bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
About System Analysis of Sport
Authors: Ponomarev N.I. 
Published: March 2007

The article examines as an object of research sport in the socialist countries: while utilizing the functional analysis, in a complex manner and also the theoretical anal ysis and generalizations. The author undertook the attempt of constructing a model of sport, conceiving modelling as a means of overcoming the complexity of systems. The work takes into account the basic premises of the theory of activity. The following aspects of sport are being examined: creative, social, communica tive, psychological, value oriented and cognitive, as well as the sport aspect of game. Each of them expresses the total set of functions. The creative aspect is connected with the following functions: preparatory, sani tative, educational and normative. The social aspect is constituted by the following functions: ideological, political, socializing, integrative organizational administrative, prestige and cultural functions. The communicative aspect consists in the following functions: interaction and exchange of experience. The creative aspect includes the individualizing, and heuristic functions. The game aspect which belongs to the most complex ones, is expressed in the following functions: competitive, the defensive-com pensatory, hedonistic, recreational and spectacular functions. The psychological aspect is represented by the following functions : will power preparation, distraction, intel lectualization, projecting and cathartic functions. The value-orientation aspect includes also estimation functions. The cognition aspect is reflected in the following functions: prognostics, propaganda, education and information functions. The enumerated func tions of sport are mobile and some to light in unity. Per analogy with other social phenoinena, the article also deals with the funda mental, particular and special functions of sport.
The Funny Side of Sport
Authors: Ciupak Zofia 
Published: March 2007

In my paper I deal above all with a certain form of comicality, namely with sport humour. The humoristic, contemplative and philosophical attitude in regard to the absurdities created by modern sport asks for indulgence. But satirical attitudes are not lacking and they happen to be ruthless and ridicule sport. The comic side of sport is quite extensive and it results, from the communi cative aspect of sport and certain revaluations of culture being also the outcome of the popularization of sport. In this study I base myself on the assumption that changes in the style of culture and changes of structures create a very favourable foundation for comicality. Examples serve to illustrate the accepted assumption. These examples are of a varied nature and have a variety of sources, which I think is permitted in subject matter formulated in this way.
Age and Sex Differences Among Adolescent Participants in Recreational Activities
Authors: Amuchie F.A. 
Published: March 2007

The problem of this study is to determine if age and sex differences exist in the recreational patterns of adolescents. Specifically the study addresses itself to the following subproblems: 1. Is there a significant age difference in the choice of recreational activities among Nigerian adolescents? 2. Is there a significant sex difference in the choice of recreational activities among adolescents? 3. Are there age differences in the extent of participation in recreational activities among adollescents? If for nothing else, this study is important to determine the recreational patterns of male and female adolscents in Nigeria in an attempt to decide whether they require diversified programmes due to intra group differences or whether they should be treated as a homogeneous group for recreational planning purposes.
Theoretical and Methodological Questions of the Development of Needs and Motives in Sports as a Presupposition for a Higher Level of Sporting Activity
Authors: Gras Fred 
Published: March 2007

The development of needs and motives is characterized by the respective his torically determined social conditions and the depending living conditions of the society. To obtain a higher level of sporting activity (in quantity and quality) of different social groups means to master in an ever increasing degree the dialectic relations of social conditions and individual behaviour, of development and satis faction of needs. Thus, it is of importance to perceive the quality of the social conditions and the social behaviour in and towards sports expressed in diffferent ways, the underlying interests, needs and motives by means of adequate methods and procedures. The higher thoretical and methodological claim in the investi gation of needs and motives consists above all in finding the degree and the effect of those aspects of determination of sporting activity of the personality, resulting from his position in society, from his affiliation to a sociostructural unit like class, stratum or social group. Thus, the possibility increases to compy with the formation of a sports directed motivation and finally with the development and satisfaction of needs in the social field of sports in a differentiating way. Taking into account this complicated process, more people can be encouraged to regular sporting activity according to their interest and inclination with a high efficiency in terms of their physical well-being, joy and recreation. The paper deals with theoretical and methodological positions and discusses selected results of research.
Relations between Taxonomic Structures Determined on the Indicators of Social Status and Taxonomic Structures Determined on the Measures of Motoric Abilities
Authors: Petrovic K. , Momirovic K. , Hosek A. 
Published: March 2007

Taxonomic structures have been determined by an algorithm for the deter mination of polar taxons on the sample of 540 men, between 19 and 27 years of age, on the basis of 20 indicators of the attributed social status. On the same sample taxonomic structures on the basis of 110 composite measures of motoric abilities have been also determined by an analogous algorithm. The relations between these taxonomic structures have been analyzed by an algorithm for the estimation of canonical relations between latent structures.. Several significant correlations between taxonomic structures in social and motoric space were achieved and an important canonical correlation between taxonomic dimensions were obtained. It was possible to interpret them in accor dance with developmental thories of Hebb and Piaget. Facilitatory effects of the favourable social surroundings are considerably stronger in taxonomic structures which are mostly defined by the motoric struc tures depending on efficiency of functioning of processors for serial and pa rallel processing of motoric information. Accordingly, those sports in which success depends on coordination, explosive force and other more complex motoric abilities, are under a considerably stron ger influence of factors depending on the features of social surroundings. Socio logical investigations in sports and strategic concepts of direct policy in sports should, therefore, be to a greater extent based on these facts.
Understanding the Relationships between Women and Sport: The Contribution of British Feminist Approaches in Leisure and Cultural Studies
Authors: Talbot Margaret 
Published: March 2007

The paper argues that because of the partial development of sports sociology in Britain, academic work on women and sport has been rooted in leisure and cultural studies, or has reacted from recreational provision policy. Feminist writers have therefore approached the area by making criticisms of both theory and policy making within leisure studies, and offering radical feminist perspectives for change. The areas of cultural and media studies have also provided useful frameworks within which feminists may work, in analysing sport as a popular cultural form. The contributions of feminist work to the fields of leisure studies, cultural studies and recreation policy are assessed in relation to their fresh understandings of women and sport.
Narratives of Men's experiences in Sport
Authors: Laitinen Arja , Tiihonen Arto 
Published: March 2007

The first part of the article describes men's experiences from the perspective of women and the second part presents an interpretation of the sport experience from a male's perspective. The relationship between the two parts, which are critical of masculinity yet simultaneously sympathetic to men, are complementary rather than contradictory. As such, the paper represents a contribution to the emergence of a new conception of women's and men's studies. The article's methodological framework is drawn from the field of women's studies and centres on the recollection and interpretation of one's own life history. The first part of the article is about how masculinity in boys is constructed with the help of sport. It presents selected recollections by male university students about how the cultural processes which reproduce masculinity in men is realized in the case of sport. The methodological basis for the second part of the paper is drawn from the tradition of textual analysis which has become increasingly influential in Finland in the areas of sociology, literature and politics. The article's second part deals with the deconstrurtion of masculinity in relation to the sportsman. It is a story of a man who has himself unfolded the power relations of sport in the context of his life history, his society and a theoretical frame of reference.
From Mass Sport to the "Sport for All" Movement in the "Socialist" Countries in Eastern Europe
Authors: Foldesi Gyongyi Szabo 
Published: March 2007

Modern societies face a new problem: they have to spread sporting activities for all citizens without having institutions suitable for it. Depending on political, economic and cultural circumstances the individual states provide different answers to this challenge. This paper studies how countries in the Eastern Bloc promoted their population's physical activity. In the first part political and social backgrounds are discussed. The author argues that the Eastern Bloc countries had very special conditions to develop "Sport for All" compared with Western countries. In Western democracies "Sport for All" can be set as a target but such an aim can hardly be realized. In any democratic country it is each citizen's right to decide what to do and what not to do. Sport involvement can be suggested, opportunities and equality of chances for it can be ensured but sport participation cannot be forced. On the contrary totalitarian states can not only influence but in many cases strictly determine their citizens' social behaviour. Though there were significant differences between them, all Eastern Bloc countries were totalitarian. Their political power was absolutely centralized. They were based on a one- party system, on planned economy and even planned culture. Moreover, they declared themselves communist and according to this ideology respect for privacy was very limited. As a consequence of all this — as strange as it may seem — these political structures were or rather could have been favourable for the development of their populations' physical activity. In the second part a short history of mass sport movements in the fifties, of leisuretime sport movements in the sixties and seventies and of the introduction of "Sport for All" in the eighties in some Eastern European countries, especially in Hungary is described and analyzed. In conclusion the author deals with the present and future of the "Sport for All" movement in Eastern Europe.
On Memory-Work in the Theory of Body Culture
Authors: Sironen Esa 
Published: March 2007

In memory-work as a method, recalling minor events from the course of one's life — often from childhood - is the basis for writing narratives, in which these incidents are interpreted according to various theoretical approaches. In Jyväskylä, the method has been systematically applied to personal experiences of sport and body history. In this introductory article to the ones by Silvennoinen, Kaskisaari, Tiihonen, and partly also Veijola, the method of memory-work is analysed and located in the sociology of sport research tradition.
"A Besieged Tribe"?: Nostalgia, White Cultural Identity and the Role of Rugby in a changing South Africa
Authors: Nauright John 
Published: March 2007

South African society has been in a state of tremendous changes in recent years. These changes have been seen by many whites as a threat to their society and "way of life". South African rugby success through its national team, the Springboks, has been one of the most potent sites for the demonstration of white power and cultural identity. This paper explores actions of white rugby fans on South Africa's return to international rugby against their arch-rivals the New Zealand All Blacks in 1992 in the context of white cultural retreat into nostalgic representations of the past in resisting cultural assimilation within a black dominated new South Africa. For that moment inside the concrete bowl, it seemed like a besieged tribe had gathered to take strength in their numbers and to send, from the protected citadel, a message of defiance to their perceived persecutors. Shaun Johnson, Star, 17 August 1992. Let us, as loyal South Africans, rise in mass and shout loudly and clearly: We love our country, its flag and our national anthem, "Die Stem". We will not be forced by the ANC and its Communist associates into losing our identity. Mrs. M. Severin, Boksburg, Letter to Citizen, 20 August 1992.
Spousal Interactions in Alzheimer's Disease and Stroke Caregiving: Relationship to Care Recipients' Functional Abilities and Physical and Emotional Health
Authors: Wright Lore K. , Hickey Joanne V. , Buckwalter Kathleen C. , Kelechi Teresa , Hendrix Shirley A. 
Published: March 2007

BACKGROUND: Previous research suggests that the quantity and quality of interactions between caregivers and care recipients have an impact on health outcomes of ill per sons. Building on the work of Bowlby (1988) and Wright, Hickey, Buckwalter, and Clipp (1995), spousal interactions are conceptualized as adult attachment; it is argued that this attachment provides protective functions for ill spouses. OBJECTIVES: Our objectives in this study were to examine spousal interactions along two diver gent illness trajectories, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and stroke, and to relate time 1 spousal interactions to care recipients' time 2 functional abilities and physical and emotional health. STUDY DESIGN: This longitudinal pilot study compared 42 couples (84 spouses) equally divided between early phase AD, 12 weeks after stroke, and healthy controls. Baseline (time 1) data and 6-month follow-up data (time 2) were collected in home interviews. Measures included spousal interactions and illness characteristics of persons with AD and recipients of care after a stroke. RESULTS: AD couples reported lower quantity and quality of interactions compared with stroke couples. Spousal interactions were positively correlated to physical and emo tional health in AD care recipients and to functional abilities in stroke care recipients. Only AD care recipients' interactions were related to depression. CONCLUSIONS: Spousal interactions along the AD trajectory represented the protective function of attachment; along the stroke trajectory, reciprocal adult exchanges contin ued. (J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc [1998]. 4, 169-181)
Further evidence for the diagnostic continuity between child and adolescent ADHD
Authors: Faraone S. , Biederman J. , Monuteaux M.C. 
Published: March 2007

Objective: To determine if there are differences In the clinical expression and correlates of ADHD between children and adolescents. Method: Subjects were 811 boys and girls aged 6 to 17 with ADHD, and 132 gender- and age-matched controls. Blind raters, using DSM-111-R structured diagnostic interviews and psychometric measures, assessed psychiatric diagnoses, intellectual performance, social disability, and school failure. Results: Children and adolescents with ADHD had very similar patterns of outcome in multiple domains of assessment, including comorbidity with conduct, mood and anxiety disorders, and school functioning. There was some evidence that the rate of ODD was greater in adolescents compared to children, and that this difference was greater in the control sample. Conclusions: These findings document the diagnostic continuity of ADHD between childhood and adolescence and support the inclusion of adolescent samples in ADHD research protocols.
Ignitability of Rigid Foam Insulation
Authors: Hilado Carlos J. , Olcomendy Elaine M. 
Published: March 2007

Various samples of rigid foam plastics used as thermal insulation were evaluated for resistance to ignition by radiant heat, using the screening test method developed at the University of San Francisco. The materials were phenolic, isocyanurate, and polystyrene rigid foams. None of the four samples exhibited flaming ignition at heat flux levels up to 10.5 W/cm2 in the absence of a pilot flame. The glowing combustion exhibited by the phenolic foam may be a potential hazard.
Politics, Policy and Research Synthesis
Authors: Chelimsky Eleanor 
Published: March 2007

Speeches and Addresses is an occasional feature, not in article format, in which presentations at conferences and other public gatherings are seen as likely to be of interest to a wider audience. Sometimes these speeches and addresses will undoubtedly be contentious, in which case responses and counter-arguments are to be expected and are welcome. Contributions to this section are intended to make accessible relevant material for academic, policy-making and practitioner audiences. The following address is by Eleanor Chelimsky, who at the time it was given was Assistant Comptroller General for Program Evaluation and Methodology in the United States General Accounting Office. This was a 'Keynote Address' at the National Conference on Research Synthesis sponsored by the Russell Sage Foundation, Washington DC, in June 1994.
Political Tolerance in New Zealand
Authors: Roberts Nigel S. , Walsh Pat , Sullivan John 
Published: March 2007

Samuel Stouffer's seminal study of political tolerance in the United States made a crucial mistake when it concentrated on the civil liberties citizens would accord left-wing groups (viz., communists, socialists, and atheists) and then came to the almost tautological conclusion that left-wing people were likely to be more tolerant than people of other political persuasions. In assessing political tolerance it is essential to measure the tolerance (or lack thereof) that people have for target groups of their own choice. Consequently, a series of survey-research studies has been undertaken in America, Israel and New Zealand that centre on the groups in politics that the individuals interviewed liked the least. This paper reports on the results of the New Zealand study. The unpopular groups in New Zealand politics are outlined, and the ideological consistency of the survey's respondents with respect to their selection of least-liked groups assessed. The wider implications of the findings are considered in the concluding section of the paper.
The Changing Pattern of Refuse Disposal: Its Effect On Vehicle Design
Authors: Walker Clive B. 
Published: March 2007

Examination of how and why refuse-disposal methods are changing is followed by consideration of correct vehicle design for two recent consequences : bulk initial collection and bulk transport to ultimate disposal. More refuse now has to be removed from more widely scattered housing, and destructor plants are expensive. Controlled tipping restores the dwindling amount of available land, but increasingly necessitates long distance hauls. Bulk collection by the large refuse-container method applies modern mechanical handling and bulk-handling technique, effecting improved hygiene, solving labour problems and substantially cutting costs. Promising possibilities of wide application of bulk collecting vehicles and also their design are discussed. For long distance disposal, collecting vehicle loads should be transferred to bulk transporters. Of the various methods of bulk transport by land or water, large capacity road vehicles have great advantages now that they are available, self-contained or as trailers, up to forty cubic yards capacity —this being made possible by horizontal discharge. Various types and important principles of their design are discussed. Costs are shown to be very favourable. Thanks to co-operation between operators and specialist firms, this country leads the world in the development of these two new methods which play an important and increasing part in the pattern of future refuse disposal.
Primary School Size and Pupil Attitudes: Small Is Happy?
Authors: Francis Leslie J. 
Published: March 2007

In this paper, Leslie Francis, Mansel Jones Fellow of Trinity College, Carmarthen, reports on the findings of a study which explores the attitudes of pupils to schools of different size. A semantic differentiated scale of attitude towards school was completed by 4,746 pupils from 192 primary or junior schools. Those attending schools of 60 or fewer pupils were found to be significantly more positive in their attitudes than those attending larger schools.
Approaches to Value Research and Value Measurement
Authors: Suhonen Pertti 
Published: March 2007

Empincal value research is currently enjoying a renaissance. Attempts to survey people's values have proliferated since the 1970s, and their theoretical weight has increased; the concept of social values has acquired new promi nence in the social sciences For example, in his most recent works Jurgen Habermas draws extensively on empincal research into values. It is my intention in this article to criticize Ronald Inglehart's empirical theory of what he calls a value revolution, and to assess the usefulness of this theory in social scientific analysis. I shall then compare Inglehart with the line of empirical value research onginally developed by Milton Rokeach. Finally, there is a brief introduction to a study of the value systems of Finnish people that was based on Rokeach's model.
Introduction to Military Theory
Authors: Lider Julian 
Published: March 2007

Lider, J. Introduction to Military Theory. Cooperation and Conflict, XV, 1980, 151-168. This article is an introduction to a comprehensive study on the concept of military theory, its scope, structure, and main problems. The author assumes that military theory should and could be treated as a scientific discipline and uses the term 'theory' as including both the study of military affairs and its findings in a generalized form. Military theory answers three questions: What is war and military force; how is military force successfully to be used; and how should one prepare military force for such a successful use. An interrelated question is how war is to be prevented, or, to put it in a military framework, how one should use military force for the prevention of war.