bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Cymbopogon citratus L. essential oil on growth and morphogenesis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ML2‐strain
Authors: Helal G. A. , Sarhan M. M. , Abu Shahla A. N. K. , Abou El‐Khair E. K. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was completely inhibited using 2.0 µl/ml or 4.0 µl/ml of Cymbopogon citratus essential oil applied by fumigation or contact method in Sabouraud's broth medium, respectively. This oil was found also to be fungicidal at the same concentrations. The sublethal doses 1.0 and 3.0 µl/ml inhibited about 98% of yeast growth after 24 hr of incubation as compared with the control. Microscopic observations using Light Microscope (LM), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) showed morphogenic and ultrastructure changes in the fumigated cells with 1.0 µl/ml of the oil. These changes including decrease in cell size, depressions on the surface of the cells, alteration in cell wall thickness and disruption of plasma membrane. Moreover, Ca+2, K+ and Mg+2 leakages increased from the fumigated cells and its total lipid content decreased. Also, the fatty acid composition was altered with decrease in the amount of saturated fatty acids and increase in the amount of unsaturated fatty acids. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effect of coating the wells of a polystyrene microtiter plate with xanthorrhizol on the biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans
Authors: Rukayadi Yaya , Hwang Jae‐Kwan 
Published: September 2006

AbstractColonization on the surface of tooth by Streptococcus mutans is an important step in the initiation of dental plaque. Polystyrene microtiter plates have been employed to study bacterial colonization and biofilm formation of periodontal bacteria. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of coating the wells of a polystyrene microtiter plate with xanthorrhizol isolated from java turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) on Strep. mutans biofilm formation. Our studies demonstrated that coating of a polystyrene microtiter plate with 5 µg/ml of xanthorrhizol resulted in significant (up to 60%) reduction of adherent cells compared to that of cells in uncoated wells. This result suggests that xanthorrhizol displays potent activity in preventing Strep. mutans biofilm formation. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Acinetobacter bioreporter assessing heavy metals toxicity
Authors: Abd‐El‐Haleem Desouky , Zaki Sahar , Abulhamd Ashraf , Elbery Hassan , Abu‐Elreesh Gadallah 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis work was conducted to employ a whole cell‐based biosensor to monitor toxicity of heavy metals in water and wastewater. An isolate of industrial wastewater bacterium, Acinetobacter sp. DF4, was genetically modified with lux reporter gene to create a novel bioluminescent bacterial strain, designated as DF4/PUTK2. This bioreporter can investigate the toxicity through light inhibition due to cell death or metabolic burden and the specific stress effects of the tested soluble materials simultaneously. The use of Acinetobacter DF4/PUTK2 as a bioluminescent reporter for heavy metal toxicity testing and for the application of wastewater treatment influent toxicity screening is presented in this study. Among eight heavy metals tested, the bioluminescence of DF4/PUTK2 was most sensitive to Zn, Cd, Fe, Co, Cr followed by Cu in order of decreasing sensitivity. The same pattern of sensitivity was observed when several contaminated water and wastewater effluents were assayed. This work suggested that luxCDABE ‐marked Acinetobacter bacterium DF4/PUTK2 can be used to bioassay the ecotoxicity of wastewater and effluent samples contaminated with heavy metals. Using this assay, it is possible to pre‐select the more toxic samples for further chemical analysis and to discard wastewater samples with low or no inhibition because they are not toxic to the environment. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Lindane removal induction by Streptomyces sp. M7
Authors: Benimeli C. S. , Castro G. R. , Chaile A. P. , Amoroso M. J. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractGamma‐hexachlorocyclohexane (γ‐HCH or lindane), one of the most commonly used pesticides, has been mainly used in agriculture; this pesticide is known to be highly toxic and persistent, causing serious water and soil contamination. The objective of the present work is to study the effect of low glucose concentration and the addition of lindane at different growing time on the pesticide detoxification ability of Streptomyces M7.After 96 h of incubation in synthetic medium containing glucose 0.6 g l–1 with the addition of lindane 100 μg l–1 at 20 h of incubation, a typical diauxic curve was obtained: glucose was the preferred substrate until 24 h, at 48 h, when the carbohydrate was depleted, the microorganism consumed the pesticide like carbon source. On the other hand, lindane removal induction was observed, which was greater when the pesticide was added to the medium at 20 h than 6 h of incubation. Between 72 and 96 h, a maximum of ∼86% of the Cl– was released when lindane was added to the medium at 20 h, whereas ∼70% and 67% Cl– was released in the medium when the pesticide was added at 0 and 6 h of incubation respectively. This is the first report of chloride release from inoculated medium supplemented with lindane, suggesting that the pesticide was degraded by Streptomyces sp. under aerobic conditions. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
New pFA‐cassettes for PCR‐based gene manipulation in Candida albicans
Authors: Schaub Yvonne , Dünkler Alexander , Walther Andrea , Wendland Jürgen 
Published: September 2006

AbstractSeveral modules for efficient PCR‐based gene disruption have recently been introduced in Candida albicans. These are based on auxotrophic marker genes for deficient strains derived from SC5314/CAI4. Commonly used protocols for the transformation C. albicans are based either on the lithium acetate procedure or on electroporation also used for Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here we present our updated arsenal of pFA‐modules that now include the heterologous marker genes HIS1 from C. dubliniensis and LEU2 from C. maltosa (Noble and Johnson 2005) and the dominant selection marker ca SAT1 (Reuss et al. 2004). We also introduce the Ashbya gossypii TEF1 ‐promoter as a strong constitutive promoter. With these new elements an enlarged collection of pFA‐marker and pFA‐marker‐promoter modules were generated containing 17 new modules. In addition, N‐terminal tagging with GFP‐(GA) 6 and epitope‐tagging modules using the 6 ×‐HIS‐tag were constructed. This adds to the previous modules that only enabled C‐terminal GFP‐tagging of genes (Gola et al. 2003). In total 29 pFA‐modules are currently freely available from our lab which – together with an update on the diagnostic verification procedure – further enlarge the C. albicans molecular toolbox and enhance our capabilities to use PCR‐based gene alteration methods in C. albicans. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Near‐surface‐temperature lapse rates on the Prince of Wales Icefield, Ellesmere Island, Canada: implications for regional downscaling of temperature
Authors: Marshall Shawn J. , Sharp Martin J. , Burgess David O. , Anslow Faron S. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractScreen temperatures were monitored from May 2001 to April 2003 in an array of 25 sites on the Prince of Wales Icefield, Ellesmere Island, Canada. The observational network covered an area of ca 15 650 km2 and spanned an altitude ranging from 130 to 2010 m above sea level. The spatial array provides a record of near‐surface‐temperature lapse rates and mesoscale temperature variability on the icefield. The mean daily lapse rate in the 2‐year record is − 4.1° C km−1, with an average summer lapse rate of − 4.3° C km−1. Surface‐temperature lapse rates in the region are therefore systematically less than the free‐air lapse rates that are typically adopted for extrapolations of sea‐level temperature to higher altitudes. Steep lapse rates, resembling moist adiabatic rates in the free air (−6 to − 7° C km−1), are more common in summer at our site and are associated with enhanced cyclonic activity (low‐pressure and high relative vorticity) and southerly flow aloft. In contrast, northerly, anticyclonic flow prevails when summer lapse rates are weak (above − 2° C km−1). The low surface‐temperature lapse rates and their systematic synoptic variability have important implications for applications that require downscaling or extrapolation of surface‐ or boundary‐layer temperatures, such as modelling of glacier mass balance. We illustrate this in an analysis of observed versus modelled snowmelt on the icefield. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society.
Climate Change detection over different land surface vegetation classes
Authors: Dang Hongyan , Gillett Nathan P. , Weaver Andrew J. , Zwiers Francis W. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractA global land cover classification data set is used to divide the globe into seven regions to study surface temperature changes over different vegetation/surface classes. Statistically significant warming is found from the year 1900 over all regions (except for the ice sheets over Greenland and Antarctica). Outputs from three coupled climate models (CGCM2, HadCM2 and the Parallel Climate Model (PCM)) are used to examine the detection and attribution of surface temperature trends over the various vegetation classes for the past half century. An anthropogenic warming trend is detected in six of the seven regions. Observed trends are consistent with those simulated in response to greenhouse gas and sulfate aerosol forcing except over tropical forest and water where the models appear to overestimate the warming. The similarity between the resultant scaling factors for each region from the different models underscores the reliability of our detection results. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society.
Variability of East African rainfall based on multiyear Regcm3 simulations
Authors: Anyah Richard O. , Semazzi Fredrick H. M. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe International Center for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) regional climate model version 3 (ICTP‐RegCM3) multiyear simulations of East Africa rainfall during the October–December, short rains season are evaluated. Two parallel runs; based on NCEP reanalysis and NASA FvGCM lateral boundary conditions are performed. The simulated monthly and seasonal rainfall climatology as well as the interannual variability are found to be fairly consistent with the observations. The model climatology over specific homogeneous climate subregions, except central Kenya (CKE) highlands, also reasonably agrees with the observed. The latitude‐time evolution (intraseasonal variability) of the simulated seasonal rainfall exhibits two distinct modes of behavior. The first is a quasistationary mode associated with high rainfall throughout the season within the equatorial belt between 1°S and 2°N. The second mode is associated with the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ)‐driven southward migration of regions of rainfall maxima as the season progresses, which is also consistent with the observed. Furthermore, observed rainfall variability over distinct homogeneous climate subregions is also fairly reproduced by the model, except over central Kenya highlands and northeastern parts of Kenya. The spatial correlation between the simulated seasonal rainfall and some of the global teleconnections (DMI and Nino3.4 indices) shows that the regional model conserves some of the observed regional ‘hot spots’ where rainfall‐ENSO/DMI associations are strong. At the same time, unlike observations, the model reveals that along the East Africa Rift Valley and over western parts of the Lake Victoria Basin, the association is weak, perhaps an indication that nonlinear interactions between local forcing (captured by the model) and large‐scale systems either suppress or obscur the dominant influence of the teleconnections on rainfall over certain parts. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society.
Sorption characteristics and performance of an acid dye on a gel‐type weak anion exchanger in a finite bath
Authors: Cabrera Rosa B , Fernandez‐Lahore Hector M 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe sorption behaviour of carminic acid on a gel‐type weak anion exchanger was evaluated in a finite bath. Equilibrium and kinetic studies were employed to characterise the system. Adsorption isotherms were found to follow the Langmuir expression. Concentration–time profiles were obtained in a stirred vessel. The sorption kinetics was unaltered provided that the particle suspension criterion was met. Analytical equations were found for quantitative description of the system and to assist in scale‐up. Fluid‐side effects and intraparticle resistance mechanisms were revealed. The fluid‐side mass transfer coefficient (kf) took an almost constant value of 2.6 × 10−5 m s−1 under these experimental conditions. Amberlite IRA‐67, owing to its gel structure, was treated so as to present a homogeneous diffusion type, and a solid diffusivity (Ds) value of 3.16 × 10−10 m2 s−1 was determined experimentally. This value was insensitive to stirrer speed and could be considered constant for further design purposes. Overall mass transfer in the system showed a mixed nature with a balanced contribution of both resistances (δ ≈ 1). Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
A nutrition and health perspective on almonds
Authors: Chen Chung‐Yen , Lapsley Karen , Blumberg Jeffrey 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAlmonds provide a nutrient‐dense source of vitamin E, manganese, magnesium, copper, phosphorus, fibre, riboflavin, monounsaturated fatty acids and protein. Although almost 50% of almond weight is fat, incremental intakes of 7 g day−1 of this tree nut reduce low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentration by 1%, especially within the context of diets recommended by the National Cholesterol Education Program. Habitual almond consumption does not lead to weight gain, and their inclusion in low‐calorie diets appears to promote more weight loss than a comparable carbohydrate‐based low‐calorie diet. Also, almonds have a low glycemic index and do not adversely impact insulin sensitivity. Almonds are an excellent source of bioavailable α‐tocopherol, and increasing their intake enhances the resistance of LDL against oxidation. In addition, the polyphenolic constituents of almonds have been characterised recently and found to possess antioxidant actions. While benefits of almonds for cardiovascular health and obesity‐related diseases appear promising, the potential allergenic reaction among susceptible individuals can present a risk. Further research is required to achieve a better understanding of the role that the bioavailability and bioaccessibility of almond constituents and the synergy between them play in their associated health outcomes. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Significance of sample preparation in developing analytical methodologies for accurate estimation of bioactive compounds in functional foods
Authors: Luthria Devanand L 
Published: September 2006

AbstractFunctional foods are defined as foods or food components that provide health benefits beyond basic nutrition (for the intended population). Increased interest in bioactive food components and phytochemicals has arisen from numerous epidemiological studies that suggest that certain phytochemicals can reduce risk of chronic diseases. Sales of functional foods containing high concentrations of bioactive components have increased dramatically during the past two decades. This paper illustrates with examples the significance of sample preparation in developing analytical methodologies for accurate estimation of potentially bioactive compounds present in functional foods using phenolic phytochemicals as model substrates. The primary three steps in any analysis are sampling, sample preservation, and sample preparation. These three initial steps are often overlooked and considered ‘as a means to an end’ and are often not well documented in the published literature. This paper outlines a systematic protocol for optimizing extraction of phytochemicals from different plant matrices. Accurate analysis of bioactive compounds is critical for their precise and reproducible quantification in different foods, establishing appropriate dietary intake and safety guidelines, and understanding their role in human health and nutrition. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Current dietary exposure to polychlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxins, polychlorodibenzofurans, and dioxin‐like polychlorobiphenyls in Italy
Authors: Fattore Elena , Fanelli Roberto , Turrini Aida , di Domenico Alessandro 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis study deals with an assessment of dietary exposure to polychlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorodibenzofurans (PCDFs), and dioxin‐like polychlorobiphenyls (DL‐PCBs) for the Italian general population, obtained by combining data from a national food consumption survey with contamination concentrations of European foodstuffs available on the market. The distribution of PCDD, PCDF, and DL‐PCB dietary intake(s) in the Italian population was investigated to assess to what extent the variability in dietary habits may cause higher exposures to the previously mentioned contaminants. Results indicate that the main contributions to total PCDD, PCDF, and DL‐PCB intake are due to fish and fish products (44%) and to milk and dairy products (27%). The mean PCDD, PCDF, and DL‐PCB intake (total toxic equivalents) via food was estimated 5.34, 3.37, and 2.28 pg World Health Organization (WHO)‐TE/kg of body weight (kg‐bw) per day for the three age groups 0–6 (breastfeeding excluded), 7–12, and 13–94 years old, respectively. The highest exposures due to variation in dietary habits are in general within a factor of 2–3. From the mean exposure estimated for the general population (adults), it can be inferred that a consistent part of it would exceed the tolerable daily intake of 2 pg WHO‐TE/kg‐bw adopted by the Scientific Committee on Food of the European Commission in 2001.
Dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls and other organohalogen compounds in human milk. Levels, correlations, trends and exposure through breastfeeding
Authors: Fürst Peter 
Published: September 2006

AbstractPolychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins (PCDD) and dibenzofurans (PCDF), together simplified termed “dioxins”, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) and organochlorine pesticides constitute lipophilic, persistent organic pollutants that bioaccumulate in the food chain and consequently can be found in humans at considerable concentrations. During the past 30 years our institute analyzed far more than 2000 individual human milk samples for organochlorine pesticides and PCB and over 1000 specimens for PCDD/PCDF. The results of these analyses provide an overview and reliable basis as to contamination of human milk with these compounds, their correlations among each other, the temporal trend of exposure through breastfeeding and the predominant parameters that influence the maternal body burden. It was found that the levels of most persistent organohalogen compounds in human milk decreased significantly over the past three decades and equally did their exposure through breastfeeding. Exceptions are PBDE, which are still extensively used as flame‐retardants. PBDE levels in milk samples collected in the early 2000s are approximately 60% higher compared to specimens sampled 10 years before. Moreover, in contrast to PCB, PBDE show no significant correlation with PCDD/PCDF in human milk, which might be interpreted as an indication for another mode of human exposure.
A novel design of a CPW‐fed square slot antenna with broadband circular polarization
Authors: Chang Kow‐Ming , Lin Ren‐Jie , Deng I‐Chung , Chen Jin‐Bo , Xiang Ke Qing , Rong Chang Jun 
Published: September 2006

AbstractA novel design of a broadband circularly polarized square slot antenna fed by a single coplanar waveguide is proposed and discussed. The circularly polarized radiation is achieved by means of using an outer rectangular ring and an inner rectangular ring at the center of a square slot. The proposed antenna has the fundamental resonant frequency of 2.44 GHz with the return loss of −40.93 dB, and it has the bandwidth of 3 dB axial ratio of 420 MHz or (17.21%). Details of the results are presented and discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 2456–2459, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21951
Design of compact directive ultra wideband antipodal antenna
Authors: Abbosh A. M. , Kan H. K. , Bialkowski M. E. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIn this paper, a novel design procedure for designing a compact UWB antipodal Vivaldi antenna is presented. The antenna operates over the UWB frequency band from 3.1 to more than 10.6 GHz. Its measured far‐field radiation is directive and its peak gain is 10.2 dBi in the specified band. The antenna pulse response shows negligible distortion, indicating that it can be useful in a precision ranging and imaging instrumentation. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 2448–2450, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21955
A compact harmonic‐suppressed Wilkinson power divider using C‐SCMRC resonators
Authors: Gu Jian‐Zhong , Yu Xiao‐Jing , Sun Xiao‐Wei 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis letter describes a compact Wilkinson power divider using compensated spiral compact microstrip resonant cell (C‐SCMRC) resonators for harmonic suppression and size reduction. The size length of quarter wavelength transmission line is only 0.14 λg because of the slow‐wave characteristic. Furthermore, the proposed power divider rejected the 2nd and 3rd harmonic signals using the stopband of C‐SCMRC resonators. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 2382–2384, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21961
Compact broadband gap‐coupled rectangular microstrip antennas
Authors: Ray K. P. , Sevani V. , Kakatkar S. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractSystematic investigations have been presented by splitting a single rectangular microstrip patch into equal, smaller elements along the width, keeping the length same. Of these, one of the elements is fed while others are gap coupled to its nonradiating edges. The rectangular patch is gradually splitted into 2–14 equal, smaller elements and in between coupling gaps are optimized for maximum bandwidth. Parametric study for the effect of gap and feed point location, along with radiation pattern, has also been carried out. A maximum bandwidth increment of over 10 times, compared with that of the original single rectangular patch is obtained for 14 numbers of equal strips. As the additional resonators (at same resonance frequency) are obtained from the original patch itself, the overall configuration remains compact. Experiments have been carried out, which are in good agreement with simulated results. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 2382–2384, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21976