bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
INFANT MORTALITY: Causes of Death During the First Year of Life in a Five‐year Series
Authors: BJERRE INGRID , ÖSTBERG GÖREL 
Published: January 2008

SummaryIn the years 1966–1970 all together 17 805 children were born in Malmo (population about 260000). 141 were stillborns and 172 infants survived at most 6 days, which means a perinatal mortality of 1.74 %, and neonatal mortality within 6 days of 0.97 %. The infantmortality was 1.3%. These figures agree closely with Swedish vital statistics. 5.4% were LBW‐infants with a neonatal mortality of 13.3%. 231 infants died during the first year and necropsies were performed in all but 2. The main causes of death were malformations in 65 cases, haemorrhages in 31 and hyaline membranes in 61. In 38.children with a birth weight below 1700 g, post‐mortem examination revealed no morphologic changes except immaturity. Diseases of the mother and complications of pregnancy and delivery were more common among mothers of children with low birthweight. The causes of infant mortality in countries with a good standard of living are mainly severe malformations and complications of very low birthweight and short gestation period.
PLACENTAL TRANSFUSION IN INFANTS OF DIABETIC MOTHERS ELUCIDATED BY PLACENTAL RESIDUAL BLOOD VOLUME
Authors: KLEBE JOACHIM G. , INGOMAR CARL JOH. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryThe influence of the method of delivery and the clamping technique on the placental transfusion is investigated by measurement of the placental residual blood volume in 58 infants of diabetic mothers and in 65 infants of nondiabetic mothers.It is shown that infants of diabetic mothers delivered vaginally compared with infants of diabetic mothers delivered by caesarean section, have a larger placental residual blood volume, if early clamping is employed. This relation suggests that also in infants of diabetic mothers, a temporary deposition of the distribution of the foeto‐placental blood volume between the infant and the placenta occurs during vaginal delivery, because of the impaired venous backflow to the infant. The difference in the placental residual blood volume is more pronounced for infants of diabetic mothers than for infants of non‐diabetic mothers.Further, it is shown that the placental residual blood volume is significant larger in infants of diabetic mothers but only after vaginal delivery with early clamping, compared with the same group of infants of non‐diabetic mothers.
LEUCOCYTE FUNCTION IN NORMAL AND PRE‐TERM INFANTS
Authors: GOEL K. M. , VOWELS M. R. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryThe cytochemical nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction test was performed on 121 infants aged between 1 and 112 days. New born infants (normal and pre‐term) had higher levels of NBT positive cells than older infants and children. These high levels fell to the normal childhood range after the fourth week of life. Infants aged less than 14 days with a birth weight of (2 000 g had a mean level of NBT positive cells one third that of infants of higher birth weight (> 2 000 g).
A PILOT STUDY OF THE QUALITY OF HUMAN MILK IN A LOWER SOCIO‐ECONOMIC GROUP IN KARACHI, PAKISTAN
Authors: LINDBLAD B. S. , RAHIMTOOLA RAZIA J. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryThe total fat, lactose, total nitrogen, protein, vitamin A and calcium content of human milk from a very low socio‐economic group in an economically developing country corresponded to known normal levels. The amino acid content, however, showed a comparative decrease in the content of two essential aminoacids (lysine and methionine). This could imply that the nutritional value of the milk protein is substantially 'reduced.
COAGULOPATHY IN NON‐CIRRHOTIC PORTAL FIBROSIS
Authors: YATZIV S. , ELDOR A. , EYAL F. , RUSSELL A. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryA 12‐year‐old girl suffering from non‐cirrhotic portal fibrosis is presented. The clinical picture is characterized by splenomegaly without hematemesis and ascites. Portal hypertension was found without evidence of intra‐ or extra‐hepatic obstruction. Liver function test results were mildly disturbed. Open liver biopsy revealed fairly well preserved structure of the liver except for increased fibrosis confined to the portal spaces but without characteristic cirrhotic changes.Coagulation studies revealed disturbance of various coagulation factors, the most important being thrombocytopenia, hypofibrinogenemia and low levels of factors 11, VII and X. It is suggested that the primary underlying cause fcr these findings is a chronic consumptive coagulopathy and not liver disease.Appreciation of the coagulopathy accompanying this syndrome may contribute to our understanding of the pathogenesis of this entity.
RENAL INVOLVEMENT IN SCHÖNLEIN‐HENOCH PURPURA
Authors: KOSKIMIES O. , RAPOLA J. , SAVILAHTI E. , VILSKA J. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Koskimies, O., Rapola, J., Savilahti, E. and Vilska, J. (The Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland). Renal involvement in Schonlein‐Henoch purpura. Acta Paediatr Scand, 63: 357, 1974.–During the period 1964–71 Schönlein‐Henoch syndrome was found in 91 children. Fifty‐four showed no signs of renal disease and recovered rapidly. Eighteen patients with haematuria or proteinuria lasting less than 4 weeks also made full recovery. Nineteen patients had persisting urinary abnormalities and were followed‐up clinically and with biopsies. Immunotluorescent and electron microscopic studies were performed in 6 patients.Histopathological changes correlated well with the severity of the disease. Generalized proliferative glomerulonephritis, sometimes with glomerular fibro‐epithelial crescents, signified severe disease with protracted course. Most of these cases had heavy proteinuria and often nephrotic syndrome. The outcome after a follow‐up of 2 years was good, however. Twelve patients recovered completely and 6 were clinically symtomless but showed minor urinary abnormalities. Only one died and she had showed fulminant clinical and histopathological glomerulonephritis from the beginning of the disease.Immunotluorescent studies showed positive reactions in the mesahgium and glomerular capillaries in 4 patients. In the electron microscopy dense deposits were found at the corresponding sites. In two late biopsies immunotluorescence was negative despite definitive histological changes suggesting disappearance of the immunopathogenetic effectors of the nephritis.
NEONATAL HYPOGLYCAEMIA AND MATERNAL TOXAEMIA
Authors: KOlVlSTO M. , JOUPPILA P. 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Koivisto, M., Jouppila, P. (Departments of Paediatrics, and Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland). Neonatal hypoglycaemia and maternal toxaemia. Acta Paediatr Scand, 63:743, 1974.–The incidence of hypoglycaemia was determined in 131 newborn infants of toxaemic mothers. The blood glucose level was determined three times daily during the first 3 days of Life.Blood glucose levels ≥20 mg/100 ml occurred in 2496, and levels <30 mg/100 in 6596 of the whole series. The incidence of hypoglycaemia was highest, 6196 ≥20 mg/100 ml, among the infants horn to toxaemic mothers with low urinary oestriol; the. corresponding incidence for mothers with normal oestriol was 1996. The incidence was 3596 when the maternal toxaemia was severe, and 1696 when it was mild. SFD infants had an incidence of 3796, compared with 1996 for infants of normal birthweight. The relative weight of the placenta did not correlate with the occurrence of hypoglycaemia. Symptomatic hypaglycaemia was noted in 19 infants.The reduced energy reserves in newborn infants of toxaemic mothers with severe pre‐eclampsia and/or a low urinary oestriol level and in infants with intrauterine growth retardation, together with increased utilization of carbohydrates result in a high incidence of neonatal hypoglycaemia. An added stress, such as birth hypoxia and late initiation of feeding, increase the likelihood of hypoglycaemia.
CHEMICAL PATHOLOGY OF KRABBE'S DISEASE
Authors: VANIER MARIE THERESE , SVENNERHOLM LARS 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT: Vanier, M.‐Th. and Svennerholm, L. (Department of Neurochemistry, Psychiatric Research Centre, University of Göteborg, Göteborg, Sweden). Chemical pathology of Krabbe's disease. III. Ceramide‐hexosides and gangliosides of brain. Acta Paediatr Scand, 64:641, 1975.–Neutral ceramide‐hexosides and gangliosides in cerebral cortex and white matter of children who had died in Krabbe's disease were quantitatively isolated and characterized. The concentrations of galactosylceramides, lactosylceramides and glucosylceramides were normal or slightly increased in cerebral cortex, but all the three glycolipids were diminished in white matter, particularly the galactosylceramides. More complex ceramide‐hexosides, globotriose, globotetraose and blood‐group substance H, present in trace amounts in normal brain, were much more abundant in cerebral cortex and especially in white matter of brains affected by Krabbe's disease. The composition of the ceramide portion suggested that these glycolipids as well as a portion of the lactosylceramides and glucosylceramides were structural components of the globoid cells. The ganglioside distribution was severely altered. GD1a and GM1 were severely reduced in cerebral cortex and white matter, while GD1b and GT1 were slightly decreased in cerebral cortex, but increased in white matter. Normally minor brain gangliosides metabolically related to GD1b and GT1, i.e. GD2, GD3 and GM3, were strongly increased in cerebral cortex and in white matter.For the first time galactosylsphingosine (psychosine) was demonstrated in normal infant brain. In cerebral tissue affected by Krabbe's disease the concentration of psychosine was at least 10 times higher. The large increase in this cytotoxic substance might be the primary lesion in Krabbe's disease.
I. VALIDITY OF DICHROMATIC EARPIECE DENSITOMETRY FOR QUANTITATIVE STUDIES IN CHILDREN WITH SHUNT‐FREE CARDIOVASCULAR MALFORMATIONS
Authors: WALLGREN C. GÖRAN , HANSON JOHN S. , KRETZSCHMAR GÜNTER , ZETTERQVIST PER 
Published: January 2008

Abstract: Cardiac output was assessed in 16 children without evidence of cardiovascular shunts from simultaneously recorded earpiece and cuvette densitometric tracings. The earpiece set‐up was calibrated by the end‐tail method. Both instruments gave linear response to dye concentrations used. There was a close correlation between cardiac output figures recorded by the two methods (r=0.95) and no systematic difference occurred.It is concluded that in infants and children earpiece densitometry constitutes a rapid and accurate method for quantitative circulatory studies.
5. MIGRAINE IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS
Authors: RIGG C. ANDREW 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACTAlthough migraine has been considered in the past to be uncommon in children and adolescents, there is mounting evidence that it is not, and that it produces significant childhood morbidity. However, the clinical picture varies from case to case, and often from attack to attack in the same patient. Stress plays a most important role in triggering attacks of this familial disease, and the physician must be aware of this if his treatment is to be successful. In adolescent girls, falling estradiol plasma levels are apparently important in triggering attacks of migraine associated with menstruation. In an attack, the initial vasoconstrictive phase, mainly intracranial gives way to a vasodilative phase, mainly extracranial, which results from withdrawal of the vasoconstrictive support from the extracranial arteries which is normally provided by serotonin. The plasma level of the latter drops sharply during an attack, and its excretion product, 5‐hydroxy‐indole acetic acid, appeals in increased amounts in the urine.Laboratory investigations, after a most careful, detailed history, and physical examination, should include an EEG, skull films and possibly a brain scan. Management includes prophylactic measures, both environmental and pharmacologic, and treatment of the attack itself, where promptness is the watchword.
10. THE IMPACT OF ILLNESS IN ADOLESCENCE AND COPING BEHAVIOR
Authors: HOFMANN A DELE D. 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACTThe emotional impact of serious illness or injury bears just as much potential for being disabling to an adolescent as does the condition itself. It is also these concerns and the possibilities for difficult behavior on the part of teenagers on the ward which frequently cause staff members to feel at a loss when caring for this reputedly difficult age group. But if one carefully examines the specific developmental stresses of illness and the various coping mechanisms by which the youth may counter them, a logical management approach emerges.To a large degree this approach depends on compensation, intellectualization, displacement and constructive denial but also recognizes that destructive denial, regression and projection do normally and naturally occur at various points in the course of illness and hospitalization and that panic and acting out may also readily occur, but less frequently. The deterence of the more deleterious responses and promotion of the more felicitous depends on a ward setting which provides for the adolescent's growing need for independence and self‐determination; for continued reassurance about body image integrity, for resumption of mastery and control; and for the maintenance or restoration of his sense of self‐worth. These goals are achieved by encouraging the youth to be an active partner in his own care; to share in decisions made about his condition; to pursue just as much independent self‐management as he can; to actively engage in establishing a peer group with other adolescents in the ward; to continue with his education, socialization, personal interests and outside peer contacts as much as possible; and to feel that the staff respects his dignity and privacy, likes him as a person and appreciates the courage and effort with which he is facing a difficult time.
HAEMOPHILIA PROPHYLAXIS IN SWEDEN
Authors: NILSSON INGA MARIE , HEDNER ULLA , AHLBERG ÅKE 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. 29 boys (4–18 years old) with severe haemophilia A were given prophylactic infusions of AHF concentrate (human fraction I–0) for 2 to 13 years in an attempt to change the haemophilia from a severe to a moderate form and thereby prevent arthropathy and severe bleeding episodes. The sizes of the doses and the intervals at which the doses were given were titrated by AHF survival studies. As a rule, the patients received AHF in amounts sufficient to raise the AHF level to 30–45% at 5–12 day intervals. In about 50% of the infusions the AHF content was not below 1% before the next infusion. During such prophylaxis all patients except one have been in a good general condition. They have had bleeding episodes, which have, however, been much less severe and less frequent. The children have been able to live an almost normal life. The number and duration of stays in hospital have been markedly reduced. 17 of the patients had only minor or no joint defects before the start of the treatment. In this group the joint function was identical with that found in moderate haemophilia in the same age groups. Two patients developed anticoagulants. No other side effects were seen.The prophylactic regimen in Sweden thus reduced severe haemophilia to moderate.
ANEURYSM OF THE NONPATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS IN THE NEWBORN
Authors: RUTISHAUSER M. , RONEN G. 
Published: January 2008

F. WYLER1Abstract. Aneurysm of the nonpatent ductus arteriosus in the newborn is a rare, but potentially fatal condition. Of reported ductal aneurysm up to 1969, diagnosis was made at autopsy only. We report here to our knowledge for the first time on a two week old infant with correct preoperative angiographic diagnosis followed by a successful surgical cure.
THE EFFECT OF DIETARY SODIUM IN INFANCY ON BLOOD PRESSURE AND RELATED FACTORS: Studies of Infants Fed Salted and Unsalted Diets for Five Months at Eight Months and Eight Years of Age
Authors: Whitten Charles F. , Stewart Robert A. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe results of animal and epidemiological studies suggest commercially salted infant foods may predispose infants to hypertension. Testing this hypothesis, two groups of black male infants were fed identical foods with and without added salt for 5 months starting at 3 months of age. These diets, which provided 1.93±0.10 and 9.25±0.05 mEq Na/100 kcal, did not result in a significant difference in blood pressure at 8 months or 8 years of age. Blood pressure was significantly correlated with weight factors, particularly at 8 years, but not with Na intake, Na or Na/K excretion or plasma renin at 8 months.Significantly increased sodium and potassium excretion was noted on the salted diet and significantly increased aldosterone excretion was noted on the unsalted diet. A 6% expansion in extra‐cellular fluid volume for the high sodium group was statistically significant but was not correlated with blood pressure or urine volume and did not result in edema or increased weight.There was no indication that the salted foods imprinted a preference for salt at 8 years.It was concluded that a salt intake representing the 99th percentile of sodium intake by U.S. infants in 1969 had no hypertensive effect in infancy or at 8 years of age. Nor did it imprint a preference for salt at 8 years.
AGGLUTININS IN CHILDREN VACCINATED WITH THE DPT VACCINES USED IN FINLAND, SEROTYPES OF BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS STRAINS ISOLATED DURING WHOOPING COUGH EPIDEMICS IN 1976–1977 AND WHOOPING COUGH ATTACK RATE IN CHILDREN IN THE EPIDEMIC AREAS.
Authors: Huovila R , Kuronen T , Jännes L , Hallman N. 
Published: January 2008

The purpose of this study was to find an answer to the question of why whooping cough cases occur in Finland in spite of the high acceptance rate of DPT vaccine.To this end agglutinins 1,2 and 3 were determined in children vaccinated in 1962–1976 with vaccine A, manufactured by the National Public Health Institute, Helsinki. The amount of agglutinins 1 and 2 was unmeasurable, while an agglutinin 3 titre of±40 was obtained in 9/14(64%). This vaccine contains strain no. 18 530, which is serotype 1.2.3.Vaccine B from the same manufacturer contains strains 18 530 and 1 772, both of which are serotype 1.2.3. In children vaccinated with vaccine B since 1976 the agglutinin 1 titre was±20 in 14/18 (78%) cases. A similar titre of agglutinin 2 was obtained in 14/19 (74%) of cases and of agglutinin 3 in 5/19 (26%). A titre of±40 was obtained for agglutinin 1 in 4/18(22%) cases, for agglutinin 2 in 5/19 (26%) cases and for agglutinin 3 in 14/19 (74%) cases.Of the Bordetella pertussis strains isolated during two whooping cough epidemics in 1976–1977, 83 were serotyped. All these strains were serotype 1.2.The whooping cough attack rate was estimated in 242 incompletely and 44 completely vaccinated children during the epidemics in question. Of the incompletely vaccinated children 188/242(78%) contracted whooping cough and 54/242(22%) remained healthy. Of the completely vaccinated children 17/44(38%) contracted whooping cough and 27/44(62%) remained healthy.
ADVERSE REACTIONS IN CHILDREN VACCINATED WITH DPT AND PERTUSSIS VACCINE
Authors: Riitta Huovila 
Published: January 2008

A total of 508 children were vaccinated with DPT vaccine (Lot 76 327). The vaccination policy was that basic DPT vaccination started at the age of three months and three injections were given at one‐month intervals. In another 370 cases pertussis vaccine (Lot 76 012) was given. In these, vaccination started at the age of five weeks and three injections were given at four‐week intervals. In the children basically vaccinated with DPT vaccine some local reactions occurred in 26/508(5.1%) cases and systemic reactions in 48/508(9.4%). In the children basically vaccinated with pertussis vaccine local reactions occurred in 13/370(3.5%) cases and systemic reactions in 33/370(8.9%).Booster vaccination with DPT vaccine (Lot 76 327) was given to 565 children aged one–6 years, while 138 children aged 2–6 years were booster vaccinated with pertussis vaccine (Lot 76 012). The children booster vaccinated with DPT vaccine exhibited some local reactions in 118/565(20.9%) cases and some systemic reactions in 53/565(9.3%). In the children vaccinated with pertussis vaccine local reactions occurred in 14/138(10.1%) cases and systemic reactions in 7/138(5.1%). None of the vaccinated children developed any severe neurological or systemic complications from vaccination.DPT and pertussis vaccine contain equal amounts (about 5 000 million cells/ml vaccine) of the Bordetella pertussis strains 18 530 and 1 772 and aluminium hydroxy phosphate as adjuvant. One dose vaccine was 0.5 ml.
PROGNOSIS FOR SURVIVAL WITH CYSTIC FIBROSIS: THE EFFECTS OF EARLY DIAGNOSIS AND CYSTIC FIBROSIS CENTER CARE
Authors: WARWICK WARREN J. 
Published: January 2008

Warwick, W.J. (Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Hospitals, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, U.S.A.) Prognosis for survival with cystic fibrosis: the effects of early diagnosis and cystic fibrosis center care. Acta Paediatr Scand 1982; suppl 301: 27‐31. — Improved diagnosis, i.e. more cystic fibrosis (CF) patients diagnosed at an early age, is possible but will require a great increase in the sensitivity of physicians, providing care for infants and young children, to the possibility that early symptoms could be CF at a time a baby is “too well to have CF” coupled with a simple fast screening type of sweat test. Prognosis for survival for CF patients treated at CF Centers is improved with early diagnosis but the data concerning newborn screening are still too few. The general care of CF patients around the world in the absence of a CF Center shows expected survival of 50 percent to 4 or 5 years of age; addition of a CF Center and a CF Care Team increases that 50 percent survival to 20 years. Improvement in early diagnosis or newborn screening is needed to reduce the number of CF patients who die undiagnosed. CF Center and CF team care increases the survival age of CF patients by 4 to 6 times. Early diagnosis before pulmonary complications have begun more than double the effectiveness of CF Center care. In Denmark, the Paediatric Department TG provides the leadership and training and clinical care and research needed to maintain progress and to improve upon the prognosis for CF. Data from Denmark obtained through the central Danish CF Registry confirm in Denmark these observations from around the world of the benefits of early diagnosis and center treatment.Improvement in early diagnosis or discovery of and general adoption of a newborn screening program is what is needed to reduce the number of CF patients who die undiagnosed. CF Center and CF Team care increases the survival age of CF patients by 4 to 6 times. Early diagnosis before pulmonary complications have begun more than double the effectiveness of CF Center care. In Denmark, the Paediatric Department TG provides the leadership and training and clinical care and research needed to maintain progress and to improve upon the prognosis for CF.