bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Food and nutrient availability in New Zealand: an analysis of supermarket sales data
Authors: Hamilton Sally , Mhurchu Cliona Ni , Priest Patricia 
Published: July 2007

AbstractObjectiveTo examine food and nutrient availability in New Zealand using supermarket sales data in conjunction with a brand-specific supermarket food composition database (SFD).DesignThe SFD was developed by selecting the top-selling supermarket food products and linking them to food composition data from a variety of sources, before merging with individualised sales data. Supermarket food and nutrient data were then compared with data from national nutrition and household budget/economic surveys.SettingA supermarket in Wellington, New Zealand.SubjectsEight hundred and eighty-two customers (73% female; mean age 38 years) who shopped regularly at the participating supermarket store and for whom electronic sales data were available for the period February 2004–January 2005.ResultsTop-selling supermarket food products included full-fat milk, white bread, sugary soft drinks and butter. Key food sources of macronutrients were similar between the supermarket sales database and national nutrition surveys. For example, bread was the major source of energy and contributed 12–13% of energy in all three data sources. Proportional expenditure on fruit, vegetables, meat, poultry, fish, farm products and oils, and cereal products recorded in the Household Economic Survey and supermarket sales data were within 2% of each other.ConclusionsElectronic supermarket sales data can be used to evaluate a number of important aspects of food and nutrient availability. Many of our findings were broadly comparable with national nutrition and food expenditure survey data, and supermarket sales have the advantage of being an objective, convenient, up-to-date and cost-effective measure of household food purchases.
Krachtvoer: effect evaluation of a Dutch healthful diet promotion curriculum for lower vocational schools
Authors: Martens Marloes K , Van Assema Patricia , Paulussen Theo GWM , Van Breukelen Gerard , Brug Johannes 
Published: July 2007

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study was to assess the behavioural effects of a school-based healthful diet promotion intervention implemented in lower vocational schools.DesignA cluster-randomised pre-test–post-test experimental design was used, and data were collected by means of written questionnaires.SettingStudents of 18 Dutch lower vocational schools.SubjectsThe final sample consisted of 10 experimental schools with 13 teachers, 37 classes and 879 students, and eight control schools with 10 teachers, 31 classes and 734 students (total n = 1613).ResultsFixed regression analyses revealed beneficial effects on the behavioural measures relating to fruit intake (as assessed by a food frequency measure and fruit consumption during the previous day), and most behavioural measures related to high-fat snack intake (food frequency measure, and number of snacks and total fat intake from snacks during the previous day). The behavioural effects relating to breakfast habits were limited. Some positive behavioural effects occurred in the total target population, others mainly or only among students with more unfavourable intakes at baseline. Mixed regression analysis found comparable regression coefficients for the behavioural outcomes, but the effects related to fruit intake were no longer statistically significant.ConclusionsAlthough we did not find the expected effects on all outcome indicators, the total pattern of results suggest that Krachtvoer offered a surplus value over existing curricula. However, some programme elements need to be revised to improve effectiveness and prevent negative effects, and more information is needed about the long-term effects of the programme.
Reduced secretion of IL‐lβ by peritoneal cells from patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
Authors: HART P. H. , JONES C. A. , L.JONES K. , FINLAY‐JONES J.J. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe endogenous and lipopolysaccharide stimulated interleukin (IL)‐1β production in vitro by peritoneal monocytes/macrophages from patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) was examined during episodes of infection and inflammation. Measurement of immunoreactive IL‐1β and bioactive IL‐1 in both supernatants and cell lysates after culture for 18 h revealed that these cells secreted a significantly lower proportion of total IL‐1 than that measured for elutriated blood monocytes. For the inflammatory peritoneal cells, the proportion of total IL‐1β that was cell‐associated resembled that reported for more differentiated pulmonary alveolar macrophages and for adherent monocytes cultured for 18 h prior to stimulation. A similar reduced ability to secrete IL‐1β was detected for unfractionated peritoneal cells from CAPD patients without peritonitis upon direct comparison with the IL‐1β production by blood mononuclear cells from the same patients. These results suggested that at a time when a pro‐inflammatory response by extravasated host monocytes/macrophages was required by CAPD patients with peritonitis, only a minor proportion of total IL‐1β would be available extracellularly. This study highlights the rapidity with which extravasated monocytes lose their ability to secrete IL‐lβ and raises the possibility that an important site of utilization of IL‐1βin vivo may be intracellular in its location.
A re‐examination of the molecular basis of cell movement
Authors: TOONEY PAUL A. , AGREZ MICHAEL V. , BURNS GORDON F. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryA model for cell movement is presented. It is suggested that cells do not migrate on collagen using their VLA (very late antigen) integrins that bind this extra cellular matrix protein. Rather, the cells utilize αv integrins to bind endogenously produced fibronectin, which binds to the underlying collagen. It is envisaged that cells proceed by a process of engagement and disengagement of αv integrins to the extracellular matrix, somewhat analogous to the motion of a monkey climbing a tree. Secretion of isoforms of the adhesion modulator, thrombospondin, regulates disengagement of the integrin from its ligand in migrating cells. The integrin disengagement signal is mediated by thrombospondin cross‐linking the αv integnn to an integrin accessory molecule and thus activating protein kinases. The cross‐linked receptor complex undergoes recycling back along actin stress fibres, guided by the integrin β‐subunit. After endocytosis and protein sorting the αv integrin is transported back to the leading edge off migrating cells in vesicles guided by the tubulin‐binding capabilities of an integrin accessory molecule. Direct attachment to collagen required for processes, such as matrix contraction, is mediated by VLA integrins which displace αv integrins from points of attachment during integrin recycling, possibly through an αvβ1, intermediary receptor.
Selective modification and immune evasion: A hypothesis
Authors: KUMAR SANJEEV 
Published: July 2007

SummaryA hypothesis is proposed asking why enzyme neutralization is not an effective host‐response to a parasite despite the fact that some parasite housekeeping enzymes are highly immunogenic. It is hypothesized that although the structural domain can be immunogenic, the active sites of the parasite enzyme molecules have converged evolutionarily to resemble the functional part (active sites) of host's enzyme molecules, by structural modification/rearrangement (amino acid substitution/polypeptide chain folding) with the effect: (i) of functional adaptation to the host environment; and (ii) to escape detection of active sites by the host as non‐self, allowing the parasite to be exposed to antiparasite enzyme antibodies, without deleterious effects on the parasite.
Studies on the antibody response of mice and humans after immunization with potential influenza virus A (H1N1) vaccines
Authors: POUMBOURIOS P. , OXFORD J. S. , JACKSON D. C. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe antibody response of mice and adult humans to immunization with subunit vaccines derived from a pair of antigenically distinct influenza A H1N1 viruses isolated in eggs was investigated. Although the haemagglutination molecule of each virus differed by only three amino acid residues, highly specific antibody responses were elicited in mice as determined by haemagglutination inhibition and radioimmunoprecipitation assays. Results from competitive radioimmunoassays using monoclonal antibodies of known specificity and a study of the reactivity of mouse antisera with H1N1 field strains indicated that the marked differences in the antibody responses to the two vaccines was due to an amino acid substitution in the distal tip of the haemagglutinin molecule. In contrast, crossreactive antibody responses were elicited in humans presumably due to exposure to viruses related to the candidate vaccine prior to vaccination. Although immunogenic differences are apparent in this pair of antigenically distinct viruses in naive laboratory animals, these differences are not apparent following vaccination of humans that had prior exposure to related viruses.
Inhibition of burn‐associated suppressor cell generation by glycyrrhizin through the induction of contrasuppressor T cells
Authors: KOBAYASHI M. , SCHMITT D. A. , UTSUNOMIYA T. , POLLARD R. B. , SUZUKI F. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe inhibitory effect of glycyrrhizin (GR), an anti‐inflammatory Chinese herbal drug extracted from licorice roots, on the generation of suppressor T cells in thermally injured mice (TI‐mice) was investigated. The burn‐associated suppressor T cell (BTs cell) activity was demonstrated in splenic mononuclear cells (SMNC) from mice 2 to 8 days after thermal injury when suppressor cell activity was assayed in a one‐way mixed lymphocyte reaction. However, when TI‐mice were treated with GR, SMNC harvested 6 days after thermal injury showed no suppressor cell activity. This activity of GR demonstrated a dose‐response effect, with a dose of 10 mg/kg exhibiting peak levels of the activity. Since GR had no direct inactivating activities against BTs cellsin vitro, the inhibitory effect of SMNC, derived from TI‐mice treated with GR, on the activity of BTs cells was examined in the same mixed lymphocyte reaction system, and the results showed that the SMNC from GR‐treated mice 6 days after thermal injury counteracted the activity of BTs cells. The type of cell responsible for this inhibition of BTs cell activities was a CD3+, L3T4+,Vicia villosalectin‐adherent T cell with the same phenotypic properties previously exhibited by contrasuppressor cells. These results suggest that GR may regulate the generation of BTs cells through the induction of contrasuppressor cells. Since there are many reports describing septic infections due to the appearance of BTs cells in postburn patients, it may be possible to apply GR or blood preparations containing contrasuppressor cell populations induced by GR in healthy volunteers into immunosuppressed burn patients to avoid infections.
Gastric parietal cell development: Expression of the H+/K+ ATPase subunits coincides with the biogenesis of the secretory membranes
Authors: PETTITT JOHN M. , TOH BAN‐HOCK , CALLAGHAN JUDY M. , GLEESON PAUL A. , VAN DRIEL IAN R. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe early development of the parietal cell in the embryonic murine gastric mucosa was investigated with particular attention paid to the biogenesis of the secretory membranes and the localization of the gastric H+/K+/ ATPase α and β subunits. Gastric glands were recognized in the day 18 foetus. However, at this stage in development no parietal cells could be distinguished ultrastructurally in the glands, and no immunoreactivity was detected with monoclonal antibodies to either the α or β subunits of the gastric H+/K+ ATPase. In the 19 day embryo, parietal cells were recognizable morphologically by the presence of slender microvilli on the apical (lumenal) surface and differentiating intracellular canaliculi in the apical cytoplasm. Both subunits of the proton pump were found to be specifically associated with the apical and canalicular membranes and with the membranes of relatively large vesicles distributed in the subapical cytoplasm and the cytoplasm surrounding the canaliculi. In the parietal cells of the day 1 neonate, the intracellular canaliculi had extended basally to form the extensive compartments typical of parietal cells in the adult animal. Again, profiles of vesicles showing H+/K+ ATPase immunoreactivity were present in the pericanalicular cytoplasm. These results indicate that the intracellular canaliculi are formed by expansion of the apical surface and suggest that the delivery of newly synthesized gastric H+/K+ ATPase α and β subunits to the apical plasma membrane is mediated by typical Golgi transport vesicles. The large immunoreactive vesicles that occur in the apical and pericanalicular cytoplasm of the developing cells may represent artifacts generated by fixation‐induced fragmentation of the differentiating canalicular membrane system during preparation.
Detection of mosaic protein mRNA in human astrocytes
Authors: AVERY V. M. , ADRIAN D. L. , GORDON D. L. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryMosaic proteins consist of a group of proteins that may be comprised of one or more types of a variety of different structural modules and have a diverse range of functions. We have examined primary human astrocyte cultures for the presence of three mosaic proteins, B2I and the complement proteins factor H and properdin. Using the polymerase chain reaction and an enhanced chemiluminescence detection technique, we were able to show that mRNA transcripts for each of these proteins are expressed in human astrocytes.
An analysis of the relationship between γδ T cell receptor V gene usage and non‐major histocompatibility complex‐restricted cytotoxicity
Authors: MAVADDAT N. , ROBINSON B. W. S. , ROSE A. H. , MANNING L. S. , GARLEPP M. J. 
Published: July 2007

Summaryγδ T cells are capable of mediating non‐major histocompatibility complex (MHC) restricted lysis of a variety of tumour cell lines. The mechanism of this lysis and its significance in tumour immunity are not clear. We have used a panel of five malignant mesothelioma (MM) cell lines, as well as standard tumour targets K562 and Daudi, to investigate some of the factors which could be involved in non‐MHC restricted cytotoxicity mediated by γδ T cells. Individual MM ceil lines, representing a panel of lines derived from a single cell type, varied in their susceptibility to lysis by γδ T cell clones. Individual γδ T cell clones also showed unique cytotoxic profiles, and differed in their cytotoxic potential. T cell receptor (TCR) γδ gene usage correlated with the ability of clones to lyse Daudi or K562; clones lysing Daudi expressing Vγ9 and clones lysing K562 expressing VγI subgroup genes. No strict correlation between Vγ and Vδ gene usage and MM reactivity was, however, demonstrable. There was also no correlation between yδ T cell lysis of MM cell lines and the capacity of γδ T cells to produce interferon‐γ, tumour necrosis factor‐α, interleukin‐2 or interleukin‐4, nor with their expression of CD8.
CD45 isoform transitions on multinegative human thymocytes differentiating in vitro mimic patterns predicted for selective events in vivo
Authors: PILARSKI LINDA M. , DEANS JULIE P. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryExperiments were designed to test the idea that the patterns of CD45 isoform expressed by differentiating human multinegative (MN) thymocytes (CD3−4−8−19−)are regulated by the type of growth or activation stimuli delivered. We have proposed that within the thymus, CD45RA expression is fundamental to maintenance of the thymic generative lineage while a transition to CD45RO indicates entry into the path of intrathymic death. It seems likely that the signal transduction pathways leading to positive selection are different from those leading to negative selection.Upon culture, MN thymocytes proliferate in response to interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) or anti‐CD2/28 and differentiate as defined by acquisition of CD3 as well as CD4 and/or CD8. Even at day 9 of culture, 30–40% of cells remain multinegative. DNA analysis indicates that both CD3− and CD3+ cells are actively cycling. Although the CD3− set includes a substantial number of cycling cells, it continues to express almost exclusively the CD45RA isoform. Among CD3+ progeny, 53–80% have acquired CD45RO while maintaining high expression of CD45RA, although 10–47% are able to maintain exclusive expression of CD45PA despite their more differentiated state. In contrast, stimulation with PHA/PMA, which gives a vigorous proliferative response, appears to inhibit acquisition of CD3 and thus differentiation, while forcing a premature transition from CD45RA to CD45RO.These in vitro systems appear to permit generative thymic development while maintaining a cycling multinegative subset, thus mimicking thymic development in vivo, permitting an exploration of the events in positive and negative selection of human thymocytes. The maintenance of CD45RA expression with co‐expression of CD45RO by CD3+ progeny in cultures supplemented with IL‐2 or anti‐CD2/28, in contrast to the loss of CD45RA after PHA stimulation, shows that the regulation of CD45 isoform expression is closely linked to the nature of the developmental signals received by a thymocyte.
The trophoblast as an integral component of a macrophage‐cytokine network
Authors: GUILBERT LARRY , ROBERTSON SARAH A. , WEGMANN THOMAS G. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe trophoblast, an epithelial cell of fetal origin that forms the physical barrier between the mother and developing conceptus, becomes a component of the host immune system during pregnancy. Of the classical immune cells, it most closely resembles the macrophage, also present in high numbers in the pregnant uterus. The macrophage and trophoblast, as cell classes, share characteristics such as phagocytosis, syncytialization, invasiveness, expression of the proteins CD4, CD14, IgG receptor (FcR), non‐specific esterase, granulocyte macrophage‐CSF (GM‐CSF), Colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF‐l), interleukin‐I (IL‐1), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), tumour necrosis factor (TNF‐α), transforming growth factors (TGF), platelet‐α derived growth factor (PDGF) and receptors for these cytokines. In the uterus both cell types appear regulated by a common element, the uterine epithelium, that secretes cytokines such as CSF‐1, GM‐CSF, TNFα, TGFβ, IL‐6, and leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) that target both macrophages and trophoblasts. The common characteristics and regulation that make teleological sense in terms of co‐ordinating local uterine immunity during pregnancy may also be important in transmission of congenital diseases such as AIDS. The production by the uterine epithelium of a number of cytokines previously only associated with mononuclear phagocyte production and function predicts the existence of a similar, but broader, shared cytokine network encompassing trophoblast and the principal immune regulatory cell, the T lymphocyte.
Production of vaccines against gastrointestinal nematodes of livestock
Authors: EMERY DAVID L. , McCLURE SUSAN J. , WAGLAND BARRY M. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThree international collaborations involving Australian research scientists are currently developing vaccines against Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus and Ostertagia parasites using recombinant DNA technology. The variety of protective antigens identified can be classified as ‘conventional’ (stimulate naturally acquired immunity) or ‘novel/’covert‘/’concealed’ (protective once immunity is induced by vaccination). To date, the most gratifying progress has resulted in 60–90% protection against Haemonchus and other blood‐sucking parasites (e.g. ticks) using novel antigens, where high titres of serum antibody ingested by feeding worms leads to their demise. A great deal of research effort is unravelling the complexity of naturally acquired immunity so that conventional antigens, which may be the principal means of removing ‘mucosal‐browsing’ parasites, may be formulated and delivered to achieve optimal efficacy. This work reveals that to remove early stages of parasites before they take up residence, deliberate induction of hypersensitivity responses akin to asthma, may be a desirable goal for vaccines and that the two models have much in common.
Immunocastration of colts and immunospeying of fillies
Authors: DOWSETT K. F. , TSHEWANG U. , KNOTT L. M. , JACKSON A. E. , TRIGG T. E. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryA series of experiments using an ovalbumin conjugated gonadotrophin releasing hormone was used to stimulate antibody production, suppress testosterone secretion and depress testicular function in yearling and 2 year old colts and fillies. In the preliminary experiment, an injectable oil–based formulation was administered to yearling colts. Testicular development and testosterone secretion were retarded for a period of ∼ 28–32 weeks while antibody titres were greater than 1 : 1000. An implant and water–soluble vaccine (200 and 400 mg) is presently being tested in 2 year old colts. Testicular dimensions and testosterone concentrations decreased following vaccination. Preliminary results indicate that the effects of the implant are reversible and last for approximately 30 weeks. The water–soluble vaccine produced effective antibodies for 10–19 weeks. Plasma testosterone of all colts was reduced to gelding levels (0.2 ng/mL) while antibody titres were greater than 1 : 1000. Semen evaluation, morphometric analysis and daily sperm production data indicate that the testes recovered normal function. These experiments are continuing and more definitive data on the vaccine and its reversibility will be available at their conclusion. Ovarian activity of the treated fillies (200 and 400 mg) ceased soon after vaccination. Their progesterone concentrations have remained below 1 ng/mL for 20 weeks. The untreated control fillies have continued to cycle normally as determined by ovarian ultrasonography and progesterone concentrations.
Production of interleukin‐lα and interleukin‐2 by separate, phenotypically different leukaemia and T cell lymphotropic virus‐1‐transformed T cell clones
Authors: HOLÁŇ V. , MINOWADA J. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe relationship between interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) and interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) production and immunophenotype marker profiles was studied in a panel of 29 leukaemia and human T cell lymphotropic virus‐l (HTLV‐1)‐transformed T cell lines. Culture supernatants from six of the 29 T cell lines tested increased IL‐2 production by the MOLT‐16 cell line in a manner similar to that of rIL‐1α or rIL‐1β. The enhancing activity in the cell culture supernatants was inhibited by antibody against IL‐1α. Anti‐IL‐1β antibody bad no inhibitory effect. All the cell lines producing IL‐1α had characteristics of activated mature T cells. They were terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase (TdT)−, CD4+, CD8−, HLA‐DR+ and all were strongly positive for IL‐2Rα (Tac antigen) expression. However, none of the IL‐1α producing cell lines secreted detectable IL‐2. A significant quantity of IL‐2 was found, after stimulation with phytohaemagglutinin, in supernatants from nine of the 29 cell lines tested. The majority of IL‐2 producing cell lines originated from less mature, non‐activated T cells, as they were characterized by the expression of TdT, lack of HLA‐DR antigens and > 50% had no detectable IL‐2Rα. The results thus show that separate, phenotypically different leukaemia and HTLV‐1‐transformed T cell clones produce IL‐1α and lL‐2. While IL‐1α production is exclusively confined to the cell lines having the phenotype of activated mature T cells, the IL‐2 producing cell lines have much more diverse origins in terms of their stage of maturation.