bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Numerical Modeling of ECE‐ECE and Parallel EE‐EE Mechanisms in Cyclic Voltammetry. Reduction of 1,4‐Benzenedisulfonyl Difluoride and 1,4‐Naphthalenedisulfonyl Difluoride
Authors: Sanecki Przemysław , Skitał Piotr , Kaczmarski Krzysztof 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA numerical model of the process where the ECE‐ECE sequence competes with the parallel EE‐EE mechanisms of reduction has been developed. The ECE‐ECE/EE‐EE model was applied to complex, experimentally observed processes, in which the parallel path of anion‐radical reduction could be expected. The applicability of the proposed model was examined experimentally for two chemical systems: (i) 1,4‐benzenedisulfonyl difluoride (1,4‐BDF) and (ii) 1,4‐naphthalenedisulfonyl difluoride (1,4‐NDF). For both model compounds the reduction processes on Hg and glassy carbon electrodes were investigated by means of cyclic voltammetry performed in DMF solutions containing 0.3 M of TBAP. In contrast to other reductive cleavage reactions such as the fragmentation of the C‐Hal–type bond, the electro‐reduction of anion‐radicals ArSO2F−. was evident. The elementary kinetic parameters of the process are determined and discussed.
Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Crystallographic Studies of Extended Guanine‐Based (lin‐Benzoguanine) Inhibitors for tRNA‐Guanine Transglycosylase (TGT)
Authors: Meyer Emmanuel A. , Donati Nicola , Guillot Marine , Schweizer W. Bernd , Diederich François , Stengl Bernhard , Brenk Ruth , Reuter Klaus , Klebe Gerhard 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis paper describes the rational design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a new generation of inhibitors of the bacterial enzyme tRNA‐guanine transglycosylase (TGT), which has been identified as a new target in the fight against bacillary dysentery (Shigellosis). The enzyme catalyzes the exchange of guanine in the anticodon wobble position of tRNA by the modified base preQ1, a guanine derivative, according to a ping‐pong mechanism involving a covalent TGT‐tRNA intermediate (Fig. 2). Based on computer modeling (Fig. 3), lin‐benzoguanine (6‐aminoimidazol[4,5‐g]quinazolin‐8(7H)‐one (2)) was selected as an extended central scaffold, to form up to seven in‐plane intermolecular H‐bonds with the protein while sandwiching between Tyr106 and Met260. Versatile synthetic protocols were developed for the synthesis of 2, and derivatives with phenyl, benzyl, and 2‐phenylethyl side chains (i.e., 16, 17a, and 12a, 12b, 13, 17, resp.) to reach into the lipophilic pocket lined by Val282, Val45, and Leu68 (Schemes 1–3). To account for the limited solubility of the new ligands and in consequence of a recently developed detailed understanding of the mechanism of TGT catalysis (Fig. 2), the enzyme kinetic assay was completely redesigned, providing competitive (Kic) and uncompetitive (Kiu) inhibition constants with respect to tRNA binding by TGT. The modifications of the various parameters in the new assay are described in detail. Binding affinities of the new inhibitors were found to be in the single‐digit micromolar range (Kic values, Fig. 8). Decoration of the lin‐benzoguanine scaffold with lipophilic residues only gave a modest improvement in biological activity which was explained on structural grounds with the help of four crystal structures (Fig. 10) obtained by soaking the protein with inhibitors 2 and 12a–12c. Both biochemical and biostructural analyses reported in this paper provide a fertile basis for the development of more potent future generations of TGT inhibitors.
Three New Polyoxygenated Steroids from Two Species of the South China Sea Gorgonian Muricella flexuosa and Menella verrucosaBrundin
Authors: Zhang Wen , Huang Hui , Ding Yu , Gavagnin Margherita , Mollo Ernesto , Cimino Guido , Guo Yue‐Wei 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThree new polyoxygenated steroids, muricesteroid (1), and menellsteroids A (2) and B (3), were isolated from two species of the South China Sea gorgonian Muricella flexuosa and Menella verrucosa Brundin, respectively. The structures of these new compounds were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis, chemical methods and comparison with known related compounds.
Separation/fractionation of triglycerides in terms of fatty acid constituents in palm kernel oil using supercritical CO2
Authors: Md Zaidul IS , Nik Norulaini NA , Mohd Omar AK 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSeparation of triglycerides in terms of fatty acid constituents in palm kernel oil (PKO) from dehulled ground palm kernel using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC‐CO2) as a solvent at 40 and 80 °C and pressures of 20.7, 27.6, 34.5, 41.4 and 48.3 MPa was studied. The extraction was continuous and PKO was fractionated into four fractions. Triglycerides with differing fatty acid contents of caprylic (C8), capric (C10), lauric (C12), myristic (C14), palmitic (C16), stearic (C18:0), oleic (C18:1) and linoleic (C18:2) acid were separated in different percentages in different fractions. About 70% of PKO comprises triglycerides with C8–C12 fatty acids and these fatty acids were mostly extracted in fractions 1and 2. As a result, higher yields were observed in these fractions, especially at pressures higher than 27.6 MPa. The C16 and C18:2 components were extracted in fractions 3 and 4. These triglycerides form only a part of the remaining 30% of the fatty acid composition of PKO, hence the evidently diminishing yield in the later fractions. However, the compositions were found to be statistically significant for higher pressures and fraction times according to the type of fatty acid constituents. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Interaction between patient and physiotherapist: a qualitative study reflecting the physiotherapist's perspective
Authors: Gyllensten Amanda Lundvik , Gard Gunvor , Salford Eva , Ekdahl Charlotte 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBackground and PurposeThe interaction between patient and physiotherapist (PT) is central in physiotherapeutic treatment. The purpose of this study was to investigate expert physiotherapists' perception of important factors influencing the quality of the interaction in physiotherapeutic treatment.MethodTen experienced PTs working in primary healthcare were interviewed twice, triangulating a sort of important events, an exemplar and a key informant interview. The data were transcribed, coded and analysed for main themes and categories according to the qualitative technique described by Shepard et al. (1993) and Merriam (1988).ResultsImportant factors in interaction could be divided into the ‘Prerequisites dimension’ and the ‘Interaction dimension’. In the former, the most dominant theme was ‘Internal prerequisites of the PT’. The most‐cited category in this theme was ‘Practical professional skills and patient experience’. In the latter, the themes ‘Establishing contact’, ‘Ways of contact’, ‘Frames’ and the ‘Therapeutic process’ emerged. Here, the most‐cited categories were ‘Establishing contact and confidence’, having a ‘Therapeutic role’, ‘Being sensitive and intuitive’, ‘Encountering’, ‘Listening’ and ‘Identification of patient resources’. These factors were seen as essential for promoting a positive patient outcome. Interaction skills were reinforced by reflection on patients' experiences.ConclusionsInteraction skills of the expert PT were thought to enhance the resources of the patient and lead to a positive patient outcome. Within professional development more emphasis ought to be put on reinforcing the reflective process of the PT, for instance by the use of supervision by an experienced colleague. Copyright © 1999 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
How patients with fibromyalgia experience their symptoms in everyday life
Authors: Mannerkorpi Kaisa , Kroksmark Tomas , Ekdahl Charlotte 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBackground and PurposeFibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is characterized by diffuse widespread pain and fatigue. The purpose of this study was to search for a deeper knowledge of the way patients with FMS experience their symptoms in everyday life.MethodQualitative interviews, applying the phenomenological method, were used. The respondents were interviewed twice and asked to describe a typical day. Eleven Swedish women, aged 24–54 years, fulfilling the ACR criteria for FMS participated in the study. The duration of pain ranged from three to 20 years. Three patients worked full‐time, six worked part‐time and two did not work outside the home.ResultsThe effect of perceived symptoms on everyday life was considerable. Four different patterns of perceiving and managing symptoms were identified: Struggling: respondents who perceived that they managed their everyday life by mobilizing their physical and psychological strength to fight their pain and fatigue; Adapting: respondents who perceived that they managed their everyday life by planning their activities on the basis of their assumptions of limitations; In despair: respondents who were in despair as they could no longer cope with their pain and life situation; Giving up: respondents who had given up many activities of everyday life and felt that their symptoms dominated their life.ConclusionsThe study illuminates qualitative differences in FMS patients' experience and management of their symptoms in their everyday life. These differences ought to be considered when planning physiotherapy treatment. Copyright © 1999 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
PredSL: A Tool for the N-Terminal Sequence-Based Prediction of Protein Subcellular Localization
Authors: Petsalaki Evangelia I. , Bagos Pantelis G. , Litou Zoi I. , Hamodrakas Stavros J. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The ability to predict the subcellular localization of a protein from its sequence is of great importance, as it provides information about the protein’s function. We present a computational tool, PredSL, which utilizes neural networks, Markov chains, profile hidden Markov models, and scoring matrices for the prediction of the subcellular localization of proteins in eukaryotic cells from the N-terminal amino acid sequence. It aims to classify proteins into five groups: chloroplast, thylakoid, mitochondrion, secretory pathway, and “other”. When tested in a five-fold cross-validation procedure, PredSL demonstrates 86.7% and 87.1% overall accuracy for the plant and non-plant datasets, respectively. Compared with TargetP, which is the most widely used method to date, and LumenP, the results of PredSL are comparable in most cases. When tested on the experimentally verified proteins of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome, PredSL performs comparably if not better than any available algorithm for the same task. Furthermore, PredSL is the only method capable for the prediction of these subcellular localizations that is available as a stand-alone application through the URL: http://bioinformatics.biol.uoa.gr/PredSL/.
Bubbly flow model for the dynamic characteristics of cavitating pumps
Authors: Brennen Christopher 
Published: April 2006

This paper is concerned with understanding the dynamic behaviour of cavitating hydraulic machines during unsteady or transient operation. The linear transfer matrices which relate the small fluctuating pressures and mass flow rates at inlet and discharge are functions not only of the frequency but also of the mean operating state of the machine, especially the degree of cavitation. The recent experimental transfer matrices obtained by Ng & Brennen (1978) for some axial flow pumps revealed some dynamic characteristics which were unaccounted for by any existing theoretical analysis; their visual observations suggested that the bubbly cavitating flow in the blade passages could be responsible for these effects.A theoretical model of the dynamic response of this bubbly blade-passage flow is described in the present paper. Void-fraction fluctuations in this flow result not only from pressure fluctuations but also because the fluctuating angle of attack causes fluctuations in the rate of production of bubbles near the leading edge. The latter causes kinematic waves which interact through the boundary conditions with the dynamic waves caused by pressure fluctuation. The resulting theoretical transfer functions which result are in good qualitative agreement with the experiments; with appropriate choices of two parameters (the practical values of which are difficult to assess) good quantitative agreement is also obtained. The theoretical model also provides one possible explanation of the observation that the pump changes from an essentially passive dynamic element in the absence of cavitation to a progressively more active element as the extent of cavitation increases.
Effects of small streamline curvature on turbulent duct flow
Authors: Hunt I. A. , Joubert P. N. 
Published: April 2006

Mean velocity profiles, turbulence intensity distributions and streamwise energy spectra are presented for turbulent air flow in a smooth-walled, high aspect ratio rectangular duct with small streamwise curvature, and are compared with measurements taken in a similar straight duct.The results for the present curved flow are found to differ significantly from those for the more highly curved flows reported previously, and suggest the need to distinguish between ‘shear-dominated’ flows with small curvature and ‘inertia-dominated’ flows with high curvature. Velocity defect and angular-momentum defect hypotheses fail to correlate the central-region mean flow data, but the wall-region data are consistent with the conventional straight-wall similarity hypothesis. A secondary flow of Taylor–Goertler vortex pattern is found to occur in the central flow region.An examination of the flow equations yields a model for the mechanisms by which streamline curvature affects turbulent flow, in which a major effect is a direct change in the turbulent shear stress through a conservative reorientation of the turbulence intensity components. Data for the streamwise and transverse turbulence intensities show behaviour consistent with that expected from the equations, and the distribution of total turbulence energy in the central flow region is found to be nearly invariant with Reynolds number and wall curvature, in agreement with the model.Energy spectra for the streamwise component are examined in terms of a Townsend-type two-component turbulence model. They indicate that a universal, ‘active’ component exists in all flow regions, with an ‘inactive’ component which affects only the low wavenumber spectra intensities. This is taken to imply that the effects of streamline curvature are determined by the central-region flow structure alone.
A ‘turbulent spot’ in an axisymmetric free shear layer. Part 2
Authors: Hussain A. K. M. F. , Kleis S. J. , Sokolov M. 
Published: April 2006

The mechanics of a spark-induced coherent structure (called a ‘spot’) in the turbulent mixing layer of a 12.7 cm diameter incompressible air jet has been investigated through phase-locked measurements at three streamwise stations. Phase averages have been obtained from 200 realizations of X-wire (time-series) data after these are optimally time-aligned with respect to one another through an iterative process of maximization of cross-correlation of individual realizations with the ensemble average. Realizations that are grossly out of alignment owing to turbulence-induced distortions have been rejected; the rejection ratio increases with increasing radial position. Data include phase-average time series of background turbulence intensities, coherent and background Reynolds stresses, vorticity and intermittency at different transverse positions. Spatial distributions of these properties over the extent of the spot have been presented as contour maps. The computed pseudo-stream-functions have been compared with the phase-average streamlines inferred from the measured distributions of the velocity vector. Comparison with the phase-average intermittency contours show that the pseudo-stream-functions are reliable and, even though the integration involved produces smoothed-out stream functions, are most useful in deducing the structure dynamics and its convection velocity.The spark-induced spot is an elongated large-scale coherent vortical structure spanning the entire thickness of the mixing layer, which moves downstream at a convection velocity of about 0.68Ue. The dynamics of the turbulent mixing layer spot, whose signature is buried in the large-amplitude background fluctuations, is much more complicated than that of the boundary-layer spot. The spot transports jet-core fluid outwards at its front and entrains ambient fluid primarily at its back; the outward-momentum transport dominates the inward transport. The Reynolds stress contribution by the spot structure is noticeably larger than that due to the background turbulence. The coherent structure vorticity is significantly modified by the structure-induced organization of the background Reynolds stress at the locations of ‘saddle points’ of the latter's distribution. The vorticity, intermittency and other turbulence measures, zone averaged over the extent of the spot, compare well with the time-average values, thus suggesting that the spark-induced ‘spot’ is probably not different from a naturally occurring large-scale coherent structure.
Detection and Molecular Characterization of Porcine Enteric Calicivirus in Korea, Genetically Related to Sapoviruses
Authors: Kim H. J. , Cho H. S. , Cho K. O. , Park N. Y. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryPorcine enteric calicivirus (PECV) shares morphological and genetical similarities with Sapoviruses (SVs), which are the leading cause of epidemic, non‐bacterial gastroenteritis in children worldwide. The aim of this study was to identify the prevalence of PECV infection in pig farms in Korea, and to compare the evolutionary inter‐relationships between Korean PECVs and other caliciviruses. Among 102 diarrhoeic faecal samples of sucking (n = 50) and weaned (n = 52) piglets from 31 different farms in Korea, five samples (4.9%) were detected positive by reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR), but nine (8.8%) by nested‐PCR. Furthermore, we found that Korean PECVs are closely related to SVs.
Combined ‘symmetrical conjunctival flap transposition’ and intraoperative low‐dose mitomycin C in the treatment of primary pterygium
Authors: Uçakhan Ömür Ö , Kanpolat Ayfer 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPurpose:  To introduce a new technique of conjunctival reconstruction after primary pterygium excision, and to evaluate the efficacy of combined ‘symmetrical conjunctival flap transposition’ and intraoperative low‐dose mitomycin C application in preventing recurrence of primary pterygium.Methods:  In a prospective, non‐comparative case series, 43 eyes of 41 consecutive patients with primary pterygium were studied. In all patient eyes, after excision of pterygia, 0.02% mitomycin C was applied topically for 2 min over the exposed scleral surface and ‘symmetrical conjunctival flap transposition’ was performed to reconstruct the conjunctival defect. The main outcome measures were pterygium recurrence or any complications related with surgery or mitomycin C.Results:  The mean age of the patients was 47.5 ± 12.4 years (range 30–70 years). Among the 38 patients who were not lost to follow up, three patient eyes (7.5%) had grade 1, 24 eyes (60.0%) had grade 2 and 13 eyes (32.5%) had grade 3 pterygium. The mean follow up was 12.2 ± 5.7 months (range 7–28 months). No recurrence or sight‐threatening complications were encountered in any patient eye throughout the follow‐up period.Conclusion:  Combined ‘symmetrical conjunctival flap transposition’ and intraoperative low‐dose mitomycin C application may be an effective surgical alternative in preventing recurrence of primary pterygium. Although the procedure seems to be free from severe complications, surgeons and patients should be well aware of the risk of late radiomimetic complications of mitomycin C. Comparative, randomized trials with more number of patients and longer follow up are required to further establish the safety and efficacy of this treatment strategy.
Using intervention time series analyses to assess the effects of imperfectly identifiable natural events: a general method and example
Authors: Gilmour Stuart , Degenhardt Louisa , Hall Wayne , Day Carolyn 
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Background
Intervention time series analysis (ITSA) is an important method for analysing the effect of sudden events on time series data. ITSA methods are quasi-experimental in nature and the validity of modelling with these methods depends upon assumptions about the timing of the intervention and the response of the process to it.

Method
This paper describes how to apply ITSA to analyse the impact of unplanned events on time series when the timing of the event is not accurately known, and so the problems of ITSA methods are magnified by uncertainty in the point of onset of the unplanned intervention.

Results
The methods are illustrated using the example of the Australian Heroin Shortage of 2001, which provided an opportunity to study the health and social consequences of an abrupt change in heroin availability in an environment of widespread harm reduction measures.

Conclusion
Application of these methods enables valuable insights about the consequences of unplanned and poorly identified interventions while minimising the risk of spurious results.
Evaluation of the kinase domain of c-KIT in canine cutaneous mast cell tumors
Authors: Webster Joshua D , Kiupel Matti , Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan Vilma 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBackgroundMutations in thec-KITproto-oncogene have been implicated in the progression of several neoplastic diseases, including gastrointestinal stromal tumors and mastocytosis in humans, and cutaneous mast cell tumors (MCTs) in canines. Mutations in human mastocytosis patients primarily occur inc-KITexon 17, which encodes a portion of its kinase domain. In contrast, deletions and internal tandem duplication (ITD) mutations are found in the juxtamembrane domain ofc-KITin approximately 15% of canine MCTs. In addition, ITDc-KITmutations are significantly associated with aberrant KIT protein localization in canine MCTs. However, some canine MCTs have aberrant KIT localization but lack ITDc-KITmutations, suggesting that other mutations or other factors may be responsible for aberrant KIT localization in these tumors.MethodsIn order to characterize the prevalence of mutations in the phospho-transferase portion ofc-KIT's kinase domain in canine MCTs exons 16–20 of 33 canine MCTs from 33 dogs were amplified and sequenced. Additionally, in order to determine if mutations inc-KITexon 17 are responsible for aberrant KIT localization in MCTs that lack juxtamembrane domainc-KITmutations,c-KITexon 17 was amplified and sequenced from 18 canine MCTs that showed an aberrant KIT localization pattern but did not have ITDc-KITmutations.ResultsNo mutations or polymorphisms were identified in exons 16–20 of any of the MCTs examined.ConclusionIn conclusion, mutations in the phospho-transferase portion ofc-KIT's kinase domain do not play an important role in the progression of canine cutaneous MCTs, or in the aberrant localization of KIT in canine MCTs.