bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Grape seed extract Vitis vinifera protects against radiation‐induced oxidative damage and metabolic disorders in rats
Authors: Saada Helen N. , Said Ussama Z. , Meky Nefissa H. , Azime Afrag S. Abd El 
Published: November 2008

AbstractWhole body exposure to ionizing radiation induces the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in different tissues provoking oxidative damage, organ dysfunction and metabolic disturbances. The present study was designed to determine the possible protective effect of grape seed extract (GSE), rich in proanthocyanidins against γ‐radiation‐induced oxidative stress in heart and pancreas tissues associated with serum metabolic disturbances. Irradiated rats were whole body exposed to 5 Gy γ‐radiation. GSE‐treated irradiated rats received 100 mg GSE/kg/day, by gavage, for 14 days before irradiation. The animals were killed on days 1, 14 and 28 after irradiation. Significant decreases of SOD, CAT and GSH‐Px activities associated with significant increases of TBARS levels were recorded in both tissues after irradiation. GSE administration pre‐irradiation significantly attenuated the radiation‐induced oxidative stress in heart tissues which was substantiated by a significant amelioration of serum LDH, CPK and AST activities. GSE treatment also attenuated the oxidative stress in pancreas tissues which was associated with a significant improvement in radiation‐induced hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. In conclusion, the present data demonstrate that GSE would protect the heart and pancreas tissues from oxidative damage induced by ionizing irradiation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neue Verfahren für Einzelzellanalysen in Forschung und Diagnostik
Authors: Geigl J. , Speicher M. 
Published: November 2008

Zusammenfassung
Die traditionelle Zytogenetik ist ein Paradebeispiel für eine Einzelzelldiagnostik, weil mit jeder gebänderten Metaphase das gesamte Genom einer Zelle – bei relativ niedriger Auflösung – untersucht wird. Dies repräsentierte über mehrere Jahrzehnte einen wichtigen Unterschied zu molekulargenetischen Untersuchungstechniken, die in der Mehrheit der Fälle auf DNA oder RNA basieren, die aus hunderten oder tausenden von Zellen extrahiert wurden. Viele Fragestellungen können jedoch nur durch Analysen auf dem Niveau einzelner oder weniger Zellen beantwortet werden. Deshalb wurden besonders in den letzten Jahren neue Einzelzelltechniken mit dem Ziel entwickelt, immer mehr Loci mit verbessertem Auflösungsvermögen simultan analysieren zu können. In dieser Übersichtsarbeit werden die diesbezüglich wichtigsten Entwicklungen der letzten Jahre zusammengefasst.
Within‐family conflict behaviors as predictors of conflict in adolescent romantic relations
Authors: Darling Nancy , Cohan Catherine L. , Burns Andrew , Thompson Louisa 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTContinuity in conflict behaviors from (a) adolescents’ behavior with parents and their behavior with romantic partners and (b) from parents’ marriage to adolescents’ romantic relationships were examined in a sample of 58 mother–father–adolescent families and the adolescents’ romantic partners. The social relations model was used to analyze within‐family reports of own and partner conflict behavior. Mother–father consensus about adolescents’ use of physical aggression was associated with romantic partners’ reports of adolescents’ physical aggression. Less functional behaviors observed during observed marital conflict were associated with a range of less functional conflict behaviors in adolescents’ observed interactions with romantic partners, including withdrawal, verbal aggression, negativity, ineffective problem solving, and low cohesion. Within‐family conflict and methodological issues in the use of partner and self‐reports of conflict behaviors are discussed.
Making a Difference Through Research
Authors: Siedlecki Sandra L. 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTPRACTICING NURSES are in the best position to identify nursing practice problems and to ask the important questions that will change practice and improve patient outcomes. Nurses can compensate for insufficient knowledge about a practice problem by conducting their own research.CONDUCTING AN EFFECTIVE research study involves identifying a significant nursing problem, conducting a thorough review of the literature, selecting a research design, determining the sample size, developing a research proposal, and performing the research. AORN J 88 (November 2008) 716–729. © AORN, Inc, 2008.
Projected pain from noxious heat stimulation of an exposed peripheral nerve – A case report
Authors: Hoffmann T. , Sauer S.K. , Horch R.E. , Reeh P.W. 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTDistinct sensory properties of unmyelinated axons in the isolated rat sciatic nerve have previously been revealed by measuring stimulated neuropeptide (CGRP) release in response to noxious stimuli. Axonal sensitization to heat by inflammatory mediators has been demonstrated and shown to depend on the heat‐ and proton‐activated ion channel TRPV1. Recently, we have demonstrated in vitro that heat stimulation of nociceptive axons generates ectopic action potential discharge which resembles the heat response of the corresponding cutaneous nerve endings. It remained however, to be established whether adequate axonal stimulation could also generate projected sensations in a conscious human subject. In a singular human trial, the superficial radial nerve (SR) was exposed and stimulated mechanically as well as with noxious cold (3°C). These stimuli were unable to induce any conscious local or projected sensations. However, controlled radiant heat applied to the nerve resulted in intense slowly adapting burning pain sensations projected into the center of the SR innervation area. No local sensation was reported. Thus, presumably activated nervi nevorum in the sheath of a healthy nerve do not cause conscious sensations, while axons of passage in mid‐nerve exhibit a sensory transduction capacity for noxious heat though not for mechanical and cold stimulation. Axonal heat transduction may therefore become a source of ectopic discharge and neuropathic pain when heat threshold drops to body temperature as is the case with peripheral nerve endings in inflamed skin.
The Pf3 coat protein contacts TM1 and TM3 of YidC during membrane biogenesis
Authors: Klenner Christian , Yuan Jijun , Dalbey Ross E. , Kuhn Andreas 
Published: November 2008

MINT‐6795850, MINT‐6795869, MINT‐6795912, MINT‐6795927, MINT‐6795942:

Coat protein (uniprotkb:P03623) binds (MI:0408) YidC (uniprotkb:P25714) by cross-linking studies (MI:0030)
MINT‐6795898:

Coat protein (uniprotkb:P03623) binds (MI:0408) Coat protein (uniprotkb:P03623) by cross-linking studies (MI:0030)
African Political Change and the Modernisation Process
Authors: Kilson Martin 
Published: November 2008

This essay attempts to outline, and partially to expound, a conceptual framework for studying political change during the colonial and post-colonial periods.It should be noted at the outset that the term ‘political change’ is purposely used instead of such terms as ‘political development’ or ‘political progress’, with reference to nationalism, organised groups, administrative evolution, and so on, in developing areas. This is more nearly akin to the rather value-free term ‘social change’ used by sociologists and anthropologists ever since the 1920's.1 Basic alterations in political systems do not occur through a simple addition of new institutions, norms, and procedures; rather, the process of political change involves its own set of inter-related norms, institutions, and procedures. It may be that the term ‘political change’ may better evoke this image in the mind of students of politics, just as the term ‘social change’ seems to do for sociologists and anthropologists.
University of East Africa Conferences on Public Policy: I. The Machinery of Planning
Authors: Leys Colin 
Published: November 2008

These conferences grew out of the new University's desire to offer more direct assistance for the development of East Africa. The objects were:(1) to provide a forum for political leaders from all the East African countries and from some others, in which they could discuss matters of major public policy in an objective and private atmosphere;(2) to provide a series of opportunities for these leaders to meet and gain a deeper understanding of each other; and(3) to help establish the fact that the University of East Africa is anxious and able to be of use in facing practical problems.
South Africa's World Position
Authors: Lawrie G. G. 
Published: November 2008

THIS article attempts to relate some of the ideas put forward by Professor Hans Morgenthau in his Politics Amongst Nations (New York, 1949) to the world position of South Africa, and then essays some more general reflections on the Republic's external situation today.Such a study should normally begin with an historical introduction, but South Africa's recent history is, perhaps, well enough known for this to be dispensed with, and for my present purposes it will suffice to recall that South Africa was recognised as a sovereign state after World War I, when she was a separate signatory of the Treaty of Versailles and of the League Covenant. There were, of course, constitutional developments after that which led first to the weakening and then to the breaking of the Commonwealth tie, but this did not affect South Africa's formal relations with foreign states. Her relationship with Britain was of great but decreasing importance; but from the standpoint of other powers this importance was political rather than constitutional, for South Africa could be influenced through the British connexion much as Panama can be influenced through the U.S.A.1
Nigerian Pamphleteers and the Congo
Authors: Post K. W. J. 
Published: November 2008

Boys shook their heads a number of times while girls covered their faces with white handkerchiefs as the pathetic story of Congolese first Prime Minister, Patrice Lumumba, was read out to a crowded audience by PYC dramatic group at the Lagos City College, Yaba, last Sunday.This notice, describing the staging of a play by a youth club run by a Lagos newspaper, the West African Pilot, appeared in that newspaper on 31 March 1962.1 All over Africa Patrice Lumumba's meteoric rise and tragic death caught the imagination of men and women in all walks of life, and more especially that of the young. In Nigeria, however, this reaction is of particular interest. First of all, the news of Lumumba's murder in February 1961 provoked 'anti-white' rioting in a country where race relations had not been an overt issue for a decade. Demonstrations outside the United States Embassy in Lagos, the Federal capital, led to indiscriminate attacks on Europeans resulting in much damage to cars and serious injury to several individuals.2
Négritude—Literature and Ideology
Authors: Irele Abiola 
Published: November 2008

Pan-Africanismhas been described as ‘essentially a movement of emotions and ideas’,1and this description is equally applicable to négritude, which is its cultural parallel. Indeed, no better phrase could be found to sum up its double nature, first as a psychological response to the social and cultural conditions of the ‘colonial situation’,2and secondly as a fervent quest for a new and original orientation.In the former respect, the imaginative writings of the French-speaking Negro intellectuals offer a precious testimony to the human problems and inner conflicts of the colonial situation; in the latter respect, their propaganda writing and other activities represent an effort to transcend the immediate conditions of this situation by a process of reflection. Négritude is thus at the same time a literary and an ideological movement.
Theoretical and Practical Implications of I.M.F. Conditionality in Zambia
Authors: Makgetla Neva Seidman 
Published: November 2008

Zambia has faced an economic crisis since 1975. Living standards for most of the population have deteriorated sharply, with falling real wages and a drop in G.D.P. per capita by about a quarter. At the same time, the gap between the high- and low-income groups has probably widened.Zambia's economic difficulties originated in international factors. In the two decades of independence, and unusually high degree of external dependency, inherited from the colonial era, continued to chatacterise the economy. Imported inputs accounted for at least one-third of all costs in mining and manufacturing, as may be seen from Table I. Meanwhile, the production of copper and relate minerals contributed a steady nine-tenths of export revenues. But in 1975, the terms of trade for copper plummeted by nearly 50 per cent, and merchandise imports promptly contracted by almost one-quarter, seriously affecting production. Since then the price of copper has stagnated.
Informal Income Opportunities and Urban Employment in Ghana
Authors: Hart Keith 
Published: November 2008

This article originated in the study of one Northern Ghanaian group, the Frafras, as migrants to the urban areas of Southern Ghana. It describes the economic activities of the low-income section of the labour force in Accra, the urban sub-proletariat into which the unskilled and illiterate majority of Frafra migrants are drawn.Price inflation, inadequate wages, and an increasing surplus to the requirements of the urban labour market have led to a high degree of informality in the income-generating activities of the sub-proletariat. Consequently income and expenditure patterns are more complex than is normally allowed for in the economic analysis of poor countries. Government planning and the effective application of economic theory in this sphere has been impeded by the unthinking transfer of western categories to the economic and social structures of African cities. The question to be answered is this: Does the ‘reserve army of urban unemployed and underemployed’ really constitute a passive, exploited majority in cities like Accra, or do their informal economic activities possess some autonomous capacity for generating growth in the incomes of the urban (and rural) poor?
A Note on West Arican Economic Co-operation
Authors: Curry Robert L. 
Published: November 2008

Recent articles by André Simmons and K. M. Barbour have analysed the various advantages of, and strategies for, regional economic integration in West Africa.1 This note focuses on the technical obstacles of full integration, and then on sub-regional economic co-operation as a more practical alternative.How can one agree upon an accepted distribution of the benefits from regional economic integration? How could this be implemented among the West African countries ? These are the most difficult and contentious problems associated with forming and operating any customs union and free trade area among the developing countries. If an acceptable distribution of benefits does not come about, then ‘the operation of existing groupings may easily be rendered ineffective or, in extreme cases, they may collapse. The experience of the last few years demonstrates that this is not a remote possibility.’2
African Power Through the Looking-Glass
Authors: Lemarchand René 
Published: November 2008

The language of African scholarship, like Africa itself, is a harp of many strings. It allows for countless variations, even though the central theme may recur. ‘Power’ is undoubtedly one of the most familiar of such themes: the variations played upon it are legion, ranging from the popular to the esoteric, from the classical to the lyrical.Jean Ziegler's tune in his latest work, Le Pouvoir africain (Paris, 1971), clearly fits into the latter category. Even though the settings he has chosen for investigating African power – Burundi (indigenous) and Brazil (imported) – are likely to capture anyone's imagination, the author's manifest enthusiasm for the exotic seems to exceed the limits of the ‘sociological imagination’. Quite aside from the question of whether generalisations about African power are at all feasible on the basis of such limiting cases, Ziegler's handling of his subject matter raises a number of difficulties for the uninitiated reader – not the least of which is his tendency to lump together the form and substance of power in an ethnographic present seemingly fixed once and for all in time and space. Another difficulty stems from his peculiar terminology, at times so elusive as to confuse rather than illuminate the phenomena discussed: what, exactly, is meant by ‘la spécificité irréductible africaine”, or ‘la sociabilite africaine’ is anyone's guess. Ziegler's constant preoccupation with the surface manifestations of power – or, better still, with his own vision of these phenomena – occasionally leads him into a vein reminiscent of the worst examples of journalistic sensationalism, from which he only extricates himself by lapsing into calculated imprecision.
Conference of Heads of State and Government of West Africa
Authors: Mensah J. H. 
Published: November 2008

This conference was attended by the Presidents of Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Upper Volta, and Senegal, the Prime Minister of the Gambia, the representative of the Chairman of the National Liberation Council of Ghana, and the representative of the Head of the Federal Military Government of Nigeria.The initiative had been taken by the Heads of the Senegal River Basin States (Guinea, Mali, Mauritania, and Senegal) following meetings held by them at Nouakchott in November 1965, and at Bamako two years later. They proposed that such a conference should be held at Monrovia in order to create a West African regional group, and requested President Tubman of Liberia to play host. The conference was organised in two stages: a ministerial preparatory meeting, from 17 to 21 April, and the session of the Heads of State and Government, from 22 to 24 April 1968.
The Reorganisation of Nigeria's Administration
Authors: Murray D. J. 
Published: November 2008

The period of military rule in Nigeria has brought fundamental changes in the country's administrative system, which foreshadow further significant ones to come. This is a useful point at which to summarise the changes so far made and consider what major problems remain.Nigeria achieved independence from colonial rule in i960 with a federal system of government in which the administrative system was largely modelled on that of Britain. The Federation consisted at that stage of three Regions, the smallest of which was larger in terms of population than all but six of the 48 mainland countries in Africa. The federal and regional administrations were organised along lines familiar to the British civil service: the centrally deployed staff of the ministries and departments were divided into administrative, executive, secretarial, clerical, and miscellaneous classes, while specialised classes existed for those in the professional and technical grades. In addition, statutory corporations were established at both federal and regional levels to operate public enterprises, notably for marketing and development finance.
Sanctions and the Rhodesian Economy
Authors: McKinnell Robert 
Published: November 2008

On 11 November 1965 the Rhodesian Front Government of Mr Ian Smith unilaterally declared Rhodesia to be independent of the residual jurisdiction of the United Kingdom.The British Government understandably regarded U.D.I, as illegal and unacceptable, and sought ways to terminate the rule of Smith's party. In the absence of an internal uprising, the British Government, having eschewed the use of force, resorted to a policy of economic sanctions to effect the desired political and social changes. These were intended to affect incomes, employment, and economic activity generally, so as to generate dissent and disaffection among the white population, who, it was hoped, would either emigrate or force a return to legality, the negotiating table, and progress towards a mutually acceptable form of independence.
Urban Unemployment in Africa
Authors: O'Brien Rita Cruise 
Published: November 2008

The Institute of Development Studies organised an international conference on this topic at the University of Sussex, Brighton, from 12 to 16 September 1971. A background paper prepared by the convenors, Richard Jolly and Rita Cruise O'Brien, outlined the purpose as follows:Urban unemployment in Africa is a theme on which much has been written in recent years but which is still ‘in fashion’ and of considerable importance to a broad range of scholars and policy makers…there is a great risk of dissipating one's efforts over that whole field. In planning this conference, we have tried therefore to be guided by three dominant principles: (a) to restrict the topics for discussion so as to focus on what seem to us important issues, on which further understanding could be generated by a bout of concentrated thought, analysis of data and discussion; (b) to invite a limited number of people engaged in current research or involved on the spot with investigation or policy-making; (c) to request authors of papers to start at what might be called the current conventional wisdom among specialists and to build their analysis from there… It will be assumed that persons attending the conference are generally in touch with recent literature on the subject.
Farming Co-operatives in the Development of Zambian Agriculture
Authors: Lombard C. Stephen 
Published: November 2008

Most of the co-operative societies registered up to s 964, the year of Zambia's constitutional independence, were producer marketing organisations. By that date, 220 societies of all types were on the official register, claiming a total of 43,697 members and a paid-up share capital of K1.7 million.1After independence the ruling United National Independence Party made it clear that the majority of Zambians should be involved more fully in economic and social development than they had been hitherto. Co-operative organisation was seen as a strategic way of bringing more Africans into industry, commerce, and non-subsistence farming; ten or more people could apply for registration as a society, and thus qualify for financial assistance from the Government. President Kaunda launched this ‘revitalised’ postindependence co-operative movement personally in January 1965, and called on the unemployed to put their various skills to work on planned agricultural and construction projects: ‘The money is there and the know-how…You an form these co-operative societies anywhere in Zambia and we shall assist you in getting on’.2 He specifically encouraged the formation of vegetable, egg, beef, milk, and road-making co-operatives.
The Changing Nature of Dependence: Economic Problems in Lesotho
Authors: Cobbe James 
Published: November 2008

In 1967, shortly after Lesotho's political independence from the United Kingdom, Michael Ward desribed Lesotho in this Journal as ‘the economic hostage of South Africa’:it is clear … that Lesotho will become more and more economically dependent upon South Africa … in the short run it has virtually no hope of becoming economically viable or independent of South Africa and foreign aid.The objective of this article is to examine how these views hold up 15 years later, and to argue that although in summary form Ward seems to have been very accurate, the nature of Lesotho's dependence has changed in ways few would have foreseen at the time of independence. In addition, the contrast between the rhetoric of the Government and what has happened, and the prospects for the future, will be explored.