bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Empirical relationships between iodine value and polyunsaturated fatty acid content in marine oils and lipids
Authors: Ackman R. G. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractFrom data obtained in this laboratory two empirical formulas have been developed which correlate polyunsaturated fatty acids indicated by GLC analyses with iodine values of marine oils or their fatty acid methyl esters. These formulas have been applied to data from the literature with good agreement. It is suggested that these formulas function only with fats having the basic composition of marine lipids, which consist principally of saturated, monounsaturated and very highly unsaturated fatty acids. The presence of modest amounts of dienoic and trienoic fatty acids such as are found in freshwater aquatic life and in land animals makes the formulas inapplicable, suggesting their use to distinguish marine fish oils and lipids from other types. The formulas could be particularly useful in technological applications of marine oils where a rapid and approximate knowledge of amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids is desirable.
Recent advances in the determination of the structure of fatty acids via ozonolysis
Authors: Privett O. S. , Nickell E. C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractImportant factors and new techniques in the application of ozonolysis to the localization of double bond positions in unsaturated fatty acids are elaborated. Solvent polarity was shown to exert a profound influence on the yield and composition of ozonides. The influence of fatty acid structure on ozonide formation and the thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) of ozonides of a number of different types of unsaturated fatty acids are illustrated. Simple methods for the ozonization of unsaturated fatty acid esters and the cleavage of ozonides by reduction and pyrolysis are described. Applications of ozonolysis to the determination of the structures of geometric isomers, hydroxy, epoxy and cyclic olefinic fatty acids, and the localization of radioactivity along the chain of unsaturated fatty acids are illustrated.
Diacetyl as the buttery flavor component in soybean oil
Authors: Seals R. G. , Hammond E. G. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSoybean oil often exhibits a buttery flavor in the early stages of autoxidation. Molecular distiliates from 舠buttery舡 soybean oil consisted of aqueous and oily layers. The aqueous layer contained the buttery flavor. During gas chromatography, the buttery flavor compound had a retention time similar to diacetyl on both polar and nonpolar columns. Diacetyl‐bis‐2,4‐dinitrophenyl‐hydrazone was isolated from the aqueous layer of the distillate. Diacetyl added to fresh soybean oil faithfully reproduced the buttery flavor.
The status of safflower
Authors: Kneeland J. A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe US safflower industry has matured in the relatively short period of 15 years to a position of stature in terms of stable oil prices, modern processing, and world‐wide distribution. This dry land crop is grown in rotation with barley, wheat, rice and other grains. The higher oil content seed developed by the agronomists' reduction of hull content content has made safflower more valuable to domestic and foreign markets. US production has increased to more than 300,000 tons. Processing of the seed is done by conventional methods, preferably continuous serew pressing and solvent extraction.The future of safflower will depend primarily upon the demand for linoleic‐acid based products舒either in foods such as the new margarines and other polyunsaturated products, or industrial uses of nonyellowing drying oils, and chemical modifications of linoleic acid. Secondarily, it will depend upon more sophisticated utilization of the protein by‐products.
Growing up in a Violent Society: Longitudinal Predictors of Violence in Colombian Adolescents
Authors: Brook Judith S. , Brook David W. , Whiteman Martin 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAlthough violence and homicide are more prevalent in Colombia, South America than the US, the role of psychosocial factors in the violent behavior of Colombian adolescents remains unclear. The aim of this longitudinal study was to examine the interrelation of domains of personality, familial, peer, and ecological variables associated with violence in a community sample of adolescents from various self‐reported ethnic groups in Colombia. The sample consisted of 1,151 male adolescents selected from three Colombian cities. The participants were surveyed using structured interviews at two points in time over a 2‐year interval. Data were collected concerning adolescent personal attributes, family characteristics, peer, and ecological factors, including drug availability and the prevalence of violence in the community. The dependent variable was the self‐reported frequency of the adolescent's violent behavior. The results supported a model in which violent behavior was correlated independently over time with a number of risk factors from several domains. Evidence for the hypothesized mediated effects of the familial monitoring and bonding domain, the peer domain, the ecological domain, and prior victimization related to personal attributes and contemporaneous violence and the adolescent's violent behavior 2 years later was also found. The findings suggest the use of specific intervention procedures with adolescents to prevent their subsequent violent behavior.
Pharmacokinetic evaluation of a 1,3-dicyclohexylurea nanosuspension formulation to support early efficacy assessment
Authors: Wahlstrom Jan L , Chiang Po-Chang , Ghosh Sarbani , Warren Chad J , Wene Steve P , Albin Lesley A , Smith Mark E , Roberds Steven L 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Time and resource constraints necessitate increasingly early decisions to advance or halt pre-clinical drug discovery programs. Early discovery or “tool” compounds may be potent inhibitors of new targets, but all too often they exhibit poor pharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic properties that make early assessment of in vivo efficacy difficult. 1,3-Dicyclohexylurea, a potent and selective inhibitor of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), reduces blood pressure in hypertensive preclinical animal models when administered intraperitoneally using DMSO/corn oil as a delivery vehicle. However, the poor aqueous solubility of DCU poses a challenge for in vivo dosing in a multiple dose situation. Therefore, we developed a nanosuspension formulation of DCU to support oral, intravenous bolus and intravenous infusion dosing. Use of the nanosuspension formulation maintained DCU free plasma levels above the sEH IC50 and demonstrated that the application of formulation technology can accelerate in vivo evaluation of new targets by enabling pharmacodynamic studies of poorly soluble compounds.
Origin of defect-related green emission from ZnO nanoparticles: effect of surface modification
Authors: Gong Yinyan , Andelman Tamar , Neumark Gertrude F , O’Brien Stephen , Kuskovsky Igor L 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
We investigated the optical properties of colloidal-synthesized ZnO spherical nanoparticles prepared from 1-octadecene (OD), a mixture of trioctylamine (TOA) and OD (1:10), and a mixture of trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) and OD (1:12). It is found that the green photoluminescence (PL) of samples from the mixture of TOA/OD and TOPO/OD is largely suppressed compared with that from pure OD. Moreover, it is found that all spherical nanoparticles have positive zeta potential, and spherical nanoparticles from TOA/OD and TOPO/OD have a smaller zeta potential than those from OD. A plausible explanation is that oxygen vacancies, presumably located near the surface, contribute to the green PL, and the introduction of TOA and TOPO will reduce the density of oxygen vacancies near the surfaces. Assuming that the green emission arises due to radiative recombination between deep levels formed by oxygen vacancies and free holes, we estimate the size of optically active spherical nanoparticles from the spectral energy of the green luminescence. The results are in good agreement with results from TEM. Since this method is independent of the degree of confinement, it has a great advantage in providing a simple and practical way to estimate the size of spherical nanoparticles of any size. We would like to point out that this method is only applicable for samples with a small size distribution.
Home visits by specially trained nurses after discharge from multi‐disciplinary pain care: A cost consequence analysis based on a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Sørensen Jan , Frich Liv 
Published: June 2007

AbstractObjectives: To analyse the cost consequences of a nurse follow‐up intervention for chronic non‐malignant pain patients discharged from multidisciplinary pain treatment.Methods: The cost consequence analysis was based on a prospective, randomised controlled trial where 102 consecutive patients were randomised to either an intervention group (n=52) or a control group (n=50). During the 2‐year intervention period, nurses visited patients every 4th month (7 times in total). Changes in health status were measured by the 8 SF‐36 sub‐scales. Intervention costs were based on prospective registrations of nurses’ time use. Data on health care cost and resource use were collected retrospectively from administrative registers.Results: No statistically significant differences in health status were observed between the two groups after the 2‐year intervention period. The cost of the nurse intervention programme itself was 35,000€ (2004‐prices). The average cost per patient was estimated at 668€ per patient. During the observation period the average patient in the intervention group used other health care resources worth 4004€, while the average patient in the control group used 7464€. This difference (3460€, 46%) was not statistically significant.Conclusion: The nurse intervention did not significantly influence patients’ health status. Patients in the intervention group tended to use fewer health care resources than those in the control group and the cost of the intervention was more than balanced out by savings in other health care resources.
Reply by Zafeiridis and Mougios
Authors: Zafeiridis Andreas , Mougios Vassilis 
Published: June 2007

We thank Drs Burns and Stensel for their interest in our work. We agree that the published articles on the delayed effect of resistance exercise (RE) on postprandial lipaemia (PL) provide controversial results. Three studies1–3 employed comparable methodologies in terms of exercise protocol and feeding plan of the subjects, that is, two to four sets of eight to eleven exercises at relatively similar intensities (about 10–12 repetitions maximum (RM)) with 1·5–2·0 min of rest between sets and a standardised meal on the night prior to the fat tolerance test. These studies reported a decrease1,3 or no change2 in the postprandial lipaemic response. A fourth study4 employed a similar RE protocol but focused on maintaining the subjects in a state of energy balance by increasing food intake up to two-fold after RE v. control on the night prior to the fat tolerance test. This study found no significant effect of RE on PL.
Effects of anthocyanin-rich purple potato flakes on antioxidant status in F344 rats fed a cholesterol-rich diet
Authors: Han Kyu-Ho , Matsumoto Asami , Shimada Ken-ichiro , Sekikawa Mitsuo , Fukushima Michihiro 
Published: June 2007

We examined the antioxidant effects of polyphenol/anthocyanin-rich potato (Solanum tuberosumcv. Shadow-Queen) flakes in male rats fed a high-cholesterol diet. The rats were served either a high-cholesterol (0·5 % cholesterol plus 0·125 % sodium cholate) diet, or a high-cholesterol diet containing a mixture of 243 g α-maize starch/kg supplemented with one of the following (per kg diet): 300 g medium purple potato (Shadow-Queen), 300 g white potato (Solanum tuberosumcv. Toyoshiro) or 300 g dark purple sweet potato (Ipomoea batatascv. Ayamurasaki) flakes for 28 d. We analysed thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) levels in the serum and liver, and antioxidant enzyme activities in the liver. At this dosage, TBARS levels in the serum and liver of the Shadow-Queen and Ayamurasaki groups were significantly lower than those in the control and Toyoshiro groups. The serum urate levels in all the flake groups were significantly lower than that in the control group. The hepatic glutathione levels in the Shadow-Queen and Ayamurasaki groups were significantly higher than in the control and Toyoshiro groups. The activities of hepatic glutathione reductase and glutathioneS-transferase in the Shadow-Queen and Ayamurasaki groups were significantly greater than those in the control group. These results show that modulation of antioxidant enzymes and oxidative status in the serum and liver by the purple potato flake diet (Shadow-Queen) containing polyphenols/anthocyanins may play an important role in the protection against adverse effects related to oxidative damage in rats fed a high-cholesterol diet.
Strawberry pelargonidin glycosides are excreted in urine as intact glycosides and glucuronidated pelargonidin derivatives in rats
Authors: Felgines Catherine , Texier Odile , Besson Catherine , Lyan Bernard , Lamaison Jean-Louis , Scalbert Augustin 
Published: June 2007

Anthocyanins are natural dietary pigments with a wide array of biological properties that are possibly involved in the prevention of various diseases. These properties depend on their absorption and metabolism in the body. In the present study we first examined the gastric and intestinal absorption of pelargonidin 3-glucoside (Pg 3-glc) using rat in situ models. A high proportion of Pg 3-glc was rapidly absorbed from both the stomach (23 %) and small intestine (24 %). Its metabolism was further studied by feeding rats during 8 d with a diet enriched in freeze-dried strawberries. Only low amounts of total anthocyanins were recovered in 24 h urine (0·163 (sem 0·013) % of ingested anthocyanins; n 8). Strawberry anthocyanins were analysed in urine by HPLC-electrospray ionisation-tandem MS. Similar proportions of intact glycosides (about 53 %) and glucuronidated metabolites (about 47 %) were found. Pg 3-glc was thus glucuronidated to a larger extent than cyanidin 3-glucoside. These results highlight the influence of the aglycone structure on anthocyanin metabolism.
Effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on body composition and energy balance in broiler chickens
Authors: Javadi Marjan , Geelen Math J.H. , Everts Henk , Hovenier Robert , Javadi Shahram , Kappert Henk , Beynen Anton C. 
Published: June 2007

The effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on body composition and energy metabolism was investigated in broiler chickens. Male broiler chicks were assigned to receive either a control diet (1 % sunflower oil) or a diet containing CLA (1 % of a 1:1 mixture oftrans-10,cis-12 andcis-9,trans-11 isomers of octadecadienoic acid). The diets were fedad libitumfor 3 weeks and there were eight replicates per diet, each replicate including four chickens so that each treatment had thirty-two animals. The proportion of body fat was lower in the control group than in the CLA group. No significant differences as to the proportions of body water, ash and protein were observed. Feed and energy intake were significantly lower in CLA-fed birds. The percentage of ingested energy lost in excreta was higher after CLA feeding and heat expenditure as a percentage of ingested energy was lower in the CLA-fed group. The CLA-fed group showed a higher percentage of SFA and lower percentages of MUFA and PUFA in carcass fat. It is concluded that CLA stimulatedde novofatty acid synthesis and lowered desaturase activity.
Metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of occult primary: beware the tonsillar remnant
Authors: Simo R , O'Connell M 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIntroduction:Metastasis of squamous cell carcinoma to the neck with an occult primary is a recognised clinical and pathological entity. Despite well established diagnostic protocols, this condition still represents a management challenge.Case report:We report the case of a 46-year-old man who presented with metastatic cervical lymphadenopathy of unknown origin. He had undergone tonsillectomy as a child. The only abnormal finding was the presence of a tonsillar remnant, which harboured the primary carcinoma.Conclusion:According to our literature search, this is the only recorded case in which the index tumour was found in a tonsillar remnant. This case illustrates the importance of thorough clinical examination in patients with potential unknown primaries, and of the need, in previously tonsillectomised patients, to perform excisional biopsy of the tonsillar remnant.
Paediatric neck abscesses: microbiology and management
Authors: Rustom I K , Sandoe J A T , Makura Z G G 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIntroduction:Paediatric neck abscesses remain common problems which are sometimes difficult to manage.Methods and materials:We conducted a retrospective study of 64 children who underwent incision and drainage of neck abscesses at Leeds General Infirmary from 1 February 2002 to 31 July 2006. The aim of this study was to identify the presenting symptoms in children, the appropriateness of prescribed antibiotics and the role of atypical mycobacteria in neck infections. The outcome measure was clinical resolution of the abscess.Results:The mean presenting age was 44.2 months (3.68 years). The commonest sign and symptom was neck mass (96.9 per cent). The mean period of hospitalisation was 3.7 (± standard deviation of 1.9) days. Staphylococcus aureus (48.4 per cent) was the commonest organism cultured. Atypical mycobacteria were found in only 4.7 per cent of the specimens. Flucloxacillin was the most common antibiotic used (57.8 per cent), often in combination with other antimicrobials. The abscess recurrence rate was 4.7 per cent. No fatalities occurred in this series of patients.Conclusion:Appropriately prescribed intravenous antibiotics and surgical drainage remain the central core of treatment. Atypical mycobacterial infection is an important differential diagnosis of a painless, cervico-facial mass. An algorithm for the management of paediatric neck abscesses is proposed.
Behaviour change and competitive exclusion can explain the diverging HIV-1 and HIV-2 prevalence trends in Guinea–Bissau
Authors: SCHMIDT W. P. , SCHIM VAN DER LOEFF M. , AABY P. , WHITTLE H. , BAKKER R. , BUCKNER M. , DIAS F. , WHITE R. G. 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARYThe aim of this study was to determine whether a temporary rise in sexual risk behaviour during war in Guinea–Bissau could explain the observed trends in HIV-1 and HIV-2 prevalence, and to explore the possible contribution of competitive elimination of HIV-2 by HIV-1. A simulation model of the heterosexual transmission of sexually transmitted infections was parameterized using demographic, behavioural and epidemiological data from rural Guinea–Bissau, and fitted to the observed HIV-1 and HIV-2 trends with and without a historic rise in risk behaviour. The observed trends could only be simulated by assuming a temporary rise in risk behaviour. Around 30% of the projected decline in HIV-2 prevalence from a peak of 8·7% to 4·3% in 2010 was due to competitive elimination by HIV-1. Importantly for public health, HIV-1 prevalence was predicted to continue increasing and to become the dominant HIV type by 2010. Data collection is required to validate this prediction.
Brucellaisolated in humans and animals in Latin America from 1968 to 2006
Authors: LUCERO N. E. , AYALA S. M. , ESCOBAR G. I. , JACOB N. R. 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARYWe report a retrospective analysis of 1933Brucellastrains isolated from humans and animals in Latin American countries between 1968 and 1991 and in Argentina between 1994 and 2006. During the first period 50% of strains were from humans, mainly from Argentina, Mexico and Peru but, whileB. suiswas the main cause of infection in Argentina,B. melitensiswas responsible for most infections in the other countries. In Argentina in the later years,B. melitensisandB. suiswere observed more frequently than in the first period while isolation ofB. abortusdecreased. Of 145B. melitensishuman isolates, eight gave susceptibility patterns to dyes and penicillin and two wereB. melitensisbiovar 3, which has never been reported in animals. Forty-six percent ofB. suisisolated were resistant to dyes which is an atypical feature in this species.
Testing the universality of biology: a review
Authors: Chela-Flores J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractWe discuss whether it is possible to test the universality of biology, a quest that is of paramount relevance for one of its most recent branches, namely astrobiology. We review this topic in terms of the relative roles played on the Earth biota by contingency and evolutionary convergence. Following the seminal contribution of Darwin, it is reasonable to assume that all forms of life known to us so far are not only terrestrial, but are descendants of a common ancestor that evolved on this planet at the end of a process of chemical evolution. We also raise the related question of whether the molecular events that were precursors to the origin of life on Earth are bound to occur elsewhere in the Universe, wherever the environmental conditions are similar to the terrestrial ones. We refer to ‘cosmic convergence’ as the possible occurrence elsewhere in the Universe of Earth-like environmental conditions. We argue that cosmic convergence is already suggested by observational data. The set of hypotheses for addressing the question of the universality of biology can be tested by future experiments that are feasible with current technology. We focus on landing on Europa and the broader implications of selecting the specific example of the right landing location. We have previously discussed the corresponding miniaturized equipment that is already in existence. The significance of these crucial points needs to be put into a wider scientific perspective, which is one of the main objectives of this review.
Peripheral and central H1 histamine receptor occupancy by levocetirizine, a non‐sedating antihistamine; a time course study in the guinea pig
Authors: Gupta A , Gillard M , Christophe B , Chatelain P , Massingham R , Hammarlund‐Udenaes M 
Published: June 2007

Background and purpose:The H1 receptor occupancy (H1RO) in brain is an indicator of central side effects of antihistamines. Here, we determined the kinetics of central and peripheral H1RO by levocetirizine in relation to its brain and plasma concentration, and investigated the role of the blood‐brain barrier in any delay in brain H1RO.Experimental approach:Concentration‐time profiles in plasma and brain were obtained after 0.1 and 1 mg kg−1 oral doses of levocetirizine in guinea pigs. H1RO in brain was measured ex vivo using [3H]‐mepyramine and, in the periphery, by measuring the degree of inhibition of histamine‐induced contractions of isolated guinea pig ileum.Key results:The concentration‐time profile of levocetirizine indicated lower levels (partition coefficient, Kp=0.06‐0.08), higher tmax (2‐4 h vs 1‐1.5 h) and longer terminal half‐life (4‐5.6 h vs 2.1‐2.8 h) in brain than plasma. The H1RO at 0.1 and 1 mg kg−1 were 75% and 97%, respectively, at 1 hr in the periphery and, in the brain, were <20% and 28‐67% respectively, at all time points studied. Brain H1RO vs plasma concentrations profile showed a delay, but not when compared to brain concentrations.Conclusions and Implications:This study demonstrates an effective peripheral antihistamine effect of levocetirizine without central adverse effects at the dose close to human therapeutic dose. The slow increase in H1RO in the brain with time was caused by slow blood‐brain barrier transport of levocetirizine. This demonstrates the importance of measuring time course of brain H1RO in relation to brain concentrations of drugs.British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 151, 1129–1136; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707318