bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resistance Network Analogs for Solving Ground‐Water Problemsa
Authors: Bouwer Herman 
Published: July 2006

AbstractResistance network analogs (R‐analogs) permit solution of ground‐water flow systems in media that may be uniform or non‐uniform, isotropic or anisotropic, and saturated or unsaturated. Two‐dimensional as well as axisymmetric systems can be represented on the analog and complex boundary conditions can easily be simulated. Only steady‐state systems can be analyzed with the R‐analog. However, systems with moving water tables whereby the rate of movement of the water table is controlled by the flow system below the water table can be solved as a succession of steady states. To capitalize on the special feature of R‐analogs, i.e. essentially unlimited opportunity for control of the resistance between any two nodes, use of calibrated variable resistors is desirable. R‐analogs are specially adapted to obtain solutions of individual flow systems, of which a vertical cross section is simulated on the analog. In the analog model, resistances are inversely proportional to hydraulic conductivities or transmissibilities, electric current rates are proportional to rates of water flow, and electric potentials are proportional to the sum of pressure head and elevation head. R‐analogs may be used to analyze the flow system of a pumped well, a groundwater recharge facility, a series of parallel drains, a seeping dam, a surface stream feeding the ground water, etc. Examples are presented of flow problems involving free‐surface development, simultaneous occurrence of saturated and unsaturated parts of the medium, moving water tables, and determination of transmissibility distribution and safe yield of ground‐water basins. The application of R‐analogs in developing realistic cause‐and‐effect relationships for use with resistance‐capacitance analog models of entire ground‐water basins, is discussed and exemplified.
Dispersion and Salt Water Intrusiona
Authors: DeWiest Roger J. M. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe writer reviews some of the best known features of mechanical dispersion and the influence of molecular diffusion on breakthrough curves obtained for saturated and nonsaturated samples of porous medium. Miscible flow is also considered as flow of a non‐homogeneous fluid in a porous medium. Special concepts of head, as introduced by Lusczynski, are reviewed and modified in order to facilitate the determination of the velocity field in the zone of dispersion. The method described is applicable in principle to the migration of water in building materials exposed to sea water.
Ground Water – A Key Resourcea
Authors: McGuinness C. L. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTGround water has emerged from a quantitatively minor (though incalculably valuable) source meeting widespread small‐scale needs to a source that is meeting a substantial percentage of the nation's total water demand and is capable of doing even more than it is. At the same time, many scientific, economic, legal, and managerial problems stand in the way of full development and must be solved if ground water is to make its maximum contribution to the nation's welfare.In recent decades ground water has accounted for something between one‐fifth and one‐sixth of the nation's total withdrawal use of water, which was about 170 billion gallons per day (bgd) in 1950, 240 bgd in 1955, and 270 bgd in 1960. As the total demand increases (estimates by the Senate Select Committee on National Water Resources, perhaps somewhat optimistic, call for 559 bgd in 1980 and 888 bgd in 2000), the fraction taken from the ground may go up or down or stay about the same, but the absolute withdrawal of ground water cannot help increasing. Furthermore, underground aquifers will play an increasingly important role as storage reservoirs for surplus surface water, through artificial recharge.Well drillers, as producers of both the ground water itself and much of the basic information needed for scientific prediction of the behavior of complex hydrologic systems, will play a key part in man's efforts to dominate his water problems before they dominate him.
Ohio's Secret Substancea
Authors: Hanson J. R. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractOhio is a good example of a dynamic state, ranking third of all the states in the nation in value added by manufacture; first in the amount of water used by industry; twelfth in cash receipts from agriculture; and fifth in population. With all of this activity the state still relies largely upon a common law system of water rights. The Frazier vs. Browndecision of 1861 held that despite the fact that a hole Jacob Brown dug on his property caused his neighbor's spring to stop flowing, the loss gave rise to no legal action. The court based its decision on older cases where this was the rule for two main reasons: the movement of ground water is secret, and legal restriction would inhibit the development of the state. Considering the costly process of determining the behavior of ground water, to the ordinary landowner, it is still “secret and occult.” Further, abandoning the simple rule of wide‐open development in a state as well‐developed as Ohio would call for an administrative agency.The Ohio Water Commission, in 1960, presented a proposed bill to create “watershed districts” which could manage new uses of ground water. Agriculture and municipal advisory councils expressed concern that there were no ground‐water laws. The industrial advisory council, however, was vigorously opposed to any change in the present water rights laws of Ohio. The bill was unsuccessful.The common law rule in Ohio, though admittedly primitive, still works. The time will come, however, when Ohio will enact a water law. Already one situation has officially placed the handwriting on the wall. When that time comes, the decision will be made insofar as possible by principles of the private free enterprise competitive economy. The theory will be that you can have additional water if you can pay the price. Ohio's state agencies are already looking to artificial recharge, rather than restriction. Agriculture may need some special protection, because it is so vulnerable.
Type‐Curve Solution to Aquifer Tests under Water‐Table Conditions
Authors: Prickett T. A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractGraphical methods are outlined for determining the coefficients of transmissibility, storage, and delay index of an infinite aquifer under water‐table conditions. The procedure is based on the theory, developed by N. S. Boulton (1963), of the nonsteady flow toward a steadily discharging well from an infinite water‐table aquifer allowing for delayed yield from storage. An application of these methods is illustrated by treating actual field data collected from a pumping test near Lawrenceville, Illinois. The results of 18 selected pumping tests are summarized. A relationship between the delay index and the materials through which gravity drainage takes place is given.
Planning and Administrative Use of Ground‐Water Dataa
Authors: Nuzman C. E. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA brief statement on Kansas geologic data is given. A policy statement on the application of the Appropriation Doctrine to the administration of a ground‐water basin as proposed is described. Examples of present ground‐water problems and application of new methods of solution are discussed as they are being used in Kansas. The problem of evaluating the use of present basic data programs and some insight into future basic data needs are indicated in the closing remarks.
Ground‐Water Contamination in an Urban Environmenta
Authors: Hackett J. E. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe most widespread potential sources of ground‐water contamination in the highly urbanized metropolitan area of northeastern Illinois are individual sub‐surface sewage disposal systems (approximately 162,000), dumps and landfills that receive millions of cubic yards of refuse annually, and sewage effluent and industrial wastes discharged into streams that are hydrologically connected with widely used shallow aquifers. Contamination also may be introduced from surface and subsurface storage of hydrocarbon and other soluble or mobile materials and from water of poor quality coming from depth.Ground‐water contamination is a problem of regional scope in the urban area of northeastern Illinois. It must be considered in metropolitan planning not only as a hazard to health and safety but as a basic part of the over‐all program of development and management of water resources. Contamination can result not only in increased cost of treatment but also in the reduction of water resource potential. The relationships that exist between ground‐water contamination and land‐use requirements of the area must be resolved in any effective program.Establishment of effective policies to control ground‐water contamination in areas of concentrated ground‐water use requires knowledge of the nature of contaminants and their behavior in the physical environment. Hydrogeologic criteria must be developed to determine whether the natural environment can adequately safeguard ground‐water reservoirs against contamination, and. engineering specifications should be established to provide protection where natural safeguards are lacking.
Research under P. L. 88–379 in Quality Aspects of Wateraa
Authors: Oitman R. E. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTIn this short paper, selected water quality problems and the research efforts aimed at their solution supported under P. L. 88–379 (the Water Resources Research Act of 1964) at State Water Research Centers are presented. The water quality problems and associated research efforts presented are not necessarily of high priority with respect to the national needs for water quality knowledge; rather, the problems and research discussed are presented as typical of local or regional situations and as examples of the awareness of State Water Resources Research Centers to the local or regional needs for improving water quality management.Selected water quality problems associated with urban‐ ization, modern agriculture, industry, recreation, and natural environments are discussed with respect to the needs for new knowledge leading to improved management of water resources. Selected Water Resources Research Centers' projects with the objectives of discovering some of that new knowledge are discussed with respect to the research approach adopted by the investigators.
Maximum Yields from Minimum Aquifersa
Authors: Mogg J. L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractMaximum yields from minimum aquifers can be accomplished only by strict adherence to best known practice procedures while following the three necessary steps to well completion. These steps are well design, well construction and well development.In well design good practice begins with an accurate log and the obtaining and careful testing of formation samples. From such data, optimum depth, diameters, screen settings, and gravel pack gradations for expected yields can be selected.Well construction should incorporate equipment suited for the kind of formation, size of well, and depth to be drilled. It should be operated by competent and reliable personnel capable of faithfully maintaining all specifications and finishing in a reasonable time, with a well in which all measurements shown on the log are correct.Development techniques which are appropriate for the well, aquifer, and drilling equipment should be used, al‐though it appears the high velocity horizontal jetting tool, used in conjunction with chemicals and regulated pumping, offers the most promise.
Atomic Tools in Developing Watera
Authors: Piper Arthur M. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA nuclear (atomic) explosive, detonated at suitable depth below the land surface, appears to offer substantial advantages and economies as a tool in the development and management of water, under certain special hydrologic situations. It is appropriate, therefore, that we seek to understand not only the potentials, but also the limitations of such a detonation. This paper is a first, small step toward that end.Greatly over‐simplified, what does an underground nuclear detonation do that it can become a tool of water development and management? Consider first a detonation at a depth sufficiently great that none of the products vent to the atmosphere. Minimum depth for such “containment,” in feet, is close to:

image

in which W = explosive energy, in kilotons.
Hydrogeologist Looks at the 1965 Colorado Ground‐Water Lawa
Authors: McConaghy J. A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe Colorado Assembly passed three laws in 1965 concerning water rights. Two of the new laws pertain directly to ground water and take cognizance of the fact that some wells divert water that would otherwise reach a stream. The use of ground water is now regulated under the doctrine of prior appropriation, which has applied to the administration of surface water in Colorado since 1852. Under the doctrine of prior appropriation, the first person to make beneficial use of water establishes a right to use that water even when there is a shortage of water for later appropriators.This paper discusses the new laws as they relate to hydrologists and others concerned with hydrology. The law sets up administrative processes for implementing the use of water but raises many questions. Proper hydrologic investigations are necessary as a technical base for administration of the laws.
An Analysis of Ground‐Water Fluctuations Caused by Ocean Tides in Glynn County, Georgiaa
Authors: Gregg D. O. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe tidal efficiencies of wells tapping the principal artesian aquifer in Glynn County, Georgia decrease with distance from the influencing tidal body and also decrease with well depth. Although the magnitude of water‐level fluctuation of these wells is largely dependent upon the distance to a large tidal body, the time of a high or a low water level in the wells is mainly dependent upon the time of a high or a low tide in a small, nearby tidal body. A modified formula for computing tidal efficiency is developed:
image
From this formula, tidal efficiency can be calculated rapidly and easily
Plans of the U. S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division for Research, Investigations, and Data Collection in Ground Watera
Authors: Upson J. E. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe Geological Survey has been the foremost agency in the investigation of ground‐water resources in the United States beginning about 1910. Most of the basic principles of modern ground‐water hydrology were developed in the Survey's program of cooperative investigations.Use of ground water in the United States in 1960 was about 17½ percent of all water uses, excluding water power. The use will probably increase, though at a decreasing rate. Although amount of use may level off, the need to know about it will not.While coordinating its activities with those of the Office of Water Data Coordination and the Office of Water Resources Research, the Survey expects to step up its work in all three areas of data collection, investigations, and research. However, there will be changes of emphasis.Collection of raw data will tend to stress key observation points, and more and more observation of temperature and quality, including contaminants. Investigations will be aimed at upgrading reconnaissance coverage to general coverage for most of the Nation. The areal basis will be stream drainage basins and special hydrologic terranes, rather than political units. There will be an increase in the preparation of analog models for representative ground‐water systems.In research, the problem‐oriented basis will continue. Stress will be on basic principles that pertain to artificial recharge, and the natural recharge and discharge of ground‐water reservoirs; and also on the application of geologic principles on a regional scale. These are critical elements in the management of surface‐water and ground‐water resources conjunctively in river basins.
Artificial Recharge at Valley City, North Dakota, 1932 to 1965a
Authors: Kelly T. E. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractValley City, North Dakota, has an average daily water use of 750,000 gallons, which is obtained from wells tapping pattly confined gravel deposits in the Sheyenne River valley. These deposits at Valley City have a maximum thickness of more than 50 feet and an areal extent of approximately 1 square mile. The aquifer has been artificially recharged successfully since 1932 by diversion of water from the Sheyenne River to an abandoned gravel pit. During this time the piezometric surface in the aquifer has been raised more than 22 feet.Prior to 1958, the recharge system was operated from January until June; however, when the piezometric surface rose to within about 8 feet of the surface, the recharge operation was discontinued. Between June and January the piezometric surface declined as ground water was withdrawn. During the recharge‐discharge cycle, the average annual fluctuation of the piezometric surface was 10 feet, amounting to a change in storage of about 1,000 acre‐feet of water. Since 1958, the recharge system has been operated throughout the year. There has been a gradual improvement in the quality of the water in the aquifer since the installation of the recharge system.
Transmissibility Determination from Variable Discharge Pumping Tests
Authors: Sternberg Y. M. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA rapid graphical technique for the determination of aquifer transmissibility from a variable discharge pumping test is presented. The data required include the variation of discharge with time during the pumping test and a record of the recovery ar an observation well after the well was shut off. An example using a synthetic well data is provided.
Effects on Ground‐Water Quality and Induced Infiltration of Wastes Disposed into the Hocking River at Lancaster, Ohioa
Authors: Norris S. E. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWatercourse aquifer systems in many areas are adversely affected by wastes disposed into surface‐water sources, resulting in either reduced streambed permeability, infiltration of wastes into the aquifer, or both. These conditions are illustrated at Lancaster, Ohio, where low streambed permeability in the vicinity of the municipal well field, resulting from the discharge of wastes to the Hocking River, seriously retards the infiltration of surface water and lessens the available yield of the wells. The wastes consist of brine and iron‐laden effluent from the municipal treatment plant, discharged within the area of influence of the pumped wells to a stream already carrying much organic waste and other debris. Upstream from the discharge sewer, muck and organic debris have accumulated thickly on the streambed, while downstream from the sewer the streambed sediments have become tightly cemented by iron and other constituents in the waste water. There is evidence that, despite reduced streambed permeability, wastes have entered the aquifer and have materially contributed to declines in well efficiency and to recurring problems of well maintenance.Conditions such as those illustrated at Lancaster occur also at Dayton and are not uncommon elsewhere in Ohio. Indirect contamination of aquifers and adverse physical and chemical alteration of streambed sediments, resulting from surface‐water waste disposal, may in many places pose a threat to the ground‐water supply. This fact should not be overlooked in determining water‐quality standards to be established under the Water Quality Act of 1965.
Engineering Economies of Ground‐Water Pumpage, with Interferencea
Authors: Nuzman C. E. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe need for investigating the economics of groundwater pumpage was developed to aid in the interpretation and administration of the Kansas Water Appropriation Act. The Act requires that in determining impairment from the lowering of static water level, the economics of pumping water shall be considered. No comprehensive treatment of the subject matter has been found.The investigative work is presented in three parts consisting of ground‐water interference, the definition of general cost functions, and the effect of interference on costs. The physical process of ground‐water pumpage for a single well in both steady‐state and nonsteady systems is used as a beginning basis for both interference and associated costs. Interference between multiple wells is then developed for both idealized states of condition. In the second part, economic parameters with associated costs, primarily for irrigation use of water, are developed and generalized cost functions given in terms of discharge, total head, and operating time. In the third part, an analytic model is developed to define the costs associated with mutual interference. The procedure has been tested on a limited number of examples to find the relative sensitivity of different parameters on costs.
Design and Construction of a Horizontal Viscous Flow Model
Authors: Varrin R. D. , Fang H. Y. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe horizontal viscous flow model with “infinite” areal extent can be used for almost any well flow problem whether two‐dimensional or three‐dimensional, steady or nonsteady, single aquifer or multiaquifer. This model can also be used in the field of soil mechanics for subsurface drainage problems. The design includes scale model analysis and the application of conformal mapping techniques in order to simulate an ideal aquifer. Construction, calibration, and test procedures for the model are described. The apparatus has proved to be both a valuable research tool and an excellent teaching aid.
Safe Yield of a Well Field in a Leaky‐Artesian Strip Aquifera
Authors: Berg A. Vanden , Lennox D. H. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTCoarse granular deposits in preglacial river valleys are an important source of ground water on the Canadian prairies. Such an aquifer can commonly be modeled by an infinite‐strip leaky‐artesian aquifer. Test results can be analyzed, future drawdowns predicted, and safe yields estimated by applying the standard leaky‐artesian formula in conjunction with image‐well theory, making due allowance for well‐loss factors.This paper develops basic formulas required for safe yield estimation for an array of n wells located on the axis of an infinite‐strip leaky‐artesian aquifer. In general, determination of safe yield for each well depends on the solution of n simultaneous linear or nonlinear equations. For certain symmetrical arrays, however, the number of equations to be solved is approximately halved. A linear equation will apply for any well if flow adjacent to the well bore always obeys the Darcy law for all pumping rates of interest. If all n equations are linear, they may be solved by the methods of matrix algebra; if not, a trial‐and‐error solution must be adopted.The method is illustrated by an application to a 6‐mile stretch of a buried‐valley aquifer near Edson, Alberta. The numerical coefficients in the system of equations are first derived and the equations then solved to obtain estimated 20‐year safe yields for well arrays containing up to 38 equally spaced wells.
Direct Conductance Method of Measuring Casing Lengths
Authors: Ross Sylvia H. , Adcock Gerald 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe standard water‐level indicator can be easily and inexpensively modified so that it also measures casing lengths. The simple modification permits electrical current from one wire of the two‐wire probe to be routed through the metal casing. The semiquantitative method works well with most metal casings, including nonmagnetic ones, and can be used to detect most casing reductions. The method is limited in that it works only below the water level in the well, and in that it cannot easily detect casing reductions when the conductance between the upper and lower casings is low.