bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SOCIAL THOUGHT AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE
Authors: REASONS CHARLES E. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract The substantive area of criminology has increasingly become politicized with new paradigms arising to challenge the traditional perspectives. For the purpose of this analysis the voluminous amount of criminological research and writing is placed within three major paradigms: (1) kinds of people, (2) kinds of environments, and (3) power/conflict. The increasing articulation of the power/conflict paradigm has brought about an intensification of conflict in society and among criminologists. The future of criminology and subsequently of criminologists will be determined by the interplay of these and emerging other paradigms among academic criminologists and their competing expression among the public at large.
PRISONIZATION AS AN INHIBITOR OF EFFECTIVE RESOCIALIZATION
Authors: ZINGRAFF MATTHEW T. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract This study focuses on data collected from 267 incarcerated, male delinquents The intent of this report is to identify and discuss the possible impact of prisonization on the inmate—an impact that in fact may impede the resocialization goals of the formal organization. Prisonization is conceptualized as the degree of assimilation into the inmate contraculture, and the particular type of social role assumed by the inmate. The proposed consequences of this socialization process are conceptualired as opposition to the institution, the degree of priority placed on interpersonal contact with other inmates while incarcerated, and opposition to the legal system. The findings of this study suggest that prisonization is related to self‐attitudes that are not conducive to effective reconciliation.
NARCOTIC ABUSERS AND POVERTY
Authors: NURCO DAVID N. , FARRELL EUGENE V. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract This paper examines whether narcotic abusers known to the Maryland Narcotic Addicts Register are indigent. Samples were drawn from this register and several determinations made as to their membership in populations receiving: medical assistance, public assistance (past and present), residing in public housing or in a low income area. Overall, the proportion of narcotic abusers defined as indigent ranged from 82% to 8.5% for Baltimore City residents However, this same finding did not hold true for those in Maryland counties.
THE FEMALE HOMICIDE VICTIM
Authors: ZAHN MARGARET A. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract This study examines the ways that females meet violent death and the role that illegal drug use plays in precipitating such deaths. The sex role hypothesis and the transactional risk thesis are explored to help account for homicide victimization of women. Data were drawn from the records of the Medical Examiner's Office in Philadelphia. Records of all illegal drug using homicide victims were compared with a random sample of non‐drug‐using victims. Data included interviews with relatives of the deceased, autopsy reports, police and other records. Both hypotheses received support. The importance of these findings can only be assessed, however, when more is known about how sex role constellations work in drug‐using groups
THE INTERACTIONIST PERSPECTIVE Some Things Hagan Didn't Tell Us
Authors: SCHMITT RAYMOND L. , GRUPP STANLEY E. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract This paper is concerned with the implications of Hagan's negative assessment of the contributions of symbolic interactionism to the study of deviance. The logic of evaluating selected seminal works without reference to recent contributions of the symbolic interactionists in deviance and other areas is challenged.
CRIMINOLOGY, CRIMINAL JUSTICE, AND THE WAR ON CRIME
Authors: CAPLAN GERALD M. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract This detailed assessment reviews the nation's “war on crime” during the past ten years, examines what has heen accomplished in that period, and outlines the likely prospects for the future. Although important and tangible progress in improving criminal justice has been made. it has not produced relief from high crime rates. In fact, “things are worse than ever.” For the future, there will be both more advances and frustrations in the war on crime. It is emphasized that the progress achieved so far has been to create a more efficient and fairer rystem of justice and that we should take pride in this. If not eclipsed by the quarterly release of crime statistics, we can maintain our momentum and gain even more significant improvements in the next decade.
SOCIAL CONTROL AND SOCIAL LEARNING MODELS OF DELINQUENT BEHAVIOR A Synthesis
Authors: CONGER RAND D. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract Social control and social learning models of delinquent behavior are reviewed and compared. The data analysis shows that predictions from the social learning model ficrther specify the control perspective. Thus, attachments are an important influence on delinquent behavior only when the source of attachment is taken into consideration, Further, the data presented suggest that observational learning has an influence on delinquent acts as suggested by social learning theory. Particular parental behaviors which influence the reinforcing value of the home appear to have the primary influence on delinquent behavior in the parent/child bond. From this study, it is concluded that a combination of the social “bonding” notion from control theory along with specific principles of social learning lay the groundwork for a more comprehensive theory of delinquent behavior than either perspective alone.
MANAGERIAL RESPONSES TO PERCEIVED LABOR SHORTAGES The Case of Police
Authors: LEWlN DAVID , KEITH JOHN H. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract This paper challenges the popular claim that police labor shortages existed in large American cities during the late 1960s and early 1970s. Empirical tests of a police salary determination model reveal that police managers and public officials possess only limited direct control over police wges. Hence, manipulation of police manpower utilization practices (and, more basically, labor supply to police departments) is the principal way of overcoming “labor shortages.” In recent years, this has included substitution of clerical for sworn personnel, elimination of non‐job‐related entry requirements, and expansion of auxilhry police forces.
VICTIMOLOGY REVISITED A Critique and Suggestions for Future Direction
Authors: FRANKLIN CLYDE W. , FRANKLIN ALICE P. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract Recent theoretical and research contributions related to victimology generally have supported earlier ideas of victim precipitation implied by von Hentig, Mendelsohn, Ellenberger, and others. Here we identify and evaluate some of the underlying assumptions of victim precipitation. In addition, suggestions are offered for the future development of victim‐precipitation explanatory formulations in victimology.
DRUG USE AND “HUSTLING” A Study of Their Interrelationships
Authors: SMITH R. B. , STEPHENS RICHARD C. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract This paper focuses on the dynamic relationship between daily “hustling” and narcotic use. Through interviews with 30 narcotics users three common patterns of interrelationships are established In addition. a large number of confounding factors which influence the hustling‐drug use relationships are described. The paper reveals the complexity of street life and the tenuousness of views which posit a one‐to‐one correspondence between hustling and narcotics use.
PREDICTION AND INFERENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY
Authors: MOVAHEDI SIAMAK , OGLES RICHARD H. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract The calculus of probability constitutes an elegant formal model for the various questions of prediction in criminology. However, the use of this model has been criticized for its failure to deal with individual instances vis‐à‐vis group phenomena. It has been argued that since probability is a function of classes or sequence of events, no meaning can be attached to the probability of a single event. This paper presents a logical analysis of this aspect of probability and prediction. The proposal of logical probability is suggested as a meaningful explication of the prediction and the probability of a single event.
NATIONAL STANDARDS AND GOALS ON CORRECTIONS
Authors: VANAGUNAS STANLEY 
Published: March 2006

Abstract The article seeks to highlight some potential barriers to the implementation of the recently promulgated Standards and Goals on Corrections. Basing the analysis on concepts pertaining to the diffusion of innovations, it is pointed out that implementation may be seriously impeded due to the dissonance of the Standards with the realities of the corrections community as a bureaucracy, lack of concrete guidelines for the implementation of the goals proposed, and the absence of any relationship of the proposed goals to considerations of cost and the availability of public revenues.
SINUSOIDAL PATTERN ANALYSIS IN CRIMINAL INCIDENCE
Authors: BANKS JERRY , VATZ DAVID 
Published: March 2006

Abstract This paper demonstrates a set of statistical techniques which can be used to assess variations in delinquency offensex The subjects are juveniles convicted of aggravated assault, aggravated battery, burglary, homicide, rape, and robbery. A statistically significant sinusoidal pattern was observed.
JAPANESE AND AMERICAN ATTITUDES TOWARD THE ABOLITION OF CAPITAL PUNISHMENT
Authors: ALSTON JON P. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract Japanese and Americans are compared in terms of the extent each sample believes that capital punishment should be abolished, Blacks and white American females are more likely to approve of the abolition of capital punishment. No differences by sex were found in the Japanese sample. For both countries, those who are younger and more educated hold less punitive attitudes The Japanese as a whole are less likely than Americans to approve of the abolition of capital punishment. Problems found in cross‐cultural secondary analysis are discussed.
POVERTY, URBANIZATION, AND CRIME
Authors: FLANGO VICTOR EUGENE , SHERBENOU EDGAR L. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract In an effort to evaluate the situational determinants of crime, principal components analysis was used to reduce 59 demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of 840 American cities to six independent factors: affluence, stage in life cycle, economic specialization, expenditures policy, poverty, and urbanization. When regressed upon crime rates two of these six factors, urbanization and poverty, were found to be the more important criminogenic forces. The exception to this generalization was the South, where stage in life cycle was more important than poverty in explaining crime. One reason for this exception may be that the South, though having a lower standard of living than other regions of the country, does not have the “culture of poverty” usually associated with lower income. Contrary to the assumption upon which most ecology of crime studies are based, larger cities (over 100,000 in population) are not representative of all cities. Greater association between socioeconomic variables and crime was found in larger than in smaller cities.
YOUTH CRIME IN POSTINDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES An Integrated Perspective
Authors: FRIDAY PAUL C. , HAGE JERALD 
Published: March 2006

Abstract Taking a few well‐known facts about youth crime, the authors propose a more comprehensive theoretical framework, synthesizing other theories and attempting to describe the link between macro‐ and microdeviance analysis. Employing Durkheim's concepts of social integration, it is proposed that integration be viewed through patterns of role relationships. When adolescents have meaningful kin, community, educational, and work role relationships, they become socialized to the dominant norms. Conditions in the structural level of society affect the nature and quality of these relationships. Youth crime is specifically related to the salience of the peer relationships and the structural conditions imposed by the society on youth.
CITIES AND CRIME A Geographic Model
Authors: HARRIES KEITH D. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract An ecological model of interurban crime draws on numerous examples to illustrate the computed relationships. The model is unique in that it emphasizes geographic context and is based on more cities (726) than any previous study. Five measures of serious crime and 25 socio‐economic variables, chosen on the basis of their theoretical relationship to crime, are correlated using canonical analysis Variables representing black population characteristics, residential stability, economic status, and age of the population are prominent among clusters of predictors that relate significantly to the crime parameters. The results confirm and extend prior findings at the interurban level.
MEASURING PROFESSIONALISM IN LAW ENFORCEMENT
Authors: MILLER JON , FRY LINCOLN 
Published: March 2006

Abstract The five‐dimension scale of professionalism developed hy Hall and revised by Snizek was used to assess the level of professionalism among the members of three small law enforcement agencies. Conceptually it is unclear whether “professionalism” is what the scale is measuring, and technically there are problems of wording and redundancy on some of the items and a suggestion of nonunidimensionality on the subscale measuring autonomy. Nevertheless, factor analysis showed that, with few exceptions, the basic empirical integrity of the scale is reaffirmed. Based on these preliminary findings a number of cautions are offered to guard against misapplication of the scale in future research.
SEX DIFFERENCES IN DELINQUENCY
Authors: JENSEN GARY J. , EVE RAYMOND 
Published: March 2006

Abstract This paper explores a much neglected issue in delinquency research—the relationship between sexual status and self‐reported delinquent action. Utilizing questionnaire data from a large sample of black and white adolescents, females were found to report less delinquent activity than males. However, sexual status explained very little variance in delinquent action and when controls for “intervening” sociological variables were implemented the impact of sexual status ws reduced even more. When introduced in a multivariate analysis together with measures of an adolescent's relationships with conventional and unconventional persons, values and institutions sexual status explained between 0.5% and 2% of the variance in delinquency within the two racial categories. Nevertheless, a small statistically significant relationship persisted and can be given a variety of sociological and nonspciological interpretations.
PERSPECTIVES ON PAROLE DECISION‐MAKING WITH JUVENILES
Authors: HUSSEY FREDERICK A. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract Parole as applied to juveniles is something about which we have generated little systematic knowledge and few theories. The purpose of the present study is to present and assess various perspectives that are potentially fruitful in exploring parole decision‐making with juveniles. Material drawn from parole decision research with adults is juxtaposed to that derived from more theoretical sociological perspectives, and both are evaluated in view of the philosophy of the juvenile justice system. Results are presented which suggest that the social service orientation of the juvenile justice system is not very helpful in understanding parole decision‐making. Rather, it would appear that an analysis of “normal cases” forms the basis of decisions and that race constitutes a basic sorting variable. Furthermore, it is suggested that different sets of factors are used in decision‐making for offenders of different races.
PAROLEES' PERCEPTION OF THE JUSTICE SYSTEM
Authors: BERMAN JOHN J. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe parolees in this sample viewed the police rather negatively, were reluctant to label contacts with the police as harassment, and experienced a great deal of pluralistic ignorance about the extent of the police harassment of ex‐offenders. They also had a very negative opinion of the courts and lawyers. When asked general questions about the courts and police harassment, blacks responded more negatively than whites; but when asked about their personal experiences with these organizations, no racial differences were found. Those interviewed were somewhat positive toward the parole system and very positive toward their parole agents. Possibly this is because the agents employ a strategy of ingratiation in that they do not enforce all of the existing rules, or possibly it is because the Illinois parole agents are doing a good job of being counsellors rather than policemen. This study also found: (1) on opinions of the police and the courts, the black‐white differences which have been found in the community were also found here; namely, blacks were more negative than were whites. (2) On opinions of lawyers and the parole system, no black‐white differences existed among respondents. (3) There was no evidence of a disconfirmed expectancy effect; that is, in no case was there more negativity among white parolees than among black due to whites' higher expectations of the justice system.
PEOPLE OR PAPERWORK An Analysis of Influences upon Juvenile Court Personnel
Authors: GILLHAM JAMES R. , BERSANI CARL A. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract Probation officers and other juvenile court staff complain that paperwork limits the time spent working directly with youth. The alleged effect of paperwork is compared with that of interpersonal influence resulting from time spent talking with youth about their problems. Multiple regression of data from a juvenile court staff indicated that the time spent on paperwork has no independent effect. This group's paperwork complaints are ideological. But interpersonal influences do have considerable impact.
THE MEDICAL MODEL IN CORRECTIONS Requiescat in Pace Requiescat in Pace
Authors: MacNAMARA DONAL E.J. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract The medical model for corrections, confidently espoused by several generations of behavioral scientists although never empirically validated, is now reeling under attacks from an interdisciplinary (though unorganized) army of critics. Attacking its basic premise (that the offender is “sick” and con be “cured”). the new penologists advocate a justice model based on individual responsibility with uniform penalties consistently imposed for like crimes. Out would go the indeterminate sentence, virtually unlimited judicial discretion, parole, and coerced participation in rehabilitation programs. Deterrence, retribution, and incapacitation would be restored as respectable rationalizations for imprisonment; but in general long prison terms would be reserved only for the habitually violent.
CORRECTIONAL POLICY AND PUBLIC VALUES
Authors: DUFFEER DAVID , RITTI RICHARD 
Published: March 2006

Abstract Since 1960, research on various options in correctional policy has emphasiz ‘two basic dimensions: the offender and the community. Under the assumptions that the community and the offender are not separable concerns and that the community is a complex system with many different and conflicting elements, this study examines public values regarding several popular correctional options. Data obtained demonstrate two normative clusters, one concerned with retribution and one with rehabilitation. Examination of the social status of respondents suggests a complex relationship between community structure and norms concerning correctional programs. Recommendations for further research are outlined, as well as for ways that correctional officials could reduce public resistance to the programs favored by officials.
JAILS AND SERVICES FOR INMATES A Perspective on Some Critical Issues
Authors: NEWMAN CHARLES L. , PRICE BARBARA R. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract The nature and scope of the jail role within the criminal justice system is explored. Questions are raised as to the types of functions which jails should perform, the appropriateness of jail services, and alternatives for the administration of jails. The authors suggest that solutions to the various issues require active involvement of an informed public providing policy direction to the criminal justice system. The paper concludes by observing that many of these critical jail issues can find satisfactory solution when there is a joint commitment on the part of practitioners, researchers, and the community sector to actively seek answers.
AWAITING THE CROWN'S PLEASURE The Case of Daniel M'Naughton
Authors: MORAN RICHARD 
Published: March 2006

Abstract This article seeks to place the Daniel M'Naughton case in its political context: to argue that the court's verdict of insanity cannot be satisfactorily understood unless it is recognized that Daniel M'Naughton was apolitical criminal. The insanity verdict served to discredit M'Naughton and the political ideas he represented by interpreting his act as the product of a diseased mind. The widespread political problems that the Tory government was experiencing throughout Britain were reduced to a personal problem plaguing Daniel M'Naughton. By regarding Daniel M'Naughton as a criminal lunatic incapable of distinguishing right from wrong, the court indicated that the explanation for his behavior would have to be sought in medical or psychiatric terms instead of in political terms.
POLICE VIOLENCE AS A FUNCTION OF COMMUNITY CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: KANIA RICHARD R. E. , MACKEY WADE C. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract The authors find that existing models concerning police violence are not i designed to explain variation among the states in the rates of police use ‘of deadly force. This variation correlates significantly with numerous cultural attributes of the public. The strongest correlates are with the public rates of violence. Therefore, the authors propose to moody existing modeb, and explain the police use of violence as a response to community characteristics. Where public violence is neither normative nor commonly occurrent. the police will be self‐restrained. Where the incidence of violence reveals a common means of conflict resolution, the police will adopt its use. Thus, the police use of violence is a culturally determined characteristic and not a police pathology.
Potential of Inmate Self‐Government
Authors: JOHNSON ELMER H. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract Inmate self‐government is one of the strategies for moving correctional institutions away from the crime control establishment model and toward the community subsystem model Authentic participation in government of these institutions, however, awaits resolution of basic questions. With the prison organization provide the prerequisite conditions?. Will the inmates be prepared for effective participation. since the suicide processes of criminal justice administration heavily from those segments of the American population king expunge and incentives for significant political participation? Penal dorm depends on sociocultural changes in the society of which formations is a creature. Whether or not inmate self‐government is o via reform strategy pivots ultimately on the revision of social attitudes toward deviants generally and the capacity of the prison to reduce significantly its social psychological isolation from the larger community system.