bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Serum Prostate-Specific Antigen Levels in Men With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Fukui Michiaki , Tanaka Muhei , Kadono Mayuko , Imai Saeko , Hasegawa Goji , Yoshikawa Toshikazu , Nakamura Naoto 
Published: April 2008

OBJECTIVE—The aims of this study were to examine if serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels are lower in men with type 2 diabetes compared with those in healthy men and to investigate what factors may be associated with serum PSA levels in men with type 2 diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We compared the serum PSA levels in 224 diabetic men with those in 1,293 healthy men and investigated the relationships between serum PSA levels and various variables.
RESULTS—Except for men aged 40–49 years, serum PSA levels were lower in diabetic men than in healthy men. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that age, BMI, and presence of diabetes were independent determinants of serum PSA level.
CONCLUSIONS—Serum PSA levels were lower in diabetic men compared with those in healthy men, which is in line with previous reports that patients with type 2 diabetes are at a decreased risk of prostate cancer.
Fully Automated Closed-Loop Insulin Delivery Versus Semiautomated Hybrid Control in Pediatric Patients With Type 1 Diabetes Using an Artificial Pancreas
Authors: Weinzimer Stuart A. , Steil Garry M. , Swan Karena L. , Dziura Jim , Kurtz Natalie , Tamborlane William V. 
Published: April 2008

OBJECTIVE—The most promising β-cell replacement therapy for children with type 1 diabetes is a closed-loop artificial pancreas incorporating continuous glucose sensors and insulin pumps. The Medtronic MiniMed external physiological insulin delivery (ePID) system combines an external pump and sensor with a variable insulin infusion rate algorithm designed to emulate the physiological characteristics of the β-cell. However, delays in insulin absorption associated with the subcutaneous route of delivery inevitably lead to large postprandial glucose excursions.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We studied the feasibility of the Medtronic ePID system in youth with type 1 diabetes and hypothesized that small manual premeal “priming” boluses would reduce postprandial excursions during closed-loop control. Seventeen adolescents (aged 15.9 ± 1.6 years; A1C 7.1 ± 0.8%) underwent 34 h of closed-loop control; 8 with full closed-loop (FCL) control and 9 with hybrid closed-loop (HCL) control (premeal priming bolus).
RESULTS—Mean glucose levels were 135 ± 45 mg/dl in the HCL group versus 141 ± 55 mg/dl in the FCL group (P = 0.09); daytime glucose levels averaged 149 ± 47 mg/dl in the HCL group versus 159 ± 59 mg/dl in the FCL group (P = 0.03). Peak postprandial glucose levels averaged 194 ± 47 mg/dl in the HCL group versus 226 ± 51 mg/dl in the FCL group (P = 0.04). Nighttime control was similar in both groups (111 ± 27 vs. 112 ± 28 mg/dl).
CONCLUSIONS—Closed-loop glucose control using an external sensor and insulin pump provides a means to achieve near-normal glucose concentrations in youth with type 1 diabetes during the overnight period. The addition of small manual priming bolus doses of insulin, given 15 min before meals, improves postprandial glycemic excursions.
Acute Complications and Drug Misuse Are Important Causes of Death for Children and Young Adults With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Feltbower Richard G. , Bodansky H. Jonathan , Patterson Christopher C. , Parslow Roger C. , Stephenson Carolyn R. , Reynolds Catherine , McKinney Patricia A. 
Published: April 2008

OBJECTIVE—To examine mortality rates and causes of death among subjects diagnosed with type 1 diabetes aged ≤29 years.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— Subjects with type 1 diabetes from a population-based register in Yorkshire, U.K., diagnosed between 1978 and 2004 were linked to the U.K. National Health Service Central Register for death notifications. Deaths were coded using ICD-9 (1979–2000) and ICD-10 (2001–2005). Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated using expected numbers of deaths from U.K. mortality rates by cause of death and age at diagnosis.
RESULTS—A total of 4,246 individuals were followed up, providing 50,471 person-years of follow-up. Mean follow-up length was 12.8 years for individuals aged 0–14 years and 8.3 for those aged 15–29 years. Overall, 108 patients died, of whom 77 (71%) were male. A total of 74 (1.7/1,000 person-years) deaths occurred in inidividuals aged 0–14 years and 34 (4.6/1,000 person-years) in those aged 15–29 years. The SMR was 4.7 (95% CI 3.8–5.6) overall, similar for males and females, but higher for individuals aged 15–29 years (SMR 6.2 [95% CI 4.3–8.6]) compared with those aged 0–14 years (4.2 [3.3–5.3]). The SMR rose with increasing disease duration. A total of 47 of 108 deaths (44%) occurred from diabetes complications, 32 of which were acute and 15 chronic. Twenty-two percent (n = 24) of deaths were attributed to accidents or violence (SMR 2.1 [95% CI 1.4–3.2]), including six suicides. Sixteen percent of all deaths were related to drug misuse (including insulin but excluding tobacco and alcohol) (SMR 6.4 [95% CI 3.7–10.2]).
CONCLUSIONS—Subjects with type 1 diabetes diagnosed under 30 years of age had a 4.7-fold excess mortality risk. Nearly half of the deaths were due to acute or chronic complications of diabetes. Drug misuse–related deaths may be an emerging trend in this population warranting further investigation.
Prediction of Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes From Health-Related Quality of Life (ZODIAC-4)
Authors: Kleefstra Nanne , Landman Gijs W.D. , Houweling Sebastiaan T. , Ubink-Veltmaat Lielith J. , Logtenberg Susan J.J. , Meyboom-de Jong Betty , Coyne James C. , Groenier Klaas H. , Bilo Henk J.G. 
Published: April 2008

OBJECTIVE—To investigate the relationship between health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and mortality in type 2 diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—In 1998, 1,143 primary care patients with type 2 diabetes participated in the Zwolle Outpatient Diabetes project Integrating Available Care (ZODIAC) study. At baseline, HRQOL was assessed with the RAND-36 and, after almost 6 years, life status was retrieved. Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to investigate the association between HRQOL (continuous data) and mortality with adjustment for selected confounders (smoking, age, sex, diabetes duration, A1C, renal function, BMI, blood pressure, HDL cholesterol, and macrovascular complications).
RESULTS—The Physical Component Summary of the RAND-36 was inversely associated with mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 0.979 [95% CI 0.966–0.992]), as were two separate RAND-36 dimensions.
CONCLUSIONS—This study found that HRQOL is an independent marker of mortality and emphasizes the importance of looking beyond clinical parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Determinants for the Effectiveness of Lifestyle Intervention in the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study
Authors: Lindström Jaana , Peltonen Markku , Eriksson Johan G. , Aunola Sirkka , Hämäläinen Helena , Ilanne-Parikka Pirjo , Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi Sirkka , Uusitupa Matti , Tuomilehto Jaakko ,   for the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study (DPS) Group
Published: April 2008

OBJECTIVE—Intensive lifestyle intervention significantly reduced diabetes incidence among the participants in the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. We investigated whether and to what extent risk factors for type 2 diabetes and other baseline characteristics of the study participants modified the effectiveness of the lifestyle intervention.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Overweight, middle-aged volunteers with impaired glucose tolerance were randomly assigned to intensive lifestyle intervention (n = 265) or to a control group (n = 257) for a median of 4 years. Diabetes status was ascertained annually with repeated oral glucose tolerance testing. Incidence rates of diabetes and hazard ratios (HRs) comparing the intervention group with the control group were calculated by sex and baseline tertiles of age, BMI, waist circumference, plasma glucose concentration at fasting and 2 h after a glucose load, fasting serum insulin and insulin resistance index, and categories of composite baseline Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC). Interactions between the intervention assignment and baseline risk factors on diabetes risk were analyzed.
RESULTS—The intervention was most effective among the oldest individuals (HRs 0.77, 0.49, and 0.36 by increasing age tertiles, respectively; Pinteraction = 0.0130) and those with a high baseline FINDRISC (HRs 1.09, 0.84, 0.34, and 0.22 by increasing risk score category, respectively; Pinteraction = 0.0400). The effect of the intervention on diabetes risk was not modified by other baseline characteristics or risk factors.
CONCLUSIONS—The FINDRISC may be useful in identifying high-risk groups most likely to benefit from intensive lifestyle intervention to prevent type 2 diabetes.
Rosiglitazone-Associated Fractures in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Kahn Steven E. , Zinman Bernard , Lachin John M. , Haffner Steven M. , Herman William H. , Holman Rury R. , Kravitz Barbara G. , Yu Dahong , Heise Mark A. , Aftring R. Paul , Viberti Giancarlo ,   for the A Diabetes Outcome Progression Trial (ADOPT) Study Group
Published: April 2008

OBJECTIVE—The purpose of this study was to examine possible factors associated with the increased risk of fractures observed with rosiglitazone in A Diabetes Outcome Progression Trial (ADOPT).
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Data from the 1,840 women and 2,511 men randomly assigned in ADOPT to rosiglitazone, metformin, or glyburide for a median of 4.0 years were examined with respect to time to first fracture, rates of occurrence, and sites of fractures.
RESULTS—In men, fracture rates did not differ between treatment groups. In women, at least one fracture was reported with rosiglitazone in 60 patients (9.3% of patients, 2.74 per 100 patient-years), metformin in 30 patients (5.1%, 1.54 per 100 patient-years), and glyburide in 21 patients (3.5%, 1.29 per 100 patient-years). The cumulative incidence (95% CI) of fractures in women at 5 years was 15.1% (11.2–19.1) with rosiglitazone, 7.3% (4.4–10.1) with metformin, and 7.7% (3.7–11.7) with glyburide, representing hazard ratios (95% CI) of 1.81 (1.17–2.80) and 2.13 (1.30–3.51) for rosiglitazone compared with metformin and glyburide, respectively. The increase in fractures with rosiglitazone occurred in pre- and postmenopausal women, and fractures were seen predominantly in the lower and upper limbs. No particular risk factor underlying the increased fractures in female patients who received rosiglitazone therapy was identified.
CONCLUSIONS—Further investigation into the risk factors and underlying pathophysiology for the increased fracture rate in women taking rosiglitazone is required to relate them to preclinical data and better understand the clinical implications of and possible interventions for these findings.
Outcome After Leg Bypass Surgery for Critical Limb Ischemia Is Poor in Patients With Diabetes
Authors: Malmstedt Jonas , Leander Karin , Wahlberg Eric , Karlström Lars , Alfredsson Lars , Swedenborg Jesper 
Published: April 2008

OBJECTIVE—Our aim was to assess the risk of major amputation or death after leg bypass surgery for critical limb ischemia in patients with diabetes versus those without.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We did a population-based cohort study by linking nationwide databases in Sweden. We identified 1,840 patients in the Swedish Vascular Registry who had their first leg bypass procedure for critical lower-limb ischemia between 1 January 2001 and 31 December 2003—742 with and 1,098 without diabetes. Our primary end point was first major amputation of the limb on which bypass was done or death. Individuals were followed up until 31 December 2005 through the National Hospital Patient Registry and the Cause-of-Death Registry.
RESULTS—Incidence of ipsilateral amputation or death was higher in patients with diabetes than in patients without (30.2 vs. 22 events/100 person-years; crude hazard ratio [HR] 1.32 [95% CI 1.17–1.50]). Similarly, individuals with diabetes had a shorter amputation-free survival period than individuals without (2.3 years, range 1.9–2.8 vs. 3.4 years, range 3.1–3.7). Adjustment for demographic characteristics, comorbidities, and risk factors for amputation or death did not substantially affect the risk (HR 1.46 [95% CI 1.26–1.69]). The effect was more pronounced in male (1.75 [1.47–2.08]) than in female (1.35 [1.11–1.64]) patients after adjustment for age.
CONCLUSIONS—Diabetes is associated with lower amputation–free survival after leg bypass for critical limb ischemia. Patients with diabetes and limb ischemia need intensified treatment of diabetes-related risk factors to improve outcome.
Contribution of the Flexor Hallucis Longus to Loading of the First Metatarsal and First Metatarsophalangeal Joint
Authors: Kirane Y. M. , Michelson James D. , Sharkey Neil A. 
Published: April 2008

Background A recent clinical study suggested that restrictive tenosynovitis of the flexor hallucis longus (FHL) may play an important causative role in hallux rigidus. The goals of this research were to assess normal function of the FHL and the effect of restricted FHL gliding on the loading of the hallux metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ). We hypothesized that proximal displacement of the FHL would increase the forces carried by the FHL tendon, causing increased loading of the first metatarsal and MTPJ. Materials and Methods Dynamic simulations of the stance phase of walking were created by loading 5 non-embalmed, non-paired cadaver lower extremities (2 male, 3 female; mean age, 69; range, 56 to 75) in the Robotic Dynamic Activity Simulator (RDAS). The RDAS recreates lower leg motion and muscle activity based on kinematic and electromyographic data of healthy subjects. FHL tendon forces and excursions were measured for the entire stance phase of gait. Bone strains in the mid-shaft of the first metatarsal were recorded and used to derive the in situ forces and moments imposed on the metatarsal and the hallux MTPJ. Results Under force-feedback control, FHL excursion averaged 6.57 (±3.13) mm during gait. When the FHL was held 2-, 4-, and 6-mm proximal to the mid-point of normal excursion to simulate progressive stenosis, the forces in the FHL tendon, first metatarsal and first MTP joint were progressively, and significantly, increased ( p < 0.05). Conclusion These findings support the hypothesis that progressive fibrosis at the FHL myotendinous junction can cause increased loading of the hallux MTPJ, thereby leading to hallux rigidus.
Neuropathic Plantar Forefoot Ulcers Treated with Tendon Lengthenings
Authors: Laborde James Monroe 
Published: April 2008

Background Foot ulcers are a common cause of infection and amputation in patients with neuropathy. This retrospective study evaluated the healing and recurrence rates after treating neuropathic ulcers plantar to the metatarsal heads with tendon lengthenings in the leg. Materials and Methods Between 1995 and 2003, 20 ulcers plantar to the metatarsal heads in 17 patients were treated with tendon lengthenings. All patients had gastroc-soleus recession (Vulpius procedure). Patients with first metatarsal head ulcers also had Z-type lengthenings of the peroneus longus. Patients with fifth metatarsal head ulcers also had intramuscular lengthening of the tibialis posterior. Patients with second, third, and fourth metatarsal head ulcers had only a gastroc-soleus recession. Results All patients had neuropathy; 15 patients with 17 ulcers had diabetes mellitus. All incisions healed primarily without infection. Nineteen of 20 ulcers healed. One patient with one ulcer was lost to followup after the ulcer healed. Average followup for the remaining 19 ulcers was 45 months. Average duration of the 19 ulcers before surgery was 17 months. Three of 19 ulcers recurred and had repeat tendon lengthening and healed again. None of the patients whose ulcers healed had to be admitted for foot infection or amputation. The one patient whose ulcer did not heal developed progressive dry gangrene which required trans-femoral amputation six months after tendon lengthening. Conclusion Tendon lengthenings in the leg seem to be effective in healing and preventing recurrence of neuropathic ulcers plantar to the metatarsal head with a low complication rate.
Radiographic Comparison of Sagittal Plane Stability between Cast and Boots
Authors: Kadakia Anish R. , Espinosa Norman , Smerek Jonathan , White Kacey , Myerson Mark S. , Jeng Clifford L. 
Published: April 2008

Background The importance of postoperative stability when considering surgery on the foot and ankle cannot be overestimated. To our knowledge, no literature exists to describe the radiographic sagittal plane motion with varying types of immobilization devices. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the sagittal plane range of motion allowed in different types of boots in comparison to fiberglass cast treatment on normal human subjects. Materials and Methods Ten healthy volunteers without preexisting foot and ankle pathology were chosen for the study. Five types of immobilization were selected for testing, including 4 off-the-shelf braces and a fiberglass cast. Maximum dorsiflexion and maximum plantarflexion lateral radiographs were taken without any immobilization and in the fiberglass cast and all walkers. Results The mean range of motion in a fiberglass cast was 8.4 degrees (SD, 4.3 degrees); FP Foam Walker, 16 degrees (SD, 6.7 degrees); XP Pneumatic Walker, 15.4 degrees (SD, 5.6 degrees); Donjoy Max Walker, 19.1 degrees (5.4 degrees); and the SP Walker, 39 degrees (SD, 10.7 degrees). The cast was noted to have a significantly greater limitation of sagittal plane motion compared to all other forms of immobilization ( p < 0.05). Conclusion Sagittal plane motion is restricted significantly more with a fiberglass cast compared to the FP Foam Walker, and XP Pneumatic Walker, Donjoy Max Walker, and the SP Walker. Therefore, in patients whom maximum restriction of sagittal plane motion is required, use of a fiberglass cast offers superior control.
Optimizing Achilles Tendon Repair: Effect of Epitendinous Suture Augmentation on the Strength of Achilles Tendon Repairs
Authors: Lee Steven J. , Goldsmith Scott , Nicholas Stephen J. , McHugh Malachy , Kremenic Ian , Ben-Avi Simon 
Published: April 2008

Background Epitendinous suture augmentation has been shown to increase gap resistance and overall strength in flexor tendon repairs of the hand. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of various suture augmentation techniques in Achilles tendon repair. Materials and Methods Eighteen fresh-frozen cadaveric Achilles tendons were transected and repaired with a 4-strand Krackow core stitch. Suture augmentation was performed with 3 figure-of-eight stitches in 6 specimens and a running cross-stitch weave in 6 specimens. The other 6 specimens were not augmented. Each tendon was loaded to failure on an MTS. Force to failure (defined as peak force or force at 5 mm gapping), gapping resistance, stiffness, and elongation were compared. Results Force to failure ( p < 0.001), stiffness ( p < 0.01) and gapping resistance ( p < 0.05) were increased by suture augmentation. Additionally failure force and gapping resistance for the cross-stitch augmentation was higher than the figure-of-eight augmentation ( p < 0.05). Conclusion Cross-stitch augmentation of Achilles tendon repair yields a stronger and stiffer repair with greater resistance to gapping. Clinical Relevance Achilles tendon repairs augmented with a cross stitch weave will be able to withstand substantially higher forces than non-augmented repairs.
Assessing species diagnostic value in large data sets: A comparison between phi‐coefficient and Ochiai index
Authors: De Cáceres M. , Font X. , Oliva F. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractQuestion:Diagnostic species are useful tools for the identification and ecological interpretation of community types. Vegetation databases facilitate the computation of diagnostic values of regional validity, but it is essential to understand the behaviour of fidelity measures in large data sets.Methods:We focused our study on the phi‐coefficient (φ) of association and its limit value, the Ochiai index. The northeast Spanish relevé database was stratified using an arbitrary distance threshold in species composition. Diagnostic species analysis was undertaken using three methods of context selection: I. within a syntaxon of higher rank; II. including relevés with similar composition to that of the target unit; III. using the entire stratified database. Species diagnostic values were computed as well as bootstrap percentile confidence intervals.Results:Many species deemed as diagnostic by method I have their optima in vegetation types neighbouring the unit chosen as context. In contrast, method II excluded many of these species. φ‐values and confidence intervals were similar to those obtained by the Ochiai indexwhen using a large dataset (method III) but this similarity was greater for low level syntaxa.Conclusions:The diagnostic value of species in a given region is best assessed using the Ochiai index, since it can be split into two interpretable asymmetrical components. We recommend the determination of context‐dependent differential species using the φ‐coefficient, and the assessment of species regional diagnostic value by means of a stratification procedure in combination with the Ochiai index.
Core–Ring Structured NiCo2O4 Nanoplatelets: Synthesis, Characterization, and Electrocatalytic Applications
Authors: Cui Bai , Lin Hong , Li Jian‐Bao , Li Xin , Yang Jun , Tao Jie 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAn innovative nanostructure, namely the core–ring structure, is reported in this paper. It occurs in NiCo2O4 nanoplatelets, synthesized by the coprecipitation decomposition method using sodium hydroxide as the precipitant. The yield of core–ring hexagonal NiCo2O4 nanoplatelets is greater than 80% at 200 °C. A high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy investigation reveals the typical core–ring nanostructure, which shows a strong enrichment of Co in the core with a Co content higher than 80%. A mechanism for the core–ring structure formation is proposed. The core–ring NiCo2O4 can be used as an electrocatalyst for an oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline water electrolysis. Compared with the electrodes of ordinary NiCo2O4 and Co3O4, or other NiCo2O4 electrodes prepared by alternate methods, the electrode coated by core‐ring NiCo2O4 nanoplatelets exhibits the greatest electrocatalytic properties, with an over‐potential of 0.315 V at a current density of 100 mA cm−2.