bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhanced esterase activity and resistance to azinphosmethyl in target and nontarget organisms
Authors: Anguiano Olga L , Ferrari Ana , Soleno Jimena , Martinez María C , Venturino Andres , de D'Angelo Ana M. Pechen , Montagna Cristina M 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The organophosphorous compound azinphosmethyl (AzMe) is applied extensively in northern Patagonia (southern Argentina) to manage codling moths (Cydia pomonella). This area is irrigated by fast-flowing channels that provide a favorable habitat for many species, including amphipods (Hyalella curvispina) and a field-mixed population of black flies (Simulium bonaerense, Simulium wolffhuegeli, and Simulium nigristrigatum). In the present study, AzMe susceptibility and carboxylesterase (CarbE) activity from both insecticide-exposed and nonexposed field populations were studied. The median lethal dose determined in codling moths from an insecticide-treated orchard was significantly higher (3.48 μg/insect) than that observed in those from an untreated orchard (0.69 μg/insect). Similarly, the median lethal concentration (LC50) determined in black flies collected from the treated area (0.021 mg/L) was significantly higher than that recorded in those from the untreated site (0.011 mg/L). For amphipods, both a subpopulation susceptible to AzMe (LC50, 1.83 μg/L) and a resistant one (LC50, 390 μg/L) were found in the treated area. Both subpopulations were more resistant to AzMe than the population from the untreated site (LC50, 0.43 μg/L). Significant differences (p &lt; 0.001) in CarbE activities were observed between populations from pesticide-treated and untreated areas. Mean activities ± standard deviation from treated and untreated sites were 0.21 ± 0.16 and 0.016 ± 0.008 μmol/min/mg protein, respectively, for codling moths; 2.17 ± 1.71 and 0.81 ± 0.35 μmol/min/mg protein, respectively, for black flies; and 0.27 ± 0.10 and 0.14 ± 0.07 μmol/min/mg protein, respectively, for amphipods. The results suggest that enhanced CarbE activity is one of the mechanisms that provide AzMe resistance in H. curvispina, Simulium spp., and C. pomonella populations from the insecticide-treated areas.
Types in Logic and Mathematics Before 1940
Authors: Kamareddine Fairouz , Laan Twan , Nederpelt Rob 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn this article, we study the prehistory of type theory up to 1910 and its development between Russell and Whitehead'sPrincipia Mathematica([71], 1910–1912) and Church's simply typed λ-calculus of 1940. We first argue that the concept of types has always been present in mathematics, though nobody was incorporating them explicitly as such, before the end of the 19th century. Then we proceed by describing how the logical paradoxes entered the formal systems of Frege, Cantor and Peano concentrating on Frege'sGrundgesetze der Arithmetikfor which Russell applied his famous paradox and this led him to introduce the first theory of types, the Ramified Type Theory (RTT). We present RTT formally using the modern notation for type theory and we discuss how Ramsey, Hilbert and Ackermann removed the orders from RTT leading to the simple theory of types STT. We present STT and Church's own simply typed λ-calculus (λ→C) and we finish by comparing RTT, STT and λ→C.
Some Aspects of Model Theory and Finite Structures
Authors: Rosen Eric 
Published: April 2008

Model theory is concerned mainly, although not exclusively, with infinite structures. In recent years, finite structures have risen to greater prominence, both within the context of mainstream model theory, e.g., in work of Lachlan, Cherlin, Hrushovski, and others, and with the advent of finite model theory, which incorporates elements of classical model theory, combinatorics, and complexity theory. The purpose of this survey is to provide an overview of what might be called the model theory of finite structures. Some topics in finite model theory have strong connections to theoretical computer science, especially descriptive complexity theory (see [26, 46]). In fact, it has been suggested that finite model theory really is, or should be, logic for computer science. These connections with computer science will, however, not be treated here.It is well-known that many classical results of ‘infinite model theory’ fail over the class of finite structures, including the compactness and completeness theorems, as well as many preservation and interpolation theorems (see [35, 26]). The failure of compactness in the finite, in particular, means that the standard proofs of many theorems are no longer valid in this context. At present, there is no known example of a classical theorem that remains true over finite structures, yet must be proved by substantially different methods. It is generally concluded that first-order logic is ‘badly behaved’ over finite structures.From the perspective of expressive power, first-order logic also behaves badly: it is both too weak and too strong. Too weak because many natural properties, such as the size of a structure being even or a graph being connected, cannot be defined by a single sentence. Too strong, because every class of finite structures with a finite signature can be defined by an infinite set of sentences. Even worse, every finite structure is defined up to isomorphism by a single sentence. In fact, it is perhaps because of this last point more than anything else that model theorists have not been very interested in finite structures. Modern model theory is concerned largely with complete first-order theories, which are completely trivial here.
Hyperclassical Logic (A.K.A. If Logic) and its Implications for Logical Theory
Authors: Hintikka Jaakko 
Published: April 2008

Let us assume that you are entrusted by UNESCO with an important task. You are asked to devise a universal logical language, a Begriffsschrift in Frege's sense, which is to serve the purposes of science, business and everyday life. What requirements should such a “conceptual notation” satisfy? There are undoubtedly many relevant desiderata, but here I am focusing on one unmistakable one. In order to be a viable lingua universalis, your language must in any case be capable of representing any possible configuration of dependence and independence between different variables. For if such a configuration is possible in principle, there is no guarantee that it might not one day show up among the natural, human or social phenomena we have to study.But how are dependencies and independencies between variables expressed in our familiar logical notation? Every logician worth his or her truth-table knows the answer. Dependencies between two variables are expressed by dependencies between the quantifiers to which they are bound. For instance, inthe variable y depends on x, while inz depends on x but not on y, while u depends on both x and y.But how is the dependence of a quantifier on another one expressed in familiar logical languages? Obviously by occurring in its scope, indicated by the pair of parentheses following it (cf. here Hintikka [1997]). But the nesting of scopes is a transitive and antisymmetrical relation which allows branching only in one direction. Hence other kinds of structures of dependence and independence between variables are not representable in the received logical notation. Such previously inexpressible structures form the subject matter of what has been referred to as independence-friendly (IF) logic.
In vitro culture of Chrysanthemum plantlets using light-emitting diodes
Authors: Kurilčik Anželika , Miklušytė-Čanova Renata , Dapkūnienė Stasė , Žilinskaitė Silva , Kurilčik Genadij , Tamulaitis Gintautas , Duchovskis Pavelas , Žukauskas Artūras 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Effects of illumination spectrum on the morphogenesis of chrysanthemum plantlets (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. ‘Ellen’) grown in vitro were studied using an illumination system consisting of four groups of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in the following spectral regions: blue (450nm), red (640nm), red (660nm), and far-red (735nm). Taking into account all differences in shoot height, root length, and fresh and dry weight (FW and DW, respectively), observed while changing the total photon flux density (PFD), the optimal total PFD for growth of chrysanthemum plantlets in vitro was estimated. For 16 h photoperiod and typical fractions of the spectral components (14%, 50%, 28%, and 8%, respectively), the optimal total PFD was found to be 40 µmol m−2 s−1. Our study shows that the blue component in the illumination spectrum inhibits the plantlet extension and formation of roots and simultaneously increases the DW to FW ratio and content of photosynthetic pigments. We demonstrate photomorphogenetic effects in the blue region and its interaction with the fractional PFD of the far-red spectral component. Under constant fractional PFD of the blue component, the root number, length of roots and stems, and fresh weight of the plantlets have a correlated nonmonotonous dependence on the fractional PFD of the far-red component.
Life cycle of Aylax hypecoi (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), a gall inducer on Hypecoum ssp. (Papaveraceae)
Authors: Stojanova Anelia , Draganov Marian 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The life cycle and developmental stages of Aylax hypecoi (Trotter, 1913, Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Aylacini) were studied in detail. Aylax hypecoi is known to induce galls in fruits of two Hypecoum species — H. imberbe and H. geslini (Papaveraceae) and the larva develops in host plant fruits. The morphology and development of egg, larva and pupa were investigated, which has previously not been done. The shape and size of terminal-instar larvae and associated galls are sex-specific. Overwintering stage, adult emergence and flying periods, and egg productivity were studied also.
Effects of linuron and dimethenamid on antioxidant systems in weeds associated with soybean
Authors: Malenčić Djordje , Miladinović Jegor , Popović Milan 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Changes in antioxidant systems in soybean and associated weeds (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., Chenopodium album L., Convolvulus arvensis L and Sinapis arvensis L.) were studied in relation to treatment with herbicides linuron and dimethenamid in the field experiment. Differences in the total superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (Cat) activities were observed in plants after application of herbicide formulation. Quantities of superoxide (O2.-) and hydroxyl (·OH) radicals and malonyldialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) and total polyphenols content were also determined. In addition to this, potential antioxidant activity of the plant ethanolic extracts were assessed based on the scavenging activity of stable DPPH free radicals. Results obtained suggest that plants investigated 1) expressed different antioxidant systems in response to herbicide treatment; 2) enzymatic and non-enzymatic protective mechanisms were complementary; 3) some weed species showed distinctive and combined activity of several biochemical parameters, such as Ambrosia artemisiifolia.
Using geometric and non‐geometric internal evaluators to compare eight vegetation classification methods
Authors: Aho Ken , Roberts David W. , Weaver T. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractQuestions: How similar are solutions of eight commonly used vegetation classification methods? Which classification methods are most effective according to classification validity evaluators? How do evaluators with different optimality criteria differ in their assessments of classification efficacy? In particular, do evaluators which use geometric criteria (e.g. cluster compactness) and non‐geometric evaluators (which rely on diagnostic species) offer similar classification evaluations?Methods: We analysed classifications of two vegetation data‐sets produced by eight classification methods. Classification solutions were assessed with five geometric and four non‐geometric internal evaluators. We formally introduce three new evaluators: PARTANA, an intuitive variation on evaluators which use the ratio of within/between cluster dissimilarity as the optimality criterion, an adaptation of Morisita's index of niche overlap, and ISAMIC, an algorithm which measures the degree to which species are either always present or always absent within clusters.Results and Conclusions: 1. With the exception of single linkage hierarchical clustering, classifications resulting from the eight methods were often similar. 2. Although evaluators varied in their assessment of best overall classification method, they generally favored three hierarchical agglomerative clustering strategies: flexible beta (β=– 0.25), average linkage, and Ward's linkage. 3. Among introduced evaluators PARTANA appears to be an effective geometric strategy which provides assessments similar to C‐index and Gamma evaluators. Non‐geometric evaluators ISAMIC and Morisita's index demonstrate a strong bias for single linkage solutions. 4. Because non‐geometric criteria are of interest to phytosociologists there is a strong need for their continued development for use with vegetation classifications.
Landscape context and microenvironment influences on liana communities within treefall gaps
Authors: Malizia Agustina , Grau H. Ricardo 
Published: March 2008

AbstractQuestions:How do gap aspect, openness, age and gap density in the surroundings affect diversity and composition of lianas within treefall gaps? Are the variation patterns in liana communities within treefall gaps associated with their climbing mechanisms?Location:Subtropical montane forests in northwestern Argentina.Methods:We used ordination analyses (NMDS) and multiple regressions to describe liana communities (species and climbing groups, stems ≥ 1 cm) in 35 gaps located in a 6‐ha plot and to assess relationships with aspect, canopy and subcanopy openness, age and density of recent (three to eight years old) and old (> 8 years old) gaps.Results:Treefall gaps segregated in the ordination diagrams based on their liana species and climbing mechanisms composition: gaps surrounded by a higher density of recent gaps showed higher densities of lianas species using tendrils, spines/hooks and voluble stems. Liana density and richness (independent of stem density) were also positively associated with the density of recent gaps in the surroundings, and negatively associated to gap age. The number of liana species corrected per area was negatively associated to gap aspect and subcanopy openness, and absolute number of liana species was positively associated to gap canopy openness.Conclusions:This study integrates the analysis of different factors influencing liana communities within treefall gaps, and shows that spatial context of gap density (a variable largely neglected in previous studies) is particularly important on lianas composition and diversity, probably by increasing propagule input and the availability of small trellises for support.
Mitochondrial ND5 T12338C, tRNACys T5802C, and tRNAThr G15927A variants may have a modifying role in the phenotypic manifestation of deafness‐associated 12S rRNA A1555G mutation in three Han Chinese pedigrees
Authors: Chen Bobei , Sun Dongmei , Yang Li , Zhang Chuqin , Yang Aifen , Zhu Yi , Zhao Jianyue , Chen Yingying , Guan Minqiang , Wang Xinjian , Li Ronghua , Tang Xiaowen , Wang Jindan , Tao Zhihua , Lu Jianxin , Guan Min‐Xin 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWe report here on the clinical, genetic, and molecular characterization of three Han Chinese pedigrees with aminoglycoside‐induced and nonsyndromic hearing loss. Clinical evaluation revealed the variable phenotype of hearing impairment including severity, age‐at‐onset, audiometric configuration in these subjects. The penetrance of hearing loss in WZD8, WZD9, and WZD10 pedigrees were 46%, 46%, and 50%, respectively, when aminoglycoside‐induced deafness was included. When the effect of aminoglycosides was excluded, the penetrance of hearing loss in these pedigrees were 23%, 31%, and 37.5%, respectively. Mutational analysis of the complete mitochondrial genomes showed the homoplasmic A1555G mutation and distinct sets of mitochondrial DNA variants belonging to haplogroups D4b2b, B5b1, and F2, respectively. Of these, the tRNACys T5802C, tRNAThr A15924C, and ND5 T12338C variants are of special interest as these variants occur at positions which are highly evolutionarily conserved nucleotides of tRNAs or amino acid of polypeptide. These homoplasmic mtDNA variants were absent among 156 unrelated Chinese controls. The T5802C and G15927A variants disrupted a highly conserved A‐U or C‐G base‐pairing at the anticodon‐stem of tRNACys or tRNAThr, while the ND5 T12338C mutation resulted in the replacement of the translation‐initiating methionine with a threonine, and also located in two nucleotides adjacent to the 3′ end of the tRNALeu(CUN). Thus, mitochondrial dysfunctions, caused by the A1555G mutation, would be worsened by these mtDNA variants. Therefore, these mtDNA mutations may have a potential modifier role in increasing the penetrance and expressivity of the deafness‐associated 12S rRNA A1555G mutation in those Chinese pedigrees. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pharmacogenetics of parkinsonism, rigidity, rest tremor, and bradykinesia in African‐Caribbean inpatients: Differences in association with dopamine and serotonin receptors
Authors: Al Hadithy Asmar F. , Wilffert Bob , Stewart Roy E. , Looman Nicole M. , Bruggeman Richard , Brouwers Jacobus R. , Matroos Glenn E. , van Os Jim , Hoek Hans W. , van Harten Peter N. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWe studied the association between polymorphisms of genes coding for dopamine D2 (DRD2), dopamine D3 (DRD3), serotonin 2a (HTR2A), and serotonin 2c (HTR2C) receptors and Antipsychotic‐Induced Parkinsonism (AIP), rigidity, bradykinesia, and rest‐tremor in African‐Caribbeans treated with antipsychotics. Polymorphisms of DRD2 (‐141CIns/Del, TaqIA, 957C > T), DRD3 (Ser9Gly), HTR2A (‐1438A > G, 102T > C, His452Tyr), and HTR2C (‐759C > T, Cys23Ser) genes were determined according to standard protocols. The Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale was used for the measurement of AIP, rigidity, bradykinesia, and rest‐tremor. Chi‐squared or Fisher's exact tests were applied for the association analyses. The t‐test was applied for continuous data. Ninety nine males and 27 females met the inclusion criteria (Schizophr Res 1996, 19:195). In males, but not in females, there were significant associations between ‐141CDel‐allele carriership (DRD2) and rigidity (Fisher's Exact Test: P = 0.021) and between 23Ser‐allele carriership (HTR2C) and bradykinesia (P = 0.026, χ2 = 5.0) or AIP (P = 0.008, χ2 = 7.1). Rest‐tremor was not associated with any of the polymorphisms studied. Analyses of the age, chlorpromazine equivalents, benztropine equivalents, the number of patients using anticholinergic medication, and the utilization patterns of the antipsychotic medication did not show statistically significant differences between patients with and without AIP, rigidity, bradykinesia, rest‐tremor. Conducting the analysis without gender stratification did not affect our findings considerably, except for the association between bradykinesia and 23Ser‐allele which failed to reach statistical significance in the total sample (P = 0.0646, χ2 = 3.41). Since AIPs subsymptoms (rigidity, bradykinesia, and rest‐tremor) may differ pharmacogenetically, our data strongly support symptom‐specific analysis of AIP. However, further research is warranted to confirm our findings. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
QSAR Study on Dual 5‐HT1A and 5‐HT1B Antagonists: An Insight into the Structural Requirement for Antidepressant Activity
Authors: Dessalew Nigus 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe 5‐HT autoreceptors have received considerable attention as potential targets for the development of antidepressants. With the purpose of designing new chemical entities with enhanced antagonist potencies against 5‐HT1A and 5‐HT1B, a QSAR study carried out on thienopyrimidinone derivatives as antagonists of serotonin autoreceptors is presented. The developed models were validated by standard QSAR parameters and through a detailed structural analysis on how the QSARs reproduce and explain the differences in the experimentally known activity data. The developed models showed a good correlative and predictive ability having a squared cross validated correlation co‐efficients (r2cv) of 0.780 for 5‐HT1A and 0.638 5‐HT1B antagonism. The squared conventional correlation co‐efficients (r2) were found to be 0.824 for the 5‐HT1A model and 0.745 for 5‐HT1B antagonism. The study indicated that the 5‐HT autoreceptor antagonistic activity exhibited by the series is largely explained by steric factors of substituents which underline the role of size and shape of thienopyrimidinones in making effective antagonist‐autoreceptor interaction chemistry. A detailed comparative investigation was made between the two models and the insights gleaned from the study could be usefully employed to design dual antagonists with a much more enhanced potency and selectivity.
Predicting sporulation events in a bioreactor using an electronic nose
Authors: Clemente J.J. , Monteiro S.M.S. , Carrondo M.J.T. , Cunha A.E. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAn electronic nose (EN) based on a non‐ specific multi‐sensor array was used to accurately estimate sporulation events and the spore concentration of Bacillus subtilis cultures. The array included 6 metal oxide sensors (MOS), 10 metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFET), one CO2 infrared sensor and one humidity sensor. The EN was used to monitor the gas emissions from B. subtilis bioreactions during both batch and fed‐batch operation. The signal pattern produced by the sensors was evaluated by principal component analysis (PCA) and training cultivations were used to build a model. The arc length of the PCA trajectories was successfully correlated to the off‐line spore count; a strong linear correlation (R2 = 0.992) between the numerical integration of the curves and the measured spore concentration was established. The fast responses of the sensors in combination with the robust correlation with the off‐line determination of spore concentration establish this EN device as a convenient tool for monitoring sporulation events in bioprocesses. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;101: 545–552. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Determination of diauxic lag in continuous culture
Authors: Lee Dong‐Uk , Woo Sung‐Hoon , Svoronos Spyros , Koopman Ben 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA procedure was developed to characterize diauxic lag of bacteria switching between electron acceptors in continuous culture. In this procedure, a virtual batch growth curve is developed by integrating the time‐dependent net specific growth rates of bacteria observed under continuous flow conditions. The length of diauxic lag and the highest net specific growth rate following lag are conveniently estimated from the virtual batch curve. The procedure was found to give reproducible diauxic lag lengths and highest net specific growth rates when applied to experimental data from replicate continuous culture trials. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;101: 642–646. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.