bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of Focal Pricing Regions for U.S. Fed Cattle
Authors: Walburger Allan M. , Foster Kenneth A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractConcerns over the imperfect market structure of the beef sector arise due to potential price discovery impacts. This study presents an effective way of providing information on price discovery that can be used to indicate regions within which prices follow similar dynamics. A state space model was fit to fourteen years of weekly data on nineteen price series from U.S. fed cattle markets. Tight regional market price interrelationships were discovered indicating that, in general, prices cannot move independently in the long run. The dynamics of the system of prices revealed the existence of between five and seven focal price discovery regions.
Testing for Behavioral Objective and Aggregation Opportunities in U.S. Agricultural Data
Authors: Williams Shon P. , Shumway C. Richard 
Published: July 2006

AbstractTo guide formulation of an aggregate model of U.S. agricultural production, this paper reports nonparametric test results for both behavioral objective and aggregation level. Nonparametric tests are implemented as heuristics to determine empirical support for simplified analytical structures. Evidence does not refute the joint hypothesis that producers behave collectively as though they are a price‐taking, profit‐maximizing firm with a convex technology subject to nonregressive technical change. The empirical results also support exhaustive aggregation of input categories, but much less aggregation of outputs. This paper reports the first known implementation of the nonparametric homothetic separability tests.
Optimal Sizes of Farms under Varying Tenure Forms, Including Renting, Ownership, State, and Collective Structures
Authors: Heady Earl O. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractVariants in tenure forms cause a range of optimal farm sizes in countries of various stages of economic development. Aside from capital restraints, however, modifications can be made in cost functions associated with each tenure form. The optimal use of inputs and farm size then is theoretically the same for individually operated farms. In the case of private, state, and cooperative farms, however, the same resolution is not possible in the short run. If the objective of the cooperative farm is maximum profit per member, this tenure form always has an optimal size smaller than a private or state farm.
The Team Approach and Extension Economics
Authors: Duft Ken D. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWith the introduction of new Extension programs in such nontraditional areas as recreation, community resource development, environmental quality, etc., Extension economists will experience some loss of professional autonomy. Rarely will the resources required by these programs be found within the agricultural economics profession alone. This paper proposes that Extension economists adapt the team approach to their contemporary programs. More specifically, the Program Mission Organization is suggested as the interdisciplinary form of organization most applicable. The benefits and limitations of the team approach are then examined in light of a need for operational efficiency within and between all Extension economics programs.
A Simultaneous‐Equation Model of Spatial Equilibrium and Its Application to the Broiler Markets
Authors: Lee Tsoung‐Chao , Seaver Stanley K. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe simultaneous‐equation approach is used to formulate a positive spatial equilibrium model consisting of linear behavioral and definitional equations and bilinear equilibrium conditions. In contrast to the normative Takayama‐Judge quadratic spatial equilibrium model, the positive model leads to a smaller simplex tableau and permits evaluation of the effect of predetermined variables on spatial equilibrium. The model is applied to structural changes of broiler markets. Spatial equilibrium multipliers are presented to show the interregional competition of the existing broiler markets.
DECSERVIS: a tool for radioactive decay series visualisation
Authors: Azzam Saad , Suksi Juhani 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
We have developed an interactive visualisation tool, decay series visualisation (DECSERVIS), for exploring the three natural radioactive decay chains. Through DECSERVIS, one can investigate the full decay scheme of any natural decay chain radionuclide to obtain the number of nuclides, their masses, activities, and activity ratios, accounting for all the daughters, starting from initial conditions freely chosen by the user. The tool has been developed particularly for user friendly and flexible operation. Chain decay in closed systems can be explored as a function of time with various graphical presentations such as solid curve and column diagrams or animation. We present several exploration examples related to geological dating. DECSERVIS will be freely available on request.
Packing Modes in Some Mono‐ and Disubstituted Phenylpropiolic Acids: Repeated Occurrence of the Rare syn,anti Catemer
Authors: Das Dinabandhu , Desiraju Gautam R. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe catemer is an infinite one‐dimensional pattern formed by the carboxylic acid group in crystals, and is constituted with OH⋅⋅⋅O hydrogen bonds. The catemer is uncommon and may be contrasted with the ubiquitous carboxylic acid dimer, the favored mode of association of this functional group. Both catemers and dimers, however, have two OH⋅⋅⋅O hydrogen bonds for each carboxy group, so the reasons for the rarity of the catemer must lie elsewhere. In this paper, we describe a group of around 25 phenylpropiolic acids in which the catemer is the default packing mode. Exceptionally, the particular catemer that is found in this family is of the very rare syn,anti variety. We show that a necessary ingredient in catemer formation is a supportive CH⋅⋅⋅O hydrogen bond from a proximal CH group, which is located on the phenyl ring, ortho to the ethynyl group, and suitably activated by electron withdrawing substituents. When steric factors become noteworthy, alternative patterns are adopted, such as the syn,syn catemer and, in one case, a rare cisoid dimer. When electron‐donating groups, either through inductive effect such as methyl or through resonance such as halogens, are present on the phenyl ring, the dimer is formed in all but one case. Polymorphism seems not to be an issue in these carboxylic acids in that no compound would generally crystallize as both a dimer and a catemer. It may be concluded that a supporting interaction, in this case a CH⋅⋅⋅O hydrogen bond, is the essential condition for the formation of any carboxylic acid catemer. Catemers are so rare because it is difficult to set up this type of supporting interaction in most carboxylic acids.
Luminescent Molecular Copper(I) Alkynyl Open Cubes: Synthesis, Structural Characterization, Electronic Structure, Photophysics, and Photochemistry
Authors: Chan Chui‐Ling , Cheung Kai‐Leung , Lam Wai Han , Cheng Eddie Chung‐Chin , Zhu Nianyong , Choi Sam Wing‐Kin , Yam Vivian Wing‐Wah 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA novel class of tetranuclear copper(I) alkynyl complexes with an “open‐cube” structure was synthesized. The crystal structure of [Cu4{P(p‐MeC6H4)3}4(μ3‐η1,η1,η2‐C≡C‐p‐MeOC6H4)3]PF6 was determined. These complexes were found to display dual emission behavior. Through systematic comparison studies on the electronic absorption and photoluminescence properties of a series of [Cu4(PR3)4(μ3‐η1,η1,η2‐C≡CR′)3]+ complexes, together with density functional theory (DFT) calculations at the PBE1PBE level on the model complex [Cu4(PH3)4(μ3‐η1,η1,η2‐C≡C‐p‐MeOC6H4)3]+, the nature of their emission origins was probed. Their photochemical properties were also investigated by oxidative quenching experiments and transient absorption spectroscopy.
3‐D QSAR Studies of Microtubule Stabilizing Antimitotic Agents Towards Six Cancer Cell Lines
Authors: Mohanraj Sumithra , Doble Mukesh 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe antimitotic agent paclitaxel continues to play an important role in cancer chemotherapy. However, its inefficacy on certain resistant cells and toxic side effects had led to the search for new drugs with improved biological activity. Here the QSAR models for microtubule stabilizing anticancer agents were performed to correlate their physicochemical properties with biological activity. Single and multiple linear regression models for six cancer cell lines were obtained with R2≥0.65 and q$\rm{ {_{pre}^{2}}}$≥0.6. Molecular mechanics energy and log P of the molecules account for the activity of taxanes towards B16 melanoma and breast cancer cells, respectively. The lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals and the number of nitrogen atoms in the structure account for the biological activity of epothilone derivatives and rest of the drugs towards ovarian cells. The relation between the structural properties of microtubule stabilizing antimitotic compounds and their activities on different cell lines are investigated in this paper.
Nonlinear interactions between upper-hybrid and Alfvén modes in a magnetized plasma containing charged dust impurities
Authors: SHUKLA P. K. , STENFLO L. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract.We consider the nonlinear interactions between upper-hybrid (UH) and Alfvén modes in a magnetized electron–ion plasma containing a fraction of stationary charged dust grains. The interaction is governed by a pair of equations for the UH wave envelope including the relativistic electron mass increase and the density and compressional magnetic field fluctuations associated with the Alfvén modes that are, in turn, driven by the ponderomotive force of the UH waves. The coupled mode equations are then Fourier analyzed to obtain a new dispersion relation, which admits new classes of modulational instabilities. The existence of a cusp-shaped UH envelope soliton is also predicted. The result can have relevance to the electron acceleration by sharply localized UH waves in the dusty magnetosphere of Saturn.
RNA structural motifs: building blocks of a modular biomolecule
Authors: Hendrix Donna K. , Brenner Steven E. , Holbrook Stephen R. 
Published: July 2006

1. Introduction 2222. What is an RNA motif? 2222.1 Sequence vs. structural motifs 2222.2 RNA structural motifs 2232.3 RNA structural elements vs. motifs 2232.4 Specific recognition motifs 2242.5 Tools for identifying and classifying elements and motifs 2263. Types of RNA structural motifs 2283.1 Helices 2283.2 Hairpin loops 2283.3 Internal loops 2303.4 Junction loops/multiloops 2303.5 Binding motifs 2323.5.1 Metal binding 2323.5.2 Natural and selected aptamers 2343.6 Tertiary interactions 2344. Future directions 2365. Acknowledgments 2396. References 239RNAs are modular biomolecules, composed largely of conserved structural subunits, or motifs. These structural motifs comprise the secondary structure of RNA and are knit together via tertiary interactions into a compact, functional, three-dimensional structure and are to be distinguished from motifs defined by sequence or function. A relatively small number of structural motifs are found repeatedly in RNA hairpin and internal loops, and are observed to be composed of a limited number of common ‘structural elements’. In addition to secondary and tertiary structure motifs, there are functional motifs specific for certain biological roles and binding motifs that serve to complex metals or other ligands. Research is continuing into the identification and classification of RNA structural motifs and is being initiated to predict motifs from sequence, to trace their phylogenetic relationships and to use them as building blocks in RNA engineering.
The human cathepsin H gene encodes two novel minor histocompatibility antigen epitopes restricted by HLA‐A*3101 and ‐A*3303
Authors: Torikai H. , Akatsuka Y. , Miyazaki M. , Tsujimura A. , Yatabe Y. , Kawase T. , Nakao Y. , Tsujimura K. , Motoyoshi K. , Morishima Y. , Kodera Y. , Kuzushima K. , Takahashi T. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryMinor histocompatibility antigens (mHags) play crucial roles in the induction of graft versus host disease (GVHD) and/or graft versus leukaemia (GVL) effects following human leucocyte antigen (HLA)‐identical haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Using HLA‐A*3101‐ and ‐A*3303‐restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) clones generated from different post‐HSCT recipients, we identified two novel mHag epitopes encoded by the leader sequence of cathepsin H (CTSH) isoform a. The nonameric sequence ATLPLLCAR was defined as an HLA‐A*3101‐restricted epitope (CTSHR/A31), while a decameric peptide featuring a one N‐terminal amino acid extension, WATLPLLCAR, was presented by HLA‐A*3303 (CTSHR/A33). The immunogenicity of both epitopes was totally dependent on the polymorphic C‐terminal arginine residue and substitution with glycine completely abolished binding to the corresponding HLA molecules. Thus, the immunogenicity of this mHag is exerted by differential HLA binding capacity. CTSH is relatively ubiquitously expressed at protein levels, thus it may be involved in GVHD and anti‐leukaemic/tumour responses. Interestingly, however, CTL clones predominantly lysed targets of haematopoietic cell origin, which could not be explained in terms of the immunoproteasome system. Although the mechanisms involved in the differential susceptibility remain to be determined, these data suggest that CTSH‐encoded mHags could be targets for GVL effects.
Concomitant Analysis of Salivary Tumor Markers—A New Diagnostic Tool for Oral Cancer
Authors: Nagler Rafael , Bahar Gideon , Shpitzer Thomas , Feinmesser Raphael 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Purpose: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a common human malignancy. Circulatory epithelial tumor markers were previously investigated in the serum of OSCC patients but almost never in their saliva, in spite of the fact that there is a direct contact between the saliva and the oral cancer lesion. The purpose of the current study was to examine tumor markers in the saliva of OSCC patients.
Experimental Design: We measured the concentrations of the six most studied epithelial serum circulatory tumor markers in the saliva of OSCC (tongue) patients.
Results: Significant increases (of 400%) in salivary concentrations of Cyfra 21-1, tissue polypeptide antigen, and CA125 were shown. Salivary concentrations of CA19-9, SCC, and carcinoembryonic antigen were increased without statistical significance. A concurrent analysis of the three significantly increased markers revealed sensitivity, specificity, and negative and positive predictive values of 71%, 75%, 71%, and 75%, respectively.
Conclusions: The increase reported in salivary tumor markers may be used as a diagnostic tool, especially when a concurrent analysis for significantly increased markers is done. Salivary testing is noninvasive, making it an attractive, effective alternative to serum testing, and the possibility of developing home testing kits would further facilitate it as a diagnostic aid, enabling patients to monitor their own health at home and is important for those who live far from their treatment centers and especially for those at risk of developing OSCC.
University‐Agribusiness Cooperation: Current Problems and Prognosis
Authors: Dobson W. D. , Matthes Robert C. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractDevelopments discussed in this paper point toward decreased opportunities for cooperation between university agricultural economists and agribusiness officials and economists. The basis for cooperation is becoming substantially lower. In the future operators of small and medium‐size agribusiness firms will need larger amounts of technical assistance to incorporate essential new management techniques. Although this would involve controversial firm specific work, we argue that university agricultural economists should help to provide the technical assistance required by these firms. This cooperative effort should produce public benefits, healthier small and medium‐size agribusiness firms, and support for the agricultural college. Joint effort is needed to improve agribusiness training programs in universities.
Optimal Allocation of Generic Advertising Budgets
Authors: McClelland Edward L. , Polopolus Leo , Myers Lester H. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA model is developed for allocating advertising budgets among multiple consumer products marketed in several regions so that total consumer expenditures net of advertising costs are maximized. The model pertains specifically to unbranded commodity advertising where the budget is dependent upon uncontrolled industry production. Time series‐based empirical estimates of consumer sales response to advertising expenditures are utilized as input data in a quadratic programming algorithm. Consumer expenditures under optimum and actual allocations were compared for selected historical budgets of the Florida Department of Citrus to obtain a measure of possible gain from more efficient allocation of advertising funds
Differences in Consumption Patterns of Farm and Nonfarm Households in the United States
Authors: Lee Feng‐Yao , Phillips Keith E. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis article examines the hypothesis of differential consumption patterns in farm and nonfarm households, using the 1960–1961 BLS and USDA survey of consumer expenditure data. Comparisons were based on Engel curves for major consumer categories of consumption. Parameters of Engel curves were derived by OLS and TSLS. The results of the comparisons clearly indicate that consumption patterns differ significantly in the two households for the United States as a whole, although the differences are not as marked on a regional basis. The level and stability of income are not important factors contributing to the differences.
Silage‐Concentrate Substitution; Effects on Milk Production and Income Over Feed Cost in DHIA Herds
Authors: Carley D. H. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractMilk production response was determined with feed inputs and milk production converted to an estimated net energy basis. Differences in cow size, production, butterfat, and feed quality were taken into account. The data resulted in improved explanation of output variation and showed the importance of silage quality on silage‐concentrate substitution.
Optimizing Seed Acreage: Decision Making with Production and Utilization Uncertainties
Authors: Ethridge M. Dean , White Fred C. , Kannan D. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractUnder yield and utilization uncertainties, optimum planted acreage may be estimated using the concept of disequilibrium costs—those costs incurred when production is not matched with utilization. A model to minimize expected disequilibrium cost is formulated and applied to peanut seed acreage in Georgia. Since larger disequilibrium costs result from underproduction than from overproduction of peanut seed, optimum seed acreage increases substantially when allowances are made for existing yield and utilization uncertainties.
Groundwater Management and Salinity Control: A Case Study in Northwest Mexico
Authors: McFarland James W. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractPolicy issues associated with the management of a coastal groundwater aquifer and soil salinity are examined for an irrigation area in northwest Mexico. The primary policy issues are the intertemporal rate of use of the groundwater stock, the allocation of water between irrigation and leaching, and the selection of crops. A management model, cast in a dynamic programming format, indicates that the aquifer should be mined at a rapid rate near the beginning of the planning horizon, gradually decline through time, and converge to safe yield after twenty‐nine years. Further, a larger percentage of total water use should be allocated to leaching to maintain soil salinity at lower levels.
Systems Planning of Economic Development in Eastern Oklahoma
Authors: Nelson James , Tweeten Luther 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA model which simulates the results of potential policy strategies directed toward alleviating problems of underdevelopment in rural areas is developed and utilized. For each strategy simulated, limited public funds are assumed allocable among various types of development activities (public assistance, human development, job development). Findings indicate that with a 30%–40% annual increase in development allocations, study area poverty can virtually be eliminated in no more than fifteen years. Public assistance and industrialization programs are found to be the necessary bases of potentially successful development plans.
Gordon, Wendell. Economics from an Institutional Viewpoint. Austin: University Stores, 1973, ix + 389 pp., $5.95
Authors: Finley Robert M. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractTwo errors in manuscript preparation have raised questions about the interpretaton of equations (4) and (8). In equation (4), Xjd(t) is the exponentially lagged value of the rate of change of the output of the jth sector and not the value of the output of the jth sector (pp. 523–24). In equation (8), C(t), I(t), and E(t) are vectors of domestic consumption, capital good demands, and exports, respectively, not the total values defined on p. 524.
An Approach to Farm Management Education
Authors: Boehlje Michael , Eidman Vernon , Walker Odell 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAs farm management education programs evolve to serve business‐oriented farm firms, planning, implementation, and control functions become major areas of emphasis. Integration of three computerized management tools—a budget generator, a management game, and LP‐FARM—in a farm management course provided students with practical experience in each management function.
Simulated Beef Feedlot Behavior under Alternative Water Pollution Control Rules
Authors: Forster D. Lynn 
Published: July 2006

AbstractRules are being established by federal and state agencies to control water pollution from feedlots. In order to investigate the impact of alternative rules, a simulation model was constructed to represent the behavior of beef feedlots in Michigan and similar states over the 1974–85 period. Individual firm behavior was simulated as the firm formed expectations concerning ex ante production relationships and input and output prices, made decisions based on these expectations, and had its success determined by ex post production relationships and input and output prices. Results indicate that while the alternative rules would not have severe impacts on feedlot production, their impacts would be regressive.
An Evaluation of Short‐Term Forecasts of Coffee and Cocoa
Authors: Dietrich J. Kimball , Gutierrez Alfredo D. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractPredictive performance of short‐term forecasts of production is evaluated using a technique which minimizes the average squared difference between actual and forecast values. Forecasting errors are decomposed into two components reflecting the forecast system and a residual component. Many forecasts resulted in underestimation and contained large but unsystematic errors.
Strip‐Mined Land Reclamation with Sewage Sludge: An Economic Simulation
Authors: Seitz Wesley D. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe economic aspects of a land reclamation, sludge utilization project being operated by the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago are simulated. The variables influencing performance most were sludge transport costs, site preparation costs, the nitrogen budget, cropping system, and source of labor in site preparation.
The Impact of Trade Restrictions on Price Stability in the World Wheat Market
Authors: Shei Shun‐Yi , Thompson Robert L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA thirteen‐region quadratic programming model of world wheat trade is utilized to simulate the effects of unanticipated quantity changes on prices in the world wheat market under different degrees of trade restriction. Three scenarios characterized by different numbers of regions that permit price signals from international markets to be reflected into their domestic markets are specified. As the number of countries whose wheat trade is price responsive increases in the simulations, the percentage change in world price is smaller in response to a shock such as u.s. export controls or an unanticipated change in Soviet imports.