bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Body Composition of Obese Subjects by Air Displacement Plethysmography: The Influence of Hydration
Authors: Le Carvennec Marie , Fagour Cédric , Adenis‐Lamarre Emilie , Perlemoine Caroline , Gin Henri , Rigalleau Vincent 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: We investigated whether air displacement plethysmography (ADP) could detect small changes in body composition of obese subjects with alterations in hydration.Research Methods and Procedures: Ten obese subjects (mean BMI, 39.3 ± 2.8 kg/m2) entered the ADP chamber without and with oil (1, 2, or 4 liters), water (1, 2, or 4 liters), or mixed (1 liter oil + 1 liter water or 2 liters oil + 2 liters water) loads. Real and measured changes in body composition were compared by regression analysis and Bland‐Altman procedures.Results: The ADP‐measured changes in volume did not differ from the real values and were strongly correlated with them (r = 0.98). In all cases, loads of differing composition and similar volume led to different values of fat, fat‐free mass, and percentage fat. Water was detected as increased fat‐free mass only with loads of ≥2 liters, most of the water being falsely detected as increased fat mass. The observed changes were correlated with the real ones for fat mass (r = 0.68; p < 0.0001), fat‐free mass (r = 0.66; p < 0.0001), and percentage fat (r = 0.61; p < 0.0001), but fat mass changes were overestimated by ∼1 kg, and fat‐free mass changes were underestimated by ∼1 kg. This underestimation increased with the highest water loads, as shown by the Bland‐Altman plot (r = −0.27; p < 0.05). Percentage fat changes were overestimated by 0.8% (p < 0.001); the magnitude of the error was correlated with the weight of the water load (r = 0.62; p < 0.0001).Discussion: ADP accurately measures changes in body volume, discriminating small changes in body composition. It overestimates changes in adiposity, as most of the increased hydration is detected as an enlarged fat mass.
Recognition of Childhood Overweight during Health Supervision Visits: Does BMI Help Pediatricians?
Authors: Barlow Sarah E. , Bobra Sonal R. , Elliott Michael B. , Brownson Ross C. , Haire‐Joshu Debra 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: To assess, in diverse pediatric practices, the frequency of overweight/obesity (OW/OB) identification during health supervision visits and its association with BMI curve use.Research Methods and Procedures: Pediatricians in public and private practice in St. Louis, MO, participated in a study of the care of chronic conditions during health supervision visits. Requested information from 30 visits per pediatrician of children 6 to 17 years of age included the visit note, the growth chart, and a one‐page questionnaire about patient demographics and visit content. Pediatricians indicated the presence and discussion of common chronic conditions, including OW/OB. Identification was compared with patient BMI category, and associations between identification and patient and visit characteristics, including BMI curve use, were examined.Results: Twenty‐one (40%) of contacted pediatricians returned information from 557 visits. Pediatricians identified OW/OB in 27% of children with a BMI at the 85th to 94th percentile and 86% of children with a BMI at or above the 95th percentile. Identification was higher in adolescents but was not associated with patient sex or race, practice setting, insurance type, or visit length. Only 41% of growth charts were current, and 6.1% had BMI plotted. BMI plotting was associated with OW/OB identification when the BMI was at the 85th to 94th percentile but not when the BMI was at or above the 95th percentile. After controlling for BMI percentile, OW/OB identification was significantly associated with diet counseling (odds ratio, 7.46; 95% confidence interval, 3.42 to 16.24) and exercise counseling (odds ratio, 5.57; 95% confidence interval, 2.61 to 11.90).Discussion: Despite low BMI curve use, pediatricians recognized most overweight/obese children with a BMI at or above the 95th percentile. BMI plotting may increase recognition in mildly overweight children.
Birthplace, Years of Residence in the United States, and Obesity Among Mexican‐American Adults
Authors: Barcenas Carlos H. , Wilkinson Anna V. , Strom Sara S. , Cao Yumei , Saunders Katherine C. , Mahabir Somdat , Hernández‐Valero María A. , Forman Michele R. , Spitz Margaret R. , Bondy Melissa L. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: To evaluate the association between birthplace (Mexico or U.S.) and obesity in men and women and to analyze the relationship between duration of U.S. residency and prevalence of obesity in Mexican immigrants.Research Methods and Procedures: We used cross‐sectional data from 7503 adults of Mexican descent residing in Harris County, TX, to evaluate the relationships among BMI, birthplace, and years of residency in the U.S., controlling for demographic characteristics, physical activity level, and acculturation level.Results: U.S.‐born adults had an increased risk (between 34% and 65%) of obesity compared with their Mexican‐born counterparts. After controlling for recognized confounders and risk factors, this association was maintained in the highly acculturated only. Among highly acculturated obese U.S.‐born men, 6% of the cases were attributable to the joint effect of birthplace and acculturation; in women, this proportion was 25%. Among Mexican‐born women, there was an increasing trend in mean BMI with increasing duration of residency in the U.S. Compared with immigrants who had lived in the U.S. for <5 years, Mexican‐born women who had resided in the U.S. for ≥15 years had an adjusted BMI mean difference of 2.12 kg/m2 (95% confidence interval, 1.53–2.72).Discussion: Mexican‐born men and women have a lower risk of obesity than their U.S.‐born counterparts, but length of U.S. residency among immigrants, especially in women, is directly associated with risk of obesity. Development of culturally specific interventions to prevent obesity in recent immigrants may have an important public health effect in this population.
Effect of Retirement on Eating Out and Weight Change: An Analysis of Gender Differences
Authors: Chung Sukyung , Popkin Barry M. , Domino Marisa E. , Stearns Sally C. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjectives: The objectives were to understand how the retirement decisions of older Americans influence household food consumption patterns by gender and, in turn, to examine the impact of the change in food consumption on weight.Research Methods and Procedures: This study used five waves of the Health and Retirement Study (1992 to 2002; n = 28,117). Participants were 50 to 71 years old during the study period. We used longitudinal regression analyses controlling for health events, spousal factors, socioeconomic factors, and individual fixed effects over time.Results: Retirement of the individual and of his/her spouse reduced the individual's monthly spending on eating out by $10 and $7 on average, respectively, but did not change household spending on food at home. The wife's, but not the husband's, retirement decreased the spouse's spending on eating out by $13/mo. Spending on eating out was a significant but weak (0.003BMI/$) predictor of weight gain.Discussion: The decrease in spending on eating out after retirement, particularly women's, suggests that people eat out less when they have more time for food preparation at home. However, increases in other risks of weight gain with retirement, such as physical inactivity, could counteract the effects of eating out less.
Varying Patterns of BMI Increase in Sex and Birth Cohorts of Korean Adults
Authors: Kwon Jin‐Won , Song Yun‐Mi , Sung Joohon , Sohn YeoJin , Cho Sung‐Il 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: The Korean population has recently experienced a rapid increase in obesity associated with lifestyle changes arising from economic growth. We examined trends in BMI by analyzing sex‐specific birth cohorts using 3,400,727 measurements from 1,662,477 Korean adults.Research Methods and Procedures: Birth cohort data were collected from the employees of government organizations and schools and their dependents, 20 to 65 years of age, who participated in health examinations provided by the Korean National Health Insurance Corporation in 1992, 1996, and 2000.Results: The prevalence of obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) was 0.8% among men and 0.3% among women in 1992, but by 2000, it had increased 2.5‐fold to 2.0% in men and 2.3‐fold to 0.7% in women. Over the 8‐year period, the mean BMI increased 0.8 kg/m2 in men and 0.3 kg/m2 in women. The rate of BMI increase over the 8 years varied markedly among the sex‐specific birth cohorts, with the steepest slopes representing the youngest men (0.2 kg/m2 per year).Discussion: National health promotion activities should target younger men to prevent an increase in obesity‐related morbidity and mortality.
Burden of Infection and Fat Mass in Healthy Middle‐aged Men
Authors: Fernández‐Real José‐Manuel , Ferri Maria‐José , Vendrell Joan , Ricart Wifredo 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: Our aim was to study the effect of exposure to four infections on fat mass.Research Methods and Procedures: This was a cross‐sectional study of healthy middle‐aged men from the general population (n = 74). Each study subject's serum was tested for specific IgG class antibodies against herpes simplex virus (HSV)‐1, HSV‐2, enteroviruses, and Chlamydia pneumoniae through the use of quantitative in vitro enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). A total pathogen burden score based on these seropositivities [Quantitative Seropositivity Index (QSI)] was constructed. Fat mass was measured by bioelectrical impedance.Results: We observed significant relationships between the HSV‐1 titer and fat mass and percentage fat mass. The associations were stronger when considering the infection burden. The QSI was significantly associated with fat mass (r = 0.30, p = 0.009) and percentage fat mass (r = 0.27, p = 0.01). Those subjects in the highest tertile of fat mass showed significantly higher QSI (259.5 ± 74.1 vs. 206.9 ± 78.2, p = 0.007). In subjects that were seropositive for Enteroviruses, the relationship between the QSI and fat mass was strengthened (r = 0.51, p = 0.02). In a multivariate regression analysis, the QSI, independently of age and C‐reactive protein, contributed to 9% of fat mass variance.Discussion: Pathogen burden showed an association with fat mass. Subjects with increased fat mass could be more susceptible to developing multiple infections resulting in a chronic low‐grade inflammation. We can not exclude the possibility that exposure to multiple infections leads to increased fat mass.
Twenty‐four‐hour Ghrelin Is Elevated after Calorie Restriction and Exercise Training in Non‐obese Women
Authors: Leidy Heather J. , Dougherty Kelly A. , Frye Brian R. , Duke Kristin M. , Williams Nancy I. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: The purpose of this study was to determine whether chronic energy deficiency achieved with caloric restriction combined with exercise is associated with changes in the 24‐hour profile of ghrelin in non‐obese, pre‐menopausal women.Research Methods and Procedures: Twelve non‐obese (BMI = 18 to 25 kg/m2), non‐exercising women (age, 18 to 24 years) were randomly assigned to a non‐exercising control group or a diet and exercise group. The 3‐month diet and exercise intervention yielded a daily energy deficit of −45.7 ± 12.4%. Serial measurements were made of body composition, energy balance, and feelings of fullness. Repeated blood sampling over 24 hours to measure ghrelin occurred before and after the study.Results: Significant decreases in body weight, body fat, and feelings of fullness were observed in only the energy‐deficit group (p < 0.05); significant changes in the following ghrelin features were found in only the deficit group (p < 0.05): elevations in baseline (+353 ± 118 pg/mL), lunch peak (+370 ± 102 pg/mL), dinner peak (+438 ± 149 pg/mL), nocturnal rise (+269 ± 77 pg/mL), and nocturnal peak (+510 ± 143 pg/mL). In addition, we found a larger dinner decline (−197 ± 52 pg/mL) and negative correlations between changes in the ghrelin dinner profile and changes in body weight (R = 0.784), 24‐hour intake (R = 0.67), energy deficiency (R = 0.762), and feelings of fullness (R = 0.648; p < 0.05).Discussion: Changes in ghrelin concentrations across the day after weight loss are closely associated with other physiological adaptations to energy deficiency, further supporting the role of ghrelin as a countermeasure to restore energy balance.
Resistin Polymorphisms Are Associated with Muscle, Bone, and Fat Phenotypes in White Men and Women
Authors: Pistilli Emidio E. , Gordish‐Dressman Heather , Seip Richard L. , Devaney Joseph M. , Thompson Paul D. , Price Thomas B. , Angelopoulos Theodore J. , Clarkson Priscilla M. , Moyna Niall M. , Pescatello Linda S. , Visich Paul S. , Zoeller Robert F. , Hoffman Eric P. , Gordon Paul M. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: The biological function of resistin (RST) is unknown, although it may have roles in obesity, diabetes, and insulin resistance. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the human RST gene on muscle, bone, and adipose tissue phenotypes and in response to resistance training (RT).Research Methods and Procedures: Subjects were white and consisted of strength (n = 482) and size (n = 409) cohorts who had not performed RT in the previous year. Subjects completed 12 weeks of structured, unilateral upper arm RT aimed at increasing the size and strength of the non‐dominant arm, using their dominant arm as an untrained control. Strength measurements were taken pre‐ and post‐12‐week RT and consisted of elbow flexor isometric strength and one‐repetition maximum during a biceps curl using free weights. Whole muscle, subcutaneous fat, and cortical bone volumes were measured by magnetic resonance imaging. Six RST SNPs were identified. Analysis of covariance was used to test for effects of the SNPs on pre‐ and post‐muscle strength and whole muscle, fat, and bone volumes independent of gender, age, and body weight.Results: Five RST SNPs (−537 A>C, −420 C>G, 398 C>T, 540 G>A, 980 C>G) were associated with measured phenotypes among subjects when stratified by BMI (<25, ≥25 kg/m2). Several gender‐specific associations were observed between RST SNPs and phenotypes among individuals with a BMI ≥ 25. Conversely, only two associations were observed among individuals with a BMI < 25.Discussion: These data support previous identified associations of RST with adipose tissue and demonstrate additional associations with bone and skeletal muscle that warrant further investigation.
Circadian Rhythms and the Regulation of Metabolic Tissue Function and Energy Homeostasis
Authors: Zvonic Sanjin , Floyd Z. Elizabeth , Mynatt Randall L. , Gimble Jeffrey M. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractCircadian oscillators play an indispensable role in the coordination of physiological processes with the cyclic changes in the physical environment. A significant number of recent clinical and molecular studies suggest that circadian biology may play an important role in the regulation of adipose and other metabolic tissue functions. In this discussion, we present the hypothesis that circadian dysfunction may be involved in the pathogenesis of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome.
Gap‐Junctional Communication Is Required for Mitotic Clonal Expansion during Adipogenesis
Authors: Yanagiya Takahiro , Tanabe Atsushi , Hotta Kikuko 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: Gap‐junctional communication (GJC) plays critical roles in cell growth and differentiation. Several studies have demonstrated the involvement of GJC in myogenesis and osteogenesis; however, the role of GJC in adipogenesis has not been fully studied. Thus, we investigated the role of GJC in adipogenesis.Research Methods and Procedures: 3T3‐L1 preadipocytes were differentiated in the presence of gap junction inhibitor, 18‐α‐glycyrrhetinic acid (AGA), and accumulation of cytoplasmic triglycerides was measured. 3T3‐L1 cells were transfected with 100 nM small interfering RNA duplexes targeting connexin (Cx) 43. The mRNA levels of CCAAT/enhancer‐binding protein (C/EBP) α, peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ, glucose transporter 4, C/EBPβ, and Cx43 were measured by real‐time polymerase chain reaction. The protein levels of C/EBPβ were quantitated by Western blotting. The cell proliferation was measured by counting cell numbers, and DNA synthesis was measured by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation.Results: AGA inhibited adipocyte differentiation dose‐dependently. The lipid accumulation and the mRNA levels of C/EBPα, peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ, and glucose transporter 4 were markedly reduced in AGA‐treated adipocytes. The mRNA levels of C/EBPβ did not decrease; however, C/EBPβ [liver‐enriched transcriptional activator protein (LAP)] expression and the C/EBPβ (LAP)‐to‐C/EBP [liver‐enriched transcriptional inhibitory protein (LIP)] ratio were reduced by AGA treatment. The increase in both cell number and DNA synthesis, which occurs during mitotic clonal expansion, was reduced by AGA in a dose‐dependent fashion. The major component of gap junctions in 3T3‐L1 cells was Cx43. Down‐regulation of Cx43 using small interfering RNA reduced the expression of C/EBPβ (LAP) and inhibited adipogenesis.Discussion: Our data suggest that GJC plays some important roles in adipogenesis through inhibiting mitotic clonal expansion and modulating C/EBPβ (LAP) expression.
Effects of Post‐absorptive and Postprandial Exercise on Glucoregulation in Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Derave Wim , Mertens Ann , Muls Erik , Pardaens Karel , Hespel Peter 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of an acute exercise bout in the morning in the post‐absorptive or postprandial state on the glycemic and insulinemic response to three standardized meals throughout the day. It is hypothesized that post‐absorptive exercise enhances fat oxidation rate during exercise and thereafter attenuates the glucose and insulin response to subsequent meals.Research Methods and Procedures: Seven sedentary males with metabolic syndrome (age, 45 ± 11 years; BMI, 34 ± 3 kg/m2) were studied in a crossover design comparing three conditions: no exercise, postprandial and post‐absorptive exercise (at ∼60% of the individual V̇O2max for 45 minutes). Substrate use was evaluated by indirect calorimetry during exercise. Venous blood samples were taken at regular (30‐ to 60‐minute) intervals throughout the day, and glucose, insulin, and triglyceride concentrations were determined.Results: During exercise, a higher fat oxidation rate was observed in the post‐absorptive than the postprandial state. The glycemic response to a standardized high‐carbohydrate breakfast was lower when exercising after breakfast than when exercising before breakfast. There was no effect of either exercise mode on glucose and insulin response to lunch and supper.Discussion: Post‐absorptive exercise has the advantage of promoting fat use, whereas postprandial exercise can attenuate the glycemic response to breakfast. Neither exercise mode acutely induces improved glucoregulation later during the day. The impact of meal timing on the effects of regular exercise training on glycemic control in this population remains to be studied.
Effects of Age on Children's Intake of Large and Self‐selected Food Portions
Authors: Fisher Jennifer Orlet 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: Whether developmental periods exist in which children become particularly sensitive to environmental influences on eating is unclear. This research evaluated the effects of age on intake of large and self‐selected portions among children 2 to 9 years of age.Research Methods and Procedures: Seventy‐five non‐Hispanic white children 2 to 3, 5 to 6, and 8 to 9 years of age were seen at a dinner meal in reference, large, and self‐selected portion size conditions in which the size of an entrée was age‐appropriate, doubled, and determined by the child, respectively. Weighed food intake data were collected. Entrée bite size and bite frequency were assessed. Height and weight measurements were obtained.Results: The effect of age on children's intake of the large portion was not significant. Entrée consumption was 29% greater (p < 0.001) and meal energy intake was 13% greater (p < 0.01) in the large portion condition than in the reference condition. Increases in entrée consumption were attributable to increases in average bite size (p < 0.001). Neither child weight nor maternal weight predicted children's intake of large portions. Self‐selection resulted in decreased entrée (p < 0.05) and meal energy (p < 0.01) only among those children who ate more when served the large portion.Discussion: The results of this research confirm that serving large entrée portions promotes increased intake at meals among 2‐ to 9‐year‐old children. These findings suggest that any age‐related differences in children's response to large portions are likely to be smaller than previously suspected.
Intake Compensates for Resting Metabolic Rate Variation in Female C57BL/6J Mice Fed High‐fat Diets
Authors: Johnston Sarah L. , Souter Donna M. , Tolkamp Bert J. , Gordon Iain J. , Illius Andrew W. , Kyriazakis Ilias , Speakman John R. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: The literature is divided over whether variation in resting metabolic rate (RMR) is related to subsequent obesity. We set out to see whether the effect of RMR on weight gain in mice could be revealed with high‐fat feeding.Research Methods and Procedures: Female C57BL/6J mice received a low‐ (10 kcal%fat n = 47), medium‐ (45 kcal%fat n = 50), or high‐fat diet (60 kcal%fat n = 50) for 12 weeks. Pre‐treatment RMR was measured by indirect calorimetry. Body composition was estimated using DXA before and after treatment.Results: Mice on the high‐fat diet gained 39% of body mass, whereas control animals gained 3.5%. There was no interaction between RMR and dietary type on weight gain, and there was no association between weight gain and RMR for any of the treatments. RMR accounted for 2.4% of the variation in pre‐treatment food intake corrected for initial body mass; however, the gradient of this relationship indicated that variations in RMR were, on average, compensated for by adjustments in food intake.Discussion: Individual variations in RMR did not predispose mice to weight gain independent of the dietary treatment. Deviations from the relationship between RMR and food intake were not associated with weight gain. This suggests that variations in energy expenditure, caused by RMR and physical activity, are closely linked to dietary intake, and, therefore, well compensated. Individual variations in the strength of this association may underpin individual variability in the responses to diet.