bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PhenoChipping of psychotic disorders: A novel approach for deconstructing and quantitating psychiatric phenotypes
Authors: Niculescu Alexander B. , Lulow Len L. , Ogden Corey A. , Le‐Niculescu Helen , Salomon Daniel R. , Schork Nicholas J. , Caligiuri Michael P. , Lohr James B. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractPsychiatric phenotypes as currently defined are primarily the result of clinical consensus criteria rather than empirical research. We propose, and present initial proof of principle for, a novel approach to characterizing psychiatric phenotypes. We have termed our approach PhenoChipping, by analogy with, and borrowing paradigms and tools from, gene expression microarray studies (GeneChipping). A massive parallel profiling of cognitive and affective state is done with a PhenoChip composed of a battery of existing and new quantitative psychiatric rating scales, as well as hand neuromotor measures. We present preliminary data from 104 subjects, 72 with psychotic disorders (bipolar disorder—41, schizophrenia—17, schizoaffective disorder—14), and 32 normal controls. Microarray data analysis software and visualization tools were used to investigate: 1. relationships between phenotypic items (“phenes”), including with objective motor measures, and 2. relationships between subjects. Our analyses revealed phenotypic overlap among, as well as phenotypic heterogeneity within, the three major psychotic disorders studied. This approach may be useful in helping us move beyond current diagnostic classifications, and suggests a combinatorial building‐block (Lego‐like) structure underlies psychiatric syndromes. The adaptation of microarray informatic tools for phenotypic analysis readily facilitates direct integration with gene expression profiling of lymphocytes in the same individuals, a strategy for molecular biomarker identification. Empirically derived clusterings of (endo)phenotypes and of patients will better serve genetic, pharmacological, and imaging research, as well as clinical practice. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Down syndrome: Common otolaryngologic manifestations
Authors: Shott Sally R. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractOtolaryngologic or ear, nose, and throat (ENT) problems are common in children with Down Syndrome (DS). This includes problems with chronic ear infections and chronic middle ear effusions with associated hearing loss, airway obstruction, and sleep apnea, as well as problems with chronic rhinitis and sinusitis. In addition, many of these ENT problems require surgical interventions, and there are special anesthesia considerations that need to be addressed in children with DS. These include subglottic stenosis, post‐operative airway obstruction, and cervical spine concerns. As the care of children with DS has become more consistent and proactive, outcomes from the treatment of these ENT manifestations have improved. Aggressive interventions, both medical and surgical, have led to a decreased incidence of hearing loss, good control of the chronic rhinitis, and a better awareness of the incidence of sleep apnea and sleep‐disordered breathing in individuals with DS. These common otolaryngologic manifestations of DS are reviewed with recommendations for ongoing care and monitoring. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical manifestations of hematologic and oncologic disorders in patients with Down syndrome
Authors: Dixon Natalia , Kishnani Priya S. , Zimmerman Sherri 
Published: July 2006

AbstractHematologic abnormalities are common in individuals with Down syndrome (DS). Increased erythrocyte mean corpuscular volume (MCV) is frequently found among DS infants and remains elevated throughout life in two‐thirds of patients, making interpretation of red cell indices for diagnosis of nutritional anemias or bone marrow failure disorders more challenging. Transient myeloproliferative disorder (TMD) associated with pancytopenia, hepatosplenomegaly, and circulating immature WBCs, is found almost exclusively in DS infants with an incidence of approximately 10%. In most cases, TMD regresses spontaneously within the first 3 months of life, but in some children, it can be life threatening or even fatal. Despite the high rate of spontaneous regression, TMD can be a preleukemic disorder in 20–30% of children with DS. The types of malignancy, response to therapy, and clinical outcome in children with DS are also unique. There is an increased risk of leukemia with an equal incidence of lymphoid and myeloid leukemia. Acute megakaryocytic leukemia (AMKL) subtype is the most common form of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in this setting, and is uncommon in children without DS. Somatic mutations of the gene encoding the hematopoetic growth factorGATA1have been shown to be specific for TMD and AMKL in children with DS. Myelodysplastic syndrome can precede AML. Children with DS and leukemia are more sensitive to some chemotherapeutic agents such as methotrexate than other children which requires careful monitoring for toxicity. Although the risk for leukemia is higher in individuals with DS, these patients have a lower risk of developing solid tumors, with the exception of germ cell tumors, and perhaps retinoblastoma and lymphoma. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The proteins of human chromosome 21
Authors: Gardiner Katheleen , Costa Alberto C.S. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractRecent genomic sequence annotation suggests that the long arm of human chromosome 21 encodes more than 400 genes. Because there is no evidence to exclude any significant segment of 21q from containing genes relevant to the Down syndrome (DS) cognitive phenotype, all genes in this entire set must be considered as candidates. Only a subset, however, is likely to make critical contributions. Determining which these are is both a major focus in biology and a critical step in efficient development of therapeutics. The subtle molecular abnormality in DS, the 50% increase in chromosome 21 gene expression, presents significant challenges for researchers in detection and quantitation. Another challenge is the current limitation in understanding gene functions and in interpreting biological characteristics. Here, we review information on chromosome 21‐encoded proteins compiled from the literature and from genomics and proteomics databases. For each protein, we summarize their evolutionary conservation, the complexity of their known protein interactions and their level of expression in brain, and discuss the implications and limitations of these data. For a subset, we discuss neurologically relevant phenotypes of mouse models that include knockouts, mutations, or overexpression. Lastly, we highlight a small number of genes for which recent evidence suggests a function in biochemical/cellular pathways that are relevant to cognition. Until knowledge deficits are overcome, we suggest that effective development of gene–phenotype correlations in DS requires a serious and continuous effort to assimilate broad categories of information on chromosome 21 genes, plus the creation of more versatile mouse models. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Breaking difficult news in a newborn setting: Down syndrome as a paradigm
Authors: Dent Karin M. , Carey John C. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractBreaking the difficult news of an unexpected diagnosis to parents in the newborn setting is a common occurrence in genetic counseling. Many clinical geneticists and genetic counselors have had the challenge of delivering a postnatal diagnosis of Down syndrome to parents of newborns. Down syndrome is a common chromosome condition occurring in approximately 1 in 800 live births. Presenting the diagnosis to families must be accomplished in a supportive, positive, caring, and honest manner. However, there are few scientific data and little instruction in training programs on how best to convey this news in an appropriate manner. Several articles in the literature over the last three decades have proposed various guidelines for the so‐called informing interview. Discussions of parents' preferences and experiences in receiving this news have also been documented. Few reports, however, have focused on breaking difficult news of the diagnosis of a genetic condition to parents in a newborn setting in the genetics literature. In this paper, we will review the medical literature on delivering difficult news, specifically focused on that regarding the diagnosis of Down syndrome in the newborn setting. We propose a theoretical framework from which the informing interview can be planned and future outcome data can be measured. In this way, researchers of this theme can investigate the process, including the healthcare professionals' delivery of difficult news and make recommendations for continued improvement of the process. Our model can be generalized to breaking difficult news for a variety of other congenital conditions. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Antinociceptive Effects of Synthetic Chalcones Obtained from Xanthoxyline
Authors: de Campos‐Buzzi Fátima , Pereira de Campos Jordana , Pozza Tonini Patrícia , Corrêa Rogério , Augusto Yunes Rosendo , Boeck Paula , Cechinel‐Filho Valdir 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA wide variety of noxious stimuli are known to induce a sensation of pain evoked in a remote region of the body. Here, we show that chalcones can inhibit the pain provoked by the administration of an intraperitoneal acetic acid (AA). This study investigates the effects of 17 synthetic chalcones in the writhing test, a visceral pain model in mice. The majority of these compounds proved more active than some analgesic drugs, such as aspirin and acetaminophen, two reference drugs used here for comparison. Four chalcones, 9, 10, 16, and 17, were selected for more detailed studies, since they exhibited significant antinociceptive activities and chemical structures of interest. They caused dose‐related inhibitions, proving about 15‐, 10‐, 9‐, and 8‐fold more active than the standard drugs. When administrated orally, only chalcone 9 proved to be effective. These chalcones might be further used as a model to obtain new and more potent analgesic drugs.
Periodic Trends in the Agostic Interaction in Zirconium and Hafnium Methylidene Hydride Halide Complexes
Authors: Cho Han‐Gook , Kim Tae‐Hyun , Andrews Lester 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe reactions of methyl chloride and bromide with laser‐ablated Zr and Hf atoms during deposition in excess Ne, Ar, or Kr are investigated, and the products are examined by matrix IR spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations. The methylidene complexes, [CH2MHX] (M=Zr and Hf, X=Cl and Br), are formed along with the methyl metal halide complexes, [CH3MX]. The amounts of both types of complexes increase upon photolysis and in the early stages of annealing. Two sets of methylidene absorptions observed in Ar and Kr matrices form a persistent photoreversible system. The most stable C1 and slightly higher energy planar structures of the methylidene complex in the singlet ground state trapped in the matrix reproduce the characteristics of the two sets of absorptions. Agostic distortion of the methylidene complexes decreases in the order Ti, Zr, Hf and increases in the order F, Cl, and Br; the CZr and ZrH stretching frequencies increase, and the bonds become shorter. This observation favors the characterization of the agostic interaction as a reorganization of charge.
How strongly do sequence conservation patterns and empirical scales correlate with exposure patterns of transmembrane helices of membrane proteins?
Authors: Park Yungki , Helms Volkhard 
Published: July 2006

AbstractGiven the difficulty in determining high‐resolution structures of helical membrane proteins, sequence‐based prediction methods can be useful in elucidating diverse physiological processes mediated by this important class of proteins. Predicting the angular orientations of transmembrane (TM) helices about the helix axes, based on the helix parameters from electron microscopy data, is a classical problem in this regard. This problem has triggered the development of a number of different empirical scales. Recently, sequence conservation patterns were also made use of for improved predictions. Empirical scales and sequence conservation patterns (collectively termed as “prediction scales”) have also found frequent applications in other research areas of membrane proteins: for example, in structure modeling and in prediction of buried TM helices. This trend is expected to grow in the near future unless there are revolutionary developments in the experimental characterization of membrane proteins. Thus, it is timely and imperative to carry out a comprehensive benchmark test over the prediction scales proposed so far to determine their pros and cons. In the current analysis, we use exposure patterns of TM helices as a golden standard, because if one develops a prediction scale that correlates perfectly with exposure patterns of TM helices, it will enable one to predict buried residues (or buried faces) of TM helices with an accuracy of 100%. Our analysis reveals several important points. (1) It demonstrates that sequence conservation patterns are much more strongly correlated with exposure patterns of TM helices than empirical scales. (2) Scales that were specifically parameterized using structure data (structure‐based scales) display stronger correlation than hydrophobicity‐based scales, as expected. (3) A nonnegligible difference is observed among the structure‐based scales in their correlational property, suggesting that not every learning algorithm is equally effective. (4) A straightforward framework of optimally combining sequence conservation patterns and empirical scales is proposed, which reveals that improvements gained from combining the two sources of information are not dramatic in almost all cases. In turn, this calls for the development of fundamentally different scales that capture the essentials of membrane protein folding for substantial improvements. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 83:389–399, 2006This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Study of variant anatomical structures (bony canals, fibrous bands, and muscles) in relation to potential supraclavicular nerve entrapment
Authors: Jelev L. , Surchev L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSince the definition of supraclavicular nerve entrapment syndrome by Gelberman et al. (Gelberman et al. [1975] J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 57:119) a number of clinical cases of this specific entrapment neuropathy have been reported. In all these cases, the nerve injury has been attributed to the location of the supraclavicular nerve branch in a narrow canal in the clavicle. However, in the anatomical literature, variations in the course of the supraclavicular nerves have not only been ascribed to bony canals but also to abnormal fibrous and muscular structures. Considering the fact that the existence of a narrow site with rigid walls along the course of a nerve is essential for the development of an entrapment neuropathy, our study examines all the variant anatomical structures with a possible role in supraclavicular nerve entrapment. We describe three groups of anatomical structures with close relation to the course of the supraclavicular nerves—transclavicular canals, fibrous bands, and unusual muscular structures. Based on the characteristics of the variations found, for the first time, we suggest that in addition to the bony canals through the clavicle certain fibrous and muscular structures could also be an anatomical basis for supraclavicular nerve entrapment syndrome. Clin. Anat. 20:278–285, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Initial rotor position estimation of interior permanent magnet synchronous motor using optimal voltage vector
Authors: Tanaka Koji , Moriyama Rintaro , Miki Ichiro 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe initial rotor position estimation is a serious problem affecting sensorless drives of permanent magnet synchronous motors. This paper presents an estimation method of initial rotor position for interior permanent magnet synchronous motors. The principle of the estimation is based on the nonlinear magnetization characteristics of the stator core caused by the magnet of the rotor. The estimation is performed using the variation of the current response caused by the magnetic saturation when the voltage vector is applied to the motor. This method can be performed without motor parameters and any additional hardware. Decision method of the optimal voltage vector applied to the motor is also proposed to accurately implement the estimation. Experimental results show that the initial rotor position can be estimated without rotating the rotor by using the optimal voltage vector. It is found that the average of the estimation error is ±1.34 electrical degrees, and the estimation is completed within 15.2 ms in the test motor. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 156(4): 69–76, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20062
Carrier phase error detection method and synchronization control of parallel‐connected PWM inverters without signal line
Authors: Kohara Tatsuya , Noguchi Toshihiko , Kondo Seiji 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn recent years, parallel operation of inverters is employed to increase reliability and capacity in an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) system. A phase error in PWM carrier‐signals of each inverter causes high‐frequency loop current between inverters. Therefore, the PWM carrier‐signal of each inverter should be adjusted in phase.This paper proposes a detection method of phase error in PWM carrier‐signal and its application to synchronization control for parallel‐connected inverters. A simple definite‐integral circuit achieves detection of the carrier phase error from high‐frequency loop current using no signal line between inverters. The detected carrier phase error is applied to synchronize the PWM carrier‐signal through a PI compensator, and then the high‐frequency loop current can be suppressed. Several experimental test results show the validity of the proposed detection method and synchronization control. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 157(1): 63– 71, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (http://www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20143
Observation of lightning phenomena on distribution lines using composite techniques
Authors: Hirai Takao , Okabe Shigemitsu , Takinami Tsutomu , Chindo Takuji 
Published: July 2006

AbstractFor the rationalization of lightning protection design of distribution lines, it is important to clarify the behavior of distribution lines when direct or nearby lightning occurs. Because of the lower insulation level than for transmission lines, in studies on lightning protection design of distribution lines, not only direct lightning strokes but also induced voltages caused by nearby strokes must be taken into account. Thus, it is necessary to grasp the frequency of occurrence on lightning phenomena around distribution lines. For this aim, lightning phenomena on TEPCO's distribution lines in use had been continuously observed for 6 years (1996 to 2001). The observation was carried out in a composite way, using still cameras and sensor for acquisition of lightning surge waveform data. Through the observation, new phenomena about lightning performance on distribution lines in the field became apparent. In some cases, in spite of a direct strike to the line, flashover did not occur. This fact means that the distribution line has a certain level of lightning resistance. Moreover, it was confirmed that AC following current generated between both ends of insulator disappeared naturally. These results are interesting discoveries that can be useful in estimating the fault ratio precisely. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 157(1): 10–19, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (http://www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20164
Control performance of single‐phase STATCOM and BTB by three‐level inverters
Authors: Tamai Shinzo , Akagi Hirofumi 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe so‐called three‐level inverters have been widely used for industry applications because of high‐voltage output ability and low harmonic contents. These applications are mainly suitable for AC motor drives. Recent attention has been paid to larger‐capacity inverters applicable to power system control. This paper describes their applications to power systems. First, harmonic analysis of a three‐level inverter is achieved under the condition that its two DC capacitor voltage are unbalanced. Second, a control method for balancing the two DC capacitor voltages is described. Finally, applications of single‐phase three‐level inverters to STATCOM and BTB are introduced. Their control performance is confirmed by computer simulation. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 157(1): 54–62, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (http://www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20306
A method for estimating initial pole position of surface permanent magnet synchronous motors using pulse voltage
Authors: Yamamoto Shu , Ara Takahiro 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe initial pole position must be estimated for speed sensorless vector control of PM motors. This paper presents a method to estimate initial pole position for Surface Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (SPMSM). For estimating the initial pole position, we utilize Fourier transformation for detecting the inductance change caused by rotor magnetic saliency. The six inductances, obtained by Fourier transformation of the voltage and current measured when a pulse voltage is applied to the motor armature winding respectively, will directly provide the exact information of pole position. The polar distinction is also carried out using Fourier transformation on the basis of the inductance change caused by magnetic saturation. Experimental results on a 0.3‐kW 8‐pole SPMSM demonstrate the validity of the proposed method. Although no machine was coupled with the tested motor, there was no change in rotor position during pole position estimation. In polar distinction, the maximum rotor position change was only 1.38 electric degrees. A method to estimate initial pole position without a motor voltage sensor is also discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 157(1): 47–53, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (http://www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20307
An electric power purchase strategy for bilateral contracts focusing on reliability of customers
Authors: Niioka Satoru , Yokoyama Ryuichi 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWith the introduction of the competitive electrical power market, large‐scale customers can select electric power suppliers. Customers need to consider not only the economical efficiency but also reliability, to decide the amount of electrical power to purchase. This paper develops an economic electric power purchase strategy for customers focusing on reliability. A bilateral contract model expressing electric power suppliers as generators with a forced outage rate is proposed and introduced to assess potential outage risks of the bilateral contract between an electric power supplier and a customer. The outage‐related cost, consisting of potential outage risks and the estimated outage cost, is also proposed and introduced as an index of the reliability on the customer side, and an optimal reliability level of a customer is obtained by using the index. Several numerical examples demonstrate the availability of the proposed electric power purchase decision method and reliability improvement strategies for customers are discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 156(4): 9–21, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20345