bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
To Intubate or Not to Intubate? Transporting Infants on Prostaglandin E1
Authors: Meckler Garth D. , Lowe Calvin 
Published: December 2008

OBJECTIVES. The purpose of this work was to describe the pretransport and transport management of infants receiving prostaglandin E1 infusion for congenital heart disease and to compare transport complications among unintubated and electively intubated infants.METHODS. We conducted a retrospective chart review of 202 infants receiving prostaglandin E1 during transport to our facility from 2000 to 2005. Prostaglandin E1 adverse effects were described as likely or possible and transport complications as major or minor (requiring no intervention). Logistic regression was used to identify risk factors for major transport complications, and subgroup analysis compared risks among unintubated and prophylactically intubated infants.RESULTS. Sixty-four percent of infants were intubated before transport: 34% emergently before prostaglandin E1, 14% for prostaglandin E1-related adverse effects, and 11% prophylactically. Likely prostaglandin E1 adverse effects were noted in 38% of infants, including 18% with apnea. Major complications occurred during 42% of all of the transports, including 7 (10%) of 73 unintubated infants and 14 (61%) of 23 prophylactically intubated infants. After controlling for multiple factors, elective intubation was a significant predictor of major transport complications.CONCLUSIONS. Despite high rates of prostaglandin E1 adverse effects, elective intubation of infants for transport significantly increased the odds of a major transport complication. The risks of prophylactic intubation before the transport of otherwise stable infants on prostaglandin E1 must be weighed carefully against possible benefits.
Efficacy of Mineral Cationic Carrier Against Sulphur Mustard in Skin Decontamination
Authors: Vučemilović Ante , Hadžija Mirko , Jukić Ivan 
Published: December 2008

Efficacy of Mineral Cationic Carrier Against Sulphur Mustard in Skin DecontaminationThe aim of this study was to evaluate decontamination (absorption) efficacy of a preparation called Mineral Cationic Carrier (MCC®) against skin contamination with sulphur mustardin vivo. MCC® is a synthetic preparation with known ion exchange, absorption efficiency, and bioactive potential. CBA mice were applied increasing doses of sulphur mustard on their skin and MCC® was administered immediately after skin contamination. The results have confirmed the decontamination efficacy of MCC® preparation, corresponding to 8.4 times the LD50of percutaneous sulphur mustard, and call for further investigation.
EPR Study of Paramagnetic Defects in Clay Minerals
Authors: Babińska Joanna , Dyrek Krystyna , Wyszomirski Piotr 
Published: December 2008

EPR Study of Paramagnetic Defects in Clay MineralsRadiation induced defects (RID-s) and transition metal ion impurities were revealed by EPR (Electron Paramagnetic Resonance) spectroscopy in kaolinites from a number of Polish deposits. Arelationship between the intensity of the EPR signals of the RID-s and quantity of radioactive elements was defined in these minerals. In one of the deposits of kaolinites (Wyszonowice) the EPR signal intensity depends on grain size. Other clay minerals studied (illites, montmorillonites) only show weak signals of the RID type.
Gorceixite from the Upper Cambrian Rocks of the podwiśniówka Mine Pit, Holy Cross Mountains (South-Central Poland)
Authors: Migaszewski Zdzisław , Starnawska Ewa , Gałuszka Agnieszka 
Published: December 2008

Gorceixite from the Upper Cambrian Rocks of the podwiśniówka Mine Pit, Holy Cross Mountains (South-Central Poland)This report presents the results of a petrographical, mineralogical (SEM/EDS, XRD) and geochemical (XRF, CV-AAS, ICP-MS) study of gorceixite (barium aluminophosphate) from the abandoned Podwiśniówka mine pit. This site is highlighted by the presence of highly acidic pit pond whose chemistry is strongly affected by the exposed pyrite-bearing zone. The gorceixite occurs in the Upper Cambrian carbonaceous clayey shales, quartzites and tuffs in form of minute accumulations varying from about 0.5 to 100 μm in diameter. These accumulations infill voids, cavities, cracks and partly fissures in the rocks examined. The other minerals of the crandallite series, i.e. florencite and goyazite, can be found only in trace amounts. The gorceixite-bearing rocks, especially carbonaceous clayey shales, are characterized by the highest concentrations of REE reaching 455.09 mg·kg-1. In addition, these rocks are distinctly enriched in light rare earth elements (LREE), with the La/Yb ratio ranging from 24.44 through 36.30. Some of the examined gorceixite accumulations are paragenetically linked to the veined pyrite and nacrite. The latter mineral is indicative of crystallization temperatures of about 200 to 300°C. The coexistence of gorceixite with the veined nacrite or pyrite mineralization and the volcaniclastic rocks, as well as the microtextural features and high concentrations of REE in the gorceixite-bearing parent rocks suggest that this mineral formed as a result of both hydrothermal and volcanic activity in a shallow-marine basin during the late Cambrian.
Dubbing Dark Humour: A Case Study in Audiovisual Translation
Authors: Bucaria Chiara 
Published: December 2008

Dubbing Dark Humour: A Case Study in Audiovisual Translation
In an attempt to analyze the ways in which dark humour travels cross-culturally in audiovisual translation, the present study takes into consideration the processes involved in dubbing humour from English into Italian as observed in the English- and Italian-language versions of ten British and American dark comedies from the 1940s to the 2000s. In order to identify some of the main mechanisms of the dark humour genre, the humorous content of the films was analyzed in terms of the elements on which specific scenes are based, mainly the non-verbal and verbal components. In the cases in which verbal elements were involved, i.e. the examples of verbally expressed humour, the analysis was concerned with the translation strategies adopted and with possible effects of alteration of the dark humour content as a result of translation.
Between Multiculturalism and Nationalism - A Discursive Construction of Britishness in the Spectator in the Wake of the London Bombings
Authors: Molek-Kozakowska Katarzyna 
Published: December 2008

Between Multiculturalism and Nationalism - A Discursive Construction of Britishness in the Spectator in the Wake of the London Bombings
In his interdisciplinary work Ideology (1998), Teun A. van Dijk proposes to study ideology as a cognitive, social and linguistic enterprise. Such an integrative approach is assumed to model interfaces between social structure and cognition through discourse. The notion of ideology it presupposes may be described as shared social representations (group self-schemata), which become a group's defining attributes, and govern its ideological expression in discourse. It seems that this approach can be productively applied to a study of ideological relations in the discourses of multicultural societies, such as Britain.
In the wake of the London bombings in July 2005, the British rightwing quality weekly the Spectator published a series of articles raising alarming questions about the misguided ideological priorities of modern Britain, and envisioning a deepening crisis of national identity. According to the magazine, the heritage and values of mainstream British society are being endangered by the political promotion of multiculturalism. This in turn has instigated terrorist threats from Islamic extremists, who have been nurtured by the British welfare state and emboldened by its permissive policies. Thus the increasing ideological split between the militancy of the non-integrated Muslim minority in Britain and the decadence of national culture has become the subject of a number of articles. As a result, one of the pervasive discursive mechanisms emerging in the publication has been an ideological confrontation between "us" and "them"
The aim of the present study is to survey the pragmatic and rhetorical devices used to construct the image of British society tied in a discursive struggle to define its modern identity-oscillating between the ideals of multiculturalism and the ideology of nationalism. The material for the study is taken from over fifteen articles that come from three subsequent issues of the Spectator published on 16, 23, and 30 July 2005. The methodological framework of the study draws on the research procedures of Critical Discourse Analysis accommodated to the analysis of ideological discourse in the press.
Symbolic Annihilation or Alternative Femininity? The (Linguistic) Portrayal of Women in Selected Polish Advertisements
Authors: Pawelczyk Joanna 
Published: December 2008

Symbolic Annihilation or Alternative Femininity? The (Linguistic) Portrayal of Women in Selected Polish Advertisements
The year 1989 marks the beginning of sweeping political, economic and social changes in Poland. Since that time an expansion of women into top professional positions can be observed. Data from the last national census (2002) clearly indicate that women in Poland are better educated than their male counterparts, increasingly careeroriented as well as aggressively pursuing managerial occupations. A modern woman is, by popular belief, no longer obliged to conform to the so-called dominant (Coates 1997) or emphasized (Connell 1987) [i.e. hegemonic] form of femininity. There appears to be greater social latitude for her professional development. The paper explores whether print advertisements (playing a crucial role in the construction of social identities) of certain products incorporate new powerful discourse of femininity. The three advertised products and services (cars, telephones, and banking) selected for the analysis have been commonly associated in Poland with the dominant form of masculinity. Consequently, it is interesting to examine whether women function there, and if so, how. The analyzed advertisements have been collected over the period of one year from three magazines addressed to the emerging Polish middle class. Drawing on Goffman's concepts of function ranking and ritualization of subordination as well as Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), I will attempt to determine whether the selected print advertisements reflect the new femininity in Poland.
Erratum: Eyewitness identification under stress in the London Dungeon
Authors: Valentine Tin , Mesout Jan 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe above article (DOI: 10.1002/acp.1463) was published online in Early View on 31 May 2008. A printing error was subsequently identified in the article.Page 1: Incorrect author name. ‘Tin Valentine’ should be ‘Tim Valentine’
Nickel‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Phosphonium Salts from Aryl Halides and Triphenylphosphine
Authors: Marcoux David , Charette André B. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAn efficient method to synthesize functionalized tetraarylphosphonium salts is described. The nickel‐catalyzed coupling reaction between aryl iodides, bromides, chlorides, or triflates and triphenylphosphine generates tetraarylphosphonium salts in high yields. The coupling is wide in scope and tolerates a variety of functional groups such as alcohols, amides, ketones, aldehydes, phenols, phosphines and amines.
Methods for calculating activity budgets compared: a case study using orangutans
Authors: Harrison Mark E. , Vogel Erin R. , Morrogh‐Bernard Helen C. , van Noordwijk Maria A. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe results of comparisons of behavioral data between individuals, age–sex classes, seasons, sites and possibly even species may depend on sample size and the computational method used. To establish whether these are valid concerns, we compared results for percentage time spent feeding on major food types (fruit, leaves, flowers, invertebrates, bark, pith and other) for two orangutan populations in Sabangau (24 months) and Tuanan (29 months), Indonesian Borneo. Both the minimum follow limit included in analyses and the computational method used produced small, but statistically significant, differences in the results obtained, and the differences were more common for food types eaten less frequently. In addition, using different computational methods produced more significant differences than did including different minimum follow lengths in analyses. The computational method used also influenced the results of tests for differences in diet composition between age–sex classes. Thus, the method used can influence the results obtained and, hence, it is important to state explicitly the minimum follow limit included and computational method used to compile averages, and to ensure standardization in methods when comparing data between age–sex classes, time periods, field sites or species. Am. J. Primatol. 71:353–358, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molekulartechnische DNA‐Modifizierung: Molecular Beacons
Authors: Wang Kemin , Tang Zhiwen , Yang Chaoyong James , Kim Youngmi , Fang Xiaohong , Li Wei , Wu Yanrong , Medley Colin D. , Cao Zehui , Li Jun , Colon Patrick , Lin Hui , Tan Weihong 
Published: December 2008

AbstractMolecular Beacons (MBs) sind spezifisch entworfene DNA‐Haarnadelstrukturen, die als Fluoreszenzsonden für verschiedenste Zwecke eingesetzt werden. Die Anwendungen reichen von genetischem Screening über die Herstellung von Biochips und den Nachweis von Einzelnucleotidpolymorphien bis hin zum mRNA‐Monitoring in lebenden Zellen und der Untersuchung von Protein‐Protein‐Wechselwirkungen. Ermöglicht wird dieses breite Anwendungsspektrum durch die besondere Art, mit der MBs mit DNA‐, RNA‐ und Proteinmolekülen wechselwirken. Durch die Haarnadelstruktur der MBs wird eine enge Nachbarschaft zwischen einem Fluoreszenzdonor und einem ‐akzeptor hergestellt, wodurch es zu einem resonanten Energietransfer kommt. Die Hybridisierung der Schleifenregion mit der Zielsequenz bewirkt eine Konformationsänderung der Sonden, die den Donor und Akzeptor auseinanderbewegt und die Fluoreszenz wieder herstellt. Die aktuelle Forschung zielt auf die Verbesserung der Sonden, die intrazelluläre Quantifizierung von Genen und die Anwendung in Studien von Protein‐Protein‐Wechselwirkungen.
Modulare Synthese von funktionellen nanoskaligen Koordinationspolymeren
Authors: Lin Wenbin , Rieter William J. , Taylor Kathryn M. L. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractDie koordinativ vermittelte Organisation von Metallionen und organischen Brückenliganden liefert Hybridmaterialien mit vielversprechenden Eigenschaften für Anwendungen etwa in der Gasspeicherung und heterogenen Katalyse. Eine besondere Klasse von Hybridmaterialien sind die Koordinationspolymere. In diesem Kurzaufsatz betrachten wir jüngste Entwicklungen bei der Synthese von amorphen und kristallinen nanoskaligen Koordinationspolymeren und zeigen, dass die Maßstabsverkleinerung in den Nanometerbereich zu breiten Anwendungsmöglichkeiten führt, z. B. in der Katalyse, für Spin‐Crossover‐Materialien, zur Verwendung als Templat, in der Biosensorik, der biomedizinischen Bildgebung und im Wirkstofftransport. Die Ergebnisse unterstreichen das Potenzial funktioneller Nanomaterialien aus molekularen Komponenten.
Microcontainers with Fluorescent Anisotropic Zeolite L Cores and Isotropic Silica Shells
Authors: Guerrero‐Martínez Andrés , Fibikar Sandra , Pastoriza‐Santos Isabel , Liz‐Marzán Luis M. , De Cola Luisa 
Published: December 2008

AbstractVielfarbig fluoreszierende Container: Multifluoreszierende farbstoffmarkierte Zeolith‐L‐Kristalle mit lumineszierenden anisotropen Kernen und isotropen Hüllen wurden durch Beschichten mit Kieselgel erhalten. Dazu wurde der Aufbau von Polyelektrolytschichten mit einer Stöber‐Synthese kombiniert (siehe Schema, TEM‐Bild und fluoreszenzmikroskopische Aufnahmen).magnified image
Synthesis of 2‐hydroxypropyl dimethylbenzylammonium N,O‐(2‐carboxyethyl) chitosan chloride and its antibacterial activity
Authors: Cai Zhao‐Sheng , Song Zhan‐Qian , Yang Chun‐Sheng , Shang Shi‐Bin , Yin Yan‐Bai 
Published: December 2008

AbstractN,O‐(2‐carboxyethyl)chitosan (N,O‐2‐CEC) was prepared from chitosan with 3‐chloropropionic acid as modifying agent and NaOH as binding‐acid agent. 2‐Hydroxypropyl dimethylbenzylammonium N,O‐(2‐carboxyethyl) chitosan chloride (HPDMBA‐CEC) was obtained by the reaction of N,O‐2‐CEC with glycidyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (GDMBA) using NaOH as catalyst. The structures of chitosan derivatives were characterized by FTIR, 1H NMR, and gel permeation chromatography. The antimicrobial activity of HPDMBA‐CEC was evaluated against a Gram‐negative bacterium Escherichia coli (E.coli) and a Gram‐positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Compared with CTS, N,O‐2‐CEC, and HPDMBA‐CTS, HPDMBA‐CEC had much stronger antimicrobial activity, and this activity increased with increasing substitution degree of quaternary ammonium group (DQ). When the substitution degree of carboxyethylation (DS of CE) was 0.72 and DQ was 0.60, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of HPDMBA‐CEC were 3.1 and 6.3 μg/mL against S. aureus and E. coli, respectively. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Automatic detection of circular structures in high‐resolution satellite images of agricultural land
Authors: Trier Øivind Due , Larsen Siri Øyen , Solberg Rune 
Published: December 2008

AbstractArchaeological sites are sometimes visible in satellite images as soil or crop marks. At best, the marks are distinct, but they tend to have less contrast with the background than many other patterns in the images. Consequently, reliable automated detection based on pattern recognition is very difficult. Our method detects circle‐shaped soil and crop marks in the panchromatic band of high‐resolution satellite images of agricultural fields. Such circular marks may be caused by burial mounds. In our approach, local contrast enhancement is applied in order to make weak marks more distinct. The image is then convolved with ring templates of varying sizes, giving high absolute values at candidate circular mark locations. Each candidate mark is presented to an operator, who may reject it. We tested our method on Quickbird images from southeast Norway. The number of detected candidate marks could be varied by changing a threshold value. A reasonable compromise between not detecting too many false rings and at the same time detecting as many true rings as possible, might be when the number of false detections is approximately seven times the number of true detections. In this case, 11 out of 15, or 73%, of the strong rings were detected, and 5 out of 10, or 50%, of the fairly strong rings were detected. This is 16 out of 25 of the strong and fairly strong rings, or 64%. Archaeologists state that the software tool we developed will be helpful for locating potential cultural heritage sites. Although it makes many false detections, it will relieve the operators from time‐consuming manual inspection of entire images. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Web site topic‐hierarchy generation based on link structure
Authors: Yang Christopher C. , Liu Nan 
Published: December 2008

AbstractNavigating through hyperlinks within a Web site to look for information from one of its Web pages without the support of a site map can be inefficient and ineffective. Although the content of a Web site is usually organized with an inherent structure like a topic hierarchy, which is a directed tree rooted at a Web site's homepage whose vertices and edges correspond to Web pages and hyperlinks, such a topic hierarchy is not always available to the user. In this work, we studied the problem of automatic generation of Web sites' topic hierarchies. We modeled a Web site's link structure as a weighted directed graph and proposed methods for estimating edge weights based on eight types of features and three learning algorithms, namely decision trees, naïve Bayes classifiers, and logistic regression. Three graph algorithms, namely breadth‐first search, shortest‐path search, and directed minimum‐spanning tree, were adapted to generate the topic hierarchy based on the graph model. We have tested the model and algorithms on real Web sites. It is found that the directed minimum‐spanning tree algorithm with the decision tree as the weight learning algorithm achieves the highest performance with an average accuracy of 91.9%.
The integration of green chemistry into future biorefineries
Authors: H. Clark James , E. I. Deswarte Fabien , J. Farmer Thomas 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe use of biorefineries for the production of chemicals as well as materials and energy products is key to ensuring a sustainable future for the chemical and allied industries. Through the integration of green chemistry into biorefineries, and the use of low environmental impact technologies, we can establish future supply chains for genuinely green and sustainable chemical products. The first step in these future biorefineries should be the benign extraction of surface chemicals; here the use of greener solvents, such as supercritical carbon dioxide and bioethanol, should be considered. The residues will often be rich in lignocellulosics and the effective separation of the cellulose is a major challenge which may, in the future, be assisted by greener solvents, such as ionic liquids. Lignin is nature's major source of aromatics; we need new ways to produce small aromatic building blocks from lignin in order to satisfy the enormous and diverse industrial demand for aromatics. Fermentation can be used to convert biomass into a wide range of bioplatform chemicals in addition to ethanol. Their green chemical conversion to higher value chemicals is as important as their efficient production; here clean technologies such as catalysis – notably biocatalysis and heterogeneous catalysis – the use of benign solvents, and energy efficient reactors are essential. Thermochemical processes for the conversion of biomass, such as the production of pyrolysis oil, will also play an important role in future biorefineries and here again green chemistry methods should be used to go to higher value downstream chemicals. Published in 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Corporate social responsibility in china: an analysis of domestic and foreign retailers' sustainability dimensions
Authors: Kolk Ans , Hong Pan , van Dolen Willemijn 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn the past decade, a sizeable body of literature has built up on the concept and characteristics of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in Western countries, where it has also been referred to as sustainability. More recently, attention has grown for CSR in emerging countries. Remarkably, China has hardly been studied so far. This paper aims to help fill this gap by considering, against this background, the CSR notion in China, through an exploration of a small sample of large retailers in China, both Chinese and non‐Chinese companies. The analysis of CSR/sustainability dimensions, as communicated by these large retailers in both the Chinese and the English language, shows substantial differences between the Chinese and international contexts. Interestingly, the largest divergence can be found for international retailers between their Chinese and corporate attention for CSR (so home versus host settings), most notably in the case of Carrefour, and to a lesser extent Wal‐Mart. In the Chinese context, there are differences between the Chinese and international retailers as well (so domestic versus foreign firms), with the former reporting more on economic dimensions, including philanthropy, and the latter more on product responsibility – contentious labour issues and the environment receive relatively limited attention in both groups in China. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications for research and practice. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.