bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hands-on time during cardiopulmonary resuscitation is affected by the process of teambuilding: a prospective randomised simulator-based trial
Authors: Hunziker Sabina , Tschan Franziska , Semmer Norbert K , Zobrist Roger , Spychiger Martin , Breuer Marc , Hunziker Patrick R , Marsch Stephan C 
Published: February 2009

Abstract

Background
Cardiac arrests are handled by teams rather than by individual health-care workers. Recent investigations demonstrate that adherence to CPR guidelines can be less than optimal, that deviations from treatment algorithms are associated with lower survival rates, and that deficits in performance are associated with shortcomings in the process of team-building. The aim of this study was to explore and quantify the effects of ad-hoc team-building on the adherence to the algorithms of CPR among two types of physicians that play an important role as first responders during CPR: general practitioners and hospital physicians.

Methods
To unmask team-building this prospective randomised study compared the performance of preformed teams, i.e. teams that had undergone their process of team-building prior to the onset of a cardiac arrest, with that of teams that had to form ad-hoc during the cardiac arrest. 50 teams consisting of three general practitioners each and 50 teams consisting of three hospital physicians each, were randomised to two different versions of a simulated witnessed cardiac arrest: the arrest occurred either in the presence of only one physician while the remaining two physicians were summoned to help ("ad-hoc"), or it occurred in the presence of all three physicians ("preformed"). All scenarios were videotaped and performance was analysed post-hoc by two independent observers.

Results
Compared to preformed teams, ad-hoc forming teams had less hands-on time during the first 180 seconds of the arrest (93 ± 37 vs. 124 ± 33 sec, P < 0.0001), delayed their first defibrillation (67 ± 42 vs. 107 ± 46 sec, P < 0.0001), and made less leadership statements (15 ± 5 vs. 21 ± 6, P < 0.0001).

Conclusion
Hands-on time and time to defibrillation, two performance markers of CPR with a proven relevance for medical outcome, are negatively affected by shortcomings in the process of ad-hoc team-building and particularly deficits in leadership. Team-building has thus to be regarded as an additional task imposed on teams forming ad-hoc during CPR. All physicians should be aware that early structuring of the own team is a prerequisite for timely and effective execution of CPR.
Chmp 1A is a mediator of the anti-proliferative effects of All-trans Retinoic Acid in human pancreatic cancer cells
Authors: Li Jing , Orr Brandon , White Kayla , Belogortseva Natalia , Niles Richard , Boskovic Goran , Nguyen Hanh , Dykes Ava , Park Maiyon 
Published: February 2009

Abstract

Background
We recently have shown that Charged multivesicular protein/Chromatin modifying protein1A (Chmp1A) functions as a tumor suppressor in human pancreatic tumor cells. Pancreatic cancer has the worst prognosis of all cancers with a dismal 5-year survival rate. Preclinical studies using ATRA for treating human pancreatic cancer suggest this compound might be useful for treatment of pancreatic cancer patients. However, the molecular mechanism by which ATRA inhibits growth of pancreatic cancer cells is not clear. The objective of our study was to investigate whether Chmp1A is involved in ATRA-mediated growth inhibition of human pancreatic tumor cells.

Results
We performed microarray studies using HEK 293T cells and discovered that Chmp1A positively regulated Cellular retinol-binding protein 1 (CRBP-1). CRBP-1 is a key regulator of All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) through ATRA metabolism and nuclear localization. Since our microarray data indicates a potential involvement of Chmp1A in ATRA signaling, we tested this hypothesis by treating pancreatic tumor cells with ATRA in vitro. In the ATRA-responsive cell lines, ATRA significantly increased the protein expression of Chmp1A, CRBP-1, P53 and phospho-P53 at serine 15 and 37 position. We found that knockdown of Chmp1A via shRNA abolished the ATRA-mediated growth inhibition of PanC-1 cells. Also, Chmp1A silencing diminished the increase of Chmp1A, P53 and phospho-P53 protein expression induced by ATRA. In the ATRA non-responsive cells, ATRA did not have any effect on the protein level of Chmp1A and P53. Chmp1A over-expression, however, induced growth inhibition of ATRA non-responsive cells, which was accompanied by an increase of Chmp1A, P53 and phospho-P53. Interestingly, in ATRA responsive cells Chmp1A is localized to the nucleus, which became robust upon ATRA treatment. In the ATRA-non-responsive cells, Chmp1A was mainly translocated to the plasma membrane upon ATRA treatment.

Conclusion
Collectively our data provides evidence that Chmp1A mediates the growth inhibitory activity of ATRA in human pancreatic cancer cells via regulation of CRBP-1. Our results also suggest that nuclear localization of Chmp1A is important in mediating ATRA signaling.
Gene expression in primate liver during viral hemorrhagic fever
Authors: Djavani Mahmoud , Crasta Oswald R , Zhang Yan , Zapata Juan Carlos , Sobral Bruno , Lechner Melissa G , Bryant Joseph , Davis Harry , Salvato Maria S 
Published: February 2009

Abstract

Background
Rhesus macaques infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) provide a model for human Lassa fever. Disease begins with flu-like symptoms and progresses rapidly with fatal consequences. Previously, we profiled the blood transcriptome of LCMV-infected monkeys (M. Djavani et al J. Virol. 2007) showing distinct pre-viremic and viremic stages that discriminated virulent from benign infections. In the present study, changes in liver gene expression from macaques infected with virulent LCMV-WE were compared to gene expression in uninfected monkeys as well as to monkeys that were infected but not diseased.

Results
Based on a functional pathway analysis of differentially expressed genes, virulent LCMV-WE had a broader effect on liver cell function than did infection with non-virulent LCMV-Armstrong. During the first few days after infection, LCMV altered expression of genes associated with energy production, including fatty acid and glucose metabolism. The transcriptome profile resembled that of an organism in starvation: mRNA for acetyl-CoA carboxylase, a key enzyme of fatty acid synthesis was reduced while genes for enzymes in gluconeogenesis were up-regulated. Expression was also altered for genes associated with complement and coagulation cascades, and with signaling pathways involving STAT1 and TGF-β.

Conclusion
Most of the 4500 differentially expressed transcripts represented a general response to both virulent and mild infections. However, approximately 250 of these transcripts had significantly different expression in virulent infections as compared to mild infections, with approximately 30 of these being differentially regulated during the pre-viremic stage of infection. The genes that are expressed early and differently in mild and virulent disease are potential biomarkers for prognosis and triage of acute viral disease.
The role of RNA folding free energy in the evolution of the polymerase genes of the influenza A virus
Authors: Brower-Sinning Rachel , Carter Donald M , Crevar Corey J , Ghedin Elodie , Ross Ted M , Benos Panayiotis V 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Background
The influenza A virus genome is composed of eight single-stranded RNA segments of negative polarity. Although the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes are known to play a key role in host adaptation, the polymerase genes (which encode the polymerase segments PB2, PB1, PA) and the nucleoprotein gene are also important for the efficient propagation of the virus in the host and for its adaptation to new hosts. Current efforts to understand the host-specificity of the virus have largely focused on the amino acid differences between avian and human isolates.

Results
Here we show that the folding free energy of the RNA segments may play an equally important role in the evolution and host adaptation of the influenza virus. Folding free energy may affect the stability of the viral RNA and influence the rate of viral protein translation. We found that there is a clear distinction between the avian and human folding free energy distributions for the polymerase and the nucleoprotein genes, with human viruses having substantially higher folding free energy values. This difference is independent of the amino acid composition and the codon bias. Furthermore, the folding free energy values of the commonly circulating human viruses tend to shift towards higher values over the years, after they entered the human population. Finally, our results indicate that the temperature in which the cells grow affects infection efficiency.

Conclusions
Our data suggest for the first time that RNA structure stability may play an important role in the emergence and host shift of influenza A virus. The fact that cell temperature affects virus propagation in mammalian cells could help identify those avian strains that pose a higher threat to humans.
IFN-γ-indoleamine-2,3 dioxygenase acts as a major suppressive factor in 4-1BB-mediated immune suppression in vivo
Authors: Kim Young H , Choi Beom K , Kang Woo J , Kim Kwang H , Kang Sang W , Mellor Andrew L , Munn David H , Kwon Byoung S 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIt has been reported that 4-1BB triggering in vivo selectively suppressed the recall response of staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA)-specific CD4+ T cells, in which CD8+ T-derived TGF-β was involved. Here, we have examined an alternative mechanism for the 4-1BB-mediated CD4+ T suppression, as the neutralization of TGF-β is only effective in rescuing the SEA-specific recall response at high cellular concentrations. We show that this selective suppression of CD4+ T cells by 4-1BB triggering in vivo is mediated mainly by induction of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in an IFN-γ-dependent manner. SEA-specific CD4+ T responses were suppressed partly by TGF-β-expressing CD8+ T cells, particularly CD11c+CD8+ T cells, but strongly inhibited by dendritic cells (DCs) expressing IDO. IFN-γ that increased IDO in DCs was produced primarily from CD11c+CD8+ T cells, which were expanded selectively by 4-1BB stimulation. CD4+, CD8+, and plasmacytoid DCs exerted a similar suppressive activity toward the SEA-specific CD4+ T cells. Neutralization of IFN-γ or IDO activity in vivo largely reversed the 4-1BB-mediated CD4+ T suppression. Collectively, these data indicate that 4-1BB-dependent suppression of SEA-specific CD4+ T responses was mediated mainly by IFN-γ-dependent IDO induction and partially by TGF-β.
Transgenic zebrafish reporter lines reveal conserved Toll-like receptor signaling potential in embryonic myeloid leukocytes and adult immune cell lineages
Authors: Hall Chris , Flores Maria Vega , Chien Annie , Davidson Alan , Crosier Kathryn , Crosier Phil 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe immune response of a host to an invading pathogen is dependent on the capacity of its immune cell compartment to recognize highly conserved pathogen components using an ancient class of pattern recognition receptors known as Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Initiation of TLR-mediated signaling results in the induction of proinflammatory cytokines that help govern the scale and duration of any ensuing response. Specificity for TLR signaling is, in part, a result of the differential recruitment of intracellular adaptor molecules. Of these, MyD88 is required for the majority of TLR signaling. Zebrafish have been shown to possess TLRs and adaptor molecules throughout early development, including MyD88, strongly suggesting conservation of this ancient defense mechanism. However, information about which embryonic cells/tissues possess this conserved signaling potential is lacking. To help define which embryonic cells, in particular, those of the innate immune system, have the potential for MyD88-dependent, TLR-mediated signaling, we generated transgenic reporter lines using regulatory elements of the myd88 gene to drive the fluorescent reporters enhanced GFP and Discosoma red fluorescent protein 2 within live zebrafish. These lines possess fluorescently marked cells/tissues consistent with endogenous myd88 expression, including a subset of myeloid leukocytes. These innate immune cells were confirmed to express other TLR adaptors including Mal, trif, and Sarm. Live wound-healing and infection assays validated the potential of these myd88-expressing leukocytes to participate in immune responses. These lines will provide a valuable resource for further resolving the contribution of MyD88 to early vertebrate immunity.
The Heritability of Attitude Toward Economic Risk
Authors: Zhong Songfa , Chew Soo Hong , Set Eric , Zhang Junsen , Xue Hong , Sham Pak C. , Ebstein Richard P. , Israel Salomon 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe propensity to take risk underpins a wide variety of decision-making behavior, ranging from common ones such as asking for directions and trying out a new restaurant to more substantial economic decisions involving, for instance, one's investment or career. Despite the fundamental role of risk attitude in the economy, its genetic basis remains unknown. Using an experimental economics protocol combined with a classical twin strategy, we provide the first direct evidence of the heritability of economic risk attitude, at 57%. We do not find a significant role for shared environmental effects, a common observation in behavioral genetics that is contrary to commonly held views in economics. Our findings complement recent neuroeconomic studies in enhancing the understanding of the neurobiological basis of risk taking.
Relationships Between Key ASTM Test Methods Determined on Concrete and Concrete-Equivalent-Mortar Mixtures
Authors: Assaad Joseph J. , Harb Jacques , Chakar Elie 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Concrete batching requires considerable amounts of materials, energy, and time for testing. This highlights the importance of using alternative easier approaches based on mortars to simplify and speed up the experimental testing programs. This paper seeks to establish relationships between responses of ASTM Test Methods conducted on concrete and concrete-equivalent-mortar (CEM). Different series of mixtures having various cement contents of 300, 350, 400, and 450 kg/m3 and water-to-cement ratios of 0.4, 0.45, 0.5, 0.55, and 0.6 were tested. Test results showed that the CEM approach can adequately predict the slump, slump variations, water reduction, air content, setting time, and compressive strength of concrete with coefficients of correlation (R2) greater than 0.86. Conversely, moderate relationships were obtained when correlating the flexural strength and length change responses of concrete to those determined on CEM. This was mainly attributed to variations in the specimen dimensions and effect of the interfacial transition zone resulting from the presence of coarse aggregates.
A Prospective Study of Injuries in NCAA Intercollegiate Ice-Hockey Goaltenders
Authors: LaPrade Robert F. , Wijdicks Coen A. , Spiridonov Stanislav I. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
While relatively well protected and padded, ice-hockey goaltenders are at risk for impact injuries. There is little information regarding the incidence and mechanism of intercollegiate ice-hockey goaltender injuries. We prospectively studied all NCAA ice-hockey goaltender injuries through the Injury Surveillance System. We analyzed the seasons prospectively starting in 2000–2001 and through 2006–2007. Injury rates were calculated per 1000 player games. The overall rate of NCAA men’s ice-hockey goaltender injuries was 0.5/1000 player games. Fifty-six men’s ice-hockey goaltender injuries resulted in further time loss from practices or games. Thirteen injuries resulted in time loss of 1 to 2 days, 18 resulted in time loss of 3–5 days, 10 injuries resulted in time loss of 6–9 days, and 10 injuries resulted in 10 or more days of time loss from competition. The overall rate of NCAA women’s ice-hockey goaltender injuries was 0.72/1000 player games. The most common injuries were nine knee ligament injuries, five on-ice concussions, and four shoulder injuries. Overall, women sustained 23 time-loss game injuries. Five of these resulted in further loss of on-ice practice/game times of 1 day, eight resulted in 3–5 days of time loss, two resulted in 6–9 days of time loss, and seven injuries resulted in 10 or more days of time loss. Further understanding of the etiology of these on-ice goaltender-player contact injuries should assist in the development of possible interventions to reduce the incidence of NCAA ice-hockey goaltender injuries. The current Injury Surveillance System has shortcomings and does not provide us with enough information to evaluate the effectiveness of goalie equipment and the impact that possible rule changes would have on the game. This paper is the first step in analyzing all participants in hockey with anticipation for future rule and equipment optimization and subsequent injury reduction.
Distillate Fuel: Contamination, Storage, and Handling
Authors: Chesneau HL , Dorris MM 
Published: February 2009

Description
Covers types and effects of fuel contamination, prediction and detection of contamination problems in distillate fuels, and prevention techniques and procedures in delaing with contaminated fuel systems. Combines actual field experiences and solutions with laboratory work. A practical approach to dealing with fuel contamination problems.
For fuel producers, distributors, and end-users.
Experimental Freshwater Microcosm Biodegradability Study of Butyl Benzyl Phthalate
Authors: Adams WJ , Renaudette WJ , Doi JD , Stepro MG , Tucker MW , Kimerle RA , Franklin BB , Nabholz JV 
Published: February 2009

A 30-day freshwater microcosm study was conducted to measure the biodegradability of butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) in water and sediment. Microcosms were designed to simulate the flow rate, water to sediment surface ratio, and environmental conditions of the Illinois River. Water and undisturbed sediment cores were brought into the laboratory from the Illinois River and placed in 53-L all-glass microcosms. BBP was tested at 10 and 100 μg/L and at 100 μg/L sterilized with five replicates at each concentration. BBP was added to each microcosm three times per week at one half the initial dose. The microcosms were sealed to trap radiolabeled carbon dioxide (14C-CO2) for purposes of assessing mineralization and obtaining a mass balance on each microcosm. Uniformly ring-labeled 14C-BBP was used as the test material and analyses were performed for parent BBP as well as for carbon-14 (14C) intermediates.
The results of this study indicated that BBP was readily degraded in both water and sediment. The estimated half-life in water for primary degradation was typically two days or less. Mineralization of BBP did occur, with an average of 10.4% of the total BBP dosed in each microcosm trapped as 14CO2. Concentrations of BBP on the sediments were lower than predicted from sediment partition coefficients. (200 to 600 μg/kg) and ranged from 7 to 23 μg/kg. Both the sediment and water analyses showed that the majority of the 14C activity detected was not BBP. The transient appearance of primary metabolites was observed, however, the preponderance of 14C remaining in solution was not BBP.
A mass balance of each component (water, sediment, carbon dioxide, and so forth) in each microcosm indicated that 78.2% of the total amount of 14C-BBP added to the microcosms could be accounted for. Approximately 50% of the mass remained as 14C metabolites in the water, and only 1.8% and &lt;0.1% were found as 14C and parent BBP, respectively, on the sediment. The remainder of the 14C-BBP was found on the glass, in silicone joints and stoppers, in evolved CO2, or was removed by water sampling.
The collective data indicate that BBP should not be a persistent chemical in freshwater aquatic environments.
An Apparatus for Exposing Estuarine Aquatic Organisms to Toxicants in Constant and Fluctuating Salinity Regimes
Authors: Voyer RA , Sinnett JC , Modica G 
Published: February 2009

A programmable control system for salinity has been developed and coupled with a flow-through toxicant exposure system. The resulting apparatus allows study of influences of constant and fluctuating salinity regimes on responses of estuarine organisms exposed to selected pollutants.
Constant and fluctuating salinity profiles available through use of the system (a) may be selected to range from fresh water to full-strength ambient seawater values; (b) are automatically repeatable, allowing long-term study; (c) are reproducible, thus permitting replication of treatment combinations over time and sequential testing of several species at a common salinity regime; and (d) can be quickly and easily modified or substituted for by another profile.
Errors in the Use of the Accelerated Bioconcentration Test
Authors: Stehly GR , Hayton WL 
Published: February 2009

The accelerated bioconcentration test is commonly used in aquatic toxicology to calculate the bioconcentration factor (BCF) for waterbprne xenobiotics. This method assumes that when aquatic organisms accumulate chemicals, they behave as a single compartment with the chemical coming to an equilibrium between the organism compartment and the water. Experiments have shown, however, that for many lipophilic substances, the aquatic organism must be modeled as two or more compartments to characterize the accumulation process adequately. We studied the errors associated with the estimation of the BCF when the accelerated test is applied to substances that require two compartments to represent the fish.
Body level/time data for xenobiotic uptake and depuration were simulated using the computer simulation program Minidynamo. The aquatic organism was modeled as two compartments; the amount of xenobiotic in the organism was a biexponential function of time; that is, for the uptake phase, X = Ae-αt + Be-βt where X is the amount in the organism, t is time, and A, B, α, and β are constants. These data sets were then fitted using NONLIN, an iterative nonlinear least-squares computer program, to the single-compartment model of the accelerated bioconcentration test to determine the apparent uptake and depuration rate constants, k1 and k2, and to estimate the apparent BCF from their ratio. The larger the ratio of the 0 time intercepts of the two components of the biexponential curve, A/B, the larger was the error in estimating BCF. Estimates for the uptake rate constant, k1, were generally good but 10 to 30% smaller than the actual values, while the depuration rate constant, k2, was poorly estimated, even for cases where BCF was accurately estimated. In extreme cases, the calculated BCF was less than 5% of the actual BCF. Testing for fit to multicompartmental models and knowledge of multicompartmental characteristics and the infusion input can aid in reducing errors involved in estimates of BCF, k2, and k2 by the accelerated bioconcentration test.