bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pressure and Temperature Differences between Vaisala RS80 and RS92 Radiosonde Systems
Authors: Steinbrecht Wolfgang , Claude Hans , Schönenborn Fritz , Leiterer Ulrich , Dier Horst , Lanzinger Eckhard 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
In several twin flight campaigns, Vaisala RS80 radiosonde systems report lower temperatures than Vaisala RS92 systems in the daytime. Simultaneous differences increase from less than 0.1 K at pressure altitudes below 100 hPa to 0.7 K at 10 hPa. Much of the difference can be explained by an overcorrection of the RS80 radiation error. At night, RS92 and RS80 sounding systems report very similar simultaneous temperatures throughout the atmosphere. Geopotential heights from RS92 pressure, temperature, and humidity data (pTU heights) are within 25 m of geopotential heights from the RS92 global positioning system data (GPS heights) from the ground up to about 70 hPa. At higher altitudes, RS92 sondes produced after July 2004 show nearly identical pTU and GPS heights, but other manufacturing batches show systematic differences, up to ±100 m near 10 hPa. RS80 sondes provide much less accurate pressure and geopotential height. On average, they give up to 1 hPa higher pressure and 20 m lower pTU heights than RS92 sondes in the troposphere, and lower pressures and larger heights in the stratosphere (e.g., by −0.4 hPa and +100 m near 10 hPa). Previous intercomparisons have found similar differences between the two sonde types.
As expected from these simultaneous pressure and temperature differences, the transition from Vaisala RS80 to RS92 sondes at German radiosonde stations between 2003 and 2005 has produced artificial increases in stratospheric temperature records, particularly during daytime (1200 UTC), but due to the wrong RS80 pressures, also at night (0000 UTC). The spurious daytime temperature step reaches +0.3 ± 0.2 K at 50 hPa and +0.7 ± 0.4 K at 10 hPa, the nighttime step reaches +0.1 ± 0.1 K at 50 hPa and +0.35 ± 0.2 K at 10 hPa (2σ uncertainties). The mean difference between day- and nighttime temperatures (1200–0000 UTC) has increased as well, by 0.1 ± 0.06 K at 70 hPa and by 0.76 ± 0.16 K at 10 hPa. In the troposphere and at levels below 100 hPa no significant differences are found, although there are indications for higher daytime temperatures, possibly up to 0.1 K, from RS92 sondes. Results indicate that RS92 sondes are more accurate. Historic temperature records from RS80 sondes should be corrected for use in climate studies.
Experiments with Cloud Properties: Impact on Surface Radiative Fluxes
Authors: Wang H. , Pinker R. T. , Minnis P. , Khaiyer M. M. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Solar radiation reaching the earth’s surface provides the primary forcing of the climate system, and thus, information on this parameter is needed at a global scale. Several satellite-based estimates of surface radiative fluxes are available, but they differ from each other in many aspects. The focus of this study is to highlight one aspect of such differences, namely, the way satellite-observed radiances are used to derive information on cloud optical properties and the impact this has on derived parameters such as surface radiative fluxes. Frequently, satellite visible radiance in a single channel is used to infer cloud transmission; at times, several spectral channels are utilized to derive cloud optical properties and use these to infer cloud transmission. In this study, an evaluation of these two approaches will be performed in terms of impact on the accuracy in surface radiative fluxes. The University of Maryland Satellite Radiation Budget (UMD/SRB) model is used as a tool to perform such an evaluation over the central United States. The estimated shortwave fluxes are evaluated against ground observations at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program (ARM) Central Facility and at four ARM extended sites. It is shown that the largest differences between these two approaches occur during the winter season when snow is on the ground.
Northern Hemisphere Stationary Waves in Future Climate Projections
Authors: Brandefelt Jenny , Körnich Heiner 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
The response of the atmospheric large-scale circulation to an enhanced greenhouse gas (GHG) forcing varies among coupled global climate model (CGCM) simulations. In this study, 16 CGCM simulations of the response of the climate system to a 1% yr−1 increase in the atmospheric CO2 concentration to quadrupling are analyzed with focus on Northern Hemisphere winter. A common signal in 14 out of the 16 simulations is an increased or unchanged stationary wave amplitude.
A majority of the simulations may be categorized into one of three groups based on the GHG-induced changes in the atmospheric stationary waves. The response of the zonal mean barotropic wind is similar within each group. Fifty percent of the simulations belong to the first group, which is categorized by a stationary wave with five waves encompassing the entire NH and a strengthening of the zonal mean barotropic wind. The second and third groups, respectively consisting of three and two simulations, are characterized by a broadening and a northward shift of the zonal mean barotropic wind, respectively. A linear model of barotropic vorticity is employed to study the importance of these mean flow changes to the stationary wave response. The linear calculations indicate that the GHG-induced mean wind changes explain 50%, 4%, and 37% of the stationary wave changes in each group, respectively. Thus, for the majority of simulations the zonal mean wind changes do significantly explain the stationary wave response.
Estimating Air–Sea Heat Fluxes in Semienclosed Basins: The Case of the Gulf of Elat (Aqaba)
Authors: Ben-Sasson Moshe , Brenner Steve , Paldor Nathan 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Meteorological and oceanographic data collected at the head of the Gulf of Elat were used to compute the air–sea heat flux components and the heat storage in the water column, which are in turn used to estimate the heat balance of this semienclosed basin. The solar radiation was measured directly, whereas the longwave (LW) cooling and the turbulent heat fluxes (latent, LH; sensible, SH) were computed from commonly used bulk formulas. Nine formulas for LW and four formulas for LH + SH were tested for a total of 36 possible combinations. Independent estimates for the bounds on the advective heat flux through the straits and results from a one-dimensional mixed layer model provided criteria to help identify the best choice of bulk formulas for the gulf. It was concluded that the LW formula of Bignami together with the turbulent flux formulas of Kondo provide the best estimate of the heat balance of the gulf. Based on this, the annual mean evaporation is 1.6–1.8 m yr−1, with a minimum of 1 m yr−1 in (the long) summer and a maximum of 3–4 m yr−1 in (the short) winter. The increase in evaporation rate during the winter results from the instability of the atmosphere at that time when the sea surface temperature exceeds the air temperature; in the summer, when the air temperature is much higher than the sea surface temperature, evaporation nearly stops due to the atmospheric stability. This estimated evaporation rate for the gulf, which is similar for all four of the LH formulas considered, is significantly smaller than values commonly quoted in the literature. Finally, in contrast to previous studies, it is found that the advective heat flux from the Straits of Tiran is large and significant in spring, reaching an estimated value of over 125 W m−2, but its annually averaged value is only about 35–40 W m−2.
A Semiautomated Approach for Quality Controlling Large Historical Ocean Temperature Archives
Authors: Gronell Ann , Wijffels Susan E. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
This paper describes a method consisting of both automated statistical screening and manual quality control through expert visual inspection, which produces a historical ocean temperature archive of high quality—that is, nearly all profiles are unique (duplicate elimination) and 95% of bad data is eliminated. The complete process involves comprehensive duplicate elimination, an unreasonable gradient check, and statistical screening to distill out suspect profiles, which are then only eliminated (or partially so) during an expert manual visual inspection step. Statistical screening was optimized using an archive of known quality. Two iterations of statistical screening were required to identify the bulk of the bad data. Of an archive of about 121 000 profiles, the authors found they had to manually inspect 35% of profiles to remove 95% of the bad data. While costly, they argue such an effort is worthwhile so that the historical ocean temperature archives, which have cost the global community millions of dollars to obtain, are made more immediately useful for climate and ocean sciences. An archive of upper ocean temperature profiles from the Indian Ocean is near completion and extensions into the Pacific Ocean have begun.
Endothelial CD47 interaction with SIRPγ is required for human T-cell transendothelial migration under shear flow conditions in vitro
Authors: Stefanidakis Michael , Newton Gail , Lee Winston Y. , Parkos Charles A. , Luscinskas Francis W. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractLeukocyte transendothelial migration (TEM) is a critical event during inflammation. CD47 has been implicated in myeloid cell migration across endothelium and epithelium. CD47 binds to signal regulatory protein (SIRP), SIRPα and SIRPγ. So far, little is known about the role of endothelial CD47 in T-cell TEM in vivo or under flow conditions in vitro. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting and biochemical analysis show that CD3+ T cells express SIRPγ but not SIRPα, and fluorescence microscopy showed that CD47 was enriched at endothelial junctions. These expression patterns suggested that CD47 plays a role in T-cell TEM through binding interactions with SIRPγ. We tested, therefore, whether CD47-SIRPγ interactions affect T-cell transmigration using blocking mAb against CD47 or SIRPγ in an in vitro flow model. These antibodies inhibited T-cell TEM by 70% plus or minus 6% and 82% plus or minus 1%, respectively, but had no effect on adhesion. In agreement with human mAb studies, transmigration of murine wild-type T helper type 1 cells across TNF-α–activated murine CD47−/− endothelium was reduced by 75% plus or minus 2% even though murine T cells appear to lack SIRPγ. Nonetheless, these findings suggest endothelial cell CD47 interacting with T-cell ligands, such as SIRPγ, play an important role in T-cell transendothelial migration.
SCF-mediated mast cell infiltration and activation exacerbate the inflammation and immunosuppression in tumor microenvironment
Authors: Huang Bo , Lei Zhang , Zhang Gui-Mei , Li Dong , Song Chuanwang , Li Bo , Liu Yanyan , Yuan Ye , Unkeless Jay , Xiong Huabao , Feng Zuo-Hua 
Published: June 2008

AbstractDespite the evidence for the role of inflammation in cancer initiation, promotion, and progression, the precise mechanism by which the inflammation within tumor is orchestrated by inflammatory cells remains to be determined. Here, we report that tumor-infiltrating mast cells remodel tumor microenvironment and promote tumor growth. Mast cell infiltration and activation in tumors were mainly mediated by tumor-derived stem cell factor (SCF) and its receptor c-Kit on mast cells. Low concentrations of SCF efficiently induced the chemotactic migration of mast cells. Tumor-infiltrating mast cells, activated by higher concentrations of SCF, expressed multiple proinflammatory factors and increased IL-17 expression in tumors. The activity of NF-κB and AP-1 in tumor cells was intensified in the mast cell–remodeled inflammatory microenvironment. SCF-activated mast cells also exacerbated tumor immunosuppression by releasing adenosine and increasing T regulatory cells, which augmented the suppression of T cells and natural killer cells in tumors. These findings emphasize that the remodeling of the tumor microenvironment can actually be initiated by tumor cell–released SCF and suggest that mast cells are not only a participator but also a critical regulator of inflammation and immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment.
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor delays neutrophil apoptosis by inhibition of calpains upstream of caspase-3
Authors: van Raam Bram J. , Drewniak Agata , Groenewold Vincent , van den Berg Timo K. , Kuijpers Taco W. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractNeutrophils have a very short life span and undergo apoptosis within 24 hours after leaving the bone marrow. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is essential for the recruitment of fresh neutrophils from the bone marrow but also delays apoptosis of mature neutrophils. To determine the mechanism by which G-CSF inhibits neutrophil apoptosis, the kinetics of neutrophil apoptosis during 24 hours in the absence or presence of G-CSF were analyzed in vitro. G-CSF delayed neutrophil apoptosis for approximately 12 hours and inhibited caspase-9 and -3 activation, but had virtually no effect on caspase-8 and little effect on the release of proapoptotic proteins from the mitochondria. However, G-CSF strongly inhibited the activation of calcium-dependent cysteine proteases calpains, upstream of caspase-3, via apparent control of Ca2+-influx. Calpain inhibition resulted in the stabilization of the X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) and hence inhibited caspase-9 and -3 in human neutrophils. Thus, neutrophil apoptosis is controlled by G-CSF after initial activation of caspase-8 and mitochondrial permeabilization by the control of postmitochondrial calpain activity.
Association of liver enzymes with incident type 2 diabetes: A nested case control study in an Iranian population
Authors: Tohidi Maryam , Harati Hadi , Hadaegh Farzad , Mehrabi Yadolladh , Azizi Fereidoun 
Published: June 2008

Abstract

Background
To investigate the association of Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanin aminotranferase (ALT) and Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) with incident type 2 diabetes.

Methods
In a nested case-control study, AST, ALT, GGT as well as classic diabetes risk factors, insulin and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured in 133 non-diabetic subjects at baseline of which 68 were cases and 65 were controls. Incident diabetes was defined by the WHO 1999 criteria. Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) of incident diabetes associated with different hepatic markers. We used factor analysis for clustering of classic diabetes risk factors.

Results
In Univariate analysis both ALT and GGT were associated with diabetes with ORs of 3.07(1.21–7.79) and 2.91(1.29–6.53) respectively. After adjustment for CRP and insulin, ALT and GGT were still predictive of incident diabetes. When the model was further adjusted for anthropometric, blood pressure and metabolic factors, only ALT was independently associated with diabetes [OR = 3.18 (1.02–9.86)]. No difference was found between the area under the receiver operating characteristic curves of the models with and without ALT (0.820 and 0.802 respectively, P = 0.4)

Conclusion
ALT is associated with incident type 2 diabetes independent of classic risk factors. However, its addition to the classic risk factors does not improve the prediction of diabetes.
Job satisfaction trends during nurses' early career
Authors: Murrells Trevor , Robinson Sarah , Griffiths Peter 
Published: June 2008

AbstractBackgroundJob satisfaction is an important component of nurses' lives that can impact on patient safety, productivity and performance, quality of care, retention and turnover, commitment to the organisation and the profession. Little is known about job satisfaction in early career and how it varies for different groups of nurses. This paper investigates how the components of job satisfaction vary during early career in newly qualified UK nurses.MethodsNurses were sampled using a combined census and multi-stage approach (n = 3962). Data were collected by questionnaire at 6 months, 18 months and 3 years after qualification between 1998 and 2001. Scores were calculated for seven job satisfaction components and a single item that measured satisfaction with pay. Scores were compared longitudinally and between nursing speciality (general, children's, mental health) using a mixed model approach.ResultsNo single pattern across time emerged. Trends varied by branch and job satisfaction component. Rank order of job satisfaction components, from high to low scores, was very similar for adult and child branch nurses and different for mental health. Nurses were least satisfied with pay and most satisfied with relationships at 6 and 18 months and with resources (adult and child) and relationships (mental health) at 3 years. Trends were typically upwards for adult branch nurses, varied for children's nurses and downwards for mental health nurses.ConclusionThe impact of time on job satisfaction in early career is highly dependent on specialism. Different contexts, settings and organisational settings lead to varying experiences. Future research should focus on understanding the relationships between job characteristics and the components of job satisfaction rather than job satisfaction as a unitary construct. Research that further investigates the benefits of a formal one year preceptorship or probationary period is needed.
The human anti-IL-1β monoclonal antibody ACZ885 is effective in joint inflammation models in mice and in a proof-of-concept study in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Alten Rieke , Gram Hermann , Joosten Leo A , Berg Wim B van den , Sieper Joachim , Wassenberg Siegfrid , Burmester Gerd , van Riel Piet , Diaz-Lorente Maria , Bruin Gerardus JM , Woodworth Thasia G , Rordorf Christiane , Batard Yannik , Wright Andrew M , Jung Thomas 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Introduction
IL-1β is a proinflammatory cytokine driving joint inflammation as well as systemic signs of inflammation, such as fever and acute phase protein production.

Methods
ACZ885, a fully human monoclonal antibody that neutralizes the bioactivity of human IL-1β, was generated to study the potent and long-lasting neutralization of IL-1β in mechanistic animal models as well as in a proof-of-concept study in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Results
The mouse IL-1 receptor cross-reacts with human IL-1β, and it was demonstrated that ACZ885 can completely suppress IL-1β-mediated joint inflammation and cartilage destruction in mice. This observation prompted us to study the safety, tolerability and pharmacodynamic activity of ACZ885 in RA patients in a small proof-of-concept study – the first to be conducted in humans. Patients with active RA despite treatment with stable doses of methotrexate were enrolled in this dose escalation study. The first 32 patients were split into four cohorts of eight patients each (six were randomly assigned to active treatment and two to placebo). ACZ885 doses were 0.3, 1, 3 and 10 mg/kg, administered intravenously on days 1 and 15. To explore efficacy within 6 weeks of treatment, an additional 21 patients were randomly assigned to the 10 mg/kg cohort, resulting in a total of 20 patients dosed with 10 mg/kg and 15 patients treated with placebo. There was clinical improvement (American College of Rheumatology 20% improvement criteria) at week 6 in the 10 mg/kg treatment group; however, this did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.085). A statistically significant reduction in disease activity score was observed after 4 weeks in the 10 mg/kg group. Onset of action was rapid, because most responders exhibited improvement in their symptoms within the first 3 weeks. C-reactive protein levels decreased in patients treated with ACZ885 within 1 week. ACZ885 was well tolerated. Three patients receiving ACZ885 developed infectious episodes that required treatment. No anti-ACZ885 antibodies were detected during the study.

Conclusion
ACZ885 administration to methotrexate-refractory patients resulted in clinical improvement in a subset of patients. Additional studies to characterize efficacy in RA and to determine the optimal dose regimen appear warranted.

Trial Registration
ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00619905.
Foreign Body Reaction to Anorganic Bovine Bone and Autogenous Bone With Platelet‐Rich Plasma in Guided Bone Regeneration
Authors: Bannister Sharon R. , Powell Charles A. 
Published: June 2008

Background: Guided bone regeneration is frequently performed to augment deficient alveolar ridges. Although many materials may be used for these procedures, the outcome is usually predictable. In this report, we present an unusual reaction to a frequently used commercially available xenograft material.Methods: A 36‐year‐old African American male was referred for restoration of edentulous space #8. Examination confirmed a ridge inadequate for implant placement without augmentation. A staged approach was chosen, with augmentation by a mixture of autogenous bone and anorganic bovine bone with platelet‐rich plasma and a bioabsorbable collagen membrane. Healing was uneventful, although after 4 months, upon flap reflection, no regenerated hard tissue was found. The tissue at the site was submitted for histology, and the site was regrafted with an allograft/xenograft mixture and covered by a bioabsorbable collagen membrane. Wound healing was uneventful, and a histologic core was obtained at implant placement 5 months later.Results: The initial histologic specimen consisted of a fibrous connective tissue matrix supporting islands of the anorganic bovine bone. The majority of the graft material demonstrated an intimate association with multinucleated foreign body–type giant cells. The histologic core obtained at the second procedure consisted of trabeculae of viable lamellar bone and associated fibrous connective tissue without a significant inflammatory cell infiltrate. Scattered particles of anorganic bovine bone were present, but no foreign body–type giant cells were identified.Conclusion: Failure of commonly used materials for guided bone regeneration is rare; however, different batches of materials may elicit varying immune responses in the recipient.
Surgical and Prosthetic Management of Interproximal Region With Single‐Implant Restorations: 1‐Year Prospective Study
Authors: Romeo Eugenio , Lops Diego , Rossi Alessandro , Storelli Stefano , Rozza Roberto , Chiapasco Matteo 
Published: June 2008

Background: Gingival esthetics around dental implants have become a main focus for clinicians. This study analyzed the surgical, prosthetic, and anatomic factors involved in the management of peri‐implant tissues.Methods: Forty‐eight subjects with one tooth scheduled for tooth extraction and immediate implant placement were included in the study. After healing, the implants were restored with single‐crown fixed prostheses. The following parameters were assessed after 12 months: presence/absence of the interproximal papilla, interimplant–tooth distance (ITD), distance from the base of the contact point to the interdental bone (CPB), and soft tissue biotype. ITD and CPB values were derived from computer analysis of periapical radiographs. A statistical analysis determined the effect of ITD and CPB on the presence of the interproximal papilla.Results: Papilla was significantly present (P <0.05) for ITD of 2.5 to 4 mm in anterior and posterior areas and for CPB ≤7 mm in posterior areas. Thick biotype was significantly associated (P <0.05) with the presence of the papilla.Conclusions: The combination of surgical and prosthetic plans represents the key factor to optimize predictability in single‐implant esthetics. The recommended interproximal distance between the implant and the adjacent tooth is 2.5 to 4 mm. The distance from the contact point to the interdental bone is recommended to be <7 mm. Papilla presence is also correlated with a thick gingival biotype.