bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Zinc in wound healing: Theoretical, experimental, and clinical aspects
Authors: Lansdown Alan B. G. , Mirastschijski Ursula , Stubbs Nicky , Scanlon Elizabeth , Ågren Magnus S. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTZinc is an essential trace element in the human body and its importance in health and disease is appreciated. It serves as a cofactor in numerous transcription factors and enzyme systems including zinc‐dependent matrix metalloproteinases that augment autodebridement and keratinocyte migration during wound repair. Zinc confers resistance to epithelial apoptosis through cytoprotection against reactive oxygen species and bacterial toxins possibly through antioxidant activity of the cysteine‐rich metallothioneins. Zinc deficiency of hereditary or dietary cause can lead to pathological changes and delayed wound healing. Oral zinc supplementation may be beneficial in treating zinc‐deficient leg ulcer patients, but its therapeutic place in surgical patients needs further clarification. Topical administration of zinc appears to be superior to oral therapy due to its action in reducing superinfections and necrotic material via enhanced local defense systems and collagenolytic activity, and the sustained release of zinc ions that stimulates epithelialization of wounds in normozincemic individuals. Zinc oxide in paste bandages (Unna boot) protects and soothes inflamed peri‐ulcer skin. Zinc is transported through the skin from these formulations, although the systemic effects seem insignificant. We present here the first comprehensive account of zinc in wound management in relation to current concepts of wound bed preparation and the wound‐healing cascade. This review article suggests that topical zinc therapy is underappreciated even though clinical evidence emphasizes its importance in autodebridement, anti‐infective action, and promotion of epithelialization.
Streptolysin O enhances keratinocyte migration and proliferation and promotes skin organ culture wound healing in vitro
Authors: Tomic‐Canic Marjana , Mamber Stephen W. , Stojadinovic Olivera , Lee Brian , Radoja Nadezda , McMichael John 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTML‐05, a modified form of the hemolytic and cytotoxic bacterial toxin, streptolysin O, is currently being investigated as a treatment for collagen‐related disorders such as scleroderma and fibrosis. Furthermore, ML‐05 may be effective in promoting wound healing and alleviating the formation of hypertrophic scars and keloids. To investigate the effects of ML‐05 on wound‐healing processes, in vitro wound‐healing scratch assays (using human primary epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts) and a human skin organ culture wound model were utilized. ML‐05 markedly enhanced keratinocyte migration and proliferation in wound scratch assays. ML‐05 did not affect either proliferation or migration of dermal fibroblasts, indicating that ML‐05's effects on cell migration/proliferation may be keratinocyte‐specific. ML‐05 was tested in a dose‐dependent manner in a skin organ culture wound model using two different application methods: Through the culture media (dermal exposure) or direct topical treatment of the wound surface. ML‐05 was found to accelerate wound healing as measured by reepithelialization, particularly after topical application. Therefore, ML‐05 may have potential as a wound‐healing agent that promotes reepithelialization through stimulation of keratinocyte migration and proliferation.
A cold Early Palaeozoic subduction zone in the North Qilian Mountains, NW China: petrological and U‐Pb geochronological constraints
Authors: ZHANG J. X. , MENG F. C. , WAN Y. S. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe north Qilian high‐pressure (HP)/low‐temperature (LT) metamorphic belt is composed mainly of blueschists, eclogites and greenschist facies rocks. It formed within an Early Palaeozoic accretionary wedge associated with the subduction of the oceanic crust and is considered to be one of the best preserved HP/LT metamorphic belts in China. Here we report new lawsonite‐bearing eclogites and eclogitic rocks enclosed within epidote blueschists in the North Qilian Mountains. Five samples contain unaltered lawsonite coexisting with omphacite and phengite as inclusions in garnet, indicating eclogite facies garnet growth and lawsonite pseudomorphs were observed in garnet from an additional 11 eclogites and eclogitic rocks. Peak pressure conditions estimated from lawsonite omphacite‐phengite‐garnet assemblages were 2.1–2.4 GPa at temperatures of 420–510 °C, in or near the stability field of lawsonite eclogite, and implying formation under an apparent geothermal gradient of 6–8 °C km−1, consistent with metamorphism in a cold subduction zone. SHRIMP U‐Pb dating of zircon from two lawsonite‐bearing eclogitic metabasites yields ages of 489 ± 7 Ma and 477 ± 16 Ma, respectively. CL images and mineral inclusions in zircon grains indicate that these ages reflect an eclogite facies metamorphism. An age of 502 ± 16 Ma is recorded in igneous cores of zircon grains from one lawsonite pseudomorph‐bearing eclogite, which is in agreement with the formation age of Early Ordovician for some ophiolite sequences in the North Qilian Mountains, and may be associated with a period of oceanic crust formation. The petrological and chronological data demonstrate the existence of a cold Early Palaeozoic subduction zone in the North Qilian Mountains.
“Something Special to Offer”: Meritocracy in the Universities
Authors: Kabaservice Geoffrey 
Published: January 2007

Life, as the poets have observed, imitates art. Nicholas Lemann has produced the most fascinating brief against meritocracy since Michael Young's 1957 novel that gave the world the term. And Lemann's critique is in a way prefigured in the populist “Chelsea Manifesto” that appears near the end of Young's The Rise of the Meritocracy: The classless society would be one which both possessed and acted upon plural values. Were we to evaluate people, not only according to their intelligence and their education, their occupation, and their power, but according to their kindliness and their courage, their imagination and sensitivity, their sympathy and generosity, there could be no classes. Who would be able to say that the scientist was superior to the porter with admirable qualities as a father, the civil servant with unusual skill at gaining prizes superior to the lorry-driver with unusual skill at growing roses? The Lemann Manifesto, so to speak, does not appear until the Afterword of The Big Test, but its message permeates “The Master Plan,” the second part of the book. In this section, Lemann takes on the postwar rise of the University of California system and the transformation of old “Episcopacy” institutions such as Yale into academic powerhouses with highly selective undergraduate admissions. He also introduces the issue of race and the apparent contradiction that low African-American SAT scores pose to the idea of meritocracy as a fair system of social mobility.
“The Pacific Era Has Arrived”: Transnational Education among Japanese Americans, 1932–1941
Authors: Azuma Eiichiro 
Published: January 2007

Looking back on the two years at Keisen Girls' School, I am so grateful for the opportunity to have been able to study here…. Our teachers have taught us that it was mistaken if we simply aspired to mimic the ways of Japanese woman. Cognizant of our special position as Americans of Japanese ancestry, we must instead strive to promote the U.S.-Japan friendship. Furthermore, we must adapt the merits of the Japanese spirit [that we have acquired here] to our Americanism. Back in the United States, we will dedicate ourselves to the good of our own society as best possible citizens, cooperating with Americans of other races and learning from each other…. Such is the mission of the Nisei as a bridge between Japan and the United States—one that we have come to appreciate [through our schooling in Japan].Just about two years before Pearl Harbor, a young Japanese American woman took this pledge to herself when she completed a special study program in Tokyo, Japan. Although the shadow of war loomed increasingly over the Pacific, thousands of American-born Japanese (Nisei) youth like her flocked to their parents' native land during the 1930s to pursue cultural and language learning, as well as formal secondary and higher education. In any given year following 1932, an estimated 1,500 young Nisei students from North America resided in Tokyo and other urban areas of Japan. Often referred to as Kibei after returning to their native land, these young women and men attempted to embrace their ethnic heritage and identity during their sojourn in Japan with the support of Japanese educators.
Trioxaquines Are New Antimalarial Agents Active on All Erythrocytic Forms, Including Gametocytes
Authors: Benoit-Vical Françoise , Lelièvre Joël , Berry Antoine , Deymier Caroline , Dechy-Cabaret Odile , Cazelles Jérôme , Loup Christophe , Robert Anne , Magnaval Jean-François , Meunier Bernard 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACT

Malaria is the third most significant cause of infectious disease in the world. The search for new antimalarial chemotherapy has become increasingly urgent due to parasite resistance to classical drugs. Trioxaquines are synthetic hybrid molecules containing a trioxane motif (which is responsible for the antimalarial activity of artemisinin) linked to an aminoquinoline entity (which is responsible for the antiplasmodial properties of chloroquine). These trioxaquines are highly potent against young erythrocytic stages of
Plasmodium falciparum
and exhibit efficient activity in vitro against chloroquine-sensitive and -resistant strains of
P. falciparum
(50% inhibitory concentration, 4 to 32 nM) and are also active in vivo against
P. vinckei petteri
and
P. yoelii nigeriensis
in suppressive and curative murine tests. The trioxaquine DU1302 is one of these promising antimalarial agents. The present study confirms the absence of toxicity of this drug on cell lines and in a mice model. Moreover, DU1302 exhibits potent activity against gametocytes, the form transmitted by mosquitoes, as killing of the gametocytes is essential to limit the spread of malaria. The ease of chemical synthesis of this trioxaquine prototype should be considered an additional advantage and would make these drugs affordable without perturbations of the drug supply.
Miltefosine Affects Lipid Metabolism in
Leishmania donovani
Promastigotes
Authors: Rakotomanga M. , Blanc S. , Gaudin K. , Chaminade P. , Loiseau P. M. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACT

Miltefosine (hexadecylphosphocholine [HePC]) is the first orally active antileishmanial drug. Transient HePC treatment of
Leishmania donovani
promastigotes at 10 μM significantly reduced the phosphatidylcholine content and enhanced the phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) content in parasite membranes, suggesting a partial inactivation of PE-
N
-methyltransferase. Phospholipase D activity did not seem to be affected by HePC. In addition, the enhancement of the lysophosphatidylcholine content could be ascribed to phospholipase A2 activation. Moreover, transient HePC treatment had no effect on the fatty acid alkyl chain length or the fatty acid unsaturation rate. Concerning sterols, we found a strong reduction of the C
24
alkylated sterol content, and the enhancement of the cholesterol content could be the result of the HePC condensation effect with sterols. Because some of the effects observed after transient HePC treatment were different from those previously observed in HePC-resistant parasites, it could be hypothesized that continuous in vitro drug pressure induces the mechanisms of regulation in
Leishmania
lipid metabolism.
Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Factors Influencing Emergence of Resistance to Linezolid in an In Vitro Model
Authors: Boak Lauren M. , Li Jian , Rayner Craig R. , Nation Roger L. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACT

Emerging resistance threatens the usefulness of linezolid for the treatment of severe infections caused by multidrug-resistant gram-positive bacteria. Optimal pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) indices have been described for the antimicrobial efficacy of linezolid (area under the concentration-time curve over 24 h at steady state divided by the MIC, >100; the cumulative percentage of a 24-h period that the drug concentration exceeds the MIC under steady-state PK conditions, >85). The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of these PK/PD indices on the development of resistance to linezolid by using an in vitro PK/PD model. Four dosage regimens were simulated over 72 h (two intermittent bolus regimens of 600 mg every 12 h [q12h] and 120 mg q12h and two continuous-infusion regimens of 120 mg/24 h and 30 mg/24 h) against four reference strains: methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA), heteroresistant vancomycin-intermediate
S. aureus
(hVISA), vancomycin-intermediate
S. aureus
(VISA), and vancomycin-resistant
Enterococcus faecium
(VRE). Linezolid concentrations were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Changes in susceptibility were characterized by pre- and posttreatment MIC measurements and population analysis profiles (PAPs). The linezolid concentrations that were achieved closely matched those that were targeted. The simulation with 600 mg q12h provided a >3-log
10
reduction in the number of CFU/ml for all four strains, as did the 120-mg-q12h regimen for hVISA and VISA and the 30-mg/24-h continuous infusion for VRE and VISA. After 72 h of exposure to the 120-mg/24-h continuous-infusion simulation, the area under the PAP curve for all strains increased substantially (40 to 178%); increases in the MICs for the MRSA and hVISA strains were observed. The results demonstrate that PK/PD considerations are important in optimizing both antibacterial activity and the development of resistance to linezolid. The potential for resistance development appears to be higher when a constant concentration is maintained in the vicinity of the MIC of the bacteria.
Effect of Antibiotics on
Staphylococcus aureus
Producing Panton-Valentine Leukocidin
Authors: Dumitrescu Oana , Boisset Sandrine , Badiou Cedric , Bes Michele , Benito Yvonne , Reverdy Marie-Elisabeth , Vandenesch François , Etienne Jerome , Lina Gerard 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACT

We examined the capacity of
Staphylococcus aureus
strains to release Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) in the presence of antibiotics. No PVL was detected when
S. aureus
was incubated at inhibitory concentrations, while subinhibitory concentrations of oxacillin enhanced the PVL level; clindamycin, linezolid, and fusidic acid were inhibitory; and vancomycin had roughly no effect.
Attributional Styles and Psychosocial Functioning of Adults With ADHD
Authors: Rucklidge Julia , Brown Deborah , Crawford Susan , Kaplan Bonnie 
Published: January 2007

Objective: This study investigates attributional styles and psychosocial functioning of men and women with ADHD identified in adulthood to inform practice issues. Method: One hundred and eighty adults participate: 52 females with ADHD, 37 males with ADHD, 51 female controls, and 40 male controls are administered questionnaires broadly assessing attributional style and psychosocial functioning. Results: The ADHD groups report more depression and anxiety, greater childhood dissatisfaction, a more external locus of control and lower self-esteem, and being more likely to be classified with a maladaptive attributional style than controls. No specific gender differences are noted in the ADHD groups, although a few overall gender differences emerge, with males reporting lower self-esteem, a more external locus of control, and more dissatisfaction in childhood than females. Conclusion: Consistent with other research, ADHD participants, regardless of gender, are struggling significantly with psychosocial functioning.
Medication Adherence in Psychopharmacologically Treated Adults With ADHD
Authors: Safren Steven A. , Duran Petra , Yovel Iftah , Perlman Carol A. , Sprich Susan 
Published: January 2007

Objective: One of the potential causes of residual symptoms of ADHD in adults can be difficulties with consistent adherence to medications. Method: This formative study examined self-reported medication adherence in adults with ADHD with clinically significant symptoms despite medication treatment. Results: Mean adherence for the two-week period prior to the assessment point was 86%, with 18% of the sample reporting less than 80% adherence, and 43% less than 90% adherence. Adherence correlated with ADHD symptoms but not anxiety or depression. Those with less than 80% adherence had higher ADHD severity compared to those whose adherence was at least 80%. Conclusion: These data suggest that self-report of adherence to ADHD medications may be a useful and expedient way of assessing adherence, and that assessment and counseling about adherence may be an important part of treatment. Future research using an objective indicator of adherence is needed to follow up on these findings.
Apolipocrustacein, formerly vitellogenin, is the major egg yolk precursor protein in decapod crustaceans and is homologous to insect apolipophorin II/I and vertebrate apolipoprotein B
Authors: Avarre Jean-Christophe , Lubzens Esther , Babin Patrick J 
Published: January 2007

AbstractBackgroundIn animals, the biogenesis of some lipoprotein classes requires members of the ancient large lipid transfer protein (LLTP) superfamily, including the cytosolic large subunit of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP), vertebrate apolipoprotein B (apoB), vitellogenin (Vtg), and insect apolipophorin II/I precursor (apoLp-II/I). In most oviparous species, Vtg, a large glycolipoprotein, is the main egg yolk precursor protein.ResultsThis report clarifies the phylogenetic relationships of LLTP superfamily members and classifies them into three families and their related subfamilies. This means that the generic term Vtg is no longer a functional term, but is rather based on phylogenetic/structural criteria. In addition, we determined that the main egg yolk precursor protein of decapod crustaceans show an overall greater sequence similarity with apoLp-II/I than other LLTP, including Vtgs. This close association is supported by the phylogenetic analysis, i.e. neighbor-joining, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods, of conserved sequence motifs and the presence of three common conserved domains: an N-terminal large lipid transfer module marker for LLTP, a DUF1081 domain of unknown function in their central region exclusively shared with apoLp-II/I and apoB, and a von Willebrand-factor type D domain at their C-terminal end. Additionally, they share a conserved functional subtilisin-like endoprotease cleavage site with apoLp-II/I, in a similar location.ConclusionThe structural and phylogenetic data presented indicate that the major egg yolk precursor protein of decapod crustaceans is surprisingly closely related to insect apoLp-II/I and vertebrate apoB and should be known as apolipocrustacein (apoCr) rather than Vtg. These LLTP may arise from an ancient duplication event leading to paralogs of Vtg sequences. The presence of LLTP homologs in one genome may facilitate redundancy, e.g. involvement in lipid metabolism and as egg yolk precursor protein, and neofunctionalization and subfunctionalization, e.g. involvement in clotting cascade and immune response, of extracellular LLTP members. These protein-coding nuclear genes may be used to resolve phylogenetic relationships among the major arthropod groups, especially the Pancrustacea-major splits.
Bluetongue virus RNA binding protein NS2 is a modulator of viral replication and assembly
Authors: Kar Alak Kanti , Bhattacharya Bishnupriya , Roy Polly 
Published: January 2007

Abstract

Background
Bluetongue virus (BTV) particles consist of seven structural proteins that are organized into two capsids. In addition, BTV also encodes three non-structural (NS) proteins of which protein 2 (NS2) is the RNA binding protein and is also the major component of virus encoded inclusion bodies (VIBs), which are believed to be virus assembly sites. To investigate the contribution of NS2 in virus replication and assembly we have constructed inducible mammalian cell lines expressing full-length NS2. In addition, truncated NS2 fragments were also generated in an attempt to create dominant negative mutants for NS2 function.

Results
Our data revealed that expression of full-length NS2 was sufficient for the formation of inclusion bodies (IBs) that were morphologically similar to the VIBs formed during BTV infection. By using either, individual BTV proteins or infectious virions, we found that while the VP3 of the inner capsid (termed as "core") that surrounds the transcription complex was closely associated with both NS2 IBs and BTV VIBs, the surface core protein VP7 co-localized with NS2 IBs only in the presence of VP3. In contrast to the inner core proteins, the outer capsid protein VP2 was not associated with either IBs or VIBs. Like the core proteins, newly synthesized BTV RNAs also accumulated in VIBs. Unlike full-length NS2, neither the amino-, nor carboxyl-terminal fragments formed complete IB structures and each appeared to interfere in overall virus replication when similarly expressed.

Conclusion
Together, these data demonstrate that NS2 is sufficient and necessary for IB formation and a key player in virus replication and core assembly. Perturbation of NS2 IB formation resulted in reduced virus synthesis and both the N terminal (NS2-1) and C terminal (NS2-2) fragments act as dominant negative mutants of NS2 function.
Increased isoprostane and prostaglandin are prominent in neurons in Alzheimer disease
Authors: Casadesus Gemma , Smith Mark A , Basu Samar , Hua Jing , Capobianco Dae E , Siedlak Sandra L , Zhu Xiongwei , Perry George 
Published: January 2007

Abstract

Background
Inflammation and oxidative stress are both involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease and have been shown to be reciprocally linked. One group of molecules that have been directly associated with inflammation and the production of free radicals are the prostaglandin 13,14-dihydro 15-keto PGF2α and the isoprostane 8-iso-PGF2α.

Results
To further delineate the role of inflammatory and oxidative parameters in Alzheimer disease, in this study we evaluated the amount and localization of 13,14-dihydro 15-keto PGF2α and 8-iso-PGF2α in hippocampal post mortem tissue samples from age-matched Alzheimer disease and control patients. Our results demonstrate increased levels of 13,14-dihydro 15-keto PGF2α and 8-iso-PGF2α in the hippocampal pyramidal neurons of Alzheimer disease patients when compared to control patients.

Conclusion
These data not only support the shared mechanistic involvement of free radical damage and inflammation in Alzheimer disease, but also indicate that multiple pathogenic "hits" are likely necessary for both the development and propagation of Alzheimer disease.