bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Fastest Way to the Bottom: Straighthole Drilling Device - Drilling Concept, Design Considerations, and Field Experience
Authors: Ligrone A. , Oppelt J. , Calderoni A. , Treviranus J. 
Published: December 2007

The Fastest Way to the Bottom: Straighthole Drilling Device - Drilling Concept, Design Considerations, and Field Experience A. Ligrone, SPE, AGIP S.p.A., J. Oppelt, SPE, Baker Hughes INTEQ, A. Calderoni, SPE, AGIP S.p.A., J. Treviranus, Baker Hughes INTEQ

Abstract
A straight top hole section in many cases is a strict requirement to be able to drill deeper sections with complex well geometries. Especially in an environment where the geological parameters tend to deviate the course, and if the hole stability is a risk, drilling of a straight surface portion of hole is a must. Conventionally, this will be achieved by applying steerable motors and changing between sliding mode for directional changes and rotary mode to drill straight ahead. The Straighthole Drilling Device, SDD, has been developed as a fully automated instrumented downhole motor with integral expandable ribs to steer a permanent vertical well path without any supervision required from the surface operator.
This technology had first been verified through long-term continuous application in the KTB ultra deep scientific well bore in Germany, which was drilled solely for scientific purposes. Only through consequent application of the automated vertical steering could the very critical hard rock formation be drilled with minimum deviation and dog leg severity, thereby exceeding the 9,000 meter goal.
Today, the basic technology has been converted into a highly durable drilling tool to be applied in commercial oil wells. The first part of this paper will be a description of technical concept, details and performance features of the Straighthole Drilling Device. The second half will emphasize drilling experiences. AGIP has identified some fields in the south of Italy as ideal candidates to prove both the technology and the economic benefits of SDD. The main idea is to drill quickly a straight and vertical top hole section without the need to ream the hole as is required with traditional methods. Field results from southern Italy are reported.

Introduction
Early need for an automated guiding device for straight vertical boreholes occurred in the mining industry during the late 70's. Up to then the state-of-the-art had been to operate passive devices to maintain the direction of a borehole, such as large-diameter, ultra-heavy drill collars. Such means utilize the earth gravity force and a tight annular gap to guide the direction of the borehole as close as possible to the anticipated course. Since, in many cases, the natural forces of the formation dip could not be overcome in this way, the concept of active steering devices was investigated with special focus on providing a vertical borehole course.
Such development activities were all limited to shallow wells of a few hundred meters depth until the management of the "Continental Deep Drilling Program" (KTB) adopted the same concept for their ultra-deep scientific borehole in 1989.
P. 115
The Future Of West Coast Energy And Oil
Authors: Carlton C.J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
World wide trends of oil supply demand, prices and pollution control regulations all have a bearing on the oil pollution control regulations all have a bearing on the oil deficient West Coast. Even more directly, the changing energy situation in the U.S. and increasingly stringent environmental controls affect the West.
With decreasing gas availability, demand for low sulfur oil to meet pollution requirements will grow. The whole oil industry will be feeling the necessity for change as it seeks to serve this changing market pattern.

Introduction
In 1947, the first gas came to California from Texas and New Mexico. This started a whole new era in which California and the West Coast has changed from energy exporters to energy importers. Up until that time, there had been ample gas in California for its own use. Hydroelecyric power had been the principal source of electricity with fuel oil supplementing where necessary. And California and the whole West Coast were oil exporters to other parts of the world. Today, we have a very different picture. We now bring in huge quantities of gas from Texas, New Mexico, and Canada. We bring in large volumes of oil from Canada and from overseas. Hydroelectric power has faded into a small percentage of total energy use.
This switch of the West Coast from being an energy exporter to an energy importer has a special significance when we view today's worldwide energy and oil situation.
This year, the world will use about 107,000,000 barrels a day oil equivalent of energy. By 1980, it will be about 175,000,000 barrels a day - nearly five times the amount it was in 1950.
Application of Stacked Template Structures Offshore Indonesia
Authors: Landeck Chris R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The successful application of unique structures offshore East Kalimantan, Indonesia has formed a key element in a strategy of aggressive exploration and rapid exploitation of small discoveries in the area. This paper describes the development of the Stacked Template Structure design and the first two installations.
In July 1995 the Scguni Field was discovered with the drilling of the Seguni #1. The discovery well was located 12 km offshore Balikpapan, East Kalimantan, Indonesia, 4 km from the Scpinggan Field in a water depth of 105 ft.
Upon initial consideration the value of the Seguni prospect was enhanced by its shallow water location close to infrastructure offered by mature producing operations.
The size and shape of the prospect was not likely to produce a significant enough discovery to justify development using a conventional wellhead platform. The use of a large diameter driven caisson would not allow the use of a preferred riscrlcss drilling technique. The complexity of the reservoirs in the area and frequent intervention requirements made subsea development unattractive.
With this in mind, a unique Stacked Template Structure (STS) was conceived and designed prior to and during the drilling of the Seguni prospect. The first STS allowed the Seguni Field to be developed and placed on production with a total of four wells only eight months after confirmation of the discovery.
A second STS of slightly modified design was installed in 154 ft of water at another discovery offshore East Kalimantan in May 1996. This STS allowed the first development well to be spudded 34 days after spudding of the exploration well which justified the project
An Approach for the Selection and Design of Slim Downhole Motors for Coiled Tubing Drilling
Authors: Sanchez Alfredo , Samuel G. Robello , Johnson Philip 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Recent advances in coiled tubing drilling have opened new applications for slim holes, in particular, high-angle, extended-reach horizontal wells drilled with downhole motors. This has created a need for high performance drilling engines. The present study covers torque and flow rate requirements based on the geometry of these wells. It shows how "slim" these motors can be and still satisfy the power requirements at the available flow rate. The analysis is supported with practical examples. Positive displacement, turbines, and electric motors are covered. Comparisons based on performance are also presented. The motors' compatibility with coiled tubing systems is also discussed.
The modeling reveals that the available downhole motors are capable of producing more torque than is actually needed for drilling horizontal holes. It is therefore possible to have slimmer motors whose lower torque is still sufficient.

Background
The use of downhole motors to replace conventional rotary drilling has increased over the years, and its performance has been the focus of research in recent years. The use of coiled tubing to drill horizontal, slim holes has also increased the use of these motors. Currently there are three types of downhole motors: turbines, positive displacement (PDM), electric. Even though turbine downhole motors were introduced to the United States in 1960, their use has been limited to less than 1% of the total footage drilled. The positive displacement motor (PDM) has been the downhole motor of choice in the United States since 1968. Electrical downhole motors are less common than turbines and PDM's and have been mostly used in the Soviet Union. In 1976 General Electric (in a joint project with the Energy Research and Development Administration, ERDA) developed and tested an electric type downhole motor built by General Electric, the main contractor. The project was later abandoned due to non-technical reasons.
Among the most important characteristics to consider when selecting or designing any of the three motors mentioned above are: size (outside diameter), torque output at the bit, and the availability of power to drive them. The power available to turn the motor becomes more important when using a turbine or a PDM because it depends on the hole cleaning requirements and on erosional velocities. Insufficient flow rates could result in inappropriate cuttings transport, while excessively high flow rates (mainly when drilling with air) could cause erosion problems. In this study, torque, horsepower, and volumetric flow requirements are used as criteria for modeling the design and selection of slim downhole motors to be used in drilling horizontal (short radius), re-entry wells using coiled tubing. The configurations considered are schematically shown in Fig. 1.
In estimating torque requirements it is necessary to consider the characteristics of the formation being drilled as well as the mechanical behavior of the bottom hole assembly (BHA).
P. 197
Methodology of IPR Study for Steam Stimulation Horizontal Well
Authors: Liu Huiqing , Wu Xiaodong , Zhang Qi , Liu Shumin , Harris H.G. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Steam stimulation well shows much difference production performance with conventional well. An extensive inflow performance relationship (IPR) for steam stimulation well was obtained by regression based on the thermal numerical simulation. It has been shown that the amount of energy injected and horizontal well length play an important role. Two stages appear about reservoir pressure performance in the production period, joint is at the point where cumulative production to injection ratio is unity; maximum production rate shows two stages, joint is at at the point where ln (Xd) is 0.003. For the same amount of energy injected, production performance is almost identical. Well performance become better as the horizontal well length increase for a specific drainage area. The new IPR equations have been successfully tested through a numerical simulation running and applied in artificial lift designing of two oil fields in China.

Introduction
Although steam stimulation has been successfully used in heavy oil reservoir for decades, there exists unsolved problem in well operation designing, no suitable IPR equation is available for this kind of well. As the progress of horizontal well drilling, horizontal well with steam injection makes this problem more complex.
Several authors have made studies on IPR. In 1968, Vogel developed a famous IPR equation, this equation states the relation between dimensionless bottom-hole pressure and dimensionless production rate for solution gas drive reservoir, reservoir is under the steady state. Reservoir pressure and maximum production rate are constant and can be known with the help of well-test operation. However, this equation can not be used in artificial lift designing for steam stimulation well due to the limitation of well-test operation, reservoir is composite after steam injection and is under strong unsteady state. Obviously, it defies the Vogel's guidelines, reservoir pressure and maximum production rate are definitely changing in the production period. So, the purpose of this work is to extend Vogel's equation, including to construct the relation between reservoir pressure or maximum production rate and recovery; energy injected and horizontal well completion length will be involved. With the same way, water-cut and liquids temperature changing relations can be found also.

Brief of IPR Study Method
The following simplifying assumptions have been made:Reservoir is horizontal, with no dipping, both of upper and bottom cap rocks have no difference;There is neither gas cap at the top nor free gas inside the sand and no hydrocarbon distillation occurs, oil viscosity reduction is a principal mechanism;Fluid saturation are uniform throughout the reservoir, steam stimulation is in the first cycle;A specific (X type) water/oil and gas/oil relative permeability curve and no temperature dependent was used;No capillary pressure effect was involved;
P. 887
Re-Engineered Formation Evaluation Suite Brings Higher Efficiency to Wireline Logging Operations in South East Asia
Authors: Sibbit A.M. , Nelson R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A new wireline combination tool called PLATFORM EXPRESS integrates sensors traditionally used for formation evaluation into a short, highly reliable and efficient wireline logging system.
The sensors of the conventional triple combination logging string (density, neutron, resistivity and auxiliary logs) have been upgraded, re-packaged and re-engineered into a combination tool which is less than half as long, can be logged twice as fast and delivers better quality answers. The reengineering of the tool incorporates an accelerometer for real-time depth-matching, and improved pad kinematics for better quality log measurements in poor hole conditions.
In the following, we show case studies of the results of PLATFORM EXPRESS logs from the Asia Pacific region, comparing logging times with those of routine operations using conventional technology. A number of example logs are included to illustrate the benefits of the new logging system for improved wellsite data analysis.

Introduction
One of the objectives of logging is to provide continuous depth-indexed quantitative measurements of formation properties, in order to assist operators in making testing and completion decisions soon after drilling. In the last twenty five years, the combination of density, neutron porosity and resistivity log measurements together with auxiliary curves such as the gamma ray, spontaneous potential and caliper, has become the industry standard evaluation suite. With the introduction of computerized surface equipment and high-speed data transmission these measurements were combined into one logging string, the so-called 'Triple-combo'. Triple-combo's are available as wireline logging combinations or as logging while drilling ("LWD") combinations. In recent years the emphasis in the logging industry has been to improve the accuracy and resolution of individual sensors and to provide yet more combinations.
The PLATFORM EXPRESS is a radical departure from this trend. A combination string has been designed from scratch, integrating sensors into a shorter, more robust platform of inter-linked measurements. This change of approach not only yields benefits in terms of compactness and hence operational efficiency, but also generates improvements in data quality and interpretation.
P. 415
Novel Oxidizing Breaker for High-Temperature Fracturing
Authors: Shuchart Chris E. , McCabe Michael A. , Terracina John M. , Walker Michael L. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A novel oxidizing breaker system has been developed for fracturing fluids at high temperatures. Below 200°F, the system is not active, but above 200°F, the oxidizing system aggressively attacks the polysaccharide backbone of the fracturing fluids, resulting in a complete break of the crosslinked fluids. In the presence of a gel stabilizer, an intermediate, reactive oxidizing species is formed. The result of this formation is a delayed, soluble, high-temperature oxidizing system.
Controlled viscosity reduction at 200°F to 300°F in crosslinked gelled fluids with and without a gel stabilizer will be demonstrated. Testing included Model 50 viscosity profiles, high-temperature static break tests, and conductivity testing. Results from all testing showed the effect of oxidant concentration in producing apredictable, controlled break of the thermally stabilized crosslinked systems. Data were obtained in low-pH and high-pH Zr-crosslinked fluids as well as in borate-crosslinked fluids. The delayed mechanism of the new breaker system provides fluids with excellent crosslinked viscosity properties at early times with predictable, long-term viscosity reductions. Case histories show that the breaker system can be used throughout the treatment in the pad fluid, proppant-laden fluid, and flush.
This paper provides data that allow significant improvements in job design. The operations engineer can obtain predictable, controlled gel degradation by using the data provided for temperature, gel type, gel stabilizers, and breaker concentration. The results are optimized treatment designs with rapid fluid recovery, improved proppant-bed conductivity, and increased well productivity.
Core Damage From Crude Asphaltene Deposition
Authors: Minssieux L. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In order to study the flow properties of asphaltenic crudes, corefloods with an oil asphaltene content in the range 0.1% to 6.0 % weight, were systematically performed in various rock material.
These laboratory tests carried out at reservoir temperature, have shown evidence of core damage occurring under dynamic flowing conditions. Plugging effects due to asphaltene deposition were evaluated in each case through comparison with the reference oil permeability measured with a selected hydrocarbon, prior to and after crude flow. Chemical nature and amount of organic deposits found in-situ at the end of tests, were determined by means of the Rock-Eval pyrolysis technique. This method allowed both to characterize the asphaltene fraction in deposits and to determine their distribution along the core.
Core impairment resulting from in-situ asphalt accumulation, was found to cause a 20% to 90% loss of initial oil permeability, depending on rock morphology, mineralogy and crude asphaltene content.
It turns out that trends in permeability reduction related to asphaltene deposition exhibit clear similarities with formation damage caused by solid fines migration. So pore blocking mechanisms models which have been proposed to describe fines migration effects have been successfully applied to the results obtained with asphaltenic crudes. Such an approach leads to an interpretation of the more or less fast permeability reductions observed with the different couples (crude oil/rock material) considered in this work.

Introduction
Production problems related to asphaltene deposition generally appeared in the fields first in surface facilities, especially in separators, during the oil final depressurization step. Another critical point along the production chain is within tubing in which deposits form at depth corresponding to the bubble pressure of produced oil. Afterwards the asphaltene deposit zone can migrate to bottomhole and well neighbouring formation as reservoir depletion proceeds. It is the known and long story of Hassi Messaoud field.
However in some recent fields, well impairment has begun even in early stage of production and seems to concern the reservoir itself.
In vitro flocculation phenomenon and asphaltene precipitation have been the topics of many papers. But the effects in porous medium of asphaltene flocculation have just come under investigation.
Published work deals with experiments and observations carried out in micromodels. A few ones only were performed in sandpacks or cores, but with isolated asphaltenes redissolved into an aromatic solvent.
P. 401^
Performance of a New Biodegradable Ester Based Lubricant for Improving Drilling Operations with Water Based Muds
Authors: Argillier J-F. , Audibert A. , Janssen M. , Demoulin A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The development of new drilling technologies like extended reach drilling (ERD) or slimhole drilling and the reinforcement of environmental legislations require new adaptation of water based formulations. Good lubricating properties of the mud that would minimize any risk of differential pressure sticking of the pipe are of major impact on the efficiency of drilling operations.
A biodegradable and non toxic ester based lubricating formulation has been developed that significantly reduces torque and pipe drag. Efficiency of the lubricant has been confirmed by an extensive testing under strictly controlled laboratory conditions simulating actual drilling conditions. The lubricant is very efficient on many different water based formulations, even containing high content of salts or solids, cases where classical lubricants are usually poorly efficient. The ester based lubricant is also very efficient for low solids formulations used for slimhole drilling. It is readily dispersible in water based muds and does not affect mud rheology nor filtration behavior nor any other mud property; in some cases its addition may even improve the filtrate loss reduction. Furthermore this highly efficient additive is completely biodegradable and non ecotoxic. Field tests carried out in Africa, north sea and US have largely confirmed the laboratory results presenting, for instance, a torque reduction of more than 40%.

Introduction
Environmental constraints concerning drilling fluids require new formulations that are non toxic for replacing mineral oil based muds. Water based muds are good candidates but new drilling conditions (deep drilling, slimhole drilling, extended reach drilling, multilateral drains) rise specific technical problems in particular concerning lubrication and risk of differential pressure sticking. When drilling long sections of highly deviated wells large friction between the drill pipe and the wall will increase torque and power required to rotate the drill pipe and the stress on the drill pipe. It could also interfere with running the pipe in and out of the hole. As a consequence good lubricating properties of the mud will improve greatly drilling operation efficiency.
An joint research programme has been undertaken by IFP and FINA for developing a new performant and non toxic lubricant in order to increase drilling rates in operations using water based muds. The major goal set forward when starting the ester based lubricant R and D programme was to achieve superior performance combined with full ecological and human safety.
This paper describes extensive laboratory tests and also results from field tests showing the performances of the ester based lubricant for reducing torque and pipe drag when using water based muds. P. 539^