bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Heavy Metals on the Hatching Rates of Brine Shrimp Artemia salina Cysts
Authors: Liu Ping‐Chung , Chen Jiann‐Chu 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe effects of heavy metals (Hg2+, Cd2+, Co2+, Cr3+, Pb2+, Cu2+, Fe2+. Ni2+, Zn2+, Mn7+, Mn4+ and Mn2+) on the relative hatching percentage of brine shrimp, Artemia salina were assessed. Artemia salina cysts (San Francisco Bay Brand) hatched in seawater containing various heavy metal concentrations. After 48 hours, the number of hatched nauplii were counted. A negative linear relationship between hatching rate of Ariemia salina cysts and heavy metal concentration occurred, except copper which conformed to a cubic model. The relative toxicities of heavy metals on Artemia salina cysts were as follows (Cu2+, most toxic; Mn2+, least toxic): Cu2+ > Zn2+ > Ni2+ > Co2+ > Mn7+ > Cr3+ > Cd2+ > Fe2+ > Hg2+ > Mn4+ > Pb2+ > Mn2+.
Accumulation of Heavy Metals in the Nauplii of Artemia salina
Authors: Chen Jiann‐Chu , Lru Ping‐Chung 
Published: April 2007

Abstract Artemia salina cysts (San Francisco Bay Brand) were exposed in seawater containing multiple concentrations of either a single heavy metal (Hg, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Co, Ni, Cr, Mn and Fe) or combination of heavy metals. The heavy metal accumulation in Artemia nauplii increased linearly with an increase in the heavy metal concentration in water. The metals could be detected in nauplii exposed to a single heavy metal at dosages of 5 μg/L for Hg, Zn, Mn, Fe and Cu; 25 μg/L for Cd and Cr; 50 μg/L for Co; 100 mUg/L for Ni; and 250 μg/L for Pb. Cysts exposed to several heavy metal combinations had minimum effective dosages equal to or lower than the single heavy metals‐ 5 μg/L for Cu, Cr, Zn, Mn and Fe; 25 μg/L for Cd and Ni; 50 μg/L for Co; and 250 μg/L for Pb. The accumulation of Cu, Ni and Co by Artemiu nauplii did not differ for animals exposed to single or combined heavy metal solutions. Cr, Zn and Pb had a synergistic effect of heavy metal uptake in combined heavy metal element solutions, however, Fe, Cd and Mn had an antagonistic effect.
A 13C/12C Tracer Study of the Utilization of Presented Feed by a Commercially Important Shrimp Penaeus vannamei in a Pond Growout System1
Authors: Anderson Richard K. , Parker Patrick L. , Lawrence Addison 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA study of added feed utilization by pond grown shrimp was done using seven feeds with different 13C/12C ratios, as expressed by δ13C. The pond shrimp did not track the δ13C value of the feed to the extent that tank grown shrimp did. For the seven pond experiments the δ13C data indicate that the added feed supplied between 23 and 47% of the growth carbon. This implies that between 53 and 77% of the growth is due to the grazing on pond biota. It is suggested that this experimental approach can be used to evaluate the relative contribution of presented dried feeds versus natural productivity in ponds as an aid to developing pond management strategies and optimum feeds.
Potential of New Strains of Marine and Inland Saline‐Adapted Microalgae for Aquaculture
Authors: Barclay W. R. , Terry K. L. , Nagle N. J. , Weissman J. C. , Goebel R. P. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSeveral problems currently limit the reliability of algal cultivation systems for the production of aquaculture feeds. Many of these problems may be eventually solved through research in culture system design and operation. However, research into the isolation and development of new strains of microalgae may also directly lead to improved system performance.Through a collection and screening program aimed at isolating microalgae tolerant to high light, high salinity, and high temperatures, we have been able to isolate several new strains with enhanced production potential (30‐35 g/m2/d). The overall range of environmental tolerance exhibited by these strains may result in enhanced culture stability, leading to the high production rates.The estimated costs of producing strains with these high production rates range from $1.18 to S1.71 per kg (unharvested), depending on the size of the production system. Total production costs for harvested algae (15% solids algal cell paste) range from $1.63 to $2.45 per kg. The major costs for producing harvested algae include the cost of CO2, as well as capital and operating costs for the harvesting systems.
Efficacy of Elevated Dietary Fluoride for the Control of Renibacterium salmoninarum Infection in Rainbow Trout Salmo gairdneri
Authors: Bowser Paul R. , Landy R. B. , Wooster G. A. , Babish J. G. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractLaboratory studies were performed to evaluate the efficacy of dietary fluoride for the control of Renibacterium salmoninarum infection in rainbow trout and to determine potential dietary fluoride toxicity to the fish. Fish were fed diets containing fluoride (F), as NaF, to give doses of 0, 2, 4, 8, or 16 mg F/kg fish weight per day. Efficacy of fluoride for the control of bacterial kidney disease (BKD) was observed at 4, 8, and 16 mg/kg doses. No signs of toxicity due to dietary fluoride were observed in the fish.
Feasibility Study for Alternative Culture Species in Taiwan—Penaeus penicillatus
Authors: Liao I‐Chiu 
Published: April 2007

Abstract Penueus monodon has become almost synonymous with aquaculture in Taiwan, indicating the level of commercial success it has attained over the past two decades. However, other species are being considered for future culture to diversify an industry overly dependent on one product, as well as to provide the market with an alternative commodity. This paper explores the feasibility of P. penicillatus as an alternative culture species in Taiwan. P. penicillatus has seven merits that make it ideal for aquaculture: 1) P. penicillatus is comparatively resistant to low temperature. 2) It is a medium sized “white prawn” and is attractive to the consumer. 3) The migration behavior shows good possibilities for culture in sea water. 4) Wild spawners are abundant and natural, and induced spawning in captivity is relatively easy. 5) Larvae spontaneously spawned in captivity show good survival, existing on the natural food present in the pond. 6) It has a low protein requirement and has good growth in the early stages even at high stocking densities of 100–120 prawns/m2. 7) P. penicillutus grows to a comparatively uniform size. This paper also discusses some difficulties in the culture of this prawn.
Super Intensive Culture of Red‐Tailed Shrimp Penaeus penicillatus
Authors: Chen Jiann‐Chu , Liu Ping‐Chung , Lin Yao‐Tsu , Lee Chin‐Kai 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTwo continuous grow‐out experiments of red‐tailed shrimp Penueus penicillatus were conducted for one year in a super intensive system with a stocking density of 171 and 286 postlarvae/m2, respectively. The postlarval shrimp (Ph8–12) were cultured in three 0.14 ha earthen ponds with concrete dikes. The shrimp were fed with a commercially prepared feed four times a day. Water quality parameters from the second trial varied as follows: water temperature from 23.0 to 30.4 C, salinity from 15.33 to 21.00 ppt, dissolved oxygen (DO) from 3.47 to 7.34 mg/L, NH3‐N from 0.002 to 0.869 mg/L, nitrite‐N from 0.013 to 0.844 mg/L, and nitrate‐N from 0.021 to 1.795 mg/L. Ammonia‐N increased from 0.022 to 46.110 mg/L, while the pH declined from 8.12 to 7.32. Yield was 4,650 kg/0.42 ha from the first crop in 131 days and 5,160 kg/0.42 ha from the second crop in 141 days. The productivity of this system producing P. penicillatus was 11–12 tons/ha/crop.
Production Costs of Juvenile Penaeid Shrimp in an Intensive Greenhouse Raceway Nursery System
Authors: Juan Ya‐Sheng , Griffin Wade L. , Lawrence Addison L. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis analysis compared the use of an intensive nursery raceway system with direct stocking of post‐larval shrimp into growout ponds. The intensive raceway system allows two crops to be produced in Texas where only one crop is feasible with direct stocking. Both investment and operational costs are analyzed for three types of greenhouses and three types of raceways where the types vary in cost and lengths of life. Three growout pond stocking densities and two farm sizes were evaluated for each combination of greenhouse and raceway type. Investment costs ranged from $142,000 for the small farm using the least expensive greenhouse and raceway and utilizing the lowest stocking density, to about $2.3 million for the large farm using the most expensive greenhouse and raceway and the highest stocking density in the growout ponds. The operational cost was $7.60 and $9.71 respectively per 1,000 one gram juveniles produced. Under technology available at the time of this analysis, direct stocking growout ponds with PIS and producing one crop per year is more profitable than stocking one gram juveniles and producing two crops per year on the Texas coast.
Seasonal Variations in Fatty Acids of Striped Bass Morone saxatilis
Authors: Gallagher Margie L. , McLeod Susan H. , Rulifson Roger 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe polyunsaturated fatty acids of the n‐3 family associated with fish and fish oils have been shown to have beneficial effects on prevention of heart disease in humans. However, in considering the potential health benefits of fish oil in human health, it is important to realize that the fatty acid composition and total lipid content of fish vary greatly. These variations may be due to species differences or variations within a species due to temperature, diet, developmental stage, sex or seasonal differences.The purpose of the study described here was to determine the effects of season, size class, and sex on the Occurrence of individual fatty acids in striped bass (Morone saxrrtilis). Fish were collected in June, July, August, September, and October. Filets with skin were analyzed for total lipid content. Methyl esters of fatty acids were separated and identified using capillary gas chromatography. Total mean lipid varied from as low as 12% to as high as 30%. There were no significant changes in total crude lipid content due to month collected or sex. However, total lipid content of filets increased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) as size increased.The fatty acids 18:1n–9 and 16:0 made up the majority (62%) of the fatty acids present in any season, size class, or sex. The monounsaturated fatty acids dominated in all fish. There were no significant differences in individual fatty acids due to sex. However, fish size had a significant influence on fatty acid composition. Overall, saturated fatty acids decreased as size increased, while polyunsaturated fatty acids increased or remained constant. There were no significant changes in mean percent saturated or monounsaturated fatty acids with respect to month when controlling for size. However, total percent polyunsaturated fatty acids decreased significantly in October compared to August and September. This overall decrease was due mainly to a decrease in 22:6n–3. Conversely there was a significant increase in 16:11n–9 in October. All other fatty acids remained constant. When data from this study were compared to fatty acid data from the literature, striped bass was not as good a source of 20:5n–3 and 22:61n–3 as sardines, anchovies or mackerel.
Chemical Decapsulation of Artemia franciscana Resting Cysts Does Not Necessarily Produce More Nauplii
Authors: Spotte Stephen , Anderson Gary 
Published: April 2007

AbstractDecapsulation of Artemia spp. cysts in strong hypochlorite solutions reportedly increases the number of nauplii that hatch. Commercial cysts of Artemia franciscano were subjected to four decapsulation methods prior to hatching them in aerated seawater. Samples were removed from the hatch vessels every 5 h from 15 through 45 h, and fully hatched nauplii were counted. The experiment was performed three times. No significant difference was seen between mean numbers of control nauplii and nauplii obtained using the decapsulation method that yielded the best hatch: oxidation for 15 min in equal parts Clorox® and seawater plus 6 mL of a 40% NaOH solution, followed by reduction with 100 mL of 0.7 M sodium thiosulfate. A third treatment was inferior to either of these, and two others produced very low yields. It was concluded that of the methods evaluated, none is superior to no treatment at all, and some are clearly detrimental to developing Artemia embryos.
Nutritional Depletion of the Aquaculture Feed Organisms Euterpina acutifrons, Artemia sp. and Brachionus plicatilis During Starvation
Authors: Szyper James P. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe nutritional quality of the harpacticoid copepod Euterpina acutifrons, freshly‐hatched Artemita nauplii, juvenile and adult Artemia, and the rotifer Brachionus plictatilis, in fed and starved conditions, was evaluated through the use of ratios of dry weight to wet weight (DW/WW), ash‐free dry weight to dry weight (AFDW/DW), calories per mg ash‐free dry weight (cal/mg AFDW), and carbon to nitrogen by weight (C/N). E. acutifrons had in nearly all cases the highest values of DW/WW, AFDW/DW, and cal/mg AFDW. Calculated losses in caloric content per unit of wet weight (cal/mg WW) during one day's starvation were similar among species, ranging from 3 to 52 percent. C/N ratios were less variable, but also reflected starvation‐related changes indicating depletion of C relative to N, which is consistent With depletion of lipids and carbohydrates relative to protein.Because little or no change in caloric density of organic material (cal/mg AFDW) was observed in any species under either condition, decreases in caloric content of wet weight or of individuals were due to decreases in DW/WW and AFDW/DW. Caloric content and carbon content were related by the factor 11.3 cal/mg C. Starvation‐related losses in the nutritional value of forage organisms can be important in larval rearing systems.
Genetics of Body Color in Tilapia mossambica
Authors: Tave Douglas , Rezk Mahmoud , Smitherman R. Oneal 
Published: April 2007

AbstractGold, bronze, and black (normal pigmentation) body colors in Tilapia mossambica are controlled by a single autosomal gene with incomplete dominant gene action: GG fish are black gg fish are gold; Gg fish are bronze. Because gold body color is produced by the recessive genotype, it is easy to produce and to maintain a truebreeding population of gold T. mossambica for commercial purposes. If all other colors are culled, the population will breed true, because gold × gold will always produce 100% gold offspring. The G gene will be a valuable genetic marker for many genetic studies, such as the production of gynogenetic T. mossambica.
The Effects of Salinity on Reproductive Performance of Florida Red Tilapia
Authors: Watanabe Wade O. , Burnett Kelly M. , Olla Bori L. , Wicklund Robert I. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe reproductive performance of yearling Florida red tilapia broodstock was studied in laboratory aquaria at salinities of 1 (freshwater), 9, 18, 27 and 36 ppt under controlled photoperiod (14 L:10 D) and temperature (28 C).Spawning was observed at all salinities, although egg production per unit female weight at each spawn was significantly higher at 1 ppt than at higher salinities. An inhibitory effect of salinity on reproductive performance was evidenced by a trend toward lower fertilization, hatching, and survival of prejuveniles with increasing salinity. Fry production per unit female weight declined at salinities above 18 ppt. The results suggest that Florida red tilapia broodstock may be maintained under salinities as high as 18 ppt without impairing fry production, suggesting that hatchery production in brackishwater would be practical in areas where freshwater resources are limiting.
Comparative Production of Colossoma macropomum and Tilapia nilotica in Panama
Authors: Peralta Medardo , Teichert‐Coddington David R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe production of Colossoma macropomum (tambaquí), a relatively little studied fish from the Amazon and Orinoco basins, was compared with that of Tilapita nilotica, a fish well known for its good production characteristics. The experimental design was randomized and arranged in 2 × 2 factorial with each species being tested at 2,500 and 10,000 fish/ha. Treatments were replicated three times. Fingerlings (22–31 g) were stocked into 870 m2 earthen ponds, fed a commercial diet (25% protein), and harvested after 129 days. Mean yield (kg/ha) for tilapia at high and low density was 3,361 and 917, respectively, and for colossoma was 3,682 and 977, respectively. The yield difference between species was not significant (P> 0.05) while the difference between densities was highly significant (P< 0.01). Although yield was not different for the species, tambaquí weight gain was significantly greater than that of adult tilapia because of reproduction in the tilapia ponds. Mean tilapia and tambaquí weight gains (g) for low density were 379 and 471, respectively, and 321 and 395, respectively, for high density. Increasing the stocking density fourfold resulted in an almost fourfold increase in net yield for both species, although individual weight gains were not significantly affected. There was no interaction between species and density for the production characteristics studied.This study concluded that under culture conditions that included a short growth period, high quality rations, and stocking rates up to 10,000/ha, production of tambaquí was equal to, or better than that of tilapia. Also, stocking rates lower than 10,000/ha would result in lower yields of both species while not producing a significantly larger fish.
Evaluation of Three Feeds for Hatchery Rearing Channel Catfish Fry
Authors: Robinson Edwin H. , Steeby JamesA. , Brent J. Robert 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTwo 7 day feeding trials were conducted with channel catfish swim‐up fry to evaluate growth, feed conversion ratio, and body composition of fish fed one of the following feeds: salmon starter, catfish starter, or trout starter. Fish fed the salmon or trout starter feeds gained 50–75% more weight, converted feed more efficiently, and had higher body fat stores than fish fed the catfish starter feed. This may be related to the higher protein and energy content of these two feeds. It may be advantageous to feed salmonid starter feeds to hatchery reared catfish fry; however, it is not known whether or not the improved performance observed in the hatchery continues once the fish are stocked into nursery and grow out ponds.
A Parasitological Survey of Oysters Along Salinity Gradients in Coastal Louisiana
Authors: Gauthier Julie D. , Soniat Thomas M. , Rogers James S. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractOysters were collected along salinity gradients within four major oyster producing watersheds in Louisiana (Lake Calcasieu, Terrebonne Bay, Barataria Bay and Lake Borgne) and examined for parasites in relation to oyster condition and reproductive state. The percentage of Infection by Perkinsus marinus, Nematopsis prytherchi, N. ostrearum, Bucephalus cuculus, prokaryotic inclusion bodies, and ciliates was recorded for each site. Average pigment cell number, oyster condition, gonadal index, and the percentage of oysters with atrophic digestive diverticula were also determined.In general, oysters experienced higher levels of parasitism in higher salinity waters. Perkinsus marinus Occurrence was correlated with salinity, an atrophied condition of the oysters, and Nematopsis spp. occurrence. Oysters in poor condition had higher concentrations of pigment cells, greater atrophy of the digestive diverticula, and increased parasitism by N. ostrearum.
A Promising New Chemotherapeutant for Use in Treatment of Fusarium solani Infections in Penaeid Shrimp
Authors: Bell Thomas A. , Lightner Don V. , Williams Rodney R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA commercially available microbicide, composed of 5‐Chloro‐2‐methyl‐4‐isothiPzolin‐3‐one and 2‐methyl‐4‐isothiazolin‐3‐one, was tested for its in vivo effectiveness in controlling pathogenicity and mortalities in the marine shrimp Penaeus stylirostris, caused by the fungus Fusurium solani. Sub‐adult shrimp (100% with Fusurium lesions) were treated with the microbicide at levels of 5.0 and 7.5 ppm (Trial 1) and with 1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 ppm (Trial 2), and each compared to a non‐treated control. In Trial 1, treatments were administered during the first 9 days of the 22 day experiment, approximately every other day as 8 h static baths. The mean levels of Fusarium lesions on Day 22 for the 0, 5.0 and 7.5 ppm treatments were 87%, 25% and 13%, respectively. Statistically both levels of treatment (5.0 and 7.5 ppm) had significantly lower levels of Fusurium lesions when compared to the controls. In Trial 2, treatments of the microbicide were administered (8 h static bath) every seventh day over the course of the 64 day experiment. The Day 64 mean Fusarium lesion levels for the 0, 1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 ppm treatments were 54%, 59%, 10% and 7%, respectively. Treatment with 2.5 and 5.0 ppm reduced the prevalence of Fusarium lesions to statistically lower levels when compared to the 0 and 1.0 ppm treatments. The microbicide had earlier been reported to be highly toxic to fish. The use of activated charcoal filters on the microbicide‐treated effluent appeared to remove any residual compound from the water. The data in the present study indicate a possible inverse relationship between the level of “BG 101” and growth rate. The data from both trials suggest that periodic treatment over a longer test period could limit or eliminate Fusurium lesions, which are known to be the potential cause of substantial mortalities, particularly in captive broodstock populations.
Assessing Potential for Aquaculture Development with a Geographic Information System
Authors: Kapetsky James M. , Hill John M. , Worthy L. Dorsey , Evans David L. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractComprehensive analyses of aquaculture potential are required for policy formulation and planning for aquaculture development. A computer‐automated geographical information system (CIS) was assessed as a tool to analyze the complex spatial and attribute data sets needed to locate aquaculture potential. The state of Louisiana, USA, was the study area. Areas for the further development of catfish and crawfish culture and crawfish‐rice and crawfish‐grain sorghum double cropping were identified. The CIS showed that there were ample opportunities for the expansion of catfish farming on flatlands based on soil suitability and length of the growing season. Parishes in which crawfish are already raised occupy most of the best suited soils and include those with the longest growing seasons. The potential to further integrate crawfish with rice and with grain sorghum in double cropping systems was good. The results demonstrated that a GIS can be used to aid large‐area aquacultural development planning.
Effect of Dietary Lecithin in Combination with Casein or Crab Protein on Cholesterol Uptake and Transport in the Lobster Homarus americanus
Authors: Baum Nancy A. , Conklin Douglas E. , Chang Ernest S. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractPurified diets, formulated with and without lecithin and containing either casein or a protein isolated from whole crab, were fed to juvenile lobsters. In order to examine the role of these dietary factors on cholesterol uptake and transport, levels of cholesterol were determined in serum, lipo‐protein fractions, tissues, and feces of juvenile lobsters fed the experimental diets. Lobsters fed diets supplemented with lecithin had significantly higher levels of serum and lipoprotein cholesterol than lobsters fed diets without supplemental lecithin regardless of the proteins used. Levels of fecal total cholesterol also were generally greater for lobsters fed lecithin‐supplemented diets. Tissue, serum, and fecal levels of intubated radiolabeled cholesterol, however, were not significantly different among diet groups, and apoprotein electrophoretic mobility was not affected by the choice of dietary protein.