bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of meteorological conditions on the intensity and form of the urban heat island effect in Regina
Authors: STEWART IAIN DOUGLAS 
Published: March 2008

This study investigates the influence of meteorological conditions on the intensity and spatial configuration of the urban heat island effect in Regina, Saskatchewan. A sample of 31 nocturnal heat island intensities measured via automobile surveys averages 3°C, with a maximum intensity reaching 7.5°C. On nights with clear skies and light winds, heat island morphology in Regina is characterized by a clearly defined cliff, plateau, and peak. Regression analysis reveals that heat island intensities are highly sensitive to changes in wind conditions, and relatively insensitive to changes in humidity and atmospheric pressure. However, when antecedent weather conditions preceding each heat island event are included in the analysis, cloud cover supersedes wind speed as a more important control on heat island intensity. Daytime and post‐sunset cloud cover explain 20 percent more variance in the ensuing nocturnal heat island intensities than do daytime and post‐sunset wind speeds. This result challenges the widely‐held notion that wind speed is a more important heat island control than sky cover.Cette étude se penche sur l'influence des conditions météorologiques sur l'intensité et la configuration spatiale de l'effet d'îlot thermique urbain à Régina, Saskatchewan. Un échantillon de 31 intensités d'îlots thermiques nocturnes prélevées par automobile atteint une moyenne de 3°C, avec une intensité maximale de 7,5°C. Par nuit claire et vent léger, la morphologie des îlots thermiques à Régina est nettement caractérisée par un courant ascentionnel, un palier et une crête. L'analyse de régression révèle que les intensités d'îlots thermiques sont très sensibles aux changements de vents coincidents, et relativement insensibles aux changements d'humidité et de pression atmosphérique. Cependant, quand les conditions atmosphériques précédant chaque effet d'îlot thermique sont prises en considération, la couverture nuageuse supplante la vitesse du vent comme contrôle majeur de l'intensité. Quand on compare couverture nuageuse et vitesse du vent pendant la journée et après le coucher du soleil, la valeur explicative de la première est de 20 pour cent supérieure à celle de la dernière en ce qui concerne la variation d'intensité dans les îlots thermiques nocturnes qui s'ensuivent. Ce résultat remet en question la ‘conviction’ que dans le contrôle des îlots thermiques, la vitesse du vent est plus importante que la couverture nuageuse.
Environnement et mondialisation: de la confusion à la convergence des discours
Authors: BLAIS RENÉ 
Published: March 2008

Ce texte vise à lever la confusion entourant la rhétorique sur l'environnement et la mondialisation. Il veut rétablir les faits dans une chronologie ou périodicité tels qu'ils se sont produits. Il montre les itinéraires communs des deux concepts d'environnement et de mondialisation, et les temps forts de leur usage. En effet, les discours de l'environnement et de la mondialisation loin d'être indépendants l'un de l'autre, le plus souvent se chevauchent et se côtoient.This text is about the environment and globalization. It is primarily concerned with rhetoric and discourse on the controversial subject of chronology related both to environment and globalization. Is globalization responsible for the new consciousness about the environment or is it a cause of the perception of the world as a whole? It is not primarly viewed as two opposites discourses, but as being mostly parallel and even seen as complementary rhetoric.
Interpreting deindustrialised landscapes of Atlantic Canada: memory and industrial heritage in Sackville, New Brunswick
Authors: SUMMERBY‐MURRAY ROBERT 
Published: March 2008

The redevelopment of former industrial sites now constitutes a significant component of the landscape of Atlantic Canada. This paper explores the heritage issues surrounding two industrial sites in Sackville, New Brunswick, and argues that the heritage discourse is constructed through the creation of memory and the processes of commodification and consumption. Using the examples of two foundries, the paper investigates the manner in which the image of industry has been presented and reinterpreted, both through the industrial heydays of the late‐19th and mid‐20th centuries and in the contemporary scene. The commemoration, commodification and consumption of selected aspects of the industrial past are significant means by which Sackville creates its place identity. The resulting landscapes remain problematic, however, with a tendency to be overly romanticised and sanitised or at odds with contemporary images of Sackville's place identity.Le réaménagement d'anciennes friches industrielles constitue aujourd'hui une importante composante du paysage des provinces atlantiques du Canada. Le présent article explore les questions patrimoniales entourant deux sites de ce type à Sackville (Nouveau‐Brunswick) et formule l'hypothèse que le discours à saveur patrimoniale repose sur la création d'une mémoire et des processus de réification et de consommation. À partir de deux fonderies utilisées comme exemple, l'article examine comment l'image de l'industrie a été présentée et réinterprétée, tant à l'époque de gloire de l'industrialisation de la fin du XIXe siècle et du milieu du XXe siècle que sur la scène contemporaine. La commémoration, la réification et la consommation d'aspects choisis du passé industriel constituent d'importants moyens par lesquels Sackville crée son identité. Les paysages qui en résultent demeurent problématiques et ont tendance àêtre exagérément romantiques et aseptisés, voire même contradictoires par rapport aux images contemporaines de l'identité de Sackville.
Negotiating the production of space in Tl'azt‘en territory, Northern British Columbia
Authors: MORRIS PHILIP , FONDAHL GAIL 
Published: March 2008

Societies produce the space in which they operate through social practices that visualize, administer, and use lands and resources. Because Native peoples have held relatively little political power, their ability to influence the production of space has received little attention. Yet the superimposition of Euro‐Canadian social practices onto Native spaces rarely erased native spatiality, but rather created a territory made up of shared and hybrid spaces which resulted from the interaction of Native and Euro‐Canadian societies. This paper suggests that the social processes involved in the production of space are perhaps most visible when two parties are negotiating the allocation and management of lands and resources. In the 1970s the Tl'azt'en engaged in negotiations over the construction of a railway through their territory. Through the negotiations Tl'azt'en social and economic goals were inscribed to a significant degree in the spatial organization of the territory. Like current treaty negotiations, the 1970s negotiations involved compromises by both parties, and resulted in the creation of new hybrid social spaces which reflected the goals and strategies of both groups.Les sociétés produisent l'espace dans lequel elles opèrent à travers des pratiques sociales qui visualisent, administrent et utilisent les terres et les ressources. Parceque les peuple Natifs ont eu relativement peu de pouvoir politique, leur capacitéà influencer la production de l'espace a reçu peu d'attention. Cependant, l'imposition de pratiques sociales Euro‐Canadiennes sur les espaces Natfs a rarement effacé la spatialité indigené, mais a plutôt crée un territoire composé d'espaces partagés et hybrides, résultat de l'intéraction des sociétés indigènes et Euro‐Canadiennes. Cet exposé suggère que les procédés sociaux impliqués dans lá production de l'espace sont peut‐être plus visibles quand deux partis négocient l'allocation et la gestion des terres et des ressources. Dans les années 70, le peuple Tl'azt'en s'est engagé dans des négociations au sujet de la construction d'un chemin de fer à travers leur territoire. Dans ces négociations, les buts sociaux et économiques du Tl'azt'en furent inscrits à un degré significatif dans l'organisation spatiale du territoire. Comme les présentes négociations de traité, les négociations des années 1970 ont impliqué des compromis par les deux partis, et ont résultéà la création de nouveaux espaces sociaux hybrides qui reflétaient les buts et stratégies des deux groupes.
Residential segregation of visible minorities in Canada's gateway cities
Authors: BAUDER HARALD , SHARPE BOB 
Published: March 2008

Although the influx of visible minority immigrants has created an atmosphere of diversity and multicultural‐ism in Canada's three major gateway cities, Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver, immigration has also produced metropolitan landscapes of fragmentation and ethnic separation. The objective of this study is to compare the residential patterns of visible minority populations in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver, using a rigorous and consistent method that examines the temporal and spatial nature of segregation and its links to local housing characteristics. The paper reviews the literature on models of urban separation, and ethnic and visible minority segregation in Canadian cities, and develops four propositions regarding expected residential patterns and concentrations of visible minorities. It tests these propositions using an analysis of 1986, 1991 and 1996 Census data, in which residential patterns in the three cities are examined and related to the distribution of different types of housing. Our findings confirm previous research results of fragmentation and dispersal, but we uncover decisive differences between cities.Bien que l'afflux d'immigrants appartenant à des minorités visibles ait créé un climat de diversité et de multiculturalisme dans trois des principales portes d'entrée au Canada, à savoir Montréal, Toronto, Vancouver, il n'en reste pas mains que cet afflux a aussi produit des paysages métropolitains de fragmentation et séparation ethniques. L'objectifde cette étude est de comparer les modèles résidentiels des populations minoritaires visibles de Montréal, Toronto et Vancouver; pour ce, nous avons utilisé une méthodologie rigoureuse qui examine la nature de cette ségrégation, du point de vue temporel et spatial ainsi que ses liens avec les caractéristiques des habitats locaux. L'article fait une recension des écrits portant sur les modèles de séparation urbaine, ainsi que sur la ségrégation des minorités ethniques et visibles. II développe quatre propositions concernant les modèles résidentiels et les concentrations de minorités visibles anticipés. L'article vérifie ces propositions à partir de l'analyse des données du recensement des années 1986, 1991 et 1996, dans lesquelles les modèles résidentiels étaient étudiés et mis en rapport avec la distribution des différents types d'habitat. Nos conclusions confirment les résultats de recherches antérieures sur la fragmentation et la dispersion, mais dévoilent en même temps des différences cruciales entre les villes.
Augmentation of antidepressants with atypical antipsychotics for treatment‐resistant major depressive disorder
Authors: Shelton Richard C. , Papakostas George I. 
Published: March 2008

Objective: Atypical antipsychotics (AAPs) have been hypothesized to be beneficial in treatment‐resistant depression (TRD). This paper will review a biochemical rationale and will summarize the data regarding the effectiveness of AAPs in TRD.Method: Studies were identified using searches of Pubmed/Medline, EMBase and the Cochrane databases by cross‐referencing the term ‘depression’ with each of the six AAPs.Results: After initial positive, short case reports and clinical trials, larger studies failed to show the effectiveness of AAPs combined with antidepressants for TRD. More recently, larger scale clinical trials have supported the effectiveness of at least some of these medications. While AAPs have gained in popularity for TRD, there are nagging concerns regarding risks such as metabolic syndrome and tardive dyskinesia.Conclusion: The existing research provides some support for the beneficial effects of AAPs when combined with SSRI’s in TRD. These medications pose significant risks that must be considered in their use.
Neurochemical pathology in hippocampus in euthymic patients with bipolar I disorder
Authors: Scherk H. , Backens M. , Schneider‐Axmann T. , Kemmer C. , Usher J. , Reith W. , Falkai P. , Gruber O. 
Published: March 2008

Objective:  Subcortical regions such as hippocampus, thalamus and ventral putamen are assumed to be involved in the pathophysiology of mood regulation. Disturbed hippocampal neuronal function indicated by reduced N‐acetyl‐aspartate (NAA) levels in bipolar patients was shown by several studies. Results in thalamus and putamen are inconsistent.Method:  N‐acetyl‐aspartate, choline (Cho), creatine (Cr) and myo‐inositol (Ins) were measured in left hippocampus, left thalamus and left putamen using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in 13 euthymic patients with bipolar I disorder and 13 pairwise matched healthy control subjects. Metabolic ratios NAA/Cr, NAA/Cho, Cho/Cr and Ins/Cr were calculated.Results:  Patients with bipolar I disorder demonstrated significantly reduced NAA/Cr in the left hippocampus compared with healthy control subjects. No alterations were found in thalamus or putamen.Conclusion:  We hypothesize that this NAA/Cr reduction might reflect neuronal dysfunction in the left hippocampus in patients with bipolar disorder.
Maternal anxiety predicts favourable treatment outcomes in anxiety‐disordered adolescents
Authors: Legerstee J. S. , Huizink A. C. , Van Gastel W. , Liber J. M. , Treffers P. D. A. , Verhulst F. C. , Utens E. M. W. J. 
Published: March 2008

Objective:  To determine the differential impact of maternal and paternal internalizing psychopathology on cognitive‐behavioural treatment (CBT) outcome of anxiety‐disordered children and adolescents.Method:  Participants consisted of 127 children and 51 adolescents with a primary anxiety diagnosis. Children were randomly assigned to a standardized group CBT or individual CBT; adolescents received individual CBT. Parents received four training sessions. Participants were evaluated at pre‐ and post‐treatment with a clinical interview and with self‐ and parent‐reported questionnaires. Lifetime anxiety and mood disorders in parents were obtained with a clinical interview.Results:  For children, no associations were found between maternal and paternal anxiety or mood disorders and treatment outcome. For adolescents, however, maternal lifetime anxiety disorders were positively associated with pre‐post‐treatment improvement in clinician severity ratings and with treatment success.Conclusion:  Lifetime maternal anxiety disorders were significantly associated with favourable treatment outcomes in adolescents. Paternal disorders were not associated with treatment response.
Evaluation of clinical prognostic models for suicide attempts after a major depressive episode
Authors: Galfalvy H. C. , Oquendo M. A. , Mann J. J. 
Published: March 2008

Objective:  In this study, we compare the performance of prognostic models of increasing complexity for prediction of future suicide attempt.Method:  Using data from a 2‐year prospective study of 304 depressed subjects, a series of Cox proportional hazard regression models were developed to predict future suicide attempt. The models were evaluated in terms of discrimination (the ability to rank subjects in order of risk), calibration (accuracy of predicted probabilities of attempt), and sensitivity and specificity of risk group stratification based on cross‐validated predicted probabilities.Results:  Although an additive model with past attempt, smoking status, and suicidal ideation achieved 75% (cross‐validated) sensitivity and specificity, models that performed best in terms of discrimination included interactions between predictor variables.Conclusion:  As several models had similar predictive power, clinical considerations and ease of interpretation may have a significant role in the final stage of model selection for assessing future suicide attempt risk.
Fetal growth restriction and the development of major depression
Authors: Vasiliadis H.‐M. , Gilman S. E. , Buka S. L. 
Published: March 2008

Objective: To test the association between fetal growth restriction and the lifetime risk of major depression and the number of recurrent episodes.Method: Study subjects (n = 1101) were offspring of participants in the Providence, RI, site of the National Collaborative Perinatal Project. Cox regression was used to investigate the relation between measures of birth size and the lifetime risk of depression and the mean number of depressive episodes was compared across categories of birth size.Results: There was no association between low birth weight, gestational age, ponderal index and small for gestational age and the lifetime risk of major depression, or the number of recurrent episodes.Conclusion: Fetal growth restriction, as reflected by multiple measures of birth size, is not associated with the risk of a major depression or the subsequent recurrence of depressive episodes. Results of this study do not support a ‘fetal programming’ effect in depression.
Higher optical density of an antigen assay predicts thrombosis in patients with heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia
Authors: Altuntas Fevzi , Matevosyan Karen , Burner James , Shen Yu‐Min , Sarode Ravindra 
Published: March 2008

AbstractObjectives:  To correlate optical density and percent inhibition of a two‐step heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) antigen assay with thrombosis; the assay utilizes reaction inhibition characteristics of a high heparin concentration.Patients and Methods:  Patients with more than 50% decrease in platelet count or thrombocytopenia (<150 × 109/L) after exposure to heparin, who had a positive two‐step antigen assay [optical density (OD) >0.4 and >50 inhibition with high concentration of heparin] were included in the study.Results:  Forty of 94 HIT patients had thrombosis at diagnosis; 54/94 had isolated‐HIT without thrombosis. Eight of the isolated‐HIT patients developed thrombosis within the next 30 d; thus, a total of 48 patients had thrombosis at day 30. At diagnosis there was no significant difference in OD between HIT patients with thrombosis and those with isolated‐HIT. However, OD was significantly higher in all patients with thrombosis (n = 48, 1.34 ± 0.89), including isolated‐HIT patients who later developed thrombosis within 30 d (n = 8, 1.84 ± 0.64) as compared to isolated‐HIT patients who did not develop thrombosis (0.96 ± 0.75; P = 0.011 and P = 0.008). The Receiver Operative Characteristic Curve showed that OD >1.27 in the isolated‐HIT group had a significantly higher chance of developing thrombosis by day 30. None of these groups showed significant difference in percent inhibition. Multivariate analysis showed a 2.8‐fold increased risk of thrombosis in females. Similarly, thrombotic risk increased with age and OD values.Conclusion:  Higher OD is associated with significant risk of subsequent thrombosis in patients with isolated‐HIT; percent inhibition, however, was not predictive.
Development of a non‐invasive measurement system to the thickness of the subcutaneous adipose tissue layer
Authors: Choi Yeon Shik , Hong Hyuck Ki , Kim Beom Joon , Kim Myeung Nam , Park Hyo Derk 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBackground/purpose:  It is important to measure the thickness of hypodermis, including the subcutaneous fat layer in several fields such as global assessment of nutritional status and monitoring of dietary manipulation. It also provides useful information concerning the amount of peripheral adipose tissue and can be used as an index of obesity.Methods:  To measure the thickness of the subcutaneous adipose tissue layer, the optical properties of tissue components, several lipids and animal tissue samples in vitro were measured over the wavelength range from 1000 to 1700 nm, using the transmittance measurement system and the diffuse reflectance measurement system. A wavelength range for the thickness measurements was selected from the experimental result. The corresponding signal according to the changes of adipose tissue thickness was measured.Results:  Experimental data measured by the non‐invasive measurement system were compared with the actual thickness of animal samples, and the results could be explained by the three‐layered tissue model. The result showed high correlation to the thickness changes (R2 = 0.9954).Conclusions:  The experimental result implies positive possibility for the development of a system to measure the thickness of subcutaneous adipose tissue using near infrared in vivo.
FK506 and Erectile Function Preservation in the Cavernous Nerve Injury Model: Optimal Dosing and Timing
Authors: Mulhall John P. , Müller Alexander , Donohue John F. , Golijanin Dragan , Tal Raanan , Akin-Olugbade Yemi , Kobylarz Keith , Cohen-Gould Leona , Bennett Nelson E. , Scardino Peter 
Published: March 2008

Abstract

Introduction
The immunophilin-ligand FK506 has been shown to ameliorate erectile function and preserve cavernous nerve (CN) architecture in short-term-studies using rat models of CN injury.

Aim
The aim of this series was to ascertain the optimal dose and timing of FK506 administration in this animal model.

Methods
Rats underwent bilateral CN crush and were treated with FK506 at different time points. There were control (C) and sham groups for each time point. Based on preliminary experiments, the CN-crush rats had no treatment (C) or either FK506 1 mg/kg (BL) or 3.2 mg/kg (BH) for 3 days prior to and the day of CN crush (PRE), on the day of and for 3 days following CN crush (POST) and for 3 days pre-, on the day of, and 3 days post-CN crush (PP).

Main Outcome Measurements
All animals had measurement of intracavernosal pressure/mean arterial blood pressure (ICP/MAP) ratios at 28 days post-CN crush. Structural analysis was conducted in the POST groups. Penile tissue was assessed for apoptosis with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase biotin-dUTP nick end labeling assay and immunohistochemically for neural factors (growth associated protein 43 [GAP43], nerve growth factor [NGF], and neural nitric oxide synthase [nNOS]). The CN architecture was examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

Results
Sham animals had an ICP/MAP ratio of 70%. Only the BH-POST group revealed an improved ICP/MAP ratio compared with C (50 ± 9% vs. 32 ± 8%, P &lt;0.01). nNOS staining was significantly restored reaching sham levels in BL-POST and BH-POST groups vs. C (P &lt;0.05). NGF and GAP43 staining displayed no significant differences between C and treatment groups (P &lt;0.05). Apoptosis was significantly reduced in BL-POST and BH-POST groups compared with C (16 ± 4%, 21 ± 9%, and 63 ± 7%, P &lt;0.001). TEM exhibited preservation of CN architecture for BH-POST compared with C.

Conclusion
These results suggest that short-term treatment with doses of FK506 higher than previously utilized preserves erectile function in the rat CN-injury model. Pretreatment appears to offer no advantage. However, FK506 administration just prior to CN injury and for a short-time post-injury achieves the best functional and structural preservation outcomes.