bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic studies of free‐ranging macaques of Cayo Santiago II. 6‐Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and NADH‐methemoglobin reductase (NADH‐diaphorase)
Authors: Buettner‐janusch John , Sockol Marlene 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFor the population of 395 semi‐free‐ranging rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) that inhabited Cayo Santiago in 1976, 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase phenotypes of 378 animals were determined. Three phenotypes, controlled by two autosomal codominant alleles,PGDA andPGDB, were found by electrophoretic methods. The frequencies of the alleles are 0.898 and 0.102, respectively. The population, composed of five troops and peripheral males, is in Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium at this locus. The allele frequencies at the 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase locus in the population in 1976 were compared with frequencies in 1973; a statistically significant difference was found in one troop. The phenotypes of NADH‐methemoglobin reductase (NADH‐diaphorase) were determined electrophoretically for 372 animals. These phenotypes are probably the products of two autosomal codominant alleles,Dia1 andDia2, with frequencies of 0.786 and 0.214, respectively. The population is in equilibrium at this locus also. Tests of homogeneity at the dehydrogenase and reductase loci indicate that the allele frequencies are significantly different among the five troops in the population. Observed and expected phenotypic ratios in progeny were compared at the dehydrogenase and the reductase loci. The only significant deviation from expectation occurs among offspring of mothers heterozygous at the reductase locus. The observed distributions of alleles at the 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase locus and the NADH‐methemoglobin reductase locus are probably the results of stochastic processes.
Dental reductions and dental caries
Authors: Anderson D. L. , Popovich F. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAlthough first permanent molar hypoconulid absence, third molar agenesis, and small tooth size are all part of the evolutionary trend of dental reduction, each bears a different relationship to dental caries. Caries prevalence in the maxillary and mandibular permanent first molars of the Burlington Research Centre serial experimental group at age 16 years was less in the children whose first molars were missing the hypoconulid. Conversely, caries prevalence in mandibular first molars was greater in the children who had agenesis of third molars. The extraction of first molars due to caries was more frequent in children with agenesis of third molars, less frequent in those with absence of hypoconulids of the first molars and unrelated to tooth size. Caries prevalence was less in small teeth, and occurred least in the small mandibular first molars with four cusps. Whereas this is in harmony with the hypothesis that evolutionary dental reductions resulted from the pressure of caries, the increased prevalence of caries and extractions coinciding with third molar agenesis does not support this view. In addition, agenesis of hypoconulids and agenesis of third molars were related to changes in structures unrelated to caries.
Homologies of the anterior teeth in Indriidae and a functional basis for dental reduction in primates
Authors: Gingerich Philip D. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn a recent paper Schwartz ('74) proposes revised homologies of the deciduous and permanent teeth in living lemuriform primates of the family Indriidae. However, new evidence provided by the deciduous dentition ofAvahi suggests that the traditional interpretations are correct, specifically: (1) the lateral teeth in the dental scraper of Indriidae are homologous with the incisors of Lemuridae and Lorisidae, not the canines; (2) the dental formula for the lower deciduous teeth of indriids is 2.1.3; (3) the dental formula for the lower permanent teeth of indriids is 2.0.2.3; and (4) decrease in number of incisors during primate evolution was usually in the sequence I3, then I2, then I1. It appears that dental reduction during primate evolution occurred at the ends of integrated incisor and cheek tooth units to minimize disruption of their functional integrity.
Genetic and environmental determinants of skin color
Authors: Post Peter W. , Rao D. C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSkin reflectance measurements on a sample of 154 Black and 191 White same‐sex twin pairs, attending Philadelphia area schools, are analyzed to determine the effects of genetic and environmental factors. The measurements obtained in July and August, on the forehead, inner upper arm, and flexor surface of the forearm with red, green, and blue filters, were reduced to one index which we call skin color. Analysis of this index using the path analysis of Rao et al. ('74) estimates the major variance components due to racial, residual genetic, and common environmental factors as 67%, 5%, and 22%, respectively.
Effects of occlusal attrition and continuous eruption on odontometry of rat molars
Authors: Moss‐salentijn Letty , Moss Melvin L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractRecurrent reports by others of posteruptive dimensional increase of the crowns of rat molar teeth were analyzed in the context of our present study of occlusal attrition, continuous eruption and alteration of the occlusal planes of rat maxillary molar teeth with age. Marked attrition of the anatomical crowns occurs, together with a considerable continuous eruption that increasingly brings the markedly convex mesial root of the maxillary first molar into the clinical crown. Further, a slight change in occlusal plane occurs. Previous workers used standardized planes of orientation and of registration prior to measurement, which masked the phenomena mentioned above. They thus mistakenly reported increased coronal dimensions.
Number of epidermal melanocytes, hair follicles, and sweat ducts in skin of Solomon Islanders
Authors: Garcia R. I. , Mitchell R. E. , Bloom J. , Szabo G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe number of epidermal appendages and melanocytes in forearm skin of three groups of Solomon Islanders has been determined. There were no significant differences in the number of hair follicles or sweat ducts among Solomon Islander groups, nor between them and a Caucasian group used for comparison. The Nasioi and Kwaio, however, do have a significantly higher melanocyte population than Caucasian groups. This difference may in part be due to the exposure of the Solomon Islander skin used in this study to chronic solar radiation.
Blood groups of baboons. Population genetics of feral animals
Authors: Socha W. W. , Wiener A. S. , Moor‐jankowski J. , Jolly C. J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBlood and saliva from 495 Ethiopan baboons were collected in the field and tested for their human‐type A‐B‐O groups while 493 blood samples were tested for their simian‐type blood factors Ap, Bp, Cp, Gp, Np, ca and hu. Four series of feral animals were tested: 194 olive baboons, a troop of 82 and another of 90 hamadryas baboons, and a series of 129 baboons classified as olive/hamadryas hybrids. In addition, 126 baboons from other sources were tested for their human‐type A‐B‐O groups and 131 for their simian‐type blood groups.Human‐type groups A, B and AB but not group O were found in combined series of 621 animals. Gene frequency analysis also indicated the absence of group O. Population analysis of the data obtained for the 493 Ethiopian baboons has shown that the simian‐type blood groups Ap and Bp are independent of one another. In contrast Bp and Gp appear to be determined by corresponding allelic genes; if confirmed by population data on additional series of animals, this would define the first baboon blood group system found. There is a close association between the blood group specificities ca and hu, the exact nature of which still remains to be clarified. Blood group ca, originally believed to be species specific, is found to be polymorphic in both olive baboons and hamadryas as well as in the hybrids; hu, on the other hand, present in all hamadryas tested, is polymorphic only in olive baboons.
The craniofacial pattern of the Lengua Indians of Paraguay
Authors: Jacobson A. , Preston C. B. , Boettner V. A. , Pereira C. B. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractLateral cephalometric headfilms of 30 male and 30 female Lengua Indians taken in the Chaco area of Paraguay were compared with a sample of 23 male and 25 female South African Caucasoids with excellent occlusion.The most obvious difference noted between the two population groups was the degree of prognathism evident in the Lengua. This was attributed to the generally shorter anterior cranial base in the latter group rather than to the size or forward positioning of their jaws.The significantly larger ANB (Subspinale, Nasion, Supramentale) angle observed in the Lengua was attributed to one or both of two factors, namely, the short anterior cranial base or the clockwise rotation (forward tipping) of the jaws relative to the anterior cranial base.Chinpoint position relative to the anterior cranial base in the Lengua is not much different from that of our Caucasoid sample.The lower incisor teeth in the Lengua, but not the upper ones, are more labially inclined than those of the Caucasoids.
Growth characteristics of populations of Tibetan origin in Nepal
Authors: Pawson I. G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPrevious growth studies of highland‐dwelling populations in the ecologically diverse areas of Peru and Ethiopia have yielded highly varied results: the retarded growth of the Peruvian sample was attributed to the effects of hypoxia, while the increased height and weight of the highland Ethiopian sample could be traced to better health conditions in the highland village than in the lowland village studied. In an attempt to provide a basis for evaluating studies of growth at high altitude, the present study compared Sherpa children living in the Everest region of Nepal with Tibetan children living in Kathmandu. It was found that: (1) the growth of Sherpa and Tibetan children is considerably retarded compared to other high altitude populations; (2) despite conditions favorable for optimum growth among the Tibetans, their growth resembled that of the Sherpas and (3) increased chest circumference, which seems to reflect a developmental acclimatization to hypoxia among Peruvian high‐altitude natives, was not seen among the Sherpas.
The functional significance of skeletal allometry in Megaladapis in comparison to living prosimians
Authors: Jungers William L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSlow vertical climbing and clinging are the dominant positional behaviors of the most convincing reconstruction of the primary spatial niche of Megaladapis, a giant extinct prosimian from Madagascar. The vertical support model of Cartmill ('74) predicts that clawless mammals should exhibit relatively elongated forelimbs in expanded size ranges. The allometric corollaries of this model are tested on closely related interspecific samples of Megaladapis and selected extant prosimians. Megaladapis and indriids (vertical leapers and clingers) conform to the structural predictions of the model, and are clearly distinguished from the more pronograde lemurids and cheirogaleids. Extreme hindlimb reduction (negative allometry) is coupled with moderate forelimb elongation (positive allometry) in Megaladapis. These body proportions effectively optimize pedal friction during vertical climbing and minimize the moment of body weight pulling the animal away from the trunk. Positive forelimb allometry occurs in the indriids, while isometry obtains for the hindlimb. The adaptive significance of these morphological strategies are discussed, as are possible selective mechanisms which effect the extreme hindlimb reduction in Megaladapis. Body weight estimates are also presented for Megaladapis edwardsi and Megaladapis grandidieri (50–100 kg and 40–75 kg, respectively).
Serum protein levels as anthropological markers: A statistical analysis in Binga Pygmies and Italians
Authors: Jayakar S. D. , Marcovina S. , Peracino A. , Siccardi A. G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractData on serum protein levels in Binga Pygmies are presented, and these are compared with the levels in healthy Italians and in Italians suffering from liver diseases. Principal Component Analysis carried out on the three groups points out similarities in protein levels between the Pygmies and the Italian Hepatopaths on one hand and between healthy and liver diseased Italians on the other. Discriminant Analyses reveal the important differences between the populations. It is suggested that such analyses of protein levels could serve as tools in population biology.
Postnatal growth of the cranial base in Macaca nemestrina
Authors: Sirianni J. E. , van Ness A. L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPostnatal growth of the cranial base was longitudinally studied in 21 male and 11 female Macaca nemestrina. The basicranium of each animal was marked with tantulum implants in order that the tracings of each serial roentgenogram could be superimposed. Between the ages of 3.0 and 5.0 years the degree of sexual demorphism in both angular and linear dimensions increased. The cranial base flattened as a result of the upward and forward migration of nasion and the upward and backward relocation of basion. The movement of basion was primarily due to differential growth recorded at the sphenooccipital synchondrosis. Sexual difference in the relative growth of this synchondrosis resulted in a longer and somewhat flatter male cranial base. Male and female velocity curves showed accelerations that coincide with their estimated age for the onset of puberty.
Discrete dental traits in four Tlaxcaltecan Mexican populations
Authors: Baume Robert M. , Crawford M. H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSeven hundred dental casts from four Tlaxcaltecan Indian populations of Mexico were analyzed for the incidence of ten discrete dental traits. The populations are of known historical origin, with Cuanalan and Saltillo transplanted from the Valley of Tlaxcala approximately 400 years ago. Given this temporal and geographical separation of these transplanted populations from the parental gene pool, statistically significant morphological divergence was observed. However, varying degrees of admixture with Spanish and possibly African colonists have complicated the interpretation of the results. Shovelling of incisors was shown to be the best discriminator of group differences. Mandibular molar patterns and mandibular incisor extension indicate that Cuanalan is closest to Saltillo while the valley communities, Tlaxcala and San Pablo, are closest to each other.
The dentition of New Britain West Nakanai Melanesians. VIII. Peopling of the pacific
Authors: Turner Christy G. , Swindler Daris R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe dental crown morphology and size of 48 male West Nakanai, New Britain, Melanesians is described and compared with other Pacific and Asian dental samples. The West Nakanai dentition is like those of other Melanesians, much less like those of Polynesians and Micronesians, and very dissimilar to teeth of modern and Neolithic Southeast Asians. It is suggested that the origin of the modern Melanesian dental pattern (large but simplified teeth) was probably in Melanesia, not Southeast Asia as the orthodox view of a Hoabinhian‐Australmelanesian relation claims.
A hominoid clavicle from the Mio‐Pliocene of Sahabi, Libya
Authors: Boaz Noel T. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe first definitive hominoid from the Libyan Mio‐Pliocene site of Sahabi is described. The specimen is a left clavicle, lacking a portion of the acromial end. In superior view it shows a marked sternal curvature, similar to hominids, but it also shows a curvature in the coronal plane, similar to the pongid condition. Muscle attachments for sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis major and the anterior portion of deltoid are preserved. The robust attachment for the latter suggests relative hypertrophy of this muscle. These considerations and certain morphological similarities to hominids do not suggest a functional reconstruction of locomotor behavior similar to Miocene dryopithecines. Nevertheless, more complete functional and taxonomic discussions must await further work at Sahabi.
Effects of iodine deficiency on mental and psychomotor abilities
Authors: Bleichrodt Nico , Drenth Pieter J. D. , Querido Andries 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSevere iodine deficiency may lead to endemic cretinism, which is characterized by a number of abnormalities, such as mental retardation, neurological abnormalities and hearing disorders. These abnormalities may occur in various combinations, but impaired mental development is always a component.The present study was attempted to determine whether there is also evidence of mental retardation, perhaps to a lesser degree, in that part of the population that manifest no symptoms of cretinism, the non‐cretins, in an iodine‐deficient area.Results of an extensive test battery have been collected in two village populations: one village in an area with severe iodine deficiency and a control village in a non‐iodine‐deficient area. Both villages were situated in Central Java, Indonesia. In the selected villages the total population between the ages of 6 and 20 years participated in this study.No evidence of significant mental retardation has been detected in the non‐cretin group in the severely iodine‐deficient area. Significant differences between the two populations, however, have been found with regard to a number of perceptual and neuro‐motor abilities.
Locomotor behavior of Pan paniscus in Zaire
Authors: Susman Randall L. , Badrian Noel L. , Badrian Alison J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe locomotor behavior of Pan paniscus was studied over a four‐week period in Equateur, Republic of Zaire. Bonobos were found to be both arboreal and terrestrial in their daily activities. In the trees adult bonobos are basically quadrupedal, but they also have significant components of armswinging, diving, leaping, and bipedalism in their locomotor repertoire.
Tooth size of Ticuna Indians, Colombia, with phenetic comparisons to other Amerindian
Authors: Harris Edward F. , Nweeia Martin T. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis study reports on odontometric analyses of unadmixed, adult Ticuna Indians, Colombia, South America. This group is characterized by crown diameters intermediate in size relative to the known Amerindian range and, in turn, to the range in modern man. Sex dimorphism is absent in Ticuna tooth size; there is a strong retention of the M1 > M2 size sequence.The Ticuna are compared multivariately to other Indian groups reported in the literature, using the size and shape coefficients of L.S. Penrose. Tooth size clusters the groups into small, medium, and large‐toothed classes, but does not yield a pattern attributable to known genetic or historical affinities. Shape coefficients distinguish Indians from non‐Indians (Caucasian, Negroid, and Australian samples), primarily on the basis of I1–I2 proportionalities. Neither size nor shape discriminates between North and South American groups.
Age differences in craniofacial dimensions among adults from Indian Knoll, Kentucky
Authors: Ruff Christopher B. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAdult craniofacial expansion with aging has recently been documented in a living US white population sample (Israel, '73a, '77). The present study extends these findings to a prehistoric Amerindian skeletal sample from the Indian Knoll, Kentucky site. Sixteen craniofacial dimensions available for 136 adult males were compared in younger (20–34 years) and older (35–50 years) age groups. Of these, six dimensions showed a significant difference between age groups; all significantly different dimensions were larger in the older adult age group. The multivariate (T2) difference between age groups was highly significant. Comparison of results before and after a size standardization indicated that the majority of differences between age groups were associated with an overall size increase, or expansion with aging, and did not represent merely remodeling, or “shape” changes. The pattern of craniofacial change with age appeared generally similar to that observed in the modern US white sample; however, some differences were noted. It is shown that the age trends observed at Indian Knoll are most likely to reflect true craniofacial growth in size among the adult male inhabitants of the site, rather than secular trends or other artifacts of the sampling procedure.The causes for continuing adult craniofacial expansion are unknown, and probably involve a complex interaction of many factors. However, this pattern of change with age among adults does appear to be characteristic of population samples of widely differing genetic and environmental backgrounds.
Skin colorimetry and admixture measurement: Some further considerations
Authors: Korey Kenneth A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSeveral techniques for using skin colorimetric data to measure admixture contributions to a hybrid population have been reviewed by Lees and Relethford ('78), who find this general approach to be useful. This paper extends their evaluation, providing a method for obtaining an error term and considering at greater length certain potential sources of estimate bias. Questions are raised about their discussion of the appropriate employment of distance statistics in this context, and an alternative procedure for obtaining a single estimate of admixture proportions jointly over all reflectance measurements is offered. While it is shown that the hybrid reflectance curves do not support entirely an assumption of unlinked loci contributing equally and additively to skin color, preliminary findings indicate that admixture estimates made from these data are apparently unbiased and reasonably efficient.
Communalities for rates of diaphyseal elongation of short bones of the hand of children with Down syndrome
Authors: Chumlea Wm. Cameron , Malina Robert M. , Rarick G. Lawrence , Seefeldt Vern D. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractCommunality indices for rates of elongation of diaphyses of short bones of the hand were computed from serial data for children with Down syndrome, 7 to 14 years of age. Communalities were larger for adjacent than for nonadjacent bones and also larger for bones grouped in rows rather than rays of the hand. This pattern is similar to that reported for normal children. Communality indices for rates of diaphyseal elongation for girls with Down syndrome were lower than those of boys with Down syndrome and normal children.
The pattern of involvement of appendicular degenerative joint disease
Authors: Jurmain Robert D. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPatterns of degenerative joint disease are investigated in the shoulder, elbow, hip, and knee joints of the macerated remains of approximately 800 individuals from 20th century American and two prehistoric populations. Age is an important contributory factor in all joints, but its effects are seen most directly in the shoulder and hip. Patterns of right‐left involvement also indicate the elbow is the most susceptible area to local factors. Multiple joint involvement is seen more often in females from contemporary populations but more often in males from archeological groups. No significant association is found between degenerative involvement and osteometric measurements, and cause of death is probably only incidentally associated with degenerative disease.