bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developmental changes in the ultrastructure of the lamprey lateral line nerve during metamorphosis
Authors: Gelman S. , Cohen A.H. , Sanovich E. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe ultrastructure of the trunk lateral line nerve of larval and adult lampreys was studied with transmission electron microscopy. We confirmed that lampreys' lateral line nerve lacks myelin. Nevertheless, all axons were wrapped by Schwann cell processes. In the larval nerve, gaps between Schwann cells were observed, where the axolemma was covered only by a basal lamina, indicating an earlier developmental stage. In the adult nerve, glial (Schwann cell) ensheathment was mostly complete. Additionally, we observed variable ratios of axons to Schwann cells in larval and adult preparations. In the larval nerve, smaller axons were wrapped by one Schwann cell. Occasionally, a single Schwann cell surrounded two axons. Larger axons were associated with two to five Schwann cells. In the adult nerve, smaller axons were surrounded by one, but larger axons by three to eight Schwann cells. The larval epineurium contained large adipose cells, separated from each other by single fibroblast processes. This layer of adipose tissue was reduced in adult preparation. The larval perineurium was thin, and the fibroblasts, containing large amounts of glycogen granules, were arranged loosely. The adult perineurium was thicker, consisting of at least three layers of fibroblasts separated by collagen fibrils. The larval and adult endoneurium contained collagen fibrils oriented orthogonally to each other. Both larval and adult lateral line nerves possessed a number of putative fascicles weakly defined by a thin layer of perineurial fibroblasts. These results indicate that after a prolonged larval stage, the lamprey lateral line nerve is subjected to additional maturation processes during metamorphosis. J. Morphol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of parity on pelvic size and shape dimorphism in Mus
Authors: Schutz Heidi , Donovan Edward Robert , Hayes Jack P. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe pelvis is a sexually dimorphic structure and although the causes of that dimorphism have long been studied, relatively little is known regarding the effects of partuitive events on the magnitude of that dimorphism. Here, we use a sample of Mus musculus domesticus to contrast dimorphism in body length and os coxae size and shape between males and parous and nulliparous females. We also test for correlations between relative litter size (L/M) and relative offspring size (O/M) with body length and os coxae size and shape in parous females. Males had greater body length than nulliparous females but were not different from parous females. Females as a whole had the largest os coxae, with parous females having the largest and males the smallest. Os coxae shape was also significantly different between groups and was most divergent between parous females and males than between nulliparous females and males. Os coxae shape differences between females are associated with differences in body length between females and O/M is correlated with os coxae shape in parous females such that females with the largest offspring have the most divergent shapes along the relative warp one axis. Pelvic shape differences between males and females were consistent with previous findings in other taxa which identify the pubo‐ischial complex as the primary region of dimorphism. J. Morphol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of multiple chondroitinase ABC applications on tissue engineered articular cartilage
Authors: Natoli Roman M. , Responte Donald J. , Lu Benjamin Y. , Athanasiou Kyriacos A. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIncreasing tensile properties and collagen content is a recognized need in articular cartilage tissue engineering. This study tested the hypothesis that multiple applications of chondroitinase ABC (C‐ABC), a glycosaminoglycan (GAG) degrading enzyme, could increase construct tensile properties in a scaffold‐less approach for articular cartilage tissue engineering. Developing constructs were treated with C‐ABC at 2 weeks, 4 weeks, or both 2 and 4 weeks. At 4 and 6 weeks, construct sulfated GAG composition, collagen composition, and compressive and tensile biomechanical properties were assessed, along with immunohistochemistry (IHC) for collagens type I, II, and VI, and the proteoglycan decorin. At 6 weeks, the tensile modulus and ultimate tensile strength of the group treated at both 2 and 4 weeks were significantly increased over controls by 78% and 64%, reaching values of 3.4 and 1.4 MPa, respectively. Collagen concentration also increased 43%. Further, groups treated at either 2 weeks or 4 weeks alone also had increased tensile stiffness compared to controls. Surprisingly, though GAG was depleted in the treated groups, by 6 weeks there were no significant differences in compressive stiffness. IHC showed abundant collagen type II and VI in all groups, with no collagen type I. Further, decorin staining was reduced following C‐ABC treatment, but returned during subsequent culture. The results support the use of C‐ABC in cartilage tissue engineering for increasing tensile properties. © 2009 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27: 949–956, 2009
Hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma in the elderly
Authors: Kaibori Masaki , Matsui Kosuke , Ishizaki Morihiko , Saito Takamichi , Kitade Hiroaki , Matsui Yoichi , Kwon A‐Hon 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesAging of the population has significantly increased the number of elderly patients undergoing surgery for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We aimed to compare the results of hepatectomy for HCC in patients ≥70 years old with those for younger patients.MethodsClinicopathological data and outcomes for 155 elderly patients and 333 younger patients with HCC who underwent hepatectomy between 1992 and 2007 were retrospectively compared.ResultsThe elderly group had a higher incidence of associated diseases, but had better preoperative liver function. Although postoperative delirium was more common in the elderly group, there were no significant differences between the two groups with regard to operative morbidity, hospital death, disease‐free survival, and overall survival. The overall recurrence rate was significantly higher in the elderly patients with alcohol abuse than in younger patients with alcohol abuse. Multivariate analysis revealed that preoperative alcohol abuse was a prognostic factor for elderly patients.ConclusionsThe short‐term and long‐term outcomes of surgery for HCC were similar in elderly and younger patients. Elderly patients with preoperative alcohol abuse should be followed closely, even after R0 surgery, because alcohol abuse is strongly correlated with postoperative recurrence and worse survival. J. Surg. Oncol. 2009;99: 154–160. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Simultaneous separation of anionic, cationic, and neutral components in capillary liquid chromatography using mixed‐bed column of hydrophilic and anion‐exchange stationary phases
Authors: Igawa Naoki , Kitagawa Shinya , Ohtani Hajime 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA simultaneous separation of anionic, cationic, and neutral compounds was carried out in capillary LC using a mixed‐bed column of zwitterionic hydrophilic and anion‐exchange stationary phases. The combination in stationary phases was suitable to retain anionic, cationic, and neutral analytes. The retentions of anionic compounds were suppressed with the increase in the buffer concentration in the mobile phase whereas those for the cationic and neutral compounds were almost constant, i.e., the anionic analytes were mainly retained by anion‐exchange mode and the other compounds by the hydrophilic interaction. Both hydrophilic and electrostatic retentions were successfully controlled by the ACN content in the mobile phase. The gradient elution of increasing water content in the mobile phase achieved good separation for eight compounds found in metabolome analysis within 6 min. Both intra‐ (n = 7) and inter‐day (n = 3) precisions (%RSD) of elution time for every eight compounds were less than 3 and 5%, respectively.
Non‐electromagnetically induced transparency mechanisms for slow light
Authors: Agarwal G.S. , Dey T.N. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWe show how the pump‐induced sharp holes in homogeneously or inhomogeneously broadened absorption line shapes can be used for the production of ultra‐slow light. We present a detailed discussion of underlying concepts and results on the pump power dependences of the group index and the bandwidth–delay product. Further, we discuss experimental results, which are in agreement with theoretical predictions.
Photoswitches: Key molecules for subdiffraction‐resolution fluorescence imaging and molecular quantification
Authors: Heilemann M. , Dedecker P. , Hofkens J. , Sauer M. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractOptical microscopes, often referred to as ‘light microscopes’, use visible light and a system of lenses to provide us with magnified images of small samples. Combined with highly sensitive fluorescence detection techniques and efficient fluorescent probes they allow the non‐invasive 3D study of subcellular structures even in living cells or tissue. However, optical microscopes are subject to the diffraction barrier of light which imposes an optical resolution limit of approximately 200 nm in the imaging plane. In the recent past new techniques emerged that break the diffraction barrier and enable structural investigations with so far unmatched resolution. They are all based on the selective switching of fluorophores between a fluorescent and a nonfluorescent state and are therefore generalized under the denotation “Photoswitching Microscopy”. Here we review recent progress in subdiffraction‐resolution fluorescence imaging microscopy using various photoswitchable fluorophores and strategies. Special emphasis will be placed on the design and development of photoswitches and the requirements photoswitches have to fulfill for successful use in photoswitching microscopy. Moreover, we demonstrate how photoswitches can be used advantageously for molecular quantification, i.e. the determination of densities and absolute numbers of proteins located in specific subcellular compartments and discuss concepts how standard organic fluorophores can be used successfully for photoswitching microscopy.
Spindle misorientation in tumors from APCmin/+ mice
Authors: Fleming Elizabeth S. , Temchin Maura , Wu Qian , Maggio‐Price Lillian , Tirnauer Jennifer S. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumor suppressor gene is mutated in the majority of colon cancers, and its mutation may initiate cancer by multiple mechanisms. Recently, abnormal mitotic spindle orientation was shown in normal‐appearing tissues from mice heterozygous for APC mutation. To determine the effect of APC mutation on spindle orientation in tumors, and to better understand its mechanism, we measured mitotic spindle orientation in intestinal tumors from APC mutant mice, with three‐dimensionally reconstructed confocal stacks of microtubule immunofluorescence images. We found spindle angles were increased in crypts heterozygous for the APCmin mutation, and further increased in tumors. Astral microtubules of these spindles were clearly evident, suggesting astral microtubule loss is not a major mechanism of spindle misorientation in intestinal cells lacking wild‐type APC. β‐Catenin staining was markedly abnormal in crypts and tumors from the mutant mice, suggesting a possible role in spindle orientation. Spindle angles in colon tumors with wild‐type APC were equivalent to those in wild‐type mice, showing that spindle misorientation is specific to APC mutation and not a general feature of tumors. We suggest spindle misorientation may contribute to the loss of normal tissue organization during tumor formation and could offer new insights into early carcinogenic events. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Models for chromosomal replication‐independent non‐B DNA structure‐induced genetic instability
Authors: Wang Guliang , Vasquez Karen M. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractRegions of genomic DNA containing repetitive nucleotide sequences can adopt a number of different structures in addition to the canonical B‐DNA form: many of these non‐B DNA structures are causative factors in genetic instability and human disease. Although chromosomal DNA replication through such repetitive sequences has been considered a major cause of non‐B form DNA structure‐induced genetic instability, it is also observed in non‐proliferative tissues. In this review, we discuss putative mechanisms responsible for the mutagenesis induced by non‐B DNA structures in the absence of chromosomal DNA replication. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reprogramming of the transcriptome in a novel chromosome 3 transfer tumor suppressor ovarian cancer cell line model affected molecular networks that are characteristic of ovarian cancer
Authors: Quinn Michael C.J. , Filali‐Mouhim Abdelali , Provencher Diane M. , Mes‐Masson Anne‐Marie , Tonin Patricia N. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractTumor suppression as a consequence of the transfer of chromosome 3p fragments was previously observed in a novel epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) OV‐90 cell line model harboring loss of 3p. Microarray analysis revealed that tumor suppression was associated with a modified transcriptome. To investigate the relevance of the altered transcriptome, the differentially expressed genes identified by Affymetrix analysis in the 3p transfer studies, were integrated with a comparative microarray analysis of normal ovarian surface epithelial (NOSE) cells and malignant ovarian (TOV) cancers. Data from 219 significantly differentially expressed genes exhibited patterns in the direction predicted by the analysis of 3p transfer study. The 30 genes with the highest statistically significant differences (P < 1 × 10−8) in expression were found consistently differentially expressed between NOSE and TOV samples. The investigation of these genes in benign serous ovarian tumors and EOC cell lines also exhibited predictable expression patterns. Within the group of differentially expressed genes were SPARC, DAB2, CP, EVI1, ELF3, and EHD2, known to play a role in ovarian cancer, genes implicated in other cancers, such as GREM1 and GLIPR1, as well as genes not previously reported in a cancer context such as AKAP2 and ATAD4. A number of the differentially expressed genes are implicated in the TGF‐beta signaling pathway. These findings suggest that the reprogramming of the transcriptome that occurred as a consequence of the chromosome 3 transfer and tumor suppression affected molecular networks that are characteristic of ovarian carcinogenesis thus validating our novel ovarian cancer cell line model. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Academic entrepreneurship
Authors: Lacetera Nicola 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis paper proposes a model of the choice to commercialize research, of the amount and type of pre‐commercial research to perform, and of the timing of commercialization by an academic scientist, and analyzes the returns and costs of these choices. The behavior and performance of the academic scientist is compared with that of an industrial researcher. Unlike the industrial researcher, the academic scientist receives direct benefit from performing research, e.g. in the form of publication and peer recognition. However, the type of research that is more effective in reducing commercialization costs may not be the one generating the highest scientific benefit. It is shown that, while in some cases the academic scientist is more reluctant to commercialize research, in other cases she may commercialize faster than a solely profit‐seeking agent would—and perform less research. Academic and non‐academic scientists also select different projects, and this may explain the good performance of academic entrepreneurs found in several empirical studies. The model offers a unified framework to interpret the mixed evidence on the success of, and the arguments in favor and against, the involvement of universities into commercial activities. Managerial and public policy implications are also examined. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Examination of the Lille Apathy Rating Scale in Parkinson disease
Authors: Zahodne Laura B. , Young Shamar , Kirsch‐Darrow Lindsey , Nisenzon Anne , Fernandez Hubert H. , Okun Michael S. , Bowers Dawn 
Published: January 2009

AbstractApathy is a unique, multidimensional syndrome commonly encountered in patients with Parkinson disease (PD). Recently, the Lille Apathy Rating Scale (LARS), a semistructured interview yielding a global score, and composite subscores for different domains of apathy (i.e., cognitive, behavioral, affective, self awareness), was developed and given to a sample of patients with PD in France. This study is the first outside of its original developers to examine the English language version of the LARS in PD. We found the LARS to be a coherent instrument demonstrating both convergent and divergent validity, as compared to the Apathy Scale (AS) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI‐II). Using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis comparing the LARS to the AS, a validated and widely‐used measure, we identified a cut‐off score (sensitivity = 64%, specificity = 92%, PPV = 88%, NPV = 75%) that was higher than that proposed by the original authors, who derived their cut‐off by comparing LARS global scores to clinical judgments of apathy. Although the present study does not compare the LARS to a diagnostic gold standard or promote its utility for diagnosing apathy, it provides further support for the LARS as a promising instrument to examine apathy in PD. © 2009 Movement Disorder Society
Traditional Chinese medicine on four patients with Huntington's disease
Authors: Satoh Takashi , Takahashi Toshiyuki , Iwasaki Koh , Tago Hideaki , Seki Takashi , Yaegashi Nobuo , Tobita Muneshige , Arai Hiroyuki 
Published: January 2009

AbstractFour Huntington's disease (HD) patients were treated with traditional Chinese medicines Yi‐Gan San (YGS) and Chaihu‐Jia‐Longgu‐Muli Tan (CLMT) in a cross‐over manner. Two patients took YGS for 8 weeks first, and after 4 weeks of washing out, they took CLMT for 8 weeks. Two other patients took these medicines in reverse order. All patients showed a decrease in the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale—motor assessment (from 106.3 ± 4.7 to 89.6 ± 5.8 as mean ± SD, P = 0.0004) by YGS treatment with no extrapiramidal symptoms or changes of cognition or ADL. Our study suggests a possibility of a new treatment for involuntary movements. © 2009 Movement Disorder Society
Targeting of cancer energy metabolism
Authors: Rodríguez‐Enríquez Sara , Marín‐Hernández Alvaro , Gallardo‐Pérez Juan Carlos , Carreño‐Fuentes Liliana , Moreno‐Sánchez Rafael 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe main purpose of this review is to update and analyze the effect of several antineoplastic drugs (adriamycin, apoptodilin, casiopeinas, cisplatin, clotrimazole, cyclophosphamide, ditercalinium, NSAIDs, tamoxifen, taxol, 6‐mercaptopurine, and α‐tocopheryl succinate) and energy metabolism inhibitors (2‐DOG, gossypol, delocalized lipophilic cations, and uncouplers) on tumor development and progression. The possibility that these antineoplastic drugs currently used inin vitrocancer models, in chemo‐therapy, or under study in phase I to III clinical trials induce tumor cellular death by altering also metabolite concentration (i.e., ATP), enzyme activities, and/or energy metabolism fluxes is assessed. It is proposed that the use of energy metabolic therapy, as an alternative or complementary strategy, might be a promising novel approach in the treatment of cancer.
Future use of mitocans against tumour‐initiating cells?
Authors: Morrison Brian J. , Andera Ladislav , Reynolds Brent A. , Ralph Stephen J. , Neuzil Jiri 
Published: January 2009

AbstractTumour heterogeneity has several important consequences including: (i) making their classification by morphological and genetic analysis more difficult because of the diversity within single tumours and the common majority of cells as the bulk of a tumour will dominate this classification whether or not these cells are critical for diagnosis or treatment, (ii) treatments may fail to eradicate tumours simply by failing to eliminate one of the cell subtypes within the tumour and (iii) differing abilities of the cell subtypes for dissemination and metastasis. Recently, a rare subpopulation of cells within tumours has been described with the ability to initiate and sustain tumour growth, to resist traditional therapies and to allow for secondary tumour dissemination. These cells are termed tumour‐initiating cells (TICs). Understanding tumour heterogeneity will be critical for advancing treatments for cancer that target TIC subpopulations of cells in a tumour able to resist traditional treatments and eliminate them before metastatic disease occurs. It follows that the TICs will be the most important cellular components in the tumour target. Therefore, knowledge of the molecular mechanism(s) of resistance of TICs to treatment and overcoming this problem will be essential in order to develop effective drug strategies for cancer therapy.
The MT pool size ratio and the DTI radial diffusivity may reflect the myelination in shiverer and control mice
Authors: Ou Xiawei , Sun Shu‐Wei , Liang Hsiao‐Fang , Song Sheng‐Kwei , Gochberg Daniel F. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA quantitative magnetization transfer (qMT) technique was employed to quantify the ratio of the sizes of the bound and free water proton pools in ex vivo mouse brains. The goal was to determine the pool size ratio sensitivity to myelin. Fixed brains from both shiverer mice and control littermates were imaged. The pool size ratio in the corpus callosum of shiverer mice was substantially lower than that in the control mice, while there was no distinguishable difference in the pool size ratio in the gray matter. These results correlate with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) derived radial diffusivity which previously was shown to reflect myelin integrity in this animal model. Histological study reveals the presence of myelin in control mice white matter and the absence of myelin in shiverer mice white matter, supporting the qMT and DTI results. Our findings support the view that qMT may be used for estimating myelin integrity. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trading off SNR and resolution in MR images
Authors: Kale Shoan C. , Chen X. Josette , Henkelman R. Mark 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWith a fixed time to acquire a magnetic resonance (MR) image, time can be spent to acquire better spatial resolution with decrease in signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) or decreased resolution with increase in SNR. This resolution/SNR tradeoff at fixed time has been investigated by a visual rater study using images of ex vivo mouse brains. Simulated images with a tradeoff between SNR and resolution were produced from high‐quality, 3D isotropic mouse brain images to emulate shorter constant acquisition times. The tradeoff images spanned a range of SNRs (63–6) and isotropic resolutions (32–81 µm). Fourteen readers identified the image which best displayed neuroanatomy. Additional experiments tested for (i) intra‐observer consistency, (ii) the effect of emulated scan time, and (iii) specifically biased questions pertaining to the perception of neuroanatomy. Optimal anatomical viewing depended primarily on the SNR of the images. Specifically, for fixed imaging time, preference lay in the SNR range of ∼30–35 with strong consistency and there was minimal effect from overall imaging time. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.