bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chapter 1 Systems and their Inputs
Authors: Predelli Stefano 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the general traits of the traditional approach to natural-language semantics, and on the views about meaning and truth it presupposes. It considers the nature and structure of the inputs adequate for semantic analysis, and it analyses their role within customary compositional systems. The questions of disambiguation, and the distinction between so-called pure indexicals and demonstratives are discussed.
Chapter 4 The Colour of the Leaves
Authors: Predelli Stefano 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter confronts the popular contextualist challenge to the traditional view of meaning and truth. Focusing on Charles Travis’ ‘painted leaves’ examples, it suggests that the contextualist criticism is grounded on confusions between the content and structure of natural-language semantics on the one hand, and its applications on the other. The final section focuses on underarticulationist views, and on their relationship with traditional natural language semantics.
Prolegomena: The Fourth Lateran Council and its Tradition
Authors: Iribarren Isabel 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter introduces the doctrinal background to the controversy between Durandus of St Pourcain and his order, mainly those authors who contributed with the basic terminology and insights which informed later discussions on the Trinity in the late thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries. These contributions converged in one tradition, exemplified by the doctrinal programme put forward by the dogmatic definition of the Trinity at the Fourth Lateran Council of 1215. The contrast between Durandus’s position and the Dominican accepted view will often be read against the backdrop of this more or less unified doctrinal tradition.
2 Aquinas on the Trinity
Authors: Iribarren Isabel 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter offers an account of Aquinas’s teaching on relations in the context of Thomist general metaphysics and Trinitarian theology. Aquinas’s account will serve as the main sounding board for judging the different interpretations of Thomism throughout the discussion and, by the same token, the extent of Durandus’s dissent.
Varieties of Distinction
Authors: Iribarren Isabel 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter examines the accounts which various scholastic theologians gave of a notion central to medieval discussions of the Trinity, that of ‘distinction’. The following theologians: Bonaventure, Henry of Ghent, and Duns Scotus have been chosen not only for their general contribution to the development of Trinitarian theology, but also because their treatment of the issue established the main lines of argument running through and focusing the discussion between Durandus and Hervaeus. Some of the fundamental features in the contrasting positions of Durandus and Hervaeus appear foreshadowed in the earlier accounts, thus representing the main sources and theological allegiances of the two Dominicans.
Hervaeus's Quodlibetal Disputations
Authors: Iribarren Isabel 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter is devoted to Hervaeus Natalis’s quodlibetal disputations, thus introducing the quodlibetal exchange between Hervaeus and Durandus, sustained between the years 1308, roughly when Durandus’s early commentary was made public, and 1317, date of the second censure list. Hervaeus’s Quodlibets show how his interpretation of Aquinas’s Trinitarian theology was profoundly shaped by Scotist insights not necessarily concordant with Thomism, but which Hervaeus skillfully adapts to suit Thomist priorities.
Durandus's Response: The Paris Quodlibets
Authors: Iribarren Isabel 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter deals with Durandus’s Parisian Quodlibets from 1312. This work shows how Hervaeus’s recent criticisms of Durandus’s position forced Durandus to revise his view in order to soften the points of friction with the mainstream Dominican view. Ultimately, however, Durandus unconvincingly adapts the Thomist position to his own theological priorities.
The Censure
Authors: Iribarren Isabel 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter is occupied with an examination of the first Dominican censure against Durandus in 1314, which represents the climax of the conflict. The articles concerning Durandus’s Trinitarian theology show how Durandus’s thesis of a real distinction between the divine essence and relations was perceived as a natural consequence of his understanding of relations as modes of being. Durandus’s conclusions were censurable on the grounds that they were anti-Aristotelian and departed from Lateran theology.
The Aftermath of the Censure
Authors: Iribarren Isabel 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter presents the aftermath of the censure and the ‘forensic’ turn which the discussion took in the years immediately following. The chapter centres on Hervaeus’s tracts in response to Durandus’s attempts at defence following the censure. These tracts provide Hervaeus’s confident justification of the censure, and more significantly, his hard-line view on church authority in the context of professional theological debate.
10 The Corrective
Authors: Isabel Iribarren 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter introduces the apologetic Avignon Quodlibets, Durandus’s most conspicuous attempt at conciliation, followed by Hervaeus’s cold reception in the Correctiones. Hervaeus’s final tract also points the way to the ‘Thomist turn’ which the controversy later assumed, and which materialized in the second censure of 1317.
12 The Final Recension of Durandus's Commentary
Authors: Isabel Iribarren 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter concludes with the final recension of Durandus’s Sentences commentary, thus settling the record with Hervaeus and his order. By establishing a comparison between this work and the early commentary, this chapter assesses the effect of the previous years of controversy on the evolution of Durandus’s Trinitarian theology. Although profiting from years of critical exchange, Durandus’s mature position shows few signs of compromise. In general lines, Durandus holds steadfast to his initial insights.
Understanding Canton
Authors: Ho Virgil 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis book critically examines six aspects of the popular culture of early and mid-Republican (1912-38) Canton: common perceptions of the city, popular attitudes towards the West, Cantonese opera, opium smoking, gambling, and prostitution. Misunderstandings and biased assumptions about these social phenomena as portrayed in much contemporary as well as present-day official or ‘socially conscientious’ literature are redressed. Contemporary folk materials reveal that the common people were much more pro-Western than xenophobic in attitude; the alleged social and political ‘calamities’ of gambling, opium consumption, and prostitution were more rhetorical than real; the socio-cultural status of the city has surpassed that of the countryside; and the commercialization and Westernization of Cantonese opera was much less straightforward or complete than its critics argued.
An Objective Aesthetic
Authors: Beiser Frederick 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter explains Schiller’s early attempt to develop an objective standard of criticism in the Kallias Briefe. Against many critics, it argues that this ambition was not misguided at all, but tries to surmount a serious weakness of Kant’s aesthetics. It explains the meaning of Schiller’s famous definition of beauty as freedom in appearance. Metaphysical interpretations of this definition are rejected.
The Troubles of Templeless Judah
Authors: Middlemas Jill 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
The Neo-Babylonian defeat of Judah and destruction of Jerusalem in 587 resulted in an era — commonly, though now anachronistically, known as the ‘exilic age’ — considered to be of fundamental significance in the historical, social, and theological development of ancient Israel. Although perceived by the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament and modern scholarship as a foundational epoch, examinations of the exile tend to focus on the fraction of the community who experienced forced deportation after the collapse of Jerusalem, namely, those members of the community relocated to Babylonia. Since recent scholarship has raised awareness of renewal among the community left in Judah, the book reassesses the historical circumstances and the theological reflection made in the homeland. In drawing together recent analyses of the archaeological data and the strategies of governance adopted by the Neo-Babylonian empire, the evidence points to sufficient infrastructure in sixth-century Judah to allow for communal and religious life. The author then surveys the heterodox and Yahwistic worship practices thought to stem from this community. It is shown that interpreters have accepted perspectives of the religiosity of Templeless Judah generated by ideological stances in the ancient world and in modern scholarship. In order to gain access to the thought and distinguish themes from the people in the homeland, the author studies the book of Lamentations. Rather than formulating great theological constructs, the Judahites agonised over their troubles in prayer. In so doing, the laments attributable to Templeless Judah helpfully provide a means to ascertain other literature with a similar provenance.
Introduction
Authors: MIDDLEMAS JILL 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
A survey of research on the period more generally termed the ‘Exile’ reveals an important distinction between analyses of the literature of two of the communities that experienced the disaster that followed the fall of Jerusalem in 587 BCE, namely, that in Judah and that deported to Babylonia. Analyses of literature from the exiles show greater awareness of the importance of context in the articulation of religious ideology. Since recent studies have provided greater details about the distinctive context of the community in Judah, it follows that an important step in moving research on the period of the exile into new directions should include new data that has come to light as well as the reassessment of religious literature from the people of the homeland in this period. It also requires that the terminology for the period under question be taken under consideration as greater concern to be inclusive of the variety of populations that experienced the disaster of 587. The term ‘Templeless period’ is suggested as a suitable alternative to the ‘exilic age’.
1 The Social and Historical Situation in Templeless Judah
Authors: MIDDLEMAS JILL 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
In this chapter, three sources of information — the historical presentation of the Hebrew Bible supplemented by ancient Near Eastern documentation where applicable, the evidence of the material culture available from excavations and surveys, and the impact of Babylonian rule on the region — are brought together to construct a holistic portrait of the situation in Templeless Judah. The chapter begins with a reconstruction of sixth-century Judah from the perspective of the biblical portrait, as it is important when examining this period to be aware of how the biblical writers understood the events of the sixth century and how they portrayed them. Other sources of information about the period such as those from the archaeological record and an understanding of the Babylonian empire are used to elucidate the historical details available from biblical and extra-biblical sources. Despite devastation and severe disruption, certain clues indicated the resumption of activity and the existence of a stable infrastructure within which cultic ritual continued.
3 Conceptions of Judah, II: Yahwistic Worship
Authors: MIDDLEMAS JILL 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter continues to explore worship in the homeland, but with particular attention to Yahwistic practice. It contains two foci: (1) what type of Yahwistic ritual continued in the homeland and where did it occur? and (2) a survey of the lament literature commonly associated with that setting. After closer study of the laments typically associated with Templeless Judah (Pss. 74, 79, 89, 102; Isa. 63:7-64:11) it is clear that a variety of influences disallow the attribution of liturgical poems to Judah without an understanding of what might be typical of Judahite thought. Moreover, the ascription of laments to worship at the temple represents another conception from outside the community in sixth-century Judah, in this instance, from modern scholarship.
‘We the States’: Why the Anti‐Federalists Won
Authors: Dehousse Renaud 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Most of the rhetoric around the Convention on the Future of Europe and the EU Constitution was pure hype. The new treaty was an incremental adjustment to previous ones, not a major revolutionary change. Throughout the process, the member-states underscored their reluctance to delegate much further power to Brussels, and their enduring tendency to jockey for what they each perceived to be their national advantage.
Is the Council Becoming an Upper House?
Authors: Lewis Jeffrey 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe EU’s Council of Ministers increasingly resembles an upper legislative house in a bicameral system more than any international organization. But the EU still gives far more power to territorially-based interests at the Council level than do federal systems in the US or Germany. The Council also blurs legislative and executive powers in a unique way, and this ambiguity is not getting any clearer — the Council increasingly exhibits some common legislative dynamics, but is also maintaining traditions as a consensus-oriented diplomatic body.
Financial Restructuring in the Age of the Euro: Still a Battle of Systems?
Authors: Story Jonathan 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
The battle of the systems within the EU is as lively as it ever was, if not livelier. Europe is not converging on a single capitalism, but the many national forms it takes are all subject to similar forces. There is convergence in the processes at work in the world and in Europe — the complex processes often summarized as ‘globalization’ — but there is continued divergence in national structures. Convergence with the USA is otherwise taking place for political reasons, since the euro is working as a neo-liberal engine.
Toward a European Social Policy—At Last?
Authors: Palier Bruno , Pochet Philippe 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
The achievements in European social policy are generally considered weak at best. The European Union’s apparent liberal and supply-side bias lends credence to the idea of a convergence towards the ‘hegemonic American model’. Yet employment policies and social protection policies have been formally included in European competencies under a specific procedure, the ‘Open Method of Coordination’. The unintended consequence of European economic and monetary integration is that different European organizations now compete for competence in the growing EU social field. This leads to considerable innovation in policy orientation and practices.
Drawing the EU's Borders: Immigration Policy
Authors: Guiraudon Virginie 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
The transfer of competence in areas considered emblematic of national sovereignty, like immigration and citizenship, should be a litmus test of the ‘polity’ ambitions of the EU. As of the early 1980s, national officials in charge of migration sought to avoid judicial constraints and conflicting bureaucratic views that that were experiencing at the national level. They consequently moved to relocate some of their decision-making to a secretive intergovernmental forum at the EU level. This chapter develops this analysis of motives for cooperation at the EU level in terms of political ‘venue shopping’.
Rights in the European Union: Convergent with the USA?
Authors: Shapiro Martin 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe European Union structure of rights is now being built upon the preexisting rights practices of the member states, which in turn developed in part in the light of US experience. In Europe, like in the USA, constitutional judicial review has moved on to more and more rights announcing and protecting review by more and more courts over time. Still, European judicial action favoring rights developed by somewhat different routes and continues to exhibit certain features that reflect specifically European heritages and contrast with the US.
The European Union through an American Prism
Authors: Kersh Rogan , Morone James 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
The USA is deeply implicated in European dreams of a more perfect union. This chapter investigates three aspects of the European-American nexus. First, it focuses on the striking gap between politics and administration in contemporary Europe, and reflects on the implications for democracy. Second, it examines recent tensions between the USA and European governments, arguing that the source goes far deeper than the bare-knuckles diplomacy of the current Bush Administration. Finally, it examines the early history of US national unity as a model for European efforts.
Becoming Europeans?
Authors: Scully Roger 
Published: February 2006

AbstractContemporary political science assumes that ‘institutions matter’. But the governing institutions of the European Union are widely presumed to matter more than most. A commonplace assumption about the EU is that those working within European institutions are subject to a pervasive tendency to become socialised into progressively more pro-integration attitudes and behaviours. This assumption has been integral to many accounts of European integration, and is also central to how scholars study individual EU institutions. However, the theoretical and empirical adequacy of this assumption has never been properly investigated. This study examines this question in the context of an increasingly important EU institution, the European Parliament. The book integrates new theoretical arguments with a substantial amount of original empirical research. It develops a coherent understanding, based on simple rationalist principles, of when and why institutional socialisation is effective. This theoretical argument explains the main empirical findings of the book. Drawing on several sources of evidence on MEPs’ attitudes and behaviour, and deploying advanced empirical techniques, the empirical analysis shows the commonplace assumption about EU institutions to be false. European Parliamentarians do not become more pro-integration as they are socialised into the institution. The findings of the study generate some highly important conclusions. They indicate that institutional socialisation of political elites should be given a much more limited and conditional role in understanding European integration than it is accorded in many accounts. They suggest that MEPs remain largely national politicians in their attitudes, loyalties and much of their activities, and that traditional classifications of the European Parliament as a ‘supra-national’ institution are misleading. Finally, the study offers broader lessons about the circumstances in which institutions effectively socialise those working within them.
2 THE INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT—EUROPE'S ELECTED PARLIAMENT
Authors: Scully Roger 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter establishes the context for the study. It first provides a historical overview of the development of the European Parliament, focussing particularly on the growth in the parliament’s powers. The discussion then moves on to examining the main features of the Parliament's internal organisation. The third section of the chapter draws on in-depth interviews conducted with a large number of MEPs, where politicians’ own views of the prevalence of socialisation effects within the EP were sought. While many believe that MEPs do become more European-minded in various senses, the final section of the chapter explains why one cannot rest content with this evidence. It argues that there is a need for further study both to consider the theoretical basis for any hypothesised socialisation effects, and to examine other empirical evidence to assess whether such effects are actually manifested.
4 UNDERSTANDING INSTITUTIONAL SOCIALIZATION
Authors: Scully Roger 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter seeks to develop a coherent explanation of the circumstances in which political actors operating within EU institutions might be subject to socialisation processes that shape their attitudes and behaviour in a more integrationist direction. Any such explanation, it is argued, must depend on two core elements: an understanding of the nature of the socialising experience to be undergone; and assumptions about the individuals who will undergo this experience. The chapter then goes on to discuss the likely implications of this framework for socialisation processes in the EP. The discussion shows that the extent to which MEPs become divorced from the national political scene has been substantially over-stated. It is argued that a rationalist understanding of MEPs’ core political goals — assumed to be policy, office and (re)-election — would predict that European Parliamentarians should prove relatively immune to any pressures to ‘go native’.
5 Investigating MEPs' Attitudes
Authors: Scully Roger 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter examines survey evidence regarding the potential impact of institutional socialisation processes in the European Parliament on MEPs’ attitudes. Parliamentarians’ opinions on a variety of matters related to the development of European integration are explored. A direct comparison of MEPs with members of national parliaments shows no substantial relationship between service in the EP and more ‘pro-European’ views. And a more detailed assessment, concentrating solely on EP members, finds that those who have been in the parliament for a greater length of time — and thus have had a greater exposure to the putative impact of institutional socialisation — are no more likely to claim a ‘European’ identity, or to favour the deepening of integration or the extension of the powers of the EP, than their less experienced colleagues.
Chapter 2 Looking Backward, Looking Forward: Where is Pension Policy Headed?
Authors: Klein James A. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
In the future, the retirement paradigm will be reinvented because people and entities directly engaged in designing and sponsoring plans, as well as those benefiting from plans, will make countless decisions about their immediate and long-term needs. They will adjust retirement plan programs, and retirement practices themselves, to accommodate those needs. This chapter identifies four elements that may help in the development of a paradigm suitable for the next thirty years. These are the key role of trust in a regulatory scheme; the importance of balancing objectives in pension policy; the key importance of recognizing expectations; and the need for retirement policy champions.
Chapter 3 Reality Testing for Pension Reform
Authors: Perun Pamela , Steuerle C. Eugene 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
There are two very different types of proposals for private pension system change that have been put before Congress. The first type of change can be seen in the Pension Preservation and Savings Expansion Act (PPSEA), introduced in 2003 by Portman and Cardin. PPSEA is a ‘traditional’ type of pension reform, an omnibus bill that tinkers with almost every aspect of the private pension system to make incremental changes. The second type of proposal can be seen in the attempt of the Administration to effect radical change and simplification in the structure of the private pension system. The 2003 proposal, modified in budget submissions in 2004, contemplated a sweeping consolidation in the number and types of defined contribution (DC) plans. This chapter evaluates these two approaches to change; the first one for incremental change, and the second one involving greater structural reform; and then it considers an alternative.