bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thioalkylation of Enolates, III. Stereoselective Synthesis of Steroids and Related Compounds, II α‐Thioalkylation of Zinc Dienolates to 4‐Substituted 1‐tert‐Butoxy‐7a‐methyl‐hexahydroinden‐5‐ones
Authors: Groth Ulrich , Köhler Thomas , Taapken Thomas 
Published: July 2007

Abstractα‐Alkylation of the α,β‐unsaturated ketone 1 at C‐4 has been achieved by thioalkylation of the corresponding zinc dienolate with α‐chlorosulfides of type 2. The desulfurization of the β‐(phenylthio) ketones 4 leads directly to the 4‐substituted hexahydroinden‐5‐ones 5. magnified image
Synthesis of Quaternary Indoxyl Derivatives by Intramolecular Cyclization of Some Substituted Acetophenones
Authors: Ruiz José R. , Arán Vicente J. , Asensio Juan L. , Flores María , Stud Manfred 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe intramolecular cyclization of N,N‐disubstituted 2′‐halogenophenacylamine hydrobromides 1a–h to 1,1‐disubstituted 3‐oxoindolinium bromides 3a–f has been studied. Some 3‐oxoindolinium salts have also been prepared according to a different pattern by intramolecular cyclization of the phenacyl halides resulting from the bromination of 2′‐(dialkylamino)acetophenones 4 or from the treatment of 2′‐(dialkylamino)‐2‐diazoacetophenones 6a, b with hydrogen halides. Removal of hydrogen halide in salts 3a–g gives indolylio oxides 2a–g; these compounds have been shown to be unstable and decompose easily giving in general complex mixtures; only in the case of tetrahydroisoquinoline‐derived ylides 2e, g we have observed clear‐cut reactions leading, via a Stevens rearrangement followed by oxidation, to the 6,7‐dihydro‐13H‐indolo[2,1‐b][3]benzazepin‐13‐ones 8a, b. magnified image
Dioxirane Oxidation of Furocoumarins and Naphthofurans Preparation of the Psoralen Epoxides
Authors: Adam Waldemar , Sauter Markus 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMethyl(trifluoromethyl)dioxirane oxidation of natural psoralen (1a) and 8‐methoxypsoralen (8‐MOP, 1b) and dimethyldioxirane oxidation of some related 2,3‐substituted furocoumarins 1c–e at subambient temperature afforded the corresponding labile epoxides 2a–e. The reaction of acetylated 2,3‐dimethylnaphthofurans 1f,g with dimethyldioxirane afforded the corresponding quinone methides 3f, g, derived from the valence‐isomeric epoxides 2f,g. Cycloaddition of ethyl vinyl ether to the quinone methides 3b, c led to the benzopyrans 5b, c. In methanol at −50°C, the 8‐MOP epoxide (2a) was converted by nucleophilic attack into the corresponding adduct 4b. The latter result demonstrates that the psoralen epoxides may serve as powerful alkylating agents and provides a possible chemical basis for their observed genotoxicity due to adduct formation by nucleophilic attack of DNA. magnified image
Pheromone Synthesis, CLXIII. Synthesis of (9Z,25S,26R,43Z)‐25,26‐Epoxy‐9,43‐henpentacontadiene and Its Antipode, Components of the Nymph Recognition Pheromone Produced by Nymphs of the Cockroach Nauphoeta cinerea
Authors: Mori Kenji , Argade Narshinha P. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract(9Z,25S,26R,43Z)‐25,26‐Epoxy‐9,43‐henpentacontadiene (1) and its antipode, the nymph recognition pheromone of Nauphoeta cinerea, were synthesized by extending the carbon chain of (2S,3R)‐4‐Acetoxy‐2,3‐epoxy‐1‐butanol (25). The Grignard coupling was the key reaction. magnified image
Total Synthesis of Myxovirescins, 2 Assembly of the “Northwestern” Part [C(15)–C(28)]
Authors: Sefkow Michael , Neidlein Axel , Sommerfeld Thimo , Sternfeld Francine , Maestro Miguel A. , Seebach Dieter 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe part of the target molecules myxovirescins A and M containing the atoms C(15)–C(28) is described in this paper (for retrosynthetic analysis see Scheme 1). There are three stereogenic centers which are incorporated by using (S)‐2‐hydroxymethyl‐butanoic acid and the appropriate enantiopure diastereoisomeric 2,4‐dimethyl‐glutaric acids as building blocks (Schemes 2–4). These are joined by the achiral unit 4‐oxo‐hex‐5‐enoic acid. The key steps of the assembly are a cuprate Michael addition (Scheme 5) and a nucleophilic addition of a Li derivative to an aldehyde (Scheme 6). In both cases the organometallic reagents are generated by I/Li exchange using two equiv. of tBuLi. The chiral building blocks are prepared by yeast reduction of ethyl 2‐formyl‐butanoate and by resolution of the 2,4‐dimethyl‐pentanedioic acid monomethyl ester with phenethylamine; both enantiomers derived from the meso‐2, 4‐dimethyl‐glutaric acid are converted to the same aldehyde (5a; “meso‐trick”, Schemes 3 and 4). The “northwestern” parts for the final synthesis are actually hydroxy sulfones (2 in Scheme 6), the termini of which are ready for Julia coupling and oxidation to a carboxylic acid group. The preparation of the intermediates on gram scales is described and all new compounds are fully characterized by their physical properties, by spectroscopy (IR, 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR spectra) and by elemental analysis. magnified image
Iminophosphorane‐Mediated Synthesis of Fused Perimidines: Preparation of Quinazolino[3,4‐a]perimidine Derivatives
Authors: Molina Pedro , Alías Asunción , Balado Ana , Arques Antonio 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAn aza‐Wittig‐type reaction of iminophosphoranes 2 and 3, derived from 2‐(2‐azidophenyl)‐1,2‐dihydroperimidine and 2‐(2‐azidophenyl)perimidine, respectively, with isocyanates, carbon dioxide, carbon disulfide and acyl chlorides provides 6‐substituted quinazolino[3,4‐α]perimidines 4–10. magnified image
D‐Erythronolactone and 2,3‐O‐Isopropylidene‐L‐erythrose as C4 Building Units: An Efficient Synthesis of both Enantiomers of endo‐Brevicomin and its 7‐Vinyl Analogues
Authors: Gypser Andreas , Flasche Michael , Scharf Hans‐Dieter 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBoth enantiomers of endo‐brevicomin (+)‐ and (−)‐3a were synthesized from D‐erythronolactone (1) and 2,3‐O‐isopropylidene‐L‐erythrose (2), respectively. In the course of the synthesis also the 7‐vinyl analogues (+)‐ and (−)‐3b of endo‐brevicomin are available. The key step of the synthesis is the diastereoselective acetalization of the diols 1 and 10 with 4‐(phenylsulfonyl)‐2‐butanone (4) and boron trifluoride‐diethyl ether complex as a catalyst. The described procedure yields the key compounds 5a and ent‐7b in good yields and with high diastereomeric purity. magnified image
Cyclische Guanidinium‐Ionen als Glycosylkation‐Analoga sind kompetitive und nichtkompetitive Inhibitoren für Glycosidhydrolasen
Authors: Lehmann Jochen , Rob Beatrice 
Published: July 2007

Cyclic Guanidinium Ions as Analogues of Glycosyl Cations are Competitive and Noncompetitive Inhibitors of Glycoside HydrolasesFour cyclic guanidinium compounds 8–11 were synthesised and found to be competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors of β‐D‐galactosidase (E. coli), α‐D‐glucosidase (yeast) and β‐D‐glucosidase (emulsin). The compounds were ineffective against α‐D‐mannosidase from jack beans. For the effect of compounds 8–11, resembling hypothetical glucosyl and galactosyl cations, a flattened conformation as well as a permanent positive charge is made responsible. magnified image
Synthesis and Antifungal Activity of 3‐Deoxy‐DL‐prumycin Analogues
Authors: Constantinou‐Kokotou Violetta , Kokotos George , Chrysayi‐Tokousbalides Maria , Couladouros Elias A. , Georgiadis Minas P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA number of 3‐deoxy‐DL‐prumycin analogues containing one or more amino acid moieties were synthesized. Key intermediate 2 afforded ester analogues by coupling with H‐D‐ or L‐Ala‐OH, while intermediates 6 and 9 afforded amide analogues by coupling with H‐D‐Ala‐D‐Ala‐OH, H‐D‐Ala‐OH, 2‐amino‐4,4‐dichlorobutanoic acid and acetic acid. The antifungal activity of the analogues against various phytopathogenic fungi was measured. magnified image
1,3,5‐Triphenyl‐5‐(4‐phenyl‐2‐piperidinothiazol‐5‐yl)penta‐2,4‐dien‐1‐on. – Ein Beispiel für die Fixierung von N‐Invertomeren durch unterschiedliche Kristallstrukturen
Authors: Zimmermann Thomas , Teller Joachim , Kopf Jürgen , Abeln Dirk 
Published: July 2007

1,3,5‐Triphenyl‐5‐(4‐phenyl‐2‐piperidinothiazol‐5‐yl)penta‐2, 4‐dien‐1‐one. – An Example of the Fixation of N‐Invertomers by Different Crystal StructuresFrom an ethanol/acetone solution of 1,3,5‐triphenyl‐5‐(4‐phenyl‐2‐piperidinothiazol‐5‐yl)penta‐2,4‐dien‐1‐one 3 (Ar = Ar′ = Ar″ = Ph, NR2 = piperidino) yellow‐orange and red crystals are obtained simultaneously. X‐ray structure determinations show that the N‐invertomers of the dienone, easily convertible in solution, are fixed in the solid state by different crystal structures. magnified image
A Porphyrinogen Bridged with and a Porphyrin Substituted by 1,8‐Diethynylanthracene
Authors: Marx Thomas , Breitmaier Eberhard 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTreatment of 1,8‐diethynylanthracene with n‐butyllithium and N‐formylpiperidine at −5°C gives a mixture of the monoaldehyde 4 and the dialdehyde 2. Further reaction of these aldehydes with the 2,2′‐dipyrrylmethane 1 affords the bridged porphyrinogen 3 and the meso‐substituted porphyrin 5, respectively. magnified image
Chemie von Aziridincarbonsäuren, IV. Enantioselektive Hydratisierung von Aziridin‐2‐carbonitril
Authors: Jähnisch Klaus , Gründemann Egon , Kunath Annamarie , Ramm Matthias 
Published: July 2007

Chemistry of Aziridinecarboxylic Acids, IV. – Enantioselective Hydration of Aziridine‐2‐carbonitrileAziridine‐2‐carbonitrile rac‐1 was hydrated enantioselectively in aqueous medium by using (2R,3R,5R)‐(−)‐5‐(1‐hydroxy‐1‐methylethyl)‐2‐methyl‐3‐oxocyclohexanecarbonitrile (2) as chiral catalyst. The ee value of the unreacted (S)‐(−)‐aziridine‐2‐carbonitrile 1 depends on the conversion and reaches ≥99%.
Thioalkylation of Enolates, IV. α‐Alkylidenecyclopentanones by α‐Alkylidation of Methyl 2‐Oxocyclopentanecarboxylate
Authors: Arnecke Ralf , Groth Ulrich , Köhler Thomas 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAn α‐alkylidation of cyclopentanone was achieved in two reaction steps in an overall yield of 20 to 79% via a zinc chloride‐catalyzed thioalkylation of the zinc enolate of methyl 2‐oxocyclopentanecarboxylate (3) and subsequent saponification/desulfurization of the β‐(phenylthio) ketone intermediates 5. For the saponification/desulfurization step DABCO proved to be the reagent of choice and superior to the use of alkali or magnesium halides.
Stereoselective Cyclization of 4‐Substituted 5‐Hexen‐1‐ols and Related Compounds by Benzeneselenenyl Triflate
Authors: Inoue Hirohumi , Murata Shizuaki , Suzuki Toshiyasu 
Published: July 2007

AbstractOxyselenylation of 4‐substituted 5‐hexen‐1‐ols 1 with benzeneselenenyl trifluoromethanesulfonate proceeds by intramolecular exo cyclization stereoselectively to give 3‐substituted trans‐ or cis‐2‐(phenylselenenylmethyl)tetrahydropyrans 3. Formation of the trans isomers is favored when the substituents contain alkyl or phenyl substituents in the 4‐position, whereas the cis isomers predominate when the substituents are alkoxyalkyl, alkoxyl, acyl, and hydroxyl. The mechanism of the trans and cis stereoselectivity is explained by steric and electronic effects in the phenylseleniranium intermediates, 7 and 8.
Structure‐Odor Correlation, XX. Synthesis and Olfactory Properties of the “Irone‐Type Homolog” of Megastigmatrien‐3‐one
Authors: Weyerstahl Peter , Licha Kai , Marschall Helga 
Published: July 2007

Abstractrac‐2‐Methylmegastigma‐4,6,8‐trien‐3‐one (11), the ironetype homolog of the important aroma component megastigmatrien‐3‐one (1), was synthesized starting from 4‐oxoisophorone (2) via 2‐methyl‐4‐oxoisophorone (7) and the ynediol 10 and additionally by methylation of 1. The odor of 11 (tobacco‐like, woody, leathery, plum‐like) is not very different from that of 1.
Synthesis of Fluorinated (±)‐Phoracantholide and Related Compounds: Regioselective Access to a Novel Class of Monofluorinated Fatty Acid Derivatives
Authors: Sattler Andreas , Haufe Günter 
Published: July 2007

Abstract10‐Fluorodecan‐9‐olide (1a), a monofluorinated analogue of (±)‐phoracantholide, is synthesised in 20% overall yield by a five‐step sequence starting with 9‐decenoic acid (3a). 10‐Undecenoic acid (3b) is transformed in 28% overall yield into the next higher homologue, 11‐fluoroundecan‐10‐olide (1b). Their regioisomers, 9‐fluorodecan‐10‐olide (2a) and 10‐fluoroundecan‐11‐olide (2b), are obtained analogously in 20% or 29% yield. Key step of these syntheses is the regioselective opening of the epoxides of unsaturated fatty acid esters 5a and 5b.
Sterically Congested Molecules, 13. Note on the Substituent Effect of the Orthogonally Fixed Imino Function Connected by its Nitrogen Atom
Authors: Knorr Rudolf , Ferchland Kathrin 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDetermination of the pKa′ value for the carboxylic function of 3,5‐dimethyl‐4‐[(2,2,5,5‐tetramethylcyclopentylidene)amino]‐benzoic acid (2) in aqueous alcohols leads to the Hammett substituent parameter σp = +0.07 (±0.07) for the imino group whose π‐electron system is orthogonal to that of the mediating aromatic ring.
Glycosides of Heterocycles: A Direct Route to 1‐(β‐D‐Glycopyranosyl)pyridinethione Nucleosides
Authors: Elgemeie Galal E. H. , Attia Adel M. E. , Fathy Nahed M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA novel synthesis of 1‐(β‐D‐glycopyranosyl)pyridinethione nucleosides 6 utilizing pyridine‐2(1H)‐thiones 3 and α‐halogeno sugars 4 as starting components is reported.
Reactions with and in Anydrous Hydrogen Fluoride, 13. A Convenient One‐Pot Synthesis of Glucofurano[2,1‐d]oxazolines with an Additional 3,5,6‐Orthoester Function
Authors: Miethchen Ralf , Klein Holger , Pedersen Christian 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe reactions of dioxolanylium and oxazolinium ions, formed in anhydrous HF from N‐acylated 2‐amino‐2‐deoxy‐D‐glucoses and one equivalent of carboxylic acid anhydride or chloride, were investigated by treatment of their HF solutions with triethylamine/alkane or triethylamine/ether systems. Thus, the 2‐acylamido‐2‐deoxy‐D‐glucoses 1 and 2 react with acetic anhydride, dodecanoic anhydride or pivaloyl chloride in anhydrous HF at −30°C to give 5,6‐dioxolanylium ions. On treatment with formic acid at room temperature they undergo further reaction to yield the thermodynamically favored 3,6‐anhydro derivatives. The glucofurano‐oxazolines 3–5, containing an orthoester substructure, as well as the 3,6‐anhydro‐D‐glucofuranose derivatives 6 and 7 can be isolated after treatment of the HF solutions with triethylamine. The oxazoline derivative 4 was used as glycosyl donor for methanol giving the methyl glycoside 8 without cleavage of the orthoester moiety.
Pheromone Synthesis, CLXV. A New Synthesis of (3S,7R,8E,10E)‐3,7,9‐Trimethyl‐8,10‐dodecadien‐6‐one, the Major Component of the Sex Pheromone of the Maritime Pine Scale
Authors: Mori Kenji , Furuuchi Takeshi , Kiyota Hiromasa 
Published: July 2007

Abstract(3S,7R,8E,10E)‐3,7,9‐Trimethyl‐8,10‐dodecadien‐6‐one (1), the major component of the female‐produced sex pheromone of the maritime pine scale (Matsucoccus feytaudi), was synthesized by starting from epoxide 2, which was obtained from meso‐epoxy diacetate (F) by employing enzyme‐catalyzed asymmetric hydrolysis as the key step.
Reaktionen von 1,3‐Dipolen mit Heterocyclen, 9. Umsetzungen von Nitriliminen mit Pyrazinen, Pyrimidinen und 1H‐Pyrimidinthionen
Authors: Grubert Lutz , Pätzel Michael , Jugelt Werner , Riemer Beate , Liebscher Jürgen 
Published: July 2007

Reactions of 1,3‐Dipoles with Heterocycles, 9. – Reactions of Nitrilimines with Pyrazines, Pyrimidines and 1H‐PyrimidinethionesAnalogous to the synthesis of 1,3‐diaryl‐1,8a‐dihydro‐1,2,4‐triazolo[4,3‐a]pyridines by 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of diarylnitrilimines with pyridines, the C=N bonds of pyrazine and pyrimidine regio‐ and stereoselectively react as heterodipolarophiles with nitrilimines 2, generated in situ by dehydrohalogenation of corresponding hydrazonoyl chlorides 1. Whereas in the reaction with pyrazine the biscycloadducts 1,10,10a,10b‐tetrahydrodi[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3‐a:3′,4′‐c] pyrazines 4 were obtained, the interaction of 2 with pyrimidines gave rise to stable monocycloadducts 5, 6 and 7 (1,8a‐dihydro‐1,2,4‐triazolo[4,3‐a]pyrimidines). Furthermore a study of the cycloaddition behaviour of a series of pyrimidine‐2(1H)‐thiones and ‐4(1H)‐thiones with nitrilimines has been carried out. From the different kinds of potentially reactive sites under normal reaction conditions exclusively the semicyclic C=S bond of pyrimidinethiones shows a cycloaddition reaction to give the corresponding spiro[pyrimidine‐4(1H),2′(3′H)‐[1,3,4]thiadiazoles] 8 and 9. Using a large excess of nitrilimine in the cycloaddition with pyrimidine‐2(1H)‐thiones 2:1‐cycloadducts 10 were formed.
Enzymes in organic synthesis, 21. Lipase‐catalyzed conversion of (±)‐2‐methylglutaric anhydride into (S)‐2‐methyl‐ and (R)‐4‐methyl‐δ‐valerolactone via a regio‐ and enantioselective sequential esterification
Authors: Ozegowski Rüdiger , Kunath Annamarie , Schick Hans 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe enzyme‐catalyzed sequential esterification of (±)‐2‐methylpentanedioic anhydride (rac‐1) with 2‐methylpropanol in diethyl ether afforded a 1:1 mixture of 1‐(2‐methylpropyl) 5‐hydrogen (S)‐4‐methylpentanedioate (ent‐2) with an enantiomeric excess of 88% and 1‐(2‐methylpropyl) 5‐hydrogen (R)‐2‐methylpentanedioate (3) with an e.e. of 99% besides a considerable amount of the diester ent‐4. Exploiting the ability of the enzymes Novozym and SP 382 to differentiate between the two enantiomers and to catalyze the alcoholysis of both enantiomers with opposite regioselectivity, we reduced the resolution of rac‐1 to a simple chromatographic separation of enantiomerically enriched regioisomeric monoesters. The high optical purity of monoester 3 could be achieved due to the fast conversion of its enantiomer into the diester ent‐4. Via reduction with lithium borohydride the monoesters ent‐2 and 3 were converted into the corresponding δ‐valerolactones ent‐5 and 6.
Selektive Acylierungen von 3(5)‐Alkyl‐5(3)‐amino‐1H‐pyrazolen und eine neue Pyrazolo[5,1‐c]‐1,2,4‐triazol‐Synthese
Authors: Kirschke Klaus , Wolff Erich , Ramm Matthias , Lutze Gerhard , Schulz Burkhard 
Published: July 2007

Selective Acylations of 3(5)‐Alkyl‐5(3)‐amino‐1H‐pyrazoles and a New Pyrazolo[5,1‐c]‐1,2,4‐triazole Synthesis(Z)‐5‐Amino‐1‐[1‐(hydroximino)alkyl]‐1H‐pyrazoles 3 have been synthesized by acylation of 3(5)‐alkyl‐5(3)‐amino‐1H‐pyrazoles 1 with nitrile oxides. The tosylation of the hydroxyimino group of 3 to (Z)‐5‐amino‐1‐[1‐(p‐tosyloximino)alkyl]‐1H‐pyrazoles 4 and the subsequent acetylation of the 5‐amino group give (E)‐ and (Z)‐5‐acetamido‐1‐[1‐(p‐tosyloximino)alkyl]‐1H‐pyrazoles 5, which undergo cyclization under basic conditions to pyrazolo[5,1‐c]‐1,2,4‐triazoles 6, 7 or 8.
Supramolekulare Phosphoryl‐Übertragungsreaktionen, vermittelt durch Amidinium‐Phosphat‐Ionenpaarkomplexe
Authors: Müller Gilbert , Dürner Gerd , Bats Jan W. , Göbel Michael W. 
Published: July 2007

Supramolecular Phosphoryl Transfer Reactions Mediated by Amidinium Phosphate Ion‐Pair ComplexesIn order to build up simplified synthetic models of staphylococcal nuclease two derivatives of 8‐phenylnaphthalene‐1‐carboxamidine equipped with nucleophilic side chains have been prepared (1,2). After protonation these amidinium alcohols bind phosphodiester anions via hydrogen bonds and react within the ion‐pair complexes to give zwitterionic products 27 and 28. The rate accelerations (DMF, 30°C) compared to the phosphorylation of noncharged alcohols are 2700‐fold (2) and 930‐fold (1).
Total Synthesis of Angucyclines, 4. Synthesis of rac‐Tetrangomycin
Authors: Krohn Karsten , Khanbabaee Karamali 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe synthesis of racemic tetrangomycin (11) is reported. In the key step the hexahydrobenz[α]anthraquinone 8 is generated in a regioselective Diels‐Alder reaction of diene 5 with bromonaphthoquinone 7. The conversion of 8 into 11 involves only three operations: treatment with diethyl ether–boron trifluoride, hydrogen peroxide and photooxygenation.
Pheromone Synthesis, CLXVII. Synthesis of All of the Eight Stereoisomers of Methyl 2,6,10‐Trimethyltridecanoate, the Male‐Produced Pheromone of the Stink Bugs, Euschistus heros and E. obscurus
Authors: Mori Kenji , Murata Noriaki 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAll of the eight possible stereoisomers of methyl 2,6,10‐trimethyltridecanoate (1), the male‐produced attractant pheromone of the South American soybean pest, Euschistus heros, and that of E. obscurus, are synthesized by starting from the enantiomers of citronellol (2) and methyl 3‐hydroxy‐2‐methylpropanoate (9).
Longiside, a Novel Digalactosylceramide from the Caribbean Sponge Agelas longissima
Authors: Cafieri Francesco , Fattorusso Ernesto , Mahajnah Yosef , Mangoni Alfonso 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe Caribbean sponge Agelas longissima produces large amounts of (2S,3S,4R)‐O‐(β‐D‐galactofuranosyl)‐(1→4)‐(α‐D‐galactopyranosyl)‐(1→1)‐[(R)‐2‐hydroxytetracosylamido]‐1,3,4‐hexadecanetriol (longiside, 1), a glycosphingolipid with an unprecedented carbohydrate moiety containing a galactose unit in the unusual β‐furanose form. The structure of longiside was determined by spectroscopic analysis and chemical degradation.
Supramolekulare Phosphorylierung kationischer Alkohole mit 3‐Arylindol‐4‐carboxamidin‐Struktur
Authors: Reckenbeil Dieter , Bats Jan W. , Dürner Gerd , Göbel Michael W. 
Published: July 2007

Supramolecular Phosphorylation of Cationic Alcohols with a 3‐Arylindole‐4‐carboxamidine FrameworkRecently we reported on the synthesis of 8‐phenylnaphthalene‐1‐carboxamidines equipped with nucleophilic side chains (1, 2). In the protonated state these compounds were able to coordinate phosphoric acid diesters as ion‐pair complexes and to react with them in a quasi‐intramolecular way. In comparison with noncharged alcohols high‐rate enhancements of phosphorylation could be achieved. Now we describe the synthesis of analogous amidinium alcohols constructed from a 3,4‐disubstituted indole framework. Due to the five‐membered ring of the indole the angle between the substituents of 4 and 5 is extended compared to the naphthalene derivatives 1 and 2. As a result from this structural change a slight increase of the phosphorylation rate of 4 is observed.
A modelling investigation into the economic and environmental values of ‘perfect’ climate forecasts for wheat production under contrasting rainfall conditions
Authors: Yu Qiang , Wang Enli , Smith Chris J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWith increased investment in improving climate forecasting techniques, it is essential to find ways of quantifying the maximum benefit of climate forecasts for a given industry. This paper describes an approach to quantify the value of ‘perfect’ climate forecasts to direct nitrogen management in a wheat‐cropping system at two Australian locations with contrasting annual rainfall. For annual wheat‐cropping systems, and compared with the N management based on optimal N rate derived from long‐term climatic conditions, N management based on ‘perfect’ climate forecasts can lead to an average benefit of $ 65.2/ha/year at Walbundrie (annual rainfall 560.0 mm) and $ 66.5/ha/year at Wanbi (annual rainfall 314.5 mm). Generally, the economic benefit is highest in extreme (wet and dry) years and lowest in normal years. At the high rainfall site Walbundrie, where average N‐application rate is high, the maximum yearly benefit was from significant saving through reduction in N application in driest years. At the low rainfall site Wanbi, where average N rates are low, the highest benefit was from both yield increases in the wettest years and saving of management and fertilizer cost in the driest years. Such optimized nitrogen management has little impact on excess drainage, but it can have significant impact on reduction of excess nitrogen, especially in high rainfall areas. An excess N reduction of 1314 kg N/ha at Wanbi and 1538 kg N/ha at Walbundrie can be achieved in 114 years. The significant reduction in N excess at Walbundrie may have profound environmental implications. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society