bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Peer Group Pressure Within and Outside School
Authors: Cullingford Cedric , Morrison Jenny 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper is based on an empirical study of a sample of 25 young people who have all had the experience of being excluded from school (and who are all young offenders). The research was based on qualitative explorations and memories of the subjects' overall experience of school, through lengthy semi‐structured interviews. These interviews were designed to elicit information in an open way through the encouragement to talk confidentially and anonymously. There were no preset hypotheses, so that the consistency of the responses, including the terminology used, is significant. Amongst others, four main themes emerged; the experience of bullying; the significance of home life and its relation to school; the pressure of peers; and the relationship between truancy and exclusion. It is the issue of peer group pressure in particular that will be explored here. As the case‐studies reveal, the relationship between peer pressure and deviancy is a complex one. It did, however, emerge from the analysis that the peers are a powerful influence on the behaviour of adolescents, although in some ways these are unexpected. The paper explores the way in which peer group pressure relates to the counter influences of home and school.
Focus Groups: a useful qualitative method for educational research?
Authors: Wilson Valerie 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDuring 1994‐95, a small team of researchers at the Scottish Council for Research in Education (SCRE) undertook a commissioned study of adults’ perceptions of their lifestyle options within a Scottish region. The findings of the research were intended to inform initiatives in health education and promotion. Two methods of data collection were employed: in‐depth interviews and focus group meetings. In this article, the researcher reflects on one of those methods — focus groups — which has been used extensively in market research, and explores (a) what focus groups are, (b) how they have been utilised by researchers and (c) some of the practical and theoretical implications for incorporating focus groups in the design of educational research projects, paying particular attention to issues of data generation.
‘Gendered Citizenry’: new feminist perspectives on education and citizenship
Authors: Arnot Madeleine 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper describes the recent development of feminist analyses of the role of education in creating ‘inclusive’ democratic citizenship. Four discrete feminist perspectives on citizenship are outlined: a theoretical critique of citizenship as a modern male narrative; a socio‐historical perspective on women's struggle for equal citizenship through education; deconstruction of the discourses of citizenship used by contemporary teachers and their gendered dimensions; and an emerging educational perspective on the gender principles which should affect education for citizenship in democratic societies. These four perspectives on citizenship offer opportunities to reflect critically on the past and continuing struggle of women for equality. They suggest, too, the complex issues which now face any programme of education for citizenship for the next century. More than one masculinised democratic discourse, it seems, would need to be transformed for women to achieve full political integration.
A Study of Student Teachers’ Perceptions of Teaching the Arts in Primary Schools
Authors: Green L. , Chedzoy S. , Harris W. , Mitchell R. , Naughton C. , Rolfe L. , Stanton W. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractRecent reform of initial teacher education has changed the balance of school‐based training of students and has increased teachers’ responsibility for training them in schools. This article reports on a preliminary study of primary undergraduate student teachers’ perceptions of their experience in schools on their second year and final teaching practices. Through questionnaires and structured interviews we sought students’ views of the effectiveness of university‐based courses in preparing them to teach the arts and their perceptions of the support given to them by teachers in training them to teach art, dance, drama and music in schools. The findings raised concerns about the quality of experience currently being offered to students by teachers. Indications were that the number of students able to learn from the teachers about the four subjects was significantly low. The students’ comments suggested that existing teacher expertise in these subjects was lacking and this raises issues regarding school‐based initial teacher education as well as in‐service training for teachers.
Chemotherapeutic Effects on Hematopoiesis: A Mathematical Model
Authors: Panetta John Carl 
Published: June 2007

Blood cell production is one of the major limiting effects of cell‐cycle‐specific chemotherapy. By studying the effects of the drugs on a mathematical model of hematopoiesis, a better understanding of how to prevent over‐reduction of circulating blood may be investigated.In this model we will use a delay‐differential equation developed by Mackey and Glass (1977) to show acceptable chemotherapeutic deses (i.e. survival of the circulating blood cells) as a function of: the period which the drugs are administered; the strength of the dose; and the delay from initiation of blood cell production to its release into the blood stream. We then make qualitative comparisons to know effects of cell‐cycle‐specific chemotherapy on circulating blood cell elements. Finally, we also consider how the effects of hematopoietic growth factors alter the outcome of the therapy.
Accidental and deliberate overdose among opiate addicts in methadone maintenance treatment: are deliberate overdoses systematically different?
Authors: BEST DAVID , GOSSOP MICHAEL , MAN LAN‐HO , FINCH EMILY , GREENWOOD JUDY , STRANG JOHN 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe frequency of accidental or deliberate overdose was investigated among 200 opiate addicts in methadone substitution treatment in clinics in Edinburgh and south London. One hundred and three of the participants reported a mean of 3.4 overdoses, with 71 (69%) reporting that their most recent overdose was accidental, 27 (26%) deliberate—the remainder were uncertain. Those whose last overdose was deliberate were more likely to have been prescribed diazepam at that time and were more depressed at the time of interview. Differentiation by self‐reported reason for overdose suggests that treatment providers should distinguish between accidental and deliberate overdose in developing overdose prevention strategies.
The psychosocial impact of anaphylaxis on young people and their parents
Authors: Akeson N. , Worth A. , Sheikh A. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryBackground
Anaphylaxis is a potentially life‐threatening disorder that can affect people of all ages. Young people are at a disproportionately increased risk of anaphylaxis deaths for reasons that include a failure to institute appropriate long‐term management regimens. A pre‐requisite for effective supported self‐management of young people with anaphylaxis is a better understanding of the factors that contribute to risk‐taking behaviour.Objective
To explore the psychosocial impact of living with anaphylaxis on adolescents and their parents; their management of the condition; and perceptions of health care provision.Methods
In‐depth interviews were conducted with 15 participants, these comprising of seven adolescents aged between 13 and 16 years with a history of clinician‐diagnosed anaphylaxis and eight of their parents, in this Scottish community‐based exploratory qualitative study.Results
Adolescents in this study typically perceived anaphylaxis as ‘no big deal’, describing a relatively low impact on their day‐to‐day life when compared with their parents. This could largely be explained by the fact that most adolescents could not remember an anaphylactic reaction. Key obstacles to effective long‐term self‐management included inadequate knowledge to support detailed situation‐specific risk assessment, this being compounded by a lack of confidence to make further enquiries about the ingredients of meals when with peers. Parents reported anxiety about ‘handing over’ the main responsibility for avoidance and emergency management to their children. Medical support for these families was very limited, with primary care teams in some cases actively hindering effective self‐management.Conclusion
Having a child with anaphylaxis can have a significant long‐term psychological impact on parents and this anxiety may in some cases be transferred from parents onto their children. Parents and adolescents may benefit from tailored information to support the transition from parental‐ to self‐management by adolescents. Access to appropriate national health service primary and specialist care was in some cases currently inadequate to support effective long‐term management. Further, more in‐depth research in a more heterogeneous group of adolescents is needed.
Folate salvage in plants: pterin aldehyde reduction is mediated by multiple non‐specific aldehyde reductases
Authors: Noiriel Alexandre , Naponelli Valeria , Bozzo Gale G. , Gregory Jesse F. , Hanson Andrew D. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryFolates undergo oxidative cleavage in vivo, releasing a pterin aldehyde fragment that can be re‐used in folate synthesis if the aldehyde group is reduced. High levels of NADPH‐dependent reductase activity against pterin‐6‐aldehyde and its dihydro form were detected in Arabidopsis, pea and other plants; modeling predicted that the activity would maintain in vivo pterin aldehyde pools at extremely low levels (<0.2 pmol g−1 FW). Subcellular fractionation showed that the pea leaf activity is mainly cytosolic, and anion exchange chromatography revealed multiple isoforms, all of which catalyzed reduction of other aldehydes. Arabidopsis seed activity likewise comprised various isoforms. An Arabidopsis gene (At1g10310) encoding a pterin aldehyde reductase was identified by searching the short‐chain dehydrogenase/reductase family for proteins predicted to be NADPH‐linked, and sharing conserved residues with reductases that mediate analogous reactions. The recombinant protein behaved as a dimer in size exclusion chromatography. In addition to pterin aldehydes, it catalyzed the reduction of diverse aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes: Vmax values varied <5‐fold, but Km values ranged from 3.6 μm to 1.7 mm, those for pterin‐6‐aldehyde and dihydropterin‐6‐aldehyde being 36 and 56 μm, respectively. Activity with dihydropterin‐6‐aldehyde was unusually high at 0°C. The At1g10310 transcript was most abundant in seeds, but, as expected for multiple isoforms, inactivating the At1g10310 gene caused only a minor change in seed pterin aldehyde reductase activity. We conclude that pterin aldehyde salvage in plants involves multiple, generalist NADPH‐linked reductases, and that the At1g10310 enzyme is typical of these and hence suitable for use in engineering studies of folate turnover.
The role of melanin‐ and carotenoid‐based plumage coloration in nest defence in the Great Tit
Authors: Quesada Javier , Senar Juan Carlos 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAlthough plumage coloration is recognized to convey valuable information about the bearer's parental abilities, few studies have explored the relationship between coloration and nest defence. In this study in Great Tit Parus major, we analysed the relationship between nest defence and melanin‐ as well as carotenoid‐based plumage coloration, after controlling for ecological variables known to influence nest defence. A principal components analysis was applied to classify birds according to how vigorously they defended the nest, and the intensity of nest defence was tested against plumage coloration. Males with a large black tie defended their nests more vigorously, but no such effect was found for yellow breast coloration. This suggests that melanin‐based coloration in the Great Tit is associated with aggression, including both dominance‐aggression and nest defence, whereas carotenoid‐based coloration is not. The challenge in future studies will be to demonstrate whether females use this trait as an ornament to assess male quality and whether they trade off between the different ornaments a male may exhibit.
Variance components due to direct genetic, maternal genetic and permanent environmental effect for growth and feed‐efficiency traits in young male Japanese Black cattle
Authors: Hoque M. A. , Arthur P. F. , Hiramoto K. , Gilmour A. R. , Oikawa T. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryVariance components and genetic parameters were estimated using data recorded on 740 young male Japanese Black cattle during the period from 1971 to 2003. Traits studied were feed intake (FI), feed‐conversion ratio (FCR), residual feed intake (RFI), average daily gain (ADG), metabolic body weight (MWT) at the mid‐point of the test period and body weight (BWT) at the finish of the test (345 days). Data were analysed using three alternative animal models (direct, direct + maternal environmental, and direct + maternal genetic effects). Comparison of the log likelihood values has shown that the direct genetic effect was significant (p < 0.05) for all traits and that the maternal environmental effects were significant (p < 0.05) for MWT and BWT. The heritability estimates were 0.20 ± 0.12 for FI, 0.14 ± 0.10 for FCR, 0.33 ± 0.14 for RFI, 0.19 ± 0.12 for ADG, 0.30 ± 0.14 for MWT and 0.30 ± 0.13 for BWT. The maternal effects (maternal genetic and maternal environmental) were not important in feed‐efficiency traits. The genetic correlation between RFI and ADG was stronger than the corresponding correlation between FCR and ADG. These results provide evidence that RFI should be included for genetic improvement in feed efficiency in Japanese Black breeding programmes.
The polymorphism in the β4‐defensin gene and its association with production and somatic cell count in Holstein‐Friesian cows
Authors: Bagnicka E. , Strzałkowska N. , Flisikowski K. , Szreder T. , Jóźwik A. , Prusak B. , Krzyżewski J. , Zwierzchowski L. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe aim of this study was to find a polymorphism of the bovine β4‐defensin gene and search for its association with milk yield and composition and with the somatic cell count in milk. The data were from the years 1999 to 2004 on 212 Holstein‐Friesian (HF) dairy cows, descended from 70 sires. Based on the sequence of the bovine β4‐defensin gene (GenBank no. AF008307) the primers were designed for the amplification of the 924‐bp or 393‐bp long fragments. The 924‐bp long fragment was sequenced and the sequence was compared with that available in the GenBank. Ten putative nucleotide sequence polymorphisms were found in the intron of the bovine β4‐defensin gene. One of them, a C→T transition at position 2239, that creates a new NlaIII (Hin1II) restriction site, was genotyped with polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP) in a cohort of 212 HF cows. The CC genotype was the most common (72%). The heterozygous CT genotype was found in 26% of the genotyped cows and four cows (2%) were TT homozygotes. In order to determine the relationship between the polymorphism of the β4‐defensin gene and milk production traits a multi‐trait repeatability test‐day animal model was used. The Derivative‐free Multivariate analysis program was used for computation. The differences between estimates for genotypes were checked using Student's t‐test. The model included the animal genotype, year‐season of calving and parity as fixed effects and the animal additive genetic effect and permanent environmental effect of individual cows as well as dates of the tests as random effects. Significant associations were found between the RFLP‐NlaIII and milk fat, protein and lactose contents. Also, a significant effect was shown of the defensin genotype on the somatic cell count in the milk.
Uniparental inheritance of purple leaf and the associated resistance to leafminer in castor bean
Authors: Anjani K. , Pallavi M. , Sudhakara Babu S. N. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractLeafminer (Liriomyza trifolii Burgess), Diptera Agromyzidae, is one of the insect pests that causes economic damage to castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) foliage. Green leaf type is a common phenotype in castor bean and highly susceptible to leafminer. The rare purple leaf type germplasm accessions showed stable resistance to leafminer. Studies were carried out to understand the inheritance of purple leaf and the associated leafminer resistance. Direct and reciprocal crosses were made between a purple leaf parent RG1930 and a green leaf parent RG2788. RG1930 is resistant to leafminer while RG2788 is susceptible. Reciprocal differences were noted in segregation pattern of purple leaf colour as well as resistance to leafminer. Purple leaf phenotype was obtained only in purple × green (RG1930 × RG2788) cross where the female parent was a purple leaf phenotype. The reciprocal cross green × purple (RG2788 × RG1930) produced only the green leaf phenotype. Uniparental inheritance was observed for purple leaf phenotype and resistance to leafminer in F1, F2, F3 and backcross generations. Progenies with a dark purple leaf were resistant to leafminer while those with a green leaf were susceptible. Visual association between a purple leaf and resistance to leafminer and their uniparental inheritance were clearly established. The role of heritable epigenetic effects are discussed in expression of purple pigment in offspring.
Pulmonary arterial hypertension in systemic sclerosis: the need for early detection and treatment
Authors: Proudman S. M. , Stevens W. M. , Sahhar J. , Celermajer D. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is an important cause of mortality in systemic sclerosis (SSc). The symptoms are non‐specific and can be ascribed to other features of the disease, so it is often underrecognized until the late stages. Earlier treatment with new agents is associated with better treatment outcomes. The aim of this article is to develop evidence‐based guidelines for screening for PAH and interstitial lung disease (ILD) in SSc. PAH occurs in up to 27% of patients with SSc. Abnormal pulmonary function, particularly a disproportionate fall in carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (DLCO), can identify patients in the early stages of PAH, prompting further investigation in high‐risk patients (limited SSc of >10 years’ duration, symptoms and/or signs of PAH, DLCO <50% predicted, a rapid or large fall in DLCO without evidence of ILD and/or estimated systolic pulmonary artery pressure >45 mmHg on echocardiography). Right heart catheter remains the diagnostic gold standard. An algorithm for screening with regular pulmonary function tests for the early detection of PAH and ILD in SSc is proposed.
Pseudomonas community structure and antagonistic potential in the rhizosphere: insights gained by combining phylogenetic and functional gene‐based analyses
Authors: Costa Rodrigo , Gomes Newton C. M. , Krögerrecklenfort Ellen , Opelt Katja , Berg Gabriele , Smalla Kornelia 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe Pseudomonas community structure and antagonistic potential in the rhizospheres of strawberry and oilseed rape (host plants of the fungal phytopathogen Verticillium dahliae) were assessed. The use of a new PCR‐DGGE system, designed to target Pseudomonas‐specific gacA gene fragments in environmental DNA, circumvented common biases of 16S rRNA gene‐based DGGE analyses and proved to be a reliable tool to unravel the diversity of uncultured Pseudomonas in bulk and rhizosphere soils. Pseudomonas‐specific gacA fingerprints of total‐community (TC) rhizosphere DNA were surprisingly diverse, plant‐specific and differed markedly from those of the corresponding bulk soils. By combining multiple culture‐dependent and independent surveys, a group of Pseudomonas isolates antagonistic towards V. dahliae was shown to be genotypically conserved, to carry the phlD biosynthetic locus (involved in the biosynthesis of 2,4‐diacetylphloroglucinol – 2,4‐DAPG), and to correspond to a dominant and highly frequent Pseudomonas population in the rhizosphere of field‐grown strawberries planted at three sites in Germany which have different land use histories. This population belongs to the Pseudomonas fluorescens phylogenetic lineage and showed closest relatedness to P. fluorescens strain F113 (97% gacA gene sequence identity in 492‐bp sequences), a biocontrol agent and 2,4‐DAPG producer. Partial gacA gene sequences derived from isolates, clones of the strawberry rhizosphere and DGGE bands retrieved in this study represent previously undescribed Pseudomonas gacA gene clusters as revealed by phylogenetic analysis.
Individuation of pairs of objects in infancy
Authors: Leslie Alan M. , Chen Marian L. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract Looking‐time studies examined whether 11‐month‐old infants can individuate two pairs of objects using only shape information. In order to test individuation, the object pairs were presented sequentially. Infants were familiarized either with the sequential pairs, disk‐triangle/disk‐triangle (XY/XY), whose shapes differed within but not across pairs, or with the sequential pairs, disk‐disk/triangle‐triangle (XX/YY), whose shapes differed across but not within pairs. The XY/XY presentation looked to adults like a single pair of objects presented repeatedly, whereas the XX/YY presentation looked like different pairs of objects. Following familiarization to these displays, infants were given a series of test trials in which the screen was removed, revealing two pairs of objects in one of two outcomes, XYXY or XXYY. On the first test trial, infants familiarized with the identical pairs (XY/XY) apparently expected a single pair to be revealed because they looked longer than infants familiarized with the distinct pairs (XX/YY). Infants who had seen the distinct pairs apparently expected a double pair outcome. A second experiment showed outcomes of a single XY pair. This outcome is unexpected for XX/YY‐familiarized infants but expected for XY/XY‐familiarized infants, the reverse of Experiment 1. This time looking times were longer for XX/YY infants. Eleven‐month‐olds appear to be able to represent not just individual objects but also pairs of objects. These results suggest that if they can group the objects into sets, infants may be able to track more objects than their numerosity limit or available working memory slots would normally allow. We suggest possible small exact numerosity representations that would allow tracking of such sets.