bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ENSO Evolution and Teleconnections in IPCC’s Twentieth-Century Climate Simulations: Realistic Representation?
Authors: Joseph Renu , Nigam Sumant 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
This study focuses on the assessment of the spatiotemporal structure of ENSO variability and its winter climate teleconnections to North America in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) simulations of twentieth-century climate. The 1950–99 period simulations of six IPCC models are analyzed in an effort to benchmark models in the simulation of this leading mode of interannual variability: the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) Coupled Model version 2.1 (CM2.1), the coupled ocean–atmosphere model of the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS-EH), the NCAR Community Climate System Model version 3 (CCSM3), the NCAR Parallel Coupled Model (PCM), the Hadley Centre Coupled Atmosphere–Ocean General Circulation Model version 3 (HadCM3), and version 3.2 of the Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate at high resolution [MIROC3.2 (hires)].
The standard deviation of monthly SST anomalies is maximum in the Niño-3 region in all six simulations, indicating progress in the modeling of ocean–atmosphere variability. The broad success in modeling ENSO’s SST footprint—quite realistic in CCSM3—is however tempered by the difficulties in modeling ENSO evolution: for example, the biennial oscillation in CCSM3 and the lack of regular warm-to-cold phase transition in the MIROC model. The spatiotemporal structure, including seasonal phase locking, is, on the whole, well modeled by HadCM3; but there is room for improvement, notably, in modeling the SST footprint in the western Pacific.
ENSO precipitation anomalies over the tropical Pacific and links to North American winter precipitation are also realistic in the HadCM3 simulation and, to an extent, in PCM. Hydroclimate teleconnections that lean on a stationary component of the flow, such as surface air temperature links, are however not well modeled by HadCM3 since the midlatitude ridge in the ENSO response is incorrectly placed in the simulation; PCM fares better.
The analysis reveals that climate models are improving but are still unable to simulate many features of ENSO variability and its circulation and hydroclimate teleconnections to North America. Predicting regional climate variability/change remains an onerous burden on models.
Tropical Indian Ocean Variability in the IPCC Twentieth-Century Climate Simulations*
Authors: Saji N. H. , Xie S-P. , Yamagata T. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
The twentieth-century simulations using by 17 coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation models (CGCMs) submitted to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s Fourth Assessment Report (IPCC AR4) are evaluated for their skill in reproducing the observed modes of Indian Ocean (IO) climate variability. Most models successfully capture the IO’s delayed, basinwide warming response a few months after El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) peaks in the Pacific. ENSO’s oceanic teleconnection into the IO, by coastal waves through the Indonesian archipelago, is poorly simulated in these models, with significant shifts in the turning latitude of radiating Rossby waves. In observations, ENSO forces, by the atmospheric bridge mechanism, strong ocean Rossby waves that induce anomalies of SST, atmospheric convection, and tropical cyclones in a thermocline dome over the southwestern tropical IO. While the southwestern IO thermocline dome is simulated in nearly all of the models, this ocean Rossby wave response to ENSO is present only in a few of the models examined, suggesting difficulties in simulating ENSO’s teleconnection in surface wind.
A majority of the models display an equatorial zonal mode of the Bjerknes feedback with spatial structures and seasonality similar to the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) in observations. This success appears to be due to their skills in simulating the mean state of the equatorial IO. Corroborating the role of the Bjerknes feedback in the IOD, the thermocline depth, SST, precipitation, and zonal wind are mutually positively correlated in these models, as in observations. The IOD–ENSO correlation during boreal fall ranges from −0.43 to 0.74 in the different models, suggesting that ENSO is one, but not the only, trigger for the IOD.
A Method of Homogenizing the Extremes and Mean of Daily Temperature Measurements
Authors: Della-Marta P. M. , Wanner H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTo be confident in the analyses of long-term changes in daily climate extremes, it is necessary for the data to be homogenized because of nonclimatic influences. Here a new method of homogenizing daily temperature data is presented that is capable of adjusting not only the mean of a daily temperature series but also the higher-order moments. This method uses a nonlinear model to estimate the relationship between a candidate station and a highly correlated reference station. The model is built in a homogeneous subperiod before an inhomogeneity and is then used to estimate the observations at the candidate station after the inhomogeneity using observations from the reference series. The differences between the predicted and observed values are binned according to which decile the predicted values fit in the candidate station’s observed cumulative distribution function defined using homogeneous daily temperatures before the inhomogeneity. In this way, adjustments for each decile were produced. This method is demonstrated using February daily maximum temperatures measured in Graz, Austria, and an artificial dataset with known inhomogeneities introduced. Results show that given a suitably reliable reference station, this method produces reliable adjustments to the mean, variance, and skewness.
Regional Tropical Precipitation Change Mechanisms in ECHAM4/OPYC3 under Global Warming*
Authors: Chou Chia , Neelin J. David , Tu Jien-Yi , Chen Cheng-Ta 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Mechanisms of global warming impacts on regional tropical precipitation are examined in a coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation model (ECHAM4/OPYC3). The pattern of the regional tropical precipitation changes, once established, tends to persist, growing in magnitude as greenhouse gases increase. The sulfate aerosol induces regional tropical precipitation anomalies similar to the greenhouse gases but with opposite sign, thus reducing the early signal. Evidence for two main mechanisms, the upped-ante and the anomalous gross moist stability (M′) mechanisms (previously proposed in an intermediate complexity model), is found in this more comprehensive coupled general circulation model. Preferential moisture increase occurs in convection zones. The upped-ante mechanism signature of dry advection from nonconvective regions is found in tropical drought regions on the margins of convection zones. Here advection in both the atmospheric boundary layer and lower free troposphere are found to be important, with an additional contribution from horizontal temperature transport in some locations. The signature of the M′ mechanism—moisture convergence due to increased moisture in regions of large mean vertical motion—enhances precipitation within strong convective regions. Ocean dynamical feedbacks can be assessed by net surface flux, the main example being the El Niño–like shift of the equatorial Pacific convection zone. Cloud–radiative feedbacks are found to oppose precipitation anomalies over ocean regions.
Conflicting Signals of Climatic Change in the Upper Indus Basin
Authors: Fowler H. J. , Archer D. R. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Temperature data for seven instrumental records in the Karakoram and Hindu Kush Mountains of the Upper Indus Basin (UIB) have been analyzed for seasonal and annual trends over the period 1961–2000 and compared with neighboring mountain regions and the Indian subcontinent. Strong contrasts are found between the behavior of winter and summer temperatures and between maximum and minimum temperatures. Winter mean and maximum temperature show significant increases while mean and minimum summer temperatures show consistent decline. Increase in diurnal temperature range (DTR) is consistently observed in all seasons and the annual dataset, a pattern shared by much of the Indian subcontinent but in direct contrast to both GCM projections and the narrowing of DTR seen worldwide. This divergence commenced around the middle of the twentieth century and is thought to result from changes in large-scale circulation patterns and feedback processes associated with the Indian monsoon.
The impact of observed seasonal temperature trend on runoff is explored using derived regression relationships. Decreases of ∼20% in summer runoff in the rivers Hunza and Shyok are estimated to have resulted from the observed 1°C fall in mean summer temperature since 1961, with even greater reductions in spring months. The observed downward trend in summer temperature and runoff is consistent with the observed thickening and expansion of Karakoram glaciers, in contrast to widespread decay and retreat in the eastern Himalayas. This suggests that the western Himalayas are showing a different response to global warming than other parts of the globe.
Effect of the Crystal Plane on the Catalytic Etching Behavior of Diamond Crystallites by Cobalt Nanoparticles
Authors: Konishi Shunsuke , Ohashi Tatsuya , Sugimoto Wataru , Takasu Yoshio 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Catalytic etching of synthetic diamond crystallites using small cobalt particles in a hydrogen atmosphere was found to be dependent on the crystal planes of diamond crystallites. The etched surface formed on the {100} planes at 900 °C consisted of reversed pyramid-like etch pits with {111} walls. Those on the {111} planes conversely showed a characteristic morphology consisting of nanochannels with flat walls perpendicular to the flat {111} base.
The Possibility of Involvement of “Cyclase” Enzyme of the Calditol Carbocycle with Broad Substrate Specificity in Sulfolobus acidcaldarius, a Typical Thermophilic Archaea
Authors: Yamauchi Noriaki , Kamada Norisuke , Ueoka Hideyoshi 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
The cyclopentane ring of calditol, a characteristic lipid molecule of Sulfolobus, a major thermophilic Archaea, was biosynthesized from glucose directly, and galactose was converted to calditol with a similar extent to glucose. This finding indicates the possibility of the “cyclase” enzyme of the calditol carbocycle and the involvement of catalytic oxidoreduction at the C-4 of glucose with broad specificity.
A one‐stage combined approach for the management of large cerebellopontine angle tumors
Authors: Glasscock Michael E. , Hays James W. , Jackson C. Gary , Steenerson Ronald L. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAfter 15 years of being involved in the surgical removal of acoustic tumors, otologists are still faced with the general opinion that large tumors are only managed by neuro‐surgeons. With improvement in surgical technique and the advancement of neurosurgery, large tumors can be successfully removed by the translabyrinthine or a combined approach.The purpose of this paper is to define how tumor size is determined, the diagnostic problems of large tumors, and the technical aspects of their surgical removal. There are many advantages to the combined translabyrinthine‐suboccipital procedure when employed by an otologist‐neurosurgeon team. Morbidity and mortality rates are lowered considerably by this method.
Laser surgery and immunotherapy in the management of laryngeal papilloma
Authors: Lyons George D. , Schlosser Joseph V. , Lousteau Ray , Mouney Daniel F. , Benes Edmund N. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTwenty‐three cases of laryngeal papilloma have been treated and followed for four years utilizing laser excision and laser excision/immunotherapy. Fourteen cases responded well to laser excision alone, nine did not and immunotherapy was instituted as adjunctive treatment. To date, immunotherapy has contributed little to the relief in this group of refractory cases.
The effect of the endolymphatic subarachnoid shunt operation on vestibular function
Authors: Silverstein Herbert 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPreoperative vestibular function was studied in 56 patients undergoing the endolymphatic subarachnoid shunt procedure for Meniere's disease by electronystagmographic recording of bithermal air caloric stimulation. Fifty‐two percent had normal vestibular function while 48% had a reduced vestibular response on the affected side using 20% difference as being significant. Best results of surgery with relief of vertigo were found in the group of patients with normal preoperative vestibular function (82%) while the group with reduced vestibular response preoperatively showed 63% with a good result.Postoperatively, 81% had a reduced vestibular response in the operated‐on ear with 62% obtaining relief of vertigo. In patients with normal vestibular function postoperatively, excellent relief of vertigo was obtained. Of patients with normal vestibular function preoperatively, 69% developed a reduced vestibular response postoperatively with only 55% having relief of vertigo.The results of surgery could be predicted more accurately using the results of vestibular function tests than audiometric data.It appears that for best results the endolymphatic subarachnoid shunt procedure should be performed early in the course of Meniere's disease when hearing is fluctuating and vestibular function is normal.
Presurgical counseling needs of laryngectomees: A survey of 78 patients
Authors: Keith Robert L. , Linebaugh Craig W. , Cox Barbara G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractStudies of candidates for laryngectomy have revealed a wide range of misconceptions about this surgery and its sequellae. To evaluate current preoperative counseling practices, counseling deficits, and needs as perceived by the patient and his family, we surveyed all persons who had undergone laryngectomy at this institution since January 1974. The data indicated that present presurgical counseling practices are inadequate for most patients. There was considerable discrepancy between the actual counseling the patients received and what they considered ideal. For example, most received preoperative information only from their surgeons. Yet many indicated that laryngectomy candidates should be counseled by nurses, speech pathologists, recovered laryngectomees, and others. Almost all reported that the spouse should be present during counseling. Many survey respondents indicated that printed materials and/or audiovisual programs would also be desirable.
Metastatic sweat gland carcinoma
Authors: Fierstein Jeffrey T. , Thawley Stanley E. , Druck Norman S. , Ogura Joseph H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractOnly 48 cases of metastatic sweat gland carcinoma have been published. Our case report is of an elderly lady with a sweat gland carcinoma of the scalp with metastatic disease in the neck. She was treated with radical neck dissection and wide local excision. Follow‐up of three years has revealed no recurrence. The most common location of sweat gland carcinoma is on the scalp. The diagnosis of malignant non‐metastatic sweat gland carcinoma is difficult because there are no definite histologic criteria for diagnosing these tumors. Of the tumors that metastasize, most involve the regional lymph nodes. The differentiation between apocrine and eccrine metastatic sweat gland carcinoma is quite difficult and the criteria are not adequate to be of practical use. Sweat gland tumors may remain the same size for many years and then show a rapid period of growth followed by metastasis. Most metastases are in the regional lymph nodes, however, systemic disease does occur. Wide local excision of the primary tumor with resection of the involved regional lymph nodes is the recommended initial treatment. Prognosis of metastatic sweat gland carcinoma is poor although a few cases may have rather long survivals.
Radiation‐Associated disease: Disease incidence and cost effectiveness of follow‐up
Authors: Schramm Victor L. , Carroll Robert G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe organization, costs and outcome of a metropolitan area‐wide recall campaign for patients irradiated for benign disease is documented. The campaign resulted in an increase in the number of thyroid malignancies discovered in both the irradiated and the nonirradiated population. The organization of the campaign cost $100,000. An estimated excess of 100 thyroid carcinomas were found in the 17 months following the campaign compared to the 17 months prior to the campaign in the Pittsburgh Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area. Of 150 patients who were radium exposed as infants and remained in the Pittsburgh area, 60% knew of their exposure only by direct hospital contact and were not reached by media public education. Seven of those 150 patients had thyroid carcinoma on 35 year follow‐up, and 30% had some benign or malignant tumor.
Cellular immunity in patients with epidermoid cancer of the head and neck
Authors: Papenhausen Peter R. , Kukwa Andrew , Croft Charles B. , Borowiecki Bernard , Silver Carl , Emeson Eugene E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractForty‐three patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck were evaluated immunologically at various times before and after treatment. Impaired DNCB skin reactivity was found in patients with more advanced disease (Stages II‐IV).In the 24 patients evaluated prior to therapy, only the mean percentages of two subpopulation T‐cell tests, T‐RFC29 and “active” T‐RFC and mean absolute T‐RFC2$ per mm3 and PHA responses were significantly depressed. These depressed values could not, however, be correlated with the stage of the disease. In patients with poorly to moderately differentiated tumors there was a significant decrease in mean percentage of active T‐RFC and PHA stimulation. A marked difference in mean percentages of T‐RFC29 between pretreated patients without nodal involvement (40.5 ± 2.1) and those with this complicity (58.1 ± 4.9) suggests that this assay may be used to detect occult nodal involvement.A comparison of the effects of surgery, irradiation and the combination of the two on patients indicated that only radiation affected any of their immune parameters. Irradiated patients demonstrated a marked decline in the mean absolute level of lymphocytes, total T‐RFC and mean PHA responsiveness within one month of the termination of therapy: however, these values returned to the pretreatment level within seven months. None of the treatments was effective in “curing” the immune deficits observed in pretreatment patients.
Frequency and significance of epithelial atypia in laryngeal papillomatosis
Authors: Quick Cedric A. , Foucar Elliott , Dehner Louis P. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractLaryngeal papillomatosis is the most common proliferative lesion of the larynx in children. The best evidence to date suggests that a virus, presumably one of the papova virus group, is responsible and that there is a strong relationship between laryngeal papilloma and the condylomata of the mother.The clinical behavior of these lesions is characterized by relentless recurrences and in some cases eventual spread down the tracheobronchial tree to the lung parenchyma. Although classified histologically as benign varying degrees of atypia of the epithelium have been observed together with changes in the cellular composition of the subepithelial layers. Some of the epithelial changes have bordered on carcinoma in situ. The pathologists have been reluctant to make this diagnosis because of the implication of such an interpretation. Parenthetically an identical appearance from a laryngeal biopsy from an adult would unhesitatingly be interpreted as severe dysplasia‐carcinoma in situ. It is apparent that the malignant potential of these histological alterations is extremely low as reflected by the rarity of squamous cell carcinoma arising in laryngeal papilloma. Some exceptions have been reported in children who received radiation therapy, and there have been occasional reports of carcinoma of the larynx arising without irradiation.To what extent should the interpretation of atypia influence the management of the patient? What are the criteria for labelling atypia and cellular change in papillomatosis? What exogenous influence exists which may induce this atypia; is it related to a longer course of the disease, tracheostomy or to the site of the lesions? These questions pose a dilemma to the pathologist and surgeon.The surgical‐pathological specimens of laryngeal papillomatosis will be correlated with the clinical course of the disease and the presence of exogenous factors. A system of grading atypias will be presented, and criteria for diagnosis will be suggested. Correlation between histological grading and clinical course of the disease will be explained. A literature review reveals that apparently there has been no previously reported study of these factors, and it would seem essential that if patterns of change exist they must be clearly interpreted by the pathologist and promptly brought to the attention of the surgeon.
Symposium: Adjuvant cancer therapy of head and neck tumors: The role of preoperative irradiation in cancer control
Authors: Conley John , Bryce Douglas P. , Bird Russell J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe most effective methods of treatment of patients with head and neck cancer are surgery and radiotherapy. A combination of these in which radiotherapy preceeds surgery in a planned treatment protocol is attractive as it has the potential of combining the best features of each of these proven modalities.The basis of rational preoperative radiation rests on a failure analysis for accepted therapy for all areas in which such treatment can be considered. When it can be shown that failure is due to lack of primary and regional control, and when survival by either irradiation or surgery alone is less than 50%, such a treatment regimen can be rationally applied. The closest cooperative effort between surgeon and radiotherapist and modification of each method of treatment — to avoid the cummulative bad effects and to provide the desirable benefits of each method — are necessary.The necessary rational cooperative effort by those treating head and neck malignancies is largely lacking at the present time. The acceptance of the necessary principles for this method of therapy is developing but only slowly. Nevertheless, such combination of effective therapy still offers the greatest possibility for improvement in our presently accepted modalities for treatment of lesions of the hypopharynx, oral pharynx, advanced lesions of the oral cavity and the nasal sinuses.
The cochlear aqueduct: Structural considerations
Authors: Kelemen G. , La Fuente A. Denia , Olivares F. Perez 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPerusing 170 series of temporal bone sections, the course of the aqueduct was found to be a spindle shape, based on numerous dilatations in the middle section. Ample space was offered for development of bony excrescences such as exostotic depositions and osteoma‐like protrusions of all sizes. These added considerably to the difficulties of a free passage through the aqueduct.
Directional handle for zeiss operating microscope
Authors: Eibling David , Smith Howard W. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA new directional handle for the Zeiss operating microscope is presented. This handle offers the advantage of single‐handed (right or left) control by natural movement of the wrist. The handle may be used by grasping it through the see‐through sterile drape or sterilized separately and placed outside the sterile microscope drape.