bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Plate Characteristic: A Theory of the Linear Transform
Authors: Candler C. 
Published: November 2005

Two variants of the Baker transform, [Formula: see text] introduced by Kaiser and Arrak, apply to a deep emulsion, not to a coating, since their curvature is positive at high densities. In a deep emulsion, only two physical processes afreet the shape of the characteristics, absorption and polyphotonic fertilization. Since the (1-T) of the Kaiser transform is a measure of the number of silver grains formed, it should be replaced by the density. Thus the exposure equation demanded by theory is [Formula: see text] where P is the photon number, and K the ratio of the absorption cross sections of a crystal before and after development ‘A’ does not affect the shape of the characteristic, but only the speed. This equation for a deep emulsion is generalized to cover a coating, and shown to fit two characteristics recorded in the Kodak laboratories. Further it is found to be valid in all the emulsions used in spectrochemical analysis down to 214 mμ, and in some sensitized plates up to 809 mμ. It is not valid in a few fast emulsions, and three of these are named
A Method for the Spectrographic Determination of Trace Impurities in Niobium
Authors: Fornwalt D. E. , Healy M. K. 
Published: November 2005

Niobium is a member of a group of metals under investigation to evaluate their suitability for use in the nuclear reactor field Because of the complex chemistry involved in the determination of trace impurities in niobium by classical methods, spectrographic methods have been devised. This paper describes a method for the spectrographic determination of 14 elements present in niobium. The elements determined and their concentration ranges include boron, 0 0001 to 0 0015%, aluminum, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, tin and titanium, 0.001 to 0.1%; tantalum, 0.025 to 1.5 percent; and zirconium, 0.001 to 1.5%. The analysis involves the conversion of niobium to the oxide by heating the metal in platinum at 800°C until oxidation is complete. A 10 mg sample plus 10 mg of lithium carbonate, as a spectrographic buffer, and 25 μg of lanthanum, as an internal standard, is excited in a 20-ampere d.c. arc. The spectrogram obtained is used for the determination of all the elements listed with the exception of aluminum, boron, silicon, zirconium and tantalum'. The latter are determined from a spectrogram obtained by the excitation of a separate 20 mg sample of niobium oxide. The coefficient of variation is of the order of 10 percent for the various impurities.
Influence of Goniometric Arrangement and Absorption in Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Powders by X-Ray Diffractometry
Authors: Leroux J. , Mahmud M. 
Published: November 2005

A theoretical approach to some factors influencing the intensity diffracted by a polycrystalline material at a definite Bragg angle has been confirmed by experimental data obtained with a High-Angle Norelco Diffractometer. The factors considered are mainly the focussing arrangement of the goniometer, which delineates the geometric shape of the volume fraction of the sample being irradiated, and the absorption of the latter. A general equation and experimental conditions, suitable for qualitative and quantitative analysis when these factors have to be taken into consideration, are proposed and a new type of sample holder for obtaining more accuracy in the measurement of lattice spacings is discussed.
Ten Years of Aid to Applied Absorption Spectroscopy by A.S.T.M. Committee E-13
Authors: Robey R. F. 
Published: November 2005

To mark the tenth anniversary of the founding of the committee, the scope of activity, organization, accomplishments, current programs, and unsolved problems are reviewed Outstanding accomplishments of sub-committees include publication of (a) recommended nomenclature, (b) methods for objectively evaluating the performance of spectrophotometers, (c) general techniques of infrared and ultraviolet quantitative analysis, (d) a recommended form of ASTM methods involving absorption spectroscopy, and (e) an ever-expanding index of absorption spectral data now comprising almost 100,000 cards designed for machine sorting, encompassing the ultraviolet, visible, near-infrared, and infrared ranges. The nature, uses, and advantages of the index are described briefly In recent months, new subcommittees were established to serve the fields of molecular fluorescence and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy These subcommittees are active in sponsoring symposia. The unsolved problems of committee activity in the newer and older fields of spectroscopy are summarized.
Spectrochemical Rubidium-Strontium Method for Geological Age Determination
Authors: Eichhoff Hans-J. 
Published: November 2005

The age values of lepidolites from South Africa and from Varutrask as well as that of a microcline from Varutrask have been determined and are discussed in connection with determination according to the potassium-argon method, applied to the same materials A method is suggested which allows the spectrochemical determination of Rb and Sr with sufficient accuracy. The isotopic composition is determined by means of a Fabry-Perot etalon and hollow-cathode excitation, investigating the hyper-fine structure of the Sr line at 4078 A.
Infrared and Ultraviolet Absorption Spectra of Alpha-Azido Ethers and Amines
Authors: Lieber Eugene , Thomas Alexander E. 
Published: November 2005

The ultraviolet absorption spectra of a series of alpha- azido ethers, alpha- azido thioethers, and alpha- azido amines exhibited extinction coefficient maxima in the region 264–300 mμ A shift to the lower wavelength was found to occur in the order S>O>N when these atoms are substituted alpha to an azido- group. Infrared absorption spectra were recorded in the 2 to IS micron region, and assignments made for the asymmetric and symmetric N3 stretching vibrations. The N3 asymmetric vibration occurred in the range 2141–2090 cm−1 for the azides examined. The N3 symmetric vibration was more variable. Tentative assignments were made lor this absorption occurring for alpha- azido ethers and alpha- azido thioethers. However, no assignment was made for this vibration for the alpha-azido amines due to the complicated spectra in this region. The N3 asymmetric vibration for azidomethyl methyl ether, azidomethyl methyl sulfide and N-azidomethyl phthalimide exhibited a doublet while other azides exhibited a single absorption for this mode.
The Spectrographic Determination of Uranium 235. Part IV. Using a Direct Reading, Littrow, Grating Spectrograph and a Hollow Cathode
Authors: Lee Ted , Killeen Owen P. , MacIntyre S. A. 
Published: November 2005

This report, the fourth of a related series dealing with the isotopic analysis of uranium, describes the use of a hollow cathode source and a 4-m, direct-reading, Bausch and Lomb high-resolution spectrograph. A relative precision of ±3.0%, expressed at the 95% confidence level, was obtained with naturally occurring uranium for a single cathode determination of U235 measured in twenty min. Evidence for a weak uranium line structure interfering with the U235 measurement is presented Minor isotopes, U231 and U236, present up to a few percent at the higher U235 concentrations, did not interfere with U235 measurements. Measurements of U234, however, could not be made in the presence of high U235 concentrations, thereby limiting the determination of total uranium necessary for calculating the percent U235. At the lower U235 concentrations, the concentrations of minor isotopes are generally too small to significantly affect the total uranium content of the sample.
The Spectrographic Determination of Uranium 235. Part III. Use of a Multiple Hollow Cathode Source Assembly and a 22 Foot Direct Reading Eagle Spectrograph
Authors: Lee Ted , Maclntyre S. A. 
Published: November 2005

This report, the third of a series dealing with the isotopic analysis of uranium, describes the work done with a 22-ft Eagle mounted, direct-reading spectrograph using 5 in. of a 15,000 lines/in. concave grating in the second order. The samples were excited in a multiple source assembly consisting of 4 hollow cathode source lamps and an automatically positioned selector mirror. This arrangement allowed close comparison of unknown and standard, minimized the effect of exit slit misalignment, and allowed large number of routine samples to be handled economically A complete analysis in duplicate, including comparison standards, was made in less than 20 min. Measurements on 4 standards having U235 concentrations between 10 and 51% showed average external and internal precisions of ±0.23% and ±0.048% U235 for a single cathode determination Analyses of 32 unknown samples containing 10–85% U235 determined independently on the optical spectrograph and the mass spectrometer, showed good agreement Comparative measurements on 65 unknown samples in the range of 30–40% U235 showed an agreement of ±0.17% U235 with no significant bias All precisions were expressed at the 95% confidence level The factor limiting the precision—a weak line interfering with the U235 measurement, and the effect of U234 and U236 on the analysis are discussed.
Emission Spectrographic Analysis of Tantalum Thin Films
Authors: Nohe J. D. 
Published: November 2005

A dc-arc technique is described for the analysis of impurities in tantalum thin films. Films are sputtered directly on ultrapure graphite substrates, heat oxidized, and removed mechanically. Graphite is employed as the buffer, and samples are compared to standards of similar composition. The graphite-substrate technique has been applied to films of other metals produced by sputtering, resistance-heating evaporation, and electron-beam evaporation. Only portions of the spectrographic procedure are modified for different metallic films.
The Role of the N-Terminal Oligopeptide Repeats of the Yeast Sup35 Prion Protein in Propagation and Transmission of Prion Variants
Authors: Shkundina Irina S , Kushnirov Vitaly V , Tuite Mick F , Ter-Avanesyan Michael D 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
The cytoplasmic [PSI+] determinant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the prion form of the Sup35 protein. Oligopeptide repeats within the Sup35 N-terminal domain (PrD) presumably are required for the stable [PSI+] inheritance that in turn involves fragmentation of Sup35 polymers by the chaperone Hsp104. The nonsense suppressor [PSI+] phenotype can vary in efficiency probably due to different inheritable Sup35 polymer structures. Here we study the ability of Sup35 mutants with various deletions of the oligopeptide repeats to support [PSI+] propagation. We define the minimal region of the Sup35–PrD necessary to support [PSI+] as amino acids 1–64, which include the first two repeats, although a longer fragment, 1–83, is required to maintain weak [PSI+] variants. Replacement of wild-type Sup35 with deletion mutants decreases the strength of the [PSI+] phenotype. However, with one exception, reintroducing the wild-type Sup35 restores the original phenotype. Thus, the specific prion fold defining the [PSI+] variant can be preserved by the mutant Sup35 protein despite the change of phenotype. Coexpression of wild-type and mutant Sup35 containing three, two, one, or no oligopeptide repeats causes variant-specific [PSI+] elimination. These data suggest that [PSI+] variability is primarily defined by differential folding of the Sup35–PrD oligopeptide-repeat region.
Neuropathology in Drosophila Membrane Excitability Mutants
Authors: Fergestad Tim , Ganetzky Barry , Palladino Michael J 
Published: November 2005

AbstractMutations affecting ion channels and neuronal membrane excitability have been identified in Drosophila as well as in other organisms and characterized for their acute effects on behavior and neuronal function. However, the long-term effect of these perturbations on the maintenance of neuronal viability has not been studied in detail. Here we perform an initial survey of mutations affecting Na+ channels and K+ channels in Drosophila to investigate their effects on life span and neuronal viability as a function of age. We find that mutations that decrease membrane excitability as well as those that increase excitability can trigger neurodegeneration to varying degrees. Results of double-mutant interactions with dominant Na+/K+ ATPase mutations, which themselves cause severe neurodegeneration, suggest that excitotoxicity owing to hyperexcitability is insufficient to explain the resultant phenotype. Although the exact mechanisms remain unclear, our results suggest that there is an important link between maintenance of proper neuronal signaling and maintenance of long-term neuronal viability. Disruption of these signaling mechanisms in any of a variety of ways increases the incidence of neurodegeneration.
The Introduction of Computerized Physician Order Entry and Change Management in a Tertiary Pediatric Hospital
Authors: Upperman Jeffrey S. , Staley Patricia , Friend Kerri , Benes Jocelyn , Dailey Jacque , Neches William , Wiener Eugene S. 
Published: November 2005

Objectives. The objectives of this review were to document the introduction of computerized physician order entry (CPOE)-centered changes in an academic tertiary care center and to review the CPOE-focused literature.
Design. We performed a systematic literature review of CPOE-related articles indexed on Medline, with particular emphasis on pediatric applications. We focused our commentary around the concepts involved in the implementation process at a tertiary pediatric hospital.
Results. In 2001, the Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh (CHP) embarked on the process of CPOE design and implementation. We determined that CPOE is a tool for improving pediatric care. The CPOE implementation process is more than a technologic change; it involves an organizational cultural transformation. Although the complete transition to CPOE was little more than 1 year ago, CHP has overcome the typical obstacles of CPOE implementation to begin to realize its many benefits. The early success of CHP was achieved by creating a realistic, positive, work environment, which fostered hospital-wide participation and integration.
Conclusion. CPOE is an invaluable resource for supporting patient safety in health care settings. The successful implementation of CPOE requires a paradigm shift in hospital policies and processes.
Injury Prevention Advice in Top-Selling Parenting Books
Authors: Hunter Wanda M. , Helou Samah , Saluja Gitanjali , Runyan Carol W. , Coyne-Beasley Tamera 
Published: November 2005

Objective. Parenting books are a commonly used source of information on how to keep children and adolescents safe from injuries, the leading cause of death and disability for children aged 1 to 18 years. The content and the quality of the messages contained in these books have not been evaluated formally. The objective of this study was to determine the quantity and the quality of injury prevention messages contained in popular parenting books.Methods. Top-selling parenting books for 2 major booksellers were reviewed to determine the presence and the accuracy of injury prevention messages as compared with those recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) through The Injury Prevention Program (TIPP) for younger children, aged 0 to 12 years, and the American Medical Association (AMA) through its Parent Package for the safety of adolescents.Results. Forty-six parenting books were reviewed, including 41 with messages related to younger children and 19 with messages related to adolescents. These books varied widely with regard to the number of injury prevention messages included. Although some books covered the great majority of TIPP messages for parents of young children, others included very few. In the case of books that address safety for adolescents, no book had more than half of the messages recommended by the AMA. Prevention of burns and motor vehicle injury were the most commonly addressed injury prevention topics in the books focused on younger children, whereas gun safety was the most prevalent injury prevention topic in books that focused on adolescents. Books that were authored by physicians addressed more of the recommended topics and messages than books that were written by authors from other professional backgrounds. The quality of messages was good, ie, consistent with the advice given by the AAP and the AMA. In only a few cases, the parenting books gave injury prevention advice that was inconsistent with recommendations.Conclusions. Overall, books on parenting adolescents are less likely to contain injury prevention messages than those that address younger children. However, the most frequent injury prevention messages for parents of adolescents describe strategies to prevent firearm injury, a leading cause of death for children in this age group. More emphasis should be placed on prevention of motor vehicle injuries, especially as relates to adolescents. Pediatricians and primary care physicians need to be aware of the strengths and weaknesses of parenting manuals in providing adequate guidance related to injury prevention.
Helium/Oxygen-Driven Albuterol Nebulization in the Treatment of Children With Moderate to Severe Asthma Exacerbations: A Randomized, Controlled Trial
Authors: Kim In K. , Phrampus Erin , Venkataraman Shekhar , Pitetti Raymond , Saville Al , Corcoran Timothy , Gracely Ed , Funt Nicole , Thompson Ann 
Published: November 2005

Background. Helium and oxygen mixtures (heliox) increase both pulmonary aerosol delivery and gas delivery relative to oxygen. We aimed to compare the effectiveness of a 70%:30% helium/oxygen (heliox)–driven continuous aerosol delivery versus 100% oxygen-driven delivery in the treatment of asthmatic children with moderate to severe exacerbations.Methods. We enrolled 30 children aged 2 to 18 years who presented to an urban, pediatric emergency department (ED) with moderate to severe asthma as defined by a pulmonary index (PI) score of ≥8. PI scores can range from 0 to 15. In this randomized, controlled, single-blind trial conducted in a convenience sample of children, all patients in the trial received an initial nebulized albuterol (5 mg) treatment driven by 100% oxygen and a dose of oral prednisone or prednisolone. Subsequently, patients were randomly assigned to receive continuously nebulized albuterol (15 mg/hour) delivered by either heliox or oxygen using a nonrebreathing face mask. The primary outcome measure was degree of improvement as assessed in blinded video-recorded PI scores over 240 minutes (at 30-minute intervals for the first 3 hours) or until ED discharge (if &lt;240 minutes).Results. The mean change in PI score from baseline to 240 minutes or ED discharge was 6.67 for the heliox group compared with 3.33 for the oxygen group. Eleven (73%) patients in the heliox group were discharged from the hospital in &lt;12 hours compared with 5 (33%) patients in the conventional group.Conclusion. Continuously nebulized albuterol delivered by heliox was associated with a greater degree of clinical improvement compared with that delivered by oxygen among children with moderate to severe asthma exacerbations.
Characteristics of Pediatric Traumatic Amputations Treated in Hospital Emergency Departments: United States, 1990–2002
Authors: Hostetler Sarah Grim , Schwartz Lila , Shields Brenda J. , Xiang Huiyun , Smith Gary A. 
Published: November 2005

Objective. To examine the characteristics of children with traumatic amputations and the products associated with these injuries.
Methods. Data regarding amputation injuries to children younger than 18 years treated in US emergency departments from 1990 to 2002 were obtained from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System. Data included demographics, product involved, and body region injured.
Results. An estimated 111600 children younger than 18 years with amputation injuries were treated in US emergency departments from 1990 to 2002. The average age was 6.18 years (median: 4 years; mode: 1 year old). Males experienced 65.5% of these injuries. Finger amputations accounted for 91.6% of all amputations, ranging from 95.2% among 0- to 2-year-olds to 87.9% among 13- to 17-year-olds. Complete amputations accounted for 70.2% of all amputations among 13- to 17-year-olds compared with 52.6% of amputations among 0- to 2-year-olds. Adolescents also had the highest proportion of amputations resulting in hospital admission (26.6% for 13- to 17-year-olds compared with 11.9% for 0- to 2-year-olds). Adolescents had the highest proportion of amputation injuries involving lawn mowers (14.1% for 13- to 17-year-olds compared with 1.4% for 0- to 2-year-olds) and the highest proportion of amputations involving tools (29.3% for 13- to 17-year-olds compared with 2.5% for 0- to 2-year-olds). The percentage of amputations involving doors peaked in the youngest age group and decreased as age increased (65.8% of all amputations for 0- to 2-year-olds compared with 14.1% for 13- to 17-year-olds).
Conclusions. To our knowledge, this is the first study to use a nationally representative sample to broadly investigate amputation injuries among children. The majority of traumatic amputation injuries occur to young children, to males, and to fingers and the majority involve doors. Adolescents experience a higher proportion of more serious amputation injuries. Effective interventions exist but are inadequately used to prevent many of these injuries, including door stops and modifications, bicycle-chain and spoke guards, wearing closed-toe footwear while bicycling, a no–mow-in-reverse default feature on ride-on lawnmowers with the override switch located behind the mower operator, and a SawStop system on power saws. Use of these technical countermeasures and changes in relevant product standards to promote their implementation and use could lead to a decrease in pediatric traumatic amputations.
Development of the Metabolic Syndrome in Black and White Adolescent Girls: A Longitudinal Assessment
Authors: Morrison John A. , Friedman Lisa Aronson , Harlan William R. , Harlan Linda C. , Barton Bruce A. , Schreiber George B. , Klein David J. 
Published: November 2005

Background. The metabolic syndrome, associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease, begins to develop during adolescence.
Objective. We sought to identify early predictors of the presence of the syndrome at the ages of 18 and 19 years in black and white girls.
Methods. Using longitudinal data on participants from 2 centers in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study, a 10-year cohort study, we applied cutoffs from the Adult Treatment Panel III to document changes in the prevalence of abnormal syndrome elements and the syndrome in girls aged 9 and 10 years, when cases were rare, and those aged 18 and 19 years, when prevalence had reached 3%. Longitudinal regression models identified early predictors for the presence of the syndrome.
Results. Only 1 girl of each race had ≥3 factors at ages 9 and 10 (0.2%), but 20 black girls (3.5%) and 12 white girls (2.3%) had the syndrome 10 years later. Low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was prevalent throughout the period in both black and white girls. The prevalence of other variables was low at enrollment but increased during follow-up, except for abnormal triglyceride levels in black girls, which remained low throughout follow-up. In multivariate models, early measures of waist circumference and triglyceride level were significant predictors for development of the syndrome.
Conclusion. The strong association of central adiposity with the development of the metabolic syndrome suggests that early interventions aimed at managing preteen obesity could reduce risk of developing the syndrome.