bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some Experiences Through Family-Psychotherapy for Psychotics in Japan
Authors: Sakamoto Yoshio 
Published: August 2007

My experiences of family-psychotherapy for psychotics in Japan, are discussed. The emphasis is put on the emotional problems which had been elicited among the hospital staffs; nurses, psychologists, and social workers. Applying a new type of the therapy, such as family-psychotherapy, has important factors beside the theoretical effect of them. We devided the course of family therapy into four clinical stages, from fragmented way of communication in the family to integrated one. My experiences which I have had in Japan, where the psychiatry itself has had a organic orientation, seem to be very helpful for those countries where the family-psychotherapy is not popular yet.
Norm Qualities and Alcoholism
Authors: Lafferty Nancy A. , Holden J.M.C. , Klein Helen E. 
Published: August 2007

This study examined the relationship between three types of norms and chronic alcoholism. Three types of norms— proscriptive, prescriptive, and nonscriptive— were used as categories to investigate the norms of American chronic alcoholics. Five sources of norms were used to identify the reference groups who were perceived as influencing the alcoholics' drinking patterns. The reference groups included co-workers, church, family, friends, and parents. Among 85 American subjects, chronic alcoholism tended to be highest in a proscriptive environment, lower in a prescriptive environment, and lowest in a nonscriptive environment. Proscriptive norms were those which were perceived as stating directly that a person should not drink excessively at all. The sources of the proscriptive norms were analyzed. Church and parents were found to be the perceived sources of proscriptive norms for the chronic alcoholics studied. The data suggest that both parents and church members need to be taken into consideration when planning rehabilitation programmes for chronic alcoholics.
The Case of Lisa H. the Role of Mental Health Professionals Where the Social Contract Is Violated
Authors: Colett Ilse V. 
Published: August 2007

This case concerns a young woman accused by the State of California of Welfare of fraud. She was sent by the court to the writer for evaluation of her competence to make mature judgments and, later, she was asked by the Welfare Department to be counselled by the writer, a request she actively resisted. A case like this raises a major issue which has implications for our ideas about responsibility of the State to its members, for the role of mental health profes sionals in society, and for the lives of individuals who may, for whatever reason, violate what most of us understand to be the "social contract" we share. The issue is a familiar one, but is important nevertheless and highlighted in a new way by the issues in the case of Lisa. The issue is this: When is it proper for a mental health profes sional to be allowed to intervene in the relationship and transactions that may be occurring between the state and individuals? This issue is recurrent and there are surely some well established instances where it is appropriate. Consider a case in which such intervention was requested by the court (and the Welfare Department) in a city wherein such intervention seems to be clearly inappropriate and possibly harmful both to citizens in general, professionals in the fields of welfare, and the individual.
Towards authenticity of task in test development
Authors: Wu Weiping M. , Stansfield Charles W. 
Published: August 2007

This article describes a working model used to determine the Target Language Use (TLU) (Bachman and Palmer, 1996) in a Language for Specific Purpose (LSP) test project: The Listening Summary Translation Exam in Taiwanese (LSTE/T). The purpose of the LSTE/T was to evaluate the summary translation ability of applicants who want to work as linguists in Law Enforcement Agencies (LEAs) in the USA. The discussion focuses on the authenticity of task (Douglas, 2000) and how it can be achieved by the development of a taxonomy and a structured verification procedure in the process. Authenticity is treated in this article as the cornerstone for the content validity and reliability in this typical LSP test, which claims to serve as an assessment tool in the real world. Explained in detail are the steps followed in the project to create authentic language materials that mirror the linguistic reality facing LEAs. Major steps in the process include: • collecting data from task performers in the TLU domain; • analysing data; • identifying salient features in both form and content; • creating a taxonomy and sample scenarios; • producing simulated conversations based on scenarios; and • creating test tasks based on simulated conversations. A structured verification procedure that was used in the project is charted and discussed to reveal the pros and cons of such an approach. It is argued that, as one type of LSP testing, job-relevant tests are becoming increasingly important and deserve more attention from practitioners in the testing field. This discussion of a working model to determine the TLU in one project will contribute to the understanding of the role of authenticity in test development in general.
Drowned Earth: The Strategic Breaching of the Yellow River Dyke, 1938
Authors: Lary Diana 
Published: August 2007

Early in the war of resistance against Japan, the Chinese military command used a tragic version of scorched-earth tactics: they denied access to the Japanese imperial army to a vast stretch of China not by literally scorching it but by drowning it. In June 1938 the Chinese command turned the ultimate symbol of Chinese civilization, the Yellow River, into a weapon of war. The southern dyke of the River was breached at Huayuankou (Flower Garden Mouth) in Henan, 30 miles to the west of the Japanese vanguard. A cataclysmic flood swept through the breach, killing by the lowest estimate half a million people and turning millions of others into refugees. The breach of the dyke was an attempt at strategic interdiction, to limit the mobility of the Japanese army and stop it moving further west. The waters of the River were to do what soldiers had not been able to do: to halt the Japanese advance. The breaching was a strategic move born of desperation. As the Japanese armies continued their relentless advance across China, sober strategic thinking in the Chinese command gave way to a mood close to panic, in which any conceivable action could be taken to stop the Japanese advance.
War in the South: A First Look at Siege Warfare in the Albigensian Crusade, 1209-1218
Authors: Marvin Laurence W. 
Published: August 2007

The Albigensian crusade represents a classic but largely neglected example of the most common type of war in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, the siege. An analysis of the sieges helps correct the current absence of work on the military aspects of the Albigensian crusade. Such an analysis places the crusade more firmly in the context of the siege warfare paradigm for the middle ages as well as in the historiography of warfare in western Europe during the High Middle Ages. The crusaders participated in at least 45 sieges but fought only four field battles between 1209 and 1218. Aside from the storming of Béziers in 1209, the outcome of most sieges in the crusade was the result of negotiation rather than of assault. Though siege machines could play an important role in the wearing down, capture or negotiated surrender of strong points, they sometimes played a small part or none at all. Most of the major sieges required the judicious use of siege devices or the threat of them to be successful, however. Luck, resolve, aggressiveness and Simon de Montfort’s military reputation were the most important factors, and it was these things that sustained the crusade in the south of France for nine years.
Postcollection Synthesis of Ethyl Glucuronide by Bacteria in Urine May Cause False Identification of Alcohol Consumption
Authors: Helander Anders , Olsson Ingrid , Dahl Helen 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Background: Ethyl glucuronide (EtG) is a minor ethanol metabolite used as a specific marker to document recent alcohol consumption; confirm abstinence in treatment programs, workplaces, and schools; and provide legal proof of drinking. This study examined if bacterial pathogens in urine may enable postsampling synthesis of EtG and ethyl sulfate (EtS) from ethanol, leading to clinical false-positive results.
Methods: Urine specimens with confirmed growth of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, or Enterobacter cloacae were stored at room temperature in the presence of ethanol. Ethanol was either added to the samples or generated by inoculation with the fermenting yeast species Candida albicans and glucose as substrate. EtG and EtS were measured by LC-MS.
Results: High concentrations of EtG (24-h range 0.5–17.6 mg/L) were produced during storage in 35% of E. coli-infected urines containing ethanol. In some specimens that were initially EtG positive because of recent alcohol consumption, EtG was also sensitive to degradation by bacterial hydrolysis. In contrast, EtS was completely stable under these conditions.
Conclusions: The presence of EtG in urine is not a unique indicator of recent drinking, but might originate from postcollection synthesis if specimens are infected with E. coli and contain ethanol. Given the associated risks for false identification of alcohol consumption and false-negative EtG results due to bacterial degradation, we recommend that measurement of EtG be combined with EtS, or in the future possibly replaced by EtS.
‘Screwed for life’: Examining identification and division in addiction narratives
Authors: Jodlowski Denise , Sharf Barbara F , Nguyen Loralee Capistrano , Haidet Paul , Woodard Lechauncy D 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIn this study, we investigate the use of narrative in online conversations among persons suffering from chronic opiate addiction and evaluate both its positive and negative uses. Illness narratives, as argued by sociologist Arthur Frank and psychiatrist/medical anthropologist Arthur Kleinman, enable patients to give order to life experiences and receive support from others. We wished to explore under what circumstances online support coalesces and breaks apart. The narratives we examined exemplify two topics frequently discussed on the message board: the recovery process and what it means to be ‘clean’. To better understand these narratives from a theoretically based approach, we used the work of rhetorical theorist Kenneth Burke. Burke's description of two human motives, suffering and perfection, led us to an understanding of how unification and division happened within the online community. We found that the recovery narrative primarily embodied the author's suffering and, consequently, received support from other members of the message board. The second narrative centered on what it means to be ‘clean’ through a discussion of the author's desire to court temptation, revealing what Burke calls the rotten nature of perfection. As a result, the author of the narrative provoked disagreements and did not receive support.
No less a man: Reconstructing identity after prostate cancer
Authors: Bokhour Barbara G , Powel Lorrie L , Clark Jack A 
Published: August 2007

AbstractFew diagnoses present as great a challenge to one's life as cancer. Many men each year are confronted with a diagnosis of early stage prostate cancer and find themselves making decisions about treatment in the face of side effects that present often devastating effects, including problems controlling one's urine and an inability to perform sexually. In this paper, we explore the narratives of men who, having chosen and undergone treatment for early stage prostate cancer, are living with the consequences. Faced with what Charmaz calls an ‘identity dilemma’, how do these men linguistically construct their identities in the face of challenges to their bodily, personal, and social integrity? Drawing upon theories of social languages and Discourses, we examine how men linguistically resolve the identity dilemmas they encounter and in turn construct an identity in response to a question about the quality of their lives in the face of the adverse event of prostate cancer. We present an analysis of the interview narratives of two men and show how they ‘re-collage’ an identity in the face of fundamental changes in their functioning as men. We argue that these men draw upon alternative discourses to construct themselves as whole, competent, and ‘no less a man'.
Genetic Screens forCaenorhabditis elegansMutants Defective in Left/Right Asymmetric Neuronal Fate Specification
Authors: Sarin Sumeet , O'Meara M Maggie , Flowers Eileen B , Antonio Celia , Poole Richard J , Didiano Dominic , Johnston Robert J , Chang Sarah , Narula Surinder , Hobert Oliver 
Published: August 2007

AbstractWe describe here the results of genetic screens for Caenorhabditis elegans mutants in which a single neuronal fate decision is inappropriately executed. In wild-type animals, the two morphologically bilaterally symmetric gustatory neurons ASE left (ASEL) and ASE right (ASER) undergo a left/right asymmetric diversification in cell fate, manifested by the differential expression of a class of putative chemoreceptors and neuropeptides. Using single cell-specific gfp reporters and screening through a total of almost 120,000 haploid genomes, we isolated 161 mutants that define at least six different classes of mutant phenotypes in which ASEL/R fate is disrupted. Each mutant phenotypic class encompasses one to nine different complementation groups. Besides many alleles of 10 previously described genes, we have identified at least 16 novel “lsy” genes (“laterally symmetric”). Among mutations in known genes, we retrieved four alleles of the miRNA lsy-6 and a gain-of-function mutation in the 3′-UTR of a target of lsy-6, the cog-1 homeobox gene. Using newly found temperature-sensitive alleles of cog-1, we determined that a bistable feedback loop controlling ASEL vs. ASER fate, of which cog-1 is a component, is only transiently required to initiate but not to maintain ASEL and ASER fate. Taken together, our mutant screens identified a broad catalog of genes whose molecular characterization is expected to provide more insight into the complex genetic architecture of a left/right asymmetric neuronal cell fate decision.
Genetic Analysis of the Histidine Utilization (hut) Genes in Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25
Authors: Zhang Xue-Xian , Rainey Paul B 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
The histidine utilization (hut) locus of Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25 confers the ability to utilize histidine as a sole carbon and nitrogen source. Genetic analysis using a combination of site-directed mutagenesis and chromosomally integrated lacZ fusions showed the hut locus to be composed of 13 genes organized in 3 transcriptional units: hutF, hutCD, and 10 genes from hutU to hutG (which includes 2 copies of hutH, 1 of which is nonfunctional). Inactivation of hutF eliminated the ability to grow on histidine, indicating that SBW25 degrades histidine by the five-step enzymatic pathway. The 3 hut operons are negatively regulated by the HutC repressor with urocanate (the first intermediate of the histidine degradation pathway) as the physiological inducer. 5′-RACE analysis of transcriptional start sites revealed involvement of both σ54 (for the hutU–G operon) and σ70 (for hutF); the involvement of σ54 was experimentally demonstrated. CbrB (an enhancer binding protein for σ54 recruitment) was required for bacterial growth on histidine, indicating positive control of hut gene expression by CbrB. Recognition that a gene (named hutD) encoding a widely distributed conserved hypothetical protein is transcribed along with hutC led to analysis of its role. Mutational and gene fusion studies showed that HutD functions independently of HutC. Growth and fitness assays in laboratory media and on sugar beet seedlings suggest that HutD acts as a governor that sets an upper bound to the level of hut activity.
A Genetic Screen Identifies Novel Polycomb Group Genes in Drosophila
Authors: de Ayala Alonso Andrés Gaytán , Gutiérrez Luis , Fritsch Cornelia , Papp Bernadett , Beuchle Dirk , Müller Jürg 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Polycomb group (PcG) genes encode evolutionarily conserved transcriptional repressors that are required for the long-term silencing of particular developmental control genes in animals and plants. PcG genes were first identified in Drosophila as regulators that keep HOX genes inactive in cells where these genes must remain silent during development. Here, we report the results of a genetic screen aimed at isolating novel PcG mutants in Drosophila. In an EMS mutagenesis, we isolated 82 mutants that show Polycomb-like phenotypes in clones in the adult epidermis and misexpression of the HOX gene Ubx in clones in the imaginal wing disc. Analysis of these mutants revealed that we isolated multiple new alleles in most of the already- known PcG genes. In addition, we isolated multiple mutant alleles in each of ten different genes that previously had not been known to function in PcG repression. We show that the newly identified PcG gene calypso is required for the long-term repression of multiple HOX genes in embryos and larvae. In addition, our studies reveal that the Kto/Med12 and Skd/Med13 subunits of the Med12·Med13·Cdk8·CycC repressor subcomplex of Mediator are needed for repression of the HOX gene Ubx. The results of the mutant screen reported here suggest that the majority of nonredundant Drosophila genes with strong classic PcG phenotypes have been identified.
Coexpression of prodynorphin and corticotrophin‐releasing hormone in the rat central amygdala: Evidence of two distinct endogenous opioid systems in the lateral division
Authors: Marchant Nathan J. , Densmore Valerie S. , Osborne Peregrine B. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe lateral subdivision of the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) comprises two groups of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons that express corticotrophin‐releasing hormone (CRH) and enkephalin. Regulation of the expression and release of these neuropeptides by glucocorticoids and other factors has been suggested to have a regulatory function on the diverse somatic, autonomic, and neuroendocrine responses that are coordinated by the CeA. Because another opioid peptide, dynorphin, has been reported to be also expressed by neurons in the lateral CeA, this study examined the neuronal expression of this kappa‐opioid (KOP) receptor‐preferring ligand by using immunohistochemistry for the precursor peptide prodynorphin. Prodynorphin neurons in the extended amygdala were observed mostly in the medial and central regions of the lateral CeA and the oval of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST). About one‐third of the prodynorphin neurons in the CeA coexpressed CRH, whereas no coexpression with CRH was detected in the BST. Prodynorphin was not expressed by calbindin neurons in the medial part of the lateral CeA, and indirect evidence suggested that it was not expressed by enkephalin neurons. Coexpression of prodynorphin in extrahypothalamic CRH neurons in the CeA could provide an anatomical basis for regulation of the stress responses and other CRH‐related functions by the brain dynorphin/KOP receptor system. J. Comp. Neurol. 504:702–715, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of Rds abundance on cone outer segment morphogenesis, photoreceptor gene expression, and outer limiting membrane integrity
Authors: Farjo Rafal , Fliesler Steven J. , Naash Muna I. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractWe examined the molecular, structural, and functional consequences on cone photoreceptors of the neural retinal leucine zipper knockout (Nrl−/−) mice when only one allele of retinal degeneration slow (Rds) is present (Rds+/−/Nrl−/−). Quantitative RT‐PCR and immunoblot analysis were used to assess the expression levels of several phototransduction genes; electroretinography was used to assess quantitatively the retinal responsiveness to light; and immunohistochemistry and ultrastructural analysis were used to examine retinal protein distribution and morphology, respectively. In Rds/Nrl double‐null mice, S‐cones form dysmorphic outer segments that lack lamellae and fail to associate properly with the cone matrix sheath and the outer limiting membrane. In Rds+/−/Nrl−/− mice, cones form oversized and disorganized outer segment lamellae; although outer limiting membrane associations are maintained, normal interactions with cone matrix sheaths are not, and photoreceptor rosette formation is observed. These retinas produce significantly higher photopic a‐wave and b‐wave amplitudes than do those of Rds−/−/Nrl−/− mice, and the levels of several cone phototransduction genes are significantly increased coincidently with the presence of Rds and partial lamellae formation. Thus, as in rod photoreceptors, expression of only one Rds allele is unable to support normal outer segment morphogenesis in cones. However, cone lamellae assembly, albeit disorganized, concomitantly permits outer limiting membrane association, and this appears to be linked to photoreceptor rosette formation in the rodless (cone‐only) Nrl−/− retina. In addition, photoreceptor gene expression alterations occur in parallel with changes in Rds levels. J. Comp. Neurol. 504:619–630, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characteristics of transient heat transfer during quenching of a vertical hot surface with a falling liquid film
Authors: Matsueda Hiroaki , Monde Masanori , Matsuda Shoichi 
Published: August 2007

AbstractAn experimental study has been conducted to elucidate characteristics of transient heat transfer during quenching of a vertical hot surface with a falling liquid film. The experiment was done at atmospheric pressure for the following conditions: an initial surface temperature from 200 to 400°C, a subcooling of 20– 80 K, average velocity of 0.52– 1.24 m/s, and the block material is copper and carbon steel. The surface temperature and heat flux are estimated from the measured temperatures in the block during the quench by a two‐dimensional inverse solution. It follows that as the position of wetting advances downward, the position at which the heat flux becomes a maximum also advances downward. The time at which the position of maximum heat flux begins to move is one of the most important parameters and can be predicted by a proposed correlation. In addition, it is revealed that the maximum heat flux for copper depends on the length to which it occurs from the leading edge. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 36(6): 345– 360, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20167
Theoretical research of convective condensation heat transfer for mixture gas on a horizontal tube
Authors: Wu Dongmei , Jia Li 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe mechanism of convective condensation heat transfer of moist mixed gas across a horizontal tube was studied in this paper. The models referring to how the liquid film flows and the heat transfers on the tube are set up by combining modified film model and Nusselt condensation theory. The effects of Re number, wall temperature, and water vapor concentration on condensation heat transfer are discussed. Results predict that the film thickness profile on the tube is influenced greatly by vapor shear force on liquid film. Local Nusselt number depends remarkably on gas phase heat resistance, which is different from pure vapor and very similar to single‐phase gas. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 36(6): 324–333, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20169