bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Food for Thought on Pediatric Feeding and Swallowing
Authors: Arvedson Joan C. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract“Food for Thought” provides an opportunity for review of pertinent topics to add to updates in areas of concern for professionals involved with feeding and swallowing issues in infants and children. Given the frequency with which speech-language pathologists (SLPs) make decisions to alter feedings when young infants demonstrate silent aspiration on videofluoroscopic swallow studies (VFSS), the need for increased understanding about cough and its development/maturation is a high priority. In addition, understanding of the role(s) of laryngeal chemoreflexes (LCRs), relationships (or lack of relationships) between cough and esophagitis, gastroesophageal reflux (GER), and chronic salivary aspiration is critical. Decision making regarding management must take into account multiple systems and their interactions in order to provide safe feeding for all children to meet nutrition and hydration needs without being at risk for pulmonary problems. The responsibility is huge and should encourage all to search the literature so that clinical practice is as evidence-based as possible; this often requires adequate understanding of developmentally appropriate neurophysiology and function.
Development of Swallowing Function Along the Prenatal to Postnatal Continuum
Authors: Scarborough Donna , Miller Jeri , Fletcher Kara 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Developmental information is the cornerstone of diagnosis and intervention in pediatric dysphagia. Ongoing research has refined specific parameters of growth and development of the swallow from the prenatal through the postnatal period. The intent of this article is to review the latest findings regarding normal development of feeding/swallowing from the time the fetus is in utero through the postnatal period. This information may provide clinicians valuable tools to make adaptations within the clinical decision making process.
Individualized Developmental Care in the Neonatal Intensive Care Nursery
Authors: VandenBerg Kathleen A. , Ross Erin Sundseth 
Published: October 2008

AbstractAdvances in medical care have improved the success of medical interventions in treating high-risk and premature infants, but long-term developmental outcomes are less positive. The neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) setting influences infant brain development and organization, as well as the parent-infant relationship. One advanced-practice role for a speech-language pathologist (SLP) is that of a newborn developmental specialist (NDS). The NDS working in the NICU understands the influence of medical, environmental, and caregiving interactions on the neurologic and neurobehavioral organization of the infant. The NICU setting advanced practice skills are grounded in an individualized, developmentally supportive care model, such as the Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program (NIDCAP). Neurodevelopmental assessment focuses on the competence of the infant. The developmental assessment and intervention strategies are individualized to support the infant's own goal strivings. In this framework, interactions with infants become modified to increase competence and organization. The SLP working in the NICU is in a unique position to facilitate communication between the infant and the parent, as well as between the infant and professional caregivers. The SLP can help the parent interpret and respond appropriately to the infant's communication by focusing on non-verbal stress and stability cues, and by planning all interactions with a goal of co-regulation. Interactions with infants and families in this Model in the NICU have beneficial lifelong implications.
Feeding in the NICU and Issues That Influence Success
Authors: Ross Erin Sundseth 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Premature infants are both medically fragile and immature; both of these factors influence their ability to safely feed. Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) working with these infants must recognize normal development of feeding skills as well as diagnose feeding problems and develop individualized treatment plans. Assessments should include all three phases of swallowing (oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal) in the context of overall stability, and interventions need to be individualized to the unique needs of each infant. Decreasing the flow rate of fluid and providing pacing are frequently used strategies to support the medically fragile infant. Therapeutic programs that do not appreciate the role of both individual developmental progression and medical comorbidities are not appropriate, given that volume is not the only goal of feeding. Rather, SLPs must focus on skill acquisition for long-term success within the larger context of parental nurturing. Medical comorbidities significantly influence both the initiation and the progression of oral feeding in this population. The individual variation in development, as well as the medical fragility in this population, challenges the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) therapist to appreciate the complexity of feeding and to work in collaboration with the other members of the team.
Response to Intervention and Current Implementation
Authors: Proly Janet L. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Response to Intervention (RTI) implementation is becoming more widespread due to the references of RTI components in the Federal Regulations. But everyone is not at the same level of understanding about RTI and its implementation. This article will answer several questions. What is RTI? Why are we hearing more and more about RTI? How are states implementing RTI components? How can the speech-language pathologist help in RTI implementation in the presence or absence of a specific RTI infrastructure? How is Florida Proceeding with RTI implementation? Are there any new resources available for principals and other educators who might want to learn more about RTI?
Sensorimotor Elements of the Orofacial System:Reviewing the Basics
Authors: Andreatta Richard D. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe functional ability of the central nervous system (CNS) to transduce and process sensory information directly associated with voluntary action is believed to be an important element in sensorimotor learning and skill acquisition for the orofacial system. Muscles of the lower face insert directly into the facial skin, allowing for sensory endings to encode both the static and dynamic consequences of force and movement related to orofacial behavior. These task-related inputs are subsequently made available to sensorimotor cortices whose functions are known to be highly responsive to the consequences underlying precise adjustments in force during skilled motor control. The purpose of this article is to provide a basic review of the fundamental muscular and sensory elements contributing to orofacial sensorimotor control. In addition, select research on sensorimotor integration in the orofacial system will be summarized with a discussion on the importance of these findings in the context of orofacial rehabilitation.
Micromanaging Palate Development
Authors: Clouthier David E. , Gray Josie , Artinger Kristin Bruk 
Published: October 2008

AbstractDevelopment of the facial skeleton is one of the most intriguing and intricate events that occur during human development. Most of the bone, cartilage, and connective tissue that compose the face and neck arise from a class of cells, referred to as neural crest cells, which are initially located at some distance from the facial primordium. A complex set of events regulated by specific gene products direct the formation, migration, and differentiation of these cells, leading to what is viewed as “prototypical” adult facial features. These basic developmental processes are recapitulated during the formation of the palate, termed palatogenesis. In this review, we summarize the basic embryology leading to palate formation, discuss mechanisms that can lead to palatal dysmorphologies, and highlight a new interaction that has recently been demonstrated to play a role in palate development. This interaction, involving small non-coding RNAs referred to as microRNAs, not only establishes a new level of regulation to cellular development, but may also serve as attractive targets for future efforts directed at clinical treatment of birth defect syndromes.
Strategies to Prevent Transmission of Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureusin Acute Care Hospitals
Authors: Calfee David P. , Salgado Cassandra D. , Classen David , Arias Kathleen M. , Podgorny Kelly , Anderson Deverick J. , Burstin Helen , Coffin Susan E. , Dubberke Erik R. , Fraser Victoria , Gerding Dale N. , Griffin Frances A. , Gross Peter , Kaye Keith S. , Klompas Michael , Lo Evelyn , Marschall Jonas , Mermel Leonard A. , Nicolle Lindsay , Pegues David A. , Perl Trish M. , Saint Sanjay , Weinstein Robert A. , Wise Robert , Yokoe Deborah S. 
Published: October 2008

Previously published guidelines are available that provide comprehensive recommendations for detecting and preventing healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). Our intent in this document is to highlight practical recommendations in a concise format to assist acute care hospitals in their efforts to prevent transmission of methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA). Refer to the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America/Infectious Diseases Society of America “Compendium of Strategies to Prevent Healthcare-Associated Infections” Executive Summary, Introduction, and accompanying editorial for additional discussion.1. Burden of HAIs caused by MRSA in acute care facilitiesa. In the United States, the proportion of hospital-associatedS. aureusinfections that are caused by strains resistant to methicillin has steadily increased. In 2004, MRSA accounted for 63% ofS. aureusinfections in hospitals.b. Although the proportion ofS. aureus–associated HAIs among intensive care unit (ICU) patients that are due to methicillin-resistant strains has increased (a relative measure of the MRSA problem), recent data suggest that the incidence of central line–associated bloodstream infection caused by MRSA (an absolute measure of the problem) has decreased in several types of ICUs since 2001. Although these findings suggest that there has been some success in preventing nosocomial MRSA transmission and infection, many patient groups continue to be at risk for such transmission.c. MRSA has also been documented in other areas of the hospital and in other types of healthcare facilities, including those that provide long-term care.
Strategies to Prevent Surgical Site Infections in Acute Care Hospitals
Authors: Anderson Deverick J. , Kaye Keith S. , Classen David , Arias Kathleen M. , Podgorny Kelly , Burstin Helen , Calfee David P. , Coffin Susan E. , Dubberke Erik R. , Fraser Victoria , Gerding Dale N. , Griffin Frances A. , Gross Peter , Klompas Michael , Lo Evelyn , Marschall Jonas , Mermel Leonard A. , Nicolle Lindsay , Pegues David A. , Perl Trish M. , Saint Sanjay , Salgado Cassandra D. , Weinstein Robert A. , Wise Robert , Yokoe Deborah S. 
Published: October 2008

Previously published guidelines are available that provide comprehensive recommendations for detecting and preventing healthcare-associated infections. The intent of this document is to highlight practical recommendations in a concise format designed to assist acute care hospitals to implement and prioritize their surgical site infection (SSI) prevention efforts. Refer to the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America/Infectious Diseases Society of America “Compendium of Strategies to Prevent Healthcare-Associated Infections” Executive Summary and Introduction and accompanying editorial for additional discussion.1. Burden of SSIs as complications in acute care facilities.a. SSIs occur in 2%-5% of patients undergoing inpatient surgery in the United States.b. Approximately 500,000 SSIs occur each year.2. Outcomes associated with SSIa. Each SSI is associated with approximately 7-10 additional postoperative hospital days.b. Patients with an SSI have a 2-11 times higher risk of death, compared with operative patients without an SSI.i. Seventy-seven percent of deaths among patients with SSI are direcdy attributable to SSI.c. Attributable costs of SSI vary, depending on the type of operative procedure and the type of infecting pathogen; published estimates range from $3,000 to $29,000.i. SSIs are believed to account for up to $10 billion annually in healthcare expenditures.1. Definitionsa. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System and the National Healthcare Safety Network definitions for SSI are widely used.b. SSIs are classified as follows (Figure):i. Superficial incisional (involving only skin or subcutaneous tissue of the incision)ii. Deep incisional (involving fascia and/or muscular layers)iii. Organ/space
Strategies to Prevent Clostridium difficile Infections in Acute Care Hospitals
Authors: Dubberke Erik R. , Gerding Dale N. , Classen David , Arias Kathleen M. , Podgorny Kelly , Anderson Deverick J. , Burstin Helen , Calfee David P. , Coffin Susan E. , Fraser Victoria , Griffin Frances A. , Gross Peter , Kaye Keith S. , Klompas Michael , Lo Evelyn , Marschall Jonas , Mermel Leonard A. , Nicolle Lindsay , Pegues David A. , Perl Trish M. , Saint Sanjay , Salgado Cassandra D. , Weinstein Robert A. , Wise Robert , Yokoe Deborah S. 
Published: October 2008

Previously published guidelines are available that provide comprehensive recommendations for detecting and preventing healthcare-associated infections. The intent of this document is to highlight practical recommendations in a concise format designed to assist acute care hospitals in implementing and prioritizing their Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) prevention efforts. Refer to the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America/Infectious Diseases Society of America “Compendium of Strategies to Prevent Healthcare-Associated Infections” Executive Summary and Introduction and accompanying editorial for additional discussion.1. Increasing rates of CDIC. difficile now rivals methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) as the most common organism to cause healthcare-associated infections in the United States.a. In the United States, the proportion of hospital discharges in which the patient received the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision discharge diagnosis code for CDI more than doubled between 2000 and 2003, and CDI rates continued to increase in 2004 and 2005 (L. C. McDonald, MD, personal communication, July 2007). These increases have been seen in pediatric and adult populations, but elderly individuals have been disproportionately affected. CDI incidence has also increased in Canada and Europe.b. There have been numerous reports of an increase in CDI severity.c. Most reports of increases in the incidence and severity of CDI have been associated with the BI/NAP1/027 strain of C. difficile. This strain produces more toxins A and B in vitro than do many other strains of C. difficile, produces a third toxin (binary toxin), and is highly resistant to fluoroquinolones.
Coleosporium telekiae, a New Member of the Norwegian Rust Flora
Authors: Gjærum Halvor B. , Semb Lars , Talgø Venche 
Published: October 2008

A rust was found on a 20-year-old ornamental perennial Telekia speciosa in Ås, Akershus Co., Norway. The morphological characteristics of the fungus were consistent with the description of Coleosporium telekiae Thüm. except that the telia were more orange-coloured and had slightly shorter teliospores. This is the first report of C. telekiae in Norway. Accepted for publication 24 July 2008. Published 6 October 2008.
Evaluating the Pathogenicity of Pythium vexans Isolates from Fraser Fir in North Carolina
Authors: Ivors Kelly L. , Abad Z. Gloria , Benson D. Michael 
Published: October 2008

The pathogenicity of Pythium vexans isolates collected from fir samples with typical root rot symptoms in North Carolina was evaluated on Fraser fir seedlings (Abies fraseri). Two replicated pathogenicity trials involving seven treatments were conducted in the lath house and greenhouse. Although the P. vexans isolates examined in these trials were able to colonize Fraser fir root systems, they did not cause mortality or incite root rot symptoms. In comparison, Phytophthora cinnamomi, a known aggressive pathogen of Fraser fir, caused severe root rot symptoms in all plants. These experiments provided no evidence that P. vexans is a pathogen of Fraser fir. Accepted for publication 12 July 2008. Published 6 October 2008.
Dilemmas in harm minimization
Authors: Weatherburn Don 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTThis paper discusses the dilemmas inherent in pursuing a philosophy of (drug) harm minimization. The dilemmas arise (i) because all drug control policies produce harms as well as benefits; (ii) because many of these harms and benefits cannot be measured; and (iii) because even when they can be measured, judgements about what harms matter the most are irreducibly political. The paper concludes by proposing that the interests of drug policy might be better served if we abandoned the idea of an overarching goal in favour of a set of goals dealing with specific identifiable problems.
Comparing topiramate with naltrexone in the treatment of alcohol dependence*
Authors: Baltieri Danilo Antonio , Daró Fabio Ruiz , Ribeiro Philip Leite , De Andrade Arthur Guerra 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTAim To compare the efficacy of topiramate with naltrexone in the treatment of alcohol dependence.Design The investigation was a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, 12‐week study carried out at the University of São Paulo, Brazil.Sample A total of 155 patients, 18–60 years of age, with an International Classification of Diseases (ICD‐10) diagnosis of alcohol dependence.Methods After a 1‐week detoxification period, patients were assigned randomly to receive topiramate (induction to 300 mg/day), naltrexone (50 mg/day) or placebo.Measurements Time to first relapse (consumption of >60 g ethyl alcohol), cumulative abstinence duration and weeks of heavy drinking.Findings In intention‐to‐treat analyses, topiramate was statistically superior to placebo on a number of measures including time to first relapse (7.8 versus 5.0 weeks), cumulative abstinence duration (8.2 versus 5.6 weeks), weeks of heavy drinking (3.4 versus 5.9) and percentage of subjects abstinent at 4 weeks (67.3 versus 42.6) and 8 weeks (61.5 versus 31.5), but not 12 weeks (46.2 versus 27.8). Results remained significant after controlling for Alcoholics Anonymous attendance, which was higher in topiramate than in other groups. There were no significant differences between naltrexone versus placebo or naltrexone versus topiramate groups, but naltrexone showed trends toward inferior outcomes when compared to topiramate.Conclusions The results of this study support the efficacy of topiramate in the relapse prevention of alcoholism. Suggestive evidence was also obtained for superiority of topiramate versus naltrexone, but this needs to be verified in future research with larger sample sizes.
The association of persistent pain with out‐patient addiction treatment outcomes and service utilization
Authors: Caldeiro Ryan M. , Malte Carol A. , Calsyn Donald A. , Baer John S. , Nichol Paul , Kivlahan Daniel R. , Saxon Andrew J. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTAims  To estimate the prevalence of persistent pain among veterans in out‐patient addiction treatment and examine associated addiction treatment outcomes and medical and psychiatric service use.Design, setting and participants  Analysis of data from a prospective randomized controlled trial comparing on‐site versus referral primary care of veterans with substance dependence (n = 582), excluding opioid dependence who had at least one follow‐up interview during the 12‐month study period in a Veterans Affairs (VA) out‐patient addiction treatment center.Measurements  Pain status was classified as persistent (pain was rated moderate to very severe at all time‐points), low (pain was rated none to mild at all time‐points) or intermittent (all others). Main outcome measures were addiction treatment retention, addiction severity index (ASI) alcohol and drug composite scores, VA service utilization and treatment costs.Findings  A total of 33.2% of veterans reported persistent pain and 47.3% reported intermittent pain. All groups benefited from addiction treatment, but veterans with persistent pain were in treatment for an estimated 35.1 fewer days [95% confidence interval (CI) = −64.1, −6.1, P = 0.018], less likely to be abstinent from alcohol or drugs at 12 months [odds ratio (OR)adj = 0.52; 95% CI = 0.30,0.89; P = 0.018], had worse ASI alcohol composite scores at 12 months (βadj = 0.09; 95% CI = 0.02,0.15; P = 0.007), were more likely to be medically hospitalized (ORadj = 2.70; 95% CI = 1.02,7.13; P = 0.046) and had higher total service costs compared to those with low pain ($17 766 versus $13 261, P = 0.012).Conclusions  Persistent pain is common among veterans in out‐patient addiction treatment and is associated with poorer rates of abstinence, worse alcohol use severity and greater service utilization and costs than those with low pain.
Chimeras between Oilseed rape mosaic virus and Tobacco mosaic virus highlight the relevant role of the tobamoviral RdRp as pathogenicity determinant in several hosts
Authors: MANSILLA CARMEN , SÁNCHEZ FLORA , PADGETT HAL S. , POGUE GREGORY P. , PONZ FERNANDO 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARY Oilseed rape mosaic virus (ORMV) is a tobamovirus taxonomically distinct from the type member of the genus, Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Both viruses display a specific host range, although they share certain hosts, such as Arabidopsis thaliana, Nicotiana benthamiana and N. tabacum, on which they induce different symptoms. Using a gain‐of‐symptom approach, we generated chimeric viruses, starting from a TMV infectious clone, over which different regions of ORMV were exchanged with their corresponding regions in the TMV genome. This approach allowed the association of pathogenicity determinants to certain genes within the ORMV genome. A general trend was observed associating the viral origin of the RNA‐dependent RNA‐polymerase (RdRp) gene and the gain of symptoms. In A. thaliana and N. benthamiana, chimeric viruses were unable to reproduce the symptoms induced by the parental viruses, leading to disease states which could be described as intermediate, and variable in some cases. In contrast, a hypersensitive reaction caused by both of these viruses on N‐gene‐bearing tobaccos could be found in resistance reactions to all chimeric viruses, suggesting that the avirulence determinant maps similarly in both viruses. A systemic necrotic spotting typical of non‐N‐gene tobaccos infected with ORMV was associated with the polymerase domain of RdRp. To our knowledge, this is the first time that this controversial portion of the tobamovirus genome has been identified directly as a pathogenicity determinant. None of the reactions of the chimeric viruses could be correlated with increases or decreases in virus titres in the infections.