bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antioxidant responses of chickpea plants subjected to boron toxicity
Authors: Ardıc M. , Sekmen A. H. , Tokur S. , Ozdemir F. , Turkan I. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis study investigated oxidative stress and the antioxidant response to boron (B) of chickpea cultivars differing in their tolerance to drought. Three‐week‐old chickpea seedlings were subjected to 0.05 (control), 1.6 or 6.4 mmB in the form of boric acid (H3BO3) for 7 days. At the end of the treatment period, shoot length, dry weight, chlorophyll fluorescence, B concentration, malondialdehyte content and the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR) were measured. The 1.6 mmB treatment did not cause significant changes in shoot length of cultivars, although shoot length increased in the drought‐tolerant Gökce and decreased in the drought‐sensitive Küsmen after 6.4 mmB treatment. Dry weights of both cultivars decreased with 6.4 mmB treatment. Chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) did not change in Gökce at either B level. Nor did it change in Küsmen with 1.6 mmB but Fv/Fm decreased with 6.4 mmB. Boron concentration in the shoots of both cultivars increased significantly with increasing levels of applied B. Significant increases in total SOD activity were observed in shoots of both cultivars given 1.6 and 6.4 mmB. Shoot extracts exhibited five activity bands, two of which were identified as MnSOD and Cu/ZnSOD. In comparison to the control group, all enzyme activities (except APX and SOD) decreased with 1.6 mmB stress. GR activity decreased, while activities of CAT, POX and APX did not change with 6.4 mmB in Küsmen. On the other hand, activities of CAT, APX and SOD increased in Gökce at both B levels. In addition, lipid peroxidation was higher in Küsmen than in Gökce, indicating more damage by B to membrane lipids in the former cultivar. These results suggest that (i) Gökce is tolerant and Küsmen is sensitive to B, and (ii) B tolerance of Gökce might be closely related to increased capacity of the antioxidative system (total SOD, CAT and APX) to scavenge reactive oxygen species and thus suppress lipid peroxidation under B stress. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the antioxidant response of chickpea seedlings to B toxicity.
Advocacy for mothers with psychiatric illness: A clinical perspective
Authors: Lagan Maureen , Knights Kathryn , Barton Jodi , Boyce Philip M. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTMotherhood is a challenging role and a life‐changing experience. For women living with psychiatric illness, the challenge of motherhood is amplified. Psychiatric illness (including schizophrenia, affective and personality disorders) is associated with multiple adversities that can impair the capacity to parent. Social adversity, fluctuating symptoms, and medications and their related side‐effects, can create difficulties for the new mother as she adjusts to her role. The risk for relapse among women who are unwell is heightened during the post‐partum period. For many other women, the post‐partum period is when psychiatric symptoms emerge for the first time. Equally important are the continuing concerns pertaining to infant well‐being where maternal psychiatric illness is present. For mothers who exhibit symptoms at this time, a very real threat of protective removal exists. In the mother–infant setting, child protection legislation is biased towards the rights of the child. While there are cases for which this bias is clearly appropriate, there are less clear situations from which the infant is removed with little regard for the mother. Often mothers with psychiatric illness struggle to meet the cognitive, emotional, and financial demands of drawn‐out custody proceedings. For these mothers, there is a paucity of appropriate support available, as will be evidenced throughout the present paper. There is an urgent need for professional advocacy to support women who are unwell in their transition to motherhood. The mental health nurse is able to fill a key advocating role in the perinatal psychiatric setting. Nurses in this role hold a unique position whereby social and community supports can be activated, while guidance is imparted from a ground‐level standpoint. The nurse in this role has the capacity to liaise with authorities, negotiate service provision, and ensure that key parenting skills are acquired by the mother as she works to secure her role. Through the provision of proactive advocacy during this time, the nurse has the potential to ameliorate the outcomes of mothers who are unable to cope alone and the well‐being of their infants.
Creating Realistic Data Sets with Specified Properties via Simulation
Authors: Goldman Robert N. , McKenzie Jr. John D. 
Published: January 2009

SummaryWe explain how to simulate both univariate and bivariate raw data sets having specified values for common summary statistics. The first example illustrates how to ‘construct’ a data set having prescribed values for the mean and the standard deviation – for a one‐sample t test with a specified outcome. The second shows how to create a bivariate data set with a specified correlation coefficient.
ICTS AND THE DECOUPLING OF EVERYDAY ACTIVITIES, SPACE AND TIME: INTRODUCTION
Authors: SCHWANEN TIM , DIJST MARTIN , KWAN MEI‐PO 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTThis article is an introduction to and reflection on the papers about ICTs and everyday life in this issue. It outlines the motivations for the focus on the decoupling of activities, physical space and chronological time and characterises this process and three of its modalities: activity fragmentation; multi‐tasking; and personalised networking. The piece concludes by singling out some common elements that run through the set of papers and by identifying four avenues for future research.
ICT AND TEMPORAL FRAGMENTATION OF ACTIVITIES: AN ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK AND INITIAL EMPIRICAL FINDINGS
Authors: HUBERS CHRISTA , SCHWANEN TIM , DIJST MARTIN 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTIt is commonly believed that the widespread use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) facilitates the fragmentation of daily activities across times and spaces. However, a clear conceptualisation of what fragmentation is and how it can be measured empirically has been lacking. As a consequence, hardly any empirical evidence has been provided for these notions. The goal of this paper is twofold: (1) to propose a theoretical and methodological framework for identifying and measuring activity fragmentation; and (2) to assess temporal fragmentation empirically and consider its associations with ICT usage while controlling for sociodemographic variables, residential context, day of the week, activity pattern characteristics and some attitudinal variables. Activity fragmentation is defined as a process whereby a certain activity is divided into several smaller pieces, which are performed at different times and/or locations. The proposed theoretical and methodological framework covers three main dimensions of fragmentation: the number of fragments; the distribution of the sizes of fragments; and the temporal configuration of fragments. Based on travel diary data from the Netherlands the analytical results are insightful and promising. The framework is not only capable of detecting temporal activity fragmentation for various trip purposes, but there are also indications of a positive relation between ICT usage and temporal fragmentation.
HOW DIFFERENT ARE ACTIVITIES WHILE COMMUTING BY TRAIN? A CASE IN TOKYO
Authors: OHMORI NOBUAKI , HARATA NOBORU 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTGenerally, travel is considered a demand derived from the desire to engage in activities at destinations and travel time is also considered a wasteful time. However, if people can engage in activities while travelling, travel time is not just a wasteful time but could be a productive time. In recent years, ICTs provide travellers with various activity opportunities while travelling. This paper examined what activities train commuters were engaging in while travelling and what factors of travel environment and passengers’ characteristics caused the difference in activities conducted and desired. Through on‐board observation and questionnaire surveys, we found that difference in travelling mode (standing, sitting in normal/high‐grade/extra‐high‐grade trains), the length of in‐vehicle time and type of work hours affected the participation rate of different types of activities. Train environment with wider personal space and more secure privacy would induce activities restricted in the current travel environment and some commuters prefer to pay extra money to obtain it.
Virtue Versus ‘Schwärmerei’ in Lessing'sEmilia Galotti
Authors: Robertson Ritchie 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACT‘Tugend’ (virtue) is a complex concept with both classical and Christian sources. It often means a virtuous disposition which is prior to the exercise of specific virtues. In many eighteenth‐century contexts its meaning shifts from a cognitive concept to an emotional one, dependent on what Shaftesbury called the ‘moral sense’. InEmilia Galotti, Odoardo and Appiani consider themselves and each other highly virtuous, yet their virtue seems strangely empty, the expression respectively of a choleric and a melancholy temperament. As for Emilia, though commentators have found her ‘suicide’ hard to understand, it can best be understood as the result of an uncontrolled sensuality which has in fact been hinted at earlier in the play, and which is bound up with her extreme and specifically Catholic piety. Lessing's portrayal of her illustrates the Enlightenment critique of religious visionary experience, especially by nuns, as the product of excessive imagination and displaced sensuality. Odoardo, Appiani and Emilia represent different versions of ‘Schwärmerei’. A brief comparison with Kleist'sDie Marquise von O… suggests that Lessing depicts the Galottis as a dysfunctional family, and that Kleist was developing some of Lessing's implications. The Galottis' dysfunctionality is masked by their obsession with ‘Tugend’.
J. Cosmet. Sci., 59, 33–40 (January/February 2008) Isolation and characterization of Streptomyces hiroshimensis strain TI‐C3 with anti‐tyrosinase activity
Authors: Chang T.‐S. , Tseng M. , Ding H. S.‐Y. , Tai S. S.‐K. 
Published: January 2009

SynopsisA bacterial strain, TI‐C3, was isolated and verified to display 498 U mL‐1 of anti‐tyrosinase activity. Based on morphological, physiological, and chemical analysis, gyr B sequences, and DNA‐DNA hybridization analysis, the strain TI‐C3 was identified as a strain of Streptomyces hiroshimensis. The anti‐tyrosinase activity of the strain was improved to 905 U mL‐1 under cultivation, using glucose and malt extract as the sole carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively.
Vol. 42, No. 1, pp.1‐6, 2008 Overview of cosmetic dermatological approach for photoaging
Authors: Funasaka Y. 
Published: January 2009

Photoaging could be induced by accumulated DNA damage on skin cells. Photoaged skin has such characteristics as a nodular leathery surface with fine and coarse wrinkles, blotches and yellowing, dryness, and teleangiectasia, and finally skin cancer formation. For this condition, chemical peeling, iontophoresis, laser and phototherapy are used with some improvement, especially in wrinkles and pigmentary uniformity. Now the mechanisms of these treatments on photoaging have been studied. Glycolic acid may act on skin cells via keratinocytes and activate the cytokine network, which results in the remodeling of tissue construct and elimination of pigment. Heat generated by non‐ablative laser or phototherapy might induce heat shock proteins which induce new collagen formation, and eliminate oxidized abnormal materials. This type of research is expected to disclose the cellular and molecular mechanisms of photoaging, and to lead to the establishment of further effective photoaging treatment.Keywords: photoaging, cosmetic dermatology, chemical peeling, glycolic acid, skin rejuvenation, non‐ablative laser, Intense pulsed light (IPL), heat shock protein (hsp), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), thermal stimulation, advanced glycation end products (AGE), oxidative stress
Vol. 42, No. 1, pp.7‐15, 2008 Self‐aggregates of hydrophobic phospholipid polymer as a novel material in hair treatment
Authors: Yamamoto N. , Fukui H. , Yamagishi T.‐A. , Nakamoto Y. 
Published: January 2009

In this study, a hydrophobic phospholipid polymer nano‐dispersion was formed by self‐aggregating poly(2‐methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine‐co‐stearyl methacrylate) (PMS). Self‐aggregation was carried out by diluting a PMS/polyol solution with hot water. The zeta potential of the PMS particles was changed by complexation with anionic or cationic surfactants, the addition of which did not affect the average diameter of the PMS particles, which was always less than 50 nm. The cationized PMS nano‐dispersion was used for treating artificially damaged hair. An X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopic analysis showed uniform adsorption of the PMS onto the surface of the hair specimens. The PMS nano‐dispersion was not only adsorbed on the surface but also permeated into the hair, as shown by a fluorescence microscopic observation of the damaged hair treated with the PMS nano‐dispersion that also contained Nile Red. From a scanning electron microscope observation, the PMS was also found to suppress the lift‐ups of the hair cuticle. The surface of damaged hair was hydrophilic, whereas the one treated with PMS was hydrophobic, like healthy hair. PMS treatment has decreased the surface friction and electrostatic decay of damaged hair, and also prevented the discoloration of colored hair.Keywords: 2‐methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine, phospholipid polymer, intercellular lipid, nano‐dispersion, self‐aggregation, zeta potential, damaged hair, surface friction, electrostatic decay, discoloration
New‐Onset Epilepsy Risk Factors in Older Veterans
Authors: Pugh Mary Jo V. , Knoefel Janice E. , Mortensen Eric M. , Amuan Megan E. , Berlowitz Dan R. , Van Cott Anne C. 
Published: January 2009

OBJECTIVES: To identify risk factors for new‐onset geriatric epilepsy that may trigger clinicians to consider a differential diagnosis of epilepsy at symptom onset.DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study.SETTING: National Veterans Affairs (VA) databases.PARTICIPANTS: Veterans aged 66 and older in fiscal year 2000 (FY00) who received VA care in FY99 and FY00. Individuals with new‐onset epilepsy based on a validated algorithm constituted the epilepsy cohort (n=1,843), and individuals without epilepsy constituted the geriatric cohort (n=1,023,376).MEASUREMENTS: Age, sex, and race were derived from VA databases. Clinical conditions associated with new‐onset geriatric epilepsy (e.g., cerebrovascular disease, dementia, brain tumor) and stroke risk‐factors (e.g., hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease) were identified using validated International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification, codes before epilepsy onset (epilepsy cohort) and in FY00 (geriatric cohort).RESULTS: Multivariable logistic regression analysis indicated that patients with cerebrovascular disease (odds ratio (OR)=3.50, 95% confidence interval (CI)=3.13–3.91), cerebrovascular disease and dementia (OR=4.14, 95% CI=3.46–4.96), brain tumor (OR=2.14, 95% CI=1.46–3.13), head injury (OR=2.11, 95% CI=1.41–3.14), and other central nervous system (CNS) conditions (OR=1.57, 95% CI=1.32–1.88) were more likely to experience new‐onset epilepsy. Statin prescription (OR=0.64, 95% CI=0.56–0.73), older age (≥85 vs 66–74, OR=0.66, 95% CI=0.50–0.87), obesity (OR=0.74, 95% CI=0.62–0.87), and hypercholesterolemia (OR=0.87, 95% CI=0.76–0.98) were associated with a lower likelihood of epilepsy.CONCLUSION: These data suggest greater epilepsy risk for older individuals with CNS insult and an additive effect of cerebrovascular disease and dementia. The statin finding requires further exploration but points to a possible target for prevention of geriatric epilepsy.
Association Between Anticholinergic Drugs and Apolipoprotein E ɛ4 Allele and Poorer Cognitive Function in Older Cardiovascular Patients: A Cross‐Sectional Study
Authors: Uusvaara Juho , Pitkala Kaisu H. , Tienari Pentti J. , Kautiainen Hannu , Tilvis Reijo S. , Strandberg Timo E. 
Published: January 2009

OBJECTIVES:To clarify the association between anticholinergic drugs and apolipoprotein E ɛ4 allele carrier status (APOE4) and cognitive dysfunction.DESIGN:Cross‐sectional analyses of current drug use and cognitive functioning according to the baseline assessments of the Drugs and Evidence‐Based Medicine in the Elderly Study.SETTING:Helsinki, Finland.PARTICIPANTS:Four hundred community‐dwelling people aged 75 to 90 without clinical dementia but with a history of stable atherosclerotic disease.MEASUREMENTS:Cognitive function according to the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Clinical Dementia Rating Scale (CDR). Participants' use of anticholinergic drugs was estimated using definitions from previous scientific literature.APOEalleles determined from peripheral blood leukocyte deoxyribonucleic acid using standard polymerase chain reaction–based methods.RESULTS:There was an association between anticholinergic drugs and lower MMSE scores (Pfor trend <.001). The higher the number of anticholinergic drugs, the lower the MMSE score. Subjects with theAPOE4allele and using drugs with anticholinergic properties had the lowest median MMSE score (26), whereas those without theAPOE4allele and not using drugs with anticholinergic properties had the highest median MMSE score (28). When adjusted for age, sex, and education, the difference between the groups remained significant. The finding was similar for CDR scores.CONCLUSION:Use of drugs with anticholinergic properties was associated with lower cognitive function irrespective ofAPOE4carrier status. Having lower cognitive function as a group,APOE4carriers may be more vulnerable to this undesirable effect, but a follow‐up study is needed to demonstrate this.
Relationship between Autonomic Innervation in Crista Terminalis and Atrial Arrhythmia
Authors: ZHAO QING‐YAN , HUANG HE , TANG YAN‐HONG , WANG XI , OKELLO EMMY , LIANG JIN‐JUN , JIANG HONG , HUANG CONG‐XIN 
Published: January 2009

Background:The crista terminalis (CT) is known to initiate and maintain atrial arrhythmia, and is affected by autonomic tone, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. This study sought to study the relation between autonomic innervation in CT and atrial arrhythmia.Methods:Thirty adult canines were used in the present study. Tissues of the CT and the pectinate muscles (PM) were obtained from 10 dogs for electrophysiology studies. Furthermore, tissues of the superior CT, the inferior CT, and the PM were obtained from 10 dogs for immunohistochemistrical studies. Anti‐growth‐associated protein 43 (GAP43), anti‐tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) antibodies for immunocytochemical staining of cardiac nerves were performed to test the densities of autonomic nerve. Densities of IK,AChin the superior CT, the inferior CT, and the PM cells were measured by patch clamp in the other 10 dogs.Results:With the pacing cycle length decreased, the amplitude of delayed after depolarization (DAD) increased and DAD‐induced triggered activity was induced in the CT but not in PM with norepinephrine administration. GAP‐43 and TH‐positive nerves in the superior CT and the inferior CT were all significantly higher than in the PM (GAP‐43: 6,250 ± 1,928 vs 1,247 ± 747, 2,855 ± 1,579 vs 1,247 ± 747; TH: 3,140 ± 1,240 vs 690 ± 720, 1,210 ± 980 vs 690 ± 720; P < 0.01). Furthermore, the GAP‐43 and TH‐positive nerves in the superior CT were higher than in the inferior CT. However, there were no significant differences in ChAT‐positive nerves and IK,AChin the superior CT, the inferior CT, and the PM.Conclusions:The higher densities of adrenergic nerve in the CT play an important role in the genesis of atrial arrhythmia.
Efficacy of Additional Ablation of Complex Fractionated Atrial Electrograms for Catheter Ablation of Nonparoxysmal Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: LIN YENN‐JIANG , TAI CHING‐TAI , CHANG SHIH‐LIN , LO LI‐WEI , TUAN TA‐CHUAN , WONGCHAROEN WANWARANG , UDYAVAR AMEYA R. , HU YU‐FENG , CHANG CHIEN‐JUNG , TSAI WEN‐CHIN , KAO TSAIR , HIGA SATOSHI , CHEN SHIH‐ANN 
Published: January 2009

Background: The efficacy of ablation of complex fractionated atrial electrograms (CFEs) in the single ablation procedure for nonparoxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) patients is not well demonstrated. The aim of this study was to compare the ablation strategies of pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) plus linear ablation with and without additional ablation of CFEs in these patients. Methods: Consecutive 60 patients (49 ± 11 years old, 50 male, 10 female) with nonparoxysmal AF underwent catheter ablation guided by a NavX mapping system. A stepwise approach included a circumferential PVI and left atrial (LA) linear ablation followed by either the additional ablation of continuous CFEs in the LA/coronary sinus (the first 30 patients) or not (the second 30 patients), detected by an automatic algorithm. Results: There was no difference in the baseline characteristics between the two groups. Complete PVI eliminated some continuous CFEs and altered the distribution of CFEs. Following PVI and linear ablation, the remaining continuous CFEs were identified in 7.9 ± 10% mapping sites of the LA and CS, and were ablated successfully with a procedural AF termination rate of 53%. With a follow‐up of 19 ± 11 months, a Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that the patients with additional ablation of the CFEs had a higher rate of sinus rhythm maintenance. Multivariate analysis showed the single procedure success could be predicted by the procedural AF termination and the additional ablation of continuous CFEs in the LA/CS. Conclusions: Ablation of continuous CFEs after PVI and LA linear ablation had a better long‐term efficacy based on the results of single‐ablation procedure.
The Built Environment: Exploration toward a New Paradigm
Authors: DEASY DOROTHY , LUCKEN ERIK , DOWELL WILLIAM , GSCHEIDLE GRETCHEN , LEENHOUTS LAURA 
Published: January 2009

AbstractFor most businesses, group work is the way in which ideas are given voice. In this study, ethnographic research was conducted to explore group work and the environments in which it occurs. The research provides context for architects and designers who are conceiving improvements or reinventing the ways the built environment (e.g., furnishings, décor and architecture) influences the outcome of group activities. The research took place in two phases; phase one sought to develop a set of observable hypotheses and phase two sought to validate the hypotheses through observation. In the first phase “embedded reporters” were recruited from Herman Miller and Gensler staff to serve as observers of their own group work and to report on idea flow, knowledge transfer, size of groups, reasons for working together, stage of process, etc. During the second phase of the study, an ethnographic researcher shadowed a “hub” person skilled in group work for 1–3 days and observed group work behaviors. A second researcher with architectural experience documented the spaces where the observations took place. Same time / same place interactions are most important when meetings are highly staged or highly urgent. The intangible aspects of communication such as emotional comfort and group dynamics add value that is integral in these situations.