bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Subglacial environments: Focus for a new U.S. research program
Authors: Kennicutt Mahlon 
Published: October 2006

Subglacial Antarctic lake environments (SALE) have attracted great scientific and lay public interest during the last decade. “Subglacial” is broadly defined as those localities under substantial (kilometer‐scale) ice overburdens that cause long‐term (at least thousands of years) isolation from direct subaerial contact. Subglacial environments are at or below the ice‐bed interface of glaciers and ice sheets, including ice‐water contacts above subglacial lakes and below ice shelves.For the next decade or more, SALE exploration and research will be a focus of intense interest in Antarctica as one of the last remaining unexplored and difficult to access environments on Earth. SALE is also a primary focus for the International Polar Year (IPY) 2007—2008 scientific theme, “exploring new frontiers.”
U.S. volcano early warning system
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

The U.S. Geological Survey on 29 April released a comprehensive review of the 169 U.S. volcanoes, and established a framework for a National Volcano Early Warning System that is being formulated by the Consortium of U.S. Volcano Observatories. The framework proposes an around‐the‐clock Volcano Watch Office and improved instrumentation and monitoring at targeted volcanoes.The report, authored by USGS scientists John Ewert, Marianne Guffanti, and Thomas Murray, notes that although a few U.S. volcanoes are well‐monitored, half of the most threatening volcanoes are monitored at a basic level and some hazardous volcanoes have no ground‐based monitoring.
Hydrologic extremes in central‐southwest Asia
Authors: Barlow Mathew , Salstein David , Cullen Heidi 
Published: October 2006

Recent research has suggested that there is significant predictability of hydrologic extremes, on timescales from synoptic to interannual, in a region encompassing the central Asian republics and a southern tier of countries ranging from Iraq to northwestern India (approximately 40°–80°E, 25°–55°N). Water scarcity irrigation demand, and a combination of other factors make the population of this semiarid region particularly vulnerable to hydrologic variability and predictions of this variability would be of great societal benefit.The investigation of the hydroclimatic variability of the region poses a number of scientific and practical challenges due to data scarcity, high mountains, complex land surface characteristics, and key physical processes that remain poorly understood.To review progress in understanding and predicting hydrologic variability, survey available data, consider societal applications, and identify key challenges, a U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) workshop,“Hydrology of Central‐Southwest Asia,” recently was held in San Diego, California.
Council adopts two major statements
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

On 27 May, the AGU Council approved an update to the Union's vision statement and adopted a position statement concerning the U.S. plans for a Moon‐Mars initiative.The vision statement, which is reproduced in this section of Eos, describes what the AGU is expected to look like 10 years in the future. The Planning Committee, under the chairmanship of President‐elect Tim Killeen,and with input from the policy committees, Sections, and Focus Groups, is updating AGU's strategic plan, which is intended to move measurably toward the vision.
Integrative acoustic mapping reveals Hudson River sediment processes and habitats
Authors: Nitsche F. O. , Bell R. , Carbotte S. M. , Ryan W. B. F. , Slagle A. , Chillrud S. , Kenna T. , Flood R. , Ferrini V. , Cerrato R. , McHugh C. , Strayer D. 
Published: October 2006

Rivers and estuaries around the world are the focus of human settlements and activities. Needs for clean water, ecosystem preservation, commercial navigation, industrial development, and recreational access compete for the use of estuaries, and management of these resources requires a detailed understanding of estuarine morphology and sediment dynamics.This article presents an overview of the first estuary‐wide study of a heavily used estuary the Hudson River, based on high‐resolution acoustic mapping of the river bottom. The integration of three high‐resolution acoustic methods with extensive sampling reveals an unexpected complexity of bottom features and allows detailed classification of the benthic environment in terms of riverbed morphology, sediment type, and sedimentary processes.
Seasonal climate forecasts and adoption by agriculture
Authors: Garbrecht Jurgen , Meinke Holger , Sivakumar Mannava V. K. , Motha Raymond P. , Salinger Michael J. 
Published: October 2006

Recent advances in atmospheric and ocean sciences and a better understanding of the global climate have led to skillful climate forecasts at seasonal to interannual timescales, even in midlatitudes. These scientific advances and forecasting capabilities have opened the door to practical applications that benefit society. The benefits include the reduction of weather/climate related risks and vulnerability, increased economic opportunities, enhanced food security, mitigation of adverse climate impacts, protection of environmental quality, and so forth.Agriculture in particular can benefit substantially from accurate long‐lead seasonal climate forecasts. Indeed, agricultural production very much depends on weather, climate, and water availability, and unexpected departures from anticipated climate conditions can thwart the best laid management plans. Timely climate forecasts offer means to reduce losses in drought years, increase profitability in good years, deal more effectively with climate variability, and choose from targeted risk‐management strategies. In addition to benefiting farmers, forecasts can also help marketing systems and downstream users prepare for anticipated production outcomes and associated consequences.
The Great Betrayal: Fraud in Science
Authors: Galvin Cyril 
Published: October 2006

Fraud has general and specific meanings: In general conversation, fraud is a deception; in law, it can be a felony. In The Great Betrayal: Fraud in Science, Horace Freeland Judson usually implies the general meaning, but he discusses the legal setting.The significant fraud that Judson sees in science is plagiarism in the broad sense by those who review grant proposals and journal manuscripts, and fabrication and falsification by scientists who write the proposals and manuscripts. To get at this, he begins with twentieth‐century business and social fraud: investment trusts developed in the years leading to the Great Crash of 1929, the exuberance of the 1990s, inventive reporting of Jayson Blair at the New York Times, corruption of the U.S. Olympic Committee, and scandal in the Catholic Church.
Science academies issue climate change statement
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Eleven national science academies have issued a joint statement on climate change, in advance of the 6–8 July summit meeting of leaders of the G8 in Perthshire, Scotland.The statement, issued on 7 June, reads, in part, “The scientific understanding of climate change is now sufficiently clear to justify nations taking prompt action…As the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) recognizes, a lack of full scientific certainty about some aspects of climate change is not a reason for delaying an immediate response that will, at a reasonable cost, prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.”
Forecasting and monitoring a subglacial eruption in Iceland
Authors: Vogfjörd K. S. , Jakobsdóttir S. S. , Gudmundsson G. B. , Roberts M. J. , Ágústsson K. , Arason T. , Geirsson H. , Karlsdóttir S. , Hjaltadóttir S. , Ólafsdóttir U. , Thorbjarnardóttir B. , Hafsteinsson G. , Sveinbjörnsson H. , Stefánsson R. , Jónsson T. V. 
Published: October 2006

The recognition of geophysical precursors to volcanic activity is a primary challenge in volcano monitoring. That challenge was successfully met by scientists at the Icelandic Meteorological Office (IMO) before the 1 November 2004 eruption of Grímsvötn, a subglacial volcano beneath the Vatnajökull ice cap,Iceland (Figure 1).Seismic and geodetic precursors were properly recognized, leading to a timely eruption forecast and warning announcements. During the eruption, IMO's monitoring capability was greatly expanded by employing geophysical and meteorological observation tools, which enabled real‐time hazard assessment.
Innovative tephra studies in the East African Rift System
Authors: WoldeGabriel Giday , Hart William K. , Heiken Grant 
Published: October 2006

Geosciences investigations form the foundation for paleoanthropological research in the East African Rift System. However, innovative applications of tephra studies for constraining spatial and temporal relations of diverse geological processes, biostratigraphic records, and paleoenvironmental conditions within the East African Rift System were fueled by paleoanthropological investigations into the origin and evolution of hominids and material culture. Tephra is a collective, size‐independent term used for any material ejected during an explosive volcanic eruption.The East African Rift System has become a magnet for paleoanthropological research ever since the discovery of the first hominids at Olduvai Gorge, in Tanzania, in the 1950s [Leakey et al., 1961]. Currently, numerous multidisciplinary scientific teams from academic institutions in the United States and Western Europe make annual pilgrimages for a couple of months to conduct paleoanthropological field research in the fossil‐rich sedimentary deposits of the East African Rift System in Ethiopia, Kenya, and Tanzania. The field expedition consists of geological, paleontological, archaeological, and paleoenvironmental investigations.
On the academic job hunt, is there not a better way?
Authors: Yeager Kevin 
Published: October 2006

After a decade or more of higher education, postdoctoral experience, the papers, proposals, rejections, and successes, one might think that earning a post as an assistant professor would not be so tough. Wrong.Many consider academia the pinnacle of the job market for Ph.D.s, particularly in the sciences. If we are not the best that we can be, we will not be funded, publish in well‐read journals, or land that sought after job in the ivory tower, if that is our desire. Unfortunately the academic job hunt, particularly in the United States, is a labor‐intensive, time‐consuming, feedback‐less, and drawn‐out affair where excellence in one's chosen field and likely successful fulfillment of the job requirements are often not the determining factors as to whether a candidate is made the offer.
Raising the ante on the climate debate
Authors: Crowley Thomas J. 
Published: October 2006

Almost alone in the world of science, there is a substantial U.S. effort to discredit some basic conclusions in the global warming debate. There are always legitimate reasons to query scientific conclusions, but the tenor of the debate has taken on a flavor of its own. Since the epicenter of the dispute is in Washington, D.C., the suspicion arises that not all of the discussion is business‐as‐usual scientific disagreement.The most recent example of the heightening level of the dispute involves a 23 June 2005 letter from U.S. Rep. Joe Barton (R‐Tex.), chair of the House Committee on Energy and Commerce, to Michael Mann (University of Virginia) and his collaborators, Raymond Bradley (University of Massachusetts) and Malcolm Hughes (University of Arizona). The dispute centers on the much discussed “hockey stick” reconstruction of Mann et al. [1998,1999]. In those reconstructions, the twentieth century warming stands well above Northern Hemisphere temperature fluctuations of the last 1000 years. Other investigators, using some of the same data but with different approaches, have also reconstructed temperatures of the last millennium (see Mann et al. [2003] for a summary discussion). In general, there is more agreement than disagreement among the various reconstructions. The differences stem mainly from the scaling of the oscillations, but in all cases the late twentieth century is anomalous in a millennial context.
Cross validating ocean prediction and monitoring systems
Authors: Mooers C. N. K. , Meinin C. S. , Baringer M. O. , Bang I. , Rhodes R. , Barron C. N. , Bub F. 
Published: October 2006

With the ongoing development of ocean circulation models and real‐time observing systems, routine estimation of the synoptic state of the ocean is becoming feasible for practical and scientific purposes. The models can assist in ocean monitoring and regional dynamics studies, but only after they have been validated.For the first time, beginning 1 November 2004, independent ocean model estimates of the Florida Current (FC) volume transport are available, in real time, for cross validation with observed transport variations forced by cold front passages, tropical cyclones, and other weather systems. The FC flows poleward through the Straits of Florida and ultimately becomes the Gulf Stream. The FC originates from both the large‐scale, wind‐driven circulation of the North Atlantic subtropical gyre and the trans‐equatorial Atlantic thermohaline overturning circulation (i.e., the “global conveyor belt”). The FC is constrained by Florida to the north and/or west and by Cuba and the Bahamas to the south and east, respectively (Figure 1).
Chapman Conference on Magnetospheric ULF Waves
Authors: Takahashi K. , Chi P. J. , Denton R. E. , Yeoman T. K. , Pilipenko V. A. 
Published: October 2006

Waves in the ultra‐low‐frequency (ULF) band (periods of 1 to 1000 s) are a permanent feature in the region called the magnetosphere, where the behavior of charged particles is influenced by the Earth's intrinsic magnetic field. These waves transport momentum and energy from the solar wind to the magnetosphere and farther down to the ionosphere. In addition, the waves interact with charged particles in the magnetosphere and modify their energy and direction of motion with important consequences for dynamic processes such as geomagnetic storms and the formation of auroral arcs.The physics of magnetospheric ULF waves is far from being completely understood primarily because many ULF waves have a wavelength comparable to the size of the magnetosphere, which is of the order of 10 Earth radii (RE). Just establishing the structure of such waves from observations is a daunting task. The source mechanisms for the waves are also often difficult to determine.
R/V Maurice Ewing retires
Authors: Diebold John 
Published: October 2006

The R/V Maurice Ewing came into port for the last time on 10 March 2005, tying up at Quonset Point, R.I., astern of the ship slated to be her replacement (Figure 1). M/V Western Legend (Figure 1, left) will, during fall and winter of 2005–2006, be converted as R/V Marcus G. Langseth, and will replace the Maurice Ewing (Figure 1, right) as the primary seismic research vessel within the U.S. academic research vessel fleet.During its distinguished 15‐year career, Ewing's operations added fundamentally to the knowledge and understanding of solid Earth dynamics and structure. Ewing began life as the M/V Bernier, and performed seismic offshore exploration for Petro Canada. In an innovative process, which included initialization provided by Columbia University, the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) acquired Bernier in 1989, and the ship's title passed to NSF in 1990. Bernier was converted into R/V Ewing for a total expenditure (approximately $12 million) far below the cost of building and outfitting a new seismic research ship.
Studying the seismogenic coupling zone with a passive seismic array
Authors: Rietbrock A. , Haberland C. , Bataille K. , Dahm T. , Oncken O. 
Published: October 2006

Subduction zones generate the world's largest and most destructive earthquakes and most of the world's destructive tsunamis, as has been recently shown by the devastating Andaman‐Sumatra event on 26 December 2004. Understanding the factors leading to Earth's largest and most destructive earthquakes is not only an “obviously important” goal, as stated in the U.S. National Science Foundation's Margins Science Report 2004, but it is also an “utmost important” goal for the whole geoscience communityInterrelated with this topic are still unsolved questions in seismology: Why do subduction zones occasionally generate the largest known (Mw>9) earthquakes? And why are only a few subduction zones capable of generating Mw 9 earthquakes while the rest only produce up to Mw 7.5?
President Bush advocates teaching “intelligent design“
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

U.S. President George W. Bush has come out in favor of the teaching of “intelligent design” alongside the teaching of the theory of evolution in public schools. Intelligent design includes the tenet that life on Earth is too complex to have evolved on its own and must therefore be the work of an intelligent designer.In a 1 August press briefing, Bush said that “both sides ought to be properly taught…so people can understand what the debate is about.” He added, “Part of education is to expose people to different schools of thought… You're asking me whether or not people ought to be exposed to different ideas, and the answer is yes.”
Natural Hazards, Second Edition
Authors: Rouhban Badaoui 
Published: October 2006

Natural disaster loss is on the rise, and the vulnerability of the human and physical environment to the violent forces of nature is increasing. In many parts of the world, disasters caused by natural hazards such as earthquakes, floods, landslides, drought, wildfires, intense windstorms, tsunami, and volcanic eruptions have caused the loss of human lives, injury, homelessness, and the destruction of economic and social infrastructure. Over the last few years, there has been an increase in the occurrence, severity, and intensity of disasters, culminating with the devastating tsunami of 26 December 2004 in South East Asia.Natural hazards are often unexpected or uncontrollable natural events of varying magnitude. Understanding their mechanisms and assessing their distribution in time and space are necessary for refining risk mitigation measures. This second edition of Natural Hazards, (following a first edition published in 1991 by Cambridge University Press), written by Edward Bryant, associate dean of science at Wollongong University, Australia, grapples with this crucial issue, aspects of hazard prediction, and other issues. The book presents a comprehensive analysis of different categories of hazards of climatic and geological origin.
Coral poaching worsens tsunami destruction in Sri Lanka
Authors: Fernando H. J. S. , McCulley J. L. , Mendis S. G. , Perera K. 
Published: October 2006

Observations of the trail of destruction of the Sumatra tsunami of 26 December 2004 indicate remarkable, small‐scale spatial variations, of the order of a few kilometers, of water inundation and destruction in southwestern Sri Lanka [Shiermeier, 2005; Liu et al., 2005] that are much smaller than the tsunami wavelength of ∼100 km.For example, the town of Peraliya, was awash with an approximately 1.5‐km water inundation from a wave of 10 m in height; the inundation there carried the passenger train Samudra Devi (the “Ocean Queen”) inland some 50 m, killing 1700 people. Yet,∼3 km south, in Hikkaduwa, there was a mere 2–3 m wave height, 50‐m inundation and no deaths.
Manned space exploration can provide great scientific benefits
Authors: Singer S. Fred 
Published: October 2006

An AGU Council statement (NASA: Earth and space sciences at risk, available at http://www.agu.org/sci_soc/policy/positions/earthspace_risk.shtml) and an Eos editorial [Barron, 2005], addressing NASA's envisioned manned Moon‐Mars initiative, implicitly assume a zero‐sum situation between manned and unmanned space programs. They also imply that the NASA initiative will not contribute significantly to science but will “impact on the current and future health of Earth and space science research.” I wish to respond to these concerns.It is generally agreed that the International Space Station and shuttle program have limited value and need to be terminated. But one should not assume that funds freed up by elimination of manned programs will accrue to unmanned programs. On the contrary, without a manned component, NASA will probably cease to exist. Congress likely will not continue to fund unmanned planetary exploration over the long term, and Earth and space researchers will then have to compete for support with scientists using non‐space techniques.
Reply to Comment by T. L Holzer [on “Comparison between probabilistic seismic hazard analysis and flood frequency analysis”]
Authors: Wang Zhenming 
Published: October 2006

Risk discussed by Wang and Ormsbee [2005] may differ from that of Holzer. Although there are some different definitions of risk among different professions, it is quantified by three terms: probability hazard (loss or others), and exposure. For example, in health sciences, risk is defined as the probability of getting cancer if an average daily dose of a hazardous substance (hazard) is taken over a 70‐year lifetime (exposure). In the financial world, risk is defined as the probability of losing a certain amount of money (loss) over a period of time.Wang and Ormsbee defined seismic risk as the probability of a structure being damaged one or more times (at least once) in t years (exposure) by an earthquake or ground motion (hazard) generated by the earthquake. This definition is consistent with that of Cornell [1968]. This is also consistent with those used in building codes, such as the International Building Code [ICC, 2000].
Geohazards Graduate Study With the U.S. Peace Corps
Authors: Rose William I. , Bluth Gregg J.S. 
Published: October 2006

A unique, new educational program that focuses on geological natural hazards, U.S. Peace Corps field work, and on‐campus study has begun its second year at Michigan Technological University, in Houghton, Michigan.While “Masters International” programs that combine Peace Corps service with a graduate degree program are available at 49 different universities in a variety of fields, the program at Michigan Tech is the only one with a natural hazards focus offering geological degree programs.
Yucca Mountain could face greater volcanic threat
Authors: Smith Eugene I. , Keenan Deborah L. 
Published: October 2006

Locating a radioactive waste repository in the United States has been the subject of over 20 years of scientific research, political wrangling, and court decisions. If a nuclear waste repository is constructed at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, 70,000 metric tons of spent nuclear fuel will be buried 300 m below the surface.Because eight Quaternary basalt volcanoes erupted within 50 km of the proposed repository in the past million years, future volcanism is an important issue. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) is currently using an expert panel to evaluate current models [Perry et al., 1998] and consider alternative models. This article presents an alternative model, developed independently of DOE and the expert panel, and reviews new information pertinent to volcanic hazard studies. Additionally, this article suggests that the size of the Yucca Mountain volcanic field is not presently well known.