bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of several moisture tension ranges and chloride levels on the yield and chloride content of bromegrass
Authors: Beaton J. D. , Speer R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe influence of soil‐moisture tension ranges and chloride (Cl−) levels on the yield and Cl− content of bromegrass was investigated in a growth chamber experiment. Although the differences were not large, the wettest tension ranges significantly outyielded the driest moisture tension ranges. Any addition of Cl− caused a significant increase in the Cl− content of bromegrass. For the 0 and 75 lb. rates and to a lesser extent with 150 lb., Cl− % decreased greatly with each successive crop. With 0% Cl− there was a significant tendency for Cl− % to decrease with increase in moisture tension. Moisture tension differences did not consistently affect the Cl− % when 75 lb. of Cl− per acre were added. With 150 lb. of Cl−, Cl− % generally increased significantly with increase in moisture tension.
Studies on egg shells. XIV.—variations in egg weight, shell thickness and membrane thickness between eggs within a clutch
Authors: Tyler C. , Geake F. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractClutches containing up to five eggs were available from 16 birds over a period of three laying seasons. Variations in egg weight, shell thickness and membrane thickness were studied in relation to the position of the egg within the clutch. It was found that generally the results agreed with those of earlier workers, but the main argument used in the paper is that statistically significant differences are not necessarily a good basis on which to build biological hypotheses when individual clutches and individual birds show a large proportion of results which do not agree with the mean result.
Studies on egg shells. XV.—critical appraisal of various methods of assessing shell thickness
Authors: Tyler C. , Geake F. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractShell thickness may be measured directly or expressed in terms of weight per unit area of either true shell or shell plus membranes. Percentage shell has also been used as an indication of shell thickness but one of the most used routine methods is that of finding the specific gravity of the whole egg by a flotation process. All these and other methods have been studied both from a theoretical and experimental standpoint. It was found that percentage shell is the least reliable but that true shell weight per unit area, shell plus membrane weight per unit area (with certain provisos), and specific gravity measured accurately by Archimedes' principle, are all very satisfactory. Specific gravity by flotation is reasonably good if suitable precautions are taken, but these make it less of a quick routine method. The calculation of specific gravity from egg weight and egg volume computed from the length and breadth of the egg is inaccurate.
Extraction of proteins from green leaves
Authors: Festenstein G. N. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractExtraction of nitrogenous material (especially protein nitrogen) from leaves of different species has been studied using the Pirie steel press, which grinds small quantities of leaves by forcing them through a narrow slot. Extraction of young tobacco leaves is comparable with high‐speed maceration and sedimentable material is more dispersed; increased extraction under alkaline conditions is largely due to greater dispersion of chloroplasts, appreciable at 1500 g, but only slight at 12,000 g; a total of 90–95% extraction of nitrogenous material is obtained with the use of detergents to release nitrogen from residual fibre after initial extraction in the press. Comparatively less nitrogen is released from macerated fibre.
Pilot‐plant studies in production of sulphur from sulphate‐enriched sewage sludge
Authors: Burgess S. G. , Wood L. B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe process originated by the National Chemical Laboratory for microbiological production of sulphur from sulphate‐enriched sewage sludge, has been successfully carried out on a pilot‐plant scale (50 gal.). Yields of sulphur obtained in laboratory experiments have been confirmed, and in some cases exceeded.Pilot‐plant studies in the after‐treatment of the sludge have been made with a view to its disposal. The sulphide‐digested sludge has been treated aerobically to give a product which can be dewatered to give an effluent of good quality, and sludge which can be handled without danger or nuisance.Observations have been made concerning the absence of corrosion effects of the sulphite sludge.
Unidentified chick growth factors in fermentation by‐products
Authors: Wakelam J. A. , Jaffe W. P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractChick growth studies are reported on distillery by‐products recovered from ethyl alcohol (yeast fermentation of molasses) and acetone/butanol (bacterial fermentation of molasses) production on an industrial basis. Both chick studies and a tentative microbiological assay have indicated that these materials, dried brewer's yeast, dried whey and distiller's solubles from whisky production, provide similar unidentified growth factors. The validity of correcting growth figures for feed intake to eliminate appetite factors is briefly discussed as is the authors' opinion that these factors are acting via the microflora of the intestinal tract and should more properly be termed ‘absorption factors’ rather than ‘growth factors’.
The nitrate‐nitrogen content of herbage. III.—the mineral nitrate content of rape and kale
Authors: ap Griffith G. , Johnston T. D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe high nitrate‐nitrogen content found in some herbage samples persisted to maturity, although it varied considerably in different portions of the same plant.Nitrate‐N was closely related to the level of N application and to the crude protein content of the plant. About 18% of crude protein was accompanied by what may be a nutritionally unacceptable amount of nitrate‐N. The level of fertiliser nitrogen at which this point is reached coincided with that at which dry matter yield response ceased.
The nitrogen metabolism of the young pig. I.—supplemental value of certain amino–acids when added to groundnut meal rations
Authors: Jones A. S. , Hepburn W. R. , Boyne A. W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractYoung pigs weighing between 25 and 50 lb. live‐weight were fed diets consisting of cereals and groundnut meal alone, or with additions ofL‐lysine monohydrochloride, orDL‐methionine, or both. Nitrogen retention was measured over 5‐day‐periods, and a highly significant increase was obtained with theL‐lysine supplement at all levels of crude protein. Groundnut + lysine diets were as good as white fish meal diets, providing similar total lysine levels when the protein level was 12 or 15%, but were inferior at 18 and 21% crude protein. No significant response was obtained toDL‐methionine except at 18% crude protein, when it depressed nitrogen retention. The greatest nitrogen retentions were obtained either at 18% or 21% of dietary crude protein.
Studies on egg quality. I.—effects of certain poultry housing systems, age of bird and season
Authors: Jones K. Bryce , Houston T. W. , Harries J. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe initial quality of eggs from pullets and hens of the same strain under intensive and extensive systems of management have been studied over a twelve‐month period. Candling quality, percentage thick white, yolk index, the occurrence of meat and blood spots, and yolk and shell colours were recorded. The eggs were also examined by visual comparison with graded picture charts. The system of management had little effect on the quality of the eggs except that access to range resulted in slightly darker yolks, and in slightly improved appearance of the albumen during the winter months. Changes of quality due to the maturing of pullets were small compared with the effects of season. Different measures of quality were differently affected by season.
Effects of salt and other fertilizers on yield and mineral composition of forage crops. III.—herbage
Authors: Hemingway R. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSalt did not increase the yields of herbage in four experiments, two of which were responsive to muriate of potash. There were, however, consistent negative interactions between salt and potash. Salt in finely powdered form may scorch clover severely if applied in dry weather. Salt and ammonium sulphate, providing the nitrogen, increased yields, greatly increased sodium contents of both grass and clover, whilst muriate of potash markedly depressed sodium contents. Salt did not alter the potassium concentrations in either grass or clover but muriate of potash had consistently large incremental effects. Repeated application of ammonium sulphate reduced potassium concentrations. Fertilisers did not in any way alter calcium contents of either grass or clover and, apart from superphosphate, there were no effects on phosphorus concentrations.Three cwt. of ammonium sulphate increased the percentage concentration of magnesium by an average of 14% for grass and 4% for clover, while 2 cwt. of muriate of potash or 4 cwt. of salt depressed the grass and clover magnesium contents by 7.5% and 4% respectively. Much the greatest reductions in herbage magnesium due to muriate of potash were in the late‐season samples. A small dressing of magnesium sulphate increased herbage magnesium in one of two experiments.
Utilisation of dietary energy by poultry. II.—effects of indigestible organic matter and protein on the utilisation of metabolisable energy for growth
Authors: Davidson J. , McDonald I. , Mathieson J. , Williams R. B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractRations compounded from individual cereals or from mixtures of cereals were fed to growing cockerels. When the levels of protein and metabolisable energy were closely controlled, the effect of indigestible material up to levels likely to be encountered in practice did not appear to have a consistent effect on the utilisation of metabolisable energy for gain in tissue energy, although a maize plus wheat diet which had the lowest content of indigestible material proved superior to other rations tested.A ration based on oats which contained the highest level of indigestible matter, gave poor growth, although utilisation of metabolisable energy for gain was normal. The poorer growth was attributed to reduced food intake owing to its relative unpalatability and bulk.When fed a diet containing a critical content of protein with an amino‐acid imbalance, the birds tended to compensate by consuming more food and thus more energy than was normal for their weight and the excess energy was lost as heat.
The expressible fluid of fish fillets. X.—sodium and potassium content in frozen and iced fish
Authors: Love R. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSodium and potassium were determined in the expressible fluid of thawed fish which had been frozen at different rates. The sodium level altered little, but the potassium rose and fell at certain rates, corresponding to the variations in the concentration of protein. No new information was obtained on the mechanism of the freezing process, but the results were considered to support the thesis that at least part of the intracellular potassium is not free to diffuse, even after death. The ash content of the expressible fluid from fish kept for various times in ice showed little change in the proportion of sodium, but potassium decreased over the first 4 days and increased again after about 14 days.
The expressible fluid of fish fillets. XI.—ice crystal formation and cell damage in cod muscle frozen before rigor mortis
Authors: Love R. M. , Haraldsson S. B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFillets of cod were frozen at different speeds, both before and after the onset of rigor mortis, and the ice crystal patterns and cell damage were studied. In pre‐rigor fish the intracellular ice crystals were smaller than those in comparable post‐rigor fish, and also intracellular ice was seen in pre‐rigor fish at much slower freezing rates than in post‐rigor material. Cell damage ‘peak B’ (as measured by the deoxyribose nucleic acid method) which usually occurs in post‐rigor fillets at a freezing time of about 80 min. was found to be at about 200 min. in pre‐rigor fillets. Possible mechanisms are discussed.
Kaffircorn malting and brewing studies. VIII.—nutritive value of some kaffircorn products
Authors: Aucamp M. C. , Grieff J. T. , Novellie L. , Papendick B. , Schwartz H. M. , Steer A. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractProtein, fat, fibre, ash, thiamine, riboflavin and nicotinic acid were determined in eight samples each of kaffircorn (Sorghum vulgare) grain and malt and in one sample of breakfast food prepared from these.Twenty‐one samples of kaffir beer produced on a large scale in municipal breweries were analysed, particular attention being paid to their content of B vitamins. Changes in the vitamin content during fermentation were studied. Other factors influencing the vitamin content of the beer are discussed.
Studies on egg shells. XVII.—variations in membrane thickness and in true shell nitrogen over different parts of the same shell
Authors: Tyler C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractVariations in membrane thickness and in total, insoluble and soluble nitrogen in the true shell over different parts of the same shell have been considered.For membrane thickness the variations around any particular latitude were much smaller than variations along any longitude. Variations around any one collar were greater for membrane thickness than for shell thickness and greater for total nitrogen than for membrane thickness.
Chemical studies on the herring (Clupea harengus). v.—the effect of heat processing on the extractable nitrogen fraction
Authors: Hughes R. B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe non‐coagulable nitrogen fraction of herring increases during heat processing, being influenced by processing time and temperature. Free amino‐acids did not contribute to this increase, which was shown to be due to (a) gelatin derived from connective tissue, (b) ammonia derived from unknown sources, (c) nitrogenous components which became available for extraction during heat processing and which yielded ammonia under conditions of acid hydrolysis. The significance of these results in relation to quality in canned herring is discussed.
Preservation of custard apple (Anona squamosa) pulp
Authors: Bhatia B. S. , Sastry L. V. L. , Krishnamurthy G. V. , Nair K. G. , Lal Girdhari 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCustard apple pulp, when exposed to air, turns pink due to peroxidase activity and becomes bitter when heated above 55°, which renders preservation by heat treatment inapplicable. To preserve the pulp, it is necessary to add 1% of citric acid together with 0.1% of sodium benzoate, while addition of 50–100 p.p.m. of sulphur dioxide checks the pink discoloration due to enzymic activity.
Production of volatile compounds related to the flavour of foods from the Strecker degradation of DL‐methionine
Authors: Ballance P. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA qualitative investigation of the volatile compounds formed during the Strecker degradation of DL‐methionine has been carried out. The volatile products were condensed in cold traps and analysed by gas–liquid chromatography. The condensate was shown to consist chiefly of methyl mercaptan, together with traces of other compounds including acrolein and dimethyl sulphide. The suggestion that degradation of methionine first gives rise to methional is supported by the identification of this compound and the demonstration of its decomposition with ninhydrin to methyl mercaptan and acrolein. These findings are discussed in relation to the importance of methionine as a source of flavour in food.
The depletion of insecticides in sheep‐dipping baths: Further field trials
Authors: Harrison I. R. , Marshall P. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFurther work has been carried out on the depletion of aldrin, dieldrin and γ‐BHC from sheep‐dipping baths under field conditions. The analytical procedure used for the determination of aldrin has been modified.Replenishment procedures have been varied in an endeavour to maintain a more uniform dip throughout a trial, and a study has been made of the change in physical behaviour of the dip with the passage of large numbers of sheep and of the eventual stabilisation of insecticide concentration.A reason for this stabilisation of concentration is suggested.
A possible effect of wheat dehydrogenases on the meaning of physical tests on unyeasted doughs
Authors: Cawley R. W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWhen unyeasted doughs of pH about 6.1 are kept at 26°, there is a marked increase in extensibility and the doughs become ‘green’. It is postulated that this is due to the effect of dehydrogenases. The effects are much reduced by adjustment of the pH to 5.6 (that of fermenting dough). The importance of this effect in the study of the physical properties of unyeasted doughs is emphasized.
Soil nitrogen. VI.—correlations between laboratory measurements of soil mineral‐N and crop yields and responses in pot and field experiments
Authors: Gasser J. K. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSoil samples from sites of field experiments testing N‐fertilisers for barley, potatoes, kale and grass were used for pot experiments with ryegrass and also to measure ‘available’‐N in the laboratory.Mineral‐N in the fresh soil (Mineral‐Nfresh) and the increases when fresh or re‐wetted airdry soils were incubated (Δ Mineral‐Nfresh or Δ Mineral‐Nair‐dry) were determined. These were more highly correlated with organic C than with total N content of the soils. Among ‘available’‐N measurements, Mineral‐Nfresh and Δ Mineral‐Nair‐dry were most correlated with one another.The yields of dry matter and N uptake by ryegrass grown in unfertilised soil, or with two rates of applied N, were significantly correlated with Mineral‐Nfresh or Δ Mineral‐Nair‐dry at each level of nitrogen, but not with Δ Mineral‐Nfresh.The unfertilised yields of barley in field experiments were significantly correlated with Mineral‐Nfresh, Δ Mineral‐Nair‐dry, and total N; responses by barley to 0.5 cwt. of N/acre were significantly negatively correlated with all three ‘available’‐N measurements and with total N. Unfertilised yields of potatoes were significantly correlated with the three ‘available’‐N measurements and responses to 1.0 cwt. of N/acre were significantly negatively correlated with Δ Mineral‐Nair‐dry and total N. Mineral‐Nfresh and Δ Mineral‐Nair‐dry are suggested as useful measurements for advisory purposes.
Pesticide residues on fruit. I.—microbioassay of pesticide residues using the vinegar fly, Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Tew R. P. , Sillibourne J. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA simple procedure for the microbioassay of pesticide residues using adult Drosophila melanogaster is described, with observations on the importance of certain experimental conditions.
Studies of the smoking process for foods. II.—the rǒle of smoke particles
Authors: Foster W. W. , Simpson T. H. , Campbell D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWood smoke consists of two discrete phases, a disperse liquid phase—smoke particles— and a dispersing gas phase—smoke vapours. These phases constitute a partition system, individual smoke constituents being distributed between them according to their respective partition coefficients, following Nernst's law. When the partition equilibrium is disturbed, e.g., by diluting the smoke with air or by scrubbing out smoke components from the vapour phase, or when the partition coefficients are changed, e.g., by raising the temperature, a transfer of smoke constituents from the disperse liquid to the vapour phase occurs. This results in a change in the relative mass concentrations of individual smoke constituents in the vapour phase, the vapours becoming relatively richer in non‐volatile and poorer in volatile smoke components. Since the rate of absorption of smoke compounds by water is proportional to their mass concentration in the vapour phase these changes in vapour composition are reflected in changes in the composition of the smoke deposits.
Pesticide residues on fruit. IV.—Endrin residues on blackcurrants
Authors: Tew R. P. , Sillibourne J. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPost‐blossom applications of endrin emulsion to fruiting blackcurrant bushes at rates equivalent to 0.0375 and 0.05% endrin left harvest residues, estimated by two chemical methods and by microbioassay, exceeding 1 p.p.m. Some evidence has been obtained that these residues do not pass into expressed juice.
Use of a malathion wettable powder for surface application to bagged rice bran
Authors: McFarlane J. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwenty‐seven 100‐lb. bags of rice bran were sprayed on their upper sides with approximately 160 mg. of malathion per sq. ft. as each layer of a 3 × 3 × 3 stack was completed. Finally the sides of the stack were similarly sprayed. Samples (1000 g.) were taken from single bags, or from grouped bags, 1 and 3 weeks after spraying in order to assess the degree of contamination of the bran. A single sample of the bran obtained by brushing out a number of the sampled bags was also taken on each occasion.Contamination (estimated by a standard analytical procedure) was not more than 0.5 p.p.m. in samples drawn after 1 week from the bulk of the contents of tested bags, and 1.6 p.p.m. in the residue (approximately 1000 g.) obtained by brushing out six bags. Overall contamination was estimated at not more than 0.51 p.p.m., allowing for contamination in both the main bulk and the residual bran.Contamination in samples taken 3 weeks after treatment was found to be nil in all of three samples taken from the mixed contents of nine bags. Contamination in the residual bran (approximately 1400 g.) obtained by brushing out the same nine bags was found to be 0.8 p.p.m. Maximum overall contamination at 3 weeks was estimated at not more than 0.11 p.p.m.In a subsequent test a single lightweight (16‐oz.) jute bag containing 100 lb. of bran was heavily oversprayed, set aside for 1 week, and the contents subsequently stored for 4 more weeks in a clean bag. Samples taken after 1,2 and 5 weeks showed only low levels of malathion contamination.
A preliminary examination of the flavour of meat extract
Authors: Bender A. E. , Ballance P. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA volatile fraction obtained from meat extract was examined by gas‐liquid chromatography. Twelve compounds were identified (methyl mercaptan, acetaldehyde, ethyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulphide, acetone, ethyl methyl ketone, methanol and ethanol—which have also been shown to be present in meat by other workers—together with hydrogen sulphide, propionaldehyde, isobutyraldehyde and isovaleraldehyde) but others may be present.
The mechanism of fruit holding in high‐ratio cake batters
Authors: Cornford S. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn investigation into the factors affecting fruit holding in high‐ratio cake batters is described in relation to the results of baking tests and measurements of the rheological properties of the batters. the cake batters behaved as plastic materials having a small yield value and flow properties in which shear stress varied almost linearly with square root of rate of shear. Yield value and apparent viscosity showed minimum values in the temperature range 140–160°F. Chlorine treatment of the flour was a major factor affecting fruit holding and its mechanism was to permit greater swelling of the starch at low temperatures, below the normal swelling temperature, which increased the yield value of the batter. Reduced protein content and coarse particle size of the flour were detrimental to fruit holding. Other factors examined were different acid ingredients, salt, type of fruit and egg quality.