bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
National and International Viral Reagents Programs
Authors: Byrne Robert J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Reagents for research on virus diseases of persons and animals have been produced through the effort of government, international agencies, and the private sector. These reagents are essential in the development and the evaluation of new technology, which in turn finds application in the detection and the prevention of disease. Ideally, viral reagents consisting of purified seed virus or viral antigen(s) and corresponding antisera should be independently certified for purity, specificity, and potency.
Mouse Pathogenicity of Toxoplasma gondii Isolated from a Goat
Authors: Dubey J. P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Characteristics of Toxoplasma gondii (strain GT-1) isolated from skeletal muscle of a goat are described. One oocyst, bradyzoite, or tachyzoite of GT-1 strain was lethal to mice. Toxoplasma tachyzoites were found in the peritoneal exudates and in the lungs 9 to 34 days after infection in mice inoculated intraperitoneally with tissues infected with strain GT-1.
Bluetongue Virus in Bovine Semen: Viral Isolation
Authors: Breckon R. D. , Luedke A. J. , Walton T. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Vero cell cultures and embryonating chicken eggs were used for direct isolation of bluetongue virus from cattle blood and from semen samples. Cell culture and embryonating chicken eggs each were more effective than was the blood autograft inoculation of susceptible sheep with selected blood and semen samples. Evaluation of the cell culture technique indicated that the quality of the distilled water was the primary factor responsible for the increased sensitivity of the Vero cell cultures for the present bluetongue viral isolations. Test results showed that urine was a poor specimen for viral isolation when assayed in chicken eggs. A comparison of tests for precipitating and complement-fixing antibodies to bluetongue virus indicated that the precipitin test was the more accurate of the two tests.
Effects of Intramuscular Injections of Selenium and Vitamin E on Peripheral Blood and Bone Marrow of Selenium-Vitamin E Deficient Pigs
Authors: Niyo Y. , Glock R. D. , Ledet A. E. , Ramsey F. K. , Ewan R. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The influence of im injections of vitamin E and selenium on the hematopoietic system of selenium-vitamin E (Se-E) deficient pigs was studied in neonatal, suckling, and weaned pigs. The study was divided into two factorial experiments. Experiment 1 used 1-day-old pigs from sows that were fed a Se-E depletion ration during gestation and lactation. Experiment 2 used 21-day-old pigs from sows fed a cornsoybean meal ration during gestation and lactation. Treatments in both experiments were similar and consisted of weekly im injections of isotonic saline solution, vitamin E, selenium (as selenous acid), or selenium and vitamin E. The dosages were 20 IU of vitamin E/kg of body weight and 0.05 mg of selenium/kg. Treatments were started in pigs at 7 days of age for experiment 1 and at 21 days of age for experiment 2. All pigs were weaned at 21 days of age and were fed a Se-E deficient ration for 35 days. Values evaluated included blood values and morphologic changes in circulating erythrocytes and bone marrow cells. Sections of liver, heart, and skeletal (semitendinosus, semimembranosus, psoas) muscles were evaluated microscopically for lesions of Se-E deficiency.
Lesions of Se-E deficiency occurred only in skeletal muscles, liver, and heart muscle of pigs that were deficient in selenium and vitamin E. Anemia did not develop in any of the pigs and morphologic abnormalities were not detected in circulating erythrocytes and leukocytes. Changes relative to the deficiency syndrome were not detected in pcv, hemoglobin concentrations, total erythrocyte and leukocyte numbers, erythrocyte indices, activity values of erythrocyte Δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, viscosity of whole blood, total plasma protein content, or fibrinogen concentration.
Binucleated erythrocyte precursor cells were found in bone marrow smears of neonatal, suckling, and weaned pigs among all treatment groups. The presence of these cells was considered a normal finding. However, bone marrow abnormalities, which included erythrocytic hyperplasia and erythrocyte precursor cells with three or more nuclei per cell, were mainly seen in pigs deficient in Se-E. This indicated a defect in erythrocyte maturation. The Se-E deficiency did not have an effect on cells of the myeloid series.
The Antagonistic Effect of l-Cysteine in Experimental Hymenoxon Intoxication in Sheep
Authors: Rowe L. D. , Kim H. L. , Camp B. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
l-Cysteine was given iv at dosages of 34.5, 48.8, 69.0, 97.6, or 138.0 mg/kg of body weight to groups of sheep previously treated (10.6 minutes) intraperitoneally with an LD92 of hymenoxon (12.8 mg/kg). l-Cysteine at dosages of 69.0, 97.6, and 138.0 mg/kg significantly increased survival rate 8.4-, 10-, and 12.5-fold, respectively, over that of hymenoxon-treated sheep not given l-cysteine. l-Cysteine at dosages of 34.5 and 48.8 mg/kg failed to significantly reduce mortality. Surviving hymenoxon-treated sheep given 97.6 or 138.0 mg of l-cysteine/kg showed mild or no clinical signs of toxicosis. There was no dosage of l-cysteine that significantly changed the survival time for fatally intoxicated sheep.
Metal-binding Proteins in Bovine and Porcine Hepatic and Renal Tissues: Isolation and Characterization
Authors: Sharma Raghubir P. , Verma Mahendra P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Cadmium-binding proteins of single band electrophoretic purity were obtained from the hepatic and renal tissues of cows and pigs fed 2 and 10 mg of cadmium/kg of feed. Zinc, cadmium, and copper constituted a total of 4 to 5 g-atom/mole of protein. Zinc and cadmium were the major metal ions of the hepatic and renal proteins, respectively. Amino acid analysis of the proteins revealed the presence of 26.1% to 28.4% cysteine and 4.3% to 5.7% histidine residues. Small amounts of hexose also were in the proteins. Molecular weights (mol wt) of the bovine and porcine hepatic proteins were 15,200 and 14,400, respectively, whereas the mol wt of their renal proteins were 7,900. Hepatic proteins seem to be in the form of two monomers chemically bound together. Large metal and cysteine concentrations and low mol wt indicated that the proteins were metallothioneins.
Effects of Maternal Protein-Energy Malnutrition on Lymphoblastogenic Responses of Bovine Neonates Subjected to Cold Stress
Authors: Woodard L. F. , Eckblad W. P. , Olson D. P. , Bull R. C. , Everson D. O. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Effects of maternal protein or calorie deprivation (or both) on mitogen-induced blastogenesis of lymphocytes from 60 bovine neonates were studied. Energy deficiency in the ration of dams during the last 150 days of gestation resulted in lymphocytes of the newborn calves having significantly suppressed (P < 0.05) mitogenic responses to concanavalin A and to pokeweed mitogen. Conversely, maternal protein deficiency had the tendency to increase the lymphoblastogenic responses of the progeny if the dam's energy levels were adequate. A combination of protein and energy deficiencies in the dams resulted in mean lymphocyte mitogenic responses of their calves that were inclined to be lower than were the responses found in calves from dams with energy deficiency alone.
After birth, the calves were placed in environmental chambers at 1 C or 21 C for 3 days. With regard to nutritional group, lymphocytes taken at the end of this period did not markedly vary in mitogenic response. However, there was a marked trend for the cold-stressed calves to have higher lymphocyte-stimulation responses to the mitogens tested, as compared with those in calves maintained in thermoneutral chambers. Also, there was a tendency for an age-related increase in mitogenic responsiveness, because most calves at 3 days of age had higher lymphocyte responses than when they were born. Nutritional and cold stress appeared to primarily influence the mitogenic responses of T lymphocytes.
In Vitro Fermentation of Feces from Normal and Chronically Diarrheal Horses
Authors: Minder H. P. , Merritt A. M. , Chalupa William 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Feces from 13 healthy horses and 8 horses with chronic diarrhea were subjected to an in vitro fermentation procedure that had been developed for rumen fluid. Fermentations were conducted over 6 hours in a closed system, with and without an essential amino acid (eaa) mixture being added to the basic starch-buffer medium. The addition of eaa caused no significant difference in results of fermentation of feces from healthy horses. For diarrheic animals, there was a significant (P < 0.01) increase in gas and total volatile fatty acids production whether eaa were present or not, and α-amino nitrogen was utilized in significantly (P < 0.01) greater amounts only if eaa was present. Fermentations were repeated on feces from five of the eight diarrheal horses after they had been treated with oral iodochlorhydroxyquin for 1 week, and had shown desirable clinical response. A significant difference was not shown between pre- and posttreatment fermentations, except for decreased butyrate production.
The results are consistent with the hypothesis that chronic equine diarrhea is primarily a colonic disease and indicates that colonic maldigestion may, in part, be responsible for excess fecal water.
Horizontal Transmission of a Pancreas-Passaged Avian Encephalomyelitis Virus in Chicks
Authors: Miyamae T. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Pancreas-passaged avian encephalomyelitis (ae) virus was transmitted horizontally in a group of 40 (1-day-old) chicks within 3 weeks after they were intermingled with two orally infected 1-day-old chicks. Viral antigen was detected in the pancreas of these contact-exposed chicks. After 5 weeks, contact-exposed chicks developed high titers against ae virus, but the chicks did not develop clinical signs of ae. The passaged virus could not be recovered from feces of six immunized chicks.
Method for Intermittent Collection of Large Volumes of Lymph by Means of an Exteriorized Visceral Lymphatic Trunk Shunt
Authors: Brown Bobby G. , Klesius Phillip H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A surgical technique involving a cannulation of the visceral lymphatic trunk of the calf was developed to improve the intermittent collection of large volumes of lymph. Catheters were inserted in the visceral lymphatic duct and ligated to form an external loop. Large numbers of pure lymphocytes (2 to 5 × 109) were collected from the lymphatic duct in less than 45 minutes. Drainage from the cannula was maintained on the average for 5 to 7 weeks to periods of up to 14 weeks. Visceral trunk cannulation in calves offers several advantages over the previously described thoracic duct-venous shunt techniques for collection of lymph and entry into the lymphatic circulation.
Influence of Albendazole on Reproductive Function of Bulls
Authors: Berndtson W. E. , Chenoweth P. J. , Olar T. T. , Pickett B. W. , Seidel G. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Twenty-six Hereford or Angus bulls of breeding age were used to determine whether the anthelmintic albendazole influenced weights of reproductive organs, spermatozoal production, spermatozoal output, quality of freshly ejaculated or frozen semen, serum testosterone values, or libido. Values for most of these measurements in 12 bulls treated with a single oral dose (22.5 mg of albendazole/kg of body weight) were not different from those for 14 nontreated controls, and the few differences that were observed appeared to be spurious and generally were not significant (P > 0.05) when data were adjusted for pretreatment differences among treated and control bulls. The treatment did not alter reproductive function of the bulls.
Serum Concentrations of Immunoglobulins G, A, and Μ in Dogs with Neoplastic Disease
Authors: Madewell B. R. , Hills D. L. , Franti C. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The concentrations of the three major classes of immunoglobulins (Ig) were determined in canine serum by single radial immunodiffusion against calibrated standards. Serum samples were collected from 121 dogs categorized into 3 groups: normal dogs (n = 34), those with lymphosarcoma (n = 41), and those with malignant, solid neoplasms other than lymphosarcoma (n = 46). The mean value for serum IgM concentration in the group of dogs with lymphosarcoma was significantly (P ≤ 0.02) higher than was the mean IgM concentration of the normal dogs. Dogs with neoplasms other than lymphosarcoma had significantly increased serum concentrations of IgG and IgM antibodies. There was no significant difference in serum IgA concentration among the three groups. A wide range of Ig concentrations was in the serum of clinically normal dogs, as well as in dogs with neoplastic diseases. Although individual dogs with neoplasms had low serum Ig concentrations, the 81 dogs with neoplastic disease were generally able to synthesize Ig.
Semen Changes in Boars After Experimental Infection with Pseudorabies Virus
Authors: Larsen R. E. , Shope R. E. , Leman A. D. , Kurtz H. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Two groups of adult boars were inoculated with a field strain of pseudorabies virus (prv) by intranasal droplet; one group was given 5 × 105 median tissue culture infective doses (tcid50), and the other, 5 × 106 tcid50. (A third group was maintained as controls.) Ejaculates were examined twice a week for volume, sperm numbers, sperm morphology, and presence of prv.
Severe clinical disease with fever followed administration of the larger virus dose. Death (one boar), testicular degeneration, and transient elevation in spermatozoa with proximal cytoplasmic droplets were seen in different members of this group. The smaller dose resulted in seroconversion, but did not produce signs of disease. In this group, volume, sperm numbers, and sperm morphology did not decline when compared with base-line values or data of control animals. The virus was not isolated from semen. Effects of prv infection on semen quality in boars seem to be related to the associated clinical signs of systemic disease.
Immunologic Relationship Between Page's and Sawata's Serotype Strains of Haemophilus paragallinarum
Authors: Kume Katsumi , Sawata Akira , Nakase Yasukiyo 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Immunologic relationship among Page's A, B, and C and Sawata's 1 and 2 serotype strains of Haemophilus paragallinarum was investigated. In cross-protection tests, two distinct type-specific immunities existed among the strains used. All Page's serotype A strains (083, W, Georgia, and Germany) were immunologically similar to Sawata's serotype 1 strain 221, although serotype C strain Modesto was similar to serotype 2 strain H-18. Cross-protection was not observed between these two serotypes. However, strains Spross and 0222 of serotype B lacked pathogenicity and protective antigenicity.
Serum Proteins in Normal Cats and Cats Infected with Aelurostrongylus abstrusus
Authors: Barsanti J. A. , Hubbell J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Serum proteins were evaluated by cellulose acetate electrophoresis in cats prior to and every 2 weeks for 24 weeks after oral infection with third stage larvae of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus. Evaluation of electrophoretograms was standardized by determination of electrophoretic migration ratios. Six fractions of serum proteins were consistently identified: albumin and α1, α2, β1, β2, and γ globulin. Relative and absolute concentrations of each serum protein fraction were determined. The only changes found were a decrease in concentration of α globulins and an increase in concentration of β1 globulins. These changes were mild, however, so that the concentrations for infected cats were still within 1 sd of the control concentrations. Apparently serum electrophoresis is not a useful diagnostic test for aelurostrongylosis.
Humoral Regulation of Erythropoiesis in Cats: Preliminary Report
Authors: Dunn C. D. R. , Legendre A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Cats were subjected to acute or subacute phlebotomy regimens in a study to investigate the humoral regulation of erythropoiesis as mediated by erythropoietin. The erythropoietic effects of the acute phlebotomy regimen were similar to those effects of the subacute regimen. Serum erythropoietin in cats was increased for at least 10 days after initiating the phlebotomies.
Electron Microscopic Identification and Subsequent Isolation of a Rotavirus from a Dog with Fatal Neonatal Diarrhea
Authors: England James J. , Poston Robert P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Negative contrast electron microscopic examination of intestinal contents from a 3-day-old pup with fatal diarrhea exhibited numerous rotavirus-like particles. Rotavirus was subsequently recovered, using MDCK cells, and was carried through 11 sub-passages; rotavirus-like particles were identified in each passage by negative contrast electron microscopic examination. Experimental inoculation of two 6-month-old Beagle dogs with purified intestinal contents did not result in clinical signs or virus shedding.
Prolonged Excretion of Toxoplasma gondii in Semen of Goats
Authors: Dubey J. P. , Sharma S. P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Toxoplasma gondii was demonstrated by mouse inoculation in semen of three of three goats orally inoculated with 104 oocysts of the GT-1 strain of T gondii. From goats 1 and 3, T gondii was first detected in semen 7 days after inoculation (dai) and 12 dai from goat 2. Excretion continued over a period of 52 days from goat 1 and 16 days from goat 2. Goat 3 had excreted T gondii for 5 days when it was killed 14 dai.
In Vitro Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Salmonellae from Animals in Louisiana
Authors: Cox Hollis Utah 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A total of 56 Salmonella isolates from animals were tested for susceptibility to 12 antimicrobial agents by the standard disk diffusion and microdilution methods. All isolates were susceptible to gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim and sulfonamide, colistin, and nitrofurantoin. Isolates were most frequently resistant to tetracycline (50%) and kanamycin (36%). A low prevalence of resistance to ampicillin (16%), carbenicillin (16%), and cephalothin (4%) was found. The differences in susceptibility results between the two methods were minor.
Surgical Implantation of Cardiovascular Devices in the Thorax of the Horse
Authors: Waugh S. L. , Campbell K. B. , Klavano P. A. , Grant B. D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A surgical thoracotomy and implantation of an electromagnetic flow probe around the ascending aorta and catheters in the left ventricular (lv) apex of the horse were evaluated. Sixteen operations were done: 4 horses were used for acute experiments, 4 horses died from surgical manipulation, and 8 horses were studied chronically for 18 to 57 days.
The electromagnetic flow probe allowed continuous measurement of stroke volume and heart rate. The lv apical catheters, in conjunction with thermal dilution techniques and pressure-sensitive devices, allowed measurement and calculation of mean arterial blood pressure, total peripheral vascular resistance, lv residual fraction, lv and diastolic volume, and lv end systolic volume.
Comparison of Circulatory and Respiratory Effects of Isoflurane and Halothane Anesthesia in Horses
Authors: Steffey E. P. , Howland D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Circulatory and respiratory effects of alveolar concentrations of 1.31, 1.97, and 2.62 vol % of isoflurane in oxygen were studied in eight young, healthy horses during spontaneous and controlled ventilation. These isoflurane concentrations were equivalent, respectively, to 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 times the minimal alveolar concentration of isoflurane, which prevents movement in horses in response to a standard pain stimulus. Results of the isoflurane studies were compared with similarly derived findings in these same horses during equipotent halothane in oxygen anesthesia. Isoflurane, similar to halothane, produced a dose-related depression of cardiovascular function which was less severe during spontaneous ventilation and associated hypercapnia. The two anesthetic agents produced similar circulatory effects during controlled ventilation and constant arterial carbon dioxide tension except for a significantly (P < 0.05) less depressed cardiac output/kg of body weight and stroke volume that occurred with minimal alveolar concentration 1.5 and 2.0 isoflurane. Total peripheral resistance was greatest when these horses were anesthetized with halothane regardless of the alveolar dose. In horses, isoflurane was, in general, no more depressing than was halothane to circulatory and respiratory function.
Total Plasma Corticosteroid Concentrations in Horses with Combined Immunodeficiency
Authors: Magnuson Nancy S. , Perryman Lance E. , Grant Barrie , Estergreen V. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Plasma corticosteroid concentrations of seven Arabian foals with combined immunodeficiency (cid) and five non-cid Arabian foals were measured. Plasma corticosteroid concentrations were quantitated throughout gestation for ten mares heterozygous for the cid trait and pregnant with cid foals, as well as for 20 mares heterozygous for the cid trait and pregnant with non-cid foals. Five nonpregnant mares heterozygous for the cid trait also were tested during the same period. Concentrations of plasma corticosteroids in foals with cid (34.4 ± 5.2 ng/ml) were not different from those of non-cid foals (37.6 ± 8.4 ng/ml). Significant differences in corticosteroid concentrations were not detected between mares pregnant with cid foals (61.5 ± 16.4 ng/ml) and mares pregnant with non-cid foals (61.5 ± 12.7 ng/ml) or between pregnant mares and nonpregnant mares (77.9 ± 10.7 ng/ml).
Effects of Intravenous and Aerosol Administration of Crude Shigella Toxin to Rhesus Macaques: Preliminary Study
Authors: Liu C. T. , Sanders R. P. , Dominik J. W. , Formal S. B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Experiments were conducted to determine the dose response, survival time, blood biochemical changes, and cardiohepatic responses to a single iv injection of crude Shigella toxin in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Circulatory shock, hepatic failure, respiratory depression, dyspnea, convulsions, and coma were observed before death. The survival time was inversely related to the administered toxic dose, which ranged from 20 to 200 μg/kg of body weight. However, the severity of lesions in the heart and gastrointestinal tract was directly correlated with the amount of the injected dose. Macaques exposed to aerosols of crude Shigella toxin did not show any signs of toxicosis within 7 days after exposure and were considered permanent survivors. Seemingly, an iv crude preparation of Shigella toxin is lethal to rhesus macaques, but an aerosol crude preparation of Shigella toxin is not.
Bovine Mycoplasmal Mastitis from Intramammary Inoculations of Small Numbers of Mycoplasma bovis: Local and Systemic Antibody Response
Authors: Bennett R. H. , Jasper D. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Typical mycoplasma mastitis spread to all four quarters in each of four cows after each cow was inoculated in one quarter with 70 colony-forming units of Mycoplasma bovis. Up to 50 days after inoculation, immunoglobulin (Ig) M was the predominant Ig responsible for serum indirect hemagglutination titers. After 57 days, IgG was predominant.
Milk whey indirect hemagglutination titers did not distinguish between quarters resolving the infection and those that did not.
Milk whey IgG and IgA concentrations increased in quarters that resolved the infection and in quarters that did not. In the initially inoculated quarters, total daily production of IgG was greater in the quarter resolving the infection than in the three quarters not resolving the infection. Total IgA production was also higher at and after the peak of infection in the quarter resolving the infection than in the quarters that did not.