bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
We, Too, Sing America
Authors: Harris Violet J. 
Published: January 2009

Who is an American, what is the American experience, and what historical events are important enough to include in books for youth? These complex ideas are examined in a bolder, intellectually fresh manner in information books, biographies, and histories that have been published over the past several decades. Some examples of recent works are discussed because of the increasing curricular focus on civic or social studies education and history.من هو أمريكي وماذا تعتبر التجربة الأمريكية وما هي الأحداث التاريخية التي لا بد من التضمن في الكتب للأطفال؟ قد تم استقصاء هذه الأفكار المعقدة بشكل جريء وعقلانية مبدعة في المعلومات الموجودة في الكتب والسيرات الذاتية والتواريخ التي قد نشرت عبر العقود العديدة الماضية. وقد تم النقاش بشأن بعض الأمثلة من الأعمال الحديثة بسبب ازدياد التركيز المنهاجي على تعليم الدراسات المدنية أو الاجتماعية وتاريخها.谁是美国人？甚么是美国经验？甚么是美国重要的历史事件而应编入给年青人看的书籍中？本文以一个较为果敢而新颖的求知态度，查考在近数十年出版的信息书籍、传记和历史中对这些复杂问题的意见。本文亦讨论最近著作中的几个例子，因为课程焦点日益重视公民或社会教育和历史教育。Qu'est‐ce qu'un Américain, qu'est‐ce que la vie américaine, et quels sont les événements historiques qui méritent de figurer dans les livres pour la jeunesse? On a examiné ces notions complexes de façon audacieuse, nouvelle intellectuellement, dans des livres documentaires, des biographies, et des histoires publiés au cours des dernières décennies. On discute quelques exemples de travaux récents à cause de la place de plus en plus grande apportée récemment dans les programmes à l'instruction civique, aux aspects sociaux et à l'histoire.Кто такие американцы? В чем состоит уникальный американский опыт? Какие исторические события достойны быть включенными в книги для юных читателей? В последние десятилетия эти непростые понятия исследуются все смелее и интеллектуально неожиданнее в различных документальных, исторических и биографических изданиях. Поскольку в учебных планах все больший упор делается на обучение гражданским и социальным наукам, в статье рассматриваются некоторые из последних публикаций по этой тематике.¿Quién es un americano? ¿Cuál es la experiencia americana? ¿Y cuáles eventos históricos son lo suficientemente importantes para ser incluidos en libros para jóvenes? Estas ideas complejas se examinan de formas más audaces e intelectualmente novedosas en libros informativos, biografías e historias publicadas en las últimas décadas. Se discuten algunos ejemplos de obras recientes debido al aumento en el enfoque curricular en la historia y la educación cívica o de estudios sociales.
Overexpression of Glutathione Reductase in Cotton Does Not Alter Emergence Rates under Temperature Stress
Authors: Mahan James R. , Gitz Dennis C. , Payton Paxton R. , Allen Randy 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTCotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) seedlings are considered to be sensitive to temperature stress. The exposure of plants to high and low temperatures can result in the production of reactive oxygen species that contribute to diminished plant performance. Plants have mechanisms that metabolize oxidants into less harmful chemicals, and enhancement of antioxidant metabolism has been shown to be beneficial to plants exposed to acute oxidative stresses. Transgenic overexpression of glutathione reductase (GR) in cotton could result in faster seedling emergence at nonoptimal temperatures. Transgenic GR and 5 nontransgenic cotton lines were planted at four dates in the field in Lubbock, TX, and in constant temperature growth boxes. The temperatures in the field were typical for the cotton planting period in the region, and in growth boxes ranged from 15 to 45°C. Emergence rates were determined for all lines, and the activity of GR and the levels of malondialdehyde in the cotyledons were monitored to verify altered enzyme activity and to detect differences in oxidative damage, respectively. Enhancement of GR activity did not improve emergence or reduce oxidative damage. It is concluded that GR activity did not limit emergence.
Kinetics of Phenylpropanoid Gene Expression in Maize Growing Internodes: Relationships with Cell Wall Deposition
Authors: Riboulet C. , Guillaumie S. , Méchin V. , Bosio M. , Pichon M. , Goffner D. , Lapierre C. , Pollet B. , Lefevre B. , Martinant J. P. , Barrière Y. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTBoth for cattle nutrition and biofuel production, the improvement in maize (Zea mays L.) cell wall degradability depends on understanding the genetic mechanisms involved in the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids. Most of the genes involved in monolignol and p‐hydroxycinnamate biosynthesis are known, but many belong to multigene families. A macro‐array with cell wall gene specific tags was used to characterize the different gene expression profiles in maize ear internode at four stages from 7 d before silking to 15 d after silking. Gene expression profiles were related to biochemical variation observed for lignin content, lignin structure, and esterified and etherified ferulic acid content. Most of the significantly expressed genes had a maximum at the first stages of sampling with their expression decreasing rapidly thereafter. A few genes had a second later expression peak. In each multigene family, only a restricted number of genes were expressed during maize cell wall formation in the below‐ear internode. Genes for three phenylalanine ammonia‐lyases, two cinnamate 4‐hydroxylases, two 4‐coumarate:coenzyme A ligases, three caffeoyl‐CoA O‐methyltransferases, but only one cinnamoyl‐CoA reductase, two cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenases, one ferulate 5‐hydroxylase, the only caffeic acid O‐methyltransferase, and a ZRP4‐like O‐methyltransferase were significantly expressed. These genes are likely the most important ones in maize stem lignification, and hence are priority targets in maize breeding.
Impact of High Nighttime Temperature on Respiration, Membrane Stability, Antioxidant Capacity, and Yield of Rice Plants
Authors: Mohammed Abdul‐Razack , Tarpley Lee 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTNighttime temperature is one of the major environmental factors influencing plant metabolic processes. The respiration rates, membrane thermal stability (MTS), and total antioxidant capacities of leaves were investigated in rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants when exposed to high nighttime temperature (HNT) (32°C) or ambient nighttime temperature (ANT) (27°C), and with or without potential preventive exogenous effector (chemical) treatments. The exogenous effector treatments included α‐tocopherol (vitamin E), glycine betaine, and salicylic acid, which play important but different roles in inducing thermal tolerance in many plant species. Plants were subjected to an HNT through use of continuously controlled infrared heaters, starting from 2000 h until 0600 h. High nighttime temperature increased respiration rates, decreased MTS, and negatively affected the yield (by 95%). Application of salicylic acid somewhat lowered the reduction in yield due to HNT (76 vs. 95%) by decreasing the respiration rates and increasing MTS and total antioxidant capacity of rice plants.
Quantitative Trait Locus Analysis of Seed Phosphorus and Seed Phytate Content in a Recombinant Inbred Line Population of Common Bean
Authors: Blair Matthew W. , Sandoval Tito Alejandro , Caldas Gina V. , Beebe Stephen E. , Páez Martha I. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTPhytate is an important antinutritional component of legume seeds, which chelates minerals that are essential to the human diet such as iron and zinc. Phytate levels are often correlated with total seed phosphorus (P). The objective of this research was to evaluate quantitative trait loci (QTL) for seed P and phytate content in an inter‐gene pool (G2333 × G19839) recombinant inbred line population of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) planted at medium and high levels of soil P in randomized complete block experiments. Seed P and phytate content were quantified with spectrophotometric methods based on acid digestion with molybdenum blue and Wade reagents, respectively, and net seed P and net phytate content were calculated on a per‐seed basis using seed weights for each experiment. Total seed P varied from 2.8 to 6.1 g kg−1 and phytates varied from 0.29 to 1.78% across fertilization levels. A total of six QTL were found for total or net seed P, while three were found for percentage or net seed phytates. The QTL for seed P and percent phytates were located independently on linkage groups B2 and B11 vs. B6, respectively. Meanwhile, the QTL for net seed P or phytate content were related to seed weight QTL on linkage groups B6, B7, and B10, with one additional net phytate QTL on B5. The results suggest that bean plants can adapt to different initial supplies of P and that seed P and phytate levels in common bean can be modified through plant breeding.
Analysis of Genetic Structure in Widely Distributed Common Bean Landraces with Different Plant Growth Habits Using SSR and AFLP Markers
Authors: Masi P. , Logozzo G. , Donini P. , Zeuli P. Spagnoletti 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTThe genetic variation in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) landraces with different growth habits, which are grown over a wide and environmentally heterogeneous area in southern Italy, was studied to help define strategies for conservation of genetic resources. Accessions of three landraces, a'Marrozzo and Poverella with indeterminate growth habits, and Verdolino with a determinate growth habit, were scored for 30 simple sequence repeat (SSR) and 393 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) loci using eight primer combinations. Very low heterozygosity was observed, and all 73 plants analyzed showed different genotypes when comparing their alleles at the SSR or AFLP loci. The analyzed genotypes were clustered first according to plant growth habit and then in distinct groups according to landrace classification. Genetic differentiation among landraces was higher for AFLP (FST = 0.64) than for SSR loci (FST = 0.31), and variation within landraces was higher in a'Marrozzo, which is widely distributed over four river catchment basins. The proportion of alleles common to all three landraces was much larger for AFLP (62.34%) than for SSR (27.13%), while the alleles found in only one landrace were more frequent for SSR (47%) than for AFLP (8.14%). The large number of SSR and AFLP alleles shared between a'Marrozzo and Poverella (both with indeterminate growth habits) indicates their common evolutionary history.
Accumulation of Soluble Carbohydrates during Seed Development and Maturation of Low‐Raffinose, Low‐Stachyose Soybean
Authors: Obendorf Ralph L. , Zimmerman Angela D. , Zhang Qianyi , Castillo Alexander , Kosina Suzanne M. , Bryant Elizabeth G. , Sensenig Elizabeth M. , Wu Jennifer , Schnebly Steven R. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTSoybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seeds accumulate sucrose, raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFO), phytin, and small amounts of galactopinitols and fagopyritols during normal seed maturation. RFO and phytin are indigestible by non‐ruminant animals and contribute to decreased feed efficiency, reduced mineral adsorption, and phosphorous pollution in manure. Low raffinose, stachyose, and phytin seed may have imbibitional chilling sensitivity and reduced field emergence. The objective was to characterize the profiles of soluble carbohydrates in cotyledons, axis, and seed coats of low raffinose and stachyose (LRS) seeds expressing the mutant stc1 phenotype; in low raffinose, stachyose, and phytin (LRSP1, LRSP2) seeds expressing the mutant mips phenotype; and in normal raffinose, stachyose, and phytin (CHECK) seeds expressing the Stc1 and Mips phenotype during 17 stages of soybean seed development, maturation, and desiccation. Seventy percent of RFO accumulated after maximum seed dry weight during seed desiccation. LRS, LRSP1, and LRSP2 seeds had low RFO, but LRS seeds accumulated higher galactinol and di‐ and tri‐galactosides of myo‐inositol, d‐chiro‐inositol, and d‐pinitol earlier during seed maturation than CHECK, LRSP1, and LRSP2. LRSP1 and LRSP2 seed had low RFO and low galactosyl cyclitols during maturation and were reported to have imbibitional chilling sensitivity and reduced field emergence.
Reactive Template Method to Synthesize Gold Nanoparticles with Controllable Size and Morphology Supported on Shells of Polymer Hollow Microspheres and Their Application for Aerobic Alcohol Oxidation in Water
Authors: Han Jie , Liu Yan , Guo Rong 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA novel method has been developed to synthesize gold nanoparticles with tunable size and morphology supported on both inner and outer surfaces of poly(o‐phenylenediamine) (PoPD) hollow microspheres, which act as both reductant and template/stabilizer. The size of gold nanoparticles supported on shells of PoPD hollow microspheres can be tuned from 3 to 15 nm by changing the concentration of the gold source, HAuCl4. Gold nanorods supported on shells of PoPD hollow microspheres can also be fabricated by introducing a well‐known seed‐growth strategy. In addition, silver nanoparticles supported on shells of PoPD hollow microspheres can also be successfully fabricated using the same strategy, which indicates the diversity of this proposed method for polymer hollow microspheres supporting noble metal nanoparticles. The products are characterized by X‐ray diffraction and contact angle analysis. Furthermore, the catalytic activity of the obtained PoPD‐microsphere‐supported gold nanoparticles for aerobic alcohol oxidation is investigated. The results demonstrate that such polymer‐supported gold nanoparticles can be used as reusable catalysts with high catalytic activity for aerobic alcohol oxidation in water.
Organized Nanostructured Complexes of Polyoxometalates and Surfactants that Exhibit Photoluminescence and Electrochromism
Authors: Zhang Tierui , Liu Shaoqin , Kurth Dirk G. , Faul Charl F. J. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA variety of functional nanostructured organic/inorganic hybrid materials from the europium‐exchanged derivative of a Preyssler‐type polyoxometalate (POM), [EuP5W30O110]12−, and functional organic surfactants were prepared by the ionic self‐assembly (ISA) route. The effect of organic surfactants on the structure, photoluminescent, electrochemical and electrochromic properties of the POM anions was investigated in detail. All obtained hybrid materials are amphotropic, i.e., exhibit both thermotropic and lyotropic liquid‐crystalline phase behaviour. Investigations of their photophysical properties have shown that the interactions of the various surfactants with the polyanions influence the coordination environments and site symmetry of Eu3+ in different ways. The functional groups in the organic surfactants significantly influence the electrochromic properties and photoluminescence of POMs. Different from normal and pyridine‐containing complexes, no photoluminescence and no electrochromism were observed from the ferrocene‐containing complexes. This may be explained in view of charge transfer between the POM anion and the ferrocenyl group.
Threshold Voltage Shifts in Organic Thin‐Film Transistors Due to Self‐Assembled Monolayers at the Dielectric Surface
Authors: Possanner Stefan K. , Zojer Karin , Pacher Peter , Zojer Egbert , Schürrer Ferdinand 
Published: January 2009

AbstractRecently, it has been shown by several groups that the electrical characteristics of organic thin‐film transistors (OTFTs) can be significantly influenced by depositing self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) at the organic semiconductor/dielectric interface. In this work, the effect of such SAMs on the transfer characteristics and especially on the threshold voltage of OTFTs is investigated by means of two‐dimensional drift‐diffusion simulations. The impact of the SAM is modeled either by a permanent space charge layer that can result from chemical reactions with the active material, or by a dipole layer representing an array of ordered dipolar molecules. It is demonstrated that, in both model cases, the presence of the SAM significantly changes the transfer characteristics. In particular, it gives rise to a modified, effective gate voltageVeffthat results in a rigid shift of the threshold voltage, ΔVth, relative to a SAM‐free OTFT. The achievable amount of threshold voltage shift, however, strongly depends on the actual role of the SAM. While for the investigated device dimensions, an organic SAM acting as a dipole layer can realistically shift the threshold voltage only by a few volts, the changes in the threshold voltage can be more than an order of magnitude larger when the SAM leads to charges at the interface. Based on the analysis of the different cases, a route to experimentally discriminate between SAM‐induced space charges and interface dipoles is proposed. The developed model allows for qualitative description of the behavior of organic transistors containing reactive interfacial layers; when incorporating rechargeable carrier trap states and a carrier density‐dependent mobility, even a quantitative agreement between theory and recent experiments can be achieved.
Magnesium Borohydride Confined in a Metal–Organic Framework: A Preorganized System for Facile Arene Hydroboration
Authors: Ingleson Michael J. , Barrio Jorge Perez , Bacsa John , Steiner Alexander , Darling George R. , Jones James T. A. , Khimyak Yaroslav Z. , Rosseinsky Matthew J. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIn nächster Nähe: Anders als unter analogen Bedingungen in homogener Lösung reagiert Magnesiumborhydrid als Teil eines metall‐organischen Netzwerks mit Arenen unter Hydroborierung (siehe Schema). Die erforderliche Ausrichtung der reaktiven Gruppen im Netzwerk wird durch Metallkoordination und Diwasserstoffbrücken erzielt.magnified image
Semisynthese eines homogenen Glycoprotein‐Enzyms: Ribonuclease C (Teil 2)
Authors: Piontek Christian , Varón Silva Daniel , Heinlein Christian , Pöhner Claudia , Mezzato Stefano , Ring Petra , Martin Andreas , Schmid Franz Xaver , Unverzagt Carlo 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAktives RNase‐Glycoprotein aus drei Segmenten: Das Glycoprotein‐Enzym Ribonuclease C mit einem komplexen nonasaccharidischen N‐Glycan wurde durch sequenzielle native chemische Ligation synthetisiert. Durch optimierte Ligations‐ und Isolierungsbedingungen konnte das aus 124 Aminosäuren bestehende Enzym effizient aufgebaut und zurückgefaltet werden.magnified image
A Luminescent Microporous Metal–Organic Framework for the Fast and Reversible Detection of High Explosives
Authors: Lan Anjian , Li Kunhao , Wu Haohan , Olson David H. , Emge Thomas J. , Ki Woosoek , Hong Maochun , Li Jing 
Published: January 2009

AbstractEin hoch empfindlicher Sensor: Mit dem intensiv lumineszierenden mikroporösen Metall‐organischen Gerüst [Zn2(bpdc)2(bpee)] (bpdc=4,4′‐Biphenyldicarboxylat; bpee=1,2‐Bipyridylethen) lassen sich Dämpfe des Nitrosprengstoffs 2,4‐Dinitrotoluol und von 2,3‐Dimethyl‐2,3‐dinitrobutan, das Plastiksprengstoff als Markierung zugemischt wird, durch Redox‐Fluoreszenzlöschung sehr schnell, reversibel und mit unerreichter Empfindlichkeit nachweisen (siehe Spektren).magnified image
Stabilisierung eines Thiolat→Dibrom‐Charge‐Transfer‐Addukts durch einen makrocyclischen Dinickel‐Komplex und dessen Überführung in einen Arensulfenylbromid‐Komplex
Authors: Steinfeld Gunther , Lozan Vasile , Krüger Hans‐Jörg , Kersting Berthold 
Published: January 2009

AbstractErstaunlich stabil sind die hier vorgestellten ersten Übergangsmetallkomplexe mit S‐Br‐Einheiten. Festes 2 verliert im Vakuum kein Br2, und festes 3 ist mindestens sechs Monate stabil. Die Bildung des ersten strukturell charakterisierten Übergangsmetall‐Arensulfenylbromid‐Komplexes 3 geht laut den Ergebnissen von Suszeptibilitätsmessungen mit einer Veränderung des Spingrundzustands von S=2 nach S=0 einher.magnified image
Shape‐Selective Interception by Hydrocarbons of the O2‐Derived Oxidant of a Biomimetic Nonheme Iron Complex
Authors: Mukherjee Anusree , Martinho Marlène , Bominaar Emile L. , Münck Eckard , Que Lawrence 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWählerisches Ferryl: [Fe(Tp)(BF)] (Tp=Hydrotris(3,5‐diphenylpyrazolyl)borat; BF=Benzoylformiat) liefert mit O2 ein Oxidationsmittel (siehe Bild; O rot, rosa, Fe gelb, N blau, C grau, H weiß), das Kohlenwasserstoffe formselektiv oxidiert. Die Ursache hierfür ist eine durch zwei Phenylgruppen des Tp‐Liganden gebildete Spalte, die abgeflachte spheroidale Substrate bevorzugt.magnified image
Addition of Hydrogen or Ammonia to a Low‐Valent Group 13 Metal Species at 25 °C and 1 Atmosphere
Authors: Zhu Zhongliang , Wang Xinping , Peng Yang , Lei Hao , Fettinger James C. , Rivard Eric , Power Philip P. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractUnter milden Bedingungen: Die niedervalente Arylgallium(I)‐Spezies :GaAr′ (Ar′=2,6‐(2,6‐iPr2C6H3)2C6H3) geht bei Raumtemperatur und einem Druck von 1 atm eine Addition an H2 oder NH3 ein, wobei 1 bzw. 2 gebildet wird (siehe Schema). Beide Produkte wurden durch Röntgenkristallographie sowie NMR‐ und IR‐Spektroskopie charakterisiert.magnified image
Magnesium Borohydride Confined in a Metal–Organic Framework: A Preorganized System for Facile Arene Hydroboration
Authors: Ingleson Michael J. , Barrio Jorge Perez , Bacsa John , Steiner Alexander , Darling George R. , Jones James T. A. , Khimyak Yaroslav Z. , Rosseinsky Matthew J. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIn close quarters: When confined in a metal–organic framework, magnesium borohydride reacts with arenes by a hydroboration pathway (see scheme), in contrast to its reactivity under analogous homogeneous solution‐phase conditions. Framework‐imposed organization of the reactive groups is required, which is achieved by a combination of the metal coordination and two hydrogen bonds.magnified image
A Luminescent Microporous Metal–Organic Framework for the Fast and Reversible Detection of High Explosives
Authors: Lan Anjian , Li Kunhao , Wu Haohan , Olson David H. , Emge Thomas J. , Ki Woosoek , Hong Maochun , Li Jing 
Published: January 2009

AbstractSensors and sensitivity: A highly luminescent microporous metal–organic framework, [Zn2(bpdc)2(bpee)] (bpdc=4,4′‐biphenyldicarboxylate; bpee=1,2‐bipyridylethene), is capable of very fast and reversible detection of the vapors of the nitroaromatic explosive 2,4‐dinitrotoluene and the plastic explosive taggant 2,3‐dimethyl‐2,3‐dinitrobutane, through redox fluorescence quenching with unprecedented sensitivity (see spectra).magnified image
CF Activation at Rhodium Boryl Complexes: Formation of 2‐Fluoroalkyl‐1,3,2‐Dioxaborolanes by Catalytic Functionalization of Hexafluoropropene
Authors: Braun Thomas , Ahijado Salomon Marcel , Altenhöner Kai , Teltewskoi Michael , Hinze Silke 
Published: January 2009

AbstractFluorinated building blocks by CF bond cleavage: Catalytic CF activation reactions that give novel dioxaborolanes have been developed (see scheme). The reactions proceed at room temperature, and catalytic intermediates are presumably rhodium hydride and boryl species.magnified image