bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Processes and Consequences of Deep Subduction
Authors: Lowman Julian 
Published: October 2006

Oceanic lithosphere subduction is the phenomenon responsible for some of the most spectacular and powerful expressions of the ceaseless motion of the Earth's tectonic plates. Subduction is manifested at the Earth's surface by a global system of oceanic trenches, the deep abyssal scars in the ocean floor that extend over tens of thousands of kilometers and cut up to 4 km deep into the planet's surface. Subduction zones are also associated with regional gravity anomalies, island arc formation, and a large portion of the world's earthquakes and volcanoes, including the deepest and most energetic earthquakes, which have been observed at depths of 660—700 km.In addition to these dramatic surficial features, the process of subduction affects mineral physics, geochemistry, petrology structural geology, and rock mechanics. The conditions associated with subduction provide a unique natural laboratory in which the entrainment of water and sediment with anomalously cold slabs of subducted oceanic lithosphere creates a dynamic and volatile environment as plates sink and encounter hot ambient mantle, mineralogical phase boundaries, and rheological transitions. Part of the difficulty in unravelling the complexity of these systems lies in understanding the feedback that occurs between phenomena operating at macroscopic and microscopic scales. For example, phase transformation rates affect buoyancy, and therefore subduction rates. This affects the regional thermal structure and thereby the phase transformations. Slab rheology and morphology may similarly be affected by mineral transformations and their kinetics.
Wetlands loss in Louisiana
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

One third of coastal Louisiana could sink beneath the Gulf of Mexico by 2050, if no new restoration efforts take place, the U.S. Geological Survey announced on 20 May.The state could lose about 1800 square km of coastal land on top of its earlier losses. Louisiana already has lost about 4920 square km of coastal land, mostly marshland, during the 20th century. The state has the distinction of being the location of about 90% of total coastal marshland that has been lost to date in the continental U.S.
Sky and Ocean Joined: The U.S. Naval Observatory, 1830–2000
Authors: Carter Bill 
Published: October 2006

Today, the U.S. Naval Observatory (USNO) is best known to most Americans as the location of the vice president's residence. Asked to search their memories, a few may recall that USNO maintains the nation's master clock, and is in some way responsible for introducing a “leap second” on New Year's Eve every few years. Even in the scientific community, the USNO is best known and most highly regarded for its service as the nation's timekeeper.In Sky and Ocean Joined: The U.S. Naval Observatory, 1830–2000, Steven Dick points out that the history of the development of ever‐more accurate clocks and the dissemination of time closely parallels the general advance of science and technology. In addition, he takes the reader inside USNO to meet some of the more fascinating individuals that drove the events and scientific achievements associated with the work of maintaining the nation's master clock.
Geodynamics of the Lithosphere
Authors: McCaig Andrew M. 
Published: October 2006

It is bad luck for Kurt Stuwe that Geodynamics of the Lithosphere, an excellent book, has been published in the same year as the long‐awaited second edition of Geodynamics by D.H. Turcotte and G. Schubert. It is doubly bad luck that by publishing in paperback, the latter have undercut him by almost $25. Nevertheless, a comparison of the two books shows that they are, in many ways, complimentary and readers who are more geologically oriented will probably find Stuwe's book more readable and more easily accessible.In scope, Geodynamics of the Lithosphere is an interesting combination of breadth and focus. Not many textbooks include all three applications of the diffusion equation to heat flow, sediment transport, and chemical equilibration!
Pew commission defends oceans report
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Several fisheries groups and others have charged that a 4 June report by the Few Oceans Commission presents recommendations for reform of U.S. ocean govenance that are illfounded or unworkable.However, Christophe Tulou, executive director of the independent commission, defended the report for using the best science available, and for presenting solutions to serious problems facing the oceans.
Solar flares and coronal mass ejections are aspects of same event
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs) from the Sun are intertwined aspects of the same event, rather than two separate events, it was announced at an 18 June news briefing. The briefing was held as part of a meeting of the American Astronomical Society's Solar Physics Division.The finding resolves “a chicken‐and‐egg type of problem as to which came first,” according to Peter Gallagher, solar physicist with the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. He said that the problem had been debated for several decades. Gallagher is research scientist for two of the three spacecraft involved with the findings: NASA's Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI), and NASA's Transition Region and Coronal Explorer, (TRACE). The third spacecraft is the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory spacecraft (SOHO), which is a cooperative effort of NASA and the European Space Agency.
Opening doors for geophysics in soil sciences
Authors: Müller Martin 
Published: October 2006

Urban soils are subject to strong variations in environmental conditions such as water flow, solute transport, and heat budget. For soil scientists, the effects of the temporal and spatial dynamics of soil moisture distribution on the sorption and release of contaminants is crucial for understanding soil processes.The INTERURBAN research project was formed in 2001 in Berlin, Germany, to study the dynamics of water and materials at urban locations while giving special consideration to spatial heterogeneity organic soil substance, and soil‐biological transformation processes. The project is the cooperative effort of six departments of the Technical University of Berlin and the Free University of Berlin; namely, the departments of soil sciences, water quality control, environmental chemistry microbiology soil zoology, and applied geophysics.
Global Environmental Change: Modelling and Monitoring
Authors: Edwards Christopher 
Published: October 2006

Stimulating work in many areas of environmental science has led to a growing awareness of and concern for the global environment. The subject of global change itself can be expressed narrowly, in terms of anthropogenic impacts on climate, or offered in the broadest sense, to include all changes occurring in the Earth‐ocean‐atmosphere system, either naturally, or as a result of human‐induced interactions. Global Environmental Change: Modelling and Monitoring chooses the latter expression, and the authors ambitiously propose a unified global modeling system to study and monitor all such changes and provide real‐time assessments to assist policymakers.Although the text is divided into 11 chapters, it conceptually splits into four sections. The introduction frames the need for a centralized, international monitoring organization by predicting the catastrophic trajectory of unsustainable development of the present Earth system based on a range of environmental and societal indicators; for example, enhanced atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations, tropical forest destruction, unchecked fossil fuel consumption, and increases in human disease. The second section presents an overall structure of a system designed to chart this trajectory: a global observational data base linked to a vast model—or really a collection of interconnected modeling units—spanning ocean, atmospheric and terrestrial hydrodynamics, chemistry, and biology. The third section, which represents the bulk of the text, considers specific applications of the model as explored by the authors. The final two chapters describe some recent developments in microwave remote sensing capabilities and some theory into hypothesis testing and decision‐making.
Meteors in the Earth's Atmosphere: Meteoroids and Cosmic Dust and Their Interactions With the Earth's Upper Atmosphere
Authors: ReVelle Douglas O. 
Published: October 2006

This good book about very small meteors in the Earth's atmosphere was written mostly by aeronomers who study in situ dust, ionization, lidar interactions with meteor trails and stratified atmospheric layers, and flow chemistry Four of the 13 chapters were written by meteor/meteorite specialists whose wide‐ranging contributions include meteor astronomy, classical meteor radar, interplanetary dust particles (IDPs), and meteorites and their connection with meteors. Meteors in the Earth's Atmosphere concludes with a look toward the future and a brief glossary and subject index.Other than chapters by R. Hawkes, however, which is on CCD (Charge‐coupled device) observations of meteors, and one by F. Rietmeijer on IDPs and meteorites, no one has referenced the recent, very extensive, and excellent review chapter in Space Science Reviews by Ceplecha et al. [1998] that covers almost all aspects of both large and small meteors, including many of the topics in the present book.
Carbon sequestration efforts receive international boost
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

More than a dozen nations have signed a charter to support international cooperation in the research and development of non‐biological sequestration of carbon that otherwise would be emitted into the atmosphere.The 25 June agreement promises to facilitate technological advances as well as commercial viability for capture and storage of carbon in geological formations such as oil and gas reservoirs, unmineable coal seams, and deep saline reservoirs. Some experts also are examining the possibility of storing carbon in the world's oceans.
On past temperatures and anomalous late‐20th‐century warmth
Authors: Mann Michael , Amman Caspar , Bradley Ray , Briffa Keith , Jones Philip , Osborn Tim , Crowley Tom , Hughes Malcolm , Oppenheimer Michael , Overpeck Jonathan , Rutherford Scott , Trenberth Kevin , Wigley Tom 
Published: October 2006

Evidence from paleoclimatic sources and modeling studies support AGU's official position statement on climate change and greenhouse gases; namely that there is a compelling basis for concern over future climate changes, including increases in global‐mean surface temperatures, due to increased concentrations of greenhouse gases, primarily from fossil fuel burning.More specifically a number of reconstructions of large‐scale temperature changes over the past millennium support the conclusion that late‐20th century warmth was unprecedented over at least the past millennium. Modeling and statistical studies indicate that such anomalous warmth cannot be fully explained by natural factors, but instead, require a significant anthropogenic forcing of climate that emerged during the 19th and 20th centuries.
Hill receives 2003 F.L. Scarf Award
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Matthew Hill was awarded the F.L. Scarf Award for his thesis titled Transport phenomena of anomalous cosmic rays during the recovery phase of solar cycle 22. He will be formally presented the award during the AGU 2003 Fall Meeting, which will be held 8–12 December in San Francisco, California. The award is given annually to a recent Ph.D. recipient for outstanding dissertation research that contributes directly to solar‐planetary science.Matthew received his B.S. in physics, with high honors, from Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, in 1996. He was then granted a Distinguished Research Fellowship for graduate studies in the Department of Physics at the University of Maryland, College Park. Supervised by Douglas C. Hamilton, Matthew earned his M.S. in 1998 and his Ph.D. in physics in 2001.
Chapman and Alfvén: A rigorous mathematical physicist versus an inspirational experimental physicis
Authors: Akasofu Syun 
Published: October 2006

Modern magnetospheric physics owes its initial development to two great pioneers: Sydney Chapman and Hannes Alfvén (Figure 1), who took very different and contrasting approaches to their research activities. This caused one of the most memorable controversies in space physics during the 20th century.The controversy was initiated formally by Alfvén [1951] when he criticized a paper by D.F. Martyn entitled, “The Theory of Magnetic Storms and Auroras,” published in Nature in 1951. Alfvén stated: “Dr. Martyns treatment is founded on Chapman‐Ferraro's theory of magnetic storms. It is not my intention to review here the objections to this theory, objections which I believe to be fatal—nor is it worthwhile to discuss the curious super structure which Dr. Martyn tried to erect on this weak ground.” Alfven's objections will be described after briefly providing the background on which the Chapman‐Ferraro theory was constructed. It may be mentioned at the outset that Chapman, together with T. G. Cowling, was well recognized by his publication of a classical treatise, “The Mathematical Theory of Non‐Uniform Gases” in 1953; and also, with J. Bartels, of “Geomagnetism” in 1940, while Alfv´en established himself by the publication of an inspirational book,“Cosmical Electrodynamics” in 1950.
Panel established to revise position statement on climate change
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

President Robert Dickinson has appointed a panel to review the current AGU position statement on climate change and greenhouse gases, and to consider revising the statement to reflect scientific progress over the last four years. Marvin Geller of the State University of New York‐Stonybrook chairs the panel.Other panel members include: Andre Berger, George Lemaître Catholic University of Louvain, Belgium; Anny Cazenave, Observatoire Midi‐Pyrénées, Toulouse, France; John Christy, University of Alabama, Huntsville; Ellen Druffel, University of California, Irvine; Jack Fellows, University Consortium for Atmospheric Research, Boulder; Hiroshi Kanzawa, Nagoya University, Japan; William Schlesinger, Duke University, Durham; William (Jim) Shuttleworth, University of Arizona; Eric Sundquist, U.S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole; Richard Turco, University of California, Los Angeles; Ilana Wainer, Universidade Cidade Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Comments on “Anonymous reviewers” [“Anonymous reviews: Self‐serving, counterproductive, and unacceptable”]
Authors: Robinove Charles J. 
Published: October 2006

Mryl Beck's Forum article denouncing anonymous reviews (Eos, 1 July 2003) is right on the money. Perhaps he read my letter in Applied Physics in 1990 also denouncing anonymous reviews.Some years ago, I received an anonymous review of a paper I had submitted for journal publication. The reviewer raised such interesting questions that I wanted to discuss them with him. I phoned the editor of the journal and asked if he would tell me the name of the reviewer. He politely declined, but when I told him I thought I recognized the handwriting of the reviewer and named him, he relented and said I was correct! I called the reviewer and he was generous enough to spend a wonderful hour on the phone with me discussing the paper. The paper was published with great consideration given to his ideas, much to its betterment. Now that's a reviewer whose interest is in improving the paper and helping the author, not just showing how smart he is or slapping down a junior colleague. The AGU motto,“unselfish cooperation in research,” can be well exemplified by those who wish to help rather than to tear down.
National center for airborne laser mapping proposed
Authors: Carter Bill , Shrestha Ramesh L. , Dietrich Bill 
Published: October 2006

Researchers from universities, U.S. government agencies, U.S. national laboratories, and private industry met in the spring to learn about the current capabilities of Airborne Laser Swath Mapping (ALSM), share their experiences in using the technology for a wide variety of research applications, outline research that would be made possible by research‐grade ALSM data, and discuss the proposed operation and management of the brand new National Center for Airborne Laser Mapping (NCALM).The workshop successfully identified a community of researchers with common interests in the advancement and use of ALSM—a community which strongly supports the immediate establishment of the NCALM.
A Peculiar River: Geology, Geomorphology, and Hydrology of the Deschutes River, Oregon
Authors: Lifland Jonathan 
Published: October 2006

Eos:Why write a book about this particular river?Grant: We really didn't know how unusual the Deschutes was when we set out to study it. Its peculiarities emerged in the course of our investigations, which were initially directed at understanding how several large hydropower dams that were being relicensed might have affected the structure of the downstream channel. From studies on other rivers, we expected that we would find clear signals of physical changes to channel morphology, such as channel incision or a textural coarsening of the riverbed, which we could attribute to the dams. But what we found during the course of our studies was that the Deschutes was not like other rivers and that the classic, expected responses were not in evidence. We learned that our own preconceptions of how rivers work—how they respond to disturbances such as dams—needed rethinking.
Great Plains Workshop held to prepare for USArray deployment
Authors: Hubbard Mary S. , Gao Stephen S. , Liu Kelly H. , Nicolaysen Kirsten E. , Oviatt Charles G. 
Published: October 2006

Relative to most parts of North America, the Great Plains region, which is bordered by the Rocky Mountain Front on the west and the Mississippi River on the east, has been understudied in terms of the structure, formation, and evolution of the underlying crust, mantle, and core. The anticipated arrival of the USArray portable seismic stations, which will cover the entire United States regardless of surface geology and tectonic activities, and the deployment of the accompanying flexible array stations and the permanent seismic stations in this area, will fill this gap and address numerous problems related to the structure and dynamics of the Earth. Detailed information about USArraycan be found at http://www.earthscope.org/usarray/.To maximize the effectiveness of the upcoming USArray, formulate cooperative studies, and identify geologic targets for detailed studies using the flexible array stations of USArray, a pre‐EarthScope Great Plains workshop was recently hosted by Kansas State University's Department of Geology The workshop brought together about 40 geoscientists with interests ranging from surface processes to mantle dynamics, from about 25 institutions. Participants discussed scientific objectives related to USArray's Great Plains coverage, with an emphasis on future collaborations to maximize our understanding of the geology of the Great Plains region, from the Earth's surface to the core‐mantle boundary. This will lead to a better understanding of the geologic development of cratonic regions, and provide valuable data for integrated studies of continental lithosphere and deep Earth structure over a wide range of scales.
Academy report encourages NSF Ocean Observatories Initiative
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

The U.S. National Science Foundation should move ahead with plans and funding for its Ocean Observatories Initiative, a committee of the U.S. National Research Council recommended in a 21 July report. The committee chair and the NSF program director of ocean technologies and interdisciplinary coordination said the report amounts to an endorsement of the initiative.The Ocean Observatories Initiative is envisioned as a program to help the U.S. ocean science research community make sustained, in‐situ observations and measurements in the oceans and on the sea floor. The research‐driven initiative is one of a number of national and international efforts to establish a global ocean observing system; these efforts also include a proposed U.S. Integrated and Sustained Ocean Observing System, an operational observing system.
Developing perturbations for Climate Change Impact Assessments
Authors: Hewitson Bruce 
Published: October 2006

Following the 2001 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Third Assessment Report [TAR; IPCC, 2001], and the paucity of climate change impact assessments from developing nations, there has been a significant growth in activities to redress this shortcoming. However, undertaking impact assessments (in relation to malaria, crop stress, regional water supply, etc.) is contingent on available climate‐scale scenarios at time and space scales of relevance to the regional issues of importance. These scales are commonly far finer than even the native resolution of the Global Climate Models (GCMs) (the principal tools for climate change research), let alone the skillful resolution (scales of aggregation at which GCM observational error is acceptable for a given application) of GCMs.Consequently, there is a growing demand for regional‐scale scenarios, which in turn are reliant on techniques to downscale from GCMs, such as empirical downscaling or nested Regional Climate Models (RCMs). These methods require significant skill, experiential knowledge, and computational infrastructure in order to derive credible regional‐scale scenarios. In contrast, it is often the case that impact assessment researchers in developing nations have inadequate resources with limited access to scientists in the broader international scientific community who have the time and expertise to assist. However, where developing effective downscaled scenarios is problematic, it is possible that much useful information can still be obtained for impact assessments by examining the system sensitivity to largerscale climate perturbations. Consequently, one may argue that the early phase of assessing sensitivity and vulnerability should first be characterized by evaluation of the first‐order impacts, rather than immediately addressing the finer, secondary factors that are dependant on scenarios derived through downscaling.
New U.S. weather forecasting system approved
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration has signed an agreement with several other U.S. agencies to develop a new and improved U.S. Weather Research and Forecasting system, the agency announced on 19 August.The system, which is now in the testing phase, is expected to produce high‐resolution forecasts far more detailed than current operational models, according to NOAA. The system also could prompt closer ties between the research and operational forecasting communities, the agency indicated.