bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Listener Agreement for Auditory-Perceptual Ratings of Dysarthria
Authors: Bunton Kate , Kent Raymond D. , Duffy Joseph R. , Rosenbek John C. , Kent Jane F. 
Published: November 2007

Purpose
Darley, Aronson, and Brown (1969a, 1969b) detailed methods and results of auditory-perceptual assessment for speakers with dysarthrias of varying etiology. They reported adequate listener reliability for use of the rating system as a tool for differential diagnosis, but several more recent studies have raised concerns about listener reliability using this approach.

Method
In the present study, the authors examined intrarater and interrater agreement for perceptual ratings of 47 speakers with various dysarthria types by 2 listener groups (inexperienced and experienced). The entire set of perceptual features proposed by Darley et al. was rated based on a 40-s conversational speech sample.

Results
No differences in levels of agreement were found between the listener groups. Agreement was within 1 scale value or better for 67% of the pairwise comparisons. Levels of agreement were lower when the average rating fell in the mid-range of the scale compared with samples that had an average rating near either of the scale endpoints; agreement was above chance level. No significant differences in agreement were found between the perceptual features.

Discussion
The levels of listener agreement that were found indicate that auditory-perceptual ratings show promise during clinical assessment for identifying salient features of dysarthria for speakers with various etiologies.
Construct Validity of the MCDI-I Receptive Vocabulary Scale Can Be Improved: Differential Item Functioning Between Toddlers With Autism Spectrum Disorders and Typically Developing Infants
Authors: Bruckner Cornelia , Yoder Paul , Stone Wendy , Saylor Megan 
Published: November 2007

Purpose
To evaluate whether the validity of the Receptive Vocabulary scale of the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory for Infants (MCDI-I; L. Fenson et al., 1991), a parent-report measure of early vocabulary, could be improved for children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) by removing items that are biased.

Method
Logistic regression was used to identify biased items. Items are considered biased if characteristics other than those being measured by the instrument change the probability that a person will get an item correct. Participants in the current study included 272 typically developing infants younger than 18 months of age and 209 toddlers with ASD older than 18 months of age. The age difference between the 2 groups is a result of matching on total size of the receptive vocabulary.

Results
Twenty-five items were identified as showing large bias.

Conclusion
Deletion of these items from the test should increase the degree to which the authors are measuring the size of the respondent’s mental lexicon with the total score from the MCDI-I.
Auditory-Visual Integration for Speech by Children With and Without Specific Language Impairment
Authors: Norrix Linda W. , Plante Elena , Vance Rebecca , Boliek Carol A. 
Published: November 2007

Purpose
It has long been known that children with specific language impairment (SLI) can demonstrate difficulty with auditory speech perception. However, speech perception can also involve the integration of both auditory and visual articulatory information.

Method
Fifty-six preschool children, half with and half without SLI, were studied in order to examine auditory-visual integration. Children watched and listened to video clips of a woman speaking [bi] and [gi]. They also listened to audio clips of [bi], [di], and [gi], produced by the same woman. The effect of visual input on speech perception was tested by presenting an auditory [bi] combined with a visually articulated [gi], which tends to alter the phoneme percept (the McGurk effect).

Results
Both groups of children performed at ceiling when asked to identify speech tokens in auditory-only and congruent auditory-visual modalities. In the incongruent auditory-visual condition, a stronger McGurk effect was found for the normal language group compared with the children with SLI.

Conclusion
Responses by the children with SLI indicated less impact of visual processing on speech perception than was seen with their normal peers. These results demonstrate that the difficulties with speech perception by SLI children extend beyond the auditory-only modality to include auditory-visual processing as well.
Möbius: an integrated discrete-event modeling environment
Authors: Peccoud Jean , Courtney Tod , Sanders William H. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractSummary: Möbius has found numerous applications in computational biology to build and solve stochastic models of biological processes. It provides the user with a modeling workflow and several sophisticated features that are not available in the simulation tools commonly used by computational biologists.Availability: Möbius is free for academic users. It can be downloaded from www.mobius.uiuc.edu.Contact: peccoud@vt.edu or tod@crhc.uiuc.edu
Physiotherapists' use of information in identifying a concussion: an extended Delphi approach
Authors: Sullivan S J , Schneiders A G , McCrory P , Gray A 
Published: November 2007

Objective:To determine the relative importance of signs and symptoms that a selected cohort of sports physiotherapists use to identify a sports concussion.Methods:A two-round Delphi methodology was used to achieve consensus in a cohort of 21 sports physiotherapists. A subsequent round involving an educational intervention provided the participants with an opportunity to modify their knowledge base through the provision of a relevant resource article.Results:Participants provided 123 responses, which were grouped into eight descriptive categories with consensus (>80%) being reached for the importance of: cognition/orientation, memory, motor dysfunction and state of consciousness. The category “state of consciousness” remained the most important information source at the completion of the study.Conclusion:Participants placed considerable importance on the player’s level of consciousness in their decision making. This would appear to be in conflict with recent trends to place greater importance on the role of symptoms in identifying a concussion.
Walking and primary prevention: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies
Authors: Hamer M , Chida Y 
Published: November 2007

Objective:To quantify the association between walking and the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality in healthy men and women.Data sources:Medline, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Web of Science databases were searched to May 2007.Study selection:Prospective epidemiological studies of walking and CVD and all-cause mortality.Results:18 prospective studies were included in the overall analysis, which incorporated 459 833 participants free from CVD at baseline with 19 249 cases at follow-up. From the meta-analysis the pooled hazard ratio of CVD in the highest walking category compared with the lowest was 0.69, (95% CI 0.61 to 0.77, p<0.001), and 0.68 (0.59 to 0.78, p<0.001) for all-cause mortality. These effects were robust among men and women, although there was evidence of publication biases for the associations with CVD risk. Walking pace was a stronger independent predictor of overall risk compared with walking volume (48% versus 26% risk reductions, respectively). There was also evidence of a dose–response relationship across the highest, intermediate, and lowest walking categories in relation to the outcome measures.Conclusions:The results suggest walking is inversely associated with clinical disease endpoints and largely support the current guidelines for physical activity. The mechanisms that mediate this relationship remain largely unknown and should be the focus of future research.
Evaluating SafeClub: can risk management training improve the safety activities of community soccer clubs?
Authors: Abbott K , Klarenaar P , Donaldson A , Sherker S 
Published: November 2007

Objective:To evaluate a sports safety-focused risk-management training programme.Design:Controlled before and after test.Setting:Four community soccer associations in Sydney, Australia.Participants:76 clubs (32 intervention, 44 control) at baseline, and 67 clubs (27 intervention, 40 control) at post-season and 12-month follow-ups.Intervention:SafeClub, a sports safety-focused risk-management training programme (3×2 hour sessions) based on adult-learning principles and injury-prevention concepts and models.Main outcome measures:Changes in mean policy, infrastructure and overall safety scores as measured using a modified version of the Sports Safety Audit Tool.Results:There was no significant difference in the mean policy, infrastructure and overall safety scores of intervention and control clubs at baseline. Intervention clubs achieved higher post-season mean policy (11.9 intervention vs 7.5 controls), infrastructure (15.2 vs 10.3) and overall safety (27.0 vs 17.8) scores than did controls. These differences were greater at the 12-month follow-up: policy (16.4 vs 7.6); infrastructure (24.7 vs 10.7); and overall safety (41.1 vs 18.3). General linear modelling indicated that intervention clubs achieved statistically significantly higher policy (p<0.001), infrastructure (p<0.001) and overall safety (p<0.001) scores compared with control clubs at the post-season and 12-month follow-ups. There was also a significant linear interaction of time and group for all three scores: policy (p<0.001), infrastructure (p<0.001) and overall safety (p<0.001).Conclusions:SafeClub effectively assisted community soccer clubs to improve their sports safety activities, particularly the foundations and processes for good risk-management practice, in a sustainable way.
Autonomic and behavioural thermoregulation in tennis
Authors: Morante S M , Brotherhood J R 
Published: November 2007

Objectives:This report describes physiological and behavioural mechanisms behind the control of body temperature and thermal comfort during competitive singles tennis.Methods:Thermoregulatory responses and workload were observed during “best of three sets” tennis matches among 25 players. In total, 94 matches were played in ambient temperatures ranging from 14.5 to 38.4°C. The thermal environment was assessed by dry bulb, wet bulb and natural wet bulb temperatures, globe temperature and wind speed. Core body and skin temperatures were recorded each minute throughout the match, and body mass and fluid intake were measured before the match, after 30 minutes of play and at the completion of the match to determine sweat rate. Subjective ratings of thermal strain included thermal comfort, sweatiness and perceived exertion. Workload observations included match, game and point durations, and the proportion of match time spent in play (effective playing time).Results:Change in rectal temperature was positively correlated with point duration (p<0.001) and effective playing time (p<0.05). Sweat rate showed positive associations with air (p<0.0001), rectal (p<0.03) and skin (p<0.0001) temperature. Thermal comfort was reduced with increasing rectal (p<0.03) and skin (p<0.0001) temperature. Point duration and effective playing time were reduced when conditions were rated increasingly difficult (p<0.002 and p<0.0002, respectively).Conclusion:Autonomic (increase in sweat rate) and behavioural (reduction in workload) thermoregulation are responsible for the control of body temperature and thermal comfort during tennis.
Elderly patients also have rights
Authors: Pérez-Cárceles M D , Lorenzo M D , Luna A , Osuna E 
Published: November 2007

Background:Sharing information with relatives of elderly patients in primary care and in hospital has to fit into the complex set of obligations, justifications and pressures concerning the provision of information, and the results of some studies point to the need for further empirical studies exploring issues of patient autonomy, privacy and informed consent in the day-to-day care of older people.Objectives:To know the frequency with which “capable” patients over 65 years of age receive information when admitted to hospital, the information offered to the families concerned, the person who gives consent for medical intervention, and the degree of satisfaction with the information received and the healthcare provided.Method:A descriptive questionnaire given to 200 patients and 200 relatives during the patients’ stay in hospital.Results:Only 5% of patients confirmed that they had been asked whether information could be given to their relatives. A significantly higher proportion of relatives received information on the successive stages of the care offered than did patients themselves. As the age of the patients increased, so the number who were given information, understood the information and were asked for their consent for complementary tests decreased. The degree of satisfaction with the information offered was high for both patients and relatives (86.5% and 84%, respectively), despite the irregularities observed.Conclusions:The capacity of elderly patients to participate in the decision-making process is frequently doubted simply because they have reached a certain age and it is thought that relatives should act as their representatives. In Spain, the opinion of the family and doctors appears to play a larger role in making decisions than does the concept of patient autonomy.
Microsatellite-based characterization of the Castanea sativa cultivar heritage of southern Switzerland
Authors: Gobbin Davide , Hohl Leandro , Conza Lisa , Jermini Mauro , Gessler Cesare , Conedera Marco 
Published: November 2007

Southern Switzerland has a long tradition of chestnut cultivation as a staple food. Local inhabitants constantly selected varieties according to the ripening period, the type of use, and the adaptability to the territory. As a result, the panorama of chestnut varieties is very complex, as reflected by more than 120 different variety names in an area of 26 000 ha. Since 1994, 47 varieties have been conserved in the chestnut germplasm of southern Switzerland (CSS), including Marroni, Euro-Japanese, and French varieties. A selection of 164 individuals from the CSS was analysed by 8 SSR markers (4 of which were developed in this study). Microsatellite analysis indicated that the CSS was accurately established, as 86% of the individuals grafted were correctly labeled. The identification of 98 genotypes, 10 clonal chestnut groups, 4 synonym groups, and 12 homonym groups reflected the complex ethnogeographical structure of the chestnut distribution. The 17 Marroni individuals considered clustered in 2 differentiated genetic groups instead of only 1 as expected. The fundamental problem of the frequent cases of homonymy and synonymy is discussed, as is the need for criteria for discriminating between polyclonal varieties and distinct homonymous varieties.
Ageing and physical activity: evidence to develop exercise recommendations for older adultsThis article is part of a supplement entitled Advancing physical activity measurement and guidelines in Canada: a scientific review and evidence-based foundation for the future of Canadian physical activity guidelines co-published by Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism and the Canadian Journal of Public Health. It may be cited as Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 32(Suppl. 2E) or as Can. J. Public Health 98(Suppl. 2).
Authors: Paterson Donald H. , Jones Gareth R. , Rice Charles L. 
Published: November 2007

An abundance of epidemiological research confirms the benefits of physical activity in reducing risk of various age-related morbidities and all-cause mortality. Analysis of the literature focusing on key exercise variables (e.g., intensity, type, and volume) suggests that the requisite beneficial amount of activity is that which engenders improved cardiorespiratory fitness, strength, power, and, indirectly, balance. Age-related declines in these components are such that physical limitations impinge on functional activities of daily living. However, an exercise programme can minimize declines, thus preventing older adults (age 65+ years) from crossing functional thresholds of inability. Cross-sectional and longitudinal data demonstrate that cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with functional capacity and independence; strength and, importantly, power are related to performance and activities of daily living; and balance-mobility in combination with power are important factors in preventing falls. Exercise interventions have documented that older adults can adapt physiologically to exercise training, with gains in functional capacities. The few studies that have explored minimal or optimal activity requirements suggest that a threshold (intensity) within the moderately vigorous domain is needed to achieve and preserve related health benefits. Thus, physical activity and (or) exercise prescriptions should emphasize activities of the specificity and type to improve components related to the maintenance of functional capacity and independence; these will also delay morbidity and mortality. An appropriate recommendation for older adults includes moderately vigorous cardiorespiratory activities (e.g., brisk walking), strength and (or) power training for maintenance of muscle mass and specific muscle-group performance, as well as “balance-mobility practice” and flexibility (stretching) exercise as needed.
Energy-efficient algorithms for flow time minimization
Authors: Albers Susanne , Fujiwara Hiroshi 
Published: November 2007

We study scheduling problems in battery-operated computing devices, aiming at schedules with low total energy consumption. While most of the previous work has focused on finding feasible schedules in deadline-based settings, in this article we are interested in schedules that guarantee good response times. More specifically, our goal is to schedule a sequence of jobs on a variable-speed processor so as to minimize the total cost consisting of the energy consumption and the total flow time of all jobs.
We first show that when the amount of work, for any job, may take an arbitrary value, then no online algorithm can achieve a constant competitive ratio. Therefore, most of the article is concerned with unit-size jobs. We devise a deterministic constant competitive online algorithm and show that the offline problem can be solved in polynomial time.
Church Politics and the Genocide in Rwanda
Authors: Longman Timothy 
Published: November 2007

AbstractChristian churches were deeply implicated in the 1994 genocide of ethnic Tutsi in Rwanda. Churches were a major site for massacres, and many Christians participated in the slaughter, including church personnel and lay leaders. Church involvement in the genocide can be explained in part because of the historic link between church and state and the acceptance of ethnic discrimination among church officials. In addition, just as political officials chose genocide as a means of reasserting their authority in the face of challenges from a democracy movement and civil war, struggles over power within Rwanda's Christian churches led some church leaders to accept the genocide as a means of eliminating challenges to their own authority within the churches.
Modern Religiousness : Extrinsic , Intrinsic or quest?
Authors: Kalbheim Boris , Ziebertz Hans-Georg , Feeser-Lichterfeld Ulrich , Schlöder Bernd 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe authors examine the religiousness of theology students and students in other disciplines at several German universities in a context of religious differentiation and pluralisation. Based on Batson's model, religiousness is classified into intrinsic, extrinsic and quest orientations. The religiousness of students of theology and students in other fields was found to differ significantly in the three dimensions. Non-theologians tended to ascribe negative value to the extrinsic and the intrinsic dimensions, with the intrinsic dimension being valued more negatively. At the same time they ascribed a slightly positive value to the quest orientation. Theology students valued all three dimensions positively, with especially strong positive value attached to the quest orientation. Using cluster analysis, four types of religiousness were developed: a "conventionally religious" type, a type described as "not religious in a Christian sense", a "questioning and religious" type, and a "strongly religious" type. Theology students fit mainly into the "strongly religious" and "questioning and religious" types. Students in other fields were concentrated in the "conventionally religious" and "not religious in a Christian sense" categories. At the end, the results are discussed from the perspective of practical theology.
Heilige Als Patrone Gegen Den Schlaganfall1
Authors: Karenberg Axel , Peter Moog Ferdinand 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIn Christian Europe of the High Middle Ages, saints played a central role in the everyday life of the ailing. Alongside healing attempts which involved magic and/or scientifically-based medicine, the invocation of specific patron saints for protection against evils or for the curing of ailments was a widespread practise. A large choice of patron saints was "available" for a wide range of diseases, especially those nowadays classified as neurologic or psychiatric. For the falling sickness alone, e.g., there is evidence of some twenty patron saints reputed to have a particular involvement. Surprisingly, there is no evidence of a comparable devotion to patrons for apoplectics. This "negative result" is confirmed by a thorough examination of medieval sources. St. Wolfgang and St. Andreas Avellino are the only two proven stroke patrons. Both, however, were only known within their respective locations. The absence of a specific supportive Christian figure for stroke victims deserves particular analysis: The high fatality rate of apoplexy and the lack of commercial interest on the part of the Christian places of pilgrimage may serve as possible explanations.
Accessing the Forgiveness Construct
Authors: Scobie G.E.W. , Scobie E.D. 
Published: November 2007

During the last few years forgiveness has been seen as an important element in psychological health. The development of forgiveness therapy and its application by psychotherapists to areas like family therapy attests to its growing significance. As a consequence it is important to investigate what people understand by forgiveness and in what circumstances this knowledge structure is retrieved. The present study forms part of ongoing research to access and measure a person's construct of forgiveness. Two studies are compared across three dimensions: semantics, questionnaire instructions and five methods of accessing a forgiveness knowledge structure. In the first study, 49 students from the University of Glasgow were presented with descriptions or videoed scenarios of an act of infidelity. After each presentation they completed the Scobie Forgiveness Scale (SFS, 1996). In the second study, 315 students from the University of Glasgow completed four measures, only the SFS is used in the current study. A comparison of the studies suggests that minor word changes and questionnaire instructions may not exert a significant influence on participants’ responses. However, different methods of accessing knowledge structures may have an effect on an individual's construct of forgiveness. The results suggest that different methodologies (video, descriptive scenarios, personal experience, experience of friend/relative or fictional character), affect participants’ responses in both the forgiver and the forgiven mode. The findings may have implications for the general accessing of knowledge systems and for the measurement of forgiveness.