bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chemicals from Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Ratnasamy Paul , Darbha Srinivas 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

CO
2
Activation on Metals and Metal Oxides

General Features

CO
2
Activation on Metals

CO
2
Activation on Metal Oxides

Synthesis of Chemicals from
CO
2
on Heterogeneous Catalysts

CO
2
Insertion and
C

O
Bond Formation

A
Cyclic Carbonates

a
Cycloaddition of
CO
2
to Epoxides

b
Oxidative Carboxylation of Alkenes

B
Dimethyl Carbonate

a
Synthesis of
DMC
from Epoxides,
CO
2
, and Methanol

b
Direct Synthesis of
DMC
from Methanol and
CO
2

C
Polycarbonates

CO
2
Insertion and
C

H
/
O

H
Bond Formation

A
Formic Acid

B
Acetic Acid

CO
2
Insertion and
C

N
Bond Formation

A
Methylamine

B

N

,

N

‐Dimethylformamide and Methylformate

C
Alkyl and Aryl Carbamates

CO
2
Insertion and
C

C
Bond Formation

Conclusions and Challenges
Reactions on Immobilized Biocatalysts1A list of symbols used in the text is provided at the end of the chapter.
Authors: Horn Annett , Kumar Shefali , Liese Andreas , Kragl Udo 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionA Short History of BiotransformationsNeed for ImmobilizationCharacterization of Immobilized BiocatalystsReactors for Immobilized BiocatalystsApplication of Immobilized BiocatalystsIndustrial Application of Immobilized BiocatalystsProduction of 7‐Aminocephalosporanic Acid and 6‐Aminopenicillanic AcidProduction ofL‐Amino Acids Using AminoacylaseSeveral Selected Processes that Use Lipase in Manufacturing Fine ChemicalsProduction of Acrylamide by Means of Nitrile HydrataseProduction of High‐Fructose Corn Syrup Using Xylose IsomeraseProduction of Lactose‐Free Milk Using β‐GalactosidaseProduction ofL‐Malic Acid Using FumaraseProduction of Glycerol‐3‐Phosphate Using Glycerol KinaseMiscellaneous Industrial Processes Using Immobilized EnzymesAnalytical and Medical ApplicationsWaste TreatmentApplication of Whole Cells (Not Immobilized) in Industrial Biotransformation ProcessProduction of Epoxides Using MonooxygenaseProduction of Malic Acid Using FumaraseConclusion and Outlook
Synthese von Platensimycin
Authors: Tiefenbacher Konrad , Mulzer Johann 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIn der modernen Medikamentenentwicklung werden Antikörper oder Bibliotheken von einfachen synthetischen organischen Verbindungen, meist Heterocyclen, bevorzugt. Naturstoffe spielen eine immer geringere Rolle, denn ihre Strukturen gelten als zu komplex, sie sind nur in begrenzter Menge verfügbar und schwer zu synthetisieren, zu handhaben und zu derivatisieren. Deshalb war es eine Sensation, als eine Merck‐Forschungsgruppe durch klassisches Screening der Stoffwechselprodukte von Streptomyces platensis eine niedermolekulare organische Verbindung mit beachtlichen antibiotischen Eigenschaften entdeckte.
Synthesis of Platensimycin
Authors: Tiefenbacher Konrad , Mulzer Johann 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIn modern drug discovery, antibodies or libraries of simple synthetic organic compounds, mostly of heterocyclic origin, are favored. Natural products play an increasingly inferior role as they are considered structurally too complex, limited in quantity, and difficult to synthesize, manipulate, and derivatize. Thus it was a sensation when a Merck research group reported that classical screening of metabolites from Streptomyces platensis has unearthed a low‐molecular‐weight organic compound with remarkable antibiotic properties.
Interaction of dimethyltin(IV) dichloride with 5′‐IMP and 5′‐UMP
Authors: Gharib Farrokh , Jaberi Fatemeh , Zandevakili Mahla 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe formation constants of the species formed in the systems H+ + dimethyltin(IV) + 5′‐IMP and 5′‐UMP, H+ + 5′‐IMP and H+ + 5′‐UMP have been determined in aqueous solution in the pH range 1.5–9.5 at constant temperature (25 °C) and constant ionic strength (0.1 mol dm−3 NaClO4), using spectrophotometric and potentiometric techniques. 1H and 31P NMR investigations in aqueous solution confirmed the species formation. The precipitated complexes of IMP and UMP by Me2Sn(IV)2+ at low pH values were characterized by elemental analysis and FTIR spectroscopy methods, the bonding sites of the ligands were determined and ruled out purine and pyrimidine moieties (N‐7 and N‐1 in IMP and N‐3 in UMP, respectively) while a bidentated coordination of the phosphate group is concluded in both cases. Finally, the experiments revealed the existence of complexes with trigonal bipyramidal structures that is in agreement with similar systems resulted previously. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of screw configurations on the grafting of maleic anhydride grafted low‐density polyethylene in reactive extrusion
Authors: Fang Hui , Ma Xiuqing , Feng Lianxun , Wang Kuisheng , Cao Bin 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe effects of screw configurations, that is, the staggering angles and disc widths of the kneading blocks, on grafting reactive extrusion for maleic anhydride grafted low‐density polyethylene were investigated in a corotating twin‐screw extruder. Samples were collected from three positions along the screw and the die exit. The grafting degree (GD) of the specimens was evaluated by titration. It was found that the kneading block configurations had a significant influence on the grafting reactive extrusion. In addition, another three groups of extrusion experiments were performed to explore the intrinsic relationship between the GD, the degree of fill in the screw channel, the residence time distribution (RTD), and the mixing intensity in various screw configurations. The experimental results indicated that the location of the melting endpoint significantly affected the position at which the reaction began; the degree of fill, RTD, and mixing performance of the screw played important roles in the grafting reaction. The reverse kneading blocks with a narrow disc width, which had a high degree of fill and good mixing capacity, enhanced the increase in GD along the screw during the reactive extrusion. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Cortical patterns of category‐selective activation for faces, places and objects in adults with autism
Authors: Humphreys Kate , Hasson Uri , Avidan Galia , Minshew Nancy , Behrmann Marlene 
Published: March 2008

AbstractAutism is associated with widespread atypicalities in perception, cognition and social behavior. A crucial question concerns how these atypicalities are reflected in the underlying brain activation. One way to examine possible perturbations of cortical organization in autism is to analyze the activation of category‐selective ventral visual cortex, already clearly delineated in typical populations. We mapped out the neural correlates of face, place and common object processing, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), in a group of high‐functioning adults with autism and a typical comparison group, under both controlled and more naturalistic, viewing conditions. There were no consistent group differences in place‐related regions. Although there were no significant differences in the extent of the object‐related regions, there was more variability for these regions in the autism group. The most marked group differences were in face‐selective cortex, with individuals with autism evincing reduced activation, not only in fusiform face area but also in superior temporal sulcus and occipital face area. Ventral visual cortex appears to be organized differently in high‐functioning adults with autism, at least for face‐selective regions, although subtle differences may also exist for other categories. We propose that cascading developmental effects of low‐level differences in neuronal connectivity result in a much more pronounced effect on later developing cortical systems, such as that for face‐processing, than earlier maturing systems (those for objects and places).
The potential role for emergence in autism
Authors: Anderson George M. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractAlthough most research on autistic behavior has considered autism categorically, the increasingly apparent genetic and phenotypic complexities of autism are prompting a more dimensional approach to this area. The long‐standing interest in a less categorical approach is made clear from a review of literature. The accumulating empirical support for viewing autism‐related phenomena as separable and fractionable is outlined and includes data indicating that many of the behaviors occur in isolation in family members and the general population, are not highly correlated within individuals, and appear to be inherited separately. However, it is emphasized that some of the most common and characteristic phenomena observed in individuals diagnosed with autism do not run in their families. It is suggested that these novel, “emergent,” phenomena may arise in the individual from interacting configurations of co‐occurring traits or from the interaction of genetic and biological factors underlying the traits. A number of autism‐related phenomena including intellectual disability, seizures, persistence of primitive reflexes, stereotypies, self‐injurious behavior, savant abilities, and morphological abnormalities, among others, are discussed as potentially being emergent. It is concluded that consideration of the role of emergence in autistic behavior and related phenomena should complement a reductionist approach and might help illuminate the components and complexities of autism.
Ein Algorithmus zur Bestimmung und Optimierung von Fließlinienfiguren für beliebige Polygonplatten
Authors: Wüst Jochen , Wagner Werner 
Published: March 2008

AbstractAls Ergänzung zur weit verbreiteten Finite‐Element‐Methode wurden in den vergangenen Jahren verschiedene Optimierungsansätze zur Fließlinientheorie entwickelt. Dieser Artikel stellt einen neuartigen, systematisierten Algorithmus vor, um Ausgangskonfigurationen von Fließliniennetzen für beliebig berandete Polygonplatten zu bestimmen. Dem Anwender bietet sich somit eine Lösung für die Aufgabe, im Vorfeld eines Optimierungsprozesses eine geeignete Fließlinienfigur zu wählen. Zu diesem Zweck wird ein Verfahren zur Codierung von Fließlinienfiguren eingeführt und ein bislang unerkannter Aspekt zur Anwendung der Catalanschen Zahlenreihe im Zusammenhang mit Binärbäumen aufgezeigt. Nach einer weiterführenen Verfeinerung des Netzes kommt ein Dreieckselement in Verbindung mit einem Simplex‐Optimierungsverfahren zum Einsatz, um die Traglast der untersuchten Fließlinienkonfiguration zu bestimmen. Darüber hinaus führen andere Optimierungsstrategien wie die direkte Suchmethode oder die konjugierte Gradientenmethode zur endgültigen Lösung des Problems. Die Verwendung und die Leistungsfähigkeit dieses neuen Ansatzes wird anhand von drei Beispielen aufgezeigt.
Das Geschäft mit den Schutzplanken – Wissenschaftliche und andere Interessen
Authors: Gülich Hans‐A. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractAls Schutzeinrichtungen am Rande von Straßen und Brücken konnten Stahlschutzplanken fast ein halbes Jahrhundert lang einen unangefochtenen Spitzenplatz einnehmen. Zu ihrer erfolgreichen Vermarktung haben eine wirksame Interessenvertretung sowie unkritische Betrachtungen des Anprallvorgangs beigetragen. Unter Vernachlässigung der an einer Schnittstelle von Bau‐, Fahrzeug‐ und Verkehrstechnik notwendigen interdisziplinären Zusammenarbeit kam auf europäischer Ebene eine fragwürdige Norm zustande. Daran geäußerte Kritik störte das gesicherte Geschäft mit Schutzplanken und wurde mit disziplinarischen Maßnahmen beantwortet. Nachdem auch auf deutschen Straßen Vorteile von Schutzwänden aus Beton sichtbar werden, bedürfen frühere Fehleinschätzungen und Festlegungen einer Korrektur.
Removal of Copper, Nickel and Zinc Ions from Aqueous Solution by Chitosan‐8‐Hydroxyquinoline Beads
Authors: Barros Francisco C. F. , Sousa Francisco W. , Cavalcante Rivelino M. , Carvalho Tecia V. , Dias Francisco S. , Queiroz Danilo C. , Vasconcellos Luiz C. G. , Nascimento Ronaldo F. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIn this work, 8‐hydroxyquinoline is used as the active sites in cross‐linked chitosan beads with epichlorohydrin (CT‐8HQ). The CT‐8HQ material was shaped in bead form and used for heavy metal removal from aqueous solution. The study was carried out at pH 5.0 with both batch and column methods and the maximum adsorption capacity of metal ions by the CT‐8HQ was attained in 4 h in the batch experiment. The adsorption capacity order was: Cu2+ > Ni2+ > Zn2+ for both mono‐ and multi‐component systems with batch conditions. From breakthrough curves with column conditions, the adsorption capacity followed the order Cu2+ > Zn2+ > Ni2+ for both mono‐ and multi‐component systems. The CT‐8HQ beads maintained good metal adsorption capacity for all five cycles with absorbent restoration achieved with the use of 1.0 mol L–1 HCl solution, with 90% regeneration.
Water Quality of the River Yamuna in the Delhi Stretch: Key Determinants and Management Issues
Authors: Trisal Chaman , Tabassum Tanveera , Kumar Ritesh 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe assessment of water quality of the River Yamuna in the Delhi stretch was carried out by determining changes in the concentration levels of 19 physico‐chemical parameters. It was observed that vegetation plays an important role in acting as a biological sink for mineral nutrients, thereby restoring the water quality. It is proposed that restoration of the inundation pattern of floodplains would greatly help in re‐aeration of the overlying water and re‐absorption of pollutants through mud/water exchanges.
Biosorption of Nickel from Synthetic and Electroplating Industrial Solutions using a Green Marine Algae Ulva reticulata
Authors: Vijayaraghavan Kuppusamy 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe present work investigated the biosorption of nickel from synthetic and electroplating industrial effluents using a green marine algae Ulva reticulata. Preliminary batch results imply that pH 4.5 was optimum for nickel uptake and the isotherm experiments conducted at this pH condition indicated that U. reticulata can biosorb 62.3 mg g–1 nickel ions from synthetic solutions, according to the Langmuir model. Desorption was effective and practical using 0.1 M CaCl2 (pH 2.5, HCl) and the biomass was regenerated and reused for three cycles. Continuous biosorption experiments were performed in an upflow packed column (2 cm I.D and 35 cm height). Among the two electroplating effluents used, effluent‐1 is characterized by excess co‐ions and high nickel ion content. This influenced the column nickel uptake with U. reticulata exhibiting 52.1 mg g–1 in the case of effluent‐1 compared to 56.5 mg g–1 in the case of synthetic solution. On the other hand U. reticulata performed well in effluent‐2 with uptakes of 53.3 and 54.3 mg g–1 for effluent‐2 and synthetic solution, respectively. Mathematical modeling of column experimental data was performed using nonlinear forms of the Thomas‐ and modified dose‐response models, with the latter able to simulate breakthrough curves with high correlation coefficients.
New Strategy to Reduce the Harmful Effects of Smoking: Reducing the Level of N‐nitrosamines in Mainstream Smoke by NaA Zeolite and In vitro and In vivo Investigations
Authors: Gao Ling , Wang Ying , Xu Yang , Zhou Shi Lu , Zhuang Ting Ting , Wu Zheng Ying , Zhu Jian Hua 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA new effort to control the pollution caused by smoking by use of zeolite sieving the N‐nitrosamines in smoke is depicted and assessed in this paper, which is a first preliminary approach to demonstrate the performance characteristics of zeolite for the reduction of the concentration of N‐nitrosamines in the cigarette smoke. Smoking causes global pollution and is difficult to control because smoke is a complex system containing thousands of components. A new strategy is presented here for the reduction of the harmful effects of smoking through dispersion of zeolite into the tobacco rod of cigarettes to eliminate the N‐nitrosamines once they form in the smoke, and both in vitro and in vivo tests were employed to check the efficiency of this strategy. The impact of zeolite on the combustion of tobacco and the total toxicity of smoke are evaluated for the first time. Lower mutagenic activity and higher CHO cell livability were found for the test cigarette containing zeolite in comparison with the control, and no significant damage was detected in 30‐day animal experiments when exposed to the cigarette smoke. This confirms the feasibility of the new strategy and promotes the potential application of zeolite for protecting public health.
Improving the Quality of Municipal Solid Waste Compost by Using Expanded Perlite and Natural Zeolite
Authors: Turan N. Gamze , Ergun Osman Nuri 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe scope of this study was to investigate the effects of natural zeolite and expanded perlite on the quality of municipal solid waste compost. Various ratios of the materials were added as supplements to the organic fraction of municipal solid waste. These applications were periodically compared with an untreated control process. The results obtained from experimental studies clearly showed that municipal solid waste collected from the metropolitan city center of Samsun, Turkey could not be composted without any additions due to the very high moisture content, which reached up to 75–80%. In the untreated control process, thermophilic temperatures were not supported during the composting. In this system, ammonia and other odors became a problem because of the high pH levels, and the electrical conductivity was too high for aged compost. However, the addition of natural zeolite and expanded perlite had a positive affect on the quality of the final compost. Natural zeolite trapped ammonium and reduced nitrogen losses from the compost. Expanded perlite held excess moisture and supported improved aeration. The results also indicated that the use of natural zeolite together with expanded perlite in municipal solid waste composting processes produced mature and stable compost.
Concentration of Ciprofloxacin in Brazilian Hospital Effluent and Preliminary Risk Assessment: A Case Study
Authors: Martins Ayrton F. , Vasconcelos Tibiriçá G. , Henriques Danielle M. , Frank Carla da S. , König Armin , Kümmerer Klaus 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis study was carried out to evaluate the occurrence of the fluoroquinolone antimicrobial agent ciprofloxacin (CIP) in the effluent of the Hospital of the Federal University of Santa Maria (HUSM). Measured environmental concentrations (MECs) of CIP in the hospital wastewater, both before (P1) and after (P2) cesspit/filter system treatment (CFTS), were determined by means of solid phase extraction and reversed‐phase liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (LC‐FLD) and reversed‐phase liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (LC‐MS/MS). The MECs (n = 7 daily composed samples) were 19 to 155 μg L–1 (average: 54 ± 21 μg L–1) and 32 to 99 μg L–1 (average: 65 ± 45 μg L–1) in P1 and P2, respectively. No relevant removal was observed from P1 to P2. In a worst case scenario, the final effluent was regarded as MECs of surface water. These MECs were generally 5 to 20,000‐fold higher than what was previously known. If the present data is drawn on to form a model of the situation in developing countries, the picture provides a first rough indication that the environmental risk associated with the use and emission of pharmaceuticals into the environment in developing countries might be higher than in developed countries.
Randomized, placebo‐controlled, pilot study evaluating aprepitant single dose plus palonosetron and dexamethasone for the prevention of acute and delayed chemotherapy‐induced nausea and vomiting
Authors: Herrington Jon D. , Jaskiewicz Adam D. , Song Juhee 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND.The combination of palonosetron and aprepitant is safe and effective in the prevention of chemotherapy‐induced emesis (CIE). The purpose of this pilot study was to ascertain the effectiveness of 1‐day versus 3‐day aprepitant in the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting in patients who were receiving highly emetogenic chemotherapy.METHODS.This study was institutional review board‐approved and informed consent was obtained before this study was begun. This was a pilot, single‐institution, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial that evaluated 3 different treatment arms. All groups received palonosetron 0.25 mg intravenously on Day 1 and dexamethasone on Days 1–4. Arm A received aprepitant 125 mg orally on Day 1 followed by 80 mg on Days 2–3. Arm B received aprepitant 125 mg orally on Day 1 and placebo on Days 2–3. Arm C received placebos on Days 1–3. The primary endpoint was to evaluate the proportion of patients with acute and delayed emesis within each group.RESULTS.Seventy‐five patients were included in the analysis. The study commenced with 3 groups; however, an interim analysis displayed unacceptable emesis events in Arm C, and this group was terminated. There were no significant differences between Arms A and B for emesis, nausea, or the use of breakthrough antiemetics. In Arms A and B, 93% of patients were emesis‐free from Days 1–5 compared with only 50% in Arm C.CONCLUSIONS.From this pilot study of patients who were receiving palonosetron, aprepitant, and dexamethasone for highly emetogenic chemotherapy, a single dose of aprepitant displayed similar effectiveness compared with 3‐day aprepitant. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Decreased expression of methyl methansulfonate and ultraviolet‐sensitive gene clone 81 (Mus81) is correlated with a poor prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Wu Fan , Liu Si‐Yu , Tao Yi‐Ming , Ou Di‐Peng , Fang Feng , Yang Lian‐Yue 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND.Recent work has demonstrated that methyl methansulfonate and ultraviolet‐sensitive gene clone 81 (Mus81) is critical in the maintenance of chromosome stability and tumor suppression in mice. To investigate its role in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which currently is unknown, the authors examined the correlation between Mus81 expression and prognosis in patients with HCC.METHODS.Reverse transcriptase‐polymersase chain reaction and Western blot analyses were used to determine Mus81 expression levels in 41 paired HCC and paracarcinomatous liver tissue (PCLT) specimens. Immunohistochemistry analysis was also performed on 104 HCC specimens from patients with follow‐up information.RESULTS.Both Mus81 messenger RNA and protein expression levels were decreased significantly in HCC specimens. Moreover, lower Mus81 expression levels were detected in nodular HCC (NHCC) than in solitary large HCC (SLHCC) specimens. Among 104 specimens of HCC, the positive rate of Mus81 was significantly lower than the rate in PCLT (P = .017), and the decreased Mus81expression was correlated significantly with high Edmondson‐Steiner grade, multiple tumor nodes, and venous invasion. Patients with HCC who had low Mus81 expression had either poorer disease‐free survival or poorer overall survival than patients who had with high Mus81 expression (P = .0027 and P = .0001, respectively). Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that low Mus81 expression was an independent prognostic factor for patients with HCC (risk ratio, 5.74; P = .012).CONCLUSIONS.Mus81 expression levels were decreased significantly in HCC specimens, and the decreased levels were correlated with a poor prognosis in patients with HCC, implicating Mus81 as a candidate prognostic marker in HCC. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.