bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Sovereignty Paradox
Authors: Zaum Dominik 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This book analyses the normative framework underlying the statebuilding activities of the international administrations in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, and East Timor. It argues that a particular understanding of sovereignty has shaped the efforts of these international administrations, and examines the influence of this conception on three aspects of statebuilding: institution-building, the behaviour of international institutions towards local actors, and the timing and nature of the transition from international to local authority — the exit strategies of international administrations. The book argues that international administrations hold a conception of ‘sovereignty as responsibility’: states have to fulfil a set of responsibilities towards their population, in particular administrative effectiveness, the protection of human rights, democracy, the rule of law, and maintaining a free market economy. These responsibilities constitute a ‘standard of civilisation’, which legitimises sovereign authority, and failure to fulfil this standard can lead to international intervention and the denial of sovereign rights. The book shows how this ‘standard of civilisation’ is used by international administrations both to justify the denial of self-governance, and to serve as a blueprint for their institution-building activities. The restructuring of political and administrative practices to help post-conflict territories to meet this standard creates a sovereignty paradox: international administrations compromise one element of sovereignty — the right to self-government — in order to implement domestic reforms to legitimize the authority of local political institutions, and thus strengthen their sovereignty. In the light of the governance and development record of the three international administrations, the book assesses the promises and the pathologies of statebuilding, and develops recommendations to improve their performance.
2 International Administrations in International Society
Authors: Zaum Dominik 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The first part of this chapter briefly explores the history of international administrations since the early 20th century, including administrations under the League of Nations and in the context of decolonization during the cold war. It provides the historical context in which contemporary international administrations are embedded, identifying precedents, ideas, and traditions on which contemporary international administrations draw. The second part discusses the sources of authority of international administrations. Drawing on the discussion of authority in the preceding chapter, it identifies five sources of authority, and analyses to what extent they are reflected in the mandates of the international administrations in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, and East Timor. It concludes by discussing the issues of accountability and liability of international administrations.
5 Statebuilding in East Timor1
Authors: Zaum Dominik 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This third case study chapter analyses the statebuilding activities of the United Nations Transitional Administration of East Timor (UNTAET). It is divided into three parts. The first part outlines the background to the intervention, the scope and evolution of international authority, and the transition to self-governance and Timorese independence. The remaining two sections are case studies of statebuilding in East Timor: the establishment of a new judicial system, and the reform of the civil service. The case studies show how these reforms are informed by the new ‘standard of civilisation’, and how these norms compete with other, local traditional normative frameworks and understandings of authority, compromising the effectiveness of the reforms.
Musical Meaning and Value
Authors: Crowther Paul 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This chapter analyses the nature of auditory experience and shows how music might be seen as historically emergent from this. The theory is then linked to an account of emotion and gesture, and music is further characterized as a formalization of vocal gesture, which (through pitch) comes to be achievable through instruments rather than the voice alone. It is argued that musical meaning centres on virtual expression, and that music's distinctiveness as an artistic medium follows on from this in complex ways. Attention is also paid to the conditions whereby we can make a transition from music per se to musical art. The basis of this is that comparative horizon of the medium's diachronic history already raised in previous chapters. Attention is paid to the nature of canonic value in music.
Intellectual Interpretations and Projections of the French Revolution
Authors: Hayward Jack 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
National disunity has been perpetuated and exacerbated by competing interpretations of the French Revolution despite effort to inculcate a common political culture. The authoritarian clericalism of Maistre, the Protestant liberalism of Madame de Stael and Constant, the political scientism of the Ideologues, the industrial positivism of Saint-Simon and Comte, the Republican political economy of Say, and the historicist Orleanism of the Doctrinaires are successively confronted.
Institutional Immobilism, Ideological Ferment, and Reluctant Socio-Economic Modernization
Authors: Hayward Jack 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The slow motion retreat from peasant and artisan ruralism underpinned an institutional immobilism mastered by a new professional political class of meritocratic barristers and businessmen. Politicized industrial relations and prominence of anarcho-syndicalist militancy in the weak trade unions led to general strikes becoming a mobilizing myth. Anticlericalism pursued the separation of Church and State, while anti-Semitism exploded in the Dreyfus Affair.
Adversaries: Partisan Intellectuals and Polarized Political Culture
Authors: Hayward Jack 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Intellectuals have imparted polemical contentiousness to French political controversy. Zola's role in the Dreyfus case had a literary legacy on both the Left and Right, with Surrealists and Communists or individuals like Sartre on the Left and Barrès and Maurras on the Right being prominent. Mounier's Catholic anti-liberalism met its reassertion by Aron. Decolonization prompted intellectual activism but Benda made the case against commitment.
Embattled Nation: Politicized Army, Imperial Decolonization, and European Integration
Authors: Hayward Jack 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Civil discord and imperial aspirations gave the armed forces a powerful place in French politics. The officer corps has played a crucial part in ensuring domestic order, as well as fighting foreign and colonial wars, notably in Algeria. Francophonia has been used to preserve a neo-colonial economic and cultural influence, especially in Africa. The switch to a European Union emphasis has been based on Franco-German concerted amity.
Diluting French Political Culture with European Social Liberalism
Authors: Hayward Jack 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Inspired by a revival of Tocqueville's liberalism, the critique of French political culture was launched by Aron, Hoffmann, Crozier, Furet, and Rosanvallon. However, it was from socialist reformists Delors and Rocard that the priority for civil society over statism was pursued politically, especially in the 1980s. Despite its impact, compared to that of capitalist globalization associational liberalism has petered out.
Patenting Procedures and Filing Strategies at the EPO
Authors: Stevnsborg Niels , van Pottelsberghe Bruno 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis chapter describes the various routes that can be chosen to obtain patent protection in some or all of the European countries. The EPO offers a centralized granting process, which includes various stages from the search for prior art, to the substantive examination and the final decision to grant the application. A typology of four broad filing strategies is developed to characterize the applicants' behaviour: a good will with fast track, a good will with slow track, a bad will with slow track, and a deliberate abuse of the system. It is shown that the chosen strategy will affect the patenting route, the drafting style, and the interaction with the EPO. Some of these filing strategies may induce an unwanted burden on the patent office; a disproportionate degree of uncertainty to competitors; and an unclear published prior art.
The Local Argument from Evil
Authors: van Inwagen Peter 
Published: May 2007

AbstractLocal arguments from evil proceed not from a premise about ‘all the evils of the world’, but from a premise about a single horrible event. They take the form, ‘If there were a God, that would not have happened’. In this chapter, it is conceded that even if Theist's arguments in the two previous chapters are indisputably correct, they do not refute the local argument, which is an argument of a quite different kind. The central argument of the chapter is a defence of the following thesis: if Theist's response to the global argument is accepted, it provides materials from which a reply to the local argument can be constructed. This reply turns on considerations of vagueness much like those considered in philosophical discussions of the sorites paradox.
The Hiddenness of God
Authors: van Inwagen Peter 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe problem of evil can sometimes seem to be a special case of a more general problem, the seeming absence of God from the world, the conviction that some people sometimes feel that, if there is a God at all, he is ‘hidden’. This chapter considers the question: What does it mean to say that God is hidden? It contends that the answer to this question turns on an understanding of the divine attribute of omnipresence. Consideration of the implications of the omnipresence of God shows that there can be only one sense in which God is ‘hidden’: he does not present human beings with (or at least presents very few of them with) unmistakable evidence of his existence in the form of ‘signs and wonders’. The fact that God does not present all human beings with such evidence suggests an argument for the non-existence of God that is of the same form as the global argument from evil: ‘If there were a God, he would present all human beings with unmistakable evidence of his existence in the form of signs and wonders. And yet no such evidence exists. There is, therefore, no God’. This chapter presents a response to this argument that is parallel to the response to the global argument from evil in Chapters 4 and 5.
Dedekind
Authors: Potter Michael 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDedekind was explicit, as Frege was, that ‘arithmetic is part of logic’, by which he meant to imply that he considered ‘the number concept entirely independent of the notions or intuitions of space and time’. Moreover, he did not limit himself to justifying the necessity of arithmetic; he shared Frege's view of the importance of explaining its applicability, as the title of his monograph — Was sind und was sollen die Zahlen? (What are numbers and what are they for?) — makes clear. Although there are considerable similarities between the two treatments, there are also marked differences, not just in the technical details of their developments of arithmetic within logic but in the way they tackled the dual problems of establishing the existence of the number sequence and uniqueness of the number sequence. In particular, although Dedekind's characterization of the natural numbers faced a version of the Julius Caesar problem just as Frege's did, Dedekind solved it in a very different way, which allowed him to avoid the problem of extraneous properties.
Frege's Account of Classes
Authors: Potter Michael 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn the Grundlagen, Frege sketched a proof of the basic properties of natural numbers from the numerical equivalence and showed how that equivalence could be proved if numbers were explicitly defined as extensions of certain second-level concepts. Two tasks were left to complete: to provide in the formal system of his concept script a derivation of the basic properties of numbers from the explicit definition in terms of extensions; and to show how extensions are given to us as logical objects independent of intuition. Frege did not delineate either task with any great clarity in the Grundlagen, but in Grundgesetze der Arithmetik he set about completing both tasks. The first involved little that was essentially new: Frege had sketched what amounts to a proof of Peano's axioms in the Grundlagen and by the time he came to write Grundgesetze, he had available to him Dedekind's derivation from them of the existence of functions satisfying Grassmann's recursion equations for addition and multiplication. The reason that it was necessary to convert both of these into detailed proofs was just to confirm that they made no illicit appeal to intuition for their justification. This chapter concentrates on the second task, that of accounting for the existence and uniqueness, independent of intuition, of extensions of concepts, i.e. objects satisfying what called the extensional equivalence.
The Second Edition of Principia
Authors: Potter Michael 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn the previous chapter, it was shown that the Tractatus accounted for only a limited part of arithmetic at best. When Russell read Wittgenstein's manuscript, he was convinced that this was a gap that needed to be filled. Curiously, it was not the omission of an account of real numbers that he found egregious, but that of a general account of cardinals. Russell was not willing simply to abandon the development of mathematics from the theory of types. He accepted, though, some of Wittgenstein's criticisms of the account he had given in Principia. He took the opportunity presented by the publication of a second edition of Principiato prepare a new Introduction indicating how mathematics could be based on a new theory of types consonant with the parts of Wittgenstein's account that Russell agreed with.
Seneca's Defence
Authors: Sorabji Richard 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
First movements of the soul for the Stoic materialists include bites, which are small contractions of the physical soul sensed in distress. First movements of the body include pallor, tears, and sexual irritation. All are involuntary shocks unlike the judgements which constitute emotion, and emotional therapy should ignore them as unimportant. First movements are first clearly described by Cicero, bites by Galen. For Seneca (1st century CE), Posidonius' revision of Stoicism around 100 BCE was wrong to say that emotion can occur without the relevant judgements in the case of animals, of disowned judgements, and of emotion changed by wordless music. In all three cases we have not emotion, but only first movements.
Posidonius On the Irrational Forces In Emotion
Authors: Sorabji Richard 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPosidonius wanted the Stoics to return from Chrysippus' intellectualism to Plato's tripartite soul, which he re-described as consisting of three capacities, not just Chrysippus' reason, but also two emotional capacities: one concerned with domination and one with appetite. Typically, emotions do involve Chrysippus' judgements, but not always. They do not consist of judgements alone, so the education of emotions cannot be purely rational. The movements of the emotional capacities depend on physiology, and respond rather to music, gymnastics, and imagery. The previous Stoic neglect of emotional capacities leaves too much human psychology unexplained to provide an adequate ethic. The credibility of Galen as the source for Posidonius is defended.
Aspasius and Other Objections To Chrysippus
Authors: Sorabji Richard 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe Aristotelian Asapasius (2nd century CE) objected that his fellow-Aristotelian Andronicus (1st century BCE) should not have conceded to Chrysippus that emotion requires assent as well as appearance. He accepts only two generic emotions — pleasure and distress — but he overlooks desire which Aristotle adds, and appetite and fear favoured by the Stoics and sometimes Plato. For the Stoics, appetite and desire are not additional to judgement, but are judgements that pursuit is appropriate. The Stoics omit backward-looking emotions on the grounds that concern about past adversity lasts only as long as one thinks one's present or future affected. Like Philodemus and the Christian Lactantius, Aspasius denied the Stoic view that anger (e.g., with one's children) must include the idea that retaliation is appropriate. Plotinus the Neoplatonist (3rd century CE) objected that mystical love involves no judgement, and that Stoics underestimate the contribution of body.
What Is Missing From the Judgemental Analysis?
Authors: Sorabji Richard 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWhat is the missing element in the analysis of emotion as value judgement which Posidonius tried to fill with his movements of soul capacities? Perhaps the bodily reactions, only sometimes noticed, set up by the amygdala or other parts of the brain. Joseph LeDoux has argued that in fear these can occur independently of, and even before, the judgement of danger. They may be triggered by perception of something that we do not recognize as having been associated with a past danger, so that our bodies are a-tremble without our knowing why, or continue even after we have disowned judgements of danger. They may also correspond to Seneca's first movements before any judgement of danger, and to William James' being sad because we cry. Stoic therapy for emotions is cognitive, and attacks judgements very effectively. But we can see why in some cases a physical therapy may be needed.
The Case For and Against Eradication Of Emotion
Authors: Sorabji Richard 
Published: May 2007

AbstractArguments for eradicating most emotions were the Stoic thesis that one misevaluates indifferents, the approval of serenity, and the point that pleasant emotions are inextricably tied to unpleasant ones, and that ordinary love turns to hate. The case against eradication is not always well argued. For Stoic eradication is not suppression or gritting of teeth, but re-evaluation, nor do the Stoics remove all motivation. Freedom from emotional judgements, even if not from non-judgmental shocks, is imaginable from Epictetus' description of his training methods, and it was further pictured by Aristotle, Cicero, and Christians by imagining the situation of God or of the next life. But would such a state be human or humane, or is that not something to be required of a sage? For ordinary people, emotions are of the highest value, even though Romanticism's glorification of all of them should not be shared.
Exercises Concerned With Time and the Self
Authors: Sorabji Richard 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDoes what is wholly past provoke no emotion? Should we feel the same about past and future non-existence? Ought we to remember good things in the past, and bad equally, the good to distract from present pain, the bad to create a narrative of self, or because there is pleasure in remembering bad survived? But then there is pain in remembering pleasure lost. Is repentance good or bad? Is hope good, or should we pin no hopes on the future? Does anticipating misfortune fortify or depress? Is planning for the future needed for self-identity? Should we ignore both past and future, or abstract from time altogether? Does prolongation or delay make a difference, or an endless recurrence of history, or discontinuous, or dispersible, or everlasting selves? Can we create a persona through memory, or through choices? Can we create an inviolable self?
Emotional Conflict and the Divided Self
Authors: Sorabji Richard 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPlato's Socrates denies akrasia (wanting the course one thinks worse), but his Republic allows that Leontius did that, at the cost of revealing a divided soul, since one thing cannot simultaneously have opposite desires about the same thing. Pseudo-Plutarch protests one can have simultaneous opposite capacities. Plato becomes increasingly sensitive to different reasons why one can want the course one thinks worse, but Aristotle concedes Socrates' position that ignorance must be responsible, while explaining the ignorance as types of attention-failure, that allow violation of one's deliberate policy (prohairesis). Since Chrysippus denies Plato's division of the soul, he has to postulate that one's unitary reason oscillates between the better judgement and the worse. The Christians Origen and Augustine deny two souls in us, but accept two wills. One may act with less than one's full will. Christ engaged in a conditional willing comparable to Stoic willing with reservation.
First Movements As Bad Thoughts
Authors: Sorabji Richard 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Christ or Jewish patriarchs got assimilated to the Stoic ideal of freedom from emotion (apatheia) by reinterpreting their apparent emotions as first movements or ‘prepassions’: Philo the Jew, Origen, Didymus the Blind, Jerome, Augustine. But the Stoic idea was transformed in Origen from non-cognitive shocks to ‘bad thoughts’. These are sometimes temptations and they are no longer so sharply distinguished from emotions as in the Stoics, although they do, at least in the case of Christ, fall short of sin. The Stoic theory of avoiding emotion became a theory of resisting temptation, and the concentration on thoughts opened up new gradations of question about whether one dwelt on the thought, enjoyed it, or put oneself in the way of it.
Christians On Moderation Versus Eradication
Authors: Sorabji Richard 
Published: May 2007

AbstractStoic apatheia was accepted as an ideal for certain humans by Philo the Jew and many leading Christians: Clement of Alexandria, Origen, the Cappadocians (Basil, Gregory of Nyssa, Gregory of Nazianzus), as well as Evagrius; although even Evagrius agrees with the others that it requires the grace of God. For ordinary people the Cappadocians write consolation letters about bereavement which urge no more than moderation of emotion (metriopatheia), as Seneca also had done, in spite of being a Stoic. Although Evagrius was followed by the Latin-writer Cassian, some Latin-writing Christians opposed apatheia: Lactantius, Jerome, and Augustine. The last two were attacking Pelagius, who denied original sin, and they lumped him with supporters of apatheia. For Augustine, even unpleasant emotions have been needed since man left the Garden of Eden, and pleasant ones were enjoyed in Eden and will be in heaven.
Meta‐conceivability and Thought Experiments
Authors: Sorensen Roy 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA meta-conception is a hypothetical one. It answers a question by imagining someone (usually a more able conceiver) answering that question via an act of imagination. Thus, meta-conceptions stand to thought experiments as thought experiments stand to executed experiments. If conceivability entails possibility, then meta-conceiving entails possibility. Meta-conceptions would then work as well as thought experiments. But they do not work as well, giving fresh doubt about ‘Conceivability entails possibility’. Some of what passes for conceiving is really meta-conceiving, so these concerns affect modal epistemology. This chapter considers meta-conceptions as legitimate modes of inquiry but ranks them lower than thought experiments.