bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in elementary school children
Authors: Dubose Katrina D. , Stewart Elizabeth E. , Charbonneau Shannon R. , Mayo Matthew S. , Donnelly Joseph E. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract Aim: To determine the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (MS) and its related components in elementary‐aged school children. Methods: Three hundred and seventy‐five 7–9‐y‐old boys (n=182) and girls (n=193) in the eastern Kansas area served as participants. Criteria for the MS were the presence of three or more of the following components: 1) central obesity (waist circumference ≥90th percentile in males and females); 2) elevated triglyceride concentrations (≥1.13 mmol/l); 3) low HDL‐C concentrations (≤1.04 mmol/l in males and females); 4) elevated blood pressure (systolic and/or diastolic ≥90th percentile, age and gender specific); or 5) elevated fasting glucose levels (≥6.10 mmol/l). Results: The prevalence of the MS in this sample was 5%, and was similar across gender and race. Fifty percent of the children had no components and 15% had at least two components, with elevated blood pressure the most common component (37%).Conclusion: The MS is prevalent even in young children at rates similarly reported in adolescents.
The prevalence of unwanted and unlawful sexual experiences reported by Danish adolescents: Results from a national youth survey in 2002
Authors: Helweg‐Larsen Karin , Larsen Helmer Bøving 
Published: March 2006

Abstract Aim: To obtain current data about child sexual abuse in Denmark and to assess abused children's own perception of early sexual experiences, which are unlawful according to the Danish Penal Code. Methods: Multimedia computer‐based self‐administered questionnaires (CASI) were completed by a national representative sample of 15–16‐y‐olds. Child sexual abuse was defined according to the penal code and measured by questions defining specific sexual activities, the relationship between the older person and the child, and the youth's own perception of the incident. Results: Among 5829 respondents, 11% reported unlawful sexual experiences, 7% of boys and 16% of girls. Only 1% of boys and 4% of girls felt that they “definitely” or “maybe” had been sexually abused. Conclusion: A relatively high percentage of Danish adolescents have early, unlawful sexual experiences. However, young people's own perception of sexual abuse tends to differ from that of the authorities, or their tolerance of abusive incidents is high. Gender differences were found in factors predicting perception of abuse.
Economic Man as Model Man: Ideal Types, Idealization and Caricatures
Authors: Morgan Mary S. 
Published: March 2006

Economics revolves around a central character: “economic man.” As historians, we are all familiar with various episodes in the history of this character, and we appreciate his ever-changing aspect even while many of our colleagues in economics think the rational economic agent of neoclassical economics is the same kind of person as Adam Smith's economic man. The fact that this is a familiar history means that I can focus on a few salient examples—a “short” history, rather than a complete history— to provide the raw material for my account which has a more specific agenda than simply a history of economic man. My aim is to re-consider the history of economic man as a model man. This leads to two further questions: What kind of a role has this model man played in relation to the science he inhabits? And, how can we characterize the processes by which economists have arrived at their model characters?To illuminate this history of economic man, I adopt ideas from philosophy about how scientists arrive at models and use them in science. Of course, economists have always had their own ideas about such matters. So in effect, there are two intersecting strands in this account: one is how economists have discussed their strategies in creating these characters, and the other is how philosophers of science have—at the time and since—labeled and thought about such strategies. These discussions, from the economists and from philosophers, will enable us to explore the usefulness of the concept of idealization, a standard way of thinking about model construction in philosophy of science. They will also allow us to consider model man as an ideal type (using Weber's concept) or as a caricature (to follow Gibbard and Varian's label). These analytical labels—ideal types, idealization, and so forth—relate to questions about the status of models and their construction that are sometimes evident, and sometimes lie below the surface, but always remain important in the historical discussions about economics as a science. My account is concerned then with constructions of thepersonaof economic man, how he has changed over the last 250 years, how far we can regard that character as a model, and with reflections on his role in the changing science of economics.
Exercise Training Produces Nonuniform Increases in Arteriolar Density of Rat Soleus and Gastrocnemius Muscle
Authors: LAUGHLIN M. Harold , COOK JOHN DYLAN , TREMBLE REBECCA , INGRAM DAVID , COLLERAN PATRICK N. , TURK JAMES R. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTObjective: Exercise training has been shown to increase regional blood flow capacity to muscle tissue containing fibers that experience increased activity during exercise. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that the increased blood flow capacity is partially the result of increases in arteriolar density (number of arterioles/mm2 of tissue), specifically in skeletal muscle tissue, with the largest relative increase in muscle fiber activity during training bouts.Methods: This hypothesis was tested by comparing and contrasting the effects of endurance exercise training (ET) and interval sprint training (IST) on arteriolar density in soleus muscle (S) red (Gr) and white (Gw) portions of gastrocnemius muscle of male Sprague Dawley rats. ET rats completed 10 weeks of treadmill training 30 m/min, 15% grade, 60 min/day, 5 days/week, while IST rats completed 10 weeks of IST consisting of six 2.5‐min exercise bouts, with 4.5‐min rest between bouts (60 m/min, 15% incline), 5 days/week. The hypothesis would be supported if ET increased arteriolar density in S and Gr and if IST increased arteriolar density in Gw.Results: ET increased arteriolar density above values of sedentary rats (SED) in both the Gw (ET = 0.93 ± 0.19 arterioles/μ m2; SED = 0.44 ± 0.09 arterioles/μ m2) and Gr (ET = 0.97 ± 0.1 arterioles/μ m2; SED = 0.51 ± 0.06 arterioles/μ m2) muscles, but not in S (ET = 1.69 ± 0.45 arterioles/μ m2; SED = 1.51 ± 0.34 arterioles/μ m2) muscle. In contrast, IST did not alter arteriolar density in Gw or Gr muscle tissue. Although arterial wall thickness was greater in S (3.95 ± 0.40 μ m) and Gr (6.24 ± 0.59 μ m) than Gw (2.76 ± 0.18 μ m), neither ET or IST altered mean wall thickness in either muscle.Conclusion: Increases in blood flow capacity produced in Gr and Gw by ET appear to be due in part to increased arteriolar density. In contrast, increased arteriolar density does not contribute to increased blood flow capacity of Gw in IST rats.
Rho and ROCK Signaling in VEGF‐Induced Microvascular Endothelial Hyperpermeability
Authors: SUN HENGRUI , BRESLIN JEROME W. , ZHU JUN , YUAN SARAH Y. , WU MACK H. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTObjectives: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays an important role in the regulation of microvascular permeability under various physiological and pathological conditions. The authors tested the hypothesis that the small GTPase Rho and its downstream effector ROCK (Rho‐associated coiled‐coil‐containing protein kinase) mediate VEGF‐induced increases in venular permeability. They also investigated myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation and actin polymerization, two well‐characterized targets of the Rho‐ROCK pathway that are implicated in the regulation of endothelial barrier function.Methods: The apparent permeability coefficient of albumin (Pa) was measured in intact isolated porcine coronary venules and in cultured coronary venular endothelial cell (CVEC) monolayers. RhoA activation was determined using a Rhotekin‐agarose pull down assay. MLC phosphorylation was evaluated by immunoblotting with phospho‐specific antibodies, and endothelial cellular F‐actin was viewed using fluorescence microscopy.Results: VEGF increased Pa in both isolated coronary venules and CVEC monolayers. The hyperpermeability response occurred in a similar time course to that of Rho activation, MLC phosphorylation, and actin stress fiber formation. Selective blockage of ROCK with Y27632 dose‐dependently inhibited VEGF‐induced venular hyperpermeability. Moreover, inhibition of either Rho with exoenzyme C3 or ROCK with Y‐27632 attenuated VEGF‐induced increases in permeability, MLC phosphorylation, and actin‐stress fiber formation in CVEC monolayers.Conclusions: Collectively, these findings suggest that the Rho–ROCK signal pathway contributes to VEGF‐induced hyperpermeability. Myosin light‐chain phosphorylation and actin stress fiber formation occur concomitantly with the increase in permeability upon VEGF stimulation.
Changes in Capillary Shear Stress in Skeletal Muscles Exposed to Long‐Term Activity: Role of Nitric Oxide
Authors: HUDLICKA OLGA , BROWN MARGARET D. , MAY SYLVIA , ZAKRZEWICZ ANDREAS , PRIES AXEL R. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTObjective: The purpose of this study was to establish whether suppression of angiogenesis by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition in skeletal muscles exposed to long‐term activity can be explained by changes in capillary shear stress linked to the lack of nitric oxide production.Methods: Capillary shear stress was calculated from diameters (d) and red blood cell velocities (Vrbc) measured at rest and after acute contractions in epi‐illuminated extensor digitorum longus muscles of control rats and those in which ankle flexors had been stimulated via implanted electrodes (10 Hz, 8 h · day−1) for 2 or 7 days without and with inhibition of nitric oxide synthase activity by Nω‐nitro‐L‐arginine (L‐NNA, 3–4 mg·day−1 in drinking water).Results: Neither chronic electrical stimulation nor L‐NNA treatment altered capillary diameters. Capillary Vrbc and shear stress (SS) were doubled in muscles after 2 days stimulation (298 ± 22 μm · s−1 and 11.4 ± 1.0 dyne · cm−2, respectively, p < .005) compared to controls (148 ± 18 μm · s−1 and 5.6 ± 0.8 dyne·cm−2) but normalized after 7 days (153 ± 27 μm · s−1 and 6.2 ± 1.0 dyne·cm−2), when the capillary bed is known to be enlarged. L‐NNA, which increased blood pressure in all treated animals, abolished the increase in capillary SS after 2 days stimulation and decreased SS after 7 days.Conclusions: These data support a role for NO in the early elevation of capillary shear stress that initiates angiogenesis in stimulated muscles, likely via modulation of upstream vascular resistance, and could explain the lack of capillary growth in stimulated muscles when nitric oxide generation is suppressed.
Dynamic homology and the likelihood criterion
Authors: Wheeler Ward C. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe use of likelihood as an optimality criterion is explored in the context of dynamic homology. Simple models and procedures are described to allow the analysis of large variable length sequence data sets, alone and in combination with qualitative information (such as morphology). Several approaches are discussed that have different likelihood interpretations in terms of maximum parsimony likelihood and maximum average likelihood. Implementation is discussed and an example in arthropod systematics presented. Topological congruence comparisons with parsimony are made.© The Willi Hennig Society 2006.
Patterns of macroinvertebrate traits along three glacial stream continuums
Authors: ILG CHRISTIANE , CASTELLA EMMANUEL 
Published: March 2006

Summary1. Glacier‐fed streams are characterised by low spatial but high temporal heterogeneity, manifested in seasonal and diurnal discharge and suspended sediment peaks induced by glacial runoff. These streams shelter macroinvertebrate communities adapted to such harsh environmental conditions. Studies relating macroinvertebrate traits to environmental conditions in glacial streams could provide important insights into the structure and function of glacial stream communities.2. From data collected in three glacial streams from the central Swiss and southern French Alps, we analysed the relationships among six biological traits to define five groups of macroinvertebrate taxa with similar suites of traits.3. The longitudinal distribution of the five groups and of individual traits was analysed, as well as their variation according to a glaciality index combining water temperature, conductivity, suspended solids and substrate stability.4. The trait diversity along the three streams showed a strong upstream‐downstream gradient. The upper reaches were dominated by a single group of taxa characterised by small, crawling, deposit feeders. The other trait‐based groups appeared progressively downstream.5. Changes in the relative frequency of trait‐based groups along the glaciality gradient highlighted the dominance of all‐rounder resistant/resilient traits in the three streams and confirmed that environmental conditions in the glacial streams are too harsh or uniform to allow macroinvertebrate communities to develop alternative suites of traits. The findings are discussed in relation to the question of trait coding in the available literature.
Size‐ and temperature‐independence of minimum life‐supporting metabolic rates
Authors: MAKARIEVA A. M. , GORSHKOV V. G. , LI B.‐L. , CHOWN S. L. 
Published: March 2006

Summary

Mass‐specific metabolic rates of 173 animal species under various conditions of prolonged food deprivation (aestivation, hibernation, sit‐and‐wait existence) and/or living at temperatures near the freezing point of water were analysed.
These minimum life‐supporting metabolic rates are independent of body mass over a nearly 80‐million‐fold body mass range and independent of temperature over a range of −1·7 to 30 °C, with a mean value of 0·1 W kg−1 and 95% CI from 0·02 to 0·67 W kg−1.
Additionally, 66 measurements of anoxic metabolic rates in 32 species capable of surviving at least 1 h of anoxia were analysed. While similarly mass‐independent, anoxic metabolic rates are significantly more widely scattered (1200‐fold 95% CI); they are on average one order of magnitude lower than during normoxia and depend on temperature with Q10 = 2·8.
Energy losses at the time of 50% mortality during anoxia are 30–300 times smaller than the energy losses tolerated by normoxic organisms in the various energy‐saving regimes studied.
These principal differences form the basis for proposing two alternative strategies by which organisms survive environmental stress: the regime of abandoned metabolic control (‘slow death’), when, as in anoxic obligate aerobes, measured rates of energy dissipation can predominantly reflect chaotic processes of tissue degradation rather than meaningful biochemical reactions; and the regime of minimum metabolic control, when biochemical order is sustained at the expense of ordered metabolic reactions. Death or survival in the regime of abandoned metabolic control is dictated by the amount of accumulated biochemical damage and not by the available energy resources, as it is in the regime of minimum metabolic control.
Extrafloral nectar from cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) as a food source for parasitic wasps
Authors: RÖSE U. S. R. , LEWIS J. , TUMLINSON J. H. 
Published: March 2006

SummaryFor many adult nectar‐feeding parasitoids food and moisture are essential for survival in the field. Early in the season, when floral nectar is not yet available in cotton, extrafloral nectar (EFN) is already present on young cotton plants.The parasitoidMicroplitis croceipes(Cresson) can use EFN cotton plants as an only food source. The longevity and reproduction of EFN‐fed female wasps was comparable to wasps fed with honey and water provided on nectariless (NL) cotton plants, and was significantly higher compared with wasps kept on NL plants with no additional food source.Wasps that were given preflight experiences on EFN cotton plants choose EFN cotton over NL cotton plants in two choice experiments in the flight tunnel. The parasitoids are more willing to search on an EFN plant at their second and third encounter with a plant previously visited, compared with an NL cotton plant.Wasps can locate EFN from short distances by its odour alone, and find it almost as fast as honey, but much faster than odourless sucrose, which is only found randomly. Experience with EFN increased the retention ability of parasitoids on a flower model.
Scaling of mass and morphology in plants with minimal branching: an extension of the WBE model
Authors: PRICE C. A. , ENQUIST B. J. 
Published: March 2006

SummaryUnderstanding the general principles governing the impressive diversity of plant morphology has long been a goal of botanists. However, the broad variability of plant growth forms has challenged the development of general models of plant growth.A recent theoretical model, the fractal branching model of West, Brown and Enquist (WBE), purports to explain the scaling of plant form in a variety of taxa; however, its applicability to clades that do not meet its underlying assumptions, particularly plants that lack volume‐filling branching, has been unclear.Here we show how an extension of the WBE model, the minimal branching model, can quantitatively predict the scaling of form in plants lacking volume‐filling branching. We then test the model's predictions with data from a biometric database on Sonoran Desert plants.As predicted, empirical data support the ubiquity of the 3/4‐power scaling of photosynthetic surface area in plants, but nevertheless show that the morphological dimensions (height, spread) in plants with minimal branching scale with exponents differently from those in plants with fractal‐like external branching.We then compare expectations under the minimal branching model with those of geometric similitude and fractal branching models, which make predictions that are close to those of the minimal model. Confidence intervals for empirical data sometimes include all three models. However, unanimous agreement in interspecific cases, and greater support in intraspecific cases, appear to favour the minimal model.It is generally thought that succulents, particularly cacti, exhibit morphological adaptations that limit water loss via surface areas while increasing the capacity for water storage. Our model and supporting empirical data strongly suggest that the succulent morphology has evolved from selection to minimize external branching but not necessarily the scaling of external surface areas.Our work demonstrates that a common body of allometric theory, based on the scaling of resource‐exchange networks, provides a theoretical baseline that can account for much diversity in land plant form and architecture.
Vulnerability of African mammals to anthropogenic climate change under conservative land transformation assumptions
Authors: THUILLER WILFRIED , BROENNIMANN OLIVIER , HUGHES GREG , ALKEMADE J. ROBERT M. , MIDGLEY GUY. F. , CORSI FABIO 
Published: March 2006

AbstractRecent observations show that human‐induced climate change (CC) and land transformation (LT) are threatening wildlife globally. Thus, there is a need to assess the sensitivity of wildlife on large spatial scales and evaluate whether national parks (NPs), a key conservation tools used to protect species, will meet their mandate under future CC and LT conditions. Here, we assess the sensitivity of 277 mammals at African scale to CC at 10′ resolution, using static LT assumptions in a ‘first‐cut’ estimate, in the absence of credible future LT trends. We examine the relationship between species' current distribution and macroclimatic variables using generalized additive models, and include LT indirectly as a filter. Future projections are derived using two CC scenarios (for 2050 and 2080) to estimate the spatial patterns of loss and gain in species richness that might ultimately result. We then apply the IUCN Red List criteria A3(c) of potential range loss to evaluate species sensitivity. We finally estimate the sensitivity of 141 NPs in terms of both species richness and turnover. Assuming no spread of species, 10–15% of the species are projected to fall within the critically endangered or extinct categories by 2050 and between 25% and 40% by 2080. Assuming unlimited species spread, less extreme results show proportions dropping to approximately 10–20% by 2080. Spatial patterns of richness loss and gain show contrasting latitudinal patterns with a westward range shift of species around the species‐rich equatorial zone in central Africa, and an eastward shift in southern Africa, mainly because of latitudinal aridity gradients across these ecological transition zones. Xeric shrubland NPs may face significant richness losses not compensated by species influxes. Other NPs might expect substantial losses and influxes of species. On balance, the NPs might ultimately realize a substantial shift in the mammalian species composition of a magnitude unprecedented in recent geological time. To conclude, the effects of global CC and LT on wildlife communities may be most noticeable not as a loss of species from their current ranges, but instead as a fundamental change in community composition.
Measurement and restoration of the point spread function of fluorescence confocal microscopy
Authors: YOO H. , SONG I. , GWEON D.‐G. 
Published: March 2006

SummaryThe point spread function of an objective lens of a fluorescence confocal microscope was directly measured by imaging fluorescent beads. We analysed how the measurement of the point spread function was influenced by the diameter of the fluorescent beads and how the restoration technique with a deconvolution algorithm improved the measuring performance. Numerical and experimental results are presented for a typical point spread function and a zero‐centred point spread function.
Thrust front segmentation induced by differential slab retreat in the Apennines (Italy)
Authors: Scrocca Davide 
Published: March 2006

AbstractNew seismic reflection data reveal that the south‐eastward prolongation of the Apennine thrust front in the central Adriatic Sea is most likely located in a more external position with respect to the traditional interpretation. In this new interpretation, the Apennine thrust front shows a segmented geometry in correspondence to the Tremiti lithospheric transfer zone. The available data suggest that the north‐eastward flexural retreat of the subducting Adriatic lithosphere and the related frontal accretion of the Apennine accretionary prism have acted during the last 5 Ma and may be considered still lively in both the Po plain and in the Central Adriatic domain, north of the Tremiti lineament. By analysing the tectonic evolution of the Apulo‐Adriatic areas, it may be argued that the differential slab retreat between the central and southern sectors of the subducting Adriatic plate has been able to induce the segmentation of the Apennine thrust front.