bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Data Integration and Synergy Improve Reservoir Surveillance at South Belridge Tulare Field
Authors: Yonke C. L. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper describes some of the steps that Shell's Belridge Tulare asset took to successfully implement an integrated surveillance database system. The system has resulted in significant improvements in reservoir surveillance. The integration of all the available reservoir management data led to the creation of new multifunctional surveillance tools. These tools include steam injection maps by sand, sand drainage maps, wellbore diagrams for the 2,800+ Tulare wells, and annotated cross sections. These tools enable our engineering and operations teams to realize the benefits of multidisciplinary team synergy.
The database system allows multi-user access. It maintains data evergreen through electronic data updates, and it features automated procedures to generate and distribute the data needed for the surveillance tools. It is the product of a data management philosophy driven by multi-disciplinary teams. Placing information-rich surveillance tools directly in the hands of the end-user teams is a fundamental tenet of that philosophy.
Steamflooding a Waterflooded Reservoir -- Performance Evaluation and Prediction
Authors: Joshi Sameer , Wood Mike C. , Castanier L. M. , Brigham W. E. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The Wilmington Steamflood of Union Pacific Resources Co. (UPRC) at Long Beach, CA was initiated in 1989, in a previously waterflooded reservoir. Average initial reservoir oil saturation, at the start of the steamflood, was 35%.
Field production data were studied, to derive an overall energy balance for the steamflood, to calculate the steamflood capture efficiency and predict further steamflood performance. Heat-losses due to produced fluids were calculated. Predicted production schedules from the model were history-matched with field production data.'
All steamflood calculations were carried out using a PC-based spreadsheet program. The major results were as follows: The capture efficiency of the Wilmington steamflood was calculated at 60%. This is an acceptable value, taking into account the fact that the reservoir had previously been waterflooded to a low oil saturation of 35%.The calculated heat balance showed a high heat-loss, not only to adjacent formations, but also through produced fluids. Of the cumulative heat injected up to the time of the study, 21% had been lost to vertical conduction and 21% through produced fluids.Predicted production schedules indicated that up to 43% of the oil in place (at steamflood initiation) would be recovered by the steamflood.
Pressure Transient Analysis in Multilayered Faulted Reservoirs
Authors: Sahni A. , Hatzignatiou D. G. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper presents an analysis of the transient pressure behavior in a multilayered faulted reservoir with sealing and non-sealing faults. A three-dimensional numerical model is used to generate transient pressure responses at the producing well. A sensitivity analysis is conducted to examine the effects of the fault throw, formation transmissibility and storativity on the transient pressure behavior. Dimensionless pressure and pressure derivative type curves are developed and studied for the system under consideration. A methodology is developed which can be used to estimate the fault and formation transmissibility as well as the distance of the fault to the producing well from the newly derived type curves. Information obtained from this work can be used to improve the reservoir description and to optimize development plans.
Application of Damage Removal Treatment Results in Multi-Fold Well Productivity Improvement: A Case Study
Authors: Brannon H. D. , Tjon-Joe-Pin R. M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Damage to proppant pack and formation permeability can drastically decrease well production. In many cases the damage is due to inconsistent degradation of gelled stimulation fluids and residual filter cake on the formation face. Several methods have been employed with limited success to remove polymeric damage in an effort to increase well productivity.
A new technique utilizing polymer specific enzymes has been developed to facilitate removal of polymeric damage. The new, environmentally safe, remedial treatment can be applied over a wide pH range and at temperatures as high as 300°F. Laboratory analysis has shown that multi-fold permeability improvements can be achieved through polymeric damage removal with the new system.
A case study of several low productivity wells suffering from polymeric damage was conducted. Production histories and return flow analysis were evaluated to characterize the damage and guide the remedial treatment design. The case histories of several wells treated with the remedial polymeric damage removal treatment demonstrate multi-fold improvements in well productivity.
In-Situ Radium Activity Measurements for NORM Assessment and Remediation.
Authors: Greer Charles. R. , Landress Mark. R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The measurement of naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM) in soils and sludges associated with oil field production sites and waste pits traditionally has been performed by estimating radium-226 levels using gamma scintillation detectors and selective laboratory measurements on solid samples. NORM contamination in pits and ponds pose a particular challenge in terms of manpower and cost using current sampling and evaluation methods. Physical conditions and sample costs often limit the number of samples that are collected, and potentially results in serious errors in estimating NORM waste.
This paper will discuss a direct in-situ measurement technique to detect radium-226 which has been developed to overcome the limitations of standard NORM sampling techniques. Operational experience has demonstrated the effectiveness of this method for remediation which provides low cost and near real-time analysis for radium-226 in the subsurface. A case study is presented using this technique for a NORM pit remediation.
A Customized Area Waste Management Field Manual for E&P Operations
Authors: Gallaher D. L. , Stene E. E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Inaccurate or improper characterization, labeling, transportation, or disposal of wastes produced by E&P operations can result in both personal and corporate liability. Operations can increase their chances of successfully managing waste, and reducing potential liability, by providing proper and complete information in a useable format to those responsible for handling wastes. A locally-modifiable Waste Management Field Manual is one key to ensuring proper waste management.
Natural Gas Industry Waste Production and Management Practices
Authors: Fillo John P. , Evans James M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The natural gas industry (NGI) is comprised of operations required to provide clean, pipeline-quality gas to its consumers, from gas exploration and production through distribution. These operations produce waters and wastes that must be managed in accordance with applicable federal and state regulations.
The objectives of this work were to develop representative profiles of the sources, types, quantities, and management of wastes generated by the NGI. This information was essential to the development and focus of several GRI research programs and for use by the NGI to assess their individual waste management/minimization programs. To accomplish this, data were gathered directly from over three dozen operating facilities in 11 states nationwide. These data included facility operations information, waste sources and types, waste volumes, and on- and off-site management practices (i.e., storage, treatment, transportation, and disposal, including waste minimization). Wastes were classified into categories to facilitate data analysis. Facility-specific waste source and generation rates were combined with nationwide industry statistics to estimate nationwide generation rates for the various waste categories.
This paper will describe the basis for the work, and will present profiles developed for the sources and types of waste, waste volumes, and waste management practices. The discussion of waste management practices and their preferential use throughout the NGI will also illustrate the systematic use of waste minimization practices for the management of wastes by the NGI.
A Reservoir Study of the Hawkins Woodbine Field
Authors: King R. L. , Stiles J. H. , Waggoner J. M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In-depth studies of the prolific Hawkins Woodbine Reservoir have revealed the need for unitization and pressure maintenance with gas. Observed recovery efficiency is over 80% by gas cap drive with gravity drainage whereas recovery is less than 50% at breakthrough in water-invaded areas. Repressuring by injection of over 100 MMcf/day of gas should increase recovery by more than 150million barrels of oil, including substantial oil lost by migration into the original gas cap, and will extend peak productivity of the field by at least 3productivity of the field by at least 3 years.
Prior to unitization, an interim Prior to unitization, an interim program is being implemented to stop oil program is being implemented to stop oil migration into gas sands in areas of the field having strong water influx. This interim program consisting of an oil production rate increase of 25,000 barrelsper scheduled day, production of an additional 10,000 barrels per day of saltwater, and gas injection of 20,000 Mcf per day will stabilize gas-oil contacts in loss areas for 3 to 5 years.
A team of engineers and geologists studied fluid contact movement using neutron logs and well test data and analyzed past and future reservoir behavior. These studies revealed that an underlying asphalt layer has caused the western part of the field to exhibit an unusual production performance. This part of the field performance. This part of the field initially produced by gas expansion but subsequent reservoir pressure decline has caused substantial water influx through the thinner asphalt in the north. This directional water drive caused oil to migrate into the original gas cap on the north. In order to maximize recovery and permanently stop migration, along-range program of gas injection under unitized operations will be required.
NORM Associated with Produced Water Discharges
Authors: Hart Alan D. , Graham Bruce D. , Gettleson David A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in produced water have been raised as an environmental issue. NORM is a difficult regulatory problem because relatively little information is available about the fate of radioisotopes in produced water discharges for offshore platforms, and reliable data on bioaccumulation of radium isotopes by marine animals are lacking. Concern over the potential bioaccumulation and bioavailability of NORM in indigenous populations of marine organisms living in the vicinities of offshore platforms has necessitated a careful examination of NORM concentrations in produced water and the offshore marine environment from environmental and human-health (human consumption) perspectives.
Nine offshore oil and gas facilities were sampled to investigate the fate and environmental effects of NORM in produced water discharged into the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. Field data collection occurred during Spring/Summer 1993., Samples of produced water and bivalve mollusks living on the platforms were collected at the offshore platforms. Receiving water and sediment samples were collected at four platforms. In addition, water and sediment samples were collected at four ambient (background) reference sites in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. All samples were analyzed for the isotopes 226Ra, Ra, and 210Pb. The data are presented with preliminary interpretation.
Field Testing Results for the R-BTEX™ Process for Controlling Glycol Dehydrator Emissions
Authors: Gamez J. P. , Rueter C. O. , Beitler C. M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Increasing regulatory pressure has made emissions of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (collectively known as BTEX) and total volatile organic compounds (VOC) from glycol dehydration units a major concern for the natural gas industry since there are over 40,000 of these units in operation. The Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) of 1990 have been the impetus for air toxics regulations, and the Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) standards for the oil and gas industry will be proposed in June, 1995, and will include glycol dehydrators. In addition, several states are regulating or considering regulation of these units.
The most common control systems that have been applied to glycol dehydrators are combustion or condensation systems. Combustion systems suffer from high operating costs since they do not recover the hydrocarbon for sale and require supplemental fuel. Many of the condensation systems may not achieve sufficiently low condenser temperatures to meet regulatory control limits. The R-BTEX™ process addresses this shortcoming by recovering the steam from the glycol dehydrator and converting it to cooling water; this allows R-BTEX to achieve the lowest condenser temperature possible without refrigeration.
The Gas Research Institute (GRI) is conducting a field test program to demonstrate the process under a variety of conditions. Under this program, testing has been completed at one site in south Texas and at another site in western Colorado. Startup of a third unit at a Gulf Coast site in Texas should occur in late 1994. This paper presents the testing results for the first two sites and includes a side-by-side comparison of the R-BTEX process with other available control technologies.
In Situ Bioremediation of a Former Natural Gas Dehydrator Site Using Bioventing/Biosparging
Authors: Shamory Brett D. , Lawrence Alonzo Wm. , Miller Daniel L. , Miller Jeffrey A. , Weightman Robin L. , Raetz Richard M. , Hayes Thomas D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Gas Research Institute (GRI) is conducting a research program on site remediation and residuals management for natural gas exploration and production (E&P) activities. Biological processes are considered to be a key component of the GRI remedial strategy since most of the chemicals- of-interest in soils and groundwater at E&P sites have been reported to be biodegradable.
A bioventing/biosparging field demonstration was conducted over a ten month period at a former glycol dehydrator site, located near Traverse City, Michigan. The chemicals-of-interest at this site were benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes; and alkanes (primarily C4 through C10). The goal of the project was to determine the feasibility of using this technology for dehydrator site remediation and to develop engineering basis of design concepts for applying bioventing/biosparging at other similar sites.
Operation, sampling and analysis, and field monitoring plans were developed. Three different air sparging operational modes (pulsed, continuous, and offgas recycle) were tested to determine the optimum process configuration for site remediation. Introduction of gaseous phase nutrients, nitrous oxide and triethyl phosphate, to stimulate the rates of biodegradation was also evaluated. Operational mode performance was evaluated by conducting in situ respirometry studies. Depletion of oxygen and hydrocarbons and production of carbon dioxide were used to calculated biodegradation rates in the vadose and saturated zones. The mass of hydrocarbons biologically degraded was estimated based on these biokinetic rates. In addition, biodegradation was also estimated based on contaminant removal shown by analytical sampling of soil and groundwater and based on other losses attributed to pump and treat and soil vapor extraction systems. Results of the analytical- and respirometry-based mass balances are compared. In addition, an engineering evaluation of the operating modes is presented.
The results of this study suggest that bioventing/ biosparging is a feasible technology for in situ remediation of soil and groundwater at gas industry glycol dehydrator sites and that the pulsed operating mode may have an advantage over the other modes.
Government Agencies and Industry Working Together for a Safe and Economical U.I.C. Program
Authors: Barker Newell K. , Sanborn Kent W. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Osage UIC Program was developed to address and regulate injection wells in Osage County, Oklahoma. It was initiated to protect the environment according to the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) but was tailored to allow operators to continue using injection wells with a minimum amount of additional compliance with the new law. This meant that costly repairs or modifications to the wells were avoided in most cases. In addition, various methods have been developed to further fulfill the regulatory requirements with cost savings in mind.
Newly permitted wells have also experienced positive changes to make pressure and volume modification requests possible, and to make other permit changes faster and more efficient. The allowance of modifications to permits has increased oil production without compromising the environment.
Computerized Fluid Movement Mapping and 3-D Visualization
Authors: Al-Awami A. A. , Poore J. W. , Sizer J. P. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Most of the fieldwide fluid movement monitoring techniques under utilize available computer resources. This paper discusses an approach reservoir management engineers use to monitor fluid movement in reservoirs with a multitude of wells. This approach allows the engineer to maintain up-to-date fluid movement studies and incorporate the latest information from data acquisition programs into the day to day decision-making process.
The approach uses several in-house database applications and makes extensive use of commercially available software products to generate and visualize cross-sections, maps, and 3-D models.
This paper reviews the computerized procedures to create cross-sections that display the current fluid contacts overlaying the lithology. It also reviews the mapping procedures and presents examples of water encroachment maps by layer at specific time periods.
3-D geologic modeling software greatly enhances the visualization of the reservoir. This software can also be used to interpret and model fluid movement, given the appropriate engineering constraints.
Coiled Tubing Completions: An Economic Discussion of Procedures
Authors: Courville Perry W. , Clark Thomas R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The introduction of 2- to 3 1/2-in. coiled tubing (CT) sizes provides economical alternative completion opportunities for both new and existing wells. Smaller diameters of CT can also be incorporated into completion designs on existing tubular completions for rigless workovers. This paper will discuss the evaluation method for CT completions in relatively low bottom-hole pressure wells in a non-hostile environment. It will concentrate on two major methods of artificial lift: (1) the use of electric submersible pumps (ESPs) on new wells or (2) the use of gas lift methods to extend the production life of existing wells.
Controls on Porosity Evolution in Thamama Group Carbonate Reservoirs in Abu Dhabi, U.A.E.
Authors: OSWALD E. J. , MUELLER H. W. , GOFF D. F. , AL-HABSHI HASSAN 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The multiple Lower Cretaceous carbonate reservoirs found throughout Abu Dhabi display pronounced lateral heterogeneities in porosity, permeability, and reservoir thickness. Generally, these variables decrease away from the crests of producing anticlines. Detailed study of the Kharaib Fm. in one of these fields has found that pressure solution along stylolites, with concurrent local reprecipitation of calcite cements, is the major process by which reservoir quality has been degraded. Lateral variations in reservoir quality are largely controlled by stylolite frequency and intensity. No significant variations in depositional facies accompany this change.
The lateral homogeneity of the pre-stylolitized reservoirs and lack of significant post-stylolitization modification of porosity leads to a striking correlation between porosity and reservoir thickness. These relationships can be accounted for using a "closed-system" chemical compaction model wherein all material dissolved at the stylolite is locally reprecipitated.
Marked discontinuities in plots of subsea depth versus porosity and reservoir thickness suggests that differences in pore fluids during burial controlled the degree of chemical compaction, with stylolites preferentially forming in the water leg and inhibited in the oil leg. This discontinuity is more pronounced when subsea sections are re-datummed on the Halul Fm., and is interpreted to reflect a Santonian-age "paleo" oil-water contact (OWC). Stylolite-degraded porosity in the oil leg of the northern part of the field can be explained by later southward tilting of the reservoirs during the Campanian. Migration of hydrocarbons prior to stylolitization is consistent with calculated thermal histories for the field, and suggests the bulk of stylolitization commenced after 2000 ft of burial at temperatures of approximately 150°F.
Delineating the "paleo" OWC allows for improved prediction of porosity and permeability, and accounts for almost all of the observed variation in reservoir quality.
Pre-Khuff (Silurian-Lower Permian) Sedimentation in the ‘A’ Structure, Offshore Abu Dhabi
Authors: Hassan T. H. , Al Dabal M. A. , El-Said M. E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to describe the stratigraphy and sedimentation of the Pre-Khuff Formations in offshore Abu Dhabi. The thickest penetrated section ranges in age from early Permian to late Silurian. Todate, only one paper has been published on the Pre-Khuff in this area. The recent deep well drilled in ‘A’ structure in offshore Abu Dhabi has proved the occurrence of one major unconformity in the Pre-Khuff: the Hercynian unconformity underlain by the early Carboniferous?/Devonian clastic sequence. Another unconformity may occur at the top of the Silurian.
The Lower Permian sequence is characterised by an interbedding of grey to brown, medium to coarse-grained, well rounded, argillaceous, cross bedded sandstone, silty sandstone, brown to grey pyritic argillaceous sandstone and brown shale, brown to grey, occasionally silty with plant debris. The interpreted Lower Permian is of fluvial origin.
The Upper Carboniferous is made up of thick bedded sandstone, fine to medium-grained with subordinate siltstone and shale. The upper Carboniferous is also interpreted to be of fluvial origin with the sandstones, representing sand-filled channels and the siltstones and shales are the overbank deposits.
The lower Carboniferous ?and upper Devonian consists dominantly of fine to very fine-grained sandstone with very minor siltstone and claystone/shale and is interpreted to be largely of deltaic origin.
The Devonian (upper to middle) is made up of an interbedding of sandstone, siltstone, shale and claystone The Devonian was probably deposited in a marine sub-littoral environment
The Silurian is not fully penetrated in the deep well and consists mainly of shales, claystones, siltstones with minor thin bedded sandstones. The Silurian is of open marine origin.