bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Overview of the Implementation of a Statewide Worker and Community Right-to-Know Act
Authors: Garie HL , Chess C , Stevenson E 
Published: December 2008

New Jersey's Worker and Community Right-to-Know Act requires employers to report information about toxic substances used, stored, or released from facilities in the state. This information is made available to the public and is directly transmitted to the Department of Environmental Protection (DEP), local emergency response personnel, and county health departments. The collection of this information enables the DEP to develop a comprehensive database of toxic substance use in the state.
The DEP has developed two surveys to gather information from employers covered by the act. The Emergency Services Information Survey, which gathers information about materials that pose potential safety hazards, requires the reporting of materials on the United States Department of Transportation's Hazardous Materials Table. The Environmental Survey, Part I requires employers to report information about a DEP-compiled list of 154 substances that have the potential to cause chronic health effects or to cause damage to the environment. After a scientific review of data provided on the Environmental Survey, Part I, the DEP will require selected employers to report additional, detailed information about emissions and discharges of hazardous substances.
The centralized database that is developed from information reported in these surveys will enable the DEP to improve public health protection and to guide new efforts in environmental monitoring and regulation.
Methodology for Selecting Impact Tests of Composite Materials in Automotive Applications
Authors: Roche JL , Kakarala SN 
Published: December 2008

The concept of a “good impact test” has two aspects: the quality of the test results and the applicability of the test results. The quality of output from various impact tests is the subject of a companion paper. This paper presents a methodology for selection and interpretation of impact tests for automotive composites. Proper selection and interpretation can provide good correlation between test results and performance in application.
A necessary condition for obtaining correlation between test results and service performance is that the key impact parameters in an end-use impact event are identified and duplicated in the test method. The key impact parameters—stress state, controlling variable, and failure limit—are defined and developed from the special characteristics of composite materials.
The starting point of the methodology is a set of simple statements of the impact-related functional requirements of the application. A procedure is presented for systematically transforming these statements into a characterization of the application in terms of key impact parameters. Test methods that match this characterization are specified.
As an example, the methodology is applied to an automobile fender. A set of test methods is specified. Characterizations of six additional automotive applications are summarized, and implications for future test method development are discussed.
Instrumented Dart Impact Evaluation of Some Automotive Plastics and Composites
Authors: Knakal CW , Ireland DR 
Published: December 2008

This paper presents a guide for evaluation and utilization of data provided by the instrumented dart impact test. This guide was developed after evaluating seven different plastics and composites, different probe diameters, impact velocities, and different test temperatures. These were instrumented tests that yielded complete load and absorbed energy profiles as a function of probe penetration distance. A special high-speed video technique was used to develop an understanding of and confidence in interpretation of the major features of the load-deflection profile.
The concepts and comments are applicable to other techniques of dart impact testing. An important element of this paper is its application to widely differing data records and the recognition that the data analysis should not be forced for certain types of data records.
Experimental Comparison of Several Impact Test Methods
Authors: Kakarala SN , Roche JL 
Published: December 2008

The results of a statistical evaluation of ten impact test methods are presented in this paper. The concept of “good impact test” has two aspects: the quality and the applicability of the test results. The applicability of various test methods for predicting in-service performance is the subject of a companion paper. This paper presents an evaluation of the quality of the test output, as well as an analysis of the correlation between various test outputs.
The ten test methods evaluated—three pendulum, one tensile, four drop dart, one flex, and one driven dart—are described briefly. Three of the test instruments were instrumented. Seven materials, ranging from unfilled thermoplastics to reinforced thermosets, were tested by each of the methods.
Evaluation of a test's output quality is developed in terms of the range of applicability and the degree of material differentiation. Specific factors that serve as criteria include the existence and distinctness of failure, and the spread and scatter of measured results. The test methods are ranked from “highly desirable” to “severely restricted.”
Evaluation of the correlation of material ranking by the various test methods is presented. In general, results from different impact tests do not correlate. However, there are instances of strong or fair correlation. The degree of correlation is explained in relation to the similarity of test stress states and measured characteristics. It is meaningful to classify impact tests according to stress states and measured characteristics. Material selection for impact performance should be based on test methods that simulate the stress states, controlling variables, and failure limits of the intended application.
Impact Response of Polymeric Materials at Varying Depths of Penetration
Authors: Lee WM , Predebon WW , Jurosek ML 
Published: December 2008

Usually, an impact test is conducted to the point of fracture, so that the fracture energy and other fracture properties of a material under impact loading conditions can be assessed. To understand the fundamentals of and gain insight into impact phenomena, it would be valuable to monitor and quantify the deformation mechanics in a material leading to fracture and to relate the deformation profile history to the resulting impact traces. This task is accomplished in the present paper by carrying out impact tests at varying depths of penetration using a Rheometrics impact tester. The materials under investigation are a rubber-modified polystyrene [high-impact polystyrene (HIPS)] and a high-density polyethylene (HDPE).
The force-displacement traces of partial impacts of these two materials are presented and compared with those at fracture. The effects of impact speed and clamp ring size are also discussed. The two polymers, being ductile in nature, exhibit indentation deformation before complete puncture occurs. The deformation profile/impact force/ram displacement relationship is established.
The present study also includes a computational analysis of the impact response in polymeric materials. The impact model makes use of a finite-difference wave mechanics code. A wave mechanics approach is used in order to include the effects of inertia in the development of deformation and stress states under impact conditions. It incorporates a critical stress criterion for incipient damage and a damage assessment on the basis of stress-time accumulation. Comparisons are made between the calculations made at high impact speeds and those from the impact experiments conducted at low speeds. The computer simulation and experimental results are in qualitative agreement.
Air Leakage and Fan Pressurization Measurements in Selected Naval Housing
Authors: Lagus PL , King JC 
Published: December 2008

Data from detailed tracer concentration decay and induced pressurization measurements were obtained in tests of duplex and row apartments at Norfolk, Virginia and Pensacola, Florida to accurately determine air leakage characteristics of selected naval housing. Local meteorological information also was collected to facilitate comparison of predicted versus measured air leakage rates. For the Norfolk data, the 4-Pa leakage areas inferred from pressurization/depressurization measurements are uniformly lower than those calculated from the measured tracer dilution air leakage rate via the Sherman air leakage model.
Considerable tracer dilution testing was performed on a single unit of duplex housing at Pensacola. Air leakage testing within rooms of this unit disclosed a uniformly low air leakage rate. The data also illustrated the directional nature of air leakage in a duplex. Of particular additional interest were two measurements taken over a 24-h period utilizing a single tracer injection followed by monitoring of dilution decay. Samples were taken by the container method and analyzed.
Demonstration of Air Leakage Reduction Program in Navy Family Housing
Authors: Verschoor JD , Collins JO 
Published: December 2008

The Department of Defense has an ongoing program to conserve energy at its installations. One method of energy conservation in residential units is the reduction of excessive air leakage by appropriate retrofits.
Under the sponsorship of the Office of Navy Family Housing, a demonstration of air leakage reduction was undertaken at the Great Lakes Naval Training Center. Two procedural documents were prepared in draft form: a manual for use by supervision and a handbook for the on-base mechanics doing the air leakage retrofits. The retrofits were designed to be incorporated at the time of change of occupancy, when routine interior maintenance and refurbishing are normally scheduled.
The demonstration consisted of measuring the “before” air leakage rate of each unit by the fan depressurization method. Major air leakage sites were noted. Retrofits were made in about half of the units, and the resulting reduction in air leakage was measured. Air leakage data are presented on a representative sample of 65 units of the housing inventory at Great Lakes.
Field Performance of an Air Infiltration Barrier
Authors: Weimar RD , Luebs DF 
Published: December 2008

A spun-bonded polyolefin air infiltration barrier (AIB) was installed immediately beneath the siding of a 5-year-old, ranch-style house [conventional comparison house (CCH)]. The AIB reduced the heating energy consumption by 24% during the first heating season and is expected to reduce the heating load by 28% over the remaining life of the house.
This test confirmed earlier field studies and allowed the development of the mechanism by which AIBs function and the recommendation of required AIB physical properties.
An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Air Leakage Sealing
Authors: Giesbrecht PG , Proskiw G 
Published: December 2008

A field study was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of air leakage sealing techniques for reducing air infiltration in houses. Presealing and postsealing air leakage tests were performed upon 82 single detached houses. All of the houses were located in Winnipeg or southern Manitoba, a region with an annual degree day value (Celsius) of about 5800. The sample group consisted of 56 conventionally constructed houses of varying size, style, occupancy, and airtightness and 26 nonstandard structures of smaller but identical size and age. This latter group was part of the Flora Place project.
All houses were placed under a negative pressure, and leakage sites were identified using smoke pencils. Windows and doors were weather-stripped and other unintentional openings caulked and sealed using specified materials and techniques.
Based upon the results of the study, the median reduction in airtightness of the conventional structures, defined using the equivalent leakage area at 10 Pa (ELA10), was 31.6% with significant variations occurring both between houses of the same type and between different types of construction. When the houses are examined in groups according to type of construction, it is apparent that the greatest reduction in ELA (36.9%) was achieved in single-story houses. Houses constructed in somewhat more complicated fashion, such as split levels, exhibited less of a reduction. As a group, two-story houses showed the least reduction (24.4%), likely due to the indirect leakage between floors that could not be addressed properly. Within any group, houses with inaccessible air leakage points, such as in finished basement areas, showed the least reduction. The median reduction in the ELA10 for the Flora Place houses was 42.5%, again with significant variations between houses despite their near-identical construction.
Using the air leakage test data and a recently developed correlation model, an estimate was made of the naturally occurring air infiltration rates for all the test houses. This analysis indicated that the sealing produced a median reduction in the infiltration rate of 32.8% for the conventional houses and 46.1% for the Flora Place houses. Due to a lack of equipment, tracer gas tests were not conducted to confirm these values.
Note, however, that the results of this study likely are representative of houses constructed only in Manitoba and possibly in Saskatchewan and Alberta. Since houses in the prairie provinces tend to have low air infiltration rates, the effects of air leakage sealing on houses in other parts of the country could be different from those found in this study.
Natural and Mechanical Ventilation in Tight Swedish Homes—Measurements and Modelling
Authors: Blomsterberg 0A , Lundin L 
Published: December 2008

Air infiltration, an important energy loss mechanism in buildings, has been studied in a number of tight homes in Sweden. Two methods of measurement have been used: the fan pressurization technique was used for measuring the airtightness of the building envelope and the tracer gas technique was used for measuring the natural and mechanical ventilation. An automated air infiltration measurement system was developed. The system works on the principle of keeping a constant concentration of a tracer gas. Pressurization is used routinely for checking dwellings in Sweden. This technique does not give the air infiltration as a direct result.
A previously developed model correlating airtightness and air infiltration was used for evaluating the performance of the tested houses. The original model was developed at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory for American homes and has now been modified for Swedish homes.
The results show that it is difficult to model air infiltration, and that it is difficult to achieve the recommended minimum ventilation rate as given in the Swedish Building Code if you are to rely only on natural ventilation in a tight home. Most new Swedish homes meet the airtightness requirement of the Swedish Building Code and are equipped with mechanical ventilation.
The paper presents results from measurements in Swedish homes using the tracer gas technique and the pressurization technique. The techniques are described. The results from the measurements are compared with predictions using a model correlating airtightness and air infiltration.
Analysis of Air Change Rates in Swedish Residential Buildings
Authors: Boman CA , Lyberg MD 
Published: December 2008

Measurements of the rate of air exchange in residential buildings have been carried out by the Swedish Institute for Building Research since 1970. The results of an analysis of these measurements are presented in this paper for about 500 buildings not having mechanical ventilation.
The studied buildings include one- and two-story, detached, single-family houses, row houses, and multifamily residential buildings built between 1900 and 1982 and of various design. In some cases, the buildings have been retrofitted by improving the insulation of the attic or the exterior walls. The building sites vary from freely exposed to a sheltered urban environment.
Tracer gas measurements using the decay technique have been used for the determination of the rate of air exchange. In about 300 cases, the measurement of air change rates has been complemented by measurements using pressurization techniques. Data on 50 other parameters also have been collected. These parameters describe the building geometry, the building design, and the meteorological conditions at the time of measurement. The measurements have been performed with the outdoor temperature varying from −15 to +25°C and for wind speeds from 0 to 10 m/s.
The calculation model used for the analysis includes two dimensionless variables and two parameters. The dependent variable is given by the measured air change rate and the geometric properties of the building, while the other variable is defined as the ratio of the aeromotive force to the buoyancy force. The two parameters of the model represent the degree of wind shelter and the leakage area of the building, respectively.
For the analysis, the buildings have been divided into classes according to the building environment, the year of construction, and the type of building.
Interface Studies of Aluminum Metal Matrix Composites
Authors: Fu L-J , Schmerling M , Marcus HL 
Published: December 2008

In both continuous- and discontinuous-fiber aluminum metal matrix composites (MMC) the interface plays a major role in fracture. The interface chemistry and crystallography of both graphite/aluminum continuous-fiber and silicon carbide/aluminum (SiC/Al) discontinuous-fiber MMCs were observed on ion beam thinned specimens in the transmission electron microscope (TEM). The fracture mode and fracture surface chemistry of SiC/Al MMCs were investigated with the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) combined with inert ion sputtering. The materials investigated were representative of the discontinuous-fiber SiC/Al composite (ARCO, SILAG) and the particulate SiC/Al composites (DWA) at the time of the study.
The TEM results show that an oxide is present at some of the SiC/Al interfaces, often in the form of γ-Al2O3 (along with MgAl2O4 when the aluminum matrix contains magnesium). The fracture path is not dominated by the interfacial failure but is primarily a matrix failure path. The more ductile the matrix, the less interfacial fracture. The large volume fraction of silicon carbide plays a major role in the fracture behavior by influencing the localized volume of material being deformed. Some of the fracture energy may have been reduced due to prior formation of dislocation networks due to thermal coefficient of expansion mismatch between the silicon carbide and the aluminum matrices. These networks were not apparent in the particulate SiC/Al MMC.
Both fine-grained γ-Al2O3 and small amounts of coarse-grained Al4C3 were found in the interfaces of the as-received graphite/aluminum composite specimens. During heat treatment, some of the Al4C3 phase grows into and along the graphite fiber surface.
Influence of Sublaminate Cracks on the Tension Fatigue Behavior of a Graphite/Epoxy Laminate
Authors: Carlsson L , Eidefeldt C , Mohlin T 
Published: December 2008

Quasi-isotropic 32-ply graphite/epoxy specimens were tested in static tension and tension fatigue. Both dry specimens and specimens containing 1% moisture (by weight) were tested. The first type of damage observed under both static and cyclic loading was transverse matrix cracking in the 90-deg plies. Under continued static or cyclic loading the cracks propagated into the neighboring −45-deg plies. No delamination was observed under static loading. In fatigue the matrix cracks acted as initiators of delamination, which resulted in a marked reduction in stiffness and residual strength. For specimens which had been subjected to a tensile overload before fatigue cycling, delamination occurred earlier due to the formation of more transverse matrix cracks.
The major effect of moisture was to increase the stress level at which first-ply failure occurred and to delay damage development during fatigue at low stress levels. The leveling-off of the crack density at an approximately constant level during fatigue loading gives support to damage models which predict the occurrence of a characteristic damage state, independent of load history, before laminate failure.
Masonry Cleaning—The State of the Art
Authors: Boyer DW 
Published: December 2008

Development of safe and effective cleaning techniques for older masonry structures has been an objective of numerous contracting and manufacturing firms for many years. A wide variety of effective cleaning techniques have resulted from this development. Unfortunately, many applicators are unaware that cleaning agents and techniques that prove effective for application to some masonries may prove ineffective or too harsh for application to adjacent or dissimilar masonries.
Improper application of “proven” cleaning systems to stained masonry surfaces, without adequate pretesting and thorough evaluation of the masonry and staining conditions, has resulted in severe and often irreparable disfigurement and discoloration of scores of masonry buildings and monuments.
The intention of this paper is to review the variety of cleaning materials and techniques available to masonry cleaning contractors and building conservators. Emphasis is placed on chemical-assist, water washing techniques as they apply to the restorative cleaning of older, exterior masonry surfaces.
Illustrations of field and laboratory testing procedures required for development of cleaning programs to remove surface and subsurface staining — without damage to the masonry and surrounding nonmasonry surfaces — are presented.
Criteria for Selection of a Most Appropriate Cleaning Method
Authors: Jones LD 
Published: December 2008

Historic preservation guidelines are becoming an increasingly larger factor in the commercial construction industry, thanks to the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 and an emerging social attitude that older buildings have intrinsic value. In other words, historic preservation is going “mainstream,” and is no longer restricted to museums and other nonprofit applications.
The Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Historic Preservation state that “surface cleaning of structures shall be undertaken with the gentlest means possible. Sandblasting and other cleaning methods that will damage the historic building materials shall not be undertaken.” The guidelines for application of the standards make reference to the more detailed preservation briefs for additional guidance.
Preservation Brief No. 1, “The Cleaning and Waterproof Coating of Masonry Buildings,” discusses various cleaning methods, but without definitive conclusion. While the brief provides the reader with valuable information, there is still a need for further information in determining what constitutes “the gentlest means possible.”
It is the purpose of this paper to equip the reader with adequate information and a procedure for selecting the most appropriate cleaning method for a given project in terms of adherence to historic preservation standards. This will include an amplification on the role and merits of “water-safe” cleaning technology.
The principles described are exemplified in terms of specific projects undertaken by Clean-America, Inc., and are illustrated by means of photographs and data relating to specific details.