bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular and immunological characterization of allergens from the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana
Authors: Westwood Greg S , Huang Shih-Wen , Keyhani Nemat O 
Published: September 2006

AbstractBackgroundEntomopathogenic fungi such asBeauveria bassianaare considered promising biological control agents for a variety of arthropod pests.Beauveriaspecies, however, have the potential to elicit allergenic reactions in humans, although no specific allergens have been characterized to date.MethodsFour putative allergens were identified withinB. bassianaexpressed sequence tag (EST) datasets. IgE-reactivity studies were performed using sera from patients displaying mold allergies against recombinantB. bassianaproteins expressed inE. coli.ResultsFull length cDNA and genomic nucleotide sequences of four potentialB. bassianaallergens were isolated. BLASTX search results led to their putative designation as follows; Bb-Eno1, with similarity to fungal enolases; Bb-f2, similar to theAspergillus fumigatusmajor allergen, Asp f2 and to a fibrinogen binding mannoprotein; Bb-Ald, similar to aldehyde dehydrogenases; and Bb-Hex, similar to N-acetyl-hexosaminadases. All four genes were cloned intoE. coliexpression systems and recombinant proteins were produced. Immunoblots ofE. coliextracts probed with pooled as well as individual human sera from patients displaying mould allergies demonstrated IgE reactivity versus recombinant Bb-Eno1 and Bb-Ald.ConclusionFour putativeBeauveria bassianaallergens were identified. Recombinant proteins corresponding to two of the four, Bb-Eno1 and Bb-Ald were bound by sera IgEs derived from patients with fungal allergies. These data confirm the potential allergenicity ofB. bassianaby identification of specific human IgE reactive epitopes.
Differences in fruit and vegetable intake and determinants of intakes between children of Dutch origin and non-Western ethnic minority children in the Netherlands – a cross sectional study
Authors: te Velde Saskia J , Wind Marianne , van Lenthe Frank J , Klepp Knut-Inge , Brug Johannes 
Published: September 2006

Abstract

Background
Fruit and vegetable consumption is low in the Netherlands and a key target in healthy diet promotion. However, hardly any information is available on differences in fruit and vegetable consumption between Dutch children and ethnic minority children. Therefore, the aim of present study was to determine differences in usual fruit and vegetable intake between native Dutch and non-Western ethnic minority children and to study differences in and mediating effects of potential psychosocial and environmental determinants.

Methods
Ethnicity, usual fruit and vegetable consumption, psychosocial and environmental determinants and mothers' educational level were measured with a self-administered questionnaire during school hours in primary schools in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Complete data was available for 521 10–11 year-old-children, of which 50.5% of non-Western origin. Differences between the groups regarding potential determinants and fruit and vegetable intake were assessed with Mann Whitney tests or multiple regression analyses. Multiple regression analyses were also conducted to assess mediating effects.

Results
Ethnic minority girls ate fruit more frequently (1.41 ± 1.0 times/day) than Dutch girls (1.03 ± 0.82 times/day); no differences in frequency of intake were found for vegetables or among boys. Ethnic differences were found for almost all potential determinants. The Dutch children reported lower scores on these determinants than the ethnic minority children, except for perceived self-efficacy and barriers to eat fruit and vegetables. Knowledge of recommendations and facilitating behaviors of the parents mediated the association between ethnicity and fruit consumption among girls.

Conclusion
Ethnic minority girls in the Netherlands appear to have more favorable fruit intakes than Dutch girls, and ethnic minority children in general show more positive prerequisites for fruit and vegetable consumption. Interventions addressing multi-ethnic populations of children must take such differences into account.
Canine faecal contamination and parasitic risk in the city of Naples (southern Italy)
Authors: Rinaldi Laura , Biggeri Annibale , Carbone Sabrina , Musella Vincenzo , Catelan Dolores , Veneziano Vincenzo , Cringoli Giuseppe 
Published: September 2006

Abstract

Background
Dogs are associated with more than 60 zoonotic diseases among which, parasitosis and, in particular, helminthosis, can pose serious public-health concerns worldwide. Many canine gastrointestinal parasites eliminate their dispersion elements (eggs, larvae, oocysts) by the faecal route. The quantity of canine faeces deposited on public and private property in cities worldwide is both a perennial nuisance and an important health issue. Public sites such as playgrounds, parks, gardens, public squares and sandpits may be an important source of human infection. The aim of this study was to evaluate the extent of both canine faecal contamination in the city of Naples (southern Italy), and presence of canine parasitic elements, with particular regard to those which are potential agents of zoonosis. A regular grid of sub-areas (1 km × 700 m) was overlaid on the city map using a Geographical Information System (GIS). In each sub-area the straightest 1 km transect was drawn and digitalized on-screen in the GIS. Between February and May 2005 canine faeces were counted along the 1 km transects in 143 sub-areas, and 415 canine faecal samples were collected and submitted to coprological examinations. Negative binomial regression models and Gaussian random effects models were used to analyze the association between faeces count and human population density taking into account for extraPoisson variability. Logistic regression model was used to evaluate the association between positivity to parasitic elements and number of canine faeces.

Results
Out of the 143 studied sub-areas, 141 (98.6%) contained canine faeces. There was a strong spatial gradient with 48% of the total variability accounted by between neighbourhood variability; a positive association between the number of faeces and the human population density was found. Seventy (over 415, 16.9%) canine faecal samples were positive for parasitic elements. There was no association between positivity to parasitic elements and the number of canine faeces. Eggs of Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina, Ancylostoma caninum and Trichuris vulpis were found, as well as oocysts of Isospora canis.

Conclusion
In conclusion, the results of the present study, conducted using GIS both for planning and sampling and for evaluation and presentation of findings, showed the presence of canine faecal contamination in the city of Naples, and the presence of canine parasitic elements, some of which are potential agents of zoonosis.
Bone Material Properties in Trabecular Bone From Human Iliac Crest Biopsies After 3- and 5-Year Treatment With Risedronate
Authors: Durchschlag Erich , Paschalis Eleftherios P , Zoehrer Ruth , Roschger Paul , Fratzl Peter , Recker Robert , Phipps Roger , Klaushofer Klaus 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Long-term effects of risedronate on bone mineral maturity/crystallinity and collagen cross-link ratio in triple iliac crest biopsies of osteoporotic women were evaluated. In this double-blinded study, 3- and 5-year treatment with risedronate arrested the tissue aging encountered in untreated osteoporosis and in osteoporosis treated with other antiresorptives. This effect may be contributing to risedronate's antifracture efficacy.
Introduction: Risedronate is widely used in the treatment of osteoporosis. It reduces bone turnover, increases BMD, and decreases fracture risk. To date, there are no data available on the long-term effects of risedronate on bone material properties in humans.
Materials and Methods: Osteoporotic women enrolled in the VERT-NA trial received either risedronate (5 mg/day, orally) or placebo for up to 5 years. All subjects received calcium. They also received vitamin D supplementation if deficient at baseline. Triple iliac crest biopsies were collected from a subset of these subjects at baseline, 3 years, and 5 years. Mineral maturity/crystallinity and collagen cross-link ratio was measured in these biopsies using Fourier transform infrared imaging.
Results: Patients that received placebo exhibited increased mineral maturity/crystallinity and collagen cross-link ratio after 3 and 5 years compared with baseline values. On the contrary, patients that received risedronate retained baseline values in both bone material indices throughout. A more spatially detailed analysis revealed that this was achieved mainly through beneficial effects on active bone-forming areas. Surprisingly, patients that received risedronate achieved premenopausal values at bone-forming areas in both indices after 5 years of treatment.
Conclusion: Long-term treatment with risedronate affects bone material properties (mineral maturity/crystallinity and collagen cross-link ratio) and arrests the tissue aging apparent in untreated osteoporosis. These changes at the material level of the bone matrix may contribute to risedronate's rapid and sustained antifracture efficacy in osteoporotic patients.
Rickets in the 17th Century
Authors: O'Riordan Jeffrey LH 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Rickets was first documented as a cause of death in the Bills of Mortality for The City of London in 1634, but detailed descriptions were only published between 1645 and 1668. It was thought at the time that this was a new disease in England, but there was no indication as to the cause of the condition. However, air pollution from smoke produced by burning coal caused serious problems at that time, and so it can be suggested that vitamin D deficiency was responsible.
Epidemiology of Paget's Disease in Europe: The Prevalence Is Decreasing
Authors: Poór Gyula , Donáth Judit , Fornet Béla , Cooper Cyrus 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This study estimated changes in the age- and sex-specific prevalence of Paget's disease of bone in six European towns over a 20-year period. Declines in prevalence were observed in this disorder, occurring among both men and women.
Introduction: To estimate secular changes in the age-and sex-specific prevalence of Paget's disease of bone in Europe, we conducted a second radiographic survey using identical sampling and methods in six European towns where a baseline study was performed in 1978–1979. In addition to these towns, the survey was carried out in two Hungarian centers not included in the initial study.
Materials and Methods: In each center, a sample of abdominal radiographs of people ≥55 years of age was taken from stored films within the radiology department of the principal general hospital. Radiographs showing the entire pelvis, sacrum, femoral heads, and lumbar vertebrae were studied for the period of 2000–2001. The films were evaluated by a trained observer and a consultant radiologist.
Results: A total of 6935 radiographs (3512 women and 3423 men) were assessed in the eight towns. The overall age- and sex-standardized prevalence rate of Paget's disease was 0.3% with a male/female ratio of 1.5. Prevalence increased with age among men and women rising to 0.8% of men and 0.9% of women ≥85 years of age. The differences in prevalence rate among the European centers were relatively small, especially in women. There was a decline in rates between 1978/79 and 2000/01.
Conclusions: These European data confirm the decrease in frequency of Paget's disease observed in Britain. These declines favor an environmental contribution to the causation of the disease that requires further research.
Hypothalamic Regulation of Cortical Bone Mass: Opposing Activity of Y2 Receptor and Leptin Pathways
Authors: Baldock Paul A , Allison Susan , McDonald Michelle M , Sainsbury Amanda , Enriquez Ronaldo F , Little David G , Eisman John A , Gardiner Edith M , Herzog Herbert 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
NeuropeptideY–, Y2 receptor (Y2)-, and leptin-deficient mice show similar anabolic action in cancellous bone but have not been assessed in cortical bone. Cortical bone mass is elevated in Y2−/− mice through greater osteoblast activity. In contrast, leptin deficiency results in reduced bone mass. We show opposing central regulation of cortical bone.
Introduction: Treatment of osteoporosis is confounded by a lack of agents capable of stimulating the formation of bone by osteoblasts. Recently, the brain has been identified as a potent anabolic regulator of bone formation. Hypothalamic leptin or Y2 receptor signaling are known to regulate osteoblast activity in cancellous bone. However, assessment of these pathways in the structural cortical bone is critical to understanding their role in skeletal health and their potential clinical relevance to osteoporosis and its treatment.
Materials and Methods: Long bones of 16-week male ob/ob and germline and hypothalamic Y2−/− mice were assessed by QCT. Cortical osteoblast activity was assessed histologically.
Results: The femora of skeletally mature Y2−/− mice and of leptin-deficient ob/ob and Y2−/−ob/ob mice were assessed for changes in cortical osteoblast activity and bone mass. Ablation of Y2 receptors increased osteoblast activity on both endosteal and periosteal surfaces, independent of leptin, resulting in increased cortical bone mass and density in Y2−/− mice along the entire femur. Importantly, these changes were evident after deletion of hypothalamic Y2 receptors in adult mice, with a 5-fold elevation in periosteal bone formation. This is in marked contrast to leptin-deficient models that displayed reduced cortical mass and density. These changes were associated with substantial differences in calculated strength between the Y2−/− and leptin-deficient mice.
Conclusions: These results indicate that the Y2-mediated anabolic pathway stimulates cortical and cancellous bone formation, whereas the leptin-mediated pathway has opposing effects in cortical and cancellous bone, diminishing the production of cortical bone. The findings from conditional hypothalamic Y2 knockout show a novel, inducible control mechanism for cortical bone formation and a potential new pathway for anabolic treatment of osteoporosis.
Mixed Metastatic Lung Cancer Lesions in Bone Are Inhibited by Noggin Overexpression and Rank:Fc Administration
Authors: Feeley Brian T , Liu Nancy Q , Conduah Augustine H , Krenek Lucie , Roth Kevin , Dougall William C , Huard Johnny , Dubinett Steve , Lieberman Jay R 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Lung cancer metastases to bone produce a primarily mixed osteolytic/osteoblastic lesion. The purpose of this study was to determine if blockade of both pathways would inhibit the formation these lesions in bone. Inhibition of the osteoblastic lesion with noggin and the osteolytic lesion with RANK:Fc was a successful treatment strategy to inhibit progression of mixed lung cancer lesions in bone.
Introduction: Approximately 9–30% of patients with lung cancer develop bone metastases, leading to significant morbidity and mortality. A549 is a non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) line that produces a mixed metastatic lesion in bone. We sought to determine if blockade of key components in both osteolytic and osteoblastic pathways would result in a reduction of a NSCLC tumor progression in a murine model of bony metastasis.
Materials and Methods: The study used a retroviral vector overexpressing noggin (RN), a specific inhibitor of BMP, and RANK:Fc, a chimeric protein that inhibits the RANK–RANKL interaction. A549 cells were transduced with RN before implantation in SCID mice. Cells were implanted in a subcutaneous model and tibial injection model. RANK:Fc was administered twice weekly at 15 mg/kg. There were five treatment groups: A549; A549 + RN; A549 + RANK:Fc; A549 + empty vector; and A549 + RN + RANK:Fc (n = 10/group).
Results: In SCID mice who underwent subcutaneous A549 tumor cell injection, animals treated with A549 + RN had significantly smaller subcutaneous tumor size at 8 weeks. In an intratibial model of bony metastasis, animals injected with A549 cells developed a mixed lytic/blastic lesion with cortical destruction at 8 weeks. Treatment with RANK:Fc inhibited the formation of osteoclasts, led to a smaller tumor volume in bone, and inhibited the lytic component of the mixed lesion. Animals treated with A549 + RN had a decreased number of osteoblasts in bone lesions, smaller tumor volume, and inhibition of the blastic component of the mixed lesions. Combination treatment inhibited both the lytic and blastic components of the lesion.
Conclusions: The NSCLC cell line A549 forms a mixed osteolytic/osteoblastic lesion in vivo. Noggin overexpression inhibited the formation of the osteoblastic aspect of the lesion in bone and the tumor growth in vivo. Treatment with RANK:Fc limited the formation of the lytic aspect of the mixed lesion and also inhibited the rate of in vivo tumor growth. Inhibition of both pathways is necessary to effectively inhibit the progression of mixed metastatic lesions in bone.
Association Between Prior Non-Spine Non-Hip Fractures or Prevalent Radiographic Vertebral Deformities Known to be at Least 10 Years Old and Incident Hip Fracture
Authors: Schousboe John T , Fink Howard A , Lui Li-Yung , Taylor Brent C , Ensrud Kristine E 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
In this large cohort of elderly women, prior non-spine non-hip fractures and radiographic vertebral deformities &gt;10 years old were modestly associated with incident hip fracture, but the excess risks of hip fracture attributable to those prior fractures and deformities seem to wane over time.
Introduction: Whereas prior clinical fractures and prevalent radiographic vertebral deformities are well-documented predictors of incident hip fracture, the excess risks of incident fractures attributable to those prior fractures and deformities may decrease over time. Current guidelines regarding the assessment of fracture risk do not consider elapsed time since prior fracture or ascertainment of radiographic vertebral deformity.
Materials and Methods: We ascertained self-reported history of prior clinical fractures and calcaneal and total hip bone BMD and performed lateral spine radiographs in a cohort of 9516 community-dwelling elderly women who had not had a prior hip fracture. We prospectively followed them to assess incident hip fracture. Prevalent radiographic vertebral deformities were identified at baseline using morphometry, and incident hip fractures were confirmed by review of radiographic reports during three follow-up periods (0–5, &gt;5–10, and &gt;10 years after baseline exam).
Results: Among women who survived for 10 or more years after the baseline exam without having had a hip fracture, a history of non-spine non-hip fracture since age 50 reported at the baseline study examination was associated with a 21% age- and calcaneal BMD–adjusted excess risk (hazard ratio [HR], 1.21; 95% CI, 1.01–1.45) for subsequent incident hip fracture. Baseline radiographic vertebral deformity was associated with a 41% age- and BMD-adjusted excess risk (HR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.15–1.73) of hip fracture after 10 years of follow-up. In comparison, the age- and BMD-adjusted HRs of incident hip fracture during the first 5 years of follow-up associated with prior non-spine non-hip fractures reported at the baseline study exam and prevalent radiographic vertebral deformities were 1.70 (95% CI, 1.30–2.22) and 2.10 (95% CI, 1.58–2.78), respectively.
Conclusions: Self-reported prior non-spine non-hip fractures and prevalent radiographic vertebral deformities known to be at least 10 years old are modestly associated with incident hip fracture. The association between these predictor fractures and subsequent hip fractures seems to wane with increased time after ascertainment of the predictor fracture. Hip fracture risk assessment strategies incorporating prior fracture history should also consider elapsed time since those prior fractures.
Regulation of Growth Plate Chondrocytes by 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Requires Caveolae and Caveolin-1
Authors: Boyan Barbara D , Wong Kevin L , Wang Liping , Yao Hai , Guldberg Robert E , Drab Marek , Jo Hanjoong , Schwartz Zvi 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
We examined the role of caveolae and caveolin-1 in the mechanism of 1α,25(OH)2D3 action in growth plate chondrocytes. We found that caveolae are required for rapid 1α,25(OH)2D3-dependent PKC signaling, and caveolin-1 must be present based on studies using chondrocytes from Cav-1−/− mice.
Introduction: 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1α,25(OH)2D3] regulates endochondral ossification in part through membrane-associated mechanisms, including protein kinase C (PKC) signaling activated by a membrane-associated 1α,25(OH)2D3-binding protein, ERp60. We tested the hypothesis that caveolae are required for 1α,25(OH)2D3 action and play an important role in regulating chondrocyte biology and growth plate physiology.
Materials and Methods: Rat costochondral chondrocytes were examined for caveolae by transmission electron microscopy of cultured cells and of cells in situ. Western blots and confocal microscopy were used to detect caveolae proteins including caveolin-1 (Cav-1) and 1α,25(OH)2D3 receptors. Caveolae cholesterol was depleted with β-cyclodextrin (CD) and effects of 1α,25(OH)2D3 on PKC, DNA synthesis, alkaline phosphatase, and proteoglycan production determined. Chondrocytes from Cav-1−/− and C57BL/6 wildtype mice were also treated with 1α,25(OH)2D3. Epiphyses and costochondral junctions of 8-week-old male Cav-1−/− and wildtype mice (N = 8) were compared by histomorphometry and μCT. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Bonferroni for posthoc comparisons.
Results: Growth zone chondrocytes had caveolae and Cav-1, −2, and −3. Resting zone chondrocytes, which do not exhibit a rapid 1α,25(OH)2D3-dependent increase in PKC activity, also had these caveolins, but caveolae were larger and fewer in number. ERp60 but not VDR co-localized with Cav-1 in plasma membranes and in lipid rafts. CD-treatment blocked 1α,25(OH)2D3 effects on all parameters tested. The Cav-1−/− cells did not respond to 1α,25(OH)2D3, although 1α,25(OH)2D3 increased PKC, alkaline phosphatase, and [35S]-sulfate incorporation in wildtype C57BL/6 cells. Histology and μCT showed that Cav-1−/− growth plates were longer and had more hypertrophic cells in each column. Growth plate changes were reflected in the metaphysis.
Conclusions: The membrane-mediated effects of 1α,25(OH)2D3 require caveolae and Cav-1, and Cav-1 deficiency results in altered growth plate physiology.