bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First Report of Rosa multiflora cryptic virus in Rosa multiflora in the Eastern United States
Authors: Martin R. R. , Tzanetakis I. E. 
Published: November 2008

In the process of attempting to identify the rose rosette agent, double-stranded RNA was isolated from several symptomatic Rosa multiflora plants from northwestern Arkansas. The pattern of the dsRNA bands differed among the five samples used in this study, suggesting the presence of several viruses. Four of the five plants tested had two predominant bands of approximately 1.8 and 1.5 kbp, a pattern similar to that observed in plants infected with Fragaria chiloensis cryptic virus (FCCV; 3), and further steps were taken for the identification of the putative virus. One plant that only had the two predominant bands was chosen for further characterization using degenerate oligonucleotide primed (DOP)-PCR (4). Twenty clones were sequenced and all were found to be part of two contigs of 937 and 1,087 nucleotides that have been deposited in GenBank (Accession nos. EU350962 and EU350963). The two contigs had 82 and 72% nucleotide and 85 and 69% amino acid sequence identities with RNA 1 and 2 of FCCV, respectively; 98 and 99% amino acid sequence identities with Rose multiflora cryptic virus (RMCV; 2) RNA 1 and 3, respectively. Oligonucleotide primers F (5′ gaatgggaactacgctttgc 3′) and R (5′ cgatgcttccaatgatgttg 3′) designed to amplify a 196-bp region of RNA 1 of the virus were tested using ss and dsRNA templates and were shown to be virus specific after sequencing of multiple PCR amplicons. Just before submission of this manuscript, the complete sequence of RMCV, a virus isolated from R. multiflora showing rose spring dwarf symptoms was published (2). RMCV and the dsRNAs isolated from R. multiflora in Arkansas are the same species because they share 99% nucleotide sequence identity. Cryptic viruses are expected to be symptomless though mild symptoms have been associated with several cryptic viruses (1). The presence of RMCV has been verified in both symptomless and plants infected with two severe diseases of rose, thus, the virus could play a role in the phenotype of these diseases as part of a virus complex. To our knowledge, this is the first report of RMCV in the eastern United States, which is closley related to RMCV from California (2). In the review process of this note, it was brought to our attention that a similar virus named Rose cryptic virus 1 was being investigated in Mississippi (Genbank Accession Nos. EU413666–68), supporting the statement that this virus is probably widespread in Rosa germplasm. References: (1) L. Chen et al. Arch. Virol. 151:849, 2006. (2) N. M. Salem et al. Arch. Virol. 153:455, 2008. (3) I. E. Tzanetakis et al. Virus Genes 36:267, 2008. (4) I. E. Tzanetakis and R. R. Martin. J. Virol. Methods 149:167, 2008.
First Report of Stem Blight Caused by Botrytis cinerea on Jasminum officinalis in Italy
Authors: Aiello D. , Parlavecchio G. , Vitale A. , Polizzi G. 
Published: November 2008

Common jasmine (Jasminum officinalis L.) is an evergreen shrub that is native to the Middle and Far East. It is widely grown in Europe as an ornamental plant and in southeastern France for fragrance for the perfume industry. In March of 2008, a previously undescribed disease was observed on potted (6-month- to 3-year-old) common jasmine plants growing in open fields in a nursery of eastern Sicily, Italy. More than 20% of the plants showed disease symptoms. Diseased plants had small to large, brown or black lesions on stem. The lesions expanded rapidly, girdled the stem and caused blight of entire branches, and occasionally killed the plant. Abundant conidia and mycelia were detected on the surface of dead and dying stems under cool and humid conditions, which resulted in a moldy gray appearance. Botrytis cinerea Pers.:Fr. (1) was consistently isolated from affected tissues disinfected for 1 min in 1% NaOCl, rinsed in sterile water, and plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Colonies were at first white then became gray after 6 to 7 days when spores differentiated. White sclerotia developed after 8 to 9 days and turned black with age. Size of the conidia produced on 1-month-old culture ranged from 5.0 to 9.5 × 6.5 to 12.5 μm on the basis of 50 spore measurements. Sclerotia were spherical or irregular and ranged from 1.0 to 2.5 × 0.9 to 2.9 mm (average 1.7 × 1.8 mm). Stems of eight 6-month-old common jasmine plants were lightly wounded with a sterile razor and inoculated with 3-mm-diameter plugs of PDA from 10-day-old mycelial cultures, eight similar plants were inoculated with mycelium without wounding, and an equal number of noninoculated plants inoculated with only PDA plugs served as control. After inoculation, plants were enclosed in transparent plastic bags at 20 ± 2°C for 5 days. Stem lesions identical to the ones observed in the nursery were detected on all wounded and on two nonwounded fungus-inoculated plants within 5 to 7 days. Control plants remained healthy. B. cinerea was reisolated from typical lesions. The unusually cool and humid weather conditions recorded in Sicily are supposed to be highly conducive of disease outbreak. Although B. cinerea does not usually kill the plants, under these environmental conditions this disease can cause significant economic loss to ornamental nurseries. To our knowledge, this is the first report of B. cinerea causing stem blight on J. officinalis. Reference: (1) M. B. Ellis. Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. CAB, Kew, Surrey, England, 1971.
First Report of Tobacco ringspot virus in Blackberry (Rubus sp.) in Alabama
Authors: Coneva E. , Murphy J. F. , Boozer R. , Velásquez N. 
Published: November 2008

In 2006, primocane stunted growth and crumbly berry development were observed on 4-year-old Kiowa and Apache blackberry cultivars grown at the Chilton Research and Extension Center, Clanton, AL. Samples from affected plants were tested for virus infection by ELISA kits (Agdia, Inc., Elkhart, IN) specific to each of 14 different viruses. Most samples tested positive for Tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV). TRSV was detected in blackberry samples from North Carolina and South Carolina (2). Bray et al. (1) studied the incidence of viruses in blackberry nursery stock in the United States and reported that 9% of the tested samples contained TRSV. Thus, a survey was conducted for TRSV incidence among commercial blackberry stands in eight counties in Alabama during July 2007. Blackberry plants were observed to express virus-like symptoms including chlorotic spots on leaves, leaf veinal chlorosis, stunting, and combinations thereof. Fruit-bearing plants sometimes had crumbly fruit symptoms characteristic of virus infection. Leaf samples that were collected from symptomatic and nonsymptomatic plants representing 14 cultivars were tested by TRSV ELISA (Agdia, Inc.). Of 180 blackberry samples, 68 tested positive for TRSV. Positive ELISA reactions for TRSV were on average 28 times greater than the reactions of known negative control samples considered negative for TRSV. Blackberry plants shown to be infected with TRSV during the 2007 survey were tested in July 2008 in an effort to confirm the presence of TRSV. Fifty-four percent of the samples tested positive by ELISA with the average positive ELISA value being 21 times higher than the average negative ELISA value for known negative control samples. To further confirm the occurrence of TRSV in Alabama-grown blackberry plants, leaf samples were tested by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR to amplify a 329-bp fragment of the viral coat protein gene (TRSV RNA 2 sequence accession no. NC_005096; primers TRSCP-F (5′-TCTGGCACTATAAGCGGAAG-3′) and TRSCP-R (5′-GAAAACATGGGAGGATGCAC-3′). A single band of the anticipated size was amplified (analyzed by agarose gel electorphoresis and visualized by ethidium bromide staining) from RNA samples extracted with a RNeasy Mini kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) from blackberry samples that tested positive for TRSV by ELISA and a known positive control. No amplified product resulted from a blackberry sample that tested negative for TRSV by ELISA. These results illustrate and confirm the presence of TRSV in blackberry leaf tissues grown in Alabama. To our knowledge, this is the first report of TRSV infection of blackberry plants in Alabama. References: (1) M. M. Bray et al. HortScience 40:874, 2005. (2) T. L. Guzmán-Baeny. Incidence, distribution, and symptom description of viruses in cultivated blackberry (Rubus subgenus Eubatus) in the southeastern United States. M.S. thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 2003.
Signaling Pathways Involved in Desflurane-induced Postconditioning in Human Atrial Myocardium In Vitro
Authors: Lemoine Sandrine , Beauchef Gallic , Zhu Lan , Renard Emmanuelle , Lepage Olivier , Massetti Massimo , Khayat André , Galera Philippe , Gérard Jean-Louis , Hanouz Jean-Luc 
Published: November 2008

Background
Isoflurane and sevoflurane have been shown to elicit myocardial postconditioning, but the effect of desflurane remain unknown. The authors studied the mechanisms involved in desflurane-induced myocardial postconditioning.

Methods
Contracting isolated human right atrial trabeculae (34 degrees C, stimulation frequency 1 Hz) were exposed to 30-min hypoxia followed by 60-min reoxygenation. Desflurane at 3%, 6%, and 9% was administered during the first 5-min of reoxygenation. Postconditioning with 6% desflurane was studied in the presence of 1 microM calphostin C, a protein kinase C inhibitor; 800 mm 5-hydroxydecanoate, a mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels antagonist; 1 microM Akt inhibitor; 20 microM PD89058, an extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2 inhibitor; and 1 microM SB 202190, a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor. The force of contraction at the end of the 60-min reoxygenation period was compared (mean +/- SD). The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation was studied using Western blotting.

Results
Desflurane at 3% (77 +/- 10% of baseline), 6% (90 +/- 14% of baseline), and 9% (86 +/- 11% of baseline) enhanced the recovery of force after 60 min of reoxygenation as compared with the control group (51 +/- 9% of baseline; P < 0.001). Calphostin C (55 +/- 3% of baseline), 5-hydroxydecanoate (53 +/- 3% of baseline), Akt inhibitor (57 +/- 8% of baseline), PD89058 (64 +/- 6% of baseline), and SB 202190 (61 +/- 3% of baseline) abolished desflurane-induced postconditioning. Western blot analysis showed that 6% desflurane increased p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation.

Conclusions
In vitro, desflurane postconditioned human atrial myocardium through protein kinase C activation, opening of mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels, Akt and extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2 activation, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation.
How Much Does Pharmacologic Prophylaxis Reduce Postoperative Vomiting in Children?
Authors: Engelman Edgard , Salengros Jean-Corentin , Barvais Luc 
Published: November 2008

Background
The authors calculated the effect size for treatments recommended for the pediatric population in the new Guidelines for the Management of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting that should be implemented with the help of a new risk scale developed for children.

Methods
Six single-drug therapies and five combination treatments were subjected to a Bayesian analysis, with respect to the outcome reported, in a sequence that parallels their dates of publication. Based on the Bayes theorem, a posterior probability was calculated after inclusion of the data from the successive studies, to update a prior probability existing before inclusion of that study. The posterior for the preceding group of trials served as the prior for the subsequent trial. The final odds ratio with its 95% credibility interval compared with placebo is considered as the results for that treatment, and was transformed into a relative risk whose 95% credibility interval allows the calculation of a most pessimistic and a most optimistic incidence of postoperative vomiting.

Results
The most pessimistic expectations with the 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor antagonists and dexamethasone result in a 50-60% relative risk reduction. The results with droperidol offer a decrease of only approximately 40%. With the combinations of a 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor antagonist and dexamethasone, a relative risk reduction of approximately 80% is expected.

Conclusions
The authors' tables list the expected incidence of postoperative vomiting with each treatment for each risk category, and the expected relative risks that can be used with baseline risk values from any source.
A Second Mechanism for Aluminum Resistance in Wheat Relies on the Constitutive Efflux of Citrate from Roots
Authors: Ryan Peter R. , Raman Harsh , Gupta Sanjay , Horst Walter J. , Delhaize Emmanuel 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
The first confirmed mechanism for aluminum (Al) resistance in plants is encoded by the wheat (Triticum aestivum) gene, TaALMT1, on chromosome 4DL. TaALMT1 controls the Al-activated efflux of malate from roots, and this mechanism is widespread among Al-resistant genotypes of diverse genetic origins. This study describes a second mechanism for Al resistance in wheat that relies on citrate efflux. Citrate efflux occurred constitutively from the roots of Brazilian cultivars Carazinho, Maringa, Toropi, and Trintecinco. Examination of two populations segregating for this trait showed that citrate efflux was controlled by a single locus. Whole-genome linkage mapping using an F2 population derived from a cross between Carazinho (citrate efflux) and the cultivar EGA-Burke (no citrate efflux) identified a major locus on chromosome 4BL, Xcec, which accounts for more than 50% of the phenotypic variation in citrate efflux. Mendelizing the quantitative variation in citrate efflux into qualitative data, the Xcec locus was mapped within 6.3 cM of the microsatellite marker Xgwm495 locus. This linkage was validated in a second population of F2:3 families derived from a cross between Carazinho and the cultivar Egret (no citrate efflux). We show that expression of an expressed sequence tag, belonging to the multidrug and toxin efflux (MATE) gene family, correlates with the citrate efflux phenotype. This study provides genetic and physiological evidence that citrate efflux is a second mechanism for Al resistance in wheat.
Quantifying the ‘hidden’ lactose in drugs used for the treatment of gastrointestinal conditions
Authors: EADALA P. , WAUD J. P. , MATTHEWS S. B. , GREEN J. T. , CAMPBELL A. K. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryBackground  Lactose intolerance affects 70% of the world population and may result in abdominal and systemic symptoms. Treatment focuses predominantly on the dietary restriction of food products containing lactose. Lactose is the most common form of excipient used in drug formulations and may be overlooked when advising these patients.Aim  To identify and quantify the amount of lactose in medications used for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders and to identify ‘lactose‐free’ preparations.Methods  Medications used for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders were identified from the British National Formulary (BNF). Their formulation including excipients was obtained from the Medicines Compendium. The lactose content and quantity in selected medications was measured using high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).Results  A wide range of medications prescribed for the treatment of gastrointestinal conditions contain lactose. We have quantified the lactose content in a selection of medications using HPLC. Lactose is present in amounts that may contribute towards symptoms. Lactose‐free alternatives were also identified.Conclusions  Lactose is present in a range of medications and may contribute towards symptoms. This may not be recognized by the prescribing doctor as excipients are not listed in the BNF, and the quantity of lactose is not listed on the label or in the accompanying manufacturer’s leaflet.
Population dynamics and management of culture‐based fisheries
Authors: LORENZEN K. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract The population dynamics of culture‐based fisheries are studied by means of a mathematical model, which incorporates explicit sub‐models for density‐dependent individual growth and size‐dependent mortality. The model applies to populations of carps, i.e. common carp, Chinese carps, and Indian major carps, and coregonids.The effects on production of stocking density and size of seed fish, fishing mortality, and size at harvesting are studied in a model population of carp. Management implications of the modelling results are emphasized. An adaptive approach to management, involving judicious experimentation with stocking and harvesting regimes, is proposed to gain information on the dynamics of actual fisheries, and to optimize their production.
Hydrological connectivity drives patterns of macroinvertebrate biodiversity in floodplain rivers of the Australian wet /dry tropics
Authors: LEIGH CATHERINE , SHELDON FRAN 
Published: November 2008

Summary1. Floodplain rivers in Australia’s wet/dry tropics are regarded as being among the most ecologically intact and bio‐diverse lotic ecosystems in the world, yet there have been relatively few community‐based studies of their aquatic fauna.2. To investigate relationships between hydrological connectivity and biodiversity in the region, macroinvertebrates were collected from sites within two contrasting floodplain rivers, the ‘tropical’ Gregory River and ‘dryland’ Flinders River systems, during the dry season and analysed at various spatial scales. A subset of sites was re‐sampled in the following dry season to explore temporal variation. The fauna consisted of 124 morphotaxa, dominated by gatherers and the Insecta.3. As predicted, hydrological connectivity (the lotic or lentic status of waterbodies) had a major influence on macroinvertebrate assemblage composition and diversity, both in space and time. Assemblages from waterbodies with similar connection histories were most alike, and beta‐diversity between assemblages was greatest between lotic and lentic waterbodies, tending to increase with increasing spatial separation.4. At smaller spatial scales, a number of within‐waterbody, habitat and water quality characteristics were important for explaining variation (61%) in the taxonomic organization of assemblages, and characteristics associated with primary productivity and habitat diversity were important for explaining variation (45%) in the functional organization of assemblages. However, much of the small‐scale environmental variation across the study region appeared to be related to broad‐scale variation in hydrological connectivity, which had both direct and indirect effects on macroinvertebrate assemblages.5. Conservation of the biodiversity in Australia’s wet/dry tropics may depend on conserving the natural variation in hydrological connectivity and the unregulated flow of floodplain rivers.
Plant behavioural ecology: dynamic plasticity in secondary metabolites
Authors: METLEN KERRY L. , ASCHEHOUG ERIK T. , CALLAWAY RAGAN M. 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTBehaviour is in part the ability to respond rapidly and reversibly in response to environmental stimuli during the lifetime of an individual. Plants and animals both exhibit behaviour, but plant behaviour is most often examined in the context of morphologically plastic growth. Rapid and reversible secondary metabolite production and release is also a key mechanism by which plants behave. Here, we review plant biochemical plasticity as plant behaviour, and explicitly focus on evidence for responses that display rapid induction, reversibility and ecological relevance. Rapid induction and attenuation of plant secondary metabolites occur as chemically mediated root foraging, plant defence, allelochemistry and to regulate mutualistic relationships. We describe a wealth of information on the induction of various plant biochemical responses to environmental stimuli but found a limited body of literature on the reversibility of induced biochemical responses. Understanding the full cycle of dynamic plasticity in secondary metabolites is an important niche for future research. Biochemical behaviours extend beyond the plant kingdom; however, they clearly illustrate the capacity for plants to behave in ways that closely mirror the classic definitions and research approaches applied to behaviour in animals.
Trends observed during a decade of paediatric sick visits to peripheral health facilities in rural western Kenya, 1997–2006
Authors: Van Hemelrijck Mieke J. J. , Lindblade Kim A. , Kubaje Adazu , Hamel Mary J. , Odhiambo Frank , Phillips‐Howard Penelope A. , Laserson Kayla F. , Slutsker Laurence , Feikin Daniel R. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryObjectives  To assess whether longitudinal surveillance in peripheral health facilities could document trends in disease burden, healthcare practice and utilization resulting from large‐scale public health interventions made in the decade 1997–2006.Methods  Data were collected from sick child visits (SCVs) among children <5 years attending 14 outpatient facilities in Asembo, rural western Kenya, during 1997–2006. Changes in proportions, and counts and rates were evaluated using chi‐square and Poisson regression respectively.Results  During the decade, 64 394 SCVs were made, yielding an average rate of 0.70 SCVs per child‐year. The annual number of SCVs stayed constant during 1997–2003, then increased by 74% between 2003 and 2006 (P < 0.01). The time between symptom onset and SCV shortened from 5.6 days in 1997 to 4.4 days in 2006 (P < 0.01). Malaria and upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) were most commonly diagnosed (69% and 36% of SCVs respectively). Between 2003 and 2006, the proportion of SCVs with a malaria diagnosis fell from 77% to 48%, although the rate of malaria SCVs did not. URTI visits increased in 2004–2006. The most frequently prescribed antimalarials changed three times, lagging 1–2 years behind changes in national policy. Treatment of pneumonia with antibiotics varied by year, ranging from 19% to 89%.Conclusion  Surveillance of paediatric SCVs at peripheral health facilities was useful in documenting the timing and penetration of changes in national policies and clinical patterns of drug use for common infections. The surveillance data suggested that improved access to care, rather than disease burden changes, likely led to greater healthcare utilization after 2003.
Pharmacy customers’ knowledge of side effects of purchased medicines in Mexico
Authors: Wirtz Veronika J. , Taxis Katja , Dreser Anahi 
Published: November 2008

SummaryObjectives  To analyse pharmacy customers’ knowledge and information sources about side effects of medicines they purchased and factors associated with this knowledge.Methods  Cross‐sectional survey and semi‐structured interviews with customers of 52 randomly selected community pharmacies in Morelos state, Mexico. Customers were included if they were older than 18 years, bought at least one drug either with or without medical prescription, and agreed to take part in the survey. Data were analysed using a multinomial logistic regression model.Results  A total of 1445 customers buying 1946 drugs were surveyed (age 42.9 ± 15.7 years, 56.9% female); 627 (59%) of 1055 customers who purchased prescription‐only medicines (POM) did so without a prescription. Of all customers interviewed, 172 (11.9%) affirmed that the bought medicine(s) could cause harm. Only half of those (87 or 6%) were able to identify correctly at least one side effect of the purchased medicines. The majority received the information about side effects from a physician. Customers in semirural areas knew less about side effects (odds ratio: 0.26; 95% CI: 0.11–0.61; P = 0.00); whereas customers buying medicines for chronic pain, hypertension or diabetes knew more (odds ratio 2.63; 95% CI: 1.44–4.80; P = 0.00).Conclusion  The overall majority of customers did not know that medicines they bought could be harmful. This is particularly alarming because they frequently used POM without consulting a physician.