bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Black multi‐crystalline silicon solar cells
Authors: Koynov Svetoslav , Brandt Martin S. , Stutzmann Martin 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA simple method for nano‐scale texturing of silicon surfaces based on local metal‐catalyzed wet chemical etching, which results in an almost complete suppression of reflectivity in a broad spectral range, has been successfully applied to produce black multi‐crystalline silicon solar cells. The performance of the cells is compared to that of reference cells without surface nano‐texturing. A considerable increase of the short circuit current (by 36–42% with respect to the reference cells) without deterioration of other performance parameters is observed under natural sun illumination. Means of further optimization of such black solar cells are discussed. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Vibrational dynamics of hydrogen‐bonded HCN complexes with OH and NH acids: Computational DFT systematic study
Authors: Alía Jose M. , Edwards Howell G. M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractVibrational properties (band position, infrared [IR], and Raman intensities) of CN stretching mode were studied in 65 gas phase hydrogen‐bonded 1:1 complexes of HCN with OH acids and NH acids using density functional theory (DFT) calculations at the B3LYP‐6‐311++G(d,p) level. Furthermore, general characteristics of the hydrogen bonds and vibrational changes in acids OH/NH stretching bands were also considered. Experimentally observed blue shift of the CN stretching band promoted by hydrogen bonding, which shortens the triple bond length, is very well reproduced and quantitatively depends on the hydrogen bond length. Both IR and Raman ν(CN) band intensities are enhanced, also in good agreement with the experimental results. IR intensity increase is a direct function of the hydrogen bond energy. However, the predicted Raman intensity raise is a more complex function, depending simultaneously on characteristics of both the hydrogen bond (CN bond length) and the H‐donating acid (polarizability). With these two parameters, ν (CN) Raman intensities of the complexes are explained with a mean error of ±2.4%. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Considerations for proteolytic labeling–optimization of 18O incorporation and prohibition of back‐exchange
Authors: Storms Henricus F. , van der Heijden Robert , Tjaden Ubbo R. , van der Greef Jan 
Published: October 2006

AbstractProteolytic 18O labeling is a very powerful tool for differential analysis applied to proteome studies. However, it is a relatively new technique and the optimization of the labeling process still needs some attention. We found that the two‐step post‐proteolytic labeling should be favored over the conventional digestion of proteins in H218O, since the former allows for higher sample concentrations and thus more favorable kinetics. It was demonstrated that the inhibitory effect of urea on 18O incorporation could be compensated by the use of higher sample concentrations. Furthermore, it was shown that heat‐deactivation of trypsin prevents 18O/16O back‐exchange. In addition, no non‐specific hydrolysis of the peptides could be observed as a result of the heating. Heat inactivation of trypsin opens the way for the use of capillary electrophoresis as a separation technique in proteolytic labeling studies, as it abolishes the need for use of detrimental addititives. Analysis of a labeled protein digest by capillary isoelectric focusing/mass spectrometry showed the applicability of the method. No back‐exchange was observed across the entire electropherogram. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effective quenching of fragment formation in negative ion oligonucleotide matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry through sodium adduct formation
Authors: Stano Michal , Flosadottir Helga D. , Ingolfsson Oddur 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMetastable decay of the sodium‐free and the sodium adducts of the negatively charged hexameric nucleotides 5′‐d(TTXYTT)‐3′ (X and Y are dC, dG or dA) in matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐ToF‐MS) is reported. We show that the sodium adduct formation may be used to quantitatively quench dissociation channels in oligonucleotide MALDI‐MS, and we argue, that by means of effective steps in the sample preparation that lead to per‐sodiation of the sample, the sample preparation and the mass resolution of oligonucleotide mass spectra in MALDI may be improved substantially. The dependency of the fragment formation on the degree of sodiation is also discussed in context with the underlying fragmentation mechanisms. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The influence of major dams on hydrology through the drainage network of the Sacramento River basin, California
Authors: Singer Michael Bliss 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis paper reports basinwide patterns of hydrograph alteration via statistical and graphical analysis from a network of long‐term streamflow gauges located various distances downstream of major dams and confluences in the Sacramento River basin in California, USA. Streamflow data from 10 gauging stations downstream of major dams were divided into hydrologic series corresponding to the periods before and after dam construction. Pre‐ and post‐dam flows were compared with respect to hydrograph characteristics representing frequency, magnitude and shape: annual flood peak, annual flow trough, annual flood volume, time to flood peak, flood drawdown time and interarrival time. The use of such a suite of characteristics within a statistical and graphical framework allows for generalising distinct strategies of flood control operation that can be identified without any a priori knowledge of operations rules. Dam operation is highly dependent on the ratio of reservoir capacity to annual flood volume (impounded runoff index). Dams with high values of this index generally completely cut off flood peaks thus reducing time to peak, drawdown time and annual flood volume. Those with low values conduct early and late flow releases to extend the hydrograph, increasing time to peak, drawdown time and annual flood volume. The analyses reveal minimal flood control benefits from foothill dams in the lower Sacramento River (i.e. dissipation of the down‐valley flood control signal). The lower part of the basin is instead reliant on a weir and bypass system to control lowland flooding. Data from a control gauge (i.e. with no upstream dams) suggest a background signature of global climate change expressed as shortened flood hydrograph falling limbs and lengthened flood interarrival times at low exceedence probabilities. This research has implications for flood control, water resource management, aquatic and riparian ecosystems and for rehabilitation strategies involving flow alteration and/or manipulation of sediment supplies. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The impact of market actions on firm reputation
Authors: Basdeo Dax K. , Smith Ken G. , Grimm Curtis M. , Rindova Violina P. , Derfus Pamela J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDrawing on signaling theory, we hypothesize that a firm's reputation is shaped by its own market actions and the actions of its industry rivals. We view market actions as signals that convey information about the underlying competencies of firms and influence stakeholder evaluations of them. We find that the total number of a firm's market actions, the complexity of its action repertoire, the time lag in rivals' responses to its actions, and the similarity of its repertoire with those of its rivals positively affect its reputation. These results suggest that a firm's reputation is influenced both by its own actions and by its rivals' actions. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Entry timing, exploration, and firm survival in the early U.S. bicycle industry
Authors: Dowell Glen , Swaminathan Anand 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe explore the relationship between a firm's entry timing and its probability of surviving the early, uncertain period of its industry, and consider the trade‐off between entering early and potentially establishing a strong position in the industry vs. waiting until technological uncertainty is reduced. We hypothesize that, owing to inertial forces, firms that enter the industry at the earliest point in its history are least likely to make the conversion to the product generation that becomes the dominant design in the industry. Exploration through the introduction of new products appears to reflect a local search process and retards the transition to the dominant design. We also hypothesize that, though firms entering early may exhibit longer life spans, their advantages are limited to the period before the emergence of the dominant design. We test our hypotheses in the early U.S. bicycle industry, and find evidence consistent with the idea that inertia limits firms' abilities to make the transition between generations of product configurations. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Right aortic arch in the fetus
Authors: Zidere V. , Tsapakis E. G. , Huggon I. C. , Allan L. D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo examine our experience of the detection of a right aortic arch in the fetus over an 8‐year period.MethodsBetween February 1998 and December 2005, all patients prospectively diagnosed with a right aortic arch at our center were identified from our database and the videotape reviewed. In addition, the videotapes of 300 normal and 110 abnormal arbitrarily selected fetal echocardiograms, as well as 123 cases of tetralogy of Fallot and nine of a common arterial trunk were reviewed. Data including indication for fetal echocardiography, gestational age at diagnosis, karyotype, nuchal translucency measurement and outcome were collected.ResultsA right aortic arch was diagnosed prospectively in 55 fetuses and in a further 20 on retrospective videotape review. There were 21 examples of isolated aortic arch and four thought to have a double arch. A right arch was found in association with additional intracardiac malformations in 50 cases. The detection rate of a right aortic arch increased over the study period. The majority of patients were referred for a suspicion of congenital heart disease on obstetric scanning. Mean gestational age at diagnosis was 21 weeks. The karyotype including 22q11 status was known in 45/75 cases. There were 23 confirmed karyotypic anomalies, 12 of which were 22q11 deletions, occurring in 2/25 of the isolated group and 10/48 of the complex group, with a further two complex cases that were likely to have had 22q11 microdeletions. There were 29 pregnancy interruptions, four intrauterine deaths, 31 live births, four neonatal deaths and three patients lost to follow‐up. The remaining four pregnancies are continuing. Of the four with suspected double arch, three were confirmed postnatally.ConclusionThe diagnosis of a right‐sided aortic arch can be made by fetal echocardiography, either as an isolated lesion or in association with other cardiac malformations, from as early as 12 weeks' gestation. It can be difficult to distinguish from a double arch. Its increasing incidence over time in our series probably indicates that the diagnosis was previously overlooked. Karyotyping in the absence of other abnormal findings may be unnecessary in every case, but establishment of 22q11 microdeletion status in those cases with other anomalies is important. Copyright © 2006 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis after declining incidence, New York City, 2001–2003
Authors: DRIVER C. R. , KREISWIRTH B. , MACARAIG M. , CLARK C. , MUNSIFF S. S. , DRISCOLL J. , ZHAO B. 
Published: October 2006

SUMMARYTuberculosis incidence in New York City (NYC) declined between 1992 and 2000 from 51·1 to 16·6 cases per 100 000 population. In January 2001, universal real-time genotyping of TB cases was implemented in NYC. Isolates from culture-confirmed tuberculosis cases from 2001 to 2003 were genotyped using IS6110and spoligotype to describe the extent and factors associated with genotype clustering after declining TB incidence. Of 2408 (91·8%) genotyped case isolates, 873 (36·2%) had a pattern indistinguishable from that of another study period case, forming 212 clusters; 248 (28·4%) of the clustered cases had strains believed to have been widely transmitted during the epidemic years in the early 1990s in NYC. An estimated 27·4% (873 minus 212) of the 2408 cases were due to recent infection that progressed to active disease during the study period. Younger age, birth in the United States, homelessness, substance abuse and presence of TB symptoms were independently associated with greater odds of clustering.
Endemic human fasciolosis in the Bolivian Altiplano
Authors: PARKINSON M. , O'NEILL S. M. , DALTON J. P. 
Published: October 2006

SUMMARYFasciolosis, caused by trematodes of the genusFasciola, is an emerging disease of humans. One of the highest levels of human fasciolosis hepatica is found amongst the indigenous Aymaran people of the Northern Bolivian Altiplano. A meta-analysis of epidemiological surveys from 38 communities in the region demonstrates that fasciolosis has been endemic in the region since at least 1984 and is a zoonosis of rural communities. Human and bovine fasciolosis is associated with the communities lying in the plain from Lake Titicaca to La Paz, predominantly in the Los Andes province. In Los Andes incidences of up to 67% of population cohorts were found, and prevalence is age-related with the highest infection rate in children aged 8–11 years.
α2‐Adrenoceptor subtypes involved in the regulation of catecholamine release from the adrenal medulla of mice
Authors: Moura E , Afonso J , Hein L , Vieira‐Coelho M A 
Published: October 2006

Background and purpose:This study was carried out to elucidate which α2‐adrenoceptor subtypes mediated the inhibition of noradrenaline and adrenaline release from the adrenal medulla of mice.Experimental approach:Isolated adrenal medullae from wild‐type and α2A, α2B and α2C‐adrenoceptor knockout (KO) mice were placed in superfusion chambers. Catecholamine overflow was evoked by 1,1‐dimethyl‐4‐phenylpiperazinium (500 μM) in absence or in presence of the α2‐adrenoceptor agonist medetomidine. The effect of medetomidine was tested in presence of the α‐adrenoceptor antagonists rauwolscine, WB 4101, spiroxatrine, phentolamine and prazosin.Key results:In wild‐type mice, medetomidine reduced noradrenaline and adrenaline overflow in a concentration‐dependent manner (EC50 in nM: 1.54 and 1.92; Emax in % of inhibition: 91 and 94, for noradrenaline and adrenaline, respectively). The pK
D values of the antagonists for noradrenaline overflow did not correlate with pKD values at α2A, α2B, or α2C binding sites. The pK
D values of the antagonists for adrenaline overflow correlated positively with pKD values at α2C binding sites (opossum kidney cells). The effect of medetomidine (100 nM) on noradrenaline overflow was significantly reduced in all three α2KO mice (57, 54, 44 % inhibition, for α2A, α2B, and α2C, respectively), whereas the effect of medetomidine on adrenaline overflow was greatly reduced in α2CKO mice (14 % inhibition).Conclusions and implications:In the adrenal medulla of mice, all three α2‐adrenoceptor subtypes (α2A, α2B, and α2C) play an equal role in the inhibition of noradrenaline overflow, whereas the α2C‐adrenoceptor is the predominant α2‐adrenoceptor subtype involved in the inhibitory mechanism controlling adrenaline overflow.British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 149, 1049–1058. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706950 Published online 30 October 2006
An adaptation of recombinant vaccinia-based ELISPOT and intracellular cytokine staining for a comparative measurement of cellular immune responses in HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections in West Africa
Authors: Eshofonie A , Van Der Loeff M Shim , Whittle H , Jaye A 
Published: October 2006

SummaryAn efficient and quantitative tool for rapid assessment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-induced cellular immune responses is important for resource-limited settings, such as in sub-Saharan Africa. Modifications are required to previously reported methods for evaluating ex-vivo antigen-specific cellular responses based on direct recombinant vaccinia virus (rVV) stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISPOT) and by flow cytometry intracellular cytokine assay (ICA). We made such modifications in order to detect specific responses and compared quantitative cellular immune responses in HIV-1 and HIV-2 infected Gambians. The sensitivity of the rVV-based ELISPOT assay was on average 1·25 interferon (IFN)-γ spot forming cells (SFC) per 50 000 PBMCs specific for either infection, and 5 IFN-γ-secreting CD8+ T cells/50 000 in the ICA. The level of IFN-γ SFC detected by ELISPOT and by ICA were correlated (P &lt; 0·02). ICA detected pol-specific responses in 88% and 67% of HIV-1 and HIV-2 subjects, respectively, and gag-specific responses in more than 80% of both infections. Lower proportions of responders were obtained with ELISPOT, for which pol responses were present in 60% of HIV-1 and 46% of HIV-2 infected patients, and gag responses in 55% and 69%, respectively. The assays did not show any significant difference in cellular immune responses between HIV-1 and HIV-2 infected subjects with CD4% ≥ 20%. These outcomes are comparable with results obtained using standard techniques and thus this method is a suitable, rapid and less expensive assessment of cellular immunity.
Diastase and invertase activities in Andalusian honeys
Authors: Serrano Salud , Espejo Roberto , Villarejo Marta , Jodral Manuela Luisa 
Published: October 2006

SummaryForty‐nine samples of unheated, commercially purchased Andalusian (southern Spain) honeys were examined for diastase (α‐ and β‐amylase) and invertase (α‐glucosidase) activities. The honeys were from Citrus sp. (5), Sunflower (2), Rosmarinus (3), Eucalyptus sp. (4) or multifloral in origin (35). Mean value for diastase was 20.48 ± 10.14 (range 3.99–49.42) expressed as diastase number in Gothe's scale, for invertase it was 12.34 ± 8.09 (range 1.2–36.8) expressed as invertase number. Correlation was found between invertase and diastase activities (r = 0.853). These results were compared with literature data and differences are discussed.
Influence of indigenous Saccharomyces paradoxus strains on Chardonnay wine fermentation aroma
Authors: Orlic Sandy , Redzepovic Sulejman , Jeromel Ana , Herjavec Stanka , Iacumin Lucilla 
Published: October 2006

SummarySeven indigenous yeast strains of Saccharomyces paradoxus previously isolated and identified using molecular and physiological methods were tested for their fermentation abilities. Chemical analyses of produced wines showed differences compared with the Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain used as a control. The examined S. paradoxus strains showed good fermentation vigour, ethanol tolerance and difference in the fermentation rate. Four of seven analysed S. paradoxus strains (RO66, RO54, RO11 and RO134) metabolised sugar up to 1 g L−1. The total amount of higher alcohol was lower compared with S. cerevisiae wines. Strain RO83 was able to degrade up to 40% malic acid and can be used for biological deacidification. Sensory evaluation of dry and semidry wines underlined good enological properties and positive influence of tested wine strains on final wine quality. All these properties of S. paradoxus strains pointed out the possibility of their application in wine industry.
Marine biogeographical structure in two highly dispersive gastropods: implications for trans‐Tasman dispersal
Authors: Waters Jonathan M. , McCulloch Graham A. , Eason Janelle A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAim  Recent genetic and ecological studies of marine invertebrate species with planktotrophic larvae have inferred high rates of gene flow across wide oceanic barriers. We therefore aim to test for the genetic signature of long‐distance dispersal in two widespread and abundant marine gastropod taxa.Location  The intertidal and shallow subtidal zones of southern Australia and New Zealand (NZ), which house similar marine invertebrate assemblages despite being separated by the 2000‐km‐wide Tasman Sea.Methods  We used mtDNA cytochrome oxidase I gene sequence analysis of two gastropod genera exhibiting trans‐Tasman distributions, namely Austrolittorina (Littorinidae) (139 specimens; 28 localities) and Scutus (Fissurellidae) (154 specimens; 32 localities). The cool‐temperate Australian (A. unifasciata; S. antipodes) and NZ (A. antipodum; S. breviculus) taxa within each genus are morphologically similar but of uncertain taxonomic status.Results  The mtDNA analyses indicate major trans‐Tasman genetic discontinuities for both gastropod genera, with no evidence of recent or ongoing intercontinental gene flow. Although both Scutus and Austrolittorina show significant east–west structure within southern Australia – consistent with recent studies of regional marine phylogeography – neither taxon exhibits significant differentiation within NZ.Main conclusions  Morphologically conserved but biogeographically disjunct gastropod populations may exhibit striking phylogeographic discontinuities, even when dispersal abilities appear to be high. On the basis of these data we reject recent calls for the synonymy of NZ and Australian lineages.
Groups or teams in health care: finding the best fit
Authors: Saltman Deborah C. , O’Dea Natalie A. , Farmer Jane , Veitch Craig , Rosen Gaye , Kidd Michael R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractRationale  In the evolution of the team concept, clear distinctions between ‘groups’ and ‘teams’ were made. In this paper we argue that these distinctions were not made explicit in the translation of team structures to health care. Even though teams are appropriate for many health care settings, this paper explores the notion that when teams may not be working, it is the concept of team that may not be appropriate, not the functioning of the team itself.Methods  This paper reviews the differences between teams and groups, and identifies how these differences are expressed in health care settings using urban and rural examples from the UK and Australia.Results  Some suggestions about matching structures to suit the unique nature of health care provision, particularly in community health settings, are made.Discussion  Instead of concentrating on improving the process of teams, the focus could be better directed to ensure that whatever structure is utilized best facilitates the necessary outcomes in the most effective way. The team approach may not always be the best approach, and sometimes referring to a number of people working together as a group is sufficient.