bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Partial Splenectomy in the Management of Nonparasitic Splenic Cysts
Authors: Szczepanik Andrzej B. , Meissner Alfred J. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBackgroundRecognition of the importance of the spleen in immunological function and the potential threat of severe postsplenectomy complications have led to the development of parenchyma‐preserving surgical procedures. The aim of the present study was to assess the impact of open splenic partial resection on the management of splenic cysts.Patients and methodsFrom April 2003 to June 2007, 11 patients with splenic cysts were evaluated. All patients fulfilled the criteria for surgical resection. Ten of the patients (6 women and 4 men) 15–42 years of age (mean: 26.4 years) were subjected to open partial splenectomy. In one patient, a centrally located splenic cyst was considered unsuitable for partial splenectomy, and the patient therefore underwent total spleen excision. Patients with splenic cysts constituted 3.8% of all 290 patients subjected to splenectomy during the study period. Spleen parenchyma was cut with the aid of a LigaSure instrument. Bleeding from the transected splenic parenchyma was secured with argon plasma coagulation and absorbable tape sutures or oxidized cellulose.ResultsNine of the ten patients underwent successful partial splenectomy. In one patient, insufficient arterial supply to the preserved splenic remnant after excision of the upper cyst‐containing splenic pole led to total splenectomy. The mean operative time was 98 min (range: 85–160 min), and mean blood loss was 106 ml (55–200 ml). The mean cyst diameter was 9.1 cm (range: 7–17 cm) and weight was 738 g (range: 230–2,420 g). The postoperative course was uneventful in all cases. Pathological examination showed an epithelial cyst in 8 patients and a pseudocyst in 2. After a mean follow‐up of 26.4 months, the size of the splenic remnant constituted, on average, 71% of preoperative spleen size. Moreover, normal splenic vein flow was observed. Platelet counts remained within the normal range, and no cyst recurrence was observed. There were no infections documented during the follow‐up period.ConclusionsOpen partial splenectomy is a safe and effective method in the management of nonparasitic splenic cysts. It ensures complete cyst removal, lack of cyst recurrence, and preservation of the spleen functions.
Patency Rates of Cuffed and Noncuffed Extended Polytetrafluoroethylene Grafts in Dialysis Access: A Prospective, Randomized Study
Authors: Ko Po‐Jen , Liu Yun‐Hen , Hung Yen‐Ni , Hsieh Hung‐Chang 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBackgroundAlthough autogenous arteriovenous fistulae are the optimal route for dialysis access, extended polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) grafts continue to be the preferred access for patients without suitable superficial veins. Among the common complications related to dialysis grafts, thrombosis due to graft outlet stenosis is the most frequently encountered clinical problem. A cuffed graft was designed to eliminate the outflow turbulence to reduce outlet stenosis and to enhance the clinical patency of ePTFE grafts. We conducted a prospective, randomized study to compare the clinical outcomes of cuffed ePTFE grafts and noncuffed grafts in dialysis access.MethodsBetween November 2004 and October 2005, 89 ePTFE grafts were implanted for hemodialysis access in the upper extremities of end‐stage renal patients. Graft selection was randomized, with patients receiving a cuffed graft (Venaflo) or a regular noncuffed graft (Stretch Gore‐Tex). All patients were monitored for signs of thrombosis or other complications. Primary and secondary graft patency was analyzed by using a life‐table analysis, and the log‐rank test was applied to compare graft patencies.ResultsDemographic data for both groups were similar without statistical difference. The primary patency rates and secondary patency rates at 12 months after implantation were 56% and 91% for cuffed grafts, and 41% and 78% for noncuffed grafts, respectively. The cuffed group outperforms the noncuffed group regarding primary and secondary patencies statistically. However, the incidence of other complications that required further surgery was similar in both groups.ConclusionsThis investigation revealed that the cuffed ePTFE graft, which was designed to decrease graft outlet stenosis, may enhance the clinical patency rates of dialysis grafts.
Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency: Lessons from mice and men
Authors: Pearl P. L. , Gibson K. M. , Cortez M. A. , Wu Y. , Carter Snead O. , Knerr I. , Forester K. , Pettiford J. M. , Jakobs C. , Theodore W. H. 
Published: January 2009

SummarySuccinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH) deficiency, a disorder of GABA degradation with subsequent elevations in brain GABA and GHB, is a neurometabolic disorder with intellectual disability, epilepsy, hypotonia, ataxia, sleep disorders, and psychiatric disturbances. Neuroimaging reveals increased T2‐weighted MRI signal usually affecting the globus pallidus, cerebellar dentate nucleus, and subthalamic nucleus, and often cerebral and cerebellar atrophy. EEG abnormalities are usually generalized spike‐wave, consistent with a predilection for generalized epilepsy. The murine phenotype is characterized by failure‐to‐thrive, progressive ataxia, and a transition from generalized absence to tonic‐clonic to ultimately fatal convulsive status epilepticus. Binding and electrophysiological studies demonstrate use‐dependent downregulation of GABA(A) and (B) receptors in the mutant mouse. Translational human studies similarly reveal downregulation of GABAergic activity in patients, utilizing flumazenil‐PET and transcranial magnetic stimulation for GABA(A) and (B) activity, respectively. Sleep studies reveal decreased stage REM with prolonged REM latencies and diminished percentage of stage REM. An ad libitum ketogenic diet was reported as effective in the mouse model, with unclear applicability to the human condition. Acute application of SGS–742, a GABA(B) antagonist, leads to improvement in epileptiform activity on electrocorticography. Promising mouse data using compounds available for clinical use, including taurine and SGS–742, form the framework for human trials.
Aromatic l‐amino acid decarboxylase deficiency: clinical features, drug therapy and follow‐up
Authors: Manegold C. , Hoffmann G. F. , Degen I. , Ikonomidou H. , Knust A. , Laaß M. W. , Pritsch M. , Wilichowski E. , Hörster F. 
Published: January 2009

SummaryBackgroundAromatic l‐amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) deficiency is a disorder of biogenic amine metabolism resulting in generalized combined deficiency of serotonin, dopamine and catecholamines. Main clinical features are developmental delay, muscular hypotonia, dystonia, oculogyric crises and additional extraneurological symptoms. Response to therapy has been variable and unsatisfactory; the overall prognosis is guarded.MethodsTo gain more insight into this rare disorder we collected clinical and laboratory data of nine German patients. All patients were clinically examined by one investigator, and their responses to different drug regimes were evaluated by the patients’ charts.ResultsSymptoms were obvious from early infancy. Later, main neurological features were truncal muscular hypotonia, hypokinesia, oculogyric crises and rigor. Three patients had single seizures. All patients presented distinct extraneurological symptoms, such as hypersalivation, hyperhidrosis, nasal congestion, sleep disturbances and hypoglycaemia. In CSF all patients revealed the pattern typical of AADC with decreased concentrations of homovanillic and 5‐hydroxyindoleacetic acid and elevated concentration of 3‐ortho‐methyldopa. Diagnosis was confirmed by measurement of AADC activity in plasma in all patients. Drug regimes consisted of vitamin B6, dopamine agonists, MAO inhibitors and anticholinergics in different combinations. No patient achieved a complete recovery from neurological symptoms, but partial improvement of mobility and mood could be achieved in some.ConclusionAADC deficiency is a severe neurometabolic disorder, characterized by muscular hypotonia, dystonia, oculogyric crises and additional extraneurological symptoms. Medical treatment is challenging, but a systematic trial of the different drugs is worthwhile.
Two-Functional Direct Current Sputtered Silver-Containing Titanium Dioxide Thin Films
Authors: Musil J , Louda M , Cerstvy R , Baroch P , Ditta IB , Steele A , Foster HA 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
The article reports on structure, mechanical, optical, photocatalytic and biocidal properties of Ti–Ag–O films. The Ti–Ag–O films were reactively sputter-deposited from a composed Ti/Ag target at different partial pressures of oxygen "Equation missing" on unheated glass substrate held on floating potentialU
fl. It was found that addition of ~2 at.% of Ag into TiO2film has no negative influence on UV-induced hydrophilicity of TiO2film. Thick (~1,500 nm) TiO2/Ag films containing (200) anatase phase exhibit the best hydrophilicity with water droplet contact angle (WDCA) lower than 10° after UV irradiation for 20 min. Thick (~1,500 nm) TiO2/Ag films exhibited a better UV-induced hydrophilicity compared to that of thinner (~700 nm) TiO2/Ag films. Further it was found that hydrophilic TiO2/Ag films exhibit a strong biocidal effect under both the visible light and the UV irradiation with 100% killing efficiency ofEscherichia coli ATCC 10536 after UV irradiation for 20 min. Reported results show that single layer of TiO2with Ag distributed in its whole volume exhibits, after UV irradiation, simultaneously two functions: (1) excellent hydrophilicity with WDCA < 10° and (2) strong power to killE. coli even under visible light due to direct toxicity of Ag.
Single Crystalline Cadmium Sulfide Nanowires with Branched Structure
Authors: Gao Feng , Lu Qingyi 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
In this article, we report the synthesis of branched single crystal CdS nanowires. This branched CdS nanostructure is prepared by a simple surfactant-directing method, which is of particular interest as it uses readily available reagents and provides a convenient route to high-yield single crystal nanowires but with branched shape. These branched nanowires have an average diameter of about 40 nm and length up to several micrometers. A possible mechanism has been proposed and the addition of surfactant dodecylthiol into the two mixed-solvents would play an importance effect on the structure of the product. Based on the mechanism, by controlling the synthesis conditions, such as the ratios between the surfactant, inorganic solvent, and organic solvent, other kinds of nanostructures based on CdS nanowires were also prepared. Photoluminescence (PL) measurement reveals that the branched CdS nanowires have a strong emission at about 700 nm which might be due to its special structure.
MTV measurements of the vortical field in the wake of an airfoil oscillating at high reduced frequency
Authors: BOHL DOUGLAS G. , KOOCHESFAHANI MANOOCHEHR M. 
Published: January 2009

We present an experimental investigation of the flow structure and vorticity field in the wake of a NACA-0012 airfoil pitching sinusoidally at small amplitude and high reduced frequencies. Molecular tagging velocimetry is used to quantify the characteristics of the vortex array (circulation, peak vorticity, core size, spatial arrangement) and its downstream evolution over the first chord length as a function of reduced frequency. The measured mean and fluctuating velocity fields are used to estimate the mean force on the airfoil and explore the connection between flow structure and thrust generation.Results show that strong concentrated vortices form very rapidly within the first wavelength of oscillation and exhibit interesting dynamics that depend on oscillation frequency. With increasing reduced frequency the transverse alignment of the vortex array changes from an orientation corresponding to velocity deficit (wake profile) to one with velocity excess (reverse Kármán street with jet profile). It is found, however, that the switch in the vortex array orientation does not coincide with the condition for crossover from drag to thrust. The mean force is estimated from a more complete control volume analysis, which takes into account the streamwise velocity fluctuations and the pressure term. Results clearly show that neglecting these terms can lead to a large overestimation of the mean force in strongly fluctuating velocity fields that are characteristic of airfoils executing highly unsteady motions. Our measurements show a decrease in the peak vorticity, as the vortices convect downstream, by an amount that is more than can be attributed to viscous diffusion. It is found that the presence of small levels of axial velocity gradients within the vortex cores, levels that can be difficult to measure experimentally, can lead to a measurable decrease in the peak vorticity even at the centre of the flow facility in a flow that is expected to be primarily two-dimensional.
1 Thess 2.7b, c: ‘Kleinkinder, die wie eine Amme Kinder versorgen’
Authors: Schmidt Ulrich 
Published: January 2009

In einer exzellenten Studie hat B. R. Gaventa unlängst Bilder der Weiblichkeit in der paulinischen Theologie erörtert. Sie beginnt dabei mit einer Besprechung von 1 Thess 2.7b, entscheidet sich für die lectio difficilior νήπιοι statt ἤπιοι, und zwar sowohl aus textkritischen Gründen als auch aufgrund der Verwendung des Lexems νήπιος bei Paulus. So wäre ‘infant’/Kleinkind bzw. unmündig zu lesen und τροϕός als ‘nurse’/Kindermädchen bzw. ‘wet nurse’/Amme zu verstehen. So kommt man zu folgender Textfassung:
2.7bάλλά ἐγενήθημεν νήπιοι ἐν μέσῳ ὑμῶν2.7ὡς ἐάν τροϕὸς θάλπῃ τὰ ἑαυτῆς τέκνα.
Bentham and Blackstone: A Lifetime's Dialectic
Authors: Burns J. H. 
Published: January 2009

The full range of Bentham's engagement with Blackstone's view of law is beyond the scope of a single article. Yet it is important to recognize at the outset, even in a more restricted enquiry into the matter, that the engagement, begun when Bentham, not quite sixteen years of age, started to attend Blackstone's Oxford lectures (from which theCommentaries on the Laws of Englandemerged in the first edition of 1765–9), was indeed a lifelong affair. Whatever Bentham had in mind when, at the age of eighty, in 1828, he began to write a work entitled ‘A familar view of Blackstone: or say Blackstone familiarized’, the manuscripts at least suffice to prove that ‘Our Author’ was still in the forefront of his mind at that octogenarian but still indefatigably active stage of his career. Every aspect of Bentham's multifarious intellectual activity over the intervening decades had been touched in some measure by his response to Blackstone's ideas. It still seems true to say what was said a dozen years ago:It would be an exaggeration to say that Bentham elaborated his own conception of law by way of a constant and conscious dialectic with the views of Blackstone. But it would be an exaggeration for which the evidence would afford some excuse.
William Godwin and the Defence of Impartialist Ethics
Authors: Singer Peter , Cannold Leslie , Kuhse Helga 
Published: January 2009

Impartialism in ethics has been said to be the common ground shared by both Kantian and utilitarian approaches to ethics. Lawrence Blum describes this common ground as follows:Both views identify morality with a perspective of impartiality, impersonality, objectivity and universality. Both views imply the ‘ubiquity of impartiality” – that our commitments and projects derive their legitimacy only by reference to this impartial perspective.
Voluntarism and the Origins of Utilitarianism
Authors: Schneewind J. B. 
Published: January 2009

In the paper I offer a brief sketch of one of the sources of utilitarianism.Our biological ancestry is a matter of fact that is not altered by the way we describe ourselves. With philosophical theories it is otherwise. Utilitarianism can be described in ways that make it look as if it is as old as moral philosophy – as J. S. Mill thought it was. For my historical purposes, it is more useful to have an account that brings out what is specific about Benthamism and its descendants. Let us try to make do with the following. First, utilitarianism asserts that the fundamental requirement of morality is that we are to maximize good, for everyone and not just for the agent. This basic principle presupposes that it makes sense to think of aggregating goods to make a total, and of comparing amounts of good thus aggregated. Second, the good to be brought about is located in feelings of pleasure, and the evil to be avoided in feelings of pain. These feelings have inherent value or disvalue regardless of how they are caused to exist and regardless of their own consequences. Third, all moral principles can be derived from the requirement that good be maximized. The principles involved in evaluating agents as well as in giving moral direction to action are nothing but applications of the basic principle.
Conditional and Conditioned Reasons
Authors: McNaughton David , Rawling Piers 
Published: January 2009

This paper is a brief reponse to some of Douglas Portmore's criticisms of our version of the agent-relative/agent-neutral distinction.In his interesting and helpful paper ‘McNaughton and Rawling on the Agent-relative/Agent-neutral Distinction’, Douglas Portmore criticizes our formalization of duties on the grounds that we have over-looked an important class of conditional cases in which the antecedent of the conditional falls outside the scope of the deontic operator.
Is There Progress in Morality?
Authors: Jamieson Dale 
Published: January 2009

My question, which is central to the business of moral philosophy, is implicitly addressed by many philosophers, yet explicitly addressed by only a few. In this paper I address the question head-on, and propose a qualified affirmative answer.First, however, it is important to be clear about what is meant by ‘morality’ and ‘progress’, and what the meaning of ‘is’ is. My characterizations will not be exact, but I hope they will be precise enough to specify a domain that can be productively investigated.
Utilitarianism and the Meaning of Life
Authors: Metz Thaddeus 
Published: January 2009

This article addresses the utilitarian theory of life's meaning according to which a person's existence is significant just in so far as she makes those in the world better off. One aim is to explore the extent to which the utilitarian theory has counter-intuitive implications about which lives count as meaningful. A second aim is to develop a new, broadly Kantian theory of what makes a life meaningful, a theory that retains much of what makes the utilitarian view attractive, while avoiding the most important objections facing it and providing a principled explanation of their force.I have been very much puzzled as to the meaning of the question ‘What is the meaning or purpose of life?’ … But at last it occurred to me that perhaps the vague words of this question are often used to mean no more than ‘What is the use of a man's life?’ … A man's life is of some use, if and only if theintrinsicvalue of the Universe as a whole (including past, present, and future) is greater, owing to the existence of his actions and experiences, than it would have been if, other things being equal, those actions and experiences had never existed.G. E. Moore
J. S. Mill's Language of Pleasures
Authors: Hoag Robert W. 
Published: January 2009

A significant feature of John Stuart Mill's moral theory is the introduction of qualitative differences as relevant to the comparative value of pleasures. Despite its significance, Mill presents his doctrine of qualities of pleasures in only a few paragraphs in the second chapter ofUtilitarianism, where he begins the brief discussion by saying:utilitarian writers in general have placed the superiority of mental over bodily pleasures chiefly … in their circumstantial advantages rather than in their intrinsic nature.… [B]ut they might have taken the … higher ground with entire consistency. It is quite compatible with the principle of utility to recognize the fact, that somekindsof pleasure are more desirable and more valuable than others. It would be absurd that while, in estimating all other things, quality is considered as well as quantity, the estimation of pleasures should be supposed to depend on quantity alone (U, II, 4).
Could Kant Have been A Utilitarian?
Authors: Hare R. M. 
Published: January 2009

… the supreme end, the happiness of all mankind (Kr VA851/NKS 665).The law concerning punishment is a Categorical Imperative; and woe to him who rummages around in the winding paths of a theory of happiness, looking for some advantage to be gained by releasing the criminal from punishment or by reducing the amount of it (Rl.A196/B226, 6:331; Ladd, 100).
Mill, Indecency and the Liberty Principle
Authors: Wolff Jonathan 
Published: January 2009

This paper attempts to do two things. One concerns Mill's attitude to public indecency. InOn LibertyMill expresses the conventional view that certain actions, if conducted in public, are an affront to good manners, and can properly be prohibited. This paper aims to come to an understanding of Mill's position so that it allows him to defend this part of conventional morality, but does not disrupt certain of his liberal convictions: principally the conviction that what consenting adults do in private is no-one's concern but their own. The difficulty is to find an argument that Mill could have used to defend the position that some things which, though acceptable in private, can rightly be stopped if attempted in public. The other thing the paper attempts is to consider the impact of Mill's view of indecency on the interpretation of the Liberty Principle. There remain difficulties here which have not been adequately explored. So the paper will examine a range of interpretative alternatives.The first part of the paper will raise and explore the issue of the interpretative problems. The second part will look at some ways of trying to justify Mill's view of indecency on characteristically Millian grounds. The final part will explore the somewhat surprising consequences of the discussion of the second part for the interpretative questions raised in the first.
Errata
Authors: Watson Bernard B. 
Published: January 2009

Sirs:
In the July issue of Physics Today you report quite correctly that I have been appointed associate professor of physics at Temple University but you add, gratuitously, that Temple University is in Texas. This will come as a distinct shock to the many alumni and friends of Temple (one of the nation's larger universities—enrollment about 20,000), who, while supporting the university's desire to move to a new campus, had no idea that a move of 1,500 miles from its present Philadelphia location was contemplated.
Letters on Blackett's book
Authors: Torrey Volta 
Published: January 2009

Sir:
P. M. S. Blackett, the winner of the Nobel prize in physics in 1948, believes that thousands of atomic bombs would be needed to produce decisive results in a war with the Soviet Union; William L. Laurence, New York Times reporter whose articles about the bomb won a Pulitzer prize for him in 1946, believes that fifty bombs would suffice. This is an astonishing range. Blackett's estimate may be the result of more deliberate study than Laurence's, but the newspaperman's figure agrees better with the impressions given by most American physicists in their discussion of the effectiveness of the atomic bomb. Which estimate is closer to the truth? Assuming other factors to be about equal, what would be the order of magnitude of the number of bombs necessary to determine the outcome of a war between two great continental powers?