bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soft Sensing for Gas-Lift Wells
Authors: Bloemen Hayco , Belfroid Stefan , Sturm Wilco , Verhelst Frederic 
Published: December 2006

Summary
This paper considers the use of extended Kalman filtering as a soft-sensing technique for gas lift wells. This technique is deployed for the estimation of dynamic variables that are not directly measured. Possible applications are the estimation of flow rates from surface and downhole pressure measurements or the estimation of parameters of a drift-flux model. By means of simulation examples, different configurations of sensor systems are analyzed. Finally, the estimation of drift-flux model parameters is demonstrated on real data from a laboratory setup.

Introduction
During the last 10 years, the industry has seen different downhole actuation technologies (commonly known as intelligent completions or under different trademarks) coming into existence. The goal of these technologies is ultimately to maximize the value of an asset by applying "right-time" optimization concepts borrowed from control engineering. Depending on the specific economics of the asset, this can be translated into more specific objectives such as speeding up of production, stabilization of unstable production, deferment of production of unwanted fluids, maximizing ultimate recovery, or a combination of some of the aforementioned short- and long-term objectives.
Control theory concepts of optimization by means of a feedback loop require means for determining the deviation between the actual response and the desired response of the system. In wells, this often boils down to some sort of multiphase flow measurement. Different accurate multiphase-measurement technologies have been matured during the last decade, and the industry seems to be crossing the chasm between the early-adopter and the early-follower stages. Often for control purposes, direct measurements with high absolute accuracy are not required, as long as the measurements give a good indication of the relative change in the property that needs to be optimized.
In different process industries, soft-sensing techniques were developed to determine variables where it is either impossible to directly measure the variables of interest or where it is economically not justifiable. In this paper, the concept of soft sensing is used; unmeasured dynamic variables (such as flow rates) are estimated from measured ones (i.e., pressures) by fitting a sufficiently accurate numerical model to the available measurements. We have looked at the gas lifted well application, where the lift gas rate may be controlled. Ideally this control would be based on directly measured multiphase flow rates, but in reality one often finds that this information is not available. Other measurements, such as surface and downhole pressure and temperature measurements, are more readily available and may be used for soft sensing.
The paper is organized in the following manner: first, the model of the gas lifted well is described; then, the soft-sensing concepts are explained; and, finally, different examples and configurations are shown in which this technology is applied for estimating multiphase flows.
Compositional Modeling of Retrograde Gas-Condensate Reservoirs in Multimechanistic Flow Domains
Authors: Ayala Luis F. , Ertekin Turgay , Adewumi Michael A. 
Published: December 2006

Summary
A multimechanistic flow environment is the result of the combined action of a Darcian flow component (the macroscopic flow of the phase caused by pressure gradients) and a Fickian-like or diffusive flow component (diffusive flow caused by molecular concentration gradients) taking place in a hydrocarbon reservoir. The present work presents the framework needed for the assessment of the impact of multimechanistic flow on systems where complex fluid behavior—such as that of retrograde gas-condensate fluids—requires the implementation of compositional reservoir simulators. Because of the complex fluid behavior nature of gas-condensate fluids, a fully-implicit (IMPISC-type) compositional model is implemented and the model is used for the study of the isothermal depletion of naturally fractured retrograde gas reservoirs. In these systems, especially those tight systems with very low permeability (k &lt; 0.1 md), bulk fluid flow as predicted by Darcy's law might not take place despite the presence of large pressure gradients. The use of an effective diffusion coefficient in the gas phase—which accounts for the combined effect of the different diffusion mechanisms that could take place in a porous medium—and its relative contribution to fluid recovery is discussed. The compositional tracking capabilities of the model are tested, and the conditions where Fickian flow can be the major player in recovery predictions and considerably overcome the flow impairment to gas flow posed by the eventual appearance of a condensate barrier—typical of gas-condensate systems—are investigated. Finally, a mapping that defines different domains where multimechanistic flow can be expected in compositional simulators of retrograde gas-condensate reservoirs is presented.

Introduction
In typical natural-gas reservoirs, all hydrocarbons exist as a single free gas phase at conditions of discovery. Depending on the composition of the initial hydrocarbon mixture in place and their depletion behavior, we recognize up to three kinds of natural gas reservoirs: dry gas reservoirs, wet gas reservoirs, and retrograde gas or gas-condensate reservoirs. The latter is the richest in terms of heavy hydrocarbons, and thus it is very likely to develop a second heavier hydrocarbon phase (liquid condensate) upon isothermal depletion. This situation is illustrated by Fig. 1. In contrast, dry gases and wet gases do not undergo phase changes upon reservoir depletion, as their phase envelope's cricondentherms are found to the left of the reservoir temperature isotherm.
Phase 2 Trial Evaluating Minocycline for Geographic Atrophy in Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Authors: Keenan Tiarnan D. L. , Bailey Clare , Abraham Maria , Orndahl Christine , Menezes Supriya , Bellur Sunil , Arunachalam Thilaka , Kangale-Whitney Cathy , Srinivas Sowmya , Karamat Ayesha , Nittala Muneeswar , Cunningham Denise , Jeffrey Brett G. , Wiley Henry E. , Thavikulwat Alisa T. , Sadda SriniVas , Cukras Catherine A. , Chew Emily Y. , Wong Wai T. 
Published: March 2024

ImportanceExisting therapies to slow geographic atrophy (GA) enlargement in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) have relatively modest anatomic efficacy, require intravitreal administration, and increase the risk of neovascular AMD. Additional therapeutic approaches are desirable.ObjectiveTo evaluate the safety and possible anatomic efficacy of oral minocycline, a microglial inhibitor, for the treatment of GA in AMD.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis was a phase 2, prospective, single-arm, 45-month, nonrandomized controlled trial conducted from December 2016 to April 2023. Patients with GA from AMD in 1 or both eyes were recruited from the National Institutes of Health (Bethesda, Maryland) and Bristol Eye Hospital (Bristol, UK). Study data were analyzed from September 2022 to May 2023.InterventionAfter a 9-month run-in phase, participants began oral minocycline, 100 mg, twice daily for 3 years.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcome measure was the difference in rate of change of square root GA area on fundus autofluorescence between the 24-month treatment phase and 9-month run-in phase.ResultsOf the 37 participants enrolled (mean [SD] age, 74.3 [7.6] years; 21 female [57%]), 36 initiated the treatment phase. Of these participants, 21 (58%) completed at least 33 months, whereas 15 discontinued treatment (8 by request, 6 for adverse events/illness, and 1 death). Mean (SE) square root GA enlargement rate in study eyes was 0.31 (0.03) mm per year during the run-in phase and 0.28 (0.02) mm per year during the treatment phase. The primary outcome measure of mean (SE) difference in enlargement rates between the 2 phases was −0.03 (0.03) mm per year (P = .39). Similarly, secondary outcome measures of GA enlargement rate showed no differences between the 2 phases. The secondary outcome measures of mean difference in rate of change between 2 phases were 0.2 letter score per month (95% CI, −0.4 to 0.9; P = .44) for visual acuity and 0.7 μm per month (−0.4 to 1.8; P = .20) for subfoveal retinal thickness. Of the 129 treatment-emergent adverse events among 32 participants, 49 (38%) were related to minocycline (with no severe or ocular events), including elevated thyrotropin level (15 participants) and skin hyperpigmentation/discoloration (8 participants).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this phase 2 nonrandomized controlled trial, oral minocycline was not associated with a decrease in GA enlargement over 24 months, compared with the run-in phase. This observation was consistent across primary and secondary outcome measures. Oral minocycline at this dose is likely not associated with slower rate of enlargement of GA in AMD.
Effects of Electric Field‐Modulated Conductive Hydrogel on Osseoperception and Osseointegration of Dental Implants
Authors: Qin Wen , Li Ling , Niu Wen , Wang Wan‐Rong , Wu Dian‐Wei , Song Chang‐Geng , Gao Chang‐He , Mu Zhao , Tay Franklin R. , Jiao Kai , Niu Li‐Na 
Published: March 2024

AbstractAchieving optimal implant restoration hinges on both robust osseointegration as the structural foundation and favorable osseoperception for advanced masticatory function. The significance of nerve innervation in the peri‐implant environment as the cornerstone of osseointegration and osseoperception is often underestimated. Despite the integral role of endogenous electric fields (EFs) in the human body, particularly in electrosensitive tissues like nerve tissue, the current approach involving external electrical stimulation is invasive and not clinically applicable. The present study introduces a conductive hydrogel designed to respond to endogenous EFs, aiming to foster nerve regeneration around dental implants to coordinate both osseointegration and osseoperception. The hydrogel promotes neurite outgrowth by upregulating intracellular Ca2+ concentration and activating subsequent pathways. Furthermore, the enhanced release of neuropeptides from neurocells improves the osteogenesis of osteoblasts. The impact of the conductive hydrogel on osseointegration and osseoperception is also thoroughly investigated in vivo. This conductive hydrogel represents a unique strategy for enhancing osseointegration and osseoperception within the endogenous EFs of the peri‐implant environment. This advancement opens the door to achieving the physiological and psychological integration of dental implants.
Carbon Quantum Dots Confined into Covalent Triazine Frameworks for Efficient Overall Photocatalytic H2O2 Production
Authors: Yang Yue , Guo Quanyou , Li Qingwei , Guo Liping , Chu Hongqi , Liao Lijun , Wang Xuepeng , Li Zhenzi , Zhou Wei 
Published: March 2024

AbstractPorous organic polymers have an outstanding performance in the field of photocatalysis with the advantage of diverse structure composition and purposeful molecular design. However, the inherent high impedance and poor electrical conductivity of organic semiconductors still restrict the charge transfer efficiency and thus discount the photocatalytic performance. Herein, the study reports a highly conductive covalent triazine framework (CTF) loading carbon quantum dots (CQDs) into porous as electron transport medium. The addition of CQDs (0.5 wt%) can enhance the electronic conductivity of CTF by tenfold. In addition, the as‐prepared CQD‐CTFs express much‐promoted charge separation and transfer efficiency. Furthermore, the embedded CQDs can improve the oxidization capacity and increase the affinity of H+ due to the more negative zeta potential. The enhanced oxidizing ability and increased H+ affinity are positive for water oxidation reaction (WOR) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) process in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generation, respectively. The optimized CQD‐CTF exhibits a high H2O2 generation rate of up to 1036 µmol g−1 h−1 in pure water without any sacrificial agent under visible light, which is 4.6 times than pristine CTF. This work provides a new idea for efficient H2O2 production of organic semiconductors.
Surface Work Function Modifier to Modulate Electrolyte Decomposition on Negative Electrode in Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Byun Jooeun , Lee Chae Rim , Kim Wontak , Lee Min A , Jang Ho Yeon , Hwang Chihyun , Song Jun Ho , Yu Ji‐Sang , Back Seoin , Kim Ki Jae , Kim Hyun‐seung 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThe persistent decomposition of electrolytes on graphite and silicon electrodes in lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) is typically mitigated by the formation of a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). However, the inadequate formation and chemo‐mechanical degradation of SEI leads to re‐exposure of electrode to electrolyte, contributing to the deterioration of LIBs. To address this issue, tris(2,4‐pentanedionato)indium(III) (InAc) is incorporated into the work function tailoring additive. While conventional additives strengthen the chemo‐mechanical properties of SEI through compositional modifications derived from specific elements, InAc uniquely alters charge transfer across the electrode surface, facilitated by high or low work function layer. This additive establishes an interlayer between the SEI and graphite/SiO surfaces, attributed to its tailored lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy level. Consequently, the exposure of graphite surface to the electrolyte is minimized by interlayer during cycling. The interlayer possesses a higher work function than lithiated graphite and suppresses further electrolyte decomposition on graphite. In contrast, the interlayer on SiO decreases work function of SiO surface, which promotes the formation of inorganic SEI on SiO. Hence the degradation of SEI is suppressed with LiIn layer at SiO electrode. This leads to a reduction in the ongoing accumulation of SEI, thereby enhancing durability of LIBs.
Decoupled Crystallization and Particle Growth of BiVO4 via Rapid Thermal Process for Enhanced Charge Separation
Authors: Wang Shujie , Liu Bin , Wang Qingzhen , Gong Zichen , Zhang Peng , Wang Tuo , Gong Jinlong 
Published: March 2024

AbstractBiVO4 is one of the most promising candidates for photoelectrochemical water oxidation. However, the poor crystallinity and short hole diffusion length limit its charge separation. One bottleneck stems from the contradiction between high crystallinity and small particles via conventional furnace heating processes. This paper describes the design and fabrication of BiVO4 photoanodes via rapid thermal process (RTP), rather than furnace heating, to decouple the constraints between nucleation, crystallization, and growth processes of BiVO4. The higher heating ramp rate of RTP compared with furnace heating promotes the fast diffusion of reactant molecules, which elevates the nucleation rate above the particle growth rate of BiVO4, leading to small particles with high crystallinity. Moreover, the ultra‐high heating temperature makes it possible to crystallize the small BiVO4 particle within a short time. Thus, a high crystallinity can be obtained for the RTP‐treated BiVO4 while maintaining small particle size, achieving a charge separation efficiency of up to 82%, 30% higher than that of furnace‐treated BiVO4 photoanode.
Zein‐Based Triple‐Drug Nanoparticles to Promote Anti‐Inflammatory Responses for Nerve Regeneration after Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Wang Jingxuan , Lin Yan , Li Chunhan , Lei Fei , Luo Hongli , Jing Pei , Fu Yao , Zhang Zhirong , Wang Changguang , Liu Zerong , Jiang Jun , Zhou Meiling , Du Xingjie , Liu Zhongbing , Zhou Xiangyu , Sun Xiaoduan , Zhong Zhirong 
Published: March 2024

AbstractDefects in autophagy contribute to neurological deficits and motor dysfunction after spinal cord injury. Here a nanosystem is developed to deliver autophagy‐promoting, anti‐inflammatory drugs to nerve cells in the injured spinal cord. Celastrol, metformin, and everolimus as the mTOR inhibitor are combined into the zein‐based nanoparticles, aiming to solubilize the drugs and prolong their circulation. The nanoparticles are internalized by BV2 microglia and SH‐SY5Y neuron‐like cells in culture; they inhibit the secretion of inflammatory factors by BV2 cells after insult with lipopolysaccharide, and they protect SH‐SY5Y cells from the toxicity of H2O2. In a rat model of spinal cord injury, the nanoparticles mitigate inflammation and promote spinal cord repair. In the in vitro and in vivo experiments, the complete nanoparticles function better than the free drugs or nanoparticles containing only one or two drugs. These results suggest that the triple‐drug nanoparticles show promise for treating spinal cord injury.
Multiphase Under‐Liquid Biofabrication With Living Soft Matter: A Route to Customize Functional Architectures With Microbial Nanocellulose
Authors: Lu Yi , Chun Yeedo , Shi Xuetong , Wang Dong , Ahmadijokani Farhad , Rojas Orlando J. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThe growth of aerobic microbes at air–water interfaces typically leads to biofilm formation. Herein, a fermentative alternative that relies on oil–water interfaces to support bacterial activity and aerotaxis is introduced. The process uses under‐liquid biofabrication by structuring bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) to achieve tailorable architectures. Cellulose productivity in static conditions is first evaluated using sets of oil homologues, classified in order of polarity. The oils are shown for their ability to sustain bacterial growth and BNC production according to air transfer and solubilization, both of which impact the physiochemical properties of the produced biofilms. The latter are investigated in terms of their morphological (fibril size and network density), structural (crystallinity) and physical–mechanical (surface area and strength) features. The introduced under‐liquid biofabrication is demonstrated for the generation of BNC‐based macroscale architectures and compartmentalized soft matter. This can be accomplished following three different routes, namely, 3D under‐liquid networking (multi‐layer hydrogels/composites), emulsion templating (capsules, emulgels, porous materials), and anisotropic layering (Janus membranes). Overall, the proposed platform combines living matter and multi‐phase systems as a robust option for material development with relevance in biomedicine, soft robotics, and bioremediation, among others.
Ratiometric Fluorescence Optical Fiber Enabling Operando Temperature Monitoring in Pouch‐Type Battery
Authors: Wang Yuzhen , Zhang Qimeng , Yang Chenghao , Xia Zhiguo 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThermal characteristics are essential for improving the performance and monitoring the status of Li‐ion batteries (LIBs). However, it is a challenge to design efficient and facile sensing materials for the detection of the in situ temperature of a working LIB. Herein, a ratiometric fluorescence optical fiber is developed and real‐time temperature monitoring is performed with a measurement accuracy of 0.12 °C, and the feasibility based on this polymer optical fiber composed of NaLaTi2O6:Yb/Er phosphors is verified in a pouch‐type battery. During the charging and discharging cycles, the in situ temperature is instantaneously conveyed, revealing the internal situation of LIBs. This article further dwells on the thermal characteristics in constant current (CC)/constant voltage charging and CC discharging processes at different C‐rates and the battery failure when operated at low temperatures (0 °C). This work demonstrates an innovative strategy for operando solitary temperature monitoring conducted by ratiometric fluorescence optical fiber.
Tunable LiZn‐Intermetallic Coating Thickness on Lithium Metal and Its Effect on Morphology and Performance in Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Bela Marlena M. , Schmidt Christina , Neuhaus Kerstin , Hering Tobias , Stan Marian C. , Winter Martin , Börner Markus 
Published: March 2024

AbstractLithium metal batteries are promising next‐generation rechargeable batteries with high energy density. However, the high reactivity of lithium metal leads to an undesirable growth of high surface area lithium during electrodeposition and ‐dissolution and remains a key challenge that must be addressed to enable commercialization. Modification of the Li metal surface to obtain protective coatings is a common method to overcome these challenges. In this study, the influence of the thickness of an intermetallic coating on Li metal is investigated after application by means of thermal evaporation. In addition, the relevance of pre‐treatments in reducing the native layer thickness and surface roughness by roll‐pressing Li metal prior to coating is demonstrated. Morphological analyses are performed on cross‐sections prepared under cryogenic conditions to investigate the origin of high surface area lithium growth and coating cracks after electrodeposition and ‐dissolution processes. The results obtained support the conclusion that the exclusive combination of roll‐pressed Li metal foil followed by coating reduces overvoltage and improves cycle life at elevated current densities.
Graphene Aerogel‐Based Pressure Sensors with Gradient Structure for Subtle Physiological Signals and Motion Monitoring
Authors: Liu Jing , Li Wenbo , Li Jing , Wang Keke , Wen Yating , Wang Jiawei , Zhang Baoxun , Li Jiongli , Wang Xudong , Huang Zhandong 
Published: March 2024

AbstractHigh‐performance flexible wearable pressure sensors require the simple preparation method coupled with a well‐designed structure. Graphene aerogel has garnered significant attention as a flexible pressure sensor due to its exceptional features such as high porosity, favorable compressibility, and fine conductivity. However, it remains challenging to precisely control the 3D structure of the graphene aerogel within the sensors, which limits the detection sensitivity and application range. Here, a freeze‐assisted transfer printing strategy (FATPS) is proposed for fabricating a high‐performance graphene aerogel‐based sensor with the gradient structures. Compared to sensors prepared using mold methods, the sensitivity of the sensor produced through FATPS can be enhanced by nearly tenfold. Furthermore, the gradient structure empowers the graphene pressure sensor with excellent reliability and rapid response time (50 ms) within the pressure range of 0.1–50 kPa. The sensor exhibits the capability to monitor and recognize various physiological activities, including pulse, vocalization, coughing, swallowing, and finger bending. It is expected that the sensor has remarkable potential applications in medical diagnosis, disability aid, and athletic injury prevention and so on.