bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metagenomics für die Weiße Biotechnologie
Authors: Lorenz P. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractDie viel versprechende genetische Ressource nicht‐kultivierter Mikroorganismen mit ihrer unübersehbaren Vielfalt neuer, potenziell technisch anwendbarer Enzyme, Biokatalysatoren und Wirkstoffe ist industriell von großem Interesse. Mit dem globalen Trend, industrielle Herstellungs‐ und Veredelungsprozesse zunehmend unter Einbeziehung biotechnologischer Methoden und damit nachhaltiger zu gestalten, werden geeignete Enzyme und Biokatalysatoren immer wichtiger. Der durch die Metagenomik wesentlich verbesserte Zugang zur molekularen Diversität und biochemischen Kompetenz mikrobieller Systeme ist damit ein Schlüssel zum Erfolg der Weißen Biotechnologie.
Mineralische Bindung von CO2 bei der Speicherung im Untergrund in geothermischen Reservoiren
Authors: Kühn M. , Clauser C. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractDie derzeit registrierten Klimaänderungen sind zum großen Teil das Ergebnis der erhöhten Freisetzung von Treibhausgasen aus fossilen Brennstoffen. In nationalen und internationalen Klimaschutzprogrammen wird daher an erster Stelle die Vermeidung von Kohlendioxid propagiert. Die Rückverbringung in geologische Strukturen des Untergrundes kann hier eine mittelfristige Ergänzung darstellen. Eine Option zur dauerhaften CO2‐Sequestrierung bietet dabei die mineralische Bindung, ein Verfahren bei dem in einer chemischen Reaktion CO2 in Carbonate umgewandelt wird. Bei der mineralischen Bindung werden natürliche Prozesse der Gesteinsverwitterung nachgeahmt. Die wissenschaftlich und technologisch neue Methode der Kopplung von CO2‐Speicherung mit geothermischer Energiegewinnung bietet Synergien zur sicheren und ökonomisch attraktiven Langzeitspeicherung. In geothermischen Reservoiren existiert ein theoretisches Speichervolumen von ca. 0,5 Tonnen bis 25 Millionen Tonnen CO2 für jede installierte Anlage.
Neue Kraftstoffe für Klimaschutz und Rohstoffwandel?
Authors: Schaub G. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractDie Versorgung mit Kraftstoffen für Automobile, die derzeit nahezu vollständig auf Erdöl beruht, wird aktuell durch neue Rohstoffe, z. B. synthetische Kraftstoffe aus fossilen und nachwachsenden Rohstoffen, Derivate aus Pflanzenölen, Fermentationsprodukten, und Erzeugungswege bereichert. Im Hinblick auf die Aspekte Klimaschutz und Rohstoffwandel sind die neuen Kraftstoffe unterschiedlich zu bewerten. Bei synthetischen Kraftstoffen aus fossilen Rohstoffen sind Wirkungsgradverluste und zusätzliche CO2‐Emissionen bei der Herstellung kritisch zu sehen. Biokraftstoffe können trotz begrenzter Mengenpotenziale zur Minderung der fossilen CO2‐Emissionen beitragen. Der vorliegende Beitrag behandelt die Frage, inwieweit die neuartigen Kraftstoffe Anforderungen eines nachhaltigen Rohstoffwandels und des Klimaschutzes erfüllen und welche Verfahrenstechnik dabei eingesetzt wird.
Prognostic impact of molecular markers in a series of 220 primary glioblastomas
Authors: Houillier Caroline , Lejeune Julie , Benouaich‐Amiel Alexandra , Laigle‐Donadey Florence , Criniere Emmanuelle , Mokhtari Karima , Thillet Joelle , Delattre Jean‐Yves , Hoang‐Xuan Khe , Sanson Marc 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDIn contrast to oligodendrogliomas, molecular predictors of prognosis have not been consistently found in glioblastomas. However, genetic studies show that glioblastomas consist of several genetic subtypes and raise the possibility that molecular alterations could be predictive of survival.METHODSA search for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) on chromosome 1p, 9p, 10q, 19q, EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor), CDK4, and MDM2 (mouse double minute) amplifications, CDKN2A (INK4A/ARF) homozygous deletions, p53 expression, was performed in a series of 220 primary glioblastomas. The molecular alterations were then correlated with each other to identify distinct molecular pathways and with clinical parameters and the course of the disease to identify prognostic markers.RESULTSNonrandom associations were found between EGFR amplification and LOH10q, LOH9p, and INK4A/ARF deletion, LOH1p and LOH19q, and MDM2 and CDK4 amplification, whereas mutual exclusions were found between p53 expression and EGFR amplification, LOH 9p/INK4A/ARF homozygous deletion, and MDM2 and CDK4 amplification. Age (P = 4.10−5) and performance status (P = .003) were the main predictors of outcome. In contrast, molecular markers were of limited impact: MDM2 amplification correlated with poor outcome on both univariate and multivariate analysis (P = .01) and EGFR amplification with good prognosis on multivariate analysis (P = .02).CONCLUSIONDespite their limited prognostic impact, the genetic markers investigated here outline distinct molecular pathways involved in glioblastoma tumorigenesis and warrant broader molecular screening. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Results from a pilot Phase I trial of gefitinib combined with docetaxel and estramustine in patients with hormone‐refractory prostate cancer
Authors: Wilding George , Soulie Patrick , Trump Donald , Das‐Gupta Ashis , Small Eric 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDGefitinib, which is an orally active epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has demonstrated activity against hormone‐refractory prostate cancer (HRPC) in preclinical studies. In this pilot Phase I trial, the authors evaluated the tolerability, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of gefitinib combined with estramustine and docetaxel in patients with HRPC.METHODSPatients received gefitinib (at a dose of 250 mg/day or 500 mg/day) on each day of a 21‐day treatment cycle. Docetaxel (at a dose of 60 mg/m2) was administered on Day 1, and estramustine (at a dose of 280 mg) was administered 3 times daily on Days 1 through 5.RESULTSFifteen patients were recruited at each gefitinib dose level. The most common adverse events observed were consistent with the known profiles of gefitinib, docetaxel, and estramustine. No dose‐limiting toxicity was observed. Adverse events considered to be gefitinib related included diarrhea (n = 23 patients), rash (n = 8 patients), nausea (n = 7 patients), dry skin (n = 6 patients), and emesis (n = 6 patients). Overall, 9 of 22 evaluable patients (40.9%) experienced a pain response. and 9 of 30 patients (30%) had a prostate‐specific antigen response. A partial objective tumor response was demonstrated in 1 of 13 evaluable patients (7.7%) in each dose group; the median time to progression for both doses combined was 185 days (range, 28–233 days). Data comparisons within individual patients suggested that docetaxel and estramustine had no effect on gefitinib steady‐state levels. Gefitinib had no effect on docetaxel exposure at the 250‐mg dose but decreased exposure at the 500‐mg dose. However, gefitinib may increase exposure to estramustine, particularly at the 500 mg/day dose.CONCLUSIONSThe results of the current study demonstrated that gefitinib combined with estramustine and docetaxel had acceptable and predictable tolerability. However, it is unclear whether gefitinib provides an additional clinical benefit over docetaxel and estramustine alone. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Metastatic melanoma to lymph nodes in patients with unknown primary sites
Authors: Cormier Janice N. , Xing Yan , Feng Lei , Huang Xuelin , Davidson Latunya , Gershenwald Jeffrey E. , Lee Jeffrey E. , Mansfield Paul F. , Ross Merrick I. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe natural history of metastatic melanoma in lymph nodes in the absence of a known primary site (MUP) has been defined poorly; thus, treatment guidelines for patients with MUP are not clear‐cut.METHODSThe authors conducted a retrospective analysis of consecutive patients with melanoma (from 1990 to 2001) who underwent surgical resection for melanoma metastatic to regional lymph nodes. Among those patients, 71 patients with MUP and 466 control patients who had regional lymph node metastases of similar stage with a known primary site were identified. Associations between clinicopathologic factors and survival were estimated by using the Cox proportional hazards model.RESULTSAfter they underwent lymph node dissection, patients with MUP were classified with N1b disease (47%), N2b disease (14%), or N3 disease (39%). With a median follow‐up of 7.7 years, the 5‐year and 10‐year overall survival rates were 55% and 44%, respectively, for patients with MUP, compared with 42% and 32%, respectively, for the control group (P= .04). In multivariate analyses, age 50 years or older, male gender, and N2b or N3 disease status were identified as adverse prognostic factors, and MUP was identified as a favorable prognostic factor (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% confidence interval, 0.42–0.86;P= .006) for overall survival.CONCLUSIONSThe relatively favorable long‐term survival of patients with MUP in the current study suggested that patients with MUP have a natural history that is similar to (if not better than) the survival of many patients with Stage III disease. Therefore, patients with MUP should be treated with an aggressive surgical approach with curative intent and should be considered for Stage III adjuvant therapy protocols. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Presence of unfavorable cytogenetic abnormalities is the strongest predictor of poor survival in secondary myelofibrosis
Authors: Dingli David , Schwager Susan M. , Mesa Ruben A. , Li Chin‐Yang , Dewald Gordon W. , Tefferi Ayalew 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDPostpolycythemic (PV) and postthrombocythemic (ET) myeloid metaplasia are consensually referred to as secondary myelofibrosis (sMF). Prognostic variables in sMF are not as well defined as they are for de novo myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia (MMM), which is also known as agnogenic myeloid metaplasia (AMM). Such information is particularly crucial for management decisions in transplant‐eligible patients.METHODSDiagnoses of PV and ET required fulfillment of the World Health Organization criteria for the diagnosis of MMM as well as an antecedent history of either polycythemia vera or essential thrombocythemia that was supported by bone marrow examination. Cytogenetic findings were classified as being either favorable (normal or isolated 13q‐ or 20q‐ clones) or unfavorable (presence of abnormalities other than 13q‐ and 20q‐).RESULTSThe study population was comprised of 66 young patients (age <60 yrs) with sMF, including 37 patients with PV and 29 patients with ET. Multivariate analysis of parameters other than cytogenetics identified older age (P = .02), anemia (hemoglobin level <10 g/dL [P = .007]), and PV (P = .009) to be independent risk factors for shortened survival. However, when such analysis was restricted to patients in whom cytogenetic studies were performed (n = 31 patients), the presence of unfavorable cytogenetic abnormalities (i.e., clones other than 20q‐ and 13q‐) became the only adverse prognostic factor for survival (P = .001). A similar analysis in a temporal cohort of 50 age‐matched patients with AMM also identified unfavorable cytogenetics as an independent predictor of poor survival, along with thrombocytopenia and anemia.CONCLUSIONSThe results of the current study suggest that cytogenetic findings might supersede AMM‐derived prognostic scoring systems for predicting survival in patients with sMF. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Time‐domain properties of reactive dual circuits
Authors: Riaza Ricardo 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe present work explores some effects of the replacement of capacitors by inductors and vice versa in state and semistate models of lumped circuits. Such a replacement, when performed together with an inversion of the capacitance and inductance matrices, yields a transformation of the formλ→λ−1in the system spectra. In the semistate context, this covers in particular extremal cases in which null eigenvalues or infinite ones with higher index appear in the matrix pencil associated with the model; these cases describe certain pathological circuit configurations. This approach leads to a discussion of new properties of strictly passive circuits; specifically, from the known fact that the index of strictly passive circuits does not exceed two, we derive that the index of null eigenvalues in this setting cannot exceed one. This precludes in particular Takens‐Bogdanov degeneracies, defined by an index‐two double‐zero eigenvalue, in strictly passive circuits. Although the results are addressed in a linear context, they can be extended via linearization to non‐linear problems, as it is the case in the transformation of singularity‐induced bifurcation phenomena into steady bifurcations discussed at the end of the paper. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cytometric analysis of BAL T cells labeled with a standardized antibody cocktail correlates with immunohistochemical staining
Authors: Smith Patricia A. , Kohli Lisa M. , Wood Karen L. , Hage Chadi A. , Twigg Homer L. , Knox Kenneth S. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackground:Determining T‐cell phenotypes of lung cells obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is frequently clinically useful, particularly for evaluating causes of interstitial lung disease. The current standard of determining CD4/CD8 T‐cell subsets by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of cytocentrifuge slides is labor‐intensive and subject to interpreter variation. Flow cytometry (FCM) is a precise and rapid method commonly used in research to characterize cells in the lung. However, few studies address the methodology of analysis of BAL lymphocytes by FCM. Methods:Patients underwent bronchoscopy for clinical purposes. A BAL cell differential and T‐cell subtype was requested by the treating physician to supplement the evaluation of patients with suspected interstitial lung disease. We used a commercially available T‐cell antibody reagent, approved for analysis of blood via FCM, for T‐cell subtyping of clinical BAL specimens. Results:The percentages of CD4 and CD8 T‐cell populations, as well as the CD4/CD8 ratios showed excellent correlation with IHC staining of cytocentrifuge slides regardless of the acquisition program used, as long as the gating strategy remained consistent (r ≥ 0.9693 for CD4, r ≥ 0.9589 for CD8, and r ≥ 0.9485 for the CD4/CD8 ratio). Conclusion:These findings validate the use of standardized, commercially available antibody cocktails for BAL lymphocyte subtyping, making this technique available to clinicians and researchers with access to a three‐color or four‐color flow cytometer. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology
CD38 as a prognostic factor in B cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B‐CLL): Comparison of three approaches to analyze its expression
Authors: Boonstra Joke G. , van Lom Kirsten , Langerak Anton W. , Graveland Wilfried J. , Valk Peter J.M. , Kraan Jaco , van 't Veer Mars B. , Gratama Jan W. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackground:Increased CD38 expression by leukemic cells has been suggested as an adverse prognostic factor in B‐CLL. Several approaches have been proposed to quantify its level of expression by flow cytometry.Methods:We compared the use of (i) the percentage of CD38 positive cells, (ii) CD38 antibodies bound per cell (ABC), and (iii) a semi‐quantitative method based on the shape of the CD38 histogram, within a cohort of 78 B‐CLL patients.Results:A decreased overall survival was seen with >30% CD38 positivity among B‐CLL cells, with CD38 ABC >100, and with bimodal or unimodal, strongly positive CD38 histograms. However, patients with unimodal weakly positive CD38 histograms also showed a significantly reduced survival as did patients with intermediate proportions (i.e. 5–30%) of CD38+ cells. Furthermore, within the group with <5% CD38 positivity among their B‐CLL cells, 84% of patients showed prognostically favourable mutated IGVH gene segments and 100% had low ZAP70 gene expression. For 5–30% CD38 positivity, these proportions were 50 and 83%, while for >30% CD38 positivity, these proportion were only 28 and 56%, respectively.Conclusions:We found a simple method of quantitation of CD38 expression (i.e., >5% CD38 positivity among B‐CLL cells) to be sufficient to identify patients with an unfavourable prognosis. The level of CD38 expression as defined with this method correlated well with the IGVH mutation status and ZAP70 gene expression. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Maternal and littermate deprivation disrupts maternal behavior and social‐learning of food preference in adulthood: Tactile stimulation, nest odor, and social rearing prevent these effects
Authors: Melo Angel I. , Lovic Vedran , Gonzalez Andrea , Madden Melissa , Sinopoli Katia , Fleming Alison S. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractMaternal and littermate (social) separation, through artificial rearing (AR), disrupts the development of subsequent maternal behavior and social learning in rats. The addition of maternal‐licking‐like stimulation during AR, partially reverses some of these effects. However, little is know about the role of social stimuli from littermates and nest odors during the preweaning period, in the development of the adult maternal behavior and social learning. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of peer‐ and peer‐and‐odor rearing on the development of maternal behavior and social learning in rats. Female pups were reared with mothers (mother reared—MR) or without mothers (AR) from postnatal day (PND) 3. AR rats received three different treatments: (1) AR‐CONTROL group received minimal tactile stimulation, (2) AR‐ODOR females received exposure to maternal nest material inside the AR‐isolation‐cup environment, (3) AR‐SOCIAL group was reared in the cup with maternal nest material and a conspecific of the same‐age and same‐sex and received additional tactile stimulation. MR females were reared by their mothers in the nest and with conspecifics. In adulthood, rats were tested for maternal behavior towards their own pups and in a social learning task. Results confirm our previous report that AR impairs performance of maternal behavior and the development of a social food preference. Furthermore, social cues from a littermate, in combination with tactile stimulation and the nest odor, reversed the negative effects of complete isolation (AR‐CONTROL) on some of the above behaviors. Exposure to the odor alone also had effects on some of these olfactory‐mediated behaviors. These studies indicate that social stimulation from littermates during the preweaning period, in combination with odor from the nest and tactile stimulation, contributes to the development of affiliative behaviors. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psyshobiol 48: 209–219, 2006.
Prenatal exposure to temporal and spatial stimulus properties affects postnatal responsiveness to spatial contiguity in bobwhite quail chicks
Authors: Jaime Mark , Lickliter Robert 
Published: March 2006

AbstractLittle is known about how experiential factors guide and organize the development of intersensory perception. This study manipulated the amount of late prenatal and early postnatal experience with the temporal synchrony and spatial contiguity of audio–visual stimulation available to bobwhite quail embryos and hatchlings to explore this question. Results revealed that only embryos exposed to temporally synchronous and spatially contiguous audio–visual stimulation prior to hatching subsequently preferred spatially contiguous audio–visual maternal information following hatching, despite being denied postnatal visual experience. In contrast, embryos that did not receive exposure to both temporal synchrony and spatial contiguity (and were also denied postnatal visual experience) failed to show a preference for the spatial contiguity of maternal auditory and visual information following hatching. These results suggest that prenatal exposure to the amodal properties of temporal synchrony and spatial contiguity facilitate chicks' emerging sensitivity to the spatial contiguity of audio–visual information in the period following hatching. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psyshobiol 48: 233–242, 2006.
Nonnutritive sucking: One of the major determinants of filial love
Authors: Val‐Laillet David , Nowak Raymond , Giraud Sandra , Tallet Céline , Boivin Xavier 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe present study investigated the rewarding effects of nonnutritive sucking on the development of a filial preference. Two experiments were conducted to test whether nonnutritive visceral and oral stimuli have reinforcing properties independent from each other or act in synergy. Lambs could interact freely with their dam but were deprived of suckling by covering the udder for the first 12 hr. In Experiment 1, suckling was prevented and replaced by human giving, in the presence of the mother, either a bottle of water (B5 and B2.5: 5% or 2.5% birth weight, BW, divided into seven portions over 12 hr) or water via tube‐feeding (I5 and I2.5: 5% or 2.5% BW, also divided into seven portions over 12 hr). During a two‐choice test performed at 12 hr after birth, only B5 and I5 lambs preferred their mother to an alien ewe however, B5 were faster at choosing their mother at the beginning of the test. B2.5 and I2.5 lambs made a random choice. In Experiment 2, suckling was prevented and replaced by human giving, in the presence of the mother, either a bottle of water (B2.5: 2.5% BW, divided into seven portions over 12 hr) or water via tube‐feeding (I10 and I2.5: 10% or 2.5% BW, also divided into seven portions over 12 hr). During a two‐choice test at 12 hr, tube‐fed lambs (I10 and I2.5) preferred their mother to a human. B2.5 lambs were equally attracted to both partners and spent more time near the human than lambs from the other groups. In a test of reactivity to a human performed on neonates isolated from their mother, B2.5 lambs explored the human much more than the other lambs. The presence of the human had soothing properties in B2.5 lambs and once the human left, they were the only lambs displaying enhanced vocal and locomotor activity. In these experiments, nonnutritive gastrointestinal stimuli induced a preference for the mother whereas nonnutritive sucking led to a strong positive relationship with the human. These results suggest that when lambs suckle their dam, the development of filial bonding is facilitated through the combined effects of oral and gastrointestinal stimuli. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psyshobiol 48: 220–232, 2006.