bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variation of the Sun's ultra‐violet radiation as revealed by ionospheric and geomagnetic observations
Authors: Allen C. W. 
Published: February 2008

Summary—A study has been made of the short‐ and long‐period variations of critical frequencies of the E‐, F1‐, and F2‐ionospheric layers at Washington, Huancayo, Watheroo, and Mount Stromlo during 1937–44. Terrestrial factors have been eliminated in order that the frequencies should represent the changes in the ionising ultra‐violet light. A similar study has also been made of the variations in the amplitude of the Sq magnetic field at Apia, Watheroo, and Cape Town during 1937–43. Yearly, monthly, and daily variations have been compared with solar data by means of graphs and correlation‐methods. The following are the main conclusions:(a) The variable part of the Sun's ultra‐violet illumination comes mainly from active regions characterised by the appearance of sunspots, flocculi, and faculae.(b) The sources of ultra‐violet have a longer life than sunspots, and possibly a longer life than faculae.(c) The three ionospheric layers E, F1, and F2, and the Sq‐field are influenced by the same sources of ultra‐violet light.(d) The sources emit considerable ultra‐violet radiation when at the center of the Sun and probably emit some radiation when near the limb.(e) F2 electrons take periods of one or two days to reach equilibrium concentration —at the level of Sq‐currents recombination is much more rapid.(f) The variable part of the ultra‐violet flux is proportional to sunspot‐number, and is about equal to the steady part at sunspot‐maximum. This applies to radiation exciting the E‐, F1‐, and F2‐regions.(g) There is a linear relation between f0F2 and sunspot‐number.(h) Faculae could produce continuous ultra‐violet radiation that might account for ionospheric and geomagnetic variations.
Hermanus Magnetic Observatory January to March, 1946
Authors: Ogg A. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 34° 25′.2 S., longitude 19° 13′.5 or 1h 16m.9 E. of Gr.)January 3–4—A magnetic storm started suddenly (H increased 30 gammas in three minutes) at 08h 10m GMT, January 3, and continued for about 35 hours. The ranges of the storm were as follows: H, 218 gammas; D, 3′.7 ≡ 129 gammas; Z, 185 gammas. After about 22h the form of the magnetic activity was slow oscillations with three large bays, each of magnetic activity K = 4, from 15h–24h, January 4. The greatest magnetic activity of the storm was K = 6 for each of the three‐hour periods 09h–15h, and K = 7 for the period 15h–18h, January 3.
The auroral luminosity‐curve
Authors: Harang Leiv 
Published: February 2008

The theoretical curve of luminosity produced by a bundle of cathode rays penetrating an atmosphere rectilinearly is discussed. The auroral luminosity‐curve is determined by photographic photometric methods. The luminosity‐curves observed are compared with the theoretical luminosity‐curve produced by cathode rays. The value of H = (kT/mg) is determined as a function of height of the maximum of luminosity. The values of H determined from studies of auroras are in agreement with the values determined independently from ionospheric studies. From filter photographs the values of H are determined independently for the luminosity in green (G) and violet (V).Using the experimentally determined values of H the density and pressure in the auroral region for various heights are computed. The curves of absorption and of luminosity for bundles of cathode rays in the range of velocities from 0.02 c to 0.9 c penetrating the model atmosphere rectilinearly are computed. The height of the anormal E‐reflections observed during auroral displays and the position of the absorbing layer are discussed.
Critical frequencies, sunspots, and the Sun's ultra‐violet radiation
Authors: Allen C. W. 
Published: February 2008

Monthly values of Rƒ0, the critical frequency relative to the critical frequency at zero sunspots, have been averaged for a number of stations and tabulated for the eleven‐year period 1937–47, The variations of Rƒ0 for the E‐, F1‐, and F2‐regions have been correlated with the solar data for sunspot‐numbers, bright Hα and Ca flocculi, faculae, and the coronal‐line intensity. The variations correlated are found to lag behind the sunspot‐number variations by the following parts of a month: Hα flocculi, 0.15; Ca flocculi, 0.31; Rƒ0E, 0.43; faculae, 0.56; Rƒ0F1, 0.66; Rƒ0F2, 0.68; coronal line, 0.87; and this is interpreted as giving the order of increasing mean life of the relevant solar features.In the expression RS = (1 + bR) = (Rƒ0)n relating relative ultra‐violet intensity RS to sunspot‐number R and critical frequency, the adopted values of n and b for the regions E, F1, and F2 respectively are n = 4, 4, and 2, and b = 0.0097, 0.0124, and 0.0200. Values of n determined from the relation between critical frequency and the Sun's zenith‐distance were 3.72 for the E‐region, and 4.90 for F1.The values of Rƒ0F2 are shown to vary with time, season, and station. The noon values however do not vary greatly and are generally close to the diurnal mean. A method of choosing stations reasonably free from the F2‐anomaly is given, and the recombination and electron‐decay coefficients are determined from these stations. The number of quanta per cm2 per sec outside the Earth's atmosphere at zero sunspots is given as: E, 5 × 108; F1, 1.9 × 109; and F2, 2.3 × 109.
Similarity Approximation for the Radial Subsurface Flow Problem
Authors: Drake R. L. , Molz F. J. , Remson Irwin , Fungaroli A. A. 
Published: February 2008

A useful mathematical technique in the study of radial flow of underground water is the application of similarity transformations, such as Boltzmann's transformation. The transformations lead to approximations that are shown to be valid if certain physical parameters satisfy given limiting conditions.A nonlinear partial differential equation is formulated describing the radial flow of soil moisture. A similarity approximation is used to transform the partial differential equation into a nonlinear ordinary differential equation. Criteria by which to judge the applicability of the similarity approximation are derived.Several monotonicity properties of the transformed moisture as a function of the similarity variable are derived. The properties are used to develop a numeric procedure for the solution of the transformed equation. The procedure is used to study the radial flow of soil moisture to a cylindric sink for diffusivities which vary linearly, quadratically, and exponentially with soil moisture. The solutions show that the moisture front steepens with increasing nonlinearity.
Preservation of the rescaled adjusted range: 3. Fractional Gaussian noise algorithms
Authors: Hipel Keith William , McLeod Angus Ian 
Published: February 2008

Improved modeling procedures are available for use with a discrete time fractional Gaussian noise (FGN) model. These advancements in FGN modeling consist of an exact simulation procedure, a maximum likelihood approach to obtain efficient estimates of the model parameters, and a technique for calculating the model residuals so that they can be subjected to rigorous diagnostic checks. The computer algorithms for the aforementioned modeling improvements are available on microfiche. The intention of this article is to summarize the essential ingredients of the complete paper, which appears on microfiche.Summary and entire article are available on microfiche. Order from American Geophysical Union, 1909 K Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20006. Document W78‐004; $1.00. Payment must accompany order.
Space, time, and the third dimension (model error)
Authors: Moss Marshall E. 
Published: February 2008

The space‐time tradeoff of hydrologic data collection (the ability to substitute spatial coverage for temporal extension of records or vice versa) is controlled jointly by the statistical properties of the phenomena that are being measured and by the model that is used to meld the information sources. The control exerted on the space‐time tradeoff by the model and its accompanying errors has seldom been studied explicitly. The technique, known as Network Analyses for Regional Information (NARI), permits such a study of the regional regression model that is used to relate streamflow parameters to the physical and climatic characteristics of the drainage basin.The NARI technique shows that model improvement is a viable and sometimes necessary means of improving regional data collection systems. Model improvement provides an immediate increase in the accuracy of regional parameter estimation and also increases the information potential of future data collection. Model improvement, which can only be measured in a statistical sense, cannot be quantitatively estimated prior to its achievement; thus an attempt to upgrade a particular model entails a certain degree of risk on the part of the hydrologist.
Trends during a half century in relative squamous cell carcinoma distribution by body site in the Swedish population: Support for accumulated sun exposure as the main risk factor
Authors: DAL Henrik , BOLDEMANN Cecilia , LINDELÖF Bernt 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTThere is a strong relationship between squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and exposure to ultraviolet radiation in terms of accumulated exposure. In this study, data from the Swedish Cancer Registry are surveyed to discern a reflection of behavioral and societal changes in relative distribution of SCC by body site. Data for the time period 1960–2004, including a total of 66 221 cases (56 669 people) were analyzed by body site for age and gender cohorts. The age‐standardized (European population) incidence per 100 000 of SCC in the year 2004 was 30.4 in males and 15.4 in females. In the year 1960, the corresponding incidences were 7.7 and 3.8; that is, SCC has become four times more frequent in Sweden for both sexes during this period. The standardized incidence of SCC increased on all body sites except eyelids (men and women) and ears (women). Head tumors dominated among patients aged 70 years or more and diagnosed 1960–1964. Among patients less than 70 years old at diagnosis in 2000–2004, tumors of the trunk and limbs dominated. A relative increase of tumors of the scalp and neck was observed in all age groups (men), and of tumors of the trunk and upper limbs in all age groups and both sexes except among patients aged more than 90 years of age. In contrast, a relative decrease of tumors on the face (including the ears) was seen in all age groups. The relative increase of SCC of the trunk and upper limbs is a plausible reflection of intentional tanning.
Therapy‐resistant skin ulcers on hypoplastic leg associated with neurofibromatosis type 1
Authors: FUJIMURA Taku , OKUYAMA Ryuhei , AIBA Setsuya 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTWe describe a case of therapy‐resistant skin ulcers in sporadic neurofibromatosis type 1. A 40‐year‐old woman had suffered from neurofibromata on her trunk and extremities since 30 years prior. She suffered from hypoplasia of her right leg from a young age and had a 1‐year history of therapy‐resistant skin ulcers on the leg and inguinal region. Magnetic resonance angiography disclosed a narrowed femoral artery at the level of the upper thigh with poor root in the inner side corresponding to the ulcerated lesions. The vascular changes were thought to be the cause of the skin ulcers.
Epidermal growth factor receptor mutation, but not sex and smoking, is independently associated with favorable prognosis of gefitinib‐treated patients with lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Toyooka Shinichi , Takano Toshimi , Kosaka Takayuki , Hotta Katsuyuki , Matsuo Keitaro , Ichihara Shuji , Fujiwara Yoshiro , Soh Junichi , Otani Hiroki , Kiura Katsuyuki , Aoe Keisuke , Yatabe Yasushi , Ohe Yuichiro , Mitsudomi Tetsuya , Date Hiroshi 
Published: February 2008

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations have been reported as a predictive factor for favorable prognosis of gefitinib‐treated patients with lung adenocarcinoma. However, its confounding with sex and smoking makes it unclear whether the EGFR mutation is independently associated with prolonged patient survival. In this study, we analyzed a large‐scale database to discriminate the survival impact of EGFR mutations against those of sex and smoking after gefitinib therapy. EGFR mutations in exon19 and exon21 named drug‐sensitive EGFR mutations were examined to investigate the impact of EGFR mutation, sex, and smoking status on survival of 362 gefitinib‐treated patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Drug‐sensitive EGFR mutations were detected in 169 patients (46.7%). The multivariate analysis including EGFR, sex, and smoking status showed that drug‐sensitive EGFR mutations were significantly related to longer overall survival (OS) (P < 0.001) and progression‐free survival (PFS) (P < 0.001). In addition, we investigated the impact of sex and smoking status according to EGFR mutation status, and the impact of EGFR mutation status according to sex and smoking status on survival. Sex and smoking status were not significantly associated with longer OS and PFS according to EGFR mutation status. Drug‐sensitive EGFR mutations were significantly associated with longer OS and PFS according to sex or smoking status. Our results indicated that drug‐sensitive EGFR mutations were the only independent factor for longer survival of patients treated with gefitinib, suggesting that patient selection based on EGFR mutation status for gefitinib therapy will lead to a better outcome for patients with lung adenocarcinoma. (Cancer Sci 2008; 99: 303–308)
Humoral immune responses in patients vaccinated with 1–146 HER2 protein complexed with cholesteryl pullulan nanogel
Authors: Kageyama Shinichi , Kitano Shigehisa , Hirayama Michiko , Nagata Yasuhiro , Imai Hiroshi , Shiraishi Taizo , Akiyoshi Kazunari , Scott Andrew M. , Murphy Roger , Hoffman Eric W. , Old Lloyd J. , Katayama Naoyuki , Shiku Hiroshi 
Published: February 2008

The CHP‐HER2 vaccine, comprising truncated 146HER2 protein complexed with nanogels of cholesteryl pullulan (CHP), is a novel protein antigen vaccine that elicits 146HER2‐specific CD8+ and CD4+ T‐cell immune responses in patients with HER2‐expressing tumors. We analyzed the humoral responses in patients vaccinated with CHP‐HER2 and those with CHP‐HER2 plus granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF). The vaccine was injected subcutaneously at a dose of 300 µg protein. Nine patients received the vaccine alone over the first four injections, followed by CHP‐HER2 with GM‐CSF or OK‐432, whereas six received CHP‐HER2 plus GM‐CSF from the first cycle. 146HER2‐specific IgG antibodies were induced in 14 patients, who were negative at baseline. The antibodies became detectable after the second or third vaccination and reached plateau levels after the third or fourth cycle in patients vaccinated with CHP‐HER2 plus GM‐CSF. In contrast, the antibodies appeared only after the third to sixth vaccination and the plateau appeared after the fourth to eighth cycle in patients vaccinated with the CHP‐HER2 vaccine alone over the first four cycles. The antibodies induced by the vaccine were not reactive with HER2 antigen expressed on the cell surface in any of the patients. Epitope analysis using overlapping peptides revealed a single region in the 146HER2 protein, amino acids 127–146, in eight patients who were initially vaccinated with CHP‐HER2 alone. Similarly, the same HER2 region was recognized dominantly in patients vaccinated with GM‐CSF. Our results indicate that CHP‐HER2 induced HER2‐specific humoral responses in patients with HER2‐expressing tumors and that GM‐CSF seems to accelerate the responses. (Cancer Sci 2008; 99: 601–607)
Exposure to opioid maintenance treatment reduces long‐term mortality
Authors: Gibson Amy , Degenhardt Louisa , Mattick Richard P. , Ali Robert , White Jason , O'Brien Susannah 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTAims  To (i) examine the predictors of mortality in a randomized study of methadone versus buprenorphine maintenance treatment; (ii) compare the survival experience of the randomized subject groups; and (iii) describe the causes of death.Design  Ten‐year longitudinal follow‐up of mortality among participants in a randomized trial of methadone versus buprenorphine maintenance treatment.Setting  Recruitment through three clinics for a randomized trial of buprenorphine versus methadone maintenance.Participants  A total of 405 heroin‐dependent (DSM‐IV) participants aged 18 years and above who consented to participate in original study.Measurements  Baseline data from original randomized study; dates and causes of death through data linkage with Births, Deaths and Marriages registries; and longitudinal treatment exposure via State health departments. Predictors of mortality examined through survival analysis.Findings  There was an overall mortality rate of 8.84 deaths per 1000 person‐years of follow‐up and causes of death were comparable with the literature. Increased exposure to episodes of opioid treatment longer than 7 days reduced the risk of mortality; there was no differential mortality among methadone versus buprenorphine participants. More dependent, heavier users of heroin at baseline had a lower risk of death, and also higher exposure to opioid treatment. Older participants randomized to buprenorphine treatment had significantly improved survival. Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander participants had a higher risk of death.Conclusions  Increased exposure to opioid maintenance treatment reduces the risk of death in opioid‐dependent people. There was no differential reduction between buprenorphine and methadone. Previous studies suggesting differential effects may have been affected by biases in patient selection.
Longitudinal analysis of alcohol consumption and health of middle‐aged women in Australia
Authors: Powers Jennifer R. , Young Anne F. 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTAims  To assess the prospective association between alcohol consumption and self‐rated health: in particular whether there is a relationship between stable alcohol intake and health; whether health is affected by changes in alcohol consumption; whether having a chronic condition alters the relationships between stable and changing alcohol intake and health; and whether the health of longer‐term abstainers is different from more recent and intermittent abstainers.Design  Longitudinal analysis of a prospective, population‐based study.Setting  Australia.Participants  A total of 13 585 randomly selected 45–50‐year‐old women surveyed in 1996, of whom 9396 (69%) were resurveyed in 1998, 2001 and 2004.Measurements  Estimates for the General Health subscale of the SF‐36 for different levels of alcohol intake adjusted for having a chronic condition, depression, smoking and other factors.Findings  Longitudinal models of consistent alcohol intake showed mean scores for general health of moderate drinkers were significantly better than that of non‐drinkers [mean difference = 4.3, standard error (SE) = 0.61], occasional drinkers (mean difference = 3.1, SE = 0.52) and heavy drinkers (mean difference = 2.1, SE = 1.00). Among moderate drinkers, a decrease or variation in alcohol consumption was associated with a significant decline of three to four points in general health. Similar results were obtained when women with an existing chronic condition were excluded from these models. The health of recent abstainers and intermittent drinkers was the same as longer‐term abstainers.Conclusions  Consistent moderate drinkers had the best health even after adjustment for having a chronic condition, depression and life‐style factors. Poorer health was associated with decreased alcohol intake among occasional and moderate drinkers.
Primary versus secondary immunoglobulin E sensitization to soy and wheat in the Multi‐Centre Allergy Study cohort
Authors: Matricardi P. M. , Bockelbrink A. , Beyer K. , Keil T. , Niggemann B. , Grüber C. , Wahn U. , Lau S. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryBackground
IgE sensitization to soy and wheat is classified as ‘primary’ when generated by food ingestion and ‘secondary’ when it as a consequence of primary sensitization to cross‐reacting pollen antigens via inhalation. The age‐specific relevance of these categories of sensitization throughout childhood is unknown.Objective
To monitor the natural course of IgE sensitization against common food allergens in childhood in relation to sensitization against cross‐reactive airborne allergens.Methods
The German Multi‐Centre Allergy Study with follow‐up from birth to age 13 recruited initially 1314 children. IgE antibody levels against cow's milk, hen's egg, soy, wheat, mites, cat and dog dander, birch and grass pollens were tested. Longitudinal data were analysed from the 273 children with sera obtained at age 2, 5, 7 and 10 years of age.Results
The point prevalence of sensitization (>1.0 kU/L) to milk and egg allergens progressively decreased from about 4% at 2 years to <1% at 10 years. By contrast, the prevalence of IgE to wheat and soy progressively increased with age, from 2% to 7% (soy) and from 2% to 9% (wheat). At 10 years of age, IgE to grass pollen was detected in 97% and 98% of the children reacting against soy and wheat, respectively; IgE to birch pollen was observed in 86% and 82% of the children reacting against soy and wheat, respectively. Early IgE sensitization to soy or wheat preceded that to grass or birch pollen in only 4% and 8% of participants sensitized to soy and wheat, respectively.Conclusion
IgE sensitization to soy and wheat is relatively uncommon and mostly primary in early infancy, more frequent and mostly secondary to pollen sensitization at school age.Clinical Implications
Awareness should be raised to avoid unnecessary diet restrictions due to the high frequency of clinically irrelevant, secondary sensitization to soy and wheat in schoolchildren with pollinosis.
Association between suppressors of cytokine signalling, T‐helper type 1/T‐helper type 2 balance and allergic sensitization in children
Authors: Daegelmann C. , Herberth G. , Röder S. , Herbarth O. , Giese T. , Krämer U. , Behrendt H. , Borte M. , Heinrich J. , Emmrich F. , Lehmann I. ,   for the LISAplus study group
Published: February 2008

SummaryBackground
Suppressors of cytokine signalling (SOCS) family members have been shown to play an important role in the balance of cytokines that determine the onset of T‐helper type 1 (Th1)‐ and Th2‐mediated immune responses. In particular, for cytokine‐induced Src‐homology 2 protein (CIS), SOCS1, SOCS3 and SOCS5, a role in the regulation of T cell differentiation has been discussed. However, only few data exist so far in the human system.Objectives
The aim of the present study was to analyse the relationship between these suppressors and Th1/Th2 regulation as well as allergic sensitizations within a population‐based study.Methods
Within the Lifestyle–Immune system–Allergy plus cohort study, mRNA was prepared from blood samples of 6‐year‐old children for the analysis of cytokines, transcription factors for T cell regulation and SOCS molecule expression by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction. In addition, total and specific IgE concentrations have been measured by the Pharmacia CAP System. A complete data set from 248 children was available.Results
Among the SOCS molecules investigated, only SOCS1 showed a strong positive correlation to allergic sensitizations. In addition, an up‐regulated SOCS1 expression correlated with down‐regulated T‐box expressed in T cells (Tbet) and higher expression levels of GATA‐binding protein 3 (GATA‐3) and IL‐4. No association between SOCS1 and forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) was observed. For SOCS3, SOCS5 and CIS, a contradictory picture was found. The expression of these SOCS molecules was positively correlated with Tbet and FOXP3 and (with the exception of CIS) negatively with IL‐4.Conclusions
Our data suggest that SOCS3, SOCS5 and CIS, which correlate with an up‐regulated Th1 and regulatory T cell activity, are without relevance for the allergic status. In contrast, SOCS1 might be involved in the development of a Th2‐skewed immune response and subsequent allergic sensitizations.