bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chemotherapy for metastatic melanoma
Authors: Gogas Helen J. , Kirkwood John M. , Sondak Vernon K. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractMelanoma is a neoplasm with a rising incidence. Early‐stage melanoma is curable, but advanced, metastatic melanoma almost uniformly is fatal, and patients with such advanced disease have a short median survival. Systemic therapy remains unsatisfactory, inducing complete durable responses in a small minority of patients. For the current review, the authors focused on the current role of cytotoxic chemotherapy in the treatment of metastatic melanoma and the future prospects for improvements for multiagent chemotherapy and chemotherapy combined with immunomodulatory and/or molecularly targeted agents. They discuss roles of single‐agent chemotherapy, combination chemotherapy, combinations of chemotherapy with immunomodulatory or hormone agents, biochemotherapy, and combination chemotherapy with targeted therapies. Cancer 2007;109:455–464. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
New assay using fluorogenic substrates and immunofluorescence staining to measure cysteine cathepsin activity in live cell subpopulations
Authors: Creasy Blaine M. , Hartmann Constance B. , White Frances K. Higgins , McCoy Kathleen L. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractBackground:Cathepsins are endosomal/lysosomal proteases that play important roles in regulating cell physiological processes in cardiovascular, neurological, musculoskeletal, and immunological systems. Pathophysiological processes are often associated with a change in cathepsin expression and activity, leading to the possibility of using cathepsins as disease markers for diagnosis and prognosis.Methods:We describe a new assay utilizing an argon laser flow cytometer to measure activities of cysteine cathepsins B, L, and S in live cells using cell permeable fluorogenic cresyl violet‐conjugated peptides as selective substrates. Substrate concentration dependency and time kinetics studies were performed. The activity assay was combined with immunofluorescence staining to detect cell lineage‐specific molecules and assess cathepsin activities in a heterogeneous cell population.Results:Substrate concentrations utilized were not limiting, because MFI significantly increased in a macrophage cell line stimulated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Selective cathepsin inhibitors demonstrated the selectivity of substrate cleavage. Cells fixed and stored before analysis had no loss of fluorescence product. Activities of cathepsins B, L and S in splenic B cells, T cells and macrophages identified by immunofluorescence staining were analyzed.Conclusion:This novel technique determines cathepsin activities on a per cell basis without requiring purification of different cell types from a heterogeneous cell population. © 2007 International Society for Analytical Cytology.
Statistical considerations for enumeration of circulating tumor cells
Authors: Tibbe Arjan G. J. , Miller M. Craig , Terstappen Leon W. M. M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractBackground:Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in patients with carcinomas are extremely rare. In metastatic breast cancer, the presence of ≥5 CTCs in 7.5 ml of blood has been associated with short survival. As this threshold has clinical implications, it is important to recognize the limitations associated with the detection and enumeration of CTCs.Methods:Statistical analyses were performed on data generated from a multi‐center clinical trial that utilized the CellSearch™ System to isolate and enumerate CTCs in 7.5 ml blood samples. The statistical issues associated with each step of the process, from blood collection to final image analysis and CTC enumeration, were determined and implemented into a model.Results:A model describing the statistics of the different process steps that are needed for the isolation and detection of CTCs was developed. The model uses the Poisson distribution for blood collection and empirically determined distributions for the isolation and identification of CTCs. The variability between readers was identified as one of the main sources of errors responsible for the current threshold level of five CTCs.Conclusions:Elimination of the errors made in the identification of tumor cells isolated from 7.5 ml of blood could potentially reduce the CTC threshold for the identification of patients with a poor prognosis from the current value of five CTCs to one CTC per 7.5 ml of blood. © 2007 International Society for Analytical Cytology.
Half‐Sandwich η5‐Indenyl‐ and η6‐Areneruthenium(II) Complexes Bearing the Chiral Ligand (4S)‐2‐[(Sp)‐2‐(Diphenylphosphanyl)ferrocenyl]‐4‐(methylethyl)oxazoline (FcPN)
Authors: García‐Fernández Almudena , Gimeno José , Lastra Elena , Madrigal Cesar A. , Graiff Claudia , Tiripicchio Antonio 
Published: January 2007

AbstractChiral indenylruthenium(II) [Ru(η5‐C9H7){κ2(P,N)‐FcPN}(PPh3)][PF6] (1), [Ru(η5‐C9H7)Cl{κ2(P,N)‐FcPN}] (2) and areneruthenium(II) [RuX(η6‐arene){κ2(P,N)‐FcPN}][PF6] [η6‐arene = p‐cymene, X = Cl (6a), H (7), N3 (8); η6‐arene = 1,2,3,4‐tetramethylbenzene, X = Cl (6b)] complexes containing the chiral ligand (4S)‐2‐[(SP)‐2‐(diphenylphosphanyl)ferrocenyl]‐4‐(methylethyl)oxazoline (FcPN) have been synthesised diastereoselectively. Reaction of 2 with terminal alkynes allows the synthesis of alkynyl [Ru(η5‐C9H7)(C≡CR){κ2(P,N)‐FcPN}] [R = Ph (3a), p‐CH3C6H4 (3b)], allenylidene [Ru(η5‐C9H7){κ2(P,N)‐FcPN}(=C=C=CPh2)][PF6] (4) and Fischer‐type carbene [Ru(η5‐C9H7){κ2(P,N)‐FcPN}{=C(OMe)CH=CHPh}][PF6] (5) complexes. The structures of complexes 2, 3a and 6a have been determined by X‐ray diffraction methods. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Preparation and Characterization of Nafion®/Hydrated Phosphor‐Silicate Hybrid Membranes for the Direct Methanol Fuel Cell
Authors: Tung S.‐P. , Hwang B.‐J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe characteristics of Nafion®/hydrated phosphor‐silicate hybrid membranes for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) are investigated. The effect of the ratio of the hydrated phosphor‐silicate to Nafion® on the morphology, thermal and chemical stabilities, crystalline structure, proton conductivity, and methanol permeability of the hybrid membrane are studied. The thermal and chemical stability as well as the methanol impermeability of the hybrid membrane are superior to those of the Nafion® 117 membrane. The hybrid membranes show higher proton conductivities than the hydrated phosphor‐silicate glass membranes but slightly lower conductivities compared to the Nafion® 117 membrane. It is shown that the crystalline structure of the hybrid membranes changes with the SiO2‐P2O5 particle content. The direct methanol fuel cell with the hybrid membrane shows a maximum power density of about 13.42 mW cm–2 under the conditions of 20 °C in air and 2 M methanol feed solution. The single cell of the hybrid membrane also shows a high open circuit voltage of 0.66 V, indicating that the methanol crossover of the hybrid membranes is low. This shows that the hybrid membrane is indeed a good electrolyte candidate for direct methanol fuel cell applications.
Syntheses, spectral property, and antimicrobial activities of 6‐α‐amino dibenzo [d,f][1,3,2]dioxaphosphepin 6‐oxides
Authors: Kasthuraiah M. , Kumar K. Ananda , Reddy C. Suresh , Reddy C. Devendranath 
Published: January 2007

AbstractDiethyl α‐aminophosphonates (4) were prepared in excellent yield from three‐component reaction of aldehydes (1), amines (2), and triethylphosphite (3) under solvent‐free conditions in the presence of ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) and were reacted with 2,2′‐dihydroxybiphenyl (5) using p‐toluene sulfonic acid monohydrate (PTSA) as a catalyst to obtain 6‐α‐aminodibenzo[d f][1,3,2]dioxaphosphepin 6‐oxides (6) in good yield. It is a first report on the cyclizations of 4 with 5. An antimicrobial activity of numbers of 6 is evaluated. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 18:2–8, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20244
Syntheses, characterizations, and crystal structures of phosphonopeptides
Authors: Hua Fang , Meijuan Fang , Xiaoxia Liu , Guo Tang , Yufen Zhao 
Published: January 2007

Abstractα‐Aminophosphonic acids and their derivatives, as phosphorus analogs of amino acids, have attracted much attention as they show a range of biological activities. In this paper, dialkyl phenyl(4‐pyridylcarbonylamino)methylphosphonates were synthesized via the Mannich reaction (Yuan et al., Synthesis 1990, 3, 256) and peptide coupling. Their structures were confirmed by elemental analysis, IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and MS. X‐ray diffraction data of compounds (2a, 2b, 2c) were reported respectively. The antibacterial and antitumor activities of these compounds are first reported in this paper. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 18:9–15, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20244
The role of MDR‐related proteins in the prognosis of adult acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) with normal karyotype
Authors: Damiani Daniela , Tiribelli Mario , Raspadori Donatella , Michelutti Angela , Gozzetti Alessandro , Calistri Elisabetta , Candoni Anna , Chiarvesio Alexsia , Lenoci Mariapia , Russo Domenico , Fanin Renato 
Published: January 2007

AbstractCytogenetic abnormalities are among the most important factors affecting the outcome of patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), but approximately 40–50% of AML cases display a normal karyotype at diagnosis. Multidrug resistance (MDR) proteins overexpression is associated with worse prognosis in acute leukaemias, but its role in normal karyotype AML is less defined. We analysed the expression of P‐glycoprotein (PGP), MDR‐related protein (MRP) and lung resistance protein (LRP) in 135 adult patients with normal karyotype AML and its correlation with other biological features of the disease, to evaluate the impact of MDR proteins on response to therapy and on survival. Increased PGP expression was associated with lower rate of complete remission (CR; p = 0.006), similarly to advanced age. Cases overexpressing PGP displayed also a shorter event‐free survival (EFS; 4 vs. 10 months, p = 0.035) and the increased expression of at least one MDR protein was associated with a reduced overall survival (OS; p = 0.038). Also age was predictive of worse prognosis. Our data confirm the prognostic role of MDR proteins, in particular of PGP, also in AML patients with normal karyotype at diagnosis. This finding could be used to stratify patients with different prognosis and to design risk‐adapted therapeutic strategies. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Double cation adduction in matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry of electron deficient anthraquinone derivatives
Authors: Lou Xianwen , Sinkeldam Renatus W. , van Houts Wouter , Nicolas Yohann , Janssen Pim G. A. , van Dongen Joost L. J. , Vekemans Jef A. J. M. , Meijer E. W. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSix anthraquinone derivatives were analyzed using matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI TOF MS). Clear (pseudo) molecular ions were observed for all the compounds. Interestingly, for some derivatives, strong ions with double cation adduction were also recorded in the positive mode. It is remarkable that all these ions are singly charged. In this work, possible mechanisms for the double cation adduction were investigated and discussed. It appears that the double cation adduction was due to the electron deficient nature of the derivatives, and formed by taking up two singly charged cations and one electron. Substituents on the anthraquinone ring were found to have a significant effect on the double cation adduction. In contrast, no considerable influence of the acidity of MALDI matrix/solution was observed, even on the double proton adduction. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that double cation adduction might occur in the MALDI gas‐phase plume. In addition to the anthraquinones, three more electron deficient compounds of different types, i.e. a perylene bisimide derivative (PB), 3,7‐decanoylamino‐4,8‐dihydrobenzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene‐4,8‐dione (TQ) and 6,6‐phenyl C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), were also analyzed with MALDI TOF MS. The results indicate that the ‘abnormal’ double cation adduction might be a ‘normal’ phenomenon in the MALDI TOF MS analysis of many electron deficient compounds. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Natural‐abundance 15N13C correlation spectra of vitamin B‐12
Authors: Kupče Eriks , Freeman Ray 
Published: January 2007

AbstractTwo‐dimensional nitrogen–carbon NMR correlation spectra have been derived by a new reconstruction technique based on standard two‐dimensional HMQC and HMBC spectra, and operating with natural 15N and 13C isotopic abundances. Compared with conventional three‐dimensional spectroscopy in which 15N and 13C spins must be present in the same molecule, the reconstruction method offers two orders of magnitude improvement in sensitivity. Vitamin B‐12 serves as an illustrative example. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shear band emergence in granular materials—a numerical study
Authors: Ord Alison , Hobbs Bruce , Regenauer‐Lieb Klaus 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIn contrast to continuum systems where localization or shear banding arises through a bifurcation in a predefined system of differential equations, shear bands emerge in numerical simulations of deforming granular systems with no prescribed mathematical relations other than simple contact forces between particles. Shear bands emerge from the self‐organization of large numbers of particles with long‐range geometrical interactions playing a dominant role; both translation and rotation of particles are important. Granular media therefore deform more like materials with non‐local constitutive relations than materials where only first‐order interactions are relevant. In this paper we adopt a thermo‐mechanical approach and explore the fluxes of energy in the evolving granular system (that has cohesion as well as friction between the particles) as it is loaded through the unstable localization regime, and track the evolution of energy dissipation. As in continua, the sign of the second‐order work defines the emergence of instability in the system. Initially, these instabilities decay into stable configurations of particles but with continued loading, force chains collapse locally to generate geometrically necessary fractures. These zones then propagate to generate localization zones. When these fractures form a continuous network, the system is at the percolation thresh‐hold for broken bonds. However, long before this stage, the second‐order work fluctuates in bursts weakly correlated with bursts in kinetic energy as damage accumulates. This behaviour suggests that any continuum constitutive description of granular media must be (i) non‐local in an anisotropic manner, (ii) micro‐polar, and (iii) involve damage evolution. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Material instability in granular assemblies from fundamentally different models
Authors: Sibille L. , Nicot F. , Donzé F. V. , Darve F. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThree fundamentally different models: a phenomenological constitutive relation, a micro‐mechanical model and direct numerical simulations by Distinct Element Method (DEM) are compared in this paper. In addition, the local form of Hill's sufficient condition of stability (i.e. the vanishing of the second‐order work d2W) is considered to describe material instabilities in granular assemblies. Stress probes in the axisymmetric plane of stress increments are achieved with all three models to check whether d2W vanishes at different stress–strain states. For all the models, cones of unstable stress directions (cones of stress probe directions for which d2W = 0) are found and they appear for stress states strictly inside the plastic limit condition. Thus, independently of the model, a bifurcation domain exists inside the plastic limit condition which can describe the sudden collapses of sand samples observed in laboratory tests before reaching the Mohr–Coulomb criterion. Taking advantage of the different models considered, the vanishing of the second‐order work is linked to the existence of non‐associated plastic strains and to micro‐mechanical bases. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shutterless nitrogen flux modulation using a dual‐mode rf‐plasma operation during RF‐MBE growth of GaN
Authors: Katayama Ryuji , Tsurusawa Hideyo , Nakamura Teruyuki , Komaki Hironori , Onabe Kentaro 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA convenient and efficient version of the nitrogen flux modulation technique is demonstrated, in which the reactive nitrogen flux can be completely switched on and off, utilizing the bistability between the so‐called bright‐ and dark‐mode plasmas instead of using a shutter plate. The reactive nitrogen flux found to be controlled practically as clearly shown by a plasma spectral investigation and the linear variation in the growth rate of GaN with respect to a nitrogen‐supply duration. N‐polarity GaN films were grown using a nitrogen flux modulation as well as a migration enhanced epitaxial growth sequences with different durations of the reactive nitrogen supply. Their structural properties, especially the surface morphology and the density of the screw‐component of threading dislocations estimated from the X‐ray diffraction line width, found to be very sensitive to the nitrogen supply duration as well as the growth sequences. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Maternal cardiac function in fetal growth‐restricted and non‐growth‐restricted small‐for‐gestational age pregnancies
Authors: Bamfo J. E. A. K. , Kametas N. A. , Chambers J. B. , Nicolaides K. H. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractObjectiveTo compare maternal cardiac function in women with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) to those with small‐for‐gestational age (SGA) pregnancies (non‐IUGR).MethodsThis was a cross‐sectional study involving maternal echocardiography and uterine, umbilical and fetal middle cerebral artery Doppler assessment in 52 normotensive women at 20–36 weeks' gestation with SGA fetuses (26 IUGR and 26 non‐IUGR).ResultsIn the IUGR (compared to the non‐IUGR) group, maternal cardiac output (CO) was lower (4.7 vs. 6.1 L/min, P < 0.001) and total vascular resistance (TVR) was higher (1444 vs. 1088 dynes/s/cm5, P < 0.001). The lower CO was due to a lower preload, demonstrated by a reduced stroke volume (59.9 vs. 73.6 mL, P < 0.01) and smaller left atrial diameter (LAD) (31.5 vs. 34.1 mm, P = 0.01). Mean arterial pressure and diastolic function were similar between the groups. Logistic regression and receiver–operating characteristics curve analysis for detection of IUGR demonstrated that a model using TVR, LAD, fetal middle cerebral artery pulsatility index and gestational age, had a sensitivity of 96.2% and a specificity of 84.6%.ConclusionsMaternal echocardiography can provide a very sensitive tool for identifying IUGR pregnancies. Copyright © 2007 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Does three‐dimensional power Doppler ultrasound help in discrimination between benign and malignant ovarian masses?
Authors: Jokubkiene L. , Sladkevicius P. , Valentin L. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractObjectivesTo determine if tumor vascularity as assessed by three‐dimensional (3D) power Doppler ultrasound can be used to discriminate between benign and malignant ovarian tumors, if adding 3D power Doppler ultrasound to gray‐scale imaging improves differentiation between benignity and malignancy, and if 3D power Doppler ultrasound adds more to gray‐scale ultrasound than does two‐dimensional (2D) power Doppler ultrasound.MethodsOne hundred and six women scheduled for surgery because of an ovarian mass were examined with transvaginal gray‐scale ultrasound and 2D and 3D power Doppler ultrasound. The color content of the tumor scan was rated subjectively by the ultrasound examiner on a visual analog scale. Vascularization index (VI), flow index (FI) and vascularization flow index (VFI) were calculated in the whole tumor and in a 5‐cm3 sample taken from the most vascularized area of the tumor. Logistic regression analysis was used to build models to predict malignancy.ResultsThere were 79 benign tumors, six borderline tumors and 21 invasive malignancies. A logistic regression model including only gray‐scale ultrasound variables (the size of the largest solid component, wall irregularity, and lesion size) was built to predict malignancy. It had an area under the receiver–operating characteristics (ROC) curve of 0.98, sensitivity of 100%, false positive rate of 10%, and positive likelihood ratio (LR) of 10 when using the mathematically best cut‐off value for risk of malignancy (0.12). The diagnostic performance of the 3D flow index with the best diagnostic performance, i.e. VI in a 5‐cm3 sample, was superior to that of the color content of the tumor scan (area under ROC curve 0.92 vs. 0.80, sensitivity 93% vs. 78%, false positive rate 16% vs. 27% using the mathematically best cut‐off value). Adding the color content of the tumor scan or FI in a 5‐cm3 sample to the logistic regression model including the three gray‐scale variables described above improved diagnostic performance only marginally, an additional two tumors being correctly classified.ConclusionsEven though 2D and 3D power Doppler ultrasound can be used to discriminate between benign and malignant ovarian tumors, their use adds little to a correct diagnosis of malignancy in an ordinary population of ovarian tumors. Objective quantitation of the color content of the tumor scan using 3D power Doppler ultrasound does not seem to add more to gray‐scale imaging than does subjective quantitation by the ultrasound examiner using 2D power Doppler ultrasound. Copyright © 2007 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A numerical investigation of the Stokes boundary layer in the turbulent regime
Authors: SALON S. , ARMENIO V. , CRISE A. 
Published: January 2007

The Stokes boundary layer in the turbulent regime is investigated by using large-eddy simulations (LES). The Reynolds number, based on the thickness of the Stokes boundary layer, is set equal to Reδ = 1790, which corresponds to test 8 of the experimental study of Jensen et al. (J. Fluid Mech. vol. 206, 1989, p. 265).Our results corroborate and extend the findings of relevant experimental studies: the alternating phases of acceleration and deceleration are correctly reproduced, as is the sharp transition to turbulence, observable at a phase angle between 30° and 45°, and its maximum between 90° and 105°. Overall, a very good agreement was found between our LES first- and second-order turbulent statistics and those of Jensen et al. (1989). Some discrepancies were observed when comparing turbulent intensities in the phases of the cycle characterized by a low level of turbulent activity.In the central part of the cycle, namely from the mid acceleration to the late deceleration phases, fully developed equilibrium turbulence is present in the flow field, and the boundary layer resembles that of a canonical, steady, wall-bounded flow. In those phases characterized by low turbulent activity, two separate regions can be detected in the flow field: a near-wall one, where the vertical turbulent kinetic energy varies much more rapidly than the other two components, thus giving rise to the formation of horizontal, pancake-like turbulence; and an outer region where both vertical and spanwise velocity fluctuations vary much faster than the streamwise ones, hence producing cigar-like turbulence.As a side result, the range of application of the plane-averaged dynamic mixed model was assessed based on the qualitative behaviour over the cycle of a significant parameter representing the ratio between a turbulent time scale and a free-stream time scale associated with the oscillatory motion.