bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Large scale geomorphological mapping and Highway engineering design
Authors: Brunsden Denys , Doornkamp John Charles , Fookes Peter George , Jones David Keith Crozier , Kelly John Michael Hunter 
Published: September 2007

Summary
Geomorphological mapping in site investigations for highway engineering is proving to be a rapid means of obtaining much relevant information about ground conditions. Such mapping requires the recognition of both the origin of surface features and the geological processes that still influence them. In addition information about materials is recorded and inferences made about their extent.
The paper identifies eight aims of a geomorphological survey for highway engineering and discusses these in the context of small-scale maps and large-scale plans. The latter are illustrated by case studies from Nepal and South Wales.
The review identifies the established applications of geomorphological mapping to site investigation and concludes that further work can usefully be directed towards a broadening of the geomorphological content of site investigation.
Hydrochemistry and groundwater flow patterns in the vicinity of Stratford-upon-Avon
Authors: Lloyd John W. 
Published: September 2007

Summary
Standard hydrochemistry is used in conjunction with fault control to define the directions of groundwater flow in the Keuper Sandstone aquifer in the vicinity of Stratford-upon-Avon. Four hydrochemical groundwater types are defined. The hydrochemistry confirms the presence of a cone of depression in the area, reinforcing the evidence of water level trends. Environmental isotopes are used to substantiate the standard chemistry and show that the water being abstracted is very old groundwater derived from storage.
Late Quaternary scour-hollows and related features in central London
Authors: Berry F. G. 
Published: September 2007

Summary
Drift-filled hollows (rock-head depressions) which occur beneath Lower Floodplain deposits of Ipswichian to Recent age in central London can be related to shallow buried ‘channels’ (elongate closed hollows). Twenty-six depressions are represented on a map of the channels and other buried features and are individually described. Most of these are grouped in the South Lambeth–Battersea–Westminister–Southwark area and are formed in the surface of the London Clay. They often appear to coincide with stream junctions in the Recent drainage pattern. Under-drainage may occur in some depressions through contact with underlying granular Lower Tertiary sediments. In some cases, these deposits appear to have risen above the adjacent levels as diapiric features, possibly at the time when deepening of the hollows occurred.
A microcomputer based system to provide report quality borehole records
Authors: Howland A. F. , Podolski N. 
Published: September 2007

Summary
A system has been developed to provide report quality borehole records with the aid of a microcomputer. Its aim is to provide a greater efficiency in the production of such records without jeopardizing the technical content or their reliability. The system, which consists of a suite of menu-driven programs, has been developed on a small machine which has only limited capabilities compared with many alternatives currently available. The careful development of the system has provided the facility of attaching further programs able to access the data and carry out functions which will produce further savings in the operational and business affairs of the user practice. The successful development of the system illustrates that user needs do not necessarily require equipment at the forefront of hardware development.
Thermal conductivities of marine sediments
Authors: Lovell M. A. 
Published: September 2007

Summary
Proposals to lay fibre-optic communication systems on the sea floor have prompted renewed interest in the thermal properties of marine sediments. Of particular interest is the recognition of rapid variations in the thermal conductivity of near-surface sediments.
The thermal conductivity of non-cohesive sediments is investigated and shown to be adequately expressed by a simple geometric equation using volumetric and conductivity values for the components. Similar results pertain for previously reported measurements on cohesive sediments.
Electrical formation factor is known to be related to porosity for most marine sediments, and it is shown that the electrical and thermal parameters may in turn be related through this common parameter. This opens the way for the use of continuous electrical profiling as a practical and relatively inexpensive means of mapping lateral variations in the thermal conductivity of surface sediments.
An investigation of metal enrichment in Triassic Sandstones and porewaters below an effluent spreading site, West Midlands, England
Authors: Spears D. A. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Soil and sandstone samples were taken from below a sewage effluent spreading site at Whittington Hall, near Stourbridge. The sandstones belong to the Triassic Sherwood Sandstone Group, whole rock samples were analysed for major and trace elements, and porewaters (extracted by high speed centrifuge) for trace metals. The elements found to be enriched in the sediments, at shallow depths (generally not greater than 1 m) were, in order, Zn, Pb, Cu, Cr, Ni and Sr. Systematic decreases with depth were not recorded for the elements Mn, V, Rb, Y and Zr. Retention of the metals is believed to be a combination of filtration of particulate matter and reaction with the sediment, particularly the oxyhydroxide material and possibly smectites. The observed metal enrichment corresponds with the effluent composition and in the case of Zn there would appear to be an approximate balance between the total input into the system and the amount retained in near-surface sediment. The borehole samples were frozen on site in order to suppress microbial changes in the porewaters. Metal concentrations in the porewaters were not, in general, affected but significant differences were noted for Fe, Mn and Ca. At depth in the unsaturated and saturated zones porewater concentrations approach the ‘natural’ background concentration. These decreases in concentrations take place below the zone of sediment-porewater reaction based on whole-rock analyses and are therefore attributed to progressive dilution of the porewater and groundwater.
Book Review SuttonB. H. C.Solving Problems in Soil Mechanics1986LongmanHarlow, Essex£8.95, soft cover;2340 582 98810 1
Authors: Atkinson J. H. 
Published: September 2007

There are now plenty of text books available on soil mechanics, foundations, retaining walls, slope stability and other related topics by UK authors and any new book should offer something fresh. This might be by treating the material with new clarity or by dealing with new material or by having a different teaching approach (e.g. by programmed instruction). This book is different from many others in the field, consisting almost entirely of worked answers to questions taken largely from CEI, ICE, University of London and Scottish Technical Education Council examination papers. There are very short sections of text (often only a few lines) introducing a particular topic followed by examination questions highlighted in boxes with model solutions. At the end of each chapter there are problems (also taken from old examination papers) with answers but without working.
The material covered in the book can be judged from the eight chapter headings: Physical properties and classification of soil, Permeability of soil and flow nets, Compressibility of soil and settlement of foundations, The shearing resistance of soil, Lateral soil pressures, The stability of slopes, Bearing capacity of soil and stability of foundations, Compaction and stabilization of soil. The material is similar to that which appears in the reviewer's undergraduate notes taken at Imperial College nearly 25 years ago and most of the examination questions used in the book could very well be of the same vintage. The material covered is decidedly old fashioned and nothing is said at all about the major
Volcanism and continental break-up: a global compilation of large igneous provinces
Authors: Coffin Millard F. , Eldholm Olav 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Large igneous provinces (LIPs) include continental flood basalts and associated intrusive rocks, volcanic passive margins, oceanic plateaus, submarine ridges, seamount groups, and ocean basin flood basalts. In some cases transient episodes of voluminous magmatism are temporally and spatially related to continental break-up, e.g. North Atlantic Volcanic Province, Deccan Traps, Paraná-Etendeka basalts. In other cases, however, no relationships are apparent, e.g. Siberian flood basalts, Columbia River flood basalts. Herein we review LIPs worldwide in order to better understand their relationship to the break-up and separation of lithospheric plates. The two most voluminous episodes known of basaltic magmatism not associated with the creation of ‘normal’ oceanic crust, the emplacements of the Ontong Java and Kerguelen plateaus, do not appear to be linked to continental break-up. Volcanic passive margins have now been identified on the edges of many continents, and are clearly related to continental break-up and separation. They cannot always, however, be tied to continental flood basalts. Ocean basin flood basalts and seamount groups are not commonly related to continental break-up. In most instances submarine ridges show temporal and spatial relationships with continental flood basalt provinces or oceanic plateaus. Observational data suggest that existing models do not adequately explain all LIPs; we suggest that a thermally and chemically heterogeneous asthenosphere, occasionally penetrated by deep mantle plumes, can account for their origin.
The response of geomorphic systems to climatic and hydrological change during the Late Glacial and early Holocene in the humid and sub-humid tropics
Authors: Thomas Michael F. , Thorp Martin B. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Dated alluvial stratigraphies indicative of late Quaternary environmental change in the humid tropics have increased, but the database remains inadequate and the intensity and duration of wet-dry oscillations and responses of hillslopes and river systems remain poorly understood. Dry conditions at the Last Glacial Maximum were marked by semi-arid landforms with reduced stream activity. Large palaeofloods, valley-floor erosion, channel cutting and flood deposition occurred at the Pleistocene-Holocene transition after 13 000 BP. Distinctive floodplains and stratigraphies characterized by multiple shifts from lateral to vertical accretion were built initially over a period of nearly 2 ka after 9 500 BP during the early Holocene pluvial in Africa, Kalimantan and Amazonia during and after re-establishment of the lowland rainforests. Several wet-dry climatic oscillations followed in the mid-Holocene period and are marked by alluvial cut and fill sequences and by slightly thinner but coarse textured floodplain overbank sediments.
The Past Global Changes (PAGES) Project
Authors: Pilcher J. R. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
PAGES is a core project of the International Geosphere Biosphere program. Its role is to provide a quantitative understanding of the Earth’s past environment and the envelope of natural variability within which we can assess anthropogenic climate changes. The Project is organized into two main time frames: STREAM 1 which covers the last 2000 years and STREAM 2 which covers the last two glacial/interglacial cycles. Within these time frames PAGES has organized a series of Activites and Tasks, the largest of which are three transects from the Arctic to the Antarctic, one through Europe and Africa, one through Siberia, China and Australia and one down the west side of the Americas. In each case PAGES is seeking to co-ordinate the activities of local researchers and bring together scientists from different research backgrounds: tree-rings, corals, deep sea sediments, ice cores, for example, to achieve the scientific goals of the three transects. PAGES is not a funding agency and does not support research, but rather its function is to co-ordinate and facilitate and promote research on a larger scale than any one country or funding agency can support and on topics that go beyond the expertise of any one group of scientists.
Foraminifera and ostracodes across the Pliensbachian-Toarcian boundary in the Arctice Realm (stratigraphy, palaeobiogeography and biofacies)
Authors: Nikitenko Boris L. , Mickey Michael B. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The analysis of samples from numerous Pliensbachian and Toarcian sections from the northern regions of Russia and northern Alaska, as well as published data, allow us to estimate the correlative significance of foraminifera and ostracodes, and to develop an Arctic zonal standard based on these microfauna. During the Late Pliensbachian-Early Toarcian depositional period in the Arctic Basin and northwestern seas of Western Europe, a succession of almost simultaneous biotic and abiotic events occurred: widespread development of black bituminous shale at the beginning of the Early Toarcian, and a microbiota crisis (mass extinction event) in the Northern Hemisphere. The Early Toarcian microbiotic crisis was very sharp in both Arctic and Western European palaeobasins. In the Arctic seas, the generic and family composition of ostracode communities was completely replaced by new taxa. The species composition of foraminiferal assemblages changed considerably, while the generic composition of the foraminifera is only characterized by partial changes. In the Western European seas, the Early Toarcian microbenthos crisis caused taxonomic changes generally at the species level among foraminifera and at the generic level among ostracodes. The comprehensive analysis of the biogeographical distribution of Late Pliensbachian and Early Toarcian foraminifera and ostracodes, as well as Jaccard cluster analysis, allow us to define several biogeographical units within the Arctic and Boreal-Atlantic realms. A pattern of ecological distribution of microbenthos in bathymetric zones in Siberian palaeobasins has been developed, providing the basis for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions.
The mid-Cenomanian non-sequence: a micropalaeontological detective story
Authors: Hart Malcolm B. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract

The mid-Cenomanian non-sequence is described in terms of its stratigraphical position, regional impact and importance in Cenomanian stratigraphy. After its discovery in the site investigation for the Channel Tunnel and its location within the chalk succession of the Dover-Sangatte area, it has been traced throughout the United Kingdom and northern France. In stratigraphically complete successions it is coincident with the base of the
Rotalipora cushmani
Taxon Range Zone, although in many areas there is a major hiatus (= sequence boundary?) at this level. In more marginal successions, the non-sequence is characterized by the presence of reworked, phosphatized macrofossil assemblages in which the actual date of deposition can only be determined by the non-phosphatized macrofaunal elements or the microfossils extracted from the enclosing sediments. In Dorset/Devon and northern France the Cenomanian successions are condensed, and horizons with reworked macrofaunas have been investigated using a variety of micropalaeontological techniques (thin-sections, processed residues, acid reductions, etc.). In these areas the mid-Cenomanian non-sequence becomes one of the most important features of the succession and marks a major hiatus in many localities.
Dinoflagellate cyst record of the deep-sea Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary at Uzgruň, Carpathian Mountains, Czech Republic
Authors: Gedl Przemysław 
Published: September 2007

Abstract

The record of organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts in deep-sea facies across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary is poorly known. A detailed study of uppermost Maastrichtian-lowermost Danian Tethyan deep-sea flysch sediments deposited below the carbonate compensation depth at Uzgruň, in the Czech Republic, has yielded numerous and relatively well-preserved dinoflagellate cysts. Their distribution allows the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary to be placed within a 73 cm interval, within which an iridium anomaly occurs. Assemblages show no major shifts within the boundary interval, but gradual changes were recorded that possibly relate to sea-level fluctuations and/or nutrient availability. High concentrations of peridinioids appear to indicate upwelling in this part of the Tethys near the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. The presence of thermophilic dinoflagellate cysts throughout the section points to a stable, warm-temperate to subtropical climate during the latest Maastrichtian and earliest Danian. Events, such as the
Areoligera
sp. acme,
Manumiella seelandica
acme and the
Spinidinium
sp. acme, known from other Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary sections around the world, were recognized within the studied material.
Mid-Pleistocene revolution and the ‘eccentricity myth’
Authors: Maslin Mark A. , Ridgwell Andy J. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The mid-Pleistocene revolution (MPR) is the term used to describe the transition between 41 ka and 100 ka glacial-interglacial cycles which occurred about one million years ago. Despite eccentricity having by far the weakest influence on insolation received at the Earth’s surface of any of the orbital parameters, it is often assumed to be the primary driver of the post-MPR 100 ka climate cycles. The traditional solution to this is to call for a highly nonlinear response by the global climate system to eccentricity. This ‘eccentricity myth’ is a simplified view of the relationship between global climate and orbital forcing and is in part due to an artefact of spectral analysis. Our aim here is to clarify the often confused role of eccentricity and review current theories of the MPR. We suggest that the post-MPR ‘100 ka’ glacial-interglacial cycles are more closely linked to precession, with the saw-toothed climate cycles being defined by every four or five precessional cycle. Because control over the number of precessional cycles involved is determined by eccentricity, eccentricity at most paces rather than drives the system. If true, then one must also question whether the MPR, itself defined by an abrupt change in spectral characteristics, is not also somewhat misconceived.
A late Early Pleistocene tephrochronological and pollen record from Auckland, New Zealand
Authors: Byrami M. L. , Newnham R. M. , Alloway B. V. , Pillans B. , Ogden J. , Westgate J. , Mildenhall D. C. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract

A late Early Pleistocene pollen record was obtained from a coastal site in Auckland, New Zealand. A combination of isothermal plateau fission track ages on interbedded tephras, palaeomagnetism, palynostratigraphy and orbital tuning to the marine oxygen isotope record of Ocean Drilling Program Site 677 constrained the age of the topmost 28 m of sediments to
c.
1.4–1.0 Ma (Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 45–28). For this interval a diverse pollen record consisting of mostly extant pollen types shows multiple compositional shifts from a
Nothofagus
-dominated to conifer-dominated regional vegetation. These shifts are broadly correlated to changes in the marine oxygen isotope record. The inferred climate was moist, temperate, stable, and cooler than at present, but never as cool as the last glacial maximum. A permanent increase in
Nothofagus
forest in the region after MIS 35 seems to be related to a long-term palaeoclimatic shift that probably included greater temperature extremes between warm and cool stages and decreases in humidity and increased seasonality during cool stages. Although the Patiki pollen record predates the mid-Pleistocene revolution by
c.
100 ka, the nature of climate change itself was already in transition, and becoming more similar to the climate regime experienced in northern New Zealand in the Late Pleistocene.
Response of the European mammalian fauna to the mid-Pleistocene transition
Authors: van Kolfschoten Thijs , Markova Anastasia K. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract

The end of the Early Pleistocene is intriguing particularly for mammalian palaeontologists. In Eurasia, this interval has a faunal turnover caused by both the evolution and migration of species. It is the time in which the famous end-Villafranchian ‘event’ takes place, a phenomenon characterized by a faunal turnover resulting mainly from the migration of larger mammals. The smaller mammal record reveals in particular an important radiation in medium-sized voles. Different
Microtus
species evolve rapidly from species of the genus
Allophaiomys
, and various lineages can be observed. This radiation finally leads to the diversity seen today.

In eastern Europe, particularly on the Russian Plain and the Taman Peninsula, a number of localities occur where faunal assemblages from well-dated stratigraphic sequences can be analysed. These assemblages show the mid-Pleistocene evolution of rodent faunas within eastern Europe. Identical and synchronous changes in the mammalian faunas are found in other parts of Europe. However, a fauna from Untermassfeld in Germany does not fit this general picture, and serious doubts about its published age must be considered.
Changes in TRMM Rainfall due to the Orbit Boost Estimated from Buoy Rain Gauge Data
Authors: DeMoss Jeremy D. , Bowman Kenneth P. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
During the first three-and-a-half years of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), the TRMM satellite operated at a nominal altitude of 350 km. To reduce drag, save maneuvering fuel, and prolong the mission lifetime, the orbit was boosted to 403 km in August 2001. The change in orbit altitude produced small changes in a wide range of observing parameters, including field-of-view size and viewing angles. Due to natural variability in rainfall and sampling error, it is not possible to evaluate possible changes in rainfall estimates from the satellite data alone. Changes in TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) and the precipitation radar (PR) precipitation observations due to the orbit boost are estimated by comparing them with surface rain gauges on ocean buoys operated by the NOAA/Pacific Marine Environment Laboratory (PMEL). For each rain gauge, the bias between the satellite and the gauge for pre- and postboost time periods is computed. For the TMI, the satellite is biased ∼12% low relative to the gauges during the preboost period and ∼1% low during the postboost period. The mean change in bias relative to the gauges is approximately 0.4 mm day−1. The change in TMI bias is rain-rate-dependent, with larger changes in areas with higher mean precipitation rates. The PR is biased significantly low relative to the gauges during both boost periods, but the change in bias from the pre- to postboost period is not statistically significant.