bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Obesity in Older Adults: Technical Review and Position Statement of the American Society for Nutrition and NAASO, The Obesity Society
Authors: Villareal Dennis T. , Apovian Caroline M. , Kushner Robert F. , Klein Samuel 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObesity causes serious medical complications and impairs quality of life. Moreover, in older persons, obesity can exacerbate the age‐related decline in physical function and lead to frailty. However, appropriate treatment for obesity in older persons is controversial because of the reduction in relative health risks associated with increasing body mass index and the concern that weight loss could have potential harmful effects in the older population. This joint position statement from the American Society for Nutrition and NAASO, The Obesity Society reviews the clinical issues related to obesity in older persons and provides health professionals with appropriate weight‐management guidelines for obese older patients. The current data show that weight‐loss therapy improves physical function, quality of life, and the medical complications associated with obesity in older persons. Therefore, weight‐loss therapy that minimizes muscle and bone losses is recommended for older persons who are obese and who have functional impairments or medical complications that can benefit from weight loss.
Diacylglycerol: Efficacy and Mechanism of Action of an Anti‐Obesity Agent
Authors: Rudkowska Iwona , Roynette Catherine E. , Demonty Isabelle , Vanstone Catherine A. , Jew Stephanie , Jones Peter J. H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObesity is at the forefront of global health issues and directly contributes to many chronic illnesses. Several dietary components show promise in the treatment of obesity, one of which is oil rich in diacylglycerols (DAGs). Present objectives are to examine scientific knowledge concerning DAG to assess evidence supporting the effects on substrate oxidation rates, body weight and fat mass, and blood lipids, and to assess safety, as well as elucidate potential mechanisms of action. DAG can be synthesized by an enzymatic process to produce mainly 1, 3‐isoform DAG. This 1, 3‐DAG oil is believed to have the ability to increase β‐oxidation, to enhance body weight loss, to suppress body fat accumulation, and to lower serum triacylglycerol levels postprandially. While certain animal and human studies indicate that consumption of 1, 3‐DAG has positive physiological effects, others report no effect. The mechanisms of action of DAG are suggested to decrease the resynthesis of chylomicrons as well as shunting them directly to the liver through the portal vein, where they are oxidized. This increased fat oxidation may influence control of food intake by increasing satiety. Further study into the precise mechanism is required to understand its effects. Safety studies show no risks in consuming a diet rich in DAG oil. Overall, consumption of oils with higher amounts of DAG, specifically 1, 3‐DAG, may be useful in the battle against obesity.
Linkage Analysis of Factors Underlying Insulin Resistance: Strong Heart Family Study
Authors: North Kari E. , Almasy Laura , Göring Harald H.H. , Cole Shelley A. , Diego Vincent P. , Laston Sandra , Cantu Teresa , Williams Jeff T. , Howard Barbara V. , Lee Elisa T. , Best Lyle G. , Fabsitz Richard R. , MacCluer Jean W. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn previous work in non‐diabetic participants of the Strong Heart Family Study, we identified three heritable principal components of nine insulin resistance (IR) phenotypes: 1) a glucose/insulin/obesity factor, 2) a blood pressure factor, and 3) a dyslipidemia factor. To localize quantitative trait loci (QTL) potentially influencing these factors, we conducted a genome scan of factor scores in Strong Heart Family Study participants. Approximately 599 men and women, ≥18 years of age, in 32 extended families at three centers (in Arizona, Oklahoma, and North and South Dakota), were examined between 1997 and 1999. We used variance components linkage analysis to identify QTLs for the IR factors. With age, sex, and study center as covariates, we detected linkage of the glucose/insulin/obesity factor to chromosome 4 (robust logarithm of the odds (LOD) = 2.2), the dyslipidemia factor to chromosome 12 (robust LOD = 2.7), and the blood pressure factor to chromosome 1 (robust LOD = 1.6). The peak linkage signals identified for these IR factors support several positive findings from other studies and occur in regions harboring interesting candidate genes. The corroboration of existing QTLs will bring us closer to the identification of the functional genes that predispose to IR.
Quantitative Trait Loci for Metabolic Syndrome in the Hypertension Genetic Epidemiology Network Study
Authors: Kraja Aldi T. , Hunt Steven C. , Pankow James S. , Myers Richard H. , Heiss Gerardo , Lewis Cora E. , Rao D.C. , Province Michael A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAs part of the Hypertension Genetic Epidemiology Network study, genome scans were performed in two ethnicities on the categorical metabolic syndrome (MetS). Genome scans were performed also on the factor scores produced by factor analysis (quantitative MetS). Heritabilities were highest for the obesity‐insulin (INS) factor and lowest for blood pressure (BP) and central obesity. Seventeen unique putative quantitative trait loci (QTLs) yielded logarithm of the odds ratio (LOD) scores in excess of 1.7, 8 for blacks and 9 for whites. Important QTL findings in whites included an LOD score of 3.19 on chromosome 15q15 for the BP factor, 3.08 on chromosome 8p23 for the lipids‐INS factor, and 3.07 on chromosome 3p26 for the obesity‐INS factor. In blacks, after excluding type 2 diabetics, important QTLs were identified, including an LOD score of 2.77 on 13p12 for the obesity‐INS factor and 2.63 on chromosome 11q24 for the lipids‐INS factor. Categorical MetS had lower results than quantitative MetS. Notably, several loci identified overlap with those identified in other studies for a single or group of traits. The most promising candidate loci on 11q24 for lipids‐INS and 13p12 for obesity‐INS in blacks, 8p23 for lipids‐INS, 14q24 for obesity‐INS, and 15q15 for BP in whites warrant further investigation.
Quantitative Trait Loci for Lipid Content in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Wang Mei‐Hui , Harshman Lawrence G. , Nuzhdin Sergey V. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractRecombinant inbred lines derived from a natural population were used to investigate natural genetic variation for lipid abundance, protein abundance, and weight of Drosophila melanogaster. Females were heavier and contained more lipid and soluble protein than males. Lipid and protein abundance were genetically correlated with female weight, but male weight was not correlated with lipid or protein. Lipid and protein abundance were genetically correlated in males, but not in females. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for weight and protein abundance were predominantly on the X chromosome, whereas QTLs for lipid abundance were found on the second and third chromosomes. QTLs for lipid proportion (lipid abundance normalized by weight or protein abundance) were present on all chromosomes; a lipid proportion QTL on the third chromosome correlated with a QTL for starvation resistance observed in a previous study using the same set of recombinant inbred lines, suggesting that it might underlie both traits. Candidate genes are discussed in relationship to lipid abundance, lipid proportion, and starvation resistance.
Pattern Profiling and Mapping of the Fat Body Transcriptome in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Jiang Zhihua , Wu Xiao‐Lin , Michal Jennifer J. , McNamara John P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn Drosophila, the fat body is a collective name for the masses and sheets of adipose tissue that are distributed throughout the fly body. Thus far, >386, 000 Drosophila expressed sequence tags (ESTs) have been deposited to the GenBank database, including 10, 443 derived from fat body in flies (data accessed on October 7, 2004). The objective of this study was to map the transcriptome of the fat body in flies and thus provide genomics and bioinformatics tools for developing a Drosophila model for addressing the genetic complexity of obesity in humans. The gene—EST Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) matches revealed that these ESTs could represent 12, 188 coding genes in the Drosophila genome. Among them, at least 2261 are expressed in the fat body, including 41 identified as preferentially expressed genes with logarithm of odds >3.0. Self‐organizing map analysis revealed a cluster of 290 genes favorably expressed in the fat body compared with genes expressed in five other tissues. Mapping of the fat body transcriptome identified a 1.7‐Mb domain on 3L containing 35 genes that were expressed at a much higher level than in other tissues (transcript density factor = 1.0 ∼ 2.3).
Potential Role of Interleukin‐18 in Liver Disease Associated with Insulin Resistance
Authors: López‐Bermejo Abel , Bosch Montserrat , Recasens Mònica , Biarnés Josefina , Esteve Eduardo , Casamitjana Roser , Vendrell Joan , Ricart Wifredo , Fernández‐Real José‐Manuel 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Interleukin (IL)‐18 has been associated with obesity and insulin resistance, both risk factors for the development of liver disease, but the role of IL‐18 in liver disease associated with insulin resistance is presently unknown. We hypothesized that circulating IL‐18 would be related to serum concentrations of liver chemistry tests (LCTs) in apparently healthy subjects and wished to study whether this correlation was dependent on insulin sensitivity (SI).Research Methods and Procedures: One hundred six apparently healthy white men consecutively enrolled in a cross‐sectional, population‐based study dealing with SI in men were studied, and SI (minimal model analysis), LCTs (colorimetry), and IL‐18 serum concentrations (immunoassay) were assessed.Results: Compared with subjects in the lowest quartile for serum IL‐18, subjects in the highest quartile exhibited increased serum triglycerides and decreased SI, in addition to higher serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (all p < 0.05). The direct association between both ALT and AST and IL‐18 was further confirmed by examining the distribution of serum IL‐18 by quartiles of ALT and AST. Subjects in the highest quartile for serum ALT and AST had higher IL‐18 concentrations compared with subjects in the lowest quartile for these LCTs (both p = 0.01). In multiple regression analysis, IL‐18, but not SI, was an independent predictor of serum concentrations of ALT and AST, explaining 7% and 4% of their variance, respectively.Discussion: In summary, IL‐18 serum concentrations are associated in apparently healthy humans with plasma concentrations of various LCTs. IL‐18 could contribute to the development of liver disease associated with insulin resistance.
Dietary Intake of Whole and Refined Grain Breakfast Cereals and Weight Gain in Men
Authors: Bazzano Lydia A. , Song Yiqing , Bubes Vadim , Good Carolyn K. , Manson JoAnn E. , Liu Simin 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Prospective studies have suggested that substituting whole grain for refined grain products may lower the risk of overweight and obesity. Breakfast cereal intake is a major source of whole and refined grains and has also been associated with having a lower BMI. The aim of this study was to prospectively assess the association between whole and refined grain breakfast cereal intakes and risk of overweight (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) and weight gain.Research Methods and Procedures: We examined 17, 881 U.S. male physicians 40 to 84 years of age in 1982 who were free of cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and cancer at baseline and reported measures of breakfast cereal intake, weight, and height.Results: Over 8 and 13 years of follow‐up, respectively, men who consumed breakfast cereal, regardless of type, consistently weighed less than those who consumed breakfast cereals less often (p value for trend = 0.01). Whole and refined grain breakfast cereal intake was inversely associated with body weight gain over 8 years, after adjustment for age, smoking, baseline BMI, alcohol intake, physical activity, hypertension, high cholesterol, and use of multivitamins. Compared with men who rarely or never consumed breakfast cereals, those who consumed ≥1 serving/d of breakfast cereals were 22% and 12% less likely to become overweight during follow‐up periods of 8 and 13 years (relative risk, 0.78 and 0.88; 95% confidence interval, 0.67 to 0.91 and 0.76 to 1.00, respectively).Discussion: BMI and weight gain were inversely associated with intake of breakfast cereals, independently of other risk factors.
Intergenerational Perceptions of Body Image in Hispanics: Role of BMI, Gender, and Acculturation
Authors: Olvera Norma , Suminski Richard , Power Thomas G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To assess role of BMI, gender, and acculturation on maternal and children's perception of body size, body ideal, and attractiveness.Research Methods and Procedures: Eighty mothers and their 6‐ to‐ 12‐year‐old children (41 boys, 39 girls) participated. Maternal and children's perceptions of body size (actual and ideal) and attractiveness were assessed through a pictorial instrument. Mother and child height and weight, demographic, and acculturation characteristics were also assessed.Results: Seventy‐nine percent of the mothers were overweight, and 32% of the boys and 34% of the girls were overweight or at‐risk for overweight. BMI influenced the children's selection of perceived ideal size. Overweight or at‐risk for overweight children were more likely to select thinner figures as the ideal size than non‐overweight children. Gender and acculturation differences concerning children's perceptions of body size and attractiveness were also found. Girls perceived the obese figure as being less attractive than did the boys. More acculturated children were likely to select thinner figures as more attractive than their less acculturated counterparts. Maternal acculturation was associated positively with the girls’ choice of thinner figures as an ideal body size, but not with the boys. Mothers viewed their daughters’ actual body size and BMI as ideal, although 34% of the girls were at‐risk for overweight. Mothers perceived average body size figures as more attractive for their sons.Discussion: Findings from this study provide empirical data about the role of BMI, gender, acculturation, and familial influences on children's perceptions of actual and ideal body sizes and attractiveness.
Reexamining Obesigenic Families: Parents’ Obesity‐related Behaviors Predict Girls’ Change in BMI
Authors: Davison Kirsten Krahnstoever , Francis Lori A. , Birch Leann L. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: It has been shown that girls from families in which mothers and fathers had high dietary intake and low physical activity (i.e., obesigenic families) were at increased risk of obesity from ages 5 to 7 years. This follow‐up study uses additional data collected when girls were 9 and 11 years old to examine whether girls from obesigenic families continued to show greater increases in BMI over time and reported unhealthy dietary and activity patterns.Research Methods and Procedures: Families from the original cohort were reexamined when girls were 9 and 11 years of age. Parents’ and girls’ BMI, dietary intake, and physical activity and girls’ percentage body fat and television viewing were assessed.Results: In comparison with girls from non‐obesigenic families, girls from obesigenic families showed greater increases in BMI and BMI z score from ages 5 to 7 years that were maintained across ages 7 to 11 years. Furthermore, girls from obesigenic families had higher percentage body fat at ages 9 and 11 years. These results were independent of parents’ BMI. Additional findings showed that girls from obesigenic families had diets higher in percentage fat and had higher levels of television viewing than girls from non‐obesigenic families.Discussion: The environment that parents create, by way of their own dietary and physical activity behaviors, may have a lasting negative effect on children's weight trajectories and their emerging obesity risk behaviors, such as their dietary patterns. These findings further highlight the importance of the family in establishing children's obesity risk and the necessity of targeting parents of young children in obesity prevention efforts.
Relationship between Plasma Adiponectin Levels and Metabolic Risk Profiles in Taiwanese Children
Authors: Chu Nain‐Feng , Shen Muh‐Han , Wu Der‐Min , Lai Chen‐Ju 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Adiponectin, a novel adipokine with antiinflammatory and insulin‐sensitizing properties, has an important role in glucose metabolism and is negatively correlated with body fat amount in adults. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association of plasma adiponectin level with metabolic risk profiles and insulin resistance status among Taiwanese children.Research Methods and Procedures: We enrolled 1248 children (608 boys and 640 girls) to ascertain their demographic, anthropometric, and cardiovascular risk factors distribution in Taipei. We measured plasma insulin, adiponectin, and leptin levels by radioimmunoassay (Linco Research Inc, St. Charles, MO). We calculated an insulin resistance index (IRI) using the Homeostasis Model Assessment model and also calculated an insulin resistance syndrome (IRS) summary score for each individual by adding the quartile ranks from the distribution of systolic blood pressure, serum triglyceride, high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol (HDL‐C) (inverse), and insulin levels.Results: In general, the boys had larger BMI, higher systolic blood pressure, serum total cholesterol, and triglyceride, and lower plasma leptin and adiponectin levels than girls. Plasma adiponectin levels were correlated negatively with BMI, leptin, insulin, IRI, and IRS summary score but positively correlated with HDL‐C in both boys and girls. In multivariate regression analyses, adiponectin was negatively associated with insulin (girls only), IRI (girls only), and IRS score, and positively associated with HDL‐C in both genders even after adjusting for age, BMI, plasma leptin level, and other potential confounders.Discussion: These data suggest that plasma adiponectin levels were negatively associated with metabolic risk profiles that may have played a protective role in the development of insulin resistance among Taiwanese school children.
Prediction of Visceral Adipose Tissue Using Air Displacement Plethysmography in Children
Authors: Winsley Richard J. , Fulford Jon , MacLeod Kenneth M. , Ramos‐Ibanez Norma , Williams Craig A. , Armstrong Neil 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To determine the ability of air displacement plethysmography (ADP) to predict visceral adipose tissue (VAT) volume in children.Research Methods and Procedures: Fifty‐five (33 boys/22 girls) white children 13 to 14 years old were studied. Anthropometric measures were collected for body mass, stature, BMI, and waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR), and body fat percentage was estimated from triceps and subscapular skinfolds, bioelectrical impedance analysis, and ADP. VAT volume was determined using magnetic resonance imaging, using a multiple slice protocol at levels L1 to L5.Results: Boys had significantly (p ≤ 0.05) less VAT volume than girls [645.1 (360.5) cm3 vs. 1035.8 (717.3) cm3]. ADP explained the greatest proportion of the variance in VAT volume compared with the other anthropometric measures. Multiple regression analysis indicated that VAT volume was best predicted by ADP body fat percentage in boys [r2 = 0.81, SE of the estimate (SEE) = 160.1, SEE coefficient of variation = 25%] and by WHR and BMI in girls (r2 = 0.80, SEE = 337.71, SEE coefficient of variation = 33%).Discussion: Compared with the other anthropometric measures, ADP explains the greatest proportion of the variance in VAT volume in children 13 to 14 years old. For boys, ADP is the tool of choice to predict VAT volume, yet using the more simply collected measures of BMI and WHR is recommended for girls. However, large SE of the estimates remained, suggesting that if precision is needed, there is no surrogate for direct imaging of VAT.
The APOA4 Thr347→Ser347 Polymorphism Is Not a Major Risk Factor of Obesity
Authors: Dallongeville Jean , Delcroix Anne‐Gaëlle , Wagner Aline , Ducimetière Pierre , Ruidavets Jean‐Bernard , Arveiler Dominique , Bingham Annie , Ferrières Jean , Amouyel Philippe , Meirhaeghe Aline 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The goal of this study was to assess the association between the APOA4 Thr347→Ser347 polymorphism and BMI and obesity.Research Methods and Procedures: Men and women (n = 3320), randomly recruited in three independent population surveys from the north, east, and south of France, were genotyped for the APOA4 Thr347→Ser347 polymorphism.Results: There were 1327 overweight (825 men, 502 women) and 611 obese (313 men, 298 women) subjects. The prevalences of subjects carrying at least one Ser347 allele (*/Ser347) were 36.5%, 33.8%, and 34.3% in controls, overweight, and obese subjects, respectively (not significant), and those of the Ser347/Ser347 genotype were 4.5%, 3.0%, and 2.2%, respectively (not significant). In both men and women, mean BMI and body weight were not significantly different among APOA4 genotypes. There was no evidence of heterogeneity among centers, smoking status, alcohol intake, physical activity, and educational level categories. In men, mean waist girth was lower in Ser347/Ser347 (92.2 ± 9.4 cm) than in Thr347 carriers (95.9 ± 10.9 cm; p = 0.01), and plasma triglycerides levels were lower in Ser347 (1.41 ± 1.04 mM) than in Thr347/Thr347 carriers (1.55 ± 1.23 mM; p = 0.01).Discussion: These results suggest that the APOA4 347Ser allele is not a major risk factor for obesity or overweight.
An Environmental Approach to Obesity Prevention in Children: Medical College of Georgia FitKid Project Year 1 Results
Authors: Yin Zenong , Gutin Bernard , Johnson Maribeth H. , Hanes John , Moore Justin B. , Cavnar Marlo , Thornburg Janet , Moore Donna , Barbeau Paule 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To test the hypothesis that third grade children (mean age = 8.7, SD = 0.5) who attended an 8‐month after‐school program would exhibit favorable changes in body composition, cardiovascular fitness, blood pressure, total cholesterol, and high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol compared with children in control condition.Research Methods and Procedures: Subjects were 61% African‐American, 31% white, and 8% other racial background from 18 public schools. Sixty‐eight percent were eligible for free or reduced price lunch. Percentage body fat and bone mineral density were assessed by DXA, cardiovascular fitness by heart rate response to a step test, resting blood pressure with a Dinamap, and non‐fasting total cholesterol and high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol by finger stick. Data pre‐ and post‐intervention were available for 447 children. Children in the nine intervention schools who attended at least 40% of the after‐school sessions were compared with control subjects.Results: Compared with the control subjects and after controlling for race, sex, free/reduced price lunch status, and school‐level covariates, youths in the intervention group showed a relative reduction of percentage body fat [−0.76 (95% confidence interval (CI), −1.42, −0.09)], a greater relative gain in bone mineral density [0.008 (95% CI, 0.001, 0.005)], and a greater relative reduction in heart rate response to the step test [−4.4 (95% CI, −8.2, 0.6)]. The other outcome variables showed non‐significant trends in favor of the intervention subjects.Discussion: These results are promising in light of the potential impact on the emerging childhood obesity epidemic. The Medical College of Georgia FitKid Project has the potential to be institutionalized because it is built on the existing infrastructure in most public schools in the U.S.