bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
To the Core of Autocatalysis in Cyclohexane Autoxidation
Authors: Hermans Ive , Jacobs Pierre A. , Peeters Jozef 
Published: April 2006

AbstractDespite their industrial importance, the detailed reaction mechanism of autoxidation reactions is still insufficiently known. In this work, complementary experimental and theoretical techniques are employed to address the radical‐chain initiation in the autoxidation of cyclohexane with a particular focus on the “lighting‐off” of the oxidation by (added) cyclohexanone. We used a newly developed method to quantify the intrinsic rate of chain initiation as well as the rate enhancement by cyclohexanone and several other (oxygenated) molecules. On the basis of first principles, the hitherto assumed perhemiketale mechanism was found to be many orders of magnitude too slow to account for the observed initiation enhancement by the ketone. Instead, it is shown that the pronounced chain‐initiation enhancement by the ketone is attributable to a newly proposed concerted reaction between cyclohexyl hydroperoxide and cyclohexanone, in which the .OH radical breaking away from the hydroperoxide abstracts an αH atom from the ketone, thereby energetically assisting in the cleavage of the ROOH bond. This reaction is highly efficient in generating radicals as it quasi‐excludes geminate in‐cage recombination. As a result, the ketone oxidation product at a level of 1 mol % increases the initiation rate by one order of magnitude, and so acts as a highly efficient “autocatalyst” in autoxidation reactions. An analogous reaction with cyclohexanol, although estimated to be even faster, has only a marginal effect on the overall kinetics, owing to the fast subsequent formation of HO2. radicals that very rapidly terminate with other ROO. radicals. Finally, solid evidence is presented that, also in absence of oxygenates, ROOH initiation is actually a bimolecular reaction, involving concerted H abstraction from the alkane substrate by the nascent .OH.
Heat shock fusion protein induces both specific and nonspecific anti‐tumor immunity
Authors: Li Dapeng , Li Hui , Zhang Peiyin , Wu Xiuli , Wei Hongfei , Wang Li , Wan Min , Deng Ping , Zhang Yi , Wang Junzhi , Liu Yongjun , Yu Yongli , Wang Liying 
Published: April 2006

AbstractMucin 1 (MUC1) is a tumor antigen, and the most important epitopes that can induce cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) reside in the variable‐number tandem repeats (VNTR). Heat shock protein (HSP) complexes isolated from tumors have been shown to induce specific anti‐tumor immunity. HSP alone can also induce nonspecific immunity. To explore the possibility to utilize the specific anti‐tumor immunity induced by MUC1 VNTR and the nonspecific immunity induced by HSP, we constructed a recombinant protein (HSP65‐MUC1) by fusing Bacillus Calmette‐Guérin‐derived HSP65 with the MUC1 VNTR peptide and tested its ability to induce anti‐tumor activities in a tumor challenge model. The growth of MUC1‐expressing tumors was significantly inhibited in mice immunized with HSP65‐MUC1, both before and after tumor challenge. A much larger percentage of immunized mice survived the tumor challenge than non‐immunized mice. Correlating with the anti‐tumor activity, HSP65‐MUC1 was shown to induce MUC1‐specific CTL as well as nonspecific anti‐tumor immunity. In the human system, HSP65‐MUC1‐loaded human DC induced the generation of autologous MUC1‐specific CTL in vitro. These results suggest that exogenously applied HSP65‐MUC1 may be used to treat MUC1 tumors by inducing the epitope‐specific CTL as well as nonspecific anti‐tumor responses mediated by the HSP part of the fusion protein.
Carbohydrate‐independent recognition of collagens by the macrophage mannose receptor
Authors: Martinez‐Pomares Luisa , Wienke Dirk , Stillion Richard , McKenzie Emma J. , Arnold James N. , Harris James , McGreal Eamon , Sim Robert B. , Isacke Clare M. , Gordon Siamon 
Published: April 2006

AbstractMannose receptor (MR) is the best characterised member of a family of four endocytic molecules that share a common domain structure; a cysteine‐rich (CR) domain, a fibronectin‐type II (FNII) domain and tandemly arranged C‐type lectin‐like domains (CTLD, eight in the case of MR). Two distinct lectin activities have been described for MR. The CR domain recognises sulphated carbohydrates while the CTLD mediate binding to mannose, fucose or N‐acetylglucosamine. FNII domains are known to be important for collagen binding and this has been studied in the context of two members of the MR family, Endo180 and the phospholipase A2 receptor. Here, we have investigated whether the broad and effective lectin activity mediated by the CR domain and CTLD of MR is favoured to the detriment of FNII‐mediated interaction(s). We show that MR is able to bind and internalise collagen in a carbohydrate‐independent manner and that MR deficient macrophages have a marked defect in collagen IV and gelatin internalisation. These data have major implications at the molecular level as there are now three distinct ligand‐binding sites described for MR. Furthermore our findings extend the range of endogenous ligands recognised by MR, a molecule firmly placed at the interface between homeostasis and immunity.
First Experimental Observation of Gas‐Phase Nitrosyl Thiocyanate
Authors: Yao Li , Zeng Xiaoqing , Ge Maofa , Wang Weigang , Sun Zheng , Du Lin , Wang Dianxun 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe unstable nitrosyl thiocyanate molecule has been generated in the gas phase for the first time from an in situ heterogeneous reaction at low temperature. The product was detected and characterized by a photoelectron spectrometer‐photoionization mass spectrometer (PES‐PIMS). The electronic and geometric structures of the molecule were investigated with the help of quantum chemical calculations at the B3LYP, CBS‐QB3, and CCSD(T) levels. The joint spectroscopic and theoretical studies provided evidence for the formation of nitrosyl thiocyanate, and indicated that the molecule adopts an open‐chain, bent structure with the NO and SCN groups bonding by a relatively strong interaction. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Stability and radical‐scavenging activity of heated olive oil and other vegetable oils
Authors: Kalantzakis Georgios , Blekas Georgios , Pegklidou Kiriaki , Boskou Dimitrios 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe effect of heating at 180 °C on the antioxidant activity of virgin olive oil (VOO), refined olive oil (ROO) and other vegetable oil samples (sunflower, soybean, cottonseed oils, and a commercial blend specially produced for frying) was determined by measuring the radical‐scavenging activity (RSA) toward 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH•). The RSA of the soluble (polar) and insoluble (non‐polar) in methanol/water fractions of olive oil samples was also measured. The stability of heated oils was assessed by determining their total polar compound (TPC) content. VOO was the most thermostable oil. Total polar phenol content and the RSA of VOO heated for 2.5 h decreased by up to 70 and 78%, respectively, of their initial values; an up to 84% reduction in RSA of VOO polar and non‐polar fractions also occurred. Similar changes were observed in the RSA of ROO and its non‐polar fraction after 2.5 h of heating. The other oils retained their RSA to a relatively high extent (up to 40%) after 10 h of heating, but in the meantime they reached the rejection point (25–27% TPC). The results demonstrate that VOO has a remarkable thermal stability, but when a healthful effect is expected from the presence of phenolic compounds, heating has to be restricted as much as possible.
Ester content evaluation in biodiesel from animal fats and lauric oils
Authors: Schober Sigurd , Seidl Ingrid , Mittelbach Martin 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA modified method for the determination of ester contents of biodiesel based on EN 14103 has been developed. The method includes natural contents of heptadecanoic acid ester, which are found in animal fats and interfere with the standard method, into the calculation of ester content values. As a result, biodiesel samples prepared from waste animal fats and oils showed an increase in ester content between 2 and 7 wt‐% compared to values measured according to EN 14103. Furthermore, modifications of the GC temperature program made it possible to include also short‐chain fatty acid esters C8–C12, which can be found in coconut and palm kernel oil, into the calculation. Measurements showed that the ester content of such biodiesel differs by more than 40 wt‐% compared to EN 14103 determinations. However, also the stability of the internal standard solution methyl heptadecanoate influences the values of ester content. It can be demonstrated that after a period of 7 days, an ester content decrease of about 2 wt‐% can be observed. Therefore, the use of almost freshly prepared standard solutions should be recommended.
Growth Mechanisms and Electrical Conductivity of Oxide Scales on Ferritic Steels Proposed as Interconnect Materials for SOFC's
Authors: Huczkowski P. , Christiansen N. , Shemet V. , Niewolak L. , Piron‐Abellan J. , Singheiser L. , Quadakkers W. J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe oxidation behaviour of two ferritic steel variants was studied at 800 °C in air and the results were compared with data obtained for two Cr‐based materials. The mechanisms of scale formation were investigated for oxidation times ranging from a few minutes up to 6,000 hours. A number of conventional analysis techniques such as optical metallography, scanning electron microscopy, and X‐ray diffraction were used for scale characterization, in combination with two‐stage oxidation studies using an 18O‐tracer. It was found that the growth rates of the scales on the two steels were not only governed by the main scale forming alloying elements, Cr and Mn, but to a substantial extent by minor additions of Si and Al. At the test temperature of 800 °C these latter elements affect scale formation, although they are not directly incorporated in the surface scales. Independent of a detailed alloy composition, the conductivities of the scales on the ferritic steels were found to be higher than those of the surface scales formed on the Cr‐based materials studied.
Internal mammary artery perforator (IMAP) flap for tracheostoma reconstruction
Authors: Yu Peirong , Roblin Paul , Chevray Pierre 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBackground.Tracheostoma reconstruction requires a thin flap to avoid occlusion. Although the deltopectoral flap has been used as a rotational flap for decades, clinical use of a true internal mammary artery perforator island flap has not been reported.Methods.In two cases, tracheostoma and anterior neck reconstruction were performed by use of an internal mammary artery perforator flap as a pedicled island flap. One flap was based on the perforator vessels in the second intercostal space and, the other, on the third. Donor sites were closed primarily in both patients.Results.The internal mammary artery perforator flaps were well perfused in both cases. Both flaps healed uneventfully, with reliable reconstruction of the tracheal stoma and coverage of the anterior neck, although overall prognoses were poor.Conclusion.The internal mammary artery perforator flap is a relatively thin and reliable flap for tracheostoma and lower neck reconstruction. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2006
Research on the Combustion Properties of Propellants with Low Content of Nano Metal Powders
Authors: Zhi Jiang , Shu‐Fen Li , Feng‐Qi Zhao , Zi‐Ru Liu , Cui‐Mei Yin , Yang Luo , Shang‐Wen Li 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA comparison of various experimental results for combustionrelated properties evaluation, including burning rates, deflagration heat, flame structures and thermal decomposition properties, of AP/RDX/Al/HTPB composite propellants containing nano metal powders is presented. The thermal behavior of n‐Al (nano grain size aluminum) and g‐Al (general grain size aluminum i.e., 10 μm) heated in air was also investigated by thermogravimetry. The burning rates results indicate that the usage of bimodal aluminum distribution with the ratio around 4 : 1 of n‐Al to g‐Al or the addition of 2% nano nickel powders (n‐Ni) will improve the burning behavior of the propellant, while the usage of grading aluminum powders with the ratio 1 : 1 of n‐Al to g‐Al will impair the combustion of the propellant. Results show that n‐Al and n‐Ni both have a lower heating capacity, lower ignition threshold and shorter combustion time than g‐Al. In addition n‐Al is inclined to burn in single particle form. And the thermal analysis results show that n‐Ni can catalyze the thermal decomposition of AP in the propellant. The results also confirm the high reactivity of n‐Al, which will lead to a lower reaction temperature and rather higher degree of reaction ratio as compared with g‐Al in air. All these factors will influence the combustion of propellants.
Prevention of sporogony of Plasmodium vivax in Anopheles albimanus by steroids of Solanum nudum Dunal (Solanaceae)
Authors: Arango Eliana , Londoño Berlin , Segura Cesar , Solarte Yezid , Herrera Socrates , Saez Jairo , Carmona‐Fonseca Jaime , Blair Silvia 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe sporontocidal activity of three steroids (SN‐1, SN‐2 and SN‐4) from Solanum nudum Dunal (Solanaceae) was determined against naturally circulating isolates of Plasmodium vivax in Anopheles albimanus. Laboratory‐reared Anopheles albimanus mosquitoes were infected with P. vivax from gametocytemic blood of volunteers resident in Buenaventura, Valle del Cauca (Colombian Pacific Coast) by using an artificial membrane feeder. Prior to mosquito feeding, gametocytemic blood was centrifuged, plasma was separated, packed blood red cells were washed with RPMI 1640 and then resuspended in non‐immune AB serum, then the steroids were added at different doses. On day 7 after infection, the presence and number of oocysts in mosquitoes was determined. The steroid SN‐2 reduced the infection of mosquitoes by 90% and the mean number of oocysts by 60%. These data confirmed that the experimental steroid is capable of interrupting the sporogonic development of P. vivax in Anopheles albimanus. This experimental steroid has potential for transmission blocking in vivax malaria. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antioxidant screening of medicinal herbal teas
Authors: Speisky Hernán , Rocco Claudia , Carrasco Catalina , Lissi Eduardo A. , López‐Alarcón Camilo 
Published: April 2006

AbstractHerbal tea consumption is deeply and widely rooted amongst South‐American populations. In view of the involvement of oxygen‐ and nitrogen‐reactive species in the ethiogenesis of several diseases, the antioxidant properties of some of the herbal teas most commonly consumed in the southern regions was assessed in vitro. Around one‐third of the 13 examined herbs, displayed a substantially higher ability to scavenge ABTS+· radicals (TEAC assay), and to quench the pro‐oxidant species, hypochlorite (HClO) and peroxynitrite (ONOO−). Amongst the tested herbs, teas prepared from Haplopappus baylahuen, Rosa moschata and Peumus boldus showed the highest TEAC and HClO‐quenching activities. These herbs were around 5‐ to 7‐fold more potent than the least active herbs. Based on the TEAC assay, 150 mL of tea prepared from H. baylahuen, R. moschata and P. boldus would be equivalent to around 200 mg of Trolox®. Teas from H. baylahuen and P. boldus were also found to be particularly potent in quenching HClO. In the ONOO− assay, H. baylahuen and Buddleia globosa showed the highest activities. The results obtained suggest that the regular consumption of teas prepared from some of these herbs may be useful potentially to provide the organism with molecules capable of protecting the gastrointestinal tract against certain pathologically relevant oxidant species. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Leishmanicidal activity of Pycnoporus sanguineus
Authors: Correa Edwin , Cardona Diana , Quiñones Winston , Torres Fernando , Franco Ana E. , Vélez Ivan D. , Robledo Sara , Echeverri Fernando 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn the search for antiparasite compounds from the Colombian flora, an active compound against Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis amastigotes was isolated from the fungi Pycnoporus sanguineus. The structural elucid‐ation was achieved with spectroscopic methods (1H and 13C NMR and MS). This compound was identified as ergosterol 5,8‐endoperoxide. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DEONTOLOGICAL RETRIBUTIVISM AND THE LEGAL PRACTICE OF INTERNATIONAL JURISPRUDENCE: THE CASE OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR RWANDA
Authors: Fink Jason Benjamin 
Published: April 2006

FINK, JASON BENJAMIN, Deontological retributivism and the legal practice of international jurisprudence: the case of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, Journal of African Law, 49, 2 (2005): 101–131Contemporary international criminal jurisprudence has fashioned a legal paradigm encoding the crime of genocide as a violation of moral law. Structured by an ethos of deontological retributivism, it has posited a set of institutional and conceptual mechanisms designed to situate and stabilize the meaning of genocide. The articulation of this paradigm has entailed the bracketing or suspending of alternative discursive strategies and institutions, particularly those inscribed with a traditional/contextual value. Configuring the social fact of genocide under a normative framework of retribution often fails to address the realities and needs of the local populations who have suffered through severe social trauma. In the intensely unstable space of post-genocidal societies, such as Rwanda, the mandating of formal legal structures by international judicial authorities may constitute a genuine barrier to the critical appropriation of the fact of genocide into the communal memory by imposing a set of privileged frameworks without recognizing the formal integrity and constructive potential of local strategies.
Brain olfactory activation measured by near-infrared spectroscopy in humans
Authors: Harada H , Tanaka M , Kato T 
Published: April 2006

In recent years, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been used to study functional activation of various areas of the brain. This is based on the assumption that an increase in the recorded oxygenated haemoglobin (HbO2) concentration represents an increase in blood flow, which in turn reflects neuronal activation. The aim of this preliminary study was to use NIRS to monitor the activity of the olfactory cortex, as mirrored by the haemodynamic response, when subjects were exposed to olfactory stimuli.A NIRO 300 (Hamamatsu Photonics, Hamamatsu, Japan) device was used. The optodes were placed on the right forehead and right temporal, parietal and occipital regions. Changes in the concentration of HbO2 and deoxygenated haemoglobin during olfactory stimulation were monitored. Olfactory stimulation was performed with vanilla essence, strawberry essence and scatol.During olfactory stimulation, cerebral HbO2 concentration increased over the frontal region. However, in the temporal, parietal and occipital regions, little or no HbO2 changes were recorded.This study shows that human brain cortical activation following olfactory stimulation can be recorded by NIRS. This NIRS analysis may therefore provide the basis for future development of an objective olfactory test in humans.
Comparison of Spanish, English, and Bilingual Children’s Performance Across Semantic Tasks
Authors: Peña Elizabeth , Bedore Lisa M. , Rappazzo Christina 
Published: April 2006

Purpose:This study investigated predominantly Spanish-speaking, predominantly English-speaking, and Spanish-English bilingual children’s performance on a battery of semantic tasks.Method:Six semantic tasks (associations, characteristic properties, categorization, functions, linguistic concepts, and similarities and differences) were developed in Spanish and English. The tasks contained comparable items but were not direct translations of each other. Each task consisted of expressive and receptive items. Predominantly Spanish-speaking children completed the tasks in Spanish, predominantly English-speaking children completed the tasks in English, and bilingual children completed the tasks in Spanish and English.Results:Children in all three groups achieved similar average levels of performance on the assessment battery. However, there were differences in the patterns of performance for English and Spanish, as well as group performance differences when compared in the same language.Clinical Implications:These findings highlight the importance of testing bilingual children in both of their languages and across a variety of semantic tasks in order to gain insight into bilingual children’s semantic knowledge.
Young Children’s Letter-Sound Knowledge
Authors: Dodd Barbara , Carr Alex 
Published: April 2006

Purpose:This study compares three essential skills in early literacy: letter-sound recognition, letter-sound recall, and letter reproduction. Previous research comparing these aspects of letter-sound knowledge is limited.Method:Eighty-three normally developing children between the ages of 4:11 (years:months) and 6:4 were asked to recognize (i.e., point to the appropriate letter when the letter’s sound is given), recall (i.e., say the letter’s sound), and reproduce (i.e., write the letter when the letter’s sound is given) 32 letter sounds.Results:The children performed better in letter-sound recognition than in letter-sound recall, and better in letter-sound recall than in letter reproduction. Girls performed no differently from boys. Younger children performed as well as older children. Socioeconomic status had significant influence on the level of development for all tasks.Clinical Implications:Clinicians and educators need to be aware of the different aspects of letter-sound knowledge development and how it can be assessed so that intervention can follow the normal developmental sequence of acquisition.
Frameworks of Education
Authors: Hwa-Froelich Deborah A. , Westby Carol E. 
Published: April 2006

Purpose:Interviews with Southeast Asian families and Head Start staff, participant observation of family and staff conferences, observations of teacher-child and parent-child interactions, and a review of all written Head Start information given to parents were used to gain information regarding how Southeast Asian parents, children, and Head Start staff make sense of early childhood education, their roles in child learning, and the identification of disabilities or learning problems.Methods:Nine Southeast Asian families and 10 children were participants. One Vietnamese and 3 EuroAmerican Head Start staff members participated in a series of two or three semistructured individual interviews. Additionally, 3 families were observed during scheduled conferences with Head Start staff. Each child was observed at Head Start during meals, center time, and outdoor play time. All literature routinely given to parents was analyzed. Ethnomethodology (the study of how participants make sense of their world) was used in collection and analysis of the data. The constructs of organizational culture (Schein, 1987, 1992), independence/interdependence, and power/distance relationships were used to help to make sense of the data themes.Clinical Implications:Both families and staff were unaware of differences in their beliefs and values in the areas of education, parenting, child learning, and disability, which led to confusion and misunderstanding. All early childhood staff need to be aware of their underlying assumptions and how these may affect their interactions with children and families who may have different assumptions and expectations.