bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF MANURING UPON APPLE FRUITS
Authors: MUSKETT A. E. , HORNE A. S. , COLHOUN J. 
Published: February 2008

Summary

Manurial treatment exercises a strong influence on the growth of apple trees, their time of blossoming, the amount of bloom, the foliage colour and the fruit colour. The effect is mainly due to nitrogen which induces increased growth, earlier flowering, more bloom, greener foliage and softer and greener fruit. Potash and phosphate have little effect on the growth of the trees, or on blossoming or foliage, but favour the production of more highly colonred fruit.
Nitrogenous manuring increases the nitrogen content of the fruit. Thus in 1930 the mean nitrogen content for the samples from plots receiving and not receiving nitrogen, was 0.0229 and 0.0550 respectively. In the following year the results for similarly treated pots were 0.0430 and 0.0745 respectively. Considering the results obtained in the years in question the mean nitrogen content for 1930 when there was a good yield was 0.0372 in contrast with 0.0587 for 1931 when the yield was poor. The control plot alone gave values of 0.0218 and 0.0343.
In 1930 the rates of radial advance (in mm. per day) of Cytosporina ludibunda for samples from plots receiving different treatments were K, 0.082; K+P, 0.118; X, 0.130; P, 0.150; C, 0.259; N+K+P, 0.456; N+P, 0.678; N, 1.213; and N+K, 1.249. The rate for the ample from the plot treated with N+K is fifteen times that calculated for the apples from the plot treated with K. The effect of nitrogenous as compared with non‐nitrogenous or no manuring has been studied in each of three years. The mean values for radial advance obtained for samples from plots receiving no nitrogen were 1930, 0.153; 1931, 0.33; 1932, 0.54, while for samples from plots receiving nitrogenous manuring the values were 1930, 0.889; 1931, 1.08; and 1932, 0.89. The values obtained in 1930 receive confirmation from observations on the radial spread of the fungus on the sterilized tissue from apples produced on trees in the various plots. The value γrm=+0.9112 was obtained for the correlation between radial advance (R) and radial spread (M). In 1930 the rate of growth of the fungus in the sample from the plot treated with K was one‐third of that in the sample from the control plot.
Radial advance is correlated with nitrogen content (N) of the fruit and this relationship is shown by the following values for the correlation coefficient: 1930, γRN+=0.8571; 1931, γrm=+0.7277.
Nitrogenous manuring increases the intensity of the attack of Venturia inaequalis on the fruit in the orchard. Evidence is produced in support of the suggestion that fruit resistant to attack by V. inaequalis may also be resistant to invasion by a rot producing fungus in storage. The value of the correlation between radial advance (R) and the percentage weight of scabbed fruit (S) was γRS+=0.6395. The percentage weight of scabbed fruit was shown to be correlated with the nitrogen content of the fruit and the value of the coefficient obtained was γSN;=+0.8292.
STUDIES IN POTATO STORAGE
Authors: SINGH B. N. , MATHUR P. B. 
Published: February 2008

Summary

Tubers stored for 10–12 days at 18°C. lost considerably less weight during subsequent storage than those pre‐stored at 7°C. previous to permanent storage. This emphasizes the importance of pre‐storing potatoes for a brief duration at a higher temperature preparatory to permanent cold storage.
In the adolescent tubers the loss in weight during storage is high and decreases with increasing maturity of the tubers, the value for the total loss being about the same in mature and ripe tubers.
Although the magnitude of shrinkage during storage of mature and ripe potatoes is practically the same, the former are superior to the latter in that they keep longer in storage without sprouting.
During storage the loss in weight of potatoes due to respiration is very small in comparison with that caused by evaporation of water.
STUDIES IN POTATO STORAGE
Authors: SINGH B. N. , MATHUR P. B. 
Published: February 2008

Summary

Adolescent, mature and ripe potatoes continue to be distinguished by their respiratory behaviour throughout the period of storage.
When potatoes are placed in storage there is a progressive increase in the concentration of internal carbon dioxide until the termination of the period of dormancy, the percentage of this gas falling rapidly with the commencement of sprouting.
Data concerning the composition of the atmosphere surrounding the tubers show that, in general, there is an accumulation of carbon dioxide in the surrounding air with increasing periods in storage.
There is a negative correlation between R.Q. and the percentage internal carbon dioxide during the stages of dormancy and sprouting.
Records concerning the composition of samples of air withdrawn from top, middle and bottom layers of potatoes show a slightly higher percentage of carbon dioxide in the bottom layer than in the middle and top ones.
Data concerning the permeability of the periderm of the potato to gas during storage indicate that the permeability of the superficial tissues decreases considerably during the dormancy of tubers.
COMPLEX FUNGAL ROTTING OF PEA SEEDS
Authors: PADWICK G. W. 
Published: February 2008

Summary

Poor stands of peas due to fungal rotting were observed in field experimental plots in widely separated pea‐growing districts.
The rotting was not due to seed‐borne Ascochyta pisi or Mycosphaerella pinodes which were apparently absent from the seed.
Isolations from surface sterilized cotyledons of several varieties of peas grown in sterilized and unsterilized soil showed an abundance of common moulds and several pathogenic fungi, namely: a Fusarium of the section Roseum, Fusarium culmorum and Botrytis cinerea.
Isolations from surface sterilized rotting stems from five experimental centres at harvest time indicated the presence of a great variety of fungi including a number of species of Fusarium. Many of these, including all the common moulds such as Penicillium, were non‐pathogenic to the cotyledons. Fusarium avenaceum was found to be highly pathogenic to the cotyledons; F. solani var. Martii showed some signs of causing rotting; Botrytis cinerea was highly pathogenic. Several non‐pathogenic species of Fusarium were obtained.
Tests with numerous stock cultures show high pathogenicity of the following fungi to pea cotyledons:

Botrytis cinerea from Lactuca, Rosa and elsewhere. Fusarium avenaceum from Triticum. Fusarium culmorum from Triticum, Dianthus and Callistephus. Fusarium species from Vicia faba and Tulipa. Helminthosporium sativum from Triticum. Ophiobolus heterostrophus from Oryza. Sclerotinia species from Lactuca. Fusarium Graminearum from Triticum.

It is suggested that loss of stand in pea crops due to rotting of the cotyledons by these and other fungi is probably more important than diseases caused by Ascochyta and Mycosphaerella and foot‐rots in the late stage.
A DISEASE OF THE VIOLA CAUSED BY RAMULARIA DEFLECTENS
Authors: CAMPBELL MARIE E. 
Published: February 2008

Summary

Viola plants, of the variety Kate Blyth, which were badly infected with the fungus Ramularia deflecens, were received from Coventry in the early spring.
Sclerotium‐like bodies were found on the leaves.
Pycnidia containing pycnospores were obtained in culture.
By comparison it is seen that these sclerotium‐like bodies are really pycnidia which have not developed fully.
The formation of pycnidia in culture depends on nutrition.
Perithecia are found neither on the plant nor in cdture.
In the early spring positive results from infection experiments are obtained.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE FLUCTUATIONS IN THE POPULATION OF TOXOPTERA AURANTII BOY. IN PALESTINE
Authors: RIVNAY E. 
Published: February 2008

Summary

The Citrus aphis reproduces parthenogenetically continuously throughout the year; sexual reproduction has not been observed.
The most favourable temperature for development and reproduction of the aphis is between 22 and 25° C. Between 18 and 22° C. the rate of reproduction and development is also suflicient to bring about heavy infestation.
The temperature below 18° C. is unfavourable for considerable increase of the population of this hisect. At 7° C. reproduction is barely taking place.
At 30–32° C. the mortality of the nymphs is almost 100%. At 34–35° C. reproduction ceases, and at 36° C. adult insects die within a short period.
The annual fluctuations of the population of the insect based on field observations are described.
Food as a factor in the increase of the population of the aphis is discussed.
The effect of the annual fluctuations of the temperature in Palestine upon the population of the aphis is pointed out.
The economic status of the insect is discussed.
STUDIES OF THE BIOLOGY OF THE DEATH‐WATCH BEETLE, XESTOBIUM RUFOVILLOSUM DE G.
Authors: FISHER RONALD C. 
Published: February 2008

Summary

This paper, the second in a short series on biological studies of the death‐watch beetle, Xestobium rufovillosum De G., is concerned with the life of the adult, egg‐laying and hatching.
Times of pupation and emergence in the natural habitat of the insect in decayed parts of willow, and in timbers in buildings are discussed and compared.
The rate of development of the reproductive organs after pupation and until egg‐laying starts, is described.
The habits of the adults, activity, tapping, fight and mode of pairing are commented upon.
The major part of the paper deals with oviposition which has been studied out of doors and under controlled tempemture and humidity in the laboratory.
Out of doors forty to eighty eggs per female are laid during May and June over a period of 6–9 weeks. The egg stage lasts from 3 to 5 weeks, according to temperature conditions.
In the laboratory, oviposition and the hatching of the egg were studied at 15, 20, 25 and 30°C. and relative humidities of 23, 41, 53, 75, 86 and 95 %. The results are discussed in relation to the effect of temperature, relative humidity and saturation deficiency.
“Indices of suitability” for various combinations of temperature and humidity in relation to egg‐laying and hatching are calculated from the experimental data.
It is shown that an increase in temperature to a maximum between 25 and 30°C. is favourable but that the optimum conditions must include a low saturation deficiency. The data demonstrate an increasing tolerance, by the insect, of dryness associated with a rise in temperature.
The application of these findings to the occurrence and spread of Xestobium in buildings is briefly discussed.
ON THE BIONOMICS AND STRUCTURE OF SOME DIPTEROUS LARVAE INFESTING CEREALS AND GRASSES
Authors: THOMAS I. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryIn the field the chief larval host plants of Geomyza tripunctata Fall. are Lolium perenne and L. italicum; in the laboratory other grasses and wheat are readily attacked. The damage is similar to that caused by Oscinella frit L.; the larva feeds inside the grasses and kills the central shoot.
FIELD INVESTIGATIONS UPON THE CONTROL OF THE MUSTARD BEETLE, PHAEDON COCH‐LEARIAE F., ON WATERCRESS
Authors: EDWARDS E. E. 
Published: February 2008

Summary

An account is given of field experiments in 1935 with pyrethrum and derris preparations for the control of Phaedon cochleariae F. on watercress plants.
Average infestations, judging by the beetle population on the untreated plots, were reduced by:

Pyrethrum emulsion of 0.01 % content of pyrethrin I to 37.9 %.
Derris wash of 0.004 % rotenone content to 22.4%.
Derris dust of 0.2 % rotenone content to 13.7 %.
Derris dust of 0.5 % rotenone content to 3.1 %.

The difficulties involved in the general application of insecticides for the successful control of the beetle in commercial culture of watercress are discussed.
A basis for controlling the beetle by means of direct measures is presented in the light of observations on extended trials by watercress growers in 1936, based upon a consideration of the results obtained from the 1935 field experiments and from a study of the life history of the insect.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF SAINFOIN IN ITS SEEDING YEAR
Authors: THOMSON J. R. 
Published: February 2008

Summary

Evidence of delayed germination was obtained.
The number of leaflets in each of the firat six foliage leaves of sainfoin seedlings shows considerable variation. The mean number of leaflets in each of the second to the sixth foliage leaves is significantly greater in giant sainfoin than in common sainfoin.
Giant sainfoin tends to produce erect stam and flower in the seeding year, the amount of flowering being variable. Common sainfoin remains prostrate and never flowers.
Common sainfoin produces more tillers than giant sainfoin.
The origin of the giant and common varieties is discussed.
BIOLOGY OF OAT SMUTS
Authors: SAMPSON KATHLEEN , WESTERN J. H. 
Published: February 2008

Summary

An attempt has been made to trace the history of six spore collections of the oat smuts during a 10‐year period of experimental work and to compare them in regard to stability.1
Evidence of change was found in three collections and the modifications, with one exception, were in a negative direction.
At an early stage in the work, collection L2 lost by screening the capacity to attack strigosa.
By monospore isolations, collection C2 was resolved into two types, one of which had a narrower range of infection than the parent collection.
Collection C4 also yielded two types, but both differed from the original collection. One was more pathogenic and the other less pathogenic than the collection as a whole.
Reasons are given for the view that the changes were due to heterozygous types in the collections.
No changes were detected in three collections.
One collection (L11) was outstanding in the uniformity of mono‐spore and monosporidial lines in culture.
Experiments designed to break down the resistance to smut in certain selected oat varieties met with no success.
PHYSIOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN INSECTS AND THEIR HOST PLANTS
Authors: EVANS A. C. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryIt is shown that under late summer conditions of light the rate of reproduction of the aphis, Brevicoryne brassicae, is positively correlated with the nitrogen content of the host plant and, in particular, with the protein content. The formation of winged forms is negatively correlated with the same factors.The chemical composition of the plant affects the rate of growth, length of larval period and final pupal weights of Pieris brasscae. It also influences the amount of food eaten.
SOME APPLICATIONS OF LABORATORY BIOLOGICAL TESTS TO THE EVALUATION OF FUNGICIDES
Authors: MARSH R. W. 
Published: February 2008

Summary

Laboratory sorting‐out tests on glass slides have shown the relative fungicidal value of a number of rubber accelerators and other organic sulphur derivatives. The most toxic of these materials, when tested on leaves, gave no promise of being of use in the field.
In laboratory leaf tests using spray supplements the adverse influence of sulphite lye on tenacity was illustrated by spore germination experiments. Loss of tenacity was similarly demonstrated in sprays including oils emulsified with sulphite lye.
A limited number of comparisons with field trials indicates that the laboratory leaf test may be used as an indicator of the fungicidal value of a spray material against Venturia inaequalis and V. pirina, but that in general it gives results less favourable to the fungicide than those from corresponding field trials.
THE TOXICITY OF ETHYLENE OXIDE TO CALANDRA ORYZAE, C. GRANARIA, TRIBOLIUM CASTANEUM, AND CIMEX LECTULARIUS
Authors: BUSVINE J. R. 
Published: February 2008

Summary

The orders of resistance of four different species of insects are shown to be different towards hydrogen cyanide, ethylene oxide and sulphur dioxide.
The different circumstances to be considered in fumigation research are surveyed with a view to ensuring reliable results. They can be grouped as: (a) Factors which may influence absorption of poison. (b) Factors which may influence toxic processes and degree of poisoning.
These factors are assessed and each aspect of technique is described with an estimate of the extent to which it has been controlled.
The arrangement of experiments to provide as much information as possible is described and the limits of accuracy defined.
Details of the rearing and treatment of insects are given.
Difficulties of estimation of mortality are considered and a relation between severity of fumigation and incidence of death or recovery from stupefaction is demonstrated.
The dose‐kill data are treated by Bliss's Method of Probits and tables of statistics for each set of data are appended.
Various time‐concentration relations are considered, and from these the empirical formula cnt =W has been adopted. A statistical analysis shows no serious deviation from this relationship.
The need for uniformity in expression of toxicity is stressed, and the following criterion of resistance proposed: “The 5‐hr. concentrations (mg./l. N.T.P.) for 50 and 99% kill and the value of n”.
The values of the criteria for the four species used (Calandra granaria. C. oryzae. Triboliun castaneum and Cimea: lectularius) are given.
THE ECOLOGY OF THE LARGER FUNGI. III. CONSTANCY AND FREQUENCY OF GRASSLAND SPECIES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SOIL TYPES
Authors: WILKINS W. H. , PATRICK SHEILA H. M. 
Published: February 2008

Summary

This paper is an investigation into the mycological flora characteristic of grasslands with particular reference to certain soil types.
Twenty stations were examined over a period of two years, the stations being representative of chalk, clay and sand soils.
The experimental method is briefly described and ecological notes on the twenty stations are given in detail.
Lists of the fungi found on grasslands in general and on each of the three soil types are given, and the constancy of species and frequency of individuals are discussed in relation to grasslands as a whole and in relation to each soil type.
The results are discussed and a comparison made between the fungi of grasslands and those of oakwoods and beechwoods.
NOTES ON THE PHOTOPERIODIC REACTIONS AND VIRUS CONTENTS OF SOME PERUVIAN POTATOES
Authors: DENNIS R. W. G. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryExposure of the Peruvian potato varieties to full summer‐day conditions at Cambridge resulted in a more uniform growing period, and increased the tendency to bloom. The effect on tuber production varied according to the variety. In most types the weight and number of tubers were not adversely influenced, but there was a tendency to elimination of the dormancy period and to conversion of the stolons into aerial shoots. In a few varieties there was no adverse influence, and in the members of one small group plants exposed to full‐day conditions formed no tubers.Investigation of virus content showed that of fifty‐nine varieties only eleven were healthy. In the remaining forty‐eight varieties there were found viruses apparently identical with those known in this country as X, B, C, F, G and perhaps leaf roll.1 There was also evidence of the presence of other viruses, suggesting the existence in South America of a virus complex, only isolated members of which have hitherto been known in Europe. It follows that great caution should be exercised in introducing South American varieties into potato‐growing districts.
THE INTRACELLULAR INCLUSIONS OF SOME PLANT VIRUS DISEASES
Authors: BAWDEN F. C. , SHEFFIELD F. M. L. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryThe contents of healthy cells and those infected with a number of different, plant viruses are described. Some of these viruses apparently do not cause the production of intracellular inclusions; others cause the production of amorphous bodies only, and the remainder produce both amorphous and crystalline inclusions. The properties of the inclusions are compared with those of purified preparations of the viruses. It is shown that insoluble complexes of the viruses with protamines, histones and proteins which in many ways resemble the intracellular inclusions can be produced in vitro. Possible explanations for the formation and disappearance of the inclusions in infected plants are suggested.
A CANKER AND DIE‐BACK OF ROSES CAUSED BY GRIPHOSPHAERIA GORTICOLA
Authors: BROOKS F. T. , Alaily Y. A. S. el 
Published: February 2008

Summary

A canker and die‐back of roses caused by Griphosphaeria corticola (Fckl.) v. Höhnel is described.
Conidial fructifications, which may be acervuli or ill‐defined pycnidia. precede the formation of perithecia. Conidial isolations are of slightly differing types as regards size and shape of spores, cultural behaviour and relative pathogenicity, but at present they are all referred provisionally to Coryneum microstictum B. & Br. Some of the conidial isolations have given rise to perithecia, but others have not.
Successful inoculations both with conidia and ascospores are described.
In Nature, infection by this parasite may occur through pruning wounds, dead buds, leaf scars, wounds made by thorns, and rust lesions.
The following varieties of roses appear to be particularly susceptible to the disease: Duchess of Atholl, Lady Inchiquin and Golden Emblem.
The pathological anatomy of the disease is described. Infection may occur at all times of the year except summer, when the rapid formation of “gum barriers” by the host tissues checks invasion.
The disease is not likely to become widespread unless neglected. Diseased shoots should be cut out; with some varieties normal pruning operations should sufficiently control the disease.
EXPERIMENTS AND OBSERVATIONS ON A VIRUS DISEASE OF WINTER SPINACH (SPIN ACIA OLERACEA)
Authors: STOREY I. F. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryA disease of winter spinach common in the Thames Valley has been shown to be of a virus nature. It is characterized by a mottling and malformation of the leaves, stunting of growth and death of the plants. The causal agent has been shown to be identical with cucumber mosaic I of Ainsworth.The disease is most prevalent in the earlier sown crops, and this appears to be correlated with their liability to be infested with aphides. Field observations on a number of farms indicated a correlation between intensity of aphis infestation and intensity of disease.Seed‐borne infection, though possible, has not been proved.Under field conditions in the Thames Valley it is suggested that a main source of contamination of winter spinach is the outdoor vegetable marrow crop.Postponement of date of sowing until the latter half of September is suggested as a method of reducing the amount of disease.