bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent Advances in Gas Network Synthesis
Authors: Evrenos Attila I. , Rahouz Gerald J. , Vest Gary L. , Jones Robert W. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper presents new network simulation algorithms that:
(1) drastically affect the formulation of network problems,
(2) permit the simulation of very large networks,
(3) afford large savings in computing cost. These algorithms may be used as computational aids to the design, evaluation, and operation of natural gas gathering, transmission, and distribution systems.
The first algorithm applies to networks without flow circuits. Its designation "CINS - I", is an acronym for Converging Information Network Simulator. The second algorithm is a modified version of CINS - I, designed to simulate networks with few flow circuits. Its acronym is "CINS - II". The third algorithm is a combination of CINS -I and the Newton-Raphson Method, which is used for very large multi-circuit networks. It is called "GINS", which is the acronym for General Information Network Simulator. The power of the CINS algorithms stem from the circumvention of matrix manipulations normally encountered in network simulation. GINS is designed to greatly reduce the size of the matrices required in the Newton-Raphson Method and to exploit the sparseness of the reduced matrices. Several applications of the algorithms to typical gas networks are also given.

Introduction
The gratification of a modern society is deeply imbedded in a maze of networks which, among other things, collect and disseminate information, transport people, and distribute goods and energy. The enormous investment in and dependence on these networks demand that existing ones be rationally used and the new ones intelligently planned.
"A typical approach to a current decision making problem (i.e. a network design and/or operating decision) is to allow intuition, experience and current knowledge to dictate the selection of factors to be considered. There are some indications that good intuition is a manifestation of the correct mix of factors".
Gas Transport in a Microporous Silica Membrane
Authors: Hassan Mohammed H. M. , Way J. Douglas 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The permeances of several gaseous species (He, H2, CO2, N2, CH4, and C2H4) were measured through silica hollow fiber membranes over a temperature range of 298 to 473 K at a feed pressure of 20 atm. Permeances ranged from 10 to 2.3 * 105 Barrer/cm at 298 K and were inversely proportional to the kinetic diameter of the penetrant. The permeance of gaseous species were found to decrease with decreasing differential pressure driving force at ΔP &lt;5 bar. No pressure dependency was found at ΔP &gt; 5 bar. Mass transfer through the silica hollow fiber membrane was found to be an activated process. Activation energies for diffusion through the silica membrane calculated from the slopes of Arrhenius plots of the permeation data ranged from 4.61 10 14.0 kcal/mole and correlate well with the kinetic diameter of the penetrants. Large separation factors were obtained for the penetrants. The separation factors decreased with increasing temperature. The CH4/CO2 mixed separation factors were higher than the values calculated from pure gases at temperatures below 373 K. This behavior was observed after the membrane had been heated to at least 398 K and then cooled in an inert gas flow. The differences between the mixture and ideal separation factors is attributed to a competitive adsorption effect in which the more strongly interacting gases saturate the surface and block the transport of the weakly interacting gases.
As Built, the Achievable Goal; ADCO's Experience
Authors: Muflahi Ali Kassim 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper describes the transformation of Abu Dhabi Company for Onshore Oil Operations' (ADCO's) drawing, documentation and tagging system from a traditional manually orientated approach to a procedure dictated electronically based system aimed at producing high integrity ‘As-Built’ documentation together with standard identification of equipment. A project was initiated, in 1992, to implement the new system and this is described together with measures being taken to maintain the integrity of the system. The discussion highlights the benefits of the system and touches on future developments and the difficulties encountered.
Take It to the Limit: The Dynamics of Rod Load and Rod Reversal in Reciprocating Compressors
Authors: Gajjar Hasu 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A major factor the engineer must consider when designing a reciprocating compressor package is the structural limit of the compressor. This limit is referred to as the rod load or frame load and is the maximum continuous operating force the compressor can safely withstand. Our discussion will include static rod load, inertia rod load, dynamic rod load, and rod reversal, with guidelines for minimizing rod reversal in the field.

Introduction
Every compressor has speed and load-carrying limitations. Primarily, the load-carrying capacity of a compressor frame involves horsepower and rod loading. Rod load specifications tell the compressor package operator the limits of static, inertial, and dynamic loads that can be borne by the crankshaft, connecting rod, frame, piston rod, bolting and bearing surfaces. This knowledge and how it is applied can make the difference between downtime and runtime.

Mechanics of Principal Moving Parts
The forces acting on the principal moving parts of a reciprocating compressor are:
- The gas pressure forces
- The inertia forces of the reciprocating parts
- The dynamic forces of the reciprocating parts
- Centrifugal forces of the rotating parts.
I will address all except the centrifugal forces in this presentation.
The gas pressure forces are the principal forces, but the inertia, dynamic and centrifugal forces become considerable at higher speeds.
The gas pressure and inertia forces of the reciprocating parts result in a net force on the piston. The net result is a force along the connecting rod which resolves itself from the turning effort, or torque, on the crankshaft.
Determination of Horizontal Permeability Through a Probability Neural Network Approach
Authors: Soares L. , Ribeiro T. , Alves F. , Pereira M. J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The main objective of this study is to present an alternative methodology based on the Probability Neural Network (PNN) formalism to estimate and further predict the permeability values in any location of a 3D grid of a reservoir model. An experimental data set containing measurements of log porosity, true vertical depth, transitive time and lithologies at well locations, was used for training the PNN. Afterwards, the trained PNN is applied to the wells where does not exist core information, but logs. The permeability values estimated by PNN in the wells are used to simulate the permeability at all spatial locations of the reservoir. This methodology was applied to experimental data from a reservoir located at West Africa with encouraging results.
Development of a Mathematical Model for Circulating pressures in Horizontal Well Killing Operations
Authors: Muthu Kumar J. , Sarma Dipen 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Wait & Weight method is one of the well killing techniques used extensively all over the world. To explain briefly, it is a constant bottom hole pressure (BHP) method of circulating the kick out while pumping a heavier kill mud into the well to replace the original mud which was in the well when the kick occurred. This requires that a certain circulating pressure versus pump strokes schedule must be maintained while pumping the kill mud, to keep the formation pressure equally balanced to prevent additional influx into the well. This pressure schedule helps to pre-determine the amount of circulating pressure that must be maintained at the drill pipe pressure gauge at any time when the kill mud is traveling from surface to bit. The standard methodology used for calculating the pressure schedule in vertical wells, assumes a linear relationship between the circulating pressure and the volume of kill mud pumped. If the same method is used in a deviated or horizontal wells, serious problems may occur. This includes over pressuring the formation which may lead to loss circulation, more complications in well control and or loss of well and its production.
Evaluation of the Corrosion Caused by Elevator and Spider Marks on C.R.A.-Pipe Comparing Conventional Inserts and a New Gripping System
Authors: Kinzel Holger , Tai P. T. , Büttner Kurt 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Under a corrosive downhole environment, the completion of a well might be damaged if no precautions are taken. Pipe made of corrosion resistant alloys (C.R.A.) is used to minimize corrosion. An analysis of various corrosion mechanisms shows that the surface integrity is an important factor for corrosion prevention.
Conventional spider and elevator inserts cause die marks that support corrosion. A new developed gripping system distributes the required load equally onto a large number of small peaks, minimizing the indentation of each single peak.
Electrochemical investigations, the measurement of the surface indentations and microscopic analysis compare the effect of conventional dies and the new gripping system on C.R.A.-pipe.
Using the new gripping system, the surface integrity is not damaged and the corrosion potential is virtually eliminated.
Bringing Convergence to Well Control Training in Asia-Pacific
Authors: Kreeft G. J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper will examine to what extent policy convergence with relation to well control is occurring in Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia. The inspiration of this comparative analysis is based on a panel discussion held at the IADC 1995 Asia Pacific Well Control Conference held in Jakarta, and for which the author was the moderator.
The study will examine present well control training, its development, and future institutional development in Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam.
The development of well control training guidelines in the Asia-Pacific Region will also be examined in the context of international development, i.e. IADC's WellCAP programme, IWCF, and bilateral developments in Asian-Pacific countries.
An Incentive Drilling Experience 1992-1996
Authors: Wee S.B. , van Dijk R.A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Application of Incentive Contracting (IC) principles to the Drilling Operations in SSB/SSPC has resulted in the most significant improvement in operational and economic performance since many years. After four years of going through the learning curves, millions of dollars have been saved, not in the least because the service contractor fraternity has shown their commitment, without which the benefits would never have materialised. This article describes the development and implementation of these contracts in a restrictive contracting environment.

Introduction
Following many years of letting "dayrate" contracts for the entire range of drilling services in SSB/SSPC, the lack of incentive for the contractors to improve, significantly widened the gap between their performance and capabilities. This was aggravated by SSB/SSPC drilling staff assuming the exclusive leading role from well design to the execution phase inclusive. Upon full appreciation of the opportunities for improvement in the early 90's, SSB/SSPC drilling staff initiated the development and application of incentive conditions to their contracts. The basis was, that contractors could make monetary gains by performing sets of operations better than pre-defined targets. The challenge was, very much like in the "footage" type contracts of the past, to create a contractual situation that aligned the drilling and service contractors' goals with those of SSB/SSPC, albeit without the risks of the past. Due to HSE and Quality matters not being as much appreciated in the old days, many accidents occurred and many barrels of oil were rendered irrecoverable as a result of "rushed" operations. The "Drilling In The Nineties" (Ref. 1) type Incentive Contracts (IC's) that were developed over the past four years in SSB/SSPC however, link flexibility with HSE and Quality control to ensure history's downside does not repeat itself.
Originally instilled as a means to improve drilling performance by promoting faster execution only, IC turned out to be a "winner" in many more ways. Despite the "Production Sharing Contract" (PSC) environment and its contractual constraints under which Shell Upstream operates in Malaysia, application of IC's has actually led to a semi-integration of many services. The added value of integration lies in the continuous challenge from the team members in search for improvements to their respective share of the operations. The major drawback of contractual constraints has proven to be of lesser importance if the right mindset can be created, in which contractors can de-couple operational control from full contractual control.
Incentive contracts have now been used for four years on four large offshore development drilling campaigns and applied to four different drilling contractors and just as many rigs. Over that period, the incentive contracts have been refined and simplified and their scope has expanded to include almost all drilling, completion and workover activities.
Determination of Pressure Dependent Leakoff and its Effect on Fracture Geometry
Authors: Barree R. D. , Mukherjee H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The effects of natural fissure opening, or pressure dependent leakoff, on the pressure behavior observed during fracturing are significant. Previous work has suggested that this behavior can be identified from pressure diagnostic plots during pumping, or from pressure falloff analysis. However, these techniques lead to ambiguous conclusions regarding the magnitude, and even existence, of pressure dependent leakoff. This paper presents a method of pressure falloff analysis which removes this ambiguity and allows an accurate determination of the magnitude of pressure dependent leakoff. The effects of fracture tip extension and recession, height recession, and transient flow in the fracture are also identified. The effect of pressure dependent fracture compliance, which has not been previously published, is also described.
Logging While Fishing: An Alternate Method to Cut and Thread Fishing
Authors: Tollefsen Ed , Crary Steve , Flores Bill , Hashem Mohamed N. , Roeterink Rene W.A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
New technology has been introduced to allow completion of the wireline logging program after the tool string has become lodged in the wellbore. Charges associated with extracting a stuck tool are substantial. These charges result from the nonproductive time during the fishing trip, an associated wiper trip, and re-logging the well. The ability to continue the logging program while retrieving the logging string from the wellbore is needed.
Logging While Fishing (LWF) is a hybrid of existing technologies combined with a new sub capable of severing a cable remotely. This new method is comprised of cut and thread fishing, drillpipe conveyed logging, and bridled tool techniques. Utilizing these techniques it is possible to complete wireline logging operations while removing a stuck tool from the wellbore.
Compleling logging operations using this hybrid method will save operating companies time and money. Other benefits, depending on the situation, include reduced fishing time and an increased level of safety. This application has been demonstrated on jobs in the Gulf of Mexico, North Sea, Venezuela, and Southeast Asia.
3-D Architecture Modeling Using High-Resolution Seismic Data and Sparse Well Control: Example from the Mars "Pink" Reservoir, Mississippi Canyon Area, Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Chapin M. A. , Tiller G. M. , Mahaffie M. J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Economic considerations of the deep-water turbidlte play, in the Gulf of Mexico and elsewhere, require large reservoir volumes to be drained by relatively few, very expensive wells. Deep-water development projects to date have been planned on the basis of high-quality 3-D seismic data and sparse well control. The link between 3-D seismic, well control, and the 3-D geological and reservoir architecture model are demonstrated here for Pliocene turbldite sands of the "Pink" reservoir, Prospect Mars, Mississippi Canyon Areas 763 and 807, Gulf of Mexico. This information was used to better understand potential reservoir compartments for development well planning.
When Do Drilling Alliances Add Value? The Alliance Value Model
Authors: Brett J.F. , Craig V.B. , Wadsworth D.B. , Pile K.E. , Brett K.V. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A recent GRI report details three previously unstudied aspects of alliances: specific measurable factors that improve alliance success, how a successful alliance should be structured, and when an alliance makes economic sense. The most innovative tool to emerge from the report, the Alliance Value Model, addresses the third aspect.
The theory behind the Alliance Value Model is that the long-term viability of any drilling relationship hinges on its ability to create real value and achieve stability. Based upon the report's findings, the most effective way to form such an alliance is through a detailed description and integration of the technical processes involved. This new type of process-driven alliance is characterized by a value chain which links together a common set of technical processes, mutually defined bottomline goals, and shared benefits.
Building a process-driven alliance requires time and people and therefore has an associated cost. The real value generated by an alliance must exceed this start-up cost. The Alliance Value Model computes the net present value (NPV) of the cash flows for four different operating arrangements:Business As Usual (conventional competitive bidding process),Process-Driven Alliance (linking technical processes to accelerate production and reduce expenses),Incentivized Process-Driven Alliance (linked technical processes with performance incentives to promote stability), andNo Drill Case (primarily used to gauge the market value of services).
These arrangements test different degrees of process integration between an operator and its suppliers. They can also help determine if the alliance can add enough value to exceed startup costs and if the relationship will be stable. Each partner can test the impact of the relational structure on its own profitability. When an alliance is warranted, all participants can benefit from real value generated in a stable relationship. However, relationships that focus on commercial terms, instead of on process linking, may be playing a zero-sum, no-win game.

Background and Statement of Problem
The Gas Research Institute (GRI) recently completed a study which investigates the link (if any) between drilling alliances and improved drilling performance. The study goal is to discover the circumstances in which alliances are most likely to increase the industry's total system efficiency, thereby increasing the viability of marginal reserves. If some degree of success were identified, the study was to focus on identifying the critical factors for success and determining the circumstances under which an alliance is warranted.
To answer these questions, the GRI study focused on three specific goals:Identify the critical factors for alliance success. Where should drilling organizations focus efforts?
P. 51
NORM Waste Disposal Methods: Technology, Risk and Liability
Authors: Marinello S. A. , Lyon F. L. , Ballantine W. T. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Disposal of non-hazardous oilfield waste (NOW) containing naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM) is a critical cost consideration within industry. Depending on activity levels, onsite disposal of NORM waste may be possible through onsite landspreading, injection and/or encapsulation during P & A work or, rarely, injection into permitted Class II wells. Some companies have investigated the processing and injection of slurried solid waste for disposal into depleted production boreholes. In most cases, this would require controlled fracturing, classic, dissolution or both, in order to provide disposal pathways and storage volume. Most state regulatory agencies will not consider such action due to federal regulations and the perceived potential for "uncontrolled" fractures allowing direct or indirect contamination of USDW aquifers.
Present permitted offsite disposal alternatives include surface disposal facilities; landfilling at sites in Washington and Utah or landtreating to below 5 pCi/g in Louisiana, or subsurface injection into Class II wells. Injection takes place after chelating and solubilizing or slurrying NORM solids. Injection as a slurried solid waste at a licensed commercial facility in Texas has become the dominant disposal method for oilfield waste containing NORM. Upfront processing and disposal costs and potential for future liability with each method of disposal is presented as related to both the NORM waste itself and to associated processed oil and gas wastes.
For (relatively) high activity NORM from the oilfield (&gt;6,000 pCi/g 226Ra activity and/or 30,000 pCi/g total specific activity), near surface storage/disposal is the only present option. For lower activity levels, the choice is between near surface and underground disposal. Potential liability appears to be limited with injection of non-solubilized slurried waste. Real onsite disposal cost evaluations must consider well modifications, processing and closure charges. Processing and transport costs define the upfront costs for offsite disposal and are competitive across the board. An assessment of future liability costs related to NORM and associated oilfield wastes is necessary to determine the best disposal method.