bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterisation of bound residues of [3H]triforine in barley grain grown in the field
Authors: Rouchaud Jean , Moons Chantal , Meyer Joseph A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBarley was grown in an experimental field and at growth stage J (during the stem extension stage when the second node of the stem was formed and the next‐to‐last leaf was just visible), the aerial part of the plants was sprayed with an aqueous emulsion of a mixture of triforine and [3H]triforine (uniformly labelled in the piperazine ring) at the normal rate of 250 g triforine ha−1. The barley was harvested when ripe, and the grain was analysed separately. Extraction of the grain with methanol left methanol‐insoluble solids containing an amount of radioactivity (the bound residue) which represented 75% of the total radioactivity incorporated into the grain. Methanol acidified with hydrochloric acid extracted a further 7% of the triforine‐derived bound residues in the form of radioactive iminodiacetic acid (1.1%), glycine (3.3 %), serine (0.9%), ethanolamine (0.2%) and unidentified compounds (1.5 %); in the grain, these compounds or their precursors had thus been complexed to grain constituents. Aqueous 0.03M sodium hydroxide extracted a further 27% of the total tritium which had been incorporated by means of α chemical bonds into the protein fraction; acid hydrolysis of the proteins yielded radioactive glycine (9.2%), serine (3.9%) and unidentified compounds (13.9%) which could have been a mixture of a large number of other amino‐acids. The plant solids (which contained 41% of the total tritium) left after the alkaline aqueous extractions, were processed and separated into tritiated cellulose (4%) and starch (37%) fractions. The starch was hydrolysed and the resulting glucose was converted into the osazone (34%). After being recrystallised several times, the osazone contained a constant specific radioactivity, indicating that [3H]glucose was present. This glucose may be considered as having a carbon skeleton mainly originating biochemically from some metabolites of [3H]triforine; this tritiated glucose may also be considered as indirect evidence of the biochemical oxidation, by transamination, of the metabolites of [3H]triforine; in barley grain, the tritiated glucose (or at least a part of it) was anabolised into proteins. No piperazine was observed in the bound residues in the grain.
Toxicology and metabolism of chloromethiuron in Boophilus microplus larvae
Authors: Schuntner Charles A. , Thompson Phillip G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe toxicity of the acaricide chloromethiuron, 3‐(4‐chloro‐o‐tolyl)‐1,1‐dimethyl‐ (thiourea), and of nine related compounds to Boophilus microplus larvae was determined by a spray‐tower method. Four of these compounds were toxic but only chloromethiuron and its N‐demethyl derivative were of practical importance. Metabolism of [14C]chloromethiuron, in the formamidine‐susceptible but organo‐phosphorus‐resistant Mt. Alford strain, was compared with that in a chlordimeform‐selected Mt. Alford strain, which in laboratory tests was two to three times resistant to chloromethiuron, chlordimeform and amitraz. The latter strain produced smaller quantities of the toxic N‐demethyl derivative than the Mt. Alford strain; this was the only resistance mechanism determined. Rates of degradation of chloromethiuron were the same in both strains. Piperonyl butoxide strongly antagonised the toxicity of chloromethiuron by 18 to 33 times and depressed the production of the N‐demethyl derivative in both strains (0.3 times that of the control), while degradation rates of chloromethiuron itself were halved by piperonyl butoxide in both strains. These results indicated that the parent material was not toxic until oxidised to the N‐demethyl derivative. As, in addition, some symptoms of chloromethiuron toxicosis in larvae were similar to those caused by formamidine acaricides, a common mode of lethal action is suggested.
Estimation of residues of the molluscicide, niclosamide, in bananas by gas—liquid chromatography of the heptafluorobutyryl derivative of the substituted aniline moiety
Authors: Johnson John S. , Pickering Geoffrey B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA sensitive method for the detection and estimation of residues of the molluscicide, niclosamide, in bananas is described. The procedure involves extraction of the molluscicide, purification of the extract by solvent partition and column chromatography, formation of the heptafluorobutyryl derivative of 2‐chloro‐4‐nitroaniline in 99% yield and determination of the derivative by gas—liquid chromatography with electron‐capture detection. Recoveries from fortified bananas were 89 and 79% at levels of 0.02 and 0.2 mg kg−1, respectively. The sensitivity of the method was such that 0.6 pg of the pure derivative could be detected, based on twice the background noise level on the chromatograph.
The toxic effect of diflubenzuron on Spodoptera littoralis eggs and on their respiration
Authors: Ascher K. R. Simon , Nemny Nadia E. , Ishaaya Isaac 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe mortality rates of Spodoptera littoralis eggs of different ages when dipped in aqueous dilutions of a liquid diflubenzuron formulation were investigated. Eggs 2‐3 days old were less sensitive than younger eggs, 0‐1 day old. The respiratory rate of eggs 0‐1 day old, 1 or 2 days after treatment, was the same as in the control. Eggs in the control hatched on the next day; on this day, respiration in the treated eggs decreased rapidly, but further decrease was then gradual and the base line was not reached until 11 days after treatment, or 9 days after the maximum respiratory rate had been obtained. The curve with diflubenzuron resembled that obtained with parathion.
A stereoselective versatile synthesis of 3‐(2,2‐ dihalovinyl)‐2,2‐dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acids
Authors: Martin Pierre , Greuter Hans , Bellus Daniel 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA straightforward high‐yield synthesis of cis‐3‐(2,2‐dihalovinyl)‐2,2‐dimethylcyclo‐propanecarboxylic acids is described which uses only inexpensive starting materials and reagents. The synthesis of these acids, involving a [2+2]‐cyclo‐addition of halogenated ketenes with 2‐methylpropene and two rearrangements (the ‚cine’︁ and the Favorskii rearrangements) as the key steps, exemplifies the conceptually new synthesis.
2‐anilino‐3‐methylbutyrates and 2‐(isoindolin‐2‐yl)‐3‐methylbutyrates, two novel groups of synthetic pyrethroid esters not containing a cyclopropane ring
Authors: Henrick Clive A. , Garcia Barbara A. , Staal Gerardus B. , Cerf David C. , Anderson Richard J. , Gill Karen , Chinn Henry R. , Labovitz Jeffrey N. , Leippe Michael M. , Woo Sam L. , Carney Robert L. , Gordon Douglas C. , Kohn Gustave K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA new series of substituted 2‐anilino‐3‐methylbutyrates has been prepared; bioassay data for these compounds onHeliothis virescens, Musca domestica, Aphis fabaeandTetranychus urticaeare presented and discussed. Some unexpected relationships were observed between the nature of the substituents and the biological activity. Increases in foliar stability were noted with certain substitution patterns. Both α‐cyano‐3‐phenoxybenzyl 3‐methyl‐2‐(α, α, α,2‐tetrafluoro‐p‐toluidino)butyrate and the corresponding 2‐(2‐chloro‐α, α, α‐trifluoro‐p‐toluidino)‐3‐methylbutyrate showed good stability in air and light, and exhibited biological activities of a similar nature and potency to those of previously known synthetic pyrethroids. Esters of the (R)‐2‐ anilino‐3‐methylbutyric acids are far more active than those prepared from the (S)‐enantiomers. The (R)‐configuration at C‐2 in these acids is sterically equivalent to the active absolute configuration at the chiral carbon α to the carboxylate group in both the permethrin and the fenvalerate types of pyrethroids. A new class of insecticidal 2‐(isoindolin‐2‐yl)alkanoates is also reported. In this series the most biologically active analogue was α‐cyano‐3‐phenoxybenzyl 3‐methyl‐2‐(4,5,6,7‐tetrafluoroisoindolin‐2‐yl)butyrate. These esters were considerably less stable than the anilino analogues on exposure to air and light.
The synthesis of 3‐(2,2‐Dichlorovinyl)‐1‐ methylcyclopropane‐1,2‐dicarboxylic acid
Authors: Huff Roger K. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract3‐(2,2‐Dichlorovinyl)‐1‐methylcyclopropane‐1,2‐dicarboxylic acid, a metabolite of the pyrethroid insecticide permethrin, has been synthesised as a mixture of isomers, in four stages, in high overall yield.
A novel series of O,O‐diethyl O‐(1,3‐disubstituted‐1,2,4‐triazol‐5‐yl) phosphorothioates. Part I. Synthesis and laboratory evaluation
Authors: Boschi Pier M. , Gozzo Franco , Longoni Angelo 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA novel series of O,O‐diethyl O‐(1‐R′‐3‐R″‐1,2,4‐triazol‐5‐yl) phosphorothioates, in in which R″ was an alkyl group and R″ was a radical characterised by the presence of a conjugated multiple bond, generally of a vinyl nature, has been synthesised and tested in the search for new insecticides. Several of the compounds showed a broad spectrum of activity, covering important species of Orthoptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera and mites. At the same time they were characterised by a relatively low oral toxicity to rats.
Measured and simulated behaviour of oxamyl in fallow soils
Authors: Leistra Minze , Bromilow Richard H. , Boesten Jos J. T. I. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe movement and breakdown of the insecticide and nematicide oxamyl was monitored in fallow sandy loam soils under field conditions. Using measurements of rainfall and evaporation from a water surface, the water flow in soil was simulated by a computer model, and the results were compared with the measured soil‐moisture profiles. The model was extended to simulate the behaviour of oxamyl, using laboratory data for adsorption and rates of degradation in soil. The model generally underestimated oxamyl movement in the first month, whereas it tended to overestimate later movement. The rate of breakdown of oxamyl, as affected by soil type, temperature and soil‐moisture content, was fairly well described. After about 2 months only small amounts of oxamyl remained. Accumulation of oxamyl near the soil surface in dry periods was overestimated, indicating deficiencies in the modelling procedure under these conditions.
The effect of C‐2‐carboxyphenyl derivatives of certain heterocyclic compounds on root geotropism in cress seedlings
Authors: Harris Roger L. N. , Huppatz John L. , Teitei Tsutomu 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects on root geotropism of 2‐carboxyphenyl derivatives of various five‐ and six‐membered heterocyclic compounds have been assessed. In an assay involving cress seedlings, appropriately substituted derivatives of isoxazole, 1,3,4‐ and 1,2,4‐ oxadiazoles, 1,3,4‐thiadiazole, 1,2,4‐triazole, thiazoie, pyridine, pyrimidine and pyridazine were highly effective in eliminating the geotropic response.
The fungitoxicity of substituted 2‐phenylbenzofurans
Authors: Chamberlain Keith , Carter Geoffrey A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThirty‐seven 2‐phenylbenzofurans, variously substituted in the homocyclic rings, were synthesised and assessed for antifungal activity in laboratory tests. High activity was shown only by compounds containing a hydroxy group, though amino compounds were also fungitoxic but at a lower level. Possible mechanisms by which these substitutions impart fungitoxicity are discussed with particular reference to the partitioning properties of the molecule.
A‐esterase activities in relation to the differential toxicity of pirimiphos‐methyl to birds and mammals
Authors: Brealey Clive J. , Walker Colin H. , Baldwin Brian C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPirimiphos‐methyloxon (2‐diethylamino‐6‐methylpyrimidin‐4‐yl dimethyl phosphate) the phosphate analogue of pirimiphos‐methyl, and paraoxon (diethyl 4‐nitrophenyl phosphate) the phosphate analogue of parathion were used as substrates to determine the esterase activity in plasma. Aryl groups released were measured by high‐performance liquid chromatography or with a recording spectrophotometer. In a survey of 14 species of birds representing six different avian orders, the plasma esterase activities (expressed as nmol min−1 ml−1 of plasma) were always low, ranging from 0‐71 for pirimiphos‐methyloxon and from 0‐0.63 for paraoxon. By contrast, mammalian activities were very much higher than these, and in no case was a sample of mammalian plasma less than 13 times more active than any sample of avian plasma using the same assay procedure. It is concluded that birds are deficient in A‐esterase activity towards pirimiphos‐methyloxon and paraoxon. The importance of this deficiency in determining the relatively high susceptibility of birds to these and other organophosphorus insecticides is discussed.
Effect of temperature, body size, bait age and long‐term feeding on the response of mice to reserpine
Authors: Meehan Adrian P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractExperiments were carried out to assess the effects of ambient temperature, body size, bait habituation and bait age upon the response of mice to the sedating rodenticide, reserpine. No evidence of bait habituation was found, nor did baits lose potency with time. They did, however, diminish in palatability. A large body size and high ambient temperature both adversely affected the susceptibility of mice and occasionally caused incomplete sedation.
Degradation of the herbicide flamprop‐methyl in soil
Authors: Hitchings Eric J. , Roberts Terry R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe degradation of the wild oat herbicide flamprop‐methyl [methyl DL‐N‐benzoyl‐N‐(3‐chloro‐4‐fluorophenyl)alaninate] in four soils has been studied under laboratory conditions using 14C‐1abelled samples. The flamprop‐methyl underwent degradation more rapidly than its analogue flamprop‐isopropyl. However, similar degradation products were formed, namely the corresponding carboxylic acid and 3‐chloro‐4‐fluoroaniline. The latter compound occurred mainly as ‘bound’ forms although evidence was obtained of limited ring‐opening to give [14C]carbon dioxide. The time for depletion of 50% of the applied herbicide was approximately 1‐2 weeks in sandy loam, clay and medium loam soils and 2‐3 weeks in a peat soil.
Effect of thiourea on the histopathology and the reproductive performance of the male flesh fly Sarcophaga ruficornis (Fabr.)
Authors: Kumar Sharma Rajendra , Agarwal Neeta , Saxena Ranjana 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWhen newly emerged and 24‐hour‐old male flesh flies Sarcophaga ruficornis (Fabr.) were fed on food containing 1.5% thiourea for 24 h, there was a small decrease in the size of the testes in both cases. Disturbance in spermatogenesis and histopathological damage were also observed in both cases. However, in the newly emerged flies the effect was mainly on secondary spermatocytes and spermatids, while in the others the effect was more pronounced on spermatogonia. The reproductive performance in respect of the production of larvae was considerably diminished in the newly emerged treated flies and was even further diminished in flies that were 24 h old when treated. The rate of adult emergence, however, remained unaffected for both kinds.
The persistence of insecticide spray deposits on woven polypropylene and jute sacking
Authors: Webley David J. , Kilminster Kenneth M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn a trial, simulating the spray treatment of bags, the persistence and biological activity of insecticide spray deposits on jute and woven polypropylene sheets have been compared; in addition, the build‐up of residues in thin layers of maize under the sprayed sheets has been measured. The insecticides were found to have a much shorter persistence on polypropylene than on jute and this was coupled with higher residues on the grain. However, the deposits on polypropylene retained equal or greater activity against Sitophilus zeamais Motsch. and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) than the deposits on jute, despite the loss of surface deposit. Wettable powder formulations had a slightly greater surface persistence than emulsifiable concentrates and resulted in smaller residues in the grain. There would seem to be more usefulness in using insecticide sprays on woven polypropylene than on jute bags, and a wettable powder formulation of a non‐volatile insecticide of low mammalian toxicity would be the best choice. Of the insecticides tested, the pyrethroid permethrin (cis: trans ratio= 25:75) was the most effective and gave the least residue in the grain.
Studies with permethrin against bodylice in Egypt
Authors: Nassif Mofeida , Peter Brooke J. , Hutchinson David B. A. , Kamel Osman M. , Anthony Savage E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractApproximately 350 people, the inhabitants of two villages in the Fayum district of Egypt, were individually dusted with 50 g of powder containing 2.5 or 5.0 g permethrin kg−1. The inhabitants of a third village were left untreated as a control. Before treatment, approximately two‐thirds of the population of all three villages were infested with bodylice. Fourteen days after treatment, the permethrin dust at the lower strength reduced the infestation by 98.8% and at the higher strength by 100%. The dust containing 5 g permethrin kg−1 maintained a high level of residual control (80.5%) for at least 91 days. The other gave a lower level of control at this time. Urine samples, taken from subjects in each of the treated villages before and after dusting, were analysed for permethrin metabolites. Results indicated that the maximum amount of permethrin absorbed, orally, through the skin, or by inhalation, was 39 μg kg−1 body weight, 24 h after treatment. No residue was found 30 days and 60 days after treatment. It was concluded that there was a very substantial safety margin when permethrin dusts were used on man for bodylice control.
Studies on residues and the metabolic pathway of methidathion in tomato fruit
Authors: Chopade Harishchandra M. , Dauterman Walter C. , Simoneaux Bruce J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe residues and metabolism of methidathion [S‐(2, 3‐dihydro‐5‐methoxy‐2‐oxo‐1, 3, 4‐thiadiazol‐3‐ylmethyl) O, O‐dimethyl phosphorodithioate] and its secondary metabolites: demethyl‐methidathion [S‐(2, 3‐dihydro‐5‐methoxy‐2‐oxo‐1, 3, 4‐thiadiazol‐3‐ylmethyl) O‐methyl O‐hydrogen phosphorodithioate] (IV), the sulphide (2,3‐dihydro‐5‐methoxy‐3‐methylthiomethyl‐1,3,4‐thiadiazol‐2‐one) (I), tsulphoxide(2,3‐dihydro‐5‐methoxy‐3‐ methylsulphinylmethyl‐1,3,4‐thiadiazol‐2‐one) (II) and the sulphone (2,3‐dihydro‐5‐methoxy‐3‐methylsulphonylmethyl‐1,3,4‐thiadiazol‐2‐one (III) were studied in laboratory‐treated tomato fruit. The metabolites and residues of methidathion were determined for the applied doses of 1, 7 and 14 mg of methidathion kg−1 of fruit. Methidathion was metabolised extensively over a 14‐day period. The amount of metabolites formed was a function of both the applied dose as well as the time after application. Major water‐soluble metabolites were found to be IV and the cysteine conjugate S‐(2,3‐dihydro‐5‐methoxy‐2‐oxo‐1,3,4‐thiadiazol‐3‐ylmethyl)‐L‐cysteine (VI). The chloroform‐soluble metabolites were identified as the oxygen analogue of methidathion [S‐(2,3‐dihydro‐5‐methoxy‐2‐oxo‐1,3,4‐thiadiazol‐3‐ylmethyl) O, O‐dimethyl phosphorothioate] (V), the sulphoxide II, and the hydroxy compound 2,3‐dihydro‐3‐hydroxymethyl‐5‐methoxy‐1,3,4‐thiadiazol‐2‐one. The oxygen analogue of methidathion (V) was found in small amounts, corresponding to <5% of the added methidathion. Demethyl‐methidathion (IV) appeared to be a precursor in the formation of the cysteine conjugate VI. The sulphide I seemed to be more reactive in forming the cysteine conjugate than the sulphoxide II or the sulphone III.
A new pyrethroid of high insecticidal activity
Authors: Ohsumi Tadashi , Hirano Masachika , Itaya Nobushige , Fujita Yoshio 
Published: November 2006

AbstractNew pyrethroids containing heterocyclic rings in the alcohol moieties were synthesised and their insecticidal activities were studied. Of these new pyrethroids, 3‐benzylpyrrol‐1‐ylmethyl (1RS‐cis, trans‐3(2,2‐dichlorovinyl)‐2,2‐dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate was found to be the most effective, having higher activity than permethrin against Musca domestica by a topical application method. In addition, para‐substituted analogues of the 3‐benzylpyrrol‐1‐ylmethyl ester were also synthesised to study the substituent effects on insecticidal activities; the residual effects of these compounds against Blattella germanica were also examined.
The persistence and activity of insecticide spary deposits on woven polypropylene fabric
Authors: Webley David J. , Kilminster Kenneth M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWettable powder formulations of the organophosphorus insecticides, fenitrothion and pirimiphos‐methyl, and the pyrethroids, permethrin and deltamethrin, have been compared for persistence and activity on woven polypropylene fabric; the residues produced in maize kept under the test sheets have also been measured. The test insects were Sitophilus oryzue (L.) and Tribolium custuneum (Herbst). Permethrin at 41 and 83 mg m−2 was completely effective for the full 12 weeks of the experiment. Deltamethrin at 6.2 and 12.5 mg m−2 was almost equally effective but after 4 weeks the deposit was slower acting against S. oryzae. The organophosphorus compounds were effective only up to 2 weeks at 250 mg m−2 and up to 4 weeks at 500 mg m−2. No residues could be detected under the pyrethroids but the organophosphorus insecticides gave residues of 2–4 mg kg−1 on a thin layer of grain. This residue was biologically effective against the test insects.
The effect of some herbicides on vesicular‐arbuscular endophyte abundance in the soil and on infection of host roots
Authors: Smith T. Francis , Noack Amanda J. , Cosh Stephen M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of the herbicides di‐allate, diquat, diuron, paraquat, tri‐allate and trifluralin, at a range of application rates from 0.5 to 32 times that recommended by the manufacturers, on vesicular‐arbuscular (V‐A) endophyte spore abundance in the soil and on infection of wheat roots was investigated in field and glasshouse experiments. Paraquat and diquat had no measurable effect on V‐A endophyte spore abundance. There was a slight trend to lower V‐A endophyte spore numbers at high rates of application of di‐allate and tri‐allate but no trend for the other chemicals. Infection intensity (% root length infected) declined at high rates of di‐allate and led to lower mycorrhizal root weights. The phosphorus content of the shoots was also reduced by di‐allate. High doses of di‐allate, diuron, tri‐allate and trifluralin reduced most parameters of plant growth more than mycorrhizal parameters. It is therefore concluded that at normal application rates these chemicals are unlikely to affect adversely endomycorrhiza formation or function.
Studies of the mechanism of action of asulam in plants. Part II: Effect of asulam on the biosynthesis of folic acid
Authors: Veerasekarana Ponnan , Kirkwood Ralph C. , Parnell Edgar W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe possible relationship between folate levels in plants and their tolerance to asulam has been examined. Plants with a high content of folates were relatively less susceptible to asulam. There was evidence of a depletion of the folates in the shoots of plants treated with asulam, either alone at 1. 1 kg ha−1 or in combination with 4, 6‐diamino‐1‐(3, 4‐dichlorophenyl)‐1, 2‐dihydro‐2, 2‐dimethyl‐1, 3, 5‐triazine (DCDT) at 1.1 kg ha−1. In wheat shoot tips (Triricum estivum L.), asulam at 1.1 kg ha−1 reduced the levels of the N5‐methyl, N10‐formyl and N5‐formyl derivatives of 5, 6, 7, 8‐tetrahydrofolates, particularly when applied in combination with DCDT. Studies with cell‐free extracts of wheat seedlings revealed that asulam inhibited the enzymic synthesis of 7, 8‐dihydro‐pteroateina manner similar to sulphanilamide inhibition. The biochemical site of action of asulam in plants is discussed.