bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Survey of micro‐organisms associated with spoilage of cosmetic creams manufactured in South Africa
Authors: ANELICH L.E. , KORSTEN L. 
Published: May 2007

SynopsisTwo studies were conducted to determine the predominant micro‐organisms found in spoiled cosmetic creams manufactured in South Africa. The products evaluated included facial creams and hand and body lotions. Spoiled cosmetic creams were obtained from different manufacturers and analysed microbiologically for the presence of bacteria, yeasts and moulds. The frequency and relative density (percentage) of micro‐organisms isolated from naturally spoiled creams were calculated. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter gergoviae were the most predominant bacteria, whilst Candida parapsilosis and Aspergillus flavus were the most predominant yeast and mould, respectively. Of all the samples examined, approximately two‐thirds (69%) were due to microbial spoilage. This study highlighted the importance of adopting suitable quality control guidelines for the local cosmetics industry, similar to those currently used by international cosmetics manufacturers.
The phase behaviour of polyoxyethylene 10 stearyl ether/geraniol/olive oil/H2O system and preliminary evaluation of fragrance evaporation
Authors: YANG JIANG , RONG GUO , FRIBERG S.E. , AIKENS P.A. 
Published: May 2007

SynopsisThe phase diagram of system polyoxyethylene 10 stearyl ether (Steareth 10)/geraniol/olive oil/H2O was determined using visual observation and low angle X‐ray diffraction. The system formed two isotropic solution phases: water and a geraniol solution of Steareth 10 and water. In addition a lamellar liquid crystal was formed along the water–Steareth 10 axis. It solubilized geraniol and olive oil in different locations within its structure with maximum solubilization depending on the site. Geraniol is only solubilized in the hydrocarbon chain part of the bilayer, while olive oil is solubilized both at that site and between the terminal methyl group layers. The results provided essential information about the behaviour of geraniol during evaporation.
Synthesis and odour properties of floral smelling compounds
Authors: ANSELMI C. , CENTINI M. , SEGA A. , NAPOLITANO E. , PELOSI P. , SCESA C. 
Published: May 2007

SynopsisTo provide further information on the relationships between chemical structure and floral odour, here we report the synthesis and the odour evaluation of some spirane derivatives, designed as conformational models of our previously described floral odorants. One of the new compounds (5‐methyl‐benzo[1,3]dioxole‐2‐spiro‐1‐cyclohexane), in particular, is endowed with a particularly pleasant odour of white flowers, can be easily prepared from commercial products and is more stable than other odorants of the same class; these characteristics make this odorant suitable for being used as an additive in perfumery and cosmetics.
Comparative effectiveness of α‐hydroxy acids on skin properties
Authors: SMITH W.P. 
Published: May 2007

SynopsisA number of α‐hydroxy acids, including glycolic, lactic (l(+) and d(–) forms) citric, hydroxybutyric and malic acids, were evaluated for their effects on various skin properties at concentrations of 0.5–1.15 m. The acids were evaluated for their stinging potential on sensitive skin, the ability to increase skin cell renewal, and their ability to improve moisture content and reduce lines and wrinkles over a six‐week period. Results indicated that lactic l(+) and glycolic were the most effective acids when tested at equimolar concentrations. Both materials were less irritating than the d(–) lactic acid form and the other acids tested. Even though with long‐term use both d(–) and l(+) lactic acid and glycolic acid produced comparative improvements in skin hydration and lines and wrinkle improvement, the l(+) form of lactic acid did so with fewer consumer complaints than any of the other acids tested. When the concentration of lactic and glycolic acids was increased to more than 1.5 m a greater difference in irritation potential was observed with respect to stinging, with the l(+) form of lactic acid being less irritating than glycolic acid and the d(–) form. Our results suggest that l(+) and d(–) lactic acid and glycolic acid are the two most effective materials for developing α‐hydroxy acid products. Lactic acid has a slight technical advantage over glycolic acid. Both l(+) and the d(–) forms are better moisturizers when fully or partially neutralized. Moreover the l(+) form is also less irritating than d(–) and glycolic acid. Other acids such as citric, malic, and hydroxybutyric acids appear to be less effective materials but may be useful additions to lactic or glycolic acid mixes.
Modulation of sebum excretion from the follicular reservoir by a dichlorophenyl‐imidazoldioxolan
Authors: PIERARD G.E. , CAUWENBERGH G. 
Published: May 2007

SynopsisThe dichlorophenyl‐imidazoldioxolan elubiol is used for skin and hair care in subjects with oily skin or dandruff. A study was conducted in 14 men to evaluate by non‐invasive methods the effect of long‐term use of elubiol on the sebum output at the skin surface. Measures were made using the Sebumeter SM810 and Sebutapes. Data show a progressive decrease in skin oiliness at the forehead site treated by elubiol compared to the contralateral control site. The function of the follicular reservoir appears to be affected without significant primary change in the sebaceous gland activity.
Insight into how skin changes perfume
Authors: BEHAN J.M. , MACMASTER A.P. , PERRING K.D. , TUCK K.M. 
Published: May 2007

SynopsisOverall consumer perception of personal products such as colognes, deodorants, talc, and soap is often strongly influenced by the presence and nature of the fragrance incorporated into these products, which is also true for the corresponding olfactory characteristics of skin during and after application. Although extensive research has been carried out to define the morphology and characteristics of living skin, relatively little is known about the physical or (bio)chemical behaviour of perfume once deposited onto skin. It is widely acknowledged that some perfumes may perform very differently on different skins, but little definitive information is available to elucidate the associated mechanism(s). Rationalization of this may necessitate understanding both the physical and the chemical interactions between perfume and skin. To assist studies in this area, techniques based on headspace analysis and solvent swabbing have been developed to monitor fragrance concentrations on and above skin in use. Using these techniques, we have carried out some initial exploration into the physical and chemical interactions between skin and perfume. (a) Physical interactions: differences in perfume behaviour when on skin and when on a relatively inert surface (vitreous tile) were quantified to build up at least a qualitative idea of the importance of physical interactions between skin and perfume. (b) Chemical interactions: the potential for skin‐mediated chemical transformation of perfume was examined across a wide range of functional groups relevant to perfumes, but was found to be low under ‘non‐forcing’conditions (i.e. clean dry skin). However, some evidence has been found for changes in perfume ingredients in the underarm, probably arising from microbially catalysed reactions. It is envisaged that it may be possible to harness such transformations usefully – for example, to deliver unusual fragrance effects or enhance fragrance longevity. In addition, product‐mediated transformation on skin is feasible, and a specific case has been investigated based on the pH sensitivity of citral acetalization.
A new method for skin care product evaluation based on the laser Doppler imaging technique
Authors: ISSACHAR N. , POELMAN M.C. , BRIN A.J. , PERRIN S. 
Published: May 2007

SynopsisLaser Doppler perfusion imaging was used to assess the vasoactive effect of a cosmetic product on a cutaneous inflammation model: erythema induced by methyl nicotinate. Measurements were carried out on ten healthy volunteers after a rest in an environmental controlled room, and trials were performed on the ventral surface of the forearms. Recordings of cutaneous perfusion were made every 10 min after application of the vasodilator. The decrease in the highest value of perfusion on the test site was significantly higher with the cosmetic compared to the control site 30 min after its application. Fifty minutes after application, the difference between the test and control sites was 53%.
The effect of a synthetic ceramide‐2 on transepidermal water loss after stripping or sodium lauryl sulfate treatment: an in vivo study
Authors: LINTNER K. , MONDON P. , GIRARD F. , GIBAUD C. 
Published: May 2007

SynopsisThe integrity of the chemical and physical structure of the horny layer is essential for maintaining the skin in good health. Any disturbance of this integrity may lead to cutaneous reactions of varying degree: dryness, redness, inflammation. The measurement of Transepidermal Water Loss (TEWL) allows one to record this kind of disturbance and to follow the slow return to normal, in this in vivo study two techniques of insulting the epidermis were used: stripping and washing with sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS). A significant increase of TEWL values resulted in both cases. The application of emulsions containing 0.5% and 1% of a synthetic ceramide type‐2 (N‐stearoyl‐DL‐erythro‐sphinganine) decreased the disturbance measured by TEWL, in a significant fashion in both trials. The placebo emulsions showed no significant effect. The ceramide thus seemed to participate in the restructuring of the horny layer.
Utilization of electrochemical silver ions as preservative agent in cosmetic dispersions
Authors: SCALZO M. , CERRETOU F. , ORLANDI C. , SIMONETTI N. 
Published: May 2007

SynopsisThe use of anodic silver ions as preserving agents in cosmetics was tested by a challenge test in a set of cosmetic dispersions with the addition of known preservative inhibitors or micro‐organism growth‐promoters such as humectants, hydrosoluble collagen and vegetable extracts. Silver's microbicidal efficacy, compared to that of imidazolidinyl urea or methyl p‐hydroxybenzoate, showed a more efficient activity especially in the presence of proteinaceous material. This agent may represent a good and safe protection for finished products both in manufacture and during use.
Rural Women, Feminism and the Politics of Identity
Authors: Brandth Berit , Haugen Marit S. 
Published: May 2007

This article focuses on the Norwegian Society of Rural Women (NSRW), the only organization representing rural (farm) women in Norway. Using the magazine for the NSRW members as our main source, we ask how feminist politics and identity have been construed in a rural context. As communicated by the magazine, engagement with women's movement issues such as equal rights has been inconspicuous. Instead, strategies to enhance the value and appreciation of women's traditional areas of operation have been emphasized. Magazine discourses have been concerned with the recognition of women's values and distinctive characteristics, rather than with challenges to the gender regime within agriculture and claims of equality with men. In the 1990s, as farm and rural women have become a heterogenous group, creating a common ground for organizing rural women has become a major challenge.Gegenstand dieses Artikels ist der Norwegische Landfrauenverband (NSRW), der als einzige Organisation die Landfrauen und Bäuerinnen in Norwegen vertritt. Anhand der Verbandszeitschrift als hauptsächlicher Datenquelle fragen wir danach, wie feministische Politik und Identität in einem ländlichen Kontext konstruiert wurden. In der Selbstdarstellung nahm sich das Engagement für Anliegen der Frauenbewegung, wie etwa die Gleichberechtigung, eher zurückhaltend aus. Stattdessen wurden Strategien betont, die den Wert und die Wertschätzung traditioneller Tätigkeitsfelder von Frauen steigern sollen. Die Diskurse in der Zeitschrift drehten sich eher um die Anerkennung weiblicher Werte und differenter Eigenschaften als um die Herausforderungen der Geschlechterhierarchie in der Landwirtschaft und die Forderung nach Gleichstellung mit Männern. Angesichts der in den 90er Jahren zunehmenden Heterogenität unter Landfrauen und Bäuerinnen, wird die Schaffung einer gemeinsamen Basis für die Organisation der Landfrauen eine immer größere Herausforderung.
Towards a Theory of the Dialectic of Local Rural Development within the European Union
Authors: Ray Christopher 
Published: May 2007

The concept of a dialectic is proposed as a contribution to a theory of local (rural) development. The dialectic juxtaposes the rhetoric and acts of identity creation at the level of a local initiative within the agendas of the extra‐local (European) level. By casting the relationship as a dialectic, the mutual dependency is emphasized. The EU LEADER I programme and a case study in the Western Isles, Skye and Lochalsh initiative provide empirical material for the theory.Hier wird der Vorschlag gemacht, das Konzept der Dialektik in die Theorie der lokalen (ländlichen) Entwicklung aufzunehmen. Das dialektische Prinzip stellt Rhetorik und Praxis der Identitätsbildung auf der Ebene einer lokalen Initiative im Rahmen von Programmen einer außerlokalen europäischen Ebene einander gegenüber. Indem die Beziehung dialektisch konzipiert wird, wird auch die gegenseitige Abhängigkeit betont. Das empirische Material zu dieser Theorie stammt aus dem EU Leader I Programm und einer Fallstudie über eine Initiative auf den Western Isles, Skye and Lochalsh.
New Policies and New Skills: Agricultural Change and Technology Transfer
Authors: Winter Michael 
Published: May 2007

This paper examines the case that farmers need new skills and knowledge if environmentally sustainable agriculture is to be achieved. The first part of the paper looks at policy transition in agriculture in England, examining the extent to which agricultural policy is now environmentally driven. Secondly, the nature of knowledge is subject to examination. This section is more speculative and suggestive leading to the third element in this paper—the need to bring farmers back into the analysis. In both policy analysis and the literature of technology transfer there is a danger that farmers are seen merely as passive recipients and not active participants. The importance of farmers’ own knowledge is stressed in a call for fresh research and a fundamental re‐orientation of the current debate on technology transfer in agriculture.In diesem Artikel wird herausgearbeitet, daß Landwirte neue Fähigkeiten und Kenntnisse benötigen, wenn eine ökologisch nachhaltige Landwirtschaft erreicht werden soll. Im ersten Teil des Beitrags wird der Wandel in der Landwirtschaftspolitik in England daraufhin betrachtet, in welchem Ausmaß die Agrarpolitik heute durch Umweltbelange bestimmt wird. Sodann wird die Struktur des Wissens untersucht. Dieser Abschnitt hat eher spekulativen und heuristischen Charakter. Er leitet über zu dem dritten Teil des Artikels, nämlich die Notwendigkeit, Landwirte wider in die Analyse miteinzubeziehen. Sowohl in der politikanalyse als auch in der Literatur zum Technologietransfer besteht die Gefahr, daß Landwirte lediglich als passive Empfänger und nicht als aktive Teilnehmer gesehen werden. Der Bedeutung des Erfahrungswissens der Landwirte wird dadurch Nachdruck verliehen, daß neue Untersuchungen und eine grundlegende Umorientierung in der gegenwärtigen Debatte über den Technologietransfer in der Landwirtschaft eingefordert werden.
Role of Appetite‐Regulating Peptides in Alcohol Craving: An Analysis in Respect to Subtypes and Different Consumption Patterns in Alcoholism
Authors: Hillemacher Thomas , Kraus Thomas , Rauh Johannes , Weiß Julian , Schanze Anja , Frieling Helge , Wilhelm Julia , Heberlein Annemarie , Gröschl Michael , Sperling Wolfgang , Kornhuber Johannes , Bleich Stefan 
Published: May 2007

Background: A role of appetite‐regulating peptides like leptin and ghrelin in the neurobiology of alcohol craving has been proposed by several studies. Aim of this analysis was to search for differences regarding an association between these peptides and alcohol craving with respect to different subtypes and beverage consumption patterns in patients with alcohol dependence.Methods: We analyzed a sample of 188 patients at admission for alcohol detoxification regarding leptin and ghrelin (n=117) serum levels. Craving was measured using the Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale (OCDS). Patients were classified according to Lesch's typology of alcohol dependence and according to their preferred type of alcoholic beverage (beer, wine, spirits).Results: Using general linear models to analyze a possible interaction between subtypes and leptin/ghrelin levels with respect to craving, we found a significant positive association for leptin in patients of Lesch's types 1 and 2, and in patients consuming beer or wine. Ghrelin levels showed a significant trend regarding an association with craving in patients of Lesch's type 1. In the other subgroups we found no significant results.Conclusions: Our findings show that appetite‐regulating peptides may be of special importance regarding alcohol craving in subtypes of patients. This may explicate at least in part previous contradictory findings.
Alcohol Selectively Reduces Brain Activity During the Affective Processing of Negative Information
Authors: Franken Ingmar H.A. , Nijs Ilse M.T. , Muris Peter , Van Strien Jan W. 
Published: May 2007

Background: Although it has frequently been suggested that alcohol influences emotions such as anxiety and fear through the modulation of affective information processing, few studies addressed this topic using objective measures.Objectives: The acute effects of alcohol on affective processing of pictorial stimuli were investigated using electrophysiological measures.Methods: Event‐related brain potentials (ERP) resulting from watching pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral pictures were investigated in a group of participants receiving a beverage containing a moderate dose of alcohol (n=26) and a group of participants receiving a nonalcoholic placebo beverage (n=24). Both early [early posterior negativity (EPN)] and late [late positive potential (LPP)] ERP components were employed as index of emotional processing.Results: The results show that alcohol reduced brain activity during watching unpleasant information in a late stage (700–1000 ms). This suggests that alcohol selectively influences the processing of unpleasant information.Conclusions: The findings are in concordance with theories linking alcohol administration to decreased processing of affective information. The results are discussed in the context of the role of the effect of alcohol on affective information processing, and its relevance to alcoholism.
Peroxidatic activity in heart effluent: a biochemical parameter for the assessment of experimental ischemia‐reperfusion injury
Authors: Leabu M.V. , Bucur Elisa A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPeroxidatic activity in heart effluent was defined as a new biochemical parameter for the experimental study of myocardial ischemia. The peroxidatic reaction was determined by dot blot analysis with 3,3′‐diaminobenzidine as hydrogen donor. After ischemia, the level of peroxidatic activity in heart effluent was 2‐3 times higher than before. The effects in experimental modulation of ischemia, such as nicorandil or aprikalim protection, and the reversibility of protection by glibenclamide, could accurately be noted using the level of peroxidatic activity in heart effluent as a biochemical parameter. The results were in good agreement with those obtained for other enzymes used as biochemical parameters in experimental heart ischemia‐reperfusion studies.
Molecular cloning and three‐dimensional structure prediction of a novel α‐tubulin in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Baleanu‐Gogonea Camelia , Siddiqui S.S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper reports on the isolation of a cDNA clone (tba‐6) encoded by a novel a‐tubulin gene in the nematode C. elegans. The tba‐6 gene is located on chromosome I, that encode a protein of 460 amino acids, as well as the expression of the gene during the development. Here we discuss the structure of the coding region and the regulatory sequences in the promoter region. The comparison of the amino acid sequence of TBA6 with other α‐tubulin isotypes of C. elegans, suggests that these proteins are highly conserved in most of the N‐terminal and intermediate sequence, but they have highly divergent C‐terminal sequences. TBA6 has also high homology with other α‐tubulin families (e.g. human, mouse, Drosophila melangaster). The in situ experiment results suggest that the tba‐6α‐tubulin gene is required during the entire embryonic development, therefore it is required during the early cell division stages. Further, we determined the 3D structure of C. elegans TBA6 α‐tubulin by altering (computationally) the crystal structure of the α‐tubulin (TBA_pig) from porcine α‐β tubulin dimer. We discuss structural conservation and changes in the pattern of interactions between secondary structure elements of TBA_pig and TBA6, respectively.
Early electrocortical changes consistent with ischemic preconditioning in rat
Authors: Zagrean L. , Moldovan M. , Munteanu Ana‐Maria , Spulber St. , Voiculescu B.A. , Popescu B.O. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIschemic preconditioning (IPC) of the brain describes the neuroprotection induced by a short, conditioning ischemic episode (CIE) to a subsequent severe (test) ischemic episode (TIE). Most of the supporting evidence for IPC is based on histological assessment, several days after TIE. The aim of this study is to investigate if changes induced by IPC can be detected within 30 min of reperfusion following the ischemic episode. A rat model of “four‐vessel occlusion” transient global cerebral ischemia and parametric analysis of electrocorticogram were used. A control group was subjected directly to a 10 min TIE, and in a preconditioned group TIE was induced 48 h after a 3 min CIE. Quantitative histology was performed 48 h after TIE. Our key finding is that, 30 min after reperfusion, there is a significant increase in the electrocortical slow activity in the control group but not in the preconditioned group. Moreover the increase inversely correlates with the degree of electrocortical suppression during seconds 10 to 15 after the onset of the ischemic episode.
New molecular mediators in tumor angiogenesis
Authors: Beecken W.‐D. , Kramer W. , Jonas D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAngiogenesis is essential for tumor growth and progression. It has been demonstrated that tumor growth beyond a size 1 to 2 mm3requires the induction of new vessels. Angiogenesis is regulated by several endogenous stimulators and inhibitors of endothelial cell migration, proliferation and tube formation. Under physiological conditions these mediators of endothelial cell growth are in balance and vessel growth is limited. In fact, within the angiogenic balance endothelial cell turnover is sufficient to maintain a functional vascular wall but does not allow vessel growth. Tumor growth an progression has successfully been correlated to the serum concentration of angiogenic mediators. Furthermore, the vascular density of tumor tissues could be correlated to the clinical course of the disease in several tumor entities. Within the last years several new mediators of endothelial cell growth have been isolated e.g. angiopoietin 1, angiopoietin 2, midkine, pleiotropin, leptin and maspin. In this review we discuss the mechanisms leading to tumor angiogenesis and describe some of the newer mediators of endothelial cell stimulation and inhibition.