bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some Amerasian Pottery Traits in North Asian Prehistory
Authors: Tolstoy Paul 
Published: April 2006

Asiatic origins have, at one time or another, been suggested or at least considered for a number of traits connected with the manufacture and decoration of the earlier New World pottery. The well-known paper by McKern (1937) is among the most explicit statements on the subject. Griffin (1946; Sears and Griffin 1950a) has held similar views for some time. Like McKern, he has primarily in mind traits of the Woodland pattern of eastern North America, although he also mentions some non-Woodland traits among those which have counterparts in the Old World (1946, p. 45).Since McKern's paper, the distribution in time of the traits involved has become a lot better established. With the help of the still suspiciously regarded radiocarbon dates, our perspective on ceramic history in the United States has been extended over a span which appears to be that of some four millennia. Among the more significant additions to the Asiatic half of the distributional picture first place must be given to recent Soviet work in eastern Siberia.
Additional Ronquin Sites in the Middle Orinoco Valley
Authors: Riley Carroll L. , Olvey Charles W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe site of Pueblo Viejo extends knowledge of Ronquin-style ceramics farther east along the Orinoco than hitherto reported and provides new information on Ronquin settlement of the south bank of the Orinoco River. Laja de Manapiri adds another prehistoric settlement to the relatively thick cluster in the Caicara-Parmana area. Both sites contain Late Ronquin ceramics in a variety of forms including vessels, adornos, and figurines. Early Ronquin material is found at Laja de Manapire and is probably present at Pueblo Viejo. The Middle Orinoco is important archaeologically because of the possibility that the Ronquin styles link the Antillean area and northern Venezuela with the Guianas and the Upper Orinoco-Amazon region.
Temporal Placement of Alma Neck Banded
Authors: Wasley William W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAlma Neck Banded has long been considered to be a component of Mogollon 1 and Mogollon 2 horizons. Present evidence indicates, however, that this pottery type is a horizon marker for Mogollon 3 when it does not occur in the same context with Three Circle Neck Corrugated and Mangas Black-on-white of Mogollon 4. Apparently Alma Neck Banded first appeared in the southwestern United States between A.D. 600 and 700 and continued to be made until about 950. It is still difficult to determine the order of temporal priority between Alma Neck Banded and Kana-a Gray.
Tumuli in Southwestern Pennsylvania
Authors: Carpenter Edmund S. 
Published: April 2006

In the spring of 1791 a soldier in the army of Major General Arthur St. Clair, pausing on his march through western Pennsylvania to view a prehistoric earthwork along the Monongahela, wrote in his journal This ancient work, from appearances, must have been built many hundreds of years ago, but who were the people at that time inhabiting this country? for what causes were they built? Here I am at a loss, yet I am not alone: still that can be of no satisfaction to me; but on enquiries of this nature, the mind is not satisfied with mere conjecture; it requires more substantial food, the food of certainty…[The ruins] must, I think, be attributed to the workmanship of man…but who they were, from whence they came, at what period they arrived, or where they have passed to, I believe we must ever remain in ignorance (Anonymous, 1810, p. 23-4).
Reply to Aschmann's Comment
Authors: Quimby George I. 
Published: April 2006

I read Aschmann's comments with great interest, welcome the opportunity to reply to them, and wish also to add some comments I have received by letter from others.I used the terminology of Antevs, but not his chronological framework, which is quite different from that presented tentatively by me. In fact, I feel certain that Antevs would be much rougher in his assessment than Aschmann.My grievous remark on climate stems from ignorance and my impression that the cool periods followed the glacial advances. Among the implications of such an idea are that somehow additional precipitation in high latitudes caused the glacier to grow and this in turn somehow produces in varying degrees a cool climate locally, probably somewhat dependent upon the magnitude of the icecap. I suppose that such factors as prevailing wind direction, tracks of high and low pressure areas and positions of large bodies of water are among the variables that would have to be considered.
Burin Types from Southern Virginia: A Preliminary Statement
Authors: Miller Carl F. 
Published: April 2006

From several sites within the John H. Kerr (Buggs Island) Reservoir area of Mecklenburg County, southern Virginia, a number of stone artifacts have been identified as burins or gravers. (The term “burin” will be used rather than “graver” as the latter term implies a limited use for such tools as engraving implements rather than for other purposes as well.) Associated with these burins are various types of projectile points, scrapers, borers or perforators, choppers, and a few cleavers or “coups-de-poing” comparable in chipping traditions to Old World examples. These burins occur not only on lamellar but on rough percussion flakes of chert.While in Europe such tools occur chiefly in upper Paleolithic industries, Burkitt (1933: 59) considers: “For a tool to be classed as a graver it is necessary that it should have at least one graver facet… . When secondary work is done on a blade or flake as, for example, when an edge is trimmed, vertical blows are dealt on the edge, the flake or blade itself being held horizontally.
Ultrasonic Cleaning of Artifacts: A Preliminary Consideration
Authors: Spier R. F. G. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractUltrasonic cleaning, a technique of wide industrial application, is suggested as applicable to archaeological artifacts. Speed and superior cleanliness ought to be its principal merits. A review of various ultrasonic methods and some pilot tests reveal an incapacity to handle large quantities of dirt. Preliminary cleaning may solve this problem. Two direct mechanical methods of ultrasonic cleaning are proposed as they offer simplicity, ruggedness, economy, and field adaptability.
A New Method for the Seriation of Archaeological Collections
Authors: Meighan Clement W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis graphical technique utilizes only three types of artifacts from the collection to the seriated. The relationship between the three selected types is plotted on three-pole graph paper. The points on the graph are clustered along a line representing change through time; hence the archaeological materials are arranged in their correct temporal sequence. Data from Paragonah, Utah, and Pindi, New Mexico, two Southwestern sites for which the time sequence is known, are used for empirical tests of the seriational technique. In both cases there is close agreement between the results of the seriation and the time sequence revealed by field evidence.
New Traces of an Inland Neolithic Culture in the Chukotsk (Chukchi) Peninsula
Authors: Okladnikov A. P. , Nekrasov I. A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe El'gytkhyn site consists of a cache of stone artifacts and a nearby campsite on the shores of Lake El'gytkhyn on the central Anadyr plateau. The cache contained some 50 artifacts, both knives and points made on large flake-blades and carefully retouched by pressure flaking, and blanks from which they were made. Similar points were found at the campsite along with scrapers and other tools, many retouched chips, prismatic nuclei, and the blades struck from them. Previously, similar artifacts had been found at the Amguema site about 300 km. to the east and the Chirovoe site about 100 km. to the south. The latter is a settlement with pottery as well as stone artifacts. The inland Neolithic culture is compared to the Caribou Eskimo and the Yukaghir, and the El'gytkhyn site is interpreted as the summer hunting camp of people following reindeer to the north from permanent winter villages like the Chirovoe site. The presence of blades removed from prismatic cores, retouched points and other artifacts, tools with graver facets, and pottery in both the Chukchi inland Neolithic and the Paleo-Eskimo cultures suggests movements from the Asiatic to the American Arctic by 4000 years ago.
A Monolithic Ax from Alabama
Authors: Miller Carl F. 
Published: April 2006

An elaborately carved fragment of metamorphosed schist was sent to me not long ago. I was told that it was plowed up in a field near Fosters, Alabama, which is approximately 7 miles north of Moundville State Park and thus well within the sphere of influence of that cultural center. The specimen is owned by James Willard Dorroh of Buhl, Alabama.The object constitutes the major portion of a very beautifully carved monolithic ceremonial ax (Fig. 1) superficially resembling one in the Peabody Museum at Yale University (Cat. No. 3701) which has been described by Saville (1916: 5) and MacCurdy (1916: 301).
A Dugout Canoe from Ontario
Authors: Kidd Kenneth E. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn recent years several dugout canoes have been found in Ontario, but details are lacking for most. One raised from shallow water at Balsam Lake is badly eroded and appears to be of some antiquity. It is a sleek craft of unusual length, remarkably slim proportions and contour, and considerable rigidity, despite its apparent lightness in proportion to its size, because of its substantial bow and stern.
Some Fluted Projectile Points from Illinois
Authors: Fowler Melvin L. 
Published: April 2006

Fluted points, like many other artifacts, seem to be more common than previously thought. Once attention is called to a given item representative specimens are 'found in existing collections only waiting to be recognized. Smail (1951) has presented a discussion of many points of this type from the St. Louis area in Illinois.Recently several interesting specimens have been brought to the Illinois State Museum and are here illustrated, due to their unusual combination of attributes and location. The first of these (Fig. 57) was found in Fulton County in 1924 by the late Frank Aidrich of Bloomington, Illinois. It is lanceolate in shape, WA inches long, 114 inches wide about % of the length from the base, and lenticular in cross section. Its very delicate chipping produced parallel long flake scars running from each edge to the center. The base is ground on each side and across the bottom.
Report on the South Peruvian Coast: Chala to Arica
Authors: Stumer Louis M. 
Published: April 2006

Early in 1953, the author and Richard Schaedel, while traveling the Carretera Panamericana, undertook an archaeological examination of the coastal regions of Peru from Chala to the Arica area of Chile. The survey was remarkably unproductive. Publications concerning this region are also remarkably scarce. Uhle (1919) published a monograph on the archaeology of the Tacna-Arica area; and Kroeber (1944) discussed briefly the northern part of the region. Other than this, the scientific literature seems to be a blank, although the chronicles state that Inca domination, at least, was an accomplished fact.The reason for the paucity of sites is seen, in part, in the nature of the country, a description of which may be in order at this point. From Chala south to Atico, a distance of 89 kilometers, the road passes for the most part along a narrow coastal plain which in this area is merely a rocky beach, never more than 3 kilometers wide. Back of this beach the coastal range of the Andes rises very abruptly.
Lead in the Bones of Prehistoric Lead-glaze Potters
Authors: Jarcho Saul 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn 1932 Haury described lead-glaze pottery from the Southwest. In view of his report, it appeared desirable to find out whether the makers of such pottery suffered from lead poisoning. A series of 46 bone specimens from Kinishba, where lead-glaze pottery was made, and a control series of 33 specimens from Point of Pines, where such pottery is not known to have been made, were screened by X-ray and by X-ray diffraction. The 11 most promising specimens were then analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Lead was found in quantities believed to be below the toxic range; concentrations in the control series from Point of Pines were, with few exceptions, higher than in the experimental series from Kinishba.
Maya Blue: An Unsolved Problem in Ancient Pigments
Authors: Gettens Rutherford J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe early peoples of Southern Mexico decorated pottery and painted pictures on walls with a stable blue pigment which is not found elsewhere in the world. Investigation of this blue was started over 30 years ago, but still the true nature of the blue color principle is unknown. Since the blue cannot be destroyed by boiling nitric acid, it does not seem to be vegetable or organic in origin. It is quite unlike azurite or natural ultramarine or other blue minerals which were employed as sources of blue pigment by other ancient peoples. The main obstacle in the investigation is the extreme scarcity of research material. The only samples of the blue available for testing are thinly painted films on potsherds and on wall painting fragments where it is mixed with lime plaster and other impurities. Although attempts to procure lump specimens of the blue, even in gram quantitives, have failed, some progress has been made. It is now known that the inorganic base of the blue pigment is a clay mineral called attapulgite. Ordinary attapulgite is nearly colorless. We still do not know what makes the clay blue; whether it is a special kind of attapulgite or if the Maya produced it artifically. In this paper all the evidence accumulated to date is reviewed.
The Mechanization of Artifact Processing
Authors: Folan William J. , Rick John H. , Zacharchuk Walter 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe increased costs of processing artifacts can be substantially reduced by the use of labor-saving devices in the laboratory. A standard washing machine has been modified for washing historic-period artifacts with minimal breakage. Forty-five man-hours of hand washing can be accomplished in one hour by machine, with comparable standards of cleanliness. The numbering of artifacts, using rubber stamps, can represent time savings of 80 per cent on certain classes of material. Use of a sandblaster for cleaning iron artifacts triples the output of the conventional electrolytic treatment. A ceramic pantograph and a modified diagraph show promise of reducing the time required to draw pottery sections.
Blades and Cores in Oregon
Authors: Dumond D. E. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractExamination of material in the Oregon State Museum of Anthropology reveals two apparent cores and several blades among surface finds from the Northern Great Basin. Collections from excavations at The Dalles, on the Columbia River, contain cores and blades from levels radiocarbon dated at about 5900 B.C., and possible examples from earlier levels.
Stirrup-spout Bottles from Central Africa
Authors: Rowe John Howland 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIt is not true that stirrup-spout bottles are absent in the Old World. The Brooklyn Museum possesses an ethnographic specimen of a stirrup-spout bottle collected in 1930 among the Mangbetu in the northern Congo. This bottle is strikingly similar in many features to Cupisnique style stirrup-spout bottles from the north coast of Peru. There is another Mangbetu style stirrup-spout bottle in the R. H. Lowie Museum in Berkeley.Using the Tlatilco-Cupisnique case above mentioned as an example, it might be argued that a stirrup-spout bottle is a perfectly natural ceramic form to invent more than once; if so, then one would expect to find it in those parts of the Old World where vessels were used to store liquids. On the contrary, this form was evidently unknown in the Eastern Hemisphere, suggesting diffusion from a single point of origin as the most reasonable hypothesis to account for its distribution in the Western Hemisphere (Coe 1963: 103).
Birch-bark Scrolls in Archaeological Contexts
Authors: Kidd Kenneth E. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractTwo instances of birch-bark “scrolls” in archaeological contexts are reported from the Head-of-the-Lakes region of Ontario. One site in Rainy Lake yielded numerous examples; another in Quetico Park produced several other specimens. Archaeologists should be aware of the possibility of making such finds in the paper-birch area.
The Place of the Culture of Verkholenskaia Gora in the Archaeological Sequence of the Baikal Region
Authors: Medvedev G. I. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis paper analyzes archaeological remains from Verkholenskaia Gora in Cis-Baikal and discusses the placement of this culture in the archaeological sequence of the Baikal region. The tools are classified on the basis of manufacturing technique and technological function. The discovery of a bone arrowpoint at this site may increase the antiquity of the bow by several millennia. A comparison of the materials from Verkholenskaia Gora with materials from other regional archaeological assemblages suggests that the site was occupied at the end of the transitional period that extends from the Palaeolithic of the Mal'ta stage to the Neolithic. Verkholenskaia Gora is therefore assigned to the Siberian Mesolithic.
A Datable Chumash Pictograph from Santa Barbara County, California
Authors: Deetz James 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPictographs in southern California, while spectacular, are of little interpretive value to the archaeologist unless they can be assigned a date and a cultural affiliation. The nature of most pictograph sites has precluded any normal archaeological dating, such as through portable art found in stratified cave fill. A sandstone slab recovered from a historic Chumash site in 1961 bears recognizable pictographs which make it possible to assign at least some of the cave pictographs to the Chumash during the late 18th century. Although it is still not possible to determine the function of pictographic art in Chumash culture, its presence in villages suggests a somewhat different distribution of these paintings than was formerly suspected.
The Buffalo Pound in North-Western Plains Prehistory: Site 48 CA 302, Wyoming
Authors: Frison George C. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe Ruby site, 48 CA 302, in the Powder River Basin of Wyoming, is a buffalo pound dating to late Middle Period with a radiocarbon age of 1670± 135 years: A.D. 280 GX-1157). The site was contained in steadily aggrading alluvial deposits allowing close stratigraphic control. Features included most of a buffalo pound, part of the drive lane, and an associated ceremonial structure.An attempt to explain the operation of this pound is based on historical accounts for various north-western Plains tribes and on problems of buffalo handling encountered with modern herds, allowing for changes brought about by the introduction of the horse. The ceremonial structure is explained in the context of shamanistic activity occurring with communal hunts in ethnographic and historical accounts. Archaeological data from the same area and time period suggest this pound is a variant of other communal buffalo procurement methods, including buffalo jumps, that occurred yearly to provide food for winter use and that required consolidation of the society into larger groups than could effectively exploit the environment during the remainder of the year.A large segment of the meat processing area remains intact and will eventually be used in an attempt to test hypotheses concerning butchering methods, tool use, and nature of social groups involved.
Pleistocene Faunal Remains Associated with Carbonaceous Material
Authors: Riddell Francis A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractFeatures which have been interpreted as "fire hearths" and "charcoal" have been recorded in association with mammoth and other Pleistocene faunal remains. Some of these remains have been dated by the radiocarbon method as exceeding 10,000 years; a few are considerably in excess of this time. A review of some of these remains suggests the probability of noncultural origin for the carbonaceous material in question. Recent excavations in Merced and Orange counties, California, have revealed Pleistocene faunal remains in direct association with an abundance of carbonaceous material. It can be demonstrated that these remains are noncultural in origin.
An Archaeological Evaluation of the Codice Xolotl
Authors: Parsons Jeffrey R. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA recent settlement pattern survey in central Mexico offers a useful perspective from which to view the first part of an ethnohistoric document–the Codice Xolotl–which deals with the same area. Regional settlement patterns from the Early Postclassic period seem to correspond most reasonably with events depicted in the Codice. It is suggested that the first part of the Codice Xolotl is most useful to anthropologists when considered within a framework of relevant archaeological information.
Brazilian Archaeology in 1968: An Interim Report on the National Program of Archaeological Research
Authors:   Pronapa
Published: April 2006

AbstractBrazil can be divided into two geographical areas: the Coastal Strip and the Amazon Basin. Coordinated systematic survey and testing on the Coastal Strip between 1965-68 shows the Preceramic period to have lasted until about A.D. 500 except in an enclave on the Bahia Coast, where the Periperi ceramic tradition dates from the ninth century B.C. Although a variety of preceramic complexes has been recognized, particularly in the south, primary attention has been placed on the ceramic period. Seven regional ceramic traditions have been identified, and these appear to be generally contemporary with the area-wide Tupiguarani tradition. The latter is divisible into three subtraditions: the earliest emphasizes painted decoration; the second, corrugation; and the most recent, brushing. Subsequent to European contact, a Neo-Brazilian ceramic tradition developed, in which aboriginal and European traits are amalgamated.Although the archaeology of the Amazon Basin is more poorly known, none of the existing data shows any evidence of contact with the occupants of the Coastal Strip, or vice versa. The strength of the ecological barrier between the two areas is reflected in the affiliation of complexes on the upper Rio Xingú, on the ecological border, with the Amazonian Incised and Punctate tradition, and in the total lack of any features suggesting contact with cultures of the Coastal Strip.
Walnut Creek Village: A Ninth-Century Hohokam-Anasazi Settlement in the Mountains of Central Arizona
Authors: Morris Donald H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractStudent members of the Arizona State University Walnut Creek Archaeological Field Camp excavated six pit houses and located several more at Walnut Creek Village, located 10 mi. southeast of Young, Arizona, during the summer of 1967. Three of the pit houses were Hohokam and three were Anasazi; one of the latter was a subcircular kiva with sipapu-resonator complex of distinctive western Pueblo style. The occurrence, during the ninth century, of these two archaeological groups, side-by-side, in an ecological setting which is unusual for the Hohokam contributes to our knowledge of them and permits inferences concerning the Hohokam community at Roosevelt:9:6, 30 mi. away. Additionally, hypotheses concerning Hohokam ceremonial and communal houses at other sites can be evaluated.