bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
California Dreaming – Development Potential Assessment of a Major Offshore Field
Authors: Beckner B. L. , Fast R. E. , Hornafius J. S. , Myers G. A. , Timmer R. S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Inspired by the economic necessity of compressing the technical and economic evaluation time cycle, Mobil's conventional project planning evaluation process was reengineered. This new approach was successfully applied to a novel development plan for a major California offshore field. With 155 MMSTB of remaining recoverable oil, the South Ellwood Field is one of the larger oil development opportunities remaining in the continental United States. While portions of this field have been under production from Platform Holly since 1967, at least 65 percent of the recoverable original oil in place (OOIP) remains. Mobil's "Clearview" Development Project would have used extended reach drilling from shore. The extended reach wells would have horizontal depth to true vertical depth ratios of up to 5:1. The development proposal included abandonment of Platform Holly. This paper focuses on the creation of a development plan for this major California offshore field.
A self-directed, multi-disciplinary team identified and resolved several technical issues that could have allowed the transformation of the existing 4500 STB/day field to one producing 20,000+ STB/day. Technical issues addressed for the heterogeneous Monterey Formation include; hydrodynamic tilt of the oil/water contact; identification and mapping of various lithologies using seismic, logs and regional geology; productivity variations between lithologies; recovery factor range, natural fracture orientation and effects upon horizontal well trajectories; horizontal well production forecasts using advanced decline curve analysis and reservoir simulation; and the use of a stochastically based methodology for quantifying production profiles at various confidence levels.
The re-engineering of the technical study methodology put a premium on team work, communication, and integration. As a result of this re-engineering, the previously planned three year technical/feasibility study was completed in 6 months. This paper reveals how a self-directed, multi-disciplinary, multi-worksite team integrated solutions into a unified reservoir description and a cohesive strategy for future development.
Increasing Hydrocarbon Production Through Liner Replacements in the Shallow Oil Zone, Elk Hills Field, California
Authors: Drown Michael G. , Chacon Juan , Stratton Michael S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Shallow Oil Zone (SOZ) reservoir within the Naval Petroleum Reserve #l, Elk Hills field occurs at depths ranging from 2500′ to 4500′ A significant portion of the SOZ reservoir was developed on 20 acre spacing in the mid 1940's to early 1950's. These wells were usually completed with 7″ combination casing strings (i.e., slotted 7″ pipe on bottom with cemented 7″ pipe above). Following Reserve open-up in 1975, 10 acre development and infill drilling was reinitiated throughout the SOZ. Wells were drilled to TD, logged, and 7″ casing was cemented to the top of the pay. The pay was opened to 13″ and the wells were completed with 5½″ gravel packed, slotted liners.
Well surveillance and production monitoring in the early 1990's revealed that the 1970's gravel pack completions were, in general, producing at lower rates than offset non-gravel packed wells. Efforts to stimulate production from these wells utilizing conventional techniques such as acidizing, chemical soaks, jet washing, and knifing/scraping proved only marginally successful. As a result, a liner replacement program was developed whereby existing slotted liners and gravel packs were removed and replaced with non-gravel packed slotted liners
A five-well pilot program was initiated in August 1992 to assess the economic feasibility of liner replacements in the SOZ This program incorporated traditional recovery techniques utilizing a spear, bumper-sub, jars and accelerator. Four of the jobs required the liner to be mechanically cut and recovered in sections based on free point survey results.
E & P Forum Risk Assessment Data Directory
Authors: Waters L. B. , Blotto P. , Covil M. , Cracknell D. , Heimly T. , Hulbaekdal J. , Mjelde A. , Thomas I. , Tigg J. P. , Turner S. M. , Wendes M. , Whiskin K. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A directory of data for use in risk assessments has been developed by the Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) Subcommittee of The Oil Industry International Exploration and Production Forum (E&P Forum). The directory provides readily available benchmark data and references for common incidents analyzed in upstream production operations. The directory is intended for estimating screening level and order of magnitude incident frequencies. Its primary uses are for reviewing external risk assessments and evaluating risk in QRAs and qualitative assessments. The project was carried out as a QRA Subcommittee activity to take advantage of the pooling of knowledge and expertise between participants representing various major E&P companies and other E&P Forum members. Sources for the data include information available to the public and industry such as may be obtained from industry projects and the literature. Typical incidents analyzed in E&P risk assessments were identified and divided into four major categories: accident data, event data, safety systems and vulnerabilities. Twenty six individual datasheets were developed. Each datasheet contains incident frequency, population and causal data, along with a discussion of the data sources, ranee, availability and application.
Approaches to Management Competence: A UK Perspective
Authors: Slaven Georgina 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Case studies have been conducted within two UK oil and gas companies to identify their approach to devising and implementing managerial standards of competence for personnel in safety-critical posts. Results suggest that company-specific standards ensure that training and assessment is targeted towards the organisation's strategic objectives. The findings are discussed in relation to the implications for staff in safety-critical posts such as installation managers.
NORSOK - Where are we Heading? A Standardised Approach Discussing Rigidity and Flexibility in Choice of Solutions
Authors: Nja Ove , Lode Torlaug , Sandve Kjell , Aven Terje 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
NORSOK is a Norwegian initiative to reduce the cost of offshore projects. It consists of a set of industrial standards, which are to replace current use of individual company specifications. The starting point for the views in this paper is NORSOK report no. 6\ covering Health, Environment and Safety, and the presented potentials for improvement therein; e.g. standardisation of risk models, fewer and more comprehensive databases and common understanding of taxonomies. A prompt question raised is; Does standardisation and other changes enhance rigidity in development and choice of solutions? The paper presents and discusses expected consequences for risk analysis performance based upon ideas and recommendations from NORSOK.
The major challenge within the NORSOK principles is to establish standardised models applicable to the specific problems under consideration. Today, such standardisation is nonexistent and a major criticism of risk analyses is concerned with uncertainties and arbitrariness in risk results causing lack of credibility. Is it then really possible to meet the NORSOK intentions, for instance, defining standard minimum acceptance criteria and does the standardised risk assessment models serve its purposes? In this paper we present an alternative approach dealing consistently with these questions with respect to risk acceptance criteria and uncertainties. The approach enables structured use of expat opinions and engineering judgements within risk assessments. We conclude that use of standardised models and hard data are rational only with an adaptive frame using Bayesian probability theory.
Environmental Accounting as a Communication and Management Tool
Authors: Molinari M. , Ratti S. , Sammarco G. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
International organisations such as United Nations and Euro-pean Union are developing methodologies that should be the starting point tor company environmental halanee sheet to draw up national environmental accounts.Fondazione ENI Enrico Mattei is working with ISTAT (Italian national statis-tical office) on a scheme of accounts for physical and mone-tary environmental data, finalised to integrate them with na-tional economic accounts, gathering information about the flows of inputs, products, waste streams and monetary values related to environmental issues. This methodology has been applied to hydrocarbons exploration and production activities and a software has been implemented in order to organise quantitative environmental data and current and capital envi-ronmental expenditures. The degree of data disaggregation is such as to fulfil complete balance sheets for each drilling site and for each gas and oil gathering centre: data can be also consolidated at a corporate level and used for environmental performance indicators. This detail increases the effectiveness of the company environmental accounting especially for planning and goal selling, as well as for external communi-cation.
Malaria Prevention by Chloroquine for Seismic Workers in The Tropical Jungle of East Kalimantan, Indonesia
Authors: Waworuntu Jimmy 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Sangatta Oil field area, operated by Pertamina is located in East Kalimantan. It ts surrounded by tropical jungle about 6.0 sq. Kms. There were two seismic survey to find out the earth basis for oil and gas in 1993-1995 In the first location there were I240seismic workers who were given chloroquine tablet for malaria prevention. Twelve cases (0,96%) were contracted malaria and had been hospitalised in Pertamina Sangatta Hospital. Four of them were worse cases and referred to Dalikpapan where the central referral hospital for Pertamina Kalimantan was located. In the second survey location, there were five malaria cases (0,29 %) out of 1.680 seismic workers had been hospitalized for 4 to 8 days in Pertamina Sangatta Hospital, and no worse ease was found..
In Conclusion, chloroquine for malaria prevention is still effective and should be recommended for seismic workers in Kalimantan tropical jungle.
Considerations in the Phase-Out of Halon Total Flooding Fire Extinguishment Agents
Authors: Ungerleider G. M. , Catchpole D. V. , Hamlin C. C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Deciding on a fire protection strategy when replacing halon fixed-flood extinguishment or inerting systems in existing E&P facilities or for new designs can be challenging, since the technology and public policy (regulations) are changing so rapidly. To further complicate decision-making, performance data for alternative fire fighting technologies are sometimes reported selectively or do not completely reflect fire risks in E&P industry applications
To assist in this decision-making process, the Halon Issues Sub-Committee of the Oil Industry International Exploration and Production Forum (E&P Forum) has issued a series of technical guidance reports (Ref. 7, 8, 9, 10) on considerations for halon phase-out.
The considerations presented in this paper, from those E&P Forum guidance reports, are intended to assist in the process of halon phase-out and the selection of alternative and replacement fire fighting strategies. The considerations cover: regulatory trends which may influence agent selection; risk assessment, inherent fire safety design principles (Ref. 7); incipient fire condition detection and manual response; halon-like gases; water mist systems; inert gas flood systems; halon banking; and emerging fire fighting technology.
The paper concludes that environmentally benign fire extinguishing techniques can be used in many E&P industry applications. Anthropogenic (man-made) fire extinguishing gases that accumulate in the atmosphere should only be used where required by law or are the only cost effective and people-safe option.
How to Promote and Integrate Quality, Health, Safety and Environmental Concerns in Use of Different Drilling Fluid Systems
Authors: Clementsen Stig , Berntsen Morten 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Over the past years articles have been published describing exposure conditions and possible health effects (potential health hazards) associated with the inhalation of aerosol/vapour and skin contact with different types of drilling fluids. Environmental aspects have also been highlighted in biological and ecotoxicological reports. However, reports describing the process used to avoid unnecessary exposure to workers and the environment in daily operations, and practical advice for implementing health, safety and environmental factors during drilling operations, are missing. This paper describes the process of promoting and integrating the Quality, Health, Safety and Environmental (QHSE) aspects in the use of different Drilling Fluid Systems.
Environmental Law for the E & P Industry: A Model for the Future
Authors: Armstrong K. E. , Fraizer W. K. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Countries are enacting more environmental regulations for the E&P industry. There is also increased recognition that environmental protection is linked to economic development. Prescriptive, "command and control" regulations have led to significant economic costs in nations like the USA. Developed countries are now pursuing more flexible, performance-based regulations. Any environmental law must balance the desires of government, industry and communities, with the socioeconomic needs of the country. The recommended regulatory approach redefines industry and government roles, encourages cooperation, and uses goal setting, cost/benefit analysis, risk management, impact assessment, and incentives. A model law would use environmental assessments, monitoring and management plans to define required performance and communicate with the public. The E&P industry should work with government to develop effective, efficient laws that achieve environmental protection at the least cost.
Internal Control (Self Regulatory System)-Weakness and Possibilities
Authors: Strømme Jan B.M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In order to sort of setting the stage I find it necessary to give a short introduction to the Trade Union's choice of theme for this conference. I have been told, that the reason for our proposal beeing ranked as an Alternate, was that this subject is an old case that everybody knows enough about for a long time already. If this is the reason for an Alternate ranking this strenghten me in my opinion, which is that we, and we in this matter means all of us, have a long way to go. Our, and now I am refering to the Trade Union, our opinion is that Internal Control is a key to jointly deal with most of the challenges we seek a solution for today as for those we must prepare for to meet in the future.
Without beeing boasting I just want to inform this conference that in our opinion there is no better legislation within international offshore oil and gas industry than the Norwegian Internal Control-based offshore legislation. According to our contact with the world-wide Trade Unions our view is supported by them. Therefore we feel that we are in a position where we can speak on behalf of more than just our Norwegian members.
The Norwegian legislation has come out from a process with good contact to the politicians as well as the Authorities has worked together with the industry partners, Employers and Employees, in order to find the balance where the authorities' objections are taken care of while the industry partners are given a framework for cooperation to fulfil the obligations set. Since the Norwegian offshore oil and gas industry is carried out in the the neighbourhood of the UK, the Nederlands and Denmark it is natural to draw a few paralells in this respect. These countries are all within the EU/EEA and covered by the legislation that prevails.
Risk Perception and Safety in Norwegian Offshore Workers
Authors: Rundmo Torbjörn 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The relationships between perception of risk, behavior and involvement in accidents are receiving increased attention in the offshore oil industry. How employees perceive the risk they are exposed to during the conduct of their work may contribute to an understanding of risk management and thereby to the safety of their working conditions.
A self-completion questionnaire survey was carried out among employees on a representative sample of offshore oil installations in the Norwegian part of the North Sea in 1990. In I994 a follow-up study was carried out. A total of 915 respondents replied to our questionnaire in 1990 and 1138 in 1994 The studies were financed by the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate
There were significantly fewer of the personnel who felt at risk in 1994 compared to 1990 and a greater percentage of the personnel were satisfied with the safety and contingency measures and experienced job stress to a greater extent in 1990 than they did in 1994. Emotional reactions caused by potentially-hazardous risk sources were dependent on the respondents perceived controllability of the risk sources. The study also showed that there were significant positive correlations between organizational factors, safety status, perceived risk, and accidents. However, safety cannot be improved by changing risk perception. It is the factors that cause variations in risk perception as well as behavior and safety which should be the focus of safety promotion.
Halons: The Hidden Dangers of Accelerated Decommissioning
Authors: Dalzell Graham A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Many operators have introduced a decommissioning programme for halon systems following the Montreal Protocol and the cessation of production of 1211 and 1301. Some have already decommissioned all their systems. This paper questions whether rapid decommissioning, particularly when faced with external pressure or a desire to be "seen to be green" does reduce the environmental impact. It examines the lifecycle of the halon in an existing system until it is finally destroyed, used, or lost to the atmosphere.
Halon is one of the most difficult gases to contain. It is more prone to leakage than almost any other gas. Fixed systems, which contain the majority of 1301 also have valve arrangements which are designed to open with the minimum of energy input. As a result they are also prone to accidental discharge. This paper examines these aspects and the potential for toss to the atmosphere when decommissioning, transporting, recycling and storing the halon. Controlling leakage and preventing accidental discharges within systems has been addressed in other work (1).
Environmental Quantitative Risk Assessment (EQRA)
Authors: Wiig Erik , Nesse Ellinor , Kittelsen Anita 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Norske Shell E&P has developed a method for Environmental Quantitative Risk Assessment (EQRA), which has been applied to the Draugen oil platform, the Troll A platform, pipelines and onshore plant. The EQRAs have addressed planned and unplanned releases and ranked the risks according to acceptance criteria, which constitute a common denominator for the effect on the environment.
Reduction of Risk to the Marine Environment from Oilfield Chemicals - Balancing Environmental and Technical Needs
Authors: O&apos;Neill J. E. , Hill D. G. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The study argues that the regulation of offshore use of hazardous chemicals for oilfield stimulation and completion applications is an important but not a total solution to reduce marine pollution from offshore sources. The aim of the study is to demonstrate that for a complete solution, chemical reformulation must be considered hand-in-hand with improved operational practices to provide a maximum effect on oveiall risk reduction.
The study is directed at one major service company's approach to the whole issue of chemical management in the 1990s, based mainly on North Sea experience in cementing, drilling fluid and stimulation activities. Oilfield chemicals arc incorporated into a fluid design to solve a specific technical problem in a well, such as well completion, stimulation and damage removal. While it is desirable to replace all the harmful chemicals, the practicalities of doing so are limited if the industry is to continue to produce efficiently. Other alternatives need consideration.
By their very chemistry, some chemicals have primary active ingredients which may be harmful if discharged into the environment. Improving the characteristics of chemicals to marine life requires the change of previously acceptable products, such as the elimination of banned materials as well as incorporating components with reduced toxicity and greater biodegradabilily. The idealistic goal is the immediate replacement of all chemicals by nontoxic, biodegradable alternatives-the practical solution is replacement and reformulation where possible and the improved isolation of the oilwell and marine environments through improvements in continuous-mix technology along with reduction of the use of chemicals by better job design.
An Environmental Mapping Methodology Adapted to the Needs of Petroleum Operators
Authors: Veyradier L. , Coquelet D. , Dutrleux E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Environmental mapping programs were carried out in three countries of intensive petroleum activity, located in the Gulf of Guinea: Gabon, Nigeria and Congo. The aim was to produce maps of environmental sensitive variables (thematic maps), which are used by the petroleum operating companies for improving the management of the environment. The maps are particularly useful for oil spill response organization or environmental assistance in the development of infrastructures. Whilst carrying out these applications, a mapping methodology adapted to the petroleum industry was developed and tested.
In the first section, this methodology is described and illustrated by the above mentioned applications. The specific locations are selected according to their ecological, socio-economic or petroleum special interest. Remote sensing data are used as an initial source of information. Two types of thematic maps are produced: the first one dedicated to the ecological components, and the second one to the infrastructures and the environmental sensitivity, assessed from the ecological and socio-economical components. These maps can be integrated into atlases with accompanying text, and in order to make them more operational, all the mapping data collected are integrated into a Geographical Information System (GIS).
In the second section, we present the innovative aspects of these R&D works, which concern mainly the adaptation of remote sensing for the environmental expertise and the use of GIS for full data integration and easy updating.