bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tris(chloro- and methyl-disubstituted phenylcarbamate)s of Cellulose as Chiral Stationary Phases for Chromatographic Enantioseparation
Authors: Chankvetadze Bezhan , Yashima Eiji , Okamoto Yoshio 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Four types of tris(chloro- and methylphenylcarbamate)s of cellulose were prepared and their chiral recognition abilities were evaluated as chiral stationary phases (CSPs) for HPLC. It has been established that simultaneous introduction of both electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups improved enantiomer resolving power of CSP in some cases compared with those possessing only electron-donating or electron-withdrawing substituents.
The EtAlCl2-Catalyzed Cargill Rearrangement of Bicyclo[n.2.0] Compounds Prepared by the [2+2] Cycloaddition of Cycloalkenones and 1-t-Butyldimethylsilyl-2-methylthioacetylene
Authors: Narasaka Koichi , Shimadzu Hideshi , Hayashi Yujiro 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
EtAlCl2 catalyzes the Cargill rearrangement of bicyclo[n.2.0] compounds which were prepared by the TiCl4-mediated [2+2] cycloaddition reaction of cycloalkenones and 1-t-butyldimethylsilyl-2-methylthioacetylene, yielding various bicyclo[n-1.2.1] compounds under mild reaction conditions.
Photoisomerization Reactions of 8-Azatricyclo[3.2.1.02,4]oct-6-ene Derivatives Leading to Azabishomobenzene Derivatives
Authors: Saito Katsuhiro , Ito Kazuaki , Noro Yukie , Abe Yuichi , Hirai Shoji , Takahashi Kensuke 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Irradiation of 8-azatricyclo[3.2.1.02,4]oct-6-enes in dry ether with a low pressure mercury lamp gave azabishomobenzenes through [2π+2σ]-type migration reactions between C–N bonds and olefin moieties.
2,2′-Dimethylbiphenyl-4,4′-dinitrene
Authors: Ling Chris , Lahti Paul M 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Photolysis of 2,2′-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4′-diazide in a glassy matrix at 77 K gives first a mononitrene ESR peak (|D/hc| = 0.95 cm−1), followed by production of a lower field peak attributable to a twisted biphenyl-4,4′-dinitrene (|D/hc| = 0.93 cm−1), in which two nitrene moieties are electronically isolated from one another by torsion.
Preparation of Zn/Ga-layered Double Hydroxide and Its Thermal Decomposition Behavior
Authors: Fuda Kiyoshi , Kudo Noboru , Kawai Shinji , Matsunaga Toshiaki 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
A Zn/Ga-layered double hydroxide (LDH) with CO32− ions was prepared by coprecipitation method. The well crystallized powder was obtained and analyzed by XRD and FT-IR. Its thermal decomposition behavior studied by TG-GC system indicated that almost half of CO32− ions remained in the poorly crystallized oxide matrix even at 773 K.
Synthesis and Properties of 6-Dimethylaminotricyclo[5.3.0.02,5]deca-3,6,8,10-tetraene. 6-Dimethylamino Dewar Azulene
Authors: Sugihara Yoshikazu , Sugimura Takashi 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
6-Dimethylaminotricyclo[5.3.0.02,5]deca-3,6,8,10-tetraene (1c) (6-dimethylamino Dewar azulene) was synthesized by a reaction sequence of enol fixation of tricyclo[5.3.0.02,5]deca-3,7(11),9-trien-6-one with diethyl phosphonylchloridate and a subsequent substitution with dimethylamine. Unlike 6-dimethylaminopentafulvene, 1c is air- and acid-sensitive.
Photochemical Electron Transfer from Hydroxide Ion to the Excited Triplet State of Tetraphenylporphyrinatoantimony(V) upon Visible Light Irradiation in Aqueous Acetonitrile
Authors: Takagi Shinsuke , Okamoto Takanobu , Shiragami Tsutomu , Inoue Haruo 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Photochemical electron transfer from hydroxide ion to the excited triplet tetraphenylporphyrinatoantimony(V) (Sb(V)TPP) has been found to be induced in aqueous acetonitrile upon visible light irradiation to produce radical anion of Sb(V)TPP as a stable end product.
Total Synthesis of Nephilatoxin-8 (NPTX-8), a New Neurotoxin of Joro Spider (Nephila clavata)
Authors: Miyashita Masaaki , Matsushita Masayuki , Sato Hideaki , Toki Takashi , Nakajima Terumi , Irie Hiroshi 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The first synthesis of Nephilatoxin-8 (NPTX-8), a new neurotoxin of Joro spider (Nephila clavata), has been achieved by employing two key azide intermediates for the incorporation of the characteristic polyamines of the toxin, cadaverine and spermidine.
Insight into the Electronic State of 1-Phenylthieno [2,3-d]borepin by Means of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Authors: Sugihara Yoshikazu , Miyatake Ryuta , Yagi Toshiyasu 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
In order to obtain an insight into the electronic states in connection with the condensation modes of thiophene and borepin rings, we examined 1-phenylthieno[2,3-d]borepin (2). While 1-phenylthieno[3,4-d]borepin is a peripherally conjugated compound, 2 was shown to be an aromatic compound which maintains characteristics in conjugation of individual rings.
Template-Synthesis of Dimension-Diminished Lead Halide Clusters at the Interlayer of Multibilayer Cast Films
Authors: Kimizuka Nobuo , Maeda Tadashi , Ichinose Izumi , Kunitake Toyoki 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Anionic lead halide clusters of PbBr42− were synthesized at the interlayer space of cationic multibilayer cast films either by the co-casting method or by the ion-exchange method. Marked blue shifts in exciton absorption spectra indicated the formation of dimension-diminished clusters and their two dimensional assembly.
A Tetranuclear Vanadium(III, III, IV, IV) Complex Formed by a Reaction of Bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV) with a Thiolate Ligand
Authors: Mikuriya Masahiro , Kotera Takanori , Adachi Fumiya , Bandow Shunji 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
A mixed-valence tetranuclear vanadium(III, III, IV, IV) complex, [V2(VO)2(acac)4(CH3O)6] (Hacac = acetylacetone), has been isolated by a reaction of VO(acac)2 with 2-(3-aminopropylamino)ethanethiol in methanol-dichloromethane. The complex has been characterized by X-ray structure analysis, XPS and electronic spectra, and magnetic susceptibilities (80–300 K).
An Efficient One-Pot Synthetic Procedure of Multiple Porphyrin-Cyclization
Authors: Osuka Atsuhiro , Liu Ben-li , Maruyama Kazuhiro 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Trichloroacetic acid catalyzed condensation of an aldehyde carrying more than two formyl groups and 3,5-di-tert-butylbenzaldehyde with bis(3-ethyl-4-methyl-2-pyrrolyl)-methane in acetonitrile followed by p-chloranil oxidation gave oligomeric porphyrins in good yield via multiple porphyrin-cyclization.
Advances in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Therapeutics
Authors: Clay Patrick G , Dong Betty J , Sorensen Suellyn J , Tseng Alice , Romanelli Frank , Antoniou Tony 
Published: March 2006

Objective: To review recent advances in the management of persons infected with HIV. Data Sources: A MEDLINE search (March 2003–February 2006) was done to identify recent articles on antiretroviral therapy research, adverse effects, and investigational products. Abstracts and programs of major HIV conferences, held from January 2003 to June 2005, were also reviewed for relevant material. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Studies and observations conducted with either recently approved or investigational products were selected for inclusion, with conference abstracts primarily used. Excluded were topics covered in recent publications in The Annals. Data Synthesis: New modalities for treating HIV, including the CXCR4 and CCR5 receptor inhibitors, have so far shown promise in trial. Tipranavir, a recently approved protease inhibitor, has been shown to be effective in highly resistant patients, but may be unable to be combined with other protease inhibitors. Once-daily emtricitabine and tenofovir have shown superiority compared with lamivudine and zidovudine as backbone nucleoside analogs for combination antiretroviral therapy. Pharmacokinetic considerations for age, gender, race, and which agents are being discontinued have emerged. Conclusions: Much progress has been made in the treatment of HIV infection. Tolerability and adherence remain major obstacles to optimizing regimen longevity.
Oral Sex and Condom Use Among Young People In the United Kingdom
Authors: Stone Nicole , Hatherall Bethan , Ingham Roger , McEachran Juliet 
Published: March 2006

CONTEXT:: The development of UK national targets to reduce the transmission of HIV and other STDs has focused health promotion efforts on advocating the use of condoms during penetrative vaginal and anal sex. However, other behaviors that can facilitate STD transmission–such as oral sex and, in particular, fellatio–have received limited attention.METHODS:: Between 2003 and 2005, a sample of 1,373 full‐ and part‐time students, primarily aged 16–18, completed questionnaires about their knowledge, attitudes and experiences related to sexual behavior and health. Chi‐square tests were used to assess differences by sexual experience and gender. Supplementary data were obtained from sexual event diaries completed by 108 young people.RESULTS:: Fifty‐six percent of survey respondents had experienced fellatio or cunnilingus, including 22% of those who had not yet engaged in penetrative intercourse. Of young people who had had vaginal intercourse, 70% had previously had oral sex. Among those who had experienced fellatio once, 17% had used a condom, but only 2% of respondents who had engaged in fellatio more than once reported consistent use. Reduced pleasure and lack of motivation, desire and forethought were reasons given for not using condoms during fellatio; hygiene, avoidance of the dilemma of whether to spit or swallow ejaculate, and taste were commonly cited as triggers for use.CONCLUSION:: Greater efforts are needed to publicize the risk of exposure to STDs that many young people face because of unprotected noncoital sexual activities before, as well as after, they enter into relationships involving intercourse.
Using the Theory of Reasoned Action to Explain Physician Intention to Prescribe Emergency Contraception
Authors: Sable Marjorie R. , Schwartz Lisa R. , Eleanor Patricia J. , Lisbon Matthew A. 
Published: March 2006

CONTEXT:: Although research has examined providers' knowledge, attitudes and prescribing behaviors with regard to emergency contraception, none has used a theory‐based approach to understanding the interplay of these factors.METHODS:: A cross‐sectional survey of 96 faculty physicians from one Southern and three Midwestern universities was conducted in 2004 to assess factors associated with intention to prescribe emergency contraception. The theory of reasoned action guided the study hypotheses and survey design. Correlation and regression analyses were used to examine the data.RESULTS:: Only 42% of respondents strongly intended to prescribe emergency contraception for teenagers, but 65–77% intended to do so for all other specified groups (women who ask for the method, who have had a method problem, who have experienced rape or incest, and who have had unprotected sex). Consistent with the theory of reasoned action, high intention to prescribe emergency contraception was associated with positive attitudes toward doing so and with the perception that specific colleagues or professional groups support prescribing it; however, the perception of support by colleagues or professional groups in general did not predict intention. Also consistent with the theory, physicians' knowledge about emergency contraception and their demographic characteristics were not significant.CONCLUSIONS:: Interventions to encourage physicians to provide emergency contraception should take into account their attitudes toward the method and the components of those attitudes.
Associations between Plasma Growth Hormone, Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I, and Cortisol with Stress Responsiveness and Growth Performance in a Selective Breeding Program for Rainbow Trout
Authors: Lankford Scott E , Weber Gregory M 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture is conducting a selective breeding program to improve the germplasm of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss for aquaculture. Two lines are being selected for improved growth. We previously found a positive correlation between stress responsiveness, indicated by plasma cortisol concentration after a 3-h confinement stressor, and growth performance, indicated by body weight at selection (approximately 300 d posthatching [dph]), in families from the first line. This correlation is confirmed for the second line in the present study. In addition to stressor-induced cortisol levels, resting plasma growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), and cortisol concentrations were measured in the second line as a first step in determining the physiological and genetic bases for growth performance variation and the association between stress responsiveness and growth performance in our germplasm. Hormone levels were compared against two measures of growth: body weight and thermal growth coefficient (TGC). Plasma concentrations of IGF-I and GH in resting fish were not correlated with stress responsiveness and thus provided no link between stress responsiveness and the growth regulatory axis. The TGC was negatively correlated with resting plasma GH and cortisol and positively correlated with IGF-I, whereas only GH was correlated with body weight at 297 dph. Our results suggest that the variation in growth performance among our broodstock families is explained, in part, by variations in resting levels of the growth regulatory and stress axes. In addition, TGC more accurately predicted future growth—body weight at 459 dph—than did body weight at 297 dph.
Using On-Site Bioassays to Determine Selenium Risk to Propagated Endangered Fishes
Authors: Allert Ann L. , Fairchild James F. , May Tom W. , Sappington Linda C. , Darnall Nathan , Wilson Maureen 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The Utah Reclamation, Mitigation and Conservation Commission is determining the feasibility of establishing a hatchery and grow-out facility for endangered June suckers Chasmistes liorus at Goshen Warm Springs, Utah. A survey of water quality indicated that selenium and other contaminants may be of concern at Goshen Warm Springs. We conducted an ecotoxicological study with three objectives: (1) to determine the growth rates of juvenile June suckers in two ponds (Lily Pond and North Pond) at Goshen Warm Springs and in Utah Lake, (2) to determine the uptake and depuration rates of selenium in juvenile June suckers, and (3) to evaluate limnological factors that may influence growth and selenium accumulation in June suckers. Fish growth was significantly greater at Utah Lake and North Pond than at Lily Pond or under current hatchery conditions. At the end of the uptake phase of the study (day 87), selenium concentrations in June suckers from Lily Pond, North Pond, and Utah Lake were 1.62, 1.90, and 1.32 μg/g of dry weight, respectively. Selenium uptake in June suckers was statistically significant at Lily Pond (0.005 μg·g−1 ·d−1), North Pond (0.010 μg·g−1 ·d−1), and Utah Lake (0.003 μg·g−1 ·d−1). At day 87, the fish were transferred to well water for selenium depuration. Significant selenium depuration occurred after the transfer of June suckers to clean water. Results indicated that selenium bioaccumulated to statistically significant levels at both Lily and North ponds. However, these concentrations are not likely to be of concern because they are not known to cause chronic toxicity. Depuration experiments indicated that June suckers stocked into Utah Lake would eliminate accumulated selenium residues within 3 months. Results indicated that Goshen Warm Springs could be used for fish propagation. In addition, further evaluation of Utah Lake as an interim hatchery site for June suckers should be considered.
Fish and Blue Crab Passage through Water Control Structures of a Coastal Bay Lake
Authors: Rulifson Roger A. , Wall Brian L. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Coastal bay lakes in the southeastern United States may be connected to coastal waters by natural openings or artificial channels, but often access to them by aquatic organisms is restricted by water control structures (WCSs) designed to minimize saltwater intrusion into freshwater habitats. Our study examined movements of alewife Alosa pseudoharengus, white perch Morone americana, American eel Anguilla rostrata, and blue crab Callinectes sapidus through two WCSs separating Lake Mattamuskeet, North Carolina, and canals leading to Pamlico Sound. All WCSs were located on Mattamuskeet National Wildlife Refuge property. Three WCS designs were tested for fish passage efficiency. The original wooden flapgate configuration was hinged at the top, which opened the full width of the embayment and was pressure activated from lake levels. A replacement design, installed in each WCS embayment in 1987, was a wooden stopblock containing a small, hinged stainless steel flapgate mounted near the bottom. This design minimized saltwater intrusion but required a considerable lakeside head to open. High water velocities produced conditions unfavorable for alewife and blue crab passage, but some species, especially white perch, were capable of moving through the restrictive opening. Small, experimental slotted weirs installed in the stopblocks near the surface passed organisms more effectively than the stainless steel flapgates. After 10 years of steel flapgate operation, the alewife spawning run into Lake Mattamuskeet decreased from an estimated high of 199,600 fish in 1970 to only 178 fish in 1997 and 454 fish in 1998. In 1999, wooden flapgates of the original design were installed experimentally, which resulted in favorable conditions (wider aperture and reduced velocities) for fish and blue crab passage. Reverting to the original flapgate design should maintain the mixed community of freshwater and marine–estuarine species in the lake.
Role of sediment organic matter quality and feeding history in dietary absorption and accumulation of pyrene in the mud snail (Hydrobia ulvae)
Authors: Granberg Maria E. , Forbes Thomas L. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractOganic matter (OM) input to marine sediments varies seasonally both in quantity and quality. Because sedimentary OM (SOM) constitutes food for many benthic organisms, its properties should affect the dietary uptake of sediment-associated contaminants. We explored the effect of SOM quality/food value on short- and long-term pyrene accumulation in the mud snail (Hydrobia ulvae) and performed dual-tracer pulse-chase experiments to investigate the feeding mechanisms driving dietary pyrene uptake. The quality of the SOM was manipulated by enriching sediments either with high-quality microalgae or low-quality lignin, adding equal amounts of total organic carbon. Long- and short-term bioaccumulation increased with increasing SOM quality, as did pyrene ingestion rate (IRpyr), which also was affected by feeding history. By feeding selectively, snails concentrated pyrene 10-fold in ingested compared to ambient sediment, independent of SOM quality. Average pyrene absorption efficiency (AEpyr: ∼ 65%) varied inversely with SOM quality and IRpyr. Both AEpyr and gut passage time (α 1/IRpyr) agreed with theoretical models incorporating the time-dependence of absorption efficiency. Thus, SOM quality moderates dietary contaminant uptake in deposit feeders, and in H. ulvae, this occurs via OM-induced alterations of ingestion rate. Consequently, enhanced sediment-associated contaminant uptake is predicted for deposit feeders following phytoplankton blooms, principally because of OM quality-driven increases in the ingestion rate.
A perspective on the environmental risk of halogenated by-products from uses of hypochlorite using a whole effluent toxicity based approach
Authors: Johnson Ian , Pickup John A. , van Wijk Dolf 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
An assessment has been made of the potential for toxic effects to aquatic life that may arise from halogenated organic by-products formed by reaction of hypochlorite with organic matter in various use scenarios as a contribution to the risk assessment of sodium hypochlorite under the European Union Existing Chemicals legislation. In the study, samples that would represent worst-case models for effluents containing halogenated by-products from a range of uses of hypochlorite were prepared by chlorinating and then dechlorinating (removing residual chlorine) raw settled sewage (C/D-RSS). This sample was then compared to raw settled sewage that had not been treated (RSS) to assess whether halogenated by-products formed in the chlorination process were toxic or bioaccumulable and persistent. The relative toxicity of the samples was assessed using a series of tests with representatives of different taxonomic groups (bacteria, algae, and invertebrates). The persistence and potential for bioaccumulation of chlorinated by-products was assessed by exposing solid-phase microextraction fibers to samples of RSS and C/D-RSS before and after degradation in a Zahn-Wellens test. For all the taxa tested in the study, the mixture of by-products formed in the C/D-RSS sample did not increase toxicity relative to that measured in the RSS sample. Chlorination of the raw settled sewage did produce additional potentially bioaccumulable halogenated substances compared to the raw settled sewage. However, after degradation, the amount of potentially bioaccumulable halogenated substances in the RSS and C/D-RSS samples was comparable, indicating that these substances were degradable. The results are discussed in the context of the overall risk assessment for sodium hypochlorite.
Metal trophic transfer from algae to cladocerans and the relative importance of dietary metal exposure
Authors: Sofyan Agus , Shaw Joseph R. , Birge Wesley J. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractWe initially investigated effects and uptake of cadmium and copperon Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (primary producer; formerly known as Selenastrum capricornutum). Our major efforts focused on the effects of metal-laden (i.e., Cd, Cu) P. subcapitata when used to provide dietary metal exposure to Ceriodaphnia dubia (primary consumer). Major test endpoints included feeding rate, survival, and reproduction. Metal body burden in C. dubia increased dose dependently at dietary exposure concentrations of 0.6 μg/g algal dry weight or less for cadmium and 74.7 μg/g algal dry weight or less for copper. However, it decreased sharply when dietary concentrations exceeded 0.6 μg/g algal dry weight for cadmium and 74.7 μg/g algal dry weight copper. Both dietary cadmium and copper affected all the major test endpoints. Whereas reproduction was observed to be the most sensitive endpoint, survival was observed to be the least sensitive endpoint. These results demonstrated the potential importance of dietary exposure for consideration in metal regulations or risk assessment.