bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Water and Wastewater Minimization: the Aire and Calder Project
Authors: Edwards A. M. C. , Johnston N. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe reduction of the waste of raw materials at source using clean technologies, recycling, and good housekeeping has considerable benefits for both the environment and industry. A demonstration project on wastewater minimization was completed in 1995 in the Aire and Calder catchments of West Yorkshire. The findings indicated cost savings for eleven firms of over $3 million/annum and further opportunities which, when implemented, could realize another $1 million/annum. The reduction in the amount of wastewater discharged either to sewer or river was 27%, with a potential to increase to over 40%. The payback period for 63% of the waste minimization opportunities is less than one year and many involve only a small initial investment. Waste minimization when widely adopted has prospects for cutting industry's costs, reducing demand for water and reducing the volume of effluent produced.
The Bacterial Quality of an Upland Stream
Authors: Tranter J. , Hunter C. , Gunn J. , Perkins J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFaecal coliform concentrations were determined at stream and water inflow sampling sites within an upland catchment in North Derbyshire containing rough, semiimproved and improved pastures. The results indicated that, during its passage through the catchment, the faecal indicators of the stream increased, and this may constitute a health risk to cavers using a popular recreational cave into which the stream drains. The decline in streamwater quality suggests that a semipermanent store of bacteria existed in catchment soils, and hydrological processes operated to transfer bacteria from the land to the stream channel. Contrary to expectations, intra‐catchment differences in the bacterial quality of water at inflow and stream sampling sites could not be related to the intensity of agricultural land use in adjacent areas. This is explained with reference to changes in the nature of hydrological transport pathways associated with the improvement of pastures.
Tritium Levels in Leachates and Condensates from Domestic Wastes in Landfill Sites
Authors: Robinson H. D. , Gronow J. R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAn extensive review study of leachate composition, from landfills which have received mainly domestic wastes in the UK, has been carried out by Aspinwall & Company on behalf of the Department of the Environment. This work has provided detailed information on concentrations of a wide range of determinands. One set of analyses which has produced particularly interesting results comprises the determination of tritium. Tritium is a natural isotope of hydrogen (3H), with a half‐life of 12.43 years, which decays radioactively to form stable 3He atoms, releasing beta particles. Although tritium concentrations can be measured accurately as tritium units (TU), these represent extremely low levels of activity, and concentrations of tritium well in excess of 100 000 TU would be needed before acceptable levels of radio‐activity in drinking water were exceeded.Background levels of tritium in UK rainfall rarely now exceed 50 TU although, in the 1960s, values of up to 3000 TU in rainfall were associated with atmospheric testing of atomic weapons. It was somewhat surprising, therefore, to discover that relatively high concentrations of tritium (>10 000 TU) were widespread in leachates from landfills which had received primarily domestic wastes. This paper presents results from samples taken at 30 representative UK sites, and discusses potential sources of tritium.
Environmentally Persistent Oestrogen‐like Substances in UK River Systems
Authors: Montagnani D. B. , Puddefoot J. , Davie T. J. A. , Vinson G. P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe paper describes (a) the research into substances with oestrogenic properties in river systems, (b) the background on why and how these substances are present in river systems, (c) the potential harm which they have through endocrine disruption, and (d) the different techniques for their detection. Results are presented form a preliminary study on the overall oestrogenic potential of sewage effluent being discharged into a river. These results show high levels of oestrogenic potential in the effluent and also in stream water upstream from any sewage‐treatment works. The implications for the management of rivers which contain recycled water and possible future research directions in this field are discussed.
Control of Coliform Growth in Drinking Water Distribution Systems
Authors: Parent A. , Fass S. , Dincher M. L. , Reasoner D. , Gatel D. , Block J. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe occurrence of coliforms in drinking water distribution systems may be explained by (i) inadequate water treatment, (ii) post‐treatment contamination, or (iii) coliform growth in the network. In order to confirm the third hypothesis, a 24 h‐starved dense suspension of Escherichia coli was injected into an experimental water distribution system. Results from this experiment clearly indicate that E. coli may find ecological conditions in drinking water distribution systems which will allow growth, particularly in the biofilm phase. Chlorination is an appropriate tool to limit coliform much more easily than the total heterotrophic bacterial biomass. However, in all cases, biofilm associated bacteria are more difficult to kill than suspended bacteria, because of chlorine consumption by the pipe material, and because of a diffusion‐limited reaction between chlorine and the biofilm.
Metering for Demand Management: The Cambridge Experience
Authors: Kay S. B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn March 1991, the Cambridge Water Company imposed the first hosepipe ban in its 138‐year history. Peak summer flows had increased to the extent that large‐scale investment was required to meet customers’demands for water. At the time of the ban the company had over 5% of households registered to use garden sprinklers and 23% registered to use a hosepipe. The company decided to meter all sprinkler users, compulsorily, as part of its strategy to reduce peak summer demands. The meters were installed before the summer of 1993, and lower peak flows during the hot periods in 1995 and 1996 offer some evidence for the success of the strategy.
Tunnel Composting at Ipswich
Authors: Barnes L. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe composting of sewage sludge, either in isolation or in admixture with other biodegradable wastes, is widely practised in the USA and mainland Europe. However, until recently, it has not found favour in the UK. This paper describes the background of a project which led to the construction of the first Gicom tunnel co‐composting system in this country, and the formation of the company ‘Compost Development Venture’(CDV) Ltd – a jointly owned subsidiary of Anglian Water and Ipswich Borough Council. The rationale for choosing tunnel composting above other technologies is outlined, and a brief description of the biology of the composting process is included. The tunnel‐composting method is explained, and operating experience over the first six months is followed by brief accounts of the role of the regulator, operating costs, and future developments for the plant.
Assessing the Adequacy of Wright's Model Reconstructed Stream‐Flow Data for Reservoir Storage‐Yield‐Reliability Analysis
Authors: Adeloye A. J. , Nawaz N. R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAs a method of reconstructing long stream‐flow data records for consistent yield analysis, the Environment Agency in England and Wales has adopted the catchment model of Wright. However, to date none of the calibrated models has been verified using criteria directly linked to the intended purpose of the reconstructed data. This paper reports the findings of a simulation study carried out to assess the adequacy of Wright's model reconstructed stream‐flow data for reservoir storage‐vield‐reliability analysis.
The Effect of Ozonation on Particle Removal in Drinking‐Water Treatment
Authors: Bourgine F. P. , Chapman J. I. , Bastiment R. J. , Gennery M. G. , Green J. G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe effect of the introduction of additional process stages in a surface‐water treatment plant was studied in order to investigate how particle removal could be optimized. Particle counting is considered to be a useful indicator of treatment performance. This paper is based on results which were obtained from trials on a water‐treatment plant treating surface water; these consisted of a combination of modifications to existing full‐scale plant and a specially constructed pilot plant.
Milestones in the Development of the Activated‐Sludge Process Over the Past Eighty Years (Abridged)
Authors: Cooper P. F. , Downing A. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe biological filter was introduced during the latter part of the last century but, in 1913, a radical new process was developed which resulted in a four‐fold reduction in the size of sewage‐treatment plants. This new method was called the ‘activated‐sludge process', and whilst biological filters are still in use ‐ especially for small works ‐ activated sludge is now the dominant secondary treatment process and is the ‘engine’around which modern treatment systems are constructed.This paper (a) reviews the milestones in the evolution of the activated‐sludge process from 1913 to 1954, centering on reliable removal of BOD and suspended solids, (b) highlights the improvements in design capabilities (1955‐74), with the emphasis on the attainment of consistent nitrification, and (c) discusses the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus (1975‐97), with brief reference to computer modelling and the control of sludge properties.
The Development of Nutrient‐Removal Processes (Abridged)
Authors: Barnard J. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe earliest references to the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in activated‐sludge systems indicated an awareness, but no particular interest, in the use of biological processes for the removal of nutrients. The development of extended‐aeration processes in general, and of channel systems in particular, intensified the interest in denitrification as a means of reducing nitrogen in an effluent. Observations of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification led to the proposal of separate anoxic zones for optimal nitrogen removal. The discovery that biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal could be synergistic, led to an explosion of processes, differing in all but the basic underlying biochemistry, for the removal of both nitrogen and phosphorus. The development of computer models, to accurately describe the complex and inter‐related reactions, makes it possible to fully exploit biological systems to achieve cost‐effective nutrient removal.
The Effects of Motorway Runoff on Watercourses in South‐West Scotland
Authors: McNeill A. , Olley S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe paper examines the potential pollution of rivers due to surface‐water discharges from newly‐built sections of the A74(M) motorway in south‐west Scotland. A method for assessing the theoretical risks of pollution of road drainage is compared with the results of discharge monitoring. The impact of motorway runoff on the invertebrate fauna of watercourses is also investigated.
The Affordability of Water in an African Town
Authors: Morris N. G. , Parry‐Jones S. A. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper examines (a) the ability of consumers in a typical medium‐sized African town to pay for a piped water supply, and (b) the implications for the financial viability of the local water undertaking. It demonstrates that, at present, people are paying about 10% of their income for water, and this appears to be near their limit of affordability. However, it is shown that it is possible for the water company to improve its revenue, whilst maintaining its present tariffs, by providing more private connections. Furthermore, the aim of improving water‐company revenues is compatible with providing improved services to its urban customers.
A Pipeline Testing Facility for the Examination of Pipe‐Wall Deposits and Red‐Water Events in Drinking Water
Authors: Smith S. E. , Ta T. , Holt D. M. , Delanoue A. , Colbourne J. S. , Chamberlain A. H. L. , LIoyd B. J. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTField surveys of Thames Water's distribution mains found the occurrence of ‘red water’ to be highly variable and localized. To model the many inter‐related factors identified in the field, a controlled pipeline‐testing facility was required to simulate conditions in a ‘live’ network, but on a pilot‐scale. This was achieved by incorporating a specialized red‐water testing facility into an existing experimental pipeline.This paper describes the hydraulic and material design features, including the addition of a ‘dead‐end’ section operated on a stagnation and flow regime, quantified using computational fluid dynamics. Following commissioning, the facility has provided detailed, time‐sequenced observations on corrosion‐deposit development and red‐water generation under different hydraulic regimes.
The Fate of Enteric Bacteria in Relation to Suspended Particles in Sea Water
Authors: Alkan U. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe investigation was carried out to determine the effect of suspended particles on the survival of selected enteric bacteria (i.e. Escherichia coli and enterococci) which are important indicators of faecal pollution in marine waters. Rates of bacterial removal under varying experimental conditions (i.e. particle concentration, sewage content, and degree of mixing) were determined. The combined effect of the factors concerned with the removal rate of bacteria was evaluated by statistical analyses carried out on the experimental data utilizing the ‘complete factorial’ experimental design, and a good correlation between bacteria and particles was obtained.
Integrated Environmental Planning for Sustainable Development: The Environment Agency's Role
Authors: Carroll B. A. , Howes H. R. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe Environment Agency is midway through a programme of ‘local environment agency plans’ for all of England and Wales by the Millennium. To complement them, the Agency has published two overarching plans ‐ one of which is regional and the other sub‐regional in scale. ‘Thames Environment 21’ and ‘The North Wessex Plan’ deal with the potential impact of development pressures and their consequent implications for the environment. Both give practical expression to the Agency's environmental strategy for the Millennium, which concentrates on issues of direct concern to local planning authorities, e.g. addressing climate change, improving air quality, managing water resources, managing waste and enhancing biodiversity.
A Nitrification Model for Mineral‐Media Trickling Filters
Authors: Pearce P. , Williams S. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTTrickling filters represent the biological treatment component of about 70% of sewage works in the UK. Increasingly, they are being required to achieve a high degree of nitrification consistent with 95 percentile compliance with effluent discharge consents as low as 2 mg/1 of ammoniacal nitrogen. The available design models for the simultaneous removal of BOD and ammoniacal nitrogen are poor and have led to a lack of confidence in the ability of the process to comply with such standards.This paper describes the development and application of an empirical model based upon the performance of eleven sets of trickling filters at five sites covering a wide range of organic and hydraulic loading.
Driffield Sewerage and Sewage‐Treatment Projects
Authors: Westoll T. G. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe town of Driffield (in the East Riding of Yorkshire) has several combined‐sewer overflows which cause nuisance during rainfall. A new interceptor sewer has been laid and the sewage‐treatment works has been reconstructed to improve the water quality in the receiving watercourse. The sewerage scheme was mainly constructed using trenchless technology to reduce the risk of ground settlement in the narrow streets and to avoid contamination of the underlying aquifer. The existing biological filters were replaced with a new four‐basin cyclic activated‐sludge plant. This process achieves biological treatment within a single reactor basin which operates typically on six 4‐h cycles per day and without the need for separate primary and final settlement tanks.
The Treatment of Pumped Minewater at Woolley Colliery, West Yorkshire
Authors: Laine D. M. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTWoolley pumping station controls the level of underground minewater over about 100 km of abandoned coal workings in West Yorkshire. Pumping prevents the overflow of potentially contaminated minewater from many old drainage adits. On‐site treatment at the adits would be difficult because of land‐ownership problems, topographical constraints, and lack of capacity in adjacent watercourses. The treatment facilities at Woolley were adequate for the volume of minewater during the operational life of the colliery; however, a predicted 500% increase in volume made it essential to extend the plant if the consent standard was to be attained.The paper describes the options which were adopted, i.e. (a) improvements to the settlement ponds and cascades, (b) the use of cloth filters, and (c) the construction of a large wetland. Further research into the use of wetlands for the reduction of amm. N is now being carried out.
Problems Caused by Filamentous Bacteria in Pilot‐Scale Nutrient‐Removal Activated‐Sludge Plants
Authors: Baxter‐Plant V. S. , Hayes E. , Forster C. F. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTSludges from two pilot‐scale nutrient‐removal activated‐sludge plants (a modified three‐stage Bardenpho process and a Phostrip plant) were analysed and the results examined, primarily, in relation to the formation of stable foam. The survey showed that both units produced stable foam, but this did not appear to be related either to temperature or to the more conventional operational parameters (sludge age, F:M ratio). The dominance of the sludge by Microthrix parvicella was related to the amount of uronic acids in the extracellular polymers produced by the sludge. The results also indicated that (a) the addition of fermenter elutrient, which was used to produce supplementary readily degradable COD, stimulated foam formation, and (b) the degree of phosphorus removal might also be implicated in the production of foam – and requires further scrutiny.
An Investigation of Sanitary Indicator Bacteria in a Macrophyte Wastewater‐Treatment System
Authors: Perkins J. , Hunter C. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTDuring recent years, many studies have attempted to determine the efficiency of macrophyte systems in removing a wide range of chemical substances and in the amelioration of wastewaters to attain effluent‐quality standards. However, despite the importance of microbiological indicators of water quality for determining the suitability of water for recreational and public‐supply purposes, little research has focused on the dynamics of sanitary indicator bacteria in macrophyte systems. This study reports the initial findings of such an investigation for a macrophyte raft‐lagoon system which was used in the treatment of sewage at Sowerby Bridge, West Yorkshire, England.
Creating a Wetland Using Rainwater as Mitigation for Loss of Waterfowl Habitat
Authors: Wells M. J. , Turpin T. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTA major onshore hydrocarbon terminal was constructed on coastal fields at Point of Ayr on the Welsh side of the Dee Estuary which is protected under national and international environmental legislation and conventions as a wetland of major importance ‐ especially for birds. A scheme is described which was implemented to increase the carrying capacity for waterfowl in an area of farmland adjacent to the terminal. The main method for enhancing the habitat involved bringing a core area of the farm to ‘field capacity’(saturation with water) by surface wetting. Various potential water sources for the scheme were explored. The chosen system entailed the collection of rainwater runoff in a system of drains and reservoirs during the winter and the distribution of the water to bunded irrigation areas in the following autumn. The early successes of commissioning experiments are briefly described, and the key issues for further investigation are identified.
Enhanced Chemiluminescence as an Indicator of Water Quality
Authors: Sawcer K. E. , Yeomans W. E. , Thorpe G. H. G. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe enhanced chemiluminescence test is based upon monitoring the emission of light from an enhanced chemiluminescence reaction in the presence of an environmental sample and comparing it with a similar reaction using a de‐ionized water control sample. The presence of polluting materials can be detected by changes in the intensity and the kinetics of light emission. This trial demonstrated that the effects of components within a sewage‐works' effluent are detected by enhanced chemiluminescence and that this test has moderately close correlation with parallel bacterial determinations. A high correlation was achieved between the performances of two commercially available enhanced chemiluminescence reagents, and these reagents responded consistently to the effects of a sewage‐works' effluent on the quality of a small river.
Catalytic‐Iron Filters for Effective and Low‐Cost Treatment of Odorous Air
Authors: Boon A. G. , Boon K. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTSeveral methods are available to remove hydrogen sulphide and volatile organic sulphides from ventilated air at sewage‐treatment works. Some methods use alkaline and oxidative chemical scrubbers which may have high capital and operational costs. Other methods, such as bio‐scrubbers and bio‐filters, are used to biochemically oxidize sulphides. Biological scrubbers have the advantage of low operating costs, but their performance may be adversely affected by a high concentration of sulphide (> 100 ml/m3).This paper describes the development of a novel, compact and low‐cost ‘rusty‐iron’ chemical filter which catalyzes the oxidation of hydrogen sulphide and organic sulphides to colloidal sulphur and water. Operating costs are relatively low, with no need for routine maintenance. Full‐scale demonstration of the effectiveness of such filters was carried out over two years at several treatment works, the results of which are described and discussed together with details of capital costs. The overall percentage removal of hydrogen sulphide by compact multistage filters was found to exceed 95%, irrespective of inlet sulphide concentrations which varied from 34 to 500 ml/m3 (ppm).
The Use of Software for a Risk‐Based Approach to the Planning and Operation of Water‐Resource Systems
Authors: Stahl G. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTSoftware for water‐resources planning has been in use in the Anglian region of the UK since the mid‐1970s. However, new technical solutions (such as network flow programming) have recently emerged and may offer more appropriate tools to respond to the growing challenges faced by the water industry. These have been explored and implemented by Essex and Suffolk Water and the Environment Agency through the ‘drought reliable output program’(DROP) project. The needs and benefits of a more user‐friendly platform are reviewed, and issues relating to the lack of a general quantifiable measure of reliability (both in yield assessment for planning purposes and the optimization of operation of water‐resource systems) are discussed.