bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hunting activity and aging among the gidra papuans: A biobehavioral analysis
Authors: Ohtsuka Ryutaro 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFrom the individual‐based records of hunting practice for 1,633 hr in total and from the hunters' visual acuity and grip strength observed among the Gidra Papuans in lowland Papua New Guinea, this paper aims to analyze the relationship between the hunting activity and aging. The sensorimotor functions determine the range of age in which the individuals act as active or productive hunters: determined to be from the late teen‐age years to about 45 years among the present subjects. In this age range, hunting efficiency increases with age. In terms of weight of animals killed per hunting time, the efficiency of the elder married (aged about 35 to 45 years) was almost four times higher than that of the unmarried (16–17 to late 20s). This aging effect is judged to depend on behavioral abilities that increase in accordance with experience and cumulative knowledge. Simultaneously, the comparison of individual hunters' records in 1971–72 and in 1981 reveals that hunting efficiency is associated with the individualities of the hunters.
Stereophotogrammetric analysis of occlusal morphology of extant hominoid molars: Phenetics and function
Authors: Hartman Steve E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBecause teeth are commonly preserved in the fossil record, dental remains have often been employed in estimating evolutionary relationships among fossil hominoids. This is appropriate, however, only to the extent that dental morphology is phylogenetically informative. I have used phenetic analytic techniques to assess whether hominoid molars are likely to be useful for phylogenetic inference. Thirty‐four occlusal landmarks for first and second molars were chosen; seven on each maxillary and ten on each mandibular tooth. Three‐dimensional locations of these points were determined from stereophotographs of dental arcades of more than 260 specimens from six taxa (gorilla, chimpanzee, human, orangutan, siamang, and gibbon). Analytic emphasis was on canonical variates analyses of landmark coordinates for mandibular and maxillary second molars, adjusted for intergroup size differences. There is little correspondence between the systematic implications of hominoid molar morphometrics and reliable estimates of evolutionary propinquity based on interhominoid biomolecular similarities. The former seem to have been determined largely by dietary constraints. Although this suggests the possibility of using the protocol employed here to infer diets of fossil hominoids, molar crown measurements seem unlikely to serve well as phylogenetic indicators in the Hominoidea.
Cranial thickening in an Australian hominid as a possible palaeoepidemiological indicator
Authors: Webb Stephen 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis paper describes the cranial thickening of a late Pleistocene hominid (Willandra Lakes Hominid 50) from Australia. The unusual development of the vault structures in this individual has few, if any, equals among other hominids or more recent populations from around the world. The vault morphology is, therefore, described in terms of a pathologically related condition associated with the modern haemolytic blood dyscrasias, typical of sickle cell anamia and thalassemia. A possible palaeoepidemiology for these genetic adaptations among early Australasian populations is proposed together with a discussion of similar changes observed in the vault of the Singa calvarium from the Sudan. It is tentatively suggested that the cranial thickening of the Australian hominid has its origins in some form of genetic blood disease and that if this diagnosis is correct, this individual provides a rare glimpse of human biological adaptation in the late Upper Pleistocene.
A quantitative investigation of irregular cuspules in human maxillary permanent molars
Authors: Kanazawa Eisaku , Sekikawa Mitsuo , Ozaki Tadashi 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe frequency of occurrence of anomalous cusps or tubercles on human upper first molars was investigated in seven racial populations using moiré contourography, which permits the three‐dimensional measurement of minute cusps. Tubercles on the mesial marginal ridge were more frequently found in Mongoloid populations (Japanese and Eskimo) than in others. The frequency of the protoconule was high in Eskimos and Negroids (Bantu and San). The lingual paracone tubercle (mesial cusp) showed a particularly high frequency in Australian aborigines. The metaconule was rare or absent in all of the populations. Caucasoid groups (Dutch White and Asiatic Indian) showed generally low frequencies of all these abnormal tubercles, especially the distal accessory cusp (C5). Racial differences in the frequencies of occurrence may offer a key to understanding the adaptive significance of these traits and human microevolution. Confusion in nomenclature for upper molar tubercles is also discussed.
Sleep and arousal patterns of co‐sleeping human mother/infant pairs: A preliminary physiological study with implications for the study of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
Authors: McKenna James J. , Mosko Sarah , Dungy Claibourne , McAninch Jan 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe prevailing research design for studying infant sleep erroneously assumes the species‐wide normalcy of solitary nocturnal sleep rather than a social sleeping environment. In fact, current clinical perspectives on infant sleep, which are based exclusively on studies of solitary sleeping infants, may partly reflect culturally induced rather than species‐typical infant sleep patterns which can only be gleaned, we contend here, from infants sleeping with their parents—the context within which, and for well over 4 million years, the hominid infant's sleep, breathing, and arousal patterns evolved. Our physiological study of five co‐sleeping mother‐infant pairs in a sleep lab is the first study of its kind to document the unfolding sleep patterns of mothers and infants sleeping in physical contact. Our data show that co‐sleeping mothers and infants exhibit synchronous arousals, which, because of the suspected relationship between arousal and breathing stability in infants, have important implications for how we study environmental factors possibly related to some forms of the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). While our data show that co‐sleeping mothers and infants also experience many moments of physiological independence from each other, it is clear that the temporal unfolding of particular sleep stages and awake periods of the mother and infant become entwined and that on a minute‐to‐minute basis, throughout the night, much sensory communication is occurring between them. Our research acknowledges the human infant's evolutionary past and considers the implications that nocturnal separation (a historically novel and alien experience for them) has for maternal and infant well‐being in general and SIDS research strategies in particular.
Species attribution of the Swartkrans member 1 first metacarpals: SK 84 and SKX 5020
Authors: Trinkaus Erik , Long Jeffrey C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSusman (Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 75:277–278, 79:451–474; Science 240:781–784; In FE Grine (ed): Evolutionary History of the “Robust” Australopithecines. New York: Aldine de Gruyter, pp. 149–172) has attributed the morphologically similar SK 84 and SKX 5020 hominid first metacarpals to Homo erectus and Australopithecus robustus, respectively, and has inferred that both species exhibited derived pollical morphologies, indicating refined precision grips. Consideration of the structure of his taphonomic arguments indicates that there are no adequate nonmorphological reasons to attribute these specimens securely to one or the other of the craniodentally represented species at Swartkrans. His morphological arguments fail to note any significant differences between the two specimens. Only the contrast in size between the small SK 84 and large SKX 5020 bones might warrant a species distinction; yet comparison of their length ratio to distributions of modern human first metacarpal length ratios indicates that it is not possible to reject conclusively the null hypothesis that they are conspecific. Therefore, early hominid adaptive scenarios based on a derived Homo‐like manual functional morphology in A. robustus remain without a secure paleontological basis.
Bilateral absence of the lesser trochanter in a Late Epigravettian skeleton from Arene Candide (Italy)
Authors: Formicola Vincenzo , Frayer David W. , Heller Julie A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA virtually complete skeleton recovered from excavations in a Late Upper Paleolithic context by Cardini between 1940 and 1942 at the Arene Candide cave (NW Italy) lacks the normal development of the left and right lesser trochanters. The specimen is a short‐statured male about 25 years old and shows no other especially peculiar skeletal irregularities, except for high negative angles of femoral torsion. We discuss a number of possible etiologies for the anomalous absence of the lesser trochanters. The condition is most likely a result of an epigenetic effect or a traumatic avulsion of both lesser trochanters. If the absence of normal development of the lesser trochanters involves a congenital condition, it is an extremely rare, previously undescribed trait. If the condition results from bilateral traumatic avulsion, it is probably the result of excessive muscular stress on the proximal femur and provides further evidence of hardship of life in Paleolithic populations and of the ability of these people to survive debilitating trauma.
On the squamosal suture of KNM‐WT 17000
Authors: Rak Yoel , Kimbel William H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe extensive overlap of the temporal squama on the parietal in KNM‐WT 17000 is restricted to a narrow segment of the arc of the squamosal suture. It appears as a long, narrow, posterosuperior extension onto the calvarial wall. The long axis of this extended strip is aligned with what appears to be the most hypertrophied section of the temporalis muscle fan. The substantial differences between the squamosal suture and associated masticatory elements of KNM‐WT 17000 and those of Australopithecus boisei provide an opportunity to evaluate the various forces molding the anatomy of the squamosal suture of A. boisei. It is suggested that the extreme flare of the zygomatic arches in the latter accounts for these differences.
Enamel structure and microwear: An experimental study of the response of enamel to shearing force
Authors: Maas Mary C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe anisotropic fracturing and differential wear properties of enamel microstructure represent factors that can obscure the predictive relationship between dental microwear and diet. To assess the impact of enamel structure on microwear, this in vitro experimental study examines the relative contributions to wear of three factors: 1) species differences in microstructure, 2) direction of shearing force relative to enamel prisms and crystallites, and 3) size of abrasive particles. Teeth of Lemur, Ovis, Homo, and Crocodylus, representing, respectively, the structural categories of prismatic patterns 1, 2, and 3 and nonprismatic enamel, were abraded by shearing forces (forces having a component directed parallel to abraded surfaces) and examined by scanning electron microscopy. Striation width increased with particle size for nonprismatic, but not for prismatic, specimens. Direction of shear relative to prism and crystallite orientation had a significant influence on striation width in only some prismatic enamels. The different responses of prismatic and nonprismatic enamels to abrasion reflect the influence of structure, but at the level of organization of crystallites rather than prisms per se. Such interactions explain in part the inability of striation width to discriminate among animals with different dietary habits. Heteroscedasticity and deviations from normality also may confound parametric analyses of microwear variables. Variation in crystallite orientation in prismatic enamels may contribute to optimal dental function through the property of differential wear in functionally distinct regions of teeth.
Blood genetic systems in four Amazonian tribes
Authors: Salzano F. M. , Black F. L. , Callegari‐Jacques S. M. , Santos S. E. B. , Weimer T. A. , Mestriner M. A. , Kubo R. R. , Pandey J. P. , Hutz M. H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractData on 31 genetic systems were obtained for 421 individuals belonging to the Arara, Arawete, Mundurucu, and Jamamadi tribes of northern Brazil. The Jamamadi depart farthest, and the Mundurucu least, from South American Indian averages. These data are analyzed together with those of 24 other Amazonian groups. Genetic distances and corresponding dendrograms indicate a cluster of 14 related tribes living north of the Amazon river. These genetic results show only a modest correlation with linguistic and geographic relationships among these groups.
EMG of serratus anterior and trapezius in the chimpanzee: Scapular rotators revisited
Authors: Larson Susan G. , Stern Jack T. , Jungers William L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe importance of arm‐raising has been a major consideration in the functional interpretation of differences in shoulder morphology among species of nonhuman primates. Among the characters that have been associated with enhancement of the arm‐raising mechanism in hominoid primates are the relative enlargement of cranial trapezius and caudal serratus anterior, as the main scapular rotators, as well as changes in scapular morphology associated with their improved leverage for scapular rotation. Yet in an EMG study of cranial trapezius and caudal serratus anterior function in the great apes, Tuttle and Basmajian (Yrbk. Phys. Anthropol. 20:491–497, 1977) found these muscles to be essentially inactive during arm‐raising. Although Tuttle and Basmajian suggest that the cranial orientation of the glenoid fossa in apes has reduced the demand for scapular rotation during arm‐raising, subsequent EMG studies on other primate species suggest that these muscles do play a significant role in arm motion during active locomotion. This paper presents a reexamination of muscle recruitment patterns for trapezius and caudal serratus anterior in the chimpanzee. All but the lowest parts of caudal serratus anterior were found to be highly active during arm‐raising motions, justifying earlier morphological interpretations of differences in caudal serratus anterior development. The lowest digitations of this muscle, while inactive during arm‐raising, displayed significant activity during suspensory postures and locomotion, presumably to control the tendency of the scapula to shift cranially relative to the rib cage. Cranial trapezius did not appear to be involved in arm‐raising; instead, its recruitment was closely tied to head position.
Behavior‐induced auditory exostoses in imperial Roman society: Evidence from coeval urban and rural communities near Rome
Authors: Manzi Giorgio , Sperduti Alessandra , Passarello Pietro 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPresence and features of auditory exostoses were investigated in two cranial samples of Roman imperial age (1st‐3rd century A.D.). The skeletal material comes from the necropolises of Portus (Isola Sacra) and Lucus Feroniae (Via Capenate), two towns along the Tevere River, in close relation with the social and economic life of Rome. Deep‐rooted differences between the human communities represented by the skeletal samples (83 and 71 individuals, respectively, in this study) are documented both historically and archaeologically. The results show lack of exostoses in the female sex, a negligible incidence among the males of Lucus Feroniae, but a high frequency in the male sample from Isola Sacra (31.3%). Auditory exostoses are commonly recognised as localized hyperplastic growths of predominantly acquired origin. Features of the exostoses found in the male crania from Isola Sacra (particularly in relation to the age at death of the affected individuals) support this view. Furthermore, several clinical and anthropological studies have pointed out close links between the occurrence of auditory exostoses and prolonged cold water exposure, generally due to the practice of aquatic sports, or to working activities involving water contact or diving. In this perspective, the differences observed between the two Roman populations and between the sexes (in Isola Sacra) appear to result from different social habits: the middle class population of Portus habitually used thermal baths, whereas it is probable that thermae were seldom frequented (if at all) by the Lucus Feroniae population represented in the necropolis (mostly composed by slaves or freedmen farm laborers). As regards the relation with sex observed in Isola Sacra, the paleopathological data presented here seem to indicate some differences in thermae attendance and utilization between men and women, which has not been clearly documented so far by historical and archaeological sources.
Continuous tooth eruption in Australian aboriginal skulls
Authors: Danenberg P. J. , Hirsch R. S. , Clarke N. G. , Leppard P. I. , Richards L. C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIncreases in the distance from the cemento‐enamel junction to the alveolar crest (CEJ‐AC) have often been attributed to senile atrophy of the bone or to the effects of periodontitis, without reference to the condition of the alveolar crest. This study investigated the relationship between CEJ‐AC distance, tooth wear, gender, site of the CEJ‐AC measurements, and age in 161 pre‐white‐contact Australian aboriginal skulls. Individual teeth were included in the study when there was no evidence of dehiscence, periodontitis, or abscess cavity formation in the supporting alveolar bone. The CEJ‐AC distances increased as the severity of attrition increased; in male skulls, CEJ‐AC distances were greater than in female skulls for all categories of tooth wear. In general, CEJ‐AC distances measured on the mesial aspects of teeth were greater than those recorded distally; lingual distances generally exceeded buccal recordings. The best explanation of these findings and similar reports in the anthropological literature is that continuous tooth eruption occurred without the concomitant coronal movement of alveolar bone. This conclusion has significant ramifications for anthropological, epidemiological, and clinical studies which use the CEJ and AC as reference points when measuring periodontal attachment loss (periodontitis).
Dental microwear in live, wild‐trapped Alouatta palliata from Costa Rica
Authors: Teaford Mark F. , Glander Kenneth E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractOne problem with dental microwear analyses of museum material is that investigators can never be sure of the diets of the animals in question. An obvious solution to this problem is to work with live animals. Recent work with laboratory primates has shown that high resolution dental impressions can be obtained from live animals. The purpose of this study was to use similar methods to begin to document rates and patterns of dental microwear for primates in the wild.Thirty‐three Alouatta palliata were captured during the wet season at Hacienda La Pacifica near Canas, Costa Rica. Dental impressions were taken and epoxy casts of the teeth were prepared using the methods of Teaford and Oyen (1989a). Scanning electron micrographs were taken of the left mandibular second molars at magnifications of 200× and 500×. Lower magnification images were used to calculate rates of wear, and higher magnification images were used to measure the size and shape of microwear features.Results indicate that, while basic patterns of dental microwear are similar in museum samples and samples of live, wild‐trapped animals of the same species, ecological differences between collection locales may lead to significant intraspecific differences in dental microwear. More importantly, rates of microwear provide the first direct evidence of differences in molar use between monkeys and humans.
Calculation of age at formation of radiopaque transverse lines
Authors: Byers Steve 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA simple method for determining the age of an individual at the time of radiopaque transverse (Harris) line formation is presented. To use this method, only two measurements are required: total bone length and distance of line to nearest bone end; these are put into formulae that calculate the percent of total bone growth when the line appeared. The result of this calculation is compared with tables of percent bone growth per year (one to 16 years in females and one to 18 years in males) to arrive at estimations of age at line formation. Since these tables are presented for the femur, tibia, humerus, and radius, this technique can be used on any one of the major long bones exhibiting lines.
Variation in human nasal height and breadth
Authors: Franciscus Robert G. , Long Jeffrey C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIt has been suggested that the long‐standing association of variability in the human nasal index [100 × (nasal breadth)/(nasal height)] with climatic variation is spurious evidence for natural selection in humans (Hoyme, 1965; St. Hoyme and Iscan, 1989). The argument is based principally on the observation that nasal height is globally more variable than nasal breadth, with nasal breadth thus contributing little to variation in the index. This argument does not take into account the confounding effect of absolute size of these variables on their variances. In this study we compare the intrinsic variation in skeletal nasal height and breadth within and among 26 mixed‐sex populations (N = 2,408) at globally diverse localities (Howells, 1989), using 2 × 2 variance‐covariance matrices of the logarithmically transformed variates. Hypothesis tests for homogeneity of matrices and equalvariance/equal‐covariance indicate that the intrinsic variation in nasal breadth is greater than that for nasal height within populations, and that nasal breadth and nasal height exhibit equivalent intrinsic variation among populations. The argument that nasal breadth contributes little to the worldwide variation in the human nasal index is rejected. Given our present understanding of nasal physiological morpho‐function, these results support, but do not demonstrate, an adaptive role for human nasal index variation. Promising methods for elucidating natural selection on human nasal form are suggested.
Qualitative dermatoglyphic traits as measures of population distance
Authors: Kamali M. Sharif , Mavalwala Jamshed , Khaneqah A. Askari , Bhanu B. V. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThirteen Iranian populations of diverse origin have been analyzed for qualitative dermatoglyphic features utilizing bilateral finger and palmar prints of 3,158 individuals. Bimanual differences were significant for some of the features examined, whereas sex differences were frequently nonsignificant. Interpopulational variation displayed significant heterogeneity for all of the features studied. Distance analysis and constructed dendrograms provided separation between populations in agreement with known ethnohistoric records for hypothenar triradii, and for palmar and finger patterns, but not for the terminations of the D‐Line.