bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Visualization of Replicating Herpes Simplex Virus in Cervical Dorsal Root Ganglia of Mice Following Explant of Individual Ganglion Onto Susceptible Indicator Cells
Authors: Blondeau Joseph M. , Embil Juan A. , Sandra McFarlane E. , James Hana , Henry Marlene , Sangalang Virgilio E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHerpes simplex virus (HSV) establishes a latent state in the sensory ganglia of the peripheral nervous system of its natural or experimental host following primary infection. At various times thereafter, the virus can be reactivated from the latent state whereby it migrates back to the periphery and sometimes initiates a clinical syndrome referred to as recurrent disease.We inoculated mice in the right ear pinna and, following recovery from primary infection, killed the mice at various intervals following either the presence or absence of peripheral stimulations. Explanted cervical dorsal root ganglia yielded HSV in culture and was positive for HSV‐like virus particles when viewed with the electron microscope. Hematoxylin and eosin staining showed neuron degeneration, and corresponding HSV‐specific immunoperoxidase stains were also positive. The data indicate that ganglionic cells are capable of supporting replicating HSV and that, in vitro, numerous ganglionic cells can be infected simultaneously.
Human Cytomegalovirus Replicates in Gamma‐Irradiated Fibroblasts
Authors: Shanley John D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBecause of the unique interdependence of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and the physiological state of the host cell, we evaluated the ability of human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF), exposed to gamma radiation, to support HCMV growth. Irradiation of HFF with 2,500 rADS prevented cellular proliferation and suppressed cellular DNA, but not RNA or protein synthesis. Treatment of HFF cells with 2,500 rADS 6 or 48 hours prior to infection did not alter the time course or virus yield during HCMV replication. Virus plaquing efficiency in irradiated cells was comparable to that of nonirradiated cells. As judged by thymidine incorporation and BUdR inhibition of virus replication, HCMV infection induced both thymidine kinase activity and host cell DNA synthesis in irradiated cells. In addition, virus could be recovered from HFF exposed to radiation 0–2 days after infection with HCMV. These studies indicate that the damage to cells by gamma irradiation does not alter the capacity of host cells to support HCMV replication.
Estimation of the B Lymphocyte Precursor Frequencies to Herpes Simplex Type 1 Glycoproteins by a Limiting Dilution Assay
Authors: Turtinen Lloyd W. , Lathey Janet L. , Rouse Barry T. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe precursor frequency of B lymphocytes from Balb/c mice producing HSV‐1 glycoprotein B (gB), glycoprotein C (gC), and glycoprotein D (gD) antibody was determined by limiting dilution analysis under conditions to detect antibody from the clonal progeny of a single B cell precursor. In spleens of naive mice the average gC frequency was 1/48,917 ± 550, while gD was 1/73,330 ± 15,898, and gB frequency was in excess of 1/1OO,ooO. Immunization with live HSV‐1 (KOS) increased the B cell frequencies of all three glycoproteins to approximately 1:3,000; however, the serum gB antibody ELISA titer was fivefold higher than gC or gD.
Interferon‐Mediated Self‐Limiting Growth of Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Mouse Embryo Cells
Authors: Hanada Naoki , Morishima Tsuneo , Nishikawa Kazuo , Isomu Shin , Nagai Yoshiyuki 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe growth of respiratory syncytial (RS) virus in primary mouse embryo (ME) cells was investigated. The virus yields in ME cells were markedly lower if compared with those in HEp‐2 cells, which are fully permissive for RS virus, and a remarkable production of interferon (IFN) was found in the early period of infection of the former cells. The virus yields in ME cells were enhanced when antimouse IFN serum was added to the medium. Indirect immunofluorescent staining of infected ME cells showed that the infection spread in the entire monolayer in the presence of antiserum, whereas it was markedly restricted throughout in the absence of the serum. All the major viral polypeptides were synthesized in the absence of the serum. However, their synthesis rates were greatly enhanced if the antiserum was added. These results suggest that the virus growth in ME cells is self‐limiting and that this limited growth is due to auto interference by endogenously produced IFN during the course of infection. Further, this type of growth restriction of RS virus appears to be characteristic of cells of mouse origin by comparative studies that used other cells of different origin.
Controlled clinical trial of acyclovir in chronic hepatitis B virus infection
Authors: Alexander Graeme J. M. , Fagan Elizabeth A. , Hegarty John E. , Eddleston Adrian L. W. F. , Williams Roger , Yeo Jane 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA randomised, controlled trial comparing acyclovir, 45 mg/kg/day as a continuous IV infusion for 28 days, with no other therapy, was carried out in 30 stable HBsAg carriers seropositive for HBeAg for more than 6 months. Twenty‐eight had hepatitis B virus DNA‐polymerase activity and/or hepatitis B virus DNA in serum at entry into the study. There were no significant adverse effects of therapy. At 12 months, seroconversion from HBeAg to anti‐HBe had occurred in four of 15 treated patients, one of whom had also developed anti‐HBs, compared with only one of 15 in the untreated group (95 % confidence limits 12 % and 51 %). Seroconversion from HBeAg to anti‐HBe was accompanied by return of serum liver function tests to normal and improved liver histology. The results of this study indicate that acyclovir is of no significant benefit in chronic HBeAg carriers with stable disease.
Suramin treatment for chronic active hepatitis B—toxic and ineffective
Authors: Loke R. H. T. , Anderson M. G. , Coleman J. C. , Murray‐Lyon I. M. , Tsiquaye K. N. , Zuckerman A. J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSuramin has recently been shown to inhibit the activity of the duck hepatitis B virus DNA polymerase (DHBV DNAp) in vitro.However, we found no demonstrable in vivo suppression of human hepatitis B virus DNA polymerase (HBV DNAp) activity in three male patients with severe chronic active hepatitis. Suramin treatment resulted in prolongation of the prothrombin time in all cases and a rise in bilirubin in two and it may have led to haemorrhage from oesophageal varices in one patient and to hepatic encephalopathy in another. Its use in chronic hepatitis is not recommended.
Detection of adenovirus types 40 and 41 in stool specimens by immune electron microscopy
Authors: Wood D. J. , Bailey A. S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn immune electron microscope (IEM) test was developed that allowed the direct detection of adenovirus type 40 (ad 40) or ad 41 in stools specimens. The polyclonal rabbit antisera used differentiated ad 40 and 41 from other ad serotypes but not from each other. The method was evaluated in a 13 month prospective study of stools from children with gastroenteritis. Seventy‐two specimens found to contain ad by conventional electron microscope screening were retested by IEM. Results were typically obtained within 2 hr and showed that 55 (76%) viruses typed as ad 40/41. No ads were recovered from conventional virus isolation attempts on these specimens. Additionally, 39 of these 55 viruses were tested by restriction endonuclease analysis (REA) after growth in 293 cells, and results showed that all produced digest patterns typical of ad 40 (seven cases) or ad 41 (32 cases). Twenty‐four percent (17/72) of viruses could not be typed by IEM; 9/17 (53%) yielded ads [ad 1 (1), ad 2 (4), ad 5 (1), ad 6 (1), ad 7 (2)] in routine culture, whereas REA identified the other eight as ad 2 (6), ad 1 (1), and ad 41 (1). The concordance between IEM and the reference methods was therefore 100% specificity and 97.5 % sensitivity. The method described allows the clinically useful diagnosis of ad 40/41 infection to be rapidly made and will be a particularly useful technique in laboratories screening faeces by electron microscopy.
Effect of combinations of difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) and 9[(1,3‐dihydroxy‐2‐propoxy) methyl]guanine (DHPG) on human cytomegalovirus
Authors: Rush Joanne , Mills John 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBoth the nucleoside analog 9[(1,3‐dihydroxy‐2‐propoxy)methyl]guanine (ganciclovir; DHPG) and the polyamine synthesis inhibitor difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) have been reported to inhibit replication of cytomegalovirus (CMV) in vitro. In these studies, DHPG inhibited human CMV replication at concentrations of 0.1 μM or greater, while DFMO was active (and then only inconsistently) at 5 mM or greater. (DFMO was added to cells 3 days before virus to maximize polyamine depletion.) However, DHPG combined with DFMO synergistically inhibited the replication of CMV strain AD169 and one wild‐type CMV strain in human foreskin fibroblasts; the effect was evident on both virus yield and plaque formation. The synergistic effect of these two drugs on CMV replication could potentially be exploited clinically to limit drug toxicity or increase efficacy.
Reduced doses of hepatitis B immune globulin in the prevention of perinatal transmission of hepatitis B
Authors: Ko Tsang‐Ming , Hsieh Fon‐Jou , Yaung Chih‐Liang , Chen Ding‐Shinn , Lin Kai‐Hsin , Ho Mei‐Mei , Hwang Kung‐Chang , Hwang Muh‐Fa 
Published: March 2007

AbstractFrom October 1982 to May 1983, newborn infants of 79 hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)‐positive women were enrolled in a study of the efficacy of hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) in the prophylaxis of perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. HBIG 0.5 ml or 0.25 ml was given to the newborn within 15 minutes of birth and at 3 and 6 months. The mother‐infant pairs were followed‐up every 3 months for at least 9 months. Similar observations of untreated infants were used for comparison. Among infants of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)‐positive carrier mothers, the HBsAg carrier rates at 3 months were similar in the 0.5‐ml and 0.25‐ml HBIG dose groups. At 12 months the difference—17.7% of 17,40% of 15—did not reach statistical significance, but the differences between these rates and that of the untreated control—85.7% of 35—did.Among infants of HBeAg‐negative carrier mothers, HBV infection rates in both dose groups were similar to those of untreated infants.In the treated groups at 12 months about 45% of infants of HBeAg‐positive mothers and 90% of infants of HBeAg‐negative mothers were still negative for HBsAg and anti‐HBs. Vaccination to induce active antibody is necessary to prevent postnatal infection and chronic carriage of HBV. To reduce the cost of combined passive and active hepatitis B immunoprophylaxis in children born to HBeAg‐positive carrier mothers, 0.25 ml of HBIG could be used instead of the usually recommended 0.5 ml.
Development of a plaque assay for a cytopathic, rapidly replicating isolate of hepatitis A virus
Authors: Cromeans Theresa , Sobsey Mark D. , Fields Howard A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractMost hepatitis A virus (HAV) replication in cell culture has been reported to be nonlytic and relatively slow. A rapidly replicating isolate of strain HM‐175 from persistently infected, serially passed cell cultures (pHM‐175) was found to induce a cytopathic effect. This observation allowed the development of a classic plaque assay for pHM‐175 in FRhK‐4 cells. The plaques were neutralized by polyclonal and monoclonal antisera to HAV.
Virus‐specific factors in experimental Argentine hemorrhagic fever in rhesus macaques
Authors: McKee K. T. , Mahlandt B. G. , Maiztegui J. I. , Green D. E. , Peters C. J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA nonhuman primate model for Argentine hemorrhagic fever has been developed that closely mimics the human clinical syndrome. Parenterat infection of adult Macaca mulatta with low‐passage isolates of two Junin viral strains resulted in distinctive hemorrhagic or neurological disease in rhesus macaques that correlated with clinical illness patterns present in the humans from whom the viral strains were obtained. Transient leukopenia, together with thrombocytopenia and secondary bacterial septicemia. were documented among animals infected with both viral strains. In contrast, differing patterns of viremia oropharyngeal viral shedding and antibody response occurred in the two virus‐infected groups. These results, together with postmortem virologic and histopathologic findings, suggest that viral‐strain‐specific factors are important determinants of clinical disease pattern in this model system.
Cellular Immunity and T‐Lymphocyte Subsets in Young Children With Acute Measles
Authors: Dagan Ron , Phillip Moshe , Sarov Israel , Skibin Agneta , Epstein Sarah , Kuperman Oded 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe changes occurring in the T‐cell subsets during acute symptomatic measles were examined in ten malnourished and 18 well nourished hospitalized children younger than 5 years of age (median age 14 months). A significant decrease in total lymphocyte count was observed. which was due mainly to a decrease in helper/inducer T lymphocytes, whereas the suppressor/cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte subset remained unchanged. Consequently, helpdsuppressor ratio decreased significantly during the acute phase of the disease. A reduced response to mitogens (PHA, Con A, PWM) was also observed. Malnourished infants showed a trend toward a deeper depression in both helper and suppressor T cells during the acute phase than well nourished children, whereas the helper/suppressor ratio remained similar in the two groups.
Effect of acyclovir on the uptake of 131 I‐labelled 1‐(2′fluoro‐2′‐deoxy‐βD‐D‐arabinofuranosyl)‐5‐lodouracil in herpes infected cells
Authors: Tovell Dorothy R. , Yacyshyn Harold P. , Misra Hemant K. , Knaus Edward E. , Wiebe Leonard I. , Samuel John , Gill M. John , Tyrrell D. Lorne J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSelective uptake of nucleoside analogues by herpes simplex virus infected cells may serve as the basis for a specific non‐invasive diagnostic test for herpes simplex encephalitis. We have examined the effect of acyclovir on the selective uptake of [131I]1‐(2′‐fluoro‐2′‐deixy‐β‐D‐arabinofuranosyl)‐5‐iouracil in herpes simplex virus infected primary rabbit kidney cells. Infected cells treated with acyclovir continued to concentrate [131]1‐(2′‐fluoro‐2′‐deoxy‐β‐D‐arabinofuranosyl)‐5‐iodouracil for up to 24 h after the addition of the antiviral agent. These results indicated that therapy with acyclovir for as long as 24 h would not prevent the selective trapping of nucleoside analogues. This has important implications for the use of nucleoside analogues in diagnostic brain scans to detect herpes simplex encephalitis.
Prevalence of antibody to delta antigen among HBV carriers in Japan
Authors: Tamura Ikuo , Ichimura Hiroshi , Itoh Yoshiharu , Kurimura Osamu , Kurimura Takashi 
Published: March 2007

AbstractOf 280 hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers in Kure, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan, 14 (5.0%) were seropositive for antibody to delta antigen (anti‐HD by radioimmunoassay. HBV carriers with chronic liver disease had a greater frequency of seropositivity of anti‐HD than asymptomatic HBV carriers (7% vs. 0%, P < 0.05). Among the various geographic regions of Kure, the east suburban area had a significantly higher prevalance of anti‐HD when compared with all other regions combined (9.8% vs. 2.7%. P < 0.025). It is suggested that hepatitis delta virus (HDV) infection exists in Japan and HDV may be an etiologic agent of chronic liver disease.
Inhibition of hepatitis B virus DNA polymerase by 3′‐azido‐3′‐deoxythymidine triphosphate but not by its threo analog
Authors: Nordenfelt E. , Löfgren Bengt , Chattopadhyaya Jyoti , Öberg Bo 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn inhibitory effect of 3′‐azido‐3′‐deoxythymidine triphosphate on hepatitis B virus DNA polymerase was found. No effect was seen by itsthreoanalog. The effect was detected at and above a concentration of 0.05 μM. The inhibition of DNA polymerase activity was the same in ten different strains of HBV. The mechanism was shown to be competitive, with an inhibition constant (Ki) of ˜0.04 μM, and the Km value for dTTP was 0.1 μM.
Mammary immunity in mothers of infants with respiratory syncytial virus infection
Authors: Nandapalan N. , Taylor C. , Scott R. , Toms G. L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSeven of 230 breast fed infants followed prospectively from birth through their first winter contracted RS virus infections. The colostra from five of the mothers of these infants contained antiviral IgA antibodies. In each case antibody levels were above the mean for a group of 36 mothers whose infants were age matched to infected infants but for whom there was no evidence of RS virus infection in their first winter. Four colostral samples from mothers of infected infants also contained antiviral IgG antibody. Colostral lymphocyte reactivity to RS virus antigen was tested in three mothers of infected infants and two showed significant proliferation. There was, therefore, no evidence that mothers of infected infants lacked mammary immunity to the virus.Maternal mammary IgA and IgG responses following diagnosis of RS virus infection in the infant were followed for the seven cases identified prospectively and for a further 23 infants admitted to hospital with RS virus infections of varying severity. There was no evidence that the mothers of more severely affected infants were deficient in IgA or IgG milk antibody.
Effect of polymorphonuclear depletion on experimental argentine hemorrhagic fever in guinea pigs
Authors: González Pedro Horacio , Ponzinibbio Carlos , Laguens Ruben Pedro 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe role that polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) may play in Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF), an endemo‐epidemic disease caused by Junin virus (JV), was investigated in experimentally infected guinea pigs depleted of PMN by means of specific antiserum. In leucopenic animals the evolution of the infection with a highly pathogenic strain of JV was more severe, with earlier mortality and higher virus yields in blood and viscera. The pathological study showed similar lesions in both the control and PMN‐depleted animals with the exception of the lung, which showed the pathological picture of the human “pulmonary distress syndrome of the adult” in nontreated guinea pigs and appeared histologically unaltered in the PMN‐depleted animals. On the basis of these results it is suggested that in AHF, PMN play a dual role. In the first stage of infection they display a defensive antiviral action, but later on they participate in the pathogenesis of tissue damage.
HIV and HBV infection in intravenous drug addicts from northeastern Italy
Authors: Conte D. , Ferroni P. , Lorini G. P. , Aimo G. P. , Mandelli C. , Cesana M. , Brunelli L. , Bignotti G. C. , Bianchi P. A. , Zanetti A. R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThree hundred and two intravenous drug addicts (IVDA) from five towns in Northeastern Italy were studied. Of the males, 37/249 (14.8%) were homosexuals and of the females, 29/53 (54.7%) were prostitutes; 118 (39.0%) were alcoholics. AST levels were abnormal in 31.876, ALT in45.7%, GTP in 36.4%, and bilirubin in 14.6%. The prevalence of HBsAg (13.9%) and HBeAg (21.4% of HBsAg positive) was significantly higher than in 2,983 controls (4.2% and 6.3%. p < .001 and p < .02, respectively). Of the HBsAg posi:ive subjects, 51.7% had anti‐HDV antibodies. Among 260 HBsAg negative cases, 146 (56.2%) were anti‐HBs and anti‐HBc positive, 76 (29.2%) were anti‐HBc positive and anti‐HBs negative (25 anti‐HBe positive and 51 anti‐HBe negative), and 38 had no HBV markers. Anti‐HIV ELISA positive subjects came to 70.5% (triplicate determination with absolute concordance) and Western blot analysis confirmed the results in 99.1% of ELISA positive and 100% of ELISA negative subjects. The prevalence of anti‐HIV was significantly higher in anti‐HBc positive than negative cases (p < .02), even excluding HBsAg positive subjects. Cases negative for HIV and HBV had a significantly lower median duration of drug abuse than those with past or present infection (36 vs 60 months, p < .001). HIV‐related diseases were present in 56.3% of the cases (120/213; PGL in 94, ARC in 24, and AIDS in two). The absolute T4 + cell count correlated inversely with the prevalence and severity of HIV‐related diseases‐9/10 had less than 400 T4+ cells/ml (one PGL, seven ARC, and one AIDS), 33/47 had 400‐800 T4+ cells/ml (27 PGL, five ARC, and one AIDS), and 25/40 had over 800 T4+ cells/ml (25 PGL). Geographical differences were observed in the distribution of the ratio between symptomatid infected cases.
Low‐dose vaccination against hepatitis B in children: One‐year follow‐up
Authors: Milne Alexander , Dimitrakakis Mary , Campbell Carolyn , Lucas Ron , Allwood Geoff , Goldwater Paul , Pearce Neil , Krugman Saul 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSix hundred forty‐three children, negative for markers of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections. were given three × 2‐μg doses of Merck, Sharp and Dohme (MSD) plasma derived hepatitis B vaccine (H‐B‐Vax) at monthly intervals. Twelve months after the first dose of vaccine, antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti‐HBs) was detected in 89% of children by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and in 83% by enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Seroconversion rates and anti‐HBs titres were significantly greater in 1‐4‐year‐olds than in older children (p < 0.01). Eighteen children with no anti‐HBs or other markers of HBV at this time were given 10 pg of vaccine and tested one month later. Seventeen developed anti‐HBs. 12 at levels consistent with an anamnestic response.Forty‐nine HBV‐marker‐negative children seroconverted for antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti‐HBc) in the 8‐month period before or the 12–month period following vaccination. Forty‐six of these children were positive for anti‐HBs, and one has been confirmed as a chronic carrier of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Three cases of clinical hepatitis B in children have been seen in the community since the vaccination programme began. Two of these were amongst the estimated 5% of children who were not vaccinated. The third was in a vaccine and occurred 4½ months after the last dose of vaccine.These findings suggest that under the conditions of this programme, three intramuscular doses of 2 μg H‐B‐Vax given at monthly intervals provided effective protection for most children for at least 24 months, especially younger children who are at greatest risk of becoming HBsAg carriers.