bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bemerkungen zur Hand des Theodoros Skutariotes
Authors: Tocci Raimondo 
Published: February 2008

Abstract

Die Beschäftigung mit der Hand des Theodoros Skutariotes wird durch das Fehlen eines von ihm subskribierten Exemplars erschwert. Über seine Tätigkeit als Patriarchatsbeamter, Metropolit von Kyzikos (1277–1283) und Chronist hinaus ist Theodoros der Forschung jedoch als Handschriftensammler und -besitzer bekannt. Ausgangspunkt jeder Untersuchung zu seinem Schriftstil sind deshalb die Marginalien der Kodizes, die sich in seinem Besitz befanden. Durch seinen autographen, monokondylischen Besitzervermerk †σϰουταϱϊώτου λευΐτου θεοδώϱου† (Taf. XXVIII) konnten bisher sechs Kodizes seiner Bibliothek zugeordnet werden:
1. Marcianus gr. 450, 9./10. Jh., Photius, Bibliotheca.
2. Parisinus gr. 1741, 10. Jh., Sammlung rhetorischer Traktate.
3. Oxoniensis Cromwell 19, 11. Jh. 2. H., Ioannes Chrysostomus, Homiliae 1–45 in Matthaeum.
4. Athous, Kutlumusiu 15 (Lampros 3084), 12. Jh., Gregorius Nazianzenus; Ioannes Chrysostomus.
5. Parisinus gr. 1234, 13. Jh. 2. H., Nicetas Choniates, Panoplia Dogmatica.
6. Vaticanus gr. 636, 13. Jh. 2. H., Euthymius Zigabenus, In s. Pauli epistulas.
So Near, Yet So Far: Medieval Courtly Romance, and Imberios and Margarona. A case of de-medievalization
Authors: Yiavis Kostas 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
The romance Imberios and Margarona does not belong to the Renaissance. It does not acknowledge many of the issues which become current in the age of Humanism: the value of individual consciousness, to name but one, will wait until the seventeenth century to be explored in Greek literature. And yet, the vintage of Imberios is hybrid: being late medieval and modelled after a popular European prototype, it slants ever so gently towards what will later be fully fledged humanistic sensibilities.
Massimo BERNABÒ, Le miniature per i manoscritti greci del Libro di Giobbe. Patmo, Monastero di San Giovanni Evangelista, cod. 171; Roma, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, cod. Vat. gr. 749; Sinai, Monastero di Santa Caterina, cod. 3; Venezia, Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, cod. gr. 538
Authors: Krause Karin 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Das Buch ist den vier ältesten illustrierten und mit Kommentarkatenen versehenen Hss. des Buches Hiob gewidmet, die zwischen dem 9. und dem 11. Jh. entstanden sind: Patmos, Johanneskloster, Cod. 171 (nachfolgend Patm.); Rom, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Cod. Vat. gr. 749 (Vat.); Sinai, Katharinenkloster, Cod. 3 (Sin.); Venedig, Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, Cod. gr. 538 (Ven.). Insgesamt sind 15 illustrierte griechische Katenenhss. allein des Buches Hiob erhalten (siehe die Übersicht p. 9–11). Das in ihnen enthaltene Bildmaterial zu Hiob wird ergänzt durch Illustrationen in weiteren Mss. unterschiedlichen Textinhalts (p. 11–14). Während seitens der Textkritik fundamentale Arbeit zur wissenschaftlichen Erschließung des griechischen Hiob-Textes und seiner Kommentare geleistet wurde, stellt das Buch von Bernabò (B.) die erste nennenswerte Publikation mit primär kunstwissenschaftlicher Ausrichtung dar. Rund 2000 (p. VII), überwiegend noch unpublizierte, byzantinische Miniaturen zum Buch Hiob sind überkommen, was erahnen läßt, welcher Schatz auf diesem Gebiet zukünftig noch zu heben ist. Ursprünglich war eine komplette Publikation der bebilderten Hiob-Mss. im Rahmen des Corpus of the Illustrations in the Manuscripts of the Septuagint der Universität Princeton geplant – ein Projekt, das vor allem wegen seines erheblichen Umfangs nicht hat realisiert werden können. Kurt Weitzmann hatte bis zu seinem Tod im Jahre 1993 Bildmaterial in großem Umfang zusammengetragen. Dieses konnte B. nicht nur für sein Buch verwenden, sondern löste mit selbigem gleichzeitig das seinem Lehrer noch zu Lebzeiten gegebene Versprechen ein, das gemeinsam begonnene Projekt nach dessen Tod fortzuführen (p. X–XI). Im Aufbau, wenngleich nicht in Seitenumfang und Buchformat, richtet sich die vorliegende Publikation nach den bereits er-schienenen Bänden des Princetoner Corpus.
Chrys. C. CARAGOUNIS, The development of Greek and the New Testament. Morphology, syntax, phonology and textual transmission. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament, 167
Authors: Karla Grammatiki , Manolessou Io 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Den Schwerpunkt des vorliegenden Buches von C. Caragounis (im Folgenden C.), Professor für Neutestamentliche Exegese an der Universität Lund, bildet der Beitrag über die Kenntnisse der neugriechischen Sprache für die Textkritik und die Interpretation des Neuen Testaments (im Folgenden NT). Dieser besteht aus einer Einleitung und 8 Kapiteln, die in drei Hauptteile gegliedert sind. Der erste Teil bietet einen Überblick über die Geschichte der griechischen Sprache von den ersten schriftlichen Zeugnissen bis heute, in dem die Kontinuität der griechischen Sprache und Kultur aufgezeigt werden soll. Der zweite Teil beschreibt an ausgewählten Beispielen den Wandel vom Klassischen Griechisch zum Neugriechischen aufgrund verschiedener morphologischer und syntaktischer Erscheinungen. Hierbei wurde der Versuch unternommen, die neutestamentliche Sprache in diese Entwicklung einzuordnen. Im dritten Teil beschäftigt sich der Autor mit dem Thema „Aussprache des Altgriechischen“, zu dem er die These vertritt, dass das neugriechische phonologische System bereits vor dem 5. Jh. v. Chr. herausgebildet war. Im Folgenden ist er bestrebt, bei verschiedenen textkritischen und hermeneutischen Problemen des NTs zu belegen, dass ein Verstehensprozess, der nur von der Kenntnis der klassischen Sprache ausgeht, in einigen Fällen zu Missverständnissen und Inkonsequenzen führt, wohingegen die Kenntnis der späteren sprachlichen Phasen die Lösung findet.
Herman GEERTMAN (ed.), Atti del colloquio internazionale Il Liber Pontificalis e la storia materiale, Roma, 21–22 febbraio 2002. Mededelingen van het Nederlands Instituut te Rome/Papers of the Netherlands Institute in Rome, 60–61
Authors: Noble Thomas F. X. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
In his introduction to this extraordinarily important and useful volume, Herman Geertman (G.) points out that the editions of the Liber Pontificalis produced around a century ago by Theodor Mommsen and Louis Duchesne made the Liber more an instrument, than an object, of research. For some years an international group of scholars under the leadership of Girolamo Arnaldi, François Bougard, Paolo Delogu, and G. himself, have been conducting a collaborative project on “The Liber Pontificalis as Source for the History and Material Culture of Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages: A Collective Research Project on the Biographies from 314 to 891.” This book arises out of that project. But the present study, reflecting in particular G.'s interests, does not confine itself to “history” and “material culture.” Although the volume contains many valuable contributions on these important subjects, it also emphasizes the nature of the text of the Liber Pontificalis, the intentions of its redactors, and the accessibility of the text in terms of its language, contents, and conceptual underpinnings. G. notes that the project and the book also attempt a systematic updating of Duchesne's historical and archaeological material. The volume under review contains excellent papers that do indeed update DUCHESNE, but it cannot be said that this volume is “systematic” if by that word one understands comprehensive and exhaustive. I am not, be it emphasized, criticizing G. and his collaborators for failing to accomplish the impossible. It is important to say, however, that G.'s approach makes the Liber Pontificalis once again an object as well as an instrument of research.
Michael GRÜNBART, Formen der Anrede im byzantinischen Brief vom 6. bis zum 12. Jahrhundert. Wiener Byzantinistische Studien, 25
Authors: Tinnefeld Franz 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Das vorliegende Buch basiert auf einer Wiener Dissertation, die in den „Mitteilungen aus der Österreichischen Byzantinistik und Neogräzistik“, Nr. 14, März 2000, S. 21 als abgeschlossen bezeichnet wurde. Der Verfasser, derzeit Bibliothekar am Institut für Byzantinistik und Neogräzistik der Universität Wien, legte vor einigen Jahren erstmals einen Katalog der Anfänge byzantinischer Briefe vor. Auch das hier zu rezensierende Buch ist zum Teil ein Katalog. Er listet die Anredewörter byzantinischer Briefe auf und wird ergänzt durch je einen Index der Eigennamen und einen der Ämter, Berufe und Titel (S. 207–361). Der erste Teil des Buches ist eine grundlegende Untersuchung zum Thema (S. 28–206).
Günther Christian HANSEN (Hrsg.), Anonyme Kirchengeschichte (Gelasius Cyzicenus, CPG 6034). Die Griechischen Christlichen Schriftsteller der ersten Jahrhunderte
Authors: von Stockhausen Annette 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Im Jahr 1918 erschien als 28. Band der Reihe „Die Griechischen Christlichen Schriftsteller der ersten drei Jahrhunderte“ (GCS), nach dem frühen Tod von Gerhard Loeschcke von Margret Heinemann unter schwierigen Bedingungen eilig fertiggestellt (L./H.), die „Gelasius Kirchengeschichte“. Nach über 80 Jahren konnte nun G. C. Hansen (Ha.) endlich eine Neubearbeitung für die GCS vorlegen, deren Anfänge (noch durch M. Heinemann selbst) bis auf das Jahr 1945 zurückgehen (S. V f.).
Visiting Hades: A transformation of the ancient God in the Ninth-Century Byzantine Psalters
Authors: Fanar Emma Maayan 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
The ninth-century Byzantine marginal psalters, namely the Chludov Psalter (Moscow, State Historical Museum, cod. 129) and the Pantocrator Psalter (Pantocrator 61, Pantocrator Monastery, Mount Athos) are remarkable due to the polemical character of their illustrations and an emphasis given to the destruction of evil forces. These forces include the actual enemies of the Iconophiles, namely the Iconoclasts, the Jews, as well as various diabolic creatures. Among others the personification of Hades, the ancient god of the underworld, and also the place where all souls go, seems to occupy an important place.
Is Igbo an endangered language?
Authors: Igboanusi Herbert 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Igbo is one of Nigeria's three major languages, with Hausa and Yoruba being the other two. It is spoken by a population of between 20 and 25 million people. Igbo is taught, learnt and examined in Igbo as a first language from the primary school level to the tertiary level of education. Books on diverse subjects (including literary works) have been written in the language. In recent times, however, several developments (such as dwindling interest in the language as a first language, declining population of students who apply to take degree or certificate programmes in the language, non-accreditation of the language by the National Universities Commission (NUC) in some universities, and language attitude problems) have prompted some researchers to associate the Igbo situation with language endangerment. The present study sets out to investigate the true position of the Igbo language with respect to language endangerment.
Cyst(e)ine Requirements in Enterally Fed Very Low Birth Weight Preterm Infants
Authors: Riedijk Maaike A. , Voortman Gardi , van Beek Ron H. T. , Baartmans Martin G. A. , Wafelman Leontien S. , van Goudoever Johannes B. 
Published: February 2008

OBJECTIVE. Optimal nutrition is of utmost importance for the preterm infant's later health and developmental outcome. Amino acid requirements for preterm infants differ from those for term and older infants, because growth rates differ. Some nonessential amino acids, however, cannot be sufficiently synthesized endogenously. Cyst(e)ine is supposed to be such a conditionally essential amino acid in preterm infants. The objective of this study was to determine, at 32 and 35 weeks’ postmenstrual age, cyst(e)ine requirements in fully enterally fed very low birth weight preterm infants with gestational ages of &lt;29 weeks.
METHODS. Infants were randomly assigned to 1 of the 5 graded cystine test diets that contained generous amounts of methionine. Cyst(e)ine requirement was determined with the indicator amino acid oxidation technique ([1-13C]phenylalanine) after 24-hour adaptation.
RESULTS. Fractional [1-13C]phenylalanine oxidation was established in 47 very low birth weight preterm infants (mean gestational age: 28 weeks ± 1 week SD; birth weight: 1.07 kg ± 0.21 kg SD). Increase in dietary cyst(e)ine intake did not result in a decrease in fractional [1-13C]phenylalanine oxidation.
CONCLUSIONS. These data do not support the hypothesis that endogenous cyst(e)ine synthesis is limited in very low birth weight preterm infants with gestational ages of &lt;29 weeks, both at 32 and 35 weeks postmenstrual age. It is safe to conclude that cyst(e)ine requirement is &lt;18 mg/kg per day in enterally fed very low birth weight preterm infants who are older than 32 weeks’ postmenstrual age and whose methionine intake is adequate. Therefore, cyst(e)ine is probably not a conditionally essential amino acid in these infants.
Multi‐scale responses of plant species diversity in semi‐natural buffer strips to agricultural landscapes
Authors: Ma Maohua 
Published: February 2008

Question: How does agricultural land usage affect plant species diversity in semi‐natural buffer strips at multiple scales?Location: Lepsämä River watershed, Nurmijärvi, Southern Finland.Methods: Species diversity indicators included both richness and evenness. Plant communities in buffer strips were surveyed in 29 sampling sites. Using ArcGIS Desktop 9.0 (ArcInfo) and Fragstats 3.3 for GIS analysis, the landscape composition around each sampling site was characterized by seven parameters in square sectors at five scales: 4, 36, 100, 196, and 324ha. For each scale, Principle Component Analysis was used to examine the importance of each structural metric to diversity indicators using multiple regression and other simple analyses.Results: For all but the smallest scales (4 ha), two structural metrics including the diversity of land cover types and percentage of arable land were positively and negatively correlated with species richness, respectively. Both metrics had the highest correlation coefficients for species richness at the second largest scale (196 ha). The density of arable field edges between the fields was the only metric that correlated with species evenness for all scales, which had highest predictive power at the second smallest scale (36 ha).Conclusions: Species richness and evenness of buffer strips had scale‐dependent relationships to land use in agricultural ecosystems. The results of this study indicated that species richness depends on the pattern of arable land use at large scales, which may relate to the regional species pool. Meanwhile, species evenness depended on the level of field edge density at small scales, which relates to how the nearby farmland was divided by the edges (e.g. many small‐scale fields with high edge density or a few big‐scale fields with low edge density). This implies that it is important to manage the biodiversity of buffer strips within a landscape context at multiple scales.
Historical Perspective of Biosensor and Biochip Development
Authors: Newman Jeffrey D. , Turner Anthony P. F. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractBiosensors, which started life largely as academic curiosities, initially had few practical applications, most of which were limited to clinical chemistry laboratories. In those early days, few could have foreseen the current situation, where there are thousands of people, in hundreds of laboratories, making up an industry, whose market value is now over $7 billion.
Overview of Biosensor and Bioarray Technologies
Authors: Lowe Christopher R. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionThe Biorecognition SystemBiocatalytic SystemsAffinity Binding SystemsSynthetic Biomimetic SystemsImmobilization TechniquesTransducer TechnologiesElectrochemical TransducersOptical TransducersAcoustic TransducersOther Transducer TechnologiesBioarray TechnologiesApplications of Biosensors and BioarraysSummary
Protein Recognition in Biology
Authors: McCourt Paula , Nickels Joseph , Ishino Tetsuya , Chaiken Irwin 
Published: February 2008

AbstractProtein recognition is pervasive in living systems. Interactions of proteins with each other and with other biomolecules occur in crowded and dynamic environments, ultimately leading to the multimolecular assemblies and networks that are recurrent components underpinning the molecular mechanisms of health and disease. Appreciating the nature and environment of protein interactions can help identify opportunities for molecular sensing in biological systems and guide the conditions needed for biomolecular sensing using biosensors and biochips.
Molecular Antibody Technologies for Biosensors and Bioanalytics
Authors: Kramer Karl , Mahlknecht Georg , Hock Bertold 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Biological or biomimetic components are crucial determinants of biosensors and bioanalytical systems. Although receptors isolated from natural sources showed a high potential for analytical applications, the advance in modern methods in genetic engineering offers new routes for tailoring appropriate receptors for particular analytical tasks. Beside enzymes, hormone receptors, nucleic acids, membrane components, organelles or entire cells antibodies are frequently incorporated as biosensing elements. Due to their variable selectivity Abs are effective tools for the analysis of a wide variety of analytes ranging from low molecular weight agrochemicals (e.g., herbicides, insecticides) to complex proteins (e.g., structures of pathogenic microorganisms). The combination with up to nanomolar or even higher affinity enables the reliable trace analysis of complex sample mixtures without the need for extensive sample pretreatment or large sample volumes. In this chapter state of the art technologies are presented for Ab engineering. This includes principles for establishing Ab libraries. From these libraries selective binders can be isolated and further modified by applying the Darwinian principle of variation and selection in vitro. Experimental examples from our laboratory are given for antibody libraries, which provide a basic source for isolating suitable immunoreagents for pesticides, genetically modified organisms (GMO) and pathogens. In contrast to conventional immunoreagents, these Abs are amenable to subsequent optimization by rational design or directed molecular evolution. Furthermore, the molecular format can be modified; additional functions for the directed immobilization on sensing surfaces or integration of markers are installed by engineering fusion proteins. Finally, stability, one of the weaker points of Abs compared to biomimetics such as molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), can be engineered to warrant Ab functionality even under unfavorable conditions, for instance, under thermal pressure or in presence of denaturating sample components. Finally, limitations of the molecular Ab approach are indicated, which are already apparent and may be overcome by new kinds of biosensors employing straightforward production of alternatives to the Ab scaffold.
The Detection and Characterization of Ions,DNA, and Proteins Using Nanometer‐Scale Pores
Authors: Kasianowicz John J. , Henrickson Sarah E. , Lerman Jeffery C. , Misakian Martin , Panchal Rekha G. , Nguyen Tam , Gussio Rick , Halverson Kelly M. , Bavari Sina , Shenoy Devanand K. , Stanford Vincent M. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractProtein ion channels are nanometer‐scale pores that are central to many biological processes, including the sensing of a wide variety of molecules. They have also demonstrated potential for use in the sensitive and selective detection of ions, the characterization of polynucleotides and toxins as well as the screening of therapeutic agents against lethal anthrax proteins. Further advances in materials engineering, theory, and signal processing are needed to enable practical applications based on biological or synthetic nanopores.
Phage‐Displayed Epitopes as Bioreceptors for Biosensors
Authors: Atias Danit , Lobel Leslie , Virta Marko , Marks Robert S. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract“Phage display” is a powerful technique that allows expression of peptides or proteins on the phage surface. Exploitation of phage display technology will lead to isolation and production of a broad range of binders with predefined specificities. Emergent technologies based on phage display will benefit diagnostics by producing molecules that are otherwise unobtainable through traditional approaches. Exploitation of the advantages of phage display systems together with the ongoing development in the biosensor field would lead to revolutionary diagnostic devices. This chapter will focus on phage biology, the advantage of phage display, and its applications as epitope bioreceptors in biosensor use.
Natural Luminescent Whole‐Cell Bioreporters
Authors: Ulitzur Shimon 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThis chapter discusses various applications of natural luminescent bacteria, including determination of bacterial metabolic activity in food products; assays for lipase, phospholipase and esterase; long‐chain fatty acids; lipopolysaccharide; antilipogenic compounds; oil oxidation; monoamine oxidase activity and its inhibitors; antibiotic activity; serum bactericidal activity; phagocytosis; cyclic adenosine 3′, 5′‐monophosphate; oxygen transmission rates through plastic films; and early indication of marine fish spoilage. In addition, bioluminescence‐based tests for measuring various parameters of water quality will be described.
Recombinant Bacterial Reporter Systems
Authors: Belkin Shimshon 
Published: February 2008

AbstractUnlike traditional biosensors, based on the unique specificity endowed by the intrinsic characteristics of biological recognition elements, the greatest advantage of whole‐cell biosensors is in the global nature of their responses. To assay the potential biological effects of a sample on a live system, one needs a live system as a part of the testing protocol. There are many good reasons to avoid the use of live animals for this purpose, and one of the most promising alternatives is the use of natural or genetically engineered microorganisms that respond to predetermined types of biological effects or classes of chemicals. While some of the specificity characterizing molecule‐based biosensors may be lost, it is more than compensated for by the fact that by using live cells we are able to detect, by very simple means, very complex series of reactions that can exist only in an intact, functioning cell. Only a sensor of this type can report on the “well‐being” of a system, on the toxicity of a sample, the genotoxicity of a chemical, or the bioavailability of a pollutant. No molecular recognition or chemical analysis can provide this type of information.Genetically engineered whole‐cell biosensors are usually constructed from a recognition/sensing element that drives a reporting element within a live host cell. To constitute a biosensor, such cells need to be incorporated into a solid platform and coupled into a signal transduction apparatus that will detect, amplify, and translate the biological signal emitted in response to the target conditions. The potential options for selecting and combining these four building blocks—sensor, reporter, cell, and hardware—are numerous. Some of these combinations are described in this chapter.