bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The fate of the five‐cent fare. I. Pittsburgh: A new contract brings mutual understanding
Authors: Robinson Charles K. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSix years ago the REVIEW published a series of articles on the fate of the five‐cent fare. Conditions have stabilized themselves since then and the nickel fare is little more than a memory. Today the important thing is adequate service at a reasonable rate. The present series begins with Pittsburgh, where better service plus a desire to please has done the trick.
The fate of the five‐cent fare. V. Cincinnati's second service at cost plan makes city and company partners
Authors: Lowenberg Laurent 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA comprehensive service at cost franchiae, in effect last January, seem to have brought a new and healthy spirit to those engaged in Cincinnati's transportation service. The street car fare is now ten cents, three tickets for a quarter; the bus fare is ten cents straight, with universal transfers between street cars and buses. The city's control over service is complete.
Has the catskill water supply system of the city of new york fulfilled expectations?
Authors: Brush William W. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractLast autumn, during the campaign for the mayoralty, a New York city paper charged that the low level of hte Ashokan reservoir was due to a large leak which had developed. Popular attention at once turned to hte adequarcy of hte city's water supply. The truth is tha the Catskill supply has fulfilled expectations, but within eight years new sources will be needed.
Newport, rhode Island, adopts a Mayor–Council–Manager charter
Authors: Cottrell Edwin A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis interesting charter, adopted by the people and subject to hte approval of hte legislature, is based upon the 1927 Model Charter of hte National Municipal League and is in addition a conscious attempt to place int he mayor a responsible leadership for public policy and law enforcement, as well as to overcome the peculiar provisions of hte Rhode Island constitution which divides the voters into taxpaying and registry groups.
Tall taxes for tall buildings
Authors: Bard Albert S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractMr. Bard believes that present methods of valuing real estate for tax purposes are unjust as etween buildings erected under changing zoning conditions and suggests a tax differential. Mr. Bard is a New York lawyer well known for his civic activities, among which are his services as member and counsel of the National Committee for Restriction of Outdoor Advertising.
Are we spending too much for government? II. State expenditures–has their upward climb been justified?
Authors: Heer Clarence 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe eterna lstruggle between Mr. Citizen as taxayer and Mr. Citizen as consumer of government service is well illustrated in this article. One–half of hte money increase in the cost of state government from 1915 to 1925 was due to the rising price level. But over 70 per cent of the actual increase must be charged to expansion in public education and highways; that is, to expenditures demanded by the same people who pay the taxes.
Transit programs proposed for new york city
Authors: Bauer Jhon 
Published: June 2007

AbstractTwo transit plans are now definitely before the people of New York. The Untermyer program calls for reacapture by the city of that portion of the Subway systems authorized by law and operation in conjuction with the new city built lines. The Smigh plan favors complete unification of all transit facilities through agreement among all interests. The five–cent fare is still involved in the public mind
New york court sustains the executive budget
Authors: swenson Rinehart j. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe controversy between Governor Roosevelt and the Legislature over the executive budget has been decided, partially at least, in favor of the governor. The claim of the legislature to a share in the segregation of lump‐sum appropriations has been defeated; but juidcial dicta, likewise, deny this power to the governor and vest it in the department heads, thus seemingly defeating the effort to centralize responsibility in the governor
Iv. the virginia cities
Authors: bradford Ernest S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIt is in the medium‐sized cities that manager government has had its fullest trial and the results are most clearly evident‐cities such as Petersburg, Portsmouth and Lynchburg, Virginia, all ranging from thirty thousand to sixty thousand population. These three cities are here considered along with teh larger city of Norfolk, and Staunton, the first city to adopt the manger plan
Between spin and reality: examining disclosure practices in three African countries
Authors: Larbi George A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe declaration of assets and liabilities represents a growing trend in the avoidance and resolution of conflict of interest and has become a part of an integrated strategy to control corruption. This article reviews practices in Ghana, Tanzania and Uganda by addressing questions of who must declare, what must be declared, where to declare and how often to declare. It argues that like all the other mechanisms for controlling corruption, its efficacy depends on enforcement and compliance. The three cases reviewed suggest that there is a significant gap between the rhetoric of declaration and the reality of effective monitoring and compliance to make the system work to ensure transparency and public trust. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Civic education for combating corruption: lessons from Hong Kong and the US for donor‐funded programmes in poor countries
Authors: Marquette Heather 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDonors are increasingly funding projects and programmes that fit under the general rubric of ‘civic education’. These tend to address both targeted problems within a country and wider institutional reforms, including, for example, projects aimed at voter education for first time elections within a country, or human rights education in countries coming out of a non‐democratic system. More recently, donors are funding civic education for both adults and children to help fight corruption. This article looks at lessons from two well‐known models for civic education, one of which targets corruption specifically and one which targets wider civic values: the Hong Kong Independent Commission Against Corruption's (ICAC) community relations programme, and the US civic education, including programmes funded by USAID in other countries. It argues that both the Hong Kong and US experiences of civic education demonstrate how unlikely it is that donors will produce similar results with a fraction of the budget and in environments characterised by weak institutions, widespread illiteracy, crumbling or non‐existent schools and inadequate training for teachers. It also explores how, in fact in both cases, corruption forms only a very small part of much wider civic education curricula based on citizenship, not corruption, and discusses the implications of this for donors. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Geometry‐based analysis of azulene and azulene‐like systems with H‐ or Li‐bonding
Authors: Krygowski Tadeusz M. , Zachara‐Horeglad Joanna E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractB3LYP/6–311+G** optimization was carried out for azulene and its analogs, in which CHCHCH fragment was replaced with O···X···O (X = H or Li). π‐electron delocalization in four possible derivatives with H‐bonding and three possible derivatives with Li‐bonding was described by the use of HOMA index. All derivatives with Li‐bonding exhibit high π‐electron delocalization similar to that found for azulene. Among four H‐bonded systems, two exhibit lower π‐electron delocalization (HOMA < 0.39) and higher total electron energy than the other two derivatives. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Theoretical study of optical and electronic properties of the bis‐dipolar diphenylamino‐endcapped oligoarylfluorenes as promising light emitting materials
Authors: Liu Yan‐Ling , Feng Ji‐Kang , Ren Ai‐Min 
Published: June 2007

AbstractWe present a detailed study of the structural, electronic, and optical properties of the bis‐dipolar emissive oligoarylfluorenes, OF(2)Ar‐NPhs. The aim of our quantum‐chemical calculations is to investigate the role of the transition and the influence of the optical properties of the various central aryl cores in the oligoarylfluorenes. Geometry optimizations were performed for the ground‐state and for the first electronically excited‐state. The absorption and emission spectra were calculated using time‐dependent density functional theory (TD‐DFT). The results show that the HOMO, LUMO, energy gap, ionization potentials (IP), electron affinities (EA) and reorganization energy (λ) of the oligoarylfluorenes are significantly affected by the electronic withdrawing property and the conjugated length of the central aryl core. Consistently, the stronger the electron withdrawing strength, the lower the LUMO energy is. This thus improves the electron‐accepting and transporting properties by the low LUMO energy levels. The absorption and emission spectra of this series of bis‐dipolar molecules exhibit red shifts to some extent by the electronic nature of the electron affinitive central core in the oligoarylfluorenes. All the calculated results show that the oligoarylfluorenes are promising as useful light emitting materials for OLEDs. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Specificity of helix packing in transmembrane dimer of the cell death factor BNIP3: A molecular modeling study
Authors: Vereshaga Yana A. , Volynsky Pavel E. , Pustovalova Julia E. , Nolde Dmitry E. , Arseniev Alexander S. , Efremov Roman G. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBNIP3 is a mitochondrial 19‐kDa proapoptotic protein, a member of the Bcl‐2 family. It has a single COOH‐terminal transmembrane (TM) α‐helical domain, which is required for membrane targeting, proapoptotic activity, hetero‐ and homo‐dimerization in membrane. The role and the molecular details of association of TM helices of BNIP3 are yet to be established. Here, we present a molecular modeling study of helix interactions in its membrane domain. The approach combines Monte Carlo conformational search in an implicit hydrophobic slab followed by molecular dynamics simulations in a hydrated full‐atom lipid bilayer. The former technique was used for exhaustive sampling of the peptides' conformational space and for generation of putative “native‐like” structures of the dimer. The latter ones were taken as realistic starting points to assess stability and dynamic behavior of the complex in explicit lipid–water surrounding. As a result, several groups of tightly packed right‐handed structures of the dimer were proposed. They have almost similar helix–helix interface, which includes the motif A176xxxG180xxxG184and agrees well with previous mutagenesis data and preliminary NMR analysis. Molecular dynamics simulations of these structures reveal perfect adaptation of most of them to heterogeneous membrane environment. A remarkable feature of the predicted dimeric structures is the occurrence of a cluster of H‐bonded histidine 173 and serines 168 and 172 on the helix interface, near the N‐terminus. Because of specific polar interactions between the monomers, this part of the dimer has no such dense packing as the C‐terminal one, thus allowing penetration of water from the extramembrane side into the membrane interior. We propose that the ionization state of His173can mediate structural and dynamic properties of the dimer. This, in turn, may be related to pH‐dependent proapoptotic activity of BNIP3, which is triggering on by acidosis appearing under hypoxic conditions. Proteins 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Possible formation mechanisms for surface defects observed in heteroepitaxially grown 3C‐SiC
Authors: Speer K. M. , Neudeck P. G. , Crimp M. A. , Burda C. , Pirouz P. 
Published: June 2007

Abstractp–n diodes were fabricated from 3C‐SiC films heteroepitaxially grown atop on‐axis, Si‐face (0001) 4H‐SiC mesa substrate arrays [P. G. Neudeck et al., Mater. Sci. Forum 433–436, 213 (2003); 527–529, 1335 (2006)]. Images taken by electroluminescence‐based optical emission microscopy (ELOEM) and electron channelling contrast imaging (ECCI) revealed immobile linear features aligned along 〈110〉 directions; defects were expected on these particular devices, as the 3C films were grown on stepped 4H mesas. To explain the formation of these defects, we have used a procedure by which surface energies are calculated for terraces on a stepped 4H, Si‐face surface to investigate their comparative stability; subsequently, we use energetic calculations to confirm the formation – and determine the orientation – of 3C nuclei on the more stable 4H terraces and to evaluate the nature of the coalescence of nuclei from neighbouring terraces. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Signatures of distinct structures related to rod‐like defects in silicon detected by various measurement methods
Authors: Mchedlidze T. , Arguirov T. , Jia G. , Kittler M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSilicon samples containing rod‐like defects (RLD) and pre‐characterized by the electric‐dipole spin resonance (EDSR) method were investigated by photoluminescence (PL) and deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) methods. Employing previously reported strict correlation between the EDSR signatures of various RLD structures and their structural models developed from microscopy (TEM) investigations it became possible to associate PL and DLTS features with these defects. The results suggest that at low measurement temperatures, i.e. at 10 K, sharp PL emission peak detected at 1405 nm is related to line‐interstitial defects (LID), that detected at 1372 nm to plane defects (PD) and two peaks detected at 1426 nm and 1515 nm to dislocation dipoles (DD). Two energy bands related to LIDs are positioned at 0.2 eV and 0.25 eV from the conduction band of Si. Band‐like stated associated with PD are positioned at ∼0.5 eV and those related to DDs at 0.32–0.36 eV below the conduction band. Properties of DLTS signatures and temperature dependencies for the PL peaks are reported. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Out‐diffusion of nitrogen from float‐zone silicon measured by dislocation locking
Authors: Alpass C. R. , Murphy J. D. , Giannattasio A. , Senkader S. , Falster R. J. , Wilshaw P. R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA measurement of nitrogen out‐diffusion from nitrogen‐doped float‐zone silicon made using a dislocation locking technique is presented. Specimens containing a well‐defined array of dislocation half‐loops are subjected to identical anneals at 750 °C, during which nitrogen diffuses both to the surface and to the dislocations. The specimens are then chemically etched so as to remove different thicknesses of material from the surface. The stress required to move the dislocations away from the nitrogen is then measured. The variation in this unlocking stress with thickness of material removed allows some measure of nitrogen diffusivity to be deduced. The result obtained is consistent with an extrapolation of SIMS out‐diffusion measurements previously performed at higher temperatures, but indicates a different activation energy for out‐diffusion to that associated with dislocation locking by nitrogen. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Cathodoluminescence investigation of stacking faults extension in 4H‐SiC
Authors: Juillaguet S. , Albrecht M. , Camassel J. , Chassagne T. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractWe report the results of a cathodoluminescence (CL) investigation performed on as‐grown stacking faults in a thick, undoped, 4H‐SiC epitaxial layer grown by CVD. To investigate the size and optical signature of the defects we used, first, room‐temperature (RTCL) and then low‐temperature (LTCL) spectroscopy. From RTCL we find that all defects have identical optical properties, with a maximum emission wavelength centered at 480 nm at 300 K. We find also that the defects have a triangular shape, with large extension in the basal plane. This makes them intermediate between the usual (semi‐infinite) quantum wells (QWs) and pure (zero‐dimensional) quantum dots. From a comparison of the LTCL results with a simple computation, we determine the QW thickness and find that all SFs are made of 4 bilayers of 3C‐SiC polytype embedded in the 4H‐SiC matrix. Scanning across one single (isolated) triangular defect, we then find that the maximum signal wavelength shifts, depending on the excitation spot position over the defect. To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the few experimental evidences of a screening of the built‐in electric field when increasing the carrier concentration in a fault. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Airborne observations of the impact of a convective system on the planetary boundary layer thermodynamics and aerosol distribution in the inter‐tropical discontinuity region of the West African Monsoon
Authors: Flamant C. , Chaboureau J.‐P. , Parker D. J. , Taylor C. M. , Cammas J.‐P. , Bock O. , Timouk F. , Pelon J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe impact of a convective system downdraught and associated gravity current on the monsoon and harmattan flow structure as well as on aerosol vertical distribution over the Sahel and the Sahara is investigated using dropsondes and an airborne lidar. Complementary ground‐based and satellite observations, as well as European Centre for Medium‐range Weather Forecasts analyses are also used. The mission was conducted on 5 June 2006, in the framework of the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis Special Observing Period. The targeted area was the Saharan heat low region, and Mali in particular, over which the inter‐tropical discontinuity was strongly perturbed by the convective system. To the north, away from the influence of the gravity current, the atmosphere exhibited a two‐layer structure, with a well mixed 3 km deep internal boundary layer capped by a stable layer 2–2.5 km deep layer referred to as the Saharan aerosol layer (SAL). The aerosol loading in the internal boundary layer (as determined by lidar) was observed to be much less than in the SAL above. Plumes of dust generated by strong low‐level winds west of the Hoggar as observed in Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infra‐Red Imager (SEVIRI) images, and possibly injected in the upper SAL through orographic lifting, contributed to the dust loading of the elevated SAL over much of the domain observed by the lidar. In the northernmost part of the domain investigated, the depth of the SAL top was decreased as the result of subsidence enhanced by the presence of an elevated jet associated with the monsoon trough and/or related to the return circulation of plain‐mountain wind system involving the Atlas range. Associated with the gravity current passing over dust sources, a large aerosol plume was observed by means of lidar measurements and SEVIRI imagery. The plume was seen to reach heights of approximately 3 km above ground level a few tens of kilometres behind the leading edge. Lidar measurements suggest that a fraction of the dust lifted by the gravity current is mixed into the SAL, and in some instances injected above the SAL. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
A strategy for high‐throughput analysis of levosimendan and its metabolites in human plasma samples using sequential negative and positive ionization liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric detection
Authors: Zhang Jun , Gage Eric M. , Ji Qin C. , El‐Shourbagy Tawakol A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractLevosimendan (Simdax®) is an approved drug in approximately 40 countries and currently in phase III clinical studies in the USA and Europe. An accurate, high‐throughput and rugged assay is critical to support these clinical trials. Due to the mechanism of drug metabolism, the drug and its active metabolites often have significant differences in their chemical properties. In order to achieve high assay throughput and low sample volumes, a single bioanalytical assay for the drug and its metabolites is preferred. However, this need may prevent the optimization of both high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometric ionization conditions. The chemical properties of levosimendan are significantly different from those of its two active metabolites, OR‐1855 and OR‐1896. Here, we present a novel strategy for high‐throughput analysis of levosimendan and its metabolites. A 96‐well liquid/liquid extraction procedure was developed for sample preparation. A single liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) system with two separate mobile phases, shared backwash solvent and conditioning solvent, was developed to perform sequential LC separation for levosimendan and the metabolites. Levosimendan was eluted by 5 mM ammonium acetate in 33.3% acetonitrile and detected using negative ionization mode MS/MS monitoring. The metabolites were eluted by 5 mM ammonium acetate and 0.2% acetic acid in 20% acetonitrile and detected with positive ionization mode MS/MS monitoring. The method has been demonstrated to have excellent precision and accuracy, with high assay ruggedness during method validation and clinical sample analysis. The linear dynamic ranges were approximately 200–50 000 pg/mL for levosimendan and approximately 500–130 000 pg/mL for both metabolites. The coefficient of determination (r2) for all analytes was greater than 0.9985. The intra‐assay %CVs for QC samples were from 0.9% to 2.0% for levosimendan, 0.9% to 3.2% for OR‐1855, and 0.4% to 4.9% for OR‐1896. The inter‐assay %CVs for QC samples were from 1.2% to 1.8% for levosimendan, 1.3% to 2.7% for OR‐1855, and 1.4% to 3.4% for OR‐1896. The mean % biases for QC samples were from 1.5% to 5.5% for levosimendan, −1.4% to 2.6% for OR‐1855, and −0.3% to 4.5% for OR‐1896. By using a single extraction approach coupled with sequential LC/MS/MS analysis for levosimendan and its metabolites, the assay maintained high throughput and low sample volume usage. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
l‐2‐Hydroxyglutaric aciduria, a defect of metabolite repair
Authors: Rzem R. , Vincent M.‐F. , Van Schaftingen E. , Veiga‐da‐Cunha M. 
Published: June 2007

Summaryl‐2‐hydroxyglutaric aciduria is a metabolic disorder in which l‐2‐hydroxyglutarate accumulates as a result of a deficiency in FAD‐linked l‐2‐hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase, a mitochondrial enzyme converting l‐2‐hydroxyglutarate to α‐ketoglutarate. The origin of the l‐2‐hydroxyglutarate, which accumulates in this disorder, is presently unknown. The oxidation–reduction potential of the 2‐hydroxyglutarate/α‐ketoglutarate couple is such that l‐2‐hydroxyglutarate could potentially be produced through the reduction of α‐ketoglutarate by a NAD‐ or NADP‐linked oxidoreductase. In fractions of rat liver cytosolic extracts that had been chromatographed on an anion exchanger we detected an enzyme reducing α‐ketoglutarate in the presence of NADH. This enzyme co‐purified with cytosolic l‐malate dehydrogenase (cMDH) upon further chromatography on Blue Sepharose. Mitochondrial fractions also contained an NADH‐linked, ‘α‐ketoglutarate reductase’ which similarly co‐purified with mitochondrial l‐malate dehydrogenase (mMDH). Purified mMDH catalysed the reduction of α‐ketoglutarate to l‐2‐hydroxyglutarate with a catalytic efficiency that was about 107‐fold lower than that observed with oxaloacetate. For the cytosolic enzyme, this ratio amounted to 108, indicating that this enzyme is more specific. Both cMDH and mMDH are highly active in tissues and α‐ketoglutarate is much more abundant than oxaloacetate and more concentrated in mitochondria than in the cytosol. As a result of this, the weak activity of mMDH on α‐ketoglutarate is sufficient to account for the amount of l‐2‐hydroxyglutarate that is excreted by patients deficient in FAD‐linked l‐2‐hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase. The latter enzyme appears, therefore, to be responsible for a ‘metabolite repair’ phenomenon and to belong to the expanding class of ‘house‐cleaning’ enzymes.