bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Youth: Relationship to Insulin Sensitivity and β‐Cell Function
Authors: Lee SoJung , Bacha Fida , Gungor Neslihan , Arslanian Silva A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: We examined whether the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and insulin sensitivity (IS)/secretion is independent of adiposity in healthy African‐American (n = 65) and white (n = 57) youth.Research Methods and Procedures: IS and β‐cell function were evaluated by a 3‐hour hyperinsulinemic‐euglycemic and a 2‐hour hyperglycemic (12.5 mM) clamp, respectively. Total fat was measured by DXA and abdominal fat with computed tomography. CRF (peak volume of oxygen) was measured using a graded maximal treadmill test.Results: Independent of race, CRF was inversely (p < 0.05) related to total and abdominal fat, fasting insulin and first phase insulin secretion, and positively (p < 0.05) related to IS. When subjects were categorized into low (≤50th) and high (>50th) CRF groups, IS was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the high compared with the low CRF group independently of race. Furthermore, first and second phase insulin secretion were lower (p < 0.05) in the high CRF group in comparison with the low CRF group in both races. However, in multiple regression analyses CRF was not (p > 0.05) an independent predictor of IS and acute insulin secretion after accounting for total adiposity.Discussion: Our findings demonstrate that low CRF is associated with decreased IS compensated by higher insulin secretion in both African‐American and white youth. However, this relationship disappears after adjusting for differences in adiposity, suggesting that the association between fitness and IS is mediated, at least in part, through fatness.
Esculetin Induces Apoptosis and Inhibits Adipogenesis in 3T3‐L1 Cells
Authors: Yang Jeong‐Yeh , Della‐Fera Mary Anne , Hartzell Diane L. , Nelson‐Dooley Cass , Hausman Dorothy B. , Baile Clifton A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To determine the effects of esculetin, a plant phenolic compound with apoptotic activity in cancer cells, on 3T3‐L1 adipocyte apoptosis and adipogenesis.Research Methods and Procedures: 3T3‐L1 pre‐confluent preadipocytes and lipid‐filled adipocytes were incubated with esculetin (0 to 800 μM) for up to 48 hours. Viability was determined using the Cell Titer 96 Aqueous One Solution cell proliferation assay; apoptosis was quantified by measurement of single‐stranded DNA. Post‐confluent preadipocytes were incubated with esculetin for up to 6 days during maturation. Adipogenesis was quantified by measuring lipid content using Nile Red dye; cells were also stained with Oil Red O for visual confirmation of effects on lipid accumulation.Results: In mature adipocytes, esculetin caused a time‐ and dose‐related increase in adipocyte apoptosis and a decrease in viability. Apoptosis was increased after only 6 hours by 400 and 800 μM esculetin (p < 0.05), and after 48 hours, as little as 50 μM esculetin increased apoptosis (p < 0.05). In preadipocytes, apoptosis was detectable only after 48 hours (p < 0.05) with 200 μM esculetin and higher concentrations. However, results of the cell viability assay indicated a reduction in preadipocyte number in a time‐ and dose‐related manner, beginning as early as 6 hours with 400 and 800 μM esculetin (p < 0.05). Esculetin also inhibited adipogenesis of 3T3‐L1 preadipocytes. Esculetin‐mediated inhibition of adipocyte differentiation occurred during the early, intermediate, and late stages of the differentiation process. In addition, esculetin induced apoptosis during the late stage of differentiation.Discussion: These findings suggest that esculetin can alter fat cell number by direct effects on cell viability, adipogenesis, and apoptosis in 3T3‐L1 cells.
Active Transportation to School Over 2 Years in Relation to Weight Status and Physical Activity
Authors: Rosenberg Dori E. , Sallis James F. , Conway Terry L. , Cain Kelli L. , McKenzie Thomas L. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To prospectively examine potential benefits of active commuting to school on measures of weight status and physical activity in a sample of youth.Research Methods and Procedures: A cohort of students from seven elementary schools was measured four times—in the fall and spring of fourth grade (N = 1083) and fifth grade (N = 924). Participants were classified as active (walking, biking, or skateboarding to school almost every day for baseline analyses or at least 2 d/wk for analyses of consistent active commuting) or non‐active commuters to school. Accelerometers were used to measure physical activity. Height, weight, and skinfolds were objectively assessed.Results: Boys who actively commuted to school had lower BMI (p < 0.01) and skinfolds (p < 0.05) than non‐active commuters to school in the fourth grade. Active commuting to school over 2 years was not associated with BMI change or overweight status.Discussion: Walking and cycling to school may contribute to preventing excessive weight gain, or leaner children may walk or cycle to school.
Weight Loss Strategies for Obese Adults: Personalized Weight Management Program vs. Standard Care
Authors: Byrne Nuala M. , Meerkin Jarrod D. , Laukkanen Raija , Ross Robert , Fogelholm Mikael , Hills Andrew P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a 32‐week personalized Polar weight management program (PWMP) compared with standard care (SC) on body weight, body composition, waist circumference, and cardiorespiratory fitness in overweight or obese adults.Research Methods and Procedures: Overweight or obese (29 ± 2 kg/m2) men and women (n = 74) 38 ± 5 years of age were randomly assigned into either PWMP (men = 20, women = 21) or SC (men = 15, women = 18). Both groups managed their own diet and exercise program after receiving the same standardized nutrition and physical activity advice. PWMP also received a weight management system with literature to enable the design of a personalized diet and exercise weight loss program. Body weight and body composition, waist circumference, and cardiorespiratory fitness were measured at weeks 0, 16, and 32.Results: Eighty percent of participants completed the 32‐week intervention, with a greater proportion of the dropouts being women (PWMP: 2 men vs. 7 women; SC: 2 men vs. 4 women). At 32 weeks, PWMP completers had significantly (p < 0.001) greater losses in body weight [6.2 ± 3.4 vs. 2.6 ± 3.6 (standard deviation) kg], fat mass (5.9 ± 3.4 vs. 2.2 ± 3.6 kg), and waist circumference (4.4 ± 4.5 vs. 1.0 ± 3.6 cm). Weight loss and fat loss were explained by the exercise energy expenditure completed and not by weekly exercise duration.Discussion: More effective weight loss was achieved after treatment with the PWMP compared with SC. The results suggest that the PWMP enables effective weight loss through tools that support self‐monitoring without the requirement of more costly approaches to program supervision.
Television Viewing and Long‐Term Weight Maintenance: Results from the National Weight Control Registry
Authors: Raynor Douglas A. , Phelan Suzanne , Hill James O. , Wing Rena R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To examine the role of television (TV) viewing in long‐term maintenance of weight loss.Research Methods and Procedures: All subjects (N = 1422) were enrolled in the National Weight Control Registry (NWCR), a national sample of adults who have maintained a minimum weight loss of 13.6 kg for at least 1 year. Participants self‐reported the average number of hours of weekly TV viewing at entry into the NWCR and at a 1‐year follow‐up. Cross‐sectional and prospective analyses were performed to determine the frequency of TV viewing and the extent to which TV viewing was independently associated with weight regain over the 1‐year of follow‐up.Results: A relatively high proportion (62.3%) of participants reported watching 10 or fewer hours of TV per week on entry in the NWCR. More than one third of the sample (36.1%) reported watching <5 h/wk, whereas only 12.4% watched ≥21 h/wk, which contrasts markedly from the national average of 28 hours of TV viewing per week reported by American adults. Both baseline TV viewing (p ≤ 0.02) and increases in TV viewing (p ≤ 0.001) over the follow‐up were significant predictors of 1‐year weight regain, independent of physical activity and dietary behaviors.Discussion: Individuals who are successful at maintaining weight loss over the long term are likely to spend a relatively minimal amount of time watching TV.
Perceived Psychological Stress and Serum Leptin Concentrations in Japanese Men
Authors: Otsuka Rei , Yatsuya Hiroshi , Tamakoshi Koji , Matsushita Kunihiro , Wada Keiko , Toyoshima Hideaki 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To examine epidemiologically whether subjects with higher stress perception levels have higher leptin concentrations.Research Methods and Procedures: In this cross‐sectional study, the study population comprised 1062 male workers at local government offices in central Japan. Self‐administered questionnaires were distributed in 1997. Awareness of stress was assessed by the question: “Do you have much stress in your life?” and participants were asked to select from four possible responses: “very much,” “much,” “ordinary,” or “little.” Blood samples were also collected after fasting 12 hours overnight to determine serum leptin concentrations.Results: The mean (standard deviation) age and BMI were 50.2 (6.4) years and 23.3 (2.6) kg/m2, respectively. Crude leptin concentrations according to stress categories were 2.86, 3.26, 3.32, and 3.54 ng/mL, respectively, and leptin concentrations adjusted for age, BMI, physical activity, drinking and smoking habits, overtime work, shift work, sleep duration, and availability of confidants were 2.96, 3.24, 3.34, and 3.43 ng/mL for “little,” “ordinary,” “much,” and “very much,” respectively (p = 0.03 by one‐way analysis of covariance; p < 0.01 by test of linear trend). Significant associations were also observed among the level of perceived psychological stress and work‐related stressors, variables related to sleep, and other psychological variables.Discussion: This study showed that subjects who perceived psychological stress had high leptin levels, which provides epidemiological evidence that psychological stress may have the potential effect of increasing blood levels of the pleiotropic peptide, leptin.
Associations of Adiposity with Measured and Self‐Reported Academic Performance in Early Adolescence
Authors: Huang Terry T.‐K. , Goran Michael I. , Spruijt‐Metz Donna 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To examine the associations of adiposity with measured and self‐reported academic performance independently of demographics and physical activity among U.S. adolescents.Research Methods and Procedures: We surveyed 666 students 11 to 14 years old from seven middle schools in Los Angeles, CA. Weight and height were measured. Actual grade point average was obtained from school records. Self‐reported school grades and physical activity time were measured by questionnaire. Adiposity measures included BMI, BMI percentile (≥85th percentile defined as at‐risk‐of‐overweight), and percentage body fat (bioimpedance).Results: After adjusting for gender, ethnicity, age, and physical activity time, overweight at‐risk status, BMI, and percentage body fat were negatively related to only self‐reported (p < 0.01) but not measured grades. Level of moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity time was negatively related to measured and self‐reported grades, independently of adiposity (p < 0.01).Discussion: To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine both body mass and body fat in relation to measured and self‐reported school grades. Adiposity did not relate to actual academic performance in a sample of predominantly Latino and Asian‐American adolescents. The use of measured vs. self‐reported academic outcomes may represent different constructs and influence study conclusions. Cultural factors may also play a role in our findings, but this requires further study.
Is There a Lag Globally in Overweight Trends for Children Compared with Adults?
Authors: Popkin Barry M. , Conde Wolney , Hou Ningqi , Monteiro Carlos 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To determine relative trends in prevalence for overweight for adults compared with children across high‐income countries (Australia, United Kingdom, and United States), middle‐income countries (Brazil and Russia), and low‐income countries (China and Indonesia).Research Methods and Procedures: Extant nationally representative survey data from 1971 to the present are used. Prevalence of overweight for adults ≥18.0 years of age and children 6.0 to 17.9 years of age were used. Absolute and relative annual rates of change in prevalence of overweight in children and adults were the key outcomes.Results: Absolute rates of increase in overweight were higher among adults than among children in all studied countries except Australia. However, relative rates of increase in overweight indicate faster increases in overweight among children in Brazil, China, and the three high‐income countries. As a result, the relative excess of overweight among adults, seen initially in all countries, increased in Indonesia and Russia, but it decreased in Australia, Brazil, China, United Kingdom, and United States. In Brazil, time trends indicate an acceleration in the annual rate of change in overweight for children and a deceleration for adults, whereas in the United States, the increase in overweight shows acceleration for both children and adults.Discussion: In absolute terms, overweight increased faster among children than adults only in Australia; however, the relative gap between children and adults is closing in four additional countries, Brazil, China, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
No Evidence for a Major Role of Polymorphisms During Bupropion Treatment
Authors: Hu Jianfang , Redden David T. , Berrettini Wade H. , Shields Peter G. , Restine Stephanie L. , Pinto Angela , Lerman Caryn , Allison David B. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis study evaluated the ability of polymorphisms in five candidate genes to predict weight gain among patients taking bupropion or placebo in a smoking cessation trial. Five hundred fifty‐three smokers were enrolled into a randomized double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial and followed for 12 months. Five candidate genes [DRD2 Taq1 (rs1800497), DRD2–141 (rs1799732), C957T (rs6277), COMT (rs4818), and SLC6A3] were genotyped. Weights at baseline, at end of treatment, and after 6 and 12 months of follow‐up were self‐reported. Smoking abstinence at each endpoint was self‐reported and confirmed biochemically. A self‐reported average weight gain after 12 months of 1.1 ± 6.0 kg (mean ± standard deviation) in the bupropion group and 1.8 ± 4.8 kg in the placebo group was noted. For subjects with biochemically confirmed abstinence from smoking, the HL genotype (alleles coding Val at codon 108 are denoted as H, and those coding Met are denoted as L) at the COMT locus and A1A1 genotype at the DRD2 Taq1 locus were associated with less weight gain at the end of treatment. The TC genotype at the C957T locus was associated with increased weight gain at 6 months of follow‐up. However, no polymorphisms or their interactions with bupropion consistently and significantly predicted baseline BMI or weight change during treatment for all study subjects. Overall, our results do not support a major role for these five candidate genes in weight gain after smoking cessation.
Human Adenovirus 36 Induces Adiposity, Increases Insulin Sensitivity, and Alters Hypothalamic Monoamines in Rats
Authors: Pasarica Magdalena , Shin Andrew C. , Yu Minghuan , Yang Hui‐Mei Ou , Rathod Miloni , Jen K‐L. Catherine , Kumar Sheba Mohan , MohanKumar Puliyur S. , Markward Nathan , Dhurandhar Nikhil V. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Human adenovirus 36 (Ad‐36) increases adiposity and reduces serum lipids in chicken, mouse, and non‐human primate models, and it is linked to obesity in sero‐epidemiological studies in humans. Involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) or adipose tissue in the mechanism of Ad‐36‐induced adiposity is unknown. The effects of Ad‐36 on adiposity and on the neuroendocrine system were investigated in a rat model.Research Methods and Procedures: Five‐week‐old male Wistar rats were inoculated intraperitoneally with Ad‐36 or medium.Results: Despite similar food intakes, infected rats attained significantly greater body weight and fat pad weight by 30 weeks post‐inoculation. Epididymal‐inguinal, retroperitoneal, and visceral fat pad weights of the infected group were greater by 60%, 46%, and 86%, respectively (p < 0.00001). The fasting serum insulin level and homeostasis model assessment index indicated greater insulin sensitivity in the infected group. Visceral adipose tissue expression of glycerol 3‐phosphate dehydrogenase, peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ, and CCAAT/enhancer‐binding protein α and β was markedly increased in the infected animals compared with controls. Ad‐36 decreased norepinephrine levels significantly in the paraventricular nucleus in infected vs. control rats (mean ± standard error, 8.9 ± 1.1 vs. 12.8 ± 1.2 pg/μg protein; p < 0.05). Ad‐36 markedly decreased serum corticosterone in infected vs. control rats (mean ± standard error, 97 ± 41.0 vs. 221 ± 111 ng/mL; p < 0.005).Discussion: The results suggest that the pro‐adipogenic effect of Ad‐36 may involve peripheral as well as central effects. The male Wistar rat is a good model for the elucidation of metabolic and molecular mechanisms of Ad‐36‐induced adiposity.
Resistance Training Lowers Exercise‐Induced Oxidative Stress and Homocysteine Levels in Overweight and Obese Older Adults
Authors: Vincent Heather K. , Bourguignon Cheryl , Vincent Kevin R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To compare exercise‐induced oxidative stress and levels of homocysteine and cholesterol in normal‐weight and overweight older adults after resistance exercise (RX).Research Methods and Procedures: This interventional study was conducted at a wellness center. Forty‐nine older adults (age range, 60 to 72 years) were stratified by BMI (<25 kg/m2 normal weight, ≥25 kg/m2 overweight/obese) and then randomly assigned to either a control non‐exercise group or an RX group. The RX group completed a 6‐month training program. Exercise‐induced lipid hydroperoxides (PEROXs) and thiobarbituric‐reactive acid substances, homocysteine, lipoprotein a, cholesterol, and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol were measured before and after the 6‐month RX program.Results: PEROXs and thiobarbituric‐reactive acid substances were lower in both the overweight/obese and normal‐weight RX‐trained groups compared with control groups (p < 0.05). Homocysteine levels were lower in both overweight/obese and normal‐weight RX groups compared with control groups (p < 0.05). Lipoprotein a, total cholesterol, and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol were not different in normal‐weight and overweight/obese groups before or after RX. The change in muscle strength was correlated with homocysteine at 6 months (r = −0.452, p < 0.05), whereas the change in PEROXs was correlated with the change in body fat (r = −0.329).Discussion: To our knowledge, these data are the first to show that RX reduces exercise‐induced oxidative stress and homocysteine regardless of adiposity, indicating that this protection can be afforded in an older, overweight/obese population as effectively as in healthy older adults. These data suggest that RX may afford some protection against emerging cardiovascular risk factors using a mode of exercise that supports body weight.
G‐2548A Polymorphism of the Leptin Gene Is Correlated with Extreme Obesity in Taiwanese Aborigines
Authors: Wang Tsu‐Nai , Huang Meng‐Chuan , Chang Wen‐Tsan , Ko Albert Min‐Shan , Tsai Eing‐Mei , Liu Chih‐Shan , Lee Chien‐Hung , Ko Ying‐Chin 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWe examined the genetic associations of the G‐2548A polymorphism in the promoter of the leptin (LEP) gene and the Gln223Arg (Q223R) polymorphism of the leptin receptor (LEPR) gene with obesity. Two hundred twenty‐six obese aboriginal subjects (BMI ≥ 27 kg/m2) and 182 aboriginal subjects with normal weight (BMI < 25 kg/m2) participated in this study. The polymorphisms of LEP G‐2548A and LEPR Q223R were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism, and their anthropometric characteristics were measured. Levels of leptin, triglycerides, and cholesterol were measured after overnight fasting. We found that the frequencies of the LEP G/G homozygote (22.6%) with Mendelian recessive (χ2 = 7.89, p = 0.005) and codominant (χ2 = 7.93, p = 0.02) models to be higher in the extremely obese subjects (BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2) than in normal weight subjects (6.9%) but not in moderately obese subjects (35 > BMI ≥ 27 kg/m2). There was no difference in genotypic frequency of the LEPR Q223R polymorphism between the extreme obese and control groups. We suggest that the LEP −2548 G/G homozygote plays a genetic recessive role in the development of extreme obesity in Taiwanese aborigines.
Dose‐Dependent Effects of Training and Detraining on Weight in 6406 Runners during 7.4 Years
Authors: Williams Paul T. , Thompson Paul D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Prior randomized and non‐randomized training studies have failed to establish a dose‐response relationship between vigorous exercise and weight loss; this failure may be due, in part, to their short durations and small sample sizes. The objectives of this study were to determine whether exercise reduces body weight and to examine the dose‐response relationships between changes in exercise and changes in total and regional adiposity.Research Methods and Procedures: This was a large prospective study of 3973 men and 1444 women who quit running (detraining), 270 men and 146 women who started running (training), and 420 men and 153 women who remained sedentary during 7.4 years of follow‐up. The outcomes measured were weekly running distance, body weight, BMI, body circumferences, and bra cup size.Results: There were significant inverse relationships between the changes in the amount of vigorous exercise (km/wk run) and the changes in weight and BMI in men (slope ± standard error: −0.039 ± 0.005 kg/km per week and −0.012 ± 0.002 kg/m2 per km/wk, respectively) and in older women (−0.060 ± 0.018 kg/km per week and −0.022 ± 0.007 kg/m2 per km/wk) who quit running, and in initially sedentary men (−0.098 ± 0.017 kg/km per week and −0.032 ± 0.005 kg/m2 per km/wk) and women (−0.062 ± 0.023 kg/km per week and −0.021 ± 0.008 kg/m2 per km/wk) who started running. Changes in waist circumference, an indicator of intra‐abdominal fat, were also inversely related to changes in running distance in men who quit (−0.026 ± 0.005 cm/km per week) or started running (−0.078 ± 0.017 cm/km per week).Discussion: The initiation of vigorous exercise and its cessation decrease and increase, respectively, body weight and intra‐abdominal fat, and these changes are proportional to the change in exercise dose.