bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The study of H/D isotope‐dependent order–disorder transition in crystalline α‐chromous acid using quantum‐chemical modeling
Authors: Dolin S. P. , Flyagina I. S. , Tremasova M. V. , Mikhailova T. Yu. , Gavrilyuk A. B. , Levin A. A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe ferroelectric behavior of the protonated (HCrO2) and deuterated (DCrO2) forms of the crystalline α‐chromous acid is studied by quantum‐chemical evaluation of the dynamic Ising model parameters. The tunneling parameters Ω(H), Ω(D) were found from proton transfer barriers calculated by various techniques including the fourth‐order Møller‐Plesset perturbation theory and coupled cluster schemes. The Ising parameters Jij(H), Jij(D) as well as the molecular field parameters J0(H), J0(D) were obtained in frames of two‐pseudospin cluster method on the same computational levels. The molecular field approach was applied to the problem of the structural phase transition (SPT) existence. It is shown in an agreement with experimental data that α‐HCrO2 cannot undergo the SPT related to the ordering of its proton subsystem. On the contrary, the SPT of this sort, that is antiferroelectric in character, takes place in α‐DCrO2 due to strong geometric H/D‐isotope effect observed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Zur Kristallchemie der Oxorhodate
Authors: Müller‐Buschbaum Hanskarl 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDas Review gibt einen Einblick in die Kristallchemie der Oxorhodate. Im Vergleich mit der Oxochemie anderer Edelmetalle dominiert im noch stärkeren Maße die oktaedrische Koordination des Rhodiums. Sie wird von den Oxiden Rh2O3, hp‐Rh2O3 und RhO2 vorgegeben und findet sich unabhängig von den Valenzen des Rhodiums in Oxorhodaten wieder. Bis auf wenige Ausnahmen überwiegt die Wertigkeit drei (Rh3+). Oxorhodate adaptieren die Kristallchemie der Delafossite, des K2NiF4‐Typs und dessen Varianten. Sie bilden Stapelvarianten, die sogenannten “eindimensionalen Oxide”, Perowskite, Pyrochlore, Hollandite und Spinelle. Bemerkenswert ist ein Perrhenat‐ähnliches Netzwerk in URh2O6 und eine Variante des SrCr2O4‐Typs beobachtet an β‐Sr0,97Rh2O4. Von Interesse ist Pb3Rh7O15, in dessen Oktaedergerüst einseitig offene Polyeder Pb(1)O4 und Pb(2)O6 eingebettet sind, die durch das lone pair am Pb2+ zu Polyedern des Typs Pb(1)O4LP(1) (trigonale Bipyramide) und Pb(2)O6LP(2) (überkapptes trigonales Prisma) ergänzt werden. Die Positionen der lone pairs (e2− Punktladung) wird durch Berechnungen des Madelung‐Anteils der Gitterenergie ermittelt.
Crystal and Electronic Structures of the New Carbomolybdates(III), RE2[Mo2C3] with RE = Ce, Sm, Tb, and Dy
Authors: Dashjav Enkhtsetseg , Kreiner Guido , Wagner Frank R. , Schnelle Walter , Kniep Rüdiger 
Published: June 2007

AbstractFour new ternary carbometalates of the general formula RE2[Mo2C3] with RE = Ce, Sm, Tb and Dy have been prepared by a high temperature synthesis route. The Ce, Tb and Dy compounds crystallize isotypic to Er2[Mo2C3], Sm2[Mo2C3], however, is an isotype of Ho2[Cr2C3]. The crystal structures comprise polyanionic layers [(Mo2C3)6−] with the rare‐earth metal ions in between. The layers are constructed by edge and vertex connected MoC4 tetrahedra, which display strong covalent Mo–C bonds. The compounds show metallic behaviour close to the classical limit of 100 μΩ cm for metallic conductors. The magnetic properties are quite different, however they are consistent with the presence of trivalent RE3+ ions with the exception of Ce2[Mo2C3], which contains nonmagnetic Ce species. Electronic structure calculations reveal that the additional electron mainly populates the Ce partial structure. The title compounds extend the series of known carbomolybdates RE2[Mo2C3]. The late lanthanides Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, and Lu with comparatively small RE3+ ions and Ce as Ce4+ adopt the Er2[Mo2C3] structure type, whereas the early lanthanides Sm and Pr with larger RE3+ ions crystallize in the structure types of Ho2[Cr2C3] and Pr2[Mo2C3], respectively.
The Crystal Structures of Two No–Metal Tricyanomelaminates: Diammonium Tricyanomelaminate Dihydrate [NH4]2[C6N9H] · 2 H2O and Dimelaminium Tricyanomelaminate Melamine Dihydrate [C3N6H7]2[C6N9H] · C3N6H6 · 2 H2O
Authors: Lotsch Bettina V. , Schnick Wolfgang 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDiammonium tricyanomelaminate dihydrate [NH4]2[C6N9H] · 2 H2O (1) and dimelaminium tricyanomelaminate melamine dihydrate [C3N6H7]2[C6N9H] · C3N6H6 · 2 H2O (2) were obtained by metathesis reactions from Na3[C6N9] in aqueous solution and characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and 15N solid‐state NMR spectroscopy (1). Both salts contain mono‐protonated tricyanomelaminate (TCM) anions and crystallize as dihydrates. Considering charge balance requirements, the crystal structure of 1 (C2/c, a = 3181.8(6) pm, b = 360.01(7) pm, c = 2190.4(4) pm, β = 112.39(3)°, V = 2319.9(8) 106 · pm3) can best be described by assuming a random distribution of an ammonium ion – crystal water pair over two energetically similar sites. Apart from two melaminium cations, 2 (P21/c, a = 674.7(5) pm, b = 1123.6(5) pm, c = 3400.2(5) pm, β = 95.398(5), V = 2566(2) 106 · pm3) contains one neutral melamine per formula unit acting as an additional “solvent” molecule and yielding a donor‐acceptor type of π–stacking interaction.
Genetic and environmental influences on obsessive-compulsive symptoms in adults: a population-based twin-family study
Authors: VAN GROOTHEEST DANIËL S. , CATH DANIËLLE C. , BEEKMAN AARTJAN T. , BOOMSMA DORRET I. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBackgroundThe contribution of genetic factors to obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptoms has not been examined using a large population-based sample of adults. Furthermore, the extent to which there are qualitative and quantitative differences in genetic architecture between men and women with OC symptoms has not been elucidated.MethodWe obtained the Young Adult Self Report Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (YASR-OCS) from a group of 5893 monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins, and 1304 additional siblings from the population-based Netherlands Twin Register. Structural equation modelling was used to decompose the variation in OC behaviour into genetic and environmental components and analyse quantitative and qualitative sex differences.ResultsFamilial resemblance was the same for DZ twins and non-twin siblings, which means that there was no evidence for a special twin environment. The same genetic risk factors for OC behaviour were expressed in men and women. Depending on the choice of fit index, we found small (39% for men and 50% for women) or no sex differences (47% for both men and women) in heritability. The remaining variance in liability was due to individual-specific environment.ConclusionsOC behaviour showed a moderate heritability. At most, small quantitative sex differences were found in the genetic architecture of OC behaviour, and no qualitative sex differences.
Functional interactions between presynaptic NMDA receptors and metabotropic glutamate receptors co‐expressed on rat and human noradrenergic terminals
Authors: Luccini E , Musante V , Neri E , Brambilla Bas M , Severi P , Raiteri M , Pittaluga A 
Published: June 2007

Background and purpose:Electrophysiological studies described potentiation of NMDA receptor function by metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) of group I occurring postsynaptically. Since release‐enhancing NMDA receptors exist on noradrenergic terminals and group I mGluRs have recently been identified on these nerve endings, we have investigated if NMDA receptor‐mGluR interactions also can occur at the presynaptic level.Experimental approach:Rat hippocampus and human neocortex synaptosomes were labelled with [3H]noradrenaline and superfused with mGluR agonists and antagonists. NMDA‐evoked [3H]noradrenaline release was produced by removal of external Mg2+ or by simultaneous application of NMDA and AMPA in Mg2+‐containing solutions.Key results:The mGluR1/5 agonist 3,5‐DHPG, inactive on its own, potentiated both the release of [3H]noradrenaline elicited by AMPA/NMDA/glycine and that evoked by NMDA/glycine following Mg2+ removal. The effect of 3,5‐DHPG on the AMPA/NMDA/glycine‐induced release was insensitive to the mGluR1 antagonist CPCCOEt, but it was abolished by the mGluR5 antagonist MPEP; moreover, it was potentiated by the mGluR5 positive allosteric modulator DFB. When NMDA receptors were activated by Mg2+ removal, both mGluR5 and mGluR1 contributed to the evoked release, the mGluR‐mediated release being blocked only by CPCCOEt and MPEP in combination. Experiments with human neocortex synaptosomes show NMDA receptor‐mGluR interactions qualitatively similar to those observed in rodents.Conclusions and implications:Group I mGluRs, both of the mGluR1 and mGluR5 subtypes, co‐localize with NMDA receptors on noradrenergic terminals of rat hippocampus and human neocortex. Depending on the mode of activation, NMDA receptors exert differential permissive roles on the activation of presynaptic mGluR1 and mGluR5.British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 151, 1087–1094; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707280
Describing Children's Linguistic Development at Home and at School
Authors: Wells Gordon 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA theory of language is outlined which emphasises the interactive nature of linguistic communication, and it is hypothesised that such interaction forms the basis for the child's acquisition of control of the language system. It is further suggested that differences in quality and quantity of interaction, in which meaning is negotiated in the shared construction of social reality, may be largely responsible for the ‘linguistic disadvantage’ which is the putative cause of the educational under‐achievement of many children. The paper describes the way in which these questions are being investigated in a longitudinal study of the language development of a representative sample of children, based on regular observations of the children's spontaneous linguistic interaction at home and at school.
Teacher Expectations? Pupil responses to teacher mediated classroom climate
Authors: Monk Martin J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThree teacher types are developed from a consideration of the self‐fufilling hypothesis with respect to both classroom behaviour and academic achievement. Evidence used to support this typology is drawn from both qualitative and quantitative data. Pupils' comments about their lessons and teachers are used to inform an ordering of rank correlations. The analysis stresses that teachers can effect the ways in which their pupils view the differential distribution of classroom achievement amongst their peers through the teachers' classroom management in lessons. Adopting a symbolic interactionist perspective allows a direct link to be made to pupils' classroom achievement as measured by end of year tests.
Indexes of Stability in Repertory Grids: a small‐scale comparison
Authors: Yorke D. M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe tenets of personal construct theory suggest that the procedure for the completion of a repertory grid should allow respondents to indicate whenever an element falls outside the range of convenience of a construct. In such circumstances blank cells appear in a grid matrix, with consequent problems for analysis. A stability index based on the cumulated change on a per cell’ basis is shown to maximise the use of test‐retest data collected when blank cells are present, and to be superior to Bannister's consistency score, Slater's coefficient of convergence and Slater's general degree of correlation.
Interviewers, Interviewees and the Exercise of Power (Fictional‐critical Writing as a Method for Educational Research)
Authors: Winter Richard 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper reports an investigation into the process of interviewing applicants for places on an inservice course for teachers in an institution of higher education. A number of interviews were tape‐recorded and transcribed, as were some of the discussions between the interviewers concerning the applicants. Attention is drawn to the problems created by the power dimension of the interview process, which is often taken for granted by interviewers. The paper also illustrates a method of organising research data by (a) writing a short story on the themes which emerge from an initial review of the data, and (b) gathering interpretive critiques of the story from various readers, in order to make explicit the significance of the story as an interpretation of the data.
An Empirical Method of Assessing Topic Familiarity in Reading Comprehension Research
Authors: Spyridakis Jan H. , Wenger Michael J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractWhile numerous studies have shown that prior knowledge and topic familiarity affect comprehension and usability of a text, few researchers account for readers' topic familiarity in studies that investigate other reading comprehension variables. This research note briefly reviews the literature on the effect of prior knowledge and text familiarity on document comprehension and usability and discusses current methods for assessing subjects' topic familiarity. An empirically based method for effectively assessing subjects' topic familiarity is presented.
The Impact of the Introduction of GCSE English on Pupil Performance
Authors: Gore Leon 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper presents data from the local education authority of Brent on the 16 + examination results in English for the years 1986–87 and 1987–88. It raises questions as to the nature of the impact of GCSE English on pupil performance, generally, and specifically on the performance of ethnic minority pupils and how this interrelates with the achievement of girls as against boys. The paper begins by raising some of the issues to be discussed and goes on to survey, briefly, contributions to the evidence on educational attainment by ethnic minority pupils. The Brent study is then introduced and the data presented. The question is asked as to whether improved performance in English in schools with substantial ethnic minority pupils can be linked to features of the GCSE examination. There follows some discussion of the differences between the initial GCSE English examination and English Language O level, including methods of assessment. A number of hypotheses are put as to the effect these differences might have.
Beware of Wise Men Bearing Gifts: a case study in the misuse of educational research
Authors: Hammersley Martyn , Scarth John 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis article is concerned with the report of the ‘three wise men’, Curriculum Organisation and Practice in Primary Schools: a discussion document, which was published in early 1992. The background to the report is examined, and its central argument assessed. In the course of this it is shown that the research evidence cited does not offer convincing support for the claims made. It is concluded that the report represents a misuse of educational research, and implies a false relationship between research and the professional practice of teachers.
Gender Differences in Young Children's Artwork
Authors: Kawecki Ireneusz 
Published: June 2007

AbstractOn the basis of theoretical concepts of symbolic interactionism, researchers endeavoured to capture possible differences in the way children perceive and construe the image of their surroundings, resulting from socially conditioned patterns of behaviour but determined by the individual's gender. For this purpose reference was made to children's artwork in order to locate meaningful differences, as much in content as in composition, which would reflect approaches determined by the artist's gender. The results are presented in this paper.
Measuring Comparability of Standards between Subjects: why our statistical techniques do not make the grade
Authors: Newton Paul E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn the past few years the examination boards in Britain have witnessed a renewed interest from external bodies in the notion of comparability of grading standards between different subjects. This interest has stemmed from concern with findings, from statistical techniques for comparison, suggesting that public examinations in different subjects are not comparable. This article focuses on one of these techniques — the Subject‐Pair Analysis — in an attempt to demonstrate that reliance on the statistical comparison of standards between subjects is misplaced. Fundamental assumptions underlying the Subject‐Pair Analysis, and related analyses, are made explicit and then challenged both in principle and from operational data. These techniques cannot be assumed even to approximate a valid representation of ‘the problem’ of between‐subject comparability because they are inappropriate for dealing with the kind of data that our examinations generate.
‘New’ Cultures of Training: emerging male (hetero) sexual identities
Authors: Ghaill Maírtín Mac An 
Published: June 2007

AbstractOur understanding of a rapidly changing British society is currently being made more difficult as a result of the underplaying of sexual politics. More specifically, contemporary academic and political representations of changing social relations within institutional sites, such as family life, schooling, training and the workplace, are helping to make invisible emerging identities. This article focuses upon ethnographic research on a Modern Apprenticeship in the late 1990s. It sets out to highlight the productiveness of theory‐led empirical work, exploring the local production within a further education site of masculine identities. These identities are, of course, class based and ethnically shaped and these dimensions will be referred to at particular places in the text. However, the emphasis here is upon the complex interplay between labour process, training cultures and institutional restructuring, with questions of changing male subjectivities in relation to emerging (hetero)sexual styles.
By Appointment: governance, markets and managerialism in further education
Authors: Gleeson Denis , Shain Farzana 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis article examines the changing conditions of governance in the post‐incorporated further education (FE) sector. Six years on from the incorporation of colleges in 1993 (Further and Higher Education Act, 1992), the article considers the various ways in which FE governance finds expression in market and managerial reform in this expanding £4bn sector recovering from industrial conflict, low morale, mismanagement and, in some cases, sleaze. In this article the authors analyse the wider policy impact of corporate managerialism on forms of governance at college level, which mirror what, elsewhere, has been described as a crisis of standards in public life. Drawing on data from an Economic and Social Research Council [ESRC] funded project 1997‐99 [R000236713] undertaken at Keele, the article analyses the meaning of governance as it is interpreted by chairs of governors interviewed in the study. This article connects with wider findings from the Keele Study regarding the work of lecturers, senior and middle managers in FE. In particular, it focuses on the ways in which chairs mediate reform at college level and, in terms of their business acumen and ‘special relationship’ with chief executives, influence the institutional rather than pedagogic culture of FE. Given the lack of critical FE research in this area, the nature of this article is necessarily tentative, including its conclusions for a more public reconfiguration of FE.
The Upper Mustang (Nepal) ecosystem: Population, water quality and tourism
Authors: Boselli A. M. , Caravello G. U. , Baroni A. 
Published: June 2007

Upper Mustang, a Nepalese valley of high environmental, social and historical interest, and part of the Mustang District, is located in the Trans Himalayan Region, bordering Tibet to the North, East and West, and from the South along the Kali-Gandaky Valley. The Upper Mustang area was opened to controlled tourism in 1992, such that no more than one thousand trekkers are allowed to visit this area annually.
In order to give a clear view of the environmental quality in Upper Mustang, an evaluation has been made of socio-economic factors, water quality conditions, and tourism characteristics using a combination of biophysical parameters, demographic and human considerations, and the Tourist Positioning Index. With respect to ecosystem health, river water quality, spring water quality, state of human ecology and carrying capacity were considered.
The observations from this study show that village water resources are vulnerable due to fecal pollution. Water used for drinking is exposed to human and animal fecal pollution because the area is almost totally devoid of sewage systems for the effective disposal of wastewater and human wastes. It is necessary to carry out drainage system in the villages and to protect the taps from animal and human fecal wastes with ‘respect areas.’
Tutors’ stories of personal development training – attempting to maximize the learning potential
Authors: Spencer Lesley 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper uses a narrative approach to examine some of the dilemmas that counselling trainers face when designing and running personal development activities as part of a Diploma in Counselling training programme. The research emerges from a focus group discussion by the tutors involved in piloting and evaluating an experimental personal development training programme. The themes examined include: the strengths and weaknesses of unstructured group work; whether structured activities helped quieter members to participate and learn more; how trainers can evaluate and assess students learning in relation to personal development in order to maximize student learning potential. The aim is to invite debate and further re‐tellings from other counselling trainers and practitioners in the field.
Placental mesenchymal dysplasia associated with fetal overgrowth and mosaic deletion of the maternal copy of 11p15.5
Authors: Robinson W.P. , Slee J. , Smith N. , Murch A. , Watson S. K. , Lam W.L. , McFadden D.E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPlacentae with mesenchymal dysplasia (PMD) are typically larger than average and show cystic areas on ultrasonography. Fetal outcomes are variable and are often associated with growth restriction. However, enigmatically, some associated fetuses show signs of Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome (BWS). PMD has recently been shown to result from androgenetic (complete paternal uniparental disomy) chimerism in the placenta in pregnancies that were associated with some fetal growth restriction. Cases of PMD associated with overgrowth have not previously been investigated molecularly. We present a case of focal PMD associated with a male fetus showing overgrowth with an enlarged heart, marked fetal ascites and intrauterine fetal death at 34 weeks, but no other BWS manifestations. Mosaicism for an unbalanced translocation leading to deletion of the maternal copy of the BWS region on 11p15.5 and partial duplication of 17q was observed in placenta, but not fetal samples. While the placental findings of PMD can be caused by an unbalanced dosage of genes in 11p15.5 alone, fetal growth parameters appear to depend on the underlying mechanism and likely also the level and distribution of abnormal cells. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.