bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Topiramate Prophylaxis and Response to Triptan Treatment for Acute Migraine
Authors: Becker Werner J. , Christie Suzanne N. , Ledoux Stephane , Binder Carin 
Published: July 2006

Objective.—To evaluate the effect of topiramate migraine prophylaxis on subject responsiveness to triptans used for acute symptomatic migraine treatment.Background.—Clinical experience suggests that prophylactic migraine treatment may enhance the efficacy of symptomatic medications used to treat acute migraine attacks.Methods.—This open‐label, single‐arm multicenter study consisted of a 6‐week baseline period followed by a 16‐week topiramate treatment period. Subjects meeting International Headache Society (IHS) criteria for migraine with and without aura signed consent and entered the baseline period. Those with 3 to 12 migraine periods per month during baseline received topiramate prophylactic treatment. Only patients who completed at least 12 weeks of topiramate treatment were included in the data analysis.Results.—Of 55 patients screened, 40 subjects entered the topiramate treatment period and 21 subjects received at least 12 weeks of treatment. Mean final dose of topiramate was 124 mg per day (range 50 to 200 mg per day). During the baseline period, the mean percentage of attacks rendered pain‐free at 2 hours for the 21 subjects was 46.9% (SD = 31.9), while during the topiramate treatment period it was 44.6% (SD = 32.2) (P= .8). On topiramate, after the first 8 weeks of dosage titration, patients experienced a mean of 3.68 migraine attacks/month, compared to 4.31 during the baseline period (P < .03). Thirteen subjects discontinued because of adverse events. The most commonly reported adverse events were paresthesia, fatigue, anxiety, and dizziness.Conclusion.—Although topiramate prophylaxis did reduce migraine attack frequency, in this pilot study topiramate prophylactic migraine treatment did not increase the proportion of patients pain‐free 2 hours after symptomatic triptan therapy.
Behavioural responses of the Colorado potato beetle to trichomes and leaf surface chemicals of Solanum tarijense
Authors: Pelletier Y. , Dutheil J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWild Solanum species constitute a source of resistance to several pests and diseases of potato. Several species of wild tuber‐bearing potato have been identified as resistant to the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), including Solanum tarijense Hawkes (Solanaceae). Our objective was to determine the mechanism of resistance of S. tarijense to the Colorado potato beetle and, because the resistance is limited to the adult stage of the insect, to study the host selection behaviour on resistant plants.In the field, Colorado potato beetles demonstrated a unique behaviour when in contact with S. tarijense, abandoning the plant by falling to the ground after a few minutes. The abundant trichomes on the leaves of S. tarijense induced the falling behaviour. However, on S. tarijense feeding remained low even after the trichomes were mechanically removed. Observations demonstrated that the normal sequence of behaviour leading to feeding was interrupted before adult beetles fed on S. tarijense leaves. Feeding experiments using volatile and non‐volatile fractions of leaf surface extracts identified a phagodeterrent effect of the volatile fraction. Our results contrast with a similar evaluation of the mode of resistance of Solanum berthaultii Hawkes, a close relative of S. tarijense, on which some feeding occurred and adults did not show falling behaviour. This study presents information on S. tarijense as a new source of resistance to the Colorado potato beetle that can be used for potato breeding.
Arachidonic acid inhibits osteoblast differentiation through cytosolic phospholipase A2‐dependent pathway
Authors: Yoshida K , Shinohara H , Suryono  , Haneji T , Nagata T 
Published: July 2006

Objective: Arachidonic acid, a precursor of prostaglandins (PGs), is released by phospholipase A2(PLA2) and plays an important role in biological reactions. We examined the roles of arachidonic acid on the pathway of PG synthesis and osteoblast differentiation by using clone MC3T3‐E1 cells.Materials and Methods: The effect of arachidonic acid was evaluated by the measurement of alkaline phosphatase activity, cells shape, production of arachidonic acid and the expression of cyclooxygenase (COX).Results: Arachidonic acid dose dependently decreased alkaline phosphatase activity and increased PGE2production in MC3T3‐E1 cells. The cell shape changed from polygonal to fibroblastic following treatment with arachidonic acid. These effects were recovered by the treatment of NS‐398 and indomethacin. Arachidonic acid increased the expression of COX‐2 mRNA and the PGE2production. The exogenous arachidonic acid induced the release of cellular arachidonic acid in MC3T3‐E1 cells. Moreover, methylarachidonyl fluorophosphonate suppressed the arachidonic acid release and the expression of COX‐2 mRNA.Conclusion: The present results indicate that exogenous arachidonic acid stimulated the activity of PLA2, leading to the new release of membranous arachidonic acid. The amplified arachidonic acid enhanced PGE2production by COX‐2, which inhibits the differentiation of MC3T3‐E1 cells. Our results provide a new insight into the molecular mechanisms by which exogenous arachidonic acid plays a role as a paracrine/autocrine amplifier of PGE2biosynthesis by coupling with PLA2and COX‐2.
Relationship between chewing ability and 4‐year mortality in a cohort of 80‐year‐old Japanese people
Authors: Ansai T , Takata Y , Soh I , Akifusa S , Sogame A , Shimada N , Yoshida A , Hamasaki T , Awano S , Fukuhara M , Takehara T 
Published: July 2006

Objective:  Poor oral health has been reported to be a risk indicator of mortality, however, few data are available regarding the relationship between chewing ability and mortality. We examined the relationship between self‐assessed chewing ability and mortality in elderly subjects.Design:  Prospective study.Subjects and methods:  Participating in the study were 697 people (277 males, 420 females) from 1282 individuals (80 years old) residing in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan. Data on oral and systemic health status through questionnaires, accompanied by physical and laboratory blood examinations were obtained. Chewing ability was assessed based on the number of types of food each subject reported as able to chew by questionnaire.Results:  A total of 108 subjects died between 1998 and 2002. Those with the lowest number of chewable foods were associated with higher risk of mortality than those with the ability to chew all of the 15 types of food surveyed [hazard ratio (HR) = 2.38, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 1.07–5.29], though other parameters including current smoking, low serum albumin, and poor physical health status were more significant. Further, reduced chewing ability of soft foods increased the risk (HR = 2.65, 95% CI = 1.20–5.87).Conclusion:  Chewing ability was associated with mortality in a population of 80‐year‐old community residents, and may be a predictor for survival rate.
Green leaf area decline of wheat flag leaves: the influence of fungicides and relationships with mean grain weight and grain yield
Authors: GOODING M J , DIMMOCK J P R E , FRANCE J , JONES S A 
Published: July 2006

SummaryA modified Gompertz model was derived to describe the fractional decline in green area of wheat flag leaves in field experiments where green leaf area at time t=100exp[‐exp(‐k(t‐m))]. Curves fitted over time to visual assessments of green leaf area (% of total leaf area) throughout flag leaf life accounted for more than 98% of variation in 45 of 48 wheat cultivar × fungicide treatment (+/−) comparisons. This data set spanned 17 yr and therefore included cultivars of contrasting parentage and age. In the absence of fungicide, green leaf area decline was associated with drought or infection with a number of foliar pathogens including Septoria tritici (sexual stage Mycospherella graminicola), Erysiphe graminis and Puccinia striiformis. Fungicides applied to the flag leaf included propiconazole, propiconazole plus tridemorph, flusilazole or azoxystrobin. Fungicide effects on m (i.e. time to 37% green area) were closely related to fungicide effects (% of untreated) on mean grain weight (variation accounted for (VAF) = 80%) and grain yield (VAF = 85%).
Resistance to oat powdery mildew in Britain and Europe: a review
Authors: RODERICK H W , JONES E R L , ŠEBESTA J 
Published: July 2006

SummaryThe evolution of virulence in UK oat powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f.sp. avenae) populations is presented along with comparative information on the deployment of resistant cultivars. Virulence frequencies have followed classical gene‐for‐gene principles, and there are no effective resistance genes currently deployed in cultivars grown in the UK. The incidence of powdery mildew in continental Europe and pathogen variation is reviewed as well as other strategies for the control of this disease. New resistant sources have been identified and are being used in breeding programmes throughout Europe.
Occurrence and relative incidence of viruses infecting papaya in Venezuela
Authors: MARYS E E , CARBALLO O , IZAGUIRRE‐MAYORAL M L 
Published: July 2006

SummaryA survey of the main papaya (Carica papaya L.) production fields in Venezuela during 1997, indicated that crops were heavily affected with various virus‐like symptoms. A total of 745 samples from papaya plants showing symptoms suggestive of virus infection were collected and analysed using electron microscopy and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) and Papaya mild yellowing virus (PMYV) were the most frequently found viruses, which also occurred, in mixed infections. Rhabdovirus‐like particles were found only in samples collected in Distrito Federal (D.F). Papaya mosaic virus (papMV) and Tomato spotted wild virus (TSW V) were not detected during the survey.
Partial characterisation of a new virus in brusca from the Venezuelan lowlands
Authors: MARYS E E , LIU H‐Y , CARBALLO O , ROMANO M , UZCATEGUI R , COLMENARES M , IZAGUIRRE‐MAYORAL M L 
Published: July 2006

SummaryFlexuous thread‐like virus particles c. 650–700 nm in length were isolated from brusca (Senna pallida) plants showing stunting, mosaic, vein yellowing and leaf malformation. The virus was mechanically transmitted to healthy Senna pallida, Cassia obovata and Cassia emarginata L. plant species. Virus particles sedimented in sucrose density gradients as one component, with a bouyant density of 1.2 g cm−3 in caesium chloride equilibrium gradients. Virions contained a molecule of ssRNA with an apparent size of 6.4 kb. The dsRNA pattern showed one main band of about 12 kb, and two subgenomic dsRNA of c. 10 and c. 5.4 kb. Analyses of purified virus preparations by sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) resolved two coat protein subunits, with mol. wt of c. 28 000 and 26 000 daltons. In Western blotting the virus coat proteins reacted with an homologous polyclonal antiserum and with an antiserum to Lettuce infectious yellow virus. Electron microscopic observations of cells from infected plants showed the accumulation of cytoplasmic vesiculate inclusion bodies and crystalline aggregates of virus particles within phloem tissue. Some of the physicochemical and ultrastructural properties of this virus resemble those of a Closterovirus; however, differences show it to be sufficiently distinct from any previously reported viruses. We proposed the name of Senna chlorotic stunt (SeCSV) for this virus.
Glyphosate applied to genetically modified herbicide‐tolerant sugar beet and ‘volunteer’ potatoes reduces populations of potato cyst nematodes and the number and size of daughter tubers
Authors: DEWAR A M , HAYLOCK L A , MAY M J , BEANE J , PERRY R N 
Published: July 2006

SummaryGlyphosate, applied early or later or twice to genetically modified glyphosate‐tolerant sugar beet, gave excellent control of planted ‘volunteer’ potatoes growing within the crop compared to conventional herbicide programmes with or without clopyralid. In three out of four trials, this resulted in significant reductions in the numbers of eggs and cysts of potato cyst nematodes (Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida) where infestations were moderate (23–89 eggs g−1 soil). In the fourth trial, which had very high initial populations (130 eggs −1 soil), none of the herbicide treatments had any significant effect on numbers of nematode eggs or cysts. This was probably due to competition for feeding sites, and the early death of the potatoes in all treatments caused by feeding damage by the nematodes and infection by blight, which prevented the nematodes from completing their life cycle. Glyphosate also significantly reduced the number and size of daughter tubers produced, thus helping to prevent a further volunteer problem in the next crop in the rotation. This was achieved by one or two applications of one chemical compared to 2–5 applications of cocktails of conventional herbicides.
The influence of genetic background on resistance to the cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae) in Kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala)
Authors: KIFT N B , ELLIS P R , TATCHELL G M , PINK D A C 
Published: July 2006

SummaryResistance to Brevicoryne brassicae has been identified in the progeny of two selected kale (B. oleracea var. acephala) plants, one from the F1 hybrid cultivar ‘Arsis RS’ and one from the landrace ‘Butzo’. These plants were crossed with susceptible B. oleracea morphotypes that have different periods to flowering. The type of susceptible plant line used had an effect on the resistance phenotypc of the progeny. Tested F2 populations derived from these crosses show that resistance is not under simple genetic control. This, in addition to variation in aphid numbers within accessions, suggests that separation of genetic components of control from environmental ‘noise’ for any accession may only be possible by the production of double haploid plant lines.
Biological properties of necrotic and non‐necrotic strains of bean yellow mosaic virus in cool season grain legumes
Authors: CHENG Y , JONES R A C 
Published: July 2006

SummaryA collection of 51 bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) isolates was transmitted from infected Trifolium subterraneum (subterranean clover) to Lupinus angustifolius (narrow‐leafed lupin) by Myzus persicae (green peach aphid). Depending on isolate and L. angiistifolius genotype used, two distinct responses developed in L. angustifolius plants, either systemic necrosis and plant death or non‐necrotic reactions of varying severity. Ten isolates caused necrosis and plant death in cv. Danja. However, when nine of these were inoculated to breeding line 90L423‐07‐13, seven induced non‐necrotic reactions, while two caused necrosis and plant death. Thirty seven isolates always produced non‐necrotic reactions regardless of genotype of L. angustifolius inoculated. Non‐necrotic and necrotic isolates originally came both from lupins and other species, and the non‐necrotic isolates were no less efficiently transmitted by M. persicae than the necrotic ones. When one isolate of each type was inoculated together to T. subterraneum and nine months later this culture was used as an acquisition source for aphid transmission to L. angustifolius, only the necrotic type was detected. Previous infection of L. angustifolius plants with a non necrolic isolate prevented subsequent infection by a necrotic one. All necrotic and non‐necrotic isolates reacted with BYMV antiserum in ELISA but only two cross‐reacted with antiserum to clover yellow vein virus (CYVV). When selected necrotic and non‐necrotic isolates were inoculated to differential hosts, all behaved like BYMV and not CYVV. When three isolates of each type were transmitted to 11 other cool season grain legume species, except in Cicer arietinum (chickpea), there were no necrotic reactions, but symptom severity varied with the isolate and species inoculated. The two isolates that caused necrosis in C. arietinum did not do so in L. angustifolius. The six isolates from Vicia faba (faba bean) all caused non‐necrotic reactions in L. angustifolius cv. Danja and 90L423‐07‐13. These and two necrotic isolates readily infected five genotypes of V. faba always causing severe symptoms. However, three non‐necrotic isolates from L. angustifolius and a further necrotic isolate were poorly infectious on V. faba in which they generally induced mild symptoms.These results show that at least three strain groups of BYMV can be distinguished by their reactions in different L. angustifolius genotypes, one causing necrosis and death in cv. Danja and 90L423‐07‐13, one causing necrosis and death in Danja but not 90L423‐07‐13, and one causing non‐nccrotic reactions in both. These strain groups could not be distinguished when representative necrotic and non‐necrotic isolates were inoculated to other grain legume species. However, inoculation to V. faba distinguished two other BYMV strain groupings differing in severity of symptoms and ability to infect this species.
Screening of non‐tuber bearing Solanaceae for resistance to and induction of juvenile hatch of potato cyst nematodes and their potential for trap cropping
Authors: SCHOLTE K 
Published: July 2006

SummaryNinety accessions of non‐tuber bearing Solanaceae were screened for (i) resistance to and (ii) stimulatory effect on juvenile hatch of potato cyst nematodes, and (iii) their growth under temperate climatic conditions. All plant species belonging to the genus Solanum tested induced hatching but this effect was most pronounced for plant species of the Solanum nigrum complex. Hatching of juveniles was hardly or not stimulated by other plant genera of the Solanaceae. Solanum sisymbriifolium combined a high hatching effect with complete resistance to both Globodera rosiochiensis and G pallida. Two S. nigrum varieties showed full resistance to G rostochiensis and a high level of resistance to G pallida. Moreover, S. sisymbriifolium and the two varieties of S. nigrum performed very well under Dutch field conditions and, therefore, they are suggested as candidate trap crops for the control of potato cyst nematodes.
Density, distribution and dispersal of the carabid beetle Nebria brevicollis in two adjacent cereal fields
Authors: GARCÍA AVELINA FERNÁNDEZ , GRIFFITHS GEORGIANNE J K , THOMAS C F GEORGE 
Published: July 2006

SummaryThe distribution of the carabid beetle Nebria brevicollis was monitored in the summer during a period of declining activity associated with aestivation in a hedgerow. After emergence from aestivation, population density, distribution and dispersal of N. brevicollis were studied during autumn 1994 in a mark‐recapture experiment. 3560 beetles were marked and 1887 were recaptured in a grid of pitfall traps spanning a hedgerow and extending approximately 32 m either side into two recently harvested cereal fields. Population size, estimated from a Lincoln index, increased slightly with time with a mean population density of approximately 0.9 beetles m−2. Activity‐density varied during the experiment and was significantly related to maximum temperature. The population was aggregated within the hedgerow during aestivation and in several spatially stable hot‐spots of activity‐density within the field during autumn. There was considerable movement within fields but the hedgerow was a significant barrier to dispersal between fields, with potential effects on the metapopulation structure of the species.
Toxicity of 1,3‐dichloropropene and fosthiazate to wireworms (Agriotes spp.)
Authors: GROVE I G , WOODS S R , HAYDOCK P P J 
Published: July 2006

SummaryWireworms (Agriotes spp.) are sporadic but increasingly important pests of potatoes, sugar beet and cereals. Whilst effective chemical control is possible, the granular organophosphates normally require high rates of application and the seed dressings containing lindane (gamma‐HCH) have been withdrawn from use.The soil fumigant 1,3‐dichloropropene (1,3‐D as Telone II) and the granular nematicide fosthiazate (Nemathorin 10G) are currently used for the control of potato cyst nematodes. We investigated the effects of both of these chemicals on wireworms. Air‐vapour phase toxicities for 1,3‐D against wireworm were LD50 2.74 mg.litre.day and LD99 5.05 mg.litre.day. The in vitro soil phase toxicity was LD99 8.15 mg.litre.day. 1,3‐D soil phase activity against wireworm may be associated more with air‐vapour phase than a soil‐water phase activity. In glasshouse experiments 16.0 mg.litre.day of 1,3‐D gave 75% control. Fosthiazate, which is applied at approximately 2 μg g−1 of soil for potato cyst nematode control, achieved an LC50 at 3.20 μg g−1.In both in vitro and glasshouse studies 1,3‐dichloropropene showed high toxicity to wireworm at dosages below the current commercial application rate for potato cyst nematode control and fosthiazate also showed useful efficacy. These chemicals may therefore prove to be valuable additional tools for limiting initial wireworm plant damage or reducing wireworm populations.
Response of Globodera rostochiensis to exogenously applied hatching factors in soil
Authors: DEVINE K J , JONES P W 
Published: July 2006

SummaryThe exogenous application of hatching factors (HFs) to soil in the field gave an approximately 50% reduction in the population size of Globodera rostochiensis. This control was found to be due to a combination of suicide hatch and increased in‐egg mortality caused presumably by incomplete hatch stimulation. The rates of hatch and emergence of J2s from cysts of G. rostochiensis were found to be dependent on hatching factor concentration in vitro and in the field. Encysted eggs of G. rostochiensis in the field during the first year of rotation after the previous year's potato crop were found to be more sensitive to HF concentration than those in the second year of rotation.
Partial resistance to rust (Puccinia allii) in cultivated leek (Allium ampeloprasum ssp.porrum): estimation and improvement
Authors: SMITH B M , CROWTHER T C , CLARKSON J P , TRUEMAN L 
Published: July 2006

SummaryThe extent to which resistance to leek rust (Puccinia allii) in commercially useful cultivars of leek (Allium ampeloprasum) could be developed by selection within current commercial cultivars or their recent predecessors was investigated. Differences in resistance among commercial cultivars was not great. However, a wide range of resistance levels was found in both half‐sib and inbred progeny derived from these cultivars. In a crop simulation, one of the breeding lines showed a reduction in the rate of new pustule appearance of 44% compared to cv. Wintra. It is concluded that selection within modern cultivar level material is a potentially productive strategy for the commercial development of leek rust resistance in the short to medium term.