bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
OCCURRENCE OF AFLATOXINS IN VARIOUS NUTS COMMERCIALIZED IN TURKEY
Authors: BASARAN PERVIN , OZCAN MELTEM 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACT Nuts are important agricultural commodities in Turkey as they are exported and largely consumed domestically. Two hundred and seventeen samples of hazelnuts, pistachio nuts and peanuts were randomly collected from public markets, bazaars, supermarkets and retail stores in several regions of Turkey and analyzed for the incidence of aflatoxin (B1, B2, G1, G2) contamination by high‐performance liquid chromatography. The levels of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and the total aflatoxins in the majority of samples analyzed (87.09%) were so low that they were not quantifiable. Thirty‐one samples (14.28%) were found to have low levels of aflatoxins, below the Turkish National regulatory limits of 5 µg/kg for AFB1 and 10 µg/kg for total aflatoxins. However, four samples (1.84%) showed a level of contamination that exceeded the maximum tolerated levels set in the Turkish regulations. The highest value of AFB1 was 36.81 µg/kg in pistachio nuts. This article reports the data of the first survey on the presence of aflatoxins in nuts sampled in three distinct regions of Turkey. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe formation of aflatoxins depends not only on the genetic potential of mold strains but also on environmental factors, especially during post‐harvest transportation and storage. Although further national surveys must be performed on a regular base, the results of the present study indicate a reduced level of aflatoxin contamination of nut‐based products compared to earlier observations. The results conclude that implementation of stricter quality control measures, technical assistance to private sector actors and regulatory initiatives to support employment of these strategies undertaken in recent years by the National Authorities have paid back.
STRATEGIES FOR PROLONGING THE SHELF LIFE OF MINCED BEEF PATTIES
Authors: DEL NOBILE MATTEO ALESSANDRO , CONTE A. , CANNARSI M. , SINIGAGLIA M. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACT The study of different strategies for prolonging the shelf life of fresh minced beef patties was addressed in this work. Fresh minced beef was supplemented with thymol (THY) at levels of 250, 500 and 750 mg per kg of ground beef. Treated samples were packed using a high barrier film and stored in refrigerated conditions (4C) under ordinary atmosphere packaging and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) conditions for 16 days. The microbiological quality decay kinetic was determined by monitoring the following microorganisms: Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas spp., lactic acid bacteria, Brochothrix thermosphacta, coliforms and total psychrotrophic viable count. Results show that THY, working alone, was effective on coliforms and Enterobacteriaceae, whereas it does not seem to inhibit to a great extent the growth of the other microbial populations. On the other hand, an increased amount of THY, under MAP conditions, had better effects on the product quality, with a consequent prolongation of the shelf life.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSGreat interest is developing in food bio‐preservation, because of the ever‐increasing needs to protect consumers' health and to valorize the naturalness and safety of food products. However, very few works have been carried out on the applications of bio‐preservatives to extend the shelf life of fresh meat products. This study, therefore, was mainly initiated to evaluate the possibility of extending the shelf life of packed fresh meat patties by a combination of thymol (THY) to other extrinsic factors such as storage temperatures and modified atmosphere during packaging. Interesting results were obtained suggesting that THY can perform an efficient synergy with modified atmosphere conditions and could be advantageously utilized by the meat industry.
DEVELOPMENT OF SENSORY ATTRIBUTE POOL OF BREWED COFFEE
Authors: SEO HAN‐SEOK , LEE SEUNG‐YEON , HWANG INKYEONG 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACT The aims of this study were twofold: first, to develop a sensory attribute pool of brewed coffee for consumers as well as a trained panel, and second, to compare the sensory attribute descriptors generated by three sources: (1) mass media, advertisements and literatures (MAL) associated with coffee sensory attributes; (2) 100 consumers; and (3) 15 trained panelists. The sensory attribute pool was obtained through the following four steps: first, collection of descriptors associated with sensory attributes of coffee; second, selection of the representative terms; third, development of the definition and reference; and fourth, verification of the developed definitions. The sensory attribute pool as qualitative profiling consisted of 74 terms with their definitions and references. The pool included 16 unique sensory attributes specially influenced by Korean culture and linguistics, as well as other ones that had been mentioned previously. In addition, the different descriptive patterns of terms were observed among descriptors generated through MAL, consumers and trained panelists. These results suggest that the expressions of perceived attributes are affected by many factors including culture, language, context and training. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe sensory attribute pool developed as qualitative profiling aimed at presentation of a wide range of sensory characteristics that could be well understood by consumers, as well as trained panelists. The sensory attribute pool of brewed coffee could be applied to not only the preliminary lexicon source of descriptive analysis and quality control, but also the materials of consumer education, marketing and product development. Also, the comparison results of descriptors generated by mass media, consumers and trained panelists could be useful for better understanding of impacts of language, culture, context and training on expressions of perceived attributes.
Twenty‐one novel microsatellite DNA loci isolated from the Puget Sound white‐crowned sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys pugetensis
Authors: POESEL ANGELIKA , GIBBS H. LISLE , NELSON DOUGLAS A. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe white‐crowned sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys, has served as a model species for studies of song and reproductive physiology. Here, we describe primers for 21 novel microsatellite loci isolated from the Puget Sound subspecies, Zonotrichia leucophrys pugetensis, which will be useful for parentage and population genetic analyses. Based on genotypes from seven to 22 adult birds from one population, the average number of alleles per locus was 10.9 (four to 21 alleles) and observed heterozygosity varied from 0.50 to 1.00. All loci also amplified products in at least one of three other passerine species tested.
Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite loci in the green leafhopper Empoasca vitis Goethe (Homoptera)
Authors: PAPURA D. , GIRESSE X. , CHAUVIN B. , CARON H. , DELMOTTE F. , VAN HELDEN M. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractEight dinucleotide microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized within the green leafhopper Empoasca vitis (Goethe) using an enrichment cloning procedure. Primers were tested on 171 individuals collected in the southwest of France from the vine plants. The identified loci were polymorphic, with allelic diversity ranging from two to 18 alleles per locus. Observed heterozygosities were from 0.021 to 0.760. These microsatellite markers should prove to be a useful tool for estimating the population genetic structure, host‐plant specialization and migration capacity of this insect.
Eight polymorphic microsatellite markers isolated from the widespread avian louse Colpocephalum turbinatum (Phthiraptera: Amblycera: Menoponidae)
Authors: PETERS MAUREEN B. , WHITEMAN NOAH K. , HAGEN CRIS , PARKER PATRICIA G. , GLENN TRAVIS C. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWe report eight novel microsatellite loci for Colpocephalum turbinatum, a parasitic louse of the endangered Galápagos hawk (Buteo galapagoensis). Two island populations of C. turbinatum (N = 30) were genotyped for each locus. We found between two and 12 alleles per locus, polymorphic information content from 0.268 to 0.798, observed heterozygosity from 0.067 to 0.667 and no linkage disequilibrium was detected between loci. These markers will be useful in understanding contemporary gene flow of C. turbinatum among islands in the Galápagos and in understanding transmission dynamics between B. galapagoensis hosts, within and between social groups. Because this louse is unusually widespread among avian host taxa, parasitizing at least 53 bird species in the Falconiformes, Strigiformes and Columbiformes, these markers are likely to be useful outside the context of the Galápagos Islands.
Microsatellite loci for the stingless bee Melipona rufiventris (Hymenoptera: Apidae)
Authors: LOPES DENILCE MENESES , DA SILVA FILIPE OLIVEIRA , FERNANDES SALOMÃO TÂNIA MARIA , CAMPOS LÚCIO ANTÔNIO DE OLIVEIRA , TAVARES MARA GARCIA 
Published: January 2009

AbstractEight microsatellite primers were developed from ISSR (intersimple sequence repeats) markers for the stingless bee Melipona rufiventris. These primers were tested in 20 M. rufiventris workers, representing a single population from Minas Gerais state. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 5 (mean = 2.63) and the observed and expected heterozygosity values ranged from 0.00 to 0.44 (mean = 0.20) and from 0.05 to 0.68 (mean = 0.31), respectively. Several loci were also polymorphic in M. quadrifasciata, M. bicolor, M. mandacaia and Partamona helleri and should prove useful in population studies of other stingless bees.
Ophthalmic lymphoma: epidemiology and pathogenesis
Authors: Sjö Lene Dissing 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWith a lifetime risk of 1% and 700 new cases per year, Non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is the seventh most frequent type of cancer in Denmark. The incidence of NHL has increased considerably in Western countries over the last decades; consequently, NHL is an increasing clinical problem.Ophthalmic lymphoma, (lymphoma localized in the ocular region, i.e. eyelid, conjunctiva, lacrimal sac, lacrimal gland, orbit, or intraocularly) is relatively uncommon, accounting for 5%–10% of all extranodal lymphomas. It is, however, the most common orbital malignancy.The purpose of this thesis was to review specimens from all Danish patients with a diagnosis of ophthalmic lymphoma during the period 1980–2005, in order to determine the distribution of lymphoma subtypes, and the incidence‐ and time trends in incidence for ophthalmic lymphoma. Furthermore, an extended analysis of the most frequent subtype, extranodal marginal zone lymphoma (MALT lymphoma), was done to analyse clinical factors and cytogenetic changes with influence on prognosis.A total of 228 Danish patients with a biopsy‐reviewed verified diagnosis of ocular adnexal‐, orbital‐, or intraocular lymphoma were identified. We found that more than 50% of orbital‐ and ocular adnexal lymphomas were of the MALT lymphoma subtype, whereas diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) predominated intraocularly (Sjo et al. 2008a). Furthermore, lymphoma arising in the lacrimal sac was surprisingly predominantly DLBCL (Sjo et al. 2006). Incidence rates were highly dependent on patient age. There was an increase in incidence rates for the whole population from 1980 to 2005, corresponding to an annual average increase of 3.4% (Sjo et al. 2008a).MALT lymphoma arising in the ocular region was found in 116 patients (Sjo et al. 2008b). One third of patients had a relapse or progression of disease after initial therapy and relapses were frequently found at extra‐ocular sites. Overall survival, however, was not significantly poorer for patients with relapse.Furthermore, we found that the frequency of translocations involving the MALT1‐ and IGH‐gene loci is low in ocular region MALT lymphoma (2 of 42, 5%), but may predict increased risk of relapse (Sjo et al. 2008b).In conclusion the incidence of ophthalmic lymphoma is increasing at a high rate in Denmark. Ophthalmic lymphoma consists primarily of MALT lymphoma. The molecular pathogenesis of MALT lymphoma arising in the ocular region rarely involves translocations in the MALT1‐ and IGH‐gene loci.
Crime and Punishment in Canada: A Statistical Test of the “Conventional Wisdom”*
Authors: Mcdonald Lynn 
Published: January 2009

Trois propositions fondamentales qui traduisent les impressions populaires sur le crime et ses chatiments sont mises a l'epreuve dans une analyse regressive a l'aide des moindres carres. Voici les resultats obtenus: (a) le taux general de criminalite n'a pas augmente durant les annees 1950‐66 si on met de cote les infractions mineures; (b) durant la meme periode les jugements ne furent pas moins severes et les disparites dans les sentences ne se sont pas amenuisees; (c) 1'augmentation du taux des offenses mineures est directement associee a l'accroissement de la force policiere. On cherche a expliquer pourquoi les croyances populaires persistent meme si elles sont refutees par les faits.Three propositions which express the conventional wisdom about crime and punishment are tested with least squares regression analysis. The results are that the over‐all crime rate has not increased between 1950 and 1966 (except for trivial infractions); sentences have not become more lenient, nor have disparities in sentencing decreased throughout the same period. Increases in the rates for the less serious offences are positively correlated with increases in the size of the police force. Reasons for the persistence of belief in the conventional wisdom in the face of contradictory evidence are offered.
TERRITORY, VILLAGE IDENTITY, AND THE MODERN ESKIMO REINDEER MANAGER
Authors: Olson Dean F. 
Published: January 2009

Depuis le dCbut du xx sikcle, les Esquimaux de 1'Alaska occidental font Yelevage du renne domestiqu6. En d6pit de cette tradition bien ktablie, Ctre propriktaire d'un troupeau n'est pas encore c o n p comme une categorie professionnelle spCcialiske. L'origine territoriale des habitants, en tant que facteurtraditionnel orientant les relations sociales, continue d'Ctre le facteur pripondkrant. De la mCme manikre, la gkrance de l'entreprise d'ilevage du renne asuivi une ligne d'kvolution propre. Les produits du renne sont souvent transform& et distribuks B partir de critkres qui sont dict6s au propriktaire par sesresponsabilites communautaires.Les planificateurs de l'Etat de l'Alaska veulent promouvoir l'industrie de 1'Clevage du renne. L'ensemble de ces facteurs converge pour placer le gCrant esquimau B l'avant‐plan, car il doit reconcilier les exigences conflictuelles deson milieu culture1 en voie de transition.Since the turn of this century, domesticated reindeer have been raised and marketed by western Alaskan Eskimo. In spite of its rather long history, native reindeer ownership has not become a specialized occupational category. The traditional criteria defining social relations ‐ territorial origins ‐ continues to enter these relations as a determinant force. Similarly, reindeer enterprise management has evolved uniquely. Reindeer products are often processed and distributed according to criteria imposed upon the owner by his village responsibilities.State of Alaska planners are now hoping to develop domesticated reindeer as a local resource. These forces combine to place the Eskimo manager in the spotlight, as he seeks to reconcile conflicting demands from his changing cultural environment.
Teachers and Students: a Preliminary Analysis of Collective Reciprocity
Authors: King Alan J. C. , Ripton Reginalda 
Published: January 2009

On a construit un modele theorique qui propose l'existence de relations recip‐roques; pour expliquer l'interaction entre les etudiants et les enseignants dans les ecoles secondaires. II fut postule que les influences prioritaires de la carriere sur les professeurs de meme que la conception des fonctions instrumentales de l'education chez les etudiants, suscitent une reciprocite qui se caracterise par un curriculum de routine et des precedes devaluation. Etudiants et enseignants de trois ecoles secondaires furent examines a l'aide d'un questionnaire, d'un inventaire d'attitude et d'une entrevue dans le but de verifier la validite opera‐toire du modele. Les facteurs, carriere, ideologie et “1'instrumentalite” de l'education sont des construits operatoires et les elements de la reciprocite y furent reperes.A model proposing the existence of reciprocal relationships was derived to explain interaction between students and teachers in secondary schools. It was postulated that the priority influences of career on teachers and the conception of education as instrumental on students produce a reciprocity characterized by routinized curriculum and evaluation procedures. Students and teachers from three secondary schools were surveyed by questionnaire, attitude inventory, and interview to test the construct validity of the model. The factors, career, ideology, and the instrumentality of education were supported as operational constructs and the elements of the reciprocity were found to be present.
University Influence on Student Opinion*
Authors: Henry Franklin J. 
Published: January 2009

L'influence du contexte universitaire sur le liberalisme‐conservatisme de l'etudiant est examine en utilisant un questionnaire qui fut administre aux etudiants de premiere et de troisieme annee. Une proportion plus importante d'etudiants de troisieme annee possedent une mentalite liberale par rapport a ceux premiere annee. Cette relation demeure constante lorsque l'ensemble des facteurs sous‐jacents au liberalisme sont determines par des techniques empi‐riques et tenus constants par des tableaux a double entree. Dans une large mesure les hypotheses reliees a l'engagement dans les affaires universitaires de meme que le processus par lequel on acquiert une mentalite liberale a l'uni‐versite sont mis a l'essai et verifies. C'est ainsi qu'on suggere un cadre conceptuel rajeuni afin d'orienter les nouvelles recherches dans ce domaine.University influence on student liberalism‐conservatism is studied by means of questionnaires distributed to first‐ and third‐year students. A larger percentage of third‐year students are found to be relatively liberal and this relationship persists when the set of background factors most closely related to liberalism is empirically selected and held constant by cross tabulation. Hypotheses related to university involvement and the process of acquiring a more liberal attitude at university are tested and confirmed for the most part. A revised theoretical framework is presented as a possible basis for further research.
Resettlement and Social Change in Newfoundland
Authors: Lotz Jim 
Published: January 2009

Le gouveroement de Terre‐Neuve amorca, en 1953, un programme de relocalisa‐tion visant a demenager les habitants des petits villages de peche (outport) vers les grands centres qui offrent plus de possibilites. Les quatre monographies que nous couvrons ici discutent les resultats de ce programme ainsi que les reactions des insulaires eux‐memes. Ces rapports sont bases sur des etudes effectuees de 1966 a 1968. Trois d'entre eux sont des etudes de cas de relocalisation et de changement social dans certaines regions de Terre‐Neuve. L'etude d'Ottar Brox presente une vue generate des conditions economiques et sociales de la Province. On considere que Terre‐Neuve possede une economie dualiste. Les rapports con‐tiennent un certain nombre de recommandations specifiques.In 1953, the government of Newfoundland initiated a resettlement programme to move people from the small outports to larger centres with more opportunities. The four reports discuss the results of this programme, and the reaction of the people on the island to them. They are based on research carried out in 1966–1968. Three reports are primarily case studies of resettlement and social change in different parts of Newfoundland. The report by Ottar Brox provides an overview of the social and economic conditions in Newfoundland, which is identified as having a dualistic economy, in which the two halves are separated by a “conversion barrier.” The reports contain a number of specific recommendations.
Situational and Personality Variables as Influencing the Relationship between Attitudes and Overt Behaviour*
Authors: Frideres James 
Published: January 2009

Cette etude s'interesse particulierement a la relation qui existe entre les attitudes verbales vis‐a‐vis la legislation de la marijuana et un aspect de la conduite explicite exprimee par rapport a l'objet de cette attitude. Plus precise‐ment, nous voulons determiner dans quelle mesure la conduite se dissocie des attitudes lorsqu'on demande aux sujets observes de poser un geste concret en presence de deux temoins. II s'agit de savoir si la conduite individuelle se situe dans le prolongement de l'attitude lorsque cette contrainte sociale est operante dans la situation en tant que variable nouvelle. Cette recherche tente egalement d'apprecier les effets de deux autres facteurs: le besoin d'etre approuve (une variable psychologique) et la congruence (une variable liee a la situation).The reported study concerns the relationship between verbal attitudes toward the legalization of marijuana and one form of overt behaviour expressed toward this attitude object. More specifically, interest lay in determining how behaviour deviated from consistency with attitudes when subjects were asked to perform an overt act in the immediate presence of two other individuals. The main concern was to determine whether or not an individual's behaviour would remain consistent when this “social constraint” was injected into a situation as an intervening variable. The research also attempted to ascertain the effects of two additional factors; need for approval (a personality variable) and con‐gruency (a situational variable).
Dynasty Formation in Eight Imaginary Societies*
Authors: Tepperman Lorne , Tepperman Barry 
Published: January 2009

De quelle maniere les aspirations populaires et les mecanismes de controle de l'elite permettent‐ils l'etablissement de dynasties ? Quelles sont les differences qui existent entre les societes dynastiques et les societes non‐dynastiques dans les possibilites reelles de mobilite sociale intergenerationnelle ? Cet article tente d'apporter une reponse a ces questions par une analyse mecanographique simulee de huit societes fictives dont les effectifs demographiques sont modeles a l'image de l'Ontario.Nos analyses revelent que les societes dynastiques possedent les caracteristiques suivantes: (a) une tres forte probabilite d'heriter un statut d'appartenance a l'elite; (b) une faible chance d'entrer dans l'elite en provenance d'une classe inferieure; (c) les individus mobiles se retrouvent dans un nombre limite de classes; (d) une probabilite mediane relativement elevee d'une mobilite ascen‐dante moderee (une a deux classes); et (e) un faible risque median d'une mobility descendante. Ces resultats sont expliques et verifies, par apres, en utilisant des donnees provenant de societes contemporaines. On discute, en dernier lieu, a la lumiere de ces resultats, les avantages des societes dynastiques et non‐dynastiques.How do popular aspirations and elite controls contribute to the formation of dynasties? How do the opportunities for intergenerational social mobility differ in dynastic and non‐dynastic societies? This paper attempts to answer these questions through a computer simulation of eight reasonably realistic “imaginary societies” modelled demographically after that of Ontario.The simulations reveal that dynastic societies are characterized by (a) a high probability of inheritance of elite status; (b) a low probability of entering the elite from below; (c) the restriction of mobile persons to a limited number of classes; (d) a relatively high median probability of moderate (one or two class) upward mobility; and (e) a relatively low median risk of downward mobility. These findings are explained and then verified by data from actual societies.The relative advantages of dynastic and non‐dynastic societies are discussed in view of these findings.