bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A contribution to the stress analysis of piston pins
Authors: Fessler H , Padgham H B 
Published: June 2007

The frozen stress photoelastic technique was used to study the stresses in hollow cylinders supported on a central lug and loaded through two outer lugs, simulating the loading of a piston pin by the connecting rod and pision. The loading was arranged so that the resultant piston thrust acted through the (exaggerated) gaps between the lugs. In addition to the surface stresses in the bore and on the outer surface of the pins, the distributions of orthogonal shear stresses on four (circular) cross-sections of one pin were determined and integrated to give the load transfer from the central lug into the pin. The orthogonal shear distribution in the gap was compared with Love's theoretical solution for the shear stresses in a thick walled tube.
The Effects of Training in Behaviour Modification Strategies on Stress, Burnout, and Therapeutic Attitudes in Frontline Inpatient Mental Health Nurses
Authors: McLeod Hamish J. , Densley Lisa , Chapman Kate 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPsychiatric nursing is a stressful profession associated with high levels of burnout. Previous research has demonstrated that burnout in psychiatric nurses can be reduced via training that improves behaviour modification skills. However, the minimum amount of training required to demonstrate a beneficial effect is unclear. We evaluated the impact of a 4-day behaviour modification training program on stress, burnout, and therapeutic attitudes in nurses who were in frequent daily inpatient contact with patients with severe mental illnesses. Nurses working in the same wards served as a control group. Training improved therapeutic attitudes but did not alter self ratings of job-stress and burnout. The need for multi-pronged approaches to the prevention and treatment of burnout in psychiatric nurses is discussed.
A Combination Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT) Algorithm for Hard-to-Treat Smokers
Authors: Bittoun Renee 
Published: June 2007

AbstractMany smokers have not succeeded in quitting using a single nicotine replacement mode. An algorithm was developed for clinicians to enhance success rates when recommending nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) to smoking patients. The algorithm is based on clinical experience with chronic smokers with respiratory illnesses attending one-on-one smokers clinics in the Central Sydney Area Health Service. Based on transdermal nicotine therapy (patch) other forms of NRT are added if required for ‘breakout’ smoking for 2 weeks. Outcomes have shown 60% confirmed continuous abstinence at 3 months. Smokers can be safely and successfully treated symptomatically for nicotine withdrawal relief using combination NRT aggressively. This enhances treatment efficacy by minimising relapse in the first few weeks and months of quitting.
Promoting Tobacco Abstinence Among Older Adolescents in Dental Clinics
Authors: Lando Harry A. , Hennrikus Deborah , Boyle Raymond , Lazovich DeAnn , Stafne Eric , Rindal Brad 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe health care setting, and most notably dental clinics, may hold promise in delivering effective tobacco intervention to adolescents. Adolescents between the ages of 14 and 17 were randomly assigned to brief advice from dental hygienists and dentists only or to brief advice plus a motivational interview and follow-up telephone contact from a study hygienist. Due to difficulties in identifying and recruiting subjects, study goals were expanded from cessation only to cessation and prevention. No differences in smoking prevalence were found between treatment conditions at either 3- or 12-month follow-up. Firm conclusions cannot be drawn about the effectiveness of treatment due both to problems in enrolling subjects and limited implementation of the motivational intervention.
Blunted Humoral Response to Influenza Vaccination in Patients Exposed to Zidovudine plus Trimethoprim‐Sulfamethoxazole
Authors: Feola David J. , Garvy Beth A. , Rapp Robert P , Thornton Alice C. 
Published: June 2007

Study Objectives. To determine as proof of principle the effect of combination exposure to zidovudine plus trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole (TMP‐SMX) on humoral immune responses to influenza vaccination in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).Design. Prospective, open‐label trial.Setting. University‐affiliated infectious diseases outpatient clinic.Patients. Twenty‐three HIV‐infected adults receiving antiretroviral therapy, with CD4+ cell counts greater than 350 cells/mm3 and undetectable viral loads.Intervention. Patients were assigned to one of four treatment groups: zidovudine (6 patients), TMP‐SMX (7), zidovudine plus TMP‐SMX (5), or neither drug (5); TMP‐SMX was given as a 28‐day course. Patients were subsequently immunized with the yearly influenza vaccine, and humoral responses were compared among groups 20–24 days after vaccination.Measurements and Main Results. Antibody responses to influenza A and B were measured, and total and activated T and B cell percentages in the peripheral blood were determined. Mean influenza B—specific serum immunoglobulin (Ig)G titers were significantly lower in patients receiving TMP‐SMX alone (0.98 ± 0.60 reference value, p=0.010) or the combination of zidovudine plus TMP‐SMX (0.73 ± 0.29 reference value, p=0.003) compared with those receiving neither drug (1.95 ± 0.38 reference value). This corresponded to a significantly lower percentage of patients in the combination group that achieved immunoprotective titers to influenza B compared with the group who received neither drug (control group; 20% vs 100%, p=0.048). In addition, the relationship between serum IgG titer and CD4+ cell count was statistically significantly different for patients exposed to zidovudine plus TMP‐SMX versus control patients for both influenza A and B (F statistics 8.72 and 11.70, respectively, compared with critical F value 7.26 for p<0.025). Likewise, the relationship between influenza B serum IgG and CD4+ cell count was different among patients who received TMP‐SMX versus those who did not receive TMP‐SMX (F statistic 5.95 compared with critical F value 4.56 for p<0.025). No significant differences were observed among T and B cell percentages in the blood.Conclusion. Combination exposure to zidovudine plus TMP‐SMX causes a clinically significant suppression of humoral immune responses to influenza vaccination in HIV‐infected patients.
Early Experience with Tigecycline for Ventilator‐Associated Pneumonia and Bacteremia Caused by Multidrug‐Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii
Authors: Schafer Jason J. , Goff Debra A. , Stevenson Kurt B. , Mangino Julie E. 
Published: June 2007

Study Objective. To evaluate early experience with tigecycline alone or in combination with other antimicrobials for treatment of ventilator‐associated pneumonia (VAP) and/or bacteremia caused by multidrug‐resistant Acinetobacter baumannii.Design. Retrospective case series.Setting. University‐affiliated medical center.Patients. Twenty‐five patients with multidrug‐resistant A. baumannii who received tigecycline for VAP (19 patients), bacteremia (3), or VAP plus bacteremia (3) between September 1, 2005, and May 31, 2006. Five patients were treated with tigecycline alone.Measurements and Main Results. Primary outcomes were resolution of clinical signs and symptoms of the infection and documented microbial eradication of A. baumannii with tigecycline. Overall, 21 (84%) of the 25 patients had clinical resolution. Four had clinical failure: three with VAP and one with VAP plus bacteremia that developed resistance to tigecycline during therapy. Microbial eradication was demonstrated in 12 (80%) of 15 patients in whom repeat cultures were obtained. Three patients with VAP had a recurrence of infection: one patient had two recurrences, and two patients had one recurrence each. All four recurrent episodes led to clinical resolution and microbial eradication. No patients discontinued tigecycline because of adverse events.Conclusion. Tigecycline was effective in most of these 25 patients when used alone or in combination with other antimicrobials for VAP and/or bacteremia caused by multidrug‐resistant A. baumannii. The emergence of a resistant strain while one patient was receiving therapy, however, is concerning.
Ethnic Business Entrepreneurship among Urbanising Bedouin in the Negev, Israel
Authors: Meir Avinoam , Baskind Ayelet 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
The Bedouin of the Negev in Israel have been forced by the State to give up their agro-pastoral mode of subsistence, but were not offered any meaningful economic alternatives. Business has become one significant option. It is regarded here as 'ethnic entrepreneurship', as many traditional cultural and social traits are employed by them to survive within an entrepreneurial business environment that is highly constrained both externally and internally. This paper discusses the nature of these enterprises and entrepreneurs. A spatial and sociotribal analysis reveals no differences in these entities between the planned towns and the unrecognised informal settlements outside towns, but considerable differences were found between the fellahin Bedouin and the 'true' Bedouin which compete latently for sociopolitical and economic hegemony. The process of ethnic entrepreneurship bears implications for sub-ethnic internal relationships, for the Bedouin struggle to protect land to which they claim ownership from the State, and for the broader issue of ethnicity and business within the Bedouin community.
Flock Use among Bedouin in 'Spontaneous' Settlements in the Negev Desert, Southern Israel
Authors: Stavi Ilan , Kressel Gideon , Gutterman Yitzchak , Degen A. Allan 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Approximately a thousand Bedouin families living in unrecognised, scattered settlements in the Negev desert, Israel, raise sheep and goats even though this enterprise shows marginal profits and, sometimes, losses. The aim of this study was to examine the uses of flocks among Bedouin households. It emerged that the flocks were kept for status, preservation of social networks, source of income, employment, family cohesion and maintaining land claims.
Chemistry of bisSATE Mononucleotide Prodrugs
Authors: Peyrottes Suzanne , Périgaud Christian 
Published: June 2007

AbstractOn the basis of AZT as a nucleosidic model, the protocols herein describe the synthesis of various bis(S‐acyl‐2‐thioethyl) phosphotriester derivatives. These compounds, bearing transient phosphate‐protecting groups, were designed to liberate the corresponding 5′‐mononucleotide inside the cell through an esterase‐mediated activation process. Two synthetic approaches are presented using either phosphoramidite intermediates or esterification of a nucleoside 5′‐monophosphate.
Replication Labeling with Halogenated Thymidine Analogs
Authors: Yokochi Tomoki , Gilbert David M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn this unit, several basic protocols to identify sites of DNA replication utilizing incorporation of halogenated thymidine analogs into DNA, followed by immunofluorescent imaging are described. Antibodies specific for halogenated thymidine analogs such as bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), chlorodeoxyuridine (CldU), and iododeoxyuridine (IdU) can provide a rapid, nonhazardous, and sensitive method for detecting DNA replication in single cells, in a manner analogous to the traditional use of tritiated thymidine. In combination with different techniques to prepare the DNA template, a variety of DNA replication–related events can be examined by conventional fluorescence‐microscopic approaches. Because origin firing and the progression of replication forks are regulated in the context of subnuclear compartments through protein‐protein interactions, chromatin modifications, and subnuclear localization of replication clusters, visualizing replication foci significantly facilitates understanding of nuclear dynamics during S‐phase.
Using Fluorescent Sphingolipid Analogs to Study Intracellular Lipid Trafficking
Authors: Singh Raman Deep , Marks David L. , Pagano Richard E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSphingolipids (SLs), including glycosphingolipids, are found on the plasma membrane where they play important roles in a wide variety of cell functions, including cell‐cell communication, cell growth and differentiation, host‐pathogen interactions, and cell‐signaling events. This unit illustrates the use of fluorescent SL analogs to identify the mechanisms underlying SL endocytosis and subsequent intracellular trafficking. Techniques used to study SL domain formation at the plasma membrane, endocytic mechanisms and intracellular transport steps are highlighted. The use of biochemical treatments and dominant‐negative protein expression to block specific steps in lipid trafficking are also discussed.
Flexible Ligand Docking with Glide
Authors: Repasky Matthew P. , Shelley Mee , Friesner Richard A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractGlide is a ligand docking program for predicting protein‐ligand binding modes and ranking ligands via high‐throughput virtual screening. Glide utilizes two different scoring functions, SP and XP GlideScore, to rank‐order compounds. Three modes of sampling ligand conformational and positional degrees of freedom are available to determine the optimal ligand orientation relative to a rigid protein receptor geometry. This unit presents protocols for flexible ligand docking with Glide, optionally including ligand constraints or ligand molecular similarities.
Genetic Manipulation of Leptospira biflexa
Authors: Louvel Hélène , Picardeau Mathieu 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe genus Leptospira belongs to the order Spirochaetales and is composed of both saprophytic and pathogenic members, such as Leptospira biflexa and L. interrogans, respectively. A major factor contributing to our ignorance of spirochetal biology has been the lack of methods available for genetic analysis of these organisms. In recent years, an E. coli‐L. biflexa shuttle vector has been constructed and a system for targeted mutagenesis and random transposon mutagenesis of the saprophyte L. biflexa has been developed. These studies enable the use of L. biflexa as a model bacterium among spirochetes.
Preparation of Rectangular WO3·H2O Nanotubes Under Mild Conditions
Authors: Wang Z. , Zhou S. , Wu L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractWO3·H2O nanotubes are successfully synthesized with the aid of intercalated polyaniline (PANI) under relatively mild conditions. More interestingly, the WO3·H2O nanotubes have a rectangular cross‐section structure formed through a rolling mechanism. Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier‐transform infrared analysis, UV‐vis‐near‐IR spectroscopy, selected‐area electron diffraction, and vibrating‐sample magnetometry analysis are employed to characterize the morphology, structure, and properties of the nanotubes.
Expert consensus ratings of job categories from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III)
Authors: D'Souza Jennifer C. , Keyserling W. Monroe , Werner Robert A. , Gillespie Brenda , Franzblau Alfred 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBackgroundA method of occupational physical exposure assessment is needed to improve analyses using large data sets (e.g., national surveys) that provide only job title/category information as a proxy for exposure.MethodsFive ergonomic experts rated and arrived at consensus ratings for job categories used in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Interrater agreement was examined for initial (pre‐consensus) ratings. Correlation between consensus ratings and an independent source of ratings (US Department of Labor (DOL)) was used as a basis of comparison.ResultsInterrater agreements for the initial ratings were weak. Highest interrater agreement was for sitting (weighted kappa (κw) = 0.56). Lowest agreement was for standing (κw = 0.07). Consensus ratings were well correlated with DOL ratings (correlation coefficients ≥0.6).ConclusionsThe correlation between consensus ratings and DOL ratings support the use of expert consensus to assess physical exposures in national data sets. However, validation of expert consensus ratings is required. Am. J. Ind. Med. 50:608–616, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cold exposure and low back pain in store workers in Israel
Authors: Dovrat Eva , Katz‐Leurer Michal 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBackgroundIn recent years the demand for frozen food in the Western world has been growing, and the number of cold storeroom has increased proportionately. There are very few studies documenting cold exposure as a risk factor for musculoskeletal symptoms (MSS). This study describes the prevalence of MSS, in particular low back pain (LBP) among cold storeroom workers in Israel and explores the connection between exposure to cold at work and MSS.MethodsA cross‐section survey included 122 males between the ages of 20–45 who had been employed for at least 1 year in three food stores in Israel. The subjects were classified as an exposed group working at temperatures of −20°C and a control group working at room temperatures (20°C to 25°C). The prevalence rate of MSS, in particular LBP, was assessed using the Standardized Nordic Questionnaire.ResultsCold storeroom workers had increased odds of reporting back symptoms in the previous 12 months (odds ratio (OR) = 2.9, 95% CI = 1.3–6.7) and during work (OR = 4.8, 95% CI = 1.8–13.0) compared with their colleagues working in storerooms at regular temperatures. Among workers who described themselves as satisfied at work, the cold storeroom workers had increased odds of reporting back symptoms in the last 12 months and during work (OR = 3.9, 95% CI = 1.5–10.6, OR = 9.4, 95% CI = 2.0–44.6, respectively) while there was no association between store type and LBP among dissatisfied workers.ConclusionsThe results of this study strengthen the hypothesis that workers in cold environments are at a greater risk of LBP. Am. J. Ind. Med. 50:626–631, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fluoride effect on the palladium–phenanthroline catalyzed carbonylation of nitroarenes to carbamates
Authors: Gasperini Michela , Ragaini Fabio , Cenini Sergio , Gallo Emma , Fantauzzi Simone 
Published: June 2007

AbstractFluorides promote the palladium–phenanthroline catalyzed carbonylation of nitroarenes to carbamates. The effect is more evident on the rate of the reaction at short reaction times, but a positive effect on selectivity is also observed under certain conditions. The effect is observed even under conditions under which chloride inhibits the reaction. Tetraethylammonium is a better countercation than sodium. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of oxidation time on the structure and properties of polyacrylonitrile‐based activated carbon hollow fiber
Authors: Sun Junfen , He Chunju , Zhu Sijun , Wang Qingrui 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPolyacrylonitrile (PAN) hollow fibers were pretreated with ammonium dibasic phosphate, then further oxidized in air, carbonized in nitrogen, and activated with carbon dioxide. The effects of oxidation time of PAN hollow fiber precursor on the microstructure, specific surface, pore size distribution, and adsorption properties of PAN‐based activated carbon hollow fiber (PAN‐ACHF) were studied in this work. Both of specific surface area and adsorption ratio to VB12 reach maximums when PAN hollow fibers are oxidized for 5 h in air. The adsorption ratios for creatinine are all higher than 90% over all oxidation time. After 5 h of oxidation, the number of pores on the surface obviously increases, and the pore size is uniform. After 7 h of oxidation, the number of macropores in PAN‐ACHF increases. The dominant pore sizes of mesopores in PAN‐ACHF range from 2 to 5 nm. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Segmental dynamics of reactively prepared polystyrene blends: Unsaturated polyester resin versus high impact polystyrene
Authors: Qazvini N. Taheri , Mohammadi N. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSegmental dynamics of two phase‐separated reactively prepared polystyrene blends namely unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) and high impact polystyrene (HIPS) was investigated by dynamic–mechanical spectroscopy and calorimetric studies. The results showed a thermorheologically simple behavior for the HIPS, which could be quantified based on the KWW function with βKWW of 0.37. The UPR data, however, could not be evaluated using KWW function, even though lower βKWW than the HIPS was expected for it. Furthermore, the α‐dispersion of the UPR was considerably broader while its fragility index was comparable with the HIPS. Nonetheless, segmental dynamics comparison based on normalized ΔCp(Tg) by molecular weight of the structural units of the studied systems showed much greater differences. Accordingly, the UPR was both kinetically and thermodynamically more fragile than the HIPS. The higher fragility of the UPR could be attributed to its larger relative cooperativity size and topological constraints. Finally, enhanced contrast in dynamic fragilities of two studied systems could be achieved if similar overall and local compositions could be made experimentally. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Novel pyridinium photoinitiators and their applications for the ultraviolet crosslinking of acrylic pressure‐sensitive adhesives
Authors: Czech Zbigniew , Gąsiorowska M. , Soroka Jacek 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe demand for ultraviolet (UV)‐crosslinkable pressure‐sensitive adhesives (PSAs) has rapidly been increasing. A variety of different PSAs containing new photoreactive pyridinium derivatives have been evaluated for their effectiveness in improving adhesion and cohesion in UV‐crosslinkable PSAs. PSAs have been evaluated with respect to the tack, peel adhesion, and shear strength. This article summarizes the breakthrough technology used to achieve better performances in UV‐crosslinkable acrylic PSAs. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Patterning of thin poly(N‐vinyl pyrrolidone) films on silicon substrates by electron beam lithography
Authors: Burkert Sina , Schmidt Thomas , Gohs Uwe , Mönch Ingolf , Arndt Karl‐Friedrich 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPoly(N‐vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) is a widely used biocompatible polymer. PVP can be crosslinked by electron beam irradiation even in dry state. In contact with water it forms hydrogels. In a previous work we analyzed the crosslinking behavior of PVP bulk gels and thin PVP films on silicon wafers under electron beam irradiation. In this work, we applied the electron beam lithography on dry PVP films. Different patterns with a width of less than 100 nm were written into the film with the e‐beam of a scanning electron microscope. The topography of the patterned film is investigated by atomic force microscopy. For further applications, we tried to create a gradient of crosslinking density within the film using a combination of e‐beam irradiation and e‐beam lithography. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Ionic mechanisms in pulse irradiated poly(vinyl chloride) system containing stabilizing additives
Authors: Mayer J. , Szadkowska‐Nicze M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe pulse radiolysis studies of poly(vinyl chloride), PVC, film containing stabilizers i.e., Tinuvin P, Irgastab PVC 11, and Irganox 1076 have been carried out with the main aim of investigating ionic reactions in these systems. The evidences are presented concerning the formation of ionic transients in model solvents i.e. 2‐propanol and sec‐butyl chloride as well as in PVC film. In PVC‐stabilizer system under consideration the additives can contribute to the positive charge transfer processes whereas Tinuvin P, in addition may scavenge effectively electrons (the rate constant for e−solv scavenging in 2‐propanol equals 5.9 × 109 mol−1 dm3 s−1) influencing the negative charge scavenging by PVC matrix itself and the HCl formation during the radiolysis of PVC. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007