bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hypomanic personality trait in cocaine addiction
Authors: LEMERE FREDERICK , SMITH JAMES W. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAn analysis of 292 private patients treated for cocaine addiction showed the following. Comorbid Axis I psychiatric disorders were found in 19% and preaddiction Axis I disorders in 9% of these patients. Psychopathology at the time of treatment appeared to be more the result of than the cause of the addiction. Of these patients 63% had become addicted pursuing euphoria. A definitive nonpathologic unipolar hypomanic subtype of cocaine addict was observed in 13% of these 292 patients. This was manifested more as a trait than a disorder. This subgroup had been reasonably well adjusted, fun‐loving and action oriented extroverts before their addiction. The rush and lifestyle of cocaine fit the imperatives of their personality. In a significant subtype of cocaine addict, an underlying hypomanic personality trait is ego‐syntonic with the abuse of cocaine.
The tobacco use research program at Oregon Research Institute
Authors: LICHTENSTEIN EDWARD , BIGLAN ANTHONY , GLASGOW RUSSELL E. , SEVERSON HERBERT , ARY DENNIS 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe research program at ORI deals with both adolescent and adult tobacco use and is guided by a behavioral framework which emphasizes the role of the social context in tobacco use onset, maintenance and cessation. Growing appreciation of the importance of social context variables, combined with an emerging recognition of the need for a public health rather than clinical perspective on tobacco use, have led to a focus on interventions in larger social systems such as schools, worksites, health care plans, and communities. This research requires attention to the science of behavior change at both the individual and organizational levels.
Regularity in alcohol distributions: implications for the collective nature of drinking behaviour
Authors: TAN E. S. , LEMMENS P. H. R M. , KONING A. J. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe assumption of a one parameter lognormal distribution in the Ledermann theory is relaxed. Implications of only regularity in distributional farm for the collective nature of drinking behaviour are considered. It is shown that there must be a so‐called point of attraction over which an increase in mean consumption will result in a decrease of percentile point value. The validity of regularity in distributional form and the practical relevance of the Ledermann model is discussed. An example from Dutch data on alcohol consumption among men obtained in 1970 and 1985 illustrates the relevance of an existing point of attraction.
Natural history of parenteral drug addicts treated in a general hospital
Authors: MUGA R. , TOR J. , GINESTA C. , MELUS R. , JACAS C. , REY‐JOLY C. , FOZ M. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe progress of 298 heroin addicts treated for different reasons in a general hospital from 1984 to 1987 is followed, in order to know the remission degree of parenteral drug use and mortality rates in heroin abusers, after being treated for organic diseases or undergoing quick detoxification treatment. After an average of 25 months since their first visit or admission, information was obtained in 90% of the cases, and of these, it was confirmed that 4% (11/266) had died and that 6% (15/255) were in prison. Of the remainder, reliable information was obtained from 66% (158/240), of whom 40% were no longer endovenous drug users, while 54% were still addicted to parenteral drugs. The results showed a higher percentage of remission in patients that had been admitted for organic diseases (39/65; 60%) than in those that had been treated for detoxification (30/93; 35%) (P<0.05).
Criminality of heroin users presenting to an Australian hospital‐based drug and alcohol unit
Authors: DESLAND MALCOLM , BATEY ROBERT 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe rates of criminality of two groups of heroin users presenting to Westmead Hospital were studied. Forty‐seven heroin users referred by a structured court diversion scheme (DACAP) were compared with 45 self‐referred heroin users. Demographic data, heroin use measures, non‐narcotic drug use, and alcohol use were collected by semi‐structured interview. Official records were used for measures of criminality. This provided a comprehensive profile of conviction and incarceration rates. Each sample was compared on the age at presentation, intensity and duration of heroin use, and presenting rates of criminality. Results demonstrated the DACAP sample was significantly less heroin involved at presentation with a marginally shorter history of use. Comparisons on criminality demonstrated no difference between samples on six measures. The DACAP group recorded significantly higher levels on two criminality measures, the reverse of what was hypothesized. It is suggested that the DACAP diversion scheme generates a distinct subpopulation of heroin users, characterized by younger age, lower education, less marital attachment, poorer employment history, earlier onset of antisocial behaviour and comparable criminality. Identifiable subpopulations of heroin users appear to be generated by the different referral sources: legal or health oriented. The utility of diverting a more criminally and socially dysfunctional group to treatment agencies is discussed.
Help‐seeking and referrals in a needle exchange: a comprehensive service to injecting drug users
Authors: CARVELL ANDREA M. , HART GRAHAM J. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryFrom November 1987 to March 1989 total number of clients, visits made, including numbers of new clients and second visits, and referrals to other agencies were routinely monitored at The Cleveland Street Needle Exchange, the Middlesex Hospital, London. During the study period a total of 510 onward referrals were made, involving 277 clients. Of these, 305 (59.7%) were to drug agencies and 187 (36.7%) to medical services. A sample of clients were interviewed to identify demographic and behavioural characteristics. Comparisons were made between those clients receiving referrals and the general client population; no significant differences were found in terms of sex, age and current patterns of drug use. However, those who accepted and took up referrals were found to have begun opiate use, injecting drug use and daily injecting at an earlier age than the general client population. The scheme attracts and retains its clients and provides a comprehensive service to a client group not currently in contact with other services.
Moist snuff in Sweden—tradition and evolution
Authors: NORDGREN PAUL , RAMSTRÖM LARS 
Published: January 2006

AbstractSnuff‐dipping was already widespread in Sweden in the 19th century. After the 1920s snuff sales went down, but Sweden still kept its position as world leader infer capita consumption of moist snuff. Following a major advertising campaign snuff consumption began rising again in the late 1960s. The Swedish Tobacco Company claims that Swedish snuff is a‘less harmful’ alternative to cigarettes. Swedish epidemiological studies indicate that there is a cancer risk from snuff‐dipping, but it is low compared with smoking. Accordingly, the STC claims to “do a good job replacing cigarettes with snuff”. However, an analysis of the trends in tobacco usage patterns in Sweden during the last few decades does not support this claim. The marketing of moist snuff has not primarily attracted older smokers who would seek help in order to stop smoking, but young people. The use of snuff is no prerequisite and no guarantee for a decrease of smoking. On the contrary, taking up snuff must be seen as an introduction to the tobacco habit and possibly a first step towards taking up cigarettes.
Changes in the control of alcohol misuse
Authors: BUNTON ROBIN 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper examines use of the concept of control by policy makers, researchers, health promoters, crime preventers and therapists. It also looks at recently advocated local, ‘non‐control’ measures which are pan of the public health arsenal of prevention measures. It is argued that the broadening concerns of the public health perspective may be viewed as a pan of the growth of new, more pervasive forms of social regulation and control which should be a concern for those working to reduce alcohol misuse.
Problem drinking as a form of learned behaviour: a final rejoinder to Gorman and Edwards
Authors: HEATHER NICK 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis article continues, and hopefully concludes, a dispute in this journal over the value of the learning paradigm of problem drinking, as outlined by Heather & Robertson1. It is first reasserted that the idea that the problem drinking paradigm is nothing more than a bid by psychologists to take over the alcohol studies field is neither a useful nor serious proposition. Secondly, it is denied that our claim is that psychology has already succeeded in substituting a new paradigm for an old one, but conceded that the term ‘general theory’ may be more appropriate in some ways than ‘paradigm’. Thirdly, the criticism that the general learning theory is as tautologous as the disease theory it aspires to replace is again rejected. Finally, the merits of a general theory of problem drinking, as opposed to a diversify of explanatory models, are expounded.
Alcohol and mortality: a review of prospective studies
Authors: SHAPER A. G. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryNon‐drinkers and heavy drinkers tend to have higher total and cardiovascular mortality rates than light or moderate drinkers. The finding is not disputed; it is the interpretation of this U‐shaped curve that is controversial, and in particular the belief that light and moderate drinking protects against coronary heart disease. The British Regional Heart Study of middle‐aged British men has shown that 70% of non‐drinkers are ex‐drinkers. Those ex‐drinkers have high rates of doctor‐diagnosed illnesses including heart disease, hypertension, diabetes and bronchitis as well as high prevalence rates of measured hypertension, obesity, current smoking and regular medical treatment. Over a five‐year period men who were diagnosed as having heart disease, had multiple diagnoses or were put on regular medication had an increased likelihood of becoming non‐drinkers or occasional drinkers. The study suggests a downward drift from heavy and moderate drinking towards non‐drinking under the influence of accumulating ill health. The data strongly suggest that the observed alcohol‐mortality relationships in prospective studies are produced by symptoms and disease present at the time of screening, and by the prior movement of men with such disorders into non‐drinking or occasional drinking categories. The concept of a protective effect on mortality which ignores the dynamic relationship between ill health and drinking behaviour is likely to be ill‐founded. A review of the major prospective studies reveals an inadequate exploration of the nature of non‐drinkers, who are clearly unsuitable for use as a baseline in studies of the effects of alcohol on health.
A meta‐analysis of change in marital and employment status as predictors of alcohol consumption on a typical occasion*
Authors: TEMPLE MARK T. , FILLMORE KAYE MIDDLETON , HARTKA ELIZABETH , JOHNSTONE BRYAN , LEINO E. VICTOR , MOTOYOSHI MICHELLE 
Published: January 2006

AbstractMeta‐analysis is used to combine results of primary data from 12 longitudinal studies to examine the consistency of results with respect to the role of changes on the individual level in marital status and employment status on changes in consumption of alcohol per typical occasion. The analyses control for the effects of Time 1 consumption per occasion and education. Not getting married and becoming unmarried are associated with increased consumption at follow‐up and both variables are positively related to increased consumption among older men, but only becoming unmarried was related to increased consumption among older women. Becoming married is homogeneously and negatively associated with consumption at follow‐up for younger and older persons of both sexes. Chronic unemployment is negatively related to consumption at follow‐up among older mates and younger females. Becoming unemployed between measurements is homogeneously and negatively related to consumption among older mates and females, but positively related among younger mates. Becoming employed is homogeneously and positively related to later consumption among all groups except young females.
Epidemiological surveillance of opioid‐related episodes in an emergency room of Barcelona, Spain (1979–1989)
Authors: DOMINGO A. , ANTÓ J. M. , CAMI J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIn the early 80's opioid addiction was a low prevalence problem in Spain, grew enormously during that decade and became the most important risk factor for AIDS in recent years. The limitations of assessing the prevalence of illegal drug use by means of standard epidemiological methods lead, worldwide, to the use of indirect indicators. A Register of Toxicological Emergencies, developed for research purposes and containing data from 1979 to 1989 at the Hospital del Mar (Barcelona) is described. Results for opioid‐related emergencies are presented, showing an epidemic increase in the number of suck emergencies after 1981. The total number of opioid‐related emergencies was 18042 with a mean of 2.23 opioid‐related emergency admissions per client throughout the whole period, implying that some 8000 persons were seen. In episodes from non‐arrestees, mean age increased slightly over time, the male/female ratio being 2.5; withdrawal was the more frequent reason for attendance (53%), overdoses accounting for 9% of admissions, and other medical conditions for 33%. Non‐arrested women were more likely to attend for other medical conditions and overdoses than men. The importance of this kind of register as well as its limitations for assessing the trend of opioid use prevalence is discussed.
Regulation and abuse liability testing of medicines in Europe beyond 1992
Authors: ALONSO FERNANDO GARCIA 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe procedures for approving medicines have been progressively harmonized within the European Community. The authorization of medicinal products beyond 1992 will be based on a more centralized procedure, with important safeguards to ensure that there is no dilution of strict standards of quality, safety, and efficacy. Although some efforts have been attempted to coordinate the procedures for approving medicines with Japan and the United States, some important problems still remain. An example of this lack of coordination is the lack of agreement about applying abuse liability testing to psychotropic drugs. In the United States, abuse liability data are routinely used for scheduling and labeling new drugs under the supervision of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). This agency has codified the requirements for clinical studies of potential abuse of psychotropic drugs and requires pharmaceutical sponsors to submit specific data. However, requirements within the European Community in this matter are minimal. Clinical trials on subjective effects, drug discrimination or drug preference are not requested. This situation demands more scientific interchange between officials and scientists from the FDA and their counterparts from Europe. The Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products (CPMP) must play a major role in this coordination and interchange.
The necessity and utility of abuse liability evaluations in human subjects
Authors: VOCCI FRANK J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAssessments of the abuse potential of psychoactive drugs in preclinical and clinical studies are used in regulatory decision making process in the United States under the Controlled Substance Act (CSA) and the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD & C Act). Two types of drugs are evaluated in abuse potential studies, those being developed for a therapeutic indication by the pharmaceutical industry and illicitly manufactured ‘street drugs’ of abuse. Only the former will be considered here. In the case of drugs being pursued for marketing or are amendable to study in human subjects and are of scientific, medical, or regulatory interest, preclinical data may be inadequate for drug scheduling and marketing decisions. Preclinical data assessment can suggest hypotheses which must be validated in clinical studies. Moreover, there are limitations to the feasibility of evaluating certain drugs/dosage forms in preclinical studies. Thus, clinical studies are needed for the following scientific reasons: to validate preclinical hypotheses; to assess the time‐course of subjective effects as a function of dose and route of administration; to evaluate the generalizability of drug liking in different human subject populations; and to evaluate the effects of drugs on cognitive and affective processes. Clinical studies are also needed if a claim is made regarding reduced or no abuse potential; and lack of additive or potentiative effects with alcohol.
General practitioners' experiences of patients with drug and alcohol problems
Authors: ROCHE ANN M. , GURAY COLLEEN , SAUNDERS JOHN B. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractConvergent focus groups, a qualitative research methodology, were used to determine what general practitioners considered to be the main obstacles and disincentives to the effective management of persons with drug and alcohol problems. Seven groups were conducted, involving 44 general practitioners whose practices were based in representative parts of metropolitan Sydney and a rural area of New South Wales. The study revealed that most doctors are not as threatened, resistant or pessimistic about drug and alcohol intervention as much of the previous work in the area would suggest. However, they held different views according to the drug in question. General practitioners were more sympathetic to patients with alcohol problems but only some agreed that it was a legitimate area for medical involvement and one in which they were prepared to become involved. The prescribing and use of minor tranquillisers was widely tolerated and perceived to present few problems for individuals or the community. Opiate users, by contrast, were least favoured, with hostility expressed by most towards them. A provisional typology of general practitioners was developed with three distinct groupings (‘interactive problem‐solvers’, ‘traditionalist healers’ and ‘technologists’), according to the model of medical practice assumed. This scheme, whilst not definitive, provides a structure for targeting general practitioners for medical education and has implications for tailoring medical training programs at both the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. General issues relating to the development of typologies are discussed.
Smokeless tobacco: current status and future directions
Authors: HATSUKAMI DOROTHY , NELSON RICHARD , JENSEN JONI 
Published: January 2006

AbstractSmokeless tobacco is addicting, can cause physical dependence, and is associated with many health risks. In spite of these concerns over its use, minimal research has been conducted to understand the effects from and factors associated with smokeless tobacco use. Additionally, relatively few studies have examined potentially effective treatments for the smokeless tobacco user. This paper reviews the existing literature in this area and considers future directions for research.
A time for conceptual stocktaking
Authors: JARVIS MARTIN J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe Surgeon‐General's report, by redefining the nature of the tobacco problem, invites a re‐examination both of our goals and of our concepts and categories of tobacco use. A crucial pre‐requisite to the acceptability of the development of refined nicotine‐containing products, and of long‐term nicotine maintenance therapy, will be progress in understanding the health risks of nicotine use per se. A broader conceptualization of prevalence and cessation is urged, one which takes account of cigar and pipe smoking as well as cigarettes. In addition to increasing overall prevalence somewhat, this approach drastically alters estimates of cessation rates, and indicates that the often‐claimed gender difference in cessation is myth rather than reality. An analysis which combines social class and housing tenure as conjoint indicators of socio‐economic position sharpens class gradients of smoking prevalence and shows that smokers are still comfortably in the majority among substantial groups of the population in the UK. Future progress in lowering prevalence, and hence smoking‐related disease, is increasingly going to depend on reaching the most disadvantaged members of society.
Toward a comprehensive strategy for reducing the health burden of tobacco
Authors: LANDO HARRY A. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIn the absence of concerted worldwide action, the annual death toll from tobacco may reach 10 million by the middle of the next century. Smoking cessation approaches represent an important, but limited, means of reducing this death toll. Needed are co‐ordinated strategies that address all facets of the tobacco issue. Especially important are advocacy campaigns targeting the tobacco industry and its supporters. Just as the Broad Street pump was isolated as the source of a cholera epidemic, the tobacco industry must be isolated as the source of a far greater epidemic.
Alcohol and drug use in a Scottish cohort: 10 years on
Authors: BAGNALL GELLISSE 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper reports the findings from a survey which elicited detailed information on patterns of alcohol use amongst a cohort of young adults. It is the fourth wave of data collection in a longitudinal study which began in 1979 on a study group of 1036 15–16 year olds attending schools in the Lothian region of Scotland. The longitudinal analysis presented here suggests that for this cohort, patterns of alcohol use at age 15–16 bear little relation to those at age 24–25 years. These findings are discussed, and compared in detail with the more limited alcohol data from the larger‐scale National Child Development Study.
The social costs of smoking revisited
Authors: ELLEMANN‐JENSEN PETER 
Published: January 2006

Peter Ellemann‐Jensen died after the preparation, but prior to the publication, of this article. At the time of his death he was a member of the Department of Economics, Odense University, Denmark, Remarks in response to specific points suggested fry anonymous referees have been added in the form of footnotes because we believe that Peter Ellemann‐Jensen would have readily acknowledged those points. A few more extensive suggestions, which would have required rewriting portions of the orignal text, could not be taken fully into account.AbstractThis article may be read as a comment on and extension to the recent survey of studies of the social costs of smoking in this journal by Markandya & Pearce (1989), covering some aspects of the literature not included in that survey. Inevitably, there is a considerable amount of overlap with the material in several of the listed references, including the Markandya & Pearce (1989) survey. The article argues that the published studies based on the incidence approach to the costs of smoking, even on their own terms and accepting the stated assumptions, are erroneous, yielding cost estimates that are too high. In the appendix a simple model of the use of taxation to correct for informational error concerning a risky good is presented.