bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Asymmetric Reduction of 1-Acetoxy-2-alkanones with Bakers’ Yeast: Purification and Characterization of α-Acetoxy Ketone Reductase
Authors: Ishihara Kohji , Nakajima Nobuyoshi , Tsuboi Sadao , Utaka Masanori 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
An α-acetoxy ketone reducing enzyme has been purified and characterized from the cell-free extract of bakers’ yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Only one NADPH-dependent dehydrogenase that catalyzed the reduction of α-acetoxy ketone was found in bakers’ yeast. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be 36 kDa by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme was composed of a single polypeptide chain. The enzyme had reducing activity for both aliphatic and aromatic α-acetoxy ketones, although no reducing activity toward α-chloro ketones and α-hydroxy ketones was found. The enzyme catalyzed the reduction of not only α-acetoxy ketones, but also β-keto esters. Studies on the chromatographic behavior and stereospecificity indicated that the enzyme was identical with one of the β-keto ester reductases purified from bakers’ yeast.
Second-Order Optical Nonlinearities of β-Sulfonylstyrene Derivatives
Authors: Sugiyama Yoshio , Suzuki Yasushi , Mitamura Shuichi , Kawamoto Yugen , Fujita Makoto , Ogura Katsuyuki 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
The second-order optical nonlinearities and transparencies of eight substituted styrenes containing at least one sulfonyl group at the β-position, as the electron-withdrawing group, were examined. Oxidation at a sulfur atom (SMe → SOMe → SO2Me) brings about increases in the β and λmax values.
Magnetic Susceptibilities of Aqueous Solutions of the Copper(II) Compounds with ω-Pyridiniocarboxylate
Authors: Emori Shuji , Date Chikako 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Copper(II) compounds: CuCl2[C5H5NCH2COO]·3H2O, CuCl2[C5H5N(CH2)nCOO]·2H2O (n = 2, 3), and CuCl2[C5H5N(CH2)nCOO]2 (n = 1—3) were prepared. Then they were characterized by means of magnetic susceptibility and IR spectroscopy. The equilibria between mono- and dinuclear species in their aqueous solutions were studied using magnetic susceptibility measurements. The tendency for adopting dinuclear species in water increased in the order: pyridinioacetate &lt; 3-pyridiniopropionate &lt; 4-pyridiniobutyrate.
Inclusion Properties of Acyclic Phenol–Formaldehyde Oligomer Analogs Containing 2,2′-Dihydroxybiphenyl or 2,2′-Dihydroxy-1,1′-binaphthyl Unit
Authors: Sone Tyo , Kobori Yoshitomo , Ando Yuji , Ohba Yoshihiro 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Acyclic phenol–formaldehyde tetramer and hexamer analogs containing 2,2′-dihydroxybiphenyl or 2,2′-dihydroxy-1,1′-binaphthyl unit as a central building block were synthesized. The tetramer analogs preferentially formed crystalline inclusion complexes with aromatic guests as the parent p-t-butylphenol–formaldehyde tetramer; those with the binaphthol unit were superior for complexation.
Evaluating the Impact of Clinical Interventions by PharmD Students on Internal Medicine Clerkships: The Results of a 3 Year Study
Authors: Pham David Q 
Published: August 2006

Background: As the practice of pharmacy evolves, requiring more clinically oriented healthcare providers, PharmD programs expand their training to more hospital sites to expose students to management of a variety of disease states. These hospital sites often require proof of the impact of PharmD students on patient care over an extended period. This is the first long-term (3 year) study reported. Objective: To evaluate the impact of clinical interventions by PharmD students on internal medicine clerkships over a 3 year period at a 627 bed county hospital with 165 general medical/surgical beds and 10 internal medicine teams. Methods: Between January 1, 2003, and December 31, 2005, all pharmacy interventions at Kings County Hospital Center in Brooklyn, NY, were recorded and analyzed for percentage of contribution, acceptance rate, type, frequency, and impact level. Results: PharmD students contributed to 28.8% of all pharmacy interventions made, with an acceptance rate for interventions of 92%. The most frequent types of interventions performed by PharmD students involved providing drug information (46.8%), recommending alternative agents (10.8%), and providing drug indications (10.6%). Overall, 49.5% of PharmD student interventions were categorized as having moderate to high level impact. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that the impact of PharmD students on clinical interventions is significant and improves overall patient care over a long-term period.
Escalator-Related Injuries Among Children in the United States, 1990–2002
Authors: McGeehan Jennifer , Shields Brenda J. , Wilkins J.R. , Ferketich Amy K. , Smith Gary A. 
Published: August 2006

OBJECTIVE. We describe the epidemiology of escalator-related injuries among children 0 to 19 years of age in the United States, with a focus on the pediatric population that is younger than 5 years.
METHODS. We conducted a retrospective analysis of data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System of the US Consumer Product Safety Commission. Reported cases were used to project national estimates and rates of escalator-related injuries in the United States. The analysis included all patients who were 0 to 19 years of age in the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System database and were seen in an emergency department for an escalator-related injury during the 13-year period 1990–2002.
RESULTS. There were an estimated 26000 escalator-related injuries among children who were 0 to 19 years of age in the United States during 1990–2002, yielding an average of 2000 of these injuries annually (rate = 2.6 per 100000 population per year). The mean age was 6.5 years at the time of injury, and 53.4% of the patients were male. When comparing cases by 5-year age groups, children who were younger than 5 years had the highest estimated number of injuries (12000), as well as the highest annual escalator-related injury rate (4.8 per 100000). The most common mechanism of injury for all age groups was a fall, accounting for 13000 (51.0%) injuries. Entrapment accounted for 29.3% of all injuries and 36.5% of injuries among children who were younger than 5 years. Six percent (723) of injuries to children who were younger than 5 years involved a stroller, with most injuries occurring when a child fell out of the stroller while on the escalator. The most common body part injured for all ages was the leg, accounting for 27.7% of all injuries. Among children who were younger than 5 years, the hand was the most common injury site (40.6%), with hand injuries frequently occurring as a result of entrapment (72.4%). A laceration was the most common type of injury, accounting for 47.4% of escalator-related injuries. Amputations and avulsions were uncommon; however, 71.4% (595 of 833) occurred among children who were younger than 5 years.
CONCLUSIONS. There was a disproportionate number of escalator-related injuries among children who were younger than 5 years. Entrapment occurred more frequently among children who were younger than 5 years than in any other age group, which may explain the increased number of hand injuries in this age group. Escalator designs that reduce the gap between the steps and sidewall or shield against access to the gap may decrease entrapment risk. Young children should be supervised properly and should not be transported in a stroller while riding on an escalator. All passengers should use caution and remain alert when riding an escalator to avoid injuries related to falls or entrapment. Additional research is needed to determine the relationship among passenger behavior, escalator design, and escalator-related injury.
Natural History of Brain Lesions in Extremely Preterm Infants Studied With Serial Magnetic Resonance Imaging From Birth and Neurodevelopmental Assessment
Authors: Dyet Leigh E. , Kennea Nigel , Counsell Serena J. , Maalouf Elia F. , Ajayi-Obe Morenike , Duggan Philip J. , Harrison Michael , Allsop Joanna M. , Hajnal Joseph , Herlihy Amy H. , Edwards Bridget , Laroche Sabrina , Cowan Frances M. , Rutherford Mary A. , Edwards A. David 
Published: August 2006

OBJECTIVES. The aim was to survey the range of cerebral injury and abnormalities of cerebral development in infants born between 23 and 30 weeks’ gestation using serial MRI scans of the brain from birth, and to correlate those findings with neurodevelopmental outcome after 18 months corrected age.
METHODS. Between January 1997 and November 2000, consecutive infants born at &lt;30 weeks’ gestational age underwent serial MRI brain scans from birth until term-equivalent age. Infants were monitored after 18 months of age, corrected for prematurity, with the Griffiths Mental Development Scales and neurologic assessment.
RESULTS. A total of 327 MRI scans were obtained from 119 surviving infants born at 23 to 30 weeks of gestation. Four infants had major destructive brain lesions, and tissue loss was seen at term for the 2 survivors. Fifty-one infants had early hemorrhage; 50% of infants with term scans after intraventricular hemorrhage had ventricular dilation. Twenty-six infants had punctate white matter lesions on early scans; these persisted for 33% of infants assessed at term. Early scans showed cerebellar hemorrhagic lesions for 8 infants and basal ganglia abnormalities for 17. At term, 53% of infants without previous hemorrhage had ventricular dilation and 80% of infants had diffuse excessive high signal intensity within the white matter on T2-weighted scans. Complete follow-up data were available for 66% of infants. Adverse outcomes were associated with major destructive lesions, diffuse excessive high signal intensity within the white matter, cerebellar hemorrhage, and ventricular dilation after intraventricular hemorrhage but not with punctate white matter lesions, hemorrhage, or ventricular dilation without intraventricular hemorrhage.
CONCLUSIONS. Diffuse white matter abnormalities and post–hemorrhagic ventricular dilation are common at term and seem to correlate with reduced developmental quotients. Early lesions, except for cerebellar hemorrhage and major destructive lesions, do not show clear relationships with outcomes.
Neonatal State Organization, Neuromaturation, Mother-Infant Interaction, and Cognitive Development in Small-for-Gestational-Age Premature Infants
Authors: Feldman Ruth , Eidelman Arthur I. 
Published: August 2006

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this work was to examine the relations among neuromaturation, mother-infant relationship, and cognitive development in small-for-gestational-age premature infants and to assess the interactive effects of birth weight and intrauterine growth restriction on developmental outcomes.METHODS. We studied 120 singleton premature infants (birth weight: 530–1790 g; gestational age: 25–35 weeks). In group 1, 40 small-for-gestational-age infants (22 girls) were case-matched with group 2 (n = 40) for birth weight (appropriate for gestational age matched for birth weight) and group 3 (n = 40) matched for gestational age (appropriate for gestational age matched for gestational age). Exclusion criteria included intraventricular hemorrhage grade 4, perinatal asphyxia, central nervous system infections, and genetic conditions. Infants were further divided into those born below and above 1000-g subgroups. Neonatal state organization was observed for 4 consecutive hours. Neuromaturation was assessed with the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale. At 3 and 24 months' corrected age, mother-infant interaction was evaluated. At 1 and 2 years' corrected age, the infants' cognitive development was tested with the Bayley Scale of Infant Development, 2nd edition.RESULTS. Small-for-gestational-age infants showed less organized state and less mature neurobehavioral profiles, particularly in the orientation and motor domains. Mother-infant interactions were characterized by maternal intrusiveness and miscoordination and negative infant engagement. Cognitive outcomes at 1 and 2 years were lower for the small-for-gestational-age group. Small-for-gestational-age infants born &lt;1000 g showed the poorest neurodevelopmental, social, and cognitive development of all of the groups. Cognitive outcomes at 2 years were predicted by small-for-gestational-age status, the interaction of actual birth weight and small-for-gestational-age status, neonatal state organization, and maternal intrusive behavior.CONCLUSION. Small-for-gestational-age premature infants are at higher risk for developmental and cognitive delays, as well as difficulties in the mother-infant relationship across infancy. Those born at extremely low birth weight are at a double risk. This group should receive special clinical attention and care.
The Relationship Between Watching Professional Wrestling on Television and Engaging in Date Fighting Among High School Students
Authors: DuRant Robert H. , Champion Heather , Wolfson Mark 
Published: August 2006

CONTEXT. Previous research has found that exposure to violence in the home, community, and electronic media are associated with children's and adolescents' normative expectations concerning the use of violence and with other indicators of the violent behaviors by youth.OBJECTIVE. Our purpose with this study was to examine the relationships between the frequency that high school students reported watching wrestling on television and engaging in date fighting, weapon carrying, and other fighting behaviors.DESIGN. The initial analysis consisted of a cross-sectional study of a simple random sample of high school students, which was followed by a longitudinal analysis of these students over a 6- to 7-month period.SETTING. The setting was all public high schools in 1 city/county system.PARTICIPANTS. We used a simple random sample (N = 2228) of students.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES. The primary outcome variables included the frequency of date fighting during the previous 12 months and alcohol or other drug involvement associated with the last date fight.RESULTS. There were significant correlations between frequency of watching wrestling on television during the previous 2 weeks and engaging in date fighting, fighting in general, and weapon carrying for both males and females, although the relationships were stronger among females than among males. The frequency of watching wrestling was highest among students reporting date fighting when either the victim or perpetrator had been drinking alcohol or using illegal drugs. When analyzed using logistic regression, the strongest relationships were observed between the frequency of watching wrestling and date-fight perpetration among females in cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. These findings persisted after adjusting for multiple other factors.CONCLUSIONS. For males and females, the frequency of watching wrestling was highest among students who fought with their dates when alcohol or other drugs were involved. The association between watching wrestling and date fighting was stronger among females than males. The relationship between watching wrestling on television and being the perpetrator of dating violence was also stronger among females and remained consistent over a 6- to 7-month time period.
Incidence of Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury and Associated Hospital Resource Utilization in the United States
Authors: Schneier Andrew J. , Shields Brenda J. , Hostetler Sarah Grim , Xiang Huiyun , Smith Gary A. 
Published: August 2006

OBJECTIVE. The goal was to examine the influence of sociodemographic characteristics and health care system factors on the utilization of hospital resources by US children ≤17 years of age with a diagnosis of traumatic brain injury.METHODS. A retrospective analysis of data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Kids' Inpatient Database, from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2000, was performed. National estimates of traumatic brain injury-associated hospitalization rates and resource use were calculated with Kids' Inpatient Database sample weighting methods.RESULTS. Of 2516833 encounters between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2000, 25783 cases involved patients ≤17 years of age with a recorded diagnosis of traumatic brain injury. On the basis of these data, there were an estimated 50658 traumatic brain injury-associated hospitalizations among children ≤17 years of age in the United States in 2000. The traumatic brain injury-associated hospitalization rate was 70 cases per 100000 children ≤17 years of age per year; 15- to 17-year-old patients had the highest hospitalization rate (125 cases per 100000 children per year). Pediatric inpatients accrued more than $1 billion in total charges for traumatic brain injury-associated hospitalizations in this study. In the multivariate regression models, older age, Medicaid insurance status, and admission to any type of children's hospital were associated with a longer length of stay for pediatric traumatic brain injury-associated hospitalizations. Older age, longer length of stay, and in-hospital death predicted higher total charges for traumatic brain injury-associated hospitalizations.CONCLUSION. Pediatric traumatic brain injury is a substantial contributor to the health resource burden in the United States, accounting for more than $1 billion in total hospital charges annually.
Family and Physician Influence on Asthma Research Participation Decisions for Adolescents: The Effects of Adolescent Gender and Research Risk
Authors: Brody Janet L. , Scherer David G. , Annett Robert D. , Turner Charles , Dalen Jeanne 
Published: August 2006

OBJECTIVE. There is considerable ethical and legal ambiguity surrounding the role of adolescents in the decision-making process for research participation. Depending on the nature of the study and the regulations involved, adolescents may have independent responsibility for providing informed consent, they may be asked to provide their assent, or they may be completely excluded from the decision-making process. This study examined parent and adolescent perceptions of decision-making authority and sources of influence on adolescent research participation decisions, and examined whether perceptions of influence differed based on adolescent gender and level of research risk.STUDY DESIGN: Adolescents (n = 36) with asthma and their parents reviewed 9 pediatric research protocols, decided whether they would choose to participate, rated the extent they would be responsible for the actual decision, and indicated the ability of family and physician to influence their decisions. Multivariate analyses of variance were used to evaluate differences in perceptions of decision-making authority and sources of influence on the decisions.RESULTS: Adolescents were less willing to cede decision making authority to parents than parents anticipated. Parents and adolescents acknowledged a greater openness to influence from physicians than from family for above minimal risk studies. Parents were more willing to consider opinions from male adolescents.CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents desire responsibility for research participation decisions, though parents may not share these views. Physicians’ views on research participation are important to families, especially for above minimal risk studies. Parents may grant more decision-making autonomy to adolescent males than to females. Researchers, physicians, and institutions play a key role in facilitating the ethical enrollment of adolescents into biomedical research. Educational, policy, and oversight processes that support both adolescent autonomy and parental responsibility for research participation decision-making in biomedical research are discussed.
Asthma Prevalence in Hispanic and Asian American Ethnic Subgroups: Results From the California Healthy Kids Survey
Authors: Davis Adam M. , Kreutzer Richard , Lipsett Michael , King Galatea , Shaikh Nazerah 
Published: August 2006

OBJECTIVES. Asthma prevalence for different ethnic groups in the United States, beyond white, black and Hispanic, is seldom reported. We compared the prevalence of asthma diagnosis among various Hispanic and Asian American ethnic subgroups using data collected from the school-based California Healthy Kids Survey.METHODS. The California Healthy Kids Survey was administered to 462 147 public school students in the seventh, ninth, and 11th grades throughout California during the 2001–2002 and 2002–2003 school years. Prevalence of lifetime asthma diagnosis was calculated for 11 Asian American Pacific Islander subgroups and 8 Hispanic subgroups.RESULTS. Asthma prevalence among Hispanic subgroups ranged from 13.2% for Mexican American students to 22.8% for Puerto Rican students and 23.0% among Cuban American students. Lifetime asthma diagnosis among the 11 Asian American Pacific Islander subgroups ranged from 10.9% among Korean American students to 23.8% among Filipino American students.CONCLUSIONS. The survey revealed substantial variation in asthma prevalence between the different Hispanic and Asian American Pacific Islander subgroups and that Pacific Islanders, Filipinos, Cubans, and Puerto Ricans are at elevated risk for asthma. Differences in the distributions of characteristics related to country of birth, residential history, generational status, and/or degree of acculturation might account for much of the observed differences in asthma prevalence between ethnic subgroups. Previous asthma prevalence estimates for Asians or Hispanics are in part a function of the particular ethnic composition of the population under investigation. We suggest that asthma studies that include a substantial number of Asian Pacific Islander and Hispanic persons use a more detailed categorization of race/ethnicity.
High-Dose Inhaled Fluticasone Does Not Replace Oral Prednisolone in Children With Mild to Moderate Acute Asthma
Authors: Schuh Suzanne , Dick Paul T. , Stephens Derek , Hartley Marlene , Khaikin Svetlana , Rodrigues Lisa , Coates Allan L. 
Published: August 2006

BACKGROUND. Inhaled corticosteroids are not as effective as oral corticosteroids in school-aged children with severe acute asthma. It is uncertain how inhaled corticosteroids compare with oral corticosteroids in mild to moderate exacerbations.PRIMARY OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this work was to determine whether there is a significant difference in the percentage of predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 second in children with mild to moderate acute asthma treated with either inhaled fluticasone or oral prednisolone.METHODS. This was a randomized, double-blind controlled trial conducted between 2001 and 2004 in a tertiary care pediatric emergency department. We studied a convenience sample of 69 previously healthy children 5 to 17 years of age with acute asthma and forced expiratory volume in 1 second at 50% to 79% predicted value; 41 families refused participation. Albuterol was given in the emergency department and salmeterol was given after discharge to all patients, as well as either 2 mg of fluticasone via metered dose inhaler and valved holding chamber in the emergency department plus 500 μg twice daily via Diskus for 10 doses after discharge (fluticasone group, N = 35) or 2 mg/kg of oral prednisolone in the emergency department plus 5 daily doses of 1 mg/kg of prednisolone after discharge (prednisolone group, N = 34). We measured a priori defined absolute change in percent predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 second from baseline to 4 and 48 hours in the 2 groups.RESULTS. At 240 minutes, the forced expiratory volume in 1 second increased by 19.1% ± 12.7% in the fluticasone group and 29.8% ± 15.5% in the prednisolone group. At 48 hours, this difference was no longer significant (estimated difference: 4.0 ± 3.4; P = .14). The relapse rates by 48 hours were 12.5% and 0% in the fluticasone group and prednisolone group, respectively.CONCLUSION. Airway obstruction in children with mild to moderate acute asthma in the emergency department improves faster on oral than inhaled corticosteroids.