bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
UV Absorption microspectrophotometry and digestibility of cell types of bermudagrass internodes at different stages of maturity
Authors: Akin Danny E , Hartley Roy D 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe walls of sclerenchyma, vascular bundle sheaths, and parenchyma at different maturities (internodes 2, 5, and 7 from the apex) of bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L) Pers] were analyzed by UV absorption microspectrophotometry, and the results were related to wall digestibility. Sclerenchyma walls from internode 2 were degraded by rumen microorganisms, with only the middle lamella remaining. Undegraded sclerenchyma walls gave a UV absorption spectrum similar to that of p‐coumaroyl and feruloyl arabinoxylo‐trisaccharides isolated from bermudagrass cell walls. Absorption maxima occurred at ˜ 245 and 320 nm, together with a shoulder at ˜ 280 nm. Sclerenchyma from the older internodes 5 and 7 showed only partial degradation of the secondary wall adjacent to the lumen. Spectra of undegraded walls from these internodes showed absorption maxima at ˜ 245 and 285 nm with a shoulder at ˜ 320 nm. Spectra of sclerenchyma walls that included the middle lamellae gave a higher absorption at ˜ 320 nm than did wall layers excluding the middle lamellae. Vascular bundle sheaths generally were similar in digestion patterns and spectra to those of sclerenchyma. Parenchyma cells in internode 2, which were totally degradable, gave low absorbance. Parenchyma cell walls from internodes 5 and 7 were degraded except for the middle lamellae in cells nearest to the sclerenchyma; parenchyma cells nearest to the stem centre were totally degraded. Spectra of parenchyma wall regions that included middle lamellae were similar to the p‐coumaroyl and feruloyl arabinoxylo‐trisaccharides, and absorbance values were low compared with sclerenchyma and vascular walls. Results suggested that esteror ether‐linked phenolic acids accounted for most of the UV absorption in young sclerenchyma and young and old parenchyma; lignin‐like aromatics increased in older, poorly digested sclerenchyma as ester/ether‐type compounds decreased. An estimation of the amount of ‘ferulic acid equivalents’ of the walls was made assuming all the absorbance at ˜ λmax 320 nm was due to ferulic acid; older sclerenchyma walls had the highest values (160 mg g−1 walls) and parenchyma walls the lowest (11 mg g−1 walls).
Content and chemical composition of epicuticular wax of ‘Navelina’ Oranges and ‘Satsuma’ Mandarins as Related to Rindstaining of Fruit
Authors: Sala J M , Lafuente T , Cuñat P 
Published: October 2006

AbstractChanges in the content and chemical composition of epicuticular wax of susceptible and non‐susceptible ‘Navelina’ orange and non‐susceptible ‘ Satsuma’ mandarin fruits to rindstaining, growing in the area of Valencia (Spain), were studied. The epicuticular wax content of the susceptible Navelina fruits increases with ripening from 30 μg cm−2 in July to 110 μg cm−2 in January. The epicuticular wax content of the non‐susceptible Navelina fruits was similar to that of the susceptible ones. The epicuticular wax content of the Satsuma mandarin fruits was lower than that of Navelina orange fruits; it changed from 20 μg cm−2 in July to 40 μg cm−2 in January. In this study, no correlation between epicuticular wax content and susceptibility to rindstaining of the orange fruits was found. In general, alkanes, aldehydes and fatty acids are the major wax constituents, whereas the primary alcohols and the triterpenoids are the minor ones. The maximum incidence of rindstaining occurs at the end of October and the beginning of November, immediately after the major rate of increase of the fruit surface. Such an increase also concurs with the major hardening and facility of cracking of the wax layer.
Optical properties and appearance characteristics of tomato fruit (Lycopersicon esculentum)
Authors: Hetherington Mandy J , Macdougall Douglas B 
Published: October 2006

AbstractCharacterisation of the optical properties of the internal structures of tomatoes enhances assessment of the composite appearance. Reflectance colorimetry and the Kubelka‐Munk analysis to distinguish three distinct maturity groups of tomatoes were tested. Differences in the scatter, absorption and internal transmittance were found amongst the component structures of the intact tomato. Tomato fruit was also pulped and a range of dilutions prepared. The decrease in scatter, absorption and increase in internal transmittance with increased dilution suggests the importance of optical properties with changes in concentration.
Total dietary fibre contents in vegetables, fruits and berries consumed in Finland
Authors: Plaami Sirkka P , Kumpulainen Jorma T , Tahvonen Raija L 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTotal dietary fibre (TDF) contents of the major vegetables, fruits and berries commonly consumed in Finland were determined. The soluble (SDF) and insoluble dietary fibre (IDF) fractions of bilberry and lingonberry were determined separately. All analyses were performed by the enzymic‐gravimetric method of Asp et al (1983) J Agric Food Chem 31 476‐482, upon which the official AOAC established method is also based. Considerable variation was found in the TDF contents of fruits, vegetables and berries. However, the mean TDF contents of domestic and imported vegetables and berries were nearly equal. On the other hand, the TDF contents of domestic and imported apple varieties differed significantly, with Finnish apples having the highest TDF contents. The IDF and SDF contents of bilberry were 19‐32 and 4‐11 and those of lingonberry 19‐24 and 4‐5 g kg−1 FW, respectively.The average intake of dietary fibre obtained from fresh vegetables, fruits and berries in Finland was estimated to be 5.6 g day−1 contributing to approximately 18% of the entire population's TDF intake.
Effect of tannins from faba beans on protein utilisation in rats
Authors: Alzueta Carmen , Treviño Jesús , Ortiz Luis 
Published: October 2006

AbstractExperimental diets with various levels (0, 8.5, 17.0 and 25.5 g kg−1 diet) of a freeze‐dried tannin extract obtained from faba bean seeds were evaluated in a bioassay with rats. Faecal nitrogen excretion increased and true nitrogen digestibility decreased significantly (P < 0.01) with the inclusion of tannins in the diet. In contrast, the biological value of nitrogen was apparently unaffected.
Effect of autoclaving sugar‐beet fibre on its physico‐chemical properties and its in‐vitro degradation by human faecal bacteria
Authors: Guillon Fabienne , Barry Jean‐Luc , Thibault Jean‐François 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe effect of structure and properties of sugar‐beet fibre on its degradability by human faecal bacteria was investigated by an in‐vitro fermentation test. The composition and physico‐chemical properties of sugar‐beet fibre were changed by autoclaving. Autoclaving at 122°C and 136°C for I h increased the solubility mainly of pectins and arabinans and caused increased swelling. The form of the fibre influenced the water‐binding capacity, the ionic form giving lowest values. Increasing the ionic strength of the medium reduced the water‐binding capacity, especially for the raw fibres and fibres autoclaved at 122°C. The composition of the fibre did not entirely explain these differences and the three‐dimensional arrangement of the different polymers in the cell wall was apparently involved. Galacturonic acid and arabinose were extensively depleted by human faecal bacteria and after 24h more than 80% of the initial carbohydrates had been degraded. However, the time course measurement of residual polysaccharides, production of short‐chain fatty acids and values of pH showed differences in the rate of fermentation; the presence of solubilised material stimulated bacterial proliferation. The removal of pectic polysaccharides increased the degradability of cellulose and this fact suggested that accessibility is mainly responsible for the slow attack of cellulose in sugar‐beet fibre.
Determination by HPLC of changes in tocopherol levels in spinach after industrial processing
Authors: Antonia Murcia M. , Vera Ana , García‐Carmona Francisco 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe concentrations of tocopherols in spinach samples (raw, frozen and canned) have been determined by HPLC using an isocratic procedure with UV detection. β‐, γ‐ and σ‐tocopherols and α‐tocopheryl acetate were not detected in significant amounts. Tocopherol levels were observed to be maintained after the freezing process but very significant losses were found to occur during the canning process.
Chemical composition and biodegradability of crop residues colonized by white‐rot fungi
Authors: Karunanandaa Kanthasamy , Fales Steven L. , Varga Gabriella A. , Royse Daniel J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTwo experiments were conducted to study the degradation of rice (Oriza sativa L) straw and maize (Zea maize L) stover by selected white‐rot fungi, using loss of organic matter, disappearance of cell wall constituents, and in‐vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) as indices of rumen microbial degradation. Four white‐rot fungi—Cyrathus stercoreus, Dichomitus squalens and two strains (cellulase‐less mutant and a wild type) of Phanerochaete chrysosporium—were selected for the first experiment. After 30 days of solid state fermentation. C stercoreus increased IVDMD of both substrates from 373 g kg−1 (rice) and 393 g kg−1 (corn) to approximately 540 g kg−1 by selectively degrading hemicellulose as opposed to cellulose. The highest IVDMD was obtained with a minimal loss of dry matter (33 g kg−1). In contrast, both strains (wild and mutant) of P chrysosporium degraded cellulose and hemicellulose indiscriminately, and thus lowered the IVDMD to 276. 257 as opposed to 373 for rice straw and 301. 307 as opposed to 393 g kg−1 for maize stover. All the fungi showed a preference for degrading maize stover compared with rice straw, although the materials were similar in cellulose and lignin concentration. No direct correlation was found between lignin degradation and the improvement of substrate IVDMD of either substrate.The objective of the second experiment was to determine the rate and extent of digestibility of rice straw colonized by C stercoreus during two incubation periods (15 and 30 days). Dry matter disappearance (DMD) was determined by ruminal incubation of the substrate contained in nylon bags. The 30‐day incubation period was superior (1.3 ×) to that of the 15‐day period in improving in‐situ DMD. Treatment of rice straw for 30 days not only improved the extent of dry matter digestibility (616 as opposed to 389 g kg−1), but also increased (1.5 ×) the rate of disappearance of substrate.
Identification of phenolic compounds and their relationships to in‐vitro digestibility of sorghum leaves from bird‐resistant and non‐bird‐resistant varieties
Authors: Mueller‐Harvey I. , Reed J D 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSoluble phenolics in leaf blades and sheaths from the crop residues of 24 sorghum varieties were studied. Apigenin, luteolin, apigenin and luteolin 7‐O‐glucosides, p‐coumaric acid, butin and apigeninidin were identified. This is the first report of butin in sorghum tissues. Derivatives of the following compounds were also detected but not characterised further: apigeninidin, luteolinidin, chalcone, flavanone and/or dihydroflavonol, cinnamic acid, apigenin and luteolin. The composition of phenolics was clearly different between leaf blades (LB) and sheaths (LS), and also between leaf sheaths of bird‐resistant (BR) and non‐bird‐resistant (NBR) varieties. Routes of flavonoid biosynthesis in BR and NBR varieties appear to diverge at the flavanone/dihydroflavonol level. Several negative correlations were found between HPLC peaks and in‐vitro digestibilities, ie true dry matter and neutral‐detergent fibre digestibility. These were highly significant with butin and significant with several luteolin derivatives but only with one apigenin derivative. Butin in turn was highly negatively correlated with colorimetric measurements of 3‐desoxyanthocyanidins. This may suggest that butin—rather than the 3‐desoxyanthocyanidins as previously reported—is implicated in reducing dry matter digestibility. Selecting varieties low in luteolin derivatives and butin and rich in apigenin should enhance the digestibilities of sorghum crop residues.
Relative ability of a range of crop species to use phosphate rock and monocalcium phosphate as P sources when grown in soil
Authors: Haynes R J 
Published: October 2006

AbstractGlasshouse experiments were conducted to compare the ability of a range of crop species to use the medium reactive Jordan phosphate rock (JPR), the highly reactive North Carolina phosphate rock (NCPR) and the highly soluble monocalcium phosphate (MCP) as P sources in a P‐deficient silt loam when supplied with nitrate‐N. Growth of wheat and barley resulted in excess anion uptake, a consequent rise in rhizosphere pH and yield increased in the following order: control < JPR < NCPR < MCP. Growth of buckwheat resulted in excess cation uptake, and as a result it used NCPR as effectively as MCP; the yield order was as follows: control < JPR < NCPR = MCP. Lupin, when supplied with nitrate, raised its rhizosphere pH and yield followed the same order as that for wheat and barley: control < JPR < NCPR < MCP. In contrast, when not supplied with nitrate and relying substantially on biological N2fixation, lupin absorbed a cation excess, lowered rhizosphere pH and the yield order was control < JPR = NCPR = MCP. Although rape and kale absorbed an anion excess and raised rhizosphere pH they were surprisingly effective at using phosphate rock as a P source; the yield order was control < JPR = MCP < NCPR. This was attributed to the known ability of rape to acidify its rhizosphere in a localised area just behind the root tip in response to P deficiency. The opportunity appears to exist for the strategic use of phosphate rock at times within arable rotations when species are present that can effectively use such P sources.
Cholesterol oxides in γ‐irradiated spray‐dried egg powder
Authors: Lebovics Vera K. , Gaál ödön , Somogyi László , Farkas József 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThin‐layer chromatography was used to follow up the chemical changes of cholesterol in spray‐dried egg powder γ‐irradiated under aerobic conditions with doses intended to eliminate Salmonella contamination.Chemical changes induced in cholesterol in egg powder by ionising radiation proved to be similar in nature to those known to occur during autoxidation. Formation of 7‐hydroxy‐cholesterol isomers (α and β) could be observed even at 1 and 2 kGy. Doses of 4 and 6 kGy increased the quantity of these products and resulted in the appearance of cholesterol‐5 α,6α‐epoxide. At 6 kGy 7‐ketocholesterol was also identified. Non‐irradiated egg powder stored for 1 month contained approximately the same quantity of 7‐hydroxycholesterols as a freshly produced egg powder irradiated at 1 kGy; freshly produced egg powder irradiated at 6 kGy corresponded to 3‐month‐old egg powder.
Assessment of maximum cooking temperatures of previously heat treated beef. part 2: Differential scanning calorimetry
Authors: Ellekjær Marit Risberg 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDifferential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was studied as a potential method for the determination of the previous heat treatment of beef. Samples of beef (M longissimus dorsi) from eight bulls were heat treated at nine different temperatures between 50 and 85°C and subsequently analysed by DSC. The DSC method was able to determine the previous heat treatment temperature of the beef samples with a prediction error of 0.6°C in the temperature range 50–72°C. when multivariate analysis of the full DSC‐thermograms was used. This indicates that DSC has potential applicability as a regulatory method to assess the maximum cooking temperature of previously heat treated beef.
Mycoflora and mycotoxin‐producing potential of fungi from poultry feeds and feed ingredients in Trinidad
Authors: Chang‐Yen Ivan , Bidasee Keshore , Rampersad Ganga 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA survey of the mycoflora of poultry feeds and feed ingredients revealed a wide range of fungal genera and species, many of which are reported to be mycotoxigenic. Subculturing of randomly selected isolates from three of the most commonly occurring species confirmed their mycotoxin‐producing potential. On a brown‐rice substrate Aspergillus flavus Link produced on average 56 μg kg−1 aflatoxin B1. 53 μg kg−1 aflatoxin G‐1, and 336 μg g−1 cyclopiazonic acid. Similarly. subcultured Penicillium citrimum Thom produced 620 μg g−1 citrinin and Aspergillus tamarii Kita 13670 μg g−1 kojic acid. The need for a mycological/ chemical approach to mycotoxin monitoring is strongly indicated.
The effects of time to first shoot removal on leaf vegetable quality in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)
Authors: Simwambana Moses S. C. , Ferguson Theodore U. , Osiru David S. O. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA field trial was established on a sandy soil at IITA. Ibadan. Nigeria to investigate the effects of time to first shoot removal on cyanide content and chemical composition of leaves of two cassava clones: TMS 91934 and TMS 30572. Four different times to first shoot removal were imposed on each clone: 8. 14, 20 and 52 weeks after planting (WAP). Shoot removal was repeated at 8‐week intervals until harvesting at 52 WAP. Shoot removal (SR) involved removing the shoot tips just below the most fully expanded leaf. Early shoot removal during the crop growth period (SR at 8 weeks and SR at 14 weeks 14) produced significantly (P < 0.01) more fresh shoot yield than late shoot removal (SR20 and SR52 weeks). Concentrations of crude protein, iron, phosphorus and zinc were higher in the early harvested leaves but declined in concentration with increasing age of the crop (430–280 g kg−1, 680–85 mg kg−1, 88–42 g kg−1, 128–30 mg kg−1, respectively). Leaf HCN concentration was about three times that in tuberous roots (137 mg kg−1 fresh weight compared with 43 mg kg−1 fresh weight). The variation in leaf HCN concentration was not significant for all the treatments over the period.
Protein nutrition of dairy cows receiving grass silage diets: Effects of feeding a protein supplement of unbalanced amino acid composition
Authors: Chamberlain David G. , Choung Jai‐Jun , Robertson Stuart 
Published: October 2006

AbstractEight cows were used in a replicated 4 × 4 latin square design experiment with period lengths of 3 weeks to investigate the effects of protein supplementation of a grass silage diet on silage intake and milk production. The four treatments were (i) the basal diet, consisting of grass silage ad libitum plus 2 kg day−1 of molassed sugar beet pulp; (ii) basal diet plus 1 kg day−1 of fish meal (F): (iii) basal diet plus 0.8 kg day−1 of feather meal 1 (FE1); and (iv) basal diet plus 0.8 kg day−1 of feather meal 2 (FE2). Silage intake was significantly (P < 0.01) increased by the F supplement but was not affected by the FE supplements; values were 9.9, 10.6, 9.6 and 9.6 kg DM day−1 for basal, F, FE1 and FE2, respectively. Relative to the basal treatment, F increased (P < 0.001) the yield of milk and milk protein but, again, these were unaffected by FE; values were, for milk yield, 13.6, 16.3, 13.7 and 13.1 kg day−1; and, for milk protein yield, 420, 545, 429 and 414 g day−1 for basal, F, FE1 and FE2, respectively. However, supplementation with FE produced increases in the concentration (P < 0.001) and yield (P < 0.05) of milk fat; values were 42.8, 39.9, 46.6 and 47.8 g kg−1 and 575, 646, 628 and 618 g day−1 respectively, for the basal, F, FE1 and FE2 treatments. The profile of amino acids in blood plasma was characterised by markedly lower (at least P < 0.01) concentrations of methionine, lysine, tryptophan and histidine for the diets containing FE compared with F. The results show pronounced effects of the amino acid composition of the undegraded protein component of the supplement on both silage intake and milk production but also draw attention to a possible relationship between amino balance and the secretion of milk fat.
Microbiological characteristics and deteriorative changes of ‘k woka’ (a nigerian non‐fermented maize dish) produced using potassium sorbate and various steaming treatment
Authors: Efiuvwevwere Bernard J. O. , Amadi Lawrence O. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract‘Kwoka’ (a popular Nigerian non‐fermented maize meal) was produced using steaming for either 30 or 60 min or a combination of potassium sorbate (KS) treatment with steaming for 60 min. Microbiological characteristics and chemical quality were investigated during production and storage, together with organoleptic and objective (firmness only) assessment of quality during ambient storage (30 ± 2°C). The slurry (ie before steaming) and 30 min steamed K woka showed more diverse genera of moulds and bacteria than K woka steamed for 60 min (with or without KS). The organisms isolated from the raw materials and product belonged to the genera Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Lactobacillus, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Aspergillus and Fusarium. During storage Bacillus cereus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, L leichmannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae predominated. Coliforms and fungi were not detected on day 0 in KS‐treated and 60 min steamed K woka. Marked reductions in aerobic plate counts (APC) and in the population of the different bacterial groups were observed in all samples following steaming, These increased sharply within 1 day of storage, the highest (6.50 log cfu g−1) APC occurring on day 3 in 30 min steamed K woka. Of the bacterial groups, the Lactobacillus population increased most markedly and this probably reflects the significant increase in acidity observed especially on day 6. Adverse quality changes in appearance, aroma and firmness were more apparent in the control (ie without KS treatment) and the samples were unacceptable after 1 day but the shelf‐life of K woka produced using KS treatment and 60 min steaming was extended by 2 days.
Relationships of hydrophobicity and antigenic activity to fat‐binding capacity of heat denatured meat proteins
Authors: Marín María L. , Selgas Dolores , Pin Carmen , Casas Carmen 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAromatic and aliphatic hydrophobicity, measured fluorometrically for meat proteins using 8‐anilino‐1 ‐naphthalene sulphonic acid and all‐trans‐retinol as hydrophobic probes, and antigenicity studied using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (indirect‐ELISA) had significant correlations to fat‐binding capacity of heat denatured meat proteins. Simple and multiple regression analyses yielded equations to predict this functional property of meat proteins.
Post‐harvest changes in some volatile flavour constituents of yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa)
Authors: Narain Narendra , Bora Pushkar Singh 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa) was stored after harvest at ambient temperature (29 ± 2°C). Volatile flavour components were analysed up to a period of 15 days using a headspace technique combined with high‐resolution gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Several compounds–ethyl butanoate, hexyl butanoate, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl acetate, 2‐heptanone, benzaldehyde and 1‐hexanol–were quantitatively monitored during post‐harvest storage of fruit.