bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wide-Coverage Efficient Statistical Parsing with CCG and Log-Linear Models
Authors: Clark Stephen , Curran James R. 
Published: December 2007

This article describes a number of log-linear parsing models for an automatically extracted lexicalized grammar. The models are “full” parsing models in the sense that probabilities are defined for complete parses, rather than for independent events derived by decomposing the parse tree. Discriminative training is used to estimate the models, which requires incorrect parses for each sentence in the training data as well as the correct parse. The lexicalized grammar formalism used is Combinatory Categorial Grammar (CCG), and the grammar is automatically extracted from CCGbank, a CCG version of the Penn Treebank. The combination of discriminative training and an automatically extracted grammar leads to a significant memory requirement (up to 25 GB), which is satisfied using a parallel implementation of the BFGS optimization algorithm running on a Beowulf cluster. Dynamic programming over a packed chart, in combination with the parallel implementation, allows us to solve one of the largest-scale estimation problems in the statistical parsing literature in under three hours. A key component of the parsing system, for both training and testing, is a Maximum Entropy supertagger which assigns CCG lexical categories to words in a sentence. The supertagger makes the discriminative training feasible, and also leads to a highly efficient parser. Surprisingly, given CCG's “spurious ambiguity,” the parsing speeds are significantly higher than those reported for comparable parsers in the literature. We also extend the existing parsing techniques for CCG by developing a new model and efficient parsing algorithm which exploits all derivations, including CCG's nonstandard derivations. This model and parsing algorithm, when combined with normal-form constraints, give state-of-the-art accuracy for the recovery of predicate-argument dependencies from CCGbank. The parser is also evaluated on DepBank and compared against the RASP parser, outperforming RASP overall and on the majority of relation types. The evaluation on DepBank raises a number of issues regarding parser evaluation. This article provides a comprehensive blueprint for building a wide-coverage CCG parser. We demonstrate that both accurate and highly efficient parsing is possible with CCG.
Rape in Maliki Legal Doctrine and Practice (8th–15th Centuries C.E.)
Authors: Serrano Delfina 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis paper draws on a series of texts written by jurists of the Maliki School of Law between the 8th and the 15th century. The variety of these sources and their examination in chronological order makes it possible to sketch different stages of elaboration and observing the relationship between doctrinal development and legal practice within the Maliki School of that period. My conclusion is that Maliki doctrine on rape was far from being monolithic, and that it changed over time as a result of a series of efforts to accommodate social demands and on the grounds of rationality, equity and justice.
Idrah'ū l-hudūd bi-l-shubuhāt: When Lawful Violence Meets Doubt
Authors: Fierro Maribel 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis article explores the origin and diffusion of the legal saying, which stated that God's sanctions were not to be applied in cases where there was room for doubt (idra'ū l-hudūd bi-l-shubuhāt), and how it was transformed into a Prophetic saying that was employed mainly by Hanafis and Mālikīs, and rejected by the Hanbalīs and the Zāhirī Ibn Hazm. Behind these developments there is the tension between two equally compelling needs in the early Islamic period: on the one hand, the desire to avoid as much as possible imposition of the severe hadd penalties; on the other hand, the fact that such avoidance usually played in favour of the rich and the powerful.
"Asbab l'il-darb ktir basita": The Legality of Claims of Violence During Judicial Divorce Cases in Damascus
Authors: Carlisle Jessica 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThrough observations of Damascus shari'a (or Muslim family) court processing of three recent judicial divorce cases, this paper analyses court personnel's evaluations of the veracity and legal implications of allegations of domestic violence. These accusations are not articulated as a justification for judicial rulings granting divorces to female claimants in the court's files. However, despite the fact that the issue is not recorded in the paper work, allegations of physical and psychological abuse are not marginalised or ignored by the court. These claims both contribute to establishing the legally established conditions for the granting of a judicial divorce and may also be a factor in the courts ruling on what financial settlement is entailed by the termination of the marriage.Court procedure appoints professional arbiters to hear judicial divorce claims in private sessions, and allows them considerable discretion in processing these cases since their recommendations do not have to be substantiated in their final report to the judge. It is only through observation of the arbiters' work, therefore, that conclusions can be drawn regarding the norms that contribute to their recommendations to the court. Although they often make strenuous attempts to reconcile spouses, arbiters routinely grant persistent claims and award signifiant financial entitlements. In making their recommendations, arbiters are influenced by several factors; the kinds of evidence offered to substantiate a claim, social definitions of violent acts, the nature of specific claims, pragmatism regarding the spouses'financial circumstances and the expectations of the judicial culture. These three cases demonstrate the complexity and unpredictability of the processing of cases and support the conclusion that judicial divorce claims receive a sympathetic hearing in the court.
Alexander's gloss: about Azo, Revigny, and a horse stable
Authors: Bezemer Kees 
Published: December 2007

AbstractNot many medieval authors have quoted Azo's so-called Lectura Codicis. Those who did, referred to it as a work of Alexander (de Sancto-Egidio). A passage in Jacques de Revigny's lecture on the Code shows that he knew it as Alexander's gloss.
H. Craig Heller
Authors: Mays Hoopes Laura L. 
Published: December 2007

Note from the Editor Educator Highlights for CBE—Life Sciences Education show how professors at different kinds of institutions educate students in life sciences with inspiration and panache. If you have a particularly creative teaching portfolio yourself, or if you wish to nominate an inspiring colleague to be profiled, please e-mail Laura Hoopes at lhoopes@pomona.edu .
Contribution of kinematic field measurements to the modelling of the Portevin-Le Chaâtelier effect by the image correlation method
Authors: Bouabdallah K , Balland P , Tabourot L , Vacher P 
Published: December 2007

As various studies have developed the modelling of the Portevin-Le Chaâtelier (PLC) phenomenon, the geometrical characteristics and the kinematics of the associated bands need to be experimentally evaluated to provide data for the models. This paper outlines the interest in a new experimental method which uses the measurement of the displacement field by image correlation. With the aim of emphasizing the power of this experimental tool, the characterization of continuous propagation of PLC bands, known as type A, has been chosen. Parameters such as the width of the band, the propagation velocity, and above all the distribution of the deformation inside the band have been experimentally determined by examining the kinematic field on the whole surface of the sample during a tensile test. This method is very accurate and could be a very useful tool for simulations with finite element code at two levels. Firstly, it leads to the experimental determination of geometrical parameters of the bands which are parameters of the analytical models. Secondly, it enables the kinematic fields to be quantified everywhere on the sample (inside and outside the bands), which is very useful for the validation of finite element simulations.
Adhesion of endothelial cells using self-assembly peptides under precise deformation control of tissue-engineered vessels
Authors: Xu J , Zhou X , Ge H , Zhao Y 
Published: December 2007

The objective of this study was to anchor endothelial cells using self-assembly peptides under precise deformation control of tissue-engineered vessels. An acelluarized vascular matrix was used as the control group to examine the function of self-assembly peptides. In the experiment group, the self-assembly peptides were added to the inner surface of tissue-engineered vessels to form a monolayer. Then the endothelial cells were injected into the vascular lumen. A deformation control system was developed which was based on real-time image analysis and feedback control system. After dynamic culture by different deformation (set points 1, 5, and 10 per cent), the endothelial cell densities of experimental and control groups were compared. Both the self-assembly peptides and the extent of deformation affected the endothelial cell density on the inner surface of tissue-engineered vessels. The construct with self-assembly peptides under 5 per cent deformation gained the highest endothelial cell density. It was concluded that the deformation of assembled peptides contributes to the development and adhesion of endothelial cells in the inner surface of tissue-engineered vessels.
Deactivation of a diesel oxidation catalyst due to exhaust species from rich premixed compression ignition combustion in a light-duty diesel engine
Authors: Northrop W F , Jacobs T J , Assanis D N , Bohac S V 
Published: December 2007

Low-temperature premixed-charge compression ignition (PCI) can significantly reduce both nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide (NO x) and particulate matter emissions in compression ignition engines through a range of engine operating conditions. Exhaust hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide can be removed with a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC). Although PCI normally utilizes a globally fuel-lean mixture, it is independent of equivalence ratio provided that local combustion temperatures are sufficiently low. A more fuel-rich PCI mode of operation could be useful in exhaust after-treatment strategies such as providing carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons for regeneration of a lean NO x trap (LNT). In a previous study, it was found that a rich PCI strategy deactivates a platinum-based DOC within seconds and may allow excessive harmful emissions to be passed into the environment. This study attempts to quantify the effects of different species representative of those found in rich PCI exhaust on a platinum-based DOC in a background of exhaust from an engine operating in a lean PCI regime. Excess carbon monoxide, propane, propylene, and methane were injected in varying concentrations while catalyst outlet temperature, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbon conversion were measured for a period of 200 s. Of the injected species, it is shown that propylene has the greatest deactivation effect on the catalyst followed by carbon monoxide, both in terms of time and concentration. Propane is found not to deactivate the catalyst even in very globally fuel-rich conditions whereas methane acts as an inert gas over the catalyst in the temperature range of interest. It is concluded from the study that high concentrations of carbon monoxide do not act alone in the poisoning process for the rich PCI condition. The presence of some partial oxidation products such as unsaturated hydrocarbons can also have an adverse effect on DOC performance.
A Novel TTF-based Electron-donor with Imidazole-annelation Having Hydrogen-bonding and Proton-transfer Abilities
Authors: Morita Yasushi , Yamamoto Yosuke , Yakiyama Yumi , Murata Tsuyoshi , Nakasuji Kazuhiro 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A TTF derivative with an imidazole-annelation having hydrogen-bond and proton-donor/acceptor abilities was newly synthesized. The donor formed a two-dimensional structure by hydrogen-bonds and π stacks in the crystal. The imidazole-annelation increased the electron-donating ability of the donor.
Lewis Base Catalyzed 1,3-Dithiane Addition to Carbonyl Compounds Using 2-Trimethylsilyl-1,3-dithiane
Authors: Michida Makoto , Mukaiyama Teruaki 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
1,3-Dithiane addition to various aldehydes and ketones using 2-trimethylsilyl-1,3-dithiane in the presence of a catalytic amount of a Lewis base such as tetrabutylammonium phenoxide (PhONn-Bu4) proceeds smoothly to afford the corresponding α-hydroxy dithiane compounds in good to high yields under mild conditions.
Intermediate-range Order in Mesoporous Silicas Investigated by a High-energy X-ray Diffraction Technique
Authors: Wakihara Toru , Fan Wei , Kohara Shinji , Ogura Masaru , Sankar Gopinathan , Okubo Tatsuya 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
We perform a high-energy X-ray diffraction study comparing bulk amorphous silica with MCM-41 and SBA-15 that are representative mesoporous silicas prepared in basic and acidic conditions, respectively. It is revealed that mesoporous silicas, especially SBA-15, have less ordered structures and contain larger fractions of three- and four-membered rings than does bulk amorphous silica.
Quasi-solid Polymer Electrolytes Based on Polyacrylonitrile and Plasticizers for Indoline Dye Sensitized Solar Cells of Efficiency 5.3%
Authors: Ileperuma Oliver A , Kumara G R Asoka , Murakami Kenji 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Fabrication of quasi-solid solar cells based on nanostructured TiO2 sensitized by the organic dye indoline is reported here. The electrolyte is based on polyacrylonitrile polymer with ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate as plasticizers incorporating tetrabutylammonium iodide (0.70 M) and iodine (0.14 M). A conversion efficiency of 5.3% was achieved under AM 1.5 irradiation (100 mW cm−2).
Deuteration and Dimerization of Acetylene with a Nieuwland Catalyst in Deuterium Oxide
Authors: Tachiyama Takashi , Yoshida Makoto , Aoyagi Tatsuhiro , Fukuzumi Shunichi 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Efficient deuteration and dimerization of acetylene have been readily attained in deuterium oxide with a Nieuwland catalyst which is practically used for dimerization of acetylene.
Separation of AmIII from EuIII Using an Improved System of Flow-counterbalanced Capillary Electrophoresis
Authors: Mori Tomotaka , Ishii Yasuo , Hayashi Kazunori , Yanaga Makoto , Satoh Isamu , Suganuma Hideo 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Separation of 241AmIII from 152,154EuIII was carried out using an improved system of flow-counterbalanced capillary electrophoresis in a thiocyanate medium. In this system, EuIII was electrophoresed in the opposite direction to AmIII due to a combination of (1) the difference in the moving velocities of EuIII and AmIII, and (2) a constant flow in the capillary caused by a difference in the water levels of the inlet and outlet of the sample solution.
One-step Synthesis of Dibutyl Furandicarboxylates from Galactaric Acid
Authors: Taguchi Yoichi , Oishi Akihiro , Iida Hiroshi 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Dibutyl 2,5-furandicarboxylate (2) and dibutyl 2,3-furandicarboxylate (3) were synthesized using one step from galactaric acid and 1-butanol. Sulfuric acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, and heteropolyacids were good catalysts for the reaction. The reaction time was dependent on the amount of the catalyst, but the final yields of the main product, 2 remained unchanged.
Synthesis of Staudinger-type Molecular Probe for Catch-and-release Purification of the Binding Protein for Potassium Isolespedezate, a Leaf-closing Substance of Leguminous Plant
Authors: Fujii Tomohiko , Kato Nobuki , Iwakura Izumi , Manabe Yoshiyuki , Ueda Minoru 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
We synthesized azide-containing photoaffinity probe 1 based on the structure of potassium isolespedezate. This probe can be used for catch-and-release-mechanism purification of binding protein for 1: photo-crosslinking with 1 gave azide-labeled receptor which can be captured by phosphane-linked gel matrix by the Staudinger ligation. After washing the gel, the caught binding protein can be released by the reductive cleavage of disulfide bond in 1. This process can be used as a convenient method for the purification of binding protein for bioactive natural product.
Sensitivity in cancer screening
Authors: Hakama Matti , Auvinen Anssi , Day Nicholas E , Miller Anthony B 
Published: December 2007

Objective: We propose three concepts of sensitivity in cancer screening and apply to data on prostate cancer. Conceptual entities: Sensitivity is the indicator on the ability of screening to find cancer in the detectable preclinical phase (DPCP). The ability is usually specified as to the screening test. We call this entity the test sensitivity. Test positivity with histological confirmation refers to the full diagnostic process and we call the corresponding entity as episode sensitivity. Ultimately, a screening programme identifies a proportion of cancers in the DPCP in the total target population, that we call programme sensitivity. We derive the formulae for these three sensitivities consistent with the incidence method. Example: Our example on estimation of the three sensitivities is from a randomized screening trial for prostate cancer in Finland. The estimates by incidence method were substantially different, 85% for test sensitivity, 48% for episode sensitivity and 36% for programme sensitivity. Conclusion: More than one concept of sensitivity with standard method of estimation is needed to describe the ability of screening to identify the disease in the DPCP.
Is NESTROFT sufficient for mass screening for β-thalassaemia trait?
Authors: Mamtani Manju , Das Kishalaya , Jawahirani Anil , Rughwani Vinky , Kulkarni Hemant 
Published: December 2007

Objectives: Prevention of β-thalassaemia trait will, for the foreseeable future, hinge on effective screening strategies. Routine use of haematological data from automated cell counters may complement the results of the Naked Eye Single Tube Red cell Osmotic Fragility Test (NESTROFT), especially because of the high cost of a false-negative error. Our objective was to assess the potential additive value of routine haematological data in screening for β-thalassaemia trait. Settings: Community survey of asymptomatic volunteers. Methods: Using the NESTROFT results, haematological data and haemoglobin A2 concentration from 1435 young, asymptomatic Sindhi subjects recruited in a population-based survey, and statistical analysis by classification tree approach, we examined whether haematological parameters have discriminatory utility additional to that of NESTROFT in screening for β-thalassaemia trait. Results: We observed that in the derivation subset from which the classification tree was generated, there was only a marginal – albeit statistically significant – improvement in the screening performance of NESTROFT, whereas there was no such improvement attributable to the use of haematological parameters in a separate validation subset. Conclusion: Our results further substantiate the claim that the use of NESTROFT is highly indicated for screening for β-thalassaemia trait in regions where the prevalence is high and the resources are constrained.
In Vivo Determination of Bone Structure in Postmenopausal Women: A Comparison of HR-pQCT and High-Field MR Imaging
Authors: Kazakia Galateia J , Hyun Benedict , Burghardt Andrew J , Krug Roland , Newitt David C , de Papp Anne E , Link Thomas M , Majumdar Sharmila 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Bone structural measures obtained by two noninvasive imaging tools—3T MRI and HR-pQCT—were compared. Significant but moderate correlations and 2- to 4-fold discrepancies in parameter values were detected, suggesting that differences in acquisition and analysis must be considered when interpreting data from these imaging modalities.
Introduction: High-field MRI and high resolution (HR)-pQCT are currently being used in longitudinal bone structure studies. Substantial differences in acquisition and analysis between these modalities may influence the quantitative data produced and could potentially influence clinical decisions based on their results. Our goal was to compare trabecular and cortical bone structural measures obtained in vivo by 3T MRI and HR-pQCT.
Materials and Methods: Postmenopausal osteopenic women (n = 52) were recruited for this study. HR-pQCT imaging of the radius and tibia was performed using the XtremeCT scanner, with a voxel size of 82 × 82 × 82 μm3. MR imaging was performed on a 3T Signa scanner using SSFP imaging sequences, with a pixel size of 156 × 156 μm2 and slice thickness of 500 μm. Structure parameters were calculated using standard HR-pQCT and MRI analysis techniques. Relationships between measures derived from HR-pQCT, MRI, and DXA were studied.
Results: Significant correlations between HR-pQCT and MRI parameters were found (p &lt; 0.0001) and were strongest for Tb.N (r2 = 0.52), Ct.Th (r2 = 0.59), and site-specific Tb.Sp (r2 = 0.54–0.60). MRI and HR-pQCT provided statistically different values of structure parameters (p &lt; 0.0001), with BV/TV and Tb.Th exhibiting the largest discrepancies (MR/HR-pQCT = 3–4). Although differences in the Tb.N values were statistically significant, the mean differences were on the order of our reproducibility measurements. Systematic differences between MRI and HR-pQCT analysis procedures leading to discrepancies in cortical thickness values were observed, with MRI values consistently higher. Minimal correlations were found between MRI or HR-pQCT parameters and DXA BMD or T-score, except between HR-pQCT measures at the radius and the ultradistal radius T-scores, where moderate correlations were found (r2 = 0.19–0.58).
Conclusions: This study provides unique insight into two emerging noninvasive tools for bone structure evaluation. Our findings highlight the significant influence of analysis technique on results of in vivo assessment and underscore the importance of accounting for these differences when interpreting results from these modalities.
Twitch Radical
S
‐adenosyl‐
l
‐methionine Alcohol Dehydrogenases
Authors: Zheng Ziyang , Lee Yu‐Hsuan , Ruszczycky Mark W , Ushimaru Richiro , Liu Hung‐Wen 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Radical
S
‐adenosyl‐
l
‐methionine (SAM) enzymes are currently the largest known group of metalloenzymes. These enzymes catalyze an extraordinarily broad range of chemical reactions via radical‐mediated catalytic cycles that begin with the reductive cleavage of SAM by an active site [Fe
4
S
4
] cluster. The twitch subgroup of radical SAM enzymes also binds a second, auxiliary [Fe
4
S
4
] cluster, which is believed to participate in the reaction though its precise catalytic role remains uncertain. Like their parent group, the twitch radical SAM enzymes are also known to catalyze several different types of reactions acting as epimerases, dehydrogenases, and lyases. Currently, two twitch radical SAM alcohol dehydrogenases have been characterized
in vitro
. The first is BtrN, which catalyzes the dehydrogenation of 2‐deoxy‐
scyllo
‐inosamine to yield 3‐amino‐2,3‐dideoxy‐
scyllo
‐inosose during the biosynthesis of the aminoglycoside antibiotics butirosin A and B. The second is SpeY, which catalyzes the dehydrogenation of (2′
R
,3′
S
)‐tetrahydrospectinomycin and thereby facilitates formation of the dioxane bridge in spectinomycin, which is another aminoglycoside natural product. Moreover, SpeY is related to HygY from the hygromycin B biosynthetic pathway that normally operates as a twitch radical SAM epimerase on a substrate structurally similar to that of SpeY. The activities of these homologs can be interchanged via the mutation of a single homologous cysteine/serine residue thereby converting the HygY mutant into a twitch alcohol dehydrogenase as well. Much work has been done to characterize the structures and mechanisms of these enzymes and is summarized here; however, many questions still remain for future investigation.