bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Providence, Freedom, and Human Destiny
Authors: Talbott Thomas 
Published: October 2008

According to some theists, God will never completely destroy moral evil or banish it from his creation entirely; instead, he will eventually confine moral evil to a specific region of his creation, a region known as hell, and those condemned to hell, having no hope of escape from it, will live out eternity in a state of estrangement from God as well as from each other. Let us call that the traditional doctrine of hell. Elsewhere I have argued that any form of theism which includes such a doctrine, even one that tries to preserve consistency by denying the universal love of God, is in fact logically inconsistent. But moderately conservative theists, as I have called them, have an argument for the traditional doctrine that some have found convincing, one that emphasizes libertarian free will. The argument is this. Because God is perfectly loving, he wills the good for every created person and wills the redemption of all who have fallen into evil; but because he has also given his loved ones the gift of freedom and some of them in fact exercise their freedom to reject him forever, it is simply not within his power, even as an omnipotent being, to redeem all of those who fall into evil. According to moderately conservative theists, therefore, the following hypothesis, which I shall call the Rejection Hypothesis (RH), is at least possibly true:(RH) Some persons will, despite God's best efforts to save them, freely and irrevocably reject God and thus separate themselves from God forever.
Time, Actuality and Omniscience
Authors: Leftow Brian 
Published: October 2008

Many traditional theists have said that(i) God is propositionally omniscient,i.e. knows all truths. Many traditional theists also hold that(2) God is timeless.That is, these theists hold that though God exists, there is no time at which He exists, and He does not exist earlier or later than anything. Some recent philosophers, among them Arthor Prior, Robert Coburn, Norman Kretz mann, Nicholas Wolterstorfl Richard Gale and Patrick Grim, have argued that(3) There are truths to whose expression ‘now’ is essential, and that (1)–(3) compose an inconsistent set of propositions. These writers argue that due to the semantics of ‘now’, a timeless God cannot know truths to whose expression ‘now’ is essential. To know a truth, it is claimed, one must be able to mentally token a proposition expressing what one knows. To token a truth to whose expression ‘now’ is essential, one must token ‘now’. ‘Now’ and relevantly similar terms (such as tensed verbs) inter alia locate those who use them in time: if one says truly that it is now 3 p.m., it follows that one exists at 3 p.m. So a timeless being cannot use ‘now’ and relevantly similar terms, and so (it is claimed) cannot know truths for whose expression ‘now’ and its ilk are required.
Why didn't God Create the World Sooner?
Authors: Leftow Brian 
Published: October 2008

The Western monotheisms agree that (1) God has created the universe, and that (2) at some point in the past, the universe began to exist. Thus they believe that (1) and (2) are compatible. Yet one can argue that (1) and (2) are incompatible, so that the Western theistic picture of creation is inconsistent. Augustine's Confessions quotes a famous argument that (1) entails~(2):What was God doing before he made heaven and earth? … if (God) did nothing, why did he not continue in this way … forever …? If any new motion arise in God, or a new will is formed in him, to the end of establishing creation which he had never established previously …, then (God) is not truly … eternal. Yet if it were God's sempiternal will for the creature to exist, why is not the creature sempiternal also?This argument suggests that if God has created the universe, then for any t, God must have been acting before t, and therefore the universe must have existed before t. But if for any t the universe existed before t, then the universe had no first moment of existence, and so (2) is false.
Existing by Convention
Authors: Ferguson Kenneth G. 
Published: October 2008

Ever since the Proslogion was first circulated (c. 1077), critics have been bemused by St Anselm's brazen attempt to establish a matter of fact, namely, God's existence, from the simple analysis of a term or concept. Yet every critic who has proposed to ‘write the obituary’ of the Ontological Argument has found it to be remarkably resilient (cf. McGrath, 1990: 212). At the risk of adding to a record of failures, I want to venture a new method for attacking this durable argument. Neither the common version of Anselm's argument from Chapter II of the Proslogion nor the previously unrecognized modal version uncovered by Norman Malcolm from Pros, III (1960: 52) can possibly get under way without Anselm's celebrated assertion that(1) God is that than which no greater can be conceived.
When Christians become Naturalists
Authors: Robbins J. Wesley 
Published: October 2008

The classical pragmatists were as concerned as any of their modern philosophical predecessors that the moral and religious aspects of human life not be swamped by the successes of the physical sciences. It was John Dewey, after all, who said thatThe problem of restoring integration and cooperation between man's beliefs about the world in which he lives and his beliefs about the values and purposes that should direct his conduct is the deepest problem of modern life. It is the problem of any philosophy that is not isolated from that life.
Omniprescient Agency
Authors: Hunt David P. 
Published: October 2008

The principle that(P1) One cannot deliberate over what one already (prior to deliberating) knows is going to happen,when suitably qualified, has seemed to many philosophers to be about as secure a truth as one is likely to find in this life.Fortunately, (P1) poses little restriction on human deliberation, since the conditions which would trigger its prohibition seldom arise for us: our knowledge of the future is intermittent at best, and those things of which we do have advance knowledge (e.g. that the sun will rise tomorrow) are not the sorts of things over which we would deliberate in any case. But matters appear to stand otherwise with an all-knowing agent such as God is traditionally conceived to be; for what an omniprescient deity ‘already knows is going to happen’ iseverythingthat is going to happen; and if He cannot deliberate over such things, there is nothing over which He can deliberate.
Craig on the Possibility of Eternal Damnation
Authors: Talbott Thomas 
Published: October 2008

In two recent papers, one a critique of two papers of mine, William Lane Craig has sought to put the Free Will Defence in the service of the traditional doctrine of hell; he has sought to establish, in other words, that the following proposition, which I shall call the Damnation Thesis (DT), is at least possibly true:(DT) There exists at least one sinner S such that S will never be reconciled to God and thus never be saved.
Punishment, Forgiveness, and Divine Justice
Authors: Talbott Thomas 
Published: October 2008

According to a long theological tradition that stretches back at least as far as St Augustine, God's justice and mercy are distinct, and in many ways quite different, character traits. In his great epic poem, Paradise Lost, for example, John Milton goes so far as to suggest a conflict, perhaps even a contradiction, in the very being of God; he thus describes Christ's offer of himself as an atonement this way:No sooner did thy dear and only SonPerceive thee purpos'd not to doom frail ManSo strictly, but much more to pity inclin'd,Hee to appease thy wrath, and end the strifeOf Mercy and Justice in thy face discern'dRegardless of the Bliss wherein hee satSecond to thee, offer'd himself to dieFor man's offence.
The Christian Theodicist's Appeal to Love
Authors: Daniel  , Howard-Snyder Frances 
Published: October 2008

Many Christian theodicists believe that God's creating us with the capacity to love Him and each other justifies, in large part, God's permitting evil. For example, after reminding us that, according to Christian doctrine, the supreme good for human beings is to enter into a reciprocal love relationship with God, Vincent Brümmer recently wrote:In creating human persons in order to love them, God necessarily assumes vulnerability in relation to them. In fact, in this relation, he becomes even more vulnerable than we do, since he cannot count on the steadfastness of our love the way we can count on his steadfastness… If God did not grant us the ability to sin and cause affliction to him and to one another, we would not have the kind of free and autonomous existence necessary to enter into a relation of love with God and with one another… Far from contradicting the value which the free will defence places upon the freedom and responsibility of human persons, the idea of a loving God necessarily entails it. In this way we can see that the free will defence is based on the love of God rather than on the supposed intrinsic value of human freedom and responsibility.
The Miracle of Minimal Foundationalism: Religious Experience and Justified Belief
Authors: Bagger Matthew C. 
Published: October 2008

Once we accept anyone's postulates he becomes our professor and our god: for his foundations he will grab territory so ample and so easy that, if he so wishes, he will drag us up to the clouds. MontaigneDuring the last fifteen years, the community of philosophers interested in religion has evinced a waxing concern with the justificatory value of religious experiences for theism. Two parallel but largely discrete debates have appeared in the literature.
Transcendence, Instantiation and Incarnation–an Exploration
Authors: Durrant Michael 
Published: October 2008

This paper is exploratory. I shall raise the following questions:(1) How is it possible that that which is of its nature transcendent should become immanent or incarnate? In the context of Christian Theology: how is it possible for God to become man?(2) How is it possible for one and the same individual, Jesus of Nazareth, to be both fully God and fully man?In relation to (I) I shall attempt to give an account of how it is so possible for the transcendent to become fully immanent and yet remain full transcendent by appealing to Professor Geach's account of Aquinas's doctrine of ‘Form’. I do not deny that there are difficulties for my attempted account. Some of these difficulties will be embraced in this paper, but clearly not all. Such would be imposible in an exploratory study.
How Determinism Refutes Compatibilism
Authors: Settle Tom 
Published: October 2008

That is the short title. The long title is: ‘How a deterministic interpretation of quantum theory would, if correct, show that compatibilism is not true; and some implications of this for theodicy’.Let us start with what people think they mean by freedom who, like myself, reject both determinism and compatibilism. Freedom-fans, we might call them. Better, let us start with what they do not mean, since proponents of determinism too frequently saddle them with views they do not hold. Freedom-fans do not doubt causality.
Browning's Final Revisions
Authors: Kelley Philip , Peterson William S. 
Published: October 2008

Which is the proper text for an authoritative modern edition of Robert Browning's poems?An analysis of Browning editions published during the past twenty-five years reveals that there has been a variety of answers to this question. The basis of many inexpensive reprints has been the sixteen-volume 1888-89 collection revised by Browning just before his death. More recently, at least two important editions–the Oxford Standard Authors volume, edited by Ian Jack, and the Ohio University Press variorum edition, edited by Roma A. King, Jr.–have adopted as their text the 1889 “reprint” of Browning's poems (though in the latter case the text is emended), which was issued after his death but incorporated many authorial revisions and corrections. A few editions have also reprinted earlier versions of the poems.
Browning and the Prince of Publishers
Authors: Meredith Michael 
Published: October 2008

Just after midnight on the 13th December 1889, George Murray Smith, London publisher and businessman, received the telegram from Venice telling him of the death of his friend Robert Browning. The night was bitterly cold and the streets deep in snow, but he decided to take the news to the editor ofThe Times. A cab was hard to find and he had to walk to Hyde Park Corner from his house in Queen's Gate Gardens before he hailed one, and when he arrived at Printing House Square his reception was as cold as the weather:I found the Editor ofThe Timesafter midnight as difficult of approach as a cabinet minister. I was shown first into one room, then into another, and after being duly inspected in each room I was then invited to take a seat and wait. The time went on; at length I rang a bell and sent in a message to Mr. Buckle that if he didn't see me soon I must be gone. This produced the great man. He thanked me for the news which was quite exclusive, and there was more than a column about Browning inThe Timesof that morning.
Virtual and Ideal Readers of Browning's “Pan and Luna”: the Drama in the Dramatic Idyl
Authors: Flowers Betty S. 
Published: October 2008

Most of “Pan and Luna” is addressed not to an internal auditor but to what Gerald Prince calls the “virtual reader,” the reader the author imagines himself or herself to be writing to – in the case of “Pan and Luna,” the Victorian reading public. Prince observes:Every author, provided he is writing for someone other than himself, develops his narrative as a function of a certain type of reader whom he bestows with certain qualities, faculties, and inclinations according to his opinion of men in general (or in particular) and according to the obligations he feels should be respected. This virtual reader is different from the real reader: writers frequently have a public they don't deserve. (9)In addition to the distinction between the virtual reader and the real reader, Prince makes a further distinction between the real reader and the ideal reader. From the writer's point of view, “an ideal reader would be one who would understand perfectly and would approve entirely the least of his words, the most subtle of his intentions” (9).
Chiarini's Retort to Zanella: Browning's Italian Critics
Authors: Cervo Nathan 
Published: October 2008

Giuseppe Chiarini was an Italian poet, translator, and critic. In 1874 he sent a copy of his Poesie to Robert Browning. Among the English poets Chiarini translated were Wordsworth, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Shelley, Tennyson, Swinburne, and Robert Browning. As an example of the liberties he took with Italian metrics in order to render the gusto of Browning's rollicking manner, I cite the first stanza of “Up at a Villa – Down in the City” (“Su in Villa e Giù in Città”):S' i' avessi denari, se n'avessiAbbastanza e d'avanzo, la mia casaSarebbe al certo alla città, giù in piazza.Oh dolce vita, oh, dolce vita starseneAffacciati laggiù alla finestra.(Poesie 421)(If I had money, if I hadEnough and cash on hand, my houseWould certainly be in the city, down in a piazza.O sweet life, O sweet life, to beLeaning out of a window there.)[My translation]
Liaison acquisition, word segmentation and construction in French: a usage-based account
Authors: CHEVROT JEAN-PIERRE , DUGUA CELINE , FAYOL MICHEL 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTIn the linguistics field, liaison in French is interpreted as an indicator of interactions between the various levels of language organization. The current study examines the same issue while adopting a developmental perspective. Five experiments involving children aged two to six years provide evidence for a developmental scenario which interrelates a number of different issues: the acquisition of phonological alternations, the segmentation of new words, the long-term stabilization of the word form in the lexicon and the formation of item-based constructions. According to this scenario, children favour the presence of initial CV syllables when segmenting stored chunks of speech of the type word1-liaison-word2 (les arbres‘the trees’ is segmented as /le/+/zarbr/). They cope with the variation of the liaison in the input by memorizing multiple exemplars of the same word2 (/zarbr/, /narbr/). They learn the correct relations between the word1s and the word2 exemplars through exposure to the well-formed sequence (un+/narbr/,deux+/zarbr/). They generalize the relation between a word1 and a class of word2 exemplars beginning with a specific liaison consonant by integrating this information into an item-based schema (e.g.un+/nX/,deux+/zX/). This model is based on the idea that the segmentation of new words and the development of syntactic schemas are two aspects of the same process.
Gesture as a support for word learning: The case of under
Authors: MCGREGOR KARLA K. , ROHLFING KATHARINA J. , BEAN ALLISON , MARSCHNER ELLEN 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTForty children, aged 1 ; 8–2 ; 0, participated in one of three training conditions meant to enhance their comprehension of the spatial term under: the +Gesture group viewed a symbolic gesture for under during training; those in the +Photo group viewed a still photograph of objects in the under relationship; those in the Model Only group did not receive supplemental symbolic support. Children's knowledge of under was measured before, immediately after, and two to three days after training. A gesture advantage was revealed when the gains exhibited by the groups on untrained materials (but not trained materials) were compared at delayed post-test (but not immediate post-test). Gestured input promoted more robust knowledge of the meaning of under, knowledge that was less tied to contextual familiarity and more prone to consolidation. Gestured input likely reduced cognitive load while emphasizing both the location and the movement relevant to the meaning of under.
Methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureusin people living and working in pig farms
Authors: VAN DEN BROEK I. V. F. , VAN CLEEF B. A. G. L. , HAENEN A. , BROENS E. M. , VAN DER WOLF P. J. , VAN DEN BROEK M. J. M. , HUIJSDENS X. W. , KLUYTMANS J. A. J. W. , VAN DE GIESSEN A. W. , TIEMERSMA E. W. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYWe compared the prevalence of human and animal methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) at pig farms in The Netherlands, and related this to individual and farm-level characteristics. More than half of the farms investigated (28/50) had MRSA in pigs or stable dust and about one third (15/50) of person(s) were identified as MRSA carriers. Human carriage was found only on farms with MRSA-positive pigs or dust. MRSA strains in human samples were the samespa-type as found in pigs and all were not typable by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (NT-MRSA). Multivariate analyses showed that risk factors for human MRSA carriage were: working in pig stables (OR 40, 95% CI 8–209) and the presence of sows and finishing pigs (OR 9, 95% CI 3–30). Veterinary sample collectors sampling the pigs showed transient MRSA carriage only during the day of the farm visit. Working in pig stables with MRSA-positive pigs poses a high risk for acquiring MRSA, increasingly so when contact with live pigs is more intensive or long lasting.
Turning the Inside Out: Morals, Modes of Living, and the Condition of the Working Class
Authors: Lamb John B. 
Published: October 2008

Writing on the Living conditions in Devon and Somerset in 1849, Alexander Mackay set out to discredit the often picturesque depiction of the homes of the poor:We are accustomed to associate with the idea of a country village, or with a cottage situated in a winding vale, or hanging upon the side of a rich and fertile slope, nothing but health, contentment and happiness. A rural dwelling of this class … makes such a nice pencil sketch, that we are naturally inclined to think it as neat and comfortable as it appears. But to know it aright, it must be turned inside out, and its realites exposed to the gaze of the observer. (qtd. in Lester 320)It was this turning “inside out” of working-class interiors to the voyeuristic gaze of their largely middle-class readers that Mackay and his fellow journalists on the Morning Chronicle set out to accomplish in a series of “letters” written in 1849 and 1850. But such depictions of working-class houses and their interiors had been a staple part of the discourse on the condition of the laboring population as early as 1832, when the Manchester physician and later Assistant Poor Law Commissioner James Kay published The Moral and Physical Condition of the Working Classes, and they continued to appear throughout the 1830s, 40s, and early 50s in the work of Peter Gaskell, William Alison, Thomas Beames, Hector Gavin, Edwin Chadwick, Henry Mayhew, and others. This writing, as I will demonstrate, betrays similar discursive and ideological underpinnings as the workingclass interior becomes the focal point for the assertion of bourgeois value and the maintenance of class distinction.
Regularity at space-like and null infinity
Authors: Mason Lionel J. , Nicolas Jean-Philippe 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWe extend Penrose's peeling model for the asymptotic behaviour of solutions to the scalar wave equation at null infinity on asymptotically flat backgrounds, which is well understood for flat space-time, to Schwarzschild and the asymptotically simple space-times of Corvino–Schoen/Chrusciel–Delay. We combine conformal techniques and vector field methods: a naive adaptation of the ‘Morawetz vector field’ to a conformal rescaling of the Schwarzschild metric yields a complete scattering theory on Corvino–Schoen/Chrusciel–Delay space-times. A good classification of solutions that peel arises from the use of a null vector field that is transverse to null infinity to raise the regularity in the estimates. We obtain a new characterization of solutions admitting a peeling at a given order that is valid for both Schwarzschild and Minkowski space-times. On flat space-time, this allows larger classes of solutions than the characterizations used since Penrose's work. Our results establish the validity of the peeling model at all orders for the scalar wave equation on the Schwarzschild metric and on the corresponding Corvino–Schoen/Chrusciel–Delay space-times.
Three-dimensional analysis of the structure and ecology of a novel, ultra-small archaeon
Authors: Comolli Luis R , Baker Brett J , Downing Kenneth H , Siegerist Cristina E , Banfield Jillian F 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Fully understanding the biology of acid mine drainage (AMD) is central to our ability to control and manipulate its environmental impact. Although genomics and biogeochemical methods are relatively well established in the field, their combination with high-resolution imaging of intact members of microbial biofilm communities has not yet reached its full potential. Here, we used three-dimensional (3D) cryogenic electron tomography to determine the size and ultrastructure of intact ARMAN cells, a novel ultra-small archaeon, and sought evidence for their interactions with other members of its community. Within acid mine drainage biofilms, apparently free-living ARMAN cells from a deeply branched archaeal lineage have volumes of 0.009–0.04 μm3 (mean ∼0.03±0.01 μm3), only ∼92 ribosomes, yet are frequent hosts for replicating viruses. Organization within the periplasm and partitioning of ribosomes to the inner surface of the cytoplasmic membrane may be factors in size minimization. Most cells contain enigmatic tubular structures of unknown function. The low ribosome copy number per unit volume, indicative of slow growth rates and targeting of cells by diverse viruses may account for the low abundance of ARMAN cells compared with other biofilm community members. Our results provide the first 3D analysis of structural features of these novel and enigmatic cells and their interactions with at least two types of viruses. Our findings also emphasize that new biological phenomena remain to be discovered among lower abundance organisms from novel uncultivated lineages.