bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In vitro efficacy of nitro- and bromo-thiazolyl-salicylamide compounds (thiazolides) against Besnoitia besnoiti infection in Vero cells
Authors: CORTES H. C. E. , MUELLER N. , ESPOSITO M. , LEITÃO A. , NAGULESWARAN A. , HEMPHILL A. 
Published: February 2007

SUMMARYNitazoxanide (NTZ) and its deacetylated metabolite tizoxanide (TIZ) exhibit considerable in vitro activity against Besnoitia besnoiti tachyzoites grown in Vero cells. Real-time-PCR was used to assess B. besnoiti tachyzoite adhesion, invasion, and intracellular proliferation in vitro. A number of NTZ-derivatives, including Rm4822 and Rm4803, were generated, in which the thiazole-ring-associated nitro-group was replaced by a bromo-moiety. We here show that replacement of the nitro-group on the thiazole ring with a bromo (as it occurs in Rm4822) does not impair the efficacy of the drug, but methylation of the salicylate ring at the ortho-position in a bromo-derivative (Rm4803) results in complete abrogation of the antiparasitic activity. Treatment of extracellular B. besnoiti tachyzoites with NTZ has an inhibitory effect on host cell invasion, while treatments with TIZ, Rm4822 do not. TEM demonstrates that the effects of Rm4822 treatment upon the parasites are similar to the damage induced by NTZ. This includes increased vacuolization of the parasite cytoplasm, and loss of the structural integrity of the parasitophorous vacuole and its membrane. Thus, Rm4822, due to the absence of a potentially mutagenic nitro-group, may represent an important potential addition to the anti-parasitic arsenal for food animal production, especially in cattle.
The long-term course of depressive disorders in the Lundby Study
Authors: MATTISSON CECILIA , BOGREN MATS , HORSTMANN VIBEKE , MUNK-JÖRGENSEN POVL , NETTELBLADT PER 
Published: February 2007

Background. The Lundby Study is a longitudinal cohort study on a geographically defined population consisting of 3563 subjects. Information about episodes of different disorders was collected during field investigations in 1947, 1957, 1972 and in 1997. Interviews were carried out about current health and past episodes since the last investigation; for all subjects information was also collected from registers, case-notes and key informants. This paper describes the course and outcome of 344 subjects who had their first onset of depression during the follow-up.Method. In this study individuals who had experienced their first episode of depression were followed up. Their course was studied with regard to recurrence of depression related to duration of follow-up, transition to other psychiatric disorders including alcohol disorders, as well as incidence and risk factors of suicide.Results. Median age at first onset of depression was around 35 years for individuals followed up for 30–49 years. The recurrence rate was about 40% and varied from 17% to 76% depending on length of follow-up. Transition to diagnoses other than depression was registered in 21% of the total sample, alcohol disorders in 7% and bipolar disorder in 2%. Five per cent committed suicide; male gender and severity of depression were significant risk factors.Conclusion. The low rates of recurrence and suicide suggest a better prognosis for community samples than for in- and out-patient samples.
Suicide in current psychiatric in-patients: a case-control study The National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and Homicide
Authors: HUNT ISABELLE M. , KAPUR NAVNEET , WEBB ROGER , ROBINSON JO , BURNS JAMES , TURNBULL PAULINE , SHAW JENNY , APPLEBY LOUIS 
Published: February 2007

Background. Few controlled studies have investigated factors associated with suicide in current in-patients. We aimed to identify psychosocial, behavioural and clinical risk factors, including variations in care, for in-patient suicide.Method. We conducted a national population-based case-control study of people who died by suicide between 1 April 1999 and 31 December 2000 while in psychiatric in-patient care in England. Cases were 222 adult mental health in-patients who died by suicide matched on date of death with 222 living controls.Results. Nearly a quarter of suicides took place within the first week of admission; most of these died on the ward or after absconding. After the first week, however, most suicides occurred away from the ward, the majority of patients having left the ward with staff agreement. Previous deliberate self-harm, recent adverse life events, symptoms of mental illness at last contact with staff and a co-morbid psychiatric disorder were associated with increased risk for suicide. Being off the ward without staff agreement was a particularly strong predictor. Those patients who were detained for compulsory treatment were less likely to die by suicide. Independent predictors of in-patient suicide were male sex, a primary diagnosis of affective disorder and a history of self-harm. Being unemployed or on long-term sick leave appeared to be independently protective.Conclusion. Prevention of in-patient suicide should emphasize adequate treatment of affective disorder, vigilance in the first week of admission and regular risk assessments during recovery and prior to granting leave. Use of compulsory treatment may reduce risk.
Influenza-attributable deaths, Canada 1990–1999
Authors: SCHANZER D. L. , TAM T. W. S. , LANGLEY J. M. , WINCHESTER B. T. 
Published: February 2007

SUMMARYThe number of deaths attributable to influenza is believed to be considerably higher than the number certified by vital statistics registration as due to influenza. Weekly mortality data for Canada from the 1989/1990 to the 1998/1999 influenza seasons were analysed by cause of death, age group, and place of death to estimate the impact of influenza on mortality. A Poisson regression model was found to accurately predict all-cause, as well as cause-specific mortality, as a function of influenza-certified deaths, after controlling for seasonality, and trend. Influenza-attributable deaths were calculated as predicted less baseline-predicted deaths. In summary, throughout the 1990s there were on average just under 4000 deaths attributable to influenza annually (for an influenza-attributable mortality rate of 13/100 000 persons), varying from no detectable excess mortality for the 1990/1991 influenza season, to 6000–8000 influenza-attributable deaths for the more severe influenza seasons of 1997/1998 and 1998/1999. On average, 8% (95% CI 7–10) of influenza-attributable deaths were certified as influenza, although this percentage varied from 4% to 12% from year to year. Only 15% of the influenza-attributable deaths were certified as pneumonia, and for all respiratory causes, 40%. Deaths were distributed over most causes. The weekly pattern of influenza-certified deaths was a good predictor of excess all-cause mortality.
Emerging fluoroquinolone and macrolide resistance ofCampylobacter jejuniandCampylobacter coliisolates and their serotypes in Thai children from 1991 to 2000
Authors: SERICHANTALERGS O. , DALSGAARD A. , BODHIDATTA L. , KRASAESUB S. , PITARANGSI C. , SRIJAN A. , MASON C. J. 
Published: February 2007

SUMMARYThis study investigated fluoroquinolone, macrolide resistances and serotype distributions amongCampylobacter jejuniandCampylobacter coliisolated from children in Bangkok and rural settings during 1991–2000. Phenotypic identification, serotyping, and susceptibility testing were performed by standard microbiological procedures. The predominant serotypes ofC. jejuniwere Lior 36, 2 and 4 and ofC. coliwere Lior 8, 29 and 55. Resistance to nalidixic acid increased significantly during 1991–2000 and the frequency of isolates resistant to both nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin in Bangkok was significantly greater than in rural settings. In 1996–2000, a significant trend was observed inC. jejuniisolates resistant to ciprofloxacin from Bangkok but not for macrolide resistance from both settings. In summary, fluoroquinolone resistance amongC. jejuniandC. coliisolates became widespread in both Bangkok and rural settings in Thailand in the 1990s while widespread resistance to macrolides was undetected.
Obesity and related risk factors among low socio-economic status minority students in Chicago
Authors: Wang Youfa , Liang Huifang , Tussing Lisa , Braunschweig Carol , Caballero Benjamin , Flay Brian 
Published: February 2007

AbstractObjectivesTo assess overweight and related risk factors among urban low socio-economic status (SES) African-American adolescents in an attempt to study the underlying causes of ethnicity and gender disparities in overweight.MethodsCross-sectional data collected on anthropometric measures, diet, physical activity and family characteristics from 498 students in grades 5–7 in four Chicago public schools were analysed to study the risk factors for overweight using stepwise regression analysis.ResultsOnly 37.2% of the students lived with two parents. Nearly 90% had a television (TV) in their bedroom, and had cable TV and a video game system at home. Overall. 21.8% (17.7% boys versus 25.1% girls) were overweight (body mass index (BMI) ≥ 95th percentile); and 39.8% had a BMI ≥ 85th percentile. Compared with national recommendations, they had inadequate physical activity and less than desirable eating patterns. Only 66.1% reported having at least 20 min vigorous exercise or 30 min of light exercise in ≥ 5 days over the past 7 days; 62.1% spent >3 h days− 1 watching TV/playing video games/computer, while 33.1% spent ≥ 5 h days− 1. Their vegetable and fruit consumption was low, and they consumed too many fried foods and soft drinks: 55.1% consumed fried food twice or more daily and 19.5% four times or more daily; 70.3% consumed soft drinks twice or more daily and 22.0% four times or more daily on average. Gender, physical activity and pocket money were significant predictors of overweight (P < 0.05).ConclusionsSeveral factors in the students' behaviours, school and family environments may increase overweight risk among this population. There is a great need for health promotion programmes with a focus on healthy weight and lifestyle, and targeting urban low-SES minority communities.
Habitual physical activity and body composition of black township adolescents residing in the North West Province, South Africa
Authors: Mamabolo RL , Kruger HS , Lennox A , Monyeki MA , Pienaar AE , Underhay C , Czlapka-Matyasik M 
Published: February 2007

AbstractObjectiveIt is known that stunting and obesity affect a large proportion of children in the world, and these can be affected by the physical activity levels of the children. In the present study, we evaluated the association between physical activity, physical development and body composition in black adolescent children.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingBlack township schools in the North West Province, South Africa.MethodsThree-hundred and thirteen grade 8 children were included in the Physical Activity in Youth study. Anthropometric measurements, body composition measures and maturity level as assessed by Tanner stages were determined in these children. In addition, Previous Day Physical Activity Recall questionnaires were administered on the children to record the various activities they undertake daily.ResultsThe demographic characteristics of the children showed a high level of homogeneity. A high prevalence of stunting (16.3%) was observed in the children, which was higher in boys than in girls (21.6 vs. 12.3%). Also prevalent was overweight/obesity (8.6%), but this was higher in girls than in boys (13.4 vs. 1.6%). The children also showed a reduction in levels of physical activity with advancement in maturity; furthermore, boys showed a more central form of fat deposition whilst girls showed more gynoid deposition.ConclusionsThe study revealed that physical activity plays a role in determining body composition, and further indicated that physical activity is associated with favourable body composition measures. Children who were more active were likely to have less fat deposits.
Introduction: law and neuroscience
Authors: Freeman Michael 
Published: February 2007

The articles in this Special Issue of the journal explore diverse issues, but all in different ways are stimulated by developments in our understanding of the brain. It is coming to be understood that developments in neuroscience can help those who make the law and those who study it use the insights of scientific knowledge to assist in the understanding of human behaviour. Developments in cognitive neuroscience offer new insights into the nature of normative judgement. As Casebeer and Churchland (2003, p. 170) have noted, ‘the neurobiology of moral cognition is a justifiably hot topic’. As Goodenough and Prehn (2004, p. 1713) note, ‘the great advantage of the cognitive neuroscience approach is that we can now bring together psychological models of cognitive and affective process, experimental paradigms, various behavioural and psychophysiological measurements and functional brain imaging techniques’. Greene and Cohen have argued (2004, p. 1775) that neuroscience will probably have a transformative effect on the law, even though existing legal doctrine can, in principle, accommodate its findings. They foresee, and indeed recommend, a shift away from punishment rooted in retribution towards one adopting a consequentialist approach to the criminal law. That the US Supreme Court in 2005 (see Roper v. Simmons) eventually came to view the death penalty as unconstitutional for offenders who committed their offences when under 18 is in part the product of this shift in thinking. Steinberg and Scott (2003) had shown that adolescents did not meet the law’s requirements for rationality and so were unsuitable candidates for the death penalty.
Effects of adenosine on adhesion molecule expression and cytokine production in human PBMC depend on the receptor subtype activated
Authors: Takahashi H K , Iwagaki H , Hamano R , Wake H , Kanke T , Liu K , Yoshino T , Tanaka N , Nishibori M 
Published: February 2007

Background and purpose:Adenosine suppresses immune responses through adenosine2A(A2A) receptors, by raising intracellular cAMP. Interleukin (IL)‐18 up‐regulates the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)‐1 on monocytes, leading to production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines such as IL‐12, interferon (IFN)‐γand tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐αby human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). We have previously demonstrated that elevation of cAMP inhibits this IL‐18‐induced expression of adhesion molecules. In the present study, we examined the effect of adenosine on the IL‐18‐induced up‐regulation of ICAM‐1 on human monocytes and production of IL‐12, IFN‐γand TNF‐αby PBMC.Experimental approach:The expression of ICAM‐1 was examined by flow cytometry. IL‐12, IFN‐γand TNF‐αwere determined by ELISA assay.Key results:Adenosine inhibited the IL‐18‐induced up‐regulation of ICAM‐1 on human monocytes and it abolished the IL‐18‐enhanced production of IL‐12, IFN‐γand TNF‐α. While an A2Areceptor antagonist reversed the action of adenosine, an A1or A3receptor antagonist enhanced them. An A2Areceptor agonist, CGS21680, mimicked the effects of adenosine and its effects were abolished not only by the A2Areceptor antagonist but also by A1or A3receptor agonists. Activation via A2Areceptors resulted in elevation of cAMP in monocytes, whereas the stimulation of A1or A3receptors inhibited it, suggesting that intracellular signal transduction following ligation of A2Areceptors might be blocked by activation of A1or A3receptors.Conclusions and Implications:Adenosine differentially regulates IL‐18‐induced adhesion molecule expression and cytokine production through several subtypes of its receptors.British Journal of Pharmacology(2007)150, 816–822. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707126
Immediate early gene-X1 interferes with 26 S proteasome activity by attenuating expression of the 19 S proteasomal components S5a/Rpn10 and S1/Rpn2
Authors: Arlt Alexander , Minkenberg Jörg , Kruse Marie-Luise , Grohmann Frauke , Fölsch Ulrich R. , Schäfer Heiner 
Published: February 2007

The stress response gene IEX-1 (immediate early gene-X-1) is involved in the regulation of cell growth and cellular viability. To some extent, these effects include an interference with the proteasomal turnover of certain regulatory proteins. Here, we show that IEX-1 directly attenuates the activity and formation of the 26 S proteasome in HEK-293 cells (human embryonic kidney cells). We further demonstrate that IEX-1 reduces the overall expression levels of certain protein components of the 19 S proteasomal subunit such as S5a/Rpn10 and S1/Rpn2, whereas the expression of other proteasomal proteins was less or not affected. In contrast with direct apoptotic stimuli, such as the anti-cancer drug etoposide, leading to caspase-dependent degradation of S1 and S5a, the effect of IEX-1 is independent of proteolytic cleavage of these proteins. Furthermore, the decreasing effect of IEX-1 on S5a and S1 expression is still seen in the presence of cycloheximide, but not in the presence of actinomycin D, and quantitative real-time PCR revealed lower mRNA levels of S5a and S1 in IEX-1-overexpressing cells, suggesting an interference of IEX-1 with the gene transcription of S5a and S1. Additionally, luciferase assays confirmed an interference of IEX-1 with the activity of the S5a promoter. These findings indicate a role of IEX-1 in the maintenance and assembly of the 26 S proteasome, obviously involving an altered gene expression of certain proteasomal proteins. Thereby, IEX-1 may essentially modulate signalling pathways related to 26 S proteasome activity and involved in cellular growth control and apoptosis.
HomologMiner: looking for homologous genomic groups in whole genomes
Authors: Hou Minmei , Berman Piotr , Hsu Chih-Hao , Harris Robert S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMotivation: Complex genomes contain numerous repeated sequences, and genomic duplication is believed to be a main evolutionary mechanism to obtain new functions. Several tools are available for de novo repeat sequence identification, and many approaches exist for clustering homologous protein sequences. We present an efficient new approach to identify and cluster homologous DNA sequences with high accuracy at the level of whole genomes, excluding low-complexity repeats, tandem repeats and annotated interspersed repeats. We also determine the boundaries of each group member so that it closely represents a biological unit, e.g. a complete gene, or a partial gene coding a protein domain.Results: We developed a program called HomologMiner to identify homologous groups applicable to genome sequences that have been properly marked for low-complexity repeats and annotated interspersed repeats. We applied it to the whole genomes of human (hg17), macaque (rheMac2) and mouse (mm8). Groups obtained include gene families (e.g. olfactory receptor gene family, zinc finger families), unannotated interspersed repeats and additional homologous groups that resulted from recent segmental duplications. Our program incorporates several new methods: a new abstract definition of consistent duplicate units, a new criterion to remove moderately frequent tandem repeats, and new algorithmic techniques. We also provide preliminary analysis of the output on the three genomes mentioned above, and show several applications including identifying boundaries of tandem gene clusters and novel interspersed repeat families.Availability: All programs and datasets are downloadable from www.bx.psu.edu/miller_labContact: mhou@cse.psu.edu
A new JAVA interface implementation of THESIAS: testing haplotype effects in association studies
Authors: Tregouet D. A. , Garelle V. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSummary: THESIAS (Testing Haplotype EffectS In Association Studies) is a popular software for carrying haplotype association analysis in unrelated individuals. In addition to the command line interface, a graphical JAVA interface is now proposed allowing one to run THESIAS in a user-friendly manner. Besides, new functionalities have been added to THESIAS including the possibility to analyze polychotomous phenotype and X-linked polymorphisms.Availability: The software package including documentation and example data files is freely available at http://genecanvas.ecgene.net. The source codes are also available upon request.Contact: david.tregouet@chups.jussieu.fr
Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction in Older Patients with a History of Alcohol Abuse
Authors: Hudetz Judith A. , Iqbal Zafar , Gandhi Sweeta D. , Patterson Kathleen M. , Hyde Trevor F. , Reddy Diane M. , Hudetz Anthony G. , Warltier David C. 
Published: February 2007

Background
Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) affects a significant number of patients and may have serious consequences for quality of life. Although POCD is most frequent after cardiac surgery, the prevalence of POCD after noncardiac surgery in older patients is also significant. The risk factors for POCD after noncardiac surgery include advanced age and preexisting cognitive impairment. Self-reported alcohol abuse is a risk factor for postoperative delirium, but its significance for long-term POCD has not been investigated. The goal of this study was to determine whether neurocognitive function is impaired after noncardiac surgery during general anesthesia in older patients with a history of alcohol abuse.

Methods
Subjects aged 55 yr and older with self-reported alcohol abuse (n = 28) and age-, sex-, education-matched nonalcoholic controls (n = 28) were tested using a neurocognitive battery before and 2 weeks after elective surgery (n = 28) or a corresponding time interval without surgery (n = 28). Verbal memory, visuospatial memory, and executive functions were assessed. A neurologic examination was performed to exclude subjects with potential cerebrovascular damage.

Results
Significant three-way interactions (analysis of variance) for Visual Immediate Recall, Visual Delayed Recall, Semantic Fluency, Phonemic Fluency, and the Color-Word Stroop Test implied that cognitive performance in the alcoholic group decreased after surgery more than it did in the other three groups.

Conclusions
The results suggest that a history of alcohol abuse in older patients presents a risk for postoperative cognitive impairment in the domains of visuospatial abilities and executive functions that may have important implications for quality of life and health risks.