bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Relation to Body Composition in a Chinese Rural Population
Authors: Feng Yan , Hong Xiumei , Li Zhiping , Zhang Wenbin , Jin Delai , Liu Xue , Zhang Yan , Hu Frank B. , Wei Lee‐Jen , Zang Tonghua , Xu Xiping , Xu Xin 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) with three different working definitions in a rural Chinese population and to examine its relation to body composition.Research Methods and Procedures: A total of 18,630 adults 25 to 64 years old (mean age, 45.8 years; 51.2% men) from 5686 families were enrolled from Anhui province of China during 2004 to 2005. Anthropometric measurement, body composition, blood pressure, plasma lipids, and fasting glucose and insulin and a questionnaire‐based interview were obtained from each participant. Three different working definitions for MetS, including the U.S. National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel III, a modified Adult Treatment Panel III that adopts the World Health Organization's criterion for central obesity in Asian populations, and one recently proposed by the International Diabetes Federation, were used in the study.Results: According to the three definitions, the age‐adjusted prevalence of MetS for adults 25 to 64 years old was 3.2%, 4.9%, and 3.9% in men and 7.2%, 11.5%, and 10.9% in women, respectively. MetS prevalence increases significantly with age in women, but not in men. Body fat percentage and BMI and waist circumference were significantly associated with each component of MetS, especially with triglyceride level, insulin resistance index, and number of MetS components (r = 0.28 to 0.49).Discussion: The age‐adjusted prevalence of MetS in our study population is lower than that reported in other urban Chinese populations. Significant gender differences in MetS prevalence were observed. The waist circumference is a good surrogate for abdominal fat percentage.
Influence of Metabolic Syndrome on Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Obese Adults
Authors: Van Guilder Gary P. , Hoetzer Greta L. , Greiner Jared J. , Stauffer Brian L. , DeSouza Christopher A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Both obesity and the metabolic syndrome (MetS) have been independently linked with increased oxidative and inflammatory stress. This study tested the hypothesis that obesity with MetS is associated with greater oxidative and inflammatory burden compared with obesity alone.Research Methods and Procedures: Forty‐eight normal‐weight and 40 obese (20 without MetS; 20 with MetS) adults were studied. MetS was defined according to National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. Plasma concentrations of oxidized low‐density lipoprotein, C‐reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor‐α, interleukin (IL)‐6, and IL‐18 were determined by enzyme immunoassay.Results: Plasma biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation were lowest in normal‐weight controls. Of note, obese MetS adults demonstrated significantly higher plasma concentrations of oxidized low‐density lipoprotein (62.3 ± 3.2 vs. 54.0 ± 4.0 U/L; p < 0.05), C‐reactive protein (3.0 ± 0.6 vs. 1.5 ± 0.3 mg/L; p < 0.01), tumor necrosis factor‐α (2.1 ± 0.1 vs. 1.6 ± 0.1 pg/mL; p < 0.05), IL‐6 (2.8 ± 0.4 vs. 1.4 ± 0.2 pg/mL; p < 0.01), and IL‐18 (253 ± 16 vs. 199 ± 16 pg/mL; p < 0.01), compared with obese adults without MetS.Discussion: These results suggest that MetS heightens oxidative stress and inflammatory burden in obese adults. Increased oxidative and inflammatory stress may contribute to the greater risk of coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular disease in obese adults with MetS.
Increase of Neuronal Histamine in Obese Rats Is Associated with Decreases in Body Weight and Plasma Triglycerides
Authors: Malmlöf Kjell , Golozoubova Valeria , Peschke Bernd , Wulff Birgitte S. , Refsgaard Hanne H.F. , Johansen Peter B. , Cremers Thomas , Rimvall Karin 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective:The purpose of the present study was to examine the metabolic effects of a specific histamine H3receptor antagonist, the cinnamic amide NNC 0038‐0000‐1202 (NNC 38‐1202).Research Methods and Procedures:Effects of NNC 38‐1202 on paraventricular levels of histamine and acute effects on food intake were followed in normal rats, whereas effects on body weight homeostasis and lipid metabolism were studied in a rat model of diet‐induced obesity (DIO).Results:NNC 38‐1202, administered as single oral doses of 15 and 30 mg/kg, significantly (p< 0.01) increased paraventricular histamine by 339 ± 54% and 403 ± 105%, respectively, compared with basal levels. The same doses produced significant (p< 0.01) reductions in food intake. In DIO rats receiving NNC 38‐1202 in a daily dose of 5 mg/kg for 22 days, a decrease in food intake was associated with a significant (p< 0.001) net loss of body weight (−11.0 ± 4.8 grams), compared with rats receiving vehicle, which gained 13.6 ± 3.0 grams. Also, NNC 38‐1202 significantly (p< 0.05) reduced plasma triglycerides by ∼42%, in parallel with increases in plasma free fatty acids and β‐hydroxybutyrate levels. Despite reductions in food intake and body weight following administration of NNC 38‐1202, no sign of a decrease in energy expenditure was observed, and whole‐body lipid oxidation was significantly (p< 0.05) increased in the period after dosing.Discussion:The present study suggests that antagonistic targeting of the histamine H3receptor decreases food intake, body weight, and plasma TG levels and, thus, represents an interesting approach to treatment of obesity and associated hyperlipidemia.
Comparison of Metabolic Risk Factors between Severely and Very Severely Obese Patients
Authors: Wolf Anna M. , Buffington Cynthia , Beisiegel Ulrike 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: A prospective clinical intervention study was performed to estimate the metabolic risk factors in patients with very severe obesity (VSO) vs. severe obesity (SO).Research Methods and Procedures: Two hundred twenty‐eight VSO (BMI ≥ 50 kg/m2) and 221 SO patients (BMI = 40 to 49.9 kg/m2) participated in the study (367 women and 82 men). Metabolic measurements included plasma lipids, glucose and insulin, hemoglobin A1c, leptin, and sex hormones, as well as hepatic steatosis in a subgroup of patients. Subgroups of patients with non–insulin‐dependent diabetes and hyperlipidemia (HLP) were examined.Results: The most unexpected result of our study was that VSO men showed significantly better lipid profiles than SO men. Furthermore, 18% of VSO men had no metabolic aberrations, whereas all SO men did. The advantageous metabolic status of VSO men was associated with sex hormone changes that favor gynoid fat distribution. The beneficial metabolic situation with VSO seems to be sex specific for men.Discussion: This study shows that the metabolic situation in VSO is not more severe than in the less obese cohort. These findings distinctly differ from the positive associations that have previously been reported between BMI, lipids, and other metabolic indices among individuals whose BMI is <40 kg/m2.
A Workplace Intervention to Promote Stair Climbing: Greater Effects in the Overweight
Authors: Eves Frank F. , Webb Oliver J. , Mutrie Nanette 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Stair climbing is a lifestyle physical activity that uses more calories per minute than jogging. This study tested an intervention designed to promote stair climbing in a workplace. Because previous studies provide only equivocal evidence of the effects of increased stair climbing in worksites, a formal comparison of the effects of the intervention on stair ascent and descent was made.Research Methods and Procedures: In a five‐story public sector building, a 2‐week baseline was followed by 6 weeks of an intervention involving a 23½‐ × 16½‐inch poster in the lobby, the same poster and six messages affixed to the stair risers between floors, and an 11¾‐ × 8¼‐inch point‐of‐choice prompt at the elevators. Stair and elevator choices (n = 26,806) were videotaped throughout and subsequently coded for direction of travel, traveler's sex, and traveler's load. Weight status was coded using silhouettes beside the computer monitor.Results: A significant effect of the intervention on stair climbing was greater in those coded as overweight (+5.4%; odds ratio = 1.33) than in individuals of normal weight (+2.5%; odds ratio = 1.12). Although stair descent was more common than ascent, the intervention had similar effects for both directions of travel.Discussion: Stair climbing at work has few barriers and seems to be a type of physical activity that is acceptable to overweight individuals. The relatively weak effect of workplace interventions compared with results for public access staircases may reflect uncontrolled effects such as the immediate availability of the elevator for the traveler.
Physical Activity Compliance: Differences between Overweight/Obese and Normal‐Weight Adults
Authors: Davis Jaimie N. , Hodges Valerie A. , Gillham M. Beth 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjectives: Comparisons of physical activity measured by accelerometers in overweight/obese adults and their normal‐weight counterparts are limited. Compliance with the 2002 Institute of Medicine (IOM) exercise recommendations for 60 minutes of moderate‐intensity exercise daily has not been reported. The purpose of this study was to compare physical activity, as measured by accelerometers, in overweight/obese adults vs. normal‐weight controls and to assess compliance with recommendations for physical activity by the IOM in 2002 and by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American College of Sports Medicine in 1995 for 30 minutes of moderate‐intensity activity, preferably all days of the week.Research Methods and Procedures: Sixty‐two overweight/obese subjects, BMI ≥ 25, included 31 adults, 12 men and 19 women, 25 to 69 years old, and their normal‐weight controls, BMI 18.5 to 24.9, matched for gender, age, and height. Body composition was assessed using DXA. Physical activity was measured with Actigraph accelerometers (MTI, Fort Walton Beach, FL) worn by each participant for 7 consecutive days.Results: Accelerometry data indicated that overweight/obese adults recorded ∼60 counts per minute less per day and spent 21 minutes less engaged in moderate or greater intensity activity than their normal‐weight counterparts. Although 71% to 94% of those studied met 1995 recommendations, only 13% of overweight/obese subjects and 26% of normal‐weight participants met 2002 exercise recommendations.Discussion: These results suggest that daily minutes spent in moderate‐intensity activity or greater are associated with weight status and that the 2002 IOM recommendations may be difficult to meet even for normal‐weight individuals.
Smoking during Pregnancy and Offspring Fat and Lean Mass in Childhood
Authors: Leary Sam D. , Smith George Davey , Rogers Imogen S. , Reilly John J. , Wells Jonathan C.K. , Ness Andy R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Maternal smoking during pregnancy has been shown to be associated with obesity in the offspring, but findings have been based mainly on BMI, which is derived from height and weight. This study examined the association between maternal and partner smoking during pregnancy and offspring total fat, truncal fat, and lean mass in childhood.Research Methods and Procedures: Analysis was based on 5689 white singletons born in 1991–1992 and enrolled in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, with maternal smoking data recorded for at least one trimester in pregnancy and their own body composition assessed by DXA at mean age 9.9 years.Results: Smoking at any time during pregnancy was associated with higher offspring BMI [0.18 (95% confidence interval, 0.12 to 0.25) standard deviation units] and total fat mass [0.17 (95% confidence interval, 0.12 to 0.23) standard deviation units], after adjustment for age, sex, height, and height squared for total fat mass. These associations were not attenuated by adjustment for the confounding factors that were measured. Maternal smoking was also associated with lean mass and, to a lesser extent, truncal fat mass. Associations with partner's smoking were in the same direction but weaker than those of the mother's for all outcomes.Discussion: Maternal smoking at any time during pregnancy is associated with higher offspring total fat mass at mean age 9.9 years. However, as the associations with partner smoking were only a little weaker than those with maternal smoking, confounding by social factors rather than a direct effect of maternal smoking is a possible explanation.
Is Visceral Fat Involved in the Pathogenesis of the Metabolic Syndrome? Human Model
Authors: Jensen Michael D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To review the evidence for and against the role of visceral adipose tissue as a major contributor to the metabolic complications of obesity through abnormal regulation of lipolysis.Research Methods and Procedures: Data from investigators in the field who have studied visceral adiposity and metabolic health and/or regional and systemic free fatty acid (FFA) release were considered.Results: Although visceral fat mass was positively correlated with adverse health consequences and excess FFA availability, visceral fat was not the source of excess systemic FFA availability. Upper body non‐visceral fat contributes the majority of FFAs in lean, obese, diabetic, and non‐diabetic humans. Increasing amounts of visceral fat probably result in greater hepatic FFA delivery.Discussion: Systemic, as opposed to hepatic, insulin resistance is unlikely to be caused by high rates of visceral adipose tissue lipolysis.
Metabolic Syndrome: Adenosine Monophosphate‐activated Protein Kinase and Malonyl Coenzyme A
Authors: Ruderman Neil B. , Saha Asish K. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe metabolic syndrome can be defined as a state of metabolic dysregulation characterized by insulin resistance, central obesity, and a predisposition to type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, premature atherosclerosis, and other diseases. An increasing body of evidence has linked the metabolic syndrome to abnormalities in lipid metabolism that ultimately lead to cellular dysfunction. We review here the hypothesis that, in many instances, the cause of these lipid abnormalities could be a dysregulation of the adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase (AMPK)/malonyl coenzyme A (CoA) fuel‐sensing and signaling mechanism. Such dysregulation could be reflected by isolated increases in malonyl CoA or by concurrent changes in malonyl CoA and AMPK, both of which would alter intracellular fatty acid partitioning. The possibility is also raised that pharmacological agents and other factors that activate AMPK and/or decrease malonyl CoA could be therapeutic targets.
Night Eating Syndrome and Binge Eating Disorder among Persons Seeking Bariatric Surgery: Prevalence and Related Features
Authors: Allison Kelly C. , Wadden Thomas A. , Sarwer David B. , Fabricatore Anthony N. , Crerand Canice E. , Gibbons Lauren M. , Stack Rebecca M. , Stunkard Albert J. , Williams Noel N. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To assess the prevalence of night eating syndrome (NES) and binge eating disorder (BED) and their related behavioral and psychological correlates in persons who sought bariatric surgery.Research Methods and Procedures: A consecutive series of 215 persons with extreme obesity (82% women, 70% European American) completed the Weight and Lifestyle Inventory and a semistructured interview as part of a pre‐surgery behavioral/psychological assessment. Diagnoses for NES and BED were based on graded diagnostic criteria.Results: Percentages of participants who met diagnostic criteria for NES by interview were 1.9% for the strictest definition and 8.9% across all definitions of NES. After interview, full DSM‐TR criteria for BED were met by 4.2%; an additional 1.4% reported binge eating at least once per week. Self‐reported prevalence of NES and BED were higher. Those with NES or BED had significantly more symptoms of depression and a greater history of psychological complications than the remaining sample.Discussion: The prevalence rates of NES and BED among this population of bariatric surgery candidates were lower than expected based on previous reports. Findings and hypotheses regarding lowered prevalence rates are discussed.
Interleukin‐6 g.−174G>C Promoter Polymorphism Is Associated with Obesity in the EPIC‐Potsdam Study
Authors: Klipstein‐Grobusch Kerstin , Möhlig Matthias , Spranger Joachim , Hoffmann Kurt , Rodrigues Fabio U.S. , Sharma Arya M. , Klaus Susanne , Pfeiffer Andreas F.H. , Boeing Heiner 
Published: April 2008

AbstractHomozygosity for the interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) g.−174G>C promoter polymorphism has recently been associated with indices of overweight. Homozygous subjects were observed to have reduced energy expenditure, suggesting that lower IL‐6 gene transcription, caused by the IL‐6 g.−174G>C promoter polymorphism, may be associated with obesity. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of this polymorphism with long‐term weight gain. For 334 normal weight (20 < BMI ≤ 25 kg/m2) and 334 obese (BMI > 30 kg/m2) subjects matched by age and sex originating from the population‐based EPIC‐Potsdam Study, recalled weight change from age 25 to study enrollment was determined, the IL‐6 g.–174G>C promoter polymorphism was defined, and plasma concentrations of IL‐6 and C‐reactive protein were measured. The IL‐6 g.−174G>C promoter polymorphism was significantly associated with obesity (χ2 = 7, 34, p = 0.026). Odds ratios for subjects with GC and CC genotypes for obesity were 1.19 (95% CI: 0.84 to 1.68; p = 0.323) and 1.91 (95% CI: 1.19 to 3.08; p = 0.007), respectively. Recalled weight change from age 25 years to study enrollment differed significantly according to genotype (p = 0.044) and was most pronounced in subjects with the CC genotype, suggesting that the IL‐6 g.−174G>C promoter polymorphism is a susceptibility or modifying locus for common obesity and weight gain.
Sex Difference in the Relationship between the Hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal Axis and Sex Hormones in Obesity
Authors: Vicennati Valentina , Ceroni Luana , Genghini Silvia , Patton Laura , Pagotto Uberto , Pasquali Renato 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: This study was carried out to investigate the role of sex in the regulation of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis and its relationship with testosterone levels in male and female obesity.Research Methods and Procedures: Twenty‐two obese men (OB‐M) and 29 obese women (OB‐W) participated in the study. Two groups of normal weight men (NW‐M) and women (NW‐W), respectively, served as controls. In basal conditions, blood concentrations of major androgens, sex hormone—binding protein, and gonadotropins were assessed, and the free androgen index (testosterone ×100/ sex hormone‐binding globulin) was calculated. All subjects underwent a combined corticotropin‐releasing hormone plus arginine‐vasopressin stimulation test.Results: OB‐M and NW‐M had higher basal adrenal cortical tropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol levels than their female counterparts. In addition, ACTH, but not cortisol basal, levels were significantly higher in obese than in normal weight controls in both sexes. OB‐W had a higher response than OB‐M to the combined corticotropin‐releasing hormone plus arginine‐vasopressin test of both ACTH and cortisol [expressed as incremental percentage of area under the curve (AUC%)]. The same finding was present between NW‐W and NW‐M. Basal luteinizing hormone levels were negatively correlated to ACTHAUC% in both OB‐W and OB‐M. In the OB‐W, however, a positive correlation was found between cortisolAUC% and testosterone (r = 0.48; p = 0.002), whereas a tendency toward a negative correlation was present in OB‐M.Discussion: In conclusion, we have shown a significant positive relationship between the activity of the HPA axis and testosterone in obese women, which suggests a partial responsibility of increased HPA axis activity in determining testosterone levels. In addition, it clearly seems that, as reported in normal weight subjects, a sex difference in the HPA axis activity still persists even in the presence of obesity.
Central Regulation of Energy Homeostasis Intelligent Design: How to Build the Perfect Survivor
Authors: Levin Barry E. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe perfect survivor must be able to eat and store as many calories as possible when food is readily available as a buffer against periods of scarcity. He must also reduce energy expenditure when food is scarce and efficiently and accurately restore lost adipose stores when food is again available. These processes are dependent on information relayed to a distributed central network of metabolic sensing neurons through hard‐wired neural, metabolic, and hormonal signals from the periphery. These sensing neurons engage neuroendocrine, autonomic, and motor processes involved in arousal, motor activity, and the ingestion, absorption, assimilation, storage, and expenditure of calories. A raised threshold in these metabolic sensors for detecting inhibitory signals from increasing adipose stores allows continued intake of excess calories when they are readily available. Unfortunately, this mechanism for surviving periods of feast and famine predisposes the perfect survivor to become obese when highly palatable, energy dense foods are readily available at low energetic cost. It further assures that raised adipose stores are metabolically defended against attempts to lower them. Thus, effective treatment of obesity will only come with a better understanding of the physiological, metabolic, and neurochemical processes that ensure this defense of an elevated body weight.
Homeostatic and Non‐homeostatic Pathways Involved in the Control of Food Intake and Energy Balance
Authors: Berthoud Hans‐Rudolf 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA neural network sensitive to leptin and other energy status signals stretching from the hypothalamus to the caudal medulla has been identified as the homeostatic control system for the regulation of food intake and energy balance. While this system is remarkably powerful in defending the lower limits of adiposity, it is weak in curbing appetite in a world of plenty. Another extensive neural system that processes appetitive and rewarding aspects of food intake is mainly interacting with the external world. This non‐homeostatic system is constantly attacked by sophisticated signals from the environment, ultimately resulting in increased energy intake in many genetically predisposed individuals. Recent findings suggest a role for accumbens–hypothalamic pathways in the interaction between non‐homeostatic and homeostatic factors that control food intake. Identification of the neural pathways that mediate this dominance of cortico‐limbic processes over the homeostatic regulatory circuits in the hypothalamus and brainstem will be important for the development of behavioral strategies and pharmacological therapies in the fight against obesity.