bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
12 Conclusion
Authors: Jenkins Willis 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter presents some concluding thoughts from the author. It argues that by mapping the theological patterns that make environmental problems urgent and intelligible to Christian communities, it points toward ways of using those background sources more openly and usefully. Insofar as ecologies of grace illuminate how environmental problems matter for Christian life, the book shows why ecology makes a claim on Christian identity, and how environmental crises could pressure change in the way churches tell their salvation stories.
INTRODUCTION
Authors: Shuy Roger W. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter addresses the past (and, to an extent, present) relative invisibility of linguistics in civil law procedures, despite the fact that linguistics is the field that specializes in how language works and is used. The book is written for lawyers, so that they can learn to appreciate what linguistic analysis can do for them. The book is also for linguists, who may not be widely aware of the opportunity to analyze language in law cases, and for students in both law and linguistics. The book contains eighteen actual case studies of the ways that virtually every type of linguistic procedure, including phonetics, morphology, syntax, semantics, speech acts, pragmatics, and discourse analysis, can be effectively used in civil cases.
“Or” in a Group Insurance Policy
Authors: Shuy Roger W. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter describes the case of a university professor who lost vision in one eye after a surgical procedure. His insurance company refused payment based on its interpretation of the words in the exclusion section of the university's group insurance policy. Semantic, pragmatic, and discourse analyses show that the policy's use of “or” conveyed to the reader that this conjunction referred to two different things rather than one, favoring the policyholder, not the insurance company.
Competing Conveying System Advertisements
Authors: Shuy Roger W. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA manufacturer of a product that transports, processes, and packages bulk materials with a pneumatic process sued a competing manufacturer that uses a screw process using the latter company's advertising, which compared and evaluated the two methods, and charged that these advertisements constituted a deceptive trade practice. The plaintiff claimed that in these advertisements the defendant not only made false, misleading, and disparaging comments but also failed to reveal the industry data, studies, statistics, and other information that might substantiate its claims. Syntax analysis of these advertisements revealed that in these advertisements the verb tenses indicated that the defendant did not claim that comparisons with other types of conveyors were based on studies or tests. Semantic analysis of the word “ratings” conveys that this word indicates a subjective estimate or comparison, one not requiring research or tests. It also showed that the terms used in the comparisons (best, good, fair, poor, worst) are used regularly to indicate attitudes, beliefs, or dislikes, as opposed to the numerical, statistical measures of qualities that are used in reporting research findings.
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Authors: Shuy Roger W. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractShortly after a family of traveling carnival workers bought a new trailer, they woke up one morning ill and vomiting and found their young son was unconscious. The hospital's diagnosis was carbon monoxide poisoning, and this poisoning caused the son to have permanent brain damage. The family brought a product liability suit against the manufacturer of the trailer's generator. The linguistic analysis extensively compared the hazard statements put forth by the American National Institute (ANZI) with the owner's manual that came with their generator and also with a comparable owner's manual of a generator that they did not choose to purchase. The analysis included discourse topics and discourse sequencing on the topics of sleeping while the generator is running, the need to install a CO detector, the need for an exhaust fan, and the dangers of obstructing the generator's exhaust system.Other comparisons focused on the ambiguity of certain hazard statements, the speech act of warning, advice about how to avoid risks, and the relative clarity of style and format.
Toxic Shock Syndrome from Tampons
Authors: Shuy Roger W. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis case focused entirely on the warning label on the package insert of a tampons product used by a young woman who subsequently suffered from toxic shock syndrome (TSS). One side of the tightly folded insert contained instructions about how to use the product. The other side was labeled “Important Information About Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS).” The “Important Information” side was compared with the Federal Drug Administration's guidelines for wording on tampon packages and inserts, focusing on the speech acts of warning and on the discourse requirements of prominence and legibility. Linguistic analysis was made concerning the semantics of “association,” “attention,” “alert,” and “warning”; the discourse analysis of topic; topic sequencing; the application of Grice's maxims of quantity, relation, and manner; and the importance of directness rather than indirectness in communications of this type, including an analysis of the lack of prominence and effective document design.
Age Discrimination
Authors: Shuy Roger W. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA mid-level manager in his fifties was dismissed by a large company that provided no reasons for dismissal concerning his performance or attitude. He then brought an age discrimination case against that company, which subsequently defied a court order to turn over all relevant company files related to this employee. Nevertheless, electronic searches were then made for media articles about the company, toward the effort of finding evidence of discrimination in quoted statements of company officials and spokespersons. The search turned up thirty-two documents including four public speeches by the president of the company. Research on age-related language stereotyping provided clues to age bias. This was compared with the quotations of company executives that enabled the creation of taxonomies of the lexicon and expressions of the company's view of desirable managers, older employees, and younger employees, all of which indicated age bias against older workers in the selection, retention, and promotion of managers.
Battle over Antifreeze
Authors: Shuy Roger W. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA large manufacturer of antifreeze named its new product LongLife 460, while a smaller competitor had already marketed its product under the name LongLife. The smaller company sued the larger one, charging that consumers would likely be confused. The major issue to be resolved was whether the name was generic, which could open it to use by others, or whether it was suggestive, which could mean that the original user could protect its use. The language data in this case consisted of dictionary entries, product labels, press releases, and media references. Because no dictionary listed “long life” as a single entry, the defendant tried to cite the words separately to show that the meaning was generic. It also cited “long-lived,” which was shown to be grammatically nonequivalent, and cited the only one of the eighteen dictionary senses of “life” that referred to inanimate life, the one that suited its case best. But this example actually showed the metaphoric nature of the expression, indicating that it was suggestive. The defendant also argued that the expression “long life” was the generic term for a class of antifreeze products, concluding that both products had generic names that were not protectable. Electronic searches showed this not to be the case, with the most common reference to the class of products being “extended life products,” not “long life products.”
APPENDIX
Authors: Shuy Roger W. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter summarizes the important requirements of linguists and lawyers who work together on the seven types of corporate cases discussed in the book. First, the linguist needs to have complete and adequate data from the lawyer. The linguist should have a toolbox complete with the theory and tools of linguistics, including phonetics, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, speech acts, discourse analysis, historical language change, and a good sense of how language is comprehensible. The linguist's presentation of reports and testimony must be effective and understandable, following Grice's maxims: be informative, be relevant, be clear.
Introduction
Authors: Satia Priya 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The introduction provides an overview of the historical questions at stake in the book: the relationship between culture and how a state sees; the relationship between colonial violence and metropolitan culture; between orientalism and colonial administration; the distinction between covert empire versus indirect rule; the place of the world war in the story; the place of paranoid politics in British history. It explains the uniqueness of British intelligence–gathering in the Middle East as compared to other regions and the usefulness of this subject in understanding the workings of modern empire more generally. Finally, it explains the author's methodology and the periodization of the book with reference to both British and Middle Eastern history and defines key terms.
Introduction
Authors: Borgman Paul 
Published: May 2008

Abstract“Who is David?” asks a wealthy and churlish land‐owner, Nabal, in a belittling manner (I Samuel, 25:2). “Whose son is this man?” asks Israel's first king, Saul, as David goes out to fight Goliath—in spite of the narrative fact that David has already been introduced to Saul. “Who am I, O Lord God?” asks David later in the story, after Saul's death and his own rise to power: “who am I….that you have brought me this far?” (II, 7:18). Uncovering and solving this story's implicit questions—and explicit, as above—depends on close attention to the dozen or so broad patterns of repetition governing the narrative's progress. The ancient storyteller relied on techniques of repetition geared for skilled listeners, and within these various kinds of repetition were discovered the story's embedded meaning, its mysteries of character, action, and moral vision.
Who Is David? Multiple Introductions
Authors: Borgman Paul 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe story's multiple introductions of David consist of four brilliantly clear vignettes that do not add up to any apparent coherence of character. The resulting complexity yields a mystery that contrasts sharply with what is an economically achieved clarity of character for Saul. First, the audience meets David, whom only God knows (1, 16.1‐13); again we meet David, brought before a troubled King Saul as a musical therapist (1, 16:14‐23); a third time for the audience—and second for Saul, David is introduced as a talkative warrior who is simultaneously pious and political (1, 17:1‐54); and finally, we find Saul asking who David is! (I, 17:55‐18:5). The first introduction to David sets the narrative tone: prophet Samuel is sent to anoint David—under the ruse of a sacrifice—but the seer sees wrongly in the selection process. Then, King Saul meets two very different Davids: a quiescent, responsive David followed by a politically ambitious and overtly pious David. Finally, a confused Saul asks David about his identity.
Saul and David—Fear; Sword and Spear
Authors: Borgman Paul 
Published: May 2008

AbstractImmediately following the slaying of Goliath and Saul's mystifying query about who that young slayer was, David becomes the object of Saul's fear and murderous jealousy, a mini‐drama of cat‐and‐mouse that takes up the last half of I Samuel and Saul's suicide. The contrast between David and Saul continues to be spelled out, implicitly but surely, through various repetitions of narrative detail, most conspicuously the motifs of fear and of sword‐and‐spear use. Still another and striking pattern, to be taken up in the following chapter, occurs in the middle of David's fleeing from Saul, when twice David spares the king's life—and spares, as well, the life of a common fool. The two motifs of this chapter plus the triadic pattern of the next serve to further illustrate just what distinguishes David from Saul. Such advancing clarity, of course, functions also to explain better the mind of God in fastening on David rather than Saul.
The Ark, Communal Well‐being, and Women
Authors: Borgman Paul 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe ark makes a significant appearance in five major sequences within the broader David story. Taken together, these five sequences involving the ark indicate the centrality of communal concerns in David's story, and the role of leaders in the presence or absence of communal well‐being. The two ark appearances involving David, in the context of the ark pattern, bring David's qualifications as Israel's greatest king into increasingly sharp focus. The first of five ark instances (Israel At Its Worst; Ineffectual Ark, Judges 19:1‐21:25) serves as a frame; a woman‐in‐trouble is featured. The second instance (Communal Disaster, Lost Ark, I, 4:1‐7:2), repeats the woman‐in‐trouble motif. The third instance (Communal Glory: The Ark Returns to the Heart of Israel, II, 6:1‐23) again evidences the woman motif, this time the woman‐making‐trouble. The fourth instance (Communal Disaster, Ark Stays, David Goes II, 15:7‐16:14) reveals women‐in‐trouble, while the fifth and final instance, a frame (Israel At Its Best; Ark As Centerpiece, 1 Kings 7:51‐8:1) demonstrates the ark at its best, with no women singled out.
7 The Overlapping Distribution of Personal and Demonstrative Pronouns
Authors: Byron Donna K. , Brown-Schmidt Sarah , Tanenhaus Michael K. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter explores pragmatic distinctions between personal pronouns such as ‘it’ and demonstrative pronouns such as ‘that’ in English. These two categories of pronoun are typically employed in contexts that vary based on how attentionally prominent the pronoun's referent is; however, many authors have observed that they are occasionally used by speakers in contexts where the other pronoun would have been predicted. This chapter analyzes such cases using data from two studies, and concludes that the attentional salience is only one of a set of factors that comes into play when a speaker chooses which pronominal form to employ. Conceptual structures used by the addressee in interpretation can override the normal implication of salience signaled by the pronoun's category.
14 Engaging the World
Authors: Langacker Ronald W. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractBecause it unfolds through time, conceptualization (and hence linguistic meaning) is inherently dynamic. There are numerous natural paths that it tends to follow, and which tend to coalign in linguistic structure. In one kind of path, a salient reference point provides mental access to a target. Certain basic grammatical phenomena are analyzed in terms of reference point relationships, including possessives, pronominal anaphora, topic constructions, and trajector/ landmark organization (subject and object). A subject differs from a discourse topic by being structurally internal to a clause and conceptually intrinsic to the clausal process. Trajector and landmark are characterized dynamically as the first and second reference points evoked in building up to the full conception of a profiled relationship. This explains their general grammatical accessibility as well as their role in certain specific constructions. The mental world we construct is grounded in our experience as creatures with bodies who engage in motor and sensory interactions (embodiment). In constructing it, we transcend direct experience through abstraction, conceptual integration, and subjectification: the application of mental operations immanent in certain conceptions to situations for which their occurrence is extrinsic. Examples include fictive motion, fictive change, and the covert invocation of imagined scenarios. Mental simulation is a fundamental aspect of conception and linguistic meaning. Subjectification is an important factor in grammaticization (the evolution of grammatical elements from lexical sources). Many grammatical notions are subjective counterparts of basic aspects of everyday experience. Grammar reflects the means of disengagement through which we transcend immediate experience and construct our mental world. It is thus a key to conceptual analysis.
The Necessity of Theater
Authors: Woodruff Paul 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe Necessity of Theater examines the whole art of theater, which teaches us how best to watch and be watched, and is as necessary to human life as language. We practice the art of theater on the formal stage, but also in sports events, weddings, and ceremonies of all kinds. The book begins by defining the art in a broad way, so as to include as many kinds of theater as possible across world cultures. After defining theater, The Necessity of Theater examines in turn each of the main elements of its two main components: the art of watching and that of being watched. Performers practice the art of making their actions worth watching. This means that they should pay attention to such elements as action, choice, plot, character, mimesis, and the sacredness of performance space. All of these are covered in the book. Audiences practice the art of paying attention to the actions before them. To do that they need to know how to find events worth watching. A good audience is emotionally engaged through one of the many forms of empathy that are distinguished in this book, one of which leads to human wisdom. Plato's ancient attack on theater is right in that theater cannot teach us transcendent truths, but theater does each us about ourselves.
FOUR Staging Choices
Authors: Woodruff Paul 
Published: May 2008

AbstractTheater puts actions on view, and actions are events that proceed from human choice. If choice is not possible for humans, or if it cannot be presented to public view, then theater will not be possible. But we do present oaths in public, most commonly at weddings, and we take them to proceed from choice, by free will. The events of a tragedy, however, seem often to be determined by fate; yet great tragic plays, such as Sophocles' Oedipus at Colonus, show heroes choosing their fates, so that ancient playwrights were hard compatibilists. To help an audience believe that Oedipus makes choices, Sophocles presents him as a coherent character—that is, as someone who credibly takes action, rather than passively submitting to fate. Factors that would defeat choice (such as insanity or divine intervention) also defeat character; that is why choice follows character.
TEN Laughter
Authors: Woodruff Paul 
Published: May 2008

AbstractLaughter tends to undermine caring, emotion, and empathy; therefore unmixed comedy would seem to work against the aims of the art of theater. But comedy is rarely unmixed. Although comedy and tragedy engage audiences in different ways, they both depend on the art of theater. Laughter, when it is not the laughter of exclusion, promotes empathy and a shared recognition of the absurdity that dogs the human condition.
The Daode Jing in Practice
Authors: DeAngelis Gary D. , Frisina Warren G. , Wong Eva 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The contemporary Daoist practitioner, Eva Wong, explains that many of the DDJ 's most puzzling passages make perfect sense when seen in the light of Daoist activities and exercises. Specifically, she argues that phrases like “quieting the mind,” “nourishing the soul”, “infant breathing,” and “cleaning the subtle mirror” point toward particular kinds of actions which early (and in many cases contemporary) Daoists believed would lead one to live a life more nearly in accord with the Dao.
Imagine Teaching the Daode Jing!
Authors: DeAngelis Gary D. , Frisina Warren G. , Berling Judith , Foy Geoffrey , Thompson John 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This collaborative effort between an experienced teacher/scholar and two (then) graduate students presents three “overlapping” strategies for teaching the DDJ. The first emphasizes situating the DDJ within the context of Zhou Chinese intellectual struggles and then proceeds by student led discussions about thematically grouped chapters. The second contrasts contemporary expectations regarding gender language with the DDJ 's own use of feminine metaphors in order to help students uncover what the text may mean when it uses those metaphors in the way that it does. The third aims to turn the DDJ 's notorious ambiguity to the teacher's advantage by leading students through a series of re‐readings of the text from different points of view. This third strategy helps students to see how their understanding of the text changes with each re‐reading, and that all interpretations are context‐dependent.
Hermeneutics and Pedagogy: Gimme That Old‐Time Historicism
Authors: DeAngelis Gary D. , Frisina Warren G. , LaFargue Michael 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Michael LaFargue aims to cultivate in students a capacity to see the DDJ from the point of view of its many literary forms and implied interlocutors. By exploring the structures of proverbial sayings he leads students away from the tendency to take its statements too literally, a tendency that typically makes the DDJ seem more obscure and mysterious than it is. LaFargue encourages students to ask: What “pragmatic implications” of the DDJ's statements can we reasonably attribute to the early Daoist practitioners who both produced and made use of this text? This leads to a historicist understanding of the DDJ that is rooted in questions quite different from those that a contemporary western reader would typically bring to the text.
4 Modern Warfare
Authors: Nock-Hee Park Josephine 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter examines the legacy of high modernism in the work of avant‐garde Asian American artists at the end of the 20th century. Returning to a history of transpacific alliances in their work, Theresa Hak Kyung Cha and Myung Mi Kim explore the costs of such ties in formal terms by newly invoking modernist forms. This chapter argues that their experimental poetry dissects modernist aesthetics in order to interrogate U.S.‐East Asian alliances.
The Cross in Early Renaissance Theology and Art
Authors: Viladesau Richard 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter examines the place of the cross in the theology and preaching of the century leading into the Protestant Reformation. The writings of Vincent Ferrer and Girolomo Savonarola provide examples of the stress placed in preaching on an emotional identification with the sufferings of Christ and of Mary. The theology of Gabriel Biel exemplifies the nominalist approach to soteriology. The art of Frà Angelico, the young Michelangelo, and other early Renaissance painters shows the effect of humanism on the portrayal of the Passion.
Ambiguity, Ambivalence, and Boundaries
Authors: Seligman Adam B. , Weller Robert P. , Puett Michael J. , Simon Bennett 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter turns to the capacities of the human mind that allow for the construction of the “as if” world of ritual, and begins to explore the ways such worlds allow us to deal with ambiguities and ambivalences. The material in this chapter, unlike most work on ritual, links individual psychology to ritual's broader social work. It looks at the development of “as if” worlds and ritual-like behaviors in children, from things like repeated bedtime rituals to the capacity for invention and deceit. Another stream of the analysis examines more unusual and exotic behaviors like fetishism or extreme examples of lying. These two lines of discussion converge around the ways they allow us to deal with ambiguity, with examples taken from Greek tragedy and from the social role of deception and craftiness in certain social contexts.