bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationship between insulin sensitivity and the triglyceride–HDL-C ratio in overweight and obese postmenopausal women: a MONET study
Authors: Karelis Antony D. , Pasternyk Stephanie M. , Messier Lyne , St-Pierre David H. , Lavoie Jean-Marc , Garrel Dominique , Rabasa-Lhoret Rémi 
Published: November 2007

The objective of this cross-sectional study was to examine the relationship between the triglyceride–HDL-cholesterol ratio (TG:HDL-C) and insulin sensitivity in overweight and obese sedentary postmenopausal women. The study population consisted of 131 non-diabetic overweight and obese sedentary postmenopausal women (age; 57.7 ± 5.0 y; body mass index (BMI), 32.2 ± 4.3 kg/m2). Subjects were characterized by dividing the entire cohort into tertiles based on the TG:HDL-C (T1 < 0.86 vs. T2= 0.86 to 1.35 vs. T3 > 1.35, respectively). We measured (i) insulin sensitivity (using the hyperinsulinenic–euglycemic clamp and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA)), (ii) body composition (using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), (iii) visceral fat (using computed tomography), (iv) plasma lipids, C-reactive protein, 2 h glucose concentration during an oral glucose tolerance test (2 h glucose), as well as fasting glucose and insulin, (v) peak oxygen consumption, and (vi) lower-body muscle strength (using weight training equipment). Significant correlations were observed between the TG:HDL-C and the hyperinsulinemic–euglycemic clamp (r = –0.45; p < 0.0001), as well as with HOMA (r = 0.42; p < 0.0001). Moreover, the TG:HDL-C significantly correlated with lean body mass, visceral fat, 2 h glucose, C-reactive protein, and muscle strength. Stepwise regression analysis showed that the TG:HDL-C explained 16.4% of the variation in glucose disposal in our cohort, which accounted for the greatest source of unique variance. Other independent predictors of glucose disposal were 2 h glucose (10.1%), C-reactive protein (CRP; 7.6%), and peak oxygen consumption (5.8%), collectively (including the TG:HDL-C) explaining 39.9% of the unique variance. In addition, the TG:HDL-C was the second predictor for HOMA, accounting for 11.7% of the variation. High levels of insulin sensitivity were associated with low levels of the TG:HDL-C. In addition, the TG:HDL-C was a predictor for glucose disposal rates and HOMA values in our cohort of overweight and obese postmenopausal women.
New oral fat tolerance tests feature tailoring of the polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratio to elicit a specific postprandial response
Authors: Dekker Mark J. , Wright Amanda J. , Mazurak Vera C. , Graham Terry E. , Marangoni Alejandro G. , Robinson Lindsay E. 
Published: November 2007

The impact of dietary fat on postprandial metabolic biomarkers for obesity-related chronic diseases, such as type-2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, has received significant recent attention. However, there is no standard method to evaluate the postprandial response to dietary fat alone. Our goals were to develop a novel oral fat tolerance test (OFTT) consisting solely of emulsified lipids tailored for specific fatty acid compositions and to evaluate the functionality of specific ratios of polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acid (P/S) loading on postprandial triacylglyceride (TAG) concentrations. Two OFTTs of emulsified lipids were prepared with specific P/S ratios of 0.2 and 2.0. Physical characteristics of the fat blends, including TAG composition, melting point, and emulsion droplet size were quantified. Healthy, older (age > 45 y) men (n = 8) underwent an 8 h postprandial study wherein they received the OFTT treatment (either the P/S ratio of 0.2 or 2.0), with a total lipid load of 1 g/kg subject body mass. All subjects received both treatments separated by at least 1 week. Both the P/S 0.2 and 2.0 OFTT significantly elevated (p < 0.05) blood TAG and free fatty acid concentrations for 8 h without increasing blood glucose or serum insulin concentrations. The predominant fatty acids contained in the P/S 0.2 (palmitic acid, 16:0) and 2.0 (linoleic acid, 18:2(n–6)) OFTT blends were significantly elevated in the blood (p < 0.05) during their respective postprandial periods. We concluded that blood TAGs are elevated in a specific pattern through the administration of novel OFTTs with specific P/S blends without eliciting an insulin or glucose response.
Rat hindlimb unloading down-regulates insulin like growth factor-1 signaling and AMP-activated protein kinase, and leads to severe atrophy of the soleus muscle
Authors: Han Bing , Zhu Mei J. , Ma Changwei , Du Min 
Published: November 2007

Inactivity is known to induce muscle atrophy, which is associated with insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) resistance, but the associated mechanisms remain poorly defined. The hindlimb unloading model has been used to reduce muscle activity. The objective of this study was to show the effect of hindlimb unloading on IGF-1 signaling and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity in rat soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles. Twelve 7-week-old male Sprague–Dawley rats were assigned to 2 treatments: (i) rats without hindlimb unloading (Con) and (ii) rats with hindlimb unloading (Unload). After 2 weeks of treatment, the soleus and EDL muscles were dissected and used for biochemical analyses. Hindlimb unloading induced severe muscle atrophy in soleus muscle (0.122 ± 0.007 g for Con vs. 0.031 ± 0.004 g for Unload, p < 0.01), but only slight atrophy in EDL muscle. The phosphorylation of AMPK (p < 0.05) and its downstream substrate, acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) (p < 0.01) were reduced in soleus muscle due to unloading. The concentration of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and phosphorylation of IRS-1 at Ser636–639and Ser789were also reduced. Downstream IGF-1 signaling was downregulated in Unload rats. A reduction in IGF-1 concentration in unloaded soleus muscle was also observed. A slight reduction in AMPK activity and IGF-1 signaling were observed in EDL muscle. Since AMPK controls the sensitivity of IGF-1 signaling through phosphorylation at Ser789, the reduction in AMPK activity is expected to reduce the response of downstream IGF-1 signaling to IGF-1; this, in combination with reduced IGF-1 concentration, might be responsible for the severe muscle atrophy observed in unloaded soleus muscle.
Physical activity of Aboriginal people in CanadaThis article is part of a supplement entitledAdvancing physical activity measurement and guidelines in Canada: a scientific review and evidence-based foundation for the future of Canadian physical activity guidelinesco-published byApplied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolismand theCanadian Journal of Public Health. It may be cited as Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 32(Suppl. 2E) or as Can. J. Public Health 98(Suppl. 2).
Authors: Young T. Kue , Katzmarzyk Peter T. 
Published: November 2007

This paper summarizes available information on patterns of physical activity, their determinants and consequences, and the results of various interventions designed to increase the physical activity of Aboriginal peoples in Canada and the United States. There is a paucity of national data on this issue for Aboriginal peoples. The most recent data, from the First Nations Regional Longitudinal Health Survey of 2002–2003, indicate that 21% of adults (27% of men, 15% of women) were engaging in at least 30 min of moderate to vigorous physical activity on 4 d/week or more. The present paper highlights the unique challenges this group faces, underlining the need to integrate collective knowledge regarding how much physical activity is required for Aboriginal Canadians, and how this activity should be accomplished, to promote and maintain health. Efforts are currently underway to tailor Canada’s physical activity guide for First Nations, Inuit, and Métis. Future research among Aboriginal groups should examine the minimal and optimal levels of physical activity required to achieve health benefits.
A NONLINEAR DYNAMICS PERSPECTIVE OF WOLFRAM'S NEW KIND OF SCIENCE PART VII: ISLES OF EDEN
Authors: CHUA LEON O. , GUAN JUNBIAO , SBITNEV VALERY I. , SHIN JINWOOK 
Published: November 2007

This paper continues our quest to develop a rigorous analytical theory of 1-D cellular automata via a nonlinear dynamics perspective. The 18 yet uncharacterized local rules are henceforth partitioned into ten complex Bernoulliστ-shift rules and eight hyper Bernoulliστ-shift rules, the latter including such famous rules [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. All exhibit a bizarre composite wave dynamics with arbitrarily large Bernoulli velocity σ and Bernoulli return time τ as the length L → ∞. Basin tree diagrams of all ten complex Bernoulli στ-shift rules are exhibited for lengths L = 3, 4, …, 8. Superficial as it may seem, these basin tree diagrams suggest general qualitative properties which have since been proved to be true in general. Two such properties form the main results of this paper; namely, [Formula: see text] Explicit global state transition formulas are given for local rules [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. Such formulas led to the rigorous proof of several surprising periodicity constraints for rule [Formula: see text], and to the discovery of a new global, quasi-equivalence class, defined via an alternating transformation. In particular, local rules [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]are globally quasi-equivalent where corresponding space-time patterns can be derived from each other by simply complementing every other row. Another important result of this paper is the discovery of a scale-free phenomenon exhibited by the local rules [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. In particular, the period "T" of all attractors of rules [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], as well as of all isles of Eden of rules [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], increases linearly with unit slope, in logarithmic scale, with the length L.
Empire and Nation in Comparative Perspective: Frontier Administration in Eighteenth-Century China
Authors: Perdue Peter C. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractR. Bin Wong espouses the principle of symmetry in comparative analysis.35 If we are to view China through European eyes, we should equally view Europe through Chinese eyes. This leads him to develop new perspectives on both regions. What is a major focus of attention in one society may only be a minor key in another. Even though the repertory of human perceptions, administrative structures, or economic modes of production is finite, different forms take prominence in different places. What happens if we apply, even crudely, the principle of symmetry to the Qing-Ottoman comparison? An Ottoman administrator looking at the Qing would find much that was strangely familiar. The Mongolian jasak confirmed lands by the Qing look very much like yurts, "summer and winter pasturelands the limits of which were determined and were entered in the imperial registers. "36 The "feudatories" of the early Qing [sanfan] were large-scale timars. Both were grants of large territories to provincial military rulers in return for service to the state. And coerced population movements [sürgün] were prominent features of the Ottoman and Qing states.37 Both of these states, during times of expansion and conquest, chose analogous methods of controlling the newly incorporated populations. For administering conquered nomads, it was convenient to
Prophets and Profits: Gendered and Generational Visions of Wealth and Value in Senegalese Murid Households1
Authors: Buggenhagen Beth Anne 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis paper analyzes the disjuncture between the projected prosperity of male migrant traders of the Murid Sufi order and the actual ability of these traders to maintain the social relations that engender wealth. I focus on an exchange of bridewealth that ultimately resulted in a collapsed marriage to show how households are made and unmade across time and space by diasporic practices. I aim to show how two decades of neoliberal reform in Senegal have had unintended consequences for the prospects of social production. The movement of male traders into transnational trade networks to shore up a stagnant local economy and to reproduce the social and moral order has unanticipated consequences for women's authority. Women claim male earnings not only to run the household, but also to finance the family ceremonies-baptisms, marriages and funerals-and the social payments that accompany these occasions. Women also seek commodities obtained through male trade to exchange in life-cycle rituals. For women, foreign commodities, rather than undermining the production of blood ties, are the very means of making those ties a social fact. In Murid families, the rejuvenation of domestic rituals through access to male earnings abroad sets in motion the production of women-headed households and ultimately of lineages.
Of Spirit Possession and Structural Adjustment Programs: Government Downsizing, Education and Their Enchantments in Neo-Liberal Kenya
Authors: Smith James H. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis article analyzes a case of possession by spirit familiars (majini) among female students of a primary school in the Taita/Taveta District of Kenya. I explore the symbolic and historical significance of majini among the people of Taita (Wataita), examining in particular the homology among local conceptions of majini and local conceptions of money. I argue that the idea of majini has long reflected the discontents of the particular modernity that emerged in late colonial and post-colonial Taita society: in particular, the social fact of local reliance on the money earned in urban labor markets and acquired from cash crop production. Then, as now, social criticism about commercial exchange and the atrophy of relations and obligations of blood was framed in terms of gender conflict, just as debates about appropriate gender roles reflected local preoccupation with broader social-cultural transformations. I end by arguing that, if majini once expressed the insufficiencies and cruelties of modernity's articulations, the recent possession incidents speak to the unmaking of Taita modernity in the wake of global transformations associated with economic liberalization.
Useful Foils: Lessons Learned From Jews in John Wyclif's Call for Church Reform
Authors: Levy Ian Christopher 
Published: November 2007

AbstractAs an ardent advocate for Church reform in the late fourteenth century, John Wyclif found in Jewish history and practices a wealth of material upon which to draw when chastising the present Christian clerical class. Wyclif likens modern friars and prelates to the Jews of the Bible, and concludes that in their avarice and zeal for unscriptural human traditions they have in fact have proven themselves even greater enemies of Christ than the Jews themselves. Though Jews are consistently used as foils, they are not the recipients of gratuitous epithets. Noteworthy is the fact that Wyclif most often employs the term perfidia when speaking of Christian clerics rather than Jews. When he does speak of avarice, treachery, and murder on the part of the Jews those occasions are largely limited to the clerical class, and then in an effort to admonish the Christian clergy of his own day. As Wyclif read the New Testament accounts of Christ and the apostles, thereby forming his vision of an ideal Church, so he read of their adversaries and accepts them as the model for all who oppose his idealized Church.
The first English and the first Dutch printer's manual: a comparison
Authors: Janssen Frans A. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractJoseph Moxon's Mechanick exercises on the whole art of printing (1683-4) and David Wardenaar's Beschrijving der boekdrukkunst (1801) are the oldest printer's manuals for their respective language areas, whereby it must be noted that the English manual was disseminated in printed form, while the Dutch work has only been preserved in manuscript (annotated edition: 1982, 2nd edn. 1986). More than a century separates these two manuals, but the geographical distance is limited as Moxon (who spent some years in the Dutch printing world) regularly refers to Dutch techniques and practices. Except correspondences between the two manuals there are also many differences, the result amongst other things of the various backgrounds of the authors. Moxon - gentleman-printer and 'encyclopedian' - offers a purely technical description of the art of printing, while his Dutch colleague-employee (compositor, later overseer) - also attends to socio-economic aspects. Both the differences as well as the correspondences of the two manuals lead to the conclusion that a printer's manual does not reflect 'a definite' reality, which implies a warning with respect to the use made of this type of source by book historians.
Aristotle, Dynamics and Proportionality
Authors: Gregory Andrew 
Published: November 2007

AbstractWhat ought we to make of Aristotle's apparently disparate comments on bodies in motion? I argue that Aristotle is concerned with a higher level project than dynamics and that is the establishment of a coherent theory of change in general. This theory is designed to avoid the paradoxes and infinities that Aristotle finds in Eleatic, Heraclitean and atomist accounts, notably in relation to comparatives such as 'quicker' and 'slower'. This theory relies on a broad application of proportionality to all types of change, not merely those we would label 'dynamics'. To support this I argue that Aristotle denied the existence of the void and the possibility of instantaneous change, and that he could accommodate 'threshold' changes within his scheme. If this is so, then the aims of Aristotle's comments on motion become more comprehensible, and it will be understandable why Aristotle was more concerned with the application of proportionality in general rather with the investigation of specific cases in dynamics.
The Impact of Ockham's Reading of the Physics On the Mertonians and Parisian Terminists
Authors: Goddu André 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis article summarizes Ockham's interpretation of Aristotle's categories, showing how his account of connotative concepts introduced a revision in the Aristotelian doctrine about the relation between mathematics and physics. The article shows that Ockham's account influenced William of Heytesbury, John Dumbleton, and Nicholas Oresme to re-interpret disciplinary relations and disciplinary boundaries. They did so, however, in ways compatible with other basic principles of Aristotelian philosophy of nature; nevertheless, their modifications of the Aristotelian account of mathematics stimulated later philosophers to construct robust theories of mathematics compatible with modern mathematical physics.
Recent Movements in Pastoral Theology
Authors: De Jong Van Arkel Jan 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe article maps the major trends and movements in the field of pastoral care and counselling and pastoral theology during the last ten years as they are reflected in publications. The areas which receive focused attention are the influence of and response to postmodern culture; renewed interest in ethical problems and the way these are attended to; the phenomenal contributions by feminist and womanist pastoral theologians; the much more prominent use of theological language rather than psychological jargon; renewed interest in the importance of pastoral anthropology; the recurring theme of spirituality; the attention given to the communal and contextual aspects of pastoral work; the effort to recognise the importance of making provision for congregational pastoral counselling; and the new emphasis on narrative and outcomes-based models of pastoral counselling. A model is proposed for pastoral work which recognises four distinct forms of care: mutual care, pastoral care, pastoral counselling and pastoral therapy.
Philosophische Und Theologische Grundprobleme Beim Verstehen Des Südafrikanischen Versöhnungsprozesses
Authors: Wüstenberg Ralf K. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIn this article the work of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission is evaluated against three main criticisms. The first concerns the conception of truth underlying the work of the TRC. The second concerns the difficult issue of reconciliation and its concomitant manifestations of amnesty and forgiveness. The third criticism concerns the question about the nature of the justice established through the work of the TRC. This is then theologically evaluated with reference to the work of Dietrich Bonhoeffer and Dietrich Ritschl.
Africism. a Response To the Onomastic Plight of African Religion
Authors: Lugira Aloysius M. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractFor many centuries the autochthonal religion of African peoples have been subjected to a variety of misnomers. This has resulted in the fact of the marginalization of the religions ofAfricans. This paper aims at sensitizing the reader about the issue in order to help check the perpetuation of such marginalization of the religion ofAfrica. In our time, notable personalities and institutions interested in world religions and interreligious dialogue, have expressed the need of an appropriately consolidated and objective designation for the autochthonal religion of Africa. This paper submits that an objectively and creatively established name can be arrived at by a geo-ontological approach. As we turn a new leaf in a new millennium, Africism is hereby submitted as the appropriately consolidated and objective name of the essence and manifestations of the autochthonal religion of Africa.
Mapping Current South African Jesus Research: the Schweitzerstrasse, the Wredebahn and Cultural Bundubashing
Authors: Craffert Pieter F. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractWright'.s well-known distinction between the Schweitzerstrasse (the third questers) and the Wredebahn (the Jesus Seminar) in historical Jesus research is supplemented by a third approach, referred to as cultural bundubashing, which describes an interpretive, interdisciplinary and cross-cultural approach to historiography. An analytical distinction is made between these three trends which, like the roads in South Africa: toll roads (the Wredebahn), alternative routes (the Schweltzerstrasse) and off-road travelling (cultural bundubashing), offer divergent driving experiences, alternative perspectives on the same scenery and often unique features and scenes. Current South African contributions to historical Jesus research are mapped according to this grid.
The Seduction of Self-Control: Hermas and the Problem of Desire
Authors: Wudel B. Diane 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIn both narrative passages and ethical precepts, the early Christian text The Shepherd of Hermas places great emphasis on the virtue of enkrateia, self-control or self-restraint. At the same time, surprisingly erotic elements appear, beginning with an opening scene in which Hermas observes a woman of beauty and character emerging from her bath. Epithumia, desire, is immediately problematized. Though the text?s continuing interplay between motifs of desire and self-restraint at times seems clumsy, one can argue that it is nevertheless coherent and linked to the text?s depiction of masculinity. In the end, The Shepherd of Hermas seems to narrate the key task in Christian self-formation not as the suppression or repression of desire, but as the exercise of techniques of self scrutiny that lead to the seductions of self-control, the luxuriousness of virtue, the manly surrender to holy desire.