bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mating call differences between diploid and tetraploid green toads (Bufo viridis complex) in Middle Asia
Authors: Stöck Matthias 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMating calls of diploid and tetraploid green toads (Bufo viridis complex) from Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan were investigated during the breeding periods in 1994 and 1995 across a range of temperatures from 9°C to 22°C. Interpulse interval duration, pulse duration and call duration were negatively correlated with water temperature. At any given temperature tetraploid toads exhibited longer pulses and interpulse intervals resulting in lower pulse rates than diploid toads. These differences reveal a potential premating isolation barrier and provide an additional argument to consider diploid and tetraploid green toads as separate species. Call duration did not differ significantly between diploid and tetraploid green toads. Fundamental frequencies lay in the same range in both diploid and tetraploid toads.
Experiments With Albino Mice From Stocks Selected for Predictable Susceptibilities To Audiogenic Seizures 1)
Authors: Frings Hubert , Frings Mable , Hamilton Mildred 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Albino mice from a stock produced by nine generations of selection for high incidence of clonic-tonic seizures but low incidence of deaths in seizures were tested for susceptibility when started at 20, 25, 30, or 35 instead of the usual 15 days of age. There was a sharp decrease in susceptibility to clonic-tonic seizures and an increase in variability of response when the mice started at 25 days of age or later. When mice of the same stock which had had seizures regularly before 50 days of age were tested after 50 days of age they continued susceptible until death or near death, even when the life-span was relatively long. Offspring of crosses between mice of this stock and those of a stock selected for low seizure incidence had an average seizure incidence intermediate between those of the parent stocks, but no simple genetic explanation could be postulated. Mice of the high incidence stock which were mated without being tested for two generations produced offspring with decreased susceptibility, but still with a high proportion of individuals highly susceptible. These results show the necessity for standardization of stocks of mice and testing procedures in studies on audiogenic seizures. They support the view that inheritance of seizure susceptibility is multigenic and quantitative.
Aggressiveness, Territoriality, and Sexual Behavior in Field Crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)
Authors: Alexander Richard D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMost contacts between adult male field crickets involve aggressive behavior by one or both individuals and terminate with the obvious retreat of one individual. Aggressive behavior consists of one or more of several actions: in mild encounters there is either rearing of the forebody, lashing of the antennae, and shaking of the body, or else rearing of the hind body, kicking with the hind legs, and shaking of the body; in intense encounters, antennal lashing and rearing of the forebody are followed by spreading the mandibles, stridulating distinctively, rushing forward, sparring with the forelegs, butting with the head, and grappling, wrestling, or biting with the mandibles. A male is often flipped back or thrown sideways, but mutilation as a result of fighting is rare, and only in the most intense encounters is the winner determined by what seems to be superior strength or fighting ability. The outcomes of most encounters are determined by the relative tenacity of the two males, and the intensity of aggression exhibited is correlated with the length of the fight, continued aggressive activity developing into increasingly severe combat until one male finally retreats. Groups of adult male field crickets caged in small arenas form essentially linear dominance hierarchies which are stable for short periods of time and which can be described in terms of several characteristics: (1) each male dominates all or nearly all of his encounters with males below him in the hierarchy, (2) the total number of encounters by individual males decreases gradually toward the bottom of the hierarchy, (3) the intensity of aggression exhibited during encounters decreases more or less gradually toward the bottom of the hierarchy and the numbers of no-decision and no-aggression encounters and actively homosexual contacts increase, and (4) encounters between males which rank next to each other are usually more intense than encounters between males which are far apart in the hierarchy.
The Motivational Organisation Controlling the Mobbing Calls of the Blackbird (t uRd Us Mer Ula)
Authors: Andrew R.J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract1. The change from the low intensity mobbing call 'duck' to the high intensity call 'tix' involves the addition of what is probably the first overtone and a slight rise in pitch of the fundamental tone. The first change has a lower threshold than the second. 2. Bouts of calls are usually associated with flights and commonly begin a little before take-off. 3. At or near take-off there is a change (the 'flight effect') which tends to initiate calling if it has not begun, and to accelerate it and/or cause the change from 'duck' to 'tix', if it has. 4. Experimental prolongation of flight prolongs calling and promotes the change to a 'tix' type of call. 5. Bouts of calls given when perched are accompanied by activity of the system controlling flight, which does not reach the threshold for take-off.
Clam-Digging Behavior in the Starfish
Authors: Smith Lynwood S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe starfish, Pisastcr brevispinus, was observed to locate, dig, and eat bivalves in sand gravel substratum in Puget Sound. The tube feet were thrust through the substratum, moving sand and gravel toward the tips of the rays similarly to the tube foot motions in burrowing starfish such as Astropecten. P. brevispinus does not burrow, however, but digs a hole approximately the same diameter as the starfish and up to ten centimeters deep at the center. The mechanism by which the starfish locates the clam it not known, but the holes were accurately centered over the clams, not randomly dug. The entire digging process took two to three days in specimens observed in the field. MACGINITIE and MACGINITIE (1949) described California P. brevispinus as typically feeding on sand dollars. When placed on sand dollars in Puget Sound, P. brevispinus showed apparent irritation, but later in aquaria ate sand dollars although preferring clams. In the vicinity of Bremerton, P. brevispinus was not found associated with or bordering sand dollar beds.
Sexual Behavior in Three Inbred Strains of Mice
Authors: McGill Thomas E. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe sexual behavior of three inbred strains of mice was studied. Sixteen different behavioral measures were scored; twelve of these sixteen measures revealed statistically significant behavioral differences. The results were as follows: I. C57BL males are characterized by speed. They gain intromission sooner, spend less time between intromissions, and ejaculate sooner than do the other two strains. 2. DBA/2 males show significantly longer intromission latencies, interintromissior. intervals, preintromission mount durations, and mounts than do the C57BL and BALB/c males. DBA/2 males ejaculate with fewer intromissions and thrusts than the other two strains. 3. BALB/c males require the longest time (over one hour), the greatest number of intromissions, and the greatest number of thrusts prior to ejaculation. The sexual behavior of the inbred strains of mice was compared to the sexual behavior of the rat, hamster, and guinea pig. Mention was made of the possibility for genitical and physiological studies of the behavioral differences.
Bringing Up a Young Monkey (Erythrocebus Patas)
Authors: Bolwig Niels 
Published: April 2008

Abstract1. A young patas monkey was reared by the author from extreme youth (two weeks old at the most). A great deal of attention was given to its upbringing and great efforts were made to emulate the care which, one judged, it would have received from its mother. 2. HARLOW'S stages of reflex, clinging for security, and final detachment through exploration were clearly recognised although the reflex stage seemed less pronounced than in the rhesus monkeys. 3. The importance of clinging to a soft object was confirmed. 4. The mouth region, lower face, chin, ventral neck and chest seem to be the most important contact points, besides the palms of the hands and feet. 5. Contrary to HARLOW'S experiments the observations seem to show that sucking something soft is of the greatest importance to the animal's comfort and feeling of security. 6. Observations were made on the animal's diet and on what it put into its mouth, thereby gradually learning what was eatable. 7. Many observations were made on the monkey's play, its relationship to other animals and its interest in dolls, films and pictures. 8. Various emotional expressions are described. Laughter is traced back to the play-bite and the kiss to the sucking and playing with the mother's teat similar to the origin of the human kiss. 9. Methods of training are discussed taking the animal's particular social and possessive behaviour into consideration. The conclusion is that punishment usually has an effect opposite to that desired. 10. A comparison was made with a small red-tailed monkey brought up with a HARLOW'S mother-substitute. It is suggested that various differences in the behaviour of the two neo-natal monkeys is connected with differences in social behaviour such as troop organisation. 11. It is suggested that when the mother-child relationship of humans is compared with that of other primates more consideration should be taken of the "nesting" behaviour of humans.
The Effects of Some Neuronal Drugs On the Settling Behaviour of Hemileucine Moths
Authors: Collett T.S. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract1. The walking behaviour of Automeris aspera was examined as one of the factors which contribute to the variability of the rocking score in this species. When walking precedes settling it potentiates the rocking score, so that the further an animal has walked the more likely it is to give its maximum response. However, the strength of walking does not determine that maximum. It is argued that walking acts by priming the rocking system directly. 2. The administration of physostigmine to some species of Hemileucine moths will quantitatively alter the rocking response, so that the number of rocks an animal will give at any time is increased (lowest dose used: 5 microlitres 1 : 25,000 W/V). The qualitative form of the response is unaltered. The effect is dosage dependent: higher concentrations raise the score more rapidly than lower. At low concentrations the maximum response induced by physostigmine appears to be stable for several hours. There is a correlation between the maximum response obtained before the drug is given and that obtained after, though the two ranges scarcely overlap. 3. Except when the increment is very great, the potentiation imposed by physostigmine does not prevent a further potentiation of the rocking score by walking. Similarly, despite the action of physostigmine (a) factors inhibiting rocking continue to do so, (b) inter-specific variations in the form of the response are still present. However, response waning in Hylesia nigricans, which in this species is shown to be partially a property of the rocking system, was not apparent after preparations had been treated with physostigmine. 4. Nicotine does not affect the rocking score at low concentrations, while at higher concentrations rapid knockdown precludes the observation of any change. 5. Pilocarpine (lowest dose 10 microlitres 1 : 10,000 W/V) raises the rocking score, though the increment wanes rapidly, and large increments appear to result from successive re-excitations of the response. 6. Atropine (threshold dose 5 microlitres 1 : 15,000 W/V) reduces the rocking score, and the reduction is dosage dependent. The decrement may be partially, though unreliably obviated by the prior occurrence of walking, or by the administration of physostigmine. 7. Automeris nyctimane leucane differs from Automeris aspera; whereas the rocking response of both species is similarly affected by atropine, physostigmine only affects Automeris aspera. 8. The effects of all these drugs, unlike those produced by the metabolic inhibitors previously examined (BLEST and COLLETT, 1963), are not dependent on the performance of the response.
Observations On the Sexual Behaviour of Some Longicorn Beetles, Subfamily Lepturinae (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae)
Authors: Michelsen Axel 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA description is given of the sexual behaviour of 16 longicorn beetles of the subfamily Lepturinae. The following points have been investigated:- 1. Stimulation of the female performed by the male either as a "licking" or combined "licking and tapping" of the female elytra or the grasping of an antenna of the female. 2. Movements of the antennae of the male, which seem to be an expression of the "state of excitement" of the male. These movements are in principle thought to be one of the behaviour patterns originally present in the order Coleoptera. 3. A "round dance", one of the methods for the female to throw off the male after copula, is described. 4. A selection of partner according to size is described in the genus Rhagium. 5. A comparative analysis is attempted for some species and systematic conclusions of such comparisons are proposed.
Le Substratum Inné Dans Le Comportement De Blatella Germanica Placée Dans Divers Labyrinthes
Authors: Darchen Roger 
Published: April 2008

AbstractPar des travaux antérieures, l'auteur s'est aperçu que la Blatte, laissée libre sur un grand plan, était mue par des tendances innées extrêmement puissantes et tenaces. Il s'est donc appliqué ici à déterminer dans quelle mesure un tel substratum inné gouverne cet Insecte sur les surfaces labyrinthoïdes en vue d'établir des techniques d'utilisation de tels labyrinthes dans de futures expériences. Il acquiert par là même des résultats qui permettent une meilleure compréhension du comportement explorateur. 1) Nous avons démontré la nécessité de conserver les insectes à l'obscurité au moins pendant 18 heures afin de rendre plus isotrope l'exploration des plans. 2) Nous avons montré la puissante influence de l'éclairement des pistes et des parois environnantes sur la technique d'exploration des Blattes. 3) Chaque type de labyrinthe, dans des conditions expérimentales données, induit un schème locomoteur d'exploration. L'exploration n'est donc jamais isotrope. La notion de "force vive" explique peut-être les visites nombreuses d'éléments privilégiés d'un labyrinthe. 4) Nantis de ces résultats, nous comparons le comportement des Blattes, des Fourmis et des Rats. Les résultats des travaux de SCHNEIRA sur les Fournis nous permettent de découvrir que le comportement de nos deux espèces d'Insectes se ressemble énormément; ceux de divers auteurs américains sur le Rat présentent un grand parallélisme avec les nôtres ; en revanche, l'œuvre de MONTGOMERY laisse apparaitre de grosses différences entre le comportement explorateur des Rats et celui des Blattes : les Rats alternent leurs choix dans les labyrinthes. SCHNEIRLA ajoute cependant que le Rat domine plus rapidement que les Insectes ses tendances motrices. 5) Enfin, nous critiquons l'utilisation abusive des labyrinthes dans l'étude de l'apprentissage et l'interprétation erronée des calculs statistiques de certains auteurs. Nous proposons de nouvelles techniques tenant compte du substratum inné des Blattes.
Ethological Studies of the Budgerigar: Reproductive Behavior
Authors: Brockway Barbara F. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBehavior patterns associated with pairing, precopulatory, copulatory and postcopulatory activities in Melopsittacus undulatus (a colonial psittacine parrot) are described ; and their possible function, causation and evolution is discussed. Heterosexual pair formation involves 3 obvious activities; Head Shaking, male Loud Warble and female following of the male. Two of these are also seen in precopulatory context. Courtship feeding, reciprocal preening and possibly Loud Warbling or other vocalizations, sidling activities, Courtship feeding, Head-bobbing and attempts to mount. tions variously in precopulatory stimulation and providing nourishment to an incubating or brooding female. Its role as a possible "reward" or appeasement to the female during precopulatory behavior is discussed. Typical male precopulatory behavior consists of 6 "Nudging-Pumping actions", various vocalizations, sidling activities, courtship feeding, Head-bobbing and attempts to mount. Redirected precopulatory behavior and Head Shaking (possibly derived from displacement head shaking) are quite common and redirected aggression is less so. These are described and causally and functionally discussed. The manner of copulation is unique. The male generally plays the more active role in courtship with a typical conflict of FaM (sensu MORRIS, 1956a), while the female shows a typical conflict of fAm. The importance of crown and throat feather adjustments, typically sleeked or normal in the female and ruffled in the male, as possibly signalling the relative motivational states of both sexes is discussed. Also, the ruffled male crown and throat feathers may serve as appeasement towards the female.
Observations On the Incidence of Following of Visual and Auditory Stimuli in Naive Mallard Ducklings (Anas Platyrhynchos)
Authors: Boyd Hugh , Fabricius Eric 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The responses of naive mallard ducklings to simple moving models and to simple calls (rapidly repeated "kom") were studied at different posthatch ages, ranging from 3 to 240 hours. i. The proportion of ducklings following moving models, not accompanied by calls, gradually decreased from 58 % at io-20 hours to 17 % at 240 hours. 2. The proportion of ducklings responding to moving models by avoidance rose steeply with increasing age, beginning with 46% at I0-20 hours and reaching ioo% at 240 hours, or probably earlier, between 80 and 240 hours. 3. The proportion of ducklings ready to follow auditory stimuli showed a steep initial rise, culminating in a maximum of 85% reached at 40-5o hours, and followed by a final decrease, although not so marked as in the case of visual stimuli. At 240 hours, the proportion of followers was still as high as 50 %. 4. Ducklings which had not initially followed moving objects could be induced to do so by presenting the model in combination with auditory stimuli. After this procedure, they followed the model even when no auditory stimuli were presented. 5. Some ducklings reacted to moving models by aggressive behaviour (threat posture and attack), or by pumping head movements similar to the pre-copulatory display of the adult mallard. 6. The discrepancy between the long persistence of the following tendency in naive ducklings and the existence of an early critical period found by HESS is discussed. It is suggested that the departure of mallard ducklings from the nest often takes place at an age well past the critical period. Under these circumstances the long persistence of a high level of responsiveness to stimuli releasing the following reaction must have a high adaptive value, particularly in connection with the dangerous journey of the brood from the nest to the nearerst water. The curve for the following of auditory stimuli probably reflects the true state of the following tendency more closely than the curve for the following of visual stimuli, which is depressed by escape tendencies in older ducklings. Ignorance of the long persistence of the responsiveness to unconditioned stimuli eliciting the following response may have been a source of error in some current work on imprinting.
Intra- and Interspecific Differences in Phototactic Behaviour of Freshwater Turtles
Authors: Mrosovsky N. , Boycott B.B. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWith fresh water turtles Pseudemys scripta elegans some individuals choose a white compartment and others a black one when tested in identical conditions on a small diving stand. These differences could not be related to weight, sex, adaptation to laboratory conditions, or level of illumination in the starting area. Latencies were very variable but for many individual animals responses made to the black side tended to be quicker than those to the white side. Other species (Pseudemys floridana and Pseudemys scripta ornata) showed a higher level of positive phototaxis and less individual variation. In many animals tested the positive response to the white stimulus became more frequent as testing was extended up to 60 trials. Some cautions are given about the design of experiments on learning in turtles. The role of positive phototaxis in the water-finding abilities of hatchling turtles is discussed. The possible value of the study of the negatively phototactic turtles in elucidating some aspects of their life cycle is suggested, but the present work produced no good evidence that individual variations depended on maturational differences.
The Effects of Human Environment Upon the Reactions To Novel Situations in the Rhesus
Authors: Singh S.D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSix urban and six forest adult rhesus monkeys were individually tested in several novel situations to see as to whether human environment has got any effect on the responsiveness of these animals to novel objects and novel situations. In contrast to the forest Ss, the urban ones were found to be active, manipulative, contacted objects readily and frequently, and were not at all timid of strange humans. The Ss of the two groups did not differ much with respect to their bodily postures such as prone, supine; and stereotyped behaviours were seldomly performed by the Ss of either group.
The Sexual Behaviour of the Blowfly, Protophormia Terrae-Novae R. -D
Authors: Parker G.A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn P. terrae-novae the male courtship behaviour begins with a run towards the female followed by mounting, orientation, and copulation. Male sexual activity begins on the second day after adult emergence if supplied with a solution of "Marmite" yeast extract and milk, sugar, and water. No reactions to a volatile sex attractant could be demonstrated from either sex. Other males are equally effective as females in eliciting "encounters" from sexually active males, and the encounter rate of males in isolated all male cultures is the same as that of males in the presence of attractive females. Though attractive females do not affect the male behaviour before contact they elicit an increased chance of completion of the pattern after encounter, whereas bouts with other males tend to break off in the early stages of courtship. Sexual behaviour directed towards newly emerged individuals of either sex is inhibited relative to that directed towards other sexually active males. The males from mixed-sex cultures gradually become attractive to other males, which respond to them as if they were attractive females. This may be due to their contamination with a female pheromone of the "mounting stimulant" type. Though males fed only on sugar and water showed a vastly reduced rate of sexual activity, their mechanism of sex discrimination remained unimpaired. In cultures with active males, newly emerged females become attractive and mate on the second day after adult emergence. About 4% of the attacks by males on pairs in copula result in a clnange of copulating male. After copulation females reject any further attention from males by horizontal vibration of their wings across the abdomen. This reduces the duration of mounting and prevents genital contact, otherwise mated females are as attractive as virgins. The female vibration response is elicited mainly on mounting, especially after orientation, but never before contact by the male. Males reject courtship with a "pushing" of the hind legs as in cleaning. This operates when a mount persists, and though the chances of orientation and genital extension are reduced the chance of mounting is not.