bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Significance of charge‐dipolar moiety interaction: Computational study of cyanospherands
Authors: Elroby Shabaan A. K. , Hwan Lee Kyu , Joo Cho Seung 
Published: October 2007

AbstractCyanospherands (CN‐spherands) are highly preorganized hosts which bind cations. Density functional theory calculations were used to investigate the complexation between cyanospherands and alkali metal ions (Li+, Na+, and K+). CN8‐spherand undergoes significant shape change upon complexation, i.e., the oval free host becomes spherical when complexed with cations. All cationic guests prefer external binding to encapsulation in spite of spherically well organized charged moieties and the spacious cavity of hosts. The ion‐dipolar moiety interaction has been found to be a decisive factor for the preference for external binding. This demonstrates the importance of ion‐dipolar moiety orientations as well as the host‐guest size complementarity, to design novel ionophores. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008
Dietary exposure and trends of exposure to nutrient elements iodine, iron, selenium and sodium from the 2003–4 New Zealand Total Diet Survey
Authors: Thomson Barbara M. , Vannoort Richard W. , Haslemore Roger M. 
Published: October 2007

The mean dietary exposure to the nutrient elements iodine, Fe, Se and Na by eight age–sex groups of the New Zealand population was estimated from foods purchased and prepared as for consumption. A total of 968 samples comprising 121 foods were collected and analysed. Mean daily exposures were calculated from mean concentration levels of the selected nutrients in each food combined with simulated diets for a 25+-year-old male and female, a 19–24-year-old male, a 11–14-year-old boy and girl, a 5–6-year-old child, a 1–3-year-old toddler and a 6–12-month-old infant. Food concentrations and dietary exposures are reported and compared with nutrient reference values (for example, recommended daily intakes, adequate intakes or upper limits). Dietary iodine exposures for all age–sex groups were well below recommended levels and have steadily decreased since 1982, raising concern especially for the physical and mental development of infants and young children. Fe exposures meet the recommended daily intake for the average male and 11–14 year olds but are only about half that recommended for adult females. Se exposure is about 20 % less than optimal for females. Na exposures, excluding discretionary salt, are above the acceptable exposure level for all age–sex groups, and exceed the upper intake limits for 25+-year-old males, 19–24-year-old young males, and 11–14-year-old boys and girls by up to 125 % for an average consumer.
Oligosaccharides from human milk influence growth-related characteristics of intestinally transformed and non-transformed intestinal cells
Authors: Kuntz Sabine , Rudloff Silvia , Kunz Clemens 
Published: October 2007

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) are considered to influence the composition of the gut microflora in breastfed infants. We investigated direct effects of milk HMO fractions or individual oligosaccharides on proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis in transformed human intestinal cells (HT-29 and Caco-2) and non-transformed small intestinal epithelial crypt cells of fetal origin (human intestinal epithelial cells; HIEC). We observed growth inhibition induced by neutral and acidic HMO fractions in HT-29, Caco-2 and HIEC cells in a dose dependent manner. However, the effects varied between cell lines, i.e. HT-29 and Caco-2 cells were more sensitive than HIEC cells. In HT-29, all 16 individual neutral and acidic oligosaccharides except from the two fucosyllactoses had an inhibitory effect on cell growth. Regarding the induction of differentiation in HT-29 and HIEC cells a threshold concentration was observed at 7·5 mg/ml for neutral and acidic HMO fractions. Among individual oligosaccharides, only sialyllactoses induced differentiation in HT-29 and HIEC cells; no effect neither of fractions nor of individual oligosaccharides was found in Caco-2 cells. A strong induction of apoptosis was only detected in HT-29 and HIEC cells for neutral oligosaccharide but not for acidic fractions. HMO were shown to induce growth inhibition in intestinal cells through two different mechanisms, by suppressing cell cycle progression through induction of differentiation and/or by influencing apoptosis. As the development and maturation of digestive and absorptive processes depend on differentiation our experiments show that oligosaccharides are effective at influencing various stages in gastrointestinal developmentin vitro.
Energy intake and resting energy expenditure in adult male rats after early postnatal food restriction
Authors: Remmers Floor , Schreuder Michiel F. , Gemke Reinoud J. B. J. , Delemarre-van de Waal Henriette A. 
Published: October 2007

Both in man and in animal models, changes in food intake and body composition in later life have been reported after alterations in perinatal nutrition. Therefore, we hypothesised that early postnatal undernutrition in the rat induces permanent changes in energy balance. Food restriction (FR) during lactation was achieved by enlarging litter size to twenty pups, whereas control animals were raised in litters containing ten pups. Energy intake and resting energy expenditure were determined in adult males. Early postnatal FR resulted in acute growth restriction followed by incomplete catch-up in body weight, body length and BMI. At the age of 12 months, middle-aged FR males had significantly lower absolute resting energy expenditure (200 v. 216 kJ/24 h, P = 0·009), absolute energy intake (281 v. 310 kJ/24 h, P = 0·001) and energy intake adjusted for BMI (284 v. 305 kJ/24 h, P = 0·016) than controls, whereas resting energy expenditure adjusted for BMI did not differ significantly between the groups (204 v. 211 kJ/24 h, P = 0·156). The amount of energy remaining for other functions was lower in FR males (80 v. 94 kJ/24 h, P = 0·044). Comparable data were obtained at the age of 6 months. These results indicate that in rats energy balance can be programmed by early nutrition. A low early postnatal food intake appears to programme these animals for a low energy intake and to remain slender in adult life.
Neoadjuvant docetaxel and cisplatin chemotherapy followed by local irradiation is highly active on locoregionally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck
Authors: Shin H-J , Chung J S , Choi Y J , Lee B J , Wang S G , Kim D W , Cho G J 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine the treatment outcome of neoadjuvant docetaxel and cisplatin chemotherapy followed by local radiotherapy for chemotherapy-naïve patients with locoregionally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Thirty-seven patients with stage III or IV squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck who received docetaxel and cisplatin regimen for a maximum of three cycles followed by radiation therapy were enrolled in this study. The overall response rate to the regimen was 91.9 per cent (34 of 37) (the complete remission rate was 48.6 per cent). The median time to treatment failure was 38 months (95 per cent confidence interval, 15–61 months). The four year estimated overall survival rates were 85.1 per cent. The most frequent moderate-to-severe toxicity was grade 3–4 neutropenia. The most common acute non-haematologic toxicities included anorexia, nausea and asthenia. Neoadjuvant docetaxel and cisplatin chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy is a feasible treatment strategy for patients with locoregionally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.
Biological control of citrus insect pests in Turkey.
Authors: Erkıliıç¸ L. Erkıliıç¸ L. , Demirbaș H. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract

The usage and acceptability of biological control methods are set to increase in agriculture in the future because of food safety and pesticide residue issues. Biological control implementation in Turkey started with control of cottony cushion scale
Icerya purchasi
(Homoptera: Margarodidae) through the introduction and release of
Rodolia cardinalis
(Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in citrus plantations. Currently, the key pests of citrus, i.e. citrus mealybug (
Planococcus citri
(Homoptera: Pseudococcidae)), citrus rust mite (Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Acarina: Eriophyidae)) and California red scale (
Aonidiella aurantii
(Homoptera: Diaspididae)), can be suppressed by biological control, a specific acaricide and summer oil applications, respectively. As a main pest, the citrus mealybug infested area is approximately 100 000 ha in total on the East and West Mediterranean coasts of Turkey. Until now, biological control for citrus mealybug has been implemented on only 3000 ha (3.5%) of the citrus growing area. However, the small-scale nature of biological control applications in relation to the size of infested area is set to change as public awareness will lead to an increase in the area over which biological control is implemented in the future.
Bt corn and impact on mycotoxins.
Authors: Wu F. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract

This review summarizes the literature linking Bt [
Bacillus thuringiensis
] corn and the reduction of the mycotoxins fumonisin, aflatoxin, deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone. Mycotoxins in field corn cause hundreds of millions of dollars in economic losses annually in the USA, and substantially greater losses in other regions of the world. Most of the losses are from aflatoxin contamination, while significant but smaller losses are due to
Fusarium
mycotoxins, fumonisins and DON. The insecticidal proteins in genetically modified hybrid Bt corn (
Zea mays
spp.) reduce insect damage from certain Lepidopteran larvae, which in turn can reduce infection of the grain by mycotoxigenic fungi. Where such insect damage is a major factor in mycotoxin contamination, Bt corn can lower mycotoxin levels. Since such damage is not always the most important factor, experimental results have been mixed, especially with aflatoxin levels. Bt corn appears to have a greater impact on the
Fusarium
mycotoxins than on aflatoxin levels. Studies on economic impacts of Bt corn's mycotoxin reduction are briefly summarized. The benefits in developing countries from mycotoxin reduction could be more significant, particularly in regions where unprocessed corn is a staple in the human diet.
Passive immunity in poultry coccidiosis.
Authors: Cozma V. , Titilincu A. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract

Coccidiosis is a protozoosis causing important economic losses in poultry industry throughout the world, either due to mortality or to weight losses. The species belonging to the
Eimeria
genus are host-specific, and the resulting immunity is species-specific. The immune response to coccidiosis is primarily cellularly mediated and secondarily humorally mediated, by means of antibodies. Within the cellular immune response, the CD4
+
and CD8
+
cells, and the cytokines they secrete, play an important role. Nevertheless, it seems that in the first days of life, chicks are protected against infection by maternal antibodies, transferred via egg yolk. This type of immune protection is well known in the case of the Gumboro disease. Research over the past 16 years has shown that the immunoglobulin Y (IgY) transferred via the egg yolk to the chicks prevents the appearance of clinical coccidiosis in chicks. The production of specific antibodies in breeders can be stimulated through infections or immunization. It has also been demonstrated that the maternal antibodies that appear as a result of an infection with
Eimeria
spp. (
Eimeria maxima
) offer the chicks partial protection against infection with another species (
Eimeria tenella
), owing to the fact that some eimerian proteins seem to be common to more species.
Growing plants in space.
Authors: Musgrave M. E. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract

Plants have been a part of the space programme for nearly half a century. Incremental improvements in our understanding of the spaceflight environment have led to the development of specialized hardware that enables plants to grow in space. For spacecraft travelling in low earth orbit, free-fall results in a weightless environment, which brings with it a host of horticultural challenges. A particulate matrix is used to facilitate water and nutrient delivery in the rootzone while optimizing gas exchange. Compact, short-lived plants have been developed for use in the spaceflight setting, and these adapt to the relatively low light (300 µmol/m
2
/s) and high carbon dioxide provided by the power- and space-limited flight hardware. Operationally, seeds can be stored dry in space for many years without damage. Seeds must be properly oriented when set to germinate so that the emerging plant will be able to reach light and orient its axis through phototropism. Growth form changes in the absence of gravity include loss of drooping (including wilting) and altered branching angles, both of which influence plant architecture and light interception. Seed production is challenged by lack of convective air movement in microgravity so it is important to provide active ventilation for the plants. Directional air movement may easily blow pollen, seeds or abscised plant parts out of the hardware and must be worked around to ensure adequate pollination and seed collection. Considerable work remains to understand how microgravity changes the plant's role as food and how fractional g-levels, as on the moon and Mars, will affect plant performance.
Impacts on forestry of changing energy sources.
Authors: Sedjo R. A. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract

Global reliance on the use of fossil fuels has increased dramatically over the past century but we are now at a crossroads. Questions have been raised about the long-term availability of the energy resource supply, as shown by the Hubbard Curve for petroleum. (Hirsch RL. The Shape of World Oil Peaking: Learning from Experience. Available from: URL: http://www.netl.doe.gov/energy-analyses/pubs/Peak_Shape_Study.pdf (accessed 15 May 2007).). Major petroleum-producing regions in the Middle East, parts of Africa and South America, as well as Russia are plagued by political and security concerns. As a result, the rising petroleum price is often associated with a rising security 'risk' premium. Global warming and the role of carbon dioxide (CO
2
) emissions, which are tied directly to fossil fuel usage, further exacerbate an already overwhelmingly complex problem. Concerns about the future availability of traditional energy sources and their usability have given rise to the exploration and preliminary development of a number of alternative energy sources. Renewables provide opportunities, but perhaps largely for niche markets. For example, although solar energy often appears attractive, it continues to be relatively expensive (Borenstein S. Valuing the Time-varying Electricity Production of Solar Photovoltaic Cells. Center for the Study of Energy Markets Working Paper No. 142. University of California Energy Institute; 2005.) and best suited for specialized situations off the grid. Also, while wind and hydropower can be important energy sources, they also have serious limitations and locational constraints. One renewable energy source that offers significant advantages is biomass because it is renewable and is viewed as free from net 'greenhouse gas' (GHG) emissions, primarily CO
2
emissions. Although biomass energy does release CO
2
into the atmosphere, the general approach is to treat the biological system as a closed loop where emissions are viewed as subsequently sequestered in replacement biological growth. This system gives rise to the interpretation that there are no direct net CO
2
emissions associated with biomass as an energy feedstock, and consequently, no penalties are likely to be assessed. Widespread biomass use for energy would have land use implications, particularly on the condition of forests, both in the USA and especially in the developing world. This paper focuses on the possible uses of biological materials and biomass to produce bioenergy, the technologies that would be needed, and the possible impacts of alternative energy and bioenergy sources on forests and forestry.
Successful anti-cancer drug targets able to pass FDA review demonstrate the identifiable signature distinct from the signatures of random genes and initially proposed targets
Authors: Mayburd Anatoly L. , Golovchikova Inna , Mulshine James L. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Motivation: New efforts to guide and prioritize the selection of cancer drug targets are urgently needed, as is evident by the slow development of novel anti-cancer agents and the narrow therapeutic index of existing drugs. Given these limitations, the current study was conducted to explore the classification features defining the therapeutic success that can result from targeting a particular gene.
Results: Classification was based on extracting features specific to known successful anti-cancer targets and combining them in a linear classifier, resulting in calculation of an enrichment score for each gene. Extended description, the search tool used in this study, enriched existing drug target candidates by up to 10-fold at an ∼50% recall rate, covering ∼24 000 genes or ∼80% of genome. More importantly, the target category with high attrition rate was classified from target category with low attrition rate, allowing to refine the drug development portfolios. Biological relevance of the parameters comprising the enrichment score was explored. Enrichment in cancer-specific effects was independently demonstrated by literature analysis. Imposing these enrichment scores on existing structural, pathway and phenotype-based procedures for prospective target selection may enhance the efficiency and accuracy of target identification and accelerate drug design.
Availability: The software used in this work is available upon request.
Contact: amayburd@cpaglobal.com, James_L_Mulshine@rush.edu
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at www.mayburd.com; http://www.rush.edu/rumc/page-1120170920643.html
Concomitant activation of AKT with extracellular‐regulated kinase 1/2 occurs independently of PTEN or PIK3CA mutations in endometrial cancer and may be associated with favorable prognosiss
Authors: Mori Noriko , Kyo Satoru , Sakaguchi Junko , Mizumoto Yasunari , Ohno Satoshi , Maida Yoshiko , Hashimoto Manabu , Takakura Masahiro , Inoue Masaki 
Published: October 2007

Deregulated signaling via the phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K) pathway is common in many types of cancer, but its clinicopathological significance in endometrial cancer remains unclear. In the present study, we examined the status of the PI3K signaling pathway, especially in relation to PTEN and PIK3CA status, in endometrioid‐type endometrial cancer. The immunohistochemical analysis revealed a high level of phosphorylated (p)‐AKT expression, which is a hallmark of activated PI3K signaling, in approximately 60% of endometrial cancers. There was no correlation between p‐AKT expression and clinicopathological characteristics, such as International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage, tumor grade, and myometrial invasion. Unexpectedly, a high level of p‐AKT expression occurred independently of the presence of PTEN or PIK3CA mutations. Furthermore, p‐AKT expression did not correlate with the expression of potential downstream targets, including p‐mTOR and p‐FOXO1/3a. In turn, p‐AKT expression was strongly associated with extracellular‐regulated kinase 1/2 expression (P = 0.0031), which is representative of the activated RAS–MAP kinase pathway. Kaplan–Meier analysis suggested that low p‐AKT expression was associated with low rates of relapse‐free survival, although the difference was not statistically significant, indicating that AKT activation does not confer worse prognosis. The present study demonstrates the presence of complex signaling pathways that might mask the conventional tumorigenic PTEN–PI3K–AKT–mTOR pathway, and strongly suggests a close association between the extracellular‐regulated kinase and PI3K pathways in this tumor type. (Cancer Sci 2007; 98: 1881–1888)
Community pharmacies and the provision of opioid substitution services for drug misusers: changes in activity and attitudes of community pharmacists across England 1995–2005
Authors: Sheridan Janie , Manning Victoria , Ridge Gayle , Mayet Soraya , Strang John 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACTAims  In England, the role of community pharmacy in service provision to drug misusers was studied in 1995. Extensive involvement was identified, and considerable underused capacity was noted. This study explores these and potential new roles 10 years on.Design  Cross‐sectional national study. Postal survey (three mailshots), plus a fourth telephone follow‐up using a structured questionnaire based on the 1995 questionnaire.Setting  Community pharmacies in England.Measurements  Involvement in opioid substitution therapy services (e.g. methadone, buprenorphine) and related activities. Attitudes towards service provision and novel services.Findings  A 95% response rate was obtained. This was higher than in 1995, due largely to the use of a telephone follow‐up. There had been an increase in the proportion providing substitution therapy dispensing services from 51% to 63% and in the average current case‐load (from 5.9 to 9.2); and consequently a large increase in the numbers being treated (approximately × 1.9). Similarly, supervised consumption of methadone and buprenorphine was being provided more widely (increasing from 0 to 59% of all responding pharmacists). Attitudes towards existing roles were more positive than in 1995, and providers tended to be more positive than non‐providers. For newer roles (e.g. supervise medications for comorbidity; provide hepatitis B vaccination), there was support from around one‐quarter of respondents.Conclusion  Community pharmacy continues to play an important role in delivering treatment, including prescribing services, to drug misusers. There still appears to be untapped capacity, and moderate support for newer roles.