bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Compositional Simulation Studies as Aid to Development of Gas-Condensate Reservoirs at Adhi Field, Pakistan
Authors: Abid M. S. , Mateen K. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The Adhi field has two main producing horizons, Tobra and Khewra. Both are gas condensate reservoirs with reservoir pressures just above the dewpoint pressures of reservoir fluids. Because of structural complexity, high drilling cost and retrograde nature of reservoir, fluids, compositional simulation1 study was undertaken to examine the behaviour of field under various depletion and cycling recovery schemes. The paper describes the application of compositional simulation to evaluate the relative advantages of various production strategies in a gas-condensate reservoir. The paper also discusses the problems associated and limitations of a compositional radial model in matching the short-term test data for a well with flowing bottom hole pressure below the dewpoint pressure of reservoir fluid.
Use of well test derived permeability in the single-well model resulted in considerable condensate accumulation, sharp decrease in well deliverability and rapid rise in separator Gas/Oil ratio (GOR) not indicated in the actual well performance. Prediction runs show that gas cycling would yield an additional 3.5 percent of initial-oil-in-place (IOIP) in 18 years of production.
Evaluation of Tubing-Conveyed Perforators in Gulf of Suez Fields
Authors: Ghazali S. M. , Khalaf F. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Gulf of Suez Petroleum Company (GUPCO) introduced in 1984 the technique of perforating underbalance with a tubing conveyed gun. The early results of the first runs were very encouraging.
Since then, tubing conveyed perforation has become standard practice for nearly all new completions, workovers, and drill stem tests. The tubing conveyed perforating system has reduced completion time, reduced formation damage, and maximized well production.
This Article presents Gupco's evaluation of the tubing conveyed perforation (TCP), discusses the operational aspects of this technique, and the results of its application.
Stimulating Multilayered Carbonates in the Upper Zakum Field
Authors: Al-Tamimi Y. K. , El-Mzien N. Y. 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARY
The purpose of acid treatments fall into two basic categories: Matrix Acidizing and Fracturing Acidizing.
In Matrix acidizing the acid flow is confined to the formation 's natural pores and flow channels at bottom hole pressure less than fracturing pressure. The purpose is to increase the permeability and porosity of the producing formation.
In Fracture Acidizing the acid is injected through natural or induced formation fractures at pressure usually exceeding the fracture pressure of the formation. This type of stimulation enlarges or creates flow channels from the formation to the well bore.
In both types of acidizing, effective stimulation depends upon permeating the producing formation with an extensive network of channels, to enable hydrocarbon to flow from the reservoir rock to the well bore.
A review is made hereafter, to assess various methods as applied to stimulate complex, multilayered carbonates, in the Upper Zakum field, Offshore Abu Dhabi in the U.A.E.
The review also include a resume of a mini-frac, that was carried out to gather fracturing parameters under in-situ conditions, the objective being to investigate the possibility of creating a contained fracture without creating communication between the adjacent Thamama horizons.
Conclusions suggest that good primary cementing is essential to effective stimulation of multilayered reservoirs. Further work is needed on the feasibility of achieving good cement bond along thin 0.6-1.8m (2-6ft) of interbeds.
Current Challenge to Industry Viability: International Perspective - How to Manage the Present Without Destroying the Future
Authors: Rutman G. 
Published: December 2007

Preliminary remarks
I represent an international petroleum company which is somewhat unique to the industry:It is, in part, a Government-owned company, and it is not AmericanIt's a youngster, being only 10 years old in its present form, as compared to some of yours that have been operating for over a century.
Consequently, the views I am about to give you will not always be obvious, nor - I fear - directly applicable to American companies, given that taxation, Government regulation, and import duties often are our major problems.
Having been brought up on a Cartesian diet, it seems to me impossible to believe that management of the present could destroy the future of the oil industry, especially since the latter is in any case an unknown. I shall attempt to demonstrate to you that there is a unity between past, present and future.
To give you a common thread, and also to take account of changing customs in this aspect of life, I propose to illustrate my remarks with a few snapshots from the family album.

1. Some historical perspective
The considerable instability of the present leads me to delve into the distant past, to find other situations that suggest this current period of difficulty is only a growing pain that eventually will pass.
Scaling-Up the Capillary Imbibition Process from Laboratory Experiments on Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Samples
Authors: Hamon G. , Vidal J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACTExperimental and numerical studies investigating the validity of the prediction of reservoir matrix blocks performance from water-oil imbibition tests on small samples are reported.The reliability of the numerical predictive method is confirmed. It was checked against a complete set of laboratory imbibitions tests on homogeneous synthetic samples and heterogeneous outcrop cores for water-wet conditions. The ability to simulate a wide range of blocks heights and several different experimental boundary conditions allowing counterflow is satisfactorily verified.Experimental results highlight the effects of heterogeneity on oil recovery rate. Oil production cannot be matched when the simulation does not take the heterogeneity into account. Any attempt to use a modified capillary pressure curve in fitting experimental data can lead to large errors in recovery rate prediction. When spatial distributions of petrophysical parameters are introduced in the simulation, good agreement is obtained with the laboratory results. Finally, guidelines are proposed for scaling-up the imbibition process from laboratory to the field.
Theory and Application of a Measurement-While-Drilling Neutron Porosity Sensor
Authors: Roesler R. F. , Barnett W. C. , Paske W. C. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Until now, Measurement-While-Drilling (MWD) services providing formation evaluation information have been limited to natural gamma ray and resistivity measurements. A porosity sensor has been needed to complete the basic set of measurements required for quantitative formation evaluation. We describe the first MWD compensated neutron porosity measurement service (CNØSM)* which employs a dual-spaced, borehole-compensated detector system to measure neutron-capture gamma rays. CNØ service, when combined with existing MWD gamma ray and resistivity services, provides the basic data necessary for calculation of water saturation from MWD logs, making it possible to replace wireline logs in many situations with resulting savings in both logging costs and associated rig time. This is particularly cost effective when drilling high angle offshore development wells and in other high cost development drilling. Making the neutron porosity measurement while drilling also limits the adverse effects of borehole washout that often plague wireline porosity measurements.
An Analysis of the Design Loads Placed on a Well by a Diverter System
Authors: Beck F. E. , Langlinais J. P. , Bourgoyne A. T. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Diverter systems, used as an alternate means of well control while drilling surface hole, have a demonstrated history of failure. Of particular interest in this paper are failures related to excessive backpressure, such as mechanical failure of surface equipment or the loss of the rig due to foundation collapse. Critical flow effects, neglected by current design practices, are shown both experimentally and theoretically to have a significant effect on backpressure. Critical flow is modeled by quantifying exit pressures and by including fluid acceleration pressure losses in backpressure calculations.
"Systems analysis" of diverter operations is developed and applied to a field example, proving its effectiveness as a design method. In addition to incorporating critical flow effects, this analysis also considers wellbore and reservoir performance. Calculation methods developed to perform the systems analysis are discussed. Design procedures culminate in a method by which diverter vent line diameter, conductor depth, and drilling depth are related to identify a safe interval over which to operate the diverter system.
Microprocessor Control of Sand Concentration Improves the Quality and Versatility of Fracturing Operations
Authors: Handke W. A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A microprocessor based control system has been developed which automatically controls sand delivery of a fracturing blender to help maintain a desired sand concentration setpoint in the fracturing fluid exiting the blender. The computational speed and input/output capabilities of the system's microprocessor have resulted in steady sand concentration traces and fast sand concentration step changes. Non-standard "ramping" sand concentration schedules have been performed routinely and without difficulty using this automatic control system.
Subject paper describes the theory of operation, details of the basic design, and blending capabilities of the automatic control system. Field test results are also presented.
Documentation of control system operation is presented in the form of strip chart data collected during several fracturing operations.
Optimum Power Cable Sizing for Electric Submersible Pumps
Authors: Vandevier J. E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Electric Submersible Pumps are a major form of artificial lift in secondary and tertiary recovery operations. The optimum selection of pumping equipment involves both consideration for reliable operation, as well as minimizing the total cost for artificial lift. It has long been the practice in the industry to use "rules of thumb" for determining minimum conductor size in selecting power cables for electrical submersible pump (E.S.P.) installations. In addition, it has been the practice to generally select the smallest conductor size possible, thereby reducing the initial capital cost for the installation. These practices have, in many cases, led to false economic decisions which cost the operator a great deal more over the life of the pumping equipment.
It is important, then, to understand how power conductor sizing affects the reliable operation of E.S.P.'s, as well as understand the total economic considerations which must be recognized for optimum cable sizing. Once important factors for proper cable sizing are understood, then a personal computer can be effectively utilized to calculate and to print the necessary data for optimum cable sizing.
An electric submersible pumping' system converts electric energy to hydraulic energy. From an electrical point of view, the combination of the surface distribution transformers, power cable, and electric submersible motor make up an electrical circuit which defines the system'selectrical performance. The power cable conductor size plays an important role in determining motor starting and running characteristics, as well as contributes to system electrical losses for which the operator must pay as part of the monthly power utility bill.
Calculation of the Critical Oil Production Rate and Optimum Completion Interval
Authors: Piper L. D. , Gonzalez F. M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper presents a method for calculating the critical oil production rate and optimum completion interval in a reservoir containing both bottom water and a gas cap. Our method is an extension of a method recently presented by Wheatley which accounts for the effect of the cone on fluid potential. Results indicate that previous methods, which neglect the effect of the cone, give rates which are 20 to 25 percent too high.
Success in Offshore Gravel Pack Methods
Authors: Stracke M. L. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
From 1980 to mid 1986 ARCO Oil and Gas Company's Southern District has gravel packed over 140 Gulf of Mexico completions. Defining a successful completion as one which has no rate limitations due to sand production, ARCO has achieved a 91.3% success rate in these completions. To identify the cause of this high success rate and to optimize its gravel pack procedures further, ARCO studied the effects of various factors on the gravel packed wells' performance. We compiled a microcomputer database1 covering all the wells gravel packed since 1980. The data base considered over 50 operational factors such as drilling and completion fluid overbalance, surge volumes, perforation washing, and use of fluid loss pills. These factors are listed in Table I. Using this data base, ARCO has been able to compare the production performance of the gravel pack completions versus any single factor or combination of factors. A performance indicator representing "Completion Efficiency" was developed to permit analysis of completions. It also allows comparison of the effects of different operational factors even in wells with dissimilar production and reservoir parameters. Initial results of this study have shown that no single factor can ensure a high efficiency completion. Rather, it is a combination of several key factors that contributes to high completion efficiency.
Taking Control of Tubular Inspections
Authors: Mortensen J. H. , Stewart D. L. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Operating companies spend more money than necessary on tubular inspection due to the lack of a coordinated quality assurance program. A substantial percentage of previously inspected tubulars have rejectable defects that result in excessive expenditures due to failures. An inspection program is proposed to maximize efficiency and reduce costs. Supporting evidence is also presented indicating that operators should not be liable for a significant percentage of the damages marked on rental tubulars following use.
Application of Tubing-Conveyed Techniques in through-Tubing Operations
Authors: Jones C. M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Tubing conveyed techniques have been successfully applied in through-tubing remedial operations where excessive hole deviation and/or helical buckling have prevented conventional wireline or electric line operations. Perforating and setting bridge plugs have been performed using a concentric work string and a pressure actuated firing head. Two case histories, in which remaining reserves would not support the cost of a conventional rig workover, are presented. These cases describe procedures which were used successfully in remedial operations.
Microcomputer-Based Lease Monitoring and Operating System Lowers Costs and Enhances Production
Authors: Podio A. L. , Dunn W. W. , Irving R. H. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A practical, affordable system has been developed and field tested that performs all the common lease operating functions normally undertaken by lease pumpers with the additional benefits of continuous surveillance and data storage and retrieval provided by computer systems.
The development of a computer monitoring and control system that can be used for low to marginal production leases, has been made possible by the reduction in cost and the increased capabilities afforded by modern microcomputer systems used in conjunction with specially designed, low cost and high accuracy monitoring devices and microwave data transmission. Lease operations which involve gun barrels and settling tanks, pumping wells on time clocks, and shipping of crude by truck are especially well suited for this application.
The system is based on a ruggedized field microcomputer which communicates with single board microcomputer units distributed at the various leases via microwave transmission. Typical ranges are 15 to 25 miles. The distributed units interface with a set of special sensors, applied to monitor the entire surface (and subsurface through polished rod load) production operation. The sensors include measurement of pumping unit load, stuffing box leaks, polished rod temperature, gun barrel water level, heater treater temperature and pressure as well as tank level and tank temperature. The sensors are monitored frequently and the data and any alarms are reported to the field computer. The data base thus accumulated at the field computer can be accessed by remote users via telephone, with a standard modem interface so that any PC with off-the-shelf communications software can retrieve the pertinent data. Of particular value are special programs developed to analyze the long term data on each well; to identify the trends and obtain the "signatures" of individual problems.
A prototype installation has been operated over a year in a two-county area in Texas, covering 23 leases and 28 wells. Operating experience shows that the operators have accepted the system and have successfully integrated its use into their operations. Results indicate that the system has been useful in determining the efficiency of beam pumping systems, detecting upsets and leaks at the tank batteries, detecting errors in volume of oil sales, flowline leaks and other operational difficulties.
Use of the system is especially advantageous for small independent operators who lack computer/electronics, as well as production engineering personnel. The system can be implemented as a lease service at a cost comparable to routine manual surveillance with dedicated pumping crews. The prototype applications have indicated that the use of the system has improved the efficiency of field personnel, reduced operating costs, reduced the possibility of major spills, provided lease security and near continuous engineering data.
Evaluation of Field Methods to Determine Crosslink Times of Fracturing Fluids
Authors: Hodge R. M. , Baranet S. E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Operators using delayed crosslinkers in fracturing fluids often specify an exact "crosslink time" to avoid the detrimental effects of shear. However, the field methods currently used for determining "crosslink time" do not simulate mixing and pumping conditions. To measure viscosity development under simulated field conditions, laboratory tests were performed with four common crosslinked fracturing fluids using a capillary rheometer to control temperature and shear. The results of this study indicate 1) the on-site "crosslink time" tests do not accurately represent viscosity development under actual treating conditions and 2) accurate control of the "crosslink time" is not necessary to insure optimum fluid performance. Also, the use of specific composition dual crosslinker systems (which combine fast and slow crossl inkers) appeared to be the best way to obtain good performance both at the perforations and in the fracture.
The Development of Scale Inhibitors and Inhibitor Evaluation Techniques for Carbon Dioxide EOR Floods
Authors: Chesnut G. R. , Chappell G. D. , Emmons D. H. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The injection of carbon dioxide for enhanced oil recovery causes profound changes in reservoir brine chemistry. These changes directly impact on a downhole scale control program and in some cases may require new products to effectively control scale formation. Evaluation techniques are presented for scale inhibitors to be used in carbon dioxide floods. The results of tests on current inhibitor molecules are discussed as well as the development and evaluation of specialized polymers for scale inhibition in low pH environments.
A New Concept of Treating Surfaces Exposed to Oilfield Water Systems
Authors: Surinach P. P. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and x-ray microanalysis to study seawater biofilms has contributed to acquiring a thorough understanding of sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) growth within deposits. The micro-environment created within fouling films is much more aggressive to metal than natural corrodents of fluids. The outcome of these findings has been the creation of a new generation of antibiofoulants (ABF's) and biofilm preventives. These products exhibit excellent removal of deposits, excellent biocidal properties on biofouled surfaces and prevention of biofouling-induced corrosion. By proper surface pre-conditioning, the minimum cidal concentration (MX) required to kill SRB's within standard biofilms has been decreased from 70–80 ppm to 10–20 ppm. Thereby, biocidal properties similar to those of acrolein have been obtained.
Core Flooding in Well-Characterized Heterogeneous Systems: An Experimental and Simulation Study
Authors: Sorbie K. S. , Wat R. M. S. , Rowe T. , Clifford P. J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper presents results from a series of single phase stable displacement experiments in a heterogeneous core assembly. This system consists of a 0.5 m cylindrical sandstone core with a central core removed and replaced with high permeability ballotini. Displacements at unit, 2:1 and 10:1 viscosity ratio were performed which demonstrated the importance of crossflow mechanisms in polymer flooding processes.
The experiments were modelled using a curvilinear grid in a chemical flood simulator. All of the main features observed in these experiments were successfully reproduced and analysed in terms of viscous and dispersive crossflow effects. Some discussion is presented on the significance of crossflow at the reservoir scale.
Importance of Dissolution/Precipitation Mechanisms in Sandstone-Alkali Interactions
Authors: Bertaux J. , Lemanczyk Z. R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The mechanisms of interaction between sandstone minerals, particularly clays, and two alkalis, NaOH and KOH, have been studied in order to better understand the response of sandstone reservoirs to alkaline treatments as a function of sandstone mineralogy and the nature of the alkaline solution. Such interactions are of primary importance in currently applied alkaline flooding and matrix stimulation processes.
The clay-alkali interaction can be described as an incongruent dissolution with the precipitation of new aluminosilicates. With NaOH. a crystalline zeolite precipitate appears at the tested temperatures (90, 150°C). With KOH, amorphous precipitates are present at these temperatures, followed by crystalline precipitates at 200°C
Response of Berea cores to NaOH and KOH treatments has been studied and is explained on the basis of the observed dissolution/precipitation mechanisms. Permeability changes and clay reactivity with fresh water are directly related to the amount of dissolved minerals and the extent of precipitation.