bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of radiation on skin surface contour
Authors: Lefaix J‐L. , Mignot J. 
Published: October 2006

Background/aims: Cutaneous relief varies according to numerous external and internal parameters such as sex, ageing, moisturizing, effect of radiation. The purpose of this initial study was to measure the sensitivity of skin relief as a parameter which varies with the intensity of radiation.Methods: For this study, the skin relief of 5 pigs irradiated with 90 Sr‐90 Y β rays in different doses was evaluated over a period of 7 days after irradiation. From silicone rubber replicas taken on the skin relief, hard positive replicas were made. These were then used to quantify the skin topography with 3‐D contact profilometry.Results: Whatever the dose, the vertical amplitude of the skin relief was lower in the irradiated areas than in the adjacent non‐irradiated ones. A mean decrease of 10‐15 % was detected as early as the first day after irradiation and reached large values (45%) in some animals.Conclusion: 3‐D quantification of the skin relief can be used to quantify the modifications induced by irradiation. This method is interesting because it shows that it is possible to measure a significant variation only 1 day after irradiation, when no erythema is visible.
Microscopic FT‐IR/DSC combined system used to investigate the thermotropic behavior of lipid in porcine stratum corneum after pretreatment with skin penetration enhancers
Authors: Lin Shan‐Yang , Duan Kwo‐Jen , Lin Tsung‐Chien 
Published: October 2006

Background: The stratum corneum (SC) is the outermost barrier of the skin to prevent environmental attack and water loss. The function of SC has been found to be related to the lipid phase transitions in SC. In this study, we used a newly developed microscopic Fourier transform infrared spectrometer equipped with a thermal analyzer (FT‐IR/DSC) system to simultaneously investigate the correlation between the thermotropic response and the structural changes of lipids in porcine SC after pretreatment with skin penetration enhancers.Methods: The CH2 stretching vibrational bands near 2850 and 2920 cm‐1 of lipid in porcine SC pretreated with skin penetration enhancers were studied by this microscopic FT‐IR/DSC system.Results: The results indicate that the temperature‐induced change in the peak position for both asymmetric and symmetric CH2 stretching bands was found to be shifted to higher wavenumber position with increased temperature and this alteration was reversible after cooling the heated SC sample, which was independent of the skin penetration enhancers pretreated except the SC sample pretreated with azone/propylene glycol.Conclusion: The porcine SC pretreated with azone/propylene glycol exhibited a marked change in the phase‐transition temperatures of lipid during 1 st and 2nd heating processes, suggesting the synergistic effect of both azone and temperature on the lipid thermotropic behavior of porcine SC.
Computer simulation of skin color based on a multilayered skin model
Authors: Takiwaki Hirotsugu , Kanno Yoshiyuki , Miyaoka Yuki , Arase Seiji 
Published: October 2006

Background/aims:Melanin and hemoglobin are major cutaneous chromophores related to skin color. The purpose of this study was to develop a computer simulation system that demonstrates how skin color changes following changes in the amount and distribution of these chromophores.Methods:The optical theory of a multilayered skin model was used for simulation of skin color. Optical parameter values necessary for this model were estimated with a videomicroscope interfaced with a computer by analyzing videoimages of in vitro cutaneous components. The reflectance values of the model containing varying amounts of melanin and hemoglobin were predicted and the corresponding color was displayed. The results were compared with actual reflectance and color of various skin lesions.Results:Variations in the color of epidermal pigmentary disorders were especially well simulated by this system. The more complex colors of lesions associated with dermal melanocytosis, such as nevus of Ota, were demonstrated by inserting a melanin layer in the dermis of the model.Conclusions:This system may be a useful tool for demonstrating the relationship between skin color and the amount and distribution of major cutaneous chromophores.
A simple method to estimate CIE‐L*a*b* values of the skin from its videomicroscopic image
Authors: Takiwaki Hirotsugu , Miyamoto Hiroshi , Ahsan Kamrul 
Published: October 2006

Background/aims:The C I E (Commission Internationale de I'Eclairage)‐L*a*b* is the most popular standardized color system. The purpose of this study was to develop a simple method for estimating C I E‐L*a*b* values of the skin using a video microscope and a computer.Methods:Skin images were obtained with a video microscope of various anatomical locations and ultraviolet B‐induced erythema and pigmentation in seven subjects. R G B (red, green, and blue) color coordinates of the images were converted into quasi‐L*a*b* values using formulae similar to those defined by C I E. These values were compared with C I E‐L*a*b* values simultaneously measured with a colorimeter.Results:The correlation coefficients between C I E‐ and quasi‐L*a*b* values were 0.97 (L*), 0.91 (a*), and 0.84 (b*Conclusions:Our method may be useful for deriving CIE‐L*a*b* values of the skin from its video microscopic image.
Site, gender and age variation in normal skin colour on the back and the forearm: tristimulus colorimeter measurements
Authors: Fullerton A. , Serup J. 
Published: October 2006

Background/aims:To study whether anatomical location and age and gender of subjects had any influence on the objective skin colour measurements.Methods:Baseline colour in prone position was measured with the Minolta ChromaMeter® in the upper, middle and lower level of the upper back and on the forearm of 168 volunteers. These two sites are commonly used in skin testing.Results and conclusions:Higher basal a* and lower basal L* levels were found on the upper scapular region compared to the lower scapular region and the subscapular region. The basal b* level showed no variation relative to site. The basal a* and the basal b* levels were lower on the forearm compared to the upper back while the basal L* level was higher. Females above 65 years showed a less coloured skin with lower values as compared to those of younger age. Females were found to have a generally lower basal a* level than males both on the upper back and forearm skin. These relatively major differences and sources of variation have to be considered when planning irritancy studies where colour differences between erythema and normal skin is used.
Assessment of erythema and skin perfusion by digital image analysis and scanner laser Doppler
Authors: Mattsson Ulf , Krogstad Anne‐Lene , Pegenius Göran , Elam Mikael , Jontell Mats 
Published: October 2006

Background/aims:In the present study, a model for measuring the intensity of skin erythema by computer‐assisted digital image analysis (DIA) was elaborated. The DIA technique was compared with laser Doppler perfusion imaging (PIM) to evaluate the relationship between erythema and skin perfusion.Methods:To produce erythema, three different types of nicotine patches (Nicotinell®, Nicorette® and Nicorette® placebo) were randomly applied ventrally on the upper arms for the time period recommended by the manufactures. After removal of the patches, colour photographs for subsequent DIA were taken and laser Doppler scanning for PIM was performed. The relationship between PIM and DIA was estimated intra‐ and inter‐individually.Results/conclusions:A statistically significant linear correlation between PIM and DIA data was found, but the relationship was relatively weak. This may be explained by the fact that DIA and PIM are influenced by different physiological factors such as skin chromophores and velocity of moving cells. The results strengthen the theory that erythema and perfusion measurements reflect separate physiological phenomena and that the methods should be considered complements to each other in the experimental situation.
Relationship between transepidermal water loss and temperature of the measuring probe
Authors: Thoma S. , Welzel J. , Wilhelm K.‐P. 
Published: October 2006

Background/aims:Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) is an important parameter for the determination of skin barrier function. The open chamber method has been established as the technique of choice in most dermatological laboratories for measurements of TEWL. However, the influence of the probe temperature on TEWL measurements has been the subject of recent controversial debates. In this study the relationship between TEWL measured with the Tewameter and temperature of the measuring probe was therefore investigated by comparing two different measuring techniques.Methods:For one measurement, the probe was kept at room temperature (20°C) and for the other one, the probe was preheated to the actual temperature of the measuring object before obtaining the values. Measurements were performed on evaporative standards (EvSs) and healthy individuals. For the EvSs, semipermeable membranes were pulled over a petri dish filled with water, which could be heated.Results:TEWL values were found to depend on the temperature of the probe. TEWL values were higher when measured with the preheated probe. However, long‐term measurements revealed that TEWL values measured with the unheated probe reached those higher TEWL values after approximately 8 min measuring time.Conclusions:The final TEWL value was reached after shorter intervals for the preheated probe compared to the unheated probe (2.5 min vs. 4 min) for some measurements. However, preheating of the probe resulted in greater variability of the measurement values. Therefore, measurements with a preheated Tewameter probe is not be recommended.
Mechanical properties of primary anetoderma in a child
Authors: Piérard‐Franchimont C. , Henry F. , Pierard G. E. 
Published: October 2006

Background/aims:Anetoderma is a rare disease characterized by a prominent dermal atrophy with loss of elastic tissue. The aim of the study was to evaluate the rheological properties of anetoderma using a non‐invasive in vivo suction method.Methods:The Cutometer SM 474 was used with a 2‐ mm probe and successive 500 mbar load cycles. Skin thickness was measured using a 20 MHz ultrasonography A mode scanner.Results:Skin of anetoderma is thinner than normal. Cutaneous extensibility is markedly increased. The viscous component predominates when the anetoderma skin is not yet unfolded. After preconditioning, the defect in elasticity is uncovered.Conclusions:As expected, the rheological properties of anetoderma are abnormal. The nature of the changes varies according to the absence or presence of preconditioning.
Suction blister techniques for measurement of human skin collagen synthesis
Authors: Autio P. , Oikarinen A. 
Published: October 2006

Background/aims:Types I and III collagen are the main fibrillar collagens in the skin. Marked changes occur in the biosynthesis of these proteins during treatment with various drugs, upon ageing and in several diseases. Since conventional methods of assessing these changes have several disadvantages, a new method for estimating collagen synthesis in human skin in vivo has recently been developed. In this method suction blisters are induced on intact, and treated or diseased skin and types I and III procollagen propeptides are measured radioimmunologically in suction blister fluid (SBF).Conclusions:The concentrations of type I and III procollagen propeptides in SBF reflect the corresponding local ongoing skin collagen synthesis. This method offers a new sensitive tool for experimental and clinical dermatology for monitoring skin collagen synthesis. With this method it has been possible, for example, for the first time directly to show in vivo that glucocorticoids rapidly and dramatically decrease human skin collagen synthesis.
Age‐related changes in the three‐dimensional morphological structure of human facial skin
Authors: Takema Y. , Tsukahara K. , Fujimura T. , Hattori M. 
Published: October 2006

Background/aims:The human face shows morphological changes with age. Although these changes are generally recognized as wrinkle formation, there have been no quantitative studies of three‐dimensional morphological changes with age in each area of the face. The object of the present study, therefore, was to evaluate age‐related three‐dimensional morphological changes in each area of the face.Methods:We obtained replicas using a silicon impression material from eight areas of the face (forehead, eye corners, upper eyelids, lower eyelids, glabella, cheeks, mouth angles, and nasolabial groove) of 136 healthy women, and performed morphological evaluations using a small object type three‐dimensional surface morphology measurement system (Voxelan, NKK Co. Ltd., Japan).Results:All parameters examined, with the exception of sWvin the cheeks, increased with age. The correlation between sWp and age was high in the following order: eye corners > mouth angles > glabella > nasolabial groove > upper eyelids > lower eyelids > forehead > cheeks. sWp in all areas except the eye corners was similar to the mean value in the cheeks in the group aged 18‐20 years. However, in the group aged 71‐83 years, marked differences were observed among the eye corners, glabella, mouth angles, nasolabial groove, and upper eyelids. Conclusion: Although sunlight is important in the development of three‐dimensional changes in surface morphology (wrinkles) in the face, other factors seem to play important roles for the progression of these changes.
Correlations between Dermal Torque Meter®, Cutometer®, and Dermal Phase Meter® measurements of human skin
Authors: Murray B. C. , Wickett R. R. 
Published: October 2006

Background/aims:The Dermal Torque Meter® (DTM) and the Cutometer® are instruments that measure mechanical properties of skin. The NOVA(tm) Dermal Phase Meter® (DPM) measures the stratum corneum (SC) hydration level. The objectives of this study were to determine which parameters of the DTM data curves were most sensitive to changes in SC hydration level, which of the two instruments (Cutometer or DTM) was most sensitive, and what correlations existed between the Cutometer and DTM data.Methods:Dry leg skin was created on nine subjects by washing with soap and using no moisturizers for one week. The skin was then treated with moisturizing lotions for two weeks. Measurements were made with the Cutometer, DTM, and DPM pre‐ and post‐treatment.Results:Significant changes in DPM, DTM, and Cutometer measurements were found after the moisturizer treatment. However, correlations were not found between mechanical property data and DPM data. The DTM had the two parameters with the highest sensitivity of all of the DTM and Cutometer parameters. Finally, correlations between the two instruments existed for only three of the ten parameters investigated.Conclusions:While measurements with all three instruments significantly changed in response to skin hydration, neither the DTM nor Cutometer data tended to correlate with DPM data, perhaps due to the differences in the depths into the skin which each instrument measures. Furthermore, the mechanical properties measured by the two instruments do not correlate well between the instruments. Finally, the DTM was found to have the most sensitive parameters.
In vitro calibration of the capacitance method (Corneometer CM 825) and conductance method (Skicon‐200) for the evaluation of the hydration state of the skin
Authors: Barel André O. , Clarys Peter 
Published: October 2006

Background/aims:A major problem with electrical measurements of the capacitance of the skin using the well kwown capacitance method (Corneometer) resides in the fact that the results of this instrument are expressed as arbitrary capacitance hydration units that are not directly related to real electrical units or to the water content of the horny layer. The purpose of this study was to establish a calibration of the capacitance method using a simple in vitro simulation system of the horny layer.Methods:The calibration of capacitance and conductance methods was carried out using cellulose filter papers saturated with water, aqueous solutions and liquids of different dielectric constant (sorption and desorption experiments).Results:Using this in vitro method, correlations were established between the capacitance values and the quantity of water adsorbed on the filter and with the dielectric constant of the liquid saturating the filter paper. High correlations were observed during sorption and desorption experiments between the capacitance and conductance measurements.Conclusions:In vitro calibration of the capacitance method is now possible with this simulation model of the horny layer. Furthermore, determination of the range of sensitivity, accuracy, repeatability and depth of detection of the measuring probe of the capacitance and conductance method were carried out.
In vitro and in vivo evaluation of water penetration through skin protectant barriers
Authors: Shah Sadiq , Kirchner Fred 
Published: October 2006

Background/aims:To evaluate moisture penetration through thin films of skin protectants both in vivo and in vitro.Methods:Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used in the reflectance mode. The in vivo studies involved moisture penetration through skin in the absence and presence of thin skin protectant films on the forearm. Moisture penetration through the stratum corneum was monitored by peeling layers of stratum corneum with Scotch(tm) tape. The in vitro studies involved the use of a 1 mm thick film of the skin protectant products on the window of the attenuated total reflectance (ATR) cell. The moisture penetration in both cases was determined by monitoring the water band at 3300 cm−1. The two products evaluated were petrolatum and iLEX®.Results/Conclusions:Both the in vivo and in vitro results suggest that FTIR reflectance spectroscopy can be used to determine moisture penetration through skin protectant barrier films.
EEMCO guidance for the assessment of stratum corneum hydration: electrical methods
Authors: Berardesca E. ,   European Group for Efficacy Measurements on Cosmetics and Other Topical Products (EEMCO)
Published: October 2006

Background/aims:The improvement of stratum corneum hydration is one of the most important claims in the cosmetic industry.Methods:Objective assessment of moisturization can be done with devices based on electrical methods provided these instruments are used in an appropriate manner.Results:This paper deals with the biophysical basis behind these techniques and describes the most important variables, pitfalls and drawbacks related to measurements and current instrumentation. Individual‐related and environment‐related variables are also analyzed as well as study designs for predictive or use tests.Conclusions:Practical suggestions for standardization of measurements are given.
Applications of Raman spectroscopy to skin research
Authors: Lawson Emma E. , Edwards Howell G. M. , Williams Adrian C. , Barry Brian W. 
Published: October 2006

Background/aims:Raman spectroscopy has been used for a range of biomedical applications: the study of normal and diseased tissues, and the interaction of chemical agents with tissues, implants and even single cells. The object here was to review the extent to which the Raman spectroscopic technique has been applied to skin research, considering the implications of different instrumentation, comparing animal and human skin, healthy and diseased skin and in vivo and in vitro sampling.Conclusions:Raman spectroscopy is a versatile and non‐destructive technique for the study of skin.
The effectiveness of massage treatment on cellulite as monitored by ultrasound imaging
Authors: Lucassen G. W. , van der Sluys W. L. N. , van Herk J. J. , Nuijs A. M. , Wierenga P. E. , Barel A. O. , Lambrecht R. 
Published: October 2006

Background/aims:The visual appearance of cellulite or the‘orange peel’look of skin is a common cosmetic problem for many women. Cellulite, or more correctly lipodystrophy, is a modification of the adipose tissue, whereby the fat lobules are swollen as the result of a disturbed blood and lymph micro‐circulation and fibrosclerose of connective tissue. In the wealthy diversity of products against cellulite, objective methods to measure their efficacy are of growing importance. The purpose of this study is to establish the effectiveness of a skin massage treatment by quantifying the changes in the skin via ultrasound imaging, during and following treatment.Methods:Using 20 MHz C‐mode ultrasound scanning, a three‐dimensional subsurface is constructed that represents the dermis‐hypodermis tissue interface. In normal cellulite‐free skin, this interface is smooth. In the case of cellulite, however, the dermis‐hypodermis junction appears as an irregular surface. Qualitatively, the effect of cellulite treatment is inferred from changes in the shape of this junction. In order to quantify the effect, we chose to monitor the junction area. For the treatments, we used a specially designed handheld electro‐mechanical massage device that was moved along the thigh. Treatments were conducted for 3 months, three times a week, during 15 min on each upper leg of 20 healthy female volunteers with moderate symptoms of cellulite (Curri's classification 1‐2). Ultrasound measurements were performed monthly, and continued for 2 months after the treatments were stopped.Results:The results, on average, indicate a significant smoothening of the dermis‐hypodermis surface (relative surface area reduction 34+3%, 50±3% and 56±2% after 1, 2 and 3 months of treatment, respectively). The smoothening can be described by a mono‐exponential function with a time constant of 1.1 month. After the treatments were discontinued, the relative surface area gradually increased (with a time constant of 2.6 month), which indicates that the effect of massage is not permanent.Conclusion:Treatment of cellulite by means of an electro‐mechanical skin fold massage apparatus significantly smoothens the structure of the dermis‐hypodermis interface. Three‐dimensional ultrasound imaging of the dermis‐hypodermis junction could serve as an objective method to monitor the effectiveness of cellulite treatment.