bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Porous polyethylene terephthalate membranes in microfluidic applications
Authors: Derix J. , Gerlach G. , Wetzel S. , Perike S. , Funk R. H. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIn this paper we present a method for the integration of porous track‐membranes into silicone based microfluidic devices. It is based on a surface modification of the membranes which enables us bonding it to silicone using a glue‐free plasma bonding process. The membrane can be structured into permeable and impermeable regions on a sub‐10 μm scale. This is achieved by combining polymer imprinting with a layer transfer technique. The membrane is characterized and a direct current microelectrode array is presented as an application example. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Diamond‐based DNA sensors: surface functionalization and read‐out strategies
Authors: Wenmackers Sylvia , Vermeeren Veronique , vandeVen Martin , Ameloot Marcel , Bijnens Nathalie , Haenen Ken , Michiels Luc , Wagner Patrick 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis article reviews the current state‐of‐the art of diamond‐based DNA sensors. Some general concepts involved in biosensors are introduced and applied to DNA sensors. The properties of chemically vapor deposited (CVD) diamond relevant for this application are summed up, with special attention for the stability and bio‐compatibility of the material. Several routes to functionalize the diamond surface are considered. The physical properties of the obtained DNA layers are discussed in terms of surface density and molecular conformation. Possible read‐out strategies are evaluated, including optical and electronic sensing. With diamond‐based DNA sensors, real‐time and label‐free sensing is achieved. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A robust formulation of the ensemble Kalman filter
Authors: Thomas S. J. , Hacker J. P. , Anderson J. L. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) can be interpreted in the more general context of linear regression theory. The recursive filter equations are equivalent to the normal equations for a weighted least‐squares estimate that minimizes a quadratic functional. Solving the normal equations is numerically unreliable and subject to large errors when the problem is ill‐conditioned. A numerically reliable and efficient algorithm is presented, based on the minimization of an alternative functional. The method relies on orthogonal rotations, is highly parallel and does not ‘square’ matrices in order to compute the analysis update. Computation of eigenvalue and singular‐value decompositions is not required. The algorithm is formulated to process observations serially or in batches and therefore easily handles spatially correlated observation errors. Numerical results are presented for existing algorithms with a hierarchy of models characterized by chaotic dynamics. Under a range of conditions, which may include model error and sampling error, the new algorithm achieves the same or lower mean square errors as the serial Potter and ensemble adjustment Kalman filter (EAKF) algorithms. Published in 2009 by John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.
Least Angle Regression and LASSO for Large Datasets
Authors: Fraley Chris , Hesterberg Tim 
Published: January 2009

AbstractLeast angle regression and LASSO (ℓ1‐penalized regression) offer a number of advantages in variable selection applications over procedures such as stepwise or ridge regression, including prediction accuracy, stability, and interpretability. We discuss formulations of these algorithms that extend to datasets in which the number of observations could be so large that it would not be possible to access the matrix of predictors as a unit in computations. Our methods require a single pass through the data for orthogonal transformation, effectively reducing the dimension of the computations required to obtain the regression coefficients and residual sum of squares to the number of predictors, rather than the number of observations. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 1: 000‐000, 2009
The effects of absorption edge structure of atoms in x‐ray fluorescence analysis
Authors: Borkhodoev V. Ya. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe effects of the absorption edge structure in x‐ray fluorescence (XRF) manifest themselves as a very strong attenuation of the analytical line radiation when it is in the x‐ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) range. In this paper, this effect is exemplified by an ultra‐strong Ba‐caused attenuation of the Ce Lβ1 line. This case was experimentally studied. Comparison of measured and calculated relative intensities has shown that the actual mass attenuation coefficient of the Ce Lβ1 line in Ba is 1.6 times greater than known values. This is due to that the Ce Lβ1 line is within the initial range of L3 Ba absorption edge, i. e. the XANES range. Such an effect of the absorption edge structure of atoms must be considered using the fundamental parameters method in quantitative XRF analysis. This paper also presents some other possible cases of this effect. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Self‐enhancement effects on XRF K‐lines due to natural width
Authors: Fernandez Jorge E. , Scot Viviana 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIt is well known that the energy levels in the atom are defined within an energy width. Any electronic transition involving two or more levels shows a natural width given by the sum of the widths of the participating levels. Moreover, any XRF line appears to have a Lorentzian‐like distribution whose full width at half maximum is the natural width.Since the Lorentzian distribution has long tails on both sides, the tails may cross above neighbour absorption edges giving rise to enhancement effects of a certain complexity.In this article we discuss the self‐enhancement effects on XRF K‐lines in pure element samples having atomic numbers Z = 11–92. This study is performed with deterministic calculations. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polymer/surfactant interactions
Authors: Goddard E. D. , Hannan R. B. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract and SummaryPolyelectrolytes and oppositely charged surfactants form precipitation complexes which, in many cases, can be completely resolubilized by excess surfactant. In general, maximum precipitation appears to correspond to a single layer of surfactant adsorbed on the polymer, and the resolubilized form to a double layer of surfactant. Prior to formation of the latter, the complexes are highly surface active. An analysis of the solubility diagrams of a cationic hydroxyethyl cellulose derivative, and a homologous series of sodium alkyl sulfates, has provided a value of the adsorption energy, Φ, of these surfactants into the first layer. The value of Φ, viz., 1.1 kT per CH2 group, is somewhat higher than the corresponding value for micelle formation. Studies with a number of surfactants show that polymer/surfactant interaction is most favorable (a) the longer the hydrocarbon chain of the surfactant, (b) the straighter the chain, and (c) when the head group is terminal to the chain. Departures from these conditions reduce the extent of interaction and render difficult resolubilization of the complex. From results on a range of polymers, it is concluded that resolubilization of the precipitated complex is also difficult if the charge density of the polymer is too high.
The biodegradation of esters of α‐sulfo fatty acids
Authors: Maurer E. W. , Weil J. K. , Linfield W. M. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract and SummaryMethyl and aminoalkyl esters of α‐sulfonated fatty acids in the C9‐C18 range were subjected to aerobic biodegradation in a controlled nutrient medium in which sewage microorganisms were used as the inoculum and the test compound was the sole source of carbon and energy. The extent of biodegration increased with increasing alkyl chain length of the α‐sulfo fatty acid and decreased with increasing substitution on the amino nitrogen and possibly with the increasing molecular weight of the substituent on the amino nitrogen atom. No connection was found between the degree of biodegradability and anti‐microbial activity of the test compounds. Methyl α‐sulfopalmitate was the compound of this study most inhibitory againstStaphylococcus aureus.
Lubricants and lubricant additives: III. Performance characteristics of some thioacetate, phosphorodithioate, and hexachlorocyclopentadiene derivatives of stearic acid amides and esters
Authors: Mod R. R. , Magne F. C. , Sumrell G. , Koos R. E. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract and SummaryA number of N‐mono, N,N‐disubstitured amides, and esters of substituted fatty acids have been prepared and evaluated as base lubricants and lubricant additives for paraffin (S‐105) or diester (DOS) base oils. The effect of acetylthio, phosphorodithio, thio, chloro, and bromotrichloromethyl substituents, as well as hexachlorocyclopentadiene adducts upon performance as antiwear and extreme‐pressure lubricants was investigated. Sulfurized 1,4‐bis(pentachlorostearoyloxy)‐2‐butene was most effective in extreme‐pressure (EP) tests, both neat and as an additive for S‐105 and DOS base oils. Several of the phosphorodithio derivatives have good antiwear properties when formulated in one or both of the base oils, and were also fair EP additives. Of the addition compounds evaluated in this study, the phosphorodithio derivatives offer the most promise for development as antiwear additives for both paraffin and diester base oils. The sulfurized products offer the most promise as EP additives.
Fatty acid composition of tamarind kernel oil
Authors: Pitke P. M. , Singh P. P. , Srivastava H. C. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract and SummaryThe fatty acid composition (% by wt) of Tamarind (Tamarindus indica) kernel oil, as determined by gas liquid chromatography was: trace lauric acid, tracte myristic acid, 14.8% palmitic acid, 5.9% stearic acid, 27.0% oleic acid, 7.5% linoleic acid, 5.6% linolenic acid, 4.5% arachidic acid, 12.2% behenic acid, and 22.3% lignoceric acid.
Effect of concentration of some nickel catalyst poisons in oils on the course of hydrogenation
Authors: Drozdowski Bronislaw , Zajac Maria 
Published: January 2009

Abstract and SummaryHydrogenation has been carried out in a“dead‐end” type reactor with various types of nickel catalyst and with automatic recording of hydrogen absorption. Oils with varying concentrations of sulfur and phosporus compounds, fatty acids and their salts, as well as partly oxidized oil have been hydrogenated. The resulting kinetic curves are characteristic for each catalyst type and for each inhibitor. An increase in the poison concentration in the reaction system results in lengthening of the induction period apart from the decrease of catalyst activity.
Global and physical self‐esteem and body dissatisfaction as mediators of the relationship between weight status and being a victim of bullying
Authors: Fox Claire L. , Farrow Claire V. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTResearch has found evidence of a link between being overweight or obese and bullying/peer victimisation, and also between obesity and adjustment problems such as low self‐esteem and body dissatisfaction. Studies have also found that adjustment problems can put children at an increased risk of being bullied over time. However, to date the factors that place overweight or obese children at risk of being bullied have been poorly elucidated. Self‐report data were collected from a sample of 11–14 year olds (N = 376) about their weight status, about their experiences of three different types of bullying (Verbal, Physical and Social), their global self‐worth, self‐esteem for physical appearance, and body dissatisfaction. Overweight or obese children reported experiencing significantly more verbal and physical (but not social) bullying than their non‐overweight peers. Global self‐worth, self‐esteem for physical appearance and body dissatisfaction each fully mediated the paths between weight status and being a victim of bullying.
The Effect of Intravesical Single-Dose Mitomycin C in Recurrent Superficial Bladder Cancer
Authors: Grey Benjamin R. , Butler Joanne , Darling Richard A. , Govindaraju Senthil K. , O'Reilly Patrick H. , Collins Gerald N. , Neilson Donald , Adeyoju Adebanji A.B. 
Published: January 2009

Objectives: This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of the intravesical instillation of single-dose Mitomycin C post-ablation of purely recurrent tumours. Patients and methods: Two patient groups with small-volume, low-grade (1 or 2), superficial (pTa) recurrent disease were studied. Sixty-seven patients at one institution received a single intravesical dose of Mitomycin C following tumour ablation using a Holmium YAG Laser. The other institution provided a control patient group of 68 patients treated with laser ablation alone. Patients were reviewed with regular flexible cystoscopies throughout the study period. Results: The groups were matched for age and the number and grade of tumours. Recurrence rates were lower, yet not to statistical significance, in the group receiving Mitomycin C post-intervention (48% vs. 62% ( p= 0.14) at 12 months and 76% vs. 82% at 24 months ( p = 0.64)). The observed beneficial effect at 12 months appeared to depreciate by 24 months. There was no significant improvement in the recurrence-free interval for the Mitomycin C group (log rank test p = 0.28). Conclusions: This study has failed to demonstrate a beneficial trend for the use of single-dose of Mitomycin C after ablation of recurrent superficial bladder cancer. Further evaluation in the form of a prospective trial is indicated.
Effect of short‐ and long‐term exposition to high phenylalanine blood levels on oxidative damage in phenylketonuric patients
Authors: Sitta Angela , Barschak Alethéa G. , Deon Marion , Barden Amanda T. , Biancini Giovana B. , Vargas Paula R. , de Souza Carolina F. , Netto Cristina , Wajner Moacir , Vargas Carmen R. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractPhenylketonuria is the most frequent disturbance of amino acid metabolism. Treatment for phenylketonuric patients consists of phenylalanine intake restriction. However, there are patients who do not adhere to treatment and/or are not submitted to neonatal screening. These individuals are more prone to develop brain damage due to long‐lasting toxic effects of high levels of phenylalanine and/or its metabolites. Oxidative stress occurs in late‐diagnosed phenylketonuric patients, probably contributing to the neurological damage in this disorder. In this work, we aimed to compare the influence of time exposition to high phenylalanine levels on oxidative stress parameters in phenylketonuric patients who did not adhere to protein restricted diet. We evaluated a large spectrum of oxidative stress parameters in plasma and erythrocytes from phenylketonuric patients with early and late diagnosis and of age‐matched healthy controls. Erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity and glutathione levels, as well as plasma total antioxidant reactivity were significantly reduced in both groups of patients when compared to the control group. Furthermore, protein oxidative damage, measured by carbonyl formation and sulfhydryl oxidation, and lipid peroxidation, determined by malondialdehyde levels, were significantly increased only in patients exposed for a long time to high phenylalanine concentrations, compared to early diagnosed patients and controls. In conclusion, exposition to high phenylalanine concentrations for a short or long time results in a reduction of non‐enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidant defenses, whereas protein and lipid oxidative damage only occurs in patients with late diagnosis.
A new modelling approach to insect reproduction with same-shape reproduction distribution and rate summation: with particular reference to Russian wheat aphid
Authors: Ma Z.S. , Bechinski E.J. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractSame-shape distribution model and rate summation approach are widely used to describe the insect developmental process. In this approach, by integrating a nonlinear deterministic developmental rate model and a probabilistic same-shape distribution model, the proportion of the cohort completing development is quantified as a function of accumulating developmental rates, which themselves are temperature dependent. This method is considered to be more accurate in modelling insect phenology because it can address a well-known biological fact, individual variability, that insect individual developmental rates respond to temperature differently, and because rate-summation essentially simulates developmental rates under variable temperatures instead of constant temperatures. By comparing insect development and reproduction with respect to their responses to temperatures, we argue for the extension of the same-shape and rate-summation approaches to modelling insect reproduction process under variable temperatures. We justify our arguments by the fact that individual variation universally exists in almost all biological characteristics, and the phenomenon that insect development and reproduction respond to temperature very similarly, which is supported by some endocrinological evidences reported in literature. In addition, the approach for testing the applicability of the original same-shape developmental modelling, experimentally verifying the sameness of the same-shape curves or that the shape of the curves is invariant with respect to the temperature regimes, equally applies to our extended version for reproduction modelling. We successfully tested the extension and its applicability with our experimental data of 1800 Russian wheat aphids' (RWA) (Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko)) reproduction under various temperature and plant growth stage regimes. We also extended Taylor's (1981) nonlinear model for insect development to describe RWA mean (median) nymphal production under different temperatures and barley plant growth stages. Three same-shape distribution models, Weibull distribution, Stinner's model and logistic model, are used to construct the same-shape reproduction distribution models for RWA. The extensions performed in this paper contribute a new modelling approach for predicting insect reproduction under field variable temperatures and plant growth stages. The prediction model can be parameterized with data from typical laboratory demography experiments and further integrated into simulation models for insect population dynamics. Finally, we discussed why the sameness test of the same-shape distribution curves is sufficient in validating the approach and proposed a strategy for dealing with exceptional cases where the sameness test fails.
The effect of wattle tannin drenches on gastrointestinal nematodes of tropical sheep and goats during experimental and natural infections
Authors: MAX R. A. , KASSUKU A. A. , KIMAMBO A. E. , MTENGA L. A. , WAKELIN D. , BUTTERY P. J. 
Published: January 2009

SUMMARYIn previous work, administration of a commercial tannin preparation, quebracho, as oral drench was shown to reduce significantly faecal egg counts (FEC) and worm burdens of temperate sheep with experimental Haemonchus contortus infection. In the current work carried out in Morogoro, Tanzania, three separate animal trials were carried out to investigate the effect of drenches of wattle tannin (WT), a similar tannin preparation that is readily available in the tropics, on nematodes of tropical goats and sheep. In the first trial, 36 young Small East African (SEA) goats were experimentally infected with a single dose of mixed nematode larvae and FEC were monitored regularly. On day 30 post-infection (p.i.), the animals were blocked on the basis of their FEC and randomly assigned into three equal groups (n=12). For 3 consecutive days, two groups received low and high doses of drench at a rate of 1·2 and 2·4 g WT/kg bodyweight, respectively, whereas the third group received a placebo drench (i.e. water). All goats were humanely slaughtered on day 42 p.i. and their worm burdens were assessed. Neither FEC nor worm burdens were significantly reduced by the administration of the low or high dose of WT. The second trial had an identical design but two groups (n=14) of growing Black Head Persian (BHP) sheep were used instead. One group received the drench at 1·5 g WT/kg body wt for 3 consecutive days, whereas the other group received a placebo. Unlike in goats, worm burdens and FEC were significantly reduced (P<0·001) by the drench administration. In the third trial, the effect of WT drench against a naturally acquired nematode infestation in a flock of 34 BHP sheep was determined. FEC were examined three times in a 2-week period and the egg counts were used to block the sheep before being randomly assigned into two groups (n=17). The treated group received the drench at 1·0 g WT/kg bodyweight for 3 consecutive days, while the remaining half was given a placebo. The two groups continued to graze together as FEC were being monitored. Results indicated a significant (P<0·001) reduction in egg counts, which remained low for at least 3 weeks after the drench. The current study demonstrated that the WT drench had significant anthelmintic activity against important nematodes in sheep but not in goats, suggesting an existence of species differences between the two hosts. It was concluded that WT drenches could be used in combination with other worm control strategies to reduce or control nematode infections, at least in sheep.
Melioidosis and tuberculosis: dual pathogens in a neck abscess
Authors: Shenoy V , Kamath M P , Hegde M C , D'Souza T , Mammen S S 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIntroduction:Melioidosis is an infectious disease caused by a saprophytic bacterium, Burkholderia pseudomallei. It is endemic to Southeast Asia and Northern Australia. It may manifest as a pulmonary lesion, osteomyelitis, abscesses in soft tissue and various organs, or as septicaemia.Case report:We report a case of a 40-year-old, diabetic man who presented with a neck lump resulting from super-infection of a tuberculosis cavity with B pseudomallei. The patient was successfully managed by drainage along with meticulous excision of the capsule and prolonged antibiotic and anti-tubercular treatment.Discussion:Melioidosis may be confused diagnostically with tuberculosis, as both diseases are endemic in the same regions. Our patient was unfortunate to suffer from both endemic diseases simultaneously, perhaps representing the first such case in the world literature.Conclusion:Increased awareness of melioidosis is important as, although the organism is easy to culture, it may be dismissed as a contaminant.
Reterritorialization of a Balinese Chinese Community in Quanzhou, Fujian
Authors: CHEE-BENG TAN 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis paper is about a special category of guiqiao or ‘returned overseas Chinese’, in southern Fujian. Arriving in China from Bali, Indonesia in 1961, the people were settled in an overseas Chinese farm. The paper illustrates how the re-migrants coped with life in China and how they see themselves today. The returned overseas Chinese reterritorize their Indonesian and Balinese cultural life in China, and they, including the local-born children, speak Balinese and eat Indonesian food. Their experiences provide much food for thought on acculturation, migration and identity as well as on the idea of ‘homeland’.