bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Paleoprimatological research over the last 50 years: Foci and trends
Authors: Simons Elwyn , Covert H. H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSince 1930 the approach to fossil primates has undergone a twofold revolution, in more advanced taxonomic thinking, and in the growth of studies relating living primates to the interpretation of past forms. Great strides have also been made in discovering primate fossils–in 1930 there were some 58 genera of extinct primates known, and since then more than 65 new genera have been named. A major aspect of paleoprimatological research today is multidisciplinary field projects, which have accounted for a fuller understanding of dating and context. The application of functional morphology to aspects of primate evolution has allowed better understanding of primate locomotion, diet, and behavior.
From Radcliffe‐Brown to sociobiology: Some aspects of the rise of primatology within physical anthropology
Authors: Gilmore Hugh A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe formation of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists some 50 years ago marked the official recognition of physical anthropology as a legitimate subfield of anthropology. Since then, with the growth of individual and institutional participation in the Association, and with the development of new research paradigms, a number of subspecializations have come to be accepted within the field. Perhaps none of these specializations, however, has grown as rapidly, or spectacularly, as has the subfield of primatology. This article details some of the rise of primatology as an accepted subdiscipline of physical anthropology and discusses the theoretical orientations which guided the first anthropological forays into the study of nonhuman primates.
History of American paleoanthropological research on early Hominidae, 1925–1980
Authors: Boaz Noel T. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractUnderstanding of the early stages of hominid evolution prior to 1925 was based primarily on comparative morphological evidence derived from extant primates. With the publication of Australopithecus by Dart in 1925 and subsequent research in South Africa, new possibilities for empirical assessment of early hominid evolutionary history were opened. It was Gregory's work, with Hellman, reported at the first meeting of the AAPA in 1930, that convinced many workers of the hominid status of Australopithecus. The debunking of Eoanthropus as a Pliocene hominid, far from having a totally negative effect, showed that cranial expansion had occurred after bipedalism in hominid evolution, demonstrated that chemical dating had come of age, and in a broader sense, had underlined that phylogenetic hypotheses are falsifiable by recourse to the evidence. The input of biological sciences into early hominid studies, as exemplified by Washburn's “new physical anthropology,” reduced taxonomic diversity and focused attention on paleoecology and behavior. The development of the multidisciplinary approach to field research, pioneered by L. Leakey and brought to fruition by Howell, was of fundamental importance in accurately dating and understanding the context of early hominids. Archaeology, primatology, comparative and functional morphology, and morphometrics have contributed substantially in recent years to a fuller understanding of early hominid evolution.American granting agencies have heavily supported early hominid research but patterns of funding have not kept pace with the change from research based largely on individualistic enterprise to multidisciplinary research projects.Future early hominid research, if funding is available, will likely be directed toward investigating temporal and geographic gaps now known in the fossil record and in more rigorous and multidisciplinary investigations of early hominid behavior.
The significance of Aleš Hrdlička's “Neanderthal phase of man”: A historical and current assessment
Authors: Spencer Frank , Smith Fred H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAleš Hrdlička's hypothesis on a Neandertal phase of human evolution is examined in light of current data and interpretations on Neandertals. Hrdlička's interpretations are related to his ideas regarding the peopling of the New World. A major early statement of Hrdlička's views on Neandertal was his Huxley Memorial Lecture of 1927. We assess this formulation and subsequent development of his hypothesis. Hrdlička's position is compared with the “presapiens” and “pre‐neandertal” hypotheses on the basis of current theory and data.
The evolutionary status of the first Americans
Authors: Stewart T. D. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe physical nature of the first men to enter the New World from Asia has long been a matter of dispute. Changes in the conventional wisdom on this subject since 1930 are reviewed. Hrdlička's opinion provides the base line. Certain important developments since his death are outlined. Although there is good reason now to believe that only Homo sapiens existed in eastern Asia at the time, it is still not certainly established. Actual proof in the form of human skeletal remains is still elusive.
American archaeology and physical anthropology in historical perspective
Authors: Gruber Jacob W. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe historical relationships between archaeology and physical anthropology are discussed, beginning with Morton and extending to the present. The emergence of Boasian anthropology had a fundamental effect on the way skeletal data could be interpreted in archaeological and anthropological contexts. Hooton's influence was responsible for shifting attention from the occasional individual skeleton to large samples, as exemplified by research on collections by Kidder at Pecos. Nevertheless, this and later studies suffered from a typological approach which was replaced in the 1940s by populational concepts of variability and evolutionary change. As archaeologists have come to recognize human behavior as a function of the interdependence of the physical and the cultural in particular instances of environmental adaptation, they require the explication of the physical dimension which the physical anthrologist alone can provide.
Habits, habitats, and heredity: A brief history of studies in human plasticity
Authors: Hulse F. S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThere has long been controversy concerning the relative importance of environment and ancestry in determining the characteristics of living creatures including members of the human species. At the beginning of the present century most biologists and anthropologists seem to have assumed that environment had little or no effect upon our bodily traits. We inherited them. The studies of Franz Boas on Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants cast doubts upon this assumption, and provoked considerable resentment. Since 1911, however, quite a few scholars have confirmed and elaborated upon the findings of Boas. At the same time, many other studies have demonstrated secular changes bodily size and shape within quite a few different populations. The idea of bodily plasticity has therefore, by this decade, become quite acceptable. This paper recounts the historical sequence of events leading to the change in anthropological assumptions, mentioning the scholars whose work contributed to this Important advance in scientific understanding.
History and development of paleopathology
Authors: Angel J. Lawrence 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn the nineteenth century, accurate descriptive studies, often dealing with pre‐Columbian “syphilis,” were made by Virchow, J. Jones, and Putnam. Hrdlička, Moodie, Ruffer, and others in the early twentieth century carried out research on subjects ranging from trephination to schistosomiasis. However, it was not until Hooton, Williams, Stewart, Wells, and others (1930 to 1965) that paleopathology was combined with paleodemography to get a population perspective on health as an equilibrium with disease. Not until recently, with the creative summaries of Jarcho and Brothwell, have we had bone pathologists (Lent Johnson and especially Putschar) and others (Moseley in blood, Cockburn and Allison in epidemiology and mummies) working actively with physical anthropologists and historians. This cooperation has triggered a major revival in the study of bone physiology and responses to disease (Ortner), disease ecology, demography and health, and paleonutrition (Goldstein, Laughlin, Cook and Buikstra, Ubelaker, Angel). New techniques range from histology to immunochemistry and now involve a host of young investigators.
The growth of growth
Authors: Garn Stanley M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractOver a 40‐year period, 1940 through the present, human growth research has increased from a minimal to a major part of physical anthropology. Such research, originally conducted at the major American growth centers, has become more diverse and more specialized, extending to National Probability Samplings, nutritional surveys, studies of twins, investigations restricted to the craniofacial complex, and studies of the growth and development of various primate species. Besides extending knowledge of growth and development in general and control mechanisms in particular, there has been major feedback into physical anthropology affording far greater understanding of human variability, of taxonomic differences, and of changes previously believed to be phylogenetic in nature. To the larger extent, all physical anthropologists have some degree of growth awareness.
Tooth eruption and browridge formation
Authors: Russell Mary Doria 
Published: February 2006

AbstractOne of the most reasonable hypotheses regarding the functional significance of the browridge is that the supraorbital torus forms in response to masticatory stress during development. Oyen, Walker, and Rice (1979) have recently proposed a model that tests this hypothesis: if browridges are functionally related to masticatory stresses on the cranial vault, then changes in the biomechanics of the masticatory system ought to be reflected by changes in the browridge. To test their model they attempted to relate biomechanical discontinuities resulting from tooth eruption to episodes of bone deposition on the supraorbital tori of a developmental series of dry Papio crania. This paper reports on a parallel test of the model on a cross‐sectional sample of Australian Aboriginal juvenile crania. This sample showed no relation between tooth eruption and the supraorbital surface morphology thought to be indicative of active bone deposition. It is also demonstrated that no significant relationship between tooth eruption and episodes of bone deposition is shown by the Papio sample. It is concluded that the use of small cross‐sectional samples of dry crania does not provide a valid test of the model.
Brain endocast asymmetry in pongids and hominids: Some preliminary findings on the paleontology of cerebral dominance
Authors: Holloway Ralph L. , De La Costelareymondie Marie Christine 
Published: February 2006

AbstractObservations on petalial asymmetry for 190 hominoid endocasts are reported, and their statistical differences assessed. While all taxa of hominoids show asymmetries to various degrees, the patterns or combinations of petalial asymmetries are very different, with fossil hominids and modern Homo sapiens showing an identical pattern of left‐occipital, right‐frontal petalias, which contrasts with those found normally in pongids. Of the pongids, Gorilla shows the greater degree of asymmetry in left‐occipital petalias. Only modern Homo and hominids (Australopithecus, Homo erectus, Neandertals) show a distinct left‐occipital, right‐frontal petalial pattern. Analysis by x2 statistics shows the differences to be highly significant. Due to small sample size and incompleteness of endocasts, small‐brained hominids, i.e., Australopithecus, are problematical. To the degree that gross petalial patterns are correlated with cognitive task specialization, we speculate that human cognitive patterns evolved early in hominid evolution and were related to selection pressures operating on both symbolic and spatiovisual integration, and that these faculties are corroborated in the archaeological record.
Blood polymorphisms and racial admixture in two Brazilian populations
Authors: Franco M. Helena L. P. , Weimer Tania A. , Salzano F. M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractOne thousand individuals from the southern population of Porto Alegre and 760 from the northeastern city of Natal were studied in relation to 12 and 8 genetic systems, respectively. The data thus gathered were used in different ways to estimate quantitatively the ethnic composition of individuals from these communities. More than half of the genes present in individuals classified as Black in Porto Alegre may be of White origin, while the Whites from this city have 8% of African alleles. The estimated degree of admixture in persons identified as White or Mixed in Natal is not much different among themselves. The ancestry of the total sample can be characterized as 58% White, 25% Black, and 17% Indian.
Extinct large colobines from the Plio‐Pleistocene of Africa
Authors: Leakey Meave G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThree genera and six species of extinct African Plio‐Pleistocene Colobinae are discussed. One new genus, Rhinocolobus and three new species, R. turkanaensis, Cercopithecoides kimeui and Paracolobus mutiwa are named. These colobines show a diversity in postcranial and dental morphology not seen among extant species. Rhinocolobus was most similar to extant Colobus in postcranial morphology and had similar high‐cusped shearing teeth. Cercopithecoides shows a number of postcranial skeletal features typical of terrestrial cercopithecid species and has lower cusped teeth. Paracolobus, while generally more similar to Rhinocolobus than to Cercopithecoides, is intermediate in some features of its postcranial morphology. The distribution of the various taxa among East and South African sites with different palaeoenvironments is generally consistent with the morphological interpretation. With the exception of Cercopithecoides kimeui, which persisted a little longer, these large colobines disappear from the fossil record about 1.8 million years ago. Their disappearance coincides with an interval of increasing aridity documented at Olduvai Gorge, the Omo Valley, and East Turkana.
Intercemetery morphological variation in Arikara crania from the mobridge site (39WW1)
Authors: Owsley Douglas W. , Bennett Suzanne M. , Jantz Richard L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMultivariate analysis is used to examine intrasite variation in cranial morphology in the Mobridge Arikara skeletal collection. The site included three spatially distinct burial areas. The burial areas (features) are defined according to geographic location. Feature 1 is a small hill west of the village. Feature 2 is a large, long hill 200–300 yards south of the village. Feature 3 is a small knoll 100 yards south of Feature 1. The internal chronology of Mobridge has not been established with precision, but order has been postulated based on archeological data. Previous researchers have considered area 2 to be later than areas 1 and 3. Significant morphological heterogeneity exists between areas. Sample differences indicate that specific features were used by temporally distinct populations. The archaeologically proposed temporal ordering of the cemeteries is supported by osteological evidence.
Secular change in growth of native children and adolescents at high altitude I. Puno, Peru (3800 meters)
Authors: Gonzales Gustavo , Crespo‐Retes Isaac , Guerra‐García Roger 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA cross sectional sample of 969 native males from Puno (Peru), altitude 3800 m, ranging in age from 7–20 years, and studied for body height, weight, sitting height, leg length, and chest circumference in 1980, were compared, from the point of view of secular trend, with another cross sectional sample of 992 native males from the same place, which were investigated in 1945. In addition, similar observations were carried out in 1980, in a group of 112 females.The data indicate that in Puno there has been no secular increment in the adult body size. However for all ages between 7 and 19 years, body weight and height were significantly greater in 1980 than in 1945. This may be due to earlier sexual maturation in the present generation.
Blood groups among brahmin and kamma caste populations of coastal Andhra Pradesh
Authors: Naidu J. M. , Veerraju P. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBlood specimens from Brahmin and Kamma caste populations of Coastal Andhra Pradesh, India are examined for A1A2BO, MNSs, and Rhesus blood groups. Predominance of A group in Brahmins and B group in Kammas is observed. Phenotype A2 records less than 4% in both populations. High frequencies of genes M, s, D, and e are exhibited among both populations. Statistically significant differences are found only for A1A2BO system between Brahmins and Kammas.
Mandibular movement patterns relative to food types in common tree shrews (Tupaia glis)
Authors: Fish Dale R. , Mendel Frank C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAlthough common tree shrews have long been considered a model system for early eutherian mastication, little information on mandibular movement patterns relative to specific food types has been reported. Detailed analysis of mandibular movement patterns when related to resulting attrition facets may permit more accurate extrapolations regarding the dietary habits of primitive mammals.Marker beads were sewn to chins of five animals that were placed in a restraint system and filmed while they fully masticated mealworm larvae and standardized pieces of banana, almond, and commercial cat chow. These sequences were divided into early, middle, and late thirds of food reduction. Mandibular positions from both frontal and lateral perspectives were digitized frame by frame to yield plots of orbits in three dimensions as well as graphic display of displacements, velocities, and accelerations. Plot coordinates were averaged to generate composite orbital shapes.Significant (p < 0.01) findings included: (1) shortest orbital durations and greatest peak closing velocities and accelerations in early third of reduction; (2) smallest maximum gape, smallest maximum lateral excursion from midline, and longest duration of powerstroke relative to orbital duration in late third of reduction; (3) shortest orbital durations and smallest maximum gape during mastication of chow; (4) greatest maximum lateral excursion during mastication of mealworm larvae; and (5) smallest peak closing accelerations during mastication of banana. Significant differences were also found among subjects for all parameters examined.Capacity for complex jaw movement may have been critical for allowing primitive molars to be used for trituration of a variety of food types, and may have preceded evolution of more specialized molar forms.
The biocultural evolution of Khoisan populations of Southern Africa
Authors: Hausman Alice J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe research presented here offers new information on the recent evolution of Khoisan populations of southern Africa through the new study of Holocene skeletons. When combined with subfossil and historical remains, these archeological specimens provide a skeletal record for the last 5000–9000 years of southern African prehistory. Multivariate statistical analyses of cranial measurements were used to determine patterns of morphological variation in the skeletal record with which hypotheses of biocultural evolution were tested. These analyses yielded the following results. First, the traditional distinction between Bushmen and Hottentots holds for recent inland individuals. Second, there is a suggestion of a morphologically distinct San population living on the coast of South Africa. The idea of a “Strandloper” population suggested by early scholars is here revived. The third result is that there is little evidence of complete population succession on the coast of South Africa, suggesting that there were no massive population movements associated with the spread of Hottentot pastoralism throughout southern Africa.
Microevolution in prehistoric andean populations: I. Chronologic craniometric variation
Authors: Rothhammer Francisco , Llop Elena , Cocilovo Jose A. , Quevedo Silvia 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMahalanobis D2 statistics (with size and shape components) were computed for nine craniometric variables among five prehistoric groups representing steps in the microevolutionary history of a coastal population in Northern Chile. Roughly 80% of craniometric variation was found to be explained by chronologic distance covering a period of roughly 6500 years. Kinship decreases in this population at a relatively constant rate of 8.6 × 10−5 per year.
Skeletal tuberculosis, pelvic contraction, and parturition
Authors: Micozzi Marc S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractObliquely contracted pelvis was observed in association with tuberculosis and dystocia (difficult parturition) in four out of 762 childbearing women in a Southeast Asian population. It is hypothesized that the pelvic contracture results from tuberculosis of the sacro‐iliac joint with destruction of the sacral ala. This gross morphologic deformity, as observed in living populations, may be a useful marker for skeletal tuberculosis in prehistoric and historic populations as well. The occurrence of obliquely contracted pelvis with consequent dystocia as a specific complication of systemic tuberculosis may have direct implications for differential reproductivity.
Population genetics of the group specific component (Gc) and phosphoglucomutase (PGM1) studied by isoelectric focusing
Authors: Papiha S. S. , Roberts D. F. , White I. , Chahal S. M. S. , Asefi J. A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFor the determination of the group‐specific component (Gc) and phosphoglucomutase (PGM1) phenotypes, isoelectric focusing was performed on two samples, one of Jat Sikh of northwest India, the other of northeast English. The subtype frequencies of these two systems do not differentiate the two populations sampled. Synthesis of the existing data shows distinct PGM1 and Gc subtype frequencies in various ethnic and racial groups. The anthropological implication of these subtype frequencies is discussed.
Some variables of the craniofacial complex in a Venezuelan population of negroid ancestry
Authors: Champin J. , Pinto‐Cisternas J. , Rodríguez A. , Muller G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA total of 226 individuals (101 males and 125 females), from La Sabana, a Venezuelan Negroid isolate, with ages between 8 and 60 years, were studied in order to characterize the population for its craniofacial variables and to study the behavior of these variables in relation to age and sex. The variables studied were grouped in three categories: direct cephalometric variables, which included 6 measurements taken directly on the individuals; indirect cephalometric variables, which included 18 measurements (9 angular and 9 linear), taken on lateral head films; and dental variables, which included 9 measurements taken from dental models. In general the direct variables showed the lowest coefficients of variation (CV), suggesting homogeneity within this sample. They were followed by the dental and the indirect variables, which had the highest CV values. In order to detect age and sex effects on the variables, sex and age group comparisons were performed with Student t tests. A greater proportion of significant differences were found among the direct variables, indicating that age and sex have more influence on this group of variables than upon the other two. Comparisons of our sample from La Sabana, with samples from African Negroid, Caucasoid, and Amerindian population show that La Sabana individuals have a craniofacial pattern basically Negroid, as we expected, although some contribution from Caucasoides and especially Amerindians is also suggested in our data.