bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Weather Variability, Climatic Change, and Grain Production
Authors: Thompson Louis M. 
Published: October 2006

A cooling trend in the world's climate would have serious effects in the monsoon belts depending on whether or not the recent changes in snow and ice cover in the polar regions were responsible for the droughts in Africa and the failure of the monsoons over South Asia. The cooling and shrinking of the atmosphere at the higher latitudes is believed to have brought the subtropical anticyclones nearer to the tropical rainbelt and have caused a shifting of the monsoon belt.
The regions that would be most severely affected by a continuation of the cooling trend to the year 2000 would be the higher latitudes (above 50 degrees) where spring wheat is grown and the warm band below 30 degrees latitude where rice is the principal grain crop.
Weather variability is a much more important consideration in grain production than a cooling trend. Our highest yields are made when weather is near normal or slightly cooler than normal. It is when weather variables deviate greatly from normal that yields are lowest. Even if the weather does trend toward the coolness of a century ago yields will not be reduced significantly unless the weather becomes more variable.
Doctorates Granted to Women and Minority Group Members
Authors: McCarthy Joseph L. , Wolfle Dael 
Published: October 2006

The AAU universities, a prime recruiting ground for new faculty members in selective colleges and research-oriented universities, are significantly increasing the number of doctorates awarded to women and minority members and are decreasing the numbers awarded to majority males. Between 1969-72 and 1972-75, doctorates awarded by AAU universities to majority men declined by 9 percent; to majority women increased by 34 percent; to minority men increased by 61 percent; and to minority women increased by 133 percent.
The field distribution is very uneven. In some fields women with doctorates are fairly numerous, but most of these fields are ones in which women have for long constituted a significant portion of the total. In other fields, notably engineering and some of the physical sciences, it is still difficult to find women with doctorates from the universities in which large numbers of new faculty members receive their graduate education.
Increasing numbers of minority students are earning doctorates in some fields, but in many fields the number is still very low. The several minority groups show quite different patterns of distribution among fields of specialization. The two smaller groups—American Indian and Spanish-origin—are most like the white majority in distribution by fields. Black doctorates are concentrated in education, with relatively few in the sciences. Students of Asian ancestry are heavily concentrated in engineering and the natural sciences.
Mathematics and Computer Science: Coping with Finiteness
Authors: Knuth Donald E. 
Published: October 2006

By presenting these examples, I have tried to illustrate four main points.
1) Finite numbers can be really enormous, and the known universe is very small. Therefore the distinction between finite and infinite is not as relevant as the distinction between realistic and unrealistic.
2) In many cases there are subtle ways to solve very large problems quickly, in spite of the fact that they appear at first to require examination of too many possibilities.
3) There are also cases where we can prove that a fairly natural problem is intrinsically hard, far beyond our conceivable capabilities.
4) It takes a good deal of skill to decide whether a given problem is in the easy or hard class; but even if a problem does turn out to be hard there are useful and interesting ways to change it into one that can be done satisfactorily.
Nuclear Pulse (II): Ensuring Delivery of the Doomsday Signal
Authors: Broad William J. 
Published: October 2006

Defense strategists today assume that a single Soviet warhead detonated 200 miles above Nebraska would knock out unprotected communications equipment all across the United States. The reason is electromagnetic pulse (EMP), a by-product of high-altitude nuclear explosions that blankets huge tracts of the earth with peak fields of 50,000 volts per meter.
The first installment of this three-part series described how EMP was discovered and why its potentially chaos-producing effects were overlooked for more than a decade. The second part examines the ongoing debate in the Pentagon over how to cope with the EMP threat. The third part will discuss questions EMP raises about waging a limited nuclear war.
Ovarian Secretion and Tumor Incidence
Authors: Murray William S. 
Published: October 2006

(1) Non-breeding reduces tumor incidence in mice and delays the time of tumor appearance (207 mice used).
(2) Two hundred and ten female mice castrated at 28-35 days behave much the same as non-breeding females.
(3) Two hundred and forty-one males castrated at 28-35 days did not develop tumor, thus resembling non-castrated males.
(4) Spontaneous tumors, never obtained in thousands of normal males of the stock used, may develop in castrated males which have received subcutaneous transplants of ovarian tissue (210 operated—four tumors).
Curare Alkaloids from
Chondodendron tomentosum
Authors: Wintersteiner O. , Dutcher J. D. 
Published: October 2006

Crystalline d-tubocurarine has been isolated in good yield from curare prepared from a single plant species, namely,
Chondodendron tomentosum
. This result establishes with certainty the botanical origin of this compound and substantiates the supposition that it is this species which furnishes the active constituent in certain types of curare.

The extract from this plant furthermore yielded two new tertiary alkaloids which could be converted into physiologically active quaternary bases.
Methylation of the phenolic hydroxyl groups in the quaternary bases resulted in a 3-9-fold increase in physiological potency.
Ether à go-go potassium channel expression in soft tissue sarcoma patients
Authors: Mello de Queiroz Fernanda , Suarez-Kurtz Guilherme , Stühmer Walter , Pardo Luis A 
Published: October 2006

Abstract

Background
The expression of the human Eag1 potassium channel (Kv10.1) is normally restricted to the adult brain, but it has been detected in both tumour cell lines and primary tumours. Our purpose was to determine the frequency of expression of Eag1 in soft tissue sarcoma and its potential clinical implications.

Results
We used specific monoclonal antibodies to determine the expression levels of Eag1 in soft tissue sarcomas from 210 patients by immunohistochemistry. Eag1 was expressed in 71% of all tumours, with frequencies ranging from 56% (liposarcoma) to 82% (rhabdomyosarcoma). We detected differences in expression levels depending on the histological type, but no association was seen between expression of this protein and sex, age, grade or tumour size. Four cell lines derived from relevant sarcoma histological types (fibrosarcoma and rhabdomyosarcoma) were tested for Eag1 expression by real-time RT-PCR. We found all four lines to be positive for Eag1. In these cell lines, blockage of Eag1 by RNA interference led to a decrease in proliferation.

Conclusion
Eag1 is aberrantly expressed in over 70% sarcomas. In sarcoma cell lines, inhibition of Eag1 expression and/or function leads to reduced proliferation. The high frequency of expression of Eag1 in primary tumours and the restriction of normal expression of the channel to the brain, suggests the application of this protein for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.
Differential Utilization of Transcription Activation Subdomains by Distinct Coactivators Regulates Pit-1 Basal and Ras Responsiveness
Authors: Duval Dawn L. , Jonsen Matthew D. , Diamond Scott E. , Murapa Patience , Jean Annie , Gutierrez-Hartmann Arthur 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
The POU-homeodomain transcription factor Pit-1 governs ontogeny and cell-specific gene expression of pituitary lactotropes, somatotropes, and thyrotropes. The splice isoform, Pit-1β, inserts a 26-amino acid (AA) repressor at AA48 in the Pit-1 transcription activation domain (TAD). The Pit-1 TAD contains a basal regulatory subregion, R1 (AA1–45), and a basal and Ras-responsive region, R2 (AA46–80). To precisely map these activities, we generated GAL4-Pit-1/Pit-1βTAD fusions and, in full-length HA-Pit-1, a series of substitution mutants of R2. Analysis in GH4 cells identified an activation domain at AA50–70, followed by an overlapping, dual-function, Ras-responsive-inhibitory domain, located from AA60–80. In contrast, GAL4-Pit-1βTAD repressed both basal and Ras-mediated TAD activity. To determine the functional interplay between TAD subregions and the β-domain, we inserted the β-domain every 10 AA across the 80-AA Pit-1 TAD. Like wild-type Pit-1β, each construct retained transcriptional activity in HeLa cells and repressed the Ras response in GH4 cells. However, β-domain insertion at AA61 and 71 resulted in greater repression of Ras responsiveness, defining a critical R2 TAD spanning AA61–71 of Pit-1. Furthermore, Ras activation is augmented by steroid receptor coactivator 1, whereas cAMP response element binding protein-binding protein is not a Ras mediator in this system. In summary, the Pit-1/Pit-1β TADs are composed of multiple, modular, and transferable subdomains, including a regulatory R1 domain, a basal activation region, a selective inhibitory-Ras-responsive segment, and a β-specific repressor domain. These data provide novel insights into the mechanisms by which the Pit-1 TAD integrates DNA binding, protein partner interactions, and distinct signaling pathways to fine-tune Pit-1 activity.
Cardiovascular changes under normoxic and hypoxic conditions in the air-breathing teleostSynbranchus marmoratus: importance of the venous system
Authors: Skals Marianne , Skovgaard Nini , Taylor Edwin W. , Leite Cleo A. C. , Abe Augusto S. , Wang Tobias 
Published: October 2006

SUMMARYSynbranchus marmoratus is a facultative air-breathing fish, which uses its buccal cavity as well as its gills for air-breathing. S. marmoratus shows a very pronounced tachycardia when it surfaces to air-breathe. An elevation of heart rate decreases cardiac filling time and therefore may cause a decline in stroke volume (VS), but this can be compensated for by an increase in venous tone to maintain stroke volume. Thus, the study on S. marmoratus was undertaken to investigate how stroke volume and venous function are affected during air-breathing. To this end we measured cardiac output(Q̇), heart rate(fH), central venous blood pressure(PCV), mean circulatory filling pressure (MCFP), and dorsal aortic blood pressures (PDA) in S. marmoratus. Measurements were performed in aerated water(PO2&gt;130 mmHg), when the fish alternated between gill ventilation and prolonged periods of apnoeas, as well as during hypoxia(PO2≤50 mmHg), when the fish changed from gill ventilation to air-breathing. Q̇increased significantly during gill ventilation compared to apnoea in aerated water through a significant increase in both fH and VS. PCV and MCFP also increased significantly. During hypoxia, when the animals surface to ventilate air, we found a marked rise in fH, PCV, MCFP, Q̇ and VS, whereas PDA decreased significantly. Simultaneous increases in PCV and MCFP in aerated, as well as in hypoxic water,suggests that the venous system plays an important regulatory role for cardiac filling and VS in this species. In addition, we investigated adrenergic regulation of the venous system through bolus infusions of adrenergic agonists (adrenaline, phenylephrine and isoproterenol;2 μg kg–1). Adrenaline and phenylephrine caused a marked rise in PCV and MCFP, whereas isoproterenol led to a marked decrease in PCV, and tended to decrease MCFP. Thus,it is evident that stimulation of both α- and β-adrenoreceptors affects venous tone in S. marmoratus.
Book Reviews
Authors: Baia Manuel , Dunphy Richard , Newell James 
Published: October 2006

Antnio Costa Pinto, The Blue Shirts: Portuguese fascists and the New State, Boulder: Social Science Monographs (2000), 271 pp. ISBN 0-88033-982-9 (cloth)
Joo de Pina Cabral and Antnia Pedroso de Lima (eds.), Elites: choice, leadership and succession, Oxford: Berg (2000).
ISBN 1-85973-399-9 (paper), 1-85973-394-8 (cloth)
Anna Bosco, Comunisti: trasformazioni di partito in Italia, Spagna e Portogallo, Bologna: Il Mulino (2000), 334 pp. ISBN 88-15-07900-9
OXIDATION AND PHOSPHORYLATION PROCESSES IN BRAIN MITOCHONDRIA OF RATS EXPOSED TO CARBON DISULPHIDE
Authors: Tarkowski S , Sobczak Hanna 
Published: October 2006

Abstract— The effects of acute and long‐term exposure to CS2 on oxidation and phosphorylation processes in brain mitochondria of rats were studied. Although rats developed different symptoms of poisoning, depending on the type of exposure, the brain mitochondria of both groups of animals exhibited the same types of disturbances in oxidative phosphorylation. The main characteristic of these disturbances was the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation indicated by lower respiratory control indices due to stimulation of oxidation of respiratory substrates by mitochondria in the metabolic state 4. This effect was accompanied by a decreased P:O ratio and a lower ATP‐Pi exchange rate. An inhibitory effect of CS2 on the energy transfer processes is also suggested.The observed changes in oxidative phosphorylation were more distinct in the case of acute poisoning, with a longer period of an uninterrupted exposure enabling a more complete tissue saturation with CS2, than in the case of long‐term exposure with shorter periods of intoxication within the day.
EFFECTS OF BACTRACHOTOXIN ON ELECTROPLAX Na+‐K+‐ATPase AND LEVELS OF ATP IN RAT MUSCLE1
Authors: Daly J. , Albuquerque E. X. , Kauffman F. C. , Oesch F. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—Batrachotoxin (BTX) in low concentrations (20 nm) depolarizes electrically excitable membranes (Albuquerque, Daly and Witkop, 1971). At these levels, BTX does not inhibit Na+‐K+‐ATPase. At much higher concentrations (60 μm) BTX partially inhibits Na+‐K+‐ATPase from electroplax of Electrophorus electricus. In contrast to inhibition by cardiac glycosides, the inhibition of Na+‐K+‐ATPase by batrachotoxin is not antagonized by KCl. BTX had no effect on ATP levels in stimulated nerve muscle preparations at the time when sustained contracture was initiated by the drug. Phosphocreatine levels were decreased and levels of glucose‐6‐phosphate and 6‐phosphogluconate were increased, while levels of fructose‐1,6‐diphosphate and α‐ketoglutarate were unchanged. It is concluded that the inhibition of Na+‐K+‐ATPase or lowering of ATP levels by BTX is not significantly involved in the membrane depolarization produced by the toxin.
REGULATION OF OXYGEN CONSUMPTION IN NEUROBLASTOMA CELLS: EFFECTS OF DIFFERENTIATION AND OF POTASSIUM
Authors: Nissen C. , Ciesielski‐Treska J. , Hertz L. , Mandel P. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract— The rate of oxygen consumption has been measured micromanometrically in fresh mouse neuroblastoma cells and in corresponding cells cultivated with and without 20% calf serum known to suppress differentiation. Fresh cells and cells cultivated in the serum depleted medium showed a relatively intense respiration (0.5–1.0 × 10−5μl/h/cell), whereas the proliferating, cultivated cells had a low rate of oxygen uptake (0.2 × 10‐5μl/h/cell), provided they did not differentiate morphologically during the 4 h of measurement in the serum‐free diver medium. Both morphological and metabolic differentiation of such cells occurs rapidly but may be completely prevented by siliconization of the divers.An increase of the potassium concentration in the medium to 50 mM had essentially no effect on cultivated, differentiated cells, but led to an abolishment of oxygen uptake by fresh cells. No stimulatory effect of potassium was observed.
NEURONAL AND GLIAL SYSTEMS FOR γ‐AMINOBUTYRIC ACID TRANSPORT
Authors: Sellstroum Å. , Hamberger A. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—The uptake of [2,3‐3H]γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) by bulk prepared neuronal perikarya, nerve endings and glial cells has been studied in an in vitro‐system. The uptake in the different fractions had a similar dependence for sodium, potassium and magnesium. Calcium stimulated the synaptosomal GABA uptake at concentrations which inhibited the glial uptake. Bicuculline strongly inhibited the uptake in all fractions. Picrotoxin and strychnine had little effect on the neuronal uptake whereas glial uptake was stimulated. l‐2,4‐di‐aminobutyric acid and chlorpromazine inhibited GABA uptake in all fractions. The effect of cyclic AMP was not significant.
PARTICIPATION OF DOPAMINE‐ AND SEROTONIN‐RECEPTORS IN THE DISAGGREGATION OF BRAIN POLYSOMES BY l‐DOPA AND l‐5‐HTP
Authors: Weiss B. F. , Liebschutz J. L. , Wurtman R. J. , Munro H. N. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract— It has previously been shown that the disaggregation of brain polysomes and suppression of brain protein synthesis observed in rats given the amino acids l‐dopa or l‐5‐HTP is mediated by the decarboxylation products dopamine and serotonin. Present studies demonstrate that the poly‐some disaggregation is caused by the interactions of the monoamines with specific receptor sites. Thus, dopa‐induced disaggregation is blocked if rats are pretreated with haloperidol or pimozide (but not methysergide or cyproheptadine), while 5‐HTP‐induced disaggregation is blocked by methysergide or cyproheptadine (but not by haloperidol or pimozide).Pretreatment of rats with MK‐486, a drug that inhibits dopa decarboxylase in blood vessels and peripheral tissues but not brain, does not block dopa‐induced brain polysome disaggregation; hence this disaggregation depends on the interaction of dopamine with receptors in the brain parenchyma. Brain polysomes are not disaggregated in rats given intraperitoneal apomorphine (or intracisternal dopamine). The disaggregation caused by dopa is not reduced in animals pretreated with sufficient intracisternal 6‐hydroxydopamine to cause major damage to catecholaminergic nerve terminals.
BIOCHEMICAL DEVELOPMENT OF RAT FOREBRAINS IN SEVERE PROTEIN AND ESSENTIAL FATTY ACID DEFICIENCIES
Authors: Karlssonand I. , Svennerholm L. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—The effect of a low‐protein diet (6 calorie‐% protein) and a low essential fatty acid diet EFA (0.1 calorie‐% EFA) on the biochemical composition of the forebrain was compared with that of a control diet (16 calorie‐% protein and 3.0 calorie‐%: EFA). The low‐protein diet was fed from 1 week before mating, while the other two diets were fed for more than two generations before mating. Four litters of each dietary group were assayed at 10, 15, 21, 30 and 120 days of age but only one sample from several litters of newborns.The forebrain growth was retarded between 10 and 15 days of age in the low‐protein group, but afterwards the growth was faster than in the control group. Also the low‐EFA group showed similar changes though less pronounced with retarded growth between 10 and 15 days of age. In the two deficiency groups the DNA content in the forebrain was reduced, but less than the weight. The gangliosides were used as a marker substance for neuronal membranes. In the low‐protein group the normally rapid accretion of gangliosides between 10 and 15 days of age was significantly retarded, but afterwards faster than in the control group. From 30 days of age the ganglioside concentration was significantly higher in the low‐protein group than in the control group. The low EFA diet resulted in similar but less pronounced changes than the low protein diet. The cerebroside content was lower in both the low‐protein and low EFA groups at all ages than in the control group indicating a lower myelin content. The cerebroside content differed more than any other parameter studied. The findings suggest that severe nutritional deficiencies only delay the development of the neuronal membranes but irreversibly reduce the formation of myelin.
STOP‐FLOW ANALYSIS OF THE AXONAL TRANSPORT OF DOPA DECARBOXYLASE (EC 4.1.1.26) IN RABBIT SCIATIC NERVES
Authors: Starkey Randall R. , Brimijoin Stephen 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—The axonal transport of DOPA‐decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.26) was investigated in rabbit sciatic nerves by means of in vitro stop‐flow techniques. Enzyme activity accumulated just proximal to a region that was locally cooled to 5°C in nerves that were elsewhere incubated at 37°C. The accumulation of enzyme activity was linear with time and corresponded to an average orthograde transport velocity of 11 mm/day. Retrograde transport was not detected. When nerves that had been locally cooled for 3 h were rewarmed, the accumulated enzyme activity moved distally along them as a wave with a narrow range of velocities. The front of this wave traveled at a rate of about 150mm/day, and the mean velocity of the wave was about 120 mm/day. These values are much lower than those previously obtained for tyrosine hydroxylase (EC 1.14.16.2), dopamine‐β‐hydroxylase (EC 1.14.2.1) and norepinephrine in similarly designed experiments. Thus DOPA‐decarboxylase appeared to be transported at intermediate velocities, and, since the mean velocity of the moving fraction was about 11 times the average velocity, it is ljkely that only 9% of the enzyme was undergoing transport at any given moment.
STORAGE OF SEROTONIN AND SEROTONIN BINDING PROTEIN IN SYNAPTIC VESICLES
Authors: Tamir Hadassah , Gershon Michael D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe have used the newly introduced method of DeLorenzo & Freedman (1978) for isolating synaptic vesicles to determine if such vesicles contain both serotonin (5‐HT) and serotonin binding protein (SBP). Two fractions were obtained. A 55, 000 g fraction was morphologically heterogeneous and contained coated vesicles. A 135, 0000 vesicle (dia. 51.3 nm) fraction was homogeneous in ultra‐structure and contained no coated vesicles. The specific activity of SBP in this fraction was much higher than that in the supernatant. Unlike SBP, very little lactic dehydrogenase activity appeared in the 135, 000 g fraction. Qualitative and quantitative differences were observed between the polypeptide profiles of soluble proteins extracted from the vesicles and supernatant proteins on SDS gels. Therefore, entrapment of cytosol in the vesicles of the 135, 000 g fraction was minimal. The 5‐HT concentration of the 135, 000 g vesicles was 5.5 ng/mg protein and in the supernatant, 11.3 ng/mg protein. The ATP concentration in the 135, 000 g vesicle fraction was only 0.8 ng/mg Pr. Rabbit spinal cords were transected in order to determine if SBP is moved proximo‐distally in axons by rapid axonal transport as would be predicted for a constituent of synaptic vesicles. SBP accumulated above the cut at a rate consistent with fast transport (78 mm/day). SBP activity fell caudal to the point of transection and there was no evidence, such as an accumulation below the lesion, that might indicate retrograde transport of SBP. These experiments indicate that SBP is probably synthesized in the cell bodies of serotonergic neurons and some is rapidly transported down axons to be stored in terminals in vesicles.
A Halothane‐Related Effect on Rat Brain Myelination: A Comparison of Chronic Prenatal or Postnatal Exposure
Authors: Patsalos P. N. , Rigor B. M. , Wiggins R. C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractRats were exposed to 0.5% halothane in air for 8 h per day during the intervals (1) 5 days postconception to birth, (2) birth to 5 days postnatal age, or (3) birth to 10 days postnatal age. Controls were exposed to an equivalent flow of air. Prenatal exposure had no significant effect on body or brain weight and no subsequent effect on the relative synthesis of brain subcellular membranes. Five days of postnatal exposure caused a 10% reduction in body and brain weight and a 10% relative reduction in the synthesis of brain myelin. The effect persisted throughout the period of rapid postnatal brain myelination. Ten days of postnatal exposure produced equivalent, more severe effects on body and brain weights and a more severe effect on myelin synthesis. Postnatal exposure had no apparent effect on the relative synthesis of non‐myelin particulate proteins.