bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Population structure of striped marlin (Kajikia audax) in the Pacific Ocean based on analysis of microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA
Authors: McDowell Jan R. , Graves John E. 
Published: June 2008

Genetic variation was surveyed at five microsatellite loci and the mitochondrial control region (819 bp) to test for the presence of genetic stock structure in striped marlin ( Kajikia audax ) collections taken from seven locations throughout the Pacific Ocean. Temporal replicates separated by 9 years were taken off Japan, and three temporal samples spanning 11 years were collected off the coast of eastern Australia. Analyses of multilocus microsatellite genotypes and mitochondrial control region sequences showed no significant heterogeneity among collections taken from the same location in different years; however, significant spatial genetic heterogeneity was observed across all samples for microsatellite markers (FST= 0.013, P < 0.001). Mitochondrial control region sequences were not different across all samples (ΦST= –0.01, P = 0.642). Analyses of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed significant genetic differentiation between geographic regions for both microsatellite and mitochondrial markers. These results suggest the presence of genetically discrete populations within the Pacific Ocean and are supported by both the results of tagging studies, which show limited dispersal, and the presence of geographically separated spawning grounds.
Effect of ambient oxygen on growth and reproduction in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
Authors: Kolding Jeppe , Haug Lise , Stefansson Sigurd 
Published: June 2008

Growth, size at maturity, gonadosomatic index (GSI), egg size, and absolute fecundity of Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) were significantly affected by oxygen levels (1.5 ± 1.0, 2.8 ± 1.4, and 6.0 ± 1.8 mg·L–1) in a controlled experiment designed to test the hypothesis (D. Pauly. 1984. J. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer, 41: 280–284) that O2 is the controlling factor for the transition from juvenile to adult in fish, in general, in the context of phenotypic life history plasticity and “stunting” in tilapias. Size at maturity and the estimated asymptotic size decreased with decreasing O2 concentration, as predicted by Pauly’s hypothesis. All fish matured at the same age (18 weeks old), which is in contrast to conventional definitions of stunting. This finding challenges the suggested plasticity in age at first maturity for tilapia. The results also challenge the hypothesis that stunting is a unique recruitment mechanism, as the smaller fish in the group with low oxygen concentration produced smaller and fewer eggs than the larger fish in the group with high oxygen concentration.
RADICALS WITH THE α-AMITSUR PROPERTY
Authors: TUMURBAT SODNOMKHORLOO , WISBAUER ROBERT 
Published: June 2008

A radical γ of rings is said to have the Amitsur property if for all rings A, γ(A[X]) = (γ(A[X]) ∩ A)[X]. Let Xα denote a set of indeterminates of cardinality α. We say that γ has the α-Amitsur property if for all rings A, γ(A[Xα]) = (γ(A[Xα]) ∩ A)[Xα]. We study properties of this type of radicals and show relationships with other known radicals for rings. A ring A is said to be an absolute γ-ring if A[x1,…, xn] ∈ γ, for any n ∈ ℕ. We show that A is an absolute 𝔾-ring for the Brown–McCoy radical 𝔾, if and only if A is in the radical class S determined by the unitary strongly prime rings. Moreover, A is an absolute nil ring if and only if A is an absolute J-ring, where J denotes the Jacobson radical.
A Phase I and Pharmacokinetic Study of the Oral Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor, MS-275, in Patients with Refractory Solid Tumors and Lymphomas
Authors: Gore Lia , Rothenberg Mace L. , O'Bryant Cindy L. , Schultz Mary Kay , Sandler Alan B. , Coffin Denise , McCoy Candice , Schott Astrid , Scholz Catherine , Eckhardt S. Gail 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate the toxicity profile, pharmacologic, and biological properties of 3-pyridylmethyl N-{4-[(2-aminophenyl)carbamoyl]benzyl}carbamate (MS-275), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, when administered orally on three different dosing schedules.
Experimental Design: Patients with advanced solid malignancies and lymphomas were treated on three dose schedules: once every other week, twice weekly for 3 weeks every 28 days, and once weekly for 3 weeks every 28 days. First-cycle plasma pharmacokinetics and peripheral blood mononuclear cell histone acetylation were determined.
Results: Twenty-seven patients received ≥149 courses of treatment. Hypophosphatemia and asthenia were dose limiting on the weekly and twice-weekly dosing schedules; there was no dose-limiting toxicity on the every other week schedule. Pharmacokinetic variables revealed dose-dependent and dose-proportional increases. Two of 27 patients showed partial remissions, including one patient with metastatic melanoma who had a partial response and has remained on study for &gt;5 years. Six patients showed prolonged disease stabilization. Levels of histone H3 and H4 acetylation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells increased qualitatively but with a high degree of interpatient variation.
Conclusions: MS-275 is well tolerated at doses up to 6 mg/m2 every other week or 4 mg/m2 weekly for 3 weeks followed by 1 week of rest and results in biologically relevant plasma concentrations and antitumor activity. Twice-weekly dosing was not tolerable due to asthenia, and further evaluation of this schedule was halted. The recommended dose for further disease-focused studies is 4 mg/m2 given weekly for 3 weeks every 28 days or 2 to 6 mg/m2 given once every other week.
Memory Effects of Speech and Gesture Binding: Cortical and Hippocampal Activation in Relation to Subsequent Memory Performance
Authors: Straube Benjamin , Green Antonia , Weis Susanne , Chatterjee Anjan , Kircher Tilo 
Published: June 2008

AbstractIn human face-to-face communication, the content of speech is often illustrated by coverbal gestures. Behavioral evidence suggests that gestures provide advantages in the comprehension and memory of speech. Yet, how the human brain integrates abstract auditory and visual information into a common representation is not known. Our study investigates the neural basis of memory for bimodal speech and gesture representations. In this fMRI study, 12 participants were presented with video clips showing an actor performing meaningful metaphoric gestures (MG), unrelated, free gestures (FG), and no arm and hand movements (NG) accompanying sentences with an abstract content. After the fMRI session, the participants performed a recognition task. Behaviorally, the participants showed the highest hit rate for sentences accompanied by meaningful metaphoric gestures. Despite comparable old/new discrimination performances (d′) for the three conditions, we obtained distinct memory-related left-hemispheric activations in the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), the premotor cortex (BA 6), and the middle temporal gyrus (MTG), as well as significant correlations between hippocampal activation and memory performance in the metaphoric gesture condition. In contrast, unrelated speech and gesture information (FG) was processed in areas of the left occipito-temporal and cerebellar region and the right IFG just like the no-gesture condition (NG). We propose that the specific left-lateralized activation pattern for the metaphoric speech–gesture sentences reflects semantic integration of speech and gestures. These results provide novel evidence about the neural integration of abstract speech and gestures as it contributes to subsequent memory performance.
A Brain Mechanism for Facilitation of Insight by Positive Affect
Authors: Subramaniam Karuna , Kounios John , Parrish Todd B. , Jung-Beeman Mark 
Published: June 2008

AbstractPrevious research has shown that people solve insight or creative problems better when in a positive mood (assessed or induced), although the precise mechanisms and neural substrates of this facilitation remain unclear. We assessed mood and personality variables in 79 participants before they attempted to solve problems that can be solved by either an insight or an analytic strategy. Participants higher in positive mood solved more problems, and specifically more with insight, compared with participants lower in positive mood. fMRI was performed on 27 of the participants while they solved problems. Positive mood (and to a lesser extent and in the opposite direction, anxiety) was associated with changes in brain activity during a preparatory interval preceding each solved problem; modulation of preparatory activity in several areas biased people to solve either with insight or analytically. Analyses examined whether (a) positive mood modulated activity in brain areas showing responsivity during preparation; (b) positive mood modulated activity in areas showing stronger activity for insight than noninsight trials either during preparation or solution; and (c) insight effects occurred in areas that showed mood-related effects during preparation. Across three analyses, the ACC showed sensitivity to both mood and insight, demonstrating that positive mood alters preparatory activity in ACC, biasing participants to engage in processing conducive to insight solving. This result suggests that positive mood enhances insight, at least in part, by modulating attention and cognitive control mechanisms via ACC, perhaps enhancing sensitivity to detect non-prepotent solution candidates.
Learning and Consolidation of Novel Spoken Words
Authors: Davis Matthew H. , Di Betta Anna Maria , Macdonald Mark J. E. , Gaskell M. Gareth 
Published: June 2008

AbstractTwo experiments explored the neural mechanisms underlying the learning and consolidation of novel spoken words. In Experiment 1, participants learned two sets of novel words on successive days. A subsequent recognition test revealed high levels of familiarity for both sets. However, a lexical decision task showed that only novel words learned on the previous day engaged in lexical competition with similar-sounding existing words. Additionally, only novel words learned on the previous day exhibited faster repetition latencies relative to unfamiliar controls. This overnight consolidation effect was further examined using fMRI to compare neural responses to existing and novel words learned on different days prior to scanning (Experiment 2). This revealed an elevated response for novel compared with existing words in left superior temporal gyrus (STG), inferior frontal and premotor regions, and right cerebellum. Cortical activation was of equivalent magnitude for unfamiliar novel words and items learned on the day of scanning but significantly reduced for novel words learned on the previous day. In contrast, hippocampal responses were elevated for novel words that were entirely unfamiliar, and this elevated response correlated with postscanning behavioral measures of word learning. These findings are consistent with a dual-learning system account in which there is a division of labor between medial-temporal systems that are involved in initial acquisition and neocortical systems in which representations of novel spoken words are subject to overnight consolidation.
Rule-dependent Prefrontal Cortex Activity across Episodic and Perceptual Decisions: An fMRI Investigation of the Criterial Classification Account
Authors: Han Sanghoon , Huettel Scott A. , Dobbins Ian G. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Although lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) is clearly involved in decision-making, competing functional characterizations exist. One characterization posits that activation reflects the need to select among competing representations. In contrast, recent fMRI research suggests that activation is driven by the criterial classification of representations, even with minimal competition. To adjudicate between these hypotheses, we used event-related fMRI and contrasted tasks that required different numbers of criterial classifications prior to response in both perceptual and memory domains. Additionally, we manipulated the level of interstimulus competition by increasing the number of probes. Experiment 1 demonstrated that LPFC activation tracked the number of intermediate classifications during trials yet was insensitive to the number of competing probes and the behavioral decline accompanying competition. Furthermore, Experiment 2 demonstrated equivalent increases in LPFC activation for a task requiring two overt criterial classifications (independent classification) and one requiring two covert criterial classifications prior to the single overt response (same–different judgment). As found in Experiment 1, both tasks showed greater activation than a judgment requiring only one classification act (forced choice). These data indicate that LPFC responses reflect the number of executed criterial classifications or judgments, independent of the number of competing stimuli and the overt response demands of the decision task.
Views and Attitudes of Missionaries Toward African Religion in Southern Africa During the Portuguese Era
Authors: Gundani Paul H. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThis artocle focusses on the religious encounter between Portuguese missionaries and the African societies in Southern Africa. It is argued that the crusading mentality embedded in mediaeval Catltolicism and the terms of the Padruado underpinned and reinforced the views and attitudes that Portuguese missionrzries constructed around African religion and ritual. The perceptions that Christianity was superior to, and in no position to negotiate and dialogue with African religion, contributed significantly towards their failure to understand and to evangelise the societies they came in contact with. Moreover the failure to appreciate that traditional religion was a centrifugal force around which all life, not just kingship, gravitated, resulted in their disillusionment and immature abandonment of the mission field. This analysis is based on, and aided by, secondary sources zuritten on the Portuguese activities in Southern Africa.
Removal of Systematic Model Bias on a Model Grid
Authors: Mass Clifford F. , Baars Jeffrey , Wedam Garrett , Grimit Eric , Steed Richard 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Virtually all numerical forecast models possess systematic biases. Although attempts to reduce such biases at individual stations using simple statistical corrections have met with some success, there is an acute need for bias reduction on the entire model grid. Such a method should be viable in complex terrain, for locations where gridded high-resolution analyses are not available, and where long climatological records or long-term model forecast grid archives do not exist. This paper describes a systematic bias removal scheme for forecast grids at the surface that is applicable to a wide range of regions and parameters.
Using observational data and model forecasts over the Pacific Northwest, a method was developed to reduce the biases in gridded 2-m temperature, 2-m dewpoint temperature, and 12-h precipitation forecasts. The method first estimates bias at observing locations using errors from forecasts that are similar to the current forecast. These observed biases are then used to estimate bias on the model grid by pairing model grid points with stations that have similar elevation and/or land-use characteristics.
Results show that this approach reduces bias substantially, particularly for periods when biases are large. Adaptations to weather regime changes are made within a short period, and the method essentially “shuts off” when model biases are small. With modest modifications, this approach can be extended to additional variables.
A Verification of Numerical Model Forecasts for Sounding-Derived Indices above Udine, Northeast Italy
Authors: Manzato Agostino 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
In this work, 40 different indices derived from real soundings and the corresponding ECMWF model forecasts for the same location (near Udine, northeast Italy) are compared. This comparison is repeated for more than 500 days, from June 2004 to December 2005. The comparison is performed in terms of linear correlation, bias, root-mean-square error, and relative absolute error. The results show that the quality of agreement varies considerably among the different indices and lead times.
It is found that only 15 indices have strong correlations (R2 always larger than 0.5) that hold up until the fourth forecast day (+96 h). The indices having the best agreement are usually representative of the thermal fields while those having the worst agreement are usually representative of the wind fields, particularly in the low levels. It is also found that the correlations for all 40 of the indices change for the 4 times of the day (one sounding every 6 h), with the 1200 UTC comparison being usually the best one. Also, at 1800 and 0000 UTC the potential instability is strongly underestimated by the model.
To test if these errors depend on the vertical resolutions, a similar comparison has been done between the observed sounding reduced in the World Meteorological Organization TEMP format (as assimilated by the NWP model) and the originals at high vertical resolution. It is found that the indices derived from the TEMP format vary from those with the highest resolution, in particular the indices that depend on the details of the low-level profile, such as the level of free convection and the initial height of the lifted parcel. Nevertheless, only the shear has a very low correlation (R2 = 0.15) with the corresponding index derived from the high-resolution soundings, because it is very sensitive to the number of vertical levels used.
Improving Short-Term Storm Predictions by Assimilating both Radar Radial-Wind and Reflectivity Observations
Authors: Zhao Qingyun , Cook John , Xu Qin , Harasti Paul R. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
A high-resolution data assimilation system is under development at the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL). The objective of this development is to assimilate high-resolution data, especially those from Doppler radars, into the U.S. Navy’s Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System to improve the model’s capability and accuracy in short-term (0–6 h) prediction of hazardous weather for nowcasting. A variational approach is used in this system to assimilate the radar observations into the model. The system is upgraded in this study with new capabilities to assimilate not only the radar radial-wind data but also reflectivity data. Two storm cases are selected to test the upgraded system and to study the impact of radar data assimilation on model forecasts. Results from the data assimilation experiments show significant improvements in storm prediction especially when both radar radial-wind and reflectivity observations are assimilated and the analysis incremental fields are adequately constrained by the model’s dynamics and properly adjusted to satisfy the model’s thermodynamical balance.
A Comparison of Roll and Nonroll Convection and the Subsequent Deepening Moist Convection: An LEM Case Study Based on SCMS Data
Authors: Huang Qian , Marsham John H. , Parker Douglas J. , Tian Wenshou , Weckwerth Tammy 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Rolls observed during the Small Cumulus Microphysical Study (SCMS) field campaign are simulated using a large eddy model (LEM). The simulated boundary layer properties were in a good agreement with sounding profiles and aircraft observations, and the observed boundary layer rolls were reproduced by the model. Rolls started to decay when −Zi/L exceeded a threshold, with a value between 5 and 45. Here Zi and L refer to the height of the top of convective boundary layer and the Monin–Obukhov length, respectively. This value was found to depend on a nondimensional combination of the low-level wind shear, the height of the CBL, and the eddy velocity scale. Larger surface buoyancy fluxes and smaller shears gave higher thresholds. For the case modeled, rolls persisted for surface buoyancy fluxes less than 110 W m−2, and formed for boundary layer wind shears greater than 5 × 10−3 s−1, which is consistent with previous studies.
The simulated roll convection was compared with a nonroll simulation, which was identical except for the wind and the wind shear used. In both the roll and nonroll cases the variability in convective inhibition (CIN) was dominated by the variability in the source air, rather than the lifting of the top of the boundary layer by the convection. Stronger moist updrafts existed in the nonroll convection, whereas roll convection gave a more symmetrical distribution of up and downdrafts, with stronger downdrafts than the nonroll case. The nonroll convection simulations have lower minimum values of CIN and clouds develop 15 min earlier in this case.
The Influence of Loading Rate on the Mode III Fracture Properties of Adhesively Bonded Composites
Authors: Pennas D. , Cantwell W.J. , Compston P. 
Published: June 2008

The Mode III interlaminar fracture properties, GIIIc, of an adhesively-bonded glass/epoxy composite are investigated over a wide range of crosshead displacement rates, using the edge crack torsion (ECT) test geometry. The ECT test fixture has been modified to conduct impact testing on these bonded materials. Tests on all of the samples highlighted a significant crack length dependency with the value of GIIIc increasing rapidly with increasing crack length. Tests were also undertaken on the plain glass reinforced epoxy over an equally wide range of crosshead displacement rates. For a given crack length, the interlaminar fracture toughness of the adhesively-bonded system was superior to that offered by the plain composite, an effect that is attributed to the presence of significant crack-tip blunting within the adhesive layer. The interlaminar fracture toughness of the composite and the adhesively-bonded system remained roughly constant over the range of crosshead displacement rates considered here, suggesting that these systems do not exhibit any significant rate-sensitive fracture behavior. Finally, the crack tip loading conditions are verified by conducting an FEA analysis of the ECT specimen. Here, it was shown that Mode III loading predominates at the center of the test specimen, whereas regions of Mode II loading were observed close to the test supports.
Understanding factors that inhibit or promote the utilization of telecare in chronic lung disease
Authors: Mair Frances S. , Hiscock Julia , Beaton Susan C. 
Published: June 2008

Objectives: To perform a process evaluation of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of home telecare for the management of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), using the normalization process model (NPM) as an explanatory framework. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were carried out with patients ( n = 9) and nurses ( n = 11) participating in a RCT. A framework approach to data analysis was used. Results: The telecare service did not provide an interactional advantage for the nurses providing this service and did not fit with the nurses' views of the most appropriate or preferred use of their skills. The telecare service seemed unlikely to become normalized as part of routine healthcare delivery, because the nursing team lacked confidence that it was a safe way to provide healthcare in this context and it was not perceived as improving efficiency. Discussion: The NPM effectively mapped onto the study findings and explained those factors that inhibited the routine delivery of COPD services by telecare.