bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TIME–INTENSITY PROFILE AND INTERNAL PREFERENCE MAPPING OF STRAWBERRY JAM
Authors: ALVES LEONARDO RANGEL , BATTOCHIO JULIANA ROSA , CARDOSO JULIANA MARIA PORTO , DE MELO LAURO LUÍS MARTINS MEDEIROS , DA SILVA VALQUÍRIA SEIXAS , SIQUEIRA ADRIANA CAMURÇA PONTES , BOLINI HELENA MARIA ANDRÉ 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACT Time–intensity analysis was applied for sweet and sour tastes and strawberry flavor of six commercial brands of strawberry jam. For this test, 11 subjects, between 25 and 35 years old, were selected from an initial 12‐member group. An affective test, with 117 consumers was also carried out and the results were analyzed by internal preference mapping. The least accepted samples were the ones with the lowest sweetness intensity, indicating that jam consumers prefer sweeter products. Also, one of them presented a higher sourness intensity, which may have had a negative influence on its acceptance. It is important to point out the fact that those least accepted samples were the low‐calorie products. The internal preference mapping and cluster analysis showed two consumer clusters. The first one was a higher concentration of consumers toward traditional samples, and the second one showed a lower concentration of consumers in the direction of one of the low‐calorie samples. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSTime–intensity analysis is used in order to obtain the temporal profile of an attribute in a certain product. This technique is different from the conventional descriptive analysis because it allows the verification of changes in the perception of a product's attribute over time. Consumer preference responses are usually heterogeneous, and averaged consumer data may not be representative of any individual opinion. Thus, the awareness of interindividual differences in preference behavior gave rise to an increasing popularity of consumer segmentation. In this case, a preference map is applied. Observing both descriptive and affective data at the same time, it is possible to determine which attributes have influenced the consumer's preference.
Local Knowledge and Economic Realities Affecting Soil Erosion in the Rach Rat Catchment, Vietnam
Authors: BINH DAO KIM NGUYEN THUY , PHUONG LE T. V. , DOUGLAS IAN , VAN DE NGUYEN , MCMORROW JULIA , LINDLEY SARAH , VAN TRAN THI , THANH LE HUU , THO NGUYEN 
Published: January 2008

AbstractSeveral parts of Binh Phuóc Province, southern Vietnam, suffer from degraded soils and vegetation as a result of both natural erosion of weak mud rocks and sandstones and intensive human activity, especially through land clearing for agriculture on unstable slopes, deforestation, and abandonment of poor farmland. The underlying cause of this land degradation has been the farming habits of migrants of varying ethnic groups who have settled in the area since 1980. The indigenous farming knowledge of these people and the role of that knowledge in soil erosion were examined by a series of household surveys. They enabled farming practices to be related to ground cover established from a 2002 Landsat 7 ETM (Enhanced Thematic Mapper), and erosion data from a series of erosion bridge measurements. A GIS (Geographical Information System) approach was piloted as a means of identifying areas vulnerable to erosion. This could then be combined with the understanding of farming practices to reveal the relative roles of farmer behaviour, crop cover, and slope and soil characteristics in the erosion process. Land use, local people's knowledge and economic realities are the main factors, as well as natural conditions, that drive this land degradation.
Environmental and Resource Degradation Associated with Small‐Scale Enterprise Clusters in the Red River Delta of Northern Vietnam
Authors: KONSTADAKOPULOS DIMITRIOS 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe paper reports on an empirical study of the environmental and resource degradation observed in small‐scale handicraft clusters in the Red River Delta of northern Vietnam. Most entrepreneurs in these clusters face important challenges, including depletion of natural resources, linked to acute shortages of capital and land. Such issues are identified as the main cause of overcrowding, poor working conditions and extreme environmental degradation. The study also highlights some industrial ecology practices at the enterprise level, and assesses the role played by the government in providing incentives for enterprises to invest in new technology and pollution control. Drawing from the analysis of a questionnaire survey of 56 handicraft enterprises, the study identifies the major constraints they encounter in adopting new environmentally clean technologies and engaging in environmental management. Shortage of capital and lack of knowledge about the benefits of new technologies were viewed as the most important barriers, followed by shortage of skilled workers, poor market conditions and scarcity of land appropriate for industrial production.
Poverty and Agrarian‐Forest Interactions in Thailand
Authors: FISHER ROBERT , HIRSCH PHILIP 
Published: January 2008

AbstractIn this paper we address the often sterile and circular debates over relationships between poverty and deforestation. These debates revolve around questions of whether forest loss causes poverty or poverty contributes to forest encroachment, and questions of whether it is loss of access to forests or dependence on forest‐based livelihoods that cause poverty. We suggest that a way beyond the impasse is to set such debates within the context of agrarian change. Livelihoods of those who live in or near forests depend considerably on a rapidly changing agriculture, yet agrarian contexts receive only background attention in popular, political and academic discourse over poverty and forests. Moreover, to the extent that agriculture is considered, little heed is paid to social, technical and economic change. We therefore address agriculture's changing relationships with the wider economy, otherwise referred to as the agrarian transition, and with the natural resource base on which it depends. The paper draws on the experience of Thailand to illustrate our key argument, and more specifically addresses the situation on the resource periphery through a look at the agriculture‐forest interface.
Matching Geospatial Concepts with Geographic Educational Needs
Authors: GOLLEDGE REGINALD G. , MARSH MEREDITH , BATTERSBY SARAH 
Published: January 2008

AbstractIn this paper, we assume that learning to comprehend the geospatial environment would be significantly facilitated by developing a multi‐level task ontology that identifies various levels and complexities of geospatial concepts. We suggest that, apart from four spatial ‘primitives’– identity, location, magnitude, and space‐time – all geospatial concepts involve ‘inheritance’ characteristics. The more complex and abstract the concept, the larger the inheritance links that need to be appreciated to enhance concept understanding. For example, many basic geospatial concepts – such as direction and distance – are first‐order derivatives from the ‘location’ primitive, whereas concepts such as spatial association, map projection or interpolation are high‐order concepts that require several layers of geospatial concepts in their derivation. Having offered a five‐level ontology for concept organisation, we suggest sets of tasks that could establish an understanding of concepts, thus directly making the environment more legible in a spatial sense. We develop this framework in the context of the teaching of geography in grades from kindergarten to the final years of high school (grade 12 in the United States system). Our conceptualisation is grounded in the US school system – in which geography is usually absent in the curriculum.
A Comparison of Holocene and Historical Channel Change along the Macdonald River, Australia
Authors: RUSTOMJI PAUL 
Published: January 2008

AbstractChanges in channel morphology that occurred along the Macdonald River between 1949 and 1955 are often cited as an example of catastrophic channel change. However, the question of whether these changes represented one component of a cyclical evolutionary pattern, or a systematic and persistent shift to a new morphologic state remains to be clearly defined, as does the significance of these dramatic channel changes when viewed against the river's longer‐term Holocene history. In this paper, new measurements of the Macdonald River's channel morphology are used to resolve the river's evolution in the ∼50 years since these major channel‐altering floods. By 2002, the Macdonald River's bed had narrowed considerably from its 1955 post‐flood maximum due to the construction of a new floodplain surface within the widened channel. In some locations, the 2002 bed width is comparable to that of the pre‐1949 channel. This aspect of the river's evolution follows models of cyclical channel evolution proposed for the region. However, in light of recent research into the river's longer term Holocene evolution, it is clear that other channel changes that occurred in response to the 1949–1955 floods, particularly the 2 metres of river bed aggradation and 7 kilometres down‐valley shift in the thalweg's intersection with mean sea level, are less cyclic in nature. The capacity of coastal rivers to prograde into estuaries, which in turn induces river bed aggradation, can be seen in this case to counteract the incisional tendencies associated with post‐flood channel contraction, such that persistent river bed aggradation occurs.
Magnesium in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (MASH II) Phase III Clinical Trial MASH-II Study Group
Authors: Mees Sanne M. Dorhout ,   on behalf of the MASH-II study group
Published: January 2008

Rationale Delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) is an important cause of poor outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Magnesium is a neuroprotective agent that acts as an NMDA-receptor antagonist and a calcium channel blocker. In a phase II randomized clinical trial of 283 patients, magnesium treatment reduced the risk of DCI by 34% and of poor outcome by 23%. Aims To determine whether magnesium improves clinical outcome in patients with aneurysmal SAH. Design The MASH-II study is a phase III randomized, clinical international multicenter trial. Magnesium sulfate 64 mmol/ day (equals 16 g/day) or placebo is started intravenously within 4 days after the SAH and is continued until 20 days after the hemorrhage. The primary outcome measure is poor outcome, defined as death or dependence (Rankin score > 3) after 3 months. We aim to include 1200 patients in 5 years. Study outcomes Primary outcome will be poor clinical outcome as measured by the modified Rankin scale at 3 months. Sponsor MASH-II is sponsored by the Netherlands Heart Foundation (grant number: 2005BO16). It is registered with IRCTN number: 68742385, EudraCT: 2006-003523-36. Introduction Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) from a ruptured aneurysm is a subset of stroke. The young age (median 55 years) and poor outcome (50% of patients die; 30% of those who survive the initial weeks after the hemorrhage remain dependent) explain why in the population the loss of productive life years from SAH is as large as that from brain infarcts, the most common type of stroke ( 1 ). Summary The MASH-II study is a phase III randomized, clinical international multicenter trial to study the effect of magnesium sulfate after aneurysmal SAH. Magnesium is a neuroprotective agent that acts as a blocker of both the NMDA-glutamate receptor and voltage dependent calcium channels. Patients who are admitted within 4 days after aneurysmal SAH are asked to participate. Study medication (magnesium sulfate 64 mmol/ day or placebo) is given via continuous infusion until 20 days after the hemorrhage. Outcome is determined with the modified Rankin scale 3 months after the hemorrhage. Analysis will be according to the intention-to-treat principle. So far, in May 2007 over 425 patients have been included in five Dutch and one Chilean hospital. Based on the results of the phase II study sample size calculations indicate that 1200 patients are needed to give a statistically significant result (with α = 5% and a power of 80%). We aim to include these patients before 2010. New centers are still very welcome to join the study.
Perfusion CT: Is it Clinically Useful?
Authors: Parsons Mark W. 
Published: January 2008

Combining perfusion CT (CTP) with CT angiography (CTA) and noncontrast CT (NCCT) provides much more information about acute stroke pathophysiology than NCCT alone. This multimodal CT approach adds only a few minutes to the standard NCCT and is more accessible and rapidly available in most centres than MRI. CTP can distinguish between infarct core and penumbra, which is not possible with NCCT alone. A small infarct core and large penumbra, plus the presence of vessel occlusion on CTA may be an ideal imaging ‘target’ for thrombolysis. To date, multimodal CT has predominantly been assessed in hemispheric stroke due to its limited spatial coverage. This will become less of an issue as slice coverage continues to improve with new generation CT scanners. Apart from the concepts above, more specific CTP and CTA criteria that increase (or decrease) probability of response to thrombolytic treatment are yet to be determined. Nonetheless, CTP thus has the potential to improve patient selection for thrombolysis. Introduction Noncontrast CT (NCCT) remains the most widely used imaging modality for acute ( 1 – 3 ). There is now little doubt that MRI is a superior imaging modality to NCCT for diagnosis of acute stroke, being substantially more sensitive without compromising specificity ( 4 ). However, most stroke patients around the world do not have immediate access to MRI ( 1 ). In contrast, multislice CT scanners are now widely available. Multislice CT scanners allow assessment of vessel status with CT angiography (CTA), as well as cerebral perfusion CT perfusion (CTP). These sequences can be performed immediately following NCCT scanning and add only a few minutes to the examination ( 5 ). There is emerging evidence that such ‘multimodal’ CT imaging provides somewhat similar information to MRI about acute stroke pathophysiology, and is clearly more sensitive than NCCT at identifying early ischaemic change in the hyperacute stages of stroke ( 6 – 8 ). Furthermore, multimodal CT may, as has been suggested for MRI, be able to refine patient selection for thrombolysis ( 6 , 9 – 11 ).
Carotid Imaging for Secondary Stroke Prevention in Routine Practice
Authors: Wardlaw Joanna M. 
Published: January 2008

Carotid imaging is key to effective secondary stroke prevention. It is commonly performed, but is a rather specialist procedure requiring regular practice to maintain acceptable accuracy. Previously the domain of the neuroradiologist, noninvasive carotid imaging is now widely practiced in general departments where specialist knowledge of anatomy and intracranial disorders may be less available. Noninvasive imaging is largely replacing intraarterial angiography in the assessment of carotid stenosis in most centres because the accuracy is perceived to be sufficient. However, effective stroke prevention needs to be delivered rapidly, guided by imaging tests that are used with an understanding of their limitations and accuracy. This review will discuss currently available imaging methods, their advantages and disadvantages, difficulties in determining their accuracy, current estimates of accuracy and gaps in knowledge. Introduction: Stroke is common, has a poor outcome, and treatment must be delivered quickly. Many pharmacological acute stroke treatments have failed, reinforcing the need for effective prevention. There has been extensive testing of many pharmacological secondary prevention treatments and most of the ‘positive’ stroke trials have been in secondary prevention of ischaemic stroke. The surgical procedures for stroke prevention, carotid endarterectomy and angioplasty, have also been subjected to far closer scrutiny in large randomised-controlled trials than almost any other surgical or interventional radiological procedures. However, it is unfortunate that much of the focus of secondary stroke prevention has been on drug mechanisms, or surgery vs. endovascular methods, rather than on how to identify accurately and quickly the right patients for each intervention. Thus, until fairly recently ( 1 , 2 ), the need for very rapid initiation of medical and surgical interventions in patients whose carotid stenosis has been accurately diagnosed by imaging ( 3 ), and the service modifications required to deliver this ( 4 ), have largely been overlooked.
Locke on Language
Authors: Ott Walter 
Published: January 2008

AbstractJohn Locke is the first modern philosopher to offer a comprehensive philosophy of language. After discussing Locke's aims and scope, I explore Locke's main linguistic category, signification, and the most prominent interpretations of it, including those of Norman Kretzmann and E. J. Ashworth. I then turn to the nature of the proposition and the question whether Locke can distinguish between the act of forming a proposition and the attitude one adopts toward it.
Self‐Knowledge: Rationalism vs. Empiricism
Authors: Zimmerman Aaron Z. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractRecent philosophical discussions of self‐knowledge have focused on basic cases: our knowledge of our own thoughts, beliefs, sensations, experiences, preferences, and intentions. Empiricists argue that we acquire this sort of self‐knowledge through inner perception; rationalists assign basic self‐knowledge an even more secure source in reason and conceptual understanding. I try to split the difference. Although our knowledge of our own beliefs and thoughts is conceptually insured, our knowledge of our experiences is relevantly like our perceptual knowledge of the external world.
The Preference of the Omnivorous–Macrophagous, Tilapia zillii (Gervais), to Consume a Natural Free‐floating Fern, Azolla pinnata
Authors: Abdel‐Tawwab Mohsen 
Published: January 2008

Abstract Free‐floating macrophytes are often common in standing water bodies. Fishponds are suitable medium for Azolla growth; however, it rapidly self‐propagates and doubles its biomass in a few days and could strongly influence nutrient dynamics. The preference of Tilapia zillii (Gervais) to consume the free‐floating plant, Azolla pinnata, was tested in two experiments. In the first experiment, fish with different initial body weights (2–3 g, 7–10 g, 15–20 g, and 50–60 g) were randomly distributed at a rate of 150 ± 5 g/100‐L aquarium and fed fresh A. pinnata for 8 wk. A known weight of fresh plant was given to fish; after 24 h, Azolla remaining in aquaria was collected, dried with tissue paper, and reweighed to determine amount consumed. In the second experiment, fish were fed one of five diets containing different levels of dry Azolla meal as replacements of the control diet (20% crude protein) at levels of 0 (control), 25, 50, 75, or 100% for 13 wk. Growth retardation and weight loss were observed in all fish sizes fed fresh Azolla, and the mortality rates were 53.3–56.7%. The consumption of fresh Azolla decreased over time up to the eighth week; otherwise, Azolla consumption was fish size dependent. Whole‐body contents of crude protein decreased significantly, while total lipids and ash contents increased significantly with increasing fish size. In the second experiment, fish growth was reduced when the level of dry Azolla meal in the diet exceeds 25%. The mortality rate increased significantly with increasing Azolla level in the diet. Carcass composition showed increases in moisture and ash contents and decreases in dry matter, crude protein, and total lipids with the increase of Azolla level in the diets. Amount of diet consumed decreased, while feed conversion ratio increased significantly with the increase in dry Azolla level in the diet. Moreover, protein efficiency ratio, protein productive value, and energy utilization decreased significantly with the increase in dry Azolla level in the diet. It could be concluded that the preference of T. zillii to consume Azolla plants inhabiting water bodies is limited, but it could partially consume the dry Azolla meal at low and moderate levels. The optimum inclusion level of dry Azolla meal should be no more than 25% in T. zillii diet.
Use of a Compound Protein Source as a Replacement for Fish Meal in Diets of Large Yellow Croaker,Pseudosciaena croceaR.
Authors: Zhang Lu , Mai Kangsen , Ai Qinghui , Duan Qingyuan , Zhang Chunxiao , Li Huitao , Tan Beiping 
Published: January 2008

AbstractA feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the potential of a compound protein source (CPS) as a replacement of fish meal (FM) in diets for large yellow croaker,Pseudosciaena croceaR. The CPS was made of soybean meal, meat and bone meal, peanut meal, and rapeseed meal (4:3:2:1 in weight) by adding crystallinel‐methionine (0.77%),l‐lysine (0.95%), andl‐isoleucine (0.44%) to ensure the essential amino acid (EAA) contents of CPS diets to reach or exceed those of FM diet. Six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets (Diets 1–6) were formulated to contain 0, 9, 18, 27, 36, and 45% CPS replacing 0, 13, 26, 39, 52, and 65% FM protein, respectively. Triplicate groups of 180 fish (initial average 1.88 ± 0.01 g) were fed diets to apparent satiation by hand twice daily for 8 wk in floating sea cages (1.0 × 1.0 × 1.5 m). The water temperature ranged from 26.5 to 29.5 C, the salinity from 25 to 28‰, and the dissolved oxygen content was approximately 7 mg/L during the experimental period. The results showed that specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency ratio (FER) of fish fed Diets 2 and 3 were not significantly different from those of fish fed control diet (Diet 1). However, SGR and FER of fish fed Diets 4–6 were significantly lower compared with control group (P < 0.05). The whole‐body proximate analysis showed that protein significantly decreased with increasing dietary CPS levels (P < 0.05), while the whole‐body lipid, ash, and moisture showed no significant differences among dietary treatments. Methionine, cystine, and lysine contents of the whole body were significantly influenced by dietary CPS level (P < 0.05), while other EAA contents showed no significant differences. Results of the present study indicated that CPS could replace about 26% FM protein in diets for the large yellow croaker on crude protein basis without adverse effect on growth.
Probabilities of Low Nighttime Temperatures during Stocking and Harvest Seasons for Inland Shrimp Culture
Authors: Green Bartholomew , Popham Thomas W. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Litopenaeus vannamei is cultured in earthen ponds at southern US inland sites when water temperatures permit shrimp survival and growth. The probability of a minimum air temperature ≤14 C for one, three, or five consecutive days at one coastal and eight inland sites where L. vannamei is or could be grown in ponds is high (50%) from late March through late April at all sites except Arcadia, Florida, and Harlingen, Texas. Probabilities are 10% by early May to early June. In the autumn, the 10 and 50% probability levels are reached in early‐ to mid‐September and by late September to mid‐October, respectively. Arcadia, Florida, and Harlingen, Texas, have the longest periods with low probabilities and Pecos, Texas, has the shortest periods. The maximum pond water temperature from the previous afternoon and the minimum air temperature from that night predicted the minimum pond water temperature the following morning for Pine Bluff, Arkansas: (R2 = 0.886): Tmin = 1.464 + 0.169Amin + 0.727Tmax, where Tmin = minimum daily pond water temperature (C), Amin = minimum air temperature (C) for the same day, and Tmax = maximum pond water temperature (C) from the previous day. Pond stock out and harvest decisions can be guided by minimum air temperature probabilities and predicted water temperature.