bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rome as the centre of the universe: papal grace and music patronage
Authors: Starr Pamela F. 
Published: December 2008

In 1450 Giovanni Rucellai, a Florentine visitor to Rome, counted 1022 inns ‘with signboards’, and a quantity of other hostelries. For centuries, Rome had been a magnet that drew the faithful by the tens of thousands to its venerable walls. The reason, of course, was that it was the ancestral home of the Holy See – the centre of the Holy, Catholic and Apostolic Church. Although urbs Roma could not boast of this honour throughout the entire Middle Ages, by the middle of the fifteenth century, with the reign of Nicholas V, the Holy See was securely re-established at Rome, never to depart again.The flood of religious pilgrims to the Holy City, during Jubilee years and at other times, certainly accounted for a large part of the crowds of visitors to Rome. It is not, however, the Rome of the pilgrim that will concern us here, but the city that housed the papal Curia, the vast bureaucracy established to assist the pontiff with the temporal and spiritual responsibilities of his office. Thousands of petitioners came to Rome not to seek plenary indulgence but to secure for themselves a particular and specific papal Grace.
The accentuation and development of PGmc. */ga-/
Authors: Quinlin Daniel P. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTPrevious studies on the development of PGmc. */ga-/ have been inadequate due, in part, to a misunderstanding or underestimation of the roles of word accent and syntactic accent. Purported evidence for stressed */ga-/ in Proto-Germanic or later stages is dubious and can be refuted convincingly. This article suggests that PGmc. */ga-/ never received primary word stress because it had become a clitic. Such a hypothesis allows for an unproblematic phonological derivation from Proto-Indo-European and is a logical premise for interpreting subsequent developments in the Germanic languages.
Norse weaves and Irish woolens in Medieval Ireland: ME falding
Authors: Sayers William 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTThe ME term falding, used of a heavy cloth type imported from Ireland, has been traced to MIr.fallaing. It is proposed that this, in turn, derives not from ON feldr ‘cloak’ but from faldr ‘fold’, reference being made to the voluminous folds of the garment or to the weaving technique of folding short lengths of yarn around the threads of the warp to give a shaggy exterior finish. Also reviewed are questions of early Irish dress, the medieval cloth trade, and Irish motifs in the Icelandic Laxdæla saga.
Movement to C in German
Authors: Hoeing Robert G. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTStandard movement theory stipulates that any X"-phrase that is moved must move to the specifier position (SPEC) of C". In this paper, however, it is argued on the basis of coordination phenomena, verb-final structure, and diachronic evidence that, in relative clauses and indirect questions, the moved pronoun or w-element functions more as a true complementizer than as a fronted X"-phrase and thus should move to the head position C. Movement to C is thus determined not by the phrase-structure level of the moved category, but by feature compatibility.
Von “hinichen” und honorablen Sprachen: Variationen, ihre Linguistiken und verbale Deixissysteme
Authors: Abraham Werner 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTThis essay addresses in general lines the issue of variance within some languages and how such variances are linked systematically, i.e., on the basis of some general abstract theoretical pattern, with the standard language. Several such variances are illustrated ranging from regiolects to sociolects of German, and it is shown what the abstract pattern is that serves as the base of description of the standard as well as the sociolectal and regiolectal variances. The main body of the text is dedicated to a specific criterion of variation, namely the deictic features in the grammars ofCOMEandGOin German, English, Chinese, Japanese, and Korean. To the extent that the five languages deviate considerably from one another in choosing one against the other of the two verbs of motion, an inventory of sociopragmatic conditions has been uncovered which plays the guiding role in selecting deictic alternatives and which can be considered to be of universal status. The bottom line is that there are conditions, beyond those of semantic and grammatical selection, i.e., sociopragmatic ones which systematically determine choices from some well-conditioned lexical paradigms.
Urgermanisch *þe-na-z ‘Gefolgsmann’
Authors: Zimmer Stefan 
Published: December 2008

Proto-Germanic *þe-na-z (Old English, Old Saxon, Old High German, Old Norse) is traditionally understood as ‘child, follower, servant’, connected with Greek teknon ‘child’, both from *tek- ‘to beget’.This is unfounded; the meaning ‘child’ is unattested, the traditional etymology highly improbable. Proto-Germanic *þe-na-z is from *tek- ‘to stretch out one's hand, touch, receive’, designating basically ‘follower, retainer’, thus a technical term of Germanic Gefolgschaftswesen. Pertinent textual passages, the theory of Germanic heathen baptism, and the rites whereby a warrior is accepted into a lord's retinue are crucial for the analysis.
Germanic Evidence for a Neglected Indo-European Root
Authors: Lloyd Albert L. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTAn IE root *bhel(ə)- ‘strike, hit, hew, chop’, although not included in the standard IE etymological dictionaries, is shown to underly a number of etymologically obscure Germanic words, such as OHG bolz(o) ‘bolt’, Go. bliggwan ‘to beat’, OIcel. bella ‘to hit’, blak ‘slap, blow’, OHG blast ‘a throwing to the ground’, OHG bloh, bloc ‘block of wood’, and possibly OHG balko ‘beam’. Since related words can be found in Italic, Celtic, Baltic, and perhaps also Slavic and Greek, there would seem to be sufficient justification for the addition of this root to the inventory of recognized IE roots.
The Velar Stops and Fricatives in the Language of MSS A, B, C of the Nibelungenlied
Authors: Moulton William G. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTThe publication of Batts 1971 (the actual scribal spellings in MSS A, B, C of the Nibelungenlied) and of Bäuml-Fallone 1976 (A concordance to the Nibelungenlied) for the first time have provided access to scribal spellings as the most direct evidence for the phonological structure of Middle High German (at least in this important work). This study is limited to the velar stops, affricates, fricatives. The scribal spellings together with historical eveidence and the modern dialects suggest the full structure of the velars. Finally, it is shown that the “normalized spelling” is in three respects misleading, at least for the Nibelungenlied.
Resolution and mora counting in Old English
Authors: Suzuki Seiichi 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTThe operation and suspension of resolution in Old English meter, generalized as Kaluza's Law, is shown to be based on mora counting; -VC(C), -VV(C), and -VCV count as bimoric, while -VCVC(C) and -VCVV(C) are trimoric. The maximum moric value of a syllable is two. The proposed mora-based analysis leads to an improved account of a number of phonological processes in pre- and Early Old English.
The Basic Science of Deglutition: Application to the Clinical World
Authors: Daniels Stephanie K. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
As clinicians, we learn the basic science of swallowing in school, through reading, and attending conferences. We, however, frequently do not apply this basic science knowledge to our clinical practice. In this Food for Thought article, I will review a few ways that we can incorporate the neurology, anatomy, and physiology of swallowing into our practice and, I hope, persuade readers that it is critical to keep abreast of basic science research in normal and disordered swallowing.
Programs for calculating the statistical powers of detecting susceptibility genes in case–control studies based on multistage designs
Authors: Kitamura Nobutaka , Akazawa Kouhei , Miyashita Akinori , Kuwano Ryozo , Toyabe Shin-ichi , Nakamura Junichiro , Nakamura Norihito , Sato Tatsuhiko , Hoque M. Aminul 
Published: November 2008

AbstractMotivation: A two-stage association study is the most commonly used method among multistage designs to efficiently identify disease susceptibility genes. Recently, some SNP studies have utilized more than two stages to detect disease genes. However, there are few available programs for calculating statistical powers and positive predictive values (PPVs) of arbitrary n-stage designs.Results: We developed programs for a multistage case–control association study using R language. In our programs, input parameters include numbers of samples and candidate loci, genome-wide false positive rate and proportions of samples and loci to be selected at the k-th stage (k=1,…, n). The programs output statistical powers, PPVs and numbers of typings in arbitrary n-stage designs. The programs can contribute to prior simulations under various conditions in planning a genome-wide association study.Availability: The R programs are freely available for academic users and can be downloaded from http://www.med.niigata-u.ac.jp/eng/resources/informatics/gwa.htmlContact: nktmr@m12.alpha-net.ne.jpSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Anaesthetic implications of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy
Authors: Alexoudis A. K. , Spyridonidou A. G. , Vogiatzaki T. D. , Iatrou C. A. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryArrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, also called right ventricular cardiomyopathy, is a genetically determined heart muscle disease, characterised by life‐threatening ventricular arrhythmias in apparently healthy young people. The primary myocardial pathology is that the myocardium of the right ventricular free wall is replaced by fibrous or fibrofatty tissue, with scattered residual myocardial cells. Right ventricular function is abnormal and in severe cases is associated with global right ventricular dilation and overt biventricular heart failure. Although still relatively rare, arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy is a well recognised cause of sudden unexpected peri‐operative death. In this review, we describe the basic characteristics of this disease, emphasising the diagnosis and we offer some suggestions for the anaesthetic management of these patients in the peri‐operative period.
Use of selective decontamination of the digestive tract in United Kingdom intensive care units*
Authors: Bastin A. J. , Ryanna K. B. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryThe use of selective decontamination of the digestive tract (SDD) remains controversial despite several large randomised‐controlled trials and meta‐analyses. A postal survey of intensive care units in the United Kingdom was conducted to document current use of SDD, and to identify factors influencing this practice. The response rate was 71%. The vast majority (182 units, 95%) do not use SDD mainly because practising clinicians do not believe it works or that there is not enough evidence (51%), and because of concerns about antibiotic resistance (47%). Of the 10 units using SDD, three apply it to all intubated patients and five do not use intravenous antibiotics in their protocol.
The use of low dose plain solutions of local anaesthetic agents for spinal anaesthesia in the prone position: bupivacaine compared with levobupivacaine
Authors: Cuvas O. , Gulec H. , Karaaslan M. , Basar H. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryIn this study, we aimed to test the hypothesis that 1‐ml plain solution of 0.5% bupivacaine or 0.5% levopubivacaine administered in a subarachnoid block can provide adequate anaesthesia and operating conditions for pilonidal cyst/sinus operations performed in the prone position. There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of patient demographic data, duration of operation, patient‐surgeon satisfaction, haemodynamic changes and side effects. There were no significant differences found in the onset time, highest block level achieved, two segment regression, time to S2 regression of sensory block and the number of anaesthetised dermatomes, between the two groups (p = 0.077, 0.057, 0.091, 0.084 and 0.057 respectively). The incidence of complete motor blockade was 16% and 8% in Group B at the start and at the end of the operation. There was no complete motor blockade in Group L (p = 0.110 and 0.490 respectively). We conclude that both regimens are effective and safe for use in subarachnoid anaesthesia for pilonidal cyst/sinus operations performed in the prone position.
Shape of the thecal sac: L3/4 interspace compared with L4/5*
Authors: Naji M. , Williams M. , Hourihan M. D. , Collis R. E. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryWe retrospectively reviewed 60 normal magnetic resonance imaging scans to assess the anatomical shape of the thecal sac at the L3/4 and L4/5 vertebral interspaces. In all cases the thecal sac was oval at L3/4 but in 26 (43%; 95% CI 31–55%) the thecal sac changed from oval at the L3/4 interspace to triangular at L4/5 (with the apex of the triangle presenting to the posterior epidural space). We propose that this anatomical variant would make it more difficult to obtain cerebrospinal fluid at the lower level, as a slightly lateral approach could lead to identification of the epidural space but failure to puncture the thecal sac. This may offer an explanation for a ‘dry tap’ when a lower interspace is chosen.
Detection of hepatitis E virus RNA and genotype in Bangladesh
Authors: Sugitani Masahiko , Tamura Akinori , Shimizu Yohko K , Sheikh Aleemuzzaman , Kinukawa Noriko , Shimizu Kazufumi , Moriyama Mitsuhiko , Komiyama Kazuo , Li Tian‐Cheng , Takeda Naokazu , Arakawa Yasuyuki , Suzuki Koyu , Ishaque Shamsuddin M , Roy Projesh K , Raihan ASMA , Hasan Mahmud 
Published: December 2008

AbstractBackground/Aims:  Hepatitis E virus (HEV) in Bangladesh has not been adequately documented. We report HEV RNA and genotype detection in Bangladesh.Methods:  In total, 82 samples were used; 36 sporadic acute hepatitis (AH), 12 fulminant hepatitis (FH), 14 chronic liver disease (CLD) and 20 from an apparently healthy population (HP) positive for both immunoglobulin (Ig) M and IgG specific anti‐HEV antibodies (anti‐HEV). The male/female ratio was 61/21, ages 12–67 (mean 30.4) years. RNA was extracted, transcribed to cDNA and amplified in nt 6345–6490 (ORF2) of HEV. Nucleic and amino acid sequences were determined. Homology comparison between Bangladesh clones and other representative HEV clones and phylogenetic tree analyses were done. Relations between HEV RNA‐positivity and clinical factors were analyzed.Results:  HEV RNA was positive in 9/36 (25.0%) of AH cases, 4/12 (33.3%) FH, 3/14 (21.4%) CLD and 0/20 (0%) HP samples; total 16/82 (19.5%). Four factors correlated significantly with HEV RNA‐positivity (Mann‐Whitney U test); alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (P = 0.0229), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (P = 0.0448), and titers of IgG (P = 0.0208) and IgM (P = 0.0095) specific anti‐HEV. The 16 HEV clones were divided mainly into two groups, A and B, including six different cDNA sub‐groups.Conclusion:  HEV RNA was found in sporadic AH and FH and sub‐clinical CLD cases, but not in HP. HEV RNA‐positivity was significantly related to values of ALT and AST and titers of IgG and IgM specific anti‐HEV, with IgM specific anti‐HEV showing the most significant relationship. All clones were genotype I, which is prevalent in South Asia.
THE ARTIFICIAL BLADDER: A REVIEW
Authors: GLASER S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYThe possible advantages of an artificial bladder can be stated briefly. In a small number of cases coming to surgery it may be necessary to leave the patient with a wet colostomy. This is an unpleasant and relatively uncontrollable stoma. It is suggested that having two controllable stomata, one with clean urine draining and the other passing a solid stool once or twice a day, is far better and more sanitary than having a continual leak of a urinary solution of feces. The other advantages are all inherent in the recognised disadvantages of ureterocolic anastomosis, some of which have been so excellently reviewed by Jacobs (1952). The advantages suggested are: (1) by using an isolated segment of bowel one can avoid ascending infection; (2) one can avoid dilatation by using a direct mucosa to mucosa technique without fearing gas or faecal reflux; (3) one can probably avoid biochemical disturbances by having only a small area of bowel bathed in urine and by keeping that empty by continuous drainage. Much of this is as yet unproved hypothesis, but even the small number of observations made so far support the validity of these assumptions.I am indebted to the Honorary Editors of the Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine for their kind permission to publish this paper, which was read at a meeting of the Section of Urology on 27th March 1952.
PELVIC HYDRONEPHROSIS TREATED BY ILEAL BY‐PASS OF THE URETER
Authors: Welbourn R. B. , Livingston R. H. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYA case of bilateral pelvic hydronephrosis associated with intermittent attacks of left ureteric obstruction has been treated by inserting a loop of ileum between the pelvis of the ureter and the bladder, leaving the adynamic ureter intact. The result two years later is encouraging.
CUTANEOUS URETEROSTOMY WITH SKIN TUBE and PLASTIC CUP APPLIANCE, TOGETHER WITH TRANSURETERO‐URETERAL ANASTOMOSIS
Authors: Obrant Karl Ola 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYTo avoid the use of a ureteral catheter in cutaneous ureterostomy a conical skin tube has been constructed round the outer end of the ureter. This has been covered with a cup appliance shaped in accordance with a plaster cast of the skin surrounding the skin tube. In two cases this operation was combined with uretero‐ureteral anastomosis. Cutaneous ureterostomy with formation of a skin tube is carried out as a first stage and the uretero‐ureteral anastomosis should be performed as a second stage, when the cutaneous ureter has become established in its new position. The patients are completely fit for work after this operation, and the trouble they experience from their appliance is so insignificant that we prefer this operation to ileocystoplasty in some cases of contracted bladder with reduced renal function.
RENAL CALCULUS and PERINEPHRIC SUPPURATION DUE TO A PENETRATING BONE FRAGMENT
Authors: Boulter P. S. , Grove S. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYA case of renal calculus and perinephric suppuration associated with a sinus leading into the colon is described. The unusual feature of a fish bone forming the nucleus of a renal stone is of added interest. The fish bone is considered to have perforated the colon before entering the kidney.
TOTAL ADRENALECTOMY FOR MALIGNANT HYPERTENSION1
Authors: HANLEY HOWARD G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYSummarising, it would seem that as a means of lowering blood‐pressure, adrenalectomy does not have much to offer, but as a means of keeping the patients alive in complete comfort it appears to be effective. Surgery of this nature should be considered as soon as malignant hypertension patients begin to show some diminution of renal function.It is well known that some patients can continue for many years in a state of essential hypertension, which quite suddenly may enter a malignant phase. If this is accompanied by a diminution in renal function, adrenalectomy may well offer the best chance of survival. In the same way cases of malignant hypertension which are controlled by hypotensive drugs may suddenly show a rise in blood urea. Again this is the time for adrenalectomy. It must be emphasised, however, that the figures for“normal”renal function vary with different individuals, so that an early rise in the blood urea or a fall in urea clearance can be detected only if a series of previous readings have been recorded; hence the importance of repeated renal function tests during the treatment of malignant hypertension with ganglion‐blocking agents.Only by accumulating more experience of this type of surgery will it be possible to compare our long‐term results with those of hypotensive drug therapy.
CYSTOMETRY IN MEGAURETER‐MEGACYSTIS SYNDROME1
Authors: Leibowitz S. , O'Donnell M. B. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY

The cystometrograms of megaureter‐megacystis cases show a marked deviation from the normal pattern: large volumes held at high pressures and with minimal detrusor activity.
Some cases diagnosed as“bladder‐neck obstruction”have cystometrograms indistinguishable qualitatively from those of megacystis cases, but with smaller capacities.
In the investigation of the mechanism of these conditions, cystometry may yet provide some answers, but new methods will have to be developed as the standard cystometric filling curve provides only limited and relatively non‐specific information.
THE ARTIFICIAL KIDNEY1
Authors: Parsons F. M. , McCracken B. H. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY1. A description of the Kolff‐Brigham artificial kidney is given.2. The chemical and clinical response to dialysis is described.3. The results obtained in seventy dialyses on forty‐six patients are presented.4. The indications for performing a dialysis are outlined.5. The variation in the metabolic response found in patients with tubular necrosis is stressed, and a classification into mild, moderate, and severe is suggested.
NEW CONCEPTS IN THE INITIAL MANAGEMENT OF EXTROVERSION OF THE BLADDER1
Authors: STURDY D. E. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY

Eighty‐eight cases of bladder extroversion seen and treated at one centre are surveyed.
The changing trends in the management of these cases are discussed.
The reasons for failure of bladder inversion in all the male and one‐half of the female cases are investigated.
A new operation is suggested for the initial management of those patients not suitable for inversion of the bladder.
The operation of “cutaneous trigonostomy” or “trigonostomy” is described in detail.
The results of this new procedure are analysed.
LONG‐TERM CATHETER DRAINAGE IN THE MALE1
Authors: Roberts J. B. M. , Linton K. B. , Pollard B. R. , Mitchell J. P. , Gillespie W. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYThe sources and routes of infection during continuous bladder drainage are discussed and illustrated. Twenty‐nine male patients had continuous closed bladder drainage for periods of seven to seventy‐seven days with an overall infection rate of 21 per cent. When accidental disruption of the closed circuit and repeated urethral instrumentation were avoided no patient became infected. Further improvements in the management of closed drainage are suggested.We wish to thank the consultant surgical staff of the United Bristol Hospitals, Southmead General Hospital and Frenchay Hospital, Bristol, for permission to investigate their patients. We are also grateful to Mr Ashton Miller for his help and advice during these studies.
URETHROCYSTOGRAPHY IN THE MALE
Authors: VEIGA–PIRES J. A. , ELEBUTE E. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYCystourethrography is valuable in the investigation of the lower urinary tract, and we have been using it in the study of the pathology of the urethra.An anatomo–radiological classification of the urethral segments is proposed, and some conditions are discussed with attention to the type and distribution of strictures. Fistulas follow intravasation of urine into the cavernous spaces and veins during micturition with subsequent thrombophlebitis and abscess formation secondary to pyasmic emboli in the penile venous plexus. The urethrovesical injection stream effect as a sign of bladder neck contraction is described.