bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE STATUS AND TYPIFICATION OF PHEGOPTERIS AND GYMNOCARPIUM
Authors: McNeill J. , Pryer Kathleen M. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryIt is concluded that Phegopteris Fée (Thelypteridaceae) is an apparently nomenclaturally superfluous name, because, when published, it included what is now established to be the type of Gymnocarpium Newman. Despite this, Phegopteris is a legitimate name as it has a legitimate basionym; it must, however, be cited as Phegopteris (Presl) Fée. The protologue of the basionym of Gymnocarpium dryopteris does not point to any specimen that could serve as type of that name, and hence of Gymnocarpium Newman (Athyriaceae). Moreover, there is no eligible specimen in the Linnaean collections in London, Stockholm or Paris. There is, however, a Burser specimen at Uppsala with a Bauhin name that is not cited in any Linnaean work. This specimen was determined by Linnaeus in his catalogue of the Burser herbarium as Polypodium dryopteris, the basionym of G. dryopteris, and this is designated as the lectotype. This lectotypification preserves existing usage of both the generic and specific names.
SOME SPECIES OF GRACILARIA (RHODOPHYTA) FROM CALIFORNIA
Authors: Abbott Isabella A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe type material of Cordylecladia andersonii Grunow (=Gracilaria andersonii (Grunow) Kylin) is similar to the type material of the common North American species of Gracilaria (Gigartinales), G. sjoestedtii Kylin, which in turn is identical with Gracilaria lemaneiformis (Bory) Weber‐van Bosse, previously known from Pacific South America. Gracilaria andersonii of Kylin, on the other hand, which takes its epithet from C. andersonii, is a distinct species and is here named Gracilaria papenfussii, new species.
PEST CONTROL IN HERBARIA
Authors: Hall A. V. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe diagnostics, ecology, damage caused and controls for the chief pests in herbaria are described. The effectiveness and safety of available pest controls are reviewed. It is shown that a number of chemical controls are less effective than widely believed while the hazards to health and herbarium materials posed by some may often be overlooked. Neither of the currently used specimen poisons, mercuric chloride and lauryl pentachlorphenate are satisfactory. It is shown that pest controllers should integrate chemical methods with safe and effective physical measures. These include having barriers to the entry of flying insects; treating incoming specimens with freezing, microwaves or aerosol insecticides; monitoring pest arrivals using baited traps; restricting breeding by having low relative humidity, dustless floors and sealed steel cabinets containing a fumigant; and periodic eradication by fumigation with methyl bromide.
THE PUBLICATION DATES OF THE BULLETIN DE LA SOCIÉTÉ BOTANIQUE DE FRANCE (VOLS. 1‐25, 1854‐1878)
Authors: Leussink Jan A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryKnowledge of precise publication dates for the instalments of a journal may be essential for nomenclatural purposes. In Vols. 1‐25 of the Bulletin de la Société botanique de France no such dates are recorded, nor can they be taken from the archives of the society which are no longer extant. In this paper publication dates are reconstructed from other sources. After a discussion of the complicated format of the Bulletin, the method of reconstruction of the dates is explained. Special attention is given to the importance of the original covers of the instalments. For each of Vols. 1‐25 the reconstructed publication dates, as well as some other bibliographical particulars, are assembled in a table. Notes for the tables present the evidence used for reconstruction of the dates.The unreliability of the year of publication as given on the title page of the volumes is shown. Some instalments of each volume were published in the next year only; this difference may increase to as much as four years. Temporal overlap of successive volumes often occurred: during a calendar year instalments of more than one volume were published in a sequence deviating from the sequence of the numbers of the volumes. When using bound volumes it must, moreover, be realized that from Vol. 11 the usual sequence of binding of the instalments differs significantly from their original sequence of publication.
An essay on lectotypification
Authors: Nicolson Dan H. , Fosberg F. R. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryFosberg, F. R.: An essay on lectotypification. ‐ Taxon 41: 321–323. 1992. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.Lectotypification is a serious matter and aspects of the current Code do not make things easier, suggesting the need for amendments.
Picramniaceae, a new family, and a recircumscription of Simaroubaceae
Authors: Fernando Edwino S. , Quinn Christopher J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryFernando, E. S. & Quinn, C. J.: Picramniaceae, a new family, and a recircumscription of Simaroubaceae. – Taxon 44: 177‐181. 1995. – ISSN 0040‐0262.Picramniaceae, a new rosid family, is established. A diagnosis and brief descriptions of the two genera (Picramnia and Alvaradoa) constituting the family are provided. The Simaroubaceae are recircumscribed to include only members of the subfamily Simarouboideae, excluding Harrisonia but including Leitneria (Leitneriaceae).
The identity of Paeonia decomposite Hand.‐Mazz.
Authors: De‐yuan Hong , Kai‐yu Pan , Yan‐long Pei 
Published: April 2006

SummaryHong, D.‐Y., Pan, K.‐Y. & Pei, Y.‐L.: The identity of Paeonia decomposita Hand.‐Mazz. – Taxon 45: 67‐69. 1996. – ISSN 0040‐0262.Paeonia decomposita, which has been ignored or considered synonymous with P. suffruticosa, is shown to be an earlier name for P. szechuanica. A detailed description is provided of this beautiful woody peony only known from a small area in N.W. Sichuan, China.
Lectotypification of four names in Lobelia (Lobeliaceae)
Authors: Crespo Manuel B. , Serra Luis , Turland Nicholas 
Published: April 2006

SummaryCrespo, M. B., Sena, L. & Turland, N. J.: Lectotypification of four names in Lobelia (Lobeliaceae). – Taxon 45: 117‐120. 1996. – ISSN 0040‐0262.Typification of four species names originally published under Lobelia is discussed, and lectotypes are designated. Two of the corresponding species are currently placed in Solenopsis and one in Hippobroma.
THE ORIGIN OF THE WOODY SEDOIDEAE (CRASSULACEAE)
Authors: Hart H. 't , Koek‐Noorman J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe structure of the xylem body of nine woody species of Sedum belonging to two different groups was studied with respect to the character states of the characters correlated with the hybridization patterns of the species. No significant differences in the structure of the wood were found between the specialized and less advanced species. Like the wood of Aeonium, Kalanchoe, and Cotyledon, the features of the wood of Sedum indicate secondary woodiness or paedomorphosis. These results support the idea that the Crassulaceae descended from an herbaceous ancestor and that woodiness evolved independently in several groups.
Phytogeny and reclassification of the genus Lapsana (Asteraceae: Lactuceae)
Authors: Pak Jae‐Hong , Bremer Kåre 
Published: April 2006

SummaryPak, J.‐H. & Bremer, K.: Phylogeny and reclassification of the genus Lapsana (Asteraceae: Lactuceae). – Taxon 44: 13‐21. 1995. – ISSN 0040‐0262.A cladistic analysis of 40 morphological, fruit anatomical, and chromosomal characters in the five species of Lapsana and eleven other species of the Lactuceae (Crepidinae) shows that Lapsana is polyphyletic. The genus is redefined to include only the European to S. W. Asian Lapsana communis and its allied taxa usually treated as subspecies. The four E. Asian species formerly placed in Lapsana are transferred to a new genus, Lapsanastrum, and the new combinations L. apogonoides, L. humile, L. takasei, and L. uncinatum are made.
Reinstatement of the fossil name Russellites (not a synonym of Yuania)
Authors: Mamay Sergius H. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryMamay, S. H.: Reinstatement of the fossil name Russellites (not a synonym of Yuania). – Taxon 44: 43‐51. 1995. – ISSN 0040‐0262.The Permian genus Russellites, first described from Texas, U.S.A., is now known from several localities in China. However, Yuania, the name of a dissimilar Chinese plant, has been misapplied consistently to the Chinese Russellites, thereby obscuring an important palaeo‐floristic link between North America and Asia. The taxonomic independence of the two genera is emphasized, and the appropriate nomenclatural adjustments are made.
Report of the Committee for Spermatophyta: 42. Analysis of recommendations between the 1987 and 1993 Botanical Congresses
Authors: Brummitt R. K. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBrummitt, R. K.: Report of the Committee for Spermatophyta: 42. Analysis of recommendations between the 1987 and 1993 Botanical Congresses. – Taxon 43: 459‐461. 1994. – ISSN 0040‐0262.This report analyses and summarizes the results of votes by the Committee for Spermatophyta taken on the 194 proposals considered between the Berlin and Tokyo Congresses.
The type of Mediocactus Britton & Rose (Cactaceae)
Authors: Heath P. V. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryHeath, P. V.: The type of Mediocactus Britton & Rose (Cactaceae). ‐ Taxon 40: 627 ‐ 628. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.Mediocactus Britton & Rose is typified by the type of Mediocactus coccineus (DC.) Britton & Rose, the neotype of which is here superseded. Thereby Mediocactus maintains its original sense and does not become a synonym of Heliocereus.
Don't abbreviate Chinese names
Authors: Xu ZhaoRan , Nicolson Dan H. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryXu, ZhaoRan & Nicolson, D. H.: Don't abbreviate Chinese names. — Taxon 41: 499–504. 1992. — ISSN 0040‐0262.Westerners have thousands of different family names but only a few hundred common given names. Thus, in a western personal name, the family name is discriminative and abbreviating the undiscriminative given name(s) makes sense. Chinese have only a few hundred common family names but thousands of given names. Western conventions of abbreviating given names are therefore inappropriate for Chinese personal names. Different traditions of “western” and Chinese personal nomenclature are discussed, and suggestions are made on how to handle Chinese names in a western bibliographic context.
Replacement names for later homonyms of ten Indian Tertiary palynofossils
Authors: Saxena R. K. 
Published: April 2006

SummarySaxena, R. K.: Replacement names for later homonyms of ten Indian Tertiary palynofossils. — Taxon 41: 532–533. 1992. — ISSN 0040‐0262.Ten later homonyms have been used for good species that require renaming.
Electrophoreíic and immunological studies of prolamins in the Poaceae: II. Phylogenetic affinities of the Aristideae
Authors: Esen Asim , Hilu Khidir W. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryEsen, A. & Hilu, K. W.: Electrophoretic and immunological studies of prolamines in the Poaceae: II. Phylegenetic affinities of the Aristideae. ‐ Taxon 40: 5–17. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.The Aristideae are considered to include Aristida, Stipagrostis and Sartidia. The phylogenetic affinity of this tribe in the Poaceae remains controversial. To provide additional insight into the appropriate placement of the Aristideae, 21 species representing Aristida, Stipagrostis, Chloridoideae, Arundinoideae, and Hordeum (Pooideae) were analyzed for prolamin size heterogeneity and immunological cross‐reactivities. Aristida species revealed species‐specific prolamin subunit profiles. Immunological cross‐reactivities measured by the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunoblotting demonstrated that Aristida was distinct from the Arundinoideae and Chloridoideae. The prolamin profile of Stipagrostis differed from those of Aristida and the genus clustered with the Chloridoideae on the basis of immunological cross‐reactivities. The data indicate the heterogeneity of the Aristideae, and suggest an isolated position for Aristida in the Poaceae rather than its placement in either the Arundinoideae or Chloridoideae.
Genetic divergence and allozyme variation within and among populations of Hedysarum spinosissimum subsp. capitatum and subsp. spinosissimum (Papilionaceae)
Authors: Baatout Hédi , Marrakchi Mohamed , Combes Daniel 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBaatout, H.; Marrakchi, M. & Combes, D.: Genetic divergence and allozyme variation within and among populations of Hedysarum spinosissimum subsp. capitatum and subsp. spinosissimum (Papilionaceae). ‐ Taxon 40: 239–252. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.Three outcrossing populations of Hedysarum spinosissimum subsp. capitatum and two self‐pollinating populations of H. spinosissimum subsp. spinosissimum were surveyed for variation at 36 allozyme loci. The proportion of polymorphic loci ranged from 25.0 to 75.0 % in subsp. capitatum and from 27.8 to 30.6 % in subsp. spinosissimum, and the mean heterozygosity from 0.088 to 0.299 in subsp. capitatum and from 0.086 to 0.097 in subsp. spinosissimum. No karyotypic differences distinguish the two subspecies, and no hybridization between the allogamous H. spinosissimum subsp. capitatum and the autogamous subsp. spinosissimum was noted. Allele frequency differences between the two subspecies indicate that they are clearly distinct in several genes coding for the enzymes peroxidase, esterase and acid phosphatase. The level of genetic divergence at the enzyme level, revealed by electrophoretic analysis of the two taxa, supports their specific distinctness, the mean genetic distance between them being 0.45 ‐ which is indicative of a long period of lack of gene flow between them.
A DEVICE FOR THE PROTECTION OF SPORE SAMPLES FROM ISOETES (ISOETACEAE) VOUCHER SPECIMENS
Authors: Brunton Daniel F. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe need to re‐examine spores of Isoetes specimens has led to serious depletion of the supply of both microspores and megaspores in many voucher specimens. Some type specimens no longer possess any spore material, seriously limiting the research value of these critical vouchers. A simple device is described that permits Isoetes samples to be handled, examined microscopically and even safely mailed without requiring repeated mining of the finite supply of spores.
THE CORRECT PUBLICATION DATE OF CHAMAEALOE BERGER (ASPHODELACEAE: ALOOIDEAE)
Authors: Smith Gideon F. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryIn the literature, discrepancies exist with regard to the correct publication date of Chamaealoe Berger. The confusion concerns two publications of Alwin Berger which appeared in 1905 in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. and in 1908 in Das Pflanzenreich, respectively. The former publication has unfortunately been overlooked during recent revisions and this has led to an undesirable variance in citations of title and year of publication appended to the name Chamaealoe. It is shown below that Chamaealoe africana (Haw.) Berger was validly published in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 36: 43 (28 February 1905).
THE DRIVING FORCE: SPECIES CONCEPTS AND ECOLOGY
Authors: Andersson Lennart 
Published: April 2006

SummaryIn both folk taxonomy and science, the idea of species is based on the observation that phenotypic variation is discrete and not continuous. The definition of the species category, the “what,” must therefore be restricted to these empirically demonstrable facts. To avoid circularity, concepts about the biological nature of species, the “whys,” must be kept separate from the criteria by which individual species are circumscribed. Such ideas are models and can only be judged in terms of their capacity to bring observations into a meaningful context. The Biological Species Concept (BSC), the Evolutionary Species Concept (EvSC) and the Ecological Species Concept (EcSC) are models, not definitions. The BSC has its principal flaw in its inability to deal with uniparentally reproducing organisms. It fails to identify the driving force of speciation. It therefore fails to predict diversity and to explain why different species have different reproductive strategies. The EvSC fails to explain why different lineages are phenetically different. It fails, therefore, to explain why species arise, and why there are differences in diversity and reproductive strategies. The EcSC has the potential to make a direct connection between environment and phenetic variation patterns. It provides a useful conceptual framework for experimentation and observation at the interface between taxonomy and ecology and has the potential to explain on a universal basis variation in diversity and reproductive patterns. In some taxonomically difficult cases it also sheds light on the nature of variation patterns and might therefore help in taxonomic judgment where the BSC is conceptually inapplicable and the EvSC fails to provide useful concepts.
A new look at the enigmatic genus Wenchengia (Labiatae)
Authors: Cantino Philip D. , Abu‐Asab Mones S. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryCantino, P. D. & Abu‐Asab, M. S.: A new look at the enigmatic genus Wenchengia (Labiatae). — Taxon 42: 339–344. 1993. — ISSN 0040–0262.The phylogenetic position of Wenchengia is considered in the light of new data on its pollen morphology and leaf epidermal anatomy. The pollen is tricolpate, tectate‐perforate, supra‐reticulate and has simple columellae. Leaves are hypostomatic, with mainly diacytic and diallelocytic stomata. Wenchengia appears to be most closely related to Ajuga, Cymaria, or Acrymia. A position close to Scutellaria, Tinnea, and Renschia is only slightly less parsimonious. Although Wenchengia was originally segregated as a monotypic subfamily, assignment to Ajugoideae or Scutellarioideae may be more consistent with a phylogenetic classification of the family.
Floristics in Latin America and the Caribbean: an evaluation of the numbers of plant collections and botanists
Authors: Toledo Victor M. , Sosa Victoria 
Published: April 2006

SummaryToledo, V. M. & Sosa, V.: Floristics in Latin America and the Caribbean: an evaluation of the numbers of plant collections and botanists. — Taxon 42: 355–364. 1993. — ISSN 0040–0262.This paper evaluates the present size of plant collections and the number of botanists in the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean, the region with the highest plant diversity in the world. Statistics reveal that collection density is adequate for Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean, while South America, with the exception of Chile and Argentina, is undercollected. Argentina hosts the highest number of botanists while all other countries appear to need more plant taxonomists to perform floristic inventories. The differences in absolute numbers of specimens and botanists between the three largest countries (Argentina, Brazil and Mexico) and the other countries in the area are remarkable, reflecting an unbalance in the development of local botanical science.
Bechuanaland: a misunderstood geographical name; and the type locality of Haworthia tenuifolia (Asphodelaceae: Alooideae)
Authors: Smith Gideon F. , Cole Desmond T. , van Wyk B‐E. 
Published: April 2006

SummarySmith, G. F., Cole, D. T. & Wyk, B‐E. van: Bechuanaland: a misunderstood geographical name; and the type locality of Haworthia tenuifolia (Asphodelaceae: Alooideae). — Taxon 42: 369–371. 1993. — ISSN 0040–0262.A common misconception about the geographical position of the southern African type locality, “Be(ts)chuanaland”, is clarified. It is shown that this regional name does not necessarily refer to the present‐day Republic of Botswana, and that the type specimen of Haworthia tenuifolia Engl. was collected in what later became the Cape Province (formerly Cape Colony) of the Republic of South Africa.
CRYPTONEMIA LIMENSIS(KÜTZING) LEWIS, COMB. NOV. (HALYMENIACEAE, RHODOPHYTA) FROM PERU
Authors: Lewis John A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryStudy of type material of Euhymenia limensis Kützing, recently found in the National Herbarium of Victoria (MEL), has shown this alga to have vegetative and reproductive features typical of the family Halymeniaceae and most like the genus Cryptonemia. The binomial Cryptonemia limensis (Kützing) Lewis, comb. nov. is therefore proposed. Type material of Sebdenia chichensis Taylor, Cryptonemia quaymasensis (Dawson) Dawson, C. chiangii Acleto, and C. peruviana Acleto have been examined and found to be synonymous with C. limensis.
General Committee Report 3
Authors: Nicolson Dan H. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryNicolson, D. H.: General Commitee Report 3. ‐ Taxon 40: 461–462. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.Approves the German edition of the Code and, with comments, proposals recommended by the Spermatophyta Committee Report 36.
Rhus hirta (L.) Sudworth, a newly revived correct name for Rhus typhina L. (Anacardiaceae)
Authors: Reveal James L. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryReveal, J. L.: Rhus hirta (L.) Sudworth, a newly revived correct name for Rhus typhina L. (Anacardiaceae). ‐ Taxon 40: 489–492. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.Rhus hirta (L.) Sudworth is based on Datisca hirta L., a name long rejected as a monstrosity but which has priority over Rhus typhina L. (1756). Three formae of the North American staghorn‐sumac are recognized: Two cultivated, f. hirta (including R. typhina f. laciniata (Wood) Rehder) and f. dissecta (Rehder) Reveal; one wild, R. hirta f. typhina (L.) Reveal (here lectotypified).
Nomenclature of the Mexican cypress or “cedar of Goa”, Cupressus lusitanica Mill. (Cupressaceae)
Authors: Farjon Aljos 
Published: April 2006

SummaryFarjon, A.: Nomenclature of the Mexican cypress or “cedar of Goa”, Cupressus lusitanica Mill. (Cupressaceae). ‐ Taxon 42: 81‐84. 1993. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.Vagaries regarding the origin and taxonomic relationship of the second true cypress described after Linnaeus's Cupressus sempervirens result in the current use of two to three binomials for what is beyond doubt a single species. By identification of the holotype of Miller's name and the evaluation of some historical facts concerning Miller's source trees, the correct botanical name for the Mexican cypress is established and its principal synonymy given.
Report of the Committee for Fungi and Lichens: 3
Authors: Gams Walter 
Published: April 2006

SummaryGams, W.: Report of the Committee for Fungi and Lichens: 3. ‐ Taxon 42: 112‐118. 1993. ‐ISSN 0040‐0262.The Committee for Fungi and Lichens reports its recommendations on 15 proposals, one to amend the Code and 14 to conserve or reject names, recommending 10.
NASSELLA (GRAMINEAE, STIPEAE): REVISED INTERPRETATION AND NOMENCLATURAL CHANGES
Authors: Barkworth Mary E. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe taxonomic history of Nassella Desv. is reviewed and its circumscription expanded to include all species of Stipeae with strongly overlapping lemma margins; lemma apices that are fused into a crown; paleas that are highly reduced, ecostate, and glabrous; long epiblasts; and lemma epidermes with very short fundamental cells having silicified cell walls. The expanded genus includes 79 species, almost all of which are South American. Piptochaetium and Stipa sect. Hesperostipa are suggested as the closest extant relatives. Synapomorphies of the three taxa are: brownish callus hairs; fused lemma apices; bulbous‐based lemma cilia; silicified lemma fundamental cells; and long epiblasts. A key to putatively monophyletic groups in American Stipeae and a synopsis of Nassella s.l., involving more than 60 new combinations, are presented. The transferred species include representatives from seven subgenera of Stipa L. described by Spegazzini.
SOLANDER'S MANUSCRIPT FLORULA INDUE OCCIDENTALS AND SWARTZ'S PRODROMUS
Authors: Nicolson Dan H. , Jarvis C. E. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryFrom late 1786 to mid‐1787 Swartz worked at the Banksian Museum preparing his Prodromus (1788). Banks permitted him access to Solander's manuscripts, including a Florula Indiae Occidentalis, as well as the specimens and literature underlying it. Many of Swartz's subsequently published names of new species (and genera) have the same names used in the Florula. More than 10% of the names in Swartz's Prodromus are asterisked, meaning that they are based on materials (specimens and/or references) found in Banks' collections and appear in Solander's Florula. The unpublished Florula, aside from its contribution to Swartz's publications, is interesting because it cites collectors and localities, providing an insight into early records.