bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does the Antarctic ozone hole have a future?
Authors: Singer S. Fred 
Published: October 2006

In spite of recent discoveries related to the mechanism of the Antarctic ozone hole (AOH), we do not as yet have a sufficient scientific base to answer important policy questions: is the AOH a completely new phenomenon, or is it are current one? Is it produced by human activities? And what can and should be done about it? I suggest here a hypothesis concerning the cause of the AOH, which may provide at least partial answers.The AOH is more than a scientific curiosity. Its dramatic discovery in 1985 raised fears about the fate of global ozone and provided the impetus for an international effort to limit and roll back the worldwide production of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), synthetic chemicals widely used in refrigeration and industrial processes.
First SEDI Symposium
Authors: Benton Edward R. , Cain Joseph C. , Loper David E. , Doornbos Durk 
Published: October 2006

How should the seismic irregularities observed in the lowermost 100–200 km of the mantle (the D″ layer) be partitioned between thermal and chemical heterogeneity, anisotropy, and core‐mantle boundary (CMB) topography? How smooth is the core‐mantle boundary? Do mantle convection and the thickness of D″ regulate the core geodynamo? How large is the outward temperature fall across the D″ layer? What is the temperature within the core? At what depths, or range of depths, do the vigorous upwellings and downwellings, demanded by dynamo action, occur within the outer core? Are seismically excited internal oscillations of the outer core observationally detectable in surface superconducting gravimeter records?These constitute an illustrative sample of the questions discussed by almost 200 scientists at the first Study of the Earth's Deep Interior (SEDI) symposium entitled “Structure and Dynamics of the Core and Adjacent Mantle,” held on the Costa Brava of Spain, at Blanes from June 23–25, 1988, in conjunction with the 17th International Conference of the Committee on Mathematical Geophysics. SEDI is a new committee of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, created at the Vancouver General Assembly in August 1987. This symposium and the SEDI secretariat have been sponsored by the National Science Foundation with help from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The following is a report of the SEDI symposium, which consisted of 13 oral presentations, 48 posters, and 5 open discussion periods during which the posters and general issues were discussed.
Proceedings: International Symposium on Marine Positioning
Authors: Born George H. 
Published: October 2006

This is a publication of papers from the Symposium on Marine Positioning held in Reston, Va., in October 1986. To paraphrase the words of the editors, the symposium was conceived by the Marine Geodesy Committee at Oceans 84, Washington, D.C., when it became clear that it was appropriate to focus attention on individual problem areas under the broad umbrella of marine geodesy.This is a publication of papers from the Symposium on Marine Positioning held in Reston, Va., in October 1986. To paraphrase the words of the editors, the symposium was conceived by the Marine Geodesy Committee at Oceans 84, Washington, D.C., when it became clear that it was appropriate to focus attention on individual problem areas under the broad umbrella of marine geodesy.
IHP Council meets
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The Eighth Session of the Intergovernmental Council of the International Hydrological Program (IHP) was held June 21–25 in Paris. Gordon Young of Canada was elected chairman for the next 2 years. The council elected four vice chairmen: Mario C. Fuschini Mejia (Argentina), Riyadh Al‐Dabbagh (Iraq), Umar Kawu (Nigeria), and Slavoljub Jovanovic (Yugoslavia). Anat Arbhabhirama (Thailand), as chairman of the previous council, is a member of the Bureau.Of the 30 council members, 29 attended the meeting. Observers were present from 30 Unesco Member States not council members. The United Kingdom and United States also participated as observers under a ruling of the Unesco Executive Board. Other organizations represented were the African Union for Water Distribution, Arab Federation for Technical Education, Food and Agriculture Organization, Comite Interafricain de Etudes Hydraulique, International Association of Hydraulic Research, International Association of Hydrogeologists, International Association of Hydrologic Sciences, International Atomic Energy Agency, International Committee on Irrigation and Drainage, International Water Resources Association, Palestine Liberation Organization, and World Meteorological Organization.
Diplomat tells climate scientists to speak out
Authors: Maggs William Ward 
Published: October 2006

Former Canadian Ambassador to the United Nations Stephen Lewis challenged scientists at a climate change conference to “move from dispassionate observation to passionate advocacy” and make their views on the threat posed by greenhouse warming known to fellow citizens and political leaders.Lewis, who chaired a multinational conference on climate change last June in Toronto, delivered a principal address December 7 in Washington, D.C., to the Second North American Conference on Preparing for Climate Change. The conference was sponsored by the Climate Institute, an international environmental organization composed of scientists and policymakers. After retiring from the Canadian government last summer, Lewis became a special assistant on Africa to the U.N. Secretary‐General, Javier Perez de Cuellar.
Gravity Currents: In the Environment and the Laboratory, Ellis Horwood Series in Environmental Sciences
Authors: Csanady G. T. 
Published: October 2006

There are books and courses on experimental physics, thorough and rigorous, which contain only simple formulae and use only elementary algebra. The subject is explained in lucid and precise language, with the help of many sketches, photos, and diagrams. The book under review belongs to this genre and is in fact one of its most successful members.About half of the book is devoted to the description of a variety of natural phenomena in which gravity currents play an important role. The class of gravity currents is taken to be quite broad, to include almost any kind of quasi‐horizontal motion caused by density differences. The range of natural phenomena surveyed is correspondingly great, from tidal bores through thunderstorms to the eruption of Mount St. Helens. The atmospheric examples are especially thorough and interesting. The broad panorama certainly brings home to the reader the many ways in which fluids (including fluidized rock) can move under the influence of gravity. However, not all of the examples show typical gravity behavior, nor are they all treated with equal thoroughness. The Gulf Stream is mentioned, and the variability of its position is shown in an illustration, but this is not connected with anything typical of gravity currents, nor is the important interplay between Earth rotation and such large‐scale “gravity currents” (if one insists on calling them that) at all adequately explained.
Global ozone data on computer tape
Authors: Planet Walter 
Published: October 2006

The National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration has been obtaining global ozone information from its current series of polar orbiting operational meteorological satellites. The measurements are made by the Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Radiometers (SBUV/2) on the NOAA‐9 and NOAA‐11 satellites.The SBUV/2 measures incoming solar ultraviolet irradiance and ultraviolet radiance backscattered from the atmosphere; from those measurements it is possible to derive ozone distributions in the sunlit portion of the globe. The ozone measurements include total column amount and vertical distributions over the region 25–55 km above Earth's surface. Ozone observations have been obtained daily from March 1985 with the NOAA‐9 instrument. NOAA‐11 was launched September 24; operational production of ozone values from NOAA‐11 is scheduled to begin in January 1989.
Alvarez receives Astral Tribute
Authors: Glen William 
Published: October 2006

Eugene Shoemaker (right) presents Walter Alvarez of the University of California, Berkeley, with the photographic evidence of the asteroid named in honor of Walter and his late father, Nobel laureate Luis Alvarez.Minor Planet 3581 Alvarez, the Mars‐crossing asteroid, was discovered at Palomar Observatory by Shoemaker, of the U.S. Geological Survey, Flagstaff, Ariz., and his wife Carolyn, who is the leading discoverer of comets in the 20th century. The presentation was made on the occasion of the second Conference on Global Catastrophes in Earth History, held October 20–23 at Snowbird, Utah.
George Bank
Authors: Codispoti L. A. 
Published: October 2006

This book provides a rich feast for anyone who has a hunger to learn more about Georges Bank! Its 593 large pages provide articles on a wide variety of scientific and resource management topics. Many human interest features are also included. Among the latter are a photograph demonstrating the only proper way for a seagoing chemist to imbibe, and articles entitled, “My First Trip on Georges Bank,” and “‘Bait Up!’: Dory Fishing on Georges Bank.”Proving that every cloud has a silver lining, interest in producing this book was driven by the climate of controversy that surrounded Georges Bank in the latter 1970s and early 1980s. This was a time when exploratory wells were being driven to search for oil and when disputes between Canada and the United States about jurisdiction over the Bank were reaching their peak. As Backus notes in the Foreword, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Mass., set up a Coastal Research Center in 1979 when “the oil/fish dispute on Georges Bank was hot.” The direct costs of publishing this book were, in turn, supported by the Coastal Research Center.
JGR to feature GEOSAT result
Authors: Douglas Bruce C. , Cheney Robert E. 
Published: October 2006

A forthcoming special issue of the Journal of Geophysical Research will be devoted to results from the GEOSAT altimeter mission. Contributions are solicited on all aspects of the data, including sea level, ocean dynamics, tides, marine geodesy, wind speed, wave height, data management, model assimilation, algorithm development, altimeter calibration, orbit determination, and geopotential improvement.GEOSAT is a U.S. Navy satellite built and operated by the Applied Physics Laboratory of Johns Hopkins University. The GEOSAT data set has been prepared by NOAA National Ocean Service and is distributed through the National Oceanographic Data Center. The archive presently includes geophysical data records for 2 years (Cheney et al., GEOSAT Altimeter Geophysical Data Record User Handbook, NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NGS‐46, 32 pp., July 1987); new data are added each month. An additional 18‐month wind‐wave data set is also available (Dobson et al., GEOSAT Altimeter Wind and Wave Data Record User Handbook, Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory Report SIR88U, 29 p p. March 1988).
On mantle carbon flux calculated
Authors: Marty B. 
Published: October 2006

The news item “Mantle carbon flux calculated” (Eos, March 22, 1988, p. 169) described research on oceanic carbon outgassing rates by David Des Marais at NASA Ames Research Center. Des Marais analyzed carbon in samples of glassy ocean ridge thoeliites from the Mid‐Cayman Rise, East Pacific Rise, Mid‐ Atlantic Ridge, and Galapagos Ridge.My colleagues and I have been doing the same kind of research for several years. To obtain a precise estimate of the C/3He ratio (the basic parameter for computing the carbon flux from the solid Earth) in the source of midocean ridge basalt, or MORB, several MORB glasses from various locations were analyzed for both CO2 and helium contents and isotopic ratios.
Antarctica: The Next Decade
Authors: Rowley Peter D. 
Published: October 2006

Laurence M. Gould, in charge of United States efforts during the International Geophysical Year (IGY, 1957–1958) and a longterm spokesman for Antarctic science, once remarked that it was the cooperative efforts during the IGY in Antarctica, “coldest of all the continents, that witnessed the first thawing of the cold war.”The Antarctic Treaty, which governs all activities on the continent, was an outgrowth of the IGY. The Treaty—the model international agreement for peaceful cooperation—was signed in 1959 and became effective in 1961. As it nears its historic 30‐year anniversary, it has been the subject of a blitz of recent publications, partly because of a general misapprehension that the Treaty might “expire” then and partly the result of controversial negotiations on the recently (June 1988) adopted Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activities (CRAMRA).
Report on SEQUAL/FOCAL
Authors: Katz E. J. , Philander S. G. H. , Richardson P. L. 
Published: October 2006

In Eos (April 6, 1982), United States plans for a program to study the dynamic response of the equatorial Atlantic to seasonally varying surface winds were described. Now, 6 years later, we report on progress toward our goal “to describe accurately, and to model correctly” the changes in the currents and density field of the upper equatorial Atlantic Ocean during a 2‐year period. A major effort toward this goal was the field phase of SEQUAL (Seasonal Response of the Equatorial Atlantic) and the closely coordinated French program FOCAL (Français Océan et Climat dans l'Atlantique Equatorial).Between February 1983 and September 1984 changes in the surface winds and in oceanic conditions in the equatorial Atlantic were monitored continuously with a variety of instruments. Figure 1 shows key deployments and sections. The resulting data include six current meter moorings, 15 inverted echo sounders and island tide gauges, 57 near‐surface drifters, and 18 French and five U.S. cruises that made 1200 hydrographic stations and 800 current profiles. All these data, as well as nearly 10,000 expendable bathythermographs (XBTs) (from the cruises, from air‐dropped expendable bathythermograph (AXBT) programs, and from repeated ship of opportunity lines run between 1980 and 1985) were combined and documented by George Heimerdinger, of the National Oceanographic Data Center, and are available from NODC on request.
Geosat data give wind speed and wave height
Authors: Dobson Ella B. , Wilkerson John 
Published: October 2006

The Navy has released Geosat radar cross section and significant wave height data from the 18‐month Geodetic Mission for use by the general public. These data, when combined with data from the Exact Repeat Mission, comprise the most dense global wind speed and wave height data set ever archived. The accuracy of the data when compared with NDBC buoys has been shown [Dobson et al., 1987] to be +/− 1.7 m/s for wind speed and +/− 0.5 m for wave height.The Geosat altimeter orbits the Earth at an altitude of 800 km and, during the Geodetic Mission, laid down a ground track which precessed about 100 km every 3 days forming a tight mesh over 72 days which was repeated for three consecutive 72‐day periods. The primary mission of the instrument was to measure the marine geoid, but it also measured radar cross section (RCS) and significant wave height (SWH). RCS is the return signal backscattered from the ocean surface and is proportional to wind speed. SWH is obtained from the slope of radar‐returned pulse. Data are available at a one per second rate with complete global coverage.
William C. Ackermann 1913–1988
Authors: Changnon Stanley A. 
Published: October 2006

William C. (Bill) Ackermann was a nationally known hydrologist who helped set the nation's water resources policies and the research agenda for the field of hydrology during the 1960s and 1970s. Bill Ackermann achieved a position of national recognition and influence following a career route that was very different than that of most scientists.He learned the fundamentals of hydrology at the Unviersity of Wisconsin (graduating in 1935) and during 20 years as a hydrologist with the Tennessee Valley Authority. After a short stint with the Agricultural Research Service, Bill Ackermann became Chief of the Illinois State Water Survey in 1956, remaining in that capacity for 23 years. Ackermann's experience as a practicing hydrologist provided him with the sound foundation needed to become a leader in hydrology.
Warming will alter water resources
Authors: Maggs William Ward 
Published: October 2006

Drastic changes in water resources in all regions of the United States will be the most severe effect of global warming, according to a study reported January 16 at the meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in San Francisco. However, said the scientists on the AAAS panel on climate and U.S. water resources, strong governmental involvement can greatly reduce the water supply problems climate change will bring.The natural variability of present and future climate was the starting point for the AAAS study. The panel pointed out that it is difficult to identify the direction of potential change for many of the possible consequences of the greenhouse effect, partly because recent history provides little evidence of strong responses to such changes.
Oceanographers form new scientific society
Authors: Baker D. James 
Published: October 2006

1988 saw the formation of a new scientific society for oceanographers, The Oceanography Society. Modeled on other disciplinary societies like the American Meteorological Society and the American Astronomical Society, the goals of the Oceanography Society are to strengthen communication among oceanographers, to develop and disseminate knowledge of oceanography, and to provide recognition of the achievements of oceanographers. Aimed at serving all disciplines of ocean sciences including applications and technology, the new society had more than 1800 members by the end of the past year.The Oceanography Society has come about because of the recognition by oceanographers of the need for a body to focus on oceanographic issues, which are becoming more and more important for our nation. Oceanography as a field of science has been immensely helped by publications, meetings and other efforts by supporting societies such as the Ocean Sciences Section of the American Geophysical Union, the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, the Marine Technology Society, and the American Meteorological Society. At the same time, there is recognition that oceanography needs a voice of its own, and that a society of ocean scientists can fruitfully exist alongside a national union representing the broader interests of all of the geophysical sciences.
NASA research on global climate
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration has announced opportunities for basic research in its Climate Research Program (NRA 88‐OSSA‐12, Theory, data analysis, and measurements relating to the Climate Research Program). NASA is the lead agency for solar and Earth radiation studies in the National Climate Program and works closely on such research with other organizations, particularly the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Science Foundation, and World Climate Research Program.NASA's Climate Research Program is set up to study global climate parameters related to the basic nature of solar radiation, its transfer through Earth's atmosphere, and its interaction with land surfaces and oceans. The goal is to develop a space capability for global observations that will lead to improved understanding of the processes that control climate and its predictability.
White House reply to AGU letter
Authors: Graham William R. 
Published: October 2006

AGU President Don Anderson, in the January 24 Eos, wrote a letter to President George Bush, urging the Office of Science and Technology Policy, Executive Office of the President, to provide strong leadership in understanding Earth processes. The following is a reply to that letter, from the Director of the office, William R. Graham.AGU members who would like to review Our Changing Planet, mentioned below and in the January 24 Eos, should contact their section officers as soon as possible.
Canada issues booklet describing acid rain
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

A booklet recently released by Environment Canada describes acid rain in terms easily understood by the general public. Although Acid Rain — The Facts tends somewhat to give the Canadian side of this intercountry controversial subject, it nevertheless presents some very interesting, simple statistics of interest to people in either the U.S. or Canada. Copies of the booklet can be obtained from Inquiry Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A OH3, Canada, tel. 613‐997‐2800.The booklet points out that acid rain is caused by emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). Once released into the atmosphere, these substances can be carried long distances by prevailing winds and return to Earth as acidic rain, snow, fog, or dust. The main sources of SO2 emissions in North America are coal‐fired power generating stations and nonferrous ore smelters. The main sources of NOx emissions are vehicles and fuel combustion. From economical and environmental viewpoints, Canada believes acid rain is one of the most serious problems presently facing the country: increasing the acidity of more than 20% of Canada's 300,000 lakes to the point that aquatic life is depleted and acidity of soil water and shallow groundwater is increasing, causing decline in forest growth and water fowl populations, and eating away at buildings and monuments. Acid rain is endangering fisheries, tourism, agriculture, and forest resources in an area of 2.6 million km2 (one million square miles) of eastern Canada, about 8% of Canada's gross national product.
Anderson testifies on Planet Earth
Authors: Wainger Lisa A. 
Published: October 2006

AGU president Don Anderson joined former astronaut Sally Ride and National Aeronautics and Space Administration official Lennard Fisk March 8 in testifying before the Senate committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation. The three had been asked to speak on the future of the Mission to Planet Earth, proposed both in a National Academy of Sciences report and a NASA study.Anderson was chairman of the National Academy of Science's Task Group on Earth Sciences, which prepared the report Mission to Planet Earth as part of the series Space Science in the Twenty‐First Century. In his testimony, Anderson highlighted parts of the report and quoted the frontispiece “We now have the technology and the incentive to move boldly forward on a Mission to Planet Earth. We call on the nation to implement an integrated global program using both spaceborne and earth‐based instrumentation for fundamental research on the origin, evolution and nature of our planet, its place in our solar system, and its interaction with living things, including mankind.”