bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Remaking/Unmaking: Abu Ghraib and Poetry
Authors: Metres Philip 
Published: October 2008

So now the pictures will continue to “assault” us—as many Americans are bound to feel. Will people get used to them? Some Americans are already saying that they have seen “enough.”—Susan Sontag, “Regarding the Torture of Others”… a state anterior to language, to the sounds and cries a human being makes before language is learned.—Elaine Scarry, The Body in PainWhen The ABU Ghraib Prison torture scandal began to circulate throughout The MASS media in Spring 2004, most pundits and commentators neglected to note how those images hauntingly paralleled the 9/11 attacks, insofar as each event's widespread publicity—replayed and reposted images of physical and psychological destruction—participated in the very unmaking that the perpetrators intended. In other words, just as the terrorist act on the Twin Towers was an act of both material and symbolic destruction that required media representation of the planes hitting the towers, mass media's recirculation of visual images of naked and dominated Iraqi men completed the act that Charles Graner and other United States military police had begun. Though the disturbing video representation of the 9/11 attacks rapidly disappeared from television, the Abu Ghraib photos persisted far longer (see York). The rapid disappearance of video of the planes striking the buildings suggests its traumatic power for Americans. But why would the Abu Ghraib photos be less disturbing than those of the attacks of September 11, 2001—given what they say about United States conduct in the war? In this essay, I consider the Abu Ghraib effect in the wider context of imperial imaging of the other. Second, I analyze artistic and literary responses (including Fernando Botero's Abu Ghraib paintings, Daniel Heyman's etchings, and an anthology of poems on torture) that attempt to re-present Abu Ghraib and make visible the invisible of that torture. Third, I sketch out how Arab American poets have played (and can continue to play) a critical role in the conversation about the effects of United States policies in the Middle East. Finally, I share my own poetic project, a long poem called “–u –r—” that attempts to make audible the muted voices of the tortured Iraqis at Abu Ghraib.
Transparent Eye, Voice Howling Within: Codes of Violence in Lawrence Joseph's Poetry
Authors: Rashid Frank D. 
Published: October 2008

In the early quatrains of “Rubaiyat,” a poem in Lawrence Joseph's fourth book, into it, The poet adopts a curious perspective for an American poet of Arab ancestry who is intensely critical of American military aggression. Taking on the “eye” of the aggressor, he pulls up the “satellite image of a major / military target, a 3-D journey / into a landscape of hills and valleys.” He follows the lens as it zooms closer to the ground:Zoom in close enough—the shadowsof statues, the swimming pools of palaces …closer—a garden of palm trees,oranges and lemons, chickens, sheep. … (41)
Race in Africa: Four Epigraphs and a Commentary
Authors: Garuba Harry 
Published: October 2008

“Look, a Negro!” It was an external stimulus that flicked over me as I passed by. I made a tight smile.“Look, a Negro!” It was true. It amused me.“Look, a Negro!” The circle was drawing a bit tighter. I made no secret of my amusement.“Mama, see the Negro! I am frightened!” Frightened! Frightened! Now they were beginning to be afraid of me. I made up my mind to laugh myself to tears, but laughter had become impossible.—Frantz Fanon, “The Fact of Blackness” (111–12)The racialization of the Tutsi/Hutu was not simply an intellectual construct, one which later and more enlightened generations of intellectuals could deconstruct and discard at will. More to the point, racialization was also an institutional construct. Racial ideology was embedded in institutions, which in turn undergirded privilege and reproduced racial ideology. It was this political-institutional fact that intellectuals alone would not be able to alter. Rather, it would take a political-social movement to be dismantled.—Mahmood Mamdani,When Victims Become Killers(87)Far back as one may go into the past, from the northern Sudanese to the southern Bantu, the African has always and everywhere presented a concept of the world which is diametrically opposed to the traditional philosophy of Europe.—Leopold Sedar Senghor, “Negritude: A Humanism of the Twentieth Century” (30)Sango's history is not the history of primal becoming but of racial origin, which is historically dated.—Wole Soyinka,Myth, Literature and the African World(9)These four epigraphs give a sense of the diversity of usages of the category of race in Africa and the discourses and practices that coalesce around these usages. I use the textual fragments to open up questions about race in Africa, to explore the various discursive economies in which race is articulated and circulates, and the registers and vocabularies in which responses to it have been conducted. The approach adopted is therefore metonymic: each fragment represents a larger body of texts and practices that broadly constitute a discourse defined by a set of shared characteristics. My purpose is not to discuss exhaustively these characteristics but rather to draw rough distinctions among the conditions that govern their articulation and circulation. In this way I can indicate the network of social, historical, and discursive relations in which the idea of race functions.
ImpersoNation: Toward a Theory of Black-, Red-, and Yellowface in the Americas
Authors: Lane Jill 
Published: October 2008

How shall we face the enormous evidence of impersonation as a central cultural practice in the development of national discourses in the Americas?It is well known that, in December 1773, a ship namedDartmouthsat idle in Boston Harbor, prevented from unloading her cargo by the governor in protest of the import tax and prevented from leaving the harbor by customs rules. As the customs period came to a close, a group of newly patriotic Bostonians came up with a plan to resolve the crisis. One historian recounts, “a chorus of Indian war whoops sounded outside the hall and a party of what looked like Indian men ran to the wharf, entered the ships, and proceeded to dump the tea in Boston Harbor” (Deloria 2). And the rest, as they say, was history: the Boston Tea Party has since functioned as favored tale of origin for American independence and national identity.
MULTIPLE REGIME SHIFTS IN A SUBTROPICAL PEATLAND: COMMUNITY‐SPECIFIC THRESHOLDS TO EUTROPHICATION
Authors: Hagerthey Scot E. , Newman Susan , Rutchey Ken , Smith Eric P. , Godin Jason 
Published: October 2008

Ecosystems have a natural resilience to perturbations, where resilience is the magnitude of a disturbance that an ecosystem can resist before changes in structure, function, and services result in a regime shift. The Everglades region of Florida, USA, has been detrimentally impacted by phosphorus (P) enrichment and a regime shift from Cladium (sawgrass) to Typha (cattail) marsh has been described. We examine another facet of the low‐nutrient Everglades stability regime, open‐water sloughs, to determine if eutrophication leads to similar regime shifts.We analyzed surface water P and soil P as controlling variables that, once a critical threshold is surpassed, alter ecosystem state variables. Nonlinear relationships between P and vegetation were observed along a northern Everglades eutrophication gradient. In addition to the Cladium–Typha regime shift, a second independent regime shift, slough–Typha, was identified. Synoptic surveys of 49 sloughs within the boundary between the slough and Typha regime revealed that surface water total phosphorus (TP) and the benthic algal floc layer (BAFL) were the controlling variables, with critical thresholds of 11 μg/L and 412 mg/kg, respectively. The slough regime below these thresholds was characterized by calcareous periphyton (BAFL TP = 298 mg P/kg; BAFL calcium = 149 g Ca/kg). Above the TP thresholds, vegetation composition shifted to open‐marsh species with significantly higher BAFL TP (700 mg P/kg) and total organic carbon (TOC) (350 g C/kg). A second BAFL TP threshold occurred at 712 mg P/kg, above which Nymphaea dominated and BAFL TP (1034 mg P/kg) and TOC (417 g C/kg) significantly increased. Nymphaea sloughs transitioned to the Typha regime. The boundary reflects the loss of ecosystem resilience due to eutrophication. Both low‐nutrient stability regimes (slough and Cladium) lie precariously close to the P critical threshold but differ in how eutrophication is absorbed and resisted. The slough regime transitions rapidly through a series of ecosystem state changes linked to positive feedback loops that affect P dynamics, whereas the Cladium regime does not. An adaptive management strategy has been implemented to address the surface water TP threshold; however, to ensure successful restoration of the Everglades, the BAFL and soil TP thresholds also need to be considered.
TEMPORAL CHANGES IN VERTEBRATES DURING LANDSCAPE TRANSFORMATION: A LARGE‐SCALE “NATURAL EXPERIMENT”
Authors: Lindenmayer David B. , Cunningham Ross B. , MacGregor Christopher , Crane Mason , Michael Damian , Fischer Joern , Montague-Drake Rebecca , Felton Adam , Manning Adrian 
Published: October 2008

Plantation development is a significant form of landscape change worldwide. We report findings from a large‐scale longitudinal natural experiment that quantified changes in Australian vertebrates as a former grazing landscape was transformed to one dominated by a radiata pine (Pinus radiata) plantation. The study included four main “treatments”: woodland remnants surrounded by emerging radiata pine (52 sites, termed “woodland treatments”), stands of radiata pine (10 sites, “pine controls”), woodland remnants where the surrounding landscape remained unchanged (56 sites, “woodland controls”), and paddocks with scattered woodland trees that surrounded the 56 woodland remnants (10 sites, “paddock controls”). In our study region, woodland is distinguished from forest by differences in tree height, tree spacing, bole length, and canopy development.Between 1998 and 2006, occupancy rates of “woodland treatments” by most mammals and reptiles increased linearly. Similar trends occurred in the “woodland controls,” suggesting that species had increased landscape‐wide, rather than displaying year × treatment interaction effects. We cross‐classified birds according to the statistical significance and nature of time trajectories. Groups included those that: (1) declined in woodland treatments in comparison with woodland controls, (2) decreased within woodland treatments but increased in woodland controls, (3) declined across the entire study area, (4) increased within woodland treatments in comparison with woodland controls, (5) increased within woodland treatments but declined in woodland controls, and (6) increased across the entire study area.Attributes of woodland treatments significantly associated with temporal changes in bird occupancy included: (1) age of surrounding pine stands; (2) number of boundaries with surrounding pines; (3) size of the woodland patches; (4) dominant vegetation type of woodland patches; and (5) temporal changes in vegetation structure in the woodland treatments.Bird species associated with open country and woodland environments were disadvantaged by landscape transformation, whereas those that benefited were forest taxa and/or habitat generalists capable of inhabiting pine stands and adjacent woodland patches. Beyond this generalization, an unanticipated finding was a lack of association between life history attributes and landscape transformation. We suggest that several key processes are likely drivers of change at multiple spatial scales. Recognition of such processes is important for conservation in landscapes transformed by plantation expansion.
MEASURING BEE DIVERSITY IN DIFFERENT EUROPEAN HABITATS AND BIOGEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS
Authors: Westphal Catrin , Bommarco Riccardo , Carré Gabriel , Lamborn Ellen , Morison Nicolas , Petanidou Theodora , Potts Simon G. , Roberts Stuart P. M. , Szentgyörgyi Hajnalka , Tscheulin Thomas , Vaissière Bernard E. , Woyciechowski Michal , Biesmeijer Jacobus C. , Kunin William E. , Settele Josef , Steffan-Dewenter Ingolf 
Published: October 2008

Bee pollinators are currently recorded with many different sampling methods. However, the relative performances of these methods have not been systematically evaluated and compared. In response to the strong need to record ongoing shifts in pollinator diversity and abundance, global and regional pollinator initiatives must adopt standardized sampling protocols when developing large‐scale and long‐term monitoring schemes.We systematically evaluated the performance of six sampling methods (observation plots, pan traps, standardized and variable transect walks, trap nests with reed internodes or paper tubes) that are commonly used across a wide range of geographical regions in Europe and in two habitat types (agricultural and seminatural). We focused on bees since they represent the most important pollinator group worldwide. Several characteristics of the methods were considered in order to evaluate their performance in assessing bee diversity: sample coverage, observed species richness, species richness estimators, collector biases (identified by subunit‐based rarefaction curves), species composition of the samples, and the indication of overall bee species richness (estimated from combined total samples).The most efficient method in all geographical regions, in both the agricultural and seminatural habitats, was the pan trap method. It had the highest sample coverage, collected the highest number of species, showed negligible collector bias, detected similar species as the transect methods, and was the best indicator of overall bee species richness. The transect methods were also relatively efficient, but they had a significant collector bias. The observation plots showed poor performance. As trap nests are restricted to cavity‐nesting bee species, they had a naturally low sample coverage. However, both trap nest types detected additional species that were not recorded by any of the other methods.For large‐scale and long‐term monitoring schemes with surveyors with different experience levels, we recommend pan traps as the most efficient, unbiased, and cost‐effective method for sampling bee diversity. Trap nests with reed internodes could be used as a complementary sampling method to maximize the numbers of collected species. Transect walks are the principal method for detailed studies focusing on plant–pollinator associations. Moreover, they can be used in monitoring schemes after training the surveyors to standardize their collection skills.
GREENFALL LINKS GROUNDWATER TO ABOVEGROUND FOOD WEBS IN DESERT RIVER FLOODPLAINS
Authors: Sabo John L. , McCluney Kevin E. , Marusenko Yevgeniy , Keller Andrew , Soykan Candan U. 
Published: October 2008

Groundwater makes up nearly 99% of unfrozen freshwater worldwide and sustains riparian trees rooted in shallow aquifers, especially in arid and semiarid climates. The goal of this paper is to root animals in the regional water cycle by quantifying the significance of groundwater to riparian animals. We focused our efforts on the cricket, Gryllus alogus: a common primary consumer found in floodplain forests along the San Pedro River, in southeast Arizona, USA. Cottonwood trees make groundwater available to G. alogus as dislodged, groundwater‐laden leaves (greenfall). We hypothesized that groundwater fluxes mediated by greenfall sustain G. allogus through the prolonged dry season and link these aboveground consumers to belowground aquifers.To test this hypothesis, we first characterized gradients in absolute humidity (air) and water stress in field‐collected G. alogus. Absolute humidity declined with distance from river across wide stands of floodplain cottonwood forest during the dry season, but not during the rainy season. Similarly, G. alogus body water content declined along this gradient. Second, we measured evaporative water loss (EWL) by field‐captured G. alogus in the laboratory at temperatures bracketing field conditions. EWL ranged from 0.05 ± 0.009 g·individual−1·d−1 to 0.13 ± 0.03 g·individual−1·d−1 (mean ± SD, at 30° and 40°C, respectively). These daily losses are high, but still less than the water content of a single cottonwood leaf (0.296 ± 0.124 g H2O/leaf). Third, we designed field experiments to quantify the relative dependence of G. alogus on greenfall. G. alogus more frequently consumed greenfall than various controls consisting of dried leaves. This preference occurred in distal habitats and during the dry season, but not proximal to the river or in the rainy season. Finally, we compared estimated daily water fluxes via greenfall to (1) estimates of water demand of the entire G. alogus population at our field site, and (2) reports of cottonwood transpiration and San Pedro River base flow from other authors. By our estimates, groundwater fluxes via greenfall sustain G. alogus populations despite their trivial magnitude compared to stream discharge and cottonwood transpiration. Primary consumers in turn provide dietary water to higher trophic levels (e.g., abundant and speciose birds in the region) through trophic pathways, thereby fueling secondary production from the bottom up. Thus, riparian trees root animals in the regional water cycle.
Photocatalytic Antibacterial Effect of TiO2 Film of TiAg on Streptococcus mutans
Authors: Choi Jung-Yoon , Chung Chooryung Judi , Oh Keun-Taek , Choi Yoon-Jeong , Kim Kyung-Ho 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Objective: To test through various oxidation procedures the differences in antibacterial activities against Streptococcus mutans (S mutans) of Titanium (Ti) and Titanium silver (TiAg) metals coated with TiO2.
Materials and Methods: This study examined the photocatalytic antibacterial effects on S mutans of Ti and TiAg ubstrates coated with two crystalline forms of TiO2 by thermal and anodic oxidation. A bacterial suspension of S mutans was pipetted onto TiO2-coated metal specimens and uncoated specimens with ultraviolet A (UVA) illumination for 20 to 100 minutes. The same specimen without UVA was used as the control. The level of colony-forming units of S mutans after UVA illumination was compared with that of the control.
Results: The level of colony-forming units of S mutans was significantly lower on TiO2-coated Ti and TiAg metal specimens after UVA illumination than on uncoated Ti and TiAg specimens. The level of colony-forming units of S mutans was significantly lower on the metals coated by anodic oxidation than on those coated by thermal oxidation. The TiO2 coating on TiAg had a significantly higher and more rapid antibacterial effect than did the TiO2 coating on Ti.
Conclusions: The antibacterial effect of a TiO2 film formed by anodic oxidation was superior to that formed by thermal oxidation. The addition of Ag to the Ti specimen indicated a synergistic effect on the photocatalytic antibacterial property against S mutans.
Electromyographic Activity of Masseter and Temporal Muscles with Different Facial Types
Authors: Vianna-Lara Michelle Santos , Caria Paulo Henrique Ferreira , Tosello Darcyde Oliveira , Lara Flávio , Amorim Maise Mendonça 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Objectives: To compare the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the masseter and anterior portion of temporal muscles in different vertical facial types.
Materials and Methods: Clinical examination, cephalometric analysis, and electromyographic examination were performed in 44 volunteers ranging from 18 to 35 years old. The volunteers were classified on the basis of their vertical facial characteristics into three groups—brachyfacial, mesofacial, and dolicofacial—by the grouping analysis. The EMG records were obtained with three repetitions during mandibular rest, maximum voluntary contraction in intercuspidation, and simultaneous bilateral isotonic contraction. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Levene tests were applied to verify the normality and homogeneity of variance. Analysis of variance and the Kruskal-Wallis test identified statistical differences among groups that did not present normality and homogeneity of distribution, respectively. Significance for all statistical tests was set at P &lt; .05.
Results: At rest, only the right temporal and masseter muscles presented statistically significant differences among the groups. The differences were observed between groups 1 and 2 (P = .02) and 1 and 3 (P = .038) for the right temporal muscle, and between groups 1 and 2 (P = .029) for the right masseter muscle. Generally, group 1 presented the lowest EMG values for the four muscles evaluated during rest. For isotonic evaluation, none of the groups of muscles presented statistically significant differences.
Conclusion: Different vertical facial types do not determine distinct patterns of EMG activity for the masseter and anterior portion of temporal muscles during rest and bilateral mastication.
Facial Soft Tissue Values in Persian Adults with Normal Occlusion and Well-Balanced Faces
Authors: Taki Amjad Al , Oguz Fatma , Abuhijleh Eyas 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Objective: To determine the mean soft tissue facial profile for Persian adults as determined by the Holdaway analysis.
Materials and Methods: Lateral cephalometric radiographs for 62 Persian adults with normal occlusion were used.
Results: Persian adults have the same values of Holdaway soft tissue norms except for the skeletal profile convexity, H angle, basic upper lip thickness, and soft tissue chin thickness, which were increased in Persians in relation to Holdaway norms. When comparing men with women, the nose prominence (P &lt; .001), basic upper lip thickness (P &lt; .001), upper lip thickness (P &lt; .001), inferior sulcus to H line (P &lt; .001), and soft tissue chin thickness (P &lt; .01) were significantly increased in Persian men compared with Persian women.
Conclusions: Persian adults differ from Holdaway's soft tissue norms in an increased skeletal profile convexity, H angle, basic upper lip thickness, and soft tissue chin thickness. These are recommended for use when formulating a treatment plan for this ethnic group.
Early Headgear Effects on the Eruption Pattern of the Maxillary Canines
Authors: Silvola Anna-Sofia , Arvonen Päivi , Julku Johanna , Lähdesmäki Raija , Kantomaa Tuomo , Pirttiniemi Pertti 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Objective: To test the null hypothesis that early headgear (HG) treatment has no effect on the eruption pattern of the maxillary canines in the early mixed dentition.
Materials and Methods: Sixty-eight children (40 boys and 28 girls) with a Class II tendency in occlusion and moderate crowding of the dental arches were randomized into two groups. HG treatment was initiated immediately in the first group. In the second group only minor interceptive procedures were performed during the first follow-up period of 2 years. Orthopantomograms were taken at the baseline, three times at 1-year intervals, and after growth at the age of 16. Eruption geometry was performed. The space from the maxillary first molar to the lateral incisor was measured on the dental casts.
Results: The inclination of the maxillary canine in relation to the midline appeared to be significantly more vertically oriented on the right side in the HG group 1 and 2 years after starting the HG therapy (P = .0098 and P = .0003, respectively). The inclination in relation to the lateral incisors was smaller in the HG group bilaterally after 1 year and 2 years of HG treatment, and on the right side after 3 years of treatment.
Conclusion: The hypothesis is rejected. Early HG treatment significantly affects the inclination of the maxillary canine during eruption. The strongest influence was seen after 2 years of HG use, more prominently in the right-side canine.