bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does Insurance Market Activity Promote Economic Growth? A Cross‐Country Study for Industrialized and Developing Countries
Authors: Arena Marco 
Published: November 2008

AbstractInsurance market activity may contribute to economic growth, both as financial intermediary and provider of risk transfer and indemnification, by allowing different risks to be managed more efficiently and by mobilizing domestic savings. During the last decade, there has been faster growth in insurance market activity, particularly in emerging markets, given the process of financial liberalization and integration, which raises questions about the overall impact on economic growth. This article tests whether there is a causal relationship between insurance market activity (life and nonlife insurance) and economic growth. Using the generalized method of moments (GMM) for dynamic models of panel data for 55 countries between 1976 and 2004, I find robust evidence for this relationship. Both life and nonlife insurance have a positive and significant causal effect on economic growth. For life insurance, high‐income countries drive the results, and for nonlife insurance, both high‐income and developing countries drive the results.
MidgEmerge, a new predictive tool, indicates the presence of multiple emergence phenotypes of the overwintered generation of swede midge
Authors: Hallett Rebecca H. , Goodfellow Sheila A. , Weiss Ross M. , Olfert Owen 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe swede midge, Contarinia nasturtii (Kieffer) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), is a pest of cruciferous crops (Brassicaceae) in Europe and North America with high potential for economic impact. Effective timing of insecticide applications for swede midge control is difficult, in part due to a short adult lifespan. Predictive models are often used in integrated pest management programmes to facilitate the timing of control strategies. A European model, Contapré, for predicting adult swede midge emergence was shown to be inaccurate under Ontario field conditions. A new predictive model, MidgEmerge, was developed using DYMEX™ modelling software. MidgEmerge accurately predicts swede midge emergence in both Ontario and Québec. Observed emergence patterns cannot be explained without the presence of multiple emergence phenotypes. MidgEmerge indicates that there are two emergence phenotypes of the swede midge, each completing four generations per year in southern Ontario. A fifth generation of each may become possible with climate change. Evidence of a possible third emergence phenotype is presented. MidgEmerge has the potential to be an important predictive tool to inform and direct integrated pest management practices targeted against swede midge in North America.
Characterization of electrical penetration graphs of Bucephalogonia xanthophis, a vector of Xylella fastidiosa in citrus
Authors: Miranda M. P. , Fereres A. , Appezzato‐da‐Gloria B. , Lopes J. R. S. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe sharpshooter Bucephalogonia xanthophis (Berg) (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) is a vector of the xylem‐limited bacterium, Xylella fastidiosa (Wells, Raju, Hung, Weisburg, Mandelco‐Paul, and Brenner), which causes citrus variegated chlorosis. Despite the importance of citrus variegated chlorosis, the probing behavior of vectors on citrus and its implications for transmission of X. fastidiosa have not been studied. Here we studied electrical penetration graph (EPG‐DC system) waveforms produced by B. xanthophis on Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck (Rutaceae), and their relationships with stylet activities and xylem ingestion. Electrical penetration graph waveforms were described based on amplitude, frequency, voltage level, and electrical origin of the observed traces during stylet penetration on plant tissues. The main waveforms were correlated with histological observations of salivary sheaths in plant tissues and excretion analysis, in order to determine stylet activities and their precise position. Six waveforms and associated activities are described: (S) secretion of salivary sheath and intracellular stylet pathway, (R) resting during stylet pathway, (Xc) contact of stylets with xylem vessels, (Xi) active xylem ingestion, (N) interruption within the xylem phase (during Xc or Xi), and (W) withdrawal of stylet from the plant. The sharpshooter spent 91.8% of its probing time with its stylet in the xylem, where the main activity was ingestion (Xi: 97.5%). During a probe, the most likely sequence of events is secretion of salivary sheath and pathway (S) through epidermal and parenchyma cells (all individuals), followed by contact with xylem (Xc) (67.6% of all individuals) and ingestion (Xi) (88.3% of those that exhibit waveform Xc). The mean time to contact the xylem (Xc) and initiate ingestion (Xi) after onset of the first probe was 27.8 and 34.2 min, respectively. However, sustained xylem ingestion (Xi > 5 min) was established after 39.8 min, on average. This information is basic for future studies on the transmission mechanisms of X. fastidiosa and in order to establish control strategies aimed at interfering with this process.
The Effects of Alprostadil on Hypothalamic and Amygdalar Function and the Central Expression of Oxytocin: A Potential Central Role of Alprostadil Cream
Authors: Sun Xiangrong , Xu Luo , Zhang Jing , Guo Feifei , Tang Ming 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACT

Introduction
A specially formulated alprostadil cream, femprox, as an investigational medication has been studied for the treatment of female sexual arousal disorder in several clinical trials. However, few researchers have investigated the mechanism of the alprostadil cream on the central nervous system (CNS).

Aim
The purpose of this study is to investigate the possible central mechanisms of the alprostadil cream used in the vagina of rats.

Methods
The effects of intravaginal application of the alprostadil cream on neuronal activities in the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus (PVN) and basomedial amygdala nucleus (BMA) were studied by extracelluar unit-firing recording, and the expression of oxytocin-immunoreactive (OT-IR) neurons and c-fos-immunoreactive (c-fos-IR) neurons in the PVN and superoptic nuclei (SON) was tested by immunocytochemical assay in anesthetized rats.

Main Outcome Measures
The firing frequency of neurons in the PVN and BMA; the expression of OT-IR neurons and c-fos-IR neurons in the PVN and SON.

Results
Our data showed that 70% of the neurons in the PVN and 36% of the neurons in the BMA were excited by application of the alprostadil cream. Compared with the placebo cream, the alprostadil cream administered could significantly increase the expression of OT-IR and c-fos-IR neurons in the PVN of hypothalamus, but not in the SON.

Conclusion
Our results suggest that the application of the alprostadil cream could act on the genital nerve terminals to facilitate the neurons of the PVN and BMA in the CNS, and increase the expression of oxytocin in the PVN to induce sex behaviors.
Dietary patterns for reducing cardiovascular disease risk among Thai alcohol drinkers
Authors: JEERANUN Klaewkla , DUANGPORN Klaewsiri 
Published: November 2008

AbstractAim:  To study alcohol consumption patterns and dietary patterns among Thai people living in provinces with high risk of cardiovascular disease.Methods:  A cross‐sectional survey was applied using a face‐to‐face interview. A total of 1698 respondents aged 15–59 years participated. Four provinces from northern, central, eastern and southern Thailand as well as Bangkok were selected.Results:  A total of 724 (42.6%) men and 974 (57.4%) women participated in the study. There were more unhealthy habits associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk in the regular alcohol drinker group than in the occasional drinker and non‐drinker groups. There were differences in diet practices between men and women. Both men and women in the regular alcohol drinker group consumed highly salty food regularly 2.05 and 2.25 times more often than those in the occasional and non‐drinker group. They also regularly added fish sauce to ready cooked food 1.57 and 3.62 times more often than the occasional and non‐drinker group. Men in the regular alcohol drinker group regularly consumed deep‐fried food 1.97 times more often than those in the occasional and non‐drinker group. Men in the occasional and non‐drinker group regularly consumed fibre food 1.69 times more than those in the regular drinker group.Conclusions:  These results showed that alcohol drinkers also consumed poor diets that may put them at risk of development of cardiovascular disease. Programs aimed at increasing knowledge concerning better nutrition and fostering healthy eating habits among alcohol drinkers are warranted.
What outcome measures do Australian dietitians use to evaluate nutrition education interventions with individual patients?
Authors: CANT Robyn 
Published: November 2008

AbstractAim:  To examine outcome measures used by Australian dietitians in evaluating their nutrition education of individual patients.Methods:  A sequential qualitative—quantitative design was used. First, a purposive sample of 46 clinical dietitians working in Victorian hospitals, community or private practice attended an audio‐recorded focus group or in‐depth interview. Transcribed narratives were open‐coded to identify themes and results used to develop a questionnaire to survey Australian dietitians nationally to ask about patient education strategies and evaluation methods. In 2006, 258 dietitians (16%) responded to a Web‐based questionnaire. Criterion for extraction of results was ≥70% agreement on response items when measured on a 5‐point scale. Descriptive statistics were used and between‐group analyses were conducted using χ2 and Spearman's rank order correlation (if P < 0.05).Results:  Nine outcome measures were confirmed as valid in the categories of direct nutrition outcomes, clinical and health status outcomes and patient value‐based care outcomes. There was no significant difference in practice by work category, or time since qualification. Evaluation was most commonly performed prospectively at completion of a consultation, or as part of review consultations. The most common barrier to outcomes research was a lack of time. However, a lack of research skill or health team collaboration may also be a barrier as dietitians did not routinely research or report on outcomes for groups of patients, with potential to identify possible practice improvements.Conclusion:  Research training may be needed. Further investigation is recommended to develop best practice policies for dietetics outcomes research.
On the Occurrence of Silician Magnetites
Authors: Shimazaki Hidehiko 
Published: November 2008

Abstract: About 120 specimens of magnetite from various localities are examined by an electron microprobe analyzer. Magnetites containing more than one weight percent of silica but lack of any other components than ferrous and ferric iron, called silician magnetites in the present paper, are recognized in 23 skarn, one vein and one thermally metamorphosed massive sulfide deposits. Thus it is confirmed that this mineral occurs in nature much more frequently than so far expected. Besides silician magnetites, magnetites with appreciable amounts of Al2O3, CaO, MgO and other components along with silica, are also recognized in some skarn deposits. Magnetites with such unusual compositions are found only in hydrothermal environments, and it is suggested that precipitation mechanisms seem to be responsible for their formation.In silician magnetites, excess electric charge brought by the replacement of ferric iron in tetrahedral site by silicon, could be compensated by the replacement of ferric iron in octahedral site by ferrous iron, known as γ–Fe2SiO4 component. The natural occurrence of silician magnetites, however, gives no positive support to the existence of this component at crustal pressures. Instead a preliminary Mössbauer experiment demonstrates that one silician magnetite has a maghemite –like structure by the omission of ferrous iron from octahedral site.
Volcanic Activity, Hydrothermal Alteration and Epithermal Gold‐Silver Mineralization in the Ryuo Mine Area in the Kitami Metallogenic Province, Hokkaido, Japan
Authors: MAEDA Hiroyuki 
Published: November 2008

Abstract: Characterization of Neogene magmatism in the Ryuo mine area in the Kitami metallogenic province was carried out on the basis of K‐Ar data for felsic–to–mafic terrestrial extrusive and intrusive volcanism from Late Miocene to Early Pliocene.The Ryuo epithermal gold‐silver deposit occurs primarily in the felsic volcaniclastic rocks of the Ikutahara Formation and in Ryuo Rhyolite. The Ryuo mineralization age of 7. 7 – 8. 1 Ma coincides well with the hydrothermal alteration age (7. 7 Ma) of Ryuo Rhyolite hosting ore veins. It is concluded that the Ryuo mineralization was essentially accompanied by felsic volcanic activity during the sedimentation of the Ikutahara Formation, and was closely related both temporally and spatially to the intrusive activity of Ryuo Rhyolite.Hydrothermal alteration related to the epithermal gold‐silver mineralization of the Ryuo deposit is primarily characterized by early regional and vein‐related alterations, and late steam‐heated alteration. Early regional alteration consists of a smectite halo (smectite+pyrite±quartz±opal–CT±mordenite°Clinoptilolite–heulandite series mineral). Early vein‐related alteration is primarily marked by potassic alteration. This alteration halo can be subdivided into a K‐feldspar halo (quartz+adular–ia+pyrite±illite±interstratified illite/smectite±smectite), an illite halo (quartz+illite + chlorite + pyrite ± interstratified illite/smec–tite±smectite) and an interstratified illite/smectite halo (quartz + interstratified illite/smectite+pyrite±smectite). Late steam‐heated alteration characterized by kaolinite or alunite locally overprints the early K‐feldspar halo.The style of the Ryuo gold‐silver deposit is a low‐sulfidation epithermal type. The gold–silver–bearing quartz vein precipitates during boiling of ore fluid. The origin of the ore fluid might be meteoric water. The temperature and sulfur fugacity conditions during precipitation of electrum and acanthite are estimated to be 206°– 238°C and 10‐13.5 – 10‐11.6 atm, respectively.
Petrochemistry of Late Miocene to Quaternary Igneous Rocks and Metallogenesis in Southwest Hokkaido, Japan
Authors: OHTA Eijun , KAWANO Yoshinobu , NAKAGAWA Mitsuru , KAGAMI Hiroo 
Published: November 2008

Abstract: Southwest Hokkaido is largely covered by Late Miocene to Quaternary igneous rocks, and has a large number of gold veins and base‐metal veins of the same age. Investigation of the silica‐normalized concentration of elements has revealed regional petrochemical zoning; large ion lithophile elements (LILE) and K2O/(Na2O+K2O) of the rocks increase toward Japan Sea, whereas total FeO, CaO, and 87Sr/86Sr decrease. Mapped concentration isoplethes of these elements are not ideally parallel to the volcanic front, but protrude to the west at Funka Bay, and to the northwest at Matsumae Peninsula. Isoplethes of 87Sr/86Sr show similar patterns and two more northwestward protrusions in the northeast (Jozankei block) of southwest Hokkaido. Contrary to the general petrochemical trend, both high– and low‐LILE volcanic rocks occur in the Jozankei block. The ore deposits are distributed in four metallogenic zones; manganese–base–metal zone on the Japan Sea side, pyrite‐limonite zone mainly along the volcanic front, gold zone in the middle, and two units of gold–base–metal zone. The northern unit of this zone is in the Jozankei block, and seems a part of the gold zone overlapped by the manganese–base–metal zone. Thus, as a rule, pyrite–limonite, gold, and base‐metal deposits accompany low–, intermediate–, and high‐LILE igneous rocks, respectively.Individual deposits and volcanic rocks make chains oblique to the zones and the volcanic front. The majority of the ore deposits are distributed along ridges of Bouguer anomalies overlapped by the volcanic chains, which apparently control the patterns of the petrochemical isoplethes. This is typical for two volcanic chains to the north and south of Funka Bay, where the petrochemical isoplethes protrude to the west. This indicates that both the igneous activity and the mineralization have been under the control of tectonic fractures at the roots of the volcanic chains. The geological, petrochemical and metallogenic data support the idea that the chemical characteristics of the deposits are correlated mainly with the chemistry of the associated magmas, and partly with that of the host rocks.
High‐ and Low‐Temperature I‐type Granites
Authors: CHAPPELL B. W. , BRYANT C. J. , WYBORN D. , WHITE A. J. R. , WILLIAMS I. S. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract: I– and S‐type granites differ in several distinctive ways, as a consequence of their derivation from contrasting source rocks. The more mafic granites, whose compositions are closest to those of the source rocks, are most readily classified as I– or S–type. As granites become more felsic, compositions of the two types converge towards those of lowest temperature silicate melts. While discrimination of the two is therefore more difficult for such felsic rocks, that in no way invalidates the twofold subdivision. If felsic granite melts undergo fractional crystallisation, the major element compositions are not affected to any significant extent, but the concentrations of trace elements can vary widely. For some trace elements, fractional crystallisation causes the trace element abundances to diverge, so the I– and S– type granites are again easily separated. Such fractionated S‐type granites can be distinguished, for example, by high P and low Th and Ce, relative to their I‐type analogues.Our observations in the Lachlan Fold Belt show that there is no genetic basis for subdividing peraluminous granites into more mafic and felsic varieties, as has been attempted elsewhere. The subdivision of felsic peraluminous granites into I– and S‐types is more appropriate, and mafic peraluminous granites are always S–type. In a given area, associated mafic and felsic S‐type granites are likely to be closely related in origin, with the former comprising both restite‐rich magmas and cumulate rocks, and the felsic granites corresponding to melts that may have undergone fractional crystallisation after prior restite separation.We propose a subdivision of I‐type granites into two groups, formed at high and low temperatures. The high‐temperature I–type granites formed from a magma that was completely or largely molten, and in which crystals of zircon were not initially present because the melt was undersaturated in zircon. In comparison with low‐temperature I–type granites, the compositions extend to lower SiO2 contents and the abundances of Ba, Zr and the rare earth elements initially increase with increasing SiO2 in the more mafic rocks. While the high‐temperature I–type granite magmas were produced by the partial melting of mafic source rocks, their low‐temperature analogues resulted from the partial melting of quartzofeldspathic rocks such as older tonalites. In that second case, the melt produced was felsic and the more mafic low‐temperature I–type granites have that character because of the presence of entrained and magmatically equilibrated restite.High temperature granites are more prospective for mineralisation, both because of that higher temperature and because they have a greater capacity to undergo extended fractional crystallisation, with consequent concentration of incompatible components, including H2O.
Intrusion–Related Vein Gold Deposits: Types, Tectono‐Magmatic Settings and Difficulties of Distinction from Orogenic Gold Deposits
Authors: SILLITOE Richard H. , THOMPSON John F. H. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract: A spectrum of intrusion‐related vein gold deposits is recognized. Representative examples are described of the following geochemical associations: Au‐Fe oxide–Cu, Au–Cu–Mo–Zn, Au–As–Pb–Zn–Cu, Au–Te–Pb–Zn–Cu and Au–As–Bi–Sb. The associated intrusions range from small outcropping stocks to complex batholiths.The different vein associations are believed to reflect the compositions of related intrusions, which themselves characterize distinct tectonic settings. The Au‐Fe oxide–Cu and Au–Cu–Mo–Zn associations belong to two broad groups of deposits, Fe oxide–Cu–Au and porphyry Cu–Au, both of which are related to highly oxidized calc‐alkaline intrusions emplaced in sub–duction–related arcs. The Au–As–Pb–Zn–Cu association seems to be linked to somewhat less oxidized intrusions emplaced in a similar setting. The Au–Te–Pb–Zn–Cu association, which possesses well‐known epithermal counterparts, is also found with highly oxidized intrusions, but of alkaline composition and back‐arc location. In contrast, the Au–As–Bi–Sb association, part of a newly recognized class of intrusion‐hosted Au–Bi–W–As deposits, is related to relatively reduced intrusions, spanning the boundary between the magnetite– and ilmenite–series. Such intrusions, which may host major bulk‐mineable gold deposits, were emplaced along the landward sides of arcs, possibly during lulls in subduction, as well as in continental collision settings. Therefore, a variety of geological environments is prospective for vein and, by extrapolation, other styles of gold mineralization, not all of them fully appreciated in the past.Several features of vein gold deposits, including imprecise relationships to individual intrusive phases, poorly developed mineral and metal zoning, apparent time gaps between intrusion and mineralization and presence of low–salinity, CO2–rich fluid inclusions, are commonly taken to indicate a non‐igneous origin and to be more typical of orogenic (mesothermal) gold deposits generated during accretionary tectonic events. However, several or all of these features apply equally to some intrusion– related vein gold deposits and, therefore, do not constitute distinguishing criteria. The currently popular assignment of most gold‐rich veins to the orogenic category requires caution, because of the geological convergence that they show with some intrusion‐related deposits. A proper distinction between intrusion‐related and orogenic gold deposits is crucial for exploration planning.