bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Modified 9Cr-1Mo Steel Forging
Authors: Khare AK , Sikka VK 
Published: December 2008

A new 9Cr-1Mo steel with significant improvement in elevated-temperature mechanical properties and toughness over 2 l/4Cr-1Mo and standard grade 9Cr-1Mo steel has been developed jointly by Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Combustion Engineering. The new alloy obtains its elevated-temperature strength from small additions of niobium, vanadium, and nitrogen. The alloy has been melted commercially in the United States and Japan. It also has been fabricated into tubes, pipes, plates, bars, and forgings.
National Forge saddle-forged a heavy-walled cylinder from a billet produced from an electroslag remelted ingot of this modified alloy. The 781-mm-outside diameter by 67-mm-thick wall by 762-mm-long cylinder was normalized at 1050°C and tempered at 760°C.
The production of the saddle forging and its mechanical properties and microstructure are described. A comparison between the mechanical properties of this forging with the results on plates, bars, and tubes fabricated from the same alloy is presented. Data show the forging to be highly isotropic in its properties and a strong promise for the use of modified 9Cr-1Mo alloy in hydrocrackers for operation at 500°C and higher temperatures.
Evaluation of the Modified 9Cr-1Mo Steel Forging by French Laboratories
Authors: Gelpi A 
Published: December 2008

The use of Oak Ridge National Laboratory's (ORNL) modified 9Cr-1Mo steel in liquid metal fast breeder reactor (LMFBR) steam generators (SGs) could present significant advantages as compared with the other ferritic steels envisaged or used for this application.
Novatome (France) received from ORNL a specimen of this steel obtained from a National Forge Co. (NF) saddle forging.
The evaluation of this specimen by French laboratories covers the topics deemed the most significant to confirm the advantages of this steel for a LMFBR-SG application. Namely: tensile, creep, impact properties, tensile and impact behavior after heat treatment performed to simulate very thick forgings, fatigue, stress corrosion cracking, fracture mechanics, and aging behavior.
Our results confirm that the impact properties of modified 9Cr-1Mo steel are excellent, at least up to a simulated thickness of 300 mm (12 in.), even after step cooling. They also confirm that this steel has among the highest mechanical properties and creep resistance, as compared with other ferritic steels envisaged or used for LMFBR-SG applications.
On the basis of these first satisfactory results, we are encouraged to continue the characterization of this steel in France. This work is proceeding, on the one hand, on the NF forging and, on the other hand, on a forged-rolled thick plate manufactured in France. This characterization program will last 5 years.
Application of New Types of Ingots to the Manufacturing of Heavy Pressure Vessel Forgings
Authors: Bocquet PG , Saint-Ignan J-C , Blondeau RP 
Published: December 2008

Forging components for pressure vessels issued from conventional ingots may present some inconveniences, such as an important waste of metal and metallurgical problems induced by segregation.
Le Creusot Heavy Forge has developed three new types of ingots specially adapted to these components: Type 1. Ingots with vertical-oriented solidification and low height/diameter ratio for manufacturing flat components. Type 2. Ingots with horizontal-oriented solidification for manufacturing hollow forgings with a noncladded inner surface. Type 3. Cylindrical hollow ingots for hollow forgings, the inner face of which has to be cladded.
The mode of solidification and the location of macrosegregation areas of each new ingot type are described.
Three examples of components manufactured from these new ingot types are presented: 1. A head for a 1300-MW pressurized water reactor (PWR) pressure vessel forged from a Type 1 ingot. 2. A prototype shell forging in 2¼Cr-1Mo steel for the petrochemical industry issued from a Type 2 ingot. 3. A B shell for a 1400-MW French nuclear reactor issued from a hollow ingot.
Best Possible Heat Treatment of Steel SA 336 F22 for the Production of Forged Shells with Heavy Walls
Authors: Badeau JP , Poitrault IS , de Badereau A , Blondeau RP 
Published: December 2008

The manufacturing of thick-wall components, such as shells, for petrochemical reactors normally requires the 2.25Cr-1Mo (SA 336 F22) steel. This paper deals with: 1. Experienced difficulties in producing thick-wall forgings up to a thickness of 500 mm with standard 2.25Cr-1Mo steel. 2. The solutions offered by Le Creusot Heavy Forge.
The studies discussed are: (1) the effect of the structure; (2) the effect of the chemical composition on hardenability and temper embrittlement in steel making; and (3) the effect of austenitization conditions.
Some examples concerning industrial forgings are presented, among them: 1. The manufacturing of shells for the petrochemical industry. 2. A thick-wall shell from a 146-metric ton hollow ingot.
Investigation and Application of the One-Point-Bend Impact Test
Authors: Giovanola JH 
Published: December 2008

This paper investigates a dynamic fracture test that produces smoothly varying stress intensity histories of controlled amplitude and duration. A test configuration has been adopted in which a simple edge-cracked specimen is loaded in bending by impacting it at the midsection without supporting it at the outer edges. The stress intensity history is measured by a strain gage near the crack tip and has approximately a sinusoidal time dependence.
The dependence of stress intensity amplitude and duration on the impact velocity and on the specimen material and dimensions has been determined both analytically and experimentally. The limit on the specimen aspect ratio to obtain a smooth stress intensity history controlled only by the first mode of vibration of the specimen has also been established. Stress intensity pulses of durations varying between 90 and 500 μs can be readily achieved, and the maximum amplitude can be independently adjusted over an order of magnitude (20 to 200 MPa m1/2).
The new experimental procedure has been used to measure the dynamic fracture toughness of 4340 steel (HRC 50) at three loading rates. Comparison of the dynamic results with the value of the static toughness indicates little strain-rate sensitivity of the fracture toughness of 4340 steel in the range of loading rates investigated (quasi-static to 3 × 106 MPa m1/2 s-1).
A Compact Mode II Fracture Specimen
Authors: Banks-Sills L , Arcan M 
Published: December 2008

A compact Mode II fracture specimen together with its loading frame is analyzed and tested. This system is a further development of an earlier circular Mode II fracture specimen presented by the authors. For fatigue precracking in two different loading configurations, formulas relating the Mode I stress intensity factor, applied load, and specimen geometry are developed. In order to determine KIIc from the fracture load, a relationship between KII, the applied load, and specimen/loading frame geometry is obtained. All of these relations are calculated by means of the finite element method.
These formulas are then employed to perform a series of Mode II fracture toughness tests with Perspex (also called Plexiglas or polymethyl methacrylate [PMMA]). The average measured KIIc value was 0.94 MPa√m. The KIc tests were performed with the compact tension specimen, yielding KIc = 1.06 MPa√m; thus KIc/KIIc was found to be 1.127. In addition, crack propagation angles were found to be between 63 and 70°. These results are compared with the maximum tangential stress and maximum tangential principal stress criteria.
An Automated Ultrasonic Data Acquisition and Evaluation System
Authors: McGarvey TJ , Murray J , Roller D 
Published: December 2008

A computer-based ultrasonic (UT) inspection system has been developed which provides a method for locating and sizing flaws in the near-bore region of steam turbine rotors. Components from various manufacturers were integrated to make up this unique test system.
Shear wave inspections are performed utilizing an expandable test head coupled to a positioner via geared extension bars. The head accepts up to three transducers while the positioner provides the axial indexing and circumferential rotation of the transducers.
A microprocessor is supplied with signal information from a multichannel UT instrument and location information (axial and circumferential for each transducer) from the positioner. All recorded data are transferred from the computer memory to floppy disks, thus maintaining a historical record of all test results.
Upon completion of each UT inspection scan, a color video monitor with graphic display allows for evaluation of test data utilizing several software programs which are presently available. A color printer supplies a hard copy of inspection results.
A visible magnetic particle (MT) examination is performed from the bore to provide additional information on surface and near-surface flaws. This boremag inspection is accomplished using the positioner with extension bars and a miniaturized TV camera with a light source and mirror. The camera outputs to a video recorder and a video monitor.
The UT and MT inspections provide a data base which can be used for evaluating turbine rotor integrity and monitoring flaw propagation. With the addition of new software and a different type positioner, the basic ultrasonic hardware can be used for inspection of brazed joints in sleeved steam generator tubes. Other possible applications of this system (UT on piping, eddy current in tubing, etc.) are discussed.
Development of a Sensor for Real-Time Detection of In-plant Crevice Contaminants
Authors: Carmichael NE , Leverant GR , Hugg SB 
Published: December 2008

Most forms of corrosion damage in electric power plants are believed to involve the concentration of corrosive species in critical crevice locations such as between disc keyways and keys. The development of an on-line, real-time sensor capable of detecting the concentration of corrosives in crevices is presented in this paper. The sensor measures the temperature and conductance of fluid films entrapped within the crevice of the sensor. The sensor crevice was designed to entrap contaminants similar to those found in actual crevices and to contain the contaminants for future analysis.
Several sensors were laboratory-tested in aqueous solutions within autoclaves and steam lines. Three sensors were evaluated at an electric power plant. These sensors were hard-wired to a steam extaction line and an autoclave in which stress corrosion cracking tests were being conducted. Although problems were experienced with the materials used in sensor construction, the field evaluation demonstrated real-time collection of conductivity and local temperature data and accumulation of crevice contaminants with subsequent laboratory analysis.
Ultrasonic Velocity Ratio Method for Detecting and Evaluating Hydrogen Attack in Steels
Authors: Watanabe T , Hasegawa Y , Kato K 
Published: December 2008

An ultrasonic attenuation technique has been employed in practice to detect hydrogen attack nondestructively. However, it is difficult to evaluate hydrogen attack quantitatively by this technique, because ultrasonic attenuation is influenced by the test conditions and the material itself.
In this paper, a new approach to a quantitative evaluation of hydrogen attack with an ultrasonic velocity technique is described. The longitudinal and shear wave velocities were observed to decrease more than 10% and 7%, respectively, in a steel fully attacked by hydrogen as compared with those in sound steel. This large change in velocity is sufficient to enable the thickness attacked by hydrogen to be predicted, if the wall thickness of material concerned is known.
Moreover, the ratio of shear wave velocity to longitudinal wave velocity is quite promising as a factor for evaluating the thickness attacked by hydrogen, without measuring the thickness of material tested.
Detection of Hydrogen-Assisted Crack Growth by Measurement of Modulus Changes and Acoustic Emission
Authors: Carpenter SH , Armstrong J , Heiple CR 
Published: December 2008

An investigation of new techniques to probe and study the initiation of cracks in a hydrogen environment is reported. The techniques investigated are the precise continuous measurement of changes in the elastic modulus and acoustic emission measurements. A decrease in the elastic modulus should be observed as cracks nucleate and grow in a test material. Measurements of changes in the elastic modulus while cathodically charging a number of iron base materials both at zero load and under applied load are also given.
In all cases a decrease in the elastic modulus was observed as a result of cathodic charging with hydrogen. The modulus loss was found to be permanent and could not be restored by heat treatment. Acoustic emission measurement were carried out as miniature pressure vessels were pressurized and subsequently held at pressure. Differences in the acoustic emission were observed for vessels pressurized with hydrogen gas as compared to vessels pressurized with helium. Considerably more acoustic emission was generated in vessels pressurized with hydrogen.
On-Line Monitoring of the True Corrosion Rate in Problems Related to Power Plants
Authors: Rizzi R , Ronchetti C 
Published: December 2008

The know-how gained during corrosion studies performed for several years has enabled the authors' company to design and construct various probes for the measurements of the true corrosion rate in industrial plants. In some cases, for instance, the monitoring of steam condensers and of different circuits in thermal plants has been in operation for some years, now showing good reliability and usefulness.
Further developments have been made for use of the probes even under difficult working conditions, and the experimental results carried out on pilot loops propose such probes as a tool for a wider corrosion rate monitoring of different structural materials in different operating conditions.
Corrosion Rate of Cast Iron and Copper Pipe by Drinkable Water
Authors: Piron DL , Desjardins R , Brière F , Ismael M 
Published: December 2008

The corrosion rates of cast iron and copper in drinkable water distribution systems are compared in this investigation. Sixty-one solutions were prepared, of varying concentrations in Cl-, NO-3, SO=4, and with differences in alkalinity, pH, and Langelier index.
Cut from actual pipe, 2070 specimens 4 cm by 3 cm by 0.1 cm (1035 cast iron and 1035 copper) were immersed in the solutions for 3, 6, 9, 12, or 15 days, and their corrosion was determined by weight loss. For both metals, corrosion was more rapid during the first three days.
The cast iron corrosion product contained between 35% and 55% iron. X-ray diffraction revealed the presence of goethite, lepidocracite, and after three days of immersion, amorphous magnetite.
For the same experimental conditions, the copper corrosion rate was significantly smaller than that of ductile cast iron.
The corrosion rate of copper was not found to be affected by the composition of the water. In this investigation, no correlation was found between the Langelier index and the corrosion rate for copper or cast iron. This was true for both negative and positive Langelier index.
Computer-Controlled AC Impedance Measurements for the Determination of Water Penetration of Anticorrosion Coatings
Authors: Kellner JD 
Published: December 2008

A computer-controlled system is described for the measurement of the AC impedance spectrum of coated pipe samples in the laboratory. The extent of water penetration into various coatings were compared.
Bode plots were made of the coated pipes until water penetration became excessive. Then Nyquist plots were used to demonstrate the mechanism of water penetration. The data showed that water incorporation into these thick pipeline coatings is into pores and defects rather than a uniform general penetration.
Thus, it is contrary to the observed mechanism of water penetration to calculate a penetrated thickness as recommended in the ASTM Test Method for Water Penetration into Pipeline Coatings (G 9).
A Review of Microbiological and Electrochemical Techniques in the Study of Corrosion Induced by Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria
Authors: Tuovinen OH , Cragnolino G 
Published: December 2008

Methods of measuring and evaluating the presence and distribution of sulfate-reducing bacteria are discussed. The microbiological methods are based on cellcounting (enumeration) techniques, microscopic examination, determination of bacterial activity, and immunological detection. Several experimental approaches to these methods are outlined with emphasis on their suitability and limitations in studies of sulfate-reducing bacteria associated with corrosion problems.
Electrochemical methods employed in laboratory studies of corrosion induced by sulfate-reducing bacteria are reviewed, with emphasis on the advantages and limitations of current techniques, such as determination of open circuit potentials, anodic and cathodic polarization curves, polarization resistance measurements, and determination of critical potentials for pitting. The applicability of microbiological and electrochemical techniques to field studies is briefly discussed.
Measuring the Appearance of Retroreflectors by Application-Oriented Goniophotometry
Authors: Johnson NL 
Published: December 2008

Evaluating the appearance of retroreflectors involves the application of the basic principles of appearance measurement. It is typical of many appearance measurement problems in that it involves a source (or sources) of illumination, a viewer, and an object or surface of concern. The objective is a numerical description of the appearance properties of the material. For such descriptions, the measurement geometry must be established, the spectral conditions considered, and meaningful appearance related quantities agreed upon.
In the measurement technique described here, computers are used to control the instrumentation for geometric and spectral analysis while simultaneously calculating appearance related quantities, along an appropriate application parameter. A shoulder mounted retroreflective road sign is the example considered, and the application parameter is the distance from vehicle to sign. Local viewing and illuminating geometry are translated into a laboratory measurement coordinate system. These transformations are made at distances corresponding to the incremental motion of a vehicle along the roadway. From these application-oriented measurements, intrinsic photometric results are calculated and displayed in terms of quantities such as coefficient of retroreflection. Once the material characteristics are measured, along the application parameter, additional analysis using the actual illuminating source can be completed. In the case of the retroreflector, the luminance in the direction of the viewer is an important result. Evaluation based on practical viewing conditions provides a useful insight into appearance without the necessity of completely describing the spectraogoniophotometric properties of the retroreflector.
Visual Color Technology Development for Industrial Applications
Authors: DeGroff JT 
Published: December 2008

There has been a need for a visual method of generating a color without preparing a sample standard or finished product. This styling and reference capability is required to generate new colors and review their visual appearance during the development of new products or restyling old lines. In the majority of visual approaches, a color chip or other reference has been used as a guide, which must then be matched with colored materials on a manual basis. Even with the utilization of an automated computer color system, the visual appearance of many materials cannot be fully duplicated until the actual product materials are available.
Applied Color Systems' staff approached the question, “Is it possible to create a device that can simulate the finished product color and appearance that can be duplicated in the final product?” several years ago with a technology review and came to the conclusion that a mechanical/electrical approach could supply many of the answers to solve this need. As part of the technology review, we studied projection systems, video graphics, and the integration of spinning disks. Of all of the currently available technologies, we found that only the spinning disk based on the Maxwell technique solves both the color and appearance problems and gives reproducible results that can generate predictable colorant formulations.
The device developed from the basic Maxwell disk concept is a solid state fully integrated system that creates visual color simulations that duplicated a range of typical industrial product finishes. It is apparent that many exciting new things can be accomplished with such a device. By adding visual modifications to the disks, the operator can visualize various loadings of white or create a metallic “look” to simulate metal loadings of paint or ink finishes. He can then take the data output from this device and convert them by computer into colorant formulas on a fully automated basis. This same data can be used to communicate color data from one location to another and be able to see the actual color in the second location.
Industry may also be able to use such a device as a merchandising aid to help the customer to visualize the finished product color, whether it be on an industrial product surface, a contractor's building, or an interior decorating scheme.
Based on performance in a number of industrial installations, we now feel confident that the Visual Color System can be an important aid to industry in the styling, communications, and merchandising of colored products. The device has the potential to open up new development areas in color technology to allow the manufacturer to have better control of color specification and a visual understanding of the color component of his product.
A Device for the Controlled Production and Placement of Individual Droplets
Authors: Young BW 
Published: December 2008

A novel device has been designed and successfully used to produce, and accurately place, individual droplets of pesticidal formulations onto target surfaces. The device is based on the technology of impulse jet “drop on demand” printers, and can produce a single droplet when required, or can run at a low frequency (say, 1 to 10 Hz) to produce a stream of identical droplets. Droplets over a wide size range have been produced, for a range of aqueous and nonaqueous formulations. The directional stability of the ejected droplets enables accurate placement of each droplet onto specific sites.
The device has been used to study the impaction and retention of individual droplets on leaf surfaces and on commonly used targets, such as Kromokote cards. It has also been used to apply controlled volumes of tracer formulations in order to develop recovery techniques for spray distribution studies.
The device has potential for use in many areas where the controlled production of small volumes of liquids is required; and because it is a pulsed device it offers the exciting possibilities of computer control and triggering.