bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fighting With a Weed: Water Hyacinth and the State in Colonial Bengal, c. 1910-1947
Authors: Iqbal Iftekhar 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
The water hyacinth occupied a dominant space in the public sphere of Bengal during the last three decades of British colonial era. The remarkable spread of this Amazonian aquatic weed contributed to agrarian decline and distress, and divided the government and the public on the question of whether the pest should be completely eradicated or be subject to scientific research for profitable utilisation. The idea of complete eradication was gradually replaced by efforts towards utilisation. In the end, however, neither complete eradication nor fruitful utilisation was possible. This essay explores the dynamics of failure to strike a solution to the problem of invasive species in the form of water hyacinth through an examination of the competing domains of bureaucracy, science and private commercial interests in a colonial context.
Optimising learning using flashcards: Spacing is more effective than cramming
Authors: Kornell Nate 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe spacing effect—that is, the benefit of spacing learning events apart rather than massing them together—has been demonstrated in hundreds of experiments, but is not well known to educators or learners. I investigated the spacing effect in the realistic context of flashcard use. Learners often divide flashcards into relatively small stacks, but compared to a large stack, small stacks decrease the spacing between study trials. In three experiments, participants used a web‐based study programme to learn GRE‐type word pairs. Studying one large stack of flashcards (i.e. spacing) was more effective than studying four smaller stacks of flashcards separately (i.e. massing). Spacing was also more effective than cramming—that is, massing study on the last day before the test. Across experiments, spacing was more effective than massing for 90% of the participants, yet after the first study session, 72% of the participants believed that massing had been more effective than spacing. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Beliefs about factors affecting the Reliability of eyewitness testimony: A Comparison of judges, jurors and the general public
Authors: Magnussen Svein , Melinder Annika , Stridbeck Ulf , Raja Abid Q. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWe surveyed 164 members of the juror pool of the Court of Appeal and a representative sample of 1000 adult Norwegians without juror experience, about their knowledge and beliefs about eyewitness testimony, and compared their answers to a prior survey of Norwegian judges. Although the judges were somewhat more knowledgeable than jurors and the general public, all groups had limited knowledge of eyewitness testimony. Juror experience, in terms of number of times serving as juror, did not correlate with eyewitness knowledge. Consistent with this finding, the knowledge scores of the jurors were similar to the scores of the general public, tested with an abridged seven‐item version of the questionnaire. Comparisons with the results of surveys conducted in the US, indicate similar levels of knowledge among law professionals and jurors in the two countries. Increasing the knowledge of eyewitness testimony among the principal participants in the judiciary system may be an important component of the solution to eyewitness error. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Functionalized Dienes from Propargylic Esters: Formal Cross‐Coupling of Two Carbenes
Authors: Vovard‐Le Bray Chloé , Dérien Sylvie , Dixneuf Pierre H. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractCarben mit Carben: Die Kupplung eines Propargylesters mit einem Diazoalkan in Gegenwart eines [RuCl(cod)Cp*]‐Katalysators führt zur Bildung funktionalisierter konjugierter Diene mit hoher Stereoselektivität. Die Reaktion verläuft über die Kreuzkupplung eines Vinylcarbenfragments, das aus einer rutheniumkatalysierten Propargylester‐Umlagerung resultiert, mit einem Diazoalkancarben.magnified image
Black carbon aerosol mass concentration variation in urban and rural environments of India—a case study
Authors: Badarinath K. V. S. , Kharol Shailesh Kumar , Reddy R. R. , Rama Gopal K. , Narasimhulu K. , Siva Sankara Reddy L. , Raghavendra Kumar K. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe present study provides an account of the black carbon (BC) aerosol mass concentration variation in contrasting environments of India corresponding to the urban and rural areas of Hyderabad and Anantapur during August 2006. The study period corresponds to the monsoon season over the Indian region. The diurnal variation of BC showed two peaks, during morning and late evening, which are mostly, related to the diurnal changes in the local boundary layer and traffic density patterns. BC mass concentrations over Hyderabad are estimated to be 92% higher compared to those at the Anantapur site suggesting considerable contrast in its spatial variations. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Comparison of 850‐hPa relative humidity between ERA‐40 and NCEP/NCAR re‐analyses: detection of suspicious data in ERA‐40
Authors: Ben Daoud Aurélien , Sauquet Eric , Lang Michel , Obled Charles , Bontron Guillaume 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAn exploratory study is performed on the 850‐hPa relative humidity data (RH850) extracted from the Re‐Analysis Project (ERA‐40) and National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) re‐analyses covering a domain centred on western Europe (60°W–60°E, 15°N–75°N). The largest deviations between the two data archives are observed over the North Atlantic Ocean. In addition, unrealistic values of RH850 are detected in the ERA‐40 re‐analysis at resolutions of both 2.5° and 1.125°. There is no strong correlation between RH850 provided by ERA‐40 and observations from radio sounding stations, thus ruling out a straightforward correction of the detected anomalous values. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Etanercept: a new option in paediatric plaque psoriasis
Authors: Chaplin Steve , Atherton David 
Published: January 2009

AbstractPsoriasis in children and adolescents can be disfiguring and adversely affect quality of life. A range of treatments are available that can control the condition, but not all patients respond or are able to tolerate the treatments. The anti‐TNF alpha inhibitors are used effectively in adult psoriasis but are not currently licensed for use in children. The anti‐TNF etanercept (Enbrel) has been studied in childhood psoriasis and is likely to gain a licence in the near future. In this article, the authors discuss current treatment approaches in childhood psoriasis and describe the efficacy, tolerability and potential place of etanercept in practice. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Management of type 2 diabetes: the GLP‐1 pathway
Authors: Tahrani Abd A , Piya Milan K , Barnett Anthony H 
Published: January 2009

AbstractType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major challenge to healthcare systems around the world, with an estimated prevalence of 6% (246 million) in 2007 rising to 7.3% (380 million) in 2025 worldwide.1–5 In this article, the authors consider the significance of the GLP‐1 path‐way in the management of T2DM, and some of the advantages of incretin‐based therapy. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical modelling of the potential effects of a dam on a coastal aquifer in S. Spain
Authors: Calvache M. L. , Ibáñez S. , Duque C. , Martín‐Rosales W. , López‐Chicano M. , Rubio J. C. , González A. , Viseras C. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis study presents the results of a three‐dimensional variable‐density numerical modelling of the Motril‐Salobreña coastal aquifer and the possible effects of the entry into service in May 2005 of the Rules Dam, located just 17 km from the coast. Present parameters of the Motril‐Salobreña aquifer show that the system's conditions are very similar to a natural regime. The dam will substantially alter aquifer recharge, as the entry flow through the alluvial sediments of the Guadalfeo River will be entirely cut off or drastically reduced. Different scenarios reproducing the possible evolution of the aquifer under operation of the Rules Dam have been modelled. In most cases, results indicate that the conditions of the aquifer would worsen, with a general advance of the freshwater–saltwater interface. The area with most risk of saltwater intrusion is the old mouth of the Guadalfeo River, where the mixing zone could advance 1200 m inland. It is proposed that maintaining a 5–6 Mm3 year−1 ‘ecological flow’ in the Guadalfeo River could prevent this saline advance. This application demonstrates that variable‐density models are potentially useful tools for estimating the effects of dams on the hydrodynamic and hydrochemical conditions of a coastal aquifer. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of task and maternal verbosity on compliance in toddlers
Authors: Hakman Melissa , Sullivan Maureen 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between compliance in toddlers and maternal verbosity as well as the type of task. Mothers and their toddlers completed a warm‐up task, a proactive toy clean‐up task, and a prohibitive forbidden objects task. Mothers were assigned to one of two verbosity conditions (high versus low) and to one of two nurturance conditions (high versus low) where the rates of verbosity and nurturance were experimentally manipulated. It was hypothesized that toddlers would demonstrate higher noncompliance when given high levels of verbosity than toddlers given low levels of verbosity. It was expected that toddlers would demonstrate higher noncompliance when given low levels of nurturance than toddlers given high levels of nurturance. It was also expected that toddlers would demonstrate more noncompliance in the prohibitive task than they would in the proactive task. Results indicated that the rates of child compliance were related to the level of maternal verbosity with greater noncompliance being exhibited by children who received high levels of verbosity than those who received low levels of verbosity. Child compliance rates were also related to the type of task, with greater noncompliance exhibited in the proactive task versus the prohibitive task. Excessive detail about what children should or should not do appears to be related to child behavior and supports Patterson's premise of ‘nattering’. Child behavior also was related to the type of task in which the child was engaged. These findings have direct implications for individuals working with or raising very young children. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
To retire or expand? A fuzzy GIS‐based spatial multi‐criteria evaluation framework for irrigated agriculture
Authors: Chen Yun , Khan Shahbaz , Paydar Zahra 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis paper presents a GIS framework for multi‐criteria evaluation of land suitability for the expansion or retirement of irrigated cropland at a catchment scale in Australia. This framework is based on the fuzzy linguistic ordered weighted averaging (FLOWA) approach which integrates the analytical hierarchy procedure (AHP) and quantifier‐guided OWA operators in an ArcGIS 9.2 environment. The FLOWA module proved to be highly flexible and efficient in generating and visualising a wide range of different multi‐criteria decision strategies. Several scenarios were derived to show how the uncertainties involved in the suitability decision‐making process can influence the outcomes. This framework has helped us understand the need for retirement as well as the potential for expanding irrigation in suitable areas of the catchment if water is available. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Permethrin induces lymphocyte DNA lesions at both Endo III and Fpg sites and changes in monocyte respiratory burst in rats
Authors: Gabbianelli Rosita , Falcioni Maria Letizia , Cantalamessa Franco , Nasuti Cinzia 
Published: January 2009

AbstractPyrethroids are widely used insecticides of low acute toxicity in mammals but the consequences of long‐term exposure are of concern. Their insecticidal action is related to neurotoxicity and, in addition, there are indications of mammalian immuno‐toxicity. In this work the effect of 60 days permethrin (150 mg kg−1body weight/day) exposure on two types of leukocytes (monocytes and lymphocytes) in adolescent rats was investigated. In particular, the monocyte respiratory burst response was first investigated, followed by studies on the degree and type of lymphocyte DNA damage induced by permethrin at this stage of life. Permethrin treatment reduces the monocyte respiratory burst response to phorbol myristate acetate, thereby decreasing superoxide anion (65%) and hydrogen peroxide (37%) production. Moreover an increase [correction made here after initial online publication] in monocyte plasma membrane fluidity in the hydrophilic–hydrophobic interface of the lipid bilayer was measured. Data obtained from the comet assay show that permethrin induces lymphocyte DNA lesions at both formamido pyrimidine glycosylase (Fpg) and endonuclease III (Endo III) sites in adolescent rats. Our results indicate the key role of permethrin in oxidative stress whose consequences lead to biochemical and functional changes. The reduced phagocyte respiratory burst induced by permethrin treatment and the type of DNA damage measured could represent new relevant aspects of pyrethroid toxicity which should be considered for human health. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selective blockade of mGlu5 metabotropic glutamate receptors is hepatoprotective against fulminant hepatic failure induced by lipopolysaccharide andd‐galactosamine in mice
Authors: Jesse Cristiano R. , Wilhelm Ethel A. , Bortolatto Cristiani F. , Savegnago Lucielli , Nogueira Cristina W. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis study was designed to investigate the influence of 2‐methyl‐6‐phenylethynyl pyridine hydrochloride (MPEP), an antagonist of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5, in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) andd‐galactosamine (d‐GalN)‐induced fulminant hepatic failure in mice. Mice were given an intraperitoneal injection of 50 µg kg−1LPS and 500 mg kg−1d‐GalN. MPEP (1, 5 and 25 mg kg−1) was administered intraperitoneally 1 h before LPS/d‐GalN injection. Twenty‐four hours after administration of LPS/d‐GalN, plasma was collected and used for biochemical assays. Mice were euthanized and histological analysis and toxicological parameters were carried out in the liver. MPEP, at all doses tested, protected against the increase in aspartate and alanine aminotransferase activities induced by LPS/d‐GalN exposure. Ascorbic acid levels were not altered in all experimental groups. GlutathioneS‐transferase activity was increased by administration of LPS/d‐GalN and MPEP did not modify the enzyme activity in mice. MPEP, at the doses of 5 and 25 mg kg−1, was effective in protecting against the decrease in catalase activity caused by LPS/d‐GalN administration in mice. The histological data showed that sections of liver from LPS/d‐GalN‐exposed mice presented extensive injuries. MPEP, at all doses tested, reduced the scores of liver damage and markedly ameliorated the degree of liver damage. The hepatoprotective effect of MPEP on fulminant hepatic failure induced by LPS andd‐GalN in mice was demonstrated. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Soman poisoning alters p38 MAPK pathway in rat cerebellar Purkinje cells
Authors: Pejchal Jaroslav , Osterreicher Jan , Kassa Jiri , Tichy Ales , Micuda Stanislav , Sinkorova Zuzana , Zarybnicka Lenka 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe aim of the study was to evaluate the expression of phosphorylated p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) and MAPK‐activated transcription factors elk‐1, c‐jun and c‐myc in rat cerebellar Purkinje cells after soman poisoning to investigate the pathogenetic mechanism of non‐specific long‐term adverse effects of nerve agents. Male Wistar rats were poisoned by intramuscular administration of soman at a dose 60 µg kg−1 (80% LD50), while control animals were administered physiological saline. Samples were taken 1, 7 and 14 days after poisoning, immunohistochemically stained and p‐p38MAPK, p‐c‐jun, p‐c‐myc, and p‐elk‐1 expressions were measured using computer image analysis. An increased expression of phosphorylated p38 MAPK and c‐myc 14 days after soman poisoning was found, while both activated elk‐1 and c‐jun expression remained unchanged 1, 7 and 14 days after intoxication. Late activation of p38 MAPK and their targets might be the underlying mechanism of chronic neurophysiological adverse effects. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microbial transformation of androst‐4‐ene‐3, 17‐dione by Bordetella sp. B4 CGMCC 2229
Authors: Lin Yanliang , Song Xin , Fu Juan , Lin Jianqiang , Qu Yinbo 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: Microbial transformation of steroids has attracted widespread attention, especially the transformation of those steroids synthesized with difficulty by chemical methods. In this study, microbial transformation of androst‐4‐ene‐3, 17‐dione (AD) by Bordetella sp. B4 was investigated, and the effect of temperature on transformation was studied.RESULTS: Three metabolites were purified by preparative TLC and HPLC, and identified as androsta‐1,4‐diene‐3,17‐dione (ADD), 9α‐hydroxyandrost‐4‐ene‐3, 17‐dione (9α‐OH‐AD), and 3‐hydroxy‐9, 10‐secoandrost‐1, 3, 5‐triene‐9, 17‐dione (3‐OH‐SATD) by nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and mass spectroscopy (MS). It was first reported that the genus of Bordetella has the capability of AD degradation. Microbial transformation of AD was performed at 30 °C, 37 °C, 40 °C and 45 °C. The 9α‐OH‐AD yield reached a maximum within 16 h when the strain was cultivated in media with AD as sole carbon at 37 °C. Surprisingly, ADD was produced by the strain cultivated at 40 °C but not at 37 °C, which was different from previous reports. It was deduced that the alcohol dehydrogenase that catalyzed the transformation of AD to ADD may be temperature sensitive.CONCLUSION: Androst‐4‐ene‐3,17‐dione was converted into 9α‐hydroxyandrost‐4‐ene‐3, 17‐dione and other metabolites rapidly by Bordetella sp. B4. It is anticipated that the strain Bordetella sp. B4 CGMCC 2229 can be used in the steroids industry. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Decolorization of organic dyes by Irpex lacteus in a laboratory trickle‐bed biofilter using various mycelium supports
Authors: Pocedič Jaromír , Hasal Pavel , Novotný Čeněk 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: Dyes used in textile industries and released to their wastewaters are serious ecological problems as they are hard to degrade by common means used in wastewater treatment plants. White‐rot fungi can biodegrade textile dyestuffs using their extracellular enzyme system. However, it is difficult to keep them in functional form in conventional wastewater treatment systems, because of their specific nutritional and physiological requirements. Selection of a suitable bioreactor type and mode of operation are crucial for successful implementation of white rot fungi in waste water treatment processes.RESULTS: Both Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) and Reactive Orange 16 (RO16) were decolorized efficiently in the trickle‐bed reactor. A degree of decolorization exceeding 80% was achieved within 2 days with all mycelium carriers and both dyes. In reactors packed with plastic kitchen scourers and luffa sponge slices the decolorization degree reached 90% within 2 days. The initial rate of decolorization of RBBR dye was notably higher than the rate of RO16 decolorization. The lowest liquid hold‐up value (1–1.5%) was achieved in the reactor packed with the plastic kitchen scourers, the largest hold‐up value (3–5%) was observed in the reactor filled with luffa sponge. The longest mean retention time, 430 s, was achieved in the reactor with the luffa carrier at a liquid flow rate of 6.81 cm3 min−1; the shortest mean retention times (10–20 s) were achieved in the reactor filled with the plastic kitchen scourers. Broad liquid residence time distributions were observed in tracer experiments at all volumetric flow rates.CONCLUSIONS: The ability of I. lacteus to secrete laccase and manganese peroxidase enzymes in a trickle‐bed bioreactor with three mycelium carriers was proved and quantified experimentally. The decolorization capability of the I. lacteus mycelium was only marginally influenced by the kind of carrier used. Basic operational characteristics of the reactor—residence times, axial dispersion and liquid hold‐up—were determined at various liquid flow rates. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Use of internally nuclease‐protected single‐strand DNA oligonucleotides and silencing of the mismatch repair protein, MSH2, enhances the replication of corrected cells following gene editing
Authors: Papaioannou Ioannis , Disterer Petra , Owen James S. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBackgroundGene editing is potentially a powerful technology for introducing genetic changes by using short single‐stranded DNA oligonucleotides (ssODNs). However, their efficiency is reduced by the mismatch repair system, especially MSH2, which may suppress gene editing, although findings vary depending on readout and type of oligonucleotide used. Additionally, successfully edited cells are reported to arrest at the S‐ or G2‐phase. In the present study, we evaluate whether a novel ssODN design and down‐regulation of MSH2 expression allows the isolation of replicating gene‐edited cells.MethodsCultured Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing mutated enhanced green fluorescent protein were targeted with ssODNs of varying design, all capable of restoring fluorescence, which allows the monitoring of correction events by flow cytometry. Converted cells were isolated by cell sorting and grown to determine colony formation efficiencies. MSH2 expression was suppressed with small interfering RNA and the cell cycle distribution of cells transfected with ssODN was quantified by flow cytometry, following propidium iodide or DRAQ5 staining.ResultsAlthough efficiency was higher using ssODN end‐protected with phosphorothioate, the potential of edited cells to form colonies was lower than those targeted with unmodified ssODN. We established that ssODN transfection itself perturbs the cell cycle and that MSH2 gene silencing increases correction efficiency. In both cases, however, the effect was dependent on the positioning of the protected nucleotides. Importantly, when internally protected ssODN was used in combination with MSH2 suppression, a higher proportion of G1‐phase corrected cells was observed 48–64 h after transfection.ConclusionsUse of internally protected ssODN and downregulating cellular MSH2 activity may facilitate isolation of viable, actively replicating gene‐edited cells. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Poverty among older people in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Gasparini Leonardo , Alejo Javier , Haimovich Francisco , Olivieri Sergio , Tornarolli Leopoldo 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis paper provides evidence on the incidence of poverty among older people in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), based on household survey microdata from 20 countries. The situation of older people is characterised in terms of income, education, health and access to services vis‐à‐vis the rest of the population. The paper identifies the role played by the current pension systems in LAC, and assesses the efforts needed to achieve substantial improvements towards the reduction of old age poverty. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.