bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental investigation of the SCR of NOx in a simulated moving bed reactor
Authors: Fissore Davide , Tejedor Diego Garran , Barresi Antonello A. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe experimental investigation of the Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) of NOx with NH3 in a Simulated Moving Bed (SMB) reactor realized by means of a network of three catalyst beds with periodical variation of the feed position is dealt with. The influence of the main operating parameters, namely, the inlet flow rate, the switching frequency, and the working temperature, has been investigated, as well as the responses of this device to disturbances in the feeding. A simple one‐dimensional (1‐D) model has been validated by means of the comparison with the experimental results. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Crystallization and melting behavior of blends comprising poly(3‐hydroxy butyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxy valerate) and poly(ethylene oxide)
Authors: Tan S. M. , Ismail J. , Kummerlöwe C. , Kammer H. W. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBlends of poly(3‐hydroxy butyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxy valerate) (PHBV) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) were prepared by casting from chloroform solutions. Crystallization kinetics and melting behavior of blends have been studied by differential scanning calorimetry and optical polarizing microscopy. Experimental results reveal that the constituents are miscible in the amorphous state. They form separated crystal structures in the solid state. Crystallization behavior of the blends was studied under isothermal and nonisothermal conditions. Owing to the large difference in melting temperatures, the constituents crystallize consecutively in blends; however, the process is affected by the respective second component. PHBV crystallizes from the amorphous mixture of the constituents, at temperatures where the PEO remains in the molten state. PEO, on the other hand, is surrounded during its crystallization process by crystalline PHBV regions. The degree of crystallinity in the blends stays constant for PHBV and decreases slightly for PEO, with ascending PHBV content. The rate of crystallization of PHBV decreases in blends as compared to the neat polymer. The opposite behavior is observed for PEO. Nonisothermal crystallization is discussed in terms of a quasi‐isothermal approach. Qualitatively, the results show the same tendencies as under isothermal conditions. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2776–2783, 2006
Studies on the effects of the enzymatic treatment on silk fine powder
Authors: Xu Weilin , Ke Guizhen , Peng Xuqiang 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIn this study, the silk treated by steam explosion was pulverized into fine powder with a mean particle size of 1.829 μm, then the feasibility of the application of the protease treatment to produce finer and more uniform silk powder was investigated. The results indicated that after the enzymatic treatment, the mean diameter of the silk powder was reduced from 1.829 to 1.546 μm and the equivalent diameter distribution became more concentrated; thus, the uniformity of the particles was improved. The infrared spectra analysis demonstrated that the silk powder remained the β‐sheet crystalline structure. X‐ray diffraction analysis showed the crystallinity of the polished silk powder was very slightly strengthened. It was found that the treatment reduced some polar amino acid in the sericin; however, the composition of the kinds of the amino acids did not change. In addition, the hot water‐solubility and moisture regain of the polished silk powder declined very slightly. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2967–2971, 2006
Thermally stimulated depolarization current behavior of polyethylene/poly(vinyl acetate) blends: Effect of blending
Authors: Choure Churaman , Keller J. M. , Bajpai R. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThermally stimulated depolarization currents (TSDCs) were investigated in polyethylene/poly(vinyl acetate) blends as a function of the polarizing temperature, applied field, and poly(vinyl acetate) weight percentage in the blend. The magnitude of the TSDC peak current decreased and the peak current position shifted toward the lower temperature side as the poly(vinyl acetate) weight percentage in the blends was increased. The tendency of the current toward anomalous behavior (flowing in the same direction as the charging current) also increased. It was concluded that blending with poly(vinyl acetate) modified the polyethylene morphology such that the amorphous part was increased. The carriers with mobility enhanced by hopping centers due to the CO group in the amorphous part were localized largely in shallow traps. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3040–3045, 2006
The effect of process variables on the morphology and release characteristics of protein‐loaded PLGA particles
Authors: Yushu Huang , Venkatraman Subbu 
Published: June 2006

AbstractPoly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) (PLGA 75 : 25), IV 0.94 dL/g was chosen as the matrix of the microparticles. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) (Fraction V) as the model drug was incorporated in the microparticles by a W/O/W emulsification and solvent evaporation technique. The effect of the various preparation parameters on particle morphology, drug loading efficiency, and drug release profiles of the resultant microparticles were examined. Particle size varied from 5 to 60 μm. The final morphology of the microparticles varied dramatically with preparation variables such as equipment used to produce the primary emulsion (W1/O) and the water‐to‐oil ratio (W1/O) in the primary emulsion. In general, the viscosity of the primary emulsion had a significant effect on the porosity of particles produced. The release of BSA showed a strong relationship with the preparation parameters of microparticles, partly due to the morphological effects. For example, microparticles made from the vortex mixer that was used to disperse inner aqueous phase (W1) to oil phase (O) showed a lower burst effect than that made from the homogenizer because of its better surface morphology. W1/O ratio, speed of dispersing the primary emulsion into W2, PLGA concentration, and different matrix materials also affected the drug release profiles. In all the samples studied here, only diffusion‐controlled release was observed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3053–3061, 2006
Wissenstransfer auf dem Prüfstand. Europäische Mediziner im Kampf gegen die Pest von Moskau 1771
Authors: Renner Andreas 
Published: June 2006

AbstractForeign knowledge being tested: European physicians fighting the Moscow plague of 1771. – The transfer of Western medicine to Russia increased significantly in the Eighteenth century. Foreign doctors were employed, their writings translated, their education standards copied. But who regarded that knowledge as superior and why? Taking the Moscow Plague of 1771 as a case study, this article examines the crucial role foreign and Russian medical practitioners played during the epidemic. It argues that especially those ideas and practices that were useful for social control filtered into politics and public discourse, but failed to convince the majority of the population.
Rank deficiency in superconvergent patch recovery techniques with 4‐node quadrilateral elements
Authors: Yue Z. , Robbins D. H. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe linear systems of equations generated by the Superconvergent Patch Recovery technique (Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng. 1992; 33:1331–1382; Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng. 1992; 101:207–224) can exhibit rank deficiency under certain purely geometric conditions. The rank deficiency problem can be corrected simply and efficiently by utilizing a local rotated co‐ordinate system. This rotated SPR procedure is easily automated and adds robustness to automatic adaptive solution methods. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collocation methods based on radial basis functions for solving stochastic Poisson problems
Authors: Chantasiriwan Somchart 
Published: June 2006

AbstractCollocation methods based on radial basis functions can be used to provide accurate solutions to deterministic problems. For stochastic problems, accurate solutions may not be desirable if they are too sensitive to random inputs. In this paper, four methods are used to solve stochastic Poisson problems by expressing solutions in terms of source terms and boundary conditions. Comparison among the methods reveals that the method based on fundamental solutions performs better than other methods. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An amylase/cre transgene marks the whole endoderm but the primordia of liver and ventral pancreas
Authors: Kockel Liliana , Strom Alessandra , Delacour Alexandra , Népote Virginie , Hagenbüchle Otto , Wellauer Peter K. , Herrera Pedro L. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractMice bearing a Cre‐encoding transgene driven by a compound [SV40 small t antigen/mouseα‐amylase‐2] promoter expressed the recombinase at early developmental stages broadly in the embryonic endoderm before the pancreas and lungs begin to outgrow, but not in other germ layers, as determined indirectly by β‐galactosidase and YFP reporter activity, indicating that the transgene is in fact an endodermic marker. Interestingly, the liver and ventral pancreas were excluded from this expression pattern, denoting that the chimerical α‐amylase‐2 promoter was not active in the anterior leading edge of the endoderm (the presumptive region from which liver and ventral pancreas form). These transgenics thus confirm, among other findings, that dorsal and ventral pancreatic primordia have different intrinsic transcriptional capabilities. In conclusion, we have generated a new transgenic mouse that should be useful to target endoderm at early stages, without affecting the liver or ventral pancreas before embryonic day E12.5. genesis 44:287–296, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of NbTi superconducting strands and cables for the field winding of a 200‐MW‐class high‐energy‐density superconducting generator
Authors: Miyashita Katsumi , Sato Hiroyuki , Arika Mitsuhiro , Takahashi Ryukichi 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe NbTi superconducting strands and cables for the field winding of the 200‐MW‐class high‐energy‐density‐type superconducting generator are developed. They are composed of Cu/Cu‐10wt%Ni/Nb‐46.5wt%Ti superconducting strands and the 10‐kA (at 5 T)‐class 9‐strand compacted cables. The diameter of strands is 1.33 mm, and the 9‐strand compacted cables are 2.4 mm thick and 6.0 mm wide. In order to produce high‐current‐density NbTi strands, we made strands under controlled aging heat treatments, the total and final strains, and the strains between heat treatments, by using large‐scale extruder. Moreover, in order to produce high‐stability and low‐AC‐loss NbTi strands and cables, the matrix ratio of strands and the cross sections of strands are optimized. The current density of NbTi filaments for the four‐time‐aging manufactured 1.33‐mm‐diameter strands was JC=3150 A/mm2 at 5 T, 1150 A/mm2 at 8 T. The critical current of the 9‐strand compacted cable is 10.7 kA at 5 T. The AC losses of the final compacted cables are less than 100 kW/m3 at 5 T, 5 T/s, that is, decreased to less than half of the target of the AC loss value (< $\ 200 \hbox{ kW/m}^{3}$ at 5 T, 5 T/s). Compared with the strand (Cu ratio 1.77), the minimum quench energy (MQE) of the strand (Cu ratio>2) increased about 40% at the operation mode current of the superconducting generator. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 156(3): 24– 31, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20266
Effective sticking coefficient measurement of radicals for a‐SIN:H film growth in plasma CVD
Authors: Fujikake Shinji , Narita Masataka , Ichikawa Yukimi 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe reaction coefficients of radicals on the growing surface of hydrogenated amorphous silicon nitride (a‐SiN:H) were studied by applying Monte Carlo simulation. These a‐SiN:H films were deposited on trench‐patterned silicon wafers using two kinds of gas mixture, SiH4−NH3 and SiH4−N2, and then measured for their film thickness profiles and composition on the trench wall. The derived total loss coefficient, β, of radicals was estimated from comparison between the experimental results and the simulation. On the basis of these results, the main radicals during depositions will be discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 156(3): 9– 15, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20343
High‐speed imaging of laser intensity distribution using an acousto‐optic deflector
Authors: Fukuchi Tetsuo , Nemoto Koshichi , Matsumoto Kouji 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAn acousto‐optic laser deflector was used to image the intensity distribution of a continuous wave laser of microsecond order. Undeflected light was blocked while the deflected light was directed to a CCD camera, which allowed imaging of the incident laser intensity distribution of microsecond order. Experiments using a test pattern showed that there was no distortion in the deflected image. The resolution limit, estimated from diffractive effects, was about 0.2 mrad. Using this method of high‐speed imaging, density variations accompanying laser‐induced breakdown in air were visualized by shadowgraphy and interferometry. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 156(3): 55–61, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20386
Modification of TLR‐induced activation of human dendritic cells by type I IFN: synergistic interaction with TLR4 but not TLR3 agonists
Authors: Walker Josef , Tough David F. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractUpon detection of direct and indirect signs of infection, dendritic cells (DC) undergo functional changes that modify their ability to elicit immune responses. Type I interferon (IFN‐α/β), which includes a large family of closely related infection‐inducible cytokines, represents one indirect signal that can act as a DC stimulus. We have investigated the ability of IFN‐α/β subtypes to affect DC function and to influence DC responses to Toll‐like receptor (TLR) agonists (i.e., direct infection‐associated signals). Subtle differences were observed among 15 subtypes of IFN‐α/β in the ability to stimulate expression of maturation markers and chemokines by human monocyte‐derived DC, with IFN‐ω being the most unique in its effects. Pre‐treatment with IFN‐α/β did not alter the ability of DC to mature in response to subsequent contact with TLR agonists, but did modulate their secretion of chemokines. Conversely, IFN‐α/β was shown to act synergistically with TLR4 but not TLR3 agonists for the induction of maturation and chemokine production when DC were exposed to IFN‐α/β and TLR ligands simultaneously. Taken together, these results indicate a complex role for IFN‐α/β in regulating DC function during the course an infection, which varies according to IFN‐α/β subtype and the timing of exposure to other stimuli.
In Situ Synthesis, Characterization of SiPMo‐X, and Different Catalytic Properties of SiPMo‐X and SiPW‐X
Authors: Shi Chunfeng , Wang Runwei , Zhu Guangshan , Qiu Shilun , Long Jun 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSBA‐15 frameworks with encapsulated Keggin type heteropolyacids (HPAs) were synthesized in situ under strongly acidic conditions (pH < 0). During the hydrolysis of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), a P‐ and a Mo source were added into the initial sol–gel system to form Keggin type HPAs. The texture of the final products was studied by the N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and their structure was systematically characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), UV/Vis diffuse reflectance‐ (DRS), infrared‐ (IR), and 31P magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR) spectroscopy. Characterization results suggest that the samples show very ordered hexagonal mesostructure, and the HPAs that are incorporated into the framework of meso‐silica are insoluble during catalysis. Results of catalytic tests indicate that the materials demonstrated catalytic activity comparable with or even surpassing those of the bulk HPAs in catalytic tests implementing chemical reactions of bulky molecules (1,3,5‐triisopropylbenzene cracking, esterification of benzoic acid with tert‐butyl alcohol, and 2,3,6‐trimethylphenol hydroxylation with H2O2). Additionally, some other properties, such as easy separation and stability when recycled, ensure their potential applications in the chemical industries. Here, we report not only the in situ synthesis and characterization of SiPMo‐X, but also the difference in the catalytic properties of SiPMo‐X and SiPW‐X. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Interval estimation for log‐normal mean with applications to water quality
Authors: El‐Shaarawi Abdel H. , Lin Jing 
Published: June 2006

AbstractLarge samples based confidence interval is frequently used by environmental scientists as an approximate data summary about the log‐normal regression mean. It has been shown by simulation that the coverage probability of such an interval is below the intended nominal level for small samples. To overcome this difficulty, a complicated small sample corrected interval has been recently proposed in the literature which substantially improves the coverage probability. In this paper, similar improvement are obtained by simply replacing the quantile of the normal distribution by the appropriate quantile of Student t distribution as will be demonstrated in this paper by simulation. The advantage of our proposed interval is its simplicity and thus will be easier to use in applications. As an illustration, we use the method to study the relationship between the flow and concentration of total phosphorous (TP) at four upstream/downstream sampling locations on the Fraser River of British Columbia. Our interests in developing intervals for the mean TP level at each location as well as the ratio of the mean at a downstream location to that at an upstream location. Such study is important in tracing the evolution of pollutants in an ecosystem and thus in setting policies for pollution control. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical predictions of flow and thermal fields in an enclosure with two periodically moving walls
Authors: Cheng Chin‐Hsiang , Hung Kuo‐Shu 
Published: June 2006

AbstractNumerical predictions of transient flow and thermal fields in a rectangular enclosure with two periodically moving vertical walls are presented. The combined influence of the movement of the walls and the buoyancy as well on the flow pattern and heat transfer performance is evaluated. The compressible‐flow model is adopted, and governing equations are expressed in integral form and discretized on the moving grids, which deform in resonance with the walls to accommodate the variation in the volume of the enclosure. A two‐stage pressure‐correction scheme is applied for simultaneously determining the distributions of absolute pressure, density, temperature, and velocity of the compressible flow field in the enclosure during the periodically stable periods. Effects of the frequency, stroke, and the phase angle of the wall oscillations on the flow are of major concerns in this study. The frequency is ranged between 5 and 25 Hz and the dimensionless strokes (l/H) of the wall are varied from 0.4 to 1.0. Results for Nusselt numbers on the walls as well as the dimensionless input work required to excite the wall oscillation are provided. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal convergence properties of the FETI domain decomposition method
Authors: Maday Y. , Magoulès F. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIn this paper an original variant of the FETI domain decomposition method is introduced for heterogeneous media. This method uses new absorbing interface conditions in place of the Neumann interface conditions defined in the classical FETI method. The optimal convergence properties of the classical FETI method and of its variant are first demonstrated, both in the case of homogeneous and heterogeneous media. Secondly, novel and efficient absorbing interface conditions, which avoid rigid body motions, are investigated and analysed. Numerical experiments illustrate the dependence of the proposed method upon several parameters, and confirm the robustness and efficiency of this method when equipped with such absorbing interface conditions. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Higher‐order bounded differencing schemes for compressible and incompressible flows
Authors: Ng K. C. , Yusoff M. Z. , Ng E. Y. K. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIn recent years, three higher‐order (HO) bounded differencing schemes, namely AVLSMART, CUBISTA and HOAB that were derived by adopting the normalized variable formulation (NVF), have been proposed. In this paper, a comparative study is performed on these schemes to assess their numerical accuracy, computational cost as well as iterative convergence property. All the schemes are formulated on the basis of a new dual‐formulation in order to facilitate their implementations on unstructured meshes. Based on the proposed dual‐formulation, the net effective blending factor (NEBF) of a high‐resolution (HR) scheme can now be measured and its relevance on the accuracy and computational cost of a HR scheme is revealed on three test problems: (1) advection of a scalar step‐profile; (2) 2D transonic flow past a circular arc bump; and (3) 3D lid‐driven incompressible cavity flow. Both density‐based and pressure‐based methods are used for the computations of compressible and incompressible flow, respectively. Computed results show that all the schemes produce solutions which are nearly as accurate as the third‐order QUICK scheme; however, without the unphysical oscillations which are commonly inherited from the HO linear differencing scheme. Generally, it is shown that at higher value of NEBF, a HR scheme can attain better accuracy at the expense of computational cost. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A parametric finite‐difference method for shallow sea waves
Authors: Bratsos A. G. , Famelis I. Th. , Prospathopoulos A. M. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis paper presents a parametric finite‐difference scheme concerning the numerical solution of the one‐dimensional Boussinesq‐type set of equations, as they were introduced by Peregrine (J. Fluid Mech. 1967; 27(4)) in the case of waves relatively long with small amplitudes in water of varying depth. The proposed method, which can be considered as a generalization of the Crank‐Nickolson method, aims to investigate alternative approaches in order to improve the accuracy of analogous methods known from bibliography. The resulting linear finite‐difference scheme, which is analysed for stability using the Fourier method, has been applied successfully to a problem used by Beji and Battjes (Coastal Eng. 1994; 23: 1–16), giving numerical results which are in good agreement with the corresponding results given by MIKE 21 BW (User Guide. In: MIKE 21, Wave Modelling, User Guide. 2002; 271–392) developed by DHI Software. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical simulation of isothermal nonwetting
Authors: Kuo C.‐W. , Chen J.‐C. , Neitzel G. P. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA numerical simulation of isothermal wetting suppression in the presence of shear is considered during which wetting may be prevented when a drop approaches a moving wall. Air is driven into the passage between the solid and liquid surfaces by viscous action, preventing wetting. Silicone‐oil and water drops are investigated for different wall velocities and wall distances. The droplet dimples at the upstream side and bulges at the downstream side when nonwetting occurs. The free‐surface deformation can be enlarged by either increasing the wall velocity or decreasing the wall distance. The low‐viscosity silicone‐oil used in these calculations is much more sensitive to shear wetting suppression than is water, because the Weber number of the silicone‐oil is larger than that of water. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.