bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A mathematical model to describe the change in moisture distribution in maize starch during hydrothermal treatment
Authors: Zarguili Ikbal , Maache‐Rezzoug Zoulikha , Loisel Catherine , Doublier Jean‐Louis 
Published: February 2008

SummaryInstantaneous Controlled Pressure Drop, ‘Détente Instantanée Contrôlée’ (DIC) was performed on standard maize starch at residual moisture content (∼12%). Changes in moisture distribution were observed during the treatment and modelled through a phenomenological model based on gravimetric data. The model proposes an exponential variation in the moisture content with processing time at various pressures. The predicted data were found to be in good agreement with experimental data. The values of water activity coefficient (γ) obtained from the model decrease, when processing pressure increases; 5.86, 3.71 and 3.36 (dry basis)−1 for 1, 2 and 3 bar, respectively. The mass transfer coefficient decreases, when the pressure increases. Its value ranged from 5.89 × 10−5 m s−1 for 1 bar down to 0.92 × 10−5 m s−1 for 2 bar and 0.77 × 10−5 m s−1 for 3 bar. This coefficient is not only controlled by a simple resistance to the mass transfer, but also by gelatinisation phenomenon that progresses when temperature increases.
Hazard analysis critical control points implementation in traditional foods: a case study of Tarhana processing
Authors: Dalgıç Ali C. , Belibağlı Kadir B. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryThis paper examines the factors, which influence the safety characteristics of Tarhana (Tarhana is a fermented, dried dough product commonly reconstituted and served as a hot soup). Since Tarhana is becoming an important part of the modern diet in many communities. The objectives of this study were to determine food safety practices and procedures related to the hazard analysis critical control point programme. The significant hazards found in hazard analysis were used for determination of risk assessment by five‐class hazard score matrix. The study revealed that the Critical Control Points (CCPs) for Tarhana production were cooking, fermentation, drying and sieving. At the same time, critical factors and limits for CCPs were determined. Preventative and corrective actions were proposed.
Consumer attitude and behaviour towards tomatoes after 10 years of Flandria quality labelling
Authors: Verbeke Wim , Velde Liesbeth Van de , Mondelaers Koen , Kühne Bianka , Huylenbroeck Guido Van 
Published: February 2008

SummaryIn recent years, trust in food safety and food quality has decreased as a result of consecutive food crises. Consequently, numerous quality labels signalling process‐related credence characteristics have been established. One of these labels is the Belgian Flandria quality label for fresh fruit and vegetables. Based on cross‐sectional data collected through a self‐administered consumer survey (n = 373), this paper addresses consumer attitudes, behaviour and perception towards tomatoes in general, and the Flandria tomato label in particular. Buyers, who constitute 26.8% of the sample, perceive Flandria tomatoes as superior to other tomatoes because of their guarantee of origin, better taste and stricter production control. However, they also report the strongest perception of Flandria as an ordinary tomato as compared to non‐buyer segments. Overall, findings indicate that the Flandria label – after being intensively used for 10 years for a wide range of other fruits and vegetables besides tomatoes – has become fairly standard for tomatoes with little perceived differentiation apart from its certified production and origin.
Osmotic dehydration kinetics of carrot cubes in sodium chloride solution
Authors: Singh Bahadur , Panesar Parmjit S. , Nanda Vikas 
Published: February 2008

SummaryOsmotic dehydration kinetics of carrot cubes in sodium chloride solution having concentrations 5%, 10% and 15% (w/v), solution temperature 35, 45 and 55 °C, sample to solution ratio (STSR) 1:4, 1:5 and 1:6 were studied up to 240 min duration. During the experimentation, effect of solution temperature and process duration was significant and that of solution concentration and STSR were non‐significant on water loss. Among the different models applied (Penetration model, Magee Model, and Azuara model), Azuara model best fitted to the experimental data for water loss and solute gain during osmotic dehydration. Effective diffusivities of water and solute were calculated by using the analytical solution of Fick’s unsteady state law of diffusion by iterative technique with a computer program. For the above conditions, the effective diffusivity of water was found to be in the range between 2.6323 × 10−9 and 6.2397 × 10−9 m2/s and that of solute between 3.1522 × 10−9 and 4.6400 × 10−9 m2/s.
Fire and ice: genetic structure of the Uinta ground squirrel (Spermophilus armatus) across the Yellowstone hotspot
Authors: VAN TUINEN MARCEL , O’KEEFE KIM , RAMAKRISHNAN UMA , HADLY ELIZABETH A. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe range of the Uinta ground squirrel, Spermophilus armatus, is centred over one of the most tectonically active regions today, the Yellowstone hotspot. We document the role of Quaternary tectonic and climatic history on the genetic structure of this species by screening museum and extant individuals throughout its range. Phylogeographic, divergence time, and demographic analyses of partial mitochondrial cytochrome b and control region DNA sequences yield insight into the cadence of evolution across three spatiotemporal scales: (i) a relatively deep intraspecific divergence of S. armatus into three lineages coincident with the last major volcanic eruption in the region and maintained by the Snake River Plain; (ii) demographic expansion in two lineages corresponding to the time of last deglaciation of the region; and (iii) a recent (< 50 years) local extinction of the third lineage coincident with climatic change and conversion of habitat for agricultural purposes in eastern Idaho. Beyond these inferences, our study highlights the unique value of museum material to phylogeography, and shows that small mammal recolonization of previously glaciated montane ‘islands’ differs from northward postglacial expansion observed in areas previously covered by continental ice sheets. Montane ‘islands’ may harbour high genetic diversity because of admixture and recurrent expansion/extinction.
Escherichia coliDps interacts with DnaA protein to impede initiation: a model of adaptive mutation
Authors: Chodavarapu Sundari , Gomez Ruben , Vicente Matias , Kaguni Jon M. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryDuring exponential growth, the level of Dps transiently increases in response to oxidative stress to sequester and oxidize Fe2+, which would otherwise lead to hydroxyl radicals that damage the bacterial chromosome. We report that Dps specifically interacts with DnaA protein by affinity chromatography and a solid phase binding assay, requiring the N‐terminal region of DnaA to interact.In vitro, Dps inhibits DnaA function in initiation by interfering with strand opening of the replication origin. Comparing isogenicdps+anddps::kanstrains by flow cytometry and by quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays at either the chromosomally encoded level, or at an elevated level encoded by an inducible plasmid, we show that Dps causes less frequent initiations. Results from genetic experiments support this conclusion. We suggest that Dps acts as a checkpoint during oxidative stress to reduce initiations, providing an opportunity for mechanisms to repair oxidative DNA damage. Because Dps does not block initiations absolutely, duplication of the damaged DNA is expected to increase the genetic variation of a population, and the probability that genetic adaptation leads to survival under conditions of oxidative stress.
SpvC is a Salmonella effector with phosphothreonine lyase activity on host mitogen‐activated protein kinases
Authors: Mazurkiewicz Piotr , Thomas Jerry , Thompson Jessica A. , Liu Mei , Arbibe Laurence , Sansonetti Philippe , Holden David W. 
Published: February 2008

SummarySpvC is encoded by the Salmonella virulence plasmid. We have investigated the biochemical function of SpvC and the mechanism by which it is secreted by bacteria and translocated into infected macrophages. We constructed a strain carrying a deletion in spvC and showed that the strain is attenuated for systemic virulence in mice. SpvC can be secreted in vitro by either the SPI‐1 or SPI‐2 type III secretion systems. Cell biological and genetic experiments showed that translocation of the protein into the cytosol of macrophages by intracellular bacteria is dependent on the SPI‐2 T3SS. Using antibodies specific to phospho‐amino acids and mass spectrometry we demonstrate that SpvC has phosphothreonine lyase activity on full‐length phospho‐Erk (pErk) and a synthetic 13‐amino‐acid phospho‐peptide containing the TXY motif. A Salmonella strain expressing spvC from a plasmid downregulated cytokine release from infected cells.
The heat‐shock protein ClpB of Francisella tularensis is involved in stress tolerance and is required for multiplication in target organs of infected mice
Authors: Meibom Karin L. , Dubail Iharilalao , Dupuis Marion , Barel Monique , Lenco Juraj , Stulik Jiri , Golovliov Igor , Sjöstedt Anders , Charbit Alain 
Published: February 2008

SummaryIntracellular bacterial pathogens generally express chaperones such as Hsp100s during multiplication in host cells, allowing them to survive potentially hostile conditions. Francisella tularensis is a highly infectious bacterium causing the zoonotic disease tularaemia. The ability of F. tularensis to multiply and survive in macrophages is considered essential for its virulence. Although previous mutant screens in Francisella have identified the Hsp100 chaperone ClpB as important for intracellular survival, no detailed study has been performed. We demonstrate here that ClpB of F. tularensis live vaccine strain (LVS) is important for resistance to cellular stress. Promoter analysis shows that the transcriptional start is preceded by a σ32‐like promoter sequence and we demonstrate that expression of clpB is induced by heat shock. This indicates that expression of clpB is dependent on the heat‐shock response mediated by σ32, the only alternative σ‐factor present in Francisella. Our studies demonstrate that ClpB contributes to intracellular multiplication in vitro, but is not essential. However, ClpB is absolutely required for Francisella to replicate in target organs and induce disease in mice. Proteomic analysis of membrane‐enriched fractions shows that five proteins are recovered at lower levels in the mutant strain. The crucial role of ClpB for in vivo persistence of Francisella may be linked to its assumed function in reactivation of aggregated proteins under in vivo stress conditions.
DISTINCT ROLE OF ADRENOCEPTOR SUBTYPES IN CARDIAC ADAPTATION TO CHRONIC PRESSURE OVERLOAD
Authors: Du Xiao‐Jun 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYWith the generation of gene knockout (KO) or transgenic overexpression (TG) mouse models targeting adrenoceptors (AR), recent studiesin vivohave investigated the role of AR subtypes in pressure overload‐induced left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy and remodelling.Although subjecting α1B‐KO mice to transverse aortic constriction (TAC) did not reveal significant phenotype differences compared with controls, mice deficient in both α1A‐ and α1B‐AR responded to TAC with poor survival, increased cardiomyocyte apoptosis, more severe fibrosis and dysfunction, but a similar degree of LV hypertrophy, compared with wild‐type littermates. Following TAC, α1B‐TG mice developed more severe hypertrophy, interstitial fibrosis and LV dysfunction. In contrast, overexpression of α1A‐AR preserved cardiac function and reduced death from heart failure without affecting the degree of LV hypertrophy. Thus, α1A‐ and α1B‐adrenoceptor signalling impacts differently on myocardial adaptation to pressure overload.The absence of both β1‐ and β2‐AR significantly suppressed pressure overload‐evoked hypertrophy, fibrosis and expression of inflammatory or fibrogenic genes. Conversely, studies on β2‐TG mice with TAC revealed adverse consequences, including accelerated development of heart failure, poor survival and more severe interstitial fibrosis, but a comparable degree of hypertrophy compared with wild‐type littermates.Collectively, these findings suggest that the effect of ARs on pressure overload‐induced myocardial adaptation is subtype specific. Whereas activation of α1B‐AR or β2‐AR contributes to maladaptation and the onset of heart failure, activation of α1A‐AR or inactivation of β2‐AR is beneficial in the setting of chronic pressure overload.
ROLE OF INSULIN‐LIKE GROWTH FACTOR 1 AND PHOSPHOINOSITIDE 3‐KINASE IN A SETTING OF HEART DISEASE
Authors: McMullen Julie R 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARY

The insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF1)–phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3‐K) pathway is a critical regulator of cell and organ growth.
In the heart, the IGF1–PI3‐K pathway induces physiological heart growth with preserved or enhanced cardiac function.
The present review specifically discusses the role of the IGF1–PI3‐K pathway in the setting of heart disease.
Genetic mouse models have highlighted the beneficial effects of the IGF1–PI3‐K pathway in the heart in a setting of disease. These include maintenance of contractile function, antifibrotic and anti‐apoptotic actions, inhibition of signalling transducers activated in disease settings and regeneration.
UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE OF TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR‐β SIGNALLING IN THE HEART: OVERVIEW OF STUDIES USING GENETIC MOUSE MODELS
Authors: Xiao Han , Zhang You‐Yi 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARY

In the present review, we focus on the genetic mouse models for transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β signalling, which have aided our understanding on the role of the TGF‐β signalling pathway in cardiac hypertrophy/fibrosis and the molecular mechanisms involved.
Knockout of TGF‐β is embryonic lethal, indicating that TGF‐β signalling plays an important role in embryonic development. In order to avoid this defect, many mouse strains with cardiac‐specific targeted genes in TGF‐β signalling have been developed.
The TGF‐β family signalling pathway includes Smad‐dependent and ‐independent pathways.
Investigations using the genetic mouse models have confirmed and uncovered the involvement of the TGF‐β/TGF‐β‐activated kinase 1 (TAK1) pathway in the development of cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. Although the downstream cascade of TAK1‐induced cardiac hypertrophy remains only partially defined, recent research indicates that the TGF‐β/TAK1/p38 pathway is involved in cardiac fibrosis
Smad‐dependent signalling may not be involved in, or may even be inhibitory for, cardiac hypertrophy.
Eu‐Chlorella large subunit rDNA sequences and group I introns in ribosomal DNA of the paramecian symbiotic alga NC64A
Authors: Hoshina Ryo , Imamura Nobutaka 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYAlthough the examination of large subunit ribosomal RNA genes (LSU rDNA) is advanced in phylogenetic studies, no corresponding sequence data from trebouxiophytes have been published, with the exception of ‘Chlorella’ellipsoidea Gerneck. We determined the LSU rDNA sequence of Chlorella vulgaris Beijerinck and of the symbiotic alga of green paramecium, Chlorella sp. NC64A. A total of 59 nucleotide substitutions were found in the LSU rDNA of the two species, which are disproportionately distributed. Primarily, 65% of the substitutions were encountered in the first 800 bp of the alignment. This segment apparently has evolved eight times faster than the complete SSU rDNA sequence, making it a good candidate for a phylogenetic marker and giving a resolution level intermediate between small subunit (SSU) rDNA and internal transcribed spacers. Green algae are known as a group I intron‐rich group along with rhodophytes and fungi. NC64A is particularly rich in the introns; five introns were newly identified from the LSU rDNA sequence, which we named Cnc.L200, Cnc.L1688, Cnc.L1926, Cnc.L2184 and Cnc.L2437, following the insertion positions. In the present study we analyzed these introns with three others (Cnc.S943, Cnc.S1367 and Cnc.S1512) that had already been found in NC64A SSU rDNA. Secondary structure modeling placed these introns in the group I intron family, with four introns belonging to subgroup C1 and the other four introns belonging to subgroup E. Five of the intron insertion positions are unique to the paramecian symbiont, which may indicate relatively recent events of intron infections that includes transpositions. Intron phylogeny showed unprecedented relationships; four Cnc. IC1 introns made a clade with some green algal introns with insertions at nine different positions, whereas four Cnc. IE introns made a clade with the S651 intron (Chlorella sp. AN 1–3), which lay as a sister to the S516 insertion position subfamily.
Germination and survival of tetraspores of Kappaphycus alvarezii var. alvarezii (Solieriaceae, Rhodophyta) introduced in subtropical waters of Brazil
Authors: Bulboa Cristian , De Paula Edison J. , Chow Fungyi 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYThe carrageenophyte Kappaphycus alvarezii was introduced in 1995 and vegetatively propagated in Ubatuba, São Paulo State, Brazil, for the purpose of commercial cultivation. This species produces tetraspores mainly in the austral summer and fall. Tetraspore germination and survival were studied under different conditions of temperature, photon flux density, and photoperiod in the laboratory. Field experiments were also carried out. Although tetraspores of K. alvarezii germinated, they had low survival rates, most dying after 20 days. Recruitment of K. alvarezii tetraspores did not occur in experiments conducted in the field. The results indicated that the establishment of K. alvarezii via spore production in the natural environment of the south‐east coast of Brazil is rather remote.
Complexation of iron by microbial siderophores and effects of iron chelates on the growth of marine microalgae causing red tides
Authors: Naito Kanako , Imai Ichiro , Nakahara Hiroyuki 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYThe growth rates of 13 species of abundant red tide algae in media with different iron species complexed with microbial siderophores (Ferrichrome and Ferrioxamine) and Fe‐Catechol were investigated. Our study demonstrated that the Fe‐chelates (at molar ratios = 1:1) were bioavailable to some red tide species. In Fe‐Catechol medium, growth was observed for the raphidophyte Heterosigma akashiwo, the dinoflagellates Heterocapsa circularisquama and Heterocapsa triquetra, the diatom Ditylum brightwellii, the cryptophyte Rhodomonas ovalis, the chlorophyte Oltmannsiellopsis viridis, and the haptophyte Cricosphaera roscoffensis. In Ferrioxamine medium, we found the growth of the dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi, the diatom Ditylum brightwellii, and the cryptophyte Rhodomonas ovalis. But, the existence of higher ligand concentrations (molar ratios ≥ 1:10) decreased the growth rates of most red tide species that were examined. Furthermore, all red tide species examined were not able to grow in Ferrichrome medium. In particular, the Chattonella species examined did not grow in the presence of Fe‐chelates. These results suggest that bioavailability of iron depends not only on ligand species, but also on the concentration of the ligands; moreover, microbial siderophores may play an important role in controlling the uptake of iron complexed with organic materials that exist in coastal water and the formation of red tides in coastal areas.
Retrobulbar blood flow and ophthalmic perfusion in maximum dynamic exercise
Authors: Kozobolis Vassilios P , Detorakis Efstathios T , Konstas Anastasios G , Achtaropoulos Athanassios K , Diamandides Evangelos D 
Published: February 2008

AbstractPurpose:  To study the effects of maximum dynamic physical exercise on retrobulbar blood flow and ocular perfusion pressure (OPP).Methods:  Thirty male subjects undergoing routine periodic medical evaluation were included. All participants underwent cardiac stress test according to a standard protocol. Before the test, the intraocular pressure was measured and colour Doppler imaging was performed with a 7.5 MHz linear probe, to record peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity and resistivity index at the ophthalmic artery (OA), central retinal artery (CRA) and nasal and temporal branches of short posterior ciliary arteries (SPCA). The same measurements were repeated 1 and 30 min after the test.Results:  OPP and PSV at the OA were significantly higher at the 1‐min interval, compared with the pretest scores (P = 0.01, in both cases), whereas the respective differences on the 30‐min interval were statistically not significant. On the contrary, PSV at the CRA and SPCA were not significantly changed on the same intervals. Differences between pretest and post‐test scores for end diastolic velocity and resistivity index were statistically not significant for all examined vessels.Conclusions:  Maximal physical exercise increases OPP and blood flow at the OA without affecting blood flow at the CRA and SPCA, implying that auto‐regulative mechanisms are active in both retinal and choroidal circulations.
Huntington disease in indigenous Australians
Authors: Panegyres P. K. , McGrath F. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractHuntington disease (HD) in indigenous Australians is a poorly analysed and difficult problem. This study addresses the issue of HD in remote indigenous Australian populations in the north‐west of Western Australia. Proband identification, clinical assessment, neurogenetic studies and pedigree analysis led to the discovery of HD in the 63‐year‐old male proband and his family. HD in remote indigenous Australian communities is a challenging diagnostic and management problem compounded by the complexity of distance.
Guidelines for the prevention of sepsis in asplenic and hyposplenic patients
Authors: Spelman D. , Buttery J , Daley A. , Isaacs D. , Jennens I. , Kakakios A. , Lawrence R. , Roberts S. , Torda A. , Watson D. A. R. , Woolley I. , Anderson T. , Street A. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractAsplenic or hyposplenic patients are at risk of fulminant sepsis. This entity has a mortality of up to 50%. The spectrum of causative organisms is evolving as are recommended preventive strategies, which include education, prophylactic and standby antibiotics, preventive immunizations, optimal antimalarial advice when visiting endemic countries and early management of animal bites. However, there is evidence that adherence to these strategies is poor. Consensus‐updated guidelines have been developed to help Australian and New Zealand clinicians and patients in the prevention of sepsis in asplenic and hyposplenic patients.