bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Relationship between Social Deprivation, as Measured by Individual Free School Meal Eligibility, and Educational Attainment at GCSE in Northern Ireland: a preliminary investigation
Authors: Shuttleworth Ian 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe paper analyses the impact of socio‐economic status (SES) on academic attainment at the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) in Northern Ireland and evaluates the effectiveness of administrative use of free school meal variables at pupil and school level as an indicator of social deprivation. The results of the analysis show that free school meal eligibility at the pupil level is an adequate indicator of deprivation. They also point to a significant school SES contextual effect as measured by the percentage of pupils per school in receipt of free school meals. In the absence of data on prior attainment, the analysis shows that grammar school pupils on average have higher GCSE scores than secondary school pupils and suggests, personal/ family background and type of last school attended being equal, that Catholic pupils perform as well as those of other denominations.
Touchy Subjects: a risky inquiry into pedagogical pleasure
Authors: McWilliam Erica 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper provides an analysis of pedagogy as an erotic field. The complexity of pedagogy work is addressed in terms of what the notion of an ambiguous and duplicitous ‘erotics of pedagogy’ can contribute to our understanding of teaching and learning. I note the ambivalence of feminist and other progressive educators about desire and pleasure in pedagogy, and attempt to make a case for reclaiming the notions of pedagogical ‘erotics’ and ‘seduction’ away from the ‘merely malevolent’. I draw on literary criticism to provide new conceptualisations and some historical exemplars of pedagogical events. This analysis is then brought to bear on a terrain of current educational discourse. In this sense, the paper is attempting to introduce into educational scholarship ways of theorising pedagogical events that have been developing for some time in the humanities.
Support and Challenge in Teacher Education
Authors: Cameron‐Jones Margot , O'Hara Paul 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe study described in this paper reports findings in line with previous studies that discern more support than challenge in the area of teacher education concerned with mentoring of student teachers by teachers. Thus, the teachers say that support was their main emphasis, and challenge a lesser emphasis when they worked with the student teachers. Their students, however, seem unaware even of the amount of challenge which the teachers thought they offered. The paper discusses these findings and puts forward an interpretation based on a comparison drawn from the field of colour perception. The paper's conclusion, in drawing attention to the effects which support and challenge might have on one another when they are in combination, endorses the view that it is important not only to study the nature of challenge and support in themselves but also to study the relationship between them.
Taking Stock of Gender Reform Policies for Australian Schools: past, present and future
Authors: Kenway Jane 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper begins with a brief narrative of the past 20 years of gender reform for Australian schools and of recent developments — including the attention paid to boys’ education. This narrative points to the implications of changing Commonwealth federal state relations for gender reform. The second section offers an account of the micro‐politics of macro‐reforms. This draws from research on the reception of gender reform policies in schools and discusses the practices and processes of schools’ gender reform work, indicating some of the limitations and strengths of gender reform policies. The third section identifies the current contexts of gender reform, which include the more extended fields of educational policy and politics, the broader politics of the state itself and more widely still, major economic and cultural shifts. Here the paper will offer an interpretation of the ongoing process of centralised and decentralised restructuring in education and of its implications for feminist work for change in schools. It concludes by briefly mentioning some bigger cultural shifts which are affecting and effecting gender construction and gender relations as globalisation has an increasing impact on our lives.
Racism and Reform: new ethnicities/old inequalities?
Authors: Gillborn David 
Published: June 2007

AbstractRacism lies at the heart of the Thatcherite project. This article explores how issues of ‘race’, racism and ethnicity are positioned within the education reforms that have reshaped the British schooling system. Education policy has adopted a largely deracialised discourse such that a concern with ethnic inequalities of achievement and opportunity has been effectively removed from the policy agenda. Simultaneously, most reforms have had a particular (usually negative) impact upon children of minority ethnic background. The article explores the development of this strand of education policy and exposes the new racist constructions of ‘the nation’ and its ‘common culture’ that find expression through the marketisation of schooling and a willed ignorance about the extent and nature of racism within the system.
Setting, Social Class and Survival of the Quickest
Authors: Boaler Jo 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe question of whether students should be grouped and taught in classes according to their perceived ‘ability’ during their school careers is one of the most controversial issues in education. This is partly because the issues that surround setting, streaming and mixed ability teaching are relative, both to ideology and personal values. Decisions about student grouping are also of immense importance to the education of students and this importance extends beyond the development of subject understanding. In the UK moves from streaming to setting to mixed ability teaching and back again to setting can be related directly to developments in research, educational theory and the political agenda of the time. In this article I will present a brief overview of the theoretical and historical developments which surround student grouping. I will then aim to extend theoretical positions further by examining the way in which setting and mixed‐ability teaching influenced the motivations, perceptions and eventual attainment of students in two schools.
Monitoring Reading Standards in Year 6: a 7‐year cross‐sectional study
Authors: Davies Julie , Brember Ivy 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis article assesses the value of looking closely at reading scores of cohorts of children in order to pinpoint where, within the groups, attainment is rising, falling or static. This article analyses the reading standards of seven cohorts of Year 6 children from five randomly selected primary schools within one local education authority (LEA) (n = 1293). The results of this cross‐sectional study of a sample of Year 6 children are presented. Examination of the means of the standardised comprehension scores for each cohort reveals a significant fall in attainment between Cohorts 1 (1989) and 6 (1994) and between Cohorts 1 and 7 (1995). This drop was not due to a general fall in standards. The cause was the result of a growth of the percentage of children who scored less than 85 at the lower end and to the decrease in the percentage of children who scored more than 115 at the top end. This paper re‐emphasises the need to look critically at reading standards data if best use is to be made of educational resources in the attempt to raise the nation's reading standards.
Validity in Image‐based Research: an elaborated illustration of the issues
Authors: Simco Neil , Warin Jo 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis article is concerned with the trustworthiness of products of research which are derived from image‐based data. Fundamentally it asks whether validity represents an appropriate measure of the quality of research which uses such data. Two examples of image‐based research are taken from recent work undertaken by the authors. A comparison of these examples provides a well‐grounded illustration of the issues confronted by the researchers in their attempt to consider the validity of their findings. The resulting discussion develops the argument that the concept of validity is particularly problematic in its application to image‐based research. We present a tentative strategy for ensuring trustworthiness that is based on five key criteria: completeness, adequacy of interpretation, transparency, self‐reflection and the aggregation of conflicting interpretations.
The Knowledge Bases of the Expert Teacher
Authors: Turner‐Bisset Rosie 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn the late twentieth century, accountability and value for money are two of the major themes influencing developments in education. Reflecting these themes, recent government legislation has produced a set of teaching competences, later revised as standards, for use in initial teacher education and assessment of teaching performance. They are used as criteria for teacher training, in some cases forming the theoretical underpinning of courses. This article argues that that model of knowledge essential for teaching presented by the 10197 standards is impoverished. Instead there will be presented a comprehensive model of knowledge bases for teaching, which can inform our understanding of teaching and provide a more sophisticated theoretical underpinning than that imposed by government legislation. The model was developed through a recent doctoral study of subject knowledge and teaching competences. The model is illustrated by an example of teaching in history, which shows how it can act as a theoretical underpinning both for experienced and beginning teachers.
Children's Talk and the Development of Reasoning in the Classroom
Authors: Mercer Neil , Wegerif Rupert , Dawes Lyn 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSixty British primary school children aged 9‐10 and their teachers took part in an experimental teaching programme, designed to improve the quality of children's reasoning and collaborative activity by developing their awareness of language use and promoting certain ‘ground rules’ for talking together. Children's subsequent use of language when carrying out collaborative activities in the classroom was observed and analysed, and effects on their performance on Raven's Progressive Matrices test of non‐verbal reasoning were also investigated. Comparative data were gathered from children in matched control classes. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of discourse showed a marked shift in target children's use of language in accord with the aims of the teaching programme, and demonstrated that adherence to the ground rules helped groups solve the reasoning test problems. Children's individual scores on the Raven's test also improved. These findings support a sociocultural view of intellectual development and confirm the value of explicitly teaching children how to use language to reason.
Cannabis and psychosis in acute psychiatric admissions
Authors: Grace Robert F. , Shenfield Gillian , Tennant Christopher 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis study assessed the duration of admission and time to relapse in 62 acute psychiatric in‐patients who had urinary drug screens performed because of suspicion of illicit drug use. Some 51% of those with psychosis (n = 45) and 29% of those with non‐psychotic illness (n = 17) were THC‐positive although this was not significant. In those with recurrent admissions for psychosis tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)‐positive subjects were significantly younger. The duration of admission was 7 days shorter in the THC‐positive group but this was not significant. Their duration since last admission (rapidity of relapse) was 10 months versus 33 months which was significant.
Criminal justice perspectives on South Australia's Cannabis Expiation Notice procedures
Authors: Sutton Adam , McMillan Elizabeth 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSouth Australia's Cannabis Expiation Notice (CEN) scheme, introduced in 1987, enabled adults possessing, cultivating or using small amounts of cannabis in private to avoid formal prosecution and the possible conviction by paying an expiation fee. The system attracted considerable criticism when first introduced. Some in the criminal justice sector thought the approach would prove unworkable. The paper summarizes a 1997 study of criminal justice attitudes toward the CEN system. Data were collected from 50 people via one‐to‐one interviews and focus‐group discussions. Most respondents were from South Australia Police, but members of the judiciary and representatives of other government departments were also interviewed. Overall, this research indicated that the criminal justice sector was satisfied with expiation and saw no need to revert to prosecution of minor cannabis offenders. Drug Task Force and other detectives were concerned, however, about the provision for up to 10 plants in cultivation being expiable. They produced evidence that individuals and groups were exploiting this provision in order to grow cannabis commercially. Shortly after there search was completed, South Australia's government closed the apparent loophole, by reducing the expiable number of plants to three. The authors argue that other approaches could also have been adopted by policymakers, to undermine organized crime's grip over cannabis production and distribution.
Validity and reliability of the Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS) in a Brazilian sample of drug users
Authors: FERRI CLEUSA P. , MARSDEN JOHN , DE ARAUJO MARCELO , LARANJEIRA RONALDO R. , GOSSOP MICHAEL 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS) is a short, five‐item scale which provides a measure of degree of dependence upon different drugs. The present study explores the validity and reliability of a Portuguese version of the instrument with a sample of 374 Brazilian drug users. Concurrent validity of the SDS was assessed in relation to reported quantity of drugs used and to DSM‐IV dependence items, and test‐retest reliability was assessed with a subsample of 42 subjects. The SDS total scores for powder cocaine, crack cocaine, cannabis and alcohol were significantly and highly positively correlated with severity of dependence as measured by DSM‐IV, and with the estimated quantity of drugs used in the last month. Test‐retest coefficients were high for all drugs studied. Principal components analysis showed that the SDS scores lie on a single dimension with the exception of crack cocaine where scores lie on a single dimension for treatment attenders and on two dimensions for community samples. The results indicate that the Portuguese version of the SDS is a valid research tool for measuring severity of dependence upon powder cocaine (snorted), crack cocaine (smoked), cannabis and alcohol.
The use of Rapid Assessment Methodology (RAM) for investigating illicit drug use: a South Australian experience
Authors: VINCENT NIKI , ALLSOP STEVE , SHOOBRIDGE JODIE 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper describes a research methodology, combining qualitative and quantitative tools, which has been used to investigate patterns of illicit amphetamine use and associated hazards and harms in both urban and rural areas in South Australia. The Rapid Assessment Methodology (RAM) used in this research involved extensive consultation with key informants, an analysis of pre‐existing quantitative data (indicator data), a survey of current amphetamine users and focus group discussions with amphetamine users and clinicians, carried out within a 4‐month period using minimal staff. The results have been used to inform the development of an intervention programme to respond to hazardous and harmful use of amphetamines. An overview of RAM, and a detailed description and discussion of the model used in the South Australian study, are provided.
The prognostic value of two different histopathological scoring systems for adrenocortical carcinomas
Authors: Van't Sant H P , Bouvy N D , Kazemier G , Bonjer H J , Hop W C J , Feelders R A , De Herder W W , De Krijger R R 
Published: June 2007

Aims:  To compare two different multiparameter histopathological scoring indices and determine their prognostic value in patients presenting with adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC).Methods and results:  Seventy‐nine adrenal cortical tumours were divided into adenomas (n = 17), non‐metastatic carcinomas (n = 24) and carcinomas with metastatic disease and/or local recurrence during follow‐up (n = 19) or at time of presentation (n = 19). All cases were scored according to the Weiss revisited index (WRI) and the Van Slooten index (VSI). Both scoring indices yielded a significantly different score (P < 0.005) between adenomas and carcinomas. Non‐metastasized carcinomas had a lower score with both indices compared with carcinomas with metastases at the time of presentation (VSI, P = 0.017; WRI, P = 0.019). The VSI also distinguished ACC that had metastasized at any time from those that had not (P = 0.015). Cancer‐specific survival in patients with metastasized ACC correlated with the scores for both indices (VSI, P = 0.0078; WRI, P = 0.0025). Time from diagnosis of ACC to development of metastatic disease was correlated with the WRI (P = 0.036, r = −0.350).Conclusions:  The VSI and the WRI have equal validity in the correct categorization of ACC and adenomas. Furthermore, both indices show a correlation with survival for metastasizing ACC.
Impact of methane seeps on the local carbon‐isotope record: a case study from a Late Jurassic hemipelagic section
Authors: Louis‐Schmid Beat , Rais Pauline , Logvinovich Dmitry , Bernasconi Stefano M. , Weissert Helmut 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAn Oxfordian (Late Jurassic) hemipelagic succession from Beauvoisin (SE France) contains a pronounced, short‐lived negative excursion in the bulk‐carbonate carbon‐isotope record, with an amplitude of 4‰. It was shown previously that the Beauvoisin paleoenvironment was impacted by hydrocarbon seepage. New isotopic data corroborate that methane was a significant constituent of these hydrocarbons. The negative excursion was caused by transient enhanced precipitation of 13C‐depleted carbonate, mediated by anaerobic oxidation of methane. Despite its local diagenetic origin, the Beauvoisin excursion is similar in shape and duration to globally recognized negative C‐isotope excursions that have been related to catastrophic, massive dissociation of methane hydrate. Shape and duration of negative excursions therefore cannot be used as an argument when determining their origin if they have not been shown to represent a global perturbation of the carbon cycle.
Teaching & Learning Guide for: The Origins of English Puritanism
Authors: Gunther Karl 
Published: June 2007

Author’s IntroductionThis essay makes the familiar observation that when one part of an historiography changes, so must other parts. Here the author observes that the phenomenon known as puritanism has dramatically changed meanings over the past quarter century, though the change has focused on the Elizabethan and early Stuart periods. He asks that we consider the impact of that change on the earlier period, when puritanism in England had its origins.Focus Questions

Why is the author unable to posit an answer to his question?
If new study of the origins of puritanism were to reveal that it was not a mainstream Calvinist movement, but a radical critique of the Henrician and early Elizabethan church, how would that affect the new orthodoxy in Puritan studies?

Author Recommends * A. G. Dickens, The English Reformation (Batsford, 1989).The starting place for all modern discussions of the English Reformation and the origins of both conservative and radical protestantism in England. Dicken’s view is that the reformation was a mixture of German ideas, English attitudes, and royal leadership. * Eamon Duffy, The Stripping of the Altars: Traditional Religion in England c.1400–1580 (Yale Univeristy Press, 2005).What was it that the Reformation reformed? In order to understand early English protestantism, one needs to see it within the context of Catholicism. Eamon Duffy rejects the narrative of the Catholic church told by Protestant reformers and demonstrates the ruthlessness of the reformation. * Ethan Shagen, Popular Politics and the English Reformation (Cambridge University Press, 2003).Shagan asks the question, how is a conservative population energized to undertake the overthrow of their customs and beliefs? He too is centrally concerned with the issue of how radical was the English Reformation. * Brad Gregory, Salvation at Stake: Christian Martyrdom in Early Modern Europe (Harvard University Press, 1999).Nothing better expressed the radicalism of religious belief than the dual process of martyrdom, the willingness of the established religion to make martyrs of its enemies and of dissendents to be martyrs to their cause. Gregory explores this phenomenon across the confessional divide and comes to surprising conclusions about similarities and differences.Online Materials 1. Puritan Studies on the Web http://puritanism.online.fr A site of resources for studies of Puritanism, this contains a large number of primary sources and links to other source sites. The Link to the English Reformation is particularly useful. 2. The Royal Historical Society Bibliography http://www.rhs.ac.uk/bibl/dataset.asp The bibliography of the Royal Historical Society contains a complete listing of articles and books on all aspects of British history. Subject searches for Puritanism or the English Reformation will yield hundreds of works to choose from.
Anti‐CeHV1 antibodies of two cynomolgus macaques cross‐react with HSV2 but not HSV1 antigens in ELISA
Authors: Coutrot Edwin , Blancher‐Sardou Marie , Blancher Antoine 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBackground  The aim of the study was to compare the cross‐reactivity of macaque anti‐CeHV1 antibodies with type 1 and type 2 human herpes simplex viruses (HSV1 and HSV2).Methods  We studied the serum of 344 animals which had been tested either positive (n = 39) or negative (n = 305) for the presence of CeHV1 antibodies by expert laboratories. Macaque serums were studied by means of two ELISA: one based on HSV1 antigen‐coated wells, the other on polystyrene beads coated with HSV1 and HSV2 antigens in approximately equal proportions.Results  In the serum of two animals originating from Vietnam, we found anti‐CeHV1 antibodies cross‐reacting with HSV2 but not with HSV1 antigens. For the serum with the highest titer, inhibition by soluble antigens confirmed the high affinity of the antibodies for HSV2 antigens.Conclusions  Tests using HSV1 and HSV2 in a combined way are better suited to macaque screening than tests using only HSV1 antigens.
A Pilot Study of Distraction for Adolescents During Allergy Testing
Authors: Jeffs Debra Ann 
Published: June 2007

PURPOSE.  This pilot study describes pain and anxiety associated with allergy testing; tests distraction, specifically self‐selected distraction; and examines the relationship between pain, anxiety, and engagement with distraction. DESIGN AND METHODS.  An experimental design was used with a convenience sample of 32 adolescents from an allergist's office randomly assigned to three groups. Pain was measured by the adolescent pediatric pain tool (APPT) and FACES scale. RESULTS.  No differences in pain ratings were found among the groups. Less pain was associated with lower anxiety and greater engagement with distraction. Greater engagement with distraction occurred with less anxiety. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS.  Knowledge about allergy testing pain, anxiety, and engagement with distraction can assist nurses in preparing adolescents for this procedure.