bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Apolipoprotein A-IV Levels and Phenotype Distribution in NIDDM
Authors: Vergès Bruno L , Vaillant Genevieve , Goux Alain , Lagrost Laurent , Brun Jean M , Gambert Philippe 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To determine plasma apolipoprotein A-IV (apoA-IV) levels and phenotype distribution in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients and to analyze the influence of apoA-IV phenotype on lipid profiles in NIDDM.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, HDL2 cholesterol, HDL3 cholesterol, free fatty acid, and apoA-IV levels were measured in 83 NIDDM patients and 100 normal control subjects. The apoA-IV phenotype was determined in each individual.

RESULTS
In both sexes, NIDDM patients had significantly higher levels of triglycéride and free fatty acid and significantly lower levels of HDL cholesterol and HDL2 cholesterol than control subjects. In men and women, apoA-IV levels were significantly higher in diabetic patients than in control subjects (men: 17.1 ± 7.9 vs. 12.3 ± 3.6 mg/dl, P &lt; 0.001; women: 18.9 ± 9.9 vs. 11.9 ± 3.5 mg/dl, P &lt; 0.001). The multiple regression analysis showed that the apoA-IV level in NIDDM patients was significantly and independently related to log triglyceride (P = 0.0001) and HDL cholesterol (P = 0.01) levels. The apoA-IV phenotype distribution was not significantly different between NIDDM patients and control subjects. In the control subjects, the apoA-IV-1–2 phenotype was associated with significantly higher levels of HDL cholesterol (69 ±12 vs. 56 ± 11 mg/dl, P &lt; 0.01) and of HDL2 cholesterol (36 ± 15 vs. 25 ± 12 mg/dl, P &lt; 0.05) compared with the apoA-IV-1–-1 phenotype; on the other hand, HDL cholesterol and HDL2 cholesterol levels were not different between the two apoA-IV pheno-types in NIDDM patients.

CONCLUSIONS
Plasma apoA-IV levels are increased in NIDDM patients. This increase in apoA-IV is related mainly to hypertriglyceridemia and, to a lesser extent, to HDL cholesterol level. The apoA-IV phenotype distribution is not different between NIDDM patients and nondiabetic control subjects. The potential protective lipid profile (characterized by increased HDL and HDL2 cholesterol levels) linked with apoA-IV-1–2 phenotype in control subjects is no longer found in NIDDM patients. We suggest that the metabolic state of NIDDM has erased the potential protective lipid profile associated with the apoA-IV-1–2 phenotype.
Maternal Glucose Tolerance and Obstetric Complications in Pregnancies in Which the Offspring Developed Type I Diabetes
Authors: Beischer Norman A , Wein Peter , Sheedy Mary T , Werther George A , Gold Hugo 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To identify possible in utero risk factors in children who develop type I diabetes and to determine the risk of development of type I diabetes in the children of women with gestational diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
All known children with type I diabetes born at the Mercy Hospital for Women whose mothers had glucose tolerance tests (GTTs) performed during pregnancy were identified. The results of the mothers' GTTs were compared with those of the hospital population, as were their obstetric complications.

RESULTS
We identified 38 children with type I diabetes born at this hospital whose mothers had GTTs performed during pregnancy. Only one of these mothers had gestational diabetes, compared with 5.6% in the overall hospital population (adjusted odds ratio 0.69, 95% confidence interval 0.12–3.84, P = 0.99). There were no differences in the blood glucose levels between the mothers of the children who developed diabetes and the general hospital population. The birth weights of the children destined to develop diabetes also showed no deviation from the expected distribution, and there were no outstanding features of the mothers' obstetric histories.

CONCLUSIONS
Maternal blood glucose level is not an important determinant of the child's risk of developing type I diabetes.
The Effects of Enalapril and Nifedipine on Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism in NIDDM
Authors: Chan Juliana CN , Yeung Vincent T F , Leung Denis H Y , Tomlinson Brian , Nicholls M G , Cockram Clive S 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To compare the effects of nifedipine and enalapril oncarbohydrate and lipoprotein metabolism in Chinese non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients with hypertension.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A 12-week, double blind, ran domized study of plasma lipid levels and glycemie control in patients treated with nifedipine (n = 52) or enalapril (n = 50) was conducted. None of the patients were treated with insulin. Diet and dosages of oral hypoglycemie agents remained unchanged during the 12-week treatment period.

RESULTS
Mean arterial pressure was reduced more by nifedipine than by enalapril (23.1 vs. 11.1 mmHg, P &lt; 0.001). Similar reductions in body mass index and plasma triglycerides and increases in apolipoprotein A-I were seen with both treatments, but HbA1 was reduced more during treatment with enalapril than with nifedipine (0.49 vs. 0.20%, P = 0.035) and serum apolipoprotein B (apoB) also declined more with enalapril than with nifedipine (8.2 vs. 2.3 mg/dl, P = 0.009).

CONCLUSIONS
Twelve weeks of treatment with enalapril in hypertensive NIDDM patients was associated with greater improvement in glycemie control and greater reduction in serum apoB concentration, although the reduction in blood pressure was less than with nifedipine. These changes in cardiovascular risk profile warrant investigation for a longer term.
Rate of Progression of Albuminuria in Type II Diabetes: Five-year prospective study from South India
Authors: John Lily , Sunder P S S , Kanagasabapathy AS 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the potential risk factors for the progression of albuminuria in type II diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A cohort of 481 type II diabetic patients were followed prospectively for 5 years. Blood glucose (BG) and blood pressure (BP) were checkedat 2 monthly intervals, and urinary albumin excretion (UAE) was checked at yearly intervals. Progression of albuminuria was recognized by the development of microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria and a significant increase in albuminuria within the microalbuminuric range.

RESULTS
UAE was normal in 349 patients, 93 patients were microalbuminuric, and the rest (39) were macroalbuminuric. Sixty-two patients with normal UAE developed microalbuminuria. Ten patients with normoalbuminuria and 23 with microalbuminuria developed macroalbuminuria during the 5-year observation period with overall incidence of 46.9/1,000 person-years for normoalbuminuria and 58.7/1,000 person-years for microalbuminuria.
Baseline UAE was significantly higher in those patients who progressed compared with those patients who did not (normoalbuminuria: 8.5 ± 6 vs. 5.3 ± 4 μg/min, P &lt; 0.001; microalbuminuria: 68.5 ± 57 vs. 47.4 ± 34 μg/min, P &lt; 0.01). Multiple regression analysis revealed initial UAE and diabetes durationto be predictors of albuminuria progression.

CONCLUSIONS
Initial UAE is a strong predictor of albuminuria progression intype II diabetic patients.
Combination of Nicotinamide and Steroid Versus Nicotinamide in Recent-Onset IDDM: The IMDIAB II Study
Authors: Pozzilli P , Visalli N , Boccuni M L , Baroni M G , Buzzetti R , Fioriti E , Signore A , Cavallo MG , Andreani D , Lucentini L , Matteoli M C , Crinò A , Cicconetti C A , Teodonio C , Amoretti R , Pisano L , Pennafina M G , Santopadre G , Marozzi G , Multari G , Campea L , Suppa M A , Mattia G C De , Faldetta M Cassone , Marietti G , Perrone F , Greco A V , Ghirlanda G 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to compare the effect of nicotinamide (NCT) alone or in combination with a cortisone-like substance, deflazacort (DFL), on the integrated parameters of metabolic control in patients with the recent-onset of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Thirty-six patients who were diagnosed with diabetes between 5 and 35 years of age entered a randomized, double-blind, 1-year prospective study. Group A (n = 18) received NCT for 1 year (25 mg· kg–1 · day–1) plus DFL for 3 months (0.6 mg · kg–1 · day–1 in the first month, 0.3 mg · kg–1 · day–1 in the other 2 months). Group B (n = 18) received NCT for 1 year (25 mg · kg–1 · day–1) plus placebo forthe first 3 months. All patients were treated with intensified insulin therapy.

RESULTS
At 3 months after diagnosis, the insulin dose was significantly higher in group A compared with group B (P &lt; 0.03) with similar HbA1 levels. Basal and stimulated C-peptide levels in group A of both adults and children were significantly higher compared with patients of group B (P &lt; 0.05 and P &lt;0.03, respectively). At the end of a 1-year follow-up, basal C-peptide did not differ between the two groups, although stimulated C-peptide was still significantly higher in patients of group A compared with group B (P &lt; 0.05). Finally, insulin requirement did not differ between the two groups.

CONCLUSIONS
A short-term course of DFL therapy at diagnosis in addition to NCT slightly increases glucagon-stimulated but not basal β-cell function after 1 year.
New-Onset IDDM Presenting With Diabetic Ketoacidosis in a Pregnant Adolescent
Authors: Sills Irene N , Rapaport Robert 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To describe the presentation of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus(IDDM) as ketoacidosis during pregnancy in a teenager.

CASE
A 14-year-old pregnant girl presented with ketoacidosis (bicarbonate 14 nM, 14 meq/l, pH 7.27, glucose 67 mM, 1,208 mg/dl) during the last month of pregnancy with a fetal demise. Two years of follow-up has confirmed that she has IDDM.

CONCLUSIONS
Diabetes presenting in pregnant adolescents is likely due to IDDM. Immediate insulin therapy and proper education about managing diabetes should be initiated to hopefully prevent the outcome described in this patient.
Preventive Eye Care in People With Diabetes Is Cost-Saving to the Federal Government: Implications for health-care reform
Authors: Javitt Jonathan C , Aiello Lloyd Paul , Chiang Yenpin , Ferris Frederick L , Canner Joseph K , Greenfield Sheldon 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
Diabetic retinopathy, which leads to macular edema and retinal neovascularization, is the leading cause of blindness among working-age Americans. Previous research has demonstrated significant cost savings associated with detection of eye disease in Americans with type 1 diabetes. However, detection and treatment of eye disease among those with type II diabetes was previously thought not to be cost-saving. Our purpose was to estimate the current and potential federal savings resulting from the screening and treatment of retinopathy in patients with type II diabetes, based on recently availabledata concerning efficacy of treating both macular edema and neovascularization along withnew data on federal budgetary costs of blindness.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We used computer modeling, incorporating data from population-based epidemiological studies and multicenter clinical trials. Monte Ciarlosimulation was used, combined with sensitivity analysis and present value analysis of cost savings.

RESULTS
Screening and treatment for eye disease in patients with type II diabetes generates annual savings of $247.9 million to the federal budget and 53,986 person-years of sight, even at current suboptimal (60%) levels of care. If all patients with type II diabetes receive recommended care, the predicted net savings (discounted at 5%) exceeds $472.1 million and 94,304 person-years of sight. Nearly all savings areassociated with detection and treatment of diabetic macular edema. Enrolling each additional person with type II diabetes into currently recommended ophthalmological care resultsin an average net savings of $975/person, even if all costs of care are borne by the federal government.

CONCLUSIONS
Our analysis indicates that prevention programs aimed at improving eye care for patients with diabetes not only reduce needless vision loss but also willprovide a financial return on the investment of public funds.
Arginine-Induced Insulin Release in Glucokinase-Deficient Subjects
Authors: Pueyo Maria E , Clement Karine , Vaxillaire Martine , Passa Philippe , Froguel Philippe , Robert Jean-Jacques , Velho Gilberto 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
In eight glucokinase (GCK)-deficient subjects, we have investigated insulin secretion rates (ISRs) in response to intravenous arginine. Impairment in the enzymatic activity of mutant GCK leads to a reduced glycolytic flux in β-cells. This defect translates in vivo as a right shift in the glucose/ISR dose-response curve. Insulin secretion in response to other secretagogues has not been reported.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The arginine test was performed immediately after a 2-h hyperglycémie (10 mM) clamp. ISR was computed by decon-volution of peripheral C-peptide levels. Linear regression analyses were performed to assess correlations between the /3-cell secretory responses to the arginine test, an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT), and a hyperglycemie clamp (areas under the C-peptide curves), and between these parameters and the glucose tolerance status (area under the glucose curve during an oral glucose tolerance test).

RESULTS
Two minutes after the injection of arginine, the increment in ISR was 30.17 ± 10.01 pmol insulin · kg−1 · min−1 in patients and 36.25 ± 15.46 pmol insulin · kg−1 · min−1 in control subjects (P = 0.38). Throughout the experiment, increments in ISR were comparable in both groups. The amount of insulin secreted in response to arginine (0-5 min) was similar in patients and control subjects: 81 ± 28 vs. 119 ± 55 pmol/kg (P = 0.16), respectively. The arginine test C-peptide response was not correlated with the IVGTT or hyperglycémie clamp responses. The arginine test and hyperglycemie clamp responses were not correlated to the glucose tolerance status. The best predictor of the glucose tolerance was the C-peptide response to the IVGTT (r2 = 0.78; P = 0.002).

CONCLUSIONS
β-cell secretory increment in response to arginine was found to be in the normal range in GCK-deficient subjects. The arginine test does not seem to reflect either the /3-cell secretory defect or the glucose tolerance status of these subjects. IVGTT seems to be the best predictor of the latter parameter in this population.
Establishment of a Registry and Incidence of IDDM in Avellaneda, Argentina
Authors: Sereday Martha S , Martí Manuel L , Damiano Mónica M , Moser Marcela E C 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
; To provide reliable data on the incidence of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in children (&lt;15 years of age) in Avellaneda, Argentina.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A registry was established in Avellaneda, Argentina. The first registry was started in 1989, retrospective data collection was updated from 1985 to 1988, and prospective data was collected from 1989 to the present. The data were collected according to the World Health Organization Diabetes Mondiale (DIAMOND) protocol. Primary ascertainment was based on personal interviews at schools, and secondary sources were pediatrie hospitals and private diabe-tologists.

RESULTS
The IDDM incidence per 10,000 children in the studied population was as follows: for 1985,6.89; for 1986,6.90; for 1987,6.91; for 1988,5.29; for 1989, 6.42; and for 1990, 7.59. Of those children, 51.7% reported previous infection or stress as a possible trigger factor. No sex preference, age incidence peak, or seasonal trend was found.

CONCLUSIONS
The study documents an incidence rate of childhood IDDM in Avellaneda, Argentina, similar to other Occidental countries.
Hypoglycemic Activity of Glyburide (Glibenclamide) Metabolites in Humans
Authors: Rydberg Tony , Jönsson Anders , Røder Michael , Melander Arne 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To assess the hypoglycemie effect and the insulin-releasing effect of the main glyburide (glibenclamide) metabolites 4-trans-hydroxy-glibenclamide (Ml) and 3-cis-hydroxy-glibenclamide (M2) in humans.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Eight healthy subjects participated in a placebo-controlled, randomized, single-blind crossover study with five single-dose tests, 3 months apart: 3.5 mg glibenclamide (Gb) orally, 3.5 mg Gb intravenously, 3.5 mg Ml intravenously, 3.5 mg M2 intravenously, and placebo intravenously, each in the fasting state. Standardized meals were given 0.5 and 5.5 h after each medication. Blood glucose levels were measured by a glucose oxidase method, and serum insulin concentrations were analyzed by a specific immunoassay.

RESULTS
Blood glucose levels during the first 5 h were significantly lowered not only by Gb but also by Ml and M2. The mean ± SE blood glucose reductions (versus placebo) expressed as percent of area under the curve (AUC) (0-5 h) were 18.2 ± 3.3% for Ml, 12.5 ± 2.3% forM2,19.9 ± 2.1% for intravenous Gb, and 23.8 ± 1.2% for Gb orally. Serum insulin levels were significantly increased by Gb as well as by Ml and M2.

CONCLUSIONS
The two main metabolites of glyburide (glibenclamide) have a hypoglycémie effect in humans, which is due to increased insulin secretion.
Coronary Heart Disease Mortality Is Actually Low in Diabetic Japanese by Direct Comparison With the Joslin Cohort
Authors: Matsumoto Toeko , Ohashi Yasuo , Yamada Nobuhiro , Kikuchi Masatoshi 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To identify the mortality rate from coronary heart disease (CHD) in diabetic Japanese by directly comparing the Tokyo University Hospital cohort and the Joslin cohort using identical protocols.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Five hundred thirty-eight diabetic patients who were treated at Tokyo University Hospital with a 35- to 62-year age range at entry and with a diabetes duration of &lt;5 years were followed retrospectively for more than 24 years.

RESULTS
The percentage of patients who survived at the end of the 24-year period was higher in the Tokyo University cohort (42%) than in the Joslin cohort (12%). The percentage of patients who died from CHD was remarkably lower in the Tokyo University cohort (11%) than in the Joslin cohort (39%). The CHD mortality rate was lower in the Tokyo University cohort than in the Joslin cohort, regardless of the duration of diabetes.

CONCLUSIONS
Our study confirmed the previous finding that the CHD mortality is lower in diabetic Japanese than in diabetic Caucasians.
Effects of a Traditional Lifestyle on Obesity in Pima Indians
Authors: Ravussin Eric , Valencia Mauro E , Esparza Julian , Bennett Peter H , Schulz Leslie O 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
The Pima Indians of Arizona have the highest reported prevalences of obesity and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). In parallel with abrupt changes in lifestyle, these prevalences in Arizona Pimas have increased to epidemic proportions during the past decades. To assess the possible impact of the environment on the prevalences of obesity and NIDDM, data were collected on members of a population of Pima ancestry (separation 700–1,000 years ago) living in a remote mountainous location in northwestern Mexico, with a lifestyle contrasting markedly with that in Arizona.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Pima heritage was established by history and by use of Pima language. Measurements of weight, height, body fat (bio-impedance), blood pressure, plasma levels of glucose, cholesterol, and HbA1c were obtained in 19 women (36 ±13 years of age) and 16 men (48 ±14 years of age) and compared with sex-, age- and diabetes status-matched Pimas living in Arizona (10 Arizona Pimas for each Mexican Pima).

RESULTS
Mexican Pimas were lighter (64.2 ± 13.9 vs. 90.2 ± 21.1 kg, P &lt; 0.0001; means ± SD) and shorter (160 ± 8 vs. 164 ± 8 cm, P &lt; 0.01) with lower body mass indexes (24.9 ± 4.0 vs. 33.4 ± 7.5 kg/m2, P &lt; 0.0001) and lower plasma total cholesterol levels (146 ± 30 vs. 174 ± 31 mg/dl, P &lt; 0.0001) than Arizona Pimas. Only two women (11%) and one man (6%) had NIDDM, contrasting with the expected prevalences of 37 and 54% in female and male Arizona Pimas, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS
This preliminary investigation shows that obesity, and perhaps NIDDM, is less prevalent among people of Pima heritage living a “traditional” lifestyle than among Pimas living in an “affluent” environment. These findings suggest that, despite a similar potential genetic predisposition to these conditions, a traditional lifestyle, characterized by a diet including less animal fat and more complex carbohydrates and by greater energy expenditure in physical labor, may protect against the development of cardiovascular disease risk factors, obesity, and NIDDM.
Leisure-Time Physical Activity Patterns in the U.S. Diabetic Population: Findings from the 1990 National Health Interview Survey—Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Supplement
Authors: Ford Earl S , Herman William H 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
Despite the scientific community's recognition of the importance of exercise, little is known about the epidemiology of exercise among persons with diabetes in the U.S. Our goals were to examine whether people with diabetes were more sedentary than people without diabetes, to examine the effect of activity limitations on the prevalence of exercise, and to examine whether the choice of activities differs among people with and without diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We examined the 1990 Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Supplement of the National Health Interview Survey to describe leisure-time physical activity patterns in a representative sample of the U.S. population with diabetes.

RESULTS
People with diabetes were less likely to report exercising regularly than people without this disease (34.3 ± 2.2% vs. 40.9 ± 0.5%, P &lt; 0.05). When the data were stratified by activity limitation status, no significant differences were observed. People with diabetes were equally likely to have engaged in exercise in the preceding 2 weeks and to have expended ≥2,000 kcal/week as people without diabetes. Walking was the activity of choice for both groups: 49.2 ± 2.1% of people with diabetes reported walking during the previous 2 weeks compared with 44.2 ± 0.5% of people without diabetes (P &lt; 0.05). People with diabetes were less likely to engage in jogging, aerobics, dancing, calisthenics, bicycling, weight lifting, several ball sports, and skiing than people without diabetes.

CONCLUSIONS
After adjusting for activity limitations and age, people with and without diabetes are equally likely to exercise. The majority of people with diabetes, like their nondiabetic counterparts, are not meeting national physical activity goals. Individuals with diabetes should be encouraged to exercise regularly in accordance with their capabilities, physical limitations, and personal interests.