bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seismic Geomorphology and Connectivity of Deepwater Reservoirs
Authors: Ragagnin Gilberto M. , Moraes Marco A. S. 
Published: March 2009

Summary
Assessing reservoir connectivity and permeability heterogeneity is essential for predicting reservoir performance. Because reservoirs are 3D entities, there is little value in trying to predict reservoir connectivity on the basis of 2D data such as geological sections or maps. A new method for seismic volumetric visualization, complemented with outcrop analog data, was used for assessing reservoir connectivity and permeability heterogeneity of the deepwater reservoirs of Marlim Sul field, Campos basin, Brazil.
The seismic method consists of combining reflectivity and impedance seismic volumes. For the reservoir target zone, reflectivity was used as top drape covering the whole area, with color contrasts differentiating reservoirs from nonreservoirs. In the impedance volume, the anomalies represent the reservoirs. Such a volumetric visualization technique permits better identification of architectural elements and better understanding of the evolution of the depositional system. However, some limitations remain. Before building a reservoir model, it is necessary to assess the internal permeability heterogeneity of the different architectural elements and the petrophysical nature of the boundaries among the different elements. This was performed by comparing geometries and facies observed subsurface with geometries and facies documented in outcrop analogs. The main controls on connectivity and permeability heterogeneity in deepwater reservoirs are permeability barriers and baffles, such as hemipelagic shales and marls, turbiditic drapes, debris-flow deposits, shale-clast breccias, and cemented zones. Such features present a complex and varied distribution. Barrier and baffle 3D maps of the different architectural elements and of the limits among them obtained in representative outcrops were used to complement seismic information.
The integration of seismic volumetric visualization with outcrop analog data, calibrated by well information and tested against production data, proved to be useful for improving reservoir models.
Using the Error in Pre-Election Polls to Test for the Presence of Pork
Authors: McIntosh Craig , Allen Jacob 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Polls are used by politicians, voters, and businesspeople alike to form expectations over political outcomes. In an electoral system with pork' at the national level, local economic prospects will be a direct function of political support. Because every poll comes with its margin of error, we can exploit the error in sub-national polls to test for whether forward-looking investment in the economy adjusts to shocks in local political behavior. The covariance between the strength of this adjustment and local-level characteristics allows us to identify the locations in which strong pork' contracts exist. To illustrate the technique, we provide a theoretical foundation and an empirical exercise using data on Ugandan micro-entrepreneurs during the 2001 presidential election. We find evidence that investor behavior responds in a small but significant way to surprises in electoral support, and this responsiveness is strongest in core' electoral districts.
Accuracy, Sensitivity, and Correlation of FEA-Computed Coastdown Rolling Resistance
Authors: Terziyski J. , Kennedy R. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
This research deals with finite element analysis (FEA) predictions of coastdown rolling resistance as outlined by the SAE J2452 test procedure. The proposed method employs a phenomenological formulation of hysteresis which considers the effects of strain, strain rate, and temperature. Through specifically designed test conditions, material parameters are established for typical tire rubber components. The strain and strain rate histories at the cross section integration points are obtained from a static FEA of a loaded tire for one tire revolution and the desired speed. In subsequent postprocessing, the locations of the octahedral shear strain reversal in tire volume are found, and then rolling resistance is calculated by assuming an isothermal analysis. The simulation sensitivity to modeling considerations, including geometry accuracy and FE mesh resolution, on predicted rolling losses is pointed out. The applicability of the present approach to daily product engineering is discussed through benchmark studies of a variety of tires of different sizes, constructions, tread materials, and test conditions. Correlation studies demonstrate that this is a robust and easily implemented technique for rolling resistance analysis. A steady-state temperature solution, obtained from the hysteretic loss results, is used to predict the temperature field in the tire and to investigate its influence on the rolling resistance calculation.
Re-imagining Amazonia
Authors: Viatori Maximilian 
Published: March 2009

Michael Heckenberger, The ecology of power: Culture, place and personhood in the Southern Amazon, AD 1000-2000. London and New York: Routledge, 2004, 432 pp., ISBN: 0-415-94599-2 (paperback).John Hemming, Tree of rivers: The story of the Amazon. London and New York: Thames and Hud- son, 2008, 366 pp., ISBN: 978-0-500-51401-6 (hardback).Candice Slater, Entangled Edens: Visions of the Amazon, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002, 332 pp., ISBN: 0-520-22641-0 (paperback).
Pastoral Nomad Rights in Inner Mongolia
Authors: Zhizhong Wu , Wen Du 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
It is not scientific to manage grasslands as farmland and manage nomads as farmers. We report evidence from Inner Mongolia that privatization of grassland use rights has led to large-scale wire fencing, grassland conversion to farming, excessive livestock stocking, and crises in grassland ecology, herders' living conditions and the Mongolian nomadic culture. The paper concludes that the ecological and cultural function of nomadism is non-substitutable from the perspectives of ecological security and cultural inheritance. The authors suggest that we should abolish private grassland use rights, tear down wire fencing, abolish set stocking rates and establish a legal nomad administrative licensing system to resume nomadism.
Effects of Different Grazing on the Typical Steppe Vegetation Characteristics on the Mongolian Plateau
Authors: Xiuxia Bao , Jin Yi , Shurun Liu , Jimuse Gaowa , Wureqimuge  , Jigejidesuren  , Budebateer  , Puchang Wang , Yong Lian 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
We studied plant community characteristics of typical steppe vegetation under different grazing systems on the Mongolian plateau of Inner Mongolia in China and the Republic of Mongolia. The different grazing types were defined as four season nomadic, four season rotational, two season rotational and settled grazing. Total cover (per cent), total weight (g/m2) and total plant richness were greater for the four season nomadic and four season rotational compared to the two season rotational and settled grazing. In general vegetation indicators exhibiting less grazing impact by grazing systems followed the following sequence: four season nomadic > four season rotational > two season rotational > settled grazing. There was little difference in estimated grazing capacity of the study areas but large differences in grassland degradation. Therefore, our findings suggest that under the same carrying capacity, four season nomadic and four season rotational grazing have less detrimental impacts on a typical Mongolian steppe vegetation characteristics compared to the settled grazing. We believe that vegetation restoration is also more rapid in the four season rotational systems because there is less trampling by livestock and in settled grazing there is little to no resumption of plant growth.
Between Cash Cows and Golden Calves: Adaptations of Mongolian Pastoralism in the 'Age of the Market'
Authors: Marin Andrei 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Pastoralism in Mongolia has increasingly been portrayed by two powerful and mutually reinforcing discourses. First, the neo-liberal discourse enthusiastically embraced and reproduced by most of the Mongolian political elite constructs pastoralism as backward and unproductive, in need of modernization, and sedentarization. Second, an increasingly powerful essentialist discourse argues for the preservation of 'traditional' Mongolian pastoralism. By presenting a stereotypical image of 'the nomadic culture' on the brink of extinction, outsiders (e.g. NGOs, the tourist industry) become stakeholders in the debate on Mongolian identity and the country's development path. They also help (unwillingly perhaps) reinforce the image of the pastoralist as obsolete and 'timeless'. The article shows that the realities of Mongolian pastoralists lie beyond these two constructs. The pastoralists have taken steps toward adapting to the new socio-economic realities: they use veterinary services, try to use the market system and social services. Yet their adaptive capacity is severely limited by unfavourable social and economic circumstance endorsed by the State.
Anatomical features of the cisternal segment of the oculomotor nerve: neurovascular relationships and abnormal compression on magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Liang Changhu , Du Yinglin , Lin Xiangtao , Wu Lebin , Wu Dawei , Wang Ximing 
Published: March 2009

Object
The object of this study was to assess the detailed anatomical features and vascular relationships of the cisternal segment of the oculomotor nerve, and to assess the utility of MR imaging in oculomotor nerve palsy caused by abnormal compression related to arteries and tumors.

Methods
The anatomy of the oculomotor nerve was depicted using 3D Fourier transformation constructive interference in steady-state (CISS) MR imaging in 196 volunteers (392 total nerves), in 9 patients with paralysis of the oculomotor nerve, and in 1 preoperative patient with cholesteatoma in the pontine cistern. The vessels adjacent to the oculomotor nerve were detected and compared using 3D time-of-flight MR imaging. The 3D CISS multiplanar reconstruction (MPR) images of the oculomotor nerve in cadavers and in specimens from the cadavers were used to verify the oculomotor nerve shown in the 196 patients. The images were assessed with respect to the demonstration of the oculomotor nerve, the optimal display angles on MPR images, the visualized length of the nerve, neurovascular relationships, and abnormal compression caused by arteries and tumors.

Results
Three-dimensional CISS MR imaging depicted the cisternal segment of the oculomotor nerve with certainty in 100% of the patients in the transverse, sagittal, and coronal planes. Three-dimensional CISS imaging of the oculomotor nerve in 196 volunteers revealed similar results corresponding to 3D CISS MPR images of cadavers and cadaver specimens. The maximum visualized length of the oculomotor nerve was 14.61 ± 2.33 mm. The angle between the oculomotor nerve and the median sagittal plane was 24.48 ± 4.57° on the left and 24.48 ± 5.07° on the right. The posterior cerebral artery was observed to contact the oculomotor nerve in 216 (55.1%) of 392 nerves, and the superior cerebellar artery was observed to contact the oculomotor nerve in 231 (58.9%) of 392 nerves. The abnormal nerve compression in 9 patients with paralysis of the oculomotor nerve was displayed well in all patients. The adjacent relationship of the oculomotor nerve in 1 preoperative patient with cholesteatoma in the pontine cistern was also demonstrated clearly.

Conclusions
Use of 3D CISS sequences and 3D time-of-flight sequences enables accurate identification of the cisternal segment of the oculomotor nerve, neurovascular relationships, and abnormal compression caused by arteries and tumors.
Multiinstitutional validation of the University of California at San Francisco Low-Grade Glioma Prognostic Scoring System
Authors: Chang Edward F. , Clark Aaron , Jensen Randy L. , Bernstein Mark , Guha Abhijit , Carrabba Giorgio , Mukhopadhyay Debabrata , Kim Won , Liau Linda M. , Chang Susan M. , Smith Justin S. , Berger Mitchel S. , McDermott Michael W. 
Published: March 2009

Object
Medical and surgical management of low-grade gliomas (LGGs) is complicated by a highly variable clinical course. The authors recently developed a preoperative scoring system to prognosticate outcomes of progression and survival in a cohort of patients treated at a single institution (University of California, San Francisco [UCSF]). The objective of this study was to validate the scoring system in a large patient group drawn from multiple external institutions.

Methods
Clinical data from 3 outside institutions (University of Utah, Toronto Western Hospital, and University of California, Los Angeles) were collected for 256 patients (external validation set). Patients were assigned a prognostic score based upon the sum of points assigned to the presence of each of the 4 following factors: 1) location of tumor in presumed eloquent cortex, 2) Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS) Score ≤ 80, 3) age > 50 years, and 4) maximum diameter > 4 cm. A chi-square analysis was used to analyze categorical differences between the institutions; Cox proportional hazard modeling was used to confirm that the individual factors were associated with shorter overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS); and Kaplan–Meier curves estimated OS and PFS for the score groups. Differences between score groups were analyzed by the log-rank test.

Results
The median OS duration was 120 months, and there was no significant difference in survival between the institutions. Cox proportional hazard modeling confirmed that the 4 components of the UCSF Low-Grade Glioma Scoring System were associated with lower OS in the external validation set; presumed eloquent location (hazard ratio [HR] 2.04, 95% CI 1.28–2.56), KPS score ≤ 80 (HR 5.88, 95% CI 2.44–13.7), age > 50 years (HR 1.82, 95% CI 1.02–3.23), and maximum tumor diameter > 4 cm (HR 2.63, 95% CI 1.58–4.35). The stratification of patients based on scores generated groups (0–4) with statistically different OS and PFS estimates (p < 0.0001, log-rank test). Lastly, the UCSF patient group (construction set) was combined with the external validation set (total of 537 patients) and analyzed for OS and PFS. For all patients, the 5-year survival probability was 0.79; the 5-year cumulative OS probabilities stratified by score group were: score of 0, 0.98; score of 1, 0.90; score of 2, 0.81; score of 3, 0.53; and score of 4, 0.46.

Conclusions
The UCSF scoring system accurately predicted OS and PFS in an external large, multiinstitutional population of patients with LGGs. The strengths of this system include ease of use and ability to be applied preoperatively, with the eventual goal of aiding in the design of individualized treatment plans for patients with LGG at diagnosis.
L'islamisme turc à l'épreuve du pouvoir municipal.
Authors: Massicard Élise 
Published: March 2009

C’est sur un discours de rupture que les islamistes ont conquis les mairies au milieu des années 1990, en s’élevant contre un « système » décrit comme injuste et corrompu, et en capitalisant sur les désillusions de l’électorat à l’égard des partis établis. Dans quelle mesure cependant ont-ils introduit de nouvelles pratiques, une fois installés aux commandes municipales ? Si les mairies islamistes ont mis en place des changements symboliques faisant la part belle à l’islam, leurs traits oppositionnels ont vite laissé la place à la production d’espaces conservateurs et à un discours de la bonne gestion. Les mairies islamistes turques ont introduit de nouveaux modes de gouvernement, au niveau de la consultation des citoyens, de la transparence et de la probité, mais elles les ont plus souvent vantés dans leurs discours que mis en pratique, confirmant ainsi une continuité avec les équipes précédentes. Enfin, les mairies islamistes ont opéré un tournant libéral ; leur alliance avec les couches populaires – leur principal soutien électoral – s’est produite à travers l’organisation de la bienfaisance à grande échelle, qui permet en outre d’intégrer dans les réseaux municipaux associations, donateurs et cercles entrepreneuriaux. Cette approche par le biais des pratiques de pouvoir permet de reconsidérer la spécificité islamiste, question qui ne concerne pas seulement l’AKP.
La gestion du local par les maires du Hezbollah au Liban
Authors: Harb Mona 
Published: March 2009

On sait peu de choses sur l’action municipale du Hezbollah, bien que près de 15 % des conseils municipaux libanais soient élus sur ses listes. Un premier examen de la question révèle comment les maires du parti doivent conjuguer dans leur travail de gestion locale plusieurs cadres institutionnels : partisan, légal et territorial. Trois conseils municipaux dirigés par des cadres partisans sont étudiés ici afin de montrer les priorités et les valeurs de gestion municipale en relation notamment avec la place qu’y occupe la pensée islamique. Les communes du Hezbollah sont pleinement investies par leurs conseils municipaux qui impulsent une action de développement dynamique, soutenue par des réseaux publics et privés ainsi que par des donateurs régionaux et internationaux. Les valeurs guidant le développement local – le professionnalisme et la rationalité – sont ancrées dans les soucis d’efficacité et de savoir scientifique ; elles se veulent aussi inclusives, avantageant la proximité sociale et l’apport des femmes et des jeunes. L’islamisme, quand il existe, se décline dans les discours de légitimation en amont du travail municipal et s’apparente plus à une moralité justifiant la nécessité de l’action sociale. La spécificité de la gestion locale par le Hezbollah n’est donc pas associée à des valeurs islamiques mais à des stratégies de mobilisation politique propres à la consolidation de « la société de la Résistance » du parti.
Le général face à ses juges : la fronde de la magistrature pakistanaise
Authors: Gayer Laurent 
Published: March 2009

Devenu gênant pour les autorités civiles et militaires, du fait de son activisme judiciaire, le président de la Cour suprême pakistanaise, Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry, a été suspendu de ses fonctions par le Président Pervez Musharraf le 9 mars 2007. Cette décision a provoqué un tollé au sein des professions juridiques pakistanaises qui se sont alors mobilisées pour obtenir la réinstallation du magistrat. Le mouvement de contestation a été animé par des avocats militants qui avaient déjà une longue expérience en la matière, et qui exerçaient des fonctions de direction dans les puissantes organisations professionnelles régulant les activités des juristes pakistanais. Au fil des mois cependant, la mobilisation s’est étendue bien au-delà des milieux juridiques, en ralliant des acteurs aux valeurs et aux intérêts apparemment inconciliables : les milieux « ONGistes » progressistes et la mouvance islamiste. Le rapprochement de ces derniers s’est opéré sur la base d’un « consensus par recoupement » à travers le langage du droit. Et si cette coalition hétéroclite s’est effritée rapidement, dès que le jeu politique a repris ses droits, le mouvement des avocats n’en a pas moins été révélateur de la résilience de l’État de droit dans un pays pourtant gouverné par les militaires pendant plus de la moitié de son histoire.
L'Europe puissance nucléaire, cet obscur objet du désir
Authors: Mallard Grégoire 
Published: March 2009

Quel a été le rôle du réseau transnational de Jean Monnet dans la conduite des négociations entre Américains et Européens qui suivirent la signature du Traité Euratom de mars 1957 ? Plus précisément, comment la question du contrôle des usages des matières fissiles en Europe a-t-elle été négociée entre les États-Unis et la Communauté Euratom ? Il s’avère que Jean Monnet, la Maison Blanche et le Département d’État ont élaboré une tactique commune d’obscurcissement du projet européen, qui en masquait les enjeux militaires et stratégiques. Le choix de cette tactique d’énonciation fut en partie déterminé par l’opposition interne américaine, notamment de l’Atomic Energy Commission et du Congrès, au transfert de compétences, en termes de contrôle, des Américains aux Européens. Contrairement aux analyses néoréalistes de l’intégration européenne, qui toutes insistent sur la faible influence des réseaux transnationaux sur les décisions des gouvernements, cette analyse fait donc ressortir leur importance, laquelle, dans l’histoire de l’Europe, s’exerça moins dans les négociations intergouvernementales des traités européens, que dans les négociations transatlantiques, entre États-Unis et Europe, notamment à propos de la question nucléaire.
Le développement durable est-il durable ? L'impact de l'interdépendance des composantes cognitive, organisationnelle, sociétale et économique
Authors: Lewkowicz Jacques , Koeberlé Pascal 
Published: March 2009

Résumé Engagés dans un effort de construction d’une théorie du changement, nous proposons une typologie des configurations organisationnelles. Celle-ci distingue quatre configurations, comportant quatre composantes : cognitive, organisationnelle, sociétale et stratégico-économique. A chaque configuration correspond un alignement entre des valeurs spécifiques prises par ces composantes. Le diagnostic d’un désalignement entre ces valeurs est un signe anticipé d’un changement configurationnel complet. La configuration organisationnelle J est la mieux apte à satisfaire les exigences du développement durable, lequel constitue l’une des dimensions de la composante stratégico-économique. Nous avançons que les conditions d’existence de la firme J sont instables pour chacune de ses composantes. La source de l’avantage concurrentiel réside, en conséquence, dans la capacité de faire durer le développement durable. Codes JEL : L21, L22, M10
Innovation dans les services et entrepreneuriaT : au-delà des conceptions industrialistes et technologistes du développement durable
Authors: Djellal Faridah , Gallouj Faïz 
Published: March 2009

Résumé Les problématiques de l’innovation dans les services, d’une part, et du développement durable, d’autre part, sont des préoccupations relativement récentes pour la théorie économique et les pouvoirs publics. Il s’agit désormais de questions centrales dont les enjeux scientifiques, économiques et politiques sont importants. Cependant, ces deux problématiques ont, pour l’essentiel, évolué de manière indépendante. Ce travail se propose de les articuler en s’intéressant à l’innovation dans les services et par les services et à l’entrepreneuriat d’innovation dans les services, dans leur relation au développement durable. Il espère ainsi contribuer à atténuer la conception industrialiste, technologiste, écologiste et curative du développement durable, paradoxalement encore dominante dans une économie des services. Codes JEL : L80, L26, O30, Q01
Quelles politiques de l'innovation et de l'environnement pour quelle dynamique d'innovation environnementale ?
Authors: Depret Marc-Hubert , Hamdouch Abdelilah 
Published: March 2009

Résumé S’il existe aujourd’hui un large consensus sur l’étendue, les causes et les conséquences économiques à moyen et long termes de la détérioration de l’environnement et du climat, la communauté internationale se divise encore sur la nature, l’ampleur et le calendrier des actions à mettre en œuvre pour y remédier. Pour aider à trancher ces débats, l’analyse économique a formulé des solutions intéressantes, fondées tant sur des mécanismes institutionnels que sur des dispositifs de marché. Or, paradoxalement, l’innovation environnementale (et les activités de R&D sur lesquelles elle doit s’appuyer) y occupe une place secondaire, alors même que, pour beaucoup, elle est présentée comme une des principales solutions au problème de l’environnement et que certaines de ces innovations environnementales devraient représenter à long terme un potentiel économique considérable. Codes JEL : B52, E6, L5, O3, Q55