bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trade‐offs between longevity and pathogen resistance in Drosophila melanogaster are mediated by NFκB signaling
Authors: Libert Sergiy , Chao Yufang , Chu Xiaowen , Pletcher Scott D. 
Published: November 2006

SummaryThe innate immune response protects numerous organisms, including humans, from the universe of pathogenic molecules, viruses and micro‐organisms. Despite its role in promoting pathogen resistance, inappropriate activation and expression of NFκB and other immunity‐related effector molecules can lead to cancer, inflammation, and other diseases of aging. Understanding the mechanisms leading to immune system activation as well as the short‐ and long‐term consequences of such activation on health and lifespan is therefore critical for the development of beneficial immuno‐modulating and longevity‐promoting interventions. Mechanisms of innate immunity are highly conserved across species, and we take advantage of genetic tools in the model organism, Drosophila melanogaster, to study the effects of acute and chronic activation of immunity pathways on pathogen resistance and general fitness of adult flies. Our findings indicate that fat body specific overexpression of a putative pathogen recognition molecule, peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP‐LE), is sufficient for constitutive up‐regulation of the immune response and for enhanced pathogen resistance. Primary components of fitness are unaffected by acute activation, but chronic activation leads to an inflammatory state and reduced lifespan. These phenotypes are dependent on the NFκB‐related transcriptional factor, Relish, and they establish a mechanistic basis for a link between immunity, inflammation, and longevity.
Developing Services with Limited Resources: Establishing a CAMHS in Pakistan
Authors: Syed Ehsan Ullah , Hussein Sajida Abdul , Yousafzai Abdul Wahab 
Published: November 2006

Background:  There are very few mental health services in Pakistan. In 2002, the Department of Psychiatry at Aga Khan University Hospital started a separate clinic for children under the age of 15 years to meet the population needs. This service took direct referrals from other physicians as well as from parents and schools.Method:  A DSM‐IV based semi‐structured interview with a uniform written format was used for an initial evaluation by a child psychiatrist. Data regarding demographic characteristics, referral source, diagnoses and treatment were collected.Results:  A total of 290 new referrals were made to the clinic over 3 years. The most common reason for referral was aggressive behaviour, although this possibly masked other kinds of mental health problems, as indicated by the assessment. Attention deficit‐hyperactivity disorder was the most frequent diagnosis, made in 25% of children.Conclusions:  Despite the limited resources and the high level of need in developing countries, resources can be used effectively within the framework of their health and educational systems, so maximising protective factors within their communities.
Outpatient high‐dose melphalan in multiple myeloma patients
Authors: Kassar Mohamad , Medoff Erin , Seropian Stuart , Cooper Dennis L. 
Published: November 2006

BACKGROUND: The brief period of neutropenia and limited nonmarrow toxicity after high‐dose melphalan (HDM) provide a rationale for outpatient treatment.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Our experience with HDM (140‐200 mg/m2) in 90 consecutive transplant episodes was retrospectively reviewed. Most patients were treated in an outpatient setting. Patients without a primary care provider (PCP) were electively admitted before the anticipated onset of neutropenia. Ceftriaxone was added to ciprofloxacin at the onset of neutropenia. All febrile patients were admitted.RESULTS: The median time from peripheral blood progenitor cell infusion to onset of neutropenia was 5 days (range, 4‐6 days), and the mean duration of neutropenia was 5 days (range, 4‐7 days). Thirty‐eight transplants (42%) were performed entirely in the outpatient setting. The mean duration of hospitalization was 2.2 days in patients not electively admitted. The use of ceftriaxone was associated with a decreased risk for fever (39% vs. 79%) and reduced duration of hospitalization (1.6 days vs. 4.5 days) for nonelectively admitted patients. There was no treatment‐related mortality.CONCLUSION: Ambulatory therapy with HDM is safe and can be achieved in a general outpatient setting. The predictable time to neutropenia allows even poor candidates for outpatient therapy to be admitted electively on Day +4. The apparent beneficial effect of ceftriaxone needs to be confirmed in randomized trials.
Comparison and stability of ADAMTS13 activity in therapeutic plasma products
Authors: Scott Erik A. , Puca Kathleen E. , Pietz Bradley C. , DuChateau Brian K. , Friedman Kenneth D. 
Published: November 2006

BACKGROUND: The von Willebrand factor (VWF)‐cleaving protease, ADAMTS13, is often deficient in cases of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). The primary treatment of TTP is therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) utilizing a variety of plasma products that help restore ADAMTS13 activity. However, multiple replacement products are available to choose from. Thawed plasma products have a variable refrigerated shelf life depending on the product type; stability of ADAMTS13 in thawed products stored at 1 to 6°C has not been determined.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: ADAMTS13 activity was measured in three types of plasma products and cryoprecipitate. Fresh‐frozen plasma (FFP) aliquots and cryoprecipitate‐poor plasma (CPP) products were produced from 10 whole‐blood (WB) donations. Twenty‐four‐hour plasma products were manufactured from 10 additional WB donations. ADAMTS13 activity in these products at time of thaw and after 5 days of storage at 1 to 6°C was measured with a modified version of the FRETS‐VWF73 fluorogenic assay. ADAMTS13 activity at time of thaw was measured in 10 units of cryoprecipitate and five related CPP products.RESULTS: ADAMTS13 is present in similar amounts in FFP, CPP, and 24‐hour plasma products. Storage at 1 to 6°C for up to 5 days did not significantly diminish ADAMTS13 activity. The concentration of ADAMTS13 in cryoprecipitate was significantly higher than that observed in plasma products.CONCLUSION: FFP, CPP, and 24‐hour plasma products should be equally effective for ADAMTS13 restoration through TPE and should remain so for the duration of the shelf life of the thawed products.
Generation of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines from peripheral blood mononuclear cells by HLA Class II antibody–containing plasma unit that was associated with severe nonhemolytic transfusion reactions
Authors: Sakagawa Hisako , Miyazaki Toru , Fujihara Mitsuhiro , Sato Shinichiro , Yamaguchi Miki , Fukai Kanji , Morioka Masanobu , Kato Toshiaki , Azuma Hiroshi , Ikeda Hisami 
Published: November 2006

BACKGROUND: HLA Class II antibodies are thought to be involved in severe transfusion reactions including transfusion‐related acute lung injury (TRALI). The activation of monocytes by HLA Class II antibody may play an important role in the etiology of TRALI.CASE REPORT: An 81‐year‐old man with non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (Clinical Stage IIIA) received a plateletpheresis unit containing at least 4 × 1011 platelets because of thrombocytopenia and a bleeding tendency. Approximately 30 minutes after the start of transfusion, he developed chills, tachycardia, dyspnea, lumber, and abdominal pain and then a fever (40.3°C). His SaO2 dropped to 70 percent. The transfusion was discontinued immediately. His symptoms disappeared after treatment with oxygen and the administration of corticosteroid and aminophyrine. A chest X‐ray showed no sign of pulmonary edema.RESULTS: The donor serum sample had HLA‐DR antibodies against multiple DR antigens including DR13, the recipient's HLA‐DR type. The cross‐match between the patient's lymphocytes and the donor serum was positive. The treatment of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy subjects bearing DR13 antigen with the donor plasma caused the secretion of inflammatory cytokines (i.e., interleukin [IL]‐1β, IL‐6, and tumor necrosis factor‐α) and neutrophil‐activating chemokines (i.e., IL‐8 and CXCL1/GRO‐α) in a cognate antigen‐antibody relationship. In addition, the secretion of inflammatory cytokines appeared to require the involvement of CD32 and/or CD16.CONCLUSION: HLA‐DR antibodies, detected in this case, had biologic functions to induce production of not only inflammatory cytokines but also neutrophil‐attractant chemokines in vitro, which could contribute to the etiology of severe nonhemolytic transfusion reactions.
Does Spatial Variation in Heterogeneity Matter? Assessing the Adoption Patterns of Business Improvement Districts
Authors: Brooks Leah 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBecause they supplement the municipal provision of local public goods, Business Improvement Districts (BIDs) provide an opportunity to examine the space, scope, and determinants of the provision of local public goods. A BID is formed when a group of merchants or commercial property owners in a neighborhood vote in favor of package of self‐assessments and local public goods to be funded with those assessments. These districts solve a collective action problem in the provision of public goods because once a majority has voted in favor, participation is compulsory for all merchants or commercial property owners in the neighborhood. I use a unique dataset on adoption patterns of BIDs in California to test two main claims suggested by the theoretical literature: first, that businesses respond to individual heterogeneity that determines the quality of local public goods, and second, that the type of heterogeneity—overall or spatial—matters. In contrast to the literature on residents, this study finds at best a weak correlation between a city's adoption of a BID and heterogeneity. In addition, despite the theoretical preference for spatial over overall heterogeneity, BIDs are not more likely to be adopted by spatially heterogeneous cities.
Tiebout Sorting in Metropolitan Areas
Authors: Bickers Kenneth , Engstrom Richard N. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn this article, we tackle the issue of sorting at the metropolitan area by utilizing an alternative methodological approach that permits us to avoid problems plaguing earlier studies. For this analysis, we take two Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) as our test cases: the Houston MSA and the Atlanta MSA. For each metropolitan area, we employ Monte Carlo computer simulations to randomly create a large number of metropolitan “jurisdictional” groupings. Based upon these Monte Carlos, we are able to estimate the level of jurisdictional homogeneity that is attributable to random chance. The observed levels of sorting, including the increasing homogeneity as populations decrease, are entirely consistent with what one might find if clusters of households were randomly grouped together into municipalities.
Effect of bimatoprost on intraocular pressure after phacoemulsification in eyes with exfoliation syndrome
Authors: Takmaz Tamer , Can İzzet , Gürdal Canan , Kürkçüoǧlu Piraye , Aşık Şenay 
Published: November 2006

Abstract.Purpose:  To evaluate the effect of bimatoprost 0.03% on intraocular pressure (IOP) after phacoemulsification in eyes with exfoliation syndrome.Methods:  This prospective, randomized, masked study comprised 90 eyes of 90 patients scheduled for phacoemulsification. The patients were divided into three groups (group 1 = without exfoliation, group 2 = with exfoliation syndrome, group 3 = exfoliation syndrome + bimatoprost). Immediately after phacoemulsification, one drop of bimatoprost was instilled in eyes in group 3. Baseline IOP was measured 1 day before surgery and routine follow‐ups were performed at 6 hours, 20–24 hours and 1 week postoperatively.Results:  Preoperative IOP was 15.0 ± 2.7 mmHg in group 1, 15.6 ± 3.2 mmHg in group 2 and 16.1 ± 3.2 mmHg in group 3 (p = 0.372). Six hours postoperatively, there was a significant difference between the groups (p = 0.013): IOP in group 2 (22.4 ± 7.3 mmHg) was higher than in group 1 (18.4 ± 4.4 mmHg) (p = 0.018) and group 3 (18.9 ± 4.9 mmHg) (p = 0.044). In all groups, IOP values at 6 hours postoperatively were higher than preoperative values (p < 0.001), but IOP values at 20–24 hours and 1 week after surgery were not significantly different from baseline values (p > 0.05). The change in IOP in group 2, from baseline to 6 hours postoperatively, was greater than the equivalent changes in group 1 (p = 0.048) and group 3 (p = 0.016).Conclusions:  Transient IOP increase and spikes were more common in eyes with exfoliation syndrome. Postoperative application of bimatoprost was effective in reducing IOP and preventing IOP spikes ≥ 30 mmHg in eyes with exfoliation syndrome in the early postoperative period.
Immediate loading of dental implants placed in severely resorbed edentulous mandibles reconstructed with autogenous calvarial grafts
Authors: Chiapasco Matteo , Gatti Claudio , Gatti Fulvio 
Published: November 2006

AbstractObjective: The aim of this prospective study was to present the clinical outcome of immediately loaded dental implants placed in edentulous, severely atrophied mandibles, after reconstruction with autogenous multilayered calvarial grafts.Materials and methods: Six patients, two males and four females, aged 40–67 years (mean: 56 years) presenting with severely atrophied edentulous mandibles (Cawood and Howell class VI), were reconstructed with multilayered calvarial bone grafts placed in the intraforaminal area of the mandible. Five to 8 months afterwards, 23 dental implants were placed in the reconstructed areas (three to four implants per patient) and immediately loaded with implant‐supported overdentures. Patients were followed with clinical and radiographic controls annually.Results: Recovery after the reconstruction was uneventful in all patients. All 23 implants were osseointegrated 1–3 years after the start of immediate loading. The survival and success rates of implants were 100% and 95.7%, respectively.Conclusion: Results from this study showed that immediate loading of dental implants placed in severely atrophied edentulous mandibles reconstructed with calvarial bone grafts is a predictable procedure, which permits a successful dental rehabilitation with a shortening of treatment times.
The Undervalued Role of Over‐regulation in Autism: Chaos Theory as a Metaphor and Beyond
Authors: Cashin Andrew , Waters Cheryl 
Published: November 2006

TOPIC:  A triad of impairment that consists of impaired communication, impaired social skills and over‐regulated behavior characterizes autism. Causality of autism is yet to be identified. Therapy has been devised to apply to the work with children and adolescents with a diagnosis of autism in the domains of impaired communication and impaired social skills. Little attention has been paid to the importance of the over‐regulated behavior that forms part of the triad of impairment. PURPOSE:  This paper considers this point of over‐regulation in the triad of impairment in autism through the lens of Chaos theory. SOURCES:  Contemporary literature on autism and Chaos theory. CONCLUSIONS:  Implications for nursing practice and research are raised.
RHEOLOGY OF DIFFERENT FORMULATIONS OF MILK CHOCOLATE AND THE EFFECT ON COATING THICKNESS
Authors: KARNJANOLARN RATTANA , MCCARTHY KATHRYN L. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT This work characterized the flow properties and investigated the effect of grind, emulsifier type and emulsifier level on the coating thickness of milk chocolate. Rheological properties were characterized using a concentric cylinder viscometer according to the method recommended by the International Confectionery Association. The thickness of the chocolate on dip‐coated acrylic plates was obtained by a gravimetric method. A three‐way analysis of variance was performed for the coating thickness. All three factors were significant; the thickness of the chocolate coating was greater for fine grind, soy lecithin for emulsifier and for low concentrations of emulsifier. The thicknesses were well predicted using the model with the Casson model parameters from the rheological characterization.
Human Operator Performance Testing Using an Input-Shaped Bridge Crane
Authors: Khalid Attir , Huey John , Singhose William , Lawrence Jason , Frakes David 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
The payload oscillation inherent to all cranes makes it challenging for human operators to manipulate payloads quickly, accurately, and safely. An input-shaping controller was implemented on a large bridge crane at the Georgia Institute of Technology to reduce crane payload oscillation. The crane was used to study the performance of human operators as they drove the crane through obstacle courses. An image processing system was implemented to track the movement of the crane payload. Data from these experiments show that operators performed manipulation tasks faster, safer, and more effectively when input shaping was utilized to reduce payload sway.
Interaction Between Secondaries in a Thermal-Hydraulic Network
Authors: Cai Weihua , Franco Walfre , Arimany Gregor , Sen Mihir , Yang K. T. , McClain Rodney L. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
The design of one secondary loop of a complex network often neglects the effect that its operation has on the others. The present is a study of hydrodynamic and thermal interaction between secondaries in a thermal-hydraulic network as the system goes from one steady state to another. Experimental results are related to those derived from a mathematical model. The network consists of a primary and three secondary loops. There is a water-to-water heat exchanger on each secondary, with the cooling coming from the primary and the heating from a separate loop. A step change is introduced by manually actuating a valve in one of the secondaries, resulting in changes in the other loops also. The response time of the temperature is found to be an order of magnitude higher than that of the flow rate, which is again an order of magnitude higher than the pressure difference. The steady-state results show that there is significant interaction, and that it is dependent on the initial operating condition. The hydrodynamic and thermal responses are found to be very different.
On Multiloop Interaction and Relative and Bristol
Gains
Authors: Eitelberg Eduard 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
The relationship between multiloop design and Bristol gains of a multivariable plant is shown. The Bristol and relative gains are distinguished. The Bristol gains B characterize the plant and the relative gains Λ characterize the designed feedback system. It is Λ, not B, that determines the interaction in loop designs. Λ is equal to B in a loop only at frequencies where all other loop gains are much above 0dB, usually significantly below the respective loop gain crossover frequencies. Λ=1 in a loop at frequencies where all other loop gains are much below 0dB, usually significantly above the respective loop gain crossover frequencies. The transition of Λ in a loop from B to 1 in the important medium frequency range is one of the most interesting and under-researched aspects of loop design interaction.
The Relationship between Quinolone Exposures and Resistance Amplification Is Characterized by an Inverted U: a New Paradigm for Optimizing Pharmacodynamics To Counterselect Resistance
Authors: Tam Vincent H. , Louie Arnold , Deziel Mark R. , Liu Weiguo , Drusano George L. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
We determined the relationship between garenoxacin exposure and quinolone-resistant subpopulations for three bacterial isolates in an in vitro hollow-fiber infection model. An “inverted-U” relationship was identified wherein resistant subpopulations rose initially and then declined with increasing exposure, until reaching a threshold that prevented resistance amplifications. Different targets for the area under the concentration-time curve over 24 h/MIC ratio were required for different bacteria.
Caenorhabditis elegans
as a Model To Determine Fitness of Antibiotic-Resistant
Salmonella enterica
Serovar Typhimurium
Authors: Paulander Wilhelm , Pennhag Alexandra , Andersson Dan I. , Maisnier-Patin Sophie 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT

We used the ability of
Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhimurium to colonize the gut of
Caenorhabditis elegans
to measure the fitness costs imposed by antibiotic resistance mutations. The fitness costs determined in the nematode were similar to those measured in mice, validating its use as a simple host model to evaluate bacterial fitness.
Efficacy of Bacteriophage Therapy against Gut-Derived Sepsis Caused by
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
in Mice
Authors: Watanabe Ryohei , Matsumoto Tetsuya , Sano Go , Ishii Yoshikazu , Tateda Kazuhiro , Sumiyama Yoshinobu , Uchiyama Jumpei , Sakurai Shingo , Matsuzaki Shigenobu , Imai Shosuke , Yamaguchi Keizo 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT

We evaluated the efficacy of bacteriophage (phage) therapy by using a murine model of gut-derived sepsis caused by
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
that closely resembles the clinical pathophysiology of septicemia in humans. Oral administration of a newly isolated lytic phage strain (KPP10) significantly protected mice against mortality (survival rates, 66.7% for the phage-treated group versus 0% for the saline-treated control group;
P
< 0.01). Mice treated with phage also had lower numbers of viable
P. aeruginosa
cells in their blood, liver, and spleen. The levels of inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha TNF-α, interleukin-1β [IL-1β], and IL-6) in blood and liver were significantly lower in phage-treated mice than in phage-untreated mice. The number of viable
P. aeruginosa
cells in fecal matter in the gastrointestinal tract was significantly lower in phage-treated mice than in the saline-treated control mice. We also studied the efficacy of phage treatment for intraperitoneal infection caused by
P. aeruginosa
and found that phage treatment significantly improved the survival of mice, but only under limited experimental conditions. In conclusion, our findings suggest that oral administration of phage may be effective against gut-derived sepsis caused by
P. aeruginosa
.