bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A single‐step multiplex PCR for simultaneous detection of white spot syndrome virus and infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus in penaeid shrimp
Authors: Yang B , Song X‐L , Huang J , Shi C‐Y , Liu Q‐H , Liu L 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWhite spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) are the major viral pathogens of penaeid shrimp worldwide (Lightner & Redman 1998). Litopenaeus vannamei was introduced into China from the Americas, and quickly became widely cultured. Following its introduction, both IHHNV and WSSV have become important pathogens of cultured penaeid shrimp and have had a huge impact on the culture industry in China in recent years.
Seasonal dynamics of chemokine receptors and CD62L in subjects with asymptomatic skin sensitization to birch and grass pollen
Authors: Assing K. , Bodtger U. , Poulsen L. K. 
Published: May 2006

Background:  Asymptomatic skin sensitization (AS) has been shown to be a risk factor for respiratory allergic disease. CCR4, CXCR1 and CD62L have all been assigned a role in the immunopathogenesis of allergy. Memory T‐cell expression of CCR4, CXCR1 and CD62L has not hitherto been investigated in subjects with AS.Methods:  We investigated seasonal CD4 memory T‐cell expression of the chemokine receptors CCR4, CXCR1 as well as L‐selectin (CD62L) in fresh cultures derived from symptomatic atopics (SAs), subjects with AS and healthy controls (HCs). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from all three groups were isolated during birch and grass pollination as well as in the following winter. CD4 memory T‐cell expression of CCR4, CXCR1 and CD62L was determined by flow‐cytometry.Results:  During spring and summer, a significantly increased proportion of memory T cells expressed CCR4, CXCR1 and CD62L in SAs when compared with subjects with AS and HCs. Only SAs exhibited seasonal fluctuations in numbers of CCR4, CXCR1 and CD62L positive memory T cells.Conclusion:  Although clearly IgE sensitized, subjects with AS have significant diminished numbers of CCR4, CXCR1 and CD62L positive memory T cells, during pollination, when compared with SAs. In contrast to SAs, cultures derived from subjects with AS did not display seasonal variation. Our findings explain the lack of clinical symptoms, during pollination, in subjects with AS.
Oral health promotion among older persons and their care providers in a nursing home facility
Authors: Reed Rebecca , Broder Hillary L. , Jenkins George , Spivack Evan , Janal Malvin N. 
Published: May 2006

Objectives:  To assess oral health status and oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) of residents in an extended care facility and to assess the care providers’ oral health attitudes and knowledge.Methods:  Participants included 137 residents (58.1% female, age range 32–94 years, 91% African–American) and 22 care providers. Residents received an oral examination and completed the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP‐14), an OHRQoL questionnaire. Care providers completed an oral health knowledge (OHK) questionnaire before and after the on‐site geriatric oral health education and training programme.Results:  Oral examinations showed that 58% of the residents had extensive oral health needs. On the OHIP‐14, the mean severity was 9.2 (SD = 12.0), extent (number of items rated as ‘fairly often’ or ‘often’) was 1.2 (SD = 2.6) and prevalence (participants rating at least one item at least ‘fairly often’) was 37.8%. Most prevalent negative impact items were about ‘oral pain’, ‘appearance’ and ‘self‐consciousness’. Regarding OHK, caregivers’ knowledge improved following instruction from 65% correct on the pre‐test to 90% correct on the post‐test (p < 0.05). Subsequent to the eight in‐service workshops, providers reported that physical limitations, fear of getting bitten and time constraints were barriers to providing oral hygiene to their residents.Conclusion:  Examination data showed a high level of dental needs among the majority of residents, accompanied by significantly reduced OHRQoL. Although care providers’ OHK improved following the geriatric service programme, they reported specific barriers regarding their provision of oral hygiene care to the residents.
PRESENTATIONS OF WESS–ZUMINO–WITTEN FUSION RINGS
Authors: BOUWKNEGT PETER , RIDOUT DAVID 
Published: May 2006

The fusion rings of the Wess–Zumino–Witten models are re-examined. Attention is drawn to the difference between fusion rings over ℤ (which are often of greater importance in applications) and fusion algebras over ℂ. Complete proofs are given by characterizing the fusion algebras (over ℂ) of the SU (r+1) and Sp (2r) models in terms of the fusion potentials, and it is shown that the analagous potentials cannot describe the fusion algebras of the other models. This explains why no other representation-theoretic fusion potentials have been found. Instead, explicit generators are then constructed for general WZW fusion rings (over ℤ). The Jacobi–Trudy identity and its Sp (2r) analogue are used to derive the known fusion potentials. This formalism is then extended to the WZW models over the spin groups of odd rank, and explicit presentations of the corresponding fusion rings are given. The analogues of the Jacobi–Trudy identity for the spinor representations (for all ranks) are derived for this purpose, and may be of independent interest.
"I really should've gone to the doctor": older adults and family caregivers describe their experiences with community-acquired pneumonia
Authors: Kelly Caralyn , Krueger Paul , Lohfeld Lynne , Loeb Mark , Edward H Gayle 
Published: May 2006

Abstract

Background
Responding to acute illness symptoms can often be challenging for older adults. The primary objective of this study was to describe how community-dwelling older adults and their family members responded to symptoms of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).

Methods
A qualitative study that used face-to-face semi-structured interviews to collect data from a purposeful sample of seniors aged 60+ and their family members living in a mid-sized Canadian city. Data analysis began with descriptive and interpretive coding, then advanced as the research team repeatedly compared emerging thematic categories to the raw data. Searches for disconfirming evidence and member checking through focus groups provided additional data and helped ensure rigour.

Results
Community-acquired pneumonia symptoms varied greatly among older adults, making decisions to seek care difficult for them and their family members. Both groups took varying amounts of time as they attempted to sort out what was wrong and then determine how best to respond. Even after they concluded something was wrong, older adults with confirmed pneumonia continued to wait for days, to over a week, before seeking medical care. Participants provided diverse reasons for this delay, including fear, social obligations (work, family, leisure), and accessibility barriers (time, place, systemic). Several older adults and family members regretted their delays in seeking help.

Conclusion
Treatment-seeking delay is a variable, multi-phased decision-making process that incorporates symptom assessment plus psychosocial and situational factors. Public health and health care professionals need to educate older adults about the potential causes and consequences of unnecessary waits. Such efforts may reduce the severity of community-acquired pneumonia upon presentation at clinics and hospitals, and that, in turn, could potentially improve health outcomes.
Inferring transcriptional modules from ChIP-chip, motif and microarray data
Authors: Lemmens Karen , Dhollander Thomas , De Bie Tijl , Monsieurs Pieter , Engelen Kristof , Smets Bart , Winderickx Joris , De Moor Bart , Marchal Kathleen 
Published: May 2006

Abstract'ReMoDiscovery' is an intuitive algorithm to correlate regulatory programs with regulators and corresponding motifs to a set of co-expressed genes. It exploits in a concurrent way three independent data sources: ChIP-chip data, motif information and gene expression profiles. When compared to published module discovery algorithms, ReMoDiscovery is fast and easily tunable. We evaluated our method on yeast data, where it was shown to generate biologically meaningful findings and allowed the prediction of potential novel roles of transcriptional regulators.
Galvanostatic Transient Studies on Copper Coordination Polymer under Hydrogen Absorption
Authors: Fujishima Musashi , Enyo Michio , Kanda Seiichi , Ikeda Ryuichi , Kitagawa Hiroshi 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Hydrogen electrode reaction (HER) was investigated for a copper coordination polymer, catena-μ-N,N′-bis(hydroxyethyl)dithiooxamidatocopper(II) (CuCP) by galvanostatic transient measurements using a palladium cathode. Individual steps in the Volmer–Tafel reaction were successfully observed for the colloidal CuCP in alkaline solution under hydrogen absorption. The Volmer step was found to be promoted with CuCP and its hydrogen-absorbed polymer (CuCPH) from shorter decay times in transient curves and smaller overpotentials in Tafel plots. In contrast, the inhibition of the Tafel step was observed, which is due to the larger overpotentials. Difference in reducibility between the polymers and plausible reduction mechanisms is discussed.
The Department of the Navy
Authors: Neeser Robert W. 
Published: May 2006

In the United States, the department of the navy is the constituted organ of the government for administering the navy. Its sole reason for existence is the possibility of war. The most important office in the navy department, after that of the secretary of the navy, is the office of naval operations. All the other offices in the navy are merely accessory to that one particular office the function of which is the preparation of the navy for war.The method of naval administration now in force in the United States is the outcome of a gradual development. When the Constitution went into effect in 1789, it contained several references to the navy. Congress was given power to “provide and maintain a navy.” The President was made the “commander-in-chief of the navy” and there was a clause which forbade the States from owning ships of war in time of peace. When, during Washington's administration, the executive departments were organized, there was no navy, and there was no pressing need for one. Congress, therefore, vested the control of the navy in the secretary of war. The frigate Constitution and her sister ships were thus built under the direction of the war department. But the imminent hostilities with France in 1798 revealed the need of a separate executive department for the proper administration of our sea force, and, on April 30, 1798, the bill creating the navy department became a law.
The Japanese School Question and the Treaty-Making Power
Authors: Hershey Amos S. 
Published: May 2006

The Japanese protest of October 23, 1906, against the action of the San Francisco board of education, based on a California statute requiring all children of Mongolian descent to attend the school set apart for orientals, is one of the most puzzling incidents in our recent diplomatic history. It was sufficiently perplexing to the friends and admirers of Japan to learn that her government had created an international issue out of such a trivial matter as the segregation of less than one hundred Japanese pupils in the oriental school of San Francisco. But some of the friends and supporters of the administration were still more surprised to hear that the federal government admitted that the treaty of 1894 with Japan had been violated by this action of the San Francisco board of education, and apparently believed that it had jurisdiction in the premises.It is true that Secretary Metcalfe's report, which was published on December 19, 1906, also informed us of a considerable number of assaults on Japanese subjects by “hoodlums and roughs,” and of the breaking of windows in Japanese restaurants in San Francisco. These attacks, although subsequent to the earthquake, occurred at a time of great public disorder during which there appears to have been a carnival of crime when the police were powerless to protect life and property; but they seem to have been directed against the Japanese from motives of race prejudice, and not for the purpose of robbery.
The Recent Controversy as to the British Jurisdiction Over Foreign Fishermen More than Three Miles from Shore: Mortensen V. Peters
Authors: Gregory Charles Noble 
Published: May 2006

Emmanuel Mortensen, residing at Grimsby, on the thirtieth of November, 1905, being master of the trawler Niobe, of Sandefiord, Norway, was charged, contrary to a bye law adopted pursuant to a British statute, with using the method of fishing, known as otter trawling, in a part of the Moray Firth, five miles or thereabouts by east by north from Lossie-Mouth, which lies within a line drawn from Duncansby Head, in Caithness, to Rattray Point, in Aberdeenshire and is within the area specified in the bye law referred to, made by the fishery board for Scotland, under a power conferred by statute, which bye law had been duly confirmed by the secretary for Scotland, and duly published. He was thereby liable to a fine not exceeding 100 pounds, on conviction, and, on failure to pay, to not exceeding sixty days imprisonment and to forfeiture of his nets. At the trial, defendant stated, as a preliminary objection, that his steam trawler was registered in Norway, and the locus of the offense as alleged was not within the jurisdiction of the court and, reserving this plea, pleaded “not guilty.” It was proved said trawler was registered in Sandefiord, Norway, and that defendant was a Dane; that he did the act in the plea alleged, and that this was outside a marine league from low water mark on the adjacent coast, and within ten miles thereof.The sheriff “repelled” the preliminary objection, found defendant guilty, imposed a fine of fifty pounds, and, in default, sentenced the accused to fifteen days' imprisonment. Defendant paid the fine and appealed, and the questions of law submitted to the high court of justiciary were, whether the sheriff's court had jurisdiction, and whether the conviction and sentence were “legal and competent.”
The International Naval Conference and the Declaration of London
Authors: Stowell Ellery C. 
Published: May 2006

Although the Naval Conference which met at London, December 4, 1908, grew out of the Second Peace Conference it differed from the latter both in its composition and its object.In an historic session at the Hague, in June 1907, Germany and England proposed to the powers assembled to establish an international prize court. The two projects were referred to the first commission, and by the latter to a subcommission, which again appointed a committee of three, (Renault of France, Kriege of Germany, and Crowe of Great Britain) to combine them and draw up a project for submission to the commission.It is hard to realize the significance of the work of those three jurists, each as familiar with the practical transaction of international business as with the theory and underlying principles of international law. To them, primarily, is due the elaboration of the convention for the establishment of an international prize court. Nor should we forget that the American delegation at the Hague gave the project its vigorous support, so that it was presented to the conference in the name of four of the greatest maritime powers.
Direct Primaries and the Second Ballot
Authors: Holcombe A. N. 
Published: May 2006

One of the unsettled questions in direct primary legislation is the test of party affiliation. Upon what terms should the voter be permitted to participate in the selection of partisan candidates? Should he be required to prove past action with the party whose primary he would attend, or should a mere declaration of present intention to give it his future support suffice?The former requirement may take the form of an oath that the voter has generally supported the candidates of the party in the past, or at least at the most recent election. Such a test of party affiliation has the apparent advantage that it protects the party primary from invasion by members of other parties for improper purposes, and thus preserves the purity of the partisan nominating system. This advantage, however, is more apparent than real. There is no effective way of discovering a case of perjury without at the same time violating the secrecy of the general election ballot. An oath which can be neither gainsaid nor corroborated excludes only the conscientious voters, who do not need it, and admits the unscrupulous members of all parties.A less objectionable test of party affiliation may take the form of a declaration that the voter has not participated in the primary election of any other party within a prescribed interval. This declaration may be enforced by a system of party registration, which will impose material obstacles to capricious or dishonest changes of party affiliation.
Expansion of the Publications of the Department of State
Authors: Colegrove Kenneth 
Published: May 2006

In all countries, the publications of the foreign office hold a peculiar position among government documents. Statesmen appear to be more reticent in informing the public on foreign relations than in regard to any other governmental function. This reticence seems to obtain in democracies as well as autocracies. There are exceptions, such as post-war Germany and Soviet Russia, where the new governments entered upon a policy of disclosing almost everything in past diplomacy for the purpose of exposing the incompetency of the Hohenzollern and Romanov régimes. But these exceptions are conspicuously few. It is, of course, too much to expect foreign offices to publish all diplomatic correspondence and official reports. Some of these communications concern private persons whose affairs should not be exhibited to public gaze. Other papers contain tentative proposals and counter-proposals made in the course of negotiations, and should not, in fairness to all governments involved, be published at the time. Finally, much of the correspondence is merely routine. Nevertheless, it will probably be generally conceded that in a democracy the people ought to have opportunity for wide information regarding the conduct of foreign relations.In the United States the chief official sources of information include: the President's annual message, Foreign Relations, the Treaty Series, mimeographed press releases, the Register of the Department of State and other lists, and occasional documents issued by the Department of State. It has been the practice of the President to devote a large portion of his annual message to Congress to a resumé of international relations for the year.
Scientific Management of the Public Business
Authors: Cooke Morris L. 
Published: May 2006

The evolution of business organization is from the unsystematized through the systematized to the scientific. Governmental work—federal, state and municipal—is still almost exclusively in the unsystematized stage.Among the causes of municipal inefficiency are the attempt to hamper and control the action of individuals by a multiplicity of petty restrictions unknown in private business, and the separation of the municipal service into scores of divisions with little or no mutuality of interest. Both of these practices tend to prevent group action in the large sense. But undoubtedly the greatest bar to efficiency is the unwillingness to trust the individual as shown by the attempt to thwart evil or selfish designs of the official by board control. This committee management is in my opinion, the most costly hallucination of democracy. As a present day cause of expensive and inefficient government, this bulwark of the stand patter, of special privilege, of the politician and of the crook makes other influences tending in the same direction such as the complacency of civil service and the lack of definite standards, seem almost negligible.
Some Neglected Factors in Law-Making
Authors: Bruncken Ernest 
Published: May 2006

An obscure member of a legislative body dictates to his stenographer a document called a bill and submits it to the legislature. The bill goes through all the various stages provided, receives on its way more or less desultory discussion, mostly of an ex parte character, is adopted by a legislature, of whose members a majority have but the slightest, if any, acquaintance with its contents; is signed by the governor, and now has become a part of the law of the land.In some law report, I find that a learned and famous judge, speaking on behalf of his brethren of the bench, with whom he has first consulted, enunciates a certain unfamiliar rule as being the law of the land. The court has come to this conclusion, not hastily nor without a serious attempt to understand the rule in all its possible bearings, but after careful study, assisted by the written and oral arguments of able counsel, who on their part have made an elaborate and profound study of the question, from differing points of view. Moreover, the question had already been considered, with hardly less thoroughness, in the court from which the case was appealed.
The Need for the Development of Political Science Engineering
Authors: Dennison Henry S. 
Published: May 2006

In the early days of factory management, when the problems and conditions were relatively simple, it fell to the lot of all sorts of human folk to manage the various jobs involved. Each used his own peculiar method and, naturally enough, it came into general belief that ability in management was an instinctive knack, that managers were born, not made, that few if any rules could be laid down, and that little could be learned by one from another. Even in the earliest days, a small handful of men called attention to the fact that management measures and forms of organization could be better or worse adapted to their uses; but for generations the suggestion passed unheeded.As the problems and conditions of factory management grew more complex and exacting, more men came to believe that the art of management was something more than an intuitive and highly personal knack. Before the Great War, a fair nucleus was beginning to study the art from the point of view of the forces involved, and with an eye to causes and effects. And the war experience of manufacturing strange materials, shifting conditions upside down, built up this nucleus into a very fair working minority.
Congress—Problem, Diagnosis, Proposals: Second Progress Report of the American Political Science Association's Committee on Congress
Authors: Dimock Marshall E. , Herring Pendleton , Jacobstein Meyer , Leigh Robert D. , Wallace Benjamin B. , Wallace Schuyler C. , Galloway George B. 
Published: May 2006

The problem with which your Committee has been concerned since its appointment early in 1941 is the place of Congress in the American scheme of government under the emergency conditions of peace and war that have prevailed during the past decade. We have asked ourselves such questions as these:1. What changes have taken place in the relations between Congress and the Executive? Why? Has there been in fact any surrender of power and responsibility by Congress? If so, to what extent? How can an organic and continuous relationship between Congress and the Executive be established?