bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Beyond Douching: Use of Feminine Hygiene Products and STI Risk Among Young Women
Authors: Ott Mary A. , Ofner Susan , Fortenberry J. Dennis 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Use of feminine hygiene products (feminine wipes, sprays, douches, and yeast creams) by adolescent women is common, yet understudied.

Aim
We examine the association among these genital hygiene behaviors, condom use, and sexually transmitted infection (STI).

Main Outcome Measures
Using the interview as our unit of analysis, we examined associations between genital hygiene behaviors (use of feminine wipes, feminine sprays, douches, or yeast creams), STI risk factors, and infection with Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Trichomonas vaginalis.

Methods
We recruited 295 adolescent women from primary care clinics as part of a larger longitudinal study of STI among high-risk adolescents. Participants completed face-to-face interviews every 3 months, and provided vaginal swabs for STI testing. Data were analyzed with repeated measures logistic models to control for multiple observations contributed by each participant.

Results
Participants reported douching in 25% of interviews, feminine sprays in 29%, feminine wipes in 27%, and yeast creams in 19% of interviews. We observed a co-occurrence of douching, spraying, and wiping. A past STI (6 months or more prior) was associated with increased likelihood of yeast cream use, and a recent STI (3 months prior) was associated with increased likelihood of feminine wipe use. Condom use was modestly associated with increased likelihood of douching.

Conclusions
Young women frequently use feminine hygiene products, and it is important for clinicians to inquire about use as these products may mimic or mask STI. We found no associations between douching and STI, but instead modest associations between hygiene and STI prevention, suggesting motivation for self-care.
Revealing the Buried Penis in Adults
Authors: Shaeer Osama , Shaeer Kamal 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Several surgical solutions have been proposed for resolving penile concealment with successful outcomes. Those include liposuction, adhesiolysis, and suprapubic lipectomy through the abdominal crease. Nevertheless, some limitations exist and compromise the results of surgical correction.

Aim
This work presents our technique for revealing the hidden penis, addressing the limitations of existing methods for surgical correction.

Methods
Sixty-four adult males with buried penis were operated upon. The penis was revealed by the combination of adhesiolysis, suprapubic and lateral lipectomy, anchoring the penoscrotal and penopubic junctions, and skin coverage by a local flap.

Main Outcome Measures
Penile length in the flaccid and erect states.

Results
Average postoperative length in the flaccid state was approximately 7 cm ± 1.3 (a 293% increase) and in the erect state was 18.4 cm ± 2.9 (185.7% increase), compared with preoperative length of 1.8 cm ± 0.4 in the flaccid state and 6.4 cm ± 1.6 in the erect state. Minor complications occurred. There was no deterioration in sexual function.

Conclusion
Revealing the concealed penis is a complicated procedure. The outcome may be improved by implementing a radical approach to tissue excision, providing adequate skin coverage, and anchoring the penile shaft, skin, and subcutaneous tissues in the revealed state to prevent relapse.
Maternal Predictors of Toddler Health Status
Authors: Fowles Eileen , Walker Lorraine 
Published: January 2009

PURPOSE.  The purposes of this study were to examine the relationships among maternal and environmental variables in the first 6 months postpartum and toddler health status, and to identify predictors of toddler health.DESIGN AND METHODS.  A secondary analysis was conducted on an existing dataset of a longitudinal parent–child survey.RESULTS.  Maternal stress predicted 8% of the variance in child health status at 18 months of age. Children in nonparental care more than 20 hr per week were perceived as less healthy.PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS.  Pediatric nurses should assess levels of maternal stress in the early months postpartum and anticipate poorer health status in toddlers who spend more than 20 hr per week in nonparental care.
The Fine‐Tuning Argument
Authors: Manson Neil A. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe Fine‐Tuning Argument (FTA) is a variant of the Design Argument for the existence of God. In this paper the evidence of fine‐tuning is explained and the Fine‐Tuning Design Argument for God is presented. Then two objections are covered. The first objection is that fine‐tuning can be explained in terms of the existence of multiple universes (the ‘multiverse’) plus the operation of the anthropic principle. The second objection is the ‘normalizability problem’– the objection that the Fine‐Tuning Argument fails because fine‐tuning is not actually improbable.
Neuroethics: Ethics and the Sciences of the Mind
Authors: Levy Neil 
Published: January 2009

AbstractNeuroethics is a rapidly growing subfield, straddling applied ethics, moral psychology and philosophy of mind. It has clear affinities to bioethics, inasmuch as both are responses to new developments in science and technology, but its scope is far broader and more ambitious because neuroethics is as much concerned with how the sciences of the mind illuminate traditional philosophical questions as it is with questions concerning the permissibility of using technologies stemming from these sciences. In this article, I sketch the two branches of neuroethics, the applied and the philosophical, and illustrate how they interact. I also consider representative themes from each: the ethics of dampening memory and of cognitive enhancement, on the one hand, and the attack upon the reliability of deontological intuitions and upon free will, on the other.
Welfarism
Authors: Keller Simon 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWelfarism is the view that morality is centrally concerned with the welfare or well‐being of individuals. The division between welfarist and non‐welfarist approaches underlies many important disagreements in ethics, but welfarism is neither consistently defined nor well understood. I survey the philosophical work on welfarism, and I offer a suggestion about how the view can be characterized and how it can be embedded in various kinds of moral theory. I also identify welfarism's major rivals, and its major attractions and weaknesses.
Recent Work on Free Will and Moral Responsibility
Authors: Levy Neil , McKenna Michael 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIn this article we survey six recent developments in the philosophical literature on free will and moral responsibility: (1) Harry Frankfurt's argument that moral responsibility does not require the freedom to do otherwise; (2) the heightened focus upon the source of free actions; (3) the debate over whether moral responsibility is an essentially historical concept; (4) recent compatibilist attempts to resurrect the thesis that moral responsibility requires the freedom to do otherwise; (5) the role of the control condition in free will and moral responsibility, and finally (6) the debate centering on luck.
Angiotensin II enhances the afferent arteriolar response to adenosine through increases in cytosolic calcium
Authors: Lai E. Y. , Patzak A. , Persson A. E. G. , Carlström M. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAims: Angiotensin II (Ang II) is a strong renal vasoconstrictor and modulates the tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF). We hypothesized that Ang II at low concentrations enhances the vasoconstrictor effect of adenosine (Ado), the mediator of TGF.Methods: Afferent arterioles of mice were isolated and perfused, and both isotonic contractions and cytosolic calcium transients were measured.Results: Bolus application of Ang II (10−12and 10−10 m) induced negligible vasoconstrictions, while Ang II at 10−8 mreduced diameters by 35%. Ang II at 10−12, 10−10and 10−8 mclearly enhanced the arteriolar response to cumulative applications of Ado (10−11to 10−4 m). Ado application increased the cytosolic calcium concentrations in the vascular smooth muscle, which were higher at 10−5 mthan at 10−8 m. Ang II (10−11to 10−6 m) also induced concentration‐dependent calcium transients, which were attenuated by AT1receptor inhibition. Simultaneously applied Ang II (10−10 m) additively enhanced the calcium transients induced by 10−8and 10−5 mAdo. The transients were partly inhibited by AT1or A1receptor antagonists, but not significantly by A2receptor antagonists.Conclusion: A low dose of Ang II enhances Ado‐induced constrictions, partly via AT1receptor‐mediated calcium increase. Ado increases intracellular calcium by acting on A1but not A2receptors. The potentiating effect of Ang II on Ado‐induced arteriolar vasoconstrictions may involve calcium sensitization of the contractile machinery, as Ang II only additively increased cytosolic calcium concentrations, while its effect on the arteriolar constriction was more than additive. The potentiating effect of Ang II might contribute to the resetting of TGF.
Dignity as experienced by nursing home staff
Authors: Dwyer Lise‐Lotte , Andershed Birgitta , Nordenfelt Lennart , Ternestedt Britt‐Marie 
Published: January 2009

Aims and objectives.  To explore nursing home staff members’ experiences of what dignity in end of life care means to older people and to themselves.Background.  Dignity is a concept often used in end‐of‐life care, but its meaning is rarely clarified.Design.  Qualitative descriptive study.Methods.  Content analysis. This study is based on interviews with 21 staff members in four different nursing homes in Sweden.Findings.  The results show that staff members balanced between providing for the older person’s physical needs while wishing to be able to deliver a ‘deeper’ level of care. The older people’s dignity is presented in the main theme: Feeling trust – Showing respect. The staff members’ dignity is presented in the main theme: Maintaining self‐respect – Being shown respect. Threats to dignity are presented in the main theme: conflicts between the ideal and the reality.Conclusions.  The results reveal that nursing home staff members deal with a moral conflict between what they are able to deliver and what they would like to provide in the care of older people.Relevance to clinical practice.  To promote older people’s dignity, there is a need to take account of staff members’ work situation. Supervision and continuous education could be one way of achieving this.
Implementation of the abilities‐focused approach to morning care of people with dementia by nursing staff
Authors: Sidani Souraya , LeClerc Chantale , Streiner David 
Published: January 2009

Background.  The efficacy of the abilities‐focused approach to morning care has been demonstrated in two studies. However, the extent to which nurses are aware of and actually implement abilities‐focused interventions in day‐to‐day practice is not known.Aim.  The study aimed to determine the type and number of abilities‐focused interventions delivered by nursing staff to residents with dementia during morning care.Methods.  A one‐group repeated measure design was used. Seventy‐nine nursing staff attended an educational session to instruct them in the application of abilities‐focused interventions. Data on the type and number of interventions used by nurses were obtained before, after and 3‐months following attendance at the session. Data were collected through participants’ self‐report and observation.Results.  Most nursing staff used abilities‐focused interventions when providing morning care. Introduction to resident, orientation to resident and conversation with resident were three types of interventions most often applied over time. The number of interventions implemented increased after attendance at the education session and returned to baseline level at 3‐month follow‐up.Conclusions.  Future research is recommended to examine the long‐term effects of alternative designs of educational sessions.
The meaning of good and bad care in the community care: older people’s lived experiences
Authors: From Ingrid , Johansson Inger , Athlin Elsy 
Published: January 2009

In spite of a considerable body of research in the past decades on what does or does not constitute good care for older people, there are still few studies addressing this question in which older people narrate their experiences of being dependent on community care. This study was therefore carried out aiming to explore older people’s lived experiences of what good and bad care meant to them, when it was offered by community care services. Nineteen older persons in three Swedish communities participated in the study, which used a phenomenological–hermeneutic approach. Data were collected through unstructured interviews and Colaizzi’s framework was utilized in the analysis of the data.The key theme arising from the analysis was that of being encountered as a human being by caregivers who, through the provision of safe and secure care, provide opportunities for living life as usual. When any of these circumstances are lacking, bad care will be the consequence. As the general intention in society is to ensure good quality of care to older people as well as others, the findings in our study should have important implications for providers of community care for older people.
Movements and diving behavior of pelagic spotted dolphins
Authors: Scott Michael D. , Chivers Susan J. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWe radio tracked 20 pantropical spotted dolphins (Stenella attenuata) in the pelagic waters of the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean during three research cruises in 1992, 1993, and 2001. Dolphins were tracked for up to 6 d from 20 to 1,000 km offshore. Seventeen of these dolphins also carried time–depth recorders, nine of which were recovered with a combined total of 477 h of dive data. The movement data suggested that the dolphins associate with areas of relatively high biological productivity. Dolphins close to shore moved along the continental slope, while some dolphins traveled farther offshore along thermocline “ridges.” Tracking and tagging multiple dolphins demonstrated the dynamic nature of dolphin herds, which change size and membership over the course of a day. At night, the dolphins traveled more slowly but dove deeper and longer, with more rapid ascents and descents than during daylight hours. These nighttime dive characteristics support the hypothesis suggested by some food habit studies that spotted dolphins are nocturnal feeders. Comparison of dive data with acoustic backscatter data indicates that spotted dolphins typically begin and end nighttime feeding activities with dusk and dawn diving bouts that track the vertical migration of organisms associated with the deep scattering layer.
Do sampling method and sample size affect basic measures of dolphin sociality?
Authors: Gibson Quincy Anne , Mann Janet 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAlthough the fission–fusion social patterns of bottlenose dolphins have been described, defining and measuring sociality is difficult. No study to date has investigated how much data are necessary to accurately depict social patterns in a fission–fusion species and whether this amount differs depending on the measure used. Using the long‐term Shark Bay bottlenose dolphin study we examined four different measures of sociality for mothers and dependent calves (n= 89). Our objectives were to determine (1) the amount of observation time necessary to accurately depict sociality using these measures, (2) correlations among these measures, and (3) if sampling method affects the validity of sociality measurements. A minimum of 10 h and 5 h of observations, respectively, were necessary to accurately capture calf associate numbers and percent time alone. A pairwise comparison of calf sociality measurements from focal and survey data found that calves spent from 0% to 70.2% of their time alone in focal data, but these same calves spent only 0%–7.7% alone in survey data. These findings indicate that (1) results differ depending on the type of sampling method and (2) the amount of observation time necessary to adequately capture individual variation differs depending on the measure of sociality.
Transmission loss patterns from acoustic harassment and deterrent devices do not always follow geometrical spreading predictions
Authors: Shapiro Ari D. , Tougaard Jakob , Jørgensen Poul Boel , Kyhn Line A. , Balle Jeppe Dalgaard , Bernardez Cristina , Fjälling Arne , Karlsen Junita , Wahlberg Magnus 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAcoustic harassment and deterrent devices have become increasingly popular mitigation tools for negotiating the impacts of marine mammals on fisheries. The rationale for their variable effectiveness remains unexplained, but high variability in the surrounding acoustic field may be relevant. In the present study, the sound fields of one acoustic harassment device and three acoustic deterrent devices were measured at three study sites along the Scandinavian coast. Superimposed onto an overall trend of decreasing sound exposure levels with increasing range were large local variations in the sound level for all sources in each of the environments. This variability was likely caused by source directionality, inter‐ping source level variation and multipath interference. Rapid and unpredictable variations in the sound level as a function of range deviated from expectations derived from spherical and cylindrical spreading models and conflicted with the classic concept of concentric zones of increasing disturbance with decreasing range. Under such conditions, animals may encounter difficulties when trying to determine the direction to and location of a sound source, which may complicate or jeopardize avoidance responses.
Confirmed expression of MHC class I and class II genes in the New Zealand endemic Hector's dolphin (Cephalorhynchus hectori)
Authors: Heimeier Dorothea , Baker C. Scott , Russell Kirsty , Duignan Pádraig J. , Hutt Alistair , Stone Gregory S. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWe provide the first description and confirmation of expression for three Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) genes (DQA, DQB, and class I) in the New Zealand endemic Hector's dolphin (Cephalorhynchus hectori). Sequences were derived from cDNA generated from peripheral blood leukocyte mRNA collected during a temporary live capture of two Hector's dolphins. The complete exons 2 and 3 of DQA, DQB, and class I were amplified from cDNA to confirm their expression. The same primers proved reliable for amplification from genomic DNA. Locus identity was supported by phylogenetic relationships to MHC molecules from other closely related species. No evidence was found for duplication of DQ loci, but cloning of amplified exon 2 of the class I gene indicated duplication or triplication of this locus. However, the expression of multiple class I loci was uncertain as only one allele could be detected from clones of cDNA. Balancing selection was indicated by a significantly greater ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous substitutions at all three loci and by the apparent transspecific sharing of alleles for DQA and DQB.
Do monk seals exert top‐down pressure in subphotic ecosystems?
Authors: Parrish Frank A. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractPatterns of subphotic fish assemblages on seamounts in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands were identified and compared for potential structuring influences, including the bottom‐up effects of regional oceanic productivity and top‐down predation pressure exerted by visiting monk seals (Monachus schauinslandi). Patterns in fish size, density, and biomass were evaluated at the deep extreme (350–500 m) of the seals feeding range to avoid confounding effects of diverse shallow habitats (e.g., coral reefs). Fish number and size were used to calculate biomass density of the seamount fish assemblages that were then compared to the independent variables of summit depth, substrate type, relief, oceanic productivity, distance to seal colonies, and seal colony population. Only the variables of distance to seal colony and seal colony population were retained in a multiple regression model that explained 31% of the variance. Despite the presence of obvious regional differences in oceanic productivity, the overall patterns in the subphotic fish assemblages are better explained by the top‐down hypothesis of predation pressure from monk seals.
Shiism in the Modern Context: From Religious Quietism to Political Activism
Authors: Brunner Rainer 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe intention of this article is twofold. The first part tries to elucidate some characteristics of Shiism by briefly describing the background of this basic sectarian rift within Islam and its consequences for the Shiite worldview. The second part is a stocktaking of the situation of Shiites in the contemporary Muslim world and the role of Shiism in today's political landscape in the Middle East and beyond. Apart from Iran and the revolution of 1979 which has proved to be the decisive watershed in Islamic sectarianism, four regions are dealt with in particular: Iraq, the Arabian Peninsula, Lebanon, and Pakistan. In conclusion, the transition from quietism to activism will be illustrated by several key concepts of classical Shiism and their modern implementation.
Evaluation and performance characteristics of the coagulation system: ACL TOP analyzer – HemosIL reagents
Authors: MILOS M. , HERAK D. , KURIC L. , HORVAT I. , ZADRO R. 
Published: January 2009

SummaryACL TOP is a fully automated coagulation analyzer, designed for simultaneous measurement of routine and special coagulation parameters. We evaluated analytical and technical performance characteristics of the coagulation system composed of the ACL TOP analyzer and HemosIL reagent group for the determination of routine clotting (PT, APTT, fibrinogen, FVII, and FVIII), chromogenic (protein C) and immunological assays (FXIII antigen). Within run and between run CVs ranged from 0.9% to 7.7% and from 2.0% to 14.8% respectively. The obtained CVs for imprecision of calibration curves were <5% for PT and <7% for fibrinogen. The method comparison study showed good correlation between results obtained on the ACL TOP and BCS/BCT analyzers, with correlation co‐efficients ranging from 0.709 to 0.955, but with significantly different results for PT INR, APTT, fibrinogen and protein C, and wide dispersion of differences observed in difference plots for most assays. Despite good correlation and agreement for FVIII, problems in measuring FVIII<10% were encountered. The effective throughput for the ACL TOP and BCS was 151 and 212 PT/APTT/fibrinogen tests per hour, respectively. Although the ACL TOP is designed to run multiple assays on a large number of samples, software limitations make the instrument suitable rather for mid‐sized laboratories.