bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The untamed shrew: on the termination of an eradication programme for an introduced species
Authors: Solow Andrew , Seymour Adrian , Beet Andrew , Harris Stephen 
Published: March 2008

Summary

One option in managing introductions of non‐native pest species is to eradicate the introduced species by trapping or otherwise removing individuals. A central issue in undertaking such a programme is deciding when it is reasonable to terminate the programme because all individuals have been removed. This decision requires knowledge of the probability that complete eradication has been achieved.
An objective Bayesian method is presented to determine the probability that all individuals of an introduced species have been removed. The method is based on the excess trapping times of individuals beyond a specified threshold, assuming a generalized Pareto distribution for excess trapping time.
The method is applied to data from an unsuccessful trapping programme of the Asian musk shrew Suncus murinus on the Mauritian island of Ile aux Aigrettes. The results suggest that, had the method been used, managers would have realized that the probability of complete eradication was not high and premature termination could have been avoided.
Synthesis and applications. A central issue facing the manager of an eradication programme for an introduced or pest species is deciding when it is reasonable to terminate the programme because all individuals have been removed. If termination is premature, the programme will fail; if termination is delayed beyond the point of eradication, unnecessary costs will be incurred. The statistical method described here for calculating the probability of complete eradication based on the record of removals provides information that is useful either in an informal assessment of progress or in more formal decision making regarding termination.
Physiological Studies on Early‐blocked Sporulation Mutants of Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Michel Janine F. , Millet Jacqueline 
Published: March 2008

Summary. A relationship was observed in Bacillus subtilis between spore formation and the production of two extracellular enzymes, a serine‐proteinase and an esterase. These productions are impaired in 5 different classes of early‐blocked sporulation mutants. The residual activities of these two enzymes vary in proportion from one mutant class to another.The activity of a third extracellular enzyme, a metal activated proteinase, is slightly impaired if at all in only 2 of the 5 mutant classes. This activity is not required for sporulation, since enzyme loss in one mutant did not affect its ability to sporulate.
Review of small rural health services in Victoria: how does the nursing‐medical division of labour affect access to emergency care?
Authors: Sullivan Elise , Francis Karen , Hegney Desley 
Published: March 2008

Aims.  This paper is based on a review of the Australian and International literature relating to the nursing‐medical division of labour. It also explores how the division of labour affects patient access to emergency care in small rural health services in Victoria, Australia.Background.  The paper describes the future Australian health workforce and the implications for rural Victoria. The concept of division of labour and how it relates to nursing and medicine is critically reviewed. Two forms of division of labour emerge – traditional and negotiated division of labour. Key themes are drawn from the literature that describes the impact of a traditional form of division of labour in a rural context.Methods.  This paper is based on a review of the Australian and international literature, including grey literature, on the subject of rural emergency services, professional boundaries and roles, division of labour, professional relationships and power and the Australian health workforce.Results.  In Australia, the contracting workforce means that traditional divisions of labour between health professionals cannot be sustained without reducing access to emergency care in rural Victoria. A traditional division of labour results in rural health services that are vulnerable to slight shifts in the medical workforce, unsafe services and recruitment and retention problems. A negotiated form of division of labour provides a practical alternative.Conclusion.  A division of labour that is negotiated between doctors and nurses and supported by a legal and clinical governance framework, is needed to support rural emergency services. The published evidence suggests that this situation currently does not exist in Victoria. Strategies are offered for creating and supporting a negotiated division of labour.Relevance to clinical practice.  This paper offers some strategies for establishing a negotiated division of labour between doctors and nurses in rural emergency care.
The impact of individual factors on healthcare staff's computer use in psychiatric hospitals
Authors: Koivunen Marita , Välimäki Maritta , Koskinen Anita , Staggers Nancy , Katajisto Jouko 
Published: March 2008

Aim.  The study examines whether individual factors of healthcare staff are associated with computer use in psychiatric hospitals. In addition, factors inhibiting staff's optimal use of computers were explored.Background.  Computer applications have developed the content of clinical practice and changed patterns of professional working. Healthcare staff need new capacities to work in clinical practice, including the basic computers skills. Computer use amongst healthcare staff has widely been studied in general, but cogent information is still lacking in psychiatric care.Methods.  Staff's computer use was assessed using a structured questionnaire (The Staggers Nursing Computer Experience Questionnaire). The study population was healthcare staff working in two psychiatric hospitals in Finland (n = 470, response rate = 59%). The data were analysed with descriptive statistics and manova with main effects and two‐way interaction effects of six individual factors.Results.  Nurses who had more experience of computer use or of the implementation processes of computer systems were more motivated to use computers than those who had less experience of these issues. Males and administrative personnel who were younger had also participated more often than women in implementation processes of computer systems. The most significant factor inhibiting the use of computers was lack of interest in them.Conclusions.  In psychiatric hospitals, more direct attention should focus on staff's capacities to use computers and to increase their understanding of the benefits in clinical care, especially for women and ageing staff working in psychiatric hospitals.Relevance to clinical practice.  To avoid exclusion amongst healthcare personnel in information society and to ensure that they have capacities to guide patients on how to use computers or to evaluate the quality of health information on the web, staff's capacities and motivation to use computers in mental health and psychiatric nursing should be ensured.
Therapeutic enhancement: nursing intervention category for patients diagnosed with Readiness for Therapeutic Regimen Management
Authors: Kelly Cynthia W 
Published: March 2008

Aims.  To present a new nursing intervention category called therapeutic enhancement.Background.  Fewer than half of North Americans follow their physician's recommendations for diet and exercise, even when such are crucial to their health or recovery. It is imperative that nurses consider new ways to promote healthy behaviours. Therapeutic enhancement is intended to provide such a fresh approach. Traditional intervention techniques focusing on education, contracts, social support and more frequent interaction with physicians appear not to be effective when used alone. Successful strategies have been multidisciplinary; and have included interventions by professional nurses who assist patients to understand their disease and the disease process and that helps them to develop disease‐management and self‐management skills. Therapeutic enhancement incorporates The Stages of Change Theory, Commitment to Health Theory, Motivational Interviewing techniques and instrumentation specifically designed for process evaluation of health‐promoting interventions.Method.  This is a critical review of approaches that, heretofore, have not been synthesised in a single published article.Conclusions.  Based on the commonly used Stages of Change model, therapeutic enhancement is useful for patients who are at the action stage of change. Using therapeutic enhancement as well as therapeutic strategies identified in Stages of Change Theory, such as contingency management, helping relationships, counterconditioning, stimulus control and Motivational Interviewing techniques, nursing professionals can significantly increase the chances of patients moving from action to the maintenance stage of change for a specific health behaviour.Relevance to clinical practice.  Using the nursing intervention category, therapeutic enhancement can increase caregivers’ success in helping patients maintain healthy behaviours.
Nursing documentation for communicating and evaluating care
Authors: Törnvall Eva , Wilhelmsson Susan 
Published: March 2008

Aims.  To investigate the utility of electronic nursing documentation by exploring to what extent and for what purpose general practitioners use nursing documentation and to what extent and in which cases care unit managers use nursing documentation for quality development of care.Background.  As health care includes multidisciplinary activities, communication about the care given is essential. To assure delivery of good and safe care, quality development is necessary. The main tool available for communication and quality development is the patient record. In many studies, nursing documentation has been found to be inadequate for this purpose.Design.  This study had a cross‐sectional descriptive design.Methods.  Data were collected by postal questionnaires, one to the general practitioners (n = 544) and one to care unit managers (n = 82) in primary health care. Data were analysed by descriptive statistical and qualitative content analysis.Results.  The general practitioners usually used the nursing record as the foremost source of information for treatment follow‐up. The results, however, point out weaknesses and shortcomings in the nursing records, such as difficulties in finding important information because of a huge amount of routine notes. The care unit managers generally (74%) used the record for statistical purposes, while only half of them used it to evaluate care.Conclusion.  Nursing records need more clarity and need to be more prominent regarding specific nursing information to fulfil their purpose of transferring information and to constitute a base for quality development of care.Relevance to clinical practice.  The results of this study can provide a part of a basis upon which a multi‐professional patient record could be developed and which could also function as an alarm to managers at different levels to prioritise the development of nursing documentation.
Knowledge and attitudes regarding pain management among nurses in Hong Kong medical units
Authors: Lui Liza YY , So Winnie KW , Fong Daniel YT 
Published: March 2008

Aims.  To investigate knowledge levels and attitudes regarding pain management among nurses working in medical units in Hong Kong and factors that might influence their knowledge and attitudes.Background.  Pain, a common symptom for patients in medical units, can be relieved by effective pain management. Nurses have a vital role in implementing pain management effectively and must, therefore, have a solid foundation of knowledge and a positive attitude towards pain management.Design.  Cross‐sectional study.Methods.  A self‐administered survey including demographics and the nurses’ knowledge and attitudes survey regarding pain‐Chinese version (NKASRP‐C) was completed by 143 nurses working at medical units in a public hospital. Descriptive statistics and stepwise regression were used in the data analysis.Results.  A deficit in knowledge and attitudes related to pain management was prominent (percentage of total score = 47·72, range = 20–76%). Although nurses had developed appropriate attitudes towards pain management, discrepancies between practice and attitudes existed. Those with a higher percentage of correct scores in NKASRP‐C had longer clinical working experience and applied knowledge of pain to their daily work.Conclusions.  The findings of this study, identifying problems of inadequate knowledge and inappropriate attitudes regarding pain management, are of concern. A better understanding of the factors that affect such knowledge and attitudes and of the discrepancy between attitudes and practice, can provide useful information to be included in education programmes for nurses and to inform policy on the provision of pain management.Relevance to clinical practice.  To improve nurses’ knowledge and attitudes regarding pain management, the educational curriculum may include the pharmacological area, patient assessment and the integration of knowledge about pain into daily practice. It is hoped that the results of this study may increase an awareness of knowledge deficit among nurses and help them to find ways of making changes to their practice.
Chemotaxis towards, adhesion to, and growth in carp gut mucus of two Aeromonas hydrophila strains with different pathogenicity for common carp, Cyprinus carpio L.
Authors: Van Der Marel M , Schroers V , Neuhaus H , Steinhagen D 
Published: March 2008

AbstractCharacteristics that promote bacterial colonization of the intestinal mucosal surface were examined in two strains of the common fish pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila, with different pathogenicity. The characteristics examined were chemotactic activity towards mucus, bacterial adherence to mucus and growth in mucus. Intestinal gut mucus of healthy common carp was used. The results indicate that chemotaxis is not necessary for a bacterium to become pathogenic, but it may be a necessary parameter for a bacterium to be an obligate pathogen. Adhesion also seems to be a factor influencing pathogenicity. The results suggest that higher adhesion to mucus and subsequent growth is associated with differences in pathogenicity.
The macrophage chemotactic activity of Edwardsiella tarda extracellular products
Authors: Wiedenmayer A A , Klesius P H , Evans J J , Shoemaker C A 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe chemoattractant capabilities of Edwardsiella tarda extracellular products (ECP) were investigated from two isolates, the virulent FL6‐60 parent and less virulent RET‐04 mutant. Chemotaxis and chemokinesis were assayed in vitro using blind well chambers with peritoneal macrophages obtained from Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, 5 days following squalene injection. Non‐purified ECP derived from both isolates stimulated predominantly chemokinetic migration of macrophages. Additionally, the ECP were semi‐purified by high pressure liquid chromatography. The FL6‐60 parent ECP yielded higher molecular weight components than did the ECP from the RET‐04 mutant. The chemotactic activity of the macrophages for both the FL6‐60 parent and RET‐04 mutant semi‐purified ECP was increased over the non‐purified ECP and overall migration was primarily chemotactic. Exposure to ECP derived from virulent and less virulent E. tarda isolates promoted chemokinetic movement of macrophages that may be involved in inflammatory responses of Nile tilapia to E. tarda infection.
Identification of bacteria from the normal flora of perch, Perca fluviatilis L., and evaluation of their inhibitory potential towards Aeromonas species
Authors: Goldschmidt‐Clermont E , Wahli T , Frey J , Burr S E 
Published: March 2008

AbstractPathogenic Aeromonas sobria has been identified as a causative agent of ulcerative disease in farmed European perch, Perca fluviatilis L. To study the effect of the normal intestinal bacterial flora of perch against A. sobria, we sampled 193 bacterial isolates from the perch digestive tract. The isolates were identified by sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene and their inhibitory potential against A. sobria was evaluated in vitro. Nineteen of the strains isolated showed inhibition and were also tested against other aeromonad and non‐aeromonad fish pathogens including Yersinia ruckeri and Vibrio anguillarum. Isolates showing inhibition were primarily Pseudomonas spp.; however, inhibitory Shewanella spp., and Delftia sp. were also identified. A Pseudomonas chlororaphis isolate showed inhibition against all fish pathogens tested.
Spatial and temporal distribution of Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer) larvae in a sea loch containing Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., farms on the north‐west coast of Scotland
Authors: Penston M J , Millar C P , Zuur A , Davies I M 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA plankton survey investigated spatial and temporal distributions of larval sea lice in a sea loch on the north‐west coast of Scotland. Plankton tows were collected approximately weekly at two depths (0 and 5 m) at five sample stations over a 2‐year period. The survey began in March 2002 when Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., farms in the study area stocked with fish and finished in March 2004, after farms completed harvesting. Over 90% of lice recovered were Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer); therefore, the results of this paper refer largely to that species. The data were analysed using generalized additive models with explanatory variables for time, depth and station. Greatest densities of nauplii were recovered at stations adjacent to farms indicating that the local salmon farms were a likely source of larvae at times during the production cycle. There were significant temporal trends in larval densities and the stocking and harvesting of farms can possibly account for these increases and decreases, particularly at the start and at the end of the production cycle. The distribution of copepodids was more widespread than that of nauplii, indicating that the larvae can be transported several kilometres from the point of release.
Epidemiology of Gyrodactylus salaris (Monogenea) in the River Tornionjoki, a Baltic wild salmon river
Authors: Anttila P , Romakkaniemi A , Kuusela J , Koski P 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe occurrence of Gyrodactylus salaris in the River Tornionjoki was investigated in 2000–2004. Infection of salmon parr, Salmo salar, was common in the uppermost reach of the river system but decreased downstream and was rare in the lowermost reach. This pattern was consistent across the study period regardless of varying water temperatures. The oldest age groups of parr were more often infected than younger ones throughout the river system, irrespective of their origin (wild or stocked). Parasite‐free hatchery‐reared 1‐year‐old parr became infected during their first summer in the wild. Downmigrating salmon smolts had a high prevalence of infection, but their role in the distribution of infection seemed unimportant. On grayling, Thymallus thymallus, we observed only the grayling‐specific clade of Gyrodactylus. We found no indication of grayling participating in the epidemiology of infection on salmon. The salmon parr and smolt population in the Tornionjoki has been at its height during the late 1990s and 2000s. Our results indicate that G. salaris infection in this Baltic river has no devastating effects on the salmon population as it has had in salmon rivers flowing into the North Atlantic and White Sea.
Gender differences in dream recall: a meta‐analysis
Authors: SCHREDL MICHAEL , REINHARD IRIS 
Published: March 2008

SummaryMany studies have reported gender differences in dream recall. Data from 175 independent studies have been included in the analyses. Overall, estimated effect sizes in five age groups of healthy persons differed significantly from zero. Variables like measurement method and publication year did not affect the gender difference but age groups showed different effect sizes. The smallest effect size was found for children (0.097), the largest for adolescents (0.364), whereas the three adult groups ranged from 0.242 to 0.270. The findings suggest that the age‐dependent gender differences in dream recall might be explained by gender‐specific ‘dream socialization’. Longitudinal studies in this area, however, are still lacking.
Design and field methods for sighting surveys of cetaceans in coastal and riverine habitats
Authors: DAWSON STEVE , WADE PAUL , SLOOTEN ELISABETH , BARLOW JAY 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTDolphins and porpoises in coastal and/or riverine habitats face serious conservation threats, yet surveys of their abundance are often especially difficult due to the challenges imposed by the habitats. Because many of these species occur in developing countries, lack of resources imposes a further set of challenges.We offer advice on designing and conducting line‐transect surveys with a focus on sound, practical, design rather than analytical sophistication, and we attempt, where possible, to offer simple, inexpensive solutions.We guide the reader through the questions of what kind of survey should be done, whether by boat or aircraft, and we discuss ways to avoid bias and increase precision.Our treatment of field methods focuses especially on robust, but low‐cost, approaches. We provide two case studies to illustrate the implementation of these ideas.
Ancient DNA evidence for the loss of a highly divergent brown bear clade during historical times
Authors: CALVIGNAC SEBASTIEN , HUGHES SANDRINE , TOUGARD CHRISTELLE , MICHAUX JACQUES , THEVENOT MICHEL , PHILIPPE MICHEL , HAMDINE WATIK , HÄNNI CATHERINE 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe genetic diversity of present‐day brown bears (Ursus arctos) has been extensively studied over the years and appears to be geographically structured into five main clades. The question of the past diversity of the species has been recently addressed by ancient DNA studies that concluded to a relative genetic stability over the last 35 000 years. However, the post‐last glacial maximum genetic diversity of the species still remains poorly documented, notably in the Old World. Here, we analyse Atlas brown bears, which became extinct during the Holocene period. A divergent brown bear mitochondrial DNA lineage not present in any of the previously studied modern or ancient bear samples was uncovered, suggesting that the diversity of U. arctos was larger in the past than it is now. Specifically, a significant portion (with respect to sequence divergence) of the intraspecific diversity of the brown bear was lost with the extinction of the Atlas brown bear after the Pleistocene/Holocene transition.
Evolutionary inference from QST
Authors: WHITLOCK MICHAEL C. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractQ
ST is a commonly used metric of the degree of genetic differentiation among populations displayed by quantitative traits. Typically, QST is compared to FST measured on putatively neutral loci; if QST=FST, this is taken as evidence of spatially heterogeneous and diversifying selection. This paper reviews the uses, assumptions and statistics of QST and FST comparisons. Unfortunately, QST/FST comparisons are statistically challenging. For a single trait, QST must be compared not to the mean FST but to the distribution of FST values. The sources of biases and sampling error for QST are reviewed, and a new method for comparing QST and FST is suggested. Simulation results suggest that the distribution of neutral FST and QST values are little affected by various deviations from the island model. Consequently, the distributions of QST and FST are well approximated by the Lewontin–Krakauer prediction, even with realistic deviations from the island‐model assumptions.