bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The VP53 protein encoded by RNA2 of a fabavirus, broad bean wilt virus 2, is essential for viral systemic infection
Authors: Kim Myung-Hwi , Choi Boram , Jang Seok-Yeong , Choi Ji-Soo , Kim Sora , Lee Yubin , Park Suejin , Kwon Sun-Jung , Kang Jin-Ho , Seo Jang-Kyun 
Published: April 2024

AbstractPlant viruses evolves diverse strategies to overcome the limitations of their genomic capacity and express multiple proteins, despite the constraints imposed by the host translation system. Broad bean wilt virus 2 (BBWV2) is a widespread viral pathogen, causing severe damage to economically important crops. It is hypothesized that BBWV2 RNA2 possesses two alternative in-frame translation initiation codons, resulting in the production of two largely overlapping proteins, VP53 and VP37. In this study, we aim to investigate the expression and function of VP53, an N-terminally 128-amino-acid-extended form of the viral movement protein VP37, during BBWV2 infection. By engineering various recombinant and mutant constructs of BBWV2 RNA2, here we demonstrate that VP53 is indeed expressed during BBWV2 infection. We also provide evidence of the translation of the two overlapping proteins through ribosomal leaky scanning. Furthermore, our study highlights the indispensability of VP53 for successful systemic infection of BBWV2, as its removal results in the loss of virus infectivity. These insights into the translation mechanism and functional role of VP53 during BBWV2 infection significantly contribute to our understanding of the infection mechanisms employed by fabaviruses.
The role of stacking fault tetrahedra on void swelling in irradiated copper
Authors: Yu Ziang , Lin Yan-Ru , Zachman Michael J. , Zinkle Steven J. , Xu Haixuan 
Published: April 2024

AbstractA long-standing and critical issue in the field of irradiated structural materials is that void swelling is significantly higher in face-centered cubic-structured (fcc) materials (1% dpa−1) as compared to that of body-centered cubic-structured (bcc) materials (0.2% dpa−1). Despite extensive research in this area, the underlying mechanism of the difference in swelling resistance between these two types of materials is not yet fully understood. Here, by combining atomistic simulations and STEM imaging, we find stacking fault tetrahedra (SFTs) are the primary cause of the high swelling rate in pure fcc copper. We reveal that SFTs in fcc copper are not neutral sinks, different from the conventional knowledge. On the contrary, they are highly biased compared to other types of sinks because of the SFT-point defect interaction mechanism. SFTs show strong absorption of mobile self-interstitial atoms (SIAs) from the faces and vertices, and weak absorption of mobile vacancies from the edges. We compare the predicted swelling rates with experimental findings under varying conditions, demonstrating the distinct contributions of each type of sink. These findings will contribute to understanding the swelling of irradiated structural materials, which may facilitate the design of materials with high swelling resistance.
Small extracellular vesicles from young plasma reverse age-related functional declines by improving mitochondrial energy metabolism
Authors: Chen Xiaorui , Luo Yang , Zhu Qing , Zhang Jingzi , Huang Huan , Kan Yansheng , Li Dian , Xu Ming , Liu Shuohan , Li Jianxiao , Pan Jinmeng , Zhang Li , Guo Yan , Wang Binghao , Qi Guantong , Zhou Zhen , Zhang Chen-Yu , Fang Lei , Wang Yanbo , Chen Xi 
Published: April 2024

AbstractRecent investigations into heterochronic parabiosis have unveiled robust rejuvenating effects of young blood on aged tissues. However, the specific rejuvenating mechanisms remain incompletely elucidated. Here we demonstrate that small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) from the plasma of young mice counteract pre-existing aging at molecular, mitochondrial, cellular and physiological levels. Intravenous injection of young sEVs into aged mice extends their lifespan, mitigates senescent phenotypes and ameliorates age-associated functional declines in multiple tissues. Quantitative proteomic analyses identified substantial alterations in the proteomes of aged tissues after young sEV treatment, and these changes are closely associated with metabolic processes. Mechanistic investigations reveal that young sEVs stimulate PGC-1α expression in vitro and in vivo through their miRNA cargoes, thereby improving mitochondrial functions and mitigating mitochondrial deficits in aged tissues. Overall, this study demonstrates that young sEVs reverse degenerative changes and age-related dysfunction, at least in part, by stimulating PGC-1α expression and enhancing mitochondrial energy metabolism.
Memory for rewards guides retrieval
Authors: Nagel Juliane , Morgan David Philip , Gürsoy Necati Çağatay , Sander Samuel , Kern Simon , Feld Gordon Benedikt 
Published: April 2024

AbstractRewards paid out for successful retrieval motivate the formation of long-term memory. However, it has been argued that the Motivated Learning Task does not measure reward effects on memory strength but decision-making during retrieval. We report three large-scale online experiments in healthy participants (N = 200, N = 205, N = 187) that inform this debate. In experiment 1, we found that explicit stimulus-reward associations formed during encoding influence response strategies at retrieval. In experiment 2, reward affected memory strength and decision-making strategies. In experiment 3, reward affected decision-making strategies only. These data support a theoretical framework that assumes that promised rewards not only increase memory strength, but additionally lead to the formation of stimulus-reward associations that influence decisions at retrieval.
Principles of organelle positioning in motile and non-motile cells
Authors: Kroll Janina , Renkawitz Jörg 
Published: April 2024

AbstractCells are equipped with asymmetrically localised and functionally specialised components, including cytoskeletal structures and organelles. Positioning these components to specific intracellular locations in an asymmetric manner is critical for their functionality and affects processes like immune responses, tissue maintenance, muscle functionality, and neurobiology. Here, we provide an overview of strategies to actively move, position, and anchor organelles to specific locations. By conceptualizing the cytoskeletal forces and the organelle-to-cytoskeleton connectivity, we present a framework of active positioning of both membrane-enclosed and membrane-less organelles. Using this framework, we discuss how different principles of force generation and organelle anchorage are utilised by different cells, such as mesenchymal and amoeboid cells, and how the microenvironment influences the plasticity of organelle positioning. Given that motile cells face the challenge of coordinating the positioning of their content with cellular motion, we particularly focus on principles of organelle positioning during migration. In this context, we discuss novel findings on organelle positioning by anchorage-independent mechanisms and their advantages and disadvantages in motile as well as stationary cells.
A compact and high-performance setup of capillary electrophoresis with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (CE-C4D)
Authors: Li Lin , Song Yun-Peng , Ren Dou-Dou , Li Tang-Xiu , Gao Ming-Hui , Zhou Lei , Zeng Zhi-Cong , Pu Qi-aosheng 
Published: April 2024

A compact CE-C4D instrument with trace analysis sensitivity (e.g. 1 ppb or 20 nM level for common inorganic ions) without the need for preconcentration methods has been successfully developed.
Gesture's Role in the Communication of Adults With Different Types of Aphasia
Authors: Ozturk Sumeyra , Özçalışkan Şeyda 
Published: April 2024

Purpose:
Adults with aphasia gesture more than adults without aphasia. However, less is known about the role of gesture in different discourse contexts for individuals with different types of aphasia. In this study, we asked whether patterns of speech and gesture production of individuals with aphasia vary by aphasia and discourse type and also differ from the speech and gestures produced by adults without aphasia.

Method:

We compared the amount, diversity, and complexity of speech and gesture production in adults with anomic or Broca's aphasia and adults with no aphasia (
n
= 20/group) in their first- versus third-person narratives.

Results:
Adults with Broca's aphasia showed the lowest performance in their amount, diversity, and complexity of speech production, followed by adults with anomic aphasia and adults without aphasia. This pattern was reversed for gesture production. Speech and gesture production also varied by discourse context. Adults with either type of aphasia used a lower amount of and less diverse speech in third-person than in first-person narratives; this pattern was also reversed for gesture production.

Conclusions:
Overall, our results provide evidence for a compensatory role of gesture in aphasia communication. Adults with Broca's aphasia, who showed the greatest speech production difficulties, also relied most on gesture, and this pattern was particularly pronounced in the third-person narrative context.
Self-Rated Confidence in Vocal Emotion Recognition Ability: The Role of Gender
Authors: Sinvani Rachel-Tzofia , Fogel-Grinvald Haya , Sapir Shimon 
Published: April 2024

Purpose:
We studied the role of gender in metacognition of voice emotion recognition ability (ERA), reflected by self-rated confidence (SRC). To this end, we guided our study in two approaches: first, by examining the role of gender in voice ERA and SRC independently and second, by looking for gender effects on the ERA association with SRC.

Method:
We asked 100 participants (50 men, 50 women) to interpret a set of vocal expressions portrayed by 30 actors (16 men, 14 women) as defined by their emotional meaning. Targets were 180 repetitive lexical sentences articulated in congruent emotional voices (anger, sadness, surprise, happiness, fear) and neutral expressions. Trial by trial, the participants were assigned retrospective SRC based on their emotional recognition performance.

Results:
A binomial generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) estimating ERA accuracy revealed a significant gender effect, with women encoders (speakers) yielding higher accuracy levels than men. There was no significant effect of the decoder's (listener's) gender. A second GLMM estimating SRC found a significant effect of encoder and decoder genders, with women outperforming men. Gamma correlations were significantly greater than zero for women and men decoders.

Conclusions:
In spite of varying interpretations of gender in each independent rating (ERA and SRC), our results suggest that both men and women decoders were accurate in their metacognition regarding voice emotion recognition. Further research is needed to study how individuals of both genders use metacognitive knowledge in their emotional recognition and whether and how such knowledge contributes to effective social communication.
Spelling Facilitates Reading: A Tutorial on the Spell-to-Read Approach
Authors: Ramsdell Heather L. , Bowers Lisa 
Published: April 2024

Purpose:
According to the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA), prevention, identification, assessment, and intervention of children who are learning to read and write are within the scope of practice for school-based speech-language pathologists (SLPs). Furthermore, for SLPs who work in the school setting, it is not uncommon to have struggling readers and poor spellers on their caseloads. Importantly, for students who have difficulty in spelling, their spelling errors are among the early indicators of dyslexia and can provide a means for identifying readers who may benefit from early intervention. SLPs can both assess spelling skills and implement evidence-based spelling and literacy diagnosis and instruction. Spelling instruction in kindergarten through the high school grades that is heavily grounded in metalinguistic activities can provide access to mental representations of word spellings, pronunciations, and meanings; links between whole-word and phonics approaches to reading instruction; and a foundation for reading fluency and comprehension.

Conclusions:
Learning to spell is essential for learning to read. Accordingly, this tutorial aims to elucidate how to (a) assess and identify phases of spelling development and (b) teach spelling to facilitate reading through a listening-first approach.
Matching area selection for arctic gravity matching navigation based on adaptive all‐field extended extremum algorithm
Authors: Xi Menghan , Wu Lin , Li Qianqian , Mao Guocheng , Wu Pengfei , Ji Bing , Bao Lifeng , Wang Yong 
Published: April 2024

AbstractSuitable and effective matching area selection is crucial for gravity matching‐aided navigation. In this paper, an all‐field extended extremum algorithm based on an adaptive threshold (AT‐AEE) is proposed for matching area selection in the Arctic Sea. The gradient data is obtained by using the convolution of gravity reference graph data and all‐field extended extremum parameters. Then, the adaptive threshold method was employed to determine the optimal gradient threshold based on gravity anomaly data across various test areas. Data points with gradients exceeding the specified threshold are identified as local candidate points for matching areas. The test areas containing a certain proportion of local candidate points are designated as the suitable matching areas. Nine test areas in the Arctic Sea with different gravity change characteristics were chosen for simulation experiments to verify the performance of the proposed algorithm. Simulation experiments showed that superior navigation positioning results could be obtained in the matching areas selected by the AT‐AEE algorithm. Compared to traditional algorithm, the matching areas derived from the AT‐AEE algorithm performed with a better consistency in the gravity matching navigation results. In suitable matching areas with the proportion of local candidate points reaching 70%, the average positioning errors could be reduced to less than 1.5 n miles.
SuperCAM CO(3–2) APEX survey at a 6 pc resolution in the Small Magellanic Clouds
Authors: Saldaño H. P. , Rubio M. , Bolatto A. D. , Sandstrom K. , Swift B. J. , Verdugo C. , Jameson K. , Walker C. K. , Kulesa C. , Spilker J. , Bergman P. , Salazar G. A. 
Published: April 2024

Context. The Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) is an ideal laboratory for studying the properties of star-forming regions thanks to its low metallicity, which has an impact on the molecular gas abundance. However, a small number of molecular gas surveys of the entire galaxy have been carried out in the last few years, limiting the measurements of interstellar medium (ISM) properties in a homogeneous manner.
Aims. We present the CO(3-2) APEX survey at a 6 pc resolution of the bar of the SMC, observed with the SuperCAM receiver attached to the APEX telescope. This high-resolution survey has allowed us to study certain properties of the ISM and to identify CO clouds in the innermost parts of the H2 envelopes.
Methods. We adopted the CO analysis in the SMC bar comparing the CO(3–2) survey with that of the CO(2–1) of a similar resolution. We studied the CO(3–2)-to-CO(2–1) ratio (R32), which is very sensitive to the environment properties (e.g., star-forming regions). We analyzed the correlation of this ratio with observational quantities that trace the star formation such as the local CO emission, the Spitzer color [70/160], and the total IR surface brightness measured from the Spitzer and Herschel bands. For the identification of the CO(3–2) clouds, we used the CPROPS algorithm, which allowed us to measure the physical properties of the clouds. We analyzed the scaling relationships of such physical properties.
Results. We obtained R32 = 0.65 ± 0.02 for the SW bar and a slightly higher ratio, R32 = 0.7 ± 0.1, for N66 in the SMC. We found that R32 varies from region to region, depending on the star formation activity. In regions dominated by HII and photo-dissociated regions (e.g., N22, N66) R32 tends to be higher than the median values. Meanwhile, lower values were found toward quiescent clouds. We also found that R32 is correlated with the IR color [70/160] and the total IR surface brightness. This finding indicates that R32 increases with environmental properties, such as the dust temperature, total gas density, and radiation field. We identified 225 molecular clouds with sizes of R > 1.5 pc and signal-to-noise ratios (S/N) of >3, of which only 17 are well resolved CO(3–2) clouds with S/N ≳ 5. These 17 clouds follow consistent scaling relationships to the inner Milky Way clouds but with some departures. For instance, CO(3–2) tends to be less turbulent and less luminous than the inner Milky Way clouds of similar sizes. Finally, we estimated a median virial-based CO(3–2)-to-H2 conversion factor of 12.6−7+10 M⊙ (K km s−1 pc2)−1 for the total sample.
The impact of overshoot on thei-process in AGB stars
Authors: Remple B. A. , Battich T. , Weiss A. 
Published: April 2024

Context.The production of neutron-rich elements at neutron densities intermediate to those of thes- andr-processes, the so-calledi-process, has been identified as possibly being responsible for the observed abundance pattern found in certain carbon-enhanced metal-poor (CEMP) stars. The production site may be low-metallicity stars on the asymptotic giant branch (AGB) where the physical processes during the thermal pulses are not well known.Aims.We investigate the impact of overshoot from various convective boundaries during the AGB phase on proton ingestion events (PIEs) and the neutron densities as a necessary precondition for thei-process as well as on the structure and continued evolution of the models.Methods.We therefore analyzed models of a 1.2 M⊙,Z = 5 × 10−5star. A fiducial model without overshoot on the AGB (overshoot was applied during the pre-AGB evolution) serves as a reference. The same model was then run with various overshoot values and the resulting models were compared to one another. Light element nucleosynthesis is also discussed. Additionally, we introduce a new timescale argument to predict PIE occurrence to discriminate between a physical and a numerical reason for a nonoccurrence. A comparison to observations as well as previous studies was conducted before finally presenting the most promising choice of overshoot parameters for the occurrence of thei-process in low-mass, low-metallicity models.Results.The fiducial model reveals high neutron densities and a persistent split of the pulse-driven convection zone (PDCZ). Overshoot from the PDCZ results in either temporary or permanent remerging of the split PDCZ, influencing the star’s structure and evolution. While both overshoot and non-overshoot models exhibit PIEs generating neutron densities suitable for thei-process, they lead to varied C/O and N/O ratios and notable Li enhancements. Comparison with previous studies and observations of CEMP-r/s stars suggests that while surface enhancements in our models may be exaggerated, abundance ratios align well. Though, for high values of overshoot from the PDCZ the agreement becomes worse.
CAR-T-Zell-Therapie bei autoimmunen Erkrankungen
Authors: Pecher Ann-Christin , Henes Jörg 
Published: April 2024

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGChimeric-Antigen-Receptor(CAR)-T-Zellen haben das Feld der Hämato-Onkologie revolutioniert und kommen seit 2021 auch im Bereich der Autoimmunerkrankungen zur Anwendung. Patienteneigene T-Zellen werden mit einem künstlich hergestellten T-Zell-Rezeptor („CAR“) transfiziert, woraufhin diese den B-Zell-Marker CD19 (oder auch andere Oberflächenmarker) erkennen. Nach Rückgabe der modifizierten T-Zellen nach erfolgter lymphodepletierender Chemotherapie kommt es zu einer raschen Expansion der CAR-T-Zellen. Diese ist mit potenziellen typischen Komplikationen wie dem Cytokine-Release-Syndrome und Immune-Effector-Cell-Associated-Neurotoxicity-Syndrome assoziiert. Die Wirkweise der CAR-T-Zell-Therapie ist noch nicht endgültig erklärt. Das verbesserte Ansprechen von Patienten wird aufgrund des weitverbreiteten Markers CD19 sowie des zellulären Elements der CAR-T-Zellen erklärt. Bislang existieren nur Fallberichte/-serien. Die Erfolge müssen sich nun in klinischen Studien – welche weltweit anlaufen – bestätigen.
Neue Ansätze in der immunologischen Therapie der Riesenzellarteriitis und Polymyalgia rheumatica
Authors: Petzinna Simon M. , Schäfer Valentin S. 
Published: April 2024

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDie Riesenzellarteriitis (RZA) ist eine Autoimmunerkrankung der großen und mittelgroßen Arterien. Sie ist die häufigste primäre systemische Vaskulitis in der westlichen Welt. Eine verzögerte Diagnose kann schwerwiegende Komplikationen wie permanenten Sehverlust zur Folge haben. Der vaskuläre Ultraschall hat sich als schnelle und zuverlässige Methode in der Diagnostik der RZA etabliert. Pathophysiologisch zeigt sich ein Zusammenspiel des angeborenen und adaptiven Immunsystems. Eine häufige Assoziation besteht mit der Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR). Bei Verdacht auf RZA ist eine sofortige Glukokortikoid-Stoßtherapie, gefolgt von einem Tapering zumeist über 6 Monate, indiziert. Tocilizumab, ein Inhibitor des IL-6-Rezeptors, hat sich als therapeutischer Goldstandard zur Reduktion der kumulativen Steroid-Dosis und Rezidivrate der RZA etabliert. Bei der Behandlung der PMR werden primär Glukokortikoide eingesetzt, wobei ein Tapering über mindestens 1 Jahr empfohlen wird. Bei hohem Risiko für ein Rezidiv kann zusätzlich die Gabe von Methotrexat oder Tocilizumab in Betracht gezogen werden. Derzeit befinden sich zahlreiche Therapieansätze zur Behandlung von RZA und PMR in klinischen Studien.
Editorial
Authors: Meyer Nora , Schacher Ben , Abend Annika , Maegele Marc 
Published: April 2024

Liebe Lesende,in unserem Arbeitsalltag begegnen uns eine Vielzahl verschiedener Patient*innen. Was
diese verbindet, sind ihre Einschränkungen der oberen Extremität, auf die wir als
medizinische und therapeutische Expert*innen spezialisiert sind. Trotzdem sollten
die physischen Verletzungen selten isoliert betrachtet werden, da die Hand keine
Maschine ist, die allein durch eine rein funktionelle Behandlung „repariert“ und
wieder zum Einsatz gebracht werden kann. Der Mensch, der hinter einer Diagnose
steht, wirkt mit allem, was ihn ausmacht, bei seinem Heilungsprozess mit. Mit dieser
Ausgabe wollen wir Ihnen ein wichtiges Thema näherbringen, das zur täglichen
handtherapeutischen Praxis gehört: psychologische Aspekte bei der Arbeit mit
Patient*innen.