bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First Report of Columbia Root-Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne chitwoodi) in Potato in Turkey
Authors: Ozarslandan A. , Devran Z. , Mutlu N. , Elekcioglu I. H. 
Published: February 2009

Columbia root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne chitwoodi Golden et al., was identified from potatoes, Solanum tuberosum L., collected from Nigde Province, Turkey in September 2006. Seed potatoes are the most likely source for this introduction. The nematode is currently found to be infecting potatoes grown in the Netherlands, Portugal, Belgium, Germany, the United States, Mexico, South Africa, and Argentina. M. chitwoodi acquired a quarantine status in Europe (1) because of its potential to become established worldwide and its high damage probability. Some countries prohibit import of both seed and table stock potatoes originating in states known to harbor M. chitwoodi. Lesions on the potatoes had discrete brown coloration with white central spots in the outer 1 cm of the tuber flesh. Female nematode densities averaged 3 to 5 per cm2 of a potato section beneath the lesions. Nematodes were morphologically identified as M. chitwoodi based on the perineal pattern of mature females and the tail shape of juveniles. Using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism of the 18S region (3) and the mtDNA COII-16S rRNA region (2) and intergenic spacer region between the 5S and 18S genes (4), individual juveniles were identified as M. chitwoodi based on their restriction fragment patterns. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Columbia root-knot nematode infecting potatoes in Turkey. The distribution of this nematode in potato fields throughout Turkey should be determined. References: (1) L. J. M. F. Den Nijs et al. Nematology 6:303, 2004. (2) T. O. Powers and T. S. Harris. J. Nematol. 25:1, 1993. (3) T. O. Powers et al. J. Nematol. 37:226, 2005. (4) J. Wishart et al. Phytopathology 92:884, 2002.
First Report of Downy Mildew Caused by a Peronospora Species on Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum) in Massachusetts
Authors: Wick R. L. , Brazee N. J. 
Published: February 2009

In September of 2008, downy mildew was discovered to be causing a serious foliar blight of sweet basil at several farms and greenhouses in Massachusetts. Infected leaves had chlorotic vein-bounded patches and diffuse chlorosis, and a characteristic gray, fuzzy growth was on the abaxial surface. Microscopic observations revealed branched sporangiophores that measured 187.5 to 325 μm (average 285 μm) long. Sporangia measured 22.5 to 30 × 20 to 22.5 μm (average 26.7 × 20.9 μm). No oospores were found. Sporangium measurements are comparable to unnamed Peronospora species reported previously on basil from Italy, Switzerland, and South Africa (1,2). Sequence analyses were conducted on five isolates of ‘Nufar’ basil by extracting DNA from a sporangial suspension washed from leaves and infected leaf tissues using the Qiagen DNeasy plant tissue kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA). PCR amplification of the ITS1, 5.8S, and ITS2 region was performed using primers ITS6 and ITS4 (3). The sequences of the five isolates were identical. BLAST analyses of the sequences revealed a 99% similarity to the unnamed Peronospora species on sweet basil in Europe and South Africa (1,2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of a Peronospora species on sweet basil in Massachusetts. References: (1) L. Belbahri et al. Mycol. Res. 109:1276, 2005. (2) A. McLeod et al. Plant Dis. 90:1115, 2006. (3) T. J. White et al. PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. M. A. Innis et al., eds. Academic Press, San Diego, 1990.
EpidemAAITO: Features of food allergy in Italian adults attending allergy clinics: a multi‐centre study
Authors: Asero R. , Antonicelli L. , Arena A. , Bommarito L. , Caruso B. , Crivellaro M. , De Carli M. , Della Torre E. , Della Torre F. , Heffler E. , Lodi Rizzini F. , Longo R. , Manzotti G. , Marcotulli M. , Melchiorre A. , Minale P. , Morandi P. , Moreni B. , Moschella A. , Murzilli F. , Nebiolo F. , Poppa M. , Randazzo S. , Rossi G. , Senna G. E. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryBackground
Studies of the prevalence of different types of food allergy in adults are lacking.Objective
To define the prevalence of IgE‐mediated food allergies in Italian adults attending allergy clinics and to assess possible differences associated with geographical position and/or dietary habits.Methods
Seventeen allergy outpatient clinics scattered throughout Italy participated to a multi‐centre study in 2007. The number of atopic subjects and of food allergic patients along with clinical features were recorded by pre‐defined criteria. Patients with unequivocal history of food allergy confirmed by positive skin prick test were included as cases.Results
Twenty five thousand six hundred and one subjects were screened; 12 739 (50%) were atopic, and 1079 (8,5%) had IgE‐mediated food allergy. Sixty four percent of patients were females. Overall, the most frequent food allergy was the pollen–food allergy syndrome (55%), which was associated with oral allergy syndrome in 95% of cases and whose frequency decreased southbound. Forty‐five percent of patients had a type 1 food allergy, in most cases (72%) caused by fruits and vegetables, and generally associated with a history of systemic symptoms. Type 1 food allergies represented 96% of food allergies in the South. Lipid transfer protein (LTP) accounted for 60% of sensitizations and caused most primary food allergies in all areas.Conclusion
Plant‐derived foods cause most food allergies in Italian adults. The pollen–food allergy syndrome is the most frequent type of food allergy followed by allergy to LTP whose frequency increases southbound. The pattern of allergy to certain foods is clearly influenced by specific geographic features such as pollen exposure and dietary habits.
The companions: regulatory T cells and gene therapy
Authors: Eghtesad Saman , Morel Penelope A. , Clemens Paula R. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryUndesired immunological responses to products of therapeutic gene replacement have been obstacles to successful gene therapy. Understanding such responses of the host immune system to achieve immunological tolerance to a transferred gene product is therefore crucial. In this article, we review relevant studies of immunological responses to gene replacement therapy, the role of immunological tolerance mediated by regulatory T cells in down‐regulating the unwanted immune responses, and the interrelationship of the two topics.
The relationship between human effector and memory T cells measured by ex vivo and cultured ELISPOT following recent and distal priming
Authors: Todryk Stephen M. , Pathan Ansar A. , Keating Sheila , Porter David W. , Berthoud Tamara , Thompson Fiona , Klenerman Paul , Hill Adrian V. S. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryMaintenance of T‐cell responses is an essential feature in protection from many infectious diseases that must be harnessed in vaccination. The relationship between effector T‐cell responses and more durable and highly proliferative T‐cell memory, particularly in humans, is not well understood. In this study, effector T‐cell responses were measured by overnight ex vivo interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) enzyme‐linked immunosorbent spot‐forming cell assay (ELISPOT), whereas memory T cells were measured by 10‐day culture followed by IFN‐γ ELISPOT (cultured ELISPOT). We observed a significant correlation between IFN‐γ responses to CD4‐stimulatory, but not to CD8‐stimulatory, recall antigens measured by these assays, suggesting a divergence in regulation. In vaccine trial participants who received a prime‐boost vaccination regimen comprising malaria antigens delivered by poxviruses, there was a correlation between ex vivo and cultured responses on day 7, but not 3 months post‐vaccination, with the ratio of cultured : ex vivo response increasing over time. To compare responses revealed by cultured ELISPOT in more detail, tetramers comprising viral recall antigens were used to ascribe effector‐memory and central‐memory T‐cell phenotypes through CCR7 and CD62L costaining. For CD8+ responses the effector phenotype decreased during the initial culture period and memory populations remained high within the resulting 20‐fold to 50‐fold increased IFN‐γ‐secreting or tetramer+ population. This was less marked for CD4+ responses, which had higher starting memory phenotype. Depletion of these central‐memory T‐cell populations generally ablated responses in cultured ELISPOT and reduced ex vivo responses. This study highlights differences between CD4+ and CD8+ effector and memory T cells, and the more complex phenotype of CD4+ T cells.
Immunofluorescent Demonstration of Alpha‐fetoprotein in Tissue Culture from Human Endodermal Sinus Tumors, Rat Yolk Sac Carcinoma and Fetal Rat Yolk Sac
Authors: ALBRECHTSEN R. , HIRAI H. , LINDER D. , NØRGAARD‐PEDERSEN B. , WEWER U. 
Published: February 2009

An in vitro model for study of AFP (alpha‐fetoprotein) synthesis is presented using immunofluorescent microscopic examination of cultured cells from rat yolk sac, experimental rat yolk sac carcinoma and human endodermal sinus tumors (EST).The presence of positive staining for AFP in all cases by use of specific rabbit antisera against rat and human AFP supports the concept that AFP synthesis in germ cell tumors is confined to the yolk sac endoderm. The variation of positive staining cells due to a variable protein synthesis is discussed.
Light and Electron Microscope Immunolocalization of Alpha‐fetoprotein in Rat Liver Cells in vivo and in vitro
Authors: GUILLOUZO A. , BÉLANGER L. , BEAUMONT C. , BRIGGS R. , CHIU J. F. , FLEISCHER B. , FLEISCHER S. , VALET J. P. 
Published: February 2009

In neonatal rat liver, AFP is localized only in typical hepatocytes. Their lobular distribution changes throughout the neonatal period. Some AFP+ cells also contain albumin. Less than 5% of AFP+ cells incorporate 3H‐thymidine (2‐hour pulse). Injections of dexamethasone suppress AFP positivity but not albumin positivity nor 3H‐thymidine incorporation. AFP is also localized in typical hepatocytes in newborn rat isolated liver cells or liver explants in culture. During the early phase of AFP induction in rats, by mDAB feeding, AFP is detected in cells smaller than the normal hepatocytes and preferentially situated in periportal areas of the liver.Electron microscope immunoperoxidase localizations in newborn rat liver show that AFP is present on bound ribosomes, in the lumina of rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and in the Golgi apparatus. Direct AFP measurement on isolated organelles confirmed this distribution. It indicates a synthesis and secretion pattern similar to that of albumin.
Low Molecular Weight CEA, Isolation and Characterization
Authors: HEDIN A. , HAMMARSTRÖOM S. , SVENBERG T. , SUNDBLAD G. 
Published: February 2009

A low molecular weight CEA‐fraction (CEAlow) was purified from liver metastases of colorectal cancer. The following purification sequence was used: homogenization—PCA extraction—ion‐exchange chromatography— Con A affinity chromatography—gel filtration on Sephadex G‐200 (x2)—affinity chromatography on specific anti‐CEA immunoadsorbent—gel filtration (G‐200).CEAlow was homogeneous on gel filtration in 6M guanidine‐HCl and gave a single band on SDS‐PAGE. CEAlow and CEA gave a reaction of identity in immunodiffusion with 7/9 monkey anti‐CEA sera. 2/9 monkey anti‐CEA sera showed a weak spur, with CEA spurring over CEAlow. CEAlow gave a reaction of partial identity with NCA and BGP‐1 with unabsorbed rabbit and sheep anti‐CEA sera. CEAlow consisted of a single polypeptide chain and had a molecular weight of 125,000 as compared to 175,000 ± 8,000 for CEA (SDS‐PAGE). CEA and CEAlow contained the same sugars and aminoacids in approximately the same molar proportions. However the carbohydrate content of CEAlow was lower (30–40% as compared to 45–50% for CEA). The peptide relatedness (expressed in SΔQ‐units) of CEA, CEAlow, NCA and BGP‐I was compared. CEAlow was most closely related to CEA (SΔQ‐values of 5–7) followed by NCA (SΔQ values of 12–17) and BGP‐I (SΔQ‐values of 35–40).It is clear from these studies that CEAlow is closely related to CEA but contains less carbohydrate. Whether the polypeptide chain is shorter remains to be established.
Immunosuppressive Activity of α 2H‐‘isoferritin’ as Compared to Normal Crystallized Ferritin
Authors: BUFFE D. , RIMBAUT C. , ERARD D. , TILZ G. P. 
Published: February 2009

The suppressive activity of α 2H‐isoferritin was studied in vivo and in vitro.α 2H‐isoferritin inhibits the hemolysin synthesis in mice and the T independent and T dependent antibodies induced in vitro.The immune response of normal human lymphocytes is suppressed as shown by lymphoblastic transformation induced by mitogen (PHA), antigens (tuberculin and Candidin), mixed lymphocyte cultures.The inhibitory effect is proportional to the quantity of added protein. The normal ferritin has no effect. The role of the carbohydrate component is discussed.
ELECTIVE TWIN REDUCTIONS: EVIDENCE AND ETHICS
Authors: MCCLIMANS LEAH 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTTwelve years ago the British media got wind of a London gynecologist who performed an elective reduction on a twin pregnancy reducing it to a singleton. Perhaps not surprisingly, opinion on the moral status of twin reductions was divided. But in the last few years new evidence regarding the medical risks of twin pregnancies has emerged, suggesting that twin reductions are relevantly similar to the reductions performed on high‐end multi‐fetal pregnancies. This evidence has appeared to resolve the moral debate.In this paper I look at the role of clinical evidence in medical ethics. In particular I examine the role of clinical evidence in determining what counts as a significant harm or risk. First, I challenge the extent to which these empirical claims are descriptive, suggesting instead that the evidence is to some degree normative in character. Second, I question whether such empirical claims should count as evidence for what are essentially difficult ethical decisions – a role they appear to play in the case of elective reductions. I will argue that they should not, primarily because the value‐laden nature of this evidence conceals much of what is ethically at stake. It is important to recognize that empirical evidence cannot be a substitute for ethical deliberation.
Restrictive Behaviour Management Procedures with People with Intellectual Disabilities who Require Dental Treatment
Authors: Newton J. T. 
Published: February 2009

Background  Dental disease is more common among people with intellectual disabilities than in the general population. Improvements in oral health require individuals to engage in daily oral hygiene and regular visits to a dental practitioner; both may be challenging for the individual with intellectual impairment.Materials and Methods  A review of policies relating to behaviour management and physical restraint for individuals with intellectual disabilities and challenging behaviours was undertaken. Published studies of behaviour management in individuals with intellectual disabilities attending for dental treatment were reviewed. Reference to studies of children with average IQ and other populations were made where appropriate.Results  There is little published evidence regarding behaviour management for people with intellectual disabilities who require dental treatment. Current policies place great emphasis on pharmacological management and restrictive behaviour management techniques. There is a paucity of studies which have employed a functional analysis framework. There are few incentives for dentists to implement positive approaches to behaviour management as current systems of payment reward the completion of numbers of treatments and thus there is an incentive to complete treatments quickly rather than to spend time with patients.Conclusions  There is a need for research addressing the behaviour management of individuals with intellectual disabilities who require dental treatment, particularly the efficacy of non‐restrictive techniques and the provision of incentives that reward the use of positive behaviour management among dentists. The use of restrictive techniques should be carefully monitored for compliance with best practice guidelines.
Restraint Safety: an Analysis of Injuries Related to Restraint of People with Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Williams Don E. 
Published: February 2009

Background  There is little research on the safety of the various types of restraint commonly used with individuals with intellectual disabilities who exhibit severely aggressive or self‐injurious behaviour.Method  This study analysed the use of restraint with 209 individuals with intellectual disabilities over a 12‐month period.Results  Planned restraint, the use of restraint as a component of a behaviour treatment programme (i.e. planned personal or planned mechanical restraint) was safer than crisis‐intervention restraint (emergency personal or emergency mechanical). The overall rate of injuries during restraint was 0.46 injuries per hundred restraints. Restraint was applied 99.54% of the time without injury.Conclusion  Restraint was relatively safe and safer than reported in one other study. Planned restraint was safer than emergency restraint. The additional training and programme development associated with planned restraint may have contributed to the greater safety of planned restraint. Due to limited empirical data, restraint safety has yet to be established and this study suggests that restraint should be decreased and closely monitored.
The Effects of Non‐Contingent Self‐Restraint on Self‐Injury
Authors: Kerth Denise Marzullo , Progar Patrick R. , Morales Sabrina 
Published: February 2009

Background  Self‐restraint is a pervasive phenomenon among individuals who engage in self‐injurious behaviour (SIB).Materials and Methods  The present study examined the use of clothing as a socially acceptable alternative to self‐restraint to reduce SIB and other topographies of self‐restraint in an adolescent diagnosed with autism. Two separate functional analyses were conducted for SIB prior to the self‐restraint evaluation. A reversal design was then used to evaluate the effect of non‐contingent access to a hooded sweatshirt on rates of self‐restraint and SIB.Results  Both functional analyses suggested that SIB was maintained by access to tangible items, attention, and perhaps also by escape from demands. The results of the self‐restraint evaluation indicated that when access to a hooded sweatshirt was provided, rates of other topographies of self‐restraint dropped to zero and rates of SIB were reduced by 54% from baseline levels.Conclusions  These results highlight the idiosyncratic relationship between SIB and self‐restraint and suggest that systematic evaluations of this relationship may lead to reductions in both behaviours.
Evaluation of Timeout Programs through Phased Withdrawal
Authors: Iwata Brian A. , Rolider Natalie U. , Dozier Claudia L. 
Published: February 2009

Background  Intrusive interventions, once implemented, may remain in place longer than necessary unless their continued effectiveness is evaluated.Method  We conducted a phased timeout‐evaluation for 34 individuals with developmental disabilities who received services from the same agency and whose treatment programmes contained timeout for aggression and/or property destruction. After establishing baseline rates of problem behaviour (with timeout in effect), we removed timeout from all programmes through a gradual process that occurred over a 1‐year period.Results  Rates of problem behaviour decreased (or did not increase) for 21 individuals following the removal of timeout. Rates of problem behaviour increased for 13 individuals, but alternative procedures that were less intrusive than timeout were implemented for 10 individuals. Timeout was reinstated for the remaining three individuals and was associated with reductions in problem behaviour.Conclusions  The phased timeout evaluation resulted in successful removal of 91% (31 of 34) of the original timeout programmes.
Effects of gustatory stimulants of salivary secretion on salivary pH and flow: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Da Mata ADSP , Da Silva Marques DN , Silveira JML , Marques JROF , De Melo Campos Felino ET , Guilherme NFRPM 
Published: February 2009

Objectives:  To compare salivary pH changes and stimulation efficacy of two different gustatory stimulants of salivary secretion (GSSS).Setting:  Portuguese Dental Faculty Clinic.Design:  Double blind randomized controlled trial.Subjects:  One hundred and twenty volunteers were randomized to two intervention groups. Sample sized was calculated using an alpha error of 0.05 and a beta of 0.20.Materials and methods:  Participants were randomly assigned to receive a new gustatory stimulant of secretory secretion containing a weaker malic acid, fluoride and xylitol or a traditionally citric acid‐based one. Saliva collection was obtained by established methods at different times. The salivary pH of the samples was determined with a pH meter and a microelectrode.Main outcome measures:  Salivary pH variations and counts of subjects with pH below 5.5 for over 1 min and stimulated salivary flow were the main outcome measures.Results:  Both GSSS significantly stimulated salivary output without significant differences between the two groups. The new gustatory stimulant of salivary secretion presented a risk reduction of 80 ± 10.6% (95% CI) when compared with the traditional one.Conclusions:  Gustatory stimulants of salivary secretion with fluoride, xylitol and lower acid content maintain similar salivary stimulation capacity while reducing significantly the dental erosion predictive potential.
The new mature red cell parameter, low haemoglobin density of the Beckman‐Coulter LH750: clinical utility in the diagnosis of iron deficiency
Authors: URRECHAGA E. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryThe percentage of hypochromic red cells (%Hypo) is a diagnostic tool that has been used with biochemical markers to diagnose iron disturbances and is incorporated to National Kidney Foundation KDOQI guidelines for monitoring recombinant human erythropoietin therapy. %Hypo measurement has been restricted to analysers manufactured by Siemens. Low haemoglobin density (LHD%), a new parameter provided by Beckman‐Coulter, is derived from the traditional mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), using the mathematical sigmoid transformation
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This study aimed to establish LHD% values in the normal population and in different types of anaemia, to investigate its clinical usefulness in the study of iron status and its correlation with %Hypo. Samples from 449 patients [120 healthy individuals, 86 iron deficiency anaemia (IDA), 102 chronic kidney disease, 58 anaemia of chronic disease and 83 β‐thalassaemia carriers] were run sequentially on the LH 750 (Beckman‐Coulter) and Advia 2120 (Siemens) analysers. The reliability of LHD% as a marker of iron deficiency was evaluated on a group of 152 consecutive patients with IDA. Good correlation was observed between %Hypo and LHD%, r2 = 0.869. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis for LHD% and the diagnosis of iron deficiency was: cut‐off point 4.0%; area under the curve 0.976; sensitivity 95.2%; specificity 93.3%. There was a good level of agreement between LHD% and %Hypo. Both are suitable parameters for determining iron status and its availability for erythropoiesis, with the same clinical significance.