bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Techniques for targeting screening in ulcerative colitis
Authors: Hurlstone David Paul , Brown Steve 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Patients with longstanding chronic ulcerative colitis are “at risk” of developing colorectal cancer. Approximately 1 in 6 patients will die as a result of colorectal malignancy, which can often be difficult to detect using conventional “white light” colonoscopy. New endoscopic techniques and technologies including the use of dye sprays, “chromoendoscopy”, high magnification chromoscopic colonoscopy and recently chromoscopic assisted confocal laser scanning in vivo endomicroscopy have now been introduced to improve the diagnostic yield of intraepithelial neoplasia at screening colonoscopy. This review details the true “risk” of colorectal cancer complicating ulcerative colitis, discusses the objective evidence to support current endoscopic screening guidelines, and describes the imminent technological paradigm shift about to occur in the endoscopic management and detection of intraepithelial neoplasia.
Metal Dusting of Nickel and its Alloys
Authors: Zhang Jianqiang , Young David J. 
Published: July 2007

Pure nickel, Ni-Cu binary alloys, Types 304 and 310 stainless steels and Alloy 800H were all reacted with carbon- supersaturated CO/H2/H2O at 680oC. In general, the reaction led to growth of an external deposit, together with graphitization at both external surfaces and interior grain boundaries. By independently controlling the supersaturated carbon activity and pCO, it was demonstrated that the reaction of pure nickel was determined by parallel, independent reaction paths, and the carbon uptake rate was well described by Rate = k1pCOpH2 + k2p2CO - k3p2H2	leading to a maximum rate at about pCO ~ 0.7 atm.	The surface graphite layer thickened, growing into the metal, while graphite particle clusters and nanofilaments formed on the surface.	Each particle cluster and filament contained metal nanoparticles.	Addition of copper to the nickel suppressed graphite particle cluster formation, thereby decreasing greatly the overall dusting rate. This phenomenon is interpreted in terms of graphite nucleation and copper interference with nucleation sites involving multiple nickel atoms. Reaction conditions used were such as to stabilize Fe3C and chromium carbides, Cr2O3 and spinel, but not iron or nickel oxides. Under these conditions, all three alloys, 304SS, 310SS and 800H, dusted, with 304SS experiencing the greatest metal wastage. Additions of copper had no effect on the dusting rate of 304SS, but greatly decreased the dusting of 310SS and 800H.
Gas Evolution During Oxidation of Refractory Borides and Carbides at 1500{degree sign}C to 2700{degree sign}C
Authors: Metcalfe Arthur G. 
Published: July 2007

Refractory borides and carbides generate gases on oxidation. Escape of these gases must be provided to avoid damage or loss of the scale. The gaseous products are stable molecules so that ionic transport through the scale is not possible. Borides such as ZrB2 form oxides such as B2O3 that melts at 450C and boils at 1860C under one atmosphere pressure.	Transition to vapor provided dramatic evidence for destructive gas generation. Carbides generate gases over a wide temperature range that must be allowed to escape but may be beneficial in creating porosity in scales. A model is proposed for the mechanisms of oxidation in plasma arc tests. It is based on observation during the test of temperature, rate of change of temperature and re-radiated energy. Thermal conductance and emissivity of the scales were calculated and led to proposed mechanisms of reaction between the boundary layer gas and the scale. This reaction controls emittance.
TNF-α–based accentuation in cryoinjury—dose, delivery, and response
Authors: Goel Raghav , Swanlund David , Coad James , Paciotti Guilio F. , Bischof John C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCryosurgery is a minimally invasive cancer treatment using cryogenic temperatures. Intraoperative monitoring of iceball growth is an advantage of the treatment. However, whereas the iceball can be easily visualized, destruction within the iceball is incomplete and the means to monitor the “kill zone” are urgently needed. Recently, we have shown the ability of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) to enhance destruction within an iceball. To avoid systemic toxicity, we delivered TNF-α selectively to the tumor by a gold nanoparticle of 30-nm diameter (CYT-6091) tagged with TNF-α and thiol-derivatized polyethylene glycol. Using a dorsal skin fold chamber (DSFC) in a nude mouse, both normal skin and human prostate carcinoma (LNCaP Pro 5) were pretreated with soluble TNF-α (topically or i.v.) or CYT-6091 (i.v.) and frozen after 4 h. The cryolesion was assessed after 3 days by comparing histologic necrosis with perfusion defects. Hind limb tumors were also treated by visibly encompassing the tumor with an iceball and assessing gross changes over time. A 5-μg dose of soluble TNF-α or CYT-6091 increased the temperature threshold of necrosis in the tumor in the DSFC from −14.0 ± 1.6°C (n = 6) to 0.9 ± 1.5°C (n = 6) and −1.5 ± 3.7°C (n = 6), respectively. In hind limb tumors, the same dose resulted in significant tumor shrinkage and remission in 2 of 8 (for soluble TNF-α) and in 3 of 8 (for CYT-6091). The nanoparticle alone group without TNF-α increased the temperature threshold of necrosis to −7.0 ± 2.3°C in the tumor in the DSFC and more shrinkage of the tumor in the hind limb when compared with cryo alone treatment. Systemic toxicity was noted in all soluble TNF-α groups but none with CYT-6091. These results suggest that it is possible to destroy all of a tumor within an iceball by preincubation with TNF-α and systemic toxicity can be avoided by CYT-6091. [Mol Cancer Ther 2007;6(7):2039–47]
Nuclear factor-κB activation: a molecular therapeutic target for estrogen receptor–negative and epidermal growth factor receptor family receptor–positive human breast cancer
Authors: Singh Sindhu , Shi Qian , Bailey Shannon T. , Palczewski Marek J. , Pardee Arthur B. , Iglehart J. Dirk , Biswas Debajit K. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), a transcription factor with pleotropic effects, is a downstream mediator of growth signaling in estrogen receptor (ER)-negative and erbB family particularly erbB2 (HER-2/neu) receptor–positive cancer. We previously reported activation of NF-κB in ER-negative breast cancer cells and breast tumor specimens, but the consequence of inhibiting NF-κB activation in this subclass of breast cancer has not been shown. In this study, we investigated the role of NF-κB activation by studying the tumorigenic potential of cells expressing genetically manipulated, inducible, dominant-negative inhibitory κB kinase (IKK) β in xenograft tumor model. Conditional inhibition of NF-κB activation by the inducible expression of dominant-negative IKKβ simultaneously blocked cell proliferation, reinstated apoptosis, and dramatically blocked xenograft tumor formation. Secondly, the humanized anti-erbB2 antibody trastuzumab (Herceptin) and the specific IKK inhibitor NF-κB essential modifier–binding domain peptide both blocked NF-κB activation and cell proliferation and reinstated apoptosis in two ER-negative and erbB2-positive human breast cancer cell lines that are used as representative model systems. Combinations of these two target-specific inhibitors synergistically blocked cell proliferation at concentrations that were singly ineffective. Inhibition of NF-κB activation with two other low molecular weight compounds, PS1145 and PS341, which inhibited IKK activity and proteasome-mediated phosphorylated inhibitory κB protein degradation, respectively, blocked erbB2-mediated cell growth and reversed antiapoptotic machinery. These results implicate NF-κB activation in the tumorigenesis and progression of ER-negative breast cancer. It is postulated that this transcription factor and its activation cascade offer therapeutic targets for erbB2-positive and ER-negative breast cancer. [Mol Cancer Ther 2007;6(7):1973–82]
Novel semisynthetic analogues of betulinic acid with diverse cytoprotective, antiproliferative, and proapoptotic activities
Authors: Liby Karen , Honda Tadashi , Williams Charlotte R. , Risingsong Renee , Royce Darlene B. , Suh Nanjoo , Dinkova-Kostova Albena T. , Stephenson Katherine K. , Talalay Paul , Sundararajan Chitra , Gribble Gordon W. , Sporn Michael B. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Betulinic acid (BA), a pentacyclic triterpene isolated from birch bark and other plants, selectively inhibits the growth of human cancer cell lines. However, the poor potency of BA hinders its clinical development, despite a lack of toxicity in animal studies even at high concentrations. Here, we describe six BA derivatives that are markedly more potent than BA for inhibiting inducible nitric oxide synthase, activating phase 2 cytoprotective enzymes, and inducing apoptosis in cancer cells and in Bax/Bak−/− fibroblasts, which lack two key proteins involved in the intrinsic, mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic pathway. Notably, adding a cyano-enone functionality in the A ring of BA enhanced its cytoprotective properties, but replacing the cyano group with a methoxycarbonyl strikingly increased potency in the apoptosis assays. Higher plasma and tissue levels were obtained with the new BA analogues, especially CBA-Im [1-(2-cyano-3-oxolupa-1,20(29)-dien-28-oyl)imidazole], compared with BA itself and at concentrations that were active in vitro. These results suggest that BA is a useful platform for drug development, and the enhanced potency and varied biological activities of CBA-Im make it a promising candidate for further chemoprevention or chemotherapeutic studies. [Mol Cancer Ther 2007;6(7):2113–9]
Novel antagonists of the thioesterase domain of human fatty acid synthase
Authors: Richardson Robyn D. , Smith Jeffrey W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFatty acid synthase (FAS) is up-regulated in a wide range of cancers and has been recently identified as a potential therapeutic target. Indeed, previous research has shown that inhibition of FAS with active site-modifying agents can block tumor cell proliferation, elicit tumor cell death, and prevent tumor growth in animal models. Here, we use a high-throughput fluorogenic screen and identify a novel pharmacophore, 5-(furan-2-ylmethylene) pyrimidine-2,4,6-trione, which inhibits the thioesterase domain of FAS. The novel antagonists are competitive inhibitors of the thioesterase domain, inhibit de novo fatty acid synthesis, and elicit FAS-dependent tumor cell death. This set of novel FAS antagonists provides an important pharmacologic lead for further development of anticancer therapeutics. [Mol Cancer Ther 2007;6(7):2120–6]
Lying, Cheating Foreigners!! Negotiation Ethics across Cultures
Authors: Lytle Anne Louise , Rivers Cheryl 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTo be on the receiving end of 'unethical' negotiation tactics is a challenge at any time, but is especially difficult when the other party is from a different culture. A model is presented that demonstrates how culture influences numerous situational variables in a negotiation and, in particular, how culture impacts upon negotiators' ethical decision making. It is posited that culture directly influences the legal environment, organizational code of ethics, organizational goals, and the perception of the other party, and that culture moderates negotiators' understanding of each of these situational variables. The theoretical and practical implications of the model are also discussed.
Kinetics of Vitamin E Regeneration by Water-Soluble Antioxidants in Micellar Dispersions
Authors: Mukai Kazuo , Isozaki Tomoe , Nagaoka Shin-ichi 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
The kinetics of reactions between water-soluble antioxidants (glutathione, uric acid, and cysteine) and vitamin E radicals in aqueous Triton X-100 micellar dispersions were studied by using a spectrophotometer, and the second-order rate constants for these reactions were compared to those for the corresponding reactions between vitamin C (ascorbic acid) and vitamin E radicals. These reactions are regarded as a model for regeneration of vitamin E by the water-soluble antioxidants in human blood, and the relative contributions of each antioxidant to the total regeneration in blood are discussed.
A Novel One-step Solution Approach to Synthesize Tubular ZnO Nanostructures
Authors: Han Yong Sheng , Lin Li Wei , Fuji Masayoshi , Takahashi Minoru 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Tubular ZnO nanostructures were synthesized by a new and one-step method which involved the introduction of ammonia bubbles into a zinc chloride aqueous solution, and the formation mechanism was briefly discussed in this paper.
Bis(imino)pyridine Iron and Cobalt Complexes Immobilized into Interlayer Space of Fluorotetrasilicic Mica: Highly Active Heterogeneous Catalysts for Polymerization of Ethylene
Authors: Kurokawa Hideki , Matsuda Michiko , Fujii Kenji , Ishihama Yoshiyuki , Sakuragi Tsutomu , Ohshima Masa-aki , Miura Hiroshi 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Heterogeneous catalysts assembled by the intercalation of a bis(imino)pyridine ligand into late metal ion-exchanged clay mineral interlayers with the simultaneous coordination of the ligand to the interlayer cations were found to be highly active for ethylene polymerization.
Vibrational Circular Dichroism Spectroscopic Study on Circularly Polarized Light-induced Chiral Domains in the B4 Phase of a Bent Mesogen
Authors: Choi Suk-Won , Kawauchi Susumu , Tanaka Shingo , Watanabe Junji , Takezoe Hideo 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
In this work, we report vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) spectra in chiral domains induced by circularly polarized light (CPL) irradiation to the achiral bent-core liquid-crystalline B4 phase.
Influence of Orthogonal Overload on Human Vertebral Trabecular Bone Mechanical Properties
Authors: Badiei Arash , Bottema Murk J , Fazzalari Nicola L 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of overload in orthogonal directions on longitudinal and transverse mechanical integrity in human vertebral trabecular bone. Results suggest that the trabecular structure has properties that act to minimize the decrease of apparent toughness transverse to the primary loading direction.
Introduction: The maintenance of mechanical integrity and function of trabecular structure after overload remains largely unexplored. Whereas a number of studies have focused on addressing the question by testing the principal anatomical loading direction, the mechanical anisotropy has been overlooked. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of overload in orthogonal directions on longitudinal and transverse mechanical integrity in human vertebral trabecular bone.
Materials and Methods: T12/L1 vertebral bodies from five cases and L4/L5 vertebral bodies from seven cases were retrieved at autopsy. A cube of trabecular bone was cut from the centrum of each vertebral body and imaged by μCT. Cubes from each T12/L1 and L4/L5 pairs were assigned to either superoinferior (SI) or anteroposterior (AP) mechanical testing groups. All samples were mechanically tested to 10% apparent strain by uniaxial compression according to their SI or AP allocation. To elucidate the extent to which overload in orthogonal directions affects the mechanical integrity of the trabecular structure, samples were retested (after initial uniaxial compression) in their orthogonal direction. After mechanical testing in each direction, apparent ultimate failure stresses (UFS), apparent elastic moduli (E), and apparent toughness moduli (u) were computed.
Results: Significant differences in mechanical properties were found between SI and AP directions in both first and second overload tests. Mechanical anisotropy far exceeded differences resulting from overloading the structure in the orthogonal direction. No significant differences were found in mean UFS and mean u for the first or second overload tests. A significant decrease of 35% was identified in mean E for cubes overloaded in the SI direction and then overloaded in the AP direction.
Conclusions: Observed differences in the mechanics of trabecular structure after overload suggests that the trabecular structure has properties that act to minimize loss of apparent toughness, perhaps through energy dissipating sacrificial structures transverse to the primary loading direction.
Fracture characterisation of yew (Taxus baccata L.) and spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) in the radial-tangential and tangential-radial crack propagation system by a micro wedge splitting test
Authors: Keunecke Daniel , Stanzl-Tschegg Stefanie , Niemz Peter 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Common yew (Taxus baccata L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) are gymnosperm species that differ in their microscopic structure and mechanical characteristics. Compared to spruce, the density of yew wood is high, but the modulus of elasticity is low when loaded parallel to the grain. Information about the transverse load direction is largely lacking. Therefore, the goal of this study was to assess the elastic and fracture mechanical behaviour of both wood species in the radial-tangential plane (crack opening mode I). For this purpose, micro wedge splitting tests were performed. Characteristic elastic and fracture parameters (initial slope, critical load, specific fracture energy) were determined. After the tests, the fracture surfaces were evaluated using microscopic methods. The results reveal clear differences between the species regarding microscopic fracture phenomena and prove that yew wood was significantly stiffer than spruce wood. We suggest that the density and the cell geometry are predominantly responsible for both elasticity and failure behaviour in the transverse direction.
Eustathios von Antiochien wider den seelenlosen Christus der Arianer. Zu neu entdeckten Fragmenten eines Traktats des Eustathios
Authors: Uthemann Karl-Heinz 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
The new edition of the extant works of Eustathios of Antioch includes an Anti-Arian Epitome compilated at the late 4th or early 5th century, but reproducing an Eustathian work. The work contains new information about the Arian christology. The article deals with the synod at Antioch 324/325, Urkunde 18 and the importance of the christology for the Arian thought. The Epitome argues that the Arian opponents denied the human soul in the incarnated Logos. This leads to the question if this argumentation of the Epitome doesn't hit any Arian thought directly, but is only a conclusion of their exegesis. The detailed analysis of the exegetical arguments mentioned in the Epitome, however, leads to the conclusion that the Arian opponents of Eustathios tried to ascribe invariability to the incarnated Logos, excluding any mutability, especially the passions, from the incarnated Logos for maintaining the soteriological impact of the incarnation. Compared with Athanasios, De incarnatione, the Epitome offers a different, nonetheless interesting view upon the early Arian thought.
Bruderliebe und Heil. Pachoms Brief 5 und das Osterkapitel der Pachomianer
Authors: Joest Christoph 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
In this article, the 5th letter attributed to Saint Pachomius is published in German for the first time. It is an invitation to the Pachomians to gather for one of their two annual assemblies to celebrate together the Christian passover. The letter is extant only in Latin, but Jerome claims to have translated the Pachomian writings from a Greek source. However, the peculiar form of some of the Bible quotations give prove that the Greek text in turn must have come from a Coptic original. This is essential external evidence for the genuity of the letter, the most important internal evidence being the inseparable unity of love for one's brethren and salvation. Although written in what could be called an aspectivic manner, the letter is carfully structured. The second half of this article comments on the content of this document and scetches its flow of thoughts.
Heresiology as Universal History in Epiphanius's Panarion
Authors: Schott Jeremy 
Published: July 2007

Zusammenfassung
Epiphanius' breites Verständnis von „Häresie“ in seinem Panarion beschäftigt seit langem die Forschung. Während Häresiologen des 2. Jahrhunderts wie Irenäus oder Hippolyt Häresie als eine Perversion, d.h. etwas chronologisch nach der Orthodoxie Entstandenes beschrieben, identifi ziert Epiphanius auch alle vorchristlichen Religionen, griechische Philosophenschulen und jüdische Sekten als einzelne Häresien. Der Aufsatz argumentiert dafür, daß das Konzept von „Häresie“ bei Epiphanius gleichwohl in sich schlüssig ist. Das Panarion verbindet biblische Traditionen mit klassischen Theorien über Ursprung und Entwicklung der menschlichen Zivilisation und Kultur, um eine Universalgeschichte zu entwerfen. Der Ansatz des Panarion, eine komplette häresiologische Übersicht zu schaffen, hängt also von dem Ansatz des Epiphanius ab, aus der Häresiologie eine umfassende Geschichtsphilosophie zu machen. Für Epiphanius sind Häresien das Ergebnis des Verfalls einer Kultur und stehen in scharfem Gegensatz zu einer ahistorischen und nicht kulturgebundenen Orthodoxie, die von den historischen Entwicklungen der Ethnogenese und kulturellen Entwicklung völlig losgelöst ist.
Tempora Christiana. Vom Umgang des antiken Christentums mit Geschichte
Authors: Kany Roland 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
One could opine that Christian intellectuals of the first six centuries were particularly concerned with matters of history. Their religion was deeply rooted in historical events and the Jewish as well as the pagan Greek cultures had great traditions of historiography. However, ancient Christianity had a comparatively limited interest in history. No continuation of the Acts of the Apostles appeared in the 2nd or 3rd century. In the ancient Latin West no original Church History was ever written except the two books added by Rufinus to his translation of Eusebius' work. The article discusses the reasons for this lack of interest in history and for the different approaches of Greek and Latin Christians of late antiquity to the subject.
Physiological Optics
Authors: Jüttner Martin 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPhysiological optics is concerned with the perceptual processes in the eye and its associated neuronal structures in the brain. This article provides an overview of the structure and functionality of the visual system, and of experimental and analytical techniques used to study the principles of visual information processing. First, the anatomy of the eye and the various stages of the optical pathway from the retina to the visual cortex are considered in some detail. The concept of receptive fields is introduced and related to the theoretical framework of spatial‐frequency channels. A range of tools and techniques used in neurophysiological and psychophysical vision research are reviewed and compared. This provides the basis for a detailed discussion of elementary visual sensations, including the perception of brightness, depth, movement, and shape, both with regard to their phenomenology and their neurophysiological foundations. Finally, the role of such elementary sensations for higher‐level visual processes is considered by relating them to current theories of object recognition.