bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ANTIGENS IN IMMUNITY
Authors: Nossal GJV , Ada GL , Austin Caroline M 
Published: December 2007

SummaryAn investigation of the immunogenicity of three flagellar preparations, namely, intact flagella, polymerized flagellin and the soluble, low molecular weight protein flagellin, was performed in rats. Despite the similarity of in vitro serological behaviour of these three antigens, important differences in their in vivo immunological effectiveness were noted. While flagella and polymerized flagellin caused first 19S antibody formation and later prolonged 7S antibody formation, flagellin appeared to be quite incapable of inducing a 19S primary response. Further, the peak titres achieved with Hagellin were lower than those with the other antigens. Polymerized flagellin was somewhat less immunogenic than were flageila.The study covered a dosage range of 10 logs.10, i.e., from 10–12 g. to 10–2 g. Clear‐cut dose‐response relationships could be observed for the shortlived 19S response caused by flagella or polymerized flagellin, over the dose range 10 ng. (0·01 μg.) to 10 μg. For the 7S response, particularly with flagellin, dose‐response relationships were not established. Remarkably small doses, namely, 100 ng. (0·1 μg.) of flagella, 1 μg. of polymerized flagellin and 10 μg. (0·01 μg.) of flagellin caused peak 7S titres to appear. Doses as small as 100 pg. (0·0001 μg.) occasionally caused antibody production.Doses of antigen too small to cause a detectable 19S response were followed by a lag period of about two weeks during which serum antibody levels remained below the threshold of our test. Then antibody litres rose steadily until six or eight weeks after injection, Peak levels were maintained for over six weeks, and fell slowly. At 34 weeks, when the experiments were stopped, antibody litres were still quite high, The lag period with doses which caused 19S antibody production was much shorter, generally less than four days. In such animals, 19S antibody was gradually replaced by 7S antibody during the second week, and again it took several weeks for peak 7S litres to be leached.These results emphasized the need to use small doses in any meaningful study of antigen distribution, localization, behaviour and fate.
ANTIGENS IN IMMUNITY
Authors: Ada GL , Nossal GJV , Pye J 
Published: December 2007

SummaryAntigens of various kinds were trace‐labelled with 131I or 125I and small amounts injected into the hind foot‐pads of rats. The distribution of antigen between the major lymphoid organs of the body was studied after killing rats at various intervals after antigen injection and estimating the amount of radioactivity.The preparations used were flagella and flagellin from Salmonella bacteria, bovine serum albumin, horse ferritin, diphtheria toxoid, insulin, gelatin, whole rat serum, rat albumin, rat 7S globulin, rat haemoglobin, rat red cells and chick red cells. The dose injected varied between 16 μg. and 16 nanogram (ng), a range of 1,000‐fold, except with red cells where the dose was 1–4 × 108 red cells. Iodination was carried out mainly by direct oxidation with chloramine‐T. The levels of iodination achieved varied but were usually within the range 0·01–0·3, and never higher than 0·85 g. atom iodide per 30,000 g. of protein. Flagellar antigens labelled in this way retained their immunogenicity.After injection, the distribution of antigen through the body varied according to the nature of the antigen but in no case was more than 2 per cent found in the major lymphoid organs. With flagellin, detectable antibody formation was thus induced by less than 109 molecules. In the popliteal node, which drained the injection site, the relative concentration of antigen was 10 times higher than in the aortic node, and 100 times higher than in the spleen.When flagella were used as test antigen, the popliteal nodes were found to trap a relatively constant proportion of antigen irrespective of the dose injected, or the volume of the inoculum. The size of the nodes appeared not to influence the uptake.The popliteal nodes trapped different antigens to different extents and retention also varied. For some antigens, the half life of persistence in the nodes was calculated, and results varied from three weeks for flagella to four days for diphtheria toxoid. No correlation was found between immunogenicity of an antigen and the extent to which it was trapped by the popliteal nodes.
ANTIGENS IN IMMUNITY
Authors: Nossal GJV , Ada GL , Austin Caroline M 
Published: December 2007

SummaryIsolated flagella from Salmonella bacteria were trace‐labelled with carrier‐free 125I or 131I, and small amounts of antigen of high specific activity were injected into the hind foot‐pads of rats. The pattern of antigen localization and the series of cellular changes induced were subsequently followed by killing rats at various intervals and preparing autoradiographs of their popliteal and aortic lymph nodes. Excellent autoradiographs could be obtained with doses as small as 16 ng., which is in the vicinity of the lowest immunizing dose.The antigen localized predominantly in two sites: in the macrophages of the medullary sinuses of the nodes, and in the lymphoid follicles. The pattern of labelling over the follicles suggested that, here too, the antigen was contained in macrophages, but that those in the follicles had long dendritic branches closely associated with the lymph node reticulum.Typical germinal centres developed immediately deep to the labelled follicles within five to seven days. Though lines of grains extended into the germinal centre, it appeared more likely that this label was between, rather than in, the blast cells. In the medulla of the node, plasmacytopoiesis proceeded rapidly between the third and fifth day, after which plasma cells could be seen in the medullary cords in excessive numbers for at least 10 weeks. While macrophages in the medulla were heavily labelled, and there was thus some problem of “spray” of grains, especially when 131I was used, it was clear that the majority of the plasma cells formed during the immune response exhibited background labelling only. This indicated that very little, if any, antigen was present in the antibody‐producing cells themselves.
AUTORADIOGRAPHIC STUDIES OF NUCLEIC ACID AND PROTEIN METABOLISM IN LYMPHOID CELLS
Authors: Mitchell Judith 
Published: December 2007

SummaryIn vitro studies with antibody‐producing cells in culture showed that blast cells were much more active in continuous incorporation of the RNA precursor, 3H‐uridine, than were either mature plasma cells or small lymphocytes. After one hour of incubation, blast cells had incorporated more than 100 times the amount of labelled uridine taken up by plasma cells. Nuclease‐digested smears showed that in blast cells, nuclear RNA was rapidly labelled, while there was a slower rise in labelled cytoplasmic RNA and nuclear DNA. No DNAase‐sensitive incorporation was detected in small lymphocytes or mature plasma cells. Despite their low uptake of labelled uridine, mature plasma cells showed active protein synthesis at about 70 per cent the level of blast cells. The ratios of uridine uptake per mole of lencine incorporated by mature phasma cells were: blasts, 93; small lymphocytes, 8; mature plasma cells, 1. This indicated the lack of dependence of protein synthesis in mature plasma cells on concomitant RNA synthesis.
AUTORADIOGRAPHIC STUDIES OF NUCLEIC ACID AND PROTEIN METABOLISM IN LYMPHOID CELLS
Authors: Mitchell Judith 
Published: December 2007

SummaryShort pulse labelling of lymph node cells with 3H‐uridine in vitro showed that blast cells retained the label they had acquired for at least a further six hours in non‐radioactive medium. However, within the cell, a decrease in labelled nuclear RNA was observed, with a corresponding increase in labelled cytoplasmic RNA and nuclear DNA.3H‐leucine pulse experiments showed that the mature plasma cells secrete labelled protein faster than blast cells, whilst small lymphocytes appear to make only small amounts of fairly stable protein. The differences between the behaviour of the lymph node cells in protein synthesis in vitro were confirmed in vivo.Studies with actinomycin D showed that all RNA synthesis in blast cells could be uncoupled from 70 per cent of the protein synthesis during three hours′ exposure to the drug. Of the blast cell's RNA, 25 per cent seemed to be more sensitive than the rest to low concentrations of the drug.
THE ECOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY OF REOVIRUS
Authors: Stanley NF , Leak Pamela J , Grieve Gillian M , Perret Dorothy 
Published: December 2007

SummaryTests for VN and HI antibodies against reoviruses in the sera of quokkas of Bald Island, wallabies of the Abrolhos Islands, sheep, bats, rainbow trout, and humans of different age groups, have confirmed the apparent extraordinary ubiquity of reoviruses. HI and VN antibody to all three types of reovirus are present in a high percentage of sera of quokkas inhabiting Bald Island, As far as historical records show, these marsupials have had little contact with humans. These findings do not support the concept that man is the major reservoir of reovirus infection. Possible explanations for the widespread occurrence of reovirus “antibody” in vertebrates are considered.
THE ESTIMATION OF TESTOSTERONE IN BIOLOGICAL FLUIDS:
Authors: Dulmanis Ausma , Coghlan JP , Wintour Marelyn , Hudson B 
Published: December 2007

SummaryA method is described for the estimation of testosterone in urine. This is a double isotope dilution derivative procedure similar to the method previously described for the estimation of testosterone in peripheral plasma.Testosterone is found in three fractions from urine—in the free fraction extracted at neutral pH, in a pH 1 fraction in which testosterone is released after incubation with mineral acid at pH 1 at 40°, and following incubation with β‐glucuronidase. Values from a series of normal males and females art; given as well as from a series of patients with a variety of endocrine disorders.
SOME ACTIONS OF CATECHOLAMINES ON THE SMOOTH MUSCLE OF THE GUINEA‐PIG VAS DEFERENS
Authors: Holman Mollie E , Jowett Alison 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe potentiating action of adrenaline and noradrenaline on the contractions of the isolated guinea‐pig vas deferens in response to hypogastric nerve stimulation was, reversed in the presence of low (i.e., non‐blocking) concentrations of tlie α adrenergic blocking drugs. Reduction in amplitude of the nerve‐induced contractions also occcurred when isoprenaline was added to the organ bath. DCI blockd the inhibition caused by isoprenaline and by adrenaline in the presence of α blocking drugs. These catecholamines also reduced the contractions of the vas deferens in response to acetylcholine. It is suggested that these results can be explained by the presence of both α and β receptors in this non‐Spontaneously active smooth muscle.
EFFECTS OF SIMPLE LIPIDS ON THE PHAGOCYTIC PROPERTIES OF PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES
Authors: Cooper GN , Houston Barbara 
Published: December 2007

SummaryMouse peritoneal cells which have ingested large numbers of Esdierichia coli in vitro are later incapable of ingesting small numbers of a second bacterial species (Paracolobactrum). If the cell populations which have been exposed to E. coli are treated with small concentrations of triolein, ingestion and intracellular killing of the second species occur. Using microscopic techniques, evidence has been obtained to suggest that the enhancement of phagocytic activity in cell populations by triolein is related to an increase in the number of functionally active cells rather than to an increase in the ingestive capacity of phagocytic cells initially present in the population.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF FIXED RABIES VIRUS IN MOUSE BRAIN
Authors: Johnson Richard T , Mercer EH 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe development of fixed rabies virus in the cerebellar Purkinje cells of mice has been studied by immunofluorescent, cytochemical and electron microscopical methods. The virus, as judged by all methods, appears to devolop in the cytoplasm without any demonstrable nuclear involvement.The staining reaction with acridine orange suggests that rabies is an RNA virus.The morphology of the particles of the fixed strain used in these experiments differs from the street strain described by Matsumoto (1963) in being less often elongated and unbranched.
PHAGE PATTERNS OF THE FAST‐GROWING ACID‐FAST BACTERIA
Authors: Rodda Gwenda MJ 
Published: December 2007

SummaryOne hundred and thirty‐six fast‐growing acid‐fast strains were tested with 14 phages.Some species showed definite patterns, but others were phage resistant or showed a large variety of lysis patterns. Two phages, isolated from soil and chicken manure respectively, were specific for M. fortuitum, lysing 12 per cent of 73 strains. A simplified phage typing scheme is proposed.A certain amount of variability in phage susceptibility over a period of time was found.Inhibition of growth without phage multiplication was observed in the case of some strains and some phages.
ENHANCEMENT OF THE INFECTIVITY OF ARBOVIRUSES BY SPECIFIC ANTISERA PRODUCED IN DOMESTIC FOWLS
Authors: Hawkes RA 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe apparent infectivity of certain arboviruses is increased by the action of specific antisera prepared in domestic fowls when assayed on chick embryo fibroblast (CEF) monolayers or the chorioallantoic membrane of the developing chick embryo. Of the viruses tested, Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE), West Nile (WNV) and Japanese encephalitis viruses from Casals group B, and Getah virus from group A demonstrate this enhancement, but Sindbis and SFV from group A do not. The virus plaque count is increased by up to 12 times the control plaque count, depending on the potency of the antiserum.Enhancement could not be demonstrated with rabbit or mouse antisera to MVE on the CEF monolayer, nor with fowl antiserum on PK‐2a cells or in suckling mice.Cross enhancing activity could be demonstrated between viruses within group B (MVE and WNV), but not between viruses from different groups (MVE and Getah).Preliminary work indicates that 19S antibody is involved, as well as antibody not susceptible to depolymerisation with mercaptoethanol.
PULMONARY DAMAGE DUE TO HIGH PRESSURE OXYGEN BREATHING IN RATS
Authors: Jamieson Dana , ven den Brenk HAS 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe surface tension of films formed from lung extracts and the changes in surface tension on compression of such films have been studied in control rats respiring air and in rats exposed to oxygen at 5 atmospheres pressure (OHP). The surface tension recorded in films from oxygen poisoned lungs was higher at all areas of the film. Pentobarbital sodium, which protects rats against OHP‐induced lung damage, also caused some protection of the lung surface‐active material.
INDUCED COAGULATION OF HEPARINISED BLOOD
Authors: Fantl P 
Published: December 2007

SummaryAddition of d‐glucose, d‐fructose, mannose, galactose, 2‐desoxyglucose, saccharose, mannitol or glycine to heparinised blood or platelet containing plasma induces clot formation. Sodium chloride and thiourea are the least active compounds. The clot yield is proportional to the concentration of the clot‐inducing compound and incubation time. Clots are formed in the presence of adequate numbers of platelets, but the process is not associated with the glycolytic system of the platelets. In addition, calcium ions and the components of the prothrombin complex are necessary for clot formation. Heparinised blood decalcified, citrated blood and prothrombin‐deficient blood from patients under treatment with oral anticoagulants incubated with glucose do not clot. It is probable that the glucose‐induced clot formation in heparinised blood requires all the factors essential for thrombin production. In order to avoid clotting glucose should not be added to heparinised blood.
THE NATURE OF THE OPSONINS IN ADULT HEN SERUM AND DEVELOPING CHICK EMBRYOS TO CERTAIN GRAM‐NEGATIVE BACTERIA
Authors: Karthigasu K , Jenkin CR , Turner KJ 
Published: December 2007

SummaryA study has been made of the opsonins present in the serum of developing chick embryos against certain strains of gram‐negative bacteria. Comparison has been made with opsonins in serum from adult normal hens and from specifically immunised birds against the same bacterial strains. It has been shown that only 7S globulins are transferred across the yolk sac membrane, the macroglobulin antibody being passed to the chick on hatching across the intestinal epithelium.
THE EVALUATION OF INCREASED VASCULAR PERMEABILITY IN THE SKIN OF GUINEA‐PIGS
Authors: Carr Jean , Wilhelm DL 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe increases in vascular permeability induced by the intracutaneous injection of histamine, compound 48/80, polymyxin B, bradykinin, globulin permeability factor and kallikrein were compared in the skin of the dorsal trunk of guinea‐pigs with Evans blue circulating in their blood. With respect to log dose injected, the response in treated sites was evaluated in three ways: (1) diameter of the blue lesions on the upper and (2) under surfaces of the skin: (3) the amount of dye that exuded into the skin.Based on the upper surface readings, bradykinin had outstanding activity, followed by globulin permeability factor, histamine, compound 48/80, polymyxin B and kallikrein in that order. The relative potency was 11,090, 143, 110, 24, 6 and 1 respectively.The upper surface readings yielded parallel response‐lines. On the under surface, the slopes of the response‐lines for bradykinin and 48/80 differed from those of the other four substances, and hence potency was calculated at an arbitrary level.Based on the under‐surface readings, bradykinin still had outstanding activity (relative potency = 3,514), but the descending order now was histnmine (166), 48/80 (29), globulin factor (28), polymyxin B (7) and kallikrein (1).The response‐lines recording the amounts of exuded dye were reasonably parallel, and the corresponding relative potency of the test substances closely agreed with the results from the under‐surface readings.In general, the differences between the upper and under surface readings corresponded to the distribution of dye in the various layers of the skin.
THE EFFECTS OF OSMOTIC DIURESIS AND VASOPRESSIN UPON THE DISTRIBUTION OF SODIUM, POTASSIUM AND UREA IN THE RAT KIDNEY
Authors: Cross RB 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe effect of vasopressin on the renal medullary concentration of Na, K and urea was studied in alcohol anaesthetized rats during osmotic diuresis.When the rats were infused with 0·44 M sucrose and 6 per cent C2H5OH vasopressin caused immediate increases in the concentration of urea in the papilla but did not alter papillary Na.When the infusion contained 0·033 M NaCl vasopressin caused immediate increases in the concentration of both urea and Na in the papilla.When the infusion contained more than 0·15 M NaCl the concentrations of Na and urea in the papilla were initially high and were further increased by vasopressin.The presence of 0·33 M urea in the infusion prevented the action of vasopressin in increasing papillary Na and urea. The presence of added urea did not inhibit the accumulation of Na and urea in the papilla as a result of the infusion of hypertonic NaCl solutions.
MILK IRON AND PLASMA IRON TRANSPORT IN A LACTATING MARSUPIAL DURING SHORT‐TERM INTRAVENOUS INFUSION OF IRON
Authors: Kaldor I , Ezekiel Eric 
Published: December 2007

SummaryIn the lactating quokka (Setonix brachyurus) parenteral iron. as ferrous ammonium sulphate solution, was administered in an attempt to raise the milk iron. Following a single large intraperitoneal dose a rise in milk iron occurred within hours. There was, however, no clear relationship between the rise and the amount of iron injected and there was reason to believe the rise had been associated with unphysiologically high plasma iron cocentrations. During continuous intravenous infusion of iron at controlled rates plasma iron was elevated to maximal levels not exceeding plasma total iron binding capacity and under these conditions no significant alteration in milk iron occurred within four hours.A progressive and statistically significant rise in total plasma iron binding capacity which occurred during intravenous infusion of iron was probably the manifestation of a redistribution of intra‐ and extravascular transferrin in response to the need for more rapid removal of iron from the plasma.
STOP‐FLOW ANALYSIS OF PHENOLSULPHONPHTHALEIN EXCRETION AND VISUAL LOCALIZATION OF THE SITE OF MAXIMAL URINE ACIDIFICATION IN THE RAT NEPHRON
Authors: Young JA , Edwards KDG 
Published: December 2007

SummaryStop‐flow analysis of renal tubular function performed in the rat undergoing creatinine diuresis has been used to demonstrate active secretion of phenolsulphonphthalein by the proximal convoluted tubule. At the same time, by taking advantage of this indicator's colour change from yellow to red with rising pH, it has proved possible to localize the region of maximal tubular acidification of urine by simple inspection of the colour of the stop‐flow samples. This region was found to coincide with the region of maximum sodium and water reabsorption, and was thought to be in the collecting ducts.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DISPERSION OF INDICATOR IN DYE‐DILUTION CURVES IN NORMAL MAN
Authors: Thorburn Geoffrey D 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe main factors influencing the dispersion of indicator in man have been found to be the flow through the system and the volume between the injection and sampling sites. For a given flow and volume, alteration in pathlength of a system leads to systematic differences in the dispersion of indicator and to variation in the degree of asymmetry of the resultant curves. A considerable proportion of the residual variation in the dispersion of indicator after fitting the regression function for flow and volume can be explained by differences in pathlength either in the one individual or between individuals. By using a fixed anatomical injection and sampling site it was possible to reduce the variation in pathlength within an individual. In addition, the variation in pathlength between individuals was reduced by the introduction of a measure of asymmetry as a third independent variable in the multiple regression equations. The probit ratio b1/b2, which was used for this purpose, was shown to be related to the pathlength of the system. These results are discussed in relation to the application of the Korner‐Shillingford technique to the estimation of valvular incompetence in man.
THE FATE OF Cr51 LABELLED EHRLICH ASCITES TUMOUR CELLS
Authors: Vincent PC , Nicholls Annette 
Published: December 2007

SummaryElution of Na2Cr51O4 after binding to Ehrlich ascites tumour cells is considerable, both in vitro and in vivo. The distribution and excretion of intravenously injected free Na2Cr51O4 have been determined and with these data it has been estimated that approximately 64 per cent of isotope associated with tumour cells is lost in the first 24 hours after their intravenous injection into mice. Most (but not all) of the activity in the liver and spleen, and all of the activity in the kidneys after such an injection is due to the distribution of eluted isotope.However, a significant excess of radioactivity in the lungs of female mice when compared with male mice within one minute of injection of labelled cells is consistent with previous reports of greater metastatic tumour growth in female mice. Evidence is presented to show that clution of isotope is not responsible for this difference.