bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of ELISA and immunoblotting techniques for the detection of cherry mottle leaf virus
Authors: JAMES D. , MUKERJI S. 
Published: February 2008

Summary.Formaldehyde treated cherry mottle leaf virus (ChMLV) and the isolated coat protein were used successfully for the production of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. The monoclonal antibodies had a titre of 1:51 200 and consisted of IgG1 and IgG2. The antibodies reacted with all 11 isolates of ChMLV, from five locations in Canada and the USA, included in this study.Several serological procedures were assessed to compare their sensitivity for detecting ChMLV. Plate‐trapped antigen ELISA (PTA‐ELISA) and dot‐blot immunobinding assay (DBIA), using virus specific MAbs, were the most sensitive tests in this study. Triple antibody sandwich ELISA (TAS‐ELISA) and Western blot were found to be less sensitive. Dilution of the samples appeared to increase the sensitivity of both PTA‐ELISA and Western blot detection. Young leaves and flowers of Prunus avium were the best tissue for detecting the virus which could also be detected in the fruit and leaves of P. tomentosa. April and May were optimal for detection of the virus in the field, whereas both April to May and August to September were optimal for screenhouse‐grown plants.
Using RAPD markers to identify genets of an arable grass weed, Arrhenatherum elatius ssp. bulbosum
Authors: MILLER A C E , BROOKES C P , LOXDALE H D , CUSSANS G W 
Published: February 2008

Summary.RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) markers were used to identify genets within a weed infestation of Arrhenatherum elatius ssp bulbosum (“onion couch”). Three selected primers could discriminate between 18 sexually‐derived plants of A. elatius ssp. elatius. Using these primers, RAPD phenotypes were obtained for ramets of ssp. bulbosum from a population of unknown sexual derivation, i.e. predominantly sexual or vegetative. Thirty three RAPD phenotypes were observed amongst 65 plants. Ramets with identical RAPD phenotypes were termed “genets”. Some genets of ssp. bulbosum were found in localised patches, whereas others had much wider ranges, indicating long‐distance dispersal by farm machinery. RAPD markers provide a useful tool for discriminating between genets within an established plant population.
Arachidonic acid‐induced hypersensitive cell death as an assay of downy mildew resistance in pearl millet
Authors: GEETHA S. , SHETTY SUDHEER A , SHETTY H SHEKAR , PRAKASH H S 
Published: February 2008

Summary.Arachidonic acid (AA) induces hypersensitive response (HR) on coleoptile/root regions of two‐day‐old pearl millet seedlings. The response is comparable to the HR induced by the downy mildew pathogen, Sclerospora graminicola. A time gap in the appearance of cell necrosis among genotypes of pearl millet was related to the degree of resistance to downy mildew. Based on the time required for the development of necrotic spots induced by AA, the pearl millet genotypes were categorised as highly resistant/resistant (HR in 3–6 h), susceptible (HR in 7–12 h) and highly susceptible (HR in 13 h and above). The percentage disease incidence in each genotype was compared with the time required for the development of AA‐induced HR. The appearance of hypersensitive cell necrosis was rapid in genotypes having high resistance to downy mildew and was slow in genotypes with high susceptibility. This simple method of screening various pearl millet genotypes in the absence of the pathogen aids in identifying the downy mildew resistant/susceptible host cultivars without the risk of introducing the virulent race of the pathogen.
Long term lily scale bulblet storage: effects of temperature and storage in polyethylene bags
Authors: BONNIER FRANS J M , JANSEN RITSERT C , TUYL JAAP M VAN 
Published: February 2008

Summary.Collections of lily genotypes are usually maintained by yearly planting, harvesting and storage of the bulbs. To facilitate this maintenance, a storage method has been developed for a collection of lily genotypes, including Asiatic hybrids, Oriental hybrids,Lilium longiflorumandL. henryi.Scale bulblets were stored either dry, sealed air‐tight in polyethylene bags, or in moist vermiculite in open polyethylene bags for a period of 2 yr. The decrease in mass, sprouting proportion and ion leakage or sprouting proportion alone were determined for treatments carried out at ‐2°C, °C and 17°C. Sealing scale bulblets in polyethylene bags at ‐2°C resulted in the smallest decrease in mass, the least ion leakage and the highest sprouting proportion after 2 yr of storage.
Rapid detection of cowpea aphid‐borne mosaic virus in cowpea seeds
Authors: KONATE G. , NEYA B J 
Published: February 2008

Summary.Four cultivars of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L]. Walp.) were infected with cowpea aphid‐borne mosaic virus (CABMV) by natural infection in field plots. Seeds taken from these plants were tested for the presence of the virus by ELISA and symptom observation on the plantlets grown from the seeds. A biotin/ streptavidin ELISA technique was used and found to be more sensitive than a standard ELISA protocol for detecting CABMV infection in seed. There was a good correlation between the ELISA detection of CABMV in tissue taken from single cowpea seeds and subsequent development of infected plants grown from the same seeds. The ELISA technique is reliable for selecting CABMV‐free stocks of cowpea seeds.
Some biological and genomic properties of rice tungro bacilliform badnavirus and rice tungro spherical waikavirus from Nepal
Authors: DAHAL G. , DRUKA A. , BURNS T M , VILLEGAS L C , FAN Z. , SHRESTHA R B , HULL R. 
Published: February 2008

Summary.A survey of rice fields during the main growing seasons in 81 locations from 21 districts of the Southern Terai region of Nepal indicated that rice tungro was primarily restricted to the Hardinath (Janakpur) and Parwanipur (Bara) regions. The tungro incidence in Hardinath ranged from 17% to 51% and in Parwanipur from 6% to 61% causing about 89% grain yield loss in Hardinath.Both rice tungro bacilliform badnavirus (RTBV) and rice tungro spherical picornavirus (RTSV) were found in tungro isolates collected from Hardinath and Parwanipur. These isolates were transmitted by Nephotettix virescens and leaf extracts reacted to antisera against RTBV and RTSV. In a dot blot hybridisation assay, leaf extracts of 12 weed species collected from the tungro‐affected area in Hardinath and Parwanipur also reacted with RTBV DNA probes. On mass inoculation of 15 popular rice cultivars most became more than 50% infected and only cv. Radha 9 had low (22.2%) infection.RTBV DNA and the coat protein region of RTSV from the Hardinath isolate were cloned and partially characterised. A comparative analyses by restriction endonuclease digestion, cross hybridisation, the polymerase chain reaction and partial sequencing indicated that the Nepalese RTBV DNA clone and the cDNA clones of the RTSV RNA were more similar to the various tungro isolates from the Indian subcontinent than to those from the Philippines.
Population decline of potato cyst nematodes (Globodera rostochiensis, G. pallida) in field soils in Northern Ireland
Authors: TURNER SUSAN J 
Published: February 2008

Summary.The decline rates of potato cyst nematodes (Globodera rostochiensis, G. pallida) in agricultural soils in Northern Ireland were monitored over 13 years. Initial decline rates appeared erratic due to variable cyst ages and high Standard Errors at low population levels, but were, generally, slower than those previously reported with less than 10% annual decline within each category of assessment (cysts sample‐1, eggs g‐1 and eggs cyst‐1). Rate of decline was not affected by the range of soil types studied, but regular cultivation of infested land appeared to accelerate it. Juveniles present within cysts over 30 years old were either dead or inactive and such field populations were considered non‐viable.
Susceptibility of willow clones (Salix spp.) to herbivory by Phyllodecta vulgatissima (L.) and Galerucella lineola (Fab.) (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae)
Authors: KENDALL D A , HUNTER T. , ARNOLD G M , LIGGITT J. , MORRIS T. , WILTSHIRE C W 
Published: February 2008

Summary.Levels of damage by mixed natural infestations of the leaf‐feeding chrysomelid beetles, Phyllodecta vulgatissima (L.) (the blue willow beetle) and Galerucella lineola (Fab.) (the brown willow beetle), were determined in replicated field plots of 24 Salix clones at Long Ashton (Bristol, UK) during 1993–94.Over the same period, the host plant preferences of both chrysomelids were investigated in a standard multiple‐choice laboratory procedure, where beetles were enclosed in Petri dishes with leaf discs cut from young pot‐grown trees propagated from shoot cuttings taken from 20 of the 24 willow clones represented in the field study. The laboratory experiments indicated that P. vulgatissima and G. lineola had similar host plant preferences in the range of willows examined (r >0.85). In both field and laboratory, the least preferred Salix clones and hybrids were those of 5. eriocephala, followed by S. purpurea, S. burjatica, S. dasyclados and S. triandra. Clones of S. eriocephala and S. purpurea were frequently rejected altogether in laboratory tests. Most preferred were clones of S. viminalis and several hybrids of S. viminalis, S. aurita, S. caprea and S. cinerea. These results substantiate the reports that P. vulgatissima and G. lineola are deterred from feeding on willows which have relatively high concentrations of phenolic (salicylate) glucosides in the leaves. The least preferred willows, particularly S. eriocephala, S. purpurea and S. burjatica, could be of great potential value in plant breeding for resistance to these willow beetle pests.
Reduction of shoot fly damage in irrigated post‐rainy season sorghum by manipulating irrigation
Authors: NWANZE K F , REDDY Y V R , NWILENE F E , SOMAN P. , LARYEA K B , JAYACHANDRAN R. 
Published: February 2008

Summary.Soil moisture was manipulated in an attempt to control shoot fly (Atherigona soccata Rondani) incidence in irrigated post‐rainy season sorghum grown under a rainout shelter (ROS) and in field conditions. After uniform irrigation at sowing, the plants were subjected to water stress at young seedling stage (7–28 days after emergence, DAE) for different lengths of time. Soil water had profound effects on the production of water droplets on the surface of the central whorl leaf of seedlings (leaf surface wetness, LSW) of sorghum genotypes. LSW, which facilitates movement of the larvae, was more drastically affected in susceptible (CSH 5) than in moderately resistant (IS 1054) sorghum genotypes.Shoot fly oviposition (infestation) and deadhearts (crop damage) were much higher in treatments with full irrigation (control) than in treatments to which less water was applied during the first 3 wk after seedling emergence. This resulted in higher plant biomass and overall grain yield in the latter treatments than in the control. Using insecticides to control shoot fly infestation, it was shown that a simple cultural practice of inducing plant stress by reduced soil moisture content during early plant growth gave the same or better control of shoot fly damage and the same or higher grain yield than insecticide‐protected plots with full irrigation. Thus the costs associated with irrigation requirement and insecticide can be greatly reduced in the former management option compared with the latter. It is suggested that manipulation of soil water content during the vulnerable early stages of crop growth can reduce shoot fly damage in irrigated post‐rainy season sorghum.
The role of volunteer potatoes in the spread of potato virus YN in ware crops of cv. Record
Authors: JONES D A C , WOODFORD J A T , MAIN S C , PALLETT D. , BARKER H. 
Published: February 2008

Summary.Surveys were made for the presence of potato virus Y (PVY) in the planted seed and harvested tubers in ware potato crops of cv. Record grown at three sites in England in 1994 (survey 1) and seven sites in 1995 (survey 2). PVY was not found in samples of planted seed, but high levels of infection were found in many, but not all, harvested crops. However, plants of volunteer potatoes (VP) (i.e. plants arising from tubers or true seed derived from previous crops and surviving in the soil) were frequently found to be infected.Infection in tubers harvested from crops in the first survey ranged from 2–52%. In 1995, VP were collected from two of the three English sites where potato crops had been grown the previous season and also from a site in Scotland where PVY infection in an experimental crop of cv. Record had been monitored in 1994. The percentages of infected VP ranged from 2–54%. PVYN was the predominant strain found in sampled VP, with only two plants (out of 300 infected) containing PVYO.In the second survey, VP were assessed within the 1995 ware crops and were found at four sites, at which they comprised between 4–8% of emerged potato plants. Between 31–93% of VP were infected. Again, PVYN was the predominant strain with one plant containing PVYO and another PVYC (out of 189 infected). A sample of harvested tubers from each site was also tested for PVY. At those sites which had many infected VP, the harvested crop contained a large percentage of infected tubers, ranging from 60–97%. Two sites which had not previously been used for cropping potatoes had no VP and a very low incidence of PVY infection in the harvested tubers (1% and 2%). However, although no VP were found at one site, 31% of harvested tubers were infected, suggesting that alternative inoculum sources may be important.
Differentiation of citrus tristeza closterovirus (CTV) isolates by single‐strand conformation polymorphism analysis of the coat protein gene
Authors: RUBIO LUIS , AYLLONl M ANGELES , GUERRI JOSÉ , PAPPU HANNU , NIBLETT CHUCK , MORENO PEDRO 
Published: February 2008

Summary.Citrus tristeza closterovirus (CTV) isolates of several geographical origins were compared for variations in their coat protein (CP) gene by analysis of single‐strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP). The CP gene of 17 isolates was reverse transcribed, amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and 22 clones were inserted into a plasmid vector. These clones were sequenced and found to have between 91.7% and 99.8% sequence homology. Clones were amplified and the PCR products denatured and compared by SSCP analysis in 8% polyacrylamide gels. Using two different electrophoretic conditions, the patterns were different for 16 or 17 clones. Four pairs of clones (T36/T66, P1/Q2, 03/8Q, and E1/E2) differing by 10, 2, 1 and 1 nucleotides, respectively, could not be distinguished using either condition. When these clones were compared by SSCP after digestion with Eco91I (BstEII) three of the pairs (T36/T66, P1/Q2, and 03/8Q) could be differentiated, whereas the clones E1 and E2 (differing by 1 nucleotide) remained indistinguishable. Thus, SSCP analysis combining two electrophoretic conditions and restriction of eight clones with Eco91I allowed discrimination between 21 of the 22 CP gene clones selected.SSCP analysis may provide a procedure to identify and differentiate CTV isolates based on comparisons of several genes or gene regions. It is rapid and cheap and may drastically reduce the amount of sequencing necessary for accurate comparisons.
Alfalfa mosaic and cucumber mosaic virus infection in chickpea and lentil: incidence and seed transmission
Authors: JONES R A C , COUTTS B A 
Published: February 2008

Summary.Samples collected in 1994 and 1995 from commercial crops of chickpeas and lentils growing in the agricultural region of south‐west Western Australia were tested for infection with alfalfa mosaic (AMV) and cucumber mosaic (CMV) viruses, and for members of the family Potyviridae using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In 1994 no virus was detected in the 21 chickpea crops tested but in 1995, out of 42 crops, AMV was found in two and CMV in seven. With lentils, AMV and/or CMV was found in three out of 14 crops in 1994 and 4 out of 13 in 1995, both viruses being detected in two crops in each year. Similar tests on samples from chickpea and lentil crops and plots growing at experimental sites, revealed more frequent infection with both viruses. No potyvirus infection was found in chickpeas or lentils in agricultural areas either in commercial crops or at experimental sites. However, bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) was detected along with AMV and CMV in irrigated plots of chickpeas and lentils at a site in Perth.When samples of seed from infected crops or plots of chickpeas and lentils were germinated and leaves or roots of seedlings tested for virus infection by ELISA, AMV and CMV were found to be seed‐borne in both while BYMV was seed‐borne in lentils. The rates of transmission found through seed of chickpea to seedlings were 0.1–1% with AMV and 0.1–2% with CMV. Seed transmission rates with lentil were 0.1–5% for AMV, 0.1–1% for CMV and 0.8% for BYMV. Individual seed samples of lentil and chickpea sometimes contained both AMV and CMV. With both species, infection with AMV and CMV was sometimes found in commercial seed stocks or seed stocks from multiplication crops of advanced selections nearing release as new cultivars. Seed‐borne virus infection has important practical implications, as virus sources can be re‐introduced every year to chickpea and lentil crops or plots through sowing infected seed stocks leading to spread of infection by aphid vectors, losses in grain yield and further contamination of seed stocks.
Influence of post‐treatment temperature, solvents and emulsifiers on the toxicity of cypermethrin to larvae of Spodoptera litura (Fab.)
Authors: JAGLAN R S , SIRCAR P. 
Published: February 2008

Summary.Larvae of the tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura (Fab.) were topically bioassayed with cypermethrin emulsion formulation and proprietary EC in combination with different solvents and emulsifiers for their toxicity at 16 ± 2°C and 27 ± 1°C. Among different solvents, the descending order of efficacy (with relative toxicity in parenthesis) against 9 ± 1 day old larvae of S. litura (Fab.) at 16 ± 2°C than 27 ± 1°C was: xylene (7.41), aromex (5.54), cyclohexane (4.93), C‐IX (3.93), benzene (2.40) and toluene (2.26). With emulsifier, the order was: Triton X‐100 (7.41), SN4S (4.60), Teepol (2.90), Tween‐80 (1.49), Swascofix DP‐50 (1.28), SN4R (1.10) and S52B (1.07). However, the proprietary cypermethrin EC was 2.31 times more toxic at 16 ± 2°C than at 27 ± 1°C.
A review of the physiology of potato tuber dormancy
Authors: WILTSHIRE J J J , COBB A H 
Published: February 2008

Summary.A review of the scientific literature relating to the physiology of potato (Solanum tuberosum) tuber dormancy is presented. Effort has been concentrated on an up‐to‐date overview of the current state of understanding, rather than comprehensively covering the very extensive literature going back over many decades. The format chosen follows the fate of the crop. After defining tuberisation and dormancy, the physiological activity of the dormant tuber is reviewed and the storage environment is considered from both a physical and chemical standpoint. Advances in chemical control and the potential for molecular biology are highlighted.
Influence of soil applied nitrogen (NPKS 25: 5: 5:5) on Brevipalpus phoenicis Geijskes (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) mite incidence and damage symptoms on tea
Authors: SUDOI V. , KHAEMBA B M. , WANJALA F M E. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryApplication of nitrogenous fertilisers (NPKS 25: 5: 5:5) for yield of tea and to induce tolerance to the red crevice (Brevipalpus phoenicis Geijskes) mite was found to be rates between 150 and 200 Kg N ha‐1 yr‐1 rates above 400 Kg N ha‐1 encouraged the build up of mites on tea. Damage symptoms resulting from mite infestation declined with increase in application of nitrogenous fertilisers.The levels of nitrogen in the leaf tissues increased with soil applied nitrogen and also was related to the mite numbers found on the leaves suggesting a link. The symptoms of the discoloured necrotic leaf base that accompanied mite infestation was significantly (P≤ 0.05) and linearly correlated (r = 0.60) to mite numbers in the control plot. The levels of applied nitrogen were negatively correlated to % leaf necrosis suggesting a tolerance leading to reduction in necrotic symptoms with fertiliser applications.
Characterisation of a new virus from escarole
Authors: CRESCENZI A. , NUZZACI M. , STRADIS A DE , COMES S. , PIAZZOLLA P. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryA new virus associated with mosaic, yellowing and necrotic symptoms in escarole has been isolated recently in southern Italy. The virus, for which the name escarole mosaic virus (EMV) is proposed, was transmissible by mechanical methods, by seeds and probably by pollen but not by Acyrthosiphon pisum, Aphis gossypii, Myzus persicae, Trialeurodes vaporariorum or Frankliniella occidentalis. The virions showed a single coat protein of about 32 kDa and eight encapsidated RNA species. Viral preparations sedimented as four components in sucrose density gradients. Electron microscopy indicated the presence of spherical particles with a diameter of 25 nm. Ultrastructural investigations on infected tissues revealed the formation of atypical inclusion bodies.
Comparison of the coat protein of groundnut rosette assistor virus with those of other luteoviruses
Authors: SCOTT K P. , FARMER M‐J , ROBINSON D J. , TORRANCE L. , MURANT A F. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryThe coat protein gene of groundnut rosette assistor virus (GRAV) was cloned and sequenced. The deduced amino acid sequences of the coat protein and of another protein encoded in a different, overlapping, reading frame resemble those of other luteoviruses. Four monoclonal antibodies against GRAV, prepared using denatured coat protein as immunogen, also reacted with some other luteoviruses in ELISA. Nevertheless, they will be useful as reagents for the identification of GRAV infections in groundnut.
In vitro growth and ripening of strawberry fruit in the presence of ACC, STS or propylene
Authors: PERKINS‐VEAZIE P M. , HUBER D J. , BRECHT J K. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryStrawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch.) fruit exhibit limited capacity for continued development following harvest. This problem can be circumvented by maintaining harvested strawberry fruit in solutions containing sucrose and a bactericide. In this study, we investigated the respiratory and ethylene production kinetics and ethylene responsiveness in strawberry fruit harvested immature and ripened in vitro in the presence of propylene. The effects of 1‐amino‐cyclopropane‐1‐carboxylic acid (ACC) and silver thiosulfate (STS) alone and in combination were also examined. Respiration and ethylene patterns of fruit harvested green and developed in vitro declined with maturation and ripening, as did those of field‐grown fruit harvested at different stages of ripeness. Exposure of detached green strawberry fruit to 5000 μl litre‐1 propylene failed to stimulate respiration or ethylene production, but advanced pigmentation changes and fresh‐weight gain significantly. Excised fruit provided with 1 mol‐3 ACC exhibited increased ethylene production, enhanced fresh‐weight gain, and accelerated anthocyanin accumulation, but showed no change in respiration. The developmental response of harvested strawberry fruit to propylene or ACC was dependent on fruit maturity at harvest, with white fruit exhibiting greater insensitivity compared with green fruit. Silver thiosulfate (0.5 mol‐3) applied alone or in combination with ACC failed to delay ripening in excised strawberry fruit. These experiments demonstrate that ripening in detached strawberry fruit can be modified by ethylene only in green fruit that are provided with a carbohydrate source. Ethylene, when applied exogenously as ACC or propylene to green fruit, can slightly increase fruit growth and the rate of colour development.