bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temporal and spatial controls on the alluvial architecture of an axial drainage system: late Eocene Escanilla Formation, southern Pyrenean foreland basin, Spain
Authors: Bentham PETER A. , Burbank DOUGLAS W. , Puigdefabregas CAI 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIn young or currently active foreland basins of the world, along‐orogen variations in structural deformation and/or depositional environments are common elements of the later phases of basin development. The late Eocene Escanilla Formation of the South‐Central Pyrenean foreland basin represents an ancient drainage system in which such variability can be studied in detail using high‐resolution magnetostratigraphy combined with a more traditional field‐based approach. Downstream changes in the nature of the alluvial system were strongly influenced by the on‐going Eocene structural partitioning of the foreland basin as it began to become incorporated into the southward‐advancing South Pyrenean thrust system. Lower subsidence rates within these allochthonous ‘piggy‐back’ sub‐basins served to increase channel‐body interconnectedness of sheet‐like alluvial conglomerates, to inhibit the preservation of significant volumes of fine‐grained overbank material, and to promote the extensive development of pedogenic calcretes.During the phase of coastal progradation along the subsiding basin axis, a number of N‐S‐trending anticlines impeded the westward progradation of the alluvial system, producing a strong diachrony in the age of a Lutetian‐Priabonian‐aged deltaic system along the orogen. Fold growth across the western oblique ramp of the South‐Central Unit thrust system dramatically influenced middle to late Eocene drainage patterns and lithofacies distributions. Within the portions of the drainage system upstream of these active folds, the alluvial deposits were periodically ponded, allowing the deposition of micritic lacustrine limestones. Fluctuations in regional base‐level exerted control on the drainage system upstream into the alluvial drainage basin. Base‐level rises caused short reversals in the longer‐term westward regression of marine environments across the foreland basin, whereas base‐level falls produced widespread sheet conglomerate deposition.
The planform of epeirogeny: vertical motions of Australia during the Cretaceous
Authors: Russell MARK , Gurnis MICHAEL 
Published: November 2007

AbstractEstimates of dynamic motion of Australia since the end of the Jurassic have been made by modeling marine flooding and comparing it with palaeogeographical reconstructions of marine inundation. First, sediment isopachs were back stripped from present‐day topography. Dynamic motion was determined by the displacement needed to approximate observed flooding when allowance is made for changes in eustatic sea‐level. The reconstructed inundation patterns suggest that during the Cretaceous, Australia remained a relatively stable platform, and flooding in the eastern interior during the Early Cretaceous was primarily the result of the regional tectonic motion. Vertical motion during the Cretaceous was much smaller than the movement since the end of the Cretaceous. Subsidence and marine flooding in the Eromanga and Surat Basins, and the subsequent 500 m of uplift of the eastern portion of the basin, may have been driven by changes in plate dynamics during the Mesozoic. Convergence along the north‐east edge of Australia between 200 and 100 Ma coincides with platform sedimentation and subsidence within the Eromanga and Surat Basins. A major shift in the position of subduction at 140 Ma was coeval with the marine incursion into the Eromanga. When subduction ended at 95 Ma, marine inundation of the Eromanga also ended. Subsidence and uplift of the eastern interior is consistent with dynamic models of subduction in which subsidence is generated when the dip angle of the slab decreases and uplift is generated when subduction terminates (i.e. the dynamic load vanishes). Since the end of the Cretaceous, Australia has uniformly subsided by about 250 m with little apparent tilting. This vertical subsidence may have resulted from the northward migration of the continent from a dynamic topography high and geoid low toward lower dynamic topography and a higher geoid.
Constraints on the vertical motion of eastern Australia during the Mesozoic
Authors: Gallagher KERRY , Dumitru TREVOR A. , Gleadow ANDREW J. W. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractBackstripping and apatite fission track analysis are used to constrain the Mesozoic vertical motion of the eastern Australian basins (Eromanga, Surat and Clarence‐Moreton). The backstripping results show that subsidence was linear during the Jurassic, and the rate of subsidence shows an overall increase (by a factor of about 2) towards the eastern margin. The Cretaceous section is well preserved only in the Eromanga Basin, and the backstripping results show that the apparent subsidence rate increased by a factor of 5–10 during the Early Cretaceous. The sediments show a lithological cyclicity which is the result of a variable influx of volcanogenic detritus from the convergent eastern margin. The rapid Cretaceous subsidence corresponds to a large influx of this volcanogenic material, resulting in progressively non‐marine deposition at a time when global sea‐level was rising.The apatite fission track data suggest that the Cretaceous section was probably deposited over the Surat and Clarence‐Moreton Basins but has since been eroded off. The exhumation‐induced cooling may have commenced earlier in the eastern region (Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary) and slightly later to the west (Early to Middle Tertiary). Furthermore, the inferred total amount of removed section is greater (˜2.5 km) in the east than in the west (<1 km). The present‐day thermal regime in the Eromanga Basin is considered to be a relatively recent (<10Ma) phenomenon, as non‐zero fission track ages are maintained in sediments currently at temperatures of ˜120°C.Overall, the regional backstripping and apatite fission track results support a model of platform tilting, This is related to the inferred subduction along a convergent margin on eastern Australia during the Jurassic to Early Cretaceous. The cessation of subduction, and subsequent opening of the Tasman Sea in the Late Cretaceous, was accompanied by uplift on the eastern margin and the termination of widespread deposition on the platform.
Spatial variations in tectonic subsidence during Tippecanoe I in the Michigan Basin
Authors: Coakley BERNARD J. , Nadon GREGORY C. , Wang HERBERT F. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractEpisodic tectonic subsidence can be seen from all backstripped wells from the Michigan Basin. These episodes are observed as periods of relatively rapid subsidence, contrasting with the relatively linear subsidence. Steady tectonic subsidence curves have been explained as being due to a decaying thermal anomaly in the underlying uplifted asthenosphere. Rapid episodes of subsidence require another explanation and prompt us to examine the tectonic history of surrounding areas for correlative events.The Taconic orogeny has been inferred to have influenced the development of the Michigian Basin. To analyse the extent of coupling between the Appalachian foredeep and the Michigan Basin we have used Ordovician formation tops correlated among 172 wells distributed over the whole of Michigan's Lower Peninsula. The spatial variation of tectonic subsidence over this interval supports this suggestion.Contour maps of decompacted sediment thickness and subsidence rate show substantial changes in form and magnitude during the development of the Tippecanoe I sequence. Early basin‐centred subsidence, during deposition of the Shakopee, St. Peter and Glenwood formations, was followed by tilting toward the Appalachian orogen concurrent with the early stages of the Taconic orogeny. This tilting continued, declining gradually, during deposition of the Black River, Trenton and Utica formations. Deposition during Tippecanoe I in the Michigan Basin may indicate modulation of continuing thermally driven subsidence by flexure of the lithosphere due to Taconic thrust loading, but the distinctive spatial distribution of subsidence over each interval may indicate that the important mechanisms making space available in the basin operated independently, not concurrently, invalidating the flexural model for the coupling and suggesting other regional, tectonic possibilities for models of basin initiation, evolution and filling.
Neocratonic magmatic‐sedimentary basins of post‐Variscan Europe and post‐Kanimblan eastern Australia generated by right‐lateral transtension of Permo‐Carboniferous Pangaea
Authors: Veevers J. J. , Clare A. , Wopfner H. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe stress from the initial coalescence of Pangaea during the mid‐Carboniferous (320 Ma) collision of Gondwanaland and Laurussia in the Variscan (Sudetic) magmatic fold belt was transmitted through Pangaea to generate the nappes and thrusts that dismembered the intracratonic Centralian Superbasin during the Alice Springs Orogeny and the megakinks that terminally deformed the Lachlan fold belt along the subducted Andean‐type margin of eastern Australia. Definitive collision was followed by a lacuna on the Pangaean platform that reflects uplift. The first release of heat at ≅ 300 Ma from the self‐induced Pangaean heat anomaly weakened the hypersensitive neocratonic crust of the inactive but still hot European and eastern Australian magmatic fold belts to become stress guides for right‐lateral transtension during anticlockwise rotation of Pangaea. Deep transtensional fractures provided a way into and through the neocratonic crust for magma ranging from S‐type granite to rhyodacitic ignimbrite to basalt, with alkaline undersaturated rocks in some rifts. Lagging behind the magma, the platform subsided at ≅290 Ma in basins by differential weakening of the crust during the release of Pangaean heat. The Gondwana facies accumulated in the Gondwanaland province and the Stephanian‐Rotliegend succession in Europe. The basins of Europe and eastern Australia continued to grow by transtension followed by mid‐Permian (270–265 Ma) thermal sagging and rifting. Their histories then diverged. Europe maintained its post‐orogenic course except in the Alpine region, where rifting and sagging continued to accommodate the western Tethys. The eastern fringe of Australia entered a new, Innamincka, orogenic cycle that developed in embryo at 265 Ma to a fully developed magmatic arc and yoked foreland basin at 258 Ma.
Target concentration intervention is needed for tobramycin dosing in paediatric patients with cystic fibrosis – a population pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Hennig Stefanie , Norris Ross , Kirkpatrick Carl M. J. 
Published: November 2007

What is already known about this subject • Two recent papers have been published which have attempted to build a full population pharmacokinetic model for tobramycin in children with cystic fibrosis.• However, neither study was able to provide any information about between‐subject variability (BSV) and between‐occasion variability (BOV), which is necessary to justify and draw conclusions about the use of target concentration intervention (TCI).• In the publications no simulations were provided to show any new directions or evaluate current therapy. What this study adds • This study provides sound evidence that TCI must be undertaken in this patient group, as the BOV is significantly less than the BSV.• The simulations from this model clearly show that current dosing and monitoring methods will not achieve the necessary targets to maximize the pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic relationships of aminoglycosides in this patient group.• The model presented is able to be easily incorporated into Bayesian dose individualization software, e.g. Abbottbase or TCIworks, to achieve dosing targets more accurately.AimThe primary aim was to estimate the population pharmacokinetic parameters of once‐daily intravenous (i.v.) tobramycin in paediatric cystic fibrosis (CF) patients and to investigate the influence of covariates. The second aim was to assess the need for target concentration intervention (TCI) for tobramycin in this patient group.MethodsRetrospective demographic, dosing and concentration data were collected from 35 CF patients (21 female, 14 male) aged 0.5–17.8 years, from whom 318 tobramycin plasma concentrations were available. NONMEM was used to estimate the population pharmacokinetics of tobramycin. Simulations were performed using weight‐based dosing with a weight from a covariate distribution model to evaluated current dosing schedules and monitoring practices.ResultsA two‐compartment model best described the data with population parameter estimates for clearance of central compartment (CL) of 6.37 l h−1 per 70 kg; volume of central compartment (Vc) of 18.7 l per 70 kg; intercompartmental clearance (Q) of 0.393 l h−1; and volume of peripheral compartment (Vper) of 1.32 l. The inclusion of total body weight as covariate reduced the random component of between‐subject variability in CL from 50.1% to 11.7% and in Vc from 62.2% to 11.6%. The between‐occasion variability on CL was estimated in the final model as 6.5%. Simulations show that one dose does not fit all and TCI and dose adjustment are required.ConclusionsThis study provides the first pharmacokinetic model of once‐daily i.v. tobramycin for the use of target concentration intervention in paediatric CF patients.
Population pharmacokinetics and dose simulation of carvedilol in paediatric patients with congestive heart failure
Authors: Albers Stefanie , Meibohm Bernd , Mir Thomas S. , Läer Stephanie 
Published: November 2007

What is already known about this subject • Applying in silico tools such as population pharmacokinetic analysis and simulation will help to find adequate dosing strategies and increase the probability of success for a randomized controlled trial.• Up to now, for carvedilol in paediatric patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) the dose has been linearly extrapolated from adults, but the results with this dosing strategy are ambiguous.• Further trials are necessary to establish carvedilol for paediatric patients with CHF. What this study adds • Carvedilol pharmacokinetics in paediatric patients with CHF depends on the weight and age of the patient.• Therefore, the drug exposure differs substantially between patients of different ages receiving the same dose with respect to body weight.• Simulations revealed that an age‐adjusted carvedilol dosing strategy with higher doses for younger patients with respect to body weight is preferable to a uniform one.AimsTo investigate the ontogeny of carvedilol pharmacokinetics and to develop an age‐appropriate carvedilol dosing strategy for paediatric patients.MethodsData were derived from a prospective, nonplacebo‐controlled study of carvedilol for the treatment of paediatric patients with congestive heart failure and analysed using a nonlinear mixed‐effects modelling approach (NONMEM, Version V 1.1). The population pharmacokinetic model was further utilized for simulations of different carvedilol dosing strategies.ResultsFour hundred and eighty carvedilol plasma concentrations of 41 patients (0.1–19.3 years; median 3.5) were included in the analysis. A two‐compartment model with first‐order absorption and absorption lag served as structural model. Weight and age were the most important covariates for carvedilol pharmacokinetics. The weight‐adjusted clearance was highest for the younger patients with 2.7 l h−1 kg−1 for a 1‐year‐old patient compared with 0.7 l h−1 kg−1 for a 19.3‐year‐old patient. Dose simulations revealed that the area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC) as a measure of drug exposure increased with age despite constant doses with respect to body weight. For infants (28 days to 23 months), children (2–11 years) and adolescents (12–15 years) daily doses of 3, 2 and 1 mg kg−1, administered in two or three discrete doses, were necessary to reach an exposure comparable to adults receiving 0.7 mg kg−1 day−1.ConclusionThe ontogeny of carvedilol pharmacokinetics in paediatric patients depends on age and weight. Dose simulations revealed that younger patients have to be treated with higher doses with respect to body weight to reach the same exposure as adults.
Influence of APOE genotypes and VKORC1 haplotypes on warfarin dose requirements in Asian patients
Authors: Lal Suman , Sandanaraj Edwin , Jada Srinivasa Rao , Kong Ming‐Chai , Lee Lai‐Heng , Goh Boon‐Cher , Lee Soo‐Chin , Chowbay Balram 
Published: November 2007

What is already known about this subject • Recent studies on pharmacogenetics of warfarin have implicated apolipoproteinE (APOE) polymorphisms to influence the vitamin K dependent coagulation cascade and hence the efficacy of warfarin.• Studies among Caucasian and African Americans showed a significant but conflicting role of apolipoproteinE (APOE) isoforms in warfarin pharmacogenetics.• The contribution of APOE isoforms in influencing variations in warfarin requirements in Asian subjects remains to be investigated. What this study adds • This is the first report of a population study in Asians exploring the role of isoforms encoded by three APOE alleles (ε2, ε3, ε4) in influencing warfarin dose requirements.• The present study showed that the APOE ε3/ε3 isoform is the predominant genotype in the Asian population.• The study also showed that APOE isoforms may not be important in affecting warfarin pharmacodynamics in Asian patients. It also suggested that the impact of different APOE isoforms depended on the frequency of APOE genotypes in the population, in particular the ε4 allele containing genotypes.AimsTo investigate the influence of APOE genotypes and VKORC1 haplotypes on warfarin dose requirements in Asian patients.MethodsA total of 174 Asian patients (Chinese, n = 96; Malays, n = 50; Indians, n = 28) who had stable daily warfarin doses for at least 1 month were recruited. Following genomic DNA extraction from venous blood, pharmacogenetic analysis of APOE and VKORC1 genes was done by DNA sequencing.ResultsThe majority of the Asian patients (78%) harboured the APOE ε3/ε3 genotype. Different APOE genotypes were found not to have any significant influence on mean daily warfarin dose requirements. Warfarin dose requirements in the pooled Asian patients homozygous for the VKORC1 H1 haplotype were significantly lower compared with patients homozygous for the H7 haplotype (H1‐H1 vs. H7‐H7: 2.79 ± 1.06 mg day−1vs. 5.45 ± 2.3 mg day−1, P < 0.001).ConclusionsThe present study suggests that APOE variants have minimal impact on warfarin dose requirements in Asian patients, probably due to the low frequency of ε4 allele containing genotypes.
KSHV/HHV8‐associated lymphomas
Authors: Carbone Antonino , Gloghini Annunziata 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThis review looks at the current state of knowledge on primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) and other Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV)/human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8)‐associated lymphomas. In 1995, KSHV DNA sequences were identified within a distinct subgroup of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome‐related non‐Hodgkin lymphomas localized in body cavities and presenting as pleural, peritoneal and pericardial lymphomatous effusions. Subsequently, the spectrum of KSHV/HHV8‐associated lymphomas has been expanded by the identification of cases of extracavitary solid lymphomas without serous effusions. Despite the diversification in the clinical presentation of KSHV/HHV8‐associated lymphomas, the majority of the cases reported demonstrated similar morphology, immunophenotype and KSHV/HHV8 viral status. KSHV/HHV8 infection is also in multicentric Castleman disease‐associated plasmablastic lymphoma. The exact oncogenic mechanisms of KSHV/HHV8 are not clearly defined. The prognosis for KSHV/HHV8‐associated lymphomas is poor. Novel approaches for therapy, outside traditional chemotherapy with CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, prednisone, vincristine), have been suggested. These include the addition of antiviral therapy as well as inhibition of specific cellular targets.
High CD21 expression inhibits internalization of anti‐CD19 antibodies and cytotoxicity of an anti‐CD19‐drug conjugate
Authors: Ingle Gladys S , Chan Pamela , Elliott J Michael , Chang Wesley S , Koeppen Hartmut , Stephan Jean‐Philippe , Scales Suzie J 
Published: November 2007

SummaryCD19 and CD21 (CR2) are co‐receptors found on B‐cells and various B‐cell lymphomas, including non‐Hodgkin lymphoma. To evaluate their suitability as targets for therapy of such lymphomas using internalization‐dependent antibody‐drug conjugates [such as antibody‐4‐(N‐maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane‐1‐carboxylate, (N2′‐deacetyl‐N2′‐(3‐mercapto‐1‐oxopropyl)‐maytansine) (MCC‐DM1) conjugates, which require lysosomal degradation of the antibody moiety for efficacy], we examined uptake of antibodies to CD19 and CD21 in a panel of B‐cell lines. Anti‐CD21 antibodies were not sufficiently internalized even in the highest CD21‐expressing Raji cells, resulting in lack of efficacy with anti‐CD21‐MCC‐DM1 conjugates. Anti‐CD19 antibody uptake was variable, and was unexpectedly negatively correlated with CD21 expression. Thus, high CD21‐expressing Raji, ARH77 and primary B‐cells only very slowly internalized anti‐CD19 antibodies, while CD21‐negative or low expressing cells, including Ramos and Daudi, rapidly internalized these antibodies in clathrin‐coated vesicles followed by lysosomal delivery. Anti‐CD19‐MCC‐DM1 caused greater cytotoxicity in the faster anti‐CD19‐internalizing cell lines, implying that the rate of lysosomal delivery and subsequent drug release is important. Furthermore, transfection of Ramos cells with CD21 impeded anti‐CD19 uptake and decreased anti‐CD19‐MCC‐DM1 efficacy, suggesting that CD21‐negative tumours should respond better to such anti‐CD19 conjugates. This may have possible clinical implications, as anti‐CD21 immunohistochemistry revealed only approximately 30% of 54 diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma patients lack CD21 expression.
Process‐specific analysis of nitrite dynamics in a permanent grassland soil by using a Monte Carlo sampling technique
Authors: Rütting T. , Müller C. 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe aim of the present study was to separate and quantify process‐specific gross nitrite (NO2−) production in a permanent grassland soil and separate the observed NO2− concentration into process‐specific sub‐pools. We re‐analysed data from a laboratory experiment where either the nitrate and/or ammonium ions were labelled with 15N. The simultaneously occurring N transformations were quantified with a 15N tracing tool in combination with a Monte Carlo sampling technique which has been extended by a NO2− sub‐model. Three pathways of NO2− production were identified, that is autotrophic nitrification, denitrification and the oxidation of organic N. The full model contained nine pools and 14 N transformations. This is the first report where such a complex 15N tracing model has been used and where all parameters have been optimized simultaneously. Our analysis shows that on average 52.4% of the total soil NO2− concentration was directly derived from oxidation of organic N. Nitrification and denitrification contributed on average 18.1 and 29.5%, respectively, to the total NO2− pool. However, more than 99% of the gross NO2− production was related to the NH4+ oxidation, which was rapidly further oxidized to NO3−. Our re‐analysis using a Monte Carlo sampling technique resulted in parameter profiles that differed from the original analysis. As the new technique is able to optimize all parameters in one optimization run we regard this technique as superior to the previous one. A process‐based understanding of NO2− dynamics in soils has important implications for the understanding of the production of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O), which is tightly linked to NO2− turnover.