bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrocochleography is More Sensitive than Distortion‐Product Otoacoustic Emission Test for Detecting Noise‐Induced Temporary Threshold Shift
Authors: Kim Jin Sook , Nam Eui‐Cheol , Park Sung Il 
Published: October 2005

OBJECTIVE:We investigated and compared the usefulness of the electrocochleography and distortion product otoacoustic emission tests for detecting the earliest noise‐induced damage by analyzing the sensitivity and specificity of the 2 tests.STUDY DESIGN:A prospective study.METHODS:After listening to music at 90.3 ± 4.2 dB in the same night‐club for 2 hours continuously, 23 healthy normal ears experienced a temporary threshold shift exceeding 5 dB. Pure‐tone audiometry, the distortion product otoacoustic emission test, and electrocochleography were performed before, immediately after, and 24 hours after the exposure.RESULTS:Before exposure, the measured distortion product/noise floor was 9.8 ± 10.4, 23.5 ± 6.4, 18.7 ± 6.4, and 19.1 ± 5.6 dB sound pressure level (SPL) at frequencies of 1, 2, 3, and 4 kHz, respectively. Immediately after exposure, it decreased significantly at 2, 3, and 4 kHz to 16.6 ± 7.6, 12.5 ± 6.8, and 14.8 ± 7.7 dB SPL, respectively. Marked increases in the amplitude of the summating potential and summating potential/action potential ratio were recorded from 0.15 ± 0.06 to 0.32 ± 0.11 and 0.23 ± 0.06 to 0.44 ± 0.08, respectively. The respective sensitivity and specificity of electrocochleography were 76.7% to 88.5% and 91.0% to 100%. Those of the distortion product otoacoustic emission test were 54.8% to 62.2% and 75.5% to 87.0%, respectively.CONCLUSION:Electrocochleography appears to provide more sensitive and specific information than the distortion product otoacoustic emission test for detecting a noise‐induced temporary threshold shift.
Expanding Applications for the Microdebrider in Pediatric Endoscopic Airway Surgery
Authors: Rees Catherine J. , Tridico Trina I. , Kirse Daniel J. 
Published: October 2005

OBJECTIVE:The microdebrider has been described for treating laryngeal papillomas, but there are no reports of other uses for this instrument in the pediatric airway. The objective of this article is to describe expanding applications for the microdebrider in pediatric airway surgery.STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING:Retrospective review, tertiary care academic institution.RESULTS:The microdebrider was used in 75 pediatric airway procedures. Twenty‐two of these cases involved novel, previously unreported applications of the microdebrider.CONCLUSIONS:The microdebrider can be used safely and effectively for a variety of pediatric airway pathologies, including papillomas, granulations, and stenoses from the larynx to the distal trachea.SIGNIFICANCE:Correct usage of the various tip configurations on the microdebrider has made management of many airway lesions commonly encountered by pediatric otolaryngologists safer, more expedient, and simpler than management by other methods. In our practice, this instrument largely has supplanted the use of the CO2laser and some open approaches for pediatric airway lesions.
Analysis of Battlefield Head and Neck Injuries in Iraq and Afghanistan
Authors: Xydakis Michael S. , Fravell Michael D. , Nasser Katherine E. , Casler John D. 
Published: October 2005

OBJECTIVE:At the time of this study, the 1st place that an injured or ill American soldier in Iraq or Afghanistan would have been evaluated by an ENT–head and neck surgeon was at a tertiary care medical center as a result of air evacuation out of theater: Landstuhl Regional Medical Center (LRMC), Ramstein, Germany. By examining the ENT‐related diagnoses of all air evacuations from downrange, we were able to match the patients classified as having battle injuries to determine the percentage with head and neck trauma.STUDY DESIGN:A prospective review of 11,287 soldiers air‐evacuated from Afghanistan and Iraq, representing the 1st year of combat operations. A new, computerized patient‐tracking system was created by our team to merge several disparate databases to generate and compile our data.RESULTS:The ENT–head and neck surgery department evaluated and primarily managed 8.7% of all patients evacuated out of theater by air to Germany. Other medical and surgical services managed 7.3% of all patients evacuated out of theater with overlapping ENT diagnoses. The number of potential ENT patients increased to 16% when one looked at all head and neck pathology instances seen by all medical and surgical departments hospital‐wide. Of all patients air‐evacuated and classified as having battle injuries, 21% presented with at least 1 head and neck trauma code.CONCLUSIONS:This is the 1st paper focusing on the role of the ENT–head and neck surgeon in treating a combat population and also the patterns of illness and head and neck injuries in a deployed force in our modern military. Improved soldier body armor has resulted in distinctly new patterns of combat injuries. Unprotected areas of the body account for the majority of injuries.SIGNIFICANCE:These findings should be used to improve the planning and delivery of combat medical care.
Laser‐Assisted Tympanostomy in Pediatric Patients with Serous Otitis Media
Authors: Prokopakis Emmanuel P. , Lachanas Vassilios A. , Christodoulou Panayotis N. , Velegrakis George A. , Helidonis Emmanuel S. 
Published: October 2005

OBJECTIVES:To evaluate prognostic factors related with cure rate, in pediatric patients with serous otitis media treated with laser‐assisted tympanostomy without ventilation tubes, in a single institution.PATIENTS AND METHOD:The procedure was performed on 124 ears in 88 individuals, from 3 to 14 years old. External auditory canal anatomy, type of anesthesia, tympanic membrane and middle ear fluid characteristics, myringotomy size, and laser parameters, in relation to cure rate, were accordingly studied.RESULTS:The overall cure rate by ear at the end of the 2‐month follow‐up period was 54.83%, whereas 45.17% still suffered from otitis media. Multivariate statistical analysis demonstrated that the presence of a thick tympanic membrane is significantly correlated with pure outcome in children with serous otitis media, when laser‐assisted tympanostomy without ventilation tubes is performed favoring a worse cure rate (P < 0.023). Other parameters did not statistically correlate with the outcome. A 41% parental dissatisfaction rate was noticed.CONCLUSION:This study addresses selection bias for children with serous otitis media, candidates for laser‐assisted tympanostomy. These are related to the duration of serous otitis media, the condition of middle ear mucosa, the thickness of the tympanic membrane, the type of anesthesia, and the cost of laser apparatus. There is likely to be a causal relationship between outcome and tympanic membrane appearance in children undergoing laser‐assisted tympanostomy.
Microbiology of Acute Otitis Media with Tympanostomy Tubes
Authors: Roland Peter S. , Parry David A. , Stroman David W. 
Published: October 2005

OBJECTIVE:The objective was to determine the types of organisms which cause acute otitis media with a tympanostomy tube and to ascertain their frequency distribution.STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING:Prospective, randomized, multi‐institutional clinical trials. Both private and academic sites were included.RESULTS:1309 isolates were recovered from 956 draining ears. Streptococcus pneumonia was recovered from 17%, Staphylococcus aureus from 13%, H flu from 18% and Pseudomonas aeruginosa from 12%. Fungal organisms were recovered from 5% of total isolates and 4% from single isolates.CONCLUSIONS:AOMT is microbiologically different than AOM with an intact TM. There is no evidence that resistance develops as result of topical treatment.SIGNIFICANCE:The study demonstrates that AOMT is frequently caused by organisms not susceptible to oral antibiotics approved for children, but which are sensitive to topical ear drops.
Quantification Strategies for Human-Induced and Natural Hydrological Changes in Wetland Vegetation, Southern Florida, USA
Authors: Donders Timme H. , Wagner Friederike , Visscher Henk 
Published: October 2005

AbstractAn accurately dated peat profile from a mixed cypress swamp in the Fakahatchee Strand Preserve State Park (FSPSP, Florida, USA) has been examined for pollen and spores. The near-annual resolved pollen record shows a gradual shift from a wet to a relatively dry assemblage during the past 100 years. Timing of drainage activities in the region is accurately reflected by the onset and duration of vegetation change in the swamp. The reconstructed vegetation record has been statistically related to pollen assemblages from surface sediment samples. The response range of the FSPSP wetland to environmental perturbations could thus be determined and this allows better understanding of naturally occurring vegetation changes. In addition, the human impact on Florida wetlands becomes increasingly apparent. Superimposed high-frequency variation in the record suggests a positive correlation between winter-precipitation and pollen productivity of the dominant tree taxa. However, further high-resolution analysis is needed to confirm this relation. The response range of the FSPSP wetland to environmental perturbations on both annual- and decadal-scales documented in this study allows recognition and quantification of natural hydrological changes in older deposits from southwest Florida. The strong link between local hydrology and the El Niño Southern Oscillation makes the palynological record from FSPSP highly relevant for studying past El Niño–variability.
Assessing the age of Reeves' muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi) by scoring wear of the mandibular molars
Authors: Chapman Norma G. , Brown W. A. B. , Rothery P. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe skulls and mandibles of 50 (28 male, 22 female) captive muntjac Muntiacus reevesi of exactly known age and four (two male, two female) of approximately known age were examined for their molar wear patterns. A procedure for scoring was based on earlier published work (Brown & Chapman, 1990, 1991) for fallow Dama dama and red deer Cervus elaphus, respectively. Specimens were also available from 17 male and 13 female wild muntjac whose approximate ages were known. The data show a curvilinear relationship between age and toothwear score, with increasing variability as the score increases. The predicted age and upper and lower limits of 95% prediction intervals are given for captive and wild muntjac deer. The range between upper and lower limits, though greater than was found for fallow and red deer, may still be a useful guide for assessing animals of unknown age.
Diet and food resource use by the pygmy skunk (Spilogale pygmaea) in the tropical dry forest of Chamela, Mexico
Authors: Cantú‐Salazar Lisette , Hidalgo‐Mihart Mircea G. , López‐González Carlos A. , González‐Romero Alberto 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe diet and pattern of food resource use by the pygmy skunk Spilogale pygmaea, an endemic and threatened species of western Mexico, was evaluated in the tropical dry forest of Chamela, Jalisco. Analysis of scats (n= 104) and stomach contents (n= 5) obtained during 1997, 1998 and 2000 showed that pygmy skunks fed mainly on invertebrates. Insect larvae constituted the most represented food item in samples. During 2000, food resource use was quantified by comparing occurrence of available prey with occurrence of items found in scats. Even though pygmy skunks seem to be opportunistic foragers, some invertebrates were positively selected, such as insect larvae and Myriapoda, thus suggesting that pygmy skunks may target prey of high nutritional value. The diet varied considerably between consecutive dry and rainy seasons of the studied years, with little overlap in food items. Pygmy skunks may adjust food resource use in response to temporal variations in prey abundance, by incorporating other food items in their diet during the dry season, when food is scarce. Dietary switching between seasons indicates that pygmy skunks may exhibit strategies similar to those of other tropical carnivores to deal with a highly seasonal environment.
Ecological correlates of home‐range size in spring–summer for female roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in a deciduous woodland
Authors: Saïd Sonia , Gaillard Jean‐Michel , Duncan Patrick , Guillon Nadine , Guillon Noël , Servanty Sabrina , Pellerin Maryline , Lefeuvre Karen , Martin Cécile , van Laere Guy 
Published: October 2005

AbstractData on 22 radio‐collared adult female roe deer Capreolus capreolus in the Chizé forest were used to test whether their home‐range size was influenced by resource availability and reproductive status. As roe deer females are income breeders and invest heavily in each reproductive attempt, they should be limited by energetic constraints. Thus it was expected that: (1) heavier females should have larger home ranges; (2) that home‐range size should decrease with increasing vegetation biomass; (3) home‐range size should increase with increasing reproductive effort (i.e. females with two fawns at heel should have larger home ranges than those with one fawn, which should have larger home range than females without fawns). To test these predictions, variation in spring–summer home‐range size was studied in 2001 and 2002, using 95% kernel home‐range estimation. Results showed that females do not adjust their home‐range size in response to body mass or age. Home‐range size increased with increasing reproductive success, but the magnitude of the change varied over the period of maternal care. Finally, although their home‐range size decreased with increasing plant biomass (slope =−0.11, se=0.065), female roe deer at Chizé did not fully compensate for declines in food availability by increasing home‐range size.
Alternating sexual segregation during the mating season by male African buffalo (Syncerus caffer)
Authors: Turner Wendy C. , Jolles Anna E. , Owen‐Smith Norman 
Published: October 2005

AbstractPatterns of association in many ungulate species vary throughout the year, with males periodically segregating from females. Sexual segregation can occur if males and females use different habitats (habitat segregation), occupy exclusive ranges (spatial segregation) or occur in separate social groups (social segregation). Previous studies on social segregation in ungulates have focused mostly on non‐reproductive periods and species in temperate systems with short mating seasons. This study examined social segregation in African buffalo Syncerus caffer at Hluhluwe‐iMfolozi Park, South Africa, during their 6‐month mating season. During this period, mature male buffalo alternated between joining mixed‐sex herds which comprise females and young, and small all‐male groups. Activity patterns of male buffalo in both group types were examined to determine if differences in time allocation or activity asynchrony could explain the observed segregation. Mature males foraged for less time than both adult females and younger males when they were with mixed herds. Mature male buffalo differed in how their active time was apportioned to foraging and reproductive activities between the two group types. Females maintained group cohesion despite only low synchrony in activity, therefore segregation of male buffalo could not be explained by the activity budget hypothesis. For males in mixed‐sex herds, reproductive activities were apparently at the expense of foraging time. The high time and energy costs of reproductive activities were probably responsible for the periodic separation of male buffalo from mixed herds during the extended mating period.
Comparative seasonal acclimatization of food and energy consumption in adjacent populations of common spiny mice (Acomys cahirinus)
Authors: Scantlebury Michael , Shanas Uri , Afik Daniel , Haim Abraham 
Published: October 2005

AbstractAnimals inhabiting environments with low productivity and food availability commonly have reduced energy demands and increased digestive efficiencies. The dry matter intake (DMI), apparent digestible dry matter (ADDM), digestible efficiency (DE) and digestible energy intake (DEI) of two populations of common spiny mouse Acomys cahirinus were compared during both winter and summer under conditions of simulated water stress. Mice were captured from the north‐ and south‐facing slopes (NFS and SFS) of the same canyon that represent mesic and xeric habitats, respectively. Measured variables were also compared between F1 mice that had been born to either NFS or SFS mice, and raised in the laboratory. SFS mice were able to assimilate energy more efficiently than NFS mice during the summer. By comparison, NFS mice were able to assimilate more energy during the winter. During winter, NFS mice assimilated more energy at low levels of water stress, whereas SFS mice assimilated more energy at higher levels. Differences were also apparent in F1 mice. It is therefore suggested that local climatic conditions can impose physiological adaptations that are retained in succeeding generations, creating unique meta‐populations.
Iodination of murine thyroglobulin enhances autoimmune reactivity in the NOD.H2h4 mouse
Authors: Barin J G , Talor M V , Sharma R B , Rose N R , Burek C L 
Published: October 2005

SummaryAutoimmune thyroiditis in humans has been linked to excess iodine intake. A causative relationship between dietary iodine and thyroiditis has been clearly established in animal models of thyroiditis, including the NOD.H2h4 mouse strain, which develops enhanced thyroiditis spontaneously after supplementation of drinking water with sodium iodide. To assess the mechanisms by which iodine may contribute to disease pathogenesis, we have purified hypoiodinated thyroglobulin (Lo-I Tg) from the thyroids of mice fed methimazole and potassium perchlorate. This preparation contained only a trace of iodine and was poorly reactive to monoclonal antibody 42C3, which has been shown previously to distinguish hypoiodinated from normal Tg. A cloned T cell line 2D11 from a diseased NOD.H2h4 mouse proliferated in response to normal Tg, but not to Lo-I Tg. Serum antibodies from NOD.H2h4 mice with thyroiditis were poorly reactive to Lo-I Tg. To determine that these changes were due specifically to iodine content, Lo-I Tg was reiodinated in vitro. Reiodination of Lo-I Tg partially re-established the reactivity of NOD.H2h4 serum antibodies. The data demonstrate that the reactivity of thyroglobulin-specific antibodies and certain T cells are dependent on the iodine content of thyroglobulin. These findings suggest that iodine contributes to autoimmune thyroiditis in the NOD.H2h4 mouse by directly enhancing the antigenicity of thyroglobulin.
The natural killer T lymphocyte: a player in the complex regulation of autoimmune diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice
Authors: Cardell S L 
Published: October 2005

SummaryManipulation of the immune response to specifically prevent autoaggression requires an understanding of the complex interactions that occur during the pathogenesis of autoimmunity. Much attention has been paid to conventional T lymphocytes recognizing peptide antigens presented by classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II molecules, as key players in the destructive autoreactive process. A pivotal role for different types of regulatory T lymphocytes in modulating the development of disease is also well established. Lately, CD1d-restricted natural killer T (NKT) lymphocytes have been the subject of intense investigation because of their ability to regulate a diversity of immune responses. The non-classical antigen presenting molecule CD1d presents lipids and glycolipids to this highly specialized subset of T lymphocytes found in both humans and mice. From experimental models of autoimmunity, evidence is accumulating that NKT cells can protect from disease. One of the best studied is the murine type 1 diabetes model, the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse. While the NKT cell population was first recognized to be deficient in NOD mice, augmenting NKT cell activity has been shown to suppress the development of autoimmune disease in this strain. The mechanism by which CD1d-restricted T cells exert this function is still described incompletely, but investigations in NOD mice are starting to unravel specific effects of NKT cell regulation. This review focuses on the role of CD1d-restricted NKT cells in the control of autoimmune diabetes.
The glycans deficiencies of macromolecular IgA1 is a contributory factor of variable pathological phenotypes of IgA nephropathy
Authors: Xu L-X , Yan Y , Zhang J-J , Zhang Y , Zhao M-H 
Published: October 2005

SummaryRecent evidence has suggested that IgA1-containing macromolecules and the glycosylation of IgA1 in sera from patients with IgAN might involve the pathogenesis of IgAN. However, whether the different histological phenotypes can be attributed or not to the aberrant glycosylation of macromolecular IgA1 has not yet been elucidated. The aim of the current study is to investigate the glycosylation of IgA1 molecules in serum IgA1-containing macromolecules and their association with pathological phenotypes of IgAN. Sera was collected from 40 patients with IgAN and 20 donors. Twenty patients had mild mesangial proliferative IgAN, the remaining 20 had focal proliferative sclerosing IgAN. Polyethylene glycol 6000 was used to precipitate the macromolecules from sera of patients and controls. Biotinylated lectins were used in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to examine different glycans on IgA1 molecules. The α2,6 sialic acid was detected by elderberry bark lectin (SNA) and the exposure of terminal galactose (Gal) and N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) were detected by Arachis hypogaea (PNA) and Vilsa villosa lectin (VVL), respectively. The IgA1 glycans levels corrected by IgA1 concentrations were compared between patients and controls. Reduced terminal α2,6 sialic acid of IgA1 (79·89 ± 25·17 versus 62·12 ± 24·50, P = 0·034) was demonstrated only in precipitates from sera of patients with focal proliferative sclerosing IgAN, compared with those from controls. Reduced galactosylation of IgA1 molecules in precipitates was demonstrated in patients with both mild mesangial proliferative IgAN and focal proliferative sclerosing IgAN compared with normal controls (24·52 ± 18·71 versus 76·84 ± 32·59 P = 0·000 and 33·48 ± 25·36 versus 76·84 ± 32·59 P = 0·000). However, no significant difference was found in IgA1 glycosylation in the supernatant between patients and normal controls (P &gt; 0·05). The glycosylation deficiency of IgA1 existed only in serum IgA1-containing macromolecules of patients with IgAN, and was associated with the renal pathological phenotypes. This suggests that aberrant glycosylation of IgA1 in serum macromolecules might be a contributory factor in the pathogenesis of IgAN.