bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inflammation in human skin induced by ultraviolet irradiation
Authors: Plummer N A , Hensby C N , Greaves M W , Black A K 
Published: December 2008

Summary
Pharmacologically active mediators of inflammation were obtained from suction bullae raised on normal and ultraviolet B (290-320 nm) inflamed human abdominal skin. The exudates obtained from the bullae were examined by superfusion cascade bioassay, by radioimmunoassay for PGF2alpha and by column, thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography. Ultraviolet B (u.v.-B) irradiation of human skin produced an erythema which appeared after 2 hr, increased in severity up to 24 hr and persisted for more than 48 hr. Bioassayable and radioimmunoassayable prostaglandin activity was elevated at 6 hr, was maximal at 24 hr and had returned to normal 48 hr. Topical application of indomethacin suppressed both the erythema and the increased concentration of PGF2alpha as measured by radioimmunoassay. Chromatographic studies confirmed increased prostaglandin activity at 6 and 24 hr and in addition demonstrated an increase in arachidonic acid-like activity. The results suggest that prostaglandins may play an important role between 6 and 24 hr of u.v.-B-induced erythema. Whether the reduction of erythema by indomethacin can be partially or wholly attributable to inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis is uncertain.
A temporary biological dressing in the treatment of varicose ulcers and skin defects
Authors: Kaisary A V 
Published: December 2008

Summary
Corethium 2 has been known to be a valuable biological dressing which encourages re-epithelization in cases of tissue loss, especially in varicose ulcers. It ensures a superior quality of healed tissue even in difficult chronic cases. It also reduces the overall treatment time and can be used as an out-patient dressing.
Placental transfer of lead and its effects on the newborn
Authors: Clark A R L 
Published: December 2008

SummaryFollowing delivery, blood was taken from 122 mothers and their infants' cords for estimation of lead, haemoglobin, packed cell volume and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration. All were resident in Kasanda, a township within a radius of 3000 metres of Brokin Hill Lead Mine and Smelter, Zambia, where the annual mean atmospheric lead concentration was 9.6 microgram/m3 and the soil lead concentration 100-9400 p.p.m. Their mean blood levels were high, being 41.2 microgram and 37 microgram/dl for mothers and infants respectively, with a significant correlation (r = 0.77, P less than 0.001). Thus an infant's blood lead at birth closely follows that of its mother even at high values. The increased lead level transfer, however, did not appear adversely to affect the birth weight or red cell values of the newborn. Cord blood lead levels are being used in Broken Hill to monitor a community's exposure to lead.
The effects of supplementary nicotine in regular cigarette smokers
Authors: Turner J A M , Sillett R W , Taylor D M , McNicol M W 
Published: December 2008

Summary
Blood nicotine levels were measured in eight subjects over a 5-week period, while smoking normally, while smoking and chewing gum containing 2 mg nicotine, and while smoking and chewing placebo gum. Despite a small but significant rise in blood nicotine levels during the period of the nicotine gum chewing (mean 35.3 ng/ml) compared with placebo (mean 28.9 ng/ml) and control (mean 26.3 ng/ml), cigarette consumption butt lengths, filter nicotine and blood carboxyhaemoglobin levels did not change indicating that there had been no significant changes in smoking patterns. The reasons for this failure to demonstrate an effect are discussed. It is concluded that the dose of nicotine used was probably not adequate to produce an effect.
Effect of propranolol on glucose tolerance in hyperthyroidism
Authors: Harrower A D B , Nairn I M , Strong J A 
Published: December 2008

Summary
Glucose tolerance tests were performed on six hyperthyroid patients in the morning and afternoon before, and at the end of treatment with propranolol for 2 weeks. All six subjects showed normal glucose tolerance with a normal diurnal rhythm before treatment and this remained normal in five during treatment with propranolol, while one patient developed abnormal glucose tolerance and the diurnal variation was abolished. No change in insulin levels was noted in any of the patients either before or during treatment. Propranolol may cause deterioration in glucose tolerance in some subjects with hyperthyroidism and this possibility should not be overlooked.
Papilloedema associated with respiratory failure
Authors: Pye I F , Blandford R L 
Published: December 2008

Summary
A case of papilloedema secondary to respiratory failure is reported which caused considerable diagnostic difficulty and led to extensive neurological investigation. Neurological complaints of headache and visual impairment overshadowed respiratory symptoms and were associated with gross haemorrhagic papilloedema. The case is compared with previous reports and the pathogenesis of papilloedema in respiratory failure is reviewed briefly. The similarity between the pathogenesis of this condition and benign intracranial hypertension is discussed.
Cimetidine in the management of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
Authors: Larkworthy W , Davies H L 
Published: December 2008

Summary
The first case of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome treated from the outset continuously for more than a year with the histamine H2-receptor antagonist cimetidine is reported. Symptomatic response has been dramatic and sustained, marked endoscopic improvement has been observed with healing of oesophageal, gastric and stomal ulcers.
Leukaemoid reaction in a case of leiomyosarcoma of the bladder
Authors: Narayana A S , Kelly D G , Duff F A 
Published: December 2008

Summary
The first case of leiomyosarcoma of the urinary bladder associated with leukaemoid reaction is herein presented. There was no secondary involvement of bone marrow to explain the leukaemoid reaction. It may have been due either to tumour necrosis or to an unknown humoral substance elaborated by the tumour.
Effect of noxythiolin on experimental peritonitis
Authors: Gilmore O J A , Houang E T , Reid C , Shaw E J 
Published: December 2008

Summary
The intraperitoneal instillation of noxythiolin in the treatment of peritonitis is widespread in clinical practice despite contradictory evidence as to its efficacy. In this light the value of noxythiolin was reappraised by studying its effect in guinea-pigs and mice with induced bacterial peritonitis. Treatment with a 1% solution of noxythiolin reduced the mortality rate of mice by 14% (P&lt;0·1). The guinea-pig model proved unreliable giving inconsistent mortality rates throughout. Further studies are required to determine the optimum dose and concentration of noxythiolin while the search for more effective intraperitoneal antiseptics should continue.
Whipple's disease in a female with impaired cell-mediated immunity unresponsive to co-trimoxazole and levamisole therapy
Authors: Haeney M R , Ross I N 
Published: December 2008

SummaryA case of Whipple's disease in a female is described. Malabsorption of iron, vitamin B12, folic acid and fat was present. These abnormalities reverted to normal after introduction of co-trimoxazole therapy. The patient's humoral immune system was normal, in contrast to impairment of cell-mediated immunity, which has not improved in spite of co-trimoxazole treatment for 2 years, and a therapeutic trial of levamisole.These findings are further evidence that there may be a primary immune deficiency in patients with Whipple's disease.
Roundworm granuloma of the anterior abdominal wall
Authors: Chandrasoma P T , De Silva S , Yoganathan M 
Published: December 2008

Summary
A case of migration of a gravid female roundworm into the peritoneal cavity is reported. The presenting feature, a lump in the anterior abdominal wall, has not previously been documented. Fertilized ova of the worm were found in miliary peritoneal granulomata, and showed development up to the eight-cell stage.
Cardiac rupture in post-myocardial infarction syndrome
Authors: Hislop W S 
Published: December 2008

Summary
A fatal case of post-myocardial infarction syndrome (PMIS) followed by a rupture of an inferior left ventricular aneurysm is described. Attention is drawn to the growing number of reports of aneurysm in PMIS, and the clinico-pathological significance of this association is discussed.
Penetration into bone and tissues of clindamycin phosphate
Authors: Baird P , Hughes S , Sullivan M , Willmot I 
Published: December 2008

SummaryClindamycin phosphate is an antibiotic which is effective against both Staphylococcus aureus and the anaerobic organisms. In thirteen patients, its concentration following joint replacement was measured by the agar diffusion method. In bone, the concentration was (mean ± s.e. mean) 5·01 microgram/ml ± 1·16, N=10; in capsule, 3·29 microgram/ml ± 0·71, N=12; measured between 1·75 and 3·75 hr after intramuscular and intravenous injections, and in drainage fluid it amounted to 4·61 microgram/ml ± 0·38, N=11 in 48 hr. Two patients developed diarrhoea which settled within a short period.
Plasma concentration/time curve of erythromycin after a 12-hour intravenous infusion of erythromycin lactobionate in man
Authors: Parsons R L , Paddock Gillian M , David Jill , Stamp S T 
Published: December 2008

Summary
As the pharmacokinetics after a slow infusion had not previously been evaluated in the doses used in this study, it was decided to measure the plasma concentration/time curve after a twelve-hour intravenous infusion of 2·0 g of erythromycin lactobionate in 2 litres of 0·9% normal saline. Six healthy medical students with no past history of cardiovascular, renal, hepatic, metabolic or gastrointestinal disease and no past drug allergy participated. The concentration of erythromycin base in venous blood was measured by small plate microbiological assay. Venous blood was taken at zero, 15, 30, 45, 60 min and at 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 hr after starting the infusions. Duplicate assays were performed on all plasma samples at Guy's and at the manufacturer's laboratories. A full haematological and biochemical screening profile was performed before and after the study.
The mean ± s.e. plasma erythromycin base concentration rose from 0·7 ± 0·2 μg/ml at 15 min to 6·06 ± 1·6 μg/ml at 1 hr. The peak plasma concentration was between 1·48 ± 0·25 μg/ml at 30 min and 7·21 ± 0·93 μg/ml at 4 hr. The plasma concentration at 12 hr was 6·17 ± 0·33 μg/ml, and fell to 0·37 ± 0·05 μg/ml at 24 hr.
These findings suggest that therapeutically effective plasma concentrations follow a slow intravenous infusion of erythromycin lactobionate. There was no evidence of adverse haematological or biochemical function in the tests of blood, hepatic or renal function, apart from two volunteers who vomited after the infusions were discontinued.
Differentiation of irregular rhythms by frequency distribution analysis
Authors: Talbot S , Dreifus L S 
Published: December 2008

Summary
Distinctive electrocardiographic patterns for atrial fibrillation, sinus rhythm and atrial extrasystoles, sinus arrhythmia and atrial flutter were found by analysing the frequency distribution of cycle lengths of the electrocardiogram.
Frequency distribution analysis, demonstrated that atrial fibrillation is not completely irregular, but shows more long cycles than expected by chance and often a mode at the lower end of the distribution. Irregular atrial flutter is similar. Sinus arrhythmia has more variable organization, but usually there is a centrally situated mode with decreasing observations to the two extremities, and positive skewing. Examples of sinus rhythm and atrial extrasystoles usually have a mode at the upper end of the distribution with a secondary concentration of observations at the lower extremity.
Ratios derived from the frequency distributions were of value in differentiating these arrhythmias.
It is suggested that such information will improve computer identification of arrhythmia.
Preparations used for the artificial feeding of infants
Authors: Widdowson E M 
Published: December 2008

Summary
Cow's milk differs from human milk in a number of important ways, and manufactures of dried milk preparations for infants have used various methods to make the composition of the diluted product more like that of human milk. The first was to add lactose, or to recommend the mother to add sucrose. This not only increased the carbohydrate, but also ‘diluted’ the protein and inorganic constituents which are more concentrated in cow's than in human milk. The second was to replace all or part of the cow's milk fat with animal and vegetable fats, and so make the fatty acid composition more like that of human milk fat. In particular the proportion of linoleic acid was increased and that of stearic acid decreased, and this made the fat more easily digested and absorbed by the young infant. The third modification of cow's milk has been more fundamental. Its aim has been to make a product containing less sodium and phosphorus than cow's milk and with a higher lactalbumin: casein ratio. Whey, which contains lactalbumin but not casein, is used as the starting material. This is dialysed to remove soluble inorganic constituents. Some skimmed milk is then added to supply casein and some minerals, and the composition is adjusted as required with further minerals and vitamins. Lactose is added and a mixture of animal and vegetable fats.
Dried milks on sale in Britain contain added vitamins A,D, and C and also iron. Some have added copper and zinc.
Motivating adolescents to reduce risk for chronic disease
Authors: Williams C L , Wynder E L 
Published: December 2008

Summary
Motivating children to reduce risk for future disease can only be effective within a framework of personal involvement and peer interaction. The ‘Know Your Body’ programme of disease prevention is attempting to achieve this goal by means of medical screening for risk factors, giving students their own results in a ‘Health Passport’, and following up with educational activities integrated into existing school curricula. Didactic teaching alone has been unsuccessful because children cannot relate information about diseases in adult life to themselves. Screening for risk factors provides the ‘reality factor’ which makes health education pertinent and personal, since approximately half of all students screened will already have one or more risk factors for heart disease, cancer or stroke. This high prevalence of risk factors among our children suggests that chronic-disease prevention must assume a critically important position within the health and science curricula of every school. It is as important to teach our children healthy ways of living as it is to teach reading, writing, and arithmetic.
A national food policy for prevention of CHD?
Authors: Miller D , Truswell A S 
Published: December 2008

Summary
There is an increasing recognition of the importance of diet in the prevention of CHD. Dietary recommendations of various authoritative bodies are summarized. There is now a concensus of opinion concerning certain nutritional changes needed. These have important implications for education, agriculture, food labelling and food subsidies. It is concluded that a national food policy is needed, but that this should come from education and persuasion and not from compulsion.
The attitude of the food industry
Authors: Green J 
Published: December 2008

Summary
The food industry necessarily provides what the nation will eat. Whilst taking care to meet all the standards laid down, the industry has to follow fashion rather than to dictate it. It welcomes advice from the medical profession but much advice has been slow to come. In this spirit of co-operation the food industry accepts its role to feed the nation and does so with responsibility for health and hygiene.
Physical exercise and the prevention of atherosclerosis and cholesterol gall stones
Authors: Simko Vlado 
Published: December 2008

SummaryThere is accumulating evidence in man and experimental animals that even mild exercise, if regularly repeated, may alter the metabolism of lipids. Exercise has been reported as decreasing peripheral tissue cholesterol in red blood cells, working muscle, lungs and the liver. During physical activity, the output of cholesterol and bile acids into the bile increases. This probably leads to higher faecal losses of sterols which may lead to lower cholesterol levels in the peripheral tissues and in the bile, when exercise is repeated regularly. Preferential release of unsaturated fatty acids from the adipose tissue during exercise and the linoleic acid-dependent LCAT enzyme (transporting plasma cholesterol) may be partly responsible for this effect of exercise. The experimental data reviewed provide supportive basis for epidemiological studies reporting on the beneficial effect of regular exercise.Physical activity is an important factor in the phylogeny of all animal species, secondary only to food intake and reproduction. Exercise is readily available to all population groups. There is good evidence that the amount of exercise required for a protective effect is easily accessible for time-pressured and older individuals. Short bursts of activity repeated several times a day may be equally or more beneficial than prolonged exhaustive exercise. Modified exercise is also beneficial for patients with coronary heart disease and for elderly patients, provided this is done under strict medical supervision. To be effective, physical exercise should be regular and continuous throughout life.
Oral methionine loading as a cause of acute serum folate deficiency: its relevance to parenteral nutrition
Authors: Connor H , Newton D J , Preston F E , Woods H F 
Published: December 2008

Summary
Oral methionine supplements (8.0 g daily for 4 days) were given to five normal volunteers who continued to eat their usual diet. This treatment resulted in a significant fall in serum folate concentration. Three days after the end of treatment concentrations had not completely returned to control values. The fall in concentration was prevented by giving oral folic acid supplements. It is suggested that folic acid supplements should be given to patients who are receiving intravenous infusions of amino acid mixtures.
Therapy of Candida peritonitis: penetration of amphotericin B into peritoneal fluid
Authors: Peterson L R , Kelty R H , Hall W H , Votava H J 
Published: December 2008

Summary
Candida albicans peritonitis developed in a 48-year-old man with a perforated gastric ulcer who subsequently was treated with intravenous amphotericin B. The drug penetrated well into the inflamed peritoneal cavity and eradicated the organism from the peritoneal fluid. Nevertheless, at post-mortem, Candida organisms were demonstrated in a gall-bladder empyema and within the gall-bladder wall. Because intra-abdominal organs may be involved in Candida peritonitis, the use of high dose amphotericin B administered either intravenously, intraperitoneally, or both intravenously and intraperitoneally is recommended.
Ileo-caecal tuberculosis in immigrants
Authors: Croker J , Record C O , Wright J T 
Published: December 2008

Summary
Four cases of ileo-caecal tuberculosis in Asian immigrants were seen in a 6-month period at The London Hospital. Although rare in Caucasians, this condition is an important cause of gastrointestinal symptoms in this ethnic group. Definitive diagnosis can frequently be made only by histological examination and culture of biopsy material obtained at laparotomy. However, in suitable cases, where there is a high index of clinical suspicion, a trial of chemotherapy may be preferable to operation. If laparotomy is performed, resection with subsequent chemotherapy is the treatment of choice.
Staphylococcal aortic valve endocarditis with aortic root to right atrial fistula
Authors: De Cock K M , Rees J R 
Published: December 2008

Summary
Infective endocarditis can be complicated by the development of intra-cardiac shunts. A case of endocarditis secondary to staphylococcal septicaemia is reported where various conduction defects preceded the development of a fistula from the aortic root to the right atrium. Before emergency surgery there was marked worsening of heart failure with the appearance of a new loud murmur throughout diastole.
Intravascular haemolysis and acute renal failure following potassium dichromate poisoning
Authors: Sharma B K , Singhal P C , Chugh K S 
Published: December 2008

Summary
An 18-year-old girl developed acute renal failure 24 hr after ingestion of potassium dichromate. Laboratory data revealed associated intravascular haemolysis. Renal histology showed features suggestive of acute tubular necrosis. She went into diuretic phase after 11 days of oliguria and subsequently regained normal renal function. Both direct toxic damage by dichromate and intravascular haemolysis may have contributed to the development of acute tubular necrosis and acute renal failure.
Pancreatitis and duodenal obstruction due to periampullary carcinoma associated with familial polyposis coli
Authors: Clarke D N , Smith J A R , Norman J N , Brunt P W 
Published: December 2008

Summary
Duodenal lesions are being reported in cases with familial polyposis of the colon. A case is described presenting with duodenal obstruction and pancreatitis complicating a peri-ampullary carcinoma in a patient with familial polyposis (adenomatosis of the colon and rectum). Upper gastrointestinal lesions notably in the duodenum include duodenal polyps and carcinoma and peri-ampullary malignancy. It is suggested that endoscopy and hypotonic duodenography be considered in patients with adenomatosis of the colon and rectum presenting with non-colonic alimentary symptoms.
Immunological results in myocardial diseases
Authors: Bolte H-D , Schultheiss P 
Published: December 2008

Summary
Immunological studies have shown new diagnostically important changes in alcoholic and viral myocarditis, as well as in congestive cardiomyopathy.
Increased heart size correlated with the degree of congestive heart failure, as well as with negative immunofluorescence and an increased IgA concentration in the serum. These findings may serve as a diagnostic aid in patients with myocardial disease due to alcohol abuse.
Viral heart disease is characterized by a variety of symptoms and nuclear antibodies (IgM) can be of help in the differential diagnosis.
Heart muscle tissue of patients with congestive cardiomyopathy preferentially binds IgG and IgA. In addition to the other changes these findings are of diagnostic importance. It seems likely that results similar to those obtained for humoral antibodies in congestive cardiomyopathy will apply in the correlation of the haemodynamic status of the patients. The pathophysiological implication of these findings is not clear at present, but the evolution of congestive cardiomyopathy appears to be associated with binding of immunoglobulin to the myocardium, as well as with humoral antiheart antibodies.
The management of childhood osteomyelitis
Authors: Khazenifar M , Weighill F J , Stanley J K 
Published: December 2008

Summary
The management of seventy-six children admitted to Aler Hey Children's Hospital with osteomyelitis is discussed and the indications for surgical intervention are defined. The clinical and pathological course of the disease is examined and the term post-acute osteomyelitis is introduced. The importance of recognition of this stage of the disease and its relevance to the management is highlighted. The use of single antibiotic therapy (clindamycin) is shown to be at least as effective as combinational therapy. Complete resolution was achieved in 94·7% of children, surgical intervention was performed on 74·6%.