bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A meta‐analysis and systematic review of the efficacy and safety of anticoagulants as cancer treatment
Authors: Kuderer Nicole M. , Khorana Alok A. , Lyman Gary H. , Francis Charles W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND.Preclinical evidence suggests that anticoagulants, in particular the low‐molecular‐weight heparins (LMWH), exert an antitumor effect, whereas clinical trials have reported conflicting results. The authors conducted a comprehensive, systematic review and meta‐analysis of the evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs), to evaluate the impact of anticoagulants on survival and safety in cancer patients without venous thromboembolism.METHODS.A comprehensive systematic literature review of RCTs was performed without language restrictions through May 2006 with subsequent updates to the end of 2006, including an exhaustive search of electronic databases, major conference proceedings, article references, and content experts. Two reviewers extracted data independently. Primary study outcomes were 1‐year overall mortality and all bleeding complications. Major and fatal bleeding complications were secondary outcomes.RESULTS.Across all 11 studies that were identified, anticoagulation significantly decreased 1‐year overall mortality with a relative risk (RR) of 0.905 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.847–0.967; P = .003). The RR for mortality was 0.877 (95% CI, 0.789–0.975; P = .015) for LMWH, compared with an RR of 0.942 (95% CI, 0.854–1.040; P = .239) for warfarin, resulting in an absolute risk difference (ARD) of 8% for LMWH and an ARD of 3% for warfarin. Improved survival with anticoagulation may be dependent on tumor type. Major bleeding episodes occurred less frequently in patients who received LMWH (ARD, 1%) compared with patients who received warfarin (ARD, 11.5%; P < .0001). Overall, fatal bleeding occurred rarely (ARD, 0.32%; P = .542).CONCLUSIONS.Anticoagulants, particularly LMWH, significantly improved overall survival in cancer patients without venous thrombosis while increasing the risk for bleeding complications. However, given the limitations of available data, the use of anticoagulants as antineoplastic therapy cannot be recommended until additional RCTs confirm these results. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Metastatic patterns at autopsy in patients with ovarian carcinoma
Authors: Güth Uwe , Huang Dorothy Jane , Bauer Gregor , Stieger Marco , Wight Edward , Singer Gad 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND.Previously published studies concerning autopsy findings in ovarian cancer failed to consider the broad differences in factors that influence the course of disease. Furthermore, those studies were conducted when the currently accepted standards in diagnostics and therapy had not been fully established. The objective of the current study was to determine the frequency and sites of metastases in patients with ovarian cancer with particular attention to the clinical course and therapy.METHODS.Autopsy reports, histologic slides, and clinical files from 197 patients who died of ovarian carcinoma between 1975 and 2005 were studied. The distribution of metastatic sites (19 different organ sites) and metastatic patterns, with particular attention to clinical course (age, length of survival) and therapy (surgical treatment with curative intention, different chemotherapy regimens), were analyzed.RESULTS.Overall, 66.3% of patients had metastases to sites outside the abdominopelvic cavity. Patients who were aged >70 years, who had a disease duration ≤6 months, or who had received either no treatment or treatment without curative intention more often had metastases limited to the abdominopelvic cavity. This pattern of spread was observed most frequently in patients who had received current chemotherapy regimens (odds ratio, 3.5; P = .002). Compared with patients who had received chemotherapy according to previous standards, these patients showed a significantly increased incidence of liver metastases (P < .001).CONCLUSIONS.Autopsy data may yield important information concerning the metastatic potential of a malignancy and may assist physicians in making clinical management decisions. The results from the current indicated that declining autopsy rates during the last decades have limited the ability of physicians to evaluate the impact of new therapy regimens on the frequency and distribution of metastases through postmortem examination. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
An integral‐collocation‐based fictitious‐domain technique for solving elliptic problems
Authors: Mai‐Duy N. , See H. , Tran‐Cong T. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper presents a new fictitious‐domain technique for numerically solving elliptic second‐order partial differential equations (PDEs) in complex geometries. The proposed technique is based on the use of integral‐collocation schemes and Chebyshev polynomials. The boundary conditions on the actual boundary are implemented by means of integration constants. The method works for both Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions. Several test problems are considered to verify the technique. Numerical results show that the present method yields spectral accuracy for smooth (analytic) problems. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An analysis on short‐term frequency stability of an optically pumped cesium beam frequency standard: Laser noise influence
Authors: Hisadome Kenji , Kihara Masami 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTo overcome various problems in cesium beam resonators using polarized magnetic fields, researches on cesium beam resonators with optical pumping are being carried out. In these optically pumped cesium beam resonators, the frequency fluctuations of the laser diode (LD) used to excite the cesium beam affects the frequency stability of the resonator.This paper proposes a method in which the frequency fluctuations of the laser light are reduced to the noise induced on the control loop of the resonator. In this method, the absorption line of the cesium beam is used as the light standard frequency and the frequency fluctuations of the stabilized LD is determined. Further, such frequency‐stabilized LD is used in an optically pumped cesium beam resonator and its short‐term frequency stability is analyzed. As a result, it is shown that high‐frequency stability s̀yo(γ) < 10−13/τ is achievable while the cesium beam intensity and absorption linewidth remain the same as those of present small resonators.
Design of drain junction in polysilicon MOSFETs
Authors: Hayashi Hisao 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIt has been reported that when polycrystalline silicon is used for the active layer in an MOS transistor, the breakdown voltage in the drain junction is low and the junction leakage current is high.In this paper, the behavior of the drain junction was analyzed and the optimum design was carried out. It was found that in the drain junction, the current generated at the Si‐SiO2 interface predominates when the electric field is low and the tunnel current predominates when the field exceeds 2 × 105 V/cm.To improve the junction characteristic without degradation of the transistor driving efficiency, a high‐resistance drain was used. As a result, it was found that the optimum resistance was 5 to 100 kohm/sq. To control this resistance, it is important to minimize the local state density. To achieve this goal, the polycrystalline silicon should be 10 to 50 nm thick. The solid‐phase growth technique is effective in improving the crystallinity.This paper will show that it is possible to design a polycrystalline silicon transistor with high breakdown voltage, low leakage current, and high mutual conductance.
The correction procedure for “packaged‐type transistor” s‐parameter measurements (∼1 GHz)
Authors: Aoki Hitoshi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn the measurement of transistor S‐parameters, an automatic network analyzer presently is used in which the matching of the measurement system and the directivity including the measurement jigs are calibrated accurately by means of the twelve‐term calibration functions contained in the analyzer. However, when a packaged transistor is measured, the parasitic capacitance, lead inductance and resistance are contained. The author developed a simple procedure for modeling these parasitic elements and removing them by means only of subtraction from the mutual transformation of S→Y→Z parameters. Experiments were carried out with an HP8753 Network Analyzer and TECAP model parameter extraction software [1] and the results were compared with those by the SPICE simulation. Good agreement was obtained in the frequency vs. gain characteristics up to 1 GHz. It is now possible to obtain data very close to those of only the transistor portion.
Analysis on waveguiding property of GaAs‐AlGaAs MQW nonlinear optical waveguide
Authors: Ohke Shigeaki , Umeda Tokuo , Cho Yoshio 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper investigates the characteristics of a nonlinear optical waveguide using the nonlinear index of refraction caused by room‐temperature excitons in a multiple quantum well (MQW) structure. In the case where the MQW structure is used as a core, the MQW structure mentioned is considered as a single‐layer nonlinear medium so that the entire structure is modeled as a three‐layer slab waveguide. Further, the eigenmode expansion approach is applied to infinitesimal sections along the direction of propagation. Numerical analysis is carried out by this infinitesimal section eigenmode expansion technique. The change of the index of refraction accompanying the room‐temperature exciton absorption line can take a positive or negative sign by detuning (of the frequency). When the optical propagation characteristics for both the positive and negative detunings are analyzed, it is found that the power trapping and power dissipation caused by the nonlinear effect occur significantly after a propagation within about one millimeter.
Waveguide band rejection filter using yttrium iron garnet films
Authors: Okubo Kensuke , Tsutsumi Makoto 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper describes the theoretical and experimental characteristics of the band reject filter made of a waveguide loaded with yttrium‐iron‐garnet (YIG) films. First, the problem of reflection and transmission of the plane electromagnetic wave from a semiinfinite YIG film is described. Next, it is noted that the electromagnetic wave of the TE10 mode in a waveguide loaded with an isotropic medium can be expressed as a superposition of these plane waves. Their treatment is applied in an approximate approach to the waveguide loaded with a YIG film. The band rejection characteristics are investigated in which the center frequency varies depending on the dc magnetic field applied. Further, it is shown that a good characteristic is obtained as a band reject filter if YIG films are stacked as a multilayer.Finally, an experiment is carried out at the × band so that the forementioned characteristics are confirmed experimentally. When a dc magnetic field of 2.818 kOe is applied, the observed filter characteristics are such that the center frequency is 10.0 GHz, the insertion loss is 1.0 dB, the bandwidth is 144.7 MHz and the maximum attenuation within the stopband exceeds 60 dB.
Improvement of adhesion to sin thin film on the polycarbonate substrate
Authors: Takahashi Shigeru , Sato Toshiya , Fukuda Takuya , Ohue Michio 
Published: July 2007

AbstractLow‐temperature microwave plasma CVD deposition of an SiN film on a polycarbonate substrate for a photomagnetic disc was attempted. To enhance the adhesion between the SiN film and polycarbonate substrate, an Si intermediate film was deposited by plasma CVD.As a result, it was found that a peel‐free and crack‐free substrate could be fabricated by depositing an Si intermediate layer by (microwave + RF) superimposed CVD.To investigate the high adhesion of the Si film to the substrate, the concentration of elements at the interface was analyzed by RBS (Rutherford backscaering spectrometry). As a result, it was confirmed that not only an Si intermediate layer but also a complex film consisting of polycarbonate and Si is present near the surface of the polycarbonate substrate. It was concluded that the improvement of the film adhesion was due to the chemical bond between polycarbonate and Si.
Finite‐element analysis of ferrite disk resonators by introducing field‐assigned points
Authors: Yoneda Naofumi , Yoneyama Tsukasa 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn this paper, resonant frequencies are calculated by the method of finite elements for resonators with anisotropic ferrite disks. The finite‐element methods with three electric field components are used in general for analyses of ferrite resonators with tensor permeabilities. A new treatment becomes necessary for boundary conditions of the electric fields at the edges of ferrite resonators. By introducing field‐assigned points at resonator edges, it is possible to calculate resonant frequencies.To examine calculated results, the resonant frequencies of resonators with isotropic circular disks were compared. Then the obtained results are compared with calculated results by other methods. It is noted that the authors' method possesses a high level of calculation precision. As a practical example, the resonant frequencies of anisotropic disk resonators loaded inside a below‐cutoff parallel plate waveguide are calculated. Experimentally measured data and the authors' calculated results have been confirmed to show good agreement.
A method of analysis for a circuit consisting of multistage connection of tapered waveguides
Authors: Ishihara Fujio , Suga Takashi , Iiguchi Shinichi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA general‐purpose analysis method is described for a tapered waveguide circuit made of a cascade of several tapered sections. It is assumed that the thermal loss can be neglected and the tapers are smooth so that no consideration of multiple modes is needed. First, in each tapered section, the differential equation describing the electromagnetic field of the mode of interest is derived. By solving this equation, the F matrix is obtained. By multiplying all F matrices, that of the entire structure is obtained. The elements of the F matrix are transformed to the reflection coefficient. As an example, a circuit made of four tapered waveguides and three uniform waveguides is computed numerically. It is confirmed that the results agree well with experimental results. Also presented is a computer program.The unique feature of the present method is that in spite of its simplicity it enables analysis beyond and before cutoff with similar accuracy. The method also enables analysis without cumbersome procedures even if the taper shape is represented by various curves and the number of stages of tapered waveguides is increased.
Properties of cutoff filters using raised cosine impedance tapered waveguides of varying heights
Authors: Shirasaki Hirokimi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWhen the height of a tapered waveguide with its characteristic impedance changing in an n‐th power cosine profile with a varying cutoff frequency is varied, a resonance occurs near the cutoff frequency. In anticipation of improved rising properties of the insertion loss and the return loss, the reflection and transmission coefficients of the cutoff filter are derived. These coefficients are obtained numerically by solving the Runge‐Kutta method in which the differential equation valid for the rectangular TE10 mode in a tapered waveguide satisfies the boundary conditions at the waveguide junctions.Next, the characteristics of the filter are analyzed by introducing a shape factor which indicates the rising property of a single taper near the cutoff frequency. Property charts are developed which can be used for deriving a small and high‐performance taper shape satisfying the requirements as a high‐pass filter. It is demonstrated that a small size and high performance can be realized by varying the height.
An analysis of wave propagation in linearly tapered dielectric slab waveguides considering reflected waves
Authors: Kodama Masao 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe beam propagation method proposed by Feit and Fleck is a powerful method for analyzing optical circuits. However, in this method, only the incident wave in the circuit is assumed and the Helmholtz equation is replaced with an approximate equation. Hence, it is not possible to compute the magnitude of the reflected wave. Even in the absence of the reflected wave, it is not possible to compute the incident wave accurately.To improve these deficiencies, this paper uses the Helmholtz equation directly instead of modifying it to an approximate form. The problem of instability is resolved by a certain restriction on the solution. Therefore, the reflected wave can also be analyzed with the incident wave.The method in this paper provides a solution more accurate than the conventional beam propagation method, even if there is no reflected wave present. The present method is applied to a tapered section of a dielectric slab waveguide and the radiation loss and the magnitude of the reflected wave are obtained numerically. It is shown that the magnitude of the reflected wave is negligibly small. The accuracy of the solution by the present method is discussed.
Sensors by micromachining
Authors: Esashi Masayoshi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPhotofabrication developed for integrated circuits can be used to fabricate sensors with three‐dimensional structures and devices with many other types of structures. The micromachining technology is useful in forming a small‐sized, high‐performance sensor system. Using this technology, it is possible to form a system with a sensor, actuator, and electronic circuit on a silicon wafer.A thermo‐flow sensor was fabricated with two microheaters to detect small gas flow. It was found that this device was sensitive to detect an extremely low gas flow with high linearity. This flow sensor was used for an integrated mass‐flow controller and as an integrated magnetic oxygen sensor.An integrated capacitive pressure sensor also was developed with a capacitive detection circuit. The new feed‐through structure used for this sensor was used for other integrated sensors such as a tactile imager.
Analysis of asymmetric two‐core single‐mode optical fibers for subscriber lines
Authors: Yoshikawa Hiroshi , Yamamoto Yuzo , Ohno Yutaka 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIt is necessary to increase the density of fibers of optical cables which are to be used in subscriber lines. To realize such high‐density fiber cables, multicore fibers with several cores inside a single cladding have been investigated. However, in multicore fibers, there is the problem of crosstalk between the adjacent cores.This paper investigates the two‐core asymmetric single‐mode fibers which reduce the crosstalk between adjacent cores. It is shown numerically that the crosstalk can be kept below a certain level for any fiber length, under the condition of fixed‐mode field diameter. In a symmetrical structure, the transfer of optical power is perfect and to suppress the crosstalk, the transmission length must be kept limited. However, in asymmetrical structures investigated in this paper, the transmission length is not limited and it becomes possible to design high‐density optical transmission lines with small separation between their two cores.
Scattering of TE and TM waves by a finite periodic array of perfectly conducting cylinders
Authors: Saga Nobuhiro , Tanaka Toshiyuki , Takenaka Takashi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe problem of scattering of TE and TM waves by a grating made of finitely many cylinders is analyzed by means of the boundary element method. The number of unknowns for the matrix equation obtained by dis‐cretizing the integral equation for the surface current increases in proportion to the number of cylinders. The total number of components of the coefficient matrix often exceeds the capacity of the computer. In such cases, it is not possible to use the direct solution based on the inverse matrix. Hence, an iterative method is used.In this paper, the conjugate gradient method is used as such an iterative method. In recognition of the fact that the coefficient matrix of the matrix equation is a block Toeplitz matrix, it is extended to a block circulant matrix to which the fast Fourier transform (FFT) is applied for reduction of the computer capacitance requirement and the computation time. As a numerical example, the current distributions induced on a grating made of about 30 circular cylinders are computed. It is shown that the edge effect is particularly large if an anomaly occurs.
Operation characteristics of exciton absorption reflection switch arrays
Authors: Amano Chikara , Matsuo Shinji , Kurokawa Takashi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe exciton absorption reflection switch array (EARS) made of a GaAs/AlGaAs multiple quantum well (MQW) modulator and a GaAs heterojunction phototransistor (HPT) coupled by a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) functions as an optical three‐terminal device with a high contrast ratio and a high optical gain.In this paper, it is shown that an OR gate can be constructed by connecting the MQW modulator and an HPT electrically in parallel while an NOR gate can be made by a series connection. The optical gain and the response time at each gate are measured and the results are found to coincide with the predictions from the equivalent circuit model. Especially, it is found that the response time can be reduced substantially if a resistor is connected in parallel to the MQW modulator in the NOR gate. The switching energy of the EARS is 3.8 fJ/μm2. Hence, a switching on the subnanosecond level is possible if the device size is reduced to about 10 μm.
Relationship between metallic phase duration and transition boundary from metallic to gaseous phase in Ag break ARC
Authors: Yoshida Kiyoshi , Takahashi Atsuo 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIt has been known that in Ag contacts, contact erosion and contact resistance depend strongly on the metallic phase duration. This paper describes the influences of load inductance L and power supply voltage E on the metallic duration tm and their relationship with the gaseous phase boundary.In an experiment, L was chosen to be 10, 2.3, 0.2 and 0 mH while E was fixed at 48 V. In another experiment, E was chosen to be 48, 24, 12, and 6 V while L was fixed at 2.3 mH. As a result, it was found that, when the closed current I0 was so large that gaseous phase transition took place, tm was not influenced by L or E. When Im was in the region where only the metallic phase existed or the gaseous phase transition ratio did not reach 100 percent, tm increased with increases of L and E.The foregoing results indicated that the influences of the circuit condition on the contact erosion and resis tance must be investigated when I0 is in the region where the gaseous phase transition ratio is lower than 100 percent.
Self‐diplexing characteristics of circularly polarized N‐element circular array antenna
Authors: Iwasaki Hisao 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe isolation between the transmit and receive ports was analyzed for a circularly polarized array antenna which consists of a sequential arrangement of N ± 3 radiating elements which have orthogonal linear polarizations and resonate at the frequencies of the transmit and receive ports. the element arrangement method for an infinite isolation and the relationship between the directions of polarization and the phase of the feed current were clarified. the measured isolations were about 50 dB for the three‐element array and about 70 dB for the four‐element array. A mechanism of self‐diplexing was derived for which excellent isolation between the transmit and receive antennas can be obtained even if there are amplitude and phase errors in the feed circuit. the beamscanning capability of a four‐element, self‐diplexing antenna was studied. It was found that infinite isolation between the transmit and receive ports can be obtained when the beam is scanned in the direction of the orientation axis.