bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sport Ideal and Sport Involvement Among Adolescents
Authors: Stensaasen Svein 
Published: March 2007

One of the many "taken-for-granted" assumptions that prevails within the realm of sport, states that top level athletes serve as ideals for children, and thus contributes to create and broaden the interest for sport among the younger generation. Top level athletes are thus assumed to play similar functions vis a vis youngsters' and their relations to sport as, for instance, certain pop stars are supposed to do as regards youngsters' relations to pop music. This report is going to deal with the mentioned "taken-for-granted" assumption and thus only touch a small part of the whole problem of adolescent sub-cultures, as we shall focus attention on some problems of sport ideal and sport involvement. More specifically the intention is, in the first place to look into the theoretical basis for making assumptions about sport ideals and their potential impact upon youngsters' involvement in sport, and, in the second place, to highlight on an empirical basis: — The extent to which male and female youngsters of different age choose a sport ideal, — to what extent male and female athletes are chosen as ideals, — which sport branches are represented in the choices, and — the relationship between having a sport ideal and (a) the youngsters' involvement in sport and (b) their social background.
The Social Role of Sports Events in Poland and Hungary
Authors: Szabo Gyonghy Földesiné , Krawczyk Zbigniew 
Published: March 2007

In the last years both in Hungary and in Poland the attendance of sports events has decreased among adolescents and adults. In their study the authors examine the reasons of this phenomenon. Based on their cross-culture survey they analyse the following problems: — Do the various social groups of the two nations (pupils of secondary school and their parents) attach social value to the sport-consuming? — Why do some pupils and adults consider sports events, as a social value, and why do others not do so? — To what extent do the different social groups realize their recognized value in this field? The authors demonstrate that both - the Hungarian and Polish pupils and their parents recognize the social importance of the sports events but the content of their requirement has changed. Their expectations toward sports events are not any more of a primary sport character, but rather a cultural nature in the broad sense of the word. The attendance of sports events will increase only then, when competitions and matches will better suit the new requirements. The authors point out, that some sociological factors, such as: sex, dwelling place and occupation influence pupils' and adults' attitude towards sports events more than nationality.
Sports Activity during the Life of Citizens
Authors: Bierstedt Heidi 
Published: March 2007

Since sports activity is an indispensable condition for the joy of life, efficien cy and health from early childhood until retirement age, it is one of the most important goals of socialist society to encourage all the citizens of all the age groups to practice an optimum of sports activities. The inclusion of sports activity in the course of life of citizens is a dynamic and controversial process which does not procced in an identical way all the time and can make its appearance in stages of active, regular sports activity, practicing of sport from time to time and a passive attitude towards sport. That is why it is necessary during the various stages of life to introduce self-education and to overcome one's own weakness. Needed too is stimulation and support on the part of sports organizations, the fellow students or workers, and the family. Interest in sports activity is to a considerable extent determined by social factors and changes in working and living condtions during the course of life. The continuity of sports activity during childhood until old age depends also markedly on awareness of the positive results brought about by the practicing of sport and on the emotional ties with sport or a sports group. To some extent it de pends on the fact whether the sports organization and other social forces succeed in providing sports facilities, proper training programs and the organizational forms, whether they introduce the proper time volume and shape the correct pre ferences for partners which would be in accordance with the specific requirements of the given age group.
New Spatial Configurations of Sport? Experiences from Danish Alternative Planning
Authors: Eichberg Henning 
Published: March 2007

In the 1980s, new practices of sport and body culture have arisen - and with them the question whether the functionalist rationality of sports facilities-straight lines, right angles, international standardization - conforms to the new patterns. The new orientation is happening both in the alternative critical milieux and in the field of commercial sports. Both tendencies seem to be part of a "post-modern" re-orientation in architecture in general and with impulses for "feminist building" in particular. In Denmark the new situation has lead to an architectural competition for a new generation of movement houses. The reflections around this competition as well as its results can contribute to a new social ecology of sport. Connections with the alternative architecture in other countries, e.g. a new Hungarian generation (Imre Makovecz) also exist. On the horizon of the architectural problem, the sociological question about trans- modern configurations in sport is arising.
An experimental comparison of Pycnogenol® and methylphenidate in adults with Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Authors: Tenenbaum S. , Paull J.C. , Sparrow E.P. , Dodd D.K. , Green L. 
Published: March 2007

Twenty-four adults (24 to 53 years old) with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Combined Type, were studied in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study of Pycnogenol® and methylphenidate. Pycnogenol is an antioxidant derived from the bark of the French maritime pine tree. Methylphenidate is a standard pharmaceutical intervention for ADHD. Anecdotal reports suggest that Pycnogenol improves concentration in adults with ADHD without adverse side effects. Participants received Pycnogenol, methylphenidate, and placebo, each for 3 weeks, in a randomized and counterbalanced order. Although ADHD symptoms improved during treatment, neither methylphenidate nor Pycnogenol outperformed the placebo control, as measured by self-report rating scales, rating scales completed by the individual's significant other, and a computerized continuous performance test. The conservative dosage levels and relatively brief length of treatment may have contributed to the absence of significant differences among treatment conditions. Implications for future research are noted.
Courtesy stigma in mothers of children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A preliminary investigation
Authors: Norvilitis J.M. , Scime M. , Lee J.S. 
Published: March 2007

Mothers of children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder face an increased risk for depression, anxiety, and social isolation. In addition to stress due to children's behavior, mothers of children with ADHD may also feel stigmatized by their children's diagnosis. Fifty-one mothers participated in a study to assess attitudes toward ADHD. Although mothers of children with ADHD expected that parents of children without ADHD would hold harsh views of the disorder, this was not generally the case. This difference between perception and the actual self-reported views of mothers of children without ADHD supports the idea that mothers feel stigmatized but suggests that increased awareness might help mothers of children with ADHD feel less isolated.
Research in the Food Service Industry: an Exploratory Study and Critique
Authors: Schaffer Jeffrey D. 
Published: March 2007

This paper is the first part of a two phase exploratory study of research in the food service in dustry. In this first phase an analysis of the nature of a limited sample of research relative to the food service industry is undertaken. Findings reveal that the vast majority of research ac tivities to not focus on topics that are perceived to be of critical importance to the industry. Insight is provided into problems that continue to plague research efforts in the food service industry. The second phase of the study, to be published in a subsequent issue of the Journal of Hospitality Education and Research, will comprehend a considerably broader sample and seek to confirm and elaborate on these initial findings. A greater awareness of food service research issues should help to encourage industry and academic leaders to address these problems.
Toxicity of Pyrolysis Gases From Phenolic, Isocyanurate, and Polystyrene Rigid Foam Insulation
Authors: Hilado Carlos J. , Huttlinger Nancy V. 
Published: March 2007

Samples of phenolic, isocyanurate, and polystyrene rigid foam insulation were evaluated for toxicity of pyrolysis gases, using four different test conditions of the toxicity screening test method developed at the University of San Francisco. The test conditions were 200 to 800°C rising temperature and 800°C fixed temperature, each without forced air flow and with 1 L/min air flow. On the average over these four particular test conditions, phenolic foam appeared to exhibit the greatest toxicity and polystyrene foam appeared to exhibit the least toxicity.
Classroom Management Problems, Strategies and Influences in Physical Education
Authors: McCormack Ann 
Published: March 2007

Both nationally and internationally the quality of education is a major concern and governments continue to address this need through reforms and policies aimed at im proving the quality of teaching and teacher education. Classroom studies of effective teaching have focused on the behavioural aspects of teaching and highlighted classroom management as one of the most important features of good teaching. This article investigates classroom management problems, strategies and influences as identified by a group of 75 pre service physical education teachers - after the completion of a four week practicum experience - and a group of 65 in-service physical education teachers with varying years of teaching experience. Variables such as gender and mastery of the teaching situation gained through years of teaching experience will be analysed to detect any significant differences or trends. Results of the study gained through quantitative analysis will be outlined and interpreted. Recommendations will be made for the provision of more relevant pedagogical programmes and strategies to assist future preservice physical education teachers develop competence in classroom manage ment.
Combining object-oriented process and information models
Authors: Steele B. , Elliot C. , Osguthorpe G. , Banks B. 
Published: March 2007

A project - known as the Integrated Co operative Workspace (ICW) - sponsored under the Department of Trade and Industry / Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (DTI/EPSRC) Computer Supported Co-operative Work (CSCW) Advanced Technology Programme, involves the Sheffield Area Health Authority as a demonstrator site for the technology and methods being developed within the project. The ICW project* is developing integrated methods and Open Standards-based software tools to facilitate enterprise-wide CSCW. This paper explains the business issues which provide the rationale for ICW, and describes each component of the ICW methods and tool sets, and the way the components fit together from a business perspective. The authors also report on the approaches developed within the project, which employ object-oriented extensions to information modelling techniques, allied to object- oriented process modelling and an enterprise information service. The notion of 'three views' of an organization is described as: • An information view. • A process view. • A human resources view is described. The discussion is within the context of a specific application, supporting collaborative management work in a health authority.
Bacteriological Standards for Perishable Foods
Authors: Price-Davies W. 
Published: March 2007

In this paper the position of bacteriological standards for perishable foods in the U.S.A. in relation to the food laws, and their administration is reviewed. The responsibilities of the various federal agencies concerned with food control are defined, and also the liaison between these agencies and state and local food authorities. The Federal food laws, and in the majority of states the local food laws, prescribe for the direct inspection of food manufacture. This provides the best method of controlling the bacteriological quality of foods. The special problems connected with bacteriological standards for meat and milk are discussed very briefly. Recent work of the American Public Health Association in developing standard methods for the microbiological examination of foods is referred to. The value of these methods in improving plant sanitation is illustrated.
Towards educating adults with learning disabilities on issues of abuse: a report of an innovative use of dance, drama and mime
Authors: Bearder C. , Ball L. 
Published: March 2007

This paper describes an innovative approach that Nottinghamshire has taken to inform people with learning disabilities about its Abuse Procedural Guidelines. It focuses on a project led by the Implementation Officer in which a group of people with learning disabilities were enabled to express their interpretations of abuse through a dance and drama production called 'Step Forward'. Also explored are the effects of abuse on people and how this sensitive topic can be addressed. The 'Step Forward' project presented fundamental messages concerning abuse that are contained within newly developed guidelines to an invited audience to the production. This was achieved with the use of dance, drama and mime. It was evaluated independently and the methods and evaluation are documented in some detail in this paper.
Evaluation of an education programme designed to suggest possible changes to leisure day service provision
Authors: Jinks A.M. , Redworth F. 
Published: March 2007

This article describes an evaluation study, the focus of which is the Changeover Foundation programme (Scottish Human Services I995). This programme was designed to critically examine, evaluate and to suggest changes to leisure day service provision for people with a learning disability at two social service managed facilities. Participants of the programme came from a variety of backgrounds and included day service managers, staff, volunteers, carers, service users and representatives of other statutory service providers. Evaluation methods included conducting focused group interviews (n = 2) and individual interviews with course participants (n = I0). The findings give a generally positive evaluation. A major strength of the programme was that of bringing together a diverse group of people that included service users to undertake critical appraisal of day care leisure services. Many of the positive aspects of the programme centred on the development of meaningful group interactions and relationships. Problems identified mainly related to the course manual. It was seen as too complex especially by service users and needed to be supported by other educational materials such as video or audio-tapes. Suggestions for changes to services were also identified. Limitations of the study are discussed. The problems of including those with a learning disability in this type of project are identified and suggestions to how it may have been better approached are given.
A Study of Tearing in Coated Cotton Fabrics 1
Authors: Abbott Norman J. , Lannefeld Theodore E. , Barish Leo , Brysson R.J. 
Published: March 2007

The influence of fabric construction on the mechanial prop erties of polyvinyl chloride coated fabrics was discussed in previous work.4 Eight of the fabrics used in this work were selected for further study. Six PVC plastisols were used, including the one used previously, and the same formulation modified to obtain different viscosities and moduli. In addition, two pretreatments were used. Five of these fabrics were also coated with polyvinyl butyral in a solvent system, and polyurethane in both a solvent system and as a latex. Measurements of tensile properties, tearing strength, and flexural rigidity were made for all coated samples. These samples permitted an examination of the influence of changes in coating viscosity, modulus, penetration, and chemical type on these properties. The results showed that the mechanical properties of a coated fabric are affected primarily by the coating which penetrates the fabric structure. This effect is related to the mechanical inter action of coating and fabric, and there is no reason to suppose that it would be related in any important way to the chemical nature of the coating. All of this work has suggested that high tearing strengths can be achieved with any type of coating, provided the shape of the coating-fabric interface, as well as the deformability of the coating which penetrates the major fabric pores, can be appropriately controlled.
Diffusion of Innovation and Community Leadership in East Africa
Authors: Nypan Astrid 
Published: March 2007

This paper is concerned with the participation of formal leaders in the diffusion of innovation in a rural community in Tanzania. Weber's definition of the basis of traditional leadership indicates a diffuseness of authority, which may become enhanced by directed change, giving the formal leaders a potentiality for influencing processes of social change in general. The results show that the authority of the formal leaders extend to agri cultural matters. Through a central position in the communication structure, they have exercised strong influence in favour of adoption and thus contnbuted to a high rate of diffusion of the innovation in the community. Variations in rates of diffusion between categories of formal leaders and opinion leaders indicate that connecredness to communication networks affect rates of diffusion, but also that additional factors related to formal leader ship itself are important.
Contemporary Student Rebellions — Intellectual Rebellion and Generational Conflict
Authors: Eisenstadt S.N. 
Published: March 2007

Beyond many features which contemporary student currents share with other types of youth movements, the contemporary student movements evince also some new ones. Of these, two are perhaps most outstanding. There is, first, that probably for the first time in history at least some parts of these movements tend to become entirely dissociated from broader social or national movements, from the adult world, and do not tend to accept any adult models or association — thus stressing intergenerational discontinuity and conflict to an unprecendented extent. Second, many of these movements tend also to combine their political activities with violence and destructive orientation which go much beyond the anarchist or bohemian traditions of youth or artistic, intellectual sub cultures and with a very far-reaching general and widespread alienation from the existing social order. These new features of youth rebellion and student protest are analyzed as a result of the convergence and mutual reinforcement of the two major sets of conditions or processes, namely, of widespread intellectual antino mianism on the one hand, and of generational discontinuity and conflict, and of their simultaneous extension to the central zones of a society and to very wide groups and strata alike.
On the (Un)translatability of some of Ferdinand Tönnies' Principal Sociological Ideas
Authors: Runeberg Arne 
Published: March 2007

Tönnies' Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft (1887) has been translated into French (1946), Spanish (1947), English (1955), and Italian (1963). It is surprising that, while an actual translation into French and Italian is possible, the only way, so far, to render Tönnies' ideas in English has been to promote Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft to English words and then to use them as such. Much the same is true of "translations," e.g., into Swedish and Finnish. An actual translation into Russian, on the other hand, is demonstrated to be possible. It is a reasonable hypothesis to adopt that, what we here encounter are different systems of social concepts, distributed in various parts of Europe and woven into the languages in use there.
The Social Class of Finnish Civil Servants before World War II
Authors: Kortteinen Timo 
Published: March 2007

Those State employees in Finland who had no qualifications and performed manual labour had from 1850 onwards a social status very close to that of industrial workers, the 'traditional' working class. What distinguished State employees was the fact that they enjoyed greater job security. Upper grade white-collar civil servants, on the other hand, had a very different status from that of industrial workers: greater job security and better standard of living. From the end of the 19th century onwards, the social status of State employees and industrial workers converged. The trend accelerated immediately after World War II, which constituted the moment when the position of State employees underwent the greatest structural change. The changes that took place then were even reinforced between the two World Wars. The convergence with industrial workers was most marked in the case of upper grade white-collar State employees. A clear distinction must also be drawn between the ruling class and wage- earners employed by the State Whereas there were differences between State employees and other wage-earners, the social status of State employees as wage-earners meant that they had little in common with the ruling class. We may therefore say that in Finland before World War II, State employees constituted a wage-earning grouping, an intermediate class within capitalist society.
Inspections in Antarctica
Authors: Hanevold Truls 
Published: March 2007

Because of the Antarctic Treaty, Antarctica has become the first, and so far the only, major demilitarized and atom free area. Among the rights given to treaty members is that of mutual inspection. The article gives an account of the major problems connected with the negotiations leading up to the inclusion of the inspection article in the treaty. After a description of the inspections which have been carried out, the ability of the member states to inspect is discussed in relation to the economic, scientific and logistic capability differences existing between them. Further, attention is drawn to the questions of effectiveness and sanctions. The possible consequences of being able and willing to inspect for the question of territorial claims and rights in the area are discussed, and finally, some alternative ways of carrying out inspections are suggested.
The Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings — Form and Procedure
Authors: Hanevold Truls 
Published: March 2007

The Antarctic Treaty of 1959 established a consultative system for the purpose of passing recommendations to the signatory governments in pursuit of the objects and principles of the treaty. This article is a study in international negotiations. After an introduction detailing the background for the negotiations, attention is drawn to the possible long-term aims and strategies of the parties in view of their attitudes on the question of rights and claims in Antarctica and their capabilities for conducting scientific research there. In part two the preparations for the consultative meetings and their influence on the decision- making process are described. Part three deals with the consultative meetings themselves, how the delegations are composed, and their instructions and behaviour during the negotiations. Different types of sessions and their particular characteristics are dis cussed. The dynamics of the negotiations are treated in part four, which includes a discussion of strategies, types of arguments, self-commitments, concessions and strategies.