bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial Information Technologies: Integrating the Tools with the Curricula
Authors: Hess G.R. , Cheshire H.M. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Spatial information technologies are being used more and more in forestry and natural resources management and research. Our long-term goal is to expose students to these technologies from the moment they enter school until they graduate. We present a sample class and laboratory sequence in which students used geographic information systems, global positioning systems, and statistical sampling techniques to estimate forest basal area. Our plans include integrating spatial information technology into other courses in the curricula, and using more rigorous assessments to evaluate the effectiveness of the approach.
America's Private Forests: Challenges for Conservation
Authors: Best C. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A survey of the literature and experts, including recently released government data, indicates that the long-term viability of privately owned forests in the United States is increasingly threatened by conversion, fragmentation, parcelization, and diminished ecological function. In the face of these threats, those concerned about the future of private forests need to join in a new initiative to more effectively conserve and steward America's private forests. A framework for this initiative is described, as well as key tools to expand forest conservation.
Experiencing Nature in Special Places: Surveys in the North-Central Region
Authors: Schroeder H. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The experiences people have in natural environments can be very important to them, even though these experiences are sometimes hard to categorize and measure. In a series of qualitative surveys, I asked people to describe special outdoor places and explain in their own words what these places meant to them. Their responses revealed many similarities in the highly valued experiences that occurred across diverse respondents and places. By treating special places with care, managers and planners can help ensure that opportunities for such experiences will continue to be available to people.
Commentary: A Forester, Plain and Simple
Authors: Banzhaf W.H. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Among some foresters, conservatives are charged with making a mantra out of property rights and landowner objectives. Liberals are accused of bowing to a land ethic at the price of human well-being. How in the world have we arrived at a place where we use the words “conservative” and “liberal” to help define a science-based profession?
Southern Forest Resource Assessment: Summary of Findings
Authors: Wear D.N. , Greis J.G. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The Southern Forest Resource Assessment (SFRA) was initiated in spring 1999 to address broad questions concerning the status, trends, and likely future of southern forests. A descriptive assessment such as SFRA can be used to highlight the major dynamics and uncertainties at play within a region's forested ecosystems, thereby focusing public discourse. Because SFRA has only recently been completed, however, it is too early to examine its effectiveness as a basis for debate and policy. This summary describes five major forces of change affecting southern forests and then characterizes the trends in various forest conditions and their implications.
Forest, Forestry, Forester: What Do These Terms Mean?
Authors: Helms J.A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The terms forest, forestry, and forester are fundamentally linked. Definitions have evolved over time in response to changes in knowledge, use, and increased needs for clarity and precision in communication. Thus the terms have had different meanings depending on location, time, and societal use. They should be viewed as a trilogy to ensure that mutually compatible definitions are used–ones coined at the same time that meet comparable scientific, technical, and professional needs. As we communicate across agencies, regions, and nations and share information about the world's forests, the lack of standard definitions means that we should use forest, forestry, and forester with care and use definitions that reflect current knowledge and context.
Ecorisk Assessment Using Indicators of Sustainability: Invasive Species in the Caribbean National Forest of Puerto Rico
Authors: Blundell A.G. , Scatena F.N. , Wentsel R. , Sommers W. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Ecological risk assessment using indicators of sustainability offers a framework for the objective analysis of management decisions in complex landscapes. To demonstrate this approach, we examined risks to the Caribbean National Forest. Among the many stressors, invasive species (especially bamboo and Africanized bees) pose the largest potential risk to management goals. Although bamboo is spreading slowly, the risk of colonization is sufficient to require monitoring and research. Africanized bees, on the other hand, should be removed immediately from sensitive areas to increase the nesting success of the endemic but endangered Puerto Rican parrot.
“New Forestry” in Scotland
Authors: Heitzman E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In 1919, the Forestry Commission of Great Britain embarked on a successful program of increasing Scotland's domestic wood supply by establishing plantations of nonnative conifers. Softwood plantation silviculture remains the cornerstone of Scottish forestry, but Scots are increasingly seeking a variety of nontimber benefits. Nonindustrial private landowners are planting native hardwoods for diversity, landscape, and heritage values, and the Forestry Commission is supporting their efforts through government policy, research, and cost-share programs. “Continuous cover forestry” is becoming a popular alternative to clearcutting; this silvicultural concept uses partial harvests and natural regeneration to transform even-aged, simply structured forests to multiaged, more structurally complex forests.
Private Forestland Owners in Sweden: Large-Scale Cooperation in Action
Authors: Kittredge D.B. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Swedish nonindustrial private forestland (NIPF) owners have historically cooperated in associations to obtain market influence and negotiate improved prices with industrial purchasers of wood. This model of cooperation has succeeded for decades and provides insight to the newly emerging cadre of American NIPF owner cooperative groups. Although the Swedish model of cooperation focuses primarily on timber transactions and may not currently be applicable to an American NIPF owner audience with other interests, it is possible to speculate about potential ways this approach may be applied in the United States to achieve broader owner objectives, both through new organizations as well as existing conservation-based groups.
GPS after Selective Availability: How Accurate Is Accurate Enough?
Authors: Oderwald R.G. , Boucher B.A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Global positioning systems (GPS) without differential correction may now be accurate enough for many forestry applications. We present accuracy estimates for point locations and a method of stating area accuracy so that potential GPS users can decide whether the accuracy is sufficient. The results show that GPS without differential correction is more accurate than traditional methods of location and area calculation, short of actual surveying. Compass-and-pace is less accurate than GPS, and lines and points at customary map scales are as wide as typical GPS errors. If differential correction is not necessary, practitioners can use the inexpensive, light, and easily operated consumer-grade receivers and simple software.
A Per-Segment Approach to Improving Aspen Mapping from High-Resolution Remote Sensing Imagery
Authors: Heyman O. , Gaston G.G. , Kimerling A.J. , Campbell J.T. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Aspen (Populus tremuloides) stands on Winter Ridge in central Oregon were mapped from remote sensing imagery utilizing a per-segment approach. A 1-meter color infrared (CIR) image was segmented based on its hue and saturation values to generate aspen “candidates,” which were then classified to show aspen coverage according to the mean values of multiresolution texture and spectral reflectance within the segments. With three broad categories for aspen distribution, overall accuracy was 88 percent, with K-hat statistics of 82 percent. The classification method holds promise for more detailed mapping of aspen from fine-resolution satellite imagery.
A Strategy for Economic Development of the Forestry Sector in Tomsk, Russia
Authors: Williams R.A. , Kinard J.C. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Political and economic changes since 1991, when the Soviet Union dissolved, have combined with old technology, inoperable equipment, and inadequate transportation infrastructure to hinder development of the forestry sector in western Siberia. Harvest volumes are well below allowable annual cuts, creating overmature forests with anticipated future volume losses. Better local management, foreign investment, and new technology are needed for the transition to a market economy in the forestry sector to succeed. Kedar (Pinus sibirica) could help revitalize the forestry sector in the Tomsk Oblast. Although harvesting restrictions have reduced the availability of kedar for traditional wood products industries, potential exists in the use of its seeds for food and medicinal purposes–value-added products worth enough to be competitive despite the high cost of transporting them to markets.
Nontimber Forest Values: The “Understory” of the International Tropical Timber Organization
Authors: Auer M.R. , Farley C. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The International Tropical Timber Organization is an intergovernmental organization that promotes policy coordination and information exchange on tropical timber production and trade. One of its primary functions is to sponsor forestry-related research, development, and market-oriented projects in the field. Most of the organization's projects deal with timber production and trade. But in recent years, nontimber forest projects have been well funded and even received funding before many traditional timber production and trade projects. These trends could prove instructive to member countries as they renegotiate a new International Tropical Timber Agreement in 2003 and 2004.
Certification: The View from FSC-Certified Land Managers
Authors: Hartsfield A. , Ostermeier D. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Forest Stewardship Council certification emerged nearly a decade ago, and its growth has been both applauded and criticized. To learn more about the impacts of certification, in 2002 we conducted a survey of FSC-certified forest management organizations in North America, focusing on forest managers' goals for seeking certification, the land management impacts of certification, and the overall benefits and costs of certification. Results indicate FSC certification seems to be representing the interests of those who call for greater forest management accountability, but it addresses the interests of the forest managers themselves less well.
Local Stakeholders' Participation in Developing Criteria and Indicators for Sustainable Forest Management
Authors: Pokorny Benno , Prabhu Ravi , McDougall Cynthia , Bauch Roberto 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Criteria and indicators (C&I) for sustainable forest management are important tools to improve the quality of forest management. In most cases they have been developed by experts, but the participation of stakeholders is essential if the C&I are to be locally relevant and practicable. We asked four stakeholder groups to apply a set of C&I to a forest management unit in the eastern Amazon basin. The study confirmed the importance of involving stakeholders and demonstrated that effective efforts begin with well-defined and clearly understandable C&I. Stakeholders were better able to apply and adapt measurable verifiers than the more abstract indicators and criteria. Intensive communication about personal experiences and subjective interpretations is necessary to prevent misunderstandings and misinterpretations. Our study also confirmed the general practical applicability of C&I and revealed their potential as instruments of communication and learning.
Listening to Neglected Voices: American Indian Perspectives on Natural Resource Management
Authors: Bengston David N. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Forestry agencies must ensure that the views of all citizens in our increasingly diverse society are included in decisionmaking. But gaining clear insights into the perspectives of ethnic and minority communities is often difficult. This article summarizes an analysis of news articles about resource management issues written by American Indians and published in Indian newspapers and finds ways in which their attitudes differ from those of many other Americans–particularly in the importance of spiritual values and the validity of traditional knowledge. The news stories also indicate a deep lack of trust in land management agencies. This approach–analyzing perspectives on natural resource management as expressed in a community's own words–can be used to learn about the attitudes of other minority populations. Managers who know how all their constituents think about natural resources will better understand the social context in which decisions need to be made.
Policy Analysis Framework for Sustainable Forestry: National Forest Case Study
Authors: O'Laughlin Jay 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Policy analysis contributes to sustainable forestry by defining forestry problems in social and decision contexts to generate sustainable management options through synthesis of multiple perspectives. Scale issues are accommodated by limiting analysis to a location appropriate to the problem and context, including institutional arrangements and spatial and temporal concepts of fairness perceived by stakeholders. Management policies for National Forest System lands produce some sustainability problems. Statutory changes offering improvement include legitimizing the modern integrated sustainable forest management concept and requiring inclusive, consensus-building processes for generating durable forestry project decisions.
Biodiversity Metrics in Sustainable Forestry Certification Programs
Authors: Guynn Jr. David C. , Guynn Susan T. , Layton Patricia A. , Wigley T. Bently 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
We reviewed sustainable forestry certification programs and the literature to identify metrics relevant to biodiversity considerations. Two certification approaches emerged, one based on an organization's management processes and one based on measurements of forest components against desired outcomes. However, there was little documentation of why certain metrics were chosen for either approach. A common theme in the literature was concern with the criteria for selecting metrics rather than recommendations of specific metrics. Biodiversity conservation plans and metrics should reflect landowner goals and address societal concerns as well as ecological considerations.
Comparing Digital Range Finders for Forestry Applications
Authors: Wing Michael G. , Solmie Derek , Kellogg Loren 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Digital measurement tools for forestry applications are now becoming affordable for many organizations. One example is a digital range finder that, depending on the instrument, can almost instantly record distance, height, and angular measurements of objects within sight of an observer. Digital range finders have tremendous advantages over traditional manual measurement techniques, but prospective users should understand an instrument's capabilities in order to realize its full potential. We compare the accuracy and reliability of five commercially available digital range finders in taking measurements of a distance course, traverse boundaries, and tree heights. Because we found some significant differences in the capabilities of the instruments we tested, potential users should identify their measurement and accuracy requirements prior to choosing a digital range finder.
Fighting Fire with Education: What Is the Best Way to Reach Out to Homeowners?
Authors: McCaffrey Sarah M. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Better understanding is needed of what makes educational efforts most effective in increasing public support for wildfire management and mitigation efforts. Results of a mail survey of homeowners in Incline Village, Nevada, indicate that personalized contact is key in the educational process and that which type of contact–government or personal–is more influential depends on the type of practice involved. Notably, prescribed burning appears to have more in common with defensible space than with thinning in terms of how homeowners respond to educational efforts.
Restoration Ecology: New Perspectives and Opportunities for Forestry
Authors: Sarr Daniel , Puettmann Klaus , Pabst Rob , Cornett Meredith , Arguello Leonel 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Ecological restoration and restoration ecology have emerged as an allied practice and scientific discipline in land management. Here, we discuss the relationship between restoration ecology and forestry and the potential for interdisciplinary exchange. We present two case studies illustrating the potential roles of foresters in restoration ecology: (1) a forest restoration project in Redwood National Park, California, and (2) a project to restore northern hardwood forest structure in Minnesota. We conclude that restoration ecology can add conceptual breadth, research and management tools, and employment opportunities to the field of forestry.
Lessons from the October 2003. Wildfires in Southern California
Authors: Keeley Jon E. , Fotheringham C. J. , Moritz Max A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The Southern California fires of late Oct. 2003 burned 742,000 ac and destroyed 3,361 homes and 26 lives. Factors leading up to this event were very different between forests, which comprised about 5% of the area burned, and shrublands. Three lessons are (1) although these fires were massive, they were not unprecedented, and future fires of this magnitude are to be expected; (2) the current fire management policy is not effective at preventing these massive fires; and (3) future developments need to plan for these natural fire events much the same way we currently incorporate engineering solutions to earthquakes and other natural catastrophes.
Assessing the Effectiveness of Landscape Fuel Treatments on Fire Growth and Behavior
Authors: Stratton Rick D. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This article presents a methodology for assessing the effectiveness of landscape fuel treatments on fire growth and behavior in southern Utah. Treatment areas were selected by fire managers from the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) based on the threat of fire to communities and the need for range and wildlife improvement. A fire density grid was derived from the BLM's fire start layer to identify historically high ignition areas. FireFamily Plus was used to summarize and analyze historical weather and calculate seasonal severity and percentile reports. Information from FireFamily was used in FARSITE and FlamMap to model pre- and posttreatment effects on fire growth, spotting, fireline intensity, surface flame length, and the occurrence of crown fire. This procedure provides managers with a quantitative measure of treatment effectiveness as well as spatial output that can be used for analyzing fuel treatment effectiveness, burn plan development, National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) documentation, public education, etc.
America's Family Forest Owners
Authors: Butler Brett J. , Leatherberry Earl C. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The number of family forest owners in the conterminous United States increased from 9.3 million in 1993 to 10.3 million in 2003, and these owners now control 42% of the nation's forestland. The reasons why people own forestland are diverse. Some of the more common ones are aesthetic enjoyment, the tract is part of a farm or home site, and to pass the land on to heirs. Half of the family forest owners have harvested trees, but only 3% of them have a written forest-management plan. Trends in owners' ages and future land-use intentions suggest widescale transfers of family forestland in the near future.
New Insights into Calcium Depletion in Northeastern Forests
Authors: Yanai Ruth D. , Blum Joel D. , Hamburg Steven P. , Arthur Mary A. , Nezat Carmen A. , Siccama Thomas G. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Acid rain and repeated harvests reduce the amount of calcium available for forest growth. Ecosystem budgets suggest that the exchangeable Ca pool is insufficient for forest regeneration, yet young stands appear to mobilize more than enough Ca from the soil to meet their needs. Extractions of soil parent materials indicate that apatite provides a previously unappreciated source of plant-available Ca for forests in New Hampshire, upstate New York, and Maine with granitoid parent materials. The threat of Ca depletion may not be as grave as previously predicted on these soil types. In contrast, apatite is not important at sites in Pennsylvania with sedimentary parent materials.
Reference Stands for Silvicultural Research: A Maine Perspective
Authors: Kenefic Laura S. , White Alan S. , Cutko Andrew R. , Fraver Shawn 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Silvicultural experiments should have untreated stand replicates in which development can be tracked over time. Unfortunately, field studies are seldom ideal. This article is one of six in this issue addressing experimental controls. Our focus is the Penobscot Experimental Forest (PEF) in Maine, where a 55-year-old experiment in northern conifer silviculture has an unreplicated, somewhat atypical control. The identification of stands that represent desired endpoints or natural states is another consideration and may be difficult if based on rare conditions. Big Reed Forest Reserve and Maine's Ecological Reserve System are discussed as possible benchmarks for management on the PEF and serve as examples of the opportunities and challenges associated with the identification of benchmark ecosystems.
Computer Technology Helps Family Forest Owners in Pennsylvania and Washington
Authors: Roth Paul A. , Finley James C. , Zobrist Kevin W. , Baumgartner David M. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The use of computer technology in managing family forestlands is increasing. Growth, treatment, and visualization models can facilitate better understanding and communication of sustainable forest management concepts. Learning to use these tools can be challenging, and the technology has not been widely adopted at the landowner level. The Landscape Management System and associated Inventory Wizard have made these technologies easier to use and more accessible to landowners. Programs in Pennsylvania and Washington are promoting the use of this system by family forest owners.
Spreading Agroforestry for Sustainability: A Comparative View of Shandong and Sichuan Provinces
Authors: Gwyther Lindsay E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Facing severe ecological damages and a large population, it is imperative for farmers of the Sichuan Province to seek alternative land-use practices to optimize their production. Agroforestry, the union of agriculture, forestry, and/or livestock in one harmonious system, is one way verified to increase agricultural productivity and to boost the environmental state of wellbeing. This study examines the incentives and initiatives supporting the successful agroforestry systems in Shandong and evaluates whether such an experience would be successful in Sichuan as well.