bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Panel proposes solar system missions
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

A proposed probe to the Kuiper Belt and Pluto and another to Europa are among the priority Solar System exploration missions that should be pursued by NASA over the next decade, according to an 11 July report by a steering group of the Space Studies Board of the U.S. National Research Council (NRC).The report, “New Frontiers in the Solar System: An Integrated Exploration Strategy,” was requested by NASA, and proposes a set of new missions and facilities to respond to key questions in four cross‐cutting themes. The themes, which the report indicates form the basis for an integrated space exploration strategy are: the first billion years of Solar System history; volatiles and organics: the stuff of life; the origin and evolution of habitable worlds; and processes: how planets work.
Improved geographic information needed for Sub‐Saharan Africa, report notes
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Geographic data can make a tremendous difference in understanding and managing natural resources in Africa, and U.S. assistance can help countries overcome enormous technological and financial hurdles in gaining and utilizing this data.These are two of the main conclusions of a 26 July report prepared by the U.S. National Research Council (NRC) in advance of the World Summit on Sustainable Development in August and September in Johannesburg, South Africa.
Managing new satellite data
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

With the first satellite in the $6.5‐billion U.S. National Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellite System (NPOEES) scheduled for launch as early as 2008, some critics are concerned that planning efforts to manage and archive satellite data are lagging.Experts at a 24 July hearing of the House of Representatives science subcommittee on environment, technology, and standards called for more progress in managing data from NPOESS. The system is expected to produce more than 200 terabytes annually and also produce more types of data products than NOAAs existing Polar‐orbiting Operational Environmental Satellites (POES) data management system. By comparison, POES was designed to accommodate about 2 terabytes of data per year.
Pub Matters @ AGU: How to cite an AGU article correctly
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

A “citation number” has been added to the recommended way to cite AGU articles published in 2002 and later. This addition is necessary so that the Institute of Scientific Information (ISI) can count the number of times specific articles are cited.The AGU “citation number” is a 4‐digit number that will be assigned at the time of publication; i.e., when an article is posted online. For contributions, the numbers will be sequential throughout the year within a journal or section of JGR. Special issue papers will be numbered sequentially but in a different series. The new citation number is used in addition to the DOI (Digital Object Identifier). See www.agu.org/pubs/e_publishing/index.html?anchor = diff for further discussion of AGU's use of the DOI.
Congress requests report on NSF ranking and management of large projects
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

At a time when many scientists and politicians are calling for substantially increasing the budget for the National Science Foundation (NSF), some influential U.S.senators who are generally supportive of the NSF are insisting on improvements in its method for prioritizing major science projects and in NSF's management and oversight of these projects.This Congressional concern likely will lead to the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) agreeing to prepare a report on this issue.
Report calls for expanded studies of South Asian haze layer
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

In 1999, Veerabhadi Ramanathan flew on the final research flight of the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX), a four‐year international study of the atmospheric and climate effects of a thick, largely man‐made layer of haze hovering above parts of South Asia, and on which he served as co‐chief scientist.“It was pretty sobering, the haze,” he said. Expressing regret, he added, “I had the feeling that we [the INDOEX research team] were just leaving one billion people to this problem.” Ramanathan is director of the Center for Clouds, Chemistry and Climate (C4) at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla, California.
Advance earthquake warnings
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Urban centers can receive a 15‐to‐30‐second advance warning about impending earthquakes if several technical criteria are met, according to a study by Ta‐liang (Leon) Teng of the Southern California Earthquake Center and Yih‐Min Wu of the Taiwan Central Weather Bureau. The study is published in the Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 92, no. 5, June 2002).Teng and Wu's system for developing early warnings for earthquakes relies on data from a “virtual sub‐network” automatically established when an earthquake triggers a group of nearby seismic stations. That information can then be immediately distributed as an early warning.
Reassessing past European gasoline lead policies
Authors: von Storch Hans , Hagner Charlotte , Costa‐Cabral Mariza , Feser Frauke , Pacyna Józef , Pacyna Elisabeth , Kolb Steffen 
Published: October 2006

For the foreseeable future, the atmosphere and the environment will remain a dumping ground for various anthropogenic substances. Some substances will have negative properties, and society will sooner or later begin regulating their emissions. To that end, science must provide society with the tools for retrospectively evaluating the physical and economical impacts of past regulations, and for evaluating scenarios in which alternative future regulations are implemented.A tool for reconstructing lead air concentrations and depositions across Europe from 1958 through 1995 has been developed that incorporates detailed emissions, a regionalized history of weather events, and an atmospheric transport model. This tool was used, in conjunction with lead measurements in both biota and human blood and with economic analysis, to assess past European gasoline‐lead regulations. Some of the specific questions asked in this assessment were: How did lead emissions, atmospheric concentrations, and depositions develop since the 1950s? Was the decline in air concentrations matched by corresponding declines in plants, animals, and humans? Did the regulations result in considerable economic burdens in Germany, for example?
Seeking explanation affects numerical modeling strategies
Authors: Murray A. Brad 
Published: October 2006

Controversy concerning numerical modeling strategies has arisen in the geophysics community I believe communication between researchers can be improved by considering the wide range of goals that motivate various modeling endeavors and the associated strategies.In one end‐member model type, which I call “simulation models,” a modeler attempts to reproduce the natural system as accurately as possible, striving to include all the processes that could significantly affect the quantitative veracity of the model, and treating these processes in as much detail, and often at as small a scale, as is practical. The modeler represents the processes by well‐established, well‐tested equations, with only as much parameterization and approximation as is necessary. Setting aside the utility that models approaching this end member can have for making quantitatively accurate predictions, their use as an explanatory tool is limited. If many complicated processes and interactions are represented, the model may offer no more mechanistic insight into how the enigmatic behavior comes about than can be gained by observing nature.
Volcanoes in America's National Parks
Authors: Lockwood John P. 
Published: October 2006

Such fun Bob and Barbara Decker are having in their “retirement” years! After distinguished academic and government careers, Bob and his wife Barbara have established productive second careers as authors of popular guidebooks to America's national parks, and they have managed to travel extensively for research on books yet to be published. The Deckers have identified 39 volcano‐related national parks and National Monuments in the United States, and offer Volcanoes in America's National Parks to introduce readers to most of them.This attractive, well‐bound, soft‐cover book begins with a concise 48‐page introduction to modern volcanology with lucid explanations of eruptive processes, volcanic features, and why volcanoes form where they do. The descriptions of individual parks that follow are brief, but they give essential information about the geologic and human history of each park, with well‐written explanations of how individual volcanic features of scenic interest formed.
New journal to provide venue for rigorous surface process work
Authors: Grant Shermonta 
Published: October 2006

Robert S. Anderson, an AGU member (Hydrology) since 1987, has been selected as editor of a new section of JGR, titled Earth Surface, scheduled to begin in the spring of 2003. This new section will focus on surficial processes; in particular, the physical, chemical, and biological processes that affect the form and function of the surface of the solid Earth over all temporal and spatial scales.Anderson told Eos, “I want this journal to serve as an outlet for science that applies rigorous quantitative methods to surface process problems; and through publication, to promote this approach to such problems,” emphasizing that the section could be a primary venue for science performed by individuals or small teams. Currently articles related to this discipline are printed in various publications, including some AGU journals. But with an increase in the number of scientists working in this area, a publication designated to this subject is critical.
B. Randall Tufts (1948–2002)
Authors: Greenberg Richard 
Published: October 2006

Randy Tufts, an explorer who made major discoveries on Earth and beyond, died on 1 April. The date surprised no one who knew him. Nationally known for his model of environmental stewardship, which stemmed from his co‐discovery of Kartchner Caverns in Arizona, Tufts more recently had turned to planetary exploration and conducted path‐breaking research into the geology and geophysics of Jupiter's moon Europa.Tufts began spelunking as a high school student, and he vowed to friends that one day he would discover a cave. As with everything he did, he committed himself completely to reaching that goal. He majored in geology at the University of Arizona and combed the region for undiscovered caves through maps, fieldwork, analysis, and of course schmoozing old‐time desert rats.
Experiment in New Madrid Zone to employ active source
Authors: Langston Charles A. , Mooney Walter , Bodin Paul , Powell Christine , Withers Mitch 
Published: October 2006

An active source seismic experiment is scheduled for the end of October in the central United States' New Madrid Seismic Zone (NMSZ). Researchers from the center for Earthquake Research and Information (CERI) of the University of Memphis and the U.S. Geological Survey are planning 2600‐lb and 5000‐lb explosions at the southern and northern ends of the NMSZ, respectively.Broadband seismic instruments, other temporary broadband seismic stations, and an array of accelerographs near each source will record the large surface waves generated by the explosions in the unconsolidated sediments of the Mississippi embayment.
Activity in mantle could influence Earth's surface features
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Convection in the Earth's mantle can cause crustal plates to be pushed aside or even reverse direction, according to a new paper, whose lead author is Scott King, professor of Earth and atmospheric sciences at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana.King said that while other theories consider plates as essentially flat objects that break into smaller pieces or slide under each other during a collision, this theory focuses more attention on movement in the Earth's depths.
Controversy over beached whales affects operation of seismic research cruise
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

The finding of two beached beaked whales on 24 September in Mexico's Gulf of California has raised concerns among some scientists about a possible link to the research being undertaken by a U.S. science vessel, and has prompted changes in that ship's operating procedures. The whales subsequently died.At the time of the strandings on Isla San Jose in the gulf, the R/V Maurice Ewing was conducting seismic research with an airgun array in the general vicinity as part of a 17 September–4 November seismic and geological study of gulf rifting and magmatism. The $1.6‐million project is part of the MARGINS research program, funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation.
Debate on expanding survey of near Earth objects
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

NASA officials told a U.S. House of Representatives Science Subcommittee on 3 October that a ground‐based survey to detect near‐Earth objects (NEOs) is on target for achieving its goals. The NEOs that are the subject of the survey are those 1 km across or larger, and could therefore cause devastating damage if they collided with Earth.Representatives of NASA, the National Research Council, and other agencies also told the subcommittee that astronomers and policy‐makers need to consider whether to expand the survey to scan for even smaller NEOs that also could inflict widespread damage to Earth on collision.
AGU member running to fill congressional seat
Authors: Crum Emily 
Published: October 2006

John F Mink, an AGU member (Hydrology) for 50 years, and husband of the late Representative Patsy T. Mink (D‐Hawaii), will run in a special election on 30 November to fill the remainder of his wife's unexpired congressional term. Patsy Mink, who represented the 2nd Congressional District of Hawaii, passed away on 28 September after battling pneumonia.Her name will appear on the 5 November election ballot as a candidate for Hawaii's 2nd District in the 108th Congress. If she is elected posthumously, the state of Hawaii will hold a special election in January to select an official to serve the full two‐year term.
7.9‐quake shakes Alaska
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

The magnitude‐7.9 earthquake that shook Alaska on 3 November not only is one of the largest quakes ever recorded on U.S. soil. It is also the first recorded quake beneath a glacier, according to Peter Haeussler, a geologist with the U.S. Geological Survey, who has been helping to lead surveys of the quake after‐effects.“It is amazing how clear the details of the fault traces show up,” he said. “Some cracks are easily large enough to fit a bus in, where the fault pulled ice blocks away from each other.”
Shining a light on the ocean's twilight zone
Authors: Burd Adrian B. , Jackson George A. , Lampitt R. S. , Follows M. 
Published: October 2006

Carbon in the environment continually cycles between the land, the atmosphere, and the oceans. The oceanic carbon pool is one of the largest of these, with a capacity under equilibrium conditions to contain 50 times more carbon than the atmosphere.Phytoplankton in the surface ocean incorporate this inorganic carbon into organic carbon through photosynthesis (primary production). Between 2% and 50% of this organic material settles out of the surface ocean as particulate material (POC), consisting of heterogeneous aggregates (marine snow), zooplankton fecal material, and phytoplankton aggregates. This POC provides a food source for both zooplankton and bacteria, which can recycle some of the material back into inorganic forms (e.g., through respiration) or repackage it for further settling (Figure 1).
Bill spurs efforts to improve forecasting of inland flooding from tropical storms
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Newly‐enacted U.S. legislation to reduce the threat of inland flooding from tropical storms could provide a “laser beam“ focus to dealing with this natural hazard, according to Rep. Bob Etheridge (D‐N.C.), the chief sponsor of the bill.The Tropical Cyclone Inland Forecasting Improvement and Warning System Development Act, (PL. 107‐253), signed into law on 29 October, authorizes the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's U.S. Weather Research Program (USWRP) to improve the capability to accurately forecast inland flooding from tropical storms through research and modeling.
Science meets public service in Washington, D.C.
Authors: Vasavada Ashwin R. 
Published: October 2006

Same planet, different worlds—that's how many scientists see the relationship between science and government. Yet science and technology have become so infused into society that those worlds are colliding. Today, a number of national issues share a strong connection to science, from stem cells to climate change and energy to bioterrorism. For scientists who can adapt to the culture of politics, working in the collision zone can be an exciting and rewarding way to spend a year or even a career.This past year, I was one of 35 scientists in Washington serving as Congressional Science and Technology Fellows, sponsored by a number of scientific societies, including AGU. The Fellows vary widely in age and carry resumes listing Ph.D.s in not only physics, biology, and chemistry but also in Earth science, food safety, psychology, and veterinary medicine. With a group like that, weekly lunches and happy hours become the kind of broadening experience that one rarely gets in focused academic departments. And then there's the politics.
Mixed prognosis for coral reefs
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

A new report on the global state of coral reefs indicates that there is “strong evidence that the corner is being turned” in the ability to stop reef decline.However, attempts to manage coral reefs to arrest their decline still lag behind the increasing rate of reef degradation, according to the report, “Status of Coral Reefs of the World 2002,” issued on 10 December. The report is produced biennially by the Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN).
Rubble around Jupiter
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory has announced that Amalthea, a 270‐km‐long, potato‐shaped inner moon of Jupiter, “apparently is a loosely packed pile of rubble,” with empty space where the rubble does not fit well together.This is among the new findings about the moon announced by JPL astronomer John Anderson and his colleagues on 9 December at the AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco.
USGS warns of increased rain‐induced landslide risks
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Heavy rains in mid‐December have brought moisture levels in parts of the San Francisco Bay area to the point of soil saturation and the midst of a potential landslide season that could continue through March, according to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).The 10‐county Bay area is just one of a number of regions across the United States where rain‐induced landslides are posing a serious, and often increasing, risk.
Previously unknown lake system found in Antarctica
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

There may be nothing new under the Sun. But under the deep ice in the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica, geophysical scientists believe they may have uncovered a previously unknown lacustrine ecosystem, which they have named Lake Vida.Beneath 19 meters of ice—the thickest non‐glacial lake ice cover on Earth—researchers, including Peter Doran of the University of Illinois at Chicago, have reported finding an “ice‐sealed” lake. They concluded that this ice seal distinguishes Lake Vida from other lakes that receive meltwater below a floating ice cover and that annually exchange gases with the atmosphere.
WTC geochemical fingerprint recorded in New York Harbor sediments
Authors: Oktay Sarah D. , Brabander Daniel J. , Smith Joseph R. , Kada John , Bullen Thomas , Olsen Curtis R. 
Published: October 2006

The terrorist‐instigated collapse of the World Trade Center (WTC) towers in New York City on 11 September 2001; the resultant fires that burned at the excavation site for three months afterwards; and subsequent site‐remediation activities released dust, debris, and a wide variety of particle‐associated contaminants to the surrounding urban environment.Although there is a general understanding of fine‐particle and contaminant transport and accumulation in coastal areas such as the Hudson River estuary, determining the spatial and temporal variations in particle and contaminant dynamics can be difficult, since fine‐particle transport usually involves numerous short‐term episodes of deposition and resuspension,and because intense, short‐term events (storms and catastrophes) are often more important than those that occur during normal flow conditions [Olsen et al., 1984; Olsen et al., 1993; Bopp et al., 1998; Woodruff et al., 2001]]
Recent reports on Earth and space science doctorates
Authors: Karsten Jill 
Published: October 2006

Two newly published surveys of recent doctoral degree recipients, the Science and Engineering Doctorate Awards, 2001 (National Science Foundation, 2002) and the Earth and Space Science Ph.Ds, Class of 2001 (AGU/AGI, 2002), reveal a generally healthy status for the production of and job market for Earth and space sciences Ph.Ds. The NSF report, which is based on the detailed statistical data obtained in the annual Survey of Earned Doctorates (NSF; 2001), highlights these key findings:The total number of science and engineering (S&E) doctorates awarded by U.S. universities has dropped 7%from a high point in 1998, to 25,500 degrees in 2001. Of these, doctorates in the physical sciences dropped from 3,825 in 1998 to 3,389 in 2001, after experiencing modest increases between 1992 and 1998.
New immigration requirements for students in U.S. who are not U.S. citizens
Authors: Crum Emily , Jacobs Judy 
Published: October 2006

The U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) has delayed the date by which universities and colleges who enroll non‐U.S. citizens holding non‐immigrant visas must decide whether or not they are going to participate in the INS' new Student and Exchange Visitor Information System (SEVIS). The new deadline is 15 February.The initial deadline was 30 January However, it has been delayed “to accommodate schools and visitors centers that are new users” of the Internet‐based SEVIS system, according to a statement released by the INS.
Unimpeded dissemination of scientific research versus national security needs discussed at workshop
Authors: Crum Emily 
Published: October 2006

In the United States, the only mechanism for restricting publication of scientific research results because of national security concerns is classification by federal agencies according to deemed levels of sensitivity In the wake of heightened fears following the events of 11 September 2001, the U.S. government issued in March 2002 a new classification category “sensitive but unclassified,” which many in the U.S. scientific community consider vague and ill‐defined.The issuance of this new classification category has raised concerns in the scientific community of a potential for unnecessary restrictions on the dissemination of data and other material that emanates from government‐sponsored research programs.