bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photoresponsive Crown Ethers. 19. Photocontrol of Reversible Association-Dissociation Phenomena in “Tail(Ammonium)-Biting” Crown Ethers
Authors: Shinkai Seiji , Yoshida Tohru , Miyazaki Kiminori , Manabe Osamu 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The aggregation properties of photoresponsive crown ethers (1) having a crown ring and an ammonioalkyl (H3N+–(CH2)n−, n=4, 6, 10) group attached to the two sides of an azobenzene have been evaluated through the measurements of average molecular weights and electric conductance. Osmometric determination of average molecular weights established that all trans-isomers (trans-1 (n=4, 6, 10)) form the pseudocyclic dimers due to intermolecular crown-ammonium complexation. Photoisomerized cis-1 (n=6) and cis-1 (n=10), which have been designed so that intramolecular “biting” of the ammonio group to the crown can occur upon photoisomerization, existed as the discrete monomers. On the other hand, cis-1 (n=4), which cannot form the intramolecular “tail-biting” complex because of the short tetramethylene spacer, existed as the pseudo-cyclic dimer. This difference was well reflected by electric conductance: in 1 (n=6) and 1 (n=10), the conductance increased synchronously with trans-to-cis photoisomerization and decreased with cis-to-trans photoisomerization. Such a photoresponsive conductance change was scarcely detected for 1 (n=4). Furthermore, the additives which enforce dissociation of the dimeric species to the monomeric species suppressed the magnitude of the photoinduced conductance change. This is a novel example that the light energy is transmitted to the conductance change.
Syntheses of 3-Deoxy-3-C-methyl-3-nitro-d- and l-glucosides and Their Denitrohydrogenation with Tributyltin Hydride
Authors: Otani Sinichi , Hashimoto Shiro 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Cyclization, with nitroethane in the presence of sodium methoxide, of the dialdehyde produced by periodate oxidation of methyl β-d-glucopyranoside and acetylation led to methyl 2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-3-C-methyl-3-nitro-β-d- and -α-l-glucopyranoside (1, 12% and 2, 8.8%). In the case of methyl α-d-glucopyranoside, products 3 (8.6%) and 4 (8.0%) were antipodes of 1 and 2, respectively. Denitrohydrogenation of 1 or 3 with tributyltin hydride in toluene led to 3-deoxy-3-C-methyl-β-d-pyranosides (gluco, 5, 61% and allo, 6, 22%) or l-pyranosides (gluco, 9, 65% and allo, 10, 19%), respectively. This sequence of the reaction was a novel method for the syntheses of 3-deoxy-3-C-methyl-l-glucose and -l-allose. Denitrohydrogenation of 2 or 4 led to a mixture of 3-deoxy-3-C-methyl-α-l-pyranosides (allo, 7, 39% and gluco, 8, 41%) or mixture of 3-deoxy-3-C-methyl-α-d-pyranosides (allo, 11, 38% and gluco, 12, 41%), respectively. Methyl 2-O-acetyl-4,6-O-benzylidene-3-deoxy-3-nitro-β-d-glucopyranoside was denitrohydrogenated to the corresponding 3-deoxy sugar (14) in 68% yield.
Activation of Glassy Carbon Electrodes by Polishing with Ceramics Particles
Authors: Aihara Makoto , Komatsu Masahiro 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Glassy carbon electrode polished with ceramics particles (TiB2, SiC, and TiC) showed higher oxidation rate of ascorbic acid. The activation seems to depend on hardness of glassy carbon and ceramics particles and to be influenced by fresh edges formed on glassy carbon surface.
Structure of Protonated Products of Potassium 1-(Dimethylamino)naphthylide
Authors: Oku Akira , Homoto Yukio 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Potassium 1-(dimethylamino)naphthylide (K+DMAN\ewdot) was protonated by aqueous THF and the structures of protonated products (overall yield of three isomeric products was almost quantitative) were analyzed by 1H NMR and their 2D-NOE correlation. Products were 1-(dimethylamino)-5,8-dihydronaphthalene (major product, 88%), 7,8-dihydro- (9%), and 5,6-dihydro-isomer (3%). Deducing from the structures, the protonation pathway as well as the spin distribution in K+DMAN\ewdot is discussed.
Synthesis, Properties, and Crystal and Molecular Structure of Diaquatetrakis(thiocyanato)cobalt(II)mercury(II)-2-pyrrolidone (1/2), [CoHg(SCN)4(H2O)2]·2C4H7NO
Authors: Kinoshita Hisashi , Ouchi Akira 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The title inclusion compound, which has a new-type “double decker” host skeleton, has been obtained, and its crystal and molecular structure has been determined by the X-ray diffraction technique using its single crystal. 2-Pyrrolidone molecules are not directly coordinated to any metal atoms, but are hydrogen-bonded with coordinated water-oxygen atoms in the two-dimensional polymer planes of [CoHg(SCN)4(H2O)2]n. In the complex polymer, each pair of adjacent Hg(4S(SCN) four-coordinated in a tetrahedral geometry) and Co(4N(SCN), 2O(water, trans) six-coordinated in an octahedral geometry) atoms are bridged with a thiocyanate (SCN) ion. Such two types of networks are spread approximately parallel to the (010) plane at 1/4 and 3/4 heights, and the included Lewis base molecule layers are also doubled. Compared with the previously reported single-layer host skeleton of [CoHg(SCN)4(H2O)2]·2L (L=Lewis base), the present one is short in its inter-complex layer distance, in spite of the analogous size of the included molecule. The crystallographic data are: orthorhombic, space group P21nb, a=12.004(4), b=15.330(5), c=11.985(4) Å, and Z=4. The final R value was 0.054.
The Relationships between the Formation Constants of 2,2′-Bipyridine Metal(II) Complexes and the Donor Numbers of Solvents
Authors: Abe Yuriko , Wada Goro 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The complex formation constants of cobalt(II) or zinc(II) with 2,2′-bipyridine (bpy) were determined spectrophotometrically in various solvents. The values of logK1, logK2, and logK3 for the Co(II) complexes obtained were 4.06±0.06, 3.09±0.04, and 1.15±0.02 respectively in dimethyl sulfoxide, while those of logK1 for the Zn(II)–bpy complexes were 6.27±0.10, 4.14±0.01, 4.71±0.03, and 3.44±0.12 in trimethyl phosphate, N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, and dimethyl sulfoxide respectively. It was found that the linear relationships hold between logarithms of the formation constants of the bpy complexes and the donor numbers of the solvents when both the solvated metal ions and the bpy complexes are octahedral in the solvents.
Preparation and Structure of {Bis(3-aminopropyl)amine}(r-1, c-3, c-5-cyclohexanetriamine)cobalt(III) Complex
Authors: Ishii Minoru , Umehara Michiko , Nakahara Masayoshi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
{Bis(3-aminopropyl)amine}(r-1 ,c-3,c-5-cyclohexanetriamine)cobalt(III) complex was prepared and the crystal structure of its iodide has been analyzed by X-ray diffraction. The complex cation has a facial configuration and an exo-type of N(secondary)–H bond orientation in bis(3-aminopropyl)amine. There is only a little distortion in the octahedron of this complex cation.
Favorskii-Type Rearrangement of α,α′-Dihalo Ketones Induced by Enolates of (Diethoxyphosphinyl)acetic Esters and Its Application to the Synthesis of α,α′-Divinyl Ketones
Authors: Sakai Takashi , Amano Eiichiro , Miyata Kazuyoshi , Utaka Masanori , Takeda Akira 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A Favorskii-type rearrangement of 1,3-dihalo-3-methyl-2-butanone with enolate of ethyl (diethoxyphosphinyl)acetate or t-butyl (diethoxyphosphinyl)acetate gave ethyl 2-(diethoxyphosphinyl)-5-methyl-3-oxo-4-hexenoate (3a) or its t-butyl ester (3b). Compound 3b was applied to the preparation of (E)-5-methyl-1-(p-tolyl)-1,4-hexadien-3-one and diethyl (4-methyl-2-oxo-3-pentenyl)phosphonate, which are the important intermediates for natural product syntheses.
Useful Synthetic Routes to Pure exo-5-Vinyl-2-norbornene and endo-5-Vinyl-2-norbornene
Authors: Inoue Yoshiharu 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Hydroboration of 5-vinyl-2-norbornene (1) with 9-BBN mainly affords 5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-norbornene (2). The iodo ether cyclization of 2 can convert only endo-5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-norbornene (2b) to iodo ether 10, followed by reductive elimination and subsequent dehydration to furnish endo-5-vinyl-2-norbornene (1b) which has not been isolated in pure form. Meanwhile, unreacted exo-5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-norbornene (2a) produces exo-5-vinyl-2-norbornene (1a) via dehydration.
Fluorescence Behavior and Energy Transfer of Cyanine Dyes Bound to Bilayer Membranes of Double-Chain Ammonium Amphiphiles
Authors: Nakashima Naotoshi , Ando Reiko , Kunitake Toyoki 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Negatively-charged cyanine dyes are bound specifically to aqueous bilayer membranes of double-chain ammonium amphiphiles, as reflected in their absorption spectra. The quantum yield of the fluorescence emission of a trimethine-thiacyanine dye is remarkably enhanced (up to 0.64) when the dye is bound to crystalline bilayer membranes of certain double-chain ammonium amphiphiles. The fluorescence intensity diminished drastically with the liquid crystalline bilayers. Efficient energy transfer is noted from an oxacyanine to the thiacyanine dye in the crystalline membrane matrix. The efficiency decreases by the membrane phase transition to the liquid crystalline state. These results are discussed in terms of specific dye binding and concentration of dyes at the membrane surface.
The Molecular Structure of Tricarbonyl(triple-layered [2.2]paracyclophane)chromium at −95°C(Monoclinic Form) and −160°C (Triclinic Form)
Authors: Oike Hitoshi , Kai Yasushi , Miki Kunio , Tanaka Nobuo , Kasai Nobutami 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The tricarbonylchromium complex of triple-layered [2.2]paracyclophane shows a reversible phase transition in the solid state from the monoclinic to the triclinic form at a temperature between −100 and −110°C. The monoclinic form crystallizes in the space group P21⁄c, with a=15.095(6), b=9.950(3), c=15.641(5) Å, β=103.46(3)° (−95°C), and Z=4: The triclinic form belongs to the space group P\bar1, with a=15.037(5) Å, b=9.913(2), c=15.662(5) Å, α=89.41(3), β=104.51(3), γ=89.39(4)° (−160°C), and Z=4. In the triclinic crystal, two molecules are crystallographically independent. The crystal structures were solved by the direct method and then refined by the block-diagonal least-squares procedure to the R indices of 0.067 for 3530 (monoclinic form) and 0.079 for 6776 (triclinic form) observed reflections. No essential difference is found between the structures of the monoclinic-form molecule and the two triclinic-form molecules. The interlayer distance between the upper-layer benzene ring coordinated to the Cr(CO)3 group and the middle-layer benzene ring is unusually shorter than the corresponding distance between the middle- and lower-layer benzene rings. No bond alternation is found in the upper-layer benzene ring, unlike as in the tricarbonyl(benzene)chromium complex and the (tricarbonyl)chromium complex of double-layered [2.2]paracyclophane. The phase transition of the crystal can be explained by a slight change in the molecular packing.
The Reaction of Dibutyl Disulfide with Hydrogen Atom
Authors: Tang Jie , Kamo Tohru , Yamada Muneyoshi , Ohshima Yozo , Amano Akira 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The title reaction was investigated at room temperature and under pressures ranging from 133 to 2660 Pa. 1-Butanethiol, butane, and 1-butene were the main products. In the reaction with deuterium atom, dibutyl disulfide and 1-butanethiol were not deuterated, while butane was monodeuterated. The following mechanism was proposed to account for the product composition and its pressure dependency as well as the deuterium labeling of the products. C4H9SSC4H9+D· → n-C4H9SD +n-C4H9S·, n-C4H9S· +D· → n-C4H9SD*, n-C4H9SD*+M → n-C4H9SD, n-C4H9SD* → Δ′-C4H8+HDS, n-C4H9SD* → n-C4H9· +DS·, n-C4H9· +D· → n-C4H9D, n-C4H9· +D· → Δ′-C4H8+HD.
Association of Benzene and Alkylbenzenes with Cyclodextrins in Aqueous Medium
Authors: Sanemasa Isao , Akamine Youko 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Formation constants of the following aromatic hydrocarbons with α-,β-, and γ-cyclodextrin(CyD) were determined in aqueous medium at 25°C in the presence of excess CyD : benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, propylbenzene, isopropylbenzene, (o-, m-, and p-)xylene, and (1,2,3-, 1,2,4-, and 1,3,5-)trimethylbenzene. The technique used to study association between host(CyD) and guest (hydrocarbon) is based on the facts that the guest molecules can be driven out to gaseous phase by introducing an inert gas at a constant flow rate into the aqueous solution and that the volatilization rate of guest decreases with increasing association with the host in the aqueous solution. The 1 : 1 and 2 : 1 (host : guest) formation constants were evaluated. As a measure of hydrophobicity of guest molecules, the free energy change of dehydration derived from Henry’s law constant was used. Based on hydrophobicity and a host-guest spatial-fitting model, the formation constants have been discussed.
Topological Ligand Design. III. Parent Ligand Graphs, Simple Cage Graphs, and Donor-Atomic Graphs for the Octahedral Coordination
Authors: Takamoto Susumu , Enkaku Chikako 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Various computer processes to determine all parent ligand graphs, simple cage graphs, and donor-atomic graphs for the octahedral coordination are described in order to design new sexidentate ligands. A complex ligand graph is represented by a numeral comprising of 12 figures, each of which indicates the code of a unit graph of six kinds placed on 12 edges of an octahedron. Then, 1055 parent ligand graphs, excluding chiral isomers, are selected from 612 permutations of the complex ligand graphs. A simple cage graph is produced by fusing a pair of adjacent lines around every point of an octahedral graph; 102 kinds of simple cage graphs, excluding chiral isomers, have been obtained. Another more practical method for ligand design has been proposed by starting from 62 donor-atomic graphs.
Synthesis on 1,4-Diaminocyclitol Antibiotics. IV. Synthesis of 7′-Phenylfortimicin A and 7′-Phenyl-6′-epifortimicin A
Authors: Kanai Kazuaki , Ogawa Seiichiro , Suami Tetsuo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
7′-Phenylfortimicin A and 7′-phenyl-6′-epifortimicin A have been synthesized by condensation of newly prepared 1-O-acetyl-2,6-bis(2,4-dinitrophenylamino)-2,3,4,6,7-pentadeoxy-7-phenyl-l-lyxo-heptopyranose and -d-ribo-heptopyranose, respectively, with 2,5-di-O-benzoyl-1,4-bis[N-(methoxycarbonyl)]fortamine B, followed by deprotection.
Total Synthesis of 6-Hydroxy-epi-PS 5 and 6-Methoxy-epi-PS 5
Authors: Watanabe Azuma , Fukagawa Yasuo , Ishikura Tomoyuki , Yoshioka Takeo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The stabilizing effect of the 6-methoxyl or 6-hydroxyl substituent on dehydropeptidase I sensitivity of PS 5 was examined by a new total synthesis of 6-methoxy-epi-PS 5 and 6-hydroxy-epi-PS 5 from dimethyl benzyloxycarbonylaminomalonate. The Wittig reaction of α-(t-butoxycarbonyl)propylidenetriphenylphosphorane with a pyrrolidine derivative predominantly afforded a trans-α,β unsaturated ester, which was epoxidated, N-deprotected and cyclized to give a bicyclic carbapenam with a C-6 hydroxyl group. After the 6-hydroxyl group was methylated, the 2-(acetamido)ethylthio side chain was introduced at C-3 of the carbapenam by benzeneselenenylation of the geminal diester, followed by elimination of the seleninyl group. The resulting carbapenam was converted to 6-methoxy-epi-PS 5. Furthermore, 6-hydroxy-epi-PS 5 was synthesized by the use of tetrahydropyranyl and trimethylsilyl ethers for protection of the 6-hydroxyl group in a process similar to that for synthesis of 6-methoxy-epi-PS 5.
Crystal Structure of TTF·BTDA–TCNQ Complex. A New Type of CT Complex with an Inclusion Behavior and a Multi-Dimensional Structure
Authors: Suzuki Takanori , Kabuto Chizuko , Yamashita Yoshiro , Mukai Toshio 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The crystal structure of TTF·BTDA–TCNQ complex was determined by an X-ray diffraction method. The crystals are monoclinic, space group P21⁄n with a=9.660(1), b=7.231(1), c=14.628(2) Å, β=91.31(1)°, and Z=2. The structure was solved by the direct method and refined by the block-diagonal least-squares method to give an R value of 0.040 for non-zero 2620 reflections. The complex is nonionic and the molecules form equally spaced mixed stacks along the b axis. These stacks are connected by strong transverse interactions resulting in a three-dimensional structure. BTDA–TCNQ molecules make cavities by S–N≡C interactions in which TTF molecules are included. This complex is not a simple CT complex with mixed stacks but rather the one with some inclusion behavior.
Halogenation Using Quaternary Ammonium Polyhalides. IV. Selective Bromination of Phenols by Use of Tetraalkylammonium Tribromides
Authors: Kajigaeshi Shoji , Kakinami Takaaki , Okamoto Tsuyoshi , Nakamura Hiroko , Fujikawa Masahiro 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Reaction of phenols with calculated amounts of benzyltrimethylammonium tribromide or tetrabutylammonium tribromide in dichloromethane–methanol for 0.5–1 h under mild conditions gave, selectively, the objective mono-, di-, or tribromophenols in good yields.
Preparation of Nickel(II)–Hydroxide–(Sodium Fluoride Tetrasilicic Mica) Intercalation Complexes and Formation of Ultra Fine Nickel Particles by H2 Reduction
Authors: Ohtsuka Kunio , Suda Mitsuru , Ono Mikiya , Takahashi Minoru , Sato Minoru , Ishio Shunji 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Nickel(II)–hydroxide–(sodium fluoride tetrasilicic mica) intercalation complexes were prepared by titrating nickel(II) nitrate solutions in the presence of mica with sodium hydroxide. As the degree of interlayering increased, the I(002)⁄I(001) intensity ratio increased and the specific surface areas decreased. The composition of fully developed nickel(II) hydroxide interlayer, to be exact, hydroxonickel(II) complex was [Ni3(OH)5(H2O)]+ per formula unit. Nickel(II) hydroxide within the interlayers of the silicate was reduced at about 500 °C in H2 flow and then 5–10 nm ultra fine nickel particles were distributed over the whole surface of mica. With an increase of reducing temperature, the amount of reduced nickel increased and sintering of nickel particles on the surface of mica proceeded.
Structure of Aquachloro(4-hydroxy-l-prolinato)copper(II)
Authors: Itoh Shiroo , Yukawa Yasuhiko , Inomata Yoshie , Takeuchi Toshio 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
An X-ray diffraction study of the title complex has been carried out. The crystal is monoclinic, with the space group P21; Z=2, a=8.712(1), b=6.055(1), c=8.187(1) Å, β=109.83(1)°. Block-diagonal least-squares refinements have led to the final R value of 0.052. The structure consists of a one-dimensional polymer chain bridged by only one carboxylato group of a 4-hydroxy-l-prolinato ligand. The chains are parallel to the b axis; each is connected with the neighboring one by hydrogen bonds between water oxygen atoms and chlorine atoms. Thus a sheet forms parallel to the (0 0 1) plane. One carboxylato oxygen atom of the 4-hydroxy-l-prolinato ligand is coordinated to two copper atoms, and the other is coordinated to one of these two copper atoms. The copper atom is surrounded by three carboxylato oxygen atoms, one water oxygen atom, one nitrogen atom in a pyrrolidine ring, and one chlorine atom. Therefore the copper atom has distorted octahedral coordination.
Mössbauer and DTA Studies of Semiconducting Potassium Vanadate Glasses Containing Iron
Authors: Nishida Tetsuaki , Takashima Yoshimasa 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A Mössbauer spectrum of a series of potassium vanadate glasses containing 10 mol% Fe2O3 shows a paramagnetic quadrupole doublet, of which isomer shift proves to be smaller than 0.4 mm s−1 with respect to metallic iron. This indicates that the individual Fe3+ ion is present at the substitutional site of the V5+ (and probably V4+) ion constituting a VO4 tetrahedral unit. An increase in the K2O content of the potassium vanadate glasses results in a continuous decrease in the glass transition temperature (Tg), ranging from 239 to 200 °C, when the K2O content is changed from 5 to 30 mol%. This suggests a decrease in the coordination number of the V5+ (and V4+) ion from 5 to 4 and a formation of nonbridging oxygen atoms in the VO4 and FeO4 tetrahedral units. The formation of nonbridging oxygen atoms in the VO4 and FeO4 units is also estimated from a continuous decrease in the quadrupole splitting, suggesting a decrease in the electric field gradient at the iron nucleus and an increase in the symmetry around the Fe3+ ion. These results lead to the conclusion that the introduction of the alkali oxide (K2O) into the V2O5 results in a structural change of the V5+ (and V4+) ions from VO5 tetragonal pyramid (or trigonal bipyramid) to VO4 tetrahedral units.
13C NMR Spectra of Substituted 2-Thiophenecarboxylic Acid Methyl Esters and MNDO Calculations
Authors: Satonaka Hajime , Abe Kazuhisa , Hirota Minoru 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The 13C NMR spectra have been reported on substituted 2-thiophenecarboxylic acid methyl esters. The chemical shift of ring carbons in methyl (4- and 5-substituted 2-thiophenecarboxylate)s was correlated linearly with that of the corresponding carbons in substituted thiophenes. Plots of the 13C–H coupling constants of methyl (substituted 2-thiophenecarboxylate)s against those of substituted thiophenes showed a good linear relation. The 13C NMR data were interpreted by the stable conformation and percent s character of C–H bonds obtained by MNDO calculation.
High-Pressure Kinetics of the (6+4)π Cycloaddition of Tropone with 2,3-Dimethyl-1,3-butadiene, an Acyclic Diene. The Temperature and Solvent Effects
Authors: Sugiyama Shigeru , Takeshita Hitoshi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
By a high-pressure kinetic analysis in isopropylbenzene, 1,4-dioxane and N,N-dimethylformamide, the activation parameters for the (6+4)π cycloaddition reaction of tropone with 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene were determined. The findings support the concerted nature for the Woodward–Hoffmann rule-allowed thermal addition reaction of tropone. A secondary orbital interaction, which was used to predict the correct stereochemistry of the adducts, exerted no effect on the volume profile.
Solvent- and Wavelength-Dependence of the Photocleavage of the Cyclobutane Ring in N,N′-Dibutyl-c-3,c-4-bis(2-hydroxyphenyl)-r-1,c-2-cyclobutanedicarboxamide
Authors: Yonezawa Noriyuki , Kubo Masataka , Saigo Kazuhiko , Hasegawa Masaki 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The ratio between two photocleavage directions of the cyclobutane ring in the title compound varies with the solvent polarity and the irradiation wavelength, and the effect of the solvent polarity appears much larger in protic solvents than aprotic ones.
Ab Initio Calculation for Interaction Potential of He–He
Authors: Ichihara Akira , Sasagane Kohtoku , Izaki Tohru , Miyazaki Tomoo , Itoh Reikichi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Using the help of an ab initio calculation with a configuration interaction (CI) treatment, the potential energy of a He dimer system could be calculated in due consideration of a correction for the basis set superposition error. In evaluating CI matrix elements, the graphical unitary group approach was adopted.
Photoacoustic in Situ Measurement of Quantum Efficiencies for Photoanodic Reactions at n-Type Semiconductor Electrodes
Authors: Yoshihara Sachio , Aruchamy Ayyasamy , Fujishima Akira 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The time required for the in situ measurement of quantum efficiencies during photoelectrochemical reactions is qreatly reduced by the photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) employing a piezoelectric transducer (PZT). PAS has been successfully applied for several reactions at TiO2, ZnO, and CdS photoelectrodes and compared with previous studies by the photothermal spectroscopy (PTS).