bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
1 Introduction
Authors: Scully Roger 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter introduces the study by explaining its key questions, and how the book addresses them. The importance of the issue of socialisation within European institutions is discussed and explained. The chapter then provides a brief introduction to the chosen research site for the study, the European Parliament. This introduction explains why the Parliament provides a highly appropriate focus for examining the general issue that is addressed by the book. Next, a brief discussion is presented of some of the methodological issues raised by the study, and how they are dealt with. Finally, the chapter elaborates on how subsequent chapters develop the main arguments.
Chapter 5 Work and Retirement Plans Among Older Americans
Authors: Abraham Katharine G. , Houseman Susan N. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter focuses on older individuals' plans for retirement and the realization of those plans. Using HRS data, the widespread interest among workers approaching retirement age in cutting back on their hours or changing the type of work they do, as a transition to, or in lieu of, full retirement, is documented. The extent to which these individuals are able to realize their plans is then examined. It is shown that those who plan to stop working altogether generally do, while those who plan to reduce their hours or change the type of work they do most often do not realize these plans. The factors that influence whether and how older individuals realize plans to reduce their hours and remain employed are considered.
Chapter 7 Strategies to Retain Older Workers
Authors: Mulvey Janemarie , Nyce Steven 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter begins by outlining the economic and demographic realities facing employers, and spells out how these change the ‘retirement promise’. The effects of several factors on older workers' retirement patterns are quantified, including early retirement incentives in DB plans, retiree medical coverage, and various work/life benefits including phased retirement and eldercare programs. The potential increase in older workers' labour force participation from changing these benefit offerings are estimated. It is argued that these will only marginally offset expected gaps between labour supply and demand in the coming decade.
Chapter 8 Developments in Phased Retirement
Authors: Hutchens Robert , Papps Kerry L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter explores why employers might permit phased retirement only after employees officially retire. This issue is addressed based on interviews with close to 1,000 establishments regarding their phased retirement policies. Employers were asked whether they would permit an older worker to reduce hours, and, if so, whether they favoured reduction in hours before or after official retirement. Results show that many employers do not indicate a strong preference; rather, they seem open to informally arranged reductions in hours, both before and after official retirement. Statistical methods were used to analyze what types of employers might permit hour reductions to occur before and/or after official retirement. The findings suggest that the preference for retire/rehire is at the individual rather than the establishment level, often due to pension and other benefit plan inducements. Government policy could enhance work/retirement flexibility by clarifying the meaning of what constitutes retirement under tax and labour law.
Chapter 10 Changes in Accounting Practices Will Drive Pension Paradigm Shifts
Authors: Fore Douglas 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter examines proposed changes in US and international pension accounting standards and the rationales for such changes. It is shown that convergence is on the way in international pension accounting, and this is probably a good thing in terms of fundamental principles of finance. Convergence will also change the way pension investments are managed. Plan sponsors must become more aware of these changes in the accounting arena and the impact they will have on pension as well as corporate finance.
Chapter 11 Why Pension Fund Management Needs a Paradigm Shift
Authors: Ambachtsheer Keith 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter addresses the following question: is this traditional lens a good one through which to see the pension fund management world in the future, and if not, why not? What would a better lens impart? It examines ‘old’ paradigm pension fund management practices and the results they have produced. It then identifies material flaws in current practices and suggests ways improve pension fund management.
Chapter 12 Profitable Prudence: The case for Public Employer Defined Benefit Plans
Authors: Anderson Gary W. , Brainard Keith 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the lessons private industry could learn from state and local government pensions, It begins with a brief history of public pensions. It then compares public and private pensions, and discusses benefits to employees and public defined benefit plans as financial engines. It is argued that public pension plans are in a strong position to handle the coming influx of retirees, since, unlike Social Security (mainly a pay-as-you-go program); public pensions are rather well-funded (approximately 95 percent in 2003).
3 National Closure During the Golden Age of Welfare Expansion
Authors: Ferrara Maurizio 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the Trente Glorieuses (1945-1975), and identifies the first seeds of spatial reconfiguration in the field of social protection: the appearance of new membership spaces (e.g. supplementary pension schemes), the creation of the European Communities, and the establishment of a coordination regime regulating the social entitlements of migrant workers within the EC. The chapter discusses the original division of labour between the market-making functions of the EC, and the redistributive functions left to the member states. It also reconstructs the emergence of a distinct EC “constitutional order” and its creeping implications for national social rights through legal integration.
5 From Welfare States to Welfare Regions
Authors: Ferrara Maurizio 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe chapter discusses the increasing role of sub-national territories as new, distinctive and relatively autonomous “bounded spaces” in certain areas of social protection, notably health care, active labour market policies, social services and assistance. This new development is illustrated by reference not only to within-state trends of social protection regionalization, but also to novel forms of transnational regional groupings. The Italian case is presented in detail as an emblematic example of the shift from welfare state to welfare regions.
6 New Boundaries, New Structuring? On the Future of Social Protection in the European Union
Authors: Ferrara Maurizio 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter presents a map describing the new spatial architecture of social protection in the European Union resulting from free movement and competition rules, and their effects on traditional welfare state boundaries. The destructuring consequences of the new boundary configuration are discussed, with specific reference to pensions systems and the issue of migration. The chapter concludes by highlighting the margins of manoeuvre for a possible “nesting” of nation-based forms of social protection in a wider EU space, capable of promoting adaptation and reform, while upholding at the same time the basic pre-conditions for maintaining adequate levels of social protection.
An Empire of Thin Air (1988)
Authors: Salmon Nathan 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
The modal theory that David Lewis defended in On the Plurality of Worlds (Blackwell, 1986) is criticized. According to Lewis, to say that John Kerry might have won the 2004 presidential election is to say that someone very similar to Kerry does win his presidential election in a parallel universe (in an alternative “possible world”). This theory is indicative of a serious misunderstanding of such modal expressions as ‘possibly’ and ‘necessarily’, which are concerned not with any goings on in parallel universes but with what might have been. One need not disbelieve in possible worlds to recognize that they are not parallel universes.
The Fact that x = y (1987)
Authors: Salmon Nathan 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
For any pair of objects, x and y, if x = y, then the fact that x = y is an identity fact. And conversely. (If x ≠ y, then there is no fact that x = y.) Among the facts that obtain in every possible world are all the identity facts. It is argued that the fact that x = y, is such exists, bears a very special relation to the trivial, a priori, fact that x = x: they are one and the same.
Personal Identity: What's the Problem? (1995u)
Authors: Salmon Nathan 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
It is argued that the traditional problem of personal identity bifurcates into two problems, having different solutions: an essentialist problem of personal identity and a reductionist problem. The proof of the determinacy of identity, combined with an application of the doctrine of impossible worlds, is applied to rejecting, and thereby solving, the latter problem. A solution is offered to the essentialist problem, invoking the continuation of the same functioning brain.
Pronouns as Variables (2005)
Authors: Salmon Nathan 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Peter Geach’s view that anaphoric pronouns are bound variables is defended against the current orthodoxy that Gareth Evans’s E-type anaphoric pronouns, which do not occur within the scope of their grammatical antecedent, are definite descriptions (as with Stephen Neale), or rigidified variants (as with Evans).
Language: A Biological Model
Authors: Millikan Ruth Garrett 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Guiding the work of most linguists and philosophers of language today is the assumption that language is governed by rules. This volume presents a different way of viewing the partial regularities that language displays, the way they express norms and conventions. It argues that the central norms applying to language are non-evaluative; they are more like those norms of function and behavior that account for the survival and proliferation of biological species. Specific linguistic forms survive and are reproduced together with cooperative hearer responses because some portion of the time these patterns of production and response benefit both speakers and hearers. What needs to be reproduced, however, for a given language to survive is not specific conceptual rules or inference patterns, but only satisfaction conditions concerning distal objects and properties, and essential elements of hearer response. Thus, the psychological processes that support the use of proper names, of words for kinds, properties and so forth, need to be examined anew, resulting in a fairly uncompromising rejection of conceptual analysis as a tool in philosophy. Further results concern the distinction between the propositional content and the force of a linguistic utterance and a new description of illocutionary acts. It turns out that neither the intentionality of thought nor the intentionality of language is derived from the other. Also, the processes involved in understanding language are best modeled as a form of direct perception of the world parallel, for example, to perception mediated by the natural signs contained in structured light, and results in a radically new description of how children learn language.
Language Conventions Made Simple
Authors: Millikan Ruth Garret 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe conventionality of natural language is captured in much simpler terms than David Lewis’s, displaying its continuity with more rudimentary conventions involving neither coordinations, regular conformity (either de facto or de jure) nor rational underpinnings. This “natural conventionality” is composed of two simple characteristics:(1) natural conventions are reproduced patterns, (2) they are proliferated due partly to weight of precedent, rather than due, for example, to their intrinsically superior capacity to perform certain functions. These two characteristics are discussed as they characterize simple non-coordinating conventions, then simple coordination conventions, and finally language conventions. The paper argues that the conception of conventions universally adopted in speech act theory is mistaken, and points to a new way of understand the nature of illocutionary acts.
In Defense of Public Language
Authors: Millikan Ruth Garret 
Published: February 2006

AbstractChomsky has claimed that both common sense and technical notions of public language or “externalized language” are confused, ill-defined, or of no scientific interest. This chapter agrees with Chomsky’s criticisms of the various notions of public language with which he is concerned. But given the right understanding of language conventions and the right understanding of the functions of public language, public language is the raison d’etre and the foundation on which inner language is built and maintained.
The Language–Thought Partnership: A Bird's Eye View
Authors: Millikan Ruth Garret 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe whole of this work is sketched in miniature on the relation between language and thought. Previously, closeups of this terrain were offered in various papers and books, and these were referenced freely. But the main purpose here is to explain the relations among the parts, hoping this can serve as a short introduction to the author’s work on language and thought for some, and as a clarification of the larger plan for others.
Why (Most) Kinds are not Classes
Authors: Millikan Ruth Garret 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMost category words do not designate classes but units of another kind entirely. These units are called “real kinds,” among which are “historical kinds” and “eternal kinds”. The ontology of historical kinds and eternal kinds is compared to that of individuals, and it is argued that just as in the case of individuals, different people may identify the same real kinds in different ways, so that no particular set of properties or paradigms or exemplars will be definitional of any word designating the kind.
Pushmi-pullyu Representations
Authors: Millikan Ruth Garret 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPushmi-pullyu representations (P-PRs) are in one breath both descriptive and directive, the simplest being animal’s signals to conspecifics, such as danger signals and mating displays. P-PRs also appear in human language: “No Johnny, we don’t eat peas with our fingers”; “The meeting is (hereby) adjourned”. Human intentions are P-PRS in thought, as are perceptual representations representing affordances. Inner representations of the social roles that we play as we play them are P-PRS, as we fall into doing “what one does”. These primitive ways of thinking are an essential glue holding human societies together.
Aristotle on Teleology
Authors: Johnson Monte Ransome 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Aristotle is commonly considered the inventor of teleology, although the precise term originated in the eighteenth century. But if teleology means the use of ends or goals in natural science, then Aristotle was rather a critical innovator of teleological explanation. Teleological notions were widespread among Aristotle’s predecessors, but he rejected their conception of extrinsic causes such as intelligence or god as the primary cause for natural things. Instead, he considers nature itself as an internal principle of change and as an end, and his teleological explanations focus on what is intrinsically good for natural substances themselves. Aristotle’s philosophy was later conflated with the teleological proof for the existence of god, the anthropic cosmological principle, creationism, intelligent design, vitalism, animism, anthropocentrism, and opposition to materialism, evolution, and mechanism. But and examination of both his explicit methodology and the explanations actually offered in his scientific works (on physics, cosmology, theology, psychology, biology, and anthropology) shows that Aristotle’s aporetic approach to teleology drives a middle course through traditional oppositions between: causation and explanation, mechanism and materialism, naturalism and anthropocentrism, realism and instrumentalism.
Introduction
Authors: Johnson Monte Ransome 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Teleology is central to Aristotle’s scientific method. He applies teleological explanations to many disciplines, including physics, cosmology, meteorology, theology, biology, zoology, anthropology, political science, and ethics. Although there has been much discussion of the role of teleology with respect to each of these specialized domains, there has been no comprehensive treatment of the issue. But a thoroughgoing investigation can tell us much about Aristotle’s philosophy, about Greek philosophy in general, and about our own natural philosophy.
Gap? What Gap?
Authors: Kirk Robert 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAny system with the basic package is a decider; any decider with directly active perceptual information has the ‘basic package-plus’ and is a ‘decider-plus’. This chapter argues that being a decider-plus is logically sufficient for perceptual consciousness. First, on the provisional assumption that the basic package-plus includes all the purely functional conditions necessary for perceptual-phenomenal consciousness, the sole-pictures argument of Chapter 4 is extended to cover any decider-plus, not just zombies; then that assumption is defended. No merely natural or nomological or brute necessity has to be invoked. Among numerous likely objections discussed are those relating to blindsight; automatism; the usual objections to functionalist accounts of consciousness; the ‘explanatory gap’; and Carruthers’s critique of rival accounts to his own.
Building a Better Theory of Well-Being
Authors: Easterlin Richard A. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Finding a better theory of well-being compared to prevailing theories on psychology and economics is one the main challenges for studies on happiness and economics. This chapter demonstrates that empirical results are at variance with both strands, and proposes new enquiries on the interplay of personality and life-events in shaping well-being as a solution to the problem.
Happiness and Political Philosophy: The Case of Nancy Mitford versus Evelyn Waugh
Authors: Matravers Matt 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter argues that appeals to subjective welfare are essential in the construction of justice offered by theorists. The role of happiness has been significant in both the utilitarian and virtue ethical traditions, although virtue ethicists often prefer to invoke the idea of eudaimonia. Why this is so, and the implications of the theoretical point are discussed based on an exchange between Mitford and Waugh in 1948.
Happiness in Hardship
Authors: Veenhoven Ruut 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Associating happiness with trouble-free living would make happiness studies truly illusionary. The theory has to cope with the evidence that people can be quite happy in spite of considerable problems in society and in their private lives. This is shown not to be a paradox. The illusion of a paradox is based on overestimating hardship and in false theories on happiness.
Happiness and Individualism: A Very Difficult Union
Authors: Zamagni Stefano 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe basis of the reductionism affecting the economic discourse is not so much to be found in the assumption of self-interested behaviour. The real limit of economic thinking, especially today, lies in the artificially restrictive image of human nature and human motivation that is implied in the individualistic anthropology underpinning the notion of homo oeconomicus. This chapter offers a plea for personalism and relationality, and presents a theory of reciprocity.
The Performance of Democracies
Authors: Roller Edeltraud 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This book offers a description and explanation of the performance of western democracies. It addresses two main questions: Is the performance of western democracies in decline? Do institutions matter for political performance? It aims at a comprehensive stock-taking for twenty-one OECD countries by systematically examining all major domestic policy areas — domestic security policy, economic policy, social policy, and environmental policy — from 1974 to 1995. The quality of democracy is assessed at the level of the four policy areas, and at a general level encompassing all areas. The question of trade-offs between policy areas is studied in an unprecedented way. The empirical findings confront widely-held beliefs about the performance of democracies: Western democracies as a whole did not converge at a lower level of performance, and trade-offs between different policy areas did not increase. The question ‘do institutions matter?’ can only partially be answered in the affirmative. Political institutions do matter, but formal and informal institutions cause different effects; both matter only sometimes and only to a limited degree.
Introduction
Authors: Roller Edeltraud 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This introductory chapter defines the questions and goals of the study, and provides a brief overview on the state of research regarding the performance of democracies. It seeks to answer two questions: Is the effectiveness of western democracies in decline and do institutions matter for political effectiveness? The continuous decline in the effectiveness of democratic systems was a prominent theme in various crisis theories (ungovernability, legitimation crisis) since the 1970s. Since the early 1990s, it has been taken up by globalization theories. The assertion that institutions matter for political performance reaches back to the emergence of the —new institutionalism— in the early 1980s. The most relevant precursor for this study of the performance of democracies is Arend Lijphart’s Patterns of Democracy (1999). His book along with other contributions from the fields of comparative public policy and comparative sociology on the quality of life is used to clarify the contribution of this study on the institutional basis of political performance, and to elaborate to what extent it goes beyond the current state of research.
4 Level, Development, and Structure of the Effectiveness of Western Democracies
Authors: Roller Edeltraud 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter presents an empirical analysis of the level, development, and structure of political effectiveness in twenty-one OECD countries between 1974 and 1995. There are three main results. First, regarding the level of effectiveness, the USA is, with the exception of economic policy, always among those countries with the worst performance record. Second, in terms of the development of political effectiveness, the general hypothesis that western democracies have been converging at a lower level of performance can not be confirmed. Third, the thesis of increasing incompatibility or increased tension between different policy goals finds no empirical confirmation.
The Influence of Political Institutions on the Effectiveness of Western Democracies
Authors: Roller Edeltraud 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter examines the hypotheses about the impact of formal and informal institutions on the level, stability, and the structure of political effectiveness of western democracies. It presents a re-analysis of Arend Lijphart's Pattern of Democracy (1999) and investigates the validity of various veto player indices. It is shown that political institutions do matter, but formal and informal institutions cause different effects; both matter only sometimes and only to a limited degree.