bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
9 The Permanence of Small Firms in France
Authors: Carnevali Francesca 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter continues the positive reassessment of the role played by small firms in French economic growth by looking at their permanence after 1945. It focuses on the policies enacted by the French government to ensure their survival, and on the role played by the different types of banks. Particular attention is paid to Popular banks and their role in reducing the impact of credit restrictions on small firms.
5 Ammonius Saccas
Authors: Karamanolis George E. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAmmonius Saccas held the view that the philosophy of Aristotle is in agreement with that of Plato on most essential philosophical issues. It is argued that Ammonius was an independent thinker who, though a Platonist, had a weaker commitment to Plato than most of his contemporary Platonists, and hence was uninterested in interschool polemics. Rather, his concern was to search for the truth in philosophy, which led him to study the works of both Plato and Aristotle, and appreciate them according to their merits. Focusing on the underlying thought behind the texts, Ammonius set aside doctrines forged by later philosophers, points of detail, and also certain flaws of the philosophers themselves, and reached an understanding of Platonic and Aristotelian philosophy as a whole, concluding that their basic doctrines are essentially the same.
Protestant Theology and the Making of the Modern German University
Authors: Howard Thomas Albert 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Few institutions have been as influential as the German universities of the 19th century in shaping the modern academy and in setting the agenda of modern Christian theology. This book examines the rise of the modern German university from the standpoint of the Protestant theological faculty, focusing on the University of Berlin (1810), Prussia’s flagship university in the 19th century. In contradistinction to historians of modern higher education who often overlook theology, and to theologians who are frequently inattentive to the social and institutional contexts of religious thought, it is argued that modern university development and the trajectory of modern Protestant theology in Germany should be understood as interrelated phenomena.
1 Introduction
Authors: Howard Thomas Albert 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This introductory chapter begins with a brief description of the shake-up of educational institutions throughout Europe in the early 19th century. The objectives of this study are then presented followed by a discussion of German university development and theology. It is argued that the Prussian state in general, and its policies towards the church and university in particular, were of great consequence for the operations of theological faculties and the shaping of Protestant academic theology. By promoting confessional harmony, emphasizing critical scholarship over apologetics, standardizing and mandating state-run accrediting procedures, and maintaining a firm grip on hiring procedures, the state managed to exercise tremendous influence over the religious sphere in society.
5 Competency in Public Service Bargains: Wonks, Sages, Deliverers, and Go‐Betweens
Authors: Hood Christopher , Lodge Martin 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter explores the competency dimension of public service bargains, in the sense of skills, ability, or experience. It discusses four types of competency bargains: wonk, sage, deliverer, and go-between bargains, exploring their strengths and weaknesses. The chapter notes how elements from these four types can be combined and concludes with a discussion of trends and changes over time, which suggest that tendencies have been far from a one way adoption of managerialist themes of ‘delivery’.
Social Groups: Starting Small
Authors: Gilbert Margaret 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIn pursuit of a satisfactory theory of political obligation, a start is made towards the articulation of a particular conception of a political society, with a focus on social groups. These range from the enduring and relatively permanent to the small and transient: even two people out on a walk together constitute such a group by virtue of their joint activity. This chapter makes a number of observations on that case that may serve as tests of an account of joint activity generally. For instance, the parties are understood to have a special standing to rebuke each other for action that undermines the joint activity and upon which there has been no explicit or implicit concurrence between the parties. Various ways in which joint activity may come about, including initial agreements, are explored and an account of joint activity in terms of the parties’ joint commitment is sketched.
Joint Commitment and Obligation
Authors: Gilbert Margaret 
Published: September 2006

AbstractJoint commitments are compared and contrasted with personal decisions and intentions: all are in some sense commitments of the will. They provide one with sufficient reason for action, independently of one’s inclinations and self-interest. Aspects of joint commitment discussed include their formation, basic and non-basic cases, and ways of being freed from them. An argument is presented for the obligating nature of joint commitments. The directed obligation argued for is not context-sensitive and is therefore, in a sense, ‘absolute’.
Societies as Plural Subjects
Authors: Gilbert Margaret 
Published: September 2006

AbstractHaving articulated an account of joint activity in terms of joint commitment, and hence of those social groups that arise through the joint activity of certain persons, this chapter returns to social groups in general, and societies in particular. Defining a plural subject as a set of persons who are jointly committed in some way, it argues for an account of social groups as plural subjects. It argues that plural subjects can be large and possess the features of anonymity, hierarchy, impersonality, and inclusiveness. These features are typically associated with a society as a special type of social group.
Reconsidering Actual Contract Theory
Authors: Gilbert Margaret 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe actual contract theory of political obligation is reconsidered in light of a plural subject account of agreements. Given the proposed account of agreements, both immoral and coerced agreements are possible and obligate the parties. The obligation in question is not a moral requirement deriving from a general moral principle, it is an obligation of joint commitment as discussed in Chapter 7. Actual contract theory can thus be defended against the no-obligation objection construed in terms of obligation simply; the no-agreement objection remains. Plural subject theory avoids both objections and is therefore to be preferred.
The Plural Subject Theory of Political Obligation
Authors: Gilbert Margaret 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The plural subject theory of political obligation is brought up against the tests proposed in Chapter 3, and compared and contrasted with several other theories, including those that invoke subjective identification and fair play. Some questions relating to political authority are also discussed, including the question of the standing to punish. Several objections that might or have been raised to plural subject theory, including some from A. John Simmons are noted, and responses are offered. The practical importance of political obligations according to the theory is discussed, and some substantive moral questions relating to them are noted.
Physical Relativity
Authors: Brown Harvey R. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis book explores the nature of the distinction at the heart of Einstein's 1905 formulation of his special theory of relativity: that between kinematics and dynamics. Einstein himself became increasingly uncomfortable with this distinction, and with the limitations of what he called the ‘principle theory’ approach inspired by the logic of thermodynamics. A handful of physicists and philosophers have over the last century likewise expressed doubts about Einstein's treatment of the relativistic behaviour of rigid bodies and clocks in motion in the kinematical part of his great paper, and suggested that the dynamical understanding of length contraction and time dilation intimated by the immediate precursors of Einstein is more fundamental. This book both examines and extends these arguments (which support a more ‘constructive’ approach to relativistic effects in Einstein's terminology), after giving a careful analysis of key features of the pre-history of relativity theory. It argues furthermore that the geometrization of the theory by Minkowski in 1908 brought illumination, but not a causal explanation of relativistic effects. Finally, the book tries to show that the dynamical interpretation of special relativity defended in the book is consistent with the role this theory must play as a limiting case of Einstein's 1915 theory of gravity: the general theory of relativity.
1 The Main Sources and Their Authors: The Relevant Works of John Rufus and Zachariah Rhetor
Authors: Horn Cornelia B. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractTwo main texts are available on the life and career of Peter the Iberian in the anti-Chalcedonian milieu of 5th-century AD Palestine. The first text, the Vita Petri Iberi, is the hagiographical biography of Peter. The second text, the Plerophoriae, is a collection of apophthegmata-like anecdotes, which focus on the controversy over the acceptance of the decisions of the Council of Chalcedon (AD 451) in Palestine, Syria, and Egypt. John Rufus most likely wrote or was the final redactor of both works, but his work has received little scholarly attention until recently. This chapter discusses significant aspects of the work and person of John Rufus. It also introduces two other main sources of information concerning Peter: the works of Zachariah Rhetor and the Georgian ‘Life of Peter the Iberian’.
Identity in Physics
Authors: French Steven , Krause Décio 
Published: September 2006

AbstractDrawing on philosophical accounts of identity and individuality, as well as the histories of both classical and quantum physics, this book explores two alternative metaphysical approaches to quantum particles. It asks if quantum particles can be regarded as individuals, just like books, tables, and people. Taking the first approach, the book argues that if quantum particles are regarded as individuals, then Leibniz’s famous Principle of the Identity of Indiscernibles is in fact violated. Recent discussions of this conclusion are analysed in detail and the costs involved in saving the Principle are carefully considered. For the second approach, the book considers recent work in non-standard logic and set theory to indicate how we can make sense of the idea that objects can be non-individuals. The concluding chapter suggests how these results might then be extended to quantum field theory.
Introduction
Authors: French Steven , Krause Décio 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis introductory chapter presents an outline of the metaphysics of identity and individuality, which emphasizes the conceptual distinction between individuality and distinguishability. The Principle of Identity of Indiscernibles effectively reduces the former to the latter, but notions of haecceity, ‘transcendental individuality’, and ‘space-time’ individuality are also presented, with the aim of laying the groundwork for the subsequent considerations of identity and individuality in the quantum context. In particular, as identity in higher-order logic is defined in terms of indistinguishability and ‘countable’ objects which feature in set theory are typically taken to be those which have well-defined identity conditions, this metaphysical framework will underpin the rest of the discussions in this book.
2 Cold War Peacemaker: Brokering Peace in the Iran–Iraq War
Authors: Malone David M. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This chapter discusses the first phase of UN involvement in Iraq, in which it acted as a Cold War Peacemaker and peacekeeper, using its neutral position eventually to broker a settlement between Iran and Iraq in 1987-88. It focuses on several critical moments during the Iran-Iraq war, the significance of which was overlooked at the time. First, the Security Council’s inadequate, indeed misguided, reaction to Iraq’s attack on Iran in 1980 that contributed to Saddam Hussein’s contempt for the UN. The UN’s involvement over the next decade provides a catalog of the measures available to it as a peace-broker in the Cold War years. A new phase is introduced, in which, with Cold War tensions subsiding, the P-5 working together could be more creative (and quietly assertive) than previously. A new era in P-5 relations and in the capacity of the UN to address hitherto intractable conflicts had dawned.
7 Sidelined: From 9/11 to August 19, 2003
Authors: Malone David M. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This chapter discusses the fourth phase of UN involvement in Iraq, in which it was largely sidelined. Negotiations within the Security Council in late 2002 and early 2003 resulted in deadlock, and the decision of a US and UK-led Coalition to overthrow Saddam Hussein forcibly without a Council mandate. The chapter also addresses the early Coalition occupation of Iraq; subsequent decisions by the Security Council to lend this international action a semblance of legal cover (without providing post facto authorization of the use of force against Saddam Hussein); the nascent Sunni-dominated insurgency against Coalition forces and their local allies; and the bombing of UN headquarters in Baghdad in August 2003 that was to traumatize UN staff and inhibit significant UN post-conflict roles on the ground.
Temporal Predication and Supervenience Failure
Authors: Sattig Thomas 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAn account of temporal supervenience requires an account of temporal predication: a semantic account of the language in which facts about ordinary time are stated. For the detenser, the problem of temporal predication is essentially the task of giving an account of the semantic function of the modifier ‘at t’ in ‘a is F at t’. In the project of explaining temporal supervenience, an account of temporal predication functions as an analysis of ordinary temporal facts, which is required to build an explanatory bridge from these temporal facts to their spatiotemporal supervenience base. This chapter discusses various accounts of temporal predication that share the common feature that temporal supervenience cannot be explained on the basis of them, because these accounts allow no plausible explanatory link between the facts of persistence and change and any facts about spacetime.
5 Eyes Wide Open
Authors: Hussain Asifa , Miller William 
Published: September 2006

AbstractMajority Scots have less contact, friendship, and knowledge of the minorities than the minorities have of the majority. Minority perceptions of the majority are broadly accurate. In particular, they are aware that the majority doubts the loyalty of minorities (English and Muslim) to Scotland. The frequent exposure to ethnic jokes and intentional insults have a dramatic impact on minorities’ perceptions, even though the victims try hard to believe that their harassers are exceptional rather than typical. These personal experiences have significantly more impact on English immigrants’ perceptions of the majority’s Anglophobia than on Muslims’ perceptions of the majority’s Islamophobia. English immigrants suffered less harassment but coped worse and reacted more indignantly. Signals from the new Scottish Parliament to minorities were critically important in determining minorities’ perceptions of the majority. The Parliament’s inclusive, multicultural publicity campaigns may have greater impact on the minorities’ perceptions than on the majority’s actual prejudices.
7 History, Culture, Symbols
Authors: Hussain Asifa , Miller William 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
One-third of English immigrants and two-thirds of Pakistanis want to change Scottish culture, preferring to add to the variety of Scottish customs and traditions rather than attempt to ‘adapt and blend’. Scottish Pakistanis value diversity, wanting a Scotland that is different from its past and different from their own past. They reject a ghetto mentality in favour of a multicultural society, in which they would be integrated but not assimilated. Pakistanis who lack friends outside their community, speak Asian languages at home, read Asian papers, or do not have occupations outside the home or the family business have a particular concern about special ethnic history classes for their children. Few English immigrants want special history classes, but those who have spent longer time in Scotland or have greater links to Scotland and weaker continuing links to England are more inclined to advocate ‘adapting and blending’. There is also behavioural evidence that English immigrants are willing even to adapt their religion.
What Should we Treat as an End in Itself?
Authors: Dean Richard 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter first explains that Kant defines a good will as the will of a being who is committed to moral principles, or committed to regulating her power of choice (Willkür) with the principles legislated by her Wille. It then surveys the divergent views that prominent commentators have offered of what should be treated as an end in itself. Other commentators have generally identified the end in itself as some more minimal form of rational nature, such as just Willkür itself, just the power to legislate moral principles, or just the capacity for morality. Even if one does not accept the claim that good will is the end in itself, it is still important to distinguish between the different readings that others have offered of ‘humanity’ in the humanity formulation.
Is the Good Will Reading Just Too Hard to Swallow?
Authors: Dean Richard 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Despite the evidence for the good will reading of the humanity formulation, many readers will find it unpalatable. It may seem that if good will is the end in itself, then the humanity formulation allows the abuse of many humans who are insufficiently committed to morality. But Kant’s own account of a complete system of duties, or a metaphysics of morals, implies that all typical humans must be treated as if they are ends in themselves, even if some lack good wills. Kant actually provides several reasons for this, including that others’ moral character cannot be accurately discerned, that people are prone to elevate their own self-worth in comparison to others, that treating immoral people with disrespect will discourage them from reforming themselves, and that abusing any humans will likely decrease someone’s respect for all humans. Furthermore, given a proper understanding of good will, there is no reason to think good wills are a rarity among humans.
Would Kant Say we should Respect Autonomy?
Authors: Dean Richard 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe principle of respect for autonomy that is employed in medical ethics and other branches of applied ethics is widely taken to be a roughly Kantian principle, but there actually is no close connection between this currently influential principle and Kant’s ethics. Kant’s conception of autonomy differs from the conception prevalent in medical ethics, not only in its details but also in its fundamental role in moral theory. The principle of treating humanity as an end in itself does not closely resemble the contemporary principle of respect for autonomy, although the principles would in fact be similar if some minimal readings of the humanity formulation were correct. Furthermore, there is some reason to favour the moral principle of treating good will as an end in itself over any principle that gives central status to mere choice.
Chapter 2 Actor Constellations and Interest Coalitions: Labor, Employers, and the State
Authors: Ebbinghaus Bernhard 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe chapter discusses how the state, employers, and organized labor promote and reform early retirement policies. What interests do workers, employers, and workplace representatives have in using early exit? Beyond the workplace, interest coalitions may arise among governments, employer associations, and trade unions to externalize restructuration costs, reduce labor supply, and buy social peace.
Tarskian Truth and the Views of John McDowell
Authors: Taylor Barry 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter examines the status of Tarskian truth. It argues that because of its connections with behaviour and psychology through the notion of translation, it is properly classified as a substantial, rather than a formal, account of truth. It also contends that Common-sense Realism might be modified by replacing the commitment it made to a formal account of truth with commitment to a substantial alternative capable of playing a part in the Fregean model of meaning. Tarskian truth, with its bland neutrality, is the obvious candidate for the replacement role. The resulting position, dubbed ‘Quietist Realism’, proves on examination to be that of John McDowell in Mind and World. Moreover, its characteristic principles, borrowed by Putnam for Common-sense Realism, are no optional extra to Tarskian truth as McDowell deploys it, but play an essential role in his defence of the notion as suitable for use in the Fregean model, against attacks mounted by Dummett.
Introduction
Authors: Cavell Marcia 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This introductory chapter begins with a brief discussion of psychological space. This space has turned out to be so rich and important in explaining behaviour and in determining what it is like to be a particular person — her ‘subjectivity’ — that there has been a tendency in psychoanalysis to lose sight of the fact that we are animals in a real, physical world, equipped to deal with and to register what endangers us there and what helps us thrive. It is argued that any discussion of what it is to be a human ‘self’ or ‘subject’ must acknowledge four ideas that are central to psychoanalysis: (i) much mental functioning is unconscious, not necessarily through repression; (ii) memory takes different forms, which carry with them different degrees of conscious awareness; (iii) the degree of consciousness is often dictated by unconscious, defensive processes, summoned into play against pain and anxiety; and (iv) the past informs the present, often in ways of which we are unaware and over which we lack direct control. An overview of the chapters included in this volume is presented.
Freedom and Understanding
Authors: Cavell Marcia 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This chapter argues that there are no good facts of a general or metaphysical nature that can establish that freedom is an empty concept. Psychoanalysis does not show that free will is an illusion, but that the peculiarly human capacity for choice is constrained by phenomena that are equally peculiar as symbol-using creatures. Psychological defences sometimes operate as givens that are, in the moment, beyond our will, governing how we choose and who we are.
Valuing Emotions
Authors: Cavell Marcia 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This chapter argues that emotions are quintessentially subjective states that have important objective and public aspects. They are subjective in that the content of an emotion can be given only in the telling of a particular individual’s life story; they are objective as appraisals of reality. Emotions are orientations to the world that show how things matter to us, revealing the world in its relation to us, and ourselves in relation to the world. The difference between emotion and feeling is briefly discussed.