bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification and developmental expression of mRNAs encoding crustacean cardioactive peptide (CCAP) in decapod crustaceans
Authors: Chung J. S. , Wilcockson D. C. , Zmora N. , Zohar Y. , Dircksen H. , Webster S. G. 
Published: September 2006

SUMMARYFull-length cDNAs encoding crustacean cardioactive peptide (CCAP) were isolated from several decapod (brachyuran and astacuran) crustaceans: the blue crab Callinectes sapidus, green shore crab Carcinus maenas,European lobster Homarus gamarus and calico crayfish Orconectes immunis. The cDNAs encode open reading frames of 143 (brachyurans) and 139-140 (astacurans) amino acids. Apart from the predicted signal peptides(30-32 amino acids), the conceptually translated precursor codes for a single copy of CCAP and four other peptides that are extremely similar in terms of amino acid sequence within these species, but which clearly show divergence into brachyuran and astacuran groups. Expression patterns of CCAP mRNA and peptide were determined during embryonic development in Carcinususing quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry with whole-mount confocal microscopy, and showed that significant mRNA expression (at 50% embryonic development) preceded detectable levels of CCAP in the developing central nervous system (CNS; at 70% development). Subsequent CCAP gene expression dramatically increased during the late stages of embryogenesis (80-100%),coincident with developing immunopositive structures. In adult crabs, CCAP gene expression was detected exclusively in the eyestalk, brain and in particular the thoracic ganglia, in accord with the predominance of CCAP-containing cells in this tissue. Measurement of expression patterns of CCAP mRNA in Carcinus and Callinectes thoracic ganglia throughout the moult cycle revealed only modest changes, indicating that previously observed increases in CCAP peptide levels during premoult were not transcriptionally coupled. Severe hypoxic conditions resulted in rapid downregulation of CCAP transcription in the eyestalk, but not the thoracic ganglia in Callinectes, and thermal challenge did not change CCAP mRNA levels. These results offer the first tantalising glimpses of involvement of CCAP in environmental adaptation to extreme, yet biologically relevant stressors, and perhaps suggest that the CCAP-containing neurones in the eyestalk might be involved in adaptation to environmental stressors.
Receptor expression and sympatric speciation: unique olfactory receptor neuron responses in F1 hybrid Rhagoletis populations
Authors: Olsson Shannon B. , Linn Charles E. , Michel Andrew , Dambroski Hattie R. , Berlocher Stewart H. , Feder Jeffrey L. , Roelofs Wendell L. 
Published: September 2006

SUMMARY
The Rhagoletis pomonella species complex is one of the foremost examples supporting the occurrence of sympatric speciation. A recent study found that reciprocal F1 hybrid offspring from different host plant-infesting populations in the complex displayed significantly reduced olfactory host preference in flight-tunnel assays. Behavioral and electrophysiological studies indicate that olfactory cues from host fruit are important chemosensory signals for flies to locate fruit for mating and oviposition. The reduced olfactory abilities of hybrids could therefore constitute a significant post-mating barrier to gene flow among fly populations. The present study investigated the source of changes in the hybrid olfactory system by examining peripheral chemoreception in F1 hybrid flies, using behaviorally relevant volatiles from the parent host fruit. Single-sensillum electrophysiological analyses revealed significant changes in olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) response specificities in hybrid flies when compared to parent ORN responses. We report that flies from F1 crosses of apple-, hawthorn- and flowering dogwood-origin populations of R. pomonella exhibited distinct ORN response profiles absent from any parent population. These peripheral alterations in ORN response profiles could result from misexpression of multiple receptors in hybrid neurons as a function of genomic incompatibilities in receptor-gene pathways in parent populations. We conclude that these changes in peripheral chemoreception could impact olfactory host preference and contribute directly to reproductive isolation in the Rhagoletis complex, or could be genetically coupled to other host-associated traits.
Tests of absolute photorefractoriness in four species of cardueline finch that differ in reproductive schedule
Authors: MacDougall-Shackleton Scott A. , Katti Madhusudan , Hahn Thomas P. 
Published: September 2006

SUMMARYSpecies with different reproductive schedules may differ in how they respond to the annual change in photoperiod (the adaptive specialization hypothesis). Seasonally breeding species are predicted to use photorefractoriness to terminate reproduction prior to inclement conditions in autumn and winter, whereas opportunistically breeding species may not exhibit photorefractoriness. We tested for absolute photorefractoriness in four species of cardueline finch that differ in their reproductive schedules:opportunistically breeding red crossbills, flexibly breeding pine siskins, and seasonally breeding Cassin's finches and gray-crowned rosy-finches. Field observations indicated that all four species regress their gonads and begin prebasic feather molt in late summer or autumn. However, exposure to a long day photoperiod in autumn (24 h:0 h L:D) resulted in elevation of gonadotropins and testicular recrudescence in all species except Cassin's finches. Thus, by this criterion, some of the seasonally breeding species tested here did not exhibit absolute photorefractoriness. These results indicate that phylogenetic history needs to be taken into account when considering the adaptive nature of photoperiod response systems.
Membrane lipid physiology and toxin catabolism underlie ethanol and acetic acid tolerance inDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Montooth Kristi L. , Siebenthall Kyle T. , Clark Andrew G. 
Published: September 2006

SUMMARYDrosophila melanogaster has evolved the ability to tolerate and utilize high levels of ethanol and acetic acid encountered in its rotting-fruit niche. Investigation of this phenomenon has focused on ethanol catabolism, particularly by the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase. Here we report that survival under ethanol and acetic acid stress in D. melanogasterfrom high- and low-latitude populations is an integrated consequence of toxin catabolism and alteration of physical properties of cellular membranes by ethanol. Metabolic detoxification contributed to differences in ethanol tolerance between populations and acclimation temperatures viachanges in both alcohol dehydrogenase and acetyl-CoA synthetase mRNA expression and enzyme activity. Independent of changes in ethanol catabolism,rapid thermal shifts that change membrane fluidity had dramatic effects on ethanol tolerance. Cold temperature treatments upregulated phospholipid metabolism genes and enhanced acetic acid tolerance, consistent with the predicted effects of restoring membrane fluidity. Phospholipase D was expressed at high levels in all treatments that conferred enhanced ethanol tolerance, suggesting that this lipid-mediated signaling enzyme may enhance tolerance by sequestering ethanol in membranes as phophatidylethanol. These results reveal new candidate genes underlying toxin tolerance and membrane adaptation to temperature in Drosophila and provide insight into how interactions between these phenotypes may underlie the maintenance of latitudinal clines in ethanol tolerance.
Measurement and Calculation of WWER-440 Pressure Vessel Templates Activity for Support of Vessel Dosimetry
Authors: Zaritsky SM , Vikhrov VI , Erak DY , Kochkin VN , Brodkin EB , Egorov AL 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Activity of templates (specimens), which were cut out from the inner surface of Kola-1 and Kola-2 WWER-440 reactor pressure vessels (RPVs), were measured, and the results were used to support the RPV dosimetry. Twelve weld and two base metal templates of Kola-1 RPV were cut out after 25 fuel cycles. Thirteen weld and two base metal templates of Kola-2 RPV were cut out after 24 fuel cycles. Probes were taken from four corners of each template for dosimetry measurements. Activity of 54Mn in each probe was measured and the average activity of template material was determined. Calculations were carried out in P3S8 approximation of discrete ordinates method using the DOORS 3.2 code package and BUGLE-96 nuclear data library. Calculated activities were compared with experimental ones. Neutron fluence (for neutrons with E&gt;0.5 MeV) was calculated and calculation uncertainty evaluated based on the comparison of calculated and measured RPV templates activities and on some results of WWER-440 mock-up experiments carried out earlier on the reactor LR-0.
A Three-Dimensional Computed Tomographic Analysis of the Cervical Spine in Unoperated Infants with Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Rajion Zainul A. , Townsend Grant C. , Netherway David J. , Anderson Peter J. , Yusof Asilah , Hughes Toby , Shuaib Ibrahim L. , Halim Ahmad Sukari , Samsudin Abdul Rani , David David J. 
Published: September 2006

Objective: To investigate anatomical variations and abnormalities of cervical spine morphology in unoperated infants with cleft lip and palate. Design: Retrospective cross-sectional investigation of infants born with nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate using computed tomography scans acquired for investigation of a spectrum of clinical conditions. Setting: Computed tomography scan data were obtained from 29 unoperated cleft lip and palate infants and 12 noncleft infants of Malay origin, ages 0 to 12 months. Methods: Observational study of cervical spine computed tomography scans. Heights of cervical vertebral bodies (C2-C7) and intervertebral spaces were measured from landmarks identified from computed tomography reformats and three-dimensional computed tomography reconstructions. Linear modeling of heights and spaces, with age as a covariate, was undertaken to identify differences between the samples. Results: Anomalous features observed in the cleft lip and palate sample included short posterior arch of C1 (2/29), abnormal development of the anterior arch of C1 (2/29), and fusions of the posterior arch of C2 and C3 (2/29). No anomalies of the cervical spine were observed in the noncleft sample. Although the heights of three cervical vertebral bodies were significantly smaller and two intervertebral spaces were significantly larger in infants with cleft lip and palate compared with noncleft infants (p < .05), overall length of the cervical spine did not differ significantly between the samples. Conclusion: There was evidence for subtle upper spinal anomalies in the infant cleft lip and palate population. Our finding of reduced size of some cervical vertebral bodies may reflect delayed upper spinal development in infants with cleft lip and palate.
Analysis of Dental Arch Relationships in Swedish Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate Subjects: 20-Year Longitudinal Consecutive Series Treated with Delayed Hard Palate Closure
Authors: Lilja Jan , Mars Michael , Elander Anna , Enocson Lars , Hagberg Catharina , Worrell Emma , Batra Puneet , Friede Hans 
Published: September 2006

Objective: To evaluate the dental arch relationships for a consecutive series from Goteborg, Sweden, who had delayed hard palate closure. Design: Retrospective study. Setting: Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Goteborg, Sweden. Patients: The dental study models of 104 consecutive unilateral cleft lip and palate subjects. The study cohort was born between 1979 and 1994. Longitudinal records were available at ages 5 (n = 94), 10 (n = 97), 16 (n = 59), and 19 years (n = 46). Five assessors rated models according to the GOSLON Yardstick on two separate occasions each. Interventions: These patients had been operated upon according to the Goteborg protocol of delayed hard palate closure (at age 8 years). Results: 85% of subjects were rated in groups 1 and 2 (excellent or very good outcome), 12% were rated in group 3 (satisfactory), and 3% were assigned to group 4 (poor). No patients presented in Group 5 (very poor). Weighted kappa statistics for double determination of Yardstick allocation for five assessors demonstrated values between .65 and .90 for interrater agreement (good/very good) and between .70 and .90 for intrarater agreement (very good). Conclusions: Delayed hard palate closure as practiced in Goteborg since 1979 has produced the best GOSLON Yardstick ratings in a consecutive series of patients ever recorded worldwide, since the Yardstick was first used in 1983. However, it is noteworthy that a new protocol has been introduced in Goteborg since 1994, in which hard palate closure is done at 3 years due to concerns regarding speech.
The Effect of Phase Saturation Conditions on Wormhole Propagation in Carbonate Acidizing
Authors: Shukla S. , Zhu D. , Hill A. D. 
Published: September 2006

Summary
Matrix acidizing is a commonly used well stimulation technique in which acid is injected into the formation in order to dissolve a portion of the rock and therefore recover or enhance the permeability in the near-wellbore region. In carbonates, when acid is injected, selective dissolution of the rock takes place, creating highly permeable flow channels, called wormholes. In general, for a matrix acidizing treatment in carbonates, the deeper the wormholes penetrate into the formation, the better the outcome, as characterized by a lower skin factor. Thus, the deeper the wormhole penetration achieved with a given volume of acid, the more efficient the treatment. In this paper, we present laboratory results that show how wormhole propagation is affected by the presence of immiscible phases (gas or oil) when the acid is injected into the rock.
As wormholes are created, not all of the acid reaches the wormhole tip, with a significant portion of the acid being lost as fluid loss to the surrounding matrix. If this fluid loss can be controlled, then more of the acid can reach the wormhole tip, and therefore the penetration of wormholes can be increased. This paper investigates the effect of having gas or oil saturation in the carbonate rock prior to the injection of acid. By reducing the relative permeability to the acid in the matrix surrounding the wormhole, the presence of an immiscible phase can reduce the fluid loss from the main wormhole, thus allowing for deeper penetration of wormholes with a given acid volume.
It was found that gas injection prior to acid injection does significantly reduce the volume of acid required to propagate wormholes through cores. This effect is observed both at room temperature and at higher temperatures. The presence of gas in the core reduced the acid volume needed for wormhole propagation through the core by a factor of up to 3. The paper presents an extensive set of experimental results for both gas-and liquid-saturated carbonate cores subsequently treated with strong HCl solutions. We show that the acid volumes are generally smaller for the nitrogen-saturated cores, and that the wormholes created are narrower and less branched than in the case of water-saturated rocks. We also show that the presence of oil saturation at residual water saturation in the core has a similar beneficial effect on wormhole propagation to gas injection. On the other hand, oil present at its residual saturation had little effect on the acidizing process. All of these results confirm the strong influence that fluid loss from a propagating wormhole has on the efficiency of the acidizing process in carbonates.
Surface-Roughness Design Values for Modern Pipes
Authors: Farshad F. F. , Rieke H. H. 
Published: September 2006

Summary
The purpose of this paper is to present practicing engineers and scientists with a new means of estimating the absolute surface roughness values, ε, and relative roughness, ε/d, which are specific to modern pipes with specialized internal finishes. Our research thrust has developed new relative-roughness-design equations, values, and derived charts.
Currently, the friction-pressure losses in pipes are being evaluated by practicing engineers by use of Moody's relative-roughness chart (Szilas 1975; Economides et al. 1994). Moody (1944) prepared a relative-roughness chart for a number of common piping materials. Relative roughness provides a simple means for estimating friction factors to be used in computing the friction-pressure losses in piping systems.
An accurate determination of the frictional fluid-pressure drop in pipes is required for design purposes. Currently, these newly developed pipes are used worldwide for various applications, and their surface-roughness values are needed to properly model the hydrodynamics (Farshad et al. 2001; Brown 1984).
Recently, Farshad and Rieke (2005) published a new relative-roughness chart for the modern manufactured oil-country tubular goods (OCTG). Moody did not provide equations for his relative-roughness chart. Equations are the foundation for establishing such correlation charts. In our research, a new set of nonlinear mathematical models was successfully regressed and developed to accurately describe the log/log relationship between pipe diameter and relative roughness. In this paper we provide a set of new equations for our charts. The new equations developed can be used directly in computer models and simulators for frictional pressure-drop calculations.
Improved Mappings for Streamline-Based Simulation
Authors: Mallison B. T. , Gerritsen M. G. , Matringe S. F. 
Published: September 2006

Summary
Our interest lies in extending the streamline method to compositional simulation. In this paper, we develop improved mappings to and from streamlines that are necessary to obtain reliable predictions of gas injection processes. Our improved mapping to streamlines uses a piecewise linear representation of saturations on the background grid in order to minimize numerical smearing. Our strategy for mapping saturations from streamlines to the background grid is based on kriging. We test our improvements to the streamline method by use of a simple model for miscible flooding based on incompressible Darcy flow. Results indicate that our mappings offer improved resolution and reduce mass-balance errors relative to the commonly used mappings. Our mappings also require fewer streamlines to achieve a desired level of accuracy. In compositional cases where the computational cost of a streamline solve is high, we anticipate that this will lead to an improvement in the efficiency of streamline-based simulation.
Two-Stage Upscaling of Two-Phase Flow: From Core to Simulation Scale
Authors: Lohne Arild , Virnovsky George , Durlofsky Louis J. 
Published: September 2006

SummaryIn the coarse-scale simulation of heterogeneous reservoirs, effective or upscaled flow functions (e.g., oil and water relative permeability and capillary pressure) can be used to represent heterogeneities at subgrid scales. The effective relative permeability is typically upscaled along with absolute permeability from a geocellular model. However, if no subgeocellular-scale information is included, the potentially important effects of smaller-scale heterogeneities (on the centimeter to meter scale) in both capillarity and absolute permeability will not be captured by this approach.In this paper, we present a two-stage upscaling procedure for two-phase flow. In the first stage, we upscale from the core (fine) scale to the geocellular (intermediate) scale, while in the second stage we upscale from the geocellular scale to the simulation (coarse) scale. The computational procedure includes numerical solution of the finite-difference equations describing steady-state flow over the local region to be upscaled, using either constant pressure or periodic boundary conditions. In contrast to most of the earlier investigations in this area, we first apply an iterative rate-dependent upscaling (iteration ensures that the properties are computed at the appropriate pressure gradient) rather than assume viscous or capillary dominance and, second, assess the accuracy of the two-stage upscaling procedure through comparison of flow results for the coarsened models against those of the finest-scale model.The two-stage method is applied to synthetic 2D reservoir models with strong variation in capillarity on the fine scale. Accurate reproduction of the fine-grid solutions (simulated on 500×500 grids) is achieved on coarse grids of 10×10 for different flow scenarios. It is shown that, although capillary forces are important on the fine scale, the assumption of capillary dominance in the first stage of upscaling is not always appropriate, and that the computation of rate-dependent effective properties in the upscaling can significantly improve the accuracy of the coarse-scale model. The assumption of viscous dominance in the second upscaling stage is found to be appropriate in all of the cases considered.
Limits of 2D NMR Interpretation Techniques to Quantify Pore Size, Wettability, and Fluid Type: A Numerical Sensitivity Study
Authors: Toumelin Emmanuel , Torres-Verdín Carlos , Sun Boqin , Dunn Keh-Jim 
Published: September 2006

Summary
Two-dimensional (2D) NMR techniques have been proposed as efficient methods to infer a variety of petrophysical parameters, including mixed fluid saturation, in-situ oil viscosity, wettability, and pore structure. However, no study has been presented to quantify the petrophysical limitations of such methods. We address this problem by introducing a pore-scale framework to accurately simulate suites of NMR measurements acquired in complex rock/ fluid models. The general pore-scale framework considered in this paper is based on NMR random walks for multiphase fluid diffusion and relaxations, combined with Kovscek's pore-scale model for two-phase fluid saturation and wettability alteration. We use standard 2D NMR methods to interpret synthetic data sets for diverse petrophysical configurations, including two-phase saturations with different oil grades, mixed wettability, or carbonate pore heterogeneity.
Results from our study indicate that for both water-wet and mixed-wet rocks, T2 (transverse relaxation)/D (diffusion) maps are reliable for fluid typing without the need for independently determined cutoffs. However, significant uncertainty exists in the estimation of fluid type, wettability, and pore structure with 2D NMR methods in cases of mixed-wettability states. Only light oil wettability can be reliably detected with 2D NMR interpretation methods. Diffusion coupling in carbonate rocks introduces additional problems that cannot be circumvented with current 2D NMR techniques.