bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reduction of microplastics through waste management: Evaluation of water quality and health risks in the communication policy of the ministry of environment and forestry
Authors: Kurniawati Dewi , Dalimunthe Maulana Andinata , Kholil Syukur , Ritonga Aulia Rahma , Pratama Teguh Agum 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This article discusses the reduction of microplastics through waste management in Indonesia, focusing on the urgency of the issue, research methodology, and obtained results. The urgency of this research is high due to the negative impacts of microplastics on ecosystems and human health. Microplastics, plastic particles less than 5 millimeters in size, have contaminated water bodies and biota that become food sources, posing health risks through exposure to contaminants such as BPA and phthalates that disrupt hormonal functions. The methodology used is qualitative research with an in-depth phenomenological approach, involving in-depth interviews and focused group discussions with various stakeholders, including government officials, researchers, environmental activists, and local communities. Secondary data were obtained from government documents, previous research reports, journal articles, and news media. Data analysis was conducted using the methods of Miles, Huberman, and Saldaña, involving data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing/verification, with data validity tested through source triangulation. The results of the research indicate that current waste management policies need to be strengthened to effectively address the issue of microplastics. Stricter and more specific regulations are required to reduce the production and release of microplastics from consumer and industrial products. Additionally, public education on the dangers of microplastics and the importance of recycling is key to reducing the volume of plastics that end up in the environment. Collaboration between the government, communities, and businesses through technological initiatives such as the Surplus application and the FoodCycle Indonesia program shows great potential in supporting Sustainable Development Goals [SDGs] related to Zero Hunger, Responsible Consumption and Production, and Climate Action. This approach is not only relevant for the city of Medan but can also be adapted by other regions facing similar waste management issues.
Discovering the potential of endophytic bacteria isolated from Styrax paralleloneurus as IAA production
Authors: Susilowati Arida , Simarmata Rumella , Khairina Yeni , Oktarina Firda , Saputri Wina Nur , Larekeng Siti Halimah , Widowati Tiwit , Elfiati Deni , Christita Margaretta 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Endophytic bacteria have been extensively researched for their ability to produce phytohormones and provide essential nutrients for plant growth. However, there have been a few explorations of endophytic bacteria from the Toba Frankincense plant (Styrax paralleloneurus), the primary benzoin resin source in Sumatra, Indonesia. This research aims to identify endophytic bacteria with the ability to produce IAA from S. paralleloneurus stems. This study isolated, characterized, and molecularly identified bacteria from tapped and untapped S. paralleloneurus stems. Tests were conducted to assess their potential as plant growth promoters, including IAA production. Our research successfully identified Micrococcus aloeverae and Bacillus aerius as potential plant growth-promoting bacteria, capable of producing 15.63 and 3.96 ppm of IAA, respectively. Thus, this study will also serve as a reference for understanding how tapping the frankincense sap affects the ability of endophytic bacteria to produce IAA and dissolve phosphate.
The economic value and marketing chain of gambir (Uncaria gambir Roxb) in Pakpak Bharat Regency, North Sumatra
Authors: Sucipto Tito , Siboro Priskian , Alfaritsi Muhammad Afif , Iswanto Apri Heri 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The gambir plant (Uncaria gambir Roxb), which yields gambir extract, is one of the non-timber forest products. Pakpak Bharat Regency is the biggest producer of gambir in North Sumatera and one of its main commodities is the gambir plant. The low cost of gambir products—roughly IDR 3,500 per piece—and the lack of a set price for gambir are the issues facing farmers in the gambir industry. The purpose of this study was to examine Gambir’s marketing chain and economic worth. A questionnaire was used to conduct interviews in order to collect data. For 60 gambir farmers, the census method was used to ascertain the respondents. According to the study’s findings, gambir has an annual economic value of IDR 2,614,560,000, or IDR 246,302,880 each month. In Pakpak Bharat Regency, there are two gambir marketing chains type: 1) gambir farmers sell directly to consumers, and 2) gambir farmers sell to collectors before selling to consumers. Because the production volume exceeded both the pricing BEP and the production break-even point (BEP), and the resultant R/C ratio was larger than 1, namely 9.66, the production of Gambir in Pakpak Bharat Regency was deemed feasible. By improving the quality and quantity of gambir and treating gambir plants further to produce the highest quality gambir products, farmer groups can be formed to increase the economic value and price of gambir while maintaining the same level of quality in marketing.
Batch operations for turbidity reduction in Babura River using carbonized peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) shells with various particle sizes
Authors: Haryanto Bode , Hanum Farida , Siahaan Bungaran , Alexander Vikram , Siahaan Timoty Anugrah , Inkreasinta Avenia 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The brownish color of river water indicates poor quality and can harm the ecosystem because of high turbidity. This study aims to observe the effect of the particle size of peanut shell carbon particles (Arachis hypogaea L.) on the ability to reduce the turbidity value of Babura River water. The particle size variations of carbonized groundnut shells used are 50/70, 70/100, and 100/120 mesh. Water volume used 100 mL. The time interval was 5 h. The weight variations employed were 1, 2, and 3 g. Sampling variations were conducted throughout the morning, afternoon, and night. The research stages are making carbonized groundnut shells and batch operations for turbidity reduction. The results indicated that a particle size of 100/120 mesh with a 3 g mass of carbonized groundnut shells could reduce the turbidity from 78.4 NTU to 5.1 NTU. Hence, the pseudo-second order in measuring the reduction in turbidity.
Effect of reaction temperature on biodiesel production from refined bleached and deodorized palm olein using heterogeneous catalyst from indigofera (Indigofera zollingeriana) leaves ash
Authors: Nova Silvia , Taslim  , Manurung Renita , Alexander Vikram , Burmana Anggara Dwita , Rosyadi Erlan 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Biodiesel was produced in considering the best operating conditions as an environment-friendly alternative fuel. One of the operating conditions in biodiesel production is reaction temperature, which influences increasing biodiesel yield. This research aims to study the reaction temperature affects biodiesel production by heterogeneous catalysts from indigofera leaves ash. The research procedure consisted of preparing an indigofera leaves ash catalyst with a particle size of 100 mesh, which was put inside a 700 °C furnace to calcined for 3 hours. The transesterification process of biodiesel involving refined bleached and deodorized palm olein was heated with temperature variations of 55, 60, and 65 °C, then methanol was added with a molar ratio of 9:1 to the oil and 3 wt% catalyst. The reaction was carried out in a container with stirring using a magnetic stirrer at 300 rpm for 120 minutes. Based on the research results, the best yield was obtained at 94.2% obtained at a temperature operating condition of 60 °C. Based on gas chromatography results, biodiesel’s major composition is palmitic acid (C16:0) and oleic acid (C18:1), which are 38.79% and 44.96%, respectively.
Sustainable forestry: The dual effects of eucalyptus plantations on economy and ecology
Authors: Sembiring Nurhayati , Herlim Christian , Lubis Abdillah Sani , Sitohang Diana Carolina 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The global increase in the use of forest plantations is one of the solutions to meet the demand for wood and its derivative products. Among the various tree species, Eucalyptus is a popular choice due to its fast growth and high productivity. However, Eucalyptus has also generated controversy regarding its impact on local economies and ecology. This study analyses the economic and ecological impacts of Eucalyptus plantations, widely adopted for their fast growth and significant timber production. The research evaluates both the economic benefits, such as increased local income and job creation, and the negative ecological effects, including soil degradation, decreased biodiversity, and water cycle disruptions. The study used literature review, analysing 28 articles and 4 books from various countries between 2016 and 2024. The results highlight the dual impact of Eucalyptus plantations: while they significantly contribute to local economies, they also pose risks to environmental sustainability. The discussion emphasizes the importance of adopting sustainable forestry practices, such as agroforestry, to balance these impacts. The study concludes with recommendations for policy frameworks that integrate economic growth with environmental conservation strategies to optimize the benefits of Eucalyptus plantations without compromising ecological integrity.
Digital transformation of Lake Toba tourism: Local wisdom-based applications and SEM-analysis on GIS integration in creative economy
Authors: Harahap Kartini , Wirata Gede , Nurhayati  , Damanik Darwin , Udin Ahmad Faqih 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Digital transformation has become a crucial aspect in the development of the global tourism sector, with the need for integration of technology and local wisdom increasingly urgent. This study aims to explore the influence of digital transformation on Lake Toba tourism with a local wisdom-based approach and SEM analysis on GIS integration in the creative economy. Through a survey of 384 respondents, validity and reliability analysis was conducted using Cronbach’s Alpha, while SEM analysis used model fit index, path coefficients, and t-values. The results show that technology adoption, service quality, and tourist experience positively influence the economic impact of tourism. The tourist experience variable has the most significant influence on economic impact. The implication is that the integration of local wisdom in digital transformation can increase the competitiveness of Lake Toba tourism globally. This research provides a foundation for the development of more effective policies and strategies in utilizing tourism potential by considering the uniqueness of local culture and the application of modern technology.
Biodiesel synthesis from palm cooking oil utilising sulfuric acid catalyst in a circular microreactor: Optimisation using response surface method
Authors: Purwanto Edy , Widianto Aloisiyus Yuli 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Biodiesel, a renewable and biodegradable fuel, has gained attention as a viable alternative to traditional petroleum-based diesel. Palm oil is an appealing raw material for biodiesel production due to its high oil yield, availability, and favourable fatty acid profile. Microreactor technology has improved the efficiency and control of chemical reactions, especially in biodiesel production. The key challenge is optimising reaction conditions to maximise Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) content while reducing the kinematic viscosity of the oil. To address this, the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed. The effects of critical input variables such as catalyst loading, reaction temperature, and oil-to-methanol molar ratio on FAME yield and kinematic viscosity were analysed, and the optimal conditions were identified. Transesterification was carried out using a sulfuric acid catalyst in a circular microreactor, with a central composite design examining three input variables and two output variables. Results showed that catalyst loading, reaction temperature, and oil-to-methanol molar ratio significantly increased FAME content and lowered kinematic viscosity. The optimal conditions were determined to be 4.7% catalyst loading, a temperature of 66.8°C, and an oil-to-methanol molar ratio of 1:10.
Enhancing responsible production and sustainable clean water supply: applying OEE and six big losses analysis in environmental engineering
Authors: Sari Yenny , Rosiawan Muhammad , Aulia Rifda , Purwanto Edy 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This study aimed to identify production losses that occur in the Clearator Unit in one of the state-owned drinking water treatment companies so that the implementation of improvements can increase the effectiveness of the process. The Clearator Unit, as the object of the research, is a flocculation building used to accelerate the sedimentation in processing raw water into usable water. The methodology used to achieve the research objectives is the Six Big Losses and Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) approach for production loss analysis. In addition, quality tools such as the Ishikawa Diagram and Linear Regression were used to identify the causes of losses and formulate improvement solutions. From the results of this study (based on August 2022), it was found that the losses were “reduced speed” and “defect process”, with OEE values of 37%. This value indicated that the effectiveness of the Clearator Unit is below the standard limit of world-class company (OEE value should be more than 85%). The proposed improvement was to create a standardized dosing usage of Aluminium Sulfate (alum) to improve the water output quality. The alum standard dose based on the equation of the regression test results was: “decreased water turbidity (NTU)” = 2,497 + 0,00099 “alum usage (kg)”. This solution implementation can affect the production of higher-quality clean water (SDG6) and more responsible production governance (SDG12).
Diversified utilization of rice field functions for agritourism and education development in Denai Lama Village: Economic sustainability innovation in era 4.0
Authors: Triani Emi , Bangun Immanuel Cristwo 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This research was conducted in the context of the increasing demand for natural resources in the era of globalization and digital transformation, while their availability is increasingly limited. One of the innovative solutions implemented is the diversification of agricultural functions, one of which is the diversification of the function of rice fields, which combines agricultural activities with education and tourism. The purpose of this research is to examine the implementation of rice field diversification in Denai Lama Village and evaluate its impact on the economic sustainability and welfare of the local community. This research uses a qualitative method with a descriptive approach to understanding the phenomenon of land function diversification holistically. The results showed that Denai Lama Village has great potential for agritourism and teaching land development. Agritourism programs that include farming, traditional markets, and traditional music and dance performances have succeeded in increasing farmers’ income, strengthening community relations, and promoting environmental conservation. The use of digital technology in agritourism promotion and management has also had a positive impact on public awareness and tourist visits, thereby improving the economic and social welfare of the people of Denai Lama Village.
The properties of green polybag from empty fruit bunch compost and wet decanter solid with chitosan as additive
Authors: Hasibuan Ichsan Habibi , Harahap Hamidah , Iriany  
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Polybags are a seed planting medium that is generally made of plastic. The use of plastic-based polybag is considered less environmentally friendly because of the presence of plastic packaging, which will be thrown away when the seeds are transferred from the polybag to the ground. Therefore, it is necessary to look for alternative plastics in the form of organic materials that are more environmentally friendly when making polybags. This research aims to produce green polybags based on a mixture of empty fruit bunch compost (EFBC) and wet decanter solid (WDS) with chitosan adhesive, as well as analyzing the properties of the resulting polybags including density, moisture content, water absorption capacity, pH, biodegradation, and rate growth. The production of green polybags was carried out with EFBC:WDS ratio of 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, and 50:50. The results showed that increasing the amount of EFBC will increase the density, moisture content, and pH of green polybags, but reduced the absorption capacity and biodegradation of green polybags. The best green polybag composition was obtained with an EFBC:WDS ratio of 70:30, with a density of 0.70 g/cm3, moisture content of 10.62%, absorption capacity of 8.30%, pH of 6.6, and biodegradation of 43.41%. The use of green polybags resulted in wheatgrass growth of up to 11.4 cm on the 14th day.
Haplotype diversity of Pandanus tectorius Parkinson from North Sumatran subregions using trnL-trnF intergenic spacer
Authors: Hutasuhut Melfa Aisyah , Pasaribu Nursahara , Siregar Etti Sartina , Fitmawati  
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Pandanaceae, comprising plants distributed across coastal regions and islands from the Pacific Ocean to Southeast Asia, including Indonesia, is known for its ecological and economic significance. Pandanus tectorius Parkinson, a widely recognized species within this family, serves multifunctional purposes ranging from traditional and modern medicinal uses to household materials. However, the genetic diversity and population structure of P. tectorius in Sumatra remain underexplored, particularly in specific subregions, potentially leading to the emergence of new subpopulations due to geographical isolation from Pacific Ocean relatives. This study aims to analyze three populations from North Sumatra subregions namely Bagan Serdang in Pantai Labu, Deli Serdang Regency; Tabuyung in Muara Batang Gadis, Mandailing Natal Regency; and Binasi in Sorkam Barat, Tapanuli Tengah Regency, using the trnL-trnF intergenic spacer. Genetic parameters assessed include haplotype number, haplotype diversity, nucleotide diversity, and fixation index (Fst). A TCS network was constructed to visualize accession distribution among populations and infer potential origins or relationships among subpopulations. Results reveal significant intrapopulation diversity with notably high genetic variability in Bagan Serdang and overall North Sumatra, indicating a high frequency and potential greater genetic diversity in this region. In contrast, regions such as Australia, New Caledonia, and Fiji show smaller circles, while the presence of distinct colors within the same haplotype groups suggests some genetic sharing or common ancestry among these regions. North Sumatra stands out with the highest genetic diversity, as indicated by the extended connections in the network.
Terrestrial mammal activity in the post-rehabilitation Halaban monitoring area using camera trap data
Authors: Ardhina Mahdiyyah , Berliani Kaniwa , Tanjung Masitta 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Terrestrial wildlife species are important taxa in the recovery of ecosystems following dam removal. Their presence can shape ecosystem recovery, signal restoration of ecosystem function, and influence food web dynamics and nutrient transfer. This study investigated terrestrial mammal communities within the rehabilitation area of Gunung Leuser National Park, Indonesia, using camera trap data collected between May and December 2023. The results revealed a diverse group of mammals, including endangered species, with distinct activity patterns. Eight terrestrial mammal species were present, with the most dominant being Sus scrofa. Only one of the four keystone species of TNGL, Elephas maximus sumatranus, was present. Overlapping activity patterns among predator species suggest potential interactions and resource partitioning. These findings underscore the importance of habitat restoration for biodiversity conservation and highlight the need for ongoing monitoring to assess the long-term impacts of rehabilitation efforts on mammal communities.
Estimation and evaluation of potential evapotranspiration calculation models in Medan City
Authors: Anggraini Novita , Bagus  , Slamet Bejo , Anna Nelly 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Potential evapotranspiration (PET) is defined as the evaporation of water in conditions where air availability is not a limiting factor. PET can be explained using several empirical formulas with calculations based on weather element data such as air temperature, relative humidity, evaporation, duration of sunshine, and wind speed. This study plays a role in evaluating eight models to estimate PET that is suitable to be used for Medan City. The materials used in this research were daily and monthly climate data for the period 2016-2020 from Indonesia Agency for Meteorology Climatology and Geophysics Region I Medan. The average value of the estimated potential evapotranspiration rate used as a reference (the Penman-Monteith model) is 14.41 mm/day, and other estimation models such as the Penman, Thornthwaite, David, Presscot, Blaney-Criddle, Kharuffa, and Remanenko models have values of 14.77 mm/day, 15.77 mm/day, 2.34 mm/day, 3.17 mm/day, 5.72 mm/day, 6.95 mm/day, and 8.43 mm/day, respectively. The highest RMSE value is in the David model, which is 12.39, and the lowest is in the Penman model, which is 0.97. The Thornthwaite (r = 0.65) and Blaney-Criddle (0.69) models have moderate correlation strength, the David (r = 0.73), Presscot (r = 0.72), Kharuffa (r = 0.75), and Remanenko (r = 0.80) models have strong correlation strength, and the Penman (r = 0.98) model has a very strong correlation strength.
Diversity of hornbill species (Bucerotidae) at Soraya Research Station, Subulussalam City, Aceh Province
Authors: Zahrah Ma’rifatin , Jumilawaty Erni , Halimah Nur 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Hornbills have a very important role in preserving nature. However, currently the hornbill population is decreasing, which could have a negative impact on its sustainability. The aim of this research is to analyze the species diversity index, species evenness and dominance of hornbills (Bucerotidae) found at the Soraya Research Station. Data collection was carried out using direct observation methods, namely the line transect method and point count method, and indirect observation, namely the sound recording method. The hornbill species found at the Soraya research station based on direct observations are Buceros rhinoceros, Rhinoplax vigil, Anthracoceros albirostris, Anthracoceros malayanus and Rhyticeros undulatus. The hornbill species diversity index is 1.42, which means the value of species diversity is medium. The evenness value for the hornbill species is 0.88, which is included in the maximum or high evenness. The dominance index value obtained was 0.271, which is considered low dominance.