bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Skin compatibility and ecotoxicity of ethoxylated fatty methyl ester nonionics
Authors: Hama I. , Sasamoto H. , Tamura T. , Nakamura T. , Miura K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEthoxylated fatty methyl esters (EFME) are nonionic surfactants obtained by direct insertion of ethylene oxide to fatty methyl esters in the presence of a composite metal oxide catalyst. Results of cumulative skin irritation testing of EFME on guinea pigs indicate that EFME are less irritating compared to ordinary alcohol ethoxylates (AE). Good skin compatibility of EFME is further illustrated by an in vitro hemolysis test and an in vitro cytotoxicity test. From the standpoint of environmental properties, EFME are readily biodegradable and are less toxic than AE. These results indicate the outstanding dermatological compatibility and good environmental compatibility of EFME.
Importance of micellar relaxation time on detergent properties
Authors: Patist A. , Jha B. K. , Oh S.‐G. , Shah D. O. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAs we enter the new millennium, manufacturers of laundry detergents would like to provide new products for the twenty‐first century. With the goal of achieving new and better performance characteristics, design strategies for research and development should be defined. This paper highlights the importance of micellar relaxation kinetics in processes involved in detergency. Earlier Shah and coworkers showed that the stability of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelles plays an important role in various technological processes. The slow relaxation time (τ2) of SDS micelles, as measured by the pressure‐jump technique, was in the range of 10−4 to 101 s, depending on the surfactant concentration. A maximal relaxation time and thus a maximal micellar stability was found at 200 mM SDS (5 s), corresponding to the least‐foaming, largest bubble size, longest wetting time of textile, largest emulsion droplet size, and the most rapid solubilization of oil. These results are explained in terms of the flux of surfactant monomers from the bulk to the interface, which determines the dynamic surface tension. More stable micelles lead to less monomer flux and hence to a higher dynamic surface tension. The relaxation time for nonionic surfactants (as measured by the stopped‐flow technique) was much longer than for ionic surfactants because of the absence of ionic repulsion between the head groups. The τ2 was related to dynamic surface‐tension experiments. Stability of SDS micelles can be greatly enhanced by the addition of long‐chain alcohols or cationic surfactants. In summary, relaxation time data of surfactant solutions enable us to predict the performance of a given surfactant solution. Moreover, results suggest that one can design appropriate micelles with specific stability, or τ2, by controlling surfactant structure, concentration, and physicochemical conditions, as well as by mixing anionic/cationic or ionic/nonionic surfactants for a desired technological application, e.g., detergency.
Polyglyceryl amines as surfactants I: Symmetrical polyglyceryl amines and aqueous solution properties
Authors: Noiret Nicolas , Rivaux Yvan , Brochette Pascal , Algarra Lionel , Patin Henri 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe synthesis and aqueous micellar properties of three series of homologous symmetrical polyglyceryl alkyl amines are described. They are synthesized from nucleophilic opening of the appropriate oxirane in nearly quantitative yields. Surface tension measurements indicate that these molecules have wide‐ranging amphiphilic properties. Surface tension curves show that diglyceryl amines have a different behavior from the tetra (TGA) and octa (OGA) glyceryl amines. They appear more hydrophilic although they contain fewer hydroxy groups. Moreover, only TGA and OGA show a relation between alkyl chain number and the surface tension at the critical micelle concentration, which is attributed to the polar‐head structural differences.
Dietary glycemic index and the regulation of body weight
Authors: Ludwig David S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPrevalence rates of overweight and obesity have risen precipitously in the United States and other developed countries since the 1960s, despite comprehensive public health efforts to combat this problem. Although considerable attention has been focused on decreasing dietary fat and increasing physical activity level, the potential relevance of the dietary glycemic index to obesity treatment has received comparatively little scientific notice. This review examines how the glycemic and insulinemic responses to diet may affect body weight regulation, and argues for the potential utility of low glycemic index diets in the prevention and treatment of obesity and related complications.
Dietary fat and body weight control
Authors: Peters John C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe global obesity epidemic has heightened the debate about dietary factors contributing to weight gain. Media stories have promulgated the notion that obesity has increased despite reductions in dietary fat intake. Some have even speculated that lower dietary fat levels may be driving the rapid rise in weight gain within the population. A close examination of the science reveals a different picture and supports the hypothesis that dietary fat, within the context of the total dietary composition consumed by many populations, promotes obesity. Hence, dietary fat control is still an important strategy as part of an overall approach to body weight management in our modern environment. Dietary fat increases the energy density of foods. Abundant evidence from preclinical and clinical studies indicates that fat promotes excess energy intake and positive energy balance. Dietary fat does not promote its own oxidation in the body and is stored efficiently, promoting a positive fat balance. Thus, both the behavioral and metabolic responses to dietary fat increase the probability of positive energy balance and body fat gain. Restoring fat balance when consuming diets rich in fat requires increasing the size of the body fat mass, increasing physical activity, or reducing dietary fat intake. Numerous epidemiologic, preclinical, and controlled clinical studies have shown that body fat is positively associated with dietary fat intake and that dietary fat manipulation leads to appropriate changes in body fat mass. Finally, data from the National Weight Control Registry, a database of >3000 individuals who have successfully maintained a substantial weight loss, indicate that moderating dietary fat intake is a key strategy for long‐term management of body weight.
Blockade of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 activation inhibits mechanical hypersensitivity following abdominal surgery
Authors: Dolan Sharron , Nolan Andrea Mary 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis study used the metabotropic glutamate 5 (mGlu5) receptor subtype‐selective antagonist 2‐methyl‐6‐(phenylethynyl)pyridine (MPEP) to characterise the contribution of mGlu5 receptor activity to pain and hypersensitivity in an animal model of post‐surgical pain. Adult female Wistar rats (200–250 g) were anaesthetised with isoflurane (2%) and underwent a midline laparotomy with gentle manipulation of the viscera, and the effects of pre‐ (30 min) or post‐ (5 h) operative treatment with MPEP (1, 3 or 10 mg kg−1; i.p.) or drug‐vehicle on hindpaw withdrawal latency (in seconds) to thermal stimulation (Hargreave's Test) and response threshold (in grams) to mechanical stimulation (using a dynamic plantar aesthesiometer) were measured. Animals that underwent surgery displayed significant hypersensitivity to mechanical stimulation of the hindpaws. Hypersensitivity was maximum at 6 h post‐surgery (44.5 ± 2.4% decrease; p < 0.01 vs. anaesthesia only controls) and persisted for 48 h. Surgery had no effect on thermal withdrawal latency. Both pre‐operative and post‐operative administration of 10 mg kg−1MPEP blocked mechanical hypersensitivity induced by surgery (p < 0.01 vs. vehicle treatment). MPEP had no effect on acute nociceptive thresholds in naïve animals. These data suggest that activity at mGlu5 receptors contributes to development of pain and hypersensitivity following surgery.
Role of stapes surgery in improving hearing loss caused by otosclerosis
Authors: Marchese M R , Paludetti G , De Corso E , Cianfrone F 
Published: November 2006

The aim of our study was to evaluate the functional results of stapes surgery and to compare the effectiveness of small fenestra stapedotomy with that of total stapedectomy in improving hearing in patients affected by otosclerosis.Three hundred and fifty-seven consecutive ears, in 265 patients affected by otosclerosis, underwent surgery. All cases underwent either primary small fenestra stapedotomy (group A, 196/357, 54.91 per cent) or stapedectomy (group B, 161/357, 45.09 per cent). After surgery, 256/357 (71.71 per cent) cases showed a 0–20 dB gap. There were no significant differences in hearing results between the two groups at either early or late post-operative assessment. The mean post-operative pure tone average and air–bone gap results were slightly greater for group B than for group A, at both early and late post-operative assessments, but these differences were not statistically significant. Therefore, in group A, the mean pure tone average at 4 kHz significantly improved, from 56.60 to 47.66 dB at early post-operative assessment and to 52.98 dB at late post-operative assessment.Our study suggests that the technique of microtomy of the oval window is able to improve hearing results especially at high frequencies.
A peripheral nerve sheath tumour as a cause of nasal obstruction
Authors: Manganaris A , Tsompanidou C , Manganaris T 
Published: November 2006

Neurogenic tumours form a very small percentage of all neoplastic lesions of the head and neck region. However, the head and neck region is by far the most common location for benign peripheral nerve tumours. Several cases involving the nose have been sporadically documented throughout the medical literature.We present a rare case of a solitary neurofibroma arising from the lateral nasal wall of a 68-year-old woman. En bloc surgical resection of the mass was achieved by the lateral rhinotomy approach.The clinical significance of this case report is due to its rare site. In recent medical literature, there has been only one report concerning a solitary neurofibroma arising from the inferior turbinate. This case also highlights the importance of considering this clinical entity in the differential diagnosis when encountering a unilateral soft tissue mass in the nasal cavity.
Estimation of Mean Body Temperature from Mean Skin and Core Temperature
Authors: Lenhardt Rainer , Sessler Daniel I. 
Published: November 2006

Background
Mean body temperature (MBT) is the mass-weighted average temperature of body tissues. Core temperature is easy to measure, but direct measurement of peripheral tissue temperature is painful and risky and requires complex calculations. Alternatively MBT can be estimated from core and mean skin temperatures with a formula proposed by Burton in 1935: MBT = 0.64 x TCore + 0.36 x TSkin. This formula remains widely used, but has not been validated in the perioperative period and seems unlikely to remain accurate in dynamic perioperative conditions such as cardiopulmonary bypass. Therefore, the authors tested the hypothesis that MBT, as estimated with Burton's formula, poorly estimates measured MBT at a temperature range between 18 degrees and 36.5 degrees C.

Methods
The authors reevaluated four of their previously published studies in which core and mass-weighted mean peripheral tissue temperatures were measured in patients undergoing substantial thermal perturbations. Peripheral compartment temperatures were estimated using fourth-order regression and integration over volume from 18 intramuscular needle thermocouples, 9 skin temperatures, and "deep" hand and foot temperature. MBT was determined from mass-weighted average of core and peripheral tissue temperatures and estimated from core temperature and mean skin temperature (15 area-weighted sites) using Burton's formula.

Results
Nine hundred thirteen data pairs from 44 study subjects were included in the analysis. Measured MBT ranged from 18 degrees to 36.5 degrees C. There was a remarkably good relation between measured and estimated MBT: MBTmeasured = 0.94 x MBTestimated + 2.15, r = 0.98. Differences between the estimated and measured values averaged -0.09 degrees +/- 0.42 degrees C.

Conclusions
The authors concluded that estimation of MBT from mean skin and core temperatures is generally accurate and precise.
Extent and Localization of Changes in Upper Airway Caliber with Varying Concentrations of Sevoflurane in Children
Authors: Crawford Mark W. , Arrica Mauro , Macgowan Christopher K. , Yoo Shi-Joon 
Published: November 2006

Background
Previous studies in humans suggest that inhibition of upper airway muscle activity is independent of the dose of inhalational anesthesia. Whether a dose-independent relation applies to changes in airway caliber is unknown. The authors sought to evaluate the configurational changes that lead to upper airway narrowing during inhalational anesthesia with sevoflurane and to determine whether these changes are dose dependent within a clinically relevant dose range.

Methods
Fifteen children undergoing elective magnetic resonance imaging of the brain were studied. Magnetic resonance images of the upper airway were acquired at sevoflurane concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC), administered in random sequence. At least 15 min was allowed for equilibration of inspired and alveolar partial pressures of sevoflurane. Images were acquired in early expiration at the level of the soft palate, base of the tongue, and tip of the epiglottis. Airway cross-sectional area (CSA), anteroposterior, and transverse dimension were determined using image-analysis software.

Results
At each anatomical level, pharyngeal CSA decreased progressively with increasing depth of sevoflurane anesthesia (P < 0.001). Increasing the sevoflurane concentration from 0.5 to 1.0 MAC reduced airway CSA by 13-18%, and a further increase to 1.5 MAC resulted in an overall 28-34% reduction in CSA. The reduction in CSA was predominantly due to a decrease in anteroposterior dimension.

Conclusions
Increasing the depth of sevoflurane anesthesia resulted in a relatively uniform reduction in pharyngeal caliber at each anatomical level studied. The effect of sevoflurane on upper airway caliber is dose dependent.
Strain and Sex Influence on Pain Sensitivity after Plantar Incision in the Mouse
Authors: Banik Ratan K. , Woo Young Cheol , Park Soo Seog , Brennan Timothy J. 
Published: November 2006

Background
A small surgical incision in mouse glabrous hind-paw skin induces short-lasting guarding behavior and mechanical and heat hyperalgesia-like behaviors, which imitate human postoperative pain. The increasing popularity of this animal model in drug discovery necessitates the understanding of genetic and sex influence on this animal model.

Methods
The authors examined pain behaviors on DBA2, C57Bl/6, and 129X1/SvJ mice and male and female DBA2 mice before and after plantar incision.

Results
The baseline nociceptive responses of these strains were similar, with a few exceptions. Heat responses were different between DBA2 and C57Bl/6 mice, and responses to one filament, 14.0 mN, were intermittently different. Sex did not greatly influence baseline responses. After plantar incision, these three strains of mice were not different in the development of guarding behaviors. Heat responses were only different on postincision day 3 (129X1/SvJ vs. C57Bl/6 mice); otherwise, they were the same. The responses to the series of von Frey filaments were the same after incision in the three strains. Sex did not influence incision-induced pain behaviors in DBA2 mice.

Conclusion
Although several studies postulated that mouse strain influences pain models, the authors' data indicate that such influence on incisional pain is negligible. This suggests that studies using an incision and knockout mice resulting from 129 strain mutation in a C57BL/6 strain background should have modest influence. The lack of sex differences in incisional pain may encourage researchers to use both male and female subjects in their studies.
AtERF14, a Member of the ERF Family of Transcription Factors, Plays a Nonredundant Role in Plant Defense
Authors: Oñate-Sánchez Luis , Anderson Jonathan P. , Young Jodi , Singh Karam B. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
We had previously shown that several transcription factors of the ethylene (ET) response factor (ERF) family were induced with different but overlapping kinetics following challenge of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) with Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000 (avrRpt2). One of these genes, a transcriptional activator, AtERF14, was induced at the same time as ERF-target genes (ChiB, basic chitinase). To unravel the potential function of AtERF14 in regulating the plant defense response, we have analyzed gain- and loss-of-function mutants. We show here that AtERF14 has a prominent role in the plant defense response, since overexpression of AtERF14 had dramatic effects on both plant phenotype and defense gene expression and AtERF14 loss-of-function mutants showed impaired induction of defense genes following exogenous ET treatment and increased susceptibility to Fusarium oxysporum. Moreover, the expression of other ERF genes involved in defense and ET/jasmonic acid responses, such as ERF1 and AtERF2, depends on AtERF14 expression. A number of ERFs have been shown to function in the defense response through overexpression. However, the effect of loss of AtERF14 function on defense gene expression, pathogen resistance, and regulation of the expression of other ERF genes is unique thus far. These results suggest a unique role for AtERF14 in regulating the plant defense response.
Putative Role of Aquaporins in Variable Hydraulic Conductance of Leaves in Response to Light
Authors: Cochard Hervé , Venisse Jean-Stéphane , Barigah Têtè Sévérien , Brunel Nicole , Herbette Stéphane , Guilliot Agnès , Tyree Melvin T. , Sakr Soulaiman 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Molecular and physiological studies in walnut (Juglans regia) are combined to establish the putative role of leaf plasma membrane aquaporins in the response of leaf hydraulic conductance (K leaf) to irradiance. The effects of light and temperature on K leaf are described. Under dark conditions, K leaf was low, but increased by 400% upon exposure to light. In contrast to dark conditions, K leaf values of light-exposed leaves responded to temperature and 0.1 mm cycloheximide treatments. Furthermore, K leaf was not related to stomatal aperture. Data of real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction showed that K leaf dynamics were tightly correlated with the transcript abundance of two walnut aquaporins (JrPIP2,1 and JrPIP2,2). Low K leaf in the dark was associated with down-regulation, whereas high K leaf in the light was associated with up-regulation of JrPIP2. Light responses of K leaf and aquaporin transcripts were reversible and inhibited by cycloheximide, indicating the importance of de novo protein biosynthesis in this process. Our results indicate that walnut leaves can rapidly change their hydraulic conductance and suggest that these changes can be explained by regulation of plasma membrane aquaporins. Model simulation suggests that variable leaf hydraulic conductance in walnut might enhance leaf gas exchanges while buffering leaf water status in response to ambient light fluctuations.
A Constitutive Shade-Avoidance Mutant Implicates TIR-NBS-LRR Proteins inArabidopsisPhotomorphogenic Development
Authors: Faigón-Soverna Ana , Harmon Franklin G. , Storani Leonardo , Karayekov Elizabeth , Staneloni Roberto J. , Gassmann Walter , Más Paloma , Casal Jorge J. , Kay Steve A. , Yanovsky Marcelo J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn plants, light signals caused by the presence of neighbors accelerate stem growth and flowering and induce a more erect position of the leaves, a developmental strategy known as shade-avoidance syndrome. In addition, mutations in the photoreceptors that mediate shade-avoidance responses enhance disease susceptibility in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we describe the Arabidopsis constitutive shade-avoidance1 (csa1) mutant, which shows a shade-avoidance phenotype in the absence of shade and enhanced growth of a bacterial pathogen. The csa1 mutant has a T-DNA inserted within the second exon of a Toll/Interleukin1 receptor–nucleotide binding site–leucine-rich repeat (TIR-NBS-LRR) gene, which leads to the production of a truncated mRNA. Arabidopsis plants transformed with the truncated TIR-NBS-LRR gene recapitulate the mutant phenotype, indicating that csa1 is a dominant-negative mutation that interferes with phytochrome signaling. TIR-NBS-LRR proteins have been implicated in defense responses in plants. RPS4, the closest homolog of CSA1, confers resistance to Pseudomonas syringae and complements the csa1 mutant phenotype, indicating that responses to pathogens and neighbors share core-signaling components in Arabidopsis. In Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans, TIR domain proteins are implicated in both development and immunity. Thus, the dual role of the TIR domain is conserved across kingdoms.
Subcellular Trafficking of the Arabidopsis Auxin Influx Carrier AUX1 Uses a Novel Pathway Distinct from PIN1
Authors: Kleine-Vehn Jürgen , Dhonukshe Pankaj , Swarup Ranjan , Bennett Malcolm , Friml Jiří 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
The directional flow of the plant hormone auxin mediates multiple developmental processes, including patterning and tropisms. Apical and basal plasma membrane localization of AUXIN-RESISTANT1 (AUX1) and PIN-FORMED1 (PIN1) auxin transport components underpins the directionality of intercellular auxin flow in Arabidopsis thaliana roots. Here, we examined the mechanism of polar trafficking of AUX1. Real-time live cell analysis along with subcellular markers revealed that AUX1 resides at the apical plasma membrane of protophloem cells and at highly dynamic subpopulations of Golgi apparatus and endosomes in all cell types. Plasma membrane and intracellular pools of AUX1 are interconnected by actin-dependent constitutive trafficking, which is not sensitive to the vesicle trafficking inhibitor brefeldin A. AUX1 subcellular dynamics are not influenced by the auxin influx inhibitor NOA but are blocked by the auxin efflux inhibitors TIBA and PBA. Furthermore, auxin transport inhibitors and interference with the sterol composition of membranes disrupt polar AUX1 distribution at the plasma membrane. Compared with PIN1 trafficking, AUX1 dynamics display different sensitivities to trafficking inhibitors and are independent of the endosomal trafficking regulator ARF GEF GNOM. Hence, AUX1 uses a novel trafficking pathway in plants that is distinct from PIN trafficking, providing an additional mechanism for the fine regulation of auxin transport.