bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Fracture Face Damage on Well Productivity
Authors: Adegbola K. , Boney C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The phenomenon of dehydration and of the proppant crushing inside the fracture, are the two damage mechanisms mostly recognized as the main contributors to the overall reduction in fractured well productivity. Fracture face damage caused by the fracturing fluid loss through the four fracture faces also creates additional pressure drop that may further reduce the effective wellbore radius. The magnitude of the effect depends on reservoir characteristics, fracture geometry, extent of fluid leakoff into the reservoir, and the viscosity of the fracturing fluid filtrate. A step-by-step approach to predict the fluid loss through the fracture faces during the fracture treatment is explained in this paper. The depth of penetration through the fracture face and the resulting skin values for both the wall building and viscosity controlled leak-off model are determined. This study employs a simple approach that is based on the work of Cinco-Ley & Samaniego that assumes that damage through the fracture face is only caused by fluid saturation changes. The production-forecast simulator used to analyze the effect of various fracture face skin values on oil and gas well productivity agrees with Cinco-Ley and Samaniego study that shows the effect on the effective wellbore radius is negligible when skin value is less or equal to 0.1. In general, the study shows that fracture face damage has a negative effect on productivity only during the wellbore storage and fracture linear flow period. The magnitude of pressure drop increases with increase in reservoir permeability, damage ratio and fracturing fluid leakoff-viscosity.
DREAM: A Dose-Related Exposure Assessment Model Technical Description of Physical-Chemical Fates Components
Authors: Reed M. , Hetland B. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The 3-dimensional, multiple component pollutant transport, exposure, dose, and effects assessment model DREAM is described. This software tool has been designed to support rational management of environmental risks associated with operational discharges of complex mixtures. Each component in the mixture is described by a set of physical-chemical-toxicological parameters. Because petroleum hydrocarbons constitute a significant fraction of many industrial releases, DREAM incorporates a complete surface slick model, in addition to the processes governing pollutant behavior in the water column.
Exposure, uptake, depuration, and effects for fish and zooplankton are computed simultaneously with the physical-chemical transport and fates. Thus the mass balance can account for the fraction of each chemical component that is associated with biological organisms. This paper describes the physical-chemical fates portion of the model system, and comparisons of model calculations with both analytical solutions and field measurements.
Aging of the Norwegian Offshore Workforce, Aiming towards Reducing Health Risk and Optimizing Working Ability through Tripartite Collaboration
Authors: Bjerkebaek Eirik 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Norwegian offshore petroleum industry has grown into a mature industry giving employment to a workforce of around 20.000. Norwegian legislation aims at securing a working environment that provides full safety against harmful physical and mental influences. Furthermore, work shall be organized and arranged giving due consideration to age and capabilities of the individual employee.
The average Norwegian petroleum worker is rapidly approaching the age of 45. There is increasing recognition of a potentially increasing gap between existing working conditions and the aims of health and well being as ageing causes changes in workers needs and abilities. Ageing may also conflict with the requirements to a robust emergency preparedness organization. Furthermore, increasing age is accompanied by a marked increase in occurrence of illness, including health problems associated with long-term offshore work. Accordingly, there is a marked increase in sickness absence as well as a rise in the frequency of early retirement. The increased costs of dealing with age and work related health-problems are heavy on both national and business economy. In addition, there are costs and reduced quality of life borne by the individual.
This paper presents: 1) Recent results on changes in demographic and health variables for the offshore workforce in the Norwegian petroleum industry. 2) Specific offshore-related health risks for older workers associated with long-term exposure effects. 3) Governmental and business specific strategies for managing the increasing age related health problems and the associated cost effects at individual, social and industrial levels. 4) An ongoing tri-partite approach on improving partnership towards ensuring an adequate working environment standard and work demands on older workers, in order to allow employees to maintain their health while working until retirement age.
Integrating HSE in Design: Implementing a Simple Structured Process
Authors: Spence S. K. , Emmons L. N. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
There have been many tools developed to facilitate project decision making. These range from sophisticated semi-quantitative to qualitative judgement based methods. There is however, a large step between the development of a decision tool and effective implementation of a decision process.
The Clair team in the UKCS developed a very simple decision making process which ensured that Health Safety and Environmental issues were integral to and influenced design decisions. Fundamental to the approach was simplicity, pragmatism, and professional judgement. The strength of the process was ensured by having the right people involved – enabling experienced and multi-disciplined input to the decisions.
The parameters upon which key decisions were made are: health and safety; environment; technical; financial; strategic implications and deliverability. The term "deliverability" encompassed a range of factors including acceptability to external stakeholders, impact on project schedule and ability to manage the project.
The process was applied by the Clair project from Concept selection through to the end of the design. The decisions to which the process was applied were typically cross discipline, high impact, and those where transparency and understanding of potential trade-offs was considered essential. The decision process was a key tool in demonstrating BPEO (Best Practicable Environmental Option) to internal and external stakeholders.
The resultant design is one which we believe will result in excellent HSE performance when the development becomes operational in 2004.
Health Care for Contractors in Remote Areas
Authors: Maskery Nasser 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In the oil industry the real "dirty" work with all its associated health and safety hazards is contracted out as "non-core" business. Employing expatriates who suffer economic disadvantages is a well-known practice worldwide. Small contractors in particular are more interested in their own short-term financial gains rather than the health and welfare of employees. The most common weakness is in managing various contractors, expecting them to manage health and safety when they do not have the necessary skills, or failing to provide appropriate levels of supervision to compensate.
Providing optimal Primary Health Care to a large multinational workforce in remote areas is a challenge in terms of logistics and diversity. This presentation deals with the unique experience of Petroleum Development Oman (PDO) in this area, whereby a field staff of 3 doctors and 43 nurses provide comprehensive Primary Health Care including med emergency handling and OH to a population of nearly 15000 company and Contractor personnel spread over 37 locations --- camps, rigs and seismic parties in a concession area of over 110000 sq.km. of desert environment.
The critical success factor is to work very closely with the contractor community as well as engage the local legislators. PDO has created contractor forums which serve as effective media of communication with the contract managers and contract custodians. A novel approach attempted in contractor health care is to provide a central common health facility, which is then run by a sub-contractor on a competitive commercial basis. Such facilities are called Permanent Accommodations for Contractors (PACs), and are a major step towards improvement. In addition, PACs environment also promotes team building with PDO and improves communication and better adherence to PDO's Health and safety standards. HSE training, brainstorming and auditing have significant added value and are fully applied in Health Care Control for Contractors in Remote Areas.
Using Risk-Based Decision-Making Principles to Develop E&P Cleanup Standards in Indonesia
Authors: McMillen S. J. , Magaw R. I. , Koerber J. L. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Internationally, cleanup goals for Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons and other chemicals in oil impacted soils at exploration and production facilities are often not readily available. Some regulatory agencies in North America and Europe have set cleanup goals based on specific needs in those locations. Regulators outside of those areas typically either have not yet set cleanup goals to meet their own needs, or they have proposed very low goals based on reviews of European and North American regulations. This has led to TPH or oil and grease cleanup goals that vary widely and may range from 50 to 10,000 mg/kg. The Indonesian environmental agency, BAPEDAL, has not set specific soil cleanup goals for TPH. PT Caltex Pacific Indonesia (CPI) has therefore developed human health risk based screening levels (RBSLs) for managing its E&P operations in Sumatra, Indonesia. In general, RBSLs represent overall TPH or individual chemical-specific levels in soil that are protective of human health. They are derived using conservative assumptions and they may be used as cleanup goals, as appropriate. In developing RBSLs, CPI first reviewed existing regulatory approaches to setting cleanup targets and then adopted a human health risk-based decision making process. This approach was originally developed by the U.S. EPA for individual chemicals and subsequently refined by other groups to address complex petroleum products and crude oils. It requires a detailed analysis of crude oils produced in Indonesia and an in-depth understanding of the potential ways in which people might be exposed to the crude oils. The risk-based decision making approach adopted by CPI and the development of RBSLs for specific land use and human exposure conditions in Sumatra are described in this paper.
Environmental Resource Value of Industrial Infrastructure – The Hidden Environmental Cost of Restrictive Environmental Regulations in Existing Developed Areas
Authors: Hargis Dean 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The use of existing industrial infrastructure to support the develoment of newly discovered oil and gas resources in existing developed areas allows new production without the environmental impacts associated with the development of new infrastructure. This efficient use of existing infrastructure has actual environmental resource value, since the demand for oil and gas would promote development of an adequate supply in any case. The global benefit of efficient development is overlooked in traditional environmental impact analyses that typically focus on local concerns within a narrow geographic range. This traditional approach, which is common in more affluent developed countries, may actually contribute to increased global impacts by establishing stringent regulatory regimes discouraging development that would allow the efficient long-term use of that infrastructure. Although intended to protect the environment, the failure to recognize existing industrial infrastructure as an important resource may result in a hidden environmental cost by inducing development in underdeveloped countries where economic development goals may overshadow local concerns for environmental protection.
This paper was inspired by the results of a study of onshore industrial infrastructure capacity in Central California sponsored by the U.S. Minerals Management Service. That MMS study evaluates the oil and gas production potential of existing offshore leases that could be accommodated by existing infrastructure and a balanced program of facility replacement. Though these oil and gas resources were originally identified over ten years ago, local environmental policies have delayed their development. Oil and gas production activities in other parts of the world that provide energy supplies equivalent to this unrealized potential were reviewed and substantial impacts that could have been avoided by the development of the California resources were identified. This paper presents an example of such avoidable impacts, and concludes that environmental review procedures addressing oil and gas development should include consideration of global implications of locally restrictive approval policies.
Qualitative Impact of a Mobile Health System in a Riverine Community
Authors: Orekoya Olurotimi G. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This study is a subjective review of the impact of a mobile Health-care system in a riverine environment from the perspective of the end user.
As a background a review of the community was made with emphasis on the geography, health care practices, political and civil life of the area.
The reasons for the involvement of oil companies in rural health interventions are reviewed.
A novel partnering between the Government, the Community and the Company resulted in an arrangement to provide mobile health services through a riverboat clinic.
This paper investigated the perception of the members of the host community towards the service provided.
It also investigated the level of utilization of the services and the perceived future needs
Recent Knowledge About Produced Water Composition, and the Contribution from Different Chemicals to Risk of Harmful Environmental Effects
Authors: Utvik Toril I. Røe , Hasle Jon Rytter 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In 1999 the Norwegian Oil Industry Association (OLF) initiated the development of the Environmental Impact Factor (EIF) as a decision making tool for produced water management. The EIF is based on environmental risk and hazard assessment, and makes it possible to identify which of naturally occurring compounds or man-added chemicals contributes most to environmental risk. This possibility leads to increased focus on the quality of results from chemical characterisation of produced water. Data according to the required reporting format given by the Norwegian Pollution Control Authorities (SFT) from the main discharge sources of produced water in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea, have been collected during the period of 1995 to 2000.
The data are used as basis for field-specific EIF-calculations. The results show that the most important contributors to environmental risk generally are the water-soluble fraction of the oil; mainly alkylated phenols and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In some cases specific production chemicals also give a significant contribution to the risk of environmental harmful effects.
This indicates that the water-soluble fraction of the oil should be focused rather than dispersed oil for most fields as the environmental problem of discharge of produced water. This conclusion emphasises the importance of chemical characterisation, and performing field-spesific evaluations of the risk. This should be reflected both in environmental regulation, and in technology development for reduction of the discharges of environmentally harmful compounds.
The Use Of The Hammerdril In The Foothills
Authors: de Chastelain A.G.G. 
Published: December 2007

1961 California Regional Meeting, Bakersfield, Nov. 2–3, 1961
The Mission Hammerdril is an air-operated percussion tool placed directly above the rotary drilling bit. It imparts to the bit a hammering action with a frequency of about 1,800 strokes per minute, thereby adding the advantages of percussion drilling to those of conventional air rotary drilling. Standard oilfield cone-type bits are strengthened particularly in the welds between the legs, to withstand the hammering action of the tool. The anvil, which transmits the blow from the hammer to the bit, is keyed to the rest of the tool and consequently transmits no vibration to the drilling string above the tool.
Three sizes of tool are available 5 1/4", 6 3/4", and 9" with hole size ranges of 6 1/8" to 7 3/8" 7 7/8" to 10 5/8" and 11" to 17 1/2" respectively.
The chips or cuttings of formation produced by the bit when used with the Hammerdril are several times larger than those produced during conventional air drilling, and consequently a 25% to 30% larger air supply is required to remove Hammerdril cuttings from the hole.
The most effective operating air pressure is between 300 and 350 p.s.i. This pressure can be regulated by altering the size of the removable choke at the entrance to the by-pass tube which diverts part of the air stream from the hammer directly to the bit. In holes making water, back pressure in the annulus must be taken into account when determining the pressure droop across the tool.
In the Canadian Foothills, the 6 3/4" Hammerdril has been used on four holes during the past ten months, drilling a total of nearly 12,000 feet. As will be observed in Table No. 1, penetration rates are generally more than double those obtained by conventional air drilling.
Solution For Heavy Metals Decontamination in Produced Water / Case Study in Southern Tunisia
Authors: Houcine Mejri 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Oil industry often generates liquid and solid wastes, which require a pre-treatment before their discharge in the receiving environment. Given their toxicity, among the identified wastes, heavy metals are the most dangerous contaminants and pushed the National Agency of the Environment Protection to set up a very strict regulation.
This paper presents the study and the characterisation of the polluting metals concentrated in produced water from an oilfield situated in southern Tunisia and describes a methodology to decontaminate this produced water. It also presents the specific norms and standardised procedures applied in this study.
Analysis of water produced from the studied oilfield revealed that it contained a high concentration of some heavy metals and especially Zinc, Lead, Manganese, Iron and Barium. These elements are essentially concentrated as particles in the solid fraction rather than in a dissolved state, whereas the other well-known heavy metals pollutants like Cadmium; Chromium; Nickel; Vanadium and Copper exhibit only low amounts, which are less than the defined standards.
It is evident that the considered solutions for the separation of these heavy metals from water have been founded on natural evaporation principle of produced waters in basins especially conceived for this effect. However due to the increasing water-cut, this technique is efficient only during the summer time.
In order to remedy to this latter problem, laboratory tests have been conducted to develop other technique Improvements, which are the use of spillsorb, calcite and lime. Tests showed that the best results have been obtained with the lime, efficient and economic (efficiency &gt; 95 % for most studied metals).
Preparing for a Carbon Constrained World – Experiences from a Global Corporate Greenhouse Gas Audit
Authors: Eddis Melanie , O’Leary Hazel , Comer Philip 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In 1999, BP became the first major energy company to commission an independent audit of its global greenhouse gas emissions. This initiative followed CEO John Browne's commitment to achieve a 10% reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions before 2010 from a 1990 baseline.
During the period 1999–2000, over 80% of BP's worldwide GHG emissions have been included in the audit which has, to date, addressed data for years 1990, 1998 and 2000. In the first year, there was found to be uncertainty over some aspects of 1990 and 1998 baseline data. The findings of the audit helped BP successfully embed GHG emissions into core business planning and reporting processes. This, combined with an improved GHG protocol, consistently applied, enabled the auditors to provide an unqualified opinion relating to 2000 data from BP business units included within the audit scope.
The audit methodology incorporated features of both financial and environmental auditing standards, and was carried out by a multi disciplinary audit team. The audit provides assurance over the consistency, accuracy and completeness of the data reported in accordance with BP's internal GHG reporting protocol. The approach enabled the auditors to assess critically how BP is managing risks related to reporting its GHG emissions data and the level of reliance that can be placed on the Group and business unit data reporting systems.
Looking forward, BP's enhancements of its controls over GHG emissions reporting enable it to be fully prepared to take advantage of initiatives that emerge as the world becomes increasingly carbon-constrained.
The Revenue Dimension of Oil, Gas and Mining Projects: Issues and Practices
Authors: McPhail Kathryn 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Private oil, gas and mining companies have been revising their policies to enhance the environmental and social sustainability of their activities. The design and implementation of the new sustainability policies require dissemination of corporate good practice examples. The revenue dimension is critical to project sustainability. The fundamental imperative is to contribute to poverty reduction through appropriate sharing and use of the incremental revenues generated from individual projects. This paper reviews key business drivers, major challenges and good practice examples both in terms of the overall policy framework facing the industries concerned and of the diagnostic, design and delivery of the individual investment projects they sponsor. The paper concludes with a distillation of operational priorities.
The Effects of Environmental Studies Requirement on the Investment Decision Process Under Real Options Approach: A Case Study of Recent Brazilian Petroleum Industry.
Authors: Lima G. A. C. , Suslick S. B. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Investment analysis based solely on the NPV criteria may not always promote an efficient resource allocation because of its inability to incorporate implicit management's options present during the project's life. On the other hand, real options model may produce more realistic results by incorporating value derived from the interaction of uncertainty, irreversibility, and managerial freedom. This paper explores the results of both traditional discounted cash flow and real options models in approaching the problem of delays in the start up of oil production due to additional environmental requirements.