bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanism of Formation of TiO2‐Doped Mullites from Heated Single‐Phase Gels Investigated by Structural and Microstructural Parameters
Authors: Serrano Francisco Javier , De Sola Esther Ruiz , Kojdecki Marek Andrzej , Amigó José María , Alarcón Javier 
Published: November 2008

An analysis of the microstructure of TiO2‐doped mullites prepared from monophasic gels thermally treated in the temperature range 900°–1600°C is reported. Two series of gels with nominal compositions 3(Al2−xTixO3)·2(SiO2) and 2(Al2−xTixO3)·(SiO2), in the range 0≤x≤0.15, were prepared. X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to follow the structural and textural evolution from gels to the final doped mullites. The crystallite sizes and microstrains were determined by linewidth refinements of XRD patterns using the integral breadth method of Langford and the Warren–Averbach analysis. XRD patterns showed the formation of Al2TiO5 and/or rutile as minor impurities in both series of mullites for compositions x=0.10 and 0.15 at temperatures between 1200° and 1600°C. Larger mullite crystallite sizes were produced by increasing either the content of dissolved titanium oxide or the temperature. In general, crystallite sizes are larger in the titanium oxide‐doped alumina‐rich mullite series while the crystallite aspect ratio values are similar in both series of doped mullites. In mullites produced at lower temperatures, the sizes of nanocrystals estimated by SEM were in agreement with those obtained by line broadening analysis. A mechanism of formation of TiO2‐doped mullite solid solutions is suggested on the basis of the interpretation of the structural and microstructural evolution from gels to doped mullites.
A validation analysis of two self‐reported HAM‐D6 versions
Authors: Bech P. , Wilson P. , Wessel T. , Lunde M. , Fava M. 
Published: November 2008

Objective:  The six items of the clinician‐administrated Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM‐D6) cover the core items of depressive states reflecting the antidepressive effect of medication. In this study, the two self‐reported versions of the HAM‐D6 have been psychometrically validated to ensure the unidimensionality of this administration form in patients with mild‐to‐moderate depression.Method:  The item response theory analysis of Mokken was used to test the unidimensionality of both the Interactive Voice Recording System (IVRS) version of the HAM‐D6 and a paper‐and‐pencil self‐reported version (S‐HAM‐D6). Patients with typical major depression and with seasonal affective disorder were included.Results:  The Mokken analysis showed that the two self‐reported versions of the HAM‐D6 obtained coefficients of homogeneity above 0.40, similar to the clinician‐rated HAM‐D6 and thus implying unidimensionality. By contrast, the full HAM‐D17 versions (self‐reported as well as clinician‐rated) obtained coefficients of homogeneity below 0.40, implying that the HAM‐D17 is a multidimensional scale.Conclusion:  The analysis show that both the IVRS version and the S‐HAM‐D6 version are unidimensional self‐rating scales for the measurement of depressive states.
Does placement of a connective tissue graft improve the outcomes of coronally advanced flap for coverage of single gingival recessions in upper anterior teeth? A multi‐centre, randomized, double‐blind, clinical trial
Authors: Cortellini Pierpaolo , Tonetti Maurizio , Baldi Carlo , Francetti Luca , Rasperini Giulio , Rotundo Roberto , Nieri Michele , Franceschi Debora , Labriola Antonella , Pini Prato Giovanpaolo 
Published: November 2008

AbstractAims: This parallel‐group, multi‐centre, double‐blind, randomized‐controlled clinical trial was undertaken to compare the clinical outcomes and patient morbidity of coronally advanced flap (CAF) alone or in combination with a connective tissue graft (CAF+CTG) in single Miller Class I and II gingival recessions.Material and Methods: Three centres enrolled 85 patients with one recession each. Surgery was performed elevating a pedicle flap; 42 sites randomly received a graft under the flap. Measurements were taken by blind and calibrated examiners. Outcome measures included recession reduction, complete root coverage (CRC), intra‐operative and post‐operative morbidity, dentine sensitivity, and side effects.Results: No differences were noted in the intra‐operative and post‐operative patient‐related variables between the two groups. Surgical time was significantly shorter in the CAF group. Recession reduction was not statistically different between the two groups, even though a model showed a tendency towards improved outcomes in sites treated with CAF+CTG (adjusted difference 0.33 mm, 95% CI=−0.06 to 0.72, p=0.1002). Significantly greater probability of CRC was observed after CAF+CTG (adjusted OR=5.09, 95% CI=1.69–17.57, p=0.0033). Dentine hypersensitivity improved in both the groups.Conclusions: Both treatments were effective in providing a significant reduction of the baseline recession and dentine hypersensitivity, with only limited intra‐operative and post‐operative morbidity and side effects. Adjunctive application of a CTG under a CAF increased the probability of achieving CRC in maxillary Miller Class I and II defects.
A longitudinal study of dental caries risk among very young low SES children
Authors: Warren John J. , Weber‐Gasparoni Karin , Marshall Teresa A. , Drake David R. , Dehkordi‐Vakil Farideh , Dawson Deborah V. , Tharp Katie M. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract –  Objectives:  Early childhood caries (ECC) is a challenging public health problem in the United States and elsewhere; however, there is limited information concerning risk factors in very young children. The purpose of this study was to assess baseline risk factors for 18‐month caries prevalence as part of a longitudinal study of high‐risk children.Methods:  About 212 children, 6–24 months of age were recruited from a rural community in Iowa. Subjects were enrolled in the WIC program, which provides nutritional support for low‐income families with children. Dental examinations using d1, d2–3 criteria were conducted at baseline and after 18 months. Caries prevalence was determined at the frank decay level (d2–3 or filled surfaces), as well as at the noncavitated level (d1), and combined (d1, d2–3 or f surfaces). Risk factor data were collected at baseline and after 9‐ and 18‐ months. These data included beverage consumption data, presence of visible plaque, and use of fluoride toothpaste for children as well as mutans streptococci (MS) levels of mothers and children and family sociodemographic factors.Results:  About 128 children (60%) remained in the study after 18 months. Among these children, prevalence of d1,d2–3/f level caries increased from 9% to 77%, while d2–3/f level caries increased from 2% to 20%. Logistic regression models for baseline predictors of d2–3f caries at the 18‐month follow‐up found the presence of MS in children (OR = 4.4; 95% CI: 1.4, 13.9) and sugar‐sweetened beverages (OR = 3.0; 95% CI: 1.1, 8.6) to be the only significant risk factors. Sociodemographic factors and the use of fluoride toothpaste were not significant in these models.Conclusions:  Results suggest that early colonization by MS and consumption of sugar‐sweetened beverages are significant predictors of ECC in high‐risk populations.
The impact of developmental defects of enamel on young people in the UK
Authors: Marshman Zoe , Gibson Barry , Robinson Peter G 
Published: November 2008

Abstract –  Objectives:  To explore the impact of developmental defects of enamel (DDE) on young people, through their experiences of the condition and it’s meaning to their everyday lives.Methods:  The theoretical framework chosen to guide the study was symbolic interactionism. Qualitative interviews with a purposive sample of people aged 10–15 years with varying severities of DDE were conducted in the young person’s home. The interviews were audio‐taped and transcribed verbatim. The data were analysed using constant comparative method. Photographs of participants’ teeth were taken and scored using the Thystrup and Fejerskov index (TFI) and the modified developmental defects of enamel index.Results:  Twenty‐one participants were interviewed before data saturation occurred. The TFI scores ranged from 0 to 5, 11 participants had diffuse opacities and 5 had demarcated opacities. The impact of DDE was described in terms of the degree to which young people were ‘bothered’ ranging from ‘not bothered’ to ‘really quite bothered’. DDE impacted on individuals whose sense of self was defined by appearance and who depended on perceived approval from others about their appearance. No links between gender, age, severity of DDE and impact were apparent.Conclusion:  Variations in the impact of DDE were related to defining aspects of sense of self rather than the enamel defects. This research is the first to discover that the sense of self explains variation in the impact of DDE.
Nicotine suppresses bone sialoprotein gene expression
Authors: Nakayama Y. , Mezawa M. , Araki S. , Sasaki Y. , Wang S. , Han J. , Li X. , Takai H. , Ogata Y. 
Published: November 2008

Background and Objective:  Tobacco smoking is a risk factor for periodontitis and osteoporosis. Nicotine is a major component of tobacco, and has been reported to inhibit proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts. Bone sialoprotein (BSP) is a mineralized tissue‐specific protein expressed by differentiated osteoblasts that appears to function in the initial mineralization of bone. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of nicotine on bone metabolism.Material and Methods:  We used rat osteobast‐like UMR106 and ROS 17/2.8 cells and rat stromal bone marrow RBMC‐D8 cells. To determine the molecular basis of the transcriptional regulation of the BSP gene by nicotine, we conducted Northern hybridization, transient transfection analyses with chimeric constructs of the BSP gene promoter linked to a luciferase reporter gene and gel mobility shift assays.Results:  Nicotine (250 μg/mL) decreased the BSP mRNA levels at 12 and 24 h in UMR106 and ROS 17/2.8 cells. From transient transfection assays using various sized BSP promoter–luciferase constructs, nicotine decreased the luciferase activities of the construct, including the promoter sequence nucleotides −116 to +60, in UMR106 and RBMC‐D8 cells. Nicotine decreased the nuclear protein binding to the cAMP response element (CRE), fibroblast growth factor 2 response element (FRE) and homeodomain protein‐binding site (HOX) at 12 and 24 h.Conclusion:  This study indicates that nicotine suppresses BSP transcription mediated through CRE, FRE and HOX elements in the proximal promoter of the rat BSP gene.
Radiotherapy for the management of locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck
Authors: Ko C , Citrin D 
Published: November 2008

Background:  Squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck (SCCHN) affect approximately 35 000 people in the United States yearly. Although survival has improved with advances in therapy, patients with advanced stages of SCCHN continue to have a poor prognosis. An understanding of rationale for treatment selection, newer developments in therapy, and treatment toxicity is critical.Methods:  Standard methods of treating locally advanced SCCHN are reviewed. Advances in medical and radiotherapeutic management are discussed and the toxicities of therapy are described.Results:  Postoperative chemoradiation is used in patients with high‐risk characteristics. Induction chemotherapy and altered fractionation radiation treatment have been evaluated as alternatives to definitive chemo‐radiotherapy. Targeted agents such as cetuximab may prove to increase survival with minimal increase in toxicity profile. Technological improvements such as the use of intensity‐modulated radiation treatment have proven to decrease some debilitating side effects from radiation treatment.Conclusions:  Locally advanced SCCHN continues to present a therapeutic challenge. Survival, local control, and quality of life are all goals of treatment. The optimal method of treating locally advanced SCCHN is the subject of ongoing research. Long‐term side effects can be minimized with the use of newer technologies and with careful treatment planning.
Telangiectasia macularis eruptiva perstans, a form of cutaneous mastocytosis, associated with malignant melanoma
Authors: Kowalzic Lutz , Eickenscheidt Lena , Seidel Christoph , Kribus Sabine , Ziegler Heidrun , Komar Michael 
Published: November 2008

SummaryA 62‐year‐old obese woman presented with a malignant melanoma (Stage la). In addition, she had disseminated telangiectatic macules on both thighs. Intensive rubbing of lesions resulted in wheals. Biopsy revealed increased numbers of mast cells. We diagnosed telangiectasia macularis eruptiva perstans, a rare clinical form of adult maculopapular cutaneous mastocytosis, a group which also includes urticaria pigmentosa. No evidence was found for systemic involvement. Possible associations with malignant tumors and the possible role of c‐kit mutations both in development of melanoma and mastocytosis are discussed.
Nurses' Uncertainty in Decision‐Making: A Literature Review
Authors: Cranley Lisa , Doran Diane M. , Tourangeau Ann E. , Kushniruk André , Nagle Lynn 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACT Aim: This paper is a report of the results of a review of the literature conducted with the goal of determining how nurses' clinical uncertainty has been conceptualized in the nursing literature. Background: Although existing research has advanced the body of knowledge regarding the concept of uncertainty in decision‐making, this has been largely from physicians' viewpoints and from patients' perspectives (patients' uncertainty). Understanding how nurses' experience and act on uncertainty remains relatively unreported. Method: A search of Medline, CINAHL, and PubMed databases was conducted to retrieve literature published from 1990 to 2007. The question guiding the literature review was: How has nurses' clinical uncertainty been conceptualized in nursing literature? Findings: Little exploration has been done of nurses' experience of uncertainty in practice. Many investigators have not theorized about the uncertainty in their studies, but have described nurses' uncertainty in the context of clinical decision‐making. The findings from these studies indicated that unfamiliarity with the aspects of patient care is a source of uncertainty, and nurses tended to rely on heuristics or on the expertise of colleagues as sources of information for practice decisions. Expressing uncertainties as information needs might help guide information seeking and reduce uncertainty. However, studies indicated that nurses have difficulty recognizing or expressing uncertainties, and as a result, information needs are not recognized and information seeking is not initiated. Conclusions: A more comprehensive understanding of nurses' uncertainty could lead to the development and implementation of strategies to support nurses in their clinical decision‐making and practice. Descriptions are needed about how nurses experience and respond to uncertainty in their practice, and the influence of uncertainty on their information needs and information seeking.
Comparisons of Acute Physiological Parameters Influencing Outcome in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury and Hemorrhagic Stroke
Authors: Seo WhaSook , Oh HyunSoo 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACT Background: Although several factors are known to influence prognosis after acute brain injury, physiologic derangements were found to be associated with, or contributing to, increased mortality and disability in these patients. Aims: This study was conducted to identify acute physiological parameters that significantly predict outcome and compare the identified parameters in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and hemorrhagic stroke. Methods: Participants were 190 adult patients with TBI or hemorrhagic stroke who were admitted within 24 hours of injury. Details concerning potential physiological predictors were collected, that is, blood pressure (BP), heart rate, respiratory rate, body temperature, hematocrit, partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide in arterial blood, serum osmolality, pH, total cholesterol, and glucose levels on admission. Mortality and functional and cognitive ability 6 months after injury were measured as outcome variables. Results: Most physiological parameters, with the exceptions of blood glucose, total cholesterol, and osmolality, were significant prognostic predictors in TBI and hemorrhagic stroke. However, the physiological parameters and their predictabilities differed in patients with TBI and hemorrhagic stroke, which indicated that physiological predictors depend on chosen outcome and brain injury type. Conclusions and Implications: In critical care units, the most important aims of nursing care are decreasing mortality and disability rates. In order to achieve such goals, acute physiological parameters such as BP, respiratory rate, heart rate, PaO2, PaCO2, and temperature should be monitored and managed, with the aim of reducing the risk of secondary brain injury.
A new method for estimating dark matter halo masses using globular cluster systems
Authors: Spitler L. R. , Forbes D. A. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
All galaxies are thought to reside within large haloes of dark matter, whose properties can only be determined from indirect observations. The formation and assembly of galaxies is determined from the interplay between these dark matter haloes and the baryonic matter they host. Although statistical relations can be used to approximate how massive a galaxy's halo is, very few individual galaxies have direct measurements of their halo masses. We present a method to directly estimate the total mass of a galaxy's dark halo using its system of globular clusters. The link between globular cluster systems and halo masses is independent of a galaxy's type and environment, in contrast to the relationship between galaxy halo and stellar masses. This trend is expected in models where globular clusters form in early, rare density peaks in the cold dark matter density field and the epoch of reionization was roughly coeval throughout the Universe. We illustrate the general utility of this relation by demonstrating that a galaxy's supermassive black hole mass and global X-ray luminosity are directly proportional to their host dark halo masses, as inferred from our new method.
Four‐rooted mandibular second premolar
Authors: Farmakis Eleftherios‐Terry 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe diverse morphology of the root canal system of the mandibular premolar is a challenge for the clinician to clean, shape and obturate. A case report of a mandibular second premolar with four fused roots which separated at different levels along the apical third of its root and underwent endodontic treatment is presented, along with a review of the literature.
Controlling the Body: Muslim Feminists Debating Women's Rights in Indonesia
Authors: Van Doorn‐Harder Pieternella 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThis essay discusses several scholarly and activist projects undertaken by Muslim feminists in Indonesia who aim at strengthening the basic human rights of women based on Islamic teachings. Highlighted in this article are the activities that focus on a woman's agency of choice; especially in matters pertaining to her body. According to these feminists, male interpretations of the Qur’an and its related texts of Hadith and Jurisprudence (Fiqh) combined with local and cultural influences led to misogynist teachings. By re‐interpreting these religious sources according to contemporary needs and contexts, they strive to retrieve the underlying Qur’anic message of justice with the goal of influencing patterns of expectations concerning a woman's role and position as constructed by her religious, social, and economic environment.
What Every Beginning Student Needs to Know about Nineteenth‐Century Protestant Theology
Authors: Capetz Paul E. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe nineteenth century was a major turning point in the history of Protestant theology as theologians and philosophers sought to respond to the challenges raised by the Enlightenment to the medieval worldview. In addition to the innovations within the discipline of Christian theology in particular, this century also witnessed the emergence of non‐theological approaches to the study of religion in general. This essay introduces students to the most influential of these developments and their ongoing significance for theological and religious thought today.
Towards a New Understanding of Jewish Language in the Twenty‐First Century
Authors: Benor Sarah Bunin 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThis article outlines some debates and issues in the field of Jewish linguistics and offers a research agenda for comparative analysis of Jewish languages. This agenda builds on previous research, especially on Yiddish and Judezmo (Judeo‐Spanish), but also incorporates data on the language of contemporary Jews (especially Jewish English), as well as theories and methods from variationist sociolinguistics and linguistic anthropology. Based on a new understanding of Jewish language as a distinctively Jewish repertoire rather than a separate system, this research agenda aims to provide a more nuanced and unified understanding of the phenomenon of Jewish language.
Process Theology and the Problem of Evil
Authors: Woell John W. , Howe J. Thomas 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThis essay offers a brief history of process theology and a sense of its current concerns by discussing the varying responses to the problem of evil within that history. From within the wellspring of process theism, it is possible to argue cogently for both a God whose moral perfection is maintained and a God whose moral ambiguity is emphasized. It is possible as well to argue for both a God whose divine justice eventually transforms all evil and a God whose divine complexity maintains the messiness of the actual world.
Making Sense of ‘Sufism’ in the Indian Subcontinent: A Survey of Trends
Authors: Green Nile 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThis article provides a summary of developments in recent decades in the study of Sufism in South Asia (referred to here as the Indian subcontinent). Beginning with the highly influential formulation of Sufism as Islamic ‘mysticism’, it analyses the serious shortcomings of this category, before moving on to assess the impact of anthropological, socio‐historical and post‐structuralist approaches to Sufism in the subcontinent. A final section considers issues surrounding the roles of the Sufis in the relationship between Islam and Hinduism. In pointing to areas that have not been investigated as well as those that have been, the article aims to be of use to graduate students seeking research projects as well as undergraduates and scholars from other disciplines seeking an overview of the field.
Risks, Writing, Memory, and Intentions: Reflections on the Process of Creating Introductory Texts on Buddhism and Hinduism
Authors: Olson Carl 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThis essay is intended to assist other scholars who might be writing or thinking about beginning to write an introductory textbook for use in college‐level courses. After recently completing contracts to produce four texts, this essay is an attempt to share my experience with others in order to make potential authors more aware of the publishing process and the kinds of things that one might have to consider or encounter.