bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Major Evolutionary Trends in Animal Protists*
Authors: HANSON EARL D. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Phylogenetic relations are ultimately determined by homologous relationships, including both structural and functional data. Following the establishment of those relationships, the direction of evolutionary change must be determined using paleontologic, developmental, and especially morphocline, data. From that perspective the direction of subsequent development becomes clearer and the problems of origins become more explicit.Using the foregoing methodology it has been possible to identify plausibly monophyletic groups of animal protists or protozoa. Allowing for attendant difficulties, there nevertheless emerges certain fairly convincing generalities: (a) the predominantly pseudopodial forms, with a few minor exceptions, have direct origins from apochlorotic algae; (b) the predominantly kinetidal forms (zooflagellates and ciliates), though also derived originally from apochlorotic algae, give evidence of extended evolutionary development with the especially noteworthy emergence of a permanent ingestatory structure; (c) both groups have increased size, a tendency towards multinuclearity and polyploidy, cytoplasmic differentiations of various sorts, and complex life cycles.In terms of further evolution, namely the emergence of multicellular animals, the pseudopodial forms are almost certainly a dead end while the kinetidal forms are arguably the ancestors of at least 2 metazoan phyla.
Search for Clues to the Evolutionary Meaning of Ciliate Phylogeny*†
Authors: HUTNER S. H. , CORLISS JOHN O. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Progress in ciliatology and in allied fields may demystify ciliate phylogenetics. Concentration on hymenostomes (mainly Tetrahymena and Paramecium) may have obscured directional features of ciliate physiology in phylogenetic problems. Therefore, means are suggested for “domesticating” the presumptively primitive, predominantly marine, sand‐dwelling gymnostomes having nondividing diploid macronuclei. The prize quarry is the marine psammophile Stephanopogon whose homokaryotic condition may mark it as a living fossil. Eventual axenic cultivation of these “primitive” ciliates may be aided by use as food of easily grown photosynthetic prokaryotes, some isolated from the marine sulfuretum or adjacent aerobic muds and sands where “karyorelictid” ciliates flourish.We assume that: (a) the macronucleus evolved as a coordinator of chemical and physical signals, for efficient detection of food and toxins; (b) oral structures evolved meanwhile as sensors as well as mechanical food‐gatherers. This conjunction enabled complexity of adaptive behavior and evolutionary success. Ciliate origins cannot be considered apart from origin(s) of phagotrophy and its underlying versatile heterotrophy. Because of the well developed heterotrophy in some photosynthetic prokaryotes (including several proposed as food organisms), they are viewed as alternatives to blue‐green algae as forebears of eukaryotes. Nor can ciliate origins be considered apart from origin(s) of eukaryotes. A check of these assumptions—that Stephanopogon and gymnostomes with nondividing macronuclei are primitive—may be forthcoming from sequencing amino acids in certain key enzymes, given an adequate sampling of ciliates, flagellates (especially dinoflagellates and cryptomonads), lower fungi, and photosynthetic prokaryotes other than blue‐green algae.
The Effect of Temperature on the Fatty Acid Composition of Tetrahymena pyriformis WH‐14
Authors: CONNER ROBERT L. , STEWART BARBARA Y. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A reduction in the growth temperature of Tetrahymena pyriformis strain WH‐14 from 35 C to 15 C resulted in distinct alterations in the fatty acid composition of the glycerophospholipids. The proportion of normal saturated acids declined from 26 to 19%; palmitoleic acid increased by 6%, and the composition of the polyunsaturated fatty acids increased in 18:2 Δ6,11(n) and decreased in 18:2 Δ9,12(n) and 18:3 Δ6,9,12(n). The unsaturation index (the average number of double bonds/100 molecules) did not change with a shift in temperature.Two biosynthetic pathways exist in Tetrahymena for the formation of unsaturated fatty acids. The observed changes in fatty acid composition that accompany a lowering of the environmental temperature can be accounted for by a reduction in the accumulation of products of the fatty acid pathway leading to the formation of γ‐linolenic acid [16:0(n) → 18:0(n) → 18:1 Δ9(n) → 18:2 Δ9,12(n) → 18:3 Δ6,9,12(n)] and an increase in the components of the pathway leading to the formation of 18:2 Δ6,11(n) [16:0(n) → 16:1 Δ9(n) → 18:1 Δ11(n) → 18:2 Δ6,11(n)]. The data suggest that the regulatory mechanism in Tetrahymena differs from that found in some bacteria where a simple substitution of unsaturated fatty acids for saturated fatty acids occurs at low culture temperatures.
New Culture Medium for Maintenance of Tsetse Tissues and Growth of Trypanosomatids*
Authors: CUNNINGHAM ISABEL 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A new culture medium (SM), based on the amino‐acid composition of tsetse hemolymph and containing fetal bovine serum, was designed for the maintenance of tsetse organs and the cultivation of various trypanosomatids. For optimum growth 20% (v/v) serum was required. The medium supported prolonged peristalsis of the alimentary tract and salivary glands of pre‐emerged Glossina morsitans morsitans. In established cultures, derived from bloodstream forms of pleomorphic Trypanosoma brucei brucei and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense strains, inocula of ∼ 106 procyclics/ml yielded 4–5 × 107 organisms/ml after 4 or 5 days of incubation at 28 C. Bloodstream forms of a cloned monomorphic T. b. brucei strain were also able to transform into procyclics, which, however, multiplied at a lower rate, with maximum yields of ∼ 2 × 107 after 5 days. Cultures of Trypanosoma congolense and of a nearly monomorphic Trypanosoma brucei gambiense strains could be established in SM medium only in the presence of tsetse alimentary tract. The procyclic trypomastigotes of these species, adapted to SM medium and able to grow in it without Glossina organs, gave maximum populations of ∼ 4.5 × 107 cells/ml.Promastigotes of Leishmania donovani, cultivated routinely in a diphasic Table's medium, multiplied actively upon being transferred into SM medium, producing yields of ∼ 4 × 107 cells/ml.
Chronologie des Modifications Ultrastructurales au Cours de la Croissance de Gregarina blaberae*
Authors: TRONCHIN G. , SCHREVEL J. 
Published: May 2007

RESUME. L' étude ultrastructurale de la grégarine Gregarina blaberae a été entreprise après mise au point d'un protocole d'infestation expérimentale de larves vierges de Blattes, Blaberus craniifer. Les observations en microscopie électronique, effectuées en fonction du temps, ont permis de suivre le développement du sporozoïte, ainsi que la croissance et l' évolution du trophozoïte.La croissance est spectaculaire puisqu'en 18 jours elle entraîne la transformation du germe infectieux ou sporozoïte (L = 15 μm, φ=1 μm) en un céphalin—trophozoïte fixéà l' épithélium intestinal—de 250 μm de longueur pour un diamètre de 65 μm. L'organisation ultrastructurale du sporozoïte ne diffère pas de celle de la plupart des sporozoïtes des autres sporozoaires étudiés jusqu' à présent, le conoïde et les corps denses sont présents. La paroi est trimembranaire. toutefois le complexe membranaire interne présente quelques interruptions. Les premiers dictyosomes s' élaborent à partir de l'enveloppe nucléaire. La migration du noyau et des corps denses, puis la régression de toutes les formations caractéristiques du sporozoïte et l' établissement d'une zone corticale venant coiffer l' épimérite, ont lieu dans les 48 heures suivant l'infestation et marquent la transformation sporozoïte‐céphalin.L' évolution du céphalin, se poursuit par la formation des ébauches des plis épicytaires qui s'effectue à partir du 3éme jour du développement à la base du deutomérite. Un système régulier de plis longitudinaux ou épicyte s' établit ainsi sur toute la partie extra‐cellulaire de la grégarine. Dès les 4éme‐5éme jours de développement, un réseau vacuolaire et un chondriome important se différencient dans l' épimérite, tandis qu'un septum de nature fibrillaire isole le protomérite du deutomérite. Le stade suivant—à partir du 6éme jour—est marqué par une ségrégation du matériel glucidique au niveau de ces 2 segments.Le modèle étudié permet de préciser le rôle de l' épimérite dansla nutrition du parasite, l' évolution du chondriome et des membranes corticales au cours de la phase de croissance végétative des grégarines polycystidées.
Stomatogenic Events Accompanying Binary Fission in Blepharisma*
Authors: SAWYER H. R. , JENKINS R. A. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Stomatogenesis was studied in the heterotrich ciliate Blepharisma japonicum stained with protargol. During binary fission not only is a new oral apparatus made for the posterior daughter, but the already existing oral apparatus of the parent cell is reorganized, i.e. partially disassembled and then subsequently reassembled to provide a functional feeding apparatus for the anterior daughter cell. These morphogenetic events, requiring 21/2 to 3 hr, are complete by the time the anterior and posterior daughters separate.In preparation for division, an oral anlage is formed by the rapid proliferation of kinetosomes along 4–5 stomatogenic kinetics directly subtending the cytostome. This field of randomly oriented kinetosomes ultimately gives rise to the feeding apparatus of the posterior daughter cell. Early in division, the oral anlage separates into 2 longitudinal fields of kinetosomes: one is destined to give rise to the undulating membrane and the other forms the adoral zone of membranelles. Shortly after the anlage is established posterior to the cytostome, reorganization of the existing functional mouth is initiated. The morphologic changes associated with this dedifferentiation‐redifferentiation sequence lead to the formation of an oral apparatus for the anterior daughter and cannot be distinguished from those characteristically seen during physiologic reorganization.
Some Biochemical Properties of Mitochondria Isolated from Euglena gracilis*
Authors: DATTA DIPAK B. , KAHN JOSEPH S. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Mitochondria were isolated from Euglena gracilis strain Z by pressure‐breakage of the cells and sucrose‐cushion centrifugation. Multiple peaks (2‐4) were observed in the rate of phosphorylation with Mg‐ADP‐phosphate concentration curves. The phosphorylative and oxidative activities were highest with NADH as the substrate, moderate with succinate, and lowest with glutamate. Inhibition of phosphorylation with 2,4‐dinitrophenol and carbonyl cyanide, m‐chlorophenylhydrazone gave sigmoidal concentration curves, with the extent of inhibition by DNP depending on the substrate used. Inhibition of phosphorylation by valinomycin, atractyloside, or carboxyatractyloside was only ∼ 60%. Oligomycin inhibited phosphorylation in 2 phases at low and high concentrations; it inhibited Mg‐ATPase in a sigmoidal fashion. Both phosphorylation and oxidation had discontinuities in Arrhenius plots at 34 C and 18 C.The relative Mg2+‐dependent nucleoside triphosphatase activity was: 1 for ATP and GTP, 0.6 for ITP, 0.15 for CTP and and UTP; with Ca2+ in place of Mg2+ this activity was 0.35. Both DNP and CCCP stimulated the Mg‐ATPase 50‐200%. The optimal pH for the stimulation was ∼ 7 regardless of the uncoupler used, and ∼ 8 without the uncouplers.The few differences observed between mitochondria from Euglena and those from other sources are probably due to the fragmentation of the reticular mitochondrial structure during isolation and not to unique characteristics of these mitochondria.
Development of Eimeria meleagrimitis Tyzzer from Sporozoites and Merozoites in Turkey Kidney Cell Cultures*
Authors: AUGUSTINE P. C. , DORAN D. J. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Sporozoites and 1st‐, 2nd‐, and 3rd‐generation merozoites of Eimeria meleagrimitis were inoculated into primary cultures of turkey kidney cells. In vitro‐excysted sporozoites developed into mature macrogamonts in 8 days; in vivo‐excysted sporozoites developed into 2nd‐ or 3rd‐generation schizonts within 5 to 7 days. First‐generation merozoites obtained from infected turkeys produced mature 2nd‐generation schizonts within 24 h. Second‐generation merozoites from turkeys produced mature macrogamonts and oocysts within 72 h, whereas 3rd‐generation merozoites produced these stages within 48 h. The oocysts that developed from 3rd‐generation merozoites sporulated at 25 C and were infective for turkeys.The timing of the early stages and the intervals between schizogonic generations in cultures were comparable with those in turkeys. Morphologic parameters, however, indicated that some differences existed between in vitro and in vivo development. Second‐ and 3rd‐generation schizonts and gamonts that developed after inoculation of cultures with merozoites were similar to stages in turkeys. Oocysts, however, were significantly smaller (P < 0.05) in cultures. All stages that developed after inoculation of cultures with sporozoites were smaller (P < 0.05) than their in vivo counter parts.
Fine Structure of the Oocyst Wall of Eimeria nieschulzi
Authors: MARCHIONDO ALAN A. , DUSZYNSKI DONALD W. , SPEER CLARENCE A. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Oocysts of Eimeria nieschulzi from the laboratory rat, Rattus, norvegicus, were studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Oocysts had a rough outer wall with apparent random depressions. The oocyst wall is composed of 2 layers: an osmiophilic outer layer consisting of a rough external and smooth internal surface, and a relatively thick, electron‐lucent inner layer. The outer layer is composed of a dense, coarsely granular matrix. The inner layer consists of homogeneous fine granular material interspersed with coarse osmiophilic granules and contains one closely applied membrane on the outermost surface. Several raised lenticular areas are seen on the coarse outer surface of the inner layer. These layers are 102 (75–128) and 176 (135–204) nm thick, respectively.The sporocyst wall is thin, consisting of 3 to 4 unit membranes, and measures 27 (18–34) nm thick.
Herpetomonas, with Bacterium‐like Inclusions, in Malaysian Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus*
Authors: WEINMAN DAVID , CHEONG W. H. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS Herpetomonas sp. was found repeatedly in the Malpighian tubules of laboratory‐reared male and female Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Malaysia. The flagellates occurred irregularly, in batches, and were absent during long periods. The data suggest an exogenous source of infection for the mosquitoes, presumably from another insect, probably of another genus.Thirty to 40% of the flagellates of Aedes contained intracytoplasmic rod‐shaped structures strongly resembling bacteria. These were found often in groups suggesting intracellular multiplication. They were passed to the Herpetomonas daughter cells during division. Parasitism of Aedes by Herpetomonas is extremely unusual, only one previous record, an inconclusive one, having been found. Parasitism by Herpetomonas containing bacterium‐like rods has apparently never been reported.
The Size of Macronuclear DNA and Its Relationship to Models for Maintaining Genic Balance*†
Authors: PREER JOHN R. , PREER LOUISE B. 
Published: May 2007

Synopsis.A considerable amount of evidence is now available to indicate that the DNA in the ciliates Oxytricha and Stylonychia undergoes fragmentation when the micronucleus forms a macronucleus. Some evidence suggests that fragmentation may also occur in Tetrahymena and possibly in Paramecium. It is shown that some regulatory or nonrandom segregational mechanism must operate during cell divisions to maintain genic balance in Tetrahymena. Both the hypothesis of macronuclear subunits and also a new hypothesis based on replicative control of DNA are capable of explaining the currently know biochemical, cytological, and genetic facts.
Hammondia pardalis sp. n. (Sarcocystidae) from the Ocelot, Felis pardalis, and Experimental Infection of Other Felines
Authors: HENDRICKS LARRY D. , ERNST JOHN V. , COURTNEY CHARLES H. , SPEER CLARENCE A. 
Published: May 2007

Synopsis.Hammondia pardals sp. n. (Eimeriorina: Sarcocystidae) from Panama Canal Zone is described as an obligate heteroxenous coccidian, with felids as the final host and laboratory mice as the experimental intermediate host. Ovoid oocysts. measuring 40.8 (36–46) × 28.5 (25–35) m̈m. are shed unsporulated. Oocysts were infective only for the intermediate host. the laboratory mouse, Mus musculus, and the intracellular cysts were infective only for felids. Attempted passage of tissue cysts from mouse to mouse was unsuccessful.Mice fed 5 × 104 sporulated oocysts were found to harbor small intracellular cysts, 13–16 × 10–15 m̈m, in the mesenteric lymph nodes, lungs, and intestinal submucosa 15 days postinfection. The meronts in these early cysts were stubby and measured 3 × 6 m̈m. The prepatent period in the felids was 5 to 8 days and the patent period 5–13 days. Experimental infections of definitive hosts were successful with 6/6 domestic laboratory‐reared kittens, Felis catus; 5/5 ocelots, F. pardalis; and 1/1 jaguarundi, F. yagouaroundi. None of the exposed raccoons, Procyon lotor, shed oocysts.
Cladotricha and Phylogeny in the Suborder Stichotrichina (Ciliophora, Hypotrichida)*
Authors: BORROR ARTHUR C. , EVANS FREDERICK R. 
Published: May 2007

Synopsis.The cortical anatomy and morphogenesis of Cladotricha koltzowii Gajewskaja and Cladotricha variabilis Rumen from the Great Salt Lake, Utah, are described. When compared with 2 marine hypotrichs, Uroleptoides kihni Wenzel and Stichotricha secunda Kahl, from the east coast of the United States, their structure and development suggest that Cladotricha may have descended from an intermediate species within the line of evolution of the Spirofilidae from primitive Kahliella‐like hypotrichs. It is suggested that the Kahliella‐Cladotricha‐Uroleptoides series is separated at the familial level from both the tubicolous and planktonic spirofilids. Further, the structural and morphogenetic differences between Cladotricha and the holostichid Uroleptus appear to be at a subordinal level. These findings are significant in revising definitions of the Hypotrichida, its suborders, and the Urostylidae.
Conjugation in Polytomella agilis Araga˜o (Volvocida, Polyblepharidae)*
Authors: MOORE JOSEPH , CUSHING SUSAN D. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.The occurrence of conjugation in the flagellate, Polytomella agilis Aragão, as first reported in 1910, is confirmed. The gametes made contact with each other in a variety of positions. Our observations differ in minor ways from those reported for P. agilis and are in considerable disagreement with others published on sexual reproduction in Polytomella caeca.
In Vitro Binding of Trypanosoma congolense to Erythrocytes*
Authors: BANKS KEITH L. 
Published: May 2007

Synopsis.Trypanosoma congolense Broden, an intravascular parasite, binds to vessel walls and erythrocytes of infected hosts. In an attempt to characterize T. congolense adhesion to host cells, an in vitro assay was devised. It was shown in the in vitro experiments that T. congolense binds to bovine, sheep, and goat erythrocytes, but not always to erythrocytes of rats, mice, rabbits, horses or humans. Only the anterior part of live trypanosomes adheres to erythrocytes, and the attachment site on the trypanosomes is destroyed by trypsin and chymotrypsin. Trypanosomes did not adhere to bovine erythrocytes that had been incubated with neuraminidase, sodium periodate and poly‐L‐lysine. The foregoing experiments suggest that the surface of T. congolense contains a protein‐associated site which binds to sialic acid of some host cells. This surface site is most likely responsible for attachment to blood vessels in vivo.
Survival of Euglena gracilis Exposed to Sublethal Temperature and Hexavalent Chromium
Authors: YONGUE WILLIAM H. , BERRENT BARBARA L. , CAIRNS JOHN 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.At room temperature (˜20 C) the concentration of 1 mg/liter of chromium, as CrO 3, and a 3–h exposure were the conditions at which most Euglena gracilis survived. Euglena subjected to 31.5 ± 0.5 C for 1 h, then cooled to room temperature and treated with Cr, was as sensitive to 0.001 mg/liter as to 10 mg liter. When simultaneously subjected to 31.5 ± 0.5 C and Cr, survival of Euglena was 50% at concentrations down to 0.001 mg/liter by the end of 3 h.
Partial Purification and Characterization of a Bacteriolytic Enzyme Secreted by Tetrahymena*
Authors: VICK G. WESLEY , GALLIS HARRY A. , WHEAT ROBERT , BLUM J. J. 
Published: May 2007

Synopsis.Tetrahymena pyriformis strain HSM secretes large quantities of acid hydrolases into the culture medium. An enzyme secreted by the ciliate and capable of degrading walls of streptococci was identified and purified to a considerable degree. The pH optimum of this enzyme was 3–4, and it was eluted after cytochrome c from Sephadex G‐75 columns. Unlike lysozyme, the enzyme was thermolabile at pH 2.9, but relatively thermostable at pH 8.1. It degraded “C‐labeled cell walls of streptococci releasing reducing groups. Cell walls prepared from different strains of streptococci differed in susceptibility to this enzyme, the most sensitive strain tested being of group A, type T12. It was shown in immunologic studies that this hydrolase released the group‐specific carbohydrate from the walls. Secretions of Tetrahymena from early stationary‐phase cultures had more bacterio‐lytic activity than those from cells from late stationary‐phase cultures. Further, cells from cultures grown in glucose‐supplemented medium secreted less of the enzyme than ciliates of comparable age grown in unsupplemented proteose‐peptone. The newly isolated bacteriolytic enzyme, presumably of lysosomal origin, may be helpful in characterizing streptococcal cell walls.
Ultrastructure de Minchinia cadomensis sp. n. (Haplosporida) Parasite du Décapode Rhithropanopeus harrisii tridentatus Maitland dans le Canal de Caen à la Mer (Calvados, France)*
Authors: MARCHAND JOCELYNE , SPRAGUE VICTOR 
Published: May 2007

RESUMEUne nouvelle espèce Minchinia cadomensis parasite du Xanthidé A Rhithropanopeus harrisii tridentatus est décrite. La sporulation resemble à celle des espèces de Minchinia déjà décrite mais les spores possèdent des caractères distinctifs—la spore de forme sphérique est de taille plus petite que celle des espèces américaines; l'opercule est dissymétrique et ses lobes (en section) sont en forme de U à branches divergentes.SYNOPSISMinchinia cadomensis sp. n. is a common parasite of the Xanthid crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii tridentatus Maitland living in the canal from Caen to the sea (Calvados, France). Its sporulation resembles that of species of Minchinia found in crabs and oysters in the U.S.A., but the spores have some distinctive characters. The spore is smaller than those of the American species and more nearly spherical; the operculum is asymmetrical and its sides (in section) are raised like the letter U with divergent branches.