bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flight-Associated Discharge Pattern in a Weakly Electric Fish, Gnathonemus Petersii (Mormyridae, Teleostei)
Authors: Kramer Bernd 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA GnathonEmus petersii which is put into the tank of a Mormyrus rume, or of an electrically silenced G. petersii, displays a discharge rate which is only one fourth (8 Hz) the rate exhibited by an attacking, territory-defending animal. In both instances, the variability of intervals is great. In contrast to the bimodal histogram of an attacking animal, the histogram of an inferior, fleeing fish displays only one mode. This mode is identical to the burst activity-mode of the resting histogram, and different from the swimming histogram mode. So the histogram displayed by an attacked and persecuted animal is significantly different from the histograms exhibited by i) isolated resting, ii) isolated swimming, and iii) attacking fish. During an attack-elicited escape reaction, G. petersii increases its discharge rate up to 55 Hz in a step-like fashion, while regularising the length of successive intervals ("fleeing signal"). The step-like discharge rate increase is also shown by the receiver of an Approach who does not move. This suggests that the step-like discharge rate increase, associated with the escape reaction, is not an incidental response to changed motor activity. The "fleeing signal" presumably is i) an incidental response to a vegetative reaction, or ii) it may have the significance of a signal communicating a socially relevant message (e.g. threat).
*The Study of Social Organizations
Authors: Mcbride Glen 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis paper presents a theoretical model of and a practical approach to the study of social systems. It was prepared after discussions at the XI and XII International Ethological Conferences, and each draft was presented to many ethologists for comment, and many responded. The paper looks at the social organization within animal species, and at the way animals build, maintain, and change it by their behaviour. The questions asked move always from the individual behaviours, through the social interactions, to the social reiationships and groups which are stable features of societies. The main societal subsystems discussed are: I. Social phases, or social structures which are maintained for periods of time; 2. Organic specialization by castes; 3. Social specialization in groups ; 4. The pattern of dispersal of individuals or groups; 5. The social organization of sexual and parent-offspring behaviour; 6. The organization of behaviour in relation to the environment; 7. The dynamic aspects of animal societies, particularly with changes in density. In each section, questions aim to draw out the pattern of behavioural organization, emphasising the structural features of the theoretical model presented.
Copulatory Behavior of Golden Hamsters (Mesocricet Us Auratus)
Authors: Bunnell Bradford N. , Boland Bobby D. , Dewsbury Donald A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Several experiments were performed in order to provide quantitative and qualitative descriptions of the copulatory behavior of syrian golden hamsters (Mesocricetits auratus) observed under laboratory conditions. The results of these studies indicate that: I. The male copulatory pattern may be generally classified as a multiple intromission, multiple ejaculation pattern with no copulatory lock and an absence of thrusting during intromission. The exception to this is the appearance of "long" intromissions, involving multiple intravaginal thrusting, as the male approaches satiety. The function of the long intromission appears to be to increase penile stimulation in the male. Significance of the long intromission for the female is unknown. 2. Behavioral criteria which allow ejaculations to be distinguished from other complete intromissions were identified. The most valid criterion was an increase in rate of preinsertion thrusting prior to ejaculation. It was also possible to use behavioral measures to identify the post ejaculatory interval. 3. Data from standard latency and frequency measures were quite similar with those of BEACH & RABEDEAU (1959). There was, however, an increase in ejaculation latencies and interintromission intervals as the male approached the satiety criterion. 4. The duration of intromissions during which ejaculations occurred was reliably, but not strikingly, longer than that of non-ejaculatory "regular" intromissions. The durations of "long" intromissions, during which no ejaculations were ever found to occur, generally exceeded the duration of both ejaculations and regular intromissions, but some overlap existed. "Long" intromissions could, however, be identified by multiple intravaginal thrusting behavior. In the first copulatory of a test, the first intromission was of longer duration than later intromissions. 5. Male golden hamsters exhibit renewed copulatory behavior after reaching satiation if another, previously unmated female is introduced into the test situation (Coolidge Effect). Female contributions to the regulation of satiety effects appeared to be extensive but were not analyzed in the present study. 6. In contrast to many other rodents, male behavior of golden hamsters is exceptionally channelized toward copulatory behavior during the ejaculation latency period. Also, in contrast to many other rodents, the duration of lordosis in female golden hamsters is very long. Other species typical differences were also observed.
Sources of Individual Variations in the Naive Approach Preferences of Quail Chicks: Age, Stimulus Intensity, and Genotypes
Authors: Kovach Joseph K. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractVariations in the early approach choices of naive quail chicks (C. coturnix japonica) were studied in relation to stimulus colours, stimulus intensities, age of subjects, and genotypes. Binary choices were tested at 7 hrs, 27 hrs, and 47 hrs of post-hatch age by a pair of coloured stimuli (blue and red) of identical photopic intensities (2.0 lux) and a pair of white stimuli of different intensities (20.0 lux vs 2.0 lux). Subjects were drawn from a genetically unmanipulated control population and from two genetic lines that were bidirectionally selected for choices between blue and red. Genetic controls showed very high preference of blue over red at 7 hrs of age, decreased blue preference at 27 hrs, and a slight preference of red over blue by 47 hrs. The two genetic lines showed significant modifications of colour choices by selection without showing corresponding changes in age effects. Both the control and the selected subjects showed preference of the higher intensity white stimulus, but this preference did not change with age. It was concluded that the gene effects in naive colour preferences are not related to age effects, nor to preferences between intensities of stimuli.
Critical Properties of the Assembly Call of the Common American Crow
Authors: Richards David B. , Thompson Nicholas S. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
According to tradition, the communication system of the American crow, Corvus brachyrhynchos, consists of an assortment of distinct sounds each of which is used in a particular context and has a unique meaning. Despite this traditional view, we have made field observations which suggested that the sounds employed in various different functional contexts overlap considerably. These observations further suggested that each sound does not have a single unique meaning, but that its meaning varies depending upon how it and similar sounds are temporally organized into calling sequences. In order to investigate this idea, a series of experiments were performed in which the temporal properties of natural sounds recorded from crows in the field were changed. These experiments were concerned primarily with the vocalization known as the assembly call. The assembly call consists of series of sounds which are low, harsh, and variable in pitch and timing. Broadcast to crows in the field, recorded assembly calls provoke an aggregation of crows to the sound source about twenty-five percent of the time. The recordings broadcasted were of two sorts: sequences made up by modifying the temporal properties of a natural assembly call and sequences of sounds derived from calls given in other functional contexts which were then rearranged to approximate the temporal properties of an assembly call. These calls were tested on wild crows in the field. A presentation of a call was counted successful if at least one crow approached the sound source on a direct line. Different calls were compared with respect to the proportion of successful presentations. The results show that not all types of crow sounds can be manufactured into effective assembly calls. A high pitched call, even when arranged to approximate the temporal properties of the assembly call does not assemble crows at rates approaching the rate of assembly to natural assembly calls. On the other hand, the results also show that a sound need not be derived from an assembly call in order to be arranged into an effective assembly call. A call recorded in another functional context, but which has a harsh, grainy quality will assemble crows as well as or better than an assembly call if it is presented in the proper temporal arrangement. In fact, the highest rates of success were provoked by a sequence of such sounds having a high rate of emission and organized into short cycles of increasing rate. Such a call is two to four times more effective than a natural assembly call. These results are inconsistent with the traditional view that each particular caw in the repertoire of a crow has a discrete stable meaning. An alternate hypothesis is suggested in which the meaning of a sequence of crow sounds is thought to depend not only on the properties of the caws but upon the temporal properties of the sequence as well.
The Social System of the Grey Squirrel
Authors: Thompson D.C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe social system of the grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) was investigated. The area used by males and females expands after weaning, then stabilizes and remains the same in location and extent for life. The home range of an established individual is broadly overlapped by the home ranges of several other animals. Each established individual is regularly in contact with only a limited number of recognized neighbours with which it has well-established dominance relationships. Individual recognition promotes lowered aggressive levels between neighbours which allows each squirrel to use its entire home range evenly. Aggressive behaviour is directed toward strange squirrels, either young or immigrants, which attempt to enter this system. Thus, the established individuals hinder the settlement of new animals. Young squirrels born in a given locality have a greater chance of establishing than do immigrants. The relevance of the findings to population regulation is discussed.
The Role of the Female During Copulation in Wild and Domestic Norway Rats (Rattus Norvegicus)
Authors: McClintock Martha K. , Adler Norman T. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe copulatory behavior of both wild and domestic strains of Rattus norvegicus was observed via continuous video monitoring as it spontaneously occurred in the large seminatural environment and under standard laboratory conditions. A factorial design demonstrated that the female Norway rat has the major role determining the amount and timing of copulation once mating begins. Copulation between wild pairs was characterized by fewer ejaculatory series than domestic pairs. The first ejaculatory series of wild pairs contained more intromissions at longer intervals. Domestic pairs had the same total number of intromissions in a copulatory session, but spread over multiple ejaculatory series with few intromissions at short intervals in the first series. The characteristic differences between the copulatory patterns of wild and domestic pairs was determined by the female's strain condition and was either statistically independent or opposite to the male's strain condition. Specifically, the population pattern of a wild female was characterized by fewer ejaculatory series and more intromissions at longer intervals before the first ejaculation than the pattern of a domestic female. These differences between wild and domestic populations were produced by differences in the rate of active solicitations for an intromission by individual females : the solicitation occurred virtually in a one-to-one correspondence with an intromission. There were no gross anatomical differences between the vaginal size and placement of the two strains. The female solicitation is a distinct and quantifiable behavior not found in the standard testing cage: its occurrence depends on a larger and more complex environment. In addition, copulation in the larger seminatural environment is characterized by fewer intromissions in each ejaculatory series of a session at longer copulatory intervals. The role of the female is discussed both in terms of the individual interactions which underlie it and in terms of its physiological functions for successful reproduction in the rat. Copulation with a wild male is characterized by longer intervals between the intromissions of the first ejaculatory series than with a domestic male. The wild condition of both the pair and the female showed the opposite effect. This difference is evaluated in terms of the different mating strategies for the two sexes on a population level and in terms of the individual interactions that allow a compromise for successful reproduction of the pair.
Navigation in Mazes By a Grey Seal, Halichoer Us Gr Yp Us (Fabricius)
Authors: Oliver Guy W. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe ability of a grey seal, Halichoerus grypus, to navigate a variety of obstacle courses was examined under light and dark conditions in a 6.1 m diameter tank. Four maze patterns were constructed by varying the positions of 18 vertical rods in the tank. One hundred trials were conducted, each consisting of a 2 minute light phase followed by a 2 minute dark phase. The order of presentation of the maze patterns was randomly determined. All trials were monitored for sound. A phosphorescent tag was attached to the seal to allow monitoring of its movements in the dark. The mazes differentially modified the seal's path of travel. Average rates of movement were determined under four conditions: light with no maze present - 108 cm/sec; light with a maze present - 65 cm/sec; dark with no maze present - 15 cm/sec; and, dark with a maze present - 14 crn/sec. The seal displaced 7 obstacles in the light and 17 in the dark. Trials in the dark with errors had a significantly higher mean distance traveled than those without errors: x = 21.6 m vs x = 16.2 m, p<.05. Clicks, clusters of clicks, and hisses were recorded, mostly in the dark. There was a negative correlation between sound production and improved navigational ability. It is suggested the seal relied upon visual orientation in the light, and on tactile cues provided by the vibrissae coupled with memory in the dark.
A Field Study of the Ontogeny of Social Behavior in the Lizard Anolis Aene Us
Authors: Stamps J.A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe spacing behavior, displays and aggression of hatchling and juvenile lizards (Anolis aeneus) were compared to the behavior of the adults. Tn adults these behaviors are sexually dimorphic, but juveniles of both sexes show similar behavior. Hatchling lizards a few days old have nonoverlapping home ranges or participate in dominance hierarchies of up to six steps. Status in dominance hierarchies is almost entirely size dependent. The particular type of social system shown varies with microhabitat. Juvenile home ranges are smaller than those of adults and enlarge with age. Home ranges of juveniles are more variable in size than those of adults. Temporal elements of the species specific bob pattern are very stereotyped in both juveniles and adults. Intraindividual variation in display element duration is low and interindividual variation high in all age and size groups. However, mean duraton of elements is longer for larger lizards. Two other displays are significantly more variable in juveniles than in adults. Most of this variation is due to added interindividual variance in juvenile display elements. Juveniles and adults of both sexes are able to give all displays except courtship displays. The frequency with which certain displays are given is significantly different for juveniles, adult females and adult males. Juveniles are more apt to give certain aggressive displays than are adults of either sex. Longterm ontogenetic studies of individual females indicates that initially they give the aggressive displays characteristic of juveniles in general, but that the frequency of these displays decrease when they become sexually mature. When territorial resident lizards of any age are exposed to tethered intruders they react aggressively. Aggressive responses were ranked and aggression computed for certain size ratios of intruder and resident juveniles (I/R ratio). This aggression was compared to that predicted on the basis of food competition between different lizard size ratios. At both large and small lizard size ratios (I/R) juvenile Anolis aeneus are more aggressive than are either adult males or adult females at the same size ratios. This added aggressiveness to very large and very small intruders cannot be explained in terms of food competition between juvenile lizards of different sizes.
Significance of Stridulation in Larval Hydropsychidae (Trichoptera)
Authors: Jansson Antti , Vuoristo Tuulikki 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
I. An experimental study on the larvae of Hydropsyche angustipennis, H. siltalai, H. nevae, and H. pellucidula showed that when forced to leave their retreats the larvae would enter any retreat of suitable size, regardless of what species had built it and whether it was occupied or not. If the retreat entered was occupied, the larvae fought vigorously about the ownership of the retreat. 2. When defending their retreats against intruders of various congeneric species, larvae of H. angustipennis, H. siltalai, and H. nevae won more than 90% of the encounters, and all the species were about equally successive as defenders. As intruders, in contrast, H. angustipennis and H. siltalai were clearly superior to H. nevae. 3. Larvae of H. angustipennis and H. nevae were observed to stridulate in about 50% of the encounters, but larvae of H. siltalai stridulated in only about 20% of the fights. In more than 97% of the observed cases it was the defending larva which stridulated, and the stridulations were most frequent during fights between conspecific individuals, and when the intruder was larger than the defender. Intruders stridulated only occasionally, and only if they managed to force their way into the retreat, i.e., they defended the position attained. H. angustipennis was clearly the most active species to stridulate as intruder. 4. In general, the percentage of fights won by the defender decreased as the size of the intruder increased. However, if the defender stridulated, the decrease in the winning percentage was insignificant, but if the defender did not stridulate the decrease was considerable. Thus, stridulation clearly increased the defender's chances of winning a fight, especially against a larger intruder. 5. Morphologically the stridulatory apparatus of the four species differed little from each other. Correspondingly, the structure of the individual sound bursts was practically the same in all the species, but in the grouping of the bursts the species were rather different. Further, variation in numbers of sound bursts per set and numbers of sets per stridulatory period correlated to some extent with the species and size combination of the combatants. 6. The structural similarity of the sound bursts in the four species and the wide frequency band of the sound, together with the fact that stridulation could be provoked very easily by nonspecific artificial stimuli, suggest that the sounds are part of the defense behavior of the larvae and may be classed as protest sounds. Whether they affect other than congeneric intruders remains unknown. 7. Observations on the larvae during their responses to various disturbances indicated that they sensed vibrations carried by their nets and retreats, but not those carried by the water. From this, it is inferred that peculiar plume-like hairs present in large numbers on the anteroventral sides of the basal segments of the fore legs are the vibration receptors of the larvae.
A Causal Analysis of the Territorial and Courtship Behaviour of Chromis Cyanea (Pomacentridae, Pisces)
Authors: De Boer Bart A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe territorial and courtship behaviour of C. cyanea was studied on a reef off the South-coast of Curaçao, Netherlands Antilles. Protocols of the behaviour were made by means of an underwater taperecorder. The protocols were subjected to sequence analysis. The result of this analysis showed that the different motor-patterns could be ranked into groups characterized by the motor-patterns within a group showing more correlations among them then with motor-patterns outside this group. Further analysis showed that the associations of motor-patterns could be ascribed to them having internal factors in common. In this way different behavioral systems could be distinguished. The occurrence of different colour patterns shown by C. cyanea was also analyzed. It appeared that the presence of each colour pattern was correlated with a specific group of motor-patterns. These groups appeared to be the same as distinguished in the analysis of the motor-patterns. The correlation between the colour patterns and motor-patterns could be shown to be based on internal factors. The nature of the linkage between the behavioral systems and the mechanism controlling the colour patterns is discussed and it appears that the colour patterns can be used to gain further insight into the causation of the different motor-patterns. In the discussion I tried to show that the results of the analysis of the courtship behaviour are open to other explanations than the traditional one in which it is assumed that the causation of courtship behaviour is dependent on the interactions of three systems, i.e., sex, aggression and flight. A more parsimonious explanation of the data shows that there is no need to assume a separate sexual system for the causation of the courtship actions. These actions can be explained by interactions between an aggressive and a nesting system. The proportion in which each of these systems partakes in the causation of each separate action is regulated by a different system.