bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
1 Introduction
Authors: Clasen Jochen 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This introductory chapter reflects on the need for in-depth historically sensitive research on the development of advanced welfare states. Contrasting the diverging trends and social and economic fortunes in the UK and Germany since the late 1970s, it argues that the two countries have all but undergone a role reversal in terms of their efficiency and sustainability as models of modern social capitalism. The chapter introduces the aims of the book, i.e. empirical investigation into, and causes for, the development of three major social policy domains in the two countries over the past 25 years or so. In order to comprehend similarities and diverging trends, multi-causal accounts at programme level are required.
2 Welfare state reform and restructuring
Authors: Clasen Jochen 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
The chapter puts the book into the context of the contemporary discussion on welfare state reform, and reflects on major concepts and guiding notions, such as retrenchment, re-calibration, and restructuring. It argues in favour of a robust conceptualisation and operationalisation of the ‘dependent variable’, combining both quantitative parameters, such as social spending, with qualitative ‘social rights’ indicators. Furthermore, the chapter underlines the interest both in capturing changes in policy direction (expansion or retrenchment) as well as in assessing policy profiles or patterns of change.
3 Motives, means, and opportunities: analytical perspectives
Authors: Clasen Jochen 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe chapter introduces the book conceptualisation of s framework for the causal analysis of welfare state reform. It introduces relevant actors and their interests in the two welfare states, institutional structures, as well as changing socio-economic contexts within which actors have operated since the late 1970s. Three sets of different institutional contexts are discussed: formal policy making structures, programme-specific features of unemployment and pension and family policy, and institutional complementarities linking social protection programmes to national political economy structures. The chapter concludes with a historical account of socio-economic trends in the two countries, covering about 25 years.
Conclusion
Authors: Clasen Jochen 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter reviews the results of the empirical chapters in the light of conceptual and theoretical discussions in earlier chapters. It argues that historically sensitive diachronic comparisons of policy programmes are particularly suited for a systematic empirical welfare state analyses. Reviewing factors which impinged on policy change, it argues for a multi-causal accounts of change taking account of institutional variation and diverse actor constellation across welfare state programmes. It concludes with an assessment of the EU on national policy making which has been fairly modest in the three domains covered, but it likely to gain relevance in all of them.
How the Body Shapes the Mind
Authors: Gallagher Shaun 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis book contributes to the idea that to have an understanding of the mind, consciousness, or cognition, a detailed scientific and phenomenological understanding of the body is essential. There is still a need to develop a common vocabulary that is capable of integrating discussions of brain mechanisms in neuroscience, behavioral expressions in psychology, design concerns in artificial intelligence and robotics, and debates about embodied experience in the phenomenology and philosophy of mind. This book helps to formulate this common vocabulary by developing a conceptual framework that avoids both the overly reductionistic approaches that explain everything in terms of bottom-up neuronal mechanisms, and the inflationistic approaches that explain everything in terms of Cartesian, top-down cognitive states. Through discussions of neonate imitation, the Molyneux problem, gesture, self-awareness, free will, social cognition and intersubjectivity, as well as pathologies such as deafferentation, unilateral neglect, phantom limb, autism and schizophrenia, the book proposes to remap the conceptual landscape by revitalizing the concepts of body image and body schema, proprioception, ecological experience, intermodal perception, and enactive concepts of ownership and agency for action. Informed by both philosophical theory and scientific evidence, it addresses two basic sets of questions that concern the structure of embodied experience. First, questions about the phenomenal aspects of that structure, specifically the relatively regular and constant phenomenal features found in the content of experience. Second, questions about aspects of the structure of consciousness that are more hidden, those that may be more difficult to get at because they happen before one knows it, and do not normally enter into the phenomenal content of experience in an explicit way.
Dilemmas of European Integration
Authors: Majone Giandomenico 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe Community method is the traditional approach to European integration. However, the method is becoming obsolete, being too rigid to permit institutional and policy innovations, or to apply to politically sensitive areas. For these reasons, the member states of the EU are increasingly willing to commit themselves to common tasks, but wish to act outside the traditional framework. In a Union where national institutions and priorities are much more varied than in the past, it is impossible to force the integration process into a single pattern. The Community method was inspired by a federalist vision, but a federal superstate would be unable to provide the public goods which Europeans take for granted. Lacking legitimacy, the federation would be unable to act decisively even in areas where close cooperation is needed. A confederation built on the solid foundation of market integration offers the only viable model for a EU capable of playing a significant role on the international scene.
2 Integration and Democracy: the Big Trade‐off
Authors: Majone Giandomenico 
Published: February 2006

AbstractDemocracy is an essential condition of membership in the EU, yet the EU itself is said to suffer from a serious democratic deficit. The paradox is more apparent than real — one cannot safely extrapolate democratic norms from the national to the supranational level. The members of the EU are not individuals but corporate bodies, and democratic principles do not directly apply to such a polity. Arguments about Europe’s democratic deficit implicitly assume that the EU must eventually become a full-fledged federal state, but this is not what the majority of European voters apparently want. At best, federation is only one of several possible outcomes of the integration process. In reality, the democratic deficit is the price we pay for attempting to pursue political objectives by non-political means.
3 The Community Method
Authors: Majone Giandomenico 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe Community system is not based on separation of powers but on representation of interests. Each European institution is the bearer of a particular, national or supranational interest, which it strives to protect and promote. This makes the European Community a latter-day version of mixed government. The principle of institutional balance, typical of mixed government, entails the preservation of the relative position of each interest, and of the institution which represents it. This key principle, combined with the Commission’s monopoly of agenda setting, has become a serious obstacle to institutional innovation and policy learning in the EU.
4 Delegation of Powers and the Fiduciary Principle
Authors: Majone Giandomenico 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBroad delegation of powers to supranational institutions is a distinctive feature of the Community method. Broad delegation presupposes a fiduciary relation, hence, the progressive erosion of the Community method indicates a loss of confidence in the capacity for self-restraint of the supranational institutions. Since the Single European Act, member states have been willing to follow the politically riskier procedure of formal treaty amendment, rather than delegating to the Commission and Court of Justice the task of deciding which Community action in a given area is needed, and in which form. The frequency of formal treaty amendment in recent years is a measure of the loss of confidence in the supranational institutions.
1 Tracking: At Home on the Range
Authors: Roush Sherrilyn 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter motivates the search for a viable tracking account of knowledge by discussing the value of knowledge and the many domains in which tracking appears to be the key part of knowledge. It is argued that the function of knowledge is the maintenance of true belief through time and changing circumstances. This explains why knowledge is power, and that justification for this is not necessary.
2 Tracking with Closure
Authors: Roush Sherrilyn 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter formulates the new tracking account of knowledge, in terms of conditional probability rather than counterfactuals. The new view dispenses with relativization to the method of belief formation, and gives knowledge closure via a recursion clause that incorporates a new account of knowledge of implication. This view is defended against charges that the tracking view is too strong.
5 What is Evidence? Discrimination, Indication, and Leverage
Authors: Roush Sherrilyn 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter explains the motivations behind a tracking view of what evidence is, and formulates such a view in terms of conditional probability. This view is a likelihood ratio confirmation theory, which is considered superior to approaches using other measures of confirmation. Beyond confirmational support, a new constraint is formulated to put a lower bound on the posterior probability of the hypothesis. It is shown that knowledge, on the new tracking view, has a sufficiently strong transitivity property to explain why better evidence makes one more likely to know when to conjoin the tracking view of evidence with the tracking view of knowledge.
5 Russian Corruption and State Weakness in Comparative Post‐Communist Perspective
Authors: Holmes Leslie 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter examines recent developments in Russian leadership politics within the context of post-Communist leadership and state-building. It argues that those who hoped Putin would turn Russia into a strong state underestimated the scale of the task, while those who believed that Putin was inherently authoritarian underestimated the need for strong leadership in Russia. A customized, relativistic, and dynamic approach to Russia’s transition is needed, rather than one based on Western ideals, expectations, and conditions.
6 Putin and the Attenuation of Russian Democracy
Authors: Colton Timothy F. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter argues that Russia is further removed from democratisation than it was at the beginning of the 1990s. De-democratisation has been attributed to encroachments on electoral competition, as evidenced by the decline in electoral contestation. Short-term prospects are dim for the reversal of the decline in democratic contestation. The symbiosis of the upper echelons of the governing elite with United Russia will continue to grow during Putin’s tenure, as will their efforts to continue the Naderization of the opposition.
9 Putin as Patron: Cadres Policy in the Russian Transition Eugene Huskey
Authors: Huskey Eugene 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter discusses the emergence of a new form of patronage politics under the Putin presidency. Patronage politics is not limited to the political appointees who serve at the pleasure of elected leaders, often as senior staff members or management cadres in the core executive. Elected officials, permanent civil servants, and leaders of business and non-government organizations are also subject to a spoils system that allows federal and regional leaders to influence personnel decisions in ways that endanger political pluralism.
12 Vladimir Putin's Political Choice: Towards Bureaucratic Authoritarianism Lilia Shevtsova
Authors: Shevtsova Lilia 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter examines Putin’s efforts to strengthen the state, which subjects society and individuals to its will. It argues that by cancelling out the democratic achievements of the Gorbachev and Yeltsin years, Putin’s new rules have taken Russia back to the point from which it tried to move forward in the 1980s. In short, Putin’s leadership has traditionalist elements that negate the transformational paradigm.
13 Putin's Foreign Policy Choices Andrei Grachev
Authors: Grachev Andrei 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter examines the foreign policies of Vladimir Putin. A ‘Putin Doctrine’ has emerged in at least two main spheres: in Moscow’s behaviour towards former Soviet republics — the new states that make up Russia’s ‘near abroad’; and the changing tone of Russia’s relations with the West, with important nuances distinguishing its Moscow’s policy towards the US and its dealing with Europe. Its policies towards China, Japan, and the revival of any kind of global strategy remained underdeveloped.
An Annotated Bibliography of Published Work by Archie Brown
Authors: Newton Julie 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
A bibliography of the complete works of Archie Brown is presented from the mid-1960s to the present. These provide valuable insights on the nature of the Soviet Union, its transition from Communism, and on post-Soviet Russia’s ambiguous process of democratisation. Annotations are divided into nine thematic categories: links between Scottish and Russian enlightenments; Czechoslovakia, 1963-1968, and Eastern Europe under Soviet power; Soviet politics pre-1985; the Gorbachev Era; Russian politics and transition, 1992-2004; works spanning the Soviet and post-Soviet eras, 1917-2004; British Politics; other writings; and examples of substantial reviews and review articles.
Introduction: Science in ‘Dissenting’ Religious Communities
Authors: Cantor Geoffrey 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA number of historiographical problems are addressed concerning ‘Science and Religion’ to provide a grounding for present study. This study focuses on two religious communities — the Quakers and Anglo-Jewry — both of which stood outside the Established Church, with its close alliance with state power. It aims to ascertain how these two religious communities responded to various aspects of science, from their foundation in the mid-17th century to the end of the 19th century. Having framed this leading question, the scope of the present study is specified.
Trajectories in Science
Authors: Cantor Geoffrey 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter looks at nine different modes of scientific activity pursued by Quakers and Jews. These range from the wealthy amateur — including several Jews who pursued science in an upper-class, gentlemanly fashion — to the Jews and Quakers who traded in scientific specimens. Members of both communities used science in their professional engineering careers. Likewise, both communities produced educationalists who taught science through their lectures and textbooks. Another way in which science was deployed was in the scientific study of their own religious communities through the use of statistics. But there are also some interesting differences. For example, several 18th century Jews were attracted to Newton’s ideas, which were generally ignored by Quakers.
Quaker Attitudes and Practices
Authors: Cantor Geoffrey 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe early Quakers often saw their scientific endeavours pitted against those of the Anglican establishment. However, the doctrine of the ‘Inner Light’ also emphasised the importance of appreciating God’s creation, and a number of Quakers were drawn to observational sciences such as botany and astronomy, and often deployed design arguments. While accepting the need to frame hypotheses, they were suspicious of unbridled speculation and critical of theories that had hardened into dogmas. Indeed, Quaker views on scientific method parallel the Quaker emphasis on seeking in the realm of religion. Running through Quaker history, there is also a concern that enthusiasm for science can be detrimental to a person’s religious life.
Jewish Responses to Evolution
Authors: Cantor Geoffrey 
Published: February 2006

AbstractDrawing mainly on the Anglo-Jewish periodical press, it appears that Jewish writers were generally supportive of Darwin’s theory of evolution. Having been chastised on many occassions as anti-intellectual, Jews could portray themselves as traditionally siding with science and rationality at a time when many Christians strenuously opposed evolution. Yet Alfred Henriques was alone in perceiving that Darwin’s theory was as damaging to traditional Judaism as it was to mainstream Christianity. Following Henriques, Claude Goldsmid Montefiore and others pressed for the development of a modern form of Judaism — what became Liberal Judaism — that could encompass an evolutionary account of the physical world. Among the scientific community, Raphael Meldola — who looked to Darwin as his mentor — was the leading Jewish evolutionist.
Historical Comparisons and Historiographical Reflections
Authors: Cantor Geoffrey 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe scientific practices and attitudes to science of the Quaker and Jewish communities are compared and contrasted. Quakers tended to be more involved in science — especially the observational sciences like botany — but they were somewhat reserved when it came to scientific theorizing. In contrast, Jews, although generally less involved in science, were philosophically more adventurous. Two important conclusions from this study relating to the late Victorian period are: first, in both communities, modernizers drew on contemporary science — including the theory of evolution — in opposing traditionalists; second (although for different reasons), Quakers and Jews were generally sympathetic to Darwin’s theory of evolution.
Progress in and Prospects for the Financial Sector Reform
Authors: Park Yung Chul 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Although financial reform agendas differ among countries in East Asia, these are loosely categorized between more advanced and less developed economies. The overall agenda for such reforms includes the strict separation of banking and commerce, privatization of state-owned institutions, opening of the domestic financial services industry, legal reform, and strong accounting and auditing rules.
In Search of a New East Asian Paradigm for Development
Authors: Park Yung Chul 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Reforming the old system, rather than adopting an Anglo-American model, is essential to make it better suited and more flexible in adjusting to the new realities of the region and the rest of the world. Although the Asian crisis provided a strong impetus for structural transformation, the internal and external developments that have slowed or impeded the reform process are examined.
New Paradigm for Development: A Mixed Economy Model
Authors: Park Yung Chul 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
The reform priorities for a new development paradigm involve a new governance system, the role of government, social protection, industrial relations, financial reform, the reform of industrial organizations and exchange rate systems, and capital account liberalization. The new paradigm for East Asia can be distinguished from its predecessor in that it will be more democratic, market oriented, more open, and built on foundations comprising a set of democratic political institutions.
The Retreat of Reason
Authors: Persson Ingmar 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
In ancient Greece, philosophy was mainly concerned with guidance on how to live our lives, a philosophy of life. It was then typically assumed that a life in accordance with reason, a rational life, would also be the happiest or most fulfilling life. This book resumes this project, which has been largely neglected in contemporary philosophy. It tries to show, however, that the aim of leading a rational life is at odds not only with the aim of leading the most fulfilling life, but also with the moral aims of leading the life which best promotes the maximization of fulfilment of all or the maximization of fulfilment justly distributed. It does this by exploring the extent to which attitudes to time, identity and responsibility are irrational. It also argues that neither the aim of living rationally nor any of the fulfilment aims can be rejected as less rational than any other. Thus, we face a dilemma of either having to enter a retreat of reason, insulated from everyday attitudes, or making reason retreat from its aspiration to be the sole controller of our attitudes. The book explores three areas in which there is a conflict between the rational life and a life dedicated to fulfilment-maximization. It argues that living rationally requires us to give up, first, our temporal biases, secondly, our bias towards ourselves and, thirdly, our responsibility to the extent that it involves the notion of desert and desert-entailing emotions. But giving up these attitudes is so overwhelmingly hard that the effort to do so not only makes our own lives less fulfilling, but also obstructs our efficient pursuit of the moral aim of promoting of a maximum of fulfilment justly distributed.
INTRODUCTION: SUBJECTIVISM AND OBJECTIVISM
Authors: Persson Ingmar 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter explains some distinctions which are central in the theory of practical reasons and value, namely the distinction between objectivism and subjectivism, and the distinction between externalism and internalism. Subjectivist theories take reasons and values to be definable in terms of some relation to desires and/or emotions had under some factually described circumstances. Objectivist theories deny either only the sufficiency of such a condition or both its sufficiency and necessity. By virtue of accepting the necessity of this sort of dependence upon attitudes, subjectivist theories are perforce internalist, whereas objectivist theories could be either internalist or externalist, depending on whether they accept the necessity of this link to attitudes. Objectivism is then distinguished both from inter-subjectivism and realism, which views reasons and values as irreducible.
THE STRUCTURE OF REASONS: INTERNALISM
Authors: Persson Ingmar 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to defend the internalist view that reasons for action and desire conceptually require a link to desires. This link to desire takes a more direct form in the case of ‘apparent’ reasons, which form the content of our thoughts, than ‘real’ reasons, which are truths that may be unknown to us. It is claimed that practical reasoning, in which desires are derived, differs from theoretical reasoning in which beliefs are derived in two respects: it is not inferential, and the derived desire concerns a proposition which is ‘epistemically prior’, i.e. which can be established as true sooner, whereas the derived belief concerns a proposition which is epistemically posterior.