioned to an auditory stimulus
Authors: Heldt Scott A. , Falls William A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to examine the effects of lesions within the auditory system in an effort to disrupt the processing of the noise stimulus conditioned to inhibit fear. To accomplish this, three experiments were conducted in which rats were first given feature‐negative discrimination training in which a noise was conditioned to inhibit fear to a light that signals danger. Following training, rats were given lesions of the medial geniculate body (MGB), auditory thalamus (ADT), or auditory cortex (CTX). Next, rats were tested for the ability to inhibit fear in the presence of the noise safety signal. The results of these experiments indicated that bilateral lesions of ADT disrupted the ability of the noise inhibitor to inhibit fear. In contrast, lesions largely restricted to the MGB or CTX did not disrupt the inhibition of fear. Along with past studies, these results suggest that an auditory pathway(s), which includes projections from the tectum to the ADT, is used to detect the safety properties previously conditioned to an auditory stimulus.
Differences between the effects of three plasticity inducing protocols on the organization of the human motor cortex
Authors: Rosenkranz Karin , Rothwell John C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSeveral experimental protocols induce lasting changes in the excitability of motor cortex. Some involve direct cortical stimulation, others activate the somatosensory system and some combine motor and sensory stimulation. The effects usually are measured as changes in amplitude of the motor‐evoked‐potential (MEP) or short‐interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) elicited by a single or paired pulses of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Recent work has also tested sensorimotor organization within the motor cortex by recording MEPs and SICI during short periods of vibration applied to single intrinsic hand muscles. Here sensorimotor organization is focal: MEPs increase and SICI decreases in the vibrated muscle, whilst the opposite occurs in neighbouring muscles. In six volunteers we compared the after effects of three protocols that lead to lasting changes in cortical excitability: (i) paired associative stimulation (PAS) between a TMS pulse and an electrical stimulus to the median nerve; (ii) motor practice of rapid thumb abduction; and (iii) sensory input produced by semicontinuous muscle vibration, on MEPs and SICI at rest and on the sensorimotor organization. PAS increased MEP amplitudes, whereas vibration changed sensorimotor organization. Motor practice had a dual effect and increased MEPs as well as affecting sensorimotor organization. The implication is that different protocols target different sets of cortical circuits. We speculate that protocols that involve repeated activation of motor cortical output lead to lasting changes in efficacy of synaptic connections in output circuits, whereas protocols that emphasize sensory inputs affect the strength of sensory inputs to motor circuits.
Functional properties and oxidative modulation of A‐type K+currents in hippocampal granule cells of control and chronically epileptic rats
Authors: Rüschenschmidt C. , Chen J. , Becker A. , Riazanski V. , Beck H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA‐type K+channels are crucial determinants of neuronal firing. For example, reducing the amplitude of A‐type currents (IA) increases seizure susceptibility. We have therefore examined the functional and molecular properties ofIAin dentate granule neurons following pilocarpine‐induced status epilepticus (SE).We found that the levels of various A‐type channel subunit mRNAs are unaltered following SE. Furthermore, current density and biophysical properties ofIArecorded in outside‐out and cell‐attached patches from dentate granule cells are not modified by SE. However,IAin both control and epileptic rats was powerfully regulated by the cellular redox state.IAwas recorded in outside‐out patches with the recording pipette containing either reduced (GSH) or oxidized (GSSG) glutathione. In both control and epileptic rats, the presence of GSSG caused a similar, marked acceleration of recovery from inactivation. Additionally, GSSG produced a small but significant reduction ofIAamplitudes only in control rats. The inactivation time course ofIAduring depolarizing voltage steps was not modified by GSH or GSSG. Cell‐attached recordings, in which the intracellular milieu is conserved, revealed a slow time course of recovery more comparable to that with GSH.In summary, epileptic activity does not produce chronic changes in the molecular and functional properties of the somaticIAof dentate granule cells. However,IAis powerfully modulated by oxidation in both control and epileptic rats. This finding suggests that the availability ofIAmay be strongly regulated by changes in the GSH/GSSG ratio occurring during prolonged seizure activity or hypoxia.
LRRK2 is expressed in areas affected by Parkinson's disease in the adult mouse brain
Authors: Simón‐Sánchez Javier , Herranz‐Pérez Vicente , Olucha‐Bordonau Francisco , Pérez‐Tur Jordi 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene was recently found to have multiple mutations that are causative for autosomal dominant inherited Parkinson's disease (PD). Previously, we used Northern blot analysis to show that this gene was expressed in the cerebellum, cerebral cortex, medulla, spinal cord, occipital pole, frontal lobe, temporal lobe and caudate putamen. However, a more comprehensive map of LRRK2 mRNA localization in the central nervous system is still lacking. In this study we have mapped the distribution of the mRNA encoding for LRRK2 using nonradioactive in situ hybridization. We detected a moderate expression of this PD‐related gene throughout the adult B2B6 mouse brain. A stronger hybridization signal was observed in deep cerebral cortex layers, superficial cingulate cortex layers, the piriform cortex, hippocampal formation, caudate putamen, substantia nigra, the basolateral and basomedial anterior amygdala nuclei, reticular thalamic nucleus and also in the cerebellar granular cell layer. Given that LRRK2 mRNA is highly enriched in motor systems and also is expressed in other systems, we may conclude that mutations in LRRK2 may affect several motor and nonmotor structures that may play an important role in the development of PD.
Potential of a synthetic aggregation pheromone for integrated pest management of Colorado potato beetle
Authors: Kuhar T. P. , Mori K. , Dickens J. C. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract

The relative number of colonizing adult Colorado potato beetles (CPB) Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) coming to pitfall traps baited with the aggregation pheromone (S)‐3,7‐dimethyl‐2‐oxo‐oct‐6‐ene‐1,3‐diol [(S)‐CPB I] and the use of the pheromone in a trap crop pest management strategy were evaluated in the field for the first time.
More than five‐fold more adult L. decemlineata were caught in pitfall traps baited with the pheromone compared with controls. However, attraction to the pheromone diminished after 5 days in the field.
In the trap crop management strategy, more colonizing adults were present in pheromone‐treated rows of potatoes compared with untreated middle rows.
Significantly fewer L. decemlineata egg masses and larvae were found in potato plots that were bordered by pheromone‐treated rows, or bordered by imidacloprid + pheromone‐treated rows, or rows treated at‐planting with imidacloprid compared with untreated (control) potato plots.
Densities of L. decemlineata egg masses and larvae and percentage defoliation were significantly lower, and marketable tuber yield significantly higher, in conventional imidacloprid‐treated potatoes compared with all other treatments.
Although our results demonstrate the potential for use of the aggregation pheromone in the management of L. decemlineata in the field, more research is needed to optimize the release rates of the attractant and incorporate control methods for cohabiting pests.
The daily egg production method: recent advances, current applications and future challenges
Authors: Stratoudakis Yorgos , Bernal Miguel , Ganias Konstantinos , Uriarte Andrés 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMore than 120 surveys over 25 years suggest that appropriate use of the daily egg production method (DEPM) provides unbiased but rather imprecise estimates of spawning biomass (coefficient of variation generally above 30%). Knowledge of species reproductive biology and early life history and a survey design adapted to local population dynamics are required to optimize DEPM performance in terms of bias, precision and cost. Clupeoid applications dominate worldwide (mainly for anchovies and sardines) and estimates are often used to tune indirect assessment models or to calibrate other fisheries‐independent methods. The method seems better adapted to the life history of anchovies than of sardines, leading to more precise estimates of anchovy spawning biomass and facilitating extensions of the method to estimate total biomass and numbers at age. The continuous underway fish egg sampler is often used as a secondary sampler in the ichthyoplankton survey of the DEPM to reduce the cost and improve the precision of egg production. Multinomial models were recently developed to analyse egg incubation data and used in a Bayesian procedure for egg ageing and delimitation of daily cohorts. These were incorporated in model‐based estimators to get spatially explicit estimates of egg production, daily fecundity parameters and spawning biomass that can improve the precision of DEPM. Uncertainty in daily fecundity estimation of clupeoids is mainly because of spawning fraction estimation by the post‐ovulatory follicle (POF) method. Exploration of recent histological and molecular techniques for POF characterization and laboratory experiments to test the effect of temperature on POF degradation can help to improve spawning fraction estimation. Available estimates of egg production and mortality, daily fecundity, spawning area and biomass from different populations, species and ecosystems are being used to improve the understanding of clupeoid spawning dynamics, their relation with ecosystem productivity and to build comprehensive population models. Finally, a counter‐intuitive finding of this review is that, although the DEPM is almost exclusively applied to clupeoids, recent evidence indicates that it may be easier and cheaper to use in other teleost families, including demersal species.
Mary Shelley's Bestiary: The Last Man and the Discourse of Species
Authors: Williams Cynthia Schoolar 
Published: February 2006

Abstract This essay won the 2005 Literature Compass Graduate Essay Prize, Romanticism Section. Mary Shelley's 1826 novel The Last Man richly rewards inquiry through the discourse of species, for it poses the question, “Is the human that which is not the animal?” By subjecting an entire species to the plague, Shelley reveals the extent to which human being is defined over and against the irreducible animal other. In so doing, her text exposes the predation that lies at the root of Western humanism. Considering how Shelley tests the limits of the human, this essay pursues such issues as her handling of the plague itself (for contrary to historical record, the illness in this novel preys only on people) and her critique of the civilizing process that the eponymous narrator undergoes (a process that seems to require the killing of animals and the killing of people as if they are animals). In addition, it traces the decentering of man as the raison d’être of nature and the taxonomic crisis that ensues when Lionel Verney is indeed the sole remnant of humankind. In the twenty‐first century, when the uncontrollable holds the foreground of our own imaginations, Shelley's deployment of the plague – that literalization of all that is incommensurable – speaks to us with renewed force, and the discourse of species offers a particularly useful lens through which to view Shelley's destabilizing of foundational binaries. Drawing on the work of Cary Wolfe, Maureen McLane, Jacques Derrida, and others, this paper argues that Shelley's work offers a radical interrogation of subjectivity itself. Examining the relationship between human and non‐human animals in The Last Man reveals that the novel is more than a critique of imperialism or Romanticism; rather, it is a profound inquiry into the insufficiency of categories, the ephemeral nature of form, and the sacrificial economy that subtends our culture.
‘Love's Interest’: Agency and Identity in a Seventeenth‐Century Nun's Letters
Authors: Pfannebecker Mareile 
Published: February 2006

Abstract This essay won the 2005 Literature Compass Graduate Essay Prize, Seventeenth Century Section. In studies of seventeenth‐century women's writing, emphasis has recently shifted from the more traditional literary canon to investigations of ‘non‐literary’ manuscript text. As James Daybell notes, the vast majority of texts authored by early modern women are letters (161). Many of these letters explicitly engage with religious matters or are pervaded by the religiosity of the speaker. Winefrid Thimelby, a recusant Englishwoman who became a nun and lived at an English convent in France throughout much of the Civil War and Restoration, is one of these letter‐writers. In this paper, I argue that not despite, but because of her religious seclusion, Thimelby's letters facilitate her engagement in power relations outside convent walls. In this context, the self‐construction of the letter‐writer is examined with reference to Stephen Greenblatt's notion of self‐fashioning.