bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High-Accuracy Wet-Gas Multiphase Well Testing and Production Metering
Authors: Atkinson D. I. , Reksten Ø. , Smith G. , Moe H. 
Published: June 2006

Summary
Dedicated wet-gas flowmeters are now commercially available for the measurement of gas and liquid flow rates and offer a more compact measurement solution than does the traditional separator approach. The interpretation models of traditional multiphase flowmeters emphasize the liquid rate measurements and have been used to well test and meter mostly liquid-rich flow streams. These models were not developed for the measurement of gas flow rates, particularly those of wet gas.
A new interpretation is described that allows a traditional multiphase flowmeter to operate in a dual mode either as a multiphase meter or as a wet-gas meter in 90 to 100% gas. The new interpretation model was developed for a commercially available multiphase flowmeter consisting of a venturi and a dual-energy composition meter. This combination results in excellent predictions of the gas flow rate; the liquid rate prediction is made with acceptable accuracy and no additional measurements.
The wet gas and low-liquid-volume-fraction interpretation model is described together with the multiphase flowmeter. Examples of applying this model to data collected on flow loops are presented, with comparison to reference flow rates. The data from the Sintef and NEL flow loops show an error (including the reference meter error) in the gas flow rate, better than ±2% reading (95% confidence interval), at line conditions; the absolute error (including the reference meter error) in the measured total liquid flow rate at line conditions was better than ±2 m3/h (&lt;±300 B/D: 95% confidence interval).
This new interpretation model offers a significant advance in the metering of wet-gas multiphase flows and yields the possibility of high accuracies to meet the needs of gas-well testing and production allocation applications without the use of separators.
A General Bound for the Net Premium of the Largest Claims Reinsurance Covers
Authors: Kremer Erhard 
Published: June 2006

AbstractFor a general class of reinsurance treaties the author gives an upper bound for the net premium. This result can be seen as the counterpart to a premium bound for the classical stop-loss reinsurance cover (see Bowers, 1969). For some special cases some preliminary work can be found in Kremer (1983).
Pricing Death: Frameworks for the Valuation and Securitization of Mortality Risk
Authors: Cairns Andrew J.G. , Blake David , Dowd Kevin 
Published: June 2006

It is now widely accepted that stochastic mortality – the risk that aggregate mortality might differ from that anticipated – is an important risk factor in both life insurance and pensions. As such it affects how fair values, premium rates, and risk reserves are calculated.This paper makes use of the similarities between the force of mortality and interest rates to examine how we might model mortality risks and price mortality-related instruments using adaptations of the arbitrage-free pricing frameworks that have been developed for interest-rate derivatives. In so doing, the paper pulls together a range of arbitrage-free (or risk-neutral) frameworks for pricing and hedging mortality risk that allow for both interest and mortality factors to be stochastic. The different frameworks that we describe – short-rate models, forward-mortality models, positive-mortality models and mortality market models – are all based on positive-interest-rate modelling frameworks since the force of mortality can be treated in a similar way to the short-term risk-free rate of interest. While much of this paper is a review of the possible frameworks, the key new development is the introduction of mortality market models equivalent to the LIBOR and swap market models in the interest-rate literature.These frameworks can be applied to a great variety of mortality-related instruments, from vanilla longevity bonds to exotic mortality derivatives.
Dynamic Portfolio Allocation, the Dual Theory of Choice and Probability Distortion Functions
Authors: Hamada Mahmoud , Sherris Michael , Hoek John van der 
Published: June 2006

Standard optimal portfolio choice models assume that investors maximise the expected utility of their future outcomes. However, behaviour which is inconsistent with the expected utility theory has often been observed.In a discrete time setting, we provide a formal treatment of risk measures based on distortion functions that are consistent with Yaari’s dual (non-expected utility) theory of choice (1987), and set out a general layout for portfolio optimisation in this non-expected utility framework using the risk neutral computational approach.As an application, we consider two particular risk measures. The first one is based on the PH-transform and treats the upside and downside of the risk differently. The second one, introduced by Wang (2000) uses a probability distortion operator based on the cumulative normal distribution function. Both risk measures rank-order prospects and apply a distortion function to the entire vector of probabilities.
Biomolekulare Modellierung: Ziele, Probleme, Perspektiven
Authors: van Gunsteren Wilfred F. , Bakowies Dirk , Baron Riccardo , Chandrasekhar Indira , Christen Markus , Daura Xavier , Gee Peter , Geerke Daan P. , Glättli Alice , Hünenberger Philippe H. , Kastenholz Mika A. , Oostenbrink Chris , Schenk Merijn , Trzesniak Daniel , van der Vegt Nico F. A. , Yu Haibo B. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractComputerverfahren auf der Grundlage von Molekülmodellen gewinnen in Biologie, biologischer Chemie und Biophysik zunehmend an Bedeutung. Da nur wenige Eigenschaften biomolekularer Systeme durch Messungen zugänglich sind, können Computersimulationen experimentelle Daten ergänzen, indem sie nicht nur Durchschnittswerte, sondern auch Verteilungen und Zeitreihen jeder bestimmbaren Größe liefern, z. B. Konformationsverteilungen oder Wechselwirkungen zwischen Teilen eines Systems. Die Anwendung moderner biomolekularer Modellierungsverfahren wird zurzeit durch vier grundlegende Probleme eingeschränkt: 1) das Kraftfeldproblem, 2) das Suchproblem, 3) das Ensembleproblem und 4) das Experimentalproblem. Diese vier Probleme werden anhand praktischer Beispiele erläutert, außerdem werden Lösungsperspektiven aufgezeigt.
Vergleichende Untersuchungen alte Norm (DIN 4084) neue Norm (DIN 1054) bei der Berechnung der Standsicherheit von Böschungen
Authors: Trinkl Ute , Hartmann Rolf 
Published: June 2006

AbstractDiskussionsbeitrag zu: El‐Mossallamy, Y., Löschner, J. : Beitrag zur Standsicherheit von Böschungen nach DIN 1054 – Januar 2005. Bautechnik 83 (2006), S. 288–289.
Sachverstand und Verantwortung gefragt
Authors: Schulz Hartmut , Richter Thomas , Sadgorski Welin 
Published: June 2006

AbstractDiskussionsbeitrag zu: El‐Mossallamy, Y., Löschner, J.: Beitrag zur Standsicherheit von Böschungen nach DIN 1054 – Januar 2005. Bautechnik 83 (2006), S. 288–289.
Iatrogenic atrial septal defect, erosion of the septum primum after device closure of a patent foramen ovale as a new medical entity
Authors: Meier Bernhard 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIatrogenic atrial septal defects are described in 2 patients. They occurred after implantation of Amplatzer occluders to close a patent foramen ovale. While device erosions to the extra‐atrial space have been described, erosion induced atrial septal defects are a new medical entity. They may be fairly common in the situation of an atrial septal aneurysm whipping the rim of the device incessantly. They are clinically silent and benign and require echocardiography for detection. A second device solved the problem in the cases described. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Resuscitation and recovery from acute right ventricular failure using a percutaneous right ventricular assist device
Authors: Atiemo Andrew D. , Conte John V. , Heldman Alan W. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA number of techniques have been proposed for circulatory support in patients with severe right heart failure. We report on a patient with right ventricular (RV) infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock, who was resuscitated by the novel use of a percutaneous right ventricular assist device. The moribund patient had striking hemodynamic and clinical improvement after placement of a right atrial to pulmonary artery assist circuit. RV decompression for 3 days was accompanied by recovery of contractile function, and the patient was successfully weaned from the device. Future trials are needed to assess the effectiveness of the percutaneous ventricular assist device in patients with RV failure. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Conformations of α‐Aminobutyric Acid in the Gas Phase
Authors: Cocinero Emilio J. , Lesarri Alberto , Sanz M. Eugenia , López Juan C. , Alonso José L. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA laser‐ablation molecular‐beam Fourier transform microwave (LA‐MB‐FTMW) spectrometer has been successfully applied to the structural study of α‐aminobutyric acid. Three neutral conformers have been identified in the gas phase by comparing their experimental rotational and 14N nuclear quadrupole coupling parameters with those predicted by ab initio calculations at the MP2/6‐311++G(d,p) level. The most stable conformer is stabilized by a bifurcated amine‐to‐carbonyl hydrogen bond (NH⋅⋅⋅OC) and a cis‐COOH group, and the side‐chain adopts a configuration with a torsion angle τ(Cγ‐Cβ‐Cα‐C′) of about 180°. The second most stable conformer exhibits the same configuration for the amino acid skeleton but adopts a different orientation for the side chain with τ(Cγ‐Cβ‐Cα‐C′)≈−60°. In the third conformer an intramolecular hydrogen bond is established between the hydroxyl group and the nitrogen atom (N⋅⋅⋅HO), with a side‐chain orientation similar to that of the most stable conformer.
Signaling events involved in cytokine and chemokine production induced by secretory phospholipase A2 in human lung macrophages
Authors: Granata Francescopaolo , Frattini Annunziata , Loffredo Stefania , Del Prete Annalisa , Sozzani Silvano , Marone Gianni , Triggiani Massimo 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSecretory phospholipases A2 (sPLA2) are enzymes released during inflammatory reactions. These molecules activate immune cells by mechanisms either related or unrelated to their enzymatic activity. We examined the signaling events activated by group IA (GIA) and group IB (GIB) sPLA2 in human lung macrophages leading to cytokine/chemokine production. sPLA2 induced the production of cytokines (TNF‐α, IL‐6 and IL‐10) and chemokines (CCL2, CCL3, CCL4 and CXCL8), whereas no effect was observed on IL‐12, CCL1, CCL5 and CCL22. sPLA2 induced the phosphorylation of the MAPK p38 and ERK1/2, and inhibition of these kinases by SB203580 and PD98059, respectively, reduced TNF‐α and CXCL8 release. Suppression of sPLA2 enzymatic activity by a site‐directed inhibitor influenced neither cytokine/chemokine production nor activation of MAPK, whereas alteration of sPLA2 secondary structure suppressed both responses. GIA activated the phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3 K)/Akt system and a specific inhibitor of PI3 K (LY294002) reduced sPLA2‐induced release of TNF‐α and CXCL8. GIA promoted phosphorylation and degradation of IκB and inhibition of NF‐κB by MG‐132 and 6‐amino‐4‐phenoxyphenylethylamino‐quinazoline suppressed the production of TNF‐α and CXCL8. These results indicate that sPLA2 induce the production of cytokines and chemokines in human macrophages by a non‐enzymatic mechanism involving the PI3 K/Akt system, the MAPK p38 and ERK1/2 and NF‐κB.
Continuous methanogenesis of black liquor of pulp and paper mills in an anaerobic baffled reactor using an immobilized cell system
Authors: Kennedy John F , Panesar Parmjit S , Grover Rajesh , Marwaha Satwinder S 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAn anaerobic baffled reactor together with an immobilized cell system has been proposed for methanogenesis of the black liquor from pulp and paper mills in a continuous system. A maximum chemical oxygen demand reduction of 50%, and biogas generation of 10 L d−1, having methane content of 66% (v/v) at an organic loading rate (OLR) of 7 kg m−3 d−1 with hydraulic retention time of 2 days, were recorded. OLR values higher than 7 kg m−3 d−1 were toxic to methanogenesis and destabilized the reactor system. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Family and paid caregivers of hospitalized patients in Korea
Authors: Cho Sung‐Hyun , Kim Hye‐Ryun 
Published: June 2006

Aim.  To examine patient need for family and paid caregivers during hospitalization and determine factors related to caregiver use and the economic burden for paid caregivers.Background.  Provision of nursing care is influenced by the characteristics of the society and its health care system. An influencing factor in Korea is the involvement of family caregivers in inpatient care. Korean society has preserved the strong tradition of family bonds and filial responsibility for caregiving. However, the ability of Korean families to assist hospitalized family members has decreased as the society becomes more industrialized.Design.  A cross‐sectional study design was used, employing data from the Seoul Citizens’ Health Survey, a community‐based interview survey with 3203 inpatients in Seoul, conducted in 2001.Methods.  Distributions of caregivers and related factors were explored by employing univariate comparisons and multivariate logistic regression analyses.Results.  During hospitalization, 87% of patients needed caregivers. A greater need for caregivers was found in children, women giving birth and patients with disability, longer length of stay and discharge from general hospitals. Family members were the primary caregivers while 3% of inpatients used private paid caregivers. Having paid caregivers was associated with being female, older, high household income, disability, longer stay and discharge from general hospitals. The average daily expense for paid caregiver was 38·5 US dollars (USD) and 73% of patients perceived it as burdensome.Conclusions.  The demonstrated need for caregivers may suggest that patients rely on family and paid caregivers in receiving assistance and care during hospitalization. Therefore, implementation of policies to relieve the burden of caregivers is necessary at both institutional and national levels.Relevance to clinical practice.  Nursing services need to be redesigned in response to changing needs and expectations of patients and their family members.
Last menstrual period provides the best estimate of gestation length for women in rural Guatemala
Authors: Neufeld Lynnette M. , Haas Jere D. , Grajéda Ruben , Martorell Reynaldo 
Published: June 2006

SummaryThe accurate estimation of gestational age in field studies in rural areas of developing countries continues to present difficulties for researchers. Our objective was to determine the best method for gestational age estimation in rural Guatemala. Women of childbearing age from four communities in rural Guatemala were invited to participate in a longitudinal study. Gestational age at birth was determined by an early second trimester measure of biparietal diameter, last menstrual period (LMP), the Capurro neonatal examination and symphysis‐fundus height (SFH) for 171 women–infant pairs. Regression modelling was used to determine which method provided the best estimate of gestational age using ultrasound as the reference. Gestational age estimated by LMP was within ±14 days of the ultrasound estimate for 94% of the sample. LMP‐estimated gestational age explained 46% of the variance in gestational age estimated by ultrasound whereas the neonatal examination explained only 20%. The results of this study suggest that, when trained field personnel assist women to recall their date of LMP, this date provides the best estimate of gestational age. SFH measured during the second trimester may provide a reasonable alternative when LMP is unavailable.
Magnetic resonance imaging assessment of fibrovascular ingrowth into porous polyethylene orbital implants
Authors: Choi Hee Young , Lee Jong Soo , Park Hyun Jun , Oum Boo Sup , Kim Hak Jin , Park Do Youn 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBackground:  To evaluate fibrovascular ingrowth into porous polyethylene orbital implants, using serial gadolinium (Gd)‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Methods:  40 rabbits were divided into two groups, according to the surgical techniques used. Group 1 underwent enucleation of one eye and Medpor implantation, group 2 underwent evisceration and Medpor implantation. All subjects from each group were examined via MRI, and the implants were assessed histologically on the first, second, fourth and eighth postoperative weeks. The degree to which fibrovascular ingrowth occurred was then assessed by measuring the Gd‐enhanced portion via MRI, as well as by histologic examination.Results:  There was a significant correlation between the enhanced area on MRI and the fibrovascularized area observed upon histological examination in the two study groups (group 1: r = 0.850 P < 0.001, group 2: r = 0.788, P < 0.001). The area enhanced on MRI was 2.70% smaller in mean value than the fibrovascularized area observed upon histological examination. There was no differences in fibrovascular ingrowth between group 1 and 2. It was also found that there was no differences between the two groups with regard to the enhanced areas on MRI.Conclusion:  Gd‐enhanced MRI study proved to be an excellent method for the assessment of fibrovascular ingrowth into the Medpor orbital implants, after both enucleation and evisceration.
Ice‐active characteristics of soil bacteria selected by ice‐affinity
Authors: Wilson Sandra L. , Kelley Deborah L. , Walker Virginia K. 
Published: June 2006

SummaryAs an initial screen for microorganisms that produce ice‐active macromolecules, ice‐affinity was used to select microorganisms from soil consortia originating from three temperate regions. Once selected and subsequently purified to single colonies, these microbes were putatively identified by 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing and assayed for various ice‐active properties. Ice‐affinity selection appeared to select for bacteria with ice‐associating activities: inhibition of ice recrystallization; ice nucleation; ice shaping. Although none of these activities were observed in Paenibacillus amyloliticus C8, others such as Chryseobacterium sp. GL8, demonstrated both ice recrystallization inhibition and ice‐shaping activities. Pseudomonas borealis DL7 was classified as a type I ice nucleator, Flavobacterium sp. GL7, was identified as a type III ice nucleator and Acinetobacter radioresistens DL5 demonstrated ice recrystallization inhibition. In all, 19 different culturable bacteria were selected from the thousands of microbes in late‐summer collected soil samples. Many of the selected microbes have been previously reported in glacial ice cores or polar sea ice, and of five isolates that were further characterized, four showed ice‐associating activities. These results indicate the significant potential of ice‐affinity selection even with temperate climate soils, suggesting that sampling in more extreme and remote areas is not required for the isolation of ice‐active bacteria.
Mortality in people with Type 2 diabetes in the UK
Authors: Mulnier H. E. , Seaman H. E. , Raleigh V. S. , Soedamah‐Muthu S. S. , Colhoun H. M. , Lawrenson R. A. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAims  Under‐reporting of diabetes on death certificates contributes to the unreliable estimates of mortality as a result of diabetes. The influence of obesity on mortality in Type 2 diabetes is not well documented. We aimed to study mortality from diabetes and the influence of obesity on mortality in Type 2 diabetes in a large cohort selected from the General Practice Research Database (GPRD).Methods  A cohort of 44 230 patients aged 35–89 years in 1992 with Type 2 diabetes was identified. A comparison group matched by year of birth and sex with no record of diabetes at any time was identified (219 797). Hazards ratios (HRs) for all‐cause mortality during the period January 1992 to October 1999 were calculated using the Cox Proportional Hazards Model. The effects of body mass index (BMI), smoking and duration of diabetes on all‐cause mortality amongst people with diabetes was assessed (n = 28 725).Results  The HR for all‐cause mortality in Type 2 diabetes compared with no diabetes was 1.93 (95% CI 1.89–1.97), in men 1.77 (1.72–1.83) and in women 2.13 (2.06–2.20). The HR decreased with increasing age. In the multivariate analysis in diabetes only, the HR for all‐cause mortality amongst smokers was 1.50 (1.41–1.61). Using BMI 20–24 kg/m2 as the reference range, for those with a BMI 35–54 kg/m2 the HR was 1.43 (1.28–1.59) and for those with a BMI 15–19 kg/m2 the HR was 1.38 (1.18–1.61).Conclusions  Patients with Type 2 diabetes have almost double the mortality rate compared with those without. The relative risk decreases with age. In people with Type 2 diabetes, obesity and smoking both contribute to the risk of all‐cause mortality, supporting doctrines to stop smoking and lose weight.
Association Between GABRA1 and Drinking Behaviors in the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism Sample
Authors: Dick Danielle M. , Plunkett Jevon , Wetherill Leah Flury , Xuei Xiaoling , Goate Alison , Hesselbrock Victor , Schuckit Marc , Crowe Raymond , Edenberg Howard J. , Foroud Tatiana 
Published: June 2006

Background: A wealth of literature supports the role of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) in neurobiological pathways contributing to alcohol dependence and related phenotypes. Animal studies have consistently tied rodent homologs of the GABAA receptor genes on human chromosome 5q to alcohol‐related behaviors; however, human studies have produced mixed results. Family‐based association analyses previously conducted in the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA) sample yielded no evidence of association with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder—fourth edition (DSM‐IV) alcohol dependence and these genes. As a follow‐up to that study, we examined several alcohol‐related behaviors in the COGA sample as follows: (1) a broader definition of alcohol dependence, including DSM‐III‐R symptoms and Feighner criteria (referred to as COGA alcohol dependence); (2) withdrawal; (3) history of alcohol‐induced blackouts; (4) level of response to alcohol; (5) age of onset of regular drinking; and (6) age at first drunkenness.Methods: Family‐based association tests were conducted, using multiple single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in each of the 4 GABAA receptor genes on chromosome 5q.Results: In GABRA1, we found evidence of association with several of the drinking behavior phenotypes, including COGA alcohol dependence, history of blackouts, age at first drunkenness, and level of response to alcohol. We did not find consistent evidence of association with the remaining genes and any of the phenotypes.Conclusions: We found evidence for association between GABRA1 and COGA alcohol dependence, history of blackouts, age at first drunkenness, and level of response to alcohol. These analyses suggest that efforts to characterize genetic contributions to alcohol dependence may benefit by examining alcohol‐related behaviors in addition to clinical alcohol dependence diagnoses.