bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Screening tools for depressed mood after childbirth in UK‐based South Asian women: a systematic review
Authors: Downe Soo M. , Butler Elaine , Hinder Susan 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAim.  This paper is a report of a systematic review to answer the question: what is the relevance, acceptability, validity and effectiveness of tools designed to screen for postnatal depressed mood for South Asian women living in the UK?Background.  Standard methods to screen women for postnatal depressed mood were developed with Caucasian populations. This study reviews postnatal screening tools adapted or developed for United Kingdom‐based South Asian women.Method.  A structured systematic review of English language studies initially was completed between 1980 and May 2003, and later updated to January 2005. The review was based on an a priori search strategy with inclusion and exclusion criteria and analysis included a quality assessment tool. Findings were tabulated against criteria for acceptability and effectiveness of diagnostic tools.Results.  Seven papers were included in the review. None addressed all preset quality criteria. Four papers among them reported on translations of two existing tools (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and General Household Questionnaire). Two new tools were reported between the remaining three papers (Punjabi Postnatal Depression Scale and ‘Doop Chaon’©). Doop Chaon is a visual tool. The other tools used either Bengali or Punjabi, based on written scales. The General Household Questionnaire did not appear to be appropriate for this population. None of the studies were rigorous enough to demonstrate generalizable sensitivity or specificity. Qualitative data indicated that women preferred face‐to‐face interviews to self‐complete questionnaires.Conclusions.  None of the tools are currently sufficiently evaluated for clinical practice. Questions are raised specifically about use of language‐based tools to measure postnatal depressed mood in this population and about the extent to which focused interviews could be used as an alternative for specific sub‐sections of population groups.
Quantitative palaeobiogeography: GIS, phylogenetic biogeographical analysis, and conservation insights
Authors: Stigall Alycia L. , Lieberman Bruce S. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAim  The utility of GIS‐based and phylogenetic biogeographical analysis in palaeobiogeography is reviewed with reference to its ability to elucidate patterns of interest for modern conservation biology, specifically the long‐term effects of invasive species.Location  Emphasis is on biogeographical patterns in the Appalachian basin and mid‐continent of North America during the Devonian. Global palaeobiogeographical patterns of the Cambrian are also considered.Methods  Palaeobiogeographical patterns are assessed within a GIS framework, including both direct range reconstruction and niche modelling methods, and within phylogenetic biogeographical analysis. Biogeographical patterns are considered within multiple clades of fossil invertebrates, including trilobites, crustaceans, brachiopods, and bivalves.Results  GIS‐based analysis (including niche modelling methods) of Devonian invertebrates demonstrates a tightly correlated relationship between sea‐level rises and range expansion, dispersal events, and species invasions. The predominance of range expansion and species invasions during the Late Devonian reduced opportunities for vicariant speciation during this interval. Comparison of phylogenetic biogeographical patterns between Cambrian and Devonian trilobites allows discernment of the relative roles of tectonics and eustacy in driving biogeographical patterns.Main conclusions  GIS analysis and phylogenetic biogeography are powerful tools for analysing the coevolution of the Earth and its biota. Analyses can identify episodes of vicariance and geo‐dispersal and produce testable hypotheses for further analysis within the fossil record.
Local and regional determinants of stream fish assemblage structure: inferences based on taxonomic vs. functional groups
Authors: Hoeinghaus David J. , Winemiller Kirk O. , Birnbaum Jenny S. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAim  To examine the roles of local and regional environmental variables and biotic interactions in determining the structure of local stream fish assemblages, and to compare results derived from analyses based on taxonomic and functional groups.Location  Texas, USA.Methods  Species abundance data were compiled for 157 stream fish assemblages in several river basins across Texas. Species were condensed into functional groups based on trophic and life‐history characteristics. Local and regional environmental variables were either measured at each location or determined from scale maps and public‐access data bases. The original taxonomic and functional group data sets were analysed using similarity indices, null models of co‐occurrence, and direct and indirect ordination techniques. Results derived from taxonomic and functional group data sets are compared.Results  Inferences regarding the relative roles of local and larger‐scale factors in determining stream fish assemblage structure differ dramatically between analyses of taxonomic and functional groups. Taxonomic analyses suggest a prominent role of regional‐scale environmental factors, and local assemblages sorted according to a biogeographic pattern. Functional group analyses suggest almost equal roles of factors representative of local and larger scales, and assemblages were distinguished by a habitat template irrespective of geographic region.Main conclusions  The structure of local stream fish assemblages is determined ultimately by factors representing multiple scales, with the relative importance of each depending on the biological unit employed (species or functional groups). We suggest that analyses using functional groups can more directly infer ecological responses to environmental variation, and therefore may provide a more fruitful avenue for developing and testing ecological theory of community organization across biogeographic scales.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Freshwater paths across the ocean: molecular phylogeny of the frog Ptychadena newtoni gives insights into amphibian colonization of oceanic islands
Authors: John Measey G. , Vences Miguel , Drewes Robert C. , Chiari Ylenia , Melo Martim , Bourles Bernard 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAim  Amphibians are a model group for studies of the biogeographical origins of salt‐intolerant taxa on oceanic islands. We used the Gulf of Guinea islands to explore the biogeographical origins of island endemism of one species of frog, and used this to gain insights into potential colonization mechanisms.Location  São Tomé and Príncipe, two of the four major islands in the Gulf of Guinea, West Africa, are truly oceanic and have an exceptionally high biodiversity.Methods  Mitochondrial DNA is used to test the endemic status of a frog from São Tomé and compare it with congeneric taxa from tropical Africa. Existing data on surface currents, surface salinity, atmospheric circulation and bird migration in the Gulf of Guinea are summarized to address hypotheses concerning colonization mechanisms.Results  The endemic status of Ptychadena newtoni (Bocage) is supported here by mitochondrial DNA sequences, and analysis of this and other molecular data indicates that an East African species close to Ptychadena mascareniensis (Duméril and Bibron) is its nearest relative. We refute the possibility that this population was anthropogenically introduced, in favour of a natural dispersal mechanism.Main conclusions  With six endemic frogs and one caecilian, the Gulf of Guinea islands harbour a diverse amphibian fauna. Five of these species appear to have their closest relatives in East Africa. Insufficient evidence exists for transportation by storms, birds or rafts alone. However, we propose a synergy of rafting, favourable surface currents and a reduction in salinity of surface waters. Catastrophic events, or wet periods in climatic history, could allow freshwater paths to open far enough to enable continental flora and fauna to reach these and other isolated oceanic islands.
Back to one: consequences of derived monogyny in an ant with polygynous ancestors
Authors: SCHREMPF A. , HEINZE J. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe number of queens per colony is of fundamental importance in the life history of social insects. Multiple queening (polygyny), with dependent colony founding by budding, has repeatedly evolved from ancestral single queening (monogyny) and independent founding by solitary queens in waSPS, bees and ants. By contrast, the reversal to monogyny appears to be rare, as polygynous queens often lack morphological adaptations necessary for dispersal and independent colony founding. In the ant genusCardiocondyla, monogynous species evolved from polygynous ancestors. Here, we show that queens of monogynous species found their colonies independently, albeit in an unusual way: they mate in the maternal nest, disperse on foot and forage during the founding phase. This reversal appears to be associated with the occurrence of a wing polymorphism, which reflects a trade‐off between reproduction and dispersal. Moreover, queens of monogynous species live considerably longer than queens in related polygynous taxa, suggesting that queen life span is a plastic trait.
Manipulation of oviposition choice of the parasitoid wasp,Encarsia pergandiella, by the endosymbiotic bacteriumCardinium
Authors: KENYON S. G. , HUNTER M. S. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractReproductive manipulations of hosts by maternally inherited bacterial endosymbionts often result in an increase in the proportion of infected female hosts in the population. When this involves the conversion of incipient males to genetic or functional females, it presents unique difficulties for symbionts invading hosts with sex‐specific reproductive behaviours, such as the autoparasiticEncarsia pergandiella. In sexual forms of this species, female eggs are laid in whitefly nymphs and male eggs are laid in conspecific or heterospecific parasitoids developing within the whitefly cuticle. Further, eggs laid in the ‘wrong’ host do not ordinarily complete development. This study explored the role of a bacterial symbiont,Cardinium, in manipulating oviposition behaviour in a thelytokous population ofE. pergandiella. Oviposition choice was measured by the number and location of eggs deposited by both infected and uninfected adult waSPS in arenas containing equal numbers of hosts suitable for the development of male and female waSPS. Uninfected waSPS included antibiotic‐treated female waSPS and (untreated) daughters of antibiotic‐treated female waSPS. The choices of waSPS in the thelytokous population treatments were compared with those of a conspecific sexual population. We found that offspring of antibiotic‐cured thelytokous waSPS reverted to the behaviour of unmated sexual waSPS, laying their few eggs almost exclusively in hosts appropriate for male eggs. Infected thelytokous waSPS distributed their eggs approximately evenly between host types, much like mated sexual female waSPS. The antibiotic‐treated female waSPS exhibited choices intermediate to waSPS in the other two treatments. The change in the observed behaviour appears sufficient to allow invasion and persistence ofCardiniumin sexual populations. Lastly, our results suggest a reduction in host discrimination as a possible mechanism by whichCardiniuminfluences this change.
The origins of ecotypic variation of rainbow trout: a test of environmental vs. genetically based differences in morphology
Authors: KEELEY E. R. , PARKINSON E. A. , TAYLOR E. B. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAlthough morphological plasticity has been observed in a variety of taxa, few experimental studies have compared the relative proportion of morphological variability that is accounted for by environmentally induced plasticity, and how much is because of genetically based differences among populations. We compared the morphology of six rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) populations from different ecotypic categories that were raised under flowing vs. standing‐water conditions. Our data indicate that both environmental conditions and ecotypic differences account for a significant proportion of variation in morphology. Among ecotype effects, however, accounted for a much larger proportion of morphological variability than environmental conditions. Rainbow trout from stream populations had deeper caudal peduncles, and longer fins than lake populations, and rainbow trout from a piscivorous population had larger mouth and head lengths than all other ecotypes. Environmentally induced differences in morphology were primarily related to differences in mouth and head lengths, as well as fin length. Relative to morphometric differences from natural rainbow trout populations, most characteristics deviated in the same direction in our experimental populations. Our data indicate that morphological differences across rainbow trout populations have a genetic basis and may represent locally adaptive characteristics and highlight the role of ecology in promoting phenotypic divergence.
Duration of pneumothorax as a complication of CT‐guided lung biopsy
Authors: Yamagami T , Kato T , Hirota T , Yoshimatsu R , Matsumoto T , Nishimura T 
Published: September 2006

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to determine management guidelines for biopsy‐induced pneumothorax with the assistance of manual aspiration, mainly based on the duration of complicated pneumothorax. Data from 388 consecutive percutaneous needle lung biopsies were examined. Patients with pneumothorax on postbiopsy chest CT images underwent percutaneous manual aspiration with an 18‐G i.v. catheter. Frequency and management of biopsy‐induced pneumothorax and period to its disappearance were reviewed. Postbiopsy pneumothorax occurred in 133 of 388 (34.3%) procedures. Manual aspiration in 72 of these 133 patients was carried out immediately after biopsy. The pneumothorax had resolved completely on follow‐up chest radiographs without chest tube placement in 121 of the 133 pneumothoraces (91.0%). In cases requiring chest tube, the mean period from biopsy until resolution of the pneumothorax was 6.0 ± 5.3 days, but was only 2.4 ± 2.9 days when chest tube placement was not needed. Specifically, time until recovery was short both in those not requiring manual aspiration (2.1 ± 3.4 days) and in those with a pneumothorax that disappeared completely or almost completely after manual aspiration (1.9 ± 2.0 days). The almost equally short recovery periods in patients not requiring manual aspiration and those requiring immediate manual aspiration indicates the value of rapid management.
Metastatic choriocarcinoma: A rare cause of stroke in the young adult
Authors: Saad N , Tang YM , Sclavos E , Stuckey SL 
Published: September 2006

SummaryA 20‐year old woman presented with acute right hemiplegia 10 weeks after intrauterine fetal death at 34‐weeks gestation (G1P0). A brain MRI showed a typical acute infarct in the left middle cerebral artery territory. A CT pulmonary angiography carried out 1 week later for sudden cardiopulmonary deterioration showed disseminated pulmonary metastases. The CT was extended to the abdomen and pelvis, which showed a uterine mass with bilateral theca lutein cysts. The radiological diagnosis of metastatic choriocarcinoma was made and was subsequently confirmed with the markedly increased serum β‐human chorionic gonadotrophin. A serum β‐human chorionic gonadotrophin is therefore considered worthwhile in any young female adult who presents with stroke.
Echocardiogram‐gated multislice spiral CT in functionally univentricular heart following long‐lasting Waterston–Cooley anastomosis
Authors: Ruhl KM , Koos R , Mahnken AH 
Published: September 2006

SummaryWaterston–Cooley anastomosis may be carried out in patients with tricuspid atresia to provide pulmonary perfusion. It is associated with several complications, including preferential blood flow to the right lung, hypoplasia of the left pulmonary artery, obstruction of the anatomosis or rupture of pulmonary aneurysms. We study a patient with thrombosis in the pulmonary arteries following surgical construction of a Waterston shunt in childhood. Imaging findings and clinical symptoms are discussed with emphasis on echocardiogram‐gated multislice spiral CT.
Leiomyosarcoma of the great saphenous vein
Authors: El Khoury M , Mesurolle B , Trassard M , Cherel P , Talma V , Hagay C 
Published: September 2006

SummaryPeripheral vascular leiomyosarcomas are rare. A case of leiomyosarcoma of the great saphenous vein diagnosed pre‐surgically by MRI and fine‐needle aspiration is presented. Characteristics of the tumour and imaging features are discussed.
Ganciclovir and the treatment of Epstein‐Barr virus hepatitis
Authors: Adams Leon A , Deboer Bastiaan , Jeffrey Gary , Marley Richard , Garas George 
Published: September 2006

AbstractEpstein‐Barr virus (EBV) is part of the herpesvirus family that infects up to 90% of the population. Initial infection is often subclincal in children but will generally result in symptomatic infectious mononucleosis in adolescents and adults. Ganciclovir has been utilized in immunocompromised patients with EBV encephalitis and post‐liver transplant for EBV fulminant hepatitis. Herein, the successful use of ganciclovir in two immunocompetent patients with severe EBV hepatitis is reported.
Visually directed high‐intensity focused ultrasound for organ‐confined prostate cancer: a proposed standard for the conduct of therapy
Authors: Illing Rowland O. , Leslie Tom A. , Kennedy James E. , Calleary John G. , Ogden Christopher W. , Emberton Mark 
Published: September 2006

OBJECTIVETo propose a standard for the conduct of visually directed transrectal high‐intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) and to offer a formal description of the changes observed on B‐mode ultrasonography (US) during this procedure. We describe our early experience of using two different treatment methods; algorithm‐based HIFU and visually directed HIFU for the treatment of organ‐confined prostate cancer.PATIENTS AND METHODSBetween November 2004 and October 2005, 34 men were treated using the Sonablate®‐500 (Focus Surgery, Indianapolis, IN, USA) as primary therapy for T1 or T2 prostate cancer. None had had previous hormone therapy and all had ≥ 3‐month PSA nadirs recorded at the follow‐up. Nine men were treated using an algorithm‐based protocol (group 1) and 25 using visually directed therapy (group 2). The conduct of visually directed treatment was described and changes seen using B‐mode US were categorized using three ‘Uchida’ grades.RESULTSThe mean PSA nadir achieved in group 2 was 0.15 ng/mL, vs 1.51 ng/mL in group 1 (P < 0.005). In group 2, 21 of 25 men achieved PSA nadirs of ≤ 0.2 ng/mL 3 months after treatment. Seven men achieved undetectable PSA values. The occurrence rate of treatment‐related toxicity was similar in both groups.CONCLUSIONVisually directed, transrectal HIFU enables clinically important and statistically significantly lower PSA nadirs to be achieved than algorithm‐based HIFU. This is the first reported experience of visually directed HIFU for the treatment of organ‐confined prostate cancer. We think that this is the first attempt to standardize the conduct of therapy; such standardization facilitates teaching it, and makes it possible to derive quality standards. The standardization of the conduct of therapy is a key step in the process of health technology assessment.
Islet antibodies associated with pancreatic B‐cell dysfunction at and 3 years after diagnosis of diabetes in subjects aged 35–64 years old: degree of impairment less severe than in those aged 0–34 years old
Authors: Berger B. , Borg H. , Fernlund P. , Stenström G. , Sundkvist G. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAims  To determine differences in pancreatic B‐cell function in relation to islet antibodies at diagnosis of diabetes and 3 years later in subjects aged 35–64 years old compared with those aged 0–34 years.Methods  From a population‐based diabetes register, 46 (0–34 years old) and 323 (35–64 years old) incident diabetic patients were investigated at diagnosis and 3 years later. Islet cell antibodies (ICA, GADA and IA‐2A) and fasting plasma C‐peptide were measured.Results  Islet antibodies were found in 80% of the subjects aged 0–34 years and in 11% of those aged 35–64 years at diagnosis. ICA and GADA was the only combination of two islet antibodies detected in those aged 35–64 years and was, with or without IA‐2A, associated with significantly lower median fasting C‐peptide values than in those without or with only one antibody [0.35 nmol/l, interquartile range (IQR) 0.63 vs. 0.85 nmol/l, IQR 0.49; P = 0.0004]. However, fasting C‐peptide in subjects aged 35–64 years old with multiple islet antibodies was higher than in those aged 0–34 years with islet antibodies (median 0 nmol/l, IQR 0.16, P = 0.0019). After 3 years’ follow‐up, fasting C‐peptide was even lower in subjects aged 35–64 years old with three islet antibodies (median 0.14 nmol/l, IQR 0.27; P = 0.05).Conclusions  Islet antibodies were common in adults at diagnosis of diabetes. The combination of ICA and GADA indicates impaired B‐cell function at diagnosis of diabetes in those aged 35–64 years old.
Six‐year follow‐up of a cohort of 203 patients with diabetes after screening for silent myocardial ischaemia
Authors: Sejil S. , Janand‐Delenne B. , Avierinos J.‐F. , Habib G. , Labastie N. , Raccah D. , Vague P. , Lassmann‐Vague V. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAims  To determine the prognosis of patients with Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes, 6 years after screening for silent myocardial ischaemia (SMI).Methods  Two hundred and three asymptomatic patients with diabetes underwent systematic SMI screening. From the results of this screening, they were allocated to one of three groups: patients (n = 171) with negative screening; patients (n = 32) with positive screening; and patients (n = 21) with positive screening and coronary stenosis. Six years after the initial assessment, all patients were re‐assessed. All events [death, cardiac death, non‐fatal major cardiac events (NFMCEs)—acute myocardial infarction, ventricular rhythm disorders, heart failure, unstable angina] were recorded.Results  Fifteen patients were lost to follow‐up. Patients (n = 20) with positive SMI screening and coronary stenosis had a higher risk of NFMCEs (35% vs. 7%, P < 0.001), and a higher mortality rate (35% vs. 15%, P < 0.05) compared with patients (n = 157) with negative screening. SMI‐positive patients (n = 31) had a higher NFMCE rate compared with negative SMI screening patients, although overall mortality rate was no different. Cancer was the leading cause of death (36.4%). In multivariate analysis, major cardiac events (cardiac death and NFMCE) were related to baseline age, body mass index and coronary stenosis (P < 0.01).Conclusions  Patients with diabetes and SMI have a very poor prognosis as assessed by cardiac events or death, especially in the presence of coronary stenosis.