bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pedagogy and technology – which has the upper hand? Lessons from technological implementation at the College of Judea and Samaria, Israel
Authors: Davidovitch Nitza 
Published: August 2007

PurposeThe aim of this paper is to present conclusions from a series of studies on the introduction of new learning technologies at the College of Judea and Samaria, Israel, including course websites and a computerized marking system.Design/methodology/approachThis paper summarizes four distinct empirical studies based on annual student surveys, questionnaires developed specifically for the study and the College exam database. The first series of three studies was designed to examine usage rates and students' evaluations of effectiveness of website courses, in three concentric circles in the College: on the institutional, faculty and departmental level. The fourth study tracked an institutional initiative towards enhanced quality of instruction, by comparing College‐wide data on students' ratings and grades for courses whose instructors implemented and used a computerized grading system for multiple‐choice on‐line exams.FindingsStudies show that academic e‐learning in Israel has focused on quantity rather than quality; and on superficial technological adoption rather than conceptual pedagogical change process.Practical implicationsInstitutions wishing to encourage the introduction of innovative learning aids and technologies must develop the necessary conditions that ensure that technology adoption serves rather than dominates pedagogy.Originality/valueThis paper discusses the reasons for a focus on quantity rather than quality, and on superficial technological adoption rather than the introduction of a conceptual pedagogical change process, in Israeli higher education's approach to online learning. Empirical findings highlight the need to introduce technological innovations that are grounded in and develop from a sound pedagogical base.
From distance to online: a consortium approach
Authors: Adams Shirley M. 
Published: August 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present an intentional model for moving into online learning; to show how the decision was part of the strategic planning process; and to explain the decision behind utilizing the consortium approach. The paper aims to discuss the pros and cons of the consortium model.Design/methodology/approachThis paper describes the process Charter Oak State College, a non‐traditional public college, undertook to move from being an aggregator of credits to being the state's leader in providing undergraduate online learning to adult students. It also discusses how the college took a leadership role in forming a state‐wide online learning consortium that then became its online learning infrastructure.FindingsThe paper emphasizes the importance of the strategic planning process and the Board's buy‐in to making an online learning venture successful and candidly discusses the advantages and disadvantages of being in a consortium. The college found that the consortium approach was highly advantageous for start‐up, but has found that the consortium can hamper growth. The college also found that in certain areas, it needs to develop its own services independent from the consortium.Research limitations/implicationsResearch could be carried out on consortium models to determine best practices and/or to categorize strengths and weaknesses.Practical implicationsBy sharing what worked and what did not work, other colleges can learn from the study's experiences.Originality/valueThis paper describes one college's experience of moving into the online course delivery arena using the consortium approach. It provides those who are contemplating developing or joining a consortium for the purpose of offering online courses with a case study to examine and discuss.
Team performance management: a review and look forward
Authors: Lettice Fiona , McCracken Martin 
Published: August 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this article is to provide the Team Performance Management (TPM) journal readership with a review of the journal since its inception in 1995, tracing the pattern of articles published since then. To give an overview of the processes and procedures now in operation and present the incoming editors' future vision of the journal.Design/methodology/approachEach of the 266 articles published in the journal between 1995 and 2006 were analysed briefly to identify interesting trends or patterns.FindingsThe largest number of articles have been published by authors from the USA (representing 45 per cent of the total number of articles published), although 28 countries are represented. The majority of articles have an academic first author (69 per cent). A significant proportion of articles are sole authored (47 per cent), although there is a slight trend towards multiple authors. Most authors (87 per cent) have only published once in the journal and the majority of articles (55 per cent) have been classified as research papers. The most popular article has achieved 21,651 downloads.Research limitations/implicationsThis was never intended to be a rigorous statistical analysis, but rather to present a simple overview and review of the last 12 years' articles published in the journal. For simplicity, only the first authors were used for the analysis, which may have caused a slight bias in the findings.Practical implicationsA better understanding of the patterns and trends of articles will help the editors to shape the future of the journal. It is also hoped that it will help the readership to gain an improved understanding of and increased interest in the journal's past, present and future.Originality/valuePulling together information from many different sources into one article and providing the first comprehensive review of the articles published in TPM in the last 12 years, since its launch.
Gender composition of teams: effects of competition
Authors: Stokes Charlene K. , Steele‐Johnson Debra , Narayan Anupama 
Published: August 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this article is to address and gain a more complete understanding of the effects on performance attributable to the gender composition of teams.Design/methodology/approachThe authors examined gender as a team composition variable that influences performance on a computer‐based task, and we investigated task framing (masculine/feminine) and competition (isolated/dyad) as explanatory factors in the gender composition‐performance relationship. Whereas previous research combines matched gender dyads in analyses, we distinguished male/male from female/female dyads to isolate the effects on performance and examine competition effects.FindingsDistinguishing between male/male and female/female dyads revealed only male/male dyads had superior performance. Task framing was not supported as an explanation for the observed performance differences, but competition was. Contrasting the gender effect in competitive conditions relative to isolated conditions revealed a gender difference in performance between competitive conditions only.Research limitations/implicationsGiven competition's clear role in the gender composition‐performance relationship, a more rigorous examination and manipulation of competition is needed beyond the comparison of isolated and dyadic conditions.Practical implicationsPrevious research suggests to organizations/practitioners that matching teams by gender will result in optimal performance. Based on our findings, such an implementation would be to the detriment of female teams in the organization, and associated legal issues could arise.Originality/valueThe authors found the superior performance of matched teams to be attributable to the matching of male/male teams and the associated competitive context, and not attributable to matched teams in general. The results should be considered as a caution for both the academic and applied domain alike.
A model of multidiscipline teams in knowledge‐creating organizations
Authors: Alberts Daniel J. 
Published: August 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this article is to provide a conceptual framework for measuring the performance of multidiscipline teams in knowledge‐creating organizations.Design/methodology/approachThe author conducts a meta‐analysis of case studies on individual and team performance and technical communication in the context of creating organizational knowledge. This analysis provides a basis for a new conceptual framework for team functions and performance.FindingsThis framework updates the definition of team functions to include knowledge creation and communication. The framework describes several factors that contribute to successful performance and provides a scale for measuring successful performance based on the additional team functions.Practical implicationsAn organization's ability to create and manage knowledge may be their only lasting competitive advantage. Managers, whose responsibilities include fostering purposeful knowledge creation and transfer, need a framework for understanding how these goals can be factored into team performance and what factors contribute to the successful achievement of these goals. This paper provides such a framework.Originality/valueThis is the first conceptual framework for team performance that includes knowledge creation and stakeholder communication as principle team functions.
Using the intranet to build teamwork
Authors: Richardson Peter , Denton D. Keith 
Published: August 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this article is to discuss using the intranet to build teamwork.Design/methodology/approachThe author provides a useful viewpoint on using the intranet to build teamwork.FindingsMany organizations are attempting to use teams and allowing these employees to engage in self‐directed work. To be successful these teams must work in an integrated, collaborative fashion toward an organizational goal or vision. One of the keys to this success is having rapid, meaningful feedback about performance for all team members. It is argued that the intranet combined with current visualization software can provide not only such feedback but also help the team stay focused and become more integrated.Originality/valueProvides a useful discussion on using the intranet to build teamwork.
Less lethal technology: medical issues
Authors: Vilke Gary M. , Chan Theodore C. 
Published: August 2007

PurposeLess lethal weapons have become a critical tool for law enforcement when confronting dangerous, combative individuals in the field. The purpose of this paper is to review the medical aspects and implications of three different types of less lethal weapons.Design/methodology/approachThe paper conducted a comprehensive medical literature review on blunt projectiles, irritant sprays including oleoresin capsicum (OC), and conducted energy devices such as the Taser™. It reviews the history, mechanisms of action, intended and other physiologic effects, and medical safety risks and precautions of these devices. In particular, the paper focuses on the issue of sudden in‐custody death and less lethal weapons, reviewing case reports, animal research and human investigative studies on this topic.FindingsIn general, these three different types of less lethal weapons have been effective for their intended use. Each type of less lethal weapon has a number of physiologic effects and specific medical issues that must be considered when the weapon is used. There is no clear evidence that these devices are inherently lethal, nor is there good evidence to suggest a causal link between sudden in‐custody death and the use of irritant sprays or conducted energy devices.Originality/valueWhile further research on the physiologic effects of these devices is needed, this paper provides law enforcement with a medical review of less lethal weapons including blunt projectiles, irritant sprays such as OC, and conducted energy devices such as the Taser.
Less lethal weapons: a technologist's perspective
Authors: Downs Raymond L. 
Published: August 2007

PurposeTo provide a comprehensive picture of the wide range of technical, operational, and management issues that must be considered when developing, acquiring or using less lethal weapons for law enforcement agencies.Design/methodology/approachThe source of the insights provided in this paper come from a careful reading and critique of the less lethal technology literature and the organization of and participation in many less lethal weapon technology conferences, technical working groups, and peer review panels.FindingsThe essential attributes of less lethal weapons for law enforcement applications are described as well as the many practical considerations that must be made when acquiring and using them.Practical implicationsThis review should help law enforcement and corrections agencies make more informed decisions on the acquisition and deployment of less lethal weapons and should also be a useful starting point for weapon developers.Originality/valueScientists and engineers seeking to develop new or improved less lethal weapons for law enforcement will benefit from having in one source a basic insight into the complexities and challenges of producing a successful less lethal weapon. Non‐technical professionals will gain a greater understanding of the difficulty in producing less lethal weapons that are both very effective and very safe, but also affordable and practical.
Impact munitions: a discussion of key information
Authors: Klinger David 
Published: August 2007

PurposeTo provide readers with some basic information about the use of impact munitions in modern American police work.Design/methodology/approachThe paper identifies various sorts of impact munitions and places key findings from previous studies of these devices in a broader historical context of police force options.FindingsImpact munitions are an increasingly popular feature of contemporary American policing that rarely lead to serious injury, but can, under certain circumstances, cause fatal injuries.Originality/valueThe paper provides interested academics and professional with information about an increasingly popular police force option.
The impact of conducted energy devices and other types of force and resistance on officer and suspect injuries
Authors: Smith Michael R. , Kaminski Robert J. , Rojek Jeffrey , Alpert Geoffrey P. , Mathis Jason 
Published: August 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of police use of conducted energy devices (CEDs) on officer and suspect injuries while controlling for other types of force and resistance and other factors.Design/methodology/approachData on 1,645 use‐of‐force incidents occurring between January 1, 2002 and July 2006 were obtained from two different law enforcement agencies. Logistic and generalized ordered logistic regressions are used to model the odds of injury and severity of injury.FindingsThe use of CEDs was associated with reduced odds of officer and suspect injury and the severity of suspect injury in one agency. In the other agency CED use was unrelated to the odds of injury; however, the use of pepper spray was associated with reduced odds of suspect injury. Among other findings, in both agencies the use of hands‐on tactics by police was associated with increased odds of officer and suspect injury, while the use of canines was associated with increased odds of suspect injury.Research limitations/implicationsAlthough this research was carried out in two distinctly different law enforcement agencies with different histories of CED adoption, the fact that CED use was associated with reductions in injuries in one agency but not the other indicates the need for additional research on the impact of CED use in other settingsPractical implicationsThe analysis suggests that relative to other forms of force, the use of CEDs and pepper spray can reduce the risk of injury to both suspects and law enforcement officers. This information should prove useful to law enforcement agencies considering adopting CEDs and suggests that agencies should consider the use of these less lethal alternatives in place of hands‐on tactics against actively resistant suspects.Originality/valueAt the time of this writing there was no published independent research on the risks of injury associated with CED use in field settings. The findings reported herein will help inform the public debate on the utility of CEDs for law enforcement.
What we do not know about police use of Tasers™
Authors: Adams Kenneth , Jennison Victoria 
Published: August 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to review the police literature, select agency reports, and media publications to examine issues involving police use of Tasers™Design/methodology/approachThe focus of inquiry is on questions of policy development, deployment, training, use and impact of Tasers from organizational and community perspectives.FindingsLimited research reflects a lack of consensus in the development and application of policies related to Taser training and use. Variations in policy and training and the substitution of Tasers for other technologies across the use‐of‐force continuum result in operational inconsistency. This inconsistency makes it difficult to compare police departments in terms of the impact of Tasers on improved officer and citizen safety and reductions in the use of lethal force. This inconsistency is also reflected in media reports and has the potential to jeopardize community relations. Key policy issues center on length and content of training, training staff qualifications, and substitutions on the use‐of‐force continuum. Further study of Taser policy development, implementation, and evaluation is necessary to build a substantial and reliable body of knowledge to inform safe and effective police policy. Additional research is needed to evaluate the organizational and community implications of Taser implementation.Practical implicationsEvidence‐based Taser policy development is necessary to maintain the integrity of the technology, protect officer and citizen safety, and encourage the use of less‐than‐lethal force.Originality/valueThis paper calls attention to the dearth of research on Taser use in policing, while discussing the challenge of implementing new weapon technologies into the police arsenal and the need for careful consideration of use‐of‐force substitution practices.
The impact of extended police stop and search powers under the UK Criminal Justice Act 2003
Authors: Qureshi Faiza 
Published: August 2007

PurposeThe introduction of the UK's Criminal Justice Act (CJA) 2003 extended police stop and search powers. It allowed officers to stop and search for articles concerning the commission of the offence of criminal damage. The purpose of this study is to examine whether the act produced a change in the extent and nature of stop/searches.Design/methodology/approachData from police‐recorded stops in a southern town are compared for periods before and after the act came into force on January 20, 2004. The same time periods in the previous year are used as comparison groups.FindingsThe four key findings are that there was: a large increase in observed compared to expected stop/searches, an increase in the likelihood of individuals of an Asian or Asian British Pakistani origin and Black and Black British of African origin being stopped and searched relative to others. A decrease in the proportion of stop/searches resulting in arrest; and the distribution of arrests being patterned by the ethnicity of a suspect stopped and searched.Research limitations/implicationsThe same time periods in the previous year are used as comparison groups since traditional geographically based comparison groups are not feasible to assess policy implemented nationally. The research is a small‐scale study focusing on a 70 day‐time frame to analyze the impact of the CJA 2003, therefore the results generated can be skewed and warrants further research with a longer follow up period.Originality/valueThe effects of extending police stop and search powers under the CJA 2003 are discussed. The findings are examined with regard to their implications for further research and policy.
Police officers' attitudes toward citizen support
Authors: Moon Byongook , Zager Laren J. 
Published: August 2007

PurposeThe increased contact that police have with citizens that characterizes community policing makes mutual trust and respect between police and citizens crucial to success. Despite the importance of examining officers' perceptions of citizen trust and support, few studies have been conducted to examine officers' perspectives. The current research attempted to fill that void by examining the effects of individual, organizational and beat characteristic variables on officers' attitudes toward citizen support, using a sample of 434 Korean police officers.Design/methodology/approachThe current research attempted to fill that void by examining the effects of individual, organizational and beat characteristic variables on officers' attitudes toward citizen support, using a sample of 434 Korean police officers. The results of OLS regression analyses indicate that individual and organizational factors such as seniority and the level of the officers' assigned police department were significantly related to officers' attitude toward citizen support.FindingsThe results of OLS regression analyses indicate that individual and organizational factors such as seniority and the level of the officers' assigned police department were significantly related to officers' attitude toward citizen support. As expected, beat characteristic variables (i.e. the perceived community income level and the perceived community crime problem) have significant effects on the officers' perceptions of citizen support.Research limitations/implicationsTo better understand determinants of officers' perceptions of citizen support further research is necessary to examine the effects of personality traits, occupational socialization, and working environments, all features which were found to have significant effects on officers' attitudes and behaviors.Originality/valueOverall, the current study augments our understanding of officers' perceptions of citizen support and factors affecting those perceptions.
Community policing: is field training the missing link?
Authors: Chappell Allison T. 
Published: August 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to determine the extent to which traditional field training incorporates community‐oriented policing and problem solving in its formal evaluation process. Can community policing be successfully integrated into the San Jose field training model as a formal component of training and evaluation of police recruits?Design/methodology/approachThe paper analyzes formal field training evaluations and narratives in one police agency that uses the San Jose Field Training Officer Program. The agency endorses and practices community policing and problem solving.FindingsField training in this agency did not successfully integrate community policing and problem solving into the formal evaluation process.Practical implicationsBecause field training occurs immediately after the academy, it is the best place to expose recruits to community policing and problem solving in practice, thus linking training with practice. If police agencies are truly committed to community policing, they must update their field training curricula to reflect the new philosophy and practice.Originality/valueThough there has been considerable research in the area of community policing, little of it focuses on training, especially field training. Ironically, even though most agencies claim to practice community policing, they have failed to prepare their officers in the philosophies and skills necessary to perform the tasks well. Police academies are beginning to train recruits in community policing, but most agencies still use the San Jose FTO model, which was developed before contemporary community policing existed. Because field training is such an important part of police socialization, it must teach recruits the skills of community policing.