bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Combined Receptor Antagonist Stimulation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Test Identifies Impaired Negative Feedback Sensitivity to Cortisol in Obese Men
Authors: Mattsson Cecilia , Reynolds Rebecca M. , Simonyte Kotryna , Olsson Tommy , Walker Brian R. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Context: Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation may underlie disorders including obesity, depression, cognitive decline, and the metabolic syndrome. Conventional tests of HPA axis negative feedback rely on glucocorticoid receptor (GR) agonists such as dexamethasone but do not test feedback by endogenous cortisol, potentially mediated by both GR and mineralocorticoid receptors (MR).
Objective: The objective of the study was to use a combination of GR (RU38486, mifepristone) and MR (spironolactone) antagonists to explore the poorly understood activation of the HPA axis that occurs in obesity.
Design: This was a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover study.
Setting: The study was conducted at a clinical research facility.
Participants: Participants included 15 lean (body mass index 22.0 ± 1.6 kg/m2) and 16 overweight/obese (body mass index 30.1 ± 3.5 kg/m2) men.
Intervention: Subjects attended on four occasions for blood and saliva sampling every 30 min between 1800 and 2200 h. At 1100 and 1600 h before visits, subjects took 200 mg spironolactone, 400 mg RU38486, 200 mg spironolactone + 400 mg RU38486, or placebo orally.
Main Outcome Measures: Serum cortisol levels after drug or placebo were measured.
Results: Cortisol levels did not differ between lean and obese after placebo. Spironolactone and RU38486 alone had modest effects, increasing cortisol by less than 50% in both groups. However, combined spironolactone plus RU38486 elevated cortisol concentrations substantially, more so in lean than obese men [2.9- (0.3) vs. 2.2 (0.3)-fold elevation, P = 0.002].
Conclusions: Combined receptor antagonist stimulation of the HPA axis reveals redundancy of MR and GR in negative feedback in humans. Obese men have impaired responses to combined receptor antagonist stimulation, suggesting impaired negative feedback by endogenous cortisol. Such an approach may be useful to dissect abnormal HPA axis control in neuropsychiatric and other disorders.
Phenotypic and Molecular Evaluation of a Chromosome 1q Region with Linkage and Association to Type 2 Diabetes in Humans
Authors: Wang Hua , Hays Nicholas P. , Das Swapan K. , Craig Rebekah L. , Chu Winston S. , Sharma Neeraj , Elbein Steven C. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Objective: Linkage to type 2 diabetes (T2D) is well replicated on chromosome 1q21-q23. Within this region, T2D was associated with common single nucleotide polymorphisms that marked an extended linkage disequilibrium block, including the liver pyruvate kinase gene (PKLR), in several European-derived populations. In this study we sought to determine the molecular basis for the association and the phenotypic consequences of the risk haplotype.
Research Design and Methods: Genes surrounding PKLR were resequenced in European-American and African-American cases and controls, and association with T2D was tested. Copy number variants (CNVs) were tested for four regions with real-time PCR. Expression of genes in the region was tested in adipose and muscle from nondiabetic subjects with each genotype. Insulin secretion, insulin sensitivity, and hepatic glucose production were tested in nondiabetic individuals with each haplotype combination.
Results: No coding variant in the region was associated with T2D. CNVs were rare and not associated with T2D. PKLR was not expressed in available tissues, but expression of genes HCN3, CLK2, SCAMP3, and FDPS was not associated with haplotype combinations in adipose or muscle. Haplotype combinations were not associated with insulin secretion or peripheral insulin sensitivity, but homozygous carriers of the risk haplotype had increased hepatic glucose production during hyperinsulinemia.
Conclusions: Noncoding variants in the PKLR region likely alter gene expression of one or more genes. Our extensive physiological and molecular studies suggest increased hepatic glucose production and reduced hepatic insulin sensitivity, thus pointing to PKLR itself as the most likely candidate gene in this population.
Regio- and Stereoselective Subterminal Hydroxylations of n-Decane by Fungi in a Liquid–Liquid Interface Bioreactor (L–L IBR)
Authors: Oda Shinobu , Isshiki Kunio , Ohashi Shinichi 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This article may be the first report to describe the excellent regio- and stereoselective subterminal hydroxylations of n-alkane with microorganisms. Approximately 2000 fungal strains were screened for the regioselective hydroxylation of n-decane with a solid–liquid interface bioreactor, which is a microbial transformation device on an interface between an agar plate and an organic phase (n-decane). Although Beauveria bassiana ATCC 7159, a typical fungus having a strong and versatile hydroxylating ability, mainly produced a mixture of 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-decanone regioisomers into a n-decane layer, Monilliela sp. NAP 00702 and Rhizopus oryzae R-38-8 typically accumulated 4- and 5-decanols into the n-decane layer, respectively. Although a small amount of 4- and 5-decanones were also produced, the regioselectivity at C-4 and C-5 positions of n-decane reached 99 and 90%, respectively. Furthermore, the hydroxylation of n-decane with Monilliela sp. NAP 00702 stereoselectively proceeded to afford almost 100% ee of (−)-4-decanol.
Design of Porphyrin Nanoclusters toward Discovery of Novel Properties and Functions
Authors: Tsuda Akihiko 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
We have designed a variety of functional metalloporphyrin nanoclusters, connected via covalent or noncovalent linkages, since a discovery of fused bismetalloporphyrins [Ar3P]2(II) and [Ar3P]2(III) (Schemes 1–10 include symbols of the compounds), which have a strong π-electronic interaction over the bisporphyrin array. Among them, the following three topics are described in this review article. (1) Fused porphyrin nanoclusters: Directly fused oligoporphyrins, obtained through oxidative fused reactions of metalloporphyrins, show extremely strong π-electronic communications among the multiporphyrin components. (2) Self-assembled porphyrin nanoclusters: A zinc complex of meso–meso linked bisporphyrin [PyP]2(I) bearing 4-pyridyl substituents, which allow Zn–N coordination interaction, forms a homochiral box-shaped cyclic tetramer {[PyP]2(I)}4. Its rotamers upon insertion of an oligoalkynylene bridge between the two porphyrin components [PyP]2(≡)n (n = 1, 2, and 4) result in “conformational solvatochromism in nonpolar solvents” in n = 2 and “chiroptical sensing of asymmetric hydrocarbons” in n = 4, due to molecular recognition of solvents at the nanoscale cavity of box-shaped architecture. While a zinc porphyrin bearing a 3-pyridyl substituent (3-Py)P forms a cyclic tetramer with considerable structural distortion, its π-extended derivative (3-Py)P(≡)1 bearing a trimethylsilylethynyl group shows “supramolecular thermochromism” with a vivid color change, due to a temperature-dependent self-assembling event. A supramolecular polymer of J-aggregated zinc porphyrin dendrimer DP can visualize chiroptically a macroscopic chirality of vortex flows, generated by mechanical rotary stirring of a fluid. (3) Inorganic–organic nanocomposites: A giant ring-shaped polyoxomolybdate cluster MC having a large cavity with a diameter of approximately 2.3 nm accommodates up to three molecules of aminophenyl-substituted metalloporphyrins TAP via hydrogen-bonding interactions, resulting in formation of discrete inorganic/organic inclusion complexes. Template-assisted cofacial assembly of MC by an oligomeric p-phenylenebutadiynylene rigid rod molecule bearing ammonium ion pendants PBn allows formation of an inorganic/organic one-dimensional (1D) nano-object, having a polypseudorotaxane structure.
Doubly Thiazole Orange-Labeled DNA for Live Cell RNA Imaging
Authors: Kubota Takeshi , Ikeda Shuji , Okamoto Akimitsu 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
A hybridization-sensitive, quencher-free fluorescent probe for RNA detection has been designed using the concept of fluorescence quenching caused by the intramolecular excitonic interaction of fluorescence dyes. We synthesized a doubly thiazole orange-labeled nucleoside showing high fluorescence intensity for a hybrid with the target RNA and effective quenching for the single-stranded state. The probe was applied to living HeLa cells using microinjection to visualize intracellular mRNA localization. Immediately after injection of the probe into the cell, fluorescence from the probe hybridizing with the target RNA was observed. This fluorescence rapidly decreased upon addition of a competitor DNA. This probe realized a large, rapid, and reversible change in fluorescence intensity in sensitive response to the amount of target RNA, and facilitated spatiotemporal monitoring of the behavior of intracellular RNA.
Photoinduced Proton Transfer in 2-(2′-Hydroxynaphthalenyl)benzoxazole: Observation of Fluorescence with a Small Stokes Shift Induced by Excited-State Intramolecular Proton Transfer
Authors: Kanda Tomoko , Momotake Atsuya , Shinohara Yoshihiro , Sato Tomoo , Nishimura Yoshinobu , Arai Tatsuo 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
2-(2′-Hydroxynaphthalenyl)benzoxazole (1) emits fluorescence with small Stokes shift from its excited tautomer (K*), produced by excited-state intramolecular proton transfer. Intramolecular hydrogen bonding may be responsible for this phenomenon on comparison with the results of 2-(2′-hydroxyphenyl)benzoxazole (HBO) and 2-(naphthalene-1-yl)benzoxazole (2) as a reference compound.
Silylboranes as New Tools in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Ohmura Toshimichi , Suginome Michinori 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
New reactivities of silylboranes are described with their applications to organic synthesis. The silylboranes add to unsaturated organic compounds such as alkynes, alkenes, 1,3-dienes, and allenes in the presence of nickel, palladium, and platinum catalysts. Reactions with isocyanide proceed in the absence of catalysts, giving 1,1-addition products. The silaborations proceed in highly regio- and stereoselective manners, leading to the formation of organic compounds bearing silyl and boryl groups. Silaborations accompanied by regioselective C–C bond cleavage in three-membered rings take place in the reactions of methylenecyclopropane and vinylcyclopropane derivatives. Unsaturated organic molecules, e.g., 1,3-diene and aldehyde, undergo silaborative C–C coupling reactions in the presence of transition-metal catalysts. Enantioselective silaboration of terminal allenes and silaborative C–C cleavage of meso-methylenecyclopropanes have been achieved. Silaborations in which the stereochemical course, i.e., cis and trans stereoselectivities, is governed by the ligand have been established in platinum-catalyzed intramolecular silaborations of alkenes. Synthetic applications of the silaboration products through Suzuki–Miyaura coupling, one-carbon homologation, oxidation, allylation, and Rh-catalyzed conjugate addition are also described. Synthesis of silylboranes, including those having heteroatom functional groups at the silicon atoms, is summarized.
Elongated Lifetime of Unstable Colored Species by Intermolecular Hydrogen Bond Formation in Photochromic Crystals
Authors: Johmoto Kohei , Sekine Akiko , Uekusa Hidehiro , Ohashi Yuji 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
The crystallization of N-3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylidene-3-carboxyaniline (1) from a methanol solution gave three crystal forms, 1α, 1β, and 1γ. The colorless 1α and pale yellow 1β turned red when they were irradiated with UV light whereas orange 1γ showed no color change. The lifetimes of the colored crystals were estimated to be 17 and 780 min at room temperature for 1α and 1β, respectively, from IR spectra. The structure of the colored 1α crystal was analyzed by X-ray at 93 K. In addition to the original enol form of 1, the trans-keto form appeared on the difference electron density map with an occupancy factor of 0.117(2). This indicates that the color change was caused by the structural change from the enol to trans-keto form, which is the same as the color change previously reported in the crystal of N-3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylidene-3-nitroaniline (2) (lifetime, 1200 min). It was made clear from the structures of the trans-keto forms in the crystals of 1α, 1β, and 2 that the lifetime of the unstable colored form should be determined by the possibility and the strength of the intermolecular hydrogen bond formation of the N–H group of the trans-keto form to the neighboring molecules.
Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonds between a Radical and a Diamagnetic Matrix: CW-ESR Investigations of 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxymethylphenol
Authors: Yamaji Toshiki , Saiful Islam SM , Baba Masaaki , Yamauchi Seigo , Yamauchi Jun 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
We propose a novel formation model of an intermolecular hydrogen bond between radicals and a diamagnetic matrix in the condensed phase. W-band and multi-frequency ESR studies revealed that the polycrystalline radical sample generated from PbO2 oxidation of 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxymethylphenol in toluene solution in vacuum at room temperature has an anomalously large 1H-hyperfine interaction. It was concluded that this interaction is attributed to hydrogen bonding between thepara-OH or the phenolic OH of the primary phenol. Although the phenol shows interesting radical chemical reactions unlike other 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol derivatives, the generated radical species were successfully defined by the solution ESR investigations. This may be the first ESR observation of an anomalously large hyperfine doublet structure coming from a proton on an intermolecular hydrogen bond between a radical and a diamagnetic phenol.which is a paramagnetic center in the molecular structure of the radicals and the
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate Measurements by TEST 1 Better Reflect Inflammation Than Do Those by the Westergren Method in Patients With Malignancy, Autoimmune Disease, or Infection
Authors: Cha Choong-Hwan , Park Chan-Jeoung , Cha Young Joo , Kim Hyun Kyung , Kim Duck Hee , Honghoon  , Bae Jae Hoon , Jung Jae-Seol , Jang Seongsoo , Chi Hyun-Sook , Lee Dong Soon , Cho Han-Ik 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
We compared the TEST 1 (Alifax, Padova, Italy) and Westergren methods of measuring the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) to assess inflammation. The ESR was measured by both methods in 154 blood samples from patients with malignancy (n = 69), autoimmune disease (n = 44), or infection (n = 41). Total protein, albumin, and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were measured in each plasma sample, and albumin and α1-, α2-, β1-, β2-, and γ-globulin fractions were measured by capillary electrophoresis. TEST 1 ESR values were significantly lower than the Westergren values, by 10.9 mm/h. We found that the correlations of TEST 1 ESR values with inflammatory protein levels (total protein, globulin, CRP, and α1-, α2-, β2-, and γ-globulin) were better than those obtained using the Westergren method. These findings indicate that ESR measurements by TEST 1 reflect inflammation better than do those by the Westergren method in patients with malignancy, autoimmune disease, or infection.
Worse Outcome in Primary Glioblastoma Multiforme With Concurrent Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and p53 Alteration
Authors: Ruano Yolanda , Ribalta Teresa , de Lope Ángel Rodríguez , Campos-Martín Yolanda , Fiaño Concepción , Pérez-Magán Elisa , Hernández-Moneo José-Luis , Mollejo Manuela , Meléndez Bárbara 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Primary glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), in contrast with secondary GBM, has been associated with the presence of EGFR amplification and absence of p53 mutation. In this study, we analyzed relevant molecular and clinical variables in 194 primary GBMs and tested them for survival analysis. Although most of the tumors showed a mutually exclusive pattern, concurrent alterations of EGFR and p53 were detected. Survival analysis of CDK4 amplification revealed a highly significant association with a worse clinical outcome (P = .01), whereas MDM2, CDK6, PTEN, and p21 were not associated with patient survival. Multivariate analysis including the significant clinical and molecular variables revealed CDK4 amplification, age, and radiotherapy to be markers with independent prognostic value. In addition, the primary GBM tumors showing simultaneous EGFR and p53 alterations were significantly associated with worse survival (P &lt; .01). These results highlight the prognostic value of CDK4 amplification and of simultaneous EGFR-p53 alterations in the clinical outcome of patients with primary GBM.
Epithelioid Sarcoma
Authors: Chbani Laila , Guillou Louis , Terrier Philippe , Decouvelaere Anne Valérie , Grégoire Fleur , Terrier-Lacombe Marie José , Ranchère Dominique , Robin Yves Marie , Collin Françoise , Fréneaux Paul , Coindre Jean-Michel 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Epithelioid sarcoma (ES) is rare with a poor prognosis and for which a loss of INI1 expression has been recently reported. We report a study of 106 cases with clinical, histologic, and immunohistochemical data, including INI1 expression, and follow-up data. Of the 106 cases, 70 were the conventional subtype and 36 the large cell subtype. INI1 was negative in 86 cases (81.1%): 57 (81%) of 70 conventional and 29 (81%) of 36 large cell subtypes. Treatment modalities were available for 76 and follow-up for 80 patients. Of the 80 patients, 43 (54%) experienced metastasis and 25 (31%) died of the disease. Univariate analysis indicated that tumor size and mitotic index were significant for metastasis-free survival, whereas proximal location, tumor size, tumor multifocality, and mitotic index were significant for overall survival. Loss of expression of INI1 is frequent in the conventional and large cell subtypes of ES and can be used as a diagnostic marker, but it has no prognostic impact.
Therapeutic Controversies: Optimizing Anemia Management in Hospitalized Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease
Authors: Heung Michael , Mueller Bruce A , Segal Jonathan H 
Published: January 2009

Objective: To review available literature on the use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) who require hospitalization and to provide recommendations for ESA use in this setting. Data Sources: Primary articles were identified by English-language MEDLINE search (1966–October 2008) using the MeSH headings: kidney failure (chronic), anemia, erythropoietin, darbepoetin, hospitalization, and hematinics. Relevant data presented at recent nephrology scientific meetings (2004–October 2008) were also identified. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Identified studies were reviewed and information regarding hospitalization, ESA use, and patient outcomes was evaluated. Data Synthesis: Studies demonstrate that hospitalized patients with ESRD usually experience a decline in hemoglobin values. Contributing factors include infection, inflammation, and untreated iron deficiency. ESAs are used inconsistently during hospitalization, with less than 50% of hospitalized patients with ESRD receiving ESA therapy in some reports. Some controversy exists regarding optimal hemoglobin targets for ESA therapy in nonhospitalized patients with ESRD, and no targets are defined for hospitalized patients. Clinical trials examining in-hospital ESA use have primarily involved the intensive care population and excluded ESRD patients. Following the patient's hospitalization, lower hemoglobin values may persist for 6 months, despite increased ESA dosing. Variability exists in frequency of hemoglobin monitoring and ESA dose changes. To date, no clinical trials have evaluated different approaches to anemia management in hospitalized patients with ESRD, and there are no published guidelines in this area. Based on published observations and clinical experience, we offer recommendations for anemia management around the time of hospitalization in an attempt to define a more rational approach to ESA therapy in this population. Conclusions: Trials are needed to define optimal ESA dosing strategies and hemoglobin targets in hospitalized patients with ESRD.
Vergleich zwischen optischen Faser-Bragg-Gitter-Dehnungssensoren und elektrischen DehnungsmessstreifenIntercomparison of Optical FBG-based Strain Sensors and Resistive Strain Gages
Authors: Roths Johannes , Kratzer Peter 
Published: January 2009

Zusammenfassung
Vergleichende Untersuchungen zwischen optischen Faser-Bragg-Gitter(FBG)-Dehnungssensoren und elektrischen Dehnungsmessstreifen (DMS) wurden bei Raumtemperatur im Zug- und Biegeversuch an 14 FBG-Sensoren durchgeführt. Bei insgesamt 53 quasistatischen Lastversuchen zeigten die FBG-Dehnungssensoren eine Reproduzierbarkeit ihrer Dehnungsempfindlichkeit von besser als 0,5%. Die FBG-Dehnungssensoren zeigten eine mittlere Dehnungsempfindlichkeit von k = 0,792 ± 0,016, bezogen auf die als Referenz-Dehnungssensoren eingesetzten elektrischen Dehnungsmesstreifen.
Thermische Kopplungseigenschaften eines Gitterkopplers als zentrales Element eines IR-AbsorptionssensorsGrating-Couplers for Thermal Radiation as an Essential Element of a Fully Integrated IR-Absorption Sensor System
Authors: Kasberger Jürgen , Jakoby Bernhard 
Published: January 2009

Zusammenfassung
Zur Charakterisierung der chemischen Eigenschaften von Flüssigkeiten und Gasen wird oftmals der mittlere Infrarotbereich verwendet. Um einen vollständig integrierten IR-Absorptionssensor herzustellen, werden thermische IR-Strahler und IR-Detektoren eingesetzt. Des Weiteren werden Gitterkoppler verwendet, um die IR-Strahlung in den als Absorptionselement verwendeten Wellenleiter einzukoppeln. Da die Kopplungseffizienz der eingesetzten Gitterkoppler entscheidenden Einfluss auf die Sensitivität des Gesamtsystems hat, werden in dieser Arbeit die Kopplungseigenschaften der eingesetzten Koppler in Bezug auf thermische Strahlung untersucht.
Agronomic consequences of potential management zones delineated on the basis of EM38DD measurements
Authors: Vitharana U.W.A. , Van Meirvenne M. , Simpson D. , Cockx L. , Hofman G. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTThis study was conducted to investigate the feasibility of dual dipole apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) measurements obtained with an EM38DD sensor as an explicit information source to delineate potential management classes in an agricultural field in the Polder area of Belgium. The success of class delineation was evaluated in relation to soil physical‐chemical properties and sugar beet yield. The average apparent electrical conductivity (ECa‐A) derived from vertical and horizontal dipole measurements was capable of delineating 3 relatively large management classes. The analysis of variance of soil properties indicated that topsoil sand and lime and subsoil clay, sand and lime were largely different across these classes (all having a proportion of the variance accounted for by a classification of >0.5). During the growing season of 2005, we monitored topsoiland moisture content and found strong differences among classes. As a result, the crop biomass at harvest (roots plus leaves) was strongly variable between classes (ranging from 105 Mg ha−1to 153 g ha−1), as well as the sugar content (ranging from 15.4% to 17.2%). However, due to a compensation effect between the crop biomass and sugar accumulation, differences in sugar yield and financial income between classes were relatively small (the income ranged from 3950 € ha−1to 4230 € ha−1). However, these income values resulted from strongly different growing conditions, calling for a class‐specific management. The image of the average ECa was found to be a reliable basis for delineating agronomically relevant management zones.