bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fecal Occult Blood Tests in Cattle
Authors: Payton Alice J. , Glickman Lawrence T. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Three methods for fecal occult blood detection were evaluated in mature cows. Bovine blood (heparinized) was infused directly into the abomasum of mature nonlactating rumen-fistulated cows. After administration of the blood, feces from the cows were periodically collected, tested, stored, and retested. Sensitivity for two of the three methods was optimal at 2 days of storage, regardless of temperature at storage. A dilute alcoholic solution of guaiac was the most sensitive and reproducible method. In vitro tests demonstrated that guaiac solution could detect a quantity of blood comparable with a daily blood loss of 69 to 75 ml. In addition, the minimal transit time of blood from abomasum to rectum was measured and ranged from 7 to 19 hours.
Plasma Concentrations of Iditol Dehydrogenase (Sorbitol Dehydrogenase) in Ponies Treated with Aflatoxin B1
Authors: Asquith R. L. , Edds G. T. , Aller W. W. , Bortell R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Twelve clinically normal Shetland ponies were allocated to one of four treatment groups. Aflatoxin B1 was administered at the dosage level of 2 mg/kg of body weight to group A, 1 mg/kg to group B, and 0.5 mg/kg to group C; a placebo was given to group D (controls). Plasma samples were assayed at 4-hour intervals for iditol dehydrogenase (id) (sorbitol dehydrogenase) concentrations as an indicator of hepatic damage.
One of the ponies in group A died 68 hours after dosing; another pony in group A died 76 hours after dosing. All other animals survived the experiment. The means of peak id values were as follows: group A, 1514.0 IU/L (P < 0.05); group B, 192.6 IU/L (P < 0.05); group C, 8.5 IU/L (P < 0.05); and group D (controls), 2.7 IU/L.
A square root transformation analysis of the postdosing response of id values in relation to time demonstrated that the mean of group A became significantly higher (P < 0.05) than did the mean of the control group at 5 to 6 hours. The mean of group B at 12 to 16 hours and the mean of group C at 20 to 24 hours also were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than was the mean of the control group.
Evaluation of an Analytical Method for the Diagnosis of Cantharidin Toxicosis Due to Ingestion of Blister Beetles (Epicauta lemniscata) by Horses and Sheep
Authors: Ray Allen C. , Post Lynn O. , Hurst J. Monty , Edwards William C. , Reagor John C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An analytical method for cantharidin, using high performance liquid chromatography, was applied to field specimens from horses and sheep with blister beetle (Epicauta lemniscata) poisoning. Stomach content and urine proved to be valuable aids in diagnosis. One incident of cantharidin toxicosis in ruminants (sheep) was confirmed.
Persistent Hog Cholera Infection Detected During Virulence Typing of 135 Field Isolates
Authors: Carbrey E. A. , Stewart W. C. , Kresse J. I. , Snyder M. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
During the hog cholera (hc) eradication program in the United States, 135 field isolates were characterized by inoculation into specific-pathogen-free pigs. This gave origin to the classification of 61 (45%) as high virulent, 37 (27%) as low virulent, 29 (22%) as avirulent or immunizing, and 8 (6%) as capable of causing persistent infection.
The persistent infections caused by the eight isolates were of long duration, lasting in one instance to 152 days. The persistently infected pigs remained relatively free of clinical signs of hc but had high concentrations of hc virus (hcv) in their blood. When 6 of these pigs were given a second inoculation (with the virulent Ames strain of hcv), 2 died while the health status of 4 remained unchanged.
Rotavirus Antibody in Chickens as Measured by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Blocking Assay
Authors: Bartz Curtis R. , Conklin Richard , Steele James H. , Glass S. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The antibody titer of 202 chickens to SA-11 rotavirus was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent blocking assay. The chickens were from 15 separate flocks on six farms. The titer was detectable (1:18 or greater dilution) in 43% of the chickens. The wide variation in infection rate between flocks on individual farms (0% to 90%) indicated there is probably not significant transmission of the virus between flocks on the farm. Significant differences in numbers of serotest-positive birds were found between separate farms, possibly reflecting different management practices.
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Using Staphylococcal Protein A for Detecting Virus Antibodies
Authors: Potgieter L. N. D. , Rouse B. T. , Webb-Martin T. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A modification of the indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed which used staphylococcal protein A linked to horseradish peroxidase. Virus antibodies in equine, bovine, porcine, feline, canine, lagomorphic (rabbit), and human sera were detected, using the indirect elisa in which the antiglobulin enzyme conjugate was replaced by protein A linked to horseradish peroxidase. Results of the elisa were compared with the results of the serum-virus neutralization test. The application of the test in laboratories performing serologic assays with sera from diverse animal species is discussed.
Immunologie Responses in Colostrum-Fed and Colostrum-Deprived Calves
Authors: Clover C. K. , Zarkower A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The influence of colostrum on several aspects of the neonatal immune response, including lymphocyte reactivity in vitro, was examined in the calf from birth through 96 hours after delivery. Using a whole blood microculture assay, the blastogenic response of peripheral blood lymphocytes (pbl) incubated with phytohemagglutinin (pha), pokeweed mitogen (pwm), or Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (lps) were examined for colostrum-fed (cf) and colostrum-deprived (cd) calves. The pha and pwm stimulated significant levels of [3H]thymidine incorporation in both calf groups, although lps was only marginally mitogenic. However, pbl from cd calves during the first 24 hours after delivery had significantly greater amounts of total label incorporation in response to the three mitogens as compared with the label in pbl from cf calves.
Differential and total wbc counts differed markedly between cf and cd calves during the first 48 hours after delivery; cf animals had significantly increased leukocyte counts at 6, 12, and 24 hours, due primarily to transient neutrophilia. Blood sera collected from calves before ingesting colostrum contained trace amounts of immunoglobulin (Ig) M and IgG; all three classes of Ig (M, G, and A) were present in significant amounts in sera of calves after colostrum feeding. The observed effects of colostrum on various components of the immune system are discussed.
Identification and Characterization of a Bovine Rhinovirus Isolated from Iowa Cattle with Acute Respiratory Tract Disease
Authors: Lupton H. W. , Smith M. H. , Frey M. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Viral isolate FS1-43 isolated from a calf with acute respiratory tract disease was characterized as a bovine rhinovirus. This virus was antigenically indistinguishable from rhinovirus strains C-07 and VC-96. The virus replicated in low passage Madin-Darby and Georgia bovine kidney cells. A relative noncytopathogenic replication occurred in epithelial bovine turbinate, bovine fibroblastic turbinate, and bovine lung cells. Ciliary activity of tracheal explants was unaffected during eight serial passages. Viral replication was detected earlier and viral titers were higher at 33 C than at 37 C. Rotation of cultures did not affect viral titers but was necessary to produce a cytopathic effect in Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells.
Branching Patterns of the Hepatic Artery in the Dog: Arteriographie and Anatomic Study
Authors: Schmidt Sibylle , Lohse Carleton L. , Suter Peter F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Eleven arteriograms, 7 corrosion casts, and 40 dissection studies of 51 clinically normal dogs were examined for the branching patterns of the hepatic artery. An injection of radiopaque medium for selective arteriography was made initially to radiograph the celiac artery, after which a technique defined as superselective arteriography was done, advancing a catheter tip into the hepatic artery. Superselective arteriograms for study of the hepatic artery are described, and the anatomic variants of its branching are discussed. Three major types of hepatic artery branching patterns were identified. The first consists of a single hepatic artery trunk, and this pattern was found in four dogs. The second type with two separate branches of the hepatic artery was found in 27 dogs. The third type was seen in 20 dogs and consisted of 3, 4, or 5 branches that originated directly from the hepatic artery.
The origin of the right gastric artery varied, as did the branching of the celiac artery. The most common termination of the celiac artery was as two branches in 31 dogs, and these branches were the hepatic artery and a gastrosplenic trunk. The gastrosplenic trunk subsequently divided to form the left gastric artery and the splenic artery. The usual description of the celiac artery is that it ends by trifurcating.
A scheme was developed in which the three major types of hepatic artery branching patterns were outlined. This scheme encompasses the hepatic lobar artery variants and can serve as a basis for interpretation of detailed hepatic arteriograms.
Canine Urethral Pressure Profile
Authors: Rosin Anne , Rosin Eberhard , Oliver John 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Urethral pressure profiles were recorded in seven normal female and six normal male dogs. Each dog was immobilized with xylazine, and a catheter (continuously infused with saline solution) was placed into the bladder through the urethra and withdrawn at a fixed rate. Pressure changes were recorded, and the resulting graphs provided values for pressures within the urethra. Nomenclature used to describe the urethral pressure profile was standardized according to the International Continence Society's recommendations. The maximum urethral closure pressures in the female dogs were between 13.0 and 46.0 mm of Hg (mean of 23.9 ± sd 11.8 mm of Hg). There was a significant difference (P < 0.025) in the maximum urethral pressures of nulliparous female dogs less than 2 years of age when compared with those of older female dogs. The maximum urethral closure pressures in the male dogs were between 25.0 and 36.0 mm of Hg (mean of 28.3 ± sd 4.0 mm of Hg).
Pharmacokinetics of Albendazole in Sheep
Authors: Marriner Susan E. , Bogan James A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The concentrations of albendazole and its two major metabolites, the sulfoxide and sulfone, were measured in plasma and in ruminal and abomasal fluid of three sheep (surgically prepared with permanent ruminal and abomasal cannulae) orally given albendazole as a suspension at a dose rate of 10 mg/kg.
Albendazole was not detectable in plasma at any time in one sheep (detection limit, 0.02 μg/ml) and in the other sheep, only transiently detectable. Albendazole sulfoxide was detectable in plasma and in abomasal fluid at mean peak concentrations of 3.2 and 26.2 μg/ml, respectively, 20 hours after administration.
It is probable that much of the anthelmintic activity of albendazole in sheep is due to the metabolically formed sulfoxide and sulfone.
Physiologic Changes in Awake Goats After Experimentally Induced Pericardial Effusion
Authors: Wingfield Wayne E. , Rawlings Clarence , Steinkamp Susan J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Awake, unmedicated goats were used to study the physiologic effects of experimentally induced acute pericardial effusion. With an increase in pericardial volumes, there was a significant (P < 0.01) linear decrease in the cardiac index. This decrease was apparently due to the decrease in stroke index (P < 0.01) rather than to a decrease in heart rate.
Peripheral vascular resistance in both the systemic and pulmonary arteries increased. The aortic pressure initially fell, but later rose with an increase in pericardial volumes. Pulmonary arterial pressures decreased with an increase in pericardial volumes. Pressures in the right atrium were significantly elevated (P < 0.01) with an increase in pericardial volumes.
Possible Factors Influencing the Immunoglobulin G Concentration in Swine Colostrum
Authors: Inoue Takeshi , Kitano Kazuhiro , Inoue Kuniyuki 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The immunoglobulin (Ig) G concentration in swine colostrum was determined by the single radial immunodiffusion method, using 157 samples collected from farm-raised sows in the Yamaguchi Prefecture of Japan during 1976 and 1977. The mean IgG value was 53.03 mg/ml, and the maximum and minimum values were 101.39 mg/ml and 11.74 mg/ml, respectively. The amount of IgG varied greatly among sows.
To clarify the possible factors influencing the amount of IgG in colostrum, the following items were surveyed: season, district, breed, age of sows, number of parturitions, udder section from which samples were collected, kind of feed, vaccinations of swine erysipelas live-organism vaccine, hog cholera live-virus vaccine, Japanese encephalitis live-virus vaccine, transmissible gastroenteritis live-virus vaccine, type of farming, and number of sows raised on a farm. Relationships between the amount of IgG in colostrum and each of these 13 items were analyzed.
Seemingly, strong correlations with the amounts of IgG in colostrum were found with five items (district, number of parturitions, kind of feed, type of farming, and number of sows). To the contrary, five items (age, udder section, and vaccinations of swine erysipelas live-organism vaccine, hog cholera live-virus vaccine, and Japanese encephalitis live-virus vaccine) had poor correlations. Other items had moderate correlations. The multiple correlation coefficient obtained was 0.5499.
Growth of Hebdomadis Group of Leptospires in Solid Medium
Authors: Tripathy D. N. , Hanson L. E. , Jones F. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Leptospira hardjo, szwajizak, and sejroe produced colonial growth in bovine albumin polysorbate 80 (BAP80) solid medium which had been supplemented either with sodium pyruvate (100 μg/ml) or with 5% rabbit serum. Leptospira hardjo produced two morphologic types of colonies in both supplemented media. Growth did not occur with any of the three serovars in the unsupplemented BAP80 medium. These results indicate that addition of either rabbit serum or sodium pyruvate would aid in promoting growth of some fastidious leptospires.
Murine Infection Model for Contagious Equine Metritis: A New Venereal Disease of Horses
Authors: Arko R. J. , Wong Κ. H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An infection model in laboratory mice for studying the bacterium (proposed name Haemophilus equigenitalis) causing contagious equine metritis is described. Small porous chambers were implanted subcutaneously into mice and after 1 to 3 weeks were inoculated with H equigenitalis. Infections that persisted for > 30 days were established by direct transfer of infective chamber fluid or by injection of laboratory-grown cultures. Immunization of mice with formaldehyde-treated cells induced significant, strain-related immunity to infection and did not appear to require complement as a protection mediator. Substantial differences in staining characteristics and cell morphology were observed between bacteria grown in mouse chambers and those grown on a laboratory medium. These differences were more apparent in smears of the organism stained by a modified Gimenez method than in smears stained by the conventional Gram stain. This murine model may be a convenient and inexpensive method for studying the immunobiology of this newly discovered animal pathogen.
Response of Conventionally Raised Weanling Pigs to Experimental Infection with a Virulent Strain of Porcine Parvovirus
Authors: Brown T. T. , Paul P. S. , Mengeling W. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Conventionally raised 6-week-old pigs were inoculated intranasally and orally with porcine parvovirus. The pigs remained clinically normal for up to 17 days. They were viremic between 2 and 6 days after inoculation and had detectable hemagglutination-inhibiting titers to porcine parvovirus at 5 or 6 days after inoculation. Virus was isolated from multiple tissues of pigs killed between 3 and 17 days after inoculation. Viral antigen was demonstrated mainly in lymphoid tissues of these pigs. Gross and microscopic examination of tissues failed to reveal any notable pathologic changes. The numbers of thymus- and bone marrow-derived lymphocytes did not differ significantly in inoculated and noninoculated control pigs, and the response of peripheral blood lymphocytes to selected mitogens was not altered by infection.
Maturation of Nerve Conduction Velocity and the Evoked Muscle Potential in the Dog
Authors: Sims Michael H. , Redding Richard W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Maximum nerve conduction velocity (ncv) of motor fibers in the ulnar nerve was measured in dogs ranging in age from 12 hours after birth to 32 weeks and older. The evoked muscle potential (emp) resulting from ulnar nerve stimulation was recorded from an interosseous muscle and measured for latency, duration, and amplitude.
There was a sharp increase in ncv from 6.3 ± 0.28 m/s (mean ± sem) in dogs from 12 hours to 1 week of age to 59.04 ± 1.41 m/s in dogs 32 weeks and older. The latency of the emp, resulting from stimulating the ulnar at either a proximal or a distal site, decreased markedly after birth to 4 to 5 weeks and then more gradually until 10 to 12 weeks. In dogs between 10 to 12 weeks and 32 weeks and older, latency increased but was never as high as in the newborn.
Duration of the emp followed a similar pattern. Amplitude increased sharply with age, resulting in a final 14- to 18-fold increase by 32 weeks and older.
Immunofluorescent Studies on Localization of Secretory Immunoglobulins in the Intestines of Turkeys Recovered from Turkey Coronaviral Enteritis
Authors: Nagaraja Κ. V. , Pomeroy B. S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The present study concerns the production of specific secretory antibodies in turkeys orally inoculated with turkey coronavirus (tcv). Tissue localization of secretory antibodies in the intestines of recovered birds 4 and 5 months later was demonstrated by immunofluorescence technique. Intestinal sections were stained by sandwich method, using concentrated tcv antigen and anti-tcv conjugate. It was suggested that local synthesis of antibody might be responsible for life-long immunity seen in these birds after recovery from infection.
Feline Respiratory Tract Disease in Louisiana
Authors: Bech-Nielsen Steen , Fulton Robert W. , Cox Hollis U. , Hoskins Johnny D. , Malone John B. , McGrath Renee K. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An investigation of feline respiratory tract disease (frd) was made involving 65 affected cats (group 1) and 65 control cats (group 2) matched for age, sex, and residence. Feline calicivirus strains (fcv), feline herpesvirus-1 (fhv-1), or both, were isolated from 59% of group 1 cats and from 7% of group 2 cats. Isolation of these viruses showed a significantly greater (P < 0.05) relative risk for group 1 cats.
Virus isolations were three times more frequent from males than from females older than 1 year (both groups), but were equally distributed between males and females younger than 1 year.
Bacteria and fungi had a secondary role in both fcv- and fhv-1-associated frd. Intestinal infections of Ancylostoma spp, Dipylidium caninum, and Toxocara cati were diagnosed more frequently in group 1 cats than in controls (group 2). Paragonimus kellicotti was diagnosed in 3 group 1 cats, Taenia taeniaeformis in 1 group 1 cat, Isospora rivolta in 1 group 1 cat, and Giardia cati in 1 control cat. The present study supports the current concept of a primary viral cause for development of frd.
Histologic Classification as a Prognostic Criterion for Canine Lymphosarcoma
Authors: Weller R. Ε. , Holmberg C. A. , Theilen G. H. , Madewell B. R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Neoplastic tissues from 72 dogs with lymphosarcoma were histologically classified according to the Rappaport schema to determine if the histologic features of the disease had any clinical or prognostic importance. Of 72 dogs, lymphosarcomas in 7 were classified as nodular (9.7%) and 65 were classified as diffuse (90.3%). The two principal cytologic types were lymphocytic, poorly differentiated, and histiocytic, which composed 39% and 56% of the lymphosarcomas, respectively; whereas lymphocytic, well differentiated, mixed, and undifferentiated composed 6%. Clinically, all of the dogs were stage III or IV, according to the accepted criteria for canine lymphosarcoma. The overall complete remission rate was 64% and was defined as no clinical evidence of disease after 9 weeks of chemotherapy. Median remission among nodular histiocytic, diffuse lymphocytic, poorly differentiated, and diffuse histiocytic (dh) groups of dogs was 42 days, 29 days, and 42 days (range, 0 to 1,095), respectively. Median survival for the same groups was 235 days, 190 days, and 173 days (range, 1 to 1,261), respectively. A logarithmic analysis of variance revealed no significant differences among nodular histiocytic, diffuse lymphocytic, poorly differentiated, and dh groups relative to days remission, as well as to days survival. It was observed that those dogs with neoplasms classified as dh had longer remission durations. It would appear that for any one animal, histologic classification according to the Rappaport schema cannot be used as a prognostic criterion in predicting therapeutic response, remission, or survival.
Isolation of Pseudorabies Virus from Trigeminal Ganglia of a Latently Infected Sow
Authors: Gutekunst D. E. , Pirtle E. C. , Miller L. D. , Stewart W. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A 2-year-old sow with a relatively low virus-neutralization (vn) titer (1:8) against pseudorabies virus (prv) was brought to the National Animal Disease Center for observation and study. The sow was kept in isolation for approximately 6 weeks, and repeated nasal and tonsillar swabs for virus isolation and blood samples for vn tests were obtained during this interval. At the end of 5 weeks’ observation, the sow was injected im with 200 mg of dexamethasone and was euthanatized 1 week later. Parts of the two trigeminal ganglia, tonsillar tissue, and nasal secretions were cultured in porcine kidney cells. The rest of the trigeminal ganglia was extracted with phenol and tested for presence of the prv-DNA genome by hybridization with tritiated complementary RNA. The prv was isolated from the trigeminal ganglia only, and the prv genome was demonstrated in the same tissue. This latently infected sow was a potential shedder of prv.
Contagious Equine Metritis: Isolation and Characterization of the Etiologic Agent
Authors: Sahu S. P. , Dardiri A. H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Uterine, cervical, and clitoral specimens on swabs from pony mares infected with contagious equine metritis (cem) bacteria were streaked on agar plates. Colonies of cem bacteria were observed under CO2 incubation in 2 days on Eugon chocolate agar and Eugon blood agar plates. The diameter of the colonies varied from 0.2 mm to 1 mm in 2 days which increased to 0.3 mm to 2.0 mm on day 4. The colonies on Eugon chocolate agar plates on days 2 to 4 were shiny, brown, round, and convex, and easily glided when pushed with a loop. The diameter of the colonies on chocolate and blood agar plates made from tryptose blood agar base (TrCA or TrBA) was 0.2 to 0.3 mm on day 4. Due to their small size on TrCA or TrBA, colonies of cem bacteria were easily recognized from large numbers of contaminants. The organism required hemin for its growth. It gelled in water, caused delayed hemolysis of blood agar plates, and was extremely susceptible to acid in the pH range of 3 to 4.5.
A difference in growth of cem bacterium was observed on primary isolation media obtained from two different commercial sources.