bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigations of Different Chemoselectivities in Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Amide Reactions with Sodium Borohydride
Authors: Ren Jie , Li Liang‐Chun , Liu Ji‐Kai , Zhu Hua‐Jie , Pittman Charles U. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe mechanisms for the different chemoselectivities in sodium borohydride reactions with primary, secondary and tertiary amides have been investigated both at the B3LYP/6‐31++G(d,p)//B3LYP/6‐31G(d,p) and B3LYP/6‐31++G(d,p)//HF/6‐31G(d,p) levels of theory. The predicted structures of the key intermediates were then confirmed by experiments. Primary amides generate the corresponding nitriles when treated with sodium borohydride. Nitrile formation occurs by initial proton abstraction from the primary amide’s nitrogen atom by a hydride ion, followed by loss of hydrogen and the coordination of the amide nitrogen atom to BH3. Three subsequent steps produce acetonitrile. The computational predictions agree well with the experimental results. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Dopamine at a Nanocuprous Oxide‐Methylene Blue Composite Glassy Carbon Electrode
Authors: Liu Chuanyin , Hu Junfu , Hu Jiming , Tanga Hongwu 
Published: February 2006

AbstractCuprous oxide nanowhisker was prepared by using cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CATB) as soft template, and was characterized by XRD and TEM methods. The electrochemical properties of nano‐Cu2O and nano‐Cu2O‐methylene blue (MB) modified electrode were studied. The experimental results indicate that nano‐Cu2O shows a couple of redox peaks corresponding to the redox of Cu(II)/Cu(I), the peak currents are linear to the scan rates which demonstrate that the electrochemical response of Cu2O is surface‐controlled. The composite nano‐Cu2O‐Nafion‐MB modified electrode shows a trend of decrease of peak currents corresponding to the Cu (II)/Cu (I). However, the electrocatalytic ability of nano‐Cu2O‐MB composite film to dopamine increases dramatically. At this composite electrode, dopamine shows a couple of quasireversible redox peaks with a peak separation of 106 mV, the peak current increases about 8 times and the oxidation peak potential decreases about 200 mV as compared to that at bare glassy carbon electrode. The peak currents change linearly with concentration of dopamine from 1×10−7to 3.2×10−4 mol/L, the detection limit is 4.6×10−8 mol/L. The composite electrode can effectively eliminate the interference of ascorbic acid and has better stability and excellent reproducibility.
Electrochemical Immunoassay of Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin Based on Its Immobilization in Gold Nanoparticles‐Chitosan Membrane
Authors: Chen Jin , Yan Feng , Du Dan , Wu Jie , Ju Huangxian 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) doped gold nanoparticles–chitosan membrane was prepared for forming an immunoconjugate of horseradish peroxidase labeled hCG antibody and hCG on glassy carbon electrode. The nanoparticles provided a congenial environment of the adsorbed proteins. Thus, the immobilized HRP‐labeled immunoconjugate showed good enzymatic activity for the oxidation of o‐phenylenediamine by H2O2. With a competitive mechanism, an amperometric method for immunoassay of hCG up to 30 mIU mL−1 with a relatively low detection limit of 0.26 mIU mL−1 at 3σ was developed. The hCG immunosensor showed good precision, high sensitivity, acceptable stability and reproducibility.
Measurement of water content as a control of particle entrainment by wind
Authors: McKenna Neuman Cheryl , Langston Greg 
Published: February 2006

AbstractOf all controls on particle transport by wind, which include texture, crusting, vegetation cover and roughness, the role of water content is one of the most difficult to parameterize because of its high degree of spatial and temporal variability and its operation at a particle‐scale level directly at the surface. This study demonstrates that measurement of the distribution of brightness for all pixels in an image, now routinely employed in digital photography, is strongly correlated with gravimetric water content. Wind tunnel experiments further suggest that measurement of the distribution of β, as normalized against the brightness of the dry sand surface, is very useful in determining the order of magnitude of the mass transport rate (q). Finer resolution will likely never be achieved because of the heterogeneity of the particle transport phenomenon. Analysis of the variability in surface brightness does suggest that q is governed by the partitioning of momentum to particle motion that terminates in adhesion to surrounding areas of the surface that remain relatively wet. The proportion of surface particles that becomes dry appears to be of less importance. Preliminary work suggests that field application of digital photography in tracking spatial and temporal changes in the water content of beach deposits looks promising. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dune phases in the Otaki‐Te Horo area (New Zealand): a geomorphic history
Authors: Hawke R. M. , McConchie J. A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractOptical dating, sedimentological analysis and soil profile development have been used to develop a chronology for, and an understanding of, the geomorphic evolution of the Holocene coastal plain between Otaki and Te Horo, North Island of New Zealand. The coastal plain has prograded 0·48 m a−1since sea‐levels reached their post‐glacial maximum 6500 years ago. Dune development on the plain, which is dependent on the supply of sediment suitable for dune building, has been episodic. Three periods of dune activity have been identified – the Foxton, Motuiti and Waitarere phases – the last two of which are believed to have resulted from anthropogenic activities. The dunes north of the Otaki River and south of Mangaone Stream are typical of a coastal dune system that extends from Patea in the north to Paekakariki in the south. However, this system is disrupted by the Otaki River and the gravels it delivers to the coastal zone. Immediately south of the river mouth the dunes are significantly smaller, coarser, and contain significantly more magnetic material. The character of the landforms is the result of: the reworking of the last glacial deposits; ongoing coastal progradation; variation in the input of sediment suitable for dune formation; the change in beach character because of gravel input; and the position of the Otaki River mouth. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Volatile components of leaves and flowers of periwinkle Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don from New Delhi
Authors: Pandey‐Rai Shashi , Mallavarapu Gopal Rao , Naqvi A. A. , Yadav Anju , Rai Sanjay Kumar , Srivastava Suchi , Singh Digvijay , Mishra Raghvendra , Kumar Sushil 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe hydrodistilled waxy oils of the leaves and flowers of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don cv. Nirmal plants grown at New Delhi were analysed by GC and GC–MS. A total of 52 compounds were identified, accounting for the 91.3% of the leaf oil. Among these the main constituents were as follows: (E,E)‐2,4‐hexadienal (7.7%), citronellol (7.9%), geraniol (7.9%), p‐cresol (4.7%), (Z,E)‐pentadecanal (6.6%), hexadecanoic acid (4.9%), palmitic acid (4.9%) and phytol (6.4%). A total of 41 compounds were identified, accounting for 99.4% of the flower oil, whose main constituents were heneicosane (20.8%), tricosane (37.9%), tetracosane (6.1%) and docosane (4.3%). A total of 24 compounds occurred in both the leaf and flower oils. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Volatile constituents of the leaves and flowers of Salvia przewalskii Maxim. from Tibet
Authors: Liu Jimei , Nan Peng , Tsering Qiong , Tsering Tashi , Bai Zhankui , Wang Li , Zhijun Liu  , Zhong Yang 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe composition of the volatile oils obtained from the leaves and flowers of Salvia przewalskii Maxim. grown in Tibet was analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) for the first time. Totals of 43 compounds were identified in the leaf oil and 69 compounds in the flower oil. A comparative study of the oil composition from the leaves and flowers found 22 common constituents of these oils, viz. α‐thujene, β‐phellandrene, linalool, terpinene‐4‐ol, diisopropenyl methyl vinyl cyclohexane, caryophyllene, germacrene D, borneol, caryophyllene oxide, spathulenol, germacrene B, δ‐cadinene, humulene, farnesane, α‐cadinol, β‐caryophyllene, elemene, sabinene hydrate, γ‐terpinene, p‐cymene, camphene and α‐pinene. The percentages of the most components were higher in the leaf oil than in the flower oil, especially those of β‐phellandrene and caryophyllene (26.08% and 11.11%, respectively). Farnesene, chamigrene, n‐hexadecane, epicedrol, cyclotetradecane, n‐octadecane, 9‐octadecen‐1‐ol, 1‐heneicosyl formate, Z‐8‐hexadecen‐1‐ol acetate, n‐heneicosane and n‐pentacosane were the specific constituents found only in the flower oil, while β‐cadinol was the specific constituent found only in the leaf oil. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Studies on essential oils, Part 41. Chemical composition, antifungal, antioxidant and sprout suppressant activities of coriander (Coriandrum sativum) essential oil and its oleoresin
Authors: Singh Gurdip , Maurya Sumitra , de Lampasona M. P. , Catalan Cesar A. N. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractGas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis of the seed oil of coriander (Coriandrum sativum) showed the presence of 52 components, accounting for 98.45% of the total oil. The major components were linalool (75.30%), geranyl acetate (8.12%) and α‐pinene (4.09%). Its oleoresin showed the presence of 28 components. Oleic acid (36.52%), linoleic acid (33.2%) and palmitic acid (11.05%) were the major components. The antifungal activities of coriander oil and its oleoresin against eight fungi were evaluated using the inverted petriplate and food poison techniques. Using the inverted petriplate method, the essential oil was found to be highly active against Curvularia palliscens, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium moniliforme and Aspergillus terreus. In the case of the oleoresin, more than 50% mycelial zone inhibition was obtained for the fungi Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus terreus. Using the food poison technique, the essential oil showed 100% inhibition on the growth of A. terreus, A. niger, F. graminearum and F. oxysporum, whereas its oleoresin showed weaker fungitoxic activity, exhibiting 100% inhibition on the growth of F. oxysporum only. The oleoresin had a better antioxidant activity for sunflower oil than essential oil and synthetic antioxidants, BHA and BHT. The oil was also found to exert strong sprout suppressant activity (SSA) for potatoes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Composition of the essential oil of white sage, Salvia apiana
Authors: Borek Theodore T. , Hochrien James M. , Irwin Adriane N. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe essential oil of white sage, Salvia apiana, was obtained by steam distillation and analysed by GC–MS. A total of 13 components were identified, accounting for >99.9% of the oil. The primary component was 1,8‐cineole, accounting for 71.6% of the oil. Published in 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
gnuplot 4.0: a portable interactive plotting utility
Authors: Racine Jeff 
Published: February 2006

Abstractgnuplot, under active development since 1986, is an interactive plotting utility for UNIX, IBM OS/2, MS Windows, DOS, Apple Macintosh, VMS, Atari and many other platforms. It is free and open source, though it is not licensed under the GPL, nor is it GNU software. gnuplot supports a number of ‘terminal’ types including interactive screen terminals, pen plotters, printers, and pseudo‐devices like LATEX, metafont, pdf, svg, and bitmap png. As of version 4.0 it also incorporates nonlinear regression routines (formerly gnufit). This software may be of interest to econometricians, particularly those who use LATEX in their work. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘Type’ in morphology and phylogeny
Authors: Rieppel Olivier 
Published: February 2006

AbstractComparative morphologists, developmental biologists, as well as paleontologists, recognize the existence of ‘types,’ or ‘Baupläne,’ in nature, marked out by a certain ‘sameness’ of structure that prevails through all variation in shape and function. The ‘sameness’ that marks out ‘types’ is one of structural correspondence (topology and connectivity), which is believed to be causally rooted in ontogeny (developmental constraints). In an evolutionary context, the structural relations that mark out ‘types’ are explained as relations of homology. The use of concepts such as ‘type’ or ‘Bauplan’ has been criticized from a ‘populational thinking’ point of view as being incompatible with current evolutionary theory. The present article explores the contrasting viewpoints, and concludes that current evolutionary theory can accommodate the concept of a ‘type’ in the sense of a ‘homeostatic property cluster natural kind.’ The ‘homeostatic property cluster natural kind’ is a nonessentialistic concept that allows the kind to be historically delimited. J. Morphol. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Myelin protein zero: Mutations in the cytoplasmic domain interfere with its cellular trafficking
Authors: Konde Viren , Eichberg Joseph 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe cytoplasmic domain of myelin protein zero (MPZ), the principal protein of peripheral myelin, undergoes phosphorylation on several serine residues and a tyrosine group that is maximal during peak nerve myelination. Mutations that could affect MPZ phosphorylation cause the inherited neuropathy, Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth disease Type 1B. To investigate a possible role for phosphorylation in regulation of MPZ trafficking within the cell, we expressed wild‐type and mutated MPZ‐enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion proteins in cultured Schwann‐like cells. Whereas wild‐type protein is present almost entirely at the cell surface, mutation of serine 204 to alanine or at a nearby presumed PKC substrate motif (198RSTK201) causes 40–60% of protein to be retained in the cytoplasm. Mutation of S204 to aspartate, which introduces a permanent negative charge, also impairs MPZ movement to the plasma membrane. In contrast, tyrosine 191 mutation has no effect on MPZ cellular distribution. Simultaneous alteration of S204 and Y191 produces much less perturbation of MPZ trafficking than mutation of S204 alone. Colocalization studies showed that mutated MPZ‐EGFP trapped in the cytoplasm associates with all organelles in the secretory pathway. Previous studies have shown that cytoplasmic mutations at serine, but not tyrosine phosphorylation sites, abolish MPZ adhesive properties. Our results suggest that this loss of adhesion may be due, at least in part, to a failure of sufficient MPZ to reach the cell surface and that this impaired trafficking is associated with deficient serine phosphorylation in the cytoplasmic domain. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
NF‐κB mediated glucocorticoid response in the inner ear after acoustic trauma
Authors: Tahera Yeasmin , Meltser Inna , Johansson Peter , Bian Zhao , Stierna Pontus , Hansson Anita C. , Canlon Barbara 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe inner ear of humans and experimental animals demonstrate an abundance of glucocorticoid receptors (GR). Glucocorticoids (GC) are widely used to treat different hearing disorders; yet the mechanisms of GC action on the inner ear are unknown. We demonstrate how GR can directly modulate hearing sensitivity in response to a moderate acoustic trauma that results in a hearing loss (10–30 dB). The GC agonist (dexamethasone) and the drugs (metyrapone + RU 486) showed opposing effects on hearing threshold shifts. GC agonist (dexamethasone) decreased the hearing threshold whereas pre‐treatment with a GC synthesis inhibitor (metyrapone) in combination with a GR antagonist (RU 486) exacerbated auditory threshold shifts (25–60 dB) after acoustic trauma with statistically significant increase in GR mRNA and GR protein compared with the vehicle and acoustic trauma group. Acoustic trauma caused a significant increase in the nuclear transport of NF‐κB, whereas pre‐treatment with the drugs (metyrapone and RU 486) blocked NF‐κB nuclear transport into spiral ganglion nuclei. An NF‐κB inhibitor, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate ammonium blocked the trauma‐induced translocation of NF‐κB and resulted in a hearing loss (45–60) dB. These results indicate that several factors define the responsiveness of the inner ear to GC, including the availability of ligand or receptor, and the nuclear translocation of GR and NF‐κB. These findings will further our understanding of individual GC responsiveness to steroid treatment, and will help improve the development of pharmaceuticals to selectively target GR in the inner ear for individuals with increased sensitivity to acoustic trauma. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mechanosensitivity of voltage‐gated K+ currents in rat trigeminal ganglion neurons
Authors: Piao Lin , Ying Li Hai , Park Chul‐Kyu , Cho Ik‐Hyun , Piao Zheng Gen , Jung Sung Jun , Choi Se‐Young , Lee Sung Joong , Park Kyungpyo , Kim Joong‐Soo , Oh Seog Bae 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWe investigated the mechanosensitivity of voltage‐gated K+ channel (VGPC) currents by using whole‐cell patch clamp recording in rat trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons. On the basis of biophysical and pharmacological properties, two types of VGPC currents were isolated. One was transient (IK,A), the other sustained (IK,V). Hypotonic stimulation (200 mOsm) markedly increased both IK,A and IK,V without affecting their activation and inactivation kinetics. Gadolinium, a well‐known blocker of mechanosensitive channels, failed to block the enhancement of IK,A and IK,V induced by hypotonic stimulation. During hypotonic stimulation, cytochalasin D, an actin‐based cytoskeletal disruptor, further increased IK,A and IK,V, whereas phalloidin, an actin‐based cytoskeletal stabilizer, reduced IK,A and IK,V. Confocal imaging with Texas red‐phalloidin showed that actin‐based cytoskeleton was disrupted by hypotonic stimulation, which was similar to the effect of cytochalasin D. Our results suggest that both IK,A and IK,V are mechanosensitive and that actin‐based cytoskeleton is likely to regulate the mechanosensitivity of VGPC currents in TG neurons. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recovery at the terminal ileum of some legume non‐nutritional factors in cannulated pigs
Authors: Rubio Luis A , Pedrosa Mercedes M , Cuadrado Carmen , Gelencser Eva , Clemente Alfonso , Burbano Carmen , Muzquiz Mercedes 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn order to exert an effect, either local or systemic, putative beneficial dietary substances have to survive at least to some extent the digestive process within the gastrointestinal tract. For that purpose, five castrated male pigs (100 ± 2 kg mean live b.w.) fitted with T‐shaped ileal cannulas were used to determine the recovery up to the terminal ileum of various non‐nutritional factors (NNF) from legumes (defatted soybean, raw lupin, raw chickpea and raw or autoclaved kidney beans). Kidney bean lectin (PHA) recovery within the small intestine ranged between 2.5 and 4.8 mg from 5.96 mg ingested. Two different methods were used to determine ileal digestibility of protease inhibitors (PI) in pigs. According to the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method, apparent digestibility of Kunitz trypsin inhibitor and Bowman–Birk inhibitor for pigs fed the defatted soybean‐based diet were 0 and 58%, respectively. On the other hand, the apparent digestibility of PI along the small intestine, expressed in terms of trypsin inhibitory activity, was 96, 98 and 95% of activity in the diet, while data expressed in terms of chymotrypsin inhibitory activity were 95, 99 and 79% of activity in the diet for defatted soybean, raw chickpea and autoclaved kidney bean diets respectively. Differences found in ileal digestibility values of PI using both methodologies, ELISA and enzymatic inhibition, might be explained by the detection of inactive forms by specific antibodies. Intestinal apparent digestibility of phytate was 0% for defatted soybean and autoclaved kidney bean diets, whereas values for raw lupin and chickpea diets were 4.1 and 24.5%, respectively. In conclusion, significant amounts of several NNF survived the passage through the stomach and small intestine of cannulated pigs, which might have biological relevance. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Rectal cancer surgery in the elderly: A multivariate analysis of outcome risk factors
Authors: Bufalari Andrea , Giustozzi Giammario , Burattini Maria Federica , Servili Stefano , Bussotti Claudia , Lucaroni Elena , Ricci Enrica , Sciannameo Francesco 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesGeriatric population life expectancy is rapidly increasing and the impact of major surgical procedures is not well defined. The purpose of this study was to compare short term surgical results assessing mortality and morbidity and long‐term survival and disease‐free interval in elective rectal surgery patients older than 65 years of age. The main independent risk factors of mortality, morbidity, and overall and disease‐free survival were also identified.MethodsOut of 177 rectal cancer accepted consecutively from 1991 to 2002, we studied the main clinical and pathological parameters comparing patients older and younger than 65 years. Data have been collected in a database and variables considered were studied by univariate analysis; independent predictive factors of 30‐day mortality and morbidity were identified by multiple logistic regression analysis. Overall, cancer specific and disease‐free survival curves were obtained with the Kaplan–Meier method and results compared with the log‐rank test. Independent risk factors of overall and disease‐free survival have been identified by multivariate logistic regression analysis.ResultsIn patients younger and older than 65 years postoperative mortality (3.2% vs. 9.6%) and morbidity (30% vs. 29%) were not significantly different. Variables independently associated with 30‐day mortality were the duration of surgical procedures and postoperative complications. The Kaplan–Meier survival curves showed a significantly worst overall survival (P = 0.003), cancer specific survival (P = 0.02), and disease‐free survival (P = 0.03) in patients aged 65 years or more. Multivariate analysis showed that pT, grading, preoperative CEA level, gender, and site of the tumor along the rectum, the number of blood transfusion and the age group of more than 65 years are independent risk factors for both overall survival and disease‐free interval. The presence of residual disease was an adjunctive factor of overall survival, whereas the Astler and Coller staging was a risk factor for the disease‐free survival.ConclusionThe short‐term prognosis for elective rectal cancer procedure in patients over 65 years of age was comparable to that of younger patients, whereas long term cancer‐related survival was statistically worst in older patients. J. Surg. Oncol. 2006;93: 173–180. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.