bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CELLULAR INTERACTIONS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE MAINTENANCE OF IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE OF SHEEP ERYTHROCYTES IN RATS
Authors: McCullagh Peter 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe capacity of lymphocytes from erythrocyte tolerant rats of two unrelated strains to interact in the environment of an erythrocyte‐tolerant host of a third strain has been examined. Abrogation of erythrocyte tolerance failed to occur in situations in which a tolerant population of cells which was not involved in an allogeneic confrontation was present. It is concluded that abrogation of erythrocyte tolerance by allogeneic lymphocytes is dependent upon the allogeneic confrontation of and the consequent interruption of the activity of, all repressor cells present.
DETECTION OF MOUSE MACROPHAGE ANTIGENS BY ANTIMACROPHAGE SERUM
Authors: Tiller Glenis E , MeGiven AR , Phil E 
Published: November 2007

SummaryAn antimacrophage serum prepared in a rabbit injected with BALB/c mouse peritoneal macrophages detected a macrophage‐specific antigen on peritoneal macrophages and a second macrophage antigen shared with polymorphonuclear leucocytes and fibroblasts. The macrophage‐specific antigen was present in the four mouse strains examined, in one of three strains of rats and in guinea‐pigsThe specific peritoneal macrophage antigen and the antigen shared with polymorphs were detectable only after culture of macrophages from bone marrow, spleen, Lung and pleural cavity, isolated Kupffer cells, whether cultured or otherwise, showed no reaction with the antisera.Ultrastructurally, the specific macrophage antigen was localized to the cell membrane as discrete electron‐dense deposits of 25‐40 nm, regularly distributed 30‐50 nm apart.
THE EFFECT OF MATERNAL MALNUTRITION ON THE PROGENY IN THE RAT. STUDIES IN VITRO OF LIPOGENESIS IN LIVER AND IN VIVO OF LIPOGENESIS IN LIVER AND ADIPOSE TISSUE FOLLOWING FRUCTOSE FEEDING
Authors: McLeod Katrine I , Neste PJ , Goldrick RB 
Published: November 2007

SummaryWhen female rats are fed a protein‐deficient diet (6% protein) for 2 weeks prior to and during gestation, the offspring (test progeny) exhibit deficits in body weight, in liver weight and in the number of hepatocytes, which cannot be corrected by adequate post‐natal feeding. The incorporation in vitro of [l‐14C] acetate and [U‐14C] glucose into the various liver lipid classes was studied in such progeny at the age of 10 weeks either after chow‐feeding or following 2 weeks of fructose supplementation of the diet (20% w/v in the drinking water). Fructose feeding increased the incorporation of both glucose and acetate into total liver lipids. When the results were expressed per unit weight of tissue no differences were found between chow‐fed, control and test progeny or fructose‐fed, control and test progeny. Lipogenesis in liver tissue was significantly stimulated, by the addition of insulin to the incubation medium, to a similar extent in control and test progeny. This is in contrast to our previous finding that adipocytes of test progeny were less responsive to insulin in vitro than those from control progeny following fructose feeding.The administration in vivo of [U‐14C]glucose also demonstrated that lipogenesis in the livers of fructose‐fed rats was increased to a similar degree in control and test progeny. By contrast, lipogenesis in epididymal fat adipocytes was significantly less in the test than in the control progeny, following fructose feeding.We conclude that intrauterine deprivation of protein leads to a subsequent inability of adipocytes to respond normally to the lipogenic stimulus of fructose feeding. On the other hand, hepatocytes respond normally but, since the livers of test progeny are smaller, their total lipogenic capacity is diminished. Despite these findings, fructose‐induced hypertriglyceridaemia was similar in test and control progeny.
THE LYSOSOMAL ENZYMES ACID PHOSPHATASE AND β‐GLUCURONIDASE IN MUSCLE FOLLOWING A PERIOD OF ISCHAEMIA
Authors: Shannon AD , Adams EP , Courtice FC 
Published: November 2007

SummaryHistochemical and biochemical investigations have been carried out on the activities of acid phosphatase and β‐glucuronidase in plantar muscle following a period of 6 hours' ischaemia of the hindpaw of the rabbit. The activities of these enzymes were followed from 2 hours to 28 days after the period of ischaemia.The activities of both enzymes were unaltered in the injured muscle at 2 hours after the period of ischaemia. While the biochemical activity of acid phosphatase was unchanged at 1 day after ischaemia, β‐glucuronidase activity was significantly increased at this time. Three days after ischaemia the biochemical activities of both enzymes were significantly increased. These increased activities were shown histochemical to be associated with infiltrating mononuclear cells in the case of acid phosphatase and with infiltrating mononuclear cells and degenerating muscle fibres in the case of β‐glucuronidase.Both enzymes were still significantly increased in the injured muscle at 7 days after ischaemia. At this time regenerative processes were evident in the muscle and particularly high levels of β‐glucuronidase activity were visualized within muscle fibres. It is suggested that β‐glucuronidase may have an anabolic role in the early regenerative processes of muscle. Some acid phosphatase activity was also visualized within muscle fibres at 7 days. The biochemical activities of both enzymes approached normal values in the injured muscle at 14 days after ischaemia but residual activities were still evident histochemically at 28 days.The levels of acid phosphatase and β‐glucuronidase were also determined in leg lymph and blood plasma. There were increased levels of both enzymes in the lymph draining the injured hindpaw 2 hours after ischaemia. These increased values in lymph had returned to normal levels at 1‐7 days after ischaemia, indicating that the initial increases resulted from an increased permeability of the small blood vessels in the affected area.
DIFFERENTIAL TOXICITY OF TOBACCO SMOKE TO VARIOUS CELL TYPES INCLUDING THOSE OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
Authors: Holt PG , Bartholomaeus WN , Keast D 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe susceptibility of cells of the immune system to tobacco smoke exposure in vitro was compared to that of epithelioid or fibroblastic cells from a number of sources. All cells of the immune series were shown to be highly susceptible, suggesting that the efficiency of the immune response in the smoker's lung may suffer as a result of smoke‐induced damage to the participating cells.
RESPIRATORY AND CARDIOVASCULAR RESPONSES TO PROLONGED STIMULATION OF THE CAROTID BODY CHEMORECEPTORS IN THE CAT
Authors: Carmody John J , Scott Mary J 
Published: November 2007

SummaryCirculatory and respiratory responses to thirty minutes of hypoxic stimulation (prolonged stimulation) of the carotid body chemoreceptors were investigated in anaesthetized cats. The animals were studied in three groups: (a) animals in which the superior cervical sympathetic ganglia and aortic depressor nerves were intact, (b) animals in which the superior cervical sympathetic ganglia were removed, and (c) animals in which the aortic depressor nerves were cut.Stimulation of the carotid body chemoreceptors caused an initial increase in respiratory minute volume, bradycardia, rise in systemic arterial blood pressure and calculated total peripheral vascular resistance, with little or no change in cardiac output. With continuing stimulation the blood pressure and resistance responses were maintained, but there was attenuation of respiratory and heart rate responses. Controlling ventilation had little or no effect on the pattern of the cardiovascular responses to prolonged chemoreceptor excitation.Removal of the superior cervical ganglia had little effect on the responses to prolonged chemoreceptor stimulation with spontaneous ventilation.Section of the aortic depressor nerves had little effect on the respiratory or heart rate responses to prolonged chemoreceptor stimulation. However, the increases in blood pressure and calculated total peripheral resistance were considerably greater in the initial stages of the response, either under conditions of spontaneous ventilation or controlled ventilation, but particularly when ventilation was held constant during the period of chemoreceptor excitation.
NATURAL ANTIBODIES AND THE INTESTINAL FLORA OF RODENTS
Authors: Foo MC , Lee A , Cooper GN 
Published: November 2007

SummaryMembers of the rodent intestine microflora colonize the caecum and colon of animals within the first few weeks of life. Shortly after their appearance in the intestine, natural antibodies which specifically opsonize certain indigenous bacterial species develop in the sera of infant animals. When antibiotics are given to eliminate these organisms, the homologous antibody levels decline significantly within a few weeks, suggesting that the continued stimulus of antigen is required to maintain normal levels. This observation has been supported by an experimental model involving continuous oral administration of a Hypho‐microbium sp., a saprophytic bacterium selected because mice do not normally have detectable levels of serum antibodies against it. This organism has also been used to demonstrate that continued presence of organisms in the intestine does not induce immunological memory.
LONG TERM LIVER RADIATION DAMAGE IN THE RAT FOLLOWING INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL IRRADIATION
Authors: Waller AR , Wordsworth OJ 
Published: November 2007

SummaryLiver radiation damage has been assessed and compared in the rat following two different liver irradiation regimes. (i) One group of rats received liver radiation doses ranging from 4,250 rads to 8,500 rads delivered externally in fractionated doses over 11 days by a 240 kV X‐ray machine. Liver damage was assessed by determining serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and total haemolytic complement. (ii) A second group of rats received a liver radiation dose of 8,500 rads delivered internally via intravenously injected radioactive colloidal gold–198, and similar serum parameters were studied. Liver histology was also carried out on both groups of rats.Both treatments result in abnormal serum levels of enzymes and complement, and a comparison of results for both irradiation regimes indicates that, while there are slight differences in early response, particularly in serum complement levels, nevertheless similar long term liver damage results.
IMMEDIATE HYPERSENSITIVITY RESPONSES IN THE MARSUPIAL SETONIX BRACHYURUS (THE QUOKKA). BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF THE HOMOCYTOTROPIC ANTIBODY
Authors: Lynch NR , Turner KJ 
Published: November 2007

SummaryImmunization of the marsupial Setonix brachyurus (the quokka) with ovalbumin and the dinitrophenyl hapten, in conjunction with either alumina gel or Freund's complete adjuvant, induced the synthesis of low levels of homocytotropic antibody (HCA). This antibody elicited passive cutaneous anaphylactic (PCA) reactions of maximal intensity after latent periods of 48 to 72 hours and persisted at passively sensitized skin sites for at least 10 days. The HCA activity in quokka antisera was labile both to heating at 56° and to reduction with 2‐mercaptoethanol. The biological characteristics of the quokka HCA were therefore closely comparable to those of the reaginic (IgE) antibodies of eutherian (placental) species. Because of this similarity, it is suggested that the immediate hypersensitivity system was developed prior to the evolutionary divergence of these two groups.
CLASS SPECIFICITY OF INTRACELLULAR AND SURFACE IMMUNOGLOBULIN OF CELLS IN POPLITEAL AND INTESTINAL LYMPH FROM SHEEP
Authors: Beh KJ , Lascelles AK 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe proportion and class specificity of immunoglobulin‐containing cells in intestinal lymph of sheep have been compared with those in lymph from a popliteal lymph node undergoing an immune response. In addition, the proportion of cells with immunoglobulin determinants on their surface in lymph from both sources was determined.Following antigenic stimulation, IgM‐ and subsequently IgG1‐specific cells appeared in the popliteal lymph; only small numbers of IgG2‐ and IgA‐specific cells were seen. In contrast, immunoglobulin‐containing cells in intestinal lymph were almost exclusively IgA‐specific, and it was concluded that most of these cells originated from the lamina propria or Peyer's patches. The proportion of cells with immunoglobulin determinants on their surface in intestinal and popliteal lymph was around 28% and the immunoglobulin exposed on the surface was exclusively IgM.
WATER AND ELECTROLYTE EXCRETION IN THE CAT SUBMAXILLARY GLAND STUDIED USING MICROPUNCTURE AND DUCT CANNULATION TECHNIQUES
Authors: Kaladelfos G , Young JA 
Published: November 2007

SummaryStudies on the electrolyte composition of the acinar (or primary) secretion and the final saliva of the cat submaxillary gland undergoing parasympatho‐ and sympathomimetic stimulation have been undertaken using micropuncture and duct cannulation techniques for sample collection. The work was undertaken to see to what extent the two‐stage secretory model developed previously for rat salivary glands would hold for rather different glands of other species. We find that in general terms the same two‐stage model is applicable. The primary secretion in both species has plasma‐like sodium and chloride concentrations and potassium concentrations about twice those of plasma; gland stimulation does not greatly alter the composition of this fluid. In the secondary stage, during passage of this fluid along the gland excurrent ducts, there is in both species, extensive ductal absorption of sodium and chloride, although for the cat the absorptive mechanism is more easily saturable. Unlike rat submaxillary ducts, however, those of the cat appear to secrete little potassium, and gland stimulation does not increase the secretory rate of this ion, so that the phenomenon termed acino‐tubular balance is not observed. Although both ducts may secrete bicarbonate this is much more conspicuous for the rat. In contrast to parasympathomimetic stimulation, the effects of sympathomimetic stimulation on the two glands were totally different. In the cat a much more vigorous secretory response was obtained than in the rat but the striking elevation of salivary potassium and bicarbonate concentrations to values in excess of 100 mM seen in the rat did not occur. It is concluded that while a two‐stage hypothesis may account for secretion of water and electrolytes in many salivary glands, the role of ductal stimulation in the secondary stage and the relative roles of sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation may vary greatly among species.
INFLUENCE OF CORTICOTROPHIC AND CORTICOSTEROID HORMONES ON THE OUTPUT OF CELLS FROM THE POPLITEAL LYMPH NODE OF THE SHEEP
Authors: Shannon AD , Jones MAS 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe intravenous administration of 5, 10 or 20 IU adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) resulted in a depression in the output of cells from the popliteal lymph node of the sheep, beginning 60 to 90 minutes after injection. The cell output fell to approximately 40% of the preinjection level with all three doses and the length of time the output was depressed was dose dependent. The cell output returned to the preinjection level some 4 hours after 5 IU, 5 hours after 10 IU and 7 hours after 20 IU ACTH had been administered. Lymph flow was slightly depressed following 10 IU and 20 IU ACTH.Following the intravenous administration of 2·5, 5 or 10 mg hydrocortisone‐21‐sodium succinate, there was a reduction in the concentration and output of cells and an increase in lymph flow, beginning 60 to 90 minutes after injection. All three doses of hydrocortisone gave similar results; cell concentration and output fell to approximately 50% of the preinjection level at 2 hours and returned to normal levels at 4 to 5 hours after administration.The total white cell count in blood rose 30 to 45 minutes after the administration of either 20 IU AGTH or 10 mg hydrocortisone and remained above the preinjection level over the experimental period. It was concluded that corticotrophic and corticosteroid hormones influence tile recirculation of lymphocytes at the level of the local lymph node.
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE “INCOMPLETE SUBSEROTYPES” AND THE CRYPTIC AXIAL FILAMENT ANTIGEN OF LEPTOSPIRA
Authors: Chang Annabella , Faine S 
Published: November 2007

SummaryPreparations of axial filament (AF) from three strains of Leptospira were found to show no precipitating antigen activity in vitro, but were immunogenic, as they elicited an antibody response.Electron‐microscopic examination of these preparations revealed a coating of unknown nature on the AF, thus supporting the concept of a masked antigen.A correlation was made between incomplete subserotypes and strains having a masked AF antigen.
DIFFERENCES IN GENETIC SPECIFICITY ARE OBSERVED WHEN SPLEEN AND LYMPH NODE LEUCOCYTES ARE USED AS THE RESPONSIVE CELL POPULATION IN MIXED LEUCOCYTE CULTURES
Authors: Lafferty KJ , Ryan Madeleine A 
Published: November 2007

SummaryIn mixed leucocyte culture, CBA lymph node cells respond to stimulation by irradiated (CBA x C57Bl) F1 spleen cells, but (CBA x C57Bl) F1 lymph node cells are not stimulated by irradiated CBA spleen cells. However, when spleen cells are the responsive cell population. (CBA x C57Bl) F1 cells respond to stimulation by irradiated CBA spleen cells and CBA spleen cells respond to stimulation by irradiated (CBA x C57Bl) F1 spleen cells.
TRANSFERRIN AND IRON UPTAKE BY THE LIVER IN THE RAT
Authors: Gardiner Michaele E , Morgan EH 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe uptake of transferrin and iron by rat liver tissue was measured using in vivo screened radioiodinated rat albumin and transferring, 59Fe and three experimental techniques using liver slices, the isolated perfused liver or the intact animal. Uptake of labelled transferrin in excess of that of albumin relative to their concentrations in the solutions bathing the liver cells was found with all three techniques. This was considered to represent specific uptake of transferrin by liver cells. It occurred rapidly to reach an equilibrium within 30 min in the perfused liver and the intact animal but was slow with liver slices. More than half of the transferrin specifically bound by the liver in vivo was released into the perfusate during subsequent perfusion.Radioiron uptake in excess of radioiodinated transferrin uptake was also found with all three techniques and was used to measure the rate of cellular uptake of iron. This was tow with liver slices but the values for the perfused liver were comparable to the rate found in vivo.It is concluded that transferrin is reversibly taken up by rat liver cells, probably during the process of assimilation of plasma iron, and that the isolated perfused liver is superior to liver slices as a technique to study the mechanism of iron uptake by the liver.
STUDIES ON IN VITRO LEUCOCYTE MIGRATION INHIBITION
Authors: Fimmel PJ , Keast D 
Published: November 2007

SummaryUsing a microleucocyte migration inhibition technique, comparable to the macromethods currently in use, it was shown that peripheral leucocytes from normal human subjects underwent migration inhibition in response to antigens prepared from their own gut flora. This system was used to study the kinetics of leucocyte migration. It was shown that antigen‐induced inhibition of migration is mediated by an event which occurs within three hours of culture initiation.
REGIONAL VASCULAR RESPONSE TO HYPOXIA IN THE LUNGS OF ANAESTHETISED SHEEP
Authors: Maloney JE , Alcorn Daine , Cannata J , Walker A , Ritchie BC 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe pulmonary vascular response to hypoxia was studied in open and closed chest anaesthetised sheep. Control distributions of pulmonary blood flow were significantly different between the open and closed chest animal, and changes in total pulmonary vascular resistance during hypoxia were identical in the two preparations. There were, however, marked regional differences in the response of the pulmonary vasculature to hypoxia in both preparations, there being greater increases in vascular resistance in the central zone of the lungs between the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the supine animal.
THE EFFECT OF BURIMAMIDE, AN H‐2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST, UPON THE GENERAL AND CORONARY HAEMODYNAMICS OF INTACT DOGS AND UPON HISTAMINE RELEASE BY TWEEN 20
Authors: Maxwell GM , Rencis V 
Published: November 2007

SummaryBurimamide, an H‐2 receptor antagonist, was administered to intact and anaesthetized dogs. The drug increased heart‐rate, cardiac output and systemic pressure during its infusion and for 30 minutes afterwards. Coronary sinus flow was not significantly changed. There was an increase in right and left ventricular work with a decrease in the calculated resistances in the pulmonary and systemic circuits. Lactate, pyruvate, and non‐esterified fatty acid levels increased. Burimamide is able to reverse the depressant effects of histamine release by Tween 20, but pretreatment with burimamide does not have any prophylactic effect upon the histamine response.
THE MINIMUM QUANTITY OF VASOPRESSIN IN THE NEUROHYPOPHYSIS NECESSARY FOR WATER BALANCE IN NON‐STRESSED RATS
Authors: Young TK , Huang WC 
Published: November 2007

SummaryUsing water intake as an indicator of vasopressin deficiency, the minimum quantity of vasopressin in the neurohypophysis necessary for water balance was measured in rats with different degrees of electrolytic lesions placed in the hypothalamus. The minimum quantity of vasopressin in the rat neurohypophysis necessary for water balance was found to be 50 milliunits, equivalent to about 8% of the total amount of vasopressin found in the posterior pituitary of normal rats.
A COMPARISON OF STRONTIUM CHLORIDE M BROTH, AND MANNITOL, SELENITE, CYSTINE BROTH IN THE ISOLATION OF SALMONELLAE FROM EGG PRODUCTS
Authors: Chandler RA 
Published: November 2007

SummaryA comparison of the efficiency of strontium chloride M broth and mannitol, selenite, cystine broth in the recovery of Salmonella sp. was made. The former was found to be inferior and was ineffective in suppressing the growth of Proteus sp.
ANTIGEN‐DEPENDENT B‐LYMPHOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION
Authors: Schlegel RA , Shortman Ken , Stocker JW , Odgers Margaret 
Published: November 2007

SummaryPreparative, free‐buffer film electrophoretic separation of mouse lymphocytes revealed B cell heterogeneity. The typical B cell was of low electrophoretic mobility. However, both very low mobility recirculating B cells and high mobility larger‐sized B cells were separated in spleen. In imprimed mice the AFC‐progenitor activity† for an IgM response to NIP‐POL antigen was absent from the slowest migrating B cells and was enriched amongst the “atypical” fast migrating elements. In contrast, the progenitor activity for a memory IgG response in NIP‐primed mice was absent from the fast migrating regions and was enriched amongst the slowest migrating B cells. The progenitor activity for IgM responses in NIP‐primed mice was intermediate between these situations.The B cell AFC‐progenitors for DNP‐POL and SRC antigens in the spleens of unprimed mice displayed many of the characteristics of the progenitors for an anti‐NIP response, and much of the activity was amongst the fast migrating, “atypical” B cells. The unprimed IgM and IgG response to SRC, however, was also found in slow migrating regions characteristic of the “memory” response to NIP, suggesting that a naturally pre‐primed state existed.The electrophoretic characteristics of AFC at the peak of a response differed from those of their progenitor cells. With all antigens, and with both pre‐primed and normal animals. AFC showed a broad distribution with a peak in the medium mobility region. Background AFC for SRC showed the same characteristics as those at the peak of a response. In contrast, the few background AFC for the NIP‐determinant were of low mobility.