bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A novel proteolytically processed CDP/Cux isoform of 90 kDa is generated by cathepsin L
Authors: Goulet Brigitte , Truscott Mary , Nepveu Alain 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe Cut-like genes code for multiple isoforms of the CDP/Cux transcription factor. The full-length protein contains four DNA-binding domains: Cut repeats 1, 2 and 3 (CR1, CR2 and CR3) and the Cut homeodomain (HD). The p75 isoform is expressed from an mRNA that is initiated within intron 20 and contains only CR3 and HD. The p110 isoform is generated by proteolytic processing by cathepsin L and contains CR2, CR3 and HD. In the present study, we show that an additional isoform of 90 kDa is expressed in many cell lines of epithelial origin. Mapping experiments with deletion mutants indicated that the N-terminus of p90 is located upstream of CR2, between amino acids 918 and 938. Indeed, p90 and p110 displayed similar DNA-binding and transcriptional activities. The p90 isoform, like p110, was found to be generated by proteolytic processing. The steady-state level of both p90 and p110 correlated with the level of cathepsin L activity. Importantly, co-expression with a cathepsin L mutant that is initiated at downstream AUG sites also stimulated the generation of p90 and p110. These results strongly suggest that p90, like p110, is generated by cathepsin L isoforms that are devoid of a signal peptide.
Gender assignment and the structure of the lexicon
Authors: Conzett Philipp 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This article provides a general survey of a number of (mostly Indo-European) gender systems. In more recent years, regularities found in those systems have been accounted for by rule-based approaches where gender is assigned on-line by symbolic rules. A critical investigation of those accounts suggests that gender of existing nouns is stored individually, but that there must also be a mechanism that assigns gender to new nouns. It is argued that this behaviour is more adequately accounted for in a network model and it is shown how gender assignment can shed light on lexical structure at large.
On the borderline between lexicon and grammar: confixes in Modern Greek and Italian
Authors: Giannoulopoulou Giannoula 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This article examines confixes, a type of word-forming elements between lexical stems and affixes. While confixes carry lexical meaning, confixing changes the constituent order in the word so that the internal word structure resembles the constituent order typical of derivation. It is argued that grammaticalization theory is an appropriate theoretical framework for the study of confixes because of its ability to describe the emergence of grammar under historical and contextual pressures. It is shown that confixes represent incipient grammaticalization and that their study from this point of view challenges the langue-parole and synchrony-diachrony dichotomies.
The Role of Capecitabine in First-Line Treatment for Patients with Metastatic Breast Cancer
Authors: Gelmon Karen , Chan Arlene , Harbeck Nadia 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Capecitabine is an important drug in the therapeutic armamentarium for metastatic breast cancer. A comprehensive worldwide clinical trial program involving &gt;10,000 patients with locally advanced and metastatic breast cancer has provided evidence for the current treatment strategies. On the basis of data demonstrating consistent activity across several trials in patients with heavily pretreated breast cancer, capecitabine was approved in the U.S. in 1998 for the treatment of patients with metastatic disease resistant to paclitaxel and anthracycline-containing therapy, with later European Union approval for single-agent capecitabine in the metastatic setting. Capecitabine plus docetaxel (XT) was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer in 2001 on the basis of the large phase III trial comparing XT with docetaxel alone, which showed a survival advantage for combination therapy compared with single-agent therapy. This was shortly followed by European approval for the combination in metastatic breast cancer. The clinical utility of capecitabine in the management of breast cancer is supported by its convenient oral dosing schedule and favorable safety profile, as well as its excellent clinical activity in primary and metastatic breast cancer. Recently, clinical trials have studied single-agent capecitabine as first-line treatment and evaluated other capecitabine-containing combinations with cytotoxic and novel targeted agents.
Selenium bioaccumulation inChlamydomonas reinhardtiiand Subsequent transfer toCorbicula fluminea: Role of selenium speciation and bivalve ventilation
Authors: Fournier Elodie , Adam Christelle , Massabuau Jean-Charles , Garnier-Laplace Jacqueline 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe uptake of Se by the freshwater alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and the subsequent transfer to the Asiatic clam Corbicula fluminea was investigated. The objective was to investigate the bioavailability of algal-bound Se for C. fluminea while taking into account Se speciation and bivalve ventilation. First, uptake rates of waterborne Se (selenite, selenate, and selenomethionine) in the algae during a 1-h exposure period were determined for a range of concentrations up to 2,000 μg/L. Fluxes for selenite uptake were constant in the range of concentrations tested, whereas fluxes for selenate and selenomethionine uptake decreased with increasing concentrations, suggesting a saturated transport system at high concentrations (≈1,000 μg/L for selenate and 100 μg/L for selenomethionine). These data were used to set the algal contamination for the study of trophic transfer to the clam. Three parameters were studied: The Se form, the algal density, and the Se burden in the algae. The results show that for a fixed algal density, an Se-contaminated algal diet does not modify ventilation. In this case, the driving factor for ventilation is the algal density, with ventilation being enhanced for low algal densities. On the basis of ventilatory flow rate measurements and Se burdens in algae, it was found that bioaccumulation of Se in C. fluminea was proportional to the total quantity of Se passing through the whole organism, but with a lesser extraction coefficient for selenomethionine than for the inorganic forms. These results underline the importance of both physiological factors and speciation in understanding the trophic transfer of Se.
Multistep bioassay to predict recolonization potential of emerging parasitoids after a pesticide treatment
Authors: Desneux Nicolas , Ramirez-Romero Ricardo , Kaiser Laure 
Published: September 2006

AbstractNeurotoxic pyrethroid insecticides are widely used for crop protection, and lethal and sublethal perturbations can be expected in beneficial insects. Under laboratory conditions, the lethal and sublethal effects of deltamethrin on the aphid parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae M'Intosh (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) were studied at the mummy stage and in emerging adults. Following a multistep bioassay, analyses were aimed at evaluating the effects of deltamethrin at various crucial steps in the recolonization process following a deltamethrin treatment: Parasitoid pupal development (emergence from the mummies), adult survival, and hostsearching capacity. A four-armed olfactometer was used to investigate the effect of deltamethrin on host-searching behavior (a range of concentrations causing 0.4–79.4% mortality was tested), and a Potter tower was used to test the deltamethrin effect with a realistic application method (four concentrations were tested: 0.5, 5.0, 6.25, and 50 g active ingredient [a.i.]/ha). Deltamethrin reduced the percentage of emergence from mummies, but only when exposed to the 50 g a.i./ha concentration. However, for all concentrations tested, the insecticide induced a decrease in longevity after emergence from sprayed mummies and significant adult mortality when parasitoids walked on fresh residues on leaves. Indices were defined and predicted a high mortality and, thus, reduction of recolonization capacities. However, deltamethrin had no effect on orientation behavior toward aphid-infested plants for adults that survived a residual exposure to the insecticide. The impact of deltamethrin on recolonization via pupal emergence and interest in the methodology used are discussed.
Selenium absorption, distribution, and excretion in white sturgeon orally dosed with L-selenomethionine
Authors: Tashjian Diran H. , Hung Silas S.O. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The usefulness of a newly developed, combined technique consisting of esophageal intubation, dorsal aortic cannulation, and urinary catheterization to deliver Se orally and to monitor Se uptake, accumulation, and excretion in white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) was explored. Groups of five yearling sturgeon (1–2 kg) each were intubated with 0 (sham), 250, 500, or 1,000 μg Se/kg body weight in the form of L-selenomethionine, an ecologically relevant organic form of Se. Selenium concentrations in whole blood, plasma, and red blood cells did not change in the sham group but began to rise within 2 h postintubation in the other groups, and levels remained near maximum concentrations throughout the 48-h sampling period. Average urinary Se excretion rates over the entire 48-h period were 0.05, 0.46, 0.61, and 2.15 μg Se/kg/h in sturgeon intubated with 0, 250, 500, and 1,000 μg Se/kg, respectively. Selenium excretion rates were highest within the first 6 h in all treatment groups except the sham group. Selenium concentrations in the liver were positively correlated with the intubated Se dosage.
Body mass and caloric value of the ground beetle (Pterostichus oblongopunctatus) (Coleoptera, Carabidae) along a gradient of heavy metal pollution
Authors: Zygmunt Piotr M. S. , Maryański Maciej , Laskowski Ryszard 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
At five sites located along a metal-pollution gradient in southern Poland, we collected, during the spring and summer of 2000, more than 1,200 individuals of the ground beetle (Pterostichus oblongopunctatus) to examine the relationship between pollution level and body mass. Animals from one additional sampling in May 2001 were used to measure body caloric value to verify whether metal pollution has an effect on the energy content of the body. The study sites were located in an area with a history of zinc and lead mining and smelting dating back to medieval times. Metal concentrations in the humus layer ranged from 200 to 9,600 mg/kg of zinc, 120 to 1,600 mg/kg of lead, and 3 to 82 mg/kg of cadmium. We found a significant increase in body mass with increasing pollution level. The beetles from all sites collected near the end of the season were lighter. However, no statistically significant trend in body caloric value was detected. We suggest that the high metal tolerance of the species, combined with altered interspecies competition at the polluted sites, is responsible for the positive correlation between soil metal concentration and body mass.
Environmental temperature changes uptake rate and bioconcentration factors of bisphenol A in tadpoles of Rana Temporaria
Authors: Honkanen Jani O. , Kukkonen Jussi V.K. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Toxicokinetics of radiolabeled (14C) bisphenol A was studied in the common frog (Rana temporaria) at two experimental temperatures (7 and 19°C). The growth rate of the tadpoles during the 96-h experiment was very slow at 7°C, but the weight of tadpoles almost tripled at 19°C. At all tested exposure concentrations (0.2, 1.5, 10, and 100 μg/L), conditional uptake rate constants (ku) were 69 to 82%, and elimination rates (ke)79 to 90% lower, at 7°C than at 19°C. On the contrary, bioconcentration factors (BCFs) were higher at 7°C than at 19°C. Total accumulated bisphenol A per individual was higher at 19°, which is in agreement with higher ku at 19°C. Exposure concentrations did not have any constant effect on BCFs at the two temperatures. The results of the current experiment suggest that higher temperature increases uptake and total amount of chemical in frog tadpoles but does not necessarily lead to higher BCFs. High temperature may have increased the growth rate more than the uptake rate, resulting in a net dilution of bisphenol A in tadpole tissues. The observed difference in BCFs also could be a result of temperature-induced changes in allometric relationships (increased surface area to volume ratio) and/or more effective elimination in more developed tadpoles at high temperature.
Contamination by polybrominated diphenyl ethers and persistent organochlorines in catfish and feed from Mekong River Delta, Vietnam
Authors: Minh Nguyen Hung , Minh Tu Binh , Kajiwara Natsuko , Kunisue Tatsuya , Iwata Hisato , Viet Pham Hung , Tu Nguyen Phuc Cam , Tuyen Bui Cach , Tanabe Shinsuke 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Commercial feeds for aquaculture and catfish samples were collected from the Mekong River Delta, Vietnam, for determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and selected persistent organochlorines, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), DDT and its metabolites (DDTs), chlordane-related compounds (CHLs), hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs), and hexachlorobenzene (HCB). The most abundant contaminants were DDTs, with concentrations ranging from 10 to 700 ng/g lipid weight, followed by PCBs (1.0–80 ng/g), CHLs (&lt;0.01–8.2 ng/g), PBDEs (0.12–3.7 ng/g), HCHs (&lt;0.03–5.1 ng/g), and HCB (&lt;0.07–3.2 ng/g). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers were detected in all samples, suggesting their widespread contamination in the region. However, PBDE contamination levels in the present catfish specimens were low in comparison to levels worldwide. Interestingly, residue levels of all the contaminants were significantly higher in catfish collected near a municipal dumping site compared to farmed catfish. This suggests that runoffs from the dumping site during floods and rains may have brought pollutants to the surrounding areas. Contamination pattern in aquaculture feeds revealed elevated levels of PCBs and PBDEs in samples from foreign companies, perhaps implying their higher residues in some imported ingredients. Congener profiles of PBDEs and PCBs demonstrated similarity between the farmed catfish and the aquaculture feeds, suggesting these feeds as a major source of pollution to the farmed catfish. On the other hand, the PBDE and PCB profiles in the dumpsite catfish are clearly different from those of the farmed catfish, revealing their exposure to different sources. Risk assessment showed significantly higher intake of the contaminants by people who eat catfish cultured near the dumping areas. Further investigation regarding fate and occurrence of the contaminants in dumping sites is necessary.
An evaluation of cause-effect relationships between polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations and sediment toxicity to benthic invertebrates
Authors: Fuchsman Phyllis C. , Barber Timothy R. , Lawton Jennifer C. , Leigh Katrina B. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractCause-effect sediment-quality benchmarks for the protection of benthic invertebrates are needed for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) to support predictive risk assessments and retrospective evaluations of the causes of observed sediment toxicity. An in-depth evaluation of PCB aquatic toxicity and organic carbon partitioning was conducted to predict sediment effect concentrations using the equilibrium partitioning (EqP) approach. This evaluation was limited to invertebrate toxicity data, because PCBs may exert toxicity to invertebrates and fish via different toxicological mechanisms. As a result of differences in organic carbon partitioning among PCBs of differing levels of chlorination, the estimated EqP benchmarks increase with increasing degree of chlorination for various commercial and environmental PCB mixtures. Studies of spiked sediment toxicity using PCBs were reviewed, and their results generally were consistent with EqP predictions. Additionally, toxicity and benthic community data were reviewed for eight PCB-contaminated sites; these data also showed agreement with EqP predictions. None of these lines of evidence supports previously proposed, empirical sediment-quality guidelines for PCBs. Reasons for the lack of agreement between cause-effect and association-based benchmarks are discussed, and areas of future research to further refine EqP predictions for PCBs are identified.
Embryonic exposure to o,p′-DDT causes eggshell thinning and altered shell gland carbonic anhydrase expression in the domestic hen
Authors: Holm Lena , Blomqvist Alexandra , Brandt Ingvar , Brunström Björn , Ridderstråle Yvonne , Berg Cecilia 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The mechanism for contaminant-induced eggshell thinning in wild birds remains to be clarified. It is generally assumed, however, that it results from exposure of the adult laying female. We have reported that embryonic exposure to the synthetic estrogen ethynylestradiol (EE2) results in eggshell thinning in the domestic hen. The objective of this study was to investigate whether eggshell thinning can be induced following in ovo exposure to a bioaccumulating estrogenic environmental contaminant, o,p′-DDT. Ethynylestradiol was used as a positive control. Domestic hens exposed in ovo to o,p′-DDT (37 or 75 μg/g egg) or EE2 (60 ng/g egg) laid eggs with thinner shells than the control birds. The hens from these exposure groups also had a significantly reduced frequency of shell gland capillaries with carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity, a key enzyme in eggshell formation. The decreased number of capillaries with CA activity suggests that a developmentally induced disruption of CA expression in the shell gland was involved in the eggshell thinning found in this study. Egg laying was not affected in hens exposed embryonically to 37 or 75 μg o,p′-DDT/g egg, whereas it was inhibited in hens exposed to higher doses. Decreased lengths of the left oviduct and its infundibulum were seen after embryonic treatment with o,p′-DDT or EE2. In addition, o,p′-DDT exposure resulted in right oviduct retention. The results support our hypothesis that eggshell thinning in avian wildlife can result from a functional malformation in the shell gland, induced by embryonic exposure to estrogenic substances.
Temporal changes of ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activities and lysosome accumulation in intestine of fish on chronic exposure to dietary benzo[a]pyrene: Linking EROD induction to cytological effects
Authors: Yuen Bonny B.H. , Au Doris W.T. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Temporal changes of intestinal and hepatic ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activities and quantitative changes of secondary and tertiary (e.g., 2°/3°) lysosomes in enterocytes were compared for the juvenile grouper (Epinephelus coioides) on chronic exposure to foodborne benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) at two environmentally realistic levels (0.25 and 12.5 μg/g fish/d) over a four-week exposure and four-week depuration period. Intestinal EROD induction was rapid (within 3 d) and sustained in the BaPexposed fish, while a fast recovery (within one week) was observed on withdrawal of BaP intake. A dose-response relationship was demonstrated between intestinal EROD activities and the levels of foodborne BaP. Conversely, hepatic EROD induction was weak and subsided rapidly in the exposed fish, signifying that hepatic EROD activity is not a good indicator of oral intake of BaP. Significant increase of 2°/3° lysosomes, as measured by Vv(lysosome, mucosa), was detected in young enterocytes of fish in the highdosing group (12.5 μg/g fish/d) at exposure day 3 and persisted until recovery week 2. Importantly, intestinal EROD activity was significantly correlated to 2°/3° lysosome accumulation in enterocytes (r = 0.571, p &lt; 0.001). These results further corroborate our earlier findings that induction of EROD activities in fish do not merely indicate exposure to BaP but also are correlated to harmful biological effects. We recommend the use of these two biochemical and cytological changes in intestines as specific biomarkers to indicate current and recent exposure of fish to BaP via oral intake.
Comparison of response to 17β-estradiol and 17β-trenbolone among three small fish species
Authors: Seki Masanori , Fujishima Saori , Nozaka Toshiki , Maeda Masanobu , Kobayashi Kunio 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThree small fish species, medaka (Oryzias latipes), fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), and zebrafish (Danio rerio), were exposed to an estrogen, 17β-estradiol (E2), and an androgen, 17β-trenbolone (TB), for 21 d under flow-through conditions to compare the susceptibility among these three small fish species to the substances. Effects on gross morphology, including secondary sex characteristics and gonadosomatic index, as well as on blood or liver vitellogenin (VTG) levels were assessed. In E2 exposures, significant increases in estrogenic activity were observed in both sexes of all three fish species. The lowest-observedeffect concentrations (LOECs) of E2 for VTG induction in males of medaka, fathead minnow, and zebrafish were less than or equal to 8.94, 28.6, and 85.9 ng/L, respectively. In TB exposures, we observed masculinization of secondary sex characteristics in females as a result of the androgenic activity of TB in medaka with a LOEC of 365 ng/L and in fathead minnow with a LOEC of 401 ng/L. We also found VTG reduction in females of all three fish species. These results suggest that the susceptibility of medaka to estrogenic chemicals may be higher than those of fathead minnow and zebrafish and that the susceptibility of medaka to androgenic chemicals may be almost equal to that of fathead minnow in the 21-d fish assay.
Hexavalent chromium reduces larval growth and alters gene expression in mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus)
Authors: Roling Jonathan A. , Bain Lisa J. , Gardea-Torresdey Jorge , Bader Julia , Baldwin William S. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is a common bioavailable metal ion that causes oxidative stress, DNA adducts, and perturbs gene expression. Changes in gene expression are useful biomarkers of toxicant exposure that provide information about an organism's health, adaptability, and toxicant-specific effects. Therefore, we developed a cDNA array for the estuarine sentinel species mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus). Mummichog larvae were exposed to concentrations ranging from 0 to 24 mg/L (462 μM) of Cr(VI) for 30 d, and growth was measured to determine the no-observable-effect concentration (1.5 mg/L) and the lowestobservable- effect concentration (3 mg/L). Body burdens from Cr(VI)-exposed fish showed a dose-dependent increase and were inversely correlated to body weight. Mummichog larvae exposed to Cr(VI) differentially expressed 16 genes in a dose-dependent manner, including GLUT-2, L-FABP, ATPase synthase 8, type II keratin, TBT-binding protein, and complement component C3–2. Many of these genes are involved in energy metabolism or growth, which is consistent with the reduced growth observed. In subsequent experiments, adults were exposed to Cr(VI) for 7 d at 0, 1.5, or 3 mg/L, because adult mummichog are used in monitoring Superfund sites. Hexavalent chromium altered the expression of 10 genes in adult liver, including HGFA, H-FABP, and complement component C3–2. Many of these genes also are involved in energy metabolism. The mummichog arrays provide a potential mechanism for the effects of Cr(VI) on growth. We anticipate using these arrays and the data they provide to monitor effects at polluted sites, to assess the bioavailability of chromium at these sites, and to investigate the efficacy of remediation in chromium-polluted estuaries.