bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of clomipramine in the treatment of anxiety‐related and obsessive‐compulsive disorders in cats
Authors: SEKSEL K. , LINDEMAN MJ 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy and tolerance of a treatment protocol for anxiety‐related and obsessive‐compulsive disorders in cats.DesignA study was undertaken to assess the clinical response in cats diagnosed with anxiety‐related or obsessive‐compulsive disorders to a treatment regimen that included clomipramine and behaviour modification.ProcedureThe study group of 11 cats was acquired through referral. A detailed behavioural and clinical history was obtained. Presenting signs were urine spraying in seven cases, overgrooming in three and excessive vocalisation in one. Clomipramine was administered orally once daily. The mean starting dose was 0.4 mg/kg. If necessary, the dose was adjusted according to the clinical response of each cat. A behaviour modification program was designed and the owner instructed on its implementation. Cats were to continue on medication for at least 1 month after clinical signs disappeared, then medication withdrawal was to be attempted by decreasing the clomipramine dose progressively at weekly intervals while the behaviour modification program continued.ResultsIn all cases the presenting clinical sign was largely improved or disappeared. One cat was removed from the study by the owner. Four cats became lethargic at higher doses, but this resolved when the clomipramine dose was reduced. The average maintenance dosage was 0.3 mg/kg once daily. Clomipramine withdrawal was attempted in two cases: the behaviour returned in one case and the medication was reinstated at 0.3 mg/kg twice daily.ConclusionClomipramine was effective in controlling the signs of anxiety‐related and obsessive‐compulsive disorders in 10 of 10 assessable cases when used in combination with behaviour modification. Clomipramine was well tolerated.
Efficacy of ivermectin in a controlled‐release capsule for the control of breech strike in sheep
Authors: RUGG D. , THOMPSON D. , GOGOLEWSKI RP , ALLERTON GR , BARRICK RA , EAGLESON JS 
Published: March 2008

Objective To investigate the efficacy of ivermectin in an intraruminal controlled‐release capsule (CRC) against blowfly strike. Design Pen and field trials with controls. Animals Pen studies: Two breech strike trials involving 60 Romney and 60 Merino sheep. One body strike trial using 100 Merino sheep.Field trials: Eight trials in New Zealand used 1000 Romney and Romney‐cross sheep. Fifty Merino lambs in one trial in Australia. Procedure Pen studies: Sheep were allocated to two equal groups. One was not treated, the other sheep received a CRC that delivered ivermectin at 20 μg/kg/day for 100 days. In the breech strike trials, each animal was given an oral laxative 2 days before exposure to adult Lucilia cuprina. In the body‐strike trial, the sheep sheep were kept wet to increase susceptibility prior to the release of blowflies.Field trials: Fifty or 200 sheep allocated to equal groups of nontreated or treated with the CRC and grazed at pasture exposed to natural blowfly challenge. Results Pen studies: Breech strikes developed in 24 of 60 controls but in none of 60 CRC‐treated sheep. There was a 35% reduction in the number of CRC‐treated sheep struck on the body.Field trials: The average number of breech strikes in CRC‐treated sheep was reduced by 86% (P < 0.001). The number of body strikes in the treated groups was a reduced by 27% (P < 0.05). Conclusion The ivermectin CRC is a useful aid in controlling breech strike, but provides only moderate reduction in the incidence of body strike.
Effect of acute haemorrhage on QRS amplitude of the lead II canine electrocardiogram
Authors: TORRE PK DELLA , ZAKI S. , GOVENDIR M. , CHURCH DB , MALIK R. 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo examine the effect of acute haemorrhage on the QRS amplitude of the canine lead II surface electrocardiograph (ECG). DesignTen adult racing Greyhounds were tranquilised, anaesthetised, positioned in right lateral recumbency and connected to recording electrodes of an ECG unit. Baseline six‐lead ECG traces were recorded, and further traces were obtained after one unit (460 mL) of blood, and then a second unit, were collected from the femoral artery. ResultsThere was a consistent and progressive reduction in amplitude of the QRS complex in all leads during acute haemorrhage. QRS amplitude in lead II after removal of two units of blood averaged 74% of the baseline voltage, with individual values of 61 to 91% (P < 0.0001). There were even greater reductions in QRS amplitudes in lead aVL during haemorrhage. In three additional dogs, reductions in QRS voltages were shown to be accompanied by reductions in end‐diastolic left ventricular internal dimensions measured echocardiographically. Furthermore, the effects of haemorrhage on the QRS amplitude and echocardiographic measurements were reversed when circulating blood volume was restored by re‐infusion of blood removed previously. ConclusionAcute haemorrhage corresponding to an approximately one‐third reduction in blood volume caused a substantial reduction in QRS voltage of the surface ECG. It is postulated that this resulted from diminished ventricular distension as a consequence of reduced venous return. A similar mechanism may account for the small‐amplitude ECG complexes associated with pericardial effusion, severe dehydration and hypovolaemia.
Vitamin D doses for alpacas(Lama pacos)
Authors: JUDSON GJ , FEAKES A. 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo assess the effectiveness of cholecalciferol (D3) doses for maintaining adequate vitamin D status in crias and adult female alpacas at pasture.Design A field experiment during winter and early spring in a herd on a farm in South Australia.Animals and procedureCrias, usually less than 6 months of age and female alpacas, aged 2 to 6 years, were given a single subcutaneous dose of 0, 1000 or 2000 IU D3/ kg body weight. Plasma concentrations of 25‐hydroxycholecalcif‐erol (25‐OH D3), phosphorus, calcium and vitamins A and E and alkaline phosphatase activity were measured at intervals over a period of 16 weeks after treatment.ResultsCrias not given a vitamin D supplement had reduced growth rate during winter and one animal showed clinical signs of rickets. Vitamin D treatment had no effect on the body weight of mature females. Vitamin D supplements increased the 25‐OH D3and phosphorus concentrations in plasma of both crias and adult females; alkaline phosphatase activity was not affected by treatment.ConclusionIt is suggested that for alpacas in southern Australia a subcutaneous dose of 1000 IU D3/kg body weight to crias in late autumn and again in mid winter and to adult females in mid winter should prevent vitamin D inadequacy.
Plasma cortisol concentrations in normal dogs given hydrocortisone sodium succinate
Authors: CHURCH DB , LAMB WA , EMSLIE DR 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effects on plasma cortisol concentration of a continuous infusion of a readily available steroid with equipotent glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid effects.Procedure Plasma cortisol concentrations were measured before and regularly after hydrocortisone sodium succinate was administered as a continuous intravenous infusion over 6 h at 0.32 and 0.65 mg kg‐1h‐1to 12 healthy dogs weighing 12 to 22 kg.ResultsThe infusion at both dose rates produced significant and stable increases in plasma cortisol concentrations. The plateau concentrations produced by the large and small doeses were respectively above and below plasma cortisol concentrations likely to provide adequate glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid activity in stressed dogs with significantly decreased adrenal function.ConclusionThis paper presents information regarding the changes in plasma cortisol concentrations in 12 normal dogs given an hydrocortisone sodium succinate infusion at two dose rates. The marked and continuous increase in plasma cortisol concentrations suggests a continuous HSS infusion may be a possible alternative to desoxycorticosterone acetate and dexamethasone in the treatment of acute adrenal dysfunction.
Management of perianal fistulae in five dogs using azathioprine and metronidazole prior to surgery
Authors: TISDALL PLC , HUNT GB , BECK JA , MALIK R. 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo evaluate combination therapy with azathioprine and metronidazole in German Shepherd Dogs with perianal fistulae.DesignProspective studyProcedureFive dogs (31.5 to 36.0 kg) with perianal fistulae were treated with azathioprine (50 mg per dog orally every 24 h) and metronidazole (400 mg per dog orally every 24 h). Patients were re‐evaluated at 2 week intervals by inspection, palpation, photographs of the perineal region and assessment of white blood cell counts where possible. Treatment was continued until improvement in lesions reached a plateau. Surgical excision of residual fistulae and anal sac remnants was then performed, with medical therapy continued for an additional 3 to 6 weeks.ResultSigns attributable to anal irritation were reduced or eliminated in all dogs within 2 weeks, although visible healing of lesions progressed more slowly. Ulcerated lesions reduced in surface area and depth, and some fistulae healed completely. Non‐healing areas were usually associated with anal sac rupture or chronic fibrosis. Visible improvement typically reached a plateau 4 to 6 weeks after commencing treatment. Immunosuppressive therapy continued for 5 to 24 weeks before surgical intervention to remove anal sacs (four dogs) and/or residual fistulae (five dogs). All dogs remain disease free 7 to 10 months postoperatively. No important complications of treatment were encountered.ConclusionAzathioprine with metronidazole effectively reduced perianal irritation, and the severity and extent of lesions prior to surgery. Treatment was economical even in large dogs and associated with few untoward sequelae. The combined use of immunosuppressive and antimicrobial therapy followed by surgery minimised potential morbidity associated with aggressive use of either medical of surgical treatment alone.
Content and distribution of macro‐ and micro‐elements in the body of pasture‐fed young horses
Authors: GRACE ND , PEARCE SG , FIRTH EC , FENNESSY PF 
Published: March 2008

Objective To determine the content and distribution of Na, K, Ca, P, Mg, S, Cu, Mn, Fe and Zn in the body of pasture‐fed young horses and then use a factorial model to calculate the dietary mineral requirements for growth. Procedure Twenty‐one foals were killed at about 150 days of age and the organs, soft tissues, skin and bones and a sample of muscle were dissected out and weighed. The mineral concentrations of elements in all soft tissues and bones were measured by inductively coupled emission spectrometry. The total mineral element composition associated with a tissue was determined from the weight of tissue and its mineral element concentration. Results Expressed as a percent of total body mineral elements, muscle contained 20% Na, 78% K, 32% Mg, 62% Cu, 36% Mn and 57% Zn, bone contained 47% Na, 99% Ca, 81% P, 62% Mg, 30% Mn and 28% Zn while the organs accounted for a smaller percentage ranging from 0.06% for Ca to 26% for Fe. In liver Cu accounted for 9.2% of total body Cu. Each kilogram of empty body weight was associated with 1.0 g Na, 2.5 g K, 17.1 g Ca, 10.1 g P, 0.4 g Mg, 1.1 mg Cu, 0.39 mg Mn, 52.5 mg Fe and 21.4 mg Zn. Conclusion The mineral element content of body weight gain is a component usedin the factorial model to determine dietary mineral element requirements for growth. The calculated dietary mineral requirements, expressed per kg dry matter, for a 200 kg horse gaining 1.0 kg/day were 1.0 g Na, 2.1 g K, 4.6 g Ca, 3.5 g P, 0.7 g Mg, 4.5 mg Cu and 25 mg Zn.
Evaluation of a polyurethane jugular catheter in cats placed using a modified Seldinger technique
Authors: MARTIN GJW , RAND JS 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo describe and evaluate the placement of a new design of polyurethane jugular catheter in cats using a modification of the technique of Seldinger. The maintenance and use of these catheters for repeated blood sampling over several days in healthy and diabetic cats is reported. ProcedureThirty polyurethane jugular catheters were placed in 10 clinically healthy cats and 10 cats with diabetes mellitus using the modified Seldinger technique. Catheters were placed while the cats were under general anaesthesia. ResultsThe catheters remained in place for a range of 2 to 14 days (median 5 days) with no major complications. In all cats patency of the catheters was maintained until removal. All cats examined had patent jugular veins when assessed 4 or more weeks after the catheters were removed. ConclusionsThese polyurethane jugular catheters, when placed by a modified Seldinger technique, are effective and safe in cats, and jugular patency returns after the catheters are removed.
Immunophenotypic and histological characterisation of 109 cases of feline lymphosarcoma
Authors: GABOR LJ , CANFIELD PJ , MALIK R 
Published: March 2008

Objective To determine and analyse the immunophenotype and histological appearance of naturally occurring cases of lymphosarcoma in Australian cats. Design A prospective multi‐institutional study of naturally occurring feline lymphosarcoma. Methods One hundred and eighteen cats were referred for diagnosis and/or management of suspected lymphosarcoma. Tissue samples for histopathological analysis and immunophenotyping were collected as biopsies or at necropsy from 109 cases. Histological classification of the neoplasms followed the Working Formulation Classification System. Four multi‐species cross‐reactive antibodies were used to classify tumours as having a B or T cell phenotype. Results Seventy‐six (70%) cases were B cell tumours and 28 (26%) were T cell tumours. The remaining 5 (4%) specimens failed to stain with the four antibodies. Histologically, 11 (10%) cases were classified as low‐grade, 72 (66%) were medium‐grade and 26 (24%) were high‐grade tumours. There were no significant associations between age and either histological grade or immunophenotype. Mediastinal and leukaemic cases were significantly more likely to be T cell tumours (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). Conclusions In contrast to previously documented studies in the cat, the majority of cases of lymphosarcoma were of B cell phenotype and intermediate histological grade. Based on our data, the histological phenotype of lymphosarcoma is unlikely to predict immunotype, nor are cases of certain immunotypes likely to be of specific histological subtype. Considered in relation to previous reports, the findings suggest that epidemiological factors operating in these cats to produce lymphosarcoma may be different to those operating in North American and UK cat populations.
Long‐lasting prevention against blowfly strike using the insect growth regulator dicyclanil
Authors: BOWEN FL , FISARA P , JUNQUERA P , KEEVERS DT , MAHONEY RH , SCHMID HR 
Published: March 2008

Objective To assess a ready‐to‐use formulation of dicyclanil to prevent blowfly strike on Merino sheep under Australian conditions. Design Randomised clinical trials conducted in an environment house and in the field. Procedure Two environment house trials were used to measure the protection against flystrike provided by a jetting or a ready‐to‐use 5% spray‐on formulation of dicyclanil over 22 and 31 weeks respectively. Oviposition and strikes we re recorded weekly for each sheep. In two field trials the occurrence of strike in Merino sheep treated off‐shears or in long wool with dicyclanil or with cyromazine was compared for up to 38 weeks after treatment. Efficacy was assessed by calculating the cumulative percentage of sheep struck. Results Under environment house conditions, sheep jetted with dicyclanil at 1.50, 0.75 and 0.30 g per sheep developed 0, 8 and 9 strikes respectively during the 22 weeks of the trial, whereas there were 358 strikes present in the placebo group. Sheep sprayed with dicyclanil at 2.25, 1.50 and 0.75 g per sheep developed 5, 11 and 29 strikes respectively between weeks 15 and 31 after treatment, whereas there were 185 strikes present in the untreated controls. In field trials the cumulative percentage of sheep struck reached 1% between weeks 12 to 13 after sheep had been treated with cyromazine. Sheep treated with dicyclanil reached the 1% limit at week 21 after treatment. Conclusion Under Aus tralian field conditions, a ready‐to‐use 5% spray‐on formulation of dicyclanil applied off‐shears or to long wool protected Merino sheep from blowfly strike for a period of at least 20 weeks.
Nonsurgical management of type II fractures of the distal phalanx in 48 Standardbred horses
Authors: O'SULLIVAN CB , DART AJ , MALIKIDES N , RAWLINSON RJ , HUTCHINS DR , HODGSON DR 
Published: March 2008

Objective To evaluate nonsurgical management of type II fractures of the distal phalanx in Standardbred horses.Design Retrospective study of 48 affected horses.Results Most fractures occurred on the lateral palmar process of the left forelimb or the medial palmar process of the right forelimb; 81% of horses were considered sound enough to return to training and 63% raced. Of those returning to racing, 41% competed in > 10 races, 37% in 2 to 10 races and 22% in only 1 race. There was no difference in performance before and after fracture. Twenty‐four of 25 horses had a bar shoe fitted for > 50% of the treatment phase. Of those horses returning to training without a bar shoe, 89% refractured at the same site. Sixty percent of horses returning to training with a bar shoe raced successfully. The total convalescent time, the time rested in a box and the time spelled in a paddock were similar for horses returning to racing and those that did not. The age of the horse had no effect on the ability to return to racing.Conclusion The prognosis for type II fractures of the distal phalanx is guarded. It is advisable to fit a bar shoe on the horse during convalescence. Horses returning to training and racing with a bar shoe appear less likely to refracture the distal phalanx. Those horses that return to racing can perform at a level similar to that prior to fracture.
Mortality of sheep exported by sea: evidence of similarity by farm group and of regional differences
Authors: HIGGS ARB , NORRIS RT , LOVE RA , NORMAN GJ 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo determine whether mortality of sheep exported by sea is similar for sheep from the same farm exported in different years or is associated with the region of origin.DesignMortalities were monitored in farm groups of sheep exported from the southwest of Western Australia under normal commercial conditions.ProcedureMortalities were monitored on commercial shipments from 1985 to 1996. For each consignment, the mortality rate was assigned its percentile ranking within the month and year of loading of the ship. A mortality rate was high if its percentile ranking was above a selected cut‐off value. Five cut‐off values were used in separate analyses. The spatial distribution of farms with high mortality was compared between and within zones of rainfall and length of pasture‐growing season.ResultsA total of 479 groups of sheep from 405 farms was monitored. Mortality rates ranged from nil to 28.2%. Half of all deaths were from 14.2% of the consignments. There was a significant association (P < 0.05) between the category of mortality (high or low) in the first and second years of monitoring for four of the five cut‐off values. The spatial analyses indicated that there were more high‐mortality groups, and the average mortality was higher, in the zones of higher rainfall and longer pasture‐growing season (P < 0.001).ConclusionMortality data can be used to identify regions and groups of sheep that are at risk of suffering high death rates when exported by sea.
Tail docking and beliefs about the practice in the Victorian dairy industry
Authors: BARNETT JL , COLEMAN GJ , HEMSWORTH PH , NEWMAN EA , FEWINGS‐HALL S. , ZIINI C. 
Published: March 2008

Objective To determine the occurrence of tail docking and beliefs about the practice in the Victorian dairy industry. Design Survey responses were analysed using chi‐square tests and by correlation and regression analyses to determine associations between husbandry practices and beliefs and to identify possible predictive variables in relation to docking. Procedure A survey of the occurrence of docking and beliefs about the practice was conducted in 1997 using face‐to‐face interviews of 313 respondents at 234 Victorian dairy farms. Results On average, 35% of dairy farms routinely docked cattle. The practice varied from 11 to 63% in different regions and 12% of stud farms docked their cows. Rubber rings were used on 75% of farms and the average age of the cow at docking was 18 months. Twenty‐two percent of cows were docked at a level above the top of the udder and 54% were docked level with the top of the udder. Respondents that docked believed that milking was finished quicker, the risks of leptospirosis for the operator and mastitis for the cow were reduced, the cows were easier to handle, fly numbers were reduced and milk quality was improved. There was a general belief that intact tails could cause significant discomfort to the operator and that docking resulted in acute but not chronic pain. Conclusions Docking is an entrenched practice in the Victorian dairy industry. Those farmers who docked generally believed that it was a highly desirable farming practice with particular benefits for the operator.
Cytology and histopathology of canine leproid granuloma syndrome
Authors: CHARLES J. , MARTIN P. , WIGNEY DI , MALIK R. , LOVE DN 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo describe the histopathology of canine leproid granuloma syndrome.DesignHistological examination of biopsy specimens taken from dogs with leproid granuloma syndrome. Biopsies were acquired from four veterinary pathology practices after initial examination showed acid‐fast bacilli or lesions suggestive of a mycobacterial aetiology. Tissue from 30 cases formed part of a retrospective survey while a further 7 cases were obtained prospectively.ProcedureTissue samples were fixed in formalin and paraffin embedded. Sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin and Ziehl‐Neelsen stains. Slides were evaluated for the type of inflammatory response and the number of bacteria. In a few cases smears made from crush preparations and needle aspirates were stained with DiffQuik and acid‐fast stains.ResultsThe common cytological feature seen in DiffQuik stained smears was numerous, often spindle‐shaped, macrophages with variable numbers of lymphocytes and plasma cells and lower numbers of neutrophils. Usually few to moderate numbers of medium length bacilli were detected within macrophages or extracellularly. Histologically, lesions were chiefly pyogranulomatous within the subcutis and dermis. Pyogranulomas were composed chiefly of epithelioid macrophages and neutrophils but plasma cells and small lymphocytes were scattered throughout the lesions in which giant cells were seen. Lesions were pyogranulomatous in 36 cases and granulomatous with small suppurative foci in one. The numbers of acid‐fast bacilli present were very low to low in 22 cases, moderate in 6 and regionally numerous to numerous in 9. Bacteria were pleomorphic, ranging from long, slender filaments in parallel sheaves to short and variably‐beaded bacilli or highly beaded to coccoid organisms. The morphology was more uniform in DiffQuik stained smears than in fixed tissue sections.ConclusionThe pathology of canine leproid granuloma syndrome is highly uniform and is suggestive of saprophytic mycobacterial involvement. The morphological diversity of acid‐fast bacilli probably results from differences in staining characteristics rather than indicating different species ofMycobacterium.While approximately half of the cases had only few organisms present, the veterinary practitioner using a Romanovsky stain such as DiffQuik on aspirated material might expect to obtain a rapid diagnosis in many cases. This would allow differentiation of the syndrome from neoplastic and other diseases of the skin and direct appropriate treatment at the initial presentation.