bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Radar Multiple-Scattering Effects from a GPM Perspective. Part II: Model Results
Authors: Battaglia A. , Ajewole M. O. , Simmer C. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractMultiple-scattering effects as sensed by radars in configurations useful in the context of the Global Precipitation Mission (GPM) are evaluated for a range of meteorological profiles extracted from four different cloud-resolving model simulations. The multiple-scattering effects are characterized in terms of both the reflectivity enhancement and the linear depolarization ratio. When considering the copolarized reflectivity in spaceborne configurations, the multiple-scattering enhancement becomes a real issue for Ka-band radars, though it is generally negligible at the Ku band, except in meteorologically important situations such as when high rain rates and a considerable amount of ice are present aloft. At Ka band it can reach tens of decibels when systems of heavy cold rain are considered, that is, profiles that include rain layers with high-density ice particles aloft. On the other hand, particularly at 35 GHz, high values of the linear depolarization ratio are predicted even in airborne configurations because of multiple-scattering effects. This result should allow the observation of these features in field campaigns.
B cells and T cells are critical for the preservation of bone homeostasis and attainment of peak bone mass in vivo
Authors: Li Yan , Toraldo Gianluca , Li Aimin , Yang Xiaoying , Zhang Hongying , Qian Wei-Ping , Weitzmann M. Neale 
Published: January 2007

AbstractBone homeostasis is regulated by a delicate balance between osteoblastic bone formation and osteoclastic bone resorption. Osteoclastogenesis is controlled by the ratio of receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) relative to its decoy receptor, osteoprotegerin (OPG). The source of OPG has historically been attributed to osteoblasts (OBs). While activated lymphocytes play established roles in pathological bone destruction, no role for lymphocytes in basal bone homeostasis in vivo has been described. Using immunomagnetic isolation of bone marrow (BM) B cells and B-cell precursor populations and quantitation of their OPG production by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and real-time reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), cells of the B lineage were found to be responsible for 64% of total BM OPG production, with 45% derived from mature B cells. Consistently B-cell knockout (KO) mice were found to be osteoporotic and deficient in BM OPG, phenomena rescued by B-cell reconstitution. Furthermore, T cells, through CD40 ligand (CD40L) to CD40 costimulation, promote OPG production by B cells in vivo. Consequently, T-cell–deficient nude mice, CD40 KO mice, and CD40L KO mice display osteoporosis and diminished BM OPG production. Our data suggest that lymphocytes are essential stabilizers of basal bone turnover and critical regulators of peak bone mass in vivo.
Expression of Cre recombinase in dopaminoceptive neurons
Authors: Lemberger Thomas , Parlato Rosanna , Dassesse Donald , Westphal Magdalena , Casanova Emilio , Turiault Marc , Tronche François , Schiffmann Serge N , Schütz Günther 
Published: January 2007

Abstract

Background
Dopamine-activated signaling regulates locomotor and emotional responses and alterations in dopamine-signaling are responsible of several psychomotor disorders. In order to identify specific functions of these pathways, the Cre/loxP system has been used. Here, we describe the generation and the characterization of a transgenic mouse line expressing the Cre recombinase in dopaminoceptive neurons. To this purpose, we used as expression vector a 140 kb yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) containing the dopamine D1 receptor gene (Drd1a).

Results
In the chosen line, D1Cre, the spatio-temporal pattern of Cre expression closely recapitulated that of the endogenous Drd1a gene, as assessed by immunohistological approaches in embryonic and adult stages. Efficiency of recombination was confirmed by crossing D1Cre with three different loxP lines (Creb1
loxP, CaMKIV
loxP and GR
loxP) and with the R26R reporter. In the three loxP lines studied, recombination was restricted to the area of Cre expression.

Conclusion
In view of the patterns of recombination restricted to the major dopaminoceptive regions as seen in the context of the CREB, CaMKIV and GR mutations, the D1Cre line will be a useful tool to dissect the contributions of specific genes to biological processes involving dopamine signaling.
Virulence Comparisons of Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus U and M Genogroups in Sockeye Salmon and Rainbow Trout
Authors: Garver Kyle A. , Batts William N. , Kurath Gael 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is an aquatic rhabdovirus that infects salmonids in the Pacific Northwest of the United States, Europe, and Asia. Isolates of IHNV have been phylogenetically classified into three major viral genogroups, designated U, M, and L. To characterize virulence of IHNV in the context of these three viral genogroups, seven strains of IHNV (three U genogroup strains, three M strains, and one L strain) were compared for their pathogenicity in juvenile sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka, kokanee (lacustrine sockeye salmon), and rainbow trout O. mykiss. Fish were waterborne-exposed to the different viral strains, and virulence was assessed by comparing mortality curves and final cumulative percent mortality (CPM) in both species of fish at 10°C and 15°C. In sockeye salmon and kokanee, the U genogroup virus types were extremely virulent, causing average CPMs of 69–100%, while the M genogroup virus types caused very little or no mortality (CPM = 0–4%). The endangered Redfish Lake sockeye salmon stock exhibited extreme differences in susceptibility to the U and M genogroups. Conversely, in two stocks of rainbow trout, the M genogroup virus types were more virulent, inducing average CPMs of 25–85%, while the U genogroup viruses caused lower mortality (CPM = 5–41%). In both fish species, the single L genogroup strain caused low to intermediate mortality (CPM = 13–53%). Viral glycoprotein sequence comparisons of the seven challenge strains revealed three amino acid sites (247, 256, and 270) that consistently differed between the U and M genogroups, possibly contributing to pathogenicity differences.
Stability of Clinical and Radiographic Results After Guided Tissue Regeneration in Infrabony Defects
Authors: Eickholz Peter , Krigar Diana‐Maria , Kim Ti‐Sun , Reitmeir Peter , Rawlinson Andrew 
Published: January 2007

Background: The aim of this 5‐year follow‐up study was to evaluate clinically and radiographically the long‐term results after guided tissue regeneration (GTR) therapy of infrabony defects using non‐resorbable and bioabsorbable barriers.Methods: Thirty‐one patients with periodontitis and 50 infrabony defects that had been treated using GTR were recruited. Eleven defects were treated with non‐resorbable expanded polytetrafluoroethylene membranes and 39 defects with bioabsorbable barriers. At baseline and 6 and 60 ± 3 months after surgery, clinical parameters and standardized radiographs were obtained. During surgery and 60 ± 3 months thereafter, the distance from the cemento‐enamel junction to the base of the bony defect (vertical probing bone level [PBL‐V]) was measured. Bone gain was evaluated using digital subtraction radiography.Results: At 6 and 60 ± 3 months after GTR, there was a statistically significant (P <0.001) reduction of probing depth (6 months: 4.31 ± 1.76 mm; 60 months: 3.95 ± 1.62 mm) and vertical clinical attachment level gains (CAL‐V) (6 months: 3.34 ± 1.66 mm; 60 months: 2.97 ± 1.53 mm). From 6 to 60 months after GTR, three infrabony defects exhibited CAL‐V loss >2 mm, and a small, statistically not significant mean CAL‐V loss of 0.39 ± 1.60 mm was observed. From baseline to 60 ± 3 months, a significant PBL‐V gain of 1.78 ± 2.67 mm (P <0.001) and increase in bone density were observed (P = 0.003).Conclusion: The CAL‐V gain achieved after GTR in infrabony defects using both non‐resorbable and bioabsorbable barriers was stable after 5 years in 47 of 50 defects.
Pinch Forces and Instrument Tip Forces During Periodontal Scaling
Authors: Dong Hui , Loomer Peter , Villanueva Alfredo , Rempel David 
Published: January 2007

Background: The prevalence of upper‐extremity musculoskeletal disorders, such as tendinitis, is elevated among dental practitioners. An important risk factor for these disorders is forceful pinching; however, the pinch forces and instrument forces during scaling are unknown.Methods: Six dentists and six senior‐year dental students were recruited to use an instrumented periodontal scaler to perform their usual dental scaling work on patients. Thumb pinch force was measured by a pressure sensor, whereas the forces developed at the instrument tip were measured by a six‐axis load cell.Results: Dental students applied greater mean peak pinch force (35.7 ± 3.8 N) compared to dentists (24.5 ± 4.1 N) (P = 0.001). On the other hand, the peak forces generated at the instrument tip, which were directly related to the productivity of the dental scaling task, were higher among the dentists. The application of pinch force by dentists was related to the required scaling forces, whereas students applied excessive pinch force to the tools.Conclusions: Increased experience in periodontal scaling leads to the application of less pinch force to accomplish scaling. Nonetheless, the applied peak pinch forces in both groups are high and may pose a risk for the development of musculoskeletal disorders of the distal upper extremity.
Osteopromotion With Synthetic Oligopeptide–Coated Bovine Bone Mineral In Vivo
Authors: Park Jun‐Beom , Lee Jue‐Yeon , Park Ho‐Nam , Seol Yang‐Jo , Park Yoon‐Jeong , Rhee Sang‐Hoon , Lee Sang‐Cheol , Kim Kyoung‐Hwa , Kim Tae‐Il , Lee Yong‐Moo , Ku Young , Rhyu In‐Chul , Han Soo‐Boo , Chung Chong‐Pyoung 
Published: January 2007

Background: Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein (rhBMP)‐2 has been shown to stimulate significant regeneration of alveolar bone and cementum in periodontal defects clinically. The aim of this study was to evaluate the osteopromotive effect of oligopeptide domain–coated bovine bone mineral granules in a rabbit calvarial defect model.Methods: The peptide‐coated bovine bone was fabricated by incubating the graft material in a solution of oligopeptide domain. The cell attachment and proliferation were measured in vitro. Peptide‐coated (test group) or uncoated (control group) bone minerals were implanted into 10‐mm calvarial defects in rabbits, and the animals were sacrificed at 1, 2, or 4 weeks post‐surgery.Results: The cells grown with peptide‐coated bone showed significantly higher proliferation activity at all times compared to cells grown with peptide‐uncoated bone mineral. At 2 weeks post‐surgery, the control wounds showed a limited amount of osteoid formation in a centripetal pattern around the grafted bone, but the oligopeptide domain–coated grafted bone had formed new bone around the grafted area. At 4 weeks post‐surgery, the control sites showed increased new bone formation, but they still showed a significant difference from the peptide‐coated bone‐implanted sites.Conclusions: At 2 and 4 weeks, accelerated new bone formation was observed within the experimental sites compared to control groups. The use of deproteinized bovine bone combined with a synthetic oligopeptide seems to be a more beneficial material for bone regeneration in the early healing period.
Success of Dental Implants Placed in Intraoral Block Bone Grafts
Authors: Levin Liran , Nitzan Daniel , Schwartz‐Arad Devorah 
Published: January 2007

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the survival and success of dental implants placed in alveolar bone following augmentation using intraoral block bone grafts.Methods: A consecutive retrospective study was conducted on patients who had onlay bone grafts for vertical or horizontal augmentations followed by dental implantation from 1999 to 2001. Files of 50 healthy patients who received 129 implants in augmented sites were reviewed. Implant survival, radiologic implant success (marginal bone loss), and complications were recorded.Results: Follow‐up from time of implantation ranged from 6 to 67 months (mean: 24.3 ± 11.2 months). Ranges of implant widths and lengths were 3.25 to 4.7 mm and 10 to 16 mm, respectively. The overall survival rate was 96.9% (four implants were removed). Marginal bone loss around implants ranged from 0 to 3.3 mm (average: 0.22 ± 0.45 mm). Only 5% of the implants presented marginal bone loss ≥1.5 mm over the follow‐up time.Conclusions: Intraoral bone block graft surgery is a predictable operation for the use of dental implants. Implant placement in augmented areas presents high survival and radiologic success rates with minimal bone loss.
Molecular Transport Junctions: Clearing Mists
Authors: Lindsay S. M. , Ratner M. A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractRecent progress in the measurement and modeling of transport in molecular junctions has been very significant. Tunnel transport in the Landauer–Imry regime is now broadly understood for several systems, although a detailed understanding of the role of contact geometry is still required. We overview some clear indications from recent research and note the quite reasonable agreement between measured and calculated conductance in metal–molecule–metal junctions. The next challenge lies in obtaining a microscopic understanding of charge transport that involves reduction or oxidation of molecules.
A formal test of linguistic and genetic coevolution in native Central and South America
Authors: Hunley K.L. , Cabana G.S. , Merriwether D.A. , Long J.C. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis paper investigates a mechanism of linguistic and genetic coevolution in Native Central and South America. This mechanism proposes that a process of population fissions, expansions into new territories, and isolation of ancestral and descendant groups will produce congruent language and gene trees. To evaluate this population fissions mechanism, we collected published mtDNA sequences for 1,381 individuals from 17 Native Central and South American populations. We then tested the hypothesis that three well‐known language classifications also represented the genetic structure of these populations. We rejected the hypothesis for each language classification. Our tests revealed linguistic and genetic correspondence in several shallow branches common to each classification, but no linguistic and genetic correspondence in the deeper branches contained in two of the language classifications. We discuss the possible causes for the lack of congruence between linguistic and genetic structure in the region, and describe alternative mechanisms of linguistic and genetic correspondence and their predictions. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Photocontrol of the Collagen Triple Helix: Synthesis and Conformational Characterization of Bis‐cysteinyl Collagenous Peptides with an Azobenzene Clamp
Authors: Kusebauch Ulrike , Cadamuro Sergio A. , Musiol Hans‐Jürgen , Moroder Luis , Renner Christian 
Published: January 2007

AbstractFor the photomodulation of the collagen triple helix with an azobenzene clamp, we investigated various collagenous peptides consisting of ideal (Gly‐Pro‐Hyp) repeats and containing cysteine residues in various positions for a side chain‐to‐side chain crosslink with a suitable chromophore derivative. Comparative conformational analysis of these cysteine peptides indicated an undecarepeat peptide with two cysteine residues located in the central portion in i and i+7 positions and flanked by (Gly‐Pro‐Hyp) repeat sequences as the most promising for the cross‐bridging experiments. In aqueous alcoholic solution the azobenzene–undecarepeat peptide formed a stable triple helix in equilibrium with the monomeric species as a trans‐azobenzene isomer, whereas photoisomerization to the cis isomer leads to unfolding of at least part of the triple helix. Furthermore, the residual supercoiled structure acts like an intermolecular knot, thus making refolding upon cis‐to‐trans isomerization a concentration‐independent fast event. Consequently, these photoswitchable collagenous systems should be well suited for time‐resolved studies of folding/unfolding of the collagen triple helix under variable thermodynamic equilibria.
Activation of Aromatic, Aliphatic, and Olefinic Carbon–Fluorine Bonds Using Cp*2HfH2
Authors: Rieth Ryan D. , Brennessel William W. , Jones William D. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe hafnium hydride Cp*2HfH2 is reacted with a series of fluorocarbons to examine the scope of C–F bond activation. Aromatic, vinylic, and aliphatic C–F bonds all show some degree of reactivity, and possible mechanisms are discussed. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
ortho‐ and para‐Thioquinonoid π‐Complexes: First Synthesis, Reactivity, and Crystal Structure Determination
Authors: Moussa Jamal , Rager Marie Noelle , Boubekeur Kamal , Amouri Hani 
Published: January 2007

AbstractOvercoming a long‐standing challenge, the o‐ and p‐dithiobenzoquinone iridium complexes [Cp*Ir‐o‐(η4‐C6H4S2)] (6) and [Cp*Ir‐p‐(η4‐C6H4S2)] (7) were rationally synthesized and fully characterized for the first time including the X‐ray molecular structure of [Cp*Ir‐p‐(η4‐C6H4S2)] (7). Our strategic approach involves the preparation of the halogenated 1,2‐ and 1,4‐dichloro arene π complexes [Cp*Ir‐o‐(η6‐C6H4Cl2)][BF4]2 (4) and [Cp*Ir‐p‐(η6‐C6H4Cl2)][BF4]2 (5), which are the key molecules for 6 and 7. Subsequent treatment of 4 and 5 with NaSH and halogen displacement provides the target thioquinonoid π complexes 6 and 7 in 88 % and 95 % yields respectively. Further, the coordination chemistry of the o‐dithiobenzoquinone iridium complex [Cp*Ir‐o‐(η4‐C6H4S2)] (6) was studied by treating 6 with [(bpy)PtCl2] in the presence of AgOTf, which provided the novel platinum complex [Pt(bpy){Cp*Ir‐o‐(η4‐C6H4S2)}][OTf]2 (10) in 91 % yield. The X‐ray molecular structure of 10 is reported and shows as outstanding features the formation of 1D supramolecular assembly, which results from π–π (d = 3.484 Å; d = 3.669 Å) and Pt···Pt (d = 3.574 Å) interactions between individual subunits.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Identification and characterization of GFAPκ, a novel glial fibrillary acidic protein isoform
Authors: Blechingberg Jenny , Holm Ida Elisabeth , Nielsen Karsten Bork , Jensen Torben Heick , Jørgensen Arne Lund , Nielsen Anders Lade 
Published: January 2007

AbstractGlial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is the principal component of the intermediary filaments in mature astrocytes of the central nervous system (CNS). The protein consists of three domains: the head, the coiled‐coil, and the tail. Here, we describe the isolation of an evolutionary conserved novel GFAP isoform, GFAPκ, produced by alternative splicing and polyadenylation of the 3′‐region of the human GFAP pre‐mRNA. As a consequence, the resulting human GFAPκ protein harbors a nonconserved C‐terminal tail sequence distinct from the tails of GFAPα, the predominant GFAP isoform, and GFAPε, an isoform which also results from alternative splicing. The head and coiled‐coil rod domains are identical between the three GFAP isoforms. Interestingly, GFAPκ is incapable of forming homomeric filaments, and increasing GFAPκ expression levels causes a collapse of intermediate filaments formed by GFAPα. In searching for a biological relevance of GFAPκ, we noticed that mRNA expression levels of GFAPα, GFAPε, and GFAPκ are gradually increased during development of the embryonic pig brain. However, whereas the GFAPα/GFAPε ratio is constant, the GFAPκ/GFAPε ratio decreases during brain development. Furthermore, in glioblastoma tumors, an increased GFAPκ/GFAPε ratio is detected. Our results suggest that the relative expression level of the GFAPκ isoform could modulate the properties of GFAP intermediate filaments and perhaps thereby influencing the motility of GFAP positive astrocytes and progenitor cells within the CNS. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
CENP‐F expression is associated with poor prognosis and chromosomal instability in patients with primary breast cancer
Authors: O'Brien Sallyann L. , Fagan Ailís , Fox Edward J.P. , Millikan Robert C. , Culhane Aedín C. , Brennan Donal J. , McCann Amanda H. , Hegarty Shauna , Moyna Siobhan , Duffy Michael J. , Higgins Desmond G. , Jirström Karin , Landberg Göran , Gallagher William M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractDNA microarrays have the potential to classify tumors according to their transcriptome. Tissue microarrays (TMAs) facilitate the validation of biomarkers by offering a high‐throughput approach to sample analysis. We reanalyzed a high profile breast cancer DNA microarray dataset containing 96 tumor samples using a powerful statistical approach, between group analyses. Among the genes we identified was centromere protein‐F (CENP‐F), a gene associated with poor prognosis. In a published follow‐up breast cancer DNA microarray study, comprising 295 tumour samples, we found that CENP‐F upregulation was significantly associated with worse overall survival (p < 0.001) and reduced metastasis‐free survival (p < 0.001). To validate and expand upon these findings, we used 2 independent breast cancer patient cohorts represented on TMAs. CENP‐F protein expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 91 primary breast cancer samples from cohort I and 289 samples from cohort II. CENP‐F correlated with markers of aggressive tumor behavior including ER negativity and high tumor grade. In cohort I, CENP‐F was significantly associated with markers of CIN including cyclin E, increased telomerase activity, c‐Myc amplification and aneuploidy. In cohort II, CENP‐F correlated with VEGFR2, phosphorylated Ets‐2 and Ki67, and in multivariate analysis, was an independent predictor of worse breast cancer‐specific survival (p = 0.036) and overall survival (p = 0.040). In conclusion, we identified CENP‐F as a biomarker associated with poor outcome in breast cancer and showed several novel associations of biological significance. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Coffee and tea consumption and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in Italy
Authors: Montella Maurizio , Polesel Jerry , La Vecchia Carlo , Maso Luigino Dal , Crispo Anna , Crovatto Marina , Casarin Pietro , Izzo Francesco , Tommasi Luigi Gabriele , Talamini Renato , Franceschi Silvia 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe role of coffee in the aetiology of hepatocellular carcinoma has raised great interest. In Italy, coffee consumption is high, thus allowing the investigation of the topic over a broad range of consumption. A hospital‐based case‐control study was conducted in Italy in 1999–2002, including 185 incidents, histologically confirmed cases of hepatocellular carcinoma aged 43–84 years. Controls were 412 subjects admitted to the same hospitals' networks for acute, non‐neoplastic diseases unrelated to diet. Coffee and tea consumption were assessed using a validated food‐frequency questionnaire. Odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding the 95% confidence intervals (CI) were computed using unconditional multiple logistic regression, adjusting for hepatitis viruses seropositivity, alcohol intake, smoking habits and other potential confounding factors. Compared to people who drunk <14 cups/week of coffee, the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma decreased for increasing levels of consumption (OR = 0.4, 95% CI: 0.2–1.1 for ≥28 cups/week, p for trend = 0.02). In the present study, inverse relations were observed across strata of hepatitis C and, B virus infections and alcohol drinking. No significant association emerged with consumption of decaffeinated coffee (OR = 0.7, 95% CI = 0.2–2.5) or tea (OR = 1.4, 95% CI = 0.8–2.7). The present study supports the hypothesis of a favourable effect of coffee, though not decaffeinated coffee and tea, on the risk on hepatocellular carcinoma. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.