bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of dehydration temperatures on colour and polyphenoloxidase activity of Amasya and Golden Delicious apple cultivars
Authors: Akyıldız Asiye , Öcal N Didem 
Published: September 2006

AbstractDuring dehydration at different temperatures (60, 70 and 80 °C) of Amasya and Golden Delicious apple cultivars, changes in colour, polyphenoloxidase activity (PPO), browning index and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) content were studied. Effects of dehydration time on the L* values of both cultivars were not significant. Only Amasya samples dehydrated at 80 °C were found to have significantly higher L* values than the remaining samples. In all cases, Golden Delicious samples had higher L* values than those of the Amasya cultivar. a* values of samples increased within the first hour of dehydration and then remained almost unchanged. The enzyme activity showed a rapid decrease in the first hour of dehydration and residual enzyme activities (%) reached 9.8%, 5.3% and 4.5% for Amasya, and 17.4%, 10.3% and 4.6% for the Golden Delicious cultivar at 60, 70 and 80 °C, respectively. In all final samples the residual enzyme activities were around 1%. The highest browning values were observed at the second hour of dehydration at 60 and 70 °C and the first hour of dehydration at 80 °C. In all conditions Amasya apples had a higher browning tendency. The presence of HMF was detected only at the 4th hour of dehydration at 80 °C for both cultivars. Effects of dehydration temperature on colour and PPO of the final product were insignificant. However, an important effect of temperature was determined on the browning index of Golden Delicious samples. The lowest browning tendency was measured on samples dehydrated at 80 °C. The results showed that cultivar and dehydration temperature had considerable effect on the browning of apple slices. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Novel approaches in measuring the antioxidative potential of animal feeds: the FRAP and DPPH methods
Authors: Smet Karen , Raes Katleen , de Smet Stefaan 
Published: September 2006

AbstractTwo methods were adapted and optimized for evaluating the antioxidative potential of animal feeds. In the 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method, the neutralization of the stable radical DPPH• by antioxidants present in animal feeds was measured. The ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method was used to measure the reducing capacity of feeds. To optimize both methods regarding to the type of solvent, the time of extraction and the volume of solvent needed, a commercial pig feed was used. Of the different solvents used, methanol showed superior results to chloroform, water, ethanol, acetone and chloroform–methanol (1:1, v/v). The time of extraction was also examined. The antioxidative potential of the extract of a first extraction step did not change with extraction time after 3 h of extraction. The need for a second extraction step was also investigated, but this could be reduced to a wash step. In a last phase, the volume of the extraction solvent was optimized. It seemed that 25 mL of methanol was sufficient to give a repeatable extraction yield from 2 g of feed. Both methods gave reproducible results with a high recovery for the tested feed. Therefore, it can be concluded that using methanol as the extraction solvent, the DPPH and FRAP methods are useful techniques for monitoring the total antioxidative potential of animal feeds. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Variability in some texture characteristics and chemical composition of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
Authors: Casañas Francesc , Pujolà Montserrat , del Castillo Roser Romero , Almirall Antoni , Sánchez Esther , Nuez Fernando 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe increase in the consumption of pulses in developed countries is strongly related to the availability of varieties with high‐quality sensory attributes. Local varieties show variability of this characteristic but the extent is unknown. This study aims to assess the variability in texture and chemical composition among traditional Spanish varieties of common beans. Texture differences among varieties found by panellists correspond to chemical variation, although chemical differences within varieties seem greater than those reported in sensory analyses. It seems reasonable to screen existing information on the chemical composition of common beans to identify promising varieties to be tested in sensory trials. Nevertheless, selection within varieties should be performed only after sensory tests on the degree of differences shown by extreme genotypes for components such as protein or starch. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Bioavailability and stability issues in understanding the cancer preventive effects of tea polyphenols
Authors: Sang Shengmin , Lambert Joshua D , Yang Chung S 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe cancer preventive activities of tea (Camellia sinensis) have received a great deal of attention from researchers and the general public. The inhibition of carcinogenesis by tea and tea polyphenols has been demonstrated in different animal models of skin, lung, intestinal and other cancer types by many investigators. Numerous mechanisms for the cancer preventive activity have been proposed based on studies of human cancer cell lines without considering the bioavailability of tea polyphenols. The proposed inhibition of mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinases, aberrant arachidonic acid metabolism, nuclear factor κB (NFκB) and activator protein 1 (AP‐1) mediated transcription, growth factor‐mediated signaling, and other activities could lead to the inhibition of tumor cell growth or induction of apoptosis as well as the inhibition of angiogenesis. In many cases, however, the concentrations of tea polyphenols required to observe these biological effectsin vitroexceed the concentrations achievable in blood and tissues by 10‐ to 100‐fold. In addition,in vitrostudies are complicated by the fact that tea polyphenols are not stable and reactive oxygen species are generated under most cell culture conditions. It is not clear whether these reactions occurin vivo. From the bioavailability and stability viewpoints, we herein discuss the relevance ofin vitroobservations to the mechanisms of the cancer preventive activities of tea polyphenolsin vivo. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Unique continuation for the symmetric regularized long wave equation
Authors: Shang Yadong 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe unique continuation property has been intensively studied for a long time due to the important role that plays in the applications. The validity of the unique continuation property for symmetric regularized long wave equation is showed in this paper. The result is established by using an appropriate Carleman‐type estimate for a partial differential operators closely related to our problem. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluating SPIO‐labelled cell MR efficiency by three‐dimensional quantitative T MRI
Authors: Mowat P. , Franconi F. , Chapon C. , Lemaire L. , Dorat J. , Hindré F. , Benoit J.‐P. , Richomme P. , Le Jeune J.‐J. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAn in vitro MR‐assay for superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) particle cell labelling assessment via three‐dimensional quantitative T MR microscopy was proposed. On high‐resolution images, and due to the high susceptibility difference between the particles and the surrounding medium, SPIO internalized in cells induces signal loss which may be counted and measured on T maps. The increase in both labelled cell percentage and the average perturbation volume with an added amount of iron in the incubation medium proved that intracellular iron uptake is dependent upon the initial concentration of incubation iron. It also proved that the observed increases in total cellular iron uptake measured by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy are due to both an increase in the iron mass per cell and also an increase in labelled cell concentration. MR results were compared with Prussian blue staining histology. The sensitivity of the MR methodology was then used to distinguish labelling differences for two different types of particle coating.The MRI‐assay we proposed is a compulsory tool to optimize labelling efficiency in order to improve in vivo cell detection. Key parameters for detection, such as the percentage of cell labelling, the effect on the image for a given amount of internalized iron and labelling distribution among a cell population, are easily obtained. The comparison of different contrast agents for labelling one cell type, the assessment of one type of contrast agent for labelling different cell types and/or the evaluation of labelling strategies, are possible without having recourse to classical methods, and provide improved accuracy, since the principle is based on intracellular relaxivity. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Retrospective cine 3He ventilation imaging under spontaneous breathing conditions: a non‐invasive protocol for small‐animal lung function imaging
Authors: Stupar Vasile , Canet‐Soulas Emmanuelle , Gaillard Sophie , Alsaid Hasan , Beckmann Nicolau , Crémillieux Yannick 
Published: September 2006

AbstractA non‐invasive and free‐breathing hyperpolarized (HP) 3He imaging protocol for small animals was implemented and validated on rats for lung function imaging. Animals were allowed to breathe a mixture of air and 3He from a mask and a gas reservoir fitted to their heads. Radial imaging sequences were used, and MRI signal intensity changes were monitored for retrospective cine image reconstruction. The ventilation cycle of the animals was imaged with a 100 ms temporal resolution. The sliding window imaging technique was applied to reconstruct 5 ms time‐shifted image series covering the complete breathing cycle. Image series were processed to extract quantitative ventilation parameters such as the gas arrival time. The reproducibility and the non‐invasiveness of this ventilation imaging protocol were evaluated by multiple acquisitions on the same animals. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transverse relaxation in rat optic nerve
Authors: Bonilla Isidro , Snyder Richard E. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIn vitro investigations were performed to study the proton T2 relaxation spectrum of rat optic nerve. Studies in which the nerve was incubated in a D2O‐based solution revealed that >98% of the spectrum originated from the water protons. The spectrum was found to consist of three components having relaxation times and sizes similar to those reported in the literature for peripheral nerve. Procedures were taken to confirm the existence of a third optic nerve component and that it was not an artifact of the long‐lived water protons of the in vitro incubation solution. Evidence using paramagnetic agents in the incubation solution, which removed the two longest‐lived nerve components from the spectrum, revealed the existence of a small fourth component (<10% of total) having a T2 relaxation time similar to that of the intermediate‐lived nerve component. Bathing the nerves in a 10 mM glutamate solution, glutamate known to result in cellular swelling in mammalian central nervous system (CNS), was found to increase the component size of the longest‐lived nerve component, suggestive that this component may result from cellular water. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oxygen status of lung granulomas in Mycobacterium tuberculosis‐infected mice
Authors: Aly S , Wagner K , Keller C , Malm S , Malzan A , Brandau S , Bange F‐C , Ehlers S 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIt is often assumed that Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)‐induced granulomatous lesions, particularly those undergoing central caseation, are anoxic, and that the survival of Mtb in these lesions requires the integrity of its non‐oxidative respiratory pathways. Using the hypoxia marker pimonidazole, we now provide immunohistochemical evidence that in the most frequently used animal model system of inbred mice Mtb‐induced granulomas, even after more than one year of aerogenic infection, are not severely hypoxic. In contrast, chronic aerosol infection with M. avium strain TMC724 was associated with hypoxia surrounding necrotizing granuloma centres. Direct measurements of oxygen tension with a flexible microelectrode in mouse lungs chronically infected with Mtb disclosed a wide range of oxygen partial pressures in different parts of the lungs which, however, rarely approached the anoxic conditions consistently found in necrotizing tumours. We further show that an Mtb mutant, defective in nitrate reductase (narG) necessary for survival under anaerobic conditions in vitro, can persist in the lungs of chronically infected mice to a similar extent as wild‐type Mtb. These findings have important implications for the use of the mouse model of Mtb infection in developing eradication chemotherapy and for evaluating putative mechanisms of chronic persistence and latency of Mtb. Copyright © 2006 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effectiveness of two statin prescribing strategies with respect to adherence and cardiovascular outcomes: observational study
Authors: Wei L. , MacDonald T. M. , Watson A. D. , Murphy M. J. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractBackgroundThere is considerable evidence that statins can reduce cardiovascular events. Currently high‐risk patients are treated to a target cholesterol concentration. An alternative prescribing strategy (the ‘fire‐and‐forget’ approach) would instead deploy low‐dose statins more widely. It has been suggested that for the same cost this approach might prevent more cardiovascular events. We have compared the treat‐to‐target and fire‐and‐forget statin prescribing strategies with respect to adherence and cardiovascular outcomes.MethodsWe used a population‐based record‐linkage database containing several data sets linked by a unique patient identifier. We identified two cohorts of patients. Patients in the treat‐to‐target cohort were prescribed a statin, and subsequent measurement of their cholesterol was followed by upward titration of their statin dose if necessary. Patients in the fire‐and‐forget cohort were prescribed a statin, but no further cholesterol measurement was observed during the follow‐up period.FindingsAdherence to statin treatment in patients treated to target was significantly better than in patients treated on a fire‐and‐forget basis (adjusted odds ratio 2.51, 95%CI 2.26–2.78). We found a lower cardiovascular disease (CVD) event rate in patients treated to target than in fire‐and‐forget patients (hazard ratio of CVD or cardiovascular death 0.41 (0.35–0.48) even after adjustment was made for adherence and baseline CVD risk).InterpretationOur findings suggest that adherence to statins is worse in patients treated on a fire‐and‐forget basis than in patients treated to a target cholesterol concentration, and that this prescribing strategy is associated with worse cardiovascular outcomes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reporting adverse events in randomized controlled trials
Authors: Nuovo Jim , Sather Curtis 
Published: September 2006

AbstractPurposeHow randomized controlled trial results are reported may minimize concerns and detection of adverse side effects. We aimed to describe the methods of reporting adverse events in these published trials.MethodsFive frequently cited journals were investigated: Annals of Internal Medicine, British Medical Journal, JAMA, The Lancet, and the New England Journal of Medicine. For each journal, all randomized controlled trials conducted on the use of a medication were selected from January 2000 through June 2003. All issues of each journal were reviewed manually. Information retrieved included any mention of adverse events in the abstract, methods, results, or discussion section of the article; or inclusion of adverse events data in tables or figures. We also cataloged whether there was a separate subheading in the results section for reporting adverse events. Reports of trials that referred to methods described in a previous report were excluded.ResultsThere were 521 eligible articles. Explicit mention of adverse events was in 328 (63%) of abstracts (range 47–66%), 380 (73%) of methods (range 51–81%), 464 (89%) of results (range 80–95%), and 250 (48%) of tables (range 31–49%). There was a separate subheading for adverse events in 240 (46%) (range 22–64%) of the eligible articles.ConclusionThere is variation among authors and journals as to the location of reporting adverse events and the means by which it is done. Authors and editors should include specific information on adverse events when reporting the results of randomized controlled trials. It would be ideal if there was more consistency among authors and journals as to how these adverse events are described. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of beta‐2 agonists and risk of hip/femur fracture: a population‐based case‐control study
Authors: de Vries Frank , Pouwels Sander , Bracke Madelon , Leufkens Hubert G.M. , Cooper Cyrus , Lammers Jan‐Willem J. , van Staa Tjeerd‐Pieter 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIntroductionAdministration of beta‐2 agonists decreased bone mineral density in rats. But the association between bronchodilators and fracture risk has not been studied in humans.ObjectivesTo examine the association between use of beta‐2 agonists and risk of hip/femur fracture.MethodsWe conducted a population‐based case‐control study (6763 cases) in the Dutch PHARMO database. Current beta‐2 agonist use was compared to never use. We adjusted for severity of the underlying respiratory disease and disease and drug history.ResultsA hospitalisation for asthma/COPD in the year before index date increased risk of hip/femur fracture: crude OR 2.17 (95% CI, 1.41–3.34). Patients using higher doses of beta‐2 agonists had increased risk of hip/femur fracture: crude OR 1.94 (95% CI, 1.41–2.66) for daily dosages of ≥1600 µg albuterol equivalent. The excess fracture risk reduced after adjustment for disease severity (1.46; 95% CI, 1.02–2.08) and after exclusion of oral glucocorticoid users (1.31; 95% CI, 0.80–2.15). Risk of hip/femur fracture was similar between users of beta‐2 agonists, inhaled glucocorticoids and anticholinergics.ConclusionWe found increases in the risk of hip/femur fracture in patients using higher doses of beta‐2 agonists. However, the excess risk of hip/femur fracture substantially reduced after exclusion of oral glucocorticoid users and after adjustment for the underlying disease. Risk of hip/femur fracture was similar between users of beta‐2 agonists, inhaled glucocorticoids and anticholinergics. The severity of the underlying disease, rather than the use of beta‐2 agonists, may play an important role in the aetiology of hip/femur fractures in patients using beta‐2 agonists. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Complete blindness after optic neuropathy induced by short‐term linezolid treatment in a patient suffering from muscle dystrophy
Authors: Azamfirei Leonard , Copotoiu Sanda‐Maria , Branzaniuc Klara , Szederjesi Janos , Copotoiu Ruxandra , Berteanu Cristina 
Published: September 2006

AbstractWe present a case of severe optic neuropathy following linezolid treatment, which led to complete irreversible blindness, in a patient with progressive muscular dystrophy, treated with linezolid for 16 days for methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) pneumonia. Interruption of antibiotic therapy did not lead to remission of ocular symptoms. Administration of linezolid may lead to severe neuropathy even in the case of short‐term treatment. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
IDEA 2004: Anticipated implications for clinical practice—integrating assessment and intervention
Authors: Holdnack James A. , Weiss Lawrence G. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe renewal, modification, and ratification of the Individuals With Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004 (IDEA; 2004) produced a number of changes in legislation, particularly in the identification for children with specific learning disabilities (SLDs). In particular, the requirement that a child must evidence a severe discrepancy between intellectual functioning and academic performance has been modified to allow for a more flexible approach to SLD determination. The rules and regulations providing guidelines for implementation have yet to be completed, leaving many administrators and psychologists speculating on how to incorporate the recommendation that response to intervention (RTI) procedures be incorporated into their current protocols. Given the substantial anti‐assessment lobbying by RTI proponents, it may appear that the law has changed significantly to the point that comprehensive assessments are not required to determine eligibility for any disabling condition, particularly SLDs. This article reviews historical trends influencing the current legislation, from the inception of the use of ability–achievement discrepancy, the misconceptions that ability–achievement discrepancy and comprehensive assessment are equivalent, and vilification of intellectual assessment to the powerful, inside lobbying forces. In conclusion, we address what the law really says about assessment and RTI, and how these two procedures need to be integrated as a best practice for children but also to adhere to the legislative mandate of IDEA. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 43: 871–882, 2006.
Response to intervention and the identification of specific learning disabilities: Why we need comprehensive evaluations as part of the process
Authors: Ofiesh Nicole 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to underscore why we need to maintain the presence of comprehensive evaluations in the identification of students with specific learning disabilities (SLDs). Response to intervention (RTI) models hold great hope for early instruction, and the reduction of the overrepresentation of students in special education who are minorities or who are culturally and linguistically diverse; however, new regulations under the Individuals With Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004 (IDEA; 2004) allow for the identification of individuals with SLDs based on an individual's response to instruction. The regulations provide states the option to include standardized testing as part of the RTI model. This approach was proposed as a solution to the widely criticized aptitude–achievement discrepancy formula; however, the unfortunate result could be to simultaneously remove the comprehensive evaluation, an important part of SLD identification. Eliminating the aptitude–achievement discrepancy formula from the identification of SLDs should not be construed as negating the necessity of a comprehensive evaluation (i.e., the need to identify problems in one or more basic psychological processes). Response to intervention models without a comprehensive evaluation cannot provide the evidence needed to identify students with SLDs or to provide protections to appropriately transition students with SLDs from high school to postsecondary services. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 43: 883–888, 2006.