bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deep submergence synergy: Alvin and ABE explore the Galapagos Rift at 86°W
Authors: Shank T. , Fornari D. , Yoerger D. , Humphris S. , Bradley A. , Hammond S. , Lupton J. , Scheirer D. , Collier R. , Reysenbach A.‐L. , Ding K. , Seyfried W. , Butterfield D. , Olson E. , Lilley M. 
Published: October 2006

For over 25 years, hydrothermal vent communities discovered at the Galapagos Rift near 86°W [e.g., Corliss et al., 1979] have provided the foundation of deep‐sea vent biology as their study has led to fundamental discoveries of chemoautorophy and novel symbioses in the deep sea [e.g., Cavanaugh et al., 1981]. Since 1979, numerous physiological and geochemical investigations of the Rose Garden vent community [e.g.,Hessler et al., 1988] have been made possible through routine access to this deep sea floor site, provided by the deep submergence vehicle Alvin. This research revolutionized our understanding of basic biological and chemical processes in the deep ocean [e.g. Johnson et al., 1988; Edmond et al., 1979].In May–June 2002, a sea floor sampling and near‐bottom mapping program was conducted using R/V Atlantis (AT7–13),the submersible Alvin, and the autonomous underwater vehicle ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer) [Yoerger et al., 1998] to explore and study hydrothermal processes along the Galapagos Spreading Center (GSC) between 86°W and 90°W (Figure 1). This 12‐day expedition coincided with the 25th anniversary of the discovery of deep‐sea hydrothermal vents at the Galapagos Rift (http://wwwdivediscover.whoi.edu; Expedition 6). It included a planned revisit of the Rose Garden vent field to conduct multidisciplinary time‐series observations and sampling that would represent a quarter‐century perspective at this longest‐studied, active hydrothermal vent field. The fieldwork resulted in the discovery of important geological, hydrothermal, and biological changes that have occurred at the Rose Garden site. During the first few Alvin dives of the cruise, it was discovered that the well‐developed faunal communities last documented 13 years ago at Rose Garden were apparently buried by fresh basaltic sheet flows. Notable was the absence of 14 sea floor markers used for past experiments and 7 stacks of Alvin dive weights observed on dive 2224.
Crater serves as terrestrial analog for Martian impact structures
Authors: Mahmood Ahmed , Van Der Koou Marco , Giugni Laurent‐Philippe 
Published: October 2006

Researchers try to resolve the mysteries of Mars' geomorphological and climatic past by looking for terrestrial analogs and then explaining the processes of their formation. The Haughton impact crater site on Devon Island in Canada's Nunavut Territory has been the focus of Mars analog studies because of the similarity of its geomorphological characteristics to those observed on Mars and its location in a comparable environment [Lee et al., 1998]. The availability of high‐resolution space data of these characteristics is a necessity in such studies.The most detailed topographic survey on Mars used a non‐imaging laser ranging device called the Mars Observer Laser Altimeter (MOLA) aboard the Mars Global Surveyor Mission [Zuber et al., 1992]. The radar imaging technique selected for this study in the Nunavut Territory spaceborne repeat‐pass Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (INSAR), can render subtle, point‐to‐point details on variations in a coherent, three‐dimensional manner of a seemingly featureless surface for which the traditional optical stereo matching techniques will fail to generate accurate topographic information [Rosen, 2001].
Hearing is prelude to senate showdown on climate change
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Two U.S. senators who are sponsoring legislation to reduce greenhouse gas emissions have indicated that they will loosen the reduction requirements in an effort to attract additional support for the bill. Senators John McCain (R‐Arizona) and Joseph Lieberman (D‐Connecticut) indicated they will offer the amended version in preparation for a Senate showdown on climate change expected later this fall.The Climate Stewardship Act of 2003 (S.139), originally introduced in January 2003, still would promote climate research, establish a mandatory carbon dioxide reduction program, and require affected industry sectors to reduce greenhouse emissions to year 2000 levels by the year 2010. However, McCain said the bill no longer would require further reductions, by the year 2016, to levels that existed in 1990. The bill also would be far less rigorous than the Kyoto Protocol.
Exploring the Secrets of the Aurora
Authors: Siscoe George 
Published: October 2006

Short, professional autobiographies of the founders of space physics have been solicited by AGU's History Committee and published in special sections of Space Physics issues of the Journal of Geophysical Research. Here we have a book‐length professional autobiography by the discoverer of magnetospheric substorms, which is arguably the most intensely researched topic in the field.Probably the book's most valuable contribution to the history of space physics is precisely the narration of the discovery of substorms. Exploring the Secrets of the Aurora has an epic quality. It starts with Akasofu's insight that the auroral zone—a circumpolar zone that auroras inhabit, with geographic borders established in the previous century—is a fiction. There followed a struggle to replace it with the concept of an expandable auroral oval, which has quite a different shape. The road to final success entailed Akasofu's installing a chain of aurora‐imaging, “all‐sky” cameras stretching the north‐south length of Alaska. These proved the point and set a precedent for north‐south aligned magnetometer chains.
Comment on “On past temperatures and anomalous late‐20th century warmth”
Authors: Soon Willie , Baliunas Sallie , Legates David 
Published: October 2006

We write in response to the Forum article by Mann et al. (Eos, 8 July 2003;“M03”), noting first two points of apparent agreement with our work [Soon and Baliunas, 2003; Soon et al., 2003;“SB03”]:(1) Studies of climatic and environmental changes (including temperature) on hemispheric or global scales over time periods of millennia based on paleoclimate proxies must contend with significant uncertainties.
The Sedimentary Record of Sea‐Level Change
Authors: Schimanski Alexander 
Published: October 2006

Sediment supply, subsidence, and eustasy are the main factors controlling the geometry of strata that form in a basin that is being filled. The strata formed, called sequences, are interpreted in order to correlate and predict stratigraphy on a regional to global scale and on a range of time scales.Although the principle of sequence stratigraphy is simple, the numerous degrees of freedom and the many possibilities of interpretation make it difficult to understand for many students and scientists.
Light scattering from the spherical‐shell atmosphere: Earth curvature effects measured by SeaWiFS
Authors: Wang, Menghua 
Published: October 2006

It is commonly known that the Earth's atmosphere is a spherical‐shell atmosphere (SSA) rather than a plane‐parallel atmosphere (PPA). Thus, the light scattered by the Earth's atmosphere is governed by physics of the radiative transfer equation (RTE) with proper boundary conditions in the SSA system. In satellite and aircraft remote sensing, however, the PPA model is usually assumed to compute the lookup tables and convert the sensor‐measured signals to the desired physical and optical quantities.The PPA assumption is a simple yet very good approximation for solar and sensor zenith angles < ∼80°. Note that the solar and sensor zenith angles here are defined as a measure at the local surface. In the PPA assumption, however, the solar zenith angles ≥90° is not defined. When the solar zenith angles ≥90° in the PPA system; i.e., when the Sun is below the horizon, there will be no light scattered out to the top of the atmosphere (TOA) or at the bottom of the surface. We would experience complete darkness in this situation.
International ice core community meets to discuss best practices for ice core curation
Authors: Hinkley Todd 
Published: October 2006

Several countries now have national ice core laboratories, or substantial ice core facilities, where these proxy archives of the Earth's past climate and atmosphere are safeguarded, processed, and analyzed. Australia, China, Denmark, Japan, Argentina, and the United States have formal, dedicated ice core repositories with laboratories. India's is under construction, in Goa. France, Germany, Russia, and the U.K. have long had substantial ice core holdings and facilities for analysis of ice cores. Brazil, Chile, Italy, and Switzerland have expanding field acquisition and analytical programs that require favorable storage conditions for ice cores.Representatives of 12 countries gathered in Milan, Italy, in late August for a first meeting, InterICE, of “international ice core establishments,” to compare and discuss ideas about best practices for acquisition, storage, curation, and distribution of the ice cores that have been drilled from the polar and temperate glaciers of the world, representing up to a half‐million years of the Earth's most recent past.
Where are the women geoscientist professors?
Authors: Holmes Mary Anne , O'Connell Suzanne 
Published: October 2006

Nearly 50 geo‐ and social scientists recently gathered in Washington, D.C., for a workshop on women in the geosciences. The two‐fold purpose was to compile data on the status of women in the geosciences and to arrive at a consensus on strategies to increase the proportion of women and their diversity in the field.Participants spanned 4 decades of experience, including both genders, and represented many types of academic institutions, from high school to private, bachelors degree‐granting colleges to public and private Research I institutions. Two social scientists who specialize in women‐in‐science issues also participated.
International heat flow commission celebrates 40 years
Authors: Cermak Vladimir , Lee William H. K. 
Published: October 2006

The outflow of heat from the Earth's interior is, in terms of energy, the most impressive terrestrial phenomenon. Its present rate of about 1021 joules per year is order‐of‐magnitudes greater than the energy dissipation of earthquakes or heat loss from volcanic eruptions. The study of the Earth's internal heat plays an important role in understanding the Earth's origin, internal constitution, and plate tectonics.The thermal structure of the Earth, generally referred to as the geothermics, or also as the (terrestrial) heat flow, has been studied for a long time. However, modern geothermics, one of the fundamental geophysical disciplines, is relatively young. The International Heat Flow Commission (IHFC), under which the academic geothermal research on the international scale is organized, was created only in 1963. The IHFC, operating under the International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interior (IASPEI), covers a broad scope of geophysical studies, and links the activities of other associations of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG).
New exploration focus will not diminish Earth science agenda, NASA says
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

A dramatic re‐orientation of NASA to focus on space exploration and manned missions to the Moon and Mars will not diminish the agency's Earth science agenda, according to top NASA officials.The re‐orientation, which U.S. President George W. Bush and NASA announced on 14 January, calls for a return to the Moon with robotic missions no later than 2008. A manned mission to the lunar surface would follow between 2015 and 2020, “as the launching point for missions beyond,” Bush said.
Updated repeat orbit interferometry package released
Authors: Rosen Paul A. , Hensley Scott , Peltzer Gilles , Simons Mark 
Published: October 2006

RO1_PAC V2.3, a Repeat Orbit Interferometry package that allows topographic and surface change researchers to apply Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) methods, is now freely available to the community InSAR is the synthesis of conventional SAR and interferometry techniques that have been developed over several decades in radio astronomy and radar remote sensing. In recent years, it has opened entirely new application areas for radar in the Earth system sciences, including topographic mapping and geodesy.RO1_PAC, developed primarily to work with European Remote Sensing (ERS) satellite radar data, currently supports ERS‐1, ERS‐2, and Japanese Earth Resources Satellite (JERS) radar data, and is configurable to work with “strip‐mode” data from all existing satellite radar instruments. The first release of RO1_ PAC (V1.0) was made quietly in 2000, and roughly 30 groups in the academic and research community currently use it.
The Dead Sea is unlikely to dry up in 50 years
Authors: Asmar Basel N. , Ergenzinger Peter 
Published: October 2006

Since the early 1960s, the water level of the Dead Sea has decreased gradually to a level of 417 m below mean sea level (bmsl). Estimates of the annual rate of decline vary between 0.5 m/yr to 0.95 m/yr. Recently, Asmar [1998] and Asmar and Ergenzinger [2002a] showed that the rate of decline is gradually decreasing.Two major factors are responsible for the lowering of the Dead Sea: the diversion of almost all water resources away from the Dead Sea, which considerably decreases the water input into it; and industrial development in both Jordan and Israel that uses increasing amounts of Dead Sea water to produce minerals where the former southern Dead Sea has been transformed into industrial evaporation pans.
Colwell resigns from NSF
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Rita Colwell, who has served as director of the U.S. National Science Foundation since August 1998, steps down from that position on 21 February. After fulfilling most of her 6‐year term, Colwell will assume the chairmanship of Canon U.S. Life Sciences, Inc., an Arlington,Virginia‐based subsidiary of Canon USA, Inc.Colwell also will become a faculty member of The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health in Baltimore, Maryland, where she will help to develop an international center for the study of infectious diseases, water, and public health. In addition, she will be a distinguished university professor at the University of Maryland, College Park.
Reply [to “Comment on ‘Abandoned mines, mountain sports, and climate variability: Implications for the Colorado tourism economy’”]
Authors: Todd Andrew , McKnight Diane , Wyatt Lane 
Published: October 2006

Our article focused on the complex interactions among climate variability, hydrology, chemical weathering reactions, and stream ecology that influence water resource availability for recreation in watersheds of the Colorado Rocky Mountains. In responding to our article, our colleagues at Hydrosphere Resource Consultants provide additional detailed information about snow‐making approaches at ski resorts. However, they make other assertions that warrant comment and clarification.We disagree with the statement that the ski industry may not be the appropriate tourism sector for illustrating the impacts of climate variations. The success of the ski industry hinges on a variety of climate‐related variables (for example, temperature, precipitation quantity, precipitation as snow versus rain) that are expected to change in an uncertain climatic future.
USGS budget would decrease and face inflationary pressures
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

For fiscal year 2005, the Bush administration's proposed budget for the U.S. Geological Survey would reduce its funding to $919.8 million. That is a 2% dip from the 2004 enacted budget of $937.9 million, and brings the agency nearly back to its 2003 level of $919.3 million.The proposed budget calls for overall belt‐tightening, and targets some specific areas for larger reductions, including mineral resources and cooperative topographic mapping. But the FY2005 budget does not propose wholesale slashing of the agency's funding, as had earlier budgets.”
Revised climate science plan still lacking in key areas
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

A U.S. National Research Council committee has found that a revised strategic plan for the U.S. Climate Change Science Program (CCSP) includes elements “that could permit it to effectively guide research on climate and associated global changes over the next decades.”However, the committee noted that the revision, issued by the CCSF faces major hurdles related to funding, program priorities, management structure, and maintaining political independence.
Comment on “Maxwell, electromagnetism, and fluid flow in resistive media”
Authors: Brown Glenn 
Published: October 2006

T. N. Narasimhan's article, “Maxwell, Electromagnetism, and Fluid Flow in Resistive Media” (Eos, 4 November 2003), has raised an interesting “what if” question concerning the history of the theoretical development of flow in porous media. Citing an early work of James Clerk Maxwell's, the author states, “It is hoped that Maxwell's contributions to the foundations of fluids in porous media will receive due attention and that his novel approach will lead to new insights.” Unfortunately, a careful reading of Maxwell and a thorough understanding of the state of the science in the mid‐19th century do not support the claims presented.Maxwell's publication was not referenced, but the writer believes the author was referring to “On Faraday's Lines of Force,” [Maxwell, 1856]. Review of the manuscript shows two facts. First, Maxwell was a brilliant scientist with a strong mathematical bent. He appears well read in the contemporary theories of electromagnetism and knowledgeable on the experimental data. It also appears that he had a reasonable understanding of both heat transport and fluid mechanics. The paper presents a remarkably clear derivation for the electromagnetic equations in three dimensions with variable resistance. It is a truly great publication. Second, Maxwell did not consider his equations to actually represent fluid flow. Anyone reading the paper would, in fact, be left with the impression that his equations would not be suitable for fluids. He explains electrical fluxes and potentials with the analogy of fluid flow and pressures. However, this was simply a convenience to help the audience focus on his theory instead of the competing theories of the day such as the “two fluid model.” To this point, it is informative to read his words.
Swedish small satellites investigate the aurora
Authors: Marklund Göran , André Mats , Lundin Rickard 
Published: October 2006

The Swedish small satellite program—which began in the mid‐1980s—has been recognized internationally as cost‐efficient and scientifically successful, and the results have contributed significantly to the progress in auroral research.The program comprises six research satellites to date, five of which were auroral or space plasma missions.Viking and Freja made substantial and sometimes pioneering contributions to the understanding of the aurora. The smaller satellites Astrid, Astrid‐2, and Munin proved powerful both for testing new space technologies and instruments and for providing high‐quality scientific data.
Suggestion for proposal reviews
Authors: Genereux David , Sen Gautam 
Published: October 2006

The recent letters to Eos concerning whether journal manuscript reviews should be anonymous or not has us thinking about another important and fixable problem concerning peer review: the lack of opportunity to rebut incorrect comments made in the review of proposals. Review comments that are incorrect and overly negative are common (much more so than comments that are incorrect and overly positive) and detrimental to authors, but at least, for journal manuscripts, authors can write point‐by‐point responses to reviewer comments and submit them with a revised manuscript. This can be a very effective means of addressing the problem and having a good paper accepted, in spite of reviews with Incorrect and Overly Negative Statements (IONS).On the other hand, with proposals to funding agencies, this same opportunity generally does not exist (though we know of a program at the U.S. Department of Agriculture that allows authors to include up to one page of responses to previous review comments when a proposal is re‐submitted). The common occurrence of IONS in review of proposals, and a lack of good opportunity to rebut them, may lead to problems in award decisions. IONS in review can not be eliminated, but their role in award decisions can be reduced.
Comment on “New Global Drifter Data Set available”
Authors: Lutjeharms Johann , Ansorge Isabelle , Grüdlingh Marten , van Ballegooyen Roy , Weeks Scarla , Machu Eric , Boebel Olaf 
Published: October 2006

Stephen Pazan and Peter Niiler (Eos, 13 January 2004, p. 17) ably describe the global drifter data set that has now been assembled, its potential value to the oceanographic community and the locations on the Internet where it can be found.This is indeed an extraordinary resource that can be of immense value to a spectrum of oceanographers. In their enthusiasm to propound the usefulness of the data, they may however, have made one serious error.In illustrating the meandering nature of the Agulhas Return Current with drifter tracks, they state, “New circulation features are also being discovered…In Figure 2 the Agulhas Current can be seen flowing south of the east coast of South Africa; it separates from the coast and meanders northward and southward seven times as it flows to the coast (sic; they mean: to the east). These meanders, which are steadily present from 1979 to 2002, have not been observed before.…”
Reply [to [Comment on] “Comment on “New global drifter data set available’” by Ohann Lutjeharms and Isabelle Ansorge]
Authors: Niiler Peter 
Published: October 2006

The Eos article referred to in the letter by Lutjeharms et al. discusses only the time mean drifter velocity data in the Agulhas Return Current region. Because of Eos space limitations, we could not discuss the large amount of research devoted to synoptic meanders and eddies, which are also seen by the individual drifter tracks in our data set while passing through the Agulhas Return Current system.More than 10 years of drifter data were used in the time mean velocity plot in our Figure 2. Underlying the synoptic variations were seven semi‐permanent meanders of the Agulhas Return Current. In our global drifter data set, no other western boundary current had such an extensive, steady or stable meander pattern. We thought that this indeed was a “discovery” and are pleased that Lutjeharms et al. agree.
AAAS, other science groups issue recommendations to U.S. Government for solving Visa issuance problems
Authors: Jacobs Judy 
Published: October 2006

On 12 May, high‐level U.S. science and higher education organizations outlined some practical recommendations for solving the current visa‐processing crisis—by removing unnecessary barriers to multinational discoveries—and urged the federal government to adopt them.The recommendations are designed to combat “the misperception that the United States does not welcome international students, scholars, and scientists,” according to a joint statement issued by the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), the Association of American Universities (AAU), the American Physical Society, and 22 other organizations.