bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CHANGES IN QUALITY OF MINCED MEAT FROM GOAT DUE TO GAMMA IRRADIATION
Authors: MODI V.K. , SAKHARE P.Z. , SACHINDRA N.M. , MAHENDRAKAR N.S. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT Thigh muscles from aged (3–4 years) goat were minced, packed in polyethylene bags (250 g each), gamma irradiated with a dosage of 4 kGy and the packets held at 3 ± 1C for 8 days. Nonirradiated muscle mince packed and stored similarly were treated as control. Both irradiated and nonirradiated muscle mince were sampled on 0, 5 and 8 days of storage and analyzed for physicochemical, microbiological and sensory quality attributes. Irradiation resulted in lower (P ≤ 0.05) muscle pH (3.5–5.1%), water holding capacity (4.5–6.7%), thiobarbituric acid values (19.4–34.9%) and higher (P ≤ 0.05) free fatty acid (26.9–61.0%) and Hunter a* (3.3–17.3%) values compared with nonirradiated control muscle samples. A reduction (P ≤ 0.05) of 2 log cfu/g in total aerobic bacteria and psychrotrophs, and 1 log cfu/g in total staphylococci, yeast and molds were also observed in irradiated samples while enterococci, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus could not be detected in irradiated and stored muscles. Sensory quality scores on a 9‐point hedonic scale decreased from 7.5–8.3 to 7.1–7.9 during storage at 3 ± 1C for 8 days and were marginally influenced by irradiation. The results establish that a 4‐kGy dosage is appropriate for irradiation to maintain fresh meat quality under chilled condition.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSMuscles are highly perishable primarily because high microbial load and irradiation effectively reduces the microbial counts and helps extension of shelf life of muscle foods. Production and retention of free radicals produced by irradiation cause changes in, apart from bacterial counts, proteins and lipids which in turn may affect functional properties such as water holding capacity and emulsion and sensory characteristics. Many muscle foods, such as sausages, burgers, loaves, kebabs, etc., are emulsion‐type products, a quality that is dependent on functional properties of muscles' proteins/lipids. These products are industrially produced and are marketed in India and abroad. The industry is aware of the beneficial effect of irradiation in reducing the microbial load but has an apprehension that irradiation may adversely affect the functional properties and sensory characteristics of muscle foods. The study reported in this paper overcomes that apprehension when meat was irradiated with a permitted dosage of 4 kGy.
Modeling the Usefulness of Spatial Correlation Analysis on Karst Systems
Authors: Budge Trevor J. , Sharp John M. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractCross‐correlation analyses on field data collected in karst aquifer systems can be used to develop a conceptual understanding of the aquifer. This includes the use of many data sets from the same aquifer to develop an understanding of how properties vary spatially. We focus on a method for characterizing the distribution of recharge, which is becoming increasingly important in regions where urban development encroaches on these important sources of water. Spatially varying precipitation data and cross‐correlation analysis provide a means of spatially characterizing recharge locations on a karst aquifer. Our work expands on the numerical experiments conducted by Padilla and Pulido‐Bosch (1995) using the numerical ground water model MODFLOW to introduce spatially varying parameters. The numerical experiments include conduit‐controlled, matrix‐controlled, and mixed karst systems with more than one precipitation time series input. The results show that spatially varying parameters can be inferred based on the cross‐correlation of precipitation data and spring discharge. Simulations were completed using aquifer parameters derived from studies of the Barton Springs segment of the Edwards Aquifer. The simulations indicate that spatial variability within an aquifer can be inferred using cross‐correlation analysis. A field study using these methods is summarized for Barton Springs near Austin, Texas.
Percolation and Particle Transport in the Unsaturated Zone of a Karst Aquifer
Authors: Pronk Michiel , Goldscheider Nico , Zopfi Jakob , Zwahlen François 
Published: October 2008

AbstractRecharge and contamination of karst aquifers often occur via the unsaturated zone, but the functioning of this zone has not yet been fully understood. Therefore, irrigation and tracer experiments, along with monitoring of rainfall events, were used to examine water percolation and the transport of solutes, particles, and fecal bacteria between the land surface and a water outlet into a shallow cave. Monitored parameters included discharge, electrical conductivity, temperature, organic carbon, turbidity, particle‐size distribution (PSD), fecal indicator bacteria, chloride, bromide, and uranine. Percolation following rainfall or irrigation can be subdivided into a lag phase (no response at the outlet), a piston‐flow phase (release of epikarst storage water by pressure transfer), and a mixed‐flow phase (increasing contribution of freshly infiltrated water), starting between 20 min and a few hours after the start of recharge event. Concerning particle and bacteria transport, results demonstrate that (1) a first turbidity signal occurs during increasing discharge due to remobilization of particles from fractures (pulse‐through turbidity); (2) a second turbidity signal is caused by direct particle transfer from the soil (flow‐through turbidity), often accompanied by high levels of fecal indicator bacteria, up to 17,000 Escherichia coli/100 mL; and (3) PSD allows differentiation between the two types of turbidity. A relative increase of fine particles (0.9 to 1.5 μm) coincides with microbial contamination. These findings help quantify water storage and percolation in the epikarst and better understand contaminant transport and attenuation. The use of PSD as “early‐warning parameter” for microbial contamination in karst water is confirmed.
Astrocytes are More Resistant to Focal Cerebral Ischemia Than Neurons and Die by a Delayed Necrosis
Authors: Gürer Günfer , Gursoy‐Ozdemir Yasemin , Erdemli Esra , Can Alp , Dalkara Turgay 
Published: October 2008

AbstractSeveral recent reports proposed that astrocyte death might precede neuronal demise after focal ischemia, contrary to the conventional view that astrocytes are more resistant to injury than neurons. Interestingly, there are findings supporting each of these opposing views. To clarify these controversies, we assessed astrocyte viability after 2‐h middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice. In contrast to neighboring neurons, astrocytes were alive and contained glycogen across the ischemic area 6 h after reperfusion, and at the expanding outer border of the infarct at later time points. These glycogen‐positive astrocytes had intact plasma membranes. Astrocytes lost plasmalemma integrity much later than neurons: 19 ± 22 (mean ± standard deviation), 58 ± 14 and 69 ± 3% of astrocytes in the perifocal region became permeable to propidium iodide (PI) at 6, 24, 72 h after ischemia, respectively, in contrast to 81 ± 2, 96 ± 3, 97 ± 2% of neurons. Although more astrocytes in the cortical and subcortical core regions were PI‐positive, their numbers were considerably less than those of neurons. Lysosomal rupture (monitored by deoxyribonuclease II immunoreactivity) followed a similar time course. Cytochrome‐c immunohistochemistry showed that astrocytes maintained mitochondrial integrity longer than neurons. EM confirmed that astrocyte ultrastructure including mitochondria and lysosomes disintegrated much later than that of neurons. We also found that astrocytes died by a delayed necrosis without significantly activating apoptotic mechanisms although they rapidly swelled at the onset of ischemia.
Galectin‐1 Is Implicated in the Protein Kinase C ε/Vimentin‐Controlled Trafficking of Integrin‐β1 in Glioblastoma Cells
Authors: Fortin Shannon , Le Mercier Marie , Camby Isabelle , Spiegl‐Kreinecker Sabine , Berger Walter , Lefranc Florence , Kiss Robert 
Published: October 2008

AbstractCell motility and resistance to apoptosis characterize glioblastoma (GBM) growth and malignancy. In our current work we report that galectin‐1, a homodimeric adhesion molecule and carbohydrate‐binding protein with affinity for β‐galactosides, is linked with cell surface expression of integrin β1 and the process of integrin trafficking. Using immunofluorescence, depletion of galectin‐1 through both stable knockdown and transient‐targeted small interfering RNA (siRNA) treatment induces an intracellular accumulation of integrin‐β1 coincident with a diminution of integrin‐β1 at points of cellular adhesion at the cell membrane. Galectin‐1 depletion does not alter the gene expression level of integrin‐β1. Transient galectin‐1 depletion effectuates as well the perinuclear accumulation of protein kinase C epsilon (PKCε) and the intermediate filament vimentin, both of which have been shown to mediate integrin recycling in motile cells. Our results argue for the involvement of galectin‐1 in the PKCε/vimentin‐controlled trafficking of integrin‐β1. The understanding of molecular mediators such as galectin‐1 and the pathways through which they drive the cell invasion so descriptive of GBM is anticipated to reveal potential therapeutic targets that promote glioma malignancy.
Client Comparison of Three Design Presentation Methods
Authors: McLain–Kark Joan , Dhuru Shilpa , Parrott Kathleen , Lovingood Rebecca 
Published: October 2008

Objective The objectives of this study are to examine client attiudes toward the use of computer modeling and animation as a presentation device and to compare their reactions to computer models with their reactions to line drawings and showroom display presentations. Research Design The sample was composed of 32 participants who had recently remodeled or built a home. The participants indivdually were shwon 3 visual presentations fo kitchen: line drawings, showroom display, and computer modeling and animation. After each presentation, participants filled out questionnaires that asked them to rate and compare the presentations on how well each helped them to visualize the kitchen. Analysis Frequencies and percentages were used to described participants’ reactions to the design presentations. A randomized block Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Duncan's New Multiple Range Test, and chisquare tests were used to determine if there were any significant differences in their attiudes toward the 3 persentations. Key Findings Participants rated the showroom display as the most effective to communicate and spatial concepts. The computer modeling was rated effective to show alternative finishes and was the preferred presentation. Line drawing were liked for their technical detail and portability. Conclusion This study indicated that computer modeling and animation presentations have high degree of acceptability among clients. Yet, the findings also suggest that these presentations are best used along with other types of design presentations including line drawings, samples, and showroom displays to communicate design concepts.
Design Concept and Function as a Criticism Framework for Retail Space
Authors: Fayek Mamdouh , Heuberger Barbara Flannery 
Published: October 2008

Objective It is important for interior design practitioners and students to have systematic methods developed to critique interiors. Further, it is important to critique significant spaces, defined here as those that are designed by interior designers and are used by large numbers of people. Research Design A framework for the systematic criticism of retail spaces was developed and used in analysis of the Robinsons–May department store in Glendale, California. Concept and function are the two components of retail store design that were used to form the basis of the criticism framework. This framework guides the critique of the space, sets parameters for analysis, and allows for replication. Analysis Six categories were identified as essential to design concept and function: (a) access from the exterior, (b) the space plan, (c) department identity, jd) visual merchandising, je) fixturing, and (fj codes. These categories are discussed as they relate to concept and function. Key Findings At the Robinsons–May store design concept is supported by the use of form and color as dominant elements within a stylized classical design concept in the space overall, although they are not entirely consistent throughout departments and across all floors. Some unique applications of marketing strategies in department identity, visual merchandising, and fixturing also support the concept. Functionally, the circulation patterns and adjacencies are well conceived; however, there is an absence of adequate accent lighting throughout the space. Conclusion The framework supported the critique of the retail space. Other components could be added to a general framework such as this one that focused on design concept and function. The critique of spaces used by large numbers of people (such as retail department stores) and designed by interior design firms is an important contribution to interior design education and practice.
Can Ethics be Taught or is it Too Late?
Authors: Kapplinger Eunice , Ray–Degges Susan 
Published: October 2008

Issue Interior designers require an understanding of societal, professional, and personal ethical codes to successfully respond to complex moral decisions in the workplace. Course activities that involve ethical decision making help prompt students to identify and clarify their personal values by responding to moral issues they will encounter in design practice. Goal Practice with ethical decision making allows students to learn more about their own values and how these values, in turn, impact their daily decisions. The goal was to prepare senior–level interior design students for decision making that maintains the high ethical standards of the interior design profession and their own personal ethics code. Application Debates and case studies, as instructional techniques, allow students to see ethical situations from various perspectives and encourage students to voice individual ideas. Description Students participated in a structured debate focused on design practice issues. They also reviewed and developed case studies representative of ethical issues that could arise in a business setting. Conclusion Providing interior design students the opportunity to explore ethical dilemmas in an academic setting is an effective preparatory method toward positive decision making as a design professional. Debates and case studies,. focused on ethics, provide students with an interactive learning experience that encourages the development of a personal framework for addressing moral issues. Students become confident about identifying and evaluating potential ethical dilemmas and drawing conclusions about situations they will confront in their professional careers.
Integrating Research into design foundations Curriculum: Learning and Testing Theory
Authors: Martinson Barbara E. 
Published: October 2008

Issue Design students can integrate theoretical knowledge from foundation–level design courses into real–world applications through basic research exercises. Goal Through the development of research questions, students gain experience in problem seeking, basic research methods, ond analytical skills. They learn first–hand that the seemingly abstract concepts taught in foundation classes can be tested and new knowledge gained. Application Introducing students to basic theory testing through the use of hypothesis development and application of basic research methods provides a link between design concepts and how those concepts function in the designed environment. Students utilize the course readings not as passive learners but as active challengers of concepts. They extend the concept from the visual to the cognitive thus enhancing integration of the knowledge and experience. Description Students collaboratively develop research questions based on course readings. They discuss the merits of each question and come to agreement on a question and suitable hypothesis. The class then establishes a method for testing the hypothesis and carries out the research. The collected data are analyzed, and the class works together to draw conclusions. Conclusion Students increase their ability to read critically and learn to develop meaningful research questions research questions. Active involvement in examining applications of design theory provides students with a greater understanding of the design concept being tested and helps them to make the cognitive link between theory and practice.
Uropathogens and Host Characteristics
Authors: Tabibian James H. , Gornbein Jeffrey , Heidari Arash , Dien Sarah L. , Lau Valerie H. , Chahal Puneet , Churchill Bernard M. , Haake David A. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT

Uropathogens other than
Escherichia coli
occur with greater frequency in patients with risk factors for urinary tract infection (UTI). However, little is known about associations between uropathogen species and host characteristics. Three hundred nineteen urine specimens containing a balanced distribution of uropathogen species were selected from inpatients and outpatients at a university hospital clinical microbiology laboratory. Information on host characteristics was retrospectively collected by chart review. Differences in the frequencies of host characteristics in UTI groups, as defined by the causative uropathogen, were compared by chi-square/Fisher analysis. Multivariate classification and regression tree analysis were used to identify host characteristic subsets that distinguish among uropathogen groups. In this exploratory study, several uropathogen species were found to be strongly linked to host characteristics relevant to UTI. Patients with
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
UTIs were more likely to have undergone urinary tract procedures (43% versus 15% overall), to have a neurogenic bladder (29% versus 12% overall), to have received recent antibiotic therapy (52% versus 24% overall), and to be male (76% versus 28% overall). Patients with
Proteus mirabilis
UTIs were more likely to have a foreign body in the lower urinary tract (48% versus 30% overall). The classification tree identified males over the age of 27 years who had undergone a prior urinary tract procedure as belonging to a host characteristic profile associated with
P. aeruginosa
UTI: 38% of patients with
P. aeruginosa
UTIs fit this profile. These data may be useful for planning future targeted prophylaxis studies.
Comparison of Gen-Probe Transcription-Mediated Amplification, Abbott PCR, and Roche PCR Assays for Detection of Wild-Type and Mutant Plasmid Strains of
Chlamydia trachomatis
in Sweden
Authors: Møller Jens Kjølseth , Pedersen Lisbeth Nørum , Persson Kenneth 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT

The clinical performance of two nucleic acid amplification assays targeting the cryptic plasmid and two assays targeting rRNA molecules in
Chlamydia trachomatis
was examined. First-catch urine samples from Malmoe, Sweden, were tested for
C. trachomatis
with the Abbott real-time PCR assay m2000 and an in-house PCR for the new variant strain of
C. trachomatis
with a deletion in the cryptic plasmid. Aliquots of the urine samples were sent to Aarhus, Denmark, and further examined with the Roche COBAS Amplicor CT (RCA) PCR, the Gen-Probe Aptima Combo 2 assay (AC2) targeting the
C. trachomatis
23S rRNA, and the Aptima
C. trachomatis
assay (ACT) targeting the 16S rRNA molecule. A positive prevalence of 9% (163/1,808 urine samples examined) was detected according to the combined reference standard. The clinical sensitivity and specificity of the four assays were as follows: for ACT, 100% (163/163) and 99.9% (1,643/1,645), respectively; for AC2, 100% (163/163) and 99.6% (1,640/1,645); for m2000, 68.7% (112/163) and 99.9% (1,644/1,645); for RCA, 63.8% (104/163) and 99.9% (1,643/1,645). The two Gen-Probe assays detected all mutant strains characterized by the in-house PCR as having the deletion in the cryptic plasmid, whereas the Roche and the Abbott PCRs targeting the plasmid were both unable to detect the plasmid mutant. The difference in clinical sensitivity between the plasmid PCR assays m2000 and RCA, on the one hand, and the rRNA assays AC2 and ACT, on the other, could be attributed almost exclusively to the presence of the plasmid mutant in about one-quarter of the
Chlamydia
-positive samples examined.
Molecular Epidemiological Identification of
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Clonal Clusters with Distinct Susceptibility Profiles Associated with Specific Groups at High Risk of Contracting Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Syphilis
Authors: Wong Wing-Wai , Huang Chung-Ter , Li Lan-Hui , Chiang Chien-Chou , Chen Bor-Dong , Li Shu-Ying 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT

From April 2006 to August 2007, a total of 146
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
isolates collected from 139 male patients in Taipei, Taiwan, were analyzed by
N. gonorrhoeae
multiantigen sequence typing (NG-MAST) and antibiotic susceptibility testing. The resistance rates of all isolates to ciprofloxacin, cefpodoxime, and cefixime were 76.7 (112/146), 21.2 (31/146), and 16.4% (24/146), respectively. NG-MAST identified 71 sequence types (STs), of which 21 STs contained 2 to 21 isolates. The isolates that belonged to the three major ST clusters typically were from patients who had specific epidemiological characteristics (such as sexual orientation and human immunodeficiency virus status). The major ST clones exhibited distinct resistance profiles and are associated with specific groups at high risk of human immunodeficiency virus and syphilis infections.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Population Structures Differ Significantly on Two Indonesian Islands
Authors: Parwati Ida , van Crevel Reinout , Sudiro Mirawati , Alisjahbana Bachti , Pakasi Trevino , Kremer Kristin , van der Zanden Adri , van Soolingen Dick 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT

Comparison of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
genotype distributions in different areas might help to find determinants of the emergence of certain genotypes, such as the Beijing family. In this study,
M. tuberculosis
isolates originating from patients from two Indonesian islands were genotyped, and possible associations with patients' characteristics and drug resistance were explored. A high degree of genetic diversity was observed among the
M. tuberculosis
strains, and a significant difference was found in the geographical distribution of genotype families. The predominant Beijing genotype family was isolated from 268 of 813 patients from West Java (33.0%) versus 12 of 84 patients from Timor (14.3%) (
P
= 0.002). Family F (East African-Indian) (33.3%) and family D (Latin American and Mediterranean) (20.0%) were more prevalent in Timor. No significant associations were found between genotype families and age, vaccination with
Mycobacterium bovis
BCG, previous treatment, disease localization, or drug resistance. Possible explanations for the differences in the geographical distribution of the
M. tuberculosis
genotypes are discussed.