bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lower Extremity Injuries Involving Traditional Alpine Skis versus Short Skis with Non-release Bindings
Authors: Johnson RJ , Ettlinger CF , Shealy JE 
Published: April 2008

This study was developed to evaluate the relative incidence of lower leg and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in two skier populations: traditional Alpine skiers and skiboarders. Skiboards are short skis usually less than 100 cm with non-releasable bindings.
The authors evaluated injured snow sports participants in a clinic at Sugarbush ski area in Vermont. The study analyzed four seasons (1997/1998 – 2000/2001) using a casecontrol design.
A total of 34 skiboard-related injuries and 1720 injuries related to conventional skiing were evaluated. Approximately 2.2% of the population used skiboards. Although overall the risk of injury for skiboarders was nearly the same as for conventional skiers, skiboarders sustained significantly higher incidences of ankle and tibia shaft fractures than other Alpine skiers (p&lt; 0.000001). Severe ACL injuries occurred to 19.7% (339) of the Alpine skiers and 0% (0) of skiboarders, making the risk of ACL injury among skiboarders low in comparison to conventional skiers (p&lt; 0.000001).
The authors' analysis strongly implies that the unacceptably high risk of lower leg injury associated with skiboarding is due to the use of non-release bindings. The fact that ACL injury to skiboarders was not higher than for conventional skiers another of the authors' previous conclusion that binding function is not related to the production of ACL injuries in skiing. The fact that the incidence of ACL injury to skiboarders was much lower than for conventional skiers supports another of the authors' previous conclusions that the tail of the Alpine ski, which is largely missing in skiboards, creates a unique lever system (“Phantom Foot”) capable of applying unusual loads to the knee.
Agricultural Applications of Structured Surfactant Formulations
Authors: Elsik CM , Perdreau L , Rollinson M , Diu ML 
Published: April 2008

Structured Surfactant Formulations (SSF) are close-packed three-dimensional matrices of a liquid crystalline phase that suspend insoluble pesticide materials. The active ingredient can be either solid or liquid. Additional actives and/or adjuvants can be dissolved or suspended in the formulation if desired. The main advantage of an SSF over standard formulation alternatives is that no thickening or suspending agents are required. The SSF formulation can be solvent-free if desired, or include an oil adjuvant.
A brief introduction on surfactant phase behavior will be presented as background material. When the surfactant loading in aqueous solutions reaches high levels the surfactants begin to associate in liquid crystalline phases. Liquid crystalline phases can also be formed at low surfactant concentration by a technique known as salting out. This phase behavior can be exploited by suspending dispersions of pesticide active ingredients using economical levels of surfactant. A typical SSF contains from 0–60 w/w% active, surfactants for wetting and dispersing as well as structuring, and finally antifreeze and antifoam, if required. The typical properties of an SSF are excellent concentrate physical stability, relatively low viscosity (after the yield stress is overcome), good storage stability, good wetting, and the ability to form stable suspensions on dilution in the spray tank.
SSF technology can be applied to a wide range of pesticide materials, including herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides. The development of an herbicide SSF is presented that demonstrates how surfactant chemistry can be used to optimize the formulation efficacy. Combination packs that include both water-soluble and water-insoluble actives are also presented. Formulation adjuvants such as oils or electrolytes can also be incorporated into an SSF formulation to increase its biological activity.
Determination of Organosilicone Surfactant Phytotoxicity for Selected Vegetable Species
Authors: Sun JS , Policello GA , Paccione MA 
Published: April 2008

Surfactants are widely used as components of pesticide formulations and sprays. Generally, they are classified as “inert”, although some surfactants have been shown to cause unwanted damage to plant tissue expressed as phytotoxicity. Surfactant phytotoxicity is dependent on concentration, chemical structure, spray volume, and plant species. The mode action of surfactant phytotoxicity is still not well understood.
The current experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of organosilicones or blends with nonionic surfactants, on certain plants. A series of spray trials to assess the potential for surfactant phytotoxicity was conducted on several widely commercialized vegetable species.
In addition to adjuvant type, spray volume (200 L/ha and 800 L/ha) was also evaluated as a potential source of phytotoxicity, when considered in conjucntion with adjuvant rate.
Phytotoxic effects were not observed for standard adjuvant rates. However, excessive rates (4X normal) showed different levels of phytotoxicity, depending on adjuvant used, the crop and spray volume. One adjuvant in particular (silicone blend) was the least phytotoxic, where all treatments were essentially damage free.
Droplet Size Affects Durability of Spray Deposits
Authors: Salyani M 
Published: April 2008

Field observations of less residual pest control from some low-volume applications indicate that deposits generated by fine droplets may be more susceptible to rain wash-off and solar degradation as compared to deposits of larger droplets. This implies that, in addition to spray deposition, pesticide residue distribution may also be an important factor in the efficacy of pest control. The objective of the study was to determine the effects of the droplet size on rain washoff and solar degradation of fine and coarse spray deposits.
Two experiments were conducted in five replications. Spray solutions were applied at 102–735 μm droplets, using a droplet generating system. In the first experiment, spray solution of copper hydroxide was applied on plastic card targets. The targets were exposed to 0.6–7.5 mm rain, and the remaining deposits were quantified by copper colorimetry. In the second experiment, spray solution containing a fluorescent tracer was applied on plastic and acetate targets. Sprayed targets were exposed to 0–27 MJ/m2 of solar radiation. Samples of the targets were collected at different time intervals and spray residues were measured by fluorometry. Droplet distribution patterns were characterized on water-sensitive targets.
There were clear differences among distribution patterns of various droplet sizes. While fine droplets gave more uniform deposition than the larger droplets, they also were more susceptible to rain washoff. The amount of washoff increased with the rainfall and for any amount of rain, the targets with smaller droplets were washed off at a faster rate. Deposit degradation increased with the intensity of solar radiation, however, there was no difference in degradation rate of some smaller droplet sizes. Green plastic cards, simulating leaves, showed similar degradation trends as transparent acetate cards.
Investigation of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 18Cr-10Ni-Ti Steel Irradiated in the Core of VVER-1000 Reactor
Authors: Neustroev VS , Dvoretzky VG , Ostrovsky ZE , Shamardin VK , Shimansky GA 
Published: April 2008

Investigations of the guide channel (Fe-0.08C-18Cr-10Ni-Ti steel) of the VVER-1000 reactor fuel assembly absorbing element were carried out. The channel was irradiated in the temperature range from 284 to 322 °C and damage dose ranging from 1 to 9 dpa.
In the microstructure examination the porosity was observed at temperatures of 308 °C and 310 °C at of 8 and 4.5 dpa, respectively.
The dose dependencies of the mechanical property characteristics of Fe-0.08C-18Cr-10Ni-Ti steel at test temperatures of 20, 300 and 450 °C were obtained. With the damage dose increasing, a decrease in the steel plasticity and an increase in hardness is observed at all test temperatures.
The obtained results were compared to those of investigations on Fe-0.12C-18Cr-10Ni-Ti steel irradiated in fast reactors. It was revealed that the temperature boundary 305–315 °C, at which the porosity appears, is nearly the same for steels irradiated in both types of reactors. However, hardening of steel irradiated in the fast reactor is higher than hardening in the thermal reactor under the same irradiation conditions (280–300 °C, 7–9 dpa).
Kinetics of Helium Bubble Formation in Nuclear and Structural Materials
Authors: Schaldach CM , Wolfe WG 
Published: April 2008

Neutron activation of most materials results in some generation of both helium and/or hydrogen. Other cases of helium generation are encountered in materials containing tritium, and in materials which are radioactive and undergo alpha-decay. Finally, materials in accelerators, spallation neutron sources, and nuclear fusion devices are subjected to energetic beams of protons or helium ions. In all these cases, helium may be retained within the materials employed, and helium bubbles form and grow. With the exception of tritium decay, radiation damage usually accompanies the helium formation. The rates of helium formation and radiation damage are traditionally stated in terms of the ratio of appm He to dpa (displacement per atom). When this ratio approaches or exceeds about 10 appm He/dpa, a profuse population of helium clusters and bubbles appears in the material when the temperature is high enough for helium migration to occur, with or without a concomitant formation of voids.
We present here kinetic models to describe the formation and growth of helium bubbles. We find that under constant helium generation rates, the nucleation occurs very rapidly over a very short period of time during which the helium concentration in solution peaks sharply. After this initial nucleation burst, the helium concentration in solution remains low as bubbles already present quickly capture newly generated helium. The evolution of the bubble density and average radius is shown to approximately follow a universal curve when a dimensionless time and dimensionless density are introduced. The scaling relationships involved in mapping experimental bubble densities onto the universal curve provide the means to extract a helium diffusion coefficient.
In nickel-containing alloys, the helium generation rate builds up gradually, delaying the formation of helium bubbles to higher doses. Depending on the helium to dpa ratio, void swelling can intervene in bubble formation and even suppress it.
Heavy Ion Fluence Measurements Based on Radiation Effects Generated in CTA Foils
Authors: Peimel-Stuglik Z , Skuratov VA 
Published: April 2008

The usefulness of cellulose triacetate (CTA) foils to measure heavy ion beam fluence was investigated. Two different CTA foils: FTR-125 Fuji dosimetric foil and Polish CTA-T technical foil, were examined. Ion beam irradiation (Ar, 155 MeV and Xe, 245 MeV) were performed on a 4-metre U-400 cyclotron operated in JINR, Dubna, Russia, and optical analysis — on a UV/VIS spectrophotometer Cintra-40 in INCT, Poland. Some results of gamma ray irradiation of CTA foils are included for comparison.
It was established that an increase of optical absorbance at 280 nm was strictly proportional to the fluences of the investigated ions for both kinds of foils. No postirradiation effects were observed. The results show that cellulose triacetate foils can be used for quick and easy measurement of ion beam fluences between 109 and 1011 ions/cm2 and also for evaluation of mean absorbed dose.
Fire Tests for Non-Melting Plastic Rooflight Materials
Authors: Khan MM , Alpert RL , Smith GA 
Published: April 2008

A dimensionless “flame acceleration factor” (FAF) based on an existing concurrent flame spread model that includes consideration of fuel burnout, has been used to evaluate the flame spread on thin rooflight (or skylight) materials. The FAF is a function of ignition time, burning duration and chemical heat release rate obtained from bench-scale tests in the ASTM E-2058 Fire Propagation Apparatus (FPA). A direct correlation between the FAF values and the extent of flame spread over eighteen thin polymeric rooflight materials (1.0–3.3 mm thick and 1.4–4.0 kg/m2 areal density) measured in large-scale tests in the ASTM E108 Test Apparatus has been presented in this paper. In accordance with the model prediction, the flame spread remains within the propane burner flame exposure region in E-108 tests when FAF &lt; 0. Flame spread is distinctly beyond the exposure source when the FAF &gt; 0, except for the case of some extensive melting thermoplastics. This model does not take the melting phenomenon into account.
A calculation procedure for safe separation distances for rooflights that support flame spread has been developed. These separation distances are based on chemical heat release rate, critical heat flux for ignition and smoke yield of the material as measured in the FPA, the length of rooflight that is burning at any given time and the flame height, and overall dimensions and orientation of potential rooflight targets. The calculated safe separation distance is found to be greater than one-half the total flame height.
A Realistic Approach for Testing the Thermal Insulation Value of Closed-Cell Spray Polyurethane Foam Roof Insulation
Authors: Sherman M , Mullally W , Garcia J , Dobrez-Flores D 
Published: April 2008

The thermal resistance characteristics of thicker closed-cell spray polyurethane foam insulation products appear to be understated when tested at one inch thickness as required in ASTM C1O29-96 [1]. This results in excessive and costlier foam thicknesses being prescribed to meet a specifier's R-value requirements than if full product thickness conditioning before full product thermal resistance testing had been specified.
Confirmation of this concern was studied by the Building Envelope Committee of the Spray Polyurethane Foam Alliance, measuring full product thickness thermal resistances after the 180 days conditioning time. Three commercially marketed proprietary closed-cell spray polyurethane foam formulations containing HCFC 141b blowing agent were tested.
All three formulations affirmed the concept of measuring full product thickness thermal resistance after time conditioning. Increasingly thicker spray polyurethane foam specimens retained more of their initial thermal resistance values after the standard 180 days of time conditioning before testing, than if thermal resistance values measured on one inch thick spray foam specimens multiplied by the full product thickness, were used for extrapolating these thicker product thermal resistances, as done with homogeneous thermal insulations.
Development of Standards for the Characterization of Natural Materials Used in Tissue Engineered Medical Products (TEMPs)
Authors: Kaplan DS 
Published: April 2008

ASTM Committee on F4 Medical and Surgical Materials and Devices, Division IV, Tissue Engineered Medical Products (TEMPs), Biomaterials and Biomolecules for TEMPs Subcommittee (F4.42) has been developing standards for characterizing natural materials used in TEMPs. Natural materials include alginate, chitosan, collagen and hyaluronate. These materials support cell growth and differentiation on TEMPs substrates and scaffolds. Natural materials have been used in a variety of applications, including encapsulation, cell seeding, development of “memory” biomaterials, as well as degradable scaffolds, growth factor/nucleic acid delivery vehicles, and as a carrier to improve product handling characteristics. These materials have typically been very poorly characterized as to their chemical, physical and biological properties. This has resulted in variability in the products produced from these starting materials. The development of Standard Guides and Test Methods for characterizing natural materials is anticipated to reduce the variability of these starting materials and to aid in the assessment of the safety of the subsequent TEMPs.
Three Standard Guides for characterizing the natural materials that are used as starting materials in the production of TEMPs have been developed and approved as ASTM standard guides. The first guide deals with Alginate, while the second guide deals with Chitosan and Chitosan salts. A third guide was recently approved for the characterization of Type I collagen used for surgical implants and substrates for TEMPs. Standard test methods are under development for the use of 1H-NMR to determine the molecular weight of alginate and the degree of deacetylation of chitosan.
Planned future documents will include guides to characterize additional types of collagen and hyaluronate, as well as the development of additional standard test methods for characterizing the natural materials.
Rapid Set, High-Early Strength, Non-Excavatable Flowable Fill
Authors: Crouch LK , Dotson VJ , Clouse L , Egan B , Hall SM 
Published: April 2008

A high-flow, rapid-set, non-excavatable CLSM mixture called ZOOM was developed for applications where time was critical using normal concrete component materials. The following criteria were established for the ZOOM mixture: • Pass the ASTM D 6024 in 6 h or less regardless of subgrade moisture conditions • Little or no bleeding or shrinkage • Flow as per ASTM D 6103 greater than 222 mm • Greater than 207 kPa compressive strength as per ASTM D 4832 in 24 h • Be able to perform using a wide variety of Tennessee aggregates
The development of the ZOOM mixture began in the laboratory in May 2002 using Ohio River Sand (ORS). Subsequently, the mixture proportions were adjusted to produce the desired plastic and hardened properties with other Tennessee fine aggregates. Three successful field demonstrations using different fine aggregates were held across Tennessee in the fall of 2002. ZOOM CLSM met compressive strength development and time of suitability for load application performance criteria at every field demonstration.Plastic properties were adequate but failed to meet the established criteria on two occasions. Fine aggregate properties such as gradation and angularity were found to dictate mixture proportions required to achieve flow, air content, and bleeding characteristics. Average air temperature and CLSM air content were found to be important to time of suitability for load application. The research effort was co-sponsored by the Tennessee Department of Transportation and the Tennessee Ready Mixed Concrete Association
Evaluation of Some Adjuvants for Improving Glyphosate Efficacy
Authors: Singh S , Singh M 
Published: April 2008

Glyphosate is the most common non-selective post-emergence herbicide used under diverse conditions. The efficacy of foliar applied herbicides is greatly influenced by adjuvants, but not all adjuvants have a synergistic effect. Greenhouse experiments were conducted using weed species of Echinochola crus-galli, Panicum maximum, Bidens pilosa, and Abutilon theophrasti to evaluate glyphosate efficacy by tank mixing with 0.5 % of Blaze®, Condition®, Improve®, and Induce®. Glyphosate at 0, 0.14, 0.28, and 0.56 kg ae/ha alone and with adjuvants was sprayed at the 4 leaf stage of weeds. Surface tension and contact angle were measured under lab conditions.
Adjuvants increased the activity of glyphosate by 15–29 % compared to glyphosate alone. Among the weed species, higher mortality was observed in P. maximum and B. pilosa followed by E. crus-galli and lowest in A. theophrasti. On mortality of grass and broadleaf weed species, significant differences were observed by tank mixing glyphosate with different adjuvants. Lowest Contact Angle (CA) and Surface Tension (ST) were recorded when glyphosate (Rodeo®, with no surfactant) was mixed with Improve and Blaze surfactants, which was significantly lower than glyphosate formulation pre-mixed with surfactant (Roundup UltraMax®). In the case of Condition, the relative decrease in CA was less than ST when added to glyphosate, compared to Improve and Blaze. Lower ST and CA of glyphosate tank mixed with Improve and Blaze correlated with improved weed mortality in the activity study.
Latest Improvements on Using Polarized X-Ray Excitation EDXRF for the Analysis of Low Sulfur Content in Automotive Fuel
Authors: Wissmann D 
Published: April 2008

Polarized X-Ray EDXRF has been used for the analysis of low levels of a broad range of elements in light matrices for a long time. By using the polarization of the excitation radiation, the background scattered by the sample is drastically reduced. For the analysis of low sulfur in automotive fuels, this meant a detection limit comparable to the WDXRF technique.
Recent developments in detector technology and in closed coupled static geometry result in further improvement of sensitivity for this application.
This paper shows the development of this technique for the analysis of low sulfur content in petroleum products. It shows the results of a round robin test, performed by CEN TC 19 WG 27 in 2001.
The technical basis of these data is compared to the recent technical developments, and future options are shown. The influence by sample preparation and sample presentation, which might be special for this analytical technique, is investigated and discussed.
How Fast Do Winter Sports Participants Travel on Alpine Slopes?
Authors: Shealy JE , Ettlinger CF , Johnson RJ 
Published: April 2008

This study was developed to empirically determine the impact of the following variables on the speeds of skiers and snowboarders: activity [skiing versus snowboarding], visibility [clear and sunny sky versus cloudy, overcast conditions], type of resort [day, destination, or combination], and helmets [use or not of helmet]. The study also evaluated differences in speed between males and females and the ability of subjects to estimate their speed.
The authors measured the speed of some 650 individuals at three different ski resorts in the U.S. during the winter of 2002/2003. One resort was primarily a destination resort in Utah, one was a day area in New York, and the third resort in Vermont had a combination of destination and day skiers. The speeds were determined by means of a calibrated radar speed gun. Speeds were gathered on consecutive skiers and snowboarders as they were observed from an uphill, looking downhill position. The speed recorded was the highest speed observed during a several second interval while the observed person went through several turns as the skiers and snowboarders moved away from the observer. All observations were made on wide, straight, well-groomed ‘blue square’ (more difficult) trails. The slopes ranged from 16–20° in steepness.
The average speed for all observations was 43.0 km/h (26.7 mph), with a standard deviation of 11.2 km/h (7.0 mph). The average speed for skiers of 44.5 km/h (27.6 mph) was significantly higher than that for snowboarders at 38.9 km/h (24.1 mph). The average speed under good visibility of 46.7 km/h (29.0 mph) was significantly higher than for poor visibility conditions at 38.3 km/h (23.7 mph). The average speed for helmet users of 45.8 km/h (28.4 mph) was significantly higher than those not using a helmet at 41.0 km/h (25.4 mph). Males ski and snowboard significantly faster than females. Skiers and snowboarders are fair at estimating their speed (r = 0 56), but they tend to underestimate their speeds the faster they go; for example, at an actual 48 km/h (30 mph), they estimate that they are traveling at 37 km/h (23 mph).
The observed speeds are well above the speeds (22.6 km/h, or 14.0 mph) used for ASTM F 2040 helmet testing protocols for recreational snow sports helmets.