bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The determination of the dynamic elastic moduli of rock masses by geophysical methods
Authors: McDowell P. W. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Dynamic moduli values for rock masses are calculated from corresponding compressional and shear wave velocities and in situ bulk densities using standard equations based on elastic theory. These moduli values can be used for the design of foundations for vibrating machines to avoid resonance during operation. Static moduli values can be assessed from the dynamic moduli values if the rock mass quality has been determined either directly or from the ratio of ν
field
to ν
lab
. Where possible, the results of these procedures should be correlated with the results of in situ static tests, such as large scale plate bearing tests.

Geophysical surveys need to be carefully designed to ensure that the correct seismic event is being recorded and wave velocities are being measured accurately. There are several field techniques in common usage, which include seismic refraction surveying, cross-hole shooting and a variety of along-hole methods. In each case, careful consideration should be given to timing errors resulting from inadequate coupling of energy sources and receivers. Enhancement of shear-wave events is usually required to avoid ambiguity and misinterpretation, particularly in layered ground. For fractured rock masses the wavelength of the seismic events may also be significant for both compressional and shear wave events.
The results of ground investigations at the proposed sites of generators for the Akjoujt Power Station in Mauritania, West Africa, are presented to illustrate the advantages and limitations of geophysical techniques for assessing rock mass deformation moduli. Compressional and shear wave velocities were determined by cross-hole, along-hole and surface seismic refraction surveying techniques for the very weathered metamorphic rocks. Dynamic values of Young’s modulus were obtained for 1 m intervals to a depth of 15 m.
The results of this investigation are reviewed in the light of recent developments in equipment, field procedures and data processing techniques.
Focussed packer testing: a structured approach to save time and improve results
Authors: Black J. H. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The idea of ‘focussed’ packer testing is to focus the cost and effort of packer testing on the regions of greatest concern. The effect is to reduce the amount of unnecessary testing and hence cut the cost of testing. It is based primarily on identifying the use of the collected data. In work concerned with the disposal of radioactive waste the prime use of the derived data is in numerical modelling. For most modelling purposes data from highly transmissive rock are of more importance than those from low permeability regions. It is proposed that the testing should be structured so that there is a smooth increase of value and locational accuracy from the lower measurement limit up to the maximum.
Two basic methods of test and data structuring are proposed. These are based on a specific test management procedure termed ‘log-linear structuring’ and the ‘active packer string’. These two techniques have different effects on costs and derived data quality.
In procedural management, the technique described as ‘log-linear structuring’ has a straightforward effect on the ‘value-accuracy’ of the data set. It reduces the accuracy and reliability of the derived data progressively as its value decreases. It does not change the overall form of the data set. Its effect on programme costs is only in the order of a 20 to 30% reduction.
The use of the ‘active packer string’ to structure ‘locational accuracy’ changes the form of the overall data set. There are subtle controls on the form of the data set produced by the ability to set not only sample size but also thresholds for improved quality of data. If an ‘active packer string’ is used to reduce costs then cost savings of 50% or more are possible whilst maintaining data quality.

In order to carry out ‘focussed’ packer testing it is necessary to:

(i)
have foreknowledge of the use of the data and the rock to be tested;

(ii)
be able to simulate the effect of ‘focussed’ testing in a particular rock and borehole environment;

(iii)
be able to analyse the results instantly in the field;

(iv)
have access to an ‘active packer string’ for most effective test design and control.

A set of results from a field test in Sweden shows the form of data which is obtained using an ‘active packer string’, the form of the overlapping and a time saving of about 50%.
The application of stochastic modelling to the evaluation of ground conditions in Late Quaternary Sediments in Göteborg, Sweden
Authors: Rosenbaum M. S. , Stevens R. L. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Statistical analysis based on the spatial analysis of variance has been applied to the characterisation of Late Quaternary sediments within the valley of Kvilledalen in Göteborg, illustrated in this paper by the bed thickness of the marine clay. The analysis of the thickness demonstrates a low random disturbance which was attributable to small scale environmental variability rather than to errors of measurement, and a maximum range of influence of 300 metres from the location of each observation point. Beyond this distance there was no spatial dependency and reliable prediction of values was not possible using the existing data. Stochastic modelling solved using kriging has been used to estimate the distribution of each bed thereby giving a quantifiable degree of certainty and improving the basis for predicting ground conditions based upon the assessment of existing information.
Field and laboratory investigations of the clay tills at the test bed site at the Building Research Establishment, Garston, Hertfordshire
Authors: Marsland A. , Powell J. J. M. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Detailed investigations have been made of the clay tills on a site located at the Building Research Station about 30km NW of central London. Inspection of the soil macrofabric suggests that two advances of the ice occurred in this area.
Results from insitu tests using cone penetrometers, pressuremeters, 100mm diameter screw plate tests, 292 and 865 mm diameter deep insitu loading tests, and laboratory tests are given. The results obtained from different types of tests are compared against the background of the modes of deposition, post depositional conditions and the variations in the soil fabric down the soil profile.
Suitability and acceptability for earthworking with reference to glacial tills in Scotland
Authors: Matheson G. D. , Oliphant J. 
Published: April 2008

Summary
The paper describes the criteria currently in use for determining the suitability and acceptability of soil for earthworking, and discusses the specification, control and monitoring of both earthmoving and compaction on highway contracts in the UK. In particular the paper describes the application of the Moisture Condition Apparatus (MCA) to the testing of Quaternary soils and its successful use on Scottish Trunk Road Projects.
Theme lecture: Periglacial and slope processes
Authors: Hutchinson J. N. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Following a palaeoclimatic outline of the Late Quaternary, the paper reviews the periglacial and slope processes which have most effect on engineering works, particulary with regard to relic forms of such features in Britain. The first topics covered are; frost heave and thaw consolidation, thermokarst and periglacial mass movements, with particular attention to periglacial solifluction and slope development. Ground water discharge features, comprising pingos, anomalous depressions in the London Basin and perforated clay feather edges, are then discussed, as are superficial valley disturbances in various geological settings. The paper concludes by exploring theoretical and geological approaches to the determination of the former depths of permafrost in Britain.
Report on Session 2a
Authors: Privett K. D. 
Published: April 2008

Introduction

The papers in this session of the conference concentrate on some of the processes described by the Theme Lecturer, Professor Hutchinson, and the engineering properties of the materials. Engineering implications are referred to in the papers but are included in this session because the process/properties element is stressed. This report is intended to provide a brief introduction to the session papers and all references are to papers in this conference.
The term “periglacial” is sometimes restricted to geomorphological processes where freeze-thaw is the dominant action but the definition generally is widened to include all those processes, and their landforms, taking place in cold climated outside the margins of an ice sheet and so encompasses everything that is not directly glacial. This conference has used this wider definition and thus deposits such as laminated glacial lake sediments (Bell and Coultard) are included in this session. Table 1 illustrated the range of features that could be considered, many of which are discussed to varying degress in the papers.

TABLE 1: List of periglacial features/processes.

LARGE-SCALE LANDSLIPS

SOLIFLUCTION, MUDFLOWS, SHEARS

ASYMMETRIC VALLEYS

FROST CREEP

CAMBERS, VALLEY BULGES

ICE WEDGES

POLYGONS

FROST HEAVE, INVOLUTIONS

FROST MOUNDS, PINGOS

FROST SHATTERING

LOESS DEPOSITION

LAMINATED LAKE DEPOSITS

CHEMICAL OF CaCO
3

SLOPE PROCESSES

The various processes involved in the formation and modification of slopes, either in their natural condition, or if modified by some engineering works. Is is not
surprising then, that the majority of
papers submitted to this session concern
periglacial slope processes.
The identification of features due to former permafrost in the North Sea
Authors: Long D. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Analysis of offshore data at scales varing from macroscopic to kilometric suggest the former presence of permafrost in the North Sea. However due to the nature of marine data, the techniques used in recognizing features due to former permafrost differ from that used on land. The evidence can also occur in forms unique to the marine field. Awareness of the former existence of permafrost in the North Sea will aid geological assessment of offshore site investigations.
Solifluction shears at Carsington, Derbyshire
Authors: Skempton A. W. , Norbury D. , Petley D. J. , Spink T. W. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

A clayey solifluction deposit of Devensian age on the lower slopes of a broad valley in Namurian mudstone is about 1.2 m thick and near its base are shear surfaces, gently undulating and occupying on average 40% of the length (56 m) examined in trial pits. Within a shear zone up to 2 mm in thickness the clay mineral aggregates are aligned sub-parallel to the shear surface; otherwise the aggregates are in random orientation. Tests show that strength on the shear surface falls to the residual value (c′ = 0, φ
r
′ = 12°) after small displacements. The resultant peak strength parameters of the deposit, allowing for the undulating and discontinuous nature of the shears, are c′ = 6 kPa and φ′ = 18°; as compared to c′ = 10 kPa and φ′ = 20° for the intact clay. Average index properties are w = 40, LL = 75, PL = 32 and clay fraction = 62%.
The application of geophysical methods to the geological mapping of Quaternary sediments
Authors: Cornwell J. D. , McCann D. M. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The geological mapping of Quaternary sedimentary deposits is usually hindered by the lack of exposure and by the rapid lateral and vertical variations in the lithologies. With the continuing development of new techniques, geophysical methods offer practical means of complementing conventional mapping in these conditions. The methods available are suitable for application to problems ranging from regional mapping to detailed site investigation. The application of the appropriate method can produce solutions to these problems and reduce expenditure on drilling and trenching, the main alternative means of sub-surface investigation. In this paper, the use of geophysical methods in the geological mapping of Quaternary sediments is reviewed and illustrated by a number of case histories from eastern England.
Engineering geology and mapping of the Quaternary deposits of the city of Xanthi, N. Greece
Authors: Marinos P. G. , Xidakis G. S. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The city of Xanthi is situated on the border between the crystalline massif of Rodope and the extended coastal plain of Thrace. The broader urban area is covered mainly by Quaternary formations of screes and talus deposits from the mountain slopes, various generations of alluvial deposits in the form of torrential fans, recent fluvio-torrential deposits and eluvial sheets on marly slopes. From data collected from natural ground cuts, boreholes, excavations for foundations and some laboratory testing, the area has been divided into four main geotechnical zones and a number of subzones. The soils in the main zones have similar or analogous geotechnical behaviour. A folio of engineering geology and hydrogeology maps was produced.
This study shows how a reliable geotechnical evaluation and zoning in Quaternary formations can be approached by detailed engineering geological mapping, mainly for the types of terrain found in the Xanthi area, where coarse materials are predominant.
Computer aided compilation of settlement maps for the provinces of Friesland and Gelderland, The Netherlands
Authors: Schokking F. , Hoogendoorn B. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Engineering geological thematic maps for the prediction of settlement in Quaternary near surface sediments, resulting from hydrological changes, were compiled to be used in the regional groundwater planning for the Provinces of Gelderland and Friesland in the Netherlands.
An existing computer program “ZETTING” used for settlement calculations for civil engineering purposes, was adapted for the processing of large data sets. The compilation of the settlement maps using Geographical Information Systems in the Geological Survey of The Netherlands and in the Departments of Water and Environment of the two provinces is described.
For the map for the Province of Gelderland digitized type-profile map information and geotechnical properties of sub-regions were combined with hydrological data to calculate settlement and hydrodynamic period.
A translation was made of borehole data into geotechnical properties, and hydrological data joined to the resulting data set for the calculation of the settlement map for the Province of Friesland.
For both provinces a set of grid maps were compiled. Aspects of the computer aided compilation of the maps, such as data handling, choice of grid and grid transfers, computer calculations and map accuracy are discussed.
Report on Session 3b
Authors: Nash D. F. T. 
Published: April 2008

Introduction

The theme of this session covers a very wide spectrum of deposits and processes. The thirteen papers submitted from all over the world, together with several from other sessions which also relate to this theme, describe numerous deposits and processes - mostly the former. Some of the processes which influence the geotechnical properties and behaviour of soils are listed in Table 1. This is a reminder of the importance of fully appreciating the geological history of a site when planning and undertaking construction projects.
The papers can be conveniently divided into four groups under the general headings Tectonics and Uplift, Problems relating to Reservoirs, Regional Studies of Soils, Studies of Soft Clays.

Quaternary Tectonics and Uplift

As part of the study of the background to the present seismicity of the
UK, Ringrose, Hancock and Davenport
have observed the distribution of recorded seismicity and noted the coincidence of areas which are currently the most seismicly active with the areas of highest topography and the areas of maximum present day uplift. They have examined several Quaternary faults in Scotland and related the patterns of movement to the inferred state of stress in the earths crust, and concluded that ice-loading must have been sufficient to trigger fault movements. On other faults the displacements are consistent with a zone of uplift coinciding with the maximum zone of present day uplift in the highlands of west central Scotland. The authors report some very substantial fault movements during the Quaternary. The studies, of which these form
Tigris river terrace mapping in northern Iraq and the geotechnical properties of the youngest stage near Dao Al-Qamar Village
Authors: Al-Dabbagh T. H. , Al-Naqib S. Q. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
During the course of an investigation to evaluate the area for mapping distribution of deposits , different proposed hydraulic structures and construct ion materials.Terraces within the Valley of the River Tigris were mapped at three locations in northern Iraq. Four stages, ranging in age from pleistocene to Recent have been recognized.
The paper reveiws previous work concern ing these terrace deposits and describes the mapping work. The geomorphology of terraces is discussed with reference. to the evaluation of the river System. Finally some preliminary geotechnical data concerning the sediments are presented and discussed .
Records of settlement of the M5 motorway over the Somerset Levels
Authors: Cook D. , Pereira G. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
An account is given of the secondary consolidation characteristics of recent alluvial deposits under the line of the M5 motor-way where it crosses the Somerset levels. It uses a group of 161 long term settlement records between East Clevedon and St George which were maintained after contract completion in 1973 as the instrumentation installed during construction had .predicted continued settlement. The records were combined with a data file of soils information from the same area compiled by the first author in 1984. The key features of secondary consolidation are reviewed as a guide to the analysis of the records, which are examined for statistical relationships between the measured rates of secondary compression and the operative field variables namely, the embankment loading, the depth of consolidating material and its light preconsolidation. Because of the complex deposition sequence it was only found possible to follow trends. These showed that secondary consolidation was most sensitive to the loading relative to the preconsolidation, or thresh-hold pressure. They also gave some indication of decreasing overall rates of secondary strain with increasing thickness of deposit. Laboratory tests significantly underestimated the field rates of secondary consolidation in all cases. It was reckoned that persistent low level vibrations from heavy traffie contribute to the variations, affecting the shallower layers by a greater amount.
The effect of Quaternary uplift on the stability of slopes in the central part the Skorusinske Vrchy mountains in the west Carpathians
Authors: Kovacik M. , Ondrasic R. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The Skorušinské vrchy mountains are part of the West Carpathians in northwest Slovakia near the Polish border. They consist of four Palaeogene sedimentary complexes and comprise a 1500 to 2000 m thick sequence of conglomerates, claystones, flyschoid rocks and sandstones. The older complexes erop out on the margins of the mountains and are covered by relatively thin clayey soils. The central part, the most highly uplifted block, consists of Eocene calcareous sandstone which are disturbed by joints and deep-seated faults. The difference in elevation between the mountain summits and the valley floors is more than 400 m.
A detailed investigation of mass movement has been carried out using aerial photographs,air borne radar and satellite imagery foliowed by a field survey.
Three main types of slope deformation were identified - rock block slides along bedding surfaces, rock siumps across bedding surfaces and landslides in slope debris. The occurrence of the largest and most deep-seated slides are controlled by faults. The presence of these mass deformations indicate the existence of tilted fault blocks which are the result of neotectonic arch uplift. About 15–17% of the area covered by sandstones is affected by mass movements. This paper describes the methodology of the investigation, the mechanism and genesis of slope deformations, the occurrence and parameters of slides and the role of the Quaternary uplift in the slope instability component of regional geomorphological evolution.
Quaternary tectonic activity in Scotland
Authors: Ringrose P. S. , Hancock P. , Fenton C. , Davenport C. A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The main features of seven faults inferred to have been active during the Quaternary in Scotland are summarized and their significance in terms of possible tectonic explanations is discussed. One fault in Glen Roy (Central Highlands) is described in detail and evidence is presented for changing stress fields inferred from modes of strain release. Quaternary tectonic activity is interpreted as being dominated by regional effects involving left-lateral simple shear in a NNW direction and some uplift. Stresses associated with ice-load flexure are thought to have played an important role in triggering fault rupture.
Examples of ground response to various types of structural foundation construction
Authors: Rowe P. W. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
As a prelude to the new case histories reported in this book, 17 cases of construction activities are cited that identify the ground responses to various types and methods of construction in the light of the geological age and relevant geological structure. In most cases, unexpected events occurred in spite of prior geological and geotechnical investigations. Whether new treatment is seen in old examples or old treatment of new examples, the ultimate objective is to underline the value of
case histories and the real need in site investigation reports to isolate and interpret those particular aspects of the geology relevant to the proposed engineering works, in the light of precedence, so that all concerned may be aware of the likely consequences of the construction operational types and steps up to completion.
The Bargate Centre, Southampton: engineering geological and geohydrological aspects of the excavation for basement construction
Authors: Barton M. E. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The Bargate Centre is a large, four-storey shopping arcade constructed during 1986–1990 within the medieval town walls of Southampton. It incorporates a basement requiring construction to between 6–7 m below ground level through fill, brickearth, and water-bearing river terrace gravels overlying mainly laminated clays of the Bracklesham Group. The case record is of particular interest in that the excavation cut-off wall acted as a barrier to the original (that is,
pre-excavation) groundwater seepage in the terrace gravels. Observations of the piezometric levels before and after construction confirm ponding on the upstream side of the basement. However, it appears that the pre-construction seepage pattern on the downstream side was modified by the medieval double moats which are known, at least in part, to have been excavated into the terrace gravels.