bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Case for Risk-Based Aviation Security Policy
Authors: Poole Robert W. 
Published: March 2024

In the wake of the 9/11 attacks, governments in the United States (US), Canada, and Europe implemented additional aviation security measures. Although the rhetoric of risk-assessment is often heard, actual policy was driven largely by political imperatives to reassure frightened populations that air travel was still safe. The challenge in dealing with terrorist threats is always one of deciding where to invest scarce resources to maximum benefit. This inevitably requires difficult choices. The premise of this paper is that risk assessment provides an essential framework for making such choices and should be applied more consistently to aviation security. The goal should be to wean legislators away from enacting mandates not based on risk analysis. Legislators should direct the national aviation security policymaker/regulator to address problems within some kinds of quantitative parameters. Details of making actual policy and resource-allocation decisions should be left to the aviation security agency. That agency, in turn, should be flexible in tailoring policies to changing threats and different situations at individual airports which vary enormously in type, size, and configuration. While it seems likely that commercial aviation will remain a high-profile potential target, spending billions every year on static defences at airports is almost certainly a poor use of resources. Whether any kind of effort can succeed in educating elected legislators and opinion leaders to these realities is the most difficult challenge.
Guidelines on WCO Recognition of University Customs Curricula
Authors:   World Customs Organization
Published: March 2024

The PICARD programme, developed in partnership with the International Network of Customs Universities (INCU), has provided an opportunity to establish common development standards designed to maintain and raise the professional standing of Customs, particularly Customs senior and middle management. The principal objectives in developing the standards are to establish benchmarks: which can be developed into job profiles for the purposes of customs recruitment; against which the in-house training of member administrations may be measured; and against which academic development can be designed or procured. The standards, which are contained in the WCO publication Professional Standards can and are being used by the academic world to develop educational programmes which provide professional qualifications for Customs staff, and others, to Bachelors and Masters levels. These guidelines establish a process by which universities may apply for and attain WCO recognition of such academic programmes and those who graduate from the programmes.
The Northern Drift of the Global Economy: The Arctic as an Economic Area and Major Traffic Route
Authors: Rosenkranz Rolf 
Published: March 2024

The two poles of our planet – the Arctic and the Antarctic – are opposites and not only because they are aligned on diametrically opposed points of the globe: their surrounding areas also display contrasting natural characteristics. Whereas the South Pole is located on a land mass whose features are almost completely encased in ice, the core of the North Pole is an ocean whose covering of ice is weakening and shrinking year by year. The land that encircles it at the continental margin leaves a route to the two greatest seas of the world – the Pacific and Atlantic. These waters flow into each other and circulate just like a system of interconnected vessels. The waters of the Arctic themselves form a basin lined by underwater ridges between which run deep troughs. The most important ridges are the Lomonosov and the Mendeleev (the former named after the founder of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the latter after the discoverer of the natural system of chemical elements). Admittedly, these names only represent ‘addendums’ from a much later era. For many years, the Artic was a romping ground for seal hunters, fur traders, adventurers and explorers. Up until the mid 20th century, it had become the preserve of researchers and scientists; even in the 1930s (that is, before the era of aviation and satellite reconnaissance), the Arctic’s covering of ice meant it resembled nothing more than a great white mass. The history of the Arctic is therefore characterised by exploration rather than conquest – not least because it is surrounded by only a few small islands (with the exception of Greenland, of course).
Foreword
Authors: Mikuriya Kunio 
Published: March 2024

I would like to commend the efforts of the INCU in providing customs professionals, academics, industry researchers, and research students with a medium through which to share insights and knowledge in the customs fi eld. Being released as an e-Journal ensures wider access by those who are interested in trade, development and customs matters. The first edition of the Journal contains contributions by several academics and customs practitioners on ‘Customs in the 21st Century’. The articles examine the challenges posed to Customs by globalisation, trade facilitation initiatives, and security concerns. This means that the Journal will make an immediate contribution to the WCO on a topic that is to be the central theme in discussions at the Council session in June 2007. For the next edition of the Journal, I understand that the INCU will focus on the ways in which governments are seeking to ensure the security of international supply chains, including implementation strategies for the WCO Framework of Standards to Secure and Facilitate Global Trade (SAFE Framework of Standards). We hope that academics and practitioners will fi nd this new medium useful to share and publish their insights with WCO members and other stakeholders.
Towards an International Regime of Supply Chain Security: An International Relations Perspective
Authors: Altemoller Frank 
Published: March 2024

This article considers the threats to security in international trade by considering possible scenarios. It discusses concepts for protecting container transit, and the implementation of national, regional and international security concepts as political and legal transfer (a ‘multi-level thematic’). Some of the challenges, obstacles and strategies for the implementation in public and private sector organisations of security concepts are addressed, and finally, the article provides a future perspective that is a shift from a national approach to mutual recognition and then, from mutual recognition to an international regime of supply chain security
Developing the Case for Trade Facilitation in Practice
Authors: Grainger Andrew 
Published: March 2024

While the rationale for trade facilitation, at least to the practitioner, is self-evident, building the case for trade facilitation is seldom straightforward. Policymakers often rely on the persuasive recommendations of international organisations and are likely to include reference to macroeconomic models. Though helpful, these lack operational detail. Many practical questions about trade facilitation solutions, context, scope and priorities, as well as the onus on implementation and funding remain open. This paper explores the challenges of developing a robust case for trade facilitation in practice, in particular the aspects relating to trade compliance cost. In doing so, the paper builds on the current understanding of trade facilitation and its literature, balanced against substantial practitioner experience in developed and developing countries. The paper concludes with a proposal for developing a trade compliance cost model.
Customs Union Between the Republic of Belarus, the Republic of Kazakhstan, and the Russian Federation Within the Framework of the Eurasian Economic Community
Authors: Krotov Igor 
Published: March 2024

This paper provides an overview of the current status of the Customs Union (CU), an integrated customs area which forms part of the Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC). It draws attention to the procedures in place or in the process of being determined, and identifies differences and similarities in those procedures when looked at from other countries’ points of view. The paper concludes that the changes over the recent past have, to an extent, influenced customs matters and foreshadows that other countries may join the CU.
The Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products and How to Tackle It
Authors: Allen Elizabeth 
Published: March 2024

The following is an overview of the content of a booklet published in 2011 by the International Tax and Investment Center (ITIC), a non-profit research and education foundation that provides information on best practices in taxation and investment policy. The booklet is intended to inform policy makers and administrators in tax and enforcement organisations in less developed countries and help them improve efforts to combat the illicit trade in tobacco products. It brings together facts and views from respected academics, private sector consultants, journalists, international enforcement organisations, government revenue authorities and industry. It analyses the nature of the problem, its causes and consequences, and offers authorities best practice guidance on implementing anti-illicit trade strategies. Case studies are used to provide evidence of good practice and global efforts to tackle this serious problem. The booklet was written by a former tax administrator in a style intended to make it accessible to those for whom English is not their first language. The booklet includes a foreword by Kunio Mikuriya, the Secretary General of the World Customs Organization (WCO), and photographs and illustrations courtesy of the WCO, revenue and customs authorities and the industry. As a result of growing interest in the subject, the booklet has already been reprinted and translated into French, Arabic and Russian.
Integrity: An Age-Old Problem for Customs That Demands a New Approach
Authors: Lewis Gareth 
Published: March 2024

The role of the World Customs Organization (WCO) in providing a mechanism for its 179 Member administrations to discuss matters of common interest and to seek solutions is outlined, including an overview of the WCO’s Integrity Program. Reference to the 1993 Arusha Declaration, and its later revised version, provides background to the WCO’s continuing efforts to combat corruption. Australian Customs and Border Protection Service’s (ACBPS) efforts to improve its corporate image through a concerted series of initiatives aimed at staff ethics, anti-corruption and other related factors are discussed. Examples are provided of the efforts being made at the international level by the WCO and at a national level by the ACBPS to divine a new and more effective approach. It is concluded that the price to be paid if integrity is to be maintained is eternal vigilance and the quest for new, more effective practices. Without integrity there can be no proper border management, no effective revenue collection and no public trust in customs agencies. The task is not simple but it remains essential for all agencies to adopt the kinds of measures outlined in this article if they are to maintain public trust.
New European Regulation 608/2013 Concerning Combating Counterfeit Goods
Authors: Rinnert Sandra 
Published: March 2024

This paper identifies the changes that have occurred with the repeal of Anti-Counterfeiting Regulation (EC) 1383/2003 and the introduction of Regulation (EU) No. 608/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council on 12 June 2013. A summary is provided of the impact of the new Regulation, taking into account customs enforcement of intellectual property rights (IPR), whether an IPR infringement has occurred, and clarification of the prerequisites for action by Customs. The paper identifies two essential areas that remain excluded from the Regulation’s scope of application: parallel imports including overruns and travellers’ personal luggage, and highlights the need for these areas to be addressed in future amendments to the Regulation.
Simultaneidade de comportamentos de risco para doenças crônicas não transmissíveis: uma revisão integrativa
Authors: Oliveira Priscila Antunes de , Macedo Mônica Thaís Soares , Anjos Jamile Pereira Dias dos , Trovão Carolina Ananias Meira , Rocha Maria Clara Brant , Rocha João Gustavo Brant , Almeida Janaína Marques de , Rocha Josiane Santos Brant 
Published: March 2024

Objetivou-se com esse estudo descrever os fatores associados a simultaneidade de fatores de risco para as doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT) em adultos. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura, considerando estudos publicados entre 2017 e 2023. Foram realizadas buscas nas bases de dados Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS), Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scielo), LILACS (Literatura Latino Americana e do Caribe em Ciências de Saúde) e National Library of Medicine (PubMed). Para a estratégia de busca utilizou-se os seguintes descritores em diferentes combinações por meio de operadores booleanos: “chronic diseases”, “risk factors”, “simultaneity”. Foram identificados 38 artigos dos quais 14 compuseram a amostra final do estudo.Os fatores associados a simultaneidade de fatores de risco para DCNT foram: maior idade, sexo, dieta pouco saudável, excesso de peso, inatividade física, tabagismo, uso abusivo de álcool. Identificaram-se ainda riscos influenciados por fatores sociodemográficos desfavoráveis, como baixa renda e menor escolaridade. De modo geral, os homens, negros/pardos, com baixa escolaridade foram mais propensos a apresentarem simultaneidade de comportamentos de risco.Conclui-se que parcela significativa dos estudos apresentou alta prevalência e presença simultânea de três ou mais fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento das DCNT nas populações investigadas. O estudo da simultaneidade dos fatores de risco para as DCNT é um tema de grande importância, porém a sua incidência na população adulta ainda é pouco explorada, pois a maioria dos estudos analisa esses fatores de forma isolada. Evidências mostram que os comportamentos de risco se relacionam e geralmente ocorrem de forma simultânea.
Analysis of Sociodemographic and Psychosocial Risk Factors for Teenage Pregnancy: A Cross-Sectional Study at The Teen Mom’s Clinic of Mariano Marcos Memorial Hospital and Medical Center Philippines
Authors: Liwanto Michael Adriel , Kristina Vicente Martin  , Marriane Grace R. Remolacio  
Published: March 2024

Introduction: Teenage pregnancy is a serious public health problem in the Philippines. This study aims to analyze sociodemographic and psychosocial risk factors associated with teenage pregnancy at the Teen Mom's Clinic of Mariano Marcos Memorial Hospital and Medical Center in the Philippines.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 152 adolescents who consulted at the clinic. Data were collected through a questionnaire that asked about sociodemographic and psychosocial characteristics. Univariate and bivariate statistical analyzes were used to identify risk factors associated with teenage pregnancy.
Results: The prevalence of teenage pregnancy among consultation subjects at the clinic was 89%. Bivariate analysis showed that age, place of residence, education level, household income, source of income, parental relationship, sexual relationship, relationship status, source of information about sex, sexual experience, number of sexual partners, contraceptive use, STI information, sexual harassment, physical abuse, and verbal abuse were not significantly associated with teenage pregnancy.
Conclusion: Sociodemographic and psychosocial risk factors do not play a significant role in teenage pregnancy in the Philippines.
Integrating single-cell and bulk sequencing data to identify glycosylation-based genes in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease-associated hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Zhou Zhijia , Gao Yanan , Deng Longxin , Lu Xiaole , Lai Yancheng , Wu Jieke , Chen Shaodong , Li Chengzhong , Liang Huiqing 
Published: March 2024

Background
The incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been increasing. However, the role of glycosylation, an important modification that alters cellular differentiation and immune regulation, in the progression of NAFLD to HCC is rare.

Methods
We used the NAFLD-HCC single-cell dataset to identify variation in the expression of glycosylation patterns between different cells and used the HCC bulk dataset to establish a link between these variations and the prognosis of HCC patients. Then, machine learning algorithms were used to identify those glycosylation-related signatures with prognostic significance and to construct a model for predicting the prognosis of HCC patients. Moreover, it was validated in high-fat diet-induced mice and clinical cohorts.

Results
The NAFLD-HCC Glycogene Risk Model (NHGRM) signature included the following genes: SPP1, SOCS2, SAPCD2, S100A9, RAMP3, and CSAD. The higher NHGRM scores were associated with a poorer prognosis, stronger immune-related features, immune cell infiltration and immunity scores. Animal experiments, external and clinical cohorts confirmed the expression of these genes.

Conclusion
The genetic signature we identified may serve as a potential indicator of survival in patients with NAFLD-HCC and provide new perspectives for elucidating the role of glycosylation-related signatures in this pathologic process.
Changes in hamstring contractile properties during the competitive season in young football players
Authors: Pakosz Paweł , Konieczny Mariusz , Domaszewski Przemysław , Dybek Tomasz , Gnoiński Mariusz , Skorupska Elżbieta 
Published: March 2024

Background
The study aimed to examine alterations and imbalances in hamstring muscle contractile properties among young football players throughout their competitive season, and to understand how these changes might contribute to the risk of muscle injuries. Hamstring injuries are particularly common in football, yet the underlying causes and effective prevention methods remain unclear.

Methods
The research involved 74 young footballers who were assessed before the season (pre-test) and after 12 weeks of training (post-test). To evaluate changes in hamstring muscle contractile properties, specifically the left and right biceps femoris (BF) and semitendinosus (ST), tensiomyography (TMG) parameters were utilized.

Results
In comparison to the BF muscle, significant differences in time delay (Td) between the left and right sides in the post-test (p = 0.0193), and maximal displacement (Dm) between the left and right sides at the pre-test (p = 0.0395). However, significant differences in Dm were observed only in the left ST muscle between the pre- and post-tests (p = 0.0081). Regarding lateral symmetry, BF registered measurements of 79.7 ± 13.43 (pre-test) and 77.4 ± 14.82 (post-test), whereas ST showed measurements of 87.0 ± 9.79 (pre-test) and 87.5 ± 9.60 (post-test).

Conclusions
These assessments provided TMG reference data for hamstring muscles in young footballers, both before the season and after 12 weeks of in-season training. The observed changes in the contractile properties and decrease in lateral symmetry of the BF in both tests suggest an increased risk of injury.
The fatty acid amide hydrolase C385A (P129T) missense variant in cannabis users: Studies of drug use and dependence in caucasians
Authors: Tyndale Rachel F. , Payne Jennifer I. , Gerber Alexandra L. , Sipe Jack C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA genetic variation in fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), C385A (P129T), has been previously associated with risk for problem street drug use. FAAH is a mammalian enzyme that inactivates neuromodulatory‐signaling lipids including the endogenous cannabinoid 1 receptor agonist anandamide. We investigated in adult Caucasians (N = 749) whether this FAAH variant altered the risk for trying, regular use of or dependence on cannabis, alcohol or nicotine, traditional “gateway” drugs. Consistent with our knowledge that the A/A genotype results in reduced FAAH expression and activity in humans, subjects with the A/A genotype were less likely to be THC dependent than subjects with either a C/C or C/A genotype (11% vs. 26%, P < 0.05). No association was observed between the A/A genotype and risk for alcohol or tobacco regular use, or DSM IV dependence. Controlling for regular use of nicotine and sedatives, both identified as confounders, those with the A/A genotype were at significantly reduced risk for being THC dependent (OR 0.25, 95% CI: 0.07–0.88) as compared with those with the C/A or C/C genotype, supporting a link between alterations in the endocannabinoid system and THC dependence. Unexpectedly, we found an increased risk for regular use of sedatives among the A/A genotype group. The relationship between the FAAH A/A genotype and risk for drug dependence in this study was drug class specific, suggesting it is not part of a more general drug abuse effect. These results, particularly the observation of altered risk for sedative drug use, should be investigated further in multiple ethnic populations. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assessment of menstruation in the vervet (Cercopithecus aethiops)
Authors: Carroll Rebecca L. , Mah Kunie , Fanton John W. , Maginnis Gwendalyn N. , Brenner Robert M , Slayden Ov D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractVervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops) are Old World nonhumans that display attenuated menstruation that requires detection by vaginal swab. The physiology underlying attenuated menstruation in this species has not been previously studied. To fill this gap, we evaluated endometrial cell proliferation, steroid receptor localization and expression of menstruation‐associated matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) enzymes in vervets during natural and artificial menstrual cycles. The artificial cycles were induced by sequentially treating ovariectomized animals with estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P). Because menstrual flow is exceptionally light in this species, menses was detected by vaginal swab. We found that both natural and artificially cycled animals menstruated 3–5 days after the decline of P at the end of the cycle. As in other primates, P withdrawal at the end of artificial cycles triggered endometrial expression of MMPs, including MMP‐1, 2, 3, 7, 10, 11, 13 and 26 transcripts. In both the natural and artificial menstrual cycle, menstrual sloughing was restricted to the upper one‐fourth of the endometrium, and MMP‐1 and 2 were strongly expressed by the stroma of the sloughing zone. MMP‐7 was localized in the endometrial glands during late menses. As in macaques, epithelial cell proliferation was localized to the functionalis zone during the estrogen‐dominated proliferative phase and to the basalis zone glands during the P‐dominated secretory phase. Regulation of estrogen and progestin (or estradiol and progesterone) receptors was similar to that reported for macaques. Because strong similarities exist between the endometrium of vervets, macaques and women, we conclude that vervets can provide a useful animal model for studies on hormone regulation of menstruation. Am. J. Primatol. 69:901–916, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.