bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
METHODS FOR THE ESTIMATION OF GROUPED URINARY STEROIDS BY QUANTITATION AS 17-KETOSTEROIDS
Authors: Larsen Knud 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Methods for the estimation of urinary total 17-ketosteroids and 17-hydroxycorticosteroids, both total and 11-deoxy and 11-oxy fractions are described. It was found that for the hydrolysis of 17-ketosteroid conjugates in a boiling water bath better results were obtained by boiling the material for 7 minutes with hydrochloric acid 4 mol/l than for 35 minutes with hydrochloric or sulphuric acid 1 mol/l. The 17-hydroxy-corticosteroids were estimated using the reaction sequence – borohydride reduction, periodate oxidation, basic hydrolysis, partition chromatography and quantitative estimation of the 17-ketosteroids produced. Basic hydrolysis of the formates produced by periodate oxidation was complete at pH 13, but not at pH 9. Quantitation of the 17-ketosteroids was carried out by a modified Zimmermann reaction, extraction of unionised colourless forms of the reaction products, conversion of these into quinoid forms and measuring the extinction at 530 nm. KOH 4 mol/l, methanol as the reaction medium and incubation for 35 minutes at 13–15° C were found to be optimal for colour development. A two phase system consisting of a water phase with KOH concentrations of less than 0.16 mol/l and a pure dichloromethane phase produced optimal conditions for the extraction of the unionised stable reaction products of androsterone, aetiocholanolone, dehydroepiandrosterone and 11-hydroxy-aeticcholanolone. The concentration of the methanol in the water phase was 20% (v/v). Excellent specificity was obtained for the technique used, when evaluated by the absorption spectra for urinary 17-ketosteroids and by comparing the values obtained with and without purification by partition chromatography. It is concluded that the methods are simple, reliable and suitable for routine analysis.
DIE ENDEMISCHE STRUMA IN TIROL
Authors: Riccabona G. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Iodine metabolism was studied in 19 patients with endemic goitre and in 3 persons, in whom there was no evidence for thyroid disease.
The cases with normal thyroids showed a high radioiodine concentration in the thyroid, while their thyroglobulin had a high specific activity and the hydrolysate of their thyroids contained 125I-thyronine in relatively high amounts. In their saliva and gastric juice the 125I-concentration was normal. In goitrous persons, however, the thyroidal 125I-concentration was low, the concentration of radioiodine in saliva and gastric juice elevated. In euthyroid goitres there was evidence of a large protein-bound iodine pool with low turnover, the hydrolysate of these thyroids contained only little 125I-thyronine. The uptake of radioiodine in the thyroid and the daily urinary iodine excretion were the same in goitrous and normal persons. In one case an iodide-organification-defect could be demonstrated. The findings are considered as evidence for the existence of 2 thyroidal iodine pools in goitres, which impair adaptation to the proven iodine deficiency in Tyrol. A decision, however, whether this phenomenon is of primary pathogenetic significance or whether it just represents secondary regressive changes cannot be made.
PERFUSION STUDIES OF THE HUMAN PLACENTA
Authors: de Miquel Montserrat , Troen Philip 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Mid-pregnancy human placentas were perfused in vitro with 14C-17α-hydroxyprogesterone. The major conversion product was 14C-17α,20α-dihydroxy-pregn-4-en-3-one in an uncorrected yield of 24% from the starting 17-hydroxyprogesterone. Traces of 14C-androstenedione, 14C-oestrone and 14C-17β-oestradiol detected suggest 17–20 desmolase activity in mid-pregnancy placentas.
EXCRETION OF FOLLICLE-STIMULATING AND LUTEINIZING HORMONE DURING LACTATION
Authors: Keller Paul J. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The excretion of follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormone (FSH, LH) during lactation in women was studied by biological methods in individual and pooled samples of urine. During the first and second postpartum weeks, the FSH activity was low and the LH activity quite high, probably due to contamination with remaining chorionic gonadotrophin. Thereafter the FSH and LH values and the relationship between these hormones did not differ from those found during the normal menstrual cycle. Moreover, an increase in the LH excretion was observed in one nursing mother, though ovulation and menstrual bleeding did not follow. It was concluded, that anovulation and amenorrhoea during lactation might be due to ovarian refractoriness by an unknown mechanism, rather than to gonadotrophic dysfunction.
URINARY FSH AND LH EXCRETION FOLLOWING COMBINED TREATMENT WITH NORETHISTERONE ACETATE AND ETHINYL OESTRADIOL AND NORETHISTERONE ACETATE ONLY
Authors: McCormick William G. , Carlborg Lars , Gemzell Carl 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The urinary excretions of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and pregnanediol were studied for five consecutive months in six young healthy females following combined treatment with norethisterone acetate and ethinyl oestradiol and norethisterone acetate alone. The following effects were observed:
The »rebound effect« of gestagen-oestrogen therapy was confirmed and shown to be due to an increase in FSH and not LH secretion. The »rebound effect« was not demonstrated with gestagen therapy alone. Depression of FSH and LH excretion was shown during the cycles in which either a gestagen-oestrogen combination or gestagen alone was given. Loss of midcycle peaks of FSH and LH was also shown during treatment with the gestagen-oestrogen combination and gestagen alone.
A loss of midcycle peaks of LH was also found in the untreated cycles following treatment. A close association of FSH midcycle peak and basal body temperature (BBT) shift was observed. The possibility of random spontaneous ovulation during treatment was inferred from the pregnanediol data. The interaction of FSH and LH is discussed in relation to superovulation. The single determination of gonadotrophin has been shown to be of little value clinically.
ABNORMAL URINARY ANDROSTERONE/ETIOCHOLANOLONE RATIO IN HYPOTHALAMIC DISTURBANCES IN MAN
Authors: Johnsen Svend G. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The urinary androsterone/etiocholanolone (A/E) ratio was determined in 233 normal subjects. Compared with these, a group of 28 cases of adiposo-genital dystrophy (a.-g. d.) in boys and men showed a very considerable increase in the A/E ratio. It is shown by analyses in 23 cases of primary testicular failure and male castration and in 17 cases of exogenous obesity that this change in a.-g. d. is not secondary to the main symptoms, i. e. obesity and hypogonadism; neither can it be explained on a thyroid basis. Studies of 2362 fractionated 17-KS-determinations performed in all kinds of endocrine disorders showed that an elevated A/E ratio is found in certain conditions all of which are of hypothalamic origin. Furthermore it was found that an elevated A/E ratio was present in verified organic damage of the hypothalamus.
In a number of a.-g. d. cases the A/E ratio was followed up to 10 years through the puberal age. Usually the ratio remained unaffected by the great puberal rise in the excretion of A and E. In contrast to the others some patients showed a fall in the ratio during puberty and these usually showed satisfactory gonadal development.
Determination of the A/E ratio before and after the administration of a large dose of testosterone propionate was done in 23 cases of hypothalamic dysfunction and in 22 other cases. The abnormal A/E ratios in hypothalamic cases were reproduced during the metabolism of exogenous testosterone, which shows that the abnormal ratios originate from an abnormal androgen metabolism and not from abnormal hormone production. The findings indicate that there is, in man, a central regulation of androgen metabolism in which the hypothalamus is involved. The diagnostic, pathogenetic and theoretical implications of the findings are discussed.
CORTISOL SECRETION DURING ACUTE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS IN MAN
Authors: Cornil A. , Copinschi G. , Leclercq R. , Franckson J. R. M. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The adrenocortical function has been studied in ten subjects suffering from acute infection with high fever. Measurements were performed during the acute stage and again after recovery. In all patients, cortisol secretion was higher during the acute period (averaging 37.8 ± 8.3 mg/d) than after recovery (21.0 ± 7.0 mg/d). Urinary 17-ketogenic steroids were also significantly increased during the infection: 12.9 ± 5.4 mg/d, as against 8.2 ± 2.4 mg/d during convalescence. However, the proportion of secreted cortisol converted into urinary 11-oxy-17-ketogenic steroids was significantly lower during the acute stage than after recovery.
ON THE SIGNIFICANCE OF SERUM DILUTION AND CORTISOL ANTAGONISM IN THE RAT FAT PAD BIOASSAY OF INSULIN
Authors: Lundquist Ingmar 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The dilution effect of normal human serum was readily detectable at small dilutions (1:3, 1:4) and was present to about the same extent both in males and females. It was found to be significantly greater in elderly as compared to younger subjects. Adrenalectomized rats had a significantly lower SILA level in undiluted serum than normal rats. Alloxan diabetic rats had a SILA level in undiluted serum, of about one third of the SILA level in normal rats. In contrast to normal human serum, any dilution effect of normal rat serum was detectable only at very high dilutions (1:27). The same pattern was found when serum from adrenalectomized and alloxan diabetic rats were assayed. The dilution effect in human serum is considered to be due mainly to a species difference. The smallest concentration of cortisol which produced a significant suppression of glucose utilization (as measured on the 14CO2 production from Glucose-1-14C) by rat epididymal fat pads in vitro, in the absence of insulin, was of the order of 0.0025 μg per ml (7 × 10−9 m). A linear log dose-response relationship was found between 0.0025 and 0.25 μg per ml and thus was well within the physiological range. Physiological concentrations of cortisol significantly suppressed the effect of submaximal concentrations of insulin on the 14CO2 production from Glucose-1-14C by the epididymal adipose tissue. A maximal insulin concentration abolished this cortisol effect. However, an extremely high concentration of cortisol (25 μg per ml) still inhibited the effect of 10 U insulin per ml to a slight extent. Addition of puromycin (5 × 10−5 m) abolished the suppressive effect of a physiological concentration of cortisol on insulin stimulated 14CO2 formation from Glucose-1-14C. The mechanism of the observed antagonism between insulin and cortisol at physiological concentrations is assumed to be of the competitive type mediated not by cortisol itself, but by a protein, the formation of which is induced by the action of cortisol.
THE EFFECT OF HYSTERECTOMY ON PARAMETERS OF LUTEINIZING HORMONE SECRETION IN PSEUDOPREGNANT RATS
Authors: Christian Robert Meade , Yuan Lily , Rothchild Irving 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The possibility that the luteotrophic effect of hysterectomy in the pseudopregnant rat is due to a decreased release of luteinizing hormone (LH) was investigated. The problem was approached indirectly by measuring pituitary LH concentration (Ovarian Ascorbic Acid Depletion Assay) (OAAD) in intact and hysterectomized pseudopregnant rats killed on various days of pseudopregnancy. Values obtained in the two groups were not significantly different. The size of the interstitial cells in the ovaries of the two groups of pseudopregnant rats was also not significantly different. The results do not offer support to the hypothesis that the uterus affects the secretion of LH, but rather suggest that it has a direct effect on the corpora lutea.
EFFECT OF ETHANOL ON UTERINE ACTIVITY DURING SUCKLING IN POST-PARTUM WOMEN
Authors: Wagner Gorm , Fuchs Anna-Riitta 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Previous experiments indicated that in the rabbit, prior administration of ethyl alcohol inhibits the release of oxytocin elicited by suckling. According to preliminary studies, the same applies also in the human. In the present studies, the effect of ethanol on the milk-ejection reflex in post-partum women was investigated more thoroughly.
The milk-ejection reflex was induced by suckling of the infant. The uterine response, recorded by external tocography, was used as a measure of the oxytocin release. Alcohol was administered by mouth as whisky or brandy in suitable dilutions in amounts varying from 0.5 to 1.1 g/kg body weight. By comparison of the uterine response to endogenous (released) and exogenous (injected) oxytocin, it was estimated that about 100–250 mU oxytocin are released by the suckling stimulus in the early puerperium.
When alcohol was administered before the application of the stimulus, the release of oxytocin was partially or completely inhibited, but the uterus continued to respond to exogenous oxytocin. As shown previously in the rabbit, the effect of alcohol must thus be on the central release mechanism of oxytocin and not on the peripheral response of the target organ to oxytocin. The degree of inhibition of the oxytocin release was dependent on the alcohol concentration in the blood. With an average blood alcohol concentration of 0.07 per cent the uterine response to suckling during one nursing period was less than half of that observed under normal conditions.
INTERRUPTION OF PREGNANCY, INDUCTION OF OVULATION AND DELAYED PSEUDOPREGNANCY FOLLOWING SUPPRESSION OF LUTEAL FUNCTION
Authors: Kraicer P. F. , Shelesnyak M. C. , Tandlich Ada 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The responses of rats to acute luteal insufficiency induced by ergocornine or by luteectomy (removal of the functional corpora lutea) on three different days of pregnancy were compared. Both treatments interrupted pregnancy; oestrus and ovulation recurred, followed usually by a pseudopregnancy. Weights of the adrenals, pituitary and pineal were not affected. Suppression of luteal secretion causes an increase of gonadotrophin secretion as well as sensitization of follicles to gonadotrophic stimulation which lead to ovulation. The corpora lutea formed at this ovulation usually become functional, suggesting the persistance of luteotrophic secretions despite the recurrence of ovulation.
RADIOIMMUNOASSAY STUDIES WITH HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE AND A PITUITARY LIPID MOBILIZING FACTOR
Authors: Norman N. , Turter Aa. R. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
A description is given of a radioimmunoassay procedure for human growth hormone (HGH). Particular emphasis is placed on problems encountered with aggregation and unspecific serum protein binding of the 125I radioiodinated HGH.
Immunization of rabbits and guinea pigs with a highly purified lipid mobilizing factor (LMF) from human pituitary glands was attempted. This did not result in antibody formation towards LMF, but gave high titers against HGH. The observation thus suggests that LMF may have structural features in common with the HGH molecule. The antibody towards HGH may, however, also have been produced by a minimal contamination with HGH in the LMF. It was shown that detectable antibody formation towards HGH could be produced in rabbits with as little as 5 μg HGH.
During the study of two highly purified HGH preparations – the one containing only growth promoting or somatotrophic activity, the other had adipokinetic activity as well - it was shown that the employed radioimmunoassay is specifically directed against the growth promoting part of HGH.
Changes in the serum concentration of a possible physiologically acting LMF could therefore not be recorded, neither by a direct assay nor indirectly. On the other hand, the specificity of the HGH assay towards the »somatotrophin proper« assures that it is indeed this hormone that varies in concentration in response to insulin hypoglycaemia, exercise and postprandially. The stress of acute cardiac infarction did not increase growth hormone in the blood.
INTERCONVERSION OF PROGESTERONE AND 20α-DIHYDROPROGESTERONE AND OF ANDROSTENEDIONE AND TESTOSTERONE IN VITRO BY BLOOD AND ERYTHROCYTES
Authors: van der Molen H. J. , Groen D. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Peripheral venous blood and erythrocytes from normal men and women, as well as from dogs, rabbits and sheep were incubated with 14C-labeled progesterone*, 20α-dihydroprogesterone, androstenedione and testosterone. The presence in blood and erythrocytes of a 20α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity, catalyzing the interconversion progesterone ⇄ 20α-dihydroprogesterone, and of a 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity, catalyzing the interconversion androstenedione ⇆ testosterone was observed. Incubation with washed erythrocytes in the presence of glucose and several co-factors favoured the formation of the reduced compounds: 20α-dihydroprogesterone or testosterone. Incubations with washed erythrocytes, without addition of glucose and co-factors, favoured the formation of the oxidized compounds: progesterone and androstenedione. Incubation of steroids with whole blood, resulted in metabolism of progesterone to 20α-dihydroprogesterone and of androstenedione to testosterone. The formation of the product during incubation in vitro increased linearly with time of incubation (15—180 min). Incubations of 20 ml blood or the equivalent amount of erythrocytes with substrate amounts of steroids varying from 0.5 to 3000 μg, gave a linear increase in the amount of product formed. The possible significance of these observations in vitro for steroid metabolism in vivo is discussed.
THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN GRANULOSAL LUTEIN CELL OF THE FIRST TRIMESTER OF GESTATION
Authors: Pedersen Poul Hjortkjær , Larsen Jørgen Falck 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The ultrastructure of granulosal lutein cells of 13 corpora lutea in early human pregnancy was studied. The predominant cytoplasmic element was the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. No convincing signs of degeneration of the lutein cells could be demonstrated within the first 14 weeks of pregnancy, as the mitochondria as well as the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum were well preserved. However, lysosomes may be slightly more numerous in older specimens and the subendothelial space increases with the age of gestation. A particular type of multilaminated structure one to five micron in diameter was observed, particularly in the earliest specimens. The possible intracellular location of steroid synthesis is discussed.
STUDIES ON EOSINOPHIL GRANULOCYTES
Authors: Josefsson B. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The possible role of histamine as a mediator of the uterine eosinophilia induced by oestrogen was tested in the rat by the intrauterine administration of drugs. Histamine and 48/80 did not give rise to any eosinophils in the uterus of spayed animals, nor was it possible to suppress the oestrogenic induction of eosinophilia in the organ by the antihistamine diphenhydramine. Cycloheximide, however, completely inhibited the eosinophilic response to oestrogen indicating that the promotion of eosinophilia is a primary oestrogenic effect.
SERUM CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS IN RADIOIODINE TREATED THYROTOXIC SUBJECTS AS MEASURED BY ETHYLENEDIAMINE TETRA-ACETATE INFUSION
Authors: Goldsmith R. E. , King L. R. , Zalme E. , Bahr G. K. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Seventy four subjects treated for thyrotoxicosis with radioactive iodine (131I) were studied by means of an ethylenediamine tetra-acetate (EDTA) infusion such as was described by Kaiser & Pensold (1959). The response of these patients to a standard hypocalcaemic insult was followed by means of serum calcium, and in some instances serum inorganic phosphorus, analyses. The treated subjects were separated into euthyroid, hypothyroid and hypothyroid-treated-with-replacement-thyroid-medication groups. These groups were compared to a fourth group of 29 normal subjects. The results suggest that impairment of calcium mobilization was present in the irradiated subjects. However, most of the impairment could be correlated with the presence of hypothyroidism, and no loss of parathyroid reserve seemed indicated by the data.
IN VITRO CORTICOSTEROID BIOSYNTHESIS IN ADRENALS OF RATS URAEMIC AFTER BILATERAL NEPHRECTOMY
Authors: Steinacker H. G. , Vecsei P. , Lommer D. , Wolff H. P. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
After bilateral nephrectomy, adrenal sections of uraemic rats were incubated in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate glucose solution. The in vitro production of 18-OH-corticosterone, aldosterone, 18-OH-deoxycorticosterone and corticosterone from 4-14C-progesterone, 1,2-3H-deoxycorticosterone and the in vitro production of aldosterone and corticosterone from endogenous precursors were investigated. The biosynthesis of corticosterone from endogenous precursors was diminished, while the percentage conversion of labelled progesterone and deoxycorticosterone to corticosterone remained unchanged. Aldosterone production from endogenous precursors was not reduced and the incorporation of precursor radioactivity into aldosterone, 18-OH-corticosterone and 18-OH-deoxycorticosterone was increased. It was concluded that in the rat, aldosterone biosynthesis can also be maintained in the absence of the renin angiotensin system and that metabolic changes, possibly hyperpotassaemia or a decrease in the Na/K ratio, may have caused a specific activation of C18-hydroxylating enzymes.
THE EFFECT OF EXOGENOUS CORTICOTROPHIN ON STEROID EXCRETION IN THE NEWBORN
Authors: Lauritzen C. , Shackleton C. H. L. , Mitchell F. L. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The urinary excretion of the individual 3β-hydroxy-Δ5 steroids together with cortisol and the chromatographic bands of material containing its tetrahydrometabolites, have been studied in early infancy before and after stimulation by exogenous corticotrophin (ACTH). The average increase in the excretion of the Δ5 steroids after stimulation is relatively small (less than 185%) compared with the increase in cortisol and its metabolites (greater than 600%) and it is suggested that ACTH stimulation cannot be solely responsible for the formation of the considerable quantities of Δ5 steroids in early infancy and the high Δ5 steroid/cortisol production ratio in utero.
STOFFWECHSEL VON 16-OXO-ÖSTRON BEIM MENSCHEN
Authors: Breuer J. A. , Breuer Friederike , Breuer H. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
To each of two male subjects, 10 mg of 16-oxo-oestrone was administered intramuscularly. By various microchemical reactions, the following phenolic steroids were identified in urine: oestriol, 16-epi-oestriol, 16-oxo-17β-oestradiol, 16α-hydroxyoestrone, 16β-hydroxyoestrone, 17-epi-oestriol and 16,17-epi-oestriol.
Calculated on the basis of the administered amount of 16-oxo-oestrone, the average total excretion during the 5 days of the experiment was 12% for oestriol, 3.9% for 16-epi-oestriol, 2.9% for 16-oxo-17β-oestradiol, 1.5% for 16α-hydroxyoestrone, 0.7% for 16β-hydroxyoestrone, 0.6% for 17-epi-oestriol and 0.3% for 16,17-epi-oestriol. These results confirm previous experiments with human liver slices and show that, in addition to 17β-, 16α- and 16β-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductases, a 17α-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase is present in man which reacts with phenolic steroids.
The total recoveries of all reduction products of 16-oxo-oestrone were 26% for subject A and 18% for subject B. These relatively low values suggest that 16-oxo-oestrone is subjected in man not only to a reduction but also to an oxidative metabolism which may be of quantitative significance.