bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Public Debate about Roads on the National Forests: An Analysis of the News Media, 1994-98
Authors: Bengston David N. , Fan David P. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Computer methods were used to analyze attitudes and beliefs expressed in a large database of news stories about roads on the US national forests. The view that forest roads are important for recreational use and access was expressed most frequently followed by the belief that roads cause environmental damage. Analyzing the debate about forest roads as it is reflected in the news media is one way to monitor the changing Context in which forest management decisions and policies need to be made.
Restroration Ecology
Authors: Wagner M.R. , Block W.M. , Geils B.W. , Wenger K.F. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Focusing on the Southwest but raising questions that are more broadly applicable, we compare ecological restoration with conventional management regimes—multiple-use management, ecosystem management, and managing for specific resource objectives. That restoration assumes a holistic perspective and active intervention does not distinguish it from other approaches to achieving ecosystem health. We find that foresters and restorationists both use ecology, but restorationists use a reference condition as a substitute for specific objectives We believe that restorationists who advocate substituting a reference condition for meeting a priori objectives must demonstrate the advantage of this approach. We identify the conceptual limitations to ecological restoration and question the uses of restoration.
Learning by Doing
Authors: Covington W.W. , Fulé P.Z. , Alcoze T.M. , Vance R.K. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In the Southwest, where forest ecosystems have been widely degraded, Northern Arizona University has begun offering an interdisciplinary focus on forest restoration. A course in the principles of restoration addresses such issues as reference conditions, the impact of indigenous peoples on the landscape, and natural variability versus accelerated anthropogenic change. An applications course includes hands-on experience in restoring a ponderosa pine forest and calculating the costs of implementation. Through practical study and applied research, the program is intended to support the preparation of future participants in a growing field.
Unalaska, Alaska: Revisiting North America's Oldest Afforestation Effort
Authors: LaBau V.J. , Alden J.N. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The first North American attempt to grow a stand in a treeless area was an 1805 Russian planting of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) in Unalaska Bay in the Aleutian Islands. Although the Russians envisioned a future timber supply for fur traders and other settlers, the trees grew slowly, regeneration was absent until after 1950, and over the years many trees died. Several other afforestation efforts have been made in the area, but because the challenges of latitude and climate dictate careful selection of seedlings and site, results have been mixed. Today the 1805 planting, with its three surviving trees and their offspring, is a national historic landmark.
The Pivotal Decade: American Forestry in the 1870s
Authors: Miller C. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In the late 19th century timber companies were cutting their way west, fueling the Industrial Revolution with America's forests and leaving behind vast tracts of cutover land in the Northeast, Mid-Atlantic, and Midwest. In Prussia and France, forest advocates found national forestry schools and examples of legislation to regulate resource exploitation. Although Marsh, Hough, and Baker lamented their inability to effect large-scale change, their efforts did lead to federal recognition of the problems associated with uncontrolled timber harvests and thus paved the way for the second generation of forestry leaders.
Landscape-Level Management: It's All about Context
Authors: Shindler B. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Forest managers and researchers are now working at a landscape level, but is our public with us? For most people, landscape-level management is not a clear concept.To better understand how citizens view landscapes, we need to go beyond attempts to “educate the public” and instead interact with citizens to promote learning, find appropriate outreach activities and simulation techniques, and directly address questions about risk and uncertainty. Various scales of analysis will be necessary, including the geographic, temporal, and normative contexts and their relevance to citizens.
Public Perceptions of Clearcutting
Authors: Bliss J.C. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Despite widespread opposition to clearcutting, even among forestland owners, some foresters continue to think that lack of understanding is the source of public disapproval. To American citizens today, the forest is not just a fiber factory, to be manipulated to produce wood products for human consumption in an efficient and rational way, and trees are not just a crop. Now that the forest is no longer the exclusive domain of professional foresters, forest practices will not be acceptable unless they are compatible with prevailing beliefs and values—and until public trust in forestry is restored.
Blight Control and Restoration of the American Chestnut
Authors: Griffin Gary J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Efforts to restore the American chestnut focus on natural blight resistance found in a few surviving trees of the species in the natural range, strains of the blight fungus with reduced virulence (hypovirulence), and introduction of Asian chestnut blight resistance into American chestnut. These approaches may be used alone or in combination. Also critical are site selection and other forest management practices.
The Exurbanization of America's Forests: Research in Rural Social Science
Authors: Egan Andrew F. , Luloff A. E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Exurbanization, or the migration of urban residents to rural environments, has increased greatly over the past two decades, often motivated by perceptions of an improved quality of life in rural locations. The effects of sudden population changes on forestry can be significant, affecting local forest-based economies and social structures, attitudes about forest management practices, and ultimately forest policies. Research in the rural social sciences is helping elucidate the effects of this phenomenon and provide guidance for future research.
Credentialing and Accreditation Programs: Taking the Forestry Profession to the Next Level
Authors: Block Nadine E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A number of mechanisms exist within the forestry profession to identify individuals or programs that meet a set of standards. The Society of American Foresters' accreditation and Certified Forester ® program and state-sponsored registration and licensing are all intended to promote competency among forest practitioners, with varying degrees of effectiveness in reassuring the public and in influencing forestry education. Credentialing of individuals may serve as a valuable link between the profession and the public, but it is unlikely to raise the bar for professional forestry education.
Institutional Reform in Albania: Making Forest-Based Policies Work
Authors: Naka Kozma , Hammett A. L. , Stuart William B. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In response to such problems as illegal timber harvesting and overgrazing, policymakers in Albania are making efforts to increase the efficiency of the country's forest and pasture administration. Reforms include decentralization, development of infrastructure and human resources, and the introduction of a forestry extension service. The authors explore several options and posit that it is more appropriate to work with existing establishments and build partnerships among stakeholders than to create new organizations.
From Pixels to Decisions: Digital Remote Sensing Technologies for Public Land Managers
Authors: Lachowski Henry , Maus Paul , Roller Norm 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Information derived from remote sensing assists in describing locations and relationships among land cover types and ecological processes. To be useful to resource managers in all land management agencies, the data need to be acquired and maintained according to high standards of accuracy and consistency, and our forestry schools must produce the skilled personnel who can take advantage of these techniques. One important use: helping the public participate in the planning process by enabling citizens to visualize the management alternatives being proposed for a particular area.
The Earth Observing System and Forest Management
Authors: Running Steven W. , Queen Lloyd , Thornton Michele 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Inexpensive, readily available, and frequently updated: These are the important characteristics of biophysical data coming from the first satellite launched as part of the Earth Observing System. For forest managers, the data can help detect and monitor fires, determine seasonal and annual productivity across ownerships, even estimate national carbon balances for environmental policy plans. Although the variables do not distinguish all forest cover types, processing modifications will soon allow more detailed calculations.
Philosophical, Professional, and Environmental Ethics An Overview for Foresters
Authors: Forbes William , Lindquist Christopher 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A discussion about ethics for professional foresters can begin with the philosophical foundations. Ethics has a long tradition in philosophy, and many philosophers have addressed the subject in general and as it relates specifically to professionals and to the environment. A comprehensive system of ethical rules is elusive, however; professionals must recognize the case-specific context of ethical decisions and gain experience in making good ethical decisions. Of special interest to foresters are the role of ethics and social groups in influencing objectivity of science, and the inclusion of nonutilitarian values in nature.
Forest Restoration in Southwestern Ponderosa Pine
Authors: Lynch Dennis L. , Romme William H. , Floyd M. Lisa 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A field study on the San Juan National Forest focused first on restoring degraded ponderosa pine forests to ecological integrity and potential productivity, and second on maximizing returns from harvesting. Results show that if landscape-scale forest restoration has a future, sale design is critical. Managers who combine financially strong and weak units, design sales to reduce logging and prescribed burning costs, and take advantage of the fluctuating market for small material can achieve both ecological and financial objectives.
Restructuring the Forest: Goshawks and the Restoration of Southwestern Ponderosa Pine
Authors: Long James N. , Smith Frederick W. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
With adoption of the "goshawk guidelines" in 1996, the Southwest Region of the USDA Forest Service has embarked on an ambitious effort to restore southwestern ponderosa pine forests. The objective is a multiscale mosaic of age and structural classes under an uneven-aged silvicultural system intended to approximate the composition, structure, and landscape patterns of southwestern ponderosa pine forests before there were fundamental changes in natural disturbance regimes. Implementation will require innovative silvicultural approaches to create appropriate forest structures at various spatial levels well into the future.
Native Knowledge for Native Ecosystems
Authors: Kimmerer Robin Wall 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In an effort to restore forest health and diversity, federal agencies are calling for management practices directed toward a "return to the presettlement equilibrium." Restoring forests to that presettlement structure and function is not possible without also understanding the relationship between the indigenous inhabitants and the land. Indigenous knowledge systems have much to offer in the contemporary development of forest restoration. Traditional knowledge is particularly useful in identifying reference ecosystems and in illuminating cultural ties to the land. Although Native peoples' traditional knowledge of the land differs from scientific knowledge, both have strengths that suggest the value of a partnership between them.
Latin American Forest Plantations: Opportunities for Carbon Sequestration, Economic Development, and Financial Returns
Authors: Wright J.A. , DiNicola A. , Gaitan E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Forest plantations in Latin America can help sequester the carbon dioxide produced in more-developed regions. Industrial emitters of carbon in developed countries would pay for this service through the Kyoto Protocol policy framework. Latin America offers rapid forest growth rates, past success in implementing large-scale plantations, and low costs for land and labor. Constraints in Latin America are land-tenure issues, limited funds for long-term forest projects, and difficulties in maintaining access to world markets for the export of forest products. But increased investment for forest plantations in Latin America would bring economic development and reduce pressure on native forests, while providing forest products and sequestering greenhouse gases.
Nonprofits in Forestry: Lessons from Three New England States
Authors: Foster C.H.W. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The nonprofit organization, a concept brought to the New World by European settlers, has thrived in the United States, nowhere more so than in New England. Forestry nonprofits have performed significant service in New England for more than a century, providing supplementary resources, creating innovative programs, mustering political support, and taking risks. Especially important is their ability to connect government with the public it serves. Those who work elsewhere in the country in natural resources–whether in the for-profit, nonprofit, or public sector–can look to New England programs for ideas and inspiration.
Management Dilemmas That Will Shape Wilderness in the 21st Century
Authors: Cole D.N. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
How we resolve two management dilemmas will determine the future nature and value of wilderness. The first dilemma is providing for use and enjoyment while protecting wilderness conditions. The second is whether wilderness ecosystems should be left wild and “untrammeled” or, paradoxically, be manipulated toward a more natural state. Alternative solutions are explored. Because compromises between value systems will tend to homogenize wilderness areas, such that no area will fully meet any goal, we should consider allocating separate lands to each goal. Expanding our conception of wilderness will help us develop a diverse system that satisfies multiple needs.
Bringing Fire Back: The Changing Regimes of the Appalachian Mixed-Oak Forests
Authors: Brose P. , Schuler T. , van Lear D. , Berst J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Since vegetative associations stabilized about 4,000 years ago, the Appalachian mixed-oak forests have experienced three profoundly different fire regimes. Periodic, low-intensity surface fires lit by American Indians characterized the first regime, and this regime helped perpetuate oak as one of the dominant species groups. The Industrial Revolution led to high-intensity, stand-replacing fires, causing extensive damage to the forests. Modern fire protection created a “no-fire” regime that permitted the forests to recover but allowed mesophytic species to begin replacing the oaks. Today, research is under way to identify how to reintroduce fire to solve this oak replacement problem.
Refinancing and Restructuring Federal Fire Management
Authors: Hesseln H. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Changes in fire-dependent ecosystems, fuel accumulations, and an ever-increasing population in the wildland-urban interface have increased fire management complexity and expenditures. To manage wildland fire more efficiently, this article suggests developing a national fire organization, reallocating budgets, and using private markets to finance emergency firefighting expenditures. By tapping the private capital market, federal agencies could reallocate current spending and firefighting activities, while hedging against the risk of loss in severe fire years.
Forest Sustainability: A Discussion Guide for Professional Resource Managers
Authors: Floyd D.W. , Vonhof S.L. , Seyfang H.E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The concept of sustainability is sometimes elusive, but an examination of the etymology of the word and the history of its application in forest management helps pin it down. Sustainability becomes a concern when a growing human population begins to deplete resources beyond expected rates of renewal. As used today in forest management, the term means maintaining the forest for a long time, showing concern for the well-being of future generations, making reasonable estimates of future needs, knowing current rates of resource use and regeneration, and reaching consensus on appropriate levels of resource use. Six case studies, which may or may not address all those elements, are offered as a starting point for discussion, and an annotated bibliography opens avenues for further study.
Meeting Global Policy Commitments: Carbon Sequestration and Southern Pine Forests
Authors: Johnsen K.H. , Wear D. , Oren R. , Teskey R.O. , Sanchez F. , Will R. , Butnor J. , Markewitz D. , Richter D. , Rials T. , Allen H.L. , Seiler J. , Ellsworth D. , Maier C. , Katul G. , Dougherty P.M. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In managed forests, the amount of carbon further sequestered will be determined by (1) the increased amount of carbon in standing biomass (resulting from land-use changes and increased productivity); (2) the amount of recalcitrant carbon remaining below ground at the end of rotations; and (3) the amount of carbon sequestered in products created from harvested wood. Because of the region's high productivity and industrial infrastructure, carbon sequestration via southern pine forests could be increased, and this may benefit the nation in terms of global policy commitments.
Perspective: Thinking Globally, Acting Locally
Authors: Johnson M. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This title is a cliché often thrown around somewhat carelessly and, I fear, sometimes thoughtlessly. What does it mean for you personally, for your employer, or for the forestlands of our nation? With the good intention of ensuring sustainability, we often tiptoe through our harvesting plan, removing only a few years' worth of growth in an overcrowded forest.…
FIAMODEL: A New Link for Geographic Analyses of Inventory Data
Authors: Reed D. , Pregitzer K. , Pugh S. , Miles P. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The USDA Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data are widely used throughout the United States for analyses of forest status and trends, landscape-level forest composition, and other forest characteristics. A new software product, FIAMODEL, is available for analyzing FIA data within the ArcView® (ESRI, Inc.) geographic information system. The software allows linkages with other natural resource information, such as watershed boundaries or soil maps, in a format widely used by natural resource organizations, which allows organizations to analyze FIA data in a spatial context with little new investment in hardware or training.
The Significance of Spatial Resolution: Identifying Forest Cover from Satellite Data
Authors: Salajanu D. , Olson C.E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine if decreasing pixel size increases overall accuracy with which forest species can be separated using satellite data. Classification accuracy achieved with Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) channels 2, 3, and 4 were compared with results from SPOT-XS. Reference data prepared from enlarged prints of aerial photographs and field checks included 19 cover types, nine of which were coniferous. Results with SPOT-XS alone yielded an overall accuracy of 70.1 percent, and with Landsat TM 57.1 percent at species level. Overall accuracy increased by 3 percent when either SPOT-XS or Landsat TM data were integrated with SPOT-PAN data.
The Sugar Maple Story: Collaborative Research with Extension Agents and Growers
Authors: Krasny M.E. , Staats L.J. , Smallidge P.J. , Winship C.E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In collaboration with maple producers and cooperative extension agents in New York State and Pennsylvania, we conducted an outplanting trial of sugar maple seedlings selected for high sap sugar content. In addition to providing data about seedling survival and cultivation practices, the trials served as a focus for education efforts and strengthened partnerships between faculty and extension agents. For growers, the trials brought recognition and visibility, which some felt translated to marketing benefits, as well as opportunities to contribute to the maple industry and to enhance stewardship on their land.
Paving the Way from School to Work: Core Graduate Education at Northern Arizona University
Authors: Kolb T.E. , Daugherty P.J. , DeWald L.E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The School of Forestry at Northern Arizona University requires three courses that provide all graduate students with a core education. The research development and methods course helps prepare graduate students to conduct high-quality research, the proseminar course improves students' ability to prepare and present scientific talks and posters, and the teaching practicum course provides students with opportunities to explore and practice traditional and alternative teaching techniques. Feedback from graduate students and faculty indicates that these courses help promote students' professional development.
Changing Standards for a Dynamic Profession: Forestry Education Accreditation
Authors: Tombaugh L.W. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The forestry profession is ever changing, so it follows that accreditation and certification processes and standards must also evolve. The recent work of the SAF Task Force on Forestry Education Accreditation, supplemented by the work of the SAF-NAPFSC Work Group on Forestry Accreditation, should ensure that accreditation and certification continue to serve the forestry profession. Most of the energy of the task force was spent in reviewing the accreditation standards. Several recommendations emerged from these deliberations, chief among them the concepts of core competencies and outcomes assessments.
Book Review: Plundered Promise: Capitalism, Politics, and the Fate of the Federal Lands
Authors: Sedjo R.A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Plundered Promise: Capitalism, Politics, and the Fate of the Federal Lands, by Richard W. Behan, is the author's attack on capitalism—historical and modern. Corporations are bad, as are Washington bureaucrats and the World Trade Organization.…