bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hindu Theory of International Relations
Authors: Sarkar Benoy Kumar 
Published: May 2006

The conception of “external” sovereignty was well established in the Hindu philosophy of the state. The Hindu thinkers not only analyzed sovereignty with regard to the constituent elements in a single state. They realized also that sovereignty is not complete unless it is external as well as internal, that is, unless the state can exercise its internal authority unobstructed by, and independently of, other states.“Great misery,” says Shookra, “comes of dependence on others. There is no greater happiness than that from self-rule.” This is one of the maxims of the Shookra-neeti bearing on the freedom of the rastra, or the land and the people in a state. Kautilya also in his remarks on “foreign rule” expresses the same idea in a negative manner. Under it, we are told in his Artha-shastra, the country is not treated as one's own land, it is impoverished, its wealth carried off, or it is treated “as a commercial article.” The description is suggestive of John Stuart Mill's metaphor of the “cattle farm” applied to the “government of one people by another.”
An Analysis of the 1932 Presidential Vote in Chicago
Authors: Gosnell Harold F. , Gill Norman N. 
Published: May 2006

In many ways, the city of Chicago is typical of the United States as a whole in the twentieth century. It is a cross-section of the mixture of races, religions, sects, linguistic groups, and economic classes that go to make up modern America. In the past two decades, the political behavior of the citizens of Chicago in national elections has been similar to that of the entire American electorate. Except for the election of 1916, when Hughes carried the city by a narrow margin, the presidential candidate who carried Chicago also carried the electoral college.At irregular intervals, there have occurred in American party history certain crucial presidential elections which appear to have set the party alignments for several decades. The election of 1896 was such an election, since it determined the supremacy of the Republican party for a period of a quarter of a century, interrupted only by the Wilson Administration, which came to power because of a split in the Republican ranks. A new era in American politics was definitely started by the election of 1932 which ended the Republican dominance. An intensive study of the behavior of the voters in Chicago during this political upheaval will throw some light upon the motivation of the voters in the entire United States.
The Course of Judicial Review in the State of Ohio
Authors: Aumann F. R. 
Published: May 2006

The first constitution of Ohio was framed in 1802, and was not submitted to popular vote for approval. Fashioned by followers of Thomas Jefferson, the new government had as its cardinal principle the doctrine of legislative supremacy. With no power over patronage, and with the veto power denied to him as well, the governor was but a “shadow executive.” Since the judges were appointed by the legislature for the limited term of seven years, the judiciary also played a subordinate rôle.Although the fundamental character of the constitution was conceded, it was a question in the mind of many as to who should determine the nature and scope of that instrument. To ardent Jeffersonians, this matter presented little difficulty; in their judgment, the legislature was fully competent to settle any question that might arise as to the nature of the constitution.
Comparative Civil Service Statistics: Germany
Authors: Marx Fritz Morstein 
Published: May 2006

“Almost no other art requires such high moral qualifications as statistical comparison.” Dr. Arnold Brecht, then Ministerialdirektor in Prussia's state administration, thus prefaced, about three years ago, his Carnegie lecture at the Berlin Hochschule für Politik in which he cautiously analyzed public expenditures in the United States, England, France, and Germany. And he added: “The international comparison of public expenditures should serve only one end—the contest of all countries for the most constructive and lowest expenditures.”It is a truism that public interest in present-day government centers around the pressing problem of how to achieve an administrative system conducive to the “most constructive and lowest expenditures.”
Political Groups in the Japanese House of Peers
Authors: Fahs Charles B. 
Published: May 2006

The political groups in the Kizoku-in, or House of Peers, are of more importance than the scant attention paid them by both native and foreign students of Japanese government implies. In fact, one of the six groups habitually controls the House, which, in turn, is one of the strongest national second chambers existing today. As a result, the Kenkyū-kai, or Study Association, commands steady, the other groups intermittent, patronage in the form of appointments to cabinet or sub-cabinet positions and concessions to their legislative wishes. The political groups in the House of Peers became a concern of Japanese statesmen shortly after the organization of the Diet in 1890; they are today debated in relation to the proposals for legislative reform which have been repeatedly urged since 1932. Although but minor wheels in the mechanism, some knowledge of their place and function is essential to an adequate understanding of the operation of the complicated Japanese political machine.The history, organization, and influence of these groups is not easy to determine; the scarcity of reliable sources, even in Japanese, makes doubly confusing the large number of diverse yet meaningless group titles which have been employed since 1890.
I. The New Office of American Republic Affairs in the Department of State
Authors: Stuart Graham H. 
Published: May 2006

The mere announcement of a well-thought-out foreign policy is not sufficient unless adequate machinery is available to make it effective. We have always thought of ourselves as buenos amigos to the republics south of the Rio Grande, but we have not always been able to make them believe it. Conceding that one of the reasons has been certain sins of commission, certainly another has been the sin of omission. The agencies for carrying out our foreign policies both in Washington and in the field were not geared to the load put upon them.Even before the promulgation of the Monroe Doctrine in 1823, the United States was keenly interested in the young sister republics to the south. However, for almost a century, the Department of State treated the world as a geographical unit in the conduct of foreign relations. It was not until 1870, when Secretary of State Hamilton Fish set up two geographical bureaus, that the second bureau was given jurisdiction over the Latin American region as well as certain other areas.The Division of Latin American Affairs, established in 1909, is the second oldest of the geographical divisions, and its jurisdiction was limited to the twenty American Republics. When the Division was overwhelmed with work pertaining to Mexico during the latter's revolutionary period, a Division of Mexican Affairs was established in 1915, and it remained in existence until 1937, when the new Division of the American Republics was established and given jurisdiction over relations with all twenty American Republics. This arrangement lasted until the reorganization of January, 1944, when the Office of American Republic Affairs was established and subdivided at first into six, and later five, divisions upon a regional basis. Another division, named the Division of American Republic Analysis and Liaison, was added by Departmental Order No. 1271, dated May 3, 1944.
The Term of Office of the President
Authors: Brown Everett S. 
Published: May 2006

On March 21, 1947, the House of Representatives concurred in the Senate amendments to House Joint Resolution 27, which proposed an amendment to the Constitution of the United States placing a limit on the number of terms a President may serve. The vote in the House on so important a question was amazingly small—81 ayes, 29 noes, a total of 110 votes. Objection to the vote on the ground of absence of a quorum was made and then withdrawn. The necessary vote of two-thirds was declared to have been taken, and the way was cleared for possible ratification by the legislatures of the states.The pertinent part of the proposed amendment in its final form is as follows:“No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice, and no person who has held the office of President, or acted as President for more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of the President more than once. But this article shall not apply to any person holding the office of President when this article was proposed by the Congress, and shall not prevent any person who may be holding the office of President, or acting as President, during the term within which this article becomes operative from holding the office of President or acting as President during the remainder of such term.”Under this amendment a President might conceivably serve not to exceed ten years. The primary object of the latter part of the complicated proposal was to except President Truman from its application. In order to be valid, the proposal must be ratified within a period of seven years after its submission to the states.
Comments on the Theory of Organizations
Authors: Simon Herbert A. 
Published: May 2006

This is an attempt to sketch in very rough form what seem to me some of the central concepts and problems of organization theory. In the first section I have tried to define the field of organization theory and to indicate with some care what justification there is for regarding it as a distinct area of theory, related to, but by no means identical with, the theory of small groups and the theory of social institutions. The comments in the second section on subject-matter areas simply spell out the implications, many of them perhaps obvious, of the central argument of the first section.This paper is concerned with all kinds of organizations, and not simply with those that fall within the area of public administration. This definition of the scope of organization theory reflects my own conviction that there are a great many things that can be said about organizations in general, without specification of the particular kind of organization under consideration. Moreover, even if we were interested solely in governmental organizations, I believe that a great deal can be learned from the comparison of their characteristics with those of other kinds of organizations, and from attempts to explain the similarities and differences that are found. Neither of these statements denies the existence of numerous and important phenomena that are peculiar to governmental organizations or the need for theory in public administration to deal with these phenomena.
Political Science and Public Administration: A Note on the State of the Union
Authors: Martin Roscoe C. 
Published: May 2006

By tradition public administration is regarded as a division of political science. Woodrow Wilson set the stage for this concept in his original essay identifying public administration as a subject worthy of special study, and spokesmen for both political science and public administration have accepted it since. Thus Leonard White, in his 1930 article on the subject in the Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, recognizes public administration as “a branch of the field of political science.” Luther Gulick follows suit, observing in 1937 that “Public administration is thus a division of political science ….” So generally has this word got around that it has come to the notice of the sociologists, as is indicated in a 1950 report of the Russell Sage Foundation which refers to “political science, including public administration….” “Pure” political scientists and political scientists with a public administration slant therefore are not alone in accepting this doctrine, which obviously enjoys a wide and authoritative currency.But if public administration is reckoned generally to be a child of political science, it is in some respects a strange and unnatural child; for there is a feeling among political scientists, substantial still if mayhap not so widespread as formerly, that academicians who profess public administration spend their time fooling with trifles. It was a sad day when the first professor of political science learned what a manhole cover is! On their part, those who work in public administration are likely to find themselves vaguely resentful of the lack of cordiality in the house of their youth.
Nanocrystalline Titanium(IV) Oxide as an Efficient Heterogeneous Catalyst for Tandem Michael and Nucleophilic 1,2‐Addition to Enones
Authors: Kantam M. Lakshmi , Laha Soumi , Yadav Jagjit , Choudary B. M. , Sreedhar B. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractNanocrystalline titanium(IV) oxide was found to be an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for the conjugate 1,4‐addition of indoles with α,β‐unsaturated ketones to afford β‐indolyl ketones in excellent yields. The subsequent catalytic 1,2‐addition of Me3SiCN to carbonyl compounds can be performed in one pot with moderate to good yields. Low sensitivity towards traces of moisture and high tolerance of different functional groups make nanocrystalline titanium(IV) oxide suitable for carrying out multistep synthetic sequences.
Biocatalytic Racemization of α‐Hydroxy Ketones (Acyloins) at Physiological Conditions using Lactobacillus paracasei DSM 20207
Authors: Nestl Bettina M. , Kroutil Wolfgang , Faber Kurt 
Published: May 2006

AbstractBiocatalytic racemization of open‐chain and cyclic dialkyl‐, alkyl‐aryl‐ and diaryl‐substituted acyloins was accomplished using whole resting cells of Lactobacillus paracasei DSM 20207. The mild (physiological) reaction conditions ensured the suppression of undesired side reactions, such as elimination or condensation. This novel biocatalytic isomerization protocol represents an essential tool for the deracemization of pharmacologically important building blocks.
Unterspannte Holzbalkendecke (UHB‐Decke) – Ein neuartiges Decken‐Sanierungsverfahren mit gekreuzten Vollgewindeschrauben
Authors: Heller Hanfried 
Published: May 2006

AbstractDie UHB‐Sanierung ermöglicht die statische, schwingungs‐ und schalltechnische Ertüchtigung alter Holzbalkendecken ohne die Öffnung der Gefache. Kreuzweise angeordnete Spezialschrauben übernehmen die dabei entstehenden hohen axialen Zug‐ und Druckbeanspruchungen. Außerdem entsteht ein großer Verschiebungsmodul, der das nachgiebig verbundene Verstärkungssystem sehr günstig beeinflußt. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Europäische Baunormen im Test – Charakteristische Werte nach DIN EN 1990, DIN EN 1926 und DIN EN 13162
Authors: Fischer Lutz 
Published: May 2006

AbstractDie Ermittlung des Nennwerts ist Ausgangspunkt für die Berechnung des Bemessungswerts. Eine Analyse zeigt, daß die in DIN EN 1990 geforderte Zuverlässigkeit nicht immer gewährleistet ist:– Verwendung von Quantilfaktoren für ein Konfidenzniveau P = 1 –α = 0,50 bei der Bestimmung des charakteristischen Wertes (ENDIN 1990)– Anwendung von Quantilfaktoren der Normalverteilung im Fall der logarithmischen Normalverteilung für ein Konfidenzniveau P = 1 – α ≠ 0,50 (EN DIN 1990)– direkte Bestimmung des Bemessungswerts auf der Basis einer Stichprobe von n = 4, 5, 6, … für ein 99,9%‐Quantil (EN DIN 1990)– Überprüfung, ob die zugrunde gelegte Verteilungsfunktion und die Meßergebnissen in Übereinstimmung stehen (ENDIN 1926)– Schätzung des Quantils der Wärmeleitfähigkeit λ90/90 aus dem Quantil des Wärmedurchlaßwiderstandes R10/90 und umgekehrt (EN DIN 13162).Es besteht die Notwendigkeit der Konsistenz zwischen den harmonisierten europäischen Normen und den technischen Regeln. Daher will dieser Beitrag Empfehlungen für notwendige Korrekturen geben. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Multispectral/hyperspectral image enhancement for biological cell analysis
Authors: Nuffer Lisa L. , Medvick Patricia A. , Foote Harlan P. , Solinsky James C. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractBackground:Microscopes form projected images from illuminated objects, such as cellular tissue, which are recorded at a distance through the optical system's field of view. A telescope on a satellite or airplane also forms images with a similar optical projection of objects on the ground. Typical visible illuminations form a displayed set of three‐color channels (Red Green Blue [RGB]) that are combined from three image sensor arrays (e.g., focal plane arrays) into a single pixel coding for each color present in the image. Analysis of these RGB color images develops aqualitativeimage representation of the objects.Methods:Independent component analysis (ICA) is used for analysis and enhancement of multispectral images, and compared with the similar and widely used principal component analysis.Results:The data examples indicate that the ICA enhancement, and the resulting RGB image combination display, can be useful in processing datacubes of cellular data where isolation of unknown subtle image elements representing objects is desired.Conclusions:ICA image enhancement can aid processing of datacubes of cellular data by clarifying subtle image elements. These parallelizable algorithms can be implemented for real‐time, online analysis. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Analysis of origin and growth of the thyroid gland in zebrafish
Authors: Alt Burkhard , Reibe Saskia , Feitosa Natalia M. , Elsalini Osama A. , Wendl Thomas , Rohr Klaus B. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe zebrafish thyroid gland shows a unique pattern of growth as a differentiated endocrine gland. Here, we analyze the onset of differentiation, the contribution of lineages, and the mode of growth of this gland. The expression of genes involved in hormone production and the establishment of epithelial polarity show that differentiation into a first thyroid follicle takes place early during embryonic development. Thyroid follicular tissue then grows along the pharyngeal midline, initially independently of thyroid stimulating hormone. Lineage analysis reveals that thyroid follicle cells are exclusively recruited from the pharyngeal endoderm. The ultimobranchial bodies that merge with the thyroid in mammals form separate glands in zebrafish as visualized by calcitonin precursor gene expression. Mosaic analysis suggests that the first thyroid follicle differentiating at 55 hours postfertilization corresponds later to the most anterior follicle and that new follicles are added caudally. Developmental Dynamics 235:1872–1883, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Wave energy and clast transport in eastern Tasman Bay, New Zealand
Authors: Hartstein Neil D. , Dickinson Warren W. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractCoarse‐gravel beaches are common features along the eastern margin of Tasman Bay, at the north end of South Island, New Zealand. Although these features have traditionally been interpreted as spits, contemporary incident wave energy appears too small to transport boulders and cobbles persistently along the beaches and platforms by longshore drift. An alternative explanation suggests that boulder beaches are essentially derived in situ from resistant bedrock, which lies seaward and was buried by gravel during the Holocene sea level rise. Wind, wave and clast size data from Cable Bay and the Nelson Boulder Bank were used to resolve this problem. Wave and wind data indicate that waves reaching these areas are derived locally in Tasman Bay, and are limited in size and energy. Hindcasting predicts a 4·7 m wave could propagate from Tasman Bay. However, during Cyclone Yalli, the most intense storm in nearly 40 years of wind records, the largest wave measured in the nearby area of Cable Bay was only 2·7 m high. Maximum orbital velocity on the seabed beneath a 4·7 m is calculated to be 2·9 m s−1, which cannot initiate transport of clasts greater than 0·15 m in diameter. Clasts on the gravel platforms have average diameters greater than this, but some clasts may be as large as 1·0 m in diameter. By comparison, a swash run‐up method predicts that a wave 4·7 m high can transport clasts no larger than 0·3 m in diameter. These data and approximate calculations strongly suggest that the present wave environment in eastern Tasman Bay is not capable of consistently transporting clasts on the boulder platforms by longshore drift. Reduced sea levels in the pre‐Holocene period would further reduce wave energies available in Tasman Bay. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Some comments on ‘Fluorescent lamp modeling for voltage fluctuations’ by C. Carrillo and J. Cidras
Authors: Gluskin Emanuel 
Published: May 2006

AbstractSeveral comments on the interesting and timely work [1] are made, explaining some mistakes, adding some references, making some constructive suggestion, and arguing the importance of the field of fluorescent lamp circuits for academic studies. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Frequency shifting and pulse shaping with photonic‐crystal fibers for coherent nonlinear spectroscopy
Authors: Linik Ya. M. , Ivanov A. A. , Akimov D. A. , Alfimov M. V. , Siebert T. , Kiefer W. , Zheltikov A. M. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe frequency‐shifted and pulse‐shaped output of photonic‐crystal fibers (PCFs) pumped by amplified femtosecond Cr:forsterite laser pulses is employed for frequency‐ and time‐resolved four‐wave mixing (FWM) spectroscopy. Cross‐correlation frequency‐resolved optically gated laser‐induced grating (LIG) technique is applied for the characterization of the pulse‐shaped blue‐shifted PCF output. The light pulses produced in the PCF are combined with the second‐harmonic output of the Cr:forsterite laser, to probe a doublet of Raman resonances in the nonlinear response of a test object by means of coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering (CARS). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Randomization as a basis for inference in noninferiority trials
Authors: Wiens Brian L. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractNoninferiority testing in clinical trials is commonly understood in a Neyman–Pearson framework, and has been discussed in a Bayesian framework as well. In this paper, we discuss noninferiority testing in a Fisherian framework, in which the only assumption necessary for inference is the assumption of randomization of treatments to study subjects. Randomization plays an important role in not only the design but also the analysis of clinical trials, no matter the underlying inferential field. The ability to utilize permutation tests depends on assumptions around exchangeability, and we discuss the possible uses of permutation tests in active control noninferiority analyses. The other practical implications of this paper are admittedly minor but lead to better understanding of the historical and philosophical development of active control noninferiority testing. The conclusion may also frame discussion of other complicated issues in noninferiority testing, such as the role of an intention to treat analysis. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.