bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thymus cells are inducible to osteogenesis
Authors: Friedenstein A. J. , Lalykina Klavdia S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractGuinea pig and rabbit thymus cells showed a marked capacity for bone formation under the influence of transitional epithelium and decalcified bone matrix and were much superior in that respect to all the other populations of lymphoid and hemopoietic cells studied. Diffusion chambers containing the reacting cells together with inductors of osteogenesis were used.
Genetic control of immune response in mice to derivatives of multichain polyproline differing in the optical configuration of component amino acids
Authors: Mozes Edna , Sela M. , Mcdevitt H. O. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe immune response of two inbred mouse strains, DBA/1 and SJL, to eight synthetic polypeptides of the general formulae, poly(Tyr, Glu)‐poly Pro—polyLys and poly(Phe, Glu)‐polyPro—polyLys, differing in the optical configuration of the amino acids composing the macromolecules, was compared. SJL mice responded predominantly to the polyPro—polyLys moieties of either optical configuration in the eight enantiomorphs. In both strains of mice tested, immunization with polypeptides of the formula poly(Tyr, Glu)‐polyPro—polyLys leads to antibodies specific for the polyproline moiety mainly. DBA/1 mice are low responders to 701, poly(LTyr, LGlu)‐polyLPro—polyL Lys, whereas they elicit a good immune response to polyDPro—polyDLys when immunized with 713, poly(DTyr, DGlu)‐polyDPro—polyDLys, and with 711, poly(LTyr, LGlu)‐polyDPro—polyDLys. It is of interest that mice of the DBA/1 strain responded well to 715, poly(DTyr, DGlu)‐polyLPro—polyLLys with antibodies specific to poly‐L‐proline. Since this polymer is metabolized slowly and incompletely similarly to antigens composed exclusively of D‐amino acids, it is likely that the slow metabolism affects the ability of this mouse strain to respond to this immunogen.DBA/1 mice responded predominantly to the (LPhe, LGlu) region when immunized with 702, poly(LPhe, LGlu)‐polyLPro—polyLLys. Since they are high responders to (LPhe, LGlu) and to polyDPro—polyDLys, they elicited antibodies to both immunopotent regions of 712, poly(LPhe, LGlu)‐polyDPro—polyDLys. Although DBA/1 mice are high responders to (LPhe, LGlu) they did not respond to D‐amino acid analogues of these peptides, and immunization of this mouse strain with 714, poly(DPhe, DGlu)‐polyDPro—polyDLys, and with 716, poly(DPhe, DGlu)‐polyLPro—polyLLys, elicited anti‐polyproline antibodies only.The results of this study show that the optical configuration of the amino acids composing an antigen plays an important role in the genetic control of the ability to respond to the immunogens investigated.
Synthesis of surface immunoglobulin by lymphocyte leukemia cells in vitro
Authors: Moroz C. , Shalmon Lea , Hahn J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe synthesis of surface immunoglobulin by chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells was studied in short‐term culture using radioactive amino acids and sugars. The membranal location of the nascent immunoglobulin was evidenced by the difference in the electrophoretic pattern of the membranal and cytoplasmic proteins, and by the absence of nascent surface immunoglobulin in cultures containing chain‐specific antibody. The nascent surface immunoglobulins comprised 7 S IgM and a large excess of free light chains of lambda type. Anti‐ü‐chain serum blocked the nascence of membranal IgM, while λ‐type as well as K‐type anti‐L‐chain sera blocked the nascence of both membranal IgM and free light chains. Radioactive glucosamine and mannose were not incorporated into the nascent surface immunoglobulin. There was no secretion of nascent proteins into the culture medium.
Immunoglobulins on the surface of sheep lymphocytes I. Class and cellular distribution
Authors: Ey P. L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSheep immunoglobulins were purified and rabbit antisera specific for μ and γ heavy chains and light chains prepared. Lymphocytes obtained by cannulation of the efferent duct of the sheep popliteal node were labeled in vitro with 125I‐anti‐Ig antibodies. The percentage of lymphocytes labeling for μ, γ or light chains, was, in each case, approximately 20 – 25 %, but cells were most heavily‐labeled by anti‐μ chain and least by anti‐γ chain antibodies. As the sum of the proportions of cells labeling for μ and γ chains (total, 40.6 %) greatly exceeded that labeling for light chains (20.4 %), it was concluded that labeled cells had both γ and μ chains exposed on their surfaces, probably as IgG and IgM.Lymphocytes were titrated against anti‐μ or anti‐γ chain sera and means (± 1 standard deviation) of 19 200 ± 8200 molecules IgG and 14 700 ± 9300 molecules IgM (19 S, or 73 600 ± 46 800 molecules 8 S) were calculated to be exposed on the surface of each cell labeled by anti‐Ig antibodies.It is suggested that those cells from the sheep which bound anti‐Ig antibodies were bone marrow‐derived lymphocytes as has been found in the mouse.
Cell‐mediated immune response in vitro. IV. Metabolic studies on cellular immunogenicity
Authors: Wagner H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe relationship between the immunogenicity of living allogeneic cells and their metabolism was investigated in an in vitro cytotoxic allograft system. Cortisone‐resistant CBA mouse thymocytes (H‐2k) were activated in vitro against mitomycin C‐treated Balb/c spleen cells (H‐2d), and the resultant cytotoxic response was assayed against 51Cr labeled H‐2d target cells. Inhibitors which function at the level of transcription (actinomycin D) and oxydative phosphorylation (antimycin A) were applied to block selectively the allogeneic (stimulating) cells. While 5 × 106 – 7 × 106 mitomycin C‐treated Balb/c spleen cells induced optimal cytotoxic immune responses in vitro, actinomycin D or antimycin A‐treated allogeneic cells were 25‐fold less immunogenic. This quantitative defect in immunogenicity could be repaired by increasing the number of immunogenic cells. Cells killed by freeze‐thawing or heating had almost lost their immunogenicity. Thus, there appeared to be a relationship between active cell metabolism and the immunogenicity of allogeneic cells.When the concentration of immunogenic cells was raised to 20 × 106, it was found that mitomycin C‐treated cells stimulated the system suboptimally, suggesting the possibility of tolerance induction. However, actinomycin D‐ or antimycin A‐treated cells actually induced a good immune response at this cell concentration. The theoretical implications of the results are discussed.
Specific characterization of isoelectrofocused immunoglobulins in polyacrylamide gel by reaction with 125I‐labeled protein antigens or antibodies
Authors: Keck K. , Grossberg A. L. , Pressman D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA method is described for the visualization and characterization of isoelectrofocused antibodies, immunoglobulins in general, and many other proteins in thin plates of polyacrylamide gel. The novel aspect of the method is that the protein bands after electrofocusing are immobilized in the gel by treatment with glutaraldehyde after soaking with 18 % sodium sulfate solution. Such treatment is shown not to affect the binding activity of antibodies. Antibody bands are located by treatment of the plates with 125I‐labeled specific antigen. Other proteins can be located by 125I‐labeled specific antibody. The bands thus located are visualized by radioautography. The immobilization of the focused proteins allows the excess radiolabeled reagent macromolecules to be washed out of the plates without disrupting the focused pattern. Under the conditions described, background radioactivity and nonspecific pickup by other serum proteins in the plates are negligible.Examples of the use of the method are given for anti‐4‐azonaphthalene‐1‐sulfonate and anti‐4‐hydroxy‐5‐iodo‐3‐nitro‐phenacetyl antibodies, using the 125I‐labeled hapten‐specific antigens, and for a mouse IgG myeloma protein, MOPC 195, using 125I‐labeled goat anti‐mouse IgG antibody.Extension of the method would allow differences between proteins to be characterized by appropriate 125I‐labeled antibodies. Thus immunoglobulins could be characterized by 125I‐labeled antibodies specific for immunoglobulin markers (e.g. Ig class, L chain type, etc.).The advantages of this method over other methods include the ease and generality of using radioiodine labeled macromolecules – especially antibodies – as compared to the restriction imposed by other methods which require small labeled ligands. The method can be extended to the use of fluorescent‐labeled proteins and radiolabeled polysaccharide antigens as locators.
Immunoglobulin levels of sera of genetically thymusless (nude) mice
Authors: Bloemmen J. , Eyssen H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe immunoglobulin levels of the various mouse immunoglobulin classes in sera of genetically thymusless (nu/nu) mice and their littermate controls with thymus (nu/+) were determined. The amounts of IgM in nu/nu and control mice were equal, but the amounts of IgA, IgG1, IgG2a and IgG2b in nu/nu mice of 10 weeks were, respectively, 14, 3, 27 and 14 % of those in control mice. Our results indicate that the presence of an intact thymus is not needed for the production of IgM, but seems to play an important part in the production of IgA and IgG.
Somatic mutation and the origin of antibody diversity. Clonal variability of the immunoglobulin produced by MOPC 21 cells in culture
Authors: Cotton R. G. H. , Secher D. S. , Milstein C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA method has been developed for the screening of immunoglobulins produced by large numbers of individual clones of the mouse myeloma (MOPC 21) in tissue culture. Clones grown in agar were incubated in the presence of radioactive amino acids and applied directly onto polyacrylamide plates for isoelectric focusing. A discrete number of well‐defined immunoglobulin bands were then detected by autoradiography. The following variations between different clones were observed:1. Variation in relative intensity of the different bands.2. Total absence of immunoglobulin bands.3. Variation in the position of the bands along the pH gradient.When a mutant clone exhibiting this third type of variation was purified by subcloning, only the mutant pattern was observed. Thus, the cells appear to express only a single allele, although they are known to be aneuploid.We consider the third type of variation to be relevant in the evaluation of the contribution of somatic mutation to the diversity of antibody structure.
The extent of diversity of anti‐hapten antibodies in inbred mice: anti‐NIP (4‐hydroxy‐5‐iodo‐3‐nitro‐phenacetyl) antibodies in CBA/H mice
Authors: Kreth H. W. , Williamson A. R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe number of different anti‐NIP (4‐hydroxy‐5‐iodo‐3‐nitro‐phenacetyl) molecules which inbred CBA/H mice can make was estimated. Spleen cell transfer has been used and the isoelectric spectra of antibodies present in the sera of recipient mice determined. Comparison between the sets of monoclonal antibody spectra deriving from different donor mice gave a repeat frequency for individual spectra. This frequency permitted a statistical estimate (see Addendum) of the minimum number of different anti‐NIP molecules potentially capable of being elicited in CBA/H mice. The most likely value of this pool is 8000 with 98 % probability that pool exceeds 3000 and 95 % probability that pool is less than 30 000.
Immunization against abolition of transplantation tolerance*
Authors: Ramseier H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAttempts were made to break the tolerance of murine transplantation antigens of strain A in CBA mice by adoptive transfer of: 1) normal, syngeneic (CBA) lymphoid cells, or 2) moderate doses of sensitized, syngeneic (CBA anti‐A) lymphoid cells followed later by high doses of CBA anti‐A cells. Both kinds of attempt failed. Tolerance could be broken when a large enough dose of sensitized cells was given. Prior “immunization” of CBA mice tolerant to A with small doses of CBA spleen cells protected against doses of sensitized cells otherwise successful in breaking tolerance.Determinations of anti‐recognition structure (anti‐RS) antibody and of alloantibody activities in sera of tolerant mice, of mice which were successful in defending tolerance, and of mice in which tolerance could be abolished revealed an important role for anti‐RS antibodies. No clear role could be assigned to alloantibodies present in the same sera. The function of anti‐RS antibodies was shown by the failure of spleen cells from immunized tolerant mice to recognize tolerated antigen. This suggests that anti‐receptor antibodies are active in neutralizing receptors of responding lymphoid cells emerging from a stem cell reservoir.
Binding and release of lymphocytes by hapten‐derivatized nylon fibers
Authors: Kiefer H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe have studied the binding of lymphocytes to hapten‐derivatized nylon fibers at different temperatures and found that cells bound at 4 °C for more than 12 h can be released quantitatively from the fiber at temperatures above 22 °C within 2 h in a fully viable state. Experiments with lymphocytes bound to 2,4‐dinitrophenyl (DNP)‐derivatized nylon mesh and then stained with Rhoda‐mine‐labeled rabbit anti‐mouse Ig antibodies showed that the cells had capped and that the cap was directed toward the fiber in all cases. This result, as well as the temperature dependence of binding and release, suggest that capping of the lymphocytes is involved in their release from the fibers.
Affinity and Ig classes of anti‐hapten antibodies in carrier‐preimmunized rats
Authors: Hurme M. , Kontiainen Sirkka , Seppälä I. J. T. , Mäkelä O. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPriming rats with the carrier protein 7 – 43 days before injecting them with a conjugate of hapten NIP [(4‐hydroxy‐5‐iodo‐3‐nitrophenyl)acetyl] and the protein accelerated the anti‐hapten response: peak titers were reached sooner, the replacement of IgM by IgG antibody happened earlier and the affinity of anti‐NIP was higher in carrier‐primed than in non‐carrier‐primed rats. The acceleration effect on peak titers was short‐lasting. By day 9 the anti‐hapten titers in non‐carrier‐primed animals had reached those of the carrier‐primed animals. The difference in affinities gradually decreased, but was still demonstrable 28 days after immunization with the conjugate.
Antigenicity of dinitrophenyl polyproline
Authors: Gurari Dalia , Ungar‐Waron Hana , Sela M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSeveral poly‐L‐proline batches, as well as their dinitrophenyl derivatives, were synthesized and characterized. Their immunogenicity in rabbits, guinea pigs and mice was investigated, and the specificity of the antibodies formed was determined. For sensitive detection of anti‐polyprolyl antibodies, polyprolyl bacteriophage T4 was prepared. Polyproline was in this case attached to the bacteriophage via 1,3‐difluoro‐4,6‐dinitrobenzene.Dinitrophenyl poly‐L‐proline is immunogenic in rabbit and guinea pig, but essentially nonimmunogenic in the mouse. No genetic differences in the antibody response were found either in strains 2 and 13 of guinea pigs, where both strains were good antibody producers, or in several strains of mice, all of which were essentially unresponsive. Poly‐L‐proline, considered nonimmunogenic in rabbits by previous criteria, led to a low but significant antibody response, when tested with polyprolyl bacteriophage.
Role of a rigid polyproline spacer inserted between hapten and carrier in the induction of anti‐hapten antibodies and delayed hypersensitivity
Authors: Ungar‐Waron Hana , Gurari Dalia , Hurwitz Esther , Sela M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe synthesis and characterization are described of a hapten‐protein conjugate in which carrier [BSA or the synthetic multichain polymer, poly‐L‐(Tyr, Glu)‐poly‐DL‐Ala–poly‐LLys, (T,G)‐A–L] and hapten 2,4‐dinitrophenyl (DNP) are separated by the rigid peptide chain of an L‐proline oligomer. This compound has been used to study the carrier effect in an attempt to distinguish between the cooperation and local environment theories which have been put forward to explain it.Rabbits were given a primary injection of the antigen DNP‐poly‐Lprolyl‐BSA (bovine serum albumin). The secondary response was followed in vitro after stimulation with antigens composed of hapten coupled to carriers in the presence or absence of a polyproline spacer, and compared to secondary stimulation with the homologous antigen. Antibody production was monitored by thymidine incorporation, by inactivation of modified bacteriophage and by hemolytic plaque formation. Experiments in delayed hypersensitivity were also carried out using the same antigens. In both systems it was found that the insertion of the inflexible spacer molecule between hapten and carrier did not abolish the carrier effect. These results lend support to the cooperation hypothesis as explanation of the carrier effect.
Specificity of IgA cold agglutinins: anti‐Pr1
Authors: Roelcke D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMonoclonal cold agglutinins have usually been found to be IgM(k) and to be directed against the I/i antigens.Three IgA(k) cold agglutinins were tested for antibody specificity. Based on the following criteria, they were shown to be directed against the Pr1antigen of the Pr1/Pr2/Praantigen system. The antigens reacting with the IgA(k) cold agglutinins were inactivated by protease and treatment of human red cells with neuraminidase and were demonstrable on human erythrocyte glycoproteins. The terminal sugar of the determinant group of these antigens is N‐acetylneuraminic acid (NANA), which is not involved in I/i, but also in Pr2antigenicity. The antigen activity of these antigens and the Pr2and I antigen activities were distributed to different glycopeptide fractions obtained from red cell glycoproteins by ficin cleavage and Sephadex G‐50 separation. Periodate oxidation of red cell glycoproteins, which causes a shortening of the polyhydroxy side chain at C‐6 of C‐9 NANA to a C‐7 and/or C‐8 NANA derivative, resulted in inactivation of these antigens, while the I antigen remained unchanged and the Pr2antigen was increased 16–64‐fold. Dog red cells gave no or diminished reactions with the three IgA(k) cold agglutinins, in contrast to increased reaction with anti‐Pr2. Based on the different reactions of the IgA(k) cold agglutinins with dog red cells, a Pr1heterogeneity Pr1h/Pr1dwas demonstrated.In spite of the determination of the Pr1h/Pr1d/Pr2and the MN antigens by NANA, both antigen systems were shown to be unrelated. Blocking of free ε‐lysine amino groups by acetylation or blocking of the NANA carboxyl groups by amidation of red cell glycoproteins resulted in MN inactivation, while the antigens reacting with the IgA(k) cold agglutinins (like Pr2) remained unaffected.The anti‐Pr1specificity of IgA cold agglutinins and the predominance of anti‐I/‐i specificity of IgM cold agglutinins was discussed with respect to inter‐relations between immunoglobulin classes and antibody specificities of cold agglutinins.
Tumor immunity to murine plasma cell tumors. II. Essential role of T lymphocytes in immune response
Authors: Rouse B. T. , Röllinghoff M. , Warner N. L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSpleen cells, thoracic duct lymphocytes and adherent peritoneal exudate cells from mice immunized to syngeneic plasma cell tumors were capable of transferring specific protective immunity to these tumors. Pre‐treatment of these cells with anti‐Θ serum or anti‐lymphocyte serum, but not with anti‐ΘK serum, effectively abolished the ability of lymphoid cells to transfer this immune response. These studies demonstrate that T cells are essential in the adoptive transfer of immunity. Furthermore, immunization of athymic (nude) mice to plasma cell tumors was not achieved. Attempts to activate normal macrophages in vitro with sensitized lymphoid cells were unsuccessful. Admixture of immune lymphoid cells and target tumor cells to unrelated tumor cells did not inhibit the growth of the unrelated tumor cells. It is proposed that the immune response to syngeneic tumor associated antigens of plasma cell tumors not only involves essential sensitization of T lymphocytes, but that activated cytotoxic T lymphocytes are directly responsible for inhibiting target tumor growth.
Role of T lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Authors: Lennon Vanda Alice , Byrd W. J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA dichotomy between clinical and histological signs of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) was demonstrated in neonatally thymectomized (NNTx) rats. Although neonatal thymectomy prevented subsequent induction of clinical EAE in Lewis rats challenged as young adults with syngeneic basic protein (BP) of myelin, there was a 50 % incidence of histological EAE. Both cellular and humoral immune responses to BP were reduced in the NNTx rats. However, the presence of a cell‐mediated response to BP (MIF release) was statistically associated with the occurrence of histological EAE.Diminished preimmunization blood lymphocyte counts and impairment of the response of spleen cells to phytohemagglutinin were associated with reduced antibody responses. This suggests that collaboration between T and B cells may be necessary for production of antibody to BP. The relationship between antibody and clinical EAE is not clear and warrants further investigation.
Cellular events in protein tolerant inbred rats. I. The fate of thoracic duct lymphocytes and memory cells during tolerance induction to human serum albumin
Authors: Bell E. B. , Shand F. L. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract(AS2 x AS)F1 hybrid rats were made completely or partially tolerant to an adjuvant challenge of human serum albumin (HSA) by prior treatment with fluid HSA (tolerogen). Single doses (10 μg to 200 mg) of fluid HSA failed to elicit a detectable immune response. However, rats made partially tolerant by repeated small doses (10 – 100 μg) synthesized significant quantities of antibody in response to the treatment.Completely unresponsive rats (100 mg fluid HSA 3 x/week for 8 weeks) contained no detectable antigen‐binding antibody in their serum and no plaque‐forming cells (PFC) in their spleens. Thoracic duct lymphocytes from these animals failed to respond when adoptively transferred to irradiated, bone marrow restored recipients and did not inhibit the response of equal numbers of normal thoracic duct cells. Normal lymphocytes responded normally in completely tolerant rats, whether the recipients were irradiated or not. Cells from the bone marrow of tolerant rats were able to restore HSA responsiveness to irradiated rats within weeks of repopulation.Partial tolerance was characterized by a reduction in PFC per spleen, a diminished antigen‐binding capacity (ABC) in the serum, a rapid decline in ABC with time and inhibition or abolition of a memory response. Analysis of the dosage requirements for HSA‐tolerance failed to support the concept that tolerance was induced at two separate dosage thresholds of antigen, i.e. “high” and “low” zone tolerance. To the contrary, the degree of unresponsiveness increased continuously in proportion to the dose of antigen and the number of injections, implying that tolerance induction can be explained by a single mechanism at all doses.