bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SENSORY PROPERTIES OF AKARA (FRIED COWPEA PASTE) AND MOINMOIN (STEAMED COWPEA PASTE) PREPARED FROM FIVE VARIETIES OF COWPEA FLOUR
Authors: HENSHAW F.O. , MCWATTERS K.H. , AKINGBALA J.O. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT Akara (fried cowpea paste) and moinmoin (steamed cowpea paste) are foods traditionally prepared from dehulled and wet‐milled seeds. These products were prepared using flour produced from five varieties of cowpea as starting ingredient. The sensory properties of products from flour were compared with those from fresh paste (control) using the Difference from Control Test. Trained panelists (n = 9) rated samples on an 8‐level scale, where 0 = no difference and 7 = extremely large difference at triplicate sessions on separate days for each product. Results showed significant differences (α ≤ 0.05) in mean scores for attributes of products among flour of different cowpea varieties. Mean scores ranged between 0.30 (no difference) to 3.1 (moderate difference) for all attributes of akara, while for moinmoin, a range of 1.0 (very slight difference) to 3.4 (moderate difference) were obtained. Canonical discriminant analysis showed that the most discriminating sensory attributes of akara were crumb sponginess, lightness and crust softness, while those of moinmoin were mouthfeel and moistness. Based on the most discriminating attributes, the varieties California Blackeye 5 and Mississippi silver gave products that were the least different from the control.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSAkara and moinmoin are popular West African foods prepared from cowpea paste, which require laborious and time‐consuming operations to process from seeds. The availability of convenient flour that can be simply rehydrated would greatly simplify the preparation of these foods. However, the acceptance of cowpea flour in the marketplace as an alternative starting ingredient depends on the retention of requisite functionality that would give the desired sensory quality in the products. The sensory attributes of akara and moinmoin identified in the study are those that must not be compromised by the conditions of processing flour from seeds. This knowledge would be useful in the development of an appropriate flour‐processing method.
Endopathogenic lifestyle of Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi in olive knots
Authors: Rodríguez‐Moreno Luis , Jiménez Antonio J. , Ramos Cayo 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe endophytic phase of Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi in olive stems and the structural and ultrastructural histogenesis of olive knots have been studied. Construction of a stable plasmid vector expressing the green fluorescent protein, in combination with the use of in vitro olive plants, allowed real‐time monitoring of P. savastanoi pv. savastanoi infection. The infection process was also examined by bright field and epifluorescence microscopy as well as by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Hypertrophy of the stem tissue was concomitant with the formation of bacterial aggregates, microcolonies and multilayer biofilms, over the cell surfaces and the interior of plasmolysed cells facing the air‐tissue interface of internal opened fissures, and was followed by invasion of the outer layers of the hypertrophied tissue. Pathogenic invasion of the internal lumen of newly formed xylem vessels, which were connected with the stem vascular system, was also observed in late stages of infection. Ultrastructural analysis of knot sections showed the release of outer membrane vesicles from the pathogen surface, a phenomenon not described before for bacterial phytopathogens during host infection. This is the first real‐time monitoring of P. savastanoi disease development and the first illustrated description of the ultrastructure of P. savastanoi‐induced knots.
Substrate‐dependent transcriptomic shifts in Pelotomaculum thermopropionicum grown in syntrophic co‐culture with Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus
Authors: Kato Souichiro , Kosaka Tomoyuki , Watanabe Kazuya 
Published: March 2009

Summary Pelotomaculum thermopropionicum is a syntrophic propionate‐oxidizing bacterium that catalyses the intermediate bottleneck step of the anaerobic‐biodegradation process. As it thrives on a very small energy conserved by propionate oxidation under syntrophic association with a methanogen, its catabolic pathways and regulatory mechanisms are of biological interest. In this study, we constructed high‐density oligonucleotide microarrays for P. thermopropionicum, and used them to analyse global transcriptional responses of this organism to different growth substrates (propionate, ethanol, propanol and lactate) in co‐culture with a hydrogenotrophic methanogenic archaeon, Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus (by reference to fumarate monoculture). We found that a substantial number of genes were upregulated in the syntrophic co‐cultures irrespective of growth substrates (including those related to amino‐acid and cofactor metabolism), suggesting that these processes were influenced by the syntrophic partner. Expression of the central catabolic pathway (the propionate‐oxidizing methylmalonyl‐CoA pathway) was found to be substrate‐dependent and was largely stimulated when P. thermopropionicum was grown on propionate and lactate. This finding was supported by results of growth tests, revealing that syntrophic propionate oxidation was largely accelerated by supplementation with lactate. These results revealed that P. thermopropionicum has complex regulatory mechanisms that alter its metabolism in response to the syntrophic partner and growth substrates.
Development of a Human-Murine Chimeric Immunoglobulin M Antibody for Use in the Serological Detection of Human Flavivirus Antibodies
Authors: Thibodeaux Brett A. , Roehrig John T. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTCurrent diagnosis of human flaviviral infections relies heavily on serological techniques such as the immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (MAC-ELISA). Broad application of this assay is hindered by a lack of standardized human positive-control sera that react with the wide variety of flaviviruses that can cause human disease, e.g., dengue virus (DENV), West Nile virus (WNV), yellow fever virus (YFV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), and St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV). We have created a human-murine chimeric antibody combining the variable regions of the broadly flavivirus cross-reactive murine monoclonal antibody (MAb) 6B6C-1 and the constant region of human IgM to produce a standardized reagent capable of replacing human positive-control sera in a MAC-ELISA for the diagnosis of all human flaviviral infections. The human-murine chimeric IgM antibody secreted from plasmid-transformed Sp2/0-Ag14 cells had a level of serological activity identical to that of 6B6C-1 as measured by ELISA, immunoblotting, and MAC-ELISA for multiple members of the flavivirus genus, including WNV, SLEV, YFV, DENV, and JEV.
New
Pyrenochaeta
Species Causing Keratitis
Authors: Ferrer Consuelo , Pérez-Santonja Juan J. , Rodríguez Alejandra E. , Colom M. Francisca , Gené Josepa , Alio Jorge L. , Verkley Gerard J. M. , Guarro Josep 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT

We report a new fungus as an agent of fungal keratitis in a diabetic woman. The fungal etiology was established by classic microbiology and PCR following 3 months of antibacterial therapy. The morphological features of the isolate and sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region indicate a new species of
Pyrenochaeta
(
Coelomycetes
).
Rapid Determination of Quinolone Resistance in
Acinetobacter
spp
Authors: Hujer Kristine M. , Hujer Andrea M. , Endimiani Andrea , Thomson Jodi M. , Adams Mark D. , Goglin Karrie , Rather Philip N. , Pennella Thuy-Trang D. , Massire Christian , Eshoo Mark W. , Sampath Rangarajan , Blyn Lawrence B. , Ecker David J. , Bonomo Robert A. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT

In the treatment of serious bacterial infections, the rapid institution of appropriate antimicrobial chemotherapy may be lifesaving. Choosing the correct antibiotic or combination of antibiotics is becoming very important, as multidrug resistance is found in many pathogens. Using a collection of 75 well-characterized multidrug-resistant (MDR)
Acinetobacter
sp. isolates, we show that PCR followed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (PCR/ESI-MS) and base composition analysis of PCR amplification products can quickly and accurately identify quinolone resistance mediated by mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining regions of
gyrA
and
parC
, two essential housekeeping genes. Single point mutations detected by PCR/ESI-MS in
parC
(found in 55/75 of the isolates) and in
gyrA
(found in 66/75 of the isolates) correlated with susceptibility testing and sequencing. By targeting resistance determinants that are encoded by genes with highly conserved DNA sequences (e.g.,
gyrA
and
parC
), we demonstrate that PCR/ESI-MS can provide critical information for resistance determinant identification and can inform therapeutic decision making in the treatment of
Acinetobacter
sp. infections.
Regulation of the Catalytic Activity of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Protein Kinase Us3 by Autophosphorylation and Its Role in Pathogenesis
Authors: Sagou Ken , Imai Takahiko , Sagara Hiroshi , Uema Masashi , Kawaguchi Yasushi 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTUs3 is a serine/threonine protein kinase encoded by herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). We recently identified serine at Us3 position 147 (Ser-147) as a physiological phosphorylation site of Us3 (A. Kato, M. Tanaka, M. Yamamoto, R. Asai, T. Sata, Y. Nishiyama, and Y. Kawaguchi, J. Virol. 82:6172-6189, 2008). In the present study, we investigated the effects of phosphorylation of Us3 Ser-147 on regulation of Us3 catalytic activity in infected cells and on HSV-1 pathogenesis. Our results were as follows. (i) Only a small fraction of Us3 purified from infected cells was phosphorylated at Ser-147. (ii) Us3 phosphorylated at Ser-147 purified from infected cells had significantly higher kinase activity than Us3 not phosphorylated at Ser-147. (iii) Phosphorylation of Us3 Ser-147 in infected cells was dependent on Us3 kinase activity. (iv) Replacement of Us3 Ser-147 by alanine significantly reduced viral replication in the mouse cornea and the development of herpes stromal keratitis and periocular skin disease in mice. These results indicated that Us3 catalytic activity is tightly regulated by autophosphorylation of Ser-147 in infected cells and that regulation of Us3 activity by autophosphorylation appeared to play a critical role in viral replication in vivo and in HSV-1 pathogenesis.
Polyfunctional CD4
+
T-Cell Induction in Neutralizing Antibody-Triggered Control of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Authors: Yamamoto Takuya , Iwamoto Nami , Yamamoto Hiroyuki , Tsukamoto Tetsuo , Kuwano Tetsuya , Takeda Akiko , Kawada Miki , Tsunetsugu-Yokota Yasuko , Matano Tetsuro 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT

Rapid depletion of memory CD4
+
T cells and delayed induction of neutralizing antibody (NAb) responses are characteristics of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infections. Although it was speculated that postinfection NAb induction could have only a limited suppressive effect on primary HIV replication, a recent study has shown that a single passive NAb immunization of rhesus macaques 1 week after SIV challenge can result in reduction of viral loads at the set point, indicating a possible contribution of postinfection NAb responses to virus control. However, the mechanism accounting for this NAb-triggered SIV control has remained unclear. Here, we report rapid induction of virus-specific polyfunctional T-cell responses after the passive NAb immunization postinfection. Analysis of SIV Gag-specific responses of gamma interferon, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-2, macrophage inflammatory protein 1β, and CD107a revealed that the polyfunctionality of Gag-specific CD4
+
T cells, as defined by the multiplicity of these responses, was markedly elevated in the acute phase in NAb-immunized animals. In the chronic phase, despite the absence of detectable NAbs, virus control was maintained, accompanied by polyfunctional Gag-specific T-cell responses. These results implicate virus-specific polyfunctional CD4
+
T-cell responses in this NAb-triggered virus control, suggesting possible synergism between NAbs and T cells for control of HIV/SIV replication.
Aquareovirus Effects Syncytiogenesis by Using a Novel Member of the FAST Protein Family Translated from a Noncanonical Translation Start Site
Authors: Racine Trina , Hurst Tara , Barry Chris , Shou Jingyun , Kibenge Frederick , Duncan Roy 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT
As nonenveloped viruses, the aquareoviruses and orthoreoviruses are unusual in their ability to induce cell-cell fusion and syncytium formation. While an extraordinary family of fusion-associated small transmembrane (FAST) proteins is responsible for orthoreovirus syncytiogenesis, the basis for aquareovirus-induced syncytiogenesis is unknown. We now report that the S7 genome segment of an Atlantic salmon reovirus is polycistronic and uses a noncanonical CUG translation start codon to produce a 22-kDa integral membrane protein responsible for syncytiogenesis. The aquareovirus p22 protein represents a fourth distinct member of the FAST family with a unique repertoire and arrangement of structural motifs.
Suppression of
Bamboo Mosaic Virus
Accumulation by a Putative Methyltransferase in
Nicotiana benthamiana
Authors: Cheng Chun-Wei , Hsiao Yi-Yuong , Wu Hui-Chuan , Chuang Chi-Mau , Chen Jao-Shien , Tsai Ching-Hsiu , Hsu Yau-Heiu , Wu Yao-Chu , Lee Cheng-Cheng , Meng Menghsiao 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT

Bamboo mosaic virus
(BaMV) is a 6.4-kb positive-sense RNA virus belonging to the genus
Potexvirus
of the family
Flexiviridae
. The 155-kDa viral replicase, the product of ORF1, comprises an N-terminal
S
-adenosyl-
l
-methionine (AdoMet)-dependent guanylyltransferase, a nucleoside triphosphatase/RNA 5′-triphosphatase, and a C-terminal RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). To search for cellular factors potentially involved in the regulation of replication and/or transcription of BaMV, the viral RdRp domain was targeted as bait to screen against a leaf cDNA library of
Nicotiana benthamiana
using a yeast two-hybrid system. A putative methyltransferase (PNbMTS1) of 617 amino acid residues without an established physiological function was identified. Cotransfection of
N. benthamiana
protoplasts with a BaMV infectious clone and the PNbMTS1-expressing plasmid showed a PNbMTS1 dosage-dependent inhibitory effect on the accumulation of BaMV coat protein. Deletion of the N-terminal 36 amino acids, deletion of a predicted signal peptide or transmembrane segment, or mutations in the putative AdoMet-binding motifs of PNbMTS1 abolished the inhibitory effect. In contrast, suppression of PNbMTS1 by virus-induced gene silencing in
N. benthamiana
increased accumulation of the viral coat protein as well as the viral genomic RNA. Collectively, PNbMTS1 may function as an innate defense protein against the accumulation of BaMV through an uncharacterized mechanism.
Recruitment of cdk9 to the Immediate-Early Viral Transcriptosomes during Human Cytomegalovirus Infection Requires Efficient Binding to Cyclin T1, a Threshold Level of IE2 86, and Active Transcription
Authors: Kapasi Anokhi J. , Clark Charles L. , Tran Karen , Spector Deborah H. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection results in the formation of nuclear viral transcriptosomes, which are sites dedicated to viral immediate-early (IE) transcription. At IE times of the infection, viral and cellular factors, including several components of transcription such as cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (cdk9), localize at these sites. To determine the mechanism and requirements of specific recruitment of cdk9 to the viral transcriptosomes, infection in the presence of inhibitor drugs and infection of cell lines expressing exogenous mutant cdk9 were performed. We found that cdk9 localization to the viral transcriptosomes requires de novo protein synthesis. In addition, active transcription is required for recruitment and maintenance of cdk9 at the viral transcriptosomes. In cells infected with a recombinant IE2 HCMV (IE2 86 ΔSX virus) in which IE2 gene expression is greatly reduced, cdk9 localization at the transcriptosome is delayed and corresponds to the kinetics of accumulation of the IE2 protein at these sites. Infection in the presence of the cdk9 inhibitors Flavopiridol and DRB (5,6-dichloro-1-β-
d
-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole) allowed cdk9 localization to the viral transcriptosomes. A kinase-inactive cdk9 (D167N) expressed during the infection also localizes to the viral transcriptosomes, indicating that kinase activity of cdk9 is not a requirement for its localization to the sites of IE transcription. Exogenous expression of additional cdk9 mutants indicates that binding of Brd4 to the cdk9 complex is not required but that efficient binding to cyclin T1 is essential.
Near-Surface Temperature Lapse Rates over Arctic Glaciers and Their Implications for Temperature Downscaling
Authors: Gardner Alex S. , Sharp Martin J. , Koerner Roy M. , Labine Claude , Boon Sarah , Marshall Shawn J. , Burgess David O. , Lewis David 
Published: March 2009

AbstractDistributed glacier surface melt models are often forced using air temperature fields that are either downscaled from climate models or reanalysis, or extrapolated from station measurements. Typically, the downscaling and/or extrapolation are performed using a constant temperature lapse rate, which is often taken to be the free-air moist adiabatic lapse rate (MALR: 6°–7°C km−1). To explore the validity of this approach, the authors examined altitudinal gradients in daily mean air temperature along six transects across four glaciers in the Canadian high Arctic. The dataset includes over 58 000 daily averaged temperature measurements from 69 sensors covering the period 1988–2007. Temperature lapse rates near glacier surfaces vary on both daily and seasonal time scales, are consistently lower than the MALR (ablation season mean: 4.9°C km−1), and exhibit strong regional covariance. A significant fraction of the daily variability in lapse rates is associated with changes in free-atmospheric temperatures (higher temperatures = lower lapse rates). The temperature fields generated by downscaling point location summit elevation temperatures to the glacier surface using temporally variable lapse rates are a substantial improvement over those generated using the static MALR. These findings suggest that lower near-surface temperature lapse rates can be expected under a warming climate and that the air temperature near the glacier surface is less sensitive to changes in the temperature of the free atmosphere than is generally assumed.
Decadal Fluctuations in Planetary Wave Forcing Modulate Global Warming in Late Boreal Winter
Authors: Cohen Judah , Barlow Mathew , Saito Kazuyuki 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The warming trend in global surface temperatures over the last 40 yr is clear and consistent with anthropogenic increases in greenhouse gases. Over the last 2 decades, this trend appears to have accelerated. In contrast to this general behavior, however, here it is shown that trends during the boreal cold months in the recent period have developed a marked asymmetry between early winter and late winter for the Northern Hemisphere, with vigorous warming in October–December followed by a reversal to a neutral/cold trend in January–March. This observed asymmetry in the cold half of the boreal year is linked to a two-way stratosphere–troposphere interaction, which is strongest in the Northern Hemisphere during late winter and is related to variability in Eurasian land surface conditions during autumn. This link has been demonstrated for year-to-year variability and used to improve seasonal time-scale winter forecasts; here, this coupling is shown to strongly modulate the warming trend, with implications for decadal-scale temperature projections.
Understanding the Regional Variability of Eddy Diffusivity in the Pacific Sector of the Southern Ocean
Authors: Shuckburgh Emily , Jones Helen , Marshall John , Hill Chris 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
A diagnostic framework is presented, based on the Nakamura effective diffusivity, to investigate the regional variation in eddy diffusivity. Comparison of three different diffusivity calculations enables the effects of locally enhanced tracer diffusion to be distinguished from the streamwise average. It also enables the distinction to be made between locally generated complexity in the tracer structure and that advected into a particular domain. The technique is applied to the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean. The results highlight the important role that the mean flow plays in determining eddy diffusivity. The effective diffusivity is not simply related to the eddy kinetic energy: in regions of a strong mean flow the eddy diffusivity can be suppressed even in the presence of moderately strong eddy activity; conversely, in a region of weak mean flow the eddy diffusivity can be enhanced even in the presence of only weak eddy activity. This casts doubt on the ability of parameterizations based solely on the eddy kinetic energy to adequately characterize the eddy diffusivity in regions of strongly varying mean flow such as the Southern Ocean. The results are, however, consistent with the eddy transport and mixing variability predicted by potential-vorticity-based arguments.
A Comparison of Meteorological Observations from South Pole Station before and after Installation of a New Instrument Suite
Authors: Keller L. M. , Baker K. A. , Lazzara M. A. , Gallagher J. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The Amundsen–Scott South Pole surface meteorological instrument suite was upgraded in 2004. To ensure that the new and old instruments were recording similar information, the two suites of instruments ran simultaneously for a year. Statistical analysis of the time series of temperature, pressure, and wind was performed to determine if there were any significant differences in the observations. Significant differences were found in some of the winter months for temperature and wind speed. No differences were found for the wind direction distribution. There are also noticeable differences in wind speed between the Clean Air platform near the Clean Air facility and the platform at the approach end of the skiway. Wind speeds are lower at the skiway tower when the wind is from the northeast quadrant and at the Clean Air tower when the wind is from the southwest quadrant, reflecting the effect of increased surface roughness and flow distortion over and around the station structures. Because of a change in elevation of the pressure sensor, the pressure data were recalculated at a common station elevation (2836 m). Although the resulting differences are small (around 0.1 hPa), there is a systematic sign change between summer and winter. The results of this analysis, while revealing some significant differences, show that the new instrumentation at South Pole station is generally reporting observations that are similar to those of the old instrumentation, and most of the differences are within the accuracy of the instruments. However, the instrument placement and construction of official aviation routine weather reports (METARs) do have an impact on the usefulness of the data for research.