bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thinking clearly about biofuels: ending the irrelevant ‘net energy’ debate and developing better performance metrics for alternative fuels
Authors: Dale Bruce E. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractAs the world shifts away from a dependency on petroleum resources it is imperative that clear and accurate perceptions of the value of alternative fuel sources are recognized. The silly “net energy” argument revolving around fuel ethanol offers a textbook example of how not to think about alternative fuels. For over 25 years a small but vocal group of critics has argued that ethanol from corn has a negative net energy. This viewpoint has been widely disseminated and is a major perceived drawback to ethanol. Net energy analysis is simple and has great intuitive appeal. It is also dead wrong and dangerously misleading. If we are to make wise decisions as we embark on this brave new world of alternative fuels, we will need to carefully choose our metrics of comparison. Two complementary metrics suggest themselves. First, alternative fuels (e.g. ethanol) can be rated on their ability to displace petroleum; and second, ethanol could be rated on the total greenhouse gases produced per km driven. These are appropriate metrics, though there is still room for more discussion. Useless, misleading and dangerous metrics such as net energy must be eliminated from our discourse. © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Comparative economics of biorefineries based on the biochemical and thermochemical platforms
Authors: Wright Mark M. , Brown Robert C. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA variety of biochemical and thermochemical technologies have been proposed for the production of biofuels. Meaningful economic comparisons require that they be evaluated on the same bases in terms of technology maturity, plant capacity, the energy content of the fuel, feedstock costs, method of calculating capital charges, and year in which the analysis is assumed. Such an analysis for first‐generation biomass‐to‐biofuels plants reveals that capital costs will be comparable for advanced biochemical and thermochemical biorefineries, costing four to five times as much as comparably sized grain ethanol plants. The cost of advanced biofuels, however, will be similar to that of grain ethanol as corn prices exceed $3.00 per bushel. © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Epigenetic “bivalently marked” process of cancer stem cell‐driven tumorigenesis
Authors: Balch Curt , Nephew Kenneth P. , Huang Tim H.‐M. , Bapat Sharmila A. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractSilencing of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs), by DNA methylation, is well known in adult cancers. However, based on the “stem cell” theory of tumorigenesis, the early epigenetic events arising in malignant precursors remain unknown. A recent report1 demonstrates that, while pluripotent embryonic stem cells lack DNA methylation and possess a “bivalent” pattern of activating and repressive histone marks in numerous TSGs, analogous multipotent malignant cells derived from germ cell tumors (embryonic carcinoma cells) gain additional silencing modifications to those same genes. These results suggest a possible mechanism by which aberrant differentiation, mediated by histone and DNA methylation, instigates tumor progression. BioEssays 29:842–845, 2007. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Breaking the silence: three bHLH proteins direct cell‐fate decisions during stomatal development
Authors: Pillitteri Lynn Jo , Torii Keiko U. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractStomata are microscopic pores on the surface of land plants used for gas and water vapor exchange. A pair of highly specialized guard cells surround the pore and adjust pore size. Studies in Arabidopsis have revealed that cell–cell communication is essential to coordinate the asymmetric cell divisions required for proper stomatal patterning. Initial research in this area identified signaling molecules that negatively regulate stomatal differentiation. However, genes promoting cell‐fate transition leading to mature guard cells remained elusive. Now, three closely related basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) proteins, SPEECHLESS, MUTE and FAMA have been identified as positive regulators that direct three consecutive cell‐fate decisions during stomatal development. The identification of these genes opens a new direction to investigate the evolution of stomatal development and the conserved functions of bHLH proteins in cell type differentiation adopted by plants and animals. BioEssays 29:861–870, 2007. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Replacing animal experiments: choices, chances and challenges
Authors: Langley Gill , Evans Tom , Holgate Stephen T. , Jones Anthony 
Published: August 2007

AbstractReplacing animal procedures with methods such as cells and tissues in vitro, volunteer studies, physicochemical techniques and computer modelling, is driven by legislative, scientific and moral imperatives. Non‐animal approaches are now considered as advanced methods that can overcome many of the limitations of animal experiments. In testing medicines and chemicals, in vitro assays have spared hundreds of thousands of animals. In contrast, academic animal use continues to rise and the concept of replacement seems less well accepted in university research. Even so, some animal procedures have been replaced in neurological, reproductive and dentistry research and progress is being made in fields such as respiratory illnesses, pain and sepsis. Systematic reviews of the transferability of animal data to the clinical setting may encourage a fresh look for novel non‐animal methods and, as mainstream funding becomes available, more advances in replacement are expected. BioEssays 29:918–926, 2007. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Getting a first clue about SPRED functions
Authors: Bundschu Karin , Walter Ulrich , Schuh Kai 
Published: August 2007

AbstractSpreds form a new protein family with an N‐terminal Enabled/VASP homology 1 domain (EVH1), a central c‐Kit binding domain (KBD) and a C‐terminal Sprouty‐related domain (SPR). They are able to inhibit the Ras–ERK signalling pathway after various mitogenic stimulations. In mice, Spred proteins are identified as regulators of bone morphogenesis, hematopoietic processes, allergen‐induced airway eosinophilia and hyperresponsiveness. They inhibit cell motility and metastasis and have a high potential as tumor markers and suppressors of carcinogenesis. Moreover, in vertebrates, XtSpreds help together with XtSprouty proteins to coordinate gastrulation and mesoderm specification. Here, we give an overview of this new field and summarize the domain functions, binding partners, expression patterns and the cellular localizations, regulations and functions of Spred proteins and try to give perspectives for future scientific directions. BioEssays 29:897–907, 2007. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Biomedical research funding: when the game gets tough, winners start to play
Authors: Ascoli Giorgio A. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractExtramural funding provides major support for biomedical research in academia, and National Institutes of Health (NIH) grants often constitute direct evaluation criteria for promotions and tenure. Therefore, NIH budget trends influence long‐term scientific strategies and career decisions, as well as the progress of science itself. Our analysis of the last 37 years of NIH awards, however, reveals that the success rate of grant applications submitted for funding is negatively related to the total yearly amount of (inflation‐adjusted) NIH extramural expenditure. Instead, as might be expected, the ratio between available funding and the number of submission directly predicts the probability of winning support in any given year. We purport that the considerable success rate variability can be parsimoniously explained by a proportional but delayed reaction of the number of applications to budget fluctuations. As a counterintuitive consequence, grant proposals conceived during lean periods might stand the best chance of success. BioEssays 29:933–936, 2007. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mitochondria and ageing: winning and losing in the numbers game
Authors: Passos João F. , von Zglinicki Thomas , Kirkwood Thomas B.L. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractMitochondrial dysfunction has long been considered a key mechanism in the ageing process but surprisingly little attention has been paid to the impact of mitochondrial number or density within cells. Recent reports suggest a positive association between mitochondrial density, energy homeostasis and longevity. However, mitochondrial number also determines the number of sites generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and we suggest that the links between mitochondrial density and ageing are more complex, potentially acting in both directions. The idea that increased density, especially when combined with mitochondrial dysfunction, might accelerate ageing is supported by a negative correlation between mitochondrial density and maximum longevity in an interspecies comparison in mammals, and by evidence for an intimate interconnection between cellular ROS levels, mitochondrial density and cellular ageing. Recent data suggest that retrograde response, which activates mitochondrial biogenesis, accompanies cellular ageing processes. We hypothesise that increased mitochondrial biogenesis, and possibly also impaired degradation and segregation of mitochondria, if occurring as adaptation to pre‐existing mitochondrial dysfunction, might aggravate ROS production and thus actively contribute to ageing. BioEssays 29:908–917, 2007. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Safer recruitment? Protecting children, improving practice in residential child care
Authors: Kay Helen , Kendrick Andrew , Stevens Irene , Davidson Jennifer 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIn the wake of a number of high‐profile cases of the abuse of children and young people in residential child care, there have been repeated calls for the improvement of recruitment and selection of residential child care staff. This paper describes the findings from a survey, undertaken in 2005, of operational and human resource managers who have responsibility for the recruitment and selection of residential child care staff in the voluntary and statutory sectors in Scotland. This research was commissioned by the Scottish Executive to identify which elements of safer recruitment procedures had been implemented following the countrywide launch of a Toolkit for Safer Recruitment Practice in 2001. Research findings show that although local authorities were more likely than voluntary organisations to have gone some way toward implementing safer recruitment procedures, the recruitment process lacked rigour and commitment to safer procedures in some organisations. The article discusses the current barriers to the introduction of safer recruitment methods and proposes some possible solutions for the future. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dealing with a problem that doesn't exist? Professional responses to female perpetrated child sexual abuse
Authors: Bunting Lisa 
Published: August 2007

AbstractFemale involvement in sexual offences against children is more common than is generally thought and has serious implications for the long‐term emotional and psychological well‐being of victims. Drawing on findings from: a comprehensive review of the literature; an overview of relevant literature and legislation; and an electronic survey of Multi‐Agency Public Protection Panels; this paper explores the criminal justice response to female sex offending in England, Wales and Northern Ireland.The literature highlights that the way in which professionals identify and respond to child sexual abuse has been shown to be influenced by the gender of the perpetrator. Equally, whilst similar to male sex offending in terms of the intrusiveness and seriousness of the abuse, some aspects of female sex offending can cause particular problems for professionals. The fact that some sexual abuse can be disguised as childcare can make it difficult for professionals to identify this type of abuse whilst high rates of co‐offending bring additional difficulties in determining the degree of female involvement and assigning responsibility. The survey findings indicate that risk assessment tools for female sex offenders is a key area requiring development and point towards small inconsistencies in the current practice of risk assessing females in the community. The survey also identifies the lack of treatment programmes for this group of offenders as well as drawing attention to the need for national policies and procedures, staff training and the identification of areas of good practice. Increased discussion and debate about how best to work with this group of sex offenders is also required. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Serious business or ‘any other business’? Safeguarding and child protection policy in british rugby league
Authors: Hartill Mike , Prescott Philip 
Published: August 2007

AbstractState‐funded national governing bodies of sports in the UK now have a mandate to produce, disseminate and embed child protection policies. This warrants an analysis of the impact of such policies, particularly in the context of reaching their target audience and having some early influence on the practice of sports clubs' members in their dealings with children. The authors are undertaking a large research project, which aims to fully evaluate the UK Rugby League's child protection policy. This paper reports findings from an evaluation of the initial implementation of the policy and explores its presentation, delivery and impact within UK rugby league clubs. We argue that the Rugby League should be commended for its initial approach to child protection policy and make specific recommendations to enhance this long‐term project. We conclude that if a broader community of interest concerns itself with the safeguarding of children there is likely to be a greater impact on a social problem of this kind. Sport can have a key role to play in this community because it reaches so many people.
Generation, modeling, and analysis of CCII‐based gyrators using the generalized symbolic framework for linear active circuits
Authors: Saad Ramy A. , Soliman Ahmed M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIn this paper, CCII‐based gyrators are synthesized, modeled, and analyzed using the generalized symbolic framework for linear active circuits. The systematic synthesis method using admittance matrix expansion, included in the framework, is applied to generate optimized nullor–mirror descriptions for the gyrator. The resulting CCII‐based circuit representations for the gyrators, obtained from mapping nullor–mirror pairs in the ideal realizations with equivalent second‐generation current conveyors (CCIIs), can be classified into two topologies according to the type of the CCII terminals handling the gyrator input and output signals. In topology I, the gyrator input and output terminals are CCIIsY–Z‐terminals, whereas in topology II, the gyrator input and output terminals are CCIIsX‐terminals. The parasitic components within the synthesized circuits, associated with the actual CCIIs, are modeled and included in their expanded admittance matrices. Exact non‐ideal analysis for two circuits belonging to the two topologies, involving the reduction of their expanded admittance matrices to port admittance matrices, is then carried out to investigate the practical functional performance for these circuits at their ports. The non‐ideal performance analysis based on the CCII actual parasitic elements indicates that, from a practical perspective, the CCII‐based gyrator circuits belonging to topology I are more efficient and suitable for the gyrator applications than those belonging to topology II in terms of bandwidth and operation at high frequencies. SPICE simulations are included to demonstrate the analytical results for the comparison between the practical performances of the two circuit topologies. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimating CLV using aggregated data: The Tuscan Lifestyles case revisited
Authors: Fader Peter S. , Hardie Bruce G.S. , Jerath Kinshuk 
Published: August 2007

The Tuscan Lifestyles case (Mason, 2003) offers a simple twist on the standard view of how to value a newly acquired customer, highlighting how standard retention-based approaches to the calculation of expected customer lifetime value (CLV) are not applicable in a noncontractual setting. Using the data presented in the case (a series of annual histograms showing the aggregate distribution of purchases for two different cohorts of customers newly “acquired” by a catalog marketer), it is a simple exercise to compute an estimate of “expected 5 year CLV.” If we wish to arrive at an estimate of CLV that includes the customer's “life” beyond five years or are interested in, say, sorting out the purchasing process (while “alive”) from the attrition process, we need to use a formal model of buying behavior that can be applied on such coarse data. To tackle this problem, we utilize the Pareto/NBD model developed by Schmittlein, Morrison, and Colombo (1987). However, existing analytical results do not allow us to estimate the model parameters using the data summaries presented in the case. We therefore derive an expression that enables us to do this. The resulting parameter estimates and subsequent calculations offer useful insights that could not have been obtained without the formal model. For instance, we were able to decompose the lifetime value into four factors, namely purchasing while active, dropout, surge in sales in the first year and monetary value of the average purchase. We observed a kind of “triple jeopardy” in that the more valuable cohort proved to be better on the three most critical factors.
Monitoring Notch1 activity in development: Evidence for a feedback regulatory loop
Authors: Del Monte Gonzalo , Grego‐Bessa Joaquím , González‐Rajal Alvaro , Bolós Victoria , De La Pompa José Luis 
Published: August 2007

AbstractSignaling through Notch receptors, which regulate cell fate decisions and embryonic patterning, requires ligand‐induced receptor cleavage to generate the signaling active Notch intracellular domain (NICD). Here, we show an analysis at specific developmental stages of the distribution of active mouse Notch1. We use an antibody that recognizes N1ICD, and a highly sensitive staining technique. The earliest N1ICD expression was observed in the mesoderm and developing heart, where we detected expression in nascent endocardium, presumptive cardiac valves, and ventricular and atrial endocardium. During segmentation, N1ICD was restricted to the presomitic mesoderm. N1ICD expression was also evident in arterial endothelium, and in kidney and endodermal derivatives such as pancreas and thymus. Ectodermal N1ICD expression was found in central nervous system and sensory placodes. We found that Notch1 transcription and activity was severely reduced in zebrafish and mouse Notch pathway mutants, suggesting that vertebrate Notch1 expression is regulated by a positive feedback loop. Developmental Dynamics 236:2594–2614, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Four twist genes in zebrafish, four expression patterns
Authors: Germanguz Igal , Lev Dmitri , Waisman Tal , Kim Cheol‐Hee , Gitelman Inna 
Published: August 2007

AbstractTwist genes code for regulatory bHLH proteins essential for embryonic development and conserved across the metazoa. There are four genes that constitute the zebrafish twist family: twist1a, twist1b, twist2, orthologs of the mammalian twist1 and twist2 genes; and twist3—a gene from a new clade that does not exist in mammals. Presented here are their embryonic mRNA expression profiles. The study extends the known conservation of twist developmental patterns in tetrapods to the fish, e.g., expression in cephalic neural crest, sclerotome and lateral plate mesoderm. Some other expression domains are unique, like hypochord and dorsal aorta; some, like the notochord, may be ancestral patterns retained from protochordates; and the expression in invaginating/migrating cells may have been retained from the jellyfish. Perhaps this is one of the more ancient functions of twist—conserved from diploblasts to humans—to facilitate cell movement. Developmental Dynamics 236:2615–2626, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of zebrafish ROR alpha gene in cerebellar‐like structures
Authors: Katsuyama Yu , Oomiya Yoshihiro , Dekimoto Hideyuki , Motooka Eriko , Takano Ai , Kikkawa Satoshi , Hibi Masahiko , Terashima Toshio 
Published: August 2007

AbstractMouse genetic studies have identified several genes involved in cerebellar development. The mouse mutants staggerer and lurcher are functionally deficient for the retinoid‐related orphan receptor alpha (ROR alpha) and glutamate receptor delta2 (Grid2) genes, respectively, and they show similar functional and developmental abnormalities in the cerebellum. Here, we report the cloning and expression pattern of zebrafish ROR alpha orthologues rora1 and rora2, and compare their expression pattern with that of grid2. Expression of rora1 and rora2 is initiated at late gastrula and pharyngula stages, respectively. Both rora1 and rora2 are spatially expressed in the retina and tectum. Expression of rora2 was further observed in the cerebellum, as reported for mammalian ROR alpha. In the adult brain, rora2 and grid2 are coexpressed in brain regions, designated as cerebellar‐like structures. These observations suggest an evolutionarily conserved function of ROR alpha orthologues in the vertebrate brain. Developmental Dynamics 236:2694–2701, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dynamic Sox5 protein expression during cranial ganglia development
Authors: Morales Aixa V. , Perez‐Alcala Siro , Barbas Julio A. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractSox5 is a member of the SoxD group of HMG‐box transcription factors that, during the early stages of development, promotes neural crest generation. However, little is known about Sox5 function in neural crest derivatives such as the peripheral sensory nervous system. We have analysed the embryonic expression of Sox5 during chick cranial ganglia development, from the stages of ganglia condensation to those of differentiation. During this period, Sox5 expression is maintained in the crest‐derived satellite glial cells in all the cranial ganglia. In contrast, Sox5 is only transiently expressed in a subpopulation of differentiating neurons of both neural crest and placode origin. This detailed analysis provides a good base to dissect the possible role of Sox5 in neural cell fate determination by future functional approaches. Developmental Dynamics 236:2702–2707, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Selective expression of LDLR and VLDLR in myelinating oligodendrocytes
Authors: Zhao Shufang , Hu Xuemei , Park Jinsil , Zhu Ying , Zhu Qiang , Li Hong , Luo Chen , Han Ruifa , Cooper Nigel , Qiu Mengsheng 
Published: August 2007

AbstractOligodendrocytes form myelin sheaths around axons in the central nervous system. Although cholesterol is one of the major lipid components in myelin sheath, the source of cholesterol for myelination remains to be defined. In this study, we report that low‐density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and very low‐density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) are selectively expressed in mature myelinating oligodendrocytes in the postnatal CNS. Both receptors are specifically expressed in differentiated oligodendrocytes in P7 spinal cord, but progressively down‐regulated after P15. In adult animals, only LDLR expression can be detected in a small number of oligodendrocytes throughout the entire spinal cord. In the brain region, LDLR is expressed by the white matter oligodendrocytes of both cerebellum and cerebral cortex, whereas VLDLR has a weak expression in cerebellar oligodendrocytes. Together, our expression studies suggest that cholesterol uptake by LDLR and VLDLR may play an important role in the formation of myelin sheath. Developmental Dynamics 236:2708–2712, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.