bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent studies on the roles of silicate builders in detergent formulations
Authors: Lange K. R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIn today’s detergency silicates are called upon to perform more roles than in the past. The providing of alkalinity and soil suspension properties remain important, but the less obvious properties of silicates are often unrecognized.Interaction between silicates and phosphates in solution lead to enhanced builder properties over each component alone. Additionally, silicate acts to slow down the reversion of high‐molecular‐weight phosphates. Silicate solutions may be used to hydrate sodium tripolyphosphate commercially in order to provide useful particles containing both builders in easily soluble form. The alkalinity of sodium silicate may be used to convert sodium trimetaphosphate to tripolyphosphate, again providing a particle with both builders present.Silicates prevent corrosion of metals, especially in the presence of phosphates. This corrosion prevention is discussed in regard to the effect of alkali‐to‐silica ratio and the influence of neutral salts on the system. The prevention of insoluble formation can be achieved by increasing the quantity of silicate in the formulation or by providing a vapor‐barrier package.This paper also reviews the fundamental properties of sodium and potassium silicates that have importance from the standpoint of detergency.
Improved synthesis of 1, 1, 1‐Trimethylolalkanes from hexanal and nonanal
Authors: Moore D. J. , Pryde E. H. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractReaction of hexanal or nonanal with formaldehyde under the usual conditions for the Tollens condensation gave the expected 1,1,1‐trimethylolalkanes in 65–70% yields. Characterization of the crude product mixtures by silylation and subsequent gas‐liquid chromatographic analysis permitted identification of by‐products. The major by‐products were the 2,2‐bis(hydroxymethyl) alkanals resulting from incomplete reaction with formaldehyde; minor by‐products were the formate esters of the hydroxymethyl compounds.These findings permitted modification of the procedure to give 1,1,1‐trimethylolalkanes in 85–90% yields. The modifications included a) isolation from alkaline rather than acidic solution to prevent ester formation and b) hydrogenation of the crude reaction products to convert the 2,2‐bis (hydroxymethyl) alkanals to the 1,1,1‐trimethylolalkanes.
Detection of refined animal and vegetable fats in adulteration of pure milkfat
Authors: Mariani C. , Venturini S. , Fedeli E. , Contarini G. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe objective of this research was to evaluate the presence of dehydroxylated sterols in samples of butter adulterated with exogenous refined fat of both animal and vegetable origin. The 3,5‐cholestadiene, derived from the refining treatment, was found to be an index for the addition of refined beef tallow to butter. Moreover, several dehydroxylated phytosterols could be detected in butter adulterated with vegetable oil. The proposed method seemed to be a suitable criterion for detecting adulteration of pure butter with other fats.
Long‐term soybean composition patterns and their effect on processing
Authors: Hurburgh Charles R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSoybean protein and oil data from eight years of national surveys showed Western Corn Belt soybeans to consistently be one percentage point lower in protein than soybeans from the rest of the nation. There was year‐to‐year vasiability in protein patterns among other regions. Oil percentages were more variable than protein percentages among different years. Except for the far northern states, which typically produce low protein soybeans, improvement and stabilization of oil content would produce the most certain increases in processor yields. Increased protein would be valuable only if soybean meal were priced to reward protein content in excess of specifications.
Composition of oil
Authors: Rossell J. B. , King B. , Downes M. J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractInternational trade in palm oil has increased considerably over the last ten years, and so too has the trade in processed palm oil products, especially palm fractions. It is important to establish reliable purity criteria for palm oil, not only because of the commercial need to verify oil authenticity, but also to comply with foodstuff labelling legislation in many countries.Palm kernel and coconut oils both contain about 47% lauric acid. This gives the oils close similarities in physical and chemical properties. The oils do differ, however, and it is important to be able to distinguish between them.Purity problems can arise as a result of commingling of oils with one another, or as a result of fractionation perhaps coupled with subsequent blending. A research program jointly funded by the (U.K.) Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Foods, the Federation of Oils, Fats & Seeds Associations Ltd (FOSFA International), and the Leatherhead Food RA, was established to study purity characteristics of the major edible vegetable oils.Forty‐seven samples of crude palm oil were obtained from reliable sources, often plantation managers, together with five samples of palm olein and eight samples of palm stearin. Fifty‐four palm kernel and 23 coconut oils were obtained in the laboratory from seed samples of known geographical origins and authenticities.These oil samples were analyzed for fatty acid, triglyceride, sterol and tocopherol compositions; the melting properties were also determined, and in the case of palm oil the compositions of the acids at the triglyceride 2‐positions were measured. Compositional ranges will be presented for the different geographical production areas in each case and related to existing data, e.g., of PORIM and Codex. An initial statistical analysis of the results has shown that a combination of values from the carbon number analysis differentiates palm kernel and coconut oils, and can be used to decide on the proportion of each in a blend. In the case of palm oil samples suspected to be contaminated with palm fractions, it was found useful to plot melting point against iodine value, and to compute the product of the C48 triglyceride content and the palmitic acid enrichment factor.
Pollution control in palm oil mills in Malaysia
Authors: Ma A. N. , Ong Augustine S. H. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPollution prevention approaches are being adopted by more and more mills. Digested POME increasingly is being used successfully as a fertilizer/soil conditioner, resulting in significant savings in imported fertilizers. Studies also have shown that energy can be obtained from biogas generated from anaerobic digestion of POME; in fact, electricity from POME has become a reality. These technological developments and the increasing awareness of the economic value of POME have made it a valuable, renewable resource.
Energy considerations
Authors: Haraldsson Gunnar 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA general survey is given on possibilities for energy conservation in an oil refinery with special consideration given to palm oils and coconut oil. Some selected areas are discussed more in detail: heat conservation by means of regenerative heat exchangers, optimization of vacuum equipment for deodorization etc. and use of heat pumps. Some examples are given to illustrate possible savings and payback time for installation of energy saving equipment.
Confectionery fats from palm oil and lauric oil
Authors: Pease J. John 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIn the search for economical cocoa butter alternatives, palm and lauric oils have emerged as important source oils in the development of hard butters. Based on the method presented for categorizing hard butters, the lauric oils, primarily palm kernel and coconut, can be modified by interesterification and hydrogenated to yield lauric cocoa butter substitutes (CBS) which are both good eating and inexpensive. Fractionation, although adding to the cost of production, can provide lauric hard butter with eating qualities virtually identical to cocoa butter. Unfortunately, one factor identified with the lauric oils is their very low tolerance for cocoa butter.Palm oil, on the other hand, has been identified as a valuable component in all types of cocoa butter alternatives. It is a source of symmetrical triglycerides vital in the formulation of a cocoa butter equivalent (CBE). It can be hydrogenated or hydrogenated and fractionated to yield hard butters with a limited degree of compatibility with cocoa butter, allowing some chocolate liquor to be included in a coating for flavor enhancement. Palm oil is used with lauric oils as a minor component in interesterified lauric hard butters, as well as functioning as a crystal promoter in coatings formulated with a fractionated lauric CBS. While palm oil's importance and flexibility have been duly noted, some important concerns remain from a market perspective. The fact that the CBE fats are very expensive suggests they offer limited cost savings compared to cocoa butter. The potential for CBE products is still questionable in those countries where chocolate labeling standards preclude the use of vegetable fats other than cocoa butter. The nonlauric CBS products, while cheaper than the CBE types and able to tolerate limited levels of cocoa butter, do not exhibit the level of eating quality characteristics present in the lauric hard butters.Some challenges remain for today's oil chemists. An economical nonlauric CBS, made predominantly from palm oil, possessing the eating quality of a fractionated lauric CBS and exhibiting good compatibility with cocoa butter would be met with considerable interest by the chocolate and confectionery industries. As for the lauric oils, it would seem reasonable to assume that greater cocoa butter compatibility, if attainable, could enhance their potential for gaining even greater acceptance by confectionery manufacturers currently using pure chocolate. As for the CBE products, the major issue is cost. If the cost of a CBE could be reduced to a level which would allow a CBE to compete with the nonlauric and lauric cocoa butter substitutes, a major advancement in the evolution of cocoa butter alternative fats will have been achieved.
Pharmaceutical and cosmetic uses of palm and lauric products
Authors: Kalustian Peter 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries are large and still growing. New products, astute marketing and sophisticated advertising have been very effective in these industries. They are more and more exacting and highly complex in their requirements. They require specification products with specific performance characteristics.The cosmetic industry and drug or pharmaceutical industries are defined. Information is given about the unique composition of palm and lauric oils which make them suitable raw materials for use in these applications.These two base oils are used in the form of triglycerides, whole fatty acids, fractionated fatty acids or fatty chemical derivatives. Information is given about these various ingredients, their use in specific cosmetic and pharmaceutical products and reasons for their use.Particular use is made of palmitic, stearic, myristic and short‐chain fatty acids. The derivatives would include glycerine esters, monostearates, other monoglycerides, propylene glycol esters, polyglycerol esters, sorbitans and sorbitan ethylene oxide products, isopropyl palmitic and myristate. Specific powdered stearins and cocoa butter substitutes are used in various formulations.The production and marketing of ingredients for this industry are natural growths of the developing fatty acid industry in Malaysia and nearby countries of southeast Asia.
The role of the surveyor
Authors: Subramaniam S. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe surveyor provides guidance and assistance for cargo protection, besides ensuring that the palm, palm kernel and coconut oils conform to the contractual requirements. This involves quality and quantity check, inspection of storage facilities, conveying systems and transport vehicles and supervision of loading and discharge operations. Usually, the surveyor's findings form the basis for settlement of the transaction. With the ever‐developing technology customer requirements have become more and more sophisticated, and consequently the need for complex and sophisticated service is considerably increasing. In order to achieve the desired objective the surveyor, besides being neutral and reliable, must be endowed with adequate technical know‐how and facilities.There are quite a few pitfalls that can occur during the course of manufacture, handling, transportation, transfer points, etc., and in order to prevent them, the surveyor should conduct a series of checks at various points to ensure that the quality of the oil is not affected. Adequate precautions and timely corrective measures would evidently ensure this requirement. Quality check is equally essential, with need for a well‐equipped testing laboratory with accurate instruments, controlled and managed by adequately qualified and experienced chemists with the knowledge of updated technology.The surveyor can also assist in arbitration, insurance claims, general, commercial and maritime information, as his opinions and recommendations are unbiased, reliable and accurate, which helps make decision‐making a less difficult task. Besides the buyer and seller, the surveyor also protects the interests of the financier, under‐writer, shipowners and in certain cases the government departments.
New cleavable surfactants derived from glucono‐1,5‐lactone
Authors: Kida Toshiyuki , Morishima Nobuaki , Masuyama Araki , Nakatsuji Yohji 
Published: January 2007

AbstractNew amido nonionic cleavable surfactants were synthesized in good yields by the acetalization of glucono‐1,5‐lactone with octanal, 2‐octanone or 2‐undecanone, followed by amidation with monoethanolamine, diethanolamine or morpholine. These compounds possessed good water solubilities. The compounds derived from 2‐octanone showed higher critical micelle concentrations than the compounds from octanal. For the same hydrophobic chain, both the micelle‐forming property and the ability to lower surface tension increased with the change in the terminal amide group in the order diethanolamide<morpholide<monoethanolamide. Interestingly, in spite of their relatively short hydrophobic chains, these compounds showed greater ability to lower surface tension than conventional nonionic surfactants, such as alcohol ethoxylates. Furthermore, their acid‐decomposition properties were determined. Their decomposition rates were also compared with that of the corresponding carboxylate type of compound derived from glucono‐1,5‐lactone.
Glycerylbisether sulfates. I: Improved synthesis
Authors: Condon Brian D. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSparse literature outlines previous syntheses for glycerylbisether sulfates, which, while giving rise to the desired molecules, are somewhat cumbersome and suffer from undersired by‐product formation. We now report an improved synthesis of the title compounds that results in greater simplicity and reduced by‐product formation. An hypothesis is advanced to explain the by‐product formation.
Dynamic surface tension of aqueous surfactant solutions. 6. Compounds containing two hydrophilic head groups and two or three hydrophobic groups and their mixtures with other surfactants
Authors: Gao Tao , Rosen Milton J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractDynamic surface tensions (γt)—measured by the maximum bubble pressure method—of some surfactants containing two hydrophilic (sulfonate) groups and two or three hydrophobic groups in the molecule (“gemini surfactants”), and of their mixtures with a nonionic surfactant or an amine oxide, have been measured at 25°C in 0.1 M NaCl. Linearity of the plots of surface pressure vs. square root of the surface age indicated that the systems studied were all diffusion‐controlled. For the individual surfactant systems, the apparent diffusion coefficient decreases with an increase in the number of alkyl chains and the bulkiness of the surfactant molecules. For the mixtures, when interaction between the two surfactants is weak, γt at short times (t<1s) is close to that of the component with the lower surface tension; at longer times, it is closer to that of the component with the lower equilibrium surface tension. When interaction is strong, γt at short times is greater than that of either component. The molar ratio at which maximum effect on γt is observed depends upon the strength of the interactions between the two surfactants.
The abnormal proportions of di‐unsaturated glycerides in some pig deport fats
Authors: Kartha A. R. S. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe insoluble azelaoglycerides from shark liver oil and pig depot fats contain about 2% each, on fat basis, of resinous monocarboxylic acids of mean M.W. 270–280 which give water soluble magnesium soaps. Those from chicken fat and depot fats of goat, sheep, cow and buffalo contain only 0.0% to 0.8% of this material. When this acid is estimated and corrected, all the above animal fats show proportions of di‐unsaturated glycerides equal to or lower than the Glyceride Type Distribution Rule values. The abnormal di‐unsaturated glyceride values earlier reported for various pig depot fats were apparently caused by presence of this impurity in varying amounts.
Solubilization of cholesterol in two binary mixed micelles of bile salt and nonionic surfactant
Authors: Asano Hiroyuki , Sasamoto Hiroki , Ueno Minoru 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe saturated amounts of solubilized cholesterol (Cch) in mixed micelles of sodium cholate (NaC) and octaoxy‐ethylene glycol monon‐decyl ether (C10E8) and of sodium zyme assay at 25, 29, 33 and 37°C. The Cch values in both systems increase with the total surfactant concentration. Because the mixed micelles for both systems tend to form C10E8‐rich micelles near the critical micellar concentration (CMC) of the mixed system, the curves of cholesterol solubility approached the Cch curve for C10E8 alone near the CMC. The tendency of Cch to decrease in both systems with increasing mole fractions of bile salts resembled that of the mean aggregation number of micelles. Thermodynamic analyses of cholesterol solubilization showed that the free energy of solubilization, if considered as the transfer of cholesterol from solid state to micellar environment, increased with increasing mole fraction of bile salt. The enthalpy of cholesterol solubilization (ΔHS→M) decreased with the mole fraction of bile salts and showed break points around the mole fraction of 0.75 for the NaC−C10E8 system and at 0.60 for the NaDC−C10E8 system, respectively. These phenomena resemble earlier hydrophobicity data for mixed micelles by fluorescence measurements. Furthermore, Cch values for the NaDC−C10E8 system were larger than those for the NaC−C10E8 system because of the structural differences at the 7α hydroxyl group between NaC and NaDC. This fact was confirmed by thermodynamic calculations.
A comparison of surfactants derived from alcohols based on petrochemical and oleochemical sources
Authors: Condon Brain D. , Lee Matheson K. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSamples of lauryl‐range alcohols derived from palm kernel oil, coconut oil and ethylene (Ziegler) were derivatized into alcohol sulfates and alcohol ether sulfates (2 moles of ethylene oxide adduct). Physical properties and performance characteristics for earch surfactant were evaluated both individually and in light‐duty liquid (LDL) dish‐washing formulations. The slight differences observed in the physical and performance properties of the surfactants and their formulations were assignable to slight differences the individual alcohol, alcohol sulfate and alcohol ether sulfate samples employed in this study. The magnitude and type of variation found in the samples resulted from normal production variation and not from any properties inherent to the nature of the alcohol source. We therefore conclude that alcohol sulfates, alcohol ether sulfates and LDLs formulated from them exhibit identical physical property and performance characteristics, regardless of whether the original alcohol was manufactured from petrochemical or eleochemical sources.
Lipase‐catalyzed synthesis of lysophospholipids in a continuous bioreactor
Authors: Sarney Douglas B. , Fregapane Giuseppe , Vulfson Evgeny N. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA novel enzymatic method of lysolecithin synthesis was developed with immobilized lipase as a catalyst. The enzymatic transesterification was carried out in a number of alcohols, and the reaction was optimized with regard to the water content and temperature of the medium. Similar kinetics of transesterification were observed with several individual phospholipids. The reaction was also performed continuously in a packed‐column bioreactor, which was operated for 1180 h. The lipase displayed strict regio‐selectivity towardsn‐1 fatty acid in the phospholipid molecule, thus yielding exclusivelysn‐1 lysolecithins as the final product.sn‐2 Lysophospholipids were subsequently obtained by acyl migration catalyzed by ammonia vapor. Advantages associated with the use of lipases as opposed to conventional, phospholipase‐A2 catalyzed hydrolysis are briefly discussed.
Synthesis and performance of ester quaternary biodegradable softeners
Authors: Lagerman R. , Clancy S. , Tanner D. , Johnston N. , Callian B. , Friedli F. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractReaction of hydroxyethylpiperazine with two moles of fatty acid, followed by quaternization with methyl chloride, methyl bromide or dimethyl sulfate, resulted in new quaternaries useful as biodegradable fabric softeners. Additional softeners were synthesized from hard tallow propane diamine by reaction with butyrolactone, followed by ethoxylation, esterification with one mole of fatty acid and quaternization.
The structure of rosmariquinone — A new antioxidant isolated fromRosmarinus officinalis L.
Authors: Houlihan Christopher M. , Ho Chi‐Tang , Chang Stephen S. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA new diterpene, named rosmariquinone, was isolated from the leaves ofRosmarinus officinalis L. The leaves were first extracted using methanol and, upon further purification, this extract yielded rosmariquinone. Structure elucidation of the antioxidant was done using IR, MS,1H‐NMR and13C‐NMR.
Chemometric classification of two peach palm (Bactris gasipaes H.B.K.) landraces (Juruá and Vaupes)
Authors: Rojas J. M. , Serruya H. , Bentes M. H. S. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA multivariate analysis by Principal Components (PCA), Hierarchical Cluster Analysis, K‐Nearest Neighbor (KNN) and Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogy (SIMCA) methods were used to classify plants to different peach palm races. These statistical operations were applied to a data set of nineteen peach palm plant samples. Each data set contained fifteen variables defined as chemical characteristics of the mesocarp flour and physicochemical characteristics of the oil. The plants belonged to two different races. PCA showed that two principal components separated these races into two classes. KNN and SIMCA confirmed this classification. The final data for the model contained sixteen samples (plants) and eight variables. These results showed the utility of using chemometric methods for the classification of botanical species. These methods should aid the identification of new sources of oleaginous plants.