bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A new target for behavioural research—amphetamine misuse
Authors: KLEE HILARY 
Published: January 2006

AbstractDespite the increase in social research into drug misuse that has occurred in the wake of the AIDS pandemic, the focus of the research has tended to be overly restricted in terms of the populations studied. Younger, non‐opiate, non‐agency samples are more representative of national patterns of illicit drug use but have been relatively neglected in favour of older, opiate users receiving treatment from drug agencies. Amphetamine misuse illustrates the dangers of such sampling bias. In comparing the HIV‐related risk behaviour of amphetamine injectors with that of heroin injectors, the data suggest that amphetamine misuse is associated with patterns of behaviour that have serious implications for the transmission of HIV infection.
The validity of self‐reported drug use
Authors: SKOG OLE‐JØRGEN 
Published: January 2006

AbstractResponse errors in self‐reported drug questionnaires are evaluated, with particular reference to incidence and prevalence estimates. A simple model of response errors is defined, and some analytical results are obtained from this model. By assuming independence of response errors at different points in time, estimates for response errors are obtained from panel data. The results suggest that while the frequency of false negatives may be larger than the frequency of false positives, the latter error may nevertheless produce large errors in prevalence estimates, particularly if the prevalence rate is small.
Sex and the risk of HIV infection: the role of alcohol
Authors: McEWAN ROBERT T. , McCALLUM ALISON , BHOPAL RAJINDER S. , MADHOK RAJAN 
Published: January 2006

AbstractTo investigate sexual behaviour under the influence of alcohol and the relationship between drinking habits and unsafe sex we carried out a postal and interview survey of 2174 students in the North East of England. Drinking habits were classified as non, light, medium and heavy, and cross‐tabulated against sexual and other risk taking behaviour. Response rates of 74% and 77% were obtained in the postal and interview surveys respectively. In the postal survey, heavier drinkers were more likely to have unsafe sex such as casual sex without a condom, and sex with someone know to have many partners. Respondents associated alcohol with sexual risk taking; because of drinking too much, in the last year, 19% had not taken contraceptive precautions during sex. The interview survey largely confirmed postal survey results. There are three possible explanations of the association between drinking habits and unsafe sex: alcohol might disinhibit safer sex; young risk‐takers may also drink more; or, drinking might be associated with unsafe sex by coincidence because sexual encounters often begin in licensed premises. Drinking habits should therefore be a priority issue for future HIV/AIDS related research, policy debate, and health education endeavour.
Engaging patients with alcohol problems in treatment: the first consultation
Authors: THOM BETSY , BROWN CHERYL , DRUMMOND COLIN , EDWARDS GRIFFITH , MULLAN MICHAEL , TAYLOR COLIN 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper considers the impact of the first consultation at a specialist alcohol clinic on patients' perceptions of their drink problem and on their expectations of help from three sources: an alcohol clinic, general practitioners and Alcoholics Anonymous. AT intake, mates had higher expectations than females of help from the alcohol clinic while people in manual occupations and those in the ‘less heavy’ drinking category had higher expectations of general practitioner help than other patients. Change was found to occur during the first clinic consultation so that by the end of the session patients had raised their rating of problem seventy and their expectations of help from the three sources examined. Overall, patient perceptions of the clinic assessment session were positive. The study highlights the importance of obtaining a full understanding of the process of engagement in treatment and indicates the potential of a clinical assessment to effect change in patient attitudes.
The use of services for alcohol problems: general practitioner and specialist alcohol clinic
Authors: THOM BETSY , BROWN CHERYL , DRUMMOND COLIN , EDWARDS GRIFFITH , MULLAN MICHAEL 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA sample of 40 patients referred to a specialist alcohol clinic were given a full assessment by a clinician and then randomly allocated to one of two groups. The first group received continuing care from the clinic. The second group were returned to the management of their general practitioners who were offered specialist support in caring for their patients. Patients and general practitioners were followed‐up 6 months after the clinic assessment. This paper reports on the uptake of clinic and general practice services by patients and examines the possible factors associated with continuing attendance, including patient attributes, service activity, patients' self‐assessments of their drink problem and their expectations of help from services. Qualitative data is used to examine patients' perceptions and experiences of clinic and general practice‐based care for drinking problems. The findings highlight some of the difficulties reported by patients in receiving help for their problems particularly from general practitioners.
Changes in levels of alcohol consumption: United States, 1983–1988
Authors: WILLIAMS GERALD D. , DEBAKEY SAMAR F. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractUsing data from the 1983 and 1988 National Health Interview Surveys, this note examines changes both in the prevalence of abstention and the prevalence of heavier drinking among drinkers in the United States. Changes are examined separately by gender and according to other sociodemographic characteristics often associated with different levels of alcohol consumption. Results suggest an increase in abstention and a decrease in heavier drinking between 1983 and 1988. For women, decreases in heavier drinking were found among those 18‐44 years of age, among those employed, and among those divorced/separated or never married. For men, decreases in heavier drinking were found among those employed, among those with family income of $25000 or more, and among those married or divorced/separated. Changes both in abstention and heavier drinking were found to vary considerably by geographical region. These findings do not support results from other general population survey studies on alcohol use that suggest a stability in drinking levels, or even a slight increase in heavier drinking among men.
Recent developments in life‐event research and their relevance for the study of addictions
Authors: GORMAN DENNIS M. , BROWN GEORGE W. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe idea that stressful life events can on occasions contribute to the development of addictive disorders is fairly well‐accepted within both clinical and research communities. However, little support is available: research is sparse and investigators have generally neglected methodological refinements and innovations in the broader field of life‐event research. Some of these developments are discussed, especially as they relate to the measurement of the meaning of life events. Findings from research based on such techniques are summarised, and their relevance for the study of addictions discussed under three headings: specification of life events, vulnerability, and diagnostic specificity.
A comparison of predictors of treatment drop‐out of women seeking drug and alcohol treatment in a specialist women's and two traditional mixed‐sex treatment services
Authors: COPELAND JAN , HALL WAYNE 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe problem of high levels of client drop‐out in drug and alcohol treatment is frequently reported in the literature. In the course of conducting an evaluation of a specialist women's treatment service, the inadequacy of the data on women‐specific predictors of treatment drop‐out was highlighted. Using a retrospective design, the characteristics of 160 women who left treatment less than 5 days after admission were compared to the 160 women who stayed longer than 5 days and were enrolled in the evaluation study. The findings of this study suggested that women who were employed, had a history of sexual assault (especially in adulthood), nominated alcohol as their drug of choice, were not married, older than 25 years of age and had demonstrated a sympathy with the agency's treatment philosophy were less likely to drop‐out of treatment. In addition, for lesbian women, women with a history of sexual assault in childhood, and those with dependent children, attendance at a specialist women's service reduced the incidence of treatment drop‐out.
The effect of general practitioners' advice to heavy drinking men
Authors: ANDERSON PETER , SCOTT EILEEN 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe objective of the study was to determine the effectiveness of advice from general practitioners to heavy drinking men (consuming 350–1050 grammes of alcohol per week) to reduce their alcohol consumption. One hundred and fifty‐four men recruited from eight general practices were allocated randomly to treatment and control groups. Men in the treatment group received advice from their own general practitioner. At one year follow‐up, when analyzed according to intention to treat, the treatment group had reduced their consumption by an excess of 65 grammes of alcohol per week when compared with the control group (p < 0.05). General practitioners should be recommended to screen for alcohol consumption amongst their patients and to give advice to those found to be at risk because of their drinking.
The relationship between stressful working conditions and high alcohol consumption and severe alcohol problems in an urban general population
Authors: ROMELSJÖ ANDERS , HASIN DEBORAH , HILTON MIKE , BOSTRÖM GUNNEL , DIDERICHSEN FINN , HAGLUND BO , HALLQVIST JOHAN , KARLSSON GUNILLA , SVANSTRÖM LEIF 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe relationship between 15 measures of stressful working conditions and high alcohol consumption (35 g 100% ethanol per day or more for men and 25 g or more for women) was studied, using cross‐sectional data from a general population survey of 1344 males and 1494 females; the ages 25–64 years in metropolitan Stockholm in 1984. In a longitudinal component of the study, hospitalization and mortality with alcohol‐related diagnosis was assessed during 1984–90, and also the association between previous experience of unemployment and high alcohol consumption. Some of the associations, expressed as age‐adjusted odds ratios, were positive and some were negative when high alcohol consumption was the endpoint, but there was a clear variation by sex and social class. Generally the positive associations were stronger among male non‐manual employees. Among males, there was a clear association between stressful working conditions and subsequent risk of severe medical alcohol‐related problems, but the precision of the estimates was low due to low number of cases. The odds ratio was 6.18 (95% confidence interval 1.86, 20.61) for twisted working positions and 6.74 (95% confidence interval 1.67, 27.19). Previous unemployment among males was associated with increased risk for high alcohol consumption, with an odds ratio of 5.71 (95% CI 1.39, 15.97) among those who had been unemployed more than once, and 1.67 (95% CI 0.76, 3.64) among those who had been unemployed once during the previous 5 years. Those and other increased odds ratios were lower when subjects with an alcohol diagnosis at inpatient care during 1980–84 were excluded in the analyses. On the whole, our findings are not conclusive. The strong, but imprecise associations between stressful working conditions and severe alcohol problems, are however challenging, and warrants further studies, preferably with longitudinal design and repeated measurements of both working condition and alcohol habits.
Can carrots be addictive? An extraordinary form of drug dependence
Authors: ČERNÝ LUDĚK , ČERNÝ KAREL 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe paper describes three cases of dependence on carotenoids with typical symptoms of irritability and nervousness accompanying their abstinence, with a long‐term dependence, and an inability to simply discontinue. Three patients (a man and two women) all being smokers, evaluated this dependence as very similar to that on tobacco. The limitation of Junker use had the same effect in both cases. The women evaluate the dependence as stronger than that on cigarettes, the man as somewhat weaker. The former patient–a woman–even relapsed, and recently found herself in danger of further relapse. This, however, she nipped in the bud. Laboratory enzyme examinations revealed a disorder in the enzymatic outfit affecting the auto‐immunity and the neurovegetative system.
Control, confront or collude: how family and society respond to excessive drinking
Authors: ORFORD JIM 
Published: January 2006

AbstractResearch on excessive drinking in the family context has revealed the range of ways of coping used by close relatives. Case material from ongoing research in England and Mexico is used to illustrate this point. This research is also revealing the ways in which the family, close and extended, often fail to support the coping actions of close relatives. The analogy is drawn between coping with excessive drinking in the family and coping in the work selling. In the latter context explicit alcohol policies have been developed. These often recommend combining confrontative and supportive coping, ft may be difficult for relatives, in the family setting, to adopt such a policy without support. The forms of coping identified in family research and in work policies correspond to basic and universal dimensions of interpersonal behaviour: dominance‐submissiveness and friendliness‐hostility. These forms of responding to excessive drinking may be identified beyond the micro‐social systems of family and workplace. They are evident, also, in the responses of community agents such as police and social workers, and at the level of local and national government.
Young‐adult children of alcoholic parents: protective effects of positive family functioning
Authors: HILL ELIZABETH M. , NORD JANET L. , BLOW FREDERIC C. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe occurrence of alcoholism is clustered within families, but the detrimental effect of a positive family history may vary with the degree of family impairment involved. In this study we assessed the effects of family history and family environment on alcohol misuse. From ongoing studies we recruited parents who had a child aged 18–30, 20 with a DSM‐III‐R alcohol dependence diagnosis, 20 without. The child then completed a multidimensional assessment. The young‐adult participants included 20 men and 20 women (mean age=24.8). Differences by family history were restricted to substance abuse behaviors. While a high level of alcohol problems occurred in both groups, those with an alcohol‐dependent parent were more likely to be heavy drinkers and showed more symptoms of alcohol dependence. Overall psychological adjustment did not differ between the groups, however. Alcohol misuse measures did correlate moderately with symptoms of poor emotional health. The most important correlates of alcohol misuse measures in this study were exposure to parental alcoholism, abusive punishment, and psychological symptoms, with some separation of effects in the two subgroups. Psychological symptoms had a stronger relationship with misuse in subjects with social‐drinking parents, while abuse was more associated in the group with an alcohol‐dependent parent. These results confirm the importance of environmental interactions with familial risk. A biological vulnerability from an alcohol‐dependent parent was not sufficient or necessary for the participants in this study to develop alcohol dependence as a young adult, although there was an increased risk. There appear to be strong protective effects of positive family relationships on the potential negative effects of a family history of alcoholism.
HIV, substance use and related behaviour of gay and bisexual men: an examination of the talking sex project cohort
Authors: MYERS TED , ROWE CHERYL J. , TUDIVER FRED G. , KURTZ RUTH G. , JACKSON EDWARD A. , ORR KEVIN W. , BULLOCK SANDRA L. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper reports on the substance use of 612 gay and bisexual men who participated in an HIV risk reduction project. Use/non‐use, level of substance use, and reported frequency of use prior to sexual activity were examined in relation to number of sexual fanners, sexual activities, HIV antibody test seeking behaviour and known HIV status. The use of substances among the study cohort appear to be higher than in a comparable heterosexual male group. An association was found between substance use, and both number of sexual partners and sexual activities. However, no significant difference was found in substance use between men participating in protected versus unprotected anal sex. Similarly, no significant difference was found in the reported frequency of substance use prior to sex by those participating in protected and unprotected anal intercourse. Greater drug use was reported among those who were known to be HIV antibody pisitive. These findings raise issues for further research. The high use of alcohol and drugs by gay and bisexual men may pose significant health risks for this group of men.
Stages of drug use: a community survey of Perth teenagers
Authors: BLAZE‐TEMPLE DEBRA , LO SING KAI 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA Guttman stages of drug use model was confirmed for Australian youth in this systematic household survey of 13–17‐year‐olds in Perth (n = 1093). The same model held for both sexes and all ages although the model was more efficient for the older youth. General drug use prevalence, expansion of drug repertoire and frequency of use all increased with age. Multiple drug use was prevalent. Marijuana use was not a necessary stage for the progression to other illicit drug use as 29% of current users of other illicit drugs reported never using marijuana. The hazard rate for use of marijuana or other illicit drugs, if one was a current tobacco smoker, was high. Alcohol and tobacco were implicated as important‘gateway’ drugs though hazard rates showed tobacco to be the more important of the two. Implications of the study are that delaying or eliminating the onset of tobacco use are important goals of prevention programmes and that multiple drug use should be recognised and addressed in health education programmes for youth.
Consequences of increasing alcohol availability: the Iowa experience revisited
Authors: FITZGERALD J. L. , MULFORD H. A. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractBefore/after survey data were used to investigate the effect that a sudden and dramatic wine and spirits availability increase in Iowa might have had on heavy and problem drinker rates. Three state surveys representing the age 18+ non‐institutionalized population of Iowa were conducted in 1985, 1986 and 1989. Neither previous sales analyses nor this survey data analysis support the Distribution of Consumption Prevention Model prediction that increased wine and spirits availability would produce significant and lasting consumption increases and, in turn, heavy drinker and problem drinker prevalence rate increases.
Positive and negative consequences of alcohol drinking among young university students in Finland
Authors: NYSTRÖM MIKAEL 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIn a sample of 1663 female and 707 male Finnish university students in their first study year, the female students reported less negative and less positive consequences of alcohol drinking than their male counterparts. The female students also drank less, less frequently and less often for intoxication. However, the profile of negative and positive consequences of drinking was similar for both genders; 74.6% of the female students and 80.0% of the males had more positive than negative experiences from alcohol. Both the positive and negative consequences of drinking correlated positively to alcohol consumption and drinking for intoxication. About half of the students who had many positive consequences of drinking were not heavy drinkers and did not report many negative consequences. Depression, anxiety, stress or psychosomatic symptoms did not correlate with either with positive or negative consequences of drinking, nor with alcohol consumption. Drinking for anxiety, depression, stress or the reduction of tension appeared to be infrequent. Young Finnish university students mostly drink for the positive consequences of drinking.
Development of a short ‘readiness to change’ questionnaire for use in brief, opportunistic interventions among excessive drinkers
Authors: ROLLNICK STEPHEN , HEATHER NICK , GOLD RUTH , HALL WAYNE 
Published: January 2006

AbstractExcessive drinkers (141) identified in medical settings who were not seeking help for an alcohol problem completed a questionnaire based on Prochaska and DiClemente's stages of change model. Principal components analysis revealed a clear factor structure corresponding to the ‘precontemplation’, ‘contemplation’ and ‘action’ stages of change. On this basis, a 12‐item ‘Readiness to change’ questionnaire was developed with satisfactory psychometric properties. As predicted, scale scores on adjacent stages of change showed significantly higher inter‐correlations than scores on non‐adjacent stages. Concurrent validation by comparison with subjects' choices of cartoons depicting each of the stages of change and with screening questions regarding aspects of drinking behaviour was moderate to very good. The questionnaire provides a short and convenient measure of readiness to change which may be used in conjunction with brief, opportunistic interventions with excessive drinkers.
Alcohol‐related mortality in the United States, 1979–1988
Authors: STINSON FREDERICK S. , DeBAKEY SAMAR FARHA 
Published: January 2006

AbstractUsing alcohol‐attributable fractions derived from studies of alcohol's involvement in various causes of death, this report presents trends in overall alcohol‐related mortality for each year from 1979 through 1988. Age‐adjusted rates show decreases in alcohol‐related mortality for both sexes and for whites and nonwhites. Decreases occur for causes of death directly attributable to alcohol and for other diseases and injuries and adverse effects indirectly attributable to alcohol. Issues surrounding the use of currently available alcohol‐attributable fractions for estimating alcohol‐related mortality are discussed.
Alcohol and drug abuse in Nepal
Authors: SHRESTHA NIRAKAR MAN 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAlcohol use has been in Nepal since time immemorial. Social tolerance to alcohol use is quite high and so far alcohol has not been taken seriously either by the Government or by any social organization. Production, sale, and consumption of alcohol is ever on the increase and it could be taken as the number one problem drug in the country. Cannabis and opium use has been in Nepal for centuries and in the past they did not pose much of a problem. Drug use began to be seen as a problem since only the mid‐1960s and early‐1970s with the influx of large numbers of hippies. Presently, the drug scene in Nepal is dominated by heroin and it has affected youths, mainly in the urban areas. A number of measures, both on supply reduction and demand reduction, have been taken by the Government together with non‐Governmental organizations. However, the number of drug users is on the increase. Relapse rate following detoxification treatment is quite high. After‐care and rehabilitative measures are lacking. Many drug users become involved in high‐risk behaviours in spite of their knowledge of the dangers. Therefore, it calls for the change in our strategies which must be based on the thorough understanding of human nature and its behaviour.