bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sleepiness and Sleep State on a 90‐Min Schedule
Authors: Carskadon Mary A. , Dement William C. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe effects of REM and slow wave sleep (SWS) on subjective sleepiness were studied in 10 subjects placed on a 90‐min sleep‐wakefulness schedule for either 51/3 or 6 (24‐hr) days. Subjects were permitted to sleep for 30‐min periods separated by 60 min of enforced wakefulness. Sleep recordings showed that sleep onset REM periods occurred frequently; REM and SWS appeared during the same sleep period only 27 times; and REM sleep tended to occur on sleep periods that alternated with SWS periods. Sleepiness was measured using the Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS) given 15 min before (pre‐sleep) and 15 min after (post‐sleep) each sleep period. Average SSS ratings showed a 24‐hr fluctuation in sleepiness. In addition, negative and positive SSS changes tended to alternate with each 90‐min period. Significant correlations were found with post‐sleep SSS ratings and SWS and with pre‐sleep SSS ratings and REM sleep. Differences between pre‐ and post‐sleep SSS scores were also correlated with the sleep states: increased sleepiness was correlated with SWS and decreased sleepiness with REM sleep.
Scientific Assessment of the Accuracy of Detection of Deception: A Reply to Lykken
Authors: Raskin David C. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTCriticisms by Lykken (1978) of the research reported by Raskin and Hare (1978) and other research and findings on the accuracy of detection of deception are examined. In light of the available data and evidence, Lykken's arguments are found to be deficient in terms of accuracy, consistency, and validity.
Digital and Cephalic Vasomotor Orienting Responses to Indifferent, Signal, and Verbal Stimuli
Authors: Hiroshige Yoshiharu , Iwahara Shinkuro 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTBoth digital and cephalic components of the vasomotor orienting response (VOR) were studied with the use of a habituation procedure. A habituation criterion of 8 nonresponses on 10 successive trials was used with respect to the digital vasomotor responses. All 12 subjects received the three stimulus conditions: a) a tone of moderate intensity (60 dB, 500 Hz, 10‐sec duration) as an indifferent stimulus (IS), b) the same tone as a signal stimulus (SS) for clenching the hand, and c) a verbal stimulus (VS) for clenching the hand but no tone. The SS condition followed the IS condition, and the VS condition was administered either preceding the IS or following the SS condition.The tone produced a decrease in the digital blood volume and an increase in the cephalic blood volume which habituated more slowly under the SS condition. However, the VOR was weakened significantly faster in the digital than in the cephalic component.Different measures of habituation rate, including the max‐rate score, were used and the outcomes were compared.
Cerebral Evoked Potentials to Noxious Dental Stimulation: Relationship to Subjective Pain Report
Authors: Harkins Stephen W. , Richard Chapman C. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe relationship between subjective pain report and dental evoked potentials (DEP) was evaluated in 11 subjects. Brief electrical shocks were delivered to healthy, unfilled teeth and evoked potentials were recorded at three levels of pain intensity. Amplitude of major components increased with increasing pain report. Latency of major components did not change with pain report. Since intradental nerve endings consist mainly of high‐threshold fibers generally associated with nociception, these results suggest that the DEP may be a useful physiological index of the acute pain experience in man.
The Effects of Operant Heart Rate Conditioning on Cognitive Elaboration and Attitude Change
Authors: Cacioppo John T. , Sandman Curt A. , Walker Barbara B. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA psychophysiological investigation was conducted to assess the relationships among heart rate, affect‐laden thought processes, and attitudes. Twenty subjects were trained for five days to raise and lower heart rate by means of a discriminative operant conditioning procedure. On the fifth day, communications that advocated positions with which undergraduates disagreed were presented during a raised, lowered, and basal (unaltered) heart rate trial. Results revealed that the heart rate conditioning procedure produced specific changes in heart rate, and affected the counterarguing (critical processing) to and acceptance of the persuasive communications; counterarguing and resistance to persuasion were greater during raised heart rate trials than during lowered heart rate trials. These findings are consistent with and suggest an extension of the Laceys' hypothesis concerning cardiac activity and cognitive elaboration, and provide evidence of the influence of affect‐laden thought processes on evaluative reactions.
Effectiveness of Techniques and Physiological Measures in the Detection of Deception
Authors: Podlesny John A. , Raskin David C. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTControl‐question (CQ) and guilty‐knowledge (GK) techniques for the detection of deception were studied in a mock theft context. Subjects from the local community received $5 for participation, and both guilty and innocent subjects were motivated with a $10 bonus for a truthful outcome on the polygraph examination. They were instructed to deny the theft when they were examined by experimenters who were blind with respect to their guilt or innocence. Eight physiological channels were recorded. Blind numerical field evaluations with an inconclusive zone produced 94% and 83% correct decisions for two different types of CQ tests and 89% correct decisions for GK tests. Control questions were more effective than guilt‐complex questions, and exclusive control questions were more effective than nonexclusive control questions. Behavioral observations were relatively ineffective in differentiating guilty and innocent subjects. Quantitative analyses of the CQ and GK data revealed significant discrimination between guilty and innocent subjects with a variety of electrodermal and cardiovascular measures. The results support the conclusion that certain techniques and physiological measures can be very useful for the detection of deception in a laboratory mock‐crime context.
Stimulus Intensity Expectation and Visual Evoked Brain Potentials
Authors: Shucard David Wm. , Shucard Janet L. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIn a sample of 32 adult subjects, we examined the relationship between amplitude measures of the visual evoked potential (VEP) and a subject's expectation that a stimulus would be either brighter or dimmer than the others in a series. It was found that when subjects expected a bright light flash, the VEP waveform changed in the direction associated with a stimulus intensity increase even though no actual intensity change occurred. Conversely, when subjects expected a dim light flash, the VEP waveform changed in the direction associated with a stimulus intensity decrease even though no actual intensity change occurred. The amplitude changes to the expected stimulus intensities occurred in specific VEP peaks and were related to the position of the stimulus in the sequence.
A Multi‐Response Analysis of Learned Heart Rate Control
Authors: Lott Gary G. , Gatchel Robert J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThirty college students were classified on the basis of cold‐pressor blood pressure responses and then randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups. One group merely tracked a visual analog display of their heart rate (tracking group). A second group attempted to increase and decrease its heart rate without the visual display (no‐feedback group). A third group attempted to increase and decrease their heart rates with the aid of the visual heart rate display (feedback group). Results indicated that the heart rate changes produced by both the feedback and no‐feedback groups were significantly greater than those observed in the tracking group. There was no significant difference between the former two groups. Results also demonstrated that high cold‐pressor reactors were able to produce significantly larger heart rate changes than the low reactor subjects. A correlational analysis of physiological responses accompanying heart rate change suggested that the response topographies of the high and low cold‐pressor reactors differed as well. Finally, results indicated no relationship between coronary‐prone personality characteristics, as measured by the Jenkins Activity Scale, and either cold‐pressor reactivity or heart rate control performance.
Tension in the Two Frontales: Electrode Placement and Artifact in the Recording of Forehead EMG
Authors: Davis Christopher M. , Brickett Paul , Stern Robert M. , Kimball William H. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe conventional placement of electrodes for recording forehead, or “frontalis” EMG attenuates forehead potentials by placing one electrode over each frontalis muscle. The placement also precludes exploration of differences in the activity of the two muscles, and is influenced by potentials arising in nearby muscles. An alternative unilateral bipolar lead placement is suggested and demonstrated.
The Effects of Peripheral Chemosympathectomy and Adrenalectomy Upon Blood Pressure Responses of the Rat to Footshock Under Varying Conditions: Evidence for Behavioral Effects on Patterning of Sympathetic Nervous System Responses
Authors: Williams Redford B. , Eichelman Burr S. , Ng L. K. Y. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA significant decrease in blood pressure is observed after shock‐induced fighting in intact rats. In rats treated with intravenous 6‐hydroxydopamine, a drug that selectively destroys peripheral sympathetic nerve endings when given by this route, this blood pressure response is reversed to a significant increase. In contrast, adrenalectomy converts a slight increase in blood pressure after intact rats are shocked alone in the cage into a significant decrease. These alterations in blood pressure response suggest that the sympathetic response to a stressful stimulus is not an all or none response, but, rather, consists of a patterned activation depending upon the behavioral response available. The current physiological findings are consistent with neuroendocrine research in which coping behavior is found associated with a predominant norepinephrine release by the sympathetic nervous system, and stress without available coping responses is associated with release also of epinephrine.
Sensitivity to Heart Rate: A Psychophysical Study
Authors: Ashton Roderick , White Kenneth D. , Hodgson Gregory 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAccuracy in the perception of heart rate was assessed using a modified two‐alternative‐forced‐choice design adapted from sensory psychophysics. With a group of 12 undergraduate students it was shown that perceptual accuracy is determined by sensitivity rather than bias, and that level of sensitivity can be significantly increased by providing knowledge of results.
Consistency of Task‐Related EEG Asymmetries
Authors: Ehrlichman Howard , Wiener Marjorie S. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTemporoparietal EEG was recorded bilaterally while 11 subjects performed 4 verbal and 4 spatial tasks on two occasions. Significant differences in integrated EEG asymmetry (8‐12 Hz) were found between verbal and spatial tasks in both sessions. Subjects’ verbal‐minus‐spatial differences in the ratio of left to right integrated amplitude were reliable both between‐ (r =.88) and within‐(mean r =.75) subjects. A percent time measure did not show significant task effects and had poor reliability. For integrated amplitude, the means of the left/right ratios of the 8 tasks were also very consistent between sessions.
Age Differences in the Effect of Epidermal Hydration on Electrodermal Activity
Authors: Garwood Marcia K. , Engel Bernard T. , Quilter Reginald E. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe effect of epidermal hydration on skin potential and conductance measurements was investigated in young and old men. The condition of least hydration used a 0.5% KCl glycol electrolyte. Two conditions used a 0.5% aqueous KCl electrolyte differing in that the most hydrated site received a 15‐min pretreatment of soaking in distilled water whereas the intermediate hydration site received no pretreatment. These hydration conditions were used in recording three channels of skin potential and three channels of skin conductance during three tasks: 1) tone presentations after rest, 2) simple reaction time, and 3) choice reaction time. There were no significant age differences in the effect of electrolyte on skin conductance level and response. There were age differences in the effect of electrolyte on skin potential level (SPL) and response (SPR). Young adult SPR was monotonically related to hydration with the largest response magnitude occurring with the least hydration. Electrolyte did not significantly affect SPR magnitude of the aged. For the young subjects, SPL was monotonically related to hydration with the most negative SPL occurring with the least hydration. For the aged subjects, the least negative SPL occurred in the condition of least hydration. We postulate that this reversal in the hydration/SPL relationship in old age reflects a reversal in the relative magnitudes of sweat gland and epidermal potentials: in old subjects the epidermal potential is greater than the sweat gland potential.
Autonomic Activity During Anticipation of An Aversive Tone in Noninstitutionalized Sociopaths
Authors: Tharp Van K. , Maltzman Irving , Syndulko Karl , Ziskind Eugene 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTFifteen noninstitutionalized, compulsive‐gambler sociopaths and 15 controls were run in a modification of Hare's (1965b) gradient of fear paradigm. Both heart rate and bilateral skin conductance were averaged during 8 3‐sec intervals prior to the presentation of a 95dB tone. The controls showed both earlier and larger electrodermal anticipation of the tone than the sociopaths. For both groups of subjects, electrodermal anticipation of the tone began sooner and was larger in amplitude in the right hand than in the left hand. There were no significant heart rate differences between the two groups of subjects.
Emotional Imagery: Conceptual Structure and Pattern of Somato‐Visceral Response
Authors: Lang Peter J. , Kozak Michael J. , Miller Gregory A. , Levin Daniel N. , McLean Alvin 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis research examined deductions from a new theory of emotional imagery (Lang, 1979). Two experiments were performed, testing the hypothesis that the conceptual content processed during imagery determines the amplitude and pattern of coincident efferent activity. The image was manipulated by varying the content of the prompting instructions (either stimulus detail or active responding was emphasized in the image script) and by prior imagery training (in which subjects' post‐image verbal reports were shaped to emphasize either stimulus or response material). Three thematic contents were examined: neutral, action, and fear scenes. In Experiment I, a group which received response‐oriented imagery training and response scripts was compared to a stimulus‐oriented group. The results strongly supported the hypothesis: response subjects showed greater physiological activity during imagery, and their efferent pattern generally followed the script content. In Experiment II, one group again received response training and the other, stimulus training. However, half of each group was later tested on response‐structured scripts and the other half on stimulus scripts. Results again supported the hypothesis. As in Experiment I, response‐trained subjects tested on response scripts showed substantial physiological activity. None of the other groups, which received stimulus training and/or stimulus scripts, showed significant physiological responses during imagery. Response‐trained subjects generally rated their imagery as more vivid. Subjects administered response‐oriented scripts reported more emotional arousal than did subjects administered stimulus scripts.
EEG Asymmetry During Covert Mental Activity
Authors: Ehrlichman Howard , Wiener Marjorie S. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwenty subjects selected for (overt) task‐induced EEG asymmetry performed 17 different covert mental tasks while EEG was recorded from right and left temporoparietal leads. After each task, subjects rated their experiences on four scales: (covert) verbalization, visual imagery, affect, and concentration. Zero‐order and semipartial correlations between integrated EEG measures and subjective ratings showed that verbalization and concentration were systematically related to EEG asymmetry. The results suggest that verbal processes may be a more important influence on temporoparietal EEG asymmetry than are visual imagery processes, at least during purely covert tasks. The results also demonstrate that EEG asymmetry reflects lateralized cognitive processes occurring in the absence of external stimuli or overt responses.
The Effects of Beta‐Adrenergic Stimulation and Beta‐Adrenergic Blockade on Emotional Reactions
Authors: Erdmann Gisela , van Lindern Beatrix 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIn order to examine the effects of beta‐adrenergic arousal on emotional reactions, 84 male students received either 40 mg of the beta‐adrenergic blocking agent oxprenolol, placebo, or 20 mg of the beta‐stimulating agent orciprenaline. They were placed in one of two situations designed to induce either angerlike or no emotional reactions (neutral control).Dependent variables were heart rate, blood pressure, galvanic skin response, and self reports of bodily and emotional state. The drugs as well as the “anger situation” influenced bodily changes. Reports of anger were increased only under the placebo condition. Under oxprenolol the “anger situation” had no effects on reported emotions, whereas under orciprenaline the “anger situation” led to an increase in reports of anxiety. Characteristics of the “anger situation” and of the sympathetic response pattern induced by orciprenaline are discussed as possible explanations for the latter result.
A Psychophysiological Investigation of Short‐Term Memory
Authors: Yuille John C. , Hare Robert D. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTPalmar skin conductance (SC), heart rate (HR), blink rate (BR), and peripheral pulse amplitude (PA) were monitored during a short‐term memory (STM) task. Twenty male subjects were given 9 trials in which they were required to recall noun triads after 15 sec of interference (counting backwards). For half of the subjects (Nonshift group) all nouns in the experiment were from the same conceptual class, while the remaining subjects (Shift group) experienced two shifts in the taxonomic categories of the nouns, one on Trial 5 and another on Trial 9. There was a general decrease in recall performance over trials, the exceptions being an improvement in performance exhibited by the Shift group on Trials 5 and 9. The improved performance of the Shift group on Trial 5 was associated with marked HR deceleration during presentation of the nouns. Withinsubject comparisons revealed that during the 15‐sec interference period recall performance was associated with physiological responsivity, with larger increases in SC, HR, BR, and peripheral vasoconstriction occurring on the “best” recall trials than on the “worst” trials. The results were interpreted in terms of the role of attention and effort in mediating STM.
Perception of Gastric Contractions and Self‐Control of Gastric Motility
Authors: Whitehead William E. , Drescher Vincent M. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe hypothesis was that self‐control of a visceral response is dependent on ability to perceive occurrence of the response. Subjects were asked to judge whether or not a signal light coincided with a stomach contraction on each of approximately 200 trials. In a different session heart beat perception was tested by asking subjects to judge whether or not signal light flashes coincided with heart beats. Subjects then were tested for ability to increase and to decrease gastric motility prior to biofeedback training, after which half received 4 hrs of visual feedback while the others practiced without feedback. Control of motility without feedback was subsequently retested. Initially, subjects were unable to control gastric motility, but with feedback they could increase motility on command. Ability to perceive gastric contractions was unrelated to control of gastric motility before, during, or following biofeedback training, indicating that self‐control of a visceral response is not dependent on perceptual sensitivity. Perception of stomach contractions correlated significantly (r= .51) with perception of heart beats, suggesting that there may be a generalized tendency to be aware of or to attend to visceral events.
Effects of a Warning Stimulus on Reflex Elicitation and Reflex Inhibition
Authors: Ison James R. , Ashkenazi Billie 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTHuman subjects (n = 14) were given a discriminated reaction time task in which the imperative stimulus (IS), a puff of air to the face, was both a signal for a voluntary response and an elicitor of a reflex eyeblink. On one‐half of the trials IS was preceded with a lead time of 100 msec by a stimulus (DS) which both inhibited the reflex blink and served as a signal to refrain from the voluntary response. On one‐half of the trials within each DS‐IS and IS‐alone condition a warning stimulus (WS) led IS by 3000 msec. WS produced a decrease in HR and a faster RT, and WS‐IS trials gave greater reflex amplitudes than IS‐alone trials. Eyeblinks were inhibited by DS and reflex inhibition was more pronounced following the warning stimulus. These data suggest that warning stimuli initiate an attentional process oriented to significant stimuli, thus enhancing both the eliciting and inhibiting functions of these stimuli.
Electromyograph Biofeedback: Generalization and the Relative Effects of Feedback, Instructions, and Adaptation
Authors: Davis Penelope J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe present research describes two experiments. The first experiment examined training conditions designed to enhance generalization during electromyograph (EMG) biofeedback. Twelve female and 12 male subjects were randomly assigned to one of four conditions: frontalis EMG biofeedback; frontalis, forearm extensor and masseter biofeedback; frontalis, forearm extensor and semispinalis/splenius biofeedback; and a no‐feedback (instructions only) condition. EMG and heart rate were monitored during 3 training sessions. Although reliable decreases in EMG and heart rate were obtained, no differential effect of single‐ versus multiple‐muscle biofeedback was observed; nor, indeed, were differences between biofeedback and no‐feedback apparent. A second experiment was conducted to determine whether EMG and heart rate reductions reflected a general relaxation response or were simply due to the effects of adaptation. Twenty‐four female subjects were randomly assigned to either a frontalis EMG biofeedback, a no‐feedback or an adaptation control condition. Results indicated that decreases in frontalis EMG levels were due to the instructions to relax whereas heart rate decreases were attributable to adaptation. Equivalence between biofeedback and no‐feedback conditions was again apparent. It was concluded that this finding raises serious questions about the presumed critical role of the feedback signal in EMG biofeedback.