bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conversion: Global, National and Local Effects. A Case Study of Norway
Authors: Gleditsch Nils Petter , Bjerkholt Olav , Cappelen Ådne 
Published: March 2007

Gleditsch, N. P., Bjerkholt, O. & Cappelen, Å. Conversion: Global, National and Local Effects. A Case Study of Norway. Cooperation and Conflict, XVIII, 1983, 179-195. A number of UN studies have linked the two objectives of disarmament and devel opment. A major recent UN research program, directed by a UN Group of Govern mental Experts, examined how resources may be diverted from the arms race to increased development transfers to the Third World. This article is a product of one of the projects commissioned by the UN group. It is an analysis of aggregate national economic effects of conversion in Norway for three disarmament scenarios and five policy alternatives for increased transfers to developing countries. The adjustment problems are found to be relatively minor, and it is shown how a simple program of domestic countermeasures can compensate for any loss of employment or reduction in the national product. The consequences for Norway of global conversion are briefly examined, using the World Model of Leontief et al. Assuming that the global conversion process can be achieved without a loss in employment in the industrialized countries, the net effect for Norway of global conversion is found to be positive. Some preliminary data are given on local effects of conversion in Norway. These effects are potentially more serious, with military employment in some municipalities probably running as high as 20%. Such local effects might become obstacles to a smooth conversion, but this will also depend upon the overall employment situation.
High-Level Foreign Policy Coordination: A Finnish Example
Authors: Karvonen Lauri 
Published: March 2007

Karvonen L. High-Level Foreign Policy Coordination: A Finnish Example. Coop eration and Conflict, XIX, 1984, 135-155. This article identifies four basic conditions which determine the nature of foreign policy coordination at top level: constitutional provisions and practice, degree of stability in core areas of external relations, domestic consensus on foreign policy, and changes in the scope and nature of international relations. These factors are employed in an analysis of recent coordination problems in Finnish foreign policy, one case in particular, the Arafat Affair. The author argues that besides unique historical factors, changes in constitutional practice and in the politicization of parts of the foreign policy field account for these problems.
The Scandilux Experiment: Towards a Transnational Social Democratic Security Perspective?
Authors: Petersen Nikolaj 
Published: March 2007

Petersen, N. The Scandilux Experiment: Towards a Transnational Social Democratic Security Perspective? Cooperation and Conflict, XX, 1985, 1-22. Scandilux is a new and little known security policy forum for the Social Democratic parties in Northern Europe which is having a significant influence on the policies of the member parties. This article, which is based on interviews with participants, traces the background of Scandilux and analyses its main characteristics as a forum for exchange of information, discussion of policy alternatives, and for policy-formulation. As a special case, Scandilux discussions over the INF issue are analysed with specific reference to their impact on the policy of the Danish Social Democratic party. Finally the future prospects of Scandilux are discussed.
Report No. 3 Data Processing for the Small Hotel
Authors: Birdsall J. Frank 
Published: March 2007

Sometime ago Treadway Inns considered the application of a computer to do such accounting as could feasibly be done at a center for remote units. After a thorough investigation, they de cided on the NCR 390 which is well adapted to describes their experience. There is still a wide area of data processing ap for such has been defined and is available. [See The Cornell Hotel & Restaurant Administration Quarterly, Vol. 4,No.3 (November 1963), pages display.-prof. C.I.Sayles
Food Flavor
Authors: Minor Lewis J. 
Published: March 2007

In closing the world's protein gap, flavor con trol is a vital factor. Food primarily must be nu tritious to sustain life, but unless the flavor is acceptable to the human palate, it may not be eaten. Today, new ways are being found to up grade natural foods lacking flavor and to add flavor in new man-made meat substitutes having a high nutritive content. Flavor chemistry is the newest branch of food chemistry in the United States. Gas chrom atograph y, whereby food flavor volatiles can be separated into their manifold chemical com ponents, is being perfected. Other physico chemical techniques are also being used to identify these chemicals, but with the help of the human nose and brain which are more sen sitive than mechanical devices, New and improved synthetic fruit flavors have already been developed as there are not enough natural fruits grown to meet the demand for these flavors in foods. Similarly, beef extract is being replaced with flavor potentiators: MSG (monosodium glutamate); HVP (hydrolyzed plant proteins); and the flavor nucleotides-5' IMP (inosine 5' monophosphate) that occurs in meat and fish muscle, and 5' GMP (guanosine 5' monophosphate), which is produced biochem ically from yeast and yeast derivatives. Progress has been made with meat substitutes. Natural flavorings derived from beef, chicken and ham have been combined with soy, yeast or algae protein to make simulated meats.
Great Britain's Industrial Training Act
Authors: Welch John M. 
Published: March 2007

This magazine presented in its February and May 1966 issues the first six chapters of Dr. John Welch's "Task Unit Approach to On-The- Job Training." In June 1966, Britain's Hotel & Catering Institute Journal published excerpts of these articles from The Quarterly. In July, the same journal published the British Hotel and Catering Industry Training Committee's report which recommended that a task-unit approach to education for the industry be adopted by their government. Education for the hospitality industry is to be given in four general categories: 1) Food Prep aration and Cookery; 2) Food Service; 3) Front Office; and 4) Housekeeping. A "sandwich ap proach"-alternating periods of classroom in struction with on-the-job training- is recom mended in mastering tasks of different levels in any one of these four departments. Certificates of competency are to be awarded to trainees who successfully master each task level. Employers who provide on-the-job training approved by the Committee will receive government aid from the education levy placed on all establishments in the industry.-Editor
The Forgotten Female Offender
Authors: Price Ray R. 
Published: March 2007

Until recently the female offender was generally overlooked by an overwhelmingly male-dominated criminal justice system. Information derived from an extensive search of the literature illustrates the dramatic increase of female crime; it further suggests the potential for modifying the sexist nature of the criminal justice system. Questions are raised about some popular misconceptions pertaining to the data. A review of the history of women's involvement as subjects of the criminal justice system in general, and correction in particular, reveals disparate treatment for men and women throughout that process. Both positive and negative effects of this orientation are examined. The article then focuses on rehabilitation. Attention is directed to particular suggestions for reform, leading to a postulation of new directions in treatment of the female offender.
Forcible Rape
Authors: Robin Gerald D. 
Published: March 2007

Forcible rape is unique among crimes in the manner in which its victims are dealt with by the criminal justice system. Raped women are subjected to an institutionalized sexism that begins with their treatment by the police, continues through a male-dominated criminal justice system influenced by pseudo-scientific notions of victim precipitation, and ends with the systematic acquittal of many de facto guilty rapists. The codification of sexism centers in the legal elements involved in proving guilt and obtaining convictions. In effect, the law's focus upon corrob oration, consent, and character has established a standard of proof in rape cases that is more stringent than "beyond a reasonable doubt." Nonetheless, the processing of rape victims by the criminal justice system is gradually becoming more sensitive, facilitative, and reflective of the trauma experienced by the women involved. The legal position toward the crime is also becoming less sexist and more responsive to the realities involved in sexual assault. Both of these changes have come about through the efforts of the women's liberation movement. The most promising means for achieving more humane and dignified treatment of rape victims in the arms of the law have been "rape crisis centers." This approach to eliminating institutionalized sexism surrounding forcible rape has been significantly aided and abetted by successful attempts to modify the basic definition of the crime and to revise the legal elements needed for conviction.
Heroin Addiction, Criminal Culpability, and the Penal Sanction
Authors: Bayer Ronald 
Published: March 2007

In 1973, Nelson Rockefeller presented to the New York State legislature a Draconian legislative package aimed at controlling the problem of drug abuse. His proposals aroused intense opposition on the part of liberal po litical figures, an opposition that demonstrates the growing incoherence of contemporary liberal social policy with regard to "deviant" activity. In looking back at the development of liberal conceptions of deviancy and appropriate social control, the author demonstrates that deterministic social theories have strongly affected liberalism's understanding of crimi nal culpability and the rise of the therapeutic orientation. The various sociological, psychological, and physiological theories of heroin addiction, in particular, all draw upon a common view of the addict as determined by forces beyond his control, as the victim of a disease. This conception of addiction has had a significant impact upon views of criminal justice, as is shown in a review of articles published in American law reviews be tween 1960 and 1973. Special attention is given to the incompatibility of premises underlying the criminal sanction and the perception of addiction as a disease. The author concludes that the therapeutic social response to addiction, pressed for by liberals and supported by legal theorists, has reached its limits. This accounts for the disarray which characterizes current efforts to formulate a rational social policy with regard to heroin addiction.
School meals: Primary schoolchildren's perceptions of the healthiness of foods served at school and their preferences for these foods
Authors: Noble Carol , Corney Michael , Eves Anita , Kipps Michael , Lumbers Margaret 
Published: March 2007

Objective To gain an understanding of children's perceptions of the healthiness of foods commonly served at school lunches and how these relate to their preferences in order to assist school caterers and those involved in nutrition education to help children to choose a nutritionally balanced meal. Design A quantitative study whereby 123 9 to 11-year-old children ranked the perceived healthiness of foods and their preference for the same foods, supplemented by qualitative descriptions of reasons for preference or perceived healthiness. Setting Interviews were carried out within the child's school. A total of 14 schools in the south-east of England took part. Method Data were collected in a one-to-one interview with each child. Photographs of foods commonly served for school lunches were used for the ranking of preference and perceived healthiness. Ranked data were analysed using Wilcoxon's Pairs Signed Rank test and qualitative data were analysed by assigning them to categories. Results Children were found to have a clear perception of the healthiness or otherwise of the foods and nutritional knowledge was generally sound except for some difficulty in identifying`invisible' fat.Any understanding of the relationship between foods or nutrients and health was only occasionally evident, as was the idea of moderation or balance. It was also found that there was a strong inverse relationship between children's perceptions of the healthiness of foods and their preferences for them. Taste and texture were much more important influences on food choice than perceived healthiness. Conclusion Teaching about food in primary schools needs to focus on helping children of this age make balanced food choices. It was suggested that the'tilted plate' model, adapted to use foods that children frequently eat and enjoy, could be the basis of such teaching. Such a model could also be used to help caterers plan menus and as the basis of co-operation between nutrition educators and caterers.
Skin cancer prevention and care in the sun: An evaluation of knowledge, attitude and reported behaviour of Nottingham citizens
Authors: Adedeji Olufunke T. , Pritchard Catherine , Conway Des , Godsell Gill 
Published: March 2007

Introduction Skin cancer is the commonest cancer in England and Wales. Although not a major killer, there were 1808 new cases in Nottingham in 19991. The trends in directly standardised registration rates for the years 1984 to 1993 in Nottingham also indicate that the incidence is rising. Objective The Nottingham skin cancer action group (SCAG) undertook a survey to determine the knowledge, attitude and reported behaviour of a sample of Nottingham's population. SCAG, is a multi-disciplinary working group which brings together professionals from the statutory and private sectors, to prevent skin cancer and promote sun safety, through organised community effort. Design Cross-sectional survey. Setting Shopping mall, north of Nottingham City centre. Method A self-completed, two-page Health Education Authority (HEA) questionnaire was administered to Nottingham citizens visiting SCAG's health promotion displays set-up at the local shopping centre. Completion was voluntary. Results Findings from the 381 respondents constitute a baseline for Nottingham. A gap between knowledge and reported behaviour was identified with respect to wearing of protective clothing whilst in the sun. Many were still exposing themselves to higher risk from the sun than is necessary. Over 30 per cent of child respondents had experienced sunburn in the previous 12 months. Inappropriate and ineffective use of sunscreen was common. Knowledge about increased susceptibility of fairer skin types was deficient. Conclusion Health promotion efforts need to be intensified to stem the rising trends in incidence and mortality from skin cancer. The use of innovative approaches that can engage the interest of the public more effectively should be considered. This work presents a challenge in relation to the translation of knowledge into practice.
The ability of young children to influence adults in the choice of sugary foods and drinks
Authors: Blinkhorn A.S. , Roberts B.P. , Duxbury J.T. 
Published: March 2007

Background There is evidence to suggest that the family is becoming a more democratic unit and that the ability of children to influence adult decision-making processes should not be underestimated. A study was undertaken to investigate whether children can influence adult decision- making in relation to the use of sugary snacks. Method A cross-sectional interview study; children aged 7-8 years from twenty inner-city Manchester primary schools were interviewed about their pocket money and their perceived levels of influence on the consumption of sugary snacks within their household. Twelve of the questions were scored '1' if the child answered 'yes' (denoting that the child usually got his/her own way) or 'zero' for 'no' (denoting that the child believed the adult was in control). This was reported as the child's influence score within a range of 0-12. Results The mean influence score for the group ( n=340) was 4.7 and was independent of the child's gender, ethnicity or number of children in the family. Sixty-eight per cent ( n=232) of the children reported that they usually received sweet items whenever they asked for them. Sixty-three per cent ( n=215) of the children admitted to pestering their parents when greeted with a 'no' response, with nearly two-thirds of the 'pesterers' reporting a successful outcome. Evidence of the children's autonomy was shown by nearly three-quarters of the group stating that they received pocket money. Conclusions In this study, adults' efforts to limit their children's intake of cariogenic food/drink are being undermined by children having an increased degree of freedom either to make or influence decisions particularly about sweet snacks.
Baby walker safety - baby's minder or parent's problem? A qualitative analysis of clients' knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding baby walker use
Authors: Hapgood Rhydian , Woods Amanda , Dyas Jane , Bentley Elaine , Kendrick Denise 
Published: March 2007

Objective To investigate the range of knowledge, attitudes and practices of parents regarding baby walkers. Design A qualitative study using a focus group approach. Setting Three focus groups were held in community mother and toddler drop-in centres, and one in a hospital antenatal clinic. Methods Four focus groups were held over a two-month period in 2000. Parents from areas with differing levels of deprivation (including walker users and nonusers) and antenatal parents were recruited. Data were thematically analysed. Revisiting the data for conflicting evidence tested any themes. Results Some parents believe that walkers could help a child to walk and to build up strength in the legs and that walkers must be safe if British Safety Standards have been met. Other parents want to make life a little easier for themselves and appear to be prepared to take a calculated risk with their child's safety in order to achieve this. Walkers themselves are acknowledged by most parents as being involved in accidents but the blame is attributed to lack of supervision. Most nursery equipment alternatives are seen to have safety problems in their own right, but there is some support for engaging in floor play with children. All the above themes were identified in the discussions of both affluent and deprived walker users and nonusers. Conclusions Any education aimed at reducing walker-related injuries should include an explanation of ways to facilitate motor development, raise awareness of safety standards for walkers, acknowledge the difficulties of life with an active baby and emphasise the need for passive safety measures.
Community Perceptions of Specific Skin Features of Possible Melanoma
Authors: Baade Peter D , Balanda Kevin P , Stanton Warren R , Lowe John B , Del Mar Chris B 
Published: March 2007

Backgrourtd Melanoma can be curable if detected early. One component of detecting melanoma is an awareness of the important features of the disease. It is currently not clear which features the community view as indicative of melanoma. Objective To investigate which features of the skin members of an urban community believe may indicate skin cancer. Methods A total of 925 adults (71 per cent response rate) in Brisbane, Australia returned a completed postal questionnaire. Respondents were asked questions about their perceptions of features of skin lesions and other issues relating to skin self-examination (SSE) practices. Results The greatest proportion of respondents thought that change in the lesion, sensory features and whether a lesion was different to usual moles were most likely to indicate skin cancer. Fewer respondents thought that static features or new moles were indicative of skin cancer. The lowest proportion of respondents thought that the presence of hair was likely to indicate skin cancer. Conclusion Although change in a lesion is an important feature when looking for early melanoma, current recommendations of looking for change may need to be revised if low levels of skin self-examination continue in the community. Encouraging people to be more familiar with their skin, rather than looking for specific skin features, may improve people's ability to recognise change when it occurs, and recognise which lesions can be considered normal for their skin.
Understanding and researching wellbeing: Its usage in different disciplines and potential for health research and health promotion
Authors: de Chavez Anna Cronin , Backett-Milburn Kathryn , Parry Odette , Platt Stephen 
Published: March 2007

Objectives To report the findings of a literature review of the concept of wellbeing and consider its operational and heuristic potential within a range of disciplines. Design A literature review to examine the philosophical roots of wellbeing and the contributions of the main disciplines uncovered by the review; economics, psychology, health studies, sociology, anthropology and biomedicine. Setting 'Wellbeing' is a concept of increasing interest to those working in health promotion, social and public health medicine and medical sociology. Despite its popularity, wellbeing lacks a clear conceptual base and there is little consensus about how it may be identified, measured and achieved. Method Although conducted rigorously this was more of a scoping exercise than a systematic review. The reviewer was given a fairly broad exploratory brief including qualitative and quantitative dimensions. The search was restricted to articles in the English Language between the years 1980-2001. Results Most disciplines tended to be biased towards one or two aspects of the three major aspects of physical, social and psychological Wellbeing, with the main exception of child wellbeing studies. Those working in economics made a significant contribution to understanding conceptual elements of wellbeing. The fields of psychology and biomedicine were more concerned with negative than positive affect. There was a particular lack of consensus and research around social wellbeing. Conclusion Although wellbeing may indeed be extremely useful as a unifying concept for all those involved in health improvement or health research,at present it is being used unreflectively, thus potentially masking differences.