bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temperature Inversions in the Subarctic North Pacific
Authors: Ueno Hiromichi , Yasuda Ichiro 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Hydrographic data from the World Ocean Database 2001 and Argo profiling floats were analyzed to study temperature inversions in the subarctic North Pacific Ocean. The frequency distribution of temperature inversions [F(t-inv)] at a resolution of 1° (latitude) × 3° (longitude) was calculated. Temperature inversions seldom occurred around 50°N in the eastern subarctic North Pacific but were more common in the northern Gulf of Alaska and the southeastern subarctic North Pacific (42°–48°N, 140°–170°W). Large temperature inversions occurred throughout the year in the western and central subarctic North Pacific (north of 42°N and west of 180°) except near the Aleutian and Kuril Islands. Near those islands, F(t-inv) was characterized by pronounced seasonal variations forced by surface heating/cooling and strong tidal mixing.
Destruction of Potential Vorticity by Winds
Authors: Thomas Leif N. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
The destruction of potential vorticity (PV) at ocean fronts by wind stress–driven frictional forces is examined using PV flux formalism and numerical simulations. When a front is forced by “downfront” winds, that is, winds blowing in the direction of the frontal jet, a nonadvective frictional PV flux that is upward at the sea surface is induced. The flux extracts PV out of the ocean, leading to the formation of a boundary layer thicker than the Ekman layer, with nearly zero PV and nonzero stratification. The PV reduction is not only active in the Ekman layer but is transmitted through the boundary layer via secondary circulations that exchange low PV from the Ekman layer with high PV from the pycnocline. Extraction of PV from the pycnocline by the secondary circulations results in an upward advective PV flux at the base of the boundary layer that scales with the surface, nonadvective, frictional PV flux and that leads to the deepening of the layer. At fronts forced by both downfront winds and a destabilizing atmospheric buoyancy flux FBatm, the critical parameter that determines whether the wind or the buoyancy flux is the dominant cause for PV destruction is (H/δe)(FBwind/FBatm), where H and δe are the mixed layer and Ekman layer depths, FBwind = S2τo/(ρof ), S2 is the magnitude of the lateral buoyancy gradient of the front, τo is the downfront component of the wind stress, ρo is a reference density, and f is the Coriolis parameter. When this parameter is greater than 1, PV destruction by winds dominates and may play an important role in the formation of mode water.
The Modified Bristow Procedure for Anterior Shoulder Instability
Authors: Schroder David T. , Provencher Matthew T. , Mologne Timothy S. , Muldoon Michael P. , Cox Jay S. 
Published: January 2006

Background Many procedures have been proposed for the correction of anterior shoulder instability. Some of these procedures address the problem anatomically, such as the Bankart procedure, and some prevent instability nonanatomically, such as the Bristow-Latarjet procedure. A modified Bristow procedure was the procedure of choice for anterior shoulder instability among midshipmen at the United States Naval Academy from 1975 to 1979. Hypothesis The modified Bristow procedure for anterior shoulder instability provides good shoulder function and stability in the long term. Study Design Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods There were 52 shoulders in 49 patients reviewed at a mean follow-up of 26.4 years. The Rowe score, Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation, and Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index were used to assess outcomes. Results The mean Rowe score was 81.8 (range, 5-100), and the mean Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation score was 82.9 (range, 30-100), with an overall Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation of 71.2% (37 of 52 shoulders) rated as good and excellent. The mean Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index was 376 of 2100 (range, 0-1560). Overall, recurrent instability occurred in 8 of 52 shoulders (15.4%), with recurrent dislocation in 5 shoulders (9.6%) and recurrent subluxation in 3 shoulders (5.8%). The mean time to recurrent dislocation was 7.0 years. Conclusion This study represents the longest follow-up in the literature of the modified Bristow procedure. The authors have shown nearly 70% good and excellent results and recurrent instability comparable with other long-term follow-up studies of open instability procedures.
Peak Torque and Rotational Stiffness Developed at the Shoe-Surface Interface
Authors: Livesay Glen A. , Reda Dawn R. , Nauman Eric A. 
Published: January 2006

Background Shoe-surface interactions have been implicated in the high number of noncontact knee injuries suffered by athletes at all levels. Purpose To examine shoe-surface interactions on newer field designs and compare these with more traditional shoe-surface combinations. The peak torque and rotational stiffness (the rate at which torque is developed under rotation) were determined. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods A device was constructed to measure the torque versus applied rotation developed between different shoe-surface combinations. Data were collected on 5 different playing surfaces (natural grass, Astroturf, 2 types of Astroplay, and FieldTurf), using 2 types of shoes (grass and turf), under a compressive load of 333 N. Results The highest peak torques were developed by the grass shoe–FieldTurf tray and the turf shoe–Astroturf field combinations. The lowest peak torques were developed on the grass field. The turf shoe–Astroturf combination exhibited a rotational stiffness nearly double that of any other shoe-surface combinations. Conclusion The differences in the rotational stiffness across all 10 shoe-surface combinations were greater than those of the peak torques. It is possible that rotational stiffness may provide a new criterion for the evaluation of shoe-surface interface. Clinical Relevance An improved understanding of shoe-surface interactions remains a critical need to improve the design of shoe-surface combinations with the goal of meeting player needs while minimizing injury potential.
Quantitative PCR on 5 genes reliably identifies CTCL patients with 5% to 99% circulating tumor cells with 90% accuracy
Authors: Nebozhyn Michael , Loboda Andrey , Kari Laszlo , Rook Alain H. , Vonderheid Eric C. , Lessin Stuart , Berger Carole , Edelson Richard , Nichols Calen , Yousef Malik , Gudipati Lalitha , Shang Meiling , Showe Michael K. , Showe Louise C. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractWe previously identified a small number of genes using cDNA arrays that accurately diagnosed patients with Sézary Syndrome (SS), the erythrodermic and leukemic form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). We now report the development of a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assay that uses expression values for just 5 of those genes: STAT4, GATA-3, PLS3, CD1D, and TRAIL. qRT-PCR data from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) accurately classified 88% of 17 patients with high blood tumor burden and 100% of 12 healthy controls in the training set using Fisher linear discriminant analysis (FLDA). The same 5 genes were then assayed on 56 new samples from 49 SS patients with blood tumor burdens of 5% to 99% and 69 samples from 65 new healthy controls. The average accuracy over 1000 resamplings was 90% using FLDA and 88% using support vector machine (SVM). We also tested the classifier on 14 samples from patients with CTCL with no detectable peripheral involvement and 3 patients with atopic dermatitis with severe erythroderma. The accuracy was 100% in identifying these samples as non-SS patients. These results are the first to demonstrate that gene expression profiling by quantitative PCR on a selected number of critical genes can be employed to molecularly diagnosis SS.
In Search of the Truth about History, Sexuality, and Black Women: An Interview with Gail E. Wyatt
Authors: Grimes Tresmaine Rubain 
Published: January 2006

Tresmaine R. Grimes is Associate Professor of Psychology and Chair of the Department of Psychology and Sociology at South Carolina State University (Orangeburg, SC). Her research interests include the development of children and adolescents and substance abuse. She teaches courses in general, child, abnormal, and personality psychology as well as human sexuality. Gail E. Wyatt is a sex therapist, researcher, and professor of psychiatry and biobehavioral sciences at the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA). She is also the Associate Director of Behavioral Science Research, Education, and Training for the UCLA AIDS Institute. Wyatt has appeared on numerous national and local television and radio programs, and has had her research featured in Vanity Fair, The New York Times, The Los Angeles Times, Essence, Ebony, and Emerge. She has been recognized for distinguished contributions in research on public policy by the American Psychological Association (APA) and recognized as an outstanding researcher by the Association of Black Psychologists and the Society for the Study of Ethnicity and Culture of the APA. She is also a recipient of the Carolyn Sherif Award from APA's Division of the Psychology of Women and author of the critically acclaimed book, Stolen Women.
Fifty-Plus Years as a Student-Centered Teacher: An Interview with Wilbert J. McKeachie
Authors: Landrum R. Eric 
Published: January 2006

R. Eric Landrum is an Associate Professor and Chair of the Department of Psychology at Boise State University in Boise, ID. His teaching and research interests focus on student performance and student success, examined in the context of student study time, retention and attrition, grade inflation, and student evaluations of teaching. Landrum is currently serving as the President of the Council of Teachers of Undergraduate Psychology. Wilbert J. McKeachie is a Professor in the Department of Psychology and a Research Scientist at the Center for Research on Learning and Teaching at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. His long academic career is distinguished by 7 honorary degrees, 27 regional or national honors, membership in 14 professional societies, 32 books, 117 book chapters, 84 research or scholarly articles, and 105 other articles. Additionally, he is the composer of 6 musical compositions and has sung (with his wife) in the First Baptist Church Choir since 1948. During his fast-pitch Softball career (from 1933 to 1989), McKeachie pitched 35 no-hitters (in 1976 his pitching record was 22-0), with a winning pitching record of .750 and a lifetime batting average above .300. His book, Teaching Tips: Strategies, Research, and Theory for College and University Teachers is in its 10th edition and has become a cherished resource by new and seasoned academics alike.
A Critical Evaluation of the Role of Soy Protein and Isoflavone Supplementation in the Control of Plasma Cholesterol Concentrations
Authors: Dewell Antonella , Hollenbeck Piper L. W. , Hollenbeck Clarie B. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractContext: The purpose of this review was to critically evaluate current research on the effect of soy protein and isoflavone supplements on plasma lipoproteins and place the potential role of soy in the prevention of coronary artery disease (CAD) into a clinical perspective.Evidence Acquisition: An extensive literature search was performed using a variety of medical and scientific databases including Medline, PubMed, Science Direct, Ovid, NIST, and Infotrac to identify relevant articles. Journal articles were cross-referenced for additional sources of information. Articles were evaluated based on level of experimental control as well as statistical, quantitative, and clinical analysis.Evidence Synthesis: Soy and soy isoflavones have been the object of extensive research investigating their potential hypocholesterolemic effects and possible role in the prevention of CAD. It has been suggested that soy, especially the isoflavones contained in soy, improves lipoprotein levels, thus reducing the risk for CAD. This belief, however, is not uniformly accepted. Moreover, the experimental evidence in support of this notion is not as overwhelming as generally perceived, and the current available data reveal that the discrepancies observed are primarily statistical in nature rather than reflecting actual quantitative differences in the hypocholesterolemic effects detected.Conclusions: A critical analysis of the investigations to date indicates the data are not quantitatively impressive and raises substantial questions about the clinical importance of the hypocholesterolemic effects observed.
Improvement of Cardiac Performance and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Children with GH Deficiency after Two Years of GH Replacement Therapy: An Observational, Open, Prospective, Case-Control Study
Authors: Salerno Mariacarolina , Esposito Valentina , Farina Vincenzo , Radetti Giorgio , Umbaldo Angela , Capalbo Donatella , Spinelli Letizia , Muzzica Stefania , Lombardi Gaetano , Colao Annamaria 
Published: January 2006

Context: GH deficiency (GHD) in adults is associated with a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors that may contribute to an increased mortality for cardiovascular disease.
Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of GHD and GH replacement therapy on cardiac performance, lipid profile, and insulin resistance in children.
Design: This was a 2-yr case-control prospective study.
Patients: Thirty children with GHD aged 9.3 ± 0.5 yr and 30 healthy matched controls were studied.
Intervention: Children were studied before and after 1 and 2 yr of GH replacement (GHD children) or no treatment (controls).
Main Outcome Measures: Lipid profile, serum insulin levels, homeostasis model of assessment (HOMA) index, and left ventricular (LV) mass and function by echocardiography were the main outcome measures.
Results: At study entry, the LV mass index was significantly lower in GHD children (50.2 ± 1.7) than in controls (60.3 ± 2.5 g/m2; P &lt; 0.002), whereas LV systolic and diastolic function, lipid profile, insulin levels, and HOMA index were similar. In GHD children LV mass index significantly increased (66.3 ± 2.4 g/m2; P &lt; 0.0001) after 1 yr of GH replacement and remained stable thereafter. LV systolic and diastolic function did not change during treatment. After 2 yr of GH replacement, total cholesterol (P &lt; 0.007) and the atherogenic index (P &lt; 0.0001) significantly decreased, whereas fasting insulin levels (P &lt; 0.001) and HOMA index (P &lt; 0.0001) significantly increased compared with both pretreatment and control values.
Conclusions: GHD in children is associated with a reduced cardiac size but with a normal cardiac function, lipid profile, and insulin sensitivity. Two years of GH replacement normalizes cardiac morphology, improves lipid profile, and slightly impairs insulin sensitivity.
The Structural Brain Correlates of Cognitive Deficits in Adults with Klinefelter’s Syndrome
Authors: Itti E. , Gaw Gonzalo I. T. , Pawlikowska-Haddal A. , Boone K. B. , Mlikotic A. , Itti L. , Mishkin F. S. , Swerdloff R. S. 
Published: January 2006

Context: Adults with Klinefelter’s syndrome (KS) are known to present disturbances of language skills and delayed learning abilities.Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess brain morphometry in KS and to correlate eventual volumetric changes with performance on neuropsychological tests.Patients: Patients included 18 KS adults and 20 age-matched controls.Methods: All participants underwent prospectively double-spin-echo brain magnetic resonance imaging and neuropsychological testing of verbal and nonverbal domains. On the axial stack of magnetic resonance imaging slices, regional brain volumes were measured either by automated segmentation (full brain, total cerebrospinal fluid, and ventricular volume) or manual drawing with help of a neuroanatomy atlas (frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes, gray matter component of the lobes, cerebellar hemispheres, and hippocampal complexes).Results: KS patients performed significantly lower than controls on language-related tasks exploring verbal processing speed and verbal executive function. They were diagnosed with significant enlargement of ventricular volume and bilateral reduction of cerebellar hemispheres. Furthermore, after separation of participants according to handedness and after correction of regional brain volumes for atrophy, a significant reduction of left temporal lobe volume was found in KS compared with controls. Ventricular volume was inversely correlated with cognitive function, whereas left temporal lobe volume was positively correlated with language-related tasks.Conclusion: This study hypothesizes that supernumerary X-chromosome and/or congenital hypogonadism provoke structural alterations in the subcortical pathways involved in language processing, thus providing a neurobiological substrate for cognitive deficits in KS.
Metastatic Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma Arising from Congenital Goiter as a Result of a Novel Splice Donor Site Mutation in the Thyroglobulin Gene
Authors: Alzahrani Ali S. , Baitei Essa Y. , Zou Minjing , Shi Yufei 
Published: January 2006

AbstractContext: Defects in thyroglobulin (Tg) synthesis are one of the causes of thyroid dyshormonogenesis. Only a few mutations in the Tg gene have been described.Objectives: We describe a novel Tg gene mutation and discuss the mechanisms by which it causes dyshormonogenesis with subsequent malignant transformation.Cases: Two siblings aged 21 and 19 yr presented with recurrent goiters for which they had undergone multiple thyroid surgeries since early childhood. The older sibling was diagnosed with metastatic follicular thyroid carcinoma at age 15 yr.Methods: The entire coding region and intron-exon boundaries of the Tg gene were amplified and sequenced from the patients. We also sequenced the boundaries of exon 5 and intron 5 from both parents. RT-PCR amplification of a cDNA fragment encompassing exons 4–6 was also performed.Results: A homozygous G to A point mutation at position +1 of the splice donor site of intron 5 (g.IVS5+1G→A) was detected in both patients, whereas a monoallelic mutation was found in their parents. RT-PCR amplification of a cDNA fragment covering exons 4–6 revealed a 191-bp fragment in the patients and 351- and 191-bp fragments in the parents. Sequence analysis of these two fragments confirmed deletion of exon 5 in the 191-bp fragment.Conclusions: Aberrant splicing occurred as a result of the g.IVS5+1G→A mutation, which caused fusion of exons 4 and 6, resulting in the frame shift at codon position 141 and a premature stop codon at position 147 (FS141→147X). The malignant transformation is likely a result of prolonged TSH stimulation.
Evidence-based policies for residential childcare staff: who benefits from a minimalist approach to education and training?
Authors: Heron Gavin 
Published: January 2006

English
Despite the well-publicised inadequacies of residential childcare social work in Britain, minimal progress has been made towards implementing an effective education and training policy for those staff who care for some of the most vulnerable children in society. This study focuses on the Scottish context and examines the effectiveness of a range of accredited and non-accredited education and training courses for residential childcare staff. The findings would suggest that courses have a positive impact on learning and practice; however, their existence appears to be incompatible with recent developments in education and training policy in Scotland.
Putting evidence into practice: an evidence-based approach to continuing professional development
Authors: Phillips Mary 
Published: January 2006

English
The concepts of evidence-based practice (EBP) and continuing professional development (CPD) can be seen as responses to similar challenges to professionalism, centred around the need to maintain expertise. However, there is little awareness of the former outside the health and social policy fields. This article presents empirical research conducted with professional bodies to explore how CPD could become more evidence-based while, at the same time, providing an effective vehicle for putting evidence into practice. From the findings, a model is developed that demonstrates how research evidence can be combined with other important elements of professionalism to inform professional judgement.
Information retrieval and the role of the information specialist in producing high-quality systematic reviews in the social, behavioural and education sciences
Authors: Wade C. Anne , Turner Herbert M. , Rothstein Hannah R. , Lavenberg Julia G. 
Published: January 2006

English
The International Campbell Collaboration (C2) prepares, maintains and disseminates high-quality systematic reviews in the social, behavioural and educational sciences. As part of its effort to ensure that systematic reviews are based on a set of systematic, transparent and replicable procedures, C2 has produced a set of policy briefs. One of these, the C2 Information retrieval policy brief, proposes policies for searching the literature for C2 reviews, addresses key issues and challenges faced by C2 reviewers, and recommends working with an information specialist (IS). This article illustrates how the information retrieval issues raised in the brief have been addressed by one C2 review team, through the inclusion of an IS as an integral member of its review team. This unique approach recognises that information retrieval is a continuous and important process, requiring the ongoing expertise of a professional. Cost implications for the provision of ongoing support by an IS are briefly addressed, along with various alternative approaches.
Resistances to ‘new’ technologies of evaluation: education research in the UK as a case study
Authors: Oakley Ann 
Published: January 2006

English
Current debates about the relationship between research evidence and policy involve methodological issues relating to procedures for generating reliable research findings. This article focuses on the role of randomised controlled trials (RCTs), and the education sector in the UK as a case study. It describes ‘resistance’ positions with respect to the contribution RCTs can make to public policy and practice evidence, analyses key features of ‘resistance’ texts, and argues that these are best understood sociologically as ideological statements, and as conservative responses to the real or imagined threat of ‘new’ technology, including its ability to reveal previously unchallenged problems in, and with, academic work.