bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Formey continuateur de l'Encyclopédie
Authors: Adams David 
Published: October 2008

David Adams: Formey's Continuation of the Encyclopédie.
J.H.S. Formey's plan of publishing a reduced version of the Encyclopédie which would remove all heterodox tendencies is well known, but scholars have concluded that the long-standing project never came to fruition. However this article, based on an extremely rare copy owned by the author, presents and studies Formey's Dictionnaire instructif, dedicated to Prince Henry of Prussia, published in 1767. The Préface, which claims that the project was Henry's idea, explains that the work, based mainly on Furetière and on the first ten volumes of the Encyclopédie was intended to provide the basic knowledge of use to a cultivated man. An analysis of certain articles indicates that Formey was concerned to eradicate what might undermine religion and morality, with the result that while he is open to new scientific discoveries, he is conservative in politics and religion. His Dictionnaire thus bears witness to the 18th Century's contradictions and uncertainties.
Gestes ouvriers, opérations et processus techniques. La vision du travail des encyclopédistes
Authors: Picon Antoine 
Published: October 2008

Antoine Picon: The Encyclopédistes' Image of Work.
Despite the weaknesses of the technical information collected by Diderot and his team, the Encyclopédie reveals a complete renewal of the vision of productive work and of the categories for describing and organizing it. The Encyclopedists' rehabilitation of arts and crafts was linked to an implacable criticism of corporations, leading to the possibility of pure work freed from all shackles, which scientists and engineers sought to rationalize. The interest in productive activity is also linked to sensualist philosophy and the analytical method, which enabled them to understand manufacturing processes, to decompose and recompose them in the same way as language and science. Thus we see the triad gesture/operation/process. While the Encyclopédie' s strictly technological contribution was limited, this new architecture was to have a long-lasting influence on reflection concerning manufactures.
Le knout et l'honneur des Russes (à propos de deux articles de l'Encyclopédie)
Authors: Mervaud Michel 
Published: October 2008

Michel Mervaud: The Knout and Russian Honour.
The Encyclopédie article Knout assures the reader that in Russia this punishment is not at all considered dishonourable, an outrageous assertion inspired by travellers' accounts. It led to a vigourous protest from a Russian in the Journal encyclopédique on 15th September 1775. Four years later, the Supplément published a second article Knout by J.B. Robinet, which constituted a sort of apology. The "Letter from a Russian" poses two questions which this article tries to answer: who was the author and why did he wait eight years before protesting against the 1765 article ? We finish by pointing out that the notion of honour was present in Russia both in the laws and in people's minds.
Joseph Vernet et Diderot dans la tempête
Authors: Delon Michel 
Published: October 2008

Michel Delon: Joseph Vernet and Diderot in the Storm.
From one Salon to the next, Diderot devoted more and more space to the storms painted by Joseph Vernet, which allowed him to investigate the philosophical problems of the disorder of nature and the relationship to others' suffering. He gradually became more involved in his descriptions, culminating in the intimate dream of 1767. The great artist becomes the one who can provide a meaning for the absurd. The shipwreck thus appears as a test of human solidarity and as a confrontation with the terrifying forces which defy our understanding. The story of Vernet tied to a mast in order to study better the fury of nature illustrates the mastery of a genius, who can find within himself those resources which are traditionally sought in religious faith.
La tradition comique et son renouveau dans les historiettes de Jacques le fataliste et son maître
Authors: Rush Jane 
Published: October 2008

Jane Rush: The Comic Tradition and its Renewal in the stories of Jacques le fataliste.
The aim of this study is to examine the importance of the mediæval tradition as it appears in the stories contained in Jacques le fataliste et son maître and to study it in the context of a narrative which is perpetually undermining itself, as can be seen in the dominant image of the great scroll. Several examples are given of the stereotyped characters who appear in the stories contained in the work, as in their mediæval predecessors, and particularly of the theme of sexual transgression which undermines the smooth functioning of social institutions. The way in which the content of the stories subverts by means of parody is also reflected in the dual nature of the characters and in the narrative form. We see the importance of the oral style of narration, which enables Diderot to subvert literary conventions. The author's originality consists in using the mediæval story to produce a modern work using a modern form of the comic which questions the very nature of the written text and its convention.
Nécessité romanesque et démantèlement de l'illusion dans la « Préface-Annexe » à La Religieuse de Diderot
Authors: Frigerio Vittorio 
Published: October 2008

Vittorio Frigerio : Literary Necessity and the Undermining of Illusion in La Religieuse' s Préface-Annexe .
Different editions of Diderot's novel La Religieuse have dealt in different ways with the Préface- Annexe, putting it either at the end or at the beginning of the novel itself . This article suggests that it is an integral part of the novel and that its logical place — and the place Diderot originally itended for it — is after the novel. Its main function is to provide both an acceptable ending to the story of Suzanne's misfortunes and a new external viewpoint which, while revealing the actual mechanics of the writing process and the author's emphasis on the creation of a pathetic atmosphere, reinforces the ideological message of the novel through the naturalisation of the social forces it depicts. The placing of the Préface-Annexe at the end forces the reader to make a second reading of the story which, while destroying the illusion of reality which the novel has created, brings to the foreground the aesthetic intention behind it.
Quelques réflexions sur la notion d'utilité dans la philosophie de Diderot
Authors: Chabanon Michèle 
Published: October 2008

Michèle Chabanon: Some Reflections on the Notion of Utility in Diderot's Philosophy.
In addition to giving knowledge a role of criticism and denunciation, the idea of utility penetrates Diderot's philosophical writing, whose great diversity also shows the multiplicity of different treatments it can rise to. It characterises his scientific method, that of experimental physics in particular, and based on the strong link that is made between the search for knowledge and for the Good, it determines the method of regulation of a large part of human conduct and actions. But is the principle of "personal and general utility", inspired by the organisation of the human species and founded on the idea of "just and unjust", sufficient to account for all social bonds? By proclaiming that the philosopher's utility should intervene in contemporary issues, Diderot is less concerned to construct a philosophical system of a utilitarian type than to emphasise the different paths to happiness and virtue.
Diderot et le confucianisme : autour du terme Ju-kiao de l'article *Chinois (Philosophie des)
Authors: Koseki Takeshi 
Published: October 2008

Takeshi Koseki: Diderot and Confucisnism (the article PHILOSOPHIE DES CHINOIS).
An analysis of several Encyclopédie articles, in particular CHINOIS (PHILOSOPHIE DES) enables the author to question the generally held opinion that Diderot was hostile to the Chinese. In this article we find an apparent contradiction between Diderot's praise for Confucius's moral philosophy and his criticism of Mediæval Chinese sects, in particular Ju-kiau, which is in fact Confucianism. However, as we see in d'Holbach's article JUKIAO, this was considered, following du Halde, the founder of 18th-century Chinese studies, to be a later sect which presented a corrupt form of Confucisnism. Diderot's criticism is thus not directed towards Confucianism, which he respects for its practical moral philosophy, but to the obscure metaphysical doctrines of Ju-kiao.
Double lecture, double écriture: les Principes de politique des souverains de Diderot
Authors: Volpilhac-Auger Catherine 
Published: October 2008

Catherine Volpilhac-Auger : Dual Reading and Dual Writing: Diderot' s Principes de politique des souverains.
Les principes de politique des souverains or Notes écrites de la main d'un souverain à la marge de Tacite is a difficult work, posing numerous problems of edition and interpretation. It is far from being simply a commentary on a hypothetical source text (a translation of Tacitus or a " political discourse " on his work) , and instead it has its own logic. It should not be read as a collection of isolated maxims but as a text which puts into practise the principle of a " dual reading " which is at the very heart of the work. For Tacitus is an author who can be interpreted as a supporter of absolutism or as someone who denounces tyranny. The different voices which can be heard in the Principes adopt this ambiguity in order to construct a discourse in which we can see the development of the philosopher and his pupil (who can easily be identified as the King of Prussia, but perhaps as other rulers) ; the philosopher's lessons finally justify the King's tyranny.
Violences peintes
Authors: Delon Michel 
Published: October 2008

Michel Delon : Painted Violence.
Diderot appreciated art which encapsulated violence or suggested desire without wallowing in them. The reference to 'flowing blood' indicates a two-fold movement of curiosity and censorship and the two-fold dimension of passing time and the frozen instant. Art should not imitate nature, but it should strike like nature, with its own weapons. Thus it can become sacred without religious alienation. If violence provides the most important scenes, it is because it is dynamic and art is a machine created to multiply force and emotion.
La « folie » de l'ordre alphabétique et l'« enchaînement » des sciences. L'Encyclopédie comme système entre le XVIIIe et le XXe siècle
Authors: Tega Walter 
Published: October 2008

Walter Tega : The " Folly " of Alphabetical Order and the " Linking " of Science. The Encyclopédie as a system between the 18th and 20th Centuries.
The encyclopaedia form used by Diderot and D'Alembert aimed at a coordination of science which nevertheless left room for the expansion and development of knowledge. The Enlightenment Encyclopédie, an open totalisation, had also an anti-systemic and anti-metaphysical aim, linked to a desire to transform society. Later ones rejected this characteristic : the Encyclopédie méthodique went back to a systematic order ; Hegel's Encyclopœdia of Philosophical Sciences showed the architecture of thought rather than how sicences were linked ; and the preface to Coleridge's Encyclopœdia Metropolitana subordinated the exposition of arts and sciences to moral and religious aims. Only with the encyclopaedia projects of the 1930s (Febvre's Encyclopédie française, Neurath and Carnap's International Encyclopœdia of Unified Science, or the Encyclopœdia of the Social Sciences) do we see the reappearance of the critical and antidogmatic aim of the Enlightenment encyclopaedia.
Le témoignage de Suzanne : Séduction tragique et discours juridique dans La Religieuse de Diderot
Authors: Clark-Evans Christine 
Published: October 2008

Christine Clark-Evans: Suzanne's account: tragic seduction and legal language in Diderot 's La Religieuse.
The aim of this study is to analyse the tragic seduction and legal language of Suzanne Simonin as the main character in La Religieuse. The young woman recounts her story eloquently in front of the legal representative of her family, her church and the monarchy, in order to escape from convent life. The female discourse in intelligent but it also follows a tragically inevitable and unhappy path. Suzanne's account, studied as an enunciation in its discursive context, as a framed dialogue and as a paradoxical account in its narration, rhetoric and philosophy, shows a fixed, closed cycle which generates the novel's discursive tension.
Naigeon critique de la Déclaration des Droits
Authors: Mortier Roland 
Published: October 2008

Roland Mortier : Naigeon as a critic of the declaration ofrights.
The proclamation of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen on 26th August 1789 aroused fierce criticism. Some of it came from the right and the clergy while other, equally severe, critics vere to be found among the heirs of the great 18th- century philosophes. J.A. Naigeon was their mouthpiece when he came out against the reference to the Supreme Being, which he denounced as an intolerable intrusion of the religious sphere into the political. He announced his preference for the project presented by Condorcet, while reaffirming his fidelity to Diderot's materialism. At the same time, he condemned the lukewarm attitude of some philosophers (Montesquieu) and the cowardice of others (D'Alembert).
Deux poèmes de Marmontel et leur relation avec Diderot
Authors: Kaplan James M. 
Published: October 2008

James M. Kaplan : Two poems by Marmontel and their links with Diderot.
Marmontel's works ebb and flow between the two poles of rococo frivolity and Enlightenment ideology. A good example of this polarity are his poems Epître à Coraline and Un Disciple de Socrate aux Athéniens, Heroïde. The former dates from around 1750 when the poet was an habitue of the Epicurean financier La Poupelinière, and the latter is part of the battle against Palissot after the production of his Philosophes in 1760. We discuss the vogue of the héoïde genre at this time and show that the Disciple, published anonymously, was indeed by Marmontel. This poem contains, we feel, a passage that is a versification of a part of the Religieuse, which Diderot was writing at the time the poem was being composed. Our discussion of these two works by Marmontel shows that Palissot's hatred for the Philosophes dated from much early than generally though, to 1748, the year of the great success of Marmontel's tragedy Aristomène. By defending his friend Diderot, Marmontel reveals how close the two authors were.
Latin et langues vivantes dans l'Encyclopédie
Authors: Alocco-Bianco Luciana 
Published: October 2008

Luciana Alocco Bianco : Latin and Modem languages in the Encyclopédie.
The dilemma of whetether to teach Latin or modern languages which can be seen in such articles as COLLÈGE, DICTIONNAIRE, ÉCOLE MILITAIRE, EDUCATION, ÉTUDES etc, is resolved in favour of foreign languages. While recognising that Latin is the language of the learned, indispensible for the «communication of enlightenment», the authors of the Encyclopédie accord the Latin learnt by students in religious collèges a separate place. That Latin represents education in the hands of the Jesuits and is thus to be dismantled, for it is lagging behind an advancing society which has more and more need for specialists. Thus the military academy on one hand and modern languages on the other become the symbol of a new secular education to be defended and encouraged.
L'incertitude des notions morales dans l'Encyclopédie et Le Neveu de Rameau
Authors: Penke Olga 
Published: October 2008

Olga Penke : L'incertitude des notions morales dans l'Encyclopédie et Le Neveu de Rameau.
Dans les articles de l'Encyclopédie, Diderot se heurte à un obstacle en voulant définir les notions morales : n'ayant que des termes imprégnés par une tradition sociale, linguistique, notionnelle, ses tentatives de précision s'avèrent impossibles. Il ne peut pourtant pas accepter l'idée d'une morale entièrement relative. Le Neveu de Rameau relève avec instance le sujet d'une norme morale, soit virtuelle, soit réelle. Le philosophe y reconnait l'existence d'un écart entre l'action morale, son idée et sa formulation ainsi que celle d'une rupture entre la théorie et la pratique. Il se trouve obligé de renoncer a la normalisation dans le domaine de la morale et à accepter le comportement « déviant » comme une condition nécessaire à l'évolution de l'ordre social et moral.
Les Bijoux indiscrets : variation secrète sur un thème libertin
Authors: Richard Odile 
Published: October 2008

Odile Richard : Les Bijoux indiscrets : variation secrète sur un thème libertin.
Cette étude part d'une observation : la persistance de la réputation sulfureuse d'une œuvre de jeunesse de Diderot, œuvre dont la force subversive, que ce soit dans le domaine politique, philosophique ou érotique, s'est nécessairement estompée avec l'évolution des critères de référence. On a voulu montrer que cette réputation pouvait néanmoins se justifier au vu de traits littéraires dont le pouvoir de suggestion fantasmatique fonctionne toujours pour un lecteur moderne : d'abord, dans la régénération d'un motif (les bijoux parlants) qui permet de donner, au sens propre, la parole au sexe de la femme, chose nouvelle dans la rhétorique pornographique traditionnellement masculine ; puis dans l'assimilation du voyeurisme du héros Mangogul à une démarche globale, dans laquelle plaisir d'apprendre, plaisir du conte et plaisir tout court sont confondus ; enfin, dans le mode oral de transmission du savoir (par le bouche à oreille), qui relève à la fois de la démarche expérimentale (recueillir l'information sur le « terrain ») et d'une attitude elle-même érotique (par la proximité qu'elle entraîne entre les personnages, le conteur et l'auditeur).
La loi du père : étude de l'Entretien d'un père avec ses enfants (dernière partie)
Authors: Chartier Pierre 
Published: October 2008

Pierre Chartier : La Loi du père (2e partie).
La première partie de l'article, après avoir mis à jour les données de la genèse de l'Entretien d'un père avec ses enfants (de 1770 à 1773), et annoncé les choix méthodologiques retenus, a considéré l'enjeu « philosophique » de ce conte, ordonné selon le sous-titre : Du danger de se mettre au-dessus des lois. La deuxième partie s'attache à la soirée autour du père et du foyer provincial : les effets de « familiarité », l'« aveu » du père, sa confrontation privilégiée avec le fils aîné, philosophe parisien, ont été interprétés selon un double scénario d'énonciation. Le second de ces scénarios emprunte quelques notions à une psychanalyse rhétorisée (métaphore-condensation, métonymie-déplacement, secondarité, rationalisation) pour tenter d'apprécier au plus près la logique d'un entretien où le fils, de manière complexe, ironique mais maîtrisée, affronte par l'exercice de cette fiction philosophique qu'est le conte le lourd (et fécond) contentieux paternel. A ce prix, la loi du père, loi également de ce texte par delà ses transformations, peut ne pas s'opposer à la loi du sage.
Dezallier d'Argenville, l'Encyclopédie et la Conchyliologie
Authors: Pinault-Sørensen Madeleine 
Published: October 2008

Madeleine Pinault-Sørensen : Dezallier d'Argenville, the Encyclopédie and his Conchyliologie.
Antoine-Joseph Dezallier d'Argenville (1680-1765) is above all known for his Encyclopédie articles on gardening and his famous Conchyliologie, which was hugely successful all over Europe. However, little is still known about the man, despite the fact that in the 1730s and 1740s he was a leading figure in many different domains. The present article attempts to fill this gap by presenting his diverse facets. He was a music-lover, an art-lover and more importantly one of the great eighteenth-century collectors of drawings, as well as a specialist in various fields, from physics to mineralogy. He was also in contact with most European intellectuals, both in Italy and in Nordic countries.
L'évolution des prix des machines-outils de 1950 à 1974
Authors: Bultel J. 
Published: October 2008

J. Bultel - The development of machine tool prices from 1950 to 1974
The validity conditions for a price index — a non discutable weighting system and systematic and exhaustive data — are very often too restrictive to permit the construction of an operationnal price index. As a matter of fact, the discussions as regards the weighting system are only useful to the extent that it has some impact on the value of the index. On the other hand, it seems possible to build a price index which represents the true evolution of prices, on the basis of partial informations only. It is shown how, from price data for machine tools collected at the enterprise level, to draw the maximum possible informations as concerns both the regrouping of machines tools in homogeneous classes and the price evolutions for those classes.
Le capital financier en France : théories et réalités
Authors: Morin F. 
Published: October 2008

L'objet de cet article était d'éclairer l'état actuel des relations entre la Banque et l'Industrie, c'est à dire de préciser les caractéristiques du capital financier.
L'auteur propose de caractériser le capital financier en fonction de divers niveaux dans l'interpénétration du capital bancaire et industriel. Il distingue un procès de fusion réelle, un procès d'interpénétration formelle, et un procès de séparation cyclique.
L'analyse met en évidence 1' asymétrie dans les poids relatifs du capital financier à dominante bancaire et à dominante industrielle.
Les performances des entreprises industrielles américaines dans la crise économique
Authors: Perrin Jacques 
Published: October 2008

J. Perrin - Les performances des entreprises industrielles américaines dans la crise economique
Quelles ont été les conséquences de la dépréciation du dollar sur les performances des entreprises américaines et comment ont-elles affronté la crise énergétique de 1974 ? Deux analyses ont été menées :
- Une première, en longue période de 1948 à 1974, fait apparaître :
l. Une chute des résultats d'exploitation nets en % de la valeur ajoutée.
2. Une forte progression des charges salariales.
3. Une stabilité remarquable des dividendes distribués.
4. Une multiplication par cinq des frais financiers.
5. Un doublement de la part de 1' amortissement.
- Une seconde, en courte période (1966-1974) s'est attachée à la mesure de l'efficacité de la combinaison des facteurs de production; d'où il ressort que la baisse des résultats d'exploitation paraît davantage résulter de la dégradation des prix relatifs du travail (par rapport au prix du capital) que d'une baisse de la productivité globale.
Conflits sociaux et économie industrielle
Authors: Bernard Jean-Paul 
Published: October 2008

Jean-Paul Bernard : Conflits sociaux et économie industrielle.
L'économie industrielle a tendance à négliger les interactions entre faits économiques et faits sociaux. L'analyse des grèves, tant au niveau de l'entreprise qu'à celui du secteur, est un des moyens de rendre compte de la logique du développement du capital et du travail. Nous présentons quelques résultats de ces liaisons en soulignant l'importance des modes de croissance et de la dimension des unités de production dans la genèse et la différenciation des conflits.
Stratégie des firmes vis-à-vis de l'entrée : le cas de l'industrie chimique
Authors: Maurel P. 
Published: October 2008

Pierre Maurel : Stratégie des firmes vis à vis de l'entrée -Le cas de l'industrie chimique
Les économies néo-classiques ont utilisé le concept de barrières à l'entrée pour expliquer l'évolution des structures industrielles, le comportement de marché des firmes établies et par suite leurs performances. Cependant, les barrières à l'entrée doivent aussi être analysées comme variable stratégique de la firme, laquelle, par ses différentes manoeuvres, cherche à les élever ou au contraire à les surmonter (ou les éviter). De fait, une investigation dans quelques domaines de l'industrie chimique a permis de montrer que des barrières supposées élevées n'ont pas été suffisantes pour entraver l'entrée. C'est donc que l'analyse des barrières doit se doubler d'une recherche d' autres facteurs, tenant à la firme ou au marché, et pouvant influencer l'entrée.