bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of the Fluorosis Risk Index in a Cohort Study: The Iowa Fluoride Study
Authors: Levy Steven M. , Hong Liang , Warren John J. , Broffitt Barbara 
Published: May 2007

AbstractObjectives: Several studies have used the Fluorosis Risk Index (FRI) to assess risk factors for dental fluorosis. This study reports fluorosis prevalence estimates in a birth cohort using the FRI in different ways. Methods: Subjects (n=443) were participants in the Iowa Fluoride Study, a birth cohort study of fluoride exposures and intake, fluorosis, and caries. Early‐erupting permanent teeth were assessed for fluorosis using the FRI at approximately age 9. Fluorosis prevalence rates were calculated separately for specific teeth and different combinations of teeth, with varied FRI zones included and using different thresholds. Mean numbers of teeth with fluorosis were calculated. Results: Tooth‐specific fluorosis prevalence varied, with maxillary central incisor fluorosis most prevalent and mandibles incisors least affected. Considering three zones of each tooth (cervical zones excluded), 40.6% overall had at least one tooth with mild or more involved fluorosis, 30.2% were questionable fluorosis, and 29.1% had no fluorosis. When only FRI zone I areas were considered, the corresponding percentages were 33.2%, 29.3%, and 37.5%, respectively. When different combinations of teeth were used to define fluorosis cases, the prevalences estimated using three zones were generally 1 to 9 percentage points higher than those estimated from FRI zone I only. Most fluorosis was mild, with only 7 individuals (1.6%) having FRI severe fluorosis. Conclusions: The FRI has advantages for use in analytical epidemiologic studies of dental fluorosis. However, the population prevalence estimates vay, depending on the index and case definition used. Therefore, it is recommended that consideration be given to concurrent use of another index (i.e., TSIF; TE Dean's) if prevalence estimates are an important study outcome.
Determining Dental Utilization Rates for Children: An Analysis of Data from the Iowa Medicaid and SCHIP Programs
Authors: Damiano Peter , Momany Elizabeth T. , Crall James J. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract Objective: Accessing dental care is a significant problem for children in Medic‐aid and SCHIP Evaluating the extent of the access problem is affected by the differential dental utilization rates as calculated by unique approaches used by national organizations. The problem is related to the intermittent enrollment in Medicaid and SCHIP for many children during the year. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of four different approaches for calculating dental utilization rates for children in Medicaid and SCHIP programs. Methods: All Iowa Medicaid and S‐SCHIP dental claims and enrollment files for CY 2001 were used to characterize the populations, calculate dental utilization rates and evaluate the types of services received by dental utilizers. Dental utilization rates were calculated four ways using the following different rate denominators: 1) any child enrolled during the year (Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services method), 2) children enrolled for 11–12 months (National Committee for Quality Assurance method), 3) a full‐time equivalents (FTE) method, 4) only newly enrolled children. Results: The methodology employed greatly affected the dental utilization rates. Rates varied from 18% for newly enrolled children in Medicaid to 58% for S‐SCHIP‐enrolled children using the FTE method. Methods that included children who were more likely to be in for more months during the year, such as the NCQA approach, produced the highest rates. Conclusions: The method used to determine the dental utilization rates for Medicaid and SCHIP enrollees should be clearly stated when these rates are being presented. This will allow the reader to be able to make a careful and appropriate interpretation of the results.
Adult Oral Health Inequalities Described Using Area‐based and Household‐based Socioeconomic Status Measures
Authors: Jamieson Lisa M. , Thomson W. Murray 
Published: May 2007

AbstractObjectives: To describe adult oral health inequalities using an area‐based and household‐based measure of socioeconomic status (SES). Methods: Self‐report questionnaires (seeking information on sociodemographic, oral health and oral self‐care) were sent to a random sample of adults from the Dunedin South Electorate, New Zealand. Household‐ and area‐based SES measures were collected. The main outcome measures were edentulism prevalence, average‐poor self‐rated oral health and not having visited a dentist for 2+ years. Data were weighted to produce population‐based estimates. Results: The response rate was 78.2%; the sample mean age was 47 years (sd, 17; range 18–92 years) and females comprised 54.0%. Edentulism was most prevalent among those from low‐SES households who were resident in high‐deprivation areas (P>0.0001). Poor self‐rated oral health (P>0.0001) and 2+ years since the last dental visit (P>0.0001) were also most prevalent among these same individuals. In contrast, respondents from high‐SES households located in the least deprived areas had the lowest prevalence of edentulism, poor self‐repotted oral health or 2+ years since their last dental visit. Those from the other household/area SES combinations occupied intermediate positions. Conclusions: There may be added value to dental public health in using a dual socio‐economic measurement approach to population research, with greater oral health gains perhaps being possible by concentrating resources and clinical effort on people living in low‐SES households in highly—deprived areas, rather than those living in low‐SES households in areas that are not deprived.
Tooth Loss in a Young Population from South Brazil
Authors: Susin Cristiano , Haas Alex N. , Opermann Rui V. , Albandar Jasim M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractObjectives: To assess the prevalence, extent, and risk indicators of tooth loss in a representative young urban population from south Brazil. Methods: A representative sample was drawn using a multi‐stage probability cluster sampling strategy, and consisted of 612 subjects 14–29 years of age in the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre, Brazil. A clinical examination was carried out by 4 calibrated examiners in a mobile examination center. Results: The prevalence of tooth loss was 44.8%, 26%, and 60%, and the mean tooth loss was 1.4, 0.6, and 2.4 teeth in the age groups 14–29, 14–19 and 25–29 years, respectively. First molars were the most frequently missing teeth, and the mandibular incisors and canines were the least missing teeth. Tooth loss increased sharply with age, and was similar in males and females. Having ≤4 missing teeth was significantly Associated with low Socioeconomic status and heavy smoking, and was significantly more likely in persons who had ≤2 teeth with caries/fillings and/or ≤5 mm attachment loss. Conclusion: Tooth loss is a dental health concern in this young Brazilian population. Community‐based oral diseases prevention programs targeting groups having these risk factors should be implemented to reduce tooth loss.
Is Regular Visiting Associated with Lower Costs? Analyzing Service Utilization Patterns in the First Nations Population in Canada
Authors: Leake James L. , Birch Stephen , Main Patricia A. , Ho Elsa 
Published: May 2007

Abstract Objectives: Using an administrative database of dental service records from the Non‐Insured Health Benefits (NIHB) program of Health Canada for 1994–2001, the authors set out to test whether regular visitors had lower program expenditures. Methods: The age‐specific mean expenditures per client were compared among those with regular examinations in 8, 7 and fewer years. The study further examined the effect of regular visiting over the first 6 years on expenditures in the last 2 years. “Continuity of care” was measured by the numbers of consecutive years prior to 2000 in which clients had a regular examination. In a “gap analysis” individuals were classified according to the number of years prior to 2000 since they last had an initial or recall examination. Mean expenditures per client were analyzed by age group and type of service. Findings: Over the 8‐year period, clients with regular visits had the highest expenditures. In both the continuity of care and gap analyses, the findings were generally consistent; the more that clients visited over the first 6 years, the higher the expenditures in the final 2 years. Clients with more “regulaf (initial and recall) examinations received a relatively standard, age‐specific, pattern of service but incurred greater expenditures compared to clients with fewer regular, or longer gaps in, examinations. Conclusion: The observations of the authors in this client group do not support the thesis that regular visiting is Associated with lower expenditures on dental care.
Oral Health Status of Mississippi Delta 3– to 5‐Year‐Olds in Child Care: An Exploratory Study of Dental Health Status and Risk Factors for Dental Disease and Treatment Needs
Authors: Southward Linda H. , Robertson Angela , Wells‐Parker Elisabeth , Eklund Neva Penton , Silberman Stephen L. , Crall James J. , Edelstein Burton L. , Baggett Dorris H. , Parrish David R. , Hanna Heather 
Published: May 2007

Abstract Objectives: For poor and minority young children, disparities exist in dental health and treatment. In rural impoverished areas, institutions that reach young children and potentially offer access to care are limited. In the current Mississippi Delta study, child care centers were examined as potential venues for oral health intervention and research, and potential risk factors for dental caries and treatment urgency in high‐risk preschool children were explored. Methods: Child care centers were selected and attending children recruited. Data on oral health practices were collected from surveys of center directors and parents/caregivers. Children were examined for caries and treatment urgency at centers by dentists. Bivariate and multivariate analyses with a 0.05 alpha were used to examine data. Results: A total of 346 preschool children at 15 participating centers were examined: 46% were female, 68% minority. Minority children and those with public insurance were more than twice as likely to have caries and urgent treatment needs as non‐minorities or those with private insurance. The odds of children having caries were half as great if parents reported using floss and nearly twice as great if the parent had experienced a dental abscess. For every soft drink the parent consumed daily, the odds of dental caries for children increased by 44%. Conclusions: Conducting oral health exams and research in child care venues was possible, yet presented challenges. The combined use of two parental variables, reported soft drink consumption and abscess history appears promising for caries prediction. Implementation of oral health programs and research in child care venues merits further exploration.
Role of African‐American Fathers in Child‐Rearing and Oral Health Practices in an Inner City Environment ‐ A Brief Communication
Authors: Broder Hillary , Reisine Susan , Johnson Robert 
Published: May 2007

AbstractObjective: This study assesses parenting behaviors, health behaviors and attitudes in a sample of disadvantaged African‐American fathers and evaluates the potential of fathers as recipients of oral health promotion interventions. Methods: Participants were 60 African‐American fathers whose children were enrolled in a childhood caries prevention study at Women and Infant Child Program (WIC) (n=25) or who were members of a Young Fathers' Program (n=35) at an urban health center. Demographic factors, oral health knowledge, dental self‐efficacy parenting behaviors, readiness to change, and health promotion behaviors were assessed. Results: Participants averaged 30.8 years of age (sd=8.6); children averaged 2.I years (sd=0.9). Half of the fathers always have lived with their own children and 92% had regular physical contact with their children. Almost half of the sample reported ‘fair/poor’ oral health status, while less than 25% reported ‘fair/poor’ general health. Fathers had high oral health knowledge scores (X=7.7 correct of 9 items), and high readiness for change scores at the action stage (X=12.2 of 15; sd=1.9). dental self‐efficacy scores were moderate (X=15.7 of 24; sd=5.5). Half of the fathers shared or had sole responsibility for brushing their children's teeth; 90% report children's teeth were brushed daily. Conclusions: African‐ American fathers participated in childrearing and oral health promotion behaviors.
Predictors of Dental Pain and General Anesthetic Receipt for Hospital Dental Procedures Among New Zealand Children
Authors: Jamieson Lisa M. , Koopu Pauline I. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract Objectives: To predict experience of dental pain and hospital dental general anesthetic receipt among Maori, Pacific and New Zealand European or Other (NZEO) children in New Zealand. Methods: Data were from the 2002 National Child Nutrition Survey. Models representing demographic, socio‐economic status (SES), lifestyle, dietary, food security and oral health paradigms were tested using logistic regression. Results: Some 3275 children participated; 37.4 % Mäori, 32.3 % Pacific and 30.3% NZEO. Mäori children had higher odds of dental pain experience than NZEO children after adjusting for age, sex and length of time lived in New Zealand and with addition of household SES or physical factors. There were no differences in Pacific and NZEO child dental pain experience when the same factors were accounted for. The prevalence of dental general anesthetic receipt was similar among Maori, Pacific and NZEO children after adjusting for demographic, lifestyle, dietary, food security and dental factors in separate models. When such factors were investigated together, Pacific children were less likely to have received a dental general anesthetic than NZEO children. Conclusions: Maori children were more likely to experience dental pain and Pacific children were less likely to have received a dental general anesthetic than NZEO children after accounting for various behavioral and material factors. The latter may reflect issues pertaining to access and culturally insensitive services rather than demand for care per se.
Validation of the Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI) in the Malay Language
Authors: Othman Wan‐Nasir W. , Muttalib Khairiyah A. , Bakri Rugayah , Doss Jennifer G. , Jaafar Nasruddin , Salleh Natifah C. , Chen Sharon 
Published: May 2007

AbstractObjective: To translate and validate the Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI into the Malay language for use in Malaysia. Methodology: The 6‐Liked scale GOHAI was translated into the Malay language and self‐administered on 189 subjects aged 60+. All subjects underwent oral status assessment, The measure was assessed for construct and discriminant validity, for test‐retest reliability and principal component factor. Findings: Mean GOHAI score was 46.2 (SD 9.7, range 17–60). The Cronbach's alpha was 0.79. Mean GOHAI scores increased with more positive self‐rated oral health and general health. The elderly with no perceived dental treatment need had higher mean GOHAI scores than those with perceived needs. There were slightly stronger inverse correlations between GOHAI scores and caries experience, number of teeth present, and number of pathologically mobile teeth. The measure demonstrated strong test‐retest reliability. Eight of the 12 items had Spearman's r3 0.7. Only one principal factor was found at eigenvalue > 1. Using ANCOVA, self‐rated perception of oral health and perceived need for dental treatment had the most significant impact on the GOHAI score. Conclusion and recommendations: The Malay language version of the GOHAI demonstrated acceptable validity and reliability and will be an important instrument to measure oral health‐related quality of life among Malay‐speaking Malaysians. Use of the Malay language version GOHAI should also be pursued among diverse adult age groups.
Patient Receptivity to Tobacco Cessation Counseling in an Academic Dental Clinic: A Patient Survey
Authors: Victoroff Kristin Zakariasen , Lewis Robert , Ellis Eric , Ntragatakis Milton 
Published: May 2007

Abstract Objective: This study investigated dental patient attitudes towards tobacco cessation counseling in the dental school setting. Methods: Patients attending an academic dental clinic during a six‐week period were asked to complete a 22‐item self‐administered survey. Means and frequency distributions were assessed on all variables as appropriate. Results: Response rate was 71%. Twenty‐nine percent of respondents reported that they currently used tobacco. Seventy‐two percent of tobacco users agreed that the student dentist should ask patients whether or not they use tobacco, 67% agreed that the student dentist should advise tobacco users to quit, and 89% agreed that student dentists should offer quit tobacco information to patients who want to quit. Seventy percent of tobacco users were considering quitting or currently trying to quit, Of these, only 31% were aware of community resources to help them quit. Conclusions: The majority of tobacco users were positive in their attitudes toward delivery of tobacco cessation counseling and services in the dental setting. Many were considering or trying to quit, but few were aware of community resources to help them.
Absence of a Universal Mechanism of Mitochondrial Toxicity by Nucleoside Analogs
Authors: Lund Kaleb C. , Peterson LaRae L. , Wallace Kendall B. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTNucleoside analogs are associated with various mitochondrial toxicities, and it is becoming increasingly difficult to accommodate these differences solely in the context of DNA polymerase gamma inhibition. Therefore, we examined the toxicities of zidovudine (AZT) (10 and 50 μM; 2.7 and 13.4 μg/ml), didanosine (ddI) (10 and 50 μM; 2.4 and 11.8 μg/ml), and zalcitabine (ddC) (1 and 5 μM; 0.21 and 1.1 μg/ml) in HepG2 and H9c2 cells without the presumption of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) depletion. Ethidium bromide (EtBr) (0.5 μg/ml; 1.3 μM) was used as a positive control. AZT treatment resulted in metabolic disruption (increased lactate and superoxide) and increased cell mortality with decreased proliferation, while mtDNA remained unchanged or increased (HepG2 cells; 50 μM AZT). ddC caused pronounced mtDNA depletion in HepG2 cells but not in H9c2 cells and increased mortality in HepG2 cells, but no significant metabolic disruption in either cell type. ddI caused a moderate depletion of mtDNA in both cell types but showed no other effects. EtBr exposure resulted in metabolic disruption, increased cell mortality with decreased cell proliferation, and mtDNA depletion in both cell types. We conclude that nucleoside analogs display unique toxicities within and between culture models, and therefore, care should be taken when generalizing about the mechanisms of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor toxicity. Additionally, mtDNA abundance does not necessarily correlate with metabolic disruption, especially in cell culture; careful discernment is recommended in this regard.
Efficacy of Fluoroquinolones againstLeptospira interrogansin a Hamster Model
Authors: Griffith Matthew E. , Moon James E. , Johnson Erica N. , Clark Kyra P. , Hawley Joshua S. , Hospenthal Duane R. , Murray Clinton K. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTCiprofloxacin, gatifloxacin, and levofloxacin were evaluated for their abilities to prevent mortality in hamsters infected with a lethal inoculum ofLeptospira interrogansserovar Portlandvere. Each agent produced a statistically significant survival advantage compared to no treatment and demonstrated survival similar to that seen with doxycycline therapy.
Characterization of an Integron Carrying
bla
IMP-1
and a New Aminoglycoside Resistance Gene,
aac(6′)-31
, and Its Dissemination among Genetically Unrelated Clinical Isolates in a Brazilian Hospital
Authors: Mendes Rodrigo E. , Castanheira Mariana , Toleman Mark A. , Sader Helio S. , Jones Ronald N. , Walsh Timothy R. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT

Seven
bla
IMP-1
-harboring
Acinetobacter
sp. isolates and one
Pseudomonas putida
clinical isolate were recovered from hospitalized patients. All isolates possessed a class 1 integron, named In86, carrying the same cassette array [
bla
IMP1
,
aac(6
′
)-31
, and
aadA1
], which was plasmid located in five of the isolates. This report describes the ability of nonfermentative nosocomial pathogens to acquire and disseminate antimicrobial resistance determinants.
Reversal of the Antichlamydial Activity of Putative Type III Secretion Inhibitors by Iron
Authors: Slepenkin Anatoly , Enquist Per-Anders , Hägglund Ulrik , de la Maza Luis M. , Elofsson Mikael , Peterson Ellena M. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTINPs, which are chemically synthesized compounds belonging to a class of acylated hydrazones of salicylaldehydes, can inhibit the growth ofChlamydiaceae. Evidence has been presented that inYersiniaandChlamydiaINPs may affect the type III secretion (T3S) system. In the present study 25 INPs were screened for antichlamydial activity at a concentration of 50 μM, and 14 were able to completely inhibit the growth ofChlamydia trachomatisserovar D in McCoy and HeLa 229 cells. The antichlamydial activities of two of these INPs, INPs 0341 and 0400, were further characterized due to their low cytotoxicity. These compounds were found to inhibitC. trachomatisin a dose-dependent manner; were not toxic to elementary bodies; were cidal at a concentration of ≥20 μM; inhibited allChlamydiaceaetested; and could inhibit the development ofC. trachomatisas determined by the yield of progeny when they were added up to 24 h postinfection. INP 0341 was able to affect the expression of several T3S genes. Compared to the expression in control cultures,lcrH-1,copB, andincA, all middle- to late-expressed T3S genes, were not expressed in the INP 0341-treated cultures 24 to 36 h postinfection. Iron, supplied as ferrous sulfate, as ferric chloride, or as holo-transferrin, was able to negate the antichlamydial properties of the INPs. In contrast, apo-transferrin and other divalent metal ions tested were not able to reverse the inhibitory effect of the INPs. In conclusion, the potent antichlamydial activity of INPs is directly or indirectly linked with iron, and this inhibition ofChlamydiahas an effect on the T3S system of this intracellular pathogen.