bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The immunological properties of haptens coupled to thymus‐independent carrier molecules. II. The influence of the graft‐versus‐host reaction on primary antibody responses to hapten‐coupled polysaccharides and proteins
Authors: Klaus G. G. B. , McMichael A. J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPrevious work from our laboratory has shown that hapten‐coupled pneumococcal polysaccharide (SIII) and levan (LE) (DNP‐lys‐SIII and DNP‐lys‐LE) elicit thymus‐independent IgM anti‐DNP responses in mice. In the present study the effects of the graft‐versus‐host (GVH) reaction on primary antibody responses to these two antigens and to various hapten‐protein conjugates was investigated.Injection of (CBA × C57BL)F1 mice with CBA spleen cells at the time of immunization significantly enhanced primary anti‐hapten responses, irrespective of whether the carrier stimulates T cells (proteins) or not (polysaccharides). Injection of allogeneic cells increased the IgM and elicited a significant IgG anti‐DNP response to DNP‐lys‐LE and DNP‐lys‐SIII. Contrary to the observations of others, we found that allogeneic spleen cells enhanced primary antibody responses to hapten‐protein conjugates. In contrast, we have been unable to demonstrate an IgG response to the polysaccharide moieties of DNP‐lys‐SIII or DNP‐lys‐LE, thus suggesting that the effects of activated T cells on antibody responses are related to the nature of the epitope involved.Isoelectric focusing studies of IgG anti‐DNP antibodies elicited in response to DNP‐lys‐LE via the GVH reaction indicate that allogeneic T cells can cooperate with and stimulate a heterogeneous population of B cells.
Immunoferitin analysis of membrane antigen density: A. young and old human blood cells B. developing erythroid cells and extruded erythroid nuclei
Authors: Skutelsky E. , Marikovsky Yehuda , Danon D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTwo immunoferritin techniques, (a) ferritin‐conjugated antibodies and (b) hybrid antibodies, were used to determine the surface antigen density on separated human young and old erythrocytes and on differentiating rabbit erythroid cells. The alterations of surface antigenicity caused by treatment of erythrocytes with neuraminidase were similarly studied.Old untreated cells have about a 25 % higher labeling density as compared with the young ones. The same age groups when treated with neuraminidase show a 45 % increase in labeling density as compared with untreated cells, but without significant differences between young and old cells. Counts performed on cell membranes labeled with ferritin‐conjugated antibodies or with hybrid antibodies revealed very similar results with both techniques.A progressive increase in labeling density, reaching a maximum at the orthochromatic erythroblast, follows the erythroid cells' division. A slight decrease in antigen density is observed on the reticulocyte. Some cross‐reaction with leukoid precursors is also observed. A possible correlation between the reduction of negative surface charge and the increase in membrane antigen density is pointed out.Expelled erythroid nuclei, surrounded by a narrow rim of cytoplasm and membrane, are more heavily labeled than other erythroid cells of the bone marrow. The increase in antigen density on the membrane surrounding the nucleus is already apparent when the nucleus is partially expelled.The alterations in the surface antigen density on old or neuraminidase‐treated erythrocytes and on expelled erythroid nuclei are attributed to the appearance of antigens previously masked by the neuraminic acid.The possibility that the increased membrane antigen density on the surface of old erythrocytes and expelled erythroid nuclei, as well as the reduction in negative surface charge, reflects factors determining the recognition of deteriorated membranes by macrophages and leading to their sequestration is discussed.
Immunoglobulin classes in the hen's egg: Their segregation in yolk and white
Authors: Rose M. Elaine , Orlans Eva , Buttress N. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHen's egg yolk contains at least two antigen‐binding subclasses of IgG, derived from the hen serum and transmitted to the chick. IgM and IgA, absent in yolk and in newly hatched chick serum, were detected in the white of unembryonated eggs, in the amniotic fluid of embryonating eggs and in the digestive tract of 19‐day embryos, which also contained IgG. The dual mode of transfer found for maternal Ig of different classes in the fowl is compared with the transfer of maternal immunity in mammals.
Cell‐mediated cytotoxicity to trinitrophenyl‐modified syngeneic lymphocytes
Authors: Shearer G. M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSpleen cells from B10 congenic mouse strains were cultured in vitro by a modification of the Mishell‐Dutton technique with trinitrophenyl (TNP)‐modified syngeneic spleen cells. Five days later, the effector cells generated were incubated with 51 Cr‐labeled unmodified or TNP‐modified spleen or tumor target cells, and the percentage of specific lysis determined. The results obtained using modified syngeneic as well as congenic target cells indicated that although TNP‐modification of the target cells was necessary to obtain lysis, the cytotoxicity was not specific for TNP exclusively, but was primarily directed against modified syngeneic cell surface components which may or may not have included the TNP moiety as an integral part of the recognition unit. A number of criteria were used to demonstrate that the phenomenon was attributed to T cell‐mediated cytotoxicity, and was not due to lymphocyte‐dependent antibody (LDA). These included: (a) failure of TNP‐lysine to block the effector phase; (b) lack of detectable LDA in the culture media; (c) failure of spleen cells from athymic nude donors to generate effector cells; (d) sensitivity of effector cells to rabbit anti‐mouse brain serum; and (e) the generation of effector cells by cortisone‐resistant thymocytes. The specificity observed between the syngeneic TNP‐modified sensitizing and target cells is compatible with the hypothesis that the TNP is altering cell surface proteins which are controlled by genes within distinct regions of the H‐2 major histocompatibility complex, and that these proteins are conformationally changed so as to be immunogenic to syngeneic thymus‐derived lymphocytes.
The nonspecific helper effect of mixed lymphocyte reactions on the induction of T cell‐mediated immunity in vitro
Authors: Altman A. , Cohen I. R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe compared induction of sensitization in the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) and in a mouse anti‐fibroblast reaction. Our study demonstrated that induction processes in these two reactions, both known to be T cell‐mediated reactions, are governed by different factors. Moreover, these two reactions interact with each other and this interaction is manifested by the ability of a MLR occurring during the sensitization phase of the anti‐fibroblast reaction to enhance specific cytolysis measured during the effector phase. This helper effect appears to be immunologically nonspecific, since it can be obtained by the use of third party, antigenically unrelated lymphocytes as stimulator cells in the MLR.
Cellular events in tolerance. IV. The effect of a graft‐versus‐host reaction and endotoxin on hapten‐ and carrier‐specific tolerance
Authors: Ornellas E. P. , Sanfilippo F. , Scott D. W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe induction of hapten‐specific and carrier‐specific unresponsiveness has been used as a model of B and T cell unresponsiveness, respectively. Endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide (LPS)) and a graft‐versus‐host (GVH) reaction were then evaluated for their ability to interfere with the induction of B and T cell tolerance in vivo. It was found that LPS, but not a GVH reaction had adjuvant activity in that LPS could convert a B cell tolerogenic signal into an immunogenic one. However, both treatments could partially prevent B cell tolerance induction with trinitrophenyl‐isologous IgG. Under conditions in which the GVH‐induced immunosuppression was minimal, carrier (T cell) tolerance was also reduced by the GVH reaction. LPS did not directly interfere with carrier unresponsiveness. We conclude that LPS can block the induction of unresponsiveness in B cells, whereas a GVH reaction can partially affect both T and B cell tolerance induction.
Direct triggering of B lymphocytes by insolubilized antigen
Authors: Feldmann Marc , Greaves M. F. , Parker D. C. , Rittenberg M. B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe in vitro immune response of mouse spleen cells to trinitrophenylated keyhole limpet hemocyanin (TNP‐KLH) conjugated onto Sepharose beads, TNP‐KLH(B), was investigated. Both primed and unprimed spleen cells responded well to this antigen. TNP‐KLH‐primed spleen gave a greater IgM, but a lesser IgG response to TNP‐KLH(B) than to soluble TNP‐KLH (TNP‐KLH(S)), regardless of its concentration. Spleen cell populations depleted of T cells or macrophages responded well to TNP‐KLH(B), but not to TNP‐KLH(S). Thus, TNP‐KLH(B) directly activates B cells, and the conjugation of a thymus‐dependent antigen, TNP‐KLH, to a particle, Sepharose, rendered it thymus independent. Varying the amount of TNP‐KLH conjugated per bead markedly affected their stimulatory capacity, independently of the total amount of antigen added per culture. No responses occurred with very low or very high substitution levels. In addition, it was found that TNP directly conjugated to aminoethylated polyacrylamide beads at low substitution levels is immunogenic for unprimed spleen cells.The immunogenicity of TNP‐KLH(B) and trinitrophenylated polyacrylamide beads indicates that binding of antigen at the surface of a cell is sufficient to stimulate it, and that interiorization of intact antigen is not necessary in this process. Furthermore, these results can be interpreted on the basis of a matrix mechanism of B cell triggering, which involves the simultaneous binding of multiple antigenic determinants to B cell receptors.
Induction of B cell tolerance to polysaccharides by exhaustive immunization and during immunosuppression with cyclophosphamide
Authors: Howard J. G. , Courtenay Barbara M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMice immunized with an optimal (10 μg), but not suboptimal, dose of levan (LE) became specifically unresponsive to a second dose given 2–8 weeks later. No evidence which could implicate an active suppression mechanism was found. In particular (a) spleen cells from unresponsive donors did not inhibit normal cells in a transfer system; (b) equilibration of serum antibody following 2 days celomic parabiosis between LE‐treated and normal mice did not impair responsiveness of the latter. It was concluded that B cells were exhausted in the absence of memory cell accumulation. LE can therefore induce specific B cell deletion, not only directly with 1 mg, but also following immunization with 10 μg. The exhaustive capacity of another polysaccharide, SIII, was found to be much weaker.Cyclophosphamide (CP) (150 mg/kg) completely suppressed the responses to LE and SIII when injected with them. Recovery following CP alone was nearly complete 2 weeks later, but simultaneous injection of an immunizing amount of LE was succeeded by dose‐related specific tolerance. Total suppression followed only 100 ng LE + CP, a 10 000‐fold reduction in the “high zone” tolerizing dose. The corresponding reduction in SIII experiments was only 5‐fold.The times for recovery following transfer of spleen cells from donors tolerant of LE in the exhaustion and CP models were 2 and 4 weeks, respectively; periods commensurate with B cell renewal.The basis for these further differences in the tolerogenic properties of LE and SIII are discussed.
Clones of antibody‐forming cells in pokeweed mitogen‐stimulated microcultures. I. Requirements for the induction of the antibody response of nude spleen cells
Authors: Quintáns J. , Lefkovits I. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe effect of pokeweed mitogen (PWM) on the activation of precursor cells specific for sheep red cells (SRC) was studied in the microculture system. It was found that:

(a) PWM does not augment the response of nude spleen cells in the absence of T cells.
(b) When microcultures of nude spleen cells are supplemented with irradiated allogeneic spleen cells, the addition of PWM increases the number of precursor cells engaged in the anti‐SRC response.
(c) Allogeneic supernatant produced in the presence of PWM is more active than that produced in the absence of PWM.
The in vivo effects of concanavalin A on the cellular immune response in BALB/c mice. Inhibition of the delayed hypersensitivity reaction to tuberculin
Authors: Davis S. , Boone C. W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe suppressive effect of concanavalin A (Con A) on the cell‐mediated immune response was demonstrated in BALB/c mice made immune to challenge with tuberculin. 400 μg of Con A administered intraperitoneally simultaneously with injection of antigen into the footpad of primed animals resulted in suppression of the delayed hypersensitivity reaction as detected by a sensitive radioisotopic footpad assay. If Con A was given in a dose of 100 μg three times weekly to normal mice being sensitized to tuberculoprotein, the maximum immune response following complete immunization was significantly suppressed but not abolished.The suppressive effect of Con A appeared to be due to its binding to cell membranes, since splenic lymphocytes obtained from Con A‐treated immune mice failed to respond in the local adoptive transfer reaction to tuberculin. The lymphocytes regained their immune reactivity to tuberculin if they were first incubated in α‐methyl‐D‐mannoside.These findings represent the first demonstration of in vivo immunosuppression by Con A of the tuberculin immune response in the mouse. Both the inductive and established responses of the delayed hypersensitivity reaction appear to be affected. The reversible inhibition of the local adoptive transfer of tuberculin immunity suggests the depression of the response is due to binding to or alteration of antigen receptor sites by Con A.
The anti‐virus activity of double‐stranded RNA in the presence of antibody to double‐stranded RNA
Authors: Naysmith J. D. , Sharpe T. J. , Planterose D. N. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMice were given double‐stranded RNA from a fungal source either in saline or emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant. In each case the animals produced antibodies specific for double‐stranded RNA.Mice immunized in this way were as well protected against infection with encephalomyocarditis virus following a subsequent injection of double‐stranded RNA as were nonimmunized mice.
Immunogenicity and antigenic specificity of the loop fragment of lysozyme
Authors: Geiger B. , Arnon Ruth 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe immune response in DBA/1 mice towards the loop fragment of hen egg‐white lysozyme (residues 60–83) was assessed by testing for circulating antibodies on the one hand, and antibody‐forming cells on the other hand. According to the latter criterion, the free loop peptide is immunogenic, eliciting both primary and secondary immune responses. The involvement of T cell population in this response is indicated by the capacity of the loop to exert a “carrier” effect.
Changes in lymphocytes recirculation and liberation of the adoptive memory response from cellular regulation in irradiated recipients
Authors: Cell E. B. , Shand F. L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThoracic duct lymphocytes from previously immunized (AS2 × As)F1 rats (′TDL), were adoptively transferred to syngenic recipients and triggered by soluble HSA (s‐HSA) the following day. The response of ′TDL in an irradiated recipient was almost two orders of magnitude greater than the response in a nonirradiated adult host. The affinity of the antibody in the adult recipients was significantly reduced, but increased with time. Nonirradiated young recipients (3 weeks old) also supported an adopitve memory response which was comparable in quantity and quality to that found in irradiated host. Theb response of ′TDL declined progressively when transferred into 2‐week‐old or 4‐week‐old radiation chimeras, or was reduced in irradiated hosts when the memory cells were mixed together with nonimmune TDL. The experiements indicate that the differental response between the adult and irradiated recipient is the result of a restrictive control in the former host rather than an enhancing factor in the latter. Lymphocytes in the nonimmune population regulate both the expansion and maturation of the adoptive memory response, the high energy‐binding B cells being at a selective disadvantage. Host irradiation effectively liberates the adoptive response from this cellular control mechanism.A comparative study of transferred, [14C]leucine‐labeled TDL shows that distribution and homing of lymphocytes to lymph nodes and spleen was not altered by irradiating the recipients. However, adoptively tranferred cells almost completely failed to recirculate in irradiated rats, in contrast to normal recipients. But, the injection of large numbers of unlabeled TDL following irradiation forced more labeled cells into the recirculating pool, suggesting that saturation of depleted lymphoid tissue with lymphocytes is an important factor regulating lymphocytes traffic. The relevance of this „saturation effect”︁ in regulating the adoptive memory response is discussed.
Rabbit alpha‐fetoprotein: normal levels and breakage tolerance with haptenated homologous alpha‐fetoprotein
Authors: Ruoslahti E. , Pihko Helena , Becker M. , Mäkelä O. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractNanogram quantities of alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP), a tumor associated fetal protein, were found in the serum of normal adult rabbits by radioimmunoassay. This AFP was isolated and shown to be immunologically identical to fetal AFP by immunodiffusion. Immunizations of rabbits with unmodified or desialylated AFP in complete Freund's adjuvant did not cause antibody formation, indicating the existance of tolerance against homologous AFP. The tolerance could be terminated by immunizing with hapten‐coupled AFP, which resulted in production of rabbit antibodies reacting with unmodified rabbit AFP.
Similar combining sites of IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies in individual mice as judged from affinity and rate constant measurements
Authors: Trissl Dorothea , Kolb H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWithin individual sera, mouse IgG1 and IgG2a subclass antibodies against the antigenic detetminant oligio‐D‐Allanine are likely to have similar combining sites. The antibodies are characterized by two methods, by their rate of binding to antigen equipped sheep red blood cells and by the hapten inhibition of antigen binding. The two characteristics are shown to be independent. The subclass antibodies of thirteen different sera differ by a factor of about 10 in their rate constant and by a factor of about 50 in affinity for hapten. In contrast, IgG1 and IgG2a within the same serum have strikingly similar rate constants (factor 1.02–1.33) as well as very similar affinities (factor 1.1–2.7). Since it is higly improbable that correlation in two independent criteria occurs by chance, the IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies are asssumed to have similar combining sites.
Quantitative analysis of an idiotypic determinant of light chains of normal human IgG and IgM
Authors: Ruffilli Ann , Menegozzo M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractNormal light chains of human IgG and IgM were analyzed for the presence of the idiotypic determinant of light chains identified by anti‐„a”︁. A quantitative evaluation indicated that this marker of the variable region was present in light chains obtained from IgG nd IgM: however, light chains reacting with anti‐„a”︁ were preferentially associated with IgG molecules.
Influence on allograft rejection of thymectomy at different stages of larval development in urodele amphibian Pleurode waltlii Michah. (Salamandridae)
Authors: Fache B. , Charlemagne J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThymectomy was performed on the urodele amphibian Pleurodeles waltlii Michah. from the 5th to the 20th week of larvel development. Thymectomized animals were allografted at 7 months of age. The results obtained are as follows (1) Pleurodeles thymectomized before 10 weeks always tolerated allografts; (2) Pleurodeles thymectomized within 11 to 13 weeks generally rejected allografts in a chronic manner, but sometimes tolerated them; (3) normal rejections occurred in Pleurodeles thymectomized at 14 weeks, or later. Stage 52 of the development table (10 weeks of age) is a critical „end stage”︁ for the efficiency of thymectomy.The results are confirmed by the fate of second set allografts performed in all these animals.
Synthetic antigens. II. Immunogenic, antigenic and adjuvant properties of a copolymer of styrene and maleic anhydride
Authors: Wieczorek Z. , Starocik Krystyna , Lisowski J. , Zimecki M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractImmunogenic, antigenic and adjuvant properties of a polyanionic copolymer of styrene and maleic anhydride (PSM) are are described. The results obtained showed that PSM was immunogenic in BALB/c mice when administered without adjuvant, the optimal dose being 0.01 μg/mouse. Antibodies could be detected only by precipitation in gel but not by agglutination. High molecular weight polymer (290000 daltons) was a stronger immunogen and antigen than copolymers of lower molecular weights (85 000‐210 000 daltons). PSM also showed adjuvant activity and enhanced the humoral response of mice against sheep red blood cells. Adjuvanticity was found only when 1 μg of PSM/mouse was applied. The results obtained suggest that PSM interacts with B rather than T cells.
Antigen‐induced changes in lymphocyte circulatory patterns
Authors: Black S. J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe effect of a splenic or lymph node anti‐sheep red blood cell response on lymphocyte migration patterns in mice was studied. It was found that trapping of lymphocytes in these stimulated organs was indiscriminate and was followed by a period of restricted cell entry or localization; furthermore, reduced cell localization in the spleen, during the splenic response, was accompanied by a reduction in the number of cells localizing in unstimulated brachial and axillary lymph nodes. These results were taken to indicate that major changes occur in lymphocyte circulation during strong splenic immune responses.
Use of formalin‐fixed melanoma cells for the detection of antibodies against surface antigens by a micro‐immune adherence technique
Authors: Müller Christine , Sorg C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEstablished melanoma cell lines were fixed in suspension with 4 % form lin and tested for antigenic activity against sera from melanoma patient in a micro‐immune adherence test. By incubation of formalin‐fixed cell in serum‐free medium the unspecific background rosette formation was substantially reduced to below 10 %. As could be demonstrated in absorption experiments with viable and formalin‐fixed tumor cells, surface antigens reacting with sera from melanoma patients are largely unaffect by formalin treatment.