bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neither Sheep nor Peacocks: T. O. Elias and Post-colonial International Law
Authors: LIM C. L. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis article takes as its starting point the characterization of T. O. Elias as a representative of a ‘weak’ form of anti-colonial scholarship. Elias had sought to show that the ancient African kingdoms had participated in international legality with European states on an equal footing. The view has arisen in contemporary scholarship that this mode of argumentation is typical of the weak strain, evincing only a continued tendency to underestimate the imperial nature of international law itself. A related criticism is that many Third World scholars like Elias view international law's claim to universality and its ability to be inclusive as relatively unproblematic concepts. This article presents two interlocking claims. First, that while Elias was persuaded by the idea of a universal legal order derived from European thought, he never accepted the European view of universality. Vitoria and Grotius had paved the way for the idea of a universal legal order, but, as Elias was consistently aware, the extension of the European law of nations to Africa and Asia in the name of universality was unaccompanied by theoretical recognition in European legal thought that such universality cannot be unilaterally achieved on specific cultural terms. Second, that Elias did not view universality as an unproblematic concept. While he considered the legal order inherited from the European law of nations never to have been universal in its application, the post-colonial legal order could in principle approximate more closely to an ideal of democratic universality. We focus on Elias's attempt to substitute the doctrinal requirement of individual, sovereign consent with majoritarian lawmaking based on democratic theory, and his faith in the machinery of the United Nations as a ‘technology’ which post-colonial states would employ to put democratic majoritarianism into practice.
A Critical Appraisal of the International Legal Tradition of Taslim Olawale Elias
Authors: GATHII JAMES THUO 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis essay critically examines T. O. Elias's international legal scholarship, especially in so far as he sought to reclaim, or claim, a place in international legal history for Africa. Having found that Africa contributed to the formation of international law, Elias argued in favour of reforming its rules so that they could serve the interests of the newly independent African states. In this respect he influenced many contemporary international lawyers in Africa and elsewhere. In particular, his singling out of sovereignty as a barrier to reforming international law is shared by generations of international legal scholars who have criticized states for placing too high a premium on their sovereignty, thereby placing insuperable barriers to their acceptance of egalitarian goals, expressed by, for example, the international bill of human rights. The essay also contrasts Elias to scholars of international law who took the colonial legacy of international law as a barrier to reforming it so that it was consistent with the interests of so-called post-colonial African states.
When British Justice (in African Colonies) Points Two Ways: On Dualism, Hybridity, and the Genealogy of Juridical Negritude in Taslim Olawale Elias
Authors: TOUFAYAN MARK 
Published: May 2008

AbstractTaslim Elias's scholarship on the impact of English common law on the growth of African customary law illustrates the intersectionality negotiated between ‘centre’ and ‘periphery’, universal and subaltern laws. His intellectual portrait is also useful as a heuristic device to excise the doctrines, strategies, imageries, and narratives of progress elaborated about ‘Africa’ and ‘law’. Elias decried the contempt and ignorance exhibited by colonial masters towards native customs and laws; he also vilified judicially crafted ‘repugnancy’ and ‘public policy’ doctrines as instruments of colonial policy to prevent British justice from looking both ways, by ensuring that British standards were the ‘objective’ criteria of abrogation and change. Yet he nonetheless saw these doctrines and English law as a unifying force in the emergence of a unified Nigerian legal system. This article argues that this paradox in Elias's work and his struggle against the asserted dualism between English law and African customary law must be situated in the context of the rise of an African legal consciousness or juridical Negritude, home to various political projects of nation-building, African cultural liberation, and development which strategically intersected in their unstable relationship to law and Western culture. This signals a turn to ‘hybridity’ in legal discourse and Elias's professional trajectory seeking to develop a uniform common law for Nigeria as a way to explicate the workings of this relationship, and how African law is inscribed in the interplay of cultural forces constantly (re)negotiating the boundaries of their engagement with one another. This, in turn, reveals a complex picture of mediating between the simultaneous participation of Third World intellectuals in various struggles and personal or ideological projects within African humanism, which an analysis structured around the stability of centres/peripheries conventionally distorts.
Testing Co-operation: The International Criminal Court and National Authorities
Authors: RASTAN ROD 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe ICC Statute sets up a system for enforcement whereby the Court's decisions are to be effected by domestic authorities. The article explores the implications of this institutional design in terms of the legal tools at the Court's disposal and the extent to which the ICC can adjudicate issues related to state co-operation. At the same time, it examines the responsibilities assumed by all states parties under the Statute to secure compliance, including in situations where the requested national authorities are unwilling or unable to co-operate. It suggests that to be sucessful, the co-operation regime under the ICC Statute will require a dynamic set of interactions between the individual state and the collective.
A Special Tribunal for Lebanon: The UN Security Council and the Emancipation of International Criminal Justice
Authors: MÉGRET FRÉDÉRIC 
Published: May 2008

AbstractDiscussions on the creation of the Special Tribunal for Lebanon have focused on its impact on Lebanese sovereignty and, specifically, the fact that a Chapter VII resolution seems to bypass Lebanese democracy. Simply relying on the idea of a ‘breach of international peace and security’ to overcome these arguments is not helpful. It is more useful to locate the creation of the Tribunal within evolving international criminal justice practices. These practices are increasingly constraining the Security Council's own work rather than the contrary, as international criminal justice gradually emancipates itself from the confines of ‘international peace and security’ and becomes a logic unto itself.
The role of dietary niacin intake and the adenosine-5′-diphosphate-ribosyl cyclase enzyme CD38 in spatial learning ability: is cyclic adenosine diphosphate ribose the link between diet and behaviour?
Authors: Young Genevieve S. , Kirkland James B. 
Published: May 2008

The pyridine nucleotide NAD+is derived from dietary niacin and serves as the substrate for the synthesis of cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR), an intracellular Ca signalling molecule that plays an important role in synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus, a region of the brain involved in spatial learning. cADPR is formed in part via the activity of the ADP-ribosyl cyclase enzyme CD38, which is widespread throughout the brain. In the present review, current evidence of the relationship between dietary niacin and behaviour is presented following investigations of the effect of niacin deficiency, pharmacological nicotinamide supplementation and CD38 gene deletion on brain nucleotides and spatial learning ability in mice and rats. In young male rats, both niacin deficiency and nicotinamide supplementation significantly altered brain NAD+and cADPR, both of which were inversely correlated with spatial learning ability. These results were consistent across three different models of niacin deficiency (pair feeding, partially restricted feeding and niacin recovery). Similar changes in spatial learning ability were observed inCd38− / − mice, which also showed decreases in brain cADPR. These findings suggest an inverse relationship between spatial learning ability, dietary niacin intake and cADPR, although a direct link between cADPR and spatial learning ability is still missing. Dietary niacin may therefore play a role in the molecular events regulating learning performance, and further investigations of niacin intake, CD38 and cADPR may help identify potential molecular targets for clinical intervention to enhance learning and prevent or reverse cognitive decline.
Filter Performance of N99 and N95 Facepiece Respirators Against Viruses and Ultrafine Particles
Authors: Eninger Robert M. , Honda Takeshi , Adhikari Atin , Heinonen-Tanski Helvi , Reponen Tiina , Grinshpun Sergey A. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The performance of three filtering facepiece respirators (two models of N99 and one N95) challenged with an inert aerosol (NaCl) and three virus aerosols (enterobacteriophages MS2 and T4 and Bacillus subtilis phage)—all with significant ultrafine components—was examined using a manikin-based protocol with respirators sealed on manikins. Three inhalation flow rates, 30, 85, and 150 l min−1, were tested. The filter penetration and the quality factor were determined. Between-respirator and within-respirator comparisons of penetration values were performed. At the most penetrating particle size (MPPS), &gt;3% of MS2 virions penetrated through filters of both N99 models at an inhalation flow rate of 85 l min−1. Inhalation airflow had a significant effect upon particle penetration through the tested respirator filters. The filter quality factor was found suitable for making relative performance comparisons. The MPPS for challenge aerosols was &lt;0.1 μm in electrical mobility diameter for all tested respirators. Mean particle penetration (by count) was significantly increased when the size fraction of &lt;0.1 μm was included as compared to particles &gt;0.1 μm. The filtration performance of the N95 respirator approached that of the two models of N99 over the range of particle sizes tested (∼0.02 to 0.5 μm). Filter penetration of the tested biological aerosols did not exceed that of inert NaCl aerosol. The results suggest that inert NaCl aerosols may generally be appropriate for modeling filter penetration of similarly sized virions.
The JAK kinase inhibitor CP‐690,550 supresses the growth of human polycythemia vera cells carrying the JAK2V617F mutation
Authors: Manshouri Taghi , Quintás‐Cardama Alfonso , Nussenzveig Roberto H. , Gaikwad Amos , Estrov Zeev , Prchal Josef , Cortes Jorge E. , Kantarjian Hagop M. , Verstovsek Srdan 
Published: May 2008

The somatic activating janus kinase 2 mutation (JAK2)V617F is detectable in most patients with polycythemia vera (PV). Here we report that CP‐690,550 exerts greater antiproliferative and pro‐apoptotic activity against cells harboring JAK2V617F compared with JAK2WT. CP‐690,550 treatment of murine factor‐dependent cell Patersen–erythropoietin receptor (FDCP‐EpoR) cells harboring human wild‐type or V617F JAK2 resulted in inhibition of cell proliferation with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 2.1 µM and 0.25 µM, respectively. Moreover, CP‐690,550 induced a significant pro‐apoptotic effect on murine FDCP‐EpoR cells carrying JAK2V617F, whereas a lesser effect was observed for cells carrying wild‐type JAK2. This activity was coupled with inhibition of phosphorylation of the key JAK2V617F‐dependent downstream signaling effectors signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3, STAT5, and v‐akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog (AKT). Furthermore, CP‐690,550 treatment of ex‐vivo‐expanded erythroid progenitors from JAK2V617F‐positive PV patients resulted in specific, antiproliferative (IC50 = 0.2 µM) and pro‐apoptotic activity. In contrast, expanded progenitors from healthy controls were less sensitive to CP‐690,550 in proliferation (IC50 > 1.0 µM), and apoptosis assays. The antiproliferative effect on expanded patient progenitors was paralleled by a decrease in JAK2V617F mutant allele frequency, particularly in a patient homozygous for JAK2V617F. Flow cytometric analysis of expanded PV progenitor cells treated with CP‐690,550 suggests a possible transition towards a pattern of erythroid differentiation resembling expanded cells from normal healthy controls. (Cancer Sci 2008; 99: 1265–1273)
Bringing alcohol on campus to raise money: impact on student drinking and drinking problems
Authors: Voas Robert B. , Johnson Mark , Turrisi Robert J. , Taylor Dexter , Honts Charles Robert , Nelsen Lisa 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTAims  Universities are striving to raise funds, often attracting spectators by selling alcohol at campus events. This study evaluates the effect of a policy change on student drinking at a large western university that had historically banned alcohol on campus but transitioned to permitting the sale of alcohol in some of its facilities.Methods  Surveys of student drinking and perceptions of other students' drinking were conducted before, during and after the policy change at the transition university (TU) and compared to similar data from a control university (CU). Surveys of student drinking at on‐campus and off‐campus venues and observations of alcohol service practices were also conducted.Results  The policy change at the TU was introduced cautiously, and sales to underage drinkers were relatively well controlled. Despite this, student drinking rose initially, then declined after 1 year. Perceptions of the amount of drinking by other students increased slightly, but there was no overall measurable increase in student drinking during the first 3 years of the new policy.Conclusions  The conservative TU policy—to sell alcohol only at select events and to control sales to minors—may have limited the impact of on‐campus alcohol sales on student consumption. Although the study results did not find a stable increase in student drinking, they do not necessarily support the liberalization of campus alcohol policy, because the transition is still ‘in progress’ and the final outcome has not been evaluated.
Self‐treatment of opioid withdrawal using kratom (Mitragynia speciosa korth)
Authors: Boyer Edward W. , Babu Kavita M. , Adkins Jessica E. , McCurdy Christopher R. , Halpern John H. 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTBackground  Kratom (Mitragynia speciosa korth) is recognized increasingly as a remedy for opioid withdrawal by individuals who self‐treat chronic pain.Case description  A patient who had abruptly ceased injection hydromorphone abuse self‐managed opioid withdrawal and chronic pain using kratom. After co‐administering the herb with modafinil he experienced a tonic‐clonic seizure, but he reported only modest abstinence once kratom administration stopped. We confirmed the identity of the plant matter he ingested as kratom and identified no contaminants or adulterants. We also conducted high‐throughput molecular screening and the binding affinity at mu, delta and kappa receptors of mitragynine.Conclusion  We report the self‐treatment of chronic pain and opioid withdrawal with kratom. The predominant alkaloid of kratom, mitragynine, binds mu‐ and kappa‐opioid receptors, but has additional receptor affinities that might augment its effectiveness at mitigating opioid withdrawal. The natural history of kratom use, including its clinical pharmacology and toxicology, are poorly understood.
Relationship of sex steroid hormones with bone mineral density (BMD) in a nationally representative sample of men
Authors: Paller Channing J. , Shiels Meredith S. , Rohrmann Sabine , Basaria Shehzad , Rifai Nader , Nelson William , Platz Elizabeth A. , Dobs Adrian 
Published: May 2008

SummaryObjective  Sex steroid hormones influence bone mineral density (BMD) in women, but are less well‐studied in men. We evaluated the association of serum total and free sex steroid hormones and SHBG with osteopaenia in a nationally representative sample of men aged 20–90 years.Design  BMD and sex steroid hormones were measured among participants in NHANES III, a cross‐sectional study of the US population.Population  A total of 1185 adult men in morning examination session of Phase I of NHANES III (1988–91).Measurements  Relation of oestradiol (E2), testosterone, and SHBG concentrations with BMD. Osteopaenia was defined as 1–2·5 SD below the mean for white men aged 20–29 years.Results  Men in the lowest quartile of free E2 had 70% increased odds (OR = 1·69, 95% CI 0·95–2·98) of osteopaenia compared with men in the highest quartile. Men in the lowest quartile of free testosterone had nearly four times the odds of osteopaenia than those in the highest quartile (OR = 3·82, 95% CI 1·87–7·78). Lower concentrations of SHBG appeared protective against osteopaenia (P‐trend = 0·01). Neither total testosterone nor total E2 was associated with BMD, although men with clinically low E2 (< 20 ng/l) had lower BMD (0·930 g/cm2, 95% CI 0·88–0·98) than men with normal‐range E2 (1·024 g/cm2, 95% CI 1·01–1·04; P = 0·004). Findings for free E2 were most pronounced among elderly men, while the findings for free testosterone were most pronounced among younger men.Conclusions  In this nationally representative study, men with lower free E2, lower free testosterone, and higher SHBG concentrations in circulation were more likely to have low BMD.
Polypoid mucosal prolapse complicating low rectal adenomas: beware the inflammatory cloacogenic polyp!
Authors: Parfitt J R , Shepherd N A 
Published: May 2008

Aims:  Polypoid mucosal prolapse near the anorectal junction mimics adenomas endoscopically and histopathologically. The aim was to describe the phenomenon of polypoid mucosal prolapse arising secondary to adenomas at the anorectal junction.Methods and results:  Four cases of low rectal adenoma with polypoid mucosal prolapse were assessed histopathologically, as well as with p53 and Ki67 antibodies. Two were male and two female; the mean age was 45 years. Available follow‐up has revealed no recurrence in any patient. All cases showed mucosal expansion with ulceration or erosion, crypt architectural irregularity, fibromuscular proliferation between crypts and variable epithelial serration and inflammation. Each case also showed unequivocal dysplasia, often co‐mingled with features of prolapse, highlighted by p53 and Ki67 immunohistochemistry, which demonstrated positivity within dysplastic areas.Conclusions:  Histopathologists must recognize the potential for adenomatous/dysplastic foci in anorectal lesions to superficially resemble inflammatory cloacogenic polyps. We recommend use of immunomarkers p53 and Ki67 to aid the interpretation of challenging cases. We believe that polypoid mucosal prolapse changes can be a secondary phenomenon, due to adenomas close to or at the anorectal junction.
Induction of cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte and antibody responses against highly pathogenic avian influenza virus infection in mice by inoculation of apathogenic H5N1 influenza virus particles inactivated with formalin
Authors: Sawai Toshihiro , Itoh Yasushi , Ozaki Hiroichi , Isoda Norikazu , Okamoto Kiyoko , Kashima Yoshitaka , Kawaoka Yoshihiro , Takeuchi Yoshihiro , Kida Hiroshi , Ogasawara Kazumasa 
Published: May 2008

SummaryWe investigated whether a vaccine derived from an apathogenic reassortant type A H5N1 influenza strain could induce immune responses in vivo that mediated protection from highly pathogenic avian influenza virus infection in mice. After two subcutaneous immunizations with formalin‐inactivated H5N1 whole virus particles (whole particle vaccine), significant killing specific for cells presenting a nucleoprotein peptide from the vaccine strain of the virus was observed. Similar vaccination with viruses treated with ether and formalin, which are commonly used for humans as ether‐split vaccines, induced little or no cytotoxic T‐cell response. Furthermore, whole particle vaccines of the apathogenic H5N1 strain were more effective than ether‐split vaccines at inducing antibody production able to neutralize a highly pathogenic H5N1 strain. Finally, whole particle vaccines of H5N1 protected mice against infection by an H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus more effectively than did ether‐split vaccines. These results suggest that formalin‐inactivated virus particles of apathogenic strains are effective for induction of both cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte and antibody responses against highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in vivo, resulting in protection from infection by a highly pathogenic H5N1 virus.
Translating innate response into long‐lasting antibody response by the intrinsic antigen‐adjuvant properties of papaya mosaic virus
Authors: Acosta‐Ramírez Elizabeth , Pérez‐Flores Rebeca , Majeau Nathalie , Pastelin‐Palacios Rodolfo , Gil‐Cruz Cristina , Ramírez‐Saldaña Maricela , Manjarrez‐Orduño Nataly , Cervantes‐Barragán Luisa , Santos‐Argumedo Leopoldo , Flores‐Romo Leopoldo , Becker Ingeborg , Isibasi Armando , Leclerc Denis , López‐Macías Constantino 
Published: May 2008

SummaryIdentifying the properties of a molecule involved in the efficient activation of the innate and adaptive immune responses that lead to long‐lasting immunity is crucial for vaccine and adjuvant development. Here we show that the papaya mosaic virus (PapMV) is recognized by the immune system as a pathogen‐associated molecular pattern (PAMP) and as an antigen in mice (Pamptigen). A single immunization of PapMV without added adjuvant efficiently induced both cellular and specific long‐lasting antibody responses. PapMV also efficiently activated innate immune responses, as shown by the induction of lipid raft aggregation, secretion of pro‐inflammatory cytokines, up‐regulation of co‐stimulatory molecules on dendritic cells and macrophages, and long‐lasting adjuvant effects upon the specific antibody responses to model antigens. PapMV mixed with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. typhi) outer membrane protein C increased its protective capacity against challenge with S. typhi, revealing the intrinsic adjuvant properties of PapMV in the induction of immunity. Antigen‐presenting cells loaded with PapMV efficiently induced antibody responses in vivo, which may link the innate and adaptive responses observed. PapMV recognition as a Pamptigen might be translated into long‐lasting antibody responses and protection observed. These properties could be used in the development of new vaccine platforms.