bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maxillary complete denture movement during chewing in mandibular removable partial denture wearers
Authors: De Souza Raphael Freitas , Marra Juliê , Pero Ana Carolina , Regis Rômulo Rocha , Compagnoni Marco Antonio , Paleari André Gustavo 
Published: October 2008

Objectives:  To evaluate the pattern of maxillary complete denture movement during chewing for free‐end removable partial dentures (RPD) wearers, compared to maxillary and mandibular complete denture wearers.Materials and methods:  Eighteen edentulous participants (group I) and 10 volunteers with bilateral posterior edentulous mandibles (group II) comprised the sample. Measures of mean denture movement and its variability were obtained by a kinesiographic instrument K6‐I Diagnostic System, during the mastication of bread and a polysulphide block. Data were analysed using two‐way anova (α = 0.05).Results:  Upper movement during chewing was significantly lower for group II, regardless of the test food. The test food did not influence the vertical or lateral position of the denture bases, but more anterior dislocation was found when polysulphide blocks were chewed. Group II presented lower intra‐individual variability for the vertical axis. Vertical displacement was also more precise with bread as a test food.Conclusion:  It can be concluded that mandibular free‐end RPD wearers show smaller and more precise movements than mandibular complete denture wearers.
Effect of different repair techniques on the accuracy of repositioning the fractured denture base
Authors: Goiato Marcelo Coelho , Pesqueira Aldiéris Alves , Vedovatto Eduardo , Dos Santos Daniela Micheline , Filho Humberto Gennari 
Published: October 2008

Objective:  This study investigated the efficacy of different techniques for the union of fragments of a denture before repair and on the accuracy of the reposition.Materials and methods:  For this study, 20 maxillary dentures made with Lucitone 550 heat‐cured resin were used. Points were determined with a scanner on the cusp of the teeth, as a measurement of the segments. After digitisation, each model was exported to the AUTOCAD R 14 program and two‐dimensional measurements of the distances between the marked points were made. After the initial analysis, the dentures were fractured into two segments using an impact test machine. For the repair, maxillary dentures were divided into two groups; in the first, the repair was carried out using Kerr’s sticky wax and in the second group, Super Bonder was used to join the fragments, with subsequent inclusion of DENTSPLY® Repair Material resin. After the repair, the points of the maxillary dentures were measured again. The numerical values obtained were tabulated to compare the measurements before fracture and after the repair. For statistical analysis, analysis of variance was employed, using a single factor and double factor, followed by the Tukey test with a reliability of 95%.Results:  The results demonstrated a statistically significant difference between the materials used to join the dentures for repair, where the dentures were joined with sticky wax presented a larger variation in the distances between the points.Conclusion:  The variation in distances between the points is influenced by the agent of repair.
Visual behavior differences by clinical experience and alarming sound during infusion pump operation
Authors: KATAOKA Jun , SASAKI Minako , KANDA Katsuya 
Published: October 2008

AbstractAim:  The purposes of this study are to describe the occurrence of long fixation in view points during infusion pump operation and to examine if there are any differences in the visual behavior between students and nurses or between operating the infusion pump with and without an alarming sound.Methods:  The participants consisted of six nursing students and three nurses with clinical experience. In a simulated patient room, the participants were equipped with eye trackers and asked to perform two scenarios of infusion pump operation: changing the i.v. tubing position and the air bubble alarm. The eye movement indicators were analyzed statistically with two‐way ANOVA (clinical experience and the alarming sound were the fixed factors).Results:  Long fixations appeared frequently at the critical part of the infusion pump operation. The students significantly fixated more frequently and had more long fixations than the nurses. In particular, the students frequently fixated to the manual roller clamp. The eye movement indicators were not significantly different between the two scenarios, but the air bubble alarm scenario had a larger ratio of time fixating to the i.v. tubing and a smaller ratio of time fixating to the patient.Conclusion:  In this study, a large difference could be seen in the comparison of visual behavior by clinical experience. It was clear that the students carefully tried to check each critical point as they were not used to infusion pump operation. It also was found that, although the nurses had relatively consistent eye movement, the students did not grasp the checkpoints and the positions of fixation were dispersed easily as a consistent nursing procedure had not been established.
Religion as Represented in the Art of the Ancient Near East
Authors: Ataç Mehmet‐Ali 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis essay looks at matters of religion in the art of the ancient Near East both from the point of view of religion as subject matter in the imagery of works of art, and religion in its wider sense that includes philosophical ideas of a sacral character that permeate the rationale of artistic production. In the first half of the essay, the discussion is centered on the way religion has been viewed and treated in the scholarly literature on the art of ancient Mesopotamia. Then follows a selective historical survey of questions and debates pertaining to religion and religious themes that have dominated the field of the history of ancient Near Eastern art.
The Neural Mechanisms of Coreference
Authors: Ledoux Kerry , Camblin C. Christine 
Published: October 2008

AbstractCoreference (the mechanism by which two linguistic expressions are taken to refer to the same entity in the world) is a universal and essential feature of discourse. Without this tool, our ability to comprehend language would be severely impaired. Due to their central role in discourse comprehension, the processes by which coreference is established have been the focus of numerous behavioral studies. In this article, we review studies that build upon that body of work by employing the event‐related potential technique to elucidate the neuronal bases underlying the representation and processing of discourse. We include in our review studies that violate the formal constraints on the establishment of coreference described by linguistic theory; studies that examine the relative ease or difficulty of establishing coreference under different conditions as predicted by processing models; and studies that examine the modulation of lexico‐semantic processing (such as priming) by processes associated with the establishment of coreference. Additionally, we discuss the implications of this research for models of coreference.
How Infant Speech Perception Contributes to Language Acquisition
Authors: Gervain Judit , Werker Janet F. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractPerceiving the acoustic signal as a sequence of meaningful linguistic representations is a challenging task, which infants seem to accomplish effortlessly, despite the fact that they do not have a fully developed knowledge of language. The present article takes an integrative approach to infant speech perception, emphasizing how young learners’ perception of speech helps them acquire abstract structural properties of language. We introduce what is known about infants’ perception of language at birth. Then, we will discuss how perception develops during the first 2 years of life and describe some general perceptual mechanisms whose importance for speech perception and language acquisition has recently been established. To conclude, we discuss the implications of these empirical findings for language acquisition.
Reflectance Confocal Microscopy for In Vivo Skin Imaging†
Authors: Calzavara‐Pinton Piergiacomo , Longo Caterina , Venturini Marina , Sala Raffaella , Pellacani Giovanni 
Published: October 2008

AbstractReflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) is a novel noninvasive technique for “in vivo” examination of the skin. In a confocal microscope, near‐ infrared light from a diode laser is focused on a microscopic skin target. As this light passes between cellular structures having different refraction indexes, it is naturally reflected, and this reflected light is then captured and recomposed into a two‐dimensional gray scale image by computer software. Focusing the microscope (adjusting the focal point on the z‐axis) allows images to be obtained of different levels within the skin. Commercially available microscope systems of this type can create images with enough detail for use in histological analysis. The first investigations using these microscopes served to identify the appearance of the various cell populations living in the different layers of normal skin. Today, the main interest has become focused on the use of these microscopes as a diagnostic tool: a means of investigating benign and malignant tumors of melanocytes and keratinocytes, and, more importantly, the findings of this field of study can be used to develop a diagnostic algorithm which would be not only highly sensitive but specific as well. The aim of the paper is to provide an updated literature review and an in‐depth critique of the state‐of‐the‐art of RCM for skin cancer imaging with a critical discussion of the possibilities and limitations for clinical use.
Structure–Function of the Cytochrome b6f Complex†
Authors: Baniulis D. , Yamashita E. , Zhang H. , Hasan S. S. , Cramer W. A. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe structure and function of the cytochrome b6 f complex is considered in the context of recent crystal structures of the complex as an eight subunit, 220 kDa symmetric dimeric complex obtained from the thermophilic cyanobacterium, Mastigocladus laminosus, and the green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. A major problem confronted in crystallization of the cyanobacterial complex, proteolysis of three of the subunits, is discussed along with initial efforts to identify the protease. The evolution of these cytochrome complexes is illustrated by conservation of the hydrophobic heme‐binding transmembrane domain of the cyt b polypeptide between b6 f and bc1 complexes, and the rubredoxin‐like membrane proximal domain of the Rieske [2Fe‐2S] protein. Pathways of coupled electron and proton transfer are discussed in the framework of a modified Q cycle, in which the heme cn, not found in the bc1 complex, but electronically tightly coupled to the heme bn of the b6 f complex, is included. Crystal structures of the cyanobacterial complex with the quinone analogue inhibitors, NQNO or tridecyl‐stigmatellin, show the latter to be ligands of heme cn, implicating heme cn as an n‐side plastoquinone reductase. Existing questions include (a) the details of the shuttle of: (i) the [2Fe‐2S] protein between the membrane‐bound PQH2 electron/H+ donor and the cytochrome f acceptor to complete the p‐side electron transfer circuit; (ii) PQ/PQH2 between n‐ and p‐sides of the complex across the intermonomer quinone exchange cavity, through the narrow portal connecting the cavity with the p‐side [2Fe‐2S] niche; (b) the role of the n‐side of the b6 f complex and heme cn in regulation of the relative rates of noncyclic and cyclic electron transfer. The likely presence of cyclic electron transport in the b6 f complex, and of heme cn in the firmicute bc complex suggests the concept that hemes bn‐cn define a branch point in bc complexes that can support electron transport pathways that differ in detail from the Q cycle supported by the bc1 complex.
Long‐term UVB Irradiation Affects the Immune Functions of Carp (Cyprinus carpio) and Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Authors: Markkula Eveliina , Salo Harri M. , Rikalainen Kaisa , Jokinen Ilmari E. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe effects of long‐term, low‐dose ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation on immune functions of two fish species representing different taxonomic groups, carp (Cyprinus carpio) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), were assessed in this study. The fish were exposed to 7, 20 or 60 mJ cm−2 UVB three times per week, for 6 weeks. In carp, UVB exposure affected the respiratory burst activity of blood and head kidney phagocytes, differential blood leukocyte counts and blood chemistry. Phytohemagglutinin (PHA)‐stimulated in vitro proliferation responses of blood and head kidney lymphocytes, however, remained unchanged. Rainbow trout tolerated the irradiations with fewer alterations, but significant changes were detected in blood chemistry and hematocrits of the irradiated fish. These results indicate that long‐term exposure to low doses of UVB induces immunomodulation in fish, and that there are species‐specific differences in sensitivity to irradiation.
The Effect of Chronic Exposure to Artificial UVB Radiation on the Survival and Reproduction of Daphnia magna Across Two Generations
Authors: Huebner Judith D. , Loadman Nancy L. , Wiegand Murray D. , Young Donna L. W. , Warszycki Laura‐Anne 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWe examined the effects of daily (chronic) exposure to artificial UVB radiation on the survival and reproduction of Daphnia magna over two generations. Control and experimental animals in each generation (parental and F1) were exposed to 16 h of UVA radiation and photosynthetically active radiation daily. In addition, experimental animals were exposed to 6 h of UVB during the middle of the light period. Survival and reproduction were followed for 12 days for each individual. Survival and production of F1 were significantly lower in the UVB exposed parental generation Daphnia than in controls. F1 exposure to UVB significantly decreased F1 survival and reproduction. Reproduction was lowest in UVB exposed F1 animals whose parents were also exposed to UVB. Adverse effects of UVB on offspring production may be magnified in successive generations suggesting that short‐term experiments could underestimate the impact of increased UVB exposure on populations.
Modelling cross‐hybridization on phylogenetic DNA microarrays increases the detection power of closely related species
Authors: ENGELMANN JULIA C. , RAHMANN SVEN , WOLF MATTHIAS , SCHULTZ JÖRG , FRITZILAS EPAMEINONDAS , KNEITZ SUSANNE , DANDEKAR THOMAS , MÜLLER TOBIAS 
Published: October 2008

AbstractDNA microarrays are a popular technique for the detection of microorganisms. Several approaches using specific oligomers targeting one or a few marker genes for each species have been proposed. Data analysis is usually limited to call a species present when its oligomer exceeds a certain intensity threshold. While this strategy works reasonably well for distantly related species, it does not work well for very closely related species: Cross‐hybridization of nontarget DNA prevents a simple identification based on signal intensity. The majority of species of the same genus has a sequence similarity of over 90%. For biodiversity studies down to the species level, it is therefore important to increase the detection power of closely related species. We propose a simple, cost‐effective and robust approach for biodiversity studies using DNA microarray technology and demonstrate it on scenedesmacean green algae. The internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) rDNA sequence was chosen as marker because it is suitable to distinguish all eukaryotic species even though parts of it are virtually identical in closely related species. We show that by modelling hybridization behaviour with a matrix algebra approach, we are able to identify closely related species that cannot be distinguished with a threshold on signal intensity. Thus this proof‐of‐concept study shows that by adding a simple and robust data analysis step to the evaluation of DNA microarrays, species detection can be significantly improved for closely related species with a high sequence similarity.
Pigmentation PAX‐ways: the role of Pax3 in melanogenesis, melanocyte stem cell maintenance, and disease
Authors: Kubic Jennifer D. , Young Kacey P. , Plummer Rebecca S. , Ludvik Anton E. , Lang Deborah 
Published: October 2008

SummaryTranscription factors initiate programs of gene expression and are catalysts in downstream molecular cascades that modulate a variety of cellular processes. Pax3 is a transcription factor that is important in the melanocyte and influences melanocytic proliferation, resistance to apoptosis, migration, lineage specificity and differentiation. In this review, we focus on Pax3 and the molecular pathways that Pax3 is a part of during melanogenesis and in the melanocyte stem cell. These roles of Pax3 are emphasized during the development of diseases and syndromes resulting from either too much or too little Pax3 function. Due to its key task in melanocyte stem cells and tumors, the Pax3 pathway may provide an ideal target for either stem cell or cancer therapies.
Aniridia: current pathology and management
Authors: Lee Helena , Khan Rizwana , O’Keefe Michael 
Published: October 2008

Abstract.Aniridia is a rare panocular disorder affecting the cornea, anterior chamber, iris, lens, retina, macula and optic nerve. It occurs because of mutations in PAX6 on band p13 of chromosome 11. It is associated with a number of syndromes, including Wilm’s tumour, bilateral sporadic aniridia, genitourinary abnormalities and mental retardation (WAGR) syndrome. PAX6 mutations result in alterations in corneal cytokeratin expression, cell adhesion and glycoconjugate expression. This, in addition to stem‐cell deficiency, results in a fragile cornea and aniridia‐associated keratopathy (AAK). It also results in abnormalities in the differentiation of the angle, resulting in glaucoma. Glaucoma may also develop as a result of progressive angle closure from synechiae. There is cataract development, and this is associated with a fragile lens capsule. The iris is deficient. The optic nerve and fovea are hypoplastic, and the retina may be prone to detachment. Aniridia is a profibrotic disorder, and as a result many interventions – including penetrating keratoplasty and filtration surgery – fail. The Boston keratoprosthesis may provide a more effective approach in the management of AAK. Guarded filtration surgery appears to be effective in glaucoma. Despite our increasing understanding of the genetics and pathology of this condition, effective treatment remains elusive.
Experimental
Investigation of Two Dimensional Motion of an Elastically Supported Cylinder in a
Wake
Authors: Blevins Robert
D. , Saint-Marcoux Jean-Francois , Wu Mason 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Measurements have been made of two dimensional motion of an elastically supported circular cylinder in the wake of a fixed upstream cylinder. The experiments were made in a water flow channel with 6.35cm(2.5in.) diameter cylinders with a maximum Reynolds number of 77,000. The elastically supported downstream cylinder moves downward and inward toward the centerline of the upstream cylinder’s wake with increasing flow velocity, indicating the presence of a transverse lift force and reduced drag in the wake. These forces can cause the cylinders to clash. The measured motions correlate with the theory.
Design for Upgradability Algorithm: Configuring Durable Products for Competitive Reutilization
Authors: Xing Ke , Belusko Martin 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Product upgrade, achieved through the improvement of the functionality of reused or remanufactured products, is often accepted as an effective way to attain a competitive reutilization. Design for upgradability (DFU) is a tool that primarily focuses on enhancing a product’s functional as well as physical fitness for ease of upgrade. This paper presents the development of a novel approach and its implementation algorithm for a systematic design of product upgradability. The framework of this approach consists of two major phases––modeling and optimization. Fuzzy logic is used as a tool to facilitate the modeling of a product’s upgradability based on its technical characteristics and the reutilization mode. In the optimization phase, a new DFU optimization program is developed by using genetic algorithm techniques. The objective of a product’s DFU optimization is defined so as to configure/redesign a product for the maximal level of upgradability with minimal associated costs and violations of engineering, economic, and environmental constraints. A case study on a solar heating system is presented to demonstrate the application of the proposed DFU algorithm and its effectiveness in generating optimal configurations for the system, which are reflected as significant improvements in the system’s upgradability, cost efficiency, and overall functionality.
In Vitro Activity of TR-700, the Antibacterial Moiety of the Prodrug TR-701, against Linezolid-Resistant Strains
Authors: Shaw K. J. , Poppe S. , Schaadt R. , Brown-Driver V. , Finn J. , Pillar C. M. , Shinabarger D. , Zurenko G. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT

TR-701 is the orally active prodrug of TR-700, a novel oxazolidinone that demonstrates four- to eightfold-greater activity than linezolid (LZD) against
Staphylococcus
and
Enterococcus
spp. In this study evaluating the in vitro sensitivity of LZD-resistant isolates, TR-700 demonstrated 8- to 16-fold-greater potency than LZD against all strains tested, including methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA), strains of MRSA carrying the mobile
cfr
methyltransferase gene, and vancomycin-resistant enterococci. The MIC
90
for TR-700 against LZD-resistant
S. aureus
was 2 μg/ml, demonstrating the utility of TR-700 against LZD-resistant strains. A model of TR-700 binding to 23S rRNA suggests that the increased potency of TR-700 is due to additional target site interactions and that TR-700 binding is less reliant on target residues associated with resistance to LZD.
Proteomic and Transcriptomic Analysis of
Aspergillus fumigatus
on Exposure to Amphotericin B
Authors: Gautam Poonam , Shankar Jata , Madan Taruna , Sirdeshmukh Ravi , Sundaram Curam Sreenivasacharlu , Gade Wasudev Namdeo , Basir Seemi Farhat , Sarma Puranam Usha 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT

Amphotericin B (AMB) is the most widely used polyene antifungal drug for the treatment of systemic fungal infections, including invasive aspergillosis. It has been our aim to understand the molecular targets of AMB in
Aspergillus fumigatus
by genomic and proteomic approaches. In transcriptomic analysis, a total of 295 genes were found to be differentially expressed (165 upregulated and 130 downregulated), including many involving the ergosterol pathway, cell stress proteins, cell wall proteins, transport proteins, and hypothetical proteins. Proteomic profiles of
A. fumigatus
alone or
A. fumigatus
treated with AMB showed differential expression levels for 85 proteins (76 upregulated and 9 downregulated). Forty-eight of them were identified with high confidence and belonged to the above-mentioned categories. Differential expression levels for Rho-GDP dissociation inhibitor (Rho-GDI), secretory-pathway GDI, clathrin, Sec 31 (a subunit of the exocyst complex), and RAB GTPase Ypt51 in response to an antifungal drug are reported here for the first time and may represent a specific response of
A. fumigatus
to AMB. The expression of some of these genes was validated by real-time reverse transcription-PCR. The AMB responsive genes/proteins observed to be differentially expressed in
A. fumigatus
may be further explored for novel drug development.