bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Proposal for Standardization of Optimized Mycobacterial Interspersed Repetitive Unit-Variable-Number Tandem Repeat Typing ofMycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Supply Philip , Allix Caroline , Lesjean Sarah , Cardoso-Oelemann Mara , Rüsch-Gerdes Sabine , Willery Eve , Savine Evgueni , de Haas Petra , van Deutekom Henk , Roring Solvig , Bifani Pablo , Kurepina Natalia , Kreiswirth Barry , Sola Christophe , Rastogi Nalin , Vatin Vincent , Gutierrez Maria Cristina , Fauville Maryse , Niemann Stefan , Skuce Robin , Kremer Kristin , Locht Camille , van Soolingen Dick 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTMolecular typing based on 12 loci containing variable numbers of tandem repeats of mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units (MIRU-VNTRs) has been adopted in combination with spoligotyping as the basis for large-scale, high-throughput genotyping ofMycobacterium tuberculosis. However, even the combination of these two methods is still less discriminatory than IS6110fingerprinting. Here, we define an optimized set of MIRU-VNTR loci with a significantly higher discriminatory power. The resolution and the stability/robustness of 29 loci were analyzed, using a total of 824 tubercle bacillus isolates, including representatives of the main lineages identified worldwide so far. Five loci were excluded for lack of robustness and/or stability in serial isolates or isolates from epidemiologically linked patients. The use of the 24 remaining loci increased the number of types by 40%—and by 23% in combination with spoligotyping—among isolates from cosmopolitan origins, compared to those obtained with the original set of 12 loci. Consequently, the clustering rate was decreased by fourfold—by threefold in combination with spoligotyping—under the same conditions. A discriminatory subset of 15 loci with the highest evolutionary rates was then defined that concentrated 96% of the total resolution obtained with the full 24-locus set. Its predictive value for evaluatingM. tuberculosistransmission was found to be equal to that of IS6110restriction fragment length polymorphism typing, as shown in a companion population-based study. This 15-locus system is therefore proposed as the new standard for routine epidemiological discrimination ofM. tuberculosisisolates and the 24-locus system as a high-resolution tool for phylogenetic studies.
Phenotypic Detection of Methicillin Resistance in
Staphylococcus aureus
by Disk Diffusion Testing and Etest on Mueller-Hinton Agar
Authors: Skov R. , Smyth R. , Larsen A. R. , Bolmstrôm A. , Karlsson A. , Mills K. , Frimodt-Moller N. , Kahlmeter G. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT

Cefoxitin is increasingly recommended for detection of methicillin resistance in
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) when using disk diffusion testing. In this study, 95
mecA-
negative
S. aureus
isolates and a highly genetically diverse collection of
mecA
-positive
S. aureus
types (
n
= 50) were used to investigate the influence of technical factors such as disk potency, incubation time, and temperature on Mueller-Hinton agar. The use of cefoxitin MIC testing by Etest for the same purpose was investigated under similar conditions. For disk diffusion, the accuracy was high at both 35°C and 36°C using overnight incubation, while incubation at 30°C or 37°C was associated with slightly lower accuracy. Increasing incubation times from 18 to 24 h did not improve accuracy at either temperature. Cefoxitin Etest MICs for
mecA
-positive strains were 6 mg/liter or higher, while cefoxitin Etest MICs for
mecA
-negative strains were ≤4 mg/liter. Our findings suggest that the current CLSI zone diameter breakpoints should be adjusted from resistance (R) ≤ 19 mm to R ≤ 21 mm. In conclusion, cefoxitin disk diffusion testing and Etest MIC testing can accurately predict the presence of the
mecA
gene in
S. aureus
. Testing can be reliably performed using incubation temperatures of 35 to 36°C and incubation times of 18 to 22 h. We suggest MRSA interpretive criteria of susceptible (S) ≤ 4 mg/liter and R > 4 mg/liter, corresponding to S ≥ 22 mm and R ≤ 21 mm for the 30-μg disk and S ≥ 17 mm and R ≤ 16 mm for the 10-μg cefoxitin disk. These criteria resulted in only one
mecA-
positive isolate being misclassified as susceptible.
Two Patients Coinfected withMycobacterium lepraeand Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 and Naïve for Antiretroviral Therapy Who Exhibited Type 1 Leprosy Reactions Mimicking the Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome
Authors: Trindade M. A. B. , Valente N. Y. S. , Manini M. I. P. , Takahashi M. D. F. , Anjos C. F. D. , Benard G. , Naafs B. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTTwo case reports of patients with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection who developed leprosy are presented. Both developed type 1 leprosy reactions in the absence of antiretroviral therapy. Reactions have been described for a number of HIV-1- andMycobacterium leprae-coinfected patients and have been considered to be part of an immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) since the reactions were usually linked to the administration of highly active antiretroviral therapy. The reports of our two patients suggest that the type 1 reactions in patients with leprosy and HIV may not always be an IRIS manifestation but may be akin to the classical reactional state described for the natural course of leprosy infection, which occurs in leprosy patients due to the fluctuations of the antimycobacterial immune response, whether they are coinfected with HIV or not.
Combined Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Antigen-Antibody Detection Assay Does Not Improve Diagnosis for Seronegative Individuals with Occult HCV Infection
Authors: Quiroga Juan A. , Castillo Inmaculada , Pardo Margarita , Rodríguez-Iñigo Elena , Carreño Vicente 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT
A combined hepatitis C virus (HCV) antigen-antibody assay was evaluated for 115 seronegative individuals with occult HCV infection. The assay was reactive in one patient and negative to weakly reactive in three others (all four gave indeterminate results by supplemental assay) but failed to detect HCV in the remaining patients. Despite increased sensitivity the combined assay does not improve serodiagnosis of occult HCV infection.
CTX-M-3 and CTX-M-15 Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases in Isolates of
Escherichia coli
from a Hospital in Algiers, Algeria
Authors: Ramdani-Bouguessa Nadjia , Mendonça Nuno , Leitão Joana , Ferreira Eugénia , Tazir Mohamed , Caniça Manuela 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT

Sixteen strains of
Escherichia coli
isolated between January and June 2005 in a hospital in Algiers carry the IS
Ecp1
element and the TEM and either CTX-M-3 (
n
= 3) or CTX-M-15 (
n
= 13) β-lactamases. Fourteen of the isolates are multidrug resistant. Five isolates from the neonatal ward were indistinguishable by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.
First Case of Bacteremia and Multifocal Cellulitis Due to
Helicobacter canis
in an Immunocompetent Patient
Authors: Leemann Corinne , Gambillara Eleonora , Prod'hom Guy , Jaton Katia , Panizzon Renato , Bille Jacques , Francioli Patrick , Greub Gilbert , Laffitte Emmanuel , Tarr Philip E. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT

Bacteremia due to
Helicobacter canis
has been reported in a patient with X-linked hypogammaglobulinemia. Here we report on the first human case of
H. canis
bacteremia in an immunocompetent host. Identification of the organism was made by genetic and phylogenetic analyses of the complete 16S rRNA sequence.
INDUSTRIAL POLICY IN A GLOBALIZED AGE — LESSONS FROM EAST ASIAN EXPERIENCE
Authors: WAN HENRY , TUNG AN-CHI 
Published: December 2006

Not only the wealth, but also the independence and security of a country appear to be materially connected with the prosperity of manufactures. Every nation, with a view to these great objects, ought to endeavor to possess within itself all the essentials of national supply.Alexander Hamilton, Report on Manufactures, December 5, 1791.
How Can We Increase Translation of Research into Practice? Types of Evidence Needed
Authors: Glasgow Russell E. , Emmons Karen M. 
Published: December 2006

This review summarizes key factors that have interfered with translation of research to practice and what public health researchers can do to hasten such transfer, focusing on characteristics of interventions, target settings, and research designs. The need to address context and to utilize research, review, and reporting practices that address external validity issues—such as designs that focus on replication, and practical clinical and behavioral trials—are emphasized. Although there has been increased emphasis on social-ecological interventions that go beyond the individual level, interventions often address each component as if it were an independent intervention. Greater attention is needed to connectedness across program levels and components. Finally, examples are provided of evaluation models and current programs that can help accelerate translation of research to practice and policy.
Bortezomib (PS-341, Velcade) increases the efficacy of trastuzumab (Herceptin) in HER-2–positive breast cancer cells in a synergistic manner
Authors: Cardoso Fatima , Durbecq Virginie , Laes Jean-François , Badran Bassam , Lagneaux Laurence , Bex Françoise , Desmedt Christine , Willard-Gallo Karen , Ross Jeffrey S. , Burny Arsène , Piccart Martine , Sotiriou Christos 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Background: Preclinical and clinical studies have shown that the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (PS341, Velcade) is highly effective when combined with chemotherapeutic agents. The value of trastuzumab (Herceptin) in HER-2–positive (3+ score by immunohistochemistry or fluorescence in situ hybridization positive) breast cancer is also known; however, the response rate is &lt;40% for metastatic breast cancer. These two pharmacologic agents prevent nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation and induce nuclear accumulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27kip1, suggesting that combining bortezomib with trastuzumab could increase trastuzumab efficacy. Methods: Drug cytotoxicity, both individually and together, and drug effects on p27 localization and NF-κB activation were investigated on four breast cancer cell lines: SKBR-3 (HER-2+++), MDA-MB-453 (HER-2++), HER-2–transfected MCF-7 (HER-2+++), and MCF-7 (HER-2−). Results: Bortezomib induced apoptosis in HER-2–positive and HER-2–negative breast cancer cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Together, these drugs induced apoptosis of HER-2++/+++ cells at low concentrations, which had no effect when used alone, indicating there was a synergistic effect. Sequential treatment (trastuzumab then bortezomib) induced either necrosis or apoptosis, depending on the trastuzumab preincubation time. Susceptibility to bortezomib alone and the drug combination correlated with NF-κB activity and p27 localization. Conclusions: The addition of bortezomib to trastuzumab increases the effect of trastuzumab in HER-2+++/++ cell lines in a synergistic way. This effect likely results from the ability of these two drugs to target the NF-κB and p27 pathways. The potential clinical application of this drug combination is under current evaluation by our group in a phase 1 clinical trial. [Mol Cancer Ther 2006;5(12):3042–51]
All Creation Groans: Romans 8:22 in Light of the Biblical Sources
Authors: Braaten Laurie 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIt is widely held that Romans 8:22 contains a hendiadys portraying creation as "groaning in travail." This paper argues that the two terms connote diverse ideas and therefore should be translated as "groaning and in travail." The thesis of this paper is that the groaning of creation is creation's mourning due to ongoing human sin and a concomitant divine judgment — as attested nine times in the Hebrew prophets, but most fully expressed in Joel 1-2. This view challenges the prevailing interpretation that creation's plight is due to her distress originating from the curse of the Fall (Gen 3:17). Furthermore, Israelite mourning customs require that the entire community join the mourner in order to restore the mourner to the proper place in the social order. This practice elucidates Paul's references to believers joining with the groaning creation in Romans 8, where creation is presented as an object of God's redemption.
The Butcher, the Baker, and the Carpenter: Chinese Sojourners in the Spanish Philippines and their impact on Southern Fujian (Sixteenth-Eighteenth Centuries)
Authors: Chia Lucille 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThis article considers the impact on southern Fujian of the trade with and migration to the Spanish Philippines by examining the links of the Chinese there with their native places, particularly in the half century after the resumption of Chinese maritime trade in 1684. To understand the local history of Minnan, it is necessary to look both at the extensive network of Minnanese in Southeast Asia (Nanyang) and China, and at the important social and economic distinctions between Zhangzhou and Quanzhou prefectures in Fujian. Cet article fait l'analyse des eff ets sur le sud du Fujian (Minnan) du commerce avec et la migration aux Philippines en examinant les liens des Chinois là avec leur pays natal, particulièrement pendant les cinquant ans suivant la reprise du commerce maritime chinois en 1684. Pour comprendre l'histoire locale du Minnan il faut examiner à la fois le réseau étendu des naturels du Minnan qui se trouvaient en l'Asie du sud-est (Nanyang) et en Chine, et les distinctions économiques et sociales entre les préfectures de Zhangzhou et Quanzhou au Fujian.
Estimated Decadal Changes in the North Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation and Heat Flux 1993–2004
Authors: Wunsch Carl , Heimbach Patrick 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Results from a global 1° model constrained by least squares to a multiplicity of datasets over the interval 1992–2004 are used to describe apparent changes in the North Atlantic Ocean meridional overturning circulation and associated heat fluxes at 26°N. The least squares fit is both stable and adequately close to the data to make the analysis worthwhile. Changes over the 12 yr are spatially and temporally complex. A weak statistically significant trend is found in net North Atlantic volume flux above about 1200 m, which drops slightly (−0.19 ± 0.05 Sv yr−1; 1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) but with a corresponding strengthening of the outflow of North Atlantic Deep Water and inflow of abyssal waters. The slight associated trend in meridional heat flux is very small and not statistically significant. The month-to-month variability implies that single-section determinations of heat and volume flux are subject to serious aliasing errors.
The Sources and Mixing Characteristics of the Agulhas Current
Authors: Beal Lisa M. , Chereskin Teresa K. , Lenn Yueng D. , Elipot Shane 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Recent observations taken at four principal latitudes in the Agulhas Current show that the watermass properties on either side of its dynamical core are significantly different. Inshore of its velocity core are found waters of predominantly Arabian Sea, Red Sea, and equatorial Indian Ocean origin, while offshore waters are generally from the Atlantic Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and the southeast Indian Ocean. For the most part, the inshore waters approach the Agulhas Current through the Mozambique Channel, while those offshore are circulated within the southern Indian Ocean subtropical gyre before joining the current. These disparate water masses remain distinct during their 1000-km journeys along the South African continental slope, despite the convergence, extreme velocity shears, and high eddy kinetic energies found within the Agulhas Current. Both potential vorticity conservation and kinematic arguments are discussed as potential inhibitors of along-isopycnal mixing. It is concluded that a high cross-stream gradient of potential vorticity is the dominant mechanism for watermass separation near the surface, while the kinematic steering of water particles by the current is dominant at intermediate depths, where cross-stream potential vorticity is homogeneous. Hence, three lateral mixing regimes for the Agulhas Current are suggested. The surface and thermocline waters are always inhibited from mixing, by the presence of both a strong, cross-frontal potential vorticity gradient and kinematic steering. At intermediate depths mixing is inhibited by steering alone, and thus in this regime periodic mixing is expected during meander events (such as Natal pulses), when the steering level will rise and allow cross-frontal exchange. Below the steering level in the deep waters, there is a regime of free lateral mixing. The deep waters of the Agulhas Current are homogeneous in the cross-stream sense, being from the same North Atlantic source, and their salinity steadily (and rather rapidly) decreases to the north. Here, it is suggested that mixing must be dominated by vertical processes and a large vertical mixing coefficient of order 10 cm2 s−1 is estimated.
Form Drag due to Flow Separation at a Headland
Authors: McCabe Ryan M. , MacCready Parker , Pawlak Geno 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Observational and model estimates of the form drag on Three Tree Point, a headland located in a tidal channel of Puget Sound, Washington, are presented. Subsurface, Three Tree Point is a sloping ridge. Tidal flow over this ridge gives rise to internal lee waves that lead to wave drag and enhanced mixing. At the same time, horizontal flow separation produces a headland eddy that distorts the surface height field in the lee of the point. Two observational methods for estimating the portion of the form drag associated with deformation of the surface height field, referred to here as the “external” form drag, are also introduced. Drogued drifters and ship-mounted acoustic current profiles from different days are used to indirectly map the flood-tide surface height field. Data are derived from a depth shallow enough that baroclinic pressure gradient forcing may be neglected, and yet deep enough that wind stress may also be ignored. This leaves an approximate balance between the acceleration and surface height pressure gradient, permitting, in this case, two independent estimates of the surface height (to within a constant). These fields are used to calculate the external form drag at the headland. Drag estimates from both observational datasets agree well. External form drag decreases offshore of the headland as expected, and is highly dependent on tidal phase, with maximum drag leading peak flood currents by 1–2 h at this location. Form drag is much larger than model estimates of the frictional drag, implying that it is the dominant mechanism extracting energy from the barotropic tide. A kinematic argument is also presented to show why the external form drag should increase in importance relative to the frictional drag as the topographic slope and tidal excursion increase.
Teacher expectations of student reading in middle and high schools
Authors: Tao Liqing , Yuan Haiwang , Zuo Li , Qian Gaoyin , Murray Bruce 
Published: December 2006

English This article investigates China’s middle school and secondary school teacher expectations of student book use as an aspect of learning environments. A questionnaire was used to probe the following teacher expectations: physical accessibility of books, homework, mastery of texts and types of extra-curricular reading materials. Results showed China’s teachers believed in mastering exemplary texts and the moral value of reading materials. Homework was viewed as a means to enhance student learning. The findings of the article can help educators understand better the learning environments of Chinese students and can offer a critical comparison of learning environments across cultures. French Cette étude analyse ce que les enseignants des établissements d'enseignement secondaire (inférieur et supérieur) en Chine attendent des élèves en matière d'utilisation de livres comme aspect des environnements d'apprentissage. Un questionnaire a ainsi été utilisé pour mieux connaître les attentes des enseignants en termes d'accessibilité physique des ouvrages, de travail à la maison, de connaissance approfondie des textes et de types de documents lus en dehors du programme. Les résultats ont montré que les enseignants des établissements concernés par cette étude accordent de l'importance à la connaissance approfondie des textes de référence et à la valeur morale des documents de lecture. Le travail à la maison est quant à lui considéré comme un moyen permettant d'améliorer l'apprentissage des élèves. Les résultats de cette étude peuvent aider les professionnels de l'éducation à mieux comprendre les environnements d'apprentissage des élèves chinois et apporter un élément de comparaison pour étudier les environnements d'apprentissage de différentes cultures. Spanish En este estudio se investigan las expectativas de los profesores de colegios de secundaria en China con respecto al uso de los libros por parte de los alumnos como un aspecto del entorno de aprendizaje. Se utilizó un cuestionario para indagar sobre las siguientes expectativas de los docentes: accesibilidad física de los libros, tareas para la casa, conocimiento profundo de los textos y tipos de materiales de lectura extracurriculares. Los resultados mostraron que los profesores de los colegios estudiados valoran el conocimiento profundo de textos ejemplares y el contenido moral de los materiales de lectura. Las tareas para realizar en casa se ven como un medio de mejorar el aprendizaje de los alumnos. Las conclusiones de este estudio pueden ayudar a los educadores a comprender mejor los entornos de aprendizaje de los alumnos de China y ofrecer un punto de referencia crítico para comparar entornos similares en otras culturas.
Towards an understanding of holistic education in the middle years of education
Authors: Hare John 
Published: December 2006

English Holistic education lacks a single definition but may be described through a number of recurrent themes that appear in the literature. These themes have been used to develop underlying values that reflect this educational approach and the behaviours associated with these values are described. A person profile is presented from these values and behaviours and describes the attributes, abilities and competencies of a student who has benefited from holistic education in the middle years of their education. The advantages of the person profile are discussed. French Il n'existe pas de définition unique de l'éducation globale; celle-ci peut cependant être décrite grÀce à un certain nombre de thèmes qui apparaissent de façon récurrente dans la littérature. L'auteur utilise ces thèmes pour développer les valeurs sous-jacentes qui caractérisent cette approche éducative et décrire les comportements associés à ces valeurs. Il établit le profil d'une personne à partir de ces valeurs et comportements, profil qui décrit les qualités, les aptitudes et les compétences d'un élève ayant bénéficié d'une éducation globale au cours du premier cycle du secondaire. Enfin, il analyse les avantages du profil de cette personne. Spanish No existe una definición única para `educación holística'; no obstante, ésta se puede describir por medio de una serie de elementos recurrentes en la literatura especializada. El autor se basa en tales elementos para desarrollar los valores subyacentes a la educación holística y describe las conductas asociadas a dichos valores. Presenta también un perfil personal basado en estos valores y conductas, y describe los atributos, habilidades y competencias esperados en los alumnos que hayan participado de una educación holística durante los años de enseñanza media. Asimismo, analiza las ventajas del perfil personal.