bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biotype status and genetic polymorphism of the whiteflyBemisia tabaci(Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in Greece: mitochondrial DNA and microsatellites
Authors: Tsagkarakou A. , Tsigenopoulos C.S. , Gorman K. , Lagnel J. , Bedford I.D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe genetic polymorphism and the biotype identity of the tobacco whiteflyBemisia tabaci(Gennadius) have been studied in population samples taken from different localities within Greece from cultivated plants growing in greenhouses or in open environments and from non-cultivated plants. Two different approaches were used: sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (mtCOI) gene and genotyping using microsatellite markers. Analyses of the mtCOI sequences revealed a high homogeneity between the Greek samples which clustered together with Q biotype samples that had been collected from other countries. When genetic polymorphism was examined using six microsatellite markers, the Greek samples, which were all characterized as Q biotype were significantly differentiated from each other and clustered into at least two distinct genetic populations. Moreover, based on the fixed differences revealed by the mtCOI comparison of knownB. tabacibiotype sequences, two diagnostic tests for discriminating between Q and B and non-Q/non-B biotypes were developed. Implementation of these diagnostic tools allowed an absence of the B biotype and presence of the Q biotype in the Greek samples to be determined.
Identification of taeniid eggs in the faeces from carnivores based on multiplex PCR using targets in mitochondrial DNA
Authors: TRACHSEL D. , DEPLAZES P. , MATHIS A. 
Published: February 2007

SUMMARYA multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was evaluated for the identification of morphologically indistinguishable eggs of the taeniid tapeworms from carnivores using primers targeting mitochondrial genes. The primers forEchinococcus multilocularis(amplicon size 395 bp) were species-specific as assessed byin silicoanalysis and in the PCR using well-defined control samples. The design of primers that specifically amplify DNA fromE. granulosusorTaeniaspp. was not possible. The primers designed forE. granulosusalso amplified DNA (117 bp) fromE. vogeli, and those designed forTaeniaspp. amplified products (267 bp) from species ofMesocestoides,DipylidiumandDiphyllobothrium. Nevertheless, as our diagnostic approach includes the concentration of taeniid eggs by sequential sieving and flotation, followed by their morphological detection, this non-specificity has limited practical importance. Sequence analysis of the corresponding amplicon can identify most of the describedE. granulosusgenotypes.Taeniaspp. can be identified by direct sequencing of the 267 bp amplicon, or, for most species, by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. The multiplex PCR was readily able to detect 1 egg (estimated to contain 7000 targets, as determined by quantitative PCR). Having been validated using a panel of well-defined samples from carnivores with known infection status, this approach proved to be useful for the identification of taeniid eggs from both individual animals and for epidemiological studies.
The spectrum of suicidal ideation in Great Britain: comparisons across a 16–74 years age range
Authors: DENNIS MICHAEL , BAILLON SARAH , BRUGHA TRAOLACH , LINDESAY JAMES , STEWART ROBERT , MELTZER HOWARD 
Published: February 2007

Background. Previous studies have examined suicidal ideation in older populations and emphasized the strong association with the presence of psychiatric disorder. However, associations with the presence of psychiatric disorder across the age range are unclear. Representative epidemiological estimates are needed.Method. In a national survey of psychiatric morbidity in Great Britain, 8580 randomly selected adults were interviewed. Three questions were asked to assess suicidal ideation, and psychiatric disorder was identified using the revised Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS-R).Results. Suicidal ideation was up to three times commoner in younger adults than in those aged 55–74 years but the odds of depression in those with suicidal thoughts was significantly greater in the older age group (p<0·01). Tiredness with life (p<0·01) and thoughts of death (p<0·01) were also more strongly associated with depression in the older age group. Other major associations of suicidal ideation for all ages were: smaller social support group, being divorced or separated, poor self-rated general health, and limitations in activities of daily living (ADL). Being single was an important factor for younger age groups, and widowhood for older people. Life events were also important in younger people, but not in those aged 55–74 years.Conclusions. Suicidal thoughts and death wishes are comparatively more unusual in older people; however, they are more likely to be associated with clinical depression. In terms of suicide prevention this study emphasizes the importance of improving rates of recognition and treatment of depression in older people.
Distribution ofemmgenotypes among group A streptococcus isolates from patients with severe invasive streptococcal infections in Japan, 2001–2005
Authors: IKEBE T. , HIRASAWA K. , SUZUKI R. , OHYA H. , ISOBE J. , TANAKA D. , KATSUKAWA C. , KAWAHARA R. , TOMITA M. , OGATA K. , ENDOH M. , OKUNO R. , TADA Y. , OKABE N. , WATANABE H. ,   the Working Group for Beta-haemolytic Streptococci in Japan
Published: February 2007

SUMMARYWe surveyedemmgenotypes of group A streptococcus (GAS) isolates from patients with severe invasive streptococcal infections during 2001–2005 and compared their prevalence with that of the preceding 5 years. Genotypeemm1remained dominant throughout 2001 to 2005, but the frequency rate of this type decreased compared with the earlier period. Various otheremmtypes have appeared in recent years indicating alterations in the prevalent strains causing severe invasive streptococcal infections. The cover of the new 26-valent GAS vaccine fell from 93·5% for genotypes of isolates from 1996–2000 to 81·8% in 2001–2005.
A comparison between two logical formalisms for rewriting
Authors: PALOMINO MIGUEL 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMeseguer's rewriting logic and the rewriting logic CRWL are two well-known approaches to rewriting as logical deduction that, despite some clear similarities, were designed with different objectives. Here we study the relationships between them, both at a syntactic and at a semantic level. Even though it is not possible to establish an entailment system map between them, both can be naturally simulated in each other. Semantically, there is no embedding between the corresponding institutions. Along the way, the notions of entailment and satisfaction in Meseguer's rewriting logic are generalized.
In vivo evaluation of the trabecular bone behavior to porous electrostatic spray deposition‐derived calcium phosphate coatings
Authors: Siebers Marijke C. , Wolke Joop G. C. , Frank Walboomers X. , Leeuwenburgh Sander C. G. , Jansen John A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractObjectives: Electrostatic spray deposition (ESD) is a new technique to deposit calcium phosphate (CaP) coatings. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the bone behavior of ESD CaP‐coated implants with various degrees of crystallinities in the trabecular bone of the femoral condyle of goats.Material and methods: Using the ESD technique, thin porous CaP coatings were deposited on tapered, conical, screw‐shaped titanium implants. Three different heat‐treatments were applied, resulting in amorphous CaP (400°C, ESD1), crystalline carbonate apatite (500°C, ESD2), and crystalline carbonated hydroxyapatite (700°C, ESD3). Implants were inserted into the trabecular bone of the femoral condyles of goats for 12 weeks, and titanium (Ti) implants served as controls.Results: The results showed that ESD‐derived coatings are osteocompatible. Histomorphometrical analysis showed that the application of a CaP coating resulted in more bone contact along the press‐fit area of the implant compared with the Ti implants. Moreover, the percentage bone contact of the ESD3‐coated implants was increased, compared with the Ti control group. Regarding the other coatings, no differences were found compared with the control group.Conclusion: Crystalline carbonated hydroxyapatite ESD‐coated implants positively influenced the biological performance compared with Ti control implants.
A Multimodel Update on the Detection and Attribution of Global Surface Warming
Authors: Stone DáithíA. , Allen Myles R. , Stott Peter A. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This paper presents an update on the detection and attribution of global annual mean surface air temperature changes, using recently developed climate models. In particular, it applies a new methodology that permits the inclusion of many more general circulation models (GCMs) into the analysis, and it also includes more recent observations. This methodology involves fitting a series of energy balance models (EBMs) to the GCM output in order to estimate the temporal response patterns to the various forcings.
Despite considerable spread in estimated EBM parameters, characteristics of model performance, such as the transient climate response, appear to be more constrained for each of the forcings. The resulting estimated response patterns are provided as input to the standard fingerprinting method used in previous studies. The estimated GCM responses to changes in greenhouse gases are detected in the observed record for all of the GCMs, and are generally found to be consistent with the observed changes; the same is generally true for the responses to changes in stratospheric aerosols from volcanic eruptions. GCM responses to changes in tropospheric sulfate aerosols and solar irradiance also appear consistent with the observed record, although the uncertainty is larger. Greenhouse gas and solar irradiance changes are found to have contributed to a best guess of ∼0.8 and ∼0.3 K warming over the 1901–2005 period, respectively, while sulfate aerosols have contributed a ∼0.4 K cooling. This analysis provides an observationally constrained estimate of future warming, which is found to be fairly robust across GCMs. By 2100, a warming of between about 1.5 and 4.5 K can be expected according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) A1B emissions scenario.
These results indicate an emerging constraint for global mean surface temperature responses to external forcings across GCMs, which is corroborated in the observed record. This implies that observationally constrained estimates of past warming and predictions of future warming are indeed becoming robust.
The Detection and Attribution of Climate Change Using an Ensemble of Opportunity
Authors: Stone DáithíA. , Allen Myles R. , Selten Frank , Kliphuis Michael , Stott Peter A. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
The detection and attribution of climate change in the observed record play a central role in synthesizing knowledge of the climate system. Unfortunately, the traditional method for detecting and attributing changes due to multiple forcings requires large numbers of general circulation model (GCM) simulations incorporating different initial conditions and forcing scenarios, and these have only been performed with a small number of GCMs. This paper presents an extension to the fingerprinting technique that permits the inclusion of GCMs in the multisignal analysis of surface temperature even when the required families of ensembles have not been generated. This is achieved by fitting a series of energy balance models (EBMs) to the GCM output in order to estimate the temporal response patterns to the various forcings.
This methodology is applied to the very large Challenge ensemble of 62 simulations of historical climate conducted with the NCAR Community Climate System Model version 1.4 (CCSM1.4) GCM, as well as some simulations from other GCMs. Considerable uncertainty exists in the estimates of the parameters in fitted EBMs. Nevertheless, temporal response patterns from these EBMs are more reliable and the combined EBM time series closely mimics the GCM in the context of transient forcing. In particular, detection and attribution results from this technique appear self-consistent and consistent with results from other methods provided that all major forcings are included in the analysis.
Using this technique on the Challenge ensemble, the estimated responses to changes in greenhouse gases, tropospheric sulfate aerosols, and stratospheric volcanic aerosols are all detected in the observed record, and the responses to the greenhouse gases and tropospheric sulfate aerosols are both consistent with the observed record without a scaling of the amplitude being required. The result is that the temperature difference of the 1996–2005 decade relative to the 1940–49 decade can be attributed to greenhouse gas emissions, with a partially offsetting cooling from sulfate emissions and little contribution from natural sources.
The results support the viability of the new methodology as an extension to current analysis tools for the detection and attribution of climate change, which will allow the inclusion of many more GCMs. Shortcomings remain, however, and so it should not be considered a replacement to traditional techniques.
A Survey of Changes in Cloud Cover and Cloud Types over Land from Surface Observations, 1971–96
Authors: Warren Stephen G. , Eastman Ryan M. , Hahn Carole J. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
From a dataset of weather observations from land stations worldwide, about 5400 stations were selected as having long periods of record with cloud-type information; they cover all continents and many islands. About 185 million synoptic reports were analyzed for total cloud cover and the amounts of nine different cloud types, for the 26-yr period 1971–96. Monthly and seasonal averages were formed for day and night separately.
Time series of total-cloud-cover anomalies for individual continents show a large decrease for South America, small decreases for Eurasia and Africa, and no trend for North America. The largest interannual variations (2.7%) are found for Australia, which is strongly influenced by ENSO. The zonal average trends of total cloud cover are positive in the Arctic winter and spring, 60°–80°N, but negative in all seasons at most other latitudes. The global average trend of total cloud cover over land is small, −0.7% decade−1, offsetting the small positive trend that had been found for the ocean, and resulting in no significant trend for the land–ocean average.
Significant regional trends are found for many cloud types. The night trends agree with day trends for total cloud cover and for all cloud types except cumulus. Cirrus trends are generally negative over all continents. A previously reported decline in total cloud cover over China and its neighbors appears to be largely attributable to high and middle clouds. Global trends of the cloud types exhibit trade-offs, with convective cloud types increasing at the expense of stratiform clouds, in both the low and middle levels.
Interannual variations over Europe, particularly of nimbostratus, are well correlated with the North Atlantic Oscillation; significant correlations are also found across northern Asia. Interannual variations in many parts of the Tropics are well correlated with an ENSO index. Little correlation was found with an index of smoke aerosol, in seven regions of seasonal biomass burning.
In the middle latitudes of both hemispheres, seasonal anomalies of cloud cover are positively correlated with surface temperature in winter and negatively correlated in summer, as expected if the direction of causality is from clouds to temperature.
Can Wavelets Improve the Representation of Forecast Error Covariances in Variational Data Assimilation?
Authors: Bannister Ross N. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Two wavelet-based control variable transform schemes are described and are used to model some important features of forecast error statistics for use in variational data assimilation. The first is a conventional wavelet scheme and the other is an approximation of it. Their ability to capture the position and scale-dependent aspects of covariance structures is tested in a two-dimensional latitude–height context. This is done by comparing the covariance structures implied by the wavelet schemes with those found from the explicit forecast error covariance matrix, and with a non-wavelet-based covariance scheme used currently in an operational assimilation scheme. Qualitatively, the wavelet-based schemes show potential at modeling forecast error statistics well without giving preference to either position or scale-dependent aspects. The degree of spectral representation can be controlled by changing the number of spectral bands in the schemes, and the least number of bands that achieves adequate results is found for the model domain used. Evidence is found of a trade-off between the localization of features in positional and spectral spaces when the number of bands is changed. By examining implied covariance diagnostics, the wavelet-based schemes are found, on the whole, to give results that are closer to diagnostics found from the explicit matrix than from the nonwavelet scheme. Even though the nature of the covariances has the right qualities in spectral space, variances are found to be too low at some wavenumbers and vertical correlation length scales are found to be too long at most scales. The wavelet schemes are found to be good at resolving variations in position and scale-dependent horizontal length scales, although the length scales reproduced are usually too short. The second of the wavelet-based schemes is often found to be better than the first in some important respects, but, unlike the first, it has no exact inverse transform.
The Characteristics of Key Analysis Errors. Part II: The Importance of the PV Corrections and the Impact of Balance
Authors: Caron Jean-François , Yau M. K. , Laroche Stéphane , Zwack Peter 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This study examines a few approaches to isolate the balanced component of the initial corrections from the Canadian Meteorological Centre energy-norm-based key analysis error algorithm, in an attempt to capture the part of the key analysis errors responsible for short-range forecast errors. The best results were obtained with the nonlinear balance potential vorticity (PV) inversion technique. It was shown that the PV component of the initial corrections contains the essential information for reducing short-range forecast errors. The remaining imbalance part of the initial corrections does not grow in time and does not contribute to the improvement of the forecast. The removal of the imbalance part of the initial corrections makes the corrected analysis slightly closer to the observations, but remains systematically farther away as compared with the original analysis. Thus the balanced part of the key analysis errors cannot justifiably be associated to analysis errors. A methodology to balance the divergent part of the initial corrections, which reduces significantly the spinup in the vertical motion corrections, is also presented. Finally, in light of the results presented in this paper, some recommendations to improve the key analysis error algorithm are proposed.
A Synoptic–Dynamic Model of Subseasonal Atmospheric Variability
Authors: Weickmann Klaus , Berry Edward 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
A global synoptic–dynamic model (GSDM) of subseasonal variability is proposed to provide a framework for real-time weather–climate monitoring and to assist with the preparation of medium-range (e.g., week 1–3) predictions. The GSDM is used with a regional focus over North America during northern winter. A case study introduces the time scales of the GSDM and illustrates two circulation transitions related to eastward-moving wave energy signals and their connection to remote tropical forcing. Global and zonal atmospheric angular momentum (AAM) is used to help define the synoptic evolution of the GSDM components and to link regional synoptic variations with physical processes like the global mountain and frictional torque. The core of the GSDM consists of four stages based on the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) recurrence time. Additionally, extratropical behaviors including teleconnection patterns, baroclinic life cycles, and ∼monthly oscillations provide intermediate and fast time scales that are combined with the quasi-oscillatory (30–70 day) MJO to define multiple time-/space-scale linear relationships. A unique feature of the GSDM is its focus on global and regional circulation transitions and the related extreme weather events during periods of large global AAM tendency.
Assimilation of Screen-Level Variables in ECMWF’s Integrated Forecast System: A Study on the Impact on the Forecast Quality and Analyzed Soil Moisture
Authors: Drusch Matthias , Viterbo Pedro 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
In many operational numerical weather prediction applications, the soil moisture analysis is based on the modeled first-guess and screen-level variables; that is, 2-m temperature and 2-m relative humidity. A set of two global 61-day analysis/forecast experiments based on the Integrated Forecast System at the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) has been performed for June and July 2002. Analyses and forecasts based on the operational Optimal Interpolation (OI) scheme are compared against results obtained from an open loop system, in which soil moisture evolves freely. It is found that soil moisture assimilation or analysis has a significant impact on the model atmosphere. Temperature forecasts for the Northern Hemisphere up to a level of 700 hPa and up to nine days were significantly improved when the operational analysis was used. A comparison of volumetric soil moisture against in situ observations from the Oklahoma Mesonet reveals, however, that the operational OI system fails to improve both the analysis and the subsequent forecast of soil moisture itself. In addition, the system is not able to correct soil moisture for errors introduced through wrong precipitation in the background forecasts. Biweekly observations from the Illinois Climate Network support these findings. This study confirms the long assumed (but rarely proven) characteristics of analysis schemes using screen-level variables: The observations are efficient in improving the turbulent surface fluxes and consequently the weather forecast on large geographical domains. The quality of the resulting soil moisture profile is often not sufficient for hydrological or agricultural applications.