bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biomechanics of Submaximal Recumbent Cycling in Adolescents With and Without Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Johnston Therese E , Barr Ann E , Lee Samuel CK 
Published: April 2007

Background and PurposeThe purpose of this study was to compare the biomechanics of recumbent cycling between adolescents with cerebral palsy (CP) classified at Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels III and IV and adolescents with typical development (TD).SubjectsTwenty subjects, ages (X̄±SD) 15.2±1.6 years (10 with TD, 10 with CP), participated.MethodsLower-extremity kinematics and muscle activity were measured at 30 and 60 rpm while subjects pedaled on a recumbent cycle. Energy expenditure and perceived exertion were measured during a 5-minute test, and efficiency was calculated. Noncircular data were analyzed with analyses of variance. Circular data were analyzed using circular t tests.ResultsDifferences were found between groups for joint kinematics for all motions. Subjects with CP displayed earlier onsets and later offsets of muscle activity, increased co-contraction of agonist and antagonist muscles, and decreased efficiency compared with subjects with TD. There were no differences in perceived exertion.Discussion and ConclusionDifferences in cycling biomechanics between children with CP and children with TD may be due to decreased strength and motor control in the children with CP.
Sensory-Specific Balance Training in Older Adults: Effect on Position, Movement, and Velocity Sense at the Ankle
Authors: Westlake Kelly P , Wu Yushiao , Culham Elsie G 
Published: April 2007

Background and PurposeAge-related changes in proprioception contribute to impairments in postural control and increased fall risk in older adults. The purpose of this randomized controlled trial was to examine the effects of balance exercises on proprioception.SubjectsThe participants were 36 older people and 24 younger people who were healthy.MethodsOlder participants were randomly assigned to a balance exercise group (n=17) or a falls prevention education group (n=19). Baseline, postintervention, and 8-week follow-up measurements of 3 proprioceptive measures (threshold to perception of passive movement, passive joint position sense, and velocity discrimination) were obtained at the ankle. For comparative purposes, younger participants underwent a one-time assessment of the 3 proprioceptive measures.ResultsPostintervention improvements in velocity discrimination were found in the balance exercise group when compared with values at baseline and in the falls prevention education group. Age-related differences found at baseline were reduced in the balance exercise group after intervention. Improvements were not maintained at the 8-week follow-up. Threshold to perception of passive movement and passive joint position sense did not change as a function of the exercise intervention.Discussion and ConclusionThe results suggest that short-term improvements in velocity sense, but not movement and position sense, may be achieved following a balance exercise intervention.
Part 2: Distortion-Spectrum Applications Projection Cross-breeding
Authors: Laskowski Peter 
Published: April 2007

The applications of the distortion spectrum are extended to the domain of minimum-error projections. Several new concepts in analytic cartography are introduced, the most prominent being the Minimum-Constraint Minimum-Error (MCME) representation of the distortion measure, the MCME Atlas, and projection cross-breeding. The concept of projection cross-breeding is introduced as a technique of mixing two or more 'parent' MCME projections selected from the MCME Atlas in order to produce an 'offspring' projection that minimizes cartographic distortions and inherits the most desirable cartographic characteristics for the specific data-mapping task. A step-by-step demonstration of the application of projection cross-breeding technology to the design of minimum-error projections is provided, using the example of the Tri-Optimal projection. Each MCME projection provides a visual characterization of a map-distortion measure. The MCME and its distortion spectrum together provide a cartographic insight into the nature of map-distortion measures. A practical methodology for creating a visual dictionary (called the MCME Atlas) of map distortion measures is presented, and its use in projection cross-breeding explained. An explanation of the use of the Atlas to study map-distortion measures by means of the scientific classification of measures is also included.
Content and Design of Canadian Provincial Travel Maps
Authors: Grant Lesley , Keller C. 
Published: April 2007

This paper reports a descriptive and systematic comparison of official provincial travel maps in Canada. The research method is introduced, followed by a systematic description of 24 maps. The paper aims to address two questions: • What content and design features are accepted as standard on official provincial travel maps in Canada? • Are there notable changes over time in content and the way information is displayed? The research is intended to offer a base of information for future studies of overall format and design. The paper does not describe or contrast individual cartographic symbols. Results reported in the paper should be of interest to those responsible for the design of future travel and tourism maps in paper or digital multimedia format.
A Vector-GIS Extension for Generalization of Binary Polygon Patterns
Authors: Millward Hugh 
Published: April 2007

This article presents a vector shape generalization extension for the ArcView GIS called VECTORGEN. The user specifies a shape file of "black" polygons and selects one of two complementary routines for generalization of the black-white pattern. The Alpha routine (A-GEN) deletes islands of both black and white smaller than a threshold of alpha units, while the Epsilon routine (E-GEN), a more complex procedure, is the focus of this article. Epsilon generalization performs a variety of tasks simultaneously, although its main purposes are deleting narrow areas (of both black and white) and smoothing the bounding line. In addition, it deletes smaller areas and aggregates nearby like-coloured areas. It employs a new algorithm (Vector ESSE) that marries Perkal's rolling disk concept with the operational simplicity of raster extend-shrink blankets. The user specifies a buffer width epsilon (ε), and the technique ensures that all turning radii on the smoothed bounding line are at least 1ε in radius, all black or white patches are at least 2ε wide, and all patches are large enough to contain a circle of radius 1ε. Examples of the use of both alpha and epsilon routines are provided, with a discussion of their advantages and disadvantages.
The Application of Geographic Information Systems by First Nations and Government in Northern Canada
Authors: Duerden Frank , Kuhn Richard 
Published: April 2007

As a result of planning and resource development initiatives and the settlement of Native land claims in the Yukon and Northwest Territories, the need for Geographical Information Systems (GIS) was identified by numerous government and First Nation organizations. This paper will examine the pattern of GIS acquisition in the Canadian North and will identify and critically comment on recent GIS applications. It also focuses attention on the sources and types of information used by various groups. Detailed interviews were conducted in July and August 1993 with all First Nation and government GIS users. Three themes were focused on: the process of GIS acquisition, GIS applications to land management, and the extent to which First Nations' perspectives on land and environment were integrated into GIS applications. Despite the widespread adoption of GIS technology, its potential is far from being realized. None of the systems are being used in major decision-support roles to facilitate scenario-building or the evaluation of alternative land-use scenarios. Barriers to effective use include the absence of skilled operators and training programs, particularly for First Nations peoples, and a failure by many organizations to develop clear and appropriate goals for GIS applications. Another factor limiting the use of GIS relates to the availability and compatibility of data sets. Despite these shortcomings, GIS can play a major role in northern planning and resource management processes.
Part 3: Atlas of Minimum-Constraint Minimum-Error Projections of the World: A New Approach to Classification and Visualization of Map-Distortion Measures for Minimum-Error Projections
Authors: Laskowski Peter 
Published: April 2007

More than seventy MCME representations of the world (graticule plus the shoreline) are included in this Atlas of map-distortion measures. The Atlas is of practical use for map designers seeking new optimal (minimum-error) world projections that best represent global GIS data according to the given design criteria. The entries in the Atlas include the algebraic formula for each distortion measure under consideration, its MCME representation, and its Distortion Spectrum. This information offers the map designer a cartographic insight into the nature of map-distortion measures, and helps in the selection of the best measure, or best combination of measures, for a given world-mapping purpose. The Atlas, by providing a visual classification of map-distortion measures, also has a more theoretical value for cartographers and map users. The proposed classification is based on the algebraic type of the formula for distortion. This classification schema allows for an analysis in-depth of the intrinsic distortion and geometric characteristics of map-distortion measures, as Tobler's classification of map projections allows for analysis of the geometric and analytic properties of projections based on the algebraic type of the corresponding mapping equations.
Dtermination En Mode Maill Du Champ D'intervisibilit Dans Un Modle Numrique De Terrain
Authors: Donnay Jean-Paul 
Published: April 2007

Cet article propose un algorithme original pour la rsolution approche, mais rapide, du champ d'intervisibilit dans le contexte d'une modle numrique de terrain maill (MNT raster). L'algorithme est bas sur la recherche des intersections potentielles de la surface orographique avec tous les rayons mens depuis le point de vue vers les pixels situs sur les bords du rectangle capable du MNT. Le chemin des rayons est dtermin par l'algorithme classique de Bresenham et, au fur et mesure, la visibilit des pixels situs sur leur parcours est mise jour. Une brve application de l'algorithme, implante sur microordinateur, illustre l'article.
GIS Capacity Building in the Pacific Island Countries: Facing the Realities of Technology, Resources, Geography and Cultural Difference
Authors: Britton James 
Published: April 2007

Historically, development projects in GIS and related disciplines implemented by Western agencies in developing countries have reflected the importance placed on advances in technology and method by Western GIS literature and industry. Such projects, which often focus on human development activity, attempt to replicate operating environments in the West within organizations in the developing world. Such an approach reflects a modernization model for development and is, it is suggested, potentially inappropriate for the needs of developing countries. Based on preliminary work conducted as part of an overall study of GIS development in the Pacific Island countries, this article examines some of the problems surrounding GIS education and training efforts in the region. While recognizing the importance of GIS to developing countries, the article draws a comparison between approaches that reflect the interests of those supplying and those receiving such assistance. Problems cited in the implementation of effective education and training programs include an emphasis on technical issues, an unclear knowledge and skill base for GIS, short-term and disparate educational and training opportunities, and a small user community in the Pacific Island countries. Different types of educators and trainers are profiled, as well as different types of learning opportunities. It is suggested that learning projects that focus primarily, and at all stages, on the needs of recipients and are implemented over longer time frames stand a greater chance of success and will have enduring effect. The importance of regionally based development and educational organizations that provide longer-term support to local GIS organizations is highlighted. An argument is made for including human resource development components in all GIS projects executed by external agencies as well as for the systematic support of user groups and other mechanisms that both initiate and nourish GIS awareness and understanding. The emphasis on diverse and longer-term learning opportunities is tied to a suggested "richer" approach to GIS development - an approach that addresses the wider needs of individuals working in GIS and takes into account different learning styles found outside the developed world. Lastly, it is suggested that more research is required that draws together GIS and development theory in order to more carefully assess the nature and impacts of GIS implementation in the developing world.
Maintaining Orientation Within Route-Following Tasks
Authors: WALSH S. E. , MARTLAND J. R. 
Published: April 2007

Contemporary evidence suggests that young children are able to use maps in route-following tasks if the map is oriented throughout the task, and that orientation within route-following tasks relies on the use of two basic strategies, i.e., one based on the compass, and one based on landmarks. An initial experiment with children aged 7 to 10 years showed that 8-to-10-year-old children have naturally-developed orienting strategies, whereas 7- to-8-year-old-children have not. In a second experiment, it was shown that children aged 7 to 8 years could learn to use the two basic orientation strategies. The authors found, in a small qualitative study, that children aged 9 to 11 years used both strategies selectively, depending upon the environment. In familiar, known environments, the use of a compass-based strategy for orientation was high; whereas in familiar but unknown environments, and unfamiliar unknown environments, orientation strategies were used selectively: typically, the compass-based orientation strategy was used for initial orientation at the beginning of the route and at predetermined checkpoints along the route; the landmark based strategy was used for maintaining and reinforcing orientation within the route.
Geo-cybernetics: A New Avenue of Research in Geomatics?
Authors: Reyes Carmen , Fraser Taylor D.R. , Martínez Elvia , Caloca Fernando López 
Published: April 2007

The term “geomatics” has existed in the literature for more than a decade, but an overall consensus on the definition of this emerging discipline has not yet been found. The knowledge domain of geomatics has developed in the “interaction space” among converging disciplines (e.g., geographic information systems, cartography, remote sensing, geodesy, and photogrammetry), but its borders are “complex and fuzzy.” Taking cybernetics, both classic and second order, general systems theory, modelling, and complexity as basic building blocks, the research group at CentroGeo is conducting empirical and theoretical work on three main avenues of research: (1) cybercartography, (2) complex solutions in geomatics, and (3) collective mental maps. Recent research results on cybercartography have indicated the value of building a comprehensive theoretical framework that would combine the essence of these three research avenues as a body of knowledge and add to the base of knowledge on geomatics. This article discusses the cybernetic nature of these three research avenues from a theoretical perspective and points to possible areas for further research. In so doing, the authors illustrate the benefits of taking a fresh look at the linkages between cybernetics and geomatics and identify the main elements required to develop a theoretical framework for the concept of geo-cybernetics.
Logarithmic Urban Thematic Mapping In Mis Environment
Authors: Boutoura Chryssoula 
Published: April 2007

An application of logarithmic azimuthal projection is presented for use in Municipal Information System (MIS) environment in order to treat the problem of dense concentration of urban thematic symbolism over a limited portion of the city plan keeping at the same time the general overview of the whole urban layout. The test was applied to the Greek city of Volos in Thessaly, performing a projection to projection type of analysis and the relevant study of deformations. The use of such projections is of particular importance, as experience confirmed, for hard-copy urban map products in a variety of applications interesting town planners, traffic engineers, municipal administrators, public security officers, archaeologists, professional associations and other specialists dealing with urban studies and activities. On prsente une application de la projection azimutale logarithmique dans l'environnement d'un systme d'information municipale (SIM) afin de traiter le problme de la dense concentration de symbolisme thmatique dans une portion restreinte d'un plan de ville, tout en conservant une vue gnrale de la disposition urbaine. On en a fait l'essai sur la cit grecque de Volos, en Thessalie, en effectuant une analyse de type projection projection ainsi que les tudes de dformation qui s'y apportent. Comme l'exprience le dmontre, l'utilisation de telles projections revªt une importance particulire dans la confection des produits cartographiques sur papier, destins une varit d'applications: planificateurs urbains, ingnieurs de la circulation, administrateurs municipaux, agents de la scurit publique, archologues, associations professionnelles et autres spcialistes qui tudient l'activit urbaine.
Mapping Time
Authors: Vasiliev Irina 
Published: April 2007

Geographic data include locations of places and events, and spatial changes of phenomena. Time is an essential element in tracking changes and in analyzing them to establish patterns, to predict future events, or to explain occurrences. Time information, however, comes in different forms when geographic data are collected. It may be a simple time stamp: the date when a city was incorporated. It may be an expression of duration: how long the forest fires burned. Geographic data may be collected at regular intervals, e.g., the decennial census in the USA. Or they may be recorded only when a change occurs, e.g. a hillside is cut away for development and the change is recorded on the topographic map. Time may be used as a distance measure, and space may be used as a delineator of time. Because of these variations in the uses of time, various types of time information must be understood and the understanding incorporated into methods of producing maps so as to show the information clearly and efficiently. This research categorizes time as it is used by geographers and as it appears in different forms on maps. The categories are Moments, Duration, Structured Time, Time as Distance, and Space as Clock. Each of these categories defines a particular use of time and provides the basic symbology that is used to represent spatiotemporal information on maps according to the spatial dimensions (point, line, or area) typically available to cartographers. The framework for the symbolization of temporal information on maps presented in this research establishes two things: the various categories of time found in geography; and the spatial dimensions and symbology available to the cartographer for representing spatiotemporal information on maps.
Tracking Uncertainty in Derived Height Data
Authors: Gibson J. , Buchheit M. 
Published: April 2007

This chapter discusses the tracking of uncertainty in height data derived from stereo imagery that has been obtained from an airborne electro-optical digital multi-spectral imaging system. The overall objective of the software described has been to prepare the data for input into Geographic Information Systems, and to provide the ground coordinates of the data with the greatest accuracy possible. This article has two objectives: to provide a brief overview of the digital imagery procedures used to process the raw imagery and ancillary inertial navigation system data to achieve photogrammetric adjustment, geometric correction, and terrain height extraction, and, second, to illustrate the results of processing a representative data set. One of the final products produced by the software processing systems is a mosaic of ortho-imagery, using the nadir views and the terrain height data generated from the stereo imagery. The chapter discusses the methods and the procedures that are being developed at the Canada Centre for Remote Sensing for tracking or carrying the absolute and relative accuracies of the derived data products from the raw data through to the final products. The paper concludes with an example of some processed imagery and derived height data along with the confidence measure or uncertainty of the derived height.
Integrating Thematic, Geometric, and Topological Information in the Generalization of Road Networks
Authors: Richardson D. , Thomson R. 
Published: April 2007

A technique is presented for determining and quantifying the functional importance of road segments in a road network, according to a set of source/destination ["source and destination"?] points that reflect the user's context. This technique is an important element in a scheme for the automatic structuring, classification, and coding of unstructured road data — necessary steps in creating a database to support contextually sensitive generalization. The quantification technique employs graph-theoretic methods, and includes the integration of thematic, geometric, and topological information. In the generalization methods, two aspects of data integration are addressed • the integration of spatial and thematic data in establishing input-cost data and consequences of data uncertainty and error, and • the design of a suitable data model to support the analysis.
The Mountain Panorama and Its Significance in the Scottish Context
Authors: WOOD MICHAEL 
Published: April 2007

The panorama is an art form, which grew significantly in importance during the nineteenth century. A summary of this evolution is offered, especially with relation to the Alps. Although some similarities exist between the Alps and the Scottish mountains in their history and growth of mountaineering and tourism, perhaps surprisingly this does not include the tourist panorama. Some examples of Scottish panoramas (and of similar pictorial forms) from the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries are described, but there is no evidence of a demand for their mass production as occurred in the Alps. The nature and significance of more recent panoramic images of Scottish mountains are examined, and their potential value for both visitors and the environment in the future. Le panorama est une forme d'art qui a significativement prit de l'importance durant le 19e sicle. Un rsum de cette volution est propos ici, et traite plus particulirement des Alpes. Il existe des similarits entre les Alpes et les montagnes cossaises en ce qui concerne leur histoire et l'augmentation du tourisme et des activits de montagne. Cependant, il n'y aucune similitude concernant les panoramas touristiques. En effet, mªme s'il existe en Ecosse quelques exemples de panoramas ou de formes picturales comparables au 19e et au dbut du 20e sicle, il n'existe aucune preuve vidente de leur fabrication en srie, comme dans les Alpes. La nature et la signification de panoramas cossais plus rcents sont analyss ici, ainsi que leur valeur potentielle pour les utilisateurs et l'environnement futur.