bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Scanline Method for Solid Model Display
Authors: Patel Manjula , Hubbold Roger J. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe modelling of solid objects is becoming increasingly important in the application of computer graphics to a wide variety of problems, such as CAD/CAM, simulation, and molecular modelling. A variety of methods for rendering solid objects exists, including 2‐Buffer, Scanline and Ray Tracing. This paper is concerned with a scanline method for the production of still images of complex objects. The implementation of a scanline algorithm is discussed, in conjunction with a consideration of its performance in relation to the z‐buffer method.Many scanline methods cater only for a restricted class of primitives, such as polygons or spheres, whereas this implementation is a general purpose scanline algorithm capable of being extended to handle a variety of primitives. The primitives currently available are polygons, spheres, spheres swept along straight‐line trajectories, and cylinders. Polygonal models of cubes, cones and cylinders are also available.The approach is capable of dealing with “positive” and “negative” volumes, allowing objects with holes to be modelled and displayed. It has further been extended to cater for the inclusion of transparent objects into a scene, and consequently allows the modelling of coloured “glass” objects.
ADA† and NIL: Two Concurrent Languages for GKS
Authors: Milanese V. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe Graphical Kernel System (GKS) has become an international standard in graphics programming and attempts are now being made to integrate it with multiprocessing, possibly in distributed systems. It is therefore necessary to consider new programming languages able to support distributed implementations of GKS. Among them, Ada and Nil are considered here, since they are particularly suitable for concurrent programming. They are compared and evaluated in those specific tools which may provide data safety, system reconfigurability, and availability to distributed programming. The structural philosophies of the two languages are emphasized and reconfigurable implementation schemata for GKS in both of them are then suggested.
Graphic Acquisition and Retrieval of Stereochemical Information
Authors: Dubois J.E. , Cayzergues P. , Georgoulis G. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractStereochemistry concepts deal with situations associated with chiral arrangement of atoms in a molecule. The existence of stereocompounds implies different physical properties associated with local and global structural space dissymetry. A left and right hand relationship is a typical local example of such concepts. In this paper, we show how it is possible to include stereochemistry in a comprehensive system allowing for acquisition, storage and retrieval of chemical information. Special emphasis has been placed on the description of the graphic interface on the level of both data acquisition and retrieval. Various graphic coding procedures associated with stereochemical handling are analysed. A specialized input device, optimized for handling of chemical and structural data in bulk, is presented.
Irregular Polygon Fill Using Contour Encoding
Authors: Gourret J.P. , Paille J. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractA filling algorithm for irregular polygons is described. This algorithm is oriented towards raster graphics and uses image memories as job areas. The algorithm is based on the encoding of polygon boundaries by contour following so that all topologies are successfully processed. Thus, concave or convex polygons, holed or not, including possibly duplicate points can be filled. It is quite robust and easy to implement. It uses systematic encoding without special cases. Only two bits for encoding are needed and, thereby, it is suitable for hardware implementation.This algorithm can be used in many fields such as image synthesis, 3D objects or mathematical surface displays with hidden parts.
Book Reviews
Authors: Owen J. 
Published: October 2007

F.R.A.Hopgood, D.A.Duce, J.R.Gallop, D.'Csutcliffe Introduction to the Graphical Kernel System (GKS)G.Enderle, K.Kansy, G.Pfaff Computer Graphics Programming.Reviewer: Ken Brodlie Department of Computer Studies University of Leeds
A Survey of Computer Animation
Authors: Pueyo Xavier , Tost Daniela 
Published: October 2007

AbstractA survey on computer animation is presented with three specific goals:

To clarify what people understand by computer animation.
To separate the different aspects of computer animation and underline its main problems.
To present the different solutions given to these problems.

Several classifications for computer animation systems are first made attending to different criteria. The report is subsequently divided into two basic sections according to the historical classification of computer animation systems: computer‐assisted animation, where traditional animation is just helped by the use of computers, and modelled animation where the use of computers is essential in different aspects of the animation process. Special emphasis is placed on motion specification and generation.Finally, special attention is paid to human body animation because of the great interest of this specific field of computer animation and the peculiarity of its problems.Aspects of hardware aspects and postprocessing has just been taken into account in the classification section but have not been studied.
Incremental Polygon Rendering on a SIMD Processor Array
Authors: Theoharis Theohaiis , Page Ian 
Published: October 2007

AbstractWe demonstrate how both area coherence and parallelism can be exploited in order to speed up rendering operations on a SIMD square array of processors. Our algorithms take advantage of the method of differences, in order to incrementally compute the values of a linear polynomial function at discrete intervals and thus implement area rendering operations efficiently. We discuss how filling of convex polygons, hidden surface elimination and smooth shading can be implemented on an N × N processor array that supports planar arithmetic, that is, arithmetic operations performed on N × N matrices in parallel for all matrix elements. A major attraction of the method we present is that it is based on a SIMD processor array; such machines are now recognised as highly general purpose given the wide range of applications successfully implemented on them.
Guidelines for Determining When to Use GKS and When to Use PHIGS
Authors: Bettels Jürgen , Bono Peter R. , McGinnis Eileen , Rix Joachim 
Published: October 2007

AbstractGKS, GKS‐3D, and PHIGS are all approved ISO standards for the application programmer interface. How does a system analyst or programmer decide which standard to use for his application? This paper discusses the range of application requirements likely to be encountered, explores the suitability of GKS and PHIGS for satisfying these requirements, and offers guidelines to aid in the decision process.
The Problematics of Human Prototyping and Animation
Authors: Magnenat‐Thalmann Nadia , Thalmann Daniel 
Published: October 2007

AbstractSeveral ideas and experiments are presented for the creation and realistic animation of three‐dimensional scenes involving human beings conscious of their environment. The various approaches should allow the intelligent creation of human beings using prototypes and generate their animation based on mechanics, artificial intelligence and robotics. This paper discusses the problems involved in three major steps of the simulation of human beings: the creation of the human shapes, the motion of the human skeleton, and the deformation of the surfaces. Several examples are presented illustrating positional constraints, dynamics, behavioural animation and finite element theory.
The Line‐Picture Attribute
Authors: Gossling T.H. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe‘linetype’attribute in GKS and PHIGS is required to cover a wide variety of renderings of the polyline primitive. The results are strongly implementation‐dependent, widi virtually no user control. Splitting‘linetype’into a one‐dimensional‘line‐pattern’and a two‐dimensional‘line‐picture’gives much greater flexibility, without the need to go through a registration process for every new style. The line‐picture attribute, consisting of a single glyph repeated at intervals along a linear primitive, can answer many requirements in draughting for process industries, and should also be applicable elsewhere.
Towards an Object‐Oriented Interaction Model for Graphics User Interfaces
Authors: Hübner Wolfgang , de Lancastre Manuel 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe increasing importance of the User Interface Management System THESEUS stimulated the development of a formalized graphics input model that is based on the THESEUS input concepts. This paper presents cooperative work by the Zentrum fur Gra‐phische Datenverarbeitung (ZGDV), West Germany and IST/INESC, Portugal which aims to formalize, generalize and enhance the THESEUS input model and transfer it to a clean object‐oriented approach. The main goal was to establish concepts for specifying and managing user interfaces tailored to the requirements of graphics dialogues; among these concepts are the diversity of input devices, many different kinds of interaction techniques, higher complexity in dialogue structures, dynamic control over dialogue specification, a strong coupling of input and output instead of ping‐pong sequencing, powerful output capabilities, support of continuous input operations and a close interlocking between user interface component and application.
Parametric Surfaces in PHIGS PLUS: a New Chance for Patterning and Hatching?
Authors: Bakker Miente 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe Polygon Fill style PATTERN and HATCH, which are quite successful in 2D graphics standards as GKS1 and CGI2 have proved to be less suitable for 3D graphics standards as GKS‐3D3 and PHIGS4. However, the emerging standard PHIGS PLUS5 offers a unique chance to successfully employ these Interior Styles (under another name and in a slightly different form), because PHIGS PLUS supports a.o. topologically rectangular parametric surfaces In this article it is shown how these Interior Styles could be efficiently applied to curved surfaces in PHIGS PLUS. In addition, the possible interaction between the tessellation method and the patterning is shown.
Language for Description of Geometric Configurations
Authors: Barbič Janez , Špegel Marjan 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis contribution is an informal presentation of some concepts, facts, and definitions about general configurations, as well as a description of our proposed GL/0 language for symbolic description of geometric configurations. Emphasis is placed on the demand of invariance of geometric descriptions in the spirit of the Erlangen program of Felix Klein, and on the need for separation between the notions of configuration and of segments. Some possibilities for use of the same ideas in other, not necessarily geometric domains are described.
Simulating Natural Light
Authors: Wu Jintong 
Published: October 2007

AbstractSimulating natural light is an interesting subject in computer graphics. Using the principles of meteorology, we build a sphere cap light source model. Unlike existing illumination or light source models, we consider the effects of both the ratio of direct light to diffuse light and the position of the sun under different weather conditions. We use an area light source to generate shadows and a point light source to generate the other effects. The ratio of the two types of light is adjusted by a brightness factor b while the position of the sun is determined by giving the light direction. In addition. a modifiable sphere cap is used to obtain modified penumbra which vary with illumination.
University of Laneaster
Authors: Townsend Harry 
Published: October 2007

L. J. White, The Automobile Industry since 1945, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press,C. K. Rowley, Steel and Public Policy. London: McGraw‐Hill, 1971J. B. Heath (ed.), Department of Trade and Industry, International Conference on monopolies, mergers and restrictive practices, Papers and reports, Cambridge. 1969. London:C. F. Pratten, Economies of Scale in Manufacturing Industry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971A. Singh. Takeovers, their relevance to the stock market and the theory of the firm. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971D. Coombes, State Enterprise. Business or Politics? London: Allen & Unwin, 1971
MONEY AND ECONOMIC ACTIVITY: A REVIEW ARTICLE
Authors: Wood GeoffreyE. 
Published: October 2007

1. RONDO CAMERON (Editor), Banking and Economic Development; Some Lessons of History (Oxford University Press, 1972)2. PETER COFFEY AND JOHN R. PRESLEY, European Monetary Integration (Mamillan, 1971)3. PAUL DAVIDSON, Money and the Real World (Macmillan, 1972)4. PAUL EINZIG, A Textbook on Monetary Policy (Macmillan, 1972,)5. D. E. MOGGRIDGE, British Monetary Policy 1922–1931: The Norman Conquest of $4.86 (Cambridge University Press, 1972)
DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS: A REVIEW ARTICLE
Authors: Robson Peter 
Published: October 2007

Book reviewed in this article:H. MYINT, Economic Theory and the Underdeveloped Countries (Oxford University Press, London 1971)P. T. BAUER, Dissent on DevelopmentA. P. THIRLWALL, Growth and Development with special reference to developing economiesG. RANIS (ed.), The Gap between Rich and Poor Nations (Proceedings of a Conference held by the International Economic Association)B. WARDS, J. D. RUNNALS AND I‐. D'ANJOU (eds.), The Widening GapL. G. REYNOLDS, The Three Worlds of EconomicsB. BALASSA AND ASSOCIATES, The Structure of Protection in Developing CountriesG. L. HICKS AND G. McNICOLL, Trade and Growth in the Philippines
THE LONG RUN PHILLIPS CURVE AND THE GOVERNMENT BUDGET CONSTRAINT
Authors: PEMBERTON JAMES 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis paper considers the proposition that the long run Phillips Curve is vertical except in special cases. It argues that this proposition cannot be sustained once the implications of the government budget constraint are considered. It is then a matter for government policy choice whether the long run Phillips Curve is vertical or non‐vertical, and neither case can be considered more general than the other.
USER‐FRIENDLY ECONOMETRIC SOFTWARE: A REVIEW
Authors: Roberts Colin J. 
Published: October 2007

Economics Department, University of EdinburghMicro TSP Version 5.0. Program by David M. Lilien, User's manual by Robert E. Hall and David M. Lilien.PC ECOS Version 1.2. Program and manual by Chris Birchenhall and Jon Stewart, London: McGraw‐Hill, 1986LINREG. Program and manual by William H. Greene, New York (528 4th Street, Brooklyn, NY 11215, USA). 1986
PRIVATISATION, COMPETITION AND REGULATION IN THE SCOTTISH ELECTRICITY INDUSTRY†
Authors: Littlechild S. C. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis paper analyses the experience of the privatised electricity industry in Scotland. The retention of vertical integration in Scotland has led to a number of different features in the regulation of the industry in Scotland and England and Wales. It has also led to a different pattern of development of competition. Although regulation and price competition appear to have operated to the benefit of consumers thus far, the Scottish system is as yet untested in its ability to cope with significant new entry.
THE REAL BALANCE EFFECT AND STABILITY ANALYSIS IN CLASSICAL MONETARY THEORY
Authors: Mizen Paul , Presley John R. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe paper investigates the use of the real balance effect mechanism by Dennis Robertson in Money (1922), Banking Policy and the Price Level (1926) and subsequently in his Lectures On Economic Principles (1957‐59). The Paper draws on the correspondence between Robertson and Don Patinking during the period 1951‐56. It was Patinkin's opinion that Robertson never used the real balance effect as a mechanism to bring the disequilibriated monetary sector back to a new equilibrium; this paper shows that these conclusions are crucially dependent on the interpretation of what constitutes ‘stability analysis’.
THE TRANSITION TO EMU
Authors: Goodhart C. A. E. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis paper examines the problems of the transition to EMU, on the assumption that stage 3 of the EMU process begins in 1999. A number of issues are addressed, ranging from the attachment to national countries to problems of fiscal adjustment in the final path to EMU, and I suggest that the Maastricht fiscal criteria may turn out to be more flexible than many commentators suggest. Other problems relate to the possibility of a final parity realignment between the participants of EMU, and the relationship between those countries joining EMU, and the excluded countries. Finally, the paper concludes that there is no need to rush quickly from stage 3A to stage 3A to stage 3B of the EMU process until public and political support for the introduction of the Euro is built up.
TECHNOLOGICAL EPOCHS AND BRITISH INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION, 1700–1992
Authors: Greasley David , Oxley Les 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis paper presents results on the persistence of British industrial production using the Cochrane (1988) measure, based upon the spectral density at zero frequency, and an extended version of the Crafts‐Harley (1992) data set. Utilising results on the timing of macroeconomic epochs, consideration is given to the effects of structural breaks on measures of persistence. In addition the variance composition of production is analysed via consideration of the cycle period. The results show high persistence during the Industrial Revolution and lower levels of persistence experienced during the twentieth century. The problems of ignoring structural breaks when claculating measures of persistence are highlighted and used to explain the results of some previous studies.
INDUSTRY COST CURVES AND THE SPATIAL ORGANISATION OF PRODUCTION
Authors: Parr John B. , Swales J. K. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe nature of production is examined for a particular class of economic activeiy at the scale of the region. Average cost conditions at the plant level are specified, from which the long‐run average cost curve of the regional industry is derived. Attention is then drawn to certain features of this curve, including the upward‐sloping form over part of its length. Consideration is also given to different types of adjustment over various time horizons. Finally, for a regional industry under unified control, long‐run equilbrium is specified for alternative forms of competition in the extraregional product market.
THE NATURAL RATE: AN ATTRACTOR FOR ACTUAL UNEMPLOYMENT, OR AN ATTRACTEE?
Authors: Cross Rod 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis article reviews the contributions of Richard Layard, Stephen Nickell and Richard Jackman, The Unemployment Crisis, Oxford U.P., 1994; and Edmund S. Phelps, Structural Slumps: The Modern Equilibrium Theory of Unemployment, Interest and Assets, Harvard U.P. 1994 to the literature on the determinants of the equilibrium rate of unemployment. The key issue is whether the doctrine of monetary neutrality, which is the hallmark of the natural rate of unemployment hypothesis investigated in the two volumes under review, is tenable with regard to equilibrium unemployment. The conclusion is that the influence of actual on equilibrium unemployment violates the neutrality axiom, and that the natural rate is as much an attractee as attractor for actual unemployment.
WAS LONDON THE CONDUCTOR OF THE INTERNATIONAL ORCHESTRA OR JUST THE TRIANGLE PLAYER? AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF ASYMMETRIES IN INTEREST RATE BEHA VIOUR DURING THE CLASSICAL GOLD STANDARD, 1876–1913
Authors: Tullio Giuseppe , Wolters Jürgen 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis paper analyses the interrelationships of official and private discount rates between seven European financial centres and in particular between London, Berlin, and Paris. Looking at the days and directions of all official discount rate changes in the seven centres, pairwise leads and lags are analysed. As to private discount rates, which seem to be stationary, correlations and coherencies are measured, multivariate Granger‐causality tests are performed and impulse response functions are calculated. The paper shows that there are strong mutual feedbacks between interest rates in London, Paris, and Berlin, suggesting that the classical gold standard was a decentralized, multipolar system.
INFLATION AND SWITCHES BETWEEN SPECIE AND PAPER STANDARDS IN SWEDEN 1668 ‐ 1931: A PUBLIC FINANCE INTERPRETATION
Authors: Fregert Klas , Jonung Lars 
Published: October 2007

AbstractIn this study, the recent literature on the integration of fiscal and monetary policy is used to examine the suspensions and resumptions of currency convertibility in Sweden during the period 1668–1931. We demonstrate that urgent demands for financing of war expenditures forced the Swedish Riksbank to abandon convertibility of its notes in all cases of suspensions prior to 1914. We argue that the suspension periods should be regarded as unexpected lapses into discretion from rule‐bound convertibility regimes rather than as part of an optimal ex ante public finance policy. All resumptions of convertibility, except for the resumption of 1924, implied an ex post formal devaluation. All suspensions were illegal, except in 1931 when a constitutional escape clause was invoked.
TAXES ON PAYROLL, REVENUES AND PROFITS IN THREE MODELS OF COLLECTIVE BARGAINING
Authors: Goerke Laszlo 
Published: October 2007

AbstractVariations in company taxes are analysed for a right‐to‐manage model, an efficient bargaining setting and a seniority approach. Taxes cannot be shifted forward by the risk‐neutral firm. Alternative income and bargaining power are allowed to vary with taxes. Employing asymmetric Nash solution it is found that changes in a payroll, revenue or profit tax can have differing implications for labour demand curve models and efficient bargaining solutions. This distinction might provide a novel basis for empirical work. Variations in bargaining power and‐within a labour demand curve setting‐the union's objective function do not change results.
THE MACROECONOMIC EFFECTS OF A SWITCH FROM DIRECT TO INDIRECT TAXES: AN EMPIRICAL ASSESSMENT
Authors: Madsen J. , Damania D. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis paper investigates the macroeconomic effects of switching the tax burden from direct to indirect taxes in an empirical model based on 22 OECD countries. The Engle‐Yoo three step procdure is employed to estimate both the short and long run effects of such a tax switch. The results reveal that a switich from direct to indirect taxes is likely to generate efficiency gans in the short run which lead to higher levels of aggragate output. However, for the majority of countries in the sample the tax changes have no impact on the level of economic activity in the long run.
ADAM SMITH: TWO LETTERS TO HENRY BEAUFOY, MP
Authors: Raynor David R. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis article prints two hitherto unknown letters by Adam Smith to Henry Beaufoy (1750‐95), MP for Great Yarmouth, concerning legislation that beaufoy and William Pitt had promoted. In the first letter (14 November 1786) Smith comments on changes to existing customs and exicese regulations(26 Geo. III c.49 and c.59), and implicitly takes some credit for legislation concerning the hering fishery (25 Geo. III c.65, 26 Geo. III c.81, 27 Geo. III c.10). In the second letter (29 January 1787) Smith expresses considerable pessimism about the philanthropic proposals of the British Fisheries Society to build fishing villages in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland.
Confirmation and further regional assignment of aminoacylase 1 (ACY‐1) on human chromosome 3 using a simplified detection method
Authors: VOSS R. , LERER I. , POVEY S. , SOLOMON E. , BOBROW M. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryAn improved method for the detection of aminoacylase‐1 (ACY‐1) is described. Data from human‐rodent interspecific hybrids confirm the assignment of ACY‐1 to human chromosome 3. The most likely site for ACY‐1 appears to be 3p21 to 3pter. The enzyme ACY‐1 hydrolyses both acetyl methionine and acetyl glutamate.