bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Child Behavior Ratings: The Influence of Maternal Characteristics and Child Temperament
Authors: Lancaster Sandra , Prior Margot , Adler Robert 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThis study investigated the extent to which maternal characteristics, such as psychological health problems, marital adjustment and confidence in mother/wife roles, Influenced how mothers rated the behavior of their first‐born children (n=100) on the Pre‐school Behavior Questionnaire. Results showed that these characteristics were powerful predictors of behavior ratings In contrast, the independent contribution of child temperament ratings was relatively small. It was concluded that child behavior problem and temperament measures may be confounded. Maternal ratings constitute a valuable source of information concerning parent‐child interaction which deserve further investigation, especially of their influence on generally accepted measures of child behavioral adjustment.
Subtypes of Suicidal and Assaultive Behaviors in Adolescent Psychiatric Inpatients: A Research Note
Authors: Pfeffer Cynthia R. , Newcorn Jeffrey , Kaplan Gabriel , Mizruchi Mark S. , Plutchik Robert 
Published: December 2006

AbstractAmong 129 adolescent psychiatric inpatients, four subgroups of suicidal and/or assaultive behaviors were identified. A suicidal‐only subgroup with no evidence of assaultive behavior was characterized by depression, drug abuse and environmental stresses. An assaultive‐only subgroup with no evidence of suicidal behavior exhibited aggressive symptoms and violence at home. A subgroup with both suicidal and assaultive behaviors experienced accidents and family violence. A fourth subgroup had neither suicidal nor assaultive behavior. This subgroup showed eating disorders, depression, minimal assaultiveness and few peer friendships.
Psychological Characteristics of Children who Suffer from Headache: A Research Note
Authors: Kowal Anna , Pritchard Don 
Published: December 2006

Abstract Twenty‐three volunteer subjects were compared with 23 (matched) control subjects on self and parental ratings of anxiety, depression, shyness‐sensitivity, sleeping difficulties, perfectionism, psychosomatic problems (unrelated to headache), other behavioural disturbances, major life stress events and parental expectations (i.e. achievement orientation).Results indicated that the headache children showed significantly higher shyness‐sensitivity, psychosomatic problems and behavioural disturbances and significantly lower parental expectations than the control group children. No other differences were found. While none of the variables were predictive of the frequency or intensity of head pain, measures of anxiety, perfectionism, and life stress events contributed significantly to the prediction of the severity of head pain.
Life Changes and Protective Capacities in Enuretic and Non‐Enuretic Children
Authors: Järvelin Marjo Riitta , Moilanen Irma , Vikeväinen‐Tervonen Leena , Huttunen Niilo‐Pekka 
Published: December 2006

AbstractLife changes and protective factors of 156 enuretic and 170 non‐enuretic 7‐yr‐old children were analysed using the multi‐item Life Change Unit method and psychological examination. Of the single life events, divorce or separation were seen to increase the risk of enuresis. The weighted life change scores were significantly higher for the enuretics than for the controls at age levels of 3, 5 and 6 yrs. Secondary night‐wetting was precipitated by increased life stress, but this was not the case with secondary day‐wetting. Repression showed a predominance in enuretics. A strong ego was found to serve as a protective factor against enuresis under changing life conditions
Sustained Attention and Pervasive Hyperactivity
Authors: van der Meere Jaap , Wekking Ellie , Sergeant Joseph 
Published: December 2006

Abstract A sustained attention deficit is defined as a significant decrement in task performance with task duration (time‐on‐task). Time‐on‐task effects are reported using a self‐paced paper and pencil cancellation test (PPCT) in normals and in subgroups of pervasively hyperactive children. The hyperactive subgroups were pervasively hyperactive both at home and at school. They differed in degree of pervasiveness in three laboratory conditions. Task inefficiency was most pronounced in the most pervasively hyperactive group.There was no evidence in favour of a sustained attention deficit in hyperactivity: no differences were found in decline in task efficiency between the controls and the subgroups of hyperactive children.
Risk Indicators: Assessment of Infancy Predictors of Pre‐School Behavioural Maladjustment
Authors: Sanson Ann , Oberklaid Frank , Pedlow Robert , Prior Margot 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe prediction of later outcome from factors present in infancy has been an ongoing concern, with difficult temperament frequently being posited as one important risk factor. Using data from a longitudinal study of a large representative sample of children, and a categorical approach to analysis, a set of infancy risk factors covering within‐child, environmental and relationship variables was related to behavioural and emotional adjustment at 4–5 years. Single risk factors, including difficult temperament, resulted in only modest increases in the prevalence of later maladjustment. However, certain combinations of risk factors were associated with markedly increased prevalence rates. The results indicate the cumulative effects of risk factors, and the need to consider temperament within a contextual framework.
Adult Attitudes toward Over‐ and Undercontrolled Child Problems: Urban and Rural Parents and Teachers from Thailand and the United States
Authors: Weisz John R. , Suwanlert Somsong , Chaiyasit Wanchai , Weiss Bahr , Jackson E. W. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIn a study of adult attitudes, urban and rural parents and teachers in Thailand and the U.S. made judgments about two children, one with overcontrolled problems (e.g. shyness, fear), one with undercontrolled problems (e.g. disobedience, fighting). Consistent with previous literature, Thais (vs Americans) rated problems of both types less serious, less worrisome, less likely to reflect personality traits, and more likely to improve with time. Urban‐rural differences and parent‐teacher differences had negligible impact. The findings suggest that certain cultural differences in adult attitudes toward child problems may be robust across parents and teachers and across urban and rural settings.
IQ Similarity in Monozygotic and Dizygotic Twin Children: Effects of the Same versus Different Examiners: A Research Note
Authors: Segal Nancy L. , Russell Jean 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children‐Revised was administered to two independently identified samples of monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twin children. Co‐twins in the first sample were tested by the same examiner, while co‐twins in the second sample were tested by different examiners. IQ intraclass correlations were similar for the two MZ twin samples (.84 and .88), and identical for the two DZ twin samples (.54). The implications of this analysis are discussed with reference to twin study methodology, research on IQ similarity and replication of child development research.
Clinical Utility of Office‐Based Cognitive Predictors of Fitness to Drive in Persons with Dementia: A Systematic Review
Authors: Molnar Frank J. , Patel Akhilesh , Marshall Shawn C. , Man‐Son‐Hing Malcolm , Wilson Keith G. 
Published: December 2006

OBJECTIVES: To perform a systematic review of evidence available regarding in‐office cognitive tests that differentiate safe from unsafe drivers with dementia.DESIGN: A comprehensive literature search of multiple databases including Medline, CINAHL, PsychInfo, AARP Ageline, and Sociofile from 1984 to 2005 was performed. This was supplemented by a search of Current Contents and a review of the bibliographies of all relevant articles.SETTING: English prospective cohort, retrospective cohort, and case‐control studies that used accepted diagnostic criteria for dementia or Alzheimer's disease and that employed one of the primary outcomes of crash, simulator assessment, or on‐road assessment were included.PARTICIPANTS: Two reviewers.MEASUREMENTS: The reviewers independently assessed study design, main outcome of interest, cognitive tests, and population details and assigned a Newcastle‐Ottawa quality assessment rating.RESULTS: Sixteen articles met the inclusion criteria. Tests recommended by guidelines (e.g., the American Medical Association (AMA) and Canadian Medical Association guidelines) for the assessment of fitness to drive did not demonstrate robustly positive findings (e.g., Mini‐Mental State Examination, Trails B) or were not evaluated in any of the included studies (e.g., Clock Drawing). Fifteen studies did not report any cutoff scores.CONCLUSION: Without validated cutoff scores, it is impossible to employ tests in a standardized fashion in front‐line clinical settings. This study identified a research gap that will prevent the development of evidence‐based guidelines. Recommendations to address this gap are that driving researchers routinely perform cutoff score analyses and that stakeholder organizations (e.g., AMA, American Geriatrics Society) sponsor consensus fora to review driving research methodologies.
Nutritional Formula Improved Immune Profiles of Seniors Living in Nursing Homes
Authors: Langkamp‐Henken Bobbi , Wood Steven M. , Herlinger‐Garcia Kelli A. , Thomas Debra J. , Stechmiller Joyce K. , Bender Bradley S. , Gardner Elizabeth M. , DeMichele Stephen J. , Schaller Joseph P. , Murasko Donna M. 
Published: December 2006

OBJECTIVES: To assess whether an experimental nutritional formula (EXP) supports immune function in seniors living in long‐term care facilities.DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, double‐blind, controlled trial conducted September 2002 through January 2003.SETTING: North central Florida nursing homes.PARTICIPANTS: Subjects aged 65 and older (n=157).INTERVENTION: Subjects received 240 mL/d of EXP or standard liquid nutrition (CON) for 4 weeks before and 6 weeks after an influenza vaccination.MEASUREMENTS: Influenza vaccine antibody responses, immunophenotyping, lymphocyte activation, cytokines, and clinical measures (fever, number of prescribed antibiotics).RESULTS: Ninety‐two subjects (n=40, CON; n=52, EXP) completed the study. Geometric mean antibody titers were similar between groups, yet the percentage of subjects with H1N1 antibody titers greater than 100 postvaccination was higher in the EXP group than in the CON group (43% vs 23%, P=.047). Similar trends were found for the percentage of subjects (intent to treat) with fourfold increases against the B/Hong Kong component (64% vs 46%, P=.09) or with H3N2 antibody titers of 40 or more (97% vs 89%, P=.06). EXP subjects had higher levels of influenza‐activated lymphocytes (CD69+and CD25+). Cytokine production after mitogen activation was lower in EXP than CON subjects (interleukin (IL)‐6: 20±3 vs 29±3 ng/mL, P=.045; IL‐10: 310±60 vs 603±140 pg/mL, P=.06). Fewer EXP subjects were treated for fever (5% vs 16%, P=.02) or prescribed antibiotics (7 vs 11 new antibiotics/100 days of study, P=.06).CONCLUSION: Seniors consuming the EXP formula demonstrated enhanced immune function, indicated by increased influenza vaccine response and lymphocyte activation, less fever, and fewer newly prescribed antibiotics than those consuming a standard ready‐to‐drink nutritional supplement.
Visual Acuity, Contrast Sensitivity, and Mortality in Older Women: Study of Osteoporotic Fractures
Authors: Pedula Kathryn L. , Coleman Anne L. , Hillier Teresa A. , Ensrud Kristine E. , Nevitt Michael C. , Hochberg Marc C. , Mangione Carol M. ,   for the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group
Published: December 2006

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether poorer visual acuity and contrast sensitivity are independent risk factors for all‐cause and traumatic mortality in older women.DESIGN: Twelve‐year prospective cohort study (1986–2003).SETTING: Four U.S. clinical centers.PARTICIPANTS: Nine thousand seven hundred four postmenopausal white women aged 65 and older.MEASUREMENTS: Habitually corrected binocular visual acuity and low‐ and high‐frequency contrast sensitivity were measured at baseline using a standard protocol. A study physician adjudicated the primary cause of death from death certificates and medical record review.RESULTS: During an average of 12.2 years of follow‐up, 3,427 women died (35%), 72 (0.7%) from traumatic events. In multivariate models adjusted for age, chronic medical problems, and smoking, all‐cause mortality risk was 19% greater for persons in the worst quartile of visual acuity than for those in the best (hazard ratio (HR)=1.19, P=.008) and 39% greater for persons with the worst contrast sensitivity (HR=1.39, P<.001) than for those with the best. Traumatic mortality risk was 2.4 times greater for women with the worst contrast sensitivity than for those with the best (HR=2.44, P=.03).CONCLUSION: Poorer visual acuity and contrast sensitivity are associated with greater risk of traumatic and all‐cause mortality in older women, even after controlling for demographic and clinical characteristics. Although further research is necessary to determine how treating reversible causes of visual impairment or improving current refraction affects mortality in older women, clinical detection and follow‐up of these visual impairments holds promise for identifying those who are at risk of mortality from other systemic conditions.
Recent Hardy Criticism
Authors: Pite Ralph 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThis article offers a survey of recent Hardy criticism (focussing on books by Jo Devereux, David Musselwhite, Edward Neill, Andrew Radford and T. R. Wright and a collection of essays edited by Tim Dolin and Peter Widdowson). It sets these in the context of how Hardy studies have developed over the last twenty years or so and suggests a number of directions that future research might take.
The Twentieth Part: Virginia Woolf in the British Museum Reading Room
Authors: Harvey Benjamin 
Published: December 2006

This paper forms part of a Literature Compass cluster of articles which examines the current state of Virgina Woolf Studies and aims to provide a snapshot of the field. Urmila Seshagiri (University of Tennessee) and Rishona Zimring (Lewis and Clark College) first provide an introduction for this paper along with Sara Gerend's article, “‘Street Haunting’: Phantasmagorias of the Modern Imperial Metropolis.” The full text of Benjamin Harvey's piece then follows.These papers grew out of the 15th Annual International Virginia Woolf Conference (College of Lewis and Clark, Portland, OR, June 9–12, 2005).The full cluster is made up of the following articles:“Introduction: Virginia Woolf and The Art of Exploration,” Urmila Seshagiri and Rishona Zimring, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00393.x“Virginia Woolf's Sense of Adventure,” Maria DiBattista, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00394.x“The Twentieth Part: Virginia Woolf in the British Museum Reading Room,” Benjamin Harvey, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00395.x“‘Street Haunting’: Phantasmagorias of the Modern Imperial Metropolis,” Sara Gerend, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00396.x“Hyde Park Gate News,” Gill Lowe, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00397.x“The Art of ‘Scene‐Making’ in the Charleston Bulletin Supplements,” Claudia Olk, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00398.x“A Camera of Her Own: Woolf and the Legacy of the Indomitable Mrs. Cameron,” Emily Setina, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00399.x“Woolfian Resonances,” Anne Fernald, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00400.x“Early Twentieth‐Century British Women Travellers to Greece: Contextualizing the Example of Virginia Woolf,” Martha Klironomos, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00401.x“‘Others Wanted to Travel’: Woolf and ‘America Herself’,” Thaine Stearns, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00402.x
What Coordination Is Necessary?
Authors: Wherry Robert J. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThe logic and the techniques of personnel research have been developed and applied primarily in the field of test construction. They are, however, as applicable to the evaluation of a personnel program as to the appraisal of an individual. In such application the interdependence of the various parts of the total personnel program are shown as they actually function, rather than as they are “dreamed up” on an organization chart. Moreover, the importance of such intangibles as quality of staffing and degree of coordination can be compared to determine how much each contributes to the total effectiveness of the over‐all personnel program.Coordination in personnel work, as in any other activity, is generally recognized as being highly desirable. Alert administrators attempt by conferences, by issuances and by personal contacts to achieve coordination within and betweenThis article establishes on a factual basis, rather than by mere assertion, the value of coordination among the parts of a personnel program in achieving an effective total product. Moreover, it points out in a set of particular situations how coordination among the various branches of a personnel department can best be undertaken.Some of the activities of a single Branch of a personnel office have an impact in every corner of the department; others among a Branch's activities are literally nobody's business but its own. This study differentiates among these, and gives direction to coordination by specifying which interbranch contacts are shown to be most important to over‐all effectiveness; it specifies also how the activities carried out in one Branch, e.g., Placement, have implications for the success of another Branch such as Salary and Wage Administration. It provides factual answers to the questions: “To what extent and in what respects must the job analyst, the placement interviewer, the training instructor, the employee counselor and other personnel workers each know what the other is doing? How is the work of one affected by how good a job the other does?” From the specific answers to these questions come answers to the broader ones: “How can each do his job most effectively?” and “HOW can duplication of effort, neglected needs, or contradictory policies and practices be reduced to a minimum?”
Cutting Training Waste
Authors: McGehee William 
Published: December 2006

SummaryMany positions in industry require extensive periods of training. In one such job in which new employees reached acceptable production rates after periods of training ranging from six to fifteen months, study of fast and slow learners showed that these two groups could be differentiated as early as the end of the second week of training. Separations or transfers at this early stage could be made with 20% better than chance accuracy. By the end of the sixth week of training, this advantage over chance had risen to sixty‐three per cent. No further increase in accuracy is possible if the results from one group are to be used as standard for action on another.
Factors Influencing Organizational Effectiveness VII. A Survey of Aircraft Supervisors
Authors: Comrey Andrew L. , High Wallace S. , Wilson Robert C. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryA previous study in this series (4) reported the results obtained from questionnaire validation with a sample of hourly workers at the Lockheed Aircraft Corporation, Burbank, California.2 In that and other studies in the series (1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7), questionnaires composed of objective and relatively homogeneous items, or dimensions, were given to employees to obtain quantitative measures of their attitudes toward various aspects of their work, the organization, and its supervision. These dimension scores have been validated against a variety of criteria, including ratings, quality control measures, and production data.
Supervisory Training and Attitude Change*
Authors: McGEHEE WILLIAM , GARDNER JAMES E. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryAn experimental group of 10 foremen were given intensive training in time study procedures; and changes in knowledge concerning time study, handling of time study problems in their departments and attitudes toward time study were compared with a control group of 11 foremen who did not receive the training. Significant improvements in knowledge, handling time study problems, and possibly attitudes toward time study occurred in the experimental group but not in the control group. The control group, subsequently given similar training, showed the same type of improvement as the experimental group. It is concluded that an intensive workshop course in time study can modify the behavior of foremen in their work with time study problems in their departments in the textile industry.
Why Executives Fail1
Authors: GAUDET FREDERICK J. , CARLI A. RALPH 
Published: December 2006

SummaryWhen an expensive piece of factory machinery fails to do its job efficiently, no time is lost sending a crew of mechanics to repair it as quickly as possible. When a machine breaks down repeatedly, it is usually discarded, with a resultant loss to the plant of perhaps tens of thousands of dollars in investment, spoilage of raw material and time lost. When a man in a responsible position fails to do his job efficiently, no crew of mechanics can rush to the scene, repair kits in hand, to restore his efficiency. When his failures continue over a period of time, the man, too, like the machine, must be discarded with a resultant loss to the plant of perhaps tens of thousands of dollars invested in his training for the responsibility of an executive position. No wonder industry today is gravely concerned over the failure of men who have been placed in management positions and whose failure, after a period of time, has cost the company heavily.At the beginning of this study, questionnaires were sent to 300 major executives in American industry asking each executive to consider one man whom he had appointed to a management position and who had failed in that position.The items in the questionnaire were roughly grouped into two categories. Results of analysis of the responses indicated that “personality factors” were more important as causes of executive failures, in comparison to “knowledge lacks,” in ratios of two to one in terms of frequency of checked items as well as in terms of weighted ranks; and in ratio of eleven to one when the respondents were asked directly which was more important.In general, the findings are similar to earlier studies of the causes of failure of lower level employees—clerical, and semi‐skilled workers.