bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes over time in heroin and cocaine use among injecting drug users in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1985–1989
Authors: HARTGERS CHRISTINA , VAN DEN HOEK ANNEKE (J.A.R.) , KRIJNEN PIETA , VAN BRUSSEL GIEL H. A. , COUTINHO ROEL A. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThree hundred and eighty six injecting drug users entered into an HIV study through methadone programs over a 40 month period. Differences in oral, intranasal and parenteral use of heroin and cocaine were assessed between four consecutive 10 month intake groups. Heroin smoking and cocaine freebasing were increased in the later intake groups, while there were no significant changes in injecting variables. No relationship between sexual risk behaviour and cocaine freebasing was found. HIV seropositivity was less among cocaine freebasers at 19% compared to 32% among non freebasers. The increase in heroin smoking and cocaine freebasing may have a favourable preventive effect on the spread of HIV among this high risk group.
The impact of school‐based drug education
Authors: COGGANS N. , SHEWAN D. , HENDERSON M. , DAVIES J. B. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractOutcome evaluation of the impact of drug education on a representative sample of 1197 pupils revealed no effects of drug education on drug‐related behaviour or drug‐related attitudes. However, drug education raised levels of drug‐related knowledge. The long term implications of these findings would require further study. Comparison of process and outcome measures indicated that, with the exception of knowledge, teachers' positive views of drug education were misplaced. Critical aspects of good practice are discussed, both at the level of the individual teacher and in terms of whole‐school factors.
Some body‐related attitudes in women smokers and non‐smokers
Authors: BEN‐TOVIM DAVID I. , WALKER M. KAY 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe body‐related attitudes of female current, ex, and never‐smokers were compared using a new questionnaire that assesses a wide range of attitudes towards the body. In a population survey, current smokers felt less attractive than those women who had never smoked, but they did not experience themselves as being less strong and fit than the non‐smokers. There were no significant inter‐relationships of smoking status, attitudes and body weight. The implications of these observations for anti‐smoking campaigns are briefly discussed.
A six country survey of the content and structure of heroin treatment programmes using methadone
Authors: GOSSOP MICHAEL , GRANT MARCUS 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe use of methadone in the treatment of drug dependence has provoked a good deal of controversy. However, it is clear that there is considerable variation between methadone treatment programmes and relatively little detail is available about the organisation and operation of these programmes. This World Health Organization survey examines the content and structure of methadone treatment programmes, and particularly methadone maintenance programmes, in six countries. The six countries were Australia, Canada, France, the Netherlands, Thailand and the UK. The report presents information about the extent of national problems and about such issues as type of dispensing practices, dose‐ and time‐limits for prescribing methadone, programme entry criteria, staffing, integration with other services, and urine testing. Developments and trends during the decade 1980–1990 are discussed and implications for further research and programme development are presented.
Switching on the work force–computerizing a drug team
Authors: CARNWATH TOM 
Published: January 2006

AbstractShortage of medical time and an increasing number of clients led to difficulties in handling the heavy prescribing load of a community drug team, A computer program was developed to help with this. The program was soon expanded and now plays a key role in the general administration of the team, and in data collection. Its enthusiastic use by team workers not accustomed to computers suggests that similar initiatives could play an important role in future research.
A short scale for predicting drug misuse using selected items from the MMPI
Authors: LAVELLE TARA , HAMMERSLEY RICHARD , FORSYTH ALASDAIR 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) was administered to 210 young people who either used no drugs, used non‐opioids, used opioids but did not inject and drug injectors. From the data collected a short scale of 37 items was derived which distinguished between non‐users and drug users. Validation was then attempted using 214 subjects who were either in drug treatment programmes or alcohol treatment programmes as well as appropriate control groups. The Drug Misuse Scale was able to distinguish between these groups. The MacAndrew Scale proved better at distinguishing subjects in alcohol treatment programmes. However, the Drug Misuse Scale proved to be significantly better at distinguishing the drug misusers. It is suggested that the Drug Misuse Scale may prove a valuable clinical tool.
Positive modification of injecting behavior among intravenous heroin users from Milan and Northern Italy 1987–1989
Authors: NICOLOSI ALFREDO , MOLINARI SILVIA , MUSICCO MASSIMO , SARACCO ALBERTO , ZILIANI NICOLETTA , LAZZARIN ADRIANO 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe prevalence of risk behaviors in 933 intravenous drug users from Milan and other areas of Northern Italy was studied from 1 January 1987 to 18 April 1989. A preventive intervention, based on counseling with HIV antibody testing, was undertaken with i.v. drug users attending detoxication centers, and subjects were followed up in order to evaluate its effects. At enrollment all subjects reported heroin use, 18% also used cocaine and 6% morphine. Seventy‐two per cent reported sharing or having shared syringes, ‐with variation across geographical areas. Four hundred and sixty subjects were visited at least twice (mean follow‐up was 10.4 months): 30% of these stopped injecting altogether and the frequency of injecting as well as of syringe sharing decreased whereas no improvement was seen in sexual behaviour. Detoxication therapy, combined with HIV testing and counseling proved effective in reducing heroin assumption and the frequency of syringe sharing, whereas the prevalence of risk behaviors in i.v. drug users at recruitment over the years 1987–1988 showed no change, or even increased, despite of general information and health education campaigns against AIDS.
Can't treat, won't treat? Alcoholic liver disease
Authors: BIRD GEORGE 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAn alcohol intake of more than 35 units per week will predispose to alcoholic liver disease, although not all patients with alcohol‐induced liver damage have a dependency syndrome and only about 20% of those with an unremitting heavy alcohol intake will develop liver disease. In those with evidence of chronic liver disease, a liver biopsy is the most important investigation because it confirms the diagnosis and is indicative of the prognosis. Abstinence remains the mainstay of treatment and a multi‐disciplinary approach is the best way to achieve this in most cases. In patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis, specific therapies such as high dose corticosteroids and propylthiouracil have shown promising results but are still under evaluation. Liver transplantation has been used successfully in patients with recurrent complications arising from portal hypertension, but whether a minimum period of abstinence should be a requirement remains the subject of debate.
Tobacco prevention in hospitals: long‐term follow‐up of a smoking control programme
Authors: BATLLE ENRIC , BOIXET MERGE , AGUDO ANTONI , ALMIRALL JORDI , SALVADOR TERESA 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper presents the results of a smoking control programme carried out in Sant Jaume i Santa Magdalena Hospital in Mataró (Barcelona, Spain) involving the entire hospital staff. The. general objective; of the programme were: (1) to reduce tobacco consumption among hospital staff and (2) to create an awareness of their exemplary role as health professionals. In order to achieve these aims, different activities were carried out: lectures on the consequences of smoking; restrictions on smoking in hospital areas; and smoking cessation kelp for those who wished to give up smoking. To measure the effectiveness of the intervention, a survey of smoking habits and attitudes among the hospital staff was conducted before the start of the programme in 1986 and repeated two and a half years later in 1989. The population studied in both surveys (n=298 and n=304) was similar by sex, age, and professional status. Regarding tobacco consumption there was the same proportion of never smokers, while the percentage of current smokers was reduced by 11 between the two surveys (51 to 40%), and the ex‐smokers group showed an increase (16 to 23%). These differences were significant. There was also a remarkable change in attitudes among the health professionals, especially with regard to their disposition to give advice to stop smoking. The results show a reduction of the prevalence of smoking among the hospital staff and a positive change in their attitudes towards smoking.
Symptoms and correlates of anabolic‐androgenic steroid dependence
Authors: BROWER KIRK J. , BLOW FREDERIC C. , YOUNG JAMES P. , HILL ELIZABETH M. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractForty‐nine male weight lifters, all users of anabolic‐androgenic steroids (AASs), completed an anonymous, self‐administered questionnaire to investigate addictive patterns of use. At least one DSM‐III‐R symptom of dependence was reported by 94% of the sample. Three or more symptoms, consistent with a diagnosis of dependence, were reported by 57%. Dependent users (n=28) could be distinguished from non‐dependent users (n=21) by their use of larger doses, more cycles of use, more dissatisfaction with body size, and more aggressive symptoms. Multiple regression analysis revealed that dosage and dissatisfaction with body size were the best predictors of dependent use. Patterns of other substances used, although not predictive of AAS dependence, revealed very low cigarette use and at the same time high alcohol consumption. These data support the notion that AASs are addicting, and suggest that dissatisfaction with body size may lead to dependent patterns of use. The implications for both prevention and treatment are discussed.
Identification of alcohol‐related problems in a general hospital setting: a cost‐effectiveness evaluation
Authors: TOLLEY KEITH , ROWLAND NANCY 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAlcohol is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The prevention of alcohol problems would result in significant savings to the NHS and society. Screening is an important step in preventing problems. This study examines the costs of screening patients for alcohol problems. Over a 21‐month period doctors, nurses and a specialist worker screened medical and orthopaedic admissions to the York District Hospital. A cost‐effectiveness analysis of screening data was carried out. Costs were measured by time taken to screen and the relative costs of employing different occupational groups. Effects included the screening rates of each occupational group and those identified as at risk. Results suggested a greater positive case identification rate could be achieved by employing a specialist worker, but at greater cost. The cost‐effectiveness evaluation helps clarify the resource consequences of a screening programme and can be a useful aid in the decision‐making process.
Changing cocaine smoking rituals in the Dutch heroin addict population
Authors: GRUND JEAN‐PAUL C. , ADRIAANS NICO F. P. , KAPLAN CHARLES D. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractRecently the use patterns, circumstances and consequences of cocaine have become of interest to both researchers and policy makers in Europe. Currently only a few studies have been conducted of the social epidemiology of cocaine. In this article, focus is placed upon the use of cocaine in one subpopulation, heroin addicts. Based mainly upon ethnographic research conducted in the city of Rotterdam it can be estimated that the prevalence of cocaine use in this population has reached a very high level. The mode of ingesting cocaine parallels that of heroin; Injecting Drug Users inject cocaine‐hydrochloride, heroin smokers smoke cocaine base. This cocaine base is mainly processed by users themselves. An exception to this rule of self‐processing can be found in the most marginalized addicts who do not have access to the house addresses where both heroin and cocaine‐hydrochloride are sold. In this group the selling of ‘cooked cocaine’, a crack‐like product, has occurred. The circumstances and potential consequences of the emergence of ‘cooked cocaine’ are discussed.
Intravenous drug use and HIV transmission amongst inmates in Scottish prisons
Authors: POWER K. G. , MARKOVA I. , ROWLANDS A. , McKEE K. J. , ANSLOW P. J. , KILFEDDER C. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe intravenous drug use behaviour and HIV risk reduction strategies used by a group of Scottish inmates prior to prison, during imprisonment and as expected after release was investigated. From a sample of 559 inmates (480 males and 79 females) 27.5% were involved in IVDU prior to imprisonment, 7.7% on at least one occasion during a period of imprisonment and 14.7% expected to do so after release. Prior to imprisonment 17,3% had shared needles, 5.7% at some time during imprisonment and 4.3% expected to do so after release. Some form of HIV risk reduction strategies were practised by the majority of IVDU inmates prior to imprisonment, during imprisonment and were expected to continue after release. The most at risk inmates were those who continued to share injecting equipment without reduction and without sterilizing. The reduction in IVDU and needle sharing during imprisonment in comparison to prior to imprisonment was paralleled by a self‐perceived reduction of personal risk from HIV during imprisonment.
The development of smoking in Finland from 1978 to 1990
Authors: RAHKONEN OSSI , BERG MARI‐ANNA , PUSKA PEKKA 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe aim of this study was to analyse differences in smoking between men and women, and between different age groups of Finnish adults from 1978 to 1990. The data were collected by questionnaires from mail surveys of representative nationwide samples of 15–64–year‐olds from 1978, annually. Response rates varied between 68% (1985) and 86% (1978), averaging 79%. Those who were less than 20 years old were excluded from this study because smoking as a habit is well‐established in those aged 20 years and over. Male smoking decreased (from 37 to 33%) and female smoking increased (from 17 to 20%) during the study period. The proportion of smokers among the youngest men (20–29–year‐olds) had decreased clearly, and after the mid‐1980s the proportion of male smokers was highest in the middle‐age group (30–49–year‐olds). The proportion of smokers among the middle‐aged women increased, but the proportion of smokers was highest in the youngest age group. Gender difference in smoking was largest in the oldest age group.
Gender differences in alcohol consumption: effects of measurement
Authors: DAWSON DEBORAH A. , ARCHER LORAN 
Published: January 2006

AbstractData from a 1988 survey of US drinking habits and related problems revealed differences in male and female patterns of alcohol consumption. Men were more likely than women to be current drinkers (64 v. 41%), and beer accounted for a larger proportion of their overall intake. Men's average daily ethanol intake was about twice as high as that of women, 17.5 v. 8.9 g. Adjustment for differences in body weight and composition substantially reduced the male‐to‐female ratio of consumption. Men were more likely than women to be classified as heavy drinkers, and the excess proportion of males so categorized increased with the severity of the measure of heavy drinking.
A two‐year follow‐up study of alcohol dependent men rehabilitated at a special unit in a developing country
Authors: DE SILVA H. J. , PEIRIS M. U. P. K. , SAMARASINGHE D. S. , ELLAWALA N. S. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractTwo hundred and thirty‐four alcohol dependent men who had all failed to improve after previous hospital‐based interventions were admitted to an intensive 6‐week residential rehabilitation programme conducted at a special unit in Sri Lanka. Outcome was assessed at 2 years post‐treatment, and 36% of dependent persons remained totally abstinent. During an extended period of follow‐up (mean 39.2 months) a significant association was found between abstinence and having a life partner, stable family support, a higher income and regular employment. However, there was no significant association between abstinence and age, duration of alcohol dependence, level of education or type of employment. Although the majority of alcohol dependent persons did not benefit from the programme, our results compare favourably with those of similar studies done in developed countries.
Legislating responsible alcohol service: an inside view of the new Liquor Licence Act of Ontario
Authors: SINGLE ERIC , TOCHER BARRY 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe Ontario Government has recently passed a new Liquor Licence Act, based on the recommendations of a special advisory committee. This paper describes how the advisory committee framed the issues and arrived at a lengthy document detailing 73 recommendations on issues such as licence classification, the control of special permit functions, days and hours of operation, legal drinking age, alcohol advertising, the civil liabilities of alcohol providers and server training. The key actors and considerations are discussed, as well as the subsequent Cabinet action on the report and the implementation process currently underway. The paper concludes with an assessment from both an administrative and a public health perspective, with particular attention to the limited role which research played in these policy decisions
The difference context makes: Americans' views on abstinence and impairment
Authors: TREND ANDREW J. , HENNESSY MICHAEL 
Published: January 2006

AbstractWhile it is acknowledged that social norms play a role in determining acceptable drinking levels, there has been little research on the factors that determine approved or prohibited consumption levels in particular social contexts. This paper investigates the factors that influence the choice of abstention or impairment (as compared to ‘social drinking’) through an analysis of the 1984 survey of American drinking patterns using logistic regression, a method that allows the separate identification of social and demographic factors that encourage abstention or impairment. Results show that although the effects of drinking status variables (such as lifelong abstainer) are contextually neutral, most social and demographic characteristics have differential effects depending on the specific context and the choice of abstention or impairment.
The prevalence of illicit drug use in six metropolitan areas in the United States: results from the 1991 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse
Authors: HUGHES ARTHUR L. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractNational levels and trends of illicit drug use in the general population are well documented. However, little is known about how this phenomenon is distributed among various subnational areas such as state, metropolitan area, and other local areas. The sample design from the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA) was recently expanded such that estimates from several large metropolitan areas could be produced with reasonable precision. The prevalence of illict drug use is examined in six large metropolitan areas of the United States. These findings indicate that, in some cases, drug use varies considerably by metropolitan area.
Drug abuse research and HIV/AIDS: a national perspective from the US
Authors: SCHUSTER CHARLES R. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), the lead Federal agency charged with research on reducing the demand for illicit drugs in the US, has actively pursued the associated challenge of reducing drugs‐related HIV transmission. Drug abuse‐related spread of the virus occurs not only through sharing contaminated needles but also sexually to partners and perinatally from infected mothers to their offspring. Through a national research and demonstration program, NIDA supports primary AIDS risk reduction activities focused on identifying effective drug abuse prevention and treatment strategies. AIDS is increasingly a disease found in women, children, minorities, and people who live in rural areas. NIDA's efforts are clearly responsive to the changing nature of this epidemic. Among the many promising initiatives currently underway are a medications development program to find new pharmacotherapies for treating drug addiction; an array of National AIDS Outreach Demonstration Projects implementing alternative control strategies for drug abusers not attracted to or successful in drug abuse treatment; establishment of several treatment research units for designing and conducting studies on treatment effectiveness; and a variety of programs aimed at identifying and potentially reducing the risks of prenatal drug use to both mother and child. Effective dissemination of our findings is particularly critical to the overall impact of our research efforts. Collaborative activities teaming NIDA with a multitude of organizations also addressing AIDS related issues are designed to provide a synergistic impact on this complex and multifaceted public health crisis.
Drug use contexts and HIV‐consequences: the effect of drug policy on patterns of everyday drug use in Rotterdam and the Bronx
Authors: GRUND JEAN‐PAUL C. , STERN L. SYNN , KAPLAN CHARLES D. , ADRIAANS NICO F. P. , DRUCKER ERNEST 
Published: January 2006

AbstractEpidemiological data on HIV seroprevalence has been essential in assessing the (future) extent of the AIDS epidemic. By coupling these data with quantifiable variables related to injection drug use (frequency of injecting, number of needle sharing partners) specific ‘risk behaviors’ could be determined, accounting for the rapid spread of the virus in the injecting drug user (IDU) population. Yet, such data give little information on the social mechanisms and setting generating such risk behaviors. In order to understand the transmission of HIV among the IDU population one needs to study the micro settings and social context of drug use. This paper describes and explores certain patterns of drug use, sharing, and natural support systems found amongst IDUs in two very different cities, Rotterdam (The Netherlands) and the Bronx, New York City (USA). By specifying details of the micro‐settings of everyday drug use in both locales, it is possible to identify certain common elements and consequences of personal and social behavior driven by drug use per se (e.g. drug preference), and to differentiate these from behaviors and consequences determined by drug policy and the social context in which drug use actually occurs. These policies and the social context they create can in turn be shown to relate to risks for HIV transmission, e.g. the increased likelihood of sharing injection equipment. A more careful ethnographic approach, taking advantage of natural experimental opportunities, comparisons and controls, may be utilized to examine drug‐related behaviors in their social context and to better assess their relevance to public health–especially to AIDS