bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aurora‐A induces cell survival and chemoresistance by activation of Akt through a p53‐dependent manner in ovarian cancer cells
Authors: Yang Hua , He Lili , Kruk Patricia , Nicosia Santo V. , Cheng Jin Q. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractAurora‐A is frequently altered in epithelial malignancies. Overexpressing Aurora‐A induces centrosome amplification and G2/M cell cycle progression. We have previously shown elevated level of Aurora‐A in ovarian cancer and activation of telomerase by Aurora‐A in human mammary and ovarian epithelia. Here we report that Aurora‐A protects ovarian cancer cells from apoptosis induced by chemotherapeutic agent and activates Akt pathway in a p53‐dependent manner. Ectopic expression of Aurora‐A renders cells resistant to cisplatin (CDDP), etoposide and paclitaxel‐induced apoptosis and stimulates Akt1 and Akt2 activity in wild‐type p53 but not p53‐null ovarian cancer cells. Aurora‐A inhibits cytochrome C release and Bax conformational change induced by CDDP. Knockdown of Aurora‐A by RNAi sensitizes cells to CDDP‐induced apoptosis and decreases phospho‐Akt level in wild‐type p53 cells. Reintroduction of p53 decreases Akt1 and Akt2 activation and restores CDDP sensitivity in p53‐null but not p53‐null‐Aurora‐A cells. Inhibition of Akt by small molecule inhibitor, API‐2, overcomes the effects of Aurora‐A‐on cell survival and Bax mitochondrial translocation. Taken collectively, these data indicate that Aurora‐A activates Akt and induces chemoresistance in a p53‐dependent manner and that inhibition of Akt may be an effective means of overcoming Aurora‐A‐associated chemoresistance in ovarian cancer cells expressing wild‐type p53. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tobacco smoke and bladder cancer—in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition
Authors: Bjerregaard Bine Kjøller , Raaschou‐Nielsen Ole , Sørensen Mette , Frederiksen Kirsten , Christensen Jane , Tjønneland Anne , Overvad Kim , Chapelon Francoise Clavel , Nagel Gabriele , Chang‐Claude Jenny , Bergmann Manuela M. , Boeing Heiner , Trichopoulos Dimitrios , Trichopoulou Antonia , Oikonomou Eleni , Berrino Franco , Palli Domenico , Tumino Rosario , Vineis Paolo , Panico Salvatore , Peeters Petra HM , Bueno‐de‐Mesquita H. Bas , Kiemeney Lambertus , Gram Inger Torhild , Braaten Tonje , Lund Eiliv , Gonzalez Carlos A. , Berglund Göran , Allen Naomi , Roddam Andrew , Bingham Sheila , Riboli Elio 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe purpose of the present study was to investigate the association between smoking and the development of bladder cancer. The study population consisted of 429,906 persons participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC), 633 of whom developed bladder cancer during the follow‐up period. An increased risk of bladder cancer was found for both current‐ (incidence rate ratio 3.96, 95% confidence interval: 3.07–5.09) and ex‐ (2.25, 1.74–2.91) smokers, compared to never‐smokers. A positive association with intensity (per 5 cigarettes) was found among current‐smokers (1.18, 1.09–1.28). Associations (per 5 years) were observed for duration (1.14, 1.08–1.21), later age at start (0.75, 0.66–0.85) and longer time since quitting (0.92, 0.86–0.98). Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) during childhood increased the risk of bladder cancer (1.38, 1.00–1.90), whereas for ETS exposure as adult no effect was detected. The present study confirms the strong association between smoking and bladder cancer. The indication of a higher risk of bladder cancer for those who start smoking at a young age and for those exposed to ETS during childhood adds to the body of evidence suggesting that children are more sensitive to carcinogens than adults. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reproductive factors, exogenous hormone use and bladder cancer risk in a prospective study
Authors: Cantwell Marie M. , Lacey James V. , Schairer Catherine , Schatzkin Arthur , Michaud Dominique S. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractSex is a consistent predictor of bladder cancer: men experience 2–4‐fold higher age‐adjusted rates than women in the U.S. and Europe. The objective of this study was to examine whether hormone‐related factors are associated with bladder cancer in women. We examined parity, age at menarche, age at first birth, age at menopause, oral contraceptive use and menopausal hormone therapy (HT) use and bladder cancer risk in the Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project Follow‐Up Study. Endpoint and exposure information was collected on 54,308 women, using annual telephone interviews (1980–86) and 3 mailed, self‐administered questionnaires (1987–98). During an average follow‐up time of 15.3 years, 167 cases of bladder cancer were identified. Univariate and adjusted rate ratios (RRs) were estimated using Poisson regression. Parity, age at menarche, age at first birth, age at menopause, and oral contraceptive use were not associated with bladder cancer risk. The majority of menopausal women who took HT used estrogen therapy (ET). Postmenopausal women with less than 4 years, 4–9 years, 10–19 years and 20 or more years of ET use had RRs of 1.55 (95% CI = 0.96–2.51), 1.00 (95% CI = 0.49–2.04), 1.23 (95% CI = 0.62–2.43) and 0.57 (95% CI = 0.14–2.34), respectively, compared with nonusers (p = 0.50). Findings from this study are not consistent with the hypothesis that hormone‐related factors in women are associated with bladder cancer. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Serum concentrations of estrogens, sex hormone‐binding globulin, and androgens and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women
Authors: Adly Laila , Hill Deirdre , Sherman Mark E. , Sturgeon Susan R. , Fears Thomas , Mies Carolyn , Ziegler Regina G. , Hoover Robert N. , Schairer Catherine 
Published: August 2006

AbstractWe assessed the relationship between serum concentrations of estrogens, androgens, and sex hormone‐binding globulin and risk of breast cancer among postmenopausal women. Study participants provided serum prior to breast biopsy or mastectomy in 3 hospitals in Grand Rapids, Michigan between 1977 and 1987. A total of 179 subjects with localized breast cancer were compared to 152 subjects with nonproliferative breast changes that have not been associated with elevated breast cancer risk. Increasing serum concentrations of estrone and estrone sulfate were associated with increases in breast cancer risk; the odds ratios (ORs) in the fourth quartiles compared to the first were 2.3 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1–4.6) for both (p‐trend = 0.02 and 0.03, respectively). Estradiol and bioavailable estradiol concentrations were associated with nonstatistically significant increases in risk. Androstenediol levels were associated with risk (p‐trend = 0.01); the OR in the fourth compared to the first quartile was 2.2 (95% CI 1.0–4.6). Testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone and androstenedione levels were not associated with increased risk. Sex hormone‐binding globulin was associated with a nonsignificant decrease in risk. Associations with estrone and estrone sulfate persisted after adjustment for androstenediol (ORs for fourth compared to first quartiles were 2.0 (95% CI 0.9–4.5) and 2.2 (95% CI 1.0–4.6), respectively (p‐trend = 0.16 for both). The association with androstenediol was attenuated after adjustment for estrone (OR for fourth compared to first quartile was 1.6 (95% CI 0.7–3.6); p‐trend = 0.13). Higher serum concentrations of estrogens were associated with increased breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women. Androgen levels were not independently associated with substantially increased risk. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Working in partnership: Skills transfer in developing a cross‐cultural research team
Authors: Guthrie Jill , Dance Phyll , Cubillo Carmen , McDonald David , Tongs Julie , Brideson Tom , Bammer Gabriele 
Published: August 2006

AbstractAs part of a broader study on Indigenous illegal drug use, the authors undertook skills training to increase cross‐cultural mutual understanding of the often different approaches and methodologies between research and practice, as well as Aboriginal and non‐Aboriginal understandings of these approaches. The study and the skills transfer training were part of a longerterm partnership between Winnunga Nimmityjah Aboriginal Health Service and the National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health at The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia. The authors describe the skills transfer process involving specific training in the ethical issues relating to research generally and this particular study, research funding processes, basic epidemiological and biostatistical concepts, and aspects of interviewing and questionnaire design. They use five vignettes to illustrate how the skills transfer process fulfilled their broader aim related to the ethical conduct of research with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Burnout among volunteers in the social services: The impact of gender and employment status
Authors: Kulik Liat 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis study examines whether gender and employment status affect burnout, motives for volunteering, and difficulties associated with volunteer activity in social and community services in Israel. The sample included 375 men and women aged 16 through 80. Participants were divided into four groups by employment status: high school students, employed persons, retirees, and unemployed persons. The findings revealed that employment status had a more significant impact on the research variables than did gender. Burnout correlated positively with difficulty in relations with beneficiaries among men, and with difficulty in relations with the provider organization among women. Female students and unemployed men were found to be particularly vulnerable to burnout. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Young Jamaicans' attitudes toward mental illness: Experimental and demographic factors associated with social distance and stigmatizing opinions
Authors: Jackson Dahra , Heatherington Laurie 
Published: August 2006

AbstractTwo large‐scale studies assessed the nature and correlates of young Jamaicans' attitudes toward mental illness. In study 1, students viewed a videotaped job interview for a teacher whose history was manipulated to include a history of mental illness, or not. Students desired significantly less social distance (i.e., more contact) with the “normal” confederate, followed by those with a mental illness history. The putative cause of the mental illness (biomedical vs. psychosocial) made no difference. Study 2, a survey study, revealed the presence of negative attitudes toward people with mental illness and several demographic (age, gender, social class, and rural vs. urban location) differences. Implications of the results for community public health, education, and stigma‐reduction programs, as well as a comparison with research on stigma and attitudes toward mental illness in American culture, are discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Stress among black women in a South African township: The protective role of religion
Authors: Copeland‐Linder Nikeea 
Published: August 2006

AbstractCommunities that have been exposed to high levels of stress and where religiosity is salient are ideal contexts in which to examine the role of religion in stress processes. The present study examines the protective function of religiosity among Black women in a South African township. The women ( N = 172) were interviewed about sources of stress, religiosity, depressive symptomatology, and physical health problems. The results revealed that engagement in formal religion buffered the aggregate effects of multiple stressors (cumulative stress), as well as the effects of work stress and experiencing racism on physical health. Prayer also buffered the effects of work stress on physical health and reduced the deleterious effects of work stress and experiencing racism on depressive symptomatology. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The effects of prospective naturalistic contact on the stigma of mental illness
Authors: Couture Shannon M. , Penn David L. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe primary aim of this study was to determine whether naturalistic, interpersonal contact with persons with a severe mental illness (SMI) could reduce stigma. Participants from the agency Compeer (which pairs volunteers with people with SMI) were compared to volunteers from a control agency and to nonvolunteer participants from the community on stigma measures over a 6‐month period. The quality of the relationship between the Compeer volunteer and consumer and its association with changes in stigmatizing attitudes was also assessed. The results provide preliminary evidence that naturalistic contact can reduce negative affective responses to individuals with SMI. Furthermore, changes in affective response were related to the quality of the contact between the Compeer volunteer and consumer. Implications for future research are discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Lipopolysaccharide accelerates caspase‐independent but cathepsin B‐dependent death of human lung epithelial cells
Authors: Tang Peter S. , Tsang Melanie E. , Lodyga Monika , Bai Xiao‐Hui , Miller Abigale , Han Bing , Liu Mingyao 
Published: August 2006

AbstractCaspase‐independent cell death has drawn increasing attention. In the present study, we found that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) accelerated spontaneous death of human lung epithelial A549 cells in a serum‐ and cell density‐dependent manner: while serum starvation has been demonstrated to induce apoptosis in the same cell line, LPS‐induced cell death was only observed in the presence of serum; in addition, the cell death was not observed when the cells were seeded at 10‐ or 100‐fold lower density. The apoptotic features were demonstrated by TUNEL assay, DNA laddering and Annexin V staining. However, treatment of cells with two commonly used pan‐caspase inhibitors, zVAD.fmk or BOC‐D.fmk, failed to block cell death. In contrast, two cathepsin B inhibitors, Ca074‐Me or N‐1845, reduced cell death significantly. A time‐dependent activation of cathepsin B, but not caspase 3, was observed in both control and LPS‐treated cells. Although LPS did not further activate cathepsin B or its release, it increased expression and translocation of apoptosis inducing factor from mitochondria to the nucleus, and increased release of cytochrome c from mitochondria. LPS‐induced cell death was significantly attenuated by either N‐acetyl‐L‐cysteine or pyrrolidine‐dithiocarbamate, both free radical scavengers. Disruption of lipid raft formation with filipin or methyl‐β‐cyclodextrin also reduced apoptosis significantly, suggesting that lipid raft‐dependent signaling is essential. These data imply that confluent cells undergo spontaneous cell death mediated by cathepsin B; LPS may accelerate this caspase‐independent cell death through release of mitochondrial contents and reactive oxygen species. J. Cell. Physiol. 209: 457–467, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Young, adult, and old rats have similar changes in mRNA expression of many skeletal genes after fracture despite delayed healing with age
Authors: Meyer Ralph A. , Desai Bhaloo R. , Heiner Daniel E. , Fiechtl James , Porter Scott , Meyer Martha H. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractGenes active in fracture healing are not well understood. Because age slows skeletal repair, the change in gene expression between animals of differing ages may illuminate novel pathways important to this healing response. To explore this, 6‐, 26‐, and 52‐week‐old female Sprague‐Dawley rats were subjected to mid‐diaphyseal femoral fracture with intramedullary fixation. The fracture callus was collected at 0, 0.4 (3 days), 1, 2, 4, or 6 weeks after fracture. RNA was extracted and pooled between two animals for each sample. Three samples were done for each time point for each age for a total of 54 Affymetrix U34A GeneChip microarrays. Of the 8700 genes on each array, 3300 were scored as present. Almost all of these genes were affected by femoral fracture with either upregulation or downregulation in the 6 weeks after fracture. Upregulated genes included markers for matrix genes for both cartilage and bone, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, fibroblasts, and mast cells. Downregulated genes included genes related to blood cell synthesis. Nearly all genes presently associated with bone metabolism showed the same response to fracture healing regardless of the age of the animal. In conclusion, skeletal fracture led to similar changes in RNA expression for most skeletal genes despite the delay in the formation of bone to bridge the fracture gap in old rats. Defects in the healing of skeletal trauma in older rats may lie in systems not normally studied by skeletal biologists. © 2006 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 24:1933–1944, 2006
Wear and toughness of crosslinked polyethylene for total knee replacements: A study using a simulator and small‐punch testing
Authors: Akagi Masao , Asano Taiyo , Clarke Ian C. , Niiyama Norio , Kyomoto Masayuki , Nakamura Takashi , Hamanishi Chiaki 
Published: August 2006

AbstractSevere loading and complex kinematics in total knee replacement make wear performance and toughness of the polyethylene in tibial inserts important. We investigated wear of crosslinked polyethylene using a knee simulator and measured toughness using small‐punch testing. GUR1050 rods were gamma‐irradiated in air at doses from 0 to 200 kGy, annealed in nitrogen, and machined into tibial inserts. The simulator was run to 4 million cycles, and wear rates determined from weight loss. Wear rate decreased by 54, 78, and 95% as radiation dose increased from 50 to 75 to 100 kGy, respectively. At every dose, toughness was significantly less after simulator testing, but the difference between control and wear‐tested polyethylene, considered to be due to fatigue damage accumulation, was smallest at 50 kGy. The simulator‐tested polyethylene that received 35 to 75 kGy had slightly higher toughness than equivalent material that received no irradiation. However, the toughness of simulator‐tested polyethylene that received 150 and 200 kGy was lower than that of the simulator‐tested polyethylene that received no irradiation. Our results suggest that an optimal irradiation dose may exist for crosslinked polyethylene for use in TKR and that the optimum dose would be less than the 100 kGy or more that are used in some current crosslinked polyethylene for hip replacement. © 2006 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 24:2021–2027, 2006
Changes in lower limb kinematics, kinetics, and muscle activity in subjects with functional instability of the ankle joint during a single leg drop jump
Authors: Delahunt Eamonn , Monaghan Kenneth , Caulfield Brian 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to identify differences in 3D kinematics, kinetics, and ankle joint muscle activity in subjects with functional instability (FI) of the ankle joint during a drop jump. Twenty‐four subjects with the subjective complaint of FI of the ankle joint and 24 noninjured control subjects performed 10 single leg drop jumps onto a force‐plate. Timing and magnitude of kinetic data, timing of kinematic data, and integrated EMG (IEMG) activity of the rectus femoris, peroneus longus, tibialis anterior, and soleus muscles during two 200‐ms time periods either side of initial contact (IC) with the ground were analyzed and compared between groups. Subjects with FI demonstrated a significant decrease in pre‐IC peroneus longus IEMG activity, which was accompanied by a change in frontal plane movement at the ankle joint during the same time period. Following IC, FI subjects were less efficient than control group subjects in reaching the closed packed position of the ankle joint. Significant differences were seen between the groups' time‐averaged and peak vertical and sagittal components of ground reaction force. The altered pre‐IC peroneus longus IEMG and increased inversion of the ankle joint observed in FI subjects could help to explain why subjects with FI may suffer from inversion injury to their ankle joint when subjected to an unanticipated ground contact. The kinematic and kinetic differences observed in subjects with FI may lead to repeated injury and damage to the supporting structures of the ankle joint. © 2006 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 24:1991–2000, 2006
Development of partial thickness articular cartilage injury in an ovine model
Authors: Lu Yan , Markel Mark D. , Swain Carol , Kaplan Lee D. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to create a controlled partial thickness cartilage lesion in a sheep model, and to provide a foundation to study the natural history of the progression of this lesion. Twenty‐eight sheep divided into four groups (1, 12, 24, and 52 weeks, n = 7/group) were used in this study. In one stifle, a mechanical tool was used to create a 200 µm partial thickness lesion (1.5 × 1.5 cm2) on the medial femoral condyle via arthroscopy. Joint fluid was drawn presurgery and after euthanasia for analysis of collage II 3/4 C long (C2C). After euthanasia, the condyle was analyzed by gross appearance, confocal laser microscopy (CLM) for cell viability, scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) for surface roughness, Artscan for cartilage stiffness, and histology for cartilage morphology. The gross appearance of the treated area appeared rough, soft, and swollen compared to untreated control over time. CLM demonstrated that the depth of cell death increased to 590 µm at 52 weeks after surgery. SEM demonstrated that the treated area became more irregular over time. Stiffness of the treated area was significantly less than control by 12 weeks after surgery. Histologic analysis demonstrated that the 12, 24, and 52 week groups had significantly poorer histologic scores than the 1 week group. Joint fluid analysis demonstrated that the treatment group at 1 week had significant higher levels of C2C than the pretreatment baseline data. The results of this study demonstrated that partial thickness injury of cartilage continued to propagate and degenerate over time in this sheep model. Options for the prevention or treatment of this lesion may be tested using this model in the future. © 2006 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 24:1974–1982, 2006