bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection ofSalmonellain Finishing Pigs on Farm and at Slaughter in Piedmont, Italy
Authors: Lomonaco S. , Decastelli L. , Bianchi D. M. , Nucera D. , Grassi M. A. , Sperone V. , Civera T. 
Published: November 2008

SummarySalmonellais one of the most common causes of human gastroenteritis often associated with pork consumption. The aims of this cross‐sectional study were to collect preliminary data on the presence ofSalmonella entericain pigs in Piedmont (Italy), through sampling on farm and at slaughter and to gather pilot data on serotypes and phagetypes present in the sampled area and distribution of anti‐microbial resistance among isolated strains.Salmonellawas detected through culture and identified withSalmonellaspp. andSalmonellaTyphimurium PCR; positive samples were serotyped, phagetyped and tested for antibiotic susceptibility. Positive samples (from 9% of faeces up to 29% of tonsils) were found in 64% of the herds.Salmonellaspp. was retrieved also from scalding water. Most of the isolates wereSalmonellaDerby,SalmonellaTyphimurium andSalmonella4,5,12:i:‐. The results ofSalmonellaTyphimurium specific PCR suggested thatSalmonella4,5,12:i:‐ might be unrecognized by serotyping. Anti‐microbial resistance was recorded in 75–100% of the isolates. Phagetyping allowed the identification of DT104B and DT46A strains. These results set the bases for further research studies that would aim to estimate the real herd prevalence in Piedmont and the diffusion of serotypes and anti‐microbial resistant strains within the same region.
Geosciences research in East Antarctica (0°E–60°E): present status and future perspectives
Authors: Satish-Kumar M. , Hokada T. , Kawakami T. , Dunkley Daniel J. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
In both palaeoenvironmental and palaeogeographical studies, Antarctica plays a unique role in our understanding of the history of the Earth. It has maintained a unique geographical position at the South Pole for long periods. As the only unpopulated continent, the absence of political barriers or short-term economic interests has allowed international collaborative science to flourish. Although 98% of its area is covered by ice, the coastal Antarctic region is one of the well-studied regions in the world. The integrity and success of geological studies lies in the fact that exposed outcrops are well preserved in the low-latitude climate. The continuing programme of the Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition focuses on the geology of East Antarctica, especially in the Dronning Maud Land and Enderby Land regions. Enderby Land preserves some of the oldest Archaean rocks on Earth, and the Mesoproterozoic to Palaeozoic history of Dronning Maud Land is extremely important in understanding the formation and dispersion of Rodinia and subsequent assembly of Gondwana. The geological features in this region have great significance in defining the temporal and spatial extension of orogenic belts formed by the collision of proto-continents. Present understanding of the evolution of East Antarctica in terms of global tectonics allows us to visualize how continents have evolved through time and space, and how far back in time the present-day plate-tectonic regime may have operated. Although several fundamental research problems still need to be resolved, the future direction of geoscience research in Antarctica will focus on how the formation and evolution of continents and supercontinents have affected the Earth's environment, a question that has been addressed only in recent years.
Early Palaeozoic metasomatism of the Archaean Napier Complex, East Antarctica
Authors: Carson Christopher J. , Ague Jay J. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract

Emplacement of post-tectonic Early Palaeozoic pegmatites on Tonagh Island, Napier Complex, East Antarctica, was accompanied by the introduction of aqueous low-salinity fluids at mid-
P
upper-amphibolite facies conditions (
c.
8 kbar,
c.
680 °C). Fluid–wall-rock interaction resulted in the development of spectacular alteration selvedges, in the immediate vicinity of the pegmatites, in adjacent Archaean orthogneisses. Archaean wall-rocks affected by the infiltration of aqueous fluids show contrasting patterns of K, Na and Ca metasomatism, which we demonstrate was fundamentally controlled by disequilibrium of invading fluids with wall-rock feldspars, rather than fluid flow up or down regional pressure or temperature gradients. Other species, such as the rare earth elements (REE; except Eu), Y, P, Rb, Th, U and Pb, for example, show significant enrichment in the metasomatized wall-rock in both examples studied. Enrichment of P (and Y), sympathetic with that of REE enrichment, is consistent with recent suggestions that REE transport in fluids may be enhanced by complexing with dissolved P and Y compounds. Dehydration and partial melting of previously unmetamorphosed sedimentary rocks, underthrust beneath the SW Napier Complex, has been long considered a viable source for felsic pegmatites (and associated fluids) observed in that region. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that underplated sedimentary rocks were a viable source for pegmatite melt and aqueous fluids. Furthermore, as our study demonstrates a plausible relationship between Early Palaeozoic (
c.
500–530 Ma) pegmatites and fluid infiltration, we suggest that dehydration and prograde partial melting of the underthrust sedimentary rocks beneath the Napier Complex occurred, at least in part, by convergent Early Palaeozoic tectonism.
Origin of xenocrystic garnet and kyanite in clinopyroxene-hornblende-bearing adakitic meta-tonalites from Cape Hinode, Prince Olav Coast, East Antarctica
Authors: Hiroi Yoshikuni , Motoyoshi Yoichi , Ishikawa Naoto , Hokada Tomokazu , Shiraishi Kazuyuki 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Xenocrystic garnet and kyanite, in addition to clinopyroxene and rare orthopyroxene, are newly found to occur in middle Proterozoic slightly metamorphosed adakitic trondhjemites and tonalites (meta-tonalites) at Cape Hinode on the eastern Prince Olav Coast in the latest Proterozoic–Early Palaeozoic Lützow-Holm Complex, East Antarctica. Textural and compositional features of garnet and kyanite suggest that these minerals formed most probably as restite phases of partial melting of mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) between 15 and 20 kbar pressure, and were entrained by the tonalitic magmas, which underwent fractional crystallization upon ascent to form cumulates that were also entrained and metamorphosed to basic–intermediate granulite blocks. Available geochronological data for the meta-tonalites indicate that all these events including MORB formation took place in the middle Proterozoic. The meta-tonalites and associated basic, calc-silicate, and pelitic rocks were emplaced as an allochthonous block in the Lützow-Holm Complex at the waning stage of its main regional metamorphism, most probably as a part of the final amalgamation of East and West Gondwana into the Gondwana supercontinent.
Kornerupine
sensu stricto
associated with mafic and ultramafic rocks in the Lützow-Holm Complex at Akarui Point, East Antarctica: what is the source of boron?
Authors: Kawakami T. , Grew E. S. , Motoyoshi Y. , Shearer C. K. , Ikeda T. , Burger P. V. , Kusachi I. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract

Kornerupine, (□, Mg, Fe)(Al, Mg, Fe)
9
(Si, Al, B)
5
O
21
(OH, F), is known from only five mafic or ultramafic settings worldwide (of the >70 localities overall). We report a sixth occurrence from Akarui Point in the Lützow-Holm Complex, East Antarctica, where two ruby corundum (0.22–0.34 wt% Cr
2
O
3
)–plagioclase lenses are found at the same structural level as boudinaged ultrabasic rocks in hornblende gneiss and amphibolite. Ion microprobe analyses of kornerupine give 13–59 ppm Be, 181–302 ppm Li, and 5466–6812 ppm B, corresponding to 0.38–0.47 B per 21.5 O; associated sapphirine also contains B (588–889 ppm). Peak metamorphic conditions are estimated to be 770–790 °C and 7.7–9.8 kbar. Kornerupine encloses tourmaline and plagioclase, which suggests the prograde reaction tourmaline (1) + plagioclase (>An34)+ sapphirine±spinel→kornerupine+corundum (ruby)+plagioclase (<An82)±(fluid or melt). Alternatively, kornerupine and tourmaline could have formed sequentially under nearly constant
P
–
T
conditions during the infiltration of fluid that was originally B-bearing, but then progressively lost Na (or gained Ca) and B through reaction with mafic rocks. Kornerupine later reacted with H
2
O–CO
2
fluid in cracks at
P
–
T
conditions in the andalusite stability field: kornerupine+plagioclase+(Na, K, ± Si in fluid)→tourmaline+biotite+corundum (sapphire)± magnesite±andalusite+(Ca in fluid). Secondary tourmaline differs from the included tourmaline in containing less Ti and having a higher Na/(Na+Ca+K) ratio. There are two possible scenarios for introducing B into the lenses: (1) infiltration of boron-bearing aqueous fluids released by prograde breakdown of muscovite in associated metasedimentary rocks; (2) hydrothermal alteration of mafic and ultramafic rocks by seawater prior to peak metamorphism. The latter scenario is consistent with an earlier suggestion that Akarui Point could be part of an ophiolite complex developed between the Yamato–Belgica and Rayner complexes.
Empirical thermometer of TiO
2
in quartz for ultrahigh-temperature granulites of East Antarctica
Authors: Kawasaki Toshisuke , Osanai Yasuhito 
Published: November 2008

Abstract

Two preliminary experiments, heating of rutilated quartz grains with 0.082 wt% TiO
2
on average from Bunt Island, Napier Complex, East Antarctica and a synthetic TiO
2
–SiO
2
(rutile–cristobalite) system in air at 1300 °C for 39 days, showed increasing solubility of TiO
2
in silica minerals with temperature. Bunt quartz was converted to cristobalite and traversed by many transparent seams with the disappearence of needles and spots of rutile. Unreacted host grains retained many fine needles of rutile. The seams are homogeneous and slightly enriched in TiO
2
up to 0.149 wt% on average, which is about one-fifth lower than that of the synthesized TiO
2
–SiO
2
cristobalite (0.767 wt% on average). Area analyses with an electron beam in the raster mode at a magnification of ×5000 gave 0.308 wt% TiO
2
for the bulk composition of the Bunt quartz. This indicates that needles of rutile exsolved from the TiO
2
-saturated quartz at the cooling stage, or during retrograde metamorphism. Natural examples of quartz in geologically and petrologically well-characterized metamorphic rocks were chemically analysed to examine the temperature controls on the Ti saturation level in quartz. The TiO
2
content of quartz in equilibrium with rutile increases sensitively with the metamorphic temperature, which can be expressed as

T
(
°
C
)
=
−
5895
/
(
ln

X

TiO

2

Qtx

+
1.729
)
−
273

where
X

TiO
2

Qtz
is the mole fraction of TiO
2
, or the number of Ti atoms per formula unit based on a two-oxygen atom normalization. This empirical equation is very useful to evaluate the metamorphic temperatures for ultrahigh-temperature granulites. The temperatures calculated by the existing Ti-in-quartz thermometer are about 200 °C higher than those estimated by the present thermometer, potentially because of underestimates of Ti solubility in quartz in the previous calibration.
An overview of geological studies of JARE in the Napier Complex, Enderby Land, East Antarctica
Authors: Ishizuka Hideo 
Published: November 2008

Abstract

Subsequent to the reconnaissance fieldwork in 1982, the Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition (JARE) carried out extensive geological studies that focused on structural and tectonic aspects, petrology, geochemistry and geochronology of the Napier Complex in Enderby Land, East Antarctica. Detailed field investigations in several key areas, including geological mapping of the Mt. Riiser-Larsen area and Tonagh Island, revealed that the Napier Complex comprises layered and massive gneiss units, of which the layered unit is composed of garnet felsic gneiss, orthopyroxene felsic gneiss, pelitic and basic gneisses, impure quartzite, and minor metamorphosed banded iron formation, whereas the massive unit consists mainly of orthopyroxene felsic gneiss. The boundary between the units is transitional in the Mt. Riiser-Larsen area, in which metamorphosed anorthosite and ultramafic rocks occur as thin layers, or blocks or pods, but on Tonagh Island the boundary is closely associated with the shear zone. Nine deformation episodes (D
1
–D
9
) were suggested for Tonagh Island. These results of fieldwork were presented in detail in two geological maps. Geochemical studies showed that (1) garnet–sillimanite gneisses and garnet-rich felsic gneisses were derived from mudstone and sandstone, respectively, both enriched in MgO, Cr and Ni; (2) orthopyroxene felsic gneisses have a close REE affinity with Archaean tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite (TTG); (3) basic gneisses were derived from light rare earth element (LREE)-enriched or -depleted basalts; (4) meta-ultramafic rocks are comparable with komatiite and related depleted mantle peridotite. This suite of protoliths is reminiscent of Archaean greenstone–granite belts. Precise analyses of physical conditions of metamorphism were carried out by using reliable approaches such as feldspar thermometry, alumina content of orthopyroxene, inverted pigeonite and bulk-rock compositions, and clino- and orthopyroxene compositions with different textures (porphyroblastic and neoblastic), and the results suggested that the maximum metamorphic temperature might have reached 1130 °C (i.e. ultrahigh-temperature (UHT) metamorphism).
P
–
T
evolution of the Napier UHT metamorphism was examined by analyses of reaction textures combined with fluid inclusion studies, suggesting both clockwise (Bunt Island) and counterclockwise (Mt. Riiser-Larsen and Tonagh Island)
P
–
T
–
t
paths. U–Pb sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe and secondary ionization mass spectrometry zircon ages from the Mt. Riiser-Larsen area and Tonagh Island indicate three stages of protolith formation at around 3.28–3.23, 3.07 and 2.68–2.63 Ga, and two contrasting ages for the timing of peak UHT metamorphism at either
c.
2.55 or
c.
2.51–2.45 Ga. On the basis of these results, more comprehensive studies on the Napier Complex are essential in the future for understanding (1) the role and age of TTG protolith and (2) the origin and timing of UHT metamorphism.
Promoting Reading in Children: Do Reading Practices Differ in Children With Developmental Problems?
Authors: Butz Arlene M. , Crocetti Michael , Thompson Richard E. , Lipkin Paul H. 
Published: November 2008

Objective The objective of this study was to describe and compare reading practices in caregivers of children with developmental/behavioral problems (DEV) to caregivers of children without developmental problems attending a general pediatric clinic (GEN). Method Cross-sectional, convenience samples of 321 caregivers of DEV and GEN children self-report reading practices including amount of daytime and nighttime reading, TV viewing, and number of books in the house. Reading 4 or more days per week is the primary outcome. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to compare reading 4 or more days per week with specific predictors. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were reported. Results Three hundred and twenty-one caregivers participated in the study (DEV 204, GEN 117). Mean number of books in home (51.1 ± 49.9), TV viewing hours per day (2.6 ± 2.0), and days or nights read per week (days, 4.9 ± 2.1; nights, 4.0 ± 2.4) did not differ by group. Caregivers reporting incomes at 200% above the federal poverty level (FPL) were more likely to engage in reading more than 4 days per week (odds ratio 5.32; 95% confidence intervals, 1.19, 23.81) after controlling for developmental status, caregiver education and age, and frequency of television viewing. Conclusion Positive home reading practices were predicted by FPL in children with and without developmental or behavioral problems and while controlling for child group status (DEV or GEN), caregiver education and age, and amount of TV viewing. Reading promotion programs should focus on children from low socioeconomic environments regardless of disability risk status.
Coracoclavicular Ligament Reconstruction for Acromioclavicular Dislocation Using 2 Suture Anchors and Coracoacromial Ligament Transfer
Authors: Shin Sang-Jin , Yun Yeo-Hon , Yoo Jae Doo 
Published: November 2008

Background The ideal surgical treatment for complete acromioclavicular dislocation is considered to be restoring separately each ligament supporting the joint to achieve optimal clinical outcomes. Hypothesis Reconstruction of the coracoclavicular ligaments using 2 suture anchors and coracoacromial ligament transfer in patients with acromioclavicular dislocation provides reliable clinical outcomes. Study Design Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods Twenty-nine patients with acute acromioclavicular dislocation were treated using the devised technique. All patients had type V acromioclavicular dislocation and underwent surgery within 3 weeks of injury. Two 3.5-mm suture anchors with doubly loaded sutures were separately inserted into the anterolateral and posteromedial portions of the coracoid process, the coracoid insertions of the trapezoid, and conoid ligaments. For each suture anchor, 2 clavicular holes were made above the anchor through which the suture strands were passed, and the strands were tied over the clavicle. The coracoacromial ligament was then transferred to the undersurface of the distal end of the clavicle. Results After a mean follow-up of 28 months, mean Constant score improved to 97 points. All 29 patients returned to normal life at a mean of 3 months postoperatively. According to radiologic findings, 24 patients achieved anatomical reduction of the acromioclavicular joint. In 2 patients, the mean vertical coracoclavicular distance difference between both shoulders was 50% to 100%. Three patients showed reduction loss of more than 100% within 3 weeks after the operation. Conclusion Coracoclavicular ligament reconstruction using 2 suture anchors and coracoacromial ligament transfer in complete acromioclavicular dislocation is a reliable technique for restoring stability to the acromioclavicular joint.
Electromyographic Analysis of Forearm Muscles in Professional and Amateur Golfers
Authors: Farber Adam J. , Smith J. Steve , Kvitne Ronald S. , Mohr Karen J. , Shin Steven S. 
Published: November 2008

Background No fine-wire electromyography studies have been performed to compare the activity of forearm muscles in professional golfers versus amateur golfers. Hypothesis The fine-wire electromyographic activity of forearm muscles differs between professional and amateur golfers during the different phases of the golf swing. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Ten male right-handed amateur golfers and 10 male right-handed professional golfers without history of elbow symptoms were tested with fine-wire electromyographic electrodes inserted into the flexor carpi radialis, pronator teres, flexor carpi ulnaris, and extensor carpi radialis brevis muscles of both forearms. Electromyographic data were synchronized with video data, and the muscle activity was expressed as a percentage of maximum manual muscle test activity for each phase of the golf swing. Results Compared with professional golfers, amateur golfers had more muscle activity in the pronator teres of the trail arm (right arm in a right-handed golfer) in the forward swing phase (120.9% maximum manual muscle test vs 57.4% maximum manual muscle test; P =. 04) and a trend toward increased activity in the acceleration phase (104.8% maximum manual muscle test vs 53.1% maximum manual muscle test; P =. 08). In contrast, professional golfers had more muscle activity in the pronator teres of the lead arm (left arm in a right-handed golfer) in the acceleration phase (88.1% maximum manual muscle test vs 36.3% maximum manual muscle test; P =. 03) and a trend toward increased activity in the early follow-through phase (58.1% maximum manual muscle test vs 28.8% maximum manual muscle test; P =. 06). Conclusion Pronator teres muscle activity in the golf swing differs significantly between professional and amateur golfers. Clinical Relevance Exercises with an emphasis on stretching and strengthening of the pronator teres may be useful in treating and/or preventing medial epicondylitis in amateur golfers.
Sporting Activity after High Tibial Osteotomy for the Treatment of Medial Compartment Knee Osteoarthritis
Authors: Salzmann Gian M. , Ahrens Philipp , Naal Florian D. , El-Azab Hosam , Spang Jeffrey T. , Imhoff Andreas B. , Lorenz Stephan 
Published: November 2008

Background Isolated varus osteoarthritis of the knee is a common problem in patients engaged in sports and recreational activities. Hypothesis Patients will be able to resume sporting activity after high tibial osteotomy. Study Design Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods A total of 65 patients were surveyed by postal questionnaires to determine their sporting and recreational activities at an average of 36 ± 8.1 months (range, 14-84) after high tibial osteotomy for the treatment of medial compartment knee osteoarthritis. The clinical evaluation included the Lysholm score, the Tegner activity scale, the Activity Rating Scale, and a visual analog scale for pain. Results At the time of survey, 90.9% of patients were engaged in sports and recreational activities, compared with 87.9% before surgery (P = .182). The number of different sporting activities declined from 3.5 preoperatively to 3.0 after surgery (P = .178). The sports frequency per week (2.1 sessions) and the activity duration per week (4.1 hours) did not significantly change from preoperative to postoperative (2.3, P = .211; and 4.2 hours, P = .709, respectively). The Lysholm score (42.4) and the visual analog scale (6.9) illustrated significant improvements (69.6, P = .001; and 2.9, P < .001, respectively). No patient returned to competitive sports after surgery, and declines were noted in the Tegner (4.9 ± 2.3 to 4.3 ± 1.5, P < .05) and Activity Rating Scale (5.7 ± 5.2 to 3.3 ± 4.6, P = .001) scores. After surgery, many patients continued to engage in high-level activities such as downhill skiing or mountain biking. Conclusion High tibial osteotomy for the treatment of medial compartment knee osteoarthritis in the active patient demonstrated favorable clinical results and allowed patients to return to sports and recreational activities similar to the preoperative level.
Acute toxicity assessment of textile dyes and textile and dye industrial effluents using Daphnia magna bioassay
Authors: Verma Y 
Published: November 2008

Aquatic toxicity of textile dyes and textile and dye industrial effluents were evaluated in an acute toxicity study using Daphnia magna as an aquatic experimental animal model. The 48-h EC50 value for the azo dyes, Remazol Parrot Green was 55.32 mg/L and for Remazol Golden Yellow was 46.84 mg/L. Whereas 48-h EC50 values for three dye industrial effluents (D1, D2, and D3) were 14.12%, 15.52%, and 29.69%, respectively. Similarly, EC50 value for three textile mill effluents (T1, T2, and T3) were >100%, 62.97%, and 63.04%, respectively. These results also showed linear relationship with high degree of confidence ( r2 = >0.84 to >0.99) between immobility and test concentrations. The ratio of 24 to 48-h EC50 remains to be in between 1.1 and 1.2. The general criteria of toxicity classification showed that both dyes were minor acutely toxic having 48-h EC50 in between 10 and 100 mg/L. Of the six textile and dye industrial effluents tested, one was not acutely toxic (48-h EC50 > 100%) and five were minor acutely toxic (48-h EC50 > 14.12–29.69%). The toxicity classification of effluent based on toxic unit (TU) showed that of the six effluents tested five were found toxic (TU = >1) and one was non-toxic (TU = <1). Thus, dye effluents showed highest toxicity and textile effluents lowest toxicity. The study also suggested that the assay with D. magna was an excellent method for evaluation of aquatic toxicity of dyes and dyes containing industrial effluents.