bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tests of the Protective Effect of Clothing in Apparel Fires
Authors: Hirschler Marcelo M. , Hoffmann Donald J. , Hoffmann John M. , Kelley Lester , Kroll Michael 
Published: March 2007

A full size mannequin was constructed of fiberglass and plaster, and instrumented with 32 thermocouples, connected to a computer, through a data acquisition system. The mannequin is mounted on a portable platform, and can be moved at a pre-determined speed, to simulate movement of a person fleeing a fire scene. The mannequin was used for a series of nine tests in which the clothing on the mannequin was ignited by a splashed flammable liquid, and the resulting temperatures monitored. In some of the tests the mannequin was equipped, additionally, with an ordinary lab coat. The test results indicate that the mannequin adequately represents the realistic fire insult suffered by the simulated skin of a fire victim. This involves temperatures which can exceed 140°C in less than 1 min. The lab coat was shown to offer a certain degree of fire protection so that the temperatures achieved in its presence were lower than in its absence, by an average of ca. 20°C.
Flame Retardancy of Dicyandiamide-Crosslinked Epoxy Resins Containing Phenolphthalein Structures and/or a Phosphorus- Containing Additive
Authors: Liu Y.-I. , Pearce E.M. , Weil E.D. 
Published: March 2007

The feasibility of producing halogen-free epoxy moldings having a UL-94 V-0 flammability rating has been further supported. We have shown that the fire retarding properties (OI and UL-94) of the cured epoxy were strongly im proved by using the commercial additive resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate) (FYROLFLEX RDP) but not improved merely by reacting phenolphthalein into the resin as a chain extender. However, a combination of the phosphate with the phenolphthalein as a chain extender gave substantially enhanced flame retar dant results. A related system where the phenolphthalein structure was built into the phosphate additive rather than into the polymer backbone gave inferior re sults. Thermogravimetric analysis in N2 showed that the system of the phosphate ad ditive in the phenolphthalein-extended resin gave an increased char yield. Infrared studies on the system at different pyrolysis temperatures showed that the lactone carbonyl of the phenolphthalein structure underwent reaction during decomposition of the cured resin in the presence of the phosphate. Infrared evi dence suggested that this lactone group may be involved in a crosslinking reac tion forming amide links, which may lead to char enhancement. The phosphate depressed somewhat both the Tg and thermal stability but the presence of the phenolphthalein structure partially overcame the Tg depression.
Copolymers of Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate with Quadrol Methacrylate and with Various Aminoalkyl Methacrylamides as Fibroblast Cell Substrata
Authors: Pokharna Hemlata K. , Yanmin Zhong  , Smith Daniel J. , Dunphy Michael J. 
Published: March 2007

Universal application of hydrophilic hydrogels like poly(hydroxy ethyl methacrylate) [p(HEMA)], as biomaterials is limited due to their inabil ity to favorably affect eukaryotic cell growth. In an attempt to favorably manipulate surface properties, a series of HEMA copolymers was made with 10-40% aminoethyl methacrylamide (AEMA), aminopropyl methacrylamide (APMA), Quadrol methacrylate (QM), N,N'-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)aminoethyl meth acrylamide (HPAEMA) or dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA). Balb/c 3T3 fibroblast cell growth was observed on HEMA:AEMA (80:20), HEMA:QM (80:20) and HEMA:HPAEMA (90:10) copolymers. Cell growth on HEMA: AEMA (80:20) was comparable to HEMA:DMAEMA (60:40). HEMA copolymers containing APMA, a homolog of AEMA, exhibited cytotoxicity. Cationic groups of primary and tertiary amines present in the HEMA copoly mer hydrogels favorably contribute to the support of cell growth. The effect of hydroxyl groups on cell growth appears to be favorable. The extent of cell growth varied with the concentration of the cationic groups in the hydrogel. The cytotoxicity of the HEMA:APMA copolymers as compared with the bio compatibility of the HEMA:AEMA copolymers suggests that the length of the branch from the polymer chain for copolymers with primary amino groups may be a critical factor in biocompatibility.
Breastfeeding and Migraine Headaches
Authors: Wall Virginia R. 
Published: March 2007

Migraine headaches affect 19 percent of adult women. A small group of these migraine sufferers also are breastfeeding mothers. Although a correlation has not been documented in the literature, some women have noted that the onset, frequency, or pattern of their migraine headaches changes during lactation. Lactation consultants can provide education and support to breastfeeding women suffering from migraine. They also are in an excellent position to add case studies to the scientific database about this phenomenon.
The Dynamics of Anthropological Theory
Authors: Hastrup Kirsten 
Published: March 2007

This article is a general discussion of the nature and implications of anthropological theorizing in the contact zone, that is the space where cultures meet and horizons fuse. In so far as we can no longer see anthropology as simply the study of other cultures, the theoretical language of anthropology must be a language of contrast, which may challenge the self-understanding on both sides of the contact zone at the same time. A distinction between designative and expressive theories is made, amounting to a difference between clarification and radical interpretation. The latter is seen as the more congenial to the general theoretical ambition of anthropology, and indeed of any social theory, whose object is never a natural one. Through the infiltration of self-understandings anthropology changes its object in the very process of studying it. Therein lies part of its dynamic potential, and its likeness to human action in general.
Investigation for the Objective Measurement of Cooperative Ability Among the Members of Rowing Teams
Authors: Földesi Tamasne 
Published: March 2007

In his work the author reports on an investigation in which — with the aid of an instrument constructed particularly for the purpose of this study — cooperative ability of the Hungarian national male and female rowing teams was observed. The study involves description of the instrument designed to measure cooperative ability and also includes the demonstration of the experiment completed with rowing units (four oars) and the analysis of data obtained here, too. The author on the basis of the time taken by rowing units to solve the experimen tal tasks of metha-communicative manifestations of team members and of qualitative and quantitative analysis of their communicative structure has worked out some such cooperative indices showing the degree of the level of cooperation to be expected from the rowing teams. The greatest advantage of the method interpretated here is that it is possible to compare cooperative ability of teams selected in different ways.
The Athlete — the Country's Representative As a Hero
Authors: Swierczewski Ryszard 
Published: March 2007

In works analyzing the nature of public interest in competitors we find quite a substantial terminological variety combined with extensive and free interpre tation. Nevertheless, despite discrepancies one tendency seems to be dominant here: frequently athletes are considered to be entertainers. But more promising from the cognitive point of view seems an attempt to look at the athlete, belonging to the representative team of the country, as a hero, from a more narrow, more tradi tional point of view. Such an attempt is fully justified since, as it results from analysis, values contained in international sports competitors, are par excellence social values, connected with collective prestige and dignity. This narrowed down category fits in with the definition of a hero as suggested by Czarnowski. Special attention deserves an analysis of the factors which exert a special in fluence on the creation of heroes. Values of personal traits, handsomeness. fair play in competition, dramatic circumstances (contusion, defective equipment), and also the type of sports discipline (popularity) give birth to the myth of the hero- victor. Other factors exerting a decisive influence on the growth of public interest in athletes, who are representatives of the country, is the specific configuration of the matches (a decisive fact), and also competition with a potentially stronger adversary (Wembley), which makes one recall the eternally vivid myth about David and Goliath.
The Development of Play and Motoric Behaviour of Children Depending on the Existing Socio-Spatial Conditions in Their Environment
Authors: Klein Michael , Liesenhoff Carin 
Published: March 2007

The kind and dimension of children's play and motoric behaviour is being shaped in their everyday environment. Such an everyday environment is for children primarily determined by socio-spatial factors. Motoric activity is under stood here as anthropological necessity and something constant, while the problem "how" such motoric activity, including sport, is to be approached is considered to be a cultural and social variable. Thus, the type of housing and style of life may on the one hand stimulate motoric behaviour but on the other hand this could be the reason for a deep-reaching deficit. Of utmost importance for children is in this respect the existence of and access to certain facilities and the integration of such space in their everyday environment. There arises the question to what extent efficiency stemming from sport can be included in everyday life, differen tiated, according to groups that have their specific goals. But it should be borne in mind that existing socio-spatial factors are being transferred socially, too. There are social styles of life how to deal with existing usable space. Actual utilization takes place also in accordance with ascribed and perceived socio-cultural signifi cance, differing markedly, as regards sexes, the age and social origin. With the help of an empirical survey of the socio-spatial environment of the child the attempt was made to discover these connections in the F.R.G. and to describe, how a general outline takes shape within such conditions regarding the play and motoric behaviour as well as social differentiations.
Force against Force: Configurations of Martial Art in European and Indonesian Cultures
Authors: Eichberg Hennig 
Published: March 2007

Sociology of non-European sport cultures is faced by exceptional methodolo gical difficulties. Social sciences (above all quantifying ones) of the western type cannot cope with it, since it is a question here of complex alien structures and one cannot count on universal aspects of the basic categories. That is why a different interdisciplinary approach is needed in the case of Indonesian art of fight "pencak silat", which would continue with an analysis of configurations of the anthropology of culture (Ruth Benedict) of the sociology of civilization (Norbert Elias) and historical structuralism (Michel Foucault). In this way one gets an idea about the art of fighting thas is typical of Indonesian peoples and which is in clear contrast to the historical development of European fencing and boxing. The different exercise patterns reveal most clearly the completely different traditions and ways of socio-cultural development. It should not be permitted to reduce such complexity to a one-dimensional direction in historical development, in the light of which Indonesian forms may appear as "archaic" or "mediaeval". The more so since we live in times when there exists fascination with Asiatic forms of physical culture (Karate, Aikido, Taekwon, Do, Tai, Chi Chuan, Yoga), which is growing in industrial metropolises. And thus the colonial perspective of science about evolutionism becomes doubtful. There is no single modernization. It is a fact well known to all biologists that in the individual development of an organism its phylogeny is repeated with more or less accuracy. (...) And a similar principle can be found not only in the biological, but also in the cultu ral-historical development of mankind. (...) For that reason we see conditions in the social and other cultural institutions of more primitive races of man that the European peoples have gone through during the course of their cultural de velopment and left far behind them. (...) During my journeys through East- and Central Sumatra (1967), for example, I came into areas at the shores of the two Tapungs, the sources of the river Siak, where conditions and institutions re minded me most strongly of Freytag's "Ahnen", the eagerly devoured reading of my boyhood.1
A Preliminary Study of Cross-Sexual Joking Relationships in Primitive Society
Authors: Brant Charles S. 
Published: March 2007

This paper is an attempt to apply the methods of cross-cultural research and statistical correlation in the investigation of an anthropological-psy chological phenomenon, the joking relationship. Stated briefly in question form, our problem is: Given the same social conditions, an institutionalized potential marriage relationship, will individuals standing to each other in this relationship, tend universally to manifest joking behavior patterns? In other words, is the joking behavior a function of the potentiality of marriage between the individuals concerned? Four categories of relationship fulfilling these conditions were studied from this point of view: the sororate, the levirate, and the two cross-cousin relationships. A sample of 220 societies was examined, and correlations were established between the marriage rules and behavior patterns for each of these categories. The results show a definite tendency, despite exceptions, for a relationship between these factors to occur.
Statistical Groups of Ethnic Units Using Murdock's 1967 World Sample
Authors: Kenny James A. 
Published: March 2007

A world sample of 243 ethnic units is broken down into groups or clusters in accord with the similarity of their inventories. Jorgensen's (1969) clustering technique is applied to Murdock's (1967) data, using 284 dicho tomous traits. The statistically-derived groups are enumerated and mapped. Trait lists for each continental area as well as the world sample are also provided. Finally, the statistically-derived groups are correlated with area, language, and subsistence groups.
Measuring Depression in Korean Immigrants: Assessing Validity of the Translated Korean Version of CES-D Scale
Authors: Noh Samuel , Kaspar Violet , Xinyin Chen  
Published: March 2007

Results are reported about the validity of a translated Korean version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D), a self-report or interview measure of depressive sympto matology used widely in Asian and other ethnic populations. Compared to Euro-Americans, Asians are more reluctant to endorse CES-D items that tap subjective experiences of positive affect, a response bias resulting in observations of more depressive symptoms among Asians. Thus, it was previously recommended that the four positive affect items be deleted when assessing depressive symptoms in Asian populations, including Chinese and Koreans. This recommendation is reassessed here by comparing psychometric properties of alternate forms of the translated Korean version of the CES-D scale: the original 20-item scale, the 16-item scale in which positive affect items were deleted, and a revised 20-item scale in which positive items were rephrased in negative terms. Results revealed that reliability and validity were highest in the revised 20-item scale.
Contributions of the psychodynamic analysis of work situations to the study of organizational crises
Authors: Dejours Christophe 
Published: March 2007

It is well known today that the organization of work has several conse quences on employees' mental health. I will take in this article an inverse approach, i.e. that employees' pain has several consequences on the organi zation or the organizing of work, on organizational crises and on their man agement. Presenting briefly the field of "Psychodynamic Analysis of Work Situations", and using empirical data collected in the nuclear industry, I will focus in this article on the problems existing between individualism and work de-motivation, and the risk of major industrial crises. In conclusion, I will discuss how this perspective on the organization of work, derived from the analysis of the employees' psychic pain, suggests a number of changes in order to increase the safety of industrial activities.
Managing Environmental Improvement through Product and Process Innovation: Implications of Environmental Life Cycle Assessment
Authors: Klassen Robert D. , Greis Noel P. 
Published: March 2007

Klassen, R.D., and Greis, N.P., 1993, Managing environmental improvement through product and process innovation: implications of environmental life cycle assess ment, Industrial & Environmental Crisis Quarterly, 7:4, 293-318. Environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) is being developed by a number of organizations worldwide as a preventative and improvement strategy for managing the environmental burden of product manufacture. The growing international emphasis on LCA has significant strategic implications for the research and development (R&D) and manufacturing functions, particularly the management of product and process innovation. This paper explores the basic definition and objectives of LCA by comparing alternative frameworks being developed by the international community of U.S., Canadian and European organizations. This review serves three important purposes: first, the discussion identifies critical issues and implications for technology man agers ; second, the analysis explores the international differences for manu facturers producing for global markets; and finally, this research establishes the basis for a decision framework to manage environmental improvement through product and process innovation. This decision framework, based on the length of the product's useful life, summarizes the preferred option for manufacturers seeking to improve the environmental compatibility of their products and to reduce the environmental burden of their manufacturing operations.
Present Status of Environmental Pollution in Japan
Authors: Turkman Aysen , Goto Miki 
Published: March 2007

The fast growth of Japanese economy, mainly by industrial activities after World War II, has resulted in serious environmental pollution problems. The government provided assistance to the private sector even at the expense of environmental concerns in some cases. In 1967, several laws were promul gated by the Japanese government to combat environmental pollution. Despite many pollution control measures taken by administration, Japan faces air, water, and soil contamination problems. In this paper, the present status of environmental problems in Japan is discussed. Special attention is paid to soil pollution, groundwater pollution, chemical wastes, acid rain, and deterioration of natural environment and wildlife.
A Comparison of Performance Variables of Highly Profitable Mid-Priced Hotels/Motels With Marginally Profitable or Losing Operations
Authors: Van Dyke Tom , Olsen Michael D. 
Published: March 2007

The majorpurpose of this research is the comparison of performance variables of highly profitable hotel/motel operations with marginally profitable or losing operations to determine which variables have a significant Impact on profitability. The study involves forty mid-priced hotels/motels in Virginia, Maryland, Penn sylvania and South Carolina. Balance sheet and profit and loss data from these properties were analyzed fortwo concurrent fiscal years. The profitability measures, expressed as ratios, used in this study are: (a) hotel/motel operating margin, (b) hotel/motel return on assets, (c) rooms department operating margin, and (d) food and beverage operating margin. Fifteen variables were analyzed to determine if their means were significantly different. The rooms department was found to be the primarygeneratorof profits. Five key variables showed a significant relationship with total or consolidated profitability. The key variables were: occupancy rate, rooms sales as a percentage of total sales, rooms department labor cost percentage, food costpercentage and propertytax percentage. Key Words: Profitability, t-Test, Mid- Priced Hotels/Motels.
Evaluation of Cost Plus Fixed Fee Procurement Methods in Indiana Schools
Authors: Hiemstra Stephen J. , Stix Carl L. 
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of the new Cost Plus Fixed Fee Procurement System (Cost Plus System) used in buying food and related products in school foodservice programs in Indiana. The evaluation compared the new system relative to the traditional bid system in selected school corporations (districts) in the central part of the state during August-December 1988. The Cost Plus System consists of year-long bids which separate product prices from a fee for providing the wholesaling function. The product prices may change during the period of the contract, but the service fee must remain fixed, on a percase basis. The Cost Plus System was new to Indiana in 1987 but has been used extensively in some other states, mainly in the southeast region. The Cost Plus System had not previously been quantitatively evaluated. Criteria for the evaluation included comparison between the test and control sites of (1) prices paid, (2) administrative effort expended, and (3) quality ofproducts and service provided. Findings were as follows: prices paid under the Cost Plus System averaged lower than under the Bid System, administrative effort was reduced, the level of service was judged somewhat better, and the quality ofproducts received was higher than in the controlgroup.