bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electroencephalographic correlates of electroconvulsive therapy
Authors: Kolbeinsson H. , Pétursson H. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe aim of this investigation was to study the detailed profile and persistence of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)‐induced EEG correlates. Subjects were submitted to a detailed clinical evaluation as well as automated, computerized EEG recordings. Analysis was performed of different frequency bands, mean frequency and total power as well as a detailed study of cortical auditory‐evoked responses. Age and sex‐matched control subjects comprised a group of comparable patients, none of whom had received ECT, a second control group of healthy volunteers and a third group of amitriptyline‐treated patients. No statistically significant EEG changes were found among patients who had been treated with ECT from several months to several years prior to the investigation. During ECT, highly significant cumulative effects were observed in most of the EEG measures, particularly increased slow‐wave activity and a corresponding reduction in fast‐wave activity. Predictably, significant changes also occurred in mean EEG frequency and total power. No significant changes were observed in the cortical‐evoked responses. EEG abnormalities were still significant one week following the completion of a course of ECT, but reverted to baseline levels within four weeks.
Abnormal diurnal weight gain among chronically psychotic patients compared to a control population
Authors: Vieweg W. V. R. , Godleski L. S. , Goldman F. , Burtner B. A. , Hundley P. L. , Yank G. R. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTWe report inappropriate antidiuresis as manifested by abnormal diurnal weight gain among 29 male and female chronically psychotic patients compared to a control population. Abnormal diurnal weight gain may be a new metabolic marker for chronically psychotic patients.
Aggressive behavior in hospitalized psychogeriatric patients
Authors: Nilsson K. , Palmstierna T. , Wistedt B. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe frequency and characteristics of aggressive and hostile behavior in 40 psychogeriatric inpatients was investigated using the Staff Observation Aggression Scale (SOAS). Most aggressive acts were directed towards nursing staff when providing help with activities of daily living. A positive correlation was found between age and the frequency of aggressive behavior, while severity was most strongly correlated to length of admission. A significant decrease in frequency was observed during the six weeks of observation. The causes of this decrease are discussed together with the implications for future studies on the treatment of aggressive behavior in this group of patients.
Functional somatic symptoms and hypochondriasis among general practice patients: a pilot study
Authors: Pålsson N. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTWithin a sample of 78 general practice patients, 13 patients were diagnosed as having functional somatic symptoms (FSS). In eight of these 13 patients, the FSS were associated with hypochondriasis, as indicated through a screening instrument (the Whitely index). In the remaining five patients, the FSS were associated with various other basic problems. Different subtypes of hypochondriasis with clinical relevance could be identified among the hypochondriac FSS patients. During a 3‐year follow‐up period, the FSS patients with hypochondriasis demonstrated considerably elevated general practice clinic utilization, compared with FSS patients without hypochondriasis. One of the FSS patients developed a serious physical disease during the follow‐up period.
Use of lithium and early relapse in manic‐depressive illness
Authors: Mander A. J. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe proportion of manic‐depressive patients readmitted within three months of an index episode was the same irrespective of lithium prescription. The data supports the view that short‐term lithium prescription is ineffective, and because of the possibility of difficulties when it is withdrawn, it is suggested that lithium be reserved for long‐term prophylaxis.
Plasma levels of ß‐endorphin, cortisol, prolactin and growth hormone in depressed patients
Authors: Galard R. , Gallart J. , Arguello J. M. , Schwartz S. , Castellanos J. M. , Catalán R. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTBasal serum cortisol, growth hormone, prolactin and immunoreactive (IR) plasma ß‐endorphin levels were measured in 31 depressed patients (14 endogenous, 17 nonendogenous) undergoing the dexamethasone suppression test. The endogenously depressed patients had significantly higher (22.55 ± 1.34 μg/dl) predexamethasone cortisol levels than the nonendogenous patients (16.34 ± 1.93 μg/dl). The mean serum prolactin and growth hormone values of these two groups were not significantly different, while plasma IR‐ß‐endorphin levels of the endogenous group (40.11 ± 3.57 pg/ml) were significantly lower than those of the nonendogenous group (120.33 ± 27.98 pg/ml). Neither group showed a significant correlation between plasma IR‐ß‐endorphin and serum cortisol values. These results indicate that measurement of predexamethasone serum cortisol values and plasma IR‐ß‐endorphin could be valuable laboratory tests in the diagnosis of depression.
Neuropsychological assessment of functional central nervous system disorders
Authors: Bellini L. , Gambini O. , Palladino F. , Scarone S. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe neuropsychological characteristics of a group of schizophrenic and affective patients were assessed by mean of a comprehensive neuropsychological tool, the Luria‐Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery (LNNB), to determine the lateralized hemispheric neurofunctional characteristics in major functional central nervous system disorders. The results showed that schizophrenics had more right‐hemisphere impairment than affectives. They do not substantiate the hypothesis of right hemisphere‐lateralized malfunctioning in functional mood disorders. Psycho‐pharmacological treatment influences neuropsychological test performance, neuroleptics having the greatest effects. Pharmacological effects other than anticholinergic ones are responsible for the negative influence on neuropsychological test performance.
An ethological analysis of depression: comparison between ethological recording and Hamilton rating of five endogenously depressed patients
Authors: Schelde J. T. M. , Pedersen J. , Hannibal E. , Behnke K. , Nielsen B. M. , Hertz M. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTFive patients who had all been diagnosed as endogenously depressed at admission were rated twice a week and observed ethologically for 4 h/week during the entire hospitalization (4–11 weeks). Observations were carried out in the actual social environment of the ward. Data were analysed based on the parameters of behaviour diversity, behaviour activity, and marker elements. Depression was scored as low values of diversity and activity; improvement corresponded to higher values of these parameters. As possible markers of improvement, 8 behavioural elements have been singled out. One patient constituted a special case: at discharge she was rated as completely recovered; however, the ethological data indicated a serious aggravation. The day after discharge the patient attempted to commit suicide. It is concluded that ethological psychiatric research may be able to supplement traditional psychiatry with decisive information in the areas of diagnosis and treatment assessment.
Admission pattern and diagnostic stability of patients with functional psychoses in Denmark during a two‐year observation period
Authors: Jørgensen P. , Mortensen P. B. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThis register‐based study shows that the incidence of first‐admitted patients to psychiatric hospital who were diagnosed as having functional psychoses was 55 per 100,000 inhabitants in Denmark in 1984. During a two‐year observation period, half of the patients were readmitted and two‐fifths had their diagnosis changed. Young and schizophrenic patients were especially liable to readmission. Reactive psychosis and paranoia were the most unstable diagnostic concepts, as half of the patients were classified differently at the latest readmission compared to the first admission. Schizophrenic patients are still to a great extent treated as inpatients. Comparisons between two catchment areas are made. It is necessary to be very careful when one is using patients’ first diagnosis from the present nosologic classification for prediction of clinical and diagnostic course. Studies based on phenomenology and on diagnoses made using operational criteria are badly needed.
Urinary excretion of albumin and retinol‐binding protein in lithium‐treated patients
Authors: Jensen H. V. , Holm J. , Hemmingsen L. , Thiesen S. , Andersen J. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTUrinary excretion of albumin and retinol‐binding protein was measured by means of sensitive and specific immunochemical methods in a transverse study of 20 lithium‐treated patients and 24 apparently healthy individuals. Albumin creatinine clearance ratios were significantly higher in the lithium‐treated patients, which may indicate glomerular lesions. Microalbuminuria correlated highly to duration of lithium therapy. No significant difference between the retinol‐binding protein creatinine clearance ratios in the two groups could be shown. This suggests that the catabolism of low‐molecular‐mass proteins in the proximal tubules was normal.
A comparative clinical trial of fluoxetine, mianserin and placebo in depressed outpatients
Authors: Muijen M. , Roy D. , Silverstone T. , Mehmet A. , Christie M. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTFluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, was compared with mianserin and placebo in a double‐blind study. In total, 81 depressed patients were included. Patients were rated weekly on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) and the Montgomery & Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). The duration was 6 weeks, and 52 patients completed the study. Significantly more patients on fluoxetine improved than patients on placebo. For mianserin no significant differences were found with either fluoxetine or placebo. Mean HDRS at the end of the study was also statistically significantly lower for fluoxetine, but not for mianserin, than placebo. Subscores of the MADRS showed improved sleep on mianserin at weeks 2 and 3. Suicidal feelings were reduced to a greater degree on fluoxetine than on mianserin and placebo at weeks 6 and 7. Fluoxetine induced weight loss, while patients on mianserin gained weight. Side effects were present in most patients on the two active drugs; those on fluoxetine experienced nausea and vomiting, and those on mianserin drowsiness.
Prevalence of depression in an elderly population in Finland
Authors: Kivelä S.‐L. , Pahkala K. , Laippala P. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe prevalence of depression by sex, age and certain sociodemographic variables was investigated in a sample of elderly Finns (60 years or over) living in the semi‐industrialized municipality of Ähtäri (n= 1529). The study was carried out in two phases. In the first phase, depressive symptoms were screened with the Zung Self‐rating Depression Scale (ZSDS). In the second phase, persons scoring ≥ 40 points in the ZSDS and a random sample of persons scoring < 40 ZSDS points were examined by a general practitioner. The prevalence of depression was determined on the basis of DSM‐III criteria. The estimated prevalence for men was 22.4%, and for women 29.7%. The estimated prevalence for different categories of depression was as follows: dysthymic disorder, men 17.2% and women 22.9%; major depression, men 2.6% and women 4.5%; atypical depression, men 2.2% and women 2.5%; and cyclothymic disorder, men 0.4% and women 0%. No cases of bipolar disorder were found. A high risk of depression was associated with female sex, widowhood and being in long‐term institutional care or receiving home nursing and/or home help. The occurrence of depression was not related to age, education or occupation.
Interpersonal dependency, self‐esteem and depression in primary alcoholism
Authors: Vrasti R. , Enasescu N. , Poelinca C. , Apostol V. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThis study was undertaken to clarify the relationship between alcoholism and depression by means of the personality traits interpersonal dependency and self‐esteem. In a sample of 52 alcoholics that met Feighner's criteria for primary alcoholism, the subjects were assessed by means of the Zung Depression Self‐rating Scale, the Hirschfeld Interpersonal Dependency Scale and the 23‐item version of the Janis & Field Self‐esteem Scale by Rimée & Leyens. By means of the score on the Zung scale the subjects were divided into depressive vs. non‐depressive alcoholics. There were no intergroup differences in interpersonal dependency. However, the depressive alcoholics scored significantly lower on the self‐esteem scale. The authors suggest that the level of self‐esteem in alcoholics is a function of secondary depression, whereas the interpersonal dependency might be influenced by the pathological drinking pattern.
Low B12 levels related to high activity of platelet MAO in patients with dementia disorders
Authors: Regland B. , Gottfries C.‐G. , Oreland L. , Svennerholm L. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTIn 35 patients with Alzheimer's presenile disease (AD), 56 patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (SDAT), 54 patients with vascular dementia (VD) and 10 patients with confusional states, age, vitamin B12 in serum, P‐folate, B‐folate and B‐Hb were investigated. Platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of homovanillic acid (HVA), 5‐hydroxyin‐doleacetic acid and 3‐methoxy‐4‐hydroxyphenylglycol were measured. Group differences showed that vitamin B12 levels were reduced in the group of patients with confusional states and SDAT. Five out of ten and 13 out of 56 (respectively) had vitamin B12 concentrations below the lower limit of the reference value (130 pmol/1). A negative correlation was found between B12 levels and platelet MAO activity. The findings indicate that there is a subgroup of patients with late‐onset dementia that has low vitamin B12 blood concentrations. HVA levels in CSF, usually found to be reduced in AD patients, were normal in this subgroup.
The prevalence of transsexualism in Singapore
Authors: Tsoi W. F. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe prevalence of transsexualism in Singapore was estimated by counting all the patients who sought sex‐reassignment surgery and were subsequently diagnosed as transsexuals by psychiatrists. Up to 1986, there were a total of 458 Singapore‐born transsexuals, of which 343 were males and 115 were females. This was a prevalence of 35.2 per 100,000 population age 15 and above (or 1/2900) for male transsexualism, and 12.0 per 100,000 (or 1/8300) for female transsexualism. The sex ratio was about 3 males to 1 female. The main reason for the high prevalence was the availability of sex‐reassignment surgery.
Lithium, polyuria and abnormal diurnal weight gain in psychosis
Authors: Vieweg W. V. R. , Godleski L. S. , Hundley P. L. , Yank G. R. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTWe evaluated diurnal weight gain and polyuria among 31 institutionalized chronically psychotic patients receiving lithium and 42 controls not receiving this drug. The patients were weighed weekly for three weeks at 7 a.m. and 4 p.m. We normalized the diurnal weight gain (NDWG) as a percentage by subtracting the 7 a.m. weight from the 4 p.m. weight, multiplying the difference by 100, and then dividing the result by the 7 a.m. weight. Polyuria was assessed using mean urine creatinine concentration (MUCR). NDWG was abnormal among study patients (1.9 ± 1.2%) and controls (1.6 ± 1.5%) independent of lithium treatment. The variation in MUCR explained about 20% of the variation in NDWG in both groups.
Different types of partial hospitalization programs: results of a nationwide survey in the Netherlands
Authors: Schene A. H. , van Lieshout P. A. H. , Mastboom J. C. M. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTAn outline is presented of four characteristically different types of partial hospitalization programs currently operating in the Netherlands. The findings are based on empirical data gathered from a study of 85 institutions active in this particular field. The institutions are distinguished according to the function they perform within the total mental health care system, the assumption being that these programs are capable of fulfilling four main functions: 1) an alternative to full‐time hospitalization; 2) a continuation of full‐time hospitalization; 3) an extension of ambulatory treatment; 4) a day care or rehabilitation service for the chronically mental ill. A study was made of the differences and similarities between four types of institution specializing in one of the four functions mentioned above. In this connection, the authors have particularly concentrated on staffing, number of places, accommodation, organization, referral, patient population (age, education, diagnoses), treatment (type, duration, drug use) and contraindications.
Calcium metabolism and abnormal involuntary movements (tardive dyskinesia) in psychosis
Authors: Youssef H. A. , Waddington J. L. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTSerum calcium levels were measured in 25 chronically ill psychotic inpatients with involuntary movements, in comparison with 25 otherwise indistinguishable patients without such a syndrome. Those with involuntary movements were significantly more likely to have a serum calcium level below the normal range. These results are discussed in terms of the role of calcium in neuronal dysfunction, and in broader aspects of the general biological disadvantage that appears to characterize older patients with this movement disorder.
Anorexia nervosa in two Nigerians
Authors: Famuyiwa O. O. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe general belief that anorexia nervosa is rare among non‐whites should be cautiously accepted based on some very recent reports of the occurrence of the disorder in individuals of African descent. Two young Nigerians who presented classical features of anorexia nervosa are reported. In Case I, anorexia now regarded to be of low diagnostic value was absent, but in both cases identified antecedent psychosexual conflicts are explainable by well‐known psychodynamic hypotheses. The relatively low prevalence of the disorder that has been observed might be due to: the protective influence of the Nigerian extended kinship system, the customary passion for plumpness as an attribute of physical attractiveness, carbohydrate diet “resistance” and the non‐inclusion of cases in hospital records because of consultation with unorthodox healers. The general trend of increasing prevalence calls for more diagnostic vigilance, particularly among doctors serving populations with Third World background.
Brain density in depression: methodological and psychopathological aspects
Authors: Schlegel S. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe relationship between brain density, measured by computerized tomography (CT), and severity of depression was investigated in 44 patients with a major depressive episode according to DSM‐III. In order to limit methodological problems, correlations between both the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and the Bech‐Rafaelsen Melancholia Scale (BRMS) with density values were controlled for age, different ventricle measurements, brain size, and density and size of the skull. The BRMS score correlated inversely with density of the right thalamus, the right head of the caudate, and with parietal grey matter and occipital regions of both hemispheres. Similar, but nonsignificant results, were obtained for the BPRS score.
Brain morphology in schizophrenia: a 2‐ to 5‐year CT scan follow‐up study
Authors: Vita A. , Sacchetti E. , Valvassori G. , Cazzullo C. L. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTIn order to investigate whether structural brain changes in schizophrenia are static or progress in time, 17 schizophrenic patients were examined by computed tomography (CT) between 2 and 5 years after the initial scan. There was no change in cerebral ventricular size or degree of cortical atrophy over this period. The stability of CT scan measures of cerebral atrophy in individual schizophrenic patients confirms the hypothesis of the early appearance of structural brain abnormalities in schizophrenia as formulated in previous cross‐sectional studies. Furthermore, the pathological process responsible for the CT finding of cortical or central atrophy does not seem to progress nor to reverse itself in young schizophrenic patients.
Behavioral assessment of patients treated with alpha‐interferon
Authors: Niiranen A. , Laaksonen R. , Livanainen M. , Mattson K. , Färkkilä M. , Cantell K. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTTo document behavioral effects of interferon (IFN) with daily consecutive assessments we developed an easily administered procedure for bedside testing. It included assessment of mental control and affective behavior, and a self‐assessment questionnaire. The method was evaluated in 9 lung cancer patients before and during the treatment with alpha‐IFN and the results were supplemented with those obtained by a neuropsychological test battery of one of the patients. The latter tests covered memory, visuoperceptual, visuoconstructional, speech, language, intellectual and psychomotor functions, reading, writing, and calculation. The bedside method was capable of revealing the essential effects of IFN on human behavior, i.e. irritability, slowing of behavior, dyscoordination, and motor perseveration. Consequently, the bedside testing method is recommended for frequently repeated clinical assessments of aberrant behavior of patients treated with IFN, while neuropsychological test batteries serve better for testing situations requiring more detailed and quantified data of localization value.
INVESTIGATIONS OF THE PREVALENCE OF PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
Authors: Bland R. C. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTMore than thirty studies of the prevalence of psychiatric disorders have been reported from Western countries in the last thirty years. Significant methodological advances have occurred, including sophistication of sampling techniques, improvements in caseness definitions and identification of cases, and clear definitions and specification of rules for diagnosis. The introduction of standardized diagnostic instruments for use by trained lay interviewers is expected to facilitate studies of psychiatric epidemiology. The methods used in each of the studies are briefly described.
DESIGN AND FIELD METHODS OF THE EDMONTON SURVEY OF PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
Authors: Orn H. , Newman S. C. , Bland R. C. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT‐This paper describes aspects of the study design and field methods used in a survey of psychiatric disorders carried out in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Between January 1983 and May 1986, information was gathered on 3,258 community residents using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule and the General Health Questionnaire ‐ 30 item version. The survey had a response rate of 71.6%. The nature of the sampling stragegy used, features of the study instruments chosen, the selection and training of interviewers, and the approach to data analysis are briefly described.