bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Main patterns and individual differences in baboon skull split‐lines and theories of causes of split‐line orientation in bone
Authors: Tappen N. C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSplit‐line patterns are reported in skulls of five adult male baboons. While variations in pattern occur in all parts of the skull, these variations are relatively minor in the following regions: supraorbital, lateral orbital, medial orbital, nasal bones, zygomatico‐alveolar crest, nasal opening, alveolar process of maxilla and mandible. Wide differences in pattern occur in these regions: infraorbital, zygomatic bone, body of maxilla, and frontal bone posterior to the supraorbital area. The major variability in split‐line orientation indicates that oversimplified interpretations of the patterns in terms of (1) conformity to gross structure, or (2) direction of bone growth, are untenable. The variations do not contradict a functional interpretation in which mechanical forces and skull form interact to different degrees in different individuals, however. Skulls of a variety of primates are useful for functional analysis, because they have similar structural plans, but the differences are well outside the normal range of variation for a single species.
Hemoglobins of baboons, Papio cynocephalus, P. gelada and P. hamadryas
Authors: Buettner‐Janusch John , Buettner‐Janusch Vina 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMajor hemoglobins of adult Papio cynocephalus, P. gelada, and P. hamadryas and of newborn P. cynocephalus were purified; globins were prepared; and α and β or α and γ chains were separated. The amino acid compositions and aminoterminal groups were determined. These were compared with analogous data for human hemoglobins, other baboon hemoglobins and macaque hemoglobins.
The social organization of Barbary apes (Macaca sylvana) on Gibraltar
Authors: MacRoberts Michael H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis paper represents part of the results of a six‐month field study of free ranging Barbary apes on Gibralter. These monkeys are not indigenous to Gibraltar and are maintained on the Rock by the Gibraltar Regiment. They are only occasionally provisioned and sick or injured animals are sometimes removed from their troops and cared for either by the keeper or by the Royal Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.The study group had a definable range. Preferred pathways, sleeping, feeding, and resting areas existed. One animal left the group during the study.The position of individuals in nonforaging progressions was nonrandom. Certain individuals tended to walk next to certain other individuals during group progression.Interindividual affectional interaction was nonrandom.All group members except infants could be ranked relative to one another in a basic dominance hierarchy, and their positions remained stable for six‐months.All group members except two juveniles were able to form coalitions with at least one other group member. The most common coalitions were between young animals and adults.Several nonrandom behavioral interactions divided the group into recognizable subgroups. These were protector‐protege, resting and grooming, and play subgroups.The social organization of this group of Barbary apes appears more similar to that described for Japanese and rhesus macaques than to any other primates so far described.
Secular trend in neonatal mortality in the mountain states
Authors: Frisancho A. Roberto , Cossman Jeffrey 
Published: February 2006

AbstractReviewing trends in neonatal mortality from 1957 to 1967, it is clear that neonatal and infant mortality has declined faster in the mountain states than in the low altitude states. Accordingly, the increased neonatal and infant mortality at high altitudes or in the mountain states cannot be attributed to high altitude hypoxia alone. Furthermore, the decline in neonatal mortality in the mountain states has not been accompanied by a decrease in the frequency of low birth weight (below 2500 gm) and is therefore not a product of increasing body size in the neonate.
Cerumen types and PTC‐tasting in the Seminole Indians of Florida
Authors: Hirschhorn Howard H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractOf 100 Seminole Indians of Florida examined for cerumen, 44 had the dry type, 37 were wet, 10 were beady, and nine were indeterminate or absent. All except one of 53 Indians tested for PTC‐tasting was a taster.
A new aid to aging immature skeletons: Development of the occipital bone
Authors: Redfield Alden 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA total of 150 immature and young adult skeletons from the medieval necropolis at Mistihalj, in southern Yugoslavia, were aged by the standard methods: dentition, osseous development, and extent of vertebral union. The development of the occipital bone was examined in 117 cases to determine if it could be used in aging the skeletons. The stages of development were found to be regular enough to permit reasonable prediction of age for other Yugoslavian specimens. Comparisons with a series of 20 German fetuses suggest measurements of the parts of the occipital bone can be used to help determine the approximate age of skeletons in the fetal to few‐months post‐natal range. Comparisons with the ten Egyptian skulls and data on 19 unpublished Eskimo skeletons suggest that the stages of development can be used with other populations.
Reconstruction of facial features from the skull: An evaluation of its usefulness in forensic anthropology
Authors: Snow Clyde C. , Gatliff Betty P. , McWilliams Kenneth R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAlthough facial reconstructions from the skull have been widely used in forensic anthropology, their effectiveness has not been objectively assessed. Photographs of two reconstructions produced in this laboratory were shown to FAA employees and local policemen who were asked to select the subject's in vivo photograph when included with those of six other randomly‐selected individuals of the same sex, race, and general age. While in both tests the reconstruction subject was chosen with significantly greater frequency than the controls, the results ranged from 26% correct (N = 104) on the first subject, a 67‐year‐old female, to 67% correct (N = 200) on the second, a 36‐year‐old male. In both tests policemen and civilian females performed better than civilian males.
A comparison of the incidence of minor nonmetrical cranial variants in Australian Aborigines with those of Melanesia and Polynesia
Authors: Kellock W. L. , Parsons P. A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe incidence of 30 minor non‐metrical cranial variants in Australian Aborigines discussed in a previous publication is compared with incidence in crania from Melanesia and Polynesia. With the qualification that the sample sizes from Melanesia and Polynesia are rather small, the data indicate that the differences between Australia and Melanesia and Polynesia exceed those between the three areas into which Australia was divided. The area of Australia made up of the Northern Territory and northern Western Australia has more association with Melanesia than Polynesia as expected, while the more southern regions of Australia have more association with Polynesia than Melanesia perhaps by migrations from Asia. Because the southern Australian Aborigines are now largely extinct, it seems difficult to prove this.
Post‐cranial remains of the Miocene lorisidae of East Africa
Authors: Walker Alan 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPost‐cranial fragments of Early Miocene lorisids from Kenya and Uganda are described. All these early forms, seemingly impossible to assign to subfamily on the basis of cranial and dental material, had a post‐cranial skeleton and presumably locomotor habits as in living members of the Galaginae. Whether or not this new evidence indicates that all the Miocene forms were of that subfamily will depend upon a reassessment of the validity of the two accepted subfamilies. There now seems to be a strong possibility that the lorisine morphological habit has been derived several times from a primitive galagine one. It is much less certain that the two subfamilies represent a single division of a basic stock.
Weight of the skeleton during postnatal development
Authors: Trotter Mildred , Peterson Roy R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe weight of all bones and the length of humeri, radii, femora and tibiae have been determined in a series of 150 dry, fat‐free skeletons from American Whites and Negroes of both sexes, ranging in age from 23 days to 22 years. Six skeletons were eliminated from the series because of evidence of previous illness. A comparison of the lengths of femur plus tibia of this series with the mean statures of a large series of living children at given ages indicates similarity in the growth patterns. Statistical analyses of the data show that the skeletal weight cannot be estimated reliably from age by cither an exponential growth equation or by a logistic function. The weight of the skeleton, however, is related to the lengths of the measured limb bones by allometric equations, and such equations involving each of the four bones are presented for estimation of skeletal weight in the living. Although the standard errors of estimate of the equations based on lengths of each of these four bones differ very little, the radius is recommended over the other three because it is more readily accessible in the living for a roentgenogram and its shadow on the film shows least distortion.
Associations between the rates of maturation and growth in the short bones of the hand
Authors: Roche A. F. , Davila G. H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSerial radiographs of the hand‐wrist were used to analyze the associations within bones between the rates of change in skeletal maturity, diaphyseal and epiphyseal lengths and diaphyseal width. In previous studies of these children, it has been shown that these rates are linear in relation to chronological age. The associations between the rates of change in these parameters were analyzed using the slopes (b values) for regression lines flitted to the data in each child. In individual bones, most of the correlation coefficients were moderate to low; some were negative. For most associations in each sex they were relatively high for metacarpal II. The rates of skeletal maturation and diaphyseal elongation were correlated more highly in the girls than in the boys but the rates of skeletal maturation and epiphyseal elongation were correlated more highly in the boys. When bones were considered in groups, relatively high correlations were noted for the metacarpals and ray II, lower correlations were common for the middle and distal phalanges. There was no evidence of real neighborhood effects but marginal effects were present.
Estimation of age at death in human males from quantitative histology of bone fragments
Authors: Singh I. J. , Gunberg D. L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractStudies were conducted to quantitate histological age changes in human bone cortex. Ground (undecalcified) and decalcified cross sections of mandible, femur and tibia were measured for: (1) number of osteons in two fields, (2) average number of lamellae per osteon, and (3) average Haversian canal diameter. These data were obtained from 59 subjects (52 males) ranging in age from 39 to 87 years. Multiple regression techniques were then utilized to estimate age at death from several combinations of these measurements. With age, the number of osteons per unit area of bone and the number of lamellae per osteon increased but Haversian canal diameter decreased. The number of lamellae per osteon had the least significant correlation with age. Multiple regression analyses indicated that in this age group age at death could be estimated to within six years of the true value in 95% of human males. Histological measurements of the mandible provided estimates that were consistently more accurate than those based on the two long bones. A monograph, prepared from mandibular measurements, can be used to estimate age at death between 40 and 80 years of age in the male human population. Significant sex differences were not noted and racial differences were not analyzed. It was concluded that, compared to existing morphologic methods, microstructure of bone cortex can be quantitated to estimate age at death more accurately. More extensive studies on race, sex and metabolic influences on age estimation from different bones would have important medico‐legal and anthropologic implications. The experimental approach utilized here should also be useful in diagnostic pathology and in ageing research.
Demography and H‐Lea salivary secretion of the Macá Indians of Paraguay
Authors: Salzano F. M. , Moreno R. , Palatnik M. , Gershowitz H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe Macá Indians living at Fray Bartolomé de las Casas show a high rate of endogamy, high mortality (36% of them die before the age of reproduction), low fertility (average of 3.6 livebirths per female who completed her reproductive performance) and low variance in family size. The index of opportunity for selection (0.88) is lower than the one obtained in other populations of agriculturalists and in industrialized communities. The frequency of H secretors (N = 143) is 97% and that of Lea secretors (N = 123) is 78%.
Generalized microdontia probably associated with intrauterine growth retardation in a medieval skeleton
Authors: Alexandersen Verner , Nielsen Ole Vagn 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTrue generalized microdontia in a subadult skeleton is described. The bones, dating from the Middle Ages, were excavated at Alborg, Denmark. True generalized microdontia is an extremely rare condition characterized by well‐formed teeth with crowns smaller than two times the standard deviation from the population means. Both the deciduous and permanent teeth are involved. The dimensions of the few fragmentary bones were compared with those of medieval Danish and Norwegian samples and the measurements of the teeth with a number of medieval and modern samples. The gracile skull was of normal size except for the low symphyseal mandibular height. The clavicle and the scapular fragment were of very small dimensions suggesting an extremely slender figure. No long bones were found. The dentition was characterized by congenital absence of nine teeth (4 M33, 3 P22, 1 P1, 1 I2) with retained deciduous teeth and by microdontia. With few exceptions the shape of the teeth was within the normal range of variation. The lengths of the roots were normal.The relationship between partial anodontia and tooth size is discussed. The establishment of the crown‐size of deciduous molars during intrauterine life is documented. Possible causes for generalized microdontia is reviewed and it is concluded that in the present case, the evidence indicates an intrauterine growth retardation (IU.G.R.) which was partly outgrown during childhood. The nature of IU.G.R. and its incidence are briefly mentioned.
An analysis into age changes of the human dental arch by a multivariate technique
Authors: Lavelle C. L. B. , Flinn R. M. , Foster T. D. , Hamilton M. C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe dimensions of the maxillary and mandibular dental arches were measured from 280 subjects aged between 3 and 15 years in a cross‐sectional study. The growth changes were examined by means of canonical analysis, a multivariate technique. This technique enabled the dental arches to be treated as biological units, rather than a series of discrete parameters, as is possible using univariate techniques. The results showed that the size and shape of the dental arches changed maximally between the periods 5–7 and 11–13 years of age. These periods correspond to the major phases of permanent tooth eruption.
Dermatoglyphics and flexion creases of the Cypriots
Authors: Plato Chris C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA comparison of the dermatoglyphic features of 60 Greek Cypriots from the coastal region of Yialousa and 60 from the isolated mountainous region of Troodos showed significant differences only in the frequencies of digital whorls and loops in the left hands of the males and in the frequencies of Thenar/I patterns in the palms of the females. All other comparisons produced nonsignificant differences. The overall dermatoglyphic similarities are in contrast to the previously described serological, hematological and historical differences indicating that the mountain and coastal people of Cyprus may be genetically distinct. Two possible explanations for the observed discrepancies between the blood group and dermatoglyphic findings were advanced: (1) The more involved inheritance of most dermatoglyphic features which renders them less vulnerable to the influence of isolation and genetic drift than the blood groups, and (2) the similarities in the frequencies of the dermatoglyphic features among the various ethnic groups of the eastern part of the Mediterranean.
The morphology of the cerebellar nuclei of Galago and Tupaia
Authors: Haines Duane E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe cerebellar nuclei of the lesser bushbaby (Galago senegalensis) and the tree shrew (Tupaia glis) were studied. The cerebellar nuclear grey of Galago is divisible into a medial nucleus, a nucleus interpositus anterior, a nucleus interpositus posterior, and a lateral nucleus. The lateral nucleus is slightly concave medially suggestive of a primitive hilus. The interpositus nucleus is divided into anterior and posterior portions by a delicate lamina of fibers. The medial cerebellar nucleus is an irregular mass of cells located dorsal to the fourth ventricle.The cerebellar nuclear grey of Tupaia is also divisible into a medial nucleus, a nucleus interpositus anterior, a nucleus interpositus posterior, and a lateral cerebellar nucleus. The medial cerebellar nucleus is located dorsal to the fourth ventricle. The nucleus interpositus anterior and nucleus interpositus posterior are joined together and with the lateral nucleus in the caudo‐ventral region. The NIA and NIP have an anterior‐posterior relationship to each other and the lateral nucleus has no apparent undulations suggestive of early sacculations. The configuration of the cerebellar nuclei of Tupaia more closely resembles the more primitive patterns of the rat, hedgehog, and mole than those of Galago or other primates.
Several cranial indices and their relevance to fossil man
Authors: Rosen S. I. , McKern Thomas W. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAn evaluation of three cranial indices proposed by Le Gros Clark ('50) is presented in light of hominid fossil material not previously considered. The data analysis suggests that the supra‐orbital height index is an important contribution to cranial analysis and elaborations of it may prove valuable. From the results, the authors suggest that the two australopithecine types be separated on the genus level, i.e., Australopithecus africanus and Paranthropus robustus. It is also proposed that Skhūl V be considered Homo sapiens sapiens.The authors generally conclude that a more dynamic approach in primate cranial analysis is needed. This approach should incorporate non‐morphological variables.
The distal femoral anatomy of Australopithecus
Authors: Heiple Kingsbury G. , Lovejoy C. Owen 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe anatomy of the distal femoral fragments from Sterkfontein is reviewed, including its orthopaedic and biomechanical implications with respect to locomotion pattern. Comparisons are made with other hominids and a number of quadrupedal primates. Items which are considered are the obliquity and robustness of the shaft, the anterior intercondylar groove, the intercondylar notch, and the contour of the medial and lateral articular surfaces. The distinctive hominid status of these specimens is shown by their extensive adaptation to bipedal locomotion. No feature is found which is not fully commensurate with completely bipedal locomotion; rather, their distinctive hominid character points to a need for a reanalysis of the gait pattern in these early Pleistocene hominids.
Fingerprints and the determination of zygosity in twins
Authors: Nylander P. P. S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractZygosity was determined in 183 pairs of twins living in Aberdeen City, Scotland, by blood group studies, general appearance and fingerprints. The usefulness of simple methods of fingerprint analysis to determine zygosity was examined and it was found that comparisons using ridge counts were more efficient than those of pattern types.
Cranial suture closure in two species of South American monkeys
Authors: Dolan Kathryn J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractCranial suture closure is examined in two species of South American monkeys, Saimiri sciureus and Saguinus nigricollis. Sequences in closure were sought as indicators of skeletal age. Some sutures seem to be more reliable determinants of skeletal age than others, and these sutures and their sequence of closure are different in the two species examined. The sphenooccipital synchondrosis and the palatal portion of the Interpremaxillary suture show regular fusion associated with age in both species. In Saimiri the maxillopremaxillary sutures are also reliable indicators of age, whereas they are not in Saguinus; however, in the latter the presphenoid‐postsphenoid synchondrosis closes regularly whereas it does not in Saimiri. In Saimiri the predictable sequence is (1) maxillo‐premaxillary, (2) transverse maxillo‐premaxillary, (3) spheno‐occipital, (4) interpremaxillary. In Saguinus it is (1) presphenoid‐postsphenoid, (2) spheno‐occipital, (3) interpremaxillary. It is possible that the sequences of suture closure and the variability in this process may indicate genetic and taxonomic relationships.
Distribution of albumin variants in Indians and non‐Indians of Mexico
Authors: Lisker Rubén , Cobo Lesvia , Mora Guillermina 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe distribution of albumin variants amongst several Mexican Indian and non‐Indian (Mestizo) groups was studied. Of the former, a total of 1606 individuals belonging to 11 different tribes were examined with an overall frequency of 1.5% of Albumin Mexico fairly uniformly distributed in all four main linguistic groups. The 2548 Mestizos studied belong in six groups, two from Mexico City and four from elsewhere in the country. The first of the Mexico City groups consisted of 1313 individuals randomly chosen from the outpatient clinic of the Instituto Nacional de la Nutrición, while the rest included healthy individuals. The overall frequency was 1.9%, also fairly evenly distributed, with no difference between the hospital population and the others. No anomalous albumin, other than Albumin Mexico was encountered in the whole study. It is concluded that the similarity between Indians and Mestizos is due to the high Indian component of the latter and that the presence of albumin Mexico is a good anthropological marker for this region of the world.
Two orientational features of compact bone as predictors of split‐line patterns
Authors: Tappen N. C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWays of determining orientation patterns in compact bone are needed for specimens which are not available for split‐line analysis. Weathering cracks have been shown to be essentially identical in orientation to split‐lines, but they are more often than not absent or very few in number. Two other features of compact bone which promise to extend the range of orientational analysis are illustrated and described. These are (1) red or brown lines near the surface, and (2) numerous light‐colored filaments, at or near the surface, laid parallel to each other. The latter manifestation has been observed more frequently and usually gives a more complete picture of orientational patterns. Specimens showing the two indicators were decalcified and processed for split‐line patterns, which were essentially identical to the indicators in orientation. The first type of indicator is shown microscopically to be a manifestation of resorption spaces and immature osteons containing coagulated blood. The second represents oriented mature osteons in monkey pelves, but the microscopic basis in a cat pelvic bone is not clear.