bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Grassland‐breeding waders: identifying key habitat requirements for management
Authors: SMART JENNIFER , GILL JENNIFER A. , SUTHERLAND WILLIAM J. , WATKINSON ANDREW R. 
Published: May 2006

Summary

Habitat loss and degradation of wetland ecosystems, principally through large‐scale drainage and conversion to arable farmland, have been implicated in the widespread, dramatic declines of breeding waders across Europe. Managing the remaining wetlands to reverse these declines will require a detailed understanding of their habitat requirements.
In the UK, grazing marshes are key components of the remaining wetlands in both coastal and inland sites, and the structure of grazing marsh habitat can differ between these locations. Redshank Tringa totanus is a declining wader species that breeds in both marsh types. We quantified the habitat features that influence redshank selection of breeding and nest site locations, across coastal and inland marshes, in eastern England.
On both marsh types, breeding location and breeding densities within fields were positively related to the lengths of pool edge and all wet features, respectively. Nest site location was principally influenced by vegetation characteristics, with soil penetrability also important on inland sites but proximity to wet features and vegetation type at the nest important on coastal sites. Hatching probability was higher when the surrounding soils were more penetrable.
Synthesis and applications. The wet features of critical importance for breeding redshank are common on coastal marshes and can be deliberately established on inland sites. Coastal marshes are often rare and frequently threatened by dynamic coastal processes, whereas inland marshes are more abundant but largely unsuitable for breeding waders at present. These analyses highlight the scope for improving the management of inland marshes for breeding redshank. As habitat suitable for breeding redshank frequently supports a range of other wader species, this information can also direct management efforts to improve breeding wader populations in the wider countryside.
Using selective food plants to maximize biological control of vineyard pests
Authors: BEGUM MAHMUDA , GURR GEOFF M. , WRATTEN STEVE D. , HEDBERG PETER R. , NICOL HELEN I. 
Published: May 2006

Summary

Habitat manipulation is important for enhancing biological control of arthropod pests, but identification of selective food plants that benefit only natural enemies is required in order to avoid inadvertently exacerbating pest damage.
Greenhouse experiments were conducted to identify potential ground‐cover plant species that would improve performance of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma carverae when mass released in vineyards to control the leafroller pest Epiphyas postvittana. Further experiments determined which plants increased immature survival and adult longevity of E. postvittana and a field experiment investigated field enhancement of biological control.
Greenhouse survival of T. carverae was greater in the presence of flowering shoots of Lobularia maritima than with flowering shoots of either Brassica juncea or Coriandrum sativum, or with shoots of any species from which flowers had been removed or a control with no shoots. Similar experiments with Fagopyrum esculentum and Borage officinalis showed survival was higher in the presence of shoots with flowers than in without‐flower and control treatments.
Daily fecundity of T. carverae was greater in the presence of flowering shoots of L. maritima than F. esculentum and with treatments without flowers. There was no significant enhancement of fecundity with Brassica juncea and Borage officinalis flowers.
Adult longevity of male and female E. postvittana was as long in the presence of Borage officinalis and F. esculentum flowers as when fed a honey‐based artificial diet but longevity was significantly lower than in the artificial diet treatment when caged with C. sativum and L. maritima, irrespective of whether flowers were present or not.
Larval development of E. postvittana on intact potted plants was lower on C. sativum and L. maritima than on Brassica juncea, Borage officinalis, F. esculentum and Trifolium repens (a known host of E. postvittana).
In the first and second 48‐h periods after release of T. carverae in a field experiment, parasitism was significantly higher in pooled treatments with flowers (C. sativum, F. esculentum and L. maritima) than in pooled treatments without flowers (conventional ground‐cover or bare earth).
Lobularia maritima provided clear benefit to T. carverae but was not used by adult and larval E. postvittana.
Synthesis and applications. Lobularia maritima is recommended as the selective food plant best suited to this system and its use beneath vines offers the additional advantage of suppressing weeds, so avoiding the need for herbicide applications and mechanical control.
12 Effects of synchronized intestinal electrical stimulation on small intestinal motility in dogs
Authors: YIN J , CHEN JDZ 
Published: May 2006

Our previous studies showed that synchronized gastric electrical stimulation enhanced antral contractions, accelerated gastric emptying in dogs. It has never been reported whether synchronized electrical stimulation could improve small intestinal motility. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of synchronized intestinal electrical stimulation (SIES) on small bowel motility in both fasting and fed states in dogs.Methods:  Five healthy female dogs (18–24 kg) were equipped with a duodenal cannula for the measurement of small bowel motility using manometry. Two pairs of bipolar electrodes were implanted on the small intestinal serosa with an interval of 25 cm; the first one was 10 cm beyond the pylorus and used for stimulation. The experiment was consisted of four sessions in each dog with a randomized order. In the fasting state, 20 min after occurrence of phase III, SIES was initiated and maintained for 45 min, small bowel motility was recorded during the entire experiment, and no stimulation was performed in the control session. In other two sessions, dogs were fed with solid meal at the beginning of the experiment; glucagon (0.1 mg kg­1) was injected 20 min after feeding, SIES was initiated at the same time for 20 min followed by 20 min recovery period. The stimulus was composed of train of pulses with on‐time of 0.5 s, frequency of 20 Hz, pulse width of 2 ms and amplitude of 4 mA.Results:  1). In the fasting state, SIES induced small intestinal contractions during phase I. The motility index was 5.2 ± 0.6 in the control session and significantly increased to 10.3 ± 0.7 with SIES (P = 0.003). 2). In the fed state, glucagon substantially and significantly inhibited small intestinal motility. The motility index was 11.3 ± 0.7 after feeding and reduced to 3.4 ± 0.5 with glucagon injection (P < 0.001). SIES significantly enhanced glucagon‐induced small intestinal postprandial hypomotility. The motility index was 3.4 ± 0.5 in the control session and increased to 6.0 ± 0.3 with the presence of SIES (P = 0.03).Conclusions:  Intestinal electrical stimulation synchronized with intestinal slow waves induces intestinal contractions during phase I and enhanced small intestinal postprandial hypomotility induced by glucagon. SIES may have the therapeutic potential for treating small intestinal motility disorders. (Supported by a grant from American Diabetes Association).
16 Central and peripheral effects of gastric electrical stimulation: Do we need a new generation device?
Authors: ZHANG J , TANG M , CHEN JDZ 
Published: May 2006

Background:  Gastric electrical stimulation (GES) using the commercially available implantable device has been applied for treating obesity with controversial outcomes. It is known that all commercially available devices are designed for nerve or cardiac stimulation and the width of stimulation pulse is limited to below 1 ms. since the stomach is composed of smooth muscles, one wonders whether a wider pulse is needed for GES. The aim of this study was to compare the peripheral and central effects of GES with a pulse width currently used in clinical trials and a wider pulse in rats.Methods:  GES with 2 sets of parameters (GES­0.3 ms: parameters used in clinical trials for obesity: 6 mA, 0.3 ms, 40 Hz, 2 s‐on, 3 s‐off; GES­3 ms: same as GES­0.3 ms except increased pulse width of 3 ms) was applied via a pair of gastric serosal electrodes. Exp.1 was performed 8 fasting rats. A barostat balloon was inserted to the proximal stomach for assessing gastric volume at baseline and during GES. Exp.2 was designed to record neuronal responses to GES in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of anesthetized rats (N = 58). Exp.3 Oxytocin (OT) antiserum were used for immunohistochemical staining. Brain sections were obtained from 5 stimulated rats (GES for 2 hrs) and 5 control rats.Results:  1). GES­3 ms but not GES­0.3 ms reduced gastric tone. The gastric volume was increased from 0.38 ± 0.07 ml to 0.49 ± 0.07 (P < 0.05) with GES­3 ms. 2). In the PVN, 104 GD‐R neurons were tested with GES, more neurons were responsive to GES­3 ms than GES­0.3 ms (91.4% vs. 79.0%, P = 0.029); 3). The number of OT immunoreactive (OT‐IR) neurons was significantly increased in PVN and supraoptic nucleus with GES; however, a significantly higher increase was noted with GES­3 ms than GES­0.3 ms (42.59 ± 13.43 vs. 31.1 ± 2.2, P = 0.003).Conclusions:  The peripheral and central effects of GES are dependent on stimulation pulse width. GES with wider pulses are more effective both peripherally and centrally. Accordingly, there may be a need for a new generation device capable of generating wider pulses.
18 Poor correlation between electrogastrography and antroduodenal manometry in patients with motility disorders
Authors: ABID S , LINDBERG G 
Published: May 2006

Background:  Antroduodenal manometry (ADM) records lumen‐occluding contractions of the gastric antrum, while electrogastrography (EGG) measures gastric myoelectric activity using cutaneous electrodes placed on the abdominal wall. Under physiological conditions there is a temporal correlation between myoelectric slow waves and contractile activity of the antrum. It is unclear if there is also a spatial correlation between electric and contractile activity.Aim of the study:  To determine the relationships between electrical activity measured by EGG and antral contractile activity measured by ADM.Material and methods:  This is a retrospective analysis of patients with various motility disorders of the gut subjected to simultaneous ADM and EGG recording. A single bipolar channel measured the EGG and ADM was done using either 6 or 8 channels. EGG parameters analysed were: (i) percentage of time with a dominant frequency (DF) in normogastric (2–4 cpm), tachygastric (4–10 cpm) and bradygastric (0.5–2 cpm) frequency bands; (ii) EGG power attributed to the three frequency bands (normogastria, tachygastria and bradygastria); (iii) the ratio of postprandial to fasting power of the DF; (iv) the overall DF; (v) variability of the dominant frequency (DFIC) and (vi) variability of the dominant power (DPIC). The ADM parameters measured were: mean frequency and amplitude of contractions and the motility index. Data from one hour before and the first hour after a test meal were compared.Results:  A total of 151 patients, 125 (83%) females, mean age 45 ± 14 years, were analysed. There were 52 patients with irritable bowel syndrome, 26 patients with slow transit constipation, 22 patients with enteric dysmotility, 11 patients with chronic intestinal pseudo‐obstruction and 13 patients with gastroparesis or functional dyspepsia, three patients with previous gastric surgery and 24 patients with other motility disorders of the gut. We found no relation between any of the 21 EGG parameters and eight ADM parameters. Comparison between EGG response to meal ingestion (ratio between postprandial and fasting power) and ADM response to meal ingestion (ratio between postprandial and fasting motility index) revealed no correlation (r = 0.06, p = 0.44).Conclusions:  No spatial correlation was observed between EGG and ADM in this series of patients with motility disorders. EGG and ADM give different kinds of information.
2 Endoscopic temporary gastric electrical stimulation – results of 140 consecutive patients
Authors: ABELL TL , MINOCHA A , GARRETSON R , ABIDI N 
Published: May 2006

Introduction:  Gastric electrical stimulation (GES) is now an accepted therapy for drug refractory gastroparesis, but requires surgical device implantation. We recently described techniques for placement of temporary GES electrodes via PEG tube or endoscope (GIE 2005: 61:455–461). We now report on a larger series of consecutive patients referred for endoscopic temporary stimulation.Patients:  140 consecutive patients, 29 male, 114 female, mean age 41 years, with the diagnosis of diabetes (DM, n = 44), post‐surgical (PS, n = 14) or idiopathic disorders (ID, n = 82) were evaluated. We investigated those patients who were successfully implanted, and those who completed a full evaluation of symptoms and gastric emptying tests.Methods:  All patients underwent baseline assessment of Symptoms (SX, as Nausea = N, Vomiting = V, Total GI Sx = TSS) and measurements of Gastric emptying (GET) and again after a minimum of 3 days of GES with standard parameters (GIE, above). Patients were reported by descriptive statistics and by t‐tests for symptoms and emptying.Results:  139 (99%) of patients were successfully implanted and 125 (88%) of patients completed at least 3 days of therapy. Of thepatients who completed a full evaluation, there were significant improvements in symptoms and improvements in gastric emptying for some patients: particularly PS and DM (See table).Conclusion:  Temporary endoscopic gastric electrical stimulation is feasable and reproducible in a large numbers of patients. The availability of this technique, combined with an emerging technology of gastrointestinal electrical stimulation techniques, gives endoscopists the ability to screen patients before implantation of permanent devices. The availability of endoscopic implanted electrical stimulation offers other potential therapeutic uses, including dyspepsia, post‐surgical disorders and obesity.

Category
B
T
B
T
B
T
B/ T

Measure
N
N
V
v
TSS
TSS
4 Hr/ 4 Hr

All
3.4
0.9
2.5
0.6
15.2
5.1
20.7 20.6

DM
3.2
0.7
2.6
0.3
14.3
3.2
23.4 20.5

ID
3.2
0.8
2.2
0.6
14.7
4.7
12.9 13.1

PS
3.2
0.2
2.6
0.2
14.1
2.1
28.3 15.8

P

<0.0001

<0.0001

<0.0001
25 The effect of lipase supplementation on upper gastrointestinal symptoms and gastric myoelectrical activity induced by a high fat meal in healthy volunteers.
Authors: LEVINE ME , GOPAL VD , YANCHIS S , KOCH KL 
Published: May 2006

Background/Aims:  Dyspepsia symptoms of abdominal discomfort, fullness, early satiety, and nausea occur after ingestion of meals in 20–30% of the population. Gastric dysrhythmias are exhibited by approximately 55% of dyspepsia patients. Currently there are limited therapies to reduce these symptoms. Gastric and pancreatic lipases are key enzymes in fat digestion, and hydrolyze fat into fatty acids and monoglycerides. The aims of this study were to characterize the effects of a high fat meal on upper gastrointestinal symptoms and gastric myoelectrical activity, and to evaluate the effect of acid‐resistant lipase supplementation on the same outcomes. Methods:  Sixteen healthy volunteers enrolled in a double‐blind, placebo controlled, cross‐over trial were given a high fat meal (Pulmocare®) that was 55% fat, 28% carbohydrates, and 17% protein (237 ml; 355 Kcal). A capsule containing 280 mg of acid‐resistant lipase (Amano Enzyme USA) or placebo was administered immediately before ingestion of the meal. The order of conditions was counterbalanced, and visits were separated by at least one week. At each visit, individuals completed a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) concerning symptoms of nausea, stomach fullness, hunger, bloating, and abdominal discomfort at baseline, immediately after the meal, and at 10, 20, 30, 45, and 60 minutes after the meal. Electrogastrograms (EGGs) were recorded throughout each visit to assess gastric myoelectrical activity.Results:  Nausea, bloating, and stomach fullness were significantly increased 10 min after ingestion of the meal (ps < 0.05), and hunger was significantly decreased (p < 0.001); there was also a significant decrease in normal gastric myoelectrical activity (3 cycles min−1), and a significant increase in tachygastria (3.7–10 cycles min−1) at 10 min after the meal (ps < 0.05). By 45 min after the meal, dyspepsia symptoms and tachygastria had decreased significantly from immediately after the meal, and normal gastric myoelectrical activity had increased significantly (ps < 0.05). Stomach fullness was significantly lower with lipase supplementation than with placebo condition at 20 and 30 min after the meal (p < 0.05); no effect of lipase supplementation on gastric myoelectrical activity was detected. Conclusions:  (1) The high fat meal induced dyspepsia symptoms and gastric dysrhythmias, suggesting the meal may be a useful test for assessing gastric neuromuscular disorders; and (2) Acid‐resistant lipase supplementation decreased stomach fullness after ingestion of the meal, and warrants further study in individuals with functional dyspepsia.
3 Predictors of symptom non‐responders to high‐frequency gastric electrical stimulation for refractory gastroparesis
Authors: MCCALLUM RW , LIN Z , SAROSIEK I , FORSTER J 
Published: May 2006

Chronic high‐frequency gastric electrical stimulation (GES) has been shown to improve gastroparetic symptoms and quality of life (QOL) in up to 70% of patients with refractory gastroparesis (Gastroenterology 2003; 125:421–8). Little is known about factors associated with treatment failure. Clinical and gastric function data (gastric emptying test, GET; electrogastrogram, EGG) were extracted from a retrospective analysis of 87 gastroparetic patients (48 diabetic, 20 idiopathic and 19 postsurgical) who completed GES therapy (Enterra™ System, Medtronic) for at least 1 year. Total symptom score (TSS) (sum of severity of nausea, vomiting, early satiety, bloating, postprandial fullness, epigastric pain and burning using a 5‐point scale, 0 = non, 4 = extremely severe), quality of life (SF‐36 Health Status Survey questionnaire including physical composite score (PCS) and mental composite score (MCS)) and GET (4‐hour scintigraphy of a low‐fat meal) were examined at baseline and 1 year follow‐up. A non‐responder had <25% reduction in TSS and a responder was defined as having a ≥ 50% reduction in TSS after 1 year of GES therapy.Results:  Overall the non‐responder rate was 23% (10% in diabetic vs. 16% in postsurgical vs. 35% in idiopathic subgroup). Non‐responder rates were similar for men (22%) and women (23%) and age was not a factor. Compared to responders of GES therapy, non‐responders had similar mean baseline vomiting (2.6 vs. 3.2) and nausea scores (3.3 vs. 3.6) but a lower TSS (17.6 vs. 20.1, P < 0.05). Also non‐responders had less improvements in mean gastric retention both at 2 hours (+5.4 vs. ­8.7%) and at 4 hours (+4.0 vs. ­10.5%), less improvement in mean PCS (+2.0 vs. +12.4, P < 0.05) and gained less weight (­0.4 kg vs. +3.7 kg) than responders. 67% of non‐responders had an abnormal EGG (dysrhythmia >30% or decrease in postprandial EGG power) vs. 33% in responders. Non‐responders had more baseline mean tachygastria both in the fasting state vs. responders (26% vs. 11%, P < 0.05) and in the fed state (24% vs. 11%, P < 0.05) and less increase in postprandial EGG power (­1.3 dB vs. 1.6 dB, P < 0.05). Conclusions: The best symptom improvement achieved by high‐frequency GES therapy in refractory gastroparesis is in diabetics (10% treatment failure rate) and postsurgical (16% failure) while the worst results are in idiopathics (35% non‐responder rate). Baseline EGG abnormalities are predictors of poor symptomatic response to GES therapy and may be useful in developing a patient profile to optimize selection and expectations for GES therapy.
30 Characteristics of symptoms and functional gastric tests in patients referred for electrogastrography (EGG) and GET
Authors: BETHARDS DM , XU L , AHN K , KOCH KL , OUYANG A 
Published: May 2006

The association between symptoms (Sx) and gastric function tests remains unclear.Aims:  To determine whether specific clinical complaints and a history of GERD were associated with gastric emptying (GET) or EGG findings. Charts of 163 pts (39 M, 124 F) undergoing both GET and EGG were reviewed for weight, diabetes and complaints of nausea, pain, vomiting, bloating and altered bowel habits. The 1 and 2 hr GET, final EGG diagnosis and baseline frequency distribution of power, and volume (vol.) tolerated during the water load test (WLT) were noted. Data is reported as median, 5–95 percentile. Chi‐squared‐ and Wilcoxon‐Mann‐Whitney‐tests were used.Results:  Women (F) complained of pain more than men (M) 70% vs. 43% (p = 0.002) and more men had altered bowel habits 77% vs. 57% (p = 0.02). No gender differences were seen with other Sx. F weighed less and drank less than M during the WLT (480 vs. 604 ml, p = 0.001). GET was slower in F than M: 63%, with 7–97 (median, 5–95 percentile) emptying in 2 hrs in F vs. 78%, 27–99, in M, p < 0.001. There was no gender difference in EGG diagnoses. Diabetics weighed more (187 vs. 146 lb, p < 0.0001) and were older (52 vs. 42, p < 0.01) than nondiabetics who had more a normal baseline EGG than diabetics. Overall, the Sx of pain was associated with a lower vol. tolerated on WLT, 450ml vs. 600 ml, p = 0.002. Only the Sx of pain was associated with delayed GET, which did not persist when adjusted for gender. No Sx complaint was associated with specific EGG diagnoses. GERD was associated with greater weight (156 lb vs. 140 lb, p < 0.05) but not with delayed GET or any specific EGG findings.Conclusions:  GET was slower in F than in M. Pain was a more common presentation in F and the association of pain with a lower WLT vol. suggests that this Sx is related to an abnormal sensory process and suggests a different therapeutic approach to such pts.