bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Shift‐Share Analysis
Authors: BARFF RICHARD A. , III PRENTICE L. KNIGHT 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTMost applications of shift‐share analysis to regional employment change have used a study period of several years and have examined conditions only at the beginning and end years. This comparative static approach does not take into account the continuous changes in both industrial mix and size of total employment of the region over the study period. Calculating the national growth effect, the industrial mix effect, and the competitive effect on an annual basis and then summing the results over the study period provides a more accurate allocation of job changes among the three shift‐share effects. This approach, which we term dynamic shift‐share analysis, also allows unusual years and years of economic transition to he identified. We illustrate the use of dynamic shift‐share by presenting results of an analysis of New England employment growth from 1939 to 1984, using U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics data. The use of the dynamic form of shift‐share is important when the study period is characterized by either large changes in regional industrial mix or major differences between regional and national growth rates.
The Changing Regional Structure of the U.S. Economy
Authors: CONNAUGHTON JOHN E. , MADSEN RONALD A. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper utilizes newly available industry‐specific historical measures of Gross Regional Product to highlight the changing regional structure of the U.S. economy between 1963 and 1986. During this period, the percentage of U.S. output produced in the eight different regions changed significantly. The largest changes occurred in the Great Lakes (−3.65 percent), Mideast (−3.32 percent), and Southeast (+3.64 percent).Four major industry sectors (Agriculture, Mining, Construction, and Government) declined in relative importance in all eight regions. Five major industry sectors (TCPU, Retail Trade, Wholesale Trade, FIRE, and Services) expanded in relative importance. Somewhat surprisingly, Manufacturing output expanded for the U.S. as a whole and for six of the eight regions. The perception of decline in the relative importance of manufacturing in the U.S. is clearly based on the dramatic declines in the once dominant manufacturing base of the Mideast and Great Lakes regions.
Cross‐border Small‐scale Trading in South‐Eastern Europe: Do Embeddedness and Social Capital Explain Enough?
Authors: EGBERT HENRIK 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe article analyses cross‐border small‐scale trading (CBST) from the perspective of New Institutional Economics. It offers an alternative analytical starting point to this topic, which is mainly tackled by sociologists and anthropologists. It is argued that concepts like social capital or social embeddedness can be of certain analytical use but that they hardly suffice to explain human behaviour in a detailed manner. The case of reference is the institution of bribery as it evolved in the first half of the 1990s at the Bulgarian‐Turkish border.
Single-Neuron Activity and Imaging during Epileptogenesis: What can be Seen and how Best to see It?
Authors: Dudek F. Edward 
Published: July 2006

Evolving into Epilepsy: Multiscale Electrophysiological Analysis and Imaging in an Animal Model Sanchez JC, Mareci TH, Norman WM, Principe JC, Ditto WL, Carney PR Exp Neurol 2006;198(1):31–47 Epilepsy research for the design of seizure detection/prediction neuroprosthetics has been faced with the search for electrophysiologic control parameters that can be used to infer the epileptic state of the animal and be leveraged at a later time to deliver neurotherapeutic feedback. The analysis presented here uses multi-microelectrode array technology to provide an electrophysiologic quantification of a hippocampal neural ensemble during the latent period of epileptogenesis. Through the use of signal processing system identification methodologies, we were able to assess the spatial and temporal interrelations of ensembles of hippocampal neurons and relate them to the evolution of the epileptic condition. High-field magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was used to determine the location of electrode placement and to evaluate hippocampal pyramidal cell structural damage. Long-term single unit activity analysis suggests that hippocampal neurons in both CA1–2 and dentate regions increase the number of occurrences and duration of their bursting activity after injury to the contra-lateral hippocampus. The trends inferred from both single neuron and ensemble analysis suggests that the evolution into epilepsy is not abrupt but modulates gradually from the time of injury.
Microspectrophotometric analysis of succinic dehydrogenase and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase in human oral epithelium
Authors: Itoiz M. E. , Carranza F. A. , Giménez I. B. , Cabrini R. L. 
Published: July 2006

The distribution of succinic dehydrogenase and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase in human gingival epithelium was studied using a unidirectional scanning method of microspectrophotometric evaluation. The quantitative analysis was directed to obtain information on the mean enzymatic content of gingival epithelium in different areas and localization of layers of different enzymatic concentration within each epithelial area explored.Glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase had its maximum content in epithelium of marginal gingiva and lower contents in oral mucosa epithelium, crevicular epithelium and epithelial attachment.uccinic dehydrogenase content was greater in attached gingiva than in all other zones. Glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase increased its concentration from the basal to the superficial layers in attached and marginal gingiva, remained stable in all strata of oral mucosal epithelium and crevicular epithelium and reduced its activity towards the surface in epithelial attachment. Succinic dehydrogenase decreased its concentration from the basal to the superficial layers in all zones.
The Value of State Ground‐Water Agencies to the Small Water Well Contractor
Authors: Walker A. C. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIt is the State's responsibility to see that its ground‐water resources are developed with as little “red tape” as possible.The well driller's responsibility is to his customers.Both State ground‐water agencies and water well drillers can carry out their responsibilities best by working together. Such cooperation can eliminate unnecessary drilling regulations and result in better wells through exchange of information.In many instances, overdevelopment or contamination of an aquifer could have been avoided if drillers and States had worked together, rather than in opposite directions.
Artificial Recharge and pollution of Ground Water
Authors: Harmeson Robert H. , Vogel Orville W. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn an attempt at partially counteracting the serious depletion of ground‐water resources at Peoria, Illinois, a method for artificial replenishment has been developed by the Illinois State Water Survey and used in two well fields. Water taken from the Illinois River is chlorinated and infiltrated into the ground‐water aquifers by means of recharge pits.Potential pollutants of physical, chemical, bacterial, and radioactive nature are present in the river at all times in varying degrees. Possible pollution of the ground water is patently inherent to the artificial recharge process.Eight years of operating experience have proven the pit method of recharge to be effective in the Peoria area. Substantial quantities of water are recharged annually and existing standards for quality have been met. The results serve to point out problems which are encountered; to emphasize the need for control measures; and to establish trends and effects which may become important in the future.
Bacteriological and Chemical Factors in Induced Infiltration
Authors: Klaer Fred H. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe lowering of ground‐water levels by pumping from Horizontal or vertical wells near a surface stream may cause water to move from the stream into the water‐bearing materials by the process known as induced infiltration. In such cases, the natural deposits of sand and gravel serve as large natural filter beds effectively removing or reducing turbidity, organic matter and pathogenic bacteria. This paper discusses the general processes by which such removal is accomplished as well as the significance of certain changes in chemical characteristics of the water as it passes from a surface source to an underground point of collection. By a better understanding of the processes involved, the bacteriological and chemical quantities of infiltrated water supplies can be improved.
Microtime Measurements of Ground‐Water Level Fluctuations
Authors: Walton W. C. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWater‐level measurements made during the early seconds and minutes of aquifer tests may often be used to determine the hydraulic properties of an aquifer and to locate hydrogeologic boundaries. This paper describes a method, using a modified stylus carriage and pen and a stop watch, of recording microtime water‐level measurements in a well equipped with a recording gage. Ordinary and micro‐time records of water‐level fluctuations are simultaneously obtained. Microtime water‐level measurements often aid in appraising the effects of slow gravity drainage under water‐table conditions and anisotropic and heterogeneous conditions.
Statutes and Regulations Governing Private Water Well Construction and Pump Installationsa
Authors: Calabresa T. A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe intent of this paper is to discuss the need for laws and regulations governing construction of wells for private water supplies. This will include: (1) why laws and regulations are necessary, (2) need for registration and licensing of drillers and pump installers, (3) how laws and regulations affect uniformity of construction and the desirability of such uniformity, (4) how they encourage the manufacture of new materials and group organization, (5) what a law and code should contain, (6) need of judgment in administering laws and the regulations adopted pursuant thereto, and (7) the difficulties in enforcing laws and regulations including budgetary reasons. The material presented is drawn from Wisconsin's 26 years of private water supply administration and in part from personal experience. Hence, all statements and conclusions made do not necessarily represent the thinking, views or practice of the author's employer.
The Power Auger in Ground‐Water Exploration in Ohio
Authors: Bailey Norman G. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe power auger is a useful tool in the fields of ground‐water geology and hydrology. The Ohio Division of Water has had excellent success in utilizing this type of equipment during the past seven years. Augering is an economical and effective method of drilling test holes in unconsolidated deposits provided the tool is used within its limitations and where it works best. The augering method is particularly useful to the ground‐water investigator exploring sand and gravel aquifers or buried bedrock valleys, installing drive points, and making seismic refraction surveys.
Television — A New Tool for the Ground‐Water Geologista
Authors: Callahan J. T. , Wait R. L. , McCollum M. J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe television camera has become a tool of the ground‐water geologist, enabling him to examine visually the inside of a well deep below the land surface. Using the camera, the rocks can be viewed in place. Of great importance to the ground‐water studies in coastal Georgia, the camera enables the geologist to see the important water‐bearing zones in a limestone aquifer, and to recognize cracks and solution cavities, the changes in geologic formations, and the irregularities in the well bore that indicate the relative hardness of the rocks. The engineer, well driller, and water developer can examine a well when “trouble shooting” to see whether the casing is broken, whether screens are eroded, or whether the well contains obstructions.
Recharge Rates of Principal Aquifers in Lake County, Indianaa
Authors: Rosenshein J. S. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe upper 350 to 400 feet of rocks underlying Lake County, Indiana, form a single but complex hydrologic system. The rock units composing this system consist (in ascending order) of dolomite, clay till (unit 4), glaciofluvial sand (unit 3), clay till (unit 2), and lacustrine sand, silt, and clay (unit 1). The dolomite and unit 3 form the principal aquifers and the clay tills, units 4 and 2, the confining layers.The geohydrology of the confining layers controls to a large extent the rate at which the aquifers are recharged from local precipitation and, thereby, their potential yield. Unit 4, the dolomite's confining layer, has an estimated average vertical permeability of about 0.003 gpd (gallon per day) per square foot. Under present conditions of head difference, the rate of recharge to the dolomite through unit 4 is estimated to average 20,000 gpd per square mile. Unit 2, the confining layer for unit 3, has an average estimated vertical permeability of about 0.007 gpd per square foot. Under present conditions of head difference the recharge through unit 3's confining layer is estimated to average about 100,000 gpd per square mile. However, these rates of recharge can be expected to increase as the head difference across each confining layer increases with extensive development of the aquifer.
Is Your “Water Bank Account” Top Heavy with Capital?
Authors: Vaseen V. A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractLakes and ponds are “stored” waters or a water bank “principal,” the interest being the diffused surface waters, underground waters, and natural streams or water courses depositing in the “storage.” The natural use of “surface water” or waters able to be seen, has been for the most part the major concern of water bankers, but the time has come to put the “vault storage” into circulation and make it a part of the “money flow.”Ground water can be removed for use in amounts depending in part on the quantity of water in the underground storage reservoir. A ground‐water reservoir must be “drawn down” to cause its greatest efficiency. The rate of depletion of the various natural resources makes it mandatory that we use our “water bank account capital” where such use can provide benefits to mankind not otherwise available, where such “capital” depletion is over a sufficiently long period to allow adjustment prior to complete depletion, and where the cost of capital for such use can be amortized over an acceptable period of time.
Hydrologic Factors Pertinent to Ground‐Water Contaminationa
Authors: Brown R. H. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractPredictions of where and how a fluid waste may travel from disposal site to the water table require detailed information on the physical characteristics, location, and extent of all pervious and impervious materials in the unsaturated zone. Principles concerning the flow system in the unsaturated zone indicate the importance of choice of disposal technique in predicting the time required for the fluid waste to traverse the distance to the water table. With appropriate data on the location, extent, and physical properties of water‐bearing materials and on the boundaries of the saturated zone flow system, it is possible to analyze the relative merits of a variety of waste disposal techniques and to describe the probable consequences of each. Environments of consolidated rocks, such as granites, sandstones, and limestones, pose problems in addition to those related to unconsolidated or granular porous media in defining the fluid‐flow regimes that involve joint patterns, fracture patterns, solutional openings, and the rock structure.The consequences of ground‐water contamination can be just as damaging to water users as the pollution of surface streams. In fact it can be argued that the consequences are far more damaging because they persist over much longer periods of time after the contaminating source has been eliminated. It would appear prudent, therefore, to guard against contamination of the ground‐water resource in the first instance, rather than to engage in long expensive rehabilitation measures after the damage has been done.In 1960 Graham Walton presented data concerning contamination, by sewage or other man‐made wastes, of surface and underground waters. The circumstances attending the reported incidents of contamination, especially those involving ground‐water supplies, have aided materially in the choice of a few principles and ideas that will identify the role of some significant hydrologic factors in the underground movement of fluid wastes.Walton's discussion of ground‐water contamination refers often to physical settings into which fluid wastes are discharged at or near the land surface into cesspools, tile‐drain fields, and holding ponds. Furthermore, most reported instances of ground‐water contamination have taken place in relatively humid
Future Water‐level Declines in Deep Sandstone Wells in Chicago Region
Authors: Walton W. C. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractFuture water‐level declines in deep sandstone wells penetrating the Cambrian‐Ordovician Aquifer, the most highly developed aquifer for large ground‐water supplies in the Chicago region, are considered. The Cambrian‐Ordovician Aquifer is encountered at an average depth of about 500 feet below the land surface at Chicago; it has an average thickness of 1000 feet and is composed chiefly of sandstones and dolomites. Recharge is received from overlying glacial deposits in areas averaging 47 miles west of Chicago and from leakage through a shale confining bed.Geohydrologic conditions are simulated by a model aquifer, i. e., a semi‐infinite rectilinear strip of sandstones and dolomites 84 miles wide and 1000 feet thick. The model aquifer is bounded by a recharge boundary 47 miles west of Chicago and by two intersecting barrier boundaries 37 miles east and 60 miles south of Chicago, and is overlain by a confining bed consisting mostly of shale averaging 200 feet thick. The hydraulic properties of the model aquifer and its confining bed, the image‐well theory, and appropriate ground‐water formulas are used to construct a mathematical model which provides a means of evaluating the practical sustained yield of the aquifer and predicting future water‐level declines. Records of past pumpage and water levels establish the validity of this mechanism as a model of the response of the aquifer to heavy pumping.Pumpage from deep sandstone wells concentrated in six pumping centers has increased from 200,000 gallons per day (gpd) in 1864 to 96.5 millions of gallons per day (mgd) in 1961. As a result of heavy pumping, water levels in deep sandstone wells declined more than 650 feet at Chicago between 1864 and 1961.The maximum amount of water that can be continually withdrawn from existing pumping centers without creating critical water levels or exceeding recharge is estimated to be about 46 mgd. Withdrawals from the Cambrian‐Ordovician Aquifer have exceeded the practical sustained yield since 1959. It is estimated that about 65 mgd could be obtained by shifting one existing pumping center toward the west and by adding 2 new pumping centers north and northwest of Chicago.Unless lake water is made available to those areas with short supply a pumpage increase from 96.5 mgd in 1961 to 243 mgd in 2010 can be expected. Using this pumpage increase and taking into consideration dewatering of portions of upper units of the aquifer, declines in nonpumping water levels that may be expected between 1963 and 2010 at existing pumping centers were computed by using the mathematical model.Pumping water levels in most pumping centers will be at critical stages a few feet above the top of the lowermost and most productive unit of the aquifer by 2010.
Case Histories of Resistivity and Seismic Ground‐Water Studies
Authors: Carpenter G. C. , Bassarab D. R. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractNumerous articles have been written in the past on the methods and techniques of resistivity and seismic exploration in ground‐water studies, however, few articles ever show why a specific type of survey was chosen and what the results or relative costs of such a survey were. In this paper, the authors have attempted to illustrate why particular techniques are chosen and indicate the actual results of the study. In addition, the general cost of the study is mentioned so that one might compare the cost versus other savings or benefits on the project.The four studies indicate that savings on projects may vary from many thousands of dollars to good will depending on the nature of the problem to be solved.
Progress in the Water Well Construction Industrya
Authors: Guardino S. T. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe modern water well contractor is a combination structural engineer, mechanic, geologist and sanitarian. Contractor's skills and accumulated knowledge should be assembled within an area and used as the basis for design and water well specifications. Engineering a water well should have the primary objective of obtaining an adequate supply of potable water, with equal importance placed upon the protection of the source of supply.The drilling of a test bore should be included in the design of every water well. A properly drilled and accurately logged test bore can determine exact design features and equipment requirements. In an area where formation samples may be deceiving and where a more accurate log is required, it is possible to contract for an electric log of the test bore. When it is essential to obtain truly representative samples in an uncontaminated form, core samples may be taken as the test bore is being drilled.Well drillers have the right in most places to procure water for the consumers in the quantities available, and along with this right, they have the obligation of preventing contamination or depletion of the source of supply. It is the well drilling contractor's position to either directly design his projects or consult with the designing agent, making recommendations that will enhance quality rather than convenience or economy.The water well driller should acquaint his customer with modern construction procedures and modern water well design just as he has become aware of building codes and architectural specifications in the construction of buildings and homes. Contractors must keep pace with the achievements of technical people associated with the water well industry by self‐education and incentive. The water well industry should be, and is, proud of its responsibility.The design and construction of a water well is no longer limited to the procurement of underground water, but also entails certain obligations on the part of the designer or contractor. Every industry, particularly those who produce consumer goods, have certain responsibilities, but none of their products are as absolutely essential to the existance of life or have a more important role in the social and economic welfare of mankind than the product of the water well drilling industry.No other group has more knowledge of the vast underground water resources or the importance of the
Percussion‐Reverse Circulation Water‐Well Drilling System Designed and Developed in Italy
Authors: Massarenti Ing. Mario 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper describes the new percussion‐reverse circulation system, designed and developed in Italy for water‐well drilling. In a special reverse circulation rig, the percussion bit, consisting of a tube with external welded blades, slides up and down on the outside of the hollow drill pipes, while the hollow drill pipes remain still. The field of application of the reverse circulation method is thus enormously enlarged; either hard, cemented formations or soft, unconsolidated deposits, as well as big boulders of any size are bored much faster and more efficiently than with any other method of drilling, provided that a sufficient source of water is available.