bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A thermophysiological rationale for endurance training for racquet games
Authors: Hancock P. A. 
Published: December 2008

Three male athletes performed incremental work: Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR), 100 W and 150 W in two levels of controlled environmental heat. Conditions inside an environmental chamber were preset at 25°C 40% RH and 30°C 50% RH being 22°C and 29°C on the Effective Temperature Scale. Expired air and six body temperatures—two invasive and four skin sites—were monitored. Core and mean body temperatures, calculated from these figures, correlated highly with expired air values for all the anthropometrically homogeneous group. Results were in agreement with unpublished data of Bundgaard, i.e. the higher the V̇O2max of the subject the smaller the range of expired air values and the smaller the increase in both mean and core body temperature during heat stress. Such thermophysiological reaction helps the athlete to prevent the onset of mild hyperthermia and the accompanying fatigue, independent of mitigating behavioural support.The intermittent bursts of heavy physical activity required of the racquet athlete argue for a similar cardio-vascular training regimen. Data from this study suggest that such athletes would be wise to augment training schedules with prolonged cardio-vascular endurance work especially when the possibility of competing in high ambient temperature is foreseen.
Some haematological characteristics of competitive swimmers
Authors: Willan P. L. T. , Bagnall K. M. , Mahon M. , Kellett D. W. 
Published: December 2008

Some basic haematological characteristics of a group of competitive swimmers were compared with haematological “normal standards” and with a “control” group of non-athletes, unmatched for age. In the women, the values for red blood cell count, haemoglobin concentration, and mean red cell volume for both the swimmers and the controls were not significantly different from the normal standards. In the groups of men, both swimmers and controls, red cell counts were significantly lower than the normal standard values, although individual values lay within the “normal range” (mean ± 2 standard deviations).The ranges of the values for individuals were found to be narrow. There were no significant differences between these ranges over periods of five consecutive weeks and five consecutive months. Relatively large changes in results for individuals could occur before the results would be considered abnormal, that is, before the results fall outside the “normal range”. Early detection of changes may perhaps be facilitated if the range of values for individual athletes is determined by monitoring.
Diet in Training and Competitions
Authors: Ebbetts John 
Published: December 2008

The principles underlying the formulation of a diet for young professionals undergoing training for, and taking part in, Competition Golf are dealt with. The composition of the diet and its supplementation are outlined. The literature on the subject is reviewed, and the absence of any really helpful work among so much which is contradictory is pointed out.The reception of the diet over a three year period and its possible contribution to enhanced performance are discussed. The necessary components of such a diet are deduced in the light of experimental evidence and this experience. The importance of making the diet appetising and yet varying the calorie content to suit the underweight and the overweight individuals is stressed.The advisability of two diets is indicated; one providing long term nourishment to support heavy training, and the other for use on competition days, when physical requirements demand rapid production of glucose and psychic inhibition prevents complicated digestion, absorption and oxidation.
The footballer's fracture
Authors: Cattermole H R , Hardy J R W , Gregg P J 
Published: December 2008

ObjectiveTo describe the typical tibial diaphyseal fracture (“footballer's fracture”) and to clarify the circumstances and mechanism of the injury.MethodsIn an attempt to obtain a detailed analysis of the types of injury suffered, and thereby highlight areas for prevention, 100 consecutive adult football players with a tibial diaphyseal fracture were studied prospectively. Details of the circumstances and mechanism of injury were collected using a questionnaire (response rate 85%). Treatments depended on the Gustilo classification, displacement, and axial stability. Long term follow up was performed until clinical healing to define the overall prognosis.Results61% of players suffered a fracture of both the tibia and the fibula. Ninety five percent of the tibial fractures were transverse or short oblique and were caused by impact during a tackle. Radiographic evidence of bridging callus was better than a classification of the bony injury for predicting weeks to clinical healing. The delayed union and non-union incidence following this injury is low. One patient suffered symptomatic shortening. One patient suffered symptomatic angulation and two patients with non-union required bone grafting.ConclusionsTibial fracture is an expensive injury. It prevents a young population from being employed and takes up valuable NHS resources. As 85% of players were wearing shin guards, it is likely that improvements in shin guard design could reduce the rate of tibial fracture.
Technique and Observation of Angular Gait Patterns in Running
Authors: Sykes K. 
Published: December 2008

A technique for the biomechanical analysis of running is described with specific reference to the angular displacement patterns of the lower limb. From high speed cine film recording profile views of the running gait, the Thigh, Knee and Ankle angles are measured during one complete cycle. Results are presented in the form of vector-space diagrams, namely Thigh-Knee angle and Knee-Ankle angle cyclograms. The diagrams are interpreted and some experimental observations are presented and discussed.The technique provides a useful research tool and a very good `teaching asset' for biomechanical studies of movement.
Engaging Italian and Australian social workers in evaluation
Authors: McNamara Patricia , Neve Elisabetta 
Published: December 2008

English For social work researchers, engaging managers and practitioners in evaluation has always proved complex. A recent international seminar facilitated a comparison of challenges and opportunities for undertaking collaborative research evaluations in Italy and Australia. Issues concerning motivation and resistance regarding the evaluation process are discussed, along with the role for social work education. French Pour les chercheurs en travail social, impliquer les managers et les praticiens dans l’évaluation a toujours été complexe. Un séminaire international récent a facilité la comparaison des challenges et des opportunités pour entreprendre des recherches collaboratives sur les évaluations en Italie et en Australie. Les problèmes concernant la motivation et la résistance au regard du processus d’évaluation sont discutés, de même que le rôle de la formation en travail social. Spanish Para los investigadores de trabajo social siempre ha sido una tarea compleja el enganchar a los ‘managers’ y trabajadores en tareas de evaluación. Un seminario internacional reciente ha facilitado una comparación de los retos y oportunidades para colaborar en evaluaciones en Italia y Australia. Se examinan cuestiones de motivación para la evaluación y resistencia a la misma, junto con el papel de la educación en el trabajo social.
Deconstructing motivations
Authors: Wehbi Samantha 
Published: December 2008

English This article proposes that a critical examination of international placements is crucial in fostering the internationalization of social work without reproducing oppressive power relations. It presents a discussion of some of the reasons underlying students’ choice to undertake international placements as well as implications for research and teaching. French Cet article émet l’idée qu’un examen critique des placements internationaux est essentiel pour stimuler l’internationalisation du travail social sans reproduire les rapports de pouvoir oppressifs. Il présente en discussion certaines des raisons à l’origine des choix des étudiants d’entreprendre des stages à l’international ainsi que les implications pour la recherche et l’enseignement. Spanish Se propone que un examen crítico de los lugares de prácticas internacionales es crítico para fomentar la internacionalización del trabajo social sin reproducir relaciones opresivas de poder. Se examinan algunas de las razones que hay por debajo de la decisión de los estudiantes al elegir prácticas internacionales, así como algunas implicaciones para la investigación y la enseñanza.
Addressing issues of globalization in the training of public child welfare workers
Authors: Collins Mary Elizabeth , Sook Hyun Kim  , Clay Cassandra , Perlstein Judith 
Published: December 2008

English This article describes the implementation of a course module devoted to international child welfare for social work students. The module utilized adult learning theory and was guided by three perspectives: an ecological model of practice, social and economic justice, and cultural competence. The article describes successes and challenges and offers guidance to social work educators. French Cet article décrit la mise en oeuvre d’un module de formation consacré à la protection internationale de l’enfance, destiné aux étudiants en travail social. Le module utilise la théorie de la formation d’adultes et est orienté selon trois perspectives: le modèle écologique des pratiques, la justice sociale et économique, et la compétence culturelle. L’article décrit les succès et les défis et offre une guidance des formateurs en travail social. Spanish Se describe la implementación de un módulo en un curso para trabajadores sociales dedicado al bienestar infantil internacional. El módulo utilizó teoría de aprendizaje adulto bajo tres perspectivas: un modelo ecológico de práctica, justicia social y económica, y competencia cultural. Se describen los éxitos y los retos y se ofrecen sugerencias a los educadores de trabajo social.
The Impact of Different Dog-related Stimuli on Engagement of Persons With Dementia
Authors: Marx Marcia S. , Cohen-Mansfield Jiska , Regier Natalie G. , Dakheel-Ali Maha , Srihari Ashok , Thein Khin 
Published: December 2008

Objective: To provide further empirical evaluation of the effectiveness of animal-assisted therapy in nursing home residents with dementia. Methods: Participants were 56 residents of 2 suburban Maryland nursing homes and had a diagnosis. Activities of daily living performance was assessed via the minimum data set and cognitive functioning assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination. Engagement with dog-related stimuli was systematically assessed via the observational measurement of engagement. Results: Mean engagement duration was significantly lower for the small dog. Highest mean engagement duration was found for the puppy video, followed by the real dog and lowest was for the dog-coloring activity. Positive attitudes were found toward the real dogs, robotic dog, the puppy video, and the plush dog. No significant differences were found in engagement duration among our dog-related stimuli. Conclusions: Nursing homes should consider animal-assisted therapy and dog-related stimuli, as they successfully engage residents with dementia.
Insights into granite petrogenesis from quantitative assessment of the field distribution of enclaves, xenoliths and K-feldspar megacrysts in the Monte Capanne pluton, Italy
Authors: Gagnevin D. , Daly J. S. , Poli G. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractA detailed field study to determine quantitatively the distribution of K-feldspar megacrysts, mafic microgranular enclaves (MME) and metasedimentary xenoliths has been carried out in the Monte Capanne pluton (Elba, Italy) with a view to evaluating the utility of this approach to petrogenetic investigations. Mafic microgranular enclaves are inferred to result from interactions between mafic and felsic magmas, while xenoliths attest to crustal assimilation occurring in the Monte Capanne magma chamber. In particular, we emphasize, based on our field data, that both processes are intimately linked, such that xenolith dissolution during assimilation was triggered by replenishment with hot mafic magma. It is suggested that the previously defined ‘San Piero’ and ‘San Francesco’ facies do not differ substantially, and are thus amalgamated and renamed as the ‘Pomonte’ facies. Results also indicate that the abundance of K-feldspar megacrysts is positively correlated with the volumetric abundance of MME in the Sant’ Andrea facies, which we link to a recharging, mingling and textural coarsening event that occurred at a rather late stage of magma-chamber evolution prior to emplacement. This study demonstrates how petrogenetic processes can be deciphered by detailed field quantitative analyses of granite-forming components, thus complementing geochemical investigations.
Zircon dissolution in a ductile shear zone, Monte Rosa granite gneiss, northern Italy
Authors: Dempster T. J. , Martin J. C. , Shipton Z. K. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe sizes, distributions and shapes of zircon grains within variably deformed granite gneiss from the western Alps have been studied. Zircon shows numerous indicators of a metamorphic response in both the host gneiss and a 5 cm wide continuous ductile shear zone, within which the zircon grain sizes range from <1 urn to >50 μm. However, the very fine grain sizes are virtually absent from grain boundaries. Within this zone, zircons consistently have more rounded and embayed margins, which are interpreted as evidence of dissolution in response to fluid influx during shearing. Zircons are preferentially located near metamorphic muscovite in both the host gneiss and the shear zone and tend to show the poorest crystal shape, indicating that fluids linked to the formation and presence of muscovite may enhance both the crystallization of zircon and its subsequent dissolution. Larger zircon crystals typically show a brittle response to deformation when adjacent to phyllosilicates, with fractures consistently perpendicular to the (001) mica cleavage. The variety of metamorphic behaviour observed for zircon indicates that it may be highly reactive in sub-solidus mid-crustal metamorphic environments.
The wulfenite—stolzite series: centric or acentric structures?
Authors: Secco L. , Nestola F. , Dal Negro A. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThree natural crystals of the wulfenite (PbMoO4)—stolzite (PbWO4) series were investigated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The results indicate that the symmetry is I41/a from nearly pure wulfenite to intermediate compositions, in contrast to previous work which claimed a symmetry change to 74 symmetry (acentric) for intermediate compositions compared with I41/a (centric space group) for the end-members. The results reported here show that the reflections violating I41/a symmetry observed in this work and in a previous study are related primarily to λ/2 effects, even if Renninger effects are not excluded. Consequently, we find that the I41/a symmetry is retained throughout the wulfenite— stolzite.
Age-related Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)–associated B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders: comparison with EBV-positive classic Hodgkin lymphoma in elderly patients
Authors: Asano Naoko , Yamamoto Kazuhito , Tamaru Jun-Ichi , Oyama Takashi , Ishida Fumihiro , Ohshima Koichi , Yoshino Tadashi , Nakamura Naoya , Mori Shigeo , Yoshie Osamu , Shimoyama Yoshie , Morishima Yasuo , Kinoshita Tomohiro , Nakamura Shigeo 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Age-related Epstein-Barr virus–associated B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder (aEBVLPD) is a disease group characterized by EBV-associated large B-cell lymphoma in elderly without predisposing immunodeficiency. In nearly one- third of cases, aEBVLPD occurs as a polymorphous subtype with reactive cell-rich components, bearing a morphologic similarity to classic Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL). The aim of this study was to clarify clinicopathologic differences between the polymorphic subtype of aEBVLPD (n = 34) and EBV+ cHL (n = 108) in patients aged 50 years or older. Results showed that aEBVLPD was more closely associated with aggressive clinical parameters than cHL, with a higher age at onset (71 vs 63 years); lower male predominance (male-female ratio, 1.4 vs 3.3); and a higher rate of involvement of the skin (18% vs 2%), gastrointestinal tract (15% vs 4%), and lung (12% vs 2%). aEBVLPD was histopathologically characterized by a higher ratio of geographic necrosis, greater increase (> 30%) in cytotoxic T cells among background lymphocytes, higher positivity for CD20 and EBNA2, and absence of CD15 expression. As predicted by the clinical profile, aEBVLPD had a significantly poorer prognosis than EBV+ cHL (P < .001). The polymorphous subtype of aEBVLPD constitutes an aggressive group with an immune response distinct from EBV+ cHL, and requires the development of innovative therapeutic strategies.
A comprehensive characterisation of the fibre composition and properties of a limb (Flexor digitorum superficialis, membri thoraci) and a trunk (Psoas major) muscle in cattle
Authors: Moreno-Sánchez Natalia , Díaz Clara , Carabaño María J , Rueda Julia , Rivero José-Luis L 
Published: December 2008

Abstract

Background
The fibre type attributes and the relationships among their properties play an important role in the differences in muscle capabilities and features. Comprehensive characterisation of the skeletal muscles should study the degree of association between them and their involvement in muscle functionality. The purposes of the present study were to characterise the fibre type composition of a trunk (Psoas major, PM) and a limb (Flexor digitorum, membri thoraci, FD) muscle in the bovine species and to study the degree of coordination among contractile, metabolic and histological properties of fibre types. Immunohistochemical, histochemical and histological techniques were used.

Results
The fibre type composition was delineated immunohistochemically in calf muscle samples, identifying three pure (I, IIA, and IIX) and two hybrid type fibres (I+IIA, and IIAX). Most of the fibres in FD were types I and IIA, while pure IIX were absent. All fibre types were found in PM, the IIX type being the most frequent. Compared to other species, small populations of hybrid fibres were detected. The five fibre types, previously identified, were ascribed to three different acid and alkaline mATPase activity patterns. Type I fibres had the highest oxidative capacity and the lowest glycolytic capacity. The reverse was true for the IIX fibres, whereas the type IIA fibres showed intermediate properties. Regarding the histological properties, type I fibres tended to be more capillarised than the II types. Correlations among contractile, metabolic and histological features on individual fibres were significantly different from zero (r values varied between -0.31 and 0.78). Hybrid fibre values were positioned between their corresponding pure types, and their positions were different regarding their metabolic and contractile properties.

Conclusion
Coordination among the contractile, metabolic and histological properties of fibres has been observed. However, the magnitude of the correlation among them is always below 0.8, suggesting that the properties of muscles are not fully explained by the fibre composition. These results support the concept that, to some extent, muscle plasticity can be explained by the fibre type composition, and by the properties derived from their metabolic and histological profiles.
A class frequency mixture model that adjusts for site-specific amino acid frequencies and improves inference of protein phylogeny
Authors: Wang Huai-Chun , Li Karen , Susko Edward , Roger Andrew J 
Published: December 2008

AbstractBackgroundWidely used substitution models for proteins, such as the Jones-Taylor-Thornton (JTT) or Whelan and Goldman (WAG) models, are based on empirical amino acid interchange matrices estimated from databases of protein alignments that incorporate the average amino acid frequencies of the data set under examination (e.g JTT + F). Variation in the evolutionary process between sites is typically modelled by a rates-across-sites distribution such as the gamma (Γ) distribution. However, sites in proteins also vary in the kinds of amino acid interchanges that are favoured, a feature that is ignored by standard empirical substitution matrices. Here we examine the degree to which the pattern of evolution at sites differs from that expected based on empirical amino acid substitution models and evaluate the impact of these deviations on phylogenetic estimation.ResultsWe analyzed 21 large protein alignments with two statistical tests designed to detect deviation of site-specific amino acid distributions from data simulated under the standard empirical substitution model: JTT+ F + Γ. We found that the number of states at a given site is, on average, smaller and the frequencies of these states are less uniform than expected based on a JTT + F + Γ substitution model. With a four-taxon example, we show that phylogenetic estimation under the JTT + F + Γ model is seriously biased by a long-branch attraction artefact if the data are simulated under a model utilizing the observed site-specific amino acid frequencies from an alignment. Principal components analyses indicate the existence of at least four major site-specific frequency classes in these 21 protein alignments. Using a mixture model with these four separate classes of site-specific state frequencies plus a fifth class of global frequencies (the JTT + cF + Γ model), significant improvements in model fit for real data sets can be achieved. This simple mixture model also reduces the long-branch attraction problem, as shown by simulations and analyses of a real phylogenomic data set.ConclusionProtein families display site-specific evolutionary dynamics that are ignored by standard protein phylogenetic models. Accurate estimation of protein phylogenies requires models that accommodate the heterogeneity in the evolutionary process across sites. To this end, we have implemented a class frequency mixture model (cF) in a freely available program called QmmRAxML for phylogenetic estimation.
Assembling an arsenal, the scorpion way
Authors: Kozminsky-Atias Adi , Bar-Shalom Adi , Mishmar Dan , Zilberberg Noam 
Published: December 2008

Abstract

Background
For survival, scorpions depend on a wide array of short neurotoxic polypeptides. The venoms of scorpions from the most studied group, the Buthida, are a rich source of small, 23–78 amino acid-long peptides, well packed by either three or four disulfide bridges that affect ion channel function in excitable and non-excitable cells.

Results
In this work, by constructing a toxin transcripts data set from the venom gland of the scorpion Buthus occitanus israelis, we were able to follow the evolutionary path leading to mature toxin diversification and suggest a mechanism for leader peptide hyper-conservation. Toxins from each family were more closely related to one another than to toxins from other species, implying that fixation of duplicated genes followed speciation, suggesting early gene conversion events. Upon fixation, the mature toxin-coding domain was subjected to diversifying selection resulting in a significantly higher substitution rate that can be explained solely by diversifying selection. In contrast to the mature peptide, the leader peptide sequence was hyper-conserved and characterized by an atypical sub-neutral synonymous substitution rate. We interpret this as resulting from purifying selection acting on both the peptide and, as reported here for the first time, the DNA sequence, to create a toxin family-specific codon bias.

Conclusion
We thus propose that scorpion toxin genes were shaped by selective forces acting at three levels, namely (1) diversifying the mature toxin, (2) conserving the leader peptide amino acid sequence and intriguingly, (3) conserving the leader DNA sequences.