bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology and Correlates of Daily Smoking and Nicotine Dependence Among Young Adults in the United States
Authors: Hu Mei-Chen , Davies Mark , Kandel Denise B. 
Published: December 2005

Objectives. We describe the epidemiology of smoking behaviors in a national young adult sample and identify common and unique demographic, social, and psychological correlates of daily smoking and lifetime and current nicotine dependence by race/ethnicity. Methods. Data are from the National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent Health, wave III. Dependence was measured by the Revised Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence. Logistic regressions were estimated. Results. Hispanic ethnicity, low education, parental and peer smoking, novelty seeking, early age of smoking onset, and pleasurable initial smoking experiences are significantly correlated with daily smoking and lifetime nicotine dependence. Depressive symptoms are uniquely associated with lifetime and current dependence. Few factors are highly associated with current dependence. Initial sensitivity to smoking has a significantly greater impact on daily smoking than on dependence. Correlates of smoking behaviors are mostly common across racial/ethnic groups, although parental and peer smoking are significant for Whites and Hispanics but not for African Americans. Conclusions. There are more common than unique correlates of each smoking stage and across racial/ethnic groups. Primary prevention and interventions addressing the factors tested could be uniform for most chronic smokers irrespective of dependence status and race/ethnicity.
Feasibility of Screening Adolescents for Suicide Risk in “Real-World” High School Settings
Authors: Hallfors Denise , Brodish Paul H. , Khatapoush Shereen , Sanchez Victoria , Cho Hyunsan , Steckler Allan 
Published: December 2005

Objectives. We evaluated the feasibility of a population-based approach to preventing adolescent suicide.Methods. A total of 1323 students in 10 high schools completed the Suicide Risk Screen. Screening results, student follow-up, staff feedback, and school responses were assessed.Results. Overall, 29% of the participants were rated as at risk of suicide. As a result of this overwhelming percentage, school staffs chose to discontinue the screening after 2 semesters. In further analyses, about half of the students identified were deemed at high risk on the basis of high levels of depression, suicidal ideation, or suicidal behavior. Priority rankings evidenced good construct validity on correlates such as drug use, hopelessness, and perceived family support.Conclusions. A simpler, more specific screening instrument than the Suicide Risk Screen would identify approximately 11% of urban high school youths for assessment, offering high school officials an important opportunity to identify young people at the greatest levels of need and to target scarce health resources. Our experiences from this study show that lack of feasibility testing greatly contributes to the gap between science and practice.
Associations of Neighborhood Characteristics With the Location and Type of Food Stores
Authors: Moore Latetia V. , Diez Roux Ana V. 
Published: December 2005

Objectives. We investigated associations between local food environment and neighborhood racial/ethnic and socioeconomic composition. Methods. Poisson regression was used to examine the association of food stores and liquor stores with racial/ethnic composition and income in selected census tracts in North Carolina, Maryland, and New York. Results. Predominantly minority and racially mixed neighborhoods had more than twice as many grocery stores as predominantly White neighborhoods (for predominantly Black tracts, adjusted stores per population ratio [SR]=2.7; 95% confidence interval [CI]=2.2, 3.2; and for mixed tracts, SR=2.2; 95% CI=1.9, 2.7) and half as many supermarkets (for predominantly Black tracts, SR=0.5; 95% CI=0.3, 0.7; and for mixed tracts, SR=0.7; 95% CI=0.5, 1.0, respectively). Low-income neighborhoods had 4 times as many grocery stores as the wealthiest neighborhoods (SR=4.3; 95% CI=3.6, 5.2) and half as many supermarkets (SR=0.5; 95% CI=0.3, 0.8). In general, poorer areas and non-White areas also tended to have fewer fruit and vegetable markets, bakeries, specialty stores, and natural food stores. Liquor stores were more common in poorer than in richer areas (SR=1.3; 95% CI=1.0, 1.6). Conclusions. Local food environments vary substantially by neighborhood racial/ethnic and socioeconomic composition and may contribute to disparities in health.
“Weathering” and Age Patterns of Allostatic Load Scores Among Blacks and Whites in the United States
Authors: Geronimus Arline T. , Hicken Margaret , Keene Danya , Bound John 
Published: December 2005

Objectives. We considered whether US Blacks experience early health deterioration, as measured across biological indicators of repeated exposure and adaptation to stressors. Methods. Using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data, we examined allostatic load scores for adults aged 18–64 years. We estimated probability of a high score by age, race, gender, and poverty status and Blacks’ odds of having a high score relative to Whites’ odds. Results. Blacks had higher scores than did Whites and had a greater probability of a high score at all ages, particularly at 35–64 years. Racial differences were not explained by poverty. Poor and nonpoor Black women had the highest and second highest probability of high allostatic load scores, respectively, and the highest excess scores compared with their male or White counterparts. Conclusions. We found evidence that racial inequalities in health exist across a range of biological systems among adults and are not explained by racial differences in poverty. The weathering effects of living in a race-conscious society may be greatest among those Blacks most likely to engage in high-effort coping.
Breastfeeding Duration and Perinatal Cigarette Smoking in a Population-Based Cohort
Authors: Liu Jihong , Rosenberg Kenneth D. , Sandoval Alfredo P. 
Published: December 2005

Objectives. We examined the association between breastfeeding duration and maternal smoking before, during, and after pregnancy. Methods. Data from the 2000–2001 Oregon Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System were used. Early weaning was defined as not breastfeeding at 10 weeks postpartum. Results. At 10 weeks after pregnancy, 25.7% of mothers who initiated breastfeeding no longer breastfed. After controlling for confounders, quitters (mothers who quit smoking during pregnancy and maintained quit status after pregnancy) and postpartum relapsers (mothers who quit smoking during pregnancy and resumed smoking after delivery) did not have significantly higher risk for early weaning than nonsmokers. However, persistent smokers (mothers who smoked before, during, and after pregnancy) were 2.18 times more likely not to breastfeed at 10 weeks (95% confidence interval=1.52, 2.97). Women who smoked10 or more cigarettes per day postpartum (i.e., heavy postpartum relapsers and heavy persistent smokers) were 2.3–2.4 times more likely to wean their infants before 10 weeks than were nonsmokers. Conclusions. Maternal smoking is associated with early weaning. Stopping smoking during pregnancy and decreasing the number of cigarettes smoked postpartum may increase breastfeeding duration.
Dealing With an Innovative Industry: A Look at Flavored Cigarettes Promoted by Mainstream Brands
Authors: Lewis M. Jane , Wackowski Olivia 
Published: December 2005

Product and marketing innovation is key to the tobacco industry’s success. One recent innovation was the development and marketing of flavored cigarettes as line extensions of 3 popular brands (Camel, Salem, and Kool). These products have distinctive blends and marketing as well as innovative packaging and have raised concerns in the public health community that they are targeted at youths. Several policy initiatives have aimed at banning or limiting these types of products on that basis. We describe examples of the products and their marketing and discuss their potential implications (including increased smoking experimentation, consumption, and “someday smoking”), as well as their potential impact on young adults.
Diarrheal Illness Detected Through Syndromic Surveillance After a Massive Power Outage: New York City, August 2003
Authors: Marx Melissa A. , Rodriguez Carla V. , Greenko Jane , Das Debjani , Heffernan Richard , Karpati Adam M. , Mostashari Farzad , Balter Sharon , Layton Marcelle , Weiss Don 
Published: December 2005

Objectives. We investigated increases in diarrheal illness detected through syndromic surveillance after a power outage in New York City on August 14, 2003.Methods. The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene uses emergency department, pharmacy, and absentee data to conduct syndromic surveillance for diarrhea. We conducted a case–control investigation among patients presenting during August 16 to 18, 2003, to emergency departments that participated in syndromic surveillance. We compared risk factors for diarrheal illness ascertained through structured telephone interviews for case patients presenting with diarrheal symptoms and control patients selected from a stratified random sample of nondiarrheal patients.Results. Increases in diarrhea were detected in all data streams. Of 758 patients selected for the investigation, 301 (40%) received the full interview. Among patients 13 years and older, consumption of meat (odds ratio [OR]=2.7, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.2, 6.1) and seafood (OR=4.8; 95% CI=1.6, 14) between the power outage and symptom onset was associated with diarrheal illness.Conclusions. Diarrhea may have resulted from consumption of meat or seafood that spoiled after the power outage. Syndromic surveillance enabled prompt detection and systematic investigation of citywide illness that would otherwise have gone undetected.
Weight of the Evidence or Wait for the Evidence? Protecting Underground Miners From Diesel Particulate Matter
Authors: Monforton Celeste 
Published: December 2005

A coalition of mine operators has used a variety of tactics to obstruct scientific inquiry and impede public health action designed to protect underground miners from diesel particulate matter. These workers are exposed to the highest level of diesel particulate matter compared with any other occupational group. This case study profiles a decade-long saga of the Methane Awareness Resource Group Diesel Coalition to impede epidemiological studies on diesel exhaust undertaken by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and the National Cancer Institute, and to derail a health standard promulgated by the Mine Safety and Health Administration. The case study highlights the coalition’s mastery of legislative, judicial, and executive branch operations and the reaction of policymakers.
Did Prohibition Really Work? Alcohol Prohibition as a Public Health Innovation
Authors: Blocker Jack S. 
Published: December 2005

The conventional view that National Prohibition failed rests upon an historically flimsy base. The successful campaign to enact National Prohibition was the fruit of a century-long temperance campaign, experience of which led prohibitionists to conclude that a nationwide ban on alcohol was the most promising of the many strategies tried thus far. A sharp rise in consumption during the early 20th century seemed to confirm the bankruptcy of alternative alcohol-control programs.The stringent prohibition imposed by the Volstead Act, however, represented a more drastic action than many Americans expected. Nevertheless, National Prohibition succeeded both in lowering consumption and in retaining political support until the onset of the Great Depression altered voters’ priorities. Repeal resulted more from this contextual shift than from characteristics of the innovation itself.
SPLATTER! SPLATTER! SPLATTER! Workers’ Health and the Spray Machine Debate
Authors: Frounfelker Rochelle L. 
Published: December 2005

A conflict between industrialization and worker health developed in the painting industry during the early 1900s with the introduction of the spray machine. This technological innovation allowed the application of paint at greater speed and lower cost than hand painting and increased the rate at which painters were exposed to lead and other toxins contained in paint. From roughly 1919 to 1931, the painters’ trade union clashed with employers, paint manufacturers, and legislatures over the impact of the spray machine on the health of workers and the need to enact legislation to regulate its use. While painters made gains on local, state, and national levels during the 1920s to prevent the use of the spray machine, their efforts ultimately failed.
Maternal age at the birth of the first child as an epistatic factor in polygenic disorders
Authors: Comings David E. , MacMurray James P. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe identification of the genes for complex, polygenic disorders has proven difficult. This is due to the small effect size of each gene and genetic heterogeneity. An additional important factor could be the presence of unidentified epistatic factors. In the broad definition of epistasis, the effect of one unit is not predicable unless the value of another unit is known and one of the units may not be a gene. We have previously identified maternal age as an epistatic factor for the effect of the LEP gene on the age of onset of menarche. We report here the effect of maternal age and the age of the mother at the birth of her first child (maternal age 1st) as epistatic factors for the interaction of the dopamine D1 gene (DRD1) with obsessive‐compulsive behaviors and with stuttering. The epistatic effects of maternal age 1st were stronger than maternal age. This type of epistatic factor may be generalizable to many other gene–trait interactions. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic liability to schizophrenia or bipolar disorder and its relationship to brain structure
Authors: McIntosh Andrew M. , Job Dominic E. , Moorhead William J. , Harrison Lesley K. , Whalley Heather C. , Johnstone Eve C. , Lawrie Stephen M. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractBipolar disorder and schizophrenia are highly heritable conditions that are associated with structural brain abnormalities. Although brain abnormalities are found in the well relatives of people with schizophrenia, the extent to which genetic liability relates to brain structure in either disorder is still unclear. This study sought to ascertain the effects of genetic liability to schizophrenia and bipolar disorder on white and grey matter volume in patients with these diagnoses and their well relatives. Seventy‐one patients and 72 unaffected relatives were recruited for the study. Patients included those with schizophrenia from families affected by schizophrenia alone, those with bipolar disorder from families affected by bipolar disorder alone and those with bipolar disorder from families affected by both bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Samples of unaffected relatives of each patient group were also recruited. Subjects underwent an MRI scan of the brain, which was analysed using optimised voxel‐based morphometry (VBM). Grey and white matter volume was then related to a continuous measure of genetic liability based on a threshold‐liability model. Genetic liability to schizophrenia was associated with decreased grey matter volume in dorso‐ (DLPFC) and ventrolateral prefrontal (VLPFC) cortices. The relationship remained after diagnostic status had been taken into account. Complementary white matter changes were also demonstrated. No relationship was demonstrated between a genetic liability to bipolar disorder and either white or grey matter volume. Genes that raise the likelihood of developing schizophrenia may exert their effects by diminishing grey matter volume in the DLPFC and VLPFC and their associated white matter connections. Genes for bipolar illness might have subtle effects on brain structure, which may need particularly large samples to detect. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association study of a functional promoter polymorphism in theXBP1gene and schizophrenia
Authors: Jönsson Erik G. , Cichon Sven , Schumacher Johannes , Jamra Rami Abou , Schulze Thomas G. , Deschner Monica , Forslund Kaj , Hall Håkan , Propping Peter , Czerski Piotr M. , Dmitrak‐Weglarz Monica , Kapelski Pawel , Driessen Martin , Maier Wolfgang , Hauser Joanna , Rietschel Marcella , Nöthen Markus M. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractA functional promoter polymorphism (−116C/G) of the X‐box binding protein 1 gene (XBP1) gene was reported to be associated with schizophrenia in Asian subjects. In a replication attempt, three European case‐control samples comprising 2,182 German, Polish, and Swedish subjects, were genotyped for theXBP1−116C/G polymorphism. Allele and genotype frequencies were compared between schizophrenic patients and control subjects. There were no significant case‐control differences in any of the three samples, although in a meta‐analysis with previous results comprising 3,612 subjects there was a borderline association between the −116G‐containing genotypes and schizophrenia. We conclude that the functionalXBP1gene polymorphism is not of major importance to schizophrenia in the European populations investigated. It cannot be excluded, however, that theXBP1polymorphism is involved in schizophrenia in other populations or adds minor susceptibility to the disorder. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of liquid crystalline–amorphous block copolymers by combination of CFRP and ATRP mechanisms
Authors: Serhatli I. Ersin , Kacar Turgay 
Published: December 2005

AbstractBlock copolymers of liquid crystalline 6‐(4‐cyanobiphenyl‐4′‐oxy) hexyl acrylate (LC6) and styrene (St) were obtained by the combination of two different free‐radical polymerization mechanisms namely conventional free‐radical polymerization (CFRP) and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). In the first part, thermosensitive azo alkyl halide, difunctional initiator (AI), was prepared and then used for CFRP of LC6 monomer. The obtained bromine‐ended difunctional liquid crystalline polymers (PLC6) were used as initiators in ATRP of St, in bulk in conjunction with CuBr/N,N,N′,N″,N″‐pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) as catalyst. In the second part, AI was firstly polymerized by CFRP in the presence of St and then the obtained difunctional bromine ended polystyrenes (PSt) were used as initiators in ATRP of LC6 in diphenyl ether solvent in conjuction with CuBr/PMDETA. The spectral, thermal, and optical measurements confirmed a fully controlled living polymerization, which results in formation of ABA‐type block copolymers with very narrow polydispersities. In both cases, blocks of the different chemical composition were segregated in the solid and melt phases. The mesophase transition temperatures of the liquid crystalline block were found to be very similar to those of the corresponding homopolymers. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Stabilization of poly(vinyl chloride) by elemental sulfur
Authors: Akhmetkhanov Rinat M. , Kolesov Sergej V. , Nagumanova Elmira I. , Kabalnova Natalya N. , Akhmetkhanov Ruslan R. , Zaikov Gennadi E. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe process of stabilization of a poly(vinylchloride) elemental sulfur in thermal and thermooxidative destruction conditions is investigated. The high stabilizing efficiency of elemental sulfur is revealed at the destruction of plasticized poly(vinylchloride) compared with the efficiency of phenolic antioxidants. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
A chelating cellulose adsorbent for the removal of Cu(II) from aqueous solutions
Authors: O'Connell D. W. , Birkinshaw C. , O'Dwyer T. F. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractRegenerated cellulose wood pulp was grafted with the vinyl monomer glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) using ceric ammonium nitrate as initiator and was further fuctionalised with imidazole to produce a novel adsorbent material, cellulose‐g‐GMA‐imidazole. All cellulose, grafted cellulose and functionalized cellulose grafts were physically and chemically characterized using a number of analytical techniques, including elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, differential thermal analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The cellulose‐g‐GMA material was found to contain 1.75 mmol g−1 epoxy groups. These epoxy groups permitted introduction of metal binding functionality to produce the cellulose‐g‐GMA‐imidazole final product. Following characterization, a series of adsorption studies were carried out on the cellulose‐g‐GMA‐imidazole to assess its capacity in the removal of Cu2+ ions from solution. Cellulose‐g‐GMA‐imidazole sorbent showed an uptake of ∼70 mg g−1 of copper from aqueous solution. The adsorption process is best described by the Langmuir model of adsorption, and the thermodynamics of the process suggest that the binding process is mildly exothermic. The kinetics of the adsorption process indicated that copper uptake occurred within 30 min and that pseudo‐second‐order kinetics best describe the overall process. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2006
Effects of physical confinement (< 125 nm) on the curing behavior of phenolic resin
Authors: Amanuel Samuel , Malhotra Vivak M. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractHow the physical confinement of phenolic resin in nano porous silica (8 nm ≤ pore diameter (Dp) ≤ 125 nm) affected the polymer's curing behavior was examined by conducting differential scanning calorimetry experiments at 320 K ≤ T ≤500 K. Our results suggested that upon incorporating the phenolic resin into the silica, its curing temperature was lowered. However, what was interesting was that there was an inverse linear dependence between the pore size and the curing temperature, i.e., the smaller the pore diameter the higher the curing temperature. There was evidence that phenolic resin was unable to penetrate into 8 nm‐sized pores. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Synthesis of a water‐soluble fullerene derivative nanoball and its biological activity
Authors: Jiang Guichang , Zheng Qixing , Yang Dazhi 
Published: December 2005

AbstractA novel fullerene–acrylamide copolymer was synthesized via radical polymerization. It is soluble in polar solvents such as water and dimethyl sulfoxide. The product was characterized by FTIR, UV–vis, and GPC. TEM analysis showed that the average particle diameter was about 46 nm. The in vitro antitumor activity of the fullerene–acrylamide derivatives was tested, and the results showed that the novel fullerene–acrylamide derivatives exhibited better antitumor activity in vitro against bone tumor cells. The cytotoxicity against the tumor cell mechanism of the fullerene copolymer nanoball was studied. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006