bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Solvent extraction of lipid components from egg yolk solids
Authors: Warren M. W. , Brown H. G. , Davis D. R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe effects of solvent systems on extraction of lipid components from commercially spray‐dried egg yolks were investigated. Hexane, hexane:isopropanol (2:1), and chloroform:methanol (2:1) were studied, and the effects of temperature of extraction and ratio of solvent to egg were examined in a 3×2×2 factorial design. Hexane removed more fat and phospholipid and less cholesterol and pigment than the more polar solvents. Increased solvent ratio extracted more of the lipid components, although temperature of the extraction had little effect on removal of the lipid components.
A technique for manual injection to capillary columns with avoidance of sample discrimination
Authors: Craske John D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWhen sample is applied to a capillary column by any one of a number of automated injection systems, it is possible to achieve high standards of analytical accuracy. In general, it is much more difficult to achieve high‐quality results with manual injection. Three injection‐related problem areas are discussed that can adversely affect analytical accuracy, more so with manual than with automated injection,viz., fractionation from the syringe needle, overloading of the injector insert with vaporized sample, and loss of sample past the seal between the syringe barrel and the needle. Measures have been detailed to reduce the loss of accuracy caused by these phenomena. The injection technique described is slow enough that it and human capabilities are compatible, the sample is re‐focussed on the column, so that there is little or no resultant loss of column efficiency and resolution, and, therefore, high accuracy results are obtainable.
Fatty alcohols through hydroxylation of symmetrical alkenes with selenium dioxide/tert.‐butylhydroperoxide
Authors: Knothe G. , Bagby M. O. , Weisleder D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSeveral symmetrical alkenes were reacted with the selenium dioxide/tert.‐butylhydroperoxide system to give three hydroxylated products each. These products were those of allylic mono‐ and dihydroxylation (meso andthreo dihydroxy compounds) of the double bond. Some dihydroxy products were hydrogenated to give saturated 1,4‐diols. The compounds were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance. The products have potential for application in commercial products, such as biodiesel, lubricants, greases, and cosmetics.
Substituted thiobisphenols as antioxidants: Correlation between antioxidant activities and13C chemical shifts
Authors: Yamamura Tatsuo , Tanaka Kazunori , Tomiyama Shogo , Sai Shinryu , Yamada Fukiko , Nishiyama Tomihiro 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe antioxidant activities of ten thiobisphenols were evaluated by an oxygen‐absorption method at 60°C in tetralin and determination of peroxide values at 160°C in paraffin. For the 4,4′‐thiobisphenols, alkyl groupsortho to the phenolic hydroxyl groups increased the induction period compared to that of other thiobisphenols for both oxidation of tetralin and paraffin. The data on electrochemical oxidation potentials that were determined by linear‐sweep voltammetry and the13C nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shifts (δ) of these compounds were associated with antioxidant activities. In particular, the activities exhibited during the induction period closely correlated with the13C chemical shifts of ipso‐carbon of the OH substituent.
A simple and cost‐effective gram‐scale chromatographic method for the purification of soybean phospholipids
Authors: De Meulenaer B. , Van der Meeren P. , Vanderdeelen J. , Baert L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA method was developed for the preparative fractionation of soybean lecithin to enable the study of the functional properties of pure soybean phospholipids. Hereby, a coarse and irregularly shaped silica gel was used as the stationary phase, whereas the mobile phase consisted of three mixtures of hexane, 2‐propanol, and water with increasing polarity. These solvents were included in a step gradient, which was formed by an isocratic pump connected to a solvent switcher. With this system, two grams of soybean lecithin were fractionated. The purity was evaluated by analytical high‐performance liquid chromatography, and the recovery was estimated from concentration determinations by flow injection analysis. From these results, it was concluded that 60 to 75% of the three major soybean phospholipids could be recovered with a purity of at least 93%. Only 1.5 L of solvents were needed for both the column equilibration and the elution of all soybean phospholipids.
Experiments in the formulation of heavy duty liquid detergents from tallow
Authors: Bistline R. G. , Stirton A. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSeveral tallow‐based detergents were investigated in simplified formulations comprising ca. 10~15% active ingredient, 4% foam stabilizer, 10% isopropyl alcohol, 20% K4P2O7 and 50~55% water, 1% with respect to carboxymethylcellulose. Disodium 2‐sulfoethyl ॅ‐sulfostearate or sodium oleate could be used as the only active ingredient or in blends with other tallow‐based compounds. The presence of a soluble form of the tallow alcohol sulfates, sodium 9,10‐dichlorooctadecyl sulfate, gave maximum detergency in hard water.
Preparation of phosphorus esters of long‐chain hydroxy fatty acids
Authors: Diamond M. J. , Applewhite T. H. , Knowles R. E. , Goldblatt L. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSeveral procedures are evaluated for synthesis of phosphorus‐containing derivatives of some long‐chain hydroxy‐fatty acids, including ricinoleic and lesquerolic acid and their hydrogenated products. The conventional method of preparing phosphate esters by reaction of an alcohol with a dialkyl phosphorochloridate is unsatisfactory, but introduction of the dialkyl phosphoryl group was accomplished by using dimethylformamide as catalyst. Phosphorus derivatives are obtained more conveniently by ester interchange between a long‐chain hydroxy compound and a low molecular weight dialkyl phosphite. Purification of the phosphite esters was accomplished by partitoning between acetonitrile and petroleum ether and also by chromatography on a column of silicic acid. Attempts to prepare phosphorus derivatives of the allylic hydroxyl of methyl dimorphecolate resulted in extensive dehydration to the conjugated triene.
Preparation and etherification reaction of fatty dichlorocyclopropanes
Authors: Kenney H. E. , Komanowsky Daria , Cook Linda L. , Wrigley A. N. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDichlorocarbene was added tocis‐9‐octadecene, methyl oleate, methyl elaidate, and methyl linoleate to form the corresponding mono‐ or bis‐dichlorocyclopropanes in yields of 75舑88%. The dichlorocyclopropanes underwent ring‐opening substitution on heating with alcohols (or water) to form ॆ‐chlorallylic ethers (or alcohols). The ethers were obtained in yields of 46 to 84%. Tetraethylene glycol and methyl lactate, as hydroxyl compounds, gave a polyethenoxy ester and an ether‐linked diester, respectively.
Fruit oils of four plant species of Turkish origin
Authors: Erciyes A. T. , Karaosmanoglu F. , Civelekoglu H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe characteristics of fatty oils recovered from seeds of four plant species of Turkish origin have been investigated. Seed oils ofRhus coriaria L. andEcballium elaterium (L.) A. Rich. showed a close resemblance to those of previously published reports. Oil extracted from the seed ofCeltis australis L. andGundelia tournefortii L. show characteristics similar to fruit oils of the plant families to which they belong. In the focus of their technological evaluation,Ecballium elaterium seed oil can be regarded as a typical drying oil, while the others show characteristics of semidrying oils.
Determination of fat in infant formula by robotic automated method
Authors: Lee Theresa W. , Bobik Emil , Malone William 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA method has been developed for the determination of fat in infant formula using a commercially available robotic system. The procedure and chemistry at large are the same as the manual method,Official Methods of Analysis 16.064, by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). Both liquid and powder forms of milk‐protein‐based and soy‐protein‐based matrices were analyzed in this study. The robotic operations are described in detail. The evaluation of the accuracy is accomplished by comparing the data obtained by the robotic automated method to those obtained by the official manual method. The analysis of variance does not indicate a statistically significant difference (p‐value 0.0620, mean difference 0.0056%) between the mean results of the two methods for the milk‐protein‐based infant formula. The results of other matrices tested by both methods agreed within 1% relative of each other. The precision of the robotic automated method is slightly better than the manual method as shown by the overall relative standard deviation (RSD) of 0.167% vs 0.269%. The ruggedness of the instrument has been satisfactory. The results of this study suggest that the robotic automated method is suitable for this application.
Hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters with diimide from hydroxylamine‐ethyl acetate
Authors: Gangadhar A. , Chandrasekhara Rao T. , Subbarao R. , Lakshminarayana G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMethyl esters of 10‐undecenoic, oleic, linoleic and castor oil fatty acids were hydrogenated with hydroxylamine‐ethyl acetate reagent under nitrogen, without change in position and configuration of double bonds. The fatty acid ester was also found to participate in the generation of diimide. No hydrazide was formed.
Development of a new soybean variety for human consumption
Authors: Banafunzi N. M. S. , Mena A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDuring the past five years, the state of Guerrero has conducted an extensive research project to increase the protein content of local diets through development of soybean varieties that can be locally grown and easily assimilated into local diets. Guerrero is the location of Acapulco, host city for the World Conference on Soya Processing and Utilization. This article explains Guerrero’s project and the development of a new soy variety for human consumption. Conference registrants will have an opportunity to visit Guerrero’s soya fields. This report was prepared by Dr. Nuren M.S. Banafunzi, professor of plant breeding and head of the Agricultural Research Division at the Instituto Superior Agropecuario Autonómo del Estado de Guerrero (ISAAEG) and A. Man, professor and investigator of oil crops at the ISAAEG.
The effect of soybean moisture during storage on the lipid composition of extracted crude oil
Authors: Chapman G. W. , Robertson J. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe quality of soybean oil extracted from seed stored under constant temperature and relative humidity for 42 days was evaluated over a wide range of moisture levels. Storage of soybeans at 9, 13 and 18% moisture had little affect on the major lipid components (neutral lipids), even though seed stored at 18% moisture became infected with mold. The level of phospholipid in the extracted crude oil decreased during the last 3 weeks of storage in seeds stored at 13 and 18% moisture from 4 to 2.5% of the total oil. During the same period, the level of free fatty acids, (FFA) (primarily 16∶0 and 18∶2) in these samples increased. This study indicated that the increase in FFA during seed storage at high moisture levels was the result of soybean lipase and possibly phospholipase activity. These findings suggested that soybeans should be kept at less than 13% moisture for long‐term on‐farm storage to preserve oil quality.
Determination of molecular species of oil triacylglycerols by reversed‐phase and chiral‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Semporé G. , Bézard J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA method is described for the determination of molecular species of oil triacylglycerols. The method is based on the analytical separation of the enantiomericsn‐1,2‐andsn‐2,3‐diacylglycerols, derived from triacylglycerols, by high‐performance liquid‐chromatography (HPLC) on a chiral column containing N‐(R)‐1‐(α‐naphthyl)ethylaminocarbonyl‐(S)‐valinecarbonyl‐(S)‐valine as stationary phase. Model triacyl‐glycerol molecules comprising three known fatty acids were isolated from peanut oil and cottonseed oil by a combination of argentation‐TLC and reversed‐phase HPLC and submitted to partial chemical deacylation. The derivedsn‐1,2(2,3)‐diacylglycerols were analyzed and fractionated as 3,5‐dinitrophenyl urethane derivatives by reversed‐phase HPLC according to chainlength and unsaturation. From thesn‐1,2(2,3)‐diacylglycerol composition and the diacylglycerolsn‐1,2‐andsn‐2,3‐enantiomer composition, the individual molecular species of four peanut oil triacylglycerols and one cottonseed oil triacylglycerol were identified and quantitated. The method can be applied to triacylglycerols of any other oil or fat.
Effect of heat inactivation of lipoxygenase on lipid oxidation in lake herring (coregonus artedii)
Authors: Wang Ya‐Jane , Miller Lynne A. , Addis Paul B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe role of lipoxygenase in causing lipid oxidation in lake herring was studied. Lipid oxidation was measured by assaying for 2‐thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS), and lipoxygenase activity was measured by a spectrophotometric (470 nm) method. Lipoxygenase activity was highest in light muscle, lowest in skin and intermediate in dark muscle. Light muscle contained the highest percentage of phospholipids (PL) and the least total lipid. The percentage of PL was lowest and total lipids were highest in the skin. Eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid were found in larger amounts in PL than in triglycerides. Heat treatment rapidly inactivated lipoxygenase. After a 5‐min heating period, lipoxygenase was totally inactivated in most cases. TBARS data indicated that samples heated at 80°C for 1.5–2.0 min were more stable than samples heated at 80°C for 2.5–5.0 min, suggesting that heat accelerated nonenzymatic oxidation.
Bleaching of cottonseed and soybean oils by hydrogen generatedin situ
Authors: Mukhopadhyay S. B. , Gupta P. K. , Basu A. K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBleaching of cottonseed and soybean oils has been effected by hydrogen generatedin situ by the action of aqueous copper sulfate solution on zinc dust. Yellow color bodies are bleached more readily by this process than the red bodies. Color reduction up to a level of 70–74% is attainable by this method.
Mechanism of palm oil bleaching by montmorillonite clay activated at various acid concentrations
Authors: Kheok S. C. , Lim E. E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe mechanism of bleaching by a nonswelling montmorillonite clay activated at various acid concentrations was studied in the bleaching of palm oil. Montmorillonite clay was activated by 2 parts of H2SO4 at concentrations of 10‐40%. Chemical composition, bleaching ability, specific surface area and phosphorus content were studied. The study showed that an initial increase in bleaching ability by clay activated by an increasing addition of H2SO4 was due to acid leaching of organic matter and impurities in the clay. The consequence of acid leaching in this case tends to expose active sites for adsorption. Acid leaching also removed Al3+, causing charge deficiency in the clay lattice and, hence, promoting the adsorption properties of the clay. A drop in bleaching efficiency at higher additions of H2SO4 was observed. This was due to exces‐sive acid leaching of Al3+, causing collapse of the clay lattice struc‐ture.
Study of the seed oil of brachystegia nigerica hoyle and A.P.D. jones
Authors: Obasi N. B. B. , Ndelle K. N. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe characteristics ofB. nigerica and its fixed seed oil are reported. Fatty acid composition, as determined by gas‐liquid chromatography, was: lauric, 0.24%; myristic, 0.45%; palmitic, 13.18%; stearic, 19.80%; oleic, 20.84%; linoleic, 43.65%; arachidic, 1.14%; and arachidonic, 0.90%. A study of the nonsaponifiable fraction showed it to be rich in sterols. Ergosterol and sitosterol were identified.
Determination of lead in frying oils by direct current plasma atomic emission spectrometry
Authors: Ibrahim Hosny 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTwo methods for determination of lead in frying oils by direct current plasma‐atomic emission spectrometry were investigated. The first method is based on the formation of an oil‐water emulsion followed by aspiration of the sample directly into the plasma. The second method involves extraction of lead from oil into an aqueous ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid phase before measurement. The methods were applied to the determination of lead in used frying oil samples collected from different parts of Cairo, Egypt.
Evaluation of soy oil lutein isotherms obtained with selected adsorbents in hexane miscellas
Authors: Palaniappan S. , Proctor A. 
Published: July 2007

Bleaching of soy oil hexane/miscellas by adsorption of the lutein was examined. Quantitative differences in the adsorption behavior between a bleaching clay, alkaline rice hull ash and acid rice hull ash were measured by comparing the constants,K andn, of Freundlich isotherms. All the isotherms were dose‐dependent withK being inversely related andn directly related, to adsorbent mass. Overall, the bleaching clay performed better than the ashes. Alkaline ash had a largerK value than acid ash, but then value of acid ash was greater.Equations of lutein adsorption were derived based on initial concentrations on lutein and the amount adsorbed per gram. Logarithmic plots produced constants,Ki and ni which were the intercept and slope, respectively. As adsorbent dose increased,Ki decreased andni increased for each adsorbent studied. These findings may have applications in the processing of dilute miscellas where low temperature, low viscosity oil refining is desired.
Antioxidative activities of tocotrienols on phospholipid liposomes
Authors: Yamaoka Masakazu , Carrillo Maria Josette H. , Nakahara Toro , Komiyama Kanki 
Published: July 2007

Antioxidative activity of tocotrienol (Toc3) was studied in the oxidation of dilinoleoylphosphatidylcholine (DLPC) liposomes. The objective was to measure the differences in the antioxidative activities betweenα‐Toc3 andα‐tocopherol (α‐Toc), and betweenγ‐Toc3 andγ‐Toc. When each antioxidant was added to the already prepared DLPC liposome solution, the antioxidative activity of Toc3 was larger than that of Toc. However, when incorporated into the liposomal membrane, the antioxidative activities of Toc3 and Toc were the same and were intermediate between those of the added Toc3 and Toc.When added to the liposome solution, the consumption of Toc3 during the induction period was larger than that of Toc. When incorporated into the liposomal membrane, the consumptions of Toc3 and Toc were the same and were intermediate between those of the added Toc3 and Toc.These results suggest that the reactions of Toc3 and Toc with phospholipid peroxide within the membrane are inhibited to a different degree depending on the dosing manner of Toc3 and Toc. Namely, the degree of inhibition decreases in the following order: Toc(added)> Toc(incorporated)= Toc3(incorporated)> Toc3(added).
Improved productivity of a radiotracer detergency method by increased automation
Authors: Shebs W. T. , Rankin J. G. , Incaprera C. F. , Herndon K. H. , Lester R. S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractProductivity of a radiotracer detergency test method which generates several thousand samples per year has been substantially improved by automating record‐keeping, data capture, data analysis storage and report generation. A group of programs has been written to acquire large amounts of data from liquid scintillation counters, a gamma counter and pH meters. The programs also maintain detailed records of each sample (swatch of fabric), provide current status of all swatches entered into the system, and make all calculations necessary to generate final test results. A Burcon microcomputer operating in a time‐sharing mode allows multiple users to perform laboratory operations simultaneously. The programs (written in PL/I) are all interactive and the terminal screen displays provide a list of possible responses (menu) at each step. These menus, combined with careful design of the screen displays, minimize the amount of operator training necessary to complete processing successfully. The amount of operator time required to complete data processing has been reduced by ca. 35% and the automating of record‐keeping and other tasks has further improved productivity and reduced turnaround time. A brief description of the component programs is included.
Biosynthesis of conjugated linoleic acid in humans
Authors: Adlof R. O. , Duval S. , Emken E. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper deals with the reanalysis of serum lipids from previous studies in which deuterated fatty acids were administered to a single person. Samples were reanalyzed to determine if the deuterated fatty acids were converted to deuterium‐labeled conjugated linoleic acid (CLA, 9c, 11t‐18∶2) or other CLA isomers. We found 11‐trans‐octadecenoate (fed as the triglyceride) was converted (Δ9 desaturase) to CLA, at a CLA enrichment ofca. 30%. The 11‐cis‐octadecenoate isomer was also converted to 9c, 11c‐18∶2, but at <10% the concentration of the 11t‐18∶1 isomer. No evidence (within our limits of detection) for conversion of 10‐cis‐or 10‐trans‐octadecenoate to the 10,12‐CLA isomers (Δ12 desaturase) was found. No evidence for the conversion of 9‐cis, 12‐cis‐octadecadienoate to CLA (via isomerase enzyme) was found. Although these data come from isomerase enzyme) was found. Although these data come from four single human subject studies, data from some 30 similar human studies have convinced us that the existence of a metabolic pathway in one subject may be extrapolated to the normal adult population.
Fatty acid esters from betulinol
Authors: Erä V. , Jääskeläinen P. , Ukkonen K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBetulinol esters were prepared from stearic‐, lauric‐, palmitic‐, oleic‐ and tall oil fatty acids via the acid‐chloride and direct con‐densation routes. The degree of esterification was determined by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), infrared (IR) and acid value measurements. The use of esters for air‐dried, polyure‐thane and plastisol coatings was evaluated.
Distribution of aflatoxin‐containing cottonseed within intact locks
Authors: Lee L. S. , Russell T. E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractLocation of aflatoxin‐containing seeds within locks ofAspergillus flavus contaminated bolls was determined. Of the 141 seeds examined from 22 intact locks, 78 exhibited bright greenish yellow fluorescence (BGYF) on the linters. Twenty‐four seeds contained aflatoxins ranging from 0.231 to 151.3 μg of toxin per gram of seed. Twenty‐one of these aflatoxin‐positive seeds had linters exhibiting BGYF, and three had nonfluorescent linters. With one exception, aflatoxin contamination was concentrated in only one or two highly contaminated seeds in the apex half of tight locks, and the rest of the three to five seeds were negative. Explanations for this type of infection are discussed.
The safety of household products
Authors: Gilbert A. H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWhen detergents were essentially soap, it was easy to assume that they were perfectly innocuous in use. Even later, when synthetic actives and phosphate builders appeared, it wasn't necessary to carry out extensive testing to confirm their safety. However, nowadays one has to say with certainty that a detergent product is not only safe to use but also to manufacture and release into the environ‐ment. This is a big, often long and expensive, job. A battery of tests have had to be developed and every likelihood covered as far as pos‐sible. The kinds of tests used will be briefly discussed and examples given of the lengths to which manufacturers go to ensure the safety of our products.