bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vernacular Text-Books in South African Native Schools
Authors: Doke Clement M. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphIn this survey of vernacular text-books I am confining my attention to the Union of South Africa and the three High Commission Territories of Basutoland, Bechuanaland, and Swaziland. In this area we have five important literary language forms in use, viz. Xhosa and Zulu (belonging to the Nguni cluster of Bantu), and Southern Sotho, Tšwana, and Northern Sotho (belonging to the Sotho cluster). Reference will be made to two other languages spoken in the northern and eastern Transvaal, Venda and Tonga (commonly written as Thonga, and belonging to the cluster of languages spoken in Portuguese East Africa from Delagoa Bay northwards). I do not intend to deal with the languages spoken in the Mandated Territory of South-west Africa, nor with such intrusions as that of Kalanga into the Bechuanaland Protectorate.
Recycling, Paper
Authors: Borchardt John K. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
More than 55% of the paper used in the United States is recovered and recycled. Similar high recovery rates are reported for Japan and some European countries. Recovered paper that is recycled includes old newspapers and magazines, old corrugated containers, and printing and writing paper. Products produced from recovered paper include newsprint, magazine paper, tissue products, corrugated cartons, other boxes, and printing and writing paper.
Paper recycling mills are a series of unit operations designed to disintegrate paper to form pulp, detach ink and other contaminants, such as adhesives from cellulose fibers, and separate the dispersed contaminants from the cellulose fibers. The fibers are optionally bleached and then made back into paper. The type of paper, the types of contaminants present, and the recycled paper product determine the choice of unit operations and their sequence. In particular, different ink types such as toner inks affect mill design and the choice of process chemicals. Both chemical and mechanical phenomena promote contaminant detachment from cellulose fibers and separation of the dispersed contaminant particles from pulp. Important chemicals used in paper recycling include agents to provide high pH, dispersants, surfactants, chelants, and bleaching agents. More paper recycling mills are clarifying and reusing process water. As a result, water clarification has become an important part of mill operations.
Recycling, Plastics
Authors: Borchardt John K. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Plastics accounted for 11.3% or 26.7 million tons (53.3 billion lb (24.63 kg)) of the > 236 million tons of municipal solid waste generated in the United States in 2003. Other countries also generate large amounts of plastic wastes. While poly(ethylene terephthalate) recycling is best known to consumers, high density polyethylene, other grades of polyethylene, polystyrene, polypropylene and other plastics are also recycled. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved some types of poly(ethylene terephthalate) for food contact applications permitting the use of this recycled plastic in high value applications. The amount of plastics recycled has increased steadily since the early 1990s although the fraction of plastics recycled has varied. This variation is caused in part by variation in the price of crude oil and natural gas, the chemical feedstocks used to make most plastics. With higher oil and natural gas prices, the economics of recycling plastics compares more favorably with producing new plastics directly from these feedstocks. An international trade in recycled plastics, particularly poly(ethylene terephthalate) has developed and accounts for a growing fraction of the used plastics recovered in the United States. Efforts are growing to recycle plastics used in electronics: computers, printers, household appliances, etc, and increasing numbers of these devices reach the end of their useful life and are discarded.
Electromyography (EMG), Needle
Authors: Trontelj Joze , Mihelin M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractNeedle electromyography (EMG), i.e., extracellular recording of action potentials of muscle fibers with intramuscular electrodes, is a valuable diagnostic method in clinical medicine. It allows the recognition of different types of spontaneous activity, e.g., fibrillation potentials due to denervation, as well as changes in the motor unit potentials related to various disease processes, such as primary muscle diseases, disorders of the neuromuscular junction, or injuries to the peripheral nerves. The technical refinements and the introduction of automated methods of signal analysis made possible by the advent of new technologies have greatly increased versatility of needle EMG, as well as its diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. Physical properties of the EMG signals, characteristics of recording electrodes, features of the recording equipment and the stored data format are among important technical aspects of the method.
Brief Communication: Linear enamel hypoplasia and the shift from irregular to regular provisioning in Cayo Santiago rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Guatelli‐Steinberg Debbie , Benderlioglu Zeynep 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis study investigates changes in the prevalence of linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH) before and after the shift from irregular to regular provisioning in the Cayo Santiago rhesus monkey population. Prior to 1956, monkeys on this island colony did not receive consistent provisions, and were reported to be in poor health (Rawlins and Kessler 1986 The Cayo Santiago Macaques; Albany: State University of New York Press). A regular provisioning program, instituted in August 1956, resulted in the improved health of individuals and the growth of the population (Rawlins and Kessler 1986 The Cayo Santiago Macaques; Albany: State University of New York Press). LEH, a developmental defect of enamel, is a sensitive indicator of systemic physiological stress (Goodman and Rose 1990 Yrbk. Phys. Anthropol. 33:59–110). It was therefore hypothesized that the prevalence of LEH would be higher in monkeys who were irregularly provisioned than in monkeys who experienced regular provisioning. To test this hypothesis, teeth were examined for LEH in a sample of 181 female rhesus monkeys. The results support the hypothesis: the mean number of defects was statistically significantly higher in the preprovisioned group than it was in the postprovisioned one. When LEH prevalence was assessed using only defects occurring on antimeric pairs, the preprovisioned group again had a higher prevalence than the postprovisioned one, although the difference was not statistically significant, most likely because of the reduced sample size. The results of this study indicate that changes in LEH prevalence, at least in this population of rhesus monkeys, are associated with changes in nutritional status. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Khoratpithecus piriyai, a Late Miocene hominoid of Thailand
Authors: Chaimanee Yaowalak , Yamee Chotima , Tian Pannipa , Khaowiset Kitti , Marandat Bernard , Tafforeau Paul , Nemoz Christian , Jaeger Jean‐Jacques 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA Khoratpithecus piriyai lower jaw corresponds to a well‐preserved Late Miocene hominoid fossil from northeastern Thailand. Its morphology and internal structure, using a microcomputed tomography scan, are described and compared to those of other known Miocene hominoids. It originated from fluviatile sand and gravel deposits of a large river, and was associated with many fossil tree trunks, wood fragments, and large vertebrate remains. A biochronological analysis by using associated mammal fauna gives an estimated geological age between 9–6 Ma. The flora indicates the occurrence of a riverine tropical forest and wide areas of grassland. K. piriyai displays many original characters, such as the great breadth of its anterior dentition, suggesting large incisors, large lower M3, a canine with a flat lingual wall, and symphysis structure. Several of its morphological derived characters are shared with the orangutan, indicating sister‐group relationship with that extant ape. This relationship is additionally strongly supported by the absence of anterior digastric muscle scars. These shared derived characters are not present in Sivapithecus, Ankarapithecus, and Lufengpithecus, which are therefore considered more distant relatives to the orangutan than Khoratpithecus. The Middle Miocene K. chiangmuanensis is older, displays more primitive dental characters, and shares several dental characters with the Late Miocene form. It is therefore interpreted as its probable ancestor. But its less enlarged M3 and more wrinkled enamel may suggest an even closer phylogenetic position to orangutan ancestors, which cannot yet be supported because of the incomplete fossil record. Thus Khoratpithecus represents a new lineage of Southeast Asian hominoids, closely related to extant great ape ancestors. Am J Phys Anthropol 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of diene monomers as healing agents for autonomic damage repair
Authors: Liu Xing , Lee Jong Keun , Yoon Sung Ho , Kessler Michael R. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractFor effective autonomic healing of damaged polymers and composites, it is essential to understand how the encapsulated healing agent behaves during and after cure. In this study, two different diene monomers [dicyclopentadiene (DCPD), 5‐ethylidene‐2‐norbornene (ENB)] and their blends were investigated as candidate self‐healing agents, using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). DSC experiments for samples showed that DCPD has a melting transition while the blends and ENB have no melting in the temperature range measured. Samples for DMA were prepared and tested by two different methods in the presence of Grubbs catalyst. In the first case (method I), monomers were mixed with the catalyst directly. In the second case (method II), the catalyst was mixed with an epoxy/amine system and cured into a film that was polished to expose the catalyst. The cure behavior of monomer samples was examined on the epoxy/catalyst film. Method II is considered to be a simulative experiment, which can occur in a real situation for damaged epoxy matrix composite. It was found that acceleration of cure reaction and reduction of catalyst concentration is possible by blending DCPD with ENB from method I. Storage modulus (G′) value after cure in method II showed that a DCPD : ENB blend ratio of 1 : 3 reached the highest G′ value at shorter cure time and lower catalyst levels than other monomer combinations. DCPD and ENB are presumably responsible for increases in rigidity and reactivity, respectively. This may improve the healing efficiency in autonomic damage repairing applications. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 1266–1272, 2006
Technological innovation assessment of business‐to‐business electronic marketplaces
Authors: Wu Yen‐Chun Jim , Liu Hsing‐Piao 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBusiness opportunities created by the Internet economy and new business methods have triggered the development of the electronic or e‐marketplace, and vice versa. To generate competitive new products/services, Internet firms need to have access to detailed technological innovations to compete. Despite the wealth of literature on e‐marketplaces, research on patent analyses in e‐marketplaces is scarce. The patent is a crucial indicator of the technological competitiveness of a company or a nation. This study provides a preliminary step in depicting a holistic picture of technological innovations associated with e‐marketplace patents. This study analyzes patents issued during the period of 1990–2002 from major databases; hence, it provides the first empirical study on e‐marketplaces and related innovations holistically. A comprehensive set of statistical patent analyses and a discussion on e‐marketplaces' technology by means of a patent map analysis are presented.
Gender and Web information seeking: A self‐concept orientation model
Authors: Hupfer Maureen E. , Detlor Brian 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAdapting the consumer behavior selectivity model to the Web environment, this paper's key contribution is the introduction of a self‐concept orientation model of Web information seeking. This model, which addresses gender, effort, and information content factors, questions the commonly assumed equivalence of sex and gender by specifying the measurement of gender‐related self‐concept traits known as self‐ and other‐orientation. Regression analyses identified associations between self‐orientation, other‐orientation, and self‐reported search frequencies for content with identical subject domain (e.g., medical information, government information) and differing relevance (i.e., important to the individual personally versus important to someone close to him or her). Self‐ and other‐orientation interacted such that when individuals were highly self‐oriented, their frequency of search for both self‐ and other‐relevant information depended on their level of other‐orientation. Specifically, high‐self/high‐other individuals, with a comprehensive processing strategy, searched most often, whereas high‐self/low‐other respondents, with an effort minimization strategy, reported the lowest search frequencies. This interaction pattern was even more pronounced for other‐relevant information seeking. We found no sex differences in search frequency for either self‐relevant or other‐relevant information.
The tectorial membrane: Anatomical, biomechanical, and histological analysis
Authors: Tubbs R. Shane , Kelly David R. , Humphrey E. Rita , Chua Gina D. , Shoja Mohammadali M. , Salter E. George , Acakpo‐Satchivi Leslie , Wellons John C. , Blount Jeffrey P. , Oakes W. Jerry 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThere is minimal information in the literature regarding the tectorial membrane. Further, information in the literature regarding the anatomy and function of this structure is often contradictory. We performed the current study to elucidate further this structure's detailed anatomy, function, and histology. Thirteen adult cadavers underwent dissection of their tectorial membranes and detailed observations and measurements were made of them. Ranges of motion of the craniocervical junction were performed before and after transection of this structure. Histological analysis was performed on all membranes. The tectorial membrane was found to attach much more superiorly than previously described and was found to be firmly adherent to the cranial base and body of the axis but not to the posterior aspect of the odontoid process. The mean thickness of this membrane was found to be 1 mm. Flexion of the head made the tectorial membrane fully taut at 15° and extension made it fully taut at 20°; however, there was a buckling effect (redundant tectorial membrane) noted at the level of the odontoid process in extension. With the alar and transverse ligaments cut and with flexion of the head, the middle portion of this membrane was stretched over the odontoid process, thus acting as a “hammock” that inhibited the odontoid process from moving posteriorly. The tectorial membrane did not limit cervical flexion per se but rather helped to insure that the odontoid process did not impinge into the cervical canal. Lateral flexion was not found to be limited by this structure. Histologically, parallel collagen fibers with spindle‐shaped fibrocytes were observed within this membrane and near its attachment to the posterior axis, the collagen fibers were noted to be more homogenous with larger nonspindled fibrocytes. At the cranial attachment of the tectorial membrane, multiple calcified areas were noted that interdigitated with the underlying bone. Also near this cephalic bony attachment, there was an increase in the number of elastic fibers, which were found running parallel with the surrounding Type III collagen fibers. The tectorial membrane was found to attach much more superiorly than previously described. We would propose that the tectorial membrane provides for a second line of defense, preventing the odontoid process from compressing the spinal cord and by doing so, secondarily limits movement of the craniocervical juncture. This hypothesis is strengthened by the finding of many elastic fibers in the tectorial membrane. To our knowledge, our study is the first to perform a detailed histological analysis of the tectorial membrane. We hope that these data are useful to the clinician who investigates this ligament of the craniocervical region. Clin. Anat. 20:382–386, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Three‐dimensional reconstruction of the ankle by means of ultrathin slice plastination
Authors: Sora Mircea‐Constantin , Genser‐Strobl Birgit , Radu Jilavu , Lozanoff Scott 
Published: April 2006

AbstractComputerized reconstruction of anatomical structures is becoming very useful for developing anatomical teaching modules and animations. Although databases exist consisting of serial sections derived from frozen cadaver material, plastination represents an alternate method for developing anatomical data useful for computerized reconstruction. Plastination is used as an excellent tool for studying different anatomical and clinical questions. The sheet plastination technique is unique because it offers the possibility to produce transparent slices series, which can easily be processed morphometrically. The purpose of this study was to describe a method for developing a computerized model of the human ankle using plastinated slices. This method could be applied to reconstruct any desired region of the human body.A human ankle was obtained, plastinated, sectioned, and subjected to 3D computerized reconstruction using WinSURF modeling system (SURFdriver Software). Qualitative observations revealed that the morphological features of the model were consistent with those displayed by typical cadaveric specimens. Morphometric analysis indicated that the model did not significantly differ from a sample of cadaveric specimens. These data support the use of plastinates for generating tissues sections useful for 3D computerized modeling. Clin. Anat. 20:196–200, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Patterns of the circumflex femoral arteries revisited
Authors: Vazquez M.T. , Murillo J. , Maranillo E. , Parkin I. , Sanudo J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractKnowledge of variations of the circumflex femoral arteries is important when undertaking clinical procedures within the femoral region and in hip joint replacement. Since the 19th century, many different patterns have been proposed to classify their origins. This work studied a statistically reliable sample, the lower limbs of 221 embalmed human cadavers (equal right–left and approximately equal sex distributions), and reviewed the previous literature to propose a unified and simple classification that will be useful to clinicians. Statistical comparisons were made using the χ2 test. The medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries have been classified into three different patterns based on the levels of their origin. Distribution related to sex and side was also studied. Pattern I: Both arteries arose from the deep femoral artery (346 cases, 78.8%). This pattern was more frequent in females, P = 0.01. There was no significant difference between sides. Type Ia, medial circumflex femoral artery origin was proximal to the lateral circumflex femoral artery origin (53.2%); Type Ib, lateral circumflex femoral artery origin was proximal to medial circumflex femoral artery origin (23.4%); Type Ic, both arteries arose from a common trunk (23.4%). Pattern II: One of the arteries arose from the femoral artery and the other from the deep femoral artery (90 cases, 20.5%). Type IIa, the medial circumflex femoral artery arose from the femoral artery (77.8%) and Type IIb, the lateral circumflex femoral artery arose from the femoral artery (22.2%). There were no significant differences between sexes or sides. Pattern III: Both arteries arose from the femoral artery (2 cases, 0.5%). In every disposition there was a significantly higher prevalence of unilateral rather than bilateral occurrence. In one dissection the medial circumflex femoral artery was absent. Awareness of these variations could avoid unexpected injuries. Clin. Anat. 20:180–185, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Treatment of uranium‐contaminated waters using organic‐based permeable reactive barriers
Authors: England Ellen C. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA literature review and screening study suggest the feasibility of using low‐cost organic materials within a permeable reactive barrier (PRB) to treat ura‐nium‐contaminated water. Natural peat deposits remove and sequester ura‐nium from ground water under certain geochemical conditions while several species of bacteria, including Desulfovibrio desulfuricans precipitate soluble uranium from solution. Cation exchange capacities were measured for saw‐dust and peat, materials to be used in construction of a small‐scale PRB. Re‐sults of a literature review and the cation exchange capacity measurements suggest that organic materials, such as peat, can be used to remove soluble uranium from contaminated water. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Birds and bombs: How bird conservation planning and the military mission work together
Authors: Eberly Chris , Keating Jeff 
Published: April 2006

AbstractDepartment of Defense (DOD) installations with significant natural resources are required to write and implement an Integrated Natural Resources Manage‐ment Plan (INRMP). These plans must support the military training mission but also incorporate principles of ecosystem management at a landscape scale. Bird conservation planning by conservation initiatives such as Partners in Flight is based on a landscape‐level, ecosystem approach and focus on partner‐ships. State and federal programs are working toward similar objectives. We il‐lustrate how the partnerships and science of bird conservation planning benefit INRMPs and support the military mission. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Acyclic N‐halamine‐based fibrous materials: Preparation, characterization, and biocidal functions
Authors: Luo Jie , Sun Yuyu 
Published: April 2006

AbstractMethacrylamide (MAA) was grafted onto cotton cellulose. The influence of the reaction conditions on the grafting was studied in detail. Upon a chlorine bleach treatment, some of the amide groups in the grafted MAA side chains were transformed into stable acyclic N‐halamines; Hoffman‐type degradation was not observed. The resultant cotton celluloses provided a total kill of 108–109 CFU/mL for Escherichia coli (Gram‐negative bacteria), Staphylococcus aureus (Gram‐positive bacteria), and Candida tropicalis (fungi) in 3 min, 106–107 PFU/mL for the MS2 virus in 5 min, and 106–107 spores/mL for Bacillus subtilis in 4 h. The antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and antispore activities were both durable and rechargeable. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 3588–3600, 2006