Abstract 2781: GBM cells mimic regulatory T cell function to protect the CSC pool from immune surveillance in recurrent GBM
Authors: Lopez-Bertoni Hernando , Sall Sophie , Khela Harmon , Korleski Jack , Luly Katherine , Johnson Maya , Lal Bachchu , Johnson Amanda , Tzeng Stephany , Green Jordan , Laterra John 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most lethal and aggressive form of brain cancer, with incredibly high recurrence rates and virtually no long-term survival. Despite our growing understanding of GBM at the molecular level, we still don’t fully comprehend the molecular mechanisms driving recurrence in GBM. Current knowledge indicates that Glioma Stem Cells (GSCs) drive a resistant cell phenotype in GBM. Understanding the molecular events coordinated by GSCs leading to therapy-resistance can provide key advancements on how we treat recurrent GBM (rGBM). Mechanisms of GSC immune escape are considered fundamental to clinical GBM growth and recurrence. The cross talk between cancer cells and the immune system is now classified as a hallmark of cancer. The current dogma is that cancer cells, including GSCs, influence recruitment of immune-suppressive cell subsets to tumor tissue, however how subsets of GSCs mimic this immune-suppressive effect within the tumor microenvironment remains to be elucidated. Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of GBM neurospheres revealed a previously unrecognized Oct4/Sox2high/FOXP3− cell subpopulation with high expression of TGFβ1, CD39, CD73, PD-L1, and Galectin-1, a gene expression fingerprint typically associated with regulatory T cell (Tregs) and their immune suppressive functions within the tumor microenvironment. Bioinformatics analysis of public databases shows that the above-mentioned genes are enriched in the mesenchymal GBM subtype and highly correlated with TGFβ type II receptor (TGFBR2) expression in clinical GBM. Mechanistically, we show that blocking TGFBR2 or XBP1 signaling, key intermediary of this process, counteracts the immune-suppressive phenotype of rGBM cells by restoring CD4 and CD8 tumor killing capacity and reversing exhaustion in co-culture experiments. siRNA-mediated knock-down of TGFBR2 in rGBM cells also decreased CD206 expression and reduced release of anti-inflammatory chemokines in THP1 cells. By combining miRNA-based network analysis and advanced nanoparticle formulation for miRNA delivery we show that miR-16/124-3p effectively target all nodes of this immunosuppressive axis successfully blocking the immunosuppressive nature of rGBM cells. This research provides the first description of such neoplastic cells in any malignancy and has high potential translational impact since targeting these tumor cell subsets and their immunosuppressive mechanisms may be critical to the successful development of GBM immunotherapies.
Citation Format: Hernando Lopez-Bertoni, Sophie Sall, Harmon Khela, Jack Korleski, Katherine Luly, Maya Johnson, Bachchu Lal, Amanda Johnson, Stephany Tzeng, Jordan Green, John Laterra. GBM cells mimic regulatory T cell function to protect the CSC pool from immune surveillance in recurrent GBM [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 2781.