bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sympathetic sprouting and changes in nociceptive sensory innervation in the glabrous skin of the rat hind paw following partial peripheral nerve injury
Authors: Yen Laurene D. , Bennett Gary J. , Ribeiro‐da‐Silva Alfredo 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPrevious studies have suggested that sympathetic sprouting in the periphery may contribute to the development and persistence of sympathetically maintained pain in animal models of neuropathic pain. In the present study, we examined changes in the cutaneous innervation in rats with a chronic constriction injury to the sciatic nerve. At several periods postinjury, hind paw skin was harvested and processed by using a monoclonal antibody against dopamine‐β‐hydroxylase to detect sympathetic fibers and a polyclonal antibody against calcitonin gene‐related peptide to identify peptidergic sensory fibers. We observed migration and branching of sympathetic fibers into the upper dermis of the hind paw skin, where they were normally absent. This migration was first detected at 2 weeks, peaked at 4–6 weeks, and lasted for at least 20 weeks postlesion. At 8 weeks postlesion, there was a dramatic increase in the density of peptidergic fibers in the upper dermis. Quantification revealed that densities of peptidergic fibers 8 weeks postlesion were significantly above levels in sham animals. The ectopic sympathetic fibers did not innervate blood vessels but formed a novel association and wrapped around sprouted peptidergic nociceptive fibers. Our data show a long‐term sympathetic and sensory innervation change in the rat hind paw skin after the chronic constriction injury. This novel fiber arrangement after nerve lesion may play an important role in the development and persistence of sympathetically maintained neuropathic pain after partial nerve lesions. J. Comp. Neurol. 495:679–690, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential distributions of the Ca2+‐dependent activator protein for secretion family proteins (CAPS2 and CAPS1) in the mouse brain
Authors: Sadakata Tetsushi , Itakura Makoto , Kozaki Shunji , Sekine Yukiko , Takahashi Masami , Furuichi Teiichi 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe Ca2+‐dependent activator protein for secretion (CAPS/Cadps) family consists of two members, CAPS1 and CAPS2, and plays an important role in secretory granule exocytosis. It has been shown that CAPS1 regulates catecholamine release from neuroendocrine cells, whereas CAPS2 is involved in the release of two neurotrophins, brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin‐3 (NT‐3), from parallel fibers of cerebellar granule cells. Although both CAPS proteins are expressed predominantly in the brain, their cellular and regional distributions in the brain are largely unknown. In this study we analyzed the immunohistochemical distributions of the CAPS family proteins in the mouse brain. In most areas of the embryonic nervous system CAPS1 and CAPS2 proteins were complementarily expressed. In the postnatal brain, CAPS1 was widespread at different levels. On the other hand, CAPS2 was localized to distinct cell types and fibers of various brain regions, including the olfactory bulb, cerebrum, hippocampal formation, thalamus, mesencephalic tegmentum, cerebellum, medulla, and spinal cord, except for some regions that overlapped with CAPS1. These CAPS2 cellular distribution patterns had the marked feature of coinciding with those of BDNF in various brain regions. Immunolabels for CAPS2 were also colocalized with those for some proteins related to exocytosis (VAMP and SNAP‐25) and endocytosis (Dynamin I) in the cell soma and processes of the mesencephalic tegmentum and cerebellum, suggesting that these proteins might be involved in the dynamics of CAPS2‐associated vesicles, although their colocalization on vesicles remains elusive. These results demonstrate that the CAPS family proteins are involved in the secretion of different secretory substances in developing and postnatal brains, and that CAPS2 is probably involved in BDNF secretion in many brain areas. J. Comp. Neurol. 495:735–753, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Point‐scale energy and mass balance snowpack simulations in the upper Karasu basin, Turkey
Authors: Şensoy A. , Şorman A. A. , Tekeli A. E. , Şorman A. Ü. , Garen D. C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSince snowmelt runoff is important in the mountainous parts of the world, substantial efforts have been made to develop snowmelt models with many different levels of complexity to simulate the processes at the ground (soil–vegetation), within the snow, and at the interface with the atmosphere. Snow modifies the exchange of energy between the land surface and atmosphere and significantly affects the distribution of heating in the atmosphere by changing the surface albedo and regulating turbulent heat and momentum fluxes at the surface. Thus, for computing the amount of melt, the only strictly correct way is using an energy budget. A two‐layer point model (SNOBAL) was applied to calculate the energy and mass balance of snowmelt in the upper Karasu basin, in eastern Turkey, during the 2002–04 snow seasons. The data on snow and climate were provided from automated snow and meteorological stations installed and upgraded to collect high‐quality time series data of snow and meteorological variables, such as snow water equivalent, snow depth, precipitation and radiation, with automated data transfer. A number of analyses of snowpack energy and mass balance were carried out to understand the key processes that have major impacts on the snow simulation. Each form of energy transfer was evaluated during snow accumulation and ablation periods using a 2 h computational time step. The model results are appraised with respect both to temporal distribution (the model application for three consecutive snow seasons at one site) and to areal evaluation (the model application to three different sites for one season). The model performance is evaluated by comparing the results with observed snow water equivalent, snow depth and lysimeter yield. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The current disequilibrium of North Cascade glaciers
Authors: Pelto Mauri S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThree lines of evidence indicate that North Cascade (Washington, USA) glaciers are currently in a state of disequilibrium. First, annual balance measured on nine glaciers yields a mean cumulative balance for the 1984–2004 period of −8·58 m water equivalent (w.e.), a net loss of ice thickness exceeding 9·5 m. This is a significant loss for glaciers that average 30–50 m in thickness, representing 18–32% of their entire volume.Second, longitudinal profiles completed in 1984 and 2002 on 12 North Cascade glaciers confirm this volume change indicating a loss of −5·7 to −6·3 m in thickness (5·0–5·6 m w.e.) between 1984 and 2002, agreeing well with the measured cumulative balance of −5·52 m w.e. for the same period. The change in thickness on several glaciers has been equally substantial in the accumulation zone and the ablation zone, indicating that there is no point to which the glacier can retreat to achieve equilibrium. Substantial thinning along the entire length of a glacier is the key indicator that a glacier is in disequilibrium.Third, North Cascade glacier retreat is rapid and ubiquitous. All 47 glaciers monitored are currently undergoing significant retreat or, in the case of four, have disappeared. Two of the glaciers where mass balance observations were begun, Spider Glacier and Lewis Glacier, have disappeared. The retreat since 1984 of eight Mount Baker glaciers that were all advancing in 1975 has averaged 297 m. These observations indicate broad regional continuity in glacial response to climate. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differential response to phytoestrogens in endocrine sensitive and resistant breast cancer cells in vitro
Authors: Limer Jane L. , Parkes Alicia T. , Speirs Valerie 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWomen approaching menopause increasingly investigate alternatives to hormone replacement therapy. Plant phytoestrogens are being promoted as “natural” alternatives but there is a lack of substantive data to advocate their safe use in breast cancer patients receiving tamoxifen (TAM), or in those who have relapsed. The aim of our study was to investigate the proliferative effects and mode of action of the phytoestrogens genistein, daidzein and coumestrol on TAM‐sensitive (‐s) and resistant (‐r) breast cancer cells under in vitro conditions designed to mimic the hormonal environment of the pre‐ and post‐menopausal breast. At physiological concentrations (<10 μM) and under reduced estrogen (E2) conditions, genistein was mitogenic to TAM‐s cells with TAM‐r cells generally refractory. Daidzein and coumestrol were growth stimulatory irrespective of TAM sensitivity. Transcriptional activity was ERE‐mediated. Combining phytoestrogens with E2 (simulating the pre‐menopausal breast environment) had no effect on growth of TAM‐s or TAM‐r cells. Addition of 4‐HT mimicked the hormonal environment in post‐menopausal breast cancer patients receiving TAM. The growth inhibitory effects of 4‐HT were abrogated in TAM‐s cells when combined with genistein and coumestrol, and to a lesser extent, daidzein, where significant growth stimulatory effects were observed. In TAM‐r cells, proliferation did not exceed control values. At phytoestrogen concentrations above 10 μM, growth inhibitory effects were seen, irrespective of estrogenic environment or cell sensitivity to TAM. Our in vitro data suggests that phytoestrogens could have potentially adverse mitogenic effects on tumour cells and should probably be avoided by patients who remain sensitive to TAM or in those with pre‐existing and possibly undiagnosed breast tumours. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Frequency and resistance of CD95 (Fas/Apo‐1) gene‐transfected tumor cells to CD95‐mediated apoptosis by the elimination and methylation of integrated DNA
Authors: Shimizu Motomu , Yoshimoto Takayuki , Sato Mayumi , Matsuzawa Akio , Takeda Yasutaka 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIt is important for more effective gene therapies to clarify the mechanisms by which cDNA integrated into cells can maintain or lose its function in vivo. We evaluated genetic and epigenetic events leading to alternation of the introduced CD95 (Fas/Apo‐1) gene as a model of gene therapy. Solid tumors formed by CD95 cDNA‐transfected hepatoma cells (F6b) were almost completely cured by a single treatment of anti‐CD95 monoclonal antibody (mAb) but recurred in gld/gld lpr/lpr mice after initial complete response. Recurred tumors were resistant to repeated mAb treatment. The ratio of resistant cells in tumors was estimated as 4.2 cells per 106 cells. The CD95‐resistant tumor contained CD95‐vanished and CD95‐decreased cells. CD95‐vanished cells were due to the deletion of CD95cDNA. However, CD95‐decreased cells retained CD95cDNA, which was highly methylated when determined with methylation‐dependent enzymes and a demethylation reagent, indicating that DNA methylation was responsible for the reduced CD95 expression and resistance to mAb. CD95‐decreased cells reduced the CD95 expression further but did not delete cDNA after a second in vivo treatment with anti‐CD95 mAb, suggesting that the elimination of cDNA is not induced after its methylation and that cells containing methylated genes became more resistant by further methylation. Thus, the elimination and methylation of integrated cDNA appear to occur through different mechanisms. Our study of resistant tumor cells, which arose by both mutational and epigenetic modifications of the introduced CD95 plasmid, provides important and fundamental information about the fate of introduced cDNA, augmenting the efficiency of gene therapy. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Atopic diseases, immunoglobulin E and risk of cancer of the prostate, breast, lung and colorectum
Authors: Wang Hao , Rothenbacher Dietrich , Löw Michael , Stegmaier Christa , Brenner Hermann , Diepgen Thomas L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThere is increasing epidemiological evidence for a role of allergic/atopic disorders in cancer development. However, findings have been inconsistent, which may be partly due to differences in defining allergy and the associated atopic disorders. The use of a biological marker for atopy may enhance the exploration of the association with cancer risks. To examine the association of atopy with common malignancies, we compared the prevalence of atopy in 318 patients with prostate cancer, 381 patients with breast cancer, 196 patients with lung cancer, 477 patients with colorectal cancer and 4,271 controls in a case‐control analysis of participants of 2 prospective studies conducted in Saarland, Germany. Data on physician‐diagnosed atopy‐related diseases (asthma, hay fever and atopic dermatitis) were obtained by self‐administered questionnaire. Allergen‐specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) was assessed among cases and controls to define atopy. We observed a significantly increased risk of prostate cancer (odds ratio (OR) 1.35, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.00–1.83) and a tentatively, statistically not significant increased risk of breast cancer (OR 1.20, 95% CI 0.87–1.66) and lung cancer (OR 1.29, 95% CI 0.87–1.92) with specific IgE positivity. No consistent associations were found with atopy‐related diseases. Our findings are consistent with other epidemiological evidence suggesting an increased risk of prostate cancer with atopy and indicate a complex association between atopy/atopy‐related diseases and cancer risk that varies by type of atopy‐related disorders and the particular type of cancer under consideration. The effect on cancer risk by atopy, defined by IgE reactivity, may differ from the effect by atopy‐related clinically defined diseases such as asthma, hay fever and atopic dermatitis. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The von Hippel‐Lindau tumor suppressor gene expression level has prognostic value in neuroblastoma
Authors: Hoebeeck Jasmien , Vandesompele Jo , Nilsson Helén , De Preter Katleen , Van Roy Nadine , De Smet Els , Yigit Nurten , De Paepe Anne , Laureys Geneviève , Påhlman Sven , Speleman Frank 
Published: February 2006

AbstractDeletions of the short arm of chromosome 3 are often observed in a specific subset of aggressive neuroblastomas (NBs) with loss of distal 11q and without MYCN amplification. The critical deleted region encompasses the locus of the von Hippel‐Lindau gene (VHL, 3p25). Constitutional loss of function mutations in the VHL gene are responsible for the VHL syndrome, a dominantly inherited familial cancer syndrome predisposing to a variety of neoplasms, including pheochromocytoma. Pheochromocytomas are, like NB, derived from neural crest cells, but, unlike NB, consist of more mature chromaffin cells instead of immature neuroblasts. Further arguments for a putative role of VHL in NB are its function as oxygen sensitizer and the reported relation between hypoxia and dedifferentiation of NB cells, leading to a more aggressive phenotype. To test the possible involvement of VHL in NB, we did mRNA expression analysis and sought evidence for VHL gene inactivation. Although no evidence for a classic tumor suppressor role for VHL in NB could be obtained, a strong correlation was observed between reduced levels of VHL mRNA and low patient survival probability (p = 0.013). Furthermore, VHL appears to have predictive power in NTRK1 (TRKA) positive tumor samples with presumed favorable prognosis, which makes it a potentially valuable marker for more accurate risk assessment in this subgroup of patients. The significance of the reduced VHL expression levels in relation to NB tumor biology remains unexplained, as functional analysis demonstrated no clear effect of the reduction in VHL mRNA expression on protein stability of its downstream target hypoxia‐inducible factor α. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Computer simulation of bulk mechanical properties and surface hydration of biomaterials
Authors: Raffaini Giuseppina , Elli Stefano , Ganazzoli Fabio 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSome intrinsic properties of biomaterials are calculated with atomistic computer simulations through energy minimizations and molecular dynamics methods. The mechanical properties of bulk polymers such as poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) are obtained in terms of the Young's modulus, the bulk and shear moduli, and the Poisson ratio below the glass transition temperature. The calculated values apply to an ideal, defect‐free sample, and therefore, they correspond to the theoretical upper limit for the mechanical behavior of these materials. The surface hydration of the same polymers and of graphite is analyzed in terms of the statistical distribution of the water molecules near the surfaces of these materials that range from hydrophilic to strongly hydrophobic. Consistent with recent spectroscopic evidence, it is found that water forms relatively ordered hydration shells driven by hydrogen bonds above the hydrophilic surface, but is highly disordered over the hydrophobic one. Therefore, it is suggested that computer simulations provide a new useful tool to investigate various aspects of biomaterials. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
In vitro cytotoxicity of a low‐shrinkage polymerizable liquid crystal resin monomer
Authors: Boland Edward J. , Carnes David L. , MacDougall Mary , Satsangi Neera , Rawls Ralph , Norling Barry 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe objective of this study was to determine the in vitro cytotoxicity of novel, polymerizable liquid crystal resin monomers when placed in direct contact with dental and nondental cell lines. One common dimethacrylate and three liquid crystal compounds, Bis‐glycidyl methacrylate (Bis‐GMA), 2‐(t‐butyl)‐1,4‐bis‐{4‐(6‐acryloxy‐hexane‐1‐oxy)‐benzoyloxy}‐benzene (C6), 2‐(t‐butyl), 1‐[6‐(3‐acryloxy‐propionoxy)‐hexane‐1‐oxy‐benzoyloxy], 4‐[4‐(6‐acryloxy‐hexane‐1‐oxy)‐benzoyloxy]‐benxene (by‐product), and a 3:2 mixture of C6 and by‐product, respectively, were tested for relative cytotoxicity in vitro. Cultured dental and nondental cells were treated for 24 h with test compound dissolved in media over a fourfold range of concentration (10−4 −10−7 mol/L). Cytotoxicity was measured using the WST‐1 reagent as an indicator of remaining cell numbers based on the reduction of WST‐1 substrate by mitochondrial dehydrogenases in viable cells. Bis‐GMA ID50 was found to be consistent with ID50 values reported in the literature. A small but significant difference in the sensitivity of the dental and nondental cells in regard to their response to this dimethacrylate was noted. The liquid crystal resin monomers were significantly less cytotoxic to all cell lines tested. ID50 values of >1 × 10−4 mol/L were registered for the C6 and by‐product monomers alone. The 3:2 mixture of C6 and by‐product had a slightly higher cytotoxicity (ID50 = 1 × 10−4 mol/L); however, this remained significantly less than that of Bis‐GMA. The results demonstrate that the newly synthesized low‐shrinkage, polymerizable liquid crystal resin monomers demonstrate a minimal cytotoxic effect on both dental and nondental cells. These data suggest that the low‐shrinkage liquid crystal resin monomers will not elicit a response by oral tissues (pulp tissue) when used to repair carious lesions in posterior teeth. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Improved design of cementless hip stems using two‐dimensional functionally graded materials
Authors: Hedia H. S. , Shabara M. A. N. , El‐Midany T. T. , Fouda N. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIncreasingly, it is acknowledged that bone resorption around cementless hip implants may cause future problems. The solution is frequently sought in reducing implant stiffness. However, this confronts the designer with a true design conflict: how to reduce the stiffness without excessively loading the proximal bone/prosthesis interface? The aim of this work is to improve the design of cementless hip stem material, using two‐dimensional (2D) functionally graded material (FGM) concept in order to solve the above problems. Two models were used in this analysis, using three materials with different elastic moduli, E1, E2, and E3. In model I, the elastic moduli E1 and E2 gradually change along the upper stem surface, while E3 is maintained constant along all the lower surface of the stem. However, in model II, the elastic moduli E1 and E2 gradually change along the lower stem surface, while E3 is maintained constant all along the upper stem surface. It is found that the recommended model is model I, which has three distinct materials of hydroxyapatite, Bioglass, and collagen. The recommended design of 2D FGM is expected to reduce the stress shielding by 91% and 12%, respectively, compared with titanium stem and model II of FGM. It is found that this new design reduces the maximum interface shear stress at the lateral and medial sides of the femur by about 50%, compared with titanium stem. Furthermore, the maximum interface shear stress is reduced by about 17% and 11% at the lateral and medial sides of the femur, respectively, compared with that of model II of FGM. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Application of selective saturation to image the dynamics of arterial blood flow during brain activation using magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Vazquez Alberto L. , Lee Gregory R. , Hernandez‐Garcia Luis , Noll Douglas C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA saturation‐based approach is proposed to image the arterial blood flow signal with temporal resolution of 1 to 2 s and in‐plane spatial resolution of a few millimeters. Using a saturation approach to suppress the undesired background stationary signal allows the blood water that enters the slice to be imaged at some specified later time. Since the blood protons that are being imaged are not restricted to the intravascular space, this technique is also sensitive to tissue perfusion signal contributions. The signal uptake characteristics of the saturation method proposed were used to study the different signal contributions as a function of the acquisition parameters. A typical perfusion acquisition (FAIR) was also used for comparison. The proposed method was demonstrated in a functional motor activation experiment and the observed signal changes were smaller than those obtained using the FAIR acquisition. The dynamics of the saturation method and FAIR temporal signal changes were investigated and time constants between 2 and 44 s were estimated. The tissue signal contribution to the saturation method's signal was small over the range of acquisition parameters that sensitized it to the arterial compartment. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exploratory data analysis reveals visuovisual interhemispheric transfer in functional magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: D'Arcy Ryan C. N. , Hamilton Andrew , Jarmasz Mark , Sullivan Sara , Stroink Gerhard 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWe used an exploratory data analysis approach to detect interhemispheric processing of complex visual stimuli in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). A crossed–uncrossed visual field paradigm was used to elicit interhemispheric transfer of picture/word information. Under the uncrossed (control) condition, the stimuli were presented to the preferential hemispheres (pictures to the left visual field/right hemisphere and words to the right visual field/left hemisphere). Under the crossed condition, the visual field presentation was switched in order to elicit increased interhemispheric processing. Fuzzy cluster analysis revealed significantly more crossed activity in cortical areas near the splenium of the corpus callosum. As expected, examination of the activation revealed smaller responses in perisplenial regions (relative to visual responses in the medial extrastriate regions). The exploratory results were compared with those obtained from parametric and masked analyses. The findings confirm that fMRI can be used to detect interhemispheric transfer of picture/word information. The activation was optimally characterized using exploratory data analysis. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.