bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of the solution flow rate on the in vitro bioactivity of 2.5CaO·2SiO2 glass
Authors: Luciani G. , Costantini A. , Silvestri B. , Cajafa M. , Colella M. , Branda F. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA comparative study of in vitro bioactivity of 2.5CaO.2SiO2 glass has been carried out by soaking it in a simulated body fluid, with continuously and periodic exchange of this solution (dynamic and differential protocols). Dynamic assays were carried out at different solution flow rates, 3 mL/h, 6 mL/h, 12 mL/h, to study the influence of flow rate on glass reactivity. Glass surface was studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy so as to compare the behavior in the two procedures, revealing that in both cases an apatite layer is formed on the glass surface, although there are differences on deposition rate and morphology, which are also influenced by the solution flow rate. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2007
Osteoblasts and osteocytes respond differently to oscillatory and unidirectional fluid flow profiles
Authors: Ponik Suzanne M. , Triplett Jason W. , Pavalko Fredrick M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBone cells subjected to mechanical loading by fluid shear stress undergo significant architectural and biochemical changes. The models of shear stress used to analyze the effects of loading bone cells in vitro include both oscillatory and unidirectional fluid shear profiles. Although the fluid flow profile experienced by cells within bone is most likely oscillatory in nature, to date there have been few direct comparisons of how bone cells respond to these two fluid flow profiles. In this study we evaluated morphologic and biochemical responses to a time course of unidirectional and oscillatory fluid flow in two commonly used bone cell lines, MC3T3‐E1 osteoblasts and MLO‐Y4 osteocytes. We determined that stress fibers formed and aligned within osteoblasts after 1 h of unidirectional fluid flow, but this response was not observed until greater than 5 h of oscillatory fluid flow. Despite the delay in stress fiber formation, oscillatory and unidirectional fluid flow profiles elicited similar temporal effects on the induction of both cyclooxygenase‐2 (Cox‐2) and osteopontin protein expression in osteoblasts. Interestingly, MLO‐Y4 osteocytes formed organized stress fibers after exposure to 24 h of unidirectional shear stress, while the number of dendritic processes per cell increased along with Cox‐2 protein levels after 24 h of oscillatory shear stress. Despite these differences, both flow profiles significantly altered osteopontin levels in MLO‐Y4 osteocytes. Together these results demonstrate that the profile of fluid shear can induce significantly different responses from osteoblasts and osteocytes. J. Cell. Biochem. 100: 794–807, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association of p65 and C/EBPβ with HIV‐1 LTR modulates transcription of the viral promoter
Authors: Mukerjee Ruma , Sawaya Bassel E. , Khalili Kamel , Amini Shohreh 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) latently infected cells, NF‐kappaB (NF‐κB) plays a critical role in the transcriptional induction of the HIV‐1 promoter. The trans‐activating ability of NF‐κB can be modified by another nuclear factor C/EBPβ that can physically bind to NF‐κB and regulate its activity. Because the HIV‐1 promoter also contains a C/EBPβ site adjacent to the NF‐κB site, the present study examined cooperative functional in vivo interaction of the p65 subunit of NF‐κB and C/EBPβ, and the impact of Tat in this event. We demonstrated that ectopic expression of p65 along with Tat increases p65 binding to HIV‐1 LTR, and that this increase correlates with enhanced HIV‐1 promoter activity. Further, co‐expression of C/EBPβ and Tat leads to a decrease in p65 binding, which allows C/EBPβ to bind more efficiently to the LTR. Inhibition of p65 expression by siRNA significantly decreases C/EBPβ‐binding and LTR expression. Using ChIP assay, we confirmed the existence of an interchange between p65 and C/EBPβ and their abilities to bind to the LTR in vivo. These observations demonstrate that a delicate balance of interaction between p65, C/EBPβ, and Tat can dictate the level of HIV‐1 LTR transcription. J. Cell. Biochem. 100: 1210–1216, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential regulation of cyclooxygenase‐2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase by 4‐hydroxynonenal in human osteoarthritic chondrocytes through ATF‐2/CREB‐1 transactivation and concomitant inhibition of NF‐κB signaling cascade
Authors: Vaillancourt France , Morquette Barbara , Shi Qin , Fahmi Hassan , Lavigne Patrick , Di Battista John A. , Fernandes Julio C. , Benderdour Mohamed 
Published: October 2006

Abstract4‐hydroxynonenal (HNE), a lipid peroxidation end product, is produced abundantly in osteoarthritic (OA) articular tissues and was recently identified as a potent catabolic factor in OA cartilage. In this study, we provide additional evidence that HNE acts as an inflammatory mediator by elucidating the signaling cascades targeted in OA chondrocytes leading to cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene expression. HNE induced COX‐2 protein and mRNA levels with accompanying increases in prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production. In contrast, HNE had no effect on basal iNOS expression or nitric oxide (NO) release. However, HNE strongly inhibited IL‐1β‐induced iNOS or NO production. Transient transfection experiments revealed that the ATF/CRE site (−58/−53) is essential for HNE‐induced COX‐2 promoter activation and indeed HNE induced ATF‐2 and CREB‐1 phosphorylation as well as ATF/CRE binding activity. Overexpression of p38 MAPK enhanced the HNE‐induced ATF/CRE luciferase reporter plasmid activation, COX‐2 synthesis and promoter activity. HNE abrogated IL‐1β‐induced iNOS expression and promoter activity mainly through NF‐κB site (−5,817/−5,808) possibly via suppression of IKKα‐induced IκBα phosphorylation and NF‐κB/p65 nuclear translocation. Upon examination of upstream signaling components, we found that IKKα was inactivated through HNE/IKKα adduct formation. Taken together, these findings illustrate the central role played by HNE in the regulation of COX‐2 and iNOS in OA. The aldehyde induced selectively COX‐2 expression via ATF/CRE activation and inhibited iNOS via IKKα inactivation. J. Cell. Biochem. 100: 1217–1231, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interaction of polyamine gene vectors with RNA leads to the dissociation of plasmid DNA‐carrier complexes
Authors: Huth Stephanie , Hoffmann Florian , von Gersdorff Katharina , Laner Andreas , Reinhardt Dietrich , Rosenecker Joseph , Rudolph Carsten 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBackgroundPlasmid DNA (pDNA) dissociation from polyamine gene vectors after cellular uptake has not been well characterized. A more detailed understanding of this process could lead to more efficient gene transfer agents. Since RNA is present in the cytoplasm at high concentrations and due to its structural similarity to DNA, we were interested in its conceivable interaction with polyamine gene vectors.MethodsIn a first set of experiments gene vectors were incubated in cell lysate and pDNA release was investigated by Southern blot analysis with or without RNase A pretreatment and by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Further, interaction of polyamine gene vectors with RNA was investigated by fluorescence quenching assay. These methods were complemented by a functionality assay using isolated nuclei.ResultsThe incubation of gene vectors with cell lysate resulted in the dissociation of pDNA from the complexes. This effect was abolished when the cell lysate was pretreated with RNase A. The addition of RNA in the absence of cell lysate led also to a dissociation of pDNA. This process commenced instantaneously after the addition of RNA as analyzed by fluorescence quenching. When gene vectors were incubated in cell lysate containing isolated nuclei, the dissociation of pDNA from the polyamine gene vectors occurred preferentially extranuclearally as confirmed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. These results were further corroborated in a functional assay.ConclusionsThese data suggest that RNA induces pDNA dissociation from the polyamine gene vectors. Furthermore, this process apparently occurs in the cytoplasm before the gene vectors enter the nucleus. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of [18F]‐labeled N‐3(substituted) thymidine analogues: N‐3([18F]fluorobutyl) thymidine ([18F]‐FBT) and N‐3([18F]fluoropentyl) thymidine ([18F]‐FPT) for PET
Authors: Alauddin Mian M. , Ghosh Pradip , Gelovani Juri G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSyntheses of N‐3(substituted) analogues of thymidine, N‐3([18F]fluorobutyl)thymidine ([18F]‐FBT) and N‐3([18F]fluoropentyl)thymidine ([18F]‐FPT) are reported. 1,4‐Butane diol and 1,5 pentane diol were converted to their tosyl derivatives 2 and 3 followed by conversion to benzoate esters 4 and 5, respectively. Protected thymidine 1 was coupled separately with 4 and 5 to produce 6 and 7, which were hydrolyzed to 8 and 9, then converted to their mesylates 10 and 11, respectively. Compounds 10 and 11 were fluorinated with n‐Bu4N[18F] to produce 12 and 13, which by acid hydrolysis yielded 14 and 15, respectively. The crude products were purified by HPLC to obtain [18F]‐FBT and [18F]‐FPT. The radiochemical yields were 58–65% decay corrected (d.c.) for 14 and 46–57% (d.c.) for 15 with an average of 56% in three runs per compound. Radiochemical purity was >99% and specific activity was >74 GBq/µmol at the end of synthesis (EOS). The synthesis time was 65–75 min from the end of bombardment (EOB). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection of hepatic metastases using ferucarbotran‐enhanced MR imaging: Feasibility and diagnostic accuracy of three‐dimensional sensitivity‐encoding water‐excitation multishot echo‐planar sequence (3D‐SWEEP)
Authors: Mori Kensaku , Takahashi Nobuyuki , Hiratsuka Makiko , Shiigai Masanari , Minami Manabu , Oda Tatsuya , Ohkohchi Nobuhiro , Morishita Yukio 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of a ferucarbotran‐enhanced three‐dimensional sensitivity‐encoding water‐excitation multishot echo‐planar sequence (3D‐SWEEP) for detecting hepatic metastases compared to a T2*‐weighted fast field‐echo (FFE) sequence.Materials and MethodsTwenty‐five consecutive patients with hepatic metastases underwent ferucarbotran‐enhanced MRI on a 1.5‐T unit before hepatic resections. Eighty‐two foci of metastases were confirmed by histopathology or intraoperative ultrasonography (US). Signal‐intensity decay (SID), tumor‐to‐liver contrast (TLC), and image quality were compared between T2*‐weighted FFE and 3D‐SWEEP. Three independent observers reviewed three imaging sets: set 1, without 3D‐SWEEP or T2*‐weighted FFE; set 2, with T2*‐weighted FFE; and set 3, with 3D‐SWEEP. The mean values of areas under alternative free response receiver operating characteristic curves (Az) and sensitivities were compared among the three sets.ResultsSID and TLC were significantly greater for 3D‐SWEEP than T2*‐weighted FFE, although 3D‐SWEEP had poorer image quality. The mean Az and sensitivity were significantly greater for set 3 compared to set 1 for detecting overall lesions, and compared to sets 1 and 2 for detecting lesions of 1–2 cm in diameter.ConclusionDespite relatively prominent artifacts, ferucarbotran‐enhanced 3D‐SWEEP was more sensitive and accurate than T2*‐weighted FFE for detecting hepatic metastases. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Production of detoxified sorghum straw hydrolysates for fermentative purposes
Authors: Sepúlveda‐Huerta Erisema , Tellez‐Luis Simón J , Bocanegra‐García Virgilio , Ramírez José A. , Vázquez Manuel 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSorghum straw can be hydrolysed to obtain monosaccharide solutions, mainly containing xylose. The usual biotechnological application of xylose is its bioconversion to xylitol. The global process from straw to xylitol can give an added value to the sorghum straw. The process has the following sequential steps: reduction of size, acid hydrolysis, neutralization, detoxification, fermentation, recovery and purification. This work deals with the optimization of the detoxification process of sorghum straw hydrolysates with activated charcoal. The variables evaluated were pH (1–5), contact time (20–60 min) and activated charcoal charge (20–33 g kg−1). Mathematical models were obtained through a factorial experimental design. The models suggest that optimal conditions for detoxification are pH 1, contact time of 29 min and a charcoal charge of 33 g kg−1. These conditions allowed hydrolysates with 54.2 g xylose L−1, 13.5 g glucose L−1, 12 g arabinose L−1, 0.2 g furfural L−1 and 0.0 g acetic acid L−1 to be obtained. The results suggest that performing the detoxification step before the neutralization step gave the best outcome. Fermentations by Candida parapsilosis NRRL Y‐2315 were performed and it was confirmed that the treated hydrolysate is suitable for xylitol production, yielding up to 17 g L−1 of this polyol. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Use of specific Green's functions for solving direct problems involving a heterogeneous rigid frame porous medium slab solicited by acoustic waves
Authors: Groby J.‐P. , De Ryck L. , Leclaire P. , Wirgin A. , Lauriks W. , Gilbert R. P. , Xu Y. S. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA domain integral method employing a specific Green's function (i.e. incorporating some features of the global problem of wave propagation in an inhomogeneous medium) is developed for solving direct and inverse scattering problems relative to slab‐like macroscopically inhomogeneous porous obstacles. It is shown how to numerically solve such problems, involving both spatially‐varying density and compressibility, by means of an iterative scheme initialized with a Born approximation. A numerical solution is obtained for a canonical problem involving a two‐layer slab. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the existence of solutions to the Navier–Stokes–Poisson equations of a two‐dimensional compressible flow
Authors: Zhang Yinghui , Tan Zhong 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn this paper, we consider the Navier–Stokes–Poisson equations for compressible, barotropic flow in two space dimensions. We introduce useful tools from the theory of Orlicz spaces. Then we prove the existence of globally defined finite energy weak solutions for the pressure satisfying p(ϱ)=aϱlogd (ϱ) for large ϱ. Here d>1 and a>0. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Precise synthesis of well‐defined dendrimer‐like star‐branched polymers by iterative methodology based on living anionic polymerization
Authors: Hirao Akira , Sugiyama Kenji , Tsunoda Yuji , Matsuo Akira , Watanabe Takumi 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDendrimer‐like star‐branched polymers recently developed as a new class of hyperbranched polymers, which resemble well‐known dendrimers in branched architecture, but comprise polymer chains between junctions, are reviewed in this highlight article. In particular, we focus on the precise synthesis of various dendrimer‐like star‐branched polymers and block copolymers by the recently developed methodology based on iterative divergent approach using living anionic polymers and 1,1‐bis(3‐tert‐butyldimethylsilyloxymethylphenyl)ethylene. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 6659–6687, 2006
Selected Topics in CVD Diamond Research
Authors: Koizumi Satoshi , Nebel Christoph E. , Nesladek Milos 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSince the discovery of Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) diamond growth in 1976, the steady scientific progress often resulted in surprising new discoveries and breakthroughs. This brought us to the idea to publish the special issue “Selected Topics in CVD Diamond Research” in physica status solidi (a), reflecting such advancements and interesting results at the leading edge of diamond research.The present issue summarizes this progress in the CVD diamond field by selecting contributions from several areas such as superconductivity, super‐excitonic radiation, quantum computing, bio‐functionalization, surface electronic properties, the nature of phosphorus doping, transport properties in high energy detectors, CVD growth and properties of nanocrystalline diamond. In all these directions CVD diamond appears to be very competitive in comparison with other semiconducting materials.As Editors of this special issue, we must admit that the selection is biased by our opinion. Nonetheless, we are sure that each contribution introduces new ideas and results which will improve the understanding of the current level of physics and chemistry of this attractive wide‐bandgap semiconductor and which will help to bring it closer to applications.All submissions were invited based on the contributions of the authors to their specific research field. The Feature Articles have the format of topical reviews to give the reader a comprehensive summary. Partially, however, they are written in research paper style to report new results of ongoing research.We hope that this issue will attract the attention of a broad community of scientists and engineers, and that it will facilitate the utilization of diamond in electronic applications and technologies of the future.
A Rabbit Langendorff Heart Proarrhythmia Model: Predictive Value for Clinical Identification of Torsades de Pointes
Authors: Lawrence C L , Bridgland‐Taylor M H , Pollard C E , Hammond T G , Valentin J‐P 
Published: October 2006

Background and purpose:The rabbit isolated Langendorff heart model (SCREENIT) was used to investigate the proarrhythmic potential of a range of marketed drugs or drugs intended for market. These data were used to validate the SCREENIT model against clinical outcomes.Experimental approach:Fifty‐five drugs, 3 replicates and 2 controls were tested in a blinded manner. Proarrhythmia variables included a 10% change in MAPD60, triangulation, instability and reverse frequency‐dependence of the MAP. Early after‐depolarisations, ventricular tachycardia, TdP and ventricular fibrillation were noted. Data are reported at nominal concentrations relative to EFTPCmax. Proarrhythmic scores were assigned to each drug and each drug category.Key results:Category 1 and 2 drugs have the highest number of proarrhythmia variables and overt proarrhythmia while Category 5 drugs have the lowest, at every margin. At 30‐fold the EFTPCmax, the mean proarrhythmic scores are: Category 1, 101±24; Category 2, 101±14; Category 3, 72±20; Category 4, 59±16 and Category 5, 22±9 points. Only drugs in Category 5 have mean proarrhythmic scores, below 30‐fold, that remain within the Safety Zone.Conclusions and Implications:A 30‐fold margin between effects and EFTPCmax is sufficiently stringent to provide confidence to proceed with a new chemical entity, without incurring the risk of eliminating potentially beneficial drugs. The model is particularly useful where compounds have small margins between the hERG IC50 and predicted EFTPCmax. These data suggest this is a robust and reliable assay that can add value to an integrated QT/TdP risk assessment.British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 149, 845–860. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706894
‘Neither Fish nor Fowl’? The Correspondence of Lorenzo Valerio, 1825–1849
Authors: Thom Martin 
Published: October 2006

Lorenzo Valerio (1810–1865), though a key figure in Piedmontese and Italian politics, a newspaper editor of note and a leading light of both the Associazione Agraria and the Associazione Italo-Slava, has not been accorded in recent years the attention he merits. With the publication, however, of the first four volumes of his correspondence, it is now possible to map more precisely Valerio's activities and influence, in Risorgimento Italy and far beyond it. These letters provide their principal editor, Adriano Viarengo, with the opportunity to review a number of crucial historiographical questions in Risorgimento scholarship, among them, the nature of moderate hegemony, the political vision of the Sinistra subalpina, and the complex relations between Italian patriots and Slav Romantic nationalists active within the Austrian Empire. This article is designed both to portray Valerio and his world, and to reflect upon the contribution Viarengo has made, whether in his introductions to the correspondence or in his ancillary essays, to the study of the Risorgimento.‘… a good enough sort, but neither fish nor fowl …’ Giuseppe Mazzini [Letter, 6 March 1851, to his mother]
Rapid Growth in Infancy
Authors: Weaver Lawrence T. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTLow birth weight is associated with a number of immediate adverse consequences, and it has been assumed that "catch‐up" growth is a "good thing" because "better" nutritional status is associated with greater childhood health and survival. The same thinking applies to infants who suffer malnutrition and growth faltering during weaning. Recent studies suggest that the rapid postnatal growth of babies is associated with an enhanced risk for obesity, diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease and osteopenia in later life. If this is true, it has implications for our recommendations for infant feeding. Insights from evolutionary biology, life cycle theory, animal husbandry, epidemiology and comparative zoology suggest that the energetic feeding of underweight infants should be considered in the context of the whole life cycle and balance the interests of the child with its likely fortunes in adulthood. Before we revise our current recommendations, we must consider the meaning of catch‐up growth, what it involves in terms of tissues gained (fat, muscle and bone) and to what degree association represents causation. In the meantime, it will be prudent to balance the short‐ and long‐term interests of the child by endeavoring to (1) optimize maternal nutrition and health, to avoid low birth weight, (2) breast‐feed ideally, (3) consider birth weight, gestation and future "nutritional environment" when making decisions about infant feeding, (4) use appropriate growth charts, (5) avoid excessive postnatal weight gain, (6) think about the whole life span and (7) extrapolate from animal studies cautiously.