bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A study of dilatation and acoustic propagation in solidifying fats and oils: II. Experimental
Authors: Hussin A. B. B. H. , Povey M. J. W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractExperimental evidence is presented to support the hypothesis that acoustic dilatation is linearly related to solid fat index dilation. This hypothesis is shown to be consistent with the measured temperature dependence of the dilation and ultrasonic velocity during solidification of palm oil, coconut oil, tristearin and a vegetable fat, all of which were diluted with triolein. The maximum solid content examined was 15%. The ultrasonic pulse echo method may provide a means of measuring the solid content of oils and of indicating the presence of phase transitions in the solid phase.
Methanesulfonic acid catalyzed addition of aromatic compounds to oleic acid
Authors: Nakano Y. , Foglia T. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe addition of aromatic compounds to the double bond of oleic acid has been studied using methanesulfonic acid as the acid catalyst. When alkylbenzenes were reacted with oleic acid, the yield of addition product was dependent on the electron density of the benzene ring. For example, a 76% yield of addition product was obtained with toluene, whereas for benzene and monochlorobenzene, the yields of addition products were 60% and 2%. The addition of phenol to oleic acid gave 2 types of addition products, an ethertype (phenylether) product and a ring‐substituted product (hydroxy‐phenylstearic acid). The ratio of the 2 products varied with the reaction temperature and the amount of methanesulfonic acid. The ring‐substituted product predominated at a high molar ratio of methanesulfonic acid to oleic acid (6:1) and elevated reaction temperature (50 C). Thiophenol was found to add to oleic acid to form a thioether derivative exclusively.
Synthesis of jojobamide and homojojobamide
Authors: Shani A. , Lurie P. , Wisniak J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractJojobamide has been synthesized from methyl jojoboate (the transesterification product of jojoba oil and methanol) and concentrated ammonium hydroxide by high temperature treatment of the mixture in a sealed vessel. Homojojobamide has been synthesized by partial hydrolysis of homojojobylnitrile, which was prepared from jojobyl mesylate. The melting points of the amides were found to be relatively high (>75 C) for a mixture of amides.
Stepwise purification of fatty acids: compared fractional crystallization with urea or from acetone solutions of palmitoleic, heptadecenoic, and oleic acids
Authors: Aurousseau B. , Bauchart D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractStepwise partition of a mixture of hexa‐ (C16:1ω7), hepta‐(C17:1ω8), and octadecenoic (C18:1ω9) acids was thoroughly investigated. The efficiency of different rates of three fractionation procedures (i.e., fatty acid crystallization from acetone or fatty acid pared. Fatty acid urea adducts formation is best suited for stepwise removal of the bulk of C18:l (accumulated in the crystals) and C16:l as well as small quantities of C18:l (both being removed in the filtrates). Whatever the technique, high crystallization rates were more efficient.
Evaluating suicide-related adverse events in clinical trials of fluoxetine treatment in adults for indications other than major depressive disorder
Authors: TAUSCHER-WISNIEWSKI SITRA , DISCH DAMON , PLEWES JOHN , BALL SUSAN , BEASLEY CHARLES M. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe association between treatment-emergent suicidality as an adverse event and fluoxetine treatment was examined using a fluoxetine double-blind placebo-controlled database of clinical trials for indications other than major depressive disorder.MethodThe database consisted of 53 trials for 16 different indications (14 psychiatric, two non-psychiatric). Within each study, patient adverse event reports and narratives were searched extensively for treatment-emergent thoughts and behaviors associated with suicide. The incidence of adverse events was classified using Food and Drug Administration (FDA) codes for completed suicide, preparatory acts, suicidal ideation and the summary category of ‘all suicidality.’ The risk difference and risk ratios between fluoxetine and placebo treatment arms were compared using Mantel–Haenszel methods.ResultsWithin this large database, patients were randomly assigned to receive treatment with either fluoxetine (n=7066) or placebo (n=4382). Treatment groups did not differ in their risk for the emergence of suicidality for any FDA code; the risk ratio for ‘all suicidality’ was 0·82 (p=0·406), and there were no completed suicides in either group. Analyses based on treatment indication (bulimia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, other psychiatric and non-psychiatric illness) also showed no significant difference in risk between treatment groups. When examined by age categories (18–24, 25–30, 31–65, and ⩾65 years), fluoxetine and placebo treatments did not result in significant risk difference for the emergence of suicidality.ConclusionsThe risk of treatment-emergent suicidality does not appear to be associated with fluoxetine treatment for adults with various non-MDD conditions.
An Enzyme Immunoassay to Detect Australian Flaviviruses and Identify the Encephalitic Subgroup using Monoclonal Antibodies
Authors: Hall Roy A , Kay Brian H , Burgess Graham W 
Published: July 2007

SummaryAn antigen‐capture enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been developed to detect antigens of Australian flaviviruses in mosquito pools, suckling mouse brain and infected cell culture supernatant fluid. A monoclonal antibody reactive to an epitope on the envelope glycoprotein common to all flaviviruses was used as the capture antibody. Purified rabbit IgG, produced against Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE) virus, which reacted with eight Australian flaviviruses in haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and in an indirect fluorescent antibody test, was used as the indicator antibody in direct and indirect antigen‐capture ELISA. A monoclonal antibody specific for a subgroup of encephalitic flaviviruses was conjugated to horseradish peroxidase and used as the indicator antibody to distinguish MVE, Kunjin and Alfuy viruses from the remainder tested. This ELISA could detect viral antigen in mosquito cell culture fluids and suckling mouse brain preparations at titres as low as 1000 TCID50/100μ1. Viral antigen in a single mosquito infected with MVE could be detected in a pool of 500.
The cytotoxic response to murine cytomegalovirus: requirements for the generation of MCMV‐specific target cells
Authors: Sinickas VG , Ashman RB , Blanden RV 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe preparation of target cells susceptible to lysis by murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV)‐immune T cells in vitro was investigated and found to be dependent upon target cell type, culture conditions, virus adsorption protocol and virus preparation. Optimally sensitive MCMV‐infected targets were obtained by preculture of mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEF) in 3% vol/vol concanavalin‐A‐stimulated spleen cell supernatant (CSS)‐supplemented medium, adsorption of salivary gland stock MCMV under 800 g centrifugation and at least 4 h further incubation at 37° before addition of T cells. In contrast, salivary gland stock MCMV did not cause thioglycollate‐induced peritoneal exudate cells lo be susceptible to MCMV‐specific T cell‐mediated lysis, whereas tissue culture‐passaged stock MCMV was successful. The preparation of MCMV‐infected target cells is discussed in terms of the need for H‐2 and viral antigen expression for T cell recognition.
High Dose Suppression of Human Anti‐Influenza A Virus Responses Using T Cell Clones
Authors: Adams E , Wotherspoon J , Hellqvist L , Basten A 
Published: July 2007

SummaryHuman T cells exposed to high concentrations of influenza A virus cause specific suppression of the in vitro antibody response to the virus, but the phenomenon does nol require viable T cells. In order lo investigate the mechanism of this form of suppression, IL‐2‐dependent T cell clones of helper phenotype (CD4+, HLA‐DR+, 1L‐2R+) were prepared with specificity for influenza A (Mem/Bel) and B (B HK) viruses and the non‐crossreacting antigen purified protein derivative (PPD). When pulsed with high dose MemBel virus, all three clones transferred suppression equally well to effector cultures of syngeneic or allogeneic E+ and E+ cells stimulated with an immunogenic dose of the same virus. Thus, although suppression was specific at the level of expression, the induction phase was non‐specific and non‐major histocompatibitity complex (MHC) restricted and did not involve interaction of antigen with the T cell receptor. HLA‐DR. CD3 and CD8 determinants were excluded as the binding site for the virus by two‐colour immunofluoresceni staining and flow cytometric analysis. The concentrations of antigen required for high dose suppression inhibited antigen‐specific proliferation by the clones; on the other hand, they remained partially sensitive to lL‐2 and could still release gamma‐interferon. These findings suggest that this phenomenon is distinct from conventional antigen‐specific suppression mediated by CD8 T cells, but may play a biologically important role in regulating immune responses at least to viral antigens.
The immunohistochemical localisation of microfibril‐associated glycoprotein (MAGP) in elastic and non‐elastic tissues
Authors: Gibson Mark A , Cleary Edward G 
Published: July 2007

SummaryWe have previously identified the major antigen of elastin‐associated microfibrils as a 31kD glycoprotein which we named microfibril‐associated glycoprotein or MAGP. Affinity‐purified antibodies to MAGP were shown to localise specifically to elastin‐associated microfibrils in sections of bovine foetal nuchat ligament (20). In the present paper we compare the localisation of anti‐MAGP antibodies and anti‐tropoelaslin antibodies in a range of bovine elastic and non‐elastic tissues. The results show that anti‐MAGP antibodies invariably localised to immuno‐reactive elastic fibres, wherever they occurred. Extensive additional localisation was observed in a number of tissues. This extra distribution of anti‐MAGP antibodies was found to correspond to those structures exhibiting the oxytalan histochemical staining reaction in tissues such as skin, periodontal ligament and ocular zorule. Since these oxytalan fibres have been shown to consist of 12 nm microfibrils which are morphologically similar to those of elastic fibres (and unpublished data from this laboratory confirm this conclusion), the results suggest that MAGP is a component of 12 nm microfibrils in both elastic and non‐elastic tissues. Anti‐tropoelastin antibodies did not localise to these oxytalan fibres, suggesting that tropoetastin is not a component of 12 nm microfibrils. MAGP was also detected in extracellular matrix regions of tissues such as skeletal muscle. Achilles tendon and spleen, suggesting that 12 nm microfibrils, containing one or more macromolecular constituents in common, make up an important structural system within the extracellular matrix in a wide range of elastic and non‐elastic tissues.
Studies on glycoproteins in the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Identification of a myristilated 45kDa merozoite membrane glycoprotein
Authors: Ramasamy R 
Published: July 2007

SummaryA murine monoclonal antibody has been used to characterise a 45,000 Da antigen that is associated with the surface membrane of merozoites of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. The antigen is a glycoprotein and incorporates myristic acid.
CR3 receptor on platelets and its role in the prostaglandin metabolic pathway
Authors: Cosgrove Leah J , d'Apice Anthony JF , Haddad Albert , Pedersen John , McKenzie Ian FC 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe human C3R receptor, which binds C3bi, present on the surface of monocytes, granulocytes and natural killer cells, can be detected by several monoclonal antibodies, OKMI, Mol and Mac‐1 and also by RM2.184 which detects a polymorphism of the receptor. Platelets have been considered to lack complement receptors on their cell surface; however, we now describe the detection of CR3 receptors on human platelets by radioimmunoassay using both OKM1 and RM2.184 antibodies. Using OKM1, immunoprecipitation studies with 125l‐labelled platelets revealed the typical CR3 complex with an α chain of 165,000 daltons and β chain of 95,000 daltons. By immunofluorescence, megakaryocytes were also found to be OKM1+. However, platelet CR3 does not merely bind C3bi, but the binding of the OKM1 antibody to platelet CR3 selectively blocks platelet functions of aggregation and serotonin release induced by arachadonic acid but not by other ligands (ristocetin, ADP, L‐epinephrine, collagen and thrombin). The studies demonstrate an important role of platelet CR3 in both complement binding and in prostaglandin metabolic pathways.
Specific IgA antibody response in Ross River virus infection
Authors: Carter IWJ , Fraser JRE , Cloonan MJ 
Published: July 2007

SummarySera were collected over a period of several years from the onset of initial symptoms from 77 patients with Ross River virus infection. When tested for virus‐specific IgA antibodies, using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on antibody class capture, 245 out of 704 sera were antibody‐positive. Although Ross River virus IgA antibodies were present in the serum of all patients soon after onset of symptoms, the IgA response was relatively short‐lived in comparison with specific IgM antibodies. The results suggested that the detection of high levels of Ross River virus IgA antibodies was of potential value in differentiating between recent and past infection, especially in those patients with persisting IgM antibodies.
The rejection of thyroid allografts in the ovine testis
Authors: Maddocks S , Setchell BP 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe survival of thyroid autografts and allografts in the ovine testis has been investigated. Thyroid autografts survived and concentrated iodine 4 weeks after transplantation. Healthy colloid‐containing follicles were found in the graft at this time, although no response of the grafts to a thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) challenge could be detected and there was no detectable basal thyroxine secretion into testicular venous blood or lymph. Thyroid allografts, however, were effectively rejected within 4 weeks of transplantation and did not concentrate iodine. No healthy tissue in the allografts could be found at 4 weeks after transplantation. Thus, in contrast to rodents and related species, the ovine testis does not appear to be an immunologically privileged site. This suggests that the immune privileged status of the rodent testis is not necessarily a general mammalian characteristic.
Festschrift Immunological aspects of interaction between rotavirus and the intestine in infancy
Authors: Uhnoo Ingrid , Dharakul Tararaj , Riepenhoff‐Talty Marie , Ogra Pearay L 
Published: July 2007

SummaryRotaviruses are important pathogens causing severe diarrhoea in human infants and young animals. Available information on the pathogenic mechanisms of and the immune response to rotaviruses is reviewed here. Studies in our laboratory using the suckling mouse model have focused on elucidating the nature of interaction between the virus and the gut, and on the importance of T and B cell mediated immunity in protection and recovery from the disease. Our data suggest that the age dependence of mouse rotavirus (MRV) infection is related to the presence of virus‐specific receptors on the enterocytes. The uptake of rotavirus antigens appears to be limited to the epithelium associated with Peyer's patches. The antigen is transported to local and regional lymph nodes. Recent studies have indicated that rotavirus infection also increases the uptake of other macromolecules in the intestine. Rotavirus‐specific mucosal IgA response seems to be related to the location and magnitude of MRV antigen in the lymph follicles in different segments of the small intestine. Studies in mice with different types of immunodeficiency suggest that a specific immune response is required for complete resolution of virus infection. Several parameters of immunity to rotavirus infection have been examined and, similar to other reports, local immunity in the intestine appears to have the most important role in protection. It also has been observed that nutritional factors may be important in modifying disease. However, there are still many questions to be answered concerning the role of immunity in mediating the pathogenesis of rotavirus infection.
Immunobiological relationships between Vibrio fluvialis and Vibrio cholerae enterotoxins
Authors: Ahsan CR , Sanyal SC , Zaman A , Neogy PKB , Huq MI 
Published: July 2007

SummaryA total of 26 strains of Vibrio fluvialis was included in this study, which were isolated from patients with diarrhoea and other sources. The GM1 enzyme linked immunosorbent assays performed with the culture filtrates of V. fluvialis yielded negative results, indicating that their receptor site is different from that of the known labile toxin. The cholera antitoxin failed to neutralize the skin permeability factor activities of all the V. fluvialis culture filtrates and none of the concentrated culture filtrates gave any precipitin band, when tested against the cholera antitoxin in Ouchterlony's gel diffusion test. These observations suggest that the toxin of V. fluvialis differs from the known cholera toxin in receptor site, mode of action and antigenicity.
A monokine which binds to class II histocompatibility proteins
Authors: Hedberg Nancy , Hunter Neil 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThere is a marked decrease in the viability, in vitro, of dense, immature rat thymocytes over a 4 h incubation period. The addition of a monokine of relative molecular weight 36 000 derived from cultured rat peritoneal macrophages which had been previously stimulated with lipopolysaccharide prevented these cells from dying. The early release of this factor, together with preliminary results of its physical and functional properties suggest that it is distinct from the well characterized monokines. The macrophage factor was found to bind in competition with a monoclonal antibody directed against a common determinant on the la antigen complex, but also to bind non‐competitively with a monoclonal antibody to a strain‐specific epitope on Ia. Based on the results of experiments using a fractionated thymic cell model, it would appear that this monokine binds to the la protein complex on the cell surface of thymic epithelial cells, causing them in turn to release an activity which is responsible for the survival of thymocytes.
Clearance of Brugia pahangi microfilariae in immunized mice
Authors: Rajasekariah GR , Puri P Mukherjee , Chandrashekar R , Subrahmanyam D 
Published: July 2007

SummaryActive Brugia pahangi microfilariae (Mf) were injected into naive male BALB/c mice intraperitoneally. Microfilaraemia was studied for 28 days; and Mf circulated in blood in optimum numbers from 3 to 14 days. Anti‐Mf respose was assessed by the rate of disappearance of Mf from blood as well as their absence from visceral organs. Sonicated antigens of Mf (MfE) and whole worm extract of adults (WWE) induced absolute protection against the establishment of Mf in mice. This potent anti‐Mf response elicited by sonicated antigens was intense, rapid and with stood repeated challenge infection. In comparison, immunization with in vitro excretory, secretory and metabolic antigens of Mf (MfESM) produced a partial but significant level of protection. Sera collected periodically from immunized animals showed antibody by micro‐ELISA compared to sham vaccinated controls. When Mf were used as targets along with the peritoneal exudate cells in vitro, sera from mice immunized with MfE and MfESM showed about four‐fold cellular adherence to(Mf‐ADCA) and 10‐fold killing (Mf‐ADCC) of Mf which was antibody‐dependent. Some degree of correlation was apparent when the antibody levels, Mf‐ADCA/Mf‐ADCC activity, and Mf clearance were compared. This murine microfilaraemia model was therefore shown to be suitable for studying the host‐protective immune response against filarial parasites.
HLA (Class I) antigens on platelets are involved in platelet function
Authors: Cosgrove Leah J , Vaughan Hilary A , Tjandra Joe J , Thurlow Peter J , McKenzie Ian FC 
Published: July 2007

SummaryHLA (Class I) antigens are ubiquitous in their cellular distribution and, while their function in major histocompatability complex (MHC)‐restricted phenomena are clear, their function on other cells, such as platelets, is not so obvious. We now report that several anti‐HLA monoclonal antibodies (including an anti‐β2 microglobulin antibody) selectively affect platelet function in that three different anti‐HLA monoclonal antibodies caused not only the aggregation of human platelets, but also caused the release of 14C‐serotonin. In addition, the anti‐HLA antibodies could selectively block the binding of several platelet agonists such as collagen, adrenalin, ADP, but not the binding of others such as thrombin and arachidonic acid. In blocking studies there also appeared to be an association between platelet glycoprotein IIb‐IIIa and HLA Class I antigens. We propose that both heavy and light chains of Class I HLA antigens on platelets may be involved in platelet aggregation and release and suggest an additional role for HLA antigens on platelets.
Intratumour therapy of solid tumours with ricin–antibody conjugates
Authors: Kanellos J , McKenzie IFC , Pietersz GA 
Published: July 2007

SummaryImmunotoxin conjugates of whole ricin with monoclonal antibody were prepared with the galactose binding site on the ricin B chain blocked. These whole ricin‐antibody conjugates were then injected directly into tumours (IT) in mice with established solid tumours. The conjugates were found to be effective, in vivo, in (C57BL/6 × BALB/c)F1 mice carrying thymoma grafts and in nude mice bearing human tumour xenografts. Thymomas (Ly‐1.1−, 2.1+) completely regressed following IT injection of cither ricin‐anti‐Ly‐2.1 or ‘modified’ (periodate treated to remove carbohydrate) ricin–anti‐Ly‐2.1 but did not regress when treated with the non‐reactive ricin–anti‐Ly‐1.1. Similarly, established CEM (transferrin receptor+) or HT‐29 (17.1/2+) tumours in nude mice completely regressed following IT injection of ricin–anti‐transferrin receptor antibody or ricin‐17.1/2 antibody conjugates. The tumours disappeared within 48 h, and in 80–100% of these there was no recurrence. Intact ricin–antibody conjugates did not require the presence of lactose to block the binding of native ricin and selective activity was entirely dependent on the reactivity of the monoclonal antibodies (MoAb). Further, the killing of target cells was specific because non‐reactive ricin–antibody conjugates did not cause regression of tumours and MoAb alone did not inhibit tumour growth. In addition, there was no systemic toxicity evident in mice treated with reactive conjugates. By contrast, in mice treated with only ricin or with non‐reactive ricin–antibody conjugates there was toxicity to liver and spleen due to diffusion from the tumour; thus the MoAb moiety of the immunotoxin serves to target the ricin lo the tumour, to hold ricin in the tumour, and little escapes, it was found that ricin–antibody conjugate treatment (IT) with 1–2 μg of ricin–antibody conjugate was not harmful to mice, in contrast to ricin alone, which killed all treated tumour bearing mice at a dose of 0.5 μg. Thus whole ricin–antibody conjugates can be used successfully in vivo for local therapy, leading to the eradication of solid tumours by direct injection of the tumour.