bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Russia, Russia, Russia
Authors: Kimmage Michael 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 6 narrates the craziness of Trump and Russia during Trump’s presidency, starting with the Russian meddling in the 2016 election and continuing on to the many Russia-related (and Ukraine-related) scandals of the Trump presidency. These scandals help to characterize the four Trump years as a missed opportunity, as theater—and often as wasted time. Behind the theater, two major shifts occurred between 2016 and 2020: the United States built up its military relationship with Ukraine, in ways that would matter for Ukraine when Russia invaded in 2022; and a widening rift between the United States and China started to take center stage, possibly contributing to the Kremlin’s view of the United States as a distracted superpower or at the very least as a superpower less and less concerned with Europe.
The CEDAW Committee’s Property Jurisprudence
Authors: Alvarez José E. , Bauder Judith 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The chapter provides a descriptive account of the CEDAW Committee’s property jurisprudence. It analyzes the Committee’s authority to interpret the Convention and presents the procedures and the output of the Committee that generate its jurisprudence. It then maps how the Committee deals with property rights in different areas: property rights in marriage and family relations; when interfacing with different civil and political rights; land rights; housing rights; intellectual property and seed rights; access to financial credit and economic empowerment; rights to social benefits; and the interrelationship between gender-based violence and property rights. It points to the unique challenges faced by women who experience intersectional discrimination regarding their property rights. The chapter fills a gap in scholarship providing a comprehensive compilation of CEDAW’s output on property rights contained in its General Recommendations, Views on communications, Inquiry Reports, and Concluding Observations on state reports.
Critiques of the CEDAW Regime, International Law, and International Human Rights
Authors: Alvarez José E. , Bauder Judith 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter canvasses long-standing and continuing critiques of the CEDAW regime, concerns about international human rights regimes and specifically their inclusion of property rights by “revisionist” critics, and broader critiques of international law’s “civilizing mission.” From its earliest days, the CEDAW regime has faced serious critiques from feminist scholars who questioned the extent it could generate transformational change given the Convention’s apparent reliance on a male standard for applying “equality” and ostensible focus on formal equality. Feminist critics, then and now, have expressed concerns that the CEDAW regime would subsume the diversity of women’s identities by focusing on discrimination against an “essentialist” category of “woman,” thereby privileging the views of liberal feminists situated in the West. Some of these concerns persist within broader critiques, including by Marxists, of international human rights regimes as a whole, amidst claims that such regimes are agents of “neo-liberalism” seeking to pursue, sub rosa, international law’s “civilizing mission.”
Two Separate Worlds: Foreign Investors’ Property vs. Women’s Property Rights Under CEDAW
Authors: Alvarez José E. , Bauder Judith 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains why, at the global level, international investment law has dominated discussion of the “international right to property” outside the area of human rights. It canvasses how the international investment regime differs from CEDAW’s protection of property: through its distinct definition of protectable investment property, its conferral of non-relative guarantees on foreign investors, its nationality-based definition of discrimination, and its emphasis on financial remedies based on the fair market value of property. It contends that the international investment regime, which protects a particular model of neo-liberalist governance, is radically different from CEDAW’s reconceptualization of property and illustrates the difference through the likely treatment of a hypothetical female entrepreneur pursuing a claim under both regimes.
Taking Women’s Property Rights Seriously
Authors: Alvarez José E. , Bauder Judith 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains (1) why it makes sense to designate the rights canvassed in chapter 2 as “property rights”; (2) why the CEDAW Committee’s property jurisprudence can be described as “progressive”; (3) why that jurisprudence remains, nonetheless, a “work in progress” that has generated flawed outputs, failed to resolve substantive uncertainties in the law, and embodied institutional constraints; (4) why that jurisprudence should not be dismissed as “powerless” or “ineffective”; and (5) how that jurisprudence might be compared with Virginia Woolf’s insights in A Room of One’s Own. The chapter concludes that the CEDAW Committee’s progressive property jurisprudence has the potential to generate the kind of transformational change needed to advance women’s equality both in law and in fact.
Gardens and Art
Authors: Fenner David , Fenner Ethan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 3—“Gardens and Art”—opens by examining the conditions for when a garden may, or may not, be a work of art. It continues by examining the results of applying theories of defining art (or clarifying the character of art) to The Garden as a kind. The chapter then examines how The Garden is similar to other artforms both in general terms and in specific terms. Topics discussed include design; aesthetics; evaluation and criticism; art, artists, and audiences; style; painting; sculpture; architecture; art installations; poetry; performance and dance; music; and film.
Introduction
Authors: Gartzke Erik , Lindsay Jon R. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
What more can possibly be said about deterrence? Few topics have attracted as much attention in the field of international relations (IR). Yet while deterrence theory seems to be well understood, there remain unappreciated challenges that are becoming harder to ignore. This introductory chapter summarizes the main themes of the book, explaining how the deterrence problems of cyberspace can be used to cast light on general deterrence problems in other domains. One reason that deterrence is so challenging in the cyber era is that deterrence in any era is actually a bundle of various processes that mobilize a growing repertoire of means for diverse political ends. The Introduction summarizes the problem of multiple strategic objectives and multiple military instruments, and it provides a roadmap for the book.
Cyberspace Is Unsuitable for the Strategy of War
Authors: Gartzke Erik , Lindsay Jon R. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The cyber domain connects all other domains, which makes it inherently “cross-domain.” The problems of deterrence in and through cyberspace, therefore, have the potential to pose problems everywhere else. This chapter argues that cyberattacks are unlikely to prove particularly potent in grand strategic terms unless they can impose substantial, durable harm on an adversary. This is only likely if cyber warfare is accompanied by terrestrial military force or other actions designed to capitalize on any temporary incapacity achieved via the internet. Those initiating cyberattacks must therefore decide whether they are prepared to exploit the windows of opportunity generated by internet attacks. If they are not willing and able to do so, there are few compelling reasons to inflict large-scale digital destruction. The chapter thus explains why the technical possibility of catastrophic damage via the internet should not be conflated with the political probability of an actor actually doing so.
Cyber Deception versus Nuclear Deterrence
Authors: Gartzke Erik , Lindsay Jon R. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
A basic strategic challenge in cyberspace is the tension between deterrence and deception. This chapter explores an extreme manifestation of this tension in the combination of nuclear weapons and cyber operations, which have converse informational characteristics. The former can be brandished for influence, while the latter must be hidden for effectiveness. Actors who hold cyber operations in reserve in case deterrence fails, therefore, may make deterrence failure more likely. The chapter highlights some historical evidence that nuclear command and control systems may be vulnerable to attack and that the United States has targeted them in the past. It also explains why we expect the dangers to vary with the relative nuclear force structures and cyber capabilities of the actors in a crisis interaction, which makes asymmetric dyads like the United States and North Korea particularly worrisome. This is just one way in which integrated deterrence can produce risk as well as synergy.
Land
Authors: Gartzke Erik , Lindsay Jon R. , Kagotani Koji 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The study of alliances and extended deterrence has paid relatively little attention to questions of force posture. This chapter models the effects of US foreign deployments on extended general deterrence success. After reviewing relevant literatures, it details a theory of extended deterrence in which defenders balance finite capabilities with the complementary hazards of entrapment and abandonment. It then estimates these effects on real data involving troop deployments in the post-World War II US alliance network. It further estimates the effect of US military capabilities located offshore, weighting the spill-in effect of deployments by geographical distance from the protege. The findings substantiate the basic argument that a proportionally large presence helps US allies enhance deterrence success, while offshore deployments do the opposite, increasing deterrence failure. The forward deployment of ground forces provides a credible signal of commitment to allies and adversaries alike.
Conclusion
Authors: Gartzke Erik , Lindsay Jon R. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This book argues that deterrence is actually a bundle of very different ends and means. This concluding chapter first revisits our argument about the multiple elements of deterrence. It highlights several inherent political trade-offs across four different types of strategy, and it summarizes evidence for the influence of specialized military technologies on strategic stability. Second, it applies these concepts to interpret contemporary debate about US strategy toward the PeopleÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã¢â€žÂ¢s Republic of China. Various sides of this debate emphasize different preferences as much as different military forces for deterring China. Finally, the chapter concludes that the problem of political preferences trumps the problem of technological complexity.
Bilingual Education in Cabo Verdean
Authors: Amado Abel Djassi , Baptista Marlyse , Garcia Lourenço Pina , Lima Ambrizeth Helena , Thomas Dawna Marie 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThe focus of this chapter is the use of Cabo Verdean Creole as a language of instruction in Baystate Public Schools. The authors discuss the development of the Cabo Verdean Heritage Language and Culture curriculum that took place during Summer and Fall 2020, designed specifically to meet the needs of Cabo Verdean learners of English currently attending Baystate Public Schools. The curriculum was implemented in 2021. This chapter provides a brief historical overview of the use of Cabo Verdean Creole in Massachusetts Bilingual Education programs and then describes the overall vision for a new policy regarding the use of mother tongues in educational systems, which is driving the Cabo Verdean Center for Applied Research (CVCAR) to conceptualize and implement this new curriculum for Cabo Verdean learners of English. The authors introduce the various components of the curriculum while demonstrating that linguistic frameworks can be used successfully when they are applied in the instruction of Cabo Verdean learners of English. Es artigu ta sentra na uzu di kriolu kabuverdianu komu un instrumentu di ensinu na skolas públiku di Baystate. El ta relata dezenvolvimentu di un kurríkulu na kriolu kabuverdianu na verãu y outonu di 2020, konsebidu spesifikamenti pa Aprendizis Kabuverdianu di Inglês, ki ta frekuenta Skolas Públiku di Baystate. Es kurríkulu foi inplementadu na 2021. Es artigu ta fornese un brevi kontextu stóriku di uzu di língua kabuverdianu na idukasãu bilíngi na Massachusetts y dipos el ta oferese uma vizãu jeral di un novu pulítika di uzu di línguas na sistemas idukasiunal, ki permiti Cabo Verdean Center for Applied Research (CVCAR) lidera konsepsãu y inplementasãu di es kurríkulu pa Aprendizis Kabuverdianu di Inglês. Nu ta prezenta konponentis di kurríkulu y nu ta mostra ma nu pode uza struturas linguístiku ku susesu na idukasãu di Aprendizis Kabuverdianu di Inglês.
Creating Inclusive Linguistics Communication
Authors: Gawne Lauren , McCulloch Gretchen , Sweeney Nicole , Alatalo Rachel , Bodenhausen Hannah , Riley Ceri , Grieser Jessi 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThis case study vignette provides an insight into the choices made in the writing of Crash Course Linguistics. This series of 16 ten-minute videos cover core introductory level topics for English speakers who consume online content. This chapter discusses how the topics were selected and arranged into a series order. The authors also discuss the ways in which inclusion was actively built into the series workflow and content, including in the team that worked on the content, the language examples selected, and topics covered. Throughout, the authors discuss the challenges and benefits of working in a collaborative team that includes a media production company and linguists with a commitment to public engagement and communication linguistics to new audiences. Sharing these observations about putting Crash Course Linguistics together is part of the authors’ commitment to using public communication to advance the standard of public engagement with the field, and the field’s approach to inclusive practice.
Introduction
Authors: Moss David , Fung Archon , Westad Odd Arne 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The introduction summarizes the volume’s eleven substantive chapters, each covering an episode of democratic breakdown, from ancient Athens to the present day, and highlights both themes and findings that cut across them. Strikingly, in every case, various forms of democratic erosion long preceded democratic breakdown. Although no single causal factor links all the episodes together, some important commonalities (including extreme political polarization, explicitly antidemocratic political actors, and significant political violence) stand out across the cases. Moreover, the notion of democratic culture, while difficult to define and even more difficult to measure, may play a role in all of them. Throughout the volume, we see that the written rules of democracy are insufficient to protect against tyranny. They are mere “parchment barriers” unless embedded within a strong culture of democracy that embraces and gives life not only to the written rules themselves but to the essential democratic values that underlie them.
Weimar Germany and the Fragility of Democracy
Authors: Weitz Eric D. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Frequently presented as the classic case of abrupt democratic collapse, Weimar Germany actually suffered democratic weakness and erosion from the very beginning. Conservative groups hostile to democracy remained entrenched in the German power structure, even after the Revolution of 1918/19. Social Democrats tolerated them in the pursuit of stability, but antidemocratic elements throughout the ministries, and especially their dominance within the military and other security services, ultimately proved catastrophic. Although the new republic experienced a surge in democratic spirit and an extraordinary cultural renaissance, the conservatives’ violent assault on the far left destabilized Weimar politics and profoundly undercut democratic legitimacy. When the Great Depression struck and the economy collapsed, the republic’s legitimacy collapsed too. From 1930 to 1932, Germany experienced a presidential dictatorship after President Hindenburg invoked constitutional emergency powers. When conservatives supported the newly ascendant Nazi Party and Hitler’s appointment as chancellor in 1933, Weimar democracy was effectively dead.
Conclusions
Authors: Anderson Terry H. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The Conclusions chapter links the nineties to the 2020s and answer Why the Nineties Matter. The Bush administration invaded Afghanistan, then Iraq, resulting in wars that lasted until 2021. The Department of Homeland Security changed air travel and prevented another 9/11. NAFTA transformed the economies of its participants. The Soviet Union collapsed, Russia emerged, NATO expanded and united when Russia attacked Ukraine. The Clarence Thomas–Anita Hill episode popularized the term sexual harassment and laid the foundation for the Me Too Movement, and the Rodney King beating showcased police brutality as did the George Floyd episode that provoked the Black Lives Matter marches. Reality television and social media helped Donald Trump become president. Since Ruby Ridge, antigovernment militia groups have surged, and since the O. J. Simpson trial, the news has become Infotainment. Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell began the conversation about gender and same sex marriage, now popularly approved. Anything Goes American culture has become mainstream, and the dot.com revolution changed human behavior.
Philoctete
Authors: Friedman Rachel D. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThis chapter is devoted to Philoctete, the fisherman who cannot fish because his suppurating wound has relegated him to the space of his rocky yam garden, where he longs for the sea. Walcott opens Omeros in Philoctete’s voice, evoking the wounded Greek warrior Philoctetes who is denied a voice in Homeric epic because he spends the whole of the Trojan War abandoned on an island. Walcott’s new telling of the wounded Philoctete’s story focuses on the tortured landscape he inhabits, the yam garden which is the space of his exile from the sea. Walcott depicts it as a provision ground like those allotted to enslaved people on plantations. Colonial travelers perversely analogized such meager plots to paradisical gardens such as Eden or those from Greek mythology. Reading Walcott’s depiction of Philoctete’s garden as a response to such accounts, this chapter focuses on Charles Kingsley’s 1871 account which compares provision gardens on Trinidad and Tobago to the ever-blooming gardens of the Phaeacian King Alcinous in Odyssey 7. Against these historical narratives’ use of Homer to mythologize the islands and deny their inhabitants any agency as historical actors, Walcott’s depiction leads us back to the Odyssey and the orchard of the aged Laertes, a plot of land which, unlike Alcinous’s gardens, bears the mark of human labor. When Walcott looks for an untainted landscape on his own island, he finds no paradisical gardens but Ma Kilman’s forest grove, a pre-conquest space and source of healing.
Modes of Representation
Authors: Heck Richard Kimberly 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Lois Lane knows that Superman can fly, but she does not know that Clark Kent can fly. How can that be, given that Superman and Clark are one and the same? To answer this question, Frege famously distinguished the reference of a name (the thing it is a name of) from what he called its ‘sense’ or ‘mode of presentation’. The sense was meant to capture our (necessarily limited) perspective on the reference and to explain the difference in ‘cognitive value’ between “Superman can fly” and “Clark can fly”. Frege’s distinction has been much discussed in the last century, but much about it remains unclear. In this collection, Richard Kimberly Heck, one of the world’s foremost experts on Frege’s philosophy, distinguishes three aspects of Frege’s famous ‘puzzle’ and explores the connections between them. Their wide-ranging discussion touches on issues in philosophy of mind, philosophy of language, philosophy of logic, the history of analytic philosophy, and meta-philosophy. Heck argues that, while many of the details of Frege’s position cannot be defended, his famous puzzle still has much to teach us both about the foundations of cognition and about the nature of linguistic communication. Eight previously published papers are reprinted here, one of which is significantly expanded. There are also three new chapters, three new postscripts responding to criticisms, and a substantial overview that introduces the issues and traces connections between the chapters.
Isolation
Authors: Gomes Anil 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
What connection, if any, is there between being self-conscious and being related to an objective world? This chapter sharpens the question by clarifying the notions of self-consciousness and objectivity involved. It presents an account of the ways in which the question is answered and transformed across the early modern period through consideration of discussions of self-consciousness and objectivity in Descartes, Hume, and Kant. And it argues that Kant endorses a constraint on answering our question: that the relation to an objective world be intelligible from the perspective of the self-conscious subject. This sets the framework for the argument developed in the following chapters.
Array features
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm , Bader Reinhold 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
A complete description of the use of array processing is offered. Assumed-shape and automatic arrays are described, and the concept of elemental is introduced for operations, assignments and procedures. Array-valued functions and the where construct are described, along with the notion of pure procedures. Array subobjects, aliasing and array constructors are considered. The performance enhancing features of the do concurrent construct and the contiguous property are included.
NEW AGENCIES
Authors: Close Frank 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the existence and properties of new agencies of charges analogous to electric charges, which highlights the subdivision of electrons. It mentions Newton’s law of gravity in conjunction with other theories. Italian physicist Enrico Fermi proposed the first theory of beta radioactivity, which allowed the calculation of the relative chance that a nucleus emits electromagnetic radiation as against it undergoing beta decay. The chapter examines fermion as units of fundamental measure of quantum physics, which is also known as Planck’s quantum of action. It also elaborates on the discovery of the muon after discussing the measurements that confirmed parity is maximally violated during the process of generating and decaying muons.
JANUS-FACED QUARKS
Authors: Close Frank 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter looks into Janus-faced quarks, which carry two different flavours known as up and down. It explains that the terms reflect how the mathematical accounting scheme for two flavours took over from the magnetism of spinning particles. When the theory of flavour charge is made consistent with relativity and quantum field theory, the W bosons emerge as analogues of the photon. The chapter details the property of parity violation playing a key role in the experiments that used neutrinos to explore the innards of the proton. It notes that electric charge can be defined as a numerical fraction of two of nature’s fundamental constants: the speed of light (c) and Planck’s quantum of action (h).