bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stress‐ulcer prophylaxis for general medical patients: A review of the evidence
Authors: Janicki Todd , Stewart Scott 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBACKGROUNDGastric stress ulceration and bleeding are common occurrences in the critically ill and prophylactic acid‐suppression is used almost universally in this population. Evidence suggests that general medical patients hospitalized outside of the intensive care unit often receive similar therapy.PURPOSETo determine how frequently general medical patients are prescribed stress ulcer prophylaxis and what evidence exists for doing so.DATA SOURCEThe MEDLINE database (1966 to October 2005), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (4th Quarter 2005), and the bibliographies of selected articles.STUDY SELECTIONStudies that contained significant data about either the frequency of use of stress ulcer prophylaxis in general medical patients or gastrointestinal bleeding outcomes in patients given prophylaxis.DATA EXTRACTIONThe primary author extracted prevalence and outcome data.DATA SYNTHESISDescriptive studies suggest that 20–25% of general medical patients receive acid suppression for stress ulcer prophylaxis in the absence of presumed (but not established) risk factors for bleeding. Only two randomized, controlled trials evaluated the effects of prophylaxis in this population. The first found a reduction in clinically significant gastrointestinal bleeding from 6% (3 of 48) with placebo to zero (n = 52) with magaldrate. The second found a reduction in clinically significant bleeding from 3% (2 of 70) with sucralfate to zero (n = 74) with cimetidine.CONCLUSIONA significant number of general medical patients are prescribed acid‐suppressive therapy for stress ulcer prophylaxis. The literature provides only sparse guidance on this issue with two randomized trials showing a possible benefit for prophylaxis. Further study is needed. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2007;2:86–92. © 2007 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Expanding the roles of hospitalist physicians to include public health
Authors: Kisuule Flora , Minter‐Jordan Myechia , Zenilman Jonathan , Wright Scott M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSeveral years after the inception of the hospitalist movement, hospitalist roles have evolved in breadth and sophistication. Although public health is not formally recognized or previously described as an arena for hospitalists, hospitalists are often engaged in public health practice. This article attempts to alert hospitalists to the potential to make contributions to the field of public health and defines the public health skills that can positively affect the lives of their patients and the communities they serve. In a public health role, hospitalists may improve the quality of inpatient care. This article reviews how public health and hospital‐based practices have already intersected and proposes further development within this discipline. In our ever‐changing health care system, hospitalists play key roles in the central public health domains of assessment, assurance, and policy development. Insightful hospitalists will recognize and embrace these responsibilities in caring for patients and society. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2007;2:93–101. © 2007 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Relationship between cartilage stiffness and dGEMRIC index: Correlation and prediction
Authors: Baldassarri Marta , Goodwin Jesse S. Little , Farley Michelle L. , Bierbaum Benjamin E. , Goldring Steven R. , Goldring Mary B. , Burstein Deborah , Gray Martha L. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWe sought to determine if a generalized relationship between the dGEMRIC index (T1Gd relaxation time) and compressive stiffness of articular cartilage could be defined across multiple samples. Osteochondral blocks were cut from 12 human tibial plateaus, six from cadaveric sources and six from total knee replacement surgeries. Each block contained submeniscal (“covered”) and extrameniscal (“uncovered”) cartilage regions. At ∼18 sites per block, a pulse indentation was applied and local dGEMRIC index was determined using dGEMRIC MRI. No correlation was found between stiffness and full cartilage depth dGEMRIC index. When averaged over the depth comparable to the indentation, good correlations were found between stiffness and the dGEMRIC index whether all data were combined, or whether each sample/region was considered independently. However, the standard error of the estimate for predicting stiffness from the local dGEMRIC index was improved when the uncovered and covered regions were considered separately. Further improvement in predictive capacity was obtained if, rather than predict absolute stiffness, differences in the dGEMRIC index across a region were used to predict difference in stiffness. The dGEMRIC index is highly correlated to mechanical stiffness. A generalized relationship was found to provide good correspondence across sources and regions. Use of the dGEMRIC index as a predictive measure of stiffness is possible, depending on the application's acceptable error. © 2007 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 25:904–912, 2007
Sourdough fermentation of wheat fractions rich in fibres before their use in processed food
Authors: Lioger Delphine , Leenhardt Fanny , Demigne Christian , Remesy Christian 
Published: April 2007

AbstractFibre‐rich fractions of wheat are an important source of minerals but also contain considerable amounts of phytic acid, known to impair mineral absorption. This study explores the efficiency of wheat bran sourdough fermentation on phytate hydrolysis and mineral solubility, in comparison with whole‐wheat flour. In vitro trials were performed to assess the consequences of the addition of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), an alkalinising salt, on phytic acid breakdown and mineral bioavailability during sourdough fermentation. Sourdough fermentation was found effective for solubilising minerals in whole‐wheat flours but was less effective with bran. In addition, sourdough acidity was blunted by the addition of CaCO3, whereas degradation of phytic acid remained effective. Despite extensive breakdown of phytic acid (almost 70%), the addition of calcium exerted a very negative effect on zinc solubility. In conclusion, a pre‐fermentation process of whole cereals or bran, in suitable conditions of hydration, allows degradation of the major part of phytic acid and optimal mineral bioavailability. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Purification and characterization of a cationic peroxidase from artichoke leaves
Authors: Cardinali Angela , Sergio Lucrezia , Di Venere Donato , Linsalata Vito , Fortunato Donatella , Conti Amedeo , Lattanzio Vincenzo 
Published: April 2007

AbstractPeroxidases are part of a large group of enzymes associated with cell wall biosynthesis, response to injury, disease, resistance and wound repair. Among peroxidase isoenzymes, a soluble cationic peroxidase (ALSP), not yet described, has been partially purified and characterized from artichoke leaves. The enzyme was shown to be a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 51 000 and an isoelectric point of 9. The substrate specificity of the ALSP is characteristic of class III (guaiacol‐type) peroxidases. The ALSP was partially purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration, affinity chromatography, anionic exchange high‐performance liquid chromatography and isoelectrofocusing. The increase in specific activity was 43 times compared to the crude extract as estimated by the guaiacol assay. Three ALSP fragments were sequenced by tandem mass spectrometry de novo sequencing method. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of head group size on the reaction methyl 4‐nitrobenzenesulfonate + Br− in water‐ethylene glycol cetyltrialkylammonium bromide micellar solutions
Authors: Rodríguez María Amalia , Muñoz María , Graciani María del Mar , Fernández Gaspar , Moyá María Luisa 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe reaction methyl 4‐nitrobenzenesulfonate + Br− has been studied in water‐ethylene glycol cetyltrialkylammonium bromide (alkyl = methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl) micellar solutions by changing surfactant concentration as well as the weight percentage of ethylene glycol present in the bulk phase. The pseudophase model was adequate to rationalize quantitatively the micellar kinetic effects. Information about the influence of the head group size on the second‐order rate constant of the process and on the binding equilibrium constant of the organic substrate to the cationic micelles in water–ethylene glycol mixtures was obtained. Kinetic data taken from the literature were compared to those obtained in this work in order to examine the different effects produced by an alcohol that is localized in the bulk phase, such as ethylene glycol, with those caused by an alcohol that distributes between the bulk and micellar pseudophases, such as 1‐butanol. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 39: 346–352, 2007
Kinetic model of olefin hydroalumination by HAlBui2 and AlBui3 in the presence of Cp2ZrCl2 catalyst
Authors: Parfenova Lyudmila V. , Balaev Alexandr V. , Gubaidullin Irek M. , Abzalilova Liya R. , Pechatkina Svetlana V. , Khalilov Leonard M. , Spivak Semyon I. , Dzhemilev Usein M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe mechanism of α‐olefin hydroalumination by HAlBui2, ClAlBui2, and AlBui3 in the presence of Cp2ZrCl2 catalyst has been studied. It was established that the key intermediate of the reaction is a bimetallic complex [Cp2ZrH2 · ClAlBui2]2, which reacts with olefins and yields higher diisobutylalkylalanes. In parallel with this stage, the key complex can readily react with XAlBui2 (X = H, Cl, Bui) and form a stable trihydride complex Cp2ZrH2 · ClAlBui2 · HAlBui2, which does not exhibit reactivity in olefin hydroalumination. A kinetic model of α‐olefin hydroalumination with HAlBui2 and AlBui3 has been developed. The model explains the causes of the low stability of the key intermediate [Cp2ZrH2 · ClAlBui2]2 and of the different activities of organoaluminum compounds (OACs) in the olefin hydroalumination reaction. Moreover, the model gives information about the limit stages of the reaction and explains the influence of the length of the initial olefins on the rate of the whole catalytic process. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 39: 333–339, 2007
Linear free‐energy relationships in chromium(VI) oxidation of substituted benzylamines in nonaqueous media
Authors: Thirumoorthi A. , Bhuvaneshwari D. S. , Elango K. P. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe kinetics of oxidation of 11 para‐ and meta‐substituted benzylamines by imidazolium fluorochromate (IFC) in different organic solvent media has been investigated in the presence of p‐toluenesulfonic acid (TsOH). The reaction was run under pseudo‐first‐order conditions. The rate of the reaction was found to be first order in IFC and found to increase with increase in [TsOH]. Solution IR studies in combination with kinetic measurements were used to get a better insight into the mechanism of the oxidation process. The product analysis was carried out using GC–MS. Various thermodynamic parameters for the oxidation have been reported and discussed along with the validity of the isokinetic relationship. The specific rate of oxidizing species benzylamines reaction (k2) correlates with Hammett's substituent constants affording positive reaction constants. The rate data failed to correlate with macroscopic solvent parameters, such as εr and ENT, while showing satisfactory correlation with Kamlet–Taft's solvatochromic parameters (α, β, and π*) which suggests that the specific solute–solvent interactions play a major role in governing the reactivity, and the observed solvent effects have been explained on the basis of solute–solvent complexation. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 39: 362–369, 2007
Early and Late Outcome of Cardiac Surgery in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis
Authors: Filsoufi Farzan , Salzberg Sacha P. , Rahmanian Parwis B. , Schiano Thomas D. , Elsiesy Hussien , Squire Anthony , Adams David H. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Liver cirrhosis is a major risk factor in general surgery. Few studies have reported on the outcome of cardiac surgery in these patients. Herein we report our recent experience in this high-risk patient population according to the Child-Turcotte-Pugh classification and Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score. Between January 1998 and December 2004, 27 patients (mean age 58 ± 10 yr, 20 male) with cirrhosis who underwent cardiac surgery were identified. Patients were in Child-Turcotte-Pugh class A (n = 10), B (n = 11), and C (n = 6) and mean MELD score was 14.2 ± 4.2. Operative mortality was 26% (n = 7). Stratified mortality according to Child-Turcotte-Pugh class was 11%, 18%, and 67% for class A, B, and C, respectively. No mortality occurred in patients who had revascularization without the use of cardiopulmonary bypass (n = 5). The 1-yr survival was 80%, 45%, and 16% for Child-Turcotte-Pugh class A, B, and C, respectively (P = 0.02). Major postoperative complications occurred in 22%, 56%, and 100% for Child-Turcotte-Pugh class A, B, and C, respectively. Child-Turcotte-Pugh classification was a better predictor of hospital mortality (P = 0.02) compared to MELD score (P = 0.065). In conclusion, our results suggest that cardiac surgery can be performed safely in patients with Child-Turcotte-Pugh class A and selected patients with class B. Operative mortality remains high in class C patients. Careful patient selection is critical in order to improve surgical outcome in patients with cirrhosis. Liver Transpl, 2007. © 2007 AASLD.
Fast frequency response computation for Rayleigh damping
Authors: Meerbergen K. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWe present a model reduction Lanczos method for the computation of frequency response functions of Rayleigh damping problems. The connection with modal extraction and modal superposition is made. The usual model reduction methods require complex arithmetic. With the proposed method, complex arithmetic is only used for the reduced problem. A numerical example from structural damping is given. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Targeted RNA interference of phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase p110‐β induces apoptosis and proliferation arrest in endometrial carcinoma cells
Authors: An HJ , Cho NH , Yang HS , Kwak KB , Kim NK , Oh DY , Lee SW , Kim HO , Koh JJ 
Published: April 2007

AbstractPhosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K) signalling plays a pivotal role in intracellular signal transduction pathways involved in cell growth, cellular transformation, and tumourigenesis. PI3K is overexpressed in many human cancers, including endometrial carcinomas, one of the most common female genital tract malignancies. Here, we used small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeted to PI3K p110‐β to determine whether inhibition of the β isoform could be a potential therapeutic target for endometrial carcinoma. In this study, treatment of HEC‐1B endometrial cancer cells with PI3K p110‐β‐specific siRNA resulted in increased apoptosis and decreased tumour cell proliferation. Depletion of PI3K p110‐β decreased the protein levels of AKT1, AKT2, pAKT, and mTOR—downstream targets of PI3K. Knock‐down of PI3K p110‐β by siRNA also induced decreased expression of cyclin E and Bcl‐2, suggesting that PI3K p110‐β stimulates tumour growth, at least in part by regulating cyclin E and Bcl‐2. Thus, our results indicate that siRNA‐mediated gene silencing of PI3K p110‐β may be a useful therapeutic strategy for endometrial cancers overexpressing PI3K p110‐β. Copyright © 2007 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Classifying the intensity of pediatric cancer treatment protocols: The intensity of treatment rating scale 2.0 (ITR‐2)
Authors: Werba Branlyn E. , Hobbie Wendy , Kazak Anne E. , Ittenbach Richard F. , Reilly Anne F. , Meadows Anna T. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBackgroundTo develop and validate a method of classifying the intensity of pediatric oncology treatments using four operationally defined categories of treatment intensity.ProcedureAn earlier version of a rating scale, the intensity of treatment rating (ITR), was revised and validated in two phases. In the Scale Construction phase, three criterion raters revised the ITR items based on consensus and item agreement data from pediatric oncologist raters (N = 15). In the Scale Validation phase, the new ITR‐2 items were validated using a second set of pediatric oncologists external to our institution (N = 12). In addition, a third group of raters (N = 16), was employed to assess inter‐rater reliabilities for 12 patients at varying levels of treatment intensities.ResultsAgreement between criterion ratings and the median of external raters for all 34 items on the ITR‐2 was very high (r = 0.95, range 0.71–0.91). When the ITR‐2 was used to rate 12 patient examples, the inter‐rater agreement among pediatric oncologists was also very high (median agreement between criterion‐rater pairs: r = 0.87; overall relatedness among 16 raters: rICC = 0.83).ConclusionsThe revised ITR Scale 2.0 (ITR‐2) is a valid and reliable scale for classifying the intensity of pediatric oncology treatments. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;48:673–677. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Laser light scattering studies of ternary polymer solutions
Authors: Daivis Peter J. , Pinder David N. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTernary polymer solutions [polystyrene and poly(methylvinylether) dissolved in a single solvent] have been studied to investigate the thermodynamic compatibility of the polymers and the solvents, and also to facilitate the investigation of the self‐diffusion of polystyrene to greater polymer concentration. Both good and poor quality solvents have been used in this study. The self‐diffusion coefficient of the polystyrene has been measured by dynamic light scattering and by pulsed field gradient NMR where appropriate. The self‐diffusion data are also used to critically examine the recent theoretical developments in this field. Important confirmation of theory has been demonstrated for good solvent solutions and intriguing discrepancies have been discovered for poor solvent solutions.
The effects of processing on the mechanical properties of a polyolefin blend
Authors: Flaris Vicki , Stachurski Zbigniew H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe procedure employed to prepare blends plays a significant role on the ultimate morphological and mechanical properties of the blend. This was demonstrated through the use of a styrene‐ethylene/butylene‐styrene (SEBS) triblock copolymer as a compatibilizer for isotactic polypropylene and linear lowdensity polyethylene. The considerable increases in impact strength for the blends containing the higher percentages of SEBS are related to the magnitude of plastic deformation observed in the matrix and to the size of the occlusions.
Synthesis and characterization of hydroxy‐terminated poly(alkylene oxides) by condensation polymerization of diols
Authors: Gunatillake Pathiraja A. , Meijs Gordon F. , Chatelier Ronald C. , McIntosh Donna M. , Rizzardo Ezio 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAcid‐catalysed condensation polymerization of 1,6‐hexanediol, 1,8‐octanediol and 1,10‐decanediol was carried out in the 150–190°C temperature range in the presence of sulphuric acid or Nafion‐H resin, and the polymerizations were monitored by size‐exclusion chromatography. The products were identified as hydroxy‐terminated poly(alkylene oxides) by 1H and 13C NMR and IR spectroscopy. The polymers were obtained in 66–81% yield from both catalysts in the polymerizations of 1,8‐octanediol and 1,10‐decanediol. With 1,6‐hexanediol the polymer yields were 30 and 42‐56% in the presence of Nafion and sulphuric acid, respectively. These low yields were due to the formation of oxepane as confirmed by gas chromatographic analysis of volatile condensation products. Vapour pressure osmometry showed the number‐average molecular weight of polymers to be in the range 700‐2400, depending on the reaction time and temperature. The hydroxy functionality of the poly(alkylene oxides) was 2.0 as determined by vapour pressure osmometry and 1H NMR spectroscopy.
Synthesis of sulfoxide‐modified ethylene—vinyl alcohol copolymers for the permselective membrane of sulfur dioxide
Authors: Imai Kiyokazu , Shiomi Tomoo , Tezuka Yasuyuki , Inokami Kiyotaka 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe Michael‐type addition reaction of ethylene‐vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVAL) with a series of vinyl sulfoxides namely methyl, ethyl, t‐butyl and phenyl vinyl sulfoxides, was performed with NaOH as a catalyst in DMSO solution to produce 2‐(alkyl or phenyl sulfinyl)ethyl EVAL derivatives. The high perm‐selectivity of sulfur dioxide against nitrogen was achieved through these sulfoxide‐modified EVAL membranes.
Terpolymerization reactions of N‐acryloyloxyphthalimide or N‐methacryloyloxyphthalimide with methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate and acrylonitrile
Authors: Mahmoud A. A. , Shaaban A. F. , Khalil A. A. , Messiha N. N. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTernary copolymerization reactions of N‐acryloyloxyphthalimide (NAP) or N‐methacryloyloxyphthalimide (NMP) and acrylonitrile with methyl acrylate or methyl methacrylate were carried out in solution at 60°C in the presence of a free radical initiator. Experimental terpolymerization data agree well with calculations based on the Alfrey‐Goldfinger equation. The determination of unitary, binary, and ternary azeotropies of the various systems studied was easily handled by a computer program. The results show that there is no ternary azeotropic composition for any terpolymer system studied. Selective unitary and binary azeotropic compositions were polymerized and the results show good agreement between the theoretical and experimental terpolymer composition in each case. The estimation of terpolymer compositions was carried out by 1H NMR spectroscopy.
Experimental Criteria for Living Polymerizations
Authors: Quirk Roderic P. , Lee Bumjae 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSeven experimental criteria for living polymerizations are critically reviewed. The limitations of the use of linear plots of M̄n (or X̄;n) versus conversion and linear plots of the number of polymer chains versus conversion are illustrated by an example of alkyllithium‐initiated polymerization of styrene by incremental additions of styrene with deliberate termination (5% per incremental monomer addition). The experimental criteria of using narrow molecular weight distribution and the formation of block copolymers are illustrated with practical examples and size exclusion chromatography data. The use of the terms ‘living polymerization with reversible termination’ and ‘living polymerization with reversible chain transfer’ are proposed.
The surface energy spectrum of PVC
Authors: Mash C. J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA new theory enabling the surface energy of a solid to be expressed as a quantitative energy spectrum has recently been proposed. This theory was tested on clean and contaminated polyvinyl chloride (PVC) surfaces which yielded remarkably different spectra. Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) confirmed that peak energies could be correlated with specific molecular groups exposed at the surface.