bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Central State, Local Governments, Ethnic Groups and the Minzu Identification in Yunnan (1950s–1980s)
Authors: YANG BIN 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis essay examines the minzu identification in Yunnan (1950s–1980s). First of all, it will introduce the terms of ethnicity and minzu as used by the Chinese. It will then examine the minzu identification in Yunnan with a general overview, followed by a critique on the complexity of classification, which looks especially at the many previously ignored roles including local governments, ethnic groups, ethnic elites, ethnic masses and contingency in the process. The essay argues that classifications varied case by case, without any consistent or standard criteria. Furthermore, it also discusses the application of Soviet influence on the project, particularly the definition of four-common raised by Stalin. While arguing that there was little Soviet influence on the result of classification, the essay intends to historicize the project to illustrate the historical continuity and development in terms of ethnic and frontier managements between imperial and modern China.
Quality Control: Resource Access and Local Village Elections in Rural China
Authors: STURGEON JANET C. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractFirst authorised in 1987, local village elections in China have been much studied by China scholars to assess the emergence of democracy in the People's Republic. Elected village committees were to manage ‘local affairs’, including village lands, as a step towards local self-governance. In place of democracy, this article highlights access and control over natural resources in relation to a local village election first held in Mengsong village, Yunnan, in 2000. A comparison of resource access in 1997 and 2002 shows that over this period, Mengsong villagers lost access to forests, agricultural lands, pastures and mineral resources—‘local affairs’ that an elected committee might have managed. National and local events from 1998 to 2002 signalled a recalibration of people of high and low ‘quality’ (suzhi) in China, with Mengsong shifting cultivators emerging as ‘low quality’ people who threatened China's environment and economic development. These changes in status signified a dramatic shift in who was qualified to manage resources, run local affairs and contribute to China as it entered the World Trade Organisation (WTO) in 2001. The discourse of ‘quality’ resulted in Akha farmers being blamed, and blaming themselves, for their own poverty and resource loss, deflecting attention from the political economic processes that caused their dispossession. Far from the emergence of democracy, the local village election in Mengsong entailed increased state control over people and resources, as China geared up for environmental protection and engagement with the global economy.
Sri Lanka in the Long Early Modern Period: Its Place in a Comparative Theory of Second Millennium Eurasian History
Authors: STRATHERN ALAN 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis paper explores how Sri Lanka might fit into Victor Lieberman's theory of Eurasian history. Lieberman's work to date has focused on the ‘protected rimlands’ which he sees as sharing the same historical path from a milieu of warring little kingdoms to increasingly large, solid states. But what happens in a land, such as Sri Lanka, which can be considered ‘protected’ before 1500, and ‘unprotected’ thereafter? Political integration and boundaries are first discussed, followed by ethnic and historical awareness before 1500. The third section sketches the chronological development of Buddhism before 1500, while the fourth considers the impact of the European interruption, and the fifth briefly looks at the results for 1600–1800. Along the way, some problems with applying the notion of ‘early modernity’ to Sri Lanka are disclosed.
Nationalism and Modernity: The Politics of Cultural Conservatism in Republican China
Authors: FUNG EDMUND S. K. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis article explores the political dynamics of modern Chinese cultural conservatism. It proceeds from the premise that modern Chinese conservatism, as distinct from traditionalism, was a response to modernity and, as such, a part of modernity. The article identifies the conservative with the nationalist, but not vice versa, and understands politico-cultural conservatism as politico-cultural nationalism. It will first trace the rise of modern Chinese conservative thought, revisit the ideas of two noted cultural conservatives Liang Shuming and Zhang Junmai, examine the politics of China-based cultural reconstruction, and then explore the conservative thought of the war period (1937–1945) to illustrate the interplay of war, culture and nationalism. It argues, basically, that although the conservatives did not defend the prevailing socio-political order as a whole, their understanding of politics from a cultural perspective was nuanced and that they stood in an ambiguous relationship with the existing regime and the party-state.
Memory on Trial: Constructing and Contesting the ‘Rape of Nanking’ at the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, 1946–1948
Authors: SEDGWICK JAMES BURNHAM 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe spectre of the 1937 ‘Rape of Nanking’ continues to haunt China and Japan. Sixty years ago in Tokyo, the International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE) announced its definitive ‘judgement’ of what happened in Nanking. This judgement purported to be intractable. The legal process used to reach it produced a disputed picture instead. The resulting narrative confusion continues to inform how memory of Nanjing is shaped, used and contested. This paper explores the construction of ‘Rape of Nanking’ narratives at the IMTFE. By demonstrating the inherently contested nature of narratives produced by adversarial legal proceedings, it argues that using courts as a panacea for postwar restoration and as validators of traumatic narratives is both short-sighted and ineffective. The IMTFE exemplifies the inadequacy of trial-based post-conflict reconciliation. It is hoped that the lessons learned from Tokyo's limitations will benefit the ongoing quest for tenable models of international justice.
Slip parameter estimation of a single wheel using a non-linear observer
Authors: Song Z. B. , Seneviratne L. D. , Althoefer K. , Song X. J. , Zweiri Y. H. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYSliding mode observer is a variable structure system where the dynamics of a nonlinear system is altered via application of a high-frequency switching control. This paper presents a non-linear sliding mode observer for wheel linear slip and slip angle estimation of a single wheel based on its kinematic model and velocity measurements with added noise to simulate actual on-board sensor measurements. Lyapunov stability theory is used to establish the stability conditions for the observer. It is shown that the observer will converge in a finite time, provided the observer gains satisfy constraints based on a stability analysis. To validate the observer, linear and two-dimensional (2D) test rigs are specially designed. The sliding mode observer is tested under a variety of conditions and it is shown that the sliding mode observer can estimate wheel slip and slip angle to a high accuracy. It is also shown that the sliding mode observer can accurately predict wheel slip and slip angle in the presence of noise, by testing the performance of the sliding mode observer after adding white noise to the measurements. An extended Kalman filter is also developed for comparison purposes. The sliding mode observer is better in terms of prediction accuracy.
Four Analytical Sites in Bartók’s Third String Quartet
Authors: BERNARD JONATHAN W. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractBartók’s Third String Quartet, often identified as an affirmation of the composer’s fundamentally modernist stance, has been approached with a variety of post-tonal analytical methods, many of them pitch-class oriented. Certain features of the work suggest that a method that specifically privileges pitch, yet also allows for limited ‘impingement’ by pitch-class considerations, would yield valuable insights into its structure. The ‘sites’ chosen for analysis exemplify various types of textures and procedures that seem especially significant to the quartet as a whole.
Motivic Chains in Bartók’s Third String Quartet
Authors: STRAUS JOSEPH N. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIn his Third String Quartet, Bartók often spins out melodic lines from brief motives, and the spinning-out frequently takes the form of motivic chains – a linkage of two motives where the last note or notes of the first become the first note or notes of the next, and the two are related by one of the four traditional serial transformations: transposition, inversion, retrograde, and retrograde inversion. There are thus four kinds of motivic chains: transposition (T) chains, inversion (I) chains, retrograde (R) chains, and retrograde inversion (RI) chains. Chains of this kind, especially I-chains and RI-chains, shape not only the melodic lines of the quartet but also its harmonic progressions. They lend the quartet a quasi-serial organization at a time when the composer thought he was ‘approaching a species of twelve-tone music’.
Transcending the Icon: Spirituality and Postmodernism in Arvo Pärt’s Tabula Rasa and Spiegel im Spiegel
Authors: CIZMIC MARIA 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis essay explores the perceptions of value that circulate around Arvo Pärt’s early tintinnabuli works Tabula Rasa (1977) and Spiegel im Spiegel (1978). Western reception hears Pärt’s music as either ‘spiritually deep’ or musically ‘flat’. By understanding how modernist subjectivity translates into standards of musical value, I attempt to dismantle the biases inherent in both camps and go on to consider Pärt’s early tintinnabuli works in terms of both spirituality and postmodernism. Couched in the religious revivalism of the 1970s, Tabula Rasa offers a narrative of transcendence that performs a Neoplatonic model of subjectivity built directly from Orthodox praxis and supplies an alternative to dominant Soviet cultural narratives. By the 1980s Western marketing of tintinnabuli transformed the influence of religion into the visual and linguistic rhetoric of ‘holy minimalism’. Does commodification leech out spiritual ‘depth’ from Pärt’s music? The essay responds to this question by turning to Fredric Jameson’s ‘antinomies of postmodernism’ and an analysis of Spiegel im Spiegel’s musical stasis, process, surface, and depth. While Jameson’s postmodernism still finds value in modernist subjectivity, this essay suggests an alternative way of understanding musical value through a consideration of Pärt reception and experiences of illness.
Shadows of the Past: Akhmatova’s Poem Without a Hero and Lourié’s Incantations
Authors: MÓRICZ KLÁRA 
Published: October 2008

AbstractArthur Vincent Lourié (1891–1966), futurist, communist commissar of music, and close friend of Stravinsky in Paris in the 1920s, was an important member of avant-garde Russian artistic circles in the first three decades of the twentieth century. Yet by the 1950s he seems to have faded into obscurity. This article attempts to fill the gap left by the lack of discussion of the strange permutations of Lourié’s career after his emigration in 1922 by way of an analysis of his miniature 1961 song cycle Zaklinaniya (‘Incantations’). The cycle consists of five settings of lines from Anna Ahkmatova’s Poema bez geroya (‘Poem Without a Hero’), whose first part recalls Lourié and Akhmatova’s shared past in Russia’s Silver Age. Akhmatova (1889–1966), an intimate friend of the dandyish Lourié and at the centre of avant-garde artistic circles in pre-Revolutionary St Petersburg, describes the early 1910s as a Meyerholdian nightmarish masquerade in which the protagonists were constantly in danger of losing their identity through nihilistic role playing. Lourié’s elusive figure can be seen as the embodiment in the Poema of the frightening, superfluous shadow with ‘neither face nor name’. Rather than any unfortunate turn of political or personal history, it was Lourié’s affection for masks – for taking up exaggerated poses and concealing his real face – that provides the most compelling reason for his gradual disappearance from view in the chaos of the first half of the twentieth century.
Peroxynitrite decreases arrhythmias induced by ischaemia reperfusion in anaesthetized dogs, without involving mitochondrial KATP channels
Authors: Kiss A , Juhász L , Huliák I , Végh Á 
Published: October 2008

Background and purpose:Exogenous peroxynitrite from nanomolar to micromolar concentrations exerts cardioprotection. Here, we have assessed its effects on ischaemia‐ and reperfusion‐induced ventricular arrhythmias in vivo and a possible role for mitochondrial KATP channels in these effects, using the channel inhibitor 5‐hydroxydecanoate (5‐HD).Experimental approach:Chloralose‐urethane‐anaesthetized dogs were treated twice for 5 min with peroxynitrite (100 nM, by intracoronary infusions) in both the absence and presence of 5‐HD (150 μg kg−1 min−1), and then subjected to 25 min occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. The severity of ischaemia and of arrhythmias, as well as the levels of nitrotyrosine were assessed and compared with a group of control dogs, subjected only to a 25 min occlusion and reperfusion insult.Key results:Compared with controls, infusion of peroxynitrite markedly suppressed the number of ventricular premature beats (388±88 vs 133±44), the incidence of ventricular fibrillation both during occlusion (50% vs 10%) and reperfusion (100% vs 44%), and increased survival (0% vs 50%; all P<0.05). The severity of ischaemia (epicardial ST‐segment changes, inhomogeneity of electrical activation) during occlusion and nitrotyrosine levels on reperfusion were significantly less in the peroxynitrite‐treated dogs than in the controls. 5‐HD did not modify the cardioprotective effects of peroxynitrite.Conclusion and implications:Exogenous peroxynitrite provided antiarrhythmic protection in vivo, which might have been on account of a reduction in endogenous peroxynitrite formation. This protection seemed not to be mediated through mitoKATP channels.British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 155, 1015–1024; doi:fn1; published online 1 September 2008
Mentoring in All Directions: Influence and Focus Throughout the Department
Authors: Seymour Patricia J. , Jackson Catherine A. , Sinclair J. Stephen , Weber Elizabeth G. , Wilding Marissa Klein 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Mentoring in higher education is most often conceptualized as the relationship between a more senior and less experienced faculty member or between faculty and student in the process of imparting knowledge and skills from the mentor (senior member) to mentee (junior member). The top-down approach to mentoring is well described in educational and clinical teaching literature. This article describes the development of a multi-directional mentoring model that is employed within one academic department in communication sciences and disorders. In the multidirectional model, all members of the mentoring group including senior faculty, junior faculty, and students benefit from the experience of each member. The application of a multidirectional mentoring model is applied to the reciprocal teaching and learning processes between senior and junior faculty, a process in which the roles of mentor and mentee change related to the specialized expertise of each member.
Student Anticipations and Reactions to Hybrid Format Education
Authors: Ginsberg Sarah M. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
This qualitative study examined student perceptions regarding a hybrid classroom format in which part of their learning took place in a traditional classroom and part of their learning occurred in an online platform. Pre-course and post-course anonymous essays suggest that students may be open to learning in this context; however, they have specific concerns as well. Students raised issues regarding faculty communication patterns, learning styles, and the value of clear connections between online and traditional learning experiences. Student concerns and feedback need to be addressed through the course design and by the instructor in order for them to have a positive learning experience in a hybrid format course.
Method for Estimating Ultraviolet Germicidal Fluence Rates in a Hospital Room
Authors: Schafer Millie P. , Kujundzic Elmira , Moss Clyde E. , Miller Shelly L. 
Published: October 2008

Background.Upper-room air UV germicidal irradiation (UVGI) is an effective environmental control measure for mitigating the transmission of airborne infections. Many factors influence the efficacy of an upper-room air UVGI system, including the levels and distribution of radiation. The radiation levels experienced by airborne microorganisms can be estimated by measuring the fluence rate, which is the irradiance from all angles that is incident on a small region of space.Methods.The fluence rate can be estimated by use of a radiometer coupled to a planar detector. Measurements in 4 directions at a single point are taken and summed to estimate the fluence rate at that point. This measurement process is repeated at different sites in the room at a single height.Results.In the upper air of a test room, the UV fluence rate varied at least 3-fold, with the maximum rate occurring in the immediate vicinity of the fixtures containing lamps emitting UV radiation. In the area that would be occupied by the patient and/or healthcare personnel, no significant variation occurred in the UV fluence rate for a designated height. There was no significant statistical difference between measurements obtained by different individuals, by using a different alignment, or during 5 observation periods. Lamp failures were detected on multiple occasions.Conclusion.This method is simple, requires no specialized training, and permits regular monitoring of the necessary UV fluence rates needed to sustain the targeted airborne microorganisms' inactivation level. Additionally, this method allowed for the detection of changes in UV fluence rates in the upper air of the simulated hospital room.
Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology of Healthcare-Associated Infections Due to Extended-Spectrumβ-Lactamase (ESBL)–Producing Strains ofEscherichia coliandKlebsiella pneumoniaeThat Harbor Multiple ESBL Genes
Authors: Apisarnthanarak Anucha , Kiratisin Pattarachai , Mundy Linda M. 
Published: October 2008

Objectives.To characterize healthcare-associated infections due to extended-spectrumβ-lactamase (ESBL)-producing strains ofEscherichia coliandKlebsiella pneumoniaethat harbor multiple ESBL genes, as opposed to a single ESBL gene.Methods.All patients with a confirmed healthcare-associated infection due to an ESBL-producing strain ofE. coliorK. pneumoniaewere enrolled in the study. Molecular typing of isolates was performed, and the comparative risks and outcomes of patients were analyzed.Results.Among 71 patients with healthcare-associated infection due to an ESBL-producing strain ofE. coliorK. pneumoniae, the gene for CTX-M, with or without other ESBL genes, was identified in all 51 (100%) of the patients infected with anE. colistrain and in 18 (90%) of the 20 patients infected with aK. pneumoniaestrain. Of these 71 patients, 17 (24%) met the definition of healthcare-associated infection due to an ESBL-producing strain that harbored multiple genes; in multivariate analysis, previous exposure to 3 or more classes of antibiotics (adjusted odds ratio, 4.5 [95% confidence interval, 1.7-75.2]) was the sole risk factor for healthcare-associated infection due to an ESBL-producing strain that harbored multiple ESBL genes. Isolates recovered from patients with healthcare-associated infection due to an ESBL-producing strain that harbored multiple ESBL genes were more resistant to various antibiotic classes, and, compared with patients with healthcare-associated infection due to an ESBL-producing strain that harbored a single ESBL gene, they were more likely to have ineffective initial empirical antimicrobial therapy (52% vs 94%; odds ratio, 5.1 [95% confidence interval, 1.04-14.5]).Conclusions.CTX-M ESBL is highly prevalent in Thailand. Patients with healthcare-associated infection due to an ESBL-producing strain that harbored multiple ESBL genes were more likely to have had ineffective initial empirical antimicrobial therapy, and, given that antibiotic selection pressure was the only associated risk, we suggest focused antimicrobial stewardship programs to limit the emergence and spread of healthcare-associated infection due to ESBL-producing strains in this middle-income country.
Admissible 𝑊-graphs
Authors: Stembridge John 
Published: October 2008

Given a Coxeter group

W
W

, a

W
W

-graph

Γ
\Gamma

encodes a module

M

Γ

M_{\Gamma }

for the associated Iwahori-Hecke algebra

H

\mathcal {H}

. The strongly connected components of

Γ
\Gamma

, known as cells, are also

W
W

-graphs, and their modules occur as subquotients in a filtration of

M

Γ

M_{\Gamma }

. Of special interest are the

W
W

-graphs and cells arising from the Kazhdan-Lusztig basis for the regular representation of

H

\mathcal {H}

. We define a

W
W

-graph to be admissible if, like the Kazhdan-Lusztig

W
W

-graphs, it is edge-symmetric, bipartite, and has nonnegative integer edge weights. Empirical evidence suggests that for finite

W
W

, there are only finitely many admissible

W
W

-cells. We provide a combinatorial characterization of admissible

W
W

-graphs, and use it to classify the admissible

W
W

-cells for various finite

W
W

of low rank. In the rank two case, the nontrivial admissible cells turn out to be

A
A

-

D
D

-

E
E

Dynkin diagrams.
IPEP: an in silico tool to examine proteolytic peptides for mass spectrometry
Authors: Lu Dihui , Liu Richard Z. , Izumi Victoria , Fenstermacher David , Haura Eric B. , Koomen John , Eschrich Steven A. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Peptide-based proteomics supports identification and quantification as well as localization of post-translational modifications (PTMs) within proteins extracted from biological samples. The ‘bottom-up’ approach involves the digestion of proteins into peptide fragments that can be detected and sequenced with liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). A web-based application, iPEP, was developed to compare the effectiveness of different proteolytic digests in detecting specific sequences. Furthermore, peptide populations can be examined to help optimize detection of certain groups of proteins relative to the proteome and the digested peptidome. The application reports proteolytic peptide sequences, theoretical molecular weights and functional annotations using Gene Ontology (GO) terms. The iPEP tool can assist with experimental design by maximizing the detection of proteins, consensus sites and modified residues of interest for individual proteins or as part of large-scale proteomic assays.
Availability: http://ipep.moffitt.org
Contact: steven.eschrich@moffitt.org; john.koomen@moffitt.org