bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The A‐RCI Process — Leadership and Management Principles
Authors: Johnson William M. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIn the mid 1990s, it became clear that the U.S. submarine force had lost the acoustic advantage over contemporary Soviet new construction submarines. At the same time, investment in undersea warfare suffered a marked reduction as the total obligation authority within the services continually eroded the means to develop capabilities in the traditional manner. New acquisition processes had to be created to grapple with the need to rapidly increase warfighting performance while continuously decreasing cost. The keys to solving this dilemma are based on three fundamental truths. First, meaningful competition for ideas always yields a better product at reduced cost. Second, the commercial marketplace readily provides low cost, high performance general purpose processing technologies. Third, the U.S. forward deployed naval forces can provide rapid, hands‐on customer feedback. These three elements are the centerpiece of the Submarine Acoustic‐Rapid Commercial‐Off‐the‐Shelf Insertion (A‐RCI) Program, which provided the vision and strategy to institutionalize a rapid acquisition process through new leader‐ship and management approaches, that has delivered to the Fleet a seven‐fold increase in submarine towed array sensor performance, while realizing a 60‐fold decrease in real processing costs.
A Military Effectiveness Analysis and Decision Making Framework for Naval Ship Design and Acquisition
Authors: Hootman John C. , Whitcomb Cliff 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis paper describes research that develops a new framework for performing military effectiveness analyses and design tradeoff decisions. It provides an extensive survey of literature for effectiveness analysis and multi‐criteria decision making to develop a single consistent philosophy for such analyses. This philosophy is applied to a requirements and effectiveness analysis case study of a conventional submarine that is performed using response surface methods to facilitate design space visualization and decision maker interaction. Measures of merit are developed and applied to the case study. The resulting requirements space and methods to visualize and explore it in a decision making context are presented and discussed. Lastly, a framework is proposed that would facilitate the concurrent consideration of requirements and effectiveness analyses with design and technology forecasting to create a unified tradeoff environment that would provide decision makers with pertinent information to facilitate better informed requirements derivation and design selection.
Operating Speed Profles and the Ship Design Cycle
Authors: Surko Steve , Osborne Michael 
Published: October 2008

AbstractOne key, but little documented and empirically supported, input in the ship design cycle is the expected operating speed profile. This real‐world constraint affects many decisions regarding hull form and power systems, from fuel tanks to main propulsion and ship's service machinery selection and operation. These decisions, in turn, ripple through the design of a ship in ways that are often hard to discern, but clearly impact acquisition and life cycle costs. Recent studies of DDG 51 operating speed profiles demonstrate that the Navy regularly operates with speed profiles considerably different than used to design the ship. In general, warships operate in standard engine order telegraph increments (e.g., Ahead 2/3) and at lower speeds than designed for.
Environmentally Sound Ships of the 21st Century
Authors: Koss Larry 
Published: October 2008

AbstractNaval ships operating in the 21st century will be expected to meet increasingly stringent environmental regulations. The U.S. Navy has a comprehensive shipboard pollution abatement program underway that will enable ships of the 21st century to be environmentally sound. The goal is to enable ships to operate worldwide with minimal potential for regulatory constraints, without inappropriate dependence on shore facilities, and without unreasonable costs imposed by environmental regulations. The basic strategy is to (1) design and operate ships to minimize waste generation and optimize waste management, and (2) develop shipboard systems that will destroy or appropriately treat the wastes generated on board. If wastes are unavoidable and cannot be destroyed or retained on board for recycling ashore, they must be sufficiently treated so that overboard discharges are not considered environmentally significant. Although the ultimate solution for on board destruction has not been achieved for any shipboard wastestream, considerable progress has been made toward developing onboard capabilities for treating or processing solid wastes, oily wastes, hazardous materials, and medical wastes. Satisfactory interim or long‐term solutions for treating blackwater and greywater are still being sought. International cooperation efforts directed toward achieving environmentally sound ships are underway among NATO navies to share information and technologies, and to save time and money.
The U. S. Navy's Shipboard Solid Waste Program: Managing a Highly Accelerated Fleet‐wide Ship System Integration Program
Authors: Wang Ye‐ling 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe FY‐94 and FY‐97 National Defense Authorization Acts amended the Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships (APPS) to require fleet‐wide installation of Plastics Waste Processors by December 1998, and installation of Pulpers and Shredders by December 2000. These requirements translate to an acquisition program, which could rapidly develop, procure and deploy processing equipment on about 200 surface ships (over 24 ship classes) within three years. To date, this program has successfully completed the ship integration of the Plastic Waste Processor and is in the stages of implementing the Pulpers and Shredders. » A previous paper on this subject broadly described the development of the acquisition strategy, the development of the equipment and the fleet integration plan. This paper focuses on the ownership issues of the program and how they affect program decisions. It reviews how the Navy selected its current compliance strategy, including the consideration of its effects on marine environment through the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) studies. It details the various processes NAVSEA implemented to ensure the delivery of quality and affordable “turn‐key” system to the fleet. These processes included a comprehensive installation design and review; rapid incorporation of lessons learned; timely deployment of Integrated Logistics Support to meet fleet operations to meet fleet introduction which included establishing interim spares; and instituting a comprehensive In‐Service Engineering Agent assist and inspection program.
Using phylogeny and ultrastructure to study cystidia of twoPsathyrellaspecies: reciprocal illumination
Authors: Padamsee Mahajabeen , Celio Gail J. , McLaughlin David J. 
Published: October 2008

Ultrastructure of the cystidia of Psathyrella aff. nolitangere (Fr.) A. Pearson & Dennis and Psathyrella rhodospora Weaver & Smith (Agaricales) was examined primarily using freeze substitution, with the goal of evaluating whether these cells could provide phylogenetically informative characters with which to study morphological evolution. Within the Agaricales, the diversity of cystidial form coupled with the limited number of studies makes accurate character coding for use in phylogenetic analyses problematic. This study revealed many common cystidial characteristics between the two closely related species examined, including well-formed apical crystals, abundant free ribosomes, and scattered smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Transmission electron microscopy was used for the first time to examine calcium oxalate crystals in cystidia, and demonstrated the formation of a pre-crystalline matrix at the apex of each cell that possibly disrupts the wall as the crystals form. The shared subcellular traits suggest that ultrastructural details of cystidia may provide additional characters for and signal in phylogenetic analyses.
Growth and reproduction of invasiveVincetoxicum rossicumandV. nigrumunder artificial defoliation and different light environments
Authors: Milbrath Lindsey R. 
Published: October 2008

The exotic vines Vincetoxicum rossicum (Kleopow) Barbar. and Vincetoxicum nigrum (L.) Moench have become increasingly invasive in low- and high-light habitats in North America, and a biological control program is being developed. These plants experience little damage in North America, so it is unclear how they might respond to introduced herbivores. I conducted an artificial defoliation study on seedlings and mature plants of V. rossicum and V. nigrum grown under different light environments. Under high light, V. nigrum produced more seed and allocated more resources to aboveground tissue (root:shoot ratios < 1), whereas V. rossicum allocated more resources to roots with root:shoot ratios of 1.9 for mature plants and > 3 for seedlings. These differences disappeared with shading. Increasing frequencies of 100% defoliation caused greater reductions in biomass and seed production for both species and plant stages. Shading further reduced biomass and no seed was produced. Defoliation of shaded, but not unshaded, plants caused high mortality. Additional cutting of stem tips increased branching only. Defoliation may be effective against Vincetoxicum plants growing in low-light environments such as forest understories, but appears to be of more limited value in high-light environments unless repeated defoliation occurs.
Is Port State Control an Effective Means to Combat Vessel-Source Pollution? An Empirical Survey of the Practical Exercise by Port States of Their Powers of Control
Authors: Bang Ho-Sam 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIt has become conventional wisdom that because flag states have been unwilling or unable to exercise effective jurisdiction or control over their vessels, port states have a major role to play in combating sub-standard ships and reducing vessel-source pollution. This article seeks to test conventional wisdom by examining in practice how far port states have exercised their powers of control against sub-standard ships and contributed to reducing vessel-source operational pollution.
Inner Dynamics of the Chinese House Church Movement: The Case of the Word of Life Community
Authors: Xin Yalin 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe Word of Life house church movement is considered to be one of the most influential Christian movements in China for the past three decades, with its network touching all 23 provinces and autonomous zones in China. It is also one of the largest house church networks that emerged in central China in the past three decades. This paper gears at investigating the inner dynamics that has underscored the growth and vitality of the movement by incorporating some insights from studies on historical Christian renewal movements. A variety of categories or models are employed, such as paradigm shifts, the role of key leaders, its basic structure, system of training, community, gospel for the poor, dynamic and vitality, through which the WOL movement is closely examined. Hopefully, this paper opens a window of understanding of the Word of Life movement and yields some insights that may be referenced in the larger hermeneutical community.
The Integration of Mission Theology and Practice: Zinzendorf and the Early Moravians
Authors: Gallagher Robert 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis paper explores the key characteristics of Count Nikolaus Ludwig von Zinzendorf's mission theology that influenced the early Moravian missional practice. After discussing the early eighteenth century European historical context and the Spirit-renewal of the Herrnhut community, the paper considers Zinzendorf's theology on the death of Christ, the prominent role of the Holy Spirit, and harvesting the "first fruits." These theological distinctives contributed in determining the motivation and message of these pioneer Protestant missionaries. It then takes into account some of the subsequent methods such as working with the marginalized, practicing the love of Christ in cultural humility, and preaching the gospel in the vernacular. The main contributions of the early Moravians to mission were that they brought an understanding that spiritual renewal preceded mission renewal, the atoning death of Christ is central to mission theology, and a Protestant recognition that it had an obligation to do mission. On the other hand, the foremost negative aspects of Moravian mission were their obsession with the physical death of Christ and an ignorance of the broader social issues that at times resulted in a lack of contextualization, religious syncretism, indifference to social justice, and extreme subjectivism.
Bishop Vincent McCauley, CSC: Ecumenical Pioneer
Authors: Gribble Richard 
Published: October 2008

AbstractVincent McCauley, bishop and missionary, was a great champion of the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965). As Bishop of Fort Portal, Uganda, a new diocese in the Western portion of the country (1961–1971), McCauley was instrumental in the full implementation of the 16 documents of Vatican II, but his principal legacy will be his work in the area of ecumenism. Overcoming significant and long standing hostility between Roman Catholics and Anglicans, McCauley was able to forge ecumenical dialogue and programs on various levels. Beginning simply through prayer services and a vernacular translation of the New Testament, he graduated to be a founder and initial chairman of the Uganda Joint Christian Council (UJCC), an organization which made great strides in removing government opposition to religion and forging dialogue between Christians in areas of sacraments and social justice. Both simultaneously and after his tenure in Fort Portal, McCauley served as chairman and secretary general of the Association of Member Episcopal Conferences of Eastern Africa (AMECEA). These positions allowed him to continue his ecumenical work on a broader scope.He was instrumental in setting up numerous conferences to foster ecumenical dialogue, various pastoral programs and certain educational initiatives, including the Interdisciplinary Urban Seminar, for which McCauley served as a member of the Academic Board. He was also integrally involved as a member of the advisory board of the Christian Organization Research and Advisory Trust (CORAT), an organization that sought to train church members in organization and management.Vincent McCauley stands as a significant example of one who implemented the ecumenical teachings of Vatican II on local and regional levels. His contribution continues to serve the church in Eastern Africa today.
CXCR4 expression and biologic activity in acute myeloid leukemia are dependent on oxygen partial pressure
Authors: Fiegl Michael , Samudio Ismael , Clise-Dwyer Karen , Burks Jared K. , Mnjoyan Zakar , Andreeff Michael 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe CXCR4/SDF-1 axis has been studied extensively because of its role in development and hematopoiesis. In acute myeloid leukemia (AML), elevated expression of CXCR4 has been shown to correlate with shortened survival. Hy-poxia increases CXCR4 in several tumor models, but the impact of reduced O2 partial pressure (pO2) on expression and biologic function of CXCR4 in AML is unknown. We determined pO2 in bone marrows of AML patients as 6.1% (±1.7%). At this pO2, CXCR4 surface and total expression were up-regulated within 10 hours in leukemic cell lines and patient samples as shown by Western blotting, fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and microscopy. Interestingly, hypoxic cells failed to internalize CXCR4 in response to SDF-1, and upon reoxygenation at 21% O2, surface and total expression of CXCR4 rapidly decreased independent of adenosine triphosphate or proteasome activity. Instead, increased pO2 led to alteration of lipid rafts by cholesterol depletion and structural changes and was associated with increased shedding of CXCR4-positive microparticles, suggesting a novel mechanism of CXCR4 regulation. Given the importance of CXCR4 in cell signaling, survival, and adhesion in leukemia, the results suggest that pO2 be considered a critical variable in conducting and interpreting studies of CXCR4 expression and regulation in leukemias.
The role of positive selection in determining the molecular cause of species differences in disease
Authors: Vamathevan Jessica J , Hasan Samiul , Emes Richard D , Amrine-Madsen Heather , Rajagopalan Dilip , Topp Simon D , Kumar Vinod , Word Michael , Simmons Mark D , Foord Steven M , Sanseau Philippe , Yang Ziheng , Holbrook Joanna D 
Published: October 2008

Abstract

Background
Related species, such as humans and chimpanzees, often experience the same disease with varying degrees of pathology, as seen in the cases of Alzheimer's disease, or differing symptomatology as in AIDS. Furthermore, certain diseases such as schizophrenia, epithelial cancers and autoimmune disorders are far more frequent in humans than in other species for reasons not associated with lifestyle. Genes that have undergone positive selection during species evolution are indicative of functional adaptations that drive species differences. Thus we investigate whether biomedical disease differences between species can be attributed to positively selected genes.

Results
We identified genes that putatively underwent positive selection during the evolution of humans and four mammals which are often used to model human diseases (mouse, rat, chimpanzee and dog). We show that genes predicted to have been subject to positive selection pressure during human evolution are implicated in diseases such as epithelial cancers, schizophrenia, autoimmune diseases and Alzheimer's disease, all of which differ in prevalence and symptomatology between humans and their mammalian relatives.
In agreement with previous studies, the chimpanzee lineage was found to have more genes under positive selection than any of the other lineages. In addition, we found new evidence to support the hypothesis that genes that have undergone positive selection tend to interact with each other. This is the first such evidence to be detected widely among mammalian genes and may be important in identifying molecular pathways causative of species differences.

Conclusion
Our dataset of genes predicted to have been subject to positive selection in five species serves as an informative resource that can be consulted prior to selecting appropriate animal models during drug target validation. We conclude that studying the evolution of functional and biomedical disease differences between species is an important way to gain insight into their molecular causes and may provide a method to predict when animal models do not mirror human biology.
A homogenous nature of native Chinese duck matrilineal pool
Authors: He Da-Qian , Zhu Qing , Chen Shi-Yi , Wang Hui-Ying , Liu Yi-Ping , Yao Yong-Gang 
Published: October 2008

Abstract

Background
China, with around 30 unique breeds, has a diverse duck genetic pool. Currently, there is no systematic report which investigates the genetic diversity, phylogenetic relationship, and matrilineal genetic structure of these domestic breeds and wild mallards (Anas platyrhynchos).

Results
In this study, we sequenced the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region segments in 278 domestic ducks (Anas platyrhynchos domestica) from 19 indigenous breeds/populations and 70 wild mallard samples and analyzed them together with the 101 control region sequences from published sources. Fifty-two samples were then sequenced for a cytochrome b (Cyt b) gene fragment to solidify the pattern emerged from the control region sequences. All domestic duck and wild mallard haplotypes were essentially indistinguishable and were clustered together in the phylogenetic tree. There was no geographic differentiation and breed/population-specific distribution of duck lineages.

Conclusion
Our results showed that unlike other domesticated farm animals in China such as chicken, cattle, goat, and yak with multiple matrilineal components, the matrilineal pool of Chinese ducks was homogenous.
Integrating chromosomal aberrations and gene expression profiles to dissect rectal tumorigenesis
Authors: Lips Esther H , van Eijk Ronald , de Graaf Eelco JR , Oosting Jan , de Miranda Noel FCC , Karsten Tom , van de Velde Cornelis J , Eilers Paul HC , Tollenaar Rob AEM , van Wezel Tom , Morreau Hans 
Published: October 2008

Abstract

Background
Accurate staging of rectal tumors is essential for making the correct treatment choice. In a previous study, we found that loss of 17p, 18q and gain of 8q, 13q and 20q could distinguish adenoma from carcinoma tissue and that gain of 1q was related to lymph node metastasis. In order to find markers for tumor staging, we searched for candidate genes on these specific chromosomes.

Methods
We performed gene expression microarray analysis on 79 rectal tumors and integrated these data with genomic data from the same sample series. We performed supervised analysis to find candidate genes on affected chromosomes and validated the results with qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry.

Results
Integration of gene expression and chromosomal instability data revealed similarity between these two data types. Supervised analysis identified up-regulation of EFNA1 in cases with 1q gain, and EFNA1 expression was correlated with the expression of a target gene (VEGF). The BOP1 gene, involved in ribosome biogenesis and related to chromosomal instability, was over-expressed in cases with 8q gain. SMAD2 was the most down-regulated gene on 18q, and on 20q, STMN3 and TGIF2 were highly up-regulated. Immunohistochemistry for SMAD4 correlated with SMAD2 gene expression and 18q loss.

Conclusion
On basis of integrative analysis this study identified one well known CRC gene (SMAD2) and several other genes (EFNA1, BOP1, TGIF2 and STMN3) that possibly could be used for rectal cancer characterization.
No effect of an oleoylethanolamide-related phospholipid on satiety and energy intake: a randomised controlled trial of phosphatidylethanolamine
Authors: Lithander FE , Strik CM , McGill A-T , MacGibbon AK , McArdle BH , Poppitt SD 
Published: October 2008

Abstract

Background
Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is a phospholipid which is biosynthesized into long chain N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) including oleoylethanolamide (OEA), a known inhibitor of food intake. The aim of this study was to investigate whether PE-containing lipids can also inhibit intake. This was a 4 treatment intervention where 18 male participants were given a high-fat test breakfast (2.5MJ, 53 en% fat) containing (i) high-phospholipid, high-PE lipid (ii) high-phospholipid, medium-PE lipid (iii) no-phospholipid, no-PE control lipid or (iv) water control, in a randomised cross-over. Visual analogue scales (VAS) were used to assess post-ingestive hunger and satiety, and energy intake (EI) was measured at an ad libitum lunch meal after 3.5hours.

Results
When compared with the water control, the 3 lipid treatments resulted in lower levels of hunger and thoughts of food, greater fullness and satisfaction (all, treatment*time interaction, P<0.001), and a lower EI (P<0.05). However, there was no difference in any of the VAS measures when the 2 PE lipid treatments were compared with no-PE control lipid, nor when medium-PE was compared with high-PE. Unexpectedly participants ate significantly more energy at the lunch meal when the 2 PE lipid treatments (medium-PE:5406 kJ, 334 sem; high-PE:5288 kJ, 244 sem) were compared with the no-PE control lipid (5072 kJ, 262 sem, P<0.05), although there was no dose effect between the medium- and high-PE treatments.

Conclusion
Despite the close relationship of PE with OEA, there was no evidence from this acute study that dietary phospholipids containing PE can favourably modify eating behaviour.