bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bio‐maleimide as a generic stain for detection and quantitation of microparticles
Authors: ENJETI A. K. , LINCZ L. , SELDON M. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryMicroparticles (MP) are small fragments of cytoplasm shed from a cell surface and their role in the pathophysiology of disease is being extensively investigated. A novel staining technique for quantifying total MP in peripheral blood was evaluated in this study. Evaluation of Bodipy‐maleimide (or bio‐maleimide) as a stain for quantifying total MP in peripheral blood by flow cytometry. Samples were obtained from 10 healthy donors after informed consent. Plasma was prepared by sequential centrifugation at 1500 g followed by 13 000 g and stained with Annexin V and bio‐maleimide. Enumeration beads were added after 15 min of incubation with the stain and samples analyzed on a FACS Canto flow cytometer. Detection and quantification of MP by bio‐maleimide staining was comparable with that by Annexin V. The total mean MP level with bio‐maleimide staining was 34 ± 19.7/μl (range of 11.6–68.1/μl) and with Annexin V staining it was 38.9 ± 29.8/μl (range of 10.6 to 112.9/μl). There was no significant difference using a paired t‐test and methods were comparable using a Bland–Altman plot. Bio‐maleimide is a useful and inexpensive stain to measure total MP levels in peripheral blood by flow cytometry. This technique could be employed to study thrombotic risks in a variety of disease states.
Correlation between laminin-5 immunohistochemistry and human papillomavirus status in squamous cervical carcinoma
Authors: Boulet G A V , Schrauwen I , Sahebali S , Horvath C , Depuydt C E , Vereecken A , Broeck D Vanden , Van Marck E A , Bogers J J 
Published: July 2007

Background:Human papillomavirus (HPV) plays a critical role in the carcinogenesis of squamous cervical carcinoma. Integration of viral DNA into the host genome is a major contributing factor to malignant transformation. Viral load may influence integration.Aims:To compare HPV status (type, viral load, integration status) between normal samples, carcinoma in situ and invasive carcinoma in order to elucidate the role of HPV in progression to invasive lesions.Methods:The study population comprised 10 biopsy samples from each diagnostic group. Laminin-5 immunohistochemistry was performed to distinguish invasive carcinoma from non-invasive high-grade lesions. Real-time PCR was used to detect specific HPV types, viral load and integrated HPV, with quantification of viral E2 and E6 genes.Results:Invasive carcinomas contained a higher number of laminin-5 immunoreactive cells as compared to non-invasive lesions. Almost all samples contained HPV, with a higher viral load and copy number of HPV16 integrated in E2 in cases of laminin-5 immunoreactivity and cases of invasive carcinoma. High HPV16 viral load was associated with more integrated copies in E2.Conclusions:HPV is important in progression from carcinoma in situ to invasive carcinoma. Viral load and HPV integration influence the development of cervical cancer towards invasiveness. Overall HPV status may be more predictive of patient outcome and may influence patient management.
Overexpression of the obesity hormone leptin in human colorectal cancer
Authors: Koda Mariusz , Sulkowska Mariola , Kanczuga-Koda Luiza , Surmacz Eva , Sulkowski Stanislaw 
Published: July 2007

Background:Leptin is an adipocyte-derived neurohormone, high levels of which are found in obese individuals. Leptin controls energy expenditure, acting in the brain, and regulates different processes in peripheral organs. Recent studies have suggested that leptin may be involved in cancer development and progression.Aims:To analyse leptin expression in human colorectal cancer as well as in colorectal mucosa and colorectal adenomas.Methods:Leptin expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry in 166 colorectal cancers, 101 samples of colorectal mucosa and 41 adenomas. Leptin concentration in colorectal cancer was correlated with selected clinicopathological features.Results:Immunoreactivity for leptin was observed in 51.2% (85/166) of primary colorectal cancers. In adenomas leptin expression was observed in 14.6% (6/41) of studied cases. In normal mucosa, leptin was present at low levels, except in tumour bordering areas where its concentration appeared to reflect levels in the adjacent cancer tissue. Leptin expression in colorectal cancer significantly correlated with tumour G2 grade (p = 0.002) as well as with histological type (adenocarcinoma) of tumours (p = 0.044).Conclusions:Results indicate that leptin is overexpressed in human colorectal cancer, which suggests that the hormone might contribute to colorectal cancer development and progression.
Evaluation of the Triple Tibial Osteotomy. A new technique for the management of the canine cruciate-deficient stifle
Authors: Rose A. , Tuke J. , Robins G. M. , Bruce W. J. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe triple tibial osteotomy (TTO) is a technique which combines the features of tibial tuberosity advancement and wedge osteotomy for the treatment of complete and partial cruciate ligament injuries in dogs. In this paper, the technique is described and the results of a prospective study of 64 consecutive cases are presented. TTO provided a satisfactory clinical outcome in a very high percentage of cases. The technique is relatively easy to learn and has a low post-operative complication rate.
Phenotypic maintenance of articular chondrocytes in vitro requires BMP activity
Authors: Oshin A. O. , Caporali E. , Byron C. R. , Stewart A. A. , Stewart M. C. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryArticular chondrocytes are phenotypically unique cells that are responsible for the maintenance of articular cartilage. The articular chondrocytic phenotype is influenced by a range of soluble factors. In particular, members of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family support the articular chondrocytic phenotype and stimulate synthesis of cartilaginous matrix. This study was carried out to determine the importance of BMPs in supporting the differentiated phenotype of articular chondrocytes in vitro. Exogenous BMP-2 supported expression of collagen type II and aggrecan in monolayer chondrocyte cultures, slowing the dedifferentiation process that occurs under these conditions. In contrast, BMP-2 had little effect on expression of these genes in three-dimensional aggregate cultures. Endogenous BMP-2 expression was lost in monolayer cultures, coincident with the down-regulation of collagen type II and aggrecan mRNAs, whereas BMP-2 mRNA levels were stable in aggregate cultures. Antagonism of endogenous BMP activity in aggregate cultures by Noggin or a soluble form of the BMP receptor resulted in reduced expression of collagen type II and aggrecan mRNAs, reduced collagen type II protein and sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) deposition into the aggregate matrices and reduced secretion of GAGs into the culture media. These results indicate that endogenous BMPs are required for maintenance of the differentiated articular chondrocytic phenotype in vitro. These findings are of importance to cell-based strategies designed to repair articular cartilage. Articular chondrocytes require conditions that will support endogenous expression of BMPs to maintain the specialized phenotype of these cells.
Avulsion of the triceps tendon insertion in a cat
Authors: Jermyn K. , Carmichael S. , Clarke S. P. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryAvulsion of the insertion of the triceps tendon, which had a pre-existing tendinopathy, is described in a cat. The tendon was re-attached to the olecranon and the repair was immobilised using a type Ia trans-articular external skeletal fixator. The treatment was successful, however, mild and intermittent lameness persisted. Although it is an uncommon condition in small animals, the diagnosis should be based on careful clinical and radiographic examination.
Measurement of velocity with a kinematic system versus a photocell system in the collection of canine ground reaction forces
Authors: Punke J. P. , Andrews C. M. , Speas A. L. , Reynolds L. R. , Budsberg S. C. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryVelocities obtained from a five photocell system were compared to velocities of nine anatomical points on a handler and canine subject as reported by a kinematic system over the same distance. There was not a statistically significant difference between the velocities of the markers on the dogs’ occipital protuberance and interscapular region compared with the velocity as reported by the photocell system. The average velocities of the three markers on the forelimb of the dogs and three markers on the handler's leg and one on the sacrum had statistically different values than the photocell system. Given these results, photocell systems with the same configuration in this study can be trusted to report accurate trunk velocities of canine subjects during the collection of ground reaction forces.
Tibial segmental bone defect treated with bone plate and cage filled with either xenogeneic composite or autologous cortical bone graft
Authors: Teixeira C. R. , Volpi R. S. , Taga R. , Cestari T. M. , Granjeiro J. M. , Vulcano L. C. , Correa M. A. , Rahal S. C. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryTibia segmental defect healing in sheep were clinically, radiographically and histologically evaluated. Twelve young sheep aged four to five months were divided into two groups, G1 and G2. A 3.5 cm long segmental defect was created in the right tibial diaphysis with maintenance of the periosteum. The bone defects in both groups were stabilized with a bone plate combined with a titanium cage. In G1 the cage was filled with pieces of autologous cortical bone graft. In G2 it was filled with a composite biomaterial which consisted of inorganic bovine bone, demineralized bovine bone, a pool of bovine bone morphogenetic proteins bound to absorbable ultra-thin powdered hydroxyapatiteand bonederived denaturized collagen. Except for one G1 animal, all of them showed normal limb function 60 days after surgery. Radiographic examination showed initial formation of periosteal callus in both groups at osteotomy sites, over the plate or cage 15 days postoperatively. At 60 and 90 days callus remodeling occurred. Histological and morphometric analysis at 90 days after surgery showed that the quantity of implanted materials in G1 and G2 were similar, and the quantity of new bone formation was less (p=0.0048) and more immature in G1 than G2, occupying 51 ± 3.46% and 62 ± 6.26% of the cage space, respectively. These results suggest that the composite biomaterial tested was a good alternative to autologous cortical bone graft in this experimental ovine tibial defect. However, additional evaluation is warranted prior to its clinical usage.
Development of a Community-Based Diabetes Management Program for Pacific Islanders
Authors: Wang Chen-Yen , Abbott Lisa , Goodbody Angela K. , Hui Wai-Ting Y. , Rausch Clair 
Published: July 2007

PURPOSE his study examined the perception of diabetes among a sample of Pacific Islanders in Honolulu, Hawaii. All 23 participants were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, ranged in age from 21 to 70 years, and had glycosylated hemoglobin levels of 5.8% to 13.9%. METHODS Four focus groups were held in English and audiotaped. Outreach workers served as translators and comoderators. The content of transcripts was analyzed with Ethnograph software by investigators. The priority issues were confirmed by the comoderators and participants. RESULTS Participants perceived diabetes as full of complications, emotions, symptoms, and behavior changes. Responses to hyperglycemia were fear, frustration, and uncertainty. Barriers to staying on the prescribed diet were habit, cultural ritual, ideal body image, and limited budget. CONCLUSIONS Participants suggested that helpful activities would include walking/support group, cooking class, community healthy food store, translated material, and family participation. A community-based diabetes program has been developing as a result of the focus group findings.
Lymphoma dissemination: the other face of lymphocyte homing
Authors: Pals Steven T. , de Gorter David J. J. , Spaargaren Marcel 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe orchestration of systemic immune responses is critically dependent on coordinated lymphocyte migration and recirculation. This “homing” guides lymphocytes to the microenvironments that control their differentiation and survival, disperses the immunologic repertoire, and targets effector lymphocytes to sites of antigenic insult. Lymphocyte homing is a multistep process that requires chemotaxis and cell adhesion coupled with strategies to overcome physical barriers. At the molecular level, it is regulated by adhesion molecules and chemokines, and facilitated by intrinsic molecular programs that allow “ameboid” shape change, allowing highly effective lymphocyte traffic between different tissue compartments. In case of malignant transformation, however, the fact that lymphocytes are “licensed to move” forms a serious threat to the organism, because it permits rapid tumor dissemination irrespective of the conventional anatomic boundaries limiting early spread in most types of cancer. Thus, unlike the metastatic spread of other cancers, lymphoma dissemination generally is not a reflection of tumor progression but of conserved physiological behavior. The dissemination patterns often reflect basic rules of lymphocyte homing, explaining the strikingly tissue-specific dissemination of, for example, mucosal lymphomas, cutaneous lymphomas, and multiple myeloma. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying this behavior may provide novel targets for treatment of lymphoma patients.
Expression of the heparan sulfate-degrading enzyme heparanase is induced in infiltrating CD4+ T cells in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and regulated at the level of transcription by early growth response gene
Authors: de Mestre Amanda M , Staykova Maria A , Hornby June R , Willenborg David O , Hulett Mark D 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe heparan sulfate-cleaving enzyme heparanase (HPSE) plays an important role in remodeling of the basement membrane and extracellular matrix during inflammation. Inducible HPSE enzymatic activity has been reported in leukocytes; however, little is known of the molecular mechanisms that regulate HPSE gene expression during inflammatory disease. In this study, HPSE expression and regulation in the T cell-mediated disease model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), were investigated. Expression analysis showed that HPSE mRNA is induced in rat CD4+ antigen-specific T lymphocytes upon activation and correlates with the encephalitogenicity of the cells. Examination of the kinetics and cell type-specific expression of HPSE throughout the progression of active EAE in rats, indicated that HPSE was highly expressed in CD4+ T cells infiltrating the central nervous system (CNS) during clinical disease. Little or no HPSE expression was observed in CD8+ T cells, macrophages, or astrocytes during disease progression. To investigate the mechanism of inducible HPSE gene regulation in T cells, studies were extended into human primary T cells. HPSE mRNA, protein, and enzymatic activity were induced upon activation. Functional analysis of the human HPSE promoter identified an EGR1 binding motif that contained high inducible activity and was transactivated by EGR1. Furthermore, the treatment of primary T lymphocytes with an EGR1 siRNA inhibited inducible HPSE mRNA expression. These data provide evidence to suggest that inducible HPSE expression in primary T lymphocytes is regulated at the transcriptional level by EGR1 and is important in facilitating CD4+ T cell infiltration into the CNS to promote EAE.
Life, data, and everything
Authors: Satyro Marco A. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
The use of thermodynamics for the solution of chemical and process engineering problems is determined by a blend of science, engineering, art, and grit. Although chemical engineering thermodynamics benefits from an ever-increasing body of basic scientific knowledge, the solution of real problems still depends very much on the knowledge of individuals, their creativity, and their determination to recommend solutions. The essence of success is determined by a combination of two apparently simple components-physical property data and how they are used.
Controlling structure in associating polymer-surfactant mixtures
Authors: Piculell L. , Svensson A. , Norrman J. , Bernardes J. S. , Karlsson L. , Loh W. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Structures of concentrated mixtures of associating polymer-surfactant mixtures are important in many technical applications. Yet an in-depth understanding of how molecular parameters affect these structures is lacking. We here summarize the results of ongoing work using a novel simplified approach to the study of associating oppositely charged polymer-surfactant mixtures, introducing a minimum number of components to the various mixtures. The results illustrate the relations between systems with and without polyions, as well as effects of systematic changes of parameters such as surfactant chain length, polyion length, polyion charge density, and the charge density of the surfactant aggregate.
Thermodynamic problems in structural molecular biology
Authors: Privalov Peter L. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
The most essential feature of living biological systems is their high degree of structural organization. The key role is played by two linear heteropolymers, the proteins and nucleic acids. Under environmental conditions close to physiological, these biopolymers are folded into unique native conformations, genetically determined by the arrangement of their standard building blocks. In their native conformation, biological macromolecules recognize their partners and associate with them, forming specific, higher-order complexes, the "molecular machines". Folding of biopolymers into their native conformation and their association with partners is in principle a reversible, thermodynamically driven process. Investigation of the thermodynamics of these basic biological processes has prime importance for understanding the mechanisms of forming these supra-macromolecular constructions and their functioning.
Critically evaluated rate coefficients for free-radical polymerization Part 6: Propagation rate coefficient of methacrylic acid in aqueous solution (IUPAC Technical Report)
Authors: Beuermann Sabine , Buback Michael , Hesse Pascal , Kuchta Frank-Dieter , Lacík Igor , van Herk Alex M. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Critically evaluated propagation rate coefficients, k
p, for free-radical polymerization of methacrylic acid, MAA, in aqueous solution are presented. The underlying k
p values are from two independent sources, which both used the IUPAC-recommended technique of pulsed-laser-initiated polymerization (PLP) in conjunction with molar mass distribution (MMD) analysis of the resulting polymer by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). Different methods of measuring the MMD of the poly(MAA) samples have, however, been used: (i) direct analysis via aqueous-phase SEC and (ii) standard SEC with tetrahydrofuran as the eluent carried out on poly(methyl methacrylate) samples obtained by methylation of the poly(MAA) samples from PLP. Benchmark k
p values for aqueous solutions containing 15 mass % MAA are presented for temperatures between 18 and 89 °C. The Arrhenius pre-exponential and activation energy of k
p at 15 mass % MAA are 1.54 × 106 L mol-1 s-1 and 15.0 kJ mol-1, respectively. Also reported are critically evaluated k
p values for 25 °C over the entire MAA concentration range from dilute aqueous solution to bulk polymerization.
The proteome of the heterocyst cell wall in Anabaena sp. PCC 7120
Authors: Moslavac Suncana , Reisinger Veronika , Berg Matthias , Mirus Oliver , Vosyka Oliver , Plöscher Matthias , Flores Enrique , Eichacker Lutz A. , Schleiff Enrico 
Published: July 2007

Abstract

Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 is a filamentous cyanobacterium that serves as a model to analyze prokaryotic cell differentiation, evolutionary development of plastids, and the regulation of nitrogen fixation. The cell wall is the cellular structure in contact with the surrounding medium. To understand the dynamics of the cell wall proteome during cell differentiation, the cell wall from Anabaena heterocysts was enriched and analyzed. In line with the recently proposed continuity of the outer membrane along the Anabaena filament, most of the proteins identified in the heterocyst cell-wall fraction are also present in the cell wall of vegetative cells, even though the lipid content of both membranes is different.
The structure of CMS2MS2, a mitogenic protein isolated fromCarica candamarcensis
Authors: Gomes Marco Túlio R. , Bemquerer Marcelo P. , Lopes Miriam Tereza P. , Richardson Michael , Júnior Sergio Oyama , Salas Carlos E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn a recent study we showed that two proteinases (CMS2MS2 and CMS2MS3) fromCarica candamarcensisenhance mammalian cell proliferation. The aim of the present study is the determination of the primary structure of CMS2MS2 and prediction of its three-dimensional structure. The protein contains 214 residues, including the catalytic triad composed of Cys25, His159, and Asn175. A phylogenetic tree analysis demonstrated that CMS2MS2 ranks closer to chymopapain than to papain. The overall predicted three-dimensional structure is similar to proteinases from the papain family. These results suggest that minor structural differences within CMS2MS2 must account for its proliferative action.
Calpain proteolysis of insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP) -2 and -3, but not of IGFBP-1
Authors: Berg Ulrika , Bang Peter , Carlsson-Skwirut Christine 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Calpains are cytoplasmic Ca2+-regulated cysteine proteases that may regulate insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-independent actions of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) through IGFBP proteolysis. In this study, [125I]-labeled IGFBP-2 and -3, but not IGFBP-1, were proteolyzed by Ca2+-activated m-calpain in vitro. Degradation of higher concentrations of the recombinant proteins IGFBP-2 and -3 by m-calpain was dose-dependent, but was terminated within 20 min by autolysis. By subjecting proteolytic fragments to N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis, the primary cleavage sites in IGFBP-2 and -3 were localized to the non-conserved central linker regions. Using the biosensor technique, in vitro binding of m-calpain to IGFBP-3 was demonstrated to be a Ca2+-dependent reaction with a rapid on/off rate.
Protein import into chloroplasts: new aspects of a well-known topic
Authors: Stengel Anna , Soll Jürgen , Bölter Bettina 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Protein import into plant chloroplasts is a fascinating topic that is being investigated by many research groups. Since the majority of chloroplast proteins are synthesised as precursor proteins in the cytosol, they have to be posttranslationally imported into the organelle. For this purpose, most preproteins are synthesised with an N-terminal presequence, which is both necessary and sufficient for organelle recognition and translocation initiation. The import of preproteins is facilitated by two translocation machineries in the outer and inner envelope of chloroplasts, the Toc and Tic complexes, respectively. Translocation of precursor proteins across the envelope membrane has to be highly regulated to react to the metabolic requirements of the organelle. The aim of this review is to summarise the events that take place at the translocation machineries that are known so far. In addition, we focus in particular on alternative import pathways and the aspect of regulation of protein transport at the outer and inner envelope membrane.