bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A numerical method for simulation of attached cavitation flows
Authors: Liu Lijun , Li Jun , Feng Zhenping 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA new numerical algorithm for attached cavitation flows is developed. A cavitation model is implemented in a viscous Navier–Stokes solver. The liquid–vapour interface is assumed as a free surface boundary of the computation domain. Its shape is determined with an iterative procedure to match the cavity surface to a constant pressure boundary. The pressure distribution, as well as its gradient along the wall, is taken into account in updating the cavity shape iteratively. A series of computations are performed for the cavitating flows across three kinds of headform/cylinder bodies: conic, ogival and hemispheric heads. A range of cavitation numbers is investigated for each headform/cylinder body. The obtained results are reasonable and the iterative procedure of cavity shape updating is quite stable. The superiority of the developed cavitation model and algorithm is demonstrated. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Scaled boundary finite element analysis of the water sloshing in 2D containers
Authors: Teng B. , Zhao M. , He G. H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn this paper, the water sloshing in a 2D container is simulated numerically. The 2D Laplace equation is solved by using the scaled boundary finite element method (SBFEM) based on the linearized free surface boundary condition. The computational results are compared with the analytical solution and solutions from a finite element method (FEM). It is found that the SBFEM method gives much better results than the FEM method in the case of same mesh size. The effect of the oscillating frequency on the amplitude of the surface elevation is also investigated. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lignans from the bark extract of Pinus sylvestris L.
Authors: Sinkkonen Jari , Karonen Maarit , Liimatainen Jaana , Pihlaja Kalevi 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThree lignans were isolated from a bioactive fraction of the 70% aqueous acetone extract of the pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) bark. Their structures were identified by high‐resolution positive ion EI mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. The complete assignment of proton and carbon signals was achieved by 2D NMR experiments: HSQC, HMBC, DQF‐COSY and NOESY. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Magnetisation transfer ratio of choline is reduced following epileptic seizures
Authors: Flügel Dominique , McLean Mary A. , Simister Robert J. , Duncan John S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to characterise the concentration and magnetisation transfer ratio (MTR) of brain metabolites following epileptic seizures. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy was performed in 10 patients with temporal or extra‐temporal lobe epilepsy as soon as possible after a seizure, with a second interictal scan between 1 and 3 days after the postictal scan and 10 healthy controls were scanned twice. Voxels (26 ± 2 mL) were placed in the frontal lobe in all patients and controls, on the side of seizure focus in the patient group. Spectra were obtained using a modified PRESS sequence (TE 30 ms, TR 3 s, with three hard pulses offset from the water frequency by 2500 Hz for MT presaturation). Mean metabolite concentrations and median metabolite MTRs of N‐acetylaspartate (NAA), creatine, choline (Cho), myo‐inositol (Ins) and glutamate plus glutamine were compared between the first and second scans in each group. A significant decrease in the MTR of Cho was seen postictally in the patient group, but the metabolite concentrations showed no significant difference between interictal and postictal scans and in the control group there was no difference between the two scans. Inter‐group comparison showed significantly reduced concentrations of NAA and Ins in the patients. Reduced MTR of Cho indicates a shift from a bound to a more mobile fraction. These changes might indicate membrane perturbation in areas of seizure spread. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of the changes in the 1H NMR spectral pattern of perchloric acid extracts of C6 cells with growth
Authors: Valverde D. , Quintero M. R. , Candiota A. P. , Badiella Ll. , Cabañas M. E. , Arús C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe aim of this work was to identify spectral markers of cell proliferation that could be of use in clinical MRS. Cultured C6 ATCC rat glioma cells were used as models for this purpose and metabolites were extracted with perchloric acid at three different growth curve stages: log, confluence and post‐confluence. 1D and 2D in vitro1H NMR spectra were recorded at 9.4 T. Statistically significant changes in myo‐inositol and glutamine concentrations between log phase and post‐confluence were found when normalized to the creatine ratio. The myo‐inositol/creatine ratio was 2.76 ± 0.82 at log phase increasing to 7.43 ± 1.34 at post‐confluence, while the glutamine/creatine ratio decreased from 0.22 ± 0.03 to 0.10 ± 0.02. No significant differences were recorded for other metabolites investigated. The fact that both myo‐inositol and glutamine are detectable by in vivo MRS at clinical fields makes their changes relevant as potential astrocytic tumour proliferation rate markers in clinical MRS. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient finite element formulation for geothermal heating systems. Part II: transient
Authors: Al‐Khoury R. , Bonnier P. G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis paper presents an extension to the work presented in Part I of this series of two articles to the transient case. Emphasis is placed on the development of a new model for heat flow in a double U‐shape vertical borehole heat exchanger and its thermodynamic interactions with surrounding soil mass. The discretization of the spatial‐temporal domain of the heat pipe model is done by the use of the space–time finite element technique in conjunction with the Petrov–Galerkin method and the finite difference method. The paper shows that the proposed model and the choice of the discretization technique, in addition to the utilization of a sequential numerical algorithm for solving the resulting system of non‐linear equations, have contributed in reducing significantly the required number of finite elements necessary for describing geothermal heating systems. Details of the mathematical derivations and comparison to experimental data are presented. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Morphology of compatibilized ternary blends of polypropylene, nylon 66, and polystyrene
Authors: DeBolt Michael A. , Robertson Richard E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe morphologies of a ternary blend of nylon 66 and polystyrene in a polypropylene matrix with and without compatibilization by an ionomer resin (for nylon 66) and a styrene‐block‐ethylene‐co‐butylene‐block‐styrene (SEBS) copolymer (for polystyrene) were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of stained thin sections. The morphology found with the two compatibilizers (a five‐component mixture) was essentially that of the binary blends of nylon 66/polypropylene and of polystyrene/polypropylene with their respective compatibilizers, indicating no gross interference between the two compatibilization systems. However, several interactions were discerned: 1) an association of the polystyrene with the nylon in the compatibilized blends (partial wetting), 2) a presence of larger particles when both compatibilizers were added to the binary blends, and 3) a possible synergism, in which less of each compatibilizer was needed when they were both present. Polym. Eng. Sci. 46:385–398, 2006. © 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers.
The effect of peptide length on the cleavage kinetics of 2‐chlorotrityl resin‐bound ethers
Authors: Kocsis László , Ruff Ferenc , Orosz György 
Published: February 2006

AbstractDifferent characteristics of cleavage kinetics of resin‐bound amino alcohols and their peptide derivatives were observed in acid containing protic and aprotic solvent mixtures. The hydrolysis reactions are hindered by steric crowding around the cleaving CO bond and accelerated by the special solvation effect of CF3CH2OH on the peptide chain as well as the increase of the strength and concentration of the acid. In trifluoroacetic acid containing mixtures, trifluoroacetylation of the peptide alcohols was detected. The appearance ofO‐trifluoroacetyl serine and threonine derivatives is detected in cleavage mixtures containing trifluoroacetic acid in anhydrous solvent. Copyright © 2006 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Data Refinement of Remote Procedures
Authors: Sere Kaisa , Waldén Marina 
Published: February 2006

Abstract.
Recently the action systems formalism for parallel and distributed systems has been extended with the procedure mechanism. This gives us a very general framework for describing different communication paradigms for action systems, e.g. remote procedure calls. Action systems come with a design methodology based on the refinement calculus. Data refinement is a powerful technique for refining action systems. In this paper we will develop a theory and proof rules for the refinement of action systems that communicate via remote procedures based on the data refinement approach. The proof rules we develop are compositional so that modular refinement of action systems is supported. As an example we will especially study the atomicity refinement of actions. This is an important refinement strategy, as it potentially increases the degree of parallelism in an action system.
Synchronization of gallers with host plant phenology
Authors: Yukawa J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn addition to various bottom‐up effects, the synchronization of herbivores with their host plant phenology determines quality and quantity of food resources and affects the preference–performance linkage and abundance of herbivores. The synchronization has a more critical meaning for such short‐lived galling insects as cecidomyiid adults and young aphid stem mothers than for other insects. This review, first, presents general information about gall midges and gall aphids, together with their life history patterns and some ecological attributes. Second, some important topics of galling insect–host plant relation are briefly reviewed. Then, synchronization patterns between gall midge emergence and host plant phenology are analyzed to discuss the adaptive strategies of gall midges and to show how the amount of available food resources is affected by the time lag in synchronization. The spatial distribution pattern and the preference–performance linkage of aphid stem mothers is also discussed in relation to synchronization.
Adaptation to a new host plant, Centrosema pubescens (Fabales: Leguminosae), by the phytophagous ladybird beetle, Epilachna vigintioctopunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), in tropical Asia
Authors: Shirai Y. , Katakura H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe host suitability of Centrosema pubescens (Leguminosae) was evaluated within two sympatric populations feeding on Solanum plants (Solanaceae) and C. pubescens in Epilachna vigintioctopunctata in Malaysia (Kuala Lumpur) and Indonesia (Bogor and Padang). In the Bogor and Padang populations, Centrosema strains had a significantly higher emergence rate than sympatric Solanum strains. In Kuala Lumpur, there was no significant difference in emergence rates between the two strains. When Centrosema strains from Kuala Lumpur and Padang were reared and maintained solely on Solanum plants, the emergence rate on C. pubescens gradually decreased with successive rearing generation and resulted in 0% in the 7th or 20th generations. These findings suggest that the current host suitability of C. pubescens depends on the previous experience of each population with the use of this plant as a host. However, we were not able to demonstrate from laboratory selection that Solanum strains increase the host adaptation to C. pubescens because every Solanum strain became extinct in the third generation when reared solely on C. pubescens.
Impact of habitat modification on the distribution and abundance of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Southeast Queensland
Authors: Raghu S. , Clarke A. R. , Drew R. A. I. , Hulsman K. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractLoss of rainforest because of agricultural and urban development may impact the abundance and diversity of species that are rainforest natives. Tropical fruit flies are one group of such organisms indigenous to rainforests. In southeast Queensland, a region subject to rapid urbanization, we assessed the impact of habitat disturbance on the distribution and abundance of native fruit flies. Data on four species (Bactrocera tryoni, Bactrocera neohumeralis, Bactrocera chorista, and Dacus aequalis) were gathered and analyzed over 6 months in three habitat types: suburbia, open sclerophyll forest, and rainforest. We also analyzed the data at a combined “dacine fruit fly” level incorporating all fruit fly species trapped over the period of study (as might occur in a biodiversity assessment): these included the four species already named and Bactrocera melas, Bactrocera bryoniae, Bactrocera newmani, and Dacus absonifacies. Analysis at the species level showed that the polyphagous pest species responded differently to the monophagous species. Bactrocera tryoni, which has more exotic than native hosts, was positively affected by transformation of natural habitat into suburbia whereas B. neohumeralis, which has nearly identical numbers of native and exotic hosts, was found equally across habitat types. Bactrocera chorista and Dacus aequalis, each monophagous on a species‐specific rainforest host plant, were most abundant in rainforest. The analysis based on the combined data suggests that replacing rainforest with suburbia has a neutral, or even positive, effect on the abundance of fruit flies as a whole. At the species level, however, it can be seen that this is an erroneous conclusion biased by the abundance of a single pest species. Our discussion raises the issue of analyses at supraspecific levels in biodiversity and impact assessment studies.
A Monte Carlo simulation model for studying evolution in age‐structured populations
Authors: Sonleitner F. J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis model provides for any number of genotypes defined by age‐specific survival and fecundity rates in a population with completely overlapping generations and growing under the control of density‐governing functions affecting survival or fecundity. It is tested in situations involving two alleles at one locus. Nonselection populations at Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium obey the ecogenetic law; i.e., each genotype follows Lotka's law regarding rate of increase and stable age distribution as if it were an independent true‐breeding population. Populations experiencing age‐ and density‐independent selection approximate this situation, and the changes in gene frequency are predicted by relative fitnesses bases on λ, the finite rate of increase of the genotypes. Polymorphic gene equilibria occurring at steady‐state population sizes are determined by fitnesses based on R, the net reproductive rate. In examples involving differences in generation time produced by age‐dependent differences in fecundity, the allele associated with longer generation time may be favored or opposed by selection, depending on whether the density‐governing factor controlling population size affects survival or fecundity. If such genotypes have similar R's, a genetic equilibrium may be established if the population is governed by a density function acting upon fecundity.
Linking the coevolutionary and population dynamics of host–parasitoid interactions
Authors: Fellowes M. D. E. , Travis J. M. J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe interplay between coevolutionary and population or community dynamics is currently the focus of much empirical and theoretical consideration. Here, we develop a simulation model to study the coevolutionary and population dynamics of a hypothetical host–parasitoid interaction. In the model, host resistance and parasitoid virulence are allowed to coevolve. We investigate how trade‐offs associated with these traits modify the system's coevolutionary and population dynamics. The most important influence on these dynamics comes from the incorporation of density‐dependent costs of resistance ability. We find three main outcomes. First, if the costs of resistance are high, then one or both of the players go extinct. Second, when the costs of resistance are intermediate to low, cycling population and coevolutionary dynamics are found, with slower evolutionary changes observed when the costs of virulence are also low. Third, when the costs associated with resistance and virulence are both high, the hosts trade‐off resistance against fecundity and invest little in resistance. However, the parasitoids continue to invest in virulence, leading to stable host and parasitoid population sizes. These results support the hypothesis that costs associated with resistance and virulence will maintain the heritable variation in these traits found in natural populations and that the nature of these trade‐offs will greatly influence the population dynamics of the interacting species.
Plant‐based host preference and larval competition of the tachinid parasitoid Epicampocera succincta
Authors: Iwao K. , Nakamura S. , Ohsaki N. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWe investigated the causes of among‐plant variation in the parasitism rate of Pieris melete larvae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) by the parasitoid fly Epicampocera succincta (Diptera: Tachinidae). The rate of parasitism by E. succincta was much higher on the bitter cress Cardamine appendiculata than on any other cruciferous plants. Adult female flies were found to be more attracted to C. appendiculata than to other cruciferous plants for searching for hosts. The parasitoid appeared to be unable to distinguish P. melete from an alternative host, Pieris rapae larvae, that coexisted with P. melete on most crucifer plants. Similarly, E. succincta failed to avoid P. rapae parasitized by the braconid wasp Cotesia glomerata. C. glomerata is a superior competitor to E. succincta if occupying the same host, killing the host before the E. succincta larva can grow and depriving the larva of the chance to survive. E. succincta attacked P. rapae larvae on most cruciferous plants, many of which were already occupied by C. glomerata; only on Cardamine appendiculata was E. succincta free from interspecific competition, because only P. melete was found on this particular plant. However, the strong preference for the hosts on C. appendiculata incurred heavy intraspecific competition among larvae on this plant, killing as great a proportion of larvae as interspecific competition did on the other plants. The balance between the strength of intraspecific competition on the preferred plant and of interspecific competition on the other plants appeared to maintain plant preference by E. succincta.
Measurement, analysis, and interpretation of mortality factors in insect survivorship studies, with reference to the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Authors: Royama Tomo‐o 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA theory and practical method are developed to evaluate insect survivorship as a continuous process in time and the effects of major factors that determine it, with a view to providing solutions to certain problems in survivorship studies. There are two ways of assessing mortality rates: nominal and marginal. A nominal rate is based on the number tallied in terms of the immediate cause of death; it depends on the method of observation employed and can be inconsistent between studies. A marginal rate is free of such inconsistency. The marginal rate attributable to the union of parasitism and disease is evaluated by frequent sampling in the field and rearing of each batch of samples in the laboratory for a short period of time. Comparing this rate with the field mortality rate, directly evaluated by sampling, determines marginal predation rate. The marginal parasitism and disease rates cannot be determined by observation. A computational method is developed to evaluate their approximate values. A step‐by‐step procedure of numerical calculations with data is provided in an appendix. The accuracy of estimating mortality depends on the frequency of sampling in the field and that of inspecting dead individuals in rearing. How frequently sampling and inspection should be conducted is discussed. The method of assessing parasitism developed here has a great advantage over the conventional method based on dissecting the samples, or rearing them through, that often results in a serious underestimation. Also discussed is the relative importance of mortality factors from the pest control point of view, and the concept of “joint contribution” is introduced. Other practical considerations include transportation of samples; rearing conditions; and how to deal with the “dead‐in‐the‐field” in the samples, the “rearing‐death syndrome,” and the “virtually dead” individuals.
Large Bowel Tuberculosis and Possible Influencing Factors for Surgical Prognosis: 30 Years’ Experience
Authors: Chen Wei‐Shone , Su Wei‐Juin , Wang Huann‐Sheng , Jiang Jeng‐Kae , Lin Jen‐Kou , Lin Tzu‐Chen 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe incidence of tuberculosis is rising in the United States. Similarly, the incidence of pulmonary
tuberculosis in Taiwan is increasing, but that of large bowel
tuberculosis in this region has not been reported. The purpose of this
study was to investigate the changing disease pattern and to determine
some possible surgical prognostic factors for large bowel tuberculosis. Seventy cases of large bowel tuberculosis treated at our institute
during the period 1965–1995 were reviewed and analyzed. A steady
decline in the case number of large bowel tuberculosis were noted from
1975, but there seems to be a slight increase in cases since 1990. The
average age of these patients was 65.1 years, and none had human
immunodeficiency virus infection. The ileocecum is the most common
region of involvement. Of these 70 patients, 59 had not been
definitively diagnosed until surgery. Active pulmonary tuberculosis was
found in 18 patients (25.7%). The incidence of postoperative pulmonary
complications was higher in patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis
or disseminating large bowel tuberculosis. Postoperative abdominal
complications, including intestinal obstruction, abdominal cutaneous
fistula, and wound infection, were seen in 13 patients, none of whom
had active pulmonary tuberculosis. Although the incidence of
tuberculosis has been reduced for years, it is now rising. Physicians
should bear in mind the possibility of large bowel tuberculosis in
patients with intestinal obstruction without specific origin. Postoperative respiratory care is important for patients with pulmonary
tuberculosis, with either active or disseminating lesions.
Indications for Surgical Management of Genitourinary Tuberculosis
Authors: Carl Peter , Stark Leonhard 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe incidence of tuberculosis has risen in many parts of the world, and more attention is being focused on
genitourinary tuberculosis (GT), the second most common extrathoracic
form of tuberculosis. Although chemotherapy is the mainstay of
treatment, ablative surgery as a first‐line management may be
unavoidable for sepsis or abscesses. In cases with hydronephrosis and
progressive renal insufficiency caused by obstruction, renal drainage
(by stenting or nephrostomy) must be performed immediately. In all
other situations triple‐drug chemotherapy should be undertaken for at
least 6 months and stable conversion obtained before ablative or
reconstructive surgery is planned. Nephrectomy or partial nephrectomy
is indicated for nonfunctioning or poorly functioning kidneys, particularly if continuous flank pain or hypertension is present. Stenosis of the ureter usually can be managed by temporary stenting and
adjuvant corticosteroid therapy. Today the indications for augmentation
are rare, but bladder replacement may be combined with ureter
replacement using segments of intestine.