bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Probabilities of Injury to Car Occupants in Accidents with a Practical Example
Authors: Grime G 
Published: October 2007

Methods are described, by the application of which the probabilities of injury to car occupants in collisions of all types may be estimated from data on injury accidents alone, without having to make counts of accidents in which no injury had occurred. To do this, however, the velocity changes have to be known for all vehicles in the sample, so that separate probabilities of injury may be calculated for a number of successive small intervals of velocity change covering the range of velocity change in the accident sample. Proceeding in this way, sets of curves of probability of injury at various levels of injury versus velocity change may be drawn, both for overall injury, and for injury to different regions of the body. A sample calculation at one value of velocity change is given. The method is applicable to single vehicle accidents as well as to collisions, provided that there are at least two car occupants. It is anticipated that the method will be particularly valuable when applied to estimate the effectiveness of seat belts, since it will then be possible to examine how the protection given changes with severity of accident, thus pointing to where improvements are desirable. Difficulties which arise when certain analyses of injury accidents are made without introducing probability theory are discussed.
The Modelling of Semiflexible Conveyor Structures for Coal-Face Steering Investigations: Part 2: Spatially Continuous Models
Authors: Edwards J B 
Published: October 2007

The structure of the armoured flexible conveyor (AFC) is here modelled as a continuous elastic beam resting on a bed of compressed fine coal. Such a model is shown, analytically and by simulation, to stabilize the vertical steering process for the coal-face provided the beam stiffness is sufficiently large. The discrepancy between this prediction and that of the piecewise rigid model of the preceding companion paper (1) is noted and it is concluded that the elastic beam model may be more appropriate for larger undulations which take up all the free-play in the AFC joints. Because of the potentially powerful stabilizing influence provided by the elastic model, it is proposed that the existing loose joints between AFC trays should be replaced by resilient couplings.
The Private Sector and the NHS: the case of capital developments in primary healthcare
Authors: Glendinning Caroline , Bailey Jackie 
Published: October 2007

English
This article describes the changing role of private sector capital investment in primary health services premises and discusses some of the consequences. Private sector funding has always played a major role in the financing of premises for general practitioner services. However, the extension of private sector involvement into new areas such as building design, income generation, revenue planning and facilities management may in turn influence the services which are accommodated within primary health services premises. The article discusses some of these implications in the context of a National Health Service which has still only recently begun to draw primary health services into mainstream managerial frameworks. It concludes that the management of private sector involvement in primary health services capital developments presents considerable challenges to probity, accountability and the achievement of broader strategic health objectives.
Toward designing new sensoaesthetic materials
Authors: Miodownik Mark A. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractIn ancient societies, there was no arts/science split. The development of materials was driven both by aesthetic and technological goals. At the end of the 19thcentury, things changed dramatically. Scientists started being able to analyze composition, detect structure, and make a link between structure and properties. The subsequent 20th-century revolution in new materials changed almost all aspects of human activity. However, it was not without serious side-effects, the first of which has been that the materials science community has willingly marginalized itself. The second is the eradication of interest in the sensual and aesthetic properties of materials, and thus the banishment of the creative urges that arrive via the senses. This paper discusses these issues, and suggests that collaboration with the materials arts community offers exciting new challenges and could create an intellectual community that is not just more culturally and ethically aware, but also nurtures more innovative science.
Enthalpies of formation and lattice parameters of B2 phases in Al-Ni-X systems
Authors: Hu Rongxiang , Su Hsin-Ning , Nash Philip 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Enthalpies of formation of Al-Ni-X (X: Fe, Ru, Pd, Pt, and Cu) alloys were measured by high-temperature calorimeter and compared with the calculated value from Miedema's model and interpolation models. The interpolation models generally provide better prediction than Miedama's model. No one interpolation model generated superior predictions. Lattice parameters of B2 phase compounds were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The atomic volumes in the Al-Ni-Fe system were calculated and show that Fe substitutes preferentially on the Al sublattice. The heat content of Al0.5Ni0.2Ru0.3 and Al0.5Ni0.35Cu0.15 at high temperature was obtained, and the results are in good agreement with those heat capacities estimated by the Neumann-Kopp rule.
Defect-fluorite oxides M1-yLnyO2-y/2(Ln = lanthanide; M = Hf, Zr, Ce, U, Th): Structure, property, and applications
Authors: Nakamura Akio , Masaki Nobuyuki , Otobe Haruyoshi , Hinatsu Yukio , Wang Junhu , Takeda Masuo 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
An up-to-date summary of our coupled macroscopic (lattice parameter, a
0) and microscopic (Mössbauer) studies on the entitled systems is given, shedding new light on the basic phase and structure properties of these technologically important, highly defective oxides. Through these studies, the intermediate-pyrochlore (P)-based local structure nature of the so-called stabilized-zirconia (SZ)- and stabilized-hafnia (SH)-type defect-fluorite (DF) phases in the M4+ = Zr and Hf systems seems to be almost unambiguously established with different (from the conventional) approaches: These are (1) the presence of a broad lattice parameter (a
0) hump over the extended stabilized cubic DF region (y = ~0.3-~0.7); (2) the microscopic 151Eu-Mössbauer evidence of Eu3+ isomer shifts (ISs) showing characteristic V-shaped minima around the ideal-P area (y ~ 0.50) for both the M4+ = Zr and Hf systems; and (3) rich 155Gd-Mössbauer data on the Zr1-y
GdyO2-y/2 system [IS, quadrupole splitting (QS), line width, peak height, and relative absorption area (RAA)], revealing detailed features of its ordered P-disordered DF phase and structure relationships. These results are discussed with reported basic-property data of these systems.
Phase diagrams and thermodynamics of rare-earth-doped zirconia ceramics
Authors: Wang Chong , Zinkevich Matvei , Aldinger Fritz 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Results of the comprehensive experimental and computational phase studies of the systems ZrO2-REO1.5 (RE = La, Nd, Sm, Gd, Dy, Yb) are summarized. Various experimental techniques, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), differential thermal analysis (DTA), and high-temperature calorimetry are employed to study the phase transformation, phase equilibria between 1400 and 1700 °C, heat content and heat capacity of the materials. A lot of contradictions in the literature are resolved, and the phase diagrams are reconstructed. Based on the experimental data obtained in this work and literature, the systems ZrO2-REO1.5 are thermodynamically optimized using the CALPHAD (CALculation of PHase Diagram) approach. Most of the experimental data are well reproduced. Based on the present experiments and calculations, some clear characteristic evolutions with the change of the ionic radius of doping element RE+3 can be concluded.
Interaction of Galectin-9 With Lipid Rafts Induces Osteoblast Proliferation Through the c-Src/ERK Signaling Pathway
Authors: Tanikawa Rena , Tanikawa Takahisa , Okada Yosuke , Nakano Kazuhisa , Hirashima Mitsuomi , Yamauchi Akira , Hosokawa Ryuji , Tanaka Yoshiya 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Galectin-9 is a β-galactoside-binding lectin expressed in various tissues, including bone. The role of galectin-9 in human osteoblasts, however, remains unclear. This study showed that galectin-9 interacts with lipid rafts and induces osteoblast proliferation through the c-Src/ERK signaling pathway.
Introduction: Galectin-9 is a β-galactoside-binding lectin that modulates many biological functions by interacting with particular carbohydrates attached to proteins and lipids. However, the role of galectin-9 in bone metabolism and osteoblast proliferation remains unclear. This study investigated the effects of galectin-9 on osteoblast proliferation and its signaling mechanisms.
Materials and Methods: The effect of galectin-9 on osteoblast proliferation was tested by measuring the conversion of tetrazolium salt WST-8 to formazan. Protein phosphorylation was assayed by western blotting and confocal microscopy was used to localize lipid rafts.
Results: Galectin-9–induced proliferation of the obtained osteoblasts in a dose-dependent manner, whereas galectin-1, -3, and -4 did not. Galectin-9–induced phosphorylation of c-Src and subsequent ERK1/ERK2 in the osteoblasts. The galectin-9–induced phosphorylation and proliferation were inhibited by PP2, a selective inhibitor of c-Src. Galectin-9–induced clustering of lipid rafts detected by cholera toxin B (CTB; binding the raft-resident ganglioside GM1) using confocal microscopy. Cross-linking of the GM1 ganglioside with CTB by anti-CTB antibody-induced phosphorylation of c-Src, whereas disruption of galectin-9–induced lipid rafts by β-methylcyclodextrin reduced c-Src phosphorylation and proliferation of the cells.
Conclusions: These results suggest that galectin-9, but not other galectins, induced proliferation of human osteoblasts through clustering lipid rafts on membrane and subsequent phosphorylation of the c-Src/ERK signaling pathway.
Heritability of Longitudinal Measures of Body Mass Index and Lipid and Lipoprotein Levels in Aging Twins
Authors: Goode Ellen L. , Cherny Stacey S. , Christian Joe C. , Jarvik Gail P. , de Andrade Mariza 
Published: October 2007

AbstractBody-mass index (BMI), total cholesterol (TC), lowdensity lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglyceride (TG) levels are known to be highly heritable. We evaluated the genetic and environmental relationships of these measures over time in an analysis of twin pairs. Monozygotic (235 pairs) and dizygotic (260 pairs) male twins were participants in the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute Veteran Twin Study, and were followed with three clinical exams from mean age 48 years to mean age 63 years. Structural equation modeling (SEM) with adjustment forAPOEgenotype (a significant contributor to TC and LDL-C) was used to assess longitudinal patterns of heritability. Results indicated a contribution of genetic factors to BMI, TC, LDL-C, HLD-C, and TG. Modest increases over time were observed in the heritability of BMI (from 0.48 to 0.61), TC (from 0.46 to 0.57), LDL-C (from 0.49 to 0.64), and HDL-C (from 0.50 to 0.62), but this trend was not present for TG. There was a corresponding decrease in shared environmental influences over time for these traits, although shared environment was a significant contributor only for HDL-C. Moreover, we observed that genetic influences for all measures were significantly correlated over time, and we found no evidence of age-specific genetic effects. In summary, longitudinal analyses of twin data indicate that genetic factors do not account for a significant proportion of the variation in age-related changes of BMI or lipid and lipoprotein levels.
Twin Analyses of Fatigue
Authors: Schur Ellen , Afari Niloofar , Goldberg Jack , Buchwald Dedra , Sullivan Patrick F. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractProlonged fatigue equal to or greater than 1 month duration and chronic fatigue equal to or greater than 6 months duration are both commonly seen in clinical practice, yet little is known about the etiology or epidemiology of either symptom. Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), while rarer, presents similar challenges in determining cause and epidemiology. Twin studies can be useful in elucidating genetic and environmental influences on fatigue and CFS. The goal of this article was to use biometrical structural equation twin modeling to examine genetic and environmental influences on fatigue, and to investigate whether these influences varied by gender. A total of 1042 monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs and 828 dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs who had completed the University of Washington Twin Registry survey were assessed for three fatigue-related variables: prolonged fatigue, chronic fatigue, and CFS. Structural equation twin modeling was used to determine the relative contributions of additive genetic effects, shared environmental effects, and individual-specific environmental effects to the 3 fatigue conditions. In women, tetrachoric correlations were similar for MZ and DZ pairs for prolonged and chronic fatigue, but not for CFS. In men, however, the correlations for prolonged and chronic fatigue were higher in MZ pairs than in DZ pairs. About half the variance for both prolonged and chronic fatigue in males was due to genetic effects, and half due to individual-specific environmental effects. For females, most variance was due to individual environmental effects.
New Sources of Reared Apart Twins; Research Reviews: Female Fitness in Male–Female Twin Pairs, Heritability of Olfactory Thresholds and the Twelfth International Twin Congress; Multiple Birth Conceptions: Rethinking Things; Double Donations
Authors: Segal Nancy L. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractAdoption agencies are expending greater efforts toward placing adoptive twins and siblings together in the same home. However, new sources of reared apart twins continue to be identified. Some of these sources are described, with suggestions for how individual cases can be used more fruitfully by interested researchers. Next, recent findings on the fitness of female twins from male–female pairs and the heritability of olfactory thresholds are summarized. Finally, new thoughts about some artificially conceived infants and artificial reproductive methods are considered. A generous donation to the Twins Days Festival, in Twinsburg, Ohio is also described.
Camera Calibration Using Neural Network for Image-Based Soil Deformation Measurement Systems
Authors: Zhao Honghua , Ge Louis 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
A neural network camera calibration algorithm has been adapted for image-based soil deformation measurement systems. This calibration algorithm provides a highly accurate prediction of object data points from their corresponding image points. The experimental setup for this camera calibration algorithm is rather easy, and can be integrated into particle image velocimetry (PIV) to obtain the full-field deformation of a soil model. The performance of this image-based measurement system was illustrated with a small-scale rectangular footing model. This fast and accurate calibration method will greatly facilitate the application of an image-based measurement system into geotechnical experiments.
The “Practice Relevant Pitting Test”—A New Improved Test Method to Evaluate the Influence of Lubricants on the Pitting Load Capacity of Case Carburized Gears
Authors: Höhn B.-R. , Oster P. , Radev T. , Tobie T. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Pitting is a form of fatigue failure which occurs on the flanks of highly loaded case carburized gears. The lubricants, consisting of base oil and additives, influence the pitting lifetime of the gear flanks. Common calculation methods of the pitting load capacity consider, along with the flank roughness and the tangential velocity, only the nominal viscosity of a lubricant as a lubrication relevant influence parameter. The actual lubricant performance and particularly the influence of the additives can be determined only experimentally. Within a FVA-research project a new “Practice Relevant Pitting Test” was developed to evaluate the influence of lubricants on the pitting load capacity of case carburized gears. The new test method is a mechanical test procedure which is based on the existing FVA-FZG-Pitting Test. It is defined as a single stage test which can be extended to an application test by testing the lubricant with a second load stage. In order to improve the practice relevance and to reduce the scatter of the test results the test uses superfinished test gears with adequate profile modifications. The extremely low flank roughness of the new test gears prevents particularly the appearance of undesired micro-pitting and therefore improves the reproducibility of the reached lifetime within the performed test runs. The new pitting test procedure was verified with different gear transmission lubricants and is seen as an improvement of the existing FVA-FZG-Pitting Test. It provides also a possibility to consider the test results for calculation of the pitting load capacity of industrial and automotive transmission gears with an additional factor ZLp which is to be applied in the calculation method according to DIN 3990. The paper describes the new developed test procedure “Practice Relevant Pitting Test” and discusses the correlation and classification to the existing FVA-FZG-Pitting Test.
Association Between Infant Breastfeeding and Early Childhood Caries in the United States
Authors: Iida Hiroko , Auinger Peggy , Billings Ronald J. , Weitzman Michael 
Published: October 2007

OBJECTIVE. Despite limited epidemiologic evidence, concern has been raised that breastfeeding and its duration may increase the risk of early childhood caries. The objective of this study was to assess the potential association of breastfeeding and other factors with the risk for early childhood caries among young children in the United States.METHODS. Data about oral health, infant feeding, and other child and family characteristics among children 2 to 5 years of age (N = 1576) were extracted from the 1999–2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The association of breastfeeding and its duration, as well as other factors that previous research has found associated with early childhood caries, was examined in bivariate analyses and by multivariable logistic and Poisson regression analyses.RESULTS. After adjusting for potential confounders significant in bivariate analyses, breastfeeding and its duration were not associated with the risk for early childhood caries. Independent associations with increased risk for early childhood caries were older child age, poverty, being Mexican American, a dental visit within the last year, and maternal prenatal smoking. Poverty and being Mexican American also were independently associated with severe early childhood caries, whereas characteristics that were independently associated with greater decayed and filled surfaces on primary teeth surfaces were poverty, a dental visit within the last year, 5 years of age, and maternal smoking.CONCLUSIONS. These data provide no evidence to suggest that breastfeeding or its duration are independent risk factors for early childhood caries, severe early childhood caries, or decayed and filled surfaces on primary teeth. In contrast, they identify poverty, Mexican American ethnic status, and maternal smoking as independent risk factors for early childhood caries, which highlights the need to target poor and Mexican American children and those whose mothers smoke for early preventive dental visits.
Improving Asthma-Related Health Outcomes Among Low-Income, Multiethnic, School-aged Children: Results of a Demonstration Project That Combined Continuous Quality Improvement and Community Health Worker Strategies
Authors: Fox Patrick , Porter Patricia G. , Lob Sibylle H. , Boer Jennifer Holloman , Rocha David A. , Adelson Joel W. 
Published: October 2007

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this work was to improve asthma-related health outcomes in an ethnically and geographically disparate population of economically disadvantaged school-aged children by using a team-based approach using continuous quality improvement and community health workers.PATIENTS AND METHODS. A demonstration project was conducted with 7 community clinics treating ∼3000 children with asthma 5 to 18 years of age. The overall clinic population with asthma was assessed for care-process changes through random cross-sectional chart reviews at baseline and 24 months (N = 560). A subset of patients with either moderate or severe persistent asthma or poorly controlled asthma (N = 405) was followed longitudinally for specific asthma-related clinical outcomes, satisfaction with care, and confidence managing asthma by family interview at baseline and at 12 or 24 months. Patient-centered and care-process outcomes included patient/parent assessment of quality of care and confidence in self-management, asthma action plan review, and documentation of guideline-based indicators of quality of care. Direct clinical outcomes included daytime and nighttime symptoms, use of rescue medications, acute care and emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and missed school days. Each clinic site's degree of adherence to the intervention model was evaluated and ranked to examine the correlation between model adherence and outcomes.RESULTS. Cross-sectional data showed clinic-wide improvements in the documentation of asthma severity, review of action plans, health services use, and asthma symptoms. At follow-up in the longitudinal sample, fewer patients reported acute visits, emergency department visits, hospitalizations, frequent daytime and nighttime symptoms, and missed school days compared with baseline. More patients reported excellent or very good quality of care and confidence in asthma self-management. Linear regression analysis of the clinical sites’ model adherence ranks against site-level combined scores estimating overall outcomes, clinical outcomes, and improvements in clinical care processes showed significant linear correlations with R2 ≥ 0.60.CONCLUSIONS. The demonstration produced major improvements in asthma-related care processes and clinical outcomes. Closer adherence to the demonstration model was directly associated with better outcomes.