bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Derivatization of keto fatty acids: I. Synthesis and mass spectrometry of thiazolidinones
Authors: Ahmad Nasirullah F. , Osman S. M. , Pimlott W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe synthesis of alkyl chain‐substituted thiazolidinones from oxo acids is described. Reactions of mercaptoacetic acid with three oxoesters, methyl 10‐oxoundecanoate, methyl 12‐oxooctadecanoate and methyl 9,10‐dioxooctadecanoate gives excellent yields of the corresponding thazolidinones. Mass spectral fragmentation patterns of these long‐chain thiazolidinone derivatives are discussed.
Determination of the solid fat content of hard confectionery butters
Authors: van den Enden J. C. , Rossell J. B. , Vermaas L. F. , Waddington D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA method is described for the determination of the solid fat content in hard confectionery butters of the nonstabilized type, e.g., palm kernel sterine. The method is based on the technique of low‐resolution pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance (pNMR) by means of which the solid fat content of a fat sample can be calculated directly from the relative intensity of signals arising from protons in both the liquid and solid phases. A measuring procedure is reported, based on the use of the Bruker Minispec p20i low‐resolution pNMR spectrometer, and attention is drawn to the stabilization pretreatment to which the fat samples need to be subjected prior to measurement in the pNMR instrument. The entire procedure is straightforward to operate and ideally suited to the measurement of large numbers of samples. The relationship between the solids content (N‐value) and dilatation (D‐value) is discussed and an interconversion table is given. The accuracy and reproducibility of the method are indicated.
Analysis of SO3‐Sulfonation products of 1‐Alkenes by spectrometric methods
Authors: Boyer J. L. , Canselier J. P. , Castro V. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe preparation and identification of four types of SO3‐sulfonated products of 1‐alkenes are described.13C and, to a lesser extent,1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectra are used to ascertain the structures of 2‐alkenesulfonic acids, β‐sultones (as 2‐methoxyalkanesulfonic acids), γ‐ and δ‐sultones. The mass spectra of some methyl 2‐methoxyalkanesulfonates and 4‐alkyl‐δ‐sultones are also studied. Sufficiently volatile mixtures are separated by gas liquid chromatography after methylation of the sulfonic groups.
Comparison of infrared spectrophotometric and lead salt‐alcohol methods for determination of trans octadecenoic acids and esters
Authors: Swern Daniel , Knight H. B. , Shreve O. D. , Heether M. R. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe scope and limitations of the lead salt‐alcohol method (11, 19) have been defined as a result of observations in the authors' laboratories and in others. Trans octadecenoic acids and esters are not determined specifically by this method, and when large amounts of cis acids or esters are present, they are also isolated with the solid acid fraction.The infrared spectrophotometric method, previously described by the authors (14), and the lead salt‐alcohol method have been applied to a variety of synthetic mixtures of known composition and to other materials. Comparison of the data indicates that the infrared method is more rapid, specific, and accurate than the lead salt‐method; it is directly applicable to the determination of trans isomers in acid or ester mixtures; only small samples are required; and they can be recovered if necessary.The infrared method is suggested as a necessary tool to investigators conducting research on the oxidation, isomerization, polymerization, composition, and hydrogenation of fats and their components and derivatives, and on the preparation of pure unsaturated acids and esters.
Review of the polymorphism of saturated even glycerides
Authors: Lutton E. S. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryIn order to give a unified picture of recent findings on glyceride polymorphism a review is presented which covers in some detail the saturated single fatty acid triglycerides, the mixed C16−C18 saturated triglycerides, saturated diglycerides, and saturated monoglycerides. Mention is made, merely by way of comparison, of unsaturated and saturated‐unsaturated triglycerides and unsaturated diglycerides.The value of a knowledge of glyceride polymorphism in the identification of naturally occurring glycerides is indicated by a number of examples.
Surface lipids ofLigia oceanica; Part II: The ester fractions
Authors: Hamilton R. J. , Raie M. Y. , Weatherston I. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe surface lipids ofLigia oceanica have been isolated and fractionated into long chain wax esters, secondary alkylacetates, sterol esters, triglycerides, and alkenyl acyl diol esters. The fatty acid composition of these classes have been determined by gas liquid chromatography on Apiezon L, diethyleneglycol succinate and show that there are different biosynthetic pools of fatty acid for wax esters and triglycerides. The surface lipids have unusual constituents which may be important in water proofing the crustacean.
Characterization and identification of lipids by their critical solution temperatures
Authors: Schmid H. H. O. , Mangold H. K. , Lundberg W. O. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe mutual solubility of two liquids which are not miscible in all proportions is essentially a function of the temp. Rising temp usually increases the solubility, possibly reaching a point, i.e., the upper critical solution temp (CST), at which the two components become miscible in all proportions. The CST is characteristic for the two liquids involved.A microtechnique developed by Fischer simplifies rapid and accurate determinations of the upper critical solution temp. This technique is described and its application to the characterization and identification of pure lipids and lipid mixtures is demonstrated. The significance of this simple laboratory procedure and its relation to complementary analytical methods is discussed.
Some practical aspects of thin‐layer chromatography of lipids
Authors: Pelick Nicholas , Wilson T. L. , Miller M. E. , Angeloni F. M. , Steim J. M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis report describes methods for the thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) of lipids and some practical aspects of the methods.In order to present some basis for choosing the correct powder for particular separations, some properties of several widely used silica gel powders are compared. The effect of binder material such as calcium sulfate in silica gel is studied. The three systems, silica gel as a polar phase, silver nitrate‐impregnated silica gel, and reversed phase systems are described with application to neutral lipids. Also included are the applications of TLC to the polar lipids, such as phospholipids, cerebrosides, sulfatides, sphingomyelin and other glycolipids from various sources. The pitfalls and precautions involved in these separations are discussed in detail.
Deuterium tracer studies of the mechanism of homogeneous catalytic hydrogenation of sorbic acid with pentacyanocobaltate II
Authors: Mabrouk A. F. , Selke E. , Rohwedder W. K. , Dutton H. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractExchange of deuterium and hydrogen during homogeneous catalytic reduction of sorbic acid with pentacyanocobaltate II has been investigated three ways: isotopic exchange between D2 and H2O, H2‐D2O exchange, and D2‐anhydrous methanol exchange. In contrast to experiments with heterogeneous catalysts, where complete exchange and equilibration occur readily, mass spectrometric analysis of the gas phase above the pentacyanocobaltate II shows slow, incomplete exchange during the course of reduction of either catalyst alone or catalyst and substrate.Mass spectra of methyl hexenoates from the deuterium exchange experiments have been examined. The fragmentation patterns of the esters reduced in the presence of D2O were compared with those reduced in H2O and with authentic 2‐, 3‐, and 4‐hexenoates. Little or no exchange occurred with the hydrogen of valeric acid in the presence of pentacyanocoblatate deuteride ion [DCo(CN5)]3蜢 and deuterium oxide. Experimental results indicate that either the hydrogen or deuterium that adds to the double bond originates predominantly from the solvent. It appears that the hydrogen atoms on the ै‐carbon atoms in both 2‐ and 3‐hexenoates exchange with deuterium during reduction in heavy water solutions.
Determination of the length of polymethylene chains in salts of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids by infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Kirby Elizabeth M. , Evans‐Vader Marra J. , Brown M. Adele 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe length of polymethylene chains is determined by counting the number of, or measuring the position of, methylene vibration peaks in the 1070舑710 cm蜢1 and/or the 1380舑1170cm蜢1 regions of the IR spectrum of salts of fatty acids. Plotting this peak position against the phase relationship of the vibration in adjacent methylenes gives a curve which is independent of the chain length. (Thephase relationship, ऴ/ॠ=k/(m+1); where ० is the phase difference in radians between adjacent methylenes in a chain;m is the number of methylenes in the chain;k=1,2,3,舰m, withk=1 generally assigned to the in‐phase vibration.) Separate curves are obtained for methylene wagging and for two arrays of coupled twisting‐rocking vibrations.Coupled twisting‐rocking vibrations give as many as one peak per methylene group in the 1070舑710 cm蜢1 region with silver, sodium, potassium and barium salts of saturated acids. Lead salt peaks split. These peaks show the total length of salts of both saturated andtrans‐unsaturated acids, but only the length of the carboxylate segment in salts ofcis‐unsaturated acids. (The carboxylate segment comprises the carbons from the carboxylate carbon to the first unsaturated carbon, inclusive.)Wagging vibrations in the 1380舑1170 cm蜢1 region show the total chain length of saturated salts and the length of the carboxylate segment in unsaturated salts, bothcis andtrans. This region also has peaks for twisting‐rocking vibrations, and they are most conspicuous in the spectra of silver and barium salts.
Isolation of soybean protein: Effect of processing conditions on yields and purity
Authors: Cogan Uri , Yaron Anina , Berk Zeki , Mizrahi Sylvia 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe process of soybean‐protein isolation, comprising extraction in dilute calcium hydroxide and precipitation with hydrochloric acid at pH 4.5, was evaluated from the viewpoint of the effect of processing conditions on yields and product purity. The course of extraction and the effect of particle size and agitation indicate that the process is quite rapid even when coarse meal is treated under mild agitation. The heattreatment history of the meal is the main factor governing the extraction and isolation yields. The precipitation yield is unaffected by temperature. Two steps of curd washing were found to suffice for maximum product purity. The purity is also improved considerably by preliminary sifting of the meal.
Polymerizable derivatives of long‐chain fatty alcohols. III. Copolymers of some alkyl acrylates and acrylonitrile
Authors: Jordan Edmund F. , Palm William E. , Port William S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCoplymers of acrylonitrile containing 5 to 28 mole % (11 to 70 weight %) of three alkyl acrylates (butyl, octyl, and octadecyl) were prepared in t‐butanol solution. The copolymers were capable of being molded at about 300–400°F. under a pressure of about 2,000 p.s.i. The magnitude of both the tensile strength and the characteristic low temperature of the copolymers varied inversely with the weight percentage of the acrylate present without regard to its alkyl type. The copolymers were oriented with an accompanying three‐fold increase in the tensile strength. Good resistance to several selected reagents was shown by all the copolymers.
Heated fats. I. Studies of the effects of heating on the chemical nature of cottonseed oil
Authors: Firestone David , Horwitz William , Friedman Leo , Shue Glen M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWhen cottonseed oil was heated at 225°C. in the presence of air for long periods of time, nonurea adduct‐forming monomers and dimers were formed which were toxic to rats. Analyses showed that the toxic fractions contained moderate amounts of carbonyl and hydroxyl and that they contained unsaturation difficult to remove by hydrogenation. Cyclic structures appeared to be present in the dimer fraction. The production of nonurea adducting monomers and dimers is associated with polymerization and other reactions of linoleic acid.
A natural soil and mechanism of removal: Part II
Authors: Tomiyama S. , Iimori M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBased on the findings of interaction between dodecyl benzene sulfonate (DBS) and high molecular weight nitrogen compounds in natural soil in the first report of this series, artificially soiled clothes containing protein were prepared and a washing test was carried out with a use of DBS or nonyl phenol‐polyoxyethylene adduct (NPEO). Cattle serum globulin, cod sperm protamine and feather keratin of wild duck were used as protein. The built DBS detergent showed better detergency on the artificially soiled clothes than the built NPEO detergent at a same surfactant concentration of 0.05%, although no difference was observed in the redeposition test between these detergents. A significant dissolving action of DBS was observed. Results indicate that when discussing the mechanism of dissolution of natural soil or in the course of modifying the artificially soiled clothes, a chemical reaction between DBS and protein had to be considered in addition to the well known physico‐chemical surface activity of the surfactant for removal of soil.
Isopropyl alcohol extraction of oil and lipids in the production of fish protein concentrate from herring
Authors: Drozdowski B. , Ackman R. G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe extraction of lipid from fatty fish (herring) by the Halifax process for producing fish protein concentrate, using isopropyl alcohol (IPA), is virtually complete. The largest portion of the lipid is found in the first extract and high quality triglyceride oil is readily recovered by cooling this extract; under certain circum‐stances it can also be recovered from the second extract. The phospholipids are extracted without obvious degradation and together with free fatty acids are found mostly in the IPA‐rich phase from the first extraction. Residual lipid in fish protein concentrate resembles the starting lipid of the fish. Detailed fatty acid compositions are given for various materials.
The triglycerides of sable fish (anaplopoma fimbria). II. fatty acid distribution in triglyceride fractions as determined with pancreatic lipase
Authors: Dolev Ami , Olcott H. S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSable fish muscle lipids were fractionated on a silicic acid column with mixtures of chloroform and methanol as eluting solvents. Three main peaks containing only triglycerides were isolated; 11 additional peaks contained phosphorous. Each of the 3 triglyceride peaks was separately fractionated into 300 fractions on silica gel columns impregnated with silver nitrate. Mixtures of petroleum ether and ethyl ether were the eluting solvents. About 25 distinct fractions were isolated from each column. The fractions were characterized for fatty acid content by gas chromatography of the methyl esters. The results showed that the fractionation did not depend upon the presence of single fatty acids but upon total unsaturation. Fatty acid distribution within each fraction was determined with the use of hog pancreatic lipase, followed by thin‐layer chromatography and gas chromatography.
Gas‐solid chromatography of hydrocarbons on activated alumina
Authors: List G. R. , Hoffmann R. L. , Evans C. D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractVolatile hydrocarbons representative of those in autoxidizing fats were analyzed on a single column of activated alumina by gas‐solid adsorption chromatography (GSC). Mixtures of C1 to C8 paraffins anda‐olefins were readily separated from one another, and from several branched hydrocarbons in less than 40 min. Semilog plots of carbon number versus log retention time for these individual mixtures indicate that good separations may be expected when all components are present simultaneously. Alumina is a unique chromatographic substrate for these separations. Since no liquid phase is employed, wide temperature ranges may be applied, column bleeding is eliminated and the system becomes ideal for temperature programming even on single column instruments. This system of GSC offers a convenient and direct method for hydrocarbon analysis since more polar materials such as aldehydes, ketones and esters are irreversibly adsorbed on alumina. It shows promise not only for the analysis of volatiles in the flavor evaluation of edible oils, but also as an aid in solving many other food and biological problems.
Effect of moisture level on volatile carbonyls in cottonseed oil heated to 210C
Authors: Dornseifer Theodore P. , Kim Sun C. , Keith Elizabeth S. , Powers John J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCottonseed oil containing 0, 2.5, 5 and 10% added moisture was heated to simulate food‐frying conditions. The volatile carbonyls from the heated oil were crystallized as 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazones and then regenerated for separation by gas‐liquid chromatography. Nineteen peaks were observed for the dry oil; oil with added moisture had fewer peaks. Oil containing added moisture produced more total carbonyl by weight than did dry oil. Maximum production of carbonyls occurred in the oil with 2.5% added moisture.
Fatty acids of bovine milk glycolipids and phospholipids and their specific distribution in the diacylglycerophospholipids
Authors: Morrison W. R. , Jack E. L. , Smith L. M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMilk lipids were fractionated by silicic acid column chromatography and preparative thinlayer chromatography (TLC). Ceramide monohexoside (CMH), ceramide dihexoside (CDH), phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE), phosphatidyl choline (PC), phosphatidyl serine (PS), and sphingomyelin (Sph) were isolated, and the purity of each was checked by infrared spectroscopy and TLC. The diacylphospholipids were hydrolyzed with phospholipase A and the products separated by TLC. Fatty acid methyl esters were prepared from the various fractions and analyzed by gas chromatography.The glycolipids, CMH and CDH, and Sph contained large amounts of long‐chain saturated fatty acids, especially C22:0, C23:0, and C24:0, PE, PS, and PC contained C10‐C22 normal and branched‐chain saturated fatty acids, and C15‐C20 unsaturated fatty acids (mainly monoenes). The distributions of saturated acids between the ॅ艂‐ and ॆ‐positions were respectively: PE, 46 and 11%; PS, 65 and 19%; and PC, 72 and 53%. PC was exceptional in that there was 10.8% myristic acid in the ॆ‐position and only 5.6% in the ॅ艂‐position. PE and PS were similar in composition except that in PE oleic acid was evenly distributed, and in PS was largely in the ॆ‐position. In general, PC was much more saturated than PE or PS, and there was no overall pattern governing the specific distribution of the fatty acids in the three diacylphospholipids. Comparison with PC from other bovine tissues and from egg lecithin showed that fatty acids are located much less specifically in milk phospholipids than in PC from other sources.
Tall oil fatty acid mixtures as a new approach to quality alkyds
Authors: Roberts George T. , Kraft William M. , Staff Donald A. , Belsky Peter 
Published: May 2007

ConclusionsTall oil fatty acids may replace up to 50% of linseed or soya fatty acids, using the High Polymer Alkyd Technique, to obtain similar dry rates and resistances of conventional all‐linseed or soy long‐oil vehicles. Tall oil fatty acids also can be substituted for 25% of either linseed or soya fatty acids without adverse effects on the drying rates of conventionally prepared long‐oil alkyds.Tall oil fatty acids likewise may be used in conjunction with the alcoholysis type of alkyds by the use of the High Polymer Technique. These vehicles show properties similar to conventional resins prepared from linseed oil and improvements over resins based on soybean oil.
Fats for the food industry: Implications for cholesterol‐lowering
Authors: Nestel Paul , Noakes Manny , Clifton Peter 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe special needs of the food industry may not always coincide with what is healthiest for consumers. People always demand optimal taste, flavor and texture; they expect shelf‐stability, convenience and novelty. The edible oils and fat industry has been particularly vulnerable in this regard but has tried, often very successfully, to modify its products to take into account the customer's preferences and their health. The following review illustrates some potential strategies in the retail and commercial sectors, especially in baking, frying and food service areas. Given the large increase in the consumption of convenient, small portion meals, the fat content and composition of such meals and products will critically influence further outcomes in areas related to cardiovascular disease, cancer, obesity and diabetes.
Antioxidants, lipoprotein oxidation, and arterial function
Authors: Richard Bruckdorfer K. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractLipoproteins have an important influence on arterial tissues. High levels of low density lipoproteins (LDL) may inhibit arterial function in terms of the release of nitric oxide from the endothelium. This inhibition is enhanced by the oxidation of these lipoproteins which may occur during the development of atherosclerosis. Many of these effects are due to lipid oxidation products. The impairment of the release of nitric oxide and vasodilatation may be partially attenuated by antioxidants. LDL may also enhance the activity of blood platelets, especially when they are mildly oxidized. Oral administration of antioxidants may decrease the activation of platelets to a limited extent. Lipid peroxides may play a role in these processes.
Arachidonic acid to eicosapentaenoic acid ratio in blood correlates positively with clinical symptoms of depression
Authors: Adams Peter B. , Lawson Sheryl , Sanigorski Andrew , Sinclair Andrew J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn this study of 20 moderately to severely depressed patients, diagnosed using current research diagnostic criteria and excluding known bipolar affective disorder and reactive depression, we investigated relationships between severity of depression and levels and ratios of n‐3 and n‐6 long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in plasma and erythrocyte phospholipids (PL). Severity of depression was measured using the 21‐item Hamilton depression rating scale (HRS) and a second linear rating scale (LRS) of severity of depressive symptoms that omitted anxiety symptoms. There was a significant correlation between the ratio of erythrocyte PL arachidonic acid (AA) to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and severity of depression as rated by the HRS (P<0.05) and the LRS for depression (P< 0.01). There was also a significant negative correlation between erythrocyte EPA and the LRS (P<0.05). The AA/EPA ratio in plasma PL and the ratio of erythrocyte long‐chain (C20 and C22 carbon) n‐6 to long‐chain n‐3 PUFA were also significantly correlated with the LRS (P<0.05). These findings do not appear to be simply explained by differences in dietary intake of EPA. We cannot determine whether the high ratios of AA/EPA in both plasma and erythrocyte PL are the result of depression or whether tissue PUFA change predate the depressive symptoms. We suggest, however, that our findings provide a basis for studying the effect of the nutritional supplementation of depressed subjects, aimed at reducing the AA/EPA ratio in tissues and severity of depression.