bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morphologic study of the laryngeal taste buds in the cat
Authors: Shin Takemoto , Nahm Insung , Maeyama Tadatsugu , Miyazaki Junji , Matsuo Hiromichi , Yu Youngchae 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe distribution of laryngeal taste buds (TBs) and their neural components in the cat were investigated by immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. The antisera used in this study were against cytokeratin, protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5), neuron‐specific enolase (NSE), S‐100 protein, calbindin‐D, calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP), and substance P(SP).Taste bud cells were specifically immunoreactive to the antibodies of human cytokeratin subtypes 8 and 18 (CAM5.2). On observation with CAM5.2, TBs were seen distributed on the laryngeal surface of the epiglottis and spread caudally along the aryepiglottic folds, reaching peak density at the laryngeal side of the arytenoid tubercle.The PGP9.5 and NSE immunoreactivities were recognized in TB cells and nerve fibers, both within the TBs and in the subepithelial connective tissue. S‐100 protein immunoreactivities were not found in any of the cells in the TBs but were found exclusively in the subepithelial neural elements. The calbindin‐D, CGRP, and SP immunoreactivities were confined to a part of the neural elements that was very thin.Taste pores, taste villi, neuronal varicosity, and synapselike structures were observed by scanning and transmission electron microscopic study.From these results it is considered that the TBs act as a chemical receptor.
Reducing ischemia‐reperfusion injury in rat island groin flaps by dexamethasone and BW755C
Authors: Dolan Robert W. , Kerr Donald , Arena Sebastian 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDespite the known effectiveness of anti‐inflammatory therapy in reducing reperfusion injury, no studies to date involve the use of anti‐inflammatory therapy in reducing ischemia‐reperfusion injury in fasciocutaneous flaps. Dexamethasone (a phospholi‐pase A2 inhibitor) and specific cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase inhibitors (indomethacin and BW755C) were administered to rats with ischemic island groin (fasciocutaneous) flaps. Significant improvement in ischemic flap survival was found with dexamethasone and BW755C. The mode of action of dexamethasone was not specifically investigated in our study; however, it may suppress neutrophil function and reduce ischemia‐reperfusion injury in its shared ability with BW755C to reduce the formation of leukotrienes. Dexamethasone could be applied in the clinical setting to reduce ischemic flap loss by attenuating the systemic inflammatory response to reperfused ischemic‐damaged tissueb.
Suction drain management of salivary fistulas
Authors: Bastian Robert W. , Park Albert H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSalivary fistulas remain an unpleasant complication of upper aerodigestive tract surgery. To avoid a disastrous outcome such as carotid rupture, clinicians “medialize” (i.e., incise the skin flap in the anterior aspect of the neck and insert a Penrose drain) to divert fistula fluid from the carotid sheath and then perform laborious wound care. Meanwhile, patients endure the unpleasant odor, discomfort due to the wound dressing, occasional secondary surgical procedures, a lengthened hospital stay, and increased financial costs.In an effort to mitigate these problems, suction drains that had been placed at the time of the original surgical procedure were used as an alternative fistula management technique. Out of a population of 118 reviewable patients who underwent standard or extended variations of supraglottic laryngectomy, partial laryngopharyngectomy, near‐total laryngectomy, or total laryngectomy between 1988 and 1992, 16 patients appropriate for inclusion in this study developed postsurgical fistulas. Eight of these patients were treated with traditional medialization procedures, and the other 8 patients were treated with suction drainage. Comparison of the two groups revealed no significant difference with respect to complications or time to fistula closure. The advantages of simplified postsurgical care, less patient discomfort, reduced time demands on the clinician, and cost containment were noted for the group treated with suction drainage.
Off‐axis rotation as a test of otolith function
Authors: Blakely Brian W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis experiment was performed to determine whether linear acceleration causes a change in the vestibulo‐ocular reflex (VOR) that could be exploited as a research and/or clinical test of otolith function. The effect of otolith stimulation on the VOR was studied in the horizontal and vertical planes in 10 cats. The VOR was induced by pulses of angular acceleration (velocity ramps). During some of the test runs, a centripetal linear acceleration stimulus was also applied to stimulate the otolith organs.Using the stimuli combination as tested in this project, the authors found that otolith stimulation affected the vertical VOR but not the horizontal VOR. The vertical VOR was asymmetric. While the methods used in this study are useful in research applications, the data variability and the equipment requirements make these techniques generally impractical for clinical testing.
Mastoidectomy elimination
Authors: Black Bruce 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSurgery that eliminates the open radical cavitytakes three forms: obliteration (cavity fill‐in, reconstruction (canal wall defect repair), or ablation (external canal closure). The evolution of each variety is reviewed in detail and a personal series of 240 cases is discussed. These included obliterations and reconstructions using organic materials, then reconstructions employing porous hydroxylapatite ceramic implants. Larger defects required Grote implants, but high facial ridge cases were managed with attic defect plates and limited canalplasty. Canal repair success rates improved with the use of the middle temporal flap to improve canal wall vascularity. Residual cholesteatoma has been prevented by staged surgery, and recurrent disease has been virtually abolished by aggressive prevention techniques which employ drum reinforcement with finely shaven cartilage‐perichondrium composite grafts.Ossiculoplasty procedures included 85 Plastipore® columellas, 107 Oval‐Top hydroxylapatite/Teflon® columellas and, more recently, 17 Spanner malleus‐stapes/footplate assemblies. Earlier poor results have been succeeded by more satisfactory levels.Since 1990, the air‐bone gap has been closed to within 10 dB in 33% of cases and to within 20 dB in 66% of cases. Studies using SPITE (surgical, prosthetic, in fection, tissues, and eustachian) adverse indicators have demonstrated high levels of pathology in elimination cases, when compared with nonelimination series. The SPITE studies have also demonstrated the reduction of pathology levels by staged surgery.Elimination surgery now provides permanent relief from the problem cavity in all but a few cases.
Void Ratio-Suction Behavior of Remolded Ariake Clays
Authors: Hong Zhenshun 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
A series of oedometer tests were performed on remolded or reconstituted Ariake clays. The test data can be well interpreted by a straight line in the bilogarithmic ln f∼log p plot. The suction pressure p0 of remolded or reconstituted Ariake clays are determined by back extrapolation of the oedometer test curve to the initial void ratio e0. The void ratio at liquid limit eL is a powerful index of normalizing the relationships of initial void ratio e0 and suction pressure p0 for various remolded or reconstituted Ariake clays with different liquid limits. The normalized relationship between the normalized index e0/eL and suction pressure p0 is responsible for sensitivity of one. The existing oedometer data of remolded or reconstituted soils in literature are also compiled to compare with the proposed unique relationship between e0/eL and p0.
Effects of Patient and Surgical Alignment Variables on Kinematics in TKR Simulation Under Force-Control
Authors: Haider H , Walker P , DesJardins J , Blunn G 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Simulation of total knee replacement (TKR) is typically achieved by integrating sliding/rolling motions and loads between the implant's articulating surfaces during an activity cycle such as walking. Clinically, however, important variations in implant alignment and duty occur due to variability in patient anatomy/arthritic deformity, compounded by choices or errors in surgical installation. This study investigated the effects of the activity cycle severity, frontal plane alignment, relative femoral/tibial component rotational position, and the tightness of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL). Seven different (four fixedbearing and three mobile-bearing) cruciate-retaining TKRs with different inherent constraints were tested on a force-control knee simulator. As well as the ISO standard wave forms for walking, an Enhanced Duty Cycle was used. The resulting anterior-posterior displacements and axial rotations were increased with the Enhanced Duty Cycle. Changing the line of action of the compressive force in the frontal plane (varus-valgus over/under-correction) did not appreciably change the kinematics. Rotating the tibial component shifted the rotational curves in the same direction as the misalignment. The PCL tightness produced the most noticeable effect on kinematics; a tight PCL reduced both displacements and rotations, and a loose PCL did the opposite.
Pavement Deformation Characteristics under Repeated Aircraft Loading with Fixed Wander Sequence
Authors: Gopalakrishnan Kasthurirangan , Gomez-Ramirez Franco , Thompson Marshall R. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Full-scale traffic testing was conducted at the Federal Aviation Administration’s National Airport Pavement Test Facility (NAPTF) using Boeing 777 (B777) and Boeing 747 (B747) simulated test gears on flexible pavement test sections until they were deemed to be failed. An inertial profiling device was used to measure the transverse surface profiles at frequent intervals during NAPTF trafficking. Results from the multi-depth deflectometers (MDDs) installed within the test pavements were used to monitor the cumulative permanent deformations. The MDD results showed that the sequence of repetitive aircraft gear loads with different wander positions used at NAPTF led to contractive/dilative permanent deformation behavior, especially in the unbound pavement layers. The magnitudes of MDD residual responses were dependent on the position of the traffic gear, the previous traffic history, and the direction of traffic (east/west). These results suggest that reliable prediction of permanent deformation in airport flexible pavements is a highly challenging task owing to the complexities arising from aircraft loading sequence, gear offset and gear offset sequence, and climatic conditions.
Monitoring Hole Quality in a Drilling Process Using a Fuzzy Subtractive Clustering-based System Identification Method
Authors: Hayajneh Mohammed T. , Radaideh Saleh. M. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
In this study, a subtractive clustering fuzzy identification method and a Sugeno-type fuzzy inference system are used to monitor the hole quality in a drilling. The model for the hole quality is identified by using the hardness of the workpiece, the cutting speed, and the cutting feed as input data and the hole quality features of hole roughness, roundness error, and oversize error as the output data. The process of model building is carried out by using subtractive clustering in both the input and output spaces. A minimum error model is obtained through exhaustive search of the clustering parameters. The fuzzy model obtained is capable of predicting the hole quality for a given set of inputs (hardness of the workpiece, the cutting speed, and the cutting feed). Therefore, one can predict the quality of the drilled hole for a given set of working parameters. The fuzzy model is verified experimentally using different sets of inputs. This study deals with the experimental results obtained during drilling on medium carbon steel (AISI 1060), aluminum, and brass.
Laboratory-based Unified Permanent Deformation Model for Hot-Mix Asphalt Mixtures
Authors: Hajj Elie Y. , Siddharthan Raj V. , Sebaaly Peter E. , Weitzel Dean 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Conventionally, the resistance of hot-mixed asphalt (HMA) mixtures to permanent deformation is measured by repeated load triaxial (RLT) or repeated shear at constant height (RSCH) testing. The data from these tests have been treated as independent datasets in the prediction of rutting potential in HMA layers. This paper presents a unified permanent deformation model using response measurements made from both tests. The new model quantifies the accumulated permanent shear strain as a function of number of load cycles and factor of safety (FOS). The factor of safety is defined in the q-p space and is evaluated based on the applied stresses and triaxial compression strength properties (cohesion and angle of internal friction). For the specific mixture used in this study, a good correlation was found between the cumulative permanent shear strain and the FOS level, irrespective of the stress conditions and the type of test used.
Harmonization of VCU testing methods for maize varieties in a European context
Authors: Van Waes J. 
Published: November 2006

In the European Community, a new variety of an agricultural crop must be submitted for official trials for DUS (Distinctness, Uniformity, Stability) and VCU (Value for Cultivation and Use) before commercialization. The guidelines for these tests are summarized in the European directive 70/457/EU (1970), revised in 2002 (2002/53/EU). At present each EU country has a separate system for VCU testing. The EU directive stipulates that the VCU value must be satisfactory. The term “satisfactory” can be interpreted in different ways, so the level for admission for the same varieties may differ greatly between countries. For the market this can lead to a different assortment of varieties, adapted for the same ecological regions, but distributed over several countries. The different steps, from acceptance of a variety for trials, through the organization, the evaluation of parameters during the growing season, harvest modalities and data processing to the criteria for registration in Belgium are presented in the paper, followed by an analysis of the registration procedure in Belgium in comparison with other countries Thereafter, a proposal is given for harmonization and international cooperation in the VCU testing of varieties adapted to comparable ecological regions of neighbouring countries and with the same crop exploitation and use of the final product. For these varieties it is important that nearly the same rules are used for the registration of VCU value. The basis for successful international cooperation is a good knowledge of the national systems, searching for similarities and finding a solution for differences.
Estimation of Transpalatal Nasalance during Production of Voiced Stop Consonants by Noncleft Speakers Using an Oral-Nasal Mask
Authors: Bundy Emily L. , Zajac David J. 
Published: November 2006

Objective: Our objective was to estimate nasalance due to transpalatal transfer of acoustic energy during production of voiced stop consonants by noncleft speakers. We also determined the relationship between the transpalatal nasalance and fundamental frequency (F0) of the speakers. Method: Participants were 8 men and 10 women (mean age = 21.9 years, SD = 4.0) without cleft palate who produced voiced stop (/b d g/) and nasal (/m n η/) consonants in syllables embedded in a carrier phrase. Participants also read the Zoo Passage. A divided OroNasal Nasality System mask was used to simultaneously obtain acoustic nasalance and airflow during production of the consonants. Both F0-derived and first formant (F1)–derived nasalance were computed. Results: F0-derived and F1-derived peak nasalance across all speakers ranged from a low of 20% to a high of 80% during production of stop consonants. An estimate of error from the combined sources of transoral transfer of energy (5%) and acoustic crossover between microphones (15%) was no greater than 20%. Analysis of variance revealed no significant effects of the sex of the speakers for either F0-derived or F1-derived nasalance of stops. There was a significant effect of the place of stop production for F0-derived nasalance (p;th< .05). Nonsignificant but positive correlations were found between the F0 of the speakers and F0-derived (r = .25) and F1-derived (r = .45) nasalance. Conclusions: Transpalatal transfer of oral acoustic energy accounts for most nasalance obtained during production of voiced stop consonants by noncleft speakers. F1-derived nasalance appears to better reflect transpalatal effects. Clinical implications are discussed.
Fitting and comparing models of phyletic evolution: random walks and beyond
Authors: Hunt Gene 
Published: November 2006

For almost 30 years, paleontologists have analyzed evolutionary sequences in terms of simple null models, most commonly random walks. Despite this long history, there has been little discussion of how model parameters may be estimated from real paleontological data. In this paper, I outline a likelihood-based framework for fitting and comparing models of phyletic evolution. Because of its usefulness and historical importance, I focus on a general form of the random walk model. The long-term dynamics of this model depend on just two parameters: the mean (μstep) and variance (σ2step) of the distribution of evolutionary transitions (or “steps”). The value of μstepdetermines the directionality of a sequence, and σ2stepgoverns its volatility. Simulations show that these two parameters can be inferred reliably from paleontological data regardless of how completely the evolving lineage is sampled.In addition to random walk models, suitable modification of the likelihood function permits consideration of a wide range of alternative evolutionary models. Candidate evolutionary models may be compared on equal footing using information statistics such as the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). Two extensions to this method are developed: modeling stasis as an evolutionary mode, and assessing the homogeneity of dynamics across multiple evolutionary sequences. Within this framework, I reanalyze two well-known published data sets: tooth measurements from the Eocene mammalCantius, and shell shape in the planktonic foraminiferaContusotruncana. These analyses support previous interpretations about evolutionary mode in size and shape variables inCantius, and confirm the significantly directional nature of shell shape evolution inContusotruncana. In addition, this model-fitting approach leads to a further insight about the geographic structure of evolutionary change in this foraminiferan lineage.
The ark was full! Constant to declining Cenozoic shallow marine biodiversity on an isolated midlatitude continent
Authors: Crampton James S. , Beu Alan G. , Cooper Roger A. , Jones Craig M. , Matcham Iain , Foote Michael , Marshall Bruce A. , Maxwell Phillip A. 
Published: November 2006

In recent years several authors have questioned the reality of a widely accepted and apparently large increase in marine biodiversity through the Cenozoic. Here we use collection-level occurrence data from the rich and uniquely well documented New Zealand (NZ) shelfal marine mollusc fauna to test this question at a regional scale. Because the NZ data were generated by a small number of workers and have been databased over many decades, we have been able to either avoid or quantify many of the biases inherent in analyses of past biodiversity. In particular, our major conclusions are robust to several potential taphonomic and systematic biases and methodological uncertainties, namely non-uniform loss of aragonitic faunas, biostratigraphic range errors, taxonomic errors, choice of time bins, choice of analytical protocols, and taxonomic rank of analysis.The number of taxa sampled increases through the Cenozoic. Once diversity estimates are standardized for sampling biases, however, we see no evidence for an increase in marine mollusc diversity in the NZ region through the middle and late Cenozoic. Instead, diversity has been approximately constant for much of the past 40 Myr and, at the species and genus levels, has declined over the past ~5 Myr. Assuming that the result for NZ shelfal molluscs is representative of other taxonomic groups and other temperate faunal provinces, then this suggests that the postulated global increase in diversity is either an artifact of sampling bias or analytical methods, resulted from increasing provinciality, or was driven by large increases in diversity in tropical regions. We see no evidence for a species-area effect on diversity. Likewise, we are unable to demonstrate a relationship between marine temperature and diversity, although this question should be re-examined once refined shallow marine temperature estimates become available.
The ontogeny of trilobite segmentation: a comparative approach
Authors: Hughes Nigel C. , Minelli Alessandro , Fusco Giuseppe 
Published: November 2006

Ontogenetic stages of trilobites have traditionally been recognized on the basis of the development of exoskeletal segmentation. The established protaspid, meraspid, and holaspid phases relate specifically to the development of articulated joints between exoskeletal elements. Transitions between these phases were marked by the first and last appearances of new trunk segment articulations. Here we propose an additional and complementary ontogenetic scheme based on the generation of new trunk segments. It includes an anamorphic phase during which new trunk segments appeared, and an epimorphic phase during which the number of segments in the trunk remained constant. In some trilobites an ontogenetic boundary can also be recognized at the first appearance of morphologically distinct posterior trunk segments. Comparison of the phase boundaries of these different aspects of segment ontogeny highlights rich variation in the segmentation process among Trilobita. Cases in which the onset of the holaspid phase preceded onset of the epimorphic phase are here termedprotarthrous, synchronous onset of both phases is termedsynarthromeric, and onset of the epimorphic phase before onset of the holaspid phase is termedprotomeric. Although these conditions varied among close relatives and perhaps even intraspecifically in some cases, particular conditions may have been prevalent within some clades.Trilobites displayed hemianamorphic development that was accomplished over an extended series of juvenile and mature free-living instars. Although developmental schedules varied markedly among species, morphological transitions during trilobite development were generally regular, limited in scope, and extended over a large number of instars when compared with those of many living arthropods. Hemianamorphic, direct development with modest change between instars is also seen among basal members of the Crustacea, basal myriapods, pycnogonids, and in some fossil chelicerates. This mode may represent the ancestral condition of euarthropod development.