bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE ETHNIC ELDERLY: COMMUNICATION, LANGUAGE AND UNDERSTANDING
Authors: Dolk Tony 
Published: February 2009

Who are the ethnic elderly? By “ethnic elderly” we usually mean elderly people of non‐English speaking backgrounds, and, more particularly, the immigrant elderly born in non‐English speaking countries.In a society where social status by and large relates to socioeconomic position and ethnic affiliation, being old and ethnic tends to be associated with low social status. Being old and ethnic also means to be in a relatively powerless position vis a vis dominant social groups.
REHABILITATION AFTER A PROXIMAL FEMORAL FRACTURE
Authors: Ungar David M. , Warne Roger W. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract80% of patients discharged from the Mount Royal Rehabilitation Unit returned to their homes. To be cost effective a modern rehabilitation unit must work closely with the treating surgeon and the community in which the patient lives. The geriatrician with an interest in rehabilitation is in the ideal position to coordinate the rehabilitation service in hospital and the follow‐up after discharge necessary to maintain a person at home.
LIFESTYLE IMPLICATIONS OF AUSTRALIAN RETIREMENT PATTERNS
Authors: McCallum John 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe completion of the demographic transition in Australia with consequent population ageing will bring social and economic consequences of an expected and an unexpected kind. Economic costs are much debated but the lifestyle implications are less clear and less discussed. Three points are discussed in this paper. Firstly on the basis of Australian surveys, it is established that a relatively active and independent retirement is an accepted life phase for Australians. This development is characteristically Australian and not a necessary consequence of demographic changes. Secondly international evidence is presented to show the influence of culture on lifestyle and the health implications of different lifestyles. It is the culture within which one ages which is important in determining lifestyle and health in late life. In economic class subcultures what happens during one's life may be more important than what happens in late life in determinins health and well‐being. Finally, information or educational strategy is proposed for harnessing the undirected changes from demographic transition. The problem lies in deciding what areas of lifestyle throughout life we are prepared to change lo produce more desirable states in late life.
An Examination of the Function of Male Flowers in an Andromonoecious Shrub Capparis spinosa
Authors: Zhang Tao , Tan Dun‐Yan 
Published: February 2009

Abstract The pollen donor and pollinator attractor hypotheses are explanations for the functions of the male flowers of andromonoecious plants. We tested these two hypotheses in the andromonoecious shrub Capparis spinosa L. (Capparaceae) and confirmed that pollen production and cumulative volume and sugar concentration of nectar do not differ between male and perfect flowers. However, male flowers produced larger anthers, larger pollen grains and smaller ovaries than perfect flowers. Observations on pollinators indicated that two major pollinators (Xylocopa valga Gerst and Proxylocopa sinensis Wu) did not discriminate between flower morphs and that they transferred pollen grains a similar distance. However, there were more seeds per fruit following hand pollination with pollen from male flowers than from perfect flowers. Individuals of C. spinosa with a larger floral display (i.e. bearing more flowers) received more pollen grains on the stigma of perfect flowers. Female reproductive success probably is not limited by pollen. These results indicate that male flowers of C. spinosa save resources for female function and that they primarily serve to attract pollinators as pollen donors.
Tufted Hairgrass (Deschampsia caespitosa) Exhibits a Lower Photosynthetic Plasticity than Antarctic Hairgrass (D. antarctica)
Authors: Bystrzejewska‐Piotrowska Grażyna , Urban Pawel L. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract The aim of our work was to assess photosynthetic plasticity of two hairgrass species with different ecological origins (a temperate zone species, Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) Beauv. and an Antarctic species, D. antarctica) and to consider how the anticipated climate change may affect vitality of these plants. Measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence showed that the photosystem II (PSII) quantum efficiency of D. caespitosa decreased during 4 d of incubation at 4 °C but it remained stable in D. antarctica. The fluorescence half‐rise times were almost always lower in D. caespitosa than in D. antarctica, irrespective of the incubation temperature. These results indicate that the photosynthetic apparatus of D. caespitosa has poorer performance in these conditions. D. caespitosa reached the maximum photosynthesis rate at a higher temperature than D. antarctica although the values obtained at 8 °C were similar in both species. The photosynthetic water‐use efficiency (photosynthesis‐to‐transpiration ratio, P/E) emerges as an important factor demonstrating presence of mechanisms which facilitate functioning of a plant in non‐optimal conditions. Comparison of the P/E values, which were higher in D. antarctica than in D. caespitosa at low and medium temperatures, confirms a high degree of adjustability of the photosynthetic apparatus in D. antarctica and unveils the lack of such a feature in D. caespitosa.
Vegetative Storage Protein with Trypsin Inhibitor Activity Occurs in Sapindus mukorassi, a Sapindaceae Deciduous Tree
Authors: Liu Shi‐Biao , Wang Xu‐Chu , Shi Min‐Jing , Chen Yue‐Yi , Hu Zheng‐Hai , Tian Wei‐Min 
Published: February 2009

Abstract A vegetative storage protein (VSP) with trypsin inhibitor activity in a deciduous tree, Sapindus mukorassi, was characterized by means of sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, Western‐blot, immuno‐histochemical localization, light‐ and electro‐microscopy, together with analysis of proteinase inhibitor activity of the purified VSP in vitro. There were two proteins with molecular masses of about 23 and 27 kDa in a relatively high content in the bark tissues of terminal branches of S. mukorassi in leafless periods. The proteins decreased markedly during young shoot development, indicating their role in seasonal nitrogen storage. Immuno‐histochemical localization with the polyclonal antibodies raised against the 23 kDa protein demonstrated that the 23 kDa protein was the major component of protein inclusions in protein‐storing cells. The protein inclusions were identified by protein‐specific staining and should correspond to the electron‐dense materials in different forms in the vacuoles of phloem parenchyma cells and phloem ray parenchyma cells under an electron microscope. So, the 23 kDa protein was a typical VSP in S. mukorassi. The 23 and 27 kDa proteins shared no immuno‐relatedness, whereas the 23 kDa protein was immuno‐related with the 22 kDa VSP in lychee and possessed trypsin inhibitor activity. The 23 kDa protein may confer dual functions: nitrogen storage and defense.
Optimisation of large‐scale food production using Lean Manufacturing principles
Authors: Engelund Eva Høy , Breum Gitte , Friis Alan 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis paper discusses how the production principles of Lean Manufacturing (Lean) can be applied in a large‐scale meal production. Lean principles are briefly presented, followed by a field study of how a kitchen at a Danish hospital has implemented Lean in the daily production. In the kitchen, the main purposes of implementing Lean were to rationalise internal procedures and to increase production efficiency following a change from cook‐serve production to cook‐chill, and a reduction in the number of employees. It was also important that product quality and working environment should not be negatively affected by the rationalisation of production procedures. The field study shows that Lean principles can be applied in meal production and can result in increased production efficiency and systematic improvement of product quality without negative effects on the working environment. The results show that Lean can be applied and used to manage the production of meals in the kitchen.
Shopping at the farmers' market: consumers and their perspectives
Authors: Lyon Phil , Collie Viv , Kvarnbrink Eva‐Britt , Colquhoun Anne 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWhile farmers' markets are a colourful addition to urban shopping, they are periodic, relatively expensive and provide for a very limited range of consumer requirements. In fact, they are the antithesis of supermarket ubiquity, price sensitivity, wide product/service range and extended opening hours. So, despite their small role in total food retail sales, why are they a growing presence and what do farmers' markets say about the consumer needs that supermarkets do not satisfy? This article reports the findings of a questionnaire‐based survey of 391 farmers' market customers in five Scottish towns during 2006. Customers were seeking high quality food products, even if that meant premium prices, and put a particular value on direct transactions with the producer. Although these data have a specific geographic context, they have resonance for the growing schism between producer and customer in the UK and other countries.
Development of Executive Control and Language Processing
Authors: Mazuka Reiko , Jincho Nobuyuki , Oishi Hiroaki 
Published: February 2009

AbstractResearch in executive function development has shown that children have poor control of inhibition functions, including the inhibition of prepotent responses, control of attention, and flexibility at rule‐shifting. To date, links between the development of executive function and children's language development have not been investigated explicitly. Yet, recent studies on children's sentence processing report that children tend to perseverate during sentence processing. We argue that such perseveration may be due to immature executive function.
The Role of the Theory‐of‐Mind Cortical Network in the Comprehension of Narratives
Authors: Mason Robert A. , Just Marcel Adam 
Published: February 2009

AbstractNarrative comprehension rests on the ability to understand the intentions and perceptions of various agents in a story who interact with respect to some goal or problem. Reasoning about the state of mind of another person, real or fictional, has been referred to as Theory of Mind processing. While Theory of Mind processing was first postulated prior to the existence of neuroimaging research, fMRI studies make it possible to characterize this processing in some detail. We propose that narrative comprehension makes use of some of the neural substrate of Theory of Mind reasoning, evoking what is referred to as a protagonist perspective network. The main cortical components of this protagonist‐based network are the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and the right temporo‐parietal junction. The article discusses how these two cortical centers interact in narrative comprehension but still play distinguishable roles, and how the interaction between the two centers is disrupted in individuals with autism.
Mixed infections and the competitive fitness of faster‐acting genetically modified viruses
Authors: Zwart Mark P. , Van Der Werf Wopke , Van Oers Monique M. , Hemerik Lia , Van Lent Jan M. V. , De Visser J. Arjan G. M. , Vlak Just M. , Cory Jenny S. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractFaster‐acting recombinant baculoviruses have shown potential for improved suppression of insect pests, but their ecological impact on target and nontarget hosts and naturally occurring pathogens needs to be assessed. Previous studies have focused on the fitness of recombinants at the between‐hosts level. However, the population structure of the transmission stages will also be decided by within‐host selection. Here we have experimentally quantified the within‐host competitive fitness of a fast‐acting recombinant Autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus missing the endogenous egt gene (vEGTDEL), by means of direct competition in single‐ and serial‐passage experiments with its parental virus. Quantitative real‐time PCR was employed to determine the ratio of these two viruses in passaged mixtures. We found that vEGTDEL had reduced within‐host fitness: per passage the ratio of wild type to vEGTDEL was on average enhanced by a factor of 1.53 (single passage) and 1.68 (serial passage). There is also frequency‐dependence: the higher the frequency of vEGTDEL, the stronger the selection against it is. Additionally, the virus ratio is a predictor of time to host death and virus yield. Our results show that egt is important to within‐host fitness and allow for a more complete assessment of the ecological impact of recombinant baculovirus release.
Elevational changes in the composition of insects and other terrestrial arthropods at tropical latitudes: a comparison of multiple sampling methods and social spider diets
Authors: GUEVARA JENNIFER , AVILÉS LETICIA 
Published: February 2009

Abstract.

We explored the extent to which differences between elevations in arthropod composition – insects and arachnids – are reflected by different sampling methods and in the diet of local social and subsocial spiders.
We surveyed two low‐elevation tropical rainforest and two upper montane cloud forest sites in eastern Ecuador using blacklighting, sweeping, malaise traps, beating, and visual search. We also observed the prey captured by social (lowland rainforest) and subsocial (upper montane cloud forest) spider colonies in each habitat and related their diets to the insect composition yielded by the individual and combined set of techniques.
The most notable differences between high‐ and low‐elevation sites in eastern Ecuador were an increase in the relative abundance of Hymenoptera, in particular ants, and a concomitant reduction in the representation of homopterans, dipterans and coleopterans at lower elevations. Differences between elevations, however, were only detected by three of the techniques employed (beating, sweeping and blacklighting).
The proportions of major taxa categories in the spider diets were only significantly different from samples from their respective environments for the upper elevation subsocial spider against blacklighting and the combined set of all techniques, excluding blacklighting. Nonetheless, only sweeping had similarity indices greater than 75% for both species, with beating and malaise being the next most similar. The more advanced level of sociality and larger nests of the social species may facilitate exploitation of a more representative range of insect types from its environment.
Hematology and serum clinical chemistry reference intervals for free‐ranging Scandinavian gray wolves (Canis lupus)
Authors: Thoresen Stein I. , Arnemo Jon M. , Liberg Olof 
Published: February 2009

Background: Scandinavian free‐ranging wolves (Canis lupus) are endangered, such that laboratory data to assess their health status is increasingly important. Although wolves have been studied for decades, most biological information comes from captive animals.Objectives: The objective of the present study was to establish reference intervals for 30 clinical chemical and 8 hematologic analytes in Scandinavian free‐ranging wolves.Methods: All wolves were tracked and chemically immobilized from a helicopter before examination and blood sampling in the winter of 7 consecutive years (1998–2004). Seventy‐nine blood samples were collected from 57 gray wolves, including 24 juveniles (24 samples), 17 adult females (25 samples), and 16 adult males (30 samples). Whole blood and serum samples were stored at refrigeration temperature for 1–3 days before hematologic analyses and for 1–5 days before serum biochemical analyses. Reference intervals were calculated as 95% confidence intervals except for juveniles where the minimum and maximum values were used.Results: Significant differences were observed between adult and juvenile wolves for RBC parameters, alkaline phosphatase and amylase activities, and total protein, albumin, γ‐globulins, cholesterol, creatinine, calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphate, and sodium concentrations.Conclusion: Compared with published reference values for captive wolves, reference intervals for free‐ranging wolves reflected exercise activity associated with capture (higher creatine kinase activity, higher glucose concentration), and differences in nutritional status (higher urea concentration).
Analytical validation of the Sysmex XT‐2000iV for cell counts in canine and feline effusions and concordance with cytologic diagnosis
Authors: Pinto da Cunha Nazaré , Giordano Alessia , Caniatti Mario , Paltrinieri Saverio 
Published: February 2009

Background: The Sysmex XT‐2000iV is a hematology analyzer that combines laser and impedance technology. Its usefulness for determining cell counts in canine and feline intracavitary effusions has not yet been studied.Objectives: The objectives of this study were to evaluate the analytical performance of the Sysmex XT‐2000iV for cell counts in effusions from dogs and cats, and to assess correlation with an impedance counter and concordance with diagnoses based on cytologic findings.Methods: Effusions (43 pleural, 23 peritoneal, 6 pericardial) were analyzed from 32 dogs and 34 cats. Total nucleated cell count (TNCC), HCT, and RBC count were determined on the Sysmex and compared with those obtained on an impedance counter (Hemat 8, SEAC). Imprecision, linearity, and limit of detection were determined for the Sysmex. An algorithm was designed using quantitative and qualitative data from the Sysmex to classify the effusions and the results were compared with diagnoses based on cytologic findings.Results: Intra‐assay and interassay coefficients of variation on the Sysmex were variable. Linearity of TNCC was ≥0.993 for dogs and cats, with the exception of effusions from cats with feline infectious peritonitis, which had delta (Δ) TNC values >3.0. In comparison with the Hemat 8, a proportional error was found for TNCC on the Sysmex. Effusion classification based on the algorithm was concordant with that obtained by cytologic examination in 43/72 (60%) samples. Discordant results usually were due to the misclassification of cells with similar morphology (such as mesothelial and carcinoma cells) in Sysmex scattergrams.Conclusion: The Sysmex XT‐2000iV provides a precise and accurate TNCC and has moderate concordance with cytologic findings for classifying canine and feline effusions. Although microscopic examination of effusions is necessary to achieve an accurate diagnosis, the Sysmex can provide preliminary information that may be helpful to cytopathologists.
Cellular and Molecular Characterization of a Feline Insulinoma
Authors: Jackson T.C. , Debey B. , Lindbloom‐Hawley S. , Jones B.T. , Schermerhorn T. 
Published: February 2009

Background:Insulinoma is an autonomous insulin‐secreting islet cell neoplasm that is rarely diagnosed in cats. The clinical and pathological aspects of feline insulinoma have been described previously, but the molecular characteristics of these tumors have not been investigated.Objectives:The study objectives were to characterize peptide hormone production and determine expression of selected genes involved in glucose metabolism and insulin secretion in a feline insulinoma.Methods:Immunohistochemistry and RT‐PCR were used to examine hormone and gene expression, respectively, by insulinoma cells.Results:Immunohistochemistry examination indicated that the tumor cells expressed insulin, chromogranin A, and somatostatin but not glucagon or pancreatic polypeptide. The tumor expressed several genes characteristic of pancreatic beta cells (β cells) including insulin (INS), glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2), and glucokinase (GCK). The tumor also expressed hexokinase 1 (HK1), a glycolytic enzyme not normally expressed in β cells.GCKexpression was higher in the insulinoma than in normal pancreas from the same cat. TheGCK : HK1ratio was >20‐fold higher in insulinoma tissue than in normal pancreas.Conclusions and Clinical Importance:The feline insulinoma produced several peptide hormones and expressed genes consistent with a β‐cell phenotype. The pattern of hexokinase gene expression in tumor cells differed from that of normal pancreas. These findings suggest insulinoma cells may have an increased sensitivity to glucose that could contribute to the abnormal insulin secretory response observed at low serum glucose concentrations.
Efficacy of Combination Chemotherapy for Treatment of Gastrointestinal Lymphoma in Dogs
Authors: Rassnick K.M. , Moore A.S. , Collister K.E. , Northrup N.C. , Kristal O. , Chretin J.D. , Bailey D.B. 
Published: February 2009

Background:Chemotherapy for multicentric canine lymphoma has favorable results. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is the most common extranodal site of canine lymphoma, but there have been no prospective studies to determine outcome when dogs with GI lymphoma are treated with chemotherapy.Hypothesis:Treatment with a multiagent chemotherapy protocol is associated with a poor outcome in dogs with GI lymphoma.Animals:Eighteen dogs with histologically confirmed GI lymphoma.Methods:Prospective clinical trial in which dogs with GI lymphoma were treated with a 20‐week combination chemotherapy protocol consisting of induction and consolidation phases.Results:Thirteen dogs had primary GI lymphoma and 5 had multicentric lymphoma with GI involvement. The majority of the lymphomas (63%) were of T‐cell origin. Overall remission rate was 56%; 9 dogs achieved a complete remission for a median of 86 days (range, 22–420 days) and 1 dog achieved a partial remission for 26 days. Overall median survival time was 77 days (range, 6–700 days). Dogs that failed to achieve a remission (10 versus 117 days;P= .002) or had diarrhea at initial presentation (70 versus 700 days;P< .001) had shorter survival times.Conclusion and Clinical Importance:The response and survival of dogs with GI lymphoma treated with multiagent chemotherapy is poor but long‐term survival is possible.
Cystatin B As a Tissue and Urinary Biomarker of Bladder Cancer Recurrence and Disease Progression
Authors: Feldman Adam S. , Banyard Jacqueline , Wu Chin-Lee , McDougal W. Scott , Zetter Bruce R. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Purpose: Using proteomic techniques, we sought to identify novel protein biomarkers in tissue and urine from patients with transitional cell carcinoma (TCC).
Experimental Design: Urinary and tissue proteomes were analyzed and differentially expressed proteins were identified by mass spectrometry. One of the proteins, cystatin B, was further analyzed in TCC tissue by immunohistochemistry and in urine by semiquantitative Western blot analysis.
Results: Cystatin B tissue staining intensity significantly increased concordantly with TCC grade (P = 0.0008). Elevated urinary cystatin B levels correlated with increasing tumor grade (P = 0.062) and stage (P = 0.0047). Patients with elevated levels of cystatin B had a shorter mean ± SE time to disease recurrence (12 ± 1.82 months) compared with patients who had low levels (28.8 ± 2.26 months; P = 0.0047). Similarly, patients with elevated cystatin B levels had a shorter time to grade/stage progression compared with patients with low urinary cystatin B (P = 0.0007). By multivariate Cox regression analysis, an elevated cystatin B level was the most significant variable predicting disease recurrence (hazard ratio, 3.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.5-9.5; P = 0.0049) and grade/stage progression (hazard ratio, 10.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.6-201.5; P = 0.0104).
Conclusions: Cystatin B is elevated in tissue and urine of bladder cancer patients. Cystatin B urine levels are positively correlated with tumor grade, stage, and shorter time to disease recurrence and progression. Consequently, cystatin B may be useful as a novel predictive biomarker in TCC of the bladder.