bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surgical Time Outs in a Combat Zone
Authors: Harrington Jason W. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTAORN supports the Joint Commission's requirements and guidelines to promote correct site surgery, including preoperative verification, site marking, and conducting and documenting a surgical time out.This article highlights the success of a well‐implemented surgical time out policy and procedure at a two‐bed combat support hospital in northern Iraq. Policy implementation, training, documentation, and quality management chart checks prevented any incidence of wrong site surgery through the completion of more than 900 procedures on more than 400 patients during a 15‐month period. AORN J 89 (March 2009) 535–537. © AORN, Inc, 2009.
Implementation of a Couplet Care Program for Families After a Cesarean Birth
Authors: Spradlin Ludmila R. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThis article describes the implementation of a couplet care program for patients who have undergone a cesarean delivery. The goals of couplet care (ie, keeping a mother and infant together after the birth) are to facilitate family bonding, support successful breastfeeding, and increase patient satisfaction.Staff members undertook an investigation to gain information about other facilities that offer couplet care and to establish support for this practice model of recovery. Education programs were devised to help ease staff members' concerns about caring for these surgical patients.Additional research is needed on the value of couplet care for patients. Potential topics for future research include examining whether this care correlates with reduced postpartum depression and whether there are positive effects on the surgical recovery process. AORN J 89 (March 2009) 553–562. © AORN, Inc, 2009.
Steam Sterilization and Internal Count Sheets: Assessing the Potential for Cytotoxicity
Authors: Lucas Anne D. , Chobin Nancy , Conner Ramona , Gordon Edward A. , Mitchell Sheila , Perry Ben , Stratmeyer Mel E. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTCount sheets, when placed in contact with surgical instruments during steam sterilization, can transfer ink to the instruments.To explore whether this poses a safety concern, stainless steel instruments were placed on top of completely inked paper and subjected to steam sterilization, extracted, and tested for cytotoxicity. Preprinted labels were examined in a similar fashion.Extracts from stainless steel devices exposed to ink, toner, or labels showed no significant cytotoxic response, although the ink residue on the devices after steam sterilization is difficult to remove and detrimental to the instrument. Placing a barrier between the count sheet and the devices facilitates reuse of the instruments. AORN J 89 (March 2009) 521–531. © AORN, Inc, 2009.
Periopardy: The 21st Century
Authors: Fawcett Debra L. , Dodd Chérie 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTOne of the biggest challenges that educators face is capturing the interest of students. The use of games in the classroom can be an effective tool to teach, reinforce learning, and provide healthy competition for participants.Periopardy is an educational game based on the popular television game show Jeopardy. The five categories featured in the game can be changed to suit the needs of the class, to include topics such as perioperative nursing, infection control, or women's health.This article provides an overview of how to develop the categories, the rules for playing the game, and web site addresses where readers can download a template of the game board for their own use. AORN J 89 (March 2009) 565–571. © AORN, Inc, 2009.
Prevention of Pressure Ulcers in the Surgical Patient
Authors: Walton‐Geer Patina S. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTPressure ulcers (PUs) are a serious health care problem, and it is crucial to assess how patients acquire pressure ulcers after admission to a health care facility. In the OR, factors related to positioning, anesthesia, and the duration of surgery, in addition to patient‐related factors, all can affect PU development.This article reviews current practices, including AORN recommended practices, regarding pressure ulcer prevention efforts for surgical patients.All surgical patients should be considered at‐risk for pressure ulcer development; therefore, perioperative departments should develop and implement strategic plans for pressure ulcer prevention. AORN J 89 (March 2009) 538–548. © AORN, Inc, 2009.
Emergence Delirium: A Nursing Perspective
Authors: Hudek Kim 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTEmergence delirium is a condition that can affect all segments of the postoperative population, but is seen most often in pediatric and older adult patients.Most cases of emergence delirium resolve quickly and without incident; however, severe episodes may lead to increased incidence of injury to both patients and staff members and increased costs.To minimize the incidence of emergence delirium and treat it when it occurs, perioperative nurses must be aware of the risk factors that contribute to this condition, including the patient's age, type of anesthesia, anxiety level, level of postoperative pain, and preexisting medical conditions. AORN J 89 (March 2009) 509–516. © AORN, Inc, 2009.
A GFP trap study uncovers the functions of Gilgamesh protein kinase in Drosophila melanogaster spermatogenesis
Authors: Nerusheva O.O. , Dorogova N.V. , Gubanova N.V. , Yudina O.S. , Omelyanchuk L.V. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe function of the gene gilgamesh (89B9‐12) encoding a casein kinase in Drosophila spermatogenesis was studied. The chimeric Gilgamesh–GFP protein in spermatocytes is cortically located. In the polar and apolar spermatocytes, it concentrates at the terminal ends of the fusome, the organelle that passes through the system of ring canals of the spermatocyte cyst. At the stage of spermatid elongation, the protein associates with the nucleus. A spot of the highest Gilgamesh–GFP concentration in the nucleus co‐localizes with γ‐tubulin in the basal body. At later stages, Gilgamesh is localized to the individualization complex (IC), leaving the nuclei somewhat before the IC investment cones, as detected by actin binding. The sterile mutation due to the gilgamesh gene leads to the phenotype of scattered nuclei and altered structure of actin cones in the individualizing spermatid cyst. Ultrastructural evidence confirmed defective spermatid individualization due to the mutation. The phylogenetic origin of the protein, and the connection between vesicular trafficking and spermatid individualization, are discussed.
Establishment of vascular endothelial cell lines from the aortas of wild Japanese serows (Capricornis crispus)
Authors: Inoshima Yasuo , Ishiguro Naotaka 
Published: March 2009

AbstractEndothelial cell lines were established from the aortas of wild Japanese serows (Capricornis crispus) by transfection of a simian virus 40 (SV40) large T antigen gene. The cloned cell lines, designed SeET (Japanese serow endothelial‐SV40T) cells, express SV40T antigen and retain cobblestone‐like morphology. Although von Willbrand Factor (vWF) is expressed in the cells, the expression rate and the quantity are lower than in serow primary endothelial cells. The SeET cells exhibit positive uptake of acetylated low density lipoprotein and dose‐dependent cell proliferation upon exposure to vascular endothelial growth factor. These results suggest that these SeET cells have preserved endothelial phenotypes and able to function with decreased expression of vWF. The SeET cell line will be a valuable tool for in vitro studies on the physiological properties of endothelial cells and for the propagation of viruses and parasites of Japanese serows.
Study of the insulin signaling pathways in the regulation of ACAT1 expression in cultured macrophages
Authors: Xin Chen , Yan‐Fu Wang , Ping He , Jing Ge , Jing‐Jing Wan , Chun‐Li Mei , Wei Liu , Bei Cheng 
Published: March 2009

AbstractObjective: To determine the signaling pathways and components involved in insulin‐mediated regulation of Acyl‐CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase1 (ACAT1).Methods: THP‐1 cells were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium and were induced into macrophages in the presence of 160 nM phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate (PMA). Before insulin was added in, macrophages were preincubated with the inhibitors of the insulin signaling pathway, including wortmannin, phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3 K) inhibitor; PD98059, extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) inhibitor; SB203580, p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) inhibitor; SP600125, c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor and U73122, phospholipase C‐γ (PLC‐γ) inhibitor. ACAT1 mRNA and protein expression level in macrophages were determined by real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting, respectively.Results: Real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting demonstrated that PD98059, SB203580 or SP600125 down‐regulated the expression of ACAT1 in a dose‐dependent manner. However, no obvious alteration was found in wortmannin and U73122 groups.Conclusion: These results suggest that the ERK, p38MAPK and JNK signaling pathways may be involved in insulin‐mediated regulation of ACAT1, but no PI3K and PLC‐γ signaling pathways were involved in the present study.
Bcl‐2 is an integral component of mitotic chromosomes
Authors: Barboule Nadia , Demeter Katalin , Benmeradi Nacer , Larminat Florence 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWe previously demonstrated that phospho‐Thr56 Bcl‐2 colocalizes with Ki‐67 and nucleolin in nuclear structures in prophase cells and is detected on mitotic chromosomes in later mitotic phases. To gain insight into the fine localization of Bcl‐2 on mitotic chromosomes, we further investigated Bcl‐2 localization by immunostaining of Bcl‐2 with known components of metaphase chromosomes and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry. Immunofluorescence analysis on HeLa mitotic cells together with chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that Bcl‐2 is associated with the condensed chromatin. Co‐immunostaining experiments performed on mitotic chromosome spreads demonstrated that Bcl‐2 is not localized on the longitudinal axis of chromatids with the condensin complex, but partially colocalizes with histone H3 on some regions of the mitotic chromosome. Finally, most of the Bcl‐2 staining overlaps with Ki‐67 staining at the chromosome periphery. Bcl‐2 localization at the periphery and over the mitotic chromosome was confirmed by immunoelectron microscopy on mitotic cells.Our results indicate that Bcl‐2 is an integral component of the mitotic chromosome.
Astroglia genesis in vitro: distinct effects of retinoic acid in different phases of neural stem cell differentiaion
Authors: Hádinger Nóra , Varga Balázs V. , Berzsenyi Sára , Környei Zsuzsanna , Madarász Emília , Herberth Balázs 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn the developing CNS, the manifestation of the macroglial phenotypes is delayed behind the formation of neurons. The “neurons first – glia second” principle seems to be valid for neural tissue differentiation throughout the neuraxis, but the reasons behind are far from clear. In the presented study, the mechanisms of this timing were investigated in vitro, in the course of the neural differentiation of one cell derived NE‐4C neuroectodermal stem and P19 embryonic carcinoma cells. The data demonstrated that astrocyte formation coincided in time with the maturation of postmitotic neurons, but the close vicinity of neurons did not initate astrocyte formation before schedule. All‐trans retinoic acid, a well‐known inducer of neuronal differentiation, on the other hand, blocked effectively the astroglia production if present in defined stages of the in vitro neuroectodermal cell differentiation. According to the data, retinoic acid plays at least a dual role in astrogliogenesis: while it is needed for committing neural progenitors for a future production of astrocytes, it prevents premature astrogliogenesis by inhibiting the differentiation of primed glial progenitors.
The function of value in self‐regulation
Authors: Fishbach Ayelet 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis commentary argues for a functional perspective of the value–engagement relationship, proposing that evaluation determines engagement. I compare this causal direction—from value to engagement—to regulatory engagement theory, which proposes that engagement determines evaluation. I demonstrate the functional view in self‐control research, which finds that people overcome obstacles for goal pursuit, including low probabilities of success, by increasing the value of adhering to an overriding goal. I further suggest that whereas both causal directions—from value to engagement and from engagement to value—are theoretically plausible, empirical studies should provide better ways to distinguish between these conceptually different underlying models.
European civil society: Between participation, representation and discourse
Authors: Trenz Hans-Jörg 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Institutional designs of governance in the European Union frequently underlie a dichotomy between participation as the realm of civil society and representation as the realm of national governments and parliaments. The aim of this paper is to consider organised civil society not as distinct from but as part of the multi-level representative field that is emerging in the EU. This is done by distinguishing two distinct mechanisms of political representation in aggregating individual preferences or in integrating the political community of the EU. In order to spell out this latter integrative function of political representation as a creative practice, the notion of representative claims-making will be introduced. The practice of representative claims-making can then be analysed, first of all, as a way of distributing the social capital of the actors and institutions that populate the European field of civil society activism. Secondly, the practice of representative claims-making can be analysed as a way of building new forms of cultural and symbolic capital of civil society that are needed to occupy the new transnational positions that are made available by European integration.
Project financing: Deal or no deal
Authors: An Yunbi , Cheung Keith 
Published: March 2009

AbstractMost research on project financing focuses mainly on structuring and financing issues. In this paper we propose a model that incorporates the effects of the management efforts on market outcomes in its framework. Thus, we can examine project financing from the perspective of managerial incentives. The model highlights a set of conditions under which corporations prefer off‐balance‐sheet project financing. The choice is driven by the required amount of investment and the extent of uncertainty. Companies tend to choose project financing when managers' efforts have a significant impact on the magnitude and likelihood of favorable outcomes. Further, the larger the capital amount, the more likely it is that companies will use outside project financing.
The addition of monosodium glutamate and inosine monophosphate-5 to high-protein meals: effects on satiety, and energy and macronutrient intakes
Authors: Luscombe-Marsh Natalie D. , Smeets Astrid J. P. G. , Westerterp-Plantenga Margriet S. 
Published: March 2009

In a fed and orally stimulated state, whether the addition of monosodium glutamate (MSG) (alone or in combination with inosine monophosphate-5 (IMP-5)) to a high-protein (HP) meal leads to early satiety and a difference in energy intake at a second course was investigated. Ten men and twelve women consumed, in random order, a first-course meal consisting of: (1) water (control); (2) a HP meal with 0·6 % MSG and 0·25 % IMP-5; (3) a HP meal with no additives; (4) a HP meal with MSG only; (5) a sham-fed meal 2 (oral-stimulation). Appetite perceptions, plasma concentrations of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), glucose and insulin, and energy intake at a buffet (i.e. a second course) were measured before and after each condition. Changes in appetite, and in GLP-1, glucose and insulin, were similar for the three fed HP conditions and all were greater (post hoc all P < 0·01) than the control and sham conditions. Energy intake was not different following the HP+MSG+IMP (1·86 (sem 0·3) MJ) as compared with the HP+MSG-only (2·24 (sem 0·28) MJ) condition (P = 0·08), or for the HP+MSG+IMP compared with the HP no-additives condition (1·60 (sem 0·29) MJ) (P = 0·21). Following the HP+MSG-only condition, 0·64 (sem 0·20) MJ more energy was consumed compared with the HP no-additives condition (P = 0·005). We conclude that the addition of MSG to a HP meal does not influence perceptions of satiety and it may increase energy intake at a second course. Cephalic responses after the sham condition were of similar magnitude to the control and therefore just tasting food is not enough to influence appetite and energy intake.
Understanding the effect of a triazole with anti-gibberellin activity on the growth and yield of oilseed rape (Brassica napus)
Authors: BERRY P. M. , SPINK J. H. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe effects of the anti-gibberellin triazole metconazole on yield, lodging resistance, seeds/m2 (sink size) and rooting in the presence of negligible amounts of disease were investigated using five multi-site experiments carried out in the UK between 1999 and 2007. The green area index (GAI) of the crop at the time of application had the greatest influence on the yield response across 173 comparisons between metconazole-treated and untreated crops. Crops with a GAI in March (growth stage (GS) 3·3–3·5 ‘green bud’) of 0·8–2·8, which represented moderate to large sized UK commercial crops, had an average response of +0·21 t/ha to metconazole applied at the full recommended rate of 1·2 litres/ha. Crops with a GAI of less than 0·8, which represented small commercial crops, had an average response of −0·14 t/ha. Applications between green bud and early flowering gave the greatest yield increase. Positive yield responses were associated with a reduction in lodging, or more seeds/m2, or a combination of both. The proportional area lodged was reduced by 0·1 for each 50 mm reduction in crop height (R2=0·60; P<0·001). Across six field trials, metconazole applied in spring increased root length density between soil depths of 0·40 and 1·00 m from an average of 0·478 to 0·601 cm/cm3 (P<0·05). It was estimated that this could increase yield by 0·2–0·3 t/ha in a dry season. The results show that the growth regulatory properties of metconazole can be used to improve several key aspects of growth that are believed to restrict current farm yields.
Shock wave generation in thin foils using lasers and ion beams. II 2-D expansion effects and planarity considerations
Authors: Thompson P. C. , Roberts P. D. 
Published: March 2009

The shock pressures generated in the interaction of lasers and light ion beams with thin foils are calculated using a two-dimensional, axisymmetric hydrodynamic code. For lasers, finite spot sizes produce a significant decrease in the pressure generated, compared to previous 1-D estimates. The effect is closely related to the coupling of the critical density with the ablation surface and is less important at shorter wavelengths, the appropriate parameter beingIλ2. For 0·5 TW red light and a 100 μm radius spot pressures are limited to 30 Mb. Perturbations across the beam profile are discussed and it is demonstrated that beam uniformity of 30% (25% for green light) is required to achieve velocity modulation of less than 2%, such as would be necessary for an equation of state measurement.For the larger targets used with light ion beams, two-dimensional effects prove to be less of a problem, and for high-Z materials the initial 1-D estimates of peak pressure are adequate. In order to obtain the shock planarity requisite for equation of state measurements in a high-Z target an intensity uniformity of ±15% would be required. However, use of a composite target enables this to be relaxed to ±25% whilst obtaining slightly higher pressures.
Plasma erosion opening switch research for ICF
Authors: Weber B. V. , Boller J. R. , Colombant D. G. , Commisso R. J. , Cooperstein G. , Grossmann J. M. , Hinshelwood D. D. , Meger R. A. , Mosher D. , Neri J. M. , Oliphant W. F. , Ottinger P. F. , Scherrer V. E. , Stephanakis S. J. , Young F. C. , Stinnett R. W. , Gray E. W. , McDaniel D. H. , Renk T. J. , Rochau G. 
Published: March 2009

Inertial confinement fusion using light ion beams requires fast rise time, high power drivers. One technique to enhance a conventional pulsed power generator is to use a plasma erosion opening switch (PEOS) between the generator and the ion diode. Ideally, the PEOS conducts current until a current threshold is reached, then rapidly opens and delivers the inductively stored energy to the load on a short time scale. Experiments at the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) used a PEOS to improve the Gamble II current rise time from 60 ns to 10 ns at 1 MA. Load voltages over 4 MV have been obtained (>2× the matched load voltage).Based on these experiments and theoretical predictions, a PEOS system has been incorporated into the PBFA II experiment at Sandia National Laboratories (SNL). The PEOS on PBFA II is ultimately to provide a 6 to 8-MA, 30-MV pulse with 10-ns rise time into an “applied B” ion diode. This is a large extrapolation of present experiments. The PEOS system on PBFA II is described here and theoretical predictions are given.
The PHEBUS experimental facility operating at 250 ps and 0·53 μm
Authors: Thiell G. , Adolf A. , Andre M. , Fleurot N. , Friart D. , Juraszek D. , Schirmann D. 
Published: March 2009

The experiments reported in this paper demonstrate that the PHEBUS laser facility is now currently being operated with high performances (4 TW with 250 ps pulses at 0·527 μm wavelength).The output energy of the 2-beam PHEBUS laser system can be focused either in a small focal spot (80% of the incident energy is in a 220 μm diameter focal spot) for high intensity experiments (≥5 × 1015 W cm−2) or in very large spots (a few mm in diameter) at moderate intensities (1013 − 2·5 × 1014 W cm−2), for large scale experiments. It is shown that the spatial intensity distribution in the target plane is primarily due to intensity independent aberrations and to diffraction. Laser light absorption in plane aluminum and gold targets are interpreted in terms of inverse bremsstrahlung absorption that may account for 70 to 90% of absorbed energy. Finally, the plasma expansion is shown to be very planar and comparison with one-dimensional Lagrangian simulations gives flux limiter values of 0·03 and 0·02 respectively for Al and Au targets.
Simulations of hydrodynamic flow in gas targets irradiated by intense ion beams
Authors: Schneider V. , Maruhn J. 
Published: March 2009

A two-dimensional hydrodynamic code is discussed. It includes the treatment of energy deposition by heavy ions and the calculation of transport coefficients. Loss terms due to volume radiation in the emission limit and a realistic equation of state (SESAME tables or the equation of state of an ionized gas including the solution of the Saha equations to determine the degree of ionization) are considered.Numerical simulations are performed to study the hydrodynamic flow in cylindrical tubes filled with the noble gases Argon and Xenon respectively. Target and beam parameters are chosen in close analogy to the GSI-RFQ beam-target experiments.The conditions for the formation of a shock wave at the interface between matter heated by the ion beam and cold matter are investigated. It turns out that, in addition to ionization effects, shock heating has a strong influence on the maximum target temperature. Depending on the temperatures to be reached with a given deposition power, either expansion or radiation cooling could be the dominant cooling mechanism. As a result we can conclude that hydrodynamic motion produces a lot of structure that should be observable in the GSI experiments.