bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of intraluminal distention on microvascular perfusion in the equine small colon
Authors: Faleiros Rafael R. , Macoris Delphim G. , Alessi Antonio C. , Saquetti Carlos H. C. , Rasera Luciane 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To determine the effect of experimental intraluminal distention on microvascular perfusion of the small colon in horses.Animals—6 mixed-breed healthy horses (mean age [± SD], 9.1 ± 2 years).Procedure—Under general anesthesia, the small colon was exposed by celiotomy and 3 segments were demarcated. In 1 of these segments, intraluminal obstruction was created by placement of a latex balloon inflated to a pressure of 40 mm Hg (obstructed segment). The other segments were the sham-operated segment and the control segment. Microvascular perfusion was evaluated in the mucosal, submucosal, muscular, and serosal layers by injection of 15-µm-diameter colored microspheres into branches of the caudal mesenteric artery. Recovery of microspheres was performed by tissue digestion, washing, and centrifugation. Distribution of microspheres in the intestinal layers was evaluated by direct observation of stained frozen sections by light microscopy.Results—A significant reduction was observed in total microvascular perfusion of obstructed segments, which was 26.4% of that of control segments. This reduction was not evident in the mucosal layer.Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Intraluminal distention of the equine small colon wall can promote ischemia by a reduction in microvascular perfusion in the intestinal wall. Intestinal layers do not seem to be affected to the same extent, because the absolute value for mucosal perfusion did not decrease in the obstructed segment. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:1292–1297)
Effects of theophylline on tracheal mucociliary clearance rates in healthy cats
Authors: Dunn Marilyn E. , Taylor Susan M. , Shmon Cindy L. , Wilkinson Alex A. , Matte Gilbert G. , Dudzic Edyta M. , Cantwell Shauna , Semple Hugh 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To determine tracheal mucociliary clearance rate (TMCCR) by use of a standard protocol in healthy anesthetized cats and to determine the effect of theophylline on TMCCR in healthy anesthetized cats.Animals—6 healthy cats.Procedure—Cats were anesthetized with propofol, and a droplet of the radiopharmaceutical technetium Tc 99m macroaggregated albumin was placed endoscopically at the carina. Dynamic acquisition scintigraphic imaging was performed, using the larynx as the end point. The TMCCR was determined by measuring the distance the droplet traveled by frame rate. Each cat was imaged 6 times as follows: 3 times following placebo administration and 3 times following the administration of sustained release theophylline (25 mg/kg, PO). Serum theophylline concentrations were assessed during imaging to ensure therapeutic concentrations.Results—The TMCCR in healthy adult cats anesthetized with propofol was 22.2 ± 2.8 mm/min. Tracheal mucociliary clearance rate in cats receiving theophylline was 21.8 ± 3.5 mm/min. Theophylline administration did not significantly alter TMCCR.Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Theophylline has been shown to increase TMCCR in humans and dogs. In our study, we determined TMCCR in healthy anesthetized cats and found that it was not accelerated by the administration of theophylline. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:1320–1322)
Influence of age and body size on intestinal permeability and absorption in healthy dogs
Authors: Weber Mickaël P. , Martin Lucile J. , Dumon Henri J. , Biourge Vincent C. , Nguyen Patrick G. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract

Objective—To evaluate effects of age and body size
of dogs on intestinal permeability (unmediated diffusion)
as measured by the ratio of urinary lactulose to
L-rhamnose (L:R) and absorption (carrier-mediated
transport) as measured by the ratio of urinary D-xylose
to 3-O-methyl-D-glucose (X:MG) and to determine
whether these variables correlated with fecal quality.

Animals—6 Miniature Poodles, 6 Standard
Schnauzers, 6 Giant Schnauzers, and 6 Great Danes.

Procedure—A solution that contained lactulose and
rhamnose or xylose and 3-O-methyl-D-glucose was
administered orally to dogs that were 12, 22, 36, and
60 weeks old. Urine was collected 6 hours later, and
urinary L:R and X:MG were calculated. Fecal moisture
and scoring were recorded during the same periods.

Results—Age and breed did not affect intestinal
absorption, and we did not detect a relationship
between X:MG and fecal variables. In contrast, we
detected significant effects of age and body size on
intestinal permeability. Puppies (12 weeks old) and
large dogs had higher intestinal permeability than adult
(60 weeks old) and small dogs. The increased intestinal
permeability in large dogs was associated with
lower fecal quality as indicated by the significant positive
correlations between L:R and fecal moisture (r,
0.61) and L:R and fecal scores (r, 0.86) in adult dogs.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—These results
indicate that age and body size should be considered
when assessing intestinal permeability by use of the
L:R urinary excretion test in dogs. High intestinal permeability
could be a possible cause of poor fecal quality
in large dogs. (Am J Vet Res 2002;63:1323–1328)
Evaluation of the usefulness of sensitization to aeroallergens as a model for canine atopic dermatitis in genetically predisposed Beagles
Authors: Egli Katrin S. , Schiessl Brigitte , Roosje Petra J. , Seewald Wolfgang , Forster Ursula , Peel John E. , Welle Monika M. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To evaluate a model for atopic dermatitis (AD) and to measure the effect of sensitization in Beagles genetically predisposed to produce high serum concentrations of allergen specific IgE.Animals—22 laboratory Beagles.Procedure—Seventeen dogs were sensitized from birth to 3 allergens (recombinant birch pollen,Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, andD farinae). Five nonsensitized dogs from the same litters served as controls. Clinical scoring, regular intradermal testing, measurement of serum concentrations of allergen-specific IgE, and collection of biopsy specimens of skin at 23, 32, and 43 weeks of age were performed. Serial tissue sections were stained for identification of IgE+ cells, mast cells and their subtypes, T-cells, Langerhans cells, and major histocompatibility complex class-II+ cells. At the age of 15 months, dogs were continuously exposed to 2 µg of mite allergen/ g of dust.Results—Sensitized dogs had positive intradermal test reactions and significantly higher serum concentrations of allergen specific IgE, compared with nonsensitized dogs. In sensitized and nonsensitized dogs, a significantly higher number of mast cells was found at predilection sites, compared with the control biopsy site. The number of mast cells at predilection sites increased with age. Sensitization significantly increased the number of epidermal Langerhans cells by 23 weeks of age. The number of epidermal Langerhans cells significantly increased in nonsensitized dogs by 32 weeks of age. Clinical scoring only revealed mild transient erythema in some dogs.Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Increases in concentrations of serum allergen-specific IgE and exposure to allergens is not sufficient to induce clinical signs of AD in genetically predisposed dogs. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:1329–1336)
Electromyographic activity of the hyoepiglotticus muscle and control of epiglottis position in horses
Authors: Holcombe Susan J. , Cornelisse Cornelis J. , Berney Cathy , Robinson N. Edward 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To determine whether the hyoepiglotticus muscle has respiratory-related electromyographic activity and whether electrical stimulation of this muscle changes the position and conformation of the epiglottis, thereby altering dimensions of the aditus laryngis.Animals—6 Standardbred horses.Procedure—Horses were anesthetized, and a bipolar fine-wire electrode was placed in the hyoepiglotticus muscle of each horse. Endoscopic images of the nasopharynx and larynx were recorded during electrical stimulation of the hyoepiglotticus muscle in standing, unsedated horses. Dorsoventral length and area of the aditus laryngis were measured on images obtained before and during electrical stimulation. Electromyographic activity of the hyoepiglotticus muscle and nasopharyngeal pressures were measured while horses exercised on a treadmill at 50, 75, 90, and 100% of the speed that produced maximum heart rate.Results—Electrical stimulation of the hyoepiglotticus muscle changed the shape of the epiglottis, displaced it ventrally, and significantly increased the dorsoventral length and area of the aditus laryngis. The hyoepiglotticus muscle had inspiratory activity that increased significantly with treadmill speed as a result of an increase in phasic and tonic activity. Expiratory activity of the hyoepiglotticus muscle did not change with treadmill speed in 4 of 6 horses.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Findings reported here suggest that contraction of the hyoepiglotticus muscle increases dimensions of the airway in horses by depressing the epiglottis ventrally during intense breathing efforts. The hyoepiglotticus muscle may be an important muscle for dilating the airway in horses, and contraction of the hyoepiglotticus muscle may induce conformational changes in the epiglottis. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:1617–1621)
Isolation of immunogenic outer membrane proteins from Mannheimia haemolytica serotype 1 by use of selective extraction and immunoaffinity chromatography
Authors: McVicker Jerry K. , Tabatabai Louisa B. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To use antibodies produced by calves in response to infection withMannheimia haemolyticain immunoaffinity chromatography for the identification and subsequent isolation of the dominant immunogenic antigens from bacteria grown in irondeficient media.Sample Population—Serum from 10 calves actively infected withM haemolytica.Procedure—An outer membrane protein fraction was obtained from sonicated salt-extractedM haemolyticacells by extraction with N-lauroyl sarcosinate. The immunoglobulin fraction of serum from calves actively infected withM haemolyticawas used to prepare an immunoaffinity column. The immunoaffinity column was used to isolate the dominant immunogenic proteins from the outer membrane protein fraction. The resultant immunogenic protein fraction was subjected to ELISA and immunoblot methods as well as carbohydrate quantification. Sequencing of the N-terminal was performed on the most prominent protein.Results—5 immunogenic proteins with molecular weights of 42, 30, 24, 20, and 15 kd were isolated. The immunogenic protein fraction was found to contain 51% carbohydrate. The immunoaffinity column capacity was 1 µg of immunogenic protein/mL of gel. The N-terminal sequence of the 42-kd protein was Tyr-Gln-Thr-Tyr-Gln-Ser-X-Leu-Gln, where X could not be identified.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Immunogenic proteins were isolated by use of immunoaffinity chromatography. A substantial amount of carbohydrates was co-purified in the process. Additional experiments are needed to determine whether the carbohydrates would hinder or enhance development of vaccine preparations. This method could potentially allow a more rapid production of antigens for use in vaccines. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:1634–1640)
Effects of feeding aspirin and supplemental vitamin E on plasma concentrations of 3-methylindole, 3-methyleneindolenine-adduct concentrations in blood and pulmonary tissues, lung lesions, and growth performance in feedlot cattle
Authors: Loneragan Guy H. , Morley Paul S. , Wagner John J. , Mason Gary L. , Yost Garold S. , Thoren Mike A. , Wittum Thomas E. , Bray Tammy M. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To evaluate the effect of feeding aspirin and supplemental vitamin E on growth performance, lung lesions, plasma concentrations of 3-methylindole (3MI), and 3-methyleneindolenine (3MEIN)-adduct concentrations in blood and pulmonary tissues of feedlot cattle.Animals—256 crossbred steers; 64 cattle were used in experiment 1 and 192 cattle were used in experiment 2.Procedures—A 2 × 2 factorial design was used for each experiment. Treatment factors were aspirin (0 or 3 g daily) and vitamin E (200 or 1,500 IU daily). Steers were housed in pens (8 steers/pen). Steers were slaughtered on days 59 and 138 for experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Lungs were grossly evaluated. Plasma 3MI concentration was determined, and 3MEIN-adduct concentrations were measured in blood and pulmonary tissues.Results—Treatment was not associated with improvement or adverse effects on weight gain, drymatter intake, or feed efficiency in experiment 2. In experiment 1, 36 of 63 (57.1%) steers had lung lesions. Lesions were not associated with treatment or concentrations of 3MI and 3MEIN-adduct. Plasma 3MI concentration and concentrations of 3MEINadduct in blood and pulmonary tissues were 3.11 µg/mL, 0.51 U/µg of protein, and 0.49 U/µg of protein, respectively. Aspirin was associated with increased blood concentrations of 3MEIN-adduct for diets that did not contain supplemental vitamin E.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Differences in performance of feedlot steers were not associated with treatment diet. It is possible that concurrent exposure of feedlot cattle to other factors typically associated with development of respiratory tract disease would affect these findings. (Am J Vet Res2002:63:1641–1647)
Comparison of sampling techniques for measuring the antimicrobial susceptibility of enteric Escherichia colirecovered from feedlot cattle
Authors: Wagner Bruce A. , Dargatz David A. , Salman M.D. , Morley Paul S. , Wittum Thomas E. , Keefe Thomas J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To evaluate the effectiveness of various sampling techniques for determining antimicrobial resistance patterns inEscherichia coliisolated from feces of feedlot cattle.Sample Population—Fecal samples obtained from 328 beef steers and 6 feedlot pens in which the cattle resided.Procedure—Single fecal samples were collected from the rectum of each steer and from floors of pens in which the cattle resided. Fecal material from each single sample was combined into pools containing 5 and 10 samples. Five isolates ofEscherichia colifrom each single sample and each pooled sample were tested for susceptibility to 17 antimicrobials.Results—Patterns of antimicrobial resistance for fecal samples obtained from the rectum of cattle did not differ from fecal samples obtained from pen floors. Resistance patterns from pooled samples differed from patterns observed for single fecal samples. Little pen-to-pen variation in resistance prevalence was observed. Clustering of resistance phenotypes within samples was detected.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Studies of antimicrobial resistance in feedlot cattle can rely on fecal samples obtained from pen floors, thus avoiding the cost and effort of obtaining fecal samples from the rectum of cattle. Pooled fecal samples yielded resistance patterns that were consistent with those of single fecal samples when the prevalence of resistance to an antimicrobial was > 2%. Pooling may be a practical alternative when investigating patterns of resistance that are not rare. Apparent clustering of resistance phenotypes within samples argues for examining fewer isolates per fecal sample and more fecal samples per pen. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:1662–1670)
Kinetics of endotoxin concentration and tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6 activities in the systemic and portal circulation during small intestinal ischemia and reperfusion in dogs
Authors: Nezu Yoshinori , Tagawa Masahiro , Sakaue Yoko , Hara Yasushi , Tsuchida Shuichi , Ogawa Ryo 
Published: January 2006

Abstract

Objective—To determine whether small intestinal
ischemia and reperfusion induces bacterial translocation
and proinflammatory cytokine response in either
the systemic or portal circulation in dogs.

Animals—17 healthy adult Beagles.

Procedure—The superior mesenteric artery (SMA)
was occluded for 0 (group-3 dogs), 30 (group-1 dogs),
or 60 (group-2 dogs) minutes, followed by reperfusion
for 180 minutes; serum lactate and endotoxin concentrations
and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-
1β (IL-1β), and IL-6 activities in the systemic and
portal circulation and intramucosal pH were measured
at various time points.

Results—In group-2 dogs, TNF-α activity was found
to be significantly increased in the portal circulation,
peaking at 60 minutes of reperfusion; TNF-α activity,
in the systemic circulation, gradually increased from
60 minutes of reperfusion to the end of the experiment;
however, the increase was not significant. In
group-1 and -2 dogs, IL-6 activities significantly and
gradually increased in the systemic and portal circulation
during the reperfusion phase, and the magnitude
of these increases was dependent on the duration of
the ischemic phase. There were no significant
changes in IL-1β activity or endotoxin concentration in
any dog group.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results of the
our study indicate that intestinal ischemia and reperfusion
leads to significant increases of the circulating
TNF-α and IL-6 activities, depending on the duration of
the ischemia phase, in the absence of detectable
endotoxin in the circulation. This finding suggests that
intestinal ischemia and reperfusion induces a systemic
proinflammatory cytokine response in dogs.
(Am J Vet Res 2002;63:1680–1686)
Effects of treatment with oxytocin, xylazine butorphanol, guaifenesin, acepromazine, and detomidine on esophageal manometric pressure in conscious horses
Authors: Wooldridge Anne A. , Eades Susan C. , Hosgood Giselle L. , Moore Rustin M. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To compare effects of oxytocin, acepromazine maleate, xylazine hydrochloride-butorphanol tartrate, guaifenesin, and detomidine hydrochloride on esophageal manometric pressure in horses.Animals—8 healthy adult horses.Procedure—A nasogastric tube, modified with 3 polyethylene tubes that exited at the postpharyngeal area, thoracic inlet, and distal portion of the esophagus, was fitted for each horse. Amplitude, duration, and rate of propagation of pressure waveforms induced by swallows were measured at 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 minutes after administration of oxytocin, detomidine, acepromazine, xylazine-butorphanol, guaifenesin, or saline (0.9% NaCl) solution. Number of spontaneous swallows, spontaneous events (contractions that occurred in the absence of a swallow stimulus), and high-pressure events (sustained increases in baseline pressure of > 10 mm Hg) were compared before and after drug administration.Results—At 5 minutes after administration, detomidine increased waveform amplitude and decreased waveform duration at the thoracic inlet. At 10 minutes after administration, detomidine increased waveform duration at the thoracic inlet. Acepromazine administration increased the number of spontaneous events at the thoracic inlet and distal portion of the esophagus. Acepromazine and detomidine administration increased the number of high-pressure events at the thoracic inlet. Guaifenesin administration increased the number of spontaneous events at the thoracic inlet. Xylazine-butorphanol, detomidine, acepromazine, and guaifenesin administration decreased the number of spontaneous swallows.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Detomidine, acepromazine, and a combination of xylazine butorphanol had the greatest effect on esophageal motility when evaluated manometrically. Reduction in spontaneous swallowing and changes in normal, coordinated peristaltic activity are the most clinically relevant effects. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:1738–1744)
Expression of a chemokine by ciliary body epithelium in horses with naturally occurring recurrent uveitis and in cultured ciliary body epithelial cells
Authors: Gilger Brian C. , Yang Ping , Salmon Jacklyn H. , Jaffe Glenn J. , Allen Janice B. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To determine whether a chemokine (RANTES)-like protein expressed by ciliary epithelium plays a role in uveitis.Sample Population—3 clinically normal horses intradermal, 5 eyes from 5 horses with recurrent uveitis, and 10 normal eyes from 5 age- and sex-matched horses.Procedure—Cross-reactivity and sensitivity of recombinant human (rh)-regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) protein were evaluated in horses by use of intradermal hypersensitivity reactions and a chemotaxis assay. Aqueous humor and ciliary body of eyes from clinically normal horses and horses with uveitis were examined for RANTES expression by use of an ELISA and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Expression of RANTES mRNA and protein content of primary cultures of equine ciliary pigmented epithelial cells (RT-PCR) and culture supernatant (ELISA) were measured 6 or 24 hours, respectively, after cultures were stimulated with interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α.Results—Strong reactions to intradermal hypersensitivity testing and significant chemotaxis of equine leukocytes to rh-RANTES wereas observed. Aqueous humor of eyes from horses with uveitis contained increased concentrations of rh-RANTES-like protein (mean ± SD, 45.9 ± 31.7 pg/ml), compared with aqueous humor from clinically normal horses (0 pg/ml). Ciliary body from horses with uveitis expressed RANTES mRNA, whereas ciliary body from clinically normal horses had low mRNA expression. Stimulated ciliary pigmented epithelial cells expressed increased amounts of rh-RANTES-like protein (506.1 ± 298.3 pg/ml) and mRNA, compared with unstimulated samples.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Ciliary epithelium may play a role in recruitment and activation of leukocytes through expression of RANTES. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:942–947)
Evaluation of the perioperative stress response in dogs administered medetomidine or acepromazine as part of the preanesthetic medication
Authors: Väisänen Misse , Raekallio Marja , Kuusela Erja , Huttunen Pirkko , Leppäluoto Juhani , Kirves Petra , Vainio Outi 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To compare the perioperative stress response in dogs administered medetomidine or acepromazine as part of the preanesthetic medication.Animals—42 client-owned dogs that underwent elective ovariohysterectomy.Procedure—Each dog was randomly allocated to receive medetomidine and butorphanol tartrate (20 µg/kg and 0.2 mg/kg, respectively, IM) or acepromazine maleate and butorphanol (0.05 and 0.2 mg/kg, respectively, IM) for preanesthetic medication. Approximately 80 minutes later, anesthesia was induced by administration of propofol and maintained by use of isoflurane in oxygen. Each dog was also given carprofen before surgery and buprenorphine after surgery. Plasma concentrations of epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, and β-endorphin were measured at various stages during the perioperative period. In addition, cardiovascular and clinical variables were monitored.Results—Concentrations of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol were significantly lower for dogs administered medetomidine. Concentrations of β-endorphin did not differ between the 2 groups. Heart rate was significantly lower and mean arterial blood pressure significantly higher in dogs administered medetomidine, compared with values for dogs administered acepromazine.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicate that for preanesthetic medications, medetomidine may offer some advantages over acepromazine with respect to the ability to decrease perioperative concentrations of stress-related hormones. In particular, the ability to provide stable plasma catecholamine concentrations may help to attenuate perioperative activation of the sympathetic nervous system. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:969–975)