bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nature's Education of Man Some Remarks on the Philosophy of Wordsworth
Authors: Clarke C. 
Published: February 2009

The essence of Wordsworth's creed appears, at first glance, to be simple and unambiguous: if we train the eye and ear to become receptive to the influence of natural objects, we come in time to receive “authentic tidings of invisible things,” intuitive knowledge of a Spirit which informs both Nature and the mind of man. This Spirit is a source of spiritual power; communion with it brings serenity and joy. But for all the apparent simplicity of this creed, we are soon forced to ask difficult questions about it. For example, how, precisely, are we to conceive of this universal Spirit? It is “a motion and a spirit” which informs all things; but what else is it? If it can elevate the thoughts of man, is it itself possessed of moral attributes? Is it, for instance, a Spirit of Love? In order to understand more precisely how Wordsworth believed the Spirit, particularly as it manifested itself in the works of Nature, could influence and shape the mind of man, it will be necessary to turn chiefly to The Prelude and, by reference to it, to endeavour to answer the following questions:(1) What, besides motion and infinitude, did Wordsworth consider the properties of the Universal Spirit to be?(2) How did he believe man acquires knowledge of it? And(3) In what precise sense did he maintain that Nature can educate man morally?All quotations from The Prelude, unless otherwise stated, will be drawn from the 1805–6 version of the poem.
The Perennial Philosophy
Authors: Inge W. R. 
Published: February 2009

The phrase philosophia perennis is said to have been first used by Leibniz. It has been adopted and freely employed by the Catholic Neo-Thomists, for whom it means a development of the Aristotelianism, modified by strong Neoplatonic elements, which Arabian scholars transmitted to the first Renaissance in the West. It claims also to be a return to the early Christian philosophy of religion, a fusion of Hellenistic and Jewish thought, the latter itself a syncretistic religion with many Persian and other borrowings. The controversy, directed against various modern philosophies, has been conducted with great ability by such writers as Gilson, Maritain, Sheen, Watkin, Dawson and D'Arcy, whose books would perhaps have received more attention from independent thinkers, but for the suspicion which surrounds apparent attempts to revive the methods and inhibitions of the medieval schoolmen.There has been a parallel movement in the Orthodox Eastern Church, represented in Russian by Frank, Bardyaeff, Solovioff and Lossky. These writers are more Platonic and more fearlessly mystical than the Thomists. Origen in the East has more weight than Augustine.
Promising, Prescribing and Playing-Along
Authors: Holborow L. C. 
Published: February 2009

Several recent attempts to isolate the fallacy in the view that I am committed to particular moral principles merely by describing a man as having promised seem to me to have erred through excess of zeal. The argument which commits the fallacy is at its most explicit in an article by Professor Searle, and the attempted refutations with which I am concerned fasten upon the first step in his ‘deduction’, which moves from(1) Jones uttered the words ‘I hereby promise to pay you, Smith, five dollars’to(2) Jones promised to pay Smith five dollarsby way of the ‘fact about English usage’ which Searle states as:(1a) Under certain conditions C anyone who utters the words (sentence) ‘I hereby promise to pay you, Smith, five dollars’ promises to pay Smith five dollars (p. 44).
What is Represented in Representative Government?
Authors: Handcock W. D. 
Published: February 2009

It is an odd thing that after two and a half centuries' experience of representative government—if we take the 1688 Revolution as ourstarting point—we have still no very certain or coherent theory of what it represents. The easy-going eighteenth-century idea that their own sense of political responsibility and the ties of political sympathy uniting them to the people at large enabled representatives chosen from among the “natural” leaders of the nation adequately to fulfil their representative role, despite the meagre measure of choice exercised in their denomination; and the rather later notion that the function of a representative system was to reflect the class structure and dominant interests of the nation, have both failed to survive criticism at the hustings, and the spread of political consciousness associated with the rise of democracy. Modern ideas identify representative government with self-government, and insist on applying to it Colonel Rainboro's dictum that “the poorest he (or she) that is in England hath a life to live, as the richest he.” On the subject of what representative government represents there may nowadays be distinguished two views; what may be called the popular, or hustings view, and the academic theory, which, while different in form, preserves the same general character as the hustings view.The hustings view is unqualified majoritarianism. Representative government is government by the will of the majority. Certain ideas underlying, or associated with this view may profitably be distinguished. The most important is that of individual right. Majoritarianism is no respecter of tradition, or birth, or inborn talents, or acquired experience; it is no respecter of persons at all, only a counter of them. In its view there is no species of authority that gives one person or class of persons the right to push others around; everyone, indeed, has a presumptive right not to be pushed around.
Is The Prelude a Philosophical Poem?
Authors: Gallie W. B. 
Published: February 2009

Is The Prelude a philosophical poem? It is, of course, many things besides: it is an autobiography; it contains profound reflections on psychology, education and politics; and there are passages of an almost purely lyrical character. Does it also contain philosophical poetry?On this question, the critics of Wordsworth are divided. Coleridge and Raleigh answer Yes; Arnold, Bradley, Dr. Leaves, from their different points of view, agree in answering No. I believe that the first answer is right, although it has usually been supported by the wrong reasons. I believe the second answer to be wrong, although many of the arguments that are supposed to lead to it are in themselves sound enough. Those who say that The Prelude is not a philosophical poem, usually mean that it does not offer a coherent system of philosophy—that it expresses an original outlook and a personal wisdom, but that the only systematic philosophy in it comes at second-hand from Hartley or Coleridge and contributes not at all to the poem. And this is largely true. But the mistake is, to identify philosophy with system, philosophizing with “a philosophy.” This is a mistake that has been repudiated again and again by many of the greatest philosophers, from Socrates and Plato to Locke and Kant and others.I shall argue that The Prelude achieves philosophical poetry, because in it Wordsworth grapples with philosophical problems—problems which arise out of the story of his own early life—which are actually forced upon him by the poem itself; and because he tries to answer these problems in a way which would be possible only in poetry.
The Categorical Imperative and the Golden Rule
Authors: Hirst E. W. 
Published: February 2009

Is the assimilation of these two formulations of the moral principle by Kant and some of his expositors justified?In the Analytic of Pure Practical Reason Kant claims that his view of morality agrees with the ancient command that man should love his neighbour as himself. Also in the Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals he regards the Golden Rule as a deduction, though with several limitations, from the second version of the Categorical Imperative.
The Case for Emergent Evolution
Authors: Morgan C. Lloyd 
Published: February 2009

The word “emergent” was suggested by George Henry Lewes for specialized use in contradistinction to “resultant.” Little came of the suggestion, so far as I know, for some forty years.All that Lewes had to say on the matter is comprised within half a dozen, or at most eleven, pages, at the close of a long-winded, but at that time not negligible, discussion of Force and Cause, and is preceded by a section on Hume's Theory of Causation. This leads up to the statement: ‘There are two classes of effects markedly distinguishable as resultants and enter gents.’ Even here there was nothing new save in the adoption and adaptation of the word ‘emergent’ in place, let us say, of John Stuart Mill's ‘heteropathic effects.’
Under What Net?
Authors: Frankena William K. 
Published: February 2009

In Morality and Art Mrs Foot characterizes the formalist position about morality as holding ‘that a man can choose for himself, so long as he meets the formal requirements of generality and consistency, what his ultimate moral principles are to be’, and says, quite rightly in my opinion, that it is indefensible, ‘implying as it does that we might recognize as a moral system some entirely pointless set of prohibitions or taboos, or activities such as clapping one's hands, not even thought as harmful, aggressive, treacherous, cowardly by the community in which the prohibitions exist’. Then she adds:A moral system seems necessarily to be one aimed at removing particular dangers and securing certain benefits, and it would follow that some things do and some do not count as objections to a line of conduct from a moral point of view.
The Problem of Dreams
Authors: Squires Roger 
Published: February 2009

1. The scientific study of sleep has recently been stimulated by comparisons between people and advanced computers, whose normal activities need to be suspended periodically for reprogramming. I quote from a popular account by Dr Christopher Evans, which appeared in the Sunday Times during 1969:Sleep is of course the state in which the brain-computer is ‘off-line’, during which time the vast mass of existing programmes are sorted, outdated ones revised in the light of recent experiences and useless ones or the remnants of modified ones cleared and eliminated. These processes take place for a substantial part of the night, but because the brain is ‘off-line’ and consciousness suppressed, we are mostly not aware of them. However, if for some reason our sleep is disturbed or when we wake in the morning, as the conscious mind ‘comes to’ it catches the programme operations at work, and for a moment has no way of knowing whether the events are internal or external in origin. It sets to work therefore to try to make sense of the programme or fragments thereof that are being run through, and the result is what we call a dream— though we should presumably call it an interrupted dream.
The Problem of Justice in Plato's Republic
Authors: Laing B. M. 
Published: February 2009

It is well known to readers of the Republic that, according to Plato's representation, a casual meeting of several friends develops into a sederunt for the express purpose of finding a solution to the question, what is justice? The question has its origin in the remark of the aged Cephalus, quoting Pindar, that whoever lives a life of justice and holiness,Sweet hope, the nourisher of age, his heartDelighting, with him lives; which most of allGoverns the many veering thoughts of man.
Appraisals
Authors: Weldon T. D. 
Published: February 2009

I propose to examine what I take to be the point at issue between subjectivist and objectivist theories of ethics and to explain that the controversy between them is unreal. It springs from a misunderstanding of the nature of appraisal sentences. What I hope to show is that if such sentences were really analysable in the way in which the critics and many of the supporters of subjectivist theories suppose, then those theories would indeed, as it is sometimes put “fail to do justice to the facts of moral experience.” But it seems to me that objectivist theories are no better off. They make exactly the same mistake though in a more sophisticated way. I therefore propose to see whether any useful results can be achieved by construing appraisal sentences on rather different lines.By appraisal sentences I mean (a) sentences of the form “I approve of …, I think well of …, I commend …, etc.” I shall call these simple appraisals, (b) sentences of the form “… is good, … is meritorious, … is praiseworthy, etc.” I shall call these moral appraisals. In these terms, subjectivist theories assert that moral appraisals can always be expressed without change of meaning by simple appraisals, though perhaps the addition of an imperative sentence of some kind is required to complete the translation. Objectivist theories deny this possibility and claim that moral appraisals assert truths about the independent world and not psychological facts about the speaker.
Hobbes and Performatives
Authors: Weiler Gershon 
Published: February 2009

Professor J. W. N. Watkins argues in his Hobbes' System of Ideas that Hobbes' theory of moral predicates must be interpreted in terms of Austinian performatives. In this paper I shall argue two points. First, that Watkins' thesis is false. Second, that Hobbes' own doctrine, which asserts that things are made good or just by being declared to be so by the sovereign, is inconsistent.Watkins begins with brief exposition of Hobbes' theory of moral language as stated in the Leviathan.But whatsoever is the object of any mans Appetite or Desire; that is if, which he for his part calleth Good: And the object of his Hate, and Aversion, Evill; And of his Contempt, Vile and Inconsiderable. For these words of Good, Evill, and Contemptible, are ever used with relation to the person that useth them: There being nothing simply and absolutely so; nor any common Rule of Good and Evill, to be taken from the nature of the objects themselves; but from the Person of the man (where there is no Common-wealth;) or, (in a Common-wealth,) from the Person that representeth it; or from an Arbitrator or Judge, whom men disagreeing shall by consent set up, and make his sentence the Rule thereof.
Sulfur dioxide emissions and per capita income: a disaggregation of the effects of long-run and short-run income growth
Authors: BOUVIER RACHEL A. 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper investigates the links between growth in gross domestic product (GDP) and sulfur dioxide emissions by disaggregating income growth into long-term growth (the trend of GDP over time) and short-term growth (income fluctuations around the trend). Results indicate a substantial fixed component of sulfur dioxide emissions. Once income fluctuations are controlled for, the effect of changes in the scale of the economy over time can be distinguished from the effects of the changing composition of output and the state of technological development. Results indicate that at low levels of income, the composition and technology effects are associated with an increase in emissions; for high levels of income, the composition and technology effects are associated with a leveling off of emissions.
Education in post anaesthetic care nursing
Authors: Oakley Melanie 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTPost anaesthetic care nursing was viewed for many years as the ‘poor relation’ of theatre and anaesthetic nursing. This was for a number of reasons, but primarily because recovery of the anaesthetised patient was, until relatively recently ward based. However with the advent of anaesthesia becoming more ‘high tech’ the skill required to look after a patient post anaesthesia has increased and with that increase the need for a high level of education for nurses within this speciality. There is now a long English National Board course for the Post anaesthetic care nurse, and opportunities are arising for nurses working in this area to add to the body of knowledge in post anaesthetic care nursing.
Diffusion Hypoxia
Authors: Scotcher Deborah 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to see if we could improve our practice in theatres for the benefit of the patient thus preventing diffusion hypoxia. When a patient continues to breathe from an anaesthetic circuit at the end of anaesthesia, there is a risk of delayed recovery, both by rebreathing and by the presence of anaesthetic vapour emerging from the tubes and other components of the anaesthetic equipment. It has been recommended that nitrous oxide be discontinued early in the recovery period, to monitor the patient during the first elimination phase. As hyperventilation does not influence the elimination of nitrous oxide largely, but increases the risk of subsequent hypoventilation during transport to the recovery room, hyperventilation should be avoided. It is also recommended that oxygen therapy should be used, during transport from theatre to the recovery room, regardless of the duration of nitrous oxide anaesthesia. There has proven to be a risk of Diffusion Hypoxia for at least 30 minutes after discontinuation of nitrous oxide administration in the presence of hypoventilation. The practitioner should always be cautious with heavy smokers, as they present a much greater risk of respiratory problems, and careful observation is needed for the first 5 minutes of breathing room air. Diffusion Hypoxia has proven to be avoided by administration of oxygen for 10 minutes from cessation of nitrous oxide anaesthesia.
Arrhythmia interpretation in the perioperative arena (Cont)
Authors: Spiers Christine M. 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTThis article continues the series on cardiac monitoring in the peri-operative area by reviewing those arrhythmias that are classified as atrial or supraventricular. Whilst these arrhythmias are rarely life threatening, their haemodynamic effects can be significant and may not be tolerated in conjunction with the concurrent operative procedures. These arrhythmias are however, very commonly seen in perioperative practice and may be associated with anaesthetic procedures, surgical techniques and the recovery phase. In this increasingly technological age, it is imperative that perioperative practitioners can recognise and respond appropriately to the rhythms observed on the cardiac monitor.
Care of Patients with learning disabilities in the day surgery setting
Authors: Bratchell Joanne 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTThe shift in the philosophy of care for people with learning disabilities from institutional care to living in the community has placed greater demands on generic health services. Alack of training and appropriate skills have been identified as problem areas for health care providers who may be required to care for this group of people. The dental health of people with learning disabilities has shown no improvement over the last fifty years despite advances in dental treatment. Requests for dental care present practitioners with ethical and legal problems due to a reduced capacity to give informed consent. The provision of dental care for patients with learning disabilities in the day surgery unit of a local hospital is critically evaluated and recommendations are then made as to how current practice may be improved with reference to the findings of current literature.
An Exploration of the Value of Education in Recruiting and Retaining Staff
Authors: Parker Amanda 
Published: February 2009

AbstractRecruitment and retention within specialist areas of nursing has been consistently difficult to achieve. This research explores the value of providing education and how this may enhance the ability to recruit and retain staff within the perioperative environment. This an area where nurses are perceived as not essential to the provision of quality care due to the technical nature of the nurses′ role detracting from the patient centred care delivered.A multiple strategy approach was used with data collected via two questionnaires from ten Trusts within the South East of England. Findings demonstrated that while the provision of education may enhance the recruitment and retention of staff, prior to this occurring operating theatres needed to address the issues of motivation and morale within their departments. Many staff were found to be demotivated their views and opinions supporting the work of Herzberg (1959) on job satisfaction. Conclusions were that only once ‘satisfiers’ were increased and ‘dissatisfiers’ addressed could the provision of education supported by an educationalist benefit recruitment and retention of staff.
Perioperative Temperature Regulation
Authors: Hegarty J. 
Published: February 2009

The regulation of body temperature is one of a variety of mechanisms, which play a part in maintaining a stable internal environment in the body thus enabling the body to function optimally. It is crucial that the core body temperature is maintained within a narrow (36–37.5°C) range [Luckmann, 1997]. Thermoregulation in the operating theatre and post anaesthetic care unit is often an underemphasized concern for surgical patients. Anaesthesia and surgery commonly cause substantial alterations in the temperature of surgical patients.Unnecessary heat loss, hypothermia, the typical variation, results from a combination of anaesthetic-induced impairment of thermoregulatory control, a cool, operating room environment and other factors exclusive to surgery and anaesthesia. Estimates of the incidence of inadvertent perioperative hypothermia range from 60% to 90% of all surgical cases [Bernthal, 1999, Litwack, 1995], when this condition is defined as a body temperature below 36°C (degrees Celsius) 96.8°F (degrees Fahrenheit) (Arndt, 1999). Hypothermia apart from causing a very unpleasant sensation of cold, places the patient at risk of developing life-threatening events, which include altered cardiac performance, delayed emergence from anaesthesia and increased rates of morbidity and mortality. Although the aim of temperature management by intraoperative medical and nursing staff is prevention of heat loss, the objective of post anaesthetic recovery room staff is usually the restoration of normothermia. Thus, perioperative nurses need to be aware of the need to monitor patient's temperature, be familiar with different patient warming/rewarming methods and be alert for potential problems that can arise from hypothermia.