bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparing Multiscale Sampling Designs
Authors: Stohlgren Thomas J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter demonstrates the process of comparing various multi-scale sampling techniques. This was an actual field study, so there were specific sampling objectives, but the objectives were broad and the approach can be generally applied. The goal was to test nested-plot techniques that could be used by plant ecologists for unbiased estimates of local species richness and mean species cover, analysis of plant diversity spatial patterns at multiple spatial scales, and trend analysis from monitoring a series of strategically-placed, long-term plots. The benefits and limitations of design comparison studies are discussed.
Case Study
Authors: Stohlgren Thomas J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIn arid environments, the patterns of native and non-native plant diversity may be affected by cryptobiotic crusts. This chapter is a detailed case study designed to: (1) quantify patterns of native and non-native plant species, cryptobiotic crust habitats, rare/unique habitats, and soil characteristics at landscape scales; and (2) determine which habitats in the southeast portion of the Grand Staircase-Escalante Monument, Utah, were more invaded by exotic plant species. It provides an opportunity to evaluate the interactions between various components of vascular plant diversity, with non-vascular plants (crusts) in complex arid soil environments.
English
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna 
Published: September 2007

AbstractEnglish is the most widely-spoken language in the world, and it is rapidly becoming a global lingua franca. But it is not culturally neutral: like any other language, it carries with it a cultural baggage. There are many varieties of English, but there is also “Anglo” English (or what the Indian American linguist Braj Kachru has called the “English of the inner circle”). This book argues that rather than denying the existence and continued relevance of the cultural “baggage” embedded in English (“Anglo” English), it is important to explore the contents of that baggage — important for practical, as well as intellectual, reasons: for language teaching, “cultural literacy” teaching, cross-cultural training, international communication, and so on. It is important to “denaturalize” English and to identify and acknowledge the historically shaped cultural meanings embedded in it, if only so that they are no longer taken for granted as the voice of “reason” itself. To be able to reveal the cultural meanings embedded in the English language we need a suitable methodology. This book shows that such a methodology is available in the so-called “Natural Semantic Metalanguage” (NSM) approach, inaugurated by the author in her 1972 book Semantic Primitives and subsequently developed in collaboration with her Australian colleague Cliff Goddard. The Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) is a unique system of meaning description which uses simple words of ordinary language, instead of technical formalisms, used in other linguistic approaches. Thus, this book seeks to launch a new, meaning-based approach to the study of the English language. Its aim is to investigate English as a historically shaped universe of meaning and to reveal English's cultural underpinnings and their implications for the modern world.
English as a Cultural Universe
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter discusses the concept of “Anglo English” as a shared core of American English, British English, Australian English, and other long established varieties of English. The chapter uses some examples from Australian English to show both “Australia's British inheritance” and the cultural distinctiveness of some Australian-English words, concepts, and cultural norms. It also introduces a framework for studying and describing meaning: the NSM theory of semantics, based on a mini-vocabulary of sixty five universal human concepts. These concepts, which can be identified through simple words such as do, happen, want, know, and feel, provide a basis for a “natural semantic metalanguage” (NSM) for the description and comparison of meanings.
The Story of right and wrong and Its Cultural Implications
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna 
Published: September 2007

AbstractOne of the most interesting phenomena in the history of the English language is the remarkable rise of the word right, in its many interrelated senses and uses. This chapter tries to trace the changes in the meaning and use of this word, as well as the rise of new conversational routines based on it, and raises questions about the cultural underpinnings of these semantic and pragmatic developments. It explores the hypothesis that the “discourse of truth” declined in English over the centuries; that the use of “right” and “wrong” as parallel concepts (and opposites) increased; and it notes that the use of right as an adjective increased enormously in relation to the use of true. Furthermore, the chapter explores the role of the word right as a conversational response and its role in modern Anglo discourse of cooperation and mutual concessions. The chapter traces the transition from the Shakespearean response “Right”, described by the OED as “you are right; you speak well”, to the present-day “Right” of non-committal acknowledgement, and it links the development in semantics and discourse patterns with historical phenomena such as Puritanism, British empiricism, the Enlightenment, and the growth of democracy in America and in other English-speaking countries.
Being FAIR
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna 
Published: September 2007

AbstractFairness is one of the most important values in modern Anglo culture and native speakers of English, including scholars, often assume that “fairness” is a universal human concept. This chapter shows that far from being universal, this concept is an artifact of modern Anglo culture. It argues (with reference to Fukuyama's Trust) that ethical codes binding large groups of people into “moral communities” are conveyed across generations through particular words, and that the English words fair and unfair are prime examples of this. Using the mini-language of universal human concepts (NSM), this chapter shows what exactly these words mean, what culture-specific values they reflect, and how they can be effectively explained to cultural outsiders (including immigrants to English-speaking countries).
The English Causatives
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna 
Published: September 2007

AbstractWhile it is generally agreed that, metaphorically speaking, words are carriers of meaning, it is less widely recognized that grammatical categories of a language, too, encode meaning. But in fact this is what grammar is all about: certain meanings are so important to communities of speakers that they become not just lexicalized (linked with individual words) but grammaticalized, that is, embodied in the language's structural patterns. In this chapter, the theme of the “cultural elaboration of grammar” is applied to English causative constructions. The chapter seeks to show that English has an extremely wide range of such constructions (not only in comparison with other European languages but also from a universal perspective). This wealth is concealed, to some extent, by the use of the same key words such as make, have, or let in many different constructions, all of which may appear to be examples of a single “make construction”, “have construction”, or “let construction”. In fact, there are reasons to distinguish, on both semantic and structural grounds many different, “make constructions”, “have constructions”, and “let constructions”. This chapter seeks to clarify, by means of “NSM”, the precise nature of causal relations encoded in English grammar and to compare them with those encoded in German and Russian. It also seeks to explore the cultural roots of this extraordinary elaboration of causation in modern English grammar. A number of interpretive hypotheses are put forward, linking grammar with different patterns of social interaction, the rise of democracy, and with changing attitudes and values.
I THINK
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna 
Published: September 2007

AbstractOne of the most striking features of English from a cross-cultural perspective is the proliferation of various linguistic tools for qualifying one's statements, hedging one's assertions, and differentiating the strength of one's assent to a proposition. This applies in particular to epistemic verbal phrases like I suppose, I gather, I imagine, I presume, and so on. This chapter traces the rise of such epistemic qualifiers in the history of English, linking it, in particular, with the enormous influence of Locke's ideas concerning degrees of probability, degrees of assent, the limitations of human knowledge, and the need to always distinguish between knowledge and judgment. The chapter undertakes a fine-grained semantic analysis of a large number of expressions like I suppose, I gather, I presume, I assume, I bet, I guess, and so on, and discusses their cultural underpinnings, in a cross-cultural and historical perspective.
5 Temporal Parts
Authors: Olson Eric T. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines David Lewis's view that we are temporal parts of animals. It examines three arguments for the view that persisting things have temporal parts–four‐dimensionalism. One is that it solves the problem of temporary intrinsics. The second is that it solves metaphysical problems about the persistence of material objects without the mystery of constitutionalism–though these solutions require a counterpart‐theoretic account of modality. The third is that it solves problems of personal identity–involving fission, for instance–in an attractive way. It is then argued that according to four‐dimensionalism, the bearers of such properties as thinking and acting are momentary stages, forcing us to choose between saying that we don't strictly think and saying that we don't persist.
7 Souls
Authors: Olson Eric T. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter is about the view that we are simple immaterial substances–immaterialism–and related views. It is claimed to be best supported by the difficulty of saying what material things we could be. For instance, the paradox of increase threatens to show that nothing can have different parts at different times, and materialists can solve it only at considerable cost. Immaterialism is then shown to face grave problems concerning the relation of souls to material things. Compound dualism, Swinburne's view that each of us is composed of an immaterial soul and a material body, is shown to face difficulties in addition to those of immaterialism. The Thomistic view that we are hylomorphic compounds is shown to combine the problems of compound dualism with those of the bundle view. The views of Chisholm and Lowe that we are simple material things are then critically discussed.
Disciplinary Perspectives on New Religious Movements: Views from the Humanities and Social Sciences
Authors: Saliba John A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines the methods and theories proposed by four major disciplines to understand the presence of new religious movements in the West. It first describes the psychological approach, with reference both to the negative view which stresses the role of mind control in both recruiting and maintaining members, and to the literature that refutes it. Secondly, the sociological/anthropological approach is outlined and the trend for these disciples to see the NRMs as cultural and social phenomena arising in time of change is explained. Thirdly, the approach of Religious Studies, with its trend to describe, compare, classify, and interpret the movements, is outlined. Fourthly, the theological approach, which starts from a particular faith perspective, is analyzed with reference to the apologetic and dialogical perspectives. Finally, some suggestions for those teaching courses on NRMs are made.
Methodological Issues in the Study of New Religious Movements
Authors: Bromley David G. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractSome of the most significant knowledge about new religious movements has been generated through participant observation fieldwork. A variety of methodological issues have emerged in the process of conducting participant observation research, including how groups are selected for study, how access to movements is negotiated, how internal and external pressures are managed during the research project, how various sources of information are utilized and assessed, and how the research process is terminated. Since most students have had no direct contact with new religions and are primarily aware of the controversies in which some movements have been involved, it is important to create perspective for students as they engage in their own intellectual encounter with new religions. This process involves successively creating receptivity and a problem solving approach, understanding the available sources of information and their utility, working with various sources of information and gaining an understanding of the interests they represent, collecting and analyzing readily available information on selected groups, and engaging in a direct encounter with one or more NRMs.
The Dynamics of Movement Membership: Joining and Leaving New Religious Movements
Authors: Wright Stuart A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines two dimensions of conversion/affiliation: the cultural and social structural factors affecting NRM growth; and conversion processes and models. The second section explores the research on disengagement or disaffiliation. Finally, the third section outlines ways to teach a college course on NRMs, and suggests research exercises that can be conducted within the framework of the course and help illustrate key concepts, models, and theories.
New Religious Movements: A Bibliographic Essay
Authors: Bainbridge William Sims 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis annotated bibliography is designed for teachers of classes about new religious movements, sometimes called cults. It suggests additional readings, studies of specific movements, how to use primary source materials, studies of the wider cultural context, miscellaneous edited collections, and general reference works. The aim is to identify a few publications that can be valuable for preparing lectures or for writing term papers, including classic social science and reliable descriptive studies of particular new religions.
Hubris and the urge to merge and acquire
Authors: Anandalingam G. , Lucas Henry C. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter explores several famous mergers and shows how the victors became victims of the winner’s curse. It examines cases in which winner’s curse was apparent, and how it came about. In the analysis of failed mergers, it presents data on the pattern of acquisitions, the cost of acquisitions, the company’s stock price, and what happened to its financials over the five years leading up to its fall. As we look at several serial acquirers like Tyco, WorldCom, First Union Bank, and Bank One, it is argued that a history of success heightened the sense of winning and increased managerial optimism, hubris, and feelings of invulnerability, which all ultimately led to the winner’s curse. Particular attention is given to cases of intense competition, i.e., mergers involving hostile takeovers and instances where two firms competed with each other to acquire a third firm.
ARGUMENTS OF NOMINALS
Authors: Devine A. M. , Stephens Laurence D. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter analyzes the syntax, semantics, and pragmatics of noun and adjective phrases. Data are given for experiential state nominalizations, process nouns, agent nominalizations, patient nominalizations, kinship terms, partitives, and possessives. A prosodic analysis is also outlined.
Patrilineal Descent and the Construction of Identities
Authors: Hodge Caroline Johnson 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter first elaborates a theory of how kinship and ethnicity are both considered “natural” categories yet are also treated as mutable. It describes the ideology of patrilineal descent and identifies certain normative assumptions (such as “you are your ancestors”), which accompany this ideology and which invest it with authority. Religious ritual is important because it both ratifies and creates kin relationships: members of patrilineal cultures regulate, sanction, and adjust descent patterns with religious ritual, specifically sacrifice. The chapter presents a series of case studies where kinship and ethnicity are used as strategic practices of persuasion. This survey illustrates a variety of discourses available to 1st-century thinkers such as Paul, and thus lays the groundwork for the subsequent chapters on Paul's use of kinship and ethnicity, where we find similar persuasive practices.
Reconstructing Gentile Origins: Adoption by the Spirit
Authors: Hodge Caroline Johnson 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines Paul's use of the concept of adoption, which was an integral part of the patrilineal cultures of the ancient Mediterranean. As a tool for perpetuating and shaping lineages and maintaining households, adoption was widely accepted as a means of creating kinship. For Paul, adoption provides the perfect way to describe the change that occurs when gentiles are baptized into Christ: they become adopted sons of God and heirs to the promises. By presenting baptism as new kinship (via adoption), Paul crafts a myth of collective identity for gentiles; they can trace their beginnings not only to their baptism into Christ but also to their ancestor, Abraham, in whose seed they were blessed. Baptism into Christ creates an aggregative connection between gentiles and Jews. Thus, if oppositional ethnic construction (Jews/non-Jews) defines the problem (as outlined in Chapter Two), aggregative ethnic construction (gentiles-in-Christ linked to Israel) defines the solution.
A Short Natural History of Altruism and Healing
Authors: Boehm Christopher 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter explores the deep evolutionary roots of altruism and healing. It discusses medical practices among apes, as well as their medical helping behaviours. It then moves to a focus on the role of the shaman as an altruistic healer and the salutary aspects of reduced stress in the agent of altruism. It shows that the roots of genetic altruism that affect health are ancient and heavily involved with our evolved human nature. Humans evolved to be altruistic in various ways and ‘our altruism impinges significantly on our own health and that of others’.
Altruistic Love, Resiliency, Health, and the Role of Medicine
Authors: Fricchione Gregory 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter reflects on the relationships between attachment, resiliency, altruism, and health within the background of brain evolution and allostasis. It begins by discussing the disconnected relationships between doctors and patients that have arisen in our culture due to our preoccupation with evidence-based medicine and the doctor's disregard of the important psychological and social concerns that accompany human disease. It uses the separation-attachment dialectic to advocate an attachment solution to this separation challenge in which the doctor and patient are reconnected through the healing power of compassionate love. The chapter concludes by advocating resiliency-building techniques to prevent disease and to encourage altruistic behaviour in the human population.
2 The First Three Steps in Supplication
Authors: Naiden F. S. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter deals with the first three steps. The treatment of the first step, the approach, is brief, but it shows the importance of the supplicandus and the need for the suppliant to choose among the variations that supplication permits. In the treatment of the second step, gestures and words, which is much less simple and twice as long, the salient issue is whether all gestures make contact, as Gould and others have held. The chapter next describes the third step, requests and arguments, on which literary critics have concentrated their attention. Here generic differences prove more important than they do in the first two steps.
3 The Fourth and Last Step
Authors: Naiden F. S. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter deals with the fourth step, the response made by the supplicandus. It may be positive, and so the supplication may be successful. Successful supplication involves not only xenia, as with Gould, but also much more, including instances of negotiation between suppliant and supplicandus and even the enslavement of the suppliant. It always includes a pledge given to the suppliant by the supplicandus and witnessed by the gods. The response may be negative, and then the supplication is unsuccessful. Unsuccessful supplication includes not only the rejection of a suppliant but also the expulsion of a suppliant from the altar to which he may have come.
6 Ceremony and Morals
Authors: Naiden F. S. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter deals with the importance of the definition of supplication as a quasilegal practice. For the study of ancient religion, this definition shows the inadequacy of recent concepts of ritual. For the study of ancient law, it shows the importance of matters of substance rather than procedure. The relation between supplication and the law remains complex today, when human rights purportedly meet some of the needs once met by supplication.
EPILOGUE
Authors: Carp Benjamin L. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
During the Revolutionary War, the largest American cities played host to major military engagements. From the American standpoint, the physical characteristics that rendered the cities ideal for political mobilization also made them vulnerable to British occupation or even destruction. The war disrupted the cities' economic functions. As each of the five cities in this book became untenable, Patriot sympathizers abandoned them for the countryside, and the cities capitulated to occupying forces. This ignominious wartime history, coupled with agrarian ideals and widespread distrust of urban crowds, has led the cities' prewar significance to diminish in American memory. Although the cities of the United States retained their importance as centers of commerce and manufacturing, it was uncertain whether they would ever again play so crucial a role in political mobilization and the advancement of democratic ideas and practices. Still, a variety of groups continued to rely on the cities for political activity.