bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carbon‐ion implantation improves the tribological properties of CoCrMo alloy against ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene
Authors: Koseki Hironobu , Shindo Hiroyuki , Furuichi Itaru , Baba Koumei 
Published: July 2008

AbstractAmorphous diamond‐like carbon (DLC) has drawn a great deal of attention for its superior wear properties against ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE). Its rate of wear, however, is not necessarily maintained within a specific range. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mechanical features and tribological properties of three types of surfaces: (i) uncoated, (ii) carbon‐ion implantation (CII)‐treated, and (iii) DLC‐film‐coated substrate. The surface alterations were carried out on cobalt–chrome (CoCrMo) alloy by the plasma‐source ion implantation (PSII) method. The wear properties and friction coefficient were estimated by a pin‐on‐plate wear‐tester. We found, as a result, that the implanted carbon penetrated the substrates in which good adhesion was expected. Though the surface modifications by CII and DLC hardened the surfaces, the surface with DLC was also roughened (Ra = 39 nm). In contrast, the surface modified by CII had a very smooth surface (Ra = 15 nm) and low friction coefficient (ranging from 0.15 to 0.20), resulting in a low rate of wear. Our findings suggest that CII on the CoCrMo alloy/UHMWPE pair offers potential benefits as a hard coating for artificial total‐joint arthroplasty. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
XPS‐depth analysis using C60 ion sputtering of buried interface in plasma‐treated ethylene‐tetrafluoroethylene‐copolymer (ETFE) film
Authors: Yamamoto Yuichi , Higashi Seiji , Yamamoto Kiyoshi 
Published: July 2008

AbstractEthylene‐tetrafluoroethylene‐copolymer (ETFE) films with the surface modified layer, which shows the high hydrophilicity and strong adhesion, have been obtained by two‐step treatment using the plasma discharge of hydrocarbon and oxygen‐mixed gas. The relation between the adhesion and the modified state near the film surface has been also investigated by utilizing an XPS‐depth profile and C 1s peak analysis with buckminsterfullerene (C60)‐ion beam. This analytical method enables chemically undamaged XPS analysis of organic materials with the high‐depth resolution of several nanometers. In comparison, the in‐depth analysis using argon ion beam was also performed. The adhesion layers treated as the first step, which are buried under the hydrophilic layer formed as the second step, were evaluated by comparing samples for which the plasma condition was systematically changed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Withdrawn: Analysis of thermal parameters and factors acting on thermal conduction of low‐k films
Authors: Sato Shigeo , Okamura Takao , Ye Jiping 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis paper appeared in the October issue, occupying pp. 1362‐1366. It was a duplicate of SIA.2880, which appears on pp. 1328‐1332 of the same issue. It has therefore been withdrawn from Wiley InterScience. The publisher apologises to the authors for the error. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Response to Farjoun's ‘Strategy making, novelty, and analogical reasoning — commentary on Gavetti, Levinthal, and Rivkin (2005)’
Authors: Gavetti Giovanni , Levinthal Daniel A. , Rivkin Jan W. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractIn his thoughtful commentary on our 2005 paper (Gavetti, Levinthal, and Rivkin, 2005), Farjoun offers three critiques and extensions. First, he suggests our approach should have explicitly considered a constructionist logic. Second, Farjoun argues that we have neglected the full array of modes of cognition between rational choice and feedback‐based adaptive learning and have therefore overstated the role of our focal mode, reasoning by analogy. Third, he highlights some of the contingencies under which the various modes of cognition he identifies are effective. In response, we address each point. We first argue that a constructionist perspective is not alien either to the role of analogical reasoning or to the particular modeling apparatus we have developed. We then suggest that despite the richness of modes of cognition that lie between rational choice and adaptive learning, theorizing about them requires simplification and the identification of underlying categories that classify such modes, which is the approach our paper employs. Finally, we clarify how our paper adopts the contingent logic advocated by Farjoun. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Understanding strategic responses to interest group pressures
Authors: Julian Scott D. , Ofori‐Dankwa Joseph C. , Justis Robert T. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractWith the increasing prominence of special interest group activity in the organizational external environment, we build on the stakeholder literature on strategic management to explain how organizations respond to pressures from such groups. Using a model integrating institutional, resource dependence, resource‐based, and cognitive theoretical perspectives, we examine the restaurant industry's response to the fat reduction pressure campaign run by a nutritional interest group, the National Heart Saver's Association (NHSA) in the early 1990s. Our findings indicate that susceptibility to institutional pressures partially affected accommodation to NHSA's demands, and more strongly affected organizational cognitions of those pressures. Our measure of resource dependence did not directly affect accommodation, but was significantly related to managerial cognitions. Resource‐based factors had a strong direct effect on the extent of accommodation to the pressures of NHSA, and partially influenced measures of cognition. Further, our findings indicate that managerial cognition strongly influenced an organization's response to NHSA pressure. From these results we suggest strategies for managers as they try to make sense of and respond to interest group pressures. We also point to future avenues of inquiries for researchers. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An automated approach for abstracting execution logs to execution events
Authors: Jiang Zhen Ming , Hassan Ahmed E. , Hamann Gilbert , Flora Parminder 
Published: July 2008

AbstractExecution logs are generated by output statements that developers insert into the source code. Execution logs are widely available and are helpful in monitoring, remote issue resolution, and system understanding of complex enterprise applications. There are many proposals for standardized log formats such as the W3C and SNMP formats. However, most applications usead hocnon‐standardized logging formats. Automated analysis of such logs is complex due to the loosely defined structure and a large non‐fixed vocabulary of words. The large volume of logs, produced by enterprise applications, limits the usefulness of manual analysis techniques. Automated techniques are needed to uncover the structure of execution logs. Using the uncovered structure, sophisticated analysis of logs can be performed.In this paper, we propose a log abstraction technique that recognizes the internal structure of each log line. Using the recovered structure, log lines can be easily summarized and categorized to help comprehend and investigate the complex behavior of large software applications. Our proposed approach handles free‐form log lines with minimal requirements on the format of a log line. Through a case study using log files from four enterprise applications, we demonstrate that our approach abstracts log files of different complexities with high precision and recall. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐performance control of wind‐induced vibration of high‐rise building via innovative high‐hardness rubber damper
Authors: Tani T. , Yoshitomi S. , Tsuji M. , Takewaki I. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractHigh‐hardness viscoelastic rubber dampers are used to upgrade both the habitability environment and the structural safety in high‐rise buildings subjected to wind disturbances. While most of usual viscoelastic dampers have limitation on temperature and frequency dependencies, etc., the proposed high‐hardness viscoelastic rubber dampers possess many unprecedented properties. High hardness, large stiffness, small temperature and frequency dependencies are examples of such properties.Mechanical modelling of the proposed high‐hardness viscoelastic rubber dampers is introduced first, and the wind‐induced response of high‐rise buildings with and without the proposed high‐hardness viscoelastic rubber dampers is computed under dynamic horizontal loads derived from wind tunnel tests. It is shown that high‐rise buildings with the proposed high‐hardness viscoelastic rubber dampers exhibit extremely smaller wind‐induced responses (both along‐wind and cross‐wind responses) than those without such dampers. In particular, a remarkable reduction of acceleration has been achieved owing to sufficient hysteresis even in the small strain range. It is concluded that the proposed high‐hardness viscoelastic rubber dampers can upgrade the habitability environment of building structures dramatically. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Earthquake‐induced shear concentration in shear walls above transfer structures
Authors: Su R. K. L. , Cheng M. H. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractDue to various architectural constraints and multi‐functional requirements for modern buildings, combined structural forms, which typically include shear wall systems in higher zones and moment‐resisting frames together with core walls in lower zones, are commonly used for these buildings. Transfer structures are often introduced to transfer the loads from higher to lower zones. Previous experimental and numerical studies have demonstrated that the exterior walls above the transfer structure are particularly vulnerable structural members under seismic loading. In this paper, a qualitative model is presented for simulating the shear concentration effect in exterior walls with consideration of the local deformations of transfer structures. A parametric study was carried out to validate the model and to quantify various factors which may influence the shear concentration effect. A shear concentration factor, which can measure the intensity of shear stress concentration in the exterior walls, is defined. Based on the numerical study, design principles are recommended to seismic engineers for minimizing the adverse shear concentration effect on exterior walls under seismic loads. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Options for support tower design of a sensitive equipment under ambient vibrations
Authors: Chaudhary Muhammad Tariq A. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis paper describes the options and methodology adopted for the design of an 18‐m high support tower for a vibration sensitive optical telescope. The telescope was to be housed inside an existing building that provided shielding from atmospheric wind and thermal variations. However, proper functioning of the telescope was dependent on the support tower's structural configuration and stiffness to limit angular distortion of the telescope platform to less than 2 µ radians or 0·4 arc‐sec. This level of sensitivity required investigation of support tower response under ambient vibrations resulting from normal operation of the existing facility. The measured peak ambient vibration acceleration ranged from 0·04 m/s/s to 0·27 m/s/s for various recorded events. Two options for the tower were investigated viz. steel braced frame and concrete shaft. The effect of soil structure interaction (SSI) was also examined. It was concluded that the concrete tower option provided the desired performance for both fixed base and SSI cases. On the other hand, the steel tower performed well for the fixed base case but its performance was close to the threshold when SSI was also considered. Effect of soil properties variation on SSI was also examined for both tower options and was found to be relatively insignificant. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tiered bandwidth reservation scheme for multimedia wireless networks
Authors: Wei Kuang Lai , Hsu‐Sheng Tsai , Yu‐Hang Sun 
Published: July 2008

AbstractIt is important to provide quality of service (QoS) guarantees if we want to support multimedia applications over wireless networks. In this paper, considering the features of tiering in sectored cellular networks, we propose a novel scheme for bandwidth reservation to approach QoS provisioning. By predicting the movement of each connection, the reserving of bandwidth is only required in needful neighboring cells instead of in all neighboring cells. In addition, an admission control mechanism incorporated with bandwidth borrowing assists in distributing scarce wireless bandwidth in more adaptive way. Through mathematical analysis, we proof the advantages of tier‐based approach and the bound for the selection of tiered boundary. The simulation results also verify that our scheme can achieve superior performance than traditional schemes regarding no bandwidth reserving, fixed bandwidth reserving, and bandwidth borrowing in sectored cellular networks when performance metrics are measured in terms of the connection dropping probability (CDP), connection blocking probability (CBP), and bandwidth utilization (BU). Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Laser-based systems for trace gas detection in life sciences
Authors: Cristescu S.M. , Persijn S.T. , te Lintel Hekkert S. , Harren F.J.M. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractInfrared gas phase spectroscopy is becoming very common in many life science applications. Here we present three types of trace gas detection systems based on CO2 laser and continuous wave (cw) optical parametric oscillator (OPO) in combination with photoacoustic spectroscopy and cw quantum cascade laser (QCL) in combination with wavelength modulation spectroscopy. Examples are included to illustrate the suitability of CO2 laser system to monitor in real time ethylene emission from various dynamic processes in plants and microorganisms as well as from car exhausts. The versatility of an OPO-based detector is demonstrated by simultaneous detection of 13C-methane and 12C-methane (at 3240 nm) at similar detection limits of 0.1 parts per billion by volume. Recent progress on a QCL-based spectrometer using a continuous wave QCL (output power 25 mW, tuning range of 1891–1908 cm-1) is presented and a comparison is made to a standard chemiluminescence instrument for analysis of NO in exhaled breath.
Triglyceride response following an oral fat tolerance test in Burmese cats, other pedigree cats and domestic crossbred cats
Authors: Kluger Elissa K. , Hardman Chloë , Govendir Merran , Baral Randolph M. , Sullivan David R. , Snow David , Malik Richard 
Published: July 2008

Primary lipid disorders causing fasting triglyceridaemia have been documented infrequently in Burmese cats. Due to the known increased risk of diabetes mellitus and sporadic reports of lipid aqueous in this breed, the aim of this study was to determine whether healthy Burmese cats displayed a more pronounced pre- or post-prandial triglyceridaemia compared to other cats. Serum triglyceride (TG) concentrations were determined at baseline and variably at 2, 4 and 6 h after ingestion of a high-fat meal (ie, an oral fat tolerance test) in a representative sample of Burmese and non-Burmese cats. The median 4 and 6 h serum TG concentrations were significantly higher in Burmese cats (4 h–2.8 mmol/l; 6 h–8.2 mmol/l) than in other pedigree and domestic crossbred cats (4 h–1.5 mmol/l; 6 h–1.0 mmol/l). The non-Burmese group had post-prandial TG concentrations ranging from 0.6 to 3.9 mmol/l. Seven Burmese cats had post-prandial TG concentrations between 6.6 and 19.0 mmol/l, five had concentrations between 4.2 and 4.7 mmol/l, while the remaining 15 had post-prandial concentrations between 0.5 and 2.8 mmol/l. None of these Burmese cats had fasting triglyceridaemia. Most Burmese cats with a 4 h TG > 6.0 mmol/l had elevated fasting very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) concentrations. This study demonstrates that a proportion of Burmese cats in Australia have delayed TG clearance compared to other cats. The potential repercussions of this observation with reference to lipid aqueous, pancreatitis and diabetes mellitus in Burmese cats are discussed.
General practitioners and family planning in Sheffield
Authors: Ward Audrey W. M. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryA postal questionnaire was sent to one randomly selected half of the general practitioners on the Sheffield Executive Council list in April 1967 concerning the advice they give about family planning; 90% responded, and of these 78% suggest contraceptive measures on their own initiative. All the respondents either advise patients directly, refer them elsewhere, or both; 93% will on occasion advise the patient themselves, and 73% refer patients to the FPA. Of those who advise directly 92% prescribe the pill; 32 % of the respondents have had training in contraceptive methods. Doctors trained in Ireland were less likely to suggest contraception measures on their own initiative or to prescribe the pill, and more likely to prescribe the safe period than doctors trained elsewhere in the British Isles.
Effect of fewer births on average income
Authors: Enke Stephen , Zind Richard G. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThis study analyses, for the dynamic economy of a typical less developed country (LDC), the significance for economic development over 30 years of gradual reductions in age-specific fertility rates (assumed to result from a government-supported birth reduction campaign).The computer results, using parameters typical of poorer LDCs, include the following:1. A modest birth control programme, costing perhaps 30 cents a year per head of national population, can raise average income over only 15 years by almost twice the percentage that it would rise without birth control;2. Such a birth control programme, including more exposed couples every year until half of them are practising contraception, yields an undiscounted return on cost of 13 times in 5 years and 80 times in 30 years;3. The value of permanently preventing the birth of a marginal infant is about twice an LDCs annual income per head;4. Without birth control, to achieve similar rises in income per head, the rate of productive innovation would have to be about 1½ times the typical rate assumed;5. Saving propensities would have to be from 2 to 3 times as great as are assumed typical if similar income increases per head are to be realized without birth control.The model employed uses age-specific death, fertility, and consumption rates for an annually changing age distribution of population. It also uses a national production function that takes into account the changing stocks and productivities of labour and capital, saving propensities that vary with disposable income and the rate of productive innovation. Consequently, it can trace, in more detail than any demographic–economic model yet described in the literature, the incidence of whatever fertility reductions may result from government or private birth control programmes.*
Aspects of Old Age in Age-Specific Mortality Rates
Authors: Bytheway W. R. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryAge-specific mortality rates have been used to illustrate certain aspects of the characteristics of old age. A consideration of the experience of the ageing person in his fifties and early sixties suggests that during this period he comes to recognize death as being an increasingly common characteristic of his age group. Thus the standard procedure for studying old age problems in a sample of people over the age of 65 may miss the period of life when people are making the crucial adjustments to old age and may give a distorted view of some gerontological problems. Certain demographic aspects of old age are considered in detail with regard to the occurrence of, first, widowhood and, second, social isolation.
The Long-Term Effects of Steroid Contraceptives
Authors: Doll Richard 
Published: July 2008

Editorial noteThe Twelfth Oliver Bird Lecture was delivered by Professor Richard Doll, Regius Professor of Medicine in the University of Oxford, at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine on 19th March 1970. This was the last lecture to be given under the auspices of the Oliver Bird Trust, an account of which starts on page 359. Professor Doll was formerly Director of the MRC Unit of Medical Statistics, in which capacity he had exceptional experience in assessing the significance of changes in the incidences of abnormal conditions. The subject of his lecture was therefore highly appropriate to his special knowledge, as well as to current controversy and to the series of Oliver Bird lectures. The Journal of Biosocial Science is glad to publish this authoritative exposition of a most important problem.
Reproductive Patterns after Stillbirth and Early Infant Death
Authors: Vogel H. P. , Knox E. G. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryBirth records in Birmingham were examined for evidence of reproductive compensation following a fetal or infant death. Mothers with a stillbirth, a neonatal death, or a post-neonatal death in 1964 were identified, controls were selected, and subsequent reproductive patterns up to 1969 were compared. There was substantial reproductive compensation following the post-neonatal deaths and a lesser degree after neonatal deaths. Stillbirths were followed by compensation in the first year but this was not maintained and there was a net reduction of effective fertility over the whole 5-year period. Within this pattern, the extent of compensation varied according to the number of older surviving children. Both fetal and neonatal deaths tended to recur. There is evidence that reproductive compensation is partly attributable to pre-existing fertility differentials, but also to eventdetermined modifications of reproductive behaviour. With respect to haemolytic disease of the newborn the data provide some evidence in support of the theory that gene frequency stability depends upon reproductive compensation, but the interpretation of the data in this respect is not completely reliable.
Birth Weight in Israel, 1968–70
Authors: Handlesman Y. , Davies A. Michael 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe influence of the country of origin of the father on mean birth weight of offspring of Jewish immigrants to Israel has been examined in an analysis of 98% of records of live births for the period 1968–70. The mean birth weight of infants born to parents from the same country (in-group marriages) was 3309 ± 570 g and that of infants whose parents came from different countries (out-group marriages) was 3289 ± 565 g: these differences are not significant.Infants born to immigrants from North African countries are heavier, and those born to immigrants from Asian countries lighter, than the Israeli mean. Apart from Algeria (whose immigrants have babies heavier than those from other North African countries) and India and Yemen (whose immigrants have babies lighter than those from other countries of Asia) there were no significant differences in adjusted mean birth weight by country of origin, within each continental group.Mean birth weight is determined by a combination of maternal and environmental factors, paternal factors having little effect.Analysis of birth weights of second and subsequent generations of Israeli-born, by origin of their grandparents, shows a fall in mean birth weight of those of North African descent and a rise in those of Asian descent, i.e. a tendency to approach an Israeli mean.(Summary in Hebrew, p. 164.)