bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Care and the Extension of Markets
Authors: Held Virginia 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter examines the implications of the ethics of care for political and social issues. It addresses the question of whether corporate and market ways of conducting a range of activities should be expanded through privatization and commercialization, or limited. Childcare, healthcare, education, and cultural activities are considered. The chapter shows how dominant moral theories lack the resources to deal with this question, and how the ethics of care provides strong arguments for limiting markets. Market values are not the appropriate ones to be accorded priority in various fields.
Nature
Authors: Peterson Anna L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter analyzes the ethical attitudes and practices regarding the natural environment in both the Salvadoran and Amish communities examined in chapters 1 and 2. Of particular interest are agricultural practices, the links between environmental sustainability and social justice, and the complex ways that religious values and beliefs influence both everyday practice and the shape of collective institutions. It also analyzes and compares the distinctive contributions of Anabaptist and progressive Catholic theology to thinking and practice regarding nature.
Utopia
Authors: Peterson Anna L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter reflects on the possibilities for reclaiming and rethinking progressive utopian thought in light of the experiences of both Amish and Salvadoran experiences in creating environmentally sustainable and socially just communities. The distinctive contributions of religion to these experiences are explored, as well as the significance of recent changes in the political left, in the nature of progressive social movements, and in religious and cultural life in the Americas.
The Changing Faces of Temple Worship
Authors: Dempsey Corinne G. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter explores the effects of Aiya’s maverick approach on various types of temple participants: the youth, women, and everyone else. It begins by describing the Rush temple youth’s enthusiasm for full participation within their religious tradition, in contrast to many second-generation South Asians in North America who tend to be lukewarm about the religious practices of their parents. It also explores how women of all ages, typically marginalized within traditional religious settings, less so at diaspora temples, glean a sense of religious purpose and value at the Rush temple through their ability to participate publicly as Śrīvidyā initiates and temple priests. The fact that the Rush temple encourages initiation and priestly performance to all who are interested regardless of caste, gender, or ethnicity does not come without its challenges, however. Aiya’s creation of a community of priests who claim an equal stake in temple ownership, opening access to authority and divinity in ways otherwise unavailable, also leaves the door open for uncertainty and dispute.
Grounding the Sacred
Authors: Dempsey Corinne G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter describes the transplanting of South Asian divinities onto North American soil, and the transposition of South Asian sacred geography to rural upstate New York. It begins by recounting the circuitous route of Íri Rājarājeśwarī’s granite mūrti from an ashram in the Poconos to Aiya’s temple housed in his garage and, finally, to its current location that transformed a barn in Rush, New York, into a temple. It discusses the importance of sacred geography within Hindu traditions, and recounts the challenges and innovations involved in establishing sacred terrain at diaspora temples in general, and at Rush in particular. The chapter concludes by recounting narratives of traveling Hindu deities and accounts of their miraculous appearances at Rush, demonstrating divine as well as human creativity and adaptability.
Making Home at the Śrī Rājarājeśwarī Pīṭham
Authors: Dempsey Corinne G. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter brings “home” the image of the temple most commonly invoked by inner core members, all of whom have been unmoored, at some level, from their cultural or religious heritage. Although seemingly mundane, the temple as “home” is a concept many devotees hold most sacred; it is where participants ultimately find comfort, security, and rest. The chapter begins by describing the challenges of an evolving temple, one that has moved from an intimate, homey, one-and-a-half car garage setting to its current public space. It includes testimonials shared by inner core participants that recount their discovery and eventual dedication to Aiya as guru. Also recounted are the different ways in which these participants construe the temple as home. The chapter finishes by featuring Aiya’s wife, Amma, an understated yet steady presence at the temple, whose no-nonsense homing influence is a force without which Aiya’s spiritual pyrotechnics could never get off the ground.
Are Any Moral Beliefs Justified?
Authors: Sinnott-Armstrong Walter 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter distinguishes different ways for moral beliefs and believers to be justified: instrumentally or epistemically, permissively or positively, slightly or adequately, and personally or impersonally. It explains the two main arguments against justified moral belief: the skeptical regress argument and the skeptical hypothesis or scenario argument. It concludes that these arguments pose a dilemma because their flaws are hard to detect, and their conclusions are hard to believe.
Classy Moral Pyrrhonism
Authors: Sinnott-Armstrong Walter 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter applies the general epistemology in Chapter 5 to moral beliefs in particular, and discusses the relevance of moral nihilism. It presents a moderate classy Pyrrhonian moral skepticism, which claims that some moral beliefs can be justified out of a modest contrast class, but no moral beliefs can be justified out of an unlimited contrast class. Since neither contrast class is the relevant one, no moral belief is justified without qualification.
Coherentism
Authors: Sinnott-Armstrong Walter 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter explains moral coherentism as the view that some moral beliefs are justified by virtue of cohering with a system of belief that is coherent in the sense that it is consistent, connected, and comprehensive. Second-order beliefs about reliability are introduced to handle standard objections to coherentism. It concludes that coherence can make some moral beliefs justified out of a modest contrast class, but not out of an extreme contrast class with moral nihilism. This final chapter, together with the rest of Part 2, thus leads to moderate moral skepticism.
The Beauty of the Cross
Authors: Viladesau Richard 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This volume represents the first part of a study of the concept and the symbol of the cross in Christian theology and imagination. It examines the theology of the cross in both its conceptual and aesthetic mediations within specific historical contexts, from the early church to the eve of the renaissance. Each chapter is introduced by a discussion of an artwork — a representation of Christ’s crucifixion — that exemplifies the focus of the chapter. There follows an exposition of a theological paradigm for the interpretation of the Christ’s passion as a salvific event, i.e., a particular Christian soteriology, as seen in the works of classic theologians. These theological ideas are compared and contrasted with aesthetic works that were contemporaneous with the theological classics or that illustrate a parallel theological attitude. The general method is one of correlation between two kinds of interpretation of the Christian tradition and of human experience: between theology as explicit systematic thought and as affective and communicative images. Within the aesthetic realm, this volume emphasizes visual art (various styles of cross and crucifix) and Christian poetry, both liturgical and non-liturgical.
The Cross in the New Testament and the Patristic Paradigm
Authors: Viladesau Richard 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
The pagan drawing known as the graffito of Alexamenos illustrates the scandal of the worship of a “crucified God” in the Roman Hellenistic world. From Roman documents, an approximate idea of what the historical crucifixion of Jesus was like can be reconstructed. However, this historical event was soon translated into the spheres of religious myth and theology. The New Testament itself provides an early aesthetic mediation of the meaning of the cross. The Fathers of the Church, in particular Athanasius and Augustine, expand on New Testament concepts and images to understand the cross as the symbol of Christ’s divine victory, and produce a variety of conceptual explanations of its function in human salvation. Representations of the cross in this period, like the hymns of Venantius Fortunatus and the Byzantine liturgy, present it as the sign and instrument of Christ’s victory over sin and death.
Corporate Financial Reporting and Regulation in the European Union
Authors: Benston George J. , Bromwich Michael , Litan Robert E. , Wagenhofer Alfred 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe EU has for a long time strived to harmonize the financial disclosure of companies headquartered in the EU member states. However, financial reporting in these states continues to differ, reflecting the ongoing role of national accounting traditions and regulatory structures. This chapter surveys both the areas where rules have been harmonized and those where national differences remain. The discussion highlights many of the issues that likely to arise in efforts to achieve harmonized rules on a global scale.
1 A Chapter in the History of Biblical Exegesis
Authors: Cooper Stephen Andrew 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter highlights the importance of the history of patristic exegesis for both the historical and the theological study of the Bible. A serious part of modern biblical scholarship through the early twentieth century, the study of patristic exegesis suffered a decline and became a sub-field of church history or historical theology, being thus removed from the scientific study of the biblical text. Recent trends in biblical studies, however, such as the rediscovery of rhetoric and the acknowledgement of the position of the interpreter, have created a climate in which patristic exegesis can again become part of the scholarly discussion of the Bible. Victorinus’ commentaries on Paul must be understood in the context of both pagan and Christian practices of the interpretation of canonical texts. The manuscript tradition of Victorinus’ commentaries on Paul is discussed.
4 Exegesis and Interpretation in Victorinus' Commentaries
Authors: Cooper Stephen Andrew 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter discusses Victorinus’ commentary on Galatians in terms of its exegetical techniques and genre. These aspect of his work on Galatians are compared with both Christian and non-Christian commentaries of the third and fourth centuries. His use of prefaces and exegetical techniques, such as paraphrase (including his appropriation of the apostle Paul’s first-person) are examined. Victorinus’ hermeneutical vocabulary provides a key for understanding what he intends by the manner of commentary he denominated commentatio simplex, which is can only somewhat misleadingly be called ‘literal’. Victorinus’ commentaries on Paul with their philosophical excurses have affinities with non-Christian philosophical eisagogic commentaries in their attempt to establish a basic platform as prerequisite for deeper philosophical or theological understanding.
Introduction
Authors: Coope Ursula 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
As a preliminary to Aristotle’s account of time, it is necessary to understand his views on change and on indivisibles. He has an account of change (in terms of actuality and potentiality) that makes no reference to time. His view of indivisibles is important because he thinks that the now is indivisible. It is argued that, according to his view, an indivisible is a boundary of, or potential division in, some continuum. An indivisible is, then, ontologically dependent on the continuum that it (potentially) divides.
2 The Ancient Stoics: People and Sources
Authors: Brennan Tad 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter provides an introduction to the major figures in the history of Ancient Stoicism, and describes the sources of knowledge in Stoic philosophy. The Stoic school began a little before 300 BC, and reached the height of its theoretical elaboration in the next century. Stoic philosophers include Chyrsippus, Epictetus, Zeno of Citium (founder of the Stoic school), Cleanthes, Diogenes of Babylon, Antipater of Tarsus, and Cicero. The four sources accounting for more than half the bulk of testimony and evidence on Stoicism are: Cicero, Seneca, Epictetus, and Marcus. The most important source of biographical information about early Stoics and their philosophy is the author Diogenes Laertius.
4 An Overview of Stoic Ethics
Authors: Brennan Tad 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter presents an overview of the Stoic system. Stoics assume that all human beings wish to be happy, and that happiness is the end of everything one does. They insist that it is wrong to think that pleasure is good; that money and fame are good; and that health, freedom, and life are good. It is also wrong to think that their opposites (poverty, dishonor, illness, slavery, and death) are bad. Vice alone is bad; and everyone is awash in vice. Stoics like to discuss ethics by describing what a perfectly virtuous person, a Stoic Sage, would be like.
11 What Makes an Action Befitting?
Authors: Brennan Tad 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter examines the Stoic theory of kathekon, translated as ‘befitting actions’. These are actions that people who are already virtuous do, and also the ones that people do to make progress towards virtue. What makes an action befitting has something to do with how it accords with the nature of the agent, and with the nature of the universe that is revealed in the special circumstances of action that may arise. For instance, the nature of plants is such that they perform their befitting actions by photosynthesising. The nature of humans is such that they perform their befitting actions by walking, bending, or stretching their fingers in certain ways; by asking or answering questions; or by taking care of their health.
12 Discovering the Befitting: Two Models
Authors: Brennan Tad 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter examines two models of how Stoics decide what to do: the Salva Virtute deliberation and Indifferents-Only deliberation. The Indifferents-Only model is superior to the Salva Virtute model for deliberating on an actual situation. The Salva Virtute model is unable to provide any content to the notion of doing the ‘virtuous thing’ beyond saying that the virtuous action is whatever the Sage will actually do. The Indifferents-Only model proposes that virtue is not mentioned among the inputs to deliberation. The deliberation will eventuate in the specification of a virtuous action, but will start by describing the various courses of action purely in terms of how various indifferents — promoted and demoted — are distributed.
17 The Evolution of the Will
Authors: Brennan Tad 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe Stoic theory of fate had a great influence on the way other philosophers talked about topics such as free will and moral responsibility. Many of the central concepts and controversies surrounding the modern problem of free will emerged from the Stoic system, and can be traced back to the doctrines that Stoics held, or attacks that their opponents launched against them, or misunderstandings that arose as Stoicism was blended into the revival of Platonic philosophy. The ancient debate over the issue of moral responsibility is discussed.
The European Machinery Industry Under Pressure
Authors: Crouch Colin 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter discusses the theoretical foundations for the four case studies presented in chapters three to six. It describes the rise and fall of the European machinery industry between the 1980s and 1990s, particularly in France, Germany, Italy, and the UK. It focuses on the emergence of clusters of small-and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) around industrial districts, and the benefits provided by local collective competition goods (LCCGs).
Hybrid Governance and Networked Firms
Authors: Crouch Colin 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter synthesizes the results of the four case studies discussed in chapters three to six. Opposing policy trends in Italy, UK, France, and Germany were identified. The access to local collective competition goods (LCCGs) among machinery small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), technology transfer, marketing, and training and skills are analysed, and the increasing complexity of economic governance is discussed.
Life After Industrial Decline in St Etienne: Robust SMEs, Deterritorialization, and the Making of a Local Mode of Governance
Authors: Le GalÈs Patrick , Tirmarche Olivier 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter examines the impact of the restructuring of economic policies in St Etienne. It discusses the rise and fall of industrial development, the slow rise of services and dynamism of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), firms’ use of collective competition goods (CCGs), and economic development polices in St Etienne. It shows that economic programmes led to the deterritorialization of production and use of CCGs; and clustering for certain kinds of CCGs to establish a solid base prior to facing foreign markets.
Regeneration in Sheffield: From Council Dominance to Partnership
Authors: Crouch Colin , Hill Martin Scott 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe global crisis in the steel industry from the mid-1970s led to plant closures and massive unemployment in Sheffield. This chapter examines the attempts to halt the decline of Sheffield’s industrial base, and the development of partnerships between local, regional, and European levels of government and the private sector from the mid-1980s. It then looks at some of the main projects aimed at reviving the city’s economy.
High-Tech Districts
Authors: Trigilia Carlo 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter presents the theoretical background for the four case studies discussed in chapters fifteen to eighteen, which focus on the success stories of high-tech local systems: the media industry in Cologne, Germany; the biotech sector in Oxford, UK; software activities in Pisa, Italy; and the ICT sector in Grenoble, France. It argues that high-tech systems may be viewed as a distinct type of local production systems.
4 Speaker Meaning and Expression
Authors: Davis Wayne A. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter defines speaker meaning and expression in terms of intention and indication. Different types of speaker meaning are distinguished. These definitions are contrasted with those of Grice, which mistakenly assume that speaker meaning is the attempt to communicate. To express an idea or other mental state is to provide a publically observable indication of its occurrence in a certain way. Communication requires not only meaning but understanding, interpretation as well as expression.
10 Millian Theories
Authors: Davis Wayne A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter begins an argument against the ‘Frege-Mill dichotomy’, the assumption that names have either a descriptive sense or no sense at all. Millian theories denying that names have a sense are considered, as well as Millian theories identifying sense with reference. Russell’s and Frege’s problems are the principal objections. Modal version of Millianism that identifies the meaning of a name with an intension or character function cannot avoid these problems without unrealistic existence and identity assumptions.
12 Fregean Theories
Authors: Davis Wayne A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter examines ‘Fregean theories’, which hold that the meaning of a proper name can, in principle, be defined using general terms or descriptions. The classical description theory holds that the meaning of every proper name N can be given by a definite description of the form ‘the (unique) F’, for some general term F that is purely descriptive. It argues that no Fregean theory is plausible for standard proper names, although the classical theory fits logically descriptive names like May 9th. Objections cannot be completely eliminated by making scope distinctions or using rigid descriptions, nor by using indexical or metalinguistic descriptions.
9 A New Romantic Theory of Expression
Authors: Robinson Jenefer 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Artistic expression ‘is an activity of an artist that consists, roughly speaking, in the manifestation and elucidation of an emotional state of a persona in the expressive character of a poem, a painting, a piece of music, etc., such that the work provides evidence for the emotional state of the persona and the persona's emotional state is communicated to other people (and also the artist himself) through the character of the work.’ (p. 270) Different works of art articulate emotion by emphasizing different elements in the emotion process. Representational paintings and poems can articulate the way the world appears to someone in the throes of an emotion, as in Caspar David Friedrich's Large Enclosure at Dresden or Keats' Ode to a Nightingale, or they can articulate more directly the thoughts and desires of a person in a particular emotional state. Paintings can also express emotions by the (e.g., violent or passionate) way in which they are painted or seem to have been painted. In addition, works of music and dance can enact the gestures, action tendencies, and behavior characteristic of a particular emotion.
Expanding the Electoral Marketplace
Authors: Dalton Russell J. , Gray Mark 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter tracks the changes in the total ‘amount of electing’ that have occurred in advanced industrial democracies. It establishes that citizen access through elections has grown through an increasing number of voting choices on different offices, more referendums, and more frequent elections. The largest increase has come in new forms of direct democracy, such as referendums and initiatives. Expanding enfranchisement also increased the proportion of the electorate eligible to vote across most advanced industrial democracies. The chapter also considers how changes in the amount of electing and the specific types of elections are altering the relationship between citizens and their government in significant ways.
Making Elections More Direct? Reducing the Role of Parties in Elections
Authors: Scarrow Susan E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter examines the role political parties play in elections in established representative democracies, and asks whether new institutions and procedures are reducing parties’ traditional role as political mediators. It traces the growing adoption and use of devices of direct democracy, the low usage of non-partisan elections, and the trend towards direct election of municipal executives. Taken together, these changes are indicative of a trend towards expanding citizens’ opportunities to have a direct say in policy decisions and in the selection of political leaders. However, the magnitude of the shift is small, and political parties still dominate most political decisions within these countries.