bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pathways from Childhood to Adult Life*
Authors: Rutter Michael 
Published: December 2006

AbstractPrinciples and concepts of development are reviewed in relation to life‐span issues noting the need to consider: development in its social context; timing of experiences; intrinsic and experiential factors; continuities and discontinuities; parallels and differences s between normal and abnormal development; heterotypic and homotypic continuities; key life transitions; risk and protective factors; indirect chain affects; mediating mechanisms; age as an index of maturational and experiential factors. Developmental findings from childhood to adult longitudinal studies arc reviewed for possible mediating factors. These include: genetic mechanisms; the(non‐genetic) biological substrate; shaping of the environment; cognitive and social skills: self‐esteem and self‐efficacy; habits, cognitive sins and coping styles: links between experiences
IQ and Behavioural Adjustment of Ex‐Institutional Adolescents
Authors: Hodges Jill , Tizard Barbara 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA group of children raised in institutions until at least 2 years of age, then adopted or restored to a biological parent, have been followed longitudinally into mid‐adolescence. No effect of early institutionalisation was found on 1Q, which depended largely on the type of family placement. Behavioural and emotional difficulties were more common in the ex‐institutional group than in a matched comparison group, according to teacher questionnaires and interviews with the adolescents and their parents The findings are discussed in relation to placement policy and the question of the long‐term effect of early experience.
Memory Impairments and Communication in Relatively Able Autistic Children
Authors: Boucher Jill , Lewis Vicky 
Published: December 2006

AbstractAutistic people have specific memory difficulties. The effects of these difficulties on communication in relatively able autistic children and learning impaired controls were assessed in three experiments I he experiments tested the ability to: (1) carry out instructions; (2) ask questions without repetition; and (3) answer questions about past activities. When specific memory skills were required autistic children's communication was impaired relative to controls. When the need to use these skills was eliminated from the tasks the autistic children performed as well as controls, Some practical and theoretical Implications of the findings are discussed.
The Children's Behaviour Questionnaire for Completion by Parents and Teachers in a Chinese Sample
Authors: Ekblad Solvig 
Published: December 2006

Abstract Children's behaviour questionnaires were completed by parents and teachers for 248 and 266 12‐year old children in Beijing, China, respectively.Compared with studies in other countries, the present study showed that (1) mothers rated children as showing higher frequencies of all behavioural items than did teachers; (2) the ratio of antisocial to neurotic behaviour was higher than the other relevant studies; (3) some items showed sex differences, and these were more marked for teachers than mothers; (4) Chinese boys scored lowest on aggression, but high on psychosomatic symptoms; and (5) difficulties in reading, writing and concentration were positively correlated with teachers' hyperactive–aggressive factor dimension and antisocial subscore.
Premenarcheal Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Gowers S. G. , Crisp A. H. , Joughin N. , Bhat A. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract The notions of ‘early‐onset’ and ‘prepubertal’ anorexia nervosa are reviewed, with particular reference to the role of the pubertal process within the condition.A database of 650 female cases is utilized to identify a small sub‐group (n= 30) who developed the condition before the menarche. Many clinical, familial, social and precipitating factors distinguish this group from post‐pubertal cases as a whole, and a sub‐group of post‐menarcheal cases (n= 42) matched for age.An explanation for previous inconsistent findings in‘early‐onset’ and ‘prepubertal’ anorexia nervosa is advanced.
Factors Related to Stress and Satisfaction with Life in Families of Children with Down's Syndrome
Authors: Sloper Patricia , Knussen Christina , Turner Stephen , Cunningham Cliff 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIn a study of families of children with Down's syndrome, measures of parent, family and child characteristics were obtained from mothers and fathers. Multivariable analyses investigated their relationships to outcome measures of psychosomatic symptoms of stress and parents' perceived satisfaction with life. Personality factors were related to outcome for both parents. For mothers, the children's levels of behaviour problems, excitability and self‐sufficiency were strongly related to outcome. Coping strategies, family relationships and socio‐economic factors also showed significant effects. For fathers, child characteristics were not related to outcome. The marital relationship was an important factor and there was evidence that factors external to the family acted as stressors.
The Use of Questionnaires in Child Psychiatry Research: Measuring their Performance and Choosing an Optimal Cut‐Off
Authors: Fombonne Eric 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThis paper introduces the basic principles of Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) analysis, a technique to evaluate and compare the discriminant power of questionnaires employed in psychiatric research. ROC curves may assist in the selection of an optimal cut‐off point, which has been shown to depend upon the prevalence rate, the consequences of correct and incorrect classifications, and the distributions of scale scores among normal individuals and cases. Then, ROC analysis is applied to the Child Behavior Checklist on a sample of 564 6–11‐year old French children. The performances of the social competence scales of this instrument are poorer than those of the behavior problem scales. The findings suggest also that the cut‐offs should be varied within this same age group and be higher for screening in community surveys. Further applications of ROC analysis are discussed.
Modifiable Lifestyle Factors and the Metabolic Syndrome in Older Men: Effects of Lifestyle Changes
Authors: Wannamethee S. Goya , Shaper A. Gerald , Whincup Peter H. 
Published: December 2006

OBJECTIVES: To examine the influence of lifestyle factors and changes in these factors on risk of the metabolic syndrome in elderly men.DESIGN: Cross‐sectional and longitudinal analyses of cohort study.SETTING: General practices in 24 British towns.PARTICIPANTS: Three thousand fifty‐one men aged 60 to 79 with no diabetes mellitus or diagnosis of coronary heart disease.MEASUREMENTS: Lifestyle factors (smoking, physical activity, alcohol intake, body weight, dietary fat and carbohydrate intake) including recent changes in the previous 3 years (physical activity and body weight); metabolic syndrome.RESULTS: After adjustment for each of the other modifiable lifestyle factors, overweight/obesity and physical inactivity were associated with a significantly higher risk of the metabolic syndrome, as were cigarette smoking and a high‐carbohydrate diet (>57% of energy). Alcohol intake and dietary fat intake were not related to the metabolic syndrome. Long‐term ex‐smokers showed similar risk to never smokers. Taking up physical activity and losing weight in the previous 3 years were associated with a reduction in risk of the metabolic syndrome.CONCLUSION: Overweight/obesity, physical inactivity, a high‐carbohydrate diet, and cigarette smoking are associated with higher risk of the metabolic syndrome in elderly men. Modification of lifestyle factors, even later in life, has considerable potential for primary prevention of the metabolic syndrome.
Adjusted Mortality After Hip Fracture: From the Cardiovascular Health Study
Authors: Robbins John A. , Biggs Mary L. , Cauley Jane 
Published: December 2006

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the risk of death associated with hip fracture (HFx), stratifying by sex and time since fracture.DESIGN: Prospective cohort study compared participants with and without hip fracture, matched on sex, age, race, recruitment period, and time since enrollment.SETTING: The Cardiovascular Health Study, a more‐than‐15‐year longitudinal study of 5,888 older individuals from four U.S. sites.PARTICIPANTS: Three hundred seventy‐nine individuals with HFx were compared with 1,134 without HFx.MEASUREMENTS: Extended Cox models were used to estimate mortality hazard ratios (HRs) for different periods after fracture, adjusting for prefracture health.RESULTS: Age‐ and race‐adjusted excess mortality was 9% in women and 24% in men 1 year after fracture, and 24% in women and 26% men 5 years postfracture. Multivariable‐adjusted HRs of mortality associated with HFx in women were 7.1 (95% confidence interval (CI)=2.3–21.5), 2.1 (95% CI=1.0–4.1), 1.4 (95% CI=1.1–2.0), and 1.0 (95% CI=0.6–1.5) for 0 to 1 months, 2 to 6 months, 7 months to 4 years, and 5 to 8 years, respectively, after index date. In men, respective HRs for the same time periods were 39.9 (95% CI=5.2–308.7), 3.8 (95% CI=1.4–10.3), 1.1 (95% CI=0.7–1.8), and 1.0 (95% CI=0.3–2.7). HRs adjusted for age and race were 20% to 40% higher.CONCLUSION: The risk of mortality was highest in the first 6 months after HFx. In men, the risk of death approximated that of men without HFx after 6 months; in women, a moderately greater risk persisted through the fourth year. Although the mortality pattern was different in women and men, excess mortality 5 years postfracture was similar for both sexes.
Portraits of the Girl‐Child: Female Bildungsroman in Victorian Fiction1
Authors: Maier Sarah E. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThis article explores the origins and traditional conventions of the literary bildungsroman and investigates the possibility of a female bildungsroman in the Victorian novels Jane Eyre (1847) by Charlotte Brontë and Mill on the Floss (1860) by George Eliot. These novels paint literary portraits of the physical, educational and intellectual growth of two Victorian girl‐children into womanhood whose experiences are explored to determine to what extent the construction of the child subject in fiction shapes the women whom the characters, Jane and Maggie, become; further, theories of the genre are considered, as well as the alterations required to the bildungsroman paradigm in its application to female characters.
An Attitude Survey in a Typical Manufacturing Firm
Authors: Campbell James W. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThe survey used was found to provide necessary information about the general and specific areas of employee dissatisfaction and the relative importance of each. This was true not only for the division as a whole, but also for the specific departments. There were many indications that employees felt better about their place of work when given an opportunity to express their opinions about their work conditions.Follow‐up interviews to uncover the reasons that lay behind the expressed attitudes were especially informative. Despite supervisors' predictions that thirty percent of the force were so illiterate that a questionnaire could not be used, less than three percent were actually unable to complete the forms satisfactorily.
For Precision Workers at RCA
Authors: Kerr Willard A. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryA standard battery of industrial vision tests was administered to 226 female radio tube workers engaged in near point mounting operations. When scores were correlated with efficiency ratings and with experience, efficiency was found to bear a significant but moderately low relationship with near acuity which persisted when experience was held constant. The use of carefully selected tests of vision in placing workers on these jobs will increase productivity.
Forced Choice—The New Army Rating1
Authors: Sisson E. Donald 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThe origin of the use of efficiency reports for Officers of the U. S. Army is lost in history, as is the story of the evolution of the formal procedures of reporting. Sometime after the first World War, however, a standard form was adopted and a procedure regularized for accomplishing this report. Thereafter, twice each year—on June 30th and on December 31st—every officer in the Army has been rated by his immediate superior, and this rating submitted to the War Department. Though early recognized as not completely satisfactory, the original rating form remained in force (with sporadic minor amendments) until it was superseded in July of 1947.The new form is the product of many months of concentrated research. It is radically different in many respects from the old form, and from other rating devices currently in use in industry. Its most novel feature is the use of what has been called the “forced‐choice” rating method. Rather than indicating how much or how little of each characteristic an officer possesses, the rater is required to choose, from several sets of four adjectives or phrases, which best characterizes the officer, and which is least descriptive. In other words, it calls for objective reporting and minimizes subjective judgment. And because of the way in which the tetrads—sets of four rating elements—are constructed, it reduces the rater's ability to produce any desired outcome by the choice of obviously good or obviously bad traits. It thus diminishes the effects of favoritism and personal bias.The technique, and the form embodying it, has been tried out on fifty thousand officers—in both experimental and official trials—and the results obtained with it have been compared with independent criteria of efficiency arrived at through group ratings. The new method is superior to all other methods examined. It produces a better distribution of ratings relatively free from the usual pile‐up at the top of the scale. It is less subject to influence by the rank of the officer being rated. It is quickly and objectively scored by machine. And above all, it produces ratings which are more valid indices of real worth.The particular form developed for rating Army officers would probably be of little value for other groups—largely because of the specificity of the rating elements it contains. The technique, however, has already proved of value in other situations and there is every reason to believe that it is even more generally applicable.
A Factor Analysis of Human Needs and Industrial Morale1
Authors: GORDON OAKLEY J. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryWhen an interested management asks “How can employee morale be measured satisfactorily”, …“How is morale in my organization”, …“How can morale be improved”?…, the personnel man is faced with a choice of definitions of morale, a choice of methods of measuring it, and a choice of recommendations on how it can be improved. A search of the published writings shows that there is yet no one best answer to these questions. The present article reports another attempt to answer them.At the beginning of the study it was proposed that high morale be defined as the feeling of well being that an individual experiences when his needs are being filled to his satisfaction. In order to measure how well the employee needs were being filled, a confidential questionnaire was administered to groups of clerical workers at a government installation. In addition, the production records and ratings of these groups were collected.It was found that there were three separate needs that were being filled with varying degrees of satisfaction and that each of these played a different role with respect to production and to morale. The definition of morale as proposed was tentatively supported. Further studies are being made to improve the measurement of need‐satisfaction and to relate these measures to turnover rate and to programs designed to improve morale, both in clerical and mechanical work.
An Instrument for the Measurement of Job Satisfaction1
Authors: JOHNSON GEORGE H. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThe construction of a 99 item job satisfaction questionnaire is described as covering the following work areas: physical and mental exertion; relations with associates; relations with employer; security, advancement, and finances; interest in, liking for, and emotional involvement in the job; job information and status; physical surroundings and work conditions; future, goals, and progress toward goals; and evaluation in retrospect.The test‐retest reliability coefficient over a three‐week interval with 98 teachers was .90, while individual items averaged 91.4 per cent complete agreement between the two questionnaires. Internal consistence was indicated by item analysis, comparing the most and least satisfied 27 per cent of 844 female teachers and 242 male teachers respectively. Biserial correlations were significant for 97 of the 99 items for the female group, and for 87 out of 99 for the smaller male group. The average magnitude of the biserial correlations obtained was .45 for each sex group when all items were considered together, and ranged from .33 to .55 when items were grouped into the various work categories represented. Validity was inferred from the nature of the construction of the instrument, ratings of the individual items by ten judges, ratings of work characteristics for importance to job satisfaction by 1184 teachers, a correlation of .64 between self‐estimates of satisfaction and job satisfaction scores for 98 teachers and a correlation of .61 between paired‐comparison ratings of job satisfaction and scores for 18 teachers.Such an instrument should be of value in studying and diagnosing job satisfaction in both applied and research situations.
A Scale for the Measurement of Initiative
Authors: GHISELLI EDWIN E. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryInitiative is one of the traits stressed in the selection and placement of personnel, particularly those being considered for higher positions. Because of the importance of this trait, an attempt was made to develop a scale for measuring it. On the basis of responses of college students on an occupational objectives questionnaire two criterion groups were formed, one for whom initiative was important and another for whom it was unimportant. These students also took a forced‐choice inventory and an item analysis was performed to locate differentiating items. These items were grouped together to form a scale of initiative. The inventory was considered to possess satisfactory validity since it correlated positively with ratings of initiative, job success in supervisory positions, occupational level, and job success in management positions, and negatively with job success in routine line positions.
A Factorial Study of Administrative Behavior1
Authors: STOGDILL RALPH M. , SHARTLE CARROLL L. , WHERRY ROBERT J. , JAYNES WILLIAM E. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThe present paper describes a study of 470 Navy officers who occupied 45 different types of positions in 47 different organizations. These officers were divided into 120 groups. Each group consisted of all the officers in the same specialty in the same type of organization. In order to avoid the computation of inter correlations among the 120 groups, an iterative method of factor analysis was employed. Eight factors emerged. The factors isolate those groups of officers who exhibit similar patterns of performance. It is found that groups of persons occupying the same type of position tend to fall in the same factor. The factors also reflect differences in organizations, in that some types of positions isolated by the factors are found almost exclusively either in large or in small organizations, or either on ships or in units ashore.
Profile of the Mechanical Engineer. I. Ability
Authors: HARRISON ROSS , HUNT WINSLOW , JACKSON THEODORE A. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryA group of 240 mechanical engineers in a large manufacturing plant were examined with a battery of general mental ability and engineering aptitude tests. Percentile norms are presented. Comparisons of relative proficiency were made with test norms for the general population. It was found that mechanical engineers were clearly superior on all tests. Insofar as comparisons could be made between different normative groups, no greater superiority was found on tests which are usually regarded as indicative of engineering aptitude, such as Mechanical Comprehension and Space Relations, than on tests of general intelligence. The engineers also did as well on verbal as on non‐verbal tests. Mechanical Comprehension was much easier for them than Space Relations.
Profile of the Mechanical Engineer II. Interests
Authors: HARRISON ROSS , HUNT WINSLOW , JACKSON THEODORE A. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThe interests of mechanical engineers were studied by means of the Strong Vocational Interest Blank, selected items from a personal history form, and an interview. The data indicate the following interest pattern: Mechanical engineers are extremely fond of sports and active outdoor pursuits. Their strong mechanical and technical interests tend toward immediate application rather than toward basic science and research. They are, in a sense, more technologists than scientists. There were suggestions in the tabular data that mechanical engineers are social conformists and show close rapport with commonly accepted beliefs and practices. Though they have been shown to have superior verbal problem‐solving ability, they are primarily non‐verbalists. They are basically more interested in things than in people. Their values are conspicuously masculine. Engineers as a whole have few cultural or esthetic interests. Although highly intelligent, they are no more intellectuals than they are political extremists or bohemians. The scope of their interests, relative to their intellectual potentialities, may be described as constricted.
In‐plant Communications and Employee Morale
Authors: PERRY DALLIS , MAHONEY THOMAS A. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryAn assumption which apparently underlies much of the importance ascribed to employee communications is that good communications bring about high morale. One aspect of this assumption is examined in the present article. Measures of employee knowledge of information given them by their companies were compared with measures of morale for the same employees. Negligible correlations were found between information and attitude scores. It is concluded that there is no significant relationship between employees' attitudes toward the company and their knowledge about the company as measured by tools used in this study. Several possible reasons for this finding are suggested. Mean scores for different subgroups of employees provide some support for the hypothesis that morale is related to the amount of information given to employees rather than to the amount retained by them.
The Selection of Card Punch Operators
Authors: McNAMARA W. J. , HUGHES J. L. 
Published: December 2006

Summary

The validity of various types of tests for selecting card punch operators is reviewed.
A new test for the selection of card punch operators, the Card Punch Aptitude Test (CPAT) is described. It consists of two parts, letter‐digit substitution and name checking. Letter grade norms for female operators are available.
For five samples of operator trainees totaling 532 cases, the CPAT had validities of .23 to .44 with training course letter grades. For three samples of employed operators totaling 89 cases, the CPAT correlated .45, .50, and .67 with supervisor ratings.
Personal History Data as a Predictor of Success
Authors: SCOLLAY ROBERT W. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryPersonal history data, validated in a previous study, were used to predict the success or failure of men engaged in promotional activities. The subjects (N = 116), were classed in three groups by their superiors. The first group was considered successful, the second group was made up of average men and the third group consisted of failures.Two triserial correlations were computed between scores based on the personal history items and the three groups. These correlations (0.32 and 0.23) were significant at the 1% and 5% levels of confidence.