bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Financial crisis in Malaysia: did FDI flows contribute to vulnerability?
Authors: Doraisami Anita Giselle 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTo date there has been greater awareness that the sudden interruption and reversal of capital flows can cause financial crisis. However for the most part it is thought that the volatility of capital flows applies predominantly to short‐term flows and not longer‐term capital flows such as FDI. The Malaysian experience of financial crisis challenges the conventional wisdom and has profound implications for other developing countries seeking to attract FDI flows as a source of long‐term stable financing. Malaysia succumbed to crisis in spite of the fact that FDI flows accounted for the bulk of financial flows on average. This paper argues that FDI flows in Malaysia contributed to vulnerability to crisis by causing chronic current account deficits and was associated with a slowdown in export growth prior to the crisis. This suggests that when assessing a country's vulnerability to financial crisis, emphasis should not only be placed on the reversibility of flows but also on the macroeconomic impact of these flows. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and evaluation of a water‐soluble polymer to reduce Ac‐225 daughter migration
Authors: Fitzsimmons Jonathan , Atcher Robert 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe actinium decay chain has been promoted as an in vivo alpha generator for therapy, but migration of daughters from the primary conjugate has lead to increased toxicity away from the target organ. To reduce daughter migration, polyethylenimine (PEI) was used with a primary chelator and secondary chelators. The primary chelator, DOTA, was used to coordinate 225Actinium and secondary chelators‐acetate and DTPA, were added to the polymer for coordination of daughters formed by decay. The 225Actinium polymer derivatives containing secondary chelators were found to retain radioactive daughters better than the 225Actinium bond to the primary alone. The retention of 213Bismuth and 209Thallium had the following order from highest retained to lowest DOTA‐PEI‐DTPA≈DOTA‐PEI‐CH2OO‐ > DOTA‐PEI. The data suggests this polymer approach could be used to reduce daughter migration and has potential for development of actinium labeled radiopharmaceuticals. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Labeled oxazaphosphorines for applications in MS studies. Synthesis of deuterium labeled cyclophosphamides and ifosfamides
Authors: Springer James B. , Michael Colvin O. , Ludeman Susan M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA variety of deuterated 3‐amino‐1‐propanols were made by the LiAlD4or AlD3reduction of nitrile or ester precursors. The labeled aminopropanols and/or deuterated bis(2‐chloroethyl)amines were used to synthesize [4,4‐2H2]‐, [6,6‐2H2]‐, [α,α.α′,α′‐2H4]‐, and [4,4,β,β,β′,β′‐2H6]‐cyclophosphamide. The labeled aminopropanols were also used to synthesize deuterated 3‐(2′‐benzyloxyethylamino)‐1‐propanols [BnOCH2CH2NH(CH2)3OH] which, along with labeled and unlabeled 2‐chloroethylamines, led to [4,4‐2H2]‐, [6,6‐2H2]‐, [α,α‐2H2]‐, [α′,α′‐2H2]‐, [α,α.α′,α′‐2H4]‐, and [6,6,α,α,α′,α′‐2H6]‐ifosfamide. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of 131I‐labelled pyronaridine
Authors: Hyun Park Sang , Jeong Gwon Hui , Pradeep Kannampalli 
Published: February 2007

Abstract131I‐Labelled pyronaridine, an antimalarial drug was synthesized and evaluated for its stability and biodistribution in rabbits. We observed that there was >99% yield of the labelled compound as determined by HPLC and radio‐TLC in our study. Dynamic imaging studies in rabbits showed that 131I‐labelled pyronaridine was not concentrated in the thyroid for up to 30 min as that of Na131I. Biodistribution studies in the blood, liver, heart, spleen, kidney and lung of rats revealed that the maximum percentage of the injected dose (% ID) and the percentage of the injected dose per gram organ weight (% ID/g) of 131I‐labelled pyronaridine was found in the blood and liver when compared to the other organs even after 6 days of the drug administration. Results suggest that 131I‐labelled pyronaridine can be effectively used as an imaging agent to study the metabolism and mode of a response of pyronaridine. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of 3H, 14C and 2H4 labelled SCH 211803
Authors: Hesk D. , Voronin K. , McNamara P. , Royster P. , Koharski D. , Hendershot S. , Saluja S. , Truong V. , Chan T. M. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract[3H]SCH 211803, at a specific activity of 1.56 Ci/mmol, was prepared by direct exchange with tritiated water and platinum metal. [2H4]SCH 211803 was prepared from [2H]formaldehyde in a seven step synthesis in 10% yield. [14C]SCH 211803 was prepared from N‐benzyl‐4‐hydroxy[2‐14C]piperidine in a four‐step synthesis in 35% radiochemical yield. Additionally a high specific activity batch of [3H]SCH 211803 was prepared by Ru(Ph3P)3Cl2 catalysed exchange with 90 at% tritiated water to a specific activity of 35 Ci/mmol. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gadobenate dimeglumine–enhanced MRI of intraductal papillary mucinous tumor of the bile ducts
Authors: Park Mi‐Suk , Yu Jeong‐Sik , Lee Dong Ki , Yoon Dong‐Sup , Cha Seung‐Whan , Kim Ki Whang 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe present the case of a 63‐year‐old male with intraductal papillary mucinous tumor (IPMT) of the bile ducts. We discuss the role of gadobenate dimeglumine (Gd‐BOPTA)–enhanced T1‐weighted MRI in the visualization of mucin flow, localization of the papillary tumor, and confirming the diagnosis of this uncommon disease. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007;25:625–627. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
R2* imaging of transfusional iron burden at 3T and comparison with 1.5T
Authors: Storey Pippa , Thompson Alexis A. , Carqueville Christine L. , Wood John C. , de Freitas R. Andrew , Rigsby Cynthia K. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPurposeTo determine normative R2* values in the liver and heart at 3T, and establish the relationship between R2* at 3T and 1.5T over a range of tissue iron concentrations.Materials and MethodsA total of 20 healthy control subjects and 14 transfusion‐dependent patients were scanned at 1.5T and 3T. At each field strength R2* imaging was performed in the liver and heart.ResultsNormative R2* values in the liver were estimated from the control group to be 39.2 ± 9.0 second−1 at 1.5T and 69.1 ± 21.9 second−1 at 3T. Normative cardiac values were estimated as 23.4 ± 2.2 second−1 at 1.5T and 30.0 ± 3.7 second−1 at 3T. The combined R2* data from patients and control subjects exhibited a linear relationship between 3T and 1.5T. In the liver, the line of best fit to the 3T vs. 1.5T data had a slope of 2.00 ± 0.06 and an intercept of −11 ± 4 second−1. In the heart, it had a slope of 1.88 ± 0.14 and an intercept of −15 ± 4 second−1.ConclusionThese preliminary data suggest that the iron‐dependent component of R2* scales linearly with field strength over a wide range of tissue iron concentrations. The incidence of susceptibility artifacts may, however, also increase with field strength. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007;25:540–547. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Projection‐based estimation and nonuniformity correction of sensitivity profiles in phased‐array surface coils
Authors: Yun SungDae , Kyriakos Walid E. , Chung Jun‐Young , Han Yeji , Yoo Seung‐Schik , Park HyunWook 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPurposeTo develop a novel approach for calculating the accurate sensitivity profiles of phased‐array coils, resulting in correction of nonuniform intensity in parallel MRI.Materials and MethodsThe proposed intensity‐correction method estimates the accurate sensitivity profile of each channel of the phased‐array coil. The sensitivity profile is estimated by fitting a nonlinear curve to every projection view through the imaged object. The nonlinear curve‐fitting efficiently obtains the low‐frequency sensitivity profile by eliminating the high‐frequency image contents. Filtered back‐projection (FBP) is then used to compute the estimates of the sensitivity profile of each channel. The method was applied to both phantom and brain images acquired from the phased‐array coil.ResultsIntensity‐corrected images from the proposed method had more uniform intensity than those obtained by the commonly used sum‐of‐squares (SOS) approach. With the use of the proposed correction method, the intensity variation was reduced to 6.1% from 13.1% of the SOS. When the proposed approach was applied to the computation of the sensitivity maps during sensitivity encoding (SENSE) reconstruction, it outperformed the SOS approach in terms of the reconstructed image uniformity.ConclusionThe proposed method is more effective at correcting the intensity nonuniformity of phased‐array surface‐coil images than the conventional SOS method. In addition, the method was shown to be resilient to noise and was successfully applied for image reconstruction in parallel imaging. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007;25:588–597. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
T2‐weighted MRI of rectosigmoid carcinoma: Comparison of respiratory‐triggered fast spin‐echo, breathhold fast‐recovery fast spin‐echo, and breathhold single‐shot fast spin‐echo sequences
Authors: Yamashita Shuhei , Masui Takayuki , Katayama Motoyuki , Sato Kimihiko , Yoshizawa Nobuko , Seo Hidekazu , Sakahara Harumi 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPurposeTo compare the abilities of T2‐weighted (T2W) imaging using respiratory‐triggered fast spin‐echo (RT‐FSE), breathhold fast‐recovery FSE (BH‐FRFSE), and BH single‐shot FSE (BH‐SSFSE) sequences without an endorectal coil to detect rectosigmoid carcinomas.Materials and MethodsForty patients (stage: pT0, 1; pTis‐2, 15; pT3‐4, 24) were included in the study. All examinations were performed on a 1.5T magnet with a phased‐array coil and the patients were studied in the prone position with per‐anal air injection. Qualitative and quantitative evaluations were performed.ResultsMotion artifact was the most prominent with the RT‐FSE sequence, and the least prominent with the BH‐SSFSE sequence. Scores for depiction of the rectal wall layer, tumor recognition, and overall image quality were the highest with the BH‐FRFSE sequence. On the basis of a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, the detection rate of tumor invasion through the rectal wall was higher with the BH‐FRFSE sequence (Az = 0.9077) than with the RT‐FSE (Az = 0.7762, p < 0.05) or BH‐SSFSE (Az = 0.8602) sequence. Tumor‐to‐fat contrast was highest with the BH‐FRFSE sequence (P < 0.017).ConclusionThe BH‐FRFSE sequence may be the first choice for rectosigmoid T2W imaging in the prone position with per‐anal air injection for patients who can hold their breath stably. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007;25:511–516. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Water–fat separation with IDEAL gradient‐echo imaging
Authors: Reeder Scott B. , McKenzie Charles A. , Pineda Angel R. , Yu Huanzhou , Shimakawa Ann , Brau Anja C. , Hargreaves Brian A. , Gold Garry E. , Brittain Jean H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPurposeTo combine gradient‐echo (GRE) imaging with a multipoint water–fat separation method known as “iterative decomposition of water and fat with echo asymmetry and least squares estimation” (IDEAL) for uniform water–fat separation. Robust fat suppression is necessary for many GRE imaging applications; unfortunately, uniform fat suppression is challenging in the presence of B0 inhomogeneities. These challenges are addressed with the IDEAL technique.Materials and MethodsEcho shifts for three‐point IDEAL were chosen to optimize noise performance of the water–fat estimation, which is dependent on the relative proportion of water and fat within a voxel. Phantom experiments were performed to validate theoretical SNR predictions. Theoretical echo combinations that maximize noise performance are discussed, and examples of clinical applications at 1.5T and 3.0T are shown.ResultsThe measured SNR performance validated theoretical predictions and demonstrated improved image quality compared to unoptimized echo combinations. Clinical examples of the liver, breast, heart, knee, and ankle are shown, including the combination of IDEAL with parallel imaging. Excellent water–fat separation was achieved in all cases. The utility of recombining water and fat images into “in‐phase,” “out‐of‐phase,” and “fat signal fraction” images is also discussed.ConclusionIDEAL‐SPGR provides robust water–fat separation with optimized SNR performance at both 1.5T and 3.0T with multicoil acquisitions and parallel imaging in multiple regions of the body. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007;25:644–652. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
MRI of the female pelvis at 3T compared to 1.5T: Evaluation on high‐resolution T2‐weighted and HASTE images
Authors: Kataoka Masako , Kido Aki , Koyama Takashi , Isoda Hiroyoshi , Umeoka Shigeaki , Tamai Ken , Nakamoto Yuji , Maetani Yoji , Morisawa Nobuko , Saga Tsuneo , Togashi Kaori 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the feasibility of MRI of the female pelvis using high‐resolution T2‐weighted imaging (T2WI) and the half‐Fourier acquisition single‐shot turbo spin‐echo (HASTE) technique at 3 Tesla (T) compared to 1.5T, while focusing on the uterine body and cervical anatomy.Materials and MethodsA total of 19 healthy women underwent pelvic MR scans on 3T and 1.5T scanners. Axial and sagittal T2W (voxel size of 0.6 × 0.8 × 2 mm) and sagittal HASTE images were obtained. The images were evaluated qualitatively for overall image quality, contrast in the uterine zonal appearance and cervical structure, image inhomogeneity, and artifacts. A quantitative evaluation was performed regarding zonal contrast and image inhomogeneity.ResultsOn T2WI, the image contrast in the uterine cervix and vagina were significantly higher at 3T than at 1.5T, although there was no significant difference in the overall image quality or contrast in the uterine zonal appearance. Image inhomogeneity was more prominent at 3T, and motion artifact was more severe at 1.5T.ConclusionOur results suggest that MRI of the female pelvis at 3T may potentially provide excellent images of the uterine cervix on high‐resolution T2WI. New techniques to reduce inhomogeneity are thus called for. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007;25:527–534. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differentiation of SCA2 from MSA‐C using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging
Authors: Boesch Sylvia M. , Wolf Christian , Seppi Klaus , Felber Stephan , Wenning Gregor K. , Schocke Michael 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPurposeTo assess and compare biochemical and volumetric features of the cerebellum in patients with spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) and patients with the cerebellar variant of multiple system atrophy (MSA‐C).Materials and MethodsNine genetically assigned SCA2 patients and six MSA‐C patients who met the clinical criteria of MSA‐C underwent a clinical and neuroradiological workup with respect to cerebellar features. The MR protocol consisted of a sagittal T1‐weighted three‐dimensional fast low‐angle shot (3D FLASH) sequence and a transversal T2‐ and spin‐density‐weighted turbo spin‐echo sequence. The proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (1H‐MRSI) protocol consisted of two chemical shift imaging (CSI) sequences (echo time (TE) = 20 and 135 msec).ResultsBoth short‐ and long‐TE MR spectroscopy (MRS) images showed significant decreases in values for N‐acetylaspartate to creatine (NAA/Cr), and choline to creatine (Cho/Cr) ratios in MSA‐C and SCA2 compared to normal controls, though there was no difference between the two patient groups. In contrast, distinct cerebellar lactate (Lac) peaks were detected in seven SCA2 patients, and small peaks were detected in two. However, we did not detect any definite Lac peak in MSA‐C or control subjects.ConclusionMRSI revealed Lac pathology in SCA2 but not in MSA‐C. Whether this indicates distinct pathogenetic mechanisms of cerebellar degeneration remains to be established. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007;25:564–569. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dose comparison of single‐ vs. double‐dose in contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance angiography of the carotid arteries: Intraindividual cross‐over blinded trial using Gd‐DTPA
Authors: Jourdan C. , Heverhagen J.T. , Knopp M.V. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPurposeTo compare the intraindividual differences of single‐dose (DS) and double‐dose (DD) gadolinium diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd‐DTPA)‐enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) in the carotid arterial territory, an open‐label single‐center trial with blinded evaluations by two independent radiologists was undertaken.Materials and MethodsA total of 11 healthy volunteers were included in the study. Carotid MRAs were carried out in a 1.5 T clinical scanner using a neurovascular phased‐array coil. Images were acquired with three‐dimensional (3D) fast spoiled gradient recalled echo (FSPGR) sequence. Contrast agent was injected with a power injector, keeping the injection time constant for DS and DD.ResultsBoth readers found at least 97% of vascular segments evaluable. Median overall image quality and diagnostic confidence were rated excellent and confident to very confident. No statistically significant difference between the dosage groups could be demonstrated. Variability based on a region of interest (ROI) signal intensity (SI) measurement was 7% for the DS and 5% for the DD group. SI, signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR), and contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR) were significantly higher for the DD group.ConclusionOur results demonstrate that while a double dosing of contrast agent does increase SNR, it does not lead to further improvement in visual and perceptual image quality. A single dosage of approximately 0.1 mmol/kg body weight (bw) Gd‐DTPA may be the preferable dosage in the carotid arteries. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007;25:557–563. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Unifying the analyses of anatomical and diffusion tensor images using volume‐preserved warping
Authors: Xu Dongrong , Hao Xuejun , Bansal Ravi , Plessen Kerstin J. , Geng Weidong , Hugdahl Kenneth , Peterson Bradley S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPurposeTo introduce a framework that automatically identifies regions of anatomical abnormality within anatomical MR images and uses those regions in hypothesis‐driven selection of seed points for fiber tracking with diffusion tensor (DT) imaging (DTI).Materials and MethodsRegions of interest (ROIs) are first extracted from MR images using an automated algorithm for volume‐preserved warping (VPW) that identifies localized volumetric differences across groups. ROIs then serve as seed points for fiber tracking in coregistered DT images. Another algorithm automatically clusters and compares morphologies of detected fiber bundles. We tested our framework using datasets from a group of patients with Tourette's syndrome (TS) and normal controls.ResultsOur framework automatically identified regions of localized volumetric differences across groups and then used those regions as seed points for fiber tracking. In our applied example, a comparison of fiber tracts in the two diagnostic groups showed that most fiber tracts failed to correspond across groups, suggesting that anatomical connectivity was severely disrupted in fiber bundles leading from regions of known anatomical abnormality.ConclusionOur framework automatically detects volumetric abnormalities in anatomical MRIs to aid in generating a priori hypotheses concerning anatomical connectivity that then can be tested using DTI. Additionally, automation enhances the reliability of ROIs, fiber tracking, and fiber clustering. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007;25:612–624. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Precision, signal‐to‐noise ratio, and dose optimization of magnitude and phase arterial input functions in dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI
Authors: Kotys Melanie S. , Akbudak Erbil , Markham Joanne , Conturo Thomas E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPurposeTo determine optimal conditions for precise measurement of arterial input function (AIFs) in dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) perfusion MRI.Materials and MethodsMagnitude‐based (ΔR2*) and phase‐based (Δϕ) AIFs were numerically simulated for several doses and baseline MRI noise levels [SNR(I0)]. Random noise (1000 realizations) was added to real/imaginary MRI signals (derived from an internal carotid AIF), and AIF signal, noise, and signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) were determined. The optimal dose was defined as the dose that maximizes mean AIF SNR over the first‐pass (SNRmean), rather than SNR at the AIF peak (SNRpeak) because, compared to SNRpeak, doses predicted by SNRmean reduced the AIF‐induced variability in cerebral blood flow (CBF) by 24% to 40%.ResultsThe AIF SNR is most influenced by choice of AIF signal, then optimal dosing, each with little penalty. Compared to ΔR2*, Δϕ signal has 4 to 80 times the SNR over all doses and time points, and ∼10‐fold SNRmean at respective optimal doses. Optimal doses induce 85% to 90% signal drop for the ΔR2* method, and 70% to 75% for Δϕ, with two‐fold dose errors causing ∼1.7‐fold loss in SNRmean. Increases in SNR(I0) proportionally increase AIF SNR, but at a cost.ConclusionAIF SNR is affected most by signal type, then dosing, and lastly, SNR(I0). J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007;25:598–611. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Whole‐body 3D water/fat resolved continuously moving table imaging
Authors: Börnert Peter , Keupp Jochen , Eggers Holger , Aldefeld Bernd 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPurposeTo study the feasibility of three‐dimensional (3D) whole‐body, head‐to‐toe, water/fat resolved MRI, using continuously moving table imaging technology.Materials and MethodsExperiments were performed on nine healthy volunteers, acquiring 3D whole‐body head‐to‐toe data under continuous motion of the patient table. Two different approaches for water/fat separation have been studied. Results of a three‐point chemical shift encoding and a spectral presaturation technique were compared with respect to image quality and performance. Furthermore, fast, low‐resolution, whole‐body water/fat imaging was performed in two minutes total scan time to derive patient‐specific parameters such as the total water/fat ratio, the intraperitoneal/extraperitoneal fat ratio, and the body mass index (BMI).ResultsGood water/fat separation with decent image quality was obtained in all cases. The three‐point chemical shift encoding approach was found to be more efficient with respect to signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) and acquisition time.ConclusionWhole‐body water/fat sensitive MRI using continuous table motion is feasible and could be of interest for clinical practice. Some improvements of the method are desirable. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007;25:660–665. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.