bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Television production: issues of exploitation, commodification and subjectivity in UK television labour markets
Authors: Ursell Gillian 
Published: March 2007

This article analyses the features and conditions presently characterizing work and employment for freelance workers in UK television production. It does so at two levels: one is middle range in its theorization and evidentially grounded; the other, at a higher level of abstraction, ponders the most appropriate way to approach and comprehend these findings in a broader socio-historical context. At the middle and grounded level, the article argues that: 1. these freelances largely organize their own labour market in terms of recruitment, referencing, discipline and hierarchical relations; 2. the concept of an employment relation properly describes the situation for some of these workers, but not for others; 3. the features of a dual labour market are present but do not follow the pattern (of core-periphery) suggested by flexible firm theorists; 4. success as a television worker involves a process of commodification, extending beyond the transformation of simple labour power into the commodification of aspects of the individual's personality and/or aesthetic creativities; 5. the motivation to work in television reveals not only (sometimes, not even) the pursuit of earnings but also existential goals of self-affirmation and actualization; 6. television workers are active in their own commodification processes. At a more abstract level of theorization, the article reflects on the constitutive role played by television workers in the exploitative and commodifying processes of television production. The latter is viewed as largely a profit-seeking and competitive industry, and the constitutive role of workers in its operations problematizes any structurally determinist approach to analysis. The article considers that problematic in the context of labour process approaches since Braverman, the critique of same mounted by Knights and Willmott on Foucauldian arguments regarding the theorization of the subject, and the redress of Foucault conveyed in Giddens' concept of structuration and Willmott's appeal for a `dialectic of praxis'.
A EUROPEAN DILEMMA: MYRDAL, THE AMERICAN CREED AND EU EUROPE
Authors: Schierup Carl-Ulrik 
Published: March 2007

`America has a negro problem', the Swedish economist Gunnar Myrdal stated in the introduction to his modern classic, An American Dilemma, first published in 1944. Half a century later, the so-called `immigrant problem' is moving to the top of the political agenda of EU Europe. To speak about a European dilemma in this context means to relate established European values of social solidarity and social responsibility to an increasingly ethnicised and racialised social inequality in European cities. How can the dilemma be made transparent? How can we transcend the disjunctures between `creed' and reality? Along these lines, the paper debates potentialities for transethnic alignment in the US and EU Europe exposed to a common condition of globalisation. These ideals differ in no respect from the ideals of that European civilization of which we all today form a part. And therefore our watch word today must be Social Solidarity, Social Responsibility. W.E.B. Du Bois (1900) ... in modernity only those institutions can be stabilized that allow for accumulating political experience as well as for continuous appeals to greater social and political justice... But apart from the technological version there is no longer a future-oriented social fantasy in the lands of Europe. Grand narratives of another, better future in politics, social questions, or anything else, are no longer forged there. Redemption is deemed undesirable, and sociopolitical progress ridiculed... The old Europe resembles a corpse whose hair and nails, wealth, and cumulative knowledge are still growing, but the rest is dead. Agnes Heller (1992)
A Schema Theory of How Children Learn to Sing in Tune
Authors: Welch Graham F. 
Published: March 2007

The literature on children's singing reveals that, for each age group, there are some children who cannot sing in tune. These children are labelled "poor pitch singers" (p.p.s.). The literature suggests that singing in tune is not simply a question of "can" or "cannot" but rather a continuum of skill with several degrees of competence. In general, the numbers of p.p.s. within sample populations declines with age, with boys outnumbering girls by 2 or 3 to 1. The customary method of treating this disability, although implying that improvement is possible, has only shown limited success. Reference to the psychological literature on feedback, however, suggests that, (1) learning can only take place when Knowledge of Results (KR) is present, and (2) variety of experience rather than repeated measures of the same kind may be more conducive to producing "novel" patterns of behaviour. Applying these findings to the mechanism of singing, a schema theory of how children learn to sing in tune is proposed, under which a recall and recognition schema are hypothesised as being responsible for vocal pitch production, and vocal pitch accuracy is determined by the efficiency of an error labelling schema.
Research Note. Thresholds for Detecting Tempo Change
Authors: Ellis Mark C. 
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to (a) determine thresholds for the detection of tempo change across a range of tempos, (b) compare thresholds across tempos and direction of change, and (c) examine the effect of previous music experience on detection ability. The subjects (n = 48). college non-music majors, responded to synthesised stimuli that gradually increased or decreased in tempo. The plot of detection thresholds for all tempo-direction combinations suggests an interaction between tempo and direction thresholds for detection were greater for increases than for decreases at MM48 and MM84, but greater for decreases than for increases at MM192 and MM228. All threshold means for the high experience group were smaller than those of the low experience group.
Evaluation of Therapeutic Factors in Group Psychotherapy by Therapists in Training
Authors: Vostanis Panos , O'Sullivan Derek 
Published: March 2007

This study evaluates the importance of therapeutic factors in group psychotherapy, as perceived by psychotherapists in training. Twelve members from two training groups completed Yalom's (1975) Therapeutic Factor Questionnaire. Their views were compared to those of sixteen experienced group therapists and twenty-five out- patients undergoing group psychotherapy. The training group was found to operate on a similar level to the patient groups, as they differed only on the evaluation of universality. In contrast, experienced therapists rated significantly more highly the importance of six factors: interpersonal input and output, cohesiveness, family re-enactment, universality and identification. The findings give evidence to support the importance of trainee psychotherapists gaining personal therapeutic experience. This enables them to empathize with the patients and realize their needs.
Is a "Correctional Officer," by any Other Name, a "Screw?"
Authors: Toch Hans 
Published: March 2007

A narrow definition of the correctional officer's role excludes important functions officers can serve in prison, including critical contributions they can make to inmate survival and mental health. Such functions are currently exercised by a significant minority of officers, whose contributions are neither recognized nor rewarded. Interview excerpts are presented in this paper to illustrate ways in which correctional officers exercise discretion to provide support to vulnerable inmates who need support. Such constructive exercise of discretion includes invoking non-custodial prison staff and circumventing resistances to change. Officers also form personal relationships with inmates which de-escalate conflict, ameliorate crises, and provide susceptible inmates with rehabilitative role models. Custodial goals and expanded services can be constructively combined, provided administrators provide a flexible climate. If they do not, sophisticated officers often become discouraged and regress to narrow, traditional definitions of their jobs. Prison administrators can contribute both to correctional officer job enrichment and to inmate welfare by locating correctional officer innovators and recognizing their role as self-motivated pioneers. Officers now ”fight the system" to advance goals which we verbally endorse but often sabotage in practice.
Resistance to Change in Police Organizations: The Diffusion Paradigm
Authors: Lingamneni Jaganmohan Rao 
Published: March 2007

This paper presents an analysis, bi use of a diffusion paradigm, of factors which inhibit innovations in police organization. An in-depth review and analysis of the diffusion of innovations paradigm is presented and its application to resistance to departmental changes is evaluated. Police organizational structure, leadership styles, ideology, perceived attributes of the innovations, type of innovation, timeliness, communication channels and the community-social system are discussed as determiners of the acceptance or rejection of policY and operational decisions within police organizations. A review of literature on each of the cited areas with general recommendations for the reduction of that resistance is also included. The future of changes in police departments is discussed with the conclusion that academicians have tended to be overly optimistic concerning changes within police organizations and police practitioners and chiefs have often acted without due consideration to possible areas of conflict innovative programs mays create within a department or community.
Criminal Sentencing in Urban, Suburban, and Rural Counties
Authors: Austin Thomas L. 
Published: March 2007

Previous research efforts addressing the topic of criminal sentencing disparity have been criticized on a variety of accounts encompassing conceptual, operational, and statistical issues. Drawing from these criticisms, this study undertook to determine whether the length of sentence imposed on felony offenders receiving either a probation or prison term varied among rural, suburban, and urban court settings. Theoretical considerations as well as prior empirical research posited that such differences might occur. Of interest also was whether resultsfrom my earlier study (Austin, 1981) which revealed that the type of sentence imposed on felony offenders varied among rural, suburban, and urban court settings would exhibit a similar pattern with respect to length of sentence. Prior discussion suggested that criminal sentencing, rather than being static, represented a dynamic process and that decisions made at one procedural stage might be strengthened, diluted, or left unchanged by those occurring at a later time. Data for the study consisted ofmy previously employed secondary sample of 1,664 convicted Jowafelony offenders derived from archival sources including the Iowa Division of Adult Corrections and the Bureau of Correctional Evaluation within the Iowa Department of Social Services. Although nojustifiable differences in length of sentence were discovered, the findings when viewed in the context of my earlier work suggest that future studies should, while considering offender related legal and extralegal variables, also consider the role of environmental variables such as court setting and the interaction which may occur among thesefactors in the process ofmovingfrom type to length of sentence.
Teaching Victims Crime Prevention Skills: Can Individuals Lower their Risk of Crime?
Authors: Davis Robert C. , Smith Barbara 
Published: March 2007

Data indicate that persons who become victims of crime run a higher than normal risk of becoming victims again. Because of their increased vulnerability to crime and their motivation to prevent future crimes, victims make an ideal population for training in crime prevention techniques. This paper describes an experiment in which victims were introduced to a crime prevention training program by having them first think about ways in which their victimization might have been prevented. Evidence suggests that the program achieved the intended results. It increased participants' knowledge of crime prevention principles and precautionary behaviors, and it reinforced the belief that victimization could be avoided. Nevertheless, the program had no significant effect on revictimization or on fear of crime.
Information Sources, Dogmatism, and Judgmental Modifications
Authors: Long Huey B. 
Published: March 2007

Teachers of adults, supervisors, personnel directors, and others are often concerned with the relative influence of the status of information sources upon the behavior of individuals. Therefore, this study was designed to provide an experimental situation wherein this question could be explored through the manipula tion of differing variables. Accordingly 36 Ss were divided among three treatments with each treatment group further sub-divided into two groups. The findings reported in the study have been interpreted as sug gesting that peer group information may be assimilated and con formed with more readily than similar information from a superior in the employment situation; and dogmatism may not be a de pendable variable in conforming judgmental decisions. The experi ment data were analyzed by an analysis of variance technique extended to include a 2X3 factional analysis using the q statistic.
The Relationship Between Group Process Training and Group Problem Solving
Authors: Pankowski Mary L. , Schroeder Wayne L. , Jahns Irwin 
Published: March 2007

The study was designed to investigate the relationship be tween group process training and group effectiveness. The sixteen individuals who registered for Program Develop ment and Evaluation at The Florida State University during the winter quarter of 1972 constituted the sample selected for this study. Registrants were matched and randomly assigned to two groups of eight members each based on their scores on Rokeach's Dogmatism Scale, Form E, a questionnaire regarding their previous group process training and/or experience in groups, and a Pre- Test of Program Development and Evaluation. The experimental group received twelve hours of group pro cess training from an experienced trainer over a two-day period prior to their beginning work on the problems submitted to them. The group process data were collected by two trained raters from the tape recordings and transcriptions of the group meetings using Jahns' Performance Rating Instrument. The quality of the problem solutions as evidenced in the group products was assessed by two professors of Adult Education at Florida State University. Statistical tests of the data revealed a significantly greater dis tribution of participation among the members of the trained group; the trained group made a significantly smaller percentage of self- oriented contributions and a higher percentage of group oriented contributions than did the untrained group. With the exception of one product, the group which received the group process train ing produced significantly higher quality solutions to problems sub mitted to it.
Learning Orientations and Participation in Self-Education and Continuing Education
Authors: Dickinson Gary , Clark Kathleen M. 
Published: March 2007

This study explored the nature of the relationship between learning orientations and participation by adults in learning activi ties. The typology suggested by Houle and extended by others provided the framework for the investigation of learning orienta tions. The categories of self-education and continuing education suggested by Verner and others were used to analyze learning activities. The theoretical framework proposed that different learn ing orientations would be associated with varying levels of partici pation in self-education and continuing education. Six research hypotheses derived from the theoretical frame work were tested with a sample consisting of 220 female registered nurses. The instruments used were Sheffield's Continuing Learning Orientation Index and two eleven-item measures of participation in self-education and continuing education. The factors identified from the Sheffield instrument were similar to those found in other applications of the same instrument and consistent with the Houle typology. The factor named "learning orientation" was clearly related to participation both in self-education and continuing education, but there was a mixed pattern of relationships with respect to the other learning orientations. It was concluded that there was still a need to determine more accurately the utility of learning orientations as predictors of participation in different types of learning activities.
Rethinking International Compensation
Authors: Milkovich George T. , Bloom Matt 
Published: March 2007

In the global economy, transnational economic factors are affecting compensation schemes for both expatriates and local hires. Also affecting new thinking about multinational compensation issues is the issue of meshing corporate cultures with local cultures. Conventional thinking has emphasized that all multinationals-like all politics, in the words of former House speaker Tip O'Neill-are local. But the authors argue that the importance of national cultures is exaggerated when thinking about global strategy and compensation and reward systems. Business strategy and markets are more appropriate units of analysis, they say. Companies should adopt models that allow managers the opportunity to tailor the total compensation system to fit the context in which they compete within a framework of corporate principles.
Trends in Crime Rates, Certainty of Punishment and Severity of Punishment in the Netherlands
Authors: Marshall Ineke Haen 
Published: March 2007

This paper addresses the interaction between crime rates and sentencing policies in the Netherlands, a country generally known for its relatively lenient treatment of criminals. The first section describes major changes which have taken place in Dutch crime policy and criminality over the last twenty years. The second part of the paper speculates about the interplay between, respectively, certainty and severity of punishment and crime rates in the Netherlands. The major source for the description of developments in Dutch crime and crime policy is the recently published government policy document Sameleving en Criminaliteit: Een Beleidsplan voor de Komende Jaren (1985), supplemented by other government reports, criminal justice statistics, and scholarly publications. In this study, no attempt is made to address the profound problems and criticisms that arise from the use of aggregated data to study general deterrence. We lack, at this point, the necessary data to provide sophisticated time-series analyses appropriate for such an endeavor. Rather, our efforts are directed at providing a general description of some of the more important changes which have taken place in Dutch criminal justice policy and crime, with some speculative comments about possible implications for deterrence theory.
The 3D Stress Field at the Edge of a Circular Hole and the Interface of a Laminated Composite Plate
Authors: Folias E.S. 
Published: March 2007

The author in this paper investigates the 3D stress field in the immediate vicinity of a bonded interface and the free edge of a hole in a laminated composite plate The laminates are assumed to be of homogeneous and isotropic materials, but of different elastic properties As to loading, a uniform tensile load is applied in the plane of the plate and at points far remote from the hole (see Figure 1) In constructing the local asymptotic solution, the author assumes the 3D field in a cer tain form which then permits a straightforward Williams approach for the determination of the stress singularities. The displacement and stress fields are recovered explicitly and a stress singularity is shown to exist for certain shear moduli ratios of G2/ G1. In general, the stress singularity is shown to be a function of the respective ratios of the shear moduli and Poisson's Moreover, the presence of a second singularity is observed which has sig nificant implications to the problem of adhesion An extension of the results to anisotropic layers is also discussed.
The Schartz-Metterclume Method
Authors: Manteltasche Dagobert D. , Besser-Wisser Otto I.Q. 
Published: March 2007

This article describes a parsimonious statistical method for deducing everything that can be known about the unknown by analysing anything that happens to be known about the known. Schartz Metterclume (SM) is a revolutionary new breakthrough in the social sciences that builds upon the synergies of higher mathematics, discourse analysis, rational choice and neo-postdistanciationalist theory. Exhaustive testing of the method shows that it unfailingly produces correct estimates of the causal effects of unknown variables. Indeed the less that is known about the phenomenon under investigation in the first place, the more precise and robust the statistical results of SM are. A brief layman’s account of a parsimonious statistical method of deducing everything that can be known about the unknown by analysing anything that happens to be known about the known. SM = BS2
Autonomy and 'inner distance'
Authors: Owen David 
Published: March 2007

The problem I raise here is not what ought to succeed mankind in the sequence of species (- the human being is an end -): but what type of human being one ought to breed, ought to will, as more valuable, more worthy of life, more certain of the future. (Friedrich Nietzsche1) The question which leads us beyond the grave of our own generation is not 'how will human beings feel in the future', but 'how will they be' ... We do not want to train up feelings of well-being in people, but those characteristics we think constitute the greatness and nobility of our human nature. (Max Weber2)
History of psychiatry in Lubeck: the nineteenth century
Authors: Reger Karl-Heinz , Dilling Horst 
Published: March 2007

The history of Lübeck psychiatry in the nineteenth century is presented and delineated with the State Asylum in Wakenitz Street as its centre. It is based on handwritten and printed files in the archives of the Hanseatic City of Lübeck and its Psychiatric Clinic of the Medical University. A concise presentation of the role of psychiatry in the City-State before the nineteenth century is given. Following a description of the history of the Asylum's construction and its finances the composition of the staff and patients is dealt with. In three separate time-scales the schemes of diagnosis that were used as well as the general and specific psychiatric treatments that were applied are successively delineated as they underwent important changes in the course of time. Special emphasis is laid on a clear presentation of how the mentally ill were dealt with in everyday life. None of the physicians and psychiatrists practising in the Lübeck State Lunatic Asylum belonged to any one definite school of thought in a strict and one-sided manner. It is, nevertheless, possible to locate their approximate position within contemporary psychiatric trends and to give a characterization of their personalities and medico-scientific work.
Comment on “An Economic Argument for Affirmative Action”
Authors: Friedman David D. 
Published: March 2007

The Forum consists of comments on previously published papers and responses by authors. Unlike the Comment section in many other academic journals, the Forum includes solicited as well as unsolicited contributions. We encourage debates by actively seeking points of view contrary to those expressed in articles published in the journal. The Forum is intended to promote an open and critical debate that contributes to the intellectual vitality and further development of rational-choice-based theory and research. Forum contributions should follow the form used by Rationality and Society and should not exceed five double-spaced pages.