bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and faecal persistence of morantel in cattle and goats
Authors: McKELLAR Q. A. , SCOTT E. W. , BAXTER P. , ANDERSON L. A. , BAIRDEN K. 
Published: April 2008

Morantel could not be detected (<0.05 pg/ml)in the plasma of cattle or goats followingthe oral administration of morantel tartrate at a dose rate of 10 mg/kgbodyweight. No morantel was detected in the milk of lactating goats except inone animal where a concentration of 0.092 pg/ml was detected at 8 h after drugadministration. Morantel was highly effective against Cooperia oncophora infec‐tions in calves treated 6, 9 or 18 days after infection; however, was highlyeffective against Ostertagia ostertagi only when treated 18 days after infection.Morantel did not affect the fecundity of adult 0.ostertagi surviving treatment 18days after infection which had similar average numbers of eggs in their uteri(range 13.4 f 0.73‐16.8 L 0.98) as did parasites from control animals (range12.0 k 0.70‐13.6 2 0.66). Morantel could be detected at a concentration of 96 k4.5 pgig (dry weight) in the faeces of a calf 24 h after treatment with I0 mgikgbodyweight of morantel tartrate. The concentration of morantel in replicatesamples of this faeces exposed to natural atmosphere, but not to soil or soilorganisms, declined slowly over the following 322 days. At day 322 after the startof the experiment 8.8 pg/g of morantel could be measured in the remainingfaecal material. Throughout the faecal degradation study the concentration ofmorantel in the crusts of the replicate sample pats was lower than theconcentration in the core samples.
Pharmacokinetics of tobramycin in the camel
Authors: A/HADI A. A. , WASFI I. A. , GADIR F. A. , AMIRI M H , BASHIR A. K. , BAGGOT J. D. 
Published: April 2008

A/Hadi, A.A., Wasfi, I.A., Gadir, F.A., Amiri, M.H., Bashir, A.K. Baggot, J.D. Pharmacokinetics of tobramycin in the camel. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 17. 48–51.The pharmacokinetics of tobramycin were determined in six healthy camels(Camelus dromedarius) following the intravenous (i.v.) and intramuscular (i.m. administration of single doses of tobramycin sulphate (40 mg/ml). The half‐life to tobramycin was 189 ± 21 min and the mean residence time was 254 ± 26 min. The apparent volume of distribution (area method) was 245 ± 21 ml/kg. while volume of the central compartment of the two‐compartment pharmaco‐kinetic model was 110 ± 12 ml/kg. The clearance (systemic) of tobramycin was 0.90 ± 0.10 ml/min/kg. Values of the pharmacokinetic parameters suggest that glomerular filtration rate is lower in camels than in other ruminant species, horses, dogs and cats. Following i.m. administration of the dose (1.0 mg/kg), the drug was rapidly absorbed with peak serum concentration of 3.32 ± o.59 &#x006d;̈g/ml at 20–30 min; the absorption half‐life was 3.9 ± 0.9 min. The systemic availability of tobramycin was 90.7 ± 14.4%. The apparent half‐life was 201 ±40 min, which was not significantly longer than the half‐life following i.v. administration of the drug. Based on the pharmacokinetic values obtained in this study, a dosing rate of 2.5 mg/kg administered by i.m. injection at 12‐h intervals can be recommended. This dosage regimen should achieve an average steady state serum concentration of 4 &#x006d;̈g/ml with peak serum concentration approaching, but not exceeding, 10 &#x006d;̈g/ml.
Intravenous disposition kinetics, oral and intramuscular bioavailability and urinary excretion of norfloxacin nicotinate in donkeys
Authors: LAVY E. , ZIV G. , GLICKMAN A. 
Published: April 2008

An aqueous solution of norfloxacin nicotinate (NFN) was administered to donkeys (Aquus astnus) intravenously (once at 10 mg/kg), intramuscularly and orally (both routes once at 10 and 20 mg/kg, and for 5 days at 20 mg/kg/day). Blood samples were collected at predetermined times after each treatment and urine was sampled after intravenous drug administration. Serum NFN concentrations were determined by microbiological assay. Intravenous injection of NFN over 45–60 s resulted in seizures, profuse sweating and tachycardia. The intravenous half‐life (t1/2βwas 209 ± 36 min, the apparent volume of distribution (Vd(area)) was 3.34 ± 0.58 L/kg, the total body clearance (ClE) was 1.092 ± 0.123 ± 10‐‐2mL/min/kg and the renal clearance (C1R) was 0.411 ± 0.057 ± 10‐‐2mL/min/kg. Oral bioavailability was rather poor (9.6% and 6.4% for the 10 and 20 mg/kg doses respectively). Multiple oral treatments did not result in any clinical gastrointestinal disturbances.After intramuscular administration (20 mg/kg), serum NFN concentrations > 0.25 μg/mL (necessary to inhibit the majority of gram‐negative bacteria isolated from horses) were maintained for 12 h. The intramuscular bioavailability was 31.5% and 18.8% for the 10 and 20 mg/kg doses respectively. After multiple dosing some local swelling was observed at the injection site. About 40% of the intravenous dose was recovered in the urine as parent drug. The results of comprehensive haematological and blood biochemistry tests indicated no abnormal findings except elevation in serum CPK (creatine phosphokinase) values after multiple intramuscular dosing. On the basis of thein vitro‐determined minimum inhibitory concentrations of the drug and serum concentrations after multiple dosing, the suggested intramuscular dosage schedules for the treatment of gram‐negative bacterial infections in Equidae are 10 mg/kg every 12 h or 20 mg/kg every 24 h.
Biopsychosocial determinants of pregnancy length and fetal growth
Authors: St‐Laurent Jennifer , De Wals Philippe , Moutquin Jean‐Marie , Niyonsenga Theophile , Noiseux Manon , Czernis Loretta 
Published: April 2008

SummaryThe causes and mechanisms related to preterm delivery and intrauterine growth restriction are poorly understood. Our objective was to assess the direct and indirect effects of psychosocial and biomedical factors on the duration of pregnancy and fetal growth. A self‐administered questionnaire was distributed to pregnant women attending prenatal ultrasound clinics in nine hospitals in the Montérégie region in the province of Quebec, Canada, from November 1997 to May 1998. Prenatal questionnaires were linked with birth certificates. Theoretical models explaining pregnancy length and fetal growth were developed and tested, using path analysis. In order to reduce the number of variables from the questionnaire, a principal component analysis was performed, and the three most important new dimensions were retained as explanatory variables in the final models. Data were available for 1602 singleton pregnancies.The biophysical score, covering both maternal age and the pre‐pregnancy body mass index, was the only variable statistically associated with pregnancy length. Smoking, obstetric history, maternal health and biophysical indices were direct predictors of fetal growth. Perceived stress, social support and self‐esteem were not directly related to pregnancy outcomes, but were determinants of smoking and the above‐mentioned biomedical variables. More studies are needed to identify the mechanisms by which adverse psychosocial factors are translated into adverse biological effects.
Pre‐conception counselling in primary care: prevalence of risk factors among couples contemplating pregnancy
Authors: Van Der Pal‐de Bruin Karin M. , Le Cessie Saskia , Elsinga Joyce , De Jong‐Potjer Lieke C. , Van Haeringen Arie , Knuistingh Neven Arie , Verloove‐Vanhorick S. Pauline , Assendelft Pim 
Published: April 2008

SummaryThe outcome of pregnancy can be influenced by several risk factors. Women who are informed about these risks during pre‐conception counselling (PCC) have an opportunity to take preventive measures in time. Several studies have shown that high‐risk populations have a high prevalence of such risk factors. However, prevalence in the general population, which is assumed to be low risk, is largely unknown. We therefore provided a systematic programme of PCC for the general population and studied the prevalence of risk factors using the risk‐assessment questionnaire which was part of the PCC.None of the couples reported no risk factors at all and only 2% of the couples reported risk factors for which written information was considered to be sufficient. Therefore, 98% of all couples reported one or more risk factors for which at least personal counselling by a general practitioner (GP) was indicated. Many of these factors were related to an unhealthy lifestyle. Women with a low level of education reported more risk factors than women with a high level of education. There is a great need for PCC as shown by the fact that almost all couples reported risk factors for which personal counselling was indicated. Pre‐conception counselling may reduce the risk of adverse pregnancy outcome by enabling couples to avoid these risks. PCC can be provided by GPs, who have the necessary medical knowledge and background information to counsel couples who wish to have a baby.
The eer5 mutation, which affects a novel proteasome‐related subunit, indicates a prominent role for the COP9 signalosome in resetting the ethylene‐signaling pathway in Arabidopsis
Authors: Christians Matthew J. , Robles Linda M. , Zeller Samantha M. , Larsen Paul B. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryAn Arabidopsis mutant, eer5‐1, which has an enhanced ethylene response in etiolated seedlings, including hypersensitivity and extreme exaggeration of response to ethylene, was isolated and characterized. As with other identified eer mutants, the enhanced response phenotype of eer5‐1 was correlated with failure to induce appropriately a subset of ethylene‐regulated genes, suggesting that proper ethylene‐responsive gene expression is necessary for resetting the ethylene response pathway. eer5‐1 represents a mutation that causes an amino acid substitution in a previously uncharacterized gene, which encodes a protein with a PAM [proteasome COP9 initiation factor (PCI/PINT)‐associated module] domain similar to those found in components of the COP9 signalosome (CSN). Genetic analysis shows that manifestation of the eer5 mutant phenotype is solely dependent on ethylene signaling, as the ein2‐5 eer5‐1 double mutant was indistinguishable from ein2‐5 in the presence of saturating ethylene concentrations. In contrast, the ein3‐1 eer5‐1 double mutant displayed characteristics of an enhanced ethylene response, and this suggests that EER5 regulates ethylene signaling independently of EIN3. Analysis of the EER5 protein indicates that it interacts with the C‐terminus of EIN2 and with the CSN, suggesting that EER5 serves as a bridge between EIN2 and the modification or degradation of target proteins, including a proposed group of transcriptional repressors, as part of a resetting mechanism during or following ethylene signaling.
Phytochrome‐driven changes in respiratory electron transport partitioning in soybean (Glycine max. L.) cotyledons
Authors: Ribas‐Carbo M. , Giles L. , Flexas J. , Briggs W. , Berry J. A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAfter it was observed that light induces changes in electron partitioning between the cytochrome and the alternative pathway, the focus interest was directed to assessing what type of photoreceptors are involved and the extent of such modifications. Studies on 5‐day‐old soybean (Glycine max L.) cotyledons using an oxygen isotope fractionation technique showed that phytochrome is involved in changes in electron partitioning between the cytochrome and the alternative respiratory pathway. A follow‐up of a previous study, showing that 5 min of white light caused changes in mitochondrial electron partitioning, demonstrated that while blue light was not involved in any such changes, red light caused a significant shift of electrons toward the alternative pathway. The major shift, observed after 24 h of light, is mainly due to both a decrease in the activity of the cytochrome pathway and an increase in the activity of the alternative pathway. The involvement of a phytochrome receptor was confirmed by demonstration of reversibility by far‐red light. The implications of the possible involvement of phytochrome in the regulation of mitochondrial electron transport are discussed.
Tinea capitis among primary school children in Anambra state of Nigeria
Authors: Emele F. E. , Oyeka C. A. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryTinea capitis continues to be a common problem of infancy and childhood, particularly among those living in unhygienic crowded conditions. The prevalence and aetiology of tinea capitis have not been well defined in Anambra state of Nigeria – hence the need to undertake this study. A total of 47 723 primary school children residing in different regions of the State was screened for tinea capitis between 2002 and 2005. Of this number, 4498 (9.4%) had tinea capitis. The highest prevalence of the disease occurred in the Southern region of the state (12.6%). Schools in urban areas recorded lower prevalence of the disease. Male : female prevalence ratio of 1.6 : 1 was recorded. Tinea capitis occurred significantly more in children below 10 years of age than in those above this age (χ2 = 3.178; P < 0.10). Of 502 isolates recovered in culture, Microsporum audouinii was the most prevalent (42%), followed by M. ferrugineum (17%) and Trichophyton mentagrophytes (16%). Four of the samples revealed spore head of Aspergillus spp. in direct sample microscopy. A total of 29 (6%) isolates was atypical forms. The majority (91%) of children with the lesion came from families of three or more children, living in crowded apartments. Results showed that tinea capitis remains an important public health problem in Anambra state of Nigeria.
Diagnostic lumbar puncture: minimizing complications
Authors: Williams J. , Lye D. C. B. , Umapathi T. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDiagnostic lumbar puncture (LP) is essential to the diagnosis of central nervous system infections and subarachnoid haemorrhage. Life or limb‐threatening adverse events due to the procedure are rare, but less severe complications may be common. Clinical practice in diagnostic LP is often not evidenced based. The aim of the study was to use best available published evidence to address questions on minimizing complications associated with diagnostic LP. We searched PubMed for studies in the English language using key words relevant to the complications of diagnostic LP. We emphasized randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews enrolling adult patients undergoing diagnostic LP. Uncontrolled studies and studies involving children or spinal anaesthesia were considered when no other evidence was available. There were nine prospective studies and three systematic reviews on reducing complications from LP. Recommendations on interventions to minimize complications of LP are graded based on the quality and strength of evidence.
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura is associated with a high relapse rate after plasma exchange: a single‐centre experience
Authors: Frawley N. , Ng A. P. , Nicholls K. , Cohney S. , Hogan C. , Grigg A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBackground:  Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a rare condition characterized by microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia, renal and/or neurological dysfunction secondary to microvascular or macrovascular thrombosis. Despite advances in treatment, TTP remains a serious condition with significant morbidity and mortality.Methods:  We undertook an audit of patients with TTP over 14 years to assess remission, relapse, survival and factors predictive of outcome using current therapy based on plasma exchange with fresh‐frozen plasma.Results:  Forty patients were identified between January 1992 and December 2005. Thirty‐one (82%) achieved complete response (CR) to therapy using plasma exchange with fresh‐frozen plasma (median 11 exchanges) and steroids. Twelve (37%) relapsed a median of 14 days following cessation of therapy, with multiple relapses occurring in two patients. TTP‐related death occurred in four patients during their initial presentation and in two during subsequent relapse. Four patients were only partially responsive to first‐line therapy. The absence of neurological features at presentation was the only factor predicting a sustained CR to first‐line therapy (P = 0.027, log–rank analysis). The mean duration of inpatient treatment was 18 days (range 4–38 days) with 30% of patients requiring intensive care admission. Thirty‐four per cent of patients acquired central venous line infection, with a median of two episodes of line sepsis per patient.Conclusion:  Our results indicate the need for better treatments to reduce the high early relapse rate and significant mortality associated with current therapy.
Predicting natural mortality rates of plants and animals
Authors: McCoy Michael W. , Gillooly James F. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractUnderstanding the factors that control the mortality rates of species in their natural environments is important for understanding the structure and dynamics of populations, communities and ecosystems. Here, we test a model of natural mortality that yields explicit, quantitative predictions based on the constraints of body size and temperature on individual metabolism. Extensive field data from plants, invertebrates, fish, birds and mammals indicate that much of the heterogeneity in rates of natural mortality can be predicted, despite the many extrinsic sources of mortality in natural systems. These results suggest that common ‘rule(s)’ govern mortality rates in ecological communities for organisms as diverse as plants and animals.
‘My Mom Makes Me So Angry!’ Adolescent Perceptions of Mother–Child Interactions as Correlates of Adolescent Emotions
Authors: Padilla‐Walker Laura M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe purpose of the current study was to examine adolescents’ perceptions of mother–child interactions as correlates of adolescents’ positive, negative, and guilt emotions. Two hundred thirty‐four adolescents (M age = 16.39, SD = 1.17) completed measures assessing parenting practices in response to typical mother–child interactions in both positive and negative contexts. Adolescents also reported on the appropriateness of parenting practices, their parents’ intentions, and their own emotional responses. Multiple regression analyses suggested that in positive contexts, parenting practices, appropriateness, and parental intent were related to adolescent emotions; but in negative contexts, only parental appropriateness was related to adolescent emotions. Discussion focuses on the importance of considering aspects of socialization other than parental discipline when studying adolescent emotions, and it highlights the importance of positive socialization contexts.
Early Adolescent School Adjustment: Associations with Friendship and Peer Victimization
Authors: Erath Stephen A. , Flanagan Kelly S. , Bierman Karen L. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis study investigates shared and unique associations of early adolescent friendship and peer victimization with self reports of school liking and teacher reports of academic competence. Participants were 398 sixth and seventh grade students and their teachers and peers. Measures of friendship included self reports of friendship support and mutual friendship nominations, and measures of peer victimization also included self and peer reports. Regression analyses revealed that friendship support and mutual friendships were uniquely associated with higher school liking and academic competence, and peer‐reported victimization was uniquely associated with lower academic competence. Moderation analyses revealed that self‐reported victimization was associated with lower school liking among students who reported higher friendship support but not among students who reported lower friendship support. The developmental context of findings and potential mechanisms are discussed.
The Role of Soil Seed Banks in Natural Restoration of the Degraded Hunshandak Sandlands, Northern China
Authors: Liu Meizhen , Jiang Gaoming , Yu Shunli , Li Yonggeng , Li Gang 
Published: April 2008

Abstract The density of seeds in soil seed banks and the species composition of both seed banks and aboveground vegetation were examined in naturally restored sites (NRS) and aerially seeded sites (ASS) in the Hunshandak sandlands of northern China. Five sites were naturally restored 1, 2, 4, 8, and 15 years ago and four sites were aerially seeded 1, 2, 5, and 7 years ago. In total, 36 species were recorded in the seed bank and 41 species in the aboveground vegetation for all NRS, whereas the numbers were 17 and 19, respectively, for ASS, indicating that the NRS can support higher diversity of species than the ASS. During the initial 2 years of restoration, introduced alien shrubs by aerial seeding dominated the vegetation of ASS, although there were indigenous pioneer species in the seed bank which failed to establish in the community. In contrast, indigenous species were dominant components in both the seed bank and the vegetation at the NRS. These findings suggest that the establishment of introduced species might have restricted the germination of certain indigenous pioneer species. Seed bank density of NRS significantly increased with time from 459 ± 76 seeds m−2 at NRS2 to 3,351 ± 694 seeds m−2 at NRS15, showing that the seed bank in degraded grassland is large enough to allow natural restoration. It is not always necessary to actively introduce seeds to enhance vegetation diversity.
Responses of Shrub Midstory and Herbaceous Layers to Managed Grazing and Fire in a North American Savanna (Oak Woodland) and Prairie Landscape
Authors: Harrington John A. , Kathol Emily 
Published: April 2008

Abstract Worldwide, savanna remnants are losing acreage due to species replacement with shade‐tolerant midstory forest species as a response to decades of fire suppression. Because canopy closes grasses and other easily ignitable fuels decline, therefore, fire, when reintroduced after years of absence, is not always effective at restoring the open structure original to these communities. Our study sought to determine if managed grazing is an alternative tool for reducing shrub densities and restoring savanna structure without the impacts on soils and native vegetation observed with unmanaged grazing. We compared effects of fire and managed grazing on shrub and herb composition within degraded oak savanna and tallgrass prairie of the U.S. Upper Midwest using a randomized complete block design. The vegetation response to treatments differed by species and by vegetation type. Total shrub stem densities declined 44% in grazed and 68% in burned paddocks within savanna and by 33% for both treatments within prairie. Within savanna, cattle reduced stem densities of Rubus spp. 97%, whereas fire reduced Ribes missouriense stems 96%. Both fire and grazing were effective at reducing stem numbers for several other shrub species but not to the same degree. Native forbs were suppressed in grazed savanna paddocks, as were native grasses in grazed prairie paddocks along with a minor increase of exotic forbs. We did not observe changes in soil bulk density. We conclude that managed grazing can serve as a valuable supplement but not as a replacement to fire for controlling shrubs in these systems.