bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatially resolved fish population analysis for designing MPAs: influence on inside and neighbouring habitats
Authors: Christensen Asbjørn , Mosegaard Henrik , Jensen Henrik 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Christensen, A., Mosegaard, H., and Jensen, H. 2009. Spatially resolved fish population analysis for designing MPAs: influence on inside and neighbouring habitats. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 56–63. The sandeel population analysis model (SPAM) is presented as a simulation tool for exploring the efficiency of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) for sandeel stocks. SPAM simulates spatially resolved sandeel population distributions, based on a high-resolution map of all fishery-established sandbank habitats for settled sandeels, combined with a life-cycle model for survival, growth, and reproduction, and a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model for describing larval transport between the network of habitats. SPAM couples stock dynamics to ecosystem and anthropogenic forcing via well-defined drivers. The SPAM framework was tested using ICES statistical rectangle 37F2 as an MPA, and the impact on sandeel populations within the MPA and neighbouring habitats was investigated. Increased larval spillover compensated for lost catches inside the MPA. The temporal and spatial scales of stock response to MPAs demonstrated that ecosystem self-regulation must be included when modelling the efficiency of MPAs, and for lesser sandeel, that self-regulation partially counteracts the benefits of a fishing sanctuary. The use of realistic habitat connectivity is critical for both qualitative and quantitative MPA assessment. The results confirm that the stock levels are more sensitive to changes in life conditions of larval stages than later parts of the life cycle.
Application of age-structured production models to assess oyster Striostrea margaritacea populations managed by rotational harvesting in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Authors: de Bruyn Paul A. , Moloney Coleen L. , Schleyer Michael H. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
de Bruyn, P. A., Moloney, C. L., and Schleyer, M. H. 2009. Application of age-structured production models to assess oyster Striostrea margaritacea populations managed by rotational harvesting in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. – ICES Journal of Masrine Science, 66: 408–419. Oysters have been harvested in KwaZulu-Natal for more than a century, by both commercial and recreational users. However, management of the resource has been based on ad hoc measures rather than quantitative, defensible management plans. Early in the history of the fishery, a rotational harvesting strategy was employed, but it has changed over time. At present, there are 10 management zones, each fished 2 years out of five, and recreational harvesting is allowed in the year preceding commercial harvesting. To assess the status of the oyster resource as well as the historical levels of exploitation, age-structured production models were applied to the oyster populations in the five North Coast management zones. The model fits to the observed data were good. Oyster abundance differed among zones, with the lowest abundance in the two most northern zones. As these zones had only recently been established, however, the paucity of data renders their assessments uncertain. The southernmost zone had the greatest oyster abundance. The benefits of rotational harvesting were demonstrated by the model outputs, which showed rapid population recovery during fallow years, suggesting sustainability of the resource. It is recommended that rotational harvesting continues to be used to manage oysters in KwaZulu-Natal.
Demographic and morphological responses to prey depletion in a crested tern (Sterna bergii) population: can fish mortality events highlight performance indicators for fisheries management?
Authors: McLeay L. J. , Page B. , Goldsworthy S. D. , Ward T. M. , Paton D. C. , Waterman M. , Murray M. D. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractMcLeay, L. J., Page, B., Goldsworthy, S. D., Ward, T. M., Paton, D. C., Waterman, M., and Murray, M. D. 2009. Demographic and morphological responses to prey depletion in a crested tern (Sterna bergii) population: can fish mortality events highlight performance indicators for fisheries management? – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 237–247. Disease-related mortality events in 1995 and 1998, which killed ∼70% of adult sardine (Sardinops sagax) biomass, provided an opportunity to assess whether crested tern (Sterna bergii) populations were affected by decreased prey abundance. We investigated the diet, age structure, and morphology of a population of crested terns to determine whether survival and growth were reduced for cohorts reared in years immediately following sardine mortality events. The diet of chicks and adults differed significantly. Australian anchovy (Engraulis australis) and sardine were the dominant prey in the diets of chicks, constituting an average of 36.3 and 14.6% of individual prey items, respectively. Degens leatherjacket (Thamnoconus degeni) dominated the prey of adult terns, an average of 51.9% of individual prey items. Age-specific information collected from banded adults indicated that the cohort reared after the first sardine mortality event in 1995 exhibited significantly lower rates of recruitment to the breeding colony than as predicted by life-table analyses, suggesting that survival was reduced in response to the absence of sardine. Females from cohorts reared <1 year after the end of each sardine mortality event (in 1996 and 1999) were smaller than other age classes, suggesting that chick growth was reduced during periods of low sardine abundance. Future data on diet and on the survival and growth of crested tern chicks could provide performance indicators for management of sardine populations and aid in the development of conservation strategies for the populations of crested tern.
Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection in human peripheral blood leucocytes-SCID reconstituted mice by rapamycin
Authors: Nicoletti F , Lamenta C , Donati S , Spada M , Ranazzi A , Cacopardo B , Mangano K , Belardelli F , Perno C , Aquaro S 
Published: December 2008

Summary
The capacity of the immunomodulatory drug rapamycin (RAPA) to inhibit replication of the CCR5 strain of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in vitro prompted us to test its effects in a murine preclinical model of HIV infection. RAPA (0·6 or 6 mg/kg body weight) or its vehicle were administered daily, per os, to SCID mice reconstituted with human peripheral blood leucocytes (hu-PBL) starting 2 days before the intraperitoneal challenge with the R5 tropic SF162 strain of HIV-1 (1000 50% tissue culture infective dose/ml). Relative to hu-PBL-SCID mice that received no treatment, HIV-infected hu-PBL-SCID mice treated with the vehicle control for 3 weeks exhibited a severe depletion of CD4+ cells (90%), an increase in CD8+ cells and an inversion of the CD4+/CD8+ cell ratio. In contrast, treatment of HIV-infected mice with RAPA prevented a decrease in CD4+ cells and the increase of CD8+ cells, thereby preserving the original CD4+ : CD8+ cell ratio. Viral infection also resulted in the detection of HIV-DNA within peritoneal cells and spleen, and lymph node tissues of the vehicle-treated mice within 3 weeks of the viral challenge. In contrast, treatment with RAPA decreased cellular provirus integration and reduced HIV-RNA levels in the blood. Furthermore, in co-cultivation assays, spleens from RAPA-treated mice exhibited a reduced capacity for infecting allogeneic T cells which was dose-dependent. These data show that RAPA possesses powerful anti-viral activity against R5 strains of HIV in vivo and support the use of additional studies to evaluate the potential application of this drug in the management of HIV patients.
Lack of association between polymorphisms in C4b-binding protein and atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome in the Spanish population
Authors: Martínez-Barricarte R , Goicoechea de Jorge E , Montes T , Layana A G , Rodríguez de Córdoba S 
Published: December 2008

SummaryDysregulation of the alternative pathway of complement activation, caused by mutations or polymorphisms in the genes encoding factor H, membrane co-factor protein, factor I or factor B, is associated strongly with predisposition to atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome (aHUS). C4b-binding protein (C4BP), a major regulator of the classical pathway of complement activation, also has capacity to regulate the alternative pathway. Interestingly, the C4BP polymorphism p.Arg240His has been associated recently with predisposition to aHUS and the risk allele His240 showed decreased capacity to regulate the alternative pathway. Identification of novel aHUS predisposition factors has important implications for diagnosis and treatment in a significant number of aHUS patients; thus, we sought to replicate these association studies in an independent cohort of aHUS patients. In this study we show that the C4BP His240 allele corresponds to the C4BP*2 allele identified previously by isoelectric focusing in heterozygosis in 1·9–3·7% of unrelated Caucasians. Crucially, we found no differences between 102 unrelated Spanish aHUS patients and 128 healthy age-matched Spanish controls for the frequency of carriers of the His240 C4BP allele. This did not support an association between the p.Arg240His C4BP polymorphism and predisposition to aHUS in the Spanish population. In a similar study, we also failed to sustain an association between C4BP polymorphisms and predisposition to age-related macular degeneration, another disorder which is associated strongly with polymorphisms in factor H, and is thought to involve alternative pathway dysregulation.
The role of infections in autoimmune disease
Authors: Ercolini A M , Miller S D 
Published: December 2008

SummaryAutoimmunity occurs when the immune system recognizes and attacks host tissue. In addition to genetic factors, environmental triggers (in particular viruses, bacteria and other infectious pathogens) are thought to play a major role in the development of autoimmune diseases. In this review, we (i) describe the ways in which an infectious agent can initiate or exacerbate autoimmunity; (ii) discuss the evidence linking certain infectious agents to autoimmune diseases in humans; and (iii) describe the animal models used to study the link between infection and autoimmunity.
Host location and behavioural response patterns of the parasitoid, Tachinaephagus zealandicus Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), to host and host‐habitat odours
Authors: VOSS SASHA C. , SPAFFORD HELEN , DADOUR IAN R. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract 1. To overcome the challenge of host location in patchy and complex environments, many parasitoids exploit host‐habitat derived odour cues. This study investigated the role of odour cues used during host location by the generalist parasitoid, Tachinaephagus zealandicus, a common parasitoid of Dipteran larvae found in association with decomposing carrion.2. A Y‐tube olfactometer was used to test aspects of host searching behaviour of T. zealandicus females under different choice scenarios: combinations of host–liver complex, eaten liver, unwashed host larvae, washed host larvae, liver in six stages of decay, and control (no odour).3. T. zealandicus females demonstrated an innate response to, and preference for, odours arising from liver substrates following interaction with the host. However, this was dependent on the stage of meat decay. Females were not attracted to liver that had never been in contact with a host, regardless of the stage of decay. There were discernible differences in parasitoid movement and behaviour under different choice scenarios. The absence of odour stimulus elicited limited movement about the olfactometer. In the presence of any odour stimuli, females were more active within the olfactometer, and when presented with two odour options T. zealandicus females demonstrate a heightened investigation response, moving across all regions of the olfactometer.4. Knowledge of the cues that mediate host location for T. zealandicus can contribute to fields such as forensic entomology, where the presence of parasitoids on decomposing remains can be used to estimate time since death.
Optimisation of pectin acid extraction from passion fruit peel (Passiflora edulis flavicarpa) using response surface methodology
Authors: Kliemann Erika , De Simas Karina Nunes , Amante Edna R. , Prudêncio Elane Schwinden , Teófilo Reinaldo F. , Ferreira Márcia M. C. , Amboni Renata D. M. C. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryPectin was extracted from passion fruit peel using three different acids (citric, hydrochloric or nitric) at different temperatures (40–90 °C), pH (1.2–2.6) and extraction times (10–90 min), with and without skins using a 24 factorial design. Temperature, pH and extraction time had highly significant effects on the pectin yield. A central composite design with face centring was used to optimise the extraction process conditions for citric acid without skins. Pectin yields varied from 10% to 70%. The optimal conditions for maximisation of pectin yield were the use of citric acid at 80 °C and pH 1 with an extraction time of 10 min considering model extrapolation.
Toxicological analysis of the chronic consumption of diheptanoin and triheptanoin in rats
Authors: Ataíde T. da R. , De Oliveira S. L. , Da Silva F. M. , Vitorino Filha L. G. C. , Tavares M. C. do N. , Sant’Ana A. E. G. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryThe aim of this study was to synthesise glycerol esters from heptanoic acid and to evaluate the toxicity of their chronic consumption in rats. The synthesised product (64% triheptanoin, 34% diheptanoin and 2% monoheptanoin) was called experimental oil. Newly weaned male Wistar rats (n = 3 × 10) were fed with control diet AIN‐93, control with 30% substitution of soybean oil with experimental oil (TAGC7 30%) or control with substitution of 50% (TAGC7 50%), for 9 months. The experimental oil did not affect the growth, lipid digestibility or hepatic and renal function, and the lipid profile serum analysis. Additionally, it exhibited a hepato‐protector effect in group TAGC7 50%. In conclusion, the chronic consumption of di‐ and triheptanoin was not toxic in rats, suggesting that they may be used in the treatment of disorders in which more easily digestible lipids are required.
Methods for reducing lipid oxidation in fish‐oil‐enriched energy bars
Authors: Nielsen Nina Skall , Jacobsen Charlotte 
Published: December 2008

SummaryFish oil (FO) enrichment of foods is relevant owing to the beneficial effects of omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on human health. However, the susceptibility of FO to oxidation necessitates careful control to avoid this oxidation. In this study, energy bars were successfully supplemented with 5% FO. Heating of bars during baking did, apparently, not increase oxidation. Energy bars produced with neat FO were oxidatively unstable as measured by peroxide value, secondary volatile oxidation products and sensory analysis. Pre‐emulsification of the FO with sodium caseinate in water offered similar protection towards oxidation as packaging the energy bars in modified atmosphere. These protection methods were although not as efficient as addition of FO as micro‐encapsulated powder. Addition of the metal chelator ethylene diamine tetra‐acetic acid (EDTA) (100–2000 ppm) to emulsified FO decreased the oxidative stability of the energy bars compared with the energy bars with emulsified FO but without EDTA.
Fine‐scale life‐history variation in sociable weavers in relation to colony size
Authors: Spottiswoode Claire N. 
Published: December 2008

Summary

This study investigates the mechanistic and ecological basis of phenotypic sorting in the sociable weaver Philetairus socius (Latham). In this colonially and communally breeding African bird, morphology, condition, age‐specific survival rates and reproductive investment vary with colony size.
This variation might arise from non‐adaptive constraints imposed by density dependence, or from adaptive life‐history responses to colony size‐dependent selection pressures. To attempt to distinguish these, the environments in which adults made reproductive decisions and in which offspring developed were manipulated.
When food supplementation improved the pre‐breeding environment of adults, they bred earlier but did not change investment in eggs or incubation.
Nestling and subsequent adult phenotypes were unaffected by supplementary feeding, although post‐fledging survival improved. Nestling origin and not rearing environment predicted phenotype in a cross‐fostering experiment between colonies.
Phenotypic differences among colonies hence seemed not to be plastic responses to resource availability. Life‐history differentiation, mediated either genetically or maternally, might have taken place over relatively narrow temporal and spatial scales.
Adaptive variation in reproductive investment could thus mitigate costs of large colony size, by reducing costs of reproduction and hence improving adult survival. If so, then fine‐scale life‐history adjustment could help to maintain stable variation in colony size.
The Arabidopsis gene YS1 encoding a DYW protein is required for editing of rpoB transcripts and the rapid development of chloroplasts during early growth
Authors: Zhou Wenbin , Cheng Yuxiang , Yap Aaron , Chateigner‐Boutin Anne‐Laure , Delannoy Etienne , Hammani Kamel , Small Ian , Huang Jirong 
Published: December 2008

SummaryVirescence, a phenotype in which leaves green more slowly than usual, is recognized to play a role in protection from photo‐oxidative damage before healthy chloroplasts are developed. The elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying virescence will provide insights into how the development of chloroplasts is controlled. In this study, we find that knockout alleles of Yellow Seedlings 1 (YS1) in Arabidopsis lead to a virescent phenotype, which disappears by 3 weeks after germination. The ys1 mutation resulted in marked decreases in photosynthetic capacity and photosynthetic pigment complexes, and disturbed ultrastructure of thylakoid membranes in 8‐day‐old seedlings. However, cotyledons of ys1 seedlings pre‐treated in the dark for 5 days turn green almost as fast as the wild type in light, revealing that the developmental defects in ys1 are limited to the first few days after germination. Inspection of all known plastid RNA editing and splicing events revealed that YS1 is absolutely required for editing of site 25992 in rpoB transcripts encoding the beta subunit of the plastid‐encoded RNA polymerase (PEP). YS1 is a nuclear‐encoded chloroplast‐localized pentatricopeptide repeat protein differing from previously described editing factors in that it has a C‐terminal DYW motif. A defect in PEP activity is consistent with the changes in plastid transcript patterns observed in ys1 seedlings. We conclude that the activity of PEP containing RpoB translated from unedited transcripts is insufficient to support rapid chloroplast differentiation.
Genetic variation in phytosterol content of winter rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) and development of NIRS calibration equations
Authors: Amar S. , Becker H. C. , Möllers C. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractRapeseed oil is one of the richest natural sources of phytosterols, known to reduce the LDL‐cholesterol levels, one of the major cardiovascular disease risk factors. Increasing the phytosterol content in rapeseed could give an added value to the oil and derived products. Our objective was to analyse the genetic variation of phytosterol content in modern winter rapeseed cultivars and resynthesized lines following field experiments and to develop a near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopic (NIRS) calibration for high throughput estimation of phytosterol content. Phytosterol content as analysed by gas–liquid chromatography ranged from 3565 to 4800 mg/kg seed for modern cultivars and from 2079 to 4329 mg/kg seed for resynthesized lines. The NIRS calibration showed a high fraction of explained variance in cross‐validation of 0.81 for total phytosterol content and the standard error of cross‐validation was 241 mg/kg. The results show that the cultivars contain already high phytosterol contents. The NIRS calibrations developed for total phytosterol content should be useful for germplasm screening and in breeding programmes aimed at increasing the phytosterol content in rapeseed.
Inheritance of very high glucosinolate content in Ethiopian mustard seeds
Authors: Márquez‐Lema A. , Fernández‐Martínez J. M. , Pérez‐Vich B. , Velasco L. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractSeed meal amendments rich in glucosinolates are of interest for soil pest and disease control. The Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata A. Braun) line N2‐6215, with very high levels of seed glucosinolates (160 μmol/g), was developed from the line C‐101 (116 μmol/g) following mutagenesis. The objective of this research was to study the inheritance of very high seed glucosinolate content. Plants of N2‐6215 were reciprocally crossed with plants of the line C‐101. The F1, F2, and BC1F1 plant generations were evaluated in two environments and seeds from individual plants were analysed for total glucosinolate content. The very high glucosinolate content in N2‐6215 seeds was largely subject to maternal control. No cytoplasmic effects were detected. The trait was found to be oligogenic and determined by at least two or three genes. The estimates of broad‐sense heritability were 0.45 and 0.58 in both environments, whereas the estimates of narrow‐sense heritability were 0.35 and 0.50. The moderate heritability and oligogenic control of the trait suggest the feasibility of breeding for increased seed glucosinolate content in Ethiopian mustard.
Changes in the expression of claudins in active ulcerative colitis
Authors: Oshima Tadayuki , Miwa Hiroto , Joh Takashi 
Published: December 2008

AbstractBackground and Aim:  Epithelial barrier function is impaired in ulcerative colitis (UC), but the pathophysiological mechanisms leading to this barrier defect are still far from clear. Because epithelial barrier function is primarily regulated by the most apical intercellular junction, referred to as the tight junction (TJ), we investigated the expression of TJ proteins on rectal epithelial mucosa in UC.Methods:  Biopsies from the rectum of patients with active UC and of controls were studied. Tight‐junction proteins were dual stained using specific antibodies (claudin‐1, ‐2, ‐3, ‐4, and ‐7) as primary antibodies, and Cy‐3 conjugated anti‐rabbit IgG and Alexa488‐conjugated anti‐mouse IgG as secondary antibodies. Samples were analyzed by immunofluorescence microscopy. Immunoblotting and real‐time polymerase chain reaction were performed to quantify TJ proteins and mRNA, respectively.Results:  At TJ, claudin‐4 and ‐7 staining was down‐regulated in active UC, whereas claudin‐2 staining was up‐regulated. Claudin‐4 and ‐7 proteins were down‐regulated on immunoblotting, whereas claudin‐2 protein was up‐regulated in active UC. Claudin‐1 and ‐3 expression levels were unchanged in controls and active UC. In active UC claudin‐2 mRNA was increased, whereas claudin‐4 and ‐7 mRNA were decreased.Conclusions:  Down‐regulation of claudin‐4 and claudin‐7, and up‐regulation of claudin‐2, might lead to altered TJ structure and be related to the impaired epithelial function in active UC.