bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kinematics, Dynamics, Biomechanics: Evolution of Autonomy in Game Animation
Authors: Collins Steve 
Published: October 2005

Abstract The believeable portrayal of character performances is critical in engaging the immersed player in interactive entertainment. The story, the emotion and the relationship between the player and the world they are interacting within are hugely dependent on how appropriately the world's characters look, move and behave. We’re concerned here with the character's motion; with next generation game consoles like Xbox360

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and Playstation®3 the graphical representation of characters will take a major step forward which places even more emphasis on the motion of the character. The behavior of the character is driven by story and design which are adapted to game context by the game's AI system. The motion of the characters populating the game's world, however, is evolving to an interesting blend of kinematics, dynamics, biomechanics and AI drivenmotion planning. Our goal here is to present the technologies involved in creating what are essentially character automata, emotionless and largely brainless character shells that nevertheless exhibit enough "behavior" to move as directed while adapting to the environment through sensing and actuating responses. This abstracts the complexities of low level motion control, dynamics, collision detection etc. and allows the game's artificial intelligence system to direct these characters at a higher level. While much research has already been conducted in this area and some great results have been published, we will present the particular issues that face game developers working on current and next generation consoles, and how these technologies may be integrated into game production pipelines so to facilitate the creation of character performances in games. The challenges posed by the limited memory and CPU bandwidth (though this is changing somewhat with next generation) and the challenges of integrating these solutions with current game design approaches leads to some interesting problems, some of which the industry has solutions for and some others which still remain largely unsolved.
Characterization of glycoconjugate antigens in mouse embryonic neural precursor cells
Authors: Yanagisawa Makoto , Taga Tetsuya , Nakamura Kazuo , Ariga Toshio , Yu Robert K. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractNeuronal and glial cells organizing the central nervous system (CNS) are generated from common neural precursor cells (NPCs) during neural development. However, the expression of cell‐surface glycoconjugates that are crucial for determining the properties and biological function of these cells at different stages of development has not been clearly defined. In this study, we investigated the expression of several stage‐specific glycoconjugate antigens, including several b‐series gangliosides GD3, 9‐O‐acetyl GD3, GT1b and GQ1b, stage‐specific embryonic antigen‐1 (SSEA‐1) and HNK‐1, in mouse embryonic NPCs employing immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry. In addition, several of these antigens were positively identified by chemical means for the first time. We further showed that the SSEA‐1 immunoreactivity was contributed by both glycoprotein and glycolipid antigens, and that of HNK‐1 was contributed only by glycoproteins. Functionally, SSEA‐1 may participate in migration of the cells from neurospheres in an NPC cell culture system, and the effect could be repressed by anti‐SSEA‐1 antibody. Based on this observation, we identified β1 integrin as one of the SSEA‐1 carrier glycoproteins. Our data thus provide insights into the functional role of certain glycoconjugate antigens in NPCs during neural development.
Apparent presence of Ser133‐phosphorylated cyclic AMP response element binding protein (pCREB) in brain mitochondria is due to cross‐reactivity of pCREB antibodies with pyruvate dehydrogenase
Authors: Pláteník Jan , Balcar Vladimír J. , Yoneda Yukio , Mioduszewska Barbara , Buchal Richard , Hynek Radovan , Kilianek Lukasz , Kuramoto Nobuyuki , Wilczynski Grzegorz , Ogita Kiyokazu , Nakamura Yoichi , Kaczmarek Leszek 
Published: October 2005

AbstractCyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB) is a constitutive transcription factor that activates transcription following stimulus‐dependent phosphorylation at Ser133, implicated in synaptic plasticity and neuronal survival pathways. The prevailing view that CREB is exclusively nuclear has been questioned by several studies, and, for example, mitochondrial localization has been reported. Using subcellular fractionation of rat brain cortex coupled with western immunoblotting with Ser133‐phospho‐CREB (pCREB) antibodies, we found a robust pCREB immunoreactivity (IR) in mitochondria‐enriched fractions. The pCREB antibodies also stained the mitochondria, in addition to nuclei, of glial cells in primary cortical cultures. However, two CREB antibodies against different epitopes and gel shift assay detected the CREB protein mainly in the nuclear fraction. The two‐dimensional electrophoretic mobility of mitochondrial pCREB IR differed markedly from the nuclear CREB/pCREB IR, indicating that the pCREB antibody cross‐reacts with another mitochondrial protein. Immunoprecipitation of the mitochondrial pCREB IR produced three bands on sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, which were identified by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry as E2, E1 α‐subunit, and E1 β‐subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. The cross‐reacting epitope was identified as phospho‐Ser300 of the α‐subunit. In conclusion, this study confirms the presence of pCREB‐like IR in brain mitochondria that, after careful scrutiny, turned out to be pyruvate dehydrogenase rather than authentic CREB.
Human spastin has multiple microtubule‐related functions
Authors: Salinas Sara , Carazo‐Salas Rafael E. , Proukakis Christos , Cooper J. Mark , Weston Anne E. , Schiavo Giampietro , Warner Thomas T. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractHereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs) are neurodegenerative diseases caused by mutations in more than 20 genes, which lead to progressive spasticity and weakness of the lower limbs. The most frequently mutated gene causing autosomal dominant HSP is SPG4, which encodes spastin, a protein that belongs to the family of ATPases associated with various cellular activities (AAAs). A number of studies have suggested that spastin regulates microtubule dynamics. We have studied the ATPase activity of recombinant human spastin and examined the effect of taxol‐stabilized microtubules on this activity. We used spastin translated from the second ATG and provide evidence that this is the physiologically relevant form. We showed that microtubules enhance the ATPase activity of the protein, a property also described for katanin, an AAA of the same spastin subgroup. Furthermore, we demonstrated that human spastin has a microtubule‐destabilizing activity and can bundle microtubules in vitro, providing new insights into the molecular pathogenesis of HSP.
Progression of age‐associated cognitive impairment correlates with quantitative and qualitative loss of TrkA receptor protein in nucleus basalis and cortex
Authors: Saragovi H. Uri 
Published: October 2005

AbstractA direct correlation between disease progression and reduced expression of TrkA receptor in cholinergic neurons has been documented in neurocognitive pathologies including Alzheimer's disease. We investigated whether reduced expression of TrkA protein might also correlate with the level of cognitive impairment in age‐associated cognitive impairment. Quantitative and qualitative measurements of TrkA protein levels in the cortex and nucleus basalis of aged rats that had been well‐characterized behaviorally as ‘unimpaired’, ‘mildly impaired’ or ‘fully impaired’ demonstrated significant changes in TrkA expression. In the mildly impaired cognitive state phenotypic silencing of TrkA was detected in neurons expressing TrkA at high density but before cholinergic atrophy or loss of TrkA+ neurons was detected. In the fully impaired cognitive state a significant loss in TrkA+ cholinergic neurons together with a more significant phenotypic silencing of TrkA expression then took place. These data suggest that TrkA+ cholinergic cells are associated with cognition, TrkA could be a biomarker of the cognitive state and phenotypic loss of TrkA precedes neuronal loss and probably sensitizes cells to death. We speculate that neurotrophic deficits may be a shared mechanism for cognitive decline in aging and Alzheimer's disease.
Inhibition of thrombin‐induced microglial activation and NADPH oxidase by minocycline protects dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra in vivo
Authors: Choi Sang H. , Lee Da Y. , Chung Eun S. , Hong Young B. , Kim Seung U. , Jin Byung K. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe present study shows that activation of microglial NADPH oxidase and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is associated with thrombin‐induced degeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons in vivo. Seven days after thrombin injection in the rat substantia nigra (SN), tyrosine hydroxylase immunocytochemistry showed a significant loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons. This cell death was accompanied by localization of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated fluorecein UTP nick‐end labelling (TUNEL) staining within dopaminergic neurons. This neurotoxicity was antagonized by the semisynthetic tetracycline derivative, minocycline, and the observed neuroprotective effects were associated with the ability of minocycline to suppress NADPH oxidase‐derived ROS production and pro‐inflammatory cytokine expression, including interleukin‐1β and inducible nitric oxide synthase, from activated microglia. These results suggest that microglial NADPH oxidase may be a viable target for neuroprotection against oxidative damage.
Unmet Care Needs and Key Outcomes in Dementia
Authors: Gaugler Joseph E. , Kane Robert L. , Kane Rosalie A. , Newcomer Robert 
Published: October 2005

Objectives: To determine how unmet needs for activity of daily living tasks influenced nursing home placement, death, or loss to follow‐up in dementia.Design: An 18‐month longitudinal design, with interviews administered every 6 months.Setting: Eight catchment areas in the United States.Participants: Five thousand eight hundred thirty‐one dementia patients and their caregivers were included at baseline.Measurements: Measures of sociodemographic context of care; functional, cognitive, and behavioral status of care recipients; caregiver stress and well‐being; and formal and informal resources served as covariates. The independent variables of interest were unweighted unmet care need scores and unmet need scores weighted by importance and severity in a prior sample of older consumers of long‐term care. Outcomes included nursing home placement, death, and loss to follow‐up.Results: Cox regression models suggested that greater unmet need was predictive of nursing home placement, death, and loss to follow‐up. These results were apparent when the unweighted and the weighted scores for unmet need with activity of daily living dependencies were used.Conclusion: Unmet need may be useful in identifying dementia care recipients at risk for nursing home placement and death. Further study of unmet need is needed to effectively assess and target intervention protocols during the course of dementia.
Setting Eligibility Criteria for a Care‐Coordination Benefit
Authors: Cigolle Christine T. , Langa Kenneth M. , Kabeto Mohammed U. , Blaum Caroline S. 
Published: October 2005

Objectives: To examine different clinically relevant eligibility criteria sets to determine how they differ in numbers and characteristics of individuals served.Design: Cross‐sectional analysis of the 2000 wave of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), a nationally representative longitudinal health interview survey of adults aged 50 and older.Setting: Population‐based cohort of community‐dwelling older adults, subset of an ongoing longitudinal health interview survey.Participants: Adults aged 65 and older who were respondents in the 2000 wave of the HRS (n=10,640, representing approximately 33.6 million Medicare beneficiaries).Measurements: Three clinical criteria sets were examined that included different combinations of medical conditions, cognitive impairment, and activity of daily living/instrumental activity of daily living (ADL/IADL) dependency.Results: A small portion of Medicare beneficiaries (1.3–5.8%) would be eligible for care coordination, depending on the criteria set chosen. A criteria set recently proposed by Congress (at least four severe complex medical conditions and one ADL or IADL dependency) would apply to 427,000 adults aged 65 and older in the United States. Criteria emphasizing cognitive impairment would serve an older population.Conclusion: Several criteria sets for a Medicare care‐coordination benefit are clinically reasonable, but different definitions of eligibility would serve different numbers and population groups of older adults.
Baseline Laboratory Monitoring of Cardiovascular Medications in Elderly Health Maintenance Organization Enrollees
Authors: Simon Steven R. , Andrade Susan E. , Ellis Jennifer L. , Nelson Winnie W. , Gurwitz Jerry H. , Lafata Jennifer Elston , Davis Robert L. , Feldstein Adrianne , Raebel Marsha A. 
Published: October 2005

Objectives: To identify correlates of laboratory monitoring errors in elderly health maintenance organization (HMO) members at the initiation of therapy with cardiovascular medications.Design: Cross‐sectional study in 10 HMOs.Setting: United States.Participants: From a 2 million‐member sample, individuals aged 65 and older who received one of seven cardiovascular medications (angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), amiodarone, digoxin, diuretics, potassium supplements, and statins) and did not have recommended baseline monitoring performed during the 180 days before or 14 days after the index dispensing.Measurements: The proportion of members receiving each drug for whom recommended laboratory monitoring was not performed. Laboratory monitoring error rates stratified by sex, age group, chronic disease score, and HMO site were examined, and logistic regression was used to identify predictors of laboratory monitoring errors.Results: Error rates varied by medication class, ranging from 23% of patients receiving potassium supplementation without serum potassium and serum creatinine monitoring to 58% of patients receiving amiodarone who did not have recommended monitoring for thyroid and liver function. Highest error rates occurred in the youngest elderly for ACE inhibitors, ARBs, digoxin, diuretics, and potassium supplements, although in patients receiving amiodarone and statins, errors were most frequent in the oldest elderly. Errors occurred more frequently in patients with less comorbidity.Conclusion: Laboratory monitoring errors occurred frequently in elderly HMO members at the initiation of therapy with cardiovascular medications. Further study must examine the association between these errors and adverse outcomes.
Do‐Not‐Resuscitate Policy on Acute Geriatric Wards in Flanders, Belgium
Authors: De Gendt Cindy , Bilsen Johan , Stichele Robert Vander , Lambert Margareta , Noortgate NeleVan Den , Deliens Luc 
Published: October 2005

Objectives: To describe the historical development and status of a do‐not‐resuscitate (DNR) policy on acute geriatric wards in Flanders, Belgium, and to compare it with the international situation.Design: Structured mail questionnaires.Setting: All 94 acute geriatric wards in hospitals in Flanders in 2002 (the year Belgium voted a law on euthanasia).Participants: Head geriatricians.Measurements: A questionnaire was mailed about the existence, development, and implementation of the DNR policy (guidelines and order forms), with a request to return copies of existing DNR guidelines and DNR order forms.Results: The response was 76.6%, with hospital characteristics not significantly different for responders and nonresponders. Development of DNR policy began in 1985, with a step‐up in 1997 and 2001. In 2002, a DNR policy was available in 86.1% of geriatric wards, predominantly with institutional DNR guidelines and individual, patient‐specific DNR order forms. Geriatric wards in private hospitals implemented their policy later (P=.01) and more often had order forms (P=.04) than those in public hospitals. The policy was initiated and developed predominantly from an institutional perspective by the hospital. The forms were not standardized and generally lacked room to document patient involvement in the decision making process.Conclusion: Implementation of institutional DNR guidelines and individual DNR order forms on geriatric wards in Flanders lagged behind that of other countries and was still incomplete in 2002. DNR policies varied in content and scope and were predominantly an expression of institutional defensive attitudes rather than a tool to promote patient involvement in DNR and other end‐of‐life decisions.
Uterine Response to Multiple Inoculations with Arcanobacterium pyogenes and Escherichia coli in Nulliparous Ewes
Authors: Wulster‐Radcliffe Meghan C. , Seals Richard C. , Lewis Gregory S. 
Published: October 2005

ProblemUterine infections seem more severe in nulliparous animals. Our objective was to determine whether intrauterine inoculation of nulliparous ewes with Arcanobacterium pyogenes and Escherichia coli would produce an antibody response and reduce the severity of subsequent infections.Method of studyNulliparous ewes (n = 9/treatment) received (i) ‘primary intrauterine inoculation’ with phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS) and ‘secondary intrauterine inoculation’ with PBS; (ii) primary PBS‐secondary 75 × 107 cfu of A. pyogenes and 35 × 107 cfu of E. coli (PBS–Bacteria); (iii) primary bacteria‐secondary PBS; or (iv) primary bacteria–secondary bacteria (Bacteria–Bacteria).ResultsInoculations evoked an antibody response. Postmortem examinations 6 days after the secondary inoculation indicated that PBS‐treated ewes did not develop uterine infections, but all bacteria‐treated ewes did. Infections were either less severe or closer to resolution in Bacteria–Bacteria than they were in PBS–Bacteria ewes.ConclusionsIntrauterine inoculation of nulliparous ewes with A. pyogenes and E. coli evokes an antibody response that may help the uterus reduce the severity of subsequent infections.
IgG, IgA and IgM Antibodies against FSH: Serological Markers of Pathogenic Autoimmunity or of Normal Immunoregulation?
Authors: Haller Kadri , Mathieu Christine , Rull Kristiina , Matt Kadri , Béné Marie C. , Uibo Raivo 
Published: October 2005

ProblemAutoimmune mechanisms are often involved in causing infertility. Among the possible targets of autoantibodies, the follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) which regulates the follicular maturation in human ovary is a promising candidate. We aimed to study whether anti‐FSH‐antibodies might be involved in different clinical types of infertility.Method of studyThe study group consisted of 178 patients (75 with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), 103 with endometriosis) and 75 pregnant women. Female blood donors formed the control group (n = 85). Indirect enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay tests were performed using purified FSH as antigens and a synthetic peptide corresponding to the 78–93 region (V14D) of the human FSH β‐chain.ConclusionWe showed that anti‐FSH‐antibodies were present in controls and their production decreased during pregnancy. Endometriosis and PCOS were associated with higher values of anti‐FSH‐immunoglobulin (Ig)A, anti‐V14D‐IgA, and endometriosis with anti‐V14D‐IgG. Our data suggest that anti‐FSH‐IgA could be a marker of ovarian disorders that cause infertility.
Booster Seat or Seat Belt? Motor Vehicle Injuries and Child Restraint Laws in Preschool and Early School‐Age Children
Authors: Angulo‐Vazquez Vicki , De Santis Joseph P. 
Published: October 2005

ISSUES AND PURPOSE.  Despite numerous interventions to reduce motor vehicle injuries and deaths in children living in the United States, unintentional motor vehicle injuries continue to be the leading cause of death of U.S. children. CONCLUSION.  Even though child restraint laws have been enacted, many children 5 to 9 years of age continue to be injured in motor vehicle crashes. These injuries are related to the improper use of child restraints. Reasons for injuries in this age group were explored by a review of the current literature. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS.  Nurses have a unique role in educating families about proper restraint and in contributing to the evidence base for practice.
Traveling wave and SEM representations for transient scattering by a circular cylinder
Authors: Heyman E. , Felsen L. B. 
Published: October 2005

When observed over long observation times, scattered returns from targets illuminated by broadband acoustic signals reveal distinctive features in the early and late time regimes. The features can be explained in terms of the different wave phenomena, progressive and oscillatory, that are dominant during these respective intervals. The former represent wave front arrivals, and the latter full body resonances. A hybrid theory, recently developed by Heyman and Felsen [IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. AP-31, 426–437 (1983)], has formalized the connection between them and has provided new interpretations that have not emerged from more conventional treatments. These interpretations can clarify issues which have arisen within the resonance expansion procedure, in particular, the adequacy of the expansion at early times. In this paper, the canonical problem of scattering by a circular cylinder serves as a rigorous test for general observations made elsewhere [E. Heyman and L. B. Felsen, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. AP-31, 706–718 (1985)], concerning the traveling wave interpretation of the resonance series, and especially the role of the entire function in the complex frequency plane that is included to repair resonance series deficiencies of the Singularity Expansion Method (SEM).
The resonance series of damped global oscillatory wave fields corresponding to the complex resonant frequencies represents, collectively, the multiple effects of diffracted (creeping) waves traveling around the cylinder in the positive and negative directions, but it cannot incorporate the specularly reflected field in the lit region, which has not sampled the obstacle surface as a whole. This contribution remains as a free term that can be identified in the complex frequency plane as an intrinsic (nonremovable) entire function. The analysis also shows how delaying the turn-on time of the resonance series, by retaining some early creeping wave front arrivals intact, can generate, in addition, a nonintrinsic (i.e., removable) entire function. These considerations, having rigorous foundation and appealing physical content, aid in the understanding of wave phenomena associated with broadband scattering from targets observed over early and late time periods.