bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Towards Automating Model Selection for a Mark–Recapture–Recovery Analysis
Authors: Sisson S. A. , Fan Y. 
Published: February 2009

Summary
Methods for fitting models to mark–recapture–recovery studies are now well established in the literature. Classical model selection methods for identifying those models which best represent the population under investigation are perhaps less satisfactory. One class of methods implements manual model searches on a model space that is restricted by strong physical understandings of the biological plausibility of each model. This can lead to highly subjective analyses requiring a priori expert knowledge, which are slow to implement and can be error prone. More automated search algorithms are now available and can be implemented with ease to consider larger classes of models. We investigate the utility of such automated algorithms and consider in particular the situation where there is a large set of near optimal models according to the model ranking function. We present a modification of an automated search procedure on an unrestricted model space and propose a procedure for model selection in the absence of a single clear optimal model. We investigate this approach through a classical mark–recapture–recovery analysis of a red deer population from the island of Rùm and conduct an investigation into senesence, which is theorized to occur in wild animal populations.
CHRONOLOGICAL INSIGHTS, CULTURAL CHANGE, AND RESOURCE EXPLOITATION ON THE WEST COAST OF SWEDEN DURING THE LATE PALAEOLITHIC/EARLY MESOLITHIC TRANSITION
Authors: SCHMITT LOU , LARSSON STEPHAN , BURDUKIEWICZ JAN , ZIKER JOHN , SVEDHAGE KRISTER , ZAMON JEANNETTE , STEFFEN HOLGER 
Published: February 2009

SummaryIn this paper, we attempt to shed light on a probable cause of cultural change via a new avenue of approach. In brief, the paper represents a micro‐study that addresses the Ahrensburgian culture group during the close of the Late Palaeolithic in north central Europe, and its relationship to the Hensbacka group found in central Bohuslän on the coast of western Sweden. Although we do not disagree that environmental conditions are a ‘prime mover’ of cultural change, we hold that it is not the only ‘mover’. In addition, we also discuss the distinct possibility that the term ‘microlithization’ cannot be used as a synonym for the Mesolithic. The foundation of our micro‐study is based on interdisciplinary concepts from the fields of archaeology, economic anthropology, geosciences, and marine zoology.
GETTING SMASHED: THE DEPOSITION OF AMPHORAEAND THE DRINKING OF WINE IN GAUL DURING THE LATE IRON AGE
Authors: LOUGHTON MATTHEW E. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryThis paper aims to summarize current research on the chronology, provenance and deposition of Italian wine amphorae and associated material culture (ceramics and metal vessels) in Gaul from the second to the end of the first century BC. Recent studies have linked the consumption of imported wine in Gaul with the elite and/or a warrior class who organized great feasts in enclosures and sanctuaries. Instead, it will be suggested that access to wine in parts of central eastern France at least was relatively open while in some cases wine was being drunk by individuals involved in various industrial activities.
PAPERS IN LOGIC AND ETHICS by A. N. Prior: THE DOCTRINE OF PROPOSITIONS AND TERMS by A. N. Prior
Authors: Williams C. J. F. 
Published: February 2009

PAPERS IN LOGIC AND ETHICS by A. N. Prior. Duckworth, 1976. 233 pp. £8.95.THE DOCTRINE OF PROPOSITIONS AND TERMS by A. N. Prior. Duckworth, 1976. 143 pp. £5.95.
An educational multimedia campaign improves stroke knowledge and risk perception in different stroke risk groups
Authors: Marx J. J. , Gube C. , Faldum A. , Kuntze H. , Nedelmann M. , Haertle B. , Dieterich M. , Eicke B. M. 
Published: February 2009

Background and purpose:  Stroke risk factor knowledge and individual risk perception are low in the general public. Our study aimed at identifying the educational effects of a multimedia campaign on stroke knowledge and risk perception in several subgroups at increased risk of stroke.Methods:  Telephone surveys were administered in a random sample of 500 members of the general public, before and immediately after an intense 3 months educational campaign using various mass and print media.Results:  A total of 32.7% of respondents considered themselves as being at risk of stroke before, and 41.9% (P < 0.01) after the intervention. Evaluation of stroke risk increased with number of appreciated individual stroke risk factors. Knowledge of different stroke risks varied considerably and proved to be especially high in obese individuals (98.7%) and smokers (97.9%) and particularly low in patients with coronary heart disease (80.6%).Conclusions:  Our data indicate that educational programs and the introduction of stroke risk factors can increase stroke risk perception in the public. Even though some risk groups (smokers, obese) reveal a ceiling effect, future campaigns should focus on high risk populations remarkably underrating their risk, like those with coronary heart disease or the elderly.
Prospective, open‐label, comparative study of clindamycin 1%/benzoyl peroxide 5% gel with adapalene 0.1% gel in Asian acne patients: efficacy and tolerability
Authors: Ko H‐C , Song M , Seo S‐H , Oh C‐K , Kwon K‐S , Kim M‐B 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBackground  Used as individual agents, topical antibiotics and benzoyl peroxide are known to be effective in treatment of acne. Clindamycin phosphate 1% with benzoyl peroxide 5% (CDP/BPO) is a new combination gel, made by rationale, in that combination drug is more effective than either ingredients used alone. Adapalene 0.1% (ADA) is the third‐generation retinoid, shown to be as effective as other topical retinoid with well tolerability.Objectives  To compare the efficacy and tolerability in combination of CDP/BPO in comparison with ADA in Asian patients with mild to moderate acne vulgaris.Methods  Total of 69 patients, including 31 patients for CDP/BPO group and 38 for ADA group, with mild to moderate acne vulgaris were enrolled for a 12‐week prospective, randomized, open‐label comparative study of topical agents. Efficacy was assessed by lesion counts, acne grading system, and global improvement. Adverse events were also evaluated in scale of 0 (none) to 3 (severe).Results  Both CDP/BPO and ADA were effective in reducing lesion counts and acne severity scale and showed significant global improvement. However, CDP/BPO offered greater efficacy against inflammatory lesions than ADA. Both drugs were well tolerated with minimal adverse drug reactions.Conclusion  Combination formulation of CDP/BPO and ADA were shown to be both effective in decreasing total, inflammatory, and non‐inflammatory lesion counts along with well tolerability in Asian patients with mild to moderate acne vulgaris.Conflicts of interestNone declared
Safety and efficacy of desloratadine in chronic idiopathic urticaria in clinical practice: an observational study of 9246 patients
Authors: Augustin M , Ehrle S 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBackground  Post‐marketing surveillance studies (PMSS) of medications are often mandated by authorities, provide crucial insights for health services and are useful to define the clinical profiles of therapies. Desloratadine, a non‐sedating, second‐generation H1‐receptor antagonist, is an effective and well‐tolerated treatment for chronic idiopathic urticaria (CIU).Methods  A PMSS in CIU patients evaluated the tolerability and efficacy of desloratadine in clinical practice. At Visit 1 (baseline), demographic and CIU history were recorded and patients/physicians rated the severity of CIU symptoms, interference with sleep/daily activities and the general state of urticaria. Patients also noted the use and effectiveness of previous antihistamine therapy. At the end of treatment (Visit 2), CIU symptom severity and other disease criteria were re‐assessed. Adverse events reported during or ≤ 30 days after treatment were collected.Results  A total of 9246 patients with CIU participated (63% female). Itching, number of wheals and the size of the largest wheal decreased significantly from baseline with desloratadine therapy (P < 0.0001). Improvements in CIU‐impaired sleep and daily activities were reported by 67% and 71% of patients, respectively (P < 0.0001). In patients that received previous therapy with cetirizine, loratadine or fexofenadine alone, patients rated the onset of efficacy of desloratadine as faster in 55.5%, 54.7% and 57.6% of cases, respectively. The incidence of adverse events was low (0.5% of patients) and no serious adverse events were reported.Conclusions  This large PMSS confirms evidence from multiple placebo‐controlled trials that desloratadine is effective and well tolerated in the treatment of CIU.Conflicts of interestNone declared
An experimental test of parenting practices as a mediator of early childhood physical aggression
Authors: Brotman Laurie Miller , O’Neal Colleen R. , Huang Keng‐Yen , Gouley Kathleen Kiely , Rosenfelt Amanda , Shrout Patrick E. 
Published: February 2009

Background: Parenting practices predict early childhood physical aggression. Preventive interventions that alter parenting practices and aggression during early childhood provide the opportunity to test causal models of early childhood psychopathology. Although there have been several informative preventive intervention studies that test mediation models in older children, no such studies have been conducted with younger children at high risk for psychopathology.Method: Within the context of a randomized controlled trial, we examined whether changes in parenting practices mediate the effects of a family intervention on observed physical aggression among African American and Latino younger siblings of adjudicated youths.Results: Improved parenting practices partially mediated the intervention effect on physical aggression. Improvements in harsh parenting, responsive parenting, and stimulating parenting explained a significant amount of the intervention effect on child physical aggression observed in the context of parent–child interactions. Parenting practices accounted for 38% of the intervention effect on physical aggression.Conclusions: There was support for the hypothesized model of the prevention of physical aggression during early childhood. Intervention benefits on parenting practices partially accounted for intervention effects on physical aggression in young high‐risk children.
Physiological regulation of stress in referred adolescents: the role of the parent–adolescent relationship
Authors: Willemen Agnes M. , Schuengel Carlo , Koot Hans M. 
Published: February 2009

Background:  Psychopathology in youth appears to be linked to deficits in regulating affective responses to stressful situations. In children, high‐quality parental support facilitates affect regulation. However, in adolescence, the role of parent–child interaction in the regulation of affect is unclear. This study examined physiological reactivity to and recovery from stress in adolescents at risk for psychopathology, and their associations with internalising and externalising problems and parent–adolescent interactions.Methods:  A total of 99 adolescents (M = 13.57 years, SD = 1.83) with a history of mental health problems underwent the Alarm Stress Task and were reunited with their primary caregiver after the stressor, while the physiological responses of the parasympathetic (respiratory sinus arrhythmia) and sympathetic (pre‐ejection period) systems were measured. The quality of parent–adolescent interaction was determined from observations of secure‐base seeking and providing during the task. Affect regulation was measured as physiological reactivity and recovery after the stressor.Results:  Adolescents with high levels of externalising problems and low levels of secure‐base support showed weaker parasympathetic reactivity and recovery. Higher level of adolescent secure‐base seeking was associated with stronger sympathetic reactivity and recovery.Conclusions:  Secure‐base interactions between parents and adolescents facilitate physiological regulation of stress, especially for adolescents with externalising symptomatology.
Prevalence and mental health correlates of witnessed parental and community violence in a national sample of adolescents
Authors: Zinzow Heidi M. , Ruggiero Kenneth J. , Resnick Heidi , Hanson Rochelle , Smith Daniel , Saunders Benjamin , Kilpatrick Dean 
Published: February 2009

Background:  Although research suggests that witnessed violence is linked to adverse mental health outcomes among adolescents, little is known about its prevalence or its significance in predicting psychiatric symptoms beyond the contribution of co‐occurring risk factors. The purpose of this study was to identify the national prevalence of witnessed parental and community violence and to examine these life stressors as independent risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive episode (MDE) among adolescents. A secondary aim was to determine which characteristics of witnessed violence were associated with mental health outcomes.Method:  Participants were 3,614 adolescents recruited from a 2005 US national household probability sample who completed structured telephone interviews assessing witnessed violence and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders‐IV (DSM‐IV) criteria for PTSD and MDE.Results:  National prevalence of witnessed parental violence and witnessed community violence was estimated to be 9% and 38%, respectively. Both forms of witnessed violence predicted PTSD and MDE beyond variance accounted for by age, gender, race/ethnicity, income, and other traumatic event history. Perceptions of threat, repeated violence exposure, location of the violence, and relationship to the victim were associated with psychiatric diagnoses.Conclusions:  Findings suggest that witnessed violence represents a significant public health burden with implications for psychological assessment and prevention efforts.
Configurations of common childhood psychosocial risk factors
Authors: Copeland William , Shanahan Lilly , Jane Costello E. , Angold Adrian 
Published: February 2009

Background: Co‐occurrence of psychosocial risk factors is commonplace, but little is known about psychiatrically‐predictive configurations of psychosocial risk factors.Methods: Latent class analysis (LCA) was applied to 17 putative psychosocial risk factors in a representative population sample of 920 children ages 9 to 17. The resultant class structure was retested in a representative population sample of 1420 children aged 9 to 13. In each sample, the child and one parent were interviewed with the Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment. Concurrent psychiatric status was used to validate class membership.Results: LCA identified five latent classes in both samples: two low risk classes; two moderate risk classes both involving family poverty configured with various other risk factors; and a high risk class characterized by family relational dysfunction and parental risk characteristics. Of the primary sample, 48.6% were categorized as low risk, 42.8% as moderate risk, and 8.6% as high risk. Moderate risk classes differed in their prediction of disruptive and emotional disorders depending on their specific risk factor configurations. High risk youth had the highest levels of both emotional and disruptive disorders. Combining our latent classes with a cumulative risk approach best accounted for the effects of risk factors on psychopathology in our primary sample.Conclusions: Particular risk configurations havespecificassociations with psychiatric disorders. Configurational approaches are an important asset for large‐scale epidemiological studies that integrate information about patterns of risk and disorders.
Fungus culturing, nutrient mining and geophagy: a geochemical investigation ofMacrotermesandTrinervitermesmounds in southern Africa
Authors: Mills A. J. , Milewski A. , Fey M. V. , Groengroeft A. , Petersen A. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractTermite mounds are commonly enriched in clay and nutrients relative to surrounding topsoils. We hypothesized that: (1) nutrient enrichment of mounds differs between fungus‐culturing (FC) and non‐FC termites; (2) FC termites preferentially acquire materials rich in scarce nutrients which promote growth of their fungus cultures; and (3) micro‐nutrient enrichment in mounds of FC termites is beneficial for wildlife. In a preliminary investigation of these hypotheses, we sampled mounds (and adjacent topsoil) ofMacrotermes(FC) andTrinervitermes(non‐FC) termites in Namibia and South Africa, respectively. Analyses included: 27 elements by ICPMS after a nitric acid–hydrogen peroxide digest, organic carbon, a seven fraction particle size analysis, and pH and EC (1:5 soil:water extracts).Macrotermesmounds showed significant (1.6–3.7‐fold) enrichment of 23 of the 27 elements analysed relative to topsoil. By contrast,Trinervitermesmounds showed no enrichment. Clay enrichment ofMacrotermesmounds (4.7–6.5‐fold) was strongly correlated with element enrichment (r2range: 0.76–0.77), suggesting that amendment of soil texture is a main factor in enrichment. Marked enrichment of only certain nutrients in mounds – namely Mn, Co, Cu and Se – was evident at certain nutrient‐poor sites, suggesting that specific materials such as Mn oxides (which adsorb Co, Cu and Se) may be gathered by termites in disproportionate amounts relative to their abundance in soils. These nutrients are likely to enhance the productivity of the fungus culture and hence the termite colony. Parts of certain mounds were enriched in Se (1.3–3.6 mg Se kg−1) to a degree likely to attract geophagy. It is suggested that in some landscapesMacrotermesmounds provide a critical supply of micro‐nutrients to wildlife.
A 3D geometric morphometric analysis of digging ability in the extant and fossil cingulate humerus
Authors: Milne N. , Vizcaíno S. F. , Fernicola J. C. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractDigging ability in armadillos has been shown to be closely related to the relative length of the olecranon process of the ulna. This study uses geometric morphometrics to examine the relationship between humeral shape, digging ability and size in a range of living and fossil cingulates. The extant species in the sample include representatives of 11 species of armadillo, while the fossil specimens include three species of fossil armadillos (Peltephilus, ProeutatusandEutatus) and three Glyptodonts (Propalaeohoplophorus, GlyptodonandNeosclerocalyptus). The results show that in general, living species with good digging ability have larger sites for muscle attachment, particularly the proximal tubercles and the crests descending therefrom, and the epicondylar region at the distal end of the humerus. Some differences were found in the smallest armadillo (Chlamyphorus truncatus), which seems to have a different method of digging. The proportions of the olecranon process would indicate good digging ability in some glyptodonts, but humeral features do not fit with this interpretation and the differences may be related to large size. The relationship between cingulate phylogeny and humeral morphology is also examined, and it seems that while cingulates are to some extent constrained by their phylogeny, many of the humeral features are directly related to digging.
How many birds are there in a city of half a million people?
Authors: Fuller Richard A. , Tratalos Jamie , Gaston Kevin J. 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTAim Urban environments are often characterized as supporting a few abundant, generalist species best adapted to living alongside humans, and as such, cities are seen as agents of biotic homogenization. However, there are surprisingly few descriptions of biological populations found in cities. Here, we provide the first complete citywide population estimates of birds for any UK city, and examine the conservation status of the assemblage in comparison with the country's avifauna at large.Location Sheffield city, central UKMethods We surveyed birds in every 500 m × 500 m square across the 160 km2of the city. Using a Distance sampling protocol, we estimated bird population sizes for the city and compared these with the size of the human population. We also compared the conservation status of the city's avian population with that of birds across the UK as a whole.Results Aggregation of population estimates for the 77 species observed during the surveys produced a total estimate of 602,995 (95% confidence interval (CI): 404,565–942,573) breeding birds, equating to 1.18 birds per person. The size of the non‐breeding population was similar at 578,603 (464,396–728,574) individuals, or 1.13 birds per person. Surveys revealed only three non‐native species, but relatively few species of national conservation concern. However, some species of conservation concern achieved very high population densities within the city, and the overall density of birds was more than six times that of the nation at large.Main conclusions If declines in some species are to be arrested or reversed, conservation effort will need to focus much more strongly on understanding and managing urban populations, because these might buffer some species against wholesale regional population depletion, particularly where intensive agriculture in the surrounding hinterland has led to declines in bird populations at large. Such a focus will require a significant increase in the priority and resources devoted to conservation activities in urban areas.
Do urban areas act as foci for the spread of alien plant species? An assessment of temporal trends in the UK
Authors: Botham M. S. , Rothery P. , Hulme P. E. , Hill M. O. , Preston C. D. , Roy D. B. 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTAim Given that urban landscapes often act as a point of entry for many non‐native species and urban development continues to increase as the human population rapidly expands, an understanding of the interaction between urbanization and non‐native plant species is important both in the control of potentially invasive species and in the conservation of native biodiversity. We investigated the spatial and temporal relationship between urban land cover and the distribution of non‐native species in Britain using two floristic data sets collected at two different time periods: 1987–88 and 2003–04.Location UK.Methods Using floristic data collected by the Botanical Society of the British Isles in 1987–88 (Monitoring Scheme) and 2003–04 (Local Change) in conjunction with habitat data obtained from the Land Cover Map of the UK, we conducted multiple regression analyses both within and between years on both groups of species (natives, neophytes and archaeophytes) and individual species.Results Neophytes (alien species introduced after 1500) were very strongly associated with urban land cover in both time periods and do not appear to be spreading out of urban habitats into the wider countryside. Archaeophytes (alien species introduced before 1500), however, showed a strong association with urban habitats in the earlier 1988 data set but no longer showed this association in the 2004 data set. Analysis at the individual species level showed that a large percentage of alien plant species, particularly archaeophytes, were not strongly associated with urban land cover or were negatively associated with such habitats.Main conclusions Our results suggest that there has been a reduction in the urban association of archaeophytes that is likely to have resulted from the recovery of archaeophytes associated with non‐urban (especially arable) habitats, following their decline in mid‐20th century, rather than from the movement of aliens into the wider countryside from urban habitats.