bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Complications of umbilical hernias in horses: 13 cases (1972–1986)
Authors: Freeman David E. , Orsini James A. , Harrison Ian W. , Muller Noel S. , Leitch Midge 
Published: February 2025

Summary
Of 147 horses treated for umbilical hernias over a 13.5-year period, 13 horses (8.8%) developed complications in association with umbilical defects. Six horses had intestinal incarceration; the incarceration was reduced manually in 3 horses before admission, resolved without treatment in 2 others, and was surgically reduced in one. Herniorrhaphy was performed on 4 of the 5 horses in which the incarceration did not require surgical reduction, and the fifth was managed conservatively. A horse with a parietal hernia and a horse with intestinal strangulation were treated surgically; in the latter, the involved intestine was resected. These 8 horses recovered.
Three horses developed an umbilical abscess and 2 developed an enterocutaneous fistula through their umbilical hernias. Four of these horses responded well to surgery, but one horse with an enterocutaneous fistula died from electrolyte imbalances and peritonitis after an unsuccessful attempt at simple closure.
The results of this study confirmed that complications of umbilical hernias are rare in horses; however, when they do develop, they may be one of various forms, some of which are insidious in onset.
Enzootic mycoplasmal mastitis in a large dairy during an eight-year period
Authors: Bayoumi F. A. , Farver T. B. , Bushnell B. , Oliveria M. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
During an 8-year period, a study was conducted in a large dairy in the Sacramento Valley of California, to define factors associated with the introduction and spread of mycoplasmal mastitis. To identify cows in which mycoplasmal infection appeared in 22 of 25 (88%) periods of new infection, milk samples were collected weekly from freshened cows and from hospitalized cows with clinical mastitis. The disease first appeared in freshened cows in at least 36% of the periods of new cases of mycoplasmal mastitis, which indicated that special attention must be paid to freshening cows in an attempt to control spread of the disease. New cases of mycoplasmal mastitis were recorded more often in January through April than during the rest of the year. Rates of mastitis infection caused by other pathogens (contagious and environmental organisms) increased during months when new cases of mycoplasmal mastitis were recorded. Sanitation on the farm during udder infusion and milking was a major factor in controlling the introduction and spread of mycoplasmal mastitis.
Clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of alkalemia in dogs: 20 cases (1982-1984)
Authors: Robinson Elaine P. , Hardy Robert M. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
Alkalemia (pH >7.50) was measured in 20 dogs admitted over a 3-year period for various clinical disorders. Alkalemia was detected in only 2.08% of all dogs in which blood pH and blood-gas estimations were made. Thirteen dogs had metabolic alkalosis (HCO3¯ >24 mEq/L Pco2 >30 mm of Hg), of which 8 had uncompensated metabolic alkalosis, and of which 5 had partially compensated metabolic alkalosis. Seven dogs had respiratory alkalosis Pco (Pco2 >30 mm of Hg, HCO3 ); 4 of these had uncompensated respiratory alkalosis and 3 had partially compensated respiratory alkalosis. Ten dogs had double or triple acid-base abnormalities. Dogs with metabolic alkalosis had a preponderance of clinical signs associated with gastrointestinal disorders (10 dogs ). Overzealous administration of sodium bicarbonate or diuretics, in addition to anorexia, polyuria, or hyperbilirubinemia may have contributed to metabolic alkalosis in 8 of the dogs. Most of the dogs in this group had low K+ and Cl¯ values. Two dogs with metabolic alkalosis had Pco2, values >60 mm of Hg, and 1 of these had arterial hypoxemia (Pao2 <80 mm of Hg). Treatments included replacement of fluid and electrolytes (Na+, K+ and Cl¯), and surgery asindicated (8 dogs). Six dogs with respiratory alkalosis had a variety of airway, pulmonary, or cardiac disorders, and 3 of these had arterial hypoxemia. Two other dogs were excessively ventilated during surgery, and 1 dog had apparent postoperative pain that may have contributed to the respiratory alkalosis. Treatments included correcting the minute volume during mechanical ventilation and administration of oxygen and analgesics. Seven (35%) of the alkalemic dogs died within 48 hours of blood-gas measurement, and 3 (15%) were euthanatized.
Use of a disease reporting system in a large beef feedlot
Authors: Frank G.R. , Salman M.D. , MacVean D.W. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
A large commercial beef feedlot in northeastern Colorado was selected by stratified random process for inclusion in the National Animal Health Monitoring System pilot data collection project. Various records in the feedlot were used to collect data related to animal health conditions and to their costs.
A total of 57,727 cattle were processed during the 12-month period of the study. Rates were used to adjust for the number of cattle in the feedlot during that period. The disease incidence, culling rate, and death rate were presented by each month in the study. The monthly mean number of cattle was the denominator for these rates.
During the 12 months, 72 diseases or abnormal conditions were recorded. The total cost of the 10 most prevalent diseases (itemized by dead, culled, treatment, and income from selling dead animals) accounted for approximately 77% of the total cost of disease in the feedlot. The total cost of lower respiratory tract diseases contributed approximately 46% of the total disease cost, and 60% of the cost of the 10 most prevalent diseases. In order to consider the reporting methods reliable, a separate study was undertaken to validate a reported disease or condition in the feedlot.
Topically applied furazolidone or parenterally administered oxytetracycline for the treatment of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis
Authors: George Lisle , Mihalyi Judy , Edmondson Anita , Daigneault Josee , Kagonyera George , Willits Neal , Lucas Merlyn 
Published: February 2025

Summary
The effectiveness of topically applied furazolidone (fz) or parenterally administered Oxytetracycline (otc)for treatment of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis was determined in a field study. Between June 13 and Aug 6, 1985, a study was conducted on a ranch in northern California. Eyes of Hereford calves (n = 103) were examined 3 times each week for 7 weeks. After daily examinations on June 13 and 14, calves were allotted randomly to 3 groups. On June 17, calves (that had corneal ulcers) of groups 1 (n = 35) and 2 (n = 35) were treated with otc and fz, respectively. Treatments were administered again only if new ulcers were observed, if an existing ulcer worsened, or if a healed ulcer recurred. Calves of group 3 remained untreated (controls).
Corneal ulcers developed in 35 of the fz-treated calves, in 33 of the otc-treated calves, and in 33 of the untreated calves. Corneal perforations were observed in 3 untreated and 2 fz-treated calves but were not observed in any otc-treated calves. Panophthalmitis developed in one eye of an untreated calf. Corneal ulcers in the otc-treated calves were smaller and healed more rapidly than did corneal ulcers in calves of the other groups. By the 22nd day of the study (July 3), the number of otc-treated calves with corneal ulcers was less than that of the other 2 groups. Calves of the otc treatment group had the fewest multiple corneal ulcer recurrences, but calves of all 3 groups had a similar number of single corneal ulcer recurrences.
The relationship between the healing time and the maximal surface area of new corneal ulcers was nearly linear, with the strongest correlation between these factors observed in the otc-treated calves. Conversely, the weakest correlation between healing time and surface area was observed in the untreated calves (r2=71.8, 76.6, and 56.8 for calves of the fz and otc treated groups and for the untreated group, respectively).
Between 1 and 4 weeks after treatment, the lowest frequency of Moraxella bovis isolation was observed in specimens from the otc-treated calves, and the highest frequency was observed in specimens from the untreated calves. During the entire 7-week observation period, a progressively increased mean minimal inhibitory concentration of fz (but not of otc) was observed for M bovis.
Correlation of field strain exposure with new cases of brucellosis in six beef herds vaccinated with strain 19
Authors: Crawford Richard P. , Adams L. Garry , Richardson Barbara E. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
Three hundred sixty cattle at risk in 6 beef herds known to include cows infected with Brucella abortus field strains were vaccinated with 3 × 109 colony-forming units of strain 19. Field strain exposure after vaccination was estimated by the number of cows with brucellosis that calved or aborted in the herd. As the number of exposures increased, the number of cows developing brucellosis increased, and 19 exposures in the 6 herds resulted in 9 new cases. The ratio of exposures to new cases varied from 1.0 to 2.0 in the 4 herds with new cases, whereas 2 herds with 1 and 3 exposures, respectively, did not have new eases of brucellosis. The correlation coefficient between the number of exposures and the number of new cases was 0.85, and the coefficient of determination suggested that 73% of the variation in new cases could be explained by the number of exposures in strain 19-vaccinated herds.
Epidemiologic survey of diarrhea in foals
Authors: Traub-Dargatz J. L. , Gay C. C. , Evermann J. F. , Ward A. C. S. , Zeglen M. E. , Gallina A. M. , Salman M. D. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
Epidemiologic and etiologic data about diarrhea in foals were collected under a planned prospective recording and monitoring study. The survey and monitoring procedures included a survey to obtain an overview of current horse management practices on participating farms, a daily health record survey to obtain information on mares and their foals, and collection of feces from 19 of 144 diarrheic foals and 10 age-matched nondiarrheic foals for electron microscopy, elisa for rotavirus, and bacteriologic culture. Coronavirus was detected in the feces of diarrheic as well as clinically normal foals. Rotavirus was detected in the feces of diarrheic foals only. With regard to agents found in the feces, there was no significant (P<0.05) difference between diarrheic and nondiarrheic foals.
Half of the 297 foals on which data were available developed diarrhea. Most foals that developed diarrhea lacked other clinical manifestations of disease. Basic cleanliness at foaling was associated with a lower percentage of foals developing diarrhea. Prophylactic use of antibiotics and vitamins in newborn foals was associated with a higher percentage of foals developing diarrhea. A higher percentage of foals born to visiting mares developed diarrhea, compared with foals born to resident mares.
Echocardiographic evaluation of cardiac tamponade in dogs before and after pericardiocentesis: Four cases (1984–1986)
Authors: Berry Clifford R. , Lombard Christophe W. , Hager David A. , Ackerman Norman , King Robert R. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
The echocardiographic (M-mode and 2- dimensional) features (before and after pericardiocentesis) of 4 dogs with pericardial effusion and clinical evidence of cardiac tamponade were reviewed. M-Mode echocardiography revealed pericardial effusion, with exaggerated swinging motion of the heart and abnormal septal motion in all 4 dogs. In each case, 2-dimensional echocardiography demonstrated right ventricular diastolic free-wall collapse. Three dogs had right atrial diastolic collapse as well. Clinical signs improved, and right ventricular and right atrial diastolic collapse subsided after pericardiocentesis. Two-dimensional echocardiographic features of right atrial and ventricular collapse were used as indicators for determining the presence of cardiac tamponade.
Radiographic features of canine hyperadrenocorticism caused by autonomously functioning adrenocortical tumors: 23 cases (1978–1986)
Authors: Penninck Dominique G. , Feldman Edward C. , Nyland Thomas G. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
Radiographic features of 23 dogs with functioning adrenocortical tumors are described. In 56% of the dogs, radiographic detection of adrenomegaly, with or without calcification, was an aid in the diagnosis of adrenocortical neoplasia. Adrenal gland calcification did not distinguish adrenocortical adenoma from carcinoma.
Reassessment of cytologic values in canine cerebrospinal fluid by use of cytocentrifugation
Authors: Christopher Mary M. , Perman Victor , Hardy Robert M. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
Using cytocentrifugation, nearly one fourth of canine cerebrospinal fluid (csf) samples with cell counts in the normal range had abnormalities in cell type or morphologic features. Cerebrospinal fluid samples from 145 dogs with neurologic disorders were evaluated by use of this method. These results indicate that low hemacytometer counts in canine csf should not be interpreted as normal. By increasing the detection of abnormalities in csf, cytocentrifugation might improve diagnosis and treatment of canine neurologic disease.
Sudden death attributable to exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in racehorses: Nine cases (1981-1983)
Authors: Gunson Diane E. , Sweeney Corinne Raphel , Soma Lawrence R. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
Pathologic changes are described in 11 horses that died during racing or training; 9 died of acute pulmonary hemorrhage (exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage), 1 died of exsanguination, and 1 died of cns trauma. Cardiac lesions were not found in any horse. Severe engorgement of pulmonary vessels, with hemorrhage into alveoli, airways, interstitium, and subpleural tissues, was observed in all 9 horses that died of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage. Infiltration of eosinophils and/or lymphocytes around vessels and airways was seen in 6 horses. Focally extensive fibrosis was observed in the pleura and interstitium of 6 horses, and collections of siderophages were seen in the fibrous tissue and in the airways. Focal occlusion of bronchioles with inspissated mucus, such as that associated with small airway disease, was found in 4 horses. Underlying respiratory tract lesions, particularly those associated with small airway disease or bronchiolitis, may have a role in fatal pulmonary hemorrhage.
Effects of infection with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus on milk production in goats
Authors: Smith Mary C. , Cutlip Randall 
Published: February 2025

Summary
A recently assembled commercial herd of Alpine goats was studied. Milk production criteria—305-day milk production (m), butter fat content (bf), and solids nonfat content (snf)—and somatic cell counts (linear score) were monitored by Dairy Herd Improvement Association test records. Milk samples from all milking goats in the herd were obtained for bacteriologic culture for mastitis organisms on 2 occasions; the infection rate ascribed to major pathogens was 3%.
In November 1985, serum specimens were obtained from 154 does in first lactation. Of these, 56 (36%) were seropositive for caprine arthritis-encephalitis (cae) antibodies by agar gel immunodiffusion (agid), 91 (59%) were seronegative, and serotest results for 7 (5%) were inconclusive. In December, 80 seronegative and 48 seropositive goats remained in the herd and had 305-day projections available. The median production values for seronegative goats (1,539.5 lb of m, 52 lb of bf, 46 lb of snf) were higher than those for seropositive goats (1,446 lb of m, 45 lb of bf, 44.5 lb of snf), but this difference was only significant (t test, P<0.05) for bf. Does were ranked by a formula that combined m, bf, and snf, with a desired minimal daily herd average of 5 lb of m, 3% bf, and 3% snf. A decision was made not to keep off spring from does of the lowest quartile before cae test results were obtained. This group consisted of 13 of the 80 (16%) seronegative goats and 18 of the 48 (38%) seropositive goats. Thus, a positive cae test result by agid was associated (X2, P<0.01) with poor production.
In addition, positive cae test results were associated (P<0.005) with nonhemolytic staphylococcal infection in the udder, and staphylococci-infected goats tended to produce more m, bf, and snf than did uninfected goats. A relationship could not be found between udder firmness on palpation during midlactation and cae, bacteriologic mastitis status, or milk production. For goats still in their first lactation in May (mean days in lactation, 370), 11 of 60 (18%) were infected with nonhemolytic staphylococci, and staphylococcal infection and cae positive test results were associated positively with linear score. In second-lactation goats (mean days in lactation, 80), only 1 of 69 was infected with nonhemolytic staphylococci, and cae serotest status had no effect on linear score.
Clinical significance of aerobic bacterial flora of the uterus, vagina, vestibule, and clitoral fossa of clinically normal mares
Authors: Hinrichs Katrin , Cummings Margaret R. , Sertich Patricia L. , Kenney Robert M. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
Swab specimens for bacterial culture were obtained from the uterus, vagina, vestibule, and clitoral fossa of 48 mares that had normal reproductive tracts, no history of reproductive problems, and no inflammation on evaluation of endometrial biopsy. The mares were predominantly Thoroughbred and Standardbred. Swab specimens of the vagina were obtained through a sterile speculum; swab specimens of the uterus were obtained by use of a double-guarded, occluded culture instrument. Fifteen (31%) of the uterine swab specimens and 20 (42%) of the vaginal swab specimens yielded growth on aerobic culture; however, only 2 (4%) of the uterine swab specimens and 4 (8%) of the vaginal swab specimens yielded growth of more than 10 colonies. In contrast, 21 (44%) of the vestibular swab specimens and 45 (94%) of the clitoral fossa swab specimens had moderate (>10 colonies in 1 quadrant) to heavy (colonies in 2 or 3 quadrants) growth of organisms on culture. Of organisms considered to be potential pathogens, Streptococcus zooepidemicus and Escherichia coli were found on bacteriologic culture of several clitoral fossa swab specimens and of some vestibular swab specimens. We did not isolate any potential pathogens from uterine or vaginal swab specimens. It appears that 1 to 10 colonies of nonpathogenic organisms could be recovered from the uterus in a substantial number of clinically normal mares even when double-guarded swabbing techniques are used, and we suggest that prebreeding culture requirements be modified to reflect this. Also, our findings indicate that the vulvovaginal fold, rather than the cervix, might be the major barrier to ascending bacterial contamination of the reproductive tract. The clitoral fossa and vestibule support growth of organisms, including potential uterine pathogens. These organisms might serve as a source of uterine inoculum when the hand or an instrument is passed through the vulva and vestibule, and then is used to cannulate the cervix during procedures such as uterine swabbing, intrauterine infusion, or embryo transfer.
An economic evaluation of various treatments for contagious foot rot in sheep, using decision analysis
Authors: Salman M. D. , Dargatz D. A. , Kimberling C. V. , Ellis R. P. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
Two decision analysis models were constructed to identify the cost-effectiveness of treatment and/or prevention regimens for ovine foot rot through a systematic evaluation approach of 2 consecutive phases. The first model evaluated the cost-effectiveness of examining the sheep for foot lesions and the use of 1 of 32 treatment regimens when lesions were present. The second model evaluated the 6 most cost-effective treatment regimens from the first model with or without a preventive measure (in this case, vaccination) to determine the most cost-effective approach to preventing/treating foot rot in a single year. Three prevalence levels of foot rot were used. In addition, 3 levels of reduced production attributable to foot rot were used.
Threshold analysis, a form of sensitivity analysis, was used to evaluate allowable variations in the success rates and cost of treatments/prevention where the outcome of the models remains unchanged.
Of the 32 treatment regimens tested in this model, the use of 10% zinc sulfate applied to the feet of sheep with foot rot was the most cost-effective regimen, regardless of the prevalence levels of the disease or its impact on productivity.
In the second model, the use of vaccination with paring of the feet, as a preventive measure, followed by a treatment of the sheep that were still infected, was less cost-effective than to treat only the sheep with foot lesions and disregard prevention. This was true regardless of the prevalence levels of the disease or its impact on productivity.
Pathogenic bacteria and fungi associated with external ocular diseases in dogs: 131 cases (1981-1986)
Authors: Gerding Paul A. , McLaughlin Susan A. , Troop Mike W. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
Medical records of 131 dogs with external ocular diseases were reviewed. Bacteriologic culture of swab specimens from 151 eyes revealed 100 eyes (66.2%) were considered positive for potentially pathogenic microorganisms. Of 127 species of microorganisms (bacterial and fungal) isolated, 50 (39.3%) were Staphylococcus spp (S intermedius, 17.3%). Streptococcus spp were the next most frequently isolated organism at 32 (25.2%), (Str canis, 16.5%). β-Hemolytic streptococci (17%) were isolated more frequently than were α-hemolytic streptococci (9%), and coagulase-positive staphylococcal species (29%) were isolated almost 3 times as often as were coagulase-negative species (11%). Fungal and yeast organisms were isolated from 4.6% of the eyes.
In vitro, most Staphylococcus spp were susceptible to cephalothin, bacitracin, and gentamicin, whereas most Streptococcus spp were susceptible to chloramphenicol, erythromycin, carbenicillin, and cephalothin. Pseudomonas spp were sensitive to tobramycin, gentamicin, and amikacin.
Hyperadrenocorticism in cats: Seven cases (1978–1987)
Authors: Nelson R. W. , Feldman E. C. , Smith M. C. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
Hyperadrenocorticism was diagnosed in 7 cats with concurrent diabetes mellitus. Four cats had pituitary adenoma with bilateral adrenocortical hyperplasia, 1 cat had pituitary carcinoma with bilateral adrenocortical hyperplasia, 1 cat had adrenocortical carcinoma, and 1 cat had adrenocortical adenoma of the left adrenal gland. One year later, adrenocortical adenoma involving the right adrenal gland also was diagnosed in this cat. Clinical signs included polyuria and polydipsia (n = 7), development of pot-bellied appearance (n = 5), dermatologic alterations (n = 5), lethargy (n = 3), weight loss (n = 3), dyspnea/panting (n = 2), and recurrent bacterial infections (n = 2). In 6 cats, the diagnosis of hyperadrenocorticism was established before death on the basis of results of the acth stimulation test (n = 3) and the dexamethasone screening test (n = 5). Pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism was differentiated from adrenocortical neoplasia on the basis of results of the dexamethasone suppression test (n = 4), endogenous acth concentration (n = 3), results of abdominal radiography and ultrasonography (n = 3), and exploratory celiotomy (n = 1). Four cats died or were euthanatized without treatment attempts. Treatment with mitotane followed by 60Co teletherapy was ineffective in one cat with pituitary adenoma. One cat with pituitary carcinoma died one week after bilateral adrenalectomy. Bilateral adrenocortical adenomas were removed surgically in the affected cat.