bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nitrogen Leaching From Forest Soil Cores After Amending Organic Recycling Products and Fertilizers
Authors: Insam H. , Merschak P. 
Published: March 2007

Many alpine forests are severely depleted of nutrients by extensive logging and by grazing of cattle and wildlife. Fertilization may be a remedy, but nitrate leaching may pose problems for the groundwater. However, use of slow-release fertilizers may avoid this problem, whilst improving the Ca, Mg, K, and P status of these soils. Intact soil cores (11 cm diameter, 40 cm depth) from a mixed forest and a Norway spruce stand in the Northern Calcareous Alps of Austria were used in a laboratory experiment to study the effects of adding organic fertilizers and recycling products on patterns of nitrate and ammonium release. The amended (correspondmg to 300 kg N ha-1) and control cores were incubated for 29 weeks at 15°C. Soil water (retrieved 5 cm below the soil surface) and leachate were analysed for nitrate and ammonium in regular intervals. After the incubation, soil microbial biomass, basal respiration and nitrogen mineralization were determined. Some of the organic fertilizers, especially those that had undergone composting processes (compost of organic waste, compost of bark + sewage sludge, compost of sawdust + sewage sludge, Biovin®) and Biosol®, caused only minor increases of nitrate and ammonium in the soil water and leachate. Others, like uncomposted sewage sludge products (Primafert® and sewage sludge + shale), resulted in elevated (up to 150 mg nitrate-N 1 1) nitrate concentrations in the soil water and in the leachate. Fertilization with N-rich fertilizers (Biosol®, Primafert®, sewage sludge + shale) resulted in significant decreases in microbial biomass and basal respiration at the end of the 6-month incubation. Microbial biomass and basal respiration were not affected by the other organic fertilizers. © 1997 ISWA
Differences in Perceptions of Program Planning Procedures
Authors: Brady Henry G. , Long Huey B. 
Published: March 2007

Urban planners often function as adult educators. Indeed the success of urban planning may be greatly determined by the effec tiveness of the planner as an adult educator. This study specifically quantifies the importance of selected program planning procedures as perceived adult educators and urban planners in Florida and produces a comparative analysis of the perceptions. The sample including 35 adult educators and 35 urban plan ners in Florida was selected by use of an area sampling design. The data collection activity included a ranking procedure whereby the subjects ranked 65 action steps for 13 educational procedures. The findings were interpreted as suggesting major differences between the two groups with adult educators giving more impor tance to the selected procedures than urban planners.
Adolescent Alcohol Abuse: Subgroup Differences and Relationships to Other Problem Behaviors
Authors: Barnes Grace M. , Welte John W. 
Published: March 2007

Alcohol is the most widely used-and abused-drug by American youth. Because of the prevalence of youthful alcohol abuse, there is increasing public attention toward developing alcohol-specific prevention and treatment programs for adolescents. However, studies also show that youthful alcohol abuse is associated with a variety of other adolescent problem behaviors, such as illicit drug use and delinquency. These associations have provided empirical support for what Jessor and associates have conceptualized as problem behavior theory. In this information, alcohol abuse is viewed as one aspect of a psychosocial proneness toward engaging in problem behavior; or stated more succinctly, adolescent problem drinking is part of a problem behavior syndrome. The present study will determine the prevalence and correlates of alcohol abuse using a very large representative sample of secondary school students in New York State. The relationships between alcohol-related problems and other problem behaviors will be examined in the context of adolescent problem behavior theory. In addition, the extent of alcohol problems and the relationships between alcohol abuse and other problem behaviors may be different in minority groups than among the majority population of youth. These issues have not been adequately studied since most surveys of adolescent drinking have not included large numbers of Black, Hispanic, and other minority youth. However, service providers and program planners indicate a great concern about alcohol abuse among these special youthful populations. The ethnic diversity of New York State and this large sample of over 27,000 students permit an examination of alcohol abuse among specific adolescent minority groups.
Rapid Photoperiodic Responses in Japanese Quail: Is Daylength Measurement Based upon a Circadian System?
Authors: Saiovici Monica S. , Nicholls Trevor J. , Follett Brian K. 
Published: March 2007

Experimental photoperiods, presented either once only or repeatedly, were used to assess the oscillatory and hourglass properties of the photoperiodic clock in Japanese quail. Gonadectomized quail on 8-hr daylengths respond to a single skeleton photoperiod consisting of two 8-hr light pulses separated by 2 hr of darkness (i.e., LDLD 8:2:8:6) with a marked increase in secretion rate of luteinizing hormone (LH). This response suggests that the second light pulse interacts with a "photoinducible phase" (Φi) lying some 10-16 hr from "dawn" (start of the first light pulse). If, however, groups of quail maintained on 8-hr daylengths are transferred to continuous darkness (DD), and the position of the Φi is sought by a single 8-hr light pulse applied at various times on the first or third day of DD, then an increase in circulating LH is, at best, barely detectable. It would appear that a strongly responsive Φi does not recur rhythmically in DD. Instead, the light pulse apparently acts primarily as a "dawn" signal that triggers a single cycle of photoinducibility, since a second 8-hr light pulse, placed to begin 2 hr after the end of the first, induces a large increase in plasma LH. Similar results are obtained if any single 8-hr light pulse presented to animals held in darkness is preceded, 10 hr earlier, by a short "dawn" light signal. Such dawn signals can be effective when very short; a pulse of only 30 sec can cause a subsequent Φi. The dawn pulse is effective at any circadian phase and leads to a single cycle in photoinducibility. In contrast, a much longer light pulse (perhaps not less than 4 hr) is needed to interact with Φi if significant gonadotropin secretion is to be stimulated. In confirmation of the findings described above, we found that Nanda-Hamner lighting schedules have remarkably little effect in stimulating gonadotropin secretion in gonadectomized quail. There is, for example, a very marked difference between the effectiveness of "resonating" schedules such as LD 6:6, which stimulates a high LH secretion rate since each "inductive" light pulse is preceded by an appropriate "dawn" signal, and a theoretically effective schedule such as LD 6:30, which induces a very small response by comparison. Such schedules (even theoretically noninductive ones) can, however, be made very highly inductive if alternate light pulses are preceded by an appropriately positioned 15-min light pulse to act as "dawn."
“Stumps Folded into a Fist”: Extra Time, Chance, and Virtual Reality in Bruno Schulz
Authors: Spieker Sven 
Published: March 2007

Il y a hasard quand ce qui est possible se produit au détriment de ce qui est probable. A la place de l'attendu, autre chose paraît qui nous apprend ainsi qu'elle pouvait être. Paul Valéry
Myth as archive
Authors: Zajko Vanda 
Published: March 2007

This article utilizes Derrida's explorations of the archive in Archive Fever to debate the status of Greek myth as archive. It begins with out lining a conservative notion of the archive, particularly as it has been conceived by those whose object of study is myth. It ends with an interpretation of the myth of Cassandra that seeks to augment the archive, the archive that is now refigured in terms of metaphors of time and space. An archive has traditionally been considered to be something to do with the past. In the case of myth, the archive is understood as the stories told by the ancient Greeks, which are separate from the cat egorization of those stories and explicit theories or ideas about them. This separation locates myth as something prior and organic, as the archive constituted as the object of study, and the interpretation as something secondary and derivative, a commentary on the archive, which is the thing that scholars do. But at what point does the past begin to be the past? Is Ovid's Metamorphoses part of the archive of Greek myth or a commentary upon it? What of Servius? Or Frazer? Or Freud? Or Bernal? Derrida's suggestion that the archive resides in the future perfect tense leads to a reformulation of the relationship between myth and interpretation, which relies what might be described as a typological model of knowledge. His question 'Where does the outside commence?' forces an examination of who has the right of appropria tion, an issue pertinent to the study of the history of the interpretation of myth.
From Museum to Mass Entertainment
Authors: van Aalst Irina , Boogaarts Inez 
Published: March 2007

In a relatively short period of time, the museum cluster has become a key element of the tourism sector and an important contributor to the urban economy. In their competition to attract visitors, residents, and businesses, more and more cities are profiling themselves as a Cultural City, an Entertainment City, or a Fantasy City. Meanwhile, museums have evolved from buildings devoted primarily to educational and cultural presentations into public spaces where the visitor reigns. This article examines the increased attention that cities are giving to investments in museum facilities and to the development of spatial concentrations of museums, known as museum clusters. Two case-studies - Amsterdam’s Museumplein and Berlin’s Museuminsel - are used as a backdrop for the description, illustration, and analysis of recent trends.
Critical Theory in Political Practice: Sustainable Development and Development Theory
Authors: Jacob Merle 
Published: March 2007

The paper explores the notion that critical theory is an appropriate conceptual framework for the reconstruction of one perspective in the contemporary discourse on environment and development, sustainable development (SD). The discussion reveals how the central problems in SD (such as its high level of interpretative flexibility, inconsistency with state-of-the-art findings in theory and empirical studies) are intimately connected to the relationship between theory and praxis in develop ment studies. The paper is divided into two parts. The first part situates SD in the context of development studies. The main aim is to highlight the cognitive structure of develop ment theory and its relationship to praxis. The second part presents an argument for the reconstruction of SD as critical theory and outlines some of the theoretical problems posed by this task.
On-Line Distance Learning: A Model for Developing Countries
Authors: Khan Abdul W. 
Published: March 2007

We are increasingly viewing education as an industry, courses and programmes as products, delivery of education as a service, and educational institutions as for-profit ventures. The world trade in education represents an important growth opportunity and, increasingly, the means by which solutions to educational challenges are found. There is no doubt that open and distance learning (ODL) will be the primary mode of lifelong education for knowledge workers in the new millenium. Traditional forms of education provision would not be able to meet the tremendous increase in the demand for lifelong learning across the globe. ICTs must be recognized as the crucial determinant in evolution of ODL systems in the knowledge era. Governments in developing countries have responded to the emerging realities of global markets. The specific features of ODL and delivery systems for developing countries are presented. And the critical challenges for developing countries to global education are discussed. The virtual Campus Initiative of the Indira Gandhi National Open University is presented as a case, with a model for On-Line Delivery of Programmes and for On-line, For Profit Telelearning Centres. The article ends with an overview of key strategies that would enable open and distance-learning institutions to create and serve global education markets.
Harmonizing: A North American Indian Approach to Management of Middle Ear Disease with Transcultural Nursing Implications
Authors: Wuest Judith 
Published: March 2007

This article is an expansion of a paper presented at the Qualitative Health Research Conference, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, February 1991. Financial support for this research came from the University of New Brunswick Research Fund. I gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Lisa Perley Dutcher in the collection of data and for sharing her insights about Canadian North American Indians. In a grounded theory study of Canadian Indian family management of persistent middle ear disease, harmonizing was identified as the major strategy employed in the process of learning to manage. This finding resulted in a recasting of the substantive theory of management identified in an earlier study of Caucasian families. Although families from both cultures advance and retreat on the continuum of learning to manage in response to the relationship with the health care system, the effects of the disease on the child, and the amount of disruption in family life, culture was found to influence the ways in which these families learned to manage. In general, native families harmonized by integrating the experience into their reality in contrast with their Caucasian counterparts who attempted to direct or take charge of the experience. Factors that influenced native Indian management included autonomy of the child, perceptions of health and illness, expectations of the health care system, orientation to present and past time, and listening skills. These findings significantly contributed to the development of transcultural nursing knowledge.
Actuation of Poly(vinyl alcohol) Gel by Electric Field
Authors: Hirai T. , Nemoto H. , Suzuki T. , Hayashi S. , Hirai M. 
Published: March 2007

Non-ionic polymer gel of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) was actuated in air by applying an electric field, flapping ac tion was demonstrated, revealing that a non-ionic polymer gel can be a possible candidate as an electroactive actuator. By applying an electric field to the non-ionic PVA gel it was found to actuate in air very efficiently without accompanying swelling-and-deswelling processes and without generating heat and gases as the products of electrochemical reactions. The magnitude of the action was proportional to the square of the applied electric field. The action was considered to result from the orientation ot the solvent molecule in the gel that induced the orientation of the gel network, leading to the shape change and the action of the gel The gel investigated showed an action in magnitude of 8% of the gel thickness that reaches several hundred times larger than con ventional electrostriction materials The action was completed within a couple hundred msec The action rate is several thousand times faster than those reported on the same type gel actuators of the same dimension
Applications of Tensor Functions in Continuum Damage Mechanics
Authors: Betten Josef 
Published: March 2007

The mechanical behaviour of anisotropic solids requires a suitable mathe matical modelling. The properties of tensor functions with several argument tensors con stitute a rational basis for a consistent mathematical modelling of complex material be haviour. This paper presents certain principles, methods, and recent successful applications of tensor functions in continuum mechanics. The rules for specifying irreducible sets of ten sor invariants and tensor generators for material tensors of rank two and four are also dealt with. Furthermore, it is very important to determine the scalar coefficients in constitutive and evolutional equations. This problem is explained in more detail.
Status Inequality and Property Crime: The Effect of Design, Scope, and Specification
Authors: Bennett Richard R. , Lynch James P. 
Published: March 2007

Much of the sociological literature on crime and social control posits a positive relationship between social heterogeneity and crime. In this literature, status inequality is a particularly important form of heterogeneity. Theory suggests that levels of status inequality should be positively related to levels of crime. Although empirical tests are supportive of this theory in the case of violent crime, the findings are inconsistent for property crime. This paper reexamines the relationship between status inequality and property crime in an effort to explain this inconsistency, Specifically, it explores whether the difference in findings across studies could be due to the analytical methods used in previous studies, the particular scope of those studies, or a misspecification of the empirical models. Analyses suggest that the inconsistent findings between status inequality and property crime are not a function of the analytical designs employed but that they are a function of scope and specification of the model. That is, the relationship between property crime and inequality differs by level of democracy and value of inequality.
Thiamin and Riboflavin Retention in Meats Cooked Uncovered and in Oven Film
Authors: McMullen Elsa A. , Cassilly Joan P. 
Published: March 2007

The purpose was to determine thiamin and riboflavin retention in retail cuts of turkey, beef, and pork, either wrapped in cooking film or unwrapped. Five replications of roasting meats by electric, gas, or electronic heat were made. Moisture content of all samples was determined and thiamin and riboflavin analyses were made by standard fluorometric procedures. Shear force values were recorded from cores taken in three positions of a cooked sample. Data were analyzed by three‐way analysis of variance.Conventional cooking required five times the cooking time used for electronic cooking. Wrapping of meats increased cooking losses with conventional ovens; however, moisture losses from meats cooked unwrapped by electronic heat were significantly higher than by any other method.Thiamin and riboflavin retention of the cooked meats did not vary significantly whether the samples were cooked wrapped or unwrapped. Shear force values appeared lowest in meats cooked in film by electric heat; values differed according to the position in the cut.
Housing Values, Aspirations, and Satisfactions as Indicators of Housing Needs
Authors: McCray Jacquelyn W. , Day Savannah S. 
Published: March 2007

The major purposes of this study were to identify the housing related values, aspirations, and satisfactions of a group of randomly selected low‐income rural residents living in private dwellings and a group of randomly selected low‐income urban residents living in public housing; and to explore the usefulness of Maslow's theory of human motivation to an understanding and assessment of human needs related to housing.The interpretation of the findings as they related to the Maslow framework suggested that the public housing units provided for the physiological needs of the residents, but that deficiencies in environmental factors such as location, community services, and social aspects of the milieu frustrated satisfaction of the higher order needs.
Policy Partners—Nursing and Psychiatry in the Capital: An Interview With Dr. Mary Jane England
Authors: Valentine Nancy M. 
Published: March 2007

In this era of change in psychiatric service delivery, we have been bombarded with the realities of man aged care. At the same time we are forging new rela tionships with payers, providers, and with each other. To most nurses, the term collaboration means work ing cooperatively with one's interdisciplinary team. Yet in this changing world where we are forced to ex pand our horizons at an increasingly faster rate, it is important to create dialogs with others who are influ ential in arenas other than those we live in day to day. Our guest is a well-known and highly respected child psychiatrist who rose to national prominence from her roots in Boston. She also has a very special orientation to nurses because her mother was a nurse graduate of the Eastern Maine Medical Center in Bangor, Maine, and practiced for many years at the Boston Lying-in Hospital, the Florence Crittenden- Hastings Home, and at the Phillips House of the Mas sachusetts General Hospital. At a time in psychiatry's evolution when so many are squabbling over turf is sues, Dr. Mary Jane England offers a fresh and non- discipline-specific view of the future of the delivery sys tem for psychiatric services and one where in the con tinuum of care nurses can best serve clients and their families. Dr. England is a child psychiatrist trained in adult psychiatry at Boston University Hospital and at Mount Zion in San Francisco. She also received training in child psychiatry at Boston City Hospital. After that she worked in the neighborhoods of Boston. In the mid- 1970s, she was appointed Associate Commissioner of the Department of Mental Health in Massachusetts. After 5 years, she was appointed Commissioner of So cial Services, a new state agency in Massachusetts for children and families. After 10 years in state govern ment, Dr. England joined the faculty at the Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, where she was Associate Dean and Director of the Mid-Career Master in Public Administration Program. From academia she went to the Prudential Insurance Com pany of America as National Vice-President of Men tal Health and Substance Abuse, responsible for policy and program development for 25 million Americans. In 1990 she was recruited to serve as president of the Washington Business Group. The Washington Busi ness Group on Health is a national nonprofit health policy group whose membership includes the nation's largest employers, mostly from the private sector, such as International Business Machines, Chrysler, Ford Mo tor Company, Honeywell, and Pepsico. Some of the large public employers, such as the U.S. Postal Service and the California Public Employees Retirement Sys tem, are also members. Dr. England is the president of the American Psychiatric Association (APA), the third woman to hold the position.
Standard Reference Materials in the European Community
Authors: De Ponte F. 
Published: March 2007

Standard reference materials within the European Community are developed by the "Bureau Communautaire de Reference." The development of reference materials for the measurements of steady-state thermal transmission properties was started in 1975 with two candidates: a high-density resin-bonded glass-fibre board and Pyrex. The first is now the reference material RM 64, certified be tween 170 and 370 K. The second candidate, Pyrex, is still under investigation, first of all to find a reliable procedure to correctly define the surface temperatures of specimens under test. Only recently it was decided to develop a reference material for measure ments on light-density fibrous insulations that exhibit a relevant so-called thickness-effect. Investigations started on a 10 kg/m3 organic fibrous material. The reason for this preliminary choice was the large thickness-effect of the material and its acceptable homogeneity; the main limit of this material is its dimensional stability under compressive load and after thermal cycling. For each material, short accounts are given on experimental results and on future research programs.