bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Numerical and Experimental Investigation of the Neutral Atmospheric Surface Layer
Authors: Drobinski Philippe , Carlotti Pierre , Redelsperger Jean-Luc , Masson Valery , Banta Robert M. , Newsom Rob K. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis study combines the experimental measurements with large-eddy simulation (LES) data of a neutral planetary boundary layer (PBL) documented by a 60-m tower instrumented with eight sonic anemometers, and a high-resolution Doppler lidar during the 1999 Cooperative Atmospheric and Surface Exchange Study (CASES-99) experiment. The target of the paper is (i) to investigate the multiscale nature of the turbulent eddies in the surface layer (SL), (ii) to explain the existence of a −1 power law in the velocity fluctuation spectra, and (iii) to investigate the different nature of turbulence in the two sublayers within the SL, which are the eddy surface layer (ESL; lower sublayer of the SL lying between the surface and about 20-m height) and the shear surface layer (SSL; lying between the ESL top and the SL top). The sonic anemometers and Doppler lidar prove to be proper instruments for LES validation, and in particular, the Doppler lidar because of its ability to map near-surface eddies.This study shows the different nature of turbulence in the ESL and the SSL in terms of organized eddies, velocity fluctuation spectra, and second-order moment statistics. If quantitative agreement is found in the SSL between the LES and the measurements, only qualitative similarity is found in the ESL due to the subgrid-scale model, indicating that the LES captures part of the physics of the ESL. The LES helps explain the origin of the −1 power-law spectral subrange evidence in the velocity fluctuation spectra computed in the SL using the CASES-99 dataset: strong interaction between the mean flow and the fluctuating vorticities is found in the SL, and turbulent production is found to be larger than turbulent energy transfer for k1z &gt; 1 (k1 being the longitudinal wavenumber and z the height), which is the condition of the −1 power-law existence.
A new oxygenator change-out system and procedure
Authors: Da Broi U , Adami V , Falasca E , Malangone W , Crini S , Degrassi A 
Published: January 2007

Official reports relate that, in the US, one patient/month dies as a result of the emergency oxygenator change-out procedure, and the permanent injury of some patients is the result of current oxygenator change-out procedures or oxygenator failures, both in extracorporeal circulation (ECC) and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). The aim of this article is to evaluate a new system and procedure, dedicated to oxygenator change-out, represented by two three-way stopcocks inserted in the ECC line in use. A dedicated back-up oxygenator and circuit can be easily primed and connected to the dedicated connector on the stopcocks, then blood flow is diverted to the new oxygenator without interruption of the ECC. Tests performed showed that oxygenator change-out can be completed by perfusionists in 62.139+11.12 sec. Results obtained show that the new system and procedure allows fast, safe and reproducible oxygenator change-out without interruption of the ECC.
Satellite remote sensing of biomass burning with optical and thermal sensors
Authors: Fuller Douglas O. 
Published: January 2007

A major goal in satellite remote sensing of fire is to derive globally accurate measurements of the spatial and temporal distribution of burning. To date, the main sensor employed in fire and fire-scar detection has been the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) on board NOAA polar-orbiting platforms. Other sources supporting fire observation over large areas include the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program -Optical Linescan (DMSP-OLS), the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite - 8 (GOES-8) and the Along Track Scanning Radiometer (ATSR). These sources have often been used in conjunction with high spatial-resolution imagery provided by the Landsat Thematic Mapper and SPOT to assess the accuracy of proposed fire and fire-scar retrieval algorithms. Although a range of fire detection algorithms have been proposed based on more than a decade of research on the AVHRR data, it remains to be seen whether variations in land-cover type, surface temperature and fire regimes will permit application of global thresholds of temperature and reflectance. Moreover, the emerging set of satellite sensors with demonstrated utility in fire monitoring indicates substantial possibilities for greater synergy of current and future remote-sensing systems leading to improved monitoring of fire extent and frequency. As a more complete global picture of biomass burning emerges with the launch of new sensors for fire monitoring (e.g., MODIS), this information, combined with detailed data from field experiments, can help provide reliable budgets of trace gases and particulate species that affect global energy balance and climate.
Studies of vegetation burial: a focus for biogeography and biogeomorphology?
Authors: Kent M. , Owen N. W. , Dale P. , Newnham R. M. , Giles T. M. 
Published: January 2007

This paper examines the literature on research into the effects of burial by deposition of blown sand, volcanic deposits (tephra, lavas and lahars) or fluvial sediment on vegetation and the subsequent capacity of the vegetation for survival and regeneration. Research on this topic involves the understanding and skills of the biogeographer, the ecologist and the geomorpholo-gist and represents a potentially very interesting area for integration between these areas of physical geography. Burial is closely linked to concepts of plant succession and pedogenesis. A general model of burial stress is presented that shows how types of stress are linked to the burial environment and the characteristics of the burial event, in particular the magnitude and frequency. The importance of elasticity of response of species to burial is vital, as demonstrated by the evolution of certain species, such as those of the genus Ammophila in sand dunes that appear to respond positively to the burial process. Research into burial by dust deposition, by volcanic tephra and lavas, by sand in coastal and lake dune environments, in desert environments and by alluvium and ‘run-on’ following hydro-logical events are reviewed in turn. The significance of burial to palaeoenvironmental and palaeoecological research is then demonstrated by reference to machair sand dune stratification in the Outer Hebrides and vegetation damage and burial following proximal volcanic impacts in New Zealand. Finally, methods of experimental research into burial in both the field and in the greenhouse are summarized and the conclusion stresses the need for more holistic approaches to the study of burial that link the biogeographical aspects of plant ecophysiology and both individual species and community ecology to the various geomorphic processes of deposition and sedimentation.
Periglacial research in Africa: past, present and future
Authors: Grab Stefan 
Published: January 2007

With global periglacial geomorphology undergoing significant advancements, it is appropriate to review the past and current status of such research in Africa. A brief historical overview of research outputs and approaches is presented for the respective African regions. Potential future quantitative periglacial research needs and approaches identified for Africa include: the examination of active periglacial processes, the identification of landforms and ground-ice forms, the potential for environmental change and the palaeoenvironmental reconstruction, and the application of periglacial studies. It is demonstrated that while periglacial geomorphology has progressed significantly in southern Africa, there has been little or no advancement elsewhere on the continent over the last two decades. None the less, on a more positive note, it is concluded that Africa has considerable potential in future global periglacial research.
Sudden climate transitions during the Quaternary
Authors: Adams Jonathan , Maslin Mark , Thomas Ellen 
Published: January 2007

The time span of the past few million years has been punctuated by many rapid climate transitions, most of them on timescales of centuries to decades. The most detailed information is available for the Younger Dryas-to-Holocene stepwise change around 11 500 years ago, which seems to have occurred over a few decades. The speed of this change is probably representative of similar but less well studied climate transitions during the last few hundred thousand years. These include sudden cold events (Heinrich events/stadials), warm events (interstadials) and the beginning and ending of long warm phases, such as the Eemian interglacial. Detailed analysis of terrestrial and marine records of climate change will, however, be necessary before we can say confidently on what timescale these events occurred; they almost certainly did not take longer than a few centuries. Various mechanisms, involving changes in ocean circulation and biotic productivity, changes in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases and haze particles, and changes in snow and ice cover, have been invoked to explain sudden regional and global transitions. We do not know whether such changes could occur in the near future as a result of human effects on climate. Phenomena such as the Younger Dryas and Heinrich events might only occur in a ‘glacial’ world with much larger ice sheets and more extensive sea-ice cover. A major sudden cold event, however, did probably occur under global climate conditions similar to those of the present, during the Eemian interglacial around 122 000 years ago. Less intensive, but significant rapid climate changes also occurred during the present (Holocene) interglacial, with cold and dry phases occurring on a 1500-year cycle, and with climate transitions on a decade-to-century timescale. In the past few centuries, smaller transitions (such as the ending of the Little Ice Age at about AD 1650) probably occurred over only a few decades at most. All evidence indicates that long-term climate change occurs in sudden jumps rather than incremental changes.
The effect of isopropyl alcohol on the permeation of gloves exposed to antineoplastic agents
Authors: Connor Thomas H , Xiang Qian 
Published: January 2007

Introduction. Two commercially available gloves, one latex and one nitrile, were evaluated for permeation with six antineoplastic agents following exposure to 70% isopropyl alcohol. Materials. Commercially available antineoplastic agents prepared at the standard concentrations included carmustine, cyclophosphamide, fluorouracil, doxorubicin, thiotepa, and cisplatin. Additional solutions included distilled water and 70% isopropyl alcohol. Methods. Following exposure to isopropyl alcohol for 0.5, 1, or 5 minutes, latex and nitrile glove materials were tested for permeation with the antineoplastic drugs. Five samples of each glove material were tested with the six drugs and the contact time was 2 hours. Permeation was measured by the use of a bacterial mutagenicity assay that can detect low levels of these drugs. Results. The exposure of the two glove materials to isopropyl alcohol for up to 5 minutes resulted in a minimal observed increase in permeation for one of the six antineoplastic agents. Permeation with the latex gloves was seen with carmustine at the 1-minute exposure to the alcohol. Conclusions. It appears that the use of isopropyl alcohol for cleaning and disinfecting has little to no effect on the integrity of these latex and nitrile gloves related to protection offered by these materials to antineoplastic drugs.
Physicochemical stability of irinotecan injection concentrate and diluted infusion solutions in PVC bags
Authors: Thiesen Judith , Krämer Irene 
Published: January 2007

Purpose. To determine the physicochemical stability of irinotecan injection concentrate and irinotecan infusion solutions after dilution in two commonly used infusion fluids (0.9% sodium chloride, 5% dextrose) in PVC bags, stored under refrigeration (2-8°C) or at room temperature either light protected or exposed to light. Methods. Stability of irinotecan injection concentrate was determined in the original amber glass vials. Diluted irinotecan infusion solutions were aseptically prepared by further dilution of irinotecan stock solution with either 0.9% sodium chloride or 5% dextrose in PVC bags, in amounts yielding irinotecan concentrations of 0.4, 1.0, or 2.8 mg/ml. Test solutions were stored under refrigeration (2-8°C) or at room temperature either light protected or exposed to light (mixed daylight and normal laboratory fluorescent light) in parallel. Irinotecan concentrations were determined periodically throughout a 4-week storage period via a stability-indicating HPLC assay with ultraviolet detection. In addition, measurements of pH values were performed regularly and test solutions were visually examined for colour change and precipitation. Results. Irinotecan injection concentrate and infusion solutions are shown to be physicochemically stable (at a level of >90% irinotecan) for 4 weeks when stored under refrigeration or light protected at room temperature, independent of the vehicle (0.9% sodium chloride, 5% dextrose) or the concentration (0.4, 1.0, or 2.8 mg/ml). Irinotecan infusion solutions exposed to daylight exhibited concentration-dependent instability, solutions were stable for only 7 to 14 days. Conclusions. Irinotecan injection concentrate and diluted infusion solutions are shown to have adequate physicochemical stability for convenient pharmacy-based centralized preparation.
Docetaxel-induced extravasation injury: a report of three cases
Authors: Harrison Bruce R , Ketts Jennifer R , Schultz Michelle Z , Yackzan Susan 
Published: January 2007

Extravasation of chemotherapy drugs may cause serious adverse effects in cancer patients. The clinical course and preferred treatment of some of the newer chemotherapy drugs has not been well described. Three cases of docetaxel extravasation are presented in this report. The three patients experienced four extravasations of docetaxel and were observed for periods ranging from nine to 19 weeks. Symptoms were fairly similar in all three patients including pain, erythema, edema, pruritus, dyschromia, and hypoesthesia. All three patients received subsequent therapy with docetaxel with no delays in therapy or apparent exacerbation of symptoms. None of these patients had ulceration or visible necrosis. Case 3 received treatment with ice to the second extravasation site. No treatment was administered following the other extravasations. No recommendations for treating docetaxel extravasation were found. Observations of these three cases suggest that docetaxel is an irritant, but there currently is no evidence to implicate docetaxel as a vesicant. Docetaxel extravasation should be managed conservatively.
Documentation of capecitabine usage as a third-line chemotherapy option for metastatic breast cancer patients
Authors: Rajora Anupam , Chow Katherine S , Vu Thanh T , Chambers Carole R 
Published: January 2007

Objective. To document options metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients chose for third-line chemo-therapy within the Alberta Cancer Board (ACB) between December 1995 to April 2000. To record the early market experience with capecitabine use in MBC. Methods. Treatment of MBC with a marketed taxane between December 1995 and April 2000 was reviewed. Patients were included if they were within treatment guidelines of the Alberta Cancer Board Outpatient Cancer Drug Benefit Program, and excluded if they were currently on a taxane, treated outside guidelines, or died before receiving a third-line agent. Pre- and postcapecitabine availability cohorts were used to compare prescribing patterns. Results. Before the availability of capecitabine, vinorelbine was the most prescribed third-line chemotherapy (18.8%). After its availability, cape-citabine was the most prescribed third-line chemo-therapy (44.9%). Patients experienced, in order of decreasing frequency, hand-foot syndrome, diarrhea, and nausea as side effects of capecitabine. The majority of dose changes to capecitabine were side effect-related. The first dose was decreased on average by 24.2%, and the sum of the first and second dose adjustments averaged 44.2%. For patients who have discontinued capecitabine, 66.7% were due to disease-related reasons. Conclusion. At the ACB, capecitabine is the current primary choice of third-line chemotherapy. During early experience with its usage, capecitabine was well tolerated and toxicity was adequately managed by dose adjustments. J Oncol Pharm Practice (2001) 6, 138-145.
Penetration and splash protection of six disposable gown materials against fifteen antineoplastic drugs
Authors: Harrison Bruce R , Kloos Michael D 
Published: January 2007

Introduction. Six commercially available, disposable protective gown materials were tested for splash protection and penetration against 15 antineoplastic drugs and five control solutions. Materials. The commercially available drugs in standard concentrations included etoposide, teniposide, docetaxel, paclitaxel, carmustine, topotecan, irinotecan, doxorubicin, liposomal doxorubicin, vinorelbine, cisplatin, carboplatin, mitoxantrone, cyclophosphamide, and fluorouracil. Control solutions included water, saline, 10% ethanol, fluorescein aqueous, and fluorescein in 25% ethanol. Methods. A6 3 6 cm gown sample was placed on an absorptive pad on the work surface of a biological safety cabinet. A single drop of each solution was dropped onto the gown from a height of 20 cm to simulate a simple splash. Each dispensed drop was observed for 1 minute. Two endpoints were used: (a) absorption into the gown material versus beading on the gown surface and (b) visible detection of the drug on the opposite side of the gown. Results. Two gowns failed; one (ChemoPlust) allowed penetration of 10 solutions and the other (ChemoBloct Wraparound), four solutions. Three gowns allowed non-water soluble drugs to soak into the material but did not allow penetration: Tyvekt (five drugs), ChemoBloct Maximum (two drugs), and CYTA (one drug). Only one gown (Saranext) provided complete splash protection, with beading on the gown surface observed for all agents. Conclusions. Gowns with polyethylene or vinyl coating provided adequate splash protection and prevented penetration of the challenge chemicals during the 1-minute observation period. Polypropylene-based gowns did not provide adequate splash protection and should not be used to prepare chemotherapy.
The K-port concept: Proposal for optimising a fully implantable port system
Authors: Krug Florian , Psathakis Dimitri , Hirsch Ulrich , Bruch Hans-Peter 
Published: January 2007

Objective. Typical reasons for the malfunction of implantable central venous catheters involve obstructions caused by blood clots, perforation through the skin, and contamination of the device. The objective of introducing this new port concept is to reduce the incidence of complications by making alterations to the design. Design. The main characteristics of this new port chamber are its drop-shaped interior, which opens into the catheter-connecting piece rather like a funnel, the lateral position of the puncture membrane, and the exchangeable catheter connection device. As a result, the following improvements with regard to conventional port catheters are feasible. Results. The puncture is made laterally next to the port chamber in a large, previously unstressed area of skin. The subcutaneous puncture channel can be used for a greater length of time so as to avoid ascending infections. In the event of an occlusion of the catheter, a wire can be pushed through the cannula to clean it. The puncture cannula lies against the skin and can be attached more readily. Various port chamber sizes can be combined with different catheter thicknesses to best meet the individual requirements of the patient. Current Status. The afore-mentioned port system is still at a conceptional stage of development. There are no data on practical experiences with the K-port, as licensing details have yet to be agreed upon with a manufacturer. We have applied for a patent for this device.
PAD awareness, risk, and treatment: new resources for survival - the USA PARTNERS program
Authors: Hirsch Alan T , Hiatt William R ,   PARTNERS Steering Committee
Published: January 2007

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a very common manifestation of atherosclerosis and is associated with a high risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Despite the magnitude of the problem, PAD is often under-recognized in clinical practice until its limb manifestations are severe or heart attack or stroke supervene. The PAD Awareness, Risk and Treatment: New Resources for Survival (PARTNERS) program, recently completed in the USA, had five aims: (1) creation of a method for detection of PAD in primary care practice; (2) assessment of the awareness of the PAD diagnosis in both patients and physicians; (3) assessment of the magnitude of the atherosclerotic risk factor burden and intensity of treatment of atherosclerotic risk factors in PAD patients; (4) assessment of the disease-specific and general quality of life of PAD patients in their communities; and (5) provision of an educational intervention to foster improved community-prescribed medical interventions for patients with PAD. Lack of public and physician interest in PAD contrasts with the high prevalence and poor medical prognosis of PAD. The intention of PARTNERS was to create a community-based program to measure current rates of PAD awareness, physician recognition and treatment intensity. Data obtained will form the basis of future clinical investigations to improve clinical care for PAD patients in the USA.
Calciphylaxis: a favorable outcome with hyperbaric oxygen
Authors: Dean Steven M , Werman Howard 
Published: January 2007

A 66-year-old female with diabetes mellitus and end-stage renal disease presented with painful bilateral lower extremity livedo reticularis and necrotic ulcerations. Her distal lower extremity pulses were intact and plethysmographic studies confirmed relatively normal large vessel arterial perfusion. Extensive laboratory analysis was remarkable for an elevated calcium × phosphorous product and parathyroid hormone level. An ulcer biopsy revealed small vessel medial calcinosis, and calciphylaxis was subsequently diagnosed. Despite aggressive wound debridements, antibiotics and subtotal parathyroidectomy, her ulcers failed to improve significantly prompting a trial of hyperbaric oxygen therapy. After 7 weeks of hyperbaric treatments, her ulcers had essentially healed.
New developments in intravascular ultrasound
Authors: Oshima Akio , Itchhaporia Dipti , Fitzgerald Peter 
Published: January 2007

Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) is a dynamic imaging modality that provides real-time in vivo visualization of atherosclerosis and other vascular pathology. The tomographic image presentation of IVUS permits detailed assessment of plaque morphology and its corresponding responses to interventional therapy. IVUS studies have confirmed vascular remodeling in vivo, have proposed a high-pressure stent implantation strategy and have shown two key mechanisms of restenosis after angioplasty: plaque proliferation and vessel shrinkage (negative remodeling). IVUS also provides accurate quantitative information regarding lumen size, vessel size and plaque burden. These observations, essential to achieving improved outcomes, have drastically changed the understanding of atherosclerotic artery disease and interventional procedures. IVUS has matured into an essential complement to daily peripheral and coronary interventional practice and is routinely incorporated as part of the interventional arsenal in the catheterization laboratory. A variety of new imaging techniques are currently being designed and tested. These include combined therapeutic devices, further miniaturization, 3-D applications and tissue characterization. These techniques may evolve to provide increased favorable clinical outcomes and more accurate information of vessel geometry and plaque composition.