bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Growing up with epilepsy: A two‐year investigation of cognitive development in children with new onset epilepsy
Authors: Hermann Bruce P. , Jones Jana E. , Sheth Raj , Koehn Monica , Becker Tara , Fine Jason , Allen Chase A. , Seidenberg Michael 
Published: September 2008

SummaryPurpose: To characterize patterns and determinants of normal and abnormal cognitive development in children with new onset epilepsy compared to healthy controls.Methods: Longitudinal (2‐year) cognitive growth was examined in 100 children, age 8–18 years, including healthy controls (n = 48) and children with new onset epilepsy (n = 52). Cognitive maturation was examined as a function of the presence/absence of two neurobehavioral comorbitiies (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and/or academic problems) identified at the time of epilepsy diagnosis. Groups were compared across a comprehensive neuropsychological battery assessing intelligence, academic achievement, language, memory, executive function, and psychomotor speed.Results: Children with new onset epilepsy without neurobehavioral comorbidities were comparable to healthy controls at baseline, rate of cognitive development, and follow‐up assessment across all neuropsychological domains. In contrast, the presence of neurobehavioral comorbidities was associated with significantly worse baseline and prospective cognitive trajectories across all cognitive domains, especially executive functions.Conclusion: The presence of neurobehavioral comorbidities at the time of epilepsy onset is a major marker of abnormal cognitive development both prior to and after the onset of epilepsy.
Local Bank Financial Constraints and Firm Access to External Finance
Authors: PARAVISINI DANIEL 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTI exploit the exogenous component of a formula‐based allocation of government funds across banks in Argentina to test for financial constraints and underinvestment by local banks. Banks are found to expand lending by $0.66 in response to an additional dollar of external financing. Using novel data to measure risk and return on marginal lending, I show that the profitability of lending does not decline and total borrower debt increases during lending expansions, holding investment opportunities constant. Overall, financial shocks to constrained banks are found to have a quick, persistent, and amplified effect on the aggregate supply of credit.
The Value of Financial Flexibility
Authors: GAMBA ANDREA , TRIANTIS ALEXANDER 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTWe develop a model that endogenizes dynamic financing, investment, and cash retention/payout policies in order to analyze the effect of financial flexibility on firm value. We show that the value of financing flexibility depends on the costs of external financing, the level of corporate and personal tax rates that determine the effective cost of holding cash, the firm's growth potential and maturity, and the reversibility of capital. Through simulations, we demonstrate that firms facing financing frictions should simultaneously borrow and lend, and we examine the nature of dynamic debt and liquidity policies and the value associated with corporate liquidity.
Marketwide Private Information in Stocks: Forecasting Currency Returns
Authors: ALBUQUERQUE RUI , DE FRANCISCO EVA , MARQUES LUIS B. 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTWe present a model of equity trading with informed and uninformed investors where informed investors trade on firm‐specific and marketwide private information. The model is used to identify the component of order flow due to marketwide private information. Estimated trades driven by marketwide private information display little or no correlation with the first principal component in order flow. Indeed, we find that co‐movement in order flow captures variation mostly in liquidity trades. Marketwide private information obtained from equity market data forecasts industry stock returns, and also currency returns.
Cross‐Asset Speculation in Stock Markets
Authors: BERNHARDT DAN , TAUB BART 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTIn practice, heterogeneously informed speculators combine private information about multiple stocks with information in prices, taking into account how their trades influence the inferences of other speculators via prices. We show how this speculation causes prices to be more correlated than asset fundamentals, raising price volatility. The covariance structure of asset fundamentals drives that of prices, while the covariance structure of liquidity trade drives that of order flows. We characterize how speculator profits vary with the distributions of information and liquidity trade across assets and speculators, and relate the cross‐asset factor structure of order flows to that of returns.
The Dog That Did Not Bark: Insider Trading and Crashes
Authors: MARIN JOSE M. , OLIVIER JACQUES P. 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTThis paper documents that at the individual stock level, insiders' sales peak many months before a large drop in the stock price, while insiders' purchases peak only the month before a large jump. We provide a theoretical explanation for this phenomenon based on trading constraints and asymmetric information. A key feature of our theory is that rational uninformed investors may react more strongly to the absence of insider sales than to their presence (the “dog that did not bark” effect). We test our hypothesis against competing stories, such as insiders timing their trades to evade prosecution.
“You Can Enter but You Cannot Leave…”: U.S. Securities Markets and Foreign Firms
Authors: MAROSI ANDRÁS , MASSOUD NADIA 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTAlthough a number of prior papers have argued the benefits to foreign firms of cross‐listing their shares in the U.S., the number of foreign firms exiting U.S. capital markets has been increasing. This has occurred despite the difficulties foreign firms face in deregistering from the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). This paper examines the reasons underlying this trend. One of our main findings is that the passage of the Sarbanes‐Oxley Act has reduced the net benefits of a U.S. listing and registration, particularly for smaller foreign firms with lower trading volume and stronger insider control.
Buyer–Supplier Relationships and the Stakeholder Theory of Capital Structure
Authors: BANERJEE SHANTANU , DASGUPTA SUDIPTO , KIM YUNGSAN 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTFirms in bilateral relationships are likely to produce or procure unique products—especially when they are in durable goods industries. Consistent with the arguments of Titman and Titman and Wessels, such firms are likely to maintain lower leverage. We compile a database of firms' principal customers (those that account for at least 10% of sales or are otherwise considered important for business) from the Business Information File of Compustat and find results consistent with the predictions of this theory.
Discourses of Stress, Social Inequities, and the Everyday Worlds of First Nations Women in a Remote Northern Canadian Community
Authors: Adelson Naomi 
Published: September 2008

AbstractAllan Young's classic thesis on stress discourse underscores the way in which the biomedical discourse of “stress” reflects and legitimizes existing social inequities even as it removes the language of stress to the decontextualized domain of the clinic. In this article, I address the way in which the “stress discourse” of a group of young adult Cree women who live in a remote northern Canadian village reflects and reinscribes the social, cultural, and historical conditions of inequity as part and parcel of community life. This study, as a reflection on Young's thesis, reveals that sometimes one is bound to replicate inequities because it is necessary to do so. The women with whom I spoke are entangled in an historical and social reality that they are wholly aware of such that the paths of inequity that are expressed in a rationale of “stress” cannot readily be challenged or changed. [stress discourse, women, First Nations, Canada, social inequity]
The Use of Simulation in the Development of Individual Cognitive Expertise in Emergency Medicine
Authors: Bond William , Kuhn Gloria , Binstadt Emily , Quirk Mark , Wu Teresa , Tews Matthew , Dev Parvati , Ericsson K. Anders 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis consensus group from the 2008 Academic Emergency Medicine Consensus Conference, “The Science of Simulation in Healthcare: Defining and Developing Clinical Expertise,” held in Washington, DC, May 28, 2008, focused on the use of simulation for the development of individual expertise in emergency medicine (EM). Methodologically sound qualitative and quantitative research will be needed to illuminate, refine, and test hypotheses in this area. The discussion focused around six primary topics: the use of simulation to study the behavior of experts, improving the overall competence of clinicians in the shortest time possible, optimizing teaching strategies within the simulation environment, using simulation to diagnose and remediate performance problems, and transferring learning to the real‐world environment. Continued collaboration between academic communities that include medicine, cognitive psychology, and education will be required to answer these questions.
Antidepressant drugs and cardiovascular pathology: a clinical overview of effectiveness and safety
Authors: Taylor D. 
Published: September 2008

Objective: To review data examining the relationships between depression, antidepressants and cardiovascular disease.Method: Structured searches of PubMed, Medline and Embase conducted in March 2008.Results: Depression and cardiovascular disease are closely associated clinical entities. Depression appears both to cause and worsen cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular disease is in turn associated with a high incidence of depression. Depression is associated with increased mortality in cardiovascular disease, and after myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke. Many antidepressants have cardiotoxic properties. Tricyclic drugs are highly cardiotoxic in overdose and may induce cardiovascular disease and worsen outcome in established cardiovascular disease. Reboxetine, duloxetine and venlafaxine are known to increase blood pressure. Other antidepressants have neutral or beneficial effects in various cardiovascular disorders.Conclusion: Sertraline, fluoxetine, citalopram, bupropion and mirtazapine appear to be safe to use after MI; the use of sertraline, and response to citalopram and mirtazapine may improve mortality. Paroxetine and citalopram appear to be safe to use in patients with established coronary artery disease. Limited data suggest that a variety of antidepressants are effective and safe to use after stroke.
Multiple viral respiratory pathogens in children with bronchiolitis
Authors: Stempel Hilary E , Martin Emily T , Kuypers Jane , Englund Janet A , Zerr Danielle M 
Published: September 2008

AbstractAim: The aim of the study was to describe the frequency of viral pathogens and relative frequency of co‐infections in nasal specimens obtained from young children with bronchiolitis receiving care at a children's hospital.Methods: We conducted a study of nasal wash specimens using real‐time PCR and fluorescent‐antibody assay results from children less than two with an ICD‐9‐CM code for bronchiolitis. All specimens were collected for clinical care at Children's Hospital in Seattle, WA, USA, during the respiratory season from October 2003 to April 2004.Results: Viruses were detected in 168 (93%) of the 180 children with bronchiolitis. A single virus was identified in 127 (71%) children and multiple viruses in 41 (23%). Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was the most common virus detected (77%), followed by adenovirus (15%), human metapneumovirus (11%), coronavirus (8%), parainfluenza (6%) and influenza (1%). Of the 139 samples with RSV detected, 34 (24%) were co‐infected with another viral pathogen.Conclusion: Molecular diagnostic techniques identified a high frequency of viruses and viral co‐infections among children evaluated for bronchiolitis. Further study of the role of viral pathogens other than RSV and co‐infections with RSV in children with bronchiolitis appears warranted.
THE EFFECT OF CRIMINAL BACKGROUND CHECKS ON HIRING EX‐OFFENDERS*
Authors: STOLL MICHAEL A. , BUSHWAY SHAWN D. 
Published: September 2008

Research Summary The rapid increase in the nation's incarceration rate over the past decade has raised questions about how to reintegrate a growing number of ex‐offenders successfully. Employment has been shown to be an important factor in reintegration, especially for men over the age of 27 years who characterize most individuals released from prison. This article explores this question using unique establishment‐level data collected in Los Angeles in 2001. On average, we replicate the now‐common finding that employer‐initiated criminal background checks are negatively related to the hiring of ex‐offenders. However, this negative effect is less than complete. The effect is strongly negative for those employers that are legally required to perform background checks, which is not surprising because these legal requirements to perform checks are paired with legal prohibitions against hiring ex‐offenders. However, some employers seem to perform checks to gain additional information about ex‐offenders (and thus hire more ex‐offenders than other employers), and checking seems to have no effect on hiring ex‐offenders for those employers not legally required to perform checks. Policy Implications One public policy initiative that has received considerable attention is to deny employers access to criminal history record information, which includes movements to “ban the box” that inquires about criminal history information on job applications. The assumption underlying this movement is that knowledge of ex‐offender status leads directly to a refusal to hire. The results of this analysis show that policy initiatives aimed at restricting background checks, particularly for those firms not legally required to perform checks, may not have the desired consequences of increasing ex‐offender employment. This result is consistent with an alternative view that some employers care about the characteristics of the criminal history record and use information about criminal history in a more nuanced, nondiscrete way.
CRACKS IN THE PENAL HARM MOVEMENT: EVIDENCE FROM THE FIELD*
Authors: LISTWAN SHELLEY JOHNSON , JONSON CHERYL LERO , CULLEN FRANCIS T. , LATESSA EDWARD J. 
Published: September 2008

Research Summary For more than three decades, the penal harm movement, which involves “get tough” ideology and policies, has held sway over U.S. corrections. Scholars have justifiably detailed and decried this movement, but in so doing, they have also inadvertently contributed to the view that a punitive worldview is hegemonic. In contrast, we detail four major “cracks” in the penal harm movement's dominance: the persistence of rehabilitative public attitudes, the emergence of second thoughts about the wisdom of harsh sanctions, the implementation of progressive programs, and the increasing legitimacy of the principles of effective intervention for guiding correctional practices. Policy Implications Taken together, these “cracks” comprise evidence that ideological space and political will exist to fight the penal harm movement and to map out a more efficacious and progressive response to crime. Because of the persistence of social welfare sentiments and growing challenges to the legitimacy of “get tough” policies, the potential to continue, if not expand, this countermovement is present. Taking advantage of this opportunity, however, will require forfeiting the belief that there is no escape from a punitive future and undertaking systematic efforts to devise correctional strategies that are based on solid science, improve offenders' lives, and protect public safety.
Sex Modulates Intestinal Transformation by the Tumor‐Suppressor GCC
Authors: Li Peng , Schulz Stephanie , Pitari Giovanni M. , Waldman Scott A. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Background and Aims: Ovarian hormones oppose colorectal cancer, although mechanisms remain undefined. Similarly, the most commonly lost gene products in intestinal neoplasia include guanylin and uroguanylin, paracrine hormones for guanylyl cyclase C (GCC), which recently emerged as a tumor suppressor. However, the molecular intersection between intestinal paracrine and systemic sex hormones opposing intestinal neoplasia has not been explored. Methods: Intestinal tumorigenesis was quantified in wild type (Gcc+/+) and GCC‐deficient (Gcc−/−) mice carrying mutations in adenomatous polyposis coli (Apc) (ApcMin/+) or exposed to the carcinogen azoxymethane (AOM). Proliferation of epithelial cells was examined employing cell cycle markers. Results: Deletion of Gcc increased tumor multiplicity and growth in colons and small intestines, respectively, of ApcMin/+ mice. While changes in multiplicity and growth increased tumor burden, females exhibited approximately 60% (p= 0.040) of the burden in males. Similarly, female Gcc−/− mice treated with AOM exhibited approximately 40% (p= 0.048) of the burden in males. Moreover, Gcc deletion promoted epithelial cell proliferation, quantified by increases in β‐catenin, cMyc, cyclin D1, and phosphorylated retinoblastoma protein (pRb), in males but not females. Conclusion: There is a previously unappreciated interaction between sex and GCC signaling restricting crypt cell proliferation. Thus, the invariable loss of guanylin and uroguanylin resulting in tumorigenesis is mitigated in females by hormonal components of the ovarian axis. In the context of the universal overexpression of GCC by tumors, these observations highlight the combination of GCC paracrine and ovarian hormones for targeted prevention and therapy of colorectal cancer.
BMP‐2 and FGF‐2 Synergistically Facilitate Adoption of a Cardiac Phenotype in Somatic Bone Marrow c‐kit+/Sca‐1+ Stem Cells
Authors: DeGeorge, Jr. Brent R. , Rosenberg Marc , Eckstein Volker , Gao Erhe , Herzog Nicole , Katus Hugo A. , Koch Walter J. , Frey Norbert , Most Patrick 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe aim of this study was to explore the effect of bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (BMP‐2) and fibroblast growth factor‐2 (FGF‐2)— paracrine factors implicated in both cardiac embryogenesis and cardiac repair following myocardial infarction (MI)—on murine bone marrow stem cell (mBMSC) differentiation in an ex vivo cardiac microenvironment. For this purpose, green fluorescent protein (GFP) expressing hematopoietic lineage negative (lin‐) c‐kit ligand (c‐kit) and stem cell antigen‐1 (Sca‐1) positive (GFP‐lin‐/c‐kit+/sca+) mBMSC were co‐cultured with neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes (NVCMs). GFP+ mBMSC significantly induced the expression of BMP‐2 and FGF‐2 in NVCMs, and approximately 4% GFP+ mBMSCs could be recovered from the co‐culture at day 10. The addition of BMP‐2 in concert with FGF‐2 significantly enhanced the amount of integrated GFP+ mBMSCs by 5‐fold (∼20%), whereas the addition of anti‐BMP‐2 and/or anti‐FGF‐2 antibodies completely abolished this effect. An analysis of calcium cycling revealed robust calcium transients in GFP+ mBMSCs treated with BMP‐2/FGF‐2 compared to untreated co‐cultures. BMP‐2 and FGF‐2 addition led to a significant induction of early (NK2 transcription factor related, locus 5; Nkx2.5, GATA binding protein 4; GATA‐4) and late (myosin light chain kinase [MLC‐2v], connexin 43 [Cx43]) cardiac marker mRNA expression in mBMSCs following co‐culture. In addition, re‐cultured fluorescence‐activated cell sorting (FACS)‐purified BMP‐2/FGF‐2‐treated mBMSCs revealed robust calcium transients in response to electrical field stimulation which were inhibited by the L‐type calcium channel (LTCC) inhibitor, nifedipine, and displayed caffeine‐sensitive intracellular calcium stores. In summary, our results show that mBMSCs can adopt a functional cardiac phenotype through treatment with factors essential to embryonic cardiogenesis that are induced after cardiac ischemia. This study provides the first evidence that mBMSCs with long‐term self‐renewal potential possess the capability to serve as a functional cardiomyocyte precursor through the appropriate paracrine input and cross‐talk within an appropriate cardiac microenvironment.
Overexpression of Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 in Tumor Epithelial Cells Correlates with Colorectal Cancer Metastasis
Authors: Zuzga David S. , Gibbons Ahmara Vivian , Li Peng , Lubbe Wilhelm Johannes , Chervoneva Inna , Pitari Giovanni Mario 
Published: September 2008

AbstractColorectal cancer mortality largely reflects metastasis, the spread of the disease to distant organs. Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP‐9) is a key regulator of metastasis and a target for anticancer strategies in colon cancer. Here, the overexpression of MMP‐9 in pure tumor epithelial, but nor stromal, cell populations was associated with metastatic progression of colorectal cancer, as defined by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) and confirmed by immunostaining. Thus, cancer cell MMP‐9 represents a novel, selective prognostic and predictive factor that may be exploited for more effective disease stage stratification and therapeutic regimen selection in patients with colorectal cancer.
Strategies for Therapeutic Repair: The “R3” Regenerative Medicine Paradigm
Authors: Nelson Timothy J. , Behfar Atta , Terzic Andre 
Published: September 2008

AbstractBeyond the palliative reach of today, medical therapies of tomorrow aim to treat the root cause of chronic degenerative diseases. Therapeutic repair encompasses the converging triad of rejuvenation, regeneration or replacement strategies that rely on self‐healing processes, stem cell regeneration, and/or organ transplantation. Natural healing or rejuvenation exemplify inherent, baseline repair secured by tissue self‐renewal and de novo cell biogenesis, particularly effective in organs with a high endogenous reparative capacity. Transplant medicine exploits the replacement strategy as a valuable option to recycle used parts and restore failing organ function by means of exogenous substitutes—it is, however, limited by donor shortage. Stem cell‐based regeneration offers the next frontier of medical therapy through delivery of essentially unlimited pools of autologous or allogeneic, naive or modified, progenitor cells to achieve structural and functional repair. Translation into clinical applications requires the establishment of a regenerative medicine community of practice capable to bridge discovery with personalized treatment solutions. Indeed, this multidisciplinary specialized workforce will be capable to integrate the new science of embryology, immunology, and stem cell biology into bioinformatics and network medicine platforms, ensuring implementation of therapeutic repair strategies into individualized disease management algorithms.