bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discrete Nonlinear Mean Approximation
Authors: Dunham Charles B. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBest approximation on a finite set by a non‐linear family of functions with respect to a general sum “norm”, which includes as a special case the Lp norms (1 < p < ∞), is considered. Properties of best approximations are given. It is shown that a local minimum of the error may not be a global minimum. Computation of best approximations is studied. Computational experience with approximation by a first degree polynomial plus an exponential with respect to the 3/2 power norm is discussed.
Zur Konvergenz der Koordinatenrelaxation für Ax = λBx
Authors: Gose Günther 
Published: June 2007

AbstractEs werden Methoden zur Berechnung der kleineren Eigenwerte von Ax = λBx untersucht. In zwei Sätzen werden hinreichende Bedingungen für die Konvergenz gegen einen Eigenwert und einen Eigenvektor angegeben. Weiter wird begründet, warum fast immer Konvergenz gegen den kleinsten Eigenwert eintritt.
Einschrittverfahren zur numerischen Behandlung des charakteristischen Anfangswertproblems bei einer hyperbolischen Differentialgleichung zxy = f(x, y, z, p, q)
Authors: Schnerr F. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDurch übertragung der u. a. von G. Dahlquist und P. Henrici für Anfangswertaufgaben, bei gewöhnlichen Differentialgleichungen y′ = (f(x, y(x)), y(a) = y0, dargestellten Theorie der Einschrittverfahren auf das charakteristische Anfangswertproblem einer hyperbolischen Differentialgleichung zweiter Ordnung zxy = f(x, y, z, p, q) gelingt es, für diese Verfahrensklasse einige grundlegende Eigenschaften nachzuweisen. Das betrifft insbesondere Untersuchungen zur Konvergenz, der Konsistenz‐ und Konvergenzordnung und des asymptotischen, Stabilitätsverhaltens der Einschrittverfahren. Im Ergebnis werden dadurch einige Eigenschaften beispielsweise der Runge‐Kutta‐Verfahren als spezielle Einschrittverfahren zur numerischen Integration des charakteristischen Anfangswertproblems bei einer hyperbolischen Differentialgleichung zxy = f(x, y, z, p, q) näher charakterisiert.
Eine konsistente Theorie für Flächentragwerke endlicher Verformungen und deren Operatordarstellung auf variationstheoretischer Grundlage
Authors: Başar Y. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractFür Schalentragwerke endlicher Verformungen werden konsistente Feldgleichungen und Randbedingungen auf variationstheoretischer Grundlage entwickelt. Nach Überführung der tensoriellen Beziehungen in Operatordarstellung wird sodann gezeigt, daß die Struktur konsistenter Formulierungen durch einen einzigen, variationstheoretisch definierten Operator bestimmt wird. Die abschließende Aufspaltung der nichtlinearen Operatoren in verwandte Anteile untermauert die Konsistenz der hergeleiteten Theorie und macht zugleich die weiteren konsistenten Formulierungsvarianten nichtlinearer Theorien sichtbar.
The evolution of nettle resistance to heavy deer browsing
Authors: Kato Teiko , Ishida Kiyoshi , Sato Hiroaki 
Published: June 2007

AbstractWe examined whether heavy browsing by sika deer, Cervus nippon Temminck, changed morphological characteristics of a Japanese nettle, Urtica thunbergiana Sieb. et Zucc., in Nara Park, where a large population of sika deer has been maintained for more than 1,200 years. Wild nettles of Nara Park exhibited smaller leaf area, 11–223 times more stinging hairs per leaf, and 58–630‐times higher stinging hair densities than those of other areas where there was no evidence of sika deer browsing. There were no significant differences in stinging hair length between the areas. Nettles from Nara Park that were cultivated from seeds in a greenhouse retained a larger number and higher density of stinging hairs. In the field, nettles of Nara Park were less frequently browsed by sika deer and showed higher survivorship than nettles that were transplanted from an unbrowsed area into Nara Park. These results indicate that: (1) the U. thunbergiana population of Nara Park has an extremely high stinging hair density compared with those of unbrowsed areas; (2) this characteristic has a genetic basis, and (3) stinging hairs serve as a defensive structure against sika deer, contributing to an increase in survivorship. Thus, we conclude that a U. thunbergiana population in Nara Park, with extremely high stinging hair densities, has evolved through natural selection due to heavy browsing by sika deer.
Effect of End-to-Side Repair of Proximal Nerve Stumps of Transected Peripheral Nerves on the Development of Neuroma (Experimental Study)
Authors: Ayan Irfan , Bora Arslan , Karakaplan Mustafa , Inan Muharrem , Bostan Bora , Germen Burak , Zorludemir Suzan , Atik Esin 
Published: June 2007

Objective Neuroma is a psychologically and physically disabling problematic condition without any current standard therapy. For that reason, we investigated whether end-to-side anastomosis of the proximal end of the transected nerve into the adjacent nerve will prevent the development of neuroma in different types of nerve injuries. Study design In this study, hind legs of 18 Sprague–Dawley female rats were used. Six groups were formed. In group I, peroneal nerves were transected and its proximal end was attached end-to-side through the epineural window to the adjacent tibial nerve. In group II, contrary to group I, an epineural window was created in the tibial nerve and the same number of sutures were employed. In group III, tibial nerve was transected proximal to the end-to-side repair site, whereas in group IV, distal segment of the nerve was cut, and an end-to-end repair procedure was repeated. In group V, unlike group I, an approximately 1-cm segment was resected and removed distal (from tibial nerve) to the end-to-side repair site. In group VI, an epineural window was created in the tibial nerve and the same number of sutures were used, and also a 1-cm distal nerve segment was resected. The rats were followed for 2 months, and then all of the groups were evaluated histopathologically, and weights of the posterior muscle groups of hind legs were evaluated. Findings and Conclusions No neuroma formation was observed in the proximal stumps of peroneal nerve segments in end-to-side repair sites in groups I, III, IV, and V, and proximal stumps of the tibial nerve in group V. In group VI, neuroma formation was observed in the proximal end of the tibial nerve. When weights of the posterior muscle groups of hind legs in groups I and II were comparatively assessed, statistically significant difference was not detected. In conclusion, based on histological data obtained for proximal nerve ends and segments distal to the end-to-side repair sites, we think that end to side neurorrhaphy of the proximal end of the damaged nerve to adjacent nerve will prevent the development of neuroma without injuring the intact nerve segment.
Diagnosing idiopathic learning disability: a cost-effectiveness analysis of microarray technology in the National Health Service of the United Kingdom
Authors: Wordsworth Sarah , Buchanan James , Regan Regina , Davison Val , Smith Kim , Dyer Sara , Campbell Carolyn , Blair Edward , Maher Eddy , Taylor Jenny , Knight Samantha J. L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractArray based comparative genomic hybridisation (aCGH) is a powerful technique for detecting clinically relevant genome imbalance and can offer 40 to > 1000 times the resolution of karyotyping. Indeed, idiopathic learning disability (ILD) studies suggest that a genome-wide aCGH approach makes 10–15% more diagnoses involving genome imbalance than karyotyping. Despite this, aCGH has yet to be implemented as a routine NHS service. One significant obstacle is the perception that the technology is prohibitively expensive for most standard NHS clinical cytogenetics laboratories. To address this, we investigated the cost-effectiveness of aCGH versus standard cytogenetic analysis for diagnosing idiopathic learning disability (ILD) in the NHS. Cost data from four participating genetics centres were collected and analysed. In a single test comparison, the average cost of aCGH was £442 and the average cost of karyotyping was £117 with array costs contributing most to the cost difference. This difference was not a key barrier when the context of follow up diagnostic tests was considered. Indeed, in a hypothetical cohort of 100 ILD children, aCGH was found to cost less per diagnosis (£3,118) than a karyotyping and multi-telomere FISH approach (£4,957). We conclude that testing for genomic imbalances in ILD using microarray technology is likely to be cost-effective because long-term savings can be made regardless of a positive (diagnosis) or negative result. Earlier diagnoses save costs of additional diagnostic tests. Negative results are cost-effective in minimising follow-up test choice. The use of aCGH in routine clinical practice warrants serious consideration by healthcare providers.
Organizational knowledge and the manufacturing strategy process: A resource‐based view analysis
Authors: Paiva Ely Laureano , Roth Aleda V. , Fensterseifer Jaime Evaldo 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe current competitive environment is characterized by new sources of information, new technologies, new management practices, new competitors, and shorter product life cycles, which highlights the importance of organizational knowledge in manufacturing companies. We integrate some of those knowledge‐based approaches seeking to understand how aspects related to cross‐functional orientation, new technologies, and increasing access to information affect manufacturing strategy. In this paper, “know‐what” (where to find the needed information) and “know‐how” (how to run operations smoothly) are considered key components of organizational knowledge in the process of manufacturing strategy formulation. Assuming that knowledge accumulation may lead to competitive advantage, we propose a model of manufacturing strategy process from a resource‐based view perspective. We used a survey to collect field data from 104 companies. The results indicate that cross‐functional activities integrate manufacturing knowledge and contribute to the creation of valuable and rare product characteristics.
Phosphoprotein Keratin 23 accumulates in MSS but not MSI colon cancers in vivo and impacts viability and proliferation in vitro
Authors: Birkenkamp-Demtroder Karin , Mansilla Francisco , Sørensen Flemming Brandt , Kruhøffer Mogens , Cabezón Teresa , Christensen Lise Lotte , Aaltonen Lauri A. , Verspaget Hein W. , Falck Ørntoft Torben 
Published: June 2007

AbstractTranscript profiling of 27 normal colon mucosas and 258 adenocarcinomas showed Keratin23 to be increased in 78% microsatellite‐stable tumors, while microsatellite‐instable tumors showed low transcript levels, comparable to normal mucosas. Immunohistochemical analyses demonstrated that 88% of microsatellite‐instable tumors were negative for Keratin23 protein, while 70% of MSS tumors and metastases derived from MSS‐tumors showed high Keratin23 levels. Immunofluorescence analysis localized Keratin23 in the Golgi‐apparatus. Golgi accumulation was unique for gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas. Immunoprecipitation and 2D‐blot analysis revealed Keratin23 to be a 46.8kDa phosphoprotein. Keratin23 impaired the proliferation of human colon cancer cells significantly, leading to cell death in microsatellite‐instable but not microsatellite‐stable cell lines, while COS7 cells experienced multiple nuclei and apoptosis. Keratin23 expression correlated significantly with transcription factor CEBPB. In conclusion, Keratin23 expression is a novel and important difference between microsatellite‐stable and microsatellite‐instable colon cancers.
Scheduling Monuments: The Rose Theatre Case
Authors: Goyder Joanna 
Published: June 2007

1 SummaryIn R v Secretary of State for the Environment ex parte Rose Theatre Trust Co [1990] 1 All ER 754, Schiemann J. held that no ordinary member of the public, nor even a very large number of members of the public who have joined together for that very purpose, has any standing to challenge a decision by the Secretary of State for the Environment not to schedule a site as a monument of national importance under Section 1(3) of the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979. Moreover, the Secretary of State may base the exercise of his discretion on a number of factors in addition to the consideration of whether or not the site is a monument of national importance.
A Licit International Trade in Cultural Objects
Authors: Merryman John Henry 
Published: June 2007

SummaryRetentive nationalism has until recently dominated thinking about the international movement of cultural property, while the international interest in an active licit trade has been ignored and the interests of museums, collectors and the art and antiquities trade have been denigrated. An active licit market in cultural property advances the international interest, provides income to source nations and reduces the harm done by the black market. Trade in “culturally moveable” objects in private hands serves the international interest and is internationally licit, even when it offends national export controls. Source nations can reduce the damage from clandestine excavations by employing more sophisticated domestic controls and feeding surplus archaeological objects to the licit market. The “commodification” objection to an active trade in cultural objects lacks substance. Market nations can provide the most effective political force for development of an active market. They, and the art and antiquities trade, can help source nations finance organization of their cultural property resources for effective participation in a licit international trade.
The Protection of British Heritage: Woburn Abbey and The Three Graces
Authors: Bush Sara E. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThis article describes the removal of Canova's sculpture, The Three Graces, from Woburn Abbey and the British laws that determined its subsequent treatment and ownership. In this case, the group of laws intended to protect the integrity of Woburn Abbey's Sculpture Gallery was deemed to be less important than the goal of retaining the sculpture within the country. It is therefore necessary to examine the relationship between the object and the building and the effectiveness of the laws designed to preserve objects and buildings for the benefit of the public. This article examines the implications of the laws regulating the preservation of historic buildings and the export of works of art for definitions of cultural property and national patrimony.
Israeli Law, Jewish Law and the Archaeological Excavation of Tombs
Authors: Einhorn Talia 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe author discusses the conflict in Israel between the public interest in archaeological research and the religious convictions that human remains, once buried, should not be touched. The conflict is exacerbated by urban development, which, in this ancient land, necessitates rescue excavations of tombs, thus bringing the problem to a head. The article examines, first, the rules of Jewish law, which, the author contends, have made it possible to accommodate the interests of the living, and, secondly, the scientific value of the archaeological excavation of tombs, using recent examples as illustrations. The author concludes that Jewish law could be interpreted and applied more flexibly and could then be reconciled with Israeli law. However, even if such a development were not to take place, then, in keeping with democratic values, government officials and the courts would be required to follow the policies established by the legislator, a balance between the conflicting interests having already been embodied in the law.
The Fate of the Koenigs Collection: Public and Private International Law Aspects
Authors: Gattini Andrea 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe Koenigs Collection of Old Master drawings was transferred during the course of World War II from private ownership to the German government. Most of the collection recently appeared in the Pushkin Museum in Moscow. The author examines the validity of these transfers and the proper ownership of the collection today from both a public and private international law perspective. The dispute as to ownership between Russia and the Netherlands and the role of the German government is a difficult one to resolve, particularly in light of current claims for war reparations and recent developments in international law concerning the transfer of cultural property.
The Auction of the “Mauerbach Treasure”
Authors: Seidl-Hohenveldern Ignaz 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis article describes the history of the objects stored at the Mauerbach monastery in Austria from soon after the Second World War until their auction last year. During the war, the German National Socialists had collected art works throughout Europe in many different ways—through theft, confiscation, forced sales, and legitimate sales. Both the legal issues raised by the attempts to determine the rightful owners of these objects and the criticism which the Austrian government received for failing to find more of these owners are discussed. The situation was finally resolved last year when the remaining objects were auctioned and the proceeds given to various organizations representing the victims of the Nazis.At long last, the story of the “Mauerbach Treasure” has been concluded. This hoard of art objects has been the source of many legends owing to the secrecy, including even the identification of the objects themselves, which had surrounded it for many years.1
Double pharmacological challenge on repolarization opens new avenues for drug safety research
Authors: Thomsen M B 
Published: June 2007

The pharmaceutical industry is testing new potential drugs for their propensity to prolong human cardiac repolarization, and regards this as a sign of proarrhythmic risk. Many studies have dethroned the common perception that prolonged repolarization is a reliable surrogate marker for torsades de pointes (TdP) arrhythmia. Both the pharmaceutical industry and the regulatory bodies are neglecting the available proarrhythmia models. In vitro studies have suggested that combined pharmacological hits on repolarization will produce a superior substrate for in vivo proarrhythmia, compared to the single‐drug assessment. By using consecutive pharmacological challenges, a simple model is proposed, in which combinatorial pharmacology is employed to provoke TdP in the conscious dog. The pharmaceutical industry interested in evaluating the proarrhythmic potential of their present and future drugs now has a simple means of doing so.British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 151, 909–911; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707299
Species‐specificin vitropharmacological effects of the cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) selective ligand AM1241 and its resolved enantiomers
Authors: Bingham B , Jones P G , Uveges A J , Kotnis S , Lu P , Smith V A , Sun S‐C , Resnick L , Chlenov M , He Y , Strassle B W , Cummons T A , Piesla M J , Harrison J E , Whiteside G T , Kennedy J D 
Published: June 2007

Background and purpose:Racemic (R,S) AM1241 is a cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2)‐selective aminoalkylindole with antinociceptive efficacy in animal pain models. The purpose of our studies was to provide a characterization of R,S‐AM1241 and its resolved enantiomersin vitroandin vivo.Experimental approach:Competition binding assays were performed using membranes from cell lines expressing recombinant human, rat, and mouse CB2receptors. Inhibition of cAMP was assayed using intact CB2‐expressing cells. A mouse model of visceral pain (para‐phenylquinone, PPQ) and a rat model of acute inflammatory pain (carrageenan) were employed to characterize the compoundsin vivo.Key results:In cAMP inhibition assays, R,S‐AM1241 was found to be an agonist at human CB2, but an inverse agonist at rat and mouse CB2receptors. R‐AM1241 bound with more than 40‐fold higher affinity than S‐AM1241, to all three CB2receptors and displayed a functional profile similar to that of the racemate. In contrast, S‐AM1241 was an agonist at all three CB2receptors. In pain models, S‐AM1241 was more efficacious than either R‐AM1241 or the racemate. Antagonist blockade demonstrated that thein vivoeffects of S‐AM1241 were mediated by CB2receptors.Conclusions and implications:These findings constitute the firstin vitrofunctional assessment of R,S‐AM1241 at rodent CB2receptors and the first characterization of the AM1241 enantiomers in recombinant cell systems andin vivo. The greater antinociceptive efficacy of S‐AM1241, the functional CB2agonist enantiomer of AM1241, is consistent with previous observations that CB2agonists are effective in relief of pain.British Journal of Pharmacology(2007)151, 1061–1070; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707303
In silicopharmacology for drug discovery: applications to targets and beyond
Authors: Ekins S , Mestres J , Testa B 
Published: June 2007

Computational (in silico) methods have been developed and widely applied to pharmacology hypothesis development and testing. Thesein silicomethods include databases, quantitative structure‐activity relationships, similarity searching, pharmacophores, homology models and other molecular modeling, machine learning, data mining, network analysis tools and data analysis tools that use a computer. Such methods have seen frequent use in the discovery and optimization of novel molecules with affinity to a target, the clarification of absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity properties as well as physicochemical characterization. The first part of this review discussed the methods that have been used for virtual ligand and target‐based screening and profiling to predict biological activity. The aim of this second part of the review is to illustrate some of the varied applications ofin silicomethods for pharmacology in terms of the targets addressed. We will also discuss some of the advantages and disadvantages ofin silicomethods with respect toin vitroandin vivomethods for pharmacology research. Our conclusion is that thein silicopharmacology paradigm is ongoing and presents a rich array of opportunities that will assist in expediating the discovery of new targets, and ultimately lead to compounds with predicted biological activity for these novel targets.British Journal of Pharmacology(2007)152, 21–37; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707306
Dimethyl sulphoxide relaxes rabbit detrusor muscle by decreasing the Ca2+ sensitivity of the contractile apparatus
Authors: Shiga K‐i , Hirano K , Nishimura J , Niiro N , Naito S , Kanaide H 
Published: June 2007

Background and purpose:The intravesical administration of dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) is used to alleviate the symptoms of interstitial cystitis. We investigated the relaxant effect of DMSO and its underlying mechanism in the detrusor muscle.Experimental approach:The effects of DMSO on contraction, on Ca2+ sensitivity of myofilaments, and on myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation were investigated in both intact and α‐toxin‐permeabilized strips of rabbit detrusor muscle.Key results:In fura‐PE3‐loaded strips, DMSO (>1%) induced a significant relaxation during sustained contractions induced by 60 mM K+‐depolarization or 10 μM carbachol, while having no effect on the [Ca2+]i level. DMSO decreased the level of MLC phosphorylation during the contractions induced by 60 mM K+ and 10 μM carbachol. DMSO also inhibited both the contraction and MLC phosphorylation induced by calyculin‐A in intact strips. In the α‐toxin‐permeabilized preparations, DMSO relaxed the Ca2+‐induced contraction and also inhibited the tension development induced by a stepwise increment of Ca2+ concentrations. Such a relaxant effect of DMSO was enhanced in the presence of phosphate.Conclusions and implications:DMSO relaxes rabbit detrusor muscle by decreasing the Ca2+ sensitivity of myofilaments. Inhibition of the kinase activities involved in myosin phosphorylation may play a major role in DMSO‐induced Ca2+ desensitization. Inhibition of the cross‐bridge cycling at the step of phosphate release may also contribute to the relaxant effect of DMSO. Such relaxant effects of DMSO could be linked to the therapeutic effect of DMSO in interstitial cystitis.British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 151, 1014–1024; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707317