bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Worlds in worlds: Assigning inferences to subdomains
Authors: Bailin Alan 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
This article examines the question of when inferences we make from a text apply to a conceptual subdomain and not the main conceptual domain of the text. In the process of understanding a text, we make these determinations all the time, easily, intuitively. This would suggest underlying principles, rather than ad hoc judgments or a wide set of disparate factors. It is such underlying principles that this article investigates. The framework proposed here allows us to account not only for instances in which a space builder is crucial to assigning propositions to subdomains, but also for cases where there is no such explicit mechanism. It allows us to account in a systematic way for the fact that certain linguistic terms can function as space builders at certain times but not at others, as well as providing ways of understanding more complex phenomena related to metaphor and equivocation.
Biology, semiotics, complexity: An experiment in interdisciplinarity
Authors: Hodge Bob , Caballero Lorena 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
This paper uses some recent ideas in biology as
starting point to explore analogous concepts and tendencies in semiotics and
biology, leading to reflections on interdisciplinarity itself within the
framework of theories of chaos and complexity. It sees affinities between the
biological concept of species and the semiotic category of discipline. It finds
many suggestive parallels with semiotics from the recently emerging synthesis of
evolution and development (‘Evo-Devo’), built around the discovery of ‘homeobox’
genes which are present in many very different lineages, opening up
possibilities for ‘deep’ homologies between species, and providing a powerful
model for semiotic homology.
Projection in Interaction and Projection in Grammar
Authors: Auer Peter 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn this paper, I argue that there are fundamental common features shared by interaction and grammar that suggest some kind of interdependence between the two and a nonautonomy of the language faculty; one of these fundamental common features is that of ‘projectability’. Human interaction rests on the possibility of projection; the grammars of human languages provide interlocutors with sedimentated and shared ways of organizing them.Empirical evidence for this view comes from structural homologies between action projection and grammatical projection. In particular, it is shown (on the basis of conversational examples from German) that in both cases: (1) the strength of the projective force can vary; (2) emerging gestalts can be framed by weakly projecting introductions; (3) projections can be interrupted; (4) full gestalts can be expanded; and (5) projections can be abandoned.The projectability of syntactic as well as sequence structures suggests an approach to syntax that takes into account the temporal unfolding of speech in time. It also suggests looking at the indeterminate areas between syntax and conversational structure in which the borderline between grammar and interaction can only be drawn on an ad hoc basis.
Cyclic Linearization of Syntactic Structure
Authors: Fox Danny , Pesetsky David 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
This paper proposes an architecture for the mapping between syntax and phonology – in particular, that aspect of phonology that determines the linear ordering of words. We propose that linearization is restricted in two key ways. (1) the relative ordering of words is fixed at the end of each phase, or ‘‘Spell-out domain’’; and (2) ordering established in an earlier phase may not be revised or contradicted in a later phase. As a consequence, overt extraction out of a phase P may apply only if the result leaves unchanged the precedence relations established in P. We argue first that this architecture (‘‘cyclic linearization’’) gives us a means of understanding the reasons for successive-cyclic movement. We then turn our attention to more specific predictions of the proposal: in particular, the effects of Holmberg’s Generalization on Scandinavian Object Shift; and also the Inverse Holmberg Effects found in Scandinavian ‘‘Quantifier Movement’’ constructions (Rögnvaldsson (1987); Jónsson (1996); Svenonius (2000)) and in Korean scrambling configurations (Ko (2003, 2004)). The cyclic linearization proposal makes predictions that cross-cut the details of particular syntactic configurations. For example, whether an apparent case of verb fronting results from V-to-C movement or from ‘‘remnant movement’’ of a VP whose complements have been removed by other processes, the verb should still be required to precede its complements after fronting if it preceded them before fronting according to an ordering established at an earlier phase. We argue that ‘‘cross-construction’’ consistency of this sort is in fact found.
Re: CycLin and the role of PF in Object Shift
Authors: Bobaljik Jonathan David 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
This volume’s two target articles explore novel approaches to word order alternations, especially Scandinavian Object Shift. They share the common perspective that aspects of linear order long considered the exclusive purview of syntax may be better understood if the burden of explanation is split between phonological and syntactic modules. The two articles differ substantially, however, in how this general hunch plays out, in particular in the amount of the explanation that is attributed to extra-syntactic factors. Fox and Pesetsky’s ‘‘Cyclic Linearization’’ model (hereafter F&P, CycLin) is compatible with familiar syntactic models, and can be seen as a filter running (cyclically) on the output of syntactic derivations. F&P suggest that their proposal can explain various heretofore stipulated conditions on syntactic operations as consequences of the architecture of their system and a single axiom about linearization. Erteschik-Shir’s proposal in ‘‘Sound Patterns of Syntax’’ (hereafter E-S) is more radical, in the sense that far less of the familiar syntax is retained; where for CycLin movement is still a syntactic process, on E-S’s view a good deal of traditionally syntactic movement must be rethought in linear, rather than hierarchical terms. Both articles are largely exploratory and leave many of the details still to be spelled-out. To engage the ideas on specifics, then, will involve to some degree making some educated guesses about what ancillary assumptions the relevant authors might condone. I will therefore restrict myself to a few comments at a general level, though it will be impossible to do justice to these authors’ ideas in the allotted space.
Some Remarks on Fox and Pesetsky: ‘‘Cyclic Linearization of Syntactic Structure’’
Authors: Diesing Molly 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Fox and Pesetsky (F&P) make the claim that certain constraints on Object Shift and Quantifier Movement in Scandinavian can be explained within their model of the mapping between syntax and phonology. Among the salient features of this model are: Spell-out occurs phase-by-phase (as in recent work by Chomsky 2000, 2001a,b), and linearization relations established at each Spell-out point must be preserved (F&P’s property of Order Preservation). As F&P demonstrate quite elegantly, this system enforces successive cyclicity in wh-movement, in that non-successive-cyclic derivations will result in an ordering contradiction (violating Order Preservation). Thus, the ‘‘cyclicity’’ of successive cyclicity is shifted to being a by-product of the cyclic spelling-out process. One might still ask why Spell-out itself is cyclic, but this is certainly a welcome simplification.
Comments on Erteschik-Shir’s article
Authors: Hellan Lars 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The article to my mind rightly emphasizes the importance of prosodic and discourse-dynamic factors. Applied to the Norwegian phenomena, these factors may be rendered as:
(1)
a. A pronoun is incorporated in a prosodic domain P only if its referent is included in the discourse-dynamic domain GIVEN relative to the proposition being expressed.
b. Adverbial elements that can occur right-adjacent to a category C, can also occur right-adjacent to the cluster C+pron+ when this cluster is a prosodic domain.
Remarks on cyclic linearization and order preservation
Authors: Müller Gereon 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The goal of this paper is to compare the approach to order preservation in Fox & Pesetsky (2005) with the approach I develop in Müller (2000) on the basis of Williams (1999, 2003) and an earlier study of mine. I will proceed as follows. In section 2, I briefly sketch main features of Fox & Pesetsky’s (2005) analysis. Against this background, I discuss some of the properties of the approach developed in Müller (2000) in section 3. In section 4, the two approaches are compared. Section 5 draws a conclusion.
Some notes on cyclic linearization
Authors: Nilsen Øystein 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Fox and Pesetsky (this issue, henceforth F&P) argue that the ‘‘edge effects’’ derived by stipulation within standard phase theory can be explained in their version, where a phase crucially triggers linearization of its constituents. Later phases may add ordering statements to an ordering tablein a monotonic fashion, but no information can be erased or altered once it has entered the ordering table. Suppose a phase A contains the constituents x, y, z, and that they are linearized in that order. Then movement within the next phase can’t result in reordering of x, y, z. So x, being the leftmost element, can move leftwards freely within the next phase, while y can only move leftwards provided that x moves even further leftwards. This is, in essence their explanation of Holmberg’s Generalization (Holmberg, 1986, 1999) (HG). To see this, imagine that y in our setup is an object trying to shift, and that x is the verb. They also show that, if y moves to the left edge of A prior to its linearization, this may end up blocking leftwards movement of x in what they term the ‘inverse Holmberg’s Generalization’, and they have empirical support for the existence of that pattern. This gives a version of phase theory where phases are not entirely opaque to outside syntactic probing. Their proposal is highly innovative and elegant, and it succeeds in deriving an impressive range of facts. The following paragraphs present some relatively minor empirical problems with their treatment of HG which unfortunately seem to conspire to uncover a major one.
Object Shift and linearization at the PF interface
Authors: Surányi Balázs 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Both target articles, in conformity with minimalist ideals, aim to discover to what extent syntax itself can be relieved of descriptive burden, and just how much of word order can be attributed to mechanisms of linearization at the PF interface. I point out two paradoxes the treatment of V2 gives rise to in Erteshik-Shir’s paper, and dispute the status and effectiveness of processing constraints in accounting for (un)grammaticalities in various word order patterns. I discuss the relation of Fox and Pesetsky’s cyclic linearization algorithm to ‘tucking in’ as well as to the ‘Attract Closest’ property of movement. Qualms are raised regarding several apparently stipulative and / or conceptually unattractive properties of the linearization mechanism, and ostensible violations of order preservation are examined.
How Phonological is Object Shift?
Authors: Svenonius Peter 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The papers here represent very different analyses of Object Shift (OS), and take very different positions on the interaction of phonology and syntax, an area in which there are many unsettled questions.
Mainstream work tends to hold that syntax is blind to phonological content, with certain exceptions, for example sometimes phonetically null elements require special syntactic licensing (Chomsky 1981), or certain syntactic rules only apply to nodes with phonetically visible features (Holmberg 2001). Basically falling within the mainstream are proposals that syntactic movement can be blocked by or driven by requirements that have phonological effect at the output, such as adjacency (Bobaljik 1995, Kidwai 1999) or rules matching prosodic structure with focus structure (Zubizarreta 1998). Such accounts generally describe movements in the syntactic terms of specifiers and feature checking and so on, and do not rely on the visibility to syntax of strictly phonological features. We can call these all Syntactic accounts. Most accounts of OS are Syntactic in these terms, for example those of Holmberg (1986), Holmberg and Platzack (1995), and Bobaljik (1995, 2002).
Sound Patterns of Syntax: Object Shift
Authors: Erteschik-Shir Nomi 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
In this paper, I explore what a purely phonological account of object shift (OS) involves and what research questions it leads to, in particular what it means for word order to be phonologically motivated and what morpho-phonological primitives are involved. I pursue the possibility that what licenses OS of full DPs in Icelandic is phonological properties, not found in other Scandinavian languages, together with overt case marking. Although the position of the object is determined phonologically, the architecture I propose, in which topic and focus play a central role, allows for an account of the semantic effect associated with OS in Icelandic.
On the limits of the Davidsonian approach: The case of copula sentences.
Authors: Maienborn Claudia 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Since Donald Davidson’s seminal work ‘‘The Logical Form of Action Sentences’’ (1967) event arguments have become an integral component of virtually every semantic theory. Over the past years Davidson’s proposal has been continuously extended such that nowadays event(uality) arguments are generally associated not only with action verbs but with predicates of all sorts. The reasons for such an extension are seldom explicitly justified. Most problematical in this respect is the case of stative expressions. By taking a closer look at copula sentences the present study assesses the legitimacy of stretching the Davidsonian notion of events and discusses its consequences. A careful application of some standard eventuality diagnostics (perception reports, combination with locative modifiers and manner adverbials) as well as some new diagnostics (behavior of certain degree adverbials) reveals that copular expressions do not behave as expected under a Davidsonian perspective: they fail all eventuality tests, regardless of whether they represent stage-level or individual-level predicates. In this respect, copular expressions pattern with stative verbs like know, hate, and resemble, which in turn differ sharply from state verbs like stand, sit, and sleep. The latter pass all of the eventuality tests and therefore qualify as true ‘‘Davidsonian state’’ expressions. On the basis of these empirical observations and taking up ideas of Kim (1969, 1976) and Asher (1993, 2000), an alternative account of copular expressions (and stative verbs) is provided, according to which the copula introduces a referential argument for a temporally bound property exemplification (= ‘‘Kimian state’’). Considerations on some logical properties, viz. closure conditions and the latent infinite regress of eventualities, suggest that supplementing Davidsonian eventualities with Kimian states may yield not only a more adequate analysis of copula sentences but also a better understanding of eventualities in general.
Event positions: Suppression and emergence
Authors: Higginbotham James 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
1. Event positions
Donald Davidson proposed in 1967, and elaborated in subsequent work, the thesis that action predicates in natural language contain an argument position ranging over events, a position that in simple sentences was cashed out through existential quantification. As Claudia Maienborn remarks, Davidson’s proposal is naturally extended from action predicates to predicates of all sorts; thus for instance I myself proposed that it extend to all heads in the X' system, including Nouns. A number of linguistic contexts, including those of causation (a relation between events), and accomplishment predicates (involving two events, as process and telos), invite us to consider event complexes. Moreover, there is reason to appeal to an ‘‘E-position’’, as I called it, within modifiers that are themselves predicates of events (I expand upon this point in section 3 below). As Maienborn appreciates, the analytic wheel has turned: instead of looking for detailed considerations that would practically compel acknowledgement of the E-position in this or that construction, we assume that the position is always available, and we take the consequences for universal language design and for language difference, both syntactic and semantic.
Wischmeyer: ΘΕΟΣ ΥΨΙΣΤΟΣ. Neues zu einer alten Debatte
Authors: Wischmeyer Wolfgang 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Um die „Gottesfürchtigen“ und den „Höchsten Gott“ hat sich in den letzten Jahren eine der interessantesten und lebhaftesten inter- und transdisziplinären Debatten auf jenen Feldern entwickelt, die der Theologie, den Altertumswissenschaften und der Religionswissenschaft gemeinsam sind. Dabei geht es um die Fragen eines möglichen jüdischen Einflusses auf die kaiserzeitliche Umwelt in der Diaspora, sei es in Form einer akkulturierenden Mission oder sei es in Form eines synkretistisch geprägten eigenständigen Raumes der Äquidistanz der verschiedenen Kulte. Zugleich sind die Fragen nach einem vielleicht neuen spezifischen Kult des „höchsten Gottes“ berührt, und es entsteht eine Diskussion über ein charakteristisches Phänomen der religiösen Sprache von Inschriften.
Zu einigen Einleitungsfragen des Unbekannten Berliner Evangeliums (UBE)
Authors: Plisch Uwe-Karsten 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The essay discusses the typical issues of introduction to the Unknown Berlin Gospel/Gospel of the Savior (P 22220): origin of the text (unknown, perhaps Egypt or Syria), original language (Greek, not Coptic) and date (approximately the second half of the 2nd century). According to the author’s personal collation of the parchment, the essay con rms the new order of the fragments established by Stephen Emmel. A major part of the article deals with written sources of Gos.Sav (Matt, John, Rev, Gos.Peter, The Agraphon of the Fire, including a theological analysis of the reference to Gen 49,11) and its relations to other texts like the Strasbourg Coptic Papyrus or LibBarth. The fascinating relations to the Acts of Andrew, so far not taken in consideration, are also discussed, leading to the cautious hypothesis that the fragments of Gos.Sav could have been part of the Gospel of Andrew, mentioned in the Decretum Gelasianum directly after the Gospel of Bartholomew.
Significance of CpG Methylation for Solar UV‐Induced Mutagenesis and Carcinogenesis in Skin‡
Authors: Ikehata Hironobu , Ono Tetsuya 
Published: April 2006

AbstractMutations detected in the p53 gene in human nonmelanoma skin cancers show a highly UV‐specific mutation pattern, a dominance of C→T base substitutions at dipyrimidine sites plus frequent CC→TT tandem substitutions, indicating a major involvement of solar UV in the skin carcinogenesis. These mutations also have another important characteristic of frequent occurrences at CpG dinucleotide sites, some of which actually show prominent hotspots in the p53 gene. Although mammalian solar UV‐induced mutation spectra were studied intensively in the aprt gene using rodent cultured cells and the UV‐specific mutation pattern was confirmed, the second characteristic of the p53 mutations in human skin cancers had not been reproduced. However, studies with transgenic mouse systems developed thereafter for mutation research, which harbor methyl CpG‐abundant transgenes as mutation markers, yielded complete reproductions of the situation of the human skin cancer mutations in terms of both the UV‐specific pattern and the frequent occurrence at CpG sites. In this review, we evaluate the significance of the CpG methylation for solar UV mutagenesis in the mammalian genome, which would lead to skin carcinogenesis. We propose that the UV‐specific mutations at methylated CpG sites, C→T transitions at methyl CpG‐associated dipyrimidine sites, are a solar UV‐specific mutation signature, and have estimated the wavelength range effective for the solar–UV‐specific mutation as 310–340 nm. We also recommend the use of methyl CpG‐enriched sequences as mutational targets for studies on solar‐UV genotoxicity for human, rather than conventional mammalian mutational marker genes such as the aprt and hprt genes.
Predisposing Factors to Dental Caries in Children with Cleft Lip and Palate: A Review and Strategies for Early Prevention
Authors: Cheng Lam L. , Moor Stephen L. , Ho Christopher T. C. 
Published: April 2006

Objective: To review predisposing factors contributing to dental caries in patients with cleft lip, cleft palate, or both (CL/P). Design: Patients with CL/P have a higher susceptibility to caries compared with the population group without clefts. A review of the literature was undertaken to determine factors that could account for the compromised oral hygiene and the high caries prevalence in patients with CL/P. Results: After a literature review, modern strategies for the prevention of early childhood caries were developed and should be considered for integration into the overall management protocol of patients with CL/P. Conclusions: Preventive dental care is ever more so important in patients with CL/P compared with patients without clefts.
Using Streamline-Derived Injection Efficiencies for Improved Waterflood Management
Authors: Thiele Marco R. , Batycky Rod P. 
Published: April 2006

Summary
This paper describes a novel approach to predict injection- and production-well rate targets for improved management of water-floods. The methodology centers on the unique ability of streamlines to define dynamic well allocation factors (WAFs) between injection and production wells. Streamlines allow well allocation factors to be broken down additionally into phase rates at either end of each injector/producer pair. Armed with these unique data, it is possible to define the injection efficiency (IE) for each injector and for injector/producer pairs in a simulation model. The IE quantifies how much oil can be recovered at a producing well for every unit of water injected by an offset injector connected to it. Because WAFs are derived directly from streamlines, the data reflect all the complexities impacting the dynamic behavior of the reservoir model, including the spatial permeability and porosity distributions, fault locations, the underlying computational grid, relative permeability data, pressure/volume/temperature (PVT) properties, and most importantly, historical well rates.
The possibility to define IEs through streamline simulation stands in contrast to the ad hoc definition of geometric WAFs and simple surveillance methods used by many practicing reservoir engineers today. Once IEs are known, improved waterflood management can be implemented by reallocating injection water from low-efficiency to high-efficiency injectors. Even in the case in which water cannot be reallocated because of local surface-facility constraints, knowing IEs on an injector/producer pair allows the setting of target rates to maintain oil production while reducing water production.
We demonstrate this methodology by first introducing the concept of IEs, then use a small reservoir as an example application.