bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative Studies on Temperature Effects upon the Electrocardiogram in some Vertebrates
Authors: BIÖRCK GUNNAR , JOHANSSON BENGT 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Electrocardiograms have been recorded for dogs, hedgehogs, frogs and fishes at different temperatures. The variations in heart rate, P—R interval, QRS complex, Q—T interval, and Q—T in % of R—R are presented in graphs. Some peculiar electro‐cardio graphic alterations, like the initial P wave disturbance arid the “Osborn wave”, that appear during cooling are discussed in some detail. Some comparisons with electrocardiograms in human hypothermia are made.
Fibrinolytic Activity in Human Saliva
Authors: ALBRECHTSEN OLE K. , THAYSEN JØKN HESS 
Published: December 2008

Summary.1. Human parotid saliva and mixed saliva from the mouth have been investigated in a search for a fibrinolytic system similar to the systems found in human blood, milk, lacrymal fluid, urine and seminal fluid.2. Small and variable amounts of a plasminogen activator and large amounts of a proactivator of plasminogen were found. Plasminogen was absent. A slight trace of inhibitory activity against trypsin was recorded in only one sample. All other normal samples showed no inhibitory activity.3. The fibrinolytic system in saliva thus differs from the system in blood and is similar to those in other secretions.4. The activity was larger in unstimulated parotid saliva than in the stimulated parotid saliva from the same person.
Measurement of the Extracellular Fluid Volume by Thiosulfate. II. The relation between the apparent volume of distribution of thiosulfate and the volume of distribution of inulin
Authors: Ikkos Denis , Ljunggren Håkan , Luft Rolf , Sjögren Björn 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The volumes of distribution of inulin and thiosulfate were compared in 24 healthy adults and 14 patients. The apparent volume of distribution of thiosulfate (VTS) was found to be of the same magnitude as that of inulin (VIN), the mean VTS: VIN ratio being 1.03 ± 0.02.The discrepancies between apparent VTS and VIN were rather large, the VTS: VIN ratio ranging between 0.70 and 1.33 with a coefficient of variation of 13.9 per cent. These discrepancies could be in part accounted for by the variations of the rate of disappearance of thiosulfate from plasma.An equation is presented for the calculation of the volume of distribution of inulin from the apparent volume of distribution of thiosulfate.
Comments on H. Dahlström's Criticism of Sjöstrand's Method of Indirect Determination of the Carboxyhemoglobin concentration in Man.
Authors: Sjöstrand Torgny 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Dahlström's criticism of the present author's method for determination of the COHb‐concentration of the blood in vivo, by calculating the pO2 and pCO of the alveolar air, and the method based on these values for determination of the total amount of hemoglobin and blood volume does not hold good for the following reasons:Dahlström has not determined satisfactorily the error in the methods employed by him for calculating the proportionality constant of the relation between the alveolar pCO and the COHb‐concentration of the blood.Dahlström has not, apparently, paid any attention to the establishment of an equilibrium between the concentration of carbon monoxide in the rebreathing system and the blood.To judge from Dahlström's statements, a leakage must have occurred in the rebreathing system or at its connection to the test subjects.The values published by Dahlström represent a selection from a bigger material, without his specifying the principles of that selection.
Reproduction Capacity of Rats in Relation to Diet
Authors: Christensen Frede , Dam Henrik 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The protective effect of vitamin E on the reproduction capacity of female rats was less on a diet containing no added fat where vitamins A and D were given in a colloidal aqueous solution than on a corresponding diet where peanut oil was used as a solvent for these vitamins, whereby 3 mg of linoleic acid was furnished each rat per day. Methylene blue showed less protective effect with the aforementioned more strictly fat‐free diet than in earlier experiments using peanut oil as a solvent for vitamins A and D. Methylene blue showed some toxic effect.Certain observations concerning Antabuse and N.D.G.A. are reported.
The Utilization of D‐Valine for Growth in Rats
Authors: Wretlind Arvid 
Published: December 2008

Summary.An investigation has been made to ascertain the reason for the difference between the results of earlier workers with respect to the utilization of D‐valine for growth.It was found that 2 per cent of D‐valine in a diet containing the essential amino acids in the racemic form was unable to produce growth either in normal or in protein‐depleted rats. In similar experiments with the diet used by White, Fones and Sober, D‐valine was found to produce growth.A systematic study was made of the factors distinguishing the two diets. It was shown that neither the vitamin content, fat content, type of carbohydrates, non‐essential amino acids, nor the optical activity of histidine, isoleucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine or tryptophane was of any great importance in this respect. On the other hand, it was observed that when the diet contained the racemic form of leucine, D‐valine failed to produce growth or gave a very poor growth. When the racemic form of leucine was replaced by the L form, D‐valine was much better utilized and brought about a gain in weight.These experiments clearly showed that the conversion of D‐valine into the L form is inhibited by D‐leucine. This is in agreement with earlier investigations, in which it has been shown that the D form of certain amino acids influences the utilization of D‐methionine. It is stressed that it is therefore necessary, in future studies on nutrition, always to bear in mind the possibility of competitive inhibition in the utilization of the D‐amino acids by the organism.The reason for which D‐valine does not produce growth in certain cases, even when the diet contains L‐leucine, has been found to be an insufficient concentration of D‐valine.
On the Sulphate Metabolism of‘ the Sulphocerebrosides of the Brain.
Authors: HOLMGÁRD ÁKE 
Published: December 2008

Summary.S35‐labelled sodium sulphate is injected subcutaneously into rats. and the radioactivity in the cerebroside fractions of the brain is determined. Some exchange is found to take place between the ester sulphate of the sulphocerebrosides and the labelled free sulphates.
Functional Organization of the Dorsal Spino‐Cerebellar Tract in the Cat
Authors: HOLMQVIST B. , LUNDBERG A. , OSCARSSON O. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Intra‐axonal recording in Flechsig's fasciculus was used for a further investigation of the functional organization of the dorsal spino‐cerebellar tract.After ipsilateral section of lumbar and sacral dorsal roots, many neurons identified as belonging to the dorsal spino‐cerebellar tract (neurons activated by group I muscle afferents) were found to have a resting discharge. In silent neurons a discharge could be made to appear after repetitive stimulation of dorsal roots. It is concluded that these neurons receive excitatory action from interneurons.Convergence of excitation and inhibition onto DSCT neurons from various muscles was studied with the use of electrical stimulation of muscle nerves as well as with adequate activation of stretch receptors.As evidenced by monosynaptic excitation on single shock stimulation of muscle nerves, convergence of excitatory action mediated by group I afferents was found to be rather limited. A number of neurons can only be fired from one muscle nerve but some from as many as three out of seven nerves (including non‐synergists).Convergence of inhibitory action mediated by group I afferents is extensive also from other muscles than the antagonist of the nerve supplying the main excitatory action.
Maximal Oxygen Intake, Body Size, and Total Hemoglobin in Normal Man.
Authors: von DÖBELN WILHELM 
Published: December 2008

Summary.

Prom theoretical reasoning the maximal energy output of humans rimy he expected to be a linear function of (weight adipose tissue)2/3.
In a material of 65 human male and female subjects the value for the exponent was empirically found to he 0.71 ± 0.056.
The correlation coefficimt between (weight — adiposetissuc)2/3and maximal oxygen intake, though slightly higher. Was not significantly different from the correlation coefficient between total hemoglobin and maximal oxygen intake.
The total amount of hemoglobin was correlated with (weight — adipose tissue)2/3witha correlation coefficient of 0.85. The partial correlation coefficient between total hemoglobin and maximal oxygen intakes after elimination of the influence of body size was 0.25.
Renal Blood Flow in Experimental Hydronephrosis
Authors: IDBOHRN H. , MUREN A. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Renal blood flow has been estimated by measuring the venous return from both kidneys simultaneously in acute experiments on rabbits.Control experiments showed no significant difference between the two normal kidneys.From 1 to 17 weeks after ligation of one ureter the blood flow was reduced to about 40 percent on the obstructed side while there was a corresponding increase on the other side. The alterations developed rapidly during the first week and were fairly constant after the fourth week of obstruction.Kidney weight increased markedly on the obstructed sideduring the first three weeks while there was a slight increase only on the other side.Pelvic fluid pressure increased during the first two weeks whereafter a slow fall was observed. The quantity of fluid. on the other hand, increased up to the sixth week.
The Mechanism of the Disruption of Mast Cells Produced by Compound 48/801
Authors: HÖUGBERG BERTIL , UVNÄUS BÖURJE 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The present studies were made on mast cells in the rat mesentery.The disruption of mast cells by 48/80 was inhibited by various metal salts and other enzyme inhibitors.Among numerous enzymes studied, only lecithinase A had the ability to disrupt mast cells. Trypsin, fibrinolysin, ribonuclease, hyaluronidase, etc. were inactive.The disruptive action of lecithinase A was inhibited by the same agents which inhibited the action of 48/80.The action of 48/80 was temperature‐dependent. It was inhibited below 20°C and above 45°—50°C. The inhibition above 45°—50°C was irreversible.The effect of 48/80 was inhibited by incubation with acetic anhydride and 1,3‐diphosphoimidazole. The acetylation was not reserved under conditions which hydrolyzed phenyl acetate and thiol acetate. Dephosphorylation caused a disruption without the addition of a liberator.Polyvalent immune serum against snake venom, “Antivenin”, and specific immune serum (from rabbits) against lecithinase A (from bee venom), blocked in high doses the disruptive action of both lecithinase A and of 48/80.The observations are considered to support the hypothesis that 48/80 acts by activating a lytic anzyme attached to the mast cell mebrane. The activity of the enzyme is normally blocked by an inhibitor. When this inhibitor is removed, as by liberators such as 48/80, the enzyme becomes active and the membrane structures are attacked.The implications of our mast cell enzyme theory for the histamine release produced by other releasers, for that occurring in anaphylactic reactions, etc., are discussed. Attention is drawn to the possible applicability of similar enzyme theories to biologically occurring and pharmacologically produced changes in membrane permeability.
The Nature of the Frog Skin Potential
Authors: KOEFOED‐JOHNSEN VALBORG , USSING HANS H. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.1. The outside of the isolated frog skin in the absence of penetrating anions behaves over a wide range of concentrations as a sodium electrode, while the inward‐facing surface behaves like a potassium electrode.2. A theory concerning the origin of the frog skin potential is put forward based on these observations and the assumption that the active transport of sodium is located at the inward‐facing membrane of the epithelial cells.3. Reasons are given for the hypothesis that the active transport of sodium in reality is a forced exchange of sodium against potassium.
Studies on the Relationship between Olfactory Stimulating Effectiveness and Physico‐Chemical Properties of Odorous Compounds
Authors: OTTOSON D. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.

The relationship between the olfactory stimulating effectiveness and the chemical and physical properties of a number of odorous compounds has been studied. As a measure of the eff iciency has been taken the magnitude of the slow potential evoked in the olfactory mucosa in the frog. Aliphatic alcohols of equimolar concentrations were found to be increasingly stimulating up to a certain maximum with increasing chain length. A similar increase was also found for aldehydes and ketones while in the series of fatty acids the relation between stimulative effect and chain length was less regular. It was further found that the partial vapour pressures for alcohols of equal stimulating power increase approximately linearly Kith the saturated vapour pressures. In terms of thermodynamic activities the alcohols of intermediate chain length are equally stimulating while the lower alcohols are less effective.
The relationship between the different molecular parameters and the olfactory stimulative power of the studied compounds is discussed and the similarity between the results obtained in the present investigation and those in studies of olfaction in insects is pointed out.
Cardiovascular Effects of Direct Stimulation of the Carotid Sinus Nerve in Man.
Authors: CARLSTEN ARNE , FOLKOW BJÖRN , GRIMBY GUNNAR , HAMBERGER CARL‐AXEL , THULESIUS. OLAF 
Published: December 2008

Summary.

Direct stimulations of the carotid sinus nerve have been performed in man during operations of tumours in the neck. Definite reflex responses were obtained already at low stimulation rates, with maximal effects around 40–60 impulses per sec.
A reflex bradycardia and a blood pressure fall with a decreased pulse amplitude was obtained. Concomitantly there was a marked fall in resistance to blood flow within the forearm vascular bed.
The fall in pulse pressure is in all probability due to a decreased stroke volume, secondary to a reduced venous return when the capacity vessels are widened, and to an dimination of the positive inotropic effect on the heart, as a consequence of the generalized reflex inhibition of sympathetic tone.
Stimulation of the cranial sympathetic trunk gave no evidence of any activation of the carotid baroreceptors, secondary to increased intramural tension, as has been reported in some animal species.
Mechanism of tho Release by Componnd 48/80 of Histamine and of a Lipid‐Soluble Smooth Muscle Stimulating Principle (“SRS”)
Authors: CHAKRAVARTY NIRMAL , HÖGBERG BERTIL , UVNÄS BÖRJE 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.Compound 48/80 releases histamine and a lipid‐soluble smooth muscle contracting substance (“SRS”) in the perfused cat paw. The time‐course and dose‐response curves of histamine and “SRS” release were strikingly parallel. Nonspecific enzyme inhibitors such as polysaccharides and “polysalicylic acid”, and SH‐blocking agents — such as allicin and iodo‐acetate — blocked the release of both histamine and “SRS”. Heating of the paws to 45° C for 15 min had the same blocking effect. The observations support the hypothesis that compound 48/80 releases histamine in the cat paw by activating an enzymatic mechanism and that “SRS” is a product of the same or a similar mechanism.
Intermittent and Continuous Running (A further contribution to the physiology of intermittent work.)
Authors: Christensen Erik Hohwü , Hedman Rune , Saltin Bengt 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIntermittent running on a tread mill at a speed of 20 km/h (12.4 miles/h) is analysed and a comparison between this work and continuous running at the same speed has been done. The present results are in agreement with the assumption that stored oxygen plays an important role for the oxygen supply during short spells of heavy work. When running intermittent 6.67 km in 30 min (effective work 20 min and rest 10 min), a trained subject attained a total O2 uptake of 150 1. With an O2 uptake of 0.4 1/min at rest standing at the tread mill, or 4 1 per 10 min of rest, 146 1 O2 are due to the 20 min of work. The actual uptake at work was only 101 1 and if normal values are assumed during rest pauses, a deficit in oxygen transport of 45 1 arises during the 20 min of actual work. This quantity will be taken up during the 120 rest pauses of 5 sec each. Two thirds of the oxygen demand during the 120 work periods of 10 sec each will accordingly be supplied by oxygen transported with the blood during work, and one third will be covered by a reduction in the available oxygen stores in the muscles, which in turn will be reloaded during the subsequent 5 sec rest periods. Respiratory and circulatory functions at intermittent and continuous running with special reference to maximal values are discussed. Research on intermittent work may open up a new field in work physiology.
Bile Acid Pool in the Rat: Bile Acids and Steroids. 78.
Authors: Eriksson Sten 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe size of the cholic acid pool in the rat has been determined by isotope dilution of the cholic acid in the intestinal tract. A cholic acid pool of about 7 mg per 100 g body weight was found. About 25 % of the cholic acid pool is found in the cecum. The total daily production of unconjugated bile acids in the rat is estimated to about 2.2 mg per 100 g body weight.
Intracellular Potential Measurements from the Ciliary Processes of the Rabbit Eye in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Berggren Lennart 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe ciliary processes in the rabbit's eye were explored by micro‐electrodes. On penetrating the epithelial layers with the electrode two well defined levels of potential difference were measured between the penetrating electrode and the external reference electrode. In experiments conducted in vitro the first potential step was about – 30 mV and is suggested to appear when the electrode penetrated the unpigmented cell layer. The second step is suggested to appear when the electrode penetrated the pigmented cell layer. The measured potential difference between the electrodes was – 60 mV during this step. At further penetration it was found that the stroma was nearly equi‐potential with the external fluid. These potential differences disappeared when the preparation was kept in a potassium free solution and when it was poisoned by cyanide.A small number of successful experiments in vivo confirmed the findings made in vitro.
Gesamthämoglobinmenge und Blutvolumen der normalen, anämischen und polycythämischen Ratte, bestimmt mit CO und Cr51
Authors: Engstedt Lars , Perić Branko , Tribukait Bernhard 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn normal, anemic and polycythemic rats the blood volume and the total amount of hemoglobin have been determined by means of a modified alveolar CO method and Cr51 tagged erythrocytes. The Cr51 method gives on an average 10 per cent lower values than the CO method, both in normal, anemic and polycythemic animals. Reasons for this difference are discussed.
Observations on the Effect of Ethanol on the Urinary Excretion of Histamine, 5‐Hydroxyindole Acetic Acid, Catecholamines and 17‐Hydroxycorticosteroids in Man
Authors: Perman E. S. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractPerman E. S. Observations on the effect of ethanol on the urinary excretion of histamine, 5‐hydroxyindole acetic acid, catecholamines and 17‐hydroxy‐corticosteroids in man.In healthy young men the urinary excretion of histamine and 5‐hydroxyindole acetic acid did not indicate that ethanol in moderate doses (0.5‐0.7 g/kg) releases histamine or serotonin in the organism. This makes it unlikely that flushing produced by moderate ethanol doses is associated with the release of one of these substances. The adrenaline excretion after ethanol (0.3‐0.4 g/kg) indicated a modest and short‐lasting effect on the adrenal medullary secretion. The significance of this effect is discussed. No evidence for a concomitant change in the secretion from the adrenal cortex after ethanol (0.5‐0.7 g/kg) was obtained.
The Effect of Testosterone, Progesterone and Estrogen on the Acetylating Activity in Rat Liver and Kidney Preparations
Authors: Luukkainen Tapani 
Published: December 2008

AbstractLuukkainen T. The effect of testosterone, progesterone and estrogen on the acetylating activity in rat liver and kidney.The acetylation of p‐aminobenzoic acid has been studied in vitro in rat liver and kidney preparations after the treatment of the rats with gonadal steroids. It was observed that none of these steroids in the doses used had any effect on the acetylation in the liver tissue. In the kidney tissue of male rats estrogen treatment clearly decreased the acetylation, progesterone had no effect, and testosterone may increase the acetylating kidney tissue in female rats.
Early Blood Leucocyte Changes in Mice and Guinea Pigs Following X‐Irradiation and Stress Caused by Operative Manipulations
Authors: Forssberg A. , Tribukait B. , Vikterlöf K.‐J. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractRapid shifts in the relative frequencies of the white cells of animals may occur following injection e. g. of toxins or other agents, radiation, but even mechanical manipulations (Jacobson 1954, Craddock 1960). The present work demonstrates the complexity of the reactions and the species differences between mice and guinea pigs following X‐radiation and the manipulations (sham irradiation). A detailed survey (Table I‐III) shows, that in mice eosinophils decrease following sham and X‐radiation, that monocytes fall significantly by sham treatment but not furtheron after radiation, that rods increase continuously in number by application of sham treatment and X‐rays. In these and other respects guinea pigs show a different behaviour, bearing witness to the multiformity of the reactions.Leucocytes in general are apt to be released into the circulation from myeloid marrow at short notice. The capillary beds of various tissues seems to afford another reservoir (Harris 1959, Osgood 1954). The highly differentiated mode of reaction of the various leucocytes and the species differences is however not easily accounted for on the notion of a simple mechanism regulating the flow to and from the circulating blood.The habitual action of ionizing radiation on the white cell picture of the circulating blood is that of causing a general concentration fall, which becomes manifest some 6–8 hours post‐irradiation. The magnitude and duration of this decrease is dose dependant and may serve as an indication of a radiation influence of the organism in practice. Foregoing this stage a period of very rapid concentration changes during the first hours was noticed by many workers, although detailed analyses do not seem to have been performed.On the other hand the white cells are very motile and a flow to and from the circulation is caused by a variety of measures including injections of chemicals, hormones among others. It may well be that the irradiation effects are mediated through release of some such substances. The complexity of the early white cell reactions was realised from our preliminary trials, and particularly the species differences between mice and guinea pigs. This induced us to a general survey of the early radiation reactions, including also the simultaneous stress effects caused by the mechnical manipulations of the animals.