bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF STRIKE‐SLIP FAULTING IN THE BASEMENT OF THE ZAGROS FOLD AND THRUST BELT
Authors: Hessami K. , Koyi H. A. , Talbot C. J. 
Published: December 2007

Lateral offsets in the pattern of seismicity along the Zagros fold and thrust belt indicate that transverse faults segmenting the Arabian basement are active deep‐seated strike‐slip faults. The dominant NW‐SE trending features of the belt have undergone repeated horizontal displacements along these transverse faults. These reactivated basement faults, which are inherited from the Pan‐African construction phase, controlled both deposition of the Phanerozoic cover before Tertiary‐Recent deformation of the Zagros and probably the entrapment of hydrocarbons on the NE margin of Arabia and in the Zagros area. We have used observations of faulting recognized on Landsat satellite images, in conjunction with the spatial distribution of earthquakes and their focal mechanism solutions, to infer a tectonic model for the Zagros basement.Deformation in the NW Zagros appears to be concentrated on basement thrusts and a few widely‐spaced north‐south trending strike‐slip faults which separate major structural segments. In the SE Zagros, two main structural domains can be distinguished. A domain of NNW‐trending right‐lateral faults in the northern part of the SE Zagros implies that fault‐bounded blocks are likely to have rotated anticlockwise about vertical axes relative to both Arabia and Central Iran. In contrast, the predominance of NNE‐trending left‐lateral faults in the southern part of the SE Zagros implies that fault‐bounded blocks may have rotated clockwise about vertical axes. We propose a tectonic model in which crustal blocks bounded by strike‐slip faults in a zone of simple shear rotate about vertical axes relative to both Arabia and Central Iran. The presence of domains of strike‐slip and thrust faulting in the Zagros basement suggest that some of the convergence between Arabia and Central Iran is accommodated by rotation and possible lateral movement of crust along the belt by strike‐slip faults, as well as by obvious crustal shortening and thickening along thrust faults.
STATISTICAL DISTRIBUTIONS AND CORRELATIONS OF PETROPHYSICAL PARAMETERS IN THE ARAB‐D RESERVOIR,ABQAIQOILFIELD, EASTERN SAUDI ARABIA
Authors: Sahin A. , Saner S. 
Published: December 2007

The Upper Jurassic Arab‐D is a complex carbonate reservoir present in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. It has been subdivided into five zones on the basis of porosity. A statistical analysis of the extensive dataset from the three productive zones in the reservoir unit (Zones 1, 2 and 3) has shown that patterns of well‐log porosity and core porosity distributions are strikingly similar in each zone, but that the means are not. Consistently higher mean values observed in core distributions can be explained by a possible bias in core selection and/or differences in the measurement conditions. The results also show that each zone has a distinctive pattern of porosity distribution, reflecting its general lithological character.The corresponding distributions of vertical and horizontal core permeability are similar, but the means of horizontal permeability in Zones 1 and 2 are higher than the corresponding means of vertical permeability. The reverse is true for Zone 3, in which mean vertical permeability is slightly higher than horizontal permeability. This is probably due to the presence of vertical hairline fractures, which were frequently observed in mud‐dominated fades in Zone 3.The permeability distribution for each zone is generally consistent with the corresponding porosity distribution, reflecting a degree of correlation between porosity and permeability. However, semi‐log plots of core porosity versus core permeability indicate a relatively poor correlation between these variables, with the correlation coefficient being less than 0.7 for all zones. Separate correlation plots for each lithology within Zone 1 indicate that the lithological control on porosity is not very significant in this zone.
CRETACEOUS TO MIOCENE PALAEOGEOGRAPHIC EVOLUTION OF TURKEY: IMPLICATIONS FOR HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL
Authors: Gorur N. , Tuysuz O. 
Published: December 2007

The Cretaceous to Miocene palaeogeographic development of Turkey in general reflects the evolution of the various oceanic branches of Neo‐Tethys together with interactions between the Laurasian and Gondwanan margins. At the beginning of the Cretaceous, the first‐order palaeotectonic units which make up present‐day Turkey either formed parts of these supercontinents or were isolated continental blocks within the Neo‐Tethys. In Aptian to Albian times, north‐dipping subduction commenced along the southern margins of these units and resulted in the development of magmatic arcs and arc‐related sedimentary basins. Coeval with the start of subduction, large‐scale ophiolite obduction occurred on the units' passive margins. Terminal closure of the oceans' branches took place between the latest Cretaceous and the Miocene, forming the Anatolian orogenic collage whose outline defines present‐day Turkey. Post‐collisional intra‐continental convergence continued until the late Miocene and resulted in north‐south shortening of the collage. This shortening led to internal imbrication, thrusting and crustal thickening. It forced the Anatolian landmass westwards, away from east Anatolia where there has been continuous north‐south compression since the Miocene between Laurasia and the Arabian Platform.Both the continental and the oceanic palaeotectonic units pose significant problems regarding their original geometry, size, depth, extent, contact relations, motion paths, subduction polarity, stratigraphy and timing of formation. Clarification of these issues is essential if the units' original paleogeographic relationships with respect to Neo‐Tethys are to be reconstructed. This paper reviews some of these problems with the aid of a number of palinspastic and non‐palinspastic maps. These maps are intended to provide a basis for evaluating the hydrocarbon potential of Turkey.
TIMING AND MODES OF DEFORMATION IN THE WESTERN SICILIAN THRUST SYSTEM, SOUTHERN ITALY
Authors: Tortorici L. , Monaco C. , Mazzoli S. , Bianca M. 
Published: December 2007

Imbricate units in the western Sicilian fold‐and‐thrust belt originated on the southern continental margin of Neotethys, and were deformed during the Neogene‐Recent in response to convergence between the African and European Plates. Neogene‐Pleistocene synorogenic sediments, deposited in flexural foredeeps and satellite piggy‐back basins, contain a record of the belt's evolution. Progressive migration of the thrust front southwards into the foreland has been documented, beginning in the Tortonian and continuing to the present‐day particularly in western parts of the belt. In the eastern part, activity on Quaternary strike‐slip fault zones has produced asymmetric flower structures and other interference structures.In this paper, we present two regional sections across the western Sicilian foreland‐thrust belt system. These structural cross‐sections extend down as far as the top of the Hercynian basement and integrate our field observations with previously‐acquired well log, magnetic and seismic data. We show that complex interactions between the foreland‐migrating thrust belt, which developed between the Late Miocene and the Pleistocene, and Pleistocene strike‐slip faults led to the development of structural traps which constitute potential targets for hydrocarbon exploration.
INTEGRATED FRACTURED RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION USING NEURAL NETWORKS AND FUZZY LOGIC: THREE CASE STUDIES
Authors: Zellou A. M. , Ouenes A. 
Published: December 2007

Two categories of natural fractures are generally recognized: regional orthogonal fractures and structure‐related or tectonic fractures. Over the past eight years or so, we have developed a methodology using neural networks and fuzzy logic to assist with the characterization of naturally fractured reservoir rocks. Conventional methods use only one or two geological parameters to characterize a naturally fractured reservoir. However, an integrated approach that utilizes all the information available (including lithology, thickness, state of stress and fault patterns) is required. Our approach makes use of fuzzy logic to quantify and rank the importance of each geological parameter on fracturing; a neural network is used to find the complex, non‐linear relationship between these geological parameters and the fracture index.Three case studies are described in this paper to illustrate the use of this methodology. They report respectively on a faulted limestone oil reservoir in North Africa which is deformed by fault‐related fractures; a carbonate oil reservoir in New Mexico which is characterized by fold‐related fractures; and a sandstone gas reservoir in NW New Mexico which has regional orthogonal fractures.These three case studies illustrate fracture identification and prediction using static information (i.e. image logs) and/or dynamic information (i.e. well performance) as a fracture index. The results of these studies are described as they relate to infill drilling, understanding the fractured reservoir and improved reservoir simulation.
R7464 ‐ A NEW POTENT ANAESTHETIC IN FISH
Authors: Thienpoint D. , Niemegeers C.J. E. 
Published: December 2007

SummaryR7464 is a soluble, potent, atoxic and polyvalent anaesthetic in fish and amphibian. Different degrees of anaesthesia can be easily obtained, depending upon concentrations used and immersion times allowed. The lowest concentration which will tranquillize goldfish is 1:4,000,000. The highest concentration, producing deep anaesthesia (1:15,750) is atoxic for immersion periods of less than quarter of an hour.
HOLDEN MUSEUM OF LIVING REPTILES
Authors: Austin William A. 
Published: December 2007

SummaryMost of the animal exhibits at the Holden Museum of Living Reptiles have proved very successful, and longevity and breeding have been satisfactory for a new exhibit. Efforts to make the exhibit an attractive one have been very well‐received and the exhibit is the most popular in the Detroit Zoo, attracting over 2,000,000 visitors during the six‐month season annually.Some modifications have been made to displays, but only of a minor nature. Problems have been encountered with inadequate filtration of water in the display cages and temperatures in the public area have exceeded comfortable limits due to the large crowds. With the addition in 1964 of new ventilation fans, seven times the previous capacity, the comfort index now seems to be well‐adjusted.
A method of dolphin transport and its physiological evaluation*
Authors: WILKIE DONALD W. , BELL G. BRUCE , COLES JOHN S. 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe dolphin hammock and technique used in this experiment, and subsequently in actual transportation, appears to be safer than mattress and tank‐type transport. Loading and unloading time is less than with either method, especially that of the tank, and significantly reduces the time a dolphin is in transit.It appears very advisable to monitor heart rate and deep rectal temperature during transportation, as a means of evaluating the animal's condition. Although further work must be done, it appears that fin temperatures can serve as indicators of the state of heat balance and may precede core temperature changes. We have no idea from present data what is the range of air temperature and humidity to which a dolphin in a hammock can adjust but by appropriately providing either insulation or cooling of the fins it may be possible to help the animal compensate for undesirable variances in ambient temperatures.
Observations on a breeding group of Black‐and‐white colobus monkeys Colobus polykomos at Jersey Zoo
Authors: MALLINSON JEREMY J. C. 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYBlack‐and‐white colobus are reasonably successful in captivity but births are relatively rare (Napier & Napier, 1967). Between 1959 and 1965, 28 infants were born in seven zoos (International Zoo Yearbook). I believe that all belong to five or six subspecies of the Abyssinian species and that the Jersey Zoo's breeding group is the first in captivity of any of the twelve subspecies of the King colobus.
AFRICA SOUTH OF THE SAHARA—AN ASSESSMENT OF ITS HUMAN AND MATERIAL RESOURCES1 (A REVIEW ARTICLE)
Authors: LLOYD I. S. 
Published: December 2007

“The future of Africa and the relations among its races present one of the largest question marks overhanging the remainder of the 20th century.”d“Government and semi‐government agencies will continue to be confronted with the need to finance an expanding framework of communications, power resources, irrigation, land‐clearing and the like… but a new economic potential will not emerge if the construction of this wider framework is embarked upon precipitously in advance of the necessarily more gradual growth of knowledge, experience, and of the social, communal and educational factors which all permanent advance involves.”
REVIEW OF THE FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC SITUATION IN SOUTH AFRICA*
Authors: JONGH Dr. T. W. DE 
Published: December 2007

I have pleasure in formally presenting to you the Final Accounts of the Bank, and the Reports of the Board and the Auditors, for the year ended 31st March 1969.I also submit to you the Bank's Annual Economic Report which describes in some detail the economic and monetary developments in South Africa during the year ended June 1969 and which in general serves as a background to my remarks today. As is customary, however, I will survey these developments very briefly before discussing the present situation and the prospects for the near future.
LOCAL TAXATION IN SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: BOTHA By D. J. J. 
Published: December 2007

“We are most of us profoundly uninterested in municipal affairs.” Maud.This paper questions the rationale of the South African system of local taxation. It is argued that our system has too narrow a tax base‐fixed property‐to supply the needs of the modern city; that property taxation is iniquitous in its effects upon taxpayers; and that today it is being applied to finance categories of expenditure for which a tax on property was never intended. Some new thinking is required to devise a system that would supply a closer link between financial requirements and ability to pay.
The Messinian ‘Vena del Gesso’ evaporites revisited: characterization of isotopic composition and organic matter
Authors: Lugli S. , Bassetti M. A. , Manzi V. , Barbieri M. , Longinelli A. , Roveri M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract

The ‘Vena del Gesso’ (Gessoso-Solfifera Fm, Messinian) is a 227 m-thick ridge along the western Romagna Apennines (Italy) consisting of up to 16 selenite cycles separated by shales and minor carbonate. The total organic carbon values of these deposits range between 0.087–0.016% (gypsum) and 3% (shales). Organic matter is dominated by black debris associated with continental debris. Algae and dynocysts are rare (<1%). The amount of amorphous organic matter is low but it may reach up to
c.
40%. The
87
Sr/
86
Sr of gypsum and carbonate vary from 0.708890 to 0.709024, yielding non-oceanic values with several exceptions that plot within error of coeval oceanic values only in the upper part of the section (from the 6° bed). The sulphur isotope composition of gypsum range between δ
34
S =+21.8 and +23.7‰ and may represent precipitation of δ
34
S-enriched gypsum due to the fractionation effect or recycling of coeval gypsum with contributions of brine-sediment redox variations. The isotope values of carbonates show a large variability (−6.4<δ
18
O<+6.05‰; −14.68<δ
13
C<+2.5‰), suggesting a complex origin by mixing of marine and non-marine waters with a significant contribution of reduced organic matter. These data point to an evaporite basin dominated by continental waters which received significant phases of marine recharge in the upper part together with a marked facies change. Because seawater recharges and a similar facies change are present in other Messinian sections, it follows that we have new possible geochemical and facies markers to correlate the Lower Evaporites across the Mediterranean.
Sedimentology and geochemistry of the Middle Miocene (Badenian) salt-bearing succession from East Slovakian Basin (Zbudza Formation)
Authors: Bukowski K. , Czapowski G. , Karoli S. , BĄbel M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract

The Middle Miocene (Badenian) evaporites have formed within more or less restricted basins, occupying the Carpathian Foredeep and inner depressions in the East Slovakian Basin of the Carpathians. Their deposition coincided with the increased tectonic activity in the Carpathians, evidenced by volcanic eruptions (widespread volcaniclastics) and frequent earthquakes. These phenomena apparently initiated landslides, submarine slumps and turbidity currents which formed deposits characterized by rapid facies changes and relatively limited lateral continuity. The clastic–evaporitic deposition in the Zbudza area (East Slovakian Basin) was controlled by frequent tectonic and seismic phenomena and high continental clastic supply that produced repeated slump sediments with dominant proximal mass flows and distal flows and diverse salt types (salt/clay rhythmites, finer halite–arenites, coarse halite–rudites). These zones are separated by primary salt units (halite) precipitated
in situ
from bottom brines during calm periods. The observed cyclicity (I–V cycles) reflects varied tectonic activity of the basin margins, that mechanically remobilized the sediments from marginal salt pans, flats and adjacent uplifts, and could be correlable with cycles in the Wieliczka Formation from Carpathian Foredeep.
Sulphur isotopic composition of K–Mg sulphates of the Miocene evaporites of the Carpathian Foredeep, Ukraine
Authors: Hryniv S. , Parafiniuk J. , Peryt T. M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract

Miocene evaporites of the Carpathian Foredeep host an interesting sulphates group of potash deposits, including about 20 sulphates minerals. The study of sulphur isotopic composition of 10 of the sulphates minerals from the Kalush–Holyh and Stebnyk potash deposits shows that only the basal Ca-sulphates (anhydrite) from the Kalush–Holyn potash deposits has
δ
34
S values typical of Neogene marine evaporites (+21.0‰). Potash minerals related to the deposits (polyhalite, anhydrite, kainite, langbeinite and kieserite) show
δ
34
S values from +15.28‰ to +17.54‰, and the weathering zone minerals (picromerite, leonite, bloedite, syngenite and gypsum) show values ranging from +14.73‰ to +18.22‰. The recorded depletion of sulphur isotopic composition of the salt minerals of potash deposits (and their weathering zone) was probably caused by one or more of the following isotope fractionation factors: bacterial reduction of sulphate, effect of crystallization and inflow of surface waters containing sulphates enriched in light sulphur isotopes due to pyrite oxidation. Accordingly, the observed sulphur isotopic composition of minerals from these potash deposits demonstrates the depletion of the original brines and continual inflow of new (concentrated) seawater. Similar sulphur isotopic composition of minerals from the potash deposits and their weathering zone points out that there was no significant sulphur isotope fractionation during weathering and in this case inflow of surface water has an insignificant influence on sulphur isotopic composition.
Evaporites of Ukraine: a review
Authors: Hryniv S. P. , Dolishniy B. V. , Khmelevska O. V. , Poberezhskyy A. V. , Vovnyuk S. V. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract

The results of geological and lithological–geochemical investigations of the Devonian, Permian, Jurassic and Miocene evaporite deposits of Ukraine are presented in review. The main regions of evaporite distribution are the Dnipro–Donets depression, Carpathian (Forecarpathians, Transcarpathians) and Foredobrogean regions. The data on tectonics and stratigraphy are presented and information on lithology, the mineralogical and geochemical study of gypsum, anhydrite, rock and potash salts are summarized. The rich mineral composition of the Miocene evaporites in the Carpathian Foredeep (more than 20 salt minerals) is demonstrated, and the unique superimposed hydrothermal mineralization in the rock salt of salt domes from the Dnipro–Donets depression is presented (containing about 40 high- and mid-temperature hydrothermal minerals). In particular, the results of brine inclusion studies in evaporite minerals suggest that seawater was the main source of most of the salts. The brines in both the Miocene and Permian evaporite basins are classified as the Na–K–Mg–Cl–SO
4
(SO
4
-rich) chemical type and the Jurassic and Devonian belong to the Na–K–Mg–Ca–Cl (Ca-rich) type. Temperature of solutions during halite precipitation shifted from 25 to 43 °C, while during the stage of potash salt sedimentation it apparently increased to 40–83 °C.
Depth indicators in Permian Basin evaporites
Authors: Hovorka S. D. , Holt R. M. , Powers D. W. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Permian Basin of West Texas and New Mexico contains one of the world's best-preserved and most extensively studied evaporite basin-to-platform sequences. From analysis of fabrics and small-scale cycle patterns, reconstruction of the position of these elements in the basin-filling sequence and comparison to laboratory-grown and modern evaporite fabrics, we created a table of fabrics that serve as water-depth indicators. Evaporites formed in deeper water (more than a few to hundreds of metres) in both halite- and gypsum-precipitating settings in the Permian Basin are characterized by cumulate fabrics. Cumulates are fine crystals or rafts of fine crystals formed at the air – brine interface that fall though the water body and accumulate on the basin floor with fine lamination, draping relationships, dark colours and minimal early diagenesis. Intervals of coarser crystals precipitated on the basin floor are interpreted as evidence for episodic transport of saturated surface water to the basin floor during perturbation of stratified conditions. Shallow water evaporites in the Permian Basin are dominated by bottom-growth fabrics such as halite chevrons and near-vertically oriented gypsum crystals. Bands of fluid and other inclusions record high frequency changes in depositional rate. Truncated crystals document flooding by undersaturated fresh or marine water under shallow conditions where mixing was adequate to cause undersaturated low-density water to contact the basin floor. Formation of base-of-cycle insoluble residues is a strong indicator of shallow water during the flooding event that initiated each sedimentary cycle. In the Permian Basin, exposure is documented by formation of synsedimentary evaporite karst pits and pipes, truncation, dissolution and recrystallization of earlier fabrics, and precipitation of cements. Red siliciclastic mudstones are associated with the late stages of depositional cycles when the surface was subaerially exposed. Repetition of alternately exposed and saline water table conditions created an array of distinctive fabrics including chaotic mudstone–salt mixtures, karst fills, replacement and recrystallization fabrics, and cracks and saltpolygons.