bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biodefense Priorities in Life‐science Research: Chemical Threat Agents
Authors: Jett David A. , Platoff Gennady E. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractChemicals pose a threat to the United States military and civilian populations because they are relatively inexpensive and easy to obtain, and have the potential to cause mass casualties if released by accident, natural disaster, or by a deliberate act. Chemical threat agents include nerve agents, vesicating or blister agents, pulmonary agents, and blood agents or metabolic poisons. The traditional chemical warfare agents include the organophosphorus nerve agents such as sarin and VX, and the mustard vesicating agents. These remain in several stockpiles around the world. Toxic industrial chemicals (TICs) manufactured, stored, and transported across the nation are not regulated as strictly as traditional warfare agents, and many are stored in large amounts and are readily available. Unfortunately and unlike biological and radiation threats, there are many examples of human suffering and death after deliberate releases of chemical welfare agents (CWAs) (sarin, sulfur mustard) and TICs (cyanide, chlorine). Requirements for an effective response to a civilian chemical event include (i) post exposure treatments that are effective within an often short therapeutic time window, (ii) drugs and devices that can be used by medical personnel at the scene of the event or in a pre hospital setting to treat many victims, (iii) drugs and devices that are appropriate for a diverse population including pediatric and elderly victims, and individuals with preexisting medical conditions, and (iv) rapid and effective diagnostic technologies to determine the chemical agent and pathophysiology. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) has developed a research program called Countermeasures Against Chemical Threats (CounterACT) to develop new and improved diagnostic technologies and therapies. This program has identified several new opportunities to develop better medical intervention strategies that treat the most severe symptoms, and broad spectrum drugs that target common physiological mechanisms of injury that could be used to treat victims exposed to many different kinds of chemicals. CounterACT and other programs at Department of Health and Humman Services (DHHS) charged with this important goal are essential to national security and will require strong support to meet the challenges ahead. It will require a commitment that is consistent with the cost and time required for drug discovery and development, and should support research at the basic, translational, and clinical levels.
Treatability of Contaminants in Conventional Systems
Authors: Fox Kim R. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Once the drinking water is contaminated (either intentionally or unintentionally), the water must be treated prior to use or disposal. This article describes the techniques that can be used to remove classes of contaminants from contaminated water. The removal efficiencies are generally stated since much depends on specific water qualities, contaminant concentration, and other parameters that are site or water specific.
Inherently Secure Next‐Generation Computing and Communication Networks for Reducing Cascading Impacts
Authors: Evans Robert P. , Hammond Virgil B. , Shamsuddin Shabbir A. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractIn the post 9/11 time frame there has emerged a greater recognition, supported by Presidential Directives on the subject, of the need for cyber security to be applied to all phases of information and control systems technology. This article offers a brief discussion of factors critical to success in assessing and defining cyber security risk. There is also a review of a number of parameters that are relevant when assessing an organization's security posture with respect to interdependency with other critical infrastructures and reduction of cascading impacts.The article also addresses considerations relative to the need for hardened supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems, through adherence to one or more established sets of cyber security standards or guidelines and by adoption of new security technologies, techniques, and best practices. The article identifies several existing cyber security standards, some of which have been the subjects of comparison studies by analysts working under contract with the government. These studies identified relevant gaps and in the overall security coverage.
Implications of Regulation on the Protection of Critical Infrastructures
Authors: Haffenden Rebecca 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
In analyzing the security of a nation's infrastructure facilities, the regulatory environment governing the infrastructure or infrastructure asset/facility must be considered. Nonsecurity‐related regulations should be reviewed and their impact should be determined before developing infrastructure security/vulnerability assessment methodologies, recommending protective measures, undertaking research and development activities, and/or imposing security regulations/requirements on infrastructure assets/facilities.
Critical Infrastructure Protection Decision Making
Authors: Powell Dennis R. , DeLand Sharon M. , Samsa Michael E. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
This article discusses the critical infrastructure protection decision support system (CIPDSS), a risk‐informed decision support system that provides insights into making critical infrastructure protection decisions by considering all critical infrastructures and their primary interdependencies. CIPDSS is a suite of simulation models that provide high‐level aggregate functional representation of critical infrastructures and their primary interactions. CIPDSS is also a set of software, analysis procedures, and decision support tools that are designed to provide insight into disruption scenarios by first estimating consequences and subsequently evaluating potential mitigation alternatives. A decision modeling process presents the simulation results in a risk‐informed framework to indicate decision preferences over the modeled alternatives. Even though CIPDSS is not asset specific, it is appropriate for initial overview studies or as a screening tool for higher resolution models. Three CIPDSS applications of threat scenarios are presented: a bomb threat to telecommunications, a contagious disease threat, and a chemical threat from an accidental release of a toxic industrial chemical.
Analysis of Cascading Infrastructure Failures
Authors: Dobson Ian 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThis chapter considers networked infrastructures with large numbers of interacting components such as electric power transmission grids. Initial infrastructure failures due to an attack or accident become widespread catastrophes by a process of cascading failures. In cascading failures, the failures successively weaken the system and make further failures more likely. The emerging quantitative methods to process and interpret data produced by simulations of cascading failure are described. The cascading failure is modeled as a probabilistic branching process. Estimating the initial distribution of failures and the average propagation of failures can efficiently predict the probability distribution of the total failure size. This ongoing research aims to quantify the risk of rare, high‐impact, large infrastructure disruptions so that this risk may be managed.
Finding Inadvertent Release of Information
Authors: Srihari Rohini K. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe common interpretation of this topic is the accidental release of sensitive information such as e‐mail or classified documents. However, this topic also addresses the issue that independently generated information, by multiple authors at different times, may together reveal more information than intended. The public website of a large organization may inadvertently disseminate sensitive information that is more than what is required using a need‐to‐know policy. The security of publicly disseminated information is a critical component of cyber‐infrastructure and homeland security. The key problem in identifying such information involves inferences across multiple documents, since the information contained in a single document may on its own be innocuous. For example, one could synthesize the schedule of an important official by mining the web for announcements of his appearances. Techniques for detecting such vulnerabilities are complex and range from semiautomated methods using search engines to state‐of‐the‐art research in text mining.
Naturalistic Decision Making, Expertise, and Homeland Security
Authors: Salas Eduardo , Rosen Michael A. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe effectiveness of performance on Homeland Security (HS) tasks depends on the knowledge and skill of individuals and teams. Consequently, a robust understanding of the nature of human expertise and how this is applied in complex real world decision making tasks can help to guide the development of HS systems and prepare HS personnel for their tasks. This chapter reviews the Naturalistic Decision Making research tradition and describes how this set of theories, methods and findings can contribute to HS efforts.
Social, Psychological, and Communication Impacts of an Agroterrorism Attack
Authors: Becker Steven M. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractAlthough increasing attention is being devoted to many aspects of agroterrorism preparedness and response, far less consideration has been given to social, psychological, and communication issues. Yet, the manner in which these issues are approached will be one of the principal determinants of an agroterrorism event's outcome. To gain a better understanding of the range of potential impacts, this article examines the 2001 foot‐and‐mouth disease experience in the United Kingdom. Although the outbreak was not the result of terrorism, its rapid spread, huge scale, and widespread effects provide valuable insights into the kinds of social, psychological, and communication challenges that could arise during a major agroterrorism event. The implications for preparedness and response are explored, and several recommendations are then presented for better addressing the social, psychological, and communication impacts of agroterrorism. The article closes with a discussion of continuing research needs.
Insects As Vectors Of Foodborne Pathogens
Authors: Zurek Ludek , Gorham J. Richard 
Published: November 2008

AbstractMany of the numerous species of insects that are attracted to food and to food‐contact surfaces carry on or within their bodies a plethora of bacteria and other microbes, some of which are capable of causing disease in humans and domestic animals. Strict adherence to standard sanitation practices and constant vigilance at all levels of the food chain are the primary lines of defense against incidents of foodborne disease. Flies and cockroaches are notable for their habits of indiscriminately visiting both pathogen‐laden substrates and food destined for human or domestic animal consumption. Ants that enter buildings are both indefatigable foragers and reliable carriers and disseminators of any pathogens they happen to acquire. The moths and beetles that live in dry cereal foods are capable of transporting fungal spores within the food material. It is not possible to prevent all instances of contamination of food by pathogens carried by insects. However, that eventuality can be minimized by implementing a four‐pronged program, AIM=F: anticipate—document all possible scenarios by which insects might contaminate food; inform—train all persons associated with the food chain to recognize danger when they see it; mitigate—develop and practice protocols to quickly deal with any actual or potential incident of food contamination by insects; frustrate—utilizing the first three action measures will neutralize or minimize any deliberate attempt to effect a bioterror incident.
Risk Assessment, Risk Management, and Preventive Best Practices for Retailers and Foodservice Establishments
Authors: Albrecht Julie A. , Strohbehn Catherine H. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Consumers in the United States purchase the majority of their food from retail and foodservice establishments and expect it to be safe, although they are more confident that food is safe from natural contaminants than from terrorist tampering [1]. Increased consolidation within the retail food industry and globalization of food sources raise vulnerability of intentional contamination. Retail outlets rely on food wholesalers to procure food from food manufacturing plants. Because of recent events, there is an increased awareness of the potential for intentional contamination of the food supply from biological or chemical agents. Retail food outlets and wholesalers need to develop skills in risk assessment and risk management specific to their operations as they pertain to physical and human elements. Preventative best practices are included for managers to be proactive and minimize risk from intentional threats to their food supply.
Livestock Agroterrorism and the Potential Public Health Risk
Authors: Hueston William D. , Singleton Stephan 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Although no nation has suffered a livestock agroterrorism incident in recent times, the potential risk to both animal and public health must be considered. Public health impacts will accompany livestock agroterrorism regardless of whether the agent involved causes human illness and death. Because of limited scientific literature on agroterrorism, the nature and extent of these public health impacts must be extrapolated from studies of natural disasters and bioterrorism incidents aimed at people. The stress of intentional animal disease outbreaks will cause mental health problems including depression, posttraumatic stress syndrome, and suicide in some of the farmers affected by the incident and the first responders involved. The indirect public health impacts of livestock agroterrorism may even be greater due to the disruptions of social well being. The animal disease outbreak can devastate animal agriculture in a region or country, undermining the economic stability and social fabric of rural communities and, in the worst situations, threatening the perceived safety and availability of foods of animal origin. In addition, the unintended consequences of large‐scale animal disease control programs may exacerbate financial damage and social isolation for individuals and communities. Reducing the potential impacts of livestock agroterrorism on public health requires expanded preparedness activities for rural communities and the nation that include significant public–private partnership. The economic impacts of livestock agroterrorism must be moderated in order to limit the secondary societal health problems and public health infrastructure disruption.
Carcass Disposal Options
Authors: Nutsch Abbey , Kastner Justin 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
The enormous, complex, and relatively open nature of the US animal agriculture and food system, combined with its economic importance, makes it a potential target for a terrorist attack. Furthermore, vulnerability to catastrophic losses due to disease outbreaks, regardless of whether accidental or intentionally introduced, is accentuated by the ever‐increasing concentration of modern animal production operations and the tremendous mobility of food‐animal populations. In the event of an animal agriculture emergency involving widespread livestock deaths, the disposal of large numbers of carcasses can present daunting challenges. This article presents an overview of key attributes of several carcass disposal options, including burial, landfill, incineration, rendering, composting, and alkaline hydrolysis. The most appropriate disposal option—or options—in the event of an emergency will be determined by a host of factors, including the nature of the incident, the animal species affected, the type of disease (if disease related), the number of carcasses involved, the availability and capacity of disposal options, and other considerations unique to individual locations. Planning for carcass disposal well in advance of an emergency will help responders minimize the impact of an incident and maximize protection of public health and the environment.
Optimal Investments in Mitigating Agroterrorism Risks
Authors: Nganje William E. , Lewis Andrew , Wilson William 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
This study provides a framework to value investments to mitigate possible agroterrorism occurrences in the food supply chain and to determine where these investments would reduce the most risk. This framework is applied to the milk industry, which is one sector of the food industry that could be at risk. Stochastic optimization method is used to determine the costs and risk premiums of alternative investments with real‐time tracking possibilities. The real options method along with a portfolio of options, also referred to as the “tomato garden” framework, is used to determine where and when alternative intervention strategies should be implemented to reduce the most risk.
Mid‐Infrared Sensors for The Rapid Analysis of Select Microbial Food Borne Pathogens
Authors: Mauer Lisa J. , Reuhs Bradley L. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractFourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy methods enable chemical discrimination of intact bacterial cells or cell components and have potential use for the rapid detection and analysis of foodborne pathogens. This article presents a review of FTIR techniques and sensors for bacterial analysis, as well as advantages, disadvantages, and challenges that remain for the development of FTIR pathogen detection methods.
Authentication, Authorization, Access Control, and Privilege Management
Authors: Ferraiolo David , Kuhn Rick , Hu Vincent 
Published: November 2008

AbstractAuthentication is the process of verifying the identity or authority of a network or system user (which can be a human user, or a computer‐based process or device) through a secure means, such as digital signatures, passwords, tokens, or biometric features. Authorization, which takes place after authentication, refers to the privileges granted to an authenticated user who has requested access to services or resources. The concepts of authentication and authorization are interdependent; authorization to use a network or system resource frequently includes establishing the identity of the user requesting access or verifying that a trusted third party has certified that the user is entitled to the access requested. Privilege is a security attribute shared by users whose identities have been authenticated. Access control and privilege management begin with the administrative and mechanical process of defining, enabling, and limiting the operations that users can perform on specific system resources. The permission or limitation of operations is based on the business rules or access policies of the organization.
Attack Traceback and Attribution
Authors: Guan Yong , Zhang Linfeng 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Traceback and attribution are performed during or after cyber violations and attacks to identify where an attack originated; how it propagated; and what computer(s) and person(s) were responsible. The goal of traceback capabilities is to determine the path from a victimized network or system through any intermediate systems and communication pathways, back to the point of attack origination. In some cases, the computers launching an attack may themselves be compromised hosts being controlled remotely from a system one or more levels further removed from the system under attack. Attribution is the process of determining the identity of the source of a cyber attack. Types of attribution can include both digital identity (computer, user account, Internet Protocol (IP) address, or enabling software) and physical identity (the actual person using the computer from which an attack originated).
Cyber Forensics
Authors: Rogers Marcus K. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
This article provides an overview of the developing field of cyber forensics. Cyber forensics is an integral component of information assurance and security, law enforcement, protection of intellectual property, counter terrorism, and homeland security. The article covers three main topics: (i) scientific overview, (ii) critical needs analysis, and (iii) research directions. Subtopics for discussion include the context of digital forensic science (DFS) and cyber forensics/DE, emerging standards and process model(s), current and near term issues and challenges, and future directions for the field. The article provides suggestions for further reading for those interested in a more in depth coverage of this field.
Threat Signatures of Explosive Materials
Authors: Theisen Lisa 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
This article describes how the properties of explosive compounds and materials can place them into categories for their detection (trace or bulk technologies) and for the application (detection of explosives carried by humans or contained in inanimate objects such as packages or vehicles). Because some bulk techniques employ ionizing radiation for creating images of the suspect item, they are unsafe for human application and therefore trace detection methodologies, including chemical analysis or canine investigation, are more appropriate. The article identifies commonly employed explosive compounds and how current technologies exploit their inherent properties to detect the presence of explosives, in either residue (microscopic) or bulk (macroscopic) quantities.
Functionalization of Porous Carbon Materials with Designed Pore Architecture
Authors: Stein Andreas , Wang Zhiyong , Fierke Melissa A. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractRecent progress in syntheses of porous carbons with designed pore architecture has rejuvenated the field of carbon chemistry and promises to provide new advanced materials. In order to reap the full benefit of designer carbons, it is necessary to develop chemistries for functionalizing the porous carbon surfaces. This Review examines methods of functionalizing porous carbon through direct incorporation of heteroatoms in the carbon synthesis, surface oxidation and activation, halogenation, sulfonation, grafting, attachment of nanoparticles and surface coating with polymers. Methods of characterizing the functionalized carbon materials and applications that benefit from functionalized nanoporous carbons with designed architecture are also highlighted.