bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimizing the Development Plan
Authors: Rowan Grenville 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
It is perhaps unfortunate that the word optimal is used so frequently in the industry with no indication of the sense in which it is to be understood. This can be particularly confusing in development programs when groups working on different parts of the program each consider their individual contributions to be in some way "optimal". The question that naturally arises is whether the overall plan is optimal.
From a restricted point of view the optimizing of a field development might be considered as a particular example of optimization theory, such as optimal control or mathematical programming. If, from the outset, an attempt is made to formulate it in such terms, as a well-defined problem for which solutions are readily available, it would both detract from our understanding of the problem and cast the solution in a misleading role.
Complex, real-world problems, such as field development, contain elements that are incapable of precise description and may even contain features that are contradictory. Such problems do not have the desirable properties and precise formulations that are necessary if the extensive literature on optimization is to be available for immediate application. In fact, for such problems, the literature is poorly provided with solutions. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the field development problem carefully to see how, and to what extent, quantitative solutions may be sought.
Clearly, we must address the problem of what is meant by "optimal" in the context of field development planning and show how it is related to the decision problems. Thus the relevance of objectives, criteria, constraints and information must be emphasised.
The type of decision dictates the information required and, therefore, to a great extent the type of model that may be used for evaluation.
Because field development planning Is essentially a dynamic problem, time is a prime factor. The prediction of behaviour, upon which decisions are based is a function of the state of knowledge of both the reservoir and the production mechanism and these in turn depend upon decisions made prior to the development decision and the time at which they were made.
In real development problems there will never be an adequate description of the system. Hence, all development decisions are decisions in the face of uncertainty. This may be recognized by the introduction of the concept of "fuzziness" which offers more realistic evaluation models.
Remote Connection of Pipelines and Pipeline Stabilization
Authors: Brown Robert Joseph 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
As oil and gas are found in deeper water and rougher areas, engineering innovation is beginning to play an important part in the production development. This lecture discusses the latest innovative techniques being applied for the connection of single and bundled pipelines to risers, manifolds and other pipelines. Because of the high cost of surface equipment and manned intervention, these new systems are involving remote, diverless techniques to execute the connection. The slides will demonstrate the latest in the state-of-the-art of protection of pipelines by plowing techniques. This will include a brief history of how plowing began and will show details of the first commercial post-trenching plow used by Esso Australia in the Bass Strait. The future conceptual developments of the plowing techniques will also be discussed. The methods by which the concepts are developed, engineered and simulated will be illustrated with a discussion of how the model is used to establish the problem areas, and contingency plans for their solution. This concept is derived from aerospace practice and is being applied to pipeline installation, connection and stabilization.
The Role of Numerical Simulation in Reservoir Management of a West Texas Carbonate Reservoir
Authors: Harpole Kenneth J. , Hearn Charles L. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
An effective reservoir management program is designed to optimize reservoir performance by assuring maximum economic return and recovery over the life of the reservoir. Such a program requires a continuing process of engineering and geologic study. Numerical reservoir simulation models provide a powerful tool for analyzing the production history of a reservoir and for predicting future performance under a variety of possible operating methods. Experience has shown that an accurate reservoir description is essential to the success of any numerical simulation study and to the development of an effective reservoir management plan1,2.
The mechanics of conducting a numerical simulation of reservoir performance are essentially the same for either a carbonate or sandstone reservoir. The most important difference in modeling these two general reservoir types involves the conceptual approach required to describe the lateral and vertical continuity of flow units within the reservoir. The continuity and internal characteristics of sandstones are controlled primarily by the original depositional system and environment, with usually only minor post-depositional changes. In carbonates, the distribution of porosity and permeability and the continuity of reservoir-quality units can be determined either by the original depositional environment, by post-depositional diagenetic changes, or, most commonly, by a combination of these factors.
Carbonate reservoir rock types are formed in a variety of depositional settings and show great diversity in size and form, ranging from reefs covering one or two square kilometers to extensive carbonate banks covering thousands of square kilometers3. The common characteristic of carbonate reservoirs is the extreme heterogeneity of porosity types and permeability distribution which results from the complex interaction of the physical, biological, and chemical processes that form these rocks. In addition, carbonate rocks are particularly susceptible to post-depositional diagenetic changes. Some of the more important diagenetic processes which act to alter the original rock texture in carbonates are dolomitization, recrystallization, cementation, and leaching or solution.
Waterflood Design (Pattern, Rate, and Timing)
Authors: Singh Surendra P. , Kiel O. Gerald 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Waterflooding is the oldest and by far the most important method used by the petroleum industry to increase recovery from both onshore and offshore reservoirs. Waterflood design is a complex problem that must ultimately be handled on an individual reservoir basis. This paper presents factors that should be considered in designing both onshore and offshore waterfloods.
The need for careful examination of the following factors is discussed: Reservoir geology and method of depositionPrimary production mechanisms and stage of depletionReservoir and fluid propertiesReservoir pressureWell spacing and possible waterflood patterns
After these factors are discussed, the effects that pattern selection, timing and injection/producing rates have on project economics are discussed. A special emphasis is placed on offshore waterflooding since it is now of significant concern.
Sand Control Design Criteria and Gravel Packing Concepts
Authors: Suman George O. , Snyder Robert E. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Inflow of formation sand with oil and gas is one of the oldest production problems, particularly in shallower, high porosity sands containing heavy crudes, but also in younger age sands deposited in coastal areas both onshore and offshore. Developments in viscous fluid use and full scale model studies have improved the efficiency of gravel packing greatly. However, the most effective methods available are careful attention to proper design and installation procedures.
This presentation defines sand control and discusses basic causes of sand inflow such as grain-to-grain stress loss, viscous fluid drag and water increase effects, and liner slot distortion by borehole instability effects. Methods of predicting sand problems by subsidence monitoring, core and log studies, rate sensitivity tests, and surface detection are noted. Basic design criteria including gravel and screen slot sizing, liner selection, fluid selection, perforation design and well preparation requirements are summarized.
The final discussion is an overview of recommended industry gravel packing procedures including objectives of inside casing and open hole gravel packs, perforation cleaning and prepacking concepts and precautions, applications of viscous and non-viscous fluids, and brief descriptions of reverse circulation, crossover and "one trip" tool use.
Production Logging
Authors: McKinley R. M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Production logging denotes that area of well logging concerned with two general goals: (1) problem well diagnosis, and (2) reservoir surveillance. The purpose of logging is to track fluid movement within or behind pipe or to monitor the movement of reservoir fluid contacts. The logs have been, traditionally, tools of the workover or subsurface engineer and the reservoir engineer. However, with the increasing hazards of drilling, the logs are becoming of vital importance to the drilling engineer. In many areas of the world, a suite of production logs are obtained before a particular well is even perforated for production. This is especially important for wells drilled within or near producing fields. Successful completions through strata with unequal pressures are difficult.
Because of the increasing importance of production logs, a survey of the subject is appropriate. In this paper, we review how the various logging tools work, what they measure, and how these measurements are related to flow. By example logs, we wish to illustrate three important points. First, production logs should be run in suites of complementing devices. Seldom does one log alone give satisfactory answers to a particular problem. Second, the subtle features, rather than the obvious anomalies, of a particular log often contain the desired information. Finally, production logging evolution has only recently turned in a direction of attempting to deal with multiphase flow of gases and liquids at low rates. As a result, the technology in this area is still insufficient.
Evaluation Of Hydraulic Fracturing By Transient Pressure Analysis Methods
Authors: Cinco Heber 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Production of either wells completed in low permeability reservoirs or damaged wells has been possible because of hydraulic fractaring. The estimation of both the geometric and flow characteristics of a fracture represent a useful information for the calibration of fracture design methods and permits fore casting well flow behavior.
Transient pressure well test analysis has been used with success to estimate well conditions and reservoirs parameters. Conventional methods of interpretation are based on radial flow theory. This is a limitation when applied to fractured wells because they exhibit other type of flow at different times in a test.
Several authors have presented different techniques to calculate both reservoir and fracture parameters. These methods include the linear flow graph (Δp vs t), the bilinear flow graph (Δp vs Lt), the semilog graph (Δp vs log t) and type curve matching. Among these techniques, the type curve method deserves special attention because it allows both the analysis of pressure data and the detection of different flow regimes.
Laboratory Evaluation of Stuck Pipe Spotting Fluid Effectiveness
Authors: Krol David Alan 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Laboratory evaluation of the effectiveness of spotting fluids in freeing differentially stuck pipe has been conducted in a specially designed simulator at temperatures ranging from 21.1°C (70°F) to 121.1°C (250°F). Conclusions are made from the data presented which establish the mechanism by which spotting fluids free stuck pipe. These results bear on the application of spotting fluids in field operations.
Comparison of Calculated and Measured Responses of a Dual-Detector Epithermal Neutron Porosity Device
Authors: Ellis D. V. , Ullo J. , Sherman H. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The development of an epithermal neutron porosity device has been greatly aided by model calculations to supplement laboratory measurements of environmental effects. Accurate computational models of this device have been developed using discrete ordinates and Monte Carlo techniques. The two techniques are quite different but complementary in their applicability to the situation under study.
The ability of the models to predict individual detector counting rates is demonstrated for the case of the basic porosity response. The validity of the models is further established by comparison with laboratory measurements of the experimental tool response to formation porosity, formation matrix, borehole size, tool stand-off, and temperature.
Operation and Development of a Well-Control Calculator Module
Authors: Zamora Mario 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A new firmware module has been developed for a popular series of handheld, programmable calculators. Use of the module can help to minimize the occurrence of kicks and blowouts, facilitate well-control training and certification, and assist well-planning activities.
The module can be used by all levels of drilling personnel in routine and critical situations. It is programmed to handle calculations for surface/subsea BOP stacks, land/offshore locations, gas/salt-water kicks and straight/directional wells. The engineering programmes can be run in standard oilfield or SI metric units.
The purpose of this paper is to describe both the operation and development of this module. Major emphasis is placed on the use of the module in well-control and drilling operations.
Drilling Fluids and Practices for Central North Sea Tertiary Shales
Authors: Minton R. C. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
An analysis is presented of drilling fluid costs and a detailed time analysis breakdown of seventy wells drilled over a period of 512 years, off the four platforms in British Petroleum's Forties Field. These wells, up to 67° average drift angle, have been drilled with a potassium cloride water based drilling fluid. The effect of changes in casing setting depth over this period is analysed and drilling practices are discussed.
Offshore Gas Conservation Utilising A Turbo-Expander Based Refrigeration Extraction Cycle
Authors: Ross I. , Robinson T. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Gas associated with the crude produced from Occidental's Piper field is conserved by drying it and condensing out the heavier components. This renders the gas with water and hydrocarbon dew points acceptable for transfer to St. Fergus via Total's Frigg field pipeline. A process which includes a turbo expander/compressor is used to extract the condensate which is spiked into the crude pipeline for eventual recovery as liquid product and fuel gas at Flotta. The turbo expander can extract 30 percent more condensate than a simple Joule-Thompson expansion. Gas transferred to St. Fergus is 80 percent methane with a nett calorific value of 1000 BTU/SCF and a water dew point of −20°F at 1700 psig.

OVERALL PIPER GAS SYSTEM (See Figure 1)
At a crude production rate of 200,000 B/D the gas evolved at initial separation totals 75 MMSCF/D. The gas oil separation takes place at 150 psig. For entry to the Frigg system the gas must be processed and compressed to 1700 psig. In future 2100 psig will be required when the Frigg pipeline pressure is increased.
The first stage of compression is provided by centrifugal machines which discharge the gas at 650 psig. Cooling of the gas in sea water exchangers provides some condensate at this point. The major part of the gas processing then takes place between the first and second stages of reciprocating compressors. After compression to 1600 psig in the first stage the gas is dehydrated and the heavier components are condensed out by auto refrigeration. Recompression to export pipeline pressure of 1700 psig takes place in the second stage of the reciprocating machines.
Laying a 17.2 km Pipeline Using The Dynamically Positioned Reel Ship "Apache"
Authors: Blacoe D. F. , Hagstrom G. H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
During the construction of the Ninian Field, Chevron Petroleum (UK)Ltd. was faced with developing a cost effective method for exporting surplus gas in order to satisfy the Department of Energy's increasing requirement to reduce offshore flaring. Agreement was finally reached to connect a spur line from Ninian Central Platform into a seabed tee piece which had previously been laid in the Western Leg of the Shell Expro FLAGS gas gathering and transmission system. This pipeline would also provide fuel gas to the Ninian Northern Platform. Figure 1. shows a schematic of the seabed system. A decision was reached in August 1979 to proceed with the installation of this pipeline during the 1980 construction season. Figure 2. shows the actual cost and schedule for this pipeline.
Marine Operations Handling Large Floating Structures
Authors: Gray Captain J. M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The development of Marine Operations over the past ten years or so has been spectacular and awe inspiring.
The Royal Sovereign Light Tower has been chosen as a start since many of the principles developed for this structure were carried through on subsequent gravity structures. It seems almost irrelevant to mention this structure in the same paper as the Ninian Central Platform, so great is the difference of scale, but among the marine operations for the light tower were an air cushion float out, offshore moorings and deck mating as well as seabed preparation. A great deal of experience was gained on this structure which was applied to later platforms.
The gravity structure development leapt forward with the Ekofisk Storage Tank. As a gravity structure and storage tank it was preceded by the Khasan Tanks at Dubai of completely different design and material. However, as a gravity structure capable of supporting a deck load it started a new trend. This was the first structure requiring a deep water towing route to open sea and the first large enough to stretch the capacity of the towing industry at that time. The tank is 99 metres diameter and towed at 66 metres draft.
A High Quality Water Base Fracturing Fluid
Authors: Dian Chen Li , Ying Chen Gui , Xia Zi Xiao 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A new type of fracturing fluid containing partially hydrolyzed methylene polyacrylamide crosslinked by multivalent metal ions is investigated as thickening agent and friction reducer, while persulfate, H2O2, perborate or hydrazine are used as breaking agent.
In comparison with conventional fracturing fluid, this fluid, possesses a number of advantages, such as no residue, better thickening ability, lower friction loss, better shear stability, good resistance to high salinity, better temperature-viscosity property etc. This fracturing fluid has been used successfully in hydrulic fracturing treatments in low permeabl formation and excellent results have been obtained in fracturing treatments for deep well (140°C) and injection well. In addition, this fracturing fluid can easily be prepared on-site and the operation is simple.
The Acid Fracturing of Carbonate Gas Reservoirs in Sichuan
Authors: Muyao Meng 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The discovered sinian-Jurassic producing formations in Sichuan basin are essentially fractured carbonate resevoirs. Based on the geological Characteristics of the resevoirs, this paper presents briefly the mechanism of acid fracturing, the Condition of progress in the research on acid fracturing fluids, the field operation conditions of matrix acidizing and acid fracturing respectively, the influence of formation selection and accumulation conditions on the results of acidization. The paper shows that the acid fracturing method is an effective stimulation measure for the carbonate strata in Sichuan.
The acid fracturing procedure exhibits poor effect on the low-permeable area. many technical problems remain to be solved. The technical experiments being made on the scene, such as padfluid acid fracturing and acid fracturing with refarded fluids would open up a new way for the modification of low-permeable area.
In-Situ Combustion Test on Outcrops in Kramai Oil Field
Authors: Shun-zong Lang 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The purpose of this in-situ comeustion test is to perform such a test on outcrops of a heterogeneous reservoir, so that characteristics of the reservoir rocks after combustion, oil displacement efficiency, flow of oil., gas and water within this reservoir were inspected directly by cutting out a section profile in a test pit.
Reservoir geology, petrophysical properties of the reservoir rock, fluid properties, are described in this paper, A. brief description of the test procedure, including the well pattern, the test pit, operations in different stage in this test, and inspection made through the test pit and cores \ill\ ken from the reservoir ete. is given, and a general discussion of the results obtained is presented.
Daqing Crude Oil Dehydration
Authors: Jiachao Feng , Xiqing Zhou , Qingkui He , Renpu Wang 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Due to the process of water injection applied in Daqing Oil Field development the water content in the wet oil increases gradually year by year. It is considered an important technical subject to dehydrate the wet crude so as to achieve the oil quality required for outward transport and refining.
Daqing crude oil is paraffin-based, with wax content of 28.7%, pour point of 26°C, viscosity of 23.79C. P at 50°C and specific gravity of 0.86, and also contains natural emulsifiers such as gels, asphaltines and naphthenic acids, etc. With these properties, a more stable water-in-oil emulsion has been formed during the crude exploition, thus caussing certain difficulties in the crude dehydration.
This paper, based on the practice in Daqing crude oil dehydration, mainly deals with the process of thermo-chemical and D.C electro-chemical dehydration, on the following subjects, such as the optimum selection and application of demulsifiers, the technology of determining electrode space of each individual layer in the electric dehydratύr, automatic control of electric field and requlation for oil-water interface etc. After dehydration by D.C electro-chemical process, the crude contains less than 0.3% of water, and oil content in the effluent water is controlled to below 0.3%, completely satisfying the requirement specified for the crude oil export abroad and refining in the country.
The Unsteady Radial Flow of Compressible Liquids Through a Medium With Multiple Porosity
Authors: Cigun Liu 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper studies the unsteady radial flow of slightly compressible liquids through a medium with multiple- porosity. In the first part of this paper, the exact solution of differential equations of unsteady radial flow through a medium with triple-porosity are obtained by using the method of integral transforms. This solution not only reveals the essential characters of the unsteady flow of oil through finite fractured reservoirs, but also comprises the primary results published /ill/
In the second part a systematic study on the unsteady radial flow of slightly compressible liquids through a medium with multiple- porosity by using the method of numerical simulation is made on the CJ-709 computer. It may reveal the behaviors of unsteady flow through fractured reservoir by calculating dimensionless pressure drop and flow rate vs dimensionless time in the case of constant production rnte at the well-bore and no flow at the outer boundary for different geological parameters.