bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Set of Differentials to Characterize Populations of Pyrenophora teres Drechs. for International Use
Authors: Afanasenko O. S. , Hartleb* H. , Guseva N. N. , Minarikova V. , Janosheva M. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractFrom 1989 to 1992 populations of Pyrenophora teres from Russia. Germany. Czech Republic and Slovakia were studied to determine their structure. and to develop a barley differential set for potential international use. The infection responses were scored on a 5‐point reaction scale using detached leaf pieces incubated on filter paper saturated with a aquaeos benzimidazole solution. A set of 12 differentials. incorporated under 4 digits using the octal nomenclature, was identified and is presented.
An Assay Based on the Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Detection of N‐ and L‐types of Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides in Wheat
Authors: Gac M. L. , Montfort F. , Cavelier N. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test combined with restriction enzyme digestion of an amplified ribosomal DNA fragment is currently available for the identification of N‐ and L‐type isolates of Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides from purified fungal DNA. This study shows that both types of the fungus can be differentiated in the plant using the PCR assay and that the test is extremely sensitive. The PCR assay is used to compare the development of one isolate of each the N‐ and L‐type in wheat under glasshouse conditions. The results indicate that for an identical infection date, the N‐type tends to penetrate the tissues faster than the L‐type.
Differential Accumulation of Phytoalexins in Leaves of Susceptible and Resistant Genotypes of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Inoculated with Puccinia arachidis Speg.
Authors: Sankara P. , SubbaRao P. V. , Strange R. N. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe accumulation of phytoalexins in a rust‐susceptible (KH 241‐D) and a rust‐resistant (PI 259747) genotype of groundnut 2,6, 15 and 25 days after inoculation with the rust pathogen, Puccinia arachidis Speg. was investigated. Within 2 days of inoculation of the resistant genotype, total phytoalexins reached 35 μg/g fresh weight, remained close to this level for a further 13 days but reached 104μg/g at 25 days after inoculation. In contrast, the susceptible genotype accumulated only 4μg/g fresh weight 2 days after inoculation and this increased gradually to 13, 23 and 52 μg/g fresh weight at 6, 15 and 25 days, respectively. Extracts from uninoculated leaves of both genotypes showed the presence of an antifungal compound which appeared as a diffuse spot in the Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) bioassay, but this was essentially absent in inoculated leaves and did not correspond to any peak detected on High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Compounds with UV spectra corresponding to isoflavanones were the major component of the phytoalexin response whereas other phytoalexins, formononetin, daidzein, and medicarpin comprised a minor component. A further compound with a retention time of 23.0 min on HPLC and a λ max of 280 nm only accumulated in inoculated leaves of the resistant genotype.
Virulence Patterns of Uromyces appendiculatus from Different Geographical Areas and Implications for Finding Durable Resistance to Rust of Common Bean
Authors: Mmbaga M. T. , Steadman J. R. , Eskridge K. M. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractSingle‐uredinium cultures of Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers) Unger from Honduras, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Tanzania and USA were evaluated for virulence on 19 standard bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) rust differential lines/cuitivars that had been previously selected on the basis of resistance to bean rust. A disease rating scale, based on uredinium diameter, was used to study pathogenic variability of the bean rust fungus. Virulence of the cultures was measured by the vector of disease score (mds) on all 19 differentials and the nearest centroid sorting algorithm was used to cluster the cultures according to virulence similarity. A total of 373 different virulence patterns was identified from more than 2000 cultures and were grouped into four virulence clusters. None of the cultures produced a susceptible reaction on all the differentials. Cultures that produced uredinia > 0.5 mm in diameter in 15 differentials were considered to have high virulence. About 59, 15, 20, 5 and 0%, respectively, of the Honduran, Dominican, Puerto Rican, USA and Tanzanian cultures were highly virulent. The lines/cultivars Ecuador 299, Mexico 235, 51051, NEP‐2, Mexico 309, California Small White 643, A × S 37, and Aurora had a high degree of resistance to most cultures and can be used as sources of broad resistance. Virulence patterns of the differentials indicated redundancy in some host parasite interactions and the need to modify the composition of the differential lines/cultivars.
Occurrence of Cucumber Mosaic Cucumovirus with Satellite RNA in Lethal Necrosis Affected Tomatoes in Croatia
Authors: ŠKoric D. , Krajacic M. , Barbarossa L. , Cillo F. , Grieco F. , ŠAric A. , Gallitelli D. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIn the last few years, tomato crops of Southern coastal Croatia have been repetitively stricken by a devastating necrotic tomato disease on such a scale that it endangered tomato production in the area. Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV) was found in symptomatic plants by serology. Low‐molecular weight RNA bands were detected in total nucleic acid extracts from naturally infected tomato fruits. The satellite nature of this RNA was proven by molecular hybridization with a digoxigenine‐labelled satellite RNA probe. Molecular and biological characterization of the satRNA proved to be involved in codetermination of the lethal necrosis disease. This is the first report of CMV strain containing a satRNA in Croatia.
Comparison of Methods for Detection of Erwinia carotovora ssp. atroseptica in Progeny Tubers Derived from Inoculated Tubers of Solanum tuberosum L.
Authors: Fraaije B. A. , Birnbaum Y. , VanDen Bulk R. W. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractSeveral techniques for detection of Erwinia carotovora ssp. atroseptica (Eca) on potato tubers were used to study the transmission of Eca from inoculated mother tubers into progeny tubers for 12 different potato cultivars. The sensitivity of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for a direct detection of Eca in crude peel extracts was only 107‐108 cells/ml, due to inhibition of PCR amplification by potato tuber‐derived compounds. With dilution plating and ELLSA, 105 and 107 cells/ml were detected, respectively, Immunofluorescence cell staining (IF), with a detection threshold of 104‐105 cells/ml, was shown to be most sensitive for direct detection, and transmission of Eca was found for six potato cultivars, whereas with the other techniques tested no transmission was found. After 48 h enrichment of peel extract in polypectate medium at 20 C, IF and PCR detected an initial inoculum concentration of 10 Eca cells/ml, whereas 102, 104 and 104 cells/ml were detected in dilution plating, ELISA and conductimetry, respectively. With dilution plating, PCR and IF, performed after enrichment, transmission of Eca was found for, respectively, four, six and seven out of 12 potato cultivars tested. No transmission was found using ELISA and conductimetry, due to their lower sensitivity, Erwinia carotovora ssp, carotovora (Ecc) was only detected in the progeny tubers of control plants. No relation was found between the transmission of Eca to progeny tubers and blackleg incidence in the field.
Chlorosis of Sequentially Older Leaves of Poa pratensis Induced by Biologically Active Products of Bipolaris sorokiniana
Authors: Hodges C. F. , Campbell D. A. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractResearch was initiated to develop a rapid assay for determining the ability of biologically active products of Bipolaris sorokiniana to induced chlorosis in intact (not detached) leaf blades of Poa pratensis, and to determine if the active products interact with leaf senescence. The presence of membrane disrupting substances in the extract was confirmed by the leakage of betacyanin from red beet root cells. The non‐diluted extract induced severe leaf chlorosis in leaves of all ages. At dilutions of 10−1 and 10−2 the youngest leaf blade remained visibly green, and the second leaf blade showed mild chlorosis. The third and fourth (oldest) leaf blades showed severe chlorosis in response to the 10−1 dilution, and chlorosis occurred on about one‐half the length of the leaf blades in response to the 10−2 dilution. Chlorosis of treated leaf blades developed slowly and toward the tip end of the leaf. Severely chlorotic leaves often developed necrotic flecks and/or necrotic midvein streaks. It was concluded that the extract from B. sorokiniana induces chlorosis, interacts with leaf senescence, and contains substances active in pathogenesis.
An RT‐PCR Test for the Detection of Tomato Spotted Wilt Tospovirus Incorporating Immunocapture and Colorimetric Estimation
Authors: Weekes R. , Wood K. R. , Barker J. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR)‐based assay for the detection of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) has been modified and improved by the use of immunocapture of virus by solid phase adsorbed antibodies and colorimetric detection of nested PCR products, into which digoxigenin has been incorporated, by an ELOSA (enzyme‐linked oligonucleotidesorbent assay)‐like assay. The use of the colorimetric assay for the detection of tospoviruses by using ‘universal’ primers in the RT‐PCR stage is also described.
Western Blots Reveal that Grapevine Viruses A and B are Serologically Related
Authors: Goszczynski D. E. , Kasdore G. G. F. , Pietersen G. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIsolates of grapevine virus B (GVB) and grapevine virus A (GVA) were obtained by mechanical transmission from grapevines to Nicotiana benthamiana. Western blot studies of these isolates using various antisera to GVB and GVA showed that they are serologically related.
Biological Control of Take‐all of Wheat in the Pacific Northwest of the USA Using Hypovirulent Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici and Fluorescent Pseudomonads
Authors: Duffy B. K. , Weller D. M. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractHypovirulent Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici strain L108hv, five strains of Pseudomonas spp., and a mixture of four of these bacterial strains were used individually and in combination for the suppression of takeall of wheat. In the growth chamber, L108hv and all five individual bacterial strains provided a significant reduction in take‐all severity compared with an untreated control. Combination of L108hv and the bacteria did not significantly enhance the suppressiveness of either agent. In the field at Pullman, WA, 108hv significantly reduced crown root infection of winter wheat but not seminal root infection, while the reverse was true for a mixture of bacterial strains suggesting these agents may be more effective at different stages in disease development. In a second field trial at Pullman, yield of spring wheat was increased by 20.8%. In contrast, in two field trials at Mt. Vernon, WA, L108hv had no effect on take‐all of spring wheat. We conclude that specific biocontrol agents may be better suited for certain environments and that biocontrol treatments should be customized for the target site.
Biological Characterization of an Italian Isolate of Barley Yellow Dwarf Luteovirus from Barley
Authors: Guglielmone L. , Caciagli P. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAn isolate of BYDV (BYDV‐OC), from barley in Northwest Italy with typical symptoms of yellowing and dwarfing, was transmitted by Rhopalosiphum padi, Sitobion fragariae. S. avenae, Metopolophium festucae, R. maidis and M. dirhodum, but not by Myzus persicae or Schizaphis graminum. It reacted in DAS‐ELISA with monoclonal and polyclonal antisera to PAV, but not with antibodies to MAV, RPV and RMV. A polyclonal antiserum prepared to BYDV‐OC did not react with MAV‐like, RPV‐like, or RMV‐like isolates of BYDV in ELISA or in Western blots. The concentration of BYDVOC in Avena byzantina plants decreased from weeks 1 to 10 after inoculation, but the total virus content per plant increased up to weeks 7 to 8, following the increase of plant weight.
Legume Hosts of Macrophomina phaseolina in Kenya and Effect of Crop Species on Soil Inoculum Levels
Authors: Songa W. , Hillocks R. J. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractStudies were conducted in eastern Kenya to determine the common legume crop and weed hosts of Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid., the inciter of charcoal rot disease. The effect of maize, sorghum, bean, and cowpea on the soil inoculum level was also investigated after field inoculation. All the legume crops and weeds tested were found to be infected by the pathogen after artificial inoculation. Common bean, soybean, cowpea were the most susceptible while pigeonpea, green gram, and hyacinth bean were moderately susceptible. Groundnut, chickpea. Cassia spp. and Crotalaria spp. were least susceptible after artificial inoculation, Monocropping of sorghum, maize, cowpea and common bean for three consecutive crop seasons increased M. Phaseolina soil inoculum in ascending order.
The Involvement of Fusaric Acid in the Bulb‐rot of Gladiolus
Authors: Remotti P. C. , Löffler H. J. M. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractTissue cultures of Gladiolus have been used successfully to determine host specific properties of fusaric acid, a phytotoxin produced by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. gladioli (Mas.) Sny. et Hn. Ten Gladiolus genotypes, including three wild South African species, varying in resistance to Fusarium‐rot. were differentiated based on the expressed insensitivity to fusaric acid. Shoots and callus cultures were challenged in vitro with various concentrations of fusaric acid. The ion‐release caused by the toxin was measured with callus and intact cormels. In all above mentioned bioassays resistant and susceptible genotypes could be generally discriminated. However, only two of the developed bioassays, the shoot assay and the ion‐release with intact cormels, gave significantly coinciding results with the Fusarium‐resistance assessed in a greenhouse experiment. When using callus tissue in the assays, the obtained answer correlated less with the Fusarium‐resistance. It is concluded that a part of the Fusarium‐resistance is based on fusaric acid insensitivity.
Local and Systemic Induction of β‐1,3‐Glucanase and Chitinase in Coffee Leaves Protected Against Hemileia vastatrix by Bacillus thuringiensis
Authors: Guzzo S. D. , Martins E. M. F. 
Published: May 2008

Abstractβ‐1,3‐glucanase and chitinase activities were induced locally and systemically 4–25 and 11–25 days, respectively, after spraying the surface of the third pair of coffee leaves from the apex of 8‐month‐old plants with a 50 mg/ml aqueous suspension of Bacillus thuringiensis in a commercial formulation (Thuricide HP‐Sandoz). The treatment also induced local and systemic resistance against Hemileia vastatrix after the application of the inducer. Within 14–18 days of application of the Thuricide inducer, the β‐1,3‐glucanase activity in the locally and systemically‐protected unchallenged leaves reached maximum levels of 226% and 279% higher levels respectively, than in control plants. The chitinase activity reached maximum levels of 224% and 181% respectively, within 18–21 days after treatment with the inducer. Two β‐1,3‐glucanase bands were detected by native PAGE electrophoresis in extracts from locally‐and systemicallyprotected unchallenged coffee leaves.
Purification of the Phytoplasma Associated with China‐tree (Melia azedarach L.) Decline and the Production of a Polyclonal Antiserum for its Detection
Authors: Gomez G. G. , Conci L. R. , Ducasse D. A. , Nome S. F. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractChina‐tree or paraiso (Melia azedarach) decline, caused by a phytoplasma, is a disease in Argentina for which hitherto no diagnostic reagents were available. The production of a polyclonal antiserum using a purification protocol involving a double Percoll gradient is reported. The antiserum was used successfully in immuno‐dot blot assay to discriminate between infected and healthy plants. It also recognized, although less reliably, other phytoplasmas present in garlic (Allium sativum), peach (Prunus persica) and tona (Tona cilliata). Organisms that by their size and morphology resembled phytoplasmas were detected by immuno‐electron microscopy and immunogold labelling. The ability of the antiserum to discriminate between healthy and infected plants was confirmed by PCR amplification of fragments only from infected plants.
Moniliformin Accumulation and other Effects of Fusarium avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc. on Kernels of Winter Wheat Cultivars
Authors: Golrnski P. , Kosteckt M. , Lasocka I. , Wisniewska H. , Chelkowski J. , Kaczmarek Z. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAccumulation of the mycotoxin moniliformin (MON) and other effects on kernels were examined in 13 Polish winter wheat cultivars inoculated with F. avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc. isolate ATCC 64451. Kernels from inoculated ears were divided into three fractions: Fusarium damaged kernels (FDK), kernels with black point symptoms (BPK) and healthy looking kernels (HLK). The average moniliformin content (mg/kg) was highest in chaff (11.69), lower in infested kernels (FDK + BPK) (2.70) and lowest in HLK (1.16). The mean level (mg/kg) of moniliformin in kernels (total sample) ranged from 0.78 in cv. Liwilla to 3.84 in cv. Gama. Moniliformin levels in chaff were correlated (r= 0.5322) with the average metabolite concentration (mg/kg) in kernels, and ranged from 4.97 in chaff of cv. Roma to 22.9 of cv. Alba. The moniliformin concentration in kernels (total sample) was highly correlated with the level of the metabolite in diseased kernels. This is the first report of the relationship of black point symptoms with F. avenaceum colonization of kernels and moniliformin accumulation.
Genomic Diversity of Field Isolates of Burkholderia solanacearum in Japan
Authors: Ito S. , Fujji T. , Uushijima Y. , Tanaka S. , Kameya‐Iwaki M. , Yoshiwara S. , Kishi F. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractGenomic differences between 18 isolates of Burkholderia solanacearum originated from diseased plants cultivated in nine different agricultural fields were examined by using four DNA‐based methods: repetitive DNA polymorphism analysis, restriction‐site analysis of polymerase chain reaction products, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis, and macrorestriction analysis. Genomic diversity among the isolates was detected by RAPD and macrorestriction analysis. The latter revealed the regional variation of the genome structure among the isolates, suggesting that B. solanacearum populations consist of a number of independent clonal lines.
Lack of Specificity in Plant Extracts and Chemicals as Inducers of Systemic Resistance in Cucumber Plants to Anthracnose
Authors: Fought L. , Kuć J. A. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractCanoia, lettuce, green bean, dwarf pea, tobacco, tomato, poplar, corn, wheat, and cucumber leaves were extracted by boiling with 95% ethanol. The ethanol was removed from the ethanol‐water extract, and the water‐soluble fraction was centrifuged and filtered to remove compounds with a molecular weight > 1 000 D. The undersides of the first true leaf of a cucumber plant (leaf 1) and the leaf above (leaf 2) were sprayed with each plant extract (induction), and 7 days later leaf 3 was inoculated with a conidial suspension of Colletotrichym lagenarium (challenge). Extracts from all plants tested induced systemic resistance in leaf 3 to C. lagenarium. Commercially available compounds were screened to determine structural similarities among the compounds which can induce systemic resistance. All compounds which induced resistance in leaf 3 caused some damage to leaves 1 and 2. but not all compounds which damaged leaves 1 and 2 induced resistance in leaf 3. Galacturonic acid, glucuronic acid, salicyhc acid, m‐hydroxybenzoic acid, p‐hydroxybenzoic acid, y‐resorcylic acid, protocatecbuic acid, gallic acid, hemimelletic acid, trimelletic acid, trimesic acid, phloroglucinol, and glycine induced systemic resistance, whereas catechol, resorcinol, hydroquinone, pyrogaLol, hydroxyhydroquinone, benzoic acid, phthalic acid, α‐resorcylic acid, β‐resorcylic acid, gentisic acid. 2, 3‐dihydroxybenzoic acid, benzaldehyde, 2,3‐dihydroxybenzaldehyde, β‐resorcaldehyde, protocatechuic aldehyde, benzyl alcohol, salicyl alcohol, myo‐inositol, phytic acid, pinitol, and quebrachitol did not. Structural similarities were not evident among either compounds which induced systemic resistance or those that did not.
Nature of Enhanced Severity of Anthurium Root Rot by Diuron Treatment for Weed Control
Authors: Guo L. Y. , Ko W. H. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractDiuron treatment for weed control greatly increased anthurium root rot caused by Pythium splendens, P. spinosum, P. vexans and Calonectria crotalariac. Diuron in agar medium was inhibitory to the growth of mycelium, formation and germination of sporangia of P. splendens. Sporangia of P. splendens produced in diuron‐amended medium did not differ in pathogenecity to anthurium roots from those produced in diuron‐free medium. When diuron was applied to kill weeds in the planting medium, the population of P. splendens in it was not decreased during the test. Diuron was inhibitory to a number of micro‐organisms in the platiting medium. Exudation of anthursum roots was not increased by diuron treatment. Increase in severity of anthurium root rot by diuron treatment was similar whether the experiments were performed in the presence or absence of planting medium, suggesting that the enhancing effect of diuron on root rot is mainly due to an increase in susceptibility of the host plants.
Characterization of Two Strains of Cowpea Mild Mottle Virus Naturally Infecting Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in India
Authors: Sivaprasad V. , Sreenivasulu P. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractTwo viruses were isolated from commercial groundnut plants showing mild mottle (MM) and severe mottle (SM) symptoms in the Rayalaseema area of Andhra Pradesh State, India. The host range of both the isolates was restricted to Fabaceae. The physical properties of both isolates were: DEP 10‐6 to 10‐7. TIP 70–85 C and LIV 5–8 days. Partially purified virus preparations contained slightly flexuous filamentous particles. In ELISA and gel diffusion tests both isolates reacted similarly with anusera to the carlaviruses cowpea mild mottle, cassia mild mosaic and potato M. Particle morphology. sedimentation coefficient, and estimated sizes of the coat proteins and RNAs gave additional evidence that the viruses were carlaviruses. Bemisia labaci transmitted only the MM isolate and the two isolates also differed in electrophoretic mobility of intact particles and amino acid composition of the coat proteins. The isolates are identified as distinct strains of cowpea mild mottle virus.
Serodiagnosis of Pepper Veinal Mottle Virus in West Africa using Specific Monoclonal Antibodies in DAS‐ELISA
Authors: Huguenot C. , Furneaux M. T. , Clare J. , Hamilton R. I. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIn order to develop a reliable diagnostic test for pepper veinal mottle virus (PVMV), a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), raised to a Nigerian isolate (PVMW‐Ni), was evaluated by double‐antibody sandwich enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (DAS‐ELISA) on infected pepper samples from seven West African countries. PVMV from different geographical locations was serologically very homogeneous and no significant epitope differences were detected even with a very sensitive double‐mAb sandwich ELISA. This ELISA format was optimized with mAb 6C12 and its application in a diagnostic test resulted in the identification of PVMV in Burkina Faso, Togo and Sénégal where it had not been previously reported.