bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Six models of a new insulin pen (MADI): Description and first clinical trial
Authors: Chlup R , Janü K , Venhác̆ová J , Bartek J 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSix models of a new type of insulin pen (MADI) were developed comprising models for insulin U‐40, U‐80 and U‐100 with a single dose of either one or two units of insulin in each of them1−4. Every model may be easily adapted to be used either as a ‘needle pen’ or a ‘catheter pen’. In the needle pen, a sliding cover prevents the contamination of the needle. A syringe‐like interchangeable plastic reservoir (3ml) is filled (and can be refilled up to 100 times) by the patient from the insulin vials, with any kind of soluble insulin. Actual insulin administration occurs by twisting the cap.A clinical trial with 365 adult patients and 46 children (1991‐93) showed good patient satisfaction in 95%. There were 17 MADI pen failures requiring technical assistance in the 12 months of the clinical trial. The preference for a catheter pen was assessed separately in a group of 35 carefully‐trained patients. There was a marginal preference for the needle pen (54% of the patient days) compared with the catheter pen (46% of the patient days). In 345 patients without special training, the catheter pen was only preferred by one patient (0.3%).MADI pen may be recommended as an insulin delivery device of choice. In particular, patients on any form of animal insulin and/or U‐40 and/or U‐80 insulin may benefit from this pen.
Mauriac syndrome in childhood diabetes
Authors: Massarano AA , Smith CP 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThree diabetic children with Mauriac syndrome are described. There were major concerns about the home circumstances and compliance with treatment in all cases. Glycated haemoglobin levels had failed to reflect the severity of the metabolic disturbances in two children. Intensive management led to improved growth, less hepatomegaly and resolution of lipid abnormalities.
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome and hyperosmolar, non‐ketotic hyperglycaemic coma
Authors: Short J A , Nolan J A 
Published: March 2007

AbstractExtra‐pyramidal symptoms are a well‐recognised side effect of neuroleptic medication. Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS) and iatrogenic diabetes mellitus are less frequently reported1. A case of NMS occurring with hyperosmolar, non‐ketotic, hyperglycaemic coma is described in a 61 year old woman suffering from chronic schizophrenia. The combination of the two is a rare complication which should not be overlooked, as treatment of the metabolic derangement may prevent full progression to the potentially fatal NMS. Clinical awareness and observation by nursing staff is vital in early detection.
Does the time of diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes have a seasonal variation?
Authors: Muzulu SI , Jagger C , McNally PG , Burden AC 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis prospective, observational study from 1987 to 1990 inclusive, set in hospital diabetes clinics in Leicester City, England (population 287,000), sought to establish whether or not Type 2 diabetes has a seasonal variation in incidence. The dates of diagnosis of 833 newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetic patients were recorded and total monthly incidence over the four year period calculated. Seasonal incidence was assessed by the Edward's test and the test for uniformity on a circle. No seasonal variation in the incidence of Type 2 diabetes was demonstrated, X2=4.32, p=0.11 and X2=3.32, p=0.19 respectively. These findings suggest that, unlike Type 1 diabetes, seasonality plays no significant role in the presentation of Type 2 diabetes. No increase in health care provision is required to cope with seasonal variation in Type 2, unlike that for Type 1 diabetes.
Intraperitoneal insulin pump therapy during pregnancy: Two cases
Authors: Jeandidier N , Boivin S , Treisser A , Pinget M 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTwo cases are reported where young women of child‐bearing age had insulin infusion pumps implanted in the abdomen to deliver insulin intra‐peritoneally, for differing reasons. Both subsequently became pregnant and were brought to successful delivery with the pumps in place.
Dramatic effect of solvent on the NMR spectral resolution of hyperbranched polyethers
Authors: Behera Girish Ch. , Ramakrishnan S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractNMR spectroscopy has served as a powerful tool to discriminate between the various types of subunits present in hyperbranched polymers. This discrimination is critical for the determination of degree of branching (DB), which is an important structural parameter that distinguishes hyperbranched structures from dendrimers. However, often times spectral signatures due to the various subunits, namely linear (L), dendritic (D) and terminal (T), are not well‐resolved. We demonstrate here that a dramatic enhancement in the peak resolution could be achieved in a series of hyperbranched polyethers, by recording the proton NMR spectra in an aromatic solvent, such as benzene, instead of the usual CDCl3. The assignment of the various peaks was confirmed by comparison of the longitudinal relaxation times (T1) of different protons belonging to the individual subunits. Interestingly, the chemical shift differences between the different types of subunits persist even when fairly long spacer segments separate the branch‐points in these hyperbranched polyethers. This permitted the determination of the DB of an entire series of hyperbranched polymers of varying branching densities without the need for comparison with model compounds. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 1474–1480, 2007
Education materials for universities and industry
Authors: Louvar Joseph , Hendershot Dennis 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe Safety and Chemical Engineering Education (SACHE) program is a cooperative effort between the Center for Chemical Process Safety members and engineering schools to provide education materials that bring elements of process safety into the education of students studying chemical engineering, mechanical engineering, and chemistry. Although these educational materials were originally developed for universities, they can also be used for engineers in industry.Effective education requires effective educational materials. The ultimate benefit of using effective educational materials is the elimination of accidents when handling hazardous materials, including chemicals and dusts. The targeted industries include chemical, pharmaceutical, biological, microchip, petroleum, etc. Additionally
These Internet accessible materials include the most important safety concepts and safety technology; and are in a format that is effective for teaching, because they are developed by industrial experts who understand the principles of process safety, and professors who understand the principles of developing educational materials. Some examples of available products include (a) dust explosion control, (b) design for overpressure and underpressure protection, (c) movies on safety in chemical process industries, (d) emergency relief system design for single and two‐phase flow, (e) chemical reactivity hazards, (f) mini case histories, and (g) inherently safer design. These materials are ready to use by educators in various computer formats, including PowerPoint presentations, Excel spreadsheets, and DVD movies. They can be downloaded and modified to fit the educator's style of teaching and to provide additional material to customize the content to better suit the audience.
The SACHE products are available, internationally, to any SACHE member. A university membership allows all departments in the university to access and use the products. A company membership allows any company facility (internationally) to access and use the products.
A very reasonable membership fee entitles members access to the specific year's products. Other years' products can be obtained for a membership fee for that year. The membership fee is a fraction of the value of the products. This article gives a complete list of available web‐based SACHE products, with some descriptions. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2007
The role of the plasma membrane atpase in bentazone–sethoxydim antagonism
Authors: Couderchet Michel , Retzlaff Günter 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis study was carried out to gain more information concerning the mechanism by which bentazone reduces the herbicidal activity of sethoxydim. The possible roles of ATP and of the plasma membrane ATPase activity in the mechanism of antagonism were investigated. The first part of the study investigated the effect of exogenous ATP on the uptake of [14C]sethoxydim by wheat leaf segments. Uptake increased with ATP concentration, the magnitude of the increase depending on the time of day when the incubations were started. In the second part of the study plasma membranes from wheat leaves were isolated using two immiscible polymers, polyethylene glygol and dextran, and the activities of their ATPases were measured by monitoring the amount of inorganic phosphate produced. ATPase activity was lower in the presence of 500 μM bentazone and the magnitude of the decrease increased with the concentration of bentazone. Bentazone derivatives that reduce the uptake of sethoxydim but have no effect on photosynthesis also reduced ATPase activity. A mechanism is proposed by which bentazone could alter the uptake of sethoxydim by decreasing the activity of plasma membrane ATPases.
Inhibition of the photochemical activity of the isolated photosystem ii reaction centre by 2‐cyanoacrylates
Authors: Bose Salil , Barber James 
Published: March 2007

AbstractCertain derivatives of the 2‐cyanoacrylates are potent inhibitors of photosystem II (PSII) mediated electron flow. These compounds block electron flow by binding to the D1 polypeptide as do many other types of photosystem II herbicides. In this paper we report the action of these species of 2‐cyanoacrylates on the photochemical activity of the isolated PSII reaction centre consisting of the D1 and D2 polypeptides but free of other chlorophyll‐binding proteins. The three species tested were 2‐ethoxyethyl 2‐cyano‐3‐(4‐chlorobenzylamino)‐3‐isopropylacrylate (cyanoacrylate 1), isopropyl 2‐cyano‐3‐(N‐methylanilino)acrylate (cyanoacrylate II) and methoxymethyl 2‐cyano‐3‐(4‐chlorobenzylthio)‐3‐mercapto‐acrylate sodium salt (cyanoacrylate III). Unlike the case with thylakoid membranes or PSII enriched membranes, cyanoacrylate III was a more potent inhibitor than cyanoacrylate I of the photoreduction of 2,6‐dichlorophenol indophenol (DCPIP) in the isolated PSII reaction centre. This cyanoacrylate was also more effective than diuron (DCMU) in blocking DCPIP reduction in the reaction centre complex. Moreover, unlike DCMU and cyanoacrylates I and II, cyanoacrylate III was more effective in inhibiting the quinone‐dependent photoreduction of cytochrome b559 in isolated PSII reaction centres. It is concluded that the hydrophilic nature of cyanoacrylate III gives it greater potency with the isolated reaction centre and that its site of action is likely to be closer to the histidine ligands involved in the binding of non‐haem iron rather than in the QB binding niche. (See footnote on page 331 for nomenclature of cyanoacrylates).
The biological control of Centaurea spp. In North America: Do insects solve the problem
Authors: Müller‐Schärer Heinz , Schroeder Dieter 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSpoiled and diffuse knapweed, Centaurea maculosa Lam. and C. diffusa Lam., both of European origin, are two of the most important rangeland weeds in North America. Surveys for potential biological control agents started in 1961, and agents were first introduced in 1970. So far, 11 phytophagous insect species of European origin have been released in North America. Despite legislation (restricted transport), large‐scale application of herbicides and reductions in seed production of up to 95% by the existing seed‐feeding biocontrol agents established, knapweed infestation has further increased during the last decade, covering nearly 2‐8 and 13 million ha for spotted and diffuse knapweed, respectively. In this paper, the biocontrol programme is reviewed critically and the present status analysed. To reach a break‐through in knapweed control, a cumulative stress approach is now envisaged, by extending the stress imposed by the biocontrol agents to increasing competition by the other vegetation through grazing regimes and reseeding programmes. Four steps to optimize the biocontrol effect and which lead to the integration of biocontrol into range management are described and suggestions, both scientific and political, are presented to render biological control more efficient and predictive.
Control of soil‐borne pathogens with living bacteria and fungi: Status and outlook
Authors: Becker J. Ole , Schwinn Franz J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis review addresses some of the current problems with soil‐borne pathogens and their economic importance in comparison to the total plant protection market‐ Possible opportunities for biological control solutions in view of the various constraints of western agricultural production are discussed. More specifically, we address the scientific, economic and conceptual hurdles which have slowed down the development of biocontrol agents. In addition, examples of biological control of soil‐borne pathogens which have already reached the market or are likely to be exploited commercially within the next few years are presented. Finally, we speculate on certain developments which might become important for the further commercial development of biological control products.
Modeling attainment of steady state of drug concentration in plasma by means of a Bayesian approach using MCMC methods
Authors: Jordan Paul , Brunschwig Hadassa , Luedin Eric 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe approach of Bayesian mixed effects modeling is an appropriate method for estimating both population‐specific as well as subject‐specific times to steady state. In addition to pure estimation, the approach allows to determine the time until a certain fraction of individuals of a population has reached steady state with a pre‐specified certainty. In this paper a mixed effects model for the parameters of a nonlinear pharmacokinetic model is used within a Bayesian framework. Model fitting by means of Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods as implemented in the Gibbs sampler as well as the extraction of estimates and probability statements of interest are described. Finally, the proposed approach is illustrated by application to trough data from a multiple dose clinical trial. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analgesic, antipyretic and Ulcerogenic properties of an indigenous formulation – Kalpaamruthaa
Authors: Mythilypriya Rajendran , Shanthi Palanivelu , Sachdanandam Panchanatham 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA modified indigenous Siddha formulation Kalpaamruthaa (KA), containing Semecarpus anacardium nut milk extract (SA), dried powder of Emblica officinalis (EO) fruit and honey was evaluated for its analgesic, antipyretic and Ulcerogenic properties. Both SA and KA, at a dose of 150 mg/kg b. wt were compared with the standard drug diclofenac sodium. KA exhibited an enhanced effect on all properties compared with that found with sole SA treatment, and is likely to be due to synergistic and additive interactions within the complex mixture of phytochemicals present in KA. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of the arginine‐specific butanedione/phenylboronic acid tag for analysis of peptides and protein digests using matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Leitner Alexander , Amon Sabine , Rizzi Andreas , Lindner Wolfgang 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe have applied an arginine‐specific labeling technique to the study of peptides by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI‐MS). The reaction converts the guanidine group of the arginine side chain by reacting it with 2,3‐butanedione and an arylboronic acid. Despite the general chemical lability of the tag under acidic conditions, it was possible to employ acidic matrices like α‐cyano‐4‐hydroxycinnamic acid without adverse effects, using the thin‐layer technique for preparation. After optimizing the method using arginine‐containing model peptides – for which sensitivity down to the low fmol range was demonstrated – the procedure was applied to enzymatic digests of several model proteins in solution and to protein spots in gels obtained by two‐dimensional electrophoretic separation of cell lysate samples. Information on the presence of arginine in peptides can be easily obtained from the mass spectra by the characteristic mass shift and the isotope pattern resulting from the incorporation of boron. This information might serve as a valuable additional search constraint for achieving a higher degree of confidence for protein identification by peptide mass fingerprinting. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A prototype biosensor‐integrated image‐guided surgery system
Authors: Reisner L. A. , King B. W. , Klein M. D. , Auner G. W. , Pandya A. K. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBackgroundIn this study we investigated the integration of a Raman spectroscopy‐based biosensor with an image‐guided surgery system. Such a system would provide a surgeon with both a diagnosis of the tissue being analysed (e.g. cancer) and localization information displayed within an imaging modality of choice. This type of mutual and registered information could lead to faster diagnoses and enable more accurate tissue resections.MethodsA test bed consisting of a portable Raman probe attached to a passively articulated mechanical arm was used to scan and classify objects within a phantom skull.ResultsThe prototype system was successfully able to track the Raman probe, classify objects within the phantom skull, and display the classifications on medical imaging data within a virtual reality environment.ConclusionWe discuss the implementation of the integrated system, its accuracy and improvements to the system that will enhance its usefulness and further the field of sensor‐based computer‐assisted surgery. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
History of offshoring knowledge services
Authors: Metters Richard , Verma Rohit 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe offshoring of knowledge services has become the stuff of newspaper headlines and U.S. presidential debates. Here, we view the antecedents of the current state of affairs. In the 1980s services offshoring was a trivial portion of the economy, but the seeds of today's situation were planted then. A combination of U.S. government neglect, foreign government activism, a culture change among business people concerning service processes, technological advances, and cultural relationships among countries have created the specific services offshoring configuration of today.
Outbreak with multi-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 linked to carpaccio, Denmark, 2005
Authors: ETHELBERG S. , SØRENSEN G. , KRISTENSEN B. , CHRISTENSEN K. , KRUSELL L. , HEMPEL-JØRGENSEN A. , PERGE A. , NIELSEN E. M. 
Published: March 2007

SUMMARYWe report an outbreak with Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 resistant to six different antibiotic classes. The outbreak occurred in Denmark in July/August 2005 and was traced to a single restaurant. In addition to patient interviews, an important tool in the investigation of this outbreak was comparison by multi-locus variable number of tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) typing of patient strains with strains from the food surveillance system. This showed that the source of the outbreak was imported beef served as carpaccio. Carpaccio, thinly sliced raw fillet of beef, has not previously been associated with outbreaks, but should be considered a high-risk food item. This outbreak was one of two in different European Union (EU) countries traced back to beef from one company in a third EU country. This underscores the importance of efficient international Salmonella surveillance and food-safety control systems enabling timely interventions within the EU.
Breast-feeding, dietary intakes and their associations with subclinical vitamin A deficiency in children in Anhui Province, China
Authors: Zhang Yewu , Tao Fangbiao , Yin Huiping , Zhu Xiaoming , Ji Guoping , Kong Shenghua , Song Qinhua , Chen Jianhua , Chu Chengzhi , Li Zhu 
Published: March 2007

AbstractObjectiveThis study aimed to explore the associations between breast-feeding, dietary intakes and other related factors and subclinical vitamin A deficiency (SVAD) in children aged 0–5 years in an area in China where mild vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is found.MethodsData were from a population-based cross-sectional study with 1052 children aged 0–5 years. SVAD cases were identified by the indicator of serum retinol ≤ 20 μg dl− 1. Breast-feeding status, dietary intakes and other factors were collected through a pre-designed questionnaire.ResultsThe prevalence of SVAD in children aged 0–5 years was 6.9%. Logistic regression analysis showed that the odds ratio of SVAD for breastfeeding was 3.56 (95% confidence limits (95% CL) 2.17–5.82). After adjustment for sex, age in categories, residence, mother's education, mother's occupation, vitamin A preparation supplements, rank in siblings and diarrhoea, the odds ratio for breast-feeding fell to 2.38 (95% CL 1.13–4.95). The odds ratios for breast-feeding within children aged 1 year were 5.46 (95% CL 2.07–15.03) and 4.6 (95% CL 1.72–12.82) before and after adjustment of other confounders, respectively. The odds ratios for breast-feeding did not show statistical significance within children aged 0 or 2 years. The odds ratios decreased, but remained statically significant after further adjustments for individual dietary factor or all dietary factors.ConclusionBreast-feeding was a risk factor of SVAD for children, especially for those aged 1 year. The differences in dietary intakes and other established risk factors could not fully explain the increased risk. This finding implies that prolonged breast-feeding alone may not ensure protection of children from VAD in an area with mild SVAD.
The importance of farmers' markets for West Virginia direct marketers
Authors: Brown Cheryl , Miller Stacy M. , Boone Deborah A. , Boone Harry N. , Gartin Stacy A. , McConnell Thomas R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn the winter of 2004–2005, over 300 of West Virginia's farmers' market vendors were surveyed with regard to sales levels, promotional techniques and operational characteristics such as hours worked, types of products produced and length of season. Vendors were categorized based on part-time, full-time or retired status, and full-time farmers, both with and without off-farm jobs, were found to be distinct from part-time and retired vendors with respect to 2004 total farmers' market sales and the percentage of household income from farmers' markets. Econometric analysis [ordinary least squares (OLS)] was performed to identify the impact of explanatory variables on total farmers' market sales, percentage of household income from farmers' market sales and amount of household income from farmers' market sales. Independent variables such as bargaining, cost-plus pricing, selling at markets outside West Virginia and providing print materials were found to have a positive impact on annual sales. The number of products produced, distance traveled to market and number of weeks at market were also positively related to the percentage of income obtained from farmers' market sales. Both part-time and retired producers received a lower percentage of household income from farmers' markets relative to full-time producers. Retired and part-time, along with limited-resource vendors (with annual household income less than $20,000) were also found to have lower total sales in the 2004 season. Identifying the characteristics associated with greater farmers' market sales and a higher reliance on such sales for household income will help in the sustained success of markets as engines of economic development and small farm viability.