bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contagious ecthyma virus-vaccination failures
Authors: Buddle Bryce M. , Dellers Robert W. , Schurig Gerhardt G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Cross-protection experiments were undertaken to investigate reasons for contagious ecthyma (ce) virus-vaccination failures. Vaccination with sheep-passaged or with cell culture-passaged virus did not protect lambs against development of lesions after challenge inoculation with sheep-passaged virus. However, lesions which developed after challenge exposure with sheep-passaged ce virus healed significantly faster than did those induced by the initial vaccination with sheep-passaged virus (P < 0.001). A significant decrease in the healing time was not observed for lambs initially vaccinated with cell culture-passaged ce virus after challenge exposure with sheep-passaged virus (P > 0.05). Protection was evident when lambs were challenge inoculated with the less virulent cell culture-passaged virus and cross-protection between the ST and CSL isolates was detected.
This study indicated that complete protection even against homologous strain challenge was not achieved. Antigenic differences between vaccinal and field strains appeared an unlikely cause of vaccination failures. It also is evident that cell culture-propagated ce virus preparations are less effective for vaccination purposes than are those propagated in sheep.
Hemodynamics of progressive pneumopericardium in the dog
Authors: Reed John R. , Thomas William P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The hemodynamics of progressive pneumopericardium were studied in 6 anesthetized healthy dogs (with intact thorax). Heart rate, cardiac output, and pericardial and intravascular pressures were recorded. Pressures were measured in the pericardial space by means of a percutaneously introduced, air-filled catheter, and in the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle, pulmonary artery, and aorta by means of fluid-filled catheters. The gradual increase in mean pericardial pressure up to 11 ± 2 mm of Hg was associated with increases in heart rate and mean right atrial, mean left atrial, right ventricular end-diastolic, and left ventricular end-diastolic pressures and with decreases in cardiac output and stroke volume, with no change in left ventricular systolic and mean aortic pressures. Critical cardiac tamponade occurred at a pericardial pressure of 12.2 ± 2.8 mm of Hg, which was produced by 8.7 ± 1.9 cm3 air/kg of body weight. This was characterized by a sudden marked decrease in heart rate, cardiac output, stroke volume, left ventricular systolic pressure, and mean aortic pressure, and equilibration of mean right atrial, mean left atrial, right ventricular end-diastolic, left ventricular end-diastolic, and pulmonary artery diastolic pressures. These hemodynamic changes were similar to those of experimental pericardial effusion.
Effects of castration, with and without testosterone replacement, on leg bone integrity in the domestic fowl
Authors: Johnson A. L. , Rendano V. T. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Studies were conducted to assess the effects of castration on leg bone integrity of male White Leghorn chickens. Eighteen 5-week-old males were randomly allocated to 3 groups: group 1—intact controls, group 2—castrated, and group 3—castrated and subsequently treated with testosterone (T)-filled Silastic capsule implants. Body weight and plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone, androgens, and total calcium were measured in each bird at intervals throughout the experiment. Subsequently, radiographs were performed upon the tibiotarsus-tarsometatarsus region of the left limb of birds from the 3 treatment groups at 7, 35, and 47 weeks of age and assigned a score of 1 to 3 (1 = normal; 3 = greatest pathologic change). Analysis of radiologic scores indicated that at 35 and 47 weeks, castrated birds (group 2) had a mean score significantly greater than that of control birds (group 1). The abnormality was typified by hyperossification with exostoses in the ossified tibial cartilage and lateral calcaneal ridge. In contrast, radiologic scores from individual T-implanted castrated birds (group 3) at 35 and 47 weeks were more variable, but the mean score was not statistically different from that of the control group.
We conclude that the depression of circulating concentrations of sex steroids, by castration, in young male chickens results in hypercalcification of the tibiotarsus-tarsometatarsus region of the limb. This effect appears to be mediated directly or indirectly by T or a metabolite of T.
Plasma copper concentration and packed cell volume and their relationships to fertility and milk production in Holstein cows
Authors: Kappel L. C. , Ingraham R. H. , Morgan E. B. , Babcock D. K. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Jugular blood samples were obtained from 55 summer-calving and 40 winter-calving Holstein cows fed diets which averaged 7.4 μg of Cu/g. Samples were collected within 3 days of 30, 11, and 4 days before calving and 4, 11, 18, 25, 39, 60, 88, 116, and 147 days after calving. Packed cell volume and plasma Cu concentrations were determined. Blood components were analyzed in relationship to season, milk production, lactation number, number of days to conception, number of postcalving uterine infusions, and time relative to calving. The environmental temperature-humidity index was used as a covariate in the analysis, so that seasonal effects represented feeding or production differences between seasons and were not due to the direct effects of climate.
Plasma Cu concentrations were within the usual laboratory limits (1.05 ± 0.20 μg/ml). These values were unrelated to pcv in the summer-calving cows, but were slightly related in the winter-calving cows (r = 0.11). Plasma Cu values increased around the time of calving, with the maximum level (1.13 μg/ml) occurring on postpartum day 11. Plasma Cu concentration was higher in cows that conceived within 80 days of calving than in cows which conceived at 120 days or more. Differences in plasma Cu among fertility groups were most evident during postpartum days 25 to 60. However, the relationship between plasma Cu concentrations and fertility was not consistent. Significant interactions existed for season × fertility groups and milk production groups × fertility groups. Plasma Cu concentration was significantly higher for the summer-calving cows and was inversely related to milk production level. The season × production group interaction also was significant for plasma Cu concentration.
The pcv decreased by 3.2% after cows had calved, with the lowest pcv occurring at postpartum day 39. The winter-calving cows had a significantly higher pcv than did the summer-calving group. Cows that conceived within 120 days of calving had a higher pcv than did cows which conceived later than 120 days after calving. These differences were significant at postpartum days 60, 88, 116, and 147 and were consistent over seasons and production groups. Cows given 2 or more uterine infusions before breeding had a lower pcv on 6 of the 9 postcalving sample collection days. First-lactation heifers had a significantly higher pcv. For the summer-calving cows, pcv was not related to milk production level. For the winter-calving cows, the high production group had the highest pcv from postpartum days 39 through 88 and then decreased to the lowest pcv at postpartum day 147.
Detection of canine antisperm antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence and gelatin agglutination
Authors: Rosenthal R. C. , Meyers Walter L. , Burke Thomas J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Canine infertility has diverse and multiple causes. Immunologic infertility due to antisperm antibody is recognized and quantitated in other species, but this entity appears not to have been described in the dog. Before this time, there has been no practicable and reliable method to measure canine antisperm antibodies. This study was directed at inducing the production of such antibodies by immunizing dogswith sperm antigens and measuring the resulting antibodies, using the recognized techniques of indirect fluorescent antibody testing and sperm agglutination testing. Measurable antibody responses were observed.
Effects of dietary supplementation with butylated hydroxyanisole, cysteine, and vitamins B on tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) toxicosis in ponies
Authors: Garrett B. J. , Holtan D. W. , Cheeke P. R. , Schmitz J. A. , Rogers Q. R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Dried tansy ragwort, which contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids, was fed as 10% of a complete diet to ponies, with and without a mixture of additives. The additives provided a dietary supplement equivalent to 1% cysteine, 0.75% butylated hydroxyanisole, 200 μg of vitamin B12/kg of feed, and 5 mg of folic acid/kg of feed. The additives did not alter tansy ragwort toxicity, as assessed by survival time, liver changes, sulfobromophthalein (bsp) clearance rate, serum γ-glutamyl transpeptidase activity, and plasma amino acid patterns. In ponies fed tansy ragwort, bsp clearance rate was a sensitive indicator of liver damage, and decreased to about 20% of control values. γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase activities showed considerable variability, but generally were elevated in animals fed tansy ragwort. Liver iron and copper concentrations increased, and liver zinc concentrations decreased in tansy ragwort-fed ponies. Plasma amino acid patterns in tansy ragwort-fed ponies showed changes typical of those observed in liver disease.
Platelet concentration and platelet volume distribution in healthy cats
Authors: Weiser M. G. , Kociba G. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An electronic particle counter and size analysis system were used to determine platelet count, mean platelet volume (mpv), platelet volume heterogeneity (sd of platelet volumes), and platelet mass values in feline platelet-rich plasma (prp) prepared by brief centrifugation of blood. Electronic platelet counts correlated well with manual counts done by phase microscopy over a platelet count range of 5,000/μl to 840,000/μl (r = 0.93). Variability in manual and electronic counts was not significantly different. However, due to differential stratification of platelet concentration in prp, electronic counts on aspirated, mixed prp were significantly less variable (P < 0.01).
Reference values, determined on blood from 25 healthy adult cats, were platelet count: 296,000 to 850,000/μl; mpv: 11.0 to 18.1 fl; platelet volume heterogeneity: 5.8 to 10.6 fl, and platelet mass: 4.0 to 11.4 μl/ml of blood. There was a direct relationship between mpv and platelet volume heterogeneity and an inverse relationship between mpv and platelet count. Platelet concentration and size were not constant in different prp layers. Aliquots of prp near the top had a significantly lower platelet concentration (P < 0.001) and lower mpv (P < 0.001) than did aliquots from near the bottom of the prp layer. During the 4 hours after sample collection, there was a progressive decrease in platelet count and progressive increase in mpv, but the changes were not significant. When platelets were incubated in counting fluid, there was a slight increase in mpv by 1.5 hours. By 2.5 hours, there was a significant increase in mpv (P < 0.05).
Association of parainfluenza-3 virus with bovine macrophages and blood cells: An in vitro study
Authors: Stauber Erik H. , Weston Kathleen J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Bovine blood cells and peritoneal and lung macrophages were exposed in vitro to parainfluenza-3 (pi-3) virus. Residual nonadsorbed pi-3 virus (expressed in percentage of input virus) in the supernate of the various cell fractions 1 hour after incubation at 37 C was as follows: lung macrophages, 11%; peritoneal macrophages, 59%; monocytes, 26%; rbc, 14%; lymphocytes, 28%; and polymorphonuclear cells (pmn), 63%. Lung macrophages, monocytes, lymphocytes, and pmn were monitored over a 72-hour period for hemadsorption of chicken rbc. Hemadsorption increased for lung macrophages and monocytes, whereas it decreased for lymphocytes and pmn. Infective virus could not be recovered from pmn, rbc, lymphocytes, or monocytes for more than 24 hours after pi-3 infection. Recovery of infective pi-3 virus from infected peritoneal and lung macrophages extended over 4 to 8 days, respectively.
Effects of isoflurane anesthesia on equine liver function
Authors: Engelking Larry R. , Dodman Nicholas H. , Hartman Gail , Valdez Henry 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The acute 2-hour effects of isoflurane anesthesia on liver function and biliary excretion were examined in 2 ponies prepared surgically with chronic external biliary fistulas (T-tubes). Studies were conducted 2 to 8 months postoperatively with the enterohepatic circulation held intact between studies. Bile acid infusion iv (8.1 to 8.8 μmol/min) helped maintain bile flow and bile acid and bilirubin excretion during complete biliary diversion throughout each study. Following 3-hour control periods, anesthesia was induced and maintained at 1.3 to 1.5 minimal alveolar concentration plus O2 (spontaneous breathing) for 2 hours. Compared with the immediate 2-hour preanesthesia values, isoflurane caused significant increases in pcv (27%) and biliary bilirubin excretion (24%). However, no significant differences were detected in plasma or biliary bilirubin concentrations, biliary bile acid concentration or excretion, bile flow, or plasma aspartate aminotransferase concentrations between preanesthesia control and anesthesia periods.
The results indicate that although isoflurane anesthesia enhanced hepatic bilirubin excretion, its effects on hepatic bilirubin formation and/or clearance are modest, compared with effects of halothane anesthesia which have previously been shown to enhance equine bilirubin excretion by 138% and reduce bile acid excretion by 27%. Isoflurane anesthesia in ponies does not appear to affect hepatic bile acid transport or bile formation significantly.
Production of cutaneous analgesia by electroacupuncture in horses: Variations dependent on sex of subject and locus of stimulation
Authors: Bossut Daniel F. B. , Page Edwin H. , Stromberg Melvin W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Cutaneous pain thresholds to pinprick, pinch, and heat stimuli were quantified during control and electroacupuncture trials in 23 horses. Pain thresholds for 8 areas of the body during control trials (no needles) were statistically compared with pain thresholds measured in the same areas of the same horse when given electroacupuncture treatment. Statistically significant increases of pain threshold were interpreted as induced analgesia and occurred mainly in 5 areas of the trunk, but not in the head or extremities. Analgesic efficacy varied between sexes and among 3 groups of points chosen from Chinese traditional veterinary literature. Analgesia was induced equally well in both castrated males and intact females by the electrostimulation of 5 needles inserted on the gluteal (rump) and lumbar (loins) regions. However, stimulation of 2 needles located only in the gluteal region caused a significant analgesia in females only. In contrast, stimulation of 2 needles located in the thoracic limb was analgesic in males, but infrequently so in females. Therefore, we observed differential analgesia due to an interaction between needle location and sex of subject.
Xenogeneic monoclonal antibodies to cell surface antigens of equine lymphocytes
Authors: Newman M. J. , Beegle K. H. , Antczak D. F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Monoclonal antibodies to equine lymphocyte antigens were produced, using normal peripheral blood lymphocytes as the immunogen and standard hybridoma techniques. Antibody producing hybridomas were detected by a solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Antibodies produced by 6 cloned hybrids were characterized further by microlymphocytotoxicity, indirect immunofluorescence, and agglutination assays on peripheral blood lymphocytes, platelets, and erythrocytes. Reaction patterns on leukocytes indicated that these antibodies may recognize at least 3 different cell-surface antigens: (1) an antigen present on most peripheral blood lymphocytes and on platelets, (2) an antigen present on most peripheral blood lymphocytes, but absent from platelets, and (3) an antigen expressed by a major subpopulation of lymphocytes and also present on platelets. This last antigen is polymorphic and is expressed on the lymphocytes of approximately 75% of horses. The distribution of this polymorphic antigen did not correlate with the antigen distribution of any of the defined antigens of the equine major histocompatibility system. None of the 6 monoclonal antibodies reacted with antigens expressed on erythrocytes. These results indicate that monoclonal antibodies may be useful for the identification and characterization of various leukocyte antigens in the horse.
Pharmacokinetics of tetracycline encapsulated in bovine carrier erythrocytes
Authors: DeLoach J. R. , Wagner G. G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Tetracycline was encapsulated in erythrocytes with a dialysis technique. The effect of drug concentration (0.2 mg/ml of erythrocytes) on encapsulation of [14C]sucrose and [3H]tetracycline was reduction of the tetracycline encapsulation, but not [14C]sucrose. Carrier erythrocytes containing tetracycline reinjected in calves were studied for their pharmacokinetic constants. The drug half-life was 6.7 hours, with an overall elimination constant of 0.104 hour-1.
Efficacy of ivermectin in oral paste formulation against immature gastrointestinal and pulmonary nematodes in cattle
Authors: Alva-Valdes R. , Benz G. W. , Wallace D. H. , Egerton J. R. , Gross S. J. , Wooden J. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The anthelmintic efficacy of ivermectin in oral paste formulation was evaluated against the 4th-stage larvae of 8 gastrointestinal nematodes and the common lungworm in 14 experimentally inoculated calves. Two groups consisting of 7 calves each were formed by restricted randomization on body weight. The infective larvae were given orally to the animals on a staggered schedule so that the parasites were in the 4th larval stage when the animals were treated. One group was given vehicle paste, and the other group was treated with ivermectin in oral paste at the dose level of 200 μg/kg of body weight. The animals were killed 18 or 19 days after treatment. Ivermectin was 100% effective against Dictyocaulus viviparus, Oesophagostomum radiatum, Haemonchus placei, Ostertagia ostertagi, and Trichostrongylus axei and > 99% effective against Cooperia oncophora, C punctata, T colubriformis, and Nematodirus helvetianus.
Effects of sterilized micropulverized barium sulfate suspension and meglumine iothalamate solution on the genitourinary tract of healthy male dogs after retrograde urethrocystography
Authors: Feeney Daniel A. , Johnston Gary R. , Tomlinson Michael J. , Osborne Carl A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A sufficient quantity of 30% w/v sterile barium sulfate suspension was infused into the caudal portions of urinary tracts of 12 young adult healthy male Beagles to induce vesicoureteral reflux. A control group of dogs was infused with a 7.5% solution of meglumine iothalamate. The dogs were radiographed at 1, 6, 13, and 29 days later. Three dogs from each group were euthanatized and necropsied (1 each) after radiography at each of these times. In some dogs, radiopacity in the prostate, urinary bladder, and renal pelvic diverticula due to barium persisted throughout the 30-day observation period. Opacity at or beyond 24 hours was not found in dogs infused with iothalamate.
Light microscopy revealed barium either free or within macrophages in the submucosa of the bladder, in glandular and stromal areas of the prostate, and in the kidney. Renal barium was limited to pelvic diverticula (3 dogs), in a medullary tubule (1 dog), and in cortical tubules (2 dogs). Significant lesions attributable to barium were not seen in kidneys of dogs in the barium group. Iothalamate induced focal to multifocal inflammatory responses in some prostates; barium was phagocytosed by macrophages. Focal transient inflammatory and ulcerative lesions induced by bladder distention were observed in the bladder and urethral mucosa in both groups.
Effects of single intravenous doses of dexamethasone on baseline plasma cortisol concentrations and responses to synthetic ACTH in healthy dogs
Authors: Kemppainen R. J. , Sartin J. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The duration of adrenocortical suppression resulting from a single iv dose of dexamethasone or dexamethasone sodium phosphate was determined in dogs. At 0800 hours, 5 groups of dogs (n = 4/group) were treated with 0.01 or 0.1 mg of either agent/kg of body weight or saline solution (controls). Plasma cortisol concentrations were significantly (P < 0.01) depressed in dogs given either dose of dexamethasone or dexamethasone sodium phosphate by posttreatment hour (pth) 2 and concentrations remained suppressed for at least 16 hours. However, by pth 24, plasma cortisol concentrations in all dogs, except those given 0.1 mg of dexamethasone/kg, returned to control values. Adrenocortical suppression was evident in dogs given 0.1 mg of dexamethasone/kg for up to 32 hours.
The effect of dexamethasone pretreatment on the adrenocortical response to ACTH was studied in the same dogs 2 weeks later. Two groups of dogs (n = 10/group) were tested with 1 μg of synthetic ACTH/kg given at 1000 hours or 1400 hours. One week later, half of the dogs in each group were given 0.01 mg of dexamethasone/kg at 0600 hours, whereas the remaining dogs were given 0.1 mg of dexamethasone/kg. The ACTH response test was then repeated so that the interval between dexamethasone treatment and ACTH injection was 4 hours (ACTH given at 1000 hours) or 8 hours (ACTH given at 1400 hours). Base-line plasma cortisol concentrations were reduced in all dogs given dexamethasone 4 or 8 hours previously. Although neither dose of dexamethasone altered the adrenocortical response to ACTH administered 4 hours after dexamethasone treatment, dogs given 0.1 mg of dexamethasone/kg 8 hours previously had a reduced responsiveness.
Immunoglobulin concentrations in serum and nasal secretions of calves at the onset of pneumonia
Authors: Corbeil L. B. , Watt B. , Corbeil R. R. , Betzen T. G. , Brownson R. K. , Morrill J. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Immunoglobulin (Ig) concentrations in serum and in nasal secretions were correlated with pneumonia and diarrhea during the first 12 weeks of life in 56 calves. The peak onset of pneumonia occurred between 2 and 4 weeks of age when the calves’ serum IgG1, IgG2, and IgA concentrations were lowest. As IgG2 concentrations increased, fewer calves developed pneumonia. Peak onset of pneumonia was also correlated with the lowest IgG and IgA concentrations in the calves’ nasal secretions.
Most calves developed pneumonia when serum concentrations of IgG1 were < 1.5 g/dl, IgG2 < 0.3 g/dl, IgA < 0.1 g/dl, and IgM < 0.2 g/dl and when the combined IgG and IgA values in nasal secretions were < 0.2 mg of Ig/mg of protein. In study A, diarrhea preceded pneumonia in 63% of 56 calves. In study B, 38% of 23 calves had diarrhea and/or hemorrhagic feces before pneumonia. Seemingly, there was a relationship between diarrhea and pneumonia. Furthermore, pneumonia occurred at or just after the time when IgG1, IgG2, and IgA concentrations in serum and the combined IgG and IgA concentrations in nasal secretions were lowest.