bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gradient method for mesh refinement in compressible fluid flow simulations
Authors: Šajn Viktor , Nožak Dejan , Kosel Tadej , Kosel Franc 
Published: June 2007

PurposeThis paper aims to present an algorithm for local mesh refinement of finite elements in a two‐dimensional compressible fluid flow.Design/methodology/approachThe algorithm works on a principle of maximum gradient of fluid variables, e.g. pressure, velocity and density. The simulation of two‐dimensional, transient, viscous, compressible, adiabatic flow of turbulent fluid through a De Laval nozzle was performed by the finite element method. The pressure gradient was used as a condition for mesh refinement.FindingsWith the gradient method faster numerical calculations can be obtained. Boundary layer separation and locations of normal shock waves can be described on locally refined mesh.Research limitations/implicationsFurther development of the algorithm is required, especially the determination of the gradient criterion.Originality/valueThe paper provides a new approach to mesh refinement. The mesh is refined automatically. Calculation time and required computer memory are decreased.
Modelling of a hybrid system through differential predicate transition Petri nets model and proof tree
Authors: Boucerredj L. , Debbache N.E. 
Published: June 2007

PurposeThe aim of this work is to propose a logical‐based approach for deriving the critical scenarii from a differential predicate transition Petri nets model and proof tree, to evaluate diagnosis and safety of hybrid systems.Design/methodology/approachThe new approach integrates the Petri net model and linear logic. The design process is twofold: first, it considers the specific translation from Petri net to linear logic, and, second, it studies the relationship between the order of the rule application in the sequent proof and the processes associated with the same reachability problem.FindingsWith linear logic and Petri net it is proved that, from a canonical proof tree, a partial order can be derived (based on causality point of view) of transition firing and focusing the search of the parts of the model that are interesting for safety analysis. Each scenario is given by a partial order between the events necessary for the occurrence of the feared event.Originality/valueThis paper deals with safety in design of hybrid systems. For this purpose, it is important to characterize feared behaviours (which are critical) in the early design stage.
Transfer of electricity in space
Authors: Bolonkin Alexander 
Published: June 2007

PurposeThis paper aims to suggest and research a revolutionary method‐transfer of electricity in outer Space with distance of hundreds of millions kilometers by ultra‐cool plasma cables.Design/methodology/approachMethods of the plasma and electricity physic are used for research.FindingsTheory of plasma cable transferring is offered, developed and its possibilities researched.Research limitations/implicationsThis method uses a high voltage electricity and plasma source (accelerator).Practical implicationsOffers conclusions from the research of a revolutionary new idea‐transferring electric energy in the hard vacuum of outer space wirelessly, using a plasma power cord as an electric cable (wire). He computed the macroprojects: transference of hundreds kilowatts of energy to Earth's Space Station, transferring energy to the Moon or back, transferring energy to a spaceship at distance 100 million of kilometers, the transfer energy to Mars when one is located at opposite side of the distant Sun, transfer colossal energy from one of Earth's continents to another continent (for example, between Europe – USA) wirelessly – using Earth's ionosphere as cable, using Earth as gigantic storage of electric energy, using the plasma ring as huge MagSail for moving of spaceships.Originality/valueThe paper provides information on a revolutionary method for the transfer of electricity in outer space.
A novel algorithm to optimize complicated low‐thrust trajectory
Authors: Ren Yuan , Cui Pingyuan , Luan Enjie 
Published: June 2007

PurposeThis paper aims to investigate, a new optimization algorithm for complex orbit transfer missions with low‐thrust propulsion system, which minimizes the drawbacks of traditional optimization methods, such as bad convergence, difficulty of initial guesses and local optimality.Design/methodology/approachFirst, the trajectory optimization problem comes down to a nonlinear constraint parameter optimization by using the concept of traditional hybrid method. Then, one utilizes genetic algorithm (GA) to solve this parameter optimization problem after treating the constraints with the simulated annealing (SA) and random penalty function. Finally, one makes use of localized optimization to improve the precision of the final solutions.FindingsThis algorithm not only keeps the advantages of traditional hybrid method such as high precision and smooth solutions, but also inherits the merits of GA which could avoid initial guess work and obtain a globally optimal solution.Research limitations/implicationsFurther, research is required to reduce the computational complexity when the transfer trajectory is very complex and/or has many adjustable variables.Practical implicationsBy using this method, the globally optimal solutions of some complex missions, which could not be obtained by traditional method, could be found.Originality/valueThis method combines the GA with traditional hybrid method, and utilizes SA and random penalty functions to treat with constraints, and then gives out a super convergence way to find the globally optimal low‐thrust transfer orbit.
Corrosion properties of plasma electrolytic coated samples
Authors: Taheri Peyman , Aliofkhazraei Mahmood , Dehghanian Changiz , Sabour Rouhaghdam Alireza 
Published: June 2007

PurposePlasma electrolytic saturation (PES) treatments were applied on the surface of AISI H13 steel and corrosion resistance of the treated samples was investigated using electrochemical test methods. The aim was to obtain optimal corrosion resistance of the differently treated samples.Design/methodology/approachNitrocarburized and boride layers were produced on AISI H13 steel by the means of the PES technique. Different experimental parameters during each treatment provided different microstructural and electrochemical properties. The techniques used in the present investigation included X‐ray diffraction, SEM, potentiodynamic polarization measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS).FindingsThe plasma electrolytic nitrocarburising coating was characterized by lower integrity than a PEB coating. All PES coated steels had a noble electrochemical behavior compared to the untreated steel. Different nano‐structures and morphologies obtained by different experimental parameters produced different electrochemical behaviors.Practical implicationsThe results obtained in this research into PES techniques can be used wherever good corrosion resistance with the highest efficiency is required.Originality/valueThe speed of treatment by plasma electrolytic saturation techniques makes this method very suitable for industrial production of components.
Corrosion behaviour of nitrided low alloy steel in chloride solution
Authors: Khoshnaw Fuad M. , Kheder Abdulrazzaq I. , Ali Fidaa S.M. 
Published: June 2007

PurposeThe corrosion behaviour of low alloy steel type AISI 4130 (before and after nitriding) and austenitic stainless steel type AISI 304L were studied in tap water +3.5 per cent NaCl. A liquid nitriding process had been applied on the low alloy steel.Design/methodology/approachThe tests that were carried out in this study were anodic polarization, rotating bending fatigue and axial fatigue using compact tension (CT). For determining the corrosion potential and pitting potential (breakdown potential) for the alloys, anodic polarization curves were established using the potentiodynamic technique. Rotating bending fatigue tests were used to calculate the fatigue strength and damage ratio. Using linear elastic fracture mechanics, the CT specimens were prepared for determining the threshold stress intensity factor, fatigue crack growth rate and fracture toughness in air and in the solution.FindingsThe results showed that nitrided specimens showed higher fatigue strength in air compared to stainless steel. However, the corrosion fatigue limit for both these samples were approximately equal, while this limit for non‐nitrided sample was less. Moreover, the non‐nitrided steel had lower corrosion and pitting potentials than did the stainless steel. In addition, the CT tests showed that the nitrided specimens had a lower resistance to crack initiation in air and the solution compared to the non‐nitrided sample and the stainless steel.Practical implicationsThese results can be attributed to the chemical and mechanical behaviour of the nitrided layer constituents, mainly FeN and CrN, which were recognized by X‐ray diffraction. Since, these components consist of very hard particles, they act to increase the hardness and fatigue limit. Moreover, due to the low conductivity of these nitrides, the corrosion and pitting potential of the nitrided steel becomes very high. However, the high breakdown potential does not help to increase the corrosion fatigue or damage ratio values due to the porous nature of the nitrided layer.Originality/valueAlthough the nitrided steel had very high fatigue strength and pitting potential, this did not reflect in its corrosion fatigue and/or damage ratio improvement because of its surface roughness and the porous nature of the nitrided layer.
Corrosion of hot end automotive exhaust components
Authors: Potgieter J.H. , Sephton M. , Nkosi Z.W. 
Published: June 2007

PurposeTo evaluate the corrosion resistance of four different stainless steels often employed in hot end exhaust components.Design/methodology/approachThis paper evaluated the outcomes of the hot salt test and the cyclic oxidation test on four different stainless steels, used as hot end exhaust components. The specimens were analyzed by means of SEM for surface changes and the weight loss was considered.FindingsThe general corrosion rate and pitting resistance under all the test conditions for hot end exhaust components indicated that 434 was by far the most corrosion resistant alloy, followed by 1.4509 and 321, and lastly 304 was the least corrosion resistant. In general, the ferritic stainless steels, especially 434, outperformed the austenitic ones under all the test conditions.Practical implicationsThe comparison of the corrosion resistance and rate, between the frequently used ferritic and austenitic stainless steels used in the exhaust system, gave a clear indication that the ferritic steels will provide prolonged service and this could be beneficial information to the manufacturers.Originality/valueA new approach to summarise the materials' behaviour and their relative performance in the tests performed was developed. This proposed summary of a number of corrosion indicators could serve as a relative guide to alloy selection for use in hot end automotive exhaust systems for both manufacturers and users.
Impact and status of HACCP in the Australian meat industry
Authors: Khatri Yunus , Collins Ray 
Published: June 2007

PurposeA number of food safety systems have been implemented in Australia but information regarding the motivators, constraints, costs and benefits of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) as a food safety programme, as well as novel verification methods in the meat industry, has been lacking.Design/methodology/approachSemi‐structured reviews were used as part of an industry‐level study of 50 per cent of businesses.FindingsResults show that the benefits of food safety systems incorporating HACCP within the meat industry in Australia have been widespread and significant. In particular, Australian firms reported a reduction in rejects/rework/out of specification products, reduction in customer complaints, improved product hygiene, improved morale and an increase in overseas markets. However, this has been at the cost of refurbishment for small businesses, training and the exiting of firms that have not complied/been able to comply with the HACCP requirements.Research limitations/implicationsMost of the costs involved with HACCP could not be recouped in the short‐term. Also, the unwillingness of small firms to participate in the research had repercussions on the outcome.Originality/valueThis article helps to define the HACCP system and will be of interest to those involved in the implementation of it.
Effectiveness of a herbal supplement (Zotrim™) for weight management
Authors: Ruxton C.H.S. , Kirkwood L. , McMillan B. , St John D. , Evans C.E.L. 
Published: June 2007

PurposeThere are many herbal supplements on the market claiming to aid weight loss but few are evidence‐based. This study aims to test one such formulation.Design/methodology/approachAn over‐the‐counter herbal supplement containing yerba maté, guarana and damiana (YGD) was tested in 73 overweight health professionals for six weeks. Subjects were not asked to make any lifestyle changes.FindingsSelf‐reported weight, waist circumference and hip circumference reduced significantly, while 22 per cent of subjects experienced a clinically significant weight loss. The anthropometric changes were in line with other commercial diet and exercise programmes. Reported between‐meal hunger, and consumption of snacks reduced across the six weeks. Reported satiety after meals increased and subjects claimed to be more in control of snacking, emotional eating and portion sizes. A follow‐up at week ten, when 82 per cent of subjects had stopped taking YGD, revealed no additional reductions in weight or hip circumference. Fullness ratings had stabilised, while hunger ratings had increased. There were no consistent adverse effects that could reasonably be related to YGD.Research limitations/implicationsTaken alongside a 2001 randomised, placebo‐controlled trial, this study provides evidence that a YGD supplement can aid weight loss and reduce waist and hip circumference, probably by increasing satiety.Originality/valueThe growing market in weight management products brings with it a responsibility for manufacturers to provide evidence that their products work. This paper adds to the evidence base.
Primary children's choice of food and their knowledge of balanced diet and healthy eating
Authors: Hamilton‐Ekeke Joy‐Telu , Thomas Malcolm 
Published: June 2007

PurposeThe paper aims to investigate the relationship between meal choices of primary school children and their knowledge of balanced diet and healthy eating.Design/methodology/approachUsing a questionnaire and food photo album (FPA), children combined the different food items in the FPA to form a “healthy Sunday lunch” (balanced meal containing all the six classes of food), a “favourite Sunday lunch” (what they would like for a Sunday lunch) and “last Sunday lunch” (what they had the previous Sunday for lunch). Overall, 110 questionnaires were returned and analyzed.FindingsParticipants' choice of a favourite Sunday lunch had a better representation of the various classes of a balanced healthy meal (X=71.8 and SD=24.0) compared with their ability to create a healthy Sunday lunch, which did not reflect adequately the six classes of food (X=59.8 and SD=36.9). Last Sunday lunch had a good representation of the various classes of food (X=70.7, SD=24.8). Girls had a better ability to plan a healthy Sunday lunch than boys.Research limitations/implicationsThe study was carried out with year 6 pupils (n=110) in four primary schools in rural Mid‐Wales. Thus, the generality of these findings to children from other demographics is unclear.Practical implicationsThere was no significant relationship between pupils' choice of food and their knowledge of balanced diet.Originality/valueThe results suggested that children will make “healthy choices” but need the knowledge underpinning these “healthy choices” in order to affect their attitude towards healthy eating.
Grand designs for e‐learning – can e‐learning make the grade for our biggest corporates?
Authors: Unneberg Lars 
Published: June 2007

PurposeThe aim of this paper is to discuss the key issues of deployment for large enterprises keen to adopt new web‐based learning techniques.Design/methodology/approachThis paper complements the writer's own expertise with external research and reference to large enterprise scale e‐training deployments recently implemented for global companies, including PepsiCo.FindingsThe paper finds that big business is waking up to the efficiency and cost benefits of wide‐scale e‐learning deployment.Originality/valueThis paper launches the debate for enterprise wide e‐learning architectures in large companies.
Efficient and effective implementation of people‐related projects
Authors: Pritchard Neville 
Published: June 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to consider the impact of implementation thoroughness on the achievement of expected results from people development initiatives and to provide a framework of consideration to improve levels of successDesign/methodology/approachThe paper is based on experience from working at senior levels within FTSE100 companies over the past 20 years, wider experience gained from benchmark groups and association and institute roles. The paper is a result of a review of past programmes implemented by the author and his team and learning gained from good practice in change and people initiatives in other benchmark group organisations. It offers the conclusions drawn through a suggested simple model for future consideration when implementing change or people‐based initiatives.FindingsThe paper finds that few people‐based change initiatives realise their maximum potential, difficulties arise in the timing of specialist involvement, wasted time in areas of responsibility overlap with negative debate, communication is often cited as having been poor or incomplete, measures and intent are often not well aligned and considered late in the process, thoroughness and blend is often restricted to single elements of the change or learning process.Practical implicationsThe proposed model of consideration offers the framework within which clear consideration may be given to minimise the impact of the issues identified in findings and maximise the potential of the specific initiative.Originality/valueA framework of operation to maximise contribution from change and people‐based initiatives and to realise the intended benefits is provided in the paper. The rationalisation of roles within the process and the positive power to be gained from areas of responsibility overlap through collaboration in each aspect of the framework. The paper is useful for anyone involved in the management of functions or specific initiatives/projects within learning and development, human resources, change, communication and project management.
Lessons in learning from the Academy of Rock
Authors: Cook Peter 
Published: June 2007

PurposeThis paper aims to explore the challenge of learning and reinvention from the twin perspectives of academia and the earthy pragmatism of popular culture. It provides a set of lessons to assist organisations to learn and, more importantly, unlearn, so that they can stay ahead.Design/methodology/approachThe paper starts with a brief review of some of the more important ideas around learning. It is followed by a case study of a “glorious failure”, taken from the music business using action research as the methodology.FindingsThe main findings may be summarised are: selected people who are able and willing rather than simply putting up with what you have available at the time; if your project is much bigger scale/different than that attempted previously to recognise this and act accordingly; when working with highly creative people, ensure that there is sufficient focus on end customer requirements to avoid the project becoming too self‐obsessed. These findings are highly transferable from the original field of the music industry to other environments.Originality/valueSome principles for commencing the processes required to encourage learning and unlearning are developed for adaptation to particular organisations in the paper. These will be of value to anyone who seeks to introduce adaptive or transformative change in their organisation.
Celebrity book clubs and public libraries: opportunity and threat?
Authors: McMenemy David 
Published: June 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this Editorial is to discuss the nature of television‐based celebrity book clubs and the pressures on public librarians to provide reading material for users who wish to take part in them.Design/methodology/approachThe article provides a reflective viewpoint.FindingsWhile initiatives that promote reading should be welcomed, equally librarians may have to concern themselves with the ethics of stock selection in promoting such clubs. While this does not mean taking part is a mistake, stock selection based on anything other than community need is potentially problematic.Practical implicationsOf practical use to practitioners who may be considering the issue of promoting books made popular via television endorsement.Originality/valueThe paper questions whether something that is taken for granted, i.e. promotion of reading through such clubs, is actually always a good thing for libraries and readers.
Can new laws make public services better? Reflections on diversity legislation for libraries
Authors: Joint Nicholas 
Published: June 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to argue that government‐led social legislation inspired by Victorian ideals of paternalistic law‐making is still an appropriate way of intervening to promote citizenship and equity in the information society of the 21st century. However, to do so effectively is more complex than traditional models suggest and needs ongoing and energetic participation from the library and information services (LIS) profession to ensure good laws are put on to the statute book.Design/methodology/approachA detailed review of certain targeted aspects of the relevant legislation, put into the context of broad concepts of social reform from UK history.FindingsThat the outcomes of recent legislation in the area of intellectual property protection and disability discrimination have not been as beneficial as they could have been had the insights of the LIS profession been incorporated into the process of law‐making.Research limitations/implicationsThe international comparative dimension of legislation in this area could give scope for further academic research.Practical implicationsThis paper suggests ways in which the UK library and information professionals’ association, Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals, can be supported in its work to improve the quality of laws relating to library services and practice in the UK.Originality/valueThis paper combines a number of different perspectives – historical, informational, and legal – in an attempt to give insight on some important contemporary social and political issues of particular interest to Library and Information practitioners.