bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“And the Word was Made Flesh”: Divining the Female Body in Nineteenth-Century American and Catholic Culture
Authors: Pagliarini Marie 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis article sheds light on the complex interactions among knowledge, power, and the body in nineteenth-century American and Catholic culture through examining a series of “miracle cures” of Catholic women that took place in Georgetown, Washington, D.C., between 1824 and 1838. It analyzes the gender and power dynamics of the cures and of the stories members of the Catholic hierarchy told about the cures, situating both within the religious and cultural context of nineteenth-century North America. The bodies of cured women were scrutinized and “read” very carefully by Catholic men as a means of access to divine knowledge, and the article explores the cultural and theological factors that legitimated this process. Finally, the reading of women's bodies took place in the context of Protestant anti-Catholicism, and I argue that, given the sympolic importance of female bodies at the time—pure, healthy female bodies “incarnated” spiritual power and truth—stories of miracle cures were a means of validating Catholicism in the face of attacks against it.
The Effect of Aspirin Dosing on Platelet Function in Diabetic and Nondiabetic Patients
Authors: DiChiara Joseph , Bliden Kevin P. , Tantry Udaya S. , Hamed Miruais S. , Antonino Mark J. , Suarez Thomas A. , Bailon Oscar , Singla Anand , Gurbel Paul A. 
Published: September 2007

OBJECTIVE— Diabetic patients may have a higher prevalence of platelet aspirin resistance than nondiabetic patients. Our goal was to analyze platelet aspirin responsiveness to various aspirin doses in diabetic and nondiabetic patients.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— We examined the effect of aspirin (81, 162, and 325 mg/day for 4 weeks each) on platelet aspirin responsiveness in 120 stable outpatients (30 diabetic patients and 90 nondiabetic patients) with coronary artery disease (CAD) using light transmittance aggregometry (LTA), VerifyNow, platelet function analyzer (PFA)-100, and levels of urinary 11-dehydro-thromboxane B2 (11-dh-TxB2).
RESULTS— In the total group, a low prevalence (0–2%) of aspirin resistance was observed with all aspirin doses as determined by arachidonic acid–induced LTA. Aspirin resistance was higher at the 81-mg dose in diabetic versus nondiabetic patients using collagen-induced LTA (27 vs. 4%, P = 0.001), VerifyNow (13 vs. 3%, P = 0.05), and urinary 11-dh-TxB2 (37 vs. 17%, P = 0.03). Diabetic patients treated with 81 mg exhibited higher platelet function measured by VerifyNow, collagen- and ADP-induced LTA, and 11-dh-TxB2 levels (P ≤ 0.02 for all comparisons). Higher aspirin doses significantly inhibited platelet function and decreased aspirin resistance in diabetic patients (P &lt; 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS— Diabetic patients with CAD treated with 81 mg aspirin exhibit a higher prevalence of aspirin resistance and have significantly higher ADP- and collagen-induced platelet aggregation, 11-dh-TxB2 levels, and aspirin reaction units measured by VerifyNow than nondiabetic patients. Increased aspirin dosing resulted in similar rates of resistance and platelet function levels between groups. These findings indicate that diabetic patients exhibit a global high platelet reactivity phenotype that may be partially overcome by higher aspirin doses.
Adipocyte Death, Adipose Tissue Remodeling, and Obesity Complications
Authors: Strissel Katherine J. , Stancheva Zlatina , Miyoshi Hideaki , Perfield James W. , DeFuria Jason , Jick Zoe , Greenberg Andrew S. , Obin Martin S. 
Published: September 2007

OBJECTIVE—We sought to determine the role of adipocyte death in obesity-induced adipose tissue (AT) inflammation and obesity complications.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Male C57BL/6 mice were fed a high-fat diet for 20 weeks to induce obesity. Every 4 weeks, insulin resistance was assessed by intraperitoneal insulin tolerance tests, and epididymal (eAT) and inguinal subcutaneous AT (iAT) and livers were harvested for histological, immunohistochemical, and gene expression analyses.
RESULTS—Frequency of adipocyte death in eAT increased from &lt;0.1% at baseline to 16% at week 12, coincident with increases in 1) depot weight; 2) AT macrophages (ATMΦs) expressing F4/80 and CD11c; 3) mRNA for tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, and interleukin (IL)-10; and 4) insulin resistance. ATMΦs in crown-like structures surrounding dead adipocytes expressed TNF-α and IL-6 proteins. Adipocyte number began to decline at week 12. At week 16, adipocyte death reached ∼80%, coincident with maximal expression of CD11c and inflammatory genes, loss (40%) of eAT mass, widespread collagen deposition, and accelerated hepatic macrosteatosis. By week 20, adipocyte number was restored with small adipocytes, coincident with reduced adipocyte death (fourfold), CD11c and MCP-1 gene expression (twofold), and insulin resistance (35%). eAT weight did not increase at week 20 and was inversely correlated with liver weight after week 12 (r = −0. 85, P &lt; 0.001). In iAT, adipocyte death was first detected at week 12 and remained ≤3%.
CONCLUSIONS—These results implicate depot-selective adipocyte death and MΦ-mediated AT remodeling in inflammatory and metabolic complications of murine obesity.
Nitrous Oxide Reductase
Authors: Eady Robert R , Antonyuk Svetlana V , Hasnain S Samar 
Published: September 2007

Abstract

(N
2
O) is a major greenhouse gas and is thought to be some 300 times more potent than CO
2
in promoting global warming due to its inert chemical nature. The difficult chemistry of N
2
O reduction to gaseous nitrogen (N
2
) in biology is catalyzed by the novel µ
4
‐sulfide‐bridged tetranuclear Cu

z

cluster of the N
2
O reductases (N
2
ORs). These enzymes, in common with cytochrome c oxidase (CCO), also contain an electron‐donating Cu
A
site. During the past five years, several structures of this enzyme, from a number of species, have emerged, providing the details of structural elements responsible for this fascinating chemistry. These aspects are discussed in the light of extensive spectroscopic and functional data, providing an up‐to‐date review from these perspectives.
Octaheme Tetrathionate Reductase
Authors: Mowat Christopher G. , Atkinson Sally J. , Reid Graeme A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractOctaheme tetrathionate reductase (OTR) fromShewanella oneidensisis a soluble cytochrome with eight covalently attached heme groups. The gene encoding the protein has been cloned and overexpressed, and characterization of the protein is ongoing. From the crystal structure it can be seen that one of the hemes displays novel ligation of the iron atom by the ɛ‐amino group of a lysine residue. This occurs despite the heme attachment being via a typical CXXCH motif. It is believed that this heme represents the active site for tetrathionate reduction, a reaction which is catalyzed efficiently by the enzyme. Recent work has also suggested a multifunctional role for OTR, with the enzyme being demonstrated to catalyze the reduction of nitrite, hydroxylamine and nitric oxide.
Cytosolic Aconitase
Authors: Volbeda Anne , Moulis Jean‐Marc , Dupuy Jérôme , Walden William , Volz Karl , Fontecilla‐Camps Juan Carlos 
Published: September 2007

AbstractCytosolic aconitases (cAcns) have the remarkable property that they can function either as an enzyme or as a messenger (m) RNA‐binding protein. In the first case they contain a [4Fe–4S] cluster that is directly involved in the catalysis of the isomerization between citrate and isocitrate via acis‐aconitate intermediate. Upon loss of the cluster the enzymatic function is lost, the protein undergoes a substantial structural rearrangement and becomes capable of recognizing, with very high affinity, the so‐called iron‐responsive elements (IREs) in mRNAs. The latter code for proteins that are either dependent on Fe or are involved in the regulation of iron levels in the cell. The nonenzymatic form of cAcn is known as iron‐regulatory protein 1 or IRP1. Here we review the most recent structural data on the two forms, cAcn and IRP1, and correlate these with their respective functional properties. In addition, a comparison is made with closely related proteins like IRP2 and mitochondrial and bacterial aconitases.
Metal ions in cyanobacterial photosystem I
Authors: Saenger Wolfram , Biesiadka Jacek , Loll Bernhard 
Published: September 2007

AbstractPhotosystems I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII) are large multi‐subunit protein–cofactor complexes located in the photosynthetic thylakoid membrane and acting in series. They are fueled by sunlight, PSII oxidizing water to atmospheric O2, H+, and electrons that are delivered at the lumenal side of the membrane. The electrons are transferred to PSI where their reducing potential is increased sufficiently to finally produce reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) at oxidized form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+) reductase while the H+form a gradient across the membrane that drives adenosine triphosphate (ATP‐)synthetase and both, NADPH and ATP, convert CO2to carbohydrates in the Calvin cycle.PSI is composed of 12 different protein subunits of which 9 are embedded in the thylakoid membrane and 3 are located on the cytoplasmic (stromal) side of the membrane. Sunlight is absorbed by a large internal antenna composed of 90 chlorophylla(Chla), and the photons are guided to the electron transfer chain (ETC) formed by two symmetry‐related branches where the ‘special pair P 700′ located close to the lumenal side of the membrane is excited and expels an electron to form the cation radical P700+. The electron is guided from P700 to the stromal side along the ETC consisting of pairs of accessory Chla, of the primary electron acceptors (Chla), of the secondary acceptors phylloquinone (PQ), to the terminal acceptors formed by three Fe4S4clusters FX, FA, FB. Since each Chlacoordinates one Mg2+, PSI harbors a plethora of Mg and Fe cations and one structural Ca2+. We describe the coordination of these cations and their function in the photosynthetic process carried out by PSI.
4‐Hydroxybutyryl‐
Co
A
Dehydratase
Authors: Martins Berta M. , Messerschmidt Albrecht , Friedrich Peter , Zhang Jin , Buckel Wolfgang 
Published: September 2007

Abstract

Dehydratases catalyze the cleavage of a carbon–oxygen bond yielding an unsaturated product via α,β‐elimination of water. The α‐hydrogen (p
K
∼ 8) to be removed as proton is activated by an adjacent electron‐withdrawing group, and the hydroxyl group leaves from the β‐position. In contrast, anaerobic organisms possess 2‐ or 4‐hydroxyacyl‐CoA dehydratases that use radicals to lower the p
K
of the unactivated β‐carbons by 26 units. An example is 4‐hydroxybutyryl‐CoA dehydratase (4‐BUDH) from

Clostridium aminobutyricum

that interconverts 4‐hydroxybutyryl‐CoA to crotonyl‐CoA. 4‐BUDH is functional as a homotetramer with two active sites per dimer and displays a distinctive active site architecture with the [4Fe–4S]
2+
cluster, coordinated by three cysteine and one histidine residues, located 7 Å from the
Re
‐side of the flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). Albeit requiring the cluster and an oxidized FAD for catalysis, the overall reaction occurs with no net redox change. The unexpected structural relation of 4‐BUDH with medium chain acyl‐CoA dehydrogenases suggests a radical‐based mechanism for both flavoproteins. The biochemical and structural characterization of 4‐BUDH is an important step toward a detailed study of the structural bases how enzymes regulate the generation and reactivity of radical species at a molecular level, which is a fundamental but still poorly understood problem.
Tetraheme CytochromesC3
Authors: Bento Isabel , Louro Ricardo O , Soares Cláudio M , Carrondo M Arménia 
Published: September 2007

AbstractTetraheme cytochromesc3constitute the best‐studied group among the multiheme cytochromes belonging to the class III of Ambler's classification. Since 1954, when cytochromec3was isolated fromDesulfovibrio vulgarisfor the first time by Postgate, these proteins have been widely characterized, especially those from theDesulfovibrio(D.) genus. All these cytochromes have their heme group attached to the polypeptide chain by cysteine residues and show bis‐histidinyl coordination of the heme iron and a highly conserved heme‐binding motif (CXXCH or CXXXXCH). Cytochromesc3show a wide variety of redox potentials, ranging from 0 to −400 mV, are usually periplasmatic proteins, and are believed to play key roles in the electron transfer chains. Recently, the cytochromec3group was divided into two main types on the basis of structural, functional, and genetic differences: type I cytochromec3(TpI‐c3) and type II cytochromec3(TpII‐c3). This paper reviews their structural, spectroscopic, and functional properties, based on the wealth of information currently available. These include physicochemical properties, redox mechanisms, coupling between electron and proton transfer, and data concerning the interaction with their redox partners obtained by experimental and molecular modeling methods.
Optical Biosensing Based on Metal and Semiconductor Colloidal Nanocrystals
Authors: Comparelli Roberto , Curri Maria Lucia , Cozzoli Pantaleo Davide , Striccoli Marinella 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe sections in this article areOverviewIntroductionColloidal NanocrystalsSize‐dependent Optical PropertiesChemical SynthesisNanocrystal Functionalization for BiosensingSurface Capping ExchangeCoating with a Silica ShellSurface Modification through Hydrophobic InteractionsOptical TechniquesColorimetric TestsFluorescenceFluorescence Resonance Energy TransferFluorescence LifetimeMultiphoton TechniquesMetal‐enhanced FluorescenceSurface Plasmon ResonanceSurface‐enhanced Resonance SpectroscopyAdvantages and Disadvantages of Nanocrystals in Optical DetectionApplicationsBiosensing with Semiconductor NanocrystalsBiosensing with Metallic NanoparticlesTowards MarketingConclusions
Direct Ink‐Jet Printing of Ag–Cu Nanoparticle and Ag‐Precursor Based Electrodes for OFET Applications
Authors: Gamerith S. , Klug A. , Scheiber H. , Scherf U. , Moderegger E. , List E. J. W. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe field of organic electronics has seen tremendous progress over the last years and all‐solution‐based processes are believed to be one of the key routes to ultra low‐cost roll‐to‐roll device and circuit fabrication. In this regard a variety of functional materials has been successfully designed for inkjet printing. While orthogonal‐solvent approaches have frequently been used to tackle the solubility issue in multilayer solution processing, the focus of this work lies on printed metal electrodes for organic field‐effect transistors (OFET) and their curing concepts. Two metallic inkjet‐printable materials are studied: i) a silver‐copper nanoparticle based dispersion and ii) a soluble organic silver‐precursor. Photoelectron spectroscopy reveals largely metallic properties of the cured materials, which are compared with respect to OFET performance and process‐related issues. Contact resistance of the prepared metal electrodes is significantly larger than that of evaporated top‐contact gold electrodes. As direct patterning via inkjet printing limits the reliably achievable channel length to values well above 10 μm, the influence of contact resistance is rather small, however, and overall device performance is comparable.
Transparent Nanometric Cubic and Tetragonal Zirconia Obtained by High‐Pressure Pulsed Electric Current Sintering
Authors: Anselmi‐Tamburini U. , Woolman J. N. , Munir Z. A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractTransparent samples of cubic (8 mol % yttria) and tetragonal (3 mol % yttria) zirconia were prepared from nanometric powders by the pulsed electric current sintering process. The crystallite size of the resulting dense samples was about 50 nm in both cases. The consolidation pressure had a positive effect on the occurrence of transparency for both modifications. Transmittance in the near infrared for 1 mm thick samples is above the 60 % for the cubic (8 %YSZ) and above 50 % for the tetragonal (3 % YSZ) zirconia, representing between 70 and 80 % of the theoretical values of the two modifications. Samples had a yellowish‐brown coloration which was attributed to the presence of color centers. Annealing in oxygen improved transmittance initially, but prolonged annealing resulted in translucent samples. The role of porosity in transmittance is analyzed.
Chalcogenide Glasses Based on Germanium Disulfide for Second Harmonic Generation
Authors: Guignard M. , Nazabal V. , Smektala F. , Adam J.‐L. , Bohnke O. , Duverger C. , Moréac A. , Zeghlache H. , Kudlinski A. , Martinelli G. , Quiquempois Y. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractHigh second‐order susceptibilities are created by thermal poling in bulk germanium disulfide based chalcogenide glasses. Experimental conditions of the poling treatment (temperature, voltage, time) were optimized for each glass composition. The second‐order nonlinear signals were recorded by using the Maker fringes experiment and a second‐order coefficient χ(2) up to 8 pm V–1 was measured in the Ge25Sb10S65 glass. This value is obtained using a simulation based on accurate knowledge of the thickness of the nonlinear layer. Two mechanisms are proposed to explain the creation of a nonlinear layer under the anode: the formation and the migration of charged defects towards the anode may mainly occur in Ge20Ga5Sb10S65 and Ge25Ga5S70 glasses, whereas the migration of Na+ ions towards the cathode may be responsible for the accumulation of negative charges under the anode in Ge33S67 and Ge25Sb10S65 glasses. Different electronic conductivity behaviors seem to be at the origin of the phenomenon. In parallel, the potential effect of the poling treatment on the structural and electronic properties is studied using Raman spectroscopy and secondary ion mass spectroscopy measurements.
Periodically Ordered Meso‐ and Macroporous SiO2 Thin Films and Their Induced Electrochemical Activity as a Function of Pore Hierarchy
Authors: Sel O. , Sallard S. , Brezesinski T. , Rathouský J. , Dunphy D. R. , Collord A. , Smarsly B. M. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractSilica thin films with variable pore hierarchy (different combinations of small meso‐, large meso‐, and macropores) were produced via evaporation induced self‐assembly in a one‐pot synthesis. A suitable block copolymer and an ionic liquid served as porogens for the generation of different types of mesopores whereas polymethylmethacrylate particles were used as macrotemplate. The silica architectures were characterized by various state‐of‐the‐art techniques, such as 2D‐SAXS, TEM, SEM, AFM, krypton and nitrogen sorption. Moreover, electrochemical functionalization was utilized as a tool to study the hierarchy‐property relationship. Thus, hierarchically porous films prepared on FTO‐coated glass were post‐synthetically silylated and electrochemically active ferrocene groups subsequently grafted onto the pore walls. Cyclic voltammetry was used to monitor the induced electrochemical activity as a function of variations in the pore hierarchy. It turned out that multimodal pore systems possess a relatively higher electrochemical response due to better connection between the pores and higher surface area.
Organic Field‐Effect Devices as Tool to Characterize the Bipolar Transport in Polymer‐Fullerene Blends: The Case of P3HT‐PCBM
Authors: Morana M. , Koers P. , Waldauf C. , Koppe M. , Muehlbacher D. , Denk P. , Scharber M. , Waller D. , Brabec C. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIn organic bulk heterojunction solar cells (oBHJ) the blend morphology in combination with the charge transport properties of the individual components controls the extracted photocurrent. The organic field‐effect transistor (OFET) has been proved as a powerful instrument to evaluate the unipolar carrier transport properties in a wide range of cases. In our work we extend the OFET concept to the evaluation of the bipolar transport properties in polymer‐fullerenes blends and propose a method to improve the accuracy of the evaluation. The method is based on capacitance–voltage (C–V) measurements on MOS structures prepared on the same blends and delivers complementary information on the bulk heterojunction to the one obtained with FETs. The relevance for photovoltaic applications is investigated through the correlation between the current–voltage behavior of solar cells and the bipolar mobility for composites with varying polymer molecular weight and processed from different solvents. In particular the transport features of solar cells produced from o‐Xylene (oX), a non chlorinated solvent more suitable to production requirements, have been compared to the one of devices cast from Chlorobenzene (CB) solution. For the P3HT‐PCBM blend a consistent correlation between the mobility and the electrical fill factor and power performance was found. A significant asymmetry in the bipolar carrier mobility, together with low electron mobility dependent on the Mw value, affects the performances of thick o‐Xylene cast devices. In the case of devices processed from Chlorobenzene the slower carrier has higher mobility and the small electrical losses detected are eventually more related to the formation of space‐charge and eventually to surface recombination. This results in an efficient charge collection that is almost thickness independent. We report a dependence of the slow‐carrier type (electrons or holes) and their mobility on the specific combination of molecular weight and solvent. The mobility data and the solar cell performance coherently fit to the prediction of a device model only based on the drift of carriers under the built‐in electric field originated in the donor‐acceptor oBHJ.
Formation of Gold and Silver Nanoparticle Arrays and Thin Shells on Mesostructured Silica Nanofibers
Authors: Zhang S. , Ni W. , Kou X. , Yeung M. H. , Sun L. , Wang J. , Yan C. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractMesostructured silica nanofibers synthesized in high yields with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as the structure‐directing agent in HBr solutions are used as templates for the assembly of Au and Ag nanoparticles and the formation of thin Au shells along the fiber axis. Presynthesized spherical Au and Ag nanoparticles are adsorbed in varying amounts onto the silica nanofibers through bifunctional linking molecules. Nonspherical Au nanoparticles with sharp tips are synthesized on the nanofibers through a seed‐mediated growth approach. The number density of nonspherical Au nanoparticles is controlled by varying the amount of seeded nanofibers relative to the amount of supplied Au precursor. This seed‐mediated growth is further used to form continuous Au shells around the silica nanofibers. Both the Au‐ and Ag‐nanoparticle/silica‐nanofiber hybrid nanostructures and silica/Au core/shell fibers exhibit extinction spectra that are distinct from the spectra of Au and Ag nanoparticles in solution, indicating the presence of new surface plasmon resonance modes in the silica/Au core/shell fibers and surface plasmon coupling between closely spaced metal nanoparticles assembled on silica nanofibers. Spherical Au‐ and Ag‐nanoparticle/silica‐nanofiber hybrid nanostructures are further used as substrates for surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy, and the enhancement factors of the Raman signals obtained on the Ag‐nanoparticle/silica‐nanofiber hybrid nanostructures are 2 × 105 for 4‐mercaptobenzoic acid and 4‐mercaptophenol and 7 × 107 for rhodamine B isothiocyanate. These hybrid nanostructures are therefore potentially useful for ultrasensitive chemical and biological sensing by using molecular vibrational signatures.