bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psycho-Demographic Study of Anxiety in Egypt: The Pse in its Arabic Version
Authors: Okasha A. , Ashour A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThis is the first attempt to study the socio-demographic aspects of anxiety disorders in Egypt and to apply the Arabic version of the PSE in evaluating the profiles of clusters and symptoms of anxiety in a sample of 120 patients with anxiety. There were significant differences in some presentations between males and females, between illiterate and educated groups, and between those exposed to mild and severe crowding. Structured interviews like PSE will help in transcultural comparisons of clinical psychiatric disorders.
Standardized Interviews in Psychiatry: Issues of Reliability
Authors: Sanson-Fisher R. W. , Martin C. J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA review of studies which used standardized interviews as a means of data collection indicated that the issue of reliability was frequently neglected in the psychiatric literature. It is suggested that this may be due to a misinterpretation of the concept of reliability which is apparently perceived as a permanent feature of an interview instrument. The importance of reliability is discussed, and recommendations are made as to how a methodologically adequate assessment of reliability might be undertaken.
The Capital Costs of Alternative Residential Facilities for Mentally Handicapped People
Authors: Felce David 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThis paper examines the capital costs and accommodation provided in three different types of residential facility for mentally handicapped people—a large campus hospital, a small campus hospital and a network of individually-sited hospital units. The findings do not indicate any economy arising from increased size, or from centralization of facilities on a single site. These findings, together with the other research cited, have implications for the design of future residential services.
Lithium Continuation Therapy Following Electroconvulsive Therapy
Authors: Coppen A. , Abou-Saleh M. T. , Milln P. , Bailey J. , Metcalfe M. , Burns B. H. , Armond A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThirty-eight depressed patients who were treated with ECT were randomly assigned to receive lithium therapy or identical-looking placebo tablets for one year after clinical recovery in a double-blind trial. The patients who received placebo tablets spent an average of 7.8 weeks with an episode of depression (either as in-patients or day-patients) during the year. In comparison, patients who received lithium spent on average 1.7 weeks with an episode (P <0.02). The trial confirms the high rate of relapses after ECT and suggests that lithium considerably reduces this morbidity. It is suggested that ECT without continuation therapy is not a satisfactory treatment of depressive illness.
Situational Depression: Validity of the Concept
Authors: Hirschfeld Robert M. A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe validity of the concept of situational (i.e. reactive) depression as distinct from other major depressive subtypes is examined in terms of psychosocial stressors, personality features, current symptomatology, and clinical course and follow-up. Thirty-eight patients with a recent onset of situational major depressive disorder (i.e. the disorder developed after an event or in a situation the diagnostician deemed likely to have contributed to the episode at that time) were compared with 68 non-situational major depressive patients. These patients were participants in the clinical studies of the NIMH-Clinical Research Branch Collaborative Program on the Psychobiology of Depression. No significant differences between the two groups were found in the total number, content areas, or other categorizations of life events, experienced prior to onset. Some statistically significant differences in current symptomatology and in clinical course and follow-up measures were obtained, but there were none in personality traits. Implications of these results in relation to previously published reports are discussed and caution is recommended in the use of the term situational depression until more definitive data become available.
Derealization Syndrome and the Outcome of Schizophrenia: A Report from the International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia
Authors: Hwu Hai-Gwo , Chen Chu-Chang , Tsuang Ming Tso , Tseng Wen-Shing 
Published: August 2008

SummaryEighty-five schizophrenic patients were found to have worse two-year follow-up outcome (history of remission, clinical course, improvement in psychotic symptoms, general treatment result) than 39 non-schizophrenic psychotic patients. The outcome of 36 schizophrenic patients with derealization at initial evaluation, especially when nine hebephrenics were excluded, was better than that of 49 schizophrenic patients without derealization but similar to that of 39 non-schizophrenic patients. The hebephrenics with derealization demonstrated similar outcomes to schizophrenic patients without derealization. In non-schizophrenic patients, derealization had no prognostic significance.
The Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire: A Validity Study with American Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Mavissakalian Matig , Michelson Larry 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire (MHQ) was used as a screening test for psychiatric disorder in 169 new outpatients. The profile obtained on the six subscales of the MHQ was strikingly similar in this American sample compared to four previous British reports. The MHQ significantly differentiated between diagnostic groups, most particularly between neuroses and personality disorders. Moreover, 75 per cent of the patients could be correctly classified as either neurosis or personality disorder on the basis of their MHQ total and subscale scores. The MHQ appears to be particularly useful in identifying phobic disorders, and the phobia subscale consistently discriminated between anxiety-phobic states and other diagnostic groups.
III. Plasma Growth Hormone and Prolactin Responses to Apomorphine
Authors: Kolakowska Tamara , Gelder Michael , Fraser Sheila 
Published: August 2008

SummaryHormonal responses to apomorphine 0.005 and/or 0.01 mg/kg body weight were studied in 17 schizophrenic patients during their routine treatment with neuroleptic drugs. Plasma growth hormone (GH) rose in 9 of the 20 tests and in 4 of these GH peak exceeded 5 ng/ml. This preserved GH response to apomorphine was significantly but weakly associated with lower daily doses of neuroleptics. It was unrelated to the extrapyramidal side-effects, plasma prolactin (PRL) level, duration of treatment or its therapeutic effect.In 13 of the 20 tests, plasma PRL declined by more than 20 per cent of the baseline level. This was similar to the fall in PRL observed after placebo in the group studied previously. The absolute decline in plasma PRL following apomorphine correlated positively with the baseline PRL concentration and was unrelated to the daily doses of neuroleptics or to any other variable considered.
Diazepam, Propranolol and their Combination in the Management of Chronic Anxiety
Authors: Hallstrom C. , Treasaden I. , Edwards J. Guy , Lader M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe therapeutic benefit of combining propranolol with diazepam over either of these drugs given alone was tested in a placebo-controlled crossover study with twenty-four chronically anxious out-patients. The combination was generally more effective than diazepam. Diazepam was more effective than placebo or propranolol. A reduction in the resting pulse rate by propranolol of more than 7.5 beats per minute resulted in a greater therapeutic response to this drug, alone and in combination. Lesser degrees of pathology responded better to treatment. Psychological factors in treatment showed themselves to be important in moderating pharmacological response. Chronically anxious patients generally derived little benefit from continued anti-anxiety treatment.
A Comparison of “Offender” and “Non-Offender” Male Patients Admitted to the State Hospital, Carstairs between 1966 and 1975
Authors: Hughson A. V. M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA comparison was made between ‘offender’ (part V) and ‘non-offender’ (part IV) male patients admitted to the State Hospital, Carstairs, over a ten year period. More than a third of the ‘non-offender’ group had at some time in the past been in penal institutions. During their stay in the State Hospital, the ‘non-offender’ patients were more disturbed in behaviour than their ‘offender’ counterparts, and relatively fewer of them were discharged during the period of study.
Educational Achievement, IQ and Affective Disorder in the Adult Offspring of Bipolar Manic-Depressives
Authors: Waters Brent G. H. , Marchenko-Bouer Irene , Smiley Donna 
Published: August 2008

SummaryAn educational history, corroborated by records where available, was obtained on 54 of the 58 adult offspring of 17 bipolar manic-depressives. The offspring were also interviewed and psychiatric status was ascertained.Primary and other affective disorder in the offspring was not associated with a lower IQ or lower ultimate educational attainment than that of the remaining offspring. There was a trend towards increased educational failure in the offspring with primary affective disorder, but they were as likely as other offspring who had failed to have resumed their education at a later date. Ill offspring with any form of school failure had a significantly earlier onset to their psychiatric illness, although school failure could not be shown to be a part of an early symptom complex.
Abnormal Gastric Emptying in Primary Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Holt Stephen , Ford Michael J. , Grant Sandra , Heading Robert C. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe gastric emptying rate was measured in 10 female patients with primary anorexia nervosa and 12 healthy volunteers, using a scinti-scanning technique for the simultaneous study of the liquid and solid components of a test meal. The emptying rate of both the liquid and the solid phase components of the meal was significantly slower in patients with anorexia nervosa. The aetiological and therapeutic implications of this finding are discussed.
Clomipramine and Exposure for Chronic Obsessive-Compulsive Rituals: III. Two Year Follow-Up and Further Findings
Authors: Mawson D. , Marks I. M. , Ramm L. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryForty chronic ritualizers were given clomipramine or placebo from weeks 0 to 36; also all had exposure in vivo, half from weeks 4 to 10 (30 hours) and half from weeks 7 to 10 (15 hours). In the 37 patients available at week 114 there were substantial and maintained improvements in rituals, mood and social adjustment compared to week 0. Reduction of rituals was even greater in those who had 30 hours of exposure. There was no drug effect on rituals at two year follow-up. Greater initial anxiety or depression predicted the superiority of clomipramine over placebo from weeks 10 to 36 and more prescription of tricyclics in follow-up. However, two year outcome was not predicted by initial anxiety or depression, nor by sex, age, age of onset nor duration of rituals.
A Study of Depression and Obsessionality in Dysmorphophobic and Psoriatic Patients
Authors: Hardy G. E. , Cotterill J. A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryMeasures of depression and obsessionality were made in patients with dysmorphophobia, psoriasis and control subjects. The depression score distinguished all three groups. Patients with dysmorphophobia had significantly higher scores compared to the patients with psoriasis, who in turn had significantly higher scores compared to a control group. Patients with dysmorphophobia and psoriasis had equally elevated obsessional symptom scores compared to controls. It is unlikely, therefore, that dysmorphophobic symptoms are due to an obsessional state. Depression, however, was found to be an important clinical feature of dysmorphophobia.
The Bereaved Child
Authors: Van Eerdewegh Michele M. , Bieri Michael D. , Parrilla Ramon H. , Clayton Paula J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThis is a one-year prospective study of one hundred and five 2 to 17 year old children of a consecutive sample of young widows and widowers in the community and of the children of controls. The children's reactions to the parental death were recorded at one month and thirteen months after the event in a structured interview with the surviving parent. The interview included items of general adaption to the death, school performance, behaviour problems, symptoms relevant to psychopathological manifestations (depression, anxiety, etc.) and general health. The results indicate a significant increase of dysphoria which disappears over time (P <0.0001), the persistance of a minor form of depression (P <0.03), an increase in bed wetting (P <0.03), and a significant degree of impairment in school performance (P <0.0001). There were no significant increases in behaviour problems and severe forms of depression. The children's general health was not affected. Those results are compared to currently available data on childhood bereavement and discussed in the light of conflicting reports relating parental loss to adult psychopathology.
Classification of Adolescents who Take Overdoses
Authors: Hawton Keith , Osborn Madeline , O'Grady John , Cole Deborah 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA simple method of classifying adolescent self-poisoners into three sub-groups on the basis of the duration of their problems and the presence or absence of behavioural disturbance is described. The three groups differed markedly in terms of factors concerning their families, especially their relationships with their parents, and in their medical and psychiatric histories, the nature of their overdoses and the problems they were facing at the time. The treatment offered to members of the three groups also differed. The method of classification may offer a useful means of distinguishing between subjects in terms of outcome, including subsequent adjustment and repeat attempts.
Changing Patterns in Mental Illness in the Elderly
Authors: Christie Alexander B. , Christie Alexander B. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe study at Graylingwell Hospital conducted by Roth (1955) has in part been replicated in order to study the changing patterns of mental illness in the elderly over a 25-year period. Important changes in the diagnostic distribution and outcome of cases admitted have occurred. Functional illness has given way to dementia, not as a proportion of patients admitted but in the number of beds employed for their care 6 and 24 months after their index admission. Discharge rates for all diagnostic groups except acute confusional states, have undergone considerable change and death rates have fallen. The study has concentrated on the residual in-patient population, paying particular attention to increasing demand for beds for the dementing group. These changes have been quantified and reflect a four-fold increase in bed requirements for cases of dementia at two years. Despite a striking reduction in requirement for functional cases, there is an overall increase in bed requirement of 38 per cent at the two-year mark.
Psychiatric Units in District General Hospitals and Traditional Mental Hospitals: Some Recent Evidence
Authors: Mahadevan S. , Forster D. P. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryUsing routine data from the Mental Health Enquiry, the work of two district general hospital (DGH) units and a mental hospital was examined. There was a marked difference in the way the two DGH units operated and between the way the mental hospital worked as support hospital or as independent complete in-patient service. The operational policy practised by psychiatrists is more important than the structure of the system. It is important to establish sensitive policies for a wide variety of organizational structures.
Pupil Studies in Depressed Patients: An Investigation of the Mechanism of Action of Desipramine
Authors: Shur Eric , Checkley Stuart 
Published: August 2008

SummarySix depressed patients were treated routinely with desipramine, a relatively selective noradrenergic uptake blocking drug. After 0, 1 and 3 weeks' treatment pupillary responses to tyramine, phenylephrine and pilocarpine were measured using a photographic technique. Both 1 and 3 weeks' treatment significantly inhibited tyramine and phenylephrine-induced mydriasis, but did not inhibit pilocarpine-induced miosis; in fact the longer treatment enhanced miosis due to pilocarpine. Resting pupil size was significantly increased after 1 and 3 weeks' treatment.The findings can be explained by the known ability of desipramine to block noradrenaline uptake and α adrenoceptors: they provide no evidence of muscarinic receptor blockade or of a slowly developing adaptation at a adrenoceptors.
Psychiatric Morbidity and Time Zone Changes: A Study of Patients from Heathrow Airport
Authors: Jauhar P. , Weller Malcolm P. I. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn a two-year period, 186 patients were admitted from Heathrow Airport to the nearest psychiatric hospital. Affective illness was related to time zone change. Depression was diagnosed significantly more often on flights from east to west (P < 0.012 east to west versus west to east; P < 0.015 north to south combined with south to north versus east to west, Fisher's exact probability test, two tailed). Hypomania was inversely related to depression in an east to west comparison (P < 0.025). No other associations with direction of travel were seen in other diagnoses. Ninety-three (50 per cent) were diagnosed as schizophrenic; 24 of these had been aimlessly wandering. Twenty patients had been admitted at least once before under similar circumstances. Schizophrenic patients from Heathrow constituted 20 per cent of the total number of schizophrenic patients admitted to the hospital during that period.
A Study of Familial Factors in Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Whalley L. J. , Carothers A. D. , Collyer S. , De Mey R. , Frackiewicz A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryData on the families of 74 probands with autopsy-proven Alzheimer's disease did not support the hypothesis, advanced by Heston and co-workers, of a familial association between Alzheimer's disease, Down's syndrome and immunoproliferative disorders. However, there are difficulties of interpreting negative conclusions in this type of study, particularly those resulting from small sample size and the impossibility of tracing all relatives; only the data for immunoproliferative disorders are incompatible with the hypothesis, those for Down's syndrome being too few to be informative. The incidence of presenile dementia among the first-degree relatives of probands was raised, as in many previous studies, and was consistent with a simple polygenic model. The mean parental age at birth of the probands was significantly raised by about 2 years (P = 0.01), but so also was that of their unaffected sibs, suggesting that the mechanism differs from that occurring in trisomy 21 and certain other aneuploidies.
Cluster Analysis of Symptoms in Elderly Demented Patients
Authors: Ballinger B. R. , Reid A. H. , Heather B. B. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryOne hundred elderly patients with chronic organic brain syndromes were assessed by standard interviews, nursing ratings and from historical information. The data were subjected to cluster analysis and eight clusters were isolated. The significance of these clusters is discussed and other features of the patients reviewed.
The Dexamethasone Suppression Test for Melancholia
Authors: Carroll Bernard J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryMelancholia is thought by many investigators to have a biological basis, and biological research, particularly on abnormalities of the neuroendocrine system and of the sleep electroencephalogram, is now beginning to yield results which can help in the differential diagnosis of depressive illness. This review will focus on the most widely studied neuroendocrine disturbance: disinhibition of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal cortex (HPA) system as revealed by the dexamethasone suppression test (DST).
Men and Women Who Do Not Have Orgasms
Authors: Brindley G. S. , Gillan Patricia 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn the well-known condition of primary complete anorgasmia in women, the glandipudendal (‘bulbocavernosus’) reflex is often absent, and this is strongly correlated with failure of treatment. From these facts, and from properties of the glandipudendal reflex, we argue that organic abnormalities in the spinal cord contribute to causing the condition in some cases.We report nine cases of complete primary anorgasmia in men, two of whom lacked glandipudendal reflexes. The condition need not imply sterility; in all these nine (as also in three incomplete cases) we were able to obtain semen by electroejaculation or vibratory stimulation, and the wife of one patient is now pregnant.
Compulsive Gamblers in Treatment
Authors: Greenberg David , Rankin Howard 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTwenty-six male compulsive gamblers were seen in one hospital over the last 8 years. Five were single, and only 5 had stable marriages. In most cases the compulsive gambling preceded their marriage. The majority had criminal records arising out of their gambling debts. All were offered treatment based on behavioural principles, but only 5 gained and maintained control over their gambling, 7 lapsed intermittently, and the remaining 14 were gambling when last seen. The problems in treatment are discussed, and modifications suggested.
Psychiatric Illness after Leaving University: A Five-Year Follow-Up of Students
Authors: Hall Zaida M. , Sheil L. P. , Waters W. E. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryNinety-one undergraduates who had been referred to the Southampton University psychiatrist and matched controls who had not sought psychiatric help were followed up yearly for five years by questionnaire. The response rate for cases and controls was poor, but the difference in psychiatric morbidity was large. At least 26 of the patients subsequently consulted a doctor for emotional problems as against five of the controls; 17 of the patients were again referred to a psychiatrist but none of the controls. It is concluded that students who are referred to a psychiatrist during their University course have a much higher rate of psychiatric morbidity in the five years after they leave University than do students who have not been so referred.
On Evaluating the Severity of Depression: An Experimental Study of Psychiatrists
Authors: Fisch Hans-Ueli , Hammond Kenneth R. , Joyce C. R. B. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThis study extends earlier work on the evaluation of depression by general physicians, and compares the results obtained with that group with those from a group of experienced psychiatrists. Differences within each group were larger than those between them. In neither group were individuals able to describe their own diagnostic processes with great accuracy, but psychiatrists were, as expected, somewhat more consistent than general physicians. They became even more so when allowed to select their own cues; of which, however, they made use of a smaller number. These tended to be of a specific rather than (as with the physicians) of a general nature.
Does Tryptophan Potentiate Clomipramine in the Treatment of Agoraphobic and Social Phobic Patients?
Authors: Pecknold J. C. , McClure D. J. , Appeltauer L. , Allan T. , Wrzesinski L. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA 10 week double blind study of 24 agoraphobics and 16 social phobics all on clomipramine compared the effect of adding tryptophan or placebo. Tryptophan did not potentiate the beneficial effect of clomipramine on phobic avoidance, phobic fears or the incidence of panic attacks. Neither was the presence of depression a factor of outcome.