bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Relation of Length to Other Physical Properties of Cotton Fibers
Authors: Morlier Ora W. , Orr Rollin S. , Grant James N. 
Published: March 2008

Results are reported on tests of breaking load and elongation of single fibers at constant specimen length from the length groups of 6 cotton samples. A description is given of the instrument used in these tests. Average weight fineness of the center section of fibers from each length group was determined, and the tenacity and "stiffness" of the fibers were calculated. A method is described of calculating a single-fiber tenacity "index" for a cotton sample from the tenacity values of 3 modal-length groups. A high correlation is demonstrated between this index and the weighted mean single-fiber tenacity for the whole sample.
A Study of One-Step Conversion of Continuous- Filament Rayon to Spun Yarn
Authors: Cocke Albert K. , Crowe Nancy P. , Woodell Rudolph 
Published: March 2008

The character and sources of denier nonuniformities in "direct-spun" yarn were investigated, and the variations were shown to be of two distinct types: long-length variations (10-100 ft. long) that arise from nonrandom breaking of the continuous filaments; and short-length variations (1-3 ft. long) that arise from discontinuous drafting of the broken filaments. The long-length variations, the more important of the two from the standpoint of fabric appearance, were found to result from minor variations in the tow or spinning machine which were greatly magnified by the spinning operation. A simple modification of the direct spinner, known as the "angled, high-speed apron," was de veloped to control the breaking of the filaments over a short region near the input rolls. This simple change in the path and speed of the apron increased the average length of the broken fila ments; increased the strength, elongation, and long-length uniformity of the yarn; improved the appearance of the fabric; and made possible for the first time the production of uniform, fine-count, direct-spun yarns. In order to be effective, the speed of the angled apron had to exceed a critical value that was shown to depend upon the front-roll speed and the position of the apron within the ratch.
Improvement of Luster of Cotton
Authors: Fourt Lyman , Streicher Pauline 
Published: March 2008

Anhydrous ethylamine and solutions of sodium hydroxide both affect the luster of cotton yarns in the same direction as well as having similar effects on properties which indicate de crease of crystallinity, or increase of accessibility of the cellulose. However, the extent of the effect is less for ethylamine, under the conditions examined, with one exception. When the cotton yarn is held at nearly constant length by wrapping on plates, with minimum possibility of mechanical action, the ethylamine treatment has more effect on moisture sorption, though less on luster, than the relatively low degree of mercerization obtained on plates. Tension or control of length is required to produce luster; treatment by either ethylamine or sodium hydroxide solution without tension decreases the luster. Luster is increased more by mercerizing after the ethylamine treatment than by the ethylamine treatment after merceriz ing, holding the yarn at original length. The stretching of the yarn, which is made possible by a swelling treatment, and the improvement of fiber roundness are more important for high luster than the degree of change of crystallinity of the cellulose. Thus, measures of accessibility, such as "barium number," do not indicate changes in luster primarily, but only indirectly and in limited ranges in which there is definite stretching of the yarn and with the important con dition that final yarn length is constant in the group being compared. In these special cases the accessibility measure can indicate the degree of action of the swelling agent and can parallel the effect on luster.
The Determination of Microcrystallite Size by the Small-Angle X-Ray Technique in Rayons
Authors: Heyn A.N.J. 
Published: March 2008

The scattering of x-rays at small angles by various rayons of high orientation was investi gated at various degrees of swelling. The occurrence of inflection points or maxima-minima in the scattering curves of these fibers at certain degrees of swelling is explained by interparticle interference in the densely packed condition. The experimental conditions necessary for a reliable determination of particle size (diameter of microcrystallites) for these fibers are derived from the results obtained, and particle sizes determined by this method are given.
The Improvement of Luster of Cotton
Authors: Fourt Lyman , Howorth Ruth M. , Rutherford Marjorie B. , Streicher Pauline 
Published: March 2008

The entire range of American cotton production has been examined for correlation of luster with other fiber properties over two crop years. This has been possible through the cooperation of the Division of Cotton and other Fiber Crops of the Bureau of Plant Industry, U.S.D.A. which provided the yarns and the fiber data. Luster is shown to be a varietal characteristic, although also influenced by environmental factors. The strongest correlations are of higher luster with greater length, greater strength, and greater roundness. American-Egyptian types, experimental triple hybrids, and Hopi Acala 50 are each different in the relation of fiber properties to luster. All the rest of the cottons, that is, the main Upland group, whether rain grown or irrigated, or long staple, show a uniform general trend of relationships. This trend of relations offers a guide to both spinners and breeders who may wish to select cotton for greater luster. The selections for luster which are possible within the main crop amount to as much gain in luster as can be obtained by plying. These results are mainly for natural or raw cotton, but the trends remain generally the same after mercerizing, with a tendency for the most lustrous cottons in the natural state to be the ones which gain most on mercerizing.
A Microscopical Study of the Effects of Some Typical Chemical Environments on the Primary Wall of the Cotton Fiber
Authors: Tripp Verne W. , Moore Anna T. , Rollins Mary L. 
Published: March 2008

The topography and structure of the primary wall of the cotton lint fiber are described and illustrated by electron micrographs. The changes in this thin membrane brought about by alkali boil (kiering), hypochlorite and peroxide bleaching, mercerization, acid hydrolysis, and dry heat are shown by means of microscopical examination of isolated pieces of the primary wall after exposure to these environments. The noncellulosic constituents of the wall, which account for a large part of its chemical composition, are progressively removed during alkaline kiering. Excessive conditions of kiering appear to damage the cellulose framework of the wall. Peroxide bleaching is apparently effective in removing the encrusting noncellulosic material, but hypo chlorite alone does not have this effect. Mercerization of the isolated wall induces shrinkage in both longitudinal and transverse directions; the shrinkage increases when the noncellulosic materials are removed from the membrane prior to mercerization. The morphology and struc ture of the wall account for the observed behavior on mercerization, and electron micrographs of the mercerized wall show a shrunken network of cellulose fibrils. The primary wall shows resistance to disintegration by acid hydrolysis, and its fibrillar pattern is preserved intact, after long periods of contact with hot mineral acid. Long periods of heating in air "set" the primary wall in a configuration similar to that which it had on the corrugated surface of the cotton fiber. The contribution of the primary wall to certain gross properties of the fiber and its behavior during finishing treatments is discussed.
The Relation of Single-Fiber to Flat-Bundle Strength and Elongation of Cotton
Authors: Orr Rollin S. , Weiss Louis C. , Grant James N. 
Published: March 2008

Seven cotton and one rayon samples were tested at various gage lengths, using the Stelometer. A method of estimating the slip length of fibers in a flat-bundle test is de rived and applied to these data in order to obtain a "corrected" gage length for use in calculating strain at break. Also, a method similar to that proposed by Platt et al for calculating the maximum possible bundle tenacity from breaking load and elongation at break of single cotton fibers is applied to previous single-fiber tensile data. The resulting derived values of bundle tenacity and per cent elongation are compared with measurements made on fiber bundles at equivalent gage lengths. The flat-bundle values of tenacity and elongation, measured with the Stelometer, show a good correlation with the values measured on single fibers.
Russian and Satellitè Research and Development in the Field of Synthetic Fibers
Authors: Laible Roy C. , Weiner Louis I. 
Published: March 2008

Man-made fiber developments in the Soviet orbit are discussed in relation to Western achievements. At least three of the fibers—Enant, a nylon 7, Ftorlon, a fluorine-con taining copolymer, and Vinitron, a combination of nitrocellulose with chlorinated poly vinyl chloride—have no counterparts in the United States or Great Britain. Other fibers, such as Nitron, Lavsan, Anid, Steelon, and Khlorin are so closely related to Orlon, 1 Dacron,1 nylon 66, nylon 6, and Pe Ce2 respectively that the degree of originality in their development cannot be ascertained. East German experimental work on hollow fihers and the conjectural Latvian use of 2-methyl piperazine for the preparation of new polyamides show the possible contribution of the satellite countries to the total Soviet effort. The Russian scientific climate is briefly discussed to show the increasing effort in the field of new synthetic fibers that may be expected from Russia in the future.
Friction Studies on Caprolan1 Filament Yarn
Authors: Schlatter Carl , Demas Harry J. 
Published: March 2008

This paper is presented in three parts. Part I consists of a discussion of the parameters which affect friction and a description of the instrument used for the fric tionitl studies presented in Parts II and III. Part II is a study of the effect of finish composition and amount of finish on both yarn-to-metal and yarn-to-yarn friction. The results are analyzed from the point of view of the mechanism of operation of the finish film, and a correlation with some of the factors which influence yarn friction has been attempted. Part III shows the effect of yarn speed, diameter of friction pins, surface contours of pins, and angle of contact with the pin on the friction of 200/16 filament yarn with a commercial-tyhe finish. Here, the results have been explained on the basis of hydro dynamic lubrication between yarn and pins. This concept explains the enormous effect of surface smoothness on friction as well as the effect of pin diameter and of contact angle. Through the concept of hydrodynamic lubrication, it is also shown that the viscosity-temperature relationship of the lubricant is an important factor in shaping the friction-speed curve of the textile yarns.
A Review of Methods of Purifying and Analyzing Water-Soluble Dyes
Authors: Giles Charles H. , Greczek Janusz J. 
Published: March 2008

Published methods of purification and determination of water-soluble dyes are criti cally surveyed, and some new experimental work is described. Very satisfactory puri fication can often be achieved by simple recrystallization from water or water-solvent mixtures, or by extraction with ethanol-water mixture, but where extreme purity is essential the sodium acetate salting-out method, perhaps followed by ion exchange, is sometimes preferable. Ion exchange by itself is often effective, but has disadvantages. The simplest analytical procedure for acid dyes is a recent method of titration with benzidine hydrochloride, but this has some limitations. More widely applicable, though requiring special apparatus, are the classical titanous chloride reduction method and new methods based on oxidation with potassium dichromate in acid solution. The latter are more rapid than the titanous chloride method, and the reagents are stable.
Application and Properties of a Durable Wash-and- Wear Finish for Cotton
Authors: Foster S.H. , Tashlick I. 
Published: March 2008

A report is presented on a new cellulose cross-linking agent that is completely resistant to chlorine and durable to all types of laundering. A comparison of the performance of this compound, bis(β-hydroxyethyl) sulfone, with the more conventional type cross-linker is made. The problems posed by various conditions of laundering are also discussed as they affect fabric performance.
The Measurement of Molecular Orientation in Polyethylene Terephthalate Filaments by X-Ray Diffraction
Authors: Farrow G. , Bagley J. 
Published: March 2008

An x-ray method has been developed to measure the over-all crystalline orientation in polyethylene terephthalate fibers. Coupled with optical birefringence studies which measure total orientation, it allows an estimate to be made of the noncrystalline orienta tion. It has been shown, for yarns drawn under the same conditions as these fibers. that it is the noncrystalline orientation which changes with draw ratio, the crystalline orientation remaining approximately constant with draw ratio and heat treatment. The results are also discussed in rotation to the theories on strain-induced crystalli zation in drawn polyethylene terephthalate fibers. 1 Palmer, R. P., I.C.I. (Plastics Division), unpublished work. 2 Knapp, P. E., I.C.I. (Fibres Division) unpublished work. 3 Howells, E. R., I.C.I. (Plastics Division), unpublished work.
Cross-Linked Silicone Films as Wash-Wear, Water-Repellent Finishes for Cotton1
Authors: Bullock Joel B. , Welch Clark M. 
Published: March 2008

A variety of silicones substituted with hydrogen, methyl, amyl, or cyanoethyl groups have been deposited as cross-linked films on cotton fabric without cross-linking the cellu lose. The films surrounded individual fibers, leaving the air-permeability of fabric un changed. Insolubilization of silicone occurred in 1-5 min with an efficiency as high as 70-90% on curing with organic peroxides at 100-180° C. Dimethyl silicone imparted a wash-wear rating of 3, along with 240-260° crease recovery, unchanged tearing strength, and, in favorable cases, 70% to 80% retention of breaking strength and flex abrasion resistance. Application from organic solvents and aqueous emulsions, with and without a conventional cellulose cross-linking agent present, was demonstrated on fabrics of native, slack-mercerized, and tension-mercerized cotton. Little crease recovery was imparted by the silicone or benzoyl peroxide applied indi vidually. A mechanism for crease recovery based on cross-linked polymer films sur rounding unaltered cotton fibers is indicated. From the variation in efficiency with molecular weight, it was possible to estimate cross-linking densities in the silicone under different curing conditions. Methyl hydrogen silicone imparted high water repellency, increased flex abrasion resistance, and moderately increased wrinkle resistance, without loss of tearing strength, when cross-linked on cotton. Mixtures of silicones gave properties intermediate to those imparted separately.
O,O-diethyl phosphorothioate O-ester with phenylglyoxylonitrile oxime (Bay 77488) as a Mothproofer of Woolen Fabrics
Authors: Bry Roy E. , Lang Joe H. 
Published: March 2008

O,O-diethyl phosphorothioate O-ester with phenylglyoxylonitrile oxime (Bay 77488) at calculated deposits as low as 0.05% by weight satisfactorily protected woolen cloth against feeding damage by. larvae of the black carpet beetle Attagenus piceus (Olivier) and of the webbing clothes moth Tineola bisselliella (Hummel). The biological data also showed the Bay 77488 residues to be moderately resistant to washing. highly resistant to drycleaning, and persistent through aging for at least 12 months. The oral LD 50 to rats is more than 1000 mg/kg.
Pad-Bake Reactions
Authors: Cuculo J.A. 
Published: March 2008

A new anhydride/ammonia-cellulose reaction has been developed. It has led to a fast, simple, pad-hake process for modifying cellulose. The structure of the modified reaction product is presumed to be a cellulose half-acid ester. The easily synthesized cellulose ester derivative may be of possible value as a precursor for subsequent reactions to obtain cellulose fabrics with improved properties. Cellulose hemisuccinate, phthalate, and maleate, are reported.
The Bobtex Yarn-Making Technology: Its Future and Implications
Authors: Bobkowicz Emilian , Bobkowicz Andrew J. 
Published: March 2008

"Bobtex" yarns are formed according to the Integrated Composite Spinning (ICS) principle by joining staple fibers and polymer right at the extrusion stage into a composite structure which utilizes the inner polymer-matrix bonding forces to from a spun yarn, with a retained twist in consequence of the interfiber and intermolecular slip in the semimolten polymer while the yarn is produced at linear wind-up speeds from 500-1000 ft/min in one continuous process from staple fibers and resin pellets. The process is fiber-independent, permitting conversion of natural, synthetic, or mineral staple fibers, of long or short staple in a blend with any type of thermoplastic polymer into composite "Bobtex" ICS yarns which are satisfactory for numerous end uses. The implications of this Canadian invention and development are analyzed in the light of its flexibility to engineer yarn properties as well as considerations of reduced costs of spun yarn production, substantial raw-material savings, as well as increases in productivity per worker and per capital invested. After many years of intensive research and development activity, the "Bobtex" ICS technology is reaching commercial status. 'I'his activity has also resulted in the "Bobtex" Aerodynamic Brake Spinning (ABS) which is now in the tabora tory stage. Basically different from turbine or centrifugal forces utilizing open-end spinning systems, the "Bobtex" ABS method produces 100% staple fiber yarns twisted in an axial direction by a false-twist type spindle imparting a positive twist and producing a linearly wound-up yarn package at output speeds many times faster than any hitherto known open- end systems.
Bacterial Counts on Commercial Raw Cotton from the U.S. Crop of 1980
Authors: Simpson Marion E. , Marsh Paul B. 
Published: March 2008

A series of 143 commercial cotton fiber samples of widely varying grade from the 1980 U.S. crop was tested for bacterial content because of possible relevance of bacteria to byssinosis. Much sample-to-sample variation occurred in counts for total, gram-negative, and coliform bacteria, even among samples of the same or similar grade and geographical origin. Ratios of the three bacterial categories to each other within single samples also varied widely. Total bacteria ranged from 10,000 to 290,000,000 per gram of fiber.. Especially high counts were found in some spotted and tinged samples, but total bacterial numbers of more than a million per gram of fiber were encountered even in the better white grades. Bacterial numbers were not correlated with fiber pH. Most samples contained residual water-extractable materials capable of supporting addi tional bacterial growth. Bacterial counts on raw cotton fiber, as reported in the literature, were reviewed and found to be generally in the same range as those shown here.
Cotton Outdoor Fabrics Reinforced with Glass Fiber
Authors: Graham C.O. , Ruppenicker G.F. 
Published: March 2008

Outdoor fabrics suitable for tentage, tarpaulin, and similar uses were produced from cotton yarns reinforced with glass fiber. The yarns were made on a conventional ring spinning frame modified to insert continuously a multifilament core, and con tained from 17% to 57% glass fiber. The experimental yarns were evaluated as filling in common warps. Canvas fabrics in a weight range of 200 to 270 g/m2 were woven. The fabrics were given a typical commercial finish for 100% cotton which included mineral dyeing and the application of a wax emulsion to impart water repellency. Fabrics produced from the cotton/glass filiment core yarns were considerably stron ger than comparable 100% cotton fabrics. The experimental fabrics also lost less strength in accelerated weathering tests. Glass fiber reinforced fabrics treated with a flame retardant had better flammability resistance than 100% cotton fabrics. Ap pearance, hand, and finishing characteristics of the core yarn fabrics were similar to those of the all-cotton fabrics. Use of the glass fiber reinforced yarns could result in the production of stronger, lighter weight outdoor fabrics with the many desirable inherent properties of cotton.
Magnesium Chloride/Aluminum Dichlorhydroxide Mixed Catalyst for Low Energy Curing of Durable Press Fabrics with Low Formaldehyde Release
Authors: Reeves Wilson A. , Salleh Naimah M. 
Published: March 2008

Scoured and bleached cotton printcloth was treated with a methylated DMDHEU using magnesium chloride, aluminum dichlorhydroxide, and three mixtures of mag nesium chloride and aluminum dichlorhydroxide as catalyst. The purpose of the study was to produce durable press fabrics that release a minimum of formaldehyde under cure conditions that conserve energy. Curing was done for 20, 60 and 180 seconds at 140, 170, and 200°C. Wrinkle recovery values and durable press ratings increased as the amount of aluminum dichlorhydroxide increased in the catalyst systems. The lowest formaldehyde release came from fabrics cured at 140°C and catalyzed with the mixed catalyst containing 0.2% aluminum dichlorhydroxide, but this system failed to produce ad equate wrinkle recovery. For low energy consumption, low formaldehyde release, and high durable press properties the best combination was the mixed catalyst con taining 0.4% aluminum dichlorhydroxide with 1.0% magnesium chloride and a 20 second cure at 170°C.
Modeling for Suppression of Moisture/Temperature Induced Dimensional Changes in Unbalanced Fibrous Composite Structures with Perfect Bonding
Authors: Yiping Qiu  , Backer Stanley 
Published: March 2008

Suppression of dimensional change induced by moisture and temperature changes is studied for perfectly bonded, unbalanced, parallel fibrous structures composed of at least one hygroscopic component, taking into account various parameters such as initial moisture content and temperature at the time of assembly, width or height ratio of the two components. molecular orientation, and bonding length. The results show that two factors play major roles in moisture/temperature induced dimensional (curvature) change: longitudinal fiber swelling/shortening and material softening/stiffening. Whether the effects of the two factors are additive or compete against each other depends on the initial moisture content and temperature at the time of structural assem bly. When the structure subsequently absorbs moisture, the resulting maximum cur vature decreases as initial moisture regain and initial temperature increase, whereas the opposite is true when the structure desorbs moisture. A higher orientation factor of the hygroscopic component results in a higher maximum curvature. The induced curvature of an unbalanced structure goes through a maximum when the width ratio or height ratio of the two components changes.