bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seasonal Variations and the Effects of Age on Serum Copper and Zinc Values in the Dog
Authors: Keen Carl L. , Lonnerdal Bo , Fisher Gerald L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Age-related changes in serum copper and zinc concentrations were evaluated in approximately 800 Beagle dogs. A 20% increase with age was established for both elements. Seasonal variation was also found to have a marked effect on serum zinc with the values positively correlated to ambient temperature. In contrast, serum copper was not affected by temperature. Hemolysis, but not lipemia, was found to affect analytical results.
Canine Axial Pattern Flaps, Using the Omocervical, Thoracodorsal, and Deep Circumflex Iliac Direct Cutaneous Arteries
Authors: Pavletic Michael M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Development of skin flaps, incorporating a direct cutaneous artery and vein, enable the developing of flaps of considerable dimension without the necessity of a delay procedure.
Landmarks and guidelines for the development of axial pattern flaps are demonstrated, using the cervical cutaneous branch of the omocervical artery and vein, the thoracodorsal artery and vein, and the deep circumflex iliac artery and vein. These 3 axial pattern flaps have potential use for the rapid, safe restoration of extensive cutaneous defects involving the facial area, pinna, neck, shoulder, forelimb, axillary area, thorax, inguinal area, lateral thigh, and trochanteric areas in the dog.
Humoral Immunity in Experimental Thromboembolic Meningoencephalitis in Cattle Caused by Haemophilus somnus
Authors: Stephens L. R. , Little P. B. , Wilkie B. N. , Barnum D. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Of 23 cattle inoculated iv with Haemophilus somnus, 16 (70%) died of thromboembolic meningoencephalitis. The inoculum was prepared from a minimally subcultured isolate of H somnus that was passaged through a calf by intracisternal inoculation immediately before use. Serum antibody titers, as measured by 7 serologic tests, were not correlated with the animal's susceptibility to infection. All cattle that died had a mean 4-fold increase in agglutination titer during the acute phase of the disease, 2 to 4 days after inoculation. Similarly, high acute-phase titers were demonstrated in 15 cattle with naturally occurring disease. Haemophilus somnus was isolated more frequently and in greater numbers from the cns and urinary tract than from other organs of cattle that died.
Fractionation of Marek's Disease Virus-Induced Lymphoma by Velocity Sedimentation and Association of Infectivity with Cellular Fractions with and Without Tumor Antigen Expression
Authors: Sharma J. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Cell suspensions of lymphomas induced by Marek's disease (md) virus were fractionated by sedimentation at unit gravity on a continuous gradient of bovine fetal serum. Cells in various fractions were examined for md tumor-associated surface antigen (matsa) by indirect immunofluorescence, using specific antibody, and for viral infectivity by cocultivating fractionated cells with permissive monolayer cells of duck embryo fibroblasts. Most matsa-bearing cells in the lymphomas sedimented at a sedimentation velocity of greater than 3.0 mm/hour, whereas smaller, slow-sedimenting cells were generally devoid of matsa expression. Viral infectivity was associated with matsa-bearing and matsa-lacking fractions. Within the limits of the experimental procedures used, this observation provided evidence that presence of md virus genome in lymphocytes does not result in concurrent expression of detectable matsa and that matsa likely represents another stage of interaction between md virus and certain lymphocytes.
Turkey Respiratory Tract Adenoviruses: Oncogenic Potential in Neonatal Hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus)
Authors: Sutjipto S. , Simmons D. G. , Dillman R. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The tumorigenic properties of 3 turkey adenoviruses (CUA, NC-K, and MST) isolated from turkeys with respiratory tract disease and injected into neonatal hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) have been determined. One of 3 adenovirus isolates (CUA) induced tumors at the site of inoculation (subcutaneously or intracranially) in neonatal hamsters. The tumors were identified as fibrosarcomas and undifferentiated sarcomas. The tumors were found to be free of infective virus, but hamsters which had tumors produced antibody to the virus-specific tumor antigen detectable by the complement-fixation test. The antibody titers for the tumor antigen were from 1:8 to 1:16. Abnormalities were not observed in the major organs collected from hamsters inoculated with the virus.
Inoculations of hamster embryo cells and of adult and baby hamster kidney cells with the 3 turkey adenoviruses at a high multiplicity of infection did not produce transformed cells in monolayers. Hamster cells were permissive for CUA virus, since cytopathic effect was observed in 3 to 5 days after inoculation.
Turkey Respiratory Tract Adenoviruses: In Vitro Infectivity of Purified DNA
Authors: Sutjipto S. , Simmons D. G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Extracted purified turkey respiratory tract adenovirus DNA from 3 viruses was shown to be infective in turkey kidney cells. Cell monolayers inoculated with 5 to 25 μg of DNA developed cytopathic effect (cpe) 4 to 6 days later. The type of cpe (round cell formation) seen in the cell monolayers infected with DNA was similar to the cpe seen when the monolayers were inoculated with the intact adenoviruses. The infectivity of the DNA was demonstrated only when cell monolayers were pretreated with diethyl-aminoethyl-dextran. Treating the DNA solution with deoxyribonuclease 1 eliminated the infectious nature of the DNA.
Comparative Lymphocyte Stimulation Studies on Whole Blood from Vaccinated and Nonvaccinated Cattle with Paratuberculosis
Authors: Hintz A. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The lymphocyte stimulation test was evaluated in the diagnosis of bovine paratuberculosis, using whole blood samples from cattle. These samples were incubated with a purified protein derivative of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Samples from vaccinated and nonvaccinated cattle from paratuberculosis-free herds and from paratuberculous herds were used. Vaccinated and nonvaccinated groups from the paratuberculous herds each included fecal culture-positive cattle, fecal culture-negative cattle, and calves.
All groups included some cattle with a stimulation index (si) ≥ 2, and all groups except 2 of the 4 vaccinated groups had some cattle with a si ≤ 2. In paratuberculosis-free herds, 16% of the nonvaccinated cattle had a si ≥ 2, and 0.7% had a si ≥ 4. In paratuberculous herds, 42% of the nonvaccinated cattle that were negative on fecal culture had a si ≥ 2 and 24% had a si ≥ 4. Vaccinated cattle > 1 year old could not be distinguished from infected cattle by means of the lymphocyte stimulation test.
If a si of 2 or 4 had been used as a basis to cull individual animals, some paratuberculous cattle would have been identified incorrectly as noninfected, and some paratuberculosis-free cattle would have been identified incorrectly as infected.
Case-Control Study of Bovine Mycoplasmal Mastitis in California
Authors: Thomas C. B. , Willeberg P. , Jasper D. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A case-control study among California dairy herds of the presence of pathogenic mycoplasma in bulk tank milk samples revealed a strong association with large herd size and a lesser association with higher percentage of cows leaving the herd (culled). Estimates of the adjusted approximate relative risk of mycoplasma infection, as revealed by isolation of mycoplasma from bulk tank milk, are presented for several ranges of herd size and 2 levels of culling. The excess risk associated with herd size and importance of herd size as a proxy for factor(s) determining the prevalence of pathogenic mycoplasma in bulk tank milk are indicated by calculation of population attributable risk percentages.
Clinical Trials with Fenbendazole and Oxibendazole for Strongyloides westeri Infection in Foals
Authors: Drudge J. H. , Lyons E. T. , Tolliver S. C. , Kubis J. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In 2 trials, treatment with fenbendazole (50 mg/kg of body weight by stomach tube) resulted in reductions of Strongyloides westeri worm egg counts by averages of 86% and > 99%, respectively, and in complete clearance of eggs from feces of 9 of 12 foals that were positive before treatment.
In 6 trials, treatment with oxibendazole (10 mg/kg of body weight intraorally) resulted in 100% reduction of strongyloides worm egg counts in 5 trials and 81% in 1 trial; clearance of S westeri eggs from feces was recorded for 31 of 33 foals that were positive before treatment.
Effect of Method of Blood Sampling on Serum Creatine Kinase Concentrations in Swine
Authors: Bruss Michael L. , Becker H. Neil 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Creatine kinase (ck) concentrations in serum obtained by 2 methods from the cranial vena cavae of swine were compared with ck concentrations in serum obtained from the lateral ear veins of the same animals. If the hypodermic needle was flushed with saline solution, ck concentrations in caval serum were equivalent to those obtained for serum from the ear vein. If the hypodermic needle was not flushed with saline solution, ck concentrations in caval serum were significantly higher than those obtained for serum from the ear vein.
Tissue Reaction to Suture Materials in Infected Surgical Wounds—A Histopathologic Evaluation
Authors: Varma S. , Johnson L. W. , Ferguson H. L. , Lumb W. V. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Suture materials are foreign bodies which induce and prolong tissue reaction in the wound area. Cellular responses to infected wounds containing 7 suture materials (braided polyglycolic acid [bpga, Dexon], multifilament stainless steel, monofilament nylon, black braided silk, braided Dacron [Mersilene], and plain and chromic catgut) were studied at 6, 10, 20, and 40 days.
Cellular reaction varied with different suture materials. In general, neutrophils were the predominant cells in acute infection, but later, macrophages and fibroblasts predominated. Occasionally, plasma cells, lymphocytes, eosinophils, and giant cells were present. In the infected wounds with implants of plain catgut, chromic catgut, silk, and braided Dacron, there were large numbers of neutrophils even in chronic implantation, indicating persistence of local infection. With nylon, steel, and bpga, the number of neutrophils rapidly decreased. Although bpga induced intense acute reaction, the response was mild in chronic implantation. It appeared to be absorbed more slowly than plain or chromic catgut, and tissue reaction was minimal in the absorption stages.
A reaction similar to the Splendore-Hoeppli phenomenon was seen around multifilament silk strands in chronic stages of implantation.
Enzyme Activities in the Dog: Tissue Analyses, Plasma Values, and Intracellular Distribution
Authors: Keller P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Activities of 14 enzymes were determined in psoas muscle, smooth muscle, diaphragm, heart, brain, liver, kidney, spleen, pancreas, salivary glands, zygomatic gland, intestinal mucosa, subcellular fractions, and plasma of the dog.
In pups, plasma activity of most enzymes was high, except iditol dehydrogenase (id), glutamate dehydrogenase (gld), alanine aminotransferase (alt), aspartate aminotransferase (ast), and d-fructose-1,6-diphosphate aldolase (als).
Alkaline phosphatase (alp), als, cholinesterase (chs), creatine kinase (ck), α-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (hbd), lactate dehydrogenase (ld), and malate dehydrogenase (md) decreased significantly (P < 0.01) with increasing age, but in dogs > 7 months, all enzymes except ck, hbd, and alt revealed reasonably constant plasma values.
Enzymes alt, gld, chs, and id are specific for liver, ck and als for muscle, hbd to some degree for myocardium, and α-amylase for pancreas.
The alp and γ-glutamyltransferase were located in microsomes, gld in mitochondria, md and ast in mitochondria and cytoplasm, and isocitric dehydrogenase, ld, and the other enzymes only in cytoplasm.
Endothelial Repair of the Canine Cornea
Authors: Befanis Paul J. , Peiffer Robert L. , Brown Doris 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
After transcorneal cryodestruction of 90% of the total corneal endothelium in the dog, the endothelial regenerative capacity was studied, using biomicroscopy, endothelial specular microscopy, pachometry, light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and autoradiography. Reestablishment of a continuous intact endothelial cell monolayer occurred at 6 weeks. Production of a thickened, multilaminar Descemet's membrane by endothelial and fibroblast-like cells was observed. Regenerating endothelial cells at the wound margin showed extensive formation of pseudopodia and incorporation of tritiated thymidine. Reendothelialization occurred by both mitotic division and enlargement and migration of remaining undamaged cells. The corneal endothelium of the young adult canine has marked regenerative potential, in contrast to that described for persons and cats.
Role of Salmonella arizonae and Other Infective Agents in Enteric Disease of Lambs
Authors: Harp J. A. , Myers L. L. , Rich J. E. , Gates N. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Fecal samples from 545 diarrheic lambs on 12 ranches in southern Idaho and western Montana were examined for potential enteric pathogens. On 3 of the 12 ranches, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, or S dublin was implicated as the etiologic agent. Rotavirus and coronavirus were identified on 1 ranch and rotavirus alone on another. Salmonella arizonae serotype 26:30 was isolated from the feces of diarrheic lambs on 6 of the 12 ranches in this study.
Pregnant ewes from 1 of the 6 ranches in which S arizonae was enzootic were transported to the Montana Veterinary Research Laboratory and studies on S arizonae were conducted in lambs from these ewes. Salmonella arizonae was shown to elaborate an enterotoxin, the activity of which was reduced when assayed in the gut loop test, using lambs from ewes vaccinated with an S arizonae 26:30 bacterin.
Oral challenge inoculation of 22 young colostrum-fed lambs with S arizonae 26:30 failed to produce any significant enteric disease, in contrast to oral challenge inoculation with S Oranienburg which resulted in death, with severe diarrhea and dehydration, in 4 of 6 lambs tested.
Salmonella arizonae serotype 26:30 appears to be well adapted to the ovine host and may not be a significant cause of diarrheal disease on ranches where it is enzootic.
Immunogenicity of Bivalent Vaccine for Reproductive Failure of Swine Induced by Pseudorabies Virus and Porcine Parvovirus
Authors: Mengeling W. L. , Gutekunst D. E. , Pirtle E. C. , Paul P. S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An inactivated, bivalent vaccine for pseudorabies virus (prv) and porcine parvovirus (ppv) was tested for its efficacy in preventing prv- and ppv-induced reproductive failure of swine. Sixteen gilts were vaccinated twice at a 2-week interval before conception and then exposed to either virulent prv at 9 weeks of gestation (8 gilts) or virulent ppv at 6 weeks of gestation (8 gilts). The gilts were killed at 13 weeks of gestation if exposed to prv and at 12 weeks of gestation if exposed to ppv. Their fetuses were examined and tested for both viruses and their homologous antibodies. Blood samples were obtained from gilts at selected times to determine their humoral antibody titer. Another 17 gilts from the same herd, kept in the same facilities and bred to the same boars, were treated similarly, except for vaccination. Of these, 8 were exposed to virulent prv and 9 were exposed to virulent ppv.
The vaccinated gilts developed humoral antibody for both viruses after vaccination. At 2 weeks after the 1st vaccination, the virus-neutralization titers for prv ranged from 4 to 64 and hemagglutination-inhibiting titers for ppv ranged from 80 to 640. By 2 weeks after the 2nd vaccination, the geometric mean titer of antibody had increased approximately 6-fold for prv, but was unchanged for ppv. The geometric mean titer decreased for both viruses by the time gilts were exposed to virulent virus (63 to 100 days after the 2nd vaccination) and then increased after exposure. Nonvaccinated gilts developed antibody only after they were exposed to virulent virus.
The gilts exposed to prv developed clinical illness that, in general, persisted longer and was more severe for nonvaccinated gilts than for vaccinated gilts. Fetuses of 2 of the 8 nonvaccinated gilts were transplacentally infected and were aborted 15 and 21 days after maternal exposure. The aborted litters consisted of 7 and 8 fetuses. At necropsy, 136 fetuses (7 to 14/litter) of the other 6 nonvaccinated gilts and of the 8 vaccinated gilts were clinically normal and free of infection. However, low levels of neutralizing activity for prv were detected in sera of several fetuses of 2 litters of nonvaccinated gilts. The nature of the neutralizing activity was not determined.
None of the gilts exposed to ppv became clinically ill. However, fetuses of 6 of the 9 nonvaccinated gilts were transplacentally infected and died in utero. These litters were comprised of 60 fetuses (7 to 13/litter); of these, 41 were dead and 19 were alive just before necropsy. All of the dead fetuses and 9 of the live fetuses were infected with ppv, and antibody for ppv was detected in sera of 8 of the 9 live infected fetuses. The fetuses (n = 131; 7 to 15/litter) of the other 3 nonvaccinated gilts and of the 8 vaccinated gilts were clinically normal and free of infection. None had antibody for either virus.
Effects of Xylazine and Ketamine Hydrochloride on the Electroencephalogram and the Electrocardiogram in the Horse
Authors: Purohit Ram C. , Mysinger Pat W. , Redding Richard W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A continuous series of electroencephalograms (eeg) was obtained from each of 6 mature horses which had been given xylazine and ketamine hydrochloride iv. Electrocardiograms and respiratory rates were also obtained. The eeg of the unsedated standing adult horse displayed a dominant fast activity in the range of 25-35 Hz, 5-30 μV superimposed over slower 1-4 Hz, 10-50 μV activity with occasional 10-14 Hz, 10-40 μV spindle-type activity. The xylazine-sedated horse displayed hypersynchronous eeg patterns, with the dominant activity being 1-3 Hz, 10-70 μV with overlying mixed frequencies of 5-10 Hz, 10-40 μV and 10-14 Hz, 10-40 μV spindle-type activity. Some 25-35 Hz, 5-10 μV activity was present in 5 of the 6 horses. Ketamine administration 3 minutes after xylazine injection caused an increase in high-voltage slow activity. The dominant frequency was 1-3 Hz, 20-100 μV, with superimposed mixed irregular frequencies of 6-10 Hz, 10-50 μV and 10-14 Hz, 10-40 μV spindle-type activity.
All horses developed some degree of second-degree atrioventricular (av) heart block approximately 23 s after xylazine was injected. The second-degree av heart block disappeared approximately 1 minute and 30 s after ketamine was injected in 4 of the 6 horses. The remaining 2 had second-degree av heart block throughout the recording period (15 to 18 minutes). Respiration rates were depressed after xylazine was given and became irregular and apneustic after ketamine injection. The cyclic rate of respiration varied from 19 to 30 breaths/minute. Xylazine depressed heart rates from 13% to 41% (mean 29.3%). Heart rates became faster or remained unchanged after ketamine was administered.
Aqueous Procaine Penicillin G in the Horse: Serum, Synovial, Peritoneal, and Urine Concentrations After Single-Dose Intramuscular Administration
Authors: Stover Susan M. , Brown Murray P. , Kelly Robin H. , Farver Thomas B. , Knight Humphrey D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Six adult mares were given a single dose of aqueous suspension procaine penicillin G (300,000 IU/ml) im at a dosage of 22,000 IU/kg of body weight (15.4 mg of penicillin G/kg). Serum, synovial fluid, peritoneal fluid, and urine penicillin concentrations were measured serially over a 48-hour period. The mean peak serum penicillin concentration was 1.42 μg/ml at 3 hours. Penicillin was detected in synovial fluid and peritoneal fluid, which obtained mean peak penicillin concentrations of 0.62 μg/ml and 0.58 μg/ml, at 4 hours and 3 hours, respectively. These concentrations steadily decreased in parallel with serum concentrations and were still measurable at 48 hours. Urine concentrations of penicillin were relatively high, with a mean peak concentration of 525.81 μg/ml at 8 hours.
Appearance of Procaine in Spinal Fluid During Segmental Epidural Analgesia in Cows
Authors: Skarda R. T. , Yeary R. A. , Muir W. W. , Burt J. K. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The concentration of procaine in the csf of 10 adult nonpregnant cows was determined after epidural injection of 5% procaine hydrochloride solution. Samples of csf were removed through a catheter introduced into the subarachnoid space at the lumbosacral intervertebral space and advanced craniad to the same level as the epidural injection site. The position and the location of the catheter and spinal needle were confirmed radiographically. Segmental analgesia was achieved 8 to 20 minutes after completing the procaine hydrochloride injection and extended between spinal cord segments T12 and L3 on one or both sides of the animal. The average duration of analgesia, as determined by response to superficial and deep muscular pinpricks at the L1 dermatome, was 81.3 ± 22.8 minutes (min-max, 45-127 minutes).
The average subarachnoid concentration of procaine 10 minutes after epidural injection was 120.4 ± 42.9 μg/ml. The highest average procaine concentration recorded was 160.7 ± 63.7 μg/ml at 25.0 ± 6.7 minutes after injection. Average procaine concentration was 47.8 ± 13.5 μg/ml at cessation of analgesia. A similar concentration of procaine was recovered from the subarachnoid space during either unilateral or bilateral analgesia. Procaine was not found in arterial plasma after the epidural administration of procaine hydrochloride.
Subarachnoid threshold concentrations of local anesthetic necessary to produce spinal analgesia were reached after repeated epidural injections, but not after a single administration. It is concluded that segmental epidural analgesia is principally due to anesthesia of dura-covered nerve roots within and outside the epidural space and is minimally, if at all, dependent on the production of analgesia of nerves within the subarachnoid space.
Effects of Incubation Temperatures and Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Immune Serum on Bovine Turbinate Cells Persistently Infected with a Noncytopathogenic Isolate of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus
Authors: Coria M. F. , McClurkin A. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Noncytopathogenic bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) on initial inoculation in receptive cells induced a persistence in vitro at incubation temperatures of 33, 37, and 39 C. The mechanisms of this persistence were not the result of the induction of defective interfering particles or the selection of temperature-sensitive mutants, but were the result of a naturally occurring noncytopathogenic isolate of bvdv. Persistently infected cells were not freed of the infection by continuous passage in media containing homologous antibody. Persistently infected cells appeared to undergo an earlier senescence than did noninoculated cells of the same passage level and age. This phenomenon was reversed by renewal of the culture media.