bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Holistic Health Care for Native Women: An Integrated Model
Authors: Napoli Maria 
Published: December 2008

Providing health care services to Native women has become a challenge owing to the severity of illness—in particular, diabetes, alcoholism, and arthritis—in this group today. If comprehensive health care is to be offered, coordination of services between health and mental health practitioners is needed. Gathering together to support each other has been a traditional custom for Native women. An integrated health care model is discussed that offers Native women an opportunity to deal with the challenge of mental health and health issues through traditional activities, enhancing their physical and spiritual health and receiving education while creating an atmosphere of empowerment and mutual support.
Auricular Acupuncture, Education, and Smoking Cessation: A Randomized, Sham-Controlled Trial
Authors: Bier Ian D. , Wilson Jeffrey , Studt Pat , Shakleton Mary 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. This study examined the effect of acupuncture alone and in combination with education on smoking cessation and cigarette consumption. Methods. We prospectively studied 141 adults in a quasi-factorial design using acupuncture, sham acupuncture, and education. Results. All groups showed significant reductions in smoking and posttreatment cigarette consumption, with the combined acupuncture–education group showing the greatest effect from treatment. The trend continued in follow-up; however, significant differences were not maintained. Greater pack-year history (i.e. the number of years smoking multiplied by baseline number of cigarettes smoked per year, divided by 20 cigarettes per pack) negatively correlated with treatment effect. Trend analysis suggested 20 pack-years as the cutoff point for this correlation. Conclusions. Acupuncture and education, alone and in combination, significantly reduce smoking; however, combined they show a significantly greater effect, as seen in subjects with a greater pack-year history.
Acupuncture Outcomes, Expectations, Patient–Provider Relationship, and the Placebo Effect: Implications for Health Promotion
Authors: So Dominicus W. 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. To explore whether treatment outcomes are associated with a patient’s degree of general hopefulness, expectations regarding treatment, attributions of health status, beliefs about mind–body dualism, and patient–provider relationship factors, I studied acupuncture patients’ goal attainment. Methods. Sixty-two acupuncture patients were interviewed before and after acupuncture regarding goal attainment, mind–body beliefs, hopefulness, and attributions of health status. Demographics, acupuncture treatment, and health care usage information was also collected. Acupuncturists provided 3 months of treatment. Results. Patients reported treatment goal attainment from acupuncture. Their perceived outcomes were not associated with previous treatment, patient demographics, or the expected and actual numbers of needle insertion. Successful outcomes were related positively to number of different CAM treatments used in the past year but negatively to patients’ expectations and the “Powerful Others” health locus of control dimension. Conclusions. Perceived acupuncture outcomes seem not to be related to placebo effects and patient expectations, but rather to client–practitioner relationship factors. (Am J Public Health. 2002;92:1662–1667)
Alternative Mental Health Services: The Role of the Black Church in the South
Authors: Blank Michael B. , Mahmood Marcus , Fox Jeanne C. , Guterbock Thomas 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. This study determined the extent to which churches in the South were providing mental health and social services to congregations and had established linkages with formal systems of care. Methods. A computer-assisted telephone interview (CATI) survey was conducted with pastors from 269 Southern churches. Results. Black churches reported providing many more services than did White churches, regardless of urban or rural location. Few links between churches and formal provider systems were found, irrespective of the location—urban or rural—or racial composition of the churches. Conclusions. Results are discussed in terms of the potential for linking faith communities and formal systems of care, given the centrality of the Black church in historical context.
The Community-Oriented Primary Care Experience in the United Kingdom
Authors: Gillam Stephen , Schamroth Alan 
Published: December 2008

The UK National Health Service has long delivered public health programs through primary care. However, attempts to promote Sidney Kark’s model of community-oriented primary care (COPC), based on general practice populations, have made only limited headway. Recent policy developments give COPC new resonance. Currently, primary care trusts are assuming responsibility for improving the health of the populations they serve, and personal medical service pilots are tailoring primary care to local needs under local contracts. COPC has yielded training packages and frameworks that can assist these new organizations in developing public health skills and understanding among a wide range of primary care professionals.
Variability and Vulnerability at the Ecological Level: Implications for Understanding the Social Determinants of Health
Authors: Karpati Adam , Galea Sandro , Awerbuch Tamara , Levins Richard 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. We examined variability in disease rates to gain understanding of the complex interactions between contextual socioeconomic factors and health. Methods. We compared mortality rates between New York and California counties in the lowest and highest quartiles of socioeconomic status (SES), assessed rate variability between counties for various outcomes, and examined correlations between outcomes’ sensitivity to SES and their variability. Results. Outcomes with mortality rates that differed most by county SES were among those whose variability across counties was high (e.g., AIDS, homicide, cirrhosis). Lower-SES counties manifested greater variability among outcome measures. Conclusions. Differences in health outcome variability reflect differences in SES impact on health. Health variability at the ecological level might reflect the impact of stressors on vulnerable populations. (Am J Public Health. 2002;92:1768–1772)
The Impact of Government Policies and Neighborhood Characteristics on Teenage Sexual Activity and Contraceptive Use
Authors: Averett Susan L. , Rees Daniel I. , Argys Laura M. 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. This study sought to examine the effects of government policies and neighborhood characteristics on adolescent female sexual behavior to better inform future public policy decisions. Methods. Using a bivariate probit model and National Survey of Family Growth data on women aged 15 through 19 years, we estimated the probabilities of their being sexually active and, if sexually active, of their using contraceptives. Results. Variables measuring the cost of obtaining an abortion are not good predictors of sexual activity or contraceptive use. However, the relationship between family planning availability and contraceptive use is statistically significant at conventional levels. Conclusions. Policymakers seem to have little leverage with regard to influencing the decision to become sexually active, although increased access to family planning services may encourage responsible contraceptive behavior. Neighborhood context is an important determinant of adolescent female sexual behavior.
Provision of Sexual Health Services to Adolescent Enrollees in Medicaid Managed Care
Authors: Lafferty William E. , Downey Lois , Holan Christine M. , Lind Alice , Kassler William , Tao Guoyu , Irwin Kathleen L. 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. This Seattle project measured sexual health services provided to 1112 Medicaid managed care enrollees aged 14 to 18 years. Methods. Three health maintenance organizations (HMOs) that provide Medicaid services for a capitated rate agreed to participate. These included a non-profit staff-model HMO, a for-profit independent practice association (IPA), and a non-profit alliance of community clinics. Analyses used health maintenance organizations’ administrative data, chart reviews, and Medicaid encounter data. Results. Health maintenance organizations provided primary care to 54% and well care to 20% of Medicaid enrollees. Girls were more likely than boys to have their sexual history taken or to be given condom counseling. Only 27% of sexually active girls were tested for chlamydia, with significantly lower rates of testing among those who spoke English as a second language. The nonprofit staff-model plan outperformed the for-profit independent practice association on most measures. Conclusions. Substantial room for improvement exists in sexual health services delivery to adolescent Medicaid managed care enrollees.
STD Screening, Testing, Case Reporting, and Clinical and Partner Notification Practices: A National Survey of US Physicians
Authors: St. Lawrence Janet S. , Montaño Daniel E. , Kasprzyk Danuta , Phillips William R. , Armstrong Keira , Leichliter Jami S. 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. This study presents results from a national survey of US physicians that assessed screening, case reporting, partner management, and clinical practices for syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and HIV infection. Methods. Surveys were mailed to a random sample of 7300 physicians to assess screening, testing, reporting, and partner notification for syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and HIV. Results. Fewer than one third of physicians routinely screened men or women (pregnant or nonpregnant) for STDs. Case reporting was lowest for chlamydia (37%), intermediate for gonorrhea (44%), and higher for syphilis, HIV, and AIDS (53%–57%). Physicians instructed patients to notify their partners (82%–89%) or the health department (25%–34%) rather than doing so themselves. Conclusions. STD screening levels are well below practice guidelines for women and virtually nonexistent for men. Case reporting levels are below those legally mandated; physicians rely instead on patients for partner notification. Health departments must increase collaboration with private physicians to improve the quality of STD care.
HIV Infection and Pregnancy Status Among Adults Attending Voluntary Counseling and Testing in 2 Developing Countries
Authors: Forsyth Andrew D. , Coates Thomas J. , Grinstead Olga A. , Sangiwa Gloria , Balmer Donald , Kamenga Munkolenkole C. , Gregorich Steven E. 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. This study investigated the impact of HIV voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) on reproduction planning among 1634 adults in 2 sub-Saharan countries. Methods. Data were obtained from a multisite randomized controlled trial. Results. At 6 months post-VCT, the women more likely to be pregnant were younger (odds ratio [OR] = 2.5; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.0, 6.5), not using contraceptives (OR = 0.1; 95% CI = 0.1, 0.3), and HIV infected (OR = 3.0; 95% CI = 1.3, 7.0). An interaction emerged linking pregnancy intention at baseline and HIV serostatus with pregnancy at follow-up (OR = 0.1; 95% CI = .0, 0.4) Partner pregnancy rates did not differ by HIV serostatus among men. Conclusions. HIV diagnosis may influence reproduction planning for women but not for men.
A Reexamination of Smoking Before, During, and After Pregnancy
Authors: Kahn Robert S. , Certain Laura , Whitaker Robert C. 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. This study examined the patterns and correlates of maternal smoking before, during, and after pregnancy. Methods. We examined socioeconomic, demographic, and clinical risk factors associated with maternal smoking in a nationally representative cohort of women (n = 8285) who were surveyed 17 ± 5 months and again 35 ± 5 months after delivery. Results. Smoking rates among women with a college degree decreased 30% from before pregnancy to 35 months postpartum but did not change among the least educated women. Risk factors clustered, and a gradient linked the number of risk factors (0, 2, 4) to the percentage smoking (6%, 31%, 58%, P < .0001). Conclusions. The period of pregnancy and early parenthood is associated with worsening education-related disparities in smoking as well as substantial clustering of risk factors. These observations could influence the targeting and design of maternal smoking interventions.
The Relationship Between Periodontal Disease Attributes and Helicobacter pylori Infection Among Adults in the United States
Authors: Dye Bruce A. , Kruszon-Moran Deanna , McQuillan Geraldine 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. We investigated the relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and abnormal periodontal conditions. Methods. Data from the first phase of the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used. A total of 4504 participants aged 20 to 59 years who completed a periodontal examination and tested positive for H. pylori antibodies were examined. Results. Periodontal pockets with a depth of 5 mm or more were associated with increased odds of H. pylori seropositivity (odds ratio [OR] = 1.47; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.12, 1.94) after adjustment for sociodemographic factors. This association is comparable to the independent effects of poverty on H. pylori (OR = 1.54; 95% CI = 1.10, 2.16). Conclusions. Poor periodontal health, characterized by advanced periodontal pockets, may be associated with H. pylori infection in adults, independent of poverty status.
Relationship Between Children’s Dental Needs and Dental Care Utilization: United States, 1988–1994
Authors: Vargas Clemencia M. , Ronzio Cynthia R. 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. This study describes the relationship between dental needs and dental care utilization among children. Methods. Data from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994) were used to analyze dental care needs and dental care utilization. Results. Younger children with perceived needs (needs perceived by the child or responsible adult) were more likely to be episodic users of dental care than children without perceived needs. Younger children with normative needs (defined by the presence of untreated caries diagnosed by a dentist) were less likely to be regular users. Older children with perceived or normative needs were more likely to be episodic users and less likely to have had a previous-year visit than children with no needs. Conclusions. Despite their presence, dental needs do not drive dental care use among children, and children’s dental care utilization is inadequate.
HIV Testing Policy and Serious Mental Illness
Authors: Walkup James , Satriano James , Barry Danielle , Sadler Pablo , Cournos Francine 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. Using opinion data from experts, we examined the context of the argument for mandatory testing of psychiatric patients. Methods. Vignettes were distributed to experts on HIV and mental illness. Respondents were asked to provide appropriateness ratings for different hypothetical clinical decisions regarding HIV management. Results. Respondents were reluctant to impose testing without informed consent in most circumstances. The presence of risk factors or danger to another increased appropriateness ratings modestly. Conclusions. Despite experts’ tendency to emphasize individual rights, public reluctance to mandate testing is unlikely to extend to people with serious mental illness. No argument for mandatory testing can be persuasive if improved voluntary testing can achieve adequate detection rates. Voluntary testing protocols should be studied to determine which successfully identify infected individuals.
Community-Based Trial to Prevent Drug Use Among Youths in Yunnan, China
Authors: Wu Zunyou , Detels Roger , Zhang Jiapeng , Li Virginia , Li Jianhua 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. This study evaluated a community-based program in China to prevent initiation of drug use in young men. Methods. Similar intervention and control areas were selected. Village leaders, teachers, and women and youth leaders were recruited to participate in the program. Community activities were organized and intervention activities in schools were implemented. Incidence of new drug users was estimated. Results. There was a 2.7-fold greater reduction in drug use initiation in the intervention area (1.59% vs 0.60%). Reduction was highest among males aged 15 to 19, single men, illiterate men, and the Jingpo minority. HIV/AIDS knowledge and attitudes and recognition of drug problems were all significantly better in the intervention area. Conclusions. Community-based intervention programs to prevent drug use can be successful in rural areas of China.
Battering Victimization Among a Probability-Based Sample of Men Who Have Sex With Men
Authors: Greenwood Gregory L. , Relf Michael V. , Huang Bu , Pollack Lance M. , Canchola Jesse A. , Catania Joseph A. 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. This study measured the prevalence of battering victimization (i.e., experience of psychological/symbolic, physical, and sexual battering) among men who have sex with men (MSM) and identified characteristics of these men. Methods. A probability-based sample of 2881 MSM living in 4 cities completed telephone interviews between 1996 and 1998. Results. Prevalence estimates were 34% for psychological/symbolic battering, 22% for physical battering, and 5% for sexual battering. The strongest demographic correlate independently associated with all forms of battering was age 40 or younger, whereas education and HIV serostatus were associated with physical and psychological/symbolic violence. Conclusions. Rates of battering victimization among urban MSM are substantially higher than among heterosexual men and possibly heterosexual women. Public health efforts directed toward addressing intimate partner battering among these men are needed.
Childhood Vaccine Purchase Costs in the Public Sector: Past Trends, Future Expectations
Authors: Davis Matthew M. , Zimmerman Jessica L. , Wheeler John R. C. , Freed Gary L. 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. We examined recent public-sector trends in childhood vaccine costs and estimated future costs. Methods. We used public-sector price data to calculate vaccine purchase cost per child for children aged 0 to 6 years from 1975 to 2001. We fit a linear regression model to historical data and then used it to project costs per child from 2002 to 2020, adjusted to 2001 US dollars. Results. Controlling for inflation, the cost of vaccine purchase per child climbed from $10 in 1975 to $385 in 2001. The cost of vaccine purchase in the year 2020 following recommendation of 7 additional vaccines is estimated to be $1225 per child (95% confidence interval = $891, $1559). Conclusions. The cost per child for recommended vaccines at public-sector prices may triple over the next 2 decades. These projections have implications for vaccine financing at federal and state levels.
Rates of Household Firearm Ownership and Homicide Across US Regions and States, 1988–1997
Authors: Miller Matthew , Azrael Deborah , Hemenway David 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. In this study we explored the association between rates of household firearm ownership and homicide across the United States, by age groups. Methods. We used cross-sectional time-series data (1988–1997) to estimate the association between rates of household firearm ownership and homicide. Results. In region- and state-level analyses, a robust association between rates of household firearm ownership and homicide was found. Regionally, the association exists for victims aged 5 to 14 years and those 35 years and older. At the state level, the association exists for every age group over age 5, even after controlling for poverty, urbanization, unemployment, alcohol consumption, and nonlethal violent crime. Conclusions. Although our study cannot determine causation, we found that in areas where household firearm ownership rates were higher, a disproportionately large number of people died from homicide.
Knowledge of, Attitudes Toward, and Experience of Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Western Medicine– and Oriental Medicine–Trained Physicians in Korea
Authors: Lee Sang-Il , Khang Young-Ho , Lee Moo-Song , Kang Weechang 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. We compared knowledge of, attitudes toward, and experience with complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) among Western medicine–trained doctors (WMDs) and Oriental medicine–trained doctors (OMDs).Methods. In Korea, 502 WMDs and 500 OMDs were interviewed with a structured questionnaire.Results. OMDs held more favorable attitudes toward CAM than did WMDs. OMDs possessed a deeper understanding of and greater experience with CAM. OMDs more readily endorsed health beliefs congruent with CAM.Conclusions. In the future, CAM can be more readily used by OMDs than by WMDs. Because evidence for the effectiveness of CAM remains sparse, more research is needed for the prudent use of CAM in Korea. An education and training system for potential CAM providers remains to be developed.
AIDS-Related Risk Among Adolescent Males Who Have Sex With Males, Females, or Both: Evidence From a Statewide Survey
Authors: Goodenow Carol , Netherland Julie , Szalacha Laura 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. This study examined the prevalence of AIDS-related risk behaviors among adolescent males with female, male, and both-sex sexual partners and explored factors related to these behaviors. Methods. Three waves of a population-based survey provided data on male high school students: 3065 with only female sexual partners, 94 with only male partners, and 108 with both. Logistic regression analyses were used to examine AIDS-related outcomes. Results. Youths with any same-sex experience reported less school AIDS education. Bisexual experience predicted multiple sexual partners, unprotected intercourse, sexually transmitted disease, and injection drug use. School AIDS education and condom instruction predicted less AIDS-related risk. Conclusions. Bisexually active adolescent males report especially high levels of AIDS risk behavior. School-based AIDS prevention should address the needs of all sexually active youths.
Avoiding the Boomerang: Testing the Relative Effectiveness of Antidrug Public Service Announcements Before a National Campaign
Authors: Fishbein Martin , Hall-Jamieson Kathleen , Zimmer Eric , von Haeften Ina , Nabi Robin 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. This study examined the relative perceived effectiveness of 30 antidrug public service announcements (PSAs) and assessed the extent to which judgments of effectiveness are related to judgments of realism, amount learned, and positive and negative emotional responses. Methods. Data were obtained from 3608 students in grades 5 through 12 in 10 schools. The ethnically diverse sample was 50.8% male. Students in 5 experimental conditions viewed sets of 6 antidrug PSAs and filled out a brief evaluation questionnaire following each PSA. Those in the control condition viewed a non–drug-related television program. Results. The relative perceived effectiveness of the 30 PSAs varied considerably. Sixteen were rated as significantly more effective, and 6 as significantly less effective, than the control program. Relative rated effectiveness was highly related to realism (r = .87), amount learned (r = .88), negative emotion (r = .87), and positive emotion (r = –.35). Conclusions. Evaluative research is necessary to prevent broadcast of PSAs that could have a negative impact. PSAs should point out the negative consequences of drug use behavior rather than telling adolescents to “just say no.”