bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plasma Levels of Antidiuretic Hormone in Patients Receiving Prolonged Lithium Therapy
Authors: Padfield P. L. , Park S. J. , Morton J. J. , Braidwood A. E. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryAmong 18 patients receiving prophylactic, long-term lithium treatment for manic-depressive psychosis, a high incidence of increased thirst and frequency of micturition (60–70 per cent) was noted on direct questioning. Symptoms arose at varying times after the start of lithium therapy; in no patient did symptoms antedate the use of the drug.Plasma levels of antidiuretic hormone were found, on average, to be higher than in normal control subjects for a given level of plasma osmolality, although the scatter of results was wide. It is suggested that elevation of antidiuretic hormone occurs as a compensatory mechanism for the polyuria which is a common feature of long-term lithium treatment. The more florid form of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus occasionally seen in lithium takers seems likely to be due to a different mechanism from the more common mild polyuria.
Obsessional Personality Disorder and Remembering
Authors: Reed Graham F. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryPatients suffering from obsessional personality disorder (anankasts) have been described as possessing ‘superior memories', because of the detailed precision of their accounts. At the same time, such classical phenomena as doubt, checking and rumination imply faulty recall. This paradox is discussed, and some predictions drawn from a hypothesis regarding the cognitive characteristics of obsessional disorder. Findings are presented which indicate that, by comparison with matched psychiatric controls, anankasts do not excel in the long-term recall of factual information or meaningful anecdotal material. But they show the following mnemonic features:(a) Superiority of immediate memory span, reflecting high levels of attention.(b) Superior recall of ambiguous anecdotal material, reflecting a tendency to the pointless ‘rehearsal’ of such material.(c) Weak redintegration in personal reminiscence.It is suggested that anankasts' doubts about their remembering refer not so much to the correctness of what is being recalled as to the quality of the recalling itself.
The Husbands of Agoraphobic Women: Assortative Mating or Pathogenic Interaction?
Authors: Hafner R. Julian 
Published: August 2008

SummarySymptom and personality profiles of 33 agoraphobic women and their husbands are examined, revealing some evidence for assortative mating. The implications of this are discussed, and predictions are made about the changes required within a marriage in order to permit the effective symptomatic treatment of the female partner.
Psychiatric Morbidity in a Sample of Accidents
Authors: Holding T. A. , Barraclough B. M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe coroner's records of no accidental deaths resulting from poisoning, drowning and falling were examined for evidence of mental illness. Sixty per cent were classified as mentally ill before they died, depression, drug dependence and alcoholism accounting for over three-quarters of the diagnoses. Deaths given accident verdicts should be included in the study of the mortality of the mentally ill.
The Content of Ward Rating Scales for Long-Stay Patients
Authors: Hall J. N. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryAlthough ward behaviour rating scales for use with long-stay psychiatric patients by nurses have been in existence for many years, their content tends to reflect the opinions of psychiatrists and psychologists rather than those of nurses. An analysis of five commonly used rating scales illustrates the lack of agreement on what should be included. The opinions of 76 nurses from four separate hospitals were sought, using a 34-item questionnaire, to establish what areas of content were considered important in nursing practice. Apart from agreement on general content, consideration should also be given to the presentation of individual items of ward rating scales.
Mathematical Models for Describing the Clustering of Sociopathy and Hysteria in Families
Authors: Hutchinson T. P. , Satterthwaite S. P. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe fitting of the multifactorial model of disease transmission to the familial clustering of hysteria and sociopathy by Cloninger et al (1) involved an approximation. This note reports the results of fitting the bivariate Normal model exactly and also two other distributions.
Haloperidol in the Treatment of Stuttering
Authors: Murray T. J. , Kelly Patrick , Campbell Lynda , Stefanik Kathy 
Published: August 2008

SummaryHaloperidol treatment for stuttering was examined in a double-blind cross-over study of 26 adult volunteers with long-standing stuttering. Most had had unsuccessful speech and drug therapy. During the three-month study, their speech and stuttering patterns were repeatedly evaluated from videotaped readings of a standard passage and during spontaneous speaking. Of the 18 patients completing the trial 11 were significantly more improved on haloperidol than on placebo, three benefited equally from both, and four were unchanged. Improvement over placebo was indicated by fewer dysfluencies, increased speed of speaking, and reduced secondary 'struggle’ phenomena. Side effects were common on a dosage of 3 mg haloperidol daily. Poor concentration, akathisia and dystonic movements caused 8 patients to discontinue the trial despite significant improvement in 5 of them. Although 'statistically significant’ improvement occurred in most patients on haloperidol, the ‘clinical significance’ of this form of therapy will be limited by the partial response, the need for continuous medication, the side effects of haloperidol and the attitude of stutterers to this type of therapy.
Reflective Processes and Anxiety
Authors: Spitzer Stephan P. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThree hypotheses are abstracted from Laing's writings on the interrelationships between self-consciousness, anxiety, and self-evaluation. Indicators of self-consciousness are obtained from an open-ended instrument which requires the respondent to provide twenty answers to the question (asked of himself): ‘Who am I ?’ Statements indicative of self-consciousness are those on which the respondent inserts a self-reference into the statement made about himself and are distinguished from statements in which no explicit self-reference is found. The data indicate that the mark of the self-conscious person is anxiety and that anxiety is largely restricted to those statements devoid of self-consciousness. The structure of a system likely to produce this configuration is considered by drawing upon Kierkegaard's conjectures on the joint emergence of consciousness and anxiety. Equating self-consciousness with ‘reflection’, it is suggested that while reflection brings about anxiety in a system as a whole, the act of reflection deters the emergence of anxiety at the particular points within the system upon which it is deployed. Thus the function of reflection is two-fold, creating anxiety at the same time (but not at the same place) as anxiety is reduced.
The Plasma Cholinesterase Variants in Mentally Ill Patients
Authors: Whittaker Mary , Berry Maureen , Whittaker Mary , Berry Maureen 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe distribution of the plasma cholinesterase variants found in 1,374 mentally ill patients differs from that of a random control sample. The patients are more likely to have a rare phenotype than an individual from the normal population. None of the diagnostic groups have been shown to differ in the distribution of the E1agene, but there is strong statistical evidence that Group IV (psychosis) patients have a higher frequency of the E1fgene than the other groups. The overall frequency of the electrophoretic variant C5+ did not differ significantly from that observed in a Caucasian population, with the exception of the increase observed in Group IV c2.Twenty-eight unrelated patients with Huntington's chorea were found to have a significantly altered incidence of the C5+ variant and six patients from this group were found to have the rare E1fgene. Our results indicate that the plasma cholinesterase variants may provide some insight into the inheritance of Huntington's chorea.
Rehabilitation of the Institutionalized Patient: Description of a Programme and Follow-up of 60 Patients
Authors: Baker G. H. B. , Woods T. J. , Anderson J. A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe programme in an intensive rehabilitation unit in a large psychiatric hospital is described. Features include the use of non-medical staff as primary therapists, the use of a mini-bus to facilitate regular visits by patients to their home areas, the inclusion of the mini-bus driver on weekly staff conferences, the use of sociodrama, the re-organization of hospital money payments to patients, the promotion of relations with community-based facilities through occasional ‘teach-in’ days, and a special liaison social worker providing intensive follow-up after discharge. Rehabilitation was prolonged (average stay about one year) and about half of those selected for rehabilitation from the long-stay wards were discharged. Follow-up showed that these patients benefited from discharge, in spite of a relatively high incidence of psychopathology and of social problems. Those transferred back to long-stay wards showed increased institutionalization.
Clinic Attendance and Opiate Prescription Status of Heroin Addicts over a Six-Year Period
Authors: Thorley Anthony , Oppenheimer Edna , Stimson Gerry V. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryHome Office records were used to trace the current status of a sample of 128 persons for whom heroin was prescribed in 1969 at Drug Dependence Clinics in London. In October 1975, after a mean time since self-reported first use of heroin of 11 · 25 years, 51 per cent were attending clinics, 40 per cent alive and not attending, and 9 per cent dead. One third of the sample were still receiving heroin on prescription, and 23 per cent appeared to have received heroin without interruption since 1969. The report points to the need for career studies of addicts' lives and the need for follow-up interviews, especially for the 40 per cent no longer attending clinics.
Schizophrenia in a 46,XY Male with the Noonan Syndrome
Authors: Krishna N. Rama , Abrams Richard , Taylor Michael A. , Behar David 
Published: August 2008

SummaryWe report for the first time the case of a male patient with the Noonan syndrome (Turner phenotype with a normal karyotype) who also had a psychiatric disorder which satisfied research criteria for schizophrenia.
Eighteen Years of Community Psychiatric Service in the Island of Samsø
Authors: Nielsen Johannes , Nielsen Jørgen Achton 
Published: August 2008

SummaryAn analysis has been made of patients aged 15 + referred to the community psychiatric service in a Danish rural population during 18 years. The mean referral rate per year was 17·9 per 1,000.The majority of the patients (79 per cent) were referred to the clinic by the general practitioners, and it is stressed that a close and good co-operation between the psychiatrists and the local physicians is one of the most important factors in establishing a good community psychiatric service.Only 11 per cent of all referrals were admitted to a psychiatric hospital. The admission frequency for psychoses was only 19 per cent, and it was estimated that it would have been approximately 44 per cent higher, if the service had been of the usual hospital-oriented type. Forty-three per cent of the patients were visited by the psychiatrist in their home at least once and 42 per cent of all 6,000 consultations were home visits.When evaluating the treatment possibilities it was considered that approximately 50 per cent of all patients referred could be treated by the local physicians after examination by psychiatrists and discussion of the cases with them.
The Phenomenology of Severe Obsessive-Compulsive Neurosis
Authors: Dowson J. H. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe case histories are examined of 41 patients who were admitted to hospital for the first time with a diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive neurosis. Aspects of the phenomenology are reported which presented between the first appearance of obsessive-compulsive symptoms and discharge from the first admission.The mean age for admission was 31·6 years (SD 14·3) and 68 per cent of the sample were women. The women showed significantly higher incidences of contamination phobia and of compulsive cleaning behaviour than did the men. Cleaning behaviour and avoidance of feared stimuli were the most frequently encountered manifestations of compulsive behaviour.
Marital Stability Following the Birth of a Child with Spina Bifida
Authors: Tew B. J. , Laurence K. M. , Payne H. , Rawnsley K. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe matrimonial stability of 142 families where a child with neural tube malformation (mostly spina bifida) was born between 1964 and 1966, including 56 families with a surviving spina bifida child, was examined in January 1976. The divorce rate for families with a surviving child was found to be nine times higher than that for the local population and three times higher than for families experiencing bereavement of their spina bifida child. Marriages which followed a pre-nuptial conception resulting in a spina bifida child were particularly vulnerable and had a divorce or separation risk of 50 per cent. All the divorced fathers had remarried, but only one of the mothers. It is concluded that a handicapped child adds greatly to the strain on a marriage, especially when this has not been cemented before the arrival of a child. This strain is diminished by the child's early death.
The Repetitiveness of Self-poisoning and Self-injury
Authors: Bancroft John , Marsack Pamela 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA year's cohort of 690 suicide ‘attempters' was followed for two years in order to monitor further attempts leading to referral to the general hospital. Eighteen per cent were involved in one or more repeat episodes, 16 per cent within the first year. More repeats occurred within the first three months than in the rest of the 21 months, and a large majority of repeats occurred within the first year.Study of a smaller cohort of 141 persons gave information about the frequency and timing of previous attempts. Forty-five per cent had made previous recognized attempts and 10 per cent previous unrecognized attempts. Sixty persons reported 166 previous attempts. Of previous attempters 32 per cent made two or more attempts within a three-month period.Three types of repeaters are suggested: (a) the chronic, habitual repeater; (b) the individual who repeats several times within a short period, and (c) the ‘one-off’ very occasional repeater.
Problems Associated with the Analysis and Interpretation of Saliva Lithium
Authors: Sims Andrew , White A. C. , Garvey K. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe correlation between serum and saliva lithium levels in patients undergoing lithium prophylaxis therapy is discussed. Although a high correlation can be obtained, there is an unacceptably high individual variation of paired results. Two strategies were used in an attempt to improve the reliability of saliva as a predictor of serum levels. A naturally occurring marker in saliva and serum was used. This showed high correlation but still did not prevent large sporadic differences. Serially paired results in individual patients also showed occasional excessive variation. Although saliva lithium has been used for monitoring when serum assessment is impracticable, it is considered that it is, as yet, an unreliable technique.
Dichotic Listening in Psychotic Patients
Authors: Lishman W. A. , Toone B. K. , Colbourn C. J. , McMeekan E. R. L. , Mance R. M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryPatients recently recovered from schizophrenic or manic-depressive psychoses showed larger ear difference scores than normal controls on a dichotic listening test, i.e. when asked to identify dissimilar words fed synchronously to the two ears. The possible significance of the finding is discussed, in relation both to hemispheric organization and to other aspects of cognitive activity which may underlie performance on the task.
Immunoglobulins and Viral Antibodies in Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Torrey E. Fuller , Peterson Michael R. , Brannon William L. , Carpenter William T. , Post Robert M. , Van Kammen Daniel P. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe serum and CSF of 66 patients with functional psychoses were tested for immunoglobulins and antibodies to measles, HSV-1, CMV, and rubella viruses. Ten surgical and 80 neurological patients were controls. There were no significant findings in the serum, consistent with most previous studies. In the CSF 6 of 17 multiple admission schizophrenic patients had definite elevations of IgG or measles antibody and differed significantly from the surgical controls. Immunologically this group resembled the seriously ill neurological patients. No previous study has been made of immunoglobulins or viral antibodies in the CSF of psychiatric patients. It is concluded that further work is warranted in a search for biological subgroups of schizophrenia.
Incidence of Depressive Symptoms in Users of the Oral Contraceptive
Authors: Fleming O. , Seager C. P. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryEvidence is presented that the incidence of depression among users of oral contraceptives is no higher than that among matched controls not taking such medication. There is an association between high depression scores and high neuroticism scores, more marked in controls than takers. Intensity of depression is related more to age, personality and occupation than to the use of oral contraceptives. A higher proportion of users than of controls experience sexual satisfaction. Past takers include a large number of individuals with a high neuroticism score. The incidence of depressive symptoms in women increases with age. A higher proportion of housewives than of women going out to full-time work show depressive symptoms.
Residential Needs in Hospital and the Community for Mentally Handicapped People
Authors: Craft Michael , Wilkins Rodney 
Published: August 2008

SummaryUsing successive analyses of hospitalized mentally handicapped people from a geographically defined Welsh catchment area, this article attempts to evaluate changes in cohorts of such patients. It suggests the likelihood that the level of hospital accommodation predicted in the White Paper ‘Better Services for the Mentally Handicapped’ will be sufficient.
The Relationship Between Duration of Treatment in a Therapeutic Community for Drug Abusers and Subsequent Criminality
Authors: Wilson Stephen , Mandelbrote Bertram 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe conviction rates for the first 61 admissions to a therapeutic community for drug dependence were obtained for a period two years prior to admission and two years after discharge, by searching in the Criminal Records Office at Scotland Yard.A long-stay group (n = 20) which had remained in residence more than six months was compared with a medium-stay group (n = 20) which had remained from one to six months and a short stay group (n = 21) which had remained less than one month.The long-stay group had a pre-admission conviction rate of 60 per cent, which was significantly reduced to 10 per cent during the follow-up period. The conviction rate of the medium-stay group was reduced from 70 per cent before treatment to 45 per cent after treatment; that of the short stay group remained constant at 57 per cent before and after treatment. It is suggested that periods of more than six months treatment in the community are effective in reducing subsequent criminality.
School Phobia: Classification and Treatment
Authors: Baker Hazel , Wills Ursula 
Published: August 2008

SummaryNinety-nine cases of school phobia seen at a child guidance clinic over a period of twelve years were divided into acute and chronic groups and investigated in several ways. The results indicate that the children of both groups are more likely to be the eldest or youngest in the family. Acute school phobia is more likely to occur in youngest children with two or fewer siblings, and mothers tend to be older. It is most common in adolescence and seems often to be precipitated by stress. Chronic school phobia is likely to occur in a child from a larger family and with a younger mother. It is more common in social class V and in children of mentally ill parents. Implications for treatment are discussed.
Kindling as a Model for Alcohol Withdrawal Syndromes
Authors: Ballenger James C. , Post Robert M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryPeriodic brain stimulation, particularly in the limbic system, at stimulus intensities initially too low to produce any behavioural or EEG effects, progressively produces EEG changes, motor automatisms, and eventually convulsions, an effect called kindling. Data are presented and reviewed that suggest that the severity of alcohol withdrawal symptoms progressively increases over years of alcohol abuse in a stepwise fashion similar to the kindling process. The model is presented that the limbic system hyperirritability which accompanies each alcohol withdrawal serves over time to kindle increasingly widespread subcortical structures. These long-term changes in neuronal excitability might relate to the progression of alcohol withdrawal symptoms from tremor to seizures and delirium tremens, as well as the alcoholic personality changes between episodes of withdrawal.
Physical Disorder Among Day Hospital Patients
Authors: Burke Aggrey W. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryDuring a six-month period, physical disorder was found among 50 per cent of the 133 patients at a day hospital. Few of these cases (5) had organic brain syndromes. Among the remainder (62) physical disorder was not associated with sex, formal psychiatric diagnosis or time of referral to the hospital; of those 33 patients with a neurological disorder, one-third had previously been diagnosed to be hysterical. For this ‘hysterical’ group, however, associations with folate deficiency, organic brain disease, and depression were noted. The need is demonstrated for routine investigations among day hospital patients with particular attention for those with atypical features.
Multivariate Statistical Methods and Problems of Classification in Psychiatry
Authors: Garside Roger F. , Roth Martin 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThis paper is concerned with the use of multivariate statistical methods in relation to classification in psychiatry. There are two aspects of classification: the classification of symptoms to form syndromes and of patients into diagnostic groups. Critical papers are reviewed, and proposed severe limitations on the methods answered. The use of multivariate methods has increased objectivity and agreement between investigators, but differences remain, largely on issues in statistical logic, which must be resolved.
Sodium Valproate and Tardive Dyskinesia
Authors: Gibson Alan C. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTwenty-five schizophrenic patients with tardive dyskinesia were given 600 mgs sodium valproate daily with their neuroleptic medication. After one month there was no change in their signs, as judged by a panel of nine viewing films of them taken before and at the end of this treatment.
Specific Psychological Deficits in Alcoholism
Authors: Cutting John 
Published: August 2008

SummaryForty alcoholics and 40 controls were compared on tests of frontal lobe functions, abstracting ability, and verbal and picture memory. Alcoholics were inferior to controls, and heavy drinkers poorer than moderate ones (life-time alcohol consumption) on picture memory and a verbal fluency test of frontal lobe functions. Verbal memory and abstracting ability were not significantly impaired. Although this pattern may indicate that frontal and right temporal areas of the brain are particularly vulnerable to the effects of chronic alcoholism, the possibility that it may merely reflect general sensitivity of the tests to brain damage cannot be ruled out.