bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Derridian-inspired ideas for the conduct of translators
Authors: Brownlie Siobhan 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The article aims to show that ‘deconstruction’ can be useful to practising translators. It is important not to proff
er generalizations about ‘deconstruction’, but to study specific texts. I initially review Philip Lewis’ ideas before going on
to show how Jacques Derrida’s text "Force de loi" (Derrida 1990) is a preferable text for our purposes. Ideas from "Force de
loi", in particular the notion of a just decision, inspire flexible guidelines for the conduct of translators. The main
features are the following: making decisions which take into account the source text as a whole and the translational
situation as a whole with its many facets; not sticking blindly to pre-determined translational strategies but responding to
the specifi city of the translational situation; making decisions which take into account both rules and protocols, and the
incalculable singularity of the translation event; and adopting a critical attitude towards established social norms if
required by the particular translational situation.
On the Translation of Modals from English into Arabic and Vice Versa
Authors: Abdel-Fattah Mahmoud M. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Modal verbs are known to be a difficult area in both teaching and translation. In translation modals seem to pose certain problems due to their notoriety and ambiguity. This paper examines some of the problems encountered when translating modals from English into Arabic (and vice versa) with special reference to deontic modality and proceeds to shed light on the role ambiguity and decontextualization have in adding to the difficulty of translation. The deontic modals in English and Arabic are examined through examples selected for the purpose of the study in an endeavor to reveal the basic reasons behind having such difficulty when treating modals in English and Arabic translation. Therefore, some techniques to ease the difficulty deontic modals (and other types of modality) pose are suggested; and in particular when dealing with two different languages such as English and Arabic. The study concludes by emphasizing the role of backgrounds in arriving at interpretations of the meanings of modals and hence have them correctly rendered in the light of the meaning intended.
Résumé
On sait que les verbes modaux sont un sujet difficile aussi bien dans l’enseignement qu’en traduction. En traduction, les modaux semblent poser quelques problèmes en raison de leur réputation et de leur ambiguïté. Cet article étudie certains des problèmes rencontrés en traduisant les modaux de l’anglais en arabe (et vice-versa), avec une référence particulière à la modalité déontique. L’étude donne un bref compte-rendu de la modalité déontique anglaise et arabe et poursuit en expliquant en quoi le rôle que jouent l’ambiguïté et la décontextualisation rend plus difficile la traduction des modaux. Les modaux déontiques en anglais et en arabe sont étudiés au travers d’exemples sélectionnés pour les besoins de l’étude, dans une tentative de découvrir les raisons fondamentales à l’origine de cette difficulté à traiter les modaux dans la traduction anglaise et arabe. Par conséquent, certaines techniques sont proposées afin d’atténuer la difficulté que posent les modaux déontiques (et d’autres types de modalité), et, en particulier, lorsque l’on traite deux langues différentes, comme l’anglais et l’arabe. L’étude conclut en soulignant le rôle des contextes pour arriver à interpréter les significations des modaux et, par conséquent, pour les traduire correctement à la lumière de la signification visée.
Pertinence and redundancy in poetic repetition
Authors: Salim Ali Salah 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This paper tackles repetition in literary texts from a semantic, generic, and translatological perspective. It deals with repetition in Arabic texts as well as in Modern English poetry, and explains the problems that are likely to arise in translating repeated elements in English literary texts into Arabic. The theoretical framework rests on the supposition that a literary work in general, and poetry in particular must be examined as a total meaningful structure which entails the semantics and pragmatics of the text. In other words, repetition is a stylistic feature that involves a non-ordinary use of language, which does significantly shift the information content of the text. In translating literary works harbouring repetition from English into Arabic, significant problems usually emerge since what is considered stylistically and/or semantically marked in English might not be seen or conceived as such in Arabic. So, a translated text may miss important meaning elements intended by the English author. The effect is that the mental representation and understanding of the poem are drastically distorted. Moreover, this case applies to Arabic as well, for what is semantically and/or stylistically marked in Arabic repeated elements may lose its markedness in the English translation. The paper at hand addresses these issues providing several examples and suggesting some solutions.
Résumé
Cet article traite de la répétition dans les textes littéraires, dans une perspective sémantique, générique et traductologique. Il parle de la répétition dans les textes arabes, ainsi que dans la poésie moderne anglaise, et explique les problèmes qui risquent de surgir lorsqu’on traduit en arabe des éléments répétitifs dans les textes littéraires anglais. Le cadre théorique repose sur l’hypothèse qu’une oeuvre littéraire, en général, et la poésie en particulier, doit être envisagée comme une structure significative totale, englobant la sémantique et la pragmatique du texte. En d’autres termes, la répétition est une caractéristique stylistique qui implique une utilisation peu ordinaire de la langue, ce qui modifie considérablement le contenu informatif du texte. En traduisant de l’anglais en arabe des oeuvres littéraires comportant des répétitions, des problèmes significatifs surgissent habituellement, étant donné que ce qui est considéré comme marqué en anglais, du point de vue stylistique ou sémantique, peut ne pas être vu ou considéré comme tel en arabe. Ainsi, un texte traduit peut passer à côté d’un élément d’une signification importante, voulu par l’auteur anglais. En conséquence, la représentation et la compréhension mentales du poème sont considérablement déformées. En outre, ce raisonnement s’applique aussi à l’arabe, car ce qui est marqué dans des éléments répétitifs en arabe, du point de vue stylistique ou sémantique, peut perdre son caractère marqué dans la traduction anglaise. Cet article aborde ces problèmes en donnant plusieurs exemples et en suggérant quelques solutions.
Modelos culturales y discursivos en la traducción de textos de comercio internacional
Authors: Fuertes Olivera Pedro A. , Montero Martínez Silvia , Garcia de Quesada Mercedes 
Published: September 2007

Resumen
La traducción de las Convenciones y las Leyes Modelo, documentos prototípicos emitidos por las Naciones Unidas en relación con la legislación reguladora del Comercio Internacional, constituye un caso de documentos iguales. Éstos muestran una gran dependencia entre el texto en lengua origen y el texto en lengua meta. Este artículo analiza algunos ejemplos de estos documentos en inglés y en español con el objetivo de proponer soluciones a algunos problemas de traducción relacionados con la semiótica de la cultura. En concreto, nuestro objetivo es, por un lado, analizar los modelos discursivos que subyacen a estos productos textuales y que se reflejan en algunos elementos macrotextuales tales como los abstracts, summaries y preámbulos; por otro, ilustrar la relación entre traducción e ideología, más concretamente, entre traducción y género. Nuestro análisis pone de manifiesto que pueden surgir problemas relacionados con la traducción del género en su doble acepción de ‘constructo social que hace referencia a actitudes socio culturales’ y de ‘tipo textual caracterizado por una serie de convenciones aceptadas por una comunidad discursiva’.
Résumé
Les conventions et lois-modèles des Nations-Unies sont des documents prototypiques concernant la réglementation du commerce international. Leur traduction donne lieu à des exemplaires des documents égaux (Sager 1998), caractérisés par un niveau élevé de dépendance réciproque entre le texte dans la langue source et dans la langue cible. Cet article traite de certains documents anglais et espagnols, afin d’offrir des solutions possibles concernant les difficultés de traduction, dues aux aspects de signification culturelle, en particulier à certains aspects de la signification relative à la triade genre–texte– discours (Hatim et Mason 1997). Plus précisément, nous analysons les modèles discursifs, formalisés au moyen d’éléments macro-textuels comme les résumés, les synthèses et les préambules, et nous étudions la traduction de l’idéologie (« genre »).
Abstract
The United Nations Conventions and Model Laws are prototypical documents related to regulation in International Trade. Their translation gives rise to exemplars of equal documents (Sager 1998), characterized by a high degree of reciprocal dependence between the text in the source and target language. This paper focuses on some English and Spanish documents to offer possible solutions regarding translation difficulties due to aspects of cultural meaning, particularly some aspects of meaning related with the genre-text-discourse triad (Hatim and Mason 1997). More specifically, we analyze the discursive models formalized through macrotextual elements such as abstracts, summaries and preambles, and we study the translation of ideology (‘gender’).
A pedagogic model of translating expository texts
Authors: Al-Kufaishi Adil 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to present a semantically- based and pragmatically-oriented model of translating expository texts, to
expound its main components and to establish links between its subcomponents. The model is discourse-centered. It caters for the
properties of meaning, semantic relationships, rhetorical patterns and discoursal values, and considers the cognitive processes of
interpretation which involve interaction and negotiation between schemata- the system of prior conceptual knowledge and the
textual information. The model considers both the macro- and micro-dimensions of discourse analysis. It starts with
macro-structure analysis, i.e. the discoursal organizational patterns and proceeds to micro-structure analysis, i.e. the
intersentential relationships that bind together the portions of the text and the lexical items which encode the imparted meaning.
The model takes into account the four translation processes of discourse decomposition, conversion restructuring and editing. It
views the text as a subcomponent of the communicative context which in turn is a subcomponent of the context of culture (see
Figure 4). The analytical procedure proceeds in terms of three levels: level 1 involves discourse decomposition (Component A),
level 2 involves communicative context analysis (Component B) and level 3 involves cultural restructuring (Component C). To
properly comprehend a text, a trainee translator has to: (a) decompose the intricate network of semantic and textual
relationships, (b) consider the parameters of the communicative context that are relevant to discourse interpretation and (c) link
the text to its cultural context.
Focus on Form in Second Language Vocabulary Learning
Authors: Laufer Batia 
Published: September 2007

The realization by applied linguists that second language learners cannot achieve high levels of grammatical competence from entirely meaning centered instruction has led them to propose that learners need to focus on form, i.e. to attend to linguistic elements during a communicative activity (Long 1991, De Keyser 1998, Norris and Ortega 2000, Ellis 2001). However, most advocates of Focus on Form (FonF), have also proscribed Focus on Forms (FonFs), the systematic teaching of isolated grammatical items and rules. So far, FonF research has been concerned with grammatical, not lexical, instruction. In this paper, which was originally presented as a plenary session at the 2004 EUROSLA conference, I examine the need for Focus on Form and the proscription of Focus on Forms from the vocabulary learning perspective.

First, I argue that, similarly to grammar, comprehensible input is insufficient for acquiring vocabulary, and consequently Focus on Form is an essential component of instruction. I base my argument on the fallacy of the assumptions which underlie the vocabulary-through-input hypothesis: the noticing assumption, the guessing ability assumption, the guessing-retention link assumption and the cumulative gain assumption. Second, I defend Focus on Forms and argue against the claim that attention to form must be motivated by and carried out within a communicative task environment. The defense is based on the nature of lexical competence, which is perceived as a combination of different aspects of vocabulary knowledge, vocabulary use, speed of lexical access and strategic competence. The two arguments above will be supported by empirical evidence from three types of vocabulary learning studies: (a) the ‘classic’ task embedded FonF, (b) task related FonFs, and (c) ‘pure’ FonFs studies, unrelated to any task.
L’étude de L’allemand en France
Authors: Kaltz Barbara 
Published: September 2007

Résumé
Cet article donne un aperçu sommaire de l’étude de l’allemand en France depuis ses débuts au XVIe siècle jusqu’à l’implantation des études germaniques dans l’enseignement supérieur, dans la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle. La perspective globale fait apparaître le poids des préjugés et idées reçues de toutes sortes qui ont déterminé la perception du fait allemand par les Français à travers les siècles. D’autre part, les étapes du processus long et laborieux que fut l’institutionnalisation de l’étude de l’allemand en France sont brièvement retracées.
Robert Dodsley and the Genesis of Lowth’s
Authors: Tieken-Boon van Ostade Ingrid 
Published: September 2007

Summary
On the basis of an analysis of the correspondence of the 18h-century London bookseller Robert Dodsley (1703–1764), a proposal is offered concerning the origin of Robert Lowth’s (1710–1787) Short Introduction to English Grammar (1762). The author presents arguments which suggest that Lowth’s grammar was not his own idea but that of Dodsley, who also invoked the assistance of another author whose work he published, William Melmoth (1710–1799). If this thesis holds, Lowth’s grammar is just as much the outcome of a ‘bookseller’s project’, as Dr Johnson’s Dictionary (1755), the idea for which, according to Johnson’s biographer Boswell, also came from Dodsley.
The legacy of J. R. Firth
Authors: Rebori Victoria 
Published: September 2007

Summary
The present paper is a report on research on the British linguist John Rupert Firth (1890–1960) carried out in Britain during the academic year 2000–2001. It sketches some characteristics of Firth’s personality, scholarly life and thinking based on two kinds of different sources: the testimonies of people who were close to him and recently found historical documents. The main contribution of this paper is to furnish fresh data about Firth’s biography with particular reference to the question of how he became interested in the science of language.
Contested past
Authors: Bergunder Michael 
Published: September 2007

SummaryDuring the British colonial regime in the 19th century Western Indologists and missionaries, with the participation of the indigenous scholars who controlled traditional systems of knowledge, formed models for the description of early religious history which was especially inspired by linguistic ideas whose central concept was the so-called ‘Aryan immigration’ into Northern India. This Orientalist historiography concerning events that lay back several thousand years found its way into political and religious discourse in one form or another. These projections developed into highly significant ingredients of the various political, ethnic, and religious movements and parties, such as the Dravidian Movement or the Nationalist Hindu groupings. The present paper tries to map out the corner stones of modern-day discourses concerning Indian pre- and early history which has developed into something of a veritable battle about the past..
Reading theRemarqueurs
Authors: Ayres-Bennett Wendy 
Published: September 2007

SummaryIt is commonly stated that metalinguistic texts reflect the historical, social and intellectual context in which they are produced. In this article the author examines how later readings of ‘classic’ texts can both reflect the changing concerns of the time and colour subsequent readings of those texts. The case-study provided is the work of the three great 17th-century Frenchremarqueursor authors of volumes of observations on the French language – Claude Favre de Vaugelas (1585–1650), Gilles Ménage (1613–1692) and Dominique Bouhours (1628–1702); their observations were read by and assimilated into the work of subsequent French grammarians working within often very different socio-cultural and intellectual frames of reference. Readings of these volumes of remarks on French from each century following their publication are used to illustrate the argument.
Casting the ‘Other’
Authors: Poggio Barbara 
Published: September 2007

In the past century the presence of women in the “public sphere” has increased considerably as a result of, amongst other things, the rapid increase in their levels of schooling, professional competences and labour market participation. Much more limited and slower, by contrast, has been the entry of women into the centers of decision-making and power.This paper proposes reflection on gender citizenship in political arenas, which are precisely those in which action to sensitize and change the broader social context should be undertaken. In order to understand and change gender models in the political-institutional system, analysis is required of how gender is defined and constructed in the specific arenas in which the political careers of individuals are planned and promoted.The paper presents some findings of qualitative research which collected the narratives of men and women — belonging to different Italian political alignments and occupying different positions and roles — relative to their political career paths and the discourses with which they accounted for female under-representation. The analysis of the texts collected allowed light to be shed on the discursive practices, symbols, meanings and sexed images with which the symbolic gender order is created and reproduced. Highlighted in particular are the gender positioning performed through the narratives, and the tendency to cast women in the role of the “Other” with respect to the political system.Viewed from this perspective, political arenas are theatrical stages on which gendered knowledge is created and disseminated. It is evident in particular that the symbolic order of gender and the models of the discursive construction of gender characteristic of the cultures analyzed tend to reproduce an image of political activity as a male preserve, where otherness entails marginalization and/or subordination.
Relativization strategies in temporal adjunct clauses
Authors: Lipták Anikó 
Published: September 2007

This article takes a close look at the internal structure of temporal adverbial clauses in a number of unrelated languages, with a goal of uncovering the syntactic variation in these. The focus of discussion will be on temporal clauses that take the form offree relatives. It will be shown that there are minimally two different free relative strategies that can be found in temporal adverbial clauses: anordinary free relativestrategy with a gap in the position of a temporal modifier inside the relative clause and anIP-relativizationstrategy that involves relativization of the whole IP of the temporal clause. It will be shown that the latter strategy is awh-relativization strategy as well and it shows similarity to clausal relativization (sentences of the typeTom arrived, after which Susan left).
The language in which the IP-relativization strategy will be isolated and fully analyzed is Hungarian. In this languagebefore/after-clauses (among some other temporal clauses) clearly exhibit a relative clause structure that is different from ordinary relatives. The evidence found in Hungarian will prove useful for the analysis of some temporal clauses in other languages as well. It will be shown that IP-relativization most probably underliesafter-clauses in German and Serbian, too. Further, a brief comparison of Hungarian temporal clauses to temporal clauses in other postpositional languages (Hindi and Basque) will suggest that the IP-relativization strategy inbefore/after-clauses can be thought of as a syntactic alternative tonominalization.
A two-dimensional approach to the study of motivation in lexical typology and its first application to French high-frequency vocabulary
Authors: Koch Peter , Marzo Daniela 
Published: September 2007

‘Morphological’ and ‘semantic’ motivation are not just two types (Ullmann 1966), but two interrelated dimensions of the problem of lexical motivation. For instance, Fr. poire ‘pear’ — poirier ‘pear-tree’ expresses the same cognitive relation as the polysemy of Russ. gruša, and, at the same time, polysemy is only one formal device among others expressing cognitive relations that underlie lexical motivation. So the two dimensions of formal and cognitive relations in motivation only exist in combination. A sub-dimension of the formal aspect of motivation is the degree of formal transparency (cf. Fr. jouer ‘to play a game’ — jeu ‘game’).

This factorization in different dimensions leads to a universally applicable grid for the description of lexical motivation. As a first step of a future comparative research project of lexical motivation in different languages it is applied to the 500 most frequent lexical words of French and yields a systematic motivational profile of French high-frequency vocabulary. In Section 5.3 the French pilot study is discussed in view of an approach to lexical typology which could be applied to any other language.
The expression of time in Spanish Sign Language (LSE)
Authors: Cabeza Pereiro Carmen , Fernández Soneira Ana 
Published: September 2007

Our aim in this paper is to describe and systematize the processes used to express time in Spanish Sign Language (LSE). The conception of time as a line, as well as its nature as a deictic category, are confirmed for both spoken languages and sign languages, although in the former time has been studied mainly as inflection, while other types of resources are common in the latter, particularly the expression of time by means of time lines.
In our analysis we have focused mainly on the description of the lexical processes and the time lines that participate in time marking in LSE. We have also referred to an iconic process, which involves the use of so-called "classifier" predicates.
Thwarted Expectations
Authors: Hietaranta Pertti 
Published: September 2007

AbstractWhile there are many types of purely linguistic differences between languages which students of translation can be explicitly taught to recognise during their formal training, it is a far bigger task to try to make future translators detect and appropriately cater to relevant cultural differences between a source text and its intended target text. Yet, snags of a cultural character are just as detrimental to translation quality as are linguistic mistakes. The problem with cultural differences between source and target environments in translation is further aggravated by the fact that, in contrast with the finite number of linguistic differences between language systems, the range of variation in differences between cultural environments is virtually infinite.