bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploratory correlations of dietary nutrients with prostate cancer mortality using over two decades of observations in Korea
Authors: Moon Hyun Kyung , Kim Chae Yoon , Lee Seung Wook 
Published: December 2008

AbstractProstate cancer is now the eighth leading cause of cancer mortality among Korean males. We investigated the relationship between various nutrients in the diet and prostate cancer deaths. Nutrient intake data were obtained from the Korean Nutrition Survey between 1963 and 1995 and the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey since 1998. Prostate cancer mortality rates for these time periods were obtained from the National Statistics Office. The correlations between different nutrients in the diet and mortality were calculated using Spearman's rank correlation analysis with a lag period. Carbohydrates and grains showed significant negative correlations while protein, fat, iron, and riboflavin, and the food groups including fruits, seafood, seasonings and drinks, meat, eggs, fish, and milk showed significant positive correlations. In addition, the correlation results for age‐specific rates virtually coincided with the crude rate correlations. However, we urge caution in interpreting these results because they could merely be a consequence of the changing patterns of food consumption and the recording of deaths in Korea.
Vascular action of polyphenols
Authors: Ghosh Dilip , Scheepens Arjan 
Published: December 2008

AbstractDietary patterns are widely recognised as contributors to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease. Endothelial function, the elastic properties of large arteries and the magnitude and timing of wave reflections are important determinants of cardiovascular performance. Several epidemiological studies suggest that the regular consumption of foods and beverages rich in flavonoids is associated with a reduction in the risk of several pathological conditions ranging from hypertension to coronary heart disease, stroke and dementia. The impairment of endothelial function is directly related to ageing and an association between decreased cerebral perfusion and dementia has been shown to exist. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) must be maintained to ensure a constant delivery of oxygen and glucose as well as the removal of waste products. Increasing blood flow is one potential way for improving brain function and the prospect for increasing CBF with dietary polyphenols is extremely promising. The major polyphenols shown to have some of these effects in humans are primarily from cocoa, wine, grape seed, berries, tea, tomatoes (polyphenolics and nonpolyphenolics), soy and pomegranate. There has been a significant paradigm shift in polyphenol research during the last decade. This review summarises our current knowledge in this area and points the way for the development of new types of functional foods targeted to brain health through improving vascular health.
Can the Mediterranean diet prevent prostate cancer?
Authors: Itsiopoulos Catherine , Hodge Allison , Kaimakamis Mary 
Published: December 2008

AbstractProstate cancer is the second most common cancer in men worldwide. Despite the global importance of this cancer, until recently little was known about risk factors apart from the well‐established factors: age, family history and country of birth. The large worldwide variation in prostate cancer risk and increased risk in migrants moving from low to high risk countries provides strong support for modifiable environmental factors. We have based our review on the findings of a systematic review undertaken by an expert panel on behalf of the World Cancer Research Fund and the American Institute for Cancer Research, and new data since then, linking identified foods and nutrients with prostate cancer. Evidence indicates that foods containing lycopene, as well as selenium and foods containing it, probably protect against prostate cancer, and excess consumption of foods or supplements containing calcium are a probable cause of this cancer. The expert panel also concluded that it is unlikely that β‐carotene (whether from foods or supplements) has a substantial effect on the risk of this cancer. A recent review on environmental factors in human prostate cancer also found that there were protective effects of vitamin E, pulses, soy foods and high plasma 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D levels. The Mediterranean diet is abundant in foods that may protect against prostate cancer and is associated with longevity and reduced cardiovascular and cancer mortality. Compared with many Western countries Greece has lower prostate cancer mortality and Greek migrant men in Australia have retained their low risk for prostate cancer. Consumption of a traditional Mediterranean diet, rich in bioactive nutrients, may confer protection to Greek migrant men, and this dietary pattern offers a palatable alternative for prevention of this disease.
A multiscale framework for computational nanomechanics: Application to the modeling of carbon nanotubes
Authors: Masud Arif , Kannan Raguraman 
Published: December 2008

AbstractA multiscale computational framework is presented that provides a coupled self‐consistent system of equations involving molecular mechanics at small scales and quasi‐continuum mechanics at large scales. The proposed method permits simultaneous resolution of quasi‐continuum and atomistic length scales and the associated displacement fields in a unified manner. Interatomic interactions are incorporated into the method through a set of analytical equations that contain nanoscale‐based material moduli. These material moduli are defined via internal variables that are functions of the local atomic configuration parameters. Point defects like vacancy defects in nanomaterials perturb the atomic structure locally and generate localized force fields. Formation energy of vacancy is evaluated via interatomic potentials and minimization of this energy leads to nanoscale force fields around defects. These nanoscale force fields are then employed in the multiscale method to solve for the localized displacement fields in the vicinity of vacancies and defects. The finite element method that is developed based on the hierarchical multiscale framework furnishes a two‐level statement of the problem. It concurrently feeds information at the molecular scale, formulated in terms of the nanoscale material moduli, into the quasi‐continuum equations. Representative numerical examples are shown to validate the model and demonstrate its range of applicability. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Energy payback time of grid connected PV systems: Comparison between tracking and fixed systems
Authors: Perpiñan O. , Lorenzo E. , Castro M. A. , Eyras R. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractA review of existing studies about life cycle assessment (LCA) of PV systems has been carried out. The data from this review have been completed with our own figures in order to calculate the energy payback time (EPBT) of double and horizontal axis tracking and fixed systems. The results of this metric span from 2 to 5 years for the latitude and global irradiation ranges of the geographical area comprised between –10° to 10° of longitude, and 30° to 45° of latitude. With the caution due to the uncertainty of the sources of information, these results mean that a grid connected PV system (GCPVS) is able to produce back the energy required for its existence from 6 to 15 times during a life cycle of 30 years. When comparing tracking and fixed systems, the great importance of the PV generator makes advisable to dedicate more energy to some components of the system in order to increase the productivity and to obtain a higher performance of the component with the highest energy requirement. Both double axis and horizontal axis trackers follow this way, requiring more energy in metallic structure, foundations and wiring, but this higher contribution is widely compensated by the improved productivity of the system. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Paradoxical effects of sublethal exposure to the naturally derived insecticide spinosad in the dengue vector mosquito,Aedes aegypti
Authors: Antonio Gloria E , Sánchez Daniel , Williams Trevor , Marina Carlos F 
Published: December 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND:Recent studies have indicated that spinosad, a mixture of two tetracyclic macrolide compounds produced during the fermentation of a soil actinomycete, may be suitable for controlling a number of medically important mosquito species, including the dengue vector,Aedes aegyptiL. The authors determined the effects of a 1 h exposure to a 50% lethal concentration (LC50) of spinosad in the larval stage on the wing length, longevity and reproductive capacity of the adult survivors.RESULTS:The LC50of spinosad for a wild‐caught population ofAe. aegyptifrom Chiapas, southern Mexico, was estimated to be 0.06 mg AI L−1in late third instars. Paradoxically, the female survivors of exposure to this concentration were significantly larger (as determined by wing length) laid more eggs, but were slightly less fertile than control females. This was probably due to elimination of the smaller and more susceptible fraction of mosquito larvae from the experimental population following spinosad treatment. Male survivors, in contrast, were significantly smaller than controls. No significant differences were detected in the adult longevity of treated and control insects of either sex.CONCLUSIONS:The increase in reproductive capacity of spinosad‐treated females did not compensate for mortality in the larval stage and would be unlikely to result in population increase in this mosquito under the conditions that were employed. Sustained‐release formulations would likely assist in minimizing the occurrence of sublethal concentrations of this naturally derived product in mosquito breeding sites. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Epilepsy: current drug options and their recommended use
Authors: Cader Sarah , Cockerell Charles 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe choice of antiepileptic drug should reflect seizure type and take account of other medical conditions and treatment. In our Drug review the authors describe the available drug therapies for epilepsy and their recommended use, followed by an analysis of prescription data and sources of further information. Copyright © 2008 Wiley Interface Ltd
Potent modulation of P‐glycoprotein activity by naturally occurring phenylbutenoids fromZingiber cassumunar
Authors: Chung Soo Yeon , Han Ah‐Reum , Sung Min Kyung , Jung Ho Jin , Nam Joo‐Won , Seo Eun‐Kyoung , Lee Hwa Jeong 
Published: December 2008

AbstractFive phenylbutenoid derivatives from the rhizomes ofZingiber cassumunarRoxb. (Zingiberaceae) were evaluated for their P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) inhibitory effects in a P‐gp over‐expressing multidrug resistant (MDR) human breast cancer cell line, MCF‐7/ADR. As a result, a phenylbutenoid dimer, (±)‐trans‐3‐(3,4‐dimethoxyphenyl)‐4‐[(E)‐3,4‐dimethoxystyryl]cyclohex‐1‐ene (1), exhibited highly potent P‐gp inhibitory activity, decreasing the IC50value of daunomycin (DNM) to 4.31 ± 0.40 µmin the cells (DNM IC50= 37.1 ± 0.59 µm). The positive control, verapamil decreased the IC50value of DNM to 6.94 ± 0.40 µm. Three phenylbutenoid monomers, 2–4 from this plant, also resulted in a significant decrease in the IC50values of DNM compared with the control. In particular, compound 1 markedly enhanced [3H]‐DNM accumulation and significantly reduced [3H]‐DNM efflux compared with the control, and this effect was more potent than that of verapamil, a well‐known P‐gp inhibitor. These results suggest that compound 1 ofZ. cassumunarcan be developed as a potent chemo‐sensitizing agent that reverses P‐gp‐mediated MDR in human cancer chemotherapy. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of antihyperalgesic effect of curcumin on formalin‐induced orofacial pain in rat
Authors: Mittal Niti , Joshi Rupa , Hota Debasish , Chakrabarti Amitava 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe present study was planned to evaluate the role of curcumin in the formalin‐induced orofacial pain in rats that mimics typical human orofacial pain. Adult Wistar rats of either sex received an injection of 50 µL of 5% v/v subcutaneous formalin injection into one vibrissal pad and consequent facial grooming behavior was monitored. Animals exhibited two distinct periods of nocifensive grooming: (a) an acute phase lasting 0–6 min; and (b) a tonic phase lasting 6–45 min. The analgesic response of curcumin was observed at doses of 25, 50, 100, 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg i.p., administered 15 min prior to formalin injection. Another group received subanalgesic dose of diclofenac (0.2 mg/kg) and curcumin 25 mg/kg. Curcumin and diclofenac were administered 15 and 5 min prior to formalin injection respectively. Curcumin produced a dose‐dependent inhibition of facial grooming in both acute and tonic phases compared to vehicle and potentiated the subanalgesic dose of diclofenac. The study results for the first time demonstrated the per se antinocifensive effect of curcumin and also exhibited a synergistic interaction with the subanalgesic dose of an NSAID in the facial pain model. More studies are necessary to elucidate the mechanisms of curcumin in this model of pain. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of shock and vibration in truck transport in Japan
Authors: Lu Fei , Ishikawa Yutaka , Shiina Takeo , Satake Takaaki 
Published: December 2008

AbstractTo propose potential lab‐simulated vibration tests for developing appropriate cushioning packaging, we recorded vibration acceleration during truck transport, including large sporadic shocks in regular smaller vibration so that acceleration did not cover a normal probability distribution and could not be considered as random vibration. We extracted all shock acceleration from vibration during local road and highway transport and studied the causes. We found that shocks were caused by road roughness, metal joints, difference in levels on the asphalt‐surfaced road, pedestrian crossings, manholes, road curves, left and right turns, railroad crossings, etc. After removing shock events from all vibration acceleration during transport, we reconstructed remaining acceleration as continuous vibration. Vibration acceleration followed the normal probability distribution and could be considered random. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Environmental data recording, analysis and simulation of transport vibrations
Authors: Kipp Bill 
Published: December 2008

AbstractTransport vibration has long been recognized as a significant source of potential damage to products in distribution. In order to optimize packages for vibration protection, packaging engineers must understand and quantify this vibration and be able to simulate it in the laboratory.Random vibration testing, which provides the best laboratory simulation, started being used in packaging laboratories in the late 1970s. Initially, the spectrum shapes and levels were based on simple estimates or crude acceleration data, as at that time there was no way to accurately measure transport vibration in the required format. The first truly portable field data recorders were introduced in the late 1980s and currently have the capability to provide complete and meaningful information. As a result, appropriate technology now supports all portions of the process, from measurement and analysis, through laboratory test simulations.In recent years, many researchers have studied the worldwide transport vibration environment and its simulation in the laboratory. As these studies become more sophisticated, it is being recognized that improvements can be made to the traditional single‐spectrum, power spectral density (PSD) approach. There is increasing recognition of the non‐stationary aspects of the environment, as well as the fact that a variety of shocks are often superimposed on the vibration.The papers in this special edition illustrate not only the current established practices in the measurement, analysis, and laboratory simulation of transport vibration but also the new concepts regarding both sources and treatment of the data, as well as possible improvements to laboratory simulations. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measurement of precision for developing automatic transmission electron microscope
Authors: Hayashida Misa , Kimura Yoshihide , Takai Yoshizo 
Published: December 2008

AbstractTransmission electron microscope (TEM) is one of the most useful tools for atomic‐level characterization; however, it is not user‐friendly because the condition of the electron beam in TEM changes every time it is started, that is, the reproducibility of the condition is insufficient. One of the reasons for the insufficient reproducibility is the magnetic hysteresis of the magnetic lenses used in TEM. We have found that the dumping oscillation around the set value of the condenser lens current reduces the effect of the magnetic hysteresis, and have determined the reproducibilities of the size and position of the electron beam on a sample. The results show that the reproducibilities were markedly improved. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optically monitored wet‐chemical preparation of SEIRA active Au nanostructures
Authors: Enders Dominik , Nagao Tadaaki , Nakayama Tomonobu , Aono Masakazu 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe growth process of spherical substrate‐bound Au nanoparticles (AuNP) was investigated with in situ visible (VIS) spectroscopy, in situ Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In the VIS spectra, the redshift and broadening of the AuNP's surface plasmon resonance could be observed, as the size of the AuNP increased. FTIR spectra showed the increasing IR absorption of the surrounding water molecules because of the surface‐enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA), as well as plasmon absorption. IR spectra of adsorbates were further used to compare the SEIRA activity of the resulting Au films. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Auger spectral shape analysis of Sc‐O/W(100) system during phase transition at high temperature
Authors: Nakanishi Y. , Nagatomi T. , Takai Y. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe Auger spectral shape analysis of the Sc‐O/W(100) system was performed in order to investigate the chemical state of surface Sc atoms during the phase transition at high temperatures. The measured Sc‐LMM Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) spectra during the phase transition were reproduced by a liner combination of reference spectra obtained from metallic and oxidized Sc thin films on a W(100) substrate. The results revealed that Sc–O complexes on the (1 × 1)‐Sc‐O/W(100) surface are oxidized up to stoichiometry close to Sc2O3 immediately after starting oxygen exposure and diffuse into bulk W(100) during the transition from the (1 × 1)‐ to (2 × 1)‐(1 × 2)‐Sc‐O/W(100) surfaces at 1500 K. It was also found that the Sc–O complexes existing in bulk W(100) segregate to the (2 × 1)‐(1 × 2)‐Sc‐O/W(100) surface at the beginning of the transition from the (2 × 1)‐(1 × 2) to (1 × 1)‐Sc‐O/W(100) surfaces. The following desorption of surface oxygen atoms and the reconstruction of the Sc–O complexes result in the formation of the (1 × 1) structure. The present results confirmed that the diffusion and surface segregation of Sc–O complexes play an important role in determining surface properties of the Sc‐O/W(100) system. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Real‐time XAFS analysis of Rh/alumina catalyst
Authors: Dohmae Kazuhiko , Nagai Yasutaka , Tanabe Toshitaka , Suzuki Akane , Inada Yasuhiro , Nomura Masaharu 
Published: December 2008

AbstractReduction rates of rhodium supported on alumina were investigated with in situ time‐resolved X‐ray absorption fine structure (XAFS). The catalytic sample was prepared with 0.5‐wt% rhodium on the alumina powder by a usual impregnation method. Two types of XAFS techniques were applied for the experiments: energy‐dispersive XAFS and usual step‐scanning XAFS. The reduction rates of the rhodium supported on alumina after oxidizing treatment at 500 °C were measured with dispersive XAFS. The reducing condition was with 3% H2 in He at various temperatures from 100 to 250oC. The spectra of Rh K‐edge X‐ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) were acquired every 0.2 s. The oxidation state of the rhodium was evaluated by the energy shift of Rh K‐edge. The reduction rate of the rhodium was on a line in an Arrhenius plot. Reduction of the rhodium on the alumina in 3% H2 in He at 900 °C after high temperature oxidization at 900 and 1000 °C were measured with step‐scan XAFS. Though a portion of the rhodium was reduced in a few minutes, the residual rhodium was hardly reduced. The hardly reducible rhodium was considered to be reacted with the alumina support and lost catalytic activities. The ratio of the deactivated rhodium has been estimated as a function of the oxidization temperature and period. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A graphical approach to sequentially rejective multiple test procedures
Authors: Bretz Frank , Maurer Willi , Brannath Werner , Posch Martin 
Published: December 2008

AbstractFor clinical trials with multiple treatment arms or endpoints a variety of sequentially rejective, weighted Bonferroni‐type tests have been proposed, such as gatekeeping procedures, fixed sequence tests, and fallback procedures. They allow to map the difference in importance as well as the relationship between the various research questions onto an adequate multiple test procedure. Since these procedures rely on the closed test principle, they usually require the explicit specification of a large number of intersection hypotheses tests. The underlying test strategy may therefore be difficult to communicate. We propose a simple iterative graphical approach to construct and perform such Bonferroni‐type tests. The resulting multiple test procedures are represented by directed, weighted graphs, where each node corresponds to an elementary hypothesis, together with a simple algorithm to generate such graphs while sequentially testing the individual hypotheses. The approach is illustrated with the visualization of several common gatekeeping strategies. A case study is used to illustrate how the methods from this article can be used to tailor a multiple test procedure to given study objectives. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Systems thinking and the use of systemic methodologies in knowledge management
Authors: Paucar‐Caceres Alberto , Pagano Rosane 
Published: December 2008

AbstractConceptually, systems thinking (ST) and knowledge management (KM) seem to share similar grounds. At the level of practice, there is some evidence, if still patchy, that established systemic methodologies (SM) developed in the UK have been informing KM practice. This paper discusses the conceptual links between ST and KM, exploring the theoretical approaches that were embedded in the early KM literature. A survey of journals from both systems practice and KM areas is carried out to assess the exposure of SM in KM articles. Titles and abstracts of papers published in a sample of management science (MS)/operational research (OR) and KM journals between 1995 and 2005 were queried for the occurrence of SM typical keywords in order to identify articles that have used ST in general and a SM in particular. Results suggest that methods such as systems dynamics, complexity theory, soft systems methodology, viable systems model and critical systems have started to become visible in KM applications; we discuss some of these articles focusing on the methodological orientations of the approaches used. The paper aims to raise KM and systemic practice researchers' awareness of the benefits of further exchange and conversation between these two fields of management. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.