bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Laboratory assessment of different methods of applying a commercial granular bait formulation of methomyl to control adult houseflies (Musca domestica l.) in intensive animal units
Authors: Barson Graham 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFemale houseflies (Musca dornestica L.) from a susceptible and a multiinsecticide‐resistant strain were used to evaluate the toxicity of a granular insecticide bait formulation of the carbamate insecticide methomyl. The bait was either applied to a polystyrene bait target, or scattered over the floor of the fly treatment cages. Targets were treated with methomyl granules dissolved in water with and without apaste carrier or the granules were applied directly to the target using an adhesive. Scattered methomyl granules proved the most effective of the various treatments assessed. Based on the KT90 values, the most effective suspended bait treatments against susceptible or resistant flies were water as a carrier, and egg or ‘Lap’ wallpaper paste as adhesives; the least effective were ‘Polycell’ regular wallpaper paste as an adhesive and carboxymethylcellulose as a carrier. A proportion of flies from both the susceptible and the resistant strain recovered from knockdown; most of these lost their ability to fly (‘hoppers’) and subsequently survived the treatments. When bait targets treated with methomyl granules were fixed at right angles to the wall/floor junction of the treatment cages most of the recovered flies fed again on the bait and received a lethal dose. The mortality of flies exposed to suspended bait targets was influenced by the level of light. For both strains of fly, mortality decreased as the light intensity was lowered; this effect was more pronounced with the resistant strain. The implication of these results for the application of methomyl bait is discussed.
Titres of precocene ii (6, 7‐dimethoxy‐2, 2‐ dimethylchromene) and its metabolites in the haemolymph of larvae of the african armyworm Spodoptera exempta (walker) following topical treatment with the compound
Authors: McCaffery Alan R. , McDowell Phillip G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractNo precocious metamorphosis or other morphogenetic effects were seen following topical treatment of fifth instar Spodoptera exempta with pre‐ cocene II. [3H]‐Precocene II penetrated the larvae rapidly following topical application. An uptake of 47% was recorded in the first hour and an average of 27% for the first 3 h. Radioactivity in the haemolymph reached a maximum 4 h after treatment at 6–8% of the applied dose. A maximum titre of precocene of 1.1 × 10−4 M was observed 2 h after treatment and a biological half‐life of around 1 h was recorded for the first 6 h. The metabolite precocene 11–3, 4‐dihydrodiol appeared in the haemolymph with a maximum titre of 1.1 × 10−4 M at 4 h suggesting metabolism via the 3, 4‐epoxide. At the same time an unidentified metabolite was observed possibly corresponding to the 6‐ and 7‐(O)‐desmethylated products described by others. Very large quantities of highly polar materials were observed in the haemolymph throughout the experiment and it is thought that these corresponded to conjugates. The evidence suggests that peripheral detoxication mechanisms do not operate sufficiently rapidly to prevent the establishment of a high titre of precocene. This, however, did not affect the corpora allata in this insect, whereas in a sensitive species that has been studied by other workers, necrosis of the glands would have resulted. Alternative explanations for insensitivity are discussed.
Resistance to methomyl in a laboratory selected and a field strain of the housefly, Musca domestica (L.)
Authors: Price Nicholas R. , Chapman Paul A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA field strain of housefly resistant to the carbamate insecticide methomyl and a strain selected for resistance to this compound in the laboratory have been studied with a view to establishing the mechanism of resistance. Both resistant strains rapidly produce high concentrations of highly polar, high molecular weight metabolites. In addition, acetylcholinesterase from the heads of resistant insects is more tolerant to inhibition by methomyl than the enzyme from a susceptible strain.
Structure/activity studies on aphid alarm pheromone derivatives and their field use against transmission of barley yellow dwarf virus
Authors: Dawson Glenn W. , Griffiths David C. , Pickett John A. , Plumb Roger T. , Woodcock Christine M. , Zhong‐Ning Zhang 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDerivatives produced by 1,4‐cycloaddition reactions between acetylenecarboxylic acid esters and the aphid alarm pheromone, (E)‐β‐farnesene, and analogues in which other features of the pheromone molecule were modified, were tested for activity against aphid colonisation. The most active compound, formed from (E)‐β‐farnesene and diundecyl acetylenedicarboxylate, decreased aphid‐transmitted barley yellow dwarf virus infection of autumn‐sown barley.
Ph 70–23: A new acaricide and insecticide interfering with chitin deposition
Authors: Grosscurt Arnold C. , Haar Martin Ter , Jongsma Berend , Stoker Andries 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPH 70–23 is a new benzoylphenylurea interfering with chitin deposition. In larvae of Spodoptera littoralis, incorporation of N‐acetyl‐glucosamine into chitin was equally inhibited by PH 70–23 and diflubenzuron, the first commercially available benzoylphenylurea. In contrast to diflubenzuron, which is active only against insects and eriophyid mites, PH 70–23 has the advantage of also being highly active on spider mites. The latter activity might be partly due to leaf penetration of PH 70–23. Laboratory experiments indicate PH 70–23 to have a better ovo‐larvicidal activity than the commercial acaricides tested (cyhexatin, dicofol, fenbutatin oxide and tetradifon) against Tetranychus cinnabarinus, T. turkestani, T. urticae and Panonychus ulmi. A method in which eggs were deposited on residues of cyhexatin or fenbutatin oxide resulted in much lower activities than application of the spray liquid after egg deposition. Activities of PH 70–23, dicofol and tetradifon were hardly influenced by this difference in the test method. The direct contact activity of PH 70–23 on eggs of mites is influenced by the relative humidity and the age of the eggs. The total ovolarvicidal activity of PH 70–23 is only slightly positively influenced by the relative humidity, however. Ovicidal activity of PH 70–23 is also achieved by transovarial transmission. The compound does not influence the fertility of the mites. Comparison of a strain of T. urticae, resistant to dicofol, parathion and tetradifon, with a susceptible strain indicated absence of cross‐resistance to PH 70–23. Compared to diflubenzuron, PH 70–23 shows an interesting shift in the spectrum of insecticidal activity.
A review of the activity, fate and mode of action of sulfonylurea herbicides
Authors: Blair Alister M. , Martin Timothy D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe sulfonylurea herbicides are a relatively new group of compounds which control broad‐leaved weeds and some grasses in cereal crops. This literature review emphasises work reported on chlorsulfuron and met‐sulfuron‐methyl. The activity of the herbicides, their fate in soil and in plants, and their mode of action are discussed. In addition some of the methods of assaying these compounds are described.
Accumulation of SBI fungicides in wild‐type and fenarimol‐resistant isolates of Penicillium italicum
Authors: De Waard Maarten A. , Van Nistelrooy Johannes G. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFenarimol‐resistant laboratory isolates of Penicillium italicum exhibit a high degree of cross‐resistance to triazoles, a low degree of cross‐resistance to imazalil and a low degree of negatively‐correlated cross‐resistance to morpholines. The cross‐resistance to triazoles is ascribed to a differential accumulation level of these SBI fungicides in wild‐type and fenarimol‐resistant isolates. As in the case of fenarimol, the relatively low accumulation level of triazoles in resistant isolates is probably caused by the operation of a constitutive, energy‐dependent efflux from mycelium, which hinders the triazoles from reaching their site of action in sterol biosynthesis. The accumulation level of imazalil and morpholines did not differ among wild‐type and fenarimol‐resistant isolates. This may be related to the fact that these fungicides at physiological pHs occur in a protonated form. The lack of a differential accumulation level can be the reason for the deviating cross‐resistance patterns of these fungicides.
Factors affecting residues of pesticides in tea
Authors: Zongmao Chen , Haibin Wan 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis paper presents a discussion on residue behaviour of 17 pesticides on tea, on the basis of the research conducted during the last 20 years. Sunlight photolysis and growth dilution were the most important factors affecting pesticide persistence in the growing tea plant, while vapour pressure played an important role in loss of pesticide residues during tea processing. The percentage of pesticide extracted during the tea infusion process was highly related to water solubility. It is suggested that in studies on pesticide residue behaviour on tea, all the four factors should be considered integrally.
The pyrethrins and related compounds. Part XXXIV. Optimisation of insecticidal activity in non‐esters
Authors: Baydar Ahmet E. , Elliott Michael , Farnham Andrew W. , Janes Norman F. , Khambay Bhupinder P. S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractOptimisation of activity within the structural constraints defined by the preceding work, by varying the substituents on phenyl in the acid fragment (10 variations), the nature of the group fulfilling the dimethyl function (three variations), the central linking group (four variations) and the presence or absence of a 4‐fluoro substituent in the alcohol fragment, has led to achiral compounds as active as bioresmethrin against houseflies and mustard beetles. Statistical analysis of the effects has shown that particular combinations, for instance the cyclopropyl form of dimethyl with a central E‐alkene group (but not a central ether group), lead to higher activity than expected. 4‐Fluoro substitution enhances activity more strongly against mustard beetles. Difluorocyclopropyl compounds are on average slightly more active than cyclopropyl analogues.
The physical stability of suspension concentrates with particular reference to pharmaceutical and pesticide formulations
Authors: Luckham Paul F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe word stability is ubiquitous in colloid science but means different things to different people. In a suspension concentrate it is possible to identify three different physical processes which may lead to instability in a particulate system, namely a change in particle size due to Ostwald ripening, particle aggregation and particle sedimentation. Although these processes may occur simultaneously they are here treated separately in order to promote understanding of the physical forces involved.
Insect neuropeptides—identification, establishment of functional roles and novel target sites for pesticides
Authors: Evans Peter D. , Robb Sandra , Cuthbert Brian A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis paper presents an overview of the current status of research on insect neuropeptides. It reviews approaches for identifying insect neuropeptides and their functional roles. It suggests that insect neuropeptide systems can present many potential target sites for the development of novel pesticides.
Photodecomposition of pendimethalin
Authors: Dureja Prem , Walia Suresh 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe photodecomposition of pendimethalin (N‐(l‐ethylpropyl)‐2,6‐dinitro‐3,4‐xylidine, l) in solution, as a thin film, and on soil surfaces under ultraviolet light and sunlight was investigated. Irradiation of pendimethalin in methanol yielded, in addition to the minor dealkylated product, the major products 2‐amino‐6‐nitro‐N‐(l‐ethylpropyl)‐3,4‐xylidine and 2‐nitroso‐6‐nitro‐3,4‐xylidine. Pendimethalin was found to degrade rapidly through reductive cyclisation of a nitro group and an adjacent N‐ethylpropyl group to give a cyclised benzimidazole product. The photodecomposition of pendimethalin involves oxidative dealkylation, nitro reduction and cyclisation.
The degradation of methyl bromide in some natural fresh waters. influence of temperature, pH and light
Authors: Gentile Irene Abbattista , Ferraris Lucia , Crespi Stefania , Belligno Adalgisa 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe influence of some chemical and physical factors (pH, temperature and light) on degradation (hydrolysis) and volatilisation of methyl bromide (MB) from natural fresh waters was investigated. The complexity of the processes involved in MB persistence was shown. Under static and air‐free conditions the half‐life is quite long (30‐50 days) but is decreased by an increase in pH and temperature (9‐10 days), by UV irradiation (10‐12 days) and, most of all, by exposure to air and shaking of the solution (2 h) and by soil.
Pesticide effects on secondary metabolism of higher plants
Authors: Lydon John , Duke Stephen O. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSecondary compounds serve both endogenous and exogenous functions in higher plants because they are involved in plant growth and development as well as intraspecies and interspecies interactions. Documentation of the effects of pesticides on secondary compound biosynthesis in higher plants is increasing. While several herbicides have been reported to reduce levels of secondary compounds by non‐specific mechanisms, a few herbicides, such as alachlor and glyphosate, directly affect specific biosynthetic steps. Alachlor reduces flavonoid synthesis at a step late in the biosynthetic pathway, and glyphosate blocks synthesis of all cinnamate derivatives by inhibiting 5‐enolpyruvyl shikimate‐3‐phosphate (EPSP) synthase. Inhibition of EPSP synthase also leads to the accumulation of high levels of shikimate, benzoic acids and benzoic acid derivatives. The sulfonylureas and p‐nitro‐substituted diphenylether (DPE) herbicides can cause increases in the level of cinnamatederived phenolic compounds and the DPEs can cause dramatic increases in terpenoid stress metabolites. Certain fungicides are thought to act through enhancing the capacity of plants to produce phytoalexins. These and other data suggest that sublethal effects of pesticides on target and non‐target plants can significantly affect agricultural ecosystems by altering the synthesis of compounds important in inter‐ and intraspecies interactions.
The effects of chlordimeform on the behaviour of Pieris brassicae larvae
Authors: Blackwell Alison 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLarvae of the Large White butterfly, Pieris brassicae L., are important pests of cruciferous crops. Third and fifth instars were treated topically with sublethal doses of the formamidine pesticide chlordimeform, which induced a number of excitatory actions at doses as low as 0·2 μg g−1. Normal feeding was inhibited. Also, a locomotor‐stimulant action was observed but higher doses interfered with this action by disrupting proleg coordination. Older larvae were less susceptible to these effects. Within 5 h, excitation was substantially reduced in all larvae. The results are discussed in terms of possible sublethal contributions to crop protection.
Acute effects of amitraz on the acoustic startle response and motor activity
Authors: Crofton Kevin M. , Boncek Virginia M. , Reiter Lawrence W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTo characterize further the behavioral toxicity of amitraz, comparisons were made between the effects of amitraz on motor activity, the acoustic startle response, body temperature, and body weight in male Long‐Evans rats. Acute dosage‐effect and time‐course determinations of motor activity were made using figure‐eight mazes. Dosage‐effect and time‐course determinations for the acoustic startle response were measured using a 13 kHz, 120 dB(A), 40 ms tone as the eliciting stimulus, at each of three background white‐noise levels (45, 60 and 75 dB). Amitraz (0, 25, 50, 100 or 200 mg kg−1) was administered orally in 1.0 ml kg−1 of the vehicle (‘Emulpnor’+ ethanol + saline, 5 + 5 + 90 by volume). Amitraz produced a dosage‐ and time‐dependent decrease in motor activity which lasted from 4 to 96 h post‐administration. The effects of amitraz on the acoustic startle response consisted of an increased latency and a decreased amplitude and sensitization. The time‐course of effects on the acoustic startle response were more transient (4‐24 h) than the effects on motor activity. Amitraz‐exposed animals had decreased body weight that did not return to control levels until 120 h (five days) post‐administration. Amitraz administration produced a transient (4 h) dosage‐dependent decrease in body temperature. The highest dosage of amitraz administered, 200 mg kg−1, produced 65% mortality within 72 h; 100 mg kg−1 was the lowest dosage that produced mortality (8 %). Significant behavioral effects were seen at dosages as low as 25‐50 mg kg−1. These data provide quantitative measures of the acute effects of amitraz following oral administration on sensory/motor systems in the rat.
Aquatic organisms and pyrethroids
Authors: Hill Ian R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractUnder laboratory conditions, in water without particulate matter, pyrethroid insecticides have a high toxicity to fish and some aquatic invertebrates. The pyrethroids are of very low water solubility/high lipophilicity, and therefore are rapidly and strongly adsorbed to particulate material. In the adsorbed state their bioavailability to aquatic organisms is greatly reduced. Consequently, under field conditions the aquatic impact of these insecticides is likely to be much less than might be predicted by laboratory acute or chronic toxicity test data.Over the past 10 years a large number of aquatic field studies have been carried out with pyrethroids, in natural farm ponds, streams and lakes and also in mesocosms (experimental ponds and enclosures). Recent investigations, to meet the requirements of the United States Environmental Protection Agency, have been most extensive. These studies, done in replicated experimental ponds of at least 0‐04 ha, each require at least 20 man‐years of effort.Following agricultural applications of the pyrethroid insecticides, spray‐drift or run‐off may cause minor effects upon some aquatic organisms. Algae, microorganisms, annelids, gastropods and fish are all unaffected, but some impact may occur upon certain zoo‐plankton and on aquatic stages of insects. However, with products for which realistic field studies have been reported, the effects are mostly transient and are unlikely to cause adverse changes in the populations or productivity of aquatic ecosystems.
Photochemistry of halogenated benzene derivatives. Part IX. environmental aquatic phototransformation of bromoxynil (3,5‐dibromo‐4‐hydroxybenzonitrile)
Authors: Kochany Jan , Choudhry Ghulum Ghaus , Webster G. R. Barrie 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPhotochemistry of the herbicide 3,5‐dibromo‐4‐hydroxybenzonitrile (bromoxynil) (I) was investigated by irradiating at approximately 313 nm. Aqueous phase photoreactions of 0.078–7.800 × 10−5m solutions of I were carried out at different pH values. Quantum yields for the loss of I in buffered solutions were 0.008 (±0.0004), 0.048 (±0.0024), and 0.044 (±0.0022) at pH 2.6, 7.0, and 11.0, respectively. In neutral and basic conditions, I absorbed more strongly at wavelengths > 290 nm, an environmentally significant region. Phototransformation of I was monitored by HPLC and UV‐VIS spectrometry. All photoreactions of I gave rise to the generation of two products, 3‐bromo‐4‐hydroxybenzonitrile and 4‐hydroxybenzonitrile. The former photoproduct was tentatively identified from its mass spectral data. The photoproducts can be accounted for with a proposed mechanism involving free radicals.
The effect of host plant on colorado potato beetle (coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) susceptibility to pyrethroid insecticides
Authors: Ghidiu Gerald M. , Carter Catherine , Silcox Charles A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn laboratory studies, Colorado potato beetle (CPB) (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say) reared on eggplant were significantly more susceptible to permethrin than CPB reared on tomato. Field studies conducted in 1984 and 1985 showed that the percentage reduction of CPB larvae reared on eggplant due to foliar applications of fenvalerate was significantly greater than the percentage reduction of CPB larvae reared on either potato or tomato. Plant defoliation was greater on eggplant and potato than on tomato. Eggplant and potato yields increased as the dose of fenvalerate increased and the potato beetle population decreased, but tomato yields were unaffected by fenvalerate treatments. The effects and biological activity of individual plant chemical compounds (i.e., glvcoalkaloids) in various Solanum species need to be examined in detail before the full significance of the role of these compounds in host‐plant resistance and their interaction with CPB insecticide resistance are understood.
Organosilane insecticides. Part I: Biological and physical effects of isosteric replacement of silicon for carbon in etofenprox and MTI‐800
Authors: Sieburth Scott McN. , Manly Charles J. , Gammon Derek W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSubstitution of silicon for carbon was explored in etofenprox and MTI‐800, primarily to establish the suitability of silicon for pesticide construction and to probe steric effects. It was shown that silicon is an effective building block for insecticides with subtle qualitative and quantitative differences relative to the carbon analogs. The silanes were slightly less toxic to insects than the carbon analogs (relative potency of 0.2‐0.6) but the silane analog of MTI‐800 was considerably less toxic to fish (0% mortality at ≥50 mg liter−1) than MTI‐800 itself (LC50 = 3 mg liter−1). The mode of action of both carbon and silicon compounds was similar in the intact, electrode‐implanted cockroach and involved repetitive firing of a sensory nerve; potency measurements were also made using an in‐vitro nerve assay. The possible metabolic and physicochemical contributions to the observed insecticide potencies were explored using synergism studies, physical chemistry measurements and quantum mechanical calculations.
Synthesis and pesticidal activities of certain fluorine‐containing 9H‐1,2,4‐triazolo[4,3‐a] benzimidazoles
Authors: Joshi Krishna C. , Jain Renuka , Dandia Anshu , Sharma Kanti , Jain Satish C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSeveral fluorine‐containing 9H‐1,2,4‐triazolo[4,3‐a]benzimidazoles were synthesised using new methodology. 2‐Hydrazinobenzimidazoles on acylation with acid anhydrides afforded 2‐(acylhydrazino)benzimidazoles which, in turn, were cyclised with polyphosphoric acid to afford the title compounds. Representative compounds were screened for antibacterial, antifungal and herbicidal activities. The fluorinated derivatives showed enhanced antibacterial and antifungal activities on comparison to nonfluorinated analogues. Two of the derivatives showed 100% control of some grass weeds under pre‐emergent conditions at 10 kg ha−1.