bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Three new species of free-living nematodes from inter-tidal sediments in southern New Zealand
Authors: Leduc Daniel , Wharton David A. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Three new species are described from sheltered intertidal sediments of
Papanui Inlet, southern New Zealand. Microlaimus falciferus n. sp. is
characterised by a cuticle with two lateral alae, the presence of pores
between the cephalic setae, a strongly sclerotised and non-compartmentalised
mouth cavity and scythe-shaped spicules with two sub-lateral pre-cloacal
setae. This is the first species of the family Microlaimidae described as
having lateral differentiation of the cuticle. Microlaimus falciferus n. sp.
can also be differentiated from other Microlaimus species by the presence of
two types of porids, i.e., pores and short hollow setae, as all other
species of the genus possess only one type of porid (when present). Aponema
subtile n. sp. is characterised by its slender form, relatively long tail,
presence of longitudinal bars and lateral grooves on the cuticle and groups
of short setae in the pre- and post-cloacal regions. It is similar to A.
torosum in the structure of the male sexual organs but differs from the
latter in the following ways: higher a values (30-40 vs 17-27); longer tail
(5.4-7.8 vs 4-5 anal body diam. long) and a weakly sclerotised pharyngeal
bulb that is never angular in appearance. Sabatieria annulata n. sp. is most
similar to the cosmopolitan species S. punctata, the main difference being
the absence of punctations in S. annulata n. sp. Sabatieria annulata n. sp.
also has shorter spicules (34-36 vs 41-54 μm) and shorter gubernacular
apophyses (14-16 vs 20-24 μm) than S. punctata.
Synonymy of Afenestrata with Heterodera supported by phylogenetics with molecular and morphological characterisation of H. koreana comb. n. and H. orientalis comb. n. (Tylenchida: Heteroderidae)
Authors: Mundo-Ocampo Manuel , Troccoli Alberto , Subbotin Sergei A. , Del Cid Julio , Baldwin James G. , Inserra Renato N. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Phylogenetic analysis of five gene fragments: ITS-rRNA, D2 and D3 of 28S
rRNA, 18S rRNA, Hsp90 and actin, of Heterodera species and two
representative Afenestrata species, A. koreana and A. orientalis, form a
clade with H. cynodontis, H. bifenestra and an unidentified Heterodera sp.
infecting grasses. Based on these results and the consideration that the key
diagnostic characters of Afenestrata are convergent and do not define a
clade, synonymisation of Afenestrata with Heterodera is proposed. The
following new combinations are made: H. africana comb. n., H. axonopi comb.
n., H. koreana comb. n., and H. orientalis comb. n. Furthermore, H. (=
Afenestrata) sacchari is renamed as H. saccharophila nom. nov. to avoid
homonymy. All these species, together with H. bamboosi, are regarded as
members of a paraphyletic ‘Afenestrata group’ within Heterodera. Whilst
recognised as artificial, the Afenestrata group is nevertheless an aid to
discussion about these similar species. Morphological and molecular
characterisation of populations of H. koreana comb. n. from Florida and H.
orientalis comb. n. from Florida and Guatemala verify the identification of
these populations as valid representatives for molecular studies of the
species. Light and SEM observations also provide new detail and a broader
understanding of the morphological range of both species. These include a
longer stylet for females of H. koreana comb. n. and H. orientalis comb. n.
than reported in the original descriptions. In addition, previously
unreported tuberculate ridges are noted on the surface of vulval lips of H.
orientalis comb. n. The lip region of second-stage juveniles of H. koreana
comb. n. and H. orientalis comb. n. both include fused adjacent submedian
lips that also fuse with the labial disc and the second lip annulus. The
ITS-rRNA gene sequences of H. orientalis comb. n. populations from Florida
and Guatemala were similar to those from the Russian type locality.
Diagnostic PCR-RFLP of ITS-rRNA profiles with six enzymes for H. orientalis
comb. n. and H. koreana comb. n. are given. A key for the morphological
identification of species of the Afenestrata group is provided.
Laboratory screening for virulent entomopathogenic nematodes (Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema yirgalemense) and fungi (Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana) and assessment of possible synergistic effects of combined use against grubs of the barley chafer Coptognathus curtipennis
Authors: Anbesse Samuel A. , Adge Bekele J. , Gebru Wondirad M. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
The barley chafer grub, Coptognathus curtipennis, is an important field pest
of barley, wheat and linseed seedlings at Tikur Inchini district of theWest
Shewa zone of Ethiopia in Ormoia regional state. Two entomopathogenic
nematodes (EPN; Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema yirgalemense,
strains ANEPN21, ANEPN22, respectively) and three entomopathogenic fungal
isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae (MM, EE and PPRC66) were compared
separately at different rates of concentration for their effect against C.
curtipennis in laboratory bioassays. Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and M.
anisopliae isolate MM were found to be the most pathogenic to C. curtipennis
at 1000 infective juveniles (IJ)/grub and 108 conidia (g soil)–1
concentration, causing 88.7% and 88.6% mortality, respectively, after 3-4
weeks exposure. These two most effective entomopathogens were further tested
against the same insect in simultaneous and sequential combination with each
other. Insect larvae were exposed to optimal concentration of H.
bacteriophora and M. anisopliae isolate MM, which caused 50% larval
mortality, i.e., 380 IJ/grub and 1.7 × 107 conidia (g soil)–1, respectively,
as observed in the first experiments. The combined application increased
larval mortality in an additive and synergistic manner. To achieve a strong
synergistic effect, larva had to be exposed to M. anisopliae isolate MM 3
weeks before the addition of nematodes. The result of the whole experiment
suggests that the damage caused by barley chafer grub can be controlled or
managed by applying EPN and/or fungi. Furthermore, the combined use of M.
anisopliae with nematodes may offer an integrated approach to increase the
efficacy of EPN for C. curtipennis control and perhaps other insect
pests.
Identification and isozyme characterisation of Meloidogyne spp. infecting horticultural and agronomic crops, and weed plants in Florida
Authors: Brito Janete A. , Kaur Ramandeep , Cetintas Ramazan , Stanley Jason D. , Mendes Maria L. , McAvoy Eugene J. , Powers Thomas O. , Dickson Donald W. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
A total of 327 root samples collected from horticultural and agronomic crops,
and weeds associated with these crops in Florida crop production regions,
were examined. Isozyme phenotypes, esterase (EST) and malate dehydrogenase
(MDH) phenotypes were used to characterise and identify the species of
Meloidogyne present in these samples. At least 26 females from each sample
were examined using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Sixteen major bands
of EST activity were found, corresponding to 12 phenotypes. A
species-specific EST phenotype was consistently associated with each of the
Meloidogyne spp. identified: Meloidogyne arenaria, M. floridensis, M.
graminicola, M. hapla, M. incognita, M. javanica, M. mayaguensis and M.
partityla. Two unique EST phenotypes, which have not been described, were
found associated with three unidentified nematode populations. Five bands of
MDH activity and four phenotypes were also found among the populations.
During this study, new host records were determined for M. floridensis and
M. mayaguensis, two recently reported Meloidogyne spp. in Florida. Plant
species found as new hosts of M. floridensis were Cucumis sativus, Phaseolus
sp., Solanum melongena and one weed species, Emilia sonchifolia, and the M.
incognita-resistant peach rootstock ‘Flordaguard’. New hosts for M.
mayaguensis were Carica papaya, Capsicum annuum var. Longum, and six weed
plants, including Eclipta prostrata, Fatoua villosa, Panicum sp., Poinsettia
cyathophora, Solanum americanum and also one unidentified weed species
belonging to the family Acanthaceae. To our knowledge, Florida is the only
geographic area of North America where M. floridensis and M. mayaguensis
have been detected.
Bionomics of the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema weiseri (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae)
Authors: Bazman Ipek , Ozer Nurdan , Hazir Selcuk 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This study describes some important bio-ecological properties of Steinernema
weiseri, a recently isolated entomopathogenic nematode species in Turkey.
The effects of temperature on the infectivity and development of S. weiseri
were determined at 5, 8, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30°C. The greatest and the
fastest mortality of Galleria mellonella larvae was observed at 20 and 25°C
(ca 2 days) and the slowest at 5°C in 11.5 days. The emergence time of the
new generation of infective juveniles (IJ) from the host cadaver was
shortest at 20 and 25°C (ca 9 days) and the longest at 8°C (ca 40 days). No
progeny were observed at 5 and 30°C. At the tested temperatures, the lowest
number of new generation IJ was obtained at 8 and 10°C and the highest at 15
and 20°C. The life cycle, determined at 23-24°C under laboratory conditions
using G. mellonella as a host, took 9 days to complete. Our study suggests
that the Turkish isolate of S. weiseri is adapted to cold temperatures.
Steinernema weiseri has a wide host range and infects and develops well in
larvae of Agrotis sp., Ceratitis capitata, Cydia splendana, Synanthedon
vespiformis and Hoplocampa flava, but it infects and develops poorly in
Polyphylla fullo. Larval stages of C. cossus were divided into four groups
based on the diameter of their head capsules. Steinernema weiseri developed
well in larval stages in Group 1 (the smallest head capsule) and Group 2 of
Cossus cossus but, interestingly, very low infection and nematode
development occurred in the Group 3 and Group 4 larval stage of C. cossus.
No nematode infection was observed in Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa either.
The Dual Strategy of Rabbinic Purity Legislation
Authors: Noam Vered 
Published: September 2008

AbstractAn examination of Tannaic sources uncovers a dual strategy regarding the bounds of non-priestly purity. On the one hand, it was common during the period of the Second Temple and thereafter to exercise extreme caution in keeping impurity away even from the profane. On the other hand, however, the sages acted overtly to maintain a clear distinction between the theoretical-biblical concept of ritual impurity, which was steadily limited to the sacred, and the much more stringent customs they lived by. The article argues that, contrary to what has been accepted in the literature, there never existed any disagreement on this issue in the rabbinic world.
The Decision of the ICSID Ad Hoc Committee in CMS v. Argentina Regarding the Conditions of Application of an Umbrella Clause: SGS v. Philippines Revisited
Authors: Borg Guillaume , Honlet Jean-Christophe 
Published: September 2008

AbstractIn CMS v. Argentina, an ICSID ad hoc Committee partially annulled the first ICSID award on the merits dealing with the 2000–2002 Argentine crisis, for failure to state reasons regarding the conditions of application of an umbrella clause. This question was somewhat overshadowed in prior cases by the question of the clause's effect. The key finding of the Committee is that an umbrella clause does not change the content, proper law of, and parties to, the obligations of the State, the breach of which may trigger the umbrella clause. The decision of the CMS ad hoc Committee has sparked debate as to whether the Committee was entitled, within the limited framework of its annulment powers, to suggest such an interpretation of the conditions of application of umbrella clauses. The focus of this article is different and twofold. Because the CMS ad hoc Committee did suggest such an interpretation, the article first traces its roots to the decision on jurisdiction in SGS v. Philippines. It then evaluates the consequences that would appear to follow from the Committee's findings at three levels. 1) May all types of State obligations trigger an umbrella clause? 2) May an umbrella clause apply to obligations undertaken by a State towards a subsidiary of an investor, as opposed to the investor itself? 3) May it apply to obligations undertaken towards investments or investors by state-owned or state controlled entities having their own legal personality distinct from the State?
Ly49E-dependent inhibition of natural killer cells by urokinase plasminogen activator
Authors: Van Den Broeck Tina , Stevenaert Frederik , Taveirne Sylvie , Debacker Veronique , Vangestel Christel , Vandekerckhove Bart , Taghon Tom , Matthys Patrick , Plum Jean , Held Werner , Dewerchin Mieke , Yokoyama Wayne M. , Leclercq Georges 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe Ly49 natural killer (NK)–cell receptor family comprises both activating and inhibitory members, which recognize major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I or MHC class I–related molecules and are involved in target recognition. As previously shown, the Ly49E receptor fails to bind to a variety of soluble or cell-bound MHC class I molecules, indicating that its ligand is not an MHC class I molecule. Using BWZ.36 reporter cells, we demonstrate triggering of Ly49E by the completely distinct, non–MHC-related protein urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA). uPA is known to be secreted by a variety of cells, including epithelial and hematopoietic cells, and levels are up-regulated during tissue remodeling, infections, and tumorigenesis. Here we show that addition of uPA to Ly49E-positive adult and fetal NK cells inhibits interferon-γ secretion and reduces their cytotoxic potential, respectively. These uPA-mediated effects are Ly49E-dependent, as they are reversed by addition of anti-Ly49E monoclonal antibody and by down-regulation of Ly49E expression using RNA interference. Our results suggest that uPA, besides its established role in fibrinolysis, tissue remodeling, and tumor metastasis, could be involved in NK cell–mediated immune surveillance and tumor escape.
Kismeth: Analyzer of plant methylation states through bisulfite sequencing
Authors: Gruntman Eyal , Qi Yijun , Slotkin R Keith , Roeder Ted , Martienssen Robert A , Sachidanandam Ravi 
Published: September 2008

Abstract

Background
There is great interest in probing the temporal and spatial patterns of cytosine methylation states in genomes of a variety of organisms. It is hoped that this will shed light on the biological roles of DNA methylation in the epigenetic control of gene expression. Bisulfite sequencing refers to the treatment of isolated DNA with sodium bisulfite to convert unmethylated cytosine to uracil, with PCR converting the uracil to thymidine followed by sequencing of the resultant DNA to detect DNA methylation. For the study of DNA methylation, plants provide an excellent model system, since they can tolerate major changes in their DNA methylation patterns and have long been studied for the effects of DNA methylation on transposons and epimutations. However, in contrast to the situation in animals, there aren't many tools that analyze bisulfite data in plants, which can exhibit methylation of cytosines in a variety of sequence contexts (CG, CHG, and CHH).

Results
Kismeth http://katahdin.mssm.edu/kismeth is a web-based tool for bisulfite sequencing analysis. Kismeth was designed to be used with plants, since it considers potential cytosine methylation in any sequence context (CG, CHG, and CHH). It provides a tool for the design of bisulfite primers as well as several tools for the analysis of the bisulfite sequencing results. Kismeth is not limited to data from plants, as it can be used with data from any species.

Conclusion
Kismeth simplifies bisulfite sequencing analysis. It is the only publicly available tool for the design of bisulfite primers for plants, and one of the few tools for the analysis of methylation patterns in plants. It facilitates analysis at both global and local scales, demonstrated in the examples cited in the text, allowing dissection of the genetic pathways involved in DNA methylation. Kismeth can also be used to study methylation states in different tissues and disease cells compared to a reference sequence.
Genetic structure and breeding system in a social wasp and its social parasite
Authors: Hoffman Eric A , Kovacs Jennifer L , Goodisman Michael AD 
Published: September 2008

Abstract

Background
Social insects dominate ecological communities because of their sophisticated group behaviors. However, the intricate behaviors of social insects may be exploited by social parasites, which manipulate insect societies for their own benefit. Interactions between social parasites and their hosts lead to unusual coevolutionary dynamics that ultimately affect the breeding systems and population structures of both species. This study represents one of the first attempts to understand the population and colony genetic structure of a parasite and its host in a social wasp system.

Results
We used DNA microsatellite markers to investigate gene flow, genetic variation, and mating behavior of the facultative social parasite Vespula squamosa and its primary host, V. maculifrons. Our analyses of genetic variability uncovered that both species possessed similar amounts of genetic variation and failed to show genetic structure over the sampling area. Our analysis of mating system of V. maculifrons and V. squamosa revealed high levels of polyandry and no evidence for inbreeding in the two species. Moreover, we found no significant differences between estimates of worker relatedness in this study and a previous investigation conducted over two decades ago, suggesting that the selective pressures operating on queen mate number have remained constant. Finally, the distribution of queen mate number in both species deviated from simple expectations suggesting that mate number may be under stabilizing selection.

Conclusion
The general biology of V. squamosa has not changed substantially from that of a typical, nonparasitic Vespula wasp. For example, population sizes of the host and its parasite appear to be similar, in contrast to other social parasites, which often display lower population sizes than their hosts. In addition, parasitism has not caused the mating behavior of V. squamosa queens to deviate from the high levels of multiple mating that typify Vespula wasps. This stands in contrast to some socially parasitic ants, which revert to mating with few males. Overall, the general similarity of the genetic structure of V. maculifrons and V. squamosa presumably reflects the fact that V. squamosa is still capable of independent colony founding and thus reflects an intermediate stage in the evolution of social parasitism.
Characterization of attaching and effacing Escherichia coli (AEEC) isolated from pigs and sheep
Authors: Fröhlicher Erik , Krause Gladys , Zweifel Claudio , Beutin Lothar , Stephan Roger 
Published: September 2008

Abstract

Background
Attaching and effacing Escherichia coli (AEEC) are characterized by their ability to cause attaching-and-effacing (A/E) lesions in the gut mucosa of human and animal hosts leading to diarrhoea. The genetic determinants for the production of A/E lesions are located on the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE), a pathogenicity island that also contains the genes encoding intimin (eae). This study reports data on the occurrence of eae positive E. coli carried by healthy pigs and sheep at the point of slaughter, and on serotypes, intimin variants, and further virulence factors of isolated AEEC strains.

Results
Faecal samples from 198 finished pigs and 279 sheep were examined at slaughter. The proportion of eae positive samples was 89% for pigs and 55% for sheep. By colony dot-blot hybridization, AEEC were isolated from 50 and 53 randomly selected porcine and ovine samples and further characterized. Strains of the serotypes O2:H40, O3:H8 and O26:H11 were found in both pigs and sheep. In pigs O2:H40, O2:H49, O108:H9, O145:H28 and in sheep O2:H40, O26:H11, O70:H40, O146:H21 were the most prevalent serotypes among typable strains. Eleven different intimin types were detected, whereas γ2/θ was the most frequent, followed by β1, ε and γ1. All but two ovine strains tested negative for the genes encoding Shiga toxins. All strains tested negative for the bfp A gene and the EAF plasmid. EAST1 (ast A) was present in 18 of the isolated strains.

Conclusion
Our data show that pigs and sheep are a source of serologically and genetically diverse intimin-harbouring E. coli strains. Most of the strains show characteristics of atypical enteropathogenic E. coli. Nevertheless, there are stx-negative AEEC strains belonging to serotypes and intimin types that are associated with classical enterohaemorrhagic E. coli strains (O26:H11, β1; O145:H28, γ1).
Worldwide food recall patterns over an eleven month period: A country perspective
Authors: Nepusz Tamás , Petróczi Andrea , Naughton Declan P 
Published: September 2008

Abstract

Background
Following the World Health Organization Forum in November 2007, the Beijing Declaration recognized the importance of food safety along with the rights of all individuals to a safe and adequate diet. The aim of this study is to retrospectively analyze the patterns in food alert and recall by countries to identify the principal hazard generators and gatekeepers of food safety in the eleven months leading up to the Declaration.

Methods
The food recall data set was collected by the Laboratory of the Government Chemist (LGC, UK) over the period from January to November 2007. Statistics were computed with the focus reporting patterns by the 117 countries. The complexity of the recorded interrelations was depicted as a network constructed from structural properties contained in the data. The analysed network properties included degrees, weighted degrees, modularity and k-core decomposition. Network analyses of the reports, based on 'country making report' (detector) and 'country reported on' (transgressor), revealed that the network is organized around a dominant core.

Results
Ten countries were reported for sixty per cent of all faulty products marketed, with the top 5 countries having received between 100 to 281 reports. Further analysis of the dominant core revealed that out of the top five transgressors three made no reports (in the order China > Turkey > Iran). The top ten detectors account for three quarters of reports with three > 300 (Italy: 406, Germany: 340, United Kingdom: 322).

Conclusion
Of the 117 countries studied, the vast majority of food reports are made by 10 countries, with EU countries predominating. The majority of the faulty foodstuffs originate in ten countries with four major producers making no reports. This pattern is very distant from that proposed by the Beijing Declaration which urges all countries to take responsibility for the provision of safe and adequate diets for their nationals.