bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The use of “Emotive Imagery” in the Treatment of Children's Phobias
Authors: Lazarus Arnold A. , Abramovitz Arnold 
Published: August 2008

Some of the earliest objective approaches to the removal of specific anxieties and fears in children were based on the fact that neurotic (learned, unadaptive) responses can be eliminated by the repeated and simultaneous evocation of stronger incompatible responses. An early and well-known example of this approach was the experiment of Jones (1) in which a child's fear of rabbits was gradually eliminated by introducing a “pleasant stimulus” i.e., food (thus evoking the anxiety-inhibiting response of eating) in the presence of the rabbit. The general method of “gradual habituation” was advocated by Jersild and Holmes (2) as being superior to all others in the elimination of children's fears. This rationale was crystallized in Wolpe's (3) formulation of the Reciprocal inhibition Principle, which deserves the closest possible study:
“If a response antagonistic to anxiety can be made to occur in the presence of anxietyevoking stimuli so that is accompanied by a complete or partial suppression of the anxiety responses, the bond between these stimuli and the anxiety responses will be weakened.”
Menstruation and Personality
Authors: Coppen Alec , Kessel Neil 
Published: August 2008

This investigation is concerned with the prevalence of dysmenorrhoea and premenstrual symptoms in the general population and with their relationship to personality.Many authors have expressed the opinion that such relationships exist, but we will confine our review here to those studies which have presented supporting data. Wittkower and Wilson (1940) studied 57 patients with primary dysmenorrhoea and found there was a history of childhood maladjustment four times as often in these patients as in a control group. They considered that patients with dysmenorrhoea could be classified into two main personality types: the first, “characterized by deep resentment of their feminine role”; the second, “obviously immature physically and either shy or shut-in or chronically anxious and complaintive”. Sainsbury (1960) observed a significantly raised neuroticism score on the Maudsley Personality Inventory for patients attending hospital for dysmenorrhoea. Such views as these are not universally held, and would certainly not be shared by many gynaecologists. Nor are they supported by the little evidence forthcoming from population studies.
Hypochondriasis: A Clinical Study
Authors: Kenyon F. E. 
Published: August 2008

IntroductionThe concept of hypochondriasis, and particularly its nosological position, is far from clear, and there is still a great deal of controversy as to whether or not there exists a condition of primary or essential hypochondriasis. Many of the historical and theoretical ramifications are reviewed in another paper (Kenyon, 1964). The object of the present paper is to give an account of the clinical findings in a large series of patients in order to evaluate some of the hypotheses put forward in the literature, and especially to determine if there is sufficient evidence to delineate a separate group suffering from primary hypochondriasis only. There is a dearth of well-documented case series published, although studies based on the investigation of a group of patients have been made by Gillespie (1928, 1929), Brown (1936), Katzenelbogen (1942), Alarcon (1956), Shirvaikar (1957), Greer (1961) and Ladee (1961). However, none of these attempt any sort of comparison with a “control” series, as is done in the present investigation, nor in most cases are numbers sufficiently large for drawing valid conclusions.
The Source of Man's “Intimations of Immortality”
Authors: Fitzherbert Joan 
Published: August 2008

To Wordsworth, the source of these “intimations” seemed clear; it will be remembered that in the Ode bearing this title he says:
“Not in entire forgetfiulness,And not in untter nakedness,But trailing clouds of glory do we comeFrom God, who is our home:Heaven lies about us in our infancy!“
The Effect of Distraction on Schizophrenic Performance (1) Perception and Immediate Memory
Authors: McGhie Andrew , Chapman James , Lawson J. S. 
Published: August 2008

In recent years an increasing number of workers investigating schizophrenic behaviour have concluded that many of the symptoms found in schizophrenia are related to a disturbance in the selective and inhibitory functions of attention. One of the earliest statements of this argument is found in Norman Cameron's (1938, 1939, 1944) concept of “over-inclusion”, which he used to describe the schizophrenic patient's tendency to include many elements irrelevant to the central idea in his thinking. Shakow (1962) reached the following conclusions in summarizing his own psychological studies of schizophrenia—“It is as if, in the scanning process which takes place before the response to stimulus is made, the schizophrenic is unable to select out the material relevant for optimal response. He apparently cannot free himself from the irrelevant among the numerous possibilities available for choice.” Weckowicz and Blewett (1959), in their studies of alterations in perceptual constancy in schizophrenic patients, interpreted their findings as suggesting that the patient's basic difficulty was that of “an inability to attend selectively or to select relevant information“. Venables and his colleagues (1959, 1962, 1963), in a series of studies on the arousal level of schizophrenic patients, also concluded that many of the behavioural abnormalities demonstrated were due to variations in the range of attention. In a series of investigations carried out by Payne and his colleagues (1960, 1961, 1963) to develop Cameron's concept of over-inclusive thinking in schizophrenia, the authors utilized Broad-bent's (1958) model of selective attention to postulate that this form of thought disorder is basically due “to a defect in some hypothetical central filter mechanism, the function of whichis to screen out irrelevant data both internal … and external … to allow for the most efficient processing of incoming information”.
Prognosis in “Myxoedematous Madness”
Authors: Ward D. J. , Rastall M. L. 
Published: August 2008

A number of factors are recognized as being of importance in the prognosis of “Myxoedematous Madness” (Asher, 2), and these are discussed in some detail below.The purpose of this paper is to publicize another factor, namely accidental hypothermia, which, by causing a super-added confusional state, can greatly increase mental disturbance. That this additional psychiatric disorder may be rapidly reversible is demonstrated by the following case report.
Attempted Suicide in Newcastle upon Tyne
Authors: Whitlock F. A. , Schapira Kurt 
Published: August 2008

“A suicidal attempt is any act of self-damage inflicted with self-destructive intention, however vague and ambiguous. Sometimes this intention has to be inferred from the patient's behaviour.”In recent years a number of studies on attempted suicide in various cities in England and Scotland have been published (Batchelor, 1954a and b; Stengel and Cook, 1958; Harrington and Cross, 1959; Middleton et al., 1961; Kessel and Lee, 1962; Sclare and Hamilton, 1963). Direct comparison between these suicides is difficult, not only because they differ in presentation but also because regional and cultural differences contribute to varying clinical and epidemiological data. There is, however, general agreement that cases of attempted suicide have become depressingly common problems in the casualty departments and wards of most general hospitals in larger cities. The Ministry of Health Circular H.M. (61) 94 estimates that the annual incidence of attempted suicide in England and Wales is around 30,000 cases. The present writers agree with Stengel (1963) that this is likely to be an underestimate.
Childhood Bereavement and Adult Depression
Authors: Hill O. W. , Price J. S. 
Published: August 2008

The effect that childhood experience may have upon the individual's adult life has always been a subject of great interest.Since the publication of Freud's essay on “Mourning and Melancholia” (1917), much thought has been devoted to the influence of bereavement in childhood, more especially as an antecedent to depressive illness in the adult. Bereavement is peculiarsluyitable for such an investigation since the death of a parent is one of the few reasonably frequent events which are largely independent of the behavioural pattern of the family.
A Clinical Investigation of Phobias
Authors: Snaith R. P. 
Published: August 2008

The term “agoraphobia” was coined by Westphal, who in 1872 published a monographDie Agoraphobie(12) in which three male patients were described with the following symptoms:… impossibility of walking through certain streets or squares, or possibility of doing so only with resultant dread of anxiety … no loss of consciousness … vertigo was excluded by all patients … no hallucinations or delusions to cause this strange fear … agony was much increased at those hours when the particular streets dreaded were deserted and the shops closed. The patients experienced great comfort from the companionship of men or even an inanimate object, such as a vehicle or a cane. The use of beer or wine also allowed the patient to pass through the feared locality with comparative comfort. One man even sought, without immoral motives, the companionship of a prostitute as far as his own door … Some localities are more difficult of access than others; the patient walking far in order not to traverse them … Strange to say, in one instance, the open country was less feared than sparsely housed streets in town. Case 3 also had a dislike for crossing a certain bridge. He feared he would fall in the water. In this case there was also apprehension of impending insanity.
Birth Order Studies: Some Sources of Bias
Authors: Price J. S. , Hare E. H. 
Published: August 2008

“… they both felt, after the conclusion of their work, very doubtful as to the possibility of definitely proving the existence of a real differential incidence of any character in order of birth. The whole question seemed so open to fallacious possibility in different directions.”[Report of comment by G. Udney Yule in the discussion following his joint paper with M. Greenwood at the Royal Statistical Society in 1914.]Recently there has been an upsurge of interest in the association between behaviour, both normal and abnormal, and birth order. For instance, Barry (1967) has pointed out that in certain societies excessive parental demands are made on the first-born child, and “excessive parental demands could lead to superior achievement in a robust individual or to psychiatric illness in a child who was especially vulnerable …”; thus putting into modern language an interesting genotype-environment interaction which was summed up in the ancient Chinese proverb “fire burns wood but tempers iron”.
The Classification of Phobic Disorders
Authors: Marks Isaac M. 
Published: August 2008

History of term ‘phobia’The term ‘phobia’ derives from the Greek word ‘phobos’ meaning panic-fear and terror, and from the deity of the same name who provoked fear and panic in one's enemies. Although morbid fears have been described by doctors from Hippocrates onwards, the word phobia has only been used on its own since the beginning of the 19th century, and it gradually gained acceptance during that century in the same sense as today, viz. an intense fear which is out of proportion to the apparent stimulus. Such fear cannot be explained or reasoned away and leads to avoidance of the feared situation where possible.
The Measurement of Dementia∗
Authors: Brody M. B. 
Published: August 2008

Hitherto two methods have been commonly used to measure dementia—by means of numerical measures of scatter, and by means of the discrepancy between scores on vocabulary and other tests. In the present investigation the value of the most popular techniques with both methods was examined, and a new short measure of dementia was evolved.Subjects taking the Stanford Binet and similar tests rarely pass abruptly from complete success at and below a certain M.A. level to complete failure at the next and subsequent levels. For example, a subject with a total M.A. of eleven years may succeed in all the subtests at and below the VIII year level and fail all the subtests above the XIV year level, while between these two levels he succeeds in some and fails others. The range of partial success and failure is called the “scatter.” Many psychometrists believe that unusually wide scatter indicates psychopathy or intellectual deterioration. The various methods for measuring scatter are conveniently summarized by Harris and Shakow (1937).A long-standing observation on the results of intelligence tests in dementia is that vocabulary ability remains comparatively unimpaired until a late stage when the subject is unable to solve other tests. Therefore, it has been claimed, vocabulary score may be taken as a measure of the subject's pre-morbid intelligence, and the discrepancy between his vocabulary ability and ability on other tests as a reflection of the difference between his former and present intelligence, thus providing a measure of his dementia. The Babcock test is the best known of several techniques, based on this principle, for the measurement of dementia.
Psychiatric Syndromes Following Blast
Authors: Anderson E. W. 
Published: August 2008

This paper is concerned with a group of cases presenting certain psychiatric symptoms following exposure to the detonation of a nearby high-explosive bomb. These cases show features and present problems which appear from the current literature in this country to have received insufficient attention, or none at all. The cases to be presented are not all of equal significance, but in each there are certain common features which, from the psychiatric angle, have a definite and unmistakable organic stamp, and indicate a relationship, direct or indirect, of the syndromes to structural changes in the brain. These symptoms are characteristic in fact of a slight or moderate degree of cerebral trauma. This relationship is prone to be too easily overlooked. The reasons for this are :(1) The absence in many cases of a definite history of head injury.(2) The absence as a rule of at least a long period of unconsciousness.In consequence, when the patient is seen perhaps some considerable time later this possibility is not considered, and the reaction is dismissed as psychogenic. That this can be done even by trained observers was demonstrated in three of the cases about to be described. All the patients except one were Naval personnel who were exposed to blast in air-raids either ashore or at sea.
The Shipley-Hartford Retreat Scale for Measuring Intellectual Impairment
Authors: Fleming G. W. T. H. 
Published: August 2008

For many years the need has been felt for a means of measuring in a reasonably accurate manner the amount of deterioration present in mental patients.The old criterion of saying that a patient is well because he is capable of working well in the laundry or garden or doing skilful work in the handicrafts department, combined with giving an impression of recovery to the doctors and relatives, is not accurate enough for modern standards.
Neuroses in Firemen
Authors: Guttmann E. , Baker A. A. 
Published: August 2008

Whereas much has been published on the psychological reactions, normal and abnormal, in the personnel of the armed forces, little has been written about the neuroses in Civil Defence personnel.This paper is a survey of cases of neurosis occurring among firemen who were admitted to Mill Hill E.M.S. Hospital from the outbreak of war to October 1, 1944. Altogether 70 patients came from the Fire Service. 40 of them came from London (postal area). No figures can be given about the incidence per number of personnel or per area. But, considering that these 40 men were probably all the firemen in London, north of the river, who required in-patient treatment on account of neurosis during five years, it can be taken that the incidence of serious neurosis was very low. The group of neurotic firemen can be compared with a population of neurotics from the armed Services (as analysed by Eysenck, Journ. Ment Sci., 1944, 90, 851).
The Treatment of Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Collis Eirene , Buck Margaret C. 
Published: August 2008

An interesting field for investigation and experiment is provided by the conditions formerly known as Little's disease or spastic diplegia, or hemiplegia, or spasticity with athetosis.One hundred years ago Little studied cases of types now grouped under the common term “cerebral palsy.” His conclusions justified attempts at rehabilitation rather than surgical intervention.
Head Injuries: A New Treatment for the Post-Concussive Syndrome
Authors: Murray Helen S. E. , Halstead H. 
Published: August 2008

Gunshot and shrapnel wounds of the head during the war have produced various disabilities not commonly seen in the injuries of peace-time.The symptom complex which usually appears subsequent to head trauma has become very familiar during the past few years. The resemblance from case to case of certain sequelae to head injuries has been grouped together in syndromes, variously labelled post-concussive syndrome, post-traumatic personality change, post-traumatic neurosis and post-contusional state, all indicating an oft-recurring persistent disability following concussion of the brain.
The Effects of Intravenous Insulin in Sakel'S Hypoglycaemic Treatment
Authors: Spencer A. M. 
Published: August 2008

The use of intravenous insulin in Sakel's shock treatment as an alternative to intramuscular insulin was first reported by Ventriglia (1939), whose findings may be summarized as follows:(1) Hypoglycaemic symptoms appear more quickly than with intramuscular insulin, so that the pre-shock period is shortened.(2) The coma dose of insulin is reduced by 50 per cent. on an average, but may be reduced by considerably more.(3) In some cases the hypoglycaemic symptoms are more abrupt and violent.(4) There is a greater tendency to tonic-clonic spasms and convulsions generally.
The Planning of Modern Psychiatric Units
Authors: O'Reilly J. J. 
Published: August 2008

I welcome the opportunity of presenting this short paper to the meeting, particularly as I have just returned from the United States, where I have seen something of the modern trend of psychiatry in that country.The memorandum on the future organization of the psychiatric services, published by this Association in 1944, defines a psychiatric unit as that part of a general hospital, whether in-patients or out-patient, which is set aside for the treatment of mental disorders, with or without legal formalities.
Cerebral Physiology and Psychiatry
Authors: Gordon William W. 
Published: August 2008

Introduction.This contribution is itself introductory to a larger subject, and is an attempt to present some physiological observations in a way that may stimulate the interest of psychologists and psychiatrists. Viewed from a biological standpoint, man is limited in his thinking and behaviour by his innate constitution, anatomically and physiologicallly. As a living, functioning individual he is much more than the mere sum of his parts, yet it is a fact that structurally he is made up of reflex arcs (receptor endorgans, afferent nerves, central nervous system, efferent nerves and effector organs). The vital functions of nutrition, respiration, circulation, excretion, reproduction, locomotion and metabolism are effected by standard types of reflexes which pervade the vertebrate kind, so that a dynamic reflexological approach to normal and abnormal human behaviour should be revealing. Man is stimulated by his total environment to respond as a complete being, and this full activity is retained as experience which modifies subsequent behaviour. That being so, the nature of integration of these reflexes and the ways in which they are influenced by experience constitute a subject very pertinent to the study of psychology and psychiatry. Something of that nature forms the material of this paper.
Psychiatric Disorders among the Chronic Sick in Hospital
Authors: Affleck James W. 
Published: August 2008

Introduction.The Admission of Aged Psychiatric Patients to Institutions.It has recently been pointed out (Lewis, 1946) that between the years 1907 and 1937 the number of first-attack admissions of patients of 65 years and over, into the mental hospitals of England and Wales, differs considerably from analogous American figures. In Britain, using statistics supplied by the Board of Control for England and Wales, there was a marked tendency for the incidence of this group to decline, whereas in America, using statistics from New York Mental Hospitals Board, there was a marked increase. An explanation is found in the assumption that in England large numbers of cases which would be relevant to the statistics, were looked after in other institutions or at home, whereas in America less alternative accommodation was provided. It is doubtful, had the investigation been continued up to the present date, if the statistical divergence would have been found to continue. The incidence of first-attack admissions of those over 65 has, of course, a more subtle significance than a simple admission-rate for an age-group, or even a first-admission-rate, but the present impression in British Mental Hospitals is that admission of old persons—even first-attack admissions—has increased, especially during the war years. Post (1942) demonstrated this rising incidence of aged patients by analysing the admissions to Edinburgh Royal Mental Hospital from 1904 to 1942.
Leucotomy in the Treatment of Psychopathic Feeble-Minded Patients in a State Mental Deficiency Institution
Authors: Mackay G. W. 
Published: August 2008

The results of leucotomy in mental hospital practice are already well known and are familiar from the Board of Control's review of 1,000 cases published in 1947.I am not aware that in mental deficiency institutions the operation has become a practice in application to cases presenting gross abnormality of conduct having its origin in mental disorder which, though not amounting to one of the insanities, has the characteristics of a psychopathic state.
The Role and Future of Psychotherapy Within Psychiatry
Authors: Rickman John 
Published: August 2008

1. It may be well to begin by delimiting the term psychotherapy; to me it has two aspects:—(a) It is a procedure of verbal interchange between patient and doctor in which the phenomena presented by the patient to the doctor during interview are interpreted by the doctor to the patient—to the end that the patient's mental pain shall be relieved (by the interpretation) and he shall have an increased understanding and mastery of the impulse-laden, unresolved, emotional conflicts in his own personal past experience, and a better insight into his own personality.
The Galactose Tolerance Test in Phenylketonuria
Authors: Cowie Valerie A. 
Published: August 2008

In cases where there is known to be a disturbance of metabolism it is natural to speculate upon the possible site of dysfunction in the organs and tissues of the body.In phenylketonuria the basic biochemical error is a disordered metabolism of phenylalanine, the patient being unable to dispose of this substance at a normal rate (Jervis et al., 1940). The phenylpyruvic acid in the urine of phenylketonuric patients is derived from a deamination of phenylalanine in the kidney.