bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of origin to cause blowout of carbon black‐reinforced rubber composites using GC/MS
Authors: Choi Sung‐Seen , Kim Jong‐Chul , Lee Hye‐Min 
Published: September 2008

AbstractTo investigate the sources to cause blowout of a rubber article gaseous materials (blowout gas) generated from the NR and SBR composites by blowout and organic materials extracted from the burst region after explosion of the specimen were analyzed using GC/MS. 1‐Methyl‐4‐(1‐methylethenyl)‐cyclohexene was detected from the blowout gas of the NR vulcanizate and 4‐vinylcyclohexene and styrene were detected from the blowout gas of the SBR vulcanizate. They were the repeat units of the used rubbers and were produced by decomposition of the polymer chains. Organic additives contained in the initial specimen were not detected in the burst region after blowout but lots of hydrocarbon components were detected instead. We believe that a principal source to cause the blowout was decomposition of the polymer chain, and it leads to activation of the cavity formation in the rubber article and reduction of the resistance to the increasing interior pressure. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008.
A two‐step method for the synthesis of a hydrophilic PDMS interpenetrating polymer network
Authors: Hillerström Anna , Kronberg Bengt 
Published: September 2008

AbstractA hydrophilic PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) surface was formed by the synthesis of an interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) in a two‐step process. In the first step, PDMS was loaded with crosslinker and initiator using a solvent that swells the PDMS. In the second step, the PDMS sample was submerged into a solution containing the hydrophilic monomer followed by a UV‐polymerization step. The choice of solvent in the second step is critical to obtain a hydrophilic surface. It can be concluded that the solubility parameter of the solvent should be above a threshold value. Hence, in the second step only sufficiently polar solvents will result in hydrophilic PDMS‐IPNs. These principles are illustrated by using N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone as the hydrophilic monomer forming PVP/PDMS‐IPNs. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008.
Thermogelation of methylcellulose from solution in N,N‐dimethylformamide and characterization of the transparent gels
Authors: Singh Ratan Pal , Kundu P. P. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractA transparent gel was prepared through the cooling of a methylcellulose (MC) solution in N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) at 80°C to a lower temperature. The temperature at which gelation occurred was dependent on the concentration of the solution. The gel temperature increased with an increase in the concentration of MC. The gelation of MC in DMF was studied by means of optical microscopy (OM), differential scanning calorimetry, and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The OM studies revealed the presence of loosely bound beads of MC with DMF at a lower concentration. These beads became interconnected to rods, and subsequently, a continuous, thick gel was formed as the concentration increased. From DMA studies, it was observed that the loss modulus of the gel crossed over the storage modulus at two different frequencies. This indicated the presence of two types of network structures generated from the weak and strong associations of MC with the organic solvent DMF. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Hybrid siloxane epoxy coatings containing quaternary ammonium moieties
Authors: Pant Ramesh R. , Buckley James L. , Fulmer Preston A. , Wynne James H. , McCluskey D. Michelle , Phillips J. Paige 
Published: September 2008

AbstractAn ever increasing concern over bacterial infections caused by consumer products as well as medical devices is obvious from the recent surge in literature documenting the need for novel self‐decontaminating coatings. Within, we report a hybrid ionic organic/inorganic siloxane epoxy system containing quaternary ammonium moieties. This novel low surface energy antimicrobial coating is capable of self‐decontaminating in a variety of environments. The system is designed to be used as an over‐coating, for devices that are prone to come into contact with pathogenic bacteria. These coatings have been synthesized, characterized, and analyzed for both physical and antimicrobial properties. Preliminary antimicrobial evaluation indicates a direct correlation between antimicrobial activity and hydrophobicity of the biocidal functional group within the resin matrix. These coatings have demonstrated the ability to eliminate up to 99.9% of pathogenic bacteria on the surface. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Influence of the monomer feeding sequence on the structure and properties of thermotropic liquid‐crystalline poly(ester imide)s
Authors: Chi Zhenguo , Zhang Xiqi , Zhang Yi , Xu Jiarui 
Published: September 2008

AbstractA series of poly(ester imide)s mainly derived from N,N′‐hexane‐1,6‐diylbistrimellitimides, 4,4′‐dihydroxybenzophenone, and p‐hydroxybenzoic acid were synthesized by a direct polycondensation method in benzenesulfonyl chloride, N,N′‐dimethylformamide, and pyridine with different monomer feeding sequences. The molecular structures and properties of the resultant poly(ester imide)s were characterized with NMR, IR spectrometry, polarized light microscopy, wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. The results showed that the monomer feeding sequences had a great effect on the sequential structure of the molecular chains of the copolymers and consequently on their liquid‐crystalline (LC) properties, fiber‐forming capability, and other properties. Thus, it is probable that one could obtain an LC poly(ester imide) with given properties by controlling the monomer feeding sequence during the polycondensation process. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Morphology and thermal and dielectric behavior of cycloaliphatic epoxy/trimethacrylate interpenetrating polymer networks for vacuum‐pressure‐impregnation electrical insulation
Authors: Duan Jingkuan , Kim Chonung , Yun Zheng , Jiang Pingkai 
Published: September 2008

AbstractVacuum pressure impregnation has been known as the most advanced impregnation technology that has ever been developed for large and medium high‐voltage electric machines and apparatuses. We developed one new type of vacuum‐pressure‐impregnation resin with excellent properties by means of a novel approach based on in situ sequential interpenetrating polymer networks resulting from the curing of trimethacrylate monomer [trimethylol‐1,1,1‐propane trimethacrylate (TMPTMA)] and cycloaliphatic epoxy resin (CER). In this study, the influence of the concentrations of the components and their microstructures on their thermal and dielectric behaviors were investigated for the cured CER/TMPTMA systems via atomic force microscopy, dynamic mechanical analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and dielectric analysis. The investigation results show that the addition of TMPTMA to the CER–anhydride system resulted in the formation of a uniform and compact microstructure in the cured epoxy system. This led the cured CER/TMPTMA systems to show much higher moduli in comparison with the pure CER–anhydride system. The thermogravimetric analysis results show that there existed a decreasing tendency in the maximum thermal decomposition rates of the cured CER/TMPTMA systems, which implies that the thermal stability properties improved to some extent. The dielectric analysis results show that the cured CER/TMPTMA systems displayed quite different dielectric behaviors in the wide frequency range 0.01 Hz–1 MHz and in the wide temperature range 27–250°C compared with the cured CER–anhydride system. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Cationic water‐soluble poly(p‐phenylene vinylene) for fluorescence sensors and electrostatic self‐assembly nanocomposites with quantum dots
Authors: Zhang Yang , Yang Yan , Wang Chang‐Chun , Sun Bin , Wang Ying , Wang Xin‐Ying , Shen Qun‐Dong 
Published: September 2008

AbstractA cationic water‐soluble poly(p‐phenylene vinylene) derivative (poly{2‐methoxy‐5‐[3‐(N,N,N‐ethyldimethylamino)‐1‐propoxy]‐1,4‐phenylene vinylene}bromide) was synthesized by a facile approach. The fluorescence of the conjugated polyelectrolyte was enhanced in the presence of an anionic surfactant because of the regularity of the chain conformation. Meanwhile, its emission was efficiently quenched by a trace amount (10−6 mol/L) of the iron complex Fe(CN) with pronounced quenching efficiency. The cationic conjugated polymer chains were readily assembled on the surface of negatively charged CdTe quantum dots through electrostatic attraction. The resulting nanocomposites facilitated the charge transfer between the conjugated polymers and the quantum dots because of the extensive interfacial area and intimate contact of the two components. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
A genetic‐programming‐based formulation for the strength enhancement of fiber‐reinforced‐polymer‐confined concrete cylinders
Authors: Cevik Abdulkadir , Cabalar Ali Fırat 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis study addresses the availability of the genetic programming (GP) approach for the formulation of strength enhancement of FRP (fiber‐reinforced polymer) confined concrete cylinders. The GP formulation is based on experimental results collected from the literature. The accuracy of the proposed GP formulation was satisfactory compared to the experimental results. Moreover, the results of the proposed GP formulation were compared with 10 models from the literature proposed by various researchers so far and were found to be more accurate. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Synthesis and characterization of phosphorus‐containing waterborne polyurethanes: Effects of the organophosphonate content on the flame retardancy, morphology, and film properties
Authors: Chen He , Luo Yunjun , Chai Chunpeng , Wang Jiong , Li Jie , Xia Min 
Published: September 2008

AbstractA series of waterborne polyurethanes (WPUs) with different contents of reactive organophosphonate were well prepared. Their structures were characterized by Fourier transform infrared and 1H‐NMR spectroscopy. Thermogravimetry and derivative thermogravimetry revealed that the WPU films containing phosphorus possessed lower onset and maximum degradation temperatures but higher char yields. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis suggested phase mixing of the hard and soft domains. The mechanical properties decreased with increasing amount of organophosphonate, whereas the limiting oxygen index results of the WPU films indicate that the flame retardancy was improved significantly by the incorporation of organophosphonate. The water uptake values of the organophosphonate‐containing WPU films were higher than those of the phosphorus‐free ones, whereas the static contact angles of the films indicated that the surface hydrophilic properties were not affected by segmenting in this phosphorus‐containing oligomer. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Effect of the dispersion of organic rectorite on the nonisothermal crystallization kinetics and melting behaviors of nylon 6 nanocomposites
Authors: Yue Shaojie , Gong Wei , Qi Ning , Wang Bo , Zhou Wei , Zhu Yuchan 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe effects of the dispersion of organic rectorite (OREC) and the cooling rate on the crystallization behavior of nylon 6/OREC nanocomposites have been systematically investigated with X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and the modified Ozawa model. Some important parameters have been calculated, including the crystallization half‐time, crystallization peak temperature, and relative crystallinity. Experimental results indicate that the crystallization rate of the nylon 6/OREC nanocomposites is faster than that of nylon 6 at a given cooling rate, and the difference in the values of the Ozawa exponent for nylon 6 and nylon 6/OREC nanocomposites reveals tridimensional growth with heterogeneous nucleation. The analysis of the Ozawa exponent m has suggested that the better the dispersion of OREC is, the more suitable it will be for the formation of spherulitic growth. On the other hand, in analyses of the melting behavior, we have found an unusual phenomenon: the lower the cooling rate is, the more favorable it is for the formation of the γ form. Our experimental results indicate that the dispersion of OREC plays an important role in determining the crystallization behavior of nylon 6/OREC nanocomposites. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Preparation and properties of waterborne polyurethane adhesives modified by polystyrene
Authors: Du Hui , Zhao Yuhua , Yin Ning , Li Qifeng , Wang Junwei , Kang Maoqing , Xiang Hongwei , Wang Xinkui 
Published: September 2008

AbstractWaterborne polyurethane (WPU) adhesives modified by polystyrene (PS) were prepared through a prepolymer mixing process from diisocyanates, an anionic polyester, internal emulsifiers, a neutralizer, a chain extender, and PS dispersions. The latter was preformed via the in situ polymerization of styrene in poly(1,4‐butanediol adipate) diol. Transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and 1H‐NMR techniques were used to characterize the PS dispersions and polyurethane (PU)–PS prepolymer. Experimental results with respect to the performance of the PU–PS adhesives indicate that suitable PS/polyester diol weight ratios improved the mechanical properties, thermal stability, water resistance, and initial adhesive strength of the pristine WPU adhesives. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Multilayer composite surfaces prepared by an electrostatic self‐assembly technique with quaternary ammonium salt and poly(acrylic acid) on poly(acrylonitrile‐co‐acrylic acid) membranes
Authors: Kobayashi Takaomi , Fu Huitan , Cui Qian , Wang Hongying 
Published: September 2008

AbstractAn electrostatic self‐assembly technique was applied to prepare ion complex polymer layers on polyacrylonitrile with acrylic acid segments {poly(acrylonitrile‐co‐acrylic acid) [P(AN‐co‐AA)]}. For the ionic complex layers, quaternary ammonium salts, such as cetyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (CTAC) and tetramethyl ammonium chloride (TMAC), were used as cationic species, and also, poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) was used as an anionic species. These cationic and anionic species were self‐assembled alternately on the surface of the P(AN‐co‐AA) membrane. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, AFM, and water contact angle measurements of the membrane surface were used to confirm the formation of the multilayer composites on the P(AN‐co‐AA). The permeabilities of water and macromolecules of different molecular weights were evaluated by a membrane filtration technique. The values of permeability strongly depended on the formation layer by layer of these ion composites on the base P(AN‐co‐AA). Through the measurement of the values of the contact angle of water, it was clear that surface nature of the base membrane treated by CTAC or TMAC and PAA dramatically changed. We concluded that such an electrostatic self‐assembly technique is useful for the preparation of multicomposite layers to modify the surface of base P(AN‐co‐AA) membranes. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Effect of bark flour content on the hygroscopic characteristics of wood–polypropylene composites
Authors: Kazemi Najafi Saeed , Kiaefar Azadeh , Tajvidi Mehdi 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe effects of the bark content on the water absorption and thickness swelling of wood–plastic composites prepared from polypropylene, wood flour, and bark flour were studied. Samples were made with a laboratory twin‐screw extruder. The results showed that among composites free of maleic anhydride polypropylene, those composites containing a higher bark flour content exhibited lower water absorption and lower thickness swelling. Maleic anhydride polypropylene reduced water absorption and thickness swelling in composites containing wood flour and a lower content of bark flour but had no influence on the hygroscopic properties of composites made with higher bark contents. Adding maleic anhydride polypropylene had no effect on the water diffusion coefficients and swelling rate parameters of composites made with a higher bark flour content. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
A modified solution‐diffusion model and its application in the pervaporation separation of alkane/thiophenes mixtures with PDMS membrane
Authors: Huang Junqi , Li Jiding , Zhan Xia , Chen Cuixian 
Published: September 2008

AbstractA better understanding of the mass transfer in pervaporation membranes under different conditions is essential for both the design of improved membranes in various applications, and for the process design. In this article, a modified solution‐diffusion model is proposed to account for the mass transport of penetrants in the polymer membrane. In the model, the group contribution method (the UNIFAC‐ZM model) is first introduced to calculate the activity of penetrants in the polymer membrane, and a modified Fujita diffusion coefficient equation is developed to describe the diffusion behavior of the penetrants. The aim of this work is to establish a predictive solution‐diffusion model. By refitting the group interaction parameters based on pervaperation data of penetrants‐membrane systems, the model can be applied to predict the flux and separation factor of various polymer membrane systems. As an exemplary application of the model, the permeation fluxes and separation factors of alkane/thiophene and alkane/2‐methyl‐thiophene mixtures in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane system have been predicted and showed to be in good agreement with experimental values. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Wetting behavior of electrospun poly(L‐lactic acid)/poly(vinyl alcohol) composite nonwovens
Authors: Liu Ya , Wu Ning , Wei Qufu , Cai Yibing , Wei Anfang 
Published: September 2008

AbstractPoly(L‐lactic acid) (PLLA) fibers have been extensively studied for various applications. In this work, PLLA and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) were prepared by coelectrospinning to form composite nonwoven materials. The structures and diameter distribution of the electrospun PLLA/PVA composite nonwovens were examined by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electronic microscope (SEM). The wetting behavior of the electrospun PLLA/PVA composite nonwovens was also investigated using static contact angles and dynamic water adsorption measurements. It was observed that the addition of PVA in the electrospun PLLA/PVA composite nonwovens significantly alerted the contact angles and water adsorption of the composite materials. It was also found that the increase in the content of PLLA led to the increase in the surface contact angle and decrease in water adsorption of the electrospun PLLA/PVA nonwoven materials. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Why Decussate? Topological Constraints on 3D Wiring
Authors: Shinbrot Troy , Young Wise 
Published: September 2008

AbstractMany vertebrate motor and sensory systems “decussate” or cross the midline to the opposite side of the body. The successful crossing of millions of axons during development requires a complex of tightly controlled regulatory processes. Because these processes have evolved in many distinct systems and organisms, it seems reasonable to presume that decussation confers a significant functional advantage—yet if this is so, the nature of this advantage is not understood. In this article, we examine constraints imposed by topology on the ways that a three‐dimensional processor and environment can be wired together in a continuous, somatotopic, way. We show that as the number of wiring connections grows, decussated arrangements become overwhelmingly more robust against wiring errors than seemingly simpler same‐sided wiring schemes. These results provide a predictive approach for understanding how 3D networks must be wired if they are to be robust, and therefore have implications both for future large‐scale computational networks and for complex biomedical devices. Anat Rec, 291:1278–1292, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Functional Morphology of the Hyolaryngeal Complex of the Harbor Porpoise (Phocoena phocoena): Implications for its Role in Sound Production and Respiration
Authors: Huggenberger Stefan , Rauschmann Michael A. , Oelschläger Helmut H.A. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractIn several publications, it was shown that echolocation sound generation in the nasal (epicranial) complex of toothed whales (Odontoceti) is pneumatically driven. Modern hypotheses consider the larynx and its surrounding musculature to produce the initial air pressure: (a) contraction of the strong pipelike palatopharyngeal sphincter muscle complex, which connects the choanae with the epiglottic spout of the larynx, should provide much of the power for this process and (b) muscles suspending the larynx/hyoid complex from the skull base and the mandibles may support these pistonlike laryngeal movements. Here, we describe the morphology and topography of the larynx, the hyoid apparatus, and the relevant musculature in the harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) with respect to odontocete vocalization and respiration. We demonstrate that the hyoid apparatus, reminiscent of a “swinging cage,” may not only be a stable framework in which the larynx can move but should support laryngeal actions by its own movements. Rostrocaudal relocations of the hyoid apparatus may thus support pistonlike actions of the larynx creating air flow into the nasal complex for sound production. The lift of the hyoid apparatus with the thick larynx in the direction of the skull base may squeeze the pharynx in the region of the piriform recesses and thus help to secure the (waterproof) tracheochoanal connection during respiration when the palatopharyngeal sphincter cannot be contracted maximally, because the air passage must remain open at the epiglottic spout. Anat Rec, 291:1262–1270, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preproenkephalin mRNA is Expressed in a Subpopulation of GABAergic Neurons in the Spinal Dorsal Horn of the GAD67‐GFP Knock‐In Mouse
Authors: Huang Jing , Wang Yayun , Wang Wei , Wei Yanyan , Li Yunqing , Wu Shengxi 
Published: September 2008

AbstractGABA (γ‐aminobutyric acid)ergic neurons in the spinal dorsal horn have been reported to be divided into distinctive populations, with different cotransmitters and neuropeptides. In this study, we examined the colocalization of enkephalin (ENK) mRNA with GABA in the spinal dorsal horn using the glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)67‐green fluorescence protein (GFP) knock‐in mouse. Our approach was to perform in situ hybridization histochemistry to detect mRNA for preproenkephalin (PPE, the precursor protein for ENK), combined with immunohistochemistry for GFP to reveal GABAergic neurons. Quantitative analysis indicated that more than 44.4% (2967/6681) of GFP‐immunoreactive neurons showed signals for PPE mRNA in the spinal dorsal horn. While 53.9% (2967/5501) of PPE mRNA‐expressing neurons were immunoreactive for GFP. The double‐labeled neurons were observed throughout the spinal dorsal horn, although they had a preferential localization in superficial layers. The present results provide a detailed morphological evidence that ENK and GABA colocalized in a subpopulation of neurons in the spinal dorsal horn, which are likely to represent local inhibitory dorsal horn interneurons involved in the modulation of pain transmission. Anat Rec, 291:1334–1341, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.