bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Subjective, clinical and EMG effects of biofeedback and splint treatment
Authors: HIJZEN T. H. , SLANGEN J. L. , VAN HOUWELIGEN H. C. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryPatients suffering from myofascial pain dysfunction (MPD) were trained to maintain constant levels of EMG masseter activity with the aid of biofeedback. Treatment effects were compared with the effects of a nightly full‐coverage splint and with a no‐treatment control group. The biofeedback group showed significantly more improvement in clinical dysfunction and subjective symptoms related to pain and mandibular movement than either the splint group or the control group. The results of the splint group were not substantially different from the control group. The EMG results indicate that during biofeedback the ratio between EMG activity of the trained and the non‐trained masseter shifted towards a higher contribution of the trained muscle. This effect was significant at high task levels. During biofeedback EMG task performance improved but this effect did not generalize to non‐feedback situations. It is suggested that the treatment effects of biofeedback depend upon the increase in perceived control reported by the biofeedback group.
Effects of experimental loss of teeth on the temporomandibular joint
Authors: CHRISTENSEN L. V. , ZIEBERT G. J. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryA review is presented of the effects of loss of teeth, with impaired occlusal stabilization, on the temporomandibular joint in experimental animals. Loss of teeth, with subsequent abnormal loading of the temporomandibular joint, leads to histomorphological, pathological and pathophysiological changes in the articular cartilages, the articular disc, the synovium, and the bony articular components. The severity of the changes increases with increasing age, and an existing arthritis of the joint is aggravated by impaired occlusal stabilization. The experimentally induced changes resemble those in human subjects with extensive loss or extensive attrition of teeth.
Dentine hypersensitivity: effect of interactions between metal salts, fluoride and chlorhexidine on the uptake by dentine
Authors: ADDY M. , DOWELL P. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryA large number of compounds may be applied to the teeth for preventive or therapeutic purposes, most notably in dentine hypersensitivity. The uptake of any one compound by tooth substances may clearly be affected by another to produce synergistic, additive or antagonistic effects. This study determined whether uptake interactions occurred between fluoride, chlorhexidine, strontium, tin and zinc. All compounds, in particular tin, showed considerable affinity for dentine. Fluoride reduced the uptake of zinc but not tin, strontium or chlorhexidine. Chlorhexidine increased the uptake of zinc, but not tin, strontium or fluoride. Zinc and tin decreased fluoride uptake but strontium had no such effect. Finally, chlorhexidine uptake was increased by zinc and tin but not by fluoride or strontium. Based on the theories proposed for the reaction of these various compounds with calcified tissues, explanations for the interactions can be made. The results appear relevant to some reported clinical effects of combinations of these compounds and indicate that such interactions may have advantageous or disadvantageous consequences depending on the basis for treatment.
Physiology and pathophysiology of skeletal muscle contractions
Authors: CHRISTENSEN L. V. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryAn overview is presented of the physiology and pathophysiology of dynamic skeletal muscle contractions in the intact living organism. Dynamic muscle activities are divided into concentric contractions with shortening of muscle fibres and the production of positive work, and eccentric contractions with lengthening of muscle fibres and the production of negative work. In positive work, muscle tension overcomes external forces. In negative work, external forces overcome muscle tension. The latter phenomenon, with relatively few active motor units, explains the injuries induced by eccentric contractions. Both the contractile and non‐contractile elements are involved in the muscle injuries and, clinically, they are referred to as myofibrositis.
Current concepts in the aetiology, diagnosis and treatment of TMJ and muscle dysfunction
Authors: ASH M. M. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe complexity of managing TMJ and muscle dysfunction is reflected in the variety of treatment modalities that are continually being advocated. The multidimensional nature of the problem is readily appreciated in a TMJ Oral‐Facial Pain Clinic where most of the referred patients represent a broad spectrum of treatments that have failed. Where such a clinic has been present for several decades the introduction of new ideas, or the reintroduction of old forms of treatment, are readily seen as well as the quantity and quality of treatment successes and failures. A major shift in ideas concerning the natural history of TMJ/muscle dysfunction, and an explosion of treatment problems and failures related to mandibular repositioning appliances and surgery suggest the need to reconsider various approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of TMJ and muscle dysfunction. Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of these disorders are discussed.
Changes in bite force and chewing efficiency after denture treatment in edentulous patients with denture adaptation difficulties
Authors: LUNDQUIST L. W. , CARLSSON G. E. , HEDEGÅRD B. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryMasticatory function was studied by means of a chewing efficiency test and bite forces measurements in forty‐nine edentulous patients who had applied for treatment with fixed protheses on osseointegrated dental implants. Registrations were performed with the original complete dentures and after treatment aiming at optimizing the dentures. The patients were divided into two groups and the post‐treatment recordings were completed after adaptation periods of 2 and 6 months, respectively. The functional tests showed mainly small and non‐significant changes after the denture treatment. Improvement was greater, however, in those with the poorest pre‐treatment values. Chewing efficiency deteriorated after treatment in the older patients (more than 50 years) while it did not change in the younger ones. A longer adaptation period did not lead to better functional results. The findings are discussed in relation to the fact that the patients were waiting for implant treatment, with consequent psychological implications for interpretation.
The early bacterial colonization of acrylic palates in man
Authors: MORRIS I. J. , WADE W. G. , ALDRED M. J. , WALKER D. M. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryAdhesive tape applied to the fitting surface was used to study the early colonization of acrylic palates in six subjects. Streptococci were major constituents of the plaque accumulated on the tape over the first 3 days.Bacterial colonization of the tape discs was selective in that dextran‐producing streptococci constituted a greater proportion of the total streptococcal count after 15 min compared with that of the initial sample and saliva, while the converse was true for Streptococcus salivarius. Scanning electron microscopy showed that denture plaque development started in grooves and depressions on the surface of the tape, and became more extensive with time. Comparison of the colonization of tape and acrylic discs in one individual demonstrated that the tape was a suitable model for in vivo colonization of dentures or orthodontic appliances.
A ten‐year follow‐up study of alveolar bone loss influenced by two dissimilar Class II amalgam restorations
Authors: MARKITZIU A. 
Published: June 2007

Twenty paired approximal amalgam restorations (E*) extended and unextended (NE†) placed in twelve patients were followed up for 10 years. Measurements of the distance between the alveolar crest and (a) the apical margin of the filling (E and NE) or (b) the cementoenamel junction of the untreated control surface (C) were performed 1, 4 and 10 years following restoration placement. The bone loss associated with NE filling did not differ significantly from that of the control group and amounted to 0.4mm in 10 years.The 10‐year cummulative bone loss adjacent to the extended restoration (E) was 1.07 mm. Bone loss associated with the E restoration was significantly higher (P<0.001) than that of the NE and control groups at every period measured. During the first 4 years the yearly bone loss of the E group was 0.14 mm and then decreased to 0.08mm during the last 6 years.
The microstructural basis of creep of γ1 in dental amalgam
Authors: SARKAR N. K. , EYER C. S. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryA previous study has shown that the addition of small amounts of tin to γ1 leads to the formation of a SnHg intergranular precipitate. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of this precipitate on the creep of γ1. Two groups of samples were investigated. Group I included a series of γ1 samples with 0, 1, 2, and 3wt% Sn fabricated by a sintering technique at 55°C and 125mN/m2 for 72 h. Group II contained the same samples as in Group I that were further annealed at 60°C for 2000 h. Annealing was carried out to allow γ1 grain growth and equilibrium distribution of Sn at grain boundaries. Creep tests were conducted according to the American Dental Association Specification 1. The microstruc‐tures of all samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The creep of γ1 was found to be controlled by the intergranular precipitate when the Sn concentration was above 1%. For a specific concentration of Sn, i.e. the integranular precipitate, creep was dependent on the distribution of Sn and not on the γ1 grain size. The more nearly continuous precipitates found in annealed samples favoured higher creep.
Helkimo's indices before and after prosthetic treatment in selected series
Authors: PEKKARINEN V. , YLI‐URPO A. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe series consisted of sixty subjects selected from the patients who attended the prosthetic or restorative departments of the Institute of Dentistry at the University of Kuopio in 1978–82. All the patients had had a mutilated or reduced dental arch in the upper or lower jaw for at least 1 year. They had received no prosthetic treatment and little restorative treatment.Helkimo's indices were registered in the first examination. After the first examination the pre‐prosthetic treatment was performed on all the patients. The second examination was after 18 months. Then Helkimo's indices were registered again. The prosthetic treatment had then been performed on thirty‐nine patients (group A). The control group consisted of nineteen patients without prosthetic treatment (group B).The changes in Helkimo's indices were analysed statistically (Mann‐Whitney U‐test). The changes in the anamnestic index were not significant in either group while the changes in the dysfunction and occlusal index were highly significant in both groups (P<0.001).
The coefficient of swallowable composition of masticated hard‐baked soya beans
Authors: JIFFRY M. T. M. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryIn addition to the graphical representation of swallowable composition (SC) of masticated food, an index—the coefficient of swallowable composition (CSC)—has been proposed in this study. This index was tested using hard‐baked soya beans on various types of dentitions. The value of CSC ranged from +24 to −14 in full dentition and full denture wearers respectively.
Mandibular border positions and their relationships with peripheral joint mobility
Authors: McCARROLL R. S. , HESSE J. R. , NAEIJE M. , YOON C. K. , HANSSON T. L. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryPeripheral joint mobility was assessed in a group of fifty‐one dental students using a modification of the Carter and Wilkinson Index. Mandibular border positions were measured both actively and passively with the aid of a millimetre ruler. The purpose of the investigation was to study possible relationships between generalized joint (hyper‐)mobility and (hyper‐)mobility of the temporomandibular joints. Only a few weak correlations were found between the mandibular border position measurements (active and passive mouth opening, active and passive, left and right, laterotrusions and active protrusion) and the peripheral joint mobility measurements. Differences between the sexes were illustrated in peripheral joint mobility with females showing a greater joint mobility than males, especially when only the passively measured joints were considered. The mandibular border positions were significantly correlated with each other (P<0.05–P<0.001) for the males, but few and then only weak relationships between these measurements could be found for the females in this group. The concept of temporomandibular joint ‘end‐feel’ in relation to joint mobility is discussed.
The influence of the condensation instrument on the clinical behaviour of amalgam restorations*
Authors: LETZEL H. , VAN'T HOF M. A. , VRIJHOEF M. M. A. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe influence of the condensation instrument on the behaviour of amalgam restorations was investigated in a clinical study for which in a group of forty‐nine patients, 125 Class I or II amalgam restorations were made by each of two operators. The restorations were made in series of five per patient. For each restoration within a series, the amalgam was condensed with a different instrument (hand condensation, Amalgam Condensaire, Speedomatic, Bergendal Vibrator and Electro‐mallet). For a period of 2.5 years the restorations were checked at half‐year intervals for failures. The marginal integrity of the restorations was assessed half‐yearly with a six‐point photo rating scale. The discolouration, roughness formation and the marginal integrity of the restorations were assessed clinically with four‐point rating scales. The number of failures and the assessments were analysed for the effect of the condensation instrument, the patient and the operator.After 2.5 years, 12% of the restorations had failed, which is too few for the tracing of a condensation instrument and a patient effect. The operator, however, had an influence on the failure percentage. The condensation instrument had no influence on the clinical behaviour of the restorations, however the patient had. The operator only had an influence on the marginal integrity. This suggests that clinically the condensation results depend more on the operator rather than the instrument.
Comparative study of clinical examination, occlusal analysis and new radiological imaging procedures in patients with functional TMJ disorders
Authors: REULING N. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryA comparative study was made in fifty‐three patients with functional diseases of the stomatognathic system and twelve healthy probands by means of anamnestic exploration, clinical examination, occlusal analysis, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Connections between functional and structural changes of the diseased stomatognathic system were found. The results showed the possibilities and applications of CT and MRI as supplementary diagnostic methods in the diagnosis of functional TMJ disorders.
The mandibular rest position and electromyography—a review
Authors: WATKINSON A. C. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe objective of clinical methods for the establishment of the rest position of the mandible is to establish a position at which masticatory muscle activity is minimal. Several methods are in clinical use but these methods may not elicit a position which is coincident with the lowest level of muscle activity as determined electromyographically.
Helkimo's index: a scale or just a set of symptoms?
Authors: VAN DER WEELE L. Th. , DIBBETS J. M. H. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThis article discusses the validity of indices, exemplified by Helkimo index, by means of a critical analysis of the assumptions that should be made for constructing an index. General principles of scale construction are applied to test the adequacy of the scale‐values used for five common clinical symptoms in the Helkimo Di index. These general principles postulate that in addition to identifying patients correctly, an effective scale should also discriminate normal subjects. It is concluded that there is insufficient evidence to support the general applicability of this index. Further research concerning the properties of the index is needed. It is suggested that, since Helkimo's DI index contains many valuable elements, the discussion should be directed to improving the existing scale rather than trying to construct a new one.
Experiences with resin—bonded bridges and splints—a retrospective study
Authors: MARINELLO C. P. , KERSCHBAUM Th. , HEINENBERG B. , HINZ R. , PETERS S. , PFEIFFER P. , REPPEL P. D. , SCHWICKERATH H. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryIn a joint evaluation of 496 resin‐bonded bridges and splints anchored by various retention principles and composites, the initial experiences of seventeen clinicians were compiled. The main indications for treatment were congenital anodontia and loss of teeth due to caries and trauma. After 3 months, 95% of the bridges were still in place without need of reattachment procedure. After 6 months the figure was 91%, after 1 year 81.5% and after 1½ years 73%. Seventy‐five per cent of the loosened bridges were attached successfully a second time. The success rate for splints was significantly lower.
Resistance to horizontal forces of dowel and amalgam‐core restorations: a comparative study
Authors: GORDON M. , METZGER Z. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryFour designs of amalgam‐core anchorage were compared in a laboratory study for the inability to withstand the horizontal component of occlusal force. Amalgam cores were constructed for extracted teeth with either composite resin‐cemented Dentatus dowels, or with Para‐post or Flexi‐post dowels cemented with phosphate cement. All the posts were of comparable length and diameter. These anchorage designs were compared with each other and to a self‐threading (TMS) pin‐retained amalgam core, by application of horizontal force and recording forces causing failure. Flexi‐post‐retained amalgam cores failed at a mean force of 36·5 (±8·5) kg while Dentatus‐retained and Para‐post‐retained cores failed at 41·7 (±8·0) kg and 46·6 (±11·4) kg, respectively. TMS‐retained cores resisted forces up to a mean force of 53·5 (±4·5) kg. Patterns of failure varied widely among these groups. Composite resin‐cemented Dentatus dowels were retained in the tooth in nine out of ten samples, while none of the ten Flexi‐post dowels and only one of the ten Para‐post dowels did so. Tooth fracture on, failure occurred in seven out of ten Flexi‐post‐retained cores, while only three out of ten of the Para‐post‐retained cores and none of the Dentatus dowel‐retained cores presented this unrepairable type of failure. Possible reasons for these differences are discussed.
Ability of edentulous human beings to adapt to changes in vertical dimension
Authors: HELLSING G. , EKSTRAND K. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe ability of ten edentulous patients and one patient with a full upper removable denture and a full arch (16–26) lower fixed denture to adapt to sudden change of the interocclusal distance was tested. An upper acrylic bite splint was inserted which, on average, increased the vertical dimension of the face by approximately twice the mean interocclusal distance during relaxation. After this procedure all patients quickly acquired an unstrained new postural position of the mandible. Directly after insertion, when instructed to relax, all patients hit the lower surface of the splint. They seemed, however, to need only one such experience to adapt to the increased interocclusal distance. The second time they repeated the procedure none of them touched the splint. Instead a new postural position was established with a mean interocclusal distance of 3.3 mm.This fast re‐programming of jaw muscle tonus and length is assumed to be a response to different peripheral receptor discharge converging to the cerebellum and other programming centres. The present study on edentulous patients shows that afferent discharge from periodontal receptors is not a necessary prerequisite. It also confirms that the old concept of consistency of the mandibular postural position (Thompson, 1946) is erroneous.
Clinico‐pathological study on denture stomatitis
Authors: MORIMOTO K. , KIHARA A. , SUETSUGU T. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe clinical and pathological study was performed in order to determine the histo‐pathological and cytoimmunological characteristics of denture stomatitis. All specimens were biopsy materials from seventeen patients with denture stomatitis. Normal palatal mucosae from ten patients served as the control. In addition to the usual staining methods, naphtol AS‐D chloroacetate esterase stain and peroxidase‐antiperoxidase method were used to detect mast cells and plasma cells.Denture stomatitis could be divided into atrophic and hyperplastic types. The former showed a smooth and atrophic mucosa. The latter showed a large number of exophytic projections which were composed of marked acanthosis and submucosal fibrosis, and was further subdivided into granular and papillary subtype according to the size of projections. In the present study, there were six cases of the atrophic type, and eleven cases of the hyperplastic type (consisting of seven granular and four papillary subtypes).The hyperplastic type was more frequently observed in patients with partial dentures compared with complete dentures and was associated frequently with ill fitting of the denture base as well as agglutination of denture plaque.Cytoimmunological study revealed that there was a pronounced increase of plasma cells, especially IgG‐ and IgA‐producing cells, and a moderate increase of lymphocytes as well as mast cells in both types of denture stomatitis. Mast cells were always noted in the area with marked plasma cell infiltration, suggesting an intimate relation between both cells. These findings suggest that the immunological reactions play some role in the pathogenesis of denture stomatitis.
Anatomical and electromyographic studies of the digastric muscle
Authors: WIDMALM S.‐E. , LILLIE J. H. , ASH M. M. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe techniques and sites for EMG recordings from the digastric muscles are controversial. To re‐evaluate old techniques for recording from the digastric muscles, especially the posterior bellies, the morphology of the muscles was studied by conventional dissections and by examination of specimens sectioned in the frontal and the horizontal planes. Based on these anatomical findings, recording sites and approaches to them were developed for the anterior and posterior bellies of the digastric muscles. EMG recordings from the two bellies of the muscle were obtained from five healthy subjects. The EMG recordings were ranked according to muscle activity level and the activity within single muscles and between muscles compared using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. The anterior and posterior bellies had synchronized activity in all mandibular movements but were silent or had negligible activity with the mandible in the rest position, when the head was rotated, and while clenching. Both bellies had marked to very marked activity during jaw opening, and moderate to marked activity during protrusion, retrusion and lateral movements. During swallowing the anterior and posterior bellies had patterns characterized by bursts of activity of high amplitude and short duration. The two bellies were not, however, always synchronously active.