bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Overview of Modern Analytical Needs
Authors: Davis Frank , Collyer Stuart D. , Higson Séamus P. J. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
This review aims to introduce and cover some of the requirements of today's analytical chemists and biochemists together with a number of techniques that are being applied to satisfy these demands. The wide variety of analytes for which reliable detection methods are required are discussed initially. This is followed by a basic introduction to a variety of detection methods such as electrochemical approaches, fluorescence‐based techniques, and the quartz crystal microbalance. This is followed by a section covering techniques that are designed for analyses using very small samples such as lab‐on‐a‐chip type measurements and microfluidic devices. The next section contains more detailed information on analyses for specific analytes such as DNA. The use of array technology to perform many simultaneous measurements and the application of this to the growing fields of genomics and proteomics is also presented. Conclusions and a future outlook for these systems are finally discussed.
Luciferase Reporter Bacteriophages
Authors: Hagens Steven , Loessner Martin J. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractReporter bacteriophages harness the biological specificity of the interaction between bacterial cells and their bacteriophages. The use of phages that have been genetically engineered to carry luciferase genes which provide an easily quantifiable signal upon infection represents a highly specific means for the detection of viable bacteria. Luciferases of different origin can be used, in conjunction with phages infecting a variety of different pathogenic microorganisms. This chapter aims to describe the biology behind the approach and summarizes the current standing with respect to the various luciferase reporter phages and their applications.
Recombinant Whole‐Cell Bioreporter Systems Based on Beetle Luciferases
Authors: Ivask Angela , Kahru Anne , Virta Marko 
Published: February 2008

Abstract

Bioluminescence is one of the most widely used reporter systems in living cells. Luciferase encoded by
luc
gene from the firefly
Photinus pyralis
is a commonly used reporter gene that can be detected by bioluminescence and utilized in the construction of bioreporters. In a classical bioreporter, the expression of a reporter gene is controlled by a natural regulatory circuit, which in many cases consists of a regulatory protein and its corresponding promoter. In the absence of analyte, the regulatory protein is either repressing the transcription initiation from the corresponding promoter or simply does not activate the transcription. However, when the analyte is present in the bioreporter cells, it binds with the regulatory protein, which initiates the transcription and thus, the expression of the reporter gene, the specificity of a bioreporter, is mostly defined by the regulatory unit.

An overview is given on the possibilities and limitations of beetle luciferases in whole‐cell bioreporter systems and biosensors. Examples of the use of beetle luciferase‐based bacterial and yeast‐based bioreporter systems for the quantification of bioavailable heavy metals and organic compounds in environmental samples as well as for identifying endocrine disruptive compounds are given.
Molecularly Imprinted Polymers as Recognition Elements in Sensors
Authors: Haupt Karsten , Belmont Anne‐Sophie 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
The technique of molecular imprinting allows for the formation of specific recognition sites in synthetic polymers through the use of templates or imprint molecules. These recognition sites mimic the binding sites of biological receptor molecules such as antibodies and enzymes. Molecularly imprinted polymers can therefore be used in applications based on specific molecular binding events, such as, assays and sensors. The stability, ease of preparation, and low cost of these materials make them particularly attractive. This review focuses on recent developments and advances in the field with special emphasis on the use of molecularly imprinted materials as recognition elements in sensors and their interfacing with the transducer.
Ion Channel Biosensors
Authors: Cornell Bruce A. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Ion channel switch biosensors detect the presence of target molecules from changes in the ac ionic conduction of a tethered membrane containing ion channels. The membranes comprise one or more lipid layers and are tethered to an electrical conductor such as gold. Modulation of the ionic conductance of the membrane induces a change in the image charge at the gold surface resulting in a current flow in an external circuit. The magnitude of these changes is greatly increased by separating the membrane from the metal surface using a hydrophilic spacer. A generic immunosensing device has been devised in which the ion channel, gramicidin A has been incorporated into a tethered lipid membrane and coupled to an antibody that is targeted to a compound of diagnostic interest. Quantitative detection of an extensive class of target species, including proteins, bacteria, drug and toxins has been demonstrated. By using DNA probes, DNA sequences have also been detected. In this review results are presented of multianalyte sensing using silicon chip arrays decorated using “ink‐jet” printing to apply antibodies to specific sites in the array. Also reviewed are scale‐up issues such as reproducibility over extended periods of sensor fabrication and of sources of instability on storage.
Overview of Optical Biosensing Techniques
Authors: Abdulhalim Ibrahim , Zourob Mohammad , Lakhtakia Akhlesh 
Published: February 2008

AbstractCommonplace optical biosensing techniques include the classical techniques of optical spectroscopy, polarimetry, and ellipsometry, in addition to more modern techniques such as surface plasmon resonance and guided waves. Currently state‐of‐the‐art techniques under extensive investigation include whispering‐gallery waves and surface‐enhanced optical phenomena near metallic nanoparticles. A succinct overview of the fundamentals of these techniques accompanies remarks on commercial successes and research accomplishments.
Phagocyte Luminescent Sensor
Authors: Magrisso Moni , Marks Robert S. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe article describes basics of approach to build a device dedicated to sensitive assessment of phagocyte activity in biological fluids. The unique place of phagocytosis in the innate immune system, the mechanisms, localization and factors of oxidative phagocyte activity as well as the techniques used to detect respiratory burst and localization are briefly reviewed. Sensor design combines simplicity and artifact ‐absence in whole blood system, simultaneous record and analysis of extra‐cellular and intra‐cellular luminescence, sensitivity and efficiency of signal capturing of optical fiber–photomultiplier detection system and the convenience of disposable sample holder.
Introduction to Acoustic Technologies
Authors: Araya‐Kleinsteuber Bernardita , Lowe Christopher R. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThis chapter gives an introduction to acoustic technologies, particularly focused on how acoustic waves are generated in piezoelectric crystals and how that can be used for the development of biosensors. Secondly, a detailed explanation of the fabrication of acoustic wave devices is given, including materials used for construction and vibration modes of different devices. Thirdly, the most common types of acoustic sensors are described—quartz crystal microbalance, acoustic plate wave devices, surface wave sensors, and flexural plate wave devices. Also, for the quartz crystal microbalance a detailed description of the physical models developed to quantify the mass loading from the acoustic response is presented. Finally, a brief account of the acoustic sensors applications is presented, both industrial and in the biosensing arena.
Magnetic Biosensor Techniques
Authors: Marrows Christopher H. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
The use of various microscale magnetometers to detect magnetic nanoparticles that label biochemical cargoes is reviewed. These include sensors based on superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs), the Hall effect, and various magnetoresistive effects. The most commonly reported of these in the literature is a sensor based on the giant magnetoresistance (GMR) effect, and some emphasis is placed on this method in this review. The basic requirements for the magnetic labels themselves are discussed, and some of the methods developed for magnetically driving biochemical cargoes around a chip surface are described. Finally some prospects for the future are given.
Introduction to Microfluidic Techniques
Authors: Weigl Bernhard H. , Bardell Ron L. , Cabrera Catherine 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThis chapter provides an introduction to concepts of microfluidics and microfluidic design. First, terms are defined and basic fluid dynamic relationships are introduced. Physical aspects and design consequences of working with fluid flow at the microscale are described. Then, the determination of the preferred scale for various applications of microfluidic devices is discussed. Finally, various kinds of fluid flow typical of microdevices are described in more detail, including gravity‐ and pressure‐driven flow, flow through packed media, electrokinetic flow, capillary‐driven flow, and absorption‐driven flow.
Micro‐ and Nanoelectromechanical Sensors
Authors: Aubin Keith L. , Ilic Bojan , Craighead Harold G. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
This chapter highlights the use of micro‐ and nanoscale mechanical devices whose mechanical properties are being used to create biological sensors. One aim is to provide tools and improvements upon current methods for biological and biomedical research. Currently used biosensors such as enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) assays, though quite sensitive, have several drawbacks and resist miniaturization. The research highlighted in the chapter may provide alternative measurement techniques that readily lend themselves to miniaturization and portability. The ultimate goal of much of this research is to provide inexpensive, portable sensors that rival or surpass present techniques with regard to sensitivity.
Biosensors for Monitoring Metabolites in Clinical Medicine
Authors: Pickup John C. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractBiosensors for small‐molecular‐weight metabolites are finding increasing use in medicine for rapid, reagentless point‐of‐care measurement and continuous in vivo monitoring. Though glucose is the most well‐established clinical biosensor application, others include urea and creatinine for assessing renal function; lactic acid for monitoring tissue oxygenation; uric acid for assessing nucleic acid metabolism; cholesterol, triglyceride, and ketones for monitoring lipid metabolism; and bilirubin for liver and blood disorders. Many metabolite biosensors are enzyme electrodes, based on immobilized oxidases, hydrolases, or other enzymes, with amperometric or potentiometric electrochemical reaction monitoring, but other bioreceptors such as computer‐designed proteins and other reaction detection methods such as fluorescence are in use.
Biacore—Creating the Business of Label‐Free Protein‐Interaction Analysis
Authors: Löfås Stefan 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
The chapter describes the story of Biacore AB and its development of commercial optical biosensor instruments based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) detection. Background reasons are given for the starting of this venture, as well as a technical overview of the basic aspects of the instruments, in particular, the core technologies–optical detection, surface chemistry, and microfluidic sample handling. Recent developments and the progress of the technology, application areas, and new instruments are also reviewed. The commercial aspects from the first instrument launch in 1990 through to what became a successful business are described, including the importance of identifying applications with significant commercial relevance.
Basis of metamemory judgments for text with multiple‐choice, essay and recall tests
Authors: Maki Ruth H. , Willmon Cynthia , Pietan Amy 
Published: February 2008

AbstractAccuracy of metamemory for text was compared for multiple‐choice, essay and recall tests. Essay and recall tests were scored with Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA), number of correct idea units and number of word matches. Each measure was correlated with college students' predictions and posttest confidence judgments across texts to determine metamemory accuracy. Metamemory accuracy varied for different types of tests with multiple‐choice tests generally producing greater accuracy than essay tests. However, metamemory accuracy for essay and recall tests depended on the measure used to score them. Number of correct idea units produced the highest metamemory accuracy, word matches produced an intermediate level, and LSA produced the lowest accuracy. Students used the quantity of output in their judgments, so performance measures that related most strongly to quantity matched judgments better than measures based on answer quality. The results are compatible with an accessibility account of judgments about performance on text. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Piecewise MILP under‐ and overestimators for global optimization of bilinear programs
Authors: Wicaksono Danan Suryo , Karimi I. A. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractMany practical problems of interest in chemical engineering and other fields can be formulated as bilinear programs (BLPs). For such problems, a local nonlinear programming solver often provides a suboptimal solution or even fails to locate a feasible one. Numerous global optimization algorithms devised for bilinear programs rely on linear programming (LP) relaxation, which is often weak, and, thus, slows down the convergence rate of the global optimization algorithm. An interesting recent development is the idea of using an ab initio partitioning of the search domain to improve the relaxation quality, which results in a relaxation problem that is a mixed‐integer linear program (MILP) rather than LP, called as piecewise MILP relaxation. However, much work is in order to fully exploit the potential of such approach. Several novel formulations are developed for piecewise MILP under‐ and overestimators for BLPs via three systematic approaches, and two segmentation schemes. As is demonstrated and evaluated the superiority of the novel models is shown, using a variety of examples. In addition, metrics are defined to measure the effectiveness of piecewise MILP relaxation within a two‐level‐relaxation framework, and several theoretical results are presented, as well as valuable insights into the properties of such relaxations, which may prove useful in developing global optimization algorithms. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Novel anticorrelation criteria for model‐based experiment design: Theory and formulations
Authors: Franceschini Gaia , Macchietto Sandro 
Published: February 2008

AbstractModel‐based experiment design techniques are becoming an essential tool for the rapid development and refining of process models. One of the areas where an effective design can be most useful is the identification of the kinetic parameters of a model. When complex kinetic networks (i.e., parallel, consecutive reactions) are involved, parameter correlations play a significant role because they often prevent the solution of experiment design calculations, make parameter identification more difficult, and decrease the statistical validity of the resulting models. It is therefore important to obtain estimates of the parameters as uncorrelated as possible and this article presents new optimal experiment design criteria that include explicit measures of correlation as objective function or as constraints and are able to target the experiments to the improvement of specific parameter(s). Through an illustrative application to an epoxidation example, the new approach proposed is demonstrated to be very successful, highly flexible, and more effective than the standard experiment design criteria in both reducing the uncertainty regions of the parameters and improving the reliability of the estimates. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Effect of chemical heterogeneity on adsorbed solute dispersion at column scale
Authors: Semra Safia , Sardin Michel , Simonnot Marie‐Odile 
Published: February 2008

AbstractChemical heterogeneity seems to be responsible for spreading increase of adsorbed solute breakthrough curves. Adsorption in fixed beds assumes chemically homogeneous media. However, this is not always true, in particular when natural sands or mixed adsorbent filters are used in drinking water purification. Neglecting eventual effect of chemical heterogeneity may engender false modeling bases. So, considering homogeneous grain size distribution, the effect of chemical heterogeneity on global dispersion in porous media has been investigated experimentally in this article at column scale. Breakthroughs of adsorbed solute showed a visible effect of chemical heterogeneity on solute global dispersion increasing. The more heterogeneous the medium, the more spread the adsorbed solute breakthrough. Reduced variance showed a linear variation with the chemical heterogeneity scale at closely constant media global capacity. A pseudo‐homogeneous model has been developed to simulate experimental data by increasing dispersion parameter. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
On bubbles rising through suspensions of solid particles
Authors: Mondy Lisa A. , Retallack Charles , Thompson Kyle , Barney Jeremy , Grillet Anne , Graham Alan L. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractIndividual bubbles rising through suspensions of spherical particles neutrally buoyant in viscous Newtonian liquids are tracked with real time radiography. The effects of the containing cylinder, suspended particle, and bubble sizes are reported for particle volume fractions ranging from 0.20 to 0.50. In the most concentrated suspensions, the effect of the bottom surface is felt by the bubble much farther into the suspension than would be true for a single‐phase Newtonian liquid. Corrected for wall effects, the apparent viscosity felt by the bubbles is independent of the relative size of the bubble to the particle over a wide range of parameters, and is approximately linear with the suspended particle volume fraction, in contrast to the exponential dependence derived in conventional rheometry. Finally, in the most concentrated suspensions, the bubble deforms to a prolate spheroidal shape despite the lack of significant inertial effects or a viscoelastic suspending liquid. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Semibatch RAFT polymerization for producing ST/BA copolymers with controlled gradient composition profiles
Authors: Sun Xiaoying , Luo Yingwu , Wang Rui , Li Bo‐Geng , Zhu Shiping 
Published: February 2008

AbstractWith controlled/living radical copolymerization, the composition profile along polymer chains becomes a tunable parameter in preparing copolymer products for novel materials properties. In this work, a novel series of styrene/butyl acrylate (St/BA) copolymers with precisely designed composition profiles (uniform, linear gradient, tanh gradient, and triblock with a linear gradient mid‐block) were produced using a semibatch reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer copolymerization mediated by benzyl dithioisobutyrate. The comonomer feeding rate was programmed based on a kinetic model with the targeted composition profile as an objective functions. The experimental composition and molecular weight profiles agreed very well with the model predictions. The polymer molecular weight distributions were narrow with polydispersity index values about 1.3. The amount of dead chains was controlled below 10%. The glass transition behaviors of the St/BA copolymers were evaluated and their Tg values were found to be in an order of uniform < linear gradient < tanh gradient < triblock with 10°C for uniform and 140°C for triblock copolymers. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J 2008
A girl with fragile X premutation from sperm donation
Authors: Wirojanan Juthamas , Angkustsiri Kathleen , Tassone Flora , Gane Louise W. , Hagerman Randi J. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractWe present a girl with the fragile X premutation who obtained the premutation allele from donated sperm. Our patient has clinical characteristics of fragile X syndrome including emotional problems and neuropsychological difficulties presenting as learning disabilities. She is also at high risk for premature ovarian failure and low risk for the fragile X‐associated tremor ataxia (FXTAS). We suggest fragile X DNA screening in gamete donor candidates to decrease the chance of fragile X involvement in their offspring. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Autism and serotonin transporter gene polymorphisms: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Huang Christine H. , Santangelo Susan L. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe serotonin transporter gene (5‐HTT) plays a crucial role in serotonergic neurotransmission and has been found to be associated, with varying degrees of significance, with many diseases, including autism. Prior association studies of autism have yielded conflicting results regarding the association between two common 5‐HTT polymorphisms, the promoter insertion/deletion (5‐HTTLPR) and the intron 2 VNTR (STin2 VNTR). We conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis to test the following hypotheses: (i) there is an association between autism and either or both of the 5‐HTTLPR and STin2 VNTR polymorphisms, and (ii) the S allele of 5‐HTTLPR and/or the STin2.12 allele of the VNTR are the specific risk alleles for autism. All published family‐based and population based studies were examined to determine the overall strength of association between 5‐HTT polymorphisms and autism. After exclusion of studies with overlapping samples and studies whose data did not allow for calculation of an odds ratio, 16 studies were included for final analyses, all but two of which used a family‐based design. The meta‐analysis failed to find a significant overall association between either of the 5‐HTT polymorphisms examined and autism. Further, no allelic transmission distortion was found when studies of simplex (11 studies) and multiplex (3 studies) family samples were analyzed separately. However, there was significant heterogeneity by ethnicity; family based studies of US mixed population samples showed preferential transmission of the S allele of 5‐HTTLPR (S allele:L allele = 247:183), while there was no allelic distortion among the family‐based studies of European and Asian samples. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Electroless nickel plating of polyester fiber
Authors: Jiang S. Q. , Kan C. W. , Yuen C. W. M. , Wong W. K. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe optimization of the electroless nickel plating process used for textile applications was investigated with the orthogonal array testing strategy. It was found that the electroless nickel plating process conducted at 40°C and pH 10 for 20 min was the most effective method for improving the metal adhesion performance. The performance of nickel‐plated polyester fabrics was confirmed to be dependent on the amount of nickel particles adhering to the fabric surface. The properties of the optimized nickel‐plated polyester were enhanced in terms of the fabric weight, fabric thickness, and tensile strength. However, there was a moderate decrease in the tearing strength and crocking fastness. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008