bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and surface properties of oxyethylenated 2‐alkyl‐5‐hydroxymethyl‐5‐ethyl‐1,3‐dioxanes
Authors: Burczyk B. , Banaszczyk M. , Sokolowski A. , Piasecki A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn acid‐catalyzed reactions of long chain aliphatic aldehydes (I) (R=n−C7H15; n−C9H19; n−C11H23) with 1,1,1‐tris(hydroxymethyl)propane (II), 2‐alkyl‐5‐hydroxymethyl‐5‐ethyl‐1,3‐dioxanes (III) were obtained. The latter were then reacted with ethylene oxide in the presence of sodium methoxide.Three series of oxyethylenated cyclic acetal derivatives (IV) were obtained. They constitute a new group of chemodegradable surfactants which readily hydrolyze and oxidize in natural water reservoirs. Physical data of the new compounds and some surface properties such as cloud points (Cp), critical micelle concentrations (cmc), changes of free energy of micellization, (ΔG°cmc), surface tensions of aqueous solutions near cmc, γmin, and wetting and foaming properties, were determined. The surfactants (IV) have aqueous solution properties similar to those of oxyethylenated longchain aliphatic alcohols. It is shown that the micellization of surfactants (IV), expressed in terms of ΔG°cmc, depends both on the length of the aliphatic chain at the C‐2 carbon atom and on the presence of ethyl group at C‐5 of 1,3‐dioxane ring which enhances the hydrophobic character of derivatives (III). Hence, the surfactants have a higher surface activity than oxyethylenated 2‐alkyl‐4‐hydroxymethyl‐1,3‐dioxolanes or 2‐alkyl‐5,5‐bis‐(hydroxymethyl)‐1,3‐dioxanes. The use of 2‐alkyl‐5‐hydroxymethyl‐5‐ethyl‐1,3‐dioxanes (III) in surfactant synthesis is an example of applying hydrophobic intermediates obtained from aldehydes only. This, and the chemodegradability mentioned make the compounds a very interesting group of new surfactants.
Synergistic antioxidative effects of tocopherol and ascorbic acid in fish oil/lecithin/water system
Authors: YI Ock‐Sook , Han Daeseok , Shin Hyun‐Kyung 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIndividual and combined effects of ascorbic acid andδ‐tocopherol on the autoxidation of fish oil have been evaluated with the induction period monitored by Rancimat. The antioxidative efficiency of them was found to increase with increasing concentration.δ‐Tocopherol and ascorbic acid acted highly synergistic with each other. Whenδ‐tocopherol content was varied at a fixed content of ascorbic acid, the synergistic efficiency was generally 100% or more. On the other hand, when ascorbic acid content was varied at a fixed content ofδ‐tocopherol, the synergistic efficiency rose sigmoidally with increasing concentration. We concluded that at least 0.01–0.02% ascorbic acid is required to obtain a considerable synergistic effect withδ‐tocopherol in stabilizing fish oil.
Modeling solvent extraction of vegetable oil in a packed bed
Authors: Majumdar G. C. , Samanta A. N. , Sengupta S. P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA one‐dimensional model was developed for solvent extraction of oil from a packed bed of oil‐bearing vegetable materials. The equilibrium relationship between the residual oil content of marc and oil concentration of stagnant miscella in pores of the bed material was generated through experiments with rice bran and hexane. The nondimensional parameters recognized from the model describing extraction were initial Reynolds number (Rei), initial Schmidt number (Sci), bed void fraction (εb), particle porosity (εp), ratio of bed diameter to particle diameter (Dt/dp), ratio of bed depth to bed diameter (L/Dt), ratio of particle surface area to bed cross‐section (apAL/A=apL), and recycle of solvent and equilibrium distribution coefficient (EDC). For reducing the time required to extract to the same residual oil content of marc, higher values of Rei, εb, and apL were beneficial, whereas higher values of Sci, εp, Dt/dp, L/Dt, and EDC were detrimental.
Chemical composition ofRumex crispus L. seed
Authors: Wiese B. , Quiroga O. E. , Vigo M. S. , Nolasco S. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractRumex crispus L. seeds harvested in Olavarría (Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina) were extracted with 60–80°C petroleum ether to render 6.0% (dry basis) of a lipid fraction with a 152.4 saponification value and 15.4% unsaponifiable matter. Fatty acid composition obtained by gas‐liquid chromatography was: 14:0, 2.7; 16:0, 13.5; 16:1, 1.2; 18:0, 1.2; 18:1, 38.6; 18:2, 36.3; 18:3, 0.5; 20:0, 2.4; 20:2, 0.3; 22:0, 0.9; 22:1, 1.2; and 24:0, 1.2; with traces of 14:1, 15:1, 17:0, and 17:1. Residual meal contained 10.62% crude protein, with a low value of available lysine (3.31 g/16 g N). Ash, crude fiber, sugars, hydrolyzable carbohydrates, total and phytic acid phosphorus, calcium and residual lipids contents are reported here.
Volatiles from microwave‐treated, stored soybeans
Authors: Snyder J. M. , Mounts T. L. , Holloway R. K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSoybeans were microwaved to inactivate enzymes and prevent oil deterioration during storage. Microwave time was varied from 4 to 10 min, in 2‐min increments, and the treated and control soybeans were stored for 8 weeks at 40°C. Damage was monitored by analysis of peroxide value and free fatty acid content of the extracted oil and by volatile analysis of the full‐fat meal and extracted oil. Volatiles were measured by multiple headspace extraction, and the formation of hexanal was monitored in both oil and meal. During storage of the control beans, peroxide value increased from 0.41 to 1.20 meq/kg, hexanal concentration changed from 29 to 94 ppb and free fatty acid content increased from 0.4 to 1.7%. Oils extracted from soybeans that were microwaved for 4 or 6 min had peroxide values of about 1 meq/kg and hexanal concentrations of 39–44 ppb after storage, indicating partial inactivation of lipoxygenase enzymes. However, soybeans that were microwaved for 8 min or more tended to oxidize during storage to a greater extent than the control soybeans, showing higher peroxide values and greater formation of hexanal in the samples. This suggests that soybeans microwave‐treated in excess of 8 min are heat‐damaged and susceptible to deterioration during storage. Free fatty acid content of the oils from all of the microwave‐treated soybeans was about 0.4% initially, and did not increase with storage, indicating inactivation of hydrolytic enzymes.
Lipid of sunflower seeds produced in japan
Authors: Nagao Akihiko , Yamazaki Megumi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe fatty acid composition and tocopherol content of sunflower seeds from experimental plantings in Japan were determined. Lipid content of sunflower seed was almost the same irrespective of the variety and the average lipid content was 38.8%. The saturated fatty acids were low and the combined percentage of linoleic acid and oleic acid was ca. 90%. The ratio of oleic acid to linoleic acid largely varied with the planting location and date. There was a strong correlation between the percentage of linoleic acid or oleic acid and the temperature during maturation of seed. The sunflower seed contained predominantly α‐tocopherol and small amounts ofβ‐,γ‐ and δ‐tocopherol. There was no correlation between a‐tocopherol content and the percentage of linoleic acid.
Antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of tocopherols and tocotrienols on normal mouse mammary epithelial cells
Authors: McIntyre Barry S. , Briski Karen P. , Tirmenstein Mark A. , Fariss Marc W. , Gapor Abdul , Sylvester Paul W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractStudies were conducted to determine the comparative effects of tocopherols and tocotrienols on normal mammary epithelial cell growth and viability. Cells isolated from midpregnant BALB/c mice were grown within collagen gels and maintained on serum‐free media. Treatment with 0–120 μM α‐and γ‐tocopherol had no effect, whereas 12.5–100 m μM tocotrienol‐rich fraction of palm oil (TRF), 100–120 μM δ‐tocopherol, 50–60 μM α‐tocotrienol, and 8–14 μM γ‐ or δ‐tocotrienol significantly inhibited cell growth in a dose‐responsive manner. In acute studies, 24‐h exposure to 0–250 μM α‐, γ‐, and δ‐tocopherol had no effect, whereas similar treatment with 100–250 μM TRF, 140–250 μM α‐, 25–100 μM γ‐ or δ‐tocotrienol significantly reduced cell viability. Growth‐inhibitory doses of TRF, δ‐tocopherol, and a‐, γ‐, and δ‐tocotrienol were shown to induce apoptosis in these cells, as indicated by DNA fragmentation. Results also showed that mammary epithelial cells more easily or preferentially took up tocotrienols as compared to tocopherols, suggesting that at least part of the reason tocotrienols display greater biopotency than tocopherols is because of greater cellular accumulation. In summary, these findings suggest that the highly biopotent γ‐ and δ‐tocotrienol isoforms may play a physiological role in modulating normal mammary gland growth, function, and remodeling.
Determination of the glyceride structure of fats; analysis of 14 animal and vegetable fats
Authors: Subbaram M. R. , Youngs C. G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe glyceride compositions of seven animals and seven vegetable fats have been determined by GLC analysis of the oxidized esterified glycerides as described in an earlier paper in this series. The compositions determined are compared with those calculated from lipase hydrolysis data according to the method of VanderWal. Good agreement was found between the calculated and determined compositions for the majority of the 14 fats. The exceptions were human fat and the more satu‐rated vegetable fats, palm oil and cocoa butter, where some discrepancies occurred.
Hydrogenation of linolenate. X. Comparison of products formed with platinum and nickel catalysts
Authors: Scholfield C. R. , Butterfield R. O. , Davison V. L. , Jones E. P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractOne mole of hydrogen/mole of ester was added to methyl linolenate over a platinum catalyst at 20C and atmospheric pressure. The product was separated into trienoic, dienoic and monenoic esters by countercurrent distribution (CCD) with acetonitrile and hexane. Bach of these ester fractions was further separated by CCD with methanolic silver nitrate and hexane. Comparison with hydrogȳnations, in which a commercial nickel catalyst at 140C and atmos‐pheric pressure was used, shows that with plati‐num more stȳarate is formed; i.e., the platinum hydrogȳnation was less selective. Also, a smaller amt oftrans esters was formed with platinum, and there was less shift of double bonds from the original 9, 12 and 15 positions.
Hydrogenation of Carboxylic Acids and Synergistic Catalysts
Authors: Trivedi Bhupendra C. , Grote Dace , Mason Thomas O. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractRhenium heptoxide, a known catalyst for hydrogenation of car‐boxylic acids to alcohols, forms synergistic combinations with palladium, platinum, rhodium and ruthenium catalysts. This effect is also seen at lower presures (500 psi). Synergism is also mainfest when rhenium and palladium (or rhodium) are used as supported catalysts on silica and used in a flow mode. An interaction of un‐known nature between the metals suggests itself. The process is not very efficient at lower pressures giving lower conversion in the flow mode. At higher temperatures needed for higher rates, significant participation of side reactions such as decarboxylation of the acid and hydrogenolysis of the alcohol occurs yielding hydrocarbons.
The preparation and properties of some petroselinylamine derivatives
Authors: Placek Lida L. , Dollear F. G. , Sumrell Gene 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPetroselinylamine (cis‐6‐octadecenylamine) has been prepared by an improved process in which petroselinic acid in xylene is subjected to ammonolysis and treated further to yield the pri‐mary amine without isolating the intermediate products. In addition, the petroselinylamine has been reacted with acrylonitrile, followed by reduc‐tion with metallic sodium and alcohol, to give N‐substituted petroselinyl‐l,3‐trimethylenediamine adducts, and with ethylene oxide under pressure to yield the oxyethylated tertiary amine deriva‐tives. The crude products in each case were mix‐tures of derivatives of various molecular weights. It was possible to isolate the N‐petroselinyl‐1,3‐trimethylenediamine in its pure form from the crude mixture of hydrochloride salts by repeated recrystallizations from aqueous ethanol. The mix‐ture of petroselinylamine‐ethylene oxide deriva‐tives could not be separated.
Gas‐liquid chromatographic analysis of long chain isomeric glyceryl monoethers
Authors: Wood Randall , Snyder Fred 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA quantitative method is described for the gas chromatographic analysis of glyceryl ethers using their trifluoroacetate (TFA) and trimethylsilyl (TMS) ether derivatives. Both derivatives are prepared at room temperature by reactions that proceed virtually to completion in less than 15 min, eliminating time‐consuming derivative preparations and laborious clean‐up steps of unreacted materials required by other methods. Gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC) resolves the 1‐ and 2‐isomers of the glyceryl ether TFA derivatives, which have not been separated previously. Purified synthetic 1‐ and 2‐glyceryl ethers, including saturated and mono‐ and diunsaturated, were used to evaluate several polar and nonpolar liquid phases for the analysis of the TFA and TMS derivatives. Analyses can be made on some liquid phases normally used for methyl esters, while others are unsatisfactory. A mixture of isomeric C18 saturated and monoand di‐unsaturated TFA derivatives was partially resolved; however, a complete analysis of this mixture can be made by preliminary separation of the unsaturates on silver‐ion‐impregnated thin‐layer plates or by GLC analysis alone with three different phases.
Enzymatic method of increasing phosphatidylcholine content of lecithin
Authors: Juneja Lekh Raj , Yamane Tsuneo , Shimizu Shoichi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAn enzymatic method was established to increase the phosphatidylcholine (PC) contents of soybean and egg lecithins. Other phospholipids of lecithin were phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylinositol (PI) and phosphatidic acid (PA). Seven preparations of phospholipase D (PLD), PLD‐1 to PLD‐6 ofStreptomyces origin and PLD‐7 of cabbage origin, were tested for their ability to increase PC by transphosphatidylation in the presence of choline chloride (CC). The reactions were carried out at 30 C in a biphasic system that consisted of an aqueous phase containing PLD along with a buffer (optimum pH) having desired concentration of CC and Ca2+ and an ethyl acetate phase containing lecithin phospholipids. Intermitttent samples were extracted and analyzed by HPLC. Four of six PLD’s ofStreptomyces origin showed good transphosphatidylation (increase of PC contents of soybean lecithin from approximately 35% to 60–70% on a phospholipid basis) at 2.5 M CC, but the other two microbial PLD’s completely hydrolyzed the phospholipids to PA. Cabbage PLD‐7 showed poor transphosphatidylation. PLD‐3 gave the highest PC contents (70%) at 1.75 M CC. One hundred percent transphosphatidylation of pure PE to PC was achieved with PLD‐3. PI was inert to the attack of most PLD preparations examined with the exception that PLD‐3 hydrolyzed PI significantly. Purified PI could not be transphosphatidylized to PC; 100% PA was formed. Soybean lecithin containing about 80% PC and purified egg yolk lecithin with 75% PC could be converted to products having 95% PC and almost 100% PC, respectively, by PLD‐3 at 1.75M CC.
The interaction of dimethyl ditallow ammonium chloride and sodium linear alkylbenzene sulfonate
Authors: Smith Dewey L. , Cox Michael F. , Russell G. L. , Earl Gary W. , Lacke Phillip M. , Mays Richard L. , Fink Jean M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe interaction of a commercial sample of dimethyl ditallow ammonium chloride (Adogen® 470E) and sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate (C‐550 LAS) in aqueous solution was examined. Interaction was very strong, with the ion pair association constant estimated to be 1 × 106 1/mol.At laundry use level concentrations, the mixtures were turbid. The highest turbidity was found at equimolar concentrations of C‐550 LAS and Adogen® 470E. Turbidity was assumed to be due to the formation of an insoluble 1:1 complex.Both filtered and unfiltered mixtures of C‐550 LAS and Adogen® 470E were evaluated for detergency, softening and antistat performance. As the mixtures approached 1:1 stoichiometry, detergency decreased and softening and antistat performance improved. Lower detergency was explained by the loss from solution of LAS to form a 1:1 LAS‐dimethyl ditallow ammonium complex. Improved softening and antistat perfromance were explained by adsorption of the insoluble complex on the cloth.
Influence of the position of unsaturated fatty acid esterified glycerol on the oxidation rate of triglyceride
Authors: Wada Shun , Koizumi Chiaki 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe influence of the position of unsaturated fatty acid esterified glycerol on the oxidation rate of triglyceride was investigated at 50 C. Randomized triglycerides used were prepared by random interesterification between saturated and unsaturated monoacid triglycerides using sodium methoxide as catalyst. The monoacid triglycerides used were tripalmitin, tristearin, triolein and trilinolein. The molecular species of the randomized triglycerides were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in combination with gas liquid chromatography (GLC) and enzymatic hydrolysis. From the results of oxygen absorption measurement by GLC, the randomized triglycerides were more stable towards oxidation than the triglyceride mixtures which were prepared by mixing the equivalent quantities of the same monoacid triglycerides as used in the random interesterification. This may be due to the decrease in the contents of most unstable unsaturated monoacid triglycerides by random interesterification with saturated monoacid triglycerides. Furthermore, from the results obtained with the detailed analysis of the randomized triglycerides at different stages of oxidation, it became clear that the triglycerides having unsaturated fatty acids linked at the 2‐position of glycerol are more stable towards oxidation than those linked at the 1(or 3)‐position. The carbon chain length of saturated fatty acids has essentially no influence on the oxidation rates of unsaturated fatty acids esterified in the same glycerol.
Soy protein hydrolysis in membrane reactors
Authors: Cheryan Munir , David Deeslie W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAn Ultrafiltration (UF) based reactor system for continuous hydrolysis of proteins was developed to overcome limitations of the traditional batch process. A continuous stirred tank reactor was coupled to a hollow fiber module in a semiclosed loop configuration. Capacity of the reactor, defined as quantity of hydrolysate produced/time/weight of enzyme, was a sensitive function of enzyme concentration between 55 and 94% substrate conversion levels for the Pronase‐Promine D system. Increasing flow rate also improved capacity, but substrate concentration and reactor volume had small effects on capacity within the levels of expected use. Productivity (defined as weight of hydrolysate/weight of enzyme) was at least 10‐20 times greater for the continuous UF reactor than a batch reactor operating under otherwise identical conditions.
Phenolic acids in rapeseed and mustard
Authors: Kozlowska H. , Rotkiewicz D. A. , Zadernowski R. , Sosulski F. W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe compositions of free phenolic acids in rapeseed flours of diverse origin and white mustard were highly variable but represented less than 10% of the total phenolic acids. Phenolic acids released from hydrolysis of soluble esters constituted the major fraction, with Polish varieties having higher levels than a Canadian variety or white mustard. Yellow Sarson contained low levels of phenolic acids. Sinapic acid isomers constituted over 94% of the 13 phenolic acids found in the rapeseed varieties. Only traces of several phenolic acids appeared to be structurally bound to rapeseed and mustard proteins and carbohydrates.
Analysis of sorbitan fatty acid esters by HPLC
Authors: Garti N. , Wellner E. , Aserin A. , Sarig S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSorbitan esters of several fatty acids have been analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) using an RP‐18 column. No derivatization was necessary. Mono‐, di‐ and trisorbitan esters of palmitic, stearic, oleic, isostearic and sesquioleic acid have been separated using isopropanol/water as the elution mixture.
Hydrogen sulfide adducts of methyltrans,trans‐ 9,11‐octadecadienoate
Authors: Schwab A. W. , Rohwedder W. K. , Gast L. E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractHydrogen sulfide was added to methyltrans, trans‐ 9,11‐octadecadienoate in benzene solution at 25 C with ultraviolet radiation. GC‐MS and GLC analysis of the reaction product showed the presence of methyl oleate, methyl stearate, geometric isomers of methyl 9,11‐octadecadienoate, methyl 9,12‐epoxy‐octadeca‐9, 11‐dienoate, an unknown compound with an apparent molecular weight of 306, methyl 8‐(2′,5′‐hexylthienyl) octanoate, an unidentified sul‐fur] containing C18 ester with an apparent molecular weight of 326, methyl 9,12‐epithiostearate, an adduct of methyltrans,trans‐ 9,11‐octadecadienoate and ben‐zene [bicyclo (4.4.0)‐deca‐2,5,7‐triene‐l‐(Ω‐carboxy‐methyl heptyl)‐4 hexyl] and a probable mixture of methyl 9,11‐epidithiostearate, methyl 9,12‐epidithio‐stearate, and methyl 10,12‐epidithiostearate.
Stability of emulsions containing sucrose esters
Authors: Osipow Lloyd , Snell Foster Dee , Ferencz Murray 
Published: July 2007

ConclusionsThe presence of either sucrose distearate or glyceryl monostearate will decrease the stability of preformed mineral oil‐in‐water emulsions containing sucrose monostearate. With adequate concentrations of emulsifier present the emulsion stability of milled emulsions passes through a maximum as the ratio of glyceryl monostearate to sucrose monostearate is increased. The data suggest that this increased stability results from a decrease in droplet size rather than from the formation of a more tenuous interfacial film.
Loss of fatty acid esters from grape surfaces during drying
Authors: Stafford A. E. , Fuller G. , Bolin H. R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFatty acid esters have been shown to reduce the drying time of grapes by interacting with the waxy surface of the grapes. Laboratory scale procedures were developed to determine the fate of esters during dehydration. Thompson seedless grapes were dipped in a water emulsion containing 2% fatty acid ester, 2% potassium carbonate and an emulsifier. Grapes were dried at ambient, 43 C and 71 C. Drying rates vs. fatty acid ester concentration on the grape surfaces were plotted. The fate of fatty acid esters during dehydration was determined by running the dryer exhaust through a cold trap and extracting the condensate. These studies showed that the large loss of esters during drying lowered the drying rate considerably. An additional dip during drying reduced the drying time significantly. The ester losses appeared to be caused by vapor distillation of the esters during drying.