bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fluvial Flood Forecasting
Authors: Cluckie I. D. , Han D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper describes some of the latest developments in real‐time fluvial flood‐forecasting systems which utilise quantitative weather radar information. Rain‐gauge, flow‐measuring stations, weather radar and other sources of information are fully integrated by the real‐time flood‐forecasting system and provide flood warnings for civil protection. The systems have been commissioned in various regions within the UK and are undergoing continuous development in conjunction with the UK water industry and through close involvement with various European partners via the auspices of the European Union.
The Estimation of Flood‐Response Times from Digital Catchment Data
Authors: Marshall D. C. W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe UK Flood Estimation Handbook describes a new approach to flood peak estimation and includes a volume which summarises developments in the rainfall‐runoff method since its publication in the Flood Studies Report in 1975.One of the improvements has been the construction of a new unit hydrograph time‐to‐peak estimation equation. The handbook illustrates how information from digital datasets can be used to compute a number of catchment descriptors which, taking the place of information abstracted manually from Ordnance Survey maps, are introduced as independent variables. The new equation is obtained from an enlarged database consisting of 1822 rainfall‐runoff events which incorporate a greater variety of catchments than were used in the Flood Studies Report.This paper (a) summarises the extent of the research, (b) outlines the steps involved, and (c) recommends an equation for estimating unit hydrograph time‐to‐peak from digital catchment data.
Hydraulic Characteristics of Wet‐Pulverised Municipal Waste
Authors: Buchanan D. , Clark C. F. , Ferguson N. S. , Kenny M. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractLandfill technology must adapt to the changing demands of policy makers and waste regulators if it is to continue to deliver environmentally sound and efficient waste disposal. Among the more significant requirements that may fall to landfill designers is for the pretreatment of municipal solid waste and that the fill will rapidly stabilise. This paper reports on the key relationship between in‐situ density and the hydraulic characteristics of pretreated municipal solid waste. The paper also considers the practical significance of the research in relation to current UK landfill practice, and examines the viability of the flushing bioreactor.
Constructed Wetlands and Reed‐Beds: Mature Technology for the Treatment of Wastewater from Small Populations
Authors: Cooper P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper reviews the design and performance of constructed wetlands for the treatment of domestic sewage. Horizontal‐flow systems have now become accepted for secondary treatment where only BOD and SS consents are required. However, in recent years there has been increasing interest in systems such as vertical‐flow and hybrid systems which are capable of achieving good nitrification. These systems have a greater and more reliable capability for oxygen transfer. As yet, there are only a few systems of this type in the UK, but the number is likely to increase. The paper describes the performance of (a) secondary and tertiary treatment systems, and (b) sludge‐drying reed‐beds.
Arsenic Removal from Groundwater in Conjunction with Biological‐Iron Removal
Authors: Lehimas G. F. D. , Chapman J. I. , Bourgine F. P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper describes an investigation using biological‐iron removal for the elimination of arsenic (III). Groundwater was spiked with sodium arsenite and filtered through a pilot unit. As the water filtered through the sand, arsenic was retained on the iron oxides which were continuously produced by the bacteriological activity. Under specific aeration and pH conditions, both arsenic and iron were eliminated. This process can be used for the design of a full‐scale biological treatment plant.
Particle Ripening, Removal and Breakthrough in Drinking‐Water Filtration: Implications for the Capture of Cryptosporidium and Giardia Cysts
Authors: Glasgow G. D. E. , Wheatley A. D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAn increasing number of reported outbreaks of Cryptosporidiosis, associated with the water supply, have led to an upsurge in interest in particle analysis in drinkingwater treatment. This paper describes recent observations of rapid‐gravity filter performance using particle‐size distribution analysis. Experimental rapid sand filters were constructed and operated using a suspension of PVC particles, and samples for particle analysis were collected at several depths and various times during the filter cycle. Ripening and early breakthrough of Cryptosporidium oocyst size particles were observed during the study, and 1 β particles exhibited the worst capture efficiency. Flow disturbances were found to reduce particle‐capture efficiency including Cryptosporidium and Giardia cyst sizes.
In Situ Performance Monitoring of an Infiltration Drainage System and Field Testing of Current Design Procedures
Authors: Abbott C. L. , Comino‐Mateos L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSustainable urban drainage systems offer a sustainable option for the disposal of stormwater runoff ‐ reducing the risks of flooding and pollution of receiving watercourses. However, the adoption of such systems has been slow, with a lack of performance data identified as being one barrier. This paper presents in situ performance data from a perforated concrete ring soakaway which was installed to collect stormwater runoff from a school roof and paved area. Data on rainfall at the site and water depth in the soakaway were collected for a period of twenty months, and a number of rain events were studied in detail. Data from the soakaway were used to test the most recent design procedures for infiltration drainage systems, and it was found that the design equations gave reasonable predictions of system response to rainfall ‐ especially when the observed runoff coefficients were taken into account.
Aeration Performance of Triangular‐Notch Weirs
Authors: Baylar A. , Bagatur T , Tuna A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractHydraulic structures have an impact on the concentration of dissolved oxygen in a river system, even though the water is in contact with the structure for only a short period of time. The same oxygen transfer that would normally occur over several kilometres in a river can occur at a single hydraulic structure, because the flow over a structure is typically highly turbulent, resulting in increased interfacial renewal. Plunging overfall jets from weirs are a good example of this fact, and the aeration properties of such structures have been studied widely in the laboratory and field over a number of years. This technical note (a) describes triangular‐notch weirs having a different weir angle α and how they affect aeration performance, and (b) demonstrates that aeration efficiency decreases with increasing weir angle.
Model and Prototype Results for a Sinuous Two‐Stage River‐Channel Design
Authors: Sellin R. H. J. , Wilson C. A. M. E. , Naish C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA relocated length of the River Blackwater in Hampshire, UK, has been designed and constructed as a doubly‐sinuous, two‐stage channel. This has been established as a field test site with water level and discharge recording equipment for an ongoing analysis of its hydraulic and ecological performance. Preliminary hydraulic data, which were collected from the site, are analysed and compared with data from two hydraulic models which were built to the same design but at different scales. Results from the prototype, the 1/5, and 1/25 scale models are examined for scaling relationships and scale effects. The small‐scale model was then reconstructed with a 2:1 vertical‐scale exaggeration, and the results were assessed against the others. Methods for the selection of appropriate surface roughness for small‐scale river models are discussed.
Extension of the QUASAR River‐Water Quality Model to Unsteady Flow Conditions
Authors: Sincock A. M. , Lees M. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA modification of the well‐known water‐quality model ‘quality simulation along river systems’(QUASAR) is presented in order to extend its ability, so that it may be considered applicable under unsteady‐flow conditions. An aggregated dead‐zone travel‐time parameter, based on (a) the kinematic wave velocity (celerity) of the flow wave and (b) the behaviour of the solute within so‐called ‘dead zones’, has been incorporated into the existing model formulation. This extends the current continuously‐stirred tank reactor‐based model process to account for the behaviour of solute under unsteady‐flow conditions. The enhanced water‐quality model has been validated by application to the Colorado River.
Minimising Sludge Production at Water‐Treatment Plants
Authors: Gregory R. , Dillon G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe paper identifies the mass and volume components of waterworks’sludge. The mass components arise from (i) the quality of the raw water treated, (ii) the chemicals used for treatment, and (iii) the efficiency with which those chemicals are utilised. Operation of the water‐treatment processes and choice of treatment chemicals has an impact on the volume of sludge produced.The paper also identifies the roles in sludge mass and volume minimisation of (a) the choice and management of raw‐water source, (b) the choice and management of coagulant and other treatment chemicals, sludge recycle and coagulant recovery, and (c) the choice and operation of water and sludge‐treatment processes.
The Management of Potable Water Treatment Sludge: Present Situation in the UK
Authors: Simpson A. , Burgess P. , Coleman S. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper details the results of a survey of UK potable water supply organisations, which was undertaken in 1998 on behalf of UK Water Industry Research. An extrapolation of the data indicated that, in 1997, about 131 000 tDS of water‐treatment works sludge were produced in the UK. The relevant methods and associated costs are reported. A number of companies are using, or developing, novel waste‐management methods for water‐treatment works sludges, such as incorporation into bricks and spreading on agricultural land, and these are discussed.
ENVIRONMENTAL WATER REQUIREMENTS: A DEMAND MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Lankford B. A. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper examines water management within the environment. It argues that discussion of, and decision‐making governing, the allocation of water for the environment should be expanded to consider the application of demand management to the environment. The paper examines the technical feasibility of this aspect and proposes some principles which address parity across water‐use sectors in terms of their water rights, responsibilities and performance objectives. It concludes that a more equitable policy framework encourages better resource analysis and promotes better informed trade‐offs and management concerning water allocation, particularly in times of low water availability.
POLYMERS IN ALUM SLUDGE DEWATERING: DEVELOPMENTS AND CONTROL
Authors: Bache D. H. , Papavasilopoulos E. N. , Rasool E. , Zhao Y. Q. , McGilligan J. F. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe paper (a) discusses the use of polymers for conditioning alum sludge derived from the coagulation of low turbidity coloured waters, and (b) reviews the factors which control the optimum dosage vis a vis individual test methods such as specific resistance to filtration and capillary suction time. It was demonstrated that good estimates of the solids feed could be obtained via the suspended‐solids concentration in the flocculators. An algorithm based on water‐quality parameters was recommended for planning purposes. Difficulties arising from variations in the solids delivery to the thickeners were shown to influence the separation efficiency. The paper also includes a survey of polymer routeing within a water‐treatment plant in which there was multiple polymer use and extensive recycling; this identified a number of quality‐control issues and demonstrated the value of polymer measurement.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF POINT‐SOURCE CHLORINATION IN IMPROVING WATER QUALITY IN INTERNALLY DISPLACED COMMUNITIES IN ANGOLA
Authors: Godfrey S. , McCaffery L. , Obika A. , Becks M. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTDemographic displacement throughout Angola has created a large number of informal peri‐urban communities, many of which depend upon groundwater sources for their primary water supply. These ground‐water sources are at increased risk of pollution due to limited access to safe faecal disposal. This paper describes a study which was undertaken in Angola during the period 1999–2001 to assess the effectiveness of different types of hand‐dug well protection. The study demonstrates that (a) point‐source disinfection of traditional wells improves water quality to within universally accepted minimum standards for humanitarian assistance (SPHERE), and (b) chlorination can be a cost‐effective method of groundwater‐source protection.
GLOBAL WARMING AND THE DEMAND FOR WATER
Authors: Hall M. J. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTMore than a decade has passed since the International Panel on Climatic Change began to study (in depth) the possibility that the global climate was changing. Increasing attention is also being paid to the impact of such changes on society in general, and on the planning and management of water resources. Not least among the water resources planning problems is the estimation of the changes which might occur in public water‐supply demands. Such changes are notoriously difficult to evaluate, particularly in the UK where most domestic premises remain un‐metered. Elsewhere, econometric models involving climatic parameters as independent variables have had some success, but a recent application of this approach in the UK was unable to identify particular parameters which had a consistent influence over the summer period. This lack of success might be partly caused by the public reaction to summer conditions being a complex function of several parameters, such as duration of sunshine, temperature and rainfall. This complexity has already been recognised by climatologists, who have devised forms of summer indices involving weighted combinations of climatic variables to determine how ‘good’ or ‘bad’ a particular period might be perceived by the general public. The use of one such summer index to explain the variations in an index of demand for public water supply in the London supply area has shown that simple and consistent relationships can be derived. Application of these relationships to scenarios of changes in temperature, sunshine duration and rainfall totals for the year 2050 shows an increase of 0.6‐ 2.9 index points in water‐supply demand over the 1950‐1990 period average.
IN‐SITU HYDRAULIC PERFORMANCE OF A PERMEABLE PAVEMENT SUSTAINABLE URBAN DRAINAGE SYSTEM
Authors: Abbott C. L. , Comino‐Mateos L. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThere is growing awareness that sustainable urban drainage systems can offer a more sustainable option for the management of stormwater runoff than conventional drainage systems. This paper presents in‐situ performance data from a permeable pavement system which was installed to collect and treat stormwater runoff from a motorway servicestation car park. Data on rainfall at the site and outflow from the permeable pavement were collected over a thirteen‐month period, and twenty rain events were studied in detail. The system provided a large degree of attenuation in terms of (a) reduction in peak flows, and (b) extended duration of outflows compared with rain events. Infiltration tests provided information on the processes of water entry into the pavement system and impacts of clogging on hydraulic performance.
THE USE OF TREATED SEWAGE FOR IRRIGATION IN JORDAN: OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS
Authors: Abu‐Sharar T. M. , Hussein I. A. , Al‐Jayyousi O. R. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTWater demand in Jordan is of concern because all sectors are facing a supply shortage. In 1998–99, deficits in irrigation, municipal and industrial water supply were 35%, 30% and 9% respectively. By the year 2010, it is anticipated that the gap between supply and demand will reach about 515 million m3 unless non‐conventional resources are used.This paper (a) assesses the potential use of treated sewage for irrigation, (b) discusses the viability of using treated sewage in agriculture, (c) addresses an assessment of the water budget in Jordan and means to overcome the water deficit, and (d) presents scenarios and recommendations for sustainable water management. Strategies to meet unsatisfied water demand include the use of non‐conventional water resources and improving efficiency in water‐distribution systems and demand management.
THE IMPACT OF URBANISATION ON THE WATER QUALITY OF LAKE CHIVERO, ZIMBABWE
Authors: Nhapi I. , Siebel M. A. , Gijzen H. J. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThis study quantified concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in the Lake Chivero catchment area, Zimbabwe. The results showed that sewage effluent is the major source of nutrients in the lake. The lake is hypertrophic, and it was concluded that the current situation is not sustainable. The Vollenweider model was used to predict the acceptable inflow phosphorus concentrations based upon oligotrophic conditions. The predicted value of 10 t/year total phosphorus was considered to be unattainable under the current situation because it is already lower than that from non‐point sources. A 1970s value of 75 t/year total phosphorus is recommended as a starting point because it excludes sewage effluent and, for the long‐term, it is recommended that pollution prevention and water re‐use should be adopted in combination with the recycling of nutrients in controlled urban agriculture.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE SOIL MICROBIAL QUALITY MEASUREMENTS OF BIOMASS QUOTIENT AND RESPIRATION QUOTIENT
Authors: Godley A. R. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe soil microbial biomass quotient (expressed as a percentage of the total soil organic carbon) and the specific rate of carbon‐dioxide production by soil microbes (respiration quotient) are often used as indicators of stress on soil microbial populations. A low biomass quotient or a high respiration quotient is considered to be an indication of stress from, for example, toxicity from metals in sewage sludge applied to soils. These metabolic quotients are affected by a wide variety of other factors such as the biodegradability of soil organic‐carbon amendments, plant inputs of organic carbon into soils, natural variations in microbial population sizes with depth, and in the rhizosphere of plants. These variations could be sufficiently large to make interpretation of changes in biomass quotient and respiration quotient, as a response to stress, problematical.
DETERMINATION OF SLUDGE COMPOST QUALITY BY BIOASSAY
Authors: Shana A. , Hammond R. , Johnson A. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe paper reports the progress on a plant germination and growth trial as part of Thames Water's quality‐control procedure for sludge composting and recycling. The experiment was conducted by cultivating two types of plants in a greenhouse under controlled environmental conditions, using (a) standard peat‐based multipurpose compost, (b) Terra Eco Systems multipurpose compost, and (c) woodchip‐amended sludge compost.Tomatoes and petunias were selected for the trial, and the varieties were first‐generation (F) hybrid. Germinated seed counts were used to calculate germination percentages and germination values, to assess compost performance. Calculated germination values for tomato and petunias were 26.52 and 17.76 respectively for the peat‐based compost: the values of tomato plants for Woodchip‐amended compost and Terra Eco compost were 17.80 and 11.84 respectively; and for petunia, all composts performed similarly, with germination values ranging from 14.00 to 17.76. It was concluded that there were no significant differences between the petunia plants in three composts used in this trial.
THE USE OF REED‐BEDS FOR SLUDGE DRYING
Authors: Cooper P. , Willoughby N. , Cooper D. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper reviews the design and performance experience with sludge‐drying reed‐beds over the past fourteen years. Whilst there are very few of these systems in the UK, there is much experience in Europe and particularly in Denmark. The Danish experience is reviewed in some detail. The design of and experience gained from two UK systems is described. The final dry‐solids concentration depends upon the concentration in the initial sludge dose. It is possible, when treating anaerobically digested sludges containing 3–4% DS, to achieve about 90% volume reduction and a final dry‐solids content of up to 40%. With thinner activated sludges containing 0.3–0.6% DS, a reduction (in volume) of greater than 97% is possible with a final solids concentration in the range 10–20%.
A REVIEW OF THE DANGEROUS SUBSTANCES AND EXPLOSIVE ATMOSPHERE REGULATIONS IN RELATION TO THE WATER INDUSTRY
Authors: Whipps A. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThis Technical Note presents the impact on the UK water industry of the Dangerous Substances and Explosive Atmosphere Regulations which became law in December 2002. These regulations introduce (into UK legislation) the requirements of a number of European Union Directives, including the Chemical Agents Directive and ATEX Directives dealing with potentially explosive and hazardous situations. The impact of the Dangerous Substances and Explosive Atmosphere Regulations on thermal‐drying installations is relatively clear. However, there are potentially greater and far‐reaching implications for the UK water industry.
CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS FOR MINEWATER TREATMENT: ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS AND ECOLOGICAL RECOVERY
Authors: Wiseman I. M. , Rutt G. P. , Edwards P. J. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe ecology of the River Pelenna (in South Wales) was impoverished by polluted discharges from abandoned coal mines. A series of passive constructed wetlands was created in order to treat these discharges and to improve the ecology of the river. A three‐year Environment Agency R&D project investigated the performance, environmental benefits and sustainability of the constructed wetlands. It showed that the treatment systems were removing most of the iron contamination. In the reaches downstream from the minewaters, the dissolved‐iron concentration quickly dropped below the target level. Invertebrate abundance, trout and riverine bird populations increased in following years. However, occasional overflows from the systems have significantly affected the ecology of one stretch of river. The research work has provided an insight into the potential for ecological recovery associated with future minewater treatment.
DIFFUSE POLLUTION ‐ WHAT IS THE NATURE OF THE PROBLEM?
Authors: Ferrier Robert C. , D’Arcy Brian J. , MacDonald Jannette , Aitken Mark 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper considers recent developments in the understanding of diffuse pollution, its generation, transport and impacts. The relative importance of diffuse sources to total pollutant loading must be identified in order to develop appropriate strategies for management.Research has indicated that individual diffuse pollutants respond differently to changing flow conditions and that there is a widespread misconception that higher flows are associated with lower pollutant concentrations. Evidence is presented to highlight this discrepancy and a rationale for load assessment is presented. The implications of this for monitoring within the context of the EU Water Framework Directive are discussed as are the implications for the mitigation of diffuse pollution.