bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The statistical testing of regularized mathematical models in geodetic data processing
Authors: Fischer Artur , Nowel Krzysztof , Cellmer Slawomir 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The geodetic community commonly challenges the composite hypotheses in the statistical testing of mathematical models. Since the composite hypotheses are not specified as opposed to their simple counterparts, they require a prior estimation of the model parameters. However, if the mathematical models are ill-conditioned, the regularized estimation is often applied for the parameters of interest. Due to the biased property, the regularized estimation does not rigorously originate in the principle of maximum likelihood (ML) estimation, which was the base for developing the theory of the generalized likelihood ratio (GLR) test. Since the regularized estimator of the parameters of interest is consequently inconsistent with the ML one, one cannot construct the GLR test, which is the uniformly most powerful invariant (UMPI) test. So far, only the bias correction approach has been suggested to solve this problem. In this contribution, an implicit representation of the regularized mathematical model is proposed. It eliminates the complete impact of regularized estimation on a mathematical model and delivers the misclosures analytically free from the influence of regularization. Thus, one can construct the GLR test, which belongs to the UMPI family, and then formulate the test statistic in terms of misclosures.
Sharp bounds on the Nusselt number in Rayleigh-Bénard convection and a bilinear estimate by Coifman-Meyer
Authors: Chanillo Sagun , Malchiodi Andrea 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
We prove a conjecture in fluid dynamics concerning optimal bounds for heat transportation in the infinite Prandtl number limit and for large Rayleigh number

$\mathrm{Ra}$

Ra

, predicted in (Howard in Proceedings of the 11th International Congress of Applied Mathematics on Applied Mechanics, Munich, 1964, p. 1109, Springer, 1966) and (Malkus in Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A 225:196–212, 1954). Due to a maximum principle property for the temperature exploited by Constantin-Doering and Otto-Seis, this amounts to showing a-priori bounds for horizontally-periodic solutions of a fourth-order equation in a strip of large width. While there have been recent nearly-optimal results up to logarithmic divergences in

$\mathrm{Ra}$

Ra

, we prove here sharp bounds employing Fourier analysis, integral representations, and a bilinear estimate due to Coifman and Meyer which uses the Carleson measure characterization of BMO functions by Fefferman.
Entropy generation in Casson-Williamson-Powell-Eyring hybrid ferrofluid flow in a microchannel: Adomian decomposition and deep neural networks approaches
Authors: Ogunseye Hammed A. , Tijani Yusuf O. , Oloniiju Shina D. , Otegbeye Olumuyiwa , Agbaje Titilayo M. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Entropy generation is a fundamental concept in thermodynamics that measures the irreversibility of a process. Understanding the principles of entropy generation is crucial for optimizing thermal management and improving the efficiency of any thermal system. Its applications span a wide range, including heat exchangers, turbomachinery, chemical reactors, microfluidic devices, and many others. This study investigates the fluid flow and energy loss in the flow of three non-Newtonian fluids in a microchannel. The dynamical model incorporates the rheological behaviour of the three distinct fluids without the need for separate, independent mathematical models. These fluids Casson, Williamson, and Powell-Eyring are hybridized with a nanoparticle ferrofluid. The homogenization process is achieved using the Tiwari-Das model. Due to the magnetic body forces in the conservation of energy equation, the generation of entropy is taken into account from three sources: heat loss due to heat transfer, heat loss due to magnetic flow, and heat loss due to viscous dissipation. The solutions of the model equations are approximated using two solution techniques: the Adomian decomposition and deep neural network methods, and the results are compared with Maplesoft’s fourth-order Runge–Kutta (RK4). The solutions of these three methodologies serve as benchmarks for each other. The solutions obtained from each method agree, thus validating the accuracy of the results. The study indicates that the Williamson fluid is the most sensitive to flow changes with varying Reynolds numbers. Although increasing the Reynolds number reduces flow rates near the wall to zero for all fluids, there is a transition near the upper region where higher Reynolds numbers enhance the flow rates of all fluids. Increasing the Brinkman number raises the entropy generation rate for all fluids while inversely affecting the Bejan number across all fluids. Adding more nanoparticles will impede fluid flow and enhance fluid heat transfer.

Graphical abstract
Flow chart of the study structure
Cluster sets and traditional sets elicit similar muscular hypertrophy: a volume and effort-matched study in resistance-trained individuals
Authors: Vargas-Molina Salvador , García-Sillero Manuel , Maroto-Izquierdo Sergio , Baz-Valle Eneko , Bautista-Mayorga Borja , Murri Mora , Schoenfeld Brad J. , Benítez-Porres Javier 
Published: February 2025

Abstract

Background and Objective
Previous studies examining the effects of cluster sets (CS) compared to traditional sets (TS) protocols on muscle hypertrophy have primarily equated to volume load. This inevitably has resulted in a lower number of repetitions performed in TS compared to CS, thereby leading to a suboptimal hypertrophic stimulus. The present study aimed to compare the impact of CS and TS protocols, both performed with the same number of sets and repetitions, but with loads adjusted to the same range of repetitions in reserve (RIR) on muscle hypertrophy.

Methods
Ten resistance-trained volunteers (7 men and 3 women, 21.0 ± 1.5 years, 64.3 ± 6.9 kg, and 169.3 ± 6.2 cm) participated in this study. Participants performed two training protocols over an 8-week period, with two weekly sessions consisting of 5 sets of 12 repetitions of the leg press and leg extension exercises. The study employed a within-participant, unilateral design where one limb performed a TS protocol and the contralateral limb performed 3 clusters of 4 repetitions with a 20-s intra-set rest period of the same exercises (CS). Muscle thickness was assessed via ultrasound and thigh lean tissue mass was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry pre- and post-study.

Results
Results showed similar increases in muscle thickness (p < 0.001, ES = 0.56, and p = 0.012, ES = 0.42, respectively) and lean tissue mass (p = 0.002, ES = 0.11, and p < 0.001, ES = 0.13, respectively) in both CS and TS conditions.

Conclusion
In conclusion, when sets, repetitions, and load adjustments were equalized based on RIR, a CS protocol elicits similar increases in muscle thickness and lean mass compared to a TS protocol.
Protein misfolding: understanding biology to classify and treat synucleinopathies
Authors: Outeiro Tiago Fleming , Höglinger Günter , Lang Anthony E. , Vieira Tuane C. R. G. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Protein misfolding and aggregation is a major pathological hallmark in a variety of human conditions, including cancer, diabetes, and neurodegeneration. However, we still do not fully understand the role of protein accumulation in disease. Interestingly, recent breakthroughs in artificial intelligence (AI) are having a tremendous impact on our ability to predict three-dimensional protein structures and understand the molecular rules governing protein folding/misfolding. This progress will enable us to understand how intrinsic and extrinsic factors trigger protein misfolding, thereby changing protein function. These changes, in some cases, are related to normal biological responses and, in other cases, associated with pathological alterations, such as those found in many neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we provide a brief historical perspective of how findings in the field of prion diseases and prion biology have enabled tremendous advances that are now forming the basis for our understanding of disease processes and discuss how this knowledge is now emerging as central for our ability to classify, diagnose, and treat devastating neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases.
Investigation into the design of a novel conical plain bearing concept with enhanced serviceability
Authors: Euler Jan , Jacobs Georg , Zweiffel Urs , Jakobs Timm , Decker Thomas , Röder Julian 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Wind power constitutes a significant share in the German energy mix, and future increase is forecast. About 20% of the levelized cost of electricity for wind power stem from maintenance and repair efforts. Wind turbine main bearings are a component especially prone to failure with a failure probability of up to 30% over the wind turbine design lifetime. The current commercially available generation of wind turbines exclusively use rolling element bearings as main bearings. Their exchange or repair is very elaborate as they require a dismantling of the rotor.
At present there are efforts within industry and science to explore plain bearings as a possible alternative to rolling element bearings as wind turbine main bearings. Segmented plain bearings promise reduced repair costs as their segments can be exchanged individually in case of damage or failure without dismantling of the rotor. Three such plain bearing concepts (HydroLa, FlexPad and Z‑Pad) were developed. FlexPad features stationary sliding segments with a flexible support structure. The FlexPad however, demonstrated challenges for upscaling towards multi-megawatt turbines regarding e.g. its maintenance. To address the maintenance challenge, the Z‑Pad was developed. Z‑Pad features its sliding segments on the rotating shaft. Thus, allowing for easier access of the sliding segments. As with the FlexPad bearing no standardised design process exists. However, a process can be developed analogues to the FlexPad design approach. The proposed design process follows the following steps parameter space definition, sampling, elasto-hydrodynamic simulations, surrogate model creation and lastly mathematical optimisation. This study aims to evaluate the underlying parameter set for the future design process. Results from a systematic sensitivity analysis are explored, highlighting the design influence of individual parameters. The study shows, that during design the global design parameters can no longer be considered concurrently with the parameters governing the bearings flexibility. Moreover, unnecessary design features are identified and removed.
Optimization of corn starch/glycerol, acetic acid, and cellulose fibers ratio on biodegradable plastic synthesis by Box–Behnken design (BBD)
Authors: Abdel Hamid Eman M. , Mohamed Ahmed E. , Mohamed Ahmed A. , Galal Abdallah A. , Mekhemr Abdelrahman A. , Saleh Eslam S. , Hassan Mohamed I. , Ahmed Mohamed H. , Elgendy Shehab K. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Biodegradable plastic is the preferred alternative to traditional plastic products due to its high degradability, decreased dependence on fossil sources, and decreased global pollution according to the accumulation of traditional plastic. In the current study, the optimization of biodegradable plastic synthesis was studied using biomass reinforcement materials. The reinforcement material is cellulose extracted from sawdust to prepare biodegradable plastic using the casting method. Response surface methodology using Box–Behnken Design is used to optimize the main parameters affecting the tensile strength and elongation at the break of the biodegradable plastic. These parameters are cellulose fiber addition, acetic acid addition, and the mass ratio of glycerol to starch. The maximum tensile strength and elongation were obtained at 4.45 MPa and 5.24%, respectively, using 5% cellulose fiber addition and 11.24% acetic acid addition with a 0.266 w/w glycerol to starch mass ratio. Various analyses were performed on the produced biodegradable plastic, including FTIR, SEM, and thermal stability. The biodegradability of the produced biodegradable plastic after immersing the soil for 10 days was about 90% higher than the traditional plastics. The produced biodegradable plastic has a moisture content of 4.41%, water absorption of 81.5%, water solubility of 24.6%, and alcohol solubility of 0%. According to these properties, the produced biodegradable plastic can be used in different industries as a good alternative to traditional plastics.

Graphical Abstract
Association between hemoglobin level and mortality in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis: a nationwide dialysis registry in Japan
Authors: Kosugi Takaaki , Hasegawa Takeshi , Imaizumi Takahiro , Nishiwaki Hiroki , Honda Hirokazu , Ito Yasuhiko , Tsuruya Kazuhiko , Abe Masanori , Hanafusa Norio , Kuragano Takahiro 
Published: February 2025

Abstract

Background
The optimal hemoglobin (Hb) range in patients undergoing hemodialysis remains controversial. We aimed to investigate the association between Hb levels and mortality in patients undergoing hemodialysis and explore the potential factors modifying this association.

Methods
This observational study utilized a nationwide database from the Japanese Renal Data Registry spanning from 2019 to 2021. This study included 265,779 patients undergoing hemodialysis thrice a week. The association between Hb levels and all-cause and cause-specific mortality was investigated using Cox regression analysis. The nonlinear relationship between Hb levels and outcomes was investigated using restricted cubic spline analysis.

Results
During a median follow-up period of 24 months, 45,734 patients died. Compared to the reference Hb category of 10–10.9 g/dL, the risk of all-cause mortality was higher in the Hb categories of < 9.0, 9.0–9.9, and ≥ 13 g/dL with adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) of 1.24 (1.20–1.29), 1.09 (1.06–1.12), and 1.19 (1.14–1.25), respectively. Restricted cubic spline analysis also showed a U-shaped relationship between Hb level and mortality. The subgroup analysis indicated that the Hb category of 12.0–12.9 g/dL was associated with increased mortality risk in patients with a dialysis vintage of ≥ 10 years and those with a history of cerebral infarction.

Conclusion
Hb levels of < 10.0 and ≥ 13.0 g/dL were significantly associated with an increased mortality risk compared to an Hb level of 10.0–10.9 g/dL in patients undergoing hemodialysis.
Age, morbidity, and time to death: End-of-life expenditures on health care for the young-old population
Authors: Torrini Irene , Lucifora Claudio , Russo Antonio Giampiero 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
In this paper, we analyze resource allocation and explore the life-cycle evolution of health care expenditures (HCE) by investigating the effect of age, morbidity and time to death (TTD) on HCE for the young-old population. Using a rich 10-year population-level panel, we estimate a fixed-effects model to analyze HCE patterns for different health care services and by primary disease. Our main findings indicate that the effect of age on total HCE is lower when morbidity is controlled for while it increases when we also condition on TTD. This indicates that, compared to those incurred at older ages, earlier deaths are associated with higher HCE. At younger ages, increased expenditures are also observed as the severity of the health condition deteriorates. We also show that expenses for out-of-hospital services mainly drive the evolution of total HCE by age, while inpatient expenses are primarily determined by morbidity and TTD. In the end-of-life period, hospital costs continue to rise, whereas expenses incurred for all other services fall sharply in the year of death. We prove that expenses for long-lasting conditions start to increase long before death, while those for acute conditions grow exponentially only in the last two years of life. Our work contributes to informing cost-containment policies through a better understanding of HCE evolution during the life cycle and in the last years of life.
Estimates for approximately Jensen convex functions
Authors: Molnár G. M. , Páles Zs. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract.
In this paper functions

$$f \colon D \to\mathbb{R}$$

f
:
D
→
R

satisfying the inequality

$$
f\big(\frac{x+y}{2}\big)\leq\frac12f(x)+\frac12f(y)
+\varphi\big(\frac{x-y}{2}\big) \quad(x,y\in D)$$

f

(

x
+
y

2

)

≤

1
2

f

(
x
)

+

1
2

f

(
y
)

+
φ

(

x
-
y

2

)

(
x
,
y
∈
D
)

are studied, where

$$D$$

D

is a nonempty convex subset of a real linear space

$$X$$

X

and

$$\varphi \colon \{\frac12(x-y) : x,y \in D\}\to\mathbb{R}$$

φ
:
{

1
2

(
x
-
y
)

:
x
,
y
∈
D
}
→
R

is a so-called error function. In this situation

$$f$$

f

is said to be

$$\varphi$$

φ

-Jensen convex. The main results show that for all

$$\varphi$$

φ

-Jensen convex function

$$f \colon D \to\mathbb{R}$$

f
:
D
→
R

, for all rational

$$\lambda\in[0,1]$$

λ
∈
[
0
,
1
]

and

$$x,y\in D$$

x
,
y
∈
D

, the following inequality holds

$$
f(\lambda x+(1-\lambda)y)
\leq \lambda f(x)+(1-\lambda)f(y)+\sum_{k=0}^\infty
\frac{1}{2^k}\varphi((2^k\lambda,\mathbb{Z})\cdot(x-y)).
$$

f

(
λ
x
+

(
1
-
λ
)

y
)

≤
λ
f

(
x
)

+

(
1
-
λ
)

f

(
y
)

+

∑

k
=
0

∞

1

2
k

φ

(

(

2
k

λ
,
Z
)

·

(
x
-
y
)

)

.

The infinite series on the right hand side is always convergent, moreover, for all rational

$$\lambda\in[0,1]$$

λ
∈
[
0
,
1
]

, it can be evaluated as a finite sum.
Dual-functionality of Hibiscus sabdariffa-CuO nanoparticles in chemotherapy and textile screen-printing on cellulose-based textiles
Authors: Tüzün Elif , Erol Ayşe , Kalındemirtaş Ferdane Danışman , Özbaş Fatih , Sert Esra , Soomro Razium Ali , Nafady Ayman , Karakuş Selcan 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The dual-functional nanostructures show great promise for biomedical applications, exhibiting selective cytotoxicity against cancer cells while also serving as a crucial component in textile screen-printing for smart materials. In this study, we successfully synthesized polyethylene glycol-hibiscus extract copper (II) oxide nanoparticles (PEG/HS/CuO NPs) using a simple one-step sonosynthesis method that leverages ultrasonic irradiation. Comprehensive characterization of the synthesized PEG/HS/CuO NPs was performed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The incorporation of PEG/HS/CuO NPs into guar gum photochromic solution (GP) caused a significant color change after 6 ± 1 min of UV light exposure and resulted in visible coloration on cellulose-based textiles after screen printing, providing an alternative strategy for smart fabrics. Moreover, cytotoxicity experiments demonstrated the selective toxicity of green PEG/HS/CuO NPs against cancer cells. In this study, the human colon cancer cell line HCT116, breast cancer cell line MCF-7, and normal HUVEC cells were examined. PEG/HS/CuO NPs NPs induced apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and down-regulation of CD44 antibody expression in MCF-7 cells, highlighting their potential as effective chemotherapy agents.
A Preliminary Examination of the Associations Between Sleep Quality and Body Dysmorphia Symptoms Among Two Separate Samples of Adolescents
Authors: Bilsky Sarah A. , Sachner Leila C. , Embry Racheal A. , Hopper Kayce M. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Obsessive compulsive and related disorders have been linked to sleep disturbances. Given that adolescence is a core risk period for body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), and sleep difficulties are particularly prevalent during adolescence, the current study aims to examine associations between sleep quality and BDD symptoms among two separate samples of adolescents. It was hypothesized that lower reported sleep quality would be associated with higher reported BDD symptoms, even after controlling for anxiety and depression. Study 1 included 325 adolescents aged 11–18 years who completed an online survey via social media recruitment. The survey included questionnaires on BDD symptoms, sleep quality, and anxiety and depressive disorder symptoms. Study 2 included 396 adolescents who completed the same online survey. In study 1, a significant omnibus regression model accounted for 20.0% of the variance in adolescent BDD symptoms. After controlling for anxiety and depressive symptoms, adolescent sleep quality was significantly associated with BDD symptoms, with a small effect size (sr

2
= 0.02). Study 2 yielded similar results, with a significant omnibus regression model accounting for 26.5% of the variance in adolescent BDD symptoms, and significant associations between adolescent sleep quality and BDD symptoms yielding a small effect size (sr

2
= 0.01). Exploratory analyses in both studies demonstrated associations between difficulty returning to wakefulness and BDD symptoms. Adolescent sleep quality and BDD symptoms were linked, such that adolescents who reported lower quality sleep also reported higher levels of BDD symptoms. Future research can aim to replicate and extend these results using more rigorous (e.g., longitudinal, experimental) methods.
Conceptual Engineering Should be Empirical
Authors: Landes Ethan 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Conceptual engineering is a philosophical method that aims to design and spread conceptual and linguistic devices to cause meaningful changes in the world. So far, however, conceptual engineers have struggled to successfully spread the conceptual and linguistic entities they have designed to their target communities. This paper argues that conceptual engineering is far more likely to succeed if it incorporates empirical data and empirical methods. Because the causal factors influencing the successful propagation of linguistic or conceptual devices are as complicated and interwoven as they are, proper empirical research will greatly boost the likelihood that propagation is successful. In arguing for the superiority of empirical conceptual engineering over armchair-based conceptual engineering, this paper proposes a framework for understanding the causal forces at play in propagation. This is a three-part framework between the label of a lexical item, the psychological states associated with the lexical item, and the worldly things associated with the lexical item. By understanding the way causal forces affecting propagation play out at these three levels, conceptual engineers can better conceptualize, study, and harness the different causal forces affecting the success of their conceptual engineering projects.