bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A divergence‐free interpolation scheme for the immersed boundary method
Authors: Muldoon Frank , Acharya Sumanta 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe immersed boundary approach for the modeling of complex geometries in incompressible flows is examined critically from the perspective of satisfying boundary conditions and mass conservation. It is shown that the system of discretized equations for mass and momentum can be inconsistent, if the velocity is used in defining the force density to satisfy the boundary conditions. As a result, the velocity is generally not divergence free and the pressure at locations in the vicinity of the immersed boundary is not physical. However, the use of the pseudo‐velocities in defining the force density, as frequently done when the governing equations are solved using a fractional step or projection method, combined with the use of the specified velocity on the immersed boundary, is shown to result in a consistent set of equations which allows a divergence‐free velocity but, depending on the time step, is shown to have the undesirable effects of inaccurately satisfying the boundary conditions and allowing a significant permeability of the immersed boundary. If the time step is reduced sufficiently, the boundary conditions on the immersed boundary can be satisfied. However, this entails an unacceptable increase in computational expense. Two new methods that satisfy the boundary conditions and allow a divergence‐free velocity while avoiding the increased computational expense are presented and shown to be second‐order accurate in space. The first new method is based on local time step reduction. This method is suitable for problems where the immersed boundary does not move. For these problems, the first new method is shown to be closely related to the second new method. The second new method uses an optimization scheme to minimize the deviation from the interpolation stencil used to represent the immersed boundary while ensuring a divergence‐free velocity. This method performs well for all problems, including those where the immersed boundary moves relative to the grid. Additional results include showing that the force density that is added to satisfy the boundary conditions at the immersed boundary is unbounded as the time step is reduced and that the pressure in the vicinity of the immersed boundary is unphysical, being strongly a function of the time step. A method of computing the total force on an immersed boundary which takes into account the specifics of the numerical solver used in the iterative process and correctly computes the total force irrespective of the residual level is also presented. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preserving bounded and conservative solutions of transport in one‐dimensional shallow‐water flow with upwind numerical schemes: Application to fertigation and solute transport in rivers
Authors: Burguete J. , García‐Navarro P. , Murillo J. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThis work intends to show that conservative upwind schemes based on a separate discretization of the scalar solute transport from the shallow‐water equations are unable to preserve uniform solute profiles in situations of one‐dimensional unsteady subcritical flow. However, the coupled discretization of the system is proved to lead to the correct solution in first‐order approximations. This work is also devoted to show that, when using a coupled discretization, a careful definition of the flux limiter function in second‐order TVD schemes is required in order to preserve uniform solute profiles. The work shows that, in cases of subcritical irregular flow, the coupled discretization is necessary but nevertheless not sufficient to ensure concentration distributions free from oscillations and a method to avoid these oscillations is proposed. Examples of steady and unsteady flows in test cases, river and irrigation are presented. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discontinuous Galerkin method for a class of elliptic multi‐scale problems
Authors: Yuan Ling , Shu Chi‐Wang 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIn this paper we develop a discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method for solving a class of second‐order elliptic multi‐scale problems. The main ingredient of this method is to use a non‐polynomial multi‐scale approximation space in the DG method to capture the multi‐scale solutions using coarse meshes without resolving the fine‐scale structure of the solution. We perform analysis on the approximation, stability and error estimates, and provide numerical results to demonstrate the proposed method. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of burnt schist outcrops in the alps: Relation to historical archaeology and Hannibal's crossing in 218 B.C.
Authors: Mahaney William C. , Milner Michael W. , Sodhi Rana , Dorn Ronald I. , Boccia Sal , Beukens Roelf P. , Tricart Pierre , Schwartz Stéphane , Chamorro‐Perrez Eva , Barendregt René W. , Kalm Volli , Dirszowsky Randy W. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIdentification of the exact route followed by Hannibal during his invasion of Italia in the Second Punic War is one of the major questions of antiquity and one that historians/archaeologists have long studied. One of the many clues in the ancient literature that can help answer this question is the mention of fired rock, the result of a conflagration Hannibal is reputed to have employed to reduce the size of boulders in a blocking rockslide some distance down from the high col on the Italian side. The only route with evidence of fired rock along the roadway leading into Italia follows the Col du Clapier, one of the possible northern routes discussed by historians. Radiocarbon dating of calcined rocks is not possible, but whereas Time‐of‐Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM‐EDS), backscatter electron scanning microscopy (BSE), High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope (HRTEM), and Raman Spectroscopic data do not provide an age for the burnt rock, compositional evidence of the conflagration derived from these analyses may shed light on Hannibal's actual route. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Correlates of knowledge and beliefs about depression among long‐term care staff
Authors: Ayalon Liat , Arean Patricia , Bornfeld Heather 
Published: August 2007

AbstractContextDespite the high prevalence of depression in long‐term care (LTC), it often is unrecognized and inadequately treated. Thus, the goals of the present study were to evaluate LTC staff characteristics that are associated with knowledge and beliefs about depression.MethodsA cross sectional study of 371 LTC staff members completed a knowledge and beliefs about depression questionnaire, a short demographic questionnaire, a burden measure, and a questionnaire about attitudes associated with working with depressed residents.ResultsRelative to nurses, social workers, and activity staff, paraprofessional caregivers had a lower score on the depression measure and a higher score on the burden measure. Paraprofessional caregivers were more likely to view depression as a normal phenomenon, held less accurate beliefs about signs and symptoms of depression, and were less familiar with the effectiveness of specific treatments of depression.ConclusionsEducational interventions about depression should be specifically geared to meet the needs of paraprofessional caregivers who provide the majority of care to LTC residents, yet possess less knowledge about depression and its treatments. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Practice style in the nursing home: dimensions for assessment and quality improvement
Authors: Cohen‐Mansfield Jiska , Parpura‐Gill Aleksandra 
Published: August 2007

AbstractObjectiveBased on research staff observations during several studies in nursing homes and the findings of other studies, we propose a nomenclature of components of care for the elderly in nursing homes. The paper seeks thereby to operationalize those aspects of the nursing home practice style that can be improved.MethodsThis operationalization examines two main components (staff and institutional components) of practice style of care in nursing homes. Four domains characterize staff conduct (knowledge, practice style proficiency, flexibility and individualization of care and communication) and three domains define institutional conduct (staff support, resources and flexibility/rigidity of policies).ResultsThe paper addresses critical aspects of staff conduct, and by extension, key features that require training, monitoring, and systemic change. Examples for each domain of practice style are provided.ConclusionsAfter systematically reviewing the observations and findings it was concluded that enhancing practice styles in the nursing home requires knowledge, communication, flexibility, understanding, and genuine concern on the part of nursing home staff and administrators at all levels. We acknowledge and understand, of course, that changing practice styles in nursing homes is a difficult and time‐consuming process. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The specificity of neuropsychological impairment in predicting antidepressant non‐response in the very old depressed
Authors: Sneed Joel R. , Keilp John G. , Brickman Adam M. , Roose Steven P. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractObjectiveIn an earlier report, response inhibition predict antidepressant non‐response in late‐life depression (Sneed et al., 2007). The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether this effect is specific to response inhibition or whether impairment in other cognitive domains also predicts non‐response.MethodOlder depressed patients (n = 84) enrolled in an 8‐week trial of citalopram were classified as impaired or non‐impaired relative to the sample on mental status, psychomotor speed, reaction time, spatial judgment, and memory, and contrasted with regard to antidepressant response.ResultsPatients who were impaired relative to the sample on digit symbol performance did not respond as quickly to citalopram as those who were unimpaired. By the end of the 8‐week trial, however, both groups reached the same level of response. Impairment in other domains had no impact on antidepressant response.ConclusionsNon‐response was not attributable to impairment on any of the neuropsychological tests suggesting that antidepressant non‐response is specific to impaired response inhibition. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Primary health care reform in Uzbekistan
Authors: Ahmedov Mohir , Rechel Bernd , Alimova Vasila , Azimov Ravshan 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIn recent years, primary health care in Uzbekistan has seen dramatic changes in organization, management and financing. The Soviet multi‐tiered system of primary care is being replaced by a two‐tiered system, consisting in rural areas of rural physician points (SVPs) and outpatient clinics of central rayon hospitals. A state‐guaranteed benefits package of primary care services has been introduced and financing is increasingly based on capitation. In addition, a considerable number of physicians and nurses have been trained in general practice. There are, however, a number of challenges that remain. One of them is the considerable regional differences that exist in health financing. Another challenge is that some rural areas have difficulties attracting primary care workers. Overall, the institutional and financial link between primary and secondary care needs to be strengthened, as at present GPs have an incentive to refer patients to higher levels of care, which is financially inaccessible for large parts of the population. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Perceived purposes of performance appraisal: Correlates of individual‐ and position‐focused purposes on attitudinal outcomes
Authors: Youngcourt Satoris S. , Leiva Pedro I. , Jones Robert G. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractPerformance appraisals have traditionally been directed at individuals, serving either an administrative or developmental purpose. They may serve a role definition purpose as well. This study sought to identify and more broadly define the purposes of performance appraisals to include this role definition purpose. Furthermore, this study examined purposes of performance appraisals as perceived by the role incumbent, as opposed to the stated organizational purposes. The relationships between these perceived purposes with several attitudinal outcomes, including satisfaction with the performance appraisal, job satisfaction, affective commitment, and role ambiguity, are reported. Data from 599 retail service employees were used to test the hypothesized relationships. Results suggested support for a model consisting of three performance appraisal purposes having differential relationships with the outcomes examined, suggesting the purpose of the performance appraisal may influence ratees' perceptions of and attitudes toward their jobs.
The impact of workplace attire on employee self‐perceptions
Authors: Peluchette Joy V. , Karl Katherine 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThis study examined employee preferences for different styles of workplace attire and how wearing various styles of clothing affected their self‐perceptions. Respondents felt most authoritative, trustworthy, and competent when wearing formal business attire but friendliest when wearing casual or business casual attire. Significant two‐way interactions were found between dress preference and mode of dress worn on self‐perceptions of productivity, trustworthiness, creativity, and friendliness. Suggestions for future research and implications for HRD professionals are proposed.
Engaging in personal business on the job: Extending the presenteeism construct
Authors: D'Abate Caroline P. , Eddy Erik R. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractPresenteeism describes the situation when workers are on the job but, because of illness, injury, or other conditions, they are not functioning at peak levels. Although much of the research on presenteeism appears in the medical literature, we argue that presenteeism also occurs when employees go to work but spend a portion of the workday engaging in personal business while on the job, such as e‐mailing friends, paying personal bills, or making personal appointments. Results of a Web‐based survey of 115 individuals suggest that employees spend approximately one hour and twenty minutes in a typical workday engaged in personal activities, costing their employers an average $8,875 each year in lost productivity per employee. Results suggest that engagement in personal business on the job is not related to self‐reported measures of performance, efficiency, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, or intentions to stay, only to procrastination. Implications of these findings for practice and research are discussed.
Dynamic interactions between two models of team development and learning: Implications for performance and human resource managers
Authors: Hall Jim 
Published: August 2007

AbstractTeam‐based activities have become commonplace in many organizations. Research on team effectiveness has included studies on the effect of several variables, including goals, reward systems, team composition, type of task, and norms conducive to innovation. These all can be seen as the context for a team's ability to develop and learn. This article extends the existing research by briefly reviewing two dominant theories of team development and learning (the stages of development model and the punctuated equilibrium model) and then proposes, using seven propositions, a synthesis of the two models, showing how they need to interact to ensure optimal team effectiveness. Several implications for human resource development are identified.
Social experiences in infancy and early childhood co‐sleeping
Authors: Hayes Marie J. , Fukumizu Michio , Troese Marcia , Sallinen Bethany A. , Gilles Allyson A. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractInfancy and early childhood sleep–wake behaviours from current and retrospective parental reports were used to explore the relationship between sleeping arrangements and parent–child nighttime interactions at both time points. Children (N=45) from educated, middle‐class families, mostly breastfed in infancy, composed a convenience sample that was recruited from a university preschool in the Northeast US. Parents responded to the Sleep Habits Inventory, a 19‐item Likert‐style inventory measuring sleep‐related behaviours during the last week, and the Sleeping Arrangements Questionnaire, a 30‐question, open‐ended, short‐answer‐style instrument which queries both retrospective infancy and current sleep location, bedtime routine, night waking and parent–child interactions during the sleep period. Co‐sleeping in early childhood was associated with sleep location in infancy (i.e. proximity to the mother's bed) during wake–sleep transitions and night feedings. Security object use during infancy was inversely related to early childhood co‐sleeping (calling for the parents, night waking, poor bedtime routine and fear of the dark). Results showed that early childhood co‐sleeping in this sample was reactive, i.e. associated with current parent‐seeking, night waking and social contact during wake–sleep transitions. These findings suggest that co‐sleeping in early childhood is related to social experiences during infancy, particularly the amount of parent social contact and security object use. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
LC/MS identification of 12 intracellular cytoskeletal and inflammatory proteins from monocytes adherent on surface‐adsorbed fibronectin‐derived peptides
Authors: Zuckerman Sean T. , Kao Weiyuan John 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe extent and duration of the host response determines device efficacy, yet the mechanism is poorly understood. U937 promonocytic cells were cultured on peptide‐adsorbed tissue‐culture polystyrene to better understand surface‐modulated intracellular events. Phosphotyrosine proteins were enriched by immunoprecipitation and analyzed by nanospray HPLC‐coupled tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Tyrosine‐phosphorylated proteins were chosen based on physiological significance and previous densitometry results, which identified a set of proteins ranging from ∼200 to ∼23 kDa showing altered phosphorylation levels in response to various surface‐adsorbed ligands and phosphorylation inhibitor AG18. Although LC/MS has been used for nearly a decade, its application to the field of biomaterials is relatively novel. Twelve intracellular proteins identified by nanospray LC/MS are potentially related to the host response. Eight of the twelve proteins are related to the cytoskeleton including: moesin, heat shock protein 90β, α‐tubulin, elongation factor 1α, β actin, vimentin, plasminogen activator inhibitor 2, and heterogeneous ribonuclear protein A2. The remaining four proteins: high mobility group box 1, caspase recruitment domain 5, glycoprotein 96, and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein D0 modulate inflammation. The specific effect each peptide has upon modulating the phosphorylation state of these proteins cannot be determined from this work; however, 12 viable targets have been identified for further investigation into the role each plays in the surface‐mediated monocyte response. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 2008
Structure–property relations and cytotoxicity of isosorbide‐based biodegradable polyurethane scaffolds for tissue repair and regeneration
Authors: Gogolewski Sylwester , Gorna Katarzyna , Zaczynska Ewa , Czarny Anna 
Published: August 2007

AbstractMicroporous scaffolds with potential applications for tissue engineering were produced from the biodegradable aliphatic isosorbide‐based polyurethane using a combined salt leaching–solvent evaporation–coagulation process. Alkaline sodium phosphate heptahydrate crystals were used as a solid porogene, and acetone–water mixture was used as a nonsolvent–coagulant. The scaffolds used in this study had interconnected pores with sizes in the range of 70–120 μm and a pore‐to‐volume ratio of 87%. The XPS measurements showed that the residence of the scaffold in an aqueous solution of the alkaline porogene changed its surface atomic composition, that is increased the surface concentration of oxygen and nitrogen and reduced the surface concentration of hydrocarbons relative to the control material. This also enhanced the hydrophilicity of the scaffold's surfaces as assessed from contact angle measurements. The alkaline porogene did not affect the polymer's molecular weight. The MTT cytotoxicity assay showed that the isosorbide‐based polyurethane scaffold is noncytotoxic. The amounts of interleukin‐6 and interlukin‐8 proinflammatory cytokines released from human blood leukocytes exposed to the polyurethane scaffolds in vitro were comparable and/or lower than the amount of the cytokines released by leukocytes exposed to the culture‐grade polystyrene control. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 2008
Amphotericin B‐loaded poly(ethylene glycol)–poly(lactide) micelles: Preparation, freeze‐drying, and in vitro release
Authors: Yang Zhuo Li , Li Xin Ru , Yang Ke Wei , Liu Yan 
Published: August 2007

AbstractPolymeric micelles prepared from a series of poly(ethylene glycol)–poly(lactide) (PEG–PLA) diblock copolymers with various PLA chain lengths were designed as drug carriers for water insoluble drug amphotericin B (AmB). Physicochemical properties of AmB‐loaded micelles were evaluated. Micelles were freeze‐dried to obtain long‐time stable formulations. The redispersibility of the freeze‐dried samples was poor when the weight ratio of PLA block was bigger than the PEG block of the copolymer. Various types of lyoprotectants including saccharides and PEGs with different molecular weight were tested to improve the redispersion performance of the freeze‐dried samples. PEG was proved to be more effective than saccharides on stabilizing the micelles during lyophilization when the weight ratio of PLA block was bigger than PEG block. The sustained release in vitro of AmB was evidenced. About 80% of AmB was released in 80 h. The in vitro release behavior could be best described by the first‐order equation. The release rate was reduced as enhancing PLA chain length due to the stronger interaction between poorly water‐soluble AmB and longer hydrophobic chain length of PLA. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2008